cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparison of hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis suppression from superpotent topical steroids by standard endocrine function testing and gas chromatographic mass spectrometry

Abstract We evaluated 38 males who had psoriasis vulgaris for evidence of hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis suppression (HPAS) during treatment with superpotent topical glucocorticosteroids. All men were treated with 49 g per week of either Betamethasone Diproprionate in an optimized vehicle or Clobetasol Proprionate ointment. Three methods used to assess HPAS were compared. Classic 8 a.m. plasma cortisol measurements, urinary-free cortisol, and 17-hydroxycorticosteroid determinations and gas chromatograph-mass spectrometry (GCMS) quantitation of urinary cortisol metabolites were compared. Values for all methods were obtained just prior to therapy and at days 4, 7, 14, and 21 during therapy and at day 28 after treatment was stopped for 7 d. Plasma cortisol measurements correlated well with other measures of HPAS. GCMS determination of urinary cortisol metabolites was slightly more sensitive at detecting HPAS than the other two methods. Persistent HPAS after day 7 was only appreciated by GCMS. Urinary-free cortisol and 17-hydroxycortisol was the least sensitive of the three methods. Analysis of urinary cortisol metabolites by GCMS may be most useful in the monitoring of HPAS resulting from use of topical glucocorticosteroid preparations.
Effects of a simulated solar wind on the photometric properties of rocks and powders.

Simulated solar wind bombardment found to drastically affect color, albedo and photometric properties of rocks similar to lunar surface
Heart failure and pulmonary edema produced by certain neurologic stimuli.

Experimental evidence has indicated that the genesis of acute pulmonary edema due to insufficiency of the left ventricular myocardium is dependent upon pulmonary engorgement and rapid filtration of fluid from the capillaries. It has been possible to demonstrate that significant elevation of arterial blood pressure from noxious stimulation of the central nervous system may be poorly tolerated when the myocardium has been previously damaged, so that acute left ventricular failure has occurred. The resulting massive pulmonary edema clearly followed the hemodynamic changes of severe congestion.
ISO-Gradient Lines in a Differentially Heated Cylindrical Fluid Layer Using Coherent Gradient Sensing Interferometer

Non-invasive flow visualization and measurement of temperature fields in convective fluid systems continues to be a challenging problem for researchers. Radiation based measurements such as laser interferometry are one of the few available tool for this purpose. Laser interferometry allows for an accurate and convenient full field visualization and measurement of fluid properties. In the present study a single-beam Coherent Gradient Sensing (CGS) interferometer is used to obtain line-of-sight projections of a three-dimensional temperature field in a convective fluid medium. Due to its inherent insensitivity to vibrations, simple and cost effective optical layout and, most importantly, the absence of a separate reference beam, this interferometer is an ideal choice for measurements in convective fluids. In the present study, line-of-sight interferometric projections of a differentially heated water medium in a cylindrical cavity are presented. The cavity employed has an aspect ratio (diameter/height) of 3.9. The interferograms represent contours of gradient in the temperature field. Each of the interferograms is evaluated to obtain the two-dimensional projection of the temperature field. The temperature field obtained shows the absence of a radial-symmetric pattern at a Rayleigh number of 1.6×105 .Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Video performance for high security applications

The complexity of physical protection systems has increased to address modern threats to national security and emerging commercial technologies. A key element of modern physical protection systems is the data presented to the human operator used for rapid determination of the cause of an alarm, whether false (e.g., caused by an animal, debris, etc.) or real (e.g., a human adversary). Alarm assessment (the human validation of a sensor alarm) primarily relies on imaging technologies and video systems. Developing measures of effectiveness (MOE) that drive the design or evaluation of a video system or technology becomes a challenge, given the subjectivity of the application (e.g., alarm assessment). Sandia National Laboratories has conducted empirical analysis using field test data and mathematical models such as binomial distribution and Johnson target transfer functions to develop MOEs for video system technologies. Depending on the technology, the task of the security operator and the distance to the target, the Probability of Assessment (P As ) can be determined as a function of a variety of conditions or assumptions. P As used as an MOE allows the systems engineer to conduct trade studies, make informed design decisions, or evaluate new higher-risk technologies. This paper outlines general video system design trade-offs, discusses ways video can be used to increase system performance, and lists MOEs for video systems used in subjective applications such as alarm assessment.
New digital options in geographically distributed dance collaborations with TEEVE: tele-immersive environments for everybody

The study of 3D Tele-immersion impact on remote collaborative work represents a very interesting and challenging research topic. In this paper, we introduce the latest accomplishments of TEEVE research which merges computer science with dance choreography. This collaborative research model is ideal for creative, interdisciplinary problem solving. TEEVE offers an entirely new interface for dance choreography as a creative tool and alternative performance venue.
Making medicines essential: The emergent centrality of pharmaceuticals in global health

Expanding access to pharmaceuticals has become one of the most visible aspects of twenty-first century global health practices, as evidenced by the moral urgency of antiretroviral rollout and the pressing call for new drugs for neglected diseases. However, the role of prescription drugs in public health was far less obvious to the framers of international health organizations only a half-century ago. This article examines the evolving role of pharmaceuticals in global health practices by charting the emergence of the category of ‘essential medicines’: initially a list of 186 drugs first defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 1977 to be ‘basic, indispensable, and necessary for the health of the population’, and subsequently expanded by actors beyond the WHO including NGOs, pharmaceutical companies and the broader financial community. This apparently simple act of list-making worked to transport a set of commodities from the private, commercial sphere into a public health commons, and sparked a series of methodological, logistical and political controversies over the winnowing of ‘essential’ from ‘inessential’ that collapsed evidentiary, regulatory, participatory and market terms into a single process. To ask ‘what practices render a medicine essential?’ is therefore to address the shifting ecology of knowledge governing global health today.
Engineering: skimming the surface.

Models of the microscopic contact area between two surfaces work surprisingly well, or fail completely, depending on the aspects of adhesion or friction being investigated. A simulation now shows how the details matter.
Asymptotic behavior and positive solutions of a chemical reaction diffusion system

Abstract This paper is concerned with some qualitative analysis for a coupled system of three reaction diffusion equations which arises from certain chemical reactions first discovered by Belousov and Zhabotinskii. The analysis includes the existence of a bounded global time-dependent solutions, the stability and instability of the zero solution, and the existence and nonexistence of a positive steady-state solution, including a global attractor of the system. The global existence and stability problem is determined by the method of upper and lower solutions, and the existence of a positive steady-state solution is based on the fixed point index and bifurcation theory. This analysis leads to a necessary and sufficient condition for the existence and nonexistence of a positive steady-state solution in relation to the various physical parameters of the system.
Change Detection in Human Crowds

This paper presents a method to detect unusual behavior in human crowds based on histograms of velocities in world coordinates. A combination of background removal and optical flow is used to extract the global motion at each image frame, discarding small motion vectors due artifacts such as noise, non-stationary background pixels and compression issues. Using a calibrated camera, the global motion can be estimated, and it is used to build a 2D histogram containing information of speed and direction for all frames. Each frame is compared with a set of previous frames by using a histogram comparison metric, resulting in a similarity vector. This vector is then used to determine changes in the crowd behavior, also allowing a classification based on the nature of the change in time: short or long-term changes. The method was tested on publicly available datasets involving crowded scenarios.
The decline in the white vote for Barack Obama in 2012: Racial attitudes or the economy?

This paper examines the role of racial attitudes in accounting for the decrease in Obama's vote percentage among whites from 43% in 2008 to 39% in 2012. Studies of voting in 2008 emphasized the impact of racial attitudes. Racial resentment is found not to have increased, and Romney's improved showing over McCain was concentrated among those with very low and neutral resentment levels. Racial attitudes are found to be significant for vote direction again in 2012, but with less of an impact than in 2008, though there was an additional effect of racial attitudes on turnout in 2012. The most important change was that Obama lost the vote boost he had received in 2008 from the economic issue, not benefiting as much as he had then from negative evaluations of Bush's economic performance. Thus, the decline of Obama's vote percentage among whites in 2012 was due more to economic evaluations than to racial attitudes.
Homotypic Lysosome Fusion in Macrophages: Analysis Using an In Vitro Assay

Lysosomes are dynamic structures capable of fusing with endosomes as well as other lysosomes. We examined the biochemical requirements for homotypic lysosome fusion in vitro using lysosomes obtained from rabbit alveolar macrophages or the cultured macrophage-like cell line, J774E. The in vitro assay measures the formation of a biotinylated HRP-avidin conjugate, in which biotinylated HRP and avidin were accumulated in lysosomes by receptor-mediated endocytosis. We determined that lysosome fusion in vitro was time- and temperature-dependent and required ATP and an N-ethylmaleimide (NEM)-sensitive factor from cytosol. The NEM-sensitive factor was NSF as purified recombinant NSF could completely replace cytosol in the fusion assay whereas a dominant-negative mutant NSF inhibited fusion. Fusion in vitro was extensive; up to 30% of purified macrophage lysosomes were capable of self-fusion. Addition of GTPgammas to the in vitro assay inhibited fusion in a concentration-dependent manner. Purified GDP-dissociation inhibitor inhibited homotypic lysosome fusion suggesting the involvement of rabs. Fusion was also inhibited by the heterotrimeric G protein activator mastoparan, but not by its inactive analogue Mas-17. Pertussis toxin, a Galphai activator, inhibited in vitro lysosome fusion whereas cholera toxin, a Galphas activator did not inhibit the fusion reaction. Addition of agents that either promoted or disrupted microtubule function had little effect on either the extent or rate of lysosome fusion. The high value of homotypic fusion was supported by in vivo experiments examining lysosome fusion in heterokaryons formed between cells containing fluorescently labeled lysosomes. In both macrophages and J774E cells, almost complete mixing of the lysosome labels was observed within 1-3 h of UV sendai-mediated cell fusion. These studies provide a model system for identifying the components required for lysosome fusion.
An Antimicrobial Substance Produced by Pseudomonas cepacia B5 against the Bacterial Wilt Disease Pathogen, Pseudomonas solanacearum

An antimicrobial substance produced by Pseudomonas cepacia B5 (B5) against the bacterial wilt disease pathogen, Pseudomonas solanacearum, was isolated and identified in order to clarify the mechanism for disease suppression by B5. A filtrate of the B5 culture showed high inhibitory activity against this pathogen. The active substance was isolated in pure form by chromatography with a Diaion HP20 column and by high-performance liquid chromatography with a Jaigel GS220 column. On the basis of IR, NMR, and mass spectra, the antimicrobial substance was identified as 2-keto-d-gluconic acid (2KGA). The production of 2KGA and the destruction of the disease pathogen in a contaminated soil suspension to which the B5 strain was added, together with wheat bran, suggested that 2KGA might be involved in disease suppression by P. cepacia B5.
Measurement and Modeling of Viscosity of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide/Biomaterial(s) Mixtures

The viscosities of a binary, supercritical carbon dioxide/methyl oleate (SC-CO2/MO, and a multicomponent, SC-CO2/anhydrous milkfat (AMF) system at 40 °C and over a pressure range of 10.6−25.0 MPa were measured in a high-pressure capillary viscometer. The experimental data, and data from the literature, were utilized in viscosity modeling with Ely and Hanley's corresponding states model for SC-CO2/biomaterial(s) systems. The modified Benedict−Webb−Rubin equation of state and a viscosity correlation with propane as the reference material were used. An adjustable parameter was added to the energy shape factor equation. This approach worked well for both the fluid and liquid phases of the SC-CO2/biomaterial(s) systems with an average absolute deviation of 3−6%. Compared to the purely correlative Grunberg and Nissan model, this method has better predictive capability, while maintaining comparable accuracy.
Apoptosis and metastasis: increased apoptosis resistance of metastatic cancer cells is associated with the profound deficiency of apoptosis execution mechanisms

Programmed cell death, particularly adhesion-dependent regulation of cell survival and apoptosis, is recognized as one of the main homeostatic mechanisms designed to control cell positioning, eliminate misplaced cells and block metastatic dissemination. Recently we reported that highly metastatic cancer cells exhibit a higher resistance to the programmed cell death compared to their poorly metastatic counterparts (Cancer Lett., 101, 43-51, 1996). However, the molecular and genetic basis for the association of aggressive metastatic phenotype with resistance toward apoptosis remains to be elucidated. Here we extended our investigation on apoptosis and metastasis using a panel of nine murine and human cancer cell lines with different metastatic potential. We examined the relationship of the metastatic ability and the sensitivity to apoptosis as well as determined the status of two major apoptosis execution mechanisms (induction of nuclear Ca2+-dependent endonucleases and activation of ICE-like proteases) in cancer cells with distinct metastatic potential and different sensitivity to apoptosis. We found that high metastatic potential is strictly associated with the increased resistance to apoptosis, diminished level of nuclear Ca2+-dependent endonucleases, and significantly reduced activity of CPP32/Yama death protease. We concluded that high resistance to apoptosis of metastatic cancer cells is associated with and may depend upon the profound deficiency of major apoptosis execution mechanisms.
A representational analysis of relational information displays

Abstract Graphic and tabular displays are analysed under a common, unified form-relational information displays (RIDs), which are displays that represent relations between dimensions. First, the mapping between the represented and the representing dimensions of RIDs is analysed from the perspective of distributed representations (Zhang & Norman, 1994). Second, the structures of RIDs are analysed at three levels: dimensionality, scale types, and dimensional representations. From this analysis, a representational taxonomy is developed that not only can classify all RIDs but also can serve as a framework for systematic studies of RIDs. Third, a task taxonomy of RIDs is developed, which can classify the majority of dimension-based display tasks. Finally, the relation between representations of displays and structures of tasks is analysed in terms of a mapping principle: the information perceivable from a RID should exactly match the information required for the task. Thus, although there are no best displays that are efficient for all types of tasks, there is a correct or incorrect mapping between the representation of a display and the structure of a task.
Dynamics of Flat Membranes and Flickering in Red Blood Cells

A theory of the dynamics of polymerized membranes in the flat phase is presented. We discuss the renormalization of the kinetic coefficients for the undulation and phonon modes due to hydrodynamic “backflow”. The long time behavior of the dynamic structure factor is given by stretched exponentials. We also study the dynamics of the thickness fluctuations in red blood cells (flicker phenomenon) taking into account the underlying polymerized spectrin skeleton. Qualitatively different dynamical behavior is predicted for spectrin skeletons isolated from their natural lipid environment.
Using dynamic programming to generate optimized code in a Graham-Glanville style code generator

We have performed an investigation of using a dynamic programming to generate optimized code in a Graham-Glanville style code generator We use Earley's algorithm rather than an IR algorithm for parsing in the code generator Not only does the use of Earley's algorithm make the construction of the code generator very easy it allows the selection of optimal code by dynamic programming (using a modification of the technique developed by Lvon) We compare two implementations of this technique to conventional hand-coded code generators using a subset of BASIC as the source language Further we discuss the use of this technique in an experimental C compiler.
Inventing the people : the rise of popular sovereignty in England and America

This book makes the provocative case here that America has remained politically stable because the Founding Fathers invented the idea of the American people and used it to impose a government on the new nation. His landmark analysis shows how the notion of popular sovereignty-the unexpected offspring of an older, equally fictional notion, the "divine right of kings"-has worked in our history and remains a political force today.
The Gecko visual pigment: The anion hypsochromic effect

Abstract The 521-pigment in the retina of the Tokay gecko (Gekko gekko) readily responds to particular physical and chemical changes in its environment. When solubilized in chloride deficient state the addition of Class I anions (Cl−, Br−) induces a bathochromic shift of the absorption spectrum. Class II anions (NO−3, IO−3, N−3, OCN−, SCN−, SeCN−, N(CN)−2), which exhibit ambidental properties, cause an hyposochromic shift. Class III anions (F−, I−, NO−2, CN−, AsO−3, SO2−4, S2O2−3) have no spectral effect on the 521-pigment. Cations appear to have no influence on the pigment absorption and Class I anions prevent or reverse the hypsochromic shift caused by Class II anions. It is suggested that the spectral displacements reflect specific changes in the opsin conformation, which alter the immediate (dipolar) environment of the retinal chromophore. The protein conformation seems to promote excited-state processes most in the native 521-pigment state and least in the presence of Class II anions. This in turn suggests that the photosensitivity of the 521-pigment is controlled by the excited rather than by the ground-state properties of the pigment.
Expression and modification of Hox 2.1 protein in mouse embryos.

Abstract A polyclonal antibody, αHox 2.1a, has been generated and used to immunolocalize Hox 2.1 protein in mouse embryos. Protein is present in nuclei of all tissues previously shown to express Hox 2.1 RNA. In addition, protein is seen in somites and proximal regions of the limb buds, tissues in which Hox 2.1 RNA expression was not clearly detected previously by in situ hybridization. At the 7 somite stage, protein is detectable in the neural tube up to the level of somite 1, but later retracts to a more posterior position. Immunoblot, in vitro translation, and immunoprecipitation experiments were carried out to characterize the Hox 2.1 protein. The results show that the Hox 2.1 gene produces at least two related phosphorylated proteins present in different proportions in different tissues.
Discrepancies of the biochemical and immunohistochemical estrogen receptor assays in breast cancer.

We examined the estrogen receptor (ER) content of 124 primary breast cancers by hormone binding and immunohistochemical (ER-ICA) assays. Both assays were in agreement in 110 tumors (89%; P
The Mexican Ruling Party: Stability and Authority

List of Illustrations Preface Introduction Birth of the Ruling Party The Revolutionary Party in Power Electoral System, Opposition Parties, and PRI Dominance Internal Organization of the PRI and Interest Group Incorporation Societal Actors Outside the PRI The PRI and Mexican Political Elites Challenges Facing the PRI and Mexico Notes Bibliography Index
The patient as ally--learning the pelvic examination.

Many medical students find they rarely get an opportunity to perform a pelvic examination. Dr. Adam Wolfberg writes that, as a consequence, medical students today may begin their careers less prepared to evaluate gynecologic problems.
Dynamic Modeling of Satellite Tether Systems Using Newton’s Laws and Hamilton’s Principle

The objective of this paper is to derive the dynamic equations of a tether as it is deployed or retrieved by a winch on a satellite orbiting around Earth using Newton's laws and Hamilton's principle and show the equivalence of the two methods. The main feature of this continuous system is the presence of a variable length domain with discontinuities. Discontinuity is present at the boundary of deployment because of the assumption that the stowed part of the cable is unstretched and the deployed part is not. Developing equations for this variable domain system with discontinuities, specially using Hamilton's principle, is a non-trivial task and we believe that it has not been adequately addressed in the literature.
Anisotropy-induced phase transition in metallic spin-glass alloys

The critical behavior of the classical Ruderman-Kittel-Kasuya-Yosida model of metallic spin glasses in the presence of weak Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya\char21{}type anisotropy is studied by Monte Carlo simulations. Finite-size scaling analysis of the data for equilibrium averages and relaxation times indicates a finite-temperature phase transition. The values of the critical exponents are close to those obtained for the three-dimensional short-range Ising spin glass and in experiments on CuMn.
Ontologies and simulation: a practical approach

The challenges in cost-effectively deploying simulation technology are well known. Two major challenges are creating an appropriate conceptual model and translating that conceptual model correctly into a computational model. Ontologies have been widely discussed as one mechanism for capturing modelling knowledge in a reusable form, making it effectively available in the conceptual and computational modelling phases. In this paper, we show how ontologies can be effectively deployed in simulation using recent innovations from systems engineering and software engineering. We use OMG SysML™ to create an ontology implementation referred to as a domain-specific language, or DSL, for a class of simulation applications; the DSL is used to create a specific (conceptual) user model for a problem in the domain. We then use model transformation to automate the translation to a computational simulation model. Two proof-of-concept implementations are described, one using a legacy simulation language, and another using an object-oriented simulation language.
Accelerated ovum transport in rabbits induced by endotoxin II. Changes in oviductal smooth muscle activity.

Abstract Oviductal motility, measured with open-ended perfused catheters in anesthetized animals injected with human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG), is depressed 2 h following endotoxin injection and returns to control levels by 3 h after endotoxin injection. This decrease in motility is prevented by indomethacin. Endotoxin did not affect spontaneous or phenylephrine (PE)-induced contractions of oviduct when it was added to the bathing medium of in vitro tissues. Oviductal segments removed 2 h after endotoxin (26 h after hCG) showed electrical activity confined to the ampullary-isthmic-junction (AIJ), where ova were located; the dose-response curve for PE was shifted to the right and the maximum contraction was depressed. Activity of tissues removed 4 h after endotoxin more closely resembled control tissues except that the maximum contraction to PE was depressed, ova had passed out of the oviduct and a proovarian bias in the isthmus was not present. The response of the oviduct to prostaglandins (PGs) in vivo is critically dependent on the previous exposure to PGs. In endotoxin-treated animals PGE then PGF levels increase and the decrease in motility coincides with increased PGE levels, but accelerated ovum transport with the return of motility and activation of the isthmus.
Effect of food matrix and heat treatment on the rheological properties of salmon-based baby food.

Abstract Shelf stable baby foods from Alaskan salmon were developed from red and pink salmon with and without bones. The effect of salmon type, presence of bones and thermal treatment (121 °C for 55 min) on the dynamic (viscoelastic) and flow models were evaluated. Rheological behaviors of all samples were also tested over a temperature range of 25–55 °C. All samples had a higher viscoelastic behavior with consistently higher storage modulus (G′) than loss modulus (G″) over the entire frequency range used (0.5–100 rads/s at 25 °C). Thermal treatment had a significant effect (p
Cytochrome P450 side-chain cleavage (P450scc) in the hen ovary. I. Regulation of P450scc messenger RNA levels and steroidogenesis in theca cells of developing follicles.

We have recently shown that granulosa cells from hen ovarian follicles, collected at a stage of development 2-3 wk prior to ovulation (e.g. 6-8 mm in diameter) are steroidogenically inactive. Therefore, the hypothesis tested in the present studies was that theca cells from follicles at this stage of development must contain sufficient levels of functional cytochrome P450 side-chain cleavage (P450scc) enzyme to produce the progestin precursor required for the synthesis of androgens and estrogens. Northern blot analysis of total theca RNA collected from 6-8-mm follicles indicated the presence of a single P450scc mRNA transcript of approximately 2 kb whose expression was increased following an 8-h preincubation with 200 ng/ml ovine LH (oLH) or 10 microM forskolin. Western blot analysis of crude mitochondrial protein revealed a band of immunoreactive P450scc protein of approximately 53 kDa that was determined to be capable of converting 25-hydroxycholesterol to pregnenolone in a cell-free system. In the second set of studies, conducted to examine the cellular regulation of steroidogenesis in isolated theca cells of 6-8-mm follicles, theca cells were found to produce measurable basal levels of cAMP, progesterone, androstenedione, and estradiol following a 3-h incubation of 5 x 10(5) cells. Furthermore, significant dose-dependent increases in steroidogenesis were observed in response to oLH (0.2-200 ng/ml), chicken FSH (cFSH; 20-200 ng/ml), cholera toxin (0.002-20 ng/ml), and 8-bromo-cAMP (0.1-3.33 mM). Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA; 10-167 nM) also stimulated dose-dependent increases in basal progesterone, androstenedione, and estradiol production. In addition, while PMA had no effect on oLH (200 ng/ml)-promoted cAMP accumulation, or on oLH (20 ng/ml)- or 8-bromo-cAMP (1 mM)-stimulated progesterone production, it attenuated oLH-induced and 8-bromo-cAMP-induced androstenedione and estradiol accumulation. We conclude that theca cells from 6-8-mm follicles possess mRNA and immunoreactive protein coding for functional P450scc. Furthermore, basal steroidogenesis is increased by both the protein kinase A and protein kinase C pathways, whereas evidence suggests that protein kinase C inhibits LH-induced androstenedione production at a site distal to cAMP and progesterone production, most likely by decreasing C17,20-lyase activity.
Curvature driven grain boundary migration in aluminum: molecular dynamics simulations

Abstract Molecular dynamics simulations have been used to study steady-state, capillarity-driven grain boundary migration in three dimensions for a series of 〈1 1 1〉-tilt boundaries in aluminum. The reduced boundary mobility and boundary enthalpy were determined as a function of misorientation and temperature. For the misorientations examined, the reduced mobility is a maximum and the activation energy for migration is a minimum at the Σ 7 misorientation. The reduced mobility is an Arrhenius function of temperature. Excellent agreement between the present three-dimensional simulation results, those obtained earlier in two dimensions and experiment is obtained for a wide variety of features, with the notable exception of the magnitude of the grain boundary mobility. The mobilities from the simulations are much higher than from experiment; the activation energies for migration are much lower. The present results are intrinsic, while the experimental measurements may be limited by extrinsic factors such as impurity drag.
Saving Face: Inclusive Communication With College Students With Disabilities Using Politeness And Face Negotiation

Have I offended anyone today? Have I been insensitive? Creating welcoming inclusive environments for students with and without disabilities is a higher education imperative. The academy strives to create diverse and welcoming atmospheres for students and educators and employ social justice and face saving measures to encourage respectful communication and discourage discriminatory behaviors. With the increase of college students with disabilities, professionals need to be comfortable and confident in their communication tactics. Applying politeness and face-negotiation theories to the communication preferences and behaviors of college students with disabilities, this article offers practice-oriented applications for respectful inclusive communication.
Students' Technology Use and the Impacts on Well-Being.

This chapter reviews technology use patterns and the social impacts of technology on well-being among college students. It provides empirical evidence delineating the processes through which Internet use affects well-being among college students, and provides suggestions for ways to advance future studies in this area and for higher education faculty and staff as they work with technologically savvy students.
Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Mechanical Deformation of Ultra-Thin Amorphous Carbon Films

Amorphous carbon films approximately 20nm thick are used throughout the computer industry as protective coatings on magnetic storage disks. The structure and function of this family of materials at the atomic level is poorly understood. Recently. we simulated the growth of a:C and a:CH films 1 to 5 nm thick using Brenner`s bond-order potential model with added torsional energy terms. The microstructure shows a propensity towards graphitic structures at low deposition energy ( 20eV). In this paper we present simulations of the evolution of this microstructure for the dense 20eV films during a simulated indentation by a hard diamond tip. We also simulate sliding, the tip across the surface to study dynamical processes like friction, energy transport and microstructure evolution during sliding.
The contingent smile: A meta-analysis of sex differences in smiling

The authors present a meta-analysis of sex differences in smiling based on 448 effect sizes derivedfrom 162 research reports. There was a statistically significant tendency for women and adolescent girls to smile more than men and adolescent boys (d = 0.41). The authors hypothesized that sex differences in smiling would be larger when concerns about gender-appropriate behavior were made more conspicuous, situational constraints were absent or ambiguous, or emotion (especially negative) was salient. It was also predicted that the size of the sex difference in smiling would vary by culture and age. Moderator analysis supported these predictions. Although men tend to smile less than women, the degree to which this is so is contingent on rules and roles.
24‐Month‐Old Children With Larger Oral Vocabularies Display Greater Academic and Behavioral Functioning at Kindergarten Entry

Data were analyzed from a population-based, longitudinal sample of 8,650 U.S. children to (a) identify factors associated with or predictive of oral vocabulary size at 24 months of age and (b) evaluate whether oral vocabulary size is uniquely predictive of academic and behavioral functioning at kindergarten entry. Children from higher socioeconomic status households, females, and those experiencing higher quality parenting had larger oral vocabularies. Children born with very low birth weight or from households where the mother had health problems had smaller oral vocabularies. Even after extensive covariate adjustment, 24-month-old children with larger oral vocabularies displayed greater reading and mathematics achievement, increased behavioral self-regulation, and fewer externalizing and internalizing problem behaviors at kindergarten entry.
Calculating without numbers: aesthetic governmentality in Delhi's slums

Abstract This article looks at the manner in which knowledge of slums in Delhi has been collected, assembled and circulated in two different moments of urban improvement to explore the relationship between calculation and governmentality. Based on an extended study of slum enumeration and the politics of slum demolitions in Delhi, I show that each of these two moments relied on an epistemologically different set of calculative practices – one statistical, the other aesthetic – to render the slum intelligible and secure rule. I specifically show how the statistically rigorous calculative practices of the first moment encountered various technical difficulties and political challenges in producing a governing intelligibility, thus leading to the unruliness of slum space. In response, a new set of governmental techniques operating through the dissemination of aesthetic norms and codes re-secured rule over slums. I describe this shift in governmental technique to demonstrate that the dissemination of aestheti...
Rhabdomyolysis and Acute Renal Impairment in a Patient with Hypothyroidism: A Case Report

We report the case of a 33-year-old male with hypothyroidism who developed acute renal impairment with rhabdomyolysis after strenuous physical activity (snow shoveling). His thyroid function test confirmed marked hypothyroidism. Severe elevation of serum CK consistent with rhabdomyolysis was noted and an elevated creatinine indicated acute renal impairment. Patient’s condition improved significantly after starting him on thyroid hormone replacement therapy and aggressive hydration. Acute renal impairment with rhabdomyolysis in patients with hypothyroidism is quite rare and we expect that this case report adds to the existing literature on this subject. We also emphasize that thyroid status should be evaluated in patients with unexplained acute renal impairment and presenting with the symptoms of muscle involvement.
Dielectric and electrical conduction behavior of carbon paste electrochemical electrodes, with decoupling of carbon, electrolyte and interface contributions

Abstract The electrical conduction and dielectric (capacitive) properties of electrolyte-filled carbon paste electrochemical electrodes are reported, with the carbon, electrolyte (15% H2SO4), carbon–electrolyte interface and carbon–contact(metal) interface contributions fully decoupled for the first time. Without full decoupling and with the carbon contributions neglected, the carbon–electrolyte specific interfacial capacitance would be much over-estimated and the carbon–electrolyte interfacial resistivity would be much under-estimated. The carbons and electrolyte are comparable in both dielectric constant and resistivity. The specific contact capacitance is increased and the contact resistivity is decreased by adding the electrolyte to a carbon. The electrolyte is more effective than water in enhancing carbon–liquid and paste–contact interfaces. Conductivity is attractive for batteries and supercapacitors; strong dielectric properties are attractive for supercapacitors but not batteries. Exfoliated graphite provides handleability and excellent volumetric and interfacial conductivities. It gives low carbon dielectric constant, but contributes to the interfacial capacitances. Activated graphite nanoplatelet (GNP) gives high carbon and paste dielectric constants and high specific contact capacitance. Activated carbon gives poor volumetric and interfacial conductivities. Exfoliated graphite is even better than carbon black for batteries; GNP is even better than activated carbon for supercapacitors; an exfoliated-graphite/GNP mixture is suitable for both; natural graphite is not competitive for either.
Effect of sucralfate and an aluminum hydroxide gel on gastric emptying of solids and liquids

Our purpose was to investigate whether an aluminum-containing compound (sucralfate) and an aluminum-containing antacid (Amphojel; Wyeth Laboratories), both of which are commonly used in peptic ulcer disease, affect gastric emptying. Gastric emptying was studied in ten healthy subjects with the double isotope technique to assess simultaneous emptying rates of the solid and liquid components of a meal. 99mTechnetium sulfur colloid-labeled chicken liver served as the solid component and 111indium diethylenetriamine penta-acetic acid-labeled water was the liquid component. In a randomized, double-blind fashion, 1 gm sucralfate and 30 ml aluminum hydroxide gel were compared with placebo on separate days. Subjects ate the isotope-labeled test meal after dosing, and gastric emptying was monitored for 3 hours by a gamma-camera interfaced with a computer. There was no significant change in gastric emptying of either solids or liquids after sucralfate. The aluminum hydroxide gel slowed the gastric emptying rate for solids more than did the placebo, but this difference was significant only at the intervals of 165 and 180 minutes after the meal. We conclude that aluminum in the form of therapeutic doses of sucralfate does not delay gastric emptying of solids or liquids in normal subjects, while the larger amount of aluminum in therapeutic doses of the antacid gel has some slowing effect on gastric emptying of the solid components of a meal.
A fluxless process of producing tin-rich gold-tin joints in air

A soldering process performed in ambient air without the use of any flux is reported. We believe that this is the first time fluxless soldering process is successfully done in air without prior fluorine treatment. The fluxless process is implemented using Au-Sn binary system. It is based on Au-Sn multilayer design that is substantially tin-rich, namely, with 95 at.% Sn (91.8 wt.% Sn) and 5 at.% Au (8.2 wt.% Au). Over the past 15 years, we have developed numerous fluxless bonding processes. These processes require environments such as H/sub 2/ or N/sub 2/ during the bonding process to inhibit solder oxidation. This requirement is not compatible with the pick-and-place bonding machines widely employed in the industry. Thus, fluxless processing in air has been our lifelong endeavor. After many attempts, we finally achieved some initial success. The bonding process is carried out at 225/spl deg/C. The resulting joints are nearly void-free as confirmed by scanning acoustic microscopy (SAM). To study the microstructure and composition of the samples, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy was performed on the joint cross-section. The results show that the joint is composed of AuSn/sub 4/ intermetallic grains embedded in a Sn matrix. Re-melting temperatures of the solder joints were measured to range from 214/spl deg/C to 220/spl deg/C, which are consistent with data on the Au-Sn phase diagram.
Inductance aware performance and reliability analysis of high performance integrated circuits

This paper presents an analysis of the positive and negative impacts of on-chip inductance. It has been illustrated that inductance can be exploited to improve some aspects of the performance of high speed integrated circuits. On the other hand, voltage overshoots due to inductance can increase the effective gate voltage stress so high that it may cause serious concern for gate oxide reliability in current ultra-thin (1-5 nm) MOS gate dielectrics since failure rate is exponentially dependent on the effective voltage stress. It is observed that failure probability of device oxide may be increased by more than double for 10% change in voltage overshoot.
Energy content of reduced-fat dried distillers grains with solubles for lactating dairy cows

Abstract Eight Holstein and 8 Jersey multiparous, lactating cows were used to complete 56 energy balances to determine the energy content of reduced-fat dried distillers grains with solubles (RFDDGS). A repeated switchback design was used to compare treatments with and without RFDDGS. Diets consisted of 24.2% corn silage, 18.4% alfalfa hay, 6.94% brome hay with either 22.9% rolled corn or 14.8% soybean meal (control), or 8.95% rolled corn, 28.8% RFDDGS, and 0% soybean meal [Co-P; dry-matter (DM) basis]. The inclusion of RFDDGS did not affect DM intake, averaging 21.4 ± 0.53 kg of DM for all cows, but milk production tended to increase from 29.8 to 30.9 ± 1.46 kg/d for control and Co-P treatments, respectively. Milk fat percentage and energy-corrected milk did not differ between treatments, averaging 4.33 ± 0.14% and 34.1 kg/d, respectively. Milk protein was significantly decreased by the Co-P treatment (3.56 and 3.41 ± 0.08% for control and Co-P treatments), but protein yield was not affected. Milk energies were 1.40 Mcal/d greater with Co-P. Energy lost as methane was reduced by 0.31 Mcal/d with the addition of RFDDGS to the diet. Heat loss averaged 29.9 ± 0.55 Mcal/d and was not different between diets. Average energy retained as tissue energy was −2.99 ± 0.93 Mcal/d and did not differ between treatments. Intake of digestible and metabolizable energy were not different between the control and Co-P treatments, averaging 2.68 and 2.31 Mcal/kg of DM, respectively. The net energy of lactation values of control and Co-P diets were calculated to be 1.43 and 1.47 Mcal/kg of DM, respectively. These energy estimates suggest greater energy content of diets containing RFDDGS than diets containing a mixture of corn and soybean meal in lactating dairy cows.
Using the matrix pencil method to estimate the parameters of a sum of complex exponentials

The approximation of a function by a sum of complex exponentials is a problem that is at least two centuries old. Fundamentally, all techniques discussed in this article proceed from using the same sequence of data samples and vary only, but importantly, in how those samples are used in achieving the parameter estimation. All of these techniques, in other words, seek the same quantitative parameters to represent the sampled data, but use different routes to get there. The techniques for estimating the parameters are either linear or nonlinear. The linear techniques are emphasized in this presentation. In particular, the matrix pencil method is described, which is more robust to noise in the sampled data. The matrix pencil approach has a lower variance of the estimates of the parameters of interest than a polynomial-type method (Prony's method belongs to this category), and is also computationally more efficient. A bandpass version of the matrix pencil can be implemented in hardware, utilizing an AT&T DSP32C chip operating in real time. A copy of the computer program implementing the matrix pencil technique is given in the appendix. >
On being a student of John Reynolds

The editors of this volume asked me to put together a description of what it was like to be a Ph.D. student of John C. Reynolds. With the assistance of his other students, this is exactly what I have done. I have asked each of them to contribute their reminiscences on what it was like to work with John, to describe how they came to know John, and to say whatever they would like about how John affected their lives. These contributions will be found below, ordered by the year that each student formally finished his studies. All in all, this piece serves to document the very positive effect that working under John had for those of us lucky enough to work under him.
Contrary Evidence on the Economic Effect of the Super Bowl on the Victorious City

Previous research has indicated a surprising statistically significant positive effect on the local economy in the city that wins the Super Bowl. An analysis of per capita personal income growth in victorious Super Bowl cities from 1970-2001 cannot further confirm these results. Although winning the Super Bowl is associated with an increase in income of $50 to $60 per capita, these results are less than half those found in previous studies and are not statistically significant at the 5% level.
Energy-aware active chemical sensing

We propose an adaptive sensing framework for metal-oxide (MOX) sensors that seeks to minimize energy consumption through temperature modulation. Our approach generates temperature programs by means of an active-sensing strategy combined with an objective function that penalizes power consumption. The problem is modeled as a partially observable Markov decision process (POMDP) and solved with a myopic policy that operates in real time. The policy selects sensing actions (i.e., temperature pulses) that balance misclassification costs (e.g., chemicals identified as the wrong target) and sensing costs (i.e., power consumption). We experimentally validate the method on a ternary chemical discrimination problem, and compare it against a “passive classifier.” Our results show that, for a given energy budget, the active-sensing strategy selects temperatures with more discriminatory information than those of the passive classifier by penalizing pulses of higher temperature and longer durations.
Architecture, User Interface, and Enabling Technology in Windows Vista's Speech Systems

Existing speech recognition systems have claimed high accuracy for specific tasks such as dictation. What is new in Windows Speech recognition for Vista is a combination of high accuracy and high usability for the end-to-end speech experience. This paper describes the architecture, user interface, and key technologies that make up the speech system incorporated in Microsoft Windows Vista. It outlines some of the challenges encountered in providing a speech-based interface to a system as complex and extensible as the modern desktop PC, as well as the technology developments that have made this possible. In particular, the paper describes key elements of the speech user interface and how the user's ability to control the system is maintained despite limitations in the underlying recognition technology. The paper also explains how feedback and adaptation systems are used to tailor the experience to each user and their particular style of speaking/use of language.