cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
CROSS-LINGUISTIC INFLUENCE IN THIRD LANGUAGE ACQUISITION: PSYCHOLINGUISTIC PERSPECTIVES

CROSS-LINGUISTIC INFLUENCE IN THIRD LANGUAGE ACQUISITION: PSYCHOLINGUISTIC PERSPECTIVES. Jasone Cenoz, Britta Hufeisen, and Ulrike Jessner (Eds.). Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters, 2001. Pp. 197. $54.95 cloth.Although linguists often employ “native-language influence” as a shorthand for language transfer, most are well aware that crosslinguistic influence can come not only from the first language (L1) but also from the second language (L2) in cases where the target language is the third language (L3). Even so, there remains the question of just how similar the acquisition of L3 (or L4, etc.) may be to what is, strictly speaking, L2 acquisition. This question naturally intersects with the complexities of crosslinguistic influence, and the study of transfer beyond L2 has received increasing attention in the past 10 years or so. It was high time for a single volume that would bring together many strands of research on the problem, and this one edited by Cenoz, Hufeisen, and Jessner will no doubt become a key resource. The collection has an introduction by the editors and 10 chapters with the following authors: Cenoz; Hammarberg; De Angelis and Selinker; Ringbom; Dewaele; Ecke; Herwig; Kellerman; Fouser; and Gibson, Hufeisen, and Libben.
Synovial sarcoma in the neck of an eleven month old girl

Synovial sarcomas are rare primary tumors of the head and neckin any age group. We present a case of primary synovial sarcoma arising in the neck of an 11-month-old girl.
TGF-α exerts biphasic effects on estrogen- and phytoestrogen-mediated gene expression in breast cancer cells

Transforming growth factor-α (TGF-α) contributes to the progression of mammary carcinogenesis in part through synergistic augmentation of estradiol (E2) action. To investigate this further, we sought to determine (1) whether the duration of TGF-α treatment might influence the nature of the TGF-α/E2 interaction, and (2) whether TGF-α would behave in a similar manner when combined with phytoestrogens. To this end, we transfected T47-D breast cancer cells with an estrogen-responsive reporter and then treated the cells (for 4–48 h) with varying concentrations of TGF-α, E2, the antiestrogen 4-hydroxy-tamoxifen (HOT), and/or one of three phytoestrogens. Our findings revealed that TGF-α has short-term synergistic and long-term inhibitory effects on E2-and phytoestrogen-regulated gene expression. Furthermore, this secondary inhibition of E2 action by TGF-α was similar in magnitude to that imposed by HOT. These findings demonstrate a novel role for TGF-α and invite reevaluation of current models regarding TGF-αs interactions with E2 inbreast cancer cells. Our results also raise the possibility that phytoestrogens, which interact with TGF-α in a manner conceptually identical to that of E2, may subserve a regulatory function in breast cancer cells.
Bifunctional Binding of Cisplatin to DNA: Why Does Cisplatin Form 1,2-Intrastrand Cross-links with AG, But Not with GA?

The bifunctional binding of the anticancer drug cisplatin to two adjacent nucleobases in DNA is modeled using density functional theory. Previous experimental studies revealed that cisplatin binding to adjacent guanine and adenine is sensitive to nucleobase sequence. Whereas AG 1,2-intrastrand cross-links are commonly observed, the analogous GA adducts are not known. This study focuses on understanding this directional preference by constructing a full reaction profile using quantum chemical simulation methods. Monofunctional and bifunctional cisplatin adducts were generated, and the transition states that connect them were located for the dinucleotides d(pApG) and d(pGpA), assuming that initial platination takes place at the guanine site. Our computer simulations reveal a significant kinetic preference for formation of the AG over the GA adduct. The activation free energies of ∼23 kcal/mol for AG and ∼32 kcal/mol for GA suggest that bifunctional closure is ∼6 orders of magnitude faster for AG than for GA...
The structure and significance of community satisfaction

Residential and community satisfaction have been studied for many decades in an effort to understand human commitments to local places. In more recent years, concepts that more nearly reflect commitment have been developed, among them place attachment. Yet, the extensive, prior work on empirical indicators of satisfaction give that concept a particularly useful entry into studies of experiences of place, even though these may only provide estimates of phenomena of deeper commitment. The present study is drawn from the data for a large-scale investigation of the meaning ofcommunity in metropolitan America. Based on 2,622 women and men from 42 municipalities in 10 SMSAs across the United States, the study includes a sample of all socioeconomic statuses and from minority as well as majority populations. On the basis of factor analyses of a wide array of evaluations and satisfactions with housing, neighborhood, and the wider community, a structure for community satisfaction has been delineated. On the basis of these community satisfaction factors, along with several other social role and personality variables, an estimate is provided of the personal significance of community satisfaction in people's lives, using life satisfaction as the dependent variable. While there are socioeconomic status and other variations, community satisfactions appear to be important influences on life satisfaction at all socioeconomic status levels.
The Chocolay Group, Lake Superior region, U.S.A.: Sedimentologic evidence for deposition in basinal and platform settings on an early Proterozoic craton

The early Proterozoic Chocolay Group in the Lake Superior region is a cratonal sequence consisting of a basal unit overlain successively by quartzite, dolomite, and slate formations. Two regional depositional environments are described: (1) present-day structural troughs (Marquette, Menominee, and Felch, Michigan) show evidence of having sedimentary-basin precursors; and (2) other areas (Gogebic Range, Michigan) show evidence of sedimentation in platform settings. The basal unit in the Marquette and Menominee troughs is as much as 160 m thick and was probably deposited by alluvial processes. In the Gogebic Range, the basal unit is less than 10 m thick and resembles lag deposits at the base of transgressive sequences. The overlying quartzite contains cross-beds that show two regional sedimentary-vector (paleocurrent) distributions: (1) unimodal low-variance distributions with sedimentary vectors oriented subparallel to local structural trough axes (Marquette, Menominee, and Felch troughs); and (2) polymodal distributions with sedimentary vectors showing greater dispersion about the mean (Gogebic Range). As indicated by many varieties of sedimentary structures (silicified evaporites, cryptalgal structures, intraclast breccias, and so on), the carbonates and interstratified siliciclastics of the Chocolay Group were deposited in subtidal to supratidal conditions. Taylor noted, in 1972, that certain members of the Chocolay Group carbonates thicken toward the center of the Marquette trough, with concomitant facies changes. The uppermost pelite unit of the Chocolay Group was probably deposited below normal wave base. It is concluded that the basins and platforms were formed on a craton undergoing rift-type tectonism.
An Examination of LSM-LSCo Mixtures for Use in SOFC Cathodes

Composites of yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) and mixed perovskites with the average compositions La 0.8 Sr 0.2 Mn (1-x) Co x O 3 (x = 0, 0.1, 0.25, and 0.5) and with total loadings of 40 wt % perovskite were prepared by impregnation of aqueous salt solutions into a porous YSZ cathode matrix and examined for their use as cathodes in solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) at 973 K. For calcination at 1173 K, the cathode made from La 0.8 Sr 0.2 Mn 0.75 Co 0.25 O 3 showed the best performance of the mixed perovskites, although the improvement over La 0.8 Sr 0.2 MnO 3 (LSM) was only modest. After calcination at 1373 K, LSM-YSZ performed better than any of the mixed perovskites. X-ray diffraction showed that Co-containing mixed perovskites undergo a solid-state reaction with YSZ at 1373 K to form insulating phases that decrease the electrochemical performance. While the addition of 10 wt % COO x to an LSM-YSZ composite was found to have no effect on cathode performance, the addition of 10 wt % La 0.8 Sr 0.2 CoO 3 to an LSM-YSZ composite dramatically decreased the cathode area-specific resistance from 0.45 Ω cm 2 to approximately 0.1 Ω cm 2 . Based on these results, the possibilities for improving the performance of LSM-based cathodes through doping with Co-containing compounds are discussed.
A coherence method for detecting and analyzing oscillations

In this paper, a coherence method is proposed to detect and analyze forced oscillations from phasor measurement unit data. The calculation of coherence spectrum is reviewed, and forced oscillations are related to the peaks in the coherence spectrum. Using simulation and field measurement data, the proposed coherence method's performance is compared with the power spectral density method. When applied to detect and analyze forced oscillations under low signal noise ratio conditions, the proposed coherence method shows better performance.
Low temperature two-dimensional mobility of a GaAs heterolayer

Abstract The two-dimensional electron mobility for a GaAs single-interface heterolayer at low temperatures is computed, as a function of electron sheet density, in terms of the Fang-Howard-Stern model wave-function, for both deformation-coupled and piezoelectric-coupled scattering by acousticmode phonons. The temperature range of validity for this mobility proportional to 1/T is estimated. The unscreened mobilities are also given for comparison. The ion-scattering mobility, for various distances of the donor ion layer from the interface, is also computed, using the same model wave-function. It appears that, in the conditions of interest, lattice scattering will not dominate the overall mobility but can have a significant effect on it.
Novel Binding Modes in Tetramethoxycalix[4]arene: Implications for Ligand Design

Calixarenes are used as molecular scaffolds for the preparation of novel receptors for cations, anions, and neutral molecules. Although widely studied, the nature of the host−guest interactions within these molecules remains obscure. We present a combined density-functional theory and second-order perturbation theory study of the complexation of the alkali cations Na+ and Cs+ with tetramethoxycalix[4]arene. The results show that the host−guest interactions of this simple system are much more complex than previously thought and suggest new approaches for the design of selective cation receptors.
Technical memorandum. Dual resonance

Dual resonant modes in hollow cavities, and in dielectric resonators occur in degenerate pairs, having either identical, or very closely situated, resonant frequencies. Equivalent circuits for the input impedance of such dual-mode resonators are analysed and the behaviour of the impedance locus, typically observed with the vector network analyser, is described.
REFLECTIONS ON SOME CURRENT DIRECTIONS IN QU'ANIC STUDIES

Reflexions sur les methodes de l'exegese coranique. Doit-on abandonner toute tentative de trouver un sens coherent par la methode Sitz im Leben ? La position de John Wansbrough est presentee
Paan and Gutka in the United States: An Emerging Threat

Smokeless tobacco and areca nut usage are integral cultural traditions in South Asia. Paan and gutka are two commonly used products which contain these ingredients. They are immensely popular in South Asia and with South Asian immigrants. Regular paan and gutka use is associated with several deleterious health consequences, most significantly oral cancer. Of particular concern is the markedly increased risk of oral cancer in South Asian immigrants when compared with the natives in new areas of settlement. The South Asian community in the United States is large and rapidly growing. Paan and gutka are legal in the United States, and readily available in ethnic enclaves. Smokeless tobacco prevention and cessation research and interventions have not yet addressed the unique sociocultural circumstances of this growing, at-risk community. The medical, dental, and public health communities need to join forces to combat this emerging threat.
Local Anesthetic Use in the Pregnant and Postpartum Patient

The use of systemically absorbed drugs in the gravid and in the lactating patient is of concern to the dentist. This article reviews concerns for the health and safety of the mother, developing fetus, and neonate involving local anesthetics. The available literature on the use of local anesthetics for dentistry in the pregnant and postpartum patient is also reviewed. In addition, the physiology of the pregnant and postpartum woman is discussed because this is essential to understanding potential interplay with local anesthesia and the stress of a dental appointment.
An Investigation of Size Deposition Upon Individual Stages of a Cascade Impactor

AbstractThe particle size deposition characteristics upon each stage of an inertial impactor have been investigated. Disodium fluorescein and kaolin samples of approximately the same median diameter and distribution were collected by inertial impaction. The Delron DCI-6 cascade impactor was used conventionally, with 38 mm diameter glass slides, and a modified arrangement, with 11 mm diameter glass slides placed concentrically within the larger ones. Samples could thus be separated into those depositing at the center of the slide and those depositing at the outer edge. Quantitative and qualitative analyses were performed. It was concluded that size fractionation upon a stage, that is large particles at the center and smaller ones at the outer edge, does occur, however this is complicated by the incidence of bounce and blow off. Further investigations employing monodispersed powders would enable the contribution of the latter phenomenon to be assessed.
Detection of snowmelt regions on the Greenland ice sheet using diurnal backscatter change

Snowmelt regions on Greenland ice are mapped daily with the SeaWinds wideswath Ku-band (13.4 GHz) scatterometer on the QuikSCAT satellite. The approach exploits the high temporal resolution of SeaWinds/QuikSCAT data for the melt mapping using diurnal backscatter change independent of the absolute calibration. The results reveal several pronounced melting and refreezing events, and effects of topography are evident in the melt patterns. The spatial resolution is sufficient to identify melt features on the Sukker-toppen Iskappe west of the main ice sheet. An anomalous warming event, caused by down-ward mixing of warm air, is detected in late September 1999 over the west flank of the southern Greenland ice sheet. Time-series images of melt regions are presented over the period from summer to the fall freeze-up. The satellite observations are verified with in situ measurements from the Greenland Climate Network stations.
Optimum design of solar water heating systems

Abstract This paper presents an approach to the design of solar water heating systems for optimum performance in different locations. The results of a previously developed queueing model for solar water heating systems evaluation are used to determine the optimum size of the system design parameter. The approach concerns itself in selecting the optimum volume of the system water tank, and its collector area in different locations.
Solvent Vapor Induced Ordering and Disordering of Phenyl Side Branches at the Air/Polystyrene Interface Studied by SFG

Sum frequency generation (SFG) vibrational spectroscopy has been used to characterize the effect that toluene solvent vapor has on the surface structure of polystyrene films. SFG spectra show that low surface tension toluene molecules preferentially coat the surfaces of polystyrene films that are exposed to a saturated toluene vapor environment. The SFG spectra indicate that phenyl side branches are well-ordered at the air/polystyrene interface prior to toluene exposure and that the phenyl branches become solvated and disordered when the polystyrene is exposed to toluene vapor. After exposure, as the toluene evaporates from the film, the partially solvated polystyrene surface rapidly reorders the phenyl side groups away from the surface.
Identification of a polyadenylated transcript correlated with development in the sexual cycle of Schizophyllum

Abstract A polyadenylated transcript of about 580 nucleotides has been determined to occur preferentially in the dikaryon of Schizophyllum commune. It was apparent in blots of RNA from the vegetative dikaryon (sexually differentiated cells which are normally capable of developing into fruiting bodies) and not apparent in blots of RNA from the two monokaryotic homokaryons (sexually nondifferentiated cells) that were mated to obtain the dikaryon. It was detected by probing gel blots of poly(A)+ RNA from the dikaryon and from each of the two component unmated monokaryons simultaneously with a subset of cDNAs specific to the dikaryon. The “dikaryon-specific” cDNAs were obtained by isolating poly(A)+ RNA from the dikaryon prior to fruiting, preparing 32P-labeled cDNA from this RNA, and selecting those cDNA sequences that did not hybridize to the poly(A)+ RNA of the two component monokaryons. A probe consisting of dikaryotic cDNA that did hybridize to the poly(A)+ RNA of the monokaryons served as the control. A relatively small degree of gene regulation at the transcriptional level appears to be involved in differentiation of the dikaryon from the component monokaryons. A series of successive hybridizations (“cascade hybridization”) of 32P-labeled cDNA from the dikaryon with poly(A)+ RNA from the monokaryons revealed only 2% of the starting material as noncomplementary to the RNA of the monokaryons. This is in marked contrast to the high degree of transcriptional regulation observed for developmental processes in other fungi such as Aspergillus nidulans.
Alloimmunization against RBC or PLT antigens is independent of TRIM21 expression in a murine model

Generation of alloantibodies to transfused RBCs can be a serious medical problem for patients who require chronic RBC transfusion therapy. Patients with sickle cell disease have a substantially increased rate of alloimmunization compared to other chronically transfused populations. A recent study has forwarded the hypothesis that a polymorphism in an immunoregulatory gene in close proximity to beta-globin (TRIM21 rs660) plays a role in the increased rates of RBC alloimmunization in sickle cell patients. In particular, it was hypothesized that rs660C/T decreases expression of TRIM21, resulting in loss of a negative feedback pathway in immune responses and increased RBC alloimmunization. To test the effects of TRIM21 expression on alloimmunization, we analyzed antibody responses to alloantigens on RBCs and platelets transfused into wild-type and TRIM21 KO mice. No significant increases were seen in the frequency or magnitude of humoral immunization to alloantigens on transfused RBCs or platelets in adult or juvenile TRIM21 KO recipients compared to wild-type controls. Moreover, recipient inflammation with poly (I:C) enhanced RBC alloimmunization to similar degrees in both TRIM21 KO and wild-type control recipients. Together, these data rule out the hypothesis that decreased TRIM21 expression enhances transfusion induced humoral alloimmunization, in the context of a reductionist murine model.
Substrates for yeast mitochondrial cAMP-dependent protein kinase activity.

Abstract We showed that transcription of mitochondrial (mt) genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is governed in part by cellular cAMP levels, and that such transcriptional control is mediated via cAMP-dependent protein kinase (cAPK) activity. Here we use in vitro protein kinase assays with intact mitochondria from respiring cells to define protein substrates for mt cAPK. Our data show that there are at least eight mt proteins phosphorylated in a cAMP-dependent manner, ranging in M r from 96000 to 9500. Similar assays with organelles from an mtf1 mutant and its wild-type parent strain show no loss of any mt cAPK target proteins, suggesting that Mtf1p (M r =40000), the mt RNA polymerase specificity factor, does not require phosphorylation for activity. We further show, using double mutants for TPK1 , TPK2 , and TPK3 , which encode catalytic subunits of the mt cAPK that each of the eight mt substrate proteins is not phosphorylated equivalently by the individual catalytic subunits.
Kinetics of the reaction between methyl radical and acetylene

The reaction CH 3 +C 2 H 2 → C 3 H 4 +H (reaction 1) has been studied using laser photolysis/photoionization mass spectrometry. Rate constants were determined in time-resolved experiments as a function of temperature (750–1000 K). Rate constants of reaction 1 are independent of the bath gas density within the experimental range [M]=[He]+[C 2 H 2 ]=(6-24)×10 16 molecules cm −3 , C 3 H 4 was defected as a primary product of reaction 1. Within the 800–1000 K range of temperatures and bath gas densities, the rate constants of reaction 1 can be described by the Arrhenius expression k 1 =(6.3±2.9)×10 −13 exp(−(5011±422)K/ T ) cm 3 molecule −1 s −1 . The experimental results of the current study are compared with computational predictions based on models existing in the literature. New RRKM models based on the experimental data are created and used to extrapolate the results of the current study to higher temperatures.
Governments, entrepreneurs, and positive externalities: A real options perspective

Summary This article extends the real options view from the firm level to the societal level, by exploring how government policies facilitate entrepreneurship development. Governments can focus on generating positive externalities, as opposed to avoiding failure for individual firms. Treating the bundle of productive assets within a country as entrepreneurial options, government policies concentrated on maximizing the variance of such a bundle would facilitate entrepreneurship development. Propositions are generated for six policy domains: (1) tax policies, (2) industry structure and entry barriers, (3) foreign direct investment, (4) opening foreign markets, (5) bankruptcy legislations, and (6) moving away from traditional industrial protection.
Pediatric renal carcinoma associated with Xp11.2 translocations/TFE3 gene fusions and clinicopathologic associations.

Renal cell carcinomas (RCCs) are rare in children and studies of their subtypes and clinicopathologic associations are limited to small series. We identified 8 patients with RCC treated at our institution between 1981 and 2003, reviewed their clinicopathologic features, cytogenetics findings, and evaluated the status of TFE3 expression by immunohistochemistry and numerical chromosomal alterations by interphase fluorescent in situ hybridization on paraffin-embedded tissue. These 8 patients (5 female and 3 male) had diploidy, and 5 had morphologic features compatible with the recently described RCC associated with Xp11.2 translocations/TFE3 gene fusions and demonstrated nuclear labeling for TFE3 protein by immunohistochemistry. The translocation was confirmed in 2 of these 5 patients by conventional cytogenetics. One case was a high-grade nonpapillary RCC and the other was compatible with type 2 papillary RCC. Four patients showed at least 1 chromosomal gain including trisomy 7 and/or trisomy 17. None of the tumors from male patients showed evidence of loss of the Y chromosome, but 2 patients showed numerical abnormalities of X chromosome +add(X). Two patients had sickle cell disease, and 1 of these also had stage IV-S neuroblastoma. This study suggests that many cases of RCC in children reported under the terms “papillary” and “clear cell” likely represent Xp11.2 translocation/TFE3 gene fusion-associated RCC. It also emphasizes the unusual associations of RCC with neuroblastoma and sickle cell hemoglobinopathy, which need further study.
Oxidation of Mechanically Alloyed Al-rich Al–Ti Powders

The oxidation behavior of Al-rich, metastable mechanically alloyed powders in the Al–Ti binary system has been examined in the context of their potential application in high-energy-density materials. Scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis in an oxygen atmosphere up to 1500°C have been performed on powders, synthesized with compositions ranging from Al0.95Ti0.05 to Al0.75Ti0.25. Oxidation proceeds in three distinguishable steps, similar to the oxidation steps observed for pure aluminum. The steps become less pronounced with increasing Ti concentration. For both the first and second oxidation steps, the apparent activation energies are close to 400 kJ/mol. Partially oxidized material was recovered from intermediate temperatures for quantitative phase analysis by X-ray diffraction, Al2O3 and TiO2 are the main oxidation products. Similarly to pure aluminum, metastable γ-alumina is present at temperatures below ∼ 1000°C, suggesting that the stepwise oxidation is related to phase transitions of the alumina in the oxide scale. At temperatures above 1300°C, oxidation follows melt formation in the binary Al–Ti system, as the aluminum component oxidizes selectively, leaving a titanium-rich metallic residue. No correlation was observed between the oxidation and melting of aluminum.
An Interactive Power System Analyzer with Graphics Display for Educational Use

The paper presents a student-oriented power-system analyzer with an interactive graphics display. Its capabilities include studies of (1) load flow, (2) load and generation, (3) voltage level control, (4) economic dispatch, and (5) contingency and planning analysis. Power network configurations of up to 30 buses can be presented clearly on one screen. The interactive nature of this program makes such studies effective and easy to use. With the support of a computer with graphics software and many graphics terminals, this program can be a useful teaching tool for power system studies. The object of this work is to produce a computer/graphics facility for power-system studies that the junior and senior students can use. The computer available for student use is the IBM 4381, which is linked with an interactive graphics system. The Tektronix 4014 display terminal is a CRT storage display device with an enhanced resolution of 4096* 3120. This system is supported by many software packages including TCS, which has been chosen for this study. The power-system analyzer is designed to include the following features: 1. Interactivity The most common outstanding feature of this analyzer is that it is interactive. The potential saving in time by achieving the solution within a few seconds rather than a few hours or days is important. 2. Easy graphics display Two kinds of graphics displays are used. For a small system, an automatic display mode is available. No graphics data are needed.
Sleet-melting practices: Niagara Mohawk system

EXPERIENCE WITH SLEET CONDITIONS on the Niagara Mohawk System has indicated that adequate planning is necessary if satisfactory results are to be secured from any sleet-melting program. This planning extends from system design, to operating procedures, to training. All must be co-ordinated to weather a severe storm successfully. Included in this planning is close contact with the United States Weather Bureau.
Improving the flavor of calcium chloride and lactic acid injected mature beef top round steaks

Abstract The effect of added commercial beef flavoring on the physical and sensory characteristics of CaCl 2 and lactic acid injected cow meat was investigated. A 10% injection of 0.3 M CaCl 2 and 0.3 M lactic acid into hot-boned top rounds ( m. semimembranosus ) decreased shear forces over traditional top round steaks. The addition of commercial beef flavoring (4% solution) to the CaCl 2 and lactic acid injection did not alter the resulting pH, cook loss or total aerobic plate count (APC) of injected steaks. However, beef flavoring did increase the beef/brothy and oniony aromatics and salt taste, and decreased the soured and medicinal aromatics and bitter tastes of hot-boned, CaCl 2 and lactic acid injected top round steaks.
Eggshell thinning in ring doves exposed top,p′-dicofol

Ring doves (Streptopelia risoria) were brought into breeding condition and, after laying two clutches of two eggs each, were fed one of three experimental diets containing either 33.4 ppm dicofol (1, 1-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-2,2,2-trichioroethanol), 37 ppmp,pi DDE (2,2-bis (p-chlorophenyl)-1,1 dichloroethylene), or no toxicant (control). Mean shell thicknesses of eggs produced on experimental diets were: control, 156 x; DDE, 145 μ; and dicofol 142 μ. Birds fed DDE produced eggs with shells a mean 5.6% thinner than pre-treatment eggs, while birds fed dicofol produced eggs with shell means 7.2% thinner. No change in shell thickness was found in eggs from control doves. Analysis of covariance revealed a statistically significant effect of decreasing eggshell thickness over time in doves fed DDE and dicofol diets but not in control birds. Egg production was significantly lower in both dicofol-fed and DDE-fed birds when compared with controls. Control birds produced a mean of 1.97 eggs per clutch. Dicofol- and DDE-treated birds produced 1.88 and 1.79 eggs per clutch, respectively. The proportion of eggs found cracked or broken in the nest was greatest in birds fed dicofol, with 16.9% of all eggs broken or cracked, compared to 7.9% of eggs from the DDE group and 5.7% of eggs from control group. Selected eggs were analyzed for residues of dicofol, dichlorobenzophenone (DCBP), and DDE in the yolk. For the birds fed the dicofol diet, DDE residues in treatment eggs ranged from 0.036 to 0.119 ppm wet weight. DDE residues in pre-treatment eggs ranged from 0.013 to 0.080 ppm. Dicofol residues ranged from 2.62 ppm to 22.58 ppm. DCBP residues ranged from 2.55 to 17.68 ppm. Only residues of dicofol showed a significant correlation with percent shell thinning.
SPECIFYING SOFTWARE ARCHITECTURAL CONNECTORS IN SAM

Software architecture has become one of the most active research topics in software engineering in recent years. One of the distinct features of software architecture research is to explicitly study the interconnections (connectors) among system components. In this paper, we show how to formally specify several well-known general connectors in a software architecture methodology called SAM. Related work is discussed and compared. Our results establish the basis for reusing these defined connectors and for building more sophisticated connectors from them.
Accurate protein structure modeling using sparse NMR data and homologous structure information

While information from homologous structures plays a central role in X-ray structure determination by molecular replacement, such information is rarely used in NMR structure determination because it can be incorrect, both locally and globally, when evolutionary relationships are inferred incorrectly or there has been considerable evolutionary structural divergence. Here we describe a method that allows robust modeling of protein structures of up to 225 residues by combining , 13C, and 15N backbone and 13Cβ chemical shift data, distance restraints derived from homologous structures, and a physically realistic all-atom energy function. Accurate models are distinguished from inaccurate models generated using incorrect sequence alignments by requiring that (i) the all-atom energies of models generated using the restraints are lower than models generated in unrestrained calculations and (ii) the low-energy structures converge to within 2.0 Å backbone rmsd over 75% of the protein. Benchmark calculations on known structures and blind targets show that the method can accurately model protein structures, even with very remote homology information, to a backbone rmsd of 1.2–1.9 Å relative to the conventional determined NMR ensembles and of 0.9–1.6 Å relative to X-ray structures for well-defined regions of the protein structures. This approach facilitates the accurate modeling of protein structures using backbone chemical shift data without need for side-chain resonance assignments and extensive analysis of NOESY cross-peak assignments.
Antibody-Mediated Immunity to the Obligate Intracellular Bacterial Pathogen Coxiella burnetii is Fc Receptor- and Complement-Independent

Background The obligate intracellular bacterial pathogen Coxiella burnetii causes the zoonosis Q fever. The intracellular niche of C. burnetii has led to the assumption that cell-mediated immunity is the most important immune component for protection against this pathogen. However, passive immunization with immune serum can protect naive animals from challenge with virulent C. burnetii, indicating a role for antibody (Ab) in protection. The mechanism of this Ab-mediated protection is unknown. Therefore, we conducted a study to determine whether Fc receptors (FcR) or complement contribute to Ab-mediated immunity (AMI) to C. burnetii.
Plant cell enlargement and the action of expansins

Plant cells are caged within a distended polymeric network (the cell wall), which enlarges by a process of stress relaxation and slippage (creep) of the polysaccharides that make up the load-bearing network of the wall. Protein mediators of wall creep have recently been isolated and characterized. These proteins, called expansins, appear to disrupt the noncovalent adhesion of matrix polysaccharides to cellulose microfibrils, thereby permitting turgor-driven wall enlargement. Expansin activity is specifically expressed in the growing tissues of dicotyledons and monocotyledons. Sequence analysis of cDNAs indicates that expansins are novel proteins, without previously known functional motifs. Comparison of expansin cDNAs from cucumber, pea, Arabidopsis and rice shows that the proteins are highly conserved in size and amino acid sequence. Phylogenetic analysis of expansin sequences suggests that this multigene family diverged before the evolution of angiosperms. Speculation is presented about the role of this gene family in plant development and evolution.
Effect of the interstitial-cell-stimulating hormone on testicular enzymes during spermatogenesis.

The activities of 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and of some NADPH-generating enzymes in the fetal mouse testis during the formation of the accessory reproductive glands indicate that Leydig cells synthesize androgens before gonadotropins are secreted. In the neonatal testis the seminiferous tubules grow rapidly and the relative volume of the intertubular tissues decreases. At the same time the absolute activity of 17βSDH also decreases but there is no evident loss of enzyme activity as the primary spermatocytes begin meiotic prophase. High levels of NADPH-generating malic enzyme activity coincide with the onset of meiosis and the development of the spermatids, although the activity of 17βSDH remains constant. Both glucose-6-phosphate and isocitrate dehydrogenases, which can be activated by gonadotropin, show strong activity prior to spermiogenesis. Significantly increased activities of 17βSDH and the ME occur in 10-day postpartum intact mice four hours after a single injection of 0.25 unit ICSH. Exogenous gonadotropin stimulates G6PDH and IDH activities during divisions of spermatogonia five days after birth. The pituitary-Leydig cell axis is stabilized after the beginning of meiosis so exogenous ICSH has little effect on testicular enzymes during the remainder of the first wave of spermatogenesis. Dependence of Leydig cell activities on pituitary gonadotropin seems to occur during pachytene or the early stages of spermatid formation. Androgen synthesis in the murine testis may be associated with the NADPH-generating ME and IDH as well as G6PDH which has been implicated in other steroidogenic tissues.
Triangular to sine-wave conversion using germanium point-contact diodes

The sine-wave generator is an essential tool for electronics education, indeed it plays a central part in demonstration and experiment. The conventional ‘audio signal generator’ found in most schools and colleges is, however, not always the most convenient instrument to use. How often has a student experiment lost its impact (and caused confusion) through the student having to change frequency range and then to track back across the whole range to start at the beginning, with all sense of continuity lost? And is it not an unwise teacher who puts together a demonstration of, say, resonance, without carefully selecting component values that put the frequency of interest somewhere near the centre of the decade range available for a continuous sweep?
Pathway to Minority Shareholder Protection: Derivative Actions in the People's Republic of China

Using a dataset of Chinese judicial opinions arising in over fifty cases, this paper analyses the development and current implementation of shareholder derivative actions in the courts of the People’s Republic of China (“PRC”), both before and after the derivative lawsuit was explicitly authorized in the PRC’s 2006 Company Law effective January 1, 2006. In addition, we describe the very unique ecology of enterprise organization and corporate governance in modern China, and critique the formal design of the derivative action and offer reform suggestions. We find the design of the Chinese derivative lawsuit to be, in some respects, innovative and appropriate for Chinese circumstances. For instance, the statutory scheme permits “horizontal” claims against controlling or oppressive shareholders in addition to “vertical” claims against orthodox insiders and fiduciaries. At the same time, we find certain design flaws, including standing-based obstacles for plaintiffs, a lack of clarity regarding demand, demand excuse and refusal, and an unnecessary distinction regarding the required wrong underlying derivative actions directed at corporate fiduciaries, on one hand, and others (such as controlling shareholders), on the other. In implementation, we find extremely robust – even overly-aggressive -- use of the mechanism by both plaintiffs and deciding judges before and after its formal recognition in law. As in other applications of the corporate law before the courts in China, this use of the derivative action seems to be entirely limited to the closely-held form of corporation. The absence of application with respect to the widely-held, joint stock, form of company is striking because the derivative lawsuit itself was included in the 2006 PRC Company Law revision precisely so as to give minority shareholders in such widely-held companies a way to hold insiders and controlling shareholders accountable at law for rampant malfeasance. In addition, we note the way in which some PRC courts are wary or uncomprehending of the underlying corporate law doctrines for which the derivative action is a necessary vehicle, particularly the duty of care. An updated and edited version of this paper was published as a chapter entitled “Pathway to Minority Shareholder Protection: Derivative Actions in the People’s Republic of China” in D. Puchniak et al. (eds.), The Derivative Action in Asia: A Comparative and Functional Approach (Cambridge University Press, August 2012).
An Adaptive Correspondence Algorithm for Modeling Scenes with Strong Interreflections

Modeling real-world scenes, beyond diffuse objects, plays an important role in computer graphics, virtual reality, and other commercial applications. One active approach is projecting binary patterns in order to obtain correspondence and reconstruct a densely sampled 3D model. In such structured-light systems, determining whether a pixel is directly illuminated by the projector is essential to decoding the patterns. When a scene has abundant indirect light, this process is especially difficult. In this paper, we present a robust pixel classification algorithm for this purpose. Our method correctly establishes the lower and upper bounds of the possible intensity values of an illuminated pixel and of a non-illuminated pixel. Based on the two intervals, our method classifies a pixel by determining whether its intensity is within one interval but not in the other. Our method performs better than standard method due to the fact that it avoids gross errors during decoding process caused by strong inter-reflections. For the remaining uncertain pixels, we apply an iterative algorithm to reduce the inter-reflection within the scene. Thus, more points can be decoded and reconstructed after each iteration. Moreover, the iterative algorithm is carried out in an adaptive fashion for fast convergence.
Novel Mutation in Syntaxin-Binding Protein 2 (STXBP2) in Familial Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis Type 5 (FHL-5) Prevents IL-2-induced Natural Killer Cell Cytotoxicity and Degranulation

S U N D A Y 331 Idiopathic CD41 Lymphocytopenia: Clinical and Autoimmune Phenotype J. W. Leiding, J. Heimall, Y. Song, S. M. Holland, R. M. Siegel, A. F. Freeman; National Institute of Allergic and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, Bethesda, MD. RATIONALE: Idiopathic CD41 lymphocytopenia (ICL) typically presents in adulthood and may be associated with autoimmunity. Abnormal T cell apoptosis has been hypothesized as a cause of ICL. We characterized ICL clinical and immunologic features and the effect of IL-7 on ICL T cell survival. METHODS: ICL was diagnosed using standard CDC criteria. Lymphocyte phenotyping, autoantibodies, and rheumatologic examinations were done. PBMC’s were cultured with IL-7 for 4 days and CD41 cells enumerated on days 0, 2, and 4. RESULTS: Twenty-two patients were evaluated. Fourteen had opportunistic infections: disseminated Cryptococcus(5), widespread HPV1 warts (5), histoplasmosis(2), and Mycobacterium avium complex(2). Six patients had isolated CD41 lymphopenia, 3 with autoimmunity. Sixteen patients had CD41 and CD81 lymphopenia, 9 with autoimmunity; 4 had autoantibodies without disease. Nine patients had low NK counts; 4 low B cell counts. Frequency of na€ive T cells (CD41CD45RA1%) was disproportionately decreased compared to normal control range in 13/17 patients. Autoantibodies present were: ANA(7), lupus anticoagulant(5), anticardiolipin(4), dsDNA(3), anti-thyroperoxidase(3), anti-thyroglobulin(2), anti-thyrotropin receptor(1), anti-ENA(1), pANCA(1), anti-RNP (1), anti-SSA(1), anti-myeloperoxidase(1), and anti intrinsic factor antibodies(1). Seven patient samples, 4 with autoimmunity and 3 without, stimulated with IL-7 showed no difference in CD41 survival. CONCLUSIONS: Fungal disease and persistent warts are common presentations of ICL. Decreased na€ive CD41 populations suggest a production defect in ICL. IL-7 did not affect T cell survival in vitro suggesting that defects in IL-7 mediated apoptosis rescue are unlikely. Autoantibodies are common, especially in patients with concurrent CD81 lymphopenia. Adult onset of disease and autoantibodies suggest autoimmunity is a common aspect of ICL.
On Accurate Numerical Evaluation of Stress Intensity Factors and T-Stress in Functionally Graded Materials

This paper revisits the interaction integral method to evaluate both the mixed-mode stress intensity factors and the T-stress in functionally graded materials under mechanical loading. A nonequilibrium formulation is developed in an equivalent domain integral form, which is naturally suitable to the finite element method. Graded material properties are integrated into the element stiffness matrix using the generalized isoparametric formulation. The type of material gradation considered includes continuum functions, such as an exponential function, but the present formulation can be readily extended to micromechanical models. This paper presents a fracture problem with an inclined center crack in a plate and assesses the accuracy of the present method compared with available semi-analytical solutions.
Crystal chemistry of the compound Sr2Bi2CuO6

The compound Sr2Bi2CuO6 should nominally be the phase with n = 1 of the high Tc superconducting series Sr2Bi2CanO4+2n. However, the superconducting phase with n = 1 (with no CaO) occurs only with a gross deficiency in SrO content. Instead, at the composition Sr2Bi2CuO6, a different phase is formed with an x-ray diffraction pattern considerably different from that expected for the n −1 member of the series. This phase has been found, by a combination of electron diffraction and single crystal and powder x-ray diffraction, to have a commensurate lattice with monoclinic symmetry, space group C2/m or Cm, a = 24.473 (2), b = 5.4223 (5), c = 21.959 (2)A, and β = 105.40 (1)°. The actual composition of this phase may be deficient in CuO by as much as 1.0 mole %.
Testing Alternative Definitions of Chronic Homelessness.

Objective:This study examined the potential impact of a proposed change to the official federal definition of chronic homelessness.Methods:Using administrative data from the emergency shelters in a large U.S. city, this study estimated the number of persons identified as chronically homeless under the current definition of chronic homelessness, a proposed new federal definition, and two alternative definitions and examined shelter utilization for each group.Results:Fewer than half as many people were considered chronically homeless under the proposed new federal definition compared with the current definition. Persons considered chronically homeless by the proposed new definition and, to a lesser extent, by the two alternative definitions, made heavier use of shelter compared with persons who met the current definition.Conclusions:A proposed new and two alternative definitions of chronic homelessness are better suited than the existing federal definition for identifying persons with the most protracted ex...
Initial Learning and Transfer Effects of Microcomputer Drills on LD Students' Multiplication Skills

Although application of microcomputer-assisted instruction with learning disabled students is rapidly expanding, only limited research is available on the efficacy of such instruction. The primary purpose of this single-subject design study was to investigate whether learning of multiplication tables via computer programs transfers to paper-and-pencil tasks. Three male and three female fourth-grade LD students participated in the three phases of the study: baseline, microcomputer-assisted instruction, and transfer. Results of the daily 4-minute timings of each subject's multiplication facts indicated that about 12 days' drill and practice on a computer yielded an average gain of 4.7 and 6.1 facts per minute for the girls and boys, respectively, as evidenced by their worksheet performance. Implications for using microcomputer-assisted instruction with LD students are discussed.
Shape variation in the mandibular symphysis of apes: an application of a median axis method.

Symphyseal contours in a sample of living and fossil apes were assessed by application of the line skeleton, a form of median axis transformation. While the line skeleton offers novel opportunities for the analysis of shape, this study reaffirms previous observations that the shape of the symphysis is highly variable within great ape species, such that symphyseal morphology is not useful as a taxonomic marker. There is also little indication that symphyseal shape differs significantly between the sexes. The perception of what constitutes a salient superior or inferior transverse torus among living apes appears to be dependent on the expression of the genioglossal fossa. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Design considerations for next generation wireless power-aware microsensor nodes

In order to break the 100 /spl mu/W average power barrier of a wireless microsensor node, aggressive design methodologies need to be developed. Dynamic voltage scaling should be more aggressive, reaching subthreshold operation, and knobs should be available for adapting hardware bit-precision and latency. Since the nodes operate in a sleep state most of the time, standby leakage currents must be reduced and the power supply voltage regulated to a near-optimum value. This paper presents insight and simulation/experimental results addressing some of the challenges of designing next generation wireless microsensor nodes.