cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effect of intragastric ethanol on meal size in the rat

Although ethanol is a calorically dense substance, little is known about the mechanisms by which those calories are detected, nor how they effect subsequent intake of other calories. In the current study, four doses of ethanol (0, 1, 2, and 3.5 g/kg) were administered to rats prior to 30-min access to a sucrose solution. The effect of ethanol (EtOH) to impact sucrose intake was compared to that of another carbohydrate, glucose, matched for calories, and to NaCl solutions matched to the osmotic properties of the glucose. A final set of conditions provided calories in the form of EtOH as well as osmoles in the form of NaCl to match the combined caloric and osmotic properties of the glucose solutions. Aqueous solutions of EtOH and of glucose suppressed food intake in a dose-dependent fashion with glucose tending to be more effective than EtOH. NaCl in water did not suppress intake. Surprisingly, when NaCl was added to the EtOH solution the effect of EtOH to suppress food intake was completely ameliorated. Subsequent analysis of plasma EtOH levels showed that adding NaCl also reduced the rate at which EtOH appeared in the plasma. The results suggest that changes of short-term food intake caused by EtOH calories are produced by different inhibitory signals than those produced by other carbohydrates. While other carbohydrates generate preabsorptive signals within the stomach, ethanol appears to have to leave the stomach to inhibit further food intake.
Polymers and copolymers of vinyl pinolate and some reactions with isocyanates

Vinyl pinolate has been synthesized, and its homopolymers and copolymers with vinyl chloride and vinyl acetate have been prepared. The reactions of copolymers of vinyl pinolate with vinyl acetate and vinyl chloride with some isocyanates were investigated. The emulsion copolymer of vinyl pinolate and vinyl chloride has been evaluated as a nonrigid plastic.
Multiple sclerosis: Mechanisms of disability accumulation in multiple sclerosis

Natural history studies have identified numerous features of disability progression in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS), and have provided valuable insight into the underlying pathology of the disease that could assist the development of new treatment strategies. A new study indicates that disability progression occurs in two stages in patients with MS.
Abstinence, Sex, and Virginity: Do They Mean What We Think They Mean?

Ambiguous definitions concerning which behaviors constitute sex, abstinence, and virginity may lead to arbitrary interpretations of meaning or miscommunication, which could be particularly problematic in health care, educational, and research contexts. The purpose of this study was to examine and compare definitions of sex, abstinence, and virginity between samples of 454 university students and 126 AASECT-certified sexuality professionals. Compared to the AASECT professionals, students were less likely to classify 10 of 11 behaviors as sex, they were more likely to indicate that oral-genital contact maintains one's virginity, and they were more likely to indicate that oral-genital contact and hand-genital contact is consistent with abstinent behavior. Relative to previous studies, these findings also suggest that conceptualizations of abstinence and the classification of oral-genital contact may be changing among young adults. Overall, the primary implication of these findings is that sexual health profe...
A Comparison of Tablet-Based and Paper-Based Survey Data Collection in Conservation Projects

There is growing use of household surveys by conservation organizations as they seek to measure the social impacts of conservation initiatives, especially in developing countries. Several recent health-sector studies suggest that computer-aided personal interviewing may be a cheaper and faster alternative to the traditional paper-based interviewing. Here, a comparison of The Nature Conservancy-funded tablet computer-based and paper-based household surveys is presented. Because the tablet and paper surveys were not identical except for the data collection tool, the results are suggestive. In the comparison, the cost per completed interview for the tablet-based survey was 74% less than the paper-based survey average, and the average time per interview question for the tablet-based survey was 46% less than the paper-based survey average. The cost saving came primarily from less need for data cleaning and lower enumerator fees. The time saving came primarily from faster data entry. The results suggest that there may be substantial savings in costs and time when using tablets rather than paper for survey data collection in a developing country.
Mediastinal hemorrhage secondary to uremia.

Abstract A case of uremia in which the patient developed a large anterior mediastinal hematoma is presented. Hemorrhage into the anterior mediastinum can be mistaken for acute pericarditis since pericarditis is a relatively common complication of uremia.
A group of integral points in a matrix parallelepiped

Abstract Let A be an n × n integral matrix with determinant D >0, and let P ( A ) be the n -parallelepiped determined by the columns { A i } n i =1 of A , P(A)= ∑ i=1 n x i A i 0 i Let L be the set of integral vectors in P ( A ), and let G ( A ) be the subset of L consisting of vectors whose coefficients x i satisfy 0⩽ x i G ( A ), equipped with addition modulo 1 on the coefficients x i , is an Abelian group of order D , whose invariant factors are the invariant factors of the integral matrix A . We give a formula for | L |, and show that | L | is not a similarity invariant.
Epidemiology of apathy in older adults: the Cache County Study.

Objectives The objectives of this study are to describe the distribution of apathy in community-based older adults and to investigate its relationships with cognition and day-to-day functioning. Methods Data from the Cache County Study on Memory, Health and Aging were used to estimate the frequency of apathy in groups of elders defined by demographic, cognitive, and functional status and to examine the associations of apathy with impairments of cognition and day-to-day functioning. Results Apathy was measured with the Neuropsychiatric Inventory. Clinical apathy (Neuropsychiatric Inventory score ≥4) was found in 1.4% of individuals classified as cognitively normal, 3.1% of those with a mild cognitive syndrome, and 17.3% of those with dementia. Apathy status was associated with cognitive and functional impairments and higher levels of stress experienced by caregivers. Among participants with normal cognition, apathy was associated with worse performance on the Mini-Mental State Examination, the Boston Naming and Animal Fluency tests, and the Trail Making Test—Part B. The association of apathy with cognitive impairment was independent of its association with Neuropsychiatric Inventory depression. Conclusions In a cohort of community-based older adults, the frequency and severity of apathy is positively correlated with the severity of cognitive impairment. In addition, apathy is associated with cognitive and functional impairments in elders adjudged to have normal cognition. The results suggest that apathy is an early sign of cognitive decline and that delineating phenotypes in which apathy and a mild cognitive syndrome co-occur may facilitate earlier identification of individuals at risk for dementia.
Obama's Change: Republicanism, Remembrance, and Rhetorical Leadership in the 2007 Presidential Announcement Speech

This essay offers an analysis of Barack Obama's official announcement speech of 2007 and his definition of “change.” Contrary to critics who have separated “vernacular” and “elite” strands of republican philosophy, I argue that Obama's “change” rhetorically combined these frameworks into a threefold appeal for political leadership: the expansion of collective freedom, the necessary participation of citizens in public affairs, and the centrality of speechifying to political leadership. Understanding this characterization of change allows better comprehension of Obama's transition from politician to presidential candidate within his situational constraints, as well as the distinctive public memory attributed to Abraham Lincoln throughout the announcement speech.
Solid-state polymerization studies. I. 2-vinylnaphthalene post-polymerization initiated by 60Co γ-irradiation

60Co γ-irradiated 2-vinylnaphthalene was obsreved to post-polymerize in the solid phase. Plots of conversion versus time indicated a 14% limiting conversion of monomer to polymer. The post-polymerization was found to be first-order in monomer with an Arrhenius activation energy of 19.0 kcal./mole.
Improved estimation of ligand-macromolecule binding affinities by linear response approach using a combination of multi-mode MD simulation and QM/MM methods.

Structure-based predictions of binding affinities of ligands binding to proteins by coordination bonds with transition metals, covalent bonds, and bonds involving charge re-distributions are hindered by the absence of proper force fields. This shortcoming affects all methods which use force–field-based molecular simulation data on complex formation for affinity predictions. One of the most frequently used methods in this category is the Linear Response (LR) approach of Aquist, correlating binding affinities with van der Waals and electrostatic energies, as extended by Jorgensen’s inclusion of solvent-accessible surface areas. All these terms represent the differences, upon binding, in the ensemble averages of pertinent quantities, obtained from molecular dynamics (MD) or Monte Carlo simulations of the complex and of single components. Here we report a modification of the LR approach by: (1) the replacement of the two energy terms through the single-point QM/MM energy of the time-averaged complex structure from an MD simulation; and (2) a rigorous consideration of multiple modes (mm) of binding. The first extension alleviates the force-field related problems, while the second extension deals with the ligands exhibiting large-scale motions in the course of an MD simulation. The second modification results in the correlation equation that is nonlinear in optimized coefficients, but does not lead to an increase in the number of optimized coefficients. The application of the resulting mm QM/MM LR approach to the inhibition of zinc-dependent gelatinase B (matrix metalloproteinase 9) by 28 hydroxamate ligands indicates a significant improvement of descriptive and predictive abilities.
Rapid Evolution of Assortative Fertilization between Recently Allopatric Species of Drosophila

The virilis group of Drosophila represents a relatively unexplored but potentially useful model to investigate the genetics of speciation. Good resolution of phylogenetic relationships and the ability to obtain fertile hybrid offspring make the group especially promising for analysis of genetic changes underlying reproductive isolation separate from hybrid sterility and inviability. Phylogenetic analyses reveal a close relationship between the sister species, Drosophila americana and D. novamexicana, yet excepting their contemporary allopatric distributions, factors that contribute to reproductive isolation between this species pair remain uncharacterized. A previous report has shown reduced progeny numbers in laboratory crosses between the two species, especially when female D. novamexicana are crossed with male D. americana. We show that the hatch rate of eggs produced from heterospecific matings is reduced relative to conspecific matings. Failure of eggs to hatch, and consequent reduction in hybrid progeny number, is caused by low fertilization success of heterospecific sperm, thus representing a postmating, prezygotic incompatibility. Following insemination, storage and motility of heterospecific sperm is visibly compromised in female D. novamexicana. Our results provide evidence for a mechanism of reproductive isolation that is seldom reported for Drosophila species, and indicate the rapid evolution of postmating, prezygotic reproductive barriers in allopatry.
Role of vitamin B12 in reproduction of poultry.

SummaryWhen hatching eggs laid by Rhode Island Red hens fed a diet deficient in vitamin B12 were injected with crystalline vitamin B12, the hatchability was improved. Among the chicks hatched from vitamin B12 injected eggs, the growth rate was greater, the mortality lower and the feathering better than among chicks hatched from H2O-injected and non-injected eggs.
Work Adjustment Theory: From a Distance

Abstract Issues related to concept precision and model explication are discussed using The Theory of Work Adjustment, as construed by the four studies contained in this special issue. Suggestions for making the model clearer and broader in perspective arc offered.
The behavioral immune system and social conservatism: a meta-analysis

article i nfo Article history: Initial receipt 13 August 2012 Final revision received 18 October 2012
Use of the Z Accelerator for Condensed Matter Studies at Multi-Mbar Pressures

The ability to study material response during isentropic compression has been a grand challenge of the scientific community for several decades. However, development of precision techniques for producing isentropic compression at high pressures has been limited. The revolutionary advance for using planar magnetic loading on the Z accelerator accelerated this goal by enabling quasi-isentropic studies on macroscopically sized materials to over 5 Mbar. In addition, the accelerator is easily configured to launch flyer plates to velocities more than four times higher than possible with conventional launchers, thus allowing shock compression studies in the laboratory to pressures exceeding 20 Mbar.
Dabigatran-induced rash

Drug-induced adverse effects are an important area of intervention for pharmacists. The emergence of post-marketing safety data for rosiglitazone, propoxyphene, and rofecoxib stresses the importance of drug monitoring and voluntary adverse-event reporting. Dabigatran is the first oral thrombin
Antagonism of BMP4 signaling disrupts smooth muscle investment of the ureter and ureteropelvic junction.

Purpose: Congenital ureteropelvic junction obstruction has been associated with aberrant ureteral smooth muscle organization. Recent evidence has shown that BMP4 may be involved in ureteral morphogenesis. We determined whether the disruption of BMP4 signaling results in abnormal smooth muscle investment of the ureter and ureteropelvic junction.Materials and Methods: We used a Cre mediated Bmp4 knockout system to conditionally excise the Bmp4 gene in developing mouse embryos. Kidney rudiments were isolated from embryos at varying gestational ages from WT and conditional knockout mice. Metanephric kidney explants were cultured in the presence or absence of the BMP antagonist Noggin. Agarose beads pre-incubated with Gremlin, another BMP antagonist, were used for localized disruption of BMP signaling. Frozen sections and whole metanephric explants were then analyzed by immunofluorescence.Results: Bmp4 gene excision resulted in a dose dependent loss of ureteral smooth muscle. Antagonism of BMP signaling inhibi...
Modular Hadamard matrices and related designs, III

This paper continues the investigations presented in two previous papers on the same subject by the author and A. T. Butson. Modular Hadamard matrices havingn odd andh ≡ − 1 (modn) are studied for a few values of the parametersn andh. Also, some results are obtained for the two related combinatorial designs. These results include: a discussion on the known techniques for constructing pseudo (v, k, λ)-designs; the fact that the existence of one of the two related designs always implies the existence of the other; and some information about the column sums of the incidence matrix of each of the two ‘maximal’ cases of (m, v, k 1,λ 1,k 2,λ 2,f, λ 3)-designs.
A spin-labeled lipid for probing biological membranes.

Abstract A spin-labeled lipid has been synthesized in which the nitroxide is rigidly bound to a stearic acid chain at the 12-position. The spin-labeled lipid is sufficiently stable for general use in studying biological membranes and model membrane systems. Interactions of this new spin label with sodium dodecyl sulfate and lecithin micellar solutions have been investigated by electron spin resonance. The electron spin resonance spectra of the solubilized spin labeled lipid are sensitive to changes in micellar structure which affect the mobility of the label.
Health promotion in primary care: a survey of U.S. family practitioners.

Abstract A national sample of family practice physicians reported on the treatments and referrals they provide for each of three behavioral health risks—cigarette smoking, obesity, and insufficient exercise—and on obstacles to effective office-based health promotion. Most respondents reported regular health education and advice, but infrequent systematic treatment or referral for the substantial proportions of their patients who smoke cigarettes (40%), are obese (40%), or get too little exercise (70%). Results confirm past impressions that primary-care physicians (a) are somewhat reluctant to treat such problems, (b) overutilize relatively ineffective risk education strategies, and (c) underutilize potentially more effective behavioral or psychological treatments, either in their practices or via referral to outside programs and specialists. Physicians' pessimism about their patients' abilities to change health lifestyles, a lack of confidence in their own and outside treatments, and perceived patient rejection of referral for lifestyle change treatment, appear the major contributors to this underutilization along with the known financial and organizational obstacles to office-based health promotion and a lack of time and training for these activities. Suggestions for improving primary-care training and supports for health-promotion services are offered.
Rural Mexican-American Adolescent Sexual Risk Behavior

Context: There is a need for community-based culturally sensitive cognitive-behavioral interventions to reduce sexual risk behavior among minority adolescents. Studies of adolescent risk and protective behaviors have focused on identifying modifiable psychosocial variables that predict differential outcomes for subsequent intervention efforts. Research has been scarce in studies of rural minority adolescent women. Purpose: To examine the protective and risk behaviors of these rural Mexican-American adolescent women and their relationship to physical or sexual abuse. Methods: Mexican-American adolescent women aged 14-19 years were recruited through a rural health clinic and administered a self-report assessment for protective and risk behavior and sexual physical and psychological abuse. Findings: Rural minority adolescent women endured high levels of psychological distress and many risk behaviors yet experienced few protective behaviors. Barriers to health care included access and confidentiality. Physically or sexually abused adolescents endured relatively greater risk and fewer protective behaviors than nonabused. Conclusion: Rural Mexican-American adolescent women may benefit from confidential identification and assessment of abuse history and risk and protective behaviors so that appropriate psychological treatment can accompany accessible medical treatment. The prevalence of risk behaviors and abuse among these women presents a need for development of behavioral interventions for risk reduction and promotion of health protective behaviors. (authors)
Channel mobility of GeSi quantum-well P-MOSFETs

The results of channel mobility of a GeSi quantum-well PMOS from 8 K to 300 K are presented. As the temperature is lowered below 25 K, the field effect channel mobility sharply increases with lowering of the temperature. The mobility at 8 K is found to be 3 times higher than that at 25 K. At very low temperature ( approximately 10 K), the transition of channel transconductance with gate voltage from a high (GeSi channel) to a low (surface channel) value has been clearly observed. >
Linking Scholarship and Practice: Community College Leaders, State Mandates, and Leadership Competencies:

To be an effective leader in today's community college requires a sophisticated set of skills that are often learned through on the job training, mentoring, and professional development activities. Using case study methodology, this study examined how community college leaders in California use their skills to implement a state mandate related to faculty hiring. The findings describe the relationship between the skills used by study participants and those identified as essential by the American Association of Community Colleges; the study offers recommendations to support the alignment of these leadership competencies with doctoral program curricula.
Victimization, Urbanicity, and the Relevance of Context: School Routines, Race and Ethnicity, and Adolescent Violence

The United States is undergoing a historical racial and ethnic demographic shift. There is limited criminological research exploring if and how these changes influence variation in the relationship between routine activity theory and adolescent violence. Although the link between routine activities and victimization has been tested and well established, criminologists have questioned if routine activities can explain adolescent violence across different social contexts. Prior research demonstrates that there are potential nuances in the theoretical connections between routine activities and victimization, particularly when considering race and ethnicity. This study builds on previous research by questioning if the elements of routine activities predict victimization across predominately urban, rural, and suburban schools. The implications of the relevance of school context in the relationships between routine activities and adolescent victimization will also be discussed more generally.
Precision and Accuracy of TearLab Osmometer in Measuring Osmolarity of Salt Solutions

AbstractPurpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the inherent precision and accuracy of TearLab Osmolarity System using salt solutions, including solutions of very high osmolarity (>360 mOsm/L).Materials and methods: Ten salt solutions with osmolarity between 286 mOsm/L and 394 mOsm/L (increments of 12 mOsm/L) plus an additional solution of 400 mOsm/L were tested twice on both the TearLab osmometer and a freezing point depression osmometer. For precision, we compared the two repeated osmolarity measurements of 11 solutions obtained from TearLab. For accuracy, we compared the averaged osmolarity measurements obtained from TearLab to those from the freezing point depression osmometer. For both precision and accuracy, Bland–Altman test of agreement was used.Results: For precision, the upper 95% limit of agreement was 4.7 mOsm/L, and the lower 95% limit of agreement was −7.1 mOsm/L. The repeatability coefficient was 5.9 mOsm/L. For accuracy, the upper 95% limit of agreement was 4.8 mOsm/L and the low...
Dominant Defects in Drosophila Eye Pigmentation Resulting From a Euchromatin-Heterochromatin Fusion Gene

We have isolated a dominant mutation, pugilistDominant (pugD), that causes variegated reductions in pteridine and ommochrome pigmentation of the Drosophila eye. The effect of pugD on pteridine pigmentation is most dramatic: the only remaining pigment consists of a thin ring of pigment around the periphery of the eye with a few scattered spots in the center. The pugD mutation disrupts a gene that encodes a Drosophila homolog of the trifunctional enzyme methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase (MTHFD; E.C.1.5.1.5, E.C.3.5. 4.9, E.C.6.3.4.3). This enzyme produces a cofactor that is utilized in purine biosynthesis. Because pteridines are derived from GTP, the pigment defect may result from an impairment in the production of purines. The mutant allele consists of a portion of the MTHFD coding region fused to approximately 1 kb of highly repetitive DNA. Transcription and translation of both parts are required for the phenotype. The repetitive DNA consists of approximately 140 nearly perfect repeats of the sequence AGAGAGA, a significant component of centric heterochromatin. The unusual nature of the protein produced by this gene may be responsible for its dominance. The repetitive DNA may also account for the variegated aspect of the phenotype. It may promote occasional association of the pugD locus with centric heterochromatin, accompanied by inactivation of pugD, in a manner similar to the proposed mode of action for brownDominant.
A Flexible Multiple Description Coding Scheme Based on Rateless Codes

The multiple description coding of an independent and identically distributed Gaussian source over bit error channels is considered. A novel practical multiple description coding scheme is proposed based on scalar embedded quantizers and rateless codes. A peer-to-peer network model is studied where users can receive different number of descriptions and an arbitrary large number of descriptions can be created and transmitted between peers. For this network model convex system optimization problems are defined and solved. The proposed scheme can be regarded as an efficient implementation of ``channel optimized quantization'', where the index assignment is obtained via a low-complexity linear function. The scheme is shown to be robust to bit errors and to achieve higher reconstruction signal-to-noise ratios when compared to previously reported designs.
Rat TRH receptor type 2 exhibits higher basal signaling activity than TRH receptor type 1.

Two types of rat TRH receptor (TRH-R1 and TRH-R2) have been identified and shown previously to exhibit similar binding and stimulated signaling activity via the phosphoinositide-calcium transduction pathway. Since mouse TRH-R1 exhibits basal (or constitutive or ligand-independent) signaling activity, we compared basal signaling by TRH-R1 and TRH-R2. Basal signaling was measured as receptor-mediated reporter gene induction via different transcription factors. We found that TRH-R2 exhibited higher basal signaling activity than TRH-R1 via pathways mediated by transcription factors AP-1, Elk-1 and CREB. Furthermore, CREB-mediated transcription was directly dependent on the level of TRH-R2 expression and was inhibited by midazolam, a specific inverse agonist of basal TRH-R signaling. Since TRH-R1 and TRH-R2 exhibit distinct anatomic distributions in the rat, it is possible that TRH ligand-independent signaling is more important in tissues/cells in which TRH-R2 is expressed and less important in tissues in whic...
Information Delivery to the Users' Desktops

The amount of technical and business information available to industrial and academic users has increased significantly over the years and is going to continue to grow at a rapid pace. To help researchers effectively access this ever-increasing volume of information, it is necessary to deliver timely information quickly, in an appropriate format, and ideally, directly to the users. This article discusses the practice of value-added information delivery to the users' desktops in a pharmaceutical company.
Distracting injuries in patients with vertebral injuries

To describe the prevalence and types of distracting injuries associated with vertebral injuries at all levels of the spine in blunt trauma patients. A prospective cohort study was conducted at an urban Level I trauma center. All patients undergoing radiographic evaluation of the cervical, thoracic, or lumbar vertebrae after blunt trauma were enrolled. Patients had a data collection form completed by the treating physician before radiographic imaging and were evaluated for the following upon initial presentation: tenderness to the cervical, thoracic, or lumbar spine, distracting injuries, altered mental status, alcohol or drug intoxication, or neurological deficits. Patients with distracting injuries as the sole documented indication for vertebral radiographs were reviewed for the types of injuries present. A total of 4698 patients were enrolled in the study. There were 336 (7.2%) patients who had distracting injuries as the sole documented indication for obtaining radiographic studies of the vertebrae. Eight (2.4%, 95% CI 1.0-4.6%) of the 336 patients had 14 acute vertebral injuries including compression fractures (5), transverse process fractures (7), spinous process fracture (1), and cervical spine rotatory subluxation (1). There were 13 thoracolumbar injuries and one cervical spine injury. Distracting injuries in the eight patients with acute vertebral injuries included 13 bony fractures. Distracting injuries in those patients without vertebral injuries included bony fractures (333), lacerations (63), soft tissue contusions (62), head injuries (15), bony dislocations (12), abrasions (11), visceral injuries (8), dental injuries (5), burns (3), ligamentous injuries (3), amputation (1), and compartment syndrome (1). In conclusion, in patients with distracting injuries, bony fractures of any type were important for identifying patients with vertebral injuries. Other types of distracting injuries did not contribute to the sensitivity of the clinical screening criteria in the detection of patients with vertebral injuries.
Measurements of the Dielectric Constant of Solid Helium at Low Temperatures

A careful measurement of the dielectric constant of solid 4He was made to search for signatures associated with the reported onset of nonclassical rotational inertia and shear modulus stiffening. The samples studied include zero-pressure liquid, solid-liquid mixtures on the melting-curve and solid helium. It was found that the dielectric constant of solid 4He decreases smoothly with temperature below 300 mK, showing no measurable anomalies down to 50 mK. The new measurements do not show the anomalous upturn effect that was reported in our previous measurements.
SBI Intervention: An Old Problem- A New Perspective

This research effort attempted to determine if SB/ intervention would change the perception of business problems by not only the business owner but also the student consultants. This focus further to encompassed firms that could be classified in either Stage I or Stage II of development. Even though there were no changes in perception by student consultants, and mixed results of whether stage development affected perceptual differences, strong support was given to the proposition that owners, overall, did change their perception of existing problems after SBI intervention.
Neurochemical and Behavioral Effects of Biogenic Amine Depleters in the Blow Fly, PhormiaRegina

Drugs can have profound effects on blow fly feeding behavior. Octopamine agonists cause flies to consume abnormally large amounts of aqueous sucrose (Long and Murdock, 1983). Amphetamine (AMP) and related drugs depress blow fly responsiveness to sucrose solutions (Long et al., 1986). Responsiveness of flies can be quantitatively estimated as the mean acceptance threshold (MAT), which is the log10 of the minimum concentration of sucrose to which the average fly in a test group will respond (Sudlow, 1985). Recent studies employing HPLC with electrochemical detection have revealed that AMP and reserpine deplete CNS aromatic biogenic amines, octopamine (OA), dopamine (DA), and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), from the blow fly (Brookhart et al., in press). The time course and degree of amine depletion correlated well with the drug-induced changes in MAT. In the present paper, the neurochemical and behavioral effects of selected drugs related to AMP and of tetrabenazine are examined to further test the hypothesis that depletion of biogenic amines from the CNS results in an elevated MAT.
Strongly anisotropic thermal and electrical conductivities of a self-assembled silver nanowire network

Heat dissipation issues are emerging challenges in the field of flexible electronics. Thermal management of flexible electronics creates a demand for flexible materials with highly anisotropic thermal conductivity, which work as heat spreaders to remove excess heat in the in-plane direction and as heat shields to protect human skin or device components under them from heating. To solve these challenges, this study proposes a self-assembled silver nanowire network with high thermal and electrical anisotropy. We measured the in-plane thermal conductivity of the network along the axial direction of silver nanowires as 37 W m−1 K−1 and the cross-plane thermal conductivity as only 0.36 W m−1 K−1. The results of measurements of electrical and thermal conductivities suggest that abundant wire–wire contacts strongly impede thermal transport. The excellent alignment of nanowires results in the same anisotropy ratio of three for both thermal and electrical conduction in the two in-plane directions. The ratio remains unchanged as the temperature decreases to 50 K, indicating that wire–wire contacts lower the thermal and electrical conduction in the two directions to the same extent, and their effect is independent of temperature. In addition, phonon softening markedly reduces the Debye temperatures of the network, which are fitted from electrical resistivity data. As a result of phonon thermal conduction and localized phonon assisted energy transfer near boundaries, the Lorenz numbers of the film in the two directions, which are approximately the same, are larger than the Sommerfeld value at room temperature and decrease as the temperature decreases because of small angle scattering and the reduced number of phonons. This nanowire network provides a candidate solution to the emerging challenges of the thermal management of flexible electronics.
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia with osteolytic bone lesions, hypercalcemia, and monoclonal protein

A 65-year-old man with a clinically typical case of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) developed diffuse osteolytic bone lesions, hypercalcemia, marked osteoclast activity, and a monoclonal urinary protein. The implications of these findings are discussed.
Targeting by AutophaGy proteins (TAG): Targeting of IFNG-inducible GTPases to membranes by the LC3 conjugation system of autophagy

LC3 has been used as a marker to locate autophagosomes. However, it is also well established that LC3 can localize on various membranous structures other than autophagosomes. We recently demonstrated that the LC3 conjugation system (ATG7, ATG3, and ATG12-ATG5-ATG16L1) is required to target LC3 and IFNG (interferon, gamma)-inducible GTPases to the parasitophorus vacuole membrane (PVM) of a protist parasite Toxoplasma gondii and consequently for IFNG to control T. gondii infection. Here we show that not only LC3, but also its homologs (GABARAP, GABARAPL1, and GABARAPL2) localize on the PVM of T. gondii in a conjugation-dependent manner. Knockout/knockdown of all LC3 homologs led to a significant reduction in targeting of the IFNG-inducible GTPases to the PVM of T. gondii and the IFNG-mediated control of T. gondii infection. Furthermore, when we relocated the ATG12-ATG5-ATG16L1 complex, which specifies the conjugation site of LC3 homologs, to alternative target membranes, the IFNG-inducible GTPases were targeted to the new target membranes rather than the PVM of T. gondii. These data suggest that the localization of LC3 homologs onto a membrane by the LC3 conjugation system is necessary and sufficient for targeting of the IFNG-inducible GTPases to the membrane, implying Targeting by AutophaGy proteins (TAG). Our data further suggest that the conjugation of ubiquitin-like LC3 homologs to the phospholipids of membranes may change the destiny of the membranes beyond degradation through lysosomal fusion, as the conjugation of ubiquitin to proteins changes the destiny of the proteins beyond proteasomal degradation.
Temporary Import Tariffs, the Real Exchange Rate and the Current Account

In this paper a general equilibrium intertemporal model with optimizing consumers and producers is developed to analyze how the imposition of a temporary import tariff affects the path of real exchange rates and the current account. The model is completely real, and considers a small open economy that produces and consumes three goods each period. It is shown that, without imposing rigidities or adjustment costs, interesting paths for the equilibrium real exchange rate can be generated. In particular "equilibrium overshooting" can be observed. Precise conditions under which a temporary import tariff will worsen the current account in period 1 are derived. Several ways in which the model can be extended are discussed.
Toxic shock syndrome. Are you recognizing its changing presentations

Nonmenstrual cases of toxic shock syndrome now occur at least as often as the classic menstrual cases. The syndrome has been reported in every conceivable clinical setting involving colonization or infection with Staphylococcus aureus and as a complication of surgical procedures, traumatic injuries, and local infections. Unusual clinical manifestations have been observed in patients with AIDS. Cases of toxic shock syndrome also have been linked to infection with toxin-producing strains of coagulase-negative staphylococci and group A streptococci. Knowledge of the expanding spectrum of toxic shock syndrome and early consideration of the disease in patients with fever, hypotension, rash, and/or multisystem disease are essential for timely diagnosis and optimum management.
Toxicity and median effective doses of oxime therapies against percutaneous organophosphorus pesticide and nerve agent challenges in the Hartley guinea pig.

Anticholinesterases, such as organophosphorus pesticides and warfare nerve agents, present a significant health threat. Onset of symptoms after exposure can be rapid, requiring quick-acting, efficacious therapy to mitigate the effects. The goal of the current study was to identify the safest antidote with the highest therapeutic index (TI = oxime 24-hr LD50/oxime ED50) from a panel of four oximes deemed most efficacious in a previous study. The oximes tested were pralidoxime chloride (2-PAM Cl), MMB4 DMS, HLo-7 DMS, and obidoxime Cl2. The 24-hr median lethal dose (LD50) for the four by intramuscular (IM) injection and the median effective dose (ED50) were determined. In the ED50 study, male guinea pigs clipped of hair received 2x LD50 topical challenges of undiluted Russian VX (VR), VX, or phorate oxon (PHO) and, at the onset of cholinergic signs, IM therapy of atropine (0.4 mg/kg) and varying levels of oxime. Survival was assessed at 3 hr after onset clinical signs. The 3-hr 90th percentile dose (ED90) for each oxime was compared to the guinea pig pre-hospital human-equivalent dose of 2-PAM Cl, 149 µmol/kg. The TI was calculated for each OP/oxime combination. Against VR, MMB4 DMS had a higher TI than HLo-7 DMS, whereas 2-PAM Cl and obidoxime Cl2 were ineffective. Against VX, MMB4 DMS > HLo-7 DMS > 2-PAM Cl > obidoxime Cl2. Against PHO, all performed better than 2-PAM Cl. MMB4 DMS was the most effective oxime as it was the only oxime with ED90 < 149 µmol/kg against all three topical OPs tested.
TRIZ: Application of advanced Problem Solving methodology (ARIZ) in manufacturing

Problem solving is a daily affair in manufacturing. Today engineers face numerous challenges in tackling issues in the factories, ranging from technical complexities, cost reductions and speed for fixes. This paper will describe the systematic innovation methodology used which is called Theory of Inventive Problem Solving (TRIZ). Various TRIZ tools were deployed at the initial stage, example Engineering Contradiction and 40 Inventive Principles. However, the problem could not be resolved effectively. Finally, a more advanced approach in TRIZ called Algorithm of Inventive Problem Solving (ARIZ) was used. An elegant (simple and effective) solution was discovered. The application of ARIZ will be shared in a case study on of one of the equipment in the semiconductor industry.
Role of Gabapentin in Managing Mucositis Pain in Patients Undergoing Radiation Therapy to the Head and Neck.

Background Oral mucositis (OM) is a painful and debilitating side effect that affects 80%-100% of patients undergoing radiation therapy for head and neck cancer. This dose-limiting side effect may potentially lead to pain, dehydration, malnutrition, infection, and treatment breaks. Treatment breaks can lead to decreased disease control and suboptimal patient outcomes. No primary prevention exists for OM, and management is focused on pain control. Compelling evidence exists that OM pain has somatic and neuropathic components. Objectives This article reviews the existing literature on the use of gabapentin (Neurontin®) as a co-analgesic in treating the neuropathic pain in OM. Methods A literature search was performed using CINAHL® and PubMed with the search terms gabapentin and oral mucositis. The selected articles were briefly screened for relevance, and three were included in this review. Findings No systematic reviews exist on the role of gabapentin for neuropathic pain in radiation-induced OM. Two retrospective studies concluded that gabapentin reduced escalation of opioid doses and unplanned treatment breaks. One retrospective study demonstrated favorable swallowing outcomes. Pain and OM are nursing-sensitive outcomes that can be significantly affected by evidence-based nursing interventions.
A novel test compression algorithm for analog circuits to decrease production costs

Abstract Minimizing the manufacturing test time for ICs is one of the main keys to reducing the product cost. We introduce a methodology for automated test compression for electrical stress testing of analog and mixed signal circuits. This methodology optimally extracts only portions of a functional test that electrically stress the nets and devices of an analog circuit. We model test compression as a problem of optimizing functional of the transient response. We present a random tree based approach to find the minimum for these computationally hard integrals, which corresponds to the optimally compressed analog test. We demonstrate with an op-amp, VCO, and CMOS inverter that the method consistently reduces the length of each test by an average of 93%. Our technology can compress tests in the presence of process variation and utilize parallel processing to speed up the compression algorithm.
A PROCEDURE TO MINIMIZE DIFFERENCES IN EXPECTED COEFFICIENT OF VARIATION IN THE DIRECT MICROSCOPIC SOMATIC CELL COUNT

The Direct Microscopic Somatic Cell Count (DMSCC), developed to meet the need for a closely standardized reference method in an abnormal milk control program, requires the use of a specified single-band eyepiece reticle chosen to yield optimum precision for cell counts in the region of the Control limit. We have adapted the techniques of the DMSCC and the statistical model for its evaluation to mastitis research, in which quarter milk samples may require precise counting over an extreme range of cell concentrations. A special reticle provides a choice of 2 band widths, and 1, 2, or 4 strips are counted. The area of milk film to be examined differs for each of 6 Concentration ranges, identified by a preliminary estimation of cell density and by the count on the first strip. Except in the lowest range, in which the number of cells counted may be as low as 0, total cells counted vary only between 400 and 800 and the expected coefficient of variation between 5.0 and 3.5%. Above the maximum concentration of 18...
A Novel Acyltransferase Activity in an Oleaginous Alga

Nannochloropsis sp. is a unicellular marine alga that accumulates fatty acids in triacylglycerols (TAGs) as well as in membrane lipids [1], Whereas TAG contains mostly 16:0 and 16:1 (n-7) fatty acids, the phospholipids and galactolipids contain a large proportion of eicosapentaenoic acid [20:5 (n-3)]. The accumulation of this fatty acid is regulated by environmental conditions such as light intensity [2]. We have previously developed a preliminary model of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) synthesis based on pulse-chase radiolabeling studies [3] and analysis of a mutant strain deficient in 20:5 (n-3) (data not shown). The model proposes that C18 fatty acids are desaturated while attached to phosphatidylcholine (PC), whereas C20 fatty acids are desaturated when attached to phosphatidylethanolamine (PE). The PUFAs formed on these extrachloroplastic lipids are the sole source for PUFAs that accumulate in monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG).
The Evolution of Value Systems: A Review Essay on Ian Morris's Foragers, Farmers, and Fossil Fuels

Foragers, Farmers, and Fossil Fuels: How Human Values Evolve is a large-scale history of the world through the different modes of production humanity has adopted over time and their implications in terms of moral values. Morris argues that the predominant value systems of human societies are cultural adaptations to the organizational structures of the societies themselves, their institutions, and ultimately to their modes of production. In particular, the book contains a careful analysis of how the hunting-gathering mode of production induces egalitarian values and relatively favorable attitudes toward violent resolution of conflicts, while farming induces hierarchical values and less favorable attitudes toward violence, and in turn the fossil fuel (that is, industrial) mode of production induces egalitarian values and nonviolent attitudes. The narrative in the book is rich, diverse, and ultimately entertaining. Morris's analysis is very knowledgeable and informative: arguments and evidence are rooted in history, anthropology, archeology, and social sciences in general. Nonetheless, the analysis falls short of being convincing about the causal nature of the existing relationship between modes of production and moral value systems.
Predicting the binary black hole population of the Milky Way with cosmological simulations

Author(s): Lamberts, A; Garrison-Kimmel, S; Hopkins, PF; Quataert, E; Bullock, JS; Faucher-Giguere, CA; Wetzel, A; Keres, D; Drango, K; Sanderson, RE | Abstract: Binary black holes are the primary endpoint of massive stars. Their properties provide a unique opportunity to constrain binary evolution, which remains poorly understood. We predict the main properties of binary black holes and their merger products in/around the Milky Way. We present the first combination of a high-resolution cosmological simulation of a Milky Way-mass galaxy with a binary population synthesis model in this context. The hydrodynamic simulation, taken from the FIRE project, provides a cosmologically realistic star formation history for the galaxy, its stellar halo, and satellites. During post-processing, we apply a metallicity-dependent evolutionary model to the star particles to produce individual binary black holes. We find that 7 × 105 binary black holes have merged in the model Milky Way, and 1.2 × 106 binaries are still present, with a mean mass of 28M⊙. Because the black hole progenitors are strongly biased towards low-metallicity stars, half reside in the stellar halo and satellites and a third were formed outside the main galaxy. The numbers and mass distribution of the merged systems is broadly compatible with the LIGO/Virgo detections. Our simplified binary evolution models predict that LISA will detect more than 20 binary black holes, but that electromagnetic observations will be challenging. Our method will allow for constraints on the evolution of massive binaries based on comparisons between observations of compact objects and the predictions of varying binary evolution models. We provide online data of our star formation model and binary black hole distribution.
Boat conformations: Synthesis, NMR spectroscopy, and molecular dynamics of methyl 4,6-O-benzylidene-3-deoxy-3-phthalimido-α-d-altropyranoside derivatives

Abstract Addition of the elements of phthalimide to methyl 2,3-anhydro-4,6- O -benzylidene-α- d -mannopyranoside ( 1 ) under fusion conditions has yielded methyl 4,6- O -benzylidene-3-deoxy-3-phthalimido-α- d -altropyranoside ( 2 ). The conformation of the pyranose ring of 2 has been shown to be non-chair by 1 H NMR spectroscopy, in contrast to the conformations of related derivatives having smaller substituents at C-3. Molecular dynamics simulations of 2 in explicit chloroform- d solvent have indicated four principal conformational possibilities. Of these, the 7 C 5 / 1 S 5 chair/skew boat form 2d has the lowest potential energy, and is largely consistent with the observed vicinal 1 H– 1 H NMR coupling constants.