cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SDC-3 coordinates the assembly of a dosage compensation complex on the nematode X chromosome

X chromosome expression in C. elegans is controlled by a chromosome-wide regulatory process called dosage compensation that specifically reduces by half the level of transcripts made from each hermaphrodite X chromosome. This process equalizes X expression between the sexes (XX hermaphrodites and XO males), despite their two-fold difference in X chromosome dose, and thereby prevents sex-specific lethality. Dosage compensation is achieved by a protein complex that associates with X in a sex-specific fashion to modulate gene expression. SDC-3, a protein that coordinately controls both sex determination and dosage compensation, activates dosage compensation by directing the dosage compensation protein complex to the hermaphrodite X chromosomes. We show that SDC-3 coordinates this assembly through its own sex-specific association with X. SDC-3 in turn requires other members of the dosage compensation gene hierarchy for its stability and its X localization. In addition, SDC-3 requires its own zinc finger motifs and an amino-terminal region for its X association. Our experiments suggest the possible involvement of zinc finger motifs in X chromosome recognition and the amino-terminal region in interactions with other dosage compensation proteins.
Efficacy, safety, and dose adjustment of cyclophosphamide in lymphoma patients requiring hemodialysis

There is a high incidence of cancer in dialysis patients and cancer is considered a leading cause of death in end stage renal disease patients on dialysis, after cardiovascular and infectious disea...
Network Analysis Implicates Alpha-Synuclein (Snca) in the Regulation of Ovariectomy-Induced Bone Loss

The postmenopausal period in women is associated with decreased circulating estrogen levels, which accelerate bone loss and increase the risk of fracture. Here, we gained novel insight into the molecular mechanisms mediating bone loss in ovariectomized (OVX) mice, a model of human menopause, using co-expression network analysis. Specifically, we generated a co-expression network consisting of 53 gene modules using expression profiles from intact and OVX mice from a panel of inbred strains. The expression of four modules was altered by OVX, including module 23 whose expression was decreased by OVX across all strains. Module 23 was enriched for genes involved in the response to oxidative stress, a process known to be involved in OVX-induced bone loss. Additionally, module 23 homologs were co-expressed in human bone marrow. Alpha synuclein (Snca) was one of the most highly connected "hub" genes in module 23. We characterized mice deficient in Snca and observed a 40% reduction in OVX-induced bone loss. Furthermore, protection was associated with the altered expression of specific network modules, including module 23. In summary, the results of this study suggest that Snca regulates bone network homeostasis and ovariectomy-induced bone loss.
The metabolic consequences of repeated anoxic stress in the western painted turtle, Chrysemys picta bellii.

The painted turtle is known for its extreme tolerance to anoxia, but it is unknown whether previous experience with anoxic stress might alter physiological performance during or following a test bout of anoxia. Repeatedly subjecting 25°C-acclimated painted turtles to 2h of anoxic stress every other day for 19days (10 submergence bouts total) caused resting levels of liver glycogen to decrease by 17% and liver citrate synthase (CS) and cytochrome oxidase (COX) activities to increase by 33% and 112%, respectively. When the repeatedly submerged turtles were studied during a subsequent anoxic stress test, liver COX and CS activities decreased during anoxia to the same levels of naive turtles, which were unchanged, and remained there throughout metabolic recovery. There were no effects of the repeated anoxia treatment on any of the other measured variables, which included lactate dehydrogenase and phosphofructokinase activities in liver, skeletal muscle, and ventricle, blood acid-base status, hemoglobin, hematocrit and plasma ion (Na, K, Ca, Mg, Cl) and metabolite concentrations (lactate, glucose, free-fatty acids), before, during, or after the anoxic stress test. We conclude that although painted turtles can show a physiological reaction to repeated anoxic stress, the changes appear to have no measurable effect on anaerobic physiological performance or ability to recover from anoxia.
Formation of Pt and Rh Nanoclusters on a Graphene Moiré Pattern on Cu(111)

The formation of Pt and Rh nanoclusters on a graphene moire pattern on Cu(111) was studied with ultrahigh vacuum scanning tunneling microscopy (UHV-STM). Isolated graphene islands with different periodicities were successfully grown on the Cu surface. As a result of weak coupling to the Cu substrate, different graphene rotational domains were observed including one with a periodicity of 4 nm that has not been previously reported. Furthermore, our results have shown that Pt and Rh form dispersed nanoclusters on graphene/Cu(111) with Pt forming more regular structures trapped mostly at the hollow sites. This variation in growth behavior is mainly attributed to differences in Pt–carbon and Rh–carbon interaction energies. Thermal stability experiments were also performed, and Pt clusters were found to be structurally stable up to 700 K.
An Integrative Literature Review of Physical Activity Recommendations for Adult Renal Transplant Recipients

Objective:To establish the current state of knowledge regarding physical activity interventions for adult kidney transplant recipients.Data Sources:A comprehensive literature search was conducted f...
Additional capabilities of a compact neutron scatter camera: Active interrogation, time-correlated pulse-height multiplication measurements, and gamma imaging

Our previous conference report on this instrument emphasized its use for fast-neutron imaging spectroscopy. We describe here its additional measurement capabilities, namely active interrogation, time-correlated pulse-height multiplication measurements, and gamma imaging.
Surgical-site infection in gynecologic surgery: pathophysiology and prevention

Surgical-site infections (SSIs) represent a well-known cause of patient morbidity as well as added health care costs. In gynecologic surgery, particularly hysterectomy, SSIs are often the result of a number of risk factors that may or may not be modifiable. As both the Centers for Medicaid and Medicare Services and the Joint Commission on the Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations have identified SSIs as a patient safety priority, gynecologic surgeons continue to seek out the most effective interventions for SSI prevention. This review studies the epidemiology and pathophysiology of SSIs in gynecologic surgery and evaluates the current literature regarding possible interventions for SSI prevention, both as individual measures and as bundles. Data from the obstetrical and general surgery literature will be reviewed when gynecological data are either unclear or unavailable. Practitioners and hospitals may use this information as they develop strategies for SSI prevention in their own practice.
Using the Single Crossing Property to Test for Presence of Two Agents in Stock Markets: A Research Note

There exists extant evidence which shows risk-return trade-offs within stock markets cannot be rationalized by assumptions of global risk aversion. The extent to which dearth of global risk aversion is evidence of transitions between risk averse and risk seeking preferences, or interactions between risk averse and risk seeking preferences remains, however, a matter of conjecture. This note demonstrates application of the single crossing property to risk premiums that are output of one-factor and two-factor Capital Asset Pricing Models (CAPMs) enables inferences as to presence or absence within stock markets of agents characterized primarily by risk seeking preferences. The framework proposed not only allows for qualitative inferences, but enables parameterization of effects of risk seeking agents on risk premiums which obtain within stock markets.
Pregnant young women's attitudes about microbicides: the anticipated influence of the grandmother and father of the baby on microbicide use.

Grandmothers and fathers of the baby may influence pregnant women’s microbicide use. Pregnant young women’s attitudes about grandmothers’ and fathers’ role in decision-making and their involvement in microbicide use were assessed. Participants (n = 108) had a mean age of 20.2 years. The majority anticipated that the grandmother, father or both would have a decision-making role. Greater grandmother involvement in microbicide use was significantly associated with being younger, having no reproductive tract infection or contraceptive-ring-use history. Greater father involvement in use was associated with being in a relationship with him. Strategies for engaging grandmothers and fathers in microbicide use should be developed.
Respiratory Failure in a Patient with Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, in its advanced stages, commonly causes chronic respiratory failure. Additionally, patients with fibrotic lung disease can develop acute respiratory failure due to a myriad of causes, though one of the most common and most deadly is an acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. In this chapter we review the differential diagnosis for patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis who present with acute respiratory failure. Furthermore, we review the available evidence pertinent to the intensivist when these patients are cared for in the intensive care unit. Lastly, we explore treatment controversies (Extracorporeal Life Support, corticosteroids, non-invasive ventilation strategies) that are employed by some centers, but with limited evidence.
Enabling Simultaneous Reductions in Fuel Consumption, NO x , and CO 2 via Modeling and Control of Residual-Affected Low Temperature Combustion

There are currently 200 million vehicles on the road in the United States alone, resulting in the consumption of 600 billion liters of fuel each year. With annual growth rates of vehicle sales and miles driven at 0.8 and 0.5%, respectively, our domestic challenges are no less than two-fold: increasing dependence on foreign sources of transportation fuel [1] and the release of significant amounts of greenhouse and smog-generating chemicals, including CO2 and NO x [2]. There is a solution – by integrating advanced internal combustion engines (ICEs) on hybrid powertrains there is a wonderful opportunity to realize a 50% reduction in fuel consumption by 2020 (Heywood et al. 2003). A significant step to meeting this goal will be the implementation and coordinated control of a number of exciting, evolving engine technologies: direct, multi-point fuel injection; flexible intake and exhaust valve actuation (i.e., variable valve actuation (VVA)); real-time, production-viable in-cylinder sensing/estimation; cooled exhaust gas recirculation (EGR), and dual-stage variable geometry turbocharging. Exploring the most capable and cost-effective mix of these technologies is a key challenge in the ongoing effort to deliver the most effective engines to end-users (both individuals and industry). One particularly promising approach leveraging these advances, residual-affected low temperature combustion (LTC), exhibits a substantial increase in efficiency by 10–15% compared to spark-ignition (SI), and has NO x and soot levels that are dramatically lower than either diesel or SI. However, to date LTC has been difficult to practically implement because it has no specific initiator of combustion and is subject to cyclic coupling through the temperature of reinducted or trapped combustion gases. This chapter details the merits and history of residual-affected LTC, and the approaches being pursued in academia and industry to meet the aforementioned hurdles to practical on-road implementation.
Better-Not Just Bigger-Data Analytics.

Although the phrase Big Data Analytics is relatively new, the practice of leveraging large data sources is not. Outcomes researchers are familiar with secondary data analyses of diverse data sources that include administrative claims, electronic health records, and clinical registries.1 Among the most prominent examples is the National Inpatient Sample (NIS). The NIS is constructed by sampling nationwide discharge records from acute care hospitals. It is part of the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project and is the largest publicly available all-payer inpatient healthcare database in the United States, including annual use and cost data on >7 million hospital stays (see https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/nisoverview.jsp). The NIS is available from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality at a minimal cost and supported with web-based tutorials, software, and user groups. Hundreds of articles using the NIS are published each year. I have used it in the past and suspect many of you have as well. Yet the NIS, like most other secondary data sources, must be used with caution. In this issue, we are publishing an important Perspective focused on examples of potential misuse of the NIS. In this provocative piece, Khera and Krumholz2 highlight 4 types of errors in published NIS studies: (1) not accounting for its complex sampling methodology; (2) ignoring the fact that it is limited to hospitalization data only; (3) incorrectly applying statewide and provider-level inferences to its results; and (4) using its diagnosis and procedure codes without sufficient validation. This article emphasizes the critical role of journals for …
Magnetic resonance techniques in the evaluation of the newborn brain.

With the advances in reproductive medicine and neonatal intensive care, we are confronted with an increasing number of high- risk newborns that suffer from considerable neurologic morbidity, which often is associated with lifelong handicaps. Therefore, we need new diagnostic tools that allow us to monitor interventions aimed at the reversal of brain injury. MR techniques offer some of these abilities. In order to understand the possibilities and limitations of MR techniques, this article includes a discussion of the basic physical and biologic principles of magnetic resonance. This is followed by a presentation of the important aspects of normal brain development that have to be taken into account when discussing pathologic changes during the newborn period and finally outlines some of the established and developing use of MR imaging techniques.
Scanning electron microscopy of cloned astrocytic lines derived from ethylnitrosourea-induced rat gliomas

Six cloned astrocytoma cell lines derived from four ethylnitrosourea-induced F-344 rat gliomas were viewed by scanning electron microscopy in vitro, and two were examined in vivo after transplantation to the intracerebral site. All clones consisted of stellate cells that were reasonably homogeneous within individual glioma lines. Cell membrane features common to all tumor lines included microvilli, blebs, ruffles, and miniridges, mainly confined to perikarya, and filopodia emanating chiefly from cell processes. One cell line demonstrated a profuse, and another cell line a moderate, degree of microvillous development and cell surface roughening, which in one tumor correlated with rapid in vitro cell doubling time. Both cell lines maintained these topographical appearances when transplanted into brain. These results extend the SEM observations of astrocytomas, particularly in cloned ethylnitrosourea-induced tumors in rats. They confirm that distinct variations in cell membrane topography do occur among tumors of this type, probably irrespective of their origin in humans or rats, and irrespective of their mode of genesis as spontaneous, chemically-induced, or virallyinduced tumors.
“To close or not to close?” When should vascular closure devices be used after cardiac catheterization procedures?

Vascular closure devices (VCD) appear to be safe when compared to manual compression or surgical closure. VCDs' main advantage seems to stem from lower time to hemostasis (TTH) and time to mobilization. In anticoagulated patients with 6-Fr femoral sheaths, the new Celt ACT VCD, which uses a stainless-steel permanent implant, seems to be safe and decreases TTH when compared to manual pressure.
Safety of appetite manipulation in children with feeding disorders admitted to an inpatient feeding program.

ABSTRACTObjective:Appetite manipulation can be effective in weaning children off gastrostomy tube feeding dependence but can cause dehydration, hypoglycaemia, and ketone body production, which is anorexigenic. As the safety of this approach has not been described, our aim was to describe adverse eve
Astronomical Cuneiform Texts, Vols. I, II, and III. By O. Neugebauer, Astronomy and History, Selected Essays. By O. Neugebauer

(1986). Astronomical Cuneiform Texts, Vols. I, II, and III. By O. Neugebauer, Astronomy and History, Selected Essays. By O. Neugebauer. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 93, No. 2, pp. 135-138.
The Late Preterm Infant

Late preterm refers to infants born between 34 0/7 weeks and 36 6/7 weeks gestational age. In 2005, the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development introduced this nomenclature to replace the previous descriptor “near term” to more accurately categorize this group as preterm and at risk for requiring specialized care and monitoring. Late preterm infants are often comparable in birth weight and appearance to term infants and may be in the well-baby nursery or with their mother after birth, but they are physiologically immature in a number of domains rendering them medically vulnerable in comparison to term infants. While late preterm birth does not carry nearly as high a risk of severe neonatal morbidities and neurodevelopmental impairment as very preterm birth, this is a population at risk for early medical complications and later developmental and behavioral difficulties.
Vesicles mimicking normal and cancer cell membranes exhibit differential responses to the cell-penetrating peptide Pep-1

Abstract The cell-penetrating peptide (CPP) Pep-1 presents a great potential in drug delivery due to its intrinsic property to cross plasma membrane. However, its mechanism of entry into the cell remains unresolved. In this study, we compare the selectivity of Pep-1 towards vesicles mimicking normal and cancer cell membranes. The interaction was performed in a wide range of peptide-to-lipid molar ratios using infrared (IR), fluorescence, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) techniques. At low peptide concentration, fluorescence experiments show that lipid-phosphatidylserine (PS) seems to enable Pep-1 translocation into cancer cell membrane as evidenced by the blue shift of its maximal emission wavelength. DSC data show that Pep-1 induces segregation of lipids. At high peptide concentration, IR data indicate that the interaction of Pep-1 is relatively stronger with normal cell membrane than with cancer cell membrane through the phosphate groups, while the interaction is weaker with normal cell membrane than with cancer cell membrane through the carbonyl groups. TGA and DSC data reveal that vesicles of normal cell membrane are thermally more stable than vesicles of cancer cell membrane. This suggests that the additional lipid PS included in cancer cell membrane has a destabilizing effect on the membrane structure. SEM images reveal that Pep-1 form superstructures including spherical particles and fibrils in the presence of both model membranes. PS seems to enhance peptide transport across cellular membranes. The biophysical techniques in this study provide valuable insights into the properties of CPPs in drug delivery systems.
Unexpected Regularities in the Behavior of Some Number-Theoretic Power Series

The goal of this paper is to draw attention to a surprising and little-known phenomenon, namely the unexpected regularity in the behavior of the Mobius power series \(\sum _{n=1}^\infty \mu (n)z^n\), and some related series. This phenomenon was first pointed out and investigated a half century ago in a remarkable, but now nearly forgotten, paper by Carl-Erik Froberg. Its manifestations include “fake” asymptotics as z → 1, and error terms that are significantly better than the usual error terms in prime number estimates. We describe these results and some recent developments, explain the underlying phenomenon, and comment on possible applications.
Testate amoebae as paleoindicators of surface-moisture changes on Michigan peatlands: modern ecology and hydrological calibration

Peatland testate amoebae are sensitive indicators of local hydrology and have been used as proxies for surface moisture conditions in fossil studies. However, few regional calibration datasets exist in North America, and knowledge of testate amoeba ecology and distribution patterns are limited. The objectives of this study were to (1) investigate the relationship between testate amoebae, environment, and Sphagnum species in Michigan peatlands; (2) generate transfer functions from this dataset that can be applied to fossil data; and (3) describe vertical variation of testate amoebae inhabiting Sphagnum moss. Testate amoeba assemblages from 139 microsites within 11 peatlands in Michigan were compared to assess variability between and within peatlands. Most peatlands contained similar testate amoeba assemblages, although within individual peatlands the amount of assemblage variability is correlated to the amount of environmental heterogeneity. Of the measured environmental variables, depth to water table showed the strongest relationship with testate amoebae. Depth to water table can be reconstructed from fossil data with a mean error of ±7.5 cm, although predictive ability deteriorates in extremely dry environments (>30 cm water table depth). Vertical variation in testate amoeba assemblages was investigated at 89 Sphagnum-dominated microsites by directly comparing amoeba assemblages and the abundance and frequency of common taxa in upper and lower portions of the Sphagnum stem. Except for extremely dry microsites, considerable vertical variation in assemblage composition exists. Many agglutinate taxa are more abundant on lower portions of the Sphagnum stem, and taxa containing symbiotic zoochlorellae are more abundant on upper portions. Refinements in sampling procedures and analysis may improve the predictive ability of transfer functions.
Inhomogeneities in Layered Manganites

In this chapter, experimental evidence of inhomogeneities in quasi-2D manganites is presented. This evidence supports the conjecture that most manganites, whether 3D perovskites or 2D layered, have mixed-phase tendencies.
Changes in Concentration Across Vertically Related Industries

We investigate the magnitude, timing, and direction of the association between changes in concentration across vertically related industries over the period 1978-2008. We find robust evidence that changes in an industry’s level of concentration are significantly positively related to prior and simultaneous changes in the concentration of their customer industries. We find weaker evidence that changes in an industry’s level of concentration are related to changes in the concentration of their supplier industries. Thus, the association between changes in concentration across vertically related industries appears stronger in the upstream direction than in the downstream direction. We find that increased concentration across vertically related industries, perhaps reflecting countervailing power effects, explains in part the observed positive association between changes in concentration; however, we also find robust evidence that decreases in concentration, perhaps reflecting the effects of technological innovation in vertically related industries, are also important determinants of the observed association.
Prevention Science: An Epidemiological Approach

This chapter provides an overview of prevention science and the role of epidemiology in the field of prevention science. Specifically, we discuss several major ways in which prevention science is informed by epidemiology. First, we describe how epidemiology is useful in identifying target populations and vulnerable periods as well as discuss the distribution of disease, etiological risk and protective factors, and human development across the lifespan. Second, we highlight the ways in which epidemiology is used to develop frameworks, including an ecological and developmental framework to prevention, and how these frameworks are useful for understanding and comparing targeted populations for specific times of risk. Third, we describe experimental epidemiology and widely used analytic and methodological approaches for testing the efficacy and effectiveness of interventions. Fourth, we describe the role of epidemiology in implementation strategies. Finally, we discuss the need to work toward feedback loops whereby prevention science findings are used to inform epidemiology and vice versa. Although the fields of prevention science and epidemiology share a common goal and interest in health promotion and disease prevention, to some extent, both disciplines often operate in isolation with a minimal feedback loop process. These feedback loops may be essential in advancing both fields. To highlight these concepts, we use several disease and health-risk behaviors, including HIV/AIDS, obesity, and alcohol and drug use.
Ribosome Profiling Analysis of In Vivo Translation

Ribosome profiling maps the in vivo positions of ribosomes across the transcriptome. Quantitative and comprehensive ribosome occupancy profiles provide insights into the details of translation elongation and protein synthesis as well as measuring overall gene expression levels. Ribosomes accumulate at sites of translational arrest, leading to peaks of ribosome occupancy that indicate the specific codon where the ribosome is stalled. These ribosome footprint peaks have been observed on known translational arrest peptides ranging from the regulatory SecM peptide in Escherichia coli to the stall site in the mammalian Xbp1 transcript. Profiling data have also confirmed the presence of paused ribosomes at proline-rich motifs in endogenous E. coli genes and revealed the presence of similar Pro–Pro stalling motifs in mammalian cells. More broadly, these data have provided a catalogue of previously uncharacterized sites of pausing throughout the genome that will serve as a starting point for understanding what peptide features and other factors can stall translation and how this arrest impacts gene expression and protein biogenesis.
CAUSAL AND STATISTICAL MODELS

This chapter discusses casual and statistical models of the TETRAD program in artificial intelligence. Most linear models in the social and behavioral sciences have a causal interpretation, and often the causal claims within a statistical model are the principal concern and point of the investigation. Linear causal models include a set of equations relating the variables of the model, a set of stochastic assumptions about the probability distributions of those variables, jointly and individually, and a set of causal relationships among the variables. The strategy behind the TETRAD program is to abstract the causal structure from a statistical model, ignoring the equations and most of the statistical assumptions. The theoretical basis of the TETRAD program consists of a number of new theorems about the connection between directed graphs and statistical properties of models. The TETRAD program, however, does not do statistical estimation of parameters and performs only statistical tests for vanishing tetrad differences and vanishing partial correlations. It performs no tests of models or of the significance of parameter estimates. The use of statistical tests has a decision theoretic foundation in Neyman–Pearson theory, and the most devoted adherents of the tradition reject any theory comparisons that are not framed as hypothesis tests.
Hydraulic conductivity of quaternary surficial units within the Eklutna Valley, southcentral Alaska

Abstract Eklutna Lake is the primary water supply for Anchorage, Alaska; therefore the hydrogeologic properties of Eklutna surficial deposits are important to characterize. However, there is limited data on the hydraulic conductivity of surficial deposits in the Eklutna basin. This study presents hydraulic conductivity (Kfs and Ksat) measurements using two methods: the bottomless bucket and particle size distribution methods. Statistically, the two methods produced similar results; however, the large range in values obtained for Kfs and Ksat suggests there is a great degree of natural variation. One method used a bottomless bucket in place of a ring infiltrometer to measure field-saturated hydraulic conductivity (Kfs). The other method used a sieve-derived particle size distribution to solve a modified Hazen equation for Ksat. Of 47 samples collected in nine surficial geologic units, from poorly-sorted to well-sorted soils, the means of the two datasets were statistically similar: 49 m/day (Kfs) vs. 41 m/day (Ksat). Although the variability between the datasets was significantly different, with a standard deviation ranging from 44 m/day (Kfs) to 75 m/day (Ksat), the Wilcoxon paired-samples and paired t-test results suggest the datasets are statistically similar. Additionally, 98% of the 47 paired values were within one order of magnitude of each other. The methods presented herein can be used for surficial geologic unit delineation, planning purposes and optimizing hydrological models.
Thermal-field and photoemission from meso- and micro-scale features: Effects of screening and roughness on characterization and simulation

A methodology of modeling nonplanar surfaces, in which the microscale features of the emission sites can be orders of magnitude smaller than the mesoscale features defining the active emission area, has been developed and applied to both ordered arrays of identical emitters and random variations characteristic of a roughened surface. The methodology combines a general thermal-field-photoemission model for electron emission, a point charge model for the evaluation of field enhancement factors and surface geometry, and a Ballistic-Impulse model to account for the trajectories of electrons close to the cathode surface. How microscale and mesoscale features can both undermine the estimation of thermal-field emission parameters, such as characteristic field enhancement and total current predictions, as well as give rise to changes in the distribution of transverse velocity components used to estimate beam quality features such as emittance that are important to photocathodes, is quantified. The methodology is designed to enable both the proper characterization of emitters based on experimental current-voltage data and the development of a unit cell model of emission regions that will ease the emission model demands in beam optics codes.A methodology of modeling nonplanar surfaces, in which the microscale features of the emission sites can be orders of magnitude smaller than the mesoscale features defining the active emission area, has been developed and applied to both ordered arrays of identical emitters and random variations characteristic of a roughened surface. The methodology combines a general thermal-field-photoemission model for electron emission, a point charge model for the evaluation of field enhancement factors and surface geometry, and a Ballistic-Impulse model to account for the trajectories of electrons close to the cathode surface. How microscale and mesoscale features can both undermine the estimation of thermal-field emission parameters, such as characteristic field enhancement and total current predictions, as well as give rise to changes in the distribution of transverse velocity components used to estimate beam quality features such as emittance that are important to photocathodes, is quantified. The methodology is ...
Joint Inversion of Facies and Reservoir Properties

Summary We present a Bayesian inversion methodology for seismic reservoir characterization studies. The goal of the method is to predict rock and fluid properties and facies given a set of seismic data or amplitudes and their posterior probability distribution. The joint distribution of facies and petrophysical properties is modelled using a mixture of non-parametric distributions. This assumption does not require any particular shape of the probability density function and allows modelling the non-Gaussian and non-unimodal behaviour of rock and fluid properties caused by the presence of different litho-fluid classes and the non-linear relations between model properties and measured data. The method provides the posterior distribution of facies and reservoir properties, the most-likely models and their associated uncertainty, and it is successfully applied to synthetic and real data.
Human papillomavirus 16 promotes microhomology-mediated end-joining

Squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) arising from aerodigestive or anogenital epithelium that are associated with the human papillomavirus (HPV) are far more readily cured with radiation therapy than HPV-negative SCCs. The mechanism behind this increased radiosensitivity has been proposed to be secondary to defects in DNA repair, although the specific repair pathways that are disrupted have not been elucidated. To gain insight into this important biomarker of radiosensitivity, we first examined genomic patterns reflective of defects in DNA double-strand break repair, comparing HPV-associated and HPV-negative head and neck cancers (HNSCC). Compared to HPV-negative HNSCC genomes, HPV+ cases demonstrated a marked increase in the proportion of deletions with flanking microhomology, a signature associated with a backup, error-prone double-strand break repair pathway known as microhomology-mediated end-joining (MMEJ). Then, using 3 different methodologies to comprehensively profile double-strand break repair pathways in isogenic paired cell lines, we demonstrate that the HPV16 E7 oncoprotein suppresses canonical nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ) and promotes error-prone MMEJ, providing a mechanistic rationale for the clinical radiosensitivity of these cancers.
Out-of-the-box soft tissue tumor: pediatric synovial sarcoma of larynx

Synovial sarcoma (SS) is a very rare, aggressive, mesenchymal neoplasm that displays both spindle cell and epithelial histologic characteristics. To our knowledge, there are only 20 documented cases of primary laryngeal SS in the English language literature among all age groups and only three case reports among the pediatric population. Due to its rarity, recognition of this laryngeal neoplasm is often very difficult, and diagnosis relies heavily on immunohistochemistry and its unique translocation between chromosome X and 18 [t(X; 18) (p11.2; q11.2)]. The treatment of SS typically involves a multimodal approach with surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation but despite these options the prognosis remains poor.Here we report the fourth laryngeal SS pediatric patient along with a review of all SS published cases in children. The current report is not only presenting the youngest patient with laryngeal SS but also the pediatric patient with the longest survival.
Using superior colliculus principles of multisensory integration to reverse hemianopia

Abstract The diversity of our senses conveys many advantages; it enables them to compensate for one another when needed, and the information they provide about a common event can be integrated to facilitate its processing and, ultimately, adaptive responses. These cooperative interactions are produced by multisensory neurons. A well-studied model in this context is the multisensory neuron in the output layers of the superior colliculus (SC). These neurons integrate and amplify their cross-modal (e.g., visual-auditory) inputs, thereby enhancing the physiological salience of the initiating event and the probability that it will elicit SC-mediated detection, localization, and orientation behavior. Repeated experience with the same visual-auditory stimulus can also increase the neuron's sensitivity to these individual inputs. This observation raised the possibility that such plasticity could be engaged to restore visual responsiveness when compromised. For example, unilateral lesions of visual cortex compromise the visual responsiveness of neurons in the multisensory output layers of the ipsilesional SC and produces profound contralesional blindness (hemianopia). The possibility that multisensory plasticity could restore the visual responses of these neurons, and reverse blindness, was tested in the cat model of hemianopia. Hemianopic subjects were repeatedly presented with spatiotemporally congruent visual-auditory stimulus pairs in the blinded hemifield on a daily or weekly basis. After several weeks of this multisensory exposure paradigm, visual responsiveness was restored in SC neurons and behavioral responses were elicited by visual stimuli in the previously blind hemifield. The constraints on the effectiveness of this procedure proved to be the same as those constraining SC multisensory plasticity: whereas repetitions of a congruent visual-auditory stimulus was highly effective, neither exposure to its individual component stimuli, nor to these stimuli in non-congruent configurations was effective. The restored visual responsiveness proved to be robust, highly competitive with that in the intact hemifield, and sufficient to support visual discrimination.
The National Security Case for Breaking Up Big Tech

The claim that breaking up and regulating big tech might have consequences for great power competition deserves to be taken seriously. The problem is that upon serious consideration, the national security case against breaking up and regulating big tech is not just weak—it is backwards. Far from being a threat to the United States, breaking up and regulating big tech are necessary to preserve America’s competitiveness, national defense, and democratic freedoms in an era of great power competition.
CHAPTER 14 – APPROXIMATIONS

Publisher Summary This chapter explains the derivation of the Schrodinger equation through a variational principle. The variational method achieves its greatest utility in the calculation of approximate solutions to the Schrodinger equation. It is supposed that ψ is an arbitrary trial function, which is intended to serve as an approximate solution to the Schrodinger equation. The chapter discusses the variation principle, according to which the best approximation to the eigenvalue is obtained by varying ψ or the parameters on which it may depend. A trial function that has been optimized with respect to the total energy is not necessarily the best function with which the properties other than the energy can be calculated. The secular equation and its solution provide a set of energies with the lowest one being an upper bound to the true ground state energy.
Vector potential and its power on explaining ideal nonimaging optics

The flow line has been an interesting way of explaining the formation of nonimaging optics. As a field, the flow line implies that the ideal nonimaging optics is deeply related to the laws of thermodynamics. However, it has been a mystery since the topic was founded how such a connection can be formed. We present vector potential field of the flow line field of the new perspective on this hard question.
Risk of Incident Atrial Fibrillation With Zoledronic Acid Versus Denosumab: A Propensity Score-Matched Cohort Study.

Zoledronic acid (ZA) is an effective agent in osteoporosis and malignancy-related bone disease but may be associated with increased risk of atrial fibrillation (AF), although current studies disagree on this risk. To examine the risk of incident AF among patients receiving ZA compared with denosumab in the first year of treatment, we performed a new-user, active comparator cohort study including privately insured Americans between January 1, 2010, and June 30, 2019. Individuals aged ≥50 years without known arrhythmia or advanced kidney disease who initiated ZA were 1:1 propensity score (PS)-matched to individuals initiating denosumab in separate osteoporosis and malignancy cohorts. The primary outcome was incident diagnosis of AF (≥1 inpatient or ≥2 outpatient diagnostic codes) over 1 year. Secondary outcomes included stroke/transient ischemic attack (TIA) and nonvertebral fracture. In the osteoporosis cohort (n = 16,235 pairs), mean age was 71 years, and 93% were female. There was higher risk of AF with ZA compared with denosumab over 1 year (incidence rate [IR] = 18.6 versus 14.9 per 1000 person-years; hazard ratio [HR] = 1.25; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.04 to 1.50). In the malignancy cohort (n = 7732 pairs), mean age was 70 years, and 66% were female. There was a numerically higher, albeit not statistically significant, risk of AF with ZA compared with denosumab over 1 year (IR = 46.9 versus 39.0 per 1000 person-years; HR = 1.19; 95% CI 1.00 to 1.43; p = 0.06). No difference in stroke/TIA rates occurred. In the malignancy cohort, ZA was less effective than denosumab at preventing nonvertebral fractures (HR = 1.32; 95% CI 1.01 to 1.74). Compared with denosumab, ZA treatment for osteoporosis and possibly for malignancy-related bone disease is associated with modestly increased risk of incident AF in the first year of treatment. © 2020 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
Security constrained DC OPF considering generator responses

Abstract Considering generator responses after contingencies provides a more practical solution to security constrained direct current optimal power flow (DCOPF) problems. The major difficulty of solving such OPF includes the large number of contingencies and non-convexity of the generator response constraints. In the literature, mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) formulation relying on big-M technique has been applied to deal with the non-convexity of generator response constraints. In this paper, we further improve the solving speed by formulating generator response constraints via bilinear expressions and adopting Benders’ decomposition technique to decompose the problem into a master problem and multiple subproblems, with each subproblem associated with a contingency. Benders’ decomposition strategies were investigated in this research to seek an efficient decomposition approach. Through preserving bilinear expressions related to the base case power while relaxing the rest bilinear expressions via McCormick envelops, we designed an efficient Benders’ decomposition strategy. Case study results demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed formulation compared to the state-of-the-art formulations.
Studies on the efficacy of electrolysed oxidising water to control Aspergillus carbonarius and ochratoxin A contamination on grape

Abstract Ochratoxin A (OTA) occurrence in grapes is caused by black Aspergilli (Aspergillus carbonarius followed by A. niger) vineyards contamination. It depends on climatic conditions, geographical regions, damage by insects, and grape varieties. Good agricultural practices, pesticides, and fungicides seem adequate to manage the problem during low OTA risk vintages, but the development of new strategies is always encouraged, especially when an extremely favourable condition occurs in the vineyard. Electrolysed oxidising water (EOW) has become an interesting alternative to chemicals in agriculture, mainly during the post-harvest phase. This study tested the fungicidal efficacy of EOW generated by potassium chloride, in vitro, on black Aspergilli conidia, and detached grape berries infected by A. carbonarius. Then, during field trials on Primitivo cv vineyard treated with EOW, A. carbonarius contamination, and OTA levels were compared with Switch® fungicide treatment (0.8 g/l). Black Aspergilli conidia were killed on plate assay after 2 min of treatment by EOW containing >0.4 g/l of active chlorine. EOW (0.6 g/l active chlorine) treatment reduced the rate of A. carbonarius infections in vitro of about 87–92% on detached berries and, more than half in the field trials, although Switch® showed better performance. A significant reduction in the OTA concentration was observed for the EOW and Switch® treatments in vitro (92% and 96%, respectively), while in the field trials, although the average decrease in OTA was recorded in the treated grapes, it was not statistically significant. These results highlighted that EOW could be considered effective, as a substitute for fungicides, to reduce the contamination of A. carbonarius and OTA on grapes.
Normative Achilles and patellar tendon shear wave speeds and loading patterns during walking in typically developing children

Abstract Background Motion analysis is commonly used to evaluate joint kinetics in children with cerebral palsy who exhibit gait disorders. However, one cannot readily infer muscle-tendon forces from joint kinetics. This study investigates the use of shear wave tensiometry to characterize Achilles and patellar tendon forces during gait. Research Question How do Achilles and patellar tendon wave speed and loading modulate with walking speed in typically developing children? Methods Twelve typically developing children (9–16 years old) walked on an instrumented treadmill with shear wave tensiometers over their Achilles (n = 11) and patellar (n = 9) tendons. Wave speeds were recorded at five leg length-normalized walking speeds (very slow to very fast). Achilles and patellar tendon moment arms were measured with synchronized ultrasound and motion capture. The tendon wave speed-load relationship was calibrated at the typical walking speed and used to estimate tendon loading at other walking speeds. Results Characteristic Achilles and patellar tendon wave speed trajectories exhibited two peaks over a gait cycle. Peak Achilles tendon force closely aligned with peak ankle plantarflexor moment during pushoff, though force exhibited less modulation with walking speed. A second peak in late swing Achilles loading, which was not evident from the ankle moment, increased significantly with walking speed (p Significance This is the first study to use shear wave tensiometry to characterize Achilles and patellar tendon loading during gait in children. These data could serve as a normative comparison when using tensiometry to identify abnormal tendon loading patterns in individuals who exhibit equinus and/or crouch gait.
Pancreatic incidentalomas: Investigation and management.

The incidence of pancreatic incidentalomas (PI) detected in otherwise asymptomatic patients is growing with the increasing quality and use of advanced imaging techniques. PI can present as isolated main pancreatic duct dilation or as a solid or cystic lesion. While historically thought to be relatively rare, PI are rather common, particularly cystic lesions of the pancreas, which can be detected in up to 49% of the general population. With the poor prognosis of pancreatic cancer, PI are an opportunity for prevention and early diagnosis, but when managed poorly, they also can lead to overtreatment and unnecessary morbidity. The management of PI should begin with a dedicated pancreas protocol CT scan or MRI to accurately characterize duct size, lesion characteristics and establish an accurate baseline for subsequent follow up. Diagnosis and subsequent management depends on the extent of main duct dilation and solid versus cystic appearance. Solid lesions are highly concerning for malignancy. Cystic lesions can be further categorized as intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms of the pancreas (IPMNs) or mucinous cystic neoplasms (MCNs), both which harbor malignant potential, or as serous cystic neoplasms (SCNs) which are benign. In this paper we summarize the major challenges related to PI and present pragmatic suggestions for management. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.