cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Apposition of enkephalin- and neurotensin-immunoreactive neurons by serotonin-immunoreactive varicosities in the rat spinal cord

Abstract The descending serotonergic system provides a powerful inhibitory input to the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. Little is known about the chemical identity of the spinal neurons that the serotonergic system innervates, although spinal enkephalinergic neurons are likely candidates. This study investigated the apposition of serotonin-immunoreactive varicosities onto enkephalin- and neurotensin-immunoreactive neurons in the rat lumbosacral spinal cord. Using a double immunofluorescence technique, serotonin-immunoreactive varicosities were observed to abut the soma or proximal dendrites of [Met]enkephalin- and neurotensin-immunoreactive neurons. Nearly 75% of all [Met]enkephalin- and neurotensin-immunoreactive neurons were apposed by serotonin-immunoreactive varicosities in the marginal zone and dorsal gray commissure. In substantia gelatinosa, approximately half of the [Met]enkephalin- and neurotensin-immunoreactive neurons were juxtaposed by serotonin-immunoreactive varicosities. [Met]enkephalin-immunoreactive neurons also were bordered by serotonin-immunoreactive varicosities in the nucleus proprius (65%) and sacral parasympathetic nucleus (75%). The results of this study suggest that the descending serotonergic system mediates nociception via probable contacts with intrinsic enkephalin and neurotensin spinal systems. The mode of action of spinal serotonin on enkephalin and neurotensin neurons may be through “volume” transmission vs synaptic or “wiring” transmission.
Correlations between (γ,γ′) and (d, τ) excitations of hole states in 15N and 39K

Abstract Strong correlations between the measured strengths of excitations in the (γ, γ′) and (d, τ) reactions to the d 5 2 −1 proton states in 39K and to the p 3 2 −1 proton states in 15N were observed. The results are discussed in terms of the analogies between the two reactions.
Zoisite-aqueous fluid trace element partitioning with implications for subduction zone fluid composition

Zoisite-fluid trace element partition coefficients have been determined and are used to model fluids generated during the breakdown of hydrous phases in a subducting slab. Partition coefficients were determined for Rb, Ba, Th, U, Nb, Ta, Pb, Sr, and nine rare earth elements (REE) at 750–900 °C and 2.0 GPa. Our results show that Sr and Pb are extremely compatible in zoisite relative to other high-pressure phases (DSrN100, DPbN10). The zoisite-fluid partition coefficients are combined with previously determined partition coefficients for eclogite-facies minerals (garnet, cpx, rutile, phengite) to generate reaction-specific partition coefficients as well as bulk eclogite-fluid partition coefficients. Batch equilibrium models are then used to approximate the conditions of fluid formation in the slab. Two kinds of fluids are modeled — 1) fluids resulting from specific zoisite breakdown reactions, and 2) combined fluids from a variety of continuous and discontinuous reactions that have had the opportunity to equilibrate with a residual zoisite-bearing eclogite assemblage. We find that fluids generated during individual reactions have much more extreme trace element enrichments than those that have equilibrated with the eclogitic slab as a whole. In particular, fluids generated during zoisitebreakdown reactions tend to be strongly enriched in Pb and Sr. Fluids of extreme composition from individual dehydration reactions maybepreservedasfluidinclusionsandveins inexhumedeclogites.Fluidsthathaveequilibratedwithzoisite-bearingeclogitehavea more moderate trace element enrichment pattern that is more consistent with the fluid component sampled by island arc basalts (IAB) in the zone of melting beneath the volcanic front. We propose that fluids generated in the slab, which may initially have extreme patterns of trace element enrichment and fractionation, and mayshow extreme variation on asmall spatial scale, are ultimately at least partially equilibrated with the bulkeclogite. Subsequent mixing with partial melts of the sediment layer and exchange with the mantle wedge en route to the melting region serve to further homogenize the fluids. Therefore, we expect that “metamorphic” subduction zone fluids recorded by inclusions and veins in eclogite will differ quite markedly in composition from “metasomatic” subduction zone fluids that contribute to the formation of island arc basalts, even though their origin may be the same. © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Neuropsychological Performance Within-Person Variability Is Associated with Reduced Treatment Consent Capacity

Objective The capacity of older adults to make healthcare decisions is often impaired in dementia and has been linked to performance on specific neuropsychological tasks. Within-person across-test neuropsychological performance variability has been shown to predict future dementia. This study examined the relationship of within-person across-test neuropsychological performance variability to a current construct of treatment decision (consent) capacity. Methods Participants completed a neuropsychological test battery and a standardized capacity assessment. Standard scores were used to compute mean neuropsychological performance and within-person across-test variability. Assessments were performed in the participant's preferred location (e.g., outpatient clinic office, senior center, or home). Participants were recruited from the community with fliers and advertisements and consisted of men (N = 79) and women (N = 80) with (N = 83) or without (N = 76) significant cognitive impairment. Participants completed the MacArthur Competence Assessment Tool-Treatment and 11 neuropsychological tests commonly used in the cognitive assessment of older individuals. Results Neuropsychological performance and within-person variability were independently associated with continuous and dichotomous measures of capacity, and within-person neuropsychological variability was significantly associated with within-person decisional ability variability. Prevalence of incapacity was greater than expected in participants with and without significant cognitive impairment when decisional abilities were considered separately. Conclusion These findings are consistent with an emerging construct of consent capacity in which discrete decisional abilities are differentially associated with cognitive processes and indicate that the sensitivity and accuracy of consent capacity assessments can be improved by evaluating decisional abilities separately.
IGY Bulletins: No. 1, No. 2

The purpose of the Bulletin is to present current information on the IGY program of interest to scientists and particularly to geophysicists. It is hoped that the Bulletin will be of value to participants in the program by keeping them informed of progress in our own program and in the programs of other countries. The contents of the Bulletin will include brief articles and reports on projects and experiments in the U. S. program as well as scientific news of activities in other countries, obtained from the Comite Special de l'Annee Geophysique Internationale (CSAGI).
Philosophical Writings on the Family in Sixteenth- and Seventeenth-Century Europe:

Recent research on the early modern European family has largely been based on archival sources that are extant for relatively few localities during this same period. This research can be augmented by examining discussions of the family contained within academic writings on theology, jurisprudence, medicine, and philosophy during the early modern period. This article focuses on philosophical writings that arose in connection with sixteenth- and seventeenth-century academic instruction. These writings routinely discuss the proper relationship between husband and wife, between parents and children, and between masters and servants; also discussed are various categories of domestic possessions and how these possessions should be acquired and administered. Within these philosophical writings, one controversial issue pertaining to family life is sometimes raised: whether servants are more essential to the family than children. These writings uniformly equate the family with the nuclear family; in doing so, they...
An object-oriented architecture for group decision support systems

An object-oriented GDSS can produce a rich environment for easily accessing software tools or applications running under a Graphical User Interface and can provide communication among meeting participants. This requires definition of (1) objects to manage the meeting and participant sessions, (2) applications that can run under these sessions, and (3) data storage and data communications capability that handle both private and shared data. This article suggests that a GDSS system can operate under three layers of software: an application-layer, a GDSS environment, and an operating system environment. It defines the structure and behavior of the GDSS environment layer in terms of (1) objects and messages used to communicate among these objects and (2) a message passing protocol between the GDSS environment and the other two layers. These specifications result in an architecture that is sufficiently modular to enable addition of various GDSS software. This article also discusses a prototype implementation of the architecture that is developed in Smalltalk and runs under Microsoft's Windows 3.0.
K‐12 education for empowerment: beyond the mental/manual divide to a US technician class?

Empowering the American economy requires creating a world‐class K‐12 (primary and secondary) education system, because K‐12 is where youth learn the skills essential to empowered work. However, the USA must not just equal the K‐12 standards set by Germany and Japan. Because 70 percent of future jobs will not require a four‐year college degree, the USA must remake its economic‐occupational structure to create a “technician class” offering high‐skill, high‐wage, socially esteemed jobs that operate in close conjunction with college‐educated professional‐managerial workers. A technician class will provide a focus for K‐12 reform that does not presently exist in the USA.
A Multiple-Group Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Scores for Online Social Presence: Do They Measure the Same Thing across Cultural Groups?

Online learners and instructors are more diverse in their social and cultural backgrounds than their counterparts in face-to-face classrooms. The diversified social and cultural backgrounds of online learners and instructors complicate the conceptualization of online social presence and pose challenges to instructors in course design. This study conducted a multiple-group confirmatory factor analysis of the scores from the Computer-Mediated Communication Questionnaire (CMCQ), using Structural Equation Modeling, to assess the equality of the underlying factor structure across the low-context culture (LCC) and the high-context culture (HCC) groups. The results suggested that cultural groups perceived online social presence in a slightly different manner. Perception differences were observed in three of the four dimensions of online social presence.
Women in the Mexican‐American community: Religion, culture, and reproductive attitudes and experiences

The goals of this study were (a) to provide descriptive information on the reproductive attitudes and behavior of Mexican-American women and (b) to investigate the relationship of socioeconomic status, acculturation, and religiosity with these attitudes and experiences. Data were obtained in personal interviews with 137 Mexican-American women visiting a community health center. Women were asked questions about religion, motherhood and pregnancy, sexuality, and unwanted pregnancy and abortion. The results indicate a great heterogeneity, even among relatively low-income and unacculturated Mexican-American women, in attitudes and experiences. Socioeconomic status, degree of religiosity, and degree of acculturation were associated with women's reproductive attitudes. Overall, the results contradict common stereotypes that present Mexican-American women as dominated by Catholic doctrine, passive in fertility decisions, and desirous of large families.
Identifying and addressing cognitive barriers to rehabilitation readiness.

Complementary strategies based on behavioral approaches for cognitive rehabilitation have shown promise in a growing body of experiments (2). Underlying these efforts is the belief that remediating abnormal cognitive functions will increase patients' ability to benefit from other therapeutic approaches and will improve patients' social functioning and functioning in other areas.
Modeling Uncertainty in Steady State Diffusion Problems via Generalized Polynomial Chaos

Abstract We present a generalized polynomial chaos algorithm for the solution of stochastic elliptic partial differential equations subject to uncertain inputs. In particular, we focus on the solution of the Poisson equation with random diffusivity, forcing and boundary conditions. The stochastic input and solution are represented spectrally by employing the orthogonal polynomial functionals from the Askey scheme, as a generalization of the original polynomial chaos idea of Wiener [Amer. J. Math. 60 (1938) 897]. A Galerkin projection in random space is applied to derive the equations in the weak form. The resulting set of deterministic equations for each random mode is solved iteratively by a block Gauss–Seidel iteration technique. Both discrete and continuous random distributions are considered, and convergence is verified in model problems and against Monte Carlo simulations.
Effects of N:P atomic ratios and nitrate limitation on algal growth, cell composition, and nitrate uptake 1

Scenedesmus sp. was grown in chemostats at a fixed growth rate (p) in an inorganic medium with nitrogen to phosphorus atomic ratios (N:P) ranging from 5 to 80, to investigate the effect of double nutrient limitation. There was no additive or multiplicative effect of the two nutrient limitations: below the optimal cell N:P of30, growth was determined solely by N limitation and above 30, by P limitation. Cell N remained constant up to the optimal ratio and increased linearly with N:P above it. The level of cell P was high at low N:P (N-limited state) but decreased rapidly until N:P approached the optimal and remained constant at a low level at high N:P (P-limited state). Protein was the major fraction in which excess N accumulated under P limitation. Cell free amino acids were a constant proportion of cell N at all N:P ratios. RNA concentration was the same regardless of N:P, it9 level being determined by p independent of the type of limiting nutrients. Cell carbon (C) concentration was higher in the P-limited than in the N-limited state. The C fixation rate per unit chlorophyll a, however, was constant under both P- and N-limited states because the variation in chlorophyll a content was similar to that of C. The apparent maximum uptake rate for nitrate (V) in N- and P-limited cultures decreased with increasing cell N or N:P. In N-limited cultures the half-saturation constant (Km) also decreased at higher cell N or N:P. The variation of V appeared to be affected by the level of free amino acids. Transitions between states of nitrogen contain the two nutrients in an N to P and phosphorus limitation of phytoplank- atomic ratio (N:P) of about 15 (Redfield ton growth are common in both lakes 1958; Ryther and Dunstan 1971), I found and coastal seawaters. Such transitions the optimal cellular N:P of Scenedesmus
Quantitative fluorescence measures for determination of intracellular perforin content.

We present methodologic details and operating characteristics of a procedure with whole blood for the quantitative assessment of intracellular perforin within distinct lymphocyte subsets. Using this method, we analyzed 20 healthy controls and 2 individuals with an inherited deficiency of perforin. The mean ± standard deviation perforin contents of natural killer (NK) cells and cytotoxic T cells of healthy controls were 3,561 ± 1,157 and 500 ± 779 relative number of molecules (rMol) of antiperforin antibody bound per cell, respectively. The NK cell perforin contents of individuals with heterozygous and homozygous perforin deficiency (familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis) were 2,260 and 212 rMol of antiperforin antibodies per NK cell. While the homozygous deficiency was found to be associated with negligible antiperforin binding, the heterozygous condition was associated with a level of perforin binding that was below the 15th percentile for healthy individuals. Because 83% of this subject's NK cells were shown to bind to antiperforin antibodies by conventional flow cytometry (relative to the normal range of 81% ± 25%), quantitative cytometry may be more sensitive than conventional cytometric methods in identifying cytolytic defects.
East Texas's biggest earthquake may have been induced

Aside from a few small events, east Texas has been largely devoid of earthquakes. However, operations began in 2006 to pump waste water from oil and gas production into wells around the region, with some sites being injected with just shy of 43,000 cubic meters of water per month. Within a few years, this seismic quiet zone began to feel some temblors: In 2008 the preshocks started, small events with magnitudes from 0.5 to 2.2. Then, on 10 May 2012, a magnitude 3.9 earthquake hit, chased a week later by a magnitude 4.8 earthquake.
On the Rhetoric of Qualitative Methods: Toward Historically Informed Argumentation in Management Inquiry

Qualitative research is becoming increasingly prominent in management. Such research is commonly contrasted with so-called positivist research, which is described as not only (a) being the same thi...
phishGILLNET—phishing detection methodology using probabilistic latent semantic analysis, AdaBoost, and co-training

Identity theft is one of the most profitable crimes committed by felons. In the cyber space, this is commonly achieved using phishing. We propose here robust server side methodology to detect phishing attacks, called phishGILLNET, which incorporates the power of natural language processing and machine learning techniques. phishGILLNET is a multi-layered approach to detect phishing attacks. The first layer (phishGILLNET1) employs Probabilistic Latent Semantic Analysis (PLSA) to build a topic model. The topic model handles synonym (multiple words with similar meaning), polysemy (words with multiple meanings), and other linguistic variations found in phishing. Intentional misspelled words found in phishing are handled using Levenshtein editing and Google APIs for correction. Based on term document frequency matrix as input PLSA finds phishing and non-phishing topics using tempered expectation maximization. The performance of phishGILLNET1 is evaluated using PLSA fold in technique and the classification is achieved using Fisher similarity. The second layer of phishGILLNET (phishGILLNET2) employs AdaBoost to build a robust classifier. Using probability distributions of the best PLSA topics as features the classifier is built using AdaBoost. The third layer (phishGILLNET3) further expands phishGILLNET2 by building a classifier from labeled and unlabeled examples by employing Co-Training. Experiments were conducted using one of the largest public corpus of email data containing 400,000 emails. Results show that phishGILLNET3 outperforms state of the art phishing detection methods and achieves F-measure of 100%. Moreover, phishGILLNET3 requires only a small percentage (10%) of data be annotated thus saving significant time, labor, and avoiding errors incurred in human annotation.
Hormone Replacement Therapy and Inflammation Interactions in Cardiovascular Disease

Inflammation plays a central role in the pathogenesis of many forms of vascular disease, including atherosclerosis. Atherogenesis begins with endothelial damage, and the damaged endothelium expresses adhesion molecules, chemokines, and proinflammatory cytokines that direct atherosclerotic plaque formation and spill into the circulation as biomarkers of atherosclerotic disease risk. Menopausal hormone therapy, including a variety of estrogen preparations with or without a progestin, has negative modulatory effects on most of these soluble inflammatory markers, including E-selectin, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, intercellular adhesion molecule-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and tumor necrosis factor-α, inconsistent effects on interleukin-6, and stimulatory effects on transforming growth factor-β, a vasoprotective cytokine. In contrast, C-reactive protein, a circulating proinflammatory cytokine produced in both liver and atherosclerotic arteries, increases in response to oral conjugated estrogens but not to transdermal estrogen. Although C-reactive protein is clearly linked to increased cardiovascular disease risk in women, the hormone-induced rise in this biomarker is not associated with increased risk and may be related to a first-pass effect of C-reactive protein production in the liver after oral estrogen absorption. Many important questions about the effects of ovarian hormones on vascular inflammation and the pathogenesis of vascular disease cannot be answered in human subjects. Insights from fundamental mechanistic studies in animal models are needed to delineate the cellular/molecular events that determine whether these hormones protect or injure blood vessels.
Modal Emissions Model for Heavy-Duty Diesel Vehicles

There have been significant improvements in recent years in transportation and emissions modeling to allow better evaluations of transportation operational effects and associated vehicle emissions. In particular, instantaneous or modal emissions models have been developed for a variety of light-duty vehicles. To date, most of the effort has focused primarily on developing these models for light-duty vehicles with less effort devoted to heavy-duty diesel (HDD) vehicles. Although HDD vehicles currently make up only a fraction of the total vehicle population, they are major contributors to the emissions inventory. A description is provided of an HDD truck model that is part of a larger comprehensive modal emissions modeling (CMEM) program developed at the University of California (UC), Riverside. Several HDD truck submodels have been developed in the CMEM framework, each corresponding to a distinctive vehicle-technology category. The developed models use a parameterized physical approach in which the entire ...
Whistleblowing in Organizations: An Examination of Correlates of Whistleblowing Intentions, Actions, and Retaliation

Whistleblowing on organizational wrongdoing is becoming increasingly prevalent. What aspects of the person, the context, and the transgression relate to whistleblowing intentions and to actual whistleblowing on corporate wrongdoing? Which aspects relate to retaliation against whistleblowers? Can we draw conclusions about the whistleblowing process by assessing whistleblowing intentions? Meta-analytic examination of 193 correlations obtained from 26 samples (N = 18,781) reveals differences in the correlates of whistleblowing intentions and actions. Stronger relationships were found between personal, contextual, and wrongdoing characteristics and whistleblowing intent than with actual whistleblowing. Retaliation might best be predicted using contextual variables. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
Cherry Pit Primes Brad Pitt: Homophone Priming Effects on Young and Older Adults' Production of Proper Names

This study investigated why proper names are difficult to retrieve, especially for older adults. On intermixed trials, young and older adults produced a word for a definition or a proper name for a picture of a famous person. Prior production of a homophone (e.g., pit) as the response on a definition trial increased correct naming and reduced tip-of-the-tongue experiences for a proper name (e.g., Pitt) on a picture-naming trial. Among participants with no awareness of the homophone manipulation, older but not young adults showed these homophone priming effects. With a procedure that reduced awareness effects (Experiment 2), prior production of a homophone improved correct naming only for older adults, but speeded naming latency for both age groups. We suggest that representations of proper names are susceptible to weak connections that cause deficits in the transmission of excitation, impairing retrieval especially in older adults. We conclude that homophone production strengthens phonological connections...
The Effect of Endodontic Solutions on Resorcinol-Formalin Paste in Teeth

This study determined if any of six endodontic solutions would have a softening effect on resorcinol-formalin paste in extracted teeth, and if there were any differences in the solvent action between these solutions. Forty-nine single-rooted extracted teeth were decoronated 2 mm coronal to the CEJ, and the roots sectioned apically to a standard length of 15 mm. Canals were prepared to a 12 mm WL and a uniform size with a #7 Parapost drill. Teeth were then mounted in a cylinder ring with acrylic. The resorcinol-formalin mixture was placed into the canals and was allowed to set for 60 days in a humidor. The solutions tested were 0.9% sodium chloride, 5.25% sodium hypochlorite, chloroform, Endosolv R (Endosolv R®), 3% hydrogen peroxide, and 70% isopropyl alcohol. Seven samples per solution were tested and seven samples using water served as controls. One drop of the solution was placed over the set mixture in the canal, and the depth of penetration of a 1.5-mm probe was measured at 2, 5, 10, and 20 min using a dial micrometer gauge. A repeated-measures ANOVA showed a difference in penetration between the solutions at 10 min (p = 0.04) and at 20 min (p = 0.0004). At 20 min, Endosolv R, had significantly greater penetration than 5.25% sodium hypochlorite (p = 0.0033) and chloroform (p = 0.0018); however, it was not significantly better than the control (p = 0.0812). Although Endosolv R, had statistically superior probe penetration at 20 min, the softening effect could not be detected clinically at this time.
Evolutionary Approach to Education Science

Evolution has resulted in a system of evolved cognitive abilities that coalesce around the domains of folk psychology, biology, and physics. These cognitive domains direct attention toward and process information about other people, the flora and fauna in the local ecology, and the physical environment. Among the associated competencies are language, the ability to interpret facial expressions, knowledge of the behavior of familiar animals, and the ability to navigate in the physical world. The basic architecture of these competencies is universal and adapted to the nuances of local conditions as children play, interact with other people, and explore the environment. In modern societies, people must also acquire a host of cognitive competencies that have not evolved, including reading, writing, and basic mathematics. The learning of these nonevolved competencies requires adapting evolved cognitive systems for tasks for which they are not designed. The associated activities (e.g., direct instruction) appear to be very different from the activities (e.g., play) that foster the adaptation of evolved abilities to local conditions. Schooling thus involves the society-wide organization of children's activities, such that they learn competencies that would not otherwise emerge.
Training Maintenance Technicians for Troubleshooting: Two Experiments with Computer Simulations

Aviation maintenance trainees participated in two experiments designed to assess the relative effectiveness of traditional instruction versus two types of computer simulation in the context of aircraft power-plant troubleshooting. Simulations ranged in nature from abstract, context-free problems to those involving specific aircraft power plants. Traditional instruction included reading assignments, television programs tailored to aircraft power-plant troubleshooting, and on-line quizzes. The first experiment compared the three training methods, and the second considered a mixture of the two computer simulations versus traditional instruction. The primary conclusion was that an appropriate combination of low- and moderate-fidelity computer simulations can provide sufficient problem-solving experience to be competitive with the more traditional lectureldemonstration form of instruction.
Rate-Controlling Tritium Transport Mechanisms in Solid Breeders

Several transport mechanisms are involved in tritium transport in solid breeders—diffusion in the grain, diffusion along grain boundary, bulk adsorption on the grain boundary/pore interface, desorp...
The War Industries Board and the AntitrustQuestion in November 1918

IN November 1918 the industrial leaders who staffed the War Industries Board believed they had the power to shape in some degree the demobilization and reconstruction policies which would guide the nation from war to peace footing. The response they made to this opportunity provides material for a case study of the businessman cast in the role of public servant and originator of public policy. Not unlike other interest groups one would expect businessmen in politics to pursue their class interests. Placed at the helm of a powerful governmental agency to mobilize industry for either war or postwar recovery, however, American opinion seems to expect from its business leaders not only vigor and consummate skill but disinterestedness as well. The behavior of businessmen of the WIB in November 1918 may help to take tentative measure of the soundness of this expectation.' Disinterestedness was not the hallmark of the WIB's concern over what would be the Wilson administration's postwar policies. The agency's members unhesitatingly supported the reconstruction policies for which the business community was agitating at the end of the war, and tried to find a way to put them into effect. Yet the WIB contained its support of business objectives within moderate limits and backed away from use of feasible but unseemly tactics. The illumination of the considerations placing limits on the WIB's partisanship is both the most interesting and difficult task in putting together the history of the WIB's relationship to business goals at the end of the war.
Prevention of the anti-curare action of epinephrine by dibenamine.

SummaryThe effects of Dibenamine on the anti-curare actions of epinephrine and of KC1 have been studied in 7 dogs anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital or with morphine and ether. Dibenamine, in doses of 25-45 mg per kg, prevents the anti-curare action of epinephrine but does not prevent the anti-curare action of potassium chloride.
Trimethoxybenzene Complexes of Pentafluorophenylchlorocarbene

Pentafluorophenylchlorocarbene, generated by laser flash photolysis (LFP) of pentafluorophenylchlorodiazirine, formed π-type complexes with 1,3,5-trimethoxybenzene in pentane. The carbene and carbene complexes were in equilibrium with K = 3.21 × 10(5) M(-1) at 294 K. From the temperature dependence of K, ΔH° = -10.2 kcal/mol, ΔS° = -9.5 eu, and ΔG° = -7.4 kcal/mol at 298 K. The carbene complexes were characterized by UV-vis spectroscopy and computational analysis.
Calendrical Calculations

A valuable resource for working programmers, as well as a fount of useful algorithmic tools for computer scientists, this new edition of the popular calendars book expands the treatment of the previous edition to new calendar variants: generic cyclical calendars and astronomical lunar calendars as well as the Korean, Vietnamese, Aztec, and Tibetan calendars. The authors frame the calendars of the world in a completely algorithmic form, allowing easy conversion among these calendars and the determination of secular and religious holidays. LISP and Java code for all the algorithms are available on the Web.
Emergency Department Visits and Inpatient Admissions Associated with Priapism among Males with Sickle Cell Disease in the United States, 2006–2010

People with sickle cell disease (SCD) suffer from numerous acute complications that can result in multiple hospitalizations and emergency department (ED) and outpatient care visits. Priapism, a prolonged unwanted erection of the penis not due to sexual stimulation, is a serious complication among males with SCD. Variations in estimates of prevalence make it difficult to accurately assess the burden of this complication of SCD. We analyzed data from the Nationwide Emergency Department Sample (NEDS), a product of the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project, for the years 2006 through 2010 to measure the numbers of ED visits and to examine patterns of subsequent hospitalizations associated with priapism among male patients with SCD. We find that among ED visits associated with males with SCD, those prompted by priapism are more likely to result in hospitalization than are those associated with pain.
A Note on the Coefficient of Intraclass Correlation as an Estimate of Reliability

(1962). A Note on the Coefficient of Intraclass Correlation as an Estimate of Reliability. Research Quarterly. American Association for Health, Physical Education and Recreation: Vol. 33, No. 2, pp. 313-316.
Sobornost’, State Authority, and Christian Society in Slavophile Political Theology

It has become commonplace in contemporary Christian political theology to sharply contrast the type of relationality embodied in the Church to that embodied in the liberal democratic state. While the Church is presented as a genuine communion, founded on the sacrificial self-gift of Christ and held together by the mutual love and service of its members, who “coinhere” in one another, liberal democratic society is founded on the sovereignty of the individual, and social relations represent only an external coincidence of individual interests. The theologians who have played up this contrast between the Church and liberal society have done so with the hope of shifting Christians’ political imagination away from the state and toward the Church itself. Rather than an attempt to “Christianize” society through the mechanisms of the state, they argue, Christian politics should be understood as an ecclesial “counter-politics” in which the Church does politics simply by being the Church, that is, by living out its own social principles and offering itself up as a public witness to a superior manner of social life than the one offered by liberal democracy. To conflate Christian politics with the politics of the state would mean translating the Christian social ideal into the liberal language of self-interested individualism and Hobbesian universal conflict.
Néel temperature of stoichiometric La2CuO4.

Following doping with $^{111}\mathrm{In}$ in ${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ gas at 1273 K, samples of ${\mathrm{La}}_{2}$${\mathrm{CuO}}_{4+\mathrm{y}}$ were subjected to vacuum anneals of varying lengths to adjust the oxygen content. Susceptibility studies show that vacuum anneals of \ensuremath{\sim}13 h, starting at 1083 K and terminating at 873 K, consistently produce magnetic ordering at N\'eel temperature (${T}_{N}$)=317(3) K, the highest value yet published. Perturbed-angular-correlation (PAC) studies of the same samples, using the 171--245-keV \ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{\gamma} cascade of $^{111}\mathrm{Cd}$ populated via the decay of $^{111}\mathrm{In}$, exhibit a combined magnetic-dipole--electric-quadrupole interaction. Analysis of this yields a magnetic hyperfine field and an electric-field-gradient asymmetry that follow the expected temperature dependence of the local magnetization and orthorhombic distortion, respectively. The samples have uniquely static and homogeneous hyperfine interactions with undetectable PAC line broadening. We argue that this implies a ``defect-free'' probe environment which we identify as stoichiometric with y\ensuremath{\simeq}0. Assuming that any residual defects are randomly distributed on oxygen lattice sites, we find \ensuremath{\Vert}y\ensuremath{\Vert}\ensuremath{\le}0.016.
Quasi-interpolation on irregular points

A quasi-interpolant is an operator L having the form $$Lf = \sum\limits_{i = 1}^\infty {f\left( {{y_i}} \right){g_i}} .$$ (1.1) The points y i are called “nodes”; they are prescribed in ℝ n . The entities g i are prescribed functions from ℝ n to ℝ. The case of irregularly situated nodes is of particular interest. We investigate the question of how to select the “base functions” g i in order to obtain favorable estimates of ∥Lf - f∥.
On correlations in IMRT planning aims

The purpose was to study correlations amongst IMRT DVH evaluation points and how their relaxation impacts the overall plan. 100 head-and-neck cancer cases, using the Eclipse treatment planning system with the same protocol, are statisti-cally analyzed for PTV, brainstem, and spinal cord. To measure variations amongst the plans, we use (i) interquartile range (IQR) of volume as a function of dose, (ii) interquartile range of dose as a function of volume, and (iii) dose falloff. To determine correlations for institutional and ICRU goals, conditional probabilities and medians are computed. We observe that most plans exceed the median PTV dose (average D50 = 104% prescribed dose). Furthermore, satisfying D50 reduced the probability of also satisfying D98, constituting a negative correlation of these goals. On the other hand, satisfying D50 increased the probability of satisfying D2, suggesting a positive correlation. A positive correlation is also observed between the PTV V105 and V110. Similarly, a positive correlation between the brainstem V45 and V50 is measured by an increase in the conditional median of V45, when V50 is violated. Despite the imposed institutional and international recommenda-tions, significant variations amongst DVH points can occur. Even though DVH aims are evaluated independently, sizable correlations amongst them are possible, indicating that some goals cannot be satisfied concurrently, calling for unbiased plan criteria.
INNOVATION MANAGEMENT IN LOCAL GOVERNMENT: AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS OF SUBURBAN MUNICIPALITIES

The authors surveyed city administrators in the six-county Chicago region to test an innovation management capacity process model. Innovation management capacity is conceptualized as the function of council-staff functionality, managerial leadership capacity, and staff team management. The empirical results from 220 city administrators in 53 cities support the hypothesis that the number of municipal innovations is positively correlated with innovation management capacity, controlling for structural, socioeconomic, and demographic variables. However, this study does not find a statistical relationship between innovation effectiveness and innovation management capacity. The authors posit two possible explanations for these results and propose an alternative innovation management capacity process model for testing in future research.
Coronary Artery Calcium Testing in Patients with Chest Pain: Alive and Kicking

Purpose of Review We review the potential role of coronary artery calcium (CAC) scoring in the initial evaluation and risk stratification of patients with low- to moderate-risk, stable and acute, chest pain.
Somatic and Germline Mutational Heterogeneity in High Hyperdiploid Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

Abstract High hyperdiploidy (HD), the most common cytogenetic subtype of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), is characterized by a nonrandom gain of chromosomes and is thought to arise from a single abnormal mitosis. However, the causes of this leukemia-initiating event remain unknown. A recognized enrichment of HD-ALL among children with RASopathies and with germline ETV6 mutations suggests that germline predisposition underlies a component of HD-ALL risk, in addition to the increased risk of the HD subtype with ALL-associated heritable risk variants in PIP4K2A, ARID5B, and CEBPE. Though cure rates of HD-ALL are high, the significant treatment-related morbidities and mortality warrant more etiologic investigations which may reveal molecularly-targeted therapies for this disease. We carried out deep-sequencing of 538 cancer-related genes using the UCSF500 Cancer Gene Panel in 57 HD-ALL tumors from California Childhood Leukemia Study patients. Selected patients lacked overt KRAS and NRAS hotspot mutations (assessed by Sanger sequencing) and common ALL deletions (assessed by MLPA), to enrich for discovery of novel driver genes. A Combined Annotation Dependent Depletion (CADD) Phred score ≥20 was used to filter predicted damaging mutations. To remove polymorphisms, we retained only mutations with allele frequency Novel damaging somatic mutations were discovered in epigenetic regulatory genes, including DOT1L (n=4), with 33% of patients harboring mutations in this pathway. Somatic mutations in the receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK)/Ras/MAPK signaling pathway were found in two thirds of patients, including mutations in ROS1, which mediates phosphorylation of the PTPN11-encoded protein SHP2. An extraordinary level of tumor heterogeneity was detected, with microclonal (mutant allele fraction We also detected an unexpectedly high frequency of putatively causal germline mutations, which were validated in remission DNA samples by Sanger sequencing. At least 25% of HD-ALL patients carried one or more rare ( Future work is required to investigate whether tumor microheterogeneity should impact therapeutic regimens and to elucidate the biologic function of epigenetic dysregulation in development of HD-ALL. Whole-exome sequencing of more patients and functional analysis of novel mutations are required to understand the contribution of germline predisposition to HD-ALL etiology, which may be much larger than previously realized. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
The role of similarity in inattentional blindness: Selective enhancement, selective suppression, or both?†

When people selectively pay attention to one set of objects and ignore another, unexpected stimuli often go unnoticed. Noticing rates are higher when the unexpected object matches the features of t...
The Influence of CaCO3 Scale Formation on AC Corrosion Rates of Pipeline Steel Under Cathodic Protection

In this paper, the influence of CaCO3 scale formation on the AC corrosion rate of pipeline steel under cathodic protection was investigated. The CaCO3 layer was deposited on X65 steel electrochemically and then studied in a soil simulant. A method for determining the fractional surface coverage of the scale based on either deposition current or electrochemical impedance spectroscopy data is presented. After the deposition process, samples were exposed to 3 V root mean square (RMS) AC potential at 60 Hz and varying degrees of cathodic protection at DC potentials of −770, −700, −650, and −600 mV vs. saturated calomel electrode. It was demonstrated that the scale acts as a simple barrier and the corrosion rate of steel, exposed at the base of pores in the scale, is equal to that of boldly exposed samples. These results are discussed in the light of the previously developed theoretical model for AC corrosion.
Large impacts of small methane fluxes on carbon isotope values of soil respiration

Abstract Carbon dioxide isotope (δ13C of CO2) analysis is increasingly used to address a broad range of questions involving soil C dynamics and respiration sources. However, attaining δ13C mass balance is critical for robust interpretation. Many ecosystems exhibit methane (CH4) fluxes that are small in the context of total C budgets, yet may significantly impact δ13C values of CO2 due to large kinetic fractionations during CH4 production. Thus, the δ13C values of CO2 do not directly reflect respiration C sources when co-occurring with CH4, but few studies of terrestrial soils have considered this phenomenon. To assess how CH4 altered the interpretation of δ13C values of CO2, we incubated a Mollisol and Oxisol amended with C4-derived plant litter for 90 days under two headspace treatments: a fluctuating anaerobic/aerobic treatment (four days of anaerobic conditions alternating with four days of aerobic conditions), and a static aerobic treatment (control). We measured δ13C values of CO2 and CH4 with a tunable diode laser absorption spectrometer, using a novel in-line combustion method for CH4. Cumulative δ13C of CO2 differed significantly between treatments in both soils. The δ13C values of CO2 were affected by relatively small CH4 fluxes in the fluctuating anaerobic/aerobic treatment. Effects of CH4 on δ13C values of CO2 were greater in the Oxisol due to its higher percent contribution of CH4 to total C mineralization (18%) than in the Mollisol (3%) during periods of elevated CH4 production. When CH4 accounted for just 2% of total C mineralization, the δ13C values of CO2 differed from total C mineralization by 0.3–1‰, and by 1.4–4.8‰ when CH4 was 10% of C mineralization. These differences are highly significant when interpreting natural abundance δ13C data. Small CH4 fluxes may strongly alter the δ13C values of CO2 relative to total mineralized C. A broad range of mineral and peatland soils can experience temporary oxygen deficits. In these dynamic redox environments, the δ13C values of CO2 should be interpreted with caution and ideally combined with δ13C of CH4 when partitioning sources and mechanisms of soil respiration.
Micellar Flooding at Penn State

The recent decade has seen the emergence of enhanced oil recovery as a part of petroleum-production technology. Although a host of tertiary recovery processes have been devised, it is possible to categorize them in three groups: thermal processes, chemical processes and miscible displacement techniques.
Febrile Response to Bacterial Pyrogens in Leukemia

1. The intravenous injection of 50,000,000 dead typhoid-paratyphoid bacilli produced a greater febrile reaction in nonbeukemics than in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. 2. These results suggest that granulocytes may contribute to the production of the fever that follows injection of bacterial pyrogens.
Congress Has Not Created an Inferior Office of Special Counsel Since 1999

The defenders of the constitutionality of Robert Mueller's appointment as Special Counsel argue that he is an inferior officer of the United States. The Appointments Clause, however, requires that Congress by Law vest the power to appoint inferior officers in the President, the Courts of Law, or the Heads of Departments. Congress has never by Law vested in the Attorney General the power to appoint an inferior officer Special Counsel like Robert Mueller. Mueller's appointment as an inferior officer is thus unconstitutional and every action he has taken since May 17, 2017 is therefore null and void. Congress has by law vested in the Courts of Law the power to appoint inferior officer Interim U.S. Attorneys. 28 U.S.C. 546. The absence of such a law authorizing the Acting Attorney General with the authority to appoint Mueller is thus stark proof that Mueller's appoint is unconstitutional.
Watergate and Its Legacy

The Watergate scandal—the break-in and cover-up—is the starting point of the discussion as many observers of subsequent scandals seek to elevate or emphasize particular scandals by appending “gate” as a suffix to the scandal’s name. The events and “appeal” of Watergate are summarized and presented to demonstrate how the definitions provided in Chapter 1 can be applied to other scandals.
Expected utility theory

In ch. 2, I assumed expected utility theory in order to argue for utilitarianism. Here, I defend that theory. When an outcome is uncertain, the theory requires that we multiply its utility by its probability. This simple idea is analogous to computing the expected value of a gamble. If I have a.25 probability of winning $5 in a gamble and a.75 probability of winning $0, and if I play the gamble over and over, my average winnings will approach $1 per play. But what is probability? and why should we multiply by it? Why should I add up expected utilities across possible consequences of a decision? Why should we treat utilities as though they were money gains, which accumulate over time? Can we always assign a probability? What should we do when we cannot? These questions have puzzled theorists since the time of Pascal.