cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Harnessing the Power of Heteroglossia: How to Multi-task with Teacher Talk

To a large extent, the quality of classroom communication hinges on the teacher’s ability to tune in and respond to emerging students’ voices, which requires the astuteness and agility to hear layered messages, offer tailored assistance, and follow students’ leads. It requires responding to multiple contingencies in real time. One important resource for managing such contingencies is heteroglossia (Bakhtin MM, The dialogical imagination. The University of Texas Press, Austin, 1981, p 324). Teacher talk can be deeply heteroglossic: a particular utterance can be saturated with more than one voice or can achieve more than one goal, making evident the multiple and potentially competing demands that teachers manage on a moment-by-moment basis. In this chapter, I illustrate what heteroglossia looks like in the language classroom and demonstrate how understanding heteroglossia as teacher talk can be usefully marshaled to create evidence-based teacher training. Throughout the chapter, problem scenarios that place the teacher in the difficult bind of having to manage competing demands such as honoring individual voices vs. cultivating inclusiveness are presented. Detailed transcripts of classroom interaction are then shown to demonstrate how heteroglossia can present at least one solution to these problems. A guided reading of each transcript will highlight the specific interactional resources that may be drawn upon to effectively produce heteroglossia. The chapter ends with a step-by-step plan for utilizing similar videotaped materials for teacher training purposes. It is hoped that understanding heteroglossia as a resource can awaken us to the ingenuity of teacher talk, and consequently, inspire us to become part of that ingenuity.
Of Gods and Monsters: Grief, Betrayal, and Failure in the Marvel Cinematic Universe

This chapter examines the Marvel Cinematic Universe in relation to the centrality of the idea of trust throughout its films. Trust is understood as an affective orientation that assumes the competence and goodwill of another and this feeling is crucial for superhero narratives. Emerging superheroes must learn to trust in their abilities, in their comrades, and the systems of law and order they protect. The Marvel Cinematic Universe interweaves darker elements into its narratives about trust with prominent elements of grief, betrayal, and failure that undermine and complicate the superhero genre.
‘Give me neither wealth nor poverty but appoint for me what is necessary and sufficient’ (Proverbs 30:8 LXX): But Necessary for What and Sufficient for What?

For the Life of the World (FLW), part IV, offers a thought-provoking discussion about the problems of poverty, wealth and civil justice. Poverty, basic needs and a living wage are central to the co...
Copy Number Variants

The progression of cytogenetics from banded chromosomes to DNA segment dosage as detected by comparative genomic hybridization-microarray analysis (aCGH, also abbreviated as CMA) has greatly increased the frequency of positive findings and difficulties of interpretation. The technique of aCGH (Fig. 32.1) involves labeling patient and control DNA with different fluorochromes, hybridizing them to 40,000–1 million DNA segments arrayed on a glass slide or “DNA chip,” and comparing the extent of patient and control DNA hybridization signal amplitudes for each segment (Lee et al., Nature Genet suppl 39:S48–S54, 2007; Carter, Nature Genet suppl 39:S16–S21, 2007;Feuk et al., Hum Molec Genet 15:R57–R66, 1998). The DNA segments serving as probes are chosen to represent the entire genome extending through chromosomes 1–22, X, and Y, allowing graphing of hybridization signals according to chromosome band and base pair coordinates (see examples in patient discussions below). Departures of hybridization ratios from equivalency indicate duplication (patient signal greater than control) or deletion (patient signal less than control), and the number of contiguous DNA segments showing signal alterations define the extent of duplication or deletion by reference to their coordinates in the human genome sequence.
Chemical Processing Requirements for Transuranium Element Production

Transuranium elements will be produced by long-term neutron irradiation of Pu-Al alloy to produce Pu242, Am243, and Cm244, which will be irradiated in the High Flux Isotope Reactor to produce berke...
The Impact of the COBRA Premium Subsidy on Coverage

The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 included a provision for the federal government to pay 65 percent of the premium for individuals who were covered under COBRA and who incurred an involuntary job loss between Sept. 1, 2008, and Dec. 31, 2009. The subsidy was made available for up to nine months, and was extended by Congress three times, with the last extension occurring in April 2010. This paper examines trends in coverage through a former employer to analyze the impact of the COBRA subsidy. There are widely conflicting estimates of how many people benefited from the COBRA subsidy, but generally there has been lower-than-expected take-up of the subsidy. This may be due to the fact that, even after the subsidy, COBRA premiums may not be affordable for many families, especially at a time when they have seen a decline in income and since health insurance is expensive even with the subsidy. Using data from the Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP), a nationally representative survey conducted by the Census Bureau, this analysis finds that the COBRA subsidies that became available in April 2009 do appear to have had an impact on the percentage of nonworkers with coverage through a former employer -- but they appear to have assisted far fewer than the estimated 7 million individuals. This has implications for the impact of the subsidies that will become available in 2014 under provisions of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010 (PPACA), and may mean the number of uninsured may not fall as much as predicted. The PDF for the above title, published in the October 2010 issue of EBRI Notes, also contains the fulltext of another October 2010 EBRI Notes article abstracted on SSRN: “Retirement Savings Shortfalls for Today’s Workers.
A generalization of ultraspherical polynomials

Some old polynomials of L. J. Rogers are orthogonal. Their weight function is given. The connection coefficient problem, which Rogers solved by guessing the formula and proving it by induction, is derived in a natural way and some other formulas are obtained. These polynomials generalize zonal spherical harmonics on spheres and include as special cases polynomials that are spherical functions on rank one spaces over reductive p-adic groups. A limiting case contains some Jacobi polynomials studied by Hylleraas that arose in work on the Yukawa potential.
A formal pattern architecture for safe medical systems

Design patterns have demonstrated major practical uses for cost savings and modular design in software engineering. For safety-critical systems, however, such patterns should also provide formal guarantees that critical safety properties are met. We leverage the power of rewriting logic and parameterization available in Real-Time Maude to add a formal basis for analysis of a novel safety pattern for medical devices. We demonstrate practicality and applicability of our pattern by instantiating it to a pacemaker specification, and we validate our pattern by verifying the safety invariant in the pacemaker instantiation.
Health, functioning, and participation of adolescents and adults with cerebral palsy: A review of outcomes research

With medical advances, more individuals with cerebral palsy (CP) syndromes who reside in developed countries are surviving to adolescence and adulthood. However, there continues to be a paucity of research examining long-term health, functional activities, and participatory outcomes over their life-course. This article reviews the current literature assessing adult outcomes for individuals with CP within the framework of the International Classification of Functioning (ICF), Disability, and Health model of enablement. Preliminary data over the last decade indicate that among adults with cerebral palsy without intellectual disability, 60–80% completed high school, 14–25% completed college, up to 61% were living independently in the community, 25–55% were competitively employed, and 14–28% were involved in long term relationships with partners or had established families. These outcomes occurred with biomedical advances in the management of spasticity, deformity, and medical co-morbidities, as well as with concurrent policy initiatives to increase access to a continuum of habilitative and education services. Although we have incomplete population data to inform comprehensive life-course planning, there are opportunities to create clinical and translational community networks with improved measures of functioning and participation that can better inform us about the factors influencing lifespan development of people with CP. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Disabil Res Rev 2013;18:84–94.
A synchronous-wave amplifier

The small-signal gain expression for an amplifier consisting of two resonant synchronous-wave couplers is presented and the results of an experimental investigation of such a tube are reported. Some theoretical studies of such an amplifier have been reported earlier but no experimental results have been given. The experimental tube operated at 3.00 kMc and employed a Brillouin flow beam with a dc power of 730 w. The saturation output power was 45 w. In general, the experimental results were in good qualitative agreement with the theory. The discrepancy between the theoretical gain of 13 db and the experimentally observed 8-db gain is attributed to thick-beam effects. Oscillations due to the interaction between the slow space-charge wave and the off-axis longitudinal circuit fields were observed, and it is pointed out that this effect may set some limitations on the gain that can be achieved in the sychronous-wave amplifier.
Carbon Dioxide in the Infra-Red Solar Spectrum

Wave-length measurements are given for lines in thirteen vibration-rotation bands of carbon dioxide observed between 1.5\ensuremath{\mu} and 2.1\ensuremath{\mu} in the infra-red solar spectrum and in the laboratory. The observations were made with the McGregor spectrometer and Cashman cell of the McMath-Hulbert Observatory. Among the thirteen bands, seven originate from the ground state and two from the first excited state of ${\mathrm{C}}^{12}$${\mathrm{O}}_{2}^{16}$. The remaining four are identified with ground state transitions in the isotopic molecules ${\mathrm{C}}^{13}$${\mathrm{O}}_{2}^{16}$ and ${\mathrm{C}}^{12}$${\mathrm{O}}^{16}$${\mathrm{O}}^{18}$. The rotational constants ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{1}$, ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{2}$, and ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{3}$ have been determined from analysis of the rotational structures. The mean value found for ${B}_{000}$ is 0.3906 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ and for the equilibrium position ${B}_{e}=0.3920$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$.
Low Latency Demodulation for Atomic Force Microscopes, Part II: Efficient Calculation of Magnitude and Phase

Abstract This paper describes methods for doing high-speed, low latency, coherent demodulation of signals for dynamic or AC mode in Atomic Force Microscopes (AFMs), Abramovitch (2010). These demodulation methods allow the system to extract signal information in as little as one cycle of the fundamental oscillation frequency. By having so little latency, the demodulator minimizes the time delay in the servo loop for an AC mode AFM. This in turn minimizes the negative phase effects of the demodulation allowing for higher speed scanning. Part I, Abramovitch (2011), of the paper describes the mixing and integration portion of the demodulator. This part describes efficient methods for extracting magnitude and phase. In particular, the CORDIC method compared to optimized table lookup operations and a phase-locked loop (PLL) based method. The latter two show a significant decrease in latency, with the PLL based method generating the magnitude and phase with virtually no extra latency and a significant savings in resources.
Excision repair (dimer excision, strand breakage and repair replication) in primary cultures of eukaryotic (bovine) cells

Abstract Excision repair of ultraviolet radiation damage to DNA in primary cultures of eukaryotic (bovine) cells can be demonstrated by the formation of DNA strand breaks after irradiation, excision of cyclobutyl pyrimidine dimers, and repair replication. Rapidly after irradiation (within 5 min) a steady state is established in which the number of strand breaks (8 000/cell at 100 ergs/ mm 2 ) and the rate at which bases are inserted by repair replication reach a constant level which is then maintained for several hours. Thereafter the number of strand breaks and the rate of repair replication diminish and 75 to 80% of the dimers are excised in 24 h. On the basis of the close correlation of the kinetics of the various aspects of excision repair, we have suggested that repair is effected by complexes of repair enzymes, each of which performs all steps of excision repair. Such complexes would insert between 70 and 140 bromouracil or thymine bases for each excised photoproduct and spend about 20 min for location of a photoproduct and completion of a repair region. Hydroxyurea did not interfere with rejoining of the strand breaks. Chloroquin, in contrast to reports in E. coli , had no specific effect on excision repair. Immediately after irradiation, cells exposed to high pH and a chelating agent (EDTA) lyse to release DNA more rapidly than control cells. This accelerated release, which may be the consequence of DNA strand breaks or UV damage to membranes and proteins, is lost by about 3 h after irradiation, suggestive of a recovery process distinct from excision repair.
Defining ankyloglossia: A case series of anterior and posterior tongue ties

Introduction: Ankyloglossia is a congenital condition in which tongue mobility is limited due to an abnormality of the lingual frenulum. The impact of ankyloglossia on breastfeeding is poorly understood but there is a recent trend toward more recognition of this condition and early intervention when needed. Currently, there lacks clear definition of ankyloglossia and different subtypes have been proposed with no clinical correlation. Objective: To determine the prevalence of anterior versus posterior ankyloglossia in a large series of consecutive patients and to assess clinical outcomes after frenotomy. Methods: Retrospective chart review of patients from July 2007 to July 2009 who were diagnosed with ankyloglossia and underwent office frenotomy. Baseline characteristics, specific feeding issues, type of ankyloglossia, and clinical outcomes after frenotomy were reviewed. Results: Of the 341 total patients, 322 (94%) had anterior ankyloglossia and 19 (6%) had posterior ankyloglossia. Median age at presentation was 2.7 weeks (range 1 day of life to 24 weeks); 227 were males and 114 were females. Revision frenotomy rates were significantly higher for the posterior ankyloglossia group (3.7% anterior and 21.1% posterior, p = 0.008). Conclusion: Anterior ankyloglossia is much more common and readily managed when compared to posterior ankyloglossia. Posterior ankyloglossia is a poorly recognized condition that may contribute to breastfeeding difficulties. The diagnosis is difficult due to the subtle clinical findings but relevant health care providers should be aware of this condition. Frenotomy is a simple, safe, and effective intervention for ankyloglossia which improves breastfeeding.
Organ and effective doses in newborn patients during helical multislice computed tomography examination

In this study, two computational phantoms of the newborn patient were used to assess individual organ doses and effective doses delivered during head, chest, abdomen, pelvis, and torso examinations using the Siemens SOMATOM Sensation 16 helical multi-slice computed tomography (MSCT) scanner. The stylized phantom used to model the patient anatomy was the revised ORNL newborn phantom by Han et al (2006 Health Phys.90 337). The tomographic phantom used in the study was that developed by Nipper et al (2002 Phys. Med. Biol. 47 3143) as recently revised by Staton et al (2006 Med. Phys. 33 3283). The stylized model was implemented within the MCNP5 radiation transport code, while the tomographic phantom was incorporated within the EGSnrc code. In both codes, the x-ray source was modelled as a fan beam originating from the focal spot at a fan angle of 52 degrees and a focal-spot-to-axis distance of 57 cm. The helical path of the source was explicitly modelled based on variations in collimator setting (12 mm or 24 mm), detector pitch and scan length. Tube potentials of 80, 100 and 120 kVp were considered in this study. Beam profile data were acquired using radiological film measurements on a 16 cm PMMA phantom, which yielded effective beam widths of 14.7 mm and 26.8 mm for collimator settings of 12 mm and 24 mm, respectively. Values of absolute organ absorbed dose were determined via the use of normalization factors defined as the ratio of the CTDI(100) measured in-phantom and that determined by Monte Carlo simulation of the PMMA phantom and ion chamber. Across various technique factors, effective dose differences between the stylized and tomographic phantoms ranged from +2% to +9% for head exams, -4% to -2% for chest exams, +8% to +24% for abdominal exams, -16% to -12% for pelvic exams and -7% to 0% for chest-abdomen-pelvis (CAP) exams. In many cases, however, relatively close agreement in effective dose was accomplished at the expense of compensating errors in individual organ dose. Per cent differences in organ dose between the stylized and tomographic phantoms at 120 kVp and 12 mm collimator setting ranged from -25% (skin) to +164% (muscle) for head exams, -92% (thyroid) to +98% (ovaries) for chest exams, -144% (uterus) to +112% (ovaries) for abdominal exams, -98% (SI wall) to +20% (thymus) for pelvic exams and -60% (extrathoracic airways) to +13% (ovaries) for CAP exams. Better agreement was seen between the two phantom types for organs entirely within the scan field. In these cases, corresponding per cent differences in organ absorbed dose did not vary more than 17%. For all scans, the effective dose was found to range approximately 1-13 mSv across the scan parameters and scan regions. The largest effective dose occurred for CAP scans at 120 kVp.
The relation of carnitine to the formation of phosphatidyl-β-methylcholine byTenebrio molitor L. Larvae

Results demonstrate thatTenebrio molitor larvae can incorporate β-methylcholine into their phospholipids and that β-methylcholine spares larval choline. Phosphatidyl-β-methylcholine is detected when larvae are reared on a diet in which choline is replaced by β-methylcholine. Results indicate that, in contrast to housefly and blowfly larvae,Tenebrio larvae do not metabolize carnitine to β-methylcholine. The same phospholipids were found with all rearing conditions. They were lecithin, sphingomyelin, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine and two others tentatively identified as cardiolipin and phosphatidylinositol. The ratio of lecithin to sphingomyelin and to the combined other phospholipids did not vary significantly, regardless of the rearing conditions. Larvae reared on diets lacking either choline or carnitine contained more lipid phosphorus per gram of tissue than those reared on a complete diet. The fatty acid composition of the neutral lipids was similar regardless of the rearing conditions. Oleic acid represented greater than 55% of the total fatty acids, and unsaturated fatty acids comprised 75–80% of the total. Palmitic acid was the predominant saturated fatty acid.
The Effects of Synthetic α-Subunit Peptides on Thyroid-Stimulating Immunoglobulin Activity*

Synthetic peptides, representing specific portions of the α-subunit of the human glycoprotein hormones, can inhibit both the binding of labeled TSH to thyroid membranes and adenylate cyclase stimulation by TSH in vitro. The same synthetic peptides (α26–46 and α31–45) significantly (P < 0.05) inhibited the adenylate cyclase-stimulating activity of thyroidstimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) from 10 patients with hyperthyroid Graves’ disease. Peptide α26–46 was the most potent, resulting in 79.1 ± 8.8% (± se) inhibition at 133 μg/mL, while peptide α31–45 inhibited TSI activity by 36.3 ± 5.2%. Peptides α61–75 and α81–92, that had only minimal ability to inhibit TSH-medicated cAMP generation, did not significantly inhibit TSI activity. The inhibitory action of α26–46 was dose dependent, and a significant negative correlation was found between the maximum TSI activity of the serum sample and the inhibition achieved by the synthetic peptide, suggesting that differences in TSI affinity and/or titer may account for ...
Cohenite as a pressure indicator in iron meteorites

To evaluate the usefulness of cohenite as a pressure indicator in iron meteorites, the thermodynamics and kinetics of its decomposition have been re-examined. Laboratory experiments on the decomposition of Fe3C at high pressures (Lipschutz and Anders, 1961b) failed to show the stabilization predicted by ringwood (1960), and it has therefore been necessary to revise the high-pressure portion of the Fe-C diagram. The stability field of Fe3C becomes greatly constricted, and the stabilisation of cohenite by high pressures no longer seems feasible. If iron meteorites had cooled slowly at pressures of 30–60 kb, ringwood and kaufman, 1962), cohenite should have decomposed in a matter of hours to graphite or diamond, at temperatures below 565–640°C. The times actually available for decomposition were longer by factors of 1010–1011, and the survival of cohenite therefore seems to require the assumption that nucleation was inhibited by a factor of this order. If the iron meteorites had originated at low pressures, precisely the same assumption (nucleation inhibited by a factor of 1010–1011) must be made. Hence there is no longer any reason to attribute the survival of cohenite to high pressures. Laboratory experiments show that the decomposition of cementite at 680° and 1 atm can indeed be inhibited by factors > 105. It does not seem unreasonable that meteoritic cohenite, having a much higher degree of crystal perfection, should be inhibited in its decomposition to an even greater extent.
Edge pedestal control in quiescent H-mode discharges in DIII-D using co-plus counter-neutral beam injection

We have made two significant discoveries in our recent studies of quiescent H-mode (QH-mode) plasmas in DIII-D. First, we have found that we can control the edge pedestal density and pressure by altering the edge particle transport through changes in the edge toroidal rotation. This allows us to adjust the edge operating point to be close to, but below the ELM stability boundary, maintaining the ELM-free state while allowing up to a factor of two increase in edge pressure. The ELM boundary is significantly higher in more strongly shaped plasmas, which broadens the operating space available for QH-mode and leads to improved core performance. Second, for the first time on any tokamak, we have created QH-mode plasmas with strong edge co-rotation; previous QH-modes in all tokamaks had edge counter-rotation. This result demonstrates that counter-NBI and edge-counter rotation are not essential conditions for QH-mode. Both these investigations benefited from the edge stability predictions based on peeling–ballooning mode theory. The broadening of the ELM-stable region with plasma shaping is predicted by that theory. The theory has also been extended to provide a model for the edge harmonic oscillation that enhances edge transport in the QH-mode. Many of the features of that theory agree with the experimental results reported either previously or in this paper. One notable example is the prediction that co-rotating QH-mode is possible provided sufficient shear in the edge rotation can be created.
Connections of cat auditory cortex: II. Commissural system

The commissural projections between thirteen areas of cat auditory cortex (AC) were studied using retrograde tracers. Areal and laminar origins were characterized as part of a larger study of thalamic input and cortical origins of projections to each area. Cholera toxin beta subunit (CTβ) and cholera toxin beta subunit gold conjugate (CTβG) were injected separately within an area or in different areas in an experiment. Areas were identified independently with SMI-32, which revealed differences in immunoreactivity in layers III, V, and VI. Each area received convergent AC input from 3 to 6 (mean: 5) contralateral areas. Most of the projections (>75%) were homotopic, and from topographically organized loci in the corresponding area. Heterotopic projections (>1 mm beyond the main homotopic projection) constituted ~25% of the input. Layers III and V contained >95% of the commissural neurons. Commissural projection neurons were clustered in all areas. Commissural divergence, assessed by double labeling, was less than 3% in each area. This sparse axonal branching is consistent with the essentially homotopic connectivity of the commissural system. The many heterotopic origins represent unexpected commissural influences converging upon an area. Areas more dorsal on the cortical convexity have commissural projections originating in layers III and V; more ventral areas favor layer III at the expense of layer V, to its near-total exclusion in some instances. Some areas have almost entirely layer III origins (temporal cortex and area AII) whereas others have a predominantly layer V input (anterior auditory field) or dual contributions from layers III and V (the dorsal auditory zone). A topographic distribution of commissural cells of origin is consistent with order observed in thalamocortical and corticocortical projections, and which characterizes all extrinsic projection systems (commissural, corticocortical, and thalamocortical) in all AC areas. Thus, laminar as well as areal differences in projection origin distinguish the auditory cortical commissural system.
A new spatial Iterative Learning Control approach for improved micro-Additive Manufacturing

Iterative Learning Control (ILC) is an effective control algorithm for improving tracking performance in stable or stabilizable systems that track a repetitive trajectory in time. For systems designed to track a position reference in time, there is a natural map between the temporal and spatial domains and researchers have exploited this map to develop spatial adaptations of ILC. However, there are systems in which the spatial coordinate does not have a unique mapping between time and space, such as additive manufacturing systems utilizing raster trajectories. New methods must be developed for these systems. We present a novel reformulation of ILC that is completely based on spatial coordinates. Two-dimensional convolution, as compared to one-dimensional convolution employed in temporal ILC, is applied to innately inform the algorithm the spatial proximity of measured data points. We show that the algorithm can be rewritten as a standard lifted-domain ILC update law, however with an embedded spatial map. Simulations incorporating a model of material ejection in a micro-Additive Manufacturing system demonstrate spatial ILC efficacy.
On Affluence and Economic Conflict

EXCHANGE IS A PECULIAR FORM of agreement in that the interests of the parties involved are partly in conflict.' Since ours is an exchange economy, the subject arises as to whether the scale of economic conflict should theoretically become less intense as the supply of goods produced by the economy's resources increases. The question considered here is whether high and growing per capita consumption would tend to lessen economic conflict among people for the economy's output of goods and services. In theory at least, conflict can be measured by the intensity with which the individual applies himself to the bargaining aspect of the exchange agreement and by the time input involved in bargaining. Exchange agreements may be defined as contracts negotiated in order to exchange labor services, non-monetary assets, or monetary assets among persons. It is the existence of mutual gains from trade which induces individuals to make contracts with one another, and each individual endeavors to drive a shrewd bargain in order that he may increase his total utility both absolutely and relatively to that of his fellows. Thus aggregate economic conflict among persons in society would seem to be a function of the number of agreements struck and the amount of bargaining which entered each of those agreements. In order to consider whether growing per capita consumption tends to reduce conflict, it is necessary to analyze the effect of affluence on each of these indicators of conflict.
Selective in vitro cytotoxicity of a glycolytic enzyme inhibitor for immature lymphoid cells.

Summary. A specific lactate dehydrogenase inhibitor, sodium oxamate, which prevents glycolytic resynthesis of ATP, has been shown to possess a significant, in vitro cytotoxic effect for EB2 cells and for the acute leukaemia lymphoblast. This result was obtained at an oxamate concentration of 0.08 M in TC 199 medium adjusted to physiological osmolality, in comparison with control cultures containing an equimolar concentration of sodium chloride. No significant oxamate cytotoxicity was found for normal marrow myeloid precursors or for blood lymphocytes and neutrophils, although a significant reduction in glycolysis-dependent neutrophil phagocytosis was obtained.
Stochastic production cost simulation

Abstract This paper describes a method of simulating the annual operational cost of an electrical power system. The significant aspects of this simulation method are: the method of simulation is chronological; the uncertainty of unit availability is modeled; and fuel/emission constraints are adaptively met (i.e. next week's fuel allocation is adjusted to account for past fuel usage and emissions).
Drosophila melanogaster as a model system for human brain cancers.

Glioblastomas (GBM), the most common primary brain tumors, infiltrate the brain, grow rapidly, and are refractory to current therapies. Signature genetic lesions in glioblastomas include mutation of the epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase (EGFR) receptor tyrosine kinase and activating mutations in components of the PI-3 kinase (PI3K) pathway. Despite years of study, how these pathways specifically regulate glial pathogenesis is unclear. To address the genetic and cellular origins of this disease, a novel Drosophila GBM model has been developed in which glial progenitor cells give rise to proliferative and invasive neoplastic cells that create transplantable tumors in response to constitutive co-activation of the EGFR-Ras and PI3K pathways. Standing with a rich literature demonstrating the direct relevance of Drosophila to studies on human cancer, neurological disease, and neurodevelopment, this model represents a robust cell-type specific Drosophila neurological disease model in which malignant cells are created by mutations in genetic pathways thought to be driving forces in a homologous human disease. Using lineage analysis and cell-type specific markers, neoplastic glial cells were found to originate from committed glial progenitor cells, rather than from multipotent neuroblasts. Genetic analyses demonstrated that EGFR-Ras and PI3K induce fly glial neoplasia through activation of a combinatorial genetic network composed, in part, of other genetic pathways also commonly mutated in human glioblastomas. In the future, large-scale forward genetic screens with this model may reveal new insights into the origins and treatments of human glioblastoma. © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The Judge over Your Shoulder:1 Is Adversarial Legalism Exceptionally American?

Robert Kagan's new book explores one of the fundamental issues in modem democracies: how to organize the policy process so as to best balance the fundamentally competing values of accountability, efficiency, and individual fairness. In essence, he argues that the American solution, with its emphasis on procedural protections, seems at first glance to emphasize individual fairness at some cost to accountability and efficiency, but actually ill serves not only accountability and efficiency but also individual fairness. He likens American-style legal and administrative justice to a major league baseball star who hits smashing home runs but bungles routine plays, and whose salary is so high that most ordinary people can't afford to get into the ballpark (p. 32). Similarly, American law, Kagan argues, produces compelling morality tales of (occasional) triumph by underdogs over corporate and bureaucratic intransigence, but is so costly, cumbersome, and inefficient that in routine matters it denies justice-and thus is unfair-to most ordinary Americans. Kagan favors a more bureaucratically centered process, one
QMachine: commodity supercomputing in web browsers

Ongoing advancements in cloud computing provide novel opportunities in scientific computing, especially for distributed workflows. Modern web browsers can now be used as high-performance workstations for querying, processing, and visualizing genomics’ “Big Data” from sources like The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and the International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC) without local software installation or configuration. The design of QMachine (QM) was driven by the opportunity to use this pervasive computing model in the context of the Web of Linked Data in Biomedicine. QM is an open-sourced, publicly available web service that acts as a messaging system for posting tasks and retrieving results over HTTP. The illustrative application described here distributes the analyses of 20 Streptococcus pneumoniae genomes for shared suffixes. Because all analytical and data retrieval tasks are executed by volunteer machines, few server resources are required. Any modern web browser can submit those tasks and/or volunteer to execute them without installing any extra plugins or programs. A client library provides high-level distribution templates including MapReduce. This stark departure from the current reliance on expensive server hardware running “download and install” software has already gathered substantial community interest, as QM received more than 2.2 million API calls from 87 countries in 12 months. QM was found adequate to deliver the sort of scalable bioinformatics solutions that computation- and data-intensive workflows require. Paradoxically, the sandboxed execution of code by web browsers was also found to enable them, as compute nodes, to address critical privacy concerns that characterize biomedical environments.
Inverse gas chromatography applications in polymer–solvent systems

Inverse gas chromatography (IGC) has been shown by previous efforts to be an efficient and reliable method of obtaining the solubility and diffusion coefficients of solvents in polymers when the solvents are infinitely dilute. We have extended the IGC method to finite concentrations and to multicomponent systems. The experimental procedures have been improved to provide data more efficiently without loss of accuracy.
Systems models for infrastructures

Abstract The paper analyzes the equations which model the growth of human populations and the accompanying infrastructure developments which are required to support the corresponding societies because of their direct or implicit dependence upon human needs. Systems methods are employed to treat the coupled non-linear phenomena, and numerical examples are displayed. The fundamental nature of the models is found to be logistic, and there is switching at critical points between regimes or phases of growth.
Direct observation of hydrogen-deuterium exchange in ethylidyne adsorbed on Pt(111)

Abstract The hydrogen isotope exchange reaction in ethylidyne adsorbed on Pt(111) was followed using static secondary ion mass spectrometry. The results are adequately described using a model in which exchange occurs sequentially.
Stress/strain characteristics of porcine mitral valve tissue: parallel versus perpendicular collagen orientation.

Mitral valve tissue was analyzed in uniaxial tension testing. Rectangular strips were excised from fresh, whole, porcine mitral valve leaflets, with the long axis in the following orientation: perpendicular to the annulus (posterior [PPERP] and anterior [APERP]), parallel to the annulus (posterior [PPAR] and anterior [CAPAR]), and parallel to the annulus and involving chordal insertions (anterior [MAPAR]). Basal and marginal chordae were also tested. These samples were tested in uniaxial tension (INSTRON Model 1000) at deformation rates of 5 and 10 mm/min, the load applied along the long axis of the strip. The specimens were preconditioned by cyclically loading from 0 to 4.0 g for five cycles, and then applying a final 50-g load. Whole excised porcine mitral valves were previously examined by small angle light scattering, polarized light microscopy, and routine histologic examination in order to ascertain the collagen fiber orientation throughout the valve. Groups tested in uniaxial tension with collagen fibers parallel to the applied stress are significantly stiffer than those with perpendicular fibers (p less than 0.001). Collagen fiber density is greater in the chordae than in the leaflets, and a corresponding increase in stiffness is demonstrated. This indicates that the mitral valve tissue behaves as a classic fiber reinforced composite, i.e., increasing mechanical stiffness (modulus) is related to density and direction of fibers. This information can be applied to the design of biosynthetic valve substitutes with a similar fiber reinforced composite structure.
Left atrial or ventricular cannulation beyond 30 days for a Thoratec ventricular assist device.

The authors used Thoratec left ventricular assist devices (VADs) for more than 30 days in eight patients. There were five left atrial (LA) (total, 513 days; range, 33-202 days) and three left ventricular (LV) cannulations (total, 484 days; range, 44-247 days). The flow provided by LA cannulation was less than that provided by LV cannulation. However, serial measurements of hematologic, renal, and hepatic function were similar for patients with LA and those with LV cannulation throughout support. Plasma free hemoglobin and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels were similar for LA and LV patients. The five LA patients had one transient ischemic attack, one reversible ischemic neurologic deficit, and one stroke. The LV patients had no neurologic events (p = 0.20; LA versus LV total neurologic events). One LA patient and one LV patient died during support. Three LA patients underwent transplant, and one LA patient recovered native cardiac function. Two LV patients underwent transplant. In certain situations (e.g., recent anterior myocardial infarction; small left ventricular dimensions) LA cannulation may be advantageous. Neurologic events may be more common in LA patients, but in our small group this difference could be attributable to chance alone. LA or LV cannulation for a Thoratec VAD can provide adequate circulatory support for more than 30 days.
Heat shock causes the collapse of the intermediate filament cytoskeleton in Drosophila embryos

Heat shock has a dramatic effect on the organization of the cytoplasm, causing the intermediate filament cytoskeleton to aggregate at the nucleus. This has previously been shown in cultured Drosophila and mammalian cells. In this paper we analyze the heat lability of the intermediate filament cytoskeleton in early Drosophila embryos by indirect immunofluorescence. At all stages of embryogenesis tested, the intermediate filament cytoskeleton, which is maternally provided, is severely disturbed by 30 min heat shock at 37 degrees C. After the nuclei have migrated to the subcortical cytoplasm, it collapses around them. Nuclei in all heat-shocked embryos are considerably enlarged and become displaced. Embryos before cellular blastoderm stage, in which heat shock protein synthesis is not inducible, are irreversibly arrested in development by heat shock. Embryos at or after cellular blastoderm, which do synthesize heat shock proteins in response to stress, are also immediately arrested in development but continue development when returned to 25 degrees C. We discuss the possibility that cytoplasmic events such as the intermediate filament cytoskeleton rearrangement may be involved in heat shock-mediated phenocopy induction.
Prolyl hydroxylase 2 dependent and Von-Hippel-Lindau independent degradation of Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 and 2 alpha by selenium in clear cell renal cell carcinoma leads to tumor growth inhibition

Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) accounts for more than 80% of the cases of renal cell carcinoma. In ccRCC deactivation of Von-Hippel-Lindau (VHL) gene contributes to the constitutive expression of hypoxia inducible factors 1 and 2 alpha (HIF-α), transcriptional regulators of several genes involved in tumor angiogenesis, glycolysis and drug resistance. We have demonstrated inhibition of HIF-1α by Se-Methylselenocysteine (MSC) via stabilization of prolyl hydroxylases 2 and 3 (PHDs) and a significant therapeutic synergy when combined with chemotherapy. This study was initiated to investigate the expression of PHDs, HIF-α, and VEGF-A in selected solid cancers, the mechanism of HIF-α inhibition by MSC, and to document antitumor activity of MSC against human ccRCC xenografts. Tissue microarrays of primary human cancer specimens (ccRCC, head & neck and colon) were utilized to determine the incidence of PHD2/3, HIF-α, and VEGF-A by immunohistochemical methods. To investigate the mechanism(s) of HIF-α inhibition by MSC, VHL mutated ccRCC cells RC2 (HIF-1α positive), 786–0 (HIF-2α positive) and VHL wild type head & neck cancer cells FaDu (HIF-1α) were utilized. PHD2 and VHL gene specific siRNA knockdown and inhibitors of PHD2 and proteasome were used to determine their role in the degradation of HIF-1α by MSC. We have demonstrated that ccRCC cells express low incidence of PHD2 (32%), undetectable PHD3, high incidence of HIF-α (92%), and low incidence of VEGF-A compared to head & neck and colon cancers. This laboratory was the first to identify MSC as a highly effective inhibitor of constitutively expressed HIF-α in ccRCC tumors. MSC did not inhibit HIF-1α protein synthesis, but facilitated its degradation. The use of gene knockdown and specific inhibitors confirmed that the inhibition of HIF-1α was PHD2 and proteasome dependent and VHL independent. The effects of MSC treatment on HIF-α were associated with significant antitumor activity against ccRCC xenograft. Our results show the role of PHD2/3 in stable expression of HIF-α in human ccRCC. Furthermore, HIF-1α degradation by MSC is achieved through PHD2 dependent and VHL independent pathway which is unique for HIF-α regulation. These data provide the basis for combining MSC with currently used agents for ccRCC.
Experimental studies of fiber surface roughness characterization by laser backscattering

The application of laser backscattering to the characterization of fiber surface roughness was studied experimentally using instruments based on optical Fourier transforms. Applications included comparing surface roughness of various fibers, measuring the effect of fiber delustering with TiO2 and detecting surface crystallization. The optical transform method was found to be a simple means of providing nonintrusive, real-time measurements of fiber surface structure.
Utilizing the onset of time-lapse changes: a robust basis for reservoir monitoring and characterization

Time-lapse monitoring is useful for imaging changes in geophysical attributes due to fluid flow. In trying to use time-lapse data for reservoir characterization, difficulties often arise when relating changes in geophysical observations to changes in fluid saturation and pressure. As an alternative approach for reservoir monitoring and characterization, we introduce the idea of an onset time, the time at which a measured quantity, such as a seismic traveltime or a reflection amplitude, begins to deviate from its background value. We illustrate the idea and demonstrate its utility through the consideration of traveltimes recorded by the continuous active source seismic monitoring system at the Frio pilot site near Houston, Texas. The system, which transmits an elastic wave every 15 min, is used to monitor the movement of carbon dioxide injected into a permeable sand formation. From these data we can estimate the onset of changes in seismic traveltimes to six receivers in an adjacent borehole. Numerical simulation and synthetic tests indicate that the onset times are not very sensitive to the method used to compute the effective fluid bulk modulus and, correspondingly, the seismic compressional velocity. Rather, the onset times are strongly influenced by saturation changes within the formation, specifically by the break-through time of the injected fluid phase. By means of an iterative inversion algorithm we use the onset times to estimate permeability variations between the boreholes at the Frio pilot site. © The Authors 2014. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Royal Astronomical Society.
ACM multimedia interactive art program: interaction stations

The Interaction Stations Exhibit features screen-based, interactive works that align with the new conference themes, and integrate into the physical setting of the conference center. In this paper we describe our motivation for this format, as well as the works selected and larger connections.
Meaning Making, Uncertainty Reduction, and the Functions of Autobiographical Memory: A Relational Framework:

Three interrelated propositions are used to formulate a conceptual framework for understanding how the widely reported functions of autobiographical memory (a.m.)—the self, social, and directive fu...
Electrographic Evidence of Impaired Brain Function in Chronically Anxious Patients

In a study of cerebral function by electroencephalographic techniques the following observations have been made. (i) In intact subjects, repeated stimulation with bright light causes a predictable change (alpha blocking) in the electroencephalogram, whereas repeated auditory stimulation does not. (ii) If, however, an auditory stimulus is presented repeatedly just before the visual stimulus, the sound temporarily but predictably acquires the property of the light to suppress the alpha activity. (iii) This linkage between sound and light occurs much less frequently in human subjects with known amounts of structural brain damage. (iv) A similar electrophysiological defect, implying impairment of brain function, occurs in patients showing severe anxiety during prolonged periods of difficulty in over-all adaptation.
Rationalization of financial statement fraud in government: An Austrian perspective

Abstract This paper develops a conceptual framework that explains how existing opportunities and incentives for committing financial statement fraud in government translate into the rationalization of such fraud. The analytical approach is theoretical. The rationalization of financial statement fraud is analyzed through the lenses of a theory of entrepreneurship rooted in Austrian economics. Entrepreneurship, while generally seen as a positive force for economic productivity, is viewed as a source of deception. The framework illustrates that financial statement fraud has its origins in political, rather than economic incentives, and that it is rationalized by elected rather than non-elected officials. Due to a lower proportion of creditors and investors with vested interests in the framework, it is also concluded that the detection process of financial statement fraud in government tend to exhibit less “alertness” than in private sector contexts. Specific techniques associated with financial statement fraud therefore tend to persist over relatively long periods of time.
Moves that matter: Issue selling and organizational change.

In this study, we examined 82 accounts of “issue selling” to better understand managers' implicit theories for successfully shaping change from below by directing the attention of top management. T...