cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Monopoles and Fiber Bundles

The magnetic monopole is the magnetic charge. While the idea of magnetic monopoles must have been discussed in classical physics early in the history of electricity and magnetism, modern discussions date back to 1931 in the important paper of Dirac1 in which he pointed out that magnetic monopoles in quantum mechanics exhibit some extra and subtle features. In particular, with the existence of a magnetic monopole of strength g, electric charges and magnetic charges must necessarily be quantized, in quantum mechanics. We shall give a new derivation of this result in a few minutes.
Transition Threshold and the Self-Sustaining Process

The self-sustaining process is a fundamental and generic three-dimensional nonlinear process in shear flows. It is responsible for the existence of non-trivial traveling wave and time-periodic states. These states come in pairs, an upper branch and a lower branch. The limited data available to date suggest that the upper branch states provide a good first approximation to the statistics of turbulent flows. The upper branches may thus be understood as the “backbone” of the turbulent attractor while the lower branches might form the backbone of the boundary separating the basin of attraction of the laminar state from that of the turbulent state. Evidence is presented that the lower branch states tend to purely streaky flows, in which the streamwise velocity has an essential spanwise modulation, as the Reynolds number R tends to infinity. The streamwise rolls sustaining the streaks and the streamwise undulation sustaining the rolls, both scale like R −1 in amplitude, just enough to overcome viscous dissipation. It is argued that this scaling is directly related to the observed R −1 transition threshold. These results also indicate that the exact coherent structures never bifurcate from the laminar flow, not even at infinity. The scale of the key elements, streaks, rolls and streamwise undulation, remain of the order of the channel size. However, the higher x-harmonics show a slower decay with R than naively expected. The results indicate the presence of a warped critical layer.
Breakup and Accretional History of Parent Bodies, Meteoroid Shape and Erosion, and Terrestrial Ages of Meteorites

Cosmic rays consist mainly of protons with mean energies of about one GeV. The mean absorption depth for such a particle and the energetic secondary particles it produces is about a meter. Thus, meteoroids with dimensions of the order of meters or less are subjected to continuous cosmic-ray irradiation in space.
Chapter 11 – Development

The area of descriptive and comparative developmental biology has long been used as evidence of evolution—especially of common descent. Because early embryos of groups as different as fish and mammals resemble each other so closely in their early stages, a common line of descent seems to be indicated. Also, the presence of features in embryos that are absent in adults illustrated some more particular evolutionary histories—such as hind limbs in the embryos of dolphins and whales and the presence of gill slits in the embryos of terrestrial vertebrates. Today the fields of developmental biology and genomics have undergone a synthesis that has illustrated the very important role that early developmental changes can have in the creation of new forms and the divergence of species. The commonality of many genes acting as developmental “switches” plus the divergence in the number and role of these switches has gone a long way toward explaining the divergence of adult morphologies. The MADS-box genes in plants and the HOX genes in animals are two of the better known and understood sets of such developmental switching genes, also known as homeotic genes. Many developmental pathways have been simplified through the elimination or deletion of some developmental features. Examples here would the loss of teeth in birds, the loss of eyes in some cave animals, and even the loss of the “adult” stage in the axolotl salamander.
Blast exposure elicits blood-brain barrier disruption and repair mediated by tight junction integrity and nitric oxide dependent processes

Mild blast-induced traumatic brain injury (TBI) is associated with blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption. However, the mechanisms whereby blast disrupts BBB integrity are not well understood. To address this issue BBB permeability to peripherally injected 14C-sucrose and 99mTc-albumin was quantified in ten brain regions at time points ranging from 0.25 to 72 hours. In mice, repetitive (2X) blast provoked BBB permeability to 14C-sucrose that persisted in specific brain regions from 0.25 to 72 hours. However, 99mTc-albumin revealed biphasic BBB disruption (open-closed-open) over the same interval, which was most pronounced in frontal cortex and hippocampus. This indicates that blast initiates interacting BBB disruption and reparative processes in specific brain regions. Further investigation of delayed (72 hour) BBB disruption revealed that claudin-5 (CLD5) expression was disrupted specifically in the hippocampus, but not in dorsal striatum, a brain region that showed no blast-induced BBB permeability to sucrose or albumin. In addition, we found that delayed BBB permeability and disrupted CLD5 expression were blocked by the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME). These data argue that latent nitric oxide-dependent signaling pathways initiate processes that result in delayed BBB disruption, which are manifested in a brain-region specific manner.
The Associated Friends in Volume 2:2

Manuscript Given by Dr. Gabriel Wells. President Lincoln in 1863. Building the Library with a Will.
Novel developments in the treatment of acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections

Introduction: Acute bacterial skin and skin structure infection (ABSSSI) represents a major burden for healthcare systems. The increased prevalence of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, combined with the limited availability of microbiologic data when treating ABSSSI, has led to a need for more convenient, less toxic anti-MRSA agents. Recent approvals have added several agents to the antibiotic armamentarium that provide an expanded spectrum of activity and ease of administration compared to older agents. Areas covered: In this review, the authors discuss updated approaches to the management of ABSSSI. They also provide a review of recent FDA approved antibiotics and emerging investigational agents for treatment of ABSSSI. Expert opinion: Several new antibiotic agents have received FDA approval through the revised guidance on ABSSSI clinical trials with advantages of activity against MRSA and ease of administration. In theory, this may translate to reducing the utilization of healthcare resources by allowing for earlier discharge and reducing the need for outpatient parenteral therapy. While the approval of new agents offers the opportunity to improve and simplify treatment of ABSSSI, it is more important now than ever to use these agents in a responsible manner.
The Future of Access Technology for Blind and Visually Impaired People.

Many new products and services coming into general use or in the research stage may have considerable benefits for blind and visually impaired people. However, these newer technologies are not yet ...
Application of an adsorption isotherm to explain incomplete drug release from ordered mesoporous silica materials under supersaturating conditions.

Abstract Ordered mesoporous silica (OMS) materials have received significant attention in recent years for use as effective supersaturating oral delivery systems for poorly water-soluble drugs. Whilst OMS materials are indeed capable of generating drug supersaturation, previous research has demonstrated incomplete drug release to always be a feature of OMS formulations. A dynamic adsorption equilibrium between drug adsorbed to OMS and free drug in solution has been hypothesized as the underlying cause of incomplete release. Therefore, the aim of this study was to characterize the adsorption of hydrophobic ritonavir (as a model poorly water-soluble drug) to OMS from supersaturated solutions. Importantly, this study represents the first report of drug adsorption by mesoporous materials under supersaturating conditions. Extensive adsorption of ritonavir from solution by mesoporous SBA-15 silica was observed for the concentration range spanning below the crystalline solubility to slightly above the amorphous solubility of ritonavir, with the extent of drug adsorption increasing with the extent of supersaturation. The Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) isotherm equation (adapted for solution phase adsorption) provided the best fit to the adsorption data (R2 = 0.94) and afforded important mechanistic insights. Hydrogen bonding between ritonavir and SBA-15 surface silanols drives adsorption from subsaturated/saturated solutions, whereas the increased thermodynamic activity of the drug drives adsorption from supersaturated solutions. These observations account for the incomplete release of drug molecules from OMS materials under both dilute and supersaturating conditions. In summary, the high surface free energy of OMS materials and high reactivity of surface silanol moieties leads to incomplete drug release under a wide range of dissolution conditions. The findings described herein have significant implications for the application of OMS materials for oral drug delivery, especially for poorly water-soluble drugs which rely on supersaturation for adequate exposure in vivo.
Predicting Eating Events in Free Living Individuals -- A Technical Report

This technical report records the experiments of applying multiple machine learning algorithms for predicting eating and food purchasing behaviors of free-living individuals. Data was collected with accelerometer, global positioning system (GPS), and body-worn cameras called SenseCam over a one week period in 81 individuals from a variety of ages and demographic backgrounds. These data were turned into minute-level features from sensors as well as engineered features that included time (e.g., time since last eating) and environmental context (e.g., distance to nearest grocery store). Algorithms include Logistic Regression, RBF-SVM, Random Forest, and Gradient Boosting. Our results show that the Gradient Boosting model has the highest mean accuracy score (0.7289) for predicting eating events before 0 to 4 minutes. For predicting food purchasing events, the RBF-SVM model (0.7395) outperforms others. For both prediction models, temporal and spatial features were important contributors to predicting eating and food purchasing events.
Improving heterologous protein expression in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 for alpha-bisabolene production.

Abstract Cyanobacterial biofuels have the potential to reduce the cost and climate impacts of biofuel production because primary carbon fixation and conversion to fuel are completed together in the cultivation of the cyanobacteria. Cyanobacterial biofuels, therefore, do not rely on costly organic carbon feedstocks that heterotrophs require, which reduces competition for agricultural resources such as arable land and freshwater. However, the published product titer achieved for most molecules of interest using cyanobacteria lag behind what has been achieved using yeast and Escherichia coli (E. coli) cultures. In Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 (S. 6803), we attempted to increase the product titer of the sesquiterpene, bisabolene, which may be converted to bisabolane, a possible diesel replacement. We tested 19 strains of genetically modified S. 6803 with five different codon usage sequences of the bisabolene synthase from the grand fir tree (Abies grandis). At least three ribosome binding sites (most designed using the RBS Calculator) were tested for each codon usage sequence. We also tested strains with and without the farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase gene from E. coli. Bisabolene titers after five days of growth in continuous light ranged from un-detected to 7.8 ​mg/L. Bisabolene synthase abundance was measured and found to be well correlated with titer. Select strains were also tested in 12:12 light:dark cycles, where similar titers were reached after the same amount of light exposure time. One engineered strain was also tested in photobioreactors exposed to a simulated outdoor light pattern with maximum light intensity of 1600 ​μmol photons m−2 s−1. Here, the bisabolene titer reached 22.2 ​mg/L after 36 days of growth. Dramatic improvements in our ability to control gene expression in cyanobacteria such as S. 6803, and the co-utilization of additional metabolic engineering methods, are needed in order for these titers to improve to the levels reported for engineered E. coli.
P65 Advanced neonatal nurse practitioner (ANNP) review of neonatal antibiotics in 36hours to improve antibiotics stewardship

Aim To ensure neonates in transitional care and postnatal wards are receiving antibiotics appropriately. NICE CG1491 advises to consider stopping antibiotics at 36 hours in babies given antibiotics because of risk factors for infection or clinical indicators of possible infection where: the blood culture is negative, the levels and trends of C-reactive protein (crp) concentration are reassuring and no clinical indicators of possible infection Neonatal unit was excluded from this study; since daily clinician led ward rounds to review antibiotics already occur. Antibiotics not reviewed in the 36 hour time frame were due to delays in receiving the second crp level. Daily ward rounds to review antibiotics in neonates were not happening on transitional care and postnatal wards, thus to ensure regular care, advanced neonatal nurse practitioner led reviews were implemented. Method A crp sample should be taken after delivery and in babies given antibiotics because of possible infection, the crp concentration is measured again 18–24 hours after presentation. The role of the ANNP is to ensure both crp levels are checked and the blood culture is negative, with the aim of stopping antibiotics at 36 hours before the second dose of gentamicin is due. In summary neonates that do not need antibiotics should have only had approximately 3 doses of benzylpenicillin and 1 dose of gentamicin. Audits were carried out on neonates in transitional care and postnatal wards who were receiving antibiotics. The initial base line audit was done over 3 months to assess if antibiotics were reviewed in 36 hours. This was deduced by a signature from the ANNP either stating on the drug chart that antibiotics would continue for 5 days until crp has decreased or the antibiotic would be discontinued if the crp was low. This audit was repeated a year later. Results During the first 3 months audit the proportion of babies having their antibiotics reviewed within 36 hour time frame rose from 3% in month 1 to 25% and 50% in months 2 and 3 consecutively. During the second 3 month audit, the proportion of babies having their antibiotics reviewed was 78% in month 1 and 80% in the following two months. The first audit showed a rapid improvement, whereas the second audit showed an significant improvement compared to the end of the first audit, which was sustained throughout the full three months. Conclusion The ANNP was a simple and no cost solution in ensuring antibiotic stewardship was consistent throughout neonates, reducing the length of stay of neonates and their mothers. The 20% of babies who are still not having a 36 hour review may be because of delays in blood cultures reaching the laboratories to commence incubation. Reference Neonatal infection (early onset): antibiotics for prevention and treatment. NICE CCG149 2012.
Microbial Sharing between Pediatric Patients and Therapy Animals during Hospital Animal-Assisted Intervention Programs

Abstract Background Microbial sharing between humans and animals has been demonstrated in a variety of settings. However, the extent of microbial sharing that occurs within the healthcare setting during animal-assisted intervention programs, a validated and valuable part of holistic patient wellness, is unknown. Understanding microbial transmission between patients and therapy animals can provide important insights into potential health benefits for patients, in addition to addressing concerns regarding potential pathogen transmission that limits program utilization. This study evaluated the potential for microbial sharing between pediatric patients and therapy dogs, and tested whether patient-dog contact level and a dog decolonization protocol modified this sharing. Methods and Results Patients, therapy animals, and the hospital environment were sampled before and after every group therapy session and samples underwent 16S rRNA sequencing to characterize microbial communities. Both patients and animals experienced changes in the relative abundance and overall diversity of their nasal microbiome, suggesting that exchange of microorganisms had occurred. Increased contact was associated with greater sharing between patients and therapy animals, as well as between patients. A topical chlorhexidine-based dog decolonization intervention was associated with decreased microbial sharing between therapy dogs and patients, particularly from the removal of rarer microbiota from the dog, but did not significantly affect sharing between patients. Conclusion These data suggest that the therapy animal is both a potential source of and a vehicle for the transfer of microorganisms to patients but not necessarily the only source. The relative contribution of other potential sources (e.g., other patients, the hospital environment) should be further explored to determine their relative importance.
LRET-derived HADDOCK structural models describe the conformational heterogeneity required for processivity of the Mre11-Rad50 DNA damage repair complex

The Mre11-Rad50-Nbs1 protein complex is one of the first responders to DNA double strand breaks. Studies have shown that the catalytic activities of the evolutionarily conserved Mre11-Rad50 (MR) core complex depend on an ATP-dependent global conformational change that takes the macromolecule from an open, extended structure in the absence of ATP to a closed, globular structure when ATP is bound. We have previously identified an additional 9partially open9 conformation using Luminescence Resonance Energy Transfer (LRET) experiments. Here, a combination of LRET and the molecular docking program HADDOCK was used to further investigate this partially open state and identify three conformations of ATP-bound MR in solution: closed, partially open, and open, which are in addition to the extended, apo conformation. These models are supported with mutagenesis and SAXS data that corroborate the presence of these three states and suggest a mechanism for the processivity of the MR complex along the DNA.
Silicon Quantum Photonic Integrated Circuits Comprising Superconducting Nanostripe Single-Photon Detectors

We report on design, fabrication, and characterization of silicon quantum photonic integrated circuits comprising superconducting nanostripe single-photon detectors integrated with dielectric optical waveguides. In order to enhance absorption of photons by the superconducting nanostripes, the detectors are located directly on the dielectric waveguide core.
Whole-genome sequence and broad-spectrum antibacterial activity of Chryseobacterium cucumeris strain MW-6 isolated from the Arabian Sea.

In the current study, Chryseobacterium cucumeris strain MW-6 isolated from Arabian seawater exhibited broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against indicator bacterial pathogens. The partially extracted antibacterial metabolites with ethyl acetate revealed promising activity against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhimurium, Listeria monocytogenes, and Staphylococcus aureus. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined against indicator strains that ranged from 65–90 µg/ml. The genome size of C. cucumeris MW-6 is 4.81 Mbs containing 4227 coding DNA sequences, 74 tRNAs, 3 rRNAs, and 3 ncRNAs genes with 36.90% GC contents. The genome harbors nine putative biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) involved in the biosynthesis of lanthipeptide, NRPS-like, RiPPs-like, terpene, microviridin, T1PKS (hg1E-KS), resorcinol, and siderophore. Additionally, the strain encodes genes for sodium/proton antiporter, glutathione, superoxide dismutase, and cold shock protein to survive under stress conditions such as osmotic, oxidative, and cold shock. These putative BGCs and stress-related genes can be associated with in-vitro antibacterial activities and adaptation of this strain to the marine environment.
Geotemporal vectors of coastal geomorphological change interacting with National Park Service management policy at Great Kills Park, Gateway National Recreation Area, USA

Abstract The trend and episodes of erosion at Great Kills Park, part of the National Park Service, are products of the origin of the park's location and the impact of a negative sediment budget. Management response to the impacts of erosion is somewhat limited by National Park Service philosophy, but some options remain because the negative sediment budget is a product of barriers to sediment transport updrift of the Park. The erosional situation is exacerbated by an exposure of an antecedent backmarsh feature within the Park that is affecting the inshore pattern of incident waves. Recent monitoring data indicate planform conformity to an updrift log-spiral erosional bluff that extends downdrift to a site with beach and dune features. Despite a general net negative sediment budget in the profile, the dune feature is increasing in volume as it shifts inland, fitting models of foredune development. Seasonal monitoring of the topography records that storms cause a stepwise inland displacement of an updrift portion of the Park and a more linear displacement in the downdrift portion. Among the options consistent with management policy responding to the negative sediment budget issue is an opportunity to work within the scale of the small sediment transport cell and backpass sediment toward the updrift margin of the cell.
Reproduction of Paramyxoviruses

The paramyxovirus group is a large one which includes the parainfluenza viruses types 1–5, Newcastle disease, and mumps viruses. Measles, canine distemper, and rinderpest viruses form a distinct subgroup on the basis of antigenicity, hemagglutinating characteristics, and lack of evidence for a virion-associated neuraminidase or neuraminic acid-containing cellular receptors. However, it is now generally accepted that these viruses should also be included in the paramyxovirus group because of their similar structural properties. Other more recently isolated viruses which have been classified as paramyxoviruses on the basis of morphological and biological properties are Yucaipa (Dinter et al., 1964) and Nariva (Walder, 1971) viruses. Table 1 lists paramyxoviruses and their primary hosts.
THE PHARMACOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY OF PARASITIC HELMINTHS.

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews some of the recent studies concerning the carbohydrate metabolism and neuromuscular system of some parasitic helminths. The known effects of a relatively small number of chemical agents on these systems have also been discussed. In spite of the early recognition of the differences among members of different phyla, many biologists ignored this fact in their approach to the study of the effect of chemical agents on these organisms. Some of them have used animals of a phylum other than those that include the parasitic helminths. The differences can be established not only by the presence or absence of a certain physiological or biochemical system but also by systems that carry on the same function in different parasites. The biochemical and physiological differences between the host and parasitic helminths has been demonstrated at various levels: on the intact organisms, on cell-free extracts, and on isolated enzyme systems. It has been observed that many of the chemotherapeutic agents that are now in use against helminths owe their effect to a selective action on certain physiological or biochemical processes in the parasite. Advances in the chemotherapy of helminthiasis should depend greatly on more knowledge concerning the physiology, biochemistry, and pharmacology of these animals. The presence of the same metabolic pathway or the same physiological process in the host and parasite does not rule out differences between the two. Such differences have been shown to occur even among enzymes catalyzing the same reactions. Further studies along these lines must lead to the development of more effective and less toxic chemotherapeutic agents.
Role of Miscellaneous Forging & Stamping In the Economy of Jefferson County

The miscellaneous forging and stamping industry is an important part of the history and economy of Jefferson County in Pennsylvania. The industry creates jobs and compensation for workers and generates tax revenues in the County.
Rethinking elite integration

Repenser l’integration des elites : les mourzas de Crimee et l’evolution de la noblesse russeDans la Russie tsariste, l’integration des elites etait une composante cruciale de l’edification de l’empire. Alors que les statuts auxquels pretendaient les elites non russes, ou qui leur etaient attribues, aidaient a determiner la relation entre le centre et la peripherie, l’integration des elites revetait une dimension latitudinale non moins importante. Une etude attentive des nuances de ce processus dans la province de Tauride (l’ex-khanat de Crimee) suggere que l’anoblissement des personnages importants des regions limitrophes engendrait une reconceptualisation des implications et de l’accessibilite au statut de noble dans tout l’Empire. Le cas etudie dans cet article, celui des mourzas de Crimee, propose de repenser la geographie des categories sociales et les dynamiques du processus par lequel les officiels et les elites organisaient la societe noble a la fin du xviiie et au tout debut du xixe siecle. Les mourzas formaient un groupe de population tres peu nombreux – jamais plus de cinq cents individus a une epoque donnee – mais ils etaient musulmans dans une periode de tolerance religieuse, anciens vassaux du sultan a l’epoque de la rivalite russo-ottomane et heritiers des traditions de la steppe alors que la Russie tentait de se reinventer comme un Etat europeen. De ce fait, determiner si et comment un mourza pouvait etre anobli avait des implications ideologiques et logistiques tres diverses pour la societe imperiale.
Deuteron EDM Polarimetry

Following an introduction to the physics motivation for the search for an intrinsic electric dipole moment, the possibility of developing a storage ring search using a polarized deuteron beam is reviewed. Such a search involves continuous monitoring of the deuteron beam polarization during the beam store. Polarimeter concepts for this project are developed.
The cooperation of adipocytes and stromal cells in the secretion of prostaglandins by rat adipose tissue is not influenced by diet

This study examined the influence of dietary essential fatty acids on the cooperativity of isolated adipocytes and stromal-vascular cells in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Sprague-Dawley rats were fed either a diet rich in essential fatty acids (20% corn oil) or a diet poor in essential fatty acids (20% tallow) for 4 wk. Preparations containing primarily adipose cells (adipocytes) or stromal-vascular cells (nonfat cells) were obtained from epididymal fat pads by collagenase digestion and repeatedly washed. Prostaglandin production was evaluated in basal and epinephrine-stimulated media after incubation with either adipocytes or adipocytes+nonfat cells. Prostaglandin E2 and prostacyclin production by adipocytes+nonfat cells was dose-dependent with epinephrine stimulation in cells from rats fed both diets. Both prostaglandin E2 and glycerol release in response to epinephrine (10-100 mumol/L) stimulation from adipocytes or from adipocytes+nonfat cells were significantly higher for cells from corn oil-fed rats than for cells from tallow-fed rats. Regardless of dietary treatment, epinephrine-stimulated prostaglandin E2 and prostacyclin release from adipocytes+nonfat cells was much greater than from adipocytes. These results suggest that a diet high in essential fatty acids precipitates a higher prostaglandin E2 secretion and that nonfat cells potentiate the secretion of prostaglandin E2 and prostacyclin by adipocytes regardless of diet.
The Impact of Chlorophyll-Retention Mutations, d1d2 and cyt-G1, during Embryogeny in Soybean

The ultrastructural, physiological, and molecular changes in developing and mature seeds were monitored in a control line (Glycine max [L.] Merr., cv Clark) that exhibited seed degreening and two mutant lines (d1d2 and cyt-G1) that retained chlorophyll upon seed maturation. Ultrastructural studies showed that the control line had no internal membranes, whereas stacked thylakoid membranes were detected in the green seed from the mutant lines. Pigment analyses indicated that total chlorophyll was lowest in the mature seeds of the control line. Mature d1d2 and cyt-G1 seed had elevated Chl a and Chl b levels, respectively. In both control and mutant lines, Lhcb1, Lhcb2, and RbcS mRNAs were abundant in embryos prior to cotyledon filling, declined after the onset of storage protein accumulation, and were barely detectable or undetectable in all later stages of seed development. Therefore, the chlorophyll-retention phenotype must be a result of the alteration of a process that occurs after translation of photosynthesis-related mRNAs to stabilize apoprotein and pigment levels. Furthermore, different elements controlling either the synthesis or turnover of Chl a and Chl b must be impaired in the d1d2 and cyt-G1 lines. No reproducible differences in total leaf, embryonic, and chloroplast protein profiles and plastid DNAs could be correlated with the mutations that induced chlorophyll retention.
Extrinsic determinants of retinal ganglion cell structure in the cat

The degree to which a retinal ganglion cell's environment can affect its morphological development was studied by manipulating the distribution of ganglion cells in the developing cat retina. In the newborn kitten there is an exuberant ganglion cell projection from temporal retina to the contralateral lateral geniculate nucleus (LGNd) (Leventhal et al., 1988) and from nasal retina to the ipsilateral LGNd. Neonatal, unilateral optic tract section results in the survival of many of these ganglion cells (Leventhal et al., 1988). The morphology of ganglion cells which survive in regions of massively reduced ganglion cell density was studied. As reported previously (Linden and Perry, 1982; Perry and Linden, 1982; Ault et al., 1985; Eysel et al., 1985), we found that the dendritic fields of all types of ganglion cells on the border of an area depleted of ganglion cells extended into the depleted area. The cell bodies and dendritic fields of alpha and beta cells within depopulated areas, as well as on the borders of the depopulated areas, were larger than normal. The dendritic fields of these cells also exhibited abnormal branching patterns. For alpha and beta cell types the relative increase in size tended to be greatest where the relative change in density was the greatest. In fact, isolated beta cells within the cell-poor area centralis region resembled normal central alpha cells in the cell-rich region of the area centralis in the same retina. Interestingly, in the same regions of reduced density where alpha and beta cells were dramatically larger than normal, the cell body and dendritic field sizes of other cell types (epsilon, g1 and g2 were unchanged. These results indicate that neuronal interactions during development contribute to the morphological differentiation of retinal ganglion cells and that different mechanisms mediate the morphological development of different classes of cells in cat retina.
Solution to a problem of S. Payne

A problem posed by S. Payne calls for determination of all linearized polynomials f(x) ∈ F 2 n [x] such that f(x) and f(x)/x are permutations of F 2 n and F* 2 n respectively. We show that such polynomials are exactly of the form f(x) = ax 2k with a ∈ F* 2 n and (k, n) = 1. In fact, we solve a q-ary version of Payne's problem.
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Smoking Cessation: A Practical Guidebook to the Most Effective Treatments

The Consequences of Smoking and the Nature of Tobacco Dependence. Preparing Smokers to Quit. Time to Quit. Medications to Aid Quitting. Handling Withdrawal and Dealing with Lapses. Addressing Weight Gain Concerns. Cessation Treatment for Subpopulations and Smokers with Comorbid Conditions. Follow-up and Long-term Maintenance.
Aluminum Compounds, Organic

The article contains sections titled: 1. Introduction 2. Alkylaluminums and Derivatives 2.1. Physical Properties 2.2. Chemical Properties 2.2.1. Reactions with Olefins 2.2.2. Reactions with Oxygen 2.2.3. Reactions with Metal Compounds 2.2.4. Reactions with Proton-Donating Materials 2.2.5. Alkylaluminums in Organic Synthesis 2.3. Production of Trialkylaluminums and Alkylaluminum Chlorides 2.3.1. Hydroalumination to Produce Trialkylaluminums 2.3.2. Reaction of Aluminum With Alkyl Halides to Make Alkylaluminum Sesquichlorides 2.3.3. Reduction of Alkylaluminum Sesquichlorides to Make Trialkylaluminums 2.3.4. Reaction of Acids With Trialkylaluminums to Produce Alkylaluminum Chlorides 2.3.5. Reproportionation Reactions 2.3.6. Olefin Elimination and Displacement Reactions 2.3.7. Other Organoaluminum Conversions 2.4. Uses of Alkylaluminum Compounds 2.4.1. Stoichiometric Applications 2.4.2. Catalytic Applications 2.5. Quality Specifications 3. Aluminoxanes 3.1. Production 3.2. Physical and Chemical Properties 3.3. Uses 3.3.1. Mechanism of Polymerization Using Aluminoxanes 3.3.2. Production of Stereoregular Polymers using Aluminoxanes 3.3.3. Polymers Produced by Aluminoxanes 3.4. Analysis and Quality Specifications 4. Handling, Storage, and Transportation 5. Waste Disposal and Environmental Protection 6. Economic Aspects 7. Toxicology and Occupational Health 8. Acknowledgments
Environmental Stress as Related to the Visual Mechanism

The effects of some forms of environmental stress upon performance of a visual task are reviewed. In particular, attention has been directed toward those factors related to high-speed flight, high-altitude flight and exposure to extremes of radiation, both visible and non-visible. The major problems are presented and some general solutions are suggested.
Design of static cascade compensators using generalized singular values

Cascade compensators are often used to direct the available control energy to a particular subset of plant modes whose dynamics is to be modified. In certain applications the cascade compensators can be taken to be simple frequency selective filters such as low-pass or band-pass filters. There are applications in which such simple solutions do not work. This paper describes a method to obtain cascade compensators when frequency selective filters do not suffice. The computations required to implement the results are rather simple and involve the calculation of the generalized singular value decomposition of a matrix pair constructed with frequency response data. When combined with robust methods for controller design, the results in this paper yield a simple and effective method for designing controllers that modify the dynamics associated with a specified subset of plant poles.
MediSim: simulated medical corpsmen and casualties for medical forces planning and training

The MediSim system extends virtual environments (both local and network) to represent simulated medical personnel interacting with simulated casualties. Our technology fosters dual-use applications involving planning, training, and evaluation of both medical corpsmen and civilian EMTs. Behaviors and behavioral control are being developed for the medical corpsmen that will enable their actions on the digital battlefield to conform to both military practice and medical protocols. From situationally-appropriate injury models, a set of physical and behavioral manifestations in a simulated casualty will be determined and portrayed on a three-dimensional body.
Routing and packet scheduling in WiMAX mesh networks

This paper considers the problem of maximizing the system throughput in IEEE 802.16 broadband access networks with mesh topology, and the following results are presented. We consider a linear chain network and discuss its applicability for providing cost effective solutions in sparsely populated areas, such as interstate highways and rural communities. We provide an optimal scheduling algorithm and establish an analytical result on the length of the schedule for linear chain networks. We also consider the problem of routing and packet scheduling in general topology, and show its NP-completeness. Based on our optimal algorithm for linear networks, we propose algorithms that find routes and schedules of packet transmissions in general mesh topologies. The performance of our proposed algorithms is analyzed using the NS-2 simulator. The results show that the proposed algorithms perform significantly better than other existing algorithms.
Music Interventions for the Treatment of Preoperative Anxiety

The majority of surgical patients feel anxious prior to anesthesia or sedation. Health care professionals recognize that this preoperative anxiety can take its toll on the physiological and emotional states of patients, potentially resulting in an increased need for sedatives or anti-anxiety medications, difficulty with anesthesia or sedation, more severe postoperative pain and subsequent need for pharmaceutical interventions, and delayed recovery and discharge. Music interventions are an effective, noninvasive way to relieve and prevent the negative effects of preoperative anxiety.
CONTROLLED-ENVIRONMENT AQUACULTURE

The University of Arizona's work in controlled-environment agriculture is reviewed, followed by discussions of their contemporary modifications of these techniques in controlled-environment aquaculture. Open and closed systems of agriculture have been designed, constructed and operated by the University in desert regions of Arabia and North America to obtain high yields of superior quality crops while greatly reducing water usage. This required the development of innovative and cost-efficient construction techniques and simplified systems to control temperature and other environmental variables. Similar systems for controlled-environment aquaculture are discussed, including the new University applications in shrimp culture. Techniques of construction and operation are reviewed and evaluated, particularly in relation to the major problems of maintaining appropriate water quality in confined systems enriched by large populations of animals and frequent introduction of artificial feeds.
Tissue-level bioelectrical signals as the trigger for uterine contractions in human pregnancy.

Objective:To investigate the relationship between tissue-level bioelectrical signals and tension development during oxytocin-stimulated contractions of human myometrium.Methods:We performed in vitro muscle bath experiments on human myometrial tissue strips while simultaneously monitoring bioelectrical activity with two loose-contact electrodes. Tissue was obtained by myometrial biopsy from term pregnant women at the time of cesarean delivery. Tissue strips (1 × 1 × 10 mm) were hung vertically and maintained in culture in media while suspending a 400-mg weight. The tissue exhibited strong isometric contractions in responseto 5-nM oxytocin even after 10 to 14 days in culture. The electrodes were separated by 4 mm, and allowed usto distinguish between local and tissue-level bioelectrical signals. Electrical activity was monitored using two, independent AC-coupled amplifiers.Results:Following exposure to oxytocin, the tissue contracted periodically ever 3.5 to 6 minutes, with each contraction lasting 50 to 60...
Opine oxidoreductases in brachiopods, bryozoans, phoronids and molluscs

Abstract The opine dehydrogenases catalyse the reductive condensation of pyruvate with various amino acids to form products resembling octopine ( N -carboxyethyl arginine). They are widely distributed among marine invertebrates and function in metabolism in the place of lactate dehydrogenase, which often has very low activity, especially in molluscs. The reaction of pyruvate, both alone and with either alanine, arginine, β-alanine, or taurine, catalysed by tissue extracts of various species, was measured by decrease in absorbance of NADH. The 27 species examined were brachiopods, bryozoans, phoronids and a wide variety of molluscs, including a scaphopod, two chitons and species representing the five subclasses of bivalves and three orders of prosobranch gastropods. Activities were coded 0–5, with 5 assigned to rates greater than 5 μmol min -1 g- -1 . These numbers were entered by species into a program that performed average linkage cluster analysis. Results of this analysis were transformed intoa dendrogram. The plesiomorphic state was defined as the presence of the total array of opine enzymes and the loss of one or more during evolution was taken as apomorphic. The resulting dendrogram has some features in common with standard phylogenetic trees based on morphology and development.
Investigation of dialkyl tartrate molecular recognition in cluster ions by Fourier transform mass spectrometry: a comparison of chirality effects in gas and liquid phases

Abstract Electrospray ionization of equimolar solutions of S-dimethyl tartrate and R-d6-dimethyl tartrate in methanol/water/acetic acid/salt solutions was utilized to investigate molecular recognition processes in solution. Pronounced chirality effects previously reported for formation of the protonated dimer by ion molecule reactions in the gas phase are quantitatively reproduced in experiments which sample solution phase protonated dimers. Ab initio quantum calculations demonstrate that hydrogen bonds in the protonated cluster are responsible for molecular recognition and that Li+ bound clusters, which do not exhibit chiral recognition, are primarily bound by electrostatic forces. In contrast with gas phase studies of alkali and ammonium ion core dimers of dimethyl tartrate—which show no chirality effects—ions electrosprayed from solutions containing trace amounts of these ions show pronounced chirality. With increasing salt concentration the apparent chirality effect disappears and a statistical distribution identical to that found for the gas phase is obtained. These observations are rationalized by a kinetic model that considers the displacement of protons by alkali ions in the final stages of desolvation of microdroplets formed in the electrospray process.
Isogeometric analysis of the advective Cahn-Hilliard equation: Spinodal decomposition under shear flow

We present a numerical study of the spinodal decomposition of a binary fluid undergoing shear flow using the advective Cahn-Hilliard equation, a stiff, nonlinear, parabolic equation characterized by the presence of fourth-order spatial derivatives. Our numerical solution procedure is based on isogeometric analysis, an approximation technique for which basis functions of high-order continuity are employed. These basis functions allow us to directly discretize the advective Cahn-Hilliard equation without resorting to a mixed formulation. We present steady state solutions for rectangular domains in two-dimensions and, for the first time, in three-dimensions. We also present steady state solutions for the two-dimensional Taylor-Couette cell. To enforce periodic boundary conditions in this curved domain, we derive and utilize a new periodic Bezier extraction operator. We present an extensive numerical study showing the effects of shear rate, surface tension, and the geometry of the domain on the phase evolution of the binary fluid. Theoretical and experimental results are compared with our simulations.
The relationship between induced mutation frequency and chromosome dosage in established mouse fibroblast lines.

The frequencies of induced mutation to ouabain (OUA) and 6-thioguanine (6TG) resistance were compared in two established mouse fibroblast lines with different doses of the active X chromosome. The activity states of the X chromosomes were determined by DNA replication studies. Mutation frequency to 6TGR, an X-linked recessive phenotype, was inversely related to dosage whereas OUAR, a codominant phenotype, occurred with equal frequency in both lines. 6TGR clones isolated from the line containing a majority of cells with two active X chromosomes were monosomic for the active X chromosome. Enzyme activity studies of these cytologically monosomic lines yielded results that were consistent with the presence of a single active X chromosome. The findings strongly support the hypothesis that mutation frequency is dependent on gene dosage.
Introduction: Balloons, Music, and Bare Life

With its astonishing setting in twenty-first century England, it is no surprise that Mary Shelley's 1826 novel The Last Man continues to be the focus of intense scholarly activity in our time. As w...
Equilibrium Selection and Stability for the Groves Ledyard Mechanism

In their seminal paper Groves and Ledyard (1976) construct a balanced incentive compatible mechanism that solves the free rider problem. In subsequent research, Bergstrom, Simon, and Titus (1983) prove that there exist numerous asymmetric equilibria in addition to the symmetric equilibrium. In the present paper, we explicitly solve for the additional equilibria and use computational experiments to examine the structure and stability of the set of equilibria of the Groves Ledyard Mechanism. We find that all of the equilibria found by Berstrom, Simon, and Titus are unstable and that for a high level of the punishment parameter these equilibria do not exist. Further, we find that there exists an additional boundary equilibrium for each of the equilibria found by Bergstrom, Simon, and Titus. The boundary equilibria are all stable.
Formation of nitrogen- and sulfur-containing light-absorbing compounds accelerated by evaporation of water from secondary organic aerosols

[1] Aqueous extracts of secondary organic aerosols (SOA) generated from the ozonolysis of d-limonene were subjected to dissolution, evaporation, and re-dissolution in the presence and absence of ammonium sulfate (AS). Evaporation with AS at pH 4–9 produced chromophores that were stable with respect to hydrolysis and had a distinctive absorption band at 500 nm. Evaporation accelerated the rate of chromophore formation by at least three orders of magnitude compared to the reaction in aqueous solution, which produced similar compounds. Absorption spectroscopy and high-resolution nanospray desorption electrospray ionization (nano-DESI) mass spectrometry experiments suggested that the molar fraction of the chromophores was small ( 105 L mol−1 cm−1 at 500 nm) increased the effective mass absorption coefficient of the residual organics in excess of 103 cm2 g−1 - a dramatic effect on the optical properties from minor constituents. Evaporation of SOA extracts in the absence of AS resulted in the production of colored compounds only when the SOA extract was acidified to pH ∼ 2 with sulfuric acid. These chromophores were produced by acid-catalyzed aldol condensation, followed by a conversion into organosulfates. The presence of organosulfates was confirmed by high resolution mass spectrometry experiments. Results of this study suggest that evaporation of cloud or fog droplets containing dissolved organics leads to significant modification of the molecular composition and serves as a potentially important source of light-absorbing compounds.