cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Measurement of Fission Neutron Multiplicities for Thorium-232 and Uranium-235 with Incident Neutron Energies to 49 MeV

AbstractFission neutron multiplicities have been measured for neutrons incident on 232Th with energies ranging from 1.1 to 49 MeV and for neutrons incident on 235U with energies from 17 to 49 MeV. ...
Correlation between oxygen utilization and electron transport activity in marine phytoplankton

Measurement of a respiratory control ratio is deemed very useful in determination of energy balance in respiration. We have defined and computed a control ratio as the ratio of the rate of oxygen consumption in vivo to the calculated maximum rate of oxygen consumption in vitro as measured by enzymatic electron transport rates. In order for a control ratio to serve a useful purpose in calculating in situ oxygen consumption in a water parcel, the ratio must be fairly constant. Our results indicated that this is precisely so in healthy cultures of the 9 species of phytoplankton studied. The data presented in this communication further point towards the potential for making reasonable estimates of phytoplankton oxygen consumption in an ocean water parcel by directly utilizing in vitro electron transport activity measurements.
Parameter optimization in multiquadric response surface approximations

Multiquadric (MQ) response surface approximation uses the function ?Ci|X-Xi|2+h1/2 to interpolate a given set of data. The performance of MQ approximation depends on the shift parameter h. Efficient methods of computing the optimal shift parameter based on the leave-one-out cross validation technique are presented in this paper. We also proved that the condition number of the MQ coefficient matrix is an increasing function of the shift parameter h. Two numerical examples are included to illustrate the proposed formulation.
Fisher information and uncertainty complementarity

Abstract The Cramer-Rao inequality (CRI) is a general uncertainty relation expressing reciprocity between the mean-square error in an estimate and the Fisher information I present in the data. The CRI is shown to derive strong uncertainty principles in quantum mechanics and optics. It also derives the Maxwell-Boltzmann law of gas theory as a distribution achieving the minimum CR product.
On Simulation of Multi-Particle Impact Interactions in the Cold Spray Process

The cold spray process consists of coating build-up by sequential impact, deformation and bonding of many particles. Therefore, formation and properties of a deposited layer are not only affected by the impact behavior of a single particle, but also by subsequent impact events. To investigate the material behavior under such conditions, impact of multiple particles in cold spray was studied here by the finite element method. Effects of high strain rates and temperature on material yield and failure criteria were considered. Particle conditions prior to impact were derived from fluid dynamics calculations. To predict sticking behavior of the particle, an interfacial cohesive strength parameter was defined between the particle and the substrate. The effects of temperature and particle positioning were examined for three particle impacts. In addition, simulations involving 100 consecutive particle impacts were carried out, and findings were compared with experimental observations. Results showed that subsequent impacts have a large effect on the previously impacted particles for cohesion, degree of deformation, and residual stresses.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Paclobutrazol or uniconazol applied early in the previous season promotes flowering of field-grown Rhododendron and Kalmia

Field-grown large leaf Rhododendron and Kalmia latifolia were treated with one of three concentrations of paclobutrazol or uniconazol in April, June, or August in the second year from propagation. The elongation of stems was measured as was the number of flower buds initiated. Spray applications in April or June increased flowering at the lowest concentrations tested; 4 mg · L−1 paclobutrazol and 1.5 mg · L−1 uniconazol. Flowering was induced in cultivars that normally did not flower, and the number of flower buds per plant was increased in cultivars that normally flowered. All treatments that induced flowering also reduced stem elongation. Spray application in August failed to enhance flowering. At the concentrations tested, uniconazol was more effective than paclobutrazol in increasing the number of flower buds and reducing stem elongation of Rhododendron. For Kalmia, there was less response to the concentration of growth retardant, and the two chemicals enhanced flowering equally.
Contribution of damaged protoplasts to DNA uptake by purified plant protoplasts

Abstract Purified protoplast preparations contained few (5–9%) but significant numbers of non-spherical damaged protoplasts. Such damaged protoplasts rapidly saturated with relatively large amounts of exogenous DNA which was largely associated with their nuclei. The relative fraction of damaged protoplasts was found to increase with DNA uptake time and DNA concentration. Discontinuous gradient centrifugation provided a convenient method for selective removal of damaged protoplasts and reliable evaluation of exogenous DNA uptake by intact spherical protoplasts.
Methionine or folate and phosphoenolpyruvate in the biosynthesis of threonine in Crithidia fasciculata.

SYNOPSIS. Crithidia fasciculata can synthesize threonine but it lacks an aspartokinase. The carbons of threonine may be derived from methionine when it is present in the medium. However, methionine can be synthesized by the organism provided organic sulfur is present. When both methionine and threonine are omitted from the medium, growth will occur if cysteine and high levels of folate are present. The compound common to both methionine and threonine under these conditions, α-keto-γ-hydroxy-butyrate, is derived from phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) and the β-carbon of serine. High levels of folate are required for this coupling reaction, which is carried out by what may be called phosphoenolpyruvate-tetrahydrofolate hydroxymethyltransferase. By the use of radioactive tracers, both in growth experiments and in cell-free preparations, virtually all of the intermediates in these two series of reactions were identified.
The quality of life in the dynamics of economic development

The neoclassical economic growth model and its extensions in the fields of environmental economics and endogenous growth theory typically represent welfare as a single argument function of consumption when the models are analytically solved. This simplified welfare specification is narrower than those described in the quality-of-life literature and emphasized by proponents of sustainable development. The purpose of this paper is to analytically solve for the properties of a growth model based on a broader quality-of-life measure. The welfare measure includes two arguments, consumption and the stock of nature capital. This formulation enables an analysis of the consequences of the dynamic tension between conventionally defined economic growth and nature capital preservation. We find that a static model without technical progress yields diverse steady states, stability properties, and comparative statics, while a model with exogenous technical progress exhibits unusual comparative dynamics and balanced growth paths. These unusual outcomes have a number of policy-relevant implications for sustainable development.
Technique for controlling the internal rotation of principal axes in the fabrication of birefringent fibers

The fabrication of a polarization-maintaining fiber in which the internal rotation of the principal birefringent axes was monitored and controlled to a rate of less than 0.1 degrees /cm is discussed. This represents an order of magnitude improvement over the lowest rotation rate observed in commercial fibers. The technique is based on a novel method of interpreting the backscattered power from a-side illuminated birefringent fiber to determine the internal orientation of the strain inducing axes. >
New Model of a Scaling Dermatosis: Induction of Hyperproliferation in Hairless Mice with Eicosa-5,8,11-trienoic acid

The present studies have demonstrated that topical application of a low concentration of eicosa-5,8,11-tri-enoic acid (a 20:3,n9 fatty acid previously reported to inhibit competitively the activity of the sheep vesicular cyclooxygenase) to skin of normal fed hairless mice produced severe scaly dermatosis which is characterized by marked hyperplasia and acanthosis of the epidermal layer. The precise mechanism of this induction of scaly dermatosis is presently unclear. It is nonetheless interesting that the treatment of skin with similar concentrations of other unsaturated fatty acids produced no visible or histologic effects. Furthermore, endogenous levels of arachidonic acid in epidermal phospholipid and triglyceride fractions were shown to increase significantly ( p 2 in the same tissue decreased markedly. This latter observation is consistent at least in part, with a previous report from this laboratory in which the 20:3,n9 fatty acid inhibited in vitro the activity of the sheep vesicular cyclooxygenase (the rate limiting enzyme in the transformation of arachidonic acid into the prostaglandin endoperoxides) although the increase in arachidonic acid may also reflect an increased incorporation of this fatty acid into the epidermal lipids by the hyperproliferative tissue. Evaluation of the proliferative status of 20:3,n9 fatty acid-treated skin showed a significant increase ( p
Vocal Process Avulsion

Vocal process avulsion is a rare condition in which laryngeal trauma causes a separation of the vocal process from the body of the arytenoid cartilage. Typically symptoms are dysphonia and shortness of breath during phonation. Strobovideolaryngoscopy, laryngeal electromyography, and laryngeal computed tomography are helpful in establishing this important and sometimes elusive diagnosis. Several treatment modalities have been reported with varying success. We report four new cases, review four cases reported previously by the senior author, and suggest approaches to diagnosis and optimal treatment of vocal process avulsion.
Microstructural development and creep deformation in equiaxed γ, γ+α 2, and γ+α 2+B2 titanium aluminides

The development of microstructure and its influence on creep properties have been studied for structures including equiaxed γ, duplex, and other structures of varying α2 morphology in two Ti-48Al-2Cr-2Nb alloys. Heat treatment at 1125°C have been utilized to produce equiaxed γ microstructures in alloys with or without Mo additions. The γ→α transformation produces α2 plates with several orientation variants with γ grains during subsequent annealing of the equiaxed γ microstructures below the α transus. Formation of this α2 morphology results from rapid up-quenching (UQ), and this structure persists through annealing, cooling, and creep testing. Differences in minimum creep rates for several microstructures, containing varying amounts of multi-or single variant γ/α2 grains are shown to be minimal. The presence of Mo has also resulted in improved creep resistance in equiaxed γ and γ + α2 + B2 structures, as compared to similar microstructures in the Ti-48Al-2Cr-2Nb alloy. Deformation during creep at 760 °C at stresses between 200 and 400 MPa occurs by a combination of twinning and dislocation glide without recrystallization, resulting in power-law stress exponents in the range of 6 to 9. Only minimal strain path dependence of the minimum creep rate is detected in a comparison of creep rates in stress jump, stress drop, and single stress tests.
Hemoglobin switching in sheep: Commitment of erythroid stem cells to expression of the βC-globin gene and accumulation of βC-globin mRNA

Abstract The switch from HbA (α 2 β 2 A ) to HbC (α 2 β 2 C ) synthesis was induced by injection of erythropoietin into a lamb homozygous for HbA. Serial samples of bone marrow were analyzed to detect the initial commitment of erythroid stem cells (CFU-E) to form colonies which made HbC in vitro, and to detect the initial accumulation of β C -globin mRNA and the onset of HbC synthesis in erythroblasts in vivo. CFU-E-derived erythroid colonies were formed in plasma clot culture at a low erythropoietin concentration, and the relative amounts of β A - and β C -globin synthesized were determined after a 24 hr pulse of 3 H-leucine, added after 84 hr in culture. RNA was extracted from nuclei and cytoplasm of "early" and "late" populations of bone marrow erythroblasts which had been fractionated by Ficoll-Hypaque density centrifugation. The concentration of β A - and β C -globin mRNA was determined by annealing to purified synthetic DNAs (cDNAs) complementary to β A and β C mRNA. No β C -globin was synthesized in erythroblasts or in CFU-E-derived erythroid colonies prior to the injection of erythropoietin. An increase in the concentration of CFU-E in the bone marrow and the appearance of β C -globin synthesis in CFU-E-derived colonies were detected 12 hr after the erythropoietin injection. In contrast, β C mRNA was not detected in either "early" or "late" erythroid cells until 36 hr later. The first measurable β C -globin mRNA was accompanied by the appearance of β C -globin synthesis in bone marrow erythroblasts. Our results suggest that the accumulation of β C -globin mRNA is a relatively late event following induction of HbA to HbC switching by erythropoietin. The expansion of the compartment of erythroid stem cells and the commitment of CFU-E to β C -globin synthesis appear to precede the detectable accumulation of β C mRNA by 24–36 hr.
Effects of brine content on the strength of frozen Ottawa sand

Abstract Frozen saline Ottawa sand was tested in unconfined compression to establish the effects of the volumetric brine content, vb, on its mechanical behavior. Values of vb were computed from equilibrium phase relations for NaCl ice, and it was found that the failure strength, the failure strain, and the initial tangent modulus all correlate well with this parameter. The applicability of the equation σf = σo(1 - cvkb) in describing the relation between brine content and failure strength, σf, is examined. This equation is often used to describe the failure strength of sea ice. It is found that the equation works well for saline Ottawa sand, but that the values of the constants σo, c, and k depend on the assumptions made in fitting the data.
Functional heterogeneity of the intracellular amino acid pool in mammalian cells

Abstract 1. 1. The kinetics of tracer amino acid appearance in the intracellular amino acid pool and in cellular protein was examined under steady-state conditions in the intact rat-diaphragm preparation and in isolated guinea pig and rabbit-lymph node cells. 2. 2. The concentration ratio of tracer amino acid between the extracellular and intracellular amino acid pools approached equilibrium exponentially whereas incorporation into cellular protein proceeded linearly from the earliest time period studied. 3. 3. A theoretical formulation is presented predicting the kinetics of amino acid incorporation into cellular protein if the total intracellular amino acid pool were an obligatory intermediate in protein synthesis. 4. 4. The marked deviation of experimental observations from those theoretically predicted has been interpreted to indicate functional heterogeneity (compartmentation) of the intracellular amino acid pool.
The utility of head computed tomography in the emergency department evaluation of syncope.

Current guidelines for evaluation of syncope recommend that in the absence of objective focal neurologic findings, head computed tomography (HCT) may not be necessary. Compliance with this recommendation is highly variable, which may be due in part to the lack of currently available evidence. We undertook the following investigation to determine whether HCT aids in the diagnostic investigation of syncope. This study was a retrospective chart review of all adult patients who presented to an urban emergency department, and who had a HCT ordered for syncope, during a 6-month period in 2001. Patients with competing indications for HCT, or those with a presentation consistent with seizures were excluded. Charts were assigned to the “positive” or “negative” HCT group depending on whether the treating physician considered HCT findings relevant to the syncopal event. A total of 202 patients had a HCT performed for syncope. Eighty-five patients met one or more of the exclusion criteria. HCT of the remaining 117 patients were analyzed. None of the 117 patients had a HCT finding that was clinically related to the syncopal event. HCT yielded no relevant clinical findings in our entire sample of patients with syncope. Our findings combined with previous studies add to the growing body of evidence that HCT for syncope in the absence of focal neurologic findings may not be necessary.
AN EAST COAST CELEBRATION OF AZUSA: THEOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS*

ABSTRACT This article is the substance of a lecture given in celebration of one hundred years of the modem Pentecostal Movement that traces its launching to the Azusa Revival in Los Angeles. Extended celebrations took place on the West Coast and the Annual Ellison Lecture Series at Virginia Union afforded an occasion for celebration on the East Coast. Pentecostalism is set within the larger field of twenty-first century Christianity in a manner that is not isolated from its roots or the larger theological and scholarly domain it inhabits. The United Holy Church of America is taken as a case in point. There is discussion of the progress made in the last fifty years of scholarship against the background of uninformed and hostile perspectives, and sources tainted by racial, cultural and social biases. Thoughts are shared regarding scholarship that needs to come forth from within Pentecostal circles to advance necessary perspectives and to help further establish pneumatology as critical theological discourse.
The practical use of phase diagrams

Phase diagrams are graphical representations of the states of equilibrium available to materials systems and the influence on the equilibrium states of changes in composition, temperature, and pressure. They are governed by the phase rule, which relates the number of degrees of freedom that an equilibrium has to the number of components and the number of phases occurring in the system. Phase equilibria in unary, binary, ternary, and quaternary systems are discussed, and phase and stability diagrams are applied to an understanding of vacuum sublimation, the removal of copper from liquid lead, the galvannealing of steel, tool steels, the production of Ti-B-C composites, stainless steels, the production of SiC and Si4N3, Al2O3-SiC composites, and processing of the superconducting oxide YBa2Cu3O7-x.
Positive and negative fast-atom bombardment—collision-activated dissociation—linked-field scanned mass spectra of leucine enkephalin

Abstract Negative- and positive-ion fast-atom bombardment—collision-activated dissociation—linked-field ( B/E ) scan mass spectral data are compared for the opioid pentapeptide leucine enkephalin. An analysis of the fragmentation pathways which are specific to each ionization mode is presented. Data from the two ionization modes are significant from several analytical viewpoints—complementarity, facilitated amino acid sequence determination of nanomol amounts of pepfide, and a provision for higher level specificity for the measurement of endogenous peptides.
Pair-field susceptibility of superconducting Al-Er films

Measurements of the imaginary part of the pair-field susceptibility χ″ have been carried out on dirty-limit superconducting Al films doped with Er impurities at temperatures within 20% of the critical temperature T c. These studies are the first measurements of χ″ (Ω, k) as a function of the pair-breaking parameter ϱ. Samples exhibiting values of ϱ up to 0.1 were studied. At temperatures above T c the diffusive time-dependent Ginzburg-Landau equation for order-parameter fluctuations was found to be valid in the presence of pair-breaking, with the Ginzburg-Landau time an increasing function of the pair-breaking, in quantitative agreement with theory. The characteristic frequencies of the transverse and longitudinal modes of the order parameter disequilibrium were determined from the measurements of χ″ (Ω, k) below T c by fitting to a functional form which exhibits the essential features of the most detailed theories, in particular those of Orbach and Entin-Wohlman, Dinter, and Schon and Ambegaokar, The propagating charge-imbalance wave was found to be overdamped for large values of ϱ, consistent with the theory of the transverse mode in the presence of finite pair-breaking. The peak in the excess current found near the gap voltage appears to be due to a resonance in the longitudinal mode pair-field susceptibility and not the result of single-particle tunneling as previously suggested by simanek and Hayward. The width of this resonance as derived by Schon and Ambegaokar for the gap regime is equal to the reciprocal of the spin-flip scattering time. The other characteristic feature of the pair-field susceptibility is the peak associated with the longitudinal mode, which occurs at a frequency which is a measure of the relaxation of the amplitude of the order parameter. Dinter's theory, in particular, describes the dependence of the width of this peak on the pair-breaking parameter ϱ.
Weighing Moral Reasons

Since the publication of Kurt Baier's The Moral Point of View it has been common for philosophers to speak of moral decision-making as a matter of weighing moral reasons. Unfortunately, however, the question of how weights are assigned to reasons is rarely addressed. In particular, there has been little systematic discussion of whether the weight of a moral reason is constant or whether it varies from context to context.1 Some important writers claim that the weights of moral reasons do not vary with the context, while others presuppose this position in discussions of specific moral questions. More precisely, both sets of writers are committed to the view that if a morally relevant consideration makes a difference of a certain magnitude between two otherwise identical cases, it makes a difference of the same magnitude between any two otherwise identical cases. I shall call this the Constancy Assumption, and I shall argue that it is false. I shall maintain instead that the weights of moral reasons (rules or principles) vary from context to context in certain systematic ways, and that the systematic character of these variations must be explained in teleological terms.
PL04-01 - Human sexuality: new developments in neurobiology, diagnosis and treatment

Mainstream psychiatry has shown only a sporadic interest in the understanding and treatment of sexual disorders. This lack of interest is puzzling, especially at the time of new developments in the study of human sexuality and the emergence of a new interdisciplinary field of sexual medicine. Human sexuality encompasses various areas related to contemporary psychiatry, such as quality of life, quality of relationship, sexual side effects of psychotropic medications, and the association of sexual dysfunction with various mental and physical illnesses, including substance abuse. Sexual dysfunction, with its complex regulation involving the central and the peripheral nervous systems, hormones, psychological, cultural, psychosocial and developmental factors actually seems to be a primary target for psychosomatic medicine and psychiatry. As noted, “Sexuality is the ultimate unity of body and mind.” This lecture will review the recent developments in the area of human sexuality, including diagnostic considerations in the context of proposed revisions of the existing diagnostic systems, neurobiology, imaging, psychology and psychopharmacology; and will also focus on combining the new findings into an integrated model of management of sexual dysfunctions.
A new interpretation of the Ψ-resonances☆

Abstract Recent experimental discoveries favor speculations that there may be several new “flavors” of tricolored quarks. We interpret the Ψ(3095) and Ψ′(3684) resonances as bound states composed of the two new quark flavors of electric charge 2/3 required by the minimal vectorlike theory of the weak interactions. Implications for e+e−-annihilation and neutrino production are discussed.
Developmental Expression of Neuron-Specific Enolase Immunoreactivity and Cytochrome Oxidase Activity in Neocortical Transplants

The present study has examined certain metabolic markers in fetal neocortical tissue transplanted to the cortex, hippocampus, striatum, or ventricle. Particularly, the immunocytochemical expression of neuron-specific enolase (NSE) was studied in a series of host rats ranging between 10 days and 15 months postoperative. NSE is a major glycolytic pathway enzyme found in all neurons. The antibody to NSE is a very reliable marker for neuronal functional metabolic activity and developmental status and its onset has been shown to coincide with synaptic connections. In some grafts oxidative metabolic status was investigated using cytochrome oxidase (CO) histochemistry. In addition, the normal development of NSE expression in rat neocortex was also examined. In normal development, NSE was weakly expressed in fetal brain, but by 1-2 weeks postnatal the enzyme was strongly expressed in all neurons. Typical cortical laminar patterns were evident at 30 days with neurons in layer V and scattered interneurons the most strongly stained. In cortex-cortex transplants NSE expression was very weak; at 1-3 weeks postoperative, it was practically nonexistent; and at all later times only a minority of neurons had normal expression when compared to that in normal development even though by Nissl staining standards in adjacent sections they appeared "normal." Labeling indices ranged between 30 and 49%. Intraventricular grafts had consistently low NSE expression with labeling indices ranging between 18 and 46%. However, when the neocortical tissue was placed in other regions, neuronal NSE appeared only slightly below normal. CO histochemistry corroborated the NSE activity with regards to graft placement. Several possibilities that may account for reduced NSE profile in transplanted neurons include incomplete migration patterns, reduced synaptic connectivity, and potential ischemia causing lowered protein synthesis during reestablishment of vascular connections. If neuronal glycolysis is weakened, it is possible that neurotransmitter production or axonal transport are reduced. Since most energy capacity in brain is dependent on the glycolytic sequence for oxidative metabolism, reduced glycolytic capacity, as depicted by NSE expression, may suggest the presence of transplanted neurons that have adapted to their new environment with a relatively immature profile.
Growth of nano-crystalline diamond by pulsed laser deposition in oxygen atmosphere

Abstract Growth of nano-crystalline diamond by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) in an oxygen atmosphere on a sapphire (0 0 0 1) substrate is reported. The experiments were performed at a substrate temperature of ∼550°C and in an oxygen pressure of 0.11–0.15 Torr. Field-emission scanning electron microscope, X-ray diffraction and micro-Raman spectroscopy were used to characterize the products. Results indicated that hexagonal and cubic diamond crystals with an average size of ∼30 nm were formed. The crystal nucleation and growth were non-uniform and discontinuous. The possible diamond growth mechanism by PLD in an oxygen environment is discussed. Compared with diamond growth in a chemical-vapor-deposition process, the conditions for diamond nucleation and growth by PLD in an oxygen atmosphere are quite critical.
Thrombin receptor antagonism -the potential of antiplatelet medication SCH 530348.

Importance of the field: Coronary artery disease is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Platelet activation and subsequent thrombus formation play a central role in disease progression and development of acute coronary syndromes (ACS). Despite widespread use of single and dual antiplatelet therapies in atherothrombotic disease, ischemic complications remain common. Therefore, the need exists for new antiplatelet agents that are more effective, but with acceptable safety profiles (i.e., do not increase risk of bleeding). Antiplatelet agents available at present are effective in blocking the cyclo-oxygenase, ADP-mediated and final common (IIb/IIIa receptor) pathways for platelet activation. Recently, there has been more interest in inhibition of the proteinase-activated receptor-1 (PAR-1), which blocks thrombin-mediated platelet activation.Areas covered in this review: This review covers the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics and development of the new PAR1 antagonist, SCH 530348 in a review o...
The use of value-based rules to avoid shop disruption

Abstract This article models and evaluates the common practice found in many job shops of revising job priorities at the end of accounting periods to achieve specified goals, e.g. monthly dollars shipped. Fourth-week rules are modelled which utilize time priorities the first three weeks and value (cost/profit) priorities the last week for jobs near completion. The performance of these rules is compared to that of rules which use value information throughout the month for both randomly routed and flow routed job shops. These value-based rules are shown to out perform the fourth-week rules at several utilization levels of the shop. In addition, these value-based rules eliminate the shop disruption which often results when fourth week rules are used.
RNAi Screen in Mouse Astrocytes Identifies Phosphatases that Regulate NF-κB Signaling

Regulation of NF-kappaB activation is controlled by a series of kinases; however, the roles of phosphatases in regulating this pathway are poorly understood. We report a systematic RNAi screen of phosphatases that modulate NF-kappaB activity. Nineteen of 250 phosphatase genes were identified as regulators of NF-kappaB signaling in astrocytes. RNAi selectively regulates endogenous chemokine and cytokine expression. Coimmunoprecipitation identified associations of distinct protein phosphatase 2A core or holoenzymes with the IKK, NF-kappaB, and TRAF2 complexes. Dephosphorylation of these complexes leads to modulation of NF-kappaB transcriptional activity. In contrast to IKK and NF-kappaB, TRAF2 phosphorylation has not been well elucidated. We show that the Thr117 residue in TRAF2 is phosphorylated following TNFalpha stimulation. This phosphorylation process is modulated by PP2A and is required for TRAF2 functional activity. These results provide direct evidence for TNF-induced TRAF2 phosphorylation and demonstrate that phosphorylation is regulated at multiple levels in the NF-kappaB pathway.
Functional Analysis of ycfR and ycfQ in Escherichia coli O157:H7 Linked to Outbreaks of Illness Associated with Fresh Produce

Fresh produce has been associated with multiple outbreaks of illness caused by Escherichia coli O157:H7. The mechanism of E. coli O157:H7 survival through postharvest processing of fresh produce needs to be understood to help develop more effective interventions. In our recent transcriptomic study of strain Sakai, an isolate from the 1996 sprout outbreak in Japan, and strain TW14359, an isolate from the 2006 spinach outbreak in the United States, we showed that ycfR was the most significantly upregulated gene in response to chlorine-based oxidative stress. YcfR is known to be a multiple stress resistance protein and a biofilm regulator in E. coli K-12 strains; however, its role in the pathogenic E. coli O157:H7 has not been clearly defined. In this study, ycfR was replaced with a chloramphenicol resistance cassette oriented in two different directions to construct polar and nonpolar ycfR::cat mutants of Sakai and TW14359. Chlorine resistance and survival on spinach leaf surfaces were assessed in the wild-type strains and the ycfR mutants. Both polar and nonpolar ycfR mutants of Sakai showed significantly less chlorine resistance than their parent strain. In contrast, deletion of ycfR in TW14359 did not change chlorine resistance, indicating that ycfR in these two outbreak-related E. coli O157:H7 strains may function differently. In addition, after a 24-h incubation on spinach leaves in a sublethal concentration of chlorine, the Sakai nonpolar ycfR mutant exhibited lower survival compared to the wild type. The results suggest a role for ycfR in survival of Sakai during chlorine exposure. We also found that the upstream ycfQ, which is annotated as a DNA-binding regulator, acted as a repressor of ycfR. These findings suggest that gene regulation may be a mechanism by which E. coli O157:H7 strain Sakai could survive in the postharvest processing environment.
A multidimensional anisotropic strength criterion based on Kelvin modes

A new theory for the prediction of multiaxial strength of anistropic elastoplastic materials is proposed. The resulting failure envelope, in a multidimensional stress space, is piecewise smooth. Each facet of the envelope is expected to represent the locus of failure data by a particular anisotropic elastic deformation mode called a Kelvin mode. It is shown that the Kelvin mode theory alone provides an incomplete description of the failure of some materials, but that this weakness can be addressed by the introduction of a set of complementary modes. A revised theory which combines both Kelvin and complementary modes is developed and illustrated by an applied example.
Absence of Size-Selective Mortality among Larval Smallmouth Bass in a Virginia Stream

Abstract In 1990 and 1991, we collected larval smallmouth bass Micropterus dolomieu 7–25 d after swim-up and juveniles 5–9 weeks after swim-up. Using otolith analysis, we compared the size distributions of larvae and juveniles at identical life stages (6, 12, and 24 d after swim-up). In both years, there was little evidence to suggest that the individuals that survived to become juveniles were statistically larger than the average larvae at any stage. Larval smallmouth bass in this system were probably most susceptible to predators that were not gape-limited and therefore did not experience size-selective mortality.
MR-guided Transjugular Portosystemic Shunt Placement in a Swine Model☆

Purpose To evaluate the performance of portal venous puncture with use of magnetic resonance (MR) guidance, and to place a transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) in a swine model. Materials and Methods A study of 12 swine was performed to evaluate the ability of interventional MR imaging to guide portal vein puncture and TIPS placement. Six swine had catheters placed in the right hepatic vein under C-arm fluoroscopy. A nitinol guide wire was left in the vein and the animals were then moved into an open configuration MR imaging unit. A TIPS needle set was used to puncture the portal vein using MR fluoroscopy. The animals were transferred to the C-arm, and venography confirmed portal vein puncture. A follow-up study was performed in six additional swine to place a TIPS using only MR imaging guidance. MR tracking was used to advance a catheter from the right atrium into the inferior vena cava. Puncture of the portal vein was performed and a nitinol stent was placed, bridging the hepatic parenchyma. MR venogram confirmed placement. Results Successful portal vein puncture was achieved in all animals. The number of punctures required decreased from 12 in the first animal to a single puncture in the last eight swine. A stent was successfully placed across the hepatic tract in all six swine. Conclusions Real-time MR imaging proved to be a feasible method to guide portal vein puncture and TIPS placement in pigs.
Designing and optimizing comparative anchor primers for comparative gene mapping and phylogenetic inference

Designing and optimizing comparative anchor primers for comparative gene mapping and phylogenetic inference
Sound Absorption and Velocity in Mixtures

The effects of (a) collision excitation probabilities dependent on the internal energy specification of the impinging molecules; (b) transitions in both colliding members; (c) triple and higher order collisions; (d) viscosity and conduction, are considered with reference to sound propagation. A comparative study is made of the generalized Kneser-Ruttgers method and the writer's method of investigation. It is shown that the two are developments of the same physical theory and may be looked upon as a thermodynamic and a kinetic theory transcript respectively. In particular, ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{i}$ (a parameter, dependent on the frequency, which determines the degree to which equilibrium conditions are attained) plays a central role, implicitly, in the former method as well as in the latter. The kinetic theory transport equation interpretation of the use of ${C}_{\ensuremath{\infty}}$ instead of $\frac{3k}{2}$ is noted. It is shown that for impurity contamination, the Kneser special assumptions and formulae fall out as consequences of the general mixture theory if certain approximations are valid. The triple collision hypothesis for H, O, ${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ mixtures is discussed and alternative explanations are suggested. The main contributions of this paper from the experimenter's view-point are the formulae for absorption and velocity in mixtures, derived by the two methods referred to above, in convenient form for application.
Raman And Resonant Raman Scattering From The HgTe-CdTe Superlattice

Raman and resonant Raman scattering measurements have been performed on two HgTe/CdTe superlattices (SL). HgTe-like and CdTe-like phonon modes were observed, corresponding to layers of Hgl-xCdxTe (x ~ 0.85) rather than of pure CdTe, because of Hg added during the growth process. Pure HgTe phonon modes were also seen. Pure CdTe phonon lines are observed from a HgTe-CdTe SL with a 300 A CdTe cap. The multiple CdTe phonon outgoing resonances with the E0 + Δ0 gap are studied for this SL and CdTe substrates. An unexplained Raman feature is observed near 430 cm-1.
On gallery watchmen in grids

In the Gallery Watchman Problem (posed by Klee) we want to determine the minimum number of watchmen needed so that every point in the gallery is seen by at least one watchman at any time. The watchmen are not allowed to move but it is assumed that they can see in all directions. The gallery is modeled as a polygon which may be multi-connected, i.e., it may contain polygonal holes. Holes may represent obstacles, interior structures, etc. Chvatal [3] showed that if the polygon is simple (i.e., it contains no holes) and has n sides, then [1⁄2n] watchmen are sufficient. This result can be obtained by three-coloring the vertices of a triangulation of the polygon [4]. If w e further restrict the polygon to be rectilinear (i.e., all edges are horizontal or vertical), then [ l n l watchmen are sufficient [8]. Both of these results are bounds on the number of watchmen needed and do not give optimum solutions in general. In [1], a fast algorithm that obtains solutions of size no more than l nl for simple polygons is given. Again, the algorithm does not always produce optimum solutions. The problem of minimizing the number of watchmen is related to a polygon decomposition problem. A polygon is star-shaped if there is a point in its interior from which all points are visible. A point y is visible from point x if the open line segment connecting x and y is totally in the interior of the polygon. The set of points from which all points in a star-shaped polygon are visible is the kernel of the star-shaped polygon. The gallery watchman problem is equivalent to that of covering a polygon with star-shaped polygons. This follows from the fact that the area seen by each watchman must be a star-shaped polygon and, given a star-shaped polygon, a watchman anywhere in its kernel can see all points in it. If the polygon contains holes, the problem was shown to be intractable in [11]. Recently, it was shown that the problem remains intractable even for simple polygons [10]. In this paper we consider the gallery watchman problem in grids. In this case, the space that we want to supervise is a grid-like network of corridors. Both movement and visibility are along the corridors. The problem becomes interesting when we allow obstacles in the grid. Obstacles are modeled as missing segments of the full grid. In the next section we show that the gallery watchman problem remains intractable for three-dimensional grids and we give an efficient (polynomial time) solution for two-dimensional grids.
Angular spectral dyadic Green's function

A dyadic Green's function representation is derived between two disjoint volumes with arbitrary external scattering. The result is a double-integral of transmit and receive plane waves multiplied with a dyadic kernel indicating their amplitude and polarization interactions. The kernel, which is named the angular spectrum of the system, is fully described in terms of vector spherical harmonics. It provides a solid mathematical and physical foundation to the scattering response matrix that hereto has only been conjectured and modeled in the literature.
Ultrasonic scattering theory. I: Scattering by single objects.

This is the first of two papers which present the fundamental concepts and terminology of acoustical scattering theory in a manner suitable for use by those involved in ultrasonic tissue characterization. This first paper deals with scattering by single objects and the second, which will appear in a future issue, with scattering by collection of objects.
A Nonlinear Compaction Model for Sandstone

Constitutive relations for the compaction behavior of porous sandstone have been formulated to describe the results of uniaxial and triaxial tests under reservoir pressure and temperature conditions. An expression for loading behavior in uniaxial compression is derived by treating the loading modulus as an independent variable. Similar relations are derived for uniaxial and triaxial compaction tests. Elastic unloading takes a quadratic form when described by incremental stresses and strains. The constitutive equations relate the values of the incremental stress and strain on loading and unloading using parameters that are a function of the state of prestress in the material. Published data on samples cored from three different wells at various depths exhibited a similar dependence of rock properties on mechanical and pore pressure loads.
Flux ratios and isotope interaction in an ion exchange membrane.

IN spite of the widespread use of radioactive tracers in the study of permeation of biological tissues, it is well known that the permeability coefficient derived from tracer exchange may differ appreciably from that derived from net flow1–4, as, for example, for water flow in the frog skin and toad bladder1–3 and sugar transport in red blood cells4. There is a similar ambiguity in the use of the “flux ratio” to evaluate the forces promoting transport. For simple passive flow across a membrane the original formulation2,5,6 for the ratio of “unidirectional fluxes” was given as where X is the negative electrochemical potential difference of the test species, and R and T are the gas constant and absolute temperature, respectively. Deviations from this formula (that is an “abnormality” of the flux ratio) were considered to indicate additional forces such as solvent drag or active transport. Although the flux ratio equation has been useful in characterizing the forces which influence net transport, important exceptions have been noted1,2,7,8. A clear example is the potassium flow in the poisoned squid axon, in which the flux ratio is markedly abnormal in spite of the apparent absence of either solvent drag or active transport7.
Carbon in the Classroom: Lessons from a Simulation of California's Electricity Market Under a Stringent Cap and Trade System

To better understand how a cap-and-trade market might function under high-carbon-price conditions, the authors ran a simulation called the ‘Electricity Strategy Game’ created by Severin Borenstein and James Bushnell. Among its most startling observations: higher carbon prices were favorable to all of the generation portfolios. From a policy perspective, this result reinforces the observations of others that free allocations of carbon allowances should be minimized, as they constitute a largely unnecessary direct transfer from taxpayers to generators.
Limitation of linear controllers for the precision magnetic bearing with uncertainties

In order to investigate the achievable performance robustness of the control system for magnetic bearings used for precise positioning, the /spl mu/-synthesis is applied to an existing system. With structured singular value plots, the limitation of linear controllers for the magnetic bearing with unknown rotor mass is evaluated. The increase in controller gain when the system is close to its performance limit is revealed. The achievable robustness with bandwidth limit is also evaluated to achieve stability robustness for the system with high-frequency unmodeled dynamics.
Fourier-Transform Radiation Thermometry: Measurements and Uncertainties

A Fourier-transform radiometer is used to measure blackbody temperatures in the 5001000-K range. The measurements involve collecting mid-infrared spectra at two known reference temperatures and one unknown temperature. The accuracy of the interpolation measurement technique is discussed, and the effects of the uncertainty in the temperature reference points, the voltage ratio measurement, and the wavelength accuracy are described. Temperature accuracy at the 0.5% level has been achieved; the main uncertainty component is caused by the interferometer drift. Directions to reach 100-mk accuracy levels have been identified.
Crystal-packing trends for a series of 6,9,12,15,18-pentaaryl-1-hydro[60]fullerenes.

The relationship between the size of the substituents of aryl groups in a series of fifteen 6,9,12,15,18-pentaaryl-1-hydro[60]fullerenes and the solid-state structures and packing motifs of these compounds has been analyzed. Pentaarylfullerenes have a characteristic “badminton shuttlecock” shape that causes several derivatives to crystallize into columnar stacks. However, many pentaarylfullerenes form non-stacked structures with, for example, dimeric, layered, diamondoid, or feather-in-cavity relationships between molecules. Computational modeling gave a qualitative estimate of the best shape match between the ball and socket surfaces of each pentaarylfullerene. The best match was for pentaarylfullerenes with large, spherically shaped para-substituents on the aryl groups. The series of pentaarylfullerenes was characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. A total of 34 crystal structures were obtained as various solvates and were categorized by their packing motifs.
trans‐Carbonyl(chloro)bis(triphenylphosphine)iridium(I)

[14871-41-1] C37H30ClIrOP2 (MW 780.264) InChI = 1S/2C18H15P.CO.ClH.Ir/c2*1-4-10-16(11-5-1)19(17-12-6-2-7-13-17)18-14-8-3-9-15-18;1-2;;/h2*1-15H;;1H;/q;;;;+1/p-1 InChIKey = CTCCWDNFEUFLCM-UHFFFAOYSA-M (catalyst precursor for homogeneous hydrogenations,2, 3 decarbonylation of acyl halides,10 and the hydrosilation12 and hydroboration13 of alkenes) Alternate Name: Vaska's compound. Physical Data: mp 327–8 °C (dec); 1H NMR δ (C6D6) 6.6 (m);15 IR νCO = 1953 cm−1 (nujol). Solubility: sol toluene and chloroform; insol diethyl ether and alcohols. Form Supplied in: yellow crystals, widely available. Preparative Method: in a round-bottomed flask a mixture containing 3.52 g (10 mmol) of IrCl3·3H2O, 13.1 g (50 mmol) of PPh3, 4 mL of aniline, and 150 mL of DMF is heated under nitrogen at reflux for 12 h. After filtering the resulting red-brown solution hot, 300 mL of warm methanol is added rapidly and the mixture stirred. Upon cooling in an ice bath, yellow crystals of trans-IrCl(CO)(PPh3)2 are collected on a filter and washed with 250 mL of methanol and then with 25 mL of diethyl ether (87–90%). Handling, Storage, and Precautions: the compound is stable in air but readily takes up oxygen in solution.