cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
CyberKnife frameless stereotactic radiosurgery for spinal lesions: clinical experience in 125 cases.

Objective The role of stereotactic radiosurgery for the treatment of intracranial lesions is well established. Its use for the treatment of spinal lesions has been limited by the availability of effective target-immobilizing devices. Conventional external beam radiotherapy lacks the precision to allow delivery of large doses of radiation near radiosensitive structures such as the spinal cord. The CyberKnife (Accuray, Inc., Sunnyvale, CA) is an image-guided frameless stereotactic radiosurgery system that allows for the radiosurgical treatment of spinal lesions. This study evaluated the feasibility and effectiveness of the treatment of spinal lesions with a single-fraction radiosurgical technique using the CyberKnife. Methods The CyberKnife system uses the coupling of an orthogonal pair of x-ray cameras to a dynamically manipulated robot-mounted linear accelerator with six degrees of freedom that guides the therapy beam to the intended target without the use of frame-based fixation. Real-time imaging allows the tracking of patient movement. Cervical spine lesions were located and tracked relative to cranial bony landmarks; lower spinal lesions were tracked relative to fiducial bone markers. In this prospective cohort evaluation of a spine radiosurgery technique, 125 spinal lesions in 115 consecutive patients were treated with a single-fraction radiosurgery technique (45 cervical, 30 thoracic, 36 lumbar, and 14 sacral). There were 17 benign tumors and 108 metastatic lesions. All dose plans were calculated on the basis of computed tomographic images acquired from 1.25-mm slices with an inverse treatment planning technique. Radiosurgical circular cones ranging in diameter from 5 to 40 mm were used. Results Tumor volume ranged from 0.3 to 232 cm(3) (mean, 27.8 cm(3)). Seventy-eight lesions had received external beam irradiation previously. Tumor dose was maintained at 12 to 20 Gy to the 80% isodose line (mean, 14 Gy); canal volume receiving more than 8 Gy ranged from 0.0 to 1.7 cm(3) (mean, 0.2 cm(3)). No acute radiation toxicity or new neurological deficits occurred during the follow-up period (range, 9-30 mo; median, 18 mo). Axial and radicular pain improved in 74 of 79 patients who were symptomatic before treatment. Conclusion This is the first large prospective evaluation of this frameless image-guided spinal radiosurgery system. The CyberKnife system was found to be feasible, safe, and effective. The major potential benefits of radiosurgical ablation of spinal lesions are short treatment time in an outpatient setting with rapid recovery and symptomatic response. This technique offers a successful therapeutic modality for the treatment of a variety of spinal lesions as a primary treatment or for lesions not amenable to open surgical techniques, in medically inoperable patients, in lesions located in previously irradiated sites, or as an adjunct to surgery.
Other Antitumor Antibiotics

Mithramycin, or aureolic acid, is an antitumor antibiotic derived from the species Streptomyces plicatus. At present, it is not a part of the therapeutic armamentarium of any specific malignancy. At one time, however, it played a significant role in the management of embryonal cell carcinoma of the testes. Currently, mithramycin is used chiefly in the treatment of cancer-related hypercalcemia.
Least Squares Method

This chapter analyzes the procedure and yield of least square method. It is applicable to ordinary differential equations and partial differential equations. It yields an approximation to the solution. A variational principle is created for a given differential equation, and then an approximation to the solution with some free parameters is proposed. By use of the variational principle, the free parameters are determined. The solution of the two point boundary value problem is approximated. This approximation has been chosen in such a way that the boundary conditions for u ( x ) are satisfied.
Home-Based Care of the Older Patient

Visiting an ill patient at home constituted the standard mode of practice from the earliest days of medical care. The practitioner brought his skills in diagnosis, treatment, and compassion with him and whatever his portable “tool kit” could contain. Even after the creation of inpatient hospitals, transfer to these facilities was rare, and often dreaded.
Learning by combining observations and user edits

We introduce a new collaborative machine learning paradigm in which the user directs a learning algorithm by manually editing the automatically induced model. We identify a generic architecture that supports seamless interweaving of automated learning from training samples and manual edits of the model, and we discuss the main difficulties that the framework addresses. We describe Augmentation-Based Learning (ABL), the first learning algorithm that supports interweaving of edits and learning from training samples. We use examples based on ABL to outline selected advantages of the approach--dealing with bad data by manually removing their effects from the model, and learning a model with fewer training samples.
Professional nursing practice in an HMO: the future is now

Managed care forms of service delivery now dominate the nursing practice environment. Nursing is potentially a key resource for helping the system to meet the increased and evolving demands, maintaining quality while decreasing costs. However, nurses need additional competencies to function effectively in this environment. Nurse educators need to prepare nurses for these new roles. This paper describes trends influencing nursing roles and identifies the nine categories of competencies needed by professional nurses practicing in HMO settings. Cost-reduction pressures have driven profound changes in the health care system in recent years. Countering these demands for cost-reduction are increases in costs driven by new, more expensive treatments and higher patient expectations. While the future of health care is anything but clear, certain features of the health care system seem relatively certain: major changes will continue to be cost-driven; more hospitals will close, or consolidate or collaborate to compete; and inpatient acuity will continue to increase. In addition, corporate America will increasingly influence how care is delivered and demands for information on health plan performance, such as the Health Employers Data Information System (HEDIS) (National Committee for Quality Assurance, 1997) will increase. These forces will inevitably redirect use of resources within health care organizations. Other external forces that will continue to influence how care is delivered are discussed below.
Geomorphic Features and Benthic Habitats of a Sub-Arctic Fjord: Gilbert Bay, Southern Labrador, Canada

Publisher Summary Fjords are geomorphic and biological systems of great interest to geomorphology, oceanography, and marine biology. Fjords typically have complex bathymetry and host highly diverse and heterogeneous habitats, making them challenging environments for marine habitat mapping using acoustic remote sensing. The fjords of Newfoundland and southern Labrador commonly have relatively low relief, are surrounded by forested watersheds, and exist in boreal to sub-Arctic climatic conditions, making them somewhat different from archetypal fjords of the Canadian High Arctic. Gilbert Bay is a shallow-water, low-gradient, sub-Arctic fjord in southeastern Labrador, Atlantic Canada. The bay is composed of a series of basins separated by sills that shallow toward the head. A major side bay with shallow but complex bathymetry includes important spawning and juvenile fish habitat for a genetically distinct local population of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). Six acoustically distinguishable substrate types were identified in the fjord, with two additional substrate types recognized from field observations, including areas outside multibeam sonar coverage. Ordination and Analysis of Similarity (ANOSIM) of biotic data generalized five habitat types: hard-substrate habitats developed on cobble-boulder gravel and bedrock bottoms; coralline-algae-encrusted hard-substrate habitats; soft-bottom habitats developed on mud or gravelly mud bottoms; current-swept gravel with a unique biotic assemblage; and nearshore ice-scoured gravels in waters shallower than 5 m depth. Greatest within-habitat biodiversity was found in the coralline-algae-encrusted gravel habitat.
Chapter 13.3 Translation functions

Translation functions are used to determine the positions of search models by the molecular-replacement method. The functions are generally based on the comparisons of observed and calculated structure-factor amplitudes (R factor and correlation coefficient) or the comparisons of the corresponding Patterson functions. Combined molecular replacement is a limited six-dimensional search where sampling of the rotational degrees of freedom is guided by the rotation function. Evaluating the packing arrangement of the model in the crystal is an important part of the molecular-replacement calculation. The locked translation function can be used in cases where the crystal contains point-group noncrystallographic symmetry. Keywords: Cheshire group; Patterson-correlation translation function; R-factor translation function; combined molecular replacement; correlation-coefficient translation function; locked translation function; molecular replacement; phased translation function; translation functions
Adolescent Self-Compassion Moderates the Relationship Between Perceived Stress and Internalizing Symptoms.

Abstract Introduction Self-compassion, a trait that involves responding to one's difficulties with care and concern, may offer unique stress coping benefits during the challenges of adolescence. Methods This cross-sectional study used survey data from a large adolescent sample within two U.S. school settings (N = 1057; 65% female; 68% white; mean age 14.7 years) to examine whether self-compassion buffers the impact of perceived stress on internalizing symptoms, and secondarily, if these relationships differ by gender. Results Regression analysis revealed self-compassion is inversely related to internalizing symptoms. Moreover, the relationship between stress and depression and anxiety symptoms differed by level of self-compassion. This moderation effect was similar between genders for depressive symptoms, but slightly greater in males compared to females for anxiety. Conclusions These results add to our understanding of self-compassion as an adaptive emotion regulation strategy with potential benefits for youth experiencing stress. Further research is needed to confirm if moderation effects for anxiety differ by gender.
Translation of genome to glycome: role of the Golgi apparatus

Glycans are one of the four biopolymers of the cell and they play important roles in cellular and organismal physiology. They consist of both linear and branched structures and are synthesized in a nontemplated manner in the secretory pathway of mammalian cells with the Golgi apparatus playing a key role in the process. In spite of the absence of a template, the glycans synthesized by a cell are not a random collection of possible glycan structures but a distribution of specific glycans in defined quantities that is unique to each cell type (Cell type here refers to distinct cell forms present in an organism that can be distinguished based on morphological, phenotypic and/or molecular criteria.) While information to produce cell type-specific glycans is encoded in the genome, how this information is translated into cell type-specific glycome (Glycome refers to the quantitative distribution of all glycan structures present in a given cell type.) is not completely understood. We summarize here the factors that are known to influence the fidelity of glycan biosynthesis and integrate them into known glycosylation pathways so as to rationalize the translation of genetic information to cell type-specific glycome.
Seed and seedling characteristics of hybrid chestnuts ( Castanea spp.) derived from a backcross blight-resistance breeding program

American chestnut (Castanea dentata) was a foundation species in the eastern United States until chestnut blight (Cryphonectria parasitica) infestation resulted in range-wide catastrophic reduction. Since 1983, The American Chestnut Foundation (TACF) has engaged in a breeding program aimed at restoring C. dentata to the wild. The primary goal has been to introduce blight resistance from Castanea mollissima while recovering a C. dentata phenotype via successive backcrosses. To diversify the genetic base, state chapters of TACF have been producing BC3 and BC4 (third and fourth backcross) lines using C. dentata from across its native range. This study focuses on morphology and chemistry of seeds, and morphology and early growth of seedlings derived from BC3 and BC4 trees selected for blight resistance in state chapters. Our primary comparisons were among backcross, pure C. mollissima, and pure C. dentata lines. Seed traits included a suite of morphological characters known to differ between C. dentata and C. mollissima, as well as dry matter, total carbohydrate, sugar, protein, lipid, and phenolic content. Seedling traits included variables such as stem basal diameter and height, leaf variables such as number and area, and relative growth in key parameters such as stem volume. C. mollissima lines tended to differ significantly from C. dentata and backcross lines in most parameters, while C. dentata and backcross types tended to overlap broadly in traits. These results suggest that seed and seedling characteristics of backcross hybrids studied here are likely to be sufficiently similar to C. dentata for use in restoration programs.
PERSIST: A programmable RNA regulation platform using CRISPR endoRNases

ABSTRACT Regulation of transgene expression is becoming an integral component of gene therapies, cell therapies and biomanufacturing. However, transcription factor-based regulation upon which the majority of such applications are based suffers from complications such as epigenetic silencing, which limits the longevity and reliability of these efforts. Genetically engineered mammalian cells used for cell therapies and biomanufacturing as well as newer RNA-based gene therapies would benefit from post-transcriptional methods of gene regulation, but few such platforms exist that enable sophisticated programming of cell behavior. Here we engineer the 5’ and 3’ untranslated regions of transcripts to enable robust and composable RNA-level regulation through transcript cleavage and, in particular, create modular RNA-level OFF- and ON-switch motifs. We show that genomically introduced transgenes exhibit resistance to silencing when regulated using this platform compared to those that are transcriptionally-regulated. We adapt nine CRISPR-specific endoRNases as RNA-level “activators” and “repressors” and show that these can be easily layered and composed to reconstruct genetic programming topologies previously achieved with transcription factor-based regulation including cascades, all 16 two-input Boolean logic functions, positive feedback, a feed-forward loop and a putative bistable toggle switch. The orthogonal, modular and composable nature of this platform as well as the ease with which robust and predictable gene circuits are constructed holds promise for their application in gene and cell therapies.
Ambition in innovation: Vicarious learning in the nascent electric scooter market in Taiwan

Abstract Past evidence shows that firms in nascent markets rarely earn handsome rewards from pursuing technological superiority. The process by which firms in these nascent markets align their product technology strategy with their technological advantage remains unclear. This study examines how firms with strong technological resources tamp down the uncertainty inherent in such markets using vicarious learning – observing the initiatives of peer organizations and taking cues from them. Using a unique hand-collected dataset from the nascent Taiwanese electric scooter market, we find that firms often strategically release lower-performing products than their capabilities might dictate. Technologically capable firms are found to offer lower technological specifications than could be developed with the resources they control; their ambition is further attenuated by the presence of a market leading firm. We contribute to the literature by shedding light on how firms use vicarious learning to determine the technical parameters of their product offerings. Our findings suggest the wisdom of a step-wise approach in which firms release a less perfect product than their technological stock allows and improve the product through a sequence of smaller – yet still consequential – innovations.
Type II but not type I IFN signaling is indispensable for TLR7-promoted development of autoreactive B cells and systemic autoimmunity

TLR7 is associated with development of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), but the underlying mechanisms are incompletely understood. Although TLRs are known to activate type I IFN (T1IFN) signaling, the role of T1IFN and IFN-γ signaling in differential regulation of TLR7-mediated Ab-forming cell (AFC) and germinal center (GC) responses, and SLE development has never been directly investigated. Using TLR7-induced and TLR7 overexpression models of SLE, we report in this study a previously unrecognized indispensable role of TLR7-induced IFN-γ signaling in promoting AFC and GC responses, leading to autoreactive B cell and SLE development. T1IFN signaling in contrast, only modestly contributed to autoimmune responses and the disease process in these mice. TLR7 ligand imiquimod treated IFN-γ reporter mice show that CD4+ effector T cells including follicular helper T (Tfh) cells are the major producers of TLR7-induced IFN-γ. Transcriptomic analysis of splenic tissues from imiquimod-treated autoimmune-prone B6.Sle1b mice sufficient and deficient for IFN-γR indicates that TLR7-induced IFN-γ activates multiple signaling pathways to regulate TLR7-promoted SLE. Conditional deletion of Ifngr1 gene in peripheral B cells further demonstrates that TLR7-driven autoimmune AFC, GC and Tfh responses and SLE development are dependent on IFN-γ signaling in B cells. Finally, we show crucial B cell-intrinsic roles of STAT1 and T-bet in TLR7-driven GC, Tfh and plasma cell differentiation. Altogether, we uncover a nonredundant role for IFN-γ and its downstream signaling molecules STAT1 and T-bet in B cells in promoting TLR7-driven AFC, GC, and SLE development whereas T1IFN signaling moderately contributes to these processes.
Radiomic features derived from periprostatic fat on pre-surgical T2w MRI predict extraprostatic extension of prostate cancer identified on post-surgical pathology: preliminary results

Periprostatic fat composition on T2-weighted (T2w) MRI has been shown to be associated with aggressive prostate cancer and may influence extraprostatic extension (EPE). In this study, we interrogate the periprostatic fat (PPF) region adjacent to cancer lesion on prostate T2w MRI. Patients with pathologic stage ≥ pT3a are considered to experience EPE (EPE+) and those with stage ≤ T2c are without EPE (EPE-) post radical prostatectomy (RP). We use a cohort of N = 45 prostate cancer patients retrospectively acquired from a single institution who underwent 3T multi-parametric MRI prior to RP. Radiomic features including 1st and 2nd order statistics, Haralick, Gabor, CoLlAGe features are extracted from a region of interest (ROI) in the PPF on pre-surgical T2w MRI delineated by an experienced radiologist. Haralick, gradient and CoLlAGe features were observed to be significantly different (p<0.05) in PPF ROIs between EPE+ and EPE- and were significantly over expressed in EPE+ patients compared to EPE- patients, suggesting a higher heterogeneity within the PPF region for EPE+ patients. These features were used to train machine learning classifiers using a 3-fold cross validation approach in conjunction with feature selection methods to predict EPE. The best classification performance was obtained with Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifiers resulting in an AUC = 0.88 (±0.04). On univariable and multivariable analysis, we observed that radiomic classifier predictions resulted in significant separation between EPE+ and EPE- while none of the routinely used clinical parameters including prostate specific antigen (PSA), Gleason Grade Groups (GGG), age, race and prostate imaging reporting and data system (PI-RADS v2) scores showed significant differences. Our results suggest that radiomic features may quantify the underlying heterogeneity in periprostatic fat and predict patients who are likely to experience extraprostatic extension of disease post RP.
Larval Hosts of Lamiine Cerambycidae (Coleoptera) in Connecticut and Nearby States

Based upon adults reared from dead wood or galls in live branches collected in Connecticut and nearby states, I report larval hosts for 39 species of Cerambycidae in the subfamily Lamiinae. New hosts were discovered for 27 (69.2% of total) of the species. In all, 1,828 adults were reared to document 190 host associations, including 107 (56.3% of total) new ones. Astylopsis macula (Say) had the broadest host range with 28 fully identified hosts, followed by Urgleptes querci (Fitch) with 25 hosts and Hyperplatys aspersa (Say) with 13 hosts; the remaining 36 species developed in 10 or fewer hosts. Lamiine adults emerged from 70 woody species in 38 genera distributed in 23 plant families. The number of known host families for each species usually is given, along with comments about unreliable host records.
Aerodynamic size separation of glass fiber aerosols

The objective of this study was to investigate the efficacy of an aerodynamic separation scheme for obtaining aerosols with nearly monodisperse fiber lengths as test samples for mechanistic toxicol...
Measures of Improvement for Noninvasive Positive Pressure Ventilation in the ICU

Noninvasive ventilation (NIV) has been used for decades in the ICU to treat acute and chronic respiratory failure from many causes [1]. Multiple randomized, controlled trials have proven the benefits of bi-level noninvasive positive pressure ventilation in patients with hypercapnic respiratory failure from an acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and in patients with cardiogenic pulmonary edema [2]. In acute hypoxemic respiratory failure from pneumonia and sepsis, bi-level has been shown to improve respiratory status [3]. NIV has also been shown to improve reintubation outcomes in the transition time from invasive ventilation to spontaneous breathing in patients with COPD [4, 5]. The clinician caring for these acutely ill patients on noninvasive ventilation needs to have parameters to measure improvement of respiratory status. This will enable the safe use of noninvasive ventilation for acute respiratory failure and allow the operator to escalate to invasive ventilation when appropriate. In this chapter, we will review these measures of improvement for different types of acute respiratory failure: hypercapnia from COPD, respiratory failure associated with left ventricular dysfunction, and noninvasive positive pressure ventilation for respiratory failure due to pneumonia.
68Ga-PSMA-11 PET/MRI: determining ideal acquisition times to reduce noise and increase image quality.

In this study, we investigate the impact of increased PET acquisition time per bed position on lesion detectability, standard uptake value, and image noise in 68Ga-PSMA-11 PET/MRI scans. Scans of twenty patients were analyzed in this study. Patients were injected with 68Ga-PSMA-11 (mean, 5.50 ± 1.49 mCi) and imaged on a 3.0 T time-of-flight PET/MRI. PET images were retrospectively reconstructed using 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 7, and 10 min of PET data. Lesion detectability was evaluated on a 5-point Likert Scale for each lesion in each reconstruction. Quantitative analysis was performed measuring image noise and lesion uptake. A total of 55 lesions were identified, and lesion detectability increased from 2.07 ± 1.14 for 0.5 min to 4.93 ± 0.26 for 10 min (p < 0.001), with no significant difference detected between 7 and 10 min of scan time. Average SUVmax decreased from 9.89 ± 6.62 for 0.5 min to 8.64 ± 6.81 for 10 min. Noise decreased from 0.72 ± 0.22 for 0.5 min to 0.31 ± 0.12 for 10 min (p < 0.001) and were nearly equivalent between 7 and 10 min. Pairwise interaction terms between size, SUVmax, and scan time were all found to be significant, although the interaction term between SUVmax and scan time was found to be the most significant. Increased acquisition duration improves image quality by increasing detectability and reducing noise. In patients with biochemical recurrence, increased acquisition time up to 7 min improves lesion detection.
Vibrational satellites of C2S, C3S, and C4S: microwave spectral taxonomy as a stepping stone to the millimeter-wave band

We present a microwave spectral taxonomy study of several hydrocarbon/CS2 discharge mixtures in which more than 60 distinct chemical species, their more abundant isotopic species, and/or their vibrationally excited states were detected using chirped-pulse and cavity Fourier-transform microwave spectroscopies. Taken together, in excess of 85 unique variants were detected, including several new isotopic species and more than 25 new vibrationally excited states of C2S, C3S, and C4S, which have been assigned on the basis of published vibration–rotation interaction constants for C3S, or newly calculated ones for C2S and C4S. On the basis of these precise, low-frequency measurements, several vibrationally exited states of C2S and C3S were subsequently identified in archival millimeter-wave data in the 253–280 GHz frequency range, ultimately providing highly accurate catalogs for astronomical searches. As part of this work, formation pathways of the two smaller carbon–sulfur chains were investigated using 13C isotopic spectroscopy, as was their vibrational excitation. The present study illustrates the utility of microwave spectral taxonomy as a tool for complex mixture analysis, and as a powerful and convenient ‘stepping stone’ to higher frequency measurements in the millimeter and submillimeter bands.
Elastica: A Compliant Mechanics Environment for Soft Robotic Control

Soft robots are notoriously hard to control. This is partly due to the scarcity of models and simulators able to capture their complex continuum mechanics, resulting in a lack of control methodologies that take full advantage of body compliance. Currently available methods are either too computational demanding or overly simplistic in their physical assumptions, leading to a paucity of available simulation resources for developing such control schemes. To address this, we introduce Elastica, an open-source simulation environment modeling the dynamics of soft, slender rods that can bend, twist, shear, and stretch. We couple Elastica with five state-of-the-art reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms (TRPO, PPO, DDPG, TD3, and SAC). We successfully demonstrate distributed, dynamic control of a soft robotic arm in four scenarios with both large action spaces, where RL learning is difficult, and small action spaces, where the RL actor must learn to interact with its environment. Training converges in 10 million policy evaluations with near real-time evaluation of learned policies.
BigMap: Future-proofing Fuzzers with Efficient Large Maps

Coverage-guided fuzzing is a powerful technique for finding security vulnerabilities and latent bugs in software. Such fuzzers usually store the coverage information in a small bitmap. Hash collision within this bitmap is a well-known issue and can reduce fuzzers’ ability to discover potential bugs. Prior works noted that collision mitigation with naively enlarging the hash space leads to an unacceptable runtime overhead. This paper describes BigMap, a two-level hashing scheme that enables using an arbitrarily large coverage_bitmap with low overhead. The key observation is that the overhead stems from frequent operations performed on the full bitmap, although only a fraction of the map is actively used. BigMap condenses these scattered active regions on a second bitmap and limits the operations only on that condensed area. We implemented our approach on top of the popular fuzzer AFL and conducted experiments on 19 benchmarks from FuzzBench and OSS-Fuzz. The results indicate that BigMap does not suffer from increased runtime overhead even with large map sizes. Compared to AFL, BigMap achieved an average of 4.5x higher test case generation throughput for a 2MB map and 33.1x for an 8MB map. The throughput gain for the 2MB map increased further to 9.2x with parallel fuzzing sessions, indicating superior scalability of BigMap. More importantly, BigMap’s compatibility with most coverage metrics, along with its efficiency on bigger maps, enabled exploring aggressive compositions of expensive coverage metrics and fuzzing algorithms, uncovering 33% more unique crashes. BigMap makes using large bitmaps practical and enables researchers to explore a wider design space of coverage metrics
Condensation effects on energy performance of building window systems

Abstract Low-e products have been accepted widely as an energy-efficient solution or energy retrofitting strategy for glazing systems, including single-pane windows, which may reduce the emission of radiant infrared energy and improve the insulating properties of overall windows. However, the addition of a low-e layer may increase the condensation risk, and in turn, significantly diminish the window’s thermal performance. To better understand the condensation effects of low-e windows on overall building energy use, we extended the classic Nusselt filmwise condensation model to establish and validate a simplified double-film-based analytical model, and then characterized the condensation-dependent thermal dynamics of low-e coated single-pane glazing. A series of whole building energy use comparisons between simulations ignoring and considering the condensation effect were conducted. The results indicate that if the condensation effect is taken into account, the low-e single-pane glazing may lead to adverse effects on the energy-saving purpose in certain climates relative to the original single-pane glazing. More careful and comprehensive energy analyses are needed to use low-e products for window energy retrofits.
Ludic Proof: Greek Mathematics and the Alexandrian Aesthetic

This book represents a new departure in science studies: an analysis of a scientific style of writing, situating it within the context of the contemporary style of literature. Its philosophical significance is that it provides a novel way of making sense of the notion of a scientific style. For the first time, the Hellenistic mathematical corpus - one of the most substantial extant for the period - is placed centre-stage in the discussion of Hellenistic culture as a whole. Professor Netz argues that Hellenistic mathematical writings adopt a narrative strategy based on surprise, a compositional form based on a mosaic of apparently unrelated elements, and a carnivalesque profusion of detail. He further investigates how such stylistic preferences derive from, and throw light on, the style of Hellenistic poetry. This important book will be welcomed by all scholars of Hellenistic civilization as well as historians of ancient science and Western mathematics.
Mineralogy and geothermometry of high-temperature rhyolites from the central and western Snake River Plain

Voluminous mid-Miocene rhyolitic ash-flow tuffs and lava flows are exposed along the northern and southern margins of the central and western Snake River Plain. These rhyolites are essentially anhydrous with the general mineral assemblage of plagioclase ±sanidine ± quartz + augite + pigeonite ± hypersthene ± fayalitic olivine + Fe-Ti oxides + apatite + zircon which provides an opportunity to compare feldspar, pyroxene, and Fe-Ti oxide equilibration temperatures for the same rocks. Estimated pyroxene equilibration temperatures (based on the geothermometers of Lindsley and coworkers) range from 850 to 1000°C, and these are well correlated with whole-rock compositions. With the exception of one sample, agreement between the two-pyroxene thermometers tested is well within 50°C. Fe-Ti oxide geothermometers applied to fresh magnetite and ilmenite generally yield temperatures about 50 to 100°C lower than the pyroxene temperatures, and erratic results are obtained if these minerals exhibit effects of subsolidus oxidation and exsolution. Results of feldspar thermometry are more complicated, and reflect uncertainties in the thermometer calibrations as well as in the degree of attainment of equilibrium between plagioclase and sanidine. In general, temperatures obtained using the Ghiorso (1984) and Green and Usdansky (1986) feldspar thermometers agree with the pyroxene temperatures within the respective uncertainties. However, uncertainties in the feldspar temperatures are the larger of the two (and exceed ±60°C for many samples). The feldspar thermometer of Fuhrman and Lindsley (1988) produces systematically lower temperatures for many of the samples studied. The estimated pyroxene temperatures are considered most representative of actual magmatic temperatures for these rhyolites. This range of temperatures is significantly higher than those for rhyolites from many other suites, and is consistent with the hypothesis that the Snake River Plain rhyolitic magmas formed by partial fusion of relatively dry (e.g. granulitic) crustal lithologies.
PARTIAL REVERSAL OF THE ANTI-MITOTIC EFFECTS OF HEAVY WATER BY HIGH HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE. AN ANALYSIS OF THE FIRST CLEAVAGE DIVISON IN THE EGGS OF STRONGYLOCENTROTUS PURPURATUS.

Abstract The well-known anti-mitotic effects of D2O are counteracted in large measure by application of suitably selected intensities of hydrostatic pressure. As previously reported, replacement of 70 per cent or more of the H2O content of sea water by D2O immediately stops mitotic activity in cleaving sea urchin eggs, regardless of the stage of mitosis at which the experimental treatment is initiated. The mitotic apparatus remains “frozen” at status quo, whether in prophase, metaphase or anaphase, unless and until the eggs are returned to normal sea water within approximately 1 hr, before deterioration occurs. In the present experiments, immersion of the eggs in the deuterated media (70, 80 and 90 per cent D2O-sea water) was initiated at very early prophase and a sample of each batch of deuterated eggs was subjected to compression six minutes later. Without pressure, almost none of the eggs succeeded in reaching telophase, as judged by the appearance of cleavage furrows; whereas more than 98 per cent, at optimum pressure, displayed definitive furrowing activity and many succeeded in reaching the two-cell stage. The optimum pressure, however, increased as the deuteration increased, being 4000, 4500 and 5000 psi, respectively, for the 70, 80 and 90 per cent degrees of deuteration. Moreover, the percentage of development to morphologically normal swimming blastulae, in specimens restored to H2O-sea water after 1 1 2 hr of experimental treatment, tended to parallel the percentage of successful cleavage. A reasonable interpretation of these results would be that pressure, by virtue of its widely recognized solational effect, tends to counteract the hypergelational “freezing” of the spindle-aster complex.
Recipes, Algorithms, and Programs

In the technical literature of computer science, the concept of an effective procedure is closely associated with the notion of an instruction that precisely specifies an action. Turing machine instructions are held up as providing paragons of instructions that "precisely describe" or "well define" the actions they prescribe. Numerical algorithms and computer programs are judged effective just insofar as they are thought to be translatable into Turing machine programs. Nontechnical procedures (e.g., recipes, methods) are summarily dismissed as ineffective on the grounds that their instructions lack the requisite precision. But despite the pivotal role played by the notion of a precisely specified instruction in classifying procedures as effective and ineffective, little attention has been paid to the manner in which instructions "precisely specify" the actions they prescribe. It is the purpose of this paper to remedy this defect. The results are startling. The reputed exemplary precision of Turing machine instructions turns out to be a myth. Indeed, the most precise specifications of action are provided not by the procedures of theoretical computer science and mathematics (algorithms) but rather by the nontechnical procedures of everyday life. I close with a discussion of some of the rumifications of these conclusions for understanding and designing concrete computers and their programming languages.
A comparison of preoperative imaging techniques for predicting patellar tendon graft length before cruciate ligament reconstruction.

Autogenous bone-patellar tendon-bone is commonly used as graft material for cruciate ligament reconstructions. If this type of graft is too long, graft fixation other than an interference screw may be required. If it is too short, selection of another type of graft may be necessary. If the length of the patellar tendon portion of the graft could be accurately predicted, preoperative planning could determine the adequacy of this graft and choice of fixation for the planned procedure. Using lateral radiographs with the knee flexed 30°, standard magnetic resonance imaging, and magnetic resonance imaging with supplemental three-dimensional reconstructions, we measured the length of the patellar tendon in cadavers and then compared these measurements with the actual patellar tendon length measurements. Linear regression analysis resulted in r2 values of 0.80, 0.43, and 0.65 for lateral radiographs, standard magnetic resonance imaging, and magnetic resonance imaging with three-dimensional reconstructions, respe...
The giant gene of Drosophila encodes a b-ZIP DNA-binding protein that regulates the expression of other segmentation gap genes

The sequence of a cDNA from the giant gene of Drosophila shows that its product has a basic domain followed by a leucine zipper motif. Both features contain characteristic conserved elements of the b-ZIP family of DNA-binding proteins. Expression of the gene in bacteria or by in vitro translation yields a protein that migrates considerably faster than the protein extracted from Drosophila embryos. Treatment with phosphatase shows that this difference is due to multiple phosphorylation of the giant protein in the embryo. Ectopic expression of the protein in precellular blastoderm embryos produces abnormal phenotypes with a pattern of segment loss closely resembling that of Kruppel mutant embryos. Immunological staining shows that giant, ectopically expressed from the hsp70 promoter, represses the expression of both the Kruppel and knirps segmentation gap genes. The analysis of the interactions between Kruppel, knirps and giant reveals a network of negative regulation. We show that the apparent positive regulation of knirps by Kruppel is in fact mediated by a negative effect of Kruppel on giant and a negative effect of giant on knirps. giant protein made in bacteria or in embryos binds in vitro to the Kruppel regulatory elements CD1 and CD2 and recognizes a sequence resembling the binding sites of other b-ZIP proteins.
Application of multi-tone approach in three-phase AC system impedance measurement

The constant-power-load characteristic of output-regulated power converters may result in stability issues in distributed power systems, where the power source is not ideal. DC system has been well studied and Nyquist Criterion has been applied for stability prediction. For AC systems, Generalized Nyquist Criterion has been verified to effectively predict stability based on source and load d-q impedances. The basic idea for AC impedance measurement is AC sweeping. This method is time-consuming. To increase the measurement speed, the multi-tone method is developed in this paper. The method for FFT window and perturbation frequencies selection is discussed.
Riding the glial monorail: A common mechanism for glialguided neuronal migration in different regions of the developing mammalian brain

In vitro studies from our laboratory indicate that granule neurons, purified from early postnatal mouse cerebellum, migrate on astroglial fibers by forming a 'migration junction' with the glial fiber along the length of the neuronal soma and extending a motile 'leading process' in the direction of migration. Similar dynamics are seen for hippocampal neurons migrating along hippocampal astroglial fibers in vitro. In heterotypic recombinations of neurons and glia from mouse cerebellum and rat hippocampus, neurons migrate on astroglial processes with a cytology and neuron-glia relationship identical to that of homotypic neuronal migration in vitro. In all four cases, the migrating neuron presents a stereotyped posture, speed and mode of movement, suggesting that glial fibers provide a generic pathway for neuronal migration in developing brain. Studies on the molecular basis of glial-guided migration suggest that astrotactin, a neuronal antigen that functions as a neuron-glia ligand, is likely to play a crucial role in the locomotion of the neuron along glial fibers. The navigation of neurons from glial fibers into cortical layers, in turn, is likely to involve neuron-neuron adhesion ligands.
Immigrant characteristics and Hispanic-Anglo housing inequality

This paper seeks to explain why Hispanic households in the United States live in housing markedly inferior to Anglos'. I argue that immigrant characteristics of Hispanic households and the metropolitan areas in which Hispanics live play important roles in determining such inequality in the housing market. Empirical analyses of homeownership, household crowding, and housing costs demonstrate that immigration plays a role in explaining relatively low homeownership and high household crowding for each of four large Hispanic populations (Mexicans, Puerto Ricans, Cubans, and other Hispanics). The role of immigrant characteristics in determining housing costs is much weaker.
The University Of Colorado Meaning Norms

There exist surprisingly few normative lists of word meanings even though homographs—words having single spellings but two or more distinct meanings—are useful in studying memory and language. The meaning norms that are available all have one or more weaknesses, including: (1) the collection of free associates rather than meanings as responses to the stimulus words; (2) the collection of single rather than multiple responses to the stimulus words; (3) the inclusion of only the two most frequently occurring meaning categories, rather than all meaning categories, for the stimulus words; (4) omission of the responses typical of each meaning category; (5) inadequate randomization of the presentation order of the stimulus words; and (6) unpaced presentation of the stimulus words. We have compiled meaning norms for 90 common English words of low, medium, and high concreteness using a methodology designed to correct these weaknesses. Analysis showed that words of medium concreteness have significantly more first-response meanings than do words of either low or high concreteness, lending support to the view that concreteness is a categorical, rather than a continuous, semantic attribute.
Interactive behavior change technology. A partial solution to the competing demands of primary care.

Abstract Background Primary care practices are faced with the challenge of having too much to do in too little time. As a result, behavioral counseling is often overlooked, especially for patients with multiple health behaviors in need of change. Methods This paper describes recent examples of the application of interactive behavior change technologies (IBCTs) to deliver health behavior change counseling before, during, and after the office visit to inform and enhance patient–clinician interactions around these issues. The 5A's framework (assess, advise, agree, assist, arrange follow-up) is used to consider how interactive technology can be used to implement behavior change counseling more consistently. Results A variety of IBCTs, including the Internet, clinic-based CD-ROMs, and interactive voice-response telephone calls have been shown to be feasible and potentially valuable adjuncts to clinic-based behavioral counseling. These technologies can both increase the effectiveness of behavioral counseling and extend the reach of these services to patients with barriers to face-to-face interactions. Conclusions If appropriately developed with the context of primary care in mind and integrated as part of a systems approach to intervention, IBCT can be a feasible and appropriate aid for primary care. Recommendations are made for the types of IBCT aids and research that are needed to realize this potential.
PHYSICAL AND IMMUNOLOGICAL DIFFERENCES AMONG STREPTOKINASES

Two strains of Group A streptococci have been shown to produce streptokinases with different physical and immunologic characteristics. These streptokinases have been designated SK-A and SK-B. Examination of additional strains of Group A streptococci has indicated that SK-A is the more commonly encountered streptokinase. Studies comparing the two Group A streptokinases with streptokinase of Group C origin have indicated that the latter streptokinase is intermediate between SK-A and SK-B in regard to its electrophoretic mobility. Immunological data suggest that the Group C streptokinase differs from SK-B but is closely related to SK-A.
D-CYCLOSERINE INACTIVATION OF D-AMINO ACID AMINOTRANSFERASE LEADS TO A STABLE NONCOVALENT PROTEIN COMPLEX WITH AN AROMATIC CYCLOSERINE-PLP DERIVATIVE

d-amino acid aminotransferase (d-aAT, EC 2.6.1.21) is a pyridoxal-phosphate (PLP) dependent enzyme that specifically transaminates d-amino acids. d-aAT provides one of the routes for the biosynthesis of d-alanine and/or d-glutamate, which are essential constituents of the bacterial cell wall peptidoglycan, thereby making this enzyme a potential antimicrobial target. One agent that inhibits this enzyme is d-cycloserine, believed to react with the cofactor and subsequently form a covalent link to the protein. We have recently reported the high-resolution crystal structure of d-aAT from a thermophilic Bacillus species (Sugio et al. Biochemistry 1995, 34, 9961−9969). We now report the crystal structure (PDB accession code 2DAA) of this enzyme inactivated by d-cycloserine. Contrary to expectations, cycloserine is not covalently attached to the protein but rather forms a stable aromatic species attached to the cofactor and held in place by many noncovalent interactions. The chemical nature of the complex betwee...
Combination radiacmeter for dose-rate or dose measurement

Abstract Design features of a developmental radiacmeter are reviewed, which uses a solid-state (MOSFET) electrometer in either a current (dose-rate) measuring of charge integrating (dosimeter) mode. Protective measures against radiation-induced instability of the MOSFET devices are discussed, as well as the inherently low power consumption attainable by virtue of a micropower integrated circuit amplifier.