cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Splenic Hypofunction in the Nephrotic Syndrome of Childhood

The reticuloendothelial system, including the spleen, subserves important immunologic functions. Loss of splenic function results in an increased incidence of severe bacterial infections and is accompanied by thrombocytosis. Several nephrotic children were noted to have remarkably high platelet counts and predisposition to bacterial infection with encapsulated organisms. We, therefore, investigated the splenic function of nine children with primary nephrotic syndrome and measured the phagocytic function of the spleen by sequestration of Technetium-99-labelled heat-treated autologous RBC, administered intravenously. Four children had decreased splenic function. Repeat studies performed in two of these children after remission of the nephrotic syndrome gave normal results. There were six episodes of bacterial infection (3 peritonitis, 1 septic arthritis, 1 cellulitis, and 1 Escherichia coli urinary tract infection) among the four patients with decreased splenic function. There were no episodes of bacterial infection among the five nephrotic children with normal splenic function. Nephrotic patients with decreased splenic function had significantly increased platelet counts (921,000 +/- 196,000; mean +/- SEM) compared to those with normal function (435,000 +/- 46,000; P less than 0.001). Our findings suggest the possibility that some nephrotic children may have decreased splenic function in association with increased susceptibility to bacterial infections.
Imaging the seismic structure of the crust and upper mantle beneath the Great Plains, Rio Grande Rift, and Colorado Plateau using receiver functions

Received 20 October 2004; accepted 2 March 2005; published 28 May 2005. [1] The seismic structure of the crust and upper mantle of the southwestern United States is examined using receiver functions calculated from teleseismic arrivals recorded in the Colorado Plateau–Rio Grande Rift–Great Plains Seismic Transect (LA RISTRA) experiment. We apply receiver function estimation and filtering methods developed by Wilson and Aster (2005) to produce receiver functions with decreased sensitivity to noise and deconvolutional instability. Crustal thickness and Vp/Vs ratios are estimated using both direct and reverberated P-to-S receiver function modes. We apply regularized receiver function migration methods to produce a multiple-suppressed image of the velocity discontinuity structure of the subsurface. Our results show that crustal thickness averages 44.1 ± 2.3 km beneath the Great Plains (GP) and 45.6 ± 1.1 km beneath the Colorado Plateau (CP). Crustal thinning beneath the Rio Grande Rift (RGR) is broadly symmetric about the rift axis, with the thinnest crust (35 km) located directly beneath the rift axis, suggesting a pure shear stretched lithosphere beneath the RGR. We also observe a prominent northwest dipping discontinuity, ranging from 65 to 85 km deep beneath the CP, and possible subcrustal discontinuities beneath the GP. These discontinuities, along with recent xenolith data, are consistent with preserved ancient lithospheric structures such as relict suture zones associated with Proterozoic subduction. We observe an upper mantle discontinuity at 220–300 km depth that may correlate with similar discontinuities observed beneath eastern North America. We also observe relatively flat discontinuities at 410 and 660 km depth, indicating there is not a large-scale thermal anomaly beneath the RGR at these depths.
Clutter scattering function estimation and ground moving target detection from multiple STAP datacubes

Methods for estimating the clutter scattering function and detecting ground moving targets, using pulse-Doppler surveillance radar data, are described. The imaging problem is cast as one of structured covariance estimation with time-varying measurement models and illumination patterns. An expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm is derived and the computational issues arising from its use are discussed. The detection algorithm uses the estimated clutter statistics and a time-varying target model in a standard generalized likelihood ratio test (GLRT).
Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation: Quo Vadis?

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, a form of artificial circulatory support, continues to evolve beyond its well-established neonatal applications. It is often the most aggressive aspect of treatment algorithms in the management of severe respiratory and cardiac failure. While its use is relatively infrequent and executed in a small number of centers, it remains an important supportive measure while organ function is preserved and restored. Refinements in equipment and techniques continue to develop; patient-selection has changed, in adults and children, and cardiac applications have gained prominence.
Sobolev Gradients and Neural Networks

By using a formulation similar to a Sobolev gradient for the natural gradient a new algorithm has been developed that converges faster, uses fewer additional parameters and has smaller storage requirements all while not overtraining to a training set. Simulation results show the improvements for an applicable problem.
Using WordNet to support interactive concept map construction

Concept mapping is a knowledge elicitation technique which stimulates learners to articulate and synthesize their actual states of knowledge during the learning process. Several approaches have been proposed for automating the assessment procedure of learners' concept maps based on an expert's map as a reference point. However, these approaches do not handle cases where learners have misspelled a concept or they have used a synonym or a concept related to the appropriate one. In this paper we present an alternative approach in which the process of the error identification is performed through the use of an expert map and of WordNet which is an electronic lexical database containing semantic relationships between words. This way we handle cases such as misspelled concepts, synonyms and related concepts. After error detection WordNet is also employed for providing the learner with appropriate feedback based on the identified errors, with the intention of helping the learner to correct them.
Asymmetric Supernova Explosions

Core collapse supernovae (SN) are the final stages of stellar evolution in massive stars during which the central region collapses, forms a neutron star (NS) or black hole, and the outer layers are ejected. Recent explosion scenarios assume that the ejection is due to energy deposition by neutrinos into the envelope, but current models with detailed neutrino transport do not produce powerful explosions. There is new and mounting evidence for an asphericity and, in particular, for axial symmetry in several supernovae which may be hard to reconcile within the spherical picture. This evidence includes the observed high polarization and its variation with time, pulsar kicks, high velocity iron-group and intermediate-mass elements observed in remnants, and direct observations of the debris of SN 1987A. Some of the new evidence is discussed in more detail. To be in agreement with the observations, any successful mechanism must invoke some sort of axial symmetry for the explosion. Based on models in literature, we expect no such asymmetries from neutrino driven explosions.
College men’s fashion: clothing preference, identity, and avoidance

The goal of our exploratory study was to investigate what fashion means to college men in terms of preference, identity, and avoidance. Specifically, we aimed to determine what young men want to achieve as well as avoid through their clothing. We interviewed 15 college men to collect data. This exploratory study revealed that the male college students who participated in this study desire clothing that is comfortable, gives them confidence, and meets the expectations of their surroundings. The results suggest that college men’s fashion preferences are driven largely by a desire for comfort and adherence to norms. Moreover, the study participants avoided certain types of clothing due to the clothing’s incongruence with their styles. Their aversion to clothing that could be perceived as alternative, gangster, or gay indicates that these men strived to avoid clothing that conveys identities viewed as non-conformist, non-professional, or unusual. In line with our findings, we encourage universities to educate students in order to prevent them from holding negative stereotypes against African Americans and homosexuals. Continued educational efforts could be made through courses that curtail aversion to underrepresented ethnic groups.
Pathogenesis of Rabies

Rabies is a central nervous system (CNS) disease that is almost invariably fatal. The causative agent is rabies virus (RV), a negative-stranded RNA virus of the rhabdovirus family. RV pathogenesis, like that of other viruses, is a multigenic trait. Recent findings indicate that in addition to the RV G protein viral elements that regulate gene expression, especially expression of the L gene, are also likely to play a role in RV pathogenesis. In vivo, RV infects almost exclusively neurons, and neuroinvasiveness is the major defining characteristic of a classical RV infection. A key factor in the neuroinvasion of RV is transsynaptic neuronal spread. While the ability of RV to spread from the post-synaptic site to the pre-synaptic site is mediated by the RV G protein, the RV P protein might be an important determinant of retrograde transport of the virus within axons. Although the mechanism(s) by which an RV infection cause(s) a lethal neurological disease are still not well understood, the most significant factor underlying the lethal outcome of an RV infection appears to be the neuronal dysfunction due to drastically inhibited synthesis of proteins required in maintaining neuronal functions.
Development and Validation of a Reduced Chemical Kinetic Mechanism for Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulations of Natural Gas/Diesel Dual-Fuel Engines

A reduced chemical kinetic mechanism consisting of 141 species and 709 reactions has been constructed to simulate the combustion of both natural gas and diesel fuels in a dual-fuel engine. Natural gas is modeled as a mixture of methane, ethane, and propane, while the diesel fuel is modeled as n-heptane. The new reduced mechanism combines reduced versions of a detailed n-heptane mechanism and a detailed methane through n-pentane mechanism, each of which was reduced using a direct relation graph method. The reduced dual-fuel mechanism is validated against ignition delay computations with full detailed mechanisms, adiabatic homogeneous charge compression ignition simulations with full detailed mechanisms, experimental premixed laminar flame speeds of CH4/O2/He mixtures at 40 and 60 atm, ignition delay and lift-off length from a diesel spray experiment in a constant-volume chamber, and finally against dual-fuel engine experiments using multidimensional computational fluid dynamics simulations. The engine simu...
The Hearing Voices Movement in the United States: Findings from a national survey of group facilitators

Empirical research on naturalistic hearing voices movement groups (HVG) has been limited to date. In an effort to better understand facilitator perspectives and variations in the structure of groups in the USA, we conducted a facilitator-led national survey of HVG facilitators. The survey included both close-ended and open-ended questions and was available online for 1 year. Participants were asked about the structure and composition of their groups, their perspectives on membership, clinician involvement, facilitator training and perceived impact of group participation on members. Thirty-two facilitators participated. The results underscore the diversity of HVG in the USA. The authors highlight three findings of interest: (1) participants’ disagreements or uncertainty regarding a narrower HVG focus on experiences that would traditionally be described as “sensory hallucinations” versus a broader subset of extreme or unusual experiences (including “beliefs”); (2) tensions regarding HVG collaboration with c...
Discussion on the Application Prospect about Two-line Hybrid Rice in Heilongjiang Province

Two-line hybrid rice is named for its only need two breeding materials which are photoperiod/thermo-sensitive genic male sterile line and restorer Lines.On the basis of mainly introducing the national good development trend status of two-line hybrid rice,the existing problems of developing two-line hybrid rice were analyzed,and the broad prospects of effective using existing conventional japonica hybrid rice to develop two-line hybrid rice in Heilongjiang province was proposed.
Effect of herbicides on survival of Ophraella communa

To achieve the synergy of chemical control and biological control of ragweed,Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.,and screen low toxic herbicides to the natural enemy of ragweed,Ophraella communa,the effect of five herbicides(glyphosate-isopropylammonium,paraquat,fomesafen,lactofen and fluroxypyr) on survival of all the metamorphosis stages of O.communa were survived.The results showed that when O.communa exposed to paraquat at conventional concentrations,the survival rate of adults and pupae were below 16.9% and 70.6%,respectively.But paraquat had little effect on the survival rate of eggs and larvae.The survival rate of adults and larvae exposed to glyphosate-isopropylammonium,fomesafen,lactofen and fluroxypyr at moderate concentration were all above 70% and 90%,respectively.There were no significantly lethal effect on eggs and pupae of O.communa treated with the other four herbicides.The results indicated that paraquat had significantly adverse effect on O.communa.This suggested that paraquat should be used cautiously in IPM to control ragweed.
High-dose melphalan therapy for the treatment of children with refractory neuroblastoma and Ewing's sarcoma

Neuroblastoma and Ewing's sarcoma are examples of pediatric cancers in which disseminated disease is often present at diagnosis or develops later in spite of combination therapy. The demonstration that marrow-ablative doses of chemotherapy can increase tumor cell kill, and that autologous bone marrow can be cryopreserved and reinfused into the patient to reverse such marrow ablation, has stimulated interest in this approach to refractory childhood cancers. We present results of treating eighteen patients with recurrent neuroblastoma and Ewing's sarcoma resistant to conventional therapy. We used supralethal doses of melphalan, supported by reinfusion of previously cryopreserved autologous bone marrow. Seven of 10 neuroblastoma and six of eight Ewing's sarcoma patients had complete or partial responses, lasting for a median of 6 months (neuroblastoma) and 3 months (Ewing's sarcoma). Prolonged hospitalization, pancytopenia complicated by sepsis, and reversible gastrointestinal toxicity were the major side effects. These results suggest this approach should be tested in therapeutic trials at an earlier disease stage in children who have cancers with a predictably bad prognosis.
Ocean Modeling in Isopycnic Coordinates

Electronic computers were made available to civilian researchers in the late 1940s, shortly after World War II. Numerical Weather Prediction — at that time the repetitive solution of a 2-dimensional elliptic partial differential equation describing the evolution of the height of a mid-tropospheric isobaric surface — was among the first mathematical problems tackled with that new technology.
Abnormal placentation in caesarean scar ectopic pregnancy

A multiparous woman aged 34 years with a prior low transverse caesarean delivery presented at 12 weeks gestation for nuchal translucency screening. She had an unremarkable ultrasound study at 8 weeks gestation. Although asymptomatic at her screening, the patient had imaging findings suspicious for a caesarean scar ectopic, including loss of myometrial border between the placenta and uterine serosa on her ultrasound (figure 1A) and MRI examinations (figure 1B). The patient was counselled on her options, including continuing the pregnancy with further interventions at the …
Managing Event Information: Modeling, Retrieval, and Applications

With the proliferation of citizen reporting, smart mobile devices, and social media, an increasing number of people are beginning to generate information about events they observe and participate in. A significant fraction of this information contains multimedia data to share the experience with their audience. A systematic information modeling and management framework is necessary to capture this widely heterogeneous, schemaless, potentially humongous information produced by many different people. This book is an attempt to examine the modeling, storage, querying, and applications of such an event management system in a holistic manner. It uses a semantic-web style graph-based view of events, and shows how this event model, together with its query facility, can be used toward emerging applications like semi-automated storytelling. Table of Contents: Introduction / Event Data Models / Implementing an Event Data Model / Querying Events / Storytelling with Events / An Emerging Application / Conclusion
Harnessing Yik Yak for Good: A Study of Students’ Anonymous Library Feedback

ABSTRACTThis study explores academic libraries’ potential uses of the mobile application Yik Yak, with particular focus on patrons’ anonymous feedback about library services and spaces. Over a 232-day period, the authors observed the Yik Yak feed for their university and recorded all yaks related to the library. A content analysis of the 249 library-related yaks found six distinct purposes that these library-related yaks served, from the perspective of the patron, which are of interest to the library: asking questions about library services; reporting problems with library spaces; reprimanding violations of and encouraging adherence to library policies; sharing compliments about library services; demons-trating need for improved library services; and discussing and offering feedback about library programs. This study reveals several opportunities for academic libraries to engage with Yik Yak in order to serve their patrons better, including providing virtual reference services, monitoring problems within ...
Perceived Barriers to Postdivorce Coparenting: Differences Between Men and Women and Associations with Coparenting Behaviors

Using data from 291 divorced mothers and fathers, we compared their perceptions of how much legal-financial, time-logistics, and parental fitness barriers influenced their postdivorce coparenting, and we tested the associations between these barriers to postdivorce coparenting and self-reported coparenting behaviors. Men perceived greater legal-financial and time-logistics barriers to postdivorce coparenting than did women, but no gender differences were found for perceived parental fitness barriers. In hierarchical regression analyses, perceived legal-financial and parental fitness barriers were associated with mothers' coparenting behaviors; fathers' postdivorce coparenting behaviors were associated only with perceived legal-financial barriers. Neither men's nor women's postdivorce coparenting behaviors were associated with time-logistics barriers to postdivorce coparenting. Family professionals could support postdivorce coparents by reframing detrimental perceptions, helping parents navigate economic challenges, and providing resources or counseling for couples experiencing mental health challenges or abuse.
Stochastic AC optimal power flow with affine recourse

With the increasing penetration of intermittent renewable energy sources into the electric power grid, there is an emerging need to develop stochastic optimization methods to enable the reliable and efficient operation of power systems having a large fraction of their power supplied form uncertain resources. In this paper, we formulate the stochastic AC optimal power flow (OPF) problem as a two-stage stochastic program with robust constraints. This problem amounts to an infinite-dimensional nonconvex optimization problem. We develop a finite-dimensional inner approximation as a semidefinite program. Its solution yields an affine recourse policy that is guaranteed to be feasible for the stochastic AC OPF problem.
Automated Monitoring, Feedback, and Rewards: Effects on Workstation Operators’ Performance, Satisfaction, and Stress

The effects of automated computer monitoring were examined in a simulated organization. Twenty-four computer workstation operators worked under various conditions over a nine week period. Individual keystrokes per hour, productive time and performance against standards were monitored by their computers. Feedback reports on performance and incentives earned were available on demand at their consoles. Effects of different levels of standard difficulty and size of incentives are reported for performance, satisfaction and stress.
Space-efficient inference in dynamic probabilistic networks

Dynamic probabilistic networks (DPNs) are a useful tool for modeling complex stochastic processes. The simplest inference task in DPNs is monitoring- that is, computing a posterior distribution for the state variables at each time step given all observations up to that time. Recursive, constant-space algorithms are well-known for monitoring in DPNs and other models. This paper is concerned with hindsight -that is, computing a posterior distribution given both past and future observations. Hindsight is an essential subtask of learning DPN models from data. Existing algorithms for hindsight in DPNs use O(SN) space and time, where N is the total length of the observation sequence and S is the state space size for each time step. They are therefore impractical for hindsight in complex models with long observation sequences. This paper presents an O(S log N) space, O(SN log N) time hindsight algorithm. We demonstrates the effectiveness of the algorithm in two real-world DPN learning problems. We also discuss the possibility of an O(S)-space, O(SiV)-time algorithm.
Reproduction of the Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon Idella) Outside Its Native Range

Abstract Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) spawned after they were introduced into the Volga, Ili, Terek, Amu-Darya, and Kuban Rivers, and the Kara-Kum Canal of the Soviet Union; the Tone River of Japan; the Ah Kung Tien Reservoir of Taiwan; the Pampangi River of the Philippines; and the Rio Balsas and the Bodegas Lake system of Mexico. Natural reproduction in the United States seems likely as soon as the large numbers of grass carp released into the Mississippi River system in 1973–1975 reach sexual maturity, probably in 1978 or 1979.
Strain-Specific Human Natural Killer Cell Recognition of Influenza A Virus

Innate Natural killer (NK) cells employ an array of surface receptors to detect altered self induced by infection or malignancy. Despite their decisive role in early antiviral immunity, the cellular mechanisms governing if or how they discriminate between viral infections remain unresolved. Here, we demonstrate that while human NK cells are capable of reducing infection levels of distinct influenza A strains, the A/California/07/2009 (pH1N1) strain induces a significantly more robust IFN-gamma response than A/Victoria/361/2011 (H3N2) and all other strains tested. This surprising degree of strain specificity results in part from the inability of the pH1N1 strain to downregulate the activating ligands CD112 (Nectin-2) and CD54 (ICAM-1) as efficiently as the H3N2 strain, leading to enhanced NK cell detection and IFN-gamma; secretion. A network analysis of differentially expressed transcripts identifies the interferon alpha/beta receptor (IFNAR) pathway as an additional, critical determinant of this strain-specific response. Strain-specific downregulation of NK cell activating ligands and modulation of type I IFN production represents a previously unrecognized influenza immunoevasion tactic and could present new opportunities to modulate the quality and quantity of the innate antiviral response for therapeutic benefit.
Ethnic Identity, Psychology of

Ethnic identity is a dynamic, multidimensional construct that refers to one's identity, or sense of self, as a member of an ethnic group. An ethnic identity changes over time developmentally and in response to the context. It shows a developmental sequence from early identifications to a personal search—usually during adolescence—for a meaningful ethnic identity. Feelings of insecurity or perceived threats regarding one's ethnic identity can lead to ethnic violence. The optimal outcome of the ethnic identity formation process is the achievement of a secure and confident sense of one's ethnicity. This mature sense of self as an ethnic group member is assumed to include positive feelings about one's own and other groups and to be a source of positive self-evaluation. Ethnic identity is highly salient for immigrants, but it changes over time and across generations. For later generations of immigrants, the retention of ethnic identity depends both on attitudes within the ethnic group and on the broader societal or historical context. A bicultural identity, including an ethnic and a national identity, appears to be most adaptive. The study of ethnic identity remains fragmented, with little integration of research across different settings. Increased collaboration among researchers from different countries is needed.
The contribution of small collections to species distribution modelling: A case study from Fuireneae (Cyperaceae)

Abstract The recent and rapid digitization of biodiversity data from natural history collection (NHC) archives has enriched collections based data repositories; this data continues to inform studies of species' geographic distributions. Here we investigate the relative impact of plant data from small natural history collections (collections with
Floquet Engineering in Quantum Chains.

We consider a one-dimensional interacting spinless fermion model, which displays the well-known Luttinger liquid (LL) to charge density wave (CDW) transition as a function of the ratio between the strength of the interaction U and the hopping J . We subject this system to a spatially uniform drive which is ramped up over a finite time interval and becomes time periodic in the long-time limit. We show that by using a density matrix renormalization group approach formulated for infinite system sizes, we can access the large-time limit even when the drive induces finite heating. When both the initial and long-time states are in the gapless (LL) phase, the final state has power-law correlations for all ramp speeds. However, when the initial and final state are gapped (CDW phase), we find a pseudothermal state with an effective temperature that depends on the ramp rate, both for the Magnus regime in which the drive frequency is very large compared to other scales in the system and in the opposite limit where the drive frequency is less than the gap. Remarkably, quantum defects (instantons) appear when the drive tunes the system through the quantum critical point, in a realization of the Kibble-Zurek mechanism.
Abstract ES2-1: The pathology of high risk proliferative lesions of the breast

A number of breast lesions diagnosed by pathologic examination of breast tissue are known to confer an increased risk for future development of breast cancer. Atypical ductal hyperplasia (ADH) and atypical lobular hyperplasia (ALH) are lesions conferring a moderately increased risk of 4-5x over baseline. Lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) and variants confer a markedly increased risk of 8-10x over the baseline. The magnitude of the risk, the effect of the patient9s age and family history, the laterality of the future malignancy and the type of subsequent cancer development are different between all these high risk proliferative breast lesions. In addition, the spectrum of columnar cell lesions of the breast are thought to represent an early non-obligate precursor in the development of the low grade neoplasia of the breast. Of interest, many of these lesions share common genetic abnormalities that are different than those seen in high grade in situ and invasive carcinomas of the breast. These observations have implications for our current understanding of the breast cancer progression model and our recommendations for the therapeutic management of patients with high risk proliferative lesions of the breast. Citation Format: Siziopikou KP. The pathology of high risk proliferative lesions of the breast [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2017 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2017 Dec 5-9; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(4 Suppl):Abstract nr ES2-1.
Introduction to Advanced Dynamics

At the age of 19, recognized for his extraordinary mathematical abilities, Joseph Louis de Lagrange (1736–1813) was appointed professor of geometry and mechanics at the Royal Artillery School at Turin, Italy, his birthplace. Here he developed his method of variations, invented earlier by Euler (in 1744) who later named it the calculus of variations. Lagrange left Turin in 1766 to become director of the Berlin Academy of Sciences until 1787 when, at the invitation of King Louis XVI of France, he was appointed to the Paris Academy of Sciences.†† Shortly thereafter his most celebrated work, Mecanique Analytique, appeared in 1788, nearly a century after the appearance of Newton’s Principia. Therein, Lagrange sets down an energy based approach for dynamics—the analysis of motion.
Politics and Fanaticism

The work of religious fanatics figured prominently in Gibbon’s history of Christianity’s ascendancy in the Roman empire and in Hume’s account of the Reformation in England and Scotland. Religious fanaticism was indeed a subject which greatly challenged them as philosophic historians. There was a certain inexplicability about it, yet they were required to find both entertainment and moral instruction in a phenomenon that closely followed the career of Christianity itself. “Fanatics,” Hume writes, “may suppose, that dominion is founded on grace, and that saints alone inherit the earth; but the civil magistrate very justly puts these sublime theorists on the same footing with common robbers, and teaches them by the severest discipline, that a rule, which, in speculation, may seem the most advantageous to society, may yet be found, in practice, totally pernicious and destructive.” (EPM, 193, original italics) Hume pits the religious fanatic (the purveyor of speculative ideals) against the magistrate (the representative of the social order) and sides with the magistrate. Hume was referring here to the seventeenth-century English Puritans who toppled Charles I from the throne at the conclusion of a bloody civil war and then beheaded him as a traitor. “That there were religious fanatics of this kind in England, during the civil wars, we learn from history; though it is probable, that the obvious tendency of these principles excited such horror in mankind, as soon obliged the dangerous enthusiast to renounce, or at least conceal their tenets. Perhaps the levellers, who claimed an equal distribution of property, were a kind of political fanatics, which arose from the religious species, and more openly avowed their pretensions; as carrying a more plausible appearance, of being practicable in themselves, as well as useful to human society.” (EPM, 193, original italics)1 Hume links religious and political fanaticism. They are not tight, firmly distinguishable categories; they fade into each other. Religion and politics would seem to have a large region of interpenetration. The avowal of economic equality by Hume’s Levellers, though wearing the face of utility and seemingly of a purely political nature, is ultimately grounded in speculative religious idealism.
First Language Acquisition: Constructions and meanings

[E]ven within a single language, grammar provides a set of options for schematizing experience for the purposes of verbal expression. Any utterance is multiply determined by what I have seen or experienced, my communicative purpose in telling you about it, and the distinctions that are embodied in my grammar . Dan I. Slobin 1996 Words are not coined in order to extract the meanings of their elements and compile a new meaning from them. The meaning is there FIRST, and the coiner is looking for the best way to express it without going to too much trouble. Dwight Bolinger 1975 Chapter 7 : First combinations, first constructions ▪ 151 Chapter 8 : Modulating word meanings ▪ 176 Chapter 9 : Adding complexity within clauses ▪ 199 Chapter 10 : Combining clauses: More complex constructions ▪ 229 Chapter 11 : Constructing words ▪ 254 The focus in these chapters is on the steps children take as they express more elaborate meanings, beyond one word at a time. They must find out which constructions to use for particular meanings and which words go in each construction. They work out which inflections can be applied to different word-types (nouns, verbs, and adjectives) and what meaning each one adds; how to present information to the addressee and what perspective to use as speaker; how to combine clauses in talking about complex events; how to analyze complex words and coin new ones.
Student Performance Prediction by Discovering Inter-Activity Relations.

© 2018 International Educational Data Mining Society. All rights reserved. Performance prediction has emerged as one of the most popular approaches to leverage large volume of online learning data. In the majority of current works, performance prediction is based on students’ past activities in graded learning resources (such as problems and quizzes), while their activities in non-graded resources (such as reading material) are ignored. In this paper, we introduce an approach that can take advantage of students’ work with non-graded learning resources, as auxiliary data, in order to predict students’ performance in graded resources. This approach can discover the hidden inter-relationships between learning resources of different types, only using student activity data. Based on our experiments, the proposed approach can significantly reduce the error of student performance prediction, compared to baseline algorithms, while discovering meaningful and surprising relationships among learning resources.
The DWORF micropeptide enhances contractility and prevents heart failure in a mouse model of dilated cardiomyopathy

The heart is a muscular organ that contracts regularly to pump blood around the body, ensuring that nutrients and oxygen are carried to the cells and organs. Heart failure is a disease where the heart muscle becomes weakened, does not beat as strongly, and cannot pump blood as well as it should. Eventually, the heart can no longer deliver enough blood to meet the body’s needs. Although heart failure is a widespread disease, we still do not fully understand its underlying causes and the molecular machinery driving its progression. However, one common feature in many cases of heart failure is a problem with the supply of calcium to the heart muscle. Calcium is the molecule responsible for the process of muscle contraction; the strength of contraction depends on the amount of calcium available. Movement of calcium within heart cells is in turn controlled by an enzyme pump called SERCA. In 2016, researchers identified a small protein, DWORF, which increased the activity of SERCA. Makarewich et al. – including many of the researchers involved in the 2016 study – therefore wanted to find out more about how DWORF and SERCA worked together. They also wanted to test if DWORF could be used to boost the heart’s ability to pump blood efficiently, and if so, whether it could treat heart failure. Genetically modified mice that produced larger than normal amounts of DWORF had more available calcium in the heart muscle, which made it contract more strongly. This was true even when the same mice were treated with an excessive amount of a specific protein (phospholamban) that can lower the activity of SERCA, suggesting that DWORF might have a protective effect on the heart. Experiments using mice engineered to show symptoms of heart disease confirmed that DWORF treatment did indeed help their hearts beat normally, and, crucially, prevented them from developing heart failure. This work has shown for the first time that DWORF can restore the heart’s ability to pump normally in an experimental model of heart disease. In the future, Makarewich et al. hope that DWORF could be a useful target for new, more effective drugs to treat heart failure.
A study on the static interaction between primary and secondary systems comprising structures equipment and piping

Abstract An efficient design is one of the most critical activities for ensuring structural integrity and operational reliability of an industrial plant. Failure of the piping components is a serious hazard leading to loss of assets and endangering environment safety. Typically a hydrocarbon or a power plant is comprised of piping, equipment and structures. The structures are mainly intended to support the piping or equipment mounted on them. In general the composite system including piping, structures and equipment should be analyzed as an integrated assembly. However this is not practical for a variety of reasons and a decoupled analysis (i.e. piping, structure equipment are analyzed as separate independent systems) is carried out as a current practice. Invariably this method is an approximation and generates solution errors which could lead to unrealistic results and unsafe design. The challenge is to estimate the effect of interaction between the different systems and their impact on the overall solution error. In the study a method has been presented for deriving a coupling parameter for static interaction between the primary and secondary systems. The coupling parameter indicates the degree of interaction between the primary and the secondary systems. This is related to the solution error and could give adequate cue to the analyst whether to go for a decoupled or an augmented analysis. Possibly this is a novel approach and not found in the literature till date. The theory has been developed on a mathematical framework and is quite general and not limited to small systems. Numerical simulation has been presented to validate the theory followed by a real life case study.
A Child with Severe Metabolic Bone Disease and Hypophosphatemia Associated with Elemental Formula

Introduction: Phosphorous, along with calcium, is required for adequate bone mineralization, and higher concentrations of serum phosphorus are needed in children due to their rapidly growing skeletons. Chronic hypophosphatemia results in decreased bone mineralization and is usually due to renal phosphate wasting. We describe a patient with non-renal hypophosphatemia associated with use of an elemental formula. She is part of a multi-site case series of 41 similar patients. Case Description: A 3-year-old female with a complicated past medical history, including extreme prematurity (25 weeks) and dependence on gastric …
The PCK Map Approach to Capturing the Complexity of Enacted PCK (ePCK) and Pedagogical Reasoning in Science Teaching

This chapter focuses on how the Refined Consensus Model (RCM) of PCK for teaching science provides a useful conceptual framework for informing a methodological approach to PCK research called “PCK mapping”. The PCK map approach, as it is known, was originally designed to identify and illustrate interactions among PCK constituent components through visualisation and quantification. In this chapter, we first describe and discuss aspects of the PCK map approach as they relate to the RCM. These aspects include (1) the theoretical underpinnings and assumptions of the approach, (2) step-by-step procedures of the approach, (3) its applications and usefulness to PCK research, and (4) contributions of the approach to advancing research on PCK. We also illustrate how repositioning the PCK map approach within the RCM enabled us to critique methodologies in two previous science education studies where we utilised the PCK map approach in different ways, while identifying and addressing methodological issues. Finally, we highlight the potential of the PCK map approach as a methodological tool to capture the essence of science teachers’ enacted PCK (ePCK) throughout the pedagogical cycle of planning, enactment, and reflection, and the knowledge exchanges occurring between the realms of pPCK and ePCK.
Outcomes of a clinical pathway for primary outpatient management of pediatric patients with low-risk febrile neutropenia.

Background Fever and neutropenia is a common reason for nonelective hospitalization of pediatric oncology patients. Herein we report nearly five years of experience with a clinical pathway designed to guide outpatient management for patients who had low-risk features. Procedures Through a multidisciplinary collaboration, we implemented a clinical pathway at our institution using established low-risk criteria to guide outpatient management of pediatric oncology patients. Comprehensive chart review of all febrile neutropenia episodes was conducted to characterize outcomes of patients with low-risk febrile neutropenia following clinical pathway implementation. Results Between April 1, 2013, and October 1, 2017, there were 169 cases of febrile neutropenia managed in our Pediatric Oncology Unit. Sixty-seven (40%) of these episodes were defined as low risk and managed either entirely in the outpatient setting (41 episodes, 24%) or with a step-down strategy involving a very brief inpatient stay (26 episodes, 15%). There were no intensive care unit admissions or deaths among the low-risk patients. Of those identified as low risk, seven patients (10%) required subsequent hospitalization during the follow-up period, two for inadequate oral intake, two for persistent fevers, one for cellulitis, one for seizure unrelated to the febrile episode, and one for a positive blood culture. Conclusions Following implementation of a clinical pathway, the majority of patients designated as low risk were managed primarily in the outpatient setting without major morbidity or mortality, suggesting that carefully selected low-risk patients can be successfully treated with outpatient management and subsequent admission if warranted.
Combination of Classifiers for Supervised Learning: A Survey

In many important application areas such as signal processing, pattern recognition, control and communication, nonlinear adaptive systems are needed to approximate underlying mappings through learning from examples. In order for approximations to be sufficiently accurate, a good performance is required for nonlinear adaptive systems. Meanwhile, many applications, especially those in emerging areas of wireless communication and networking [11] [20] [42] [52] [50], require the learning to be done in real-time in order to adapt to a rapidly changing environment. Other applications such as data mining and searching the web need to deal with very large data sets [19][36][55], and thus the learning time must scale nicely with respect to the size of data . Since the size of learning machines determines the memory required for implementation, a learning machine with a compact structure is also preferred. Therefore, a challenging problem is how to develop a learn?ing system with a compact structure that can achieve a good performance, and be adapted in real time rapidly. The goal of this paper is to address the important issues of performance and real-time learning for nonlinear adaptive learning machines by first reviewing recent work in combinations of classifiers, and then detailing some of our work in this area.
Obesity and Pregnancy

Obesity in pregnancy is associated with numerous maternal and neonatal complications including difficulty conceiving, increased risk of miscarriage, fetal anomalies and mortality, higher rates of gestational hypertension, gestational diabetes and preeclampsia, and an increased risk of cesarean section and delivery related complications. Nevertheless, more women are entering pregnancy with excessive weight and are gaining weight above the Institute of Medicine (IOM) recommendations during pregnancy. Weight loss is not recommended during pregnancy; however, overweight and obese women should be advised to aim for a moderate weight loss prior to conception and during the postpartum period. Strategies for achieving moderate pregestational and postpartum weight loss include a low-calorie, low-fat diet and at least 45 min of daily physical activity. Benefits to mother and child are achieved with even a moderate weight loss. Importantly, health care professionals should counsel women on gaining an appropriate amount of weight during pregnancy. More research is needed on effective intervention approaches to promote optimal weight status before and after pregnancy and to support optimal weight gain during pregnancy.
Approximating C free Space Topology by Constructing Vietoris-Rips Complex

We present a new way of constructing sparse roadmaps using point clouds that approximates and measures the underlying topology of the C free space. The main advantage of the constructed roadmap is its homotopy equivalence to the η-offset of the C free space. Though only used to plan paths as a regular roadmap in this work, because the roadmap preserves the topology of the underlying sampled space, the information can be used to plan paths beyond the simple connection of graph vertices. To construct the roadmap, we first sample the configuration space so that the resulting graph is a n-skeleton graph that constructs a Vietoris-Rips (VR) complex. Then, we perform a series of topological collapses to remove vertices from the graph while still preserving its topological properties. The resulting roadmaps are used to plan paths for different robots and the experimental results show that the proposed topological approach is faster and more feasible in complex high-dimensional spaces.
The Milky Way's stellar streams and globular clusters do not align in a Vast Polar Structure

There is increasing evidence that a substantial fraction of Milky Way satellite galaxies align in a rotationally-supported plane of satellites, a rare configuration in cosmological simulations of galaxy formation. It has been suggested that other Milky Way substructures (namely young halo globular clusters and stellar/gaseous streams) similarly tend to align with this plane, accordingly dubbed the Vast Polar Structure (VPOS). Using systemic proper motions inferred from Gaia data, we find that globular cluster orbital poles are not clustered in the VPOS direction, though the population with the highest VPOS membership fraction is the young halo clusters (~30%). We additionally provide a current census of stellar streams, including new streams discovered using the Dark Energy Survey and Gaia datasets, and find that stellar stream normals are also not clustered in the direction of the VPOS normal. We also find that, based on orbit modeling, there is a likely association between NGC 3201 and the Gjoll stellar stream and that, based on its orbital pole, NGC 4147 is likely not a Sagittarius globular cluster. That the Milky Way's accreted globular clusters and streams do not align in the same planar configuration as its satellites suggests that the plane of satellites is either a particularly stable orbital configuration or a population of recently accreted satellites. Neither of these explanations is particularly likely in light of other recent studies, leaving the plane of satellites problem as one of the more consequential open problems in galaxy formation and cosmology.