cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Übungsaufgaben aus der geologischen Praxis

Wie entdeckte man, dass die Erde eine Kugel mit einem Umfang von (rund) 40.000 km ist? Vor Beginn des Jahres 1960 hatte noch niemand aus dem Weltraum auf die Erde herabgeblickt – und doch war ihre Form und Grose bereits seit langer Zeit bekannt.
Evaluation of a template-based algorithm for markerless lung tumour localization on single- and dual-energy kilovoltage images

Objective:To evaluate a template-based matching algorithm on single-energy (SE) and dual-energy (DE) radiographs for markerless localization of lung tumours.Methods:A total of 74 images from 17 patients with Stages IA–IV lung cancer were considered. At the time of radiotherapy treatment, gated end-expiration SE radiographs were obtained at 60 and 120 kVp at different gantry angles (33° anterior and 41° oblique), from which soft-tissue-enhanced DE images were created. A template-based matching algorithm was used to localize individual tumours on both SE and DE radiographs. Tumour centroid co-ordinates obtained from the template-matching software on both SE and DE images were compared with co-ordinates defined by physicians.Results:The template-based matching algorithm was able to successfully localize the gross tumor volume within 5 mm on 70% (52/74) of the SE images vs 91% (66/74) of the DE images (p < 0.01). The mean vector differences between the co-ordinates of the template matched by the algorithm and...
Dysregulation of PLDN (pallidin) is a mechanism for platelet dense granule deficiency in RUNX1 haplodeficiency

Essentials Platelet dense granule (DG) deficiency is a major abnormality in RUNX1 haplodeficiency patients. The molecular mechanisms leading to the platelet DG deficiency are unknown. Platelet expression of PLDN (BLOC1S6, pallidin), involved in DG biogenesis, is regulated by RUNX1. Downregulation of PLDN is a mechanism for DG deficiency in RUNX1 haplodeficiency. Summary Background Inherited RUNX1 haplodeficiency is associated with thrombocytopenia and platelet dysfunction. Dense granule (DG) deficiency has been reported in patients with RUNX1 haplodeficiency, but the molecular mechanisms are unknown. Platelet mRNA expression profiling in a patient previously reported by us with a RUNX1 mutation and platelet dysfunction showed decreased expression of PLDN (BLOC1S6), which encodes pallidin, a subunit of biogenesis of lysosome-related organelles complex-1 (BLOC-1) involved in DG biogenesis. PLDN mutations in the pallid mouse and Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome-9 are associated with platelet DG deficiency. Objectives We postulated that PLDN is a RUNX1 target, and that its decreased expression leads to platelet DG deficiency in RUNX1 haplodeficiency. Results Platelet pallidin and DG levels were decreased in our patient. This was also observed in two siblings from a different family with a RUNX1 mutation. Chromatin immunoprecipitation and electrophoretic mobility shift assays with phorbol ester-treated human erythroleukemia (HEL) cells showed RUNX1 binding to RUNX1 consensus sites in the PLDN1 5' upstream region. In luciferase reporter studies, mutation of RUNX1 sites in the PLDN promoter reduced activity. RUNX1 overexpression enhanced and RUNX1 downregulation decreased PLDN1 promoter activity and protein expression. RUNX1 downregulation resulted in impaired handling of mepacrine and mislocalization of the DG marker CD63 in HEL cells, indicating impaired DG formation, recapitulating findings on PLDN downregulation. Conclusions These studies provide the first evidence that PLDN is a direct target of RUNX1 and that its dysregulation is a mechanism for platelet DG deficiency associated with RUNX1 haplodeficiency.
The vigorous immune microenvironment of microsatellite instable colon cancer is balanced by multiple counter-inhibitory checkpoints

Meeting abstracts We examined the immune microenvironment of primary colorectal cancer (CRC) using immunohistochemistry, laser capture microdissection/qRT-PCR, flow cytometry and functional analysis of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes. A subset of CRC displayed high infiltration with activated CD8+
Longitudinal profiles of eudaimonic well-being in Asian American adolescents.

OBJECTIVE The current study explores whether a well-known model (i.e., Ryff's, 1989, conceptualization of psychological functioning) can be used to examine patterns of eudaimonic well-being among Asian Americans, who are rarely the focus of systematic investigations in positive psychology. METHOD Hidden Markov modeling, a form of latent transition analysis, was used to analyze longitudinal data from adolescents (N = 180; 49% female; 75% U.S.-born). RESULTS After establishing measurement validity, analyses revealed 4 profiles of well-being: Flourishing (consistently high on all well-being dimensions), Functioning (consistently moderate), Hindered (consistently low), and Self-Driven Success (high on most dimensions, but moderate levels of positive relationships). The Functioning profile was the most prevalent, followed by relatively even distributions of the remaining profiles. Profiles substantially shifted from year to year, with the Functioning and Hindered groups exhibiting the most stability. Profiles reflecting more positive well-being (i.e., Flourishing, Self-Driven) were associated with ethnic and American centrality and regard, and interactive effects suggest compounding benefits of these identities. CONCLUSIONS Psychological models of well-being appear malleable, and cultural identity can contribute to such fluctuations. Results also support the utility of a profile approach to continue examining qualities of positive well-being among Asian American youth. (PsycINFO Database Record
The social utility of event attribution: liability, adaptation, and justice-based loss and damage

Probabilistic event attribution aims to attribute weather events to anthropogenic forcings. Some claim the development of this methodology is motivated by social utility rather than scientific understanding. I trace the evolution of arguments for probabilistic event attribution’s social usefulness from their origins in private climate change litigation through adaptive decision-making, and end with the methodology’s relevance for addressing loss and damage due to extreme events. I show that probabilistic event attribution is unlikely to substantially contribute to litigation or adaptation, and while it is potentially relevant for addressing loss and damage, securing a lasting role in this context requires answering some key questions regarding event attribution’s capacities and deployment.
Issues in Transplantation of Patients with Chronic Liver Failure

The field of liver transplantation has advanced dramatically since the first successful liver transplant was performed in 1967 (1). Advances in surgical technique, immunosuppression, and care of the critically ill liver patient have resulted in approximate 1-year survival rates of 85–90% and 5-year survival rates of 75% (2).
Abstract 014: Evaluation of Readmission after Acute Myocardial Infarction for Patients Included in Medicare’s Hospital Readmissions Reduction Program

Introduction: Medicare’s Hospital Readmissions Reduction Program assesses financial penalties for hospitals based on risk-standardized readmission rates after specific episodes of care, including a...
Multicolored Blindfolds: How Organizational Multiculturalism Can Conceal Racial Discrimination and Delegitimize Racial Discrimination Claims

Past studies have found that multicultural approaches to diversity can reduce prejudice and stimulate positive intergroup relations. The current research explored a possible negative side effect of...
LESSONS LEARNED: THE CASE FOR DATA OPTIMIZATION BETWEEN RESPONSE AND NRDA

ABSTRACT 2017-284: Over the past decade, three realizations have evolved from our collection and analysis of oil spill data. First is that more response data are being collected than ever before, i...
Russia and global governance: the challenge to the existing liberal order

The focus of this article is on global governance in an era in which major new actors join those who have for the past quarter century, and longer, set the rules for the liberal international order. That order has been characterized by Western political and economic dominance, the expansion—one might even say imposition—of democratic political institutions and ‘open-door’ economic policies. For the past decade, Russia has increasingly challenged the West and the existing international order across a broad set of fronts. These actions have ranged from rhetorical challenges to the global system to the use of military intervention meant to impose its policy objectives on other states, as well as cyber-attacks on national elections and direct support for right-wing political groups in the West seemingly meant to instill instability within the member states of the Western community, to support like-minded right-wing political groups, and to challenge the very existence of that community itself. Russia’s efforts to redefine the existing world order and to reduce the dominant position of the USA in defining and maintaining that order seem to have gained an important new ally in Donald Trump and some of his key advisors, who appear to question the very foundations of that order and to call for the US withdrawal from it.
SOFIA: Stratospheric Observatory For Infrared Astronomy

Abstract SOFIA is a planned 2.5 meter telescope to be installed in a Boeing 747 aircraft and operated at altitudes from 41,000 to 46,000 feet. It will permit routine measurement of infrared radiation inaccessible from the ground-based sites, and observation of astronomical objects and transient events from anywhere in the world. The concept is based on 18 years of experience with NASA's Kuiper Airborne Observatory (KAO), which SOFIA would replace.
Efficacy of Natuphos in sorghum-based diets of finishing swine.

The efficacy of a recombinantly derived microbial phytase (Natuphos 5000, BASF Corp.) was evaluated in sorghum-soybean meal-based diets of finishing swine. During the 50- to 80- and 80- to 118-kg BW intervals, diets contained .40 and .39% plant P, respectively; control diets fed during the two weight intervals were supplemented with .08 and .04% inorganic P from dicalcium phosphate. The all plant-P diets were supplemented with 0, 300, or 500 phytase units (FTU) per kilogram of diet. Supplemental P (P = .09) and phytase (linear, P = .01) increased growth rate but did not affect feed efficiency. Dietary treatment did not affect quantitative carcass traits, CP, fat, or moisture content of the loin or taste panel scores of the cooked loin other than a quadratic decrease (P = .02) in connective tissue amount as phytase supplementation increased. Apparent ileal and total tract digestibilities of DM, GE, and N were not affected (P > .25) by phytase supplementation, whereas ileal and total tract digestibilities of Ca and P increased (P < .05 or P < .01) with increasing phytase supplementation. Ultimate load and ash content of the third and fourth metacarpals and metatarsals and serum P levels increased in response to inorganic P and phytase supplementation. Pig performance, carcass traits, and bone traits were essentially equal for the 300 and 500 FTU/kg treatments. These results show that phytase effectively liberates P in sorghum-based diets, and that 300 FTU/kg (or less) will optimize performance and carcass merit of finishing swine.
The Effects of Fault Roughness on the Earthquake Nucleation Process

We study numerically the effects of fault roughness on the nucleation process during earthquake sequences. The faults are governed by a rate and state friction law. The roughness introduces local barriers that complicate the nucleation process and result in asymmetric expansion of the rupture, nonmonotonic increase in the slip rates on the fault, and the generation of multiple slip pulses. These complexities are reflected as irregular fluctuations in the moment rate. There is a large difference between first slip events in the sequences and later events. In the first events, for roughness amplitude b_r ≤ 0.002, there is a large increase in the nucleation length with increasing br. For larger values of b_r, slip is mostly aseismic. For the later events there is a trade-off between the effects of the finite fault length and the fault roughness. For b_r ≤ 0.002, the finite length is a more dominant factor and the nucleation length barely changes with br. For larger values of b_r, the roughness plays a larger role and the nucleation length increases significantly with b_r. Using an energy balance approach, where the roughness is accounted for in the fault stiffness, we derive an approximate solution for the nucleation length on rough faults. The solution agrees well with the main trends observed in the simulations for the later events and provides an estimate of the frictional and roughness properties under which faults experience a transition between seismic and aseismic slip.
A solution to cover's problem for the binary symmetric relay channel: Geometry of sets on the hamming sphere

We solve a long-standing open problem posed by Cover and named “The Capacity of the Relay Channel,” Open Problems in Communication and Computation, Springer-Verlag, 1987, in the case when the channels from the source to the relay and the destination are binary symmetric channels. Similar to our recent solution of this problem in the Gaussian case, we solve this problem by connecting it to high-dimensional geometry. However, our geometric approach in the binary case significantly deviates from the Gaussian case, since our treatment of the Gaussian case relied on an extension of the classical isoperimetric inequality on the Euclidean sphere, the counterpart of which does not exist on the Hamming sphere. Instead, we prove a Riesz rearrangement type inequality on the Hamming sphere, which allows us to develop a new upper bound on the capacity of the binary symmetric relay channel. Our argument (and consequently our upper bound) for the binary case is weaker than the one we obtained in the Gaussian case, but nevertheless strong enough to resolve Cover's problem.
Factors affecting use of ballistics gelatin in laboratory studies of bacterial contamination in projectile wounds.

Ballistics gelatin is a common tissue surrogate used in bacterial contamination models for projectile wounds. Although these studies have demonstrated that bacteria are transferred from the surface of the gelatin to the wound track by a projectile, quantifiable results have been inconsistent and not repeatable in successive tests. In this study, five areas of a typical contamination model in which bacterial recovery or survival are affected were identified for optimization. The first was a contaminated “skin” surrogate, where the novel use of vacuum filtration of a bacterial culture and buffer onto filter paper was employed. The other possibly problematic areas of the bacterial distribution model included the determination of bacterial survival when the contamination model is dried, survival in solid and molten gelatin, and the effect of high-intensity lights used for recording high-speed video. Vacuum filtration of bacteria and buffer resulted in a consistent bacterial distribution and recovery. The use of phosphate buffer M9 (pH 7) aided in neutralizing the ballistics gelatin and improving bacterial survival in solid gelatin. Additionally, the use of high-intensity lights to record high-speed video and the use of a 42°C water bath to melt the gelatin were found to be bactericidal for gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Multiple areas of a typical contamination model in which bacterial survival may be impeded were identified, and methods were proposed to improve survival in each area. These methods may be used to optimize the results of bacterial contamination models for medical applications, such as understanding the progression of infection in penetrating wounds and to identify possible sources of contamination for forensic purposes.
Peripheral Nerves and Sensory Receptors

Peripheral nerves are composed of the axons of sensory neurons and somatic and autonomic motor neurons, along with the investing connective-tissue sheaths (endoneurium, perineurium, and epineurium) (see Landon, 1976). The axons may be myelinated or unmyelinated. Since the emphasis will be on sensory mechanisms, the characteristics of motor fibers will not be considered here.
Multiple Sample Differential Scanning Calorimetry

We shall describe the design and performance of multiple sample instruments for differential thermal analysis which do runs on several samples simultaneously1,2,3.The first of these is a five sample DTA system that served as a basis for the DSC system. Following this is a description of the principles of operation of the isothermal boundaries that were formed as integral parts of the heating block and thermoelectric disk of a heat flow type multiple sample DSC cell.
A Theory of Talent Development in Women of Accomplishment

Research on talented women who have achieved eminence in a variety of domains illustrates that no one formula leads to success. Some successful women marry and have children; some do not. Some work and live at high speed; others move more calmly through the world and achieve at similar or even higher levels. The current chapter draws from two decades of research pertaining to the lives of women who have successfully navigated the obstacles that often prevent high achievement in women, offering a new theory of female talent development. Issues explored include the spheres in which women express their talents, factors that may promote or inhibit the development of gifts, and gender differences in experiences that contribute to the unique nature of female achievement.
An Interactive Program for Intravenous Drug Infusion Management

In critical care medicine, the rational use of drugs with rapid and powerful effects on the cardiovascular and other vital systems has become ever more important. Vasodilators, inotropic agents, antiarrhythmic drugs and even some tocolytic compounds are often administered by intravenous infusion.
Output-Only Estimation of Wind Induced Stresses in Structures

The use of output feedback as a means to monitor stresses and fatigue in metal structures has been the subject of recent work by researchers in the field of vibration based structural health monitoring. The methodologies that have been proposed in the literature employ the Kalman filter as an estimator and operate under the premise that excitations are realizations of Gaussian white noise. In practice two issues arise, excitations cannot always be approximated by realizations of Gaussian white noise and performance requirements are such that engineers require the use of large finite element models to accurately estimate structural response. This is especially true in the case of wind excited structures, such as tall wind turbines and complex buildings. In the present paper we propose a model based state estimator that can be implemented as a modified finite element model of the system subjected to corrective forces proportional to the measurements. This allows for direct implementation within the context of an arbitrarily large finite element model (FEM) and is of significant importance for implementation purposes given the difficulties typically encountered when implementing the standard Kalman filter in large FEM. Additionally, the proposed estimator is able to explicitly account for the non-white nature of wind loads by using knowledge of the power spectral density of the process. The proposed methodology is successfully applied to estimate the time history of bending moments throughout the height of a simulated tall vertical structure subject to stationary turbulent wind using only sparse measurements of dynamic response and a FEM.
A Prematurely Halted, Randomized, Controlled Clinical Trial of Alendronate Treatment in Patients with Gaucher Disease

Overview: Most symptomatic patients with Gaucher disease (GD) are treated with periodic injections of recombinant glucocerebrosidase (GC). This therapy results in decreases in glucosylceramide storage in the liver and spleen, but signs and symptoms of osteopenia have proven refractory to enzyme therapy.
Microbes and Monoamines: Potential Neuropsychiatric Consequences of Dysbiosis

From an evolutionary perspective, the genes of enteric microbes transmitted reliably across generations are nearly as much a part of the human organism as our own genes. Disruption of the microbiome leading to extinction of key 'heirloom' taxa can deprive individuals of metabolic pathways that have been present in their ancestors for millennia. Some of these pathways support essential synthesis and toxin clearance processes, including the generation of blood-brain barrier-crossing metabolic products crucial for normal brain function. Here, we discuss three such pathways: endogenous benzodiazepine synthesis, production of queuine/queuosine, and excretion of dietary mercury. Among them, these pathways have the potential to impact systems relevant to a wide range of neurodevelopmental and psychiatric conditions including autism, depression, anxiety, and schizophrenia.
Exploring Adversarial Artificial Intelligence for Autonomous Adaptive Cyber Defense

Cyber adversaries are immersed in a ceaseless arms race. Each adversary incessantly maneuvers to adapt to the opposing posture. An avenue to pro-active, adversarially-hardened cyber defenses can be investigated by studying the dynamics of these cyber engagements. An adversarial engagement can computationally act as an elementary component of a competitive coevolutionary system which generates many autonomous arms races that can be harvested for robust defensive solutions. We present a framework that recreates the coevolutionary process in the context of network cyber security scenarios. We describe its current use cases and an exploration in how to harvest defensive solutions from it using different solution concepts and solution quality measures.
Artificially intelligent device use in service delivery: a systematic review, synthesis, and research agenda

This study undertakes a systematic review of Artificial Intelligence and its applications to service encounters and the hospitality industry by reviewing publications that (1) mainly discuss AI tec...
Organic Gastrointestinal Disorders

Organic gastrointestinal (GI) disorders in children are common and have a significant impact on a child’s physical and emotional well-being. Symptoms of organic GI disorders, such as soiling accidents, frequent stooling, vomiting, and abdominal pain, can be quite painful, socially limiting, and embarrassing. Body image can be negatively impacted by symptoms or treatment side effects (e.g., having an ostomy, swelling from steroids, growth delays). Absenteeism from normal activities such as school and social outings is quite common due to symptoms or treatment demands, and treatments of organic GI disorders can be time-consuming, complex, and burdensome. For all of these reasons, the pediatric consultation-liaison psychologist plays an essential role and has a profound impact on the overall wellness of these youths. This chapter will describe some of the more commonly diagnosed organic GI disorders and the major areas of practice for the pediatric consultation-liaison psychologist. From case formulation to intervention and treatment across inpatient and outpatient settings, this chapter will highlight evidence-based approaches and contextual factors that capture the unique needs of children with organic GI disorders.
Fever Is Associated with Reduced Mortality in Trauma and Surgical Intensive Care Unit-Acquired Infections.

Background: Fever is a common response to both infectious and non-infectious physiologic insults in the critically ill, and in certain populations it appears to be protective. Fever is particularly...
Bridging the Gap: Science and Technology Policy in the (Bio)Engineering Classroom

Engineers and scientists have a key role to play in the creation and implementation of government policy. Policy-makers need access to the technical expertise that is critical to our national progress and security; however, this need is often overlooked by engineering students, faculty, and professionals. Even though a substantial fraction of scientists and engineers end up pursuing jobs in government, engineering curricula don't usually provide any background in policy, and for many, the policy-making process remains a black box. The good news is that there are some simple ways to make it more accessible and to encourage increased involvement. In this paper, we provide a brief overview of the federal policy-making process, and present a collection of classroom learning activities that link policy-making and implementation to science and engineering. These can easily be added to existing courses without wholesale curricular changes. We also suggest professional development activities for engineers at all stages of their careers, and discuss ways for engineers to become involved in the policy process. Introducing learning and career development activities focused on science and engineering policy will better prepare engineers to provide needed technical expertise to policy-makers. It may also encourage engineers to consider careers in local, state, and federal government.
Low cost solar photovoltaic-thermal (PVT) collector using aluminum minichannels and nonimaging optics

Solar photovoltaic / thermal (PVT) technologies are well suited to provide distributed and renewable electricity, space heating, and hot water in buildings. The high cost of current PVT technologies, however, remains a barrier to implementation as they compete for roof space with low cost PV. To reduce costs, a new kind of PVT collector has been developed which replaces traditional packaging materials with a low cost nonimaging optic and thermally efficient aluminum minichannel. A 20-tube (~2.4 m2 aperture) prototype has been fabricated, demonstrating 57.4% thermal efficiency and 12.3% electric efficiency at 20 °C, with a stagnation temperature of ~80 °C. Based on this data we estimate the PVT collector will generate 226 kilowatt-hours (kWh) of electricity and 603 kWh of heat per square meter each year for a solar resource of 5.5 kWh/m2/day. In doing so, each installed square meter will replace 1280 kWh of natural gas consumption and 183.8 kg of CO2 emissions. Technical performance is comparable with commercial PVT systems today, but with a much lower estimated module cost of $81/m2 ($0.54/WDC). A side-by-side analysis indicates the PVT system would cost 15% less and use 30% less roof space than an equivalently sized PV+T system.
A Continuation on Improving Staff Morale in the Respiratory Care Department

Background: Our 2019 Improving Staff Morale in the Respiratory Care Department QI project showed a 63% increase in overall staff morale. Due to the positive results the project warranted continuation. In an effort to make our department the best it can be, the study will continue. A re-survey showed an abrupt decrease in morale. Methods: Surveys have been and will continue to be sent quarterly or post interventions to evaluate effectiveness. Since our post survey showed lower than anticipated results, we will continue the QI project. The goal is to implement interventions that effect long-term positive change in staff morale. After interventions are implemented throughout the year by the shared governance team and leadership team, we will re-survey and trend the date to see if the implementations increased morale. Results: After our post (third) survey the results showed a 23% percent decrease in overall staff morale. The decrease in staff morale correlated with critical care nurses receiving a $5.00 per hour bonus pay. Survey results also showed the therapists were not satisfied with their schedules. Neither of these influences are areas where shared governance can intervene. The results were presented to leadership, but changes to pay and schedules cannot be made. The decision was made by shared governance to continue the existing programs and created new interventions. As community out reach, a statement of support was sent to respiratory departments hardest hit by COVID-19. RT support began with our leadership team providing water bottles, meals, and words of encouragement. A t-shirt was also designed and sold. The largest overall positive impact was our Code Lavender day. This is a day where staff were able to unwind and de-stress. During the event, RTs had an opportunity to interact with a therapy dog, receive massages, speak with a chaplain, participate in various stress relieving activities, and food was provided. This day was welcomed with open arms from staff. A survey conducted after the Code Lavender day showed that morale was positively affected by 75%. Conclusions: Programs will continue to be implemented that are within the scope of shared governance. The decrease in overall staff morale was influenced by factors that we cannot change. Shared governance will continue interventions that target mental health and overall employee support. We will continue to resurvey post interventions and make changes to our program. We will evolve with the needs of the department.
Walkaway PIRRT (as SLED) for Acute Kidney Injury.

A 31-year-old previously healthy woman was admitted with rapidly progressive respiratory failure from acute respiratory distress syndrome related to infection with SARS-COV-2. Over a 48-hour period, she went from requiring 2-L nasal canula oxygen to maximum ventilator support, and she developed
Nuclear Import of Adeno-Associated Viruses Imaged by High-Speed Single-Molecule Microscopy

Understanding the detailed nuclear import kinetics of adeno-associated virus (AAV) through the nuclear pore complex (NPC) is essential for the application of AAV capsids as a nuclear delivery instrument as well as a target for drug development. However, a comprehensive understanding of AAV transport through the sub-micrometer NPCs in live cells calls for new techniques that can conquer the limitations of conventional fluorescence microscopy and electron microscopy. With recent technical advances in single-molecule fluorescence microscopy, we are now able to image the entire nuclear import process of AAV particles and also quantify the transport dynamics of viral particles through the NPCs in live human cells. In this review, we initially evaluate the necessity of single-molecule live-cell microscopy in the study of nuclear import for AAV particles. Then, we detail the application of high-speed single-point edge-excitation sub-diffraction (SPEED) microscopy in tracking the entire process of nuclear import for AAV particles. Finally, we summarize the major findings for AAV nuclear import by using SPEED microscopy.
Edith Stein’s Hermeneutic Practices

The first three chapters of this work presented expositions and commentary on philosophical texts. The task of the present chapter is quite different. Here we will consider Stein’s intellectual practice as an interpreter of the writings, characters, and actions of other people. Her life work, which many other scholars have studied, appears in a new light when compared with her own understanding of what it means to understand. 1 At some points, it will be helpful to measure Stein’s interpretive practices against her own theory, or conversely to test her theory out upon her practices. Disclosure of possible corroboration or contradiction between Stein’s theory and practice is an exercise of some intrinsic interest. More significant, however, is the way in which Stein’s textual practice--her writing--makes sense against the background of what she intended to be doing in the act of interpreting.
Kinematic Tracking of Rehabilitation Patients With Markerless Pose Estimation Fused with Wearable Inertial Sensors

Rehabilitation benefits from a careful understanding of people’s movements, but there are few widely used tools to facilitate this beyond a goniometer or, in special cases, a gait laboratory. Easy to use and accurate kinematic tracking would allow better characterization of patient’s impairments, allow quantitatively tracking improvements in response to treatment, and support research for more effective therapies. Two rapidly evolving technologies are poised to make this more available: wearable inertial sensors and video based motion tracking, which provide complementary information. However, both present challenges ranging from ease of use to the clinical relevance of their outputs. Pose estimation frequently struggles with ambiguities from the image. Wearable sensors often require precise placement and calibration to produce meaningful outputs, and often suffer from drift. This work addresses these challenges with a pipeline that fuses stereo video with inertial data to produce temporally-smooth pose estimates. Biomechanical constraints during optimization permit mapping the estimated pose trajectories to joint angles. The fusion also finds the relative rotation of the wearable sensors on the subject, which allows estimating joint angles without video. The system is tested in the rehabilitation setting on a participant with spinal cord injury using a wheelchair and is able to track shoulder elevation, elevation plane, internal rotation, elbow flexion and wrist pronation both in the fused condition and from inertial sensors alone during wheelchair propulsion.
Dead Wrong: Capital Punishment, Wrongful Convictions, and Serious Mental Illness

Serious mental illness (SMI), wrongful convictions, and capital punishment is explored, as having a SMI may heighten an individual’s risk of being wrongfully convicted and consequently dealt a capital sentence. In Atkins v. Virginia, the Supreme Court banned the use of capital punishment for individuals with intellectual disabilities, ruling it unconstitutional, due to the diminished moral and intellectual capacity held by these individuals. Based on these Supreme Court findings, an argument is made that SMI is a compelling mitigating factor that ought to disqualify the pursuit of capital punishment. Due to the cognitive and volitional impairments associated with SMI, people with SMI are especially vulnerable to being wrongfully convicted of a crime and further wrongfully sentenced to death. Data to build this argument include that those with SMI are more likely to: 1) falsely confess; 2) struggle with assisting in their defense; 3) be perceived as an unreliable witness; 4) appear as though they lack remorse; and 5) face prejudices from judges and jurors; which all contribute to wrongful convictions. An explanation of these vulnerabilities are discussed in detail by examining 26 case vignettes (derived from the National Registry of Exonerations and other sources) where such individuals were wrongfully convicted due to SMI. Data from the National Registry of Exonerations is further analyzed, leading to discussion of the disproportionate co-occurrence of wrongful convictions that are stimulated by SMI. This paper concludes with an analysis of reforms and a discussion of how to enact safeguards to protect individuals with SMI.
The Global Medieval Sourcebook: Creating a Sustainable Digital Anthology of Medieval Texts and Translations

This paper introduces the Global Medieval Sourcebook (GMS), an online repository of medieval texts and translations with an open network of contributors. Drawing on our experience developing and bu...
Growth and Characterization of Magnetic Transition Metal Overlayers on GaAs Substrates

Metallization of semiconductors is an important aspect of thin film electronics. Epitaxial metal films, i.e. single-crystal metal films in crystallographic registry with the semiconductor substrate, are the ultimate refinement of metallization and offer significant opportunities for new and improved devices. Epitaxial A1 films on GaAs were an early example, offering much lower noise in Schottky barrier diode applications than previous metallization techniques.1 Magnetic metal films grown epitaxially on semiconductors open additional avenues for fundamental research as well as new electronic device development, by combining the properties of both magnetic materials and semiconductors in one hybrid structure.
Horizon-size cosmic strings.

Cosmic strings of size comparable to the causal horizon could have cosmologically important effects. I describe below a method to calculate their gravitational effects and estimate the tensor Sachs-Wolfe temperature anisotropy due to an infinite string.
Enhancement of Parainfluenza 2 Virus Hemagglutinin

A comparison was made of the three previously described methods of enhancement of parainfluenza 2 virus hemagglutinin (HA): ultrasonic oscillation, adsorption to erythrocytes and elution (AE), and Tween-ether (TE) treatment. TE treatment resulted in the maximal elevation of HA titer, complete loss of infectivity, and the maximal loss of heat stability of HA. Ultrasonic oscillation caused the least elevation of HA titer, minimal loss of infectivity, and the least loss of heat stability of both HA and infectivity. The effect of AE remained intermediate. It is suggested that the changes produced by these three methods are varying degrees of disruption of virus particles. Growth studies on parainfluenza 2 virus are also presented.
Procedure for Isolating Mutants Defective in Metabolite Transport or Utilization

Mutants defective in uptake or utilization of a given metabolite can readily be obtained from facultative auxotrophs (for that metabolite) by penicillin enrichment under nonpermissive conditions in the presence of a low level of the required metabolite.
The influence of sex, age, and handedness on corpus callosum morphology: A meta-analysis

Initial observations linking variation in the human corpus callosum (CC) to handedness and sex have inspired a number of investigations of individual differences in CC size and morphology. In this quantitative review, we summarize the findings from these studies and assess the magnitude of sex, age, and handedness-related variations in the size of the CC. Meta-analysis of the 43 studies indicated that although absolute CC and splenial area are larger in men than in women, CC area adjusted for brain size was larger in women. Left-handers possess slightly larger CCs than do right-handers, and CC area decreases slightly with age. The implications of these findings for theories relating cerebral laterality to sex, age, and handedness are discussed.
Restructuring In The Hospitality Industry

In their dialogue entitled The Food Service Industry Environment: Market Volatility Analysis by Alex F. De Noble, Assistant Professor of Management, San Diego State University and Michael D. Olsen, Associate Professor and Director, Division of Hotel, Restaurant & Institutional Management at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, De Noble and Olson preface the discussion by saying: “Hospitality executives, as a whole, do not believe they exist in a volatile environment and spend little time or effort in assessing how current and future activity in the environment will affect their success or failure. The authors highlight potential differences that may exist between executives' perceptions and objective indicators of environmental volatility within the hospitality industry and suggest that executives change these perceptions by incorporating the assumption of a much more dynamic environment into their future strategic planning efforts. Objective, empirical evidence of the dynamic nature of the hospitality environment is presented and compared to several studies pertaining to environmental perceptions of the industry.” That weighty thesis statement presumes that hospitality executives/managers do not fully comprehend the environment in which they operate. The authors provide a contrast, which conventional wisdom would seem to support and satisfy. “Broadly speaking, the operating environment of an organization is represented by its task domain,” say the authors. “This task domain consists of such elements as a firm's customers, suppliers, competitors, and regulatory groups.” These are dynamic actors and the underpinnings of change, say the authors by way of citation. “The most difficult aspect for management in this regard tends to be the development of a proper definition of the environment of their particular firm. Being able to precisely define who the customers, competitors, suppliers, and regulatory groups are within the environment of the firm is no easy task, yet is imperative if proper planning is to occur,” De Noble and Olson further contribute to support their thesis statement. The article is bloated, and that’s not necessarily a bad thing, with tables both survey and empirically driven, to illustrate market volatility. One such table is the Bates and Eldredge outline; Table-6 in the article. “This comprehensive outline...should prove to be useful to most executives in expanding their perception of the environment of their firm,” say De Noble and Olson. “It is, however, only a suggested outline,” they advise. “...risk should be incorporated into every investment decision, especially in a volatile environment,” say the authors. De Noble and Olson close with an intriguing formula to gauge volatility in an environment.
Optimal sizing and selection of hybrid electric vehicle components

Proper execution of a successful hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) design for transportation applications requires optimal sizing of key mechanical, electrical, and power electronic components. An active program for HEV development is described. The basic objective of an HEV design is to match the performance of a standard automobile while drastically reducing emissions. Constraints imposed while optimizing critical component selection are: vehicle range, acceleration, maximum speed, total emissions, cost, recharging, and driveability. A design example, based on readily available technology, is examined. It is reasonable to expect HEVs with good performance and order-of-magnitude emissions reductions. >
Changing nitrogen source on the yield and nitrogen content of soybeans

Soybean plants were grown in nutrient culture solutions containing 150 ppm of N either as an equal concentration of NH4 + or NO3 −, or all NO3 −. At the R2 stage of growth for some plants, the N form was changed to either all NO3 − or all NH4 +, but at the same total N concentration as before. Highest seed yield was obtained with all NO3 − over the entire growth period, the poorest when the N form was switched from an equal ratio of NH4 + and NO3 − to all NH4 + at the R2 stage. Kjeldahl N concentrations in the plant leaves and seed were highest when NH4 + was part or all of the N source in the nutrient solution. These results may partially explain why the literature is inconsistent on the effect of added fertilizer N on soybean seed yield, and may pose a problem in using leaf Kjeldahl N concentration to determine plant N sufficiency.
Scaling of neonlike lasers using exploding foil targets

We present a set of calculations for laser-gain predictions in a neonlike collisional excitation scheme using laser-driven exploding foil targets. The calculation includes three steps: the ionization balance, the neonlike excited-state kinetics, and the hydrodynamics of the exploding foil target. The ionization-balance model solves steady-state rate equations, including excited states, using scaled hydrogenic atomic physics. The model for the neonlike excited-state kinetics is also steady state and includes the ground state and the 36 n = 3 excited states, with radiative and collisional transitions connecting these states. The plasma conditions in the exploding foil targets are calculated by using the similarity model of London and Rosen [ Phys. Fluids29, 3813 ( 1986)]. For selected elements in the range 20 < Z < 56, we predict the gain for the two most prominent 2p53p to 2p53s (J = 2–1) transitions seen in experiments, the plasma conditions necessary to maximize the gain, and the specifications for the laser driver and target required to reach those plasma conditions. Our predicted gains are larger than those measured in experiments, for reasons we discuss, but our calculations agree qualitatively with the observed trends; the gain peaks for elements around selenium and falls off for both lighter and heavier ions. Neglected effects, such as time-dependent kinetics and radiation trapping, are also discussed.
Acetylcholine modulation of the short-circuit current across the rabbit lens

Rabbit lenses were bathed within a bicameral Ussing-type chamber under short-circuit conditions. In this situation the short-circuit current (I sc ) reflects, across the anterior aspect, the presence of anteriorly facing K + conductance(s) plus the Na + -K + pump current. Across the posterior surface the I sc is primarily carried by the movement of Na + from the posterior bathing solution to the lens. Addition of acetylcholine (ACh) to the posterior hemichamber did not affect the translens electrical parameters; but, its introduction to the anterior bath at 1 μ m immediately reduced the I sc from 8·91 ± 1·47 to 5·84 ± 1·28 μ A cm −2 and increased the translens resistance from 1·50 ± 0·08 to 1·59 ± 0·09 KΩ cm 2 (± s.e.s. ; P n = 25 lenses). The suppressed I sc gradually recovered and reached 75% of the control value 5 min after the introduction of the neurotransmitter. In six cases the recovery was nearly complete (⩾ 95% of control) within this time. The preaddition of 0·1 μ m atropine prevented an effect by 1 μ m ACh. When atropine was added within 1 min of ACh, the suppressed I sc immediately recovered. The ACh-elicited I sc suppression was averted in lenses pre-exposed to either K + channel blockers (quinidine or barium) or to the endoplasmic reticular Ca 2+ -ATPase inhibitor thapsigargin (Tg; 0·1 μ m ), which in itself produced I sc inhibitions similar to those seen with ACh under control conditions. Similarly comparable were the ACh-evoked I sc inhibitions garnered upon introduction of the agonist to lenses bathed in the absence of extracellular Ca 2+ . In these cases, however, the I sc recovered fully within 2–3 min. This condition also revealed that the anterior removal of medium Ca 2+ increased the I sc by about 50%, a completely reversible phenomenon; Ca 2+ restoration in the presence of the Ca 2+ channel blocker, nifedipine (10 μ m ), blunted markedly the reversal to the control I sc . Overall, these results suggest that ACh receptor activation induces the release of intracellular stored Ca 2+ , which in turn leads to the temporary deactivation of a K + conductance(s); in addition, secondary Ca 2+ inflow may further extend the observed inhibition. During this study, the I sc s of about 30% of the lenses used spontaneously oscillated (common duration of 30 min, with a mean peak frequency of 0·76 ± 0·32 cycle min −1 and mean amplitude of 4·07 ± 2·65 μ A cm −2 ; ± s.d.s , n = 24). Experiments attempted to determine the sensitivity of the oscillatory activity to ACh, Tg, nifedipine, and the phorbol ester PMA. The latter two clearly inhibited the oscillations; ACh and Tg caused temporary modifications, not overt inhibitions. It is suggested that ACh-induced cytoplasmic Ca + fluctuations (described elsewhere) are not by necessity linked to the translens current oscillations, although the latter apparently involves intermittent Ca 2+ flows via a nifedipine-sensitive pathway. The underlying nature and roles for these phenomena remain to be determined.