cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Portable Scintillation Alpha Survey Instrument

A scintillation alpha counter utilizing a zinc sulfide fluor, a multiplier phototube, and a two-stage vacuum tube amplifier has been developed. A neon-bulb oscillator high-voltage supply is used to supply 900 volts to the multiplier phototube, and headphones are used to obtain an aural indication of counting. The average geometry or counting efficiency over the 7.43-inch2 probe area is approximately 13 per cent with variations from a maximum counting efficiency at probe center of 18 to 22 per cent down to approximately 7 to 8 per cent at the probe edges. The background counting rate is less than one count per minute, and the battery life is approximately 150 hours of continuous operation for the 3-1/2 pound instrument.
Introduction to the Role of Redundancy in Computer Arithmetic

Redundancy, the state of being in excess of what is necessary, as applied in the implementation of computer arithmetic is motivated by three design goals: to improve reliability, to increase speed of operation, and/or to provide structural flexibility. In achieving the first goal, improvement of reliability, hardware redundancy and/or redundant arithmetic codes are applied to the detection and correction of faults. Although this is an increasingly vital area it will not be discussed in this paper. Rather, the focus will be on the other two potential benefits: more specifically, on the judicious use of number systems employing redundancy in representation. A positional number system with fixed radix, r, is redundant if the allowable digit set includes more than r distinct elements, thereby affording alternate representations of a given numeric value. Uniqueness. of representation is sacrificed with hope of greater gains. A novel, rigorous treatment of redundant, radix polynomial representation is included in Reference 1.
INTELLECTUAL ABILITY AND PROMOTIONAL SUCCESS AMONG HIGH LEVEL MANAGERS

This study explores the relationship between high level managers’ promotional success and two measures of intellectual ability. The Concept Mastery Test was administered to 235 middle managers and 130 higher level executives who attended advanced management training programs. The Ship Destination Test was also given to about half the trainees. Both tests are considered to discriminate well among superior individuals. Those managers who earned high scores were rated more favorably by their peers and the training staff. However, advancement in the 4 to 7 years after the training program was unrelated to test performance.
Developmental changes in the dendritic architecture of salt-sensitive neurons in the nucleus of the solitary tract

Abstract Recent studies have provided evidence that brainstem gustatory neurons undergo substantial dendritic growth during a period of postnatal development that coincides with the maturation of their response to salts, suggesting a relationship (perhaps causal) between the physiology and morphology of developing salt-sensitive neurons. In an initial effort to explore this issue, we used extracellular and intracellular recording and intracellular labeling techniques to examine the structure and function of individual gustatory neurons in the rostral nucleus of the solitary tract (rNST) of young (postnatal day [P] 22–28) and adult rats. We found that P22–28 cells that responded to all three of the salts in our taste array had a greater dendritic length, a greater cell volume, and more dendritic branches than the cells that responded to one salt. As a group, taste-sensitive neurons in P22–28 animals had a higher maximum dendritic branch order and a trend toward more dendritic branch points than gustatory neurons in adult animals. The dendritic arbors of P22–28 taste neurons that responded to all three salts were larger (greater surface area and volume), more extensive in the rostrocaudal axis and exhibited a higher maximum branch order, more branch points and higher swelling density than adult cells that responded to all three salts. These results demonstrate that the morphology of salt-sensitive gustatory neurons in developing animals is closely related to the number of salts that evoke a response. The data also support the postulate that gustatory neurons in the rat brainstem undergo substantial dendritic remodeling between the fourth week of life and adulthood. Dendritic remodeling may play an important role in the maturation of the rNST response to NaCl.
Capacitance and inductance matrices of coupled lines from modal powers

The capacitance and inductance matrices of a system of coupled lines are calculated from the modal powers. Knowledge of the propagation constants of the different modes, the eigencurrent matrix (M/sub I/), and the modal powers uniquely specify the two matrices. The present approach is tested both analytically and numerically. >
Biomass accumulation in rapidly growing loblolly pine and sweetgum

Abstract Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) and sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua) trees, growing in International Paper Company's study of intensive management on marginal agricultural land near Bainbridge GA, were destructively sampled at the end of the sixth growing season. All trees were single family blocks of genetically superior trees planted 2.5 m apart on sub-soiled rows 3.6 m apart and grown with complete competition control. Management treatments were: control, irrigation, irrigation plus fertilization, and irrigation plus fertilization plus pest control. Tree measures were basal diameter, DBH, height of live crown, diameter at base of live crown, and total height. Twenty trees of each species were destructively sampled. Stems were sectioned at 1 m intervals, stem diameter determined at each end and sections were weighed green. Branches were removed and height, basal diameter, and length were measured on each branch. Branches were separated into foliated and unfoliated segments and weighed green. A stem disk and branch from each meter were returned to the lab to determine dry weight: green weight ratio. Foliated limb: foliage ratios were also determined from sub-sampled branches. Intensive culture resulted in larger growth differences for sweetgum (most intensive treatment 9.5 m tall, 13.1 cm DBH; control trees 5.0 m tall, 6.3 cm DBH) than in pine (most intensive treatment 10.3 m tall, 17.7 cm DBH; control, 7.6 m tall, 13.4 cm DBH). The pipe model of tree development explained dimensions of the upper 5 m of crown with leaf biomass highly correlated to branch basal area (r2 from 0.697 to 0.947). There was a constant ratio of leaf biomass to branch basal area (50 gm/cm2 for pine, 30 gm/cm2 for sweetgum). We also found a constant ratio of bole basal area to cumulative branch basal area throughout the crowns. Rapidly growing pines produced about 49 Mg ha−1 of stem biomass, 11 Mg ha−1 of dead branch biomass, and 17 Mg ha−1 of unfoliated branch biomass at the end of six years.
Analysis of basic fibroblast growth factor in rats with inherited retinal degeneration

In RCS rats, photoreceptors degenerate between postnatal days 20 and 60, secondary to a genetic defect expressed in the neonatal retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE). Previous work has shown delay of the photoreceptor degeneration in this model by intraocular injection of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF). Evidence is presented here, from bFGF immunostaining and Northern analysis of bFGF mRNA, for reduced bFGF expression in uncultured RPE of dystrophic RCS pups. It is also shown that in the mutant eyes angiogenesis in the underlying choroid, which normally occurs between postnatal days 7 and 10, is markedly delayed, with irregular distribution of vessels, consistent with a reduction in this known angiogenesis factor. Mutational analysis of the bFGF transcript and gene by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and Southern analysis did not, however, reveal abnormalities in the coding sequence of this gene in RCS rats.
Analysis of the Stefan tube at supercritical conditions and diffusion coefficient measurements

An analysis of the Stefan tube for binary diffusion coefficient measurement of a system comprised of a solid solute and a supercritical fluid has been carried out. The prototype system used to evaluate the approach is naphthalene−supercritical carbon dioxide. An initial theoretical calculation with the available data shows that the diffusion process would be in the unsteady-state region for a practical duration of the experiment. The development of a theoretical model was carried out for systems where the transport of the species is dominated only by diffusion as well as for systems involving convective transport along with diffusion. Tractable analytical solutions are developed for finite control volume, relaxing the semi-unbounded boundary assumption often used. The binary diffusion coefficients were determined at temperatures of 35, 50, and 65 °C for the pressures 80, 100, and 120 atm. The quantification of the convective term showed little effect on the diffusion coefficient for the supercritical naph...
UV-Excited Fluorescence on Riparian Insects except Hymenoptera Is Associated with Nitrogen Content

I photographed ultraviolet-excited fluorescence of external resilin on insects in 7 orders, 17 families, and 18 genera collected from shrubs and trees alongside the Colorado River in western Arizona, USA. The localized blue-fluorescence characteristic of resilin was emitted by a variety of structures including sutures and wing articulations on Odonata and Diptera and membranous wings, compound eyes, or ocelli on Hemiptera, Neuroptera, and Hymenoptera. Different widespread, but blotchy, light-blue fluorescence was observed on cuticles of immature Orthoptera and adult Hemiptera. Insects in Hymenoptera and Coleoptera fluoresced least. Ranked amounts of fluorescence, relative to body area, were positively correlated with ranked nitrogen contents (%N of body dry-mass) of insects in genera excluding Hymenoptera. Nitrogen concentrations in insect exoskeletons appear to increase as abundances of resilin and other fluorescent, elastic proteins increase. These structural compounds may be an important nitrogen source for insectivorous vertebrates.
SEPARATION BY POLYACRYLAMIDE GEL ELECTROPHORESIS OF RNA FROM THE SPLEENS OF IMMUNIZED MICE.

SummaryRNA from the spleens of immunized mice was separated by electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels. Estimates of the molecular weight of various species of RNA was made by this method. Two peaks...
Fossils, phylogeny, and discovery: a cladistic study of the history of tree topologies and ghost lineage durations

ABSTRACT The history of discoveries of new species of euornithopod dinosaurs, merychippine horses, and hominid primates is analyzed using cladistic analyses. Using decade-by-decade additions of newly discovered species, these analyses were used to evaluate changes in tree topology and completeness of the fossil record of each clade. Most discoveries have been assimilated by and thus have strengthened prior phylogenetic patterns. Discoveries have also overthrown prior tree topologies. In addition, new species have either widened or closed previously-recognized stratigraphic gaps implied by phylogeny, or in some cases even revealed new gaps. In this way, discoveries can increase the patchiness of the fossil record. Such gaps may disclose aspects of yet undiscovered, but deducible diversity from the Earth's past biotas.
An Assessment of the Need to Provide Non-Roman Subject Access to the Library Online Catalog

This article reports the results of an investigation on user preferences in subject searching for non-Roman script materials, and analyzes problems users encountered in retrieving non-Roman script using controlled subject headings in English. Key findings indicate that end users were not completely dissatisfied with the current library catalog; end users and librarians want a system that is more open to multilingual subject headings; end users are not eager for adding tagging feature to the library catalog; they also highlighted areas of opportunity for libraries to make significant improvements to the catalog.
The diversity of satellite DNAs of Crustacea.

Abstract 1. DNAs from six species of Crustacea were examined. Each contained one or two satellites, comprising up to 30 % of the total DNA. 2. Five ( A+T)-rich and three ( G+C)-rich satellites were isolated. Two of the former and two of the latter form multiple distinct bands in alkaline CsCl, indicating that the individual strands have different average base compositions. The thermal dissociation characteristics of some of the satellites also indicate that they contain different DNA components, although they are seemingly homogeneous in neutral CsCl gradients. 3. The main-band DNAs of the six species have similar densities in neutral CsCl gradients. They also have similar thermal dissociation characteristics.
Community Development, Research, and Reinvestment: The Struggle against Redlining in Washington, DC, 1970–1995

Abstract Using archival data and oral histories, this paper describes the community reinvestment movement in Washington, DC from 1970 until 1995. Though the movement began as isolated private advocacy in the early 1970s, it helped pass key pieces of federal legislation, such as the Home Mortgage Disclosure Act (HMDA) and the Community Reinvestment Act (CRA). The DC government responded to both redlining and gentrification with a suite of community development legislation designed to extend credit based on social needs, to increase homeownership via a homestead housing program, and to mitigate displacement due to gentrification with tenant right-to-purchase legislation. Additionally, DC's reinvestment movement is unusual in that the city government used an interstate banking law to force reinvestment in the 1980s and early 1990s. Furthermore, the paper describes class-based barriers to reinvestment within the African American community including petty corruption amongst mortgage bankers and real estate brokers, corruption that foreshadowed exploitation during the sub-prime era. The paper concludes with a discussion of how the DC reinvestment movement took advantage of political opportunity structure, using advocacy and research to effect reinvestment because of successful venue-shopping. This work fills specific gaps in the literature, to include DC's role in the writing of CRA and HMDA, qualitative evidence of the effects of redlining, the use of interstate banking laws for reinvestment, and class issues within the African American community in the context of reinvestment.
Self‐Consistent‐Field Calculation of the Energy of HeH+

The use of the exact solutions of the one‐electron—two‐nucleus problem as a basis set of functions for SCF calculations is investigated for the HeH+ ion. The calculations are made with both scaled and non‐scaled functions. The best energy obtained here is −3.345 a.u. at an internuclear distance of 1.40 a.u. The conclusion is that these functions form an only moderately good basis set for such calculations. Their conditioning to the problem can only partially overcome their lack of completeness when continuum states are omitted.
Experience of First Deployed Otolaryngology Team in Operation Iraqi Freedom: The Changing Face of Combat Injuries

Objective In September, 2004, an Air Force otolaryngology team was deployed to Iraq as a member of the multispecialty head and neck team, which had historically consisted of neurosurgery, ophthalmology, and oral surgery. We examined our operative and outpatient experience to determine if otolaryngology would be a critical component of this new head and neck team. Study design and setting Between September 7, 2004, and January 22, 2005, we collected data on all otolaryngology operative procedures and outpatient visits at the Air Force Theater Hospital at Balad Air Base, Iraq. Results One hundred fifty-nine patients underwent 257 operative procedures with the 3 most common procedures being complex facial laceration repair, tracheostomy, and neck exploration for penetrating neck trauma. In the otolaryngology clinic, we examined and treated 529 patients from throughout the Middle East. Conclusions The otolaryngology team proved to be a critical component of the Air Force multispecialty head and neck team. EBM rating: C-4
Clinical Care of the HIV-Infected Drug User

HIV/AIDS and chemical dependency, the latter often intertwined with mental illness, are complex, overlapping spheres that adversely influence each other and the overall clinical outcomes of the affected individual. Each disorder individually impact tens of millions of people adversely, with explosive epidemics described worldwide. This article addresses the adverse consequences of HIV/AIDS, drug injection, the secondary comorbidities of both, and the impact of immunosuppression on presentation of disease as well as approaches to managing the HIV-infected drug user.
Transposition of the great arteries. Results of palliation by balloon atrioseptostomy in thirty-one infants.

A nonsurgical method of creating atrial septal defects using a balloon catheter has been reviewed, and important procedural and technical details have been presented. The results of balloon atrioseptostomy in 31 infants with transposition of the great arteries have been reported and compared with those from the surgical creation of atrial septal defects. All 31 patients survived balloon atrioseptostomy without complications; 26 of them (84%) had effective immediate palliation, and 22 (71%) are long-term survivors. These results demonstrate that effective palliation of transposition of the great arteries, with or without associated ventricular septal defect, can be provided rapidly and safely by balloon atrioseptostomy. All patients with transposition and a large ventricular septal defect should have balloon atrioseptostomy and may also need pulmonary artery banding. For some of these patients banding may be postponed safely for many months, may occur spontaneously, or may be avoided completely. Atrioseptostomy by the balloon catheter technique requires neither sedation nor general anesthesia, and obviates the need for thoracotomy and cardiotomy. The rapidity with which it can be performed makes it particularly advantageous for the desperately hypoxic newborn with transposition of the great arteries who may be considered too sick to withstand major surgery.
Research among Learners of Chinese as a Foreign Language edited by EVERSON, MICHAEL E., & HELEN H. SHEN

The article reviews the book "Research Among Learners of Chinese as a Foreign Language," by Michael E. Everson and Helen H. Shen.
Age, Gender and Health Among African Americans

ABSTRACT Public policy and epidemiological studies have not adequately addressed age and gender differences on important health dimensions among African Americans. The purpose of this study was to examine gender and health among five age groups of African Americans. A sample of 1,174 respondents age 24 to 85 was selected from the 1986 Americans' Changing Lives (ACL) Study. Regression analysis was performed using a hierarchical model to examine age and gender on five dimensions of health: functional health, chronic conditions, satisfaction with health, self-ratings of health, and activities of daily living (ADL) limitations controlling for age, education, income, and marital status among five age groups of African Americans. Results revealed that in the 24-39 age group, men had fewer chronic conditions and less ADL limitations, yet rated their health poorer than their female counterparts. In the 75 and over age group men had better functional health yet were less satisfied with their health than women. Con...
Using a measure of cognitive distortion to examine the relationship between thought suppression and borderline personality features: A multi-method investigation

Abstract Previous research has demonstrated that thought suppression is an effortful emotion regulation strategy frequently used to avoid unwanted thoughts or emotions. This is a maladaptive strategy because it paradoxically increases the frequency of the unwanted thoughts or emotions. Although thought suppression has been linked to borderline personality disorder (BPD), most research has relied on self-report measures. This study employed a laboratory task (the Scrambled Sentences Test) assessing BPD-specific cognitive distortions to examine relationships between thought suppression and BPD features in a sample of undergraduate students (n = 181) including many with high levels of BPD features. Severity of BPD features was significantly correlated with the tendency to unscramble strings of words to create BPD-consistent sentences. This effect was more pronounced when the task was completed under a cognitive load (remembering a 6-digit number). Mediational models using bootstrapping suggested that this relationship may be explained by the tendency to engage in thought suppression. These results offer multi-method evidence for the proclivity to suppress unwanted and distorted cognitions in BPD.
Clinical course of breast cancer patients with osseous metastasis treated with combination chemotherapy.

Between July 1973 and December 1979, 1171 patients with meta static breast cancer were treated with doxorubicin-containing chemotherapy. Of those patients, 195 had osseous metastases only. Upon initial diagnosis, 48% had osteolytic metastases; 13% had osteoblastic metastases; 38% had mixed metastases; and 1% had diffuse osteoporosis without any obvious bone destruction. The most common sites of involvement were the dorsal spine (62%), lumbosacral spine (72%), and pelvis (79%). Objective response to chemotherapy was observed in 59% of patients; complete responses were noted in 7%, and partial responses in 52%. The median survival was 28 months (range, 1–118 months). The median time lapse between the start of chemotherapy and disease progression was 14 months (range, 1–109 months). In 32 patients who responded to the treatment, chemotherapy was discontinued after 2 years, and their median duration of continued remission without evidence of progressive disease was 14 months. Two of the 32 patients were still in remission at 39 and 75 months after the completion of therapy. The incidence of pathological fractures was 57%; the most common sites were the spine, which sustained compression fractures, and the ribs. The incidences of hypercalcemia and spinal cord compression due to metastases were 19% and 10%, respectively.
A quantitative model for describing snowunes in the central Andes mountains

The modern snowline elevation of the central Andes can be described numerically from available data in terms of regional variations in climate and topography. Multiple regression analysis of modern climatic and snowline data for locations in the Andes between 10o and 30o south latitude produces an equation which relates snowline elevation to mean annual temperature, precipitaton, and the elevation of the annual 0oC isotherm. The coefficient of correlation (R = 0.83) for this model is considered to be significant because most of the remaining error can be attributed to the variability of the reported snowline observations which have not yet been evaluated for errors. An inversion of the model should ultimately allow, for the first time, a quantitative reconstruction of Andean paleoclimates from Pleistocene snowline data. The ultimate goal is to determine the differences between glacial and modern climates, not only for the Andes but for other major mountain belts of the world.
Alteration of pyruvate metabolism in African trypanosomes during differentiation from bloodstream into insect forms.

In the presence of glucose and ample oxygen, insect form African trypanosomes release pyruvate more than 100-fold more slowly than do bloodstream forms. This rate decrease could not be accounted for simply by an increased mitochondrial pyruvate oxidation rate as inhibiting mitochondrial respiration increases pyruvate efflux to rates only 2-3% of that observed for bloodstream form trypanosomes. Alternatively, decreased pyruvate efflux from insect form trypanosomes could not be accounted for by decreased pyruvate transporter activity, which, surprisingly, was nearly as high in insect form trypanosomes as reported by us earlier for bloodstream forms (J.P. Barnard, B. Reynafarje, and P.L. Pedersen (1993) J. Biol. Chem. 268, 3654-3661). Rather, the low pyruvate efflux rate appears to be due primarily to reduced levels of the enzyme pyruvate kinase, which, in contrast to conclusions of an earlier study, is readily detected in insect form trypanosomes in the absence of added activators at an activity level about 4% of that found in bloodstream forms. Insect form pyruvate kinase seems to be located in the cytosol and exhibits kinetic profiles and constants nearly identical to those reported by us earlier for the bloodstream form enzyme (J.P. Barnard, and P.L. Pedersen (1988) Mol. Biochem. Parasitol. 31, 141-148). It is suggested that the reduced levels of pyruvate kinase, and hence the reduced pyruvate efflux rates, in insect form trypanosomes result from down regulation of the gene encoding the cytosolic enzyme.
The Association of Generation Status and Health Insurance Among US Children

BACKGROUND: The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) has the potential to reduce the number of uninsured children in the United States by as much as 40%. The extent to which immigrant families are aware of and interested in obtaining insurance for their children is unclear. METHODS: Data from the 2011–2012 National Survey of Children’s Health were analyzed to examine differences by immigrant generational status in awareness of children’s health insurance options. Adjusted odds ratios (AORs) were calculated for each outcome variable that showed statistical significance by generation status. RESULTS: Barriers to obtaining insurance for children in immigrant (first- and second-generation) families include awareness of and experience with various health insurance options, perceived costs and benefits of insurance, structural/policy restrictions on eligibility, and lower likelihood of working in large organizations that offer employee insurance coverage. Although noncitizen immigrants are not covered by ACA insurance expansions, only 38% of first-generation families report being uninsured because of the inability to meet citizenship requirements. Most families in this sample also worked for employers with <50 employees, making them less likely to benefit from expansions in employer-based insurance. In multivariate analyses, third-generation families have increased odds of knowing how to enroll in health insurance (AOR 7.1 [3.6–13.0]) and knowing where to find insurance information (AOR 7.7 [3.8–15.4]) compared with first-generation families. CONCLUSIONS: ACA navigators and health services professionals should be aware of potential unique challenges to helping immigrant families negotiate Medicaid expansions and state and federal exchanges.
Artifacts Can Replicate A Reply to Piliavin and Charng

Consistent with Burnkrant and Page (1984), Piliavin and Charng (1988) support the view that Fenigstein, Scheier, and Buss's (1975) Self-Consciousness Scale actually measures four different traits, rather than the three traits proposed by the original authors. The current aulhors note that they ignore important statistical problems in reaching this conclusion and suggest that their factor-analytic results reflect the same problems that Bernstein, Teng, and Garbin (1986) point out in Burnkrant and Page's (1984) analysis. A simple BASIC computer program is presented that illustrates these points. The authors acknowledge a possible basis for separating "internal state awareness" and "self-reflectiveness" using other evidence, but they further note that this evidence is relatively weak. They conclude by noting a philiosophical problem in proliferating narrowly defined "miniscales. "
Amelanotic melanoma of the palate: report of case.

Malignant melanoma mainly arises in the skin. It represents the leading cause of death from cutaneous malignancy in the United States today.1,2 Fewer than 1% of all reported primary melanomas arise in the oral cavity.3,4 The cutaneous form of this lesion normally is highly visible, with irregular borders and dark pigmentation. However, mucosal melanomas may present a diagnostic challenge for the clinician. Rarely, melanoma may present itself without clinically evident pigmentation. Termed amelanotic melanoma, these lesions tend to have a worse prognosis because of delayed recognition and subsequent treatment.5 However, the prognosis may improve with early detection and wide local excision.6,7 Metastases from amelanotic melanomas have similar characteristics to their primary counterparts; they also lack pigmentation and grow rapidly. In a study of amelanotic melanoma by Huvos et al,5 the primary site was never identified in 29% of the patients. To our knowledge, amelantotic melanoma of the oral cavity has not been reported previously.
Image metric-based correction (autocorrection) of motion effects: analysis of image metrics.

Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging of the shoulder necessitates high spatial and contrast resolution resulting in long acquisition times, predisposing these images to degradation due to motion. Autocorrection is a new motion correction algorithm that attempts to deduce motion during imaging by calculating a metric that reflects image quality and searching for motion values that optimize this metric. The purpose of this work is to report on the evaluation of 24 metrics for use in autocorrection of MR images of the rotator cuff. Raw data from 164 clinical coronal rotator cuff exams acquired with interleaved navigator echoes were used. Four observers then scored the original and corrected images based on the presence of any motion-induced artifacts. Changes in metric values before and after navigator-based adaptive motion correction were correlated with changes in observer score using a least-squares linear regression model. Based on this analysis, the metric that exhibited the strongest relationship with observer ratings of MR shoulder images was the entropy of the one-dimensional gradient along the phase-encoding direction. We speculate (and show preliminary evidence) that this metric will be useful not only for autocorrection of shoulder MR images but also for autocorrection of other MR exams. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2000;11:174–181. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Multiple parton emission effects in next-to-leading-order direct photon production.

A recent global analysis of direct photon production at hadron collider and fixed target experiments has noted a disturbing trend of disagreement between next-to-leading-order (NLO) calculations and data. The conjecture has been made that the discrepancy is due to explicit multiple parton emission effects which are not accounted for in the theoretical calculations. We investigate this problem by merging a NLO calculation of direct photon production with extra multiple parton emissions via the parton shower (PS) algorithm. Our calculation maintains the integrity of the underlying NLO calculation while avoiding ambiguities due to double counting of multiple parton emissions. We find that the NLO+PS calculation can account for much of the theory-CDF data discrepancy at $\sqrt{s}=1.8$ TeV. It can also account for much of the theory-UA2 discrepancy if a very large virtuality is assumed to initiate the initial state parton shower. For lower energy data sets (e.g., $\sqrt{s}l63$ GeV), NLO+PS calculations alone cannot account for the data-theory discrepancy, so that some additional nonperturbative ${k}_{T}$ smearing is needed.
Timing of the Apparent Effects of Cloud Seeding

The average hourly precipitation amounts, on 96 experimental days without cloud seeding in the Whitetop experiment, show a marked maximum between 4 and 7 o'clock in the afternoon, presumably reflecting the convection activity caused by heating of the ground occurring during an earlier period. No such maximum is observed on the 102 days with seeding. The hypothetical explanation presupposes that seeding with silver iodide creates early general cloudiness, which prevents ground temperatures from rising to levels usually attained on days without seeding. This hypothesis may explain not only the mechanism of the loss in rain in the Whitetop experiment, apparently induced by seeding, but also may explain certain phenomena noticed in the Grossversuch III experiment.
Performance of Under-resolved Two-Dimensional Incompressible Flow Simulations, II

A careful study of the behavior of a Godunov-projection method for the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations as a function of the resolution of the computational mesh is presented. By considering a representative example problem, it is demonstrated that a Godunov-projection method performs as well as an accurate centered finite difference method in cases where the smallest flow scales are well resolved. In underresolved cases, however, where centered methods compute solutions badly polluted with mesh-scale oscillations, the Godunov-projection method sometimes computes smooth, apparently physical solutions. Closer examination indicates that these underresolved Godunov solutions, although convergent when the grid is refined, contain spurious nonphysical vortices that are artifacts of the underresolution. These artifacts are not unique to Godunov methods, however, and are observed with other difference approximations as well. The implication of these results on the applicability of difference approximations to engineering flow problems in the underresolved case is discussed.
Dietary salt increases first-pass elimination of oral quinidine

Background Some cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes, including CYP3A, are expressed not only in the liver but also in the intestine; the latter may therefore be an important site of drug disposition. Animal data suggests that dietary salt modulates expression of renal CYPs. We therefore hypothesized that intestinal CYP3A may be similarly modulated by dietary salt. Methods The effect of changes in dietary salt on the disposition of two CYP3A substrates, quinidine (administered orally and intravenously) and 14C-erythromycin (administered intravenously) were determined after normal volunteers were given high-salt (400 mEq/day) and low-salt (10 mEq/day) diets for 7 to 10 days each. Results Plasma concentrations after oral quinidine were significantly lower during the high-salt phase, with the difference between the two treatments attributable to changes within the first 1 to 4 hours after administration. For example, the area under the plasma concentration-time curve for the first hour after drug administration was 0.56 ± 0.38 μg · hr/ml for the high-salt diet compared with 1.57 ± 0.60 μg · hr/ml for the low-salt diet (p < 0.05). Similarly, the peak plasma concentration (Cmax) achieved was lower and the time to reach Cmax was later for the high-salt diet (p < 0.05). In contrast, the terminal phase elimination half-lives were similar for the two diets, and no differences in disposition were found with the intravenous drug. The erythromycin breath test was unaffected by the dietary treatments. Conclusions These results indicate an effect of dietary salt on the presystemic disposition of orally administered quinidine. Although the mechanism(s) of CYP3A activity modulation is unknown, this finding may be important in determining drug availability in conditions associated with abnormal salt homeostasis. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (1997) 61, 292–300; doi:
ROTATIONAL KINEMATICS AND EQUILIBRIUM OF BLOCKS IN A ROCK MASS

Abstract Under certain conditions, rock blocks “removable” at a free surface but safe against translational (falling or sliding) failure may fail in rotation. This paper examines: (1) the kinematic constraints on rotation of tetrahedral blocks; and (2) rotational stability under gravity. The results are presented graphically, using the full-sphere stereographic projection, in keeping with ideas and notation developed by Goodman and Shi. A rotational stability diagram for varying orientations of gravity is presented. If friction angles are known the sphere can be subdivided (with some grey areas) into failure mode zones corresponding to lifting, sliding on one or two planes, pure rotation or sliding-rotation.
Teaching computer interfacing with virtual instruments in an object-oriented language

LabVIEW is a graphic object-oriented computer language developed to facilitate hardware/software communication. LabVIEW is a complete computer language that can be used like Basic, FORTRAN, or C. In LabVIEW one creates virtual instruments that aesthetically look like real instruments but are controlled by sophisticated computer programs. There are several levels of data acquisition VIs that make it easy to control data flow, and many signal processing and analysis algorithms come with the software as premade VIs. In the classroom, the similarity between virtual and real instruments helps students understand how information is passed between the computer and attached instruments. The software may be used in the absence of hardware so that students can work at home as well as in the classroom. This article demonstrates how LabVIEW can be used to control data flow between computers and instruments, points out important features for signal processing and analysis, and shows how virtual instruments may be used in place of physical instrumentation. Applications of LabVIEW to the teaching laboratory are also discussed, and a plausible course outline is given.
Amber suA mutations which relieve polarity.

Abstract We describe the isolation and characterization of amber mutants of suA, which relieve the polarity of nonsense mutations in Escherichia coli. These results suggest that polarity is mediated by a protein (absent from suA amber mutants) which is not essential for normal transcription or translation.
Perspectives on forecasting research in accounting and finance

This paper offers some perspectives on forecasting research in accounting and finance. It is maintained that many common areas of forecasting research exist. Yet, most research has focused upon a particular (Box-Jenkins) technique and a particular (reported earnings) variable, virtually neglecting numerous other relevant forecasting research topics. This symposium issue includes papers which address several of these neglected research topics. The eight papers constituting the issue are classified into three categories: (1) univariate time-series modelling; (2) multivariate time-series modelling; and (3) comparison of experts' forecasts with those of statistical models. Following a summary of the papers, some suggestions for future research are offered.
Canonical Coordinates for Detection and Classification of Underwater Objects From Sonar Imagery

Detection and classification of underwater objects in sonar imagery are challenging problems. In this paper, a new coherent-based method for detecting and classifying potential targets in high-resolution sonar imagery is developed using canonical correlation analysis (CCA). Canonical coordinate decomposition allows us to quantify the changes between the returns from the bottom and any target activity in sonar images and at the same time extract useful features for subsequent classification without the need to perform separate detection and feature extraction. Moreover, in situations where any visual analysis or verification by human operators is required, the detected/classified objects can be reconstructed from the coherent features. In this paper, underwater target detection and classification using the canonical correlations extracted from regions of interest within the sonar image is considered. Test results of the proposed method on underwater side-scan sonar images provided by the Naval Surface Warfare Center (NSWC) in Panama City, Florida, is presented. This database contains synthesized targets in real background varying in degree of difficulty and bottom clutter. Results illustrating the effectiveness of the CCA-based detection and classification method are presented for various densities of background clutter and bottom difficulty.
The relationship between pixel value and beam quality in photostimulable phosphor imaging

Direct digital capture systems are relatively new in diagnostic imaging. Full utilization of these devices requires a thorough understanding of the image formation process. The conversion of x-ray photon energy to a digital pixel value in a commercially available photostimulable phosphor (PSP) imaging system is investigated in this paper. Pixel values measured at 16 different combinations of 4 x-ray beam peak voltages (60, 80, 100, and 120 kVp) and 4 beam qualities are reported. At 60 and 80 kVp exposures were made at 2.58 x 10(-7) C/kg (1 mR); at 100 and 120 kVp exposures were made at 5.16 x 10(-7) C/kg (2 mR). Analysis of variance was used to determine the statistical significance of the relationship between pixel value and beam quality for a given kVp and exposure. A computer model accounting for x-ray spectral effects that accurately predicts pixel value is presented. Calculated pixel value agree within 5.0% of measured values over the range of beam energies, exposures, and qualities.
Are patients with hip fractures more osteoporotic? Review of the evidence☆

Abstract This report critically reviews 15 case-control studies that disagree about whether patients who fracture their hip are significantly more osteoporotic than persons of similar age who do not. The most rigorously designed studies observed less bone mass in the hips of patients with fractures than In the hips of control subjects, but the differences were usually small and overlapping. Measurements at other sites in the skeleton did not consistently find differences. Those studies that protected against ascertainment bias generally found smaller differences than studies that did not. Patients with hip fractures do not appear to be distinctly more osteoporotic than persons of similar age. Therefore, factors besides bone mass, such as a tendency to fall, may be important determinants of which elderly persons will have fractures; thus, measurements of bone mass might not be a reliable way to identify those at greatest risk of hip fracture.
Wildlife use of Southern Appalachian wetlands in North Carolina

Wetlands provide structurally diverse habitats attractive to varied wildlife, both generalist and wetland specialist species. Wetlands in western North Carolina occupy a minor portion of the landscape, yet provide essential habitat for rare wildlife species. Structural features of western North Carolina wetlands that influence wildlife occurrence include meadows interspersed with shrub thickets, snags and hollow trees, fallen logs, deep mud and rivulets, and pools. Species lists keyed to structural features are presented.
The Influence of Gender on Cough Reflex Sensitivity

Background The more common occurrence in women of cough due to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors raises the possibility of gender-related differences in the sensitivity of the cough reflex. Of two recent studies that evaluated cough response to inhaled capsaicin in normal subjects, one demonstrated heightened sensitivity of the cough reflex in women compared with men, while the other revealed no gender-related differences. To further investigate this question, we reviewed our experience with cough challenge testing in normal volunteers. Study objective To compare cough reflex sensitivity in healthy adult female and male subjects. Design Retrospective data analysis. Setting Academic medical center. Participants One hundred healthy volunteers (50 male, 50 female). Interventions Subjects inhaled capsaicin in ascending, doubling concentrations until the concentration inducing five or more coughs (C 5 ) was reached. In addition, the concentration inducing two or more coughs (C 2 ; cough threshold) was measured. Results Mean log C 5 was significantly lower in women than in men: 1.02±0.09 (SEM) μM vs 1.41±0.08 μM, respectively (p=0.002). Log C 2 (cough threshold) was also significantly lower in female subjects: 0.534±0.068 μM vs 0.870±0.065 μM in male subjects (p=0.00058). Conclusion Healthy women have a more sensitive cough reflex than do healthy men. The reasons for this significant gender difference remain to be elucidated, but may involve a heightened sensitivity, in women, of the sensory receptors within the respiratory tract that mediate cough.
Subcellular translocation signals regulate Geminin activity during embryonic development.

Background information. Geminin (Gem) is a protein with roles in regulating both the fidelity of DNA replication and cell fate during embryonic development. The distribution of Gem is predominantly nuclear in cells undergoing the cell cycle. Previous studies have demonstrated that Gem performs multiple activities in the nucleus and that regulation of Gem activation requires nuclear import in at least one context. In the present study, we defined structural and mechanistic features underlying subcellular localization of Gem and tested whether regulation of the subcellular localization of Gem has an impact on its activity in cell fate specification during embryonic development. Results. We determined that nuclear localization of Gem is dependent on a bipartite NLS (nuclear localization signal) in the N-terminus of Xenopus Gem protein. This bipartite motif mapped to a Gem N-terminal region previously shown to regulate neural cell fate acquisition. Microinjection into Xenopus embryos demonstrated that import-deficient Gem was incapable of modulating ectodermal cell fate, but that this activity was rescued by fusion to a heterologous NLS. Cross-species comparison of Gem protein sequences revealed that the Xenopus bipartite signal is conserved in many non-mammalian vertebrates, but not in mammalian species assessed. Instead, we found that human Gem employs an alternative N-terminal motif to regulate the protein's nuclear localization. Finally, we found that additional mechanisms contributed to regulating the subcellular localization of Gem. These included a link to Crm1-dependent nuclear export and the observation that Cdt1, a protein in the pre-replication complex, could also mediate nuclear import of Gem. Conclusions. We have defined new structural and regulatory features of Gem, and showed that the activity of Gem in regulating cell fate, in addition to its cell-cycle-regulatory activity, requires control of its subcellular localization. Our data suggest that rather than being constitutively nuclear, Gem may undergo nucleocytoplasmic shuttling through several mechanisms involving distinct protein motifs. The use of multiple mechanisms for modulating Gem subcellular localization is congruent with observations that Gem levels and activity must be stringently controlled during cell-cycle progression and embryonic development.
A Latent Heat Method for Macro-Micro Modeling of Eutectic Solidification

Two different numerical methods were used to simulate the solidification of eutectic alloys. The first one was the classical approach based on an implicit, one dimensional, axisymmetric finite difference method (EUCAST program), while the second one involved a two dimensional control volume implicit scheme with a boundary condition describing the heat flux at the casting-mold interface (BAMACAST program). To account for the heat evolution term in the conductivity equation, an original latent heat approach was introduced, consisting of the calculation of the latent heat evolved by the fraction of solid formed as a function of time. In turn, the fraction of solid has been calculated based on nucleation and growth kinetics. The heat transfer coefficient used for simulation was determined based on an analytical approach for hollow cylinders.Gray cast iron and aluminum-silicon alloys of eutectic composition were used for the validation experiments. Cylindrical bars of different diameters were poured and the cooling curves were recorded at various locations in the metal and the mold. Experimental and computed data were compared, with excellent results for solidification time, undercooling, width of the mushy zone and heat transfer coefficient.