cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A phase II evaluation of weekly docetaxel in the treatment of recurrent or persistent endometrial carcinoma: a study by the Gynecologic Oncology Group.

Abstract Objective A phase II study was conducted to evaluate the anti-tumor activity and adverse effects of weekly docetaxel in patients with previously treated endometrial cancer. Methods Eligible patients were to have measurable disease with no more than one prior chemotherapy regimen. Docetaxel 36 mg/m 2 was administered intravenously over 1 h on days 1, 8 and 15. Cycles were repeated every 28 days until progression of disease or adverse effects prohibited further therapy. Results Twenty-seven patients were entered onto this study, of whom 26 were eligible and evaluable. All patients had received prior platinum with twenty (76.9%) having received prior treatment with paclitaxel. There were two (7.7%) partial responses, eight patients (30.8%) with stable disease, and fourteen patients (53.8%) with increasing disease. The most frequently reported adverse events were leucopenia, neutropenia, gastrointestinal, constitutional and peripheral neuropathy. Grade 3 and 4 adverse events were uncommon. Conclusions Docetaxel, at the dose and schedule tested, has modest activity in this patient population.
Far Infrared Antiferromagnetic Resonance in MnO and NiO

The uniaxial dipolar anisotropy in antiferromagnetic MnO and NiO aligns the two opposing sublattice moments in an easy (111) plane. The two normal modes for small oscillations of the sublattice magnetizations about a preferred direction within this plane are both nondegenerate and linearly polarized. The high-frequency mode has been observed at low temperatures (2\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K) at 27.5 and 36.6 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ in MnO and NiO, respectively. In agreement with the unobservably small second-order Zeeman shift expected for these non-degenerate modes, a 10.7-kOe field was found to have no effect on the observed resonance frequencies. Increasing the sample temperature decreases the frequency of the mode in each case. The experimental temperature dependence of the antiferromagnetic resonance frequency can be accounted for by present theories only if an anomalous temperature dependence, previously found from neutron-diffraction data, is assumed for the temperature dependence of the sublattice magnetization.
Visualization of sinus venosus atrial septal defect by transesophageal echocardiography.

Atrial septal defect (ASD) is usually suspected clinically but requires a confirmative diagnostic procedure before surgical repair. Two-dimensional and Doppler echocardiography have high sensitivity and specificity for ASD, but the sensitivity of echocardiography is not as high in detecting sinus venosus ASD as it is in ostium primum or secundum defect because of the difficulty in visualizing the sinus venosus area from the subcostal window. 1 For the posteriorly located cardiac structures, including the atrial septum, visualization is superior by transesophageal echocardiography. We describe a case in which sinus venosus ASD was not visualized by conventional transthoracic echocardiography but was diagnosed confidently by transesophageal echocardiography.
Globalization and Governance

n 1979 I described the interdependence of states as low but increasing. It has increased, but only to about the 1910 level if measured by trade or capital flows as a percentage of GNP; lower if measured by the mobility of labor, and lower still if measured by the mutual military dependence of states. Yet one feels that the world has become a smaller one. International travel has become faster, easier, and cheaper; music, art, cuisines, and cinema have all become cosmopolitan in the world's major centers and beyond. The Peony Pavilion was produced in its entirety for the first time in 400 years, and it was presented not in Shanghai or Beijing, but in New York. Communication is
Synthesis and magnetic properties of the Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu oxide 80- and 110-K superconductors

We report on the observation of both the 80- and 110-K superconducting transitions in a nominally $\mathrm{BiSrCa}{\mathrm{Cu}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{x}$ material produced by a new chemical synthesis procedure as well as by solidstate reaction. We also discuss a method for the confirmation of the presence of superconductivity when only a small amount is present.
Recognition of Immune Response for the Early Diagnosis and Treatment of Osteoarthritis

Osteoarthritis is a common and debilitating joint disease that affects up to 30 million Americans, leading to significant disability, reduction in quality of life, and costing the United States tens of billions of dollars annually. Classically, osteoarthritis has been characterized as a degenerative, wear-and-tear disease, but recent research has identified it as an immunopathological disease on a spectrum between healthy condition and rheumatoid arthritis. A systematic literature review demonstrates that the disease pathogenesis is driven by an early innate immune response which progressively catalyzes degenerative changes that ultimately lead to an altered joint microenvironment. It is feasible to detect this infiltration of cells in the early, and presumably asymptomatic, phase of the disease through noninvasive imaging techniques. This screening can serve to aid clinicians in potentially identifying high-risk patients, hopefully leading to early effective management, vast improvements in quality of life, and significant reductions in disability, morbidity, and cost related to osteoarthritis. Although the diagnosis and treatment of osteoarthritis routinely utilize both invasive and non-invasive strategies, imaging techniques specific to inflammatory cells are not commonly employed for these purposes. This review discusses this paradigm and aims to shift the focus of future osteoarthritis-related research towards early diagnosis of the disease process.
Pathologic changes in aortocoronary saphenous vein grafts

Abstract Aortocoronary saphenous vein grafts from 40 patients (total 62 grafts) were studied at autopsy. The earliest change seen was the insudation of blood constituents into the vein intima. Occluding thrombi were seen in six grafts from short-term survivors, and one organized thrombus was seen in a graft from a long-term survivor (28 months). Various degrees of intimai thickening were seen in grafts from all patients surviving for more than a month; this had progressed to diffuse occlusion in three cases. Gross and microscopic findings correlated well with postmortem angiographic findings in the long-term survivors. Electron microscopic examination showed smooth muscle cells, collagen fibers and ground substance in the thickened intima. Fibroblasts were not a feature of this thickening. Increased permeability of the graft endothelium, due to injury or hemodynamic factors, may result in exposure of medial smooth muscle cells to certain plasma factors and thus promote smooth muscle cell hyperplasia as has been produced in certain experimental models.
Face-to-Face Interaction with Government Officials and Its Effects on the Political Attitudes on the Civil Society Organizational Members: The Study from Japan

This study attempts to answer the question: When do civil society organizations (CSOs) function as a bridge between the informal political sphere and the formal political sphere by changing the political attitudes of their members? To answer this question, I used the Japanese General Social Survey 2003 (JGSS 2003). My main findings involve the effect of the face-to-face interactions that the CSO members have with government officials. The findings suggest that while CSO members without such interactions are no more psychologically politically engaged than non-members, the members with such interactions are. The findings have an empirical importance to those who study Japan since the country is currently undergoing CSO–government relationship reform and the number of CSOs is growing rapidly in the recent years. The study also has a theoretical importance to civil society scholars since this study attempts to unfold the mechanism in which CSOs’ positive effects on the members’ political attitudes are produced.
A naturally derived outer-membrane vesicle vaccine protects against lethal pulmonary Burkholderia pseudomallei infection

Burkholderia pseudomallei, and other members of the Burkholderia, are among the most antibiotic-resistant bacterial species encountered in human infection. Mortality rates associated with severe B. pseudomallei infection approach 50% despite therapeutic treatment. A protective vaccine against B. pseudomallei would dramatically reduce morbidity and mortality in endemic areas and provide a safeguard for the U.S. and other countries against biological attack with this organism. In this study, we investigated the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of B. pseudomallei-derived outer membrane vesicles (OMVs). Vesicles are produced by Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria and contain many of the bacterial products recognized by the host immune system during infection. We demonstrate that subcutaneous (SC) immunization with OMVs provides significant protection against an otherwise lethal B. pseudomallei aerosol challenge in BALB/c mice. Mice immunized with B. pseudomallei OMVs displayed OMV-specific serum antibody and T-cell memory responses. Furthermore, OMV-mediated immunity appears species-specific as cross-reactive antibody and T cells were not generated in mice immunized with Escherichia coli-derived OMVs. These results provide the first compelling evidence that OMVs represent a non-living vaccine formulation that is able to produce protective humoral and cellular immunity against an aerosolized intracellular bacterium. This vaccine platform constitutes a safe and inexpensive immunization strategy against B. pseudomallei that can be exploited for other intracellular respiratory pathogens, including other Burkholderia and bacteria capable of establishing persistent infection.
Neurotrophic activity of S-100β in cultures of dorsal root ganglia from embryonic chick and fetal rat

Abstract We report here that S-100β, a protein with neurotrophic activity on central nervous system neurons, stimulates neuritic outgrowth from cultures of dorsal root ganglia (DRG). S-100β elicited neurites from explant and dissociated cell cultures of embryonic chick DRG, and the extent of the response varied with the age of the embryo. Specificity was demonstrated by the observation that incubation of S-100β with antibodies directed against S-100β reduced the neurite outgrowth, whereas incubation of S-100β with normal rabbit serum had little effect. S-100β also stimulated the area of neuritic outgrowth from organotypic cultures of fetal rat DRG, showing that the activty of the protein is not restricted to a particular species or culture condition. A mutant S-100β lacking neurotrophic activity on cerebral cortex neurons was unable to effectively stimulate neurite outgrowth from DRG cultures. These studies suggest that S-100β may play a role in neuronal growth and/or maintenance in the peripheral nervous system.
Photosynthesis, carbon allocation, and growth of sulfur dioxide ecotypes ofGeranium carolinianum L.

This study investigated ways in which genetically determined differences in SO2 susceptibility resulting from ecotypic differentiation inGeranium carolinianum were expressed physiologically. The SO2-resistant and SO2-sensitive ecotypes were exposed to a combination of short- and long-term SO2 exposures to evaluate the responses of photosynthesis, H2S efflux from foliage (sulfur detoxification), photoassimilate retention, leaf-diffusive resistance to CO2, and growth. When exposed to SO2, both ecotypes re-emit sulfur in a volatile, reduced form, presumably as H2S. Because H2S efflux rates at various SO2 concentrations were comparable between ecotypes, genetic differences inG. carolinianum could not be attributed to a re-emission of excess sulfur as H2S. Incipient SO2 effects on photosynthesis were observed as cumulative SO2 flux into the leaf interior excecded 0.40 nmol·m-2 in the resistant ecotype and 0.26 nmol·m-2 in the sensitive ecotype. Although initial SO2-induced changes in photosynthesis in both ecotypes were mediated through an increase in stomatal resistance to CO2, the ecotype-specific patterns as a function of pollutant concentration and exposure time were associated with marked increases in residual resistance to CO2. Patterns in photosynthesis, photoassimilate retention, and growth following long-term SO2 exposures were also ecotype-specific. Although physiological accommodation of SO2 stress was observed in both ecotypes, it was more pronounced in the resistant ecotype. The physiological mechanisms underlying genetic differences inG. carolinianum in response to SO2 stress were concluded to be (1) dissimilar threshold levels of response to SO2 and/or its toxic derivatives and (2) differences in homeostatic processes governing the rate of repair or compensation for physiological injury.
Scalable 11W 938nm Nd3+ doped fiber laser

11W of 938nm light was produced in an Nd3+ fiber laser. Optimization of the ratio of the fiber core and cladding areas permitted operation of the laser at room temperature by minimizing 1088nm gain.
An electrophoretic molecular karyotype for an industrial strain of Cephalosporium acremonium

Abstract An electrophoretic molecular karyotype has been established for an industrial strain of Cephalosporium acremonium using transverse alternating field electrophoresis. Eight chromosome bands were detected in gently prepared DNA samples. The size of the chromosomes ranged from approx. 1700 kb up to greater than 4000 kb. The total genomic content for this strain of C. acremonium is at least 22 500 kb. Hybridization analyses revealed that two key genes involved in cephalosporin C biosynthesis are not physically linked to one another. The isopenicillin N synthetase gene ( pcbC ) resides on chromosome (chr.) VI while the deacetoxycephalosporin C synthetase/deacetylcephalosporin C synthetase gene ( cefEF ) resides on chr. II . The ribosomal RNA genes were located on chr. VII , while the β-isopropylmalate dehydrogenase gene ( LEU 2) was found to be linked to the pcbC gene on chr. VI .
Chemically crosslinked isoreticular metal-organic frameworks.

Herein we report the synthesis of canonical isoreticular metal–organic frameworks (IRMOFs) containing interligand crosslinks. Chemically crosslinking two molecules of 2-amino-1,4-benzene dicarboxylic acid (NH2-BDC) gives ligands that readily form IRMOF-1 analogs, producing crosslinked MOFs that may be designed to have novel properties.
Patterns of Community Policing in the United States

This study explores the dimensionality of the community policing movement using four national data sets collected between 1993 and 1997. Researchers and reformers have established numerous definitions of community policing. Many of these definitions propose conflicting hypotheses about its underlying dimensionality. In the absence of a coherent body of theory to guide a more confirmatory approach, the authors use recently developed exploratory factor analysis techniques to estimate the dimensionality of community policing in four large and diverse samples of agencies from around the United States. The authors' findings show that the number of dimensions underlying the community policing movement varies significantly according to the source of the data. The authors discuss the findings in the context of organization theory, providing an agenda for future theory testing. In addition, based on some of the problems encountered in this study, the authors offer a number of concrete suggestions for improving mac...
Homogeneous nucleation in supercritical fluids

When a supercritical solution is rapidly expanded, large solute supersaturations can be attained, and small particles are formed. The evolution of the homogeneous nucleation rate, work of nucleus formation, and critical nucleus size along different expansion paths is investigated here for the model system phenanthrene-carbon dioxide. Nucleation rates are the result of the competition among solvent expansion, cooling due to depressurization, and high supersaturation. Although supersaturations can reach very high values (> 106), relatively flat nucleation rate profiles result due to cooling and expansion. For an interfacial tension of 0.02 N/m, computed nucleation rates never exceed 104 s−1 · cm−3. A substantial fraction of the maximum nucleation rate is attained with partial decompression to pressures above 1 bar.
Collaboration indices in structural role theory

Abstract In this paper a central aspect of organizational structure—interposition collaboration—is defined using the concepts of structural role theory. Four indices for measuring different forms of structural collaboration are defined; two of these have been used in several empirical studies. The bulk of the paper is devoted to the problem of finding maxima for two of the indices under suitable conditions. Finally some ways in which the indices could be used to investigate the relationships between collaboration and organizational processes are discussed.
The Flute On Record: The 78 RPM Era, A Discography

Susan Nelson (2006). Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press. 633 pp., $100.00. ISBN: 0‐8108‐5293‐4, ISBN‐13 978‐0‐8108‐5293‐8 (hardcover: alk. paper) Flutist Susan Nelson saw the need for an extensive discogr...
Gas-liquid chromatography of amino acids in biological substances.

Quantitative gas liquid chromatography analysis of amino acids in biological materials, discussing ion exchange techniques
Smoking and ischemic heart disease disparities between studies, genders, times, and socioeconomic strata.

Large, unexplained, but possibly related disparities exist between heart disease risks observed in differing genders, educational levels, times, and studies. Such heart disease disparities might be related to cumulative tobacco smoke damage (smoke load) disparities that are overlooked in standard assessments of point smoking status. So, I reviewed possible relationships between smoke load and heart disease levels across genders, educational strata, years, and leading studies. Smoker heart disease risk assessments in the Nurses Health Study (Nurses), Cancer Prevention Study-II (CPS-II), and British Doctors studies were compared and related to their likely selection and misclassification biases. Relationships between smoke loads and United States (US) education- and gender-related heart disease mortality disparities were qualitatively assessed using lung cancer rates as a smoke load proxy. The high heart disease mortality risks observed in smoking Nurses in 1980–2004 and in less educated US women in 2001 were qualitatively associated with their higher smoke loads and lower selection and exposure misclassification biases than in the CPS-II and Doctors studies. Smoking-attributable heart disease death tolls and disparities extrapolated from mortality ratios from the CPS-II and Doctors studies may be substantial underestimates. Such studies appear to have compared convenience samples of light smokers to lighter smokers instead of comparing representative smokers to the unexposed. Further efforts to minimize smoke exposures and better quantify cumulative smoking-attributable burdens are needed.
Short-term rupture studies of Zircaloy-4 and Nb-modified Zircaloy-4 tubing using closed-end internal pressurization

Abstract Burst rupture properties of Zircaloy-4 and Nb-Modified Zircaloy-4 are investigated at temperatures ranging from 638 to 843 K by internal pressurization of closed-end tubing samples. Various pressurization levels were imposed and rupture times were noted. The data enabled an evaluation of Larson–Miller parameter and the present experimental results on Zircaloy-4 were in excellent agreement with those reported in the literature. The effect of 1% Nb addition to Zircaloy-4 was studied since these materials are now known to resist long-time corrosion in water reactors and are thus considered for high burn-up applications. Negligible differences were noted in the rupture characteristics between the standard Zircaloy-4 and Nb-added Zircaloy-4. In addition, a limited amount of testing was performed to characterize the hoop creep behavior of these materials using a creep tester with hoop strain monitored in situ by a Laser telemetric extensometer. Both the alloys followed an exponential stress variation of the creep-rate at high (>10 −3 E , E is the elastic modulus) stresses. At very low stresses, viscous creep was noted identifiable with Coble creep corresponding to small grain sized materials.
CRYSTALLIZATION OF ION BEAM DEPOSITED CALCIUM PHOSPHATE COATINGS

Amorphous calcium phosphate coatings on the order of 1 μm thick were deposited onto titanium and silicon substrates using an ion-beam sputtering technique. The target material utilized for sputter deposition was plasma-sprayed fluorapatite [Ca10(PO4)6F2; FA]. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were employed to analyze the coatings. The amorphous as-deposited coatings were annealed in air (at 500 °C or 600 °C) to a crystalline state consisting of a polycrystalline FA matrix with a small amount of microcrystallites of a different composition. The higher annealing temperature (600 °C) tended to produce coarser FA and microcrystallite grains; however, the coatings buckled on the titanium substrates as a result of the heat treatment. Attempts to form the FA phase by in situ annealing in the vacuum chamber at a substrate temperature of 500 °C were not successful. The average bond strength for the as-deposited and 500 °C post-annealed coatings was comparable, while the lowest bond strength was observed in the 600 °C post-annealed coatings. The results suggest that the 500 °C post-annealed coatings have a suitable structure and possess sufficient adherence to be acceptable for use in certain medical and dental implant applications, and further tests under physiologic conditions will be conducted.
An FTIR investigation of flanking sequence effects on the structure and flexibility of DNA binding sites.

Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and a library of FTIR marker bands have been used to examine the structure and relative flexibilities conferred by different flanking sequences on the EcoRI binding site. This approach allowed us to examine unique peaks and subtle changes in the spectra of d(AAAGAATTCTTT)2, d(TTCGAATTCGAA)2, and d(CGCGAATTCGCG)2, and thereby identify local changes in base-pairing, base-stacking, backbone conformation, glycosidic bond rotation and sugar puckering in the studied sequences. The changes in flanking sequences induce differences in the sugar puckers, glycosidic bond rotation and backbone conformations. Varying levels of local flexibility are observed within the sequences in agreement with previous biological activity assays. The results also provide supporting evidence for the presence of a splay in the G4-C9 base pair of the EcoRI binding site and a potential pocket of flexibility at the G4 cleavage site that have been proposed in the literature. In sum, we have demonstrated that FTIR is a powerful methodology for studying the effect of flanking sequences on DNA structure and flexibility, for it can provide information about the local structure of the nucleic acid and the overall relative flexibilities conferred by different flanking sequences.
Enhanced responses to NMDA receptor activation in the developing cat caudate nucleus.

Abstract An in vitro slice preparation was used to assess the effect of N- methyl- d -aspartate (NMDA) receptor activation in the developing cat caudate nucleus. Removal of Mg 2+ from the bathing medium, in the presence of 10 μM bicuculline, increased the amplitude and duration of the excitatory postsynaptic potential induced by local extracellular stimulation at all ages tested. In neurons younger than 35 days of age, removal of Mg 2+ in the presence of bicuculline produced an increase in excitatory postsynaptic potential amplitude and duration as well as bursts of action potentials when local extracellular stimulation was applied. The effects of Mg 2+ removal were reversibly attenuated by the specific NMDA receptor antagonist dl -2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid. These findings are important because they demonstrate that NMDA receptor-mediated responses can be induced in developing caudate neurons by local extracellular stimulation and these responses are enhanced in early postnatal periods at ages when motor control is being established.
TH‐C‐351‐07: Partial Volume Effect Correction in PET Using Regularized Iterative Deconvolution with Variance Control Based On Local Topology

Purpose: To present a new partial volume effect (PVE) correction method for PET with variance control, which is not dependent on prior anatomical information: a necessity for radiation treatment planning. Method and Materials: The method performs post‐reconstruction iterative deconvolution using a 3D Maximum Likelihood Expectation‐Maximization algorithm. To achieve convergence a One Step Late (OSL) regularization procedure that follows the work of Alenius et al is used. This technique was further modified to selectively control the variance depending on the local topology of the PETimage. Different regularization weights can be selected by the user for different parts of the image based on the signal‐to‐noise ratio. The procedure was tested for isotropic gaussian deconvolution functions with FWHM ranging from 6.31 mm to infinity. The method was applied to simulated and experimental scans of the NEMA NU‐2 image quality phantom with the GE Discovery LS PET/CT scanner and on patient scans. Results: Optimal sphere‐activity‐to‐variance ratio was obtained, when the deconvolution function was replaced by a few voxels wide step function. In this case the deconvolution method converged in ∼ 3 to 5 iterations for most points in both the simulated and experimental images. For the 1 cm diameter sphere, the contrast recovery improved from 12 % to 36 % and from 21% to 55 % for the simulated and the experimental data respectively. For the larger spheres the recovery coefficients were increased to above 68% and 80%. No increase in variance was observed except for few voxels neighboring strong activity gradients and inside the largest spheres. Testing the method using patient images indicated potential for increasing the visibility of small lesions within a non‐uniform background. Conclusion: Regularized iterative deconvolution with variance control based on local topology and on estimated image noise is a promising approach for partial volume effect corrections in PET.
Ethanol inhibition of NMDA receptors under conditions of altered protein kinase A activity.

N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDA) are glutamate-activated ligand-gated ion channels that participate in diverse forms of synaptic plasticity as well as glutamate-dependent excitotoxicity. Inhibition of the NMDA receptor function may underlie some of the behavioral actions associated with acute exposure to ethanol. The sensitivity of NMDA receptors to ethanol is influenced by the subunit composition of the receptor and, by association, with certain cytoskeletal proteins. Previous studies have also suggested that phosphorylation may regulate the sensitivity of NMDA receptors to ethanol. In this study, the ethanol inhibition of recombinant NMDA receptor currents was determined under conditions designed to enhance or inhibit the activity of protein kinase A (PKA). Human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK293) cells were transfected with cDNAs encoding NMDA subunits and channel activity was monitored with whole-cell patch-clamp electrophysiology. Under control recording conditions, ethanol (100 mm) inhibited NR1/2A and NR1/2B receptor currents by approximately 25–30%. The degree of ethanol inhibition was not affected or was slightly enhanced under conditions designed to enhance PKA activity. This included treatment of cells with cAMP analogs, inclusion of phosphatase inhibitors or purified PKA in the pipette filling solution, co-expression of catalytically active PKA, expression of the NR1 PKA-site phosphorylation site mimic (S897D) or by co-expression of the PKA scaffolding protein yotiao or the dopamine D1 receptor. Ethanol inhibition of NR1/2A and NR1/2B receptors was not altered when PKA effects were suppressed, either by co-expression of a PKI inhibitory peptide or the phosphorylation-deficient NR1 mutants (S897A, S896A, S896A/S897A). In addition, ethanol inhibition of NMDA-induced currents in cultured cortical or hippocampal neurons was not affected by modulators of PKA. These results suggest that PKA does not appear to play a major role in determining the acute ethanol sensitivity of NMDA receptors.
Statistical distributions of nucleosomes: nonrandom locations by a stochastic mechanism

Expressions are derived for distributions of nucleosomes in chromatin. Nucleosomes are placed on DNA at the densities found in bulk chromatin, and their locations are allowed to vary at random. No further assumptions are required to simulate the periodic patterns of digestion obtained with various nucleases. The introduction of a boundary constraint, due for example to sequence-specific protein binding, results in an array of regularly spaced nucleosomes at nonrandom locations, similar to the arrays reported for some genes and other chromosomal regions.
Science teachers’ conceptions of teaching: Implications for teacher education

An analysis of recent science education research on student conceptions of natural phenomena, on science teaching and on science teacher planning carries implications for science teacher education. This suggests that the development of appropriate conceptions of teaching should be an important goal of science teacher education. Drawing the analogy between conceptions of natural phenomena and conceptions of teaching suggests guidelines for designing instruction in science teacher education courses. The importance of these guidelines is enhanced because teachers are likely to hold conceptions of teaching which are in conflict with those considered appropriate. Activities in science teacher education which have attempted to identify and influence conceptions of science teaching are described and analysed. While these activities must be regarded as preliminary, they point to a powerful approach to thinking about the education of science teachers.
Equivalence of UDS responses for established cell lines and primary cells derived from the mei-9a and mus201D1 excision repair-deficient strains of Drosophila melanogaster

Abstract Autoradiographic analysis of unscheduled DNA synthesis in response to DNA damage produced by relatively high doses of the direct-acting, monofunctional alkylating agent, MMS, (4.5 mM) and UV (40 J/m2) demonstrates that established cell lines, derived from the mei-9a and mus201D1 excision repair-deficient strains of Drosophila melanogaster, perform no measurable incorporation of [3H]thymidine into repair patches, in accordance with the observations made for the corresponding primary embryonic cells derived from the two mutagen-sensitive strains of flies. These established cell lines can therefore be used as appropriate models for both examination of the biochemical basis of the genetic defects in the mei-9 and mus201 mutations and the role of excision-repair processes in spontaneous and induced mutation induction in eukaryotic cells.
Methylbenz[a]anthracenes: Correlations between theoretical reactivity indices and carcinogenicity

Methyl substitution in benz[a]anthracene leads to isomeric derivatives with distinctly different carcinogenic potencies. These differences in carcinogenic activity can be explained by examining the presumed in vivo metabolic transformations of these compounds using molecular orbital reactivity indices. Good correlations are found between carcinogenic activity and properties of later metabolites. Epoxidation of a dihydrodiol intermediate and the ability to form a stable “bay region” carbonium ion appear to be important factors in carcinogenic potency.
Concurrent sexual partnerships and the HIV epidemics in Africa: evidence to move forward.

The role of concurrent sexual partnerships is increasingly recognized as important for the transmission of sexually transmitted infections, particularly of heterosexual HIV transmission in Africa. Modeling and empirical evidence suggest that concurrent partnerships—compared to serial partnerships—can increase the size of an HIV epidemic, the speed at which it infects a population, and its persistence within a population. This selective review of the published and unpublished literature on concurrent partnerships examines various definitions and strategies for measuring concurrency, the prevalence of concurrency from both empirical and modeling studies, the biological plausibility of concurrency, and the social and cultural underpinnings of concurrency in southern Africa.
On the determination of the density of a vibrating string from spectral data

Ii.4 = (-l/p”(x)) un (3) and the boundary conditions (2). The latter problem shall be denoted by (E; LIP, /?) and its spectrum by {xi}. The purpose of this article is to show that if (L; 01, p) and (L; (Y, /3) h ave the spectrum {hi} and if (L; 01, y) and (f;; 01, r), where sin(/3 y) # 0, have the same spectrum {h,l} than p(x) = p”(x). In addition some extensions of this basic result will be proved, For operators in the form
Logarithmic corrections to tricritical scaling in the metamagnet FeCl2

A detailed study of the uniform magnetization of Fe${\mathrm{Cl}}_{2}$ in the vicinity of the tricritical point shows deviations from classical scaling behavior. The deviations are shown to be remedied by logarithmic corrections derived by graphical methods, but not by those from approximate recursion relations. This is the first observation of logarithmic corrections to tricritical scaling.
A mathematical model of the immersion of a spherical tumor with a necrotic core into a nutrient bath

Nutrients are essential for the development of tumors. Oxygen can be a determinant for necrosis and its absence can cause cell disintegration. In a similar manner, glucose plays a role in the development of necrosis, and also controls cellular viability. Tumors initially rely on diffusion for nutrient, oxygen, and waste transport. But after the growth of capillary sprouts that eventually penetrate the tumor (a process known as vascularization), it no longer depends on diffusion and grows uncontrollably. Eventually the nutrient concentration at the center of the tumor can fall below a critical level, resulting in a decrease in cell proliferation, slow growth rate and possibly even cell death. Thus, the tumor may develop what is known as a necrotic core, or inactive region in the center of the tumor. This paper focuses on the distribution of nutrient for a tumor with a necrotic core. Physically this models the effects of immersion of a tumor into a nutrient bath, or similarly the addition of nutrient to the tissue surrounding the tumor. The solution to the problem is analyzed in order to determine the most viable initial condition. The concentration as a function of time for fixed radial distance r will be investigated, as well as the concentration as a function of radial distance for fixed values of time t.
Factor Sequences in Quantized General Relativity

The problem of the order of factors in the constraint equations of general relativity has been investigated. Although the constraints plus Hamiltonian form a factor group in the nonquantized version of the theory, it does not follow directly that they will do so in the quantized version. The difficulty lies in the fact that the commutator of two expressions depends upon the order of factors chosen for them. We have explicitly exhibited a class of factor sequences for the constraints such that they do indeed form a factor group.
Genetic diversity and genetic structure in the brown alga Halidrys dioica (Fucales: Cystoseiraceae) in Southern California

Genetic diversity and genetic structure in a population of the brown seaweed Halidrys dioica Gardner were evaluated in five sites in southern California, USA, in 1991, using isozyme electrophoresis. H. dioica is relatively long-lived and has an outcrossing mating system and floating reproductive fronds with the potential for longdistance gamete dispersal. Because these characteristics are hypothetically important in determining genetic diversity and structure, we predicted that genetic diversity would be high and genetic structure would be exhibited only at relatively large geographic scales in H. dioica populations. The data were consistent with the prediction: genetic diversity (% polymorphic loci, no. of alleles/locus, average expected heterozygosity) was high compared to that of other seaweed species. Genetic structure (Wright's F statistics, Nei's genetic distance, point-pattern analysis of alleles) was low within and among distinct rocky reefs over 4 km of coast but high in subpopulations separated by 90 km. Life-history characteristics may be useful predictors of genetic diversity and structure in seaweed populations, but information on selection regimes, long-distance dispersal, and the extent of clonal propagation, for example, are critically lacking.
On the performance of the parametric filter adaptive beamformer

The parametric vector auto regressive technique has been proposed for adaptive beamforming and STAP. In this paper the expected signal to interference plus noise ratio performance of two variants of the algorithm, with and without forwards-backwards averaging, is derived.
Postoperative voiding interval and duration of analgesia following peripheral or caudal nerve blocks in children

We studied the time to postoperative micturition and the duration of analgesia in 82 children aged 6 mo to 10 yr undergoing herniorrhaphy or orchiopexy under general anesthesia with N2O and halothane. All received D5 lactate Ringer's solution equivalent to 6 h maintenance intraoperatively, and oral fluids postoperatively ad libitum. At the end of surgery, patients were randomly assigned to receive one of three regional anesthetic injections using 0.25% bupivacaine: caudal, 0.75 mL/kg (group I); caudal with 1:200,000 epinephrine, 0.75 mL/kg (group II); or ilioinguinaliliohypogastric nerve block with epinephrine through the wound by the surgeon (group III). Postoperatively, blinded observers scored pain at 30 min, hourly until discharge, and by telephone at 24-36 h. In the 74 patients with successful blocks (mean age 2.5 +/- 2.4 yr), the times to micturition (group I, 202 +/- 130 min; group II, 262 +/- 164 min; group III, 196 +/- 101 min) did not differ significantly among groups. Seven patients who took more than 8 h to void required no intervention. There was no difference in the numbers without pain for > or = 4 h (74%, 64%, and 69% of groups I, II, and III), or those requiring analgesics by 24 h (66% overall). The time to postoperative voiding in children is variable and not prolonged by caudal analgesia; caudal bupivacaine with or without epinephrine and ilioinguinaliliohypogastric nerve block are equally effective for postoperative analgesia.
The Kozhevnikov circle: clinical neurology in Moscow during the late nineteenth century.

(1992). The Kozhevnikov circle: Clinical neurology in Moscow during the late nineteenth century. Journal of the History of the Neurosciences: Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 15-21.
A comparison of values of annual limits on intake presented in ICRP 61 and 10 CFR part 20.

The latest (1991) major revision of the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission regulations incorporates internal dose concepts and primary and secondary dose limits adapted from the recommendations of the International Commission on Radiation Protection Publication 30 published in 1979. This work compares values of the Annual Limits on Intake (ALIs) reported in the latest U.S. regulations with those recommended in the more recent, 1990, International Commission on Radiation Protection Publication 61. Overall trends in the updated ALI values compared to those in the regulations, as well as radionuclides exhibiting greater than ±50% changes in these values, after correcting for differences in the primary dose limits, are reported.
Impact of Parental Severe Mental Illness: Ethical and Clinical Issues for Counselors.

This article draws attention to the issue of parental severe mental illness and the ethical and clinical implications for counselors who work with this population. Parents with mental illness face a multitude of life challenges including, but not limited to, parenting difficulties, medication and hospitalization, custody and placement of their children, financial constraints, and substance abuse. Counselors who serve this population need to be aware of some serious ethical and clinical issues they may face when working with this population. An illustrative case is used to highlight the nature of these issues and problems. Clinical and ethical recommendations are made for counselors.
Comparative Efficiencies of Foreign Firms and Local Firms in Iran

The controversial nature of the subject of foreign investment in recent years has called for more empirical research. One of the issues which have attracted the attention of scientists and policy makers is the question of efficiency of foreign firms versus local firms. This survey examines the comparative efficiencies of Iranian (IR) firms versus Iranian-American joint venture (IAJV) firms during the pre-revolutionary 1971–1976 period.
Simultaneous determination of water-soluble vitamins in SRM 1849 Infant/Adult Nutritional Formula powder by liquid chromatography–isotope dilution mass spectrometry

Assessing dietary intake of vitamins from all sources, including foods, dietary supplements, and fortified foods, would be aided considerably by having analytical methodologies that are capable of simultaneous determination of several vitamins. Vitamins naturally present in foods may occur in different chemical forms, with levels ranging over several orders of magnitude. Vitamins in dietary supplements and fortified foods, however, are typically added in a single chemical form, and matrix issues are usually not as complex. These sources should thus be relatively amenable to approaches that aim for simultaneous determination of multiple vitamins. Our recent work has focused on development of liquid chromatography (LC)–UV/fluorescence and LC–tandem mass spectrometry methods for the simultaneous determination of water-soluble vitamins (thiamine, niacin, pyridoxine, pantothenic acid, folic acid, biotin, and riboflavin) in dietary supplement tablets and fortified foods, such as formula powders and breakfast cereals. As part of the validation of our methods and collaboration in characterization of a new NIST SRM 1849 Infant/Adult Nutritional Formula powder, we report data on SRM 1849 using isotope dilution mass spectrometric methods. Use of available NIST Standard Reference Materials® as test matrices in our method development and validation gives a benchmark for future application of these methods. We compare three chromatographic approaches and provide data on stability of vitamin standard solutions for LC-based multiple vitamin determinations.
Recognition and Legitimacy: A Reply to Buchanan

Contre la conception de la legitimite de reconnaissance developpee par A. Buchanan a partir des exigences de justice comme le respect des droits fondamentaux de l'homme, l'A. defend une approche pragmatique des criteres de legitimite en termes de calcul strategique et de cooperation en vue du maintien de la paix et de la justice internationale. Distinguant les normes de la reconnaissance et celles de la justice minimale du point de vue de la communaute internationale, l'A. revise la position de Buchanan a la lumiere des objections concernant les entites politiques injustes, d'une part, et defend le passage de la justice au pragmatisme en mettant en evidence la nature non-ideale de la reconnaissance, d'autre part.
Effects Of The Ephemeris Error On Effective Pointing For A Spaceborne Sar

Both Magellan SAR data acquisition and image processing require the knowledge of both the ephemeris (spacecraft position and velocity) and the radar pointing direction. Error in the knowledge of the radar pointing direction results in a loss of SNR in the image product. An error in the ephemeris data has a similar effect. To facilitate SNR performance analysis, an effective pointing error is defined to characterize the effect of the ephemeris error. A systematic approach to relate the ephemeris error to the effective pointing errors is described. Result of this analysis has led to a formal accuracy requirement levied on the Magellan navigation system.
Variability of magnetic soil properties in Hawaii

Magnetic soils can seriously hamper the performance of electromagnetic sensors for the detection of buried land mines and unexploded ordnance (UXO). Soils formed on basaltic substrates commonly have large concentrations of ferrimagnetic iron oxide minerals, which are the main cause of soil magnetic behavior. Previous work has shown that viscous remanent magnetism (VRM) in particular, which is caused by the presence of ferrimagnetic minerals of different sizes and shapes, poses a large problem for electromagnetic surveys. The causes of the variability in magnetic soil properties in general and VRM in particular are not well understood. In this paper we present the results of laboratory studies of soil magnetic properties on three Hawaiian Islands: O’ahu, Kaho’olawe, and Hawaii. The data show a strong negative correlation between mean annual precipitation and induced magnetization, and a positive correlation between mean annual precipitation and the frequency dependent magnetic behavior. Soil erosion, which reduces the thickness of the soil cover, also influences the magnetic properties.
Work in progress: a concept inventory for heat transfer

A concept inventory has been developed for heat transfer, which is typically taken in the junior or senior year in mechanical engineering. The subject builds on material previously introduced in thermodynamics and fluid mechanics, and the concepts in these subjects are intertwined. The course has been given as a pretest in one course. An item analysis of the inventory has been made to assess the validity of the inventory, showing that further work needs to be done. The inventory will be given as a post test and then modifications to the inventory will be made. The current draft inventory is available for testing and evaluating.
Evidence that the scavenger receptor is not involved in the uptake of negatively charged liposomes by cells

Scavenger receptors have a broad ligand specificity, ranging from modified low-density lipoproteins to a variety of high-molecular-weight poly-anions. A recent report by Nishikawa et al. (J. Biol. Chem. (1990) 265, 5226-5231) suggested that this receptor is also involved in the binding and endocytosis of liposomes containing negatively charged phospholipids. The mechanism by which liposomes are taken up by cells is of interest because liposomes are promising versatile carriers for macromolecules and drugs both in vitro and in vivo. In this report, we re-examine the role of the scavenger receptor in the uptake of liposomes using both Chinese hamster ovary cells transfected with the type I or type II bovine scavenger receptor, and smooth muscle cells induced to increase scavenger receptor expression by phorbol ester treatment. Expression of both types of scavenger receptors by Chinese hamster ovary cells induced an increase in the uptake of chemically modified low-density lipoproteins, but not the uptake of negatively charged liposomes. In smooth muscle cells treated with phorbol ester, scavenger receptor expression was upregulated and the uptake of chemically modified low-density lipoproteins was enhanced dramatically, but there was no effect on the uptake of negatively charged liposomes. We conclude that the existing evidence does not support the suggestion that the scavenger receptor is involved in the uptake of anionic liposomes by cells.