cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Writing About Testing Worries Boosts Exam Performance in the Classroom

Two laboratory and two randomized field experiments tested a psychological intervention designed to improve students' scores on high-stakes exams and to increase our understanding of why pressure-filled exam situations undermine some students' performance. We expected that sitting for an important exam leads to worries about the situation and its consequences that undermine test performance. We tested whether having students write down their thoughts about an upcoming test could improve test performance. The intervention, a brief expressive writing assignment that occurred immediately before taking an important test, significantly improved students' exam scores, especially for students habitually anxious about test taking. Simply writing about one's worries before a high-stakes exam can boost test scores.
Terahertz electronics for sensing applications

Terahertz sensing is used for detection of hidden objects, explosives and biological and chemical hazardous agents, and for applications in radio astronomy, space research, biology and medicine. Emerging THz transistor sensing technology uses the rectification of electron density oscillations in short channel Si CMOS and FIN FETs and III–V and III–N High Electron Mobility Transistors (HEMTs). Such plasma wave electronics detectors might be tunable by applied bias voltage and can be modulated at very high frequencies. Using synchronized THz plasmonic transistor arrays is expected to improve performance of THz electronic detectors by orders of magnitude.
Energy Storage System Design for Green-Energy Cyber Physical Systems

Electric-drive transportation offers a wonderful new opportunity [1, 2] to address air-pollution issues and petroleum consumption problems around the world. Currently, the greenhouse gas emissions from conventional transportation account for 40% of air-pollution emissions from all energy-using sectors [3, 4]. Development of new electric-drive techniques, in the transportation sector, is both a new and ongoing endeavor. Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) have been quickly adopted and widely deployed over the past decade. Presently, plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs), which use the electricity from the electric power grid along with petroleum to power the vehicle, have received considerable recent attention to significantly reduce petroleum consumption and greenhouse gas emissions.
Stimulation Stability and Selectivity of Chronically Implanted Multicontact Nerve Cuff Electrodes in the Human Upper Extremity

Nine spiral nerve cuff electrodes were implanted in two human subjects for up to three years with no adverse functional effects. The objective of this study was to look at the long term nerve and muscle response to stimulation through nerve cuff electrodes. The nerve conduction velocity remained within the clinically accepted range for the entire testing period. The stimulation thresholds stabilized after approximately 20 weeks. The variability in the activation over time was not different from muscle-based electrodes used in implanted functional electrical stimulation systems. Three electrodes had multiple, independent contacts to evaluate selective recruitment of muscles. A single muscle could be selectively activated from each electrode using single-contact stimulation and the selectivity was increased with the use of field steering techniques. The selectivity after three years was consistent with selectivity measured during the implant surgery. Nerve cuff electrodes are effective for chronic muscle activation and multichannel functional electrical stimulation in humans.
A Review of Neurofeedback Treatment for Pediatric ADHD

Objective: The aim of this paper was to review all randomized published trials and unpublished conference presentations on the neurofeedback (NF) treatment of pediatric ADHD, and their relevance, s...
Existential Confrontation and Religiosity

Recent research suggests that religious intrinsicness should predict a failure to confront existential problems whereas an interactional orientation should promote the opposite influence. This study, however, demonstrated that intrinsicness is associated only with traditional religious resolutions of such difficulties and that the interactional approach is essentially unrelated to confrontation with existential realities. These data therefore failed to support claims that orthodox, intrinsic individuals are rigid in their approach to the basic existential questions of life; the data also illustrated the importance of differentiating thought content from thought process in analyzing religious influences on psychological functioning.
Complete Computational Fluid Dynamics Analysis of a Velocity XL with Flight-Test Verification

The process of performing in-flight measurements of the canard wake on a Velocity XL-5 retractable gear (RG) is detailed and the results are compared to computational models of the flowfield. A combination of an 18-probe total pressure rake and two five-hole probes were used. Preflight wind-tunnel tests were used for probe calibration and a three-dimensional viscous codewas used for the flowfield computations. The comparisons between the computations and the measurements were very good. The resulting database validated the computations and provides a reference for future flight experiments.
The Functional Expression of Recombinant Human Thyrotropin Receptors in Nonthyroidal Eukaryotic Cells Provides Evidence that Homologous Desensitization to Thyrotropin Stimulation Requires a Cell-Specific Factor*

TSH desensitization involves decreased coupling of the TSH receptor to the adenylate cyclase regulatory protein, Gs. There is evidence that a desensitization protein in thyroid cells plays a role in this process. The molecular cloning of the human TSH receptor and its stable expression in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO-TSHR) cells allowed us to test whether or not TSH desensitization can occur in a nonthyroidal cell. Similar to human thyroid cells, maximal stimulation of cAMP levels in CHO-TSHR cells was attained after 30-60 min of exposure to bovine TSH. Unlike in human thyroid cells, however, preincubation of CHO-TSHR cells with TSH for 12-16 h did not decrease the subsequent cAMP response to a 1-h pulse of TSH stimulation. That is, the human TSH receptor in CHO-TSHR cells does not undergo functional desensitization. Scatchard plot analysis of specific TSH binding to the CHO-TSHR cells revealed high and low affinity sites (Ka of 1.8 +/- 0.4 x 10(9) M-1 and 1.4 +/- 0.3 x 10(7) M-1, respectively), with approximately 10(5) TSH receptors per cell. This is 10- to 100-fold greater than the number of TSH receptors estimated to be present on human thyroid cells. Untransfected CHO cells exhibited only the low affinity binding site. Prior exposure of CHO-TSHR cells to bovine TSH or to (Bu)2cAMP for periods up to 24 h did not reduce [125I]TSH binding to these cells. In summary, desensitization of the adenylate cyclase response to TSH stimulation does not occur in nonthyroidal cells expressing a human TSH receptor with normal functional and TSH binding characteristics. These data support the concept that a cell-specific protein may be involved in homologous TSH desensitization.
The 2010 Institutional Investment Report: Trends in Asset Allocation and Portfolio Composition

The annual Institutional Investment Report provides a comprehensive analysis of the asset growth and portfolio composition of institutional investors operating in the United States. It documents the presence of different types of institutional investors in single asset classes such as equity, debt securities, alternative instruments, and foreign securities.This year's report includes definitive data for 2009 and focuses on the impact of that year's financial market rebound on institutional asset value and investment decisions.The report is structured as follows.Part I: Institutional Investment in U.S. Financial Markets examines historical trends regarding the investment in U.S. financial markets by institutional investors as a group and by individual types of institutions (including pension funds, investment companies, insurance companies, savings institutions, and foundations). The section features information on overall asset growth as well as asset allocation across institutions. The analysis is enhanced through line-by-line comparisons with the growth of outstanding U.S. financial assets and allocation decisions made by other categories of investors.Part II through Part V expand on the general analysis of Part I by providing a closer snapshot of institutional investments in single asset classes, such as equity (Part II: U.S. Equity Markets), debt securities (Part III: U.S. Bond Markets), alternative instruments, including hedge funds (Part IV: Hedge Funds and Alternative Instruments), and foreign securities (Part V: Foreign Financial Markets).
Lillian McMurry of Trumpet Records: Integrity and Authenticity in the Charismatic, Constructive Narcissist Leader

Although the emerging construct of authentic leadership has received considerable attention recently, there are still diverse and competing theoretical perspectives. Common with nascent theory, man...
Civil Economy and Civilized Economics: Essentials for Sustainable Development

This essay will consider the relevance of the social sciences - especially economics - to the foundations of sustainable development. Looming environmental crises have served as a prime motivating force for reevaluating fundamental principles. In particular, the concept of sustainability, carrying with it clear requirements for values, goals and ethics, has begun to reshape economics. The broadest conception of sustainability is found if we understand sustainable development to mean Socially And Environmentally Just And Sustainable development - "SAEJAS development". Throughout the paper we will see examples of rules, or norms, that serve to organize human behavior without requiring that everything be rethought all the time. Among these may be found some ethical rules that lay the foundation for responding to the current situation in which humanity finds itself. What notice should the social sciences take of such rules? How would the social sciences - especially economics - have to change in order to be able to pay appropriate attention to ethical norms? "Participatory science," involving citizens as well as specialists, is proposed as an outline for the kind of science that is needed under contemporary circumstances. The approach described under this rubric will be contrasted with the methods and assumptions of mainstream economics. The essay will give some attention to how economic ideas - for better or for worse - affect and shape culture and society. The theory of sustainable development is proposed as offering strong, practical elements of a needed alternative economic paradigm. The conclusion will remind us that theory alone has little effect, and will point to an area where theory and practice can work together to civilize modern economies.
Tracking Probabilistic Correlation of Monitoring Data for Fault Detection in Complex Systems

Due to their growing complexity, it becomes extremely difficult to detect and isolate faults in complex systems. While large amount of monitoring data can be collected from such systems for fault analysis, one challenge is how to correlate the data effectively across distributed systems and observation time. Much of the internal monitoring data reacts to the volume of user requests accordingly when user requests flow through distributed systems. In this paper, we use Gaussian mixture models to characterize probabilistic correlation between flow-intensities measured at multiple points. A novel algorithm derived from Expectation-Maximization (EM) algorithm is proposed to learn the "likely" boundary of normal data relationship, which is further used as an oracle in anomaly detection. Our recursive algorithm can adaptively estimate the boundary of dynamic data relationship and detect faults in real time. Our approach is tested in a real system with injected faults and the results demonstrate its feasibility.
Normal‐Pressure Hot‐Pressing of α‐Alumina‐Diamond Composites

α-Alumina-diamond composites have been developed by normal hot-pressing procedures using a conventional pressure of 32 MPa and 1250°C. Heretofore this type of composite has required a pressure of 6 GPa (60 kbar) to prevent the transformation of diamond to graphite. The mechanical properties, density, and thermal expansion coefficient of these composites have been characterized. The fracture toughness (KIc) of alumina shows a considerable increase with the addition of diamond particles. Diamond additions tend to decrease the thermal expansion coefficient of these composites. The composite properties are dependent on the volume fraction of diamond particles.
Any Real Change? Credibility and Corroboration after the REAL ID Act

Written three years after the enactment of the REAL ID Act, this piece analyzes the implications of the act on assessments of credibility and corroboration requirements in asylum and related protection cases.
"Words Like Bones": Narrative, Performance, and the Reinscribing of Violence in Leslie Marmon Silko's Storyteller

AbstractThis article discusses the ways in which Leslie Marmon Silko's book Storyteller (1981), and the inscription of Native American oral storytelling techniques in it, challenge theories that assert that narrative is fueled by desire and/or ab-sence or loss. In particular, it examines how this inscription refigures the role of violence, and especially rape, in the series of "Yellow Woman" tales in Silko's book. Each of the article's four parts performs a different approach to understanding the book: The first part questions, by way of staging, a Lacan-based focus on lack in understanding narrative structure; the second discusses the cultural and moral dilemmas of teaching Silko's pieces, and the depictions of sexual coercion in them; the third imagines the possibilities and limitations of a Foucault-based theory of narrative; and the fourth addresses how a per-formance-based reading of the tales provides a way of dealing with these issues. (Oral storytelling theory; performance theory; gender studies; pedagogy)
Why Muslim Women are Re-interpreting the Qur`an and Hadith: A Transformative Scholarship-Activism

A Chapter in the Monograph: Feminism, Law and Religion. Edited by Marie A. Failinger, Hamline University School of Law, Elizabeth R. Schiltz and Susan J. Stabile, 2013: 257-280.
Saturation properties of large-aperture photoconducting antennas

We describe the saturation properties and power scaling of large-aperture planar photoconducting antennas. These antennas have been used to emit and detect electromagnetic pulses with terahertz bandwidth. At high optical fluences, the amplitude of the radiated electric field saturates, at a value comparable to the bias field in agreement with a simple model of the radiation. We also discuss the saturation properties of the large-aperture photoconducting antennas with different semiconductor materials.
Absence of idoxuridine and persistence of herpes simplex virus in brains of patients being treated for encephalitis.

SummaryThirty-two specimens of brain from five patients with encephalitis suspected to be caused by herpes simplex virus, type 1 (HSV-1) were assayed for antiviral activity. Each patient received 60-80 mg/kg/day of idoxuridine (IDU) by intravenous infusion. The antiviral assay does not measure anti-HSV-1 antibodies. Biopsies of brain in every patient taken before IDU was used, and portions of several regions of the brain at autopsy were available during courses of treatment in four of the five patients. The last patient died 7 days after completing treatment. A significant concentration of IDU (833 μg/ml) was measured transiently in the cerebrospinal fluid of one patient. Meninges and brains showed inflammatory changes. Within the sensitivity of the test (≧ 6 μg/g) all specimens contained no IDU. As given, IDU does not achieve therapeutic concentrations in human brain. Further clinical use of IDU in therapy of herpes simplex virus encephalitis is not indicated.Aided by Grants from the National Institute o...
Responding to Welfare Reform: Competing Perspectives of Social Service Delivery in an Economically Disadvantaged Rural State

This study compares administrative and caseworker perspectives on service delivery processes in rural areas in an Appalachian state with high levels of poverty and unemployment and limited economic...
Abstract A79: Human breast tissue bioavailability of topically applied limonene

Purpose: Limonene is a monocyclic monoterpene found at high concentration in citrus peel oil and has demonstrated anti‐cancer effects in preclinical studies of mammary carcinogenesis. However, the effective oral dose determined in rodents extrapolates to a human dose that may not be feasible for long‐term consumption. Limonene is highly lipophilic and has been long explored as an enhancer for percutaneous absorption of pharmaceutical drugs, including tamoxifen. Preliminary work from our group demonstrated that topically applied limonene is absorbed through the mouse skin and accumulates in the mammary glands. Methods: We conducted a pilot clinical study to determine whether limonene would be bioavailable in the breast following topical application. In the first study phase, we recruited 19 healthy women to apply limonene containing massage oil to the breast daily or 3x/wk. Nipple aspirate fluid (NAF) and plasma samples were collected before and after 4 weeks of limonene massage application. Sample limonene concentrations were determined using gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry. In the second study phase, we recruited 25 healthy women to undergo 4 weeks of daily limonene massage oil application to the breast. Potential agent effect biomarkers were determined in NAF and plasma collected before and after the limonene massage application. Results: In samples collected from the first study phase, no significant increase in NAF and plasma limonene levels was observed following the limonene massage application, possibly because limonene deposits in the fatty breast tissue with minimal secretion to NAF or systemic circulation. Changes in agent effect biomarkers in NAF, including TGF‐beta, EGF, and adiponectin, were evaluated in the second study phase for determination of the breast tissue limonene bioavailability. There were no consistent changes in the agent effect biomarkers overall or in pre‐menopausal women following the limonene massage application. However, among the post‐menopausal women (n =8), there were significant increases in NAF levels of TGF‐beta (p = 0.005) and EGF (p = 0.032), and there was an increasing trend in adiponectin (p = 0.164, n=5 due to limited NAF volume). Conclusions: We conclude that breast massage application of limonene containing massage oil did not result in consistent changes in limonene secretion to the NAF and the potential drug effect biomarkers in NAF. However, limonene massage application increased the NAF expression of TGF‐beta and EGF in post‐menopausal women, indicative of the intervention effects in the breast tissue. Further studies are needed to explore the potential effects of topical limonene massage intervention on carcinogenesis biomarkers in a larger cohort of post‐menopausal women. Supported by Department of Defense, BCRP Idea Award, BC061529 Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2010;3(1 Suppl):A79.
Intrauterine fetal transfusions for the management of erythroblastosis

Initial experience with the technique of intrauterine fetal transfusion is reported. Eight fetuses received 11 intraperitoneal transfusions for severe Rh erythroblastosis. Four infants survived, 3 died from persistent hydrops, and 1 died from intercurrent sepsis. Elavated concentrations of amniotic fluid protein relative to the stage of gestation were found to correlate with fetal hydrops. Following intrauterine therapy, decreasing amniotic fluid protein content correlated with an improving fetus; both amniotic fluid Δ O.D. 450 mμ units and the bilirubin/protein ratio values reflected the extent of residual fetal hemolytic disease. In 2 cases suppression of fetal erythropoiesis followed multiple intrauterine transfusions and eliminated the need for subsequent exchange transfusions. Positive antiglobulin tests of Rh-negative cord blood after intrauterine transfusions were encountered and found to be associated with a condition of maternal antibodies against penicillin and the prophylactic administration of intraperitoneal penicillin to the fetus.
Stackelberg-game-based modeling and optimization for supply chain design and operations: A mixed integer bilevel programming framework

Abstract While Stackelberg leader–follower games and bilevel programming have become increasingly prevalent in game-theoretic modeling and optimization of decentralized supply chains, existing models can only handle linear programming or quadratic programming followers’ problems. When discrete decisions are involved in the follower's problem, the resulting lower-level mixed-integer program prohibits direct transformation of the bilevel program into a single-level mathematical program using the KKT conditions. To address this challenge, we propose a mixed-integer bilevel programming (MIBP) modeling framework and solution algorithm for optimal supply chain design and operations, where the follower is allowed to have discrete decisions, e.g., facility location, technology selection, and opening/shutting-down of production lines. A reformulation-and-decomposition algorithm is developed for global optimization of the MIBP problems. A case study on an integrated forestry and biofuel supply chain is presented to demonstrate the application, along with comparisons to conventional centralized modeling and optimization methods.
Microbiota in 2016: Associating infection and incontinence with the female urinary microbiota.

The discovery and confirmation of the female urinary microbiota in 2012 provided opportunities to improve insight into lower urinary tract disorders in women, including UTI and urgency urinary incontinence. Now, research in 2016 has shown that expanded culture techniques enable improved uropathogen detection and confirm that bacteria detected by culture-independent methods are alive.
Organ-on-a-chip for assessing environmental toxicants

Man-made xenobiotics, whose potential toxicological effects are not fully understood, are oversaturating the already-contaminated environment. Due to the rate of toxicant accumulation, unmanaged disposal, and unknown adverse effects to the environment and the human population, there is a crucial need to screen for environmental toxicants. Animal models and in vitro models are ineffective models in predicting in vivo responses due to inter-species difference and/or lack of physiologically-relevant 3D tissue environment. Such conventional screening assays possess limitations that prevent dynamic understanding of toxicants and their metabolites produced in the human body. Organ-on-a-chip systems can recapitulate in vivo like environment and subsequently in vivo like responses generating a realistic mock-up of human organs of interest, which can potentially provide human physiology-relevant models for studying environmental toxicology. Feasibility, tunability, and low-maintenance features of organ-on-chips can also make possible to construct an interconnected network of multiple-organs-on-chip toward a realistic human-on-a-chip system. Such interconnected organ-on-a-chip network can be efficiently utilized for toxicological studies by enabling the study of metabolism, collective response, and fate of toxicants through its journey in the human body. Further advancements can address the challenges of this technology, which potentiates high predictive power for environmental toxicology studies.
Perspective—Localized Corrosion: Passive Film Breakdown vs Pit Growth Stability

A debate about the critical step in localized corrosion has raged for decades. Some researchers focus on the composition and structure of the passive film associated with the initial breakdown of the film, whereas others consider that the susceptibility to pitting is controlled by the pit growth kinetics and the stabilization of pit growth. The basis for a unified theory of pitting is presented here in which pit stability considerations are controlling under aggressive conditions (harsh electrolytes and extreme environments and/or susceptible microstructures) and the passive film properties and protectiveness are the critical factors in less extreme environments and/or for less susceptible alloys.
Interim FDG-PET imaging during neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy for esophageal cancer: Correlation with pathologic response.

175Background: In this prospective study we evaluated whether changes in metabolic tumor parameters on interim flurodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) performed during neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (CRT) for esophageal cancer correlates with histopathologic tumor response. Methods: From February 2012 to February 2016, 60 patients with esophageal cancer underwent PET scans before therapy and after 30-36 Gy. Patients who underwent surgery after carboplatin/paclitaxel CRT were eligible for the current analysis. PET metrics of the primary site including maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax), SUV mean, metabolic tumor volume (MTV), and total lesion glycolysis (TLG) were extracted from the pre-treatment and interim PET based on a manual contour and SUV 2.5 threshold. Patients were called histopathologic responders if they had a complete or near complete tumor response based on the modified Ryan scheme. Relative changes in PET metrics between pre-treatment and interim PET were compared betw...
Higher sensitivity and lower specificity in post-fire mortality model validation of 11 western US tree species

Managers require accurate models to predict post-fire tree mortality to plan prescribed fire treatments and examine their effectiveness. Here we assess the performance of a common post-fire tree mortality model with an independent dataset of 11 tree species from 13 National Park Service units in the western USA. Overall model discrimination was generally strong, but performance varied considerably among species and sites. The model tended to have higher sensitivity (proportion of correctly classified dead trees) and lower specificity (proportion of correctly classified live trees) for many species, indicating an overestimation of mortality. Variation in model accuracy (percentage of live and dead trees correctly classified) among species was not related to sample size or percentage observed mortality. However, we observed a positive relationship between specificity and a species-specific bark thickness multiplier, indicating that overestimation was more common in thin-barked species. Accuracy was also quite low for thinner bark classes (<1cm) for many species, leading to poorer model performance. Our results indicate that a common post-fire mortality model generally performs well across a range of species and sites; however, some thin-barked species and size classes would benefit from further refinement to improve model specificity.
Highly efficient chemoenzymatic synthesis and facile purification of α-Gal pentasaccharyl ceramide Galα3nLc4βCer

A highly efficient chemoenzymatic method for synthesizing glycosphingolipids using α-Gal pentasaccharyl ceramide as an example is reported here. Enzymatic extension of the chemically synthesized lactosyl sphingosine using efficient sequential one-pot multienzyme (OPME) reactions allowed glycosylation to be carried out in aqueous solutions. Facile C18 cartridge-based quick (<30 minutes) purification protocols were established using minimal amounts of green solvents (CH3CN and H2O). Simple acylation in the last step led to the formation of the target glycosyl ceramide in 4 steps with an overall yield of 57%.
Complications in Surgery for Brachial Plexus Birth Injury: Avoidance and Treatment

Brachial plexus birth injuries are rare, with treatment and follow-up often required from infancy until skeletal maturity. We review complications that may occur related to primary nerve surgery or secondary musculoskeletal procedures, and discuss how these may be avoided.
“A Death Like his”: Saul's Privation and Restoration of Sight as Prophetic Formation in Acts 9

At the start of Acts 9, Saul is a vigorous promoter of violence against followers of “the Way.” By the end of the chapter, he is a powerful prophet proclaiming Jesus as Lord. The transformation is ...
Improving printing orientation for Fused Deposition Modeling printers by analyzing connected components

Abstract The spatial orientation of an object on a 3D printing plate is a significant contributor to its printing time. Thus, the speed of the 3D printing processes can generally be increased by using time-efficient object orientations. This paper presents a novel method for speeding-up printing processes that employs maximally efficient orientations. This method finds an orientation for the object that minimizes the number of disconnected components and the distance between the disconnected components that remain, thereby minimizing the time needed for the printer head to traverse empty areas. The method also considers the height of the printed object, its trapped volume, and the number of connected components in each layer. Our novel algorithm considers all four criteria, each weighted according to printer-specific and experimentally-obtained parameters. Preliminary trials demonstrate that this methodology can decrease printing times on fused deposition printers to 45% of that of current state of the art algorithms.
Willingness of the Public to Share Geolocation Information in a U.S. Census Bureau Survey

In 2016, the U.S. Census Bureau conducted a split-panel experiment to explore the public’s willingness to share geolocation information within a survey. A sample of participants from a nonprobabili...
A Proof of Principle of Imposed Dynamo Current Drive: Demonstration of Sufficient Confinement

The conceptual design of an experiment for demonstrating and developing the efficient sustainment of a spheromak with sufficient confinement is presented. “Sufficient” means that the current drive ...
Polynomials and combinatorial definitions of languages

Using polynomials to represent languages and Boolean functions has opened up a new vein of mathematical insight into fundamental problems of computational complexity theory. Many notable advances in the past ten years have been obtained by working directly with these polynomials. This chapter surveys important results and open problems in this area, with special attention to low-level circuit classes and to the issues of “strong” vs. “weak” representations raised by Barrington, Smolensky, and others. Other combinatorial representations for languages besides polynomials are worthy of attention, and a new example characterizing parity-of(ands-of)-threshold circuits is presented in the last section.
Research perspectives: gold nanoparticles in cancer theranostics.

High recurrence rates after surgical resection remain a formidable challenge in many cancers. Although chemo- and/or radiotherapy are often applied following surgery to prevent tumor relapse, these treatments are generally accompanied by serious side effects and challenges in their delivery that limit their effectiveness. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), which possess unique physicochemical properties, have the potential to enhance the efficacy of these conventional treatment modalities. In this review, we briefly describe the current state of AuNP research in the area of cancer theranostics. Recent studies have investigated AuNPs’ use as photothermal converters, drug carriers, radiosensitizers, and imaging probes in a wide range of applications for cancer diagnosis and therapy. AuNPs have promise in minimally invasive thermal ablation therapy, diagnostic imaging, intraoperative tumor margin delineation, and multimodal anticancer therapy. The successful translation of AuNPs into the clinic will have significant impact on the care of cancer patients using image-guided, minimally invasive approaches.
The design, deployment, and evaluation of the CORAL pre-exascale systems

CORAL, the Collaboration of Oak Ridge, Argonne and Livermore, is fielding two similar IBM systems, Summit and Sierra, with NVIDIA GPUs that will replace the existing Titan and Sequoia systems. Summit and Sierra are currently ranked No. 1 and No. 3, respectively on the Top500 list. We discuss the design and key differences of the systems. Our evaluation of the systems highlights the following. Applications that fit in HBM see the most benefit and may prefer more GPUs; however, for some applications, the CPU-GPU bandwidth is more important than the number of GPUs. The node-local burst buffer scales linearly, and can achieve a 4X improvement over the parallel file system for large jobs; smaller jobs, however, may benefit from writing directly to the PFS. Finally, several CPU, network and memory bound analytics and GPU-bound deep learning codes achieve up to a 11X and 79X speedup/node, respectively over Titan.
Taking Stock of Dietary Supplements' Harmful Effects on Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults.

Abstract Purpose The aim of the study was to evaluate the relationship between supplement categories and adverse events in children, adolescents, and young adults. Methods This is a retrospective observational study using adverse event reports between January 2004 and April 2015 in the U.S. Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System on food and dietary supplements database. We quantified the relative risks for severe medical events of dietary supplements sold for various functions relative to vitamins among individuals aged between 0 and 25 years. Severe medical events include death, disability, life-threatening events, hospitalization, emergency room visit, and/or required intervention to prevent permanent disability. Results There were 977 single-supplement–related adverse event reports affecting individuals aged between 0 and 25 years over 11 years (50.6% female; age: mean = 16.5 years, standard deviation = 7.5 years). Supplements sold for muscle building (risk ratio [RR] = 2.7; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.9–4.0), energy (RR = 2.6; 95% CI = 1.9–3.6), and weight loss (RR = 2.6; 95% CI = 1.9–3.4) were associated with almost three times the risk for severe medical events compared with vitamins. Conclusions Consumption of dietary supplements sold for weight loss, muscle building, and energy involved increased risks for severe medical events compared with vitamins. Proactive enforcement of regulations is needed to reduce access and consumption among children, adolescents, and young adults.
Language and the African American Child

How do children acquire African American English? How do they develop the specific language patterns of their communities? Drawing on spontaneous speech samples and data from structured elicitation tasks, this book explains the developmental trends in the children's language. It examines topics such as the development of tense/aspect marking, negation and question formation, and addresses the link between intonational patterns and meaning. Lisa Green shows the impact that community input has on children's development of variation in the production of certain constructions such as possessive -s, third person singular verbal -s, and forms of copula and auxiliary be. She discusses the implications that the linguistic description has for practical applications, such as developing instructional materials for children in the early stages of their education.
Carbon offsetting and reduction scheme with sustainable aviation fuel options: Fleet-level carbon emissions impacts for U.S. airlines

Abstract To reduce aviation carbon emissions, the International Civil Aviation Organization initiated the Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation (CORSIA), which will take effect in 2021. In response, airlines have taken measures through various means, including the use of sustainable fuels. This article investigates the potential effects of a CORSIA-type policy when implemented in the United States. The study uses a combined model of airlines operations and multi-feedstock sustainable aviation fuels (SAFs) to represent decisions of several actors, such as farmers, bio-refineries, airlines, and policymakers. The research employed a life-cycle assessment and Monte-Carlo simulation to evaluate two policy scenarios on the amount of SAF consumption and the resulting emissions. Implementing a CORSIA-type policy could stimulate the demand and production of SAFs, while also reducing air travel growth by increasing airfare. As a result of this combined effect and improved aircraft technology, there is a 3.5% chance that the U.S. airlines industry can reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 37.5–50% by the year 2050, compared to the 2005 emission levels. Despite a projected increase in air travel in 2050 by a factor of 2.75 (the median value), the emissions in 2050 are expected to rise to only 120% (the median value) of the 2005 level. The price of petroleum-based aviation fuels followed by the growth rate of the carbon price are the two most important factors to determine whether the CORSIA-type policy would achieve the emission reduction target.
Complex Filter Retrieval Planning

Advanced techniques to retrieve inferior vena cava filters (IVCFs) have been developed and implemented at experienced centers with high rates of retrieval success and low complication rates. The purpose of this chapter is to describe pre-procedural planning for complex IVCF retrieval from the perspective of a dedicated retrieval clinic. We first define cases of complex filter retrieval and identify patients requiring pre-procedural clinic visits. The remainder of the chapter describes the essential considerations in clinical evaluation, imaging, anesthesia, and patient consent. The text is not intended to be a comprehensive review of complex IVCF retrieval but rather a practical, real-world resource to guide patient- and device-specific retrieval planning. In our experience, the benefits of IVCF retrieval usually outweigh the procedural risks when the IVCF is no longer indicated given the risk of significant IVCF-related complications. Referral to experienced centers should be considered in patients who have prior failed retrieval attempts or who have been previously considered ineligible due to technical complexity.
Acute administration of nicotine induces transient elevation of blood pressure and increases myocardial infarct size in rats

Abstract Aims We investigated the acute effects of nicotine on myocardial infarct size, no reflow, hemodynamics and cardiac function in an acute myocardial ischemia and reperfusion infarction rat model. Main methods Female Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 23/group) received an intravenous loading dose of nicotine at 2.0 μg/kg/min or saline control for 30 min before starting coronary artery occlusion, then followed by a maintenance dose 0.35 μg/kg/min of nicotine to the end of 30 min occlusion and 3 h reperfusion. Key findings At baseline, there was no difference in systolic blood pressure (BP in mmHg) (nicotine, 69.0 ± 2.7; control, 69.3 ± 4.4; p = NS) or diastolic BP (nicotine, 45.7 ± 3.2; control, 48.2 ± 4.2; p = NS) between groups. Nicotine administration initially increased systolic BP (nicotine, 97.0 ± 8.6; control, 69.2 ± 3.3, p Significance While acute nicotine only transiently elevated blood pressure, it did not affect hemodynamic parameters during coronary artery occlusion. Nicotine increased myocardial infarct size, suggesting that the increase in infarct size was not simply due to an increase in oxygen demand due to altered afterload, heart rate, or contractility, but may have been due to a more direct effect on the myocardium.
Preliminary Analysis of Association Between COVID-19 Vaccination and Sudden Hearing Loss Using US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Vaccine Adverse Events Reporting System Data.

This cross-sectional study examines the national incidence of sudden sensorineural hearing loss after COVID-19 vaccination using data from the CDC Vaccine Adverse Events Reporting System.
Bag of Tricks for Training Deeper Graph Neural Networks: A Comprehensive Benchmark Study

Training deep graph neural networks (GNNs) is notoriously hard. Besides the standard plights in training deep architectures such as vanishing gradients and overfitting, the training of deep GNNs also uniquely suffers from over-smoothing, information squashing, and so on, which limits their potential power on large-scale graphs. Although numerous efforts are proposed to address these limitations, such as various forms of skip connections, graph normalization, and random dropping, it is difficult to disentangle the advantages brought by a deep GNN architecture from those "tricks" necessary to train such an architecture. Moreover, the lack of a standardized benchmark with fair and consistent experimental settings poses an almost insurmountable obstacle to gauging the effectiveness of new mechanisms. In view of those, we present the first fair and reproducible benchmark dedicated to assessing the "tricks" of training deep GNNs. We categorize existing approaches, investigate their hyperparameter sensitivity, and unify the basic configuration. Comprehensive evaluations are then conducted on tens of representative graph datasets including the recent large-scale Open Graph Benchmark (OGB), with diverse deep GNN backbones. Based on synergistic studies, we discover the combo of superior training tricks, that lead us to attain the new state-of-the-art results for deep GCNs, across multiple representative graph datasets. We demonstrate that an organic combo of initial connection, identity mapping, group and batch normalization has the most ideal performance on large datasets. Experiments also reveal a number of "surprises" when combining or scaling up some of the tricks. All codes are available at this https URL.
Elementary Number Theory in Nine Chapters

This textbook is intended to serve as a one-semester introductory course in number theory and in this second edition it has been revised throughout and many new exercises have been added. Historical perspective is included and emphasis is given to some of the subject's applied aspects; in particular the field of cryptography is highlighted. At the heart of the book are the major number theoretic accomplishments of Euclid, Fermat, Gauss, Legendre, and Euler, and to fully illustrate the properties of numbers and concepts developed in the text, a wealth of exercises have been included. It is assumed that the reader will have 'pencil in hand' and ready access to a calculator or computer. For students new to number theory, whatever their background, this is a stimulating and entertaining introduction to the subject.
A teacher-friendly interface to assessment data

We present the results of research about teachers' use and understanding of assessment data, focusing on (a) questions they want answered, (b) their use of an instructional data management system, and (c) their reactions to a more teacher-friendly interface to the system that is designed to facilitate instruction.
DAILY HEMODIALYSIS—SELECTED TOPICS: Evidence-Based Medicine in the Dialysis Unit: A Few Lessons from the USRDS and the NCDS and HEMO Trials

This short review argues for the importance of evidence-based medicine in the evolution of improved dialysis care. The National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) has supported two major randomized clinical trials in dialysis, the National Cooperative Dialysis Study (NCDS), completed in 1981, and the Hemodialysis (HEMO) study, completed in 2002, and supports a major body of ongoing observational research through the U.S. Renal Data System (USRDS). The main results from the two randomized clinical trials and their implications for clinical practice and subsequent research are discussed here. The importance of observational research in the formulation of hypotheses and improvement of quality of care is examined. A brief historical perspective is provided on the critical examination of dialysis care in the late 1980s that occurred following completion of the NCDS. Finally, the rationale for continued investment in dialysis research and the plans of NIDDK to launch studies of more intensive dialysis regimens are discussed.
Colonization, indigenization, and the differential evolution of English: Some ecological perspectives

ABSRACT This paper provides an overview of research on the emergence of creoles and pidgins, how these are related to ‘indigenized Englishes,’ and whether these evolutions have occurred in fundamentally different ways from other colonial English varieties such as North American and Australian Englishes. The findings of this research strongly suggest that, from an ecological perspective, similar processes of language contact are crucial to the development of not only creoles and pidgins and world Englishes, but to all languages. In this perspective, creoles and pidgins should not be disenfranchised as examples of ‘abnormal’ varieties, but instead recognized as instances of natural language evolution.
'Remarkable Strategems and Conspiracies': How Unscrupulous Lawyers and Credulous Judges Created an Exception to the Hearsay Rule

This paper, a companion piece to the author's earlier exploration of the case of Mutual Life Insurance Company v. Hillmon (at http://ssrn.com/abstract=813307) describes the remarkable record of unethical conduct compiled by the eminent and respectable attorneys for the insurance companies in the course of that litigation. When married with the Supreme Court Justices' uncritical willingness to accept the false narrative thus contrived, these attorneys' misconduct led to the creation of an important rule of evidence - a rule of questionable merit. This article aims to remind us that lawyers who are willing to distort the process of litigation have the power not only unjustly to advantage their clients in particular cases, but to affect the creation and persistence of overarching policies that do not serve the ends of justice or truth.
Myoneural junctions and neurosecretory endings on spermathecal muscle fibers of two weevils, Sitophilus granarius and Hypera postica☆

Abstract The fine structure of muscle fibers connecting the two arms of the spermatheca and their innervating axons was studied with the electron microscope. The muscle fibers appear to be a sub-set of skeletal and not visceral muscles. Neurosecretory axons with electron dense granules are adjacent to the muscle fibers in young females O-day post-eclosion but not in the ovipositing adult. The typical nerves form synaptic junctions with muscle fibers at all ages but the nerves are divided into two types based on the morphology of the synaptic vesicles they contain, either spherical or flattened.
AGE-RELATED CHANGES IN GLUCOSE DISAPPEARANCE IN RESPONSE TO INSULIN 308

Glucose transporters are developmentally regulated. GLUT1 is predominant in the fetus and newborn. GLUT2 in liver and GLUT4 in muscle and fatty tissue are predominant in the adult. GLUT1 is not insulin-regulatable and GLUT4 is insulin regulatable. Therefore, we hypothesize newborn rats could have a different response to insulin than the adult rat. Materials and Methods Ten day old and adult Sprague-Dawley rats were used after a 4 hour fast and an overnight fast, respectively. Radioactive 2DG with/without 10 unit/kg insulin (INS) was injected by cardiac puncture under pentobarbital anesthesia to evaluate glucose disappearance. 2DG was used because 2DG is not metabolized after phospholyration. Blood was serially collected by cardiac puncture at 0, 5,10,15,30 and 45 minutes after the injection. Plasma glucose(PG) concentration and radioactive 2DG concentration were measured by a oxidase method and scintilation counter, respectively. Glucose disappearance was calculated from plasma glucose concentration. Values for PG and 2DG were calculated as percent of initial values of PF and 2DG at 0 minute, respectively. Results PG and 2DG (%) at 45 minutes are in the Table.