cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Outcomes after resection of giant emphysematous bullae.

Abstract Background Giant emphysematous bullae represent a rare form of emphysematous lung destruction. Surgical resection has traditionally been indicated when there is hyperexpansion of the chest, compromised pulmonary function, and evidence of underlying, relatively normal compressed lung. We review our experience and intermediate-term follow-up after the resection of giant bullae. Methods Forty-three patients underwent resection of giant emphysematous bullae at Barnes-Jewish Hospital between March 1994 and June 2002. All had limiting dyspnea and radiologic evidence of hyperinflated giant bullae compressing adjacent lung parenchyma. Forty-one patients underwent preoperative pulmonary rehabilitation. Twenty-two patients underwent a bilateral procedure and 21 underwent a unilateral procedure. Mean follow-up was 4.5 years. Results One early death occurred on postoperative day 20 from heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and pulmonary embolism. Complications included prolonged air leak of more than 7 days in 23 (53%), atrial fibrillation in 5 (12%), postoperative mechanical ventilation in 4 (9%), and pneumonia in 2 (5%). Kaplan-Meier survival at 1, 3, and 5 years was 98%, 92%, and 89%, respectively. Four late deaths occurred at 1.4, 2.8, 3.5, and 5.9 years. Functional measures preoperatively and at 6 months and 3 years postoperatively were a forced expiratory volume in 1 second L (% predicted) of 1.2 ± 0.6 (34%), 1.9 ± 0.9 (55%), and 1.5 ± 0.8 (49%); residual volume L (% predicted) of 5.1 ± 1.2 (262%), 3.6 ± 1.2 (154%), and 4.1 ± 2.2 (209%); 6-minutes walk (ft) of 1230 ± 361, 1393 ± 300, and 1271 ± 423; supplemental O 2 used continuously (% patients) of 42%, 9%, and 21%; and O 2 used during exercise of 73%, 37%, and 42%, respectively. Conclusions In a contemporary series, giant bullectomy is shown to produce significant immediate functional improvement. This benefit declines with time but persists at least 3 years.
The Mycoplasma arthritidis T-cell mitogen MAM: a model superantigen

The superantigens are receiving a great deal of attention as a new group of potent immunomodulatory molecules. They are produced by diverse microbial agents including staphylococci, streptococci and mycoplasmas and are also encoded by murine tumor viruses (the Mls antigens). Superantigens activate T cells by a unique pathway which can lead to modification of the T-cell repertoire and induction of autoimmunity. Here, Barry Cole and Curtis Atkin review their observations on the Mycoplasma arthritidis superantigen, MAM, and discuss how MAM might contribute to the acute and chronic inflammatory disease mediated by this organism.
Eigenbench: A simple exploration tool for orthogonal TM characteristics

There are a significant number of Transactional Memory(TM) proposals, varying in almost all aspects of the design space. Although several transactional benchmarks have been suggested, a simple, yet thorough, evaluation framework is still needed to completely characterize a TM system and allow for comparison among the various proposals. Unfortunately, TM system evaluation is difficult because the application characteristics which affect performance are often difficult to isolate from each other. We propose a set of orthogonal application characteristics that form a basis for transactional behavior and are useful in fully understanding the performance of a TM system. In this paper, we present EigenBench, a lightweight yet powerful microbenchmark for fully evaluating a transactional memory system. We show that EigenBench is useful for thoroughly exploring the orthogonal space of TM application characteristics. Because of its flexibility, our microbenchmark is also capable of reproducing a representative set of TM performance pathologies. In this paper, we use Eigenbench to evaluate two well-known TM systems and provide significant insight about their strengths and weaknesses. We also demonstrate how EigenBench can be used to mimic the evaluation coverage of a popular TM benchmark suite called STAMP.
A cognitive neuropsychological analysis of melody recall

Studies in which recognition performance is compared for melodies presented to each ear, although most frequently indicating a left ear asymmetry (LEA), have generated a complex set of results in which EA appears to be fundamentally determined by the mode of processing engaged. In a melody recall experiment, experienced pianists were presented with melodies excerpted from the fugal expositions of J.S. Bach's Well Tempered Clavier Book II, and asked to reproduce them on a keyboard, with performance recorded by computer. For right-handed pianists, reliable left ear asymmetries in accuracy of pitch sequence recall and in response latency were observed. The results suggest that perception of novel pitch sequences by musically-experienced subjects, under conditions demanding attention to the entire melody, consistently enlists specialized processors in the non-language dominant hemisphere. A possible neural substrate supporting working memory for pitch information, involving connections between auditory and pr...
Origins of Specialized Pastoral Production in East Africa

The results of recent archeological research in the Loita-Mara area of Kenya offer new information on the timing and process of the development of pastoralism in East Africa. They suggest that a pattern of specialized pastoral production, similar to that of contemporary East African pastoralists such as the Maasai, was present in parts of East Africa 2,000 years ago. It may have developed as a result of new opportunities for increased pastoral production. A bimodal pattern of rainfall with a short dry season, similar to the modern climatic regime, appeared about 3,000 years ago, which allowed year-round milk production from cattle herds. The development of pastoralism in East Africa preceded agriculture and took place in a social and economic context of relationships between hunter-gatherers and pastoralists. Environmental opportunity, combined with cultural competition, may have provided the impetus toward pastoral specialization.
Yield and quality of forage soybean

Tall forage soybean [Glycine mar (L.) Merr.] cultivars in maturity groups V, VI, and VII have been developed to supply forage. Our objective was to determine the effect of harvest date and row spacing on the forage yield and quality of these new soybean cultivars. We grew forage and standard grain soybean in Minnesota with harvests in early and late September. Average maturity of tall forage soybean was R3 (early harvest) to R4 or R5 (late harvest) and average maturity of grain soybean was R6 (early harvest) to R7 (late harvest). Herbage of forage soybean was mostly leaves and stems at both harvests, whereas herbage of grain soybean contained an average of 400 and 595 g kg -1 pods at the early and late harvests, respectively. There was no harvest date x soybean entry interaction for forage yield or forage quality. Forage and grain soybean had similar forage yields (∼8.8 S Mg ha -1 ). Because adapted grain soybean was more mature and had a greater pod proportion than forage soybean, grain soybean had greater crude protein (CP) and lower fiber concentration than forage soybean. Average forage CP for forage and grain types was 146 and 218 g kg -1 , respectively, while neutral-detergent fiber (NDF) concentration was 523 and 400 g kg respectively. Decreasing row width from 76 to 25 cm increased forage yield 0.8 Mg ha -1 but had no effect on total herbage quality.
Brief announcement: a generic construction for nonblocking dual containers

A dual container has the property that when it is empty, the remove method will insert an explicit reservation (antidata) into the container, rather than returning an error flag. This convention gives the container explicit control over the order in which pending requests will be satisfied once data becomes available. The dual pattern also allows the method's caller to spin on a thread-local flag, avoiding memory contention. In this paper we introduce a new nonblocking construction that allows any nonblocking container for data to be paired with almost any nonblocking container for antidata. This construction provides a composite ordering discipline - e.g., it can satisfy pending pops from a stack in FIFO order, or satisfy pending dequeues in order of thread priority.
How using an allocation formula changed funding allocations at Long Island University

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to describe how the Brooklyn Campus Library of Long Island University evaluated the present budget allocation process and took corrective action regarding the distribution of the materials budget (books, CDs, DVDs, and VHS).Design/methodology/approach – A literature review is conducted to discern which (if any) budget allocation formulas would be useful in updating the budget allocation process.Findings – There is some controversy in the literature about the value of using a mathematical equation or formula to distribute the materials budget. Within the group of librarians who favor using these equations there is a debate as to which model is the most effective. Further, there is a division over the best approach to an allocation. The efficacy of allocation formulas, historical spending and circulation statistics are a few of the issues that are debated in the literature.Practical implications – This article provides useful information for acquisitions librarians in ...
Carcinoid Tumor of the Middle Ear: Clinical Features, Recurrences, and Metastases

Objective: Present four new cases of carcinoid tumor of the middle ear, two of which developed late recurrences and regional metastases. Review the literature to identify the clinical features, rate of recurrence, and incidence of metastasis of carcinoid tumor of the middle ear. Study Design: Retrospective chart review. Setting: Tertiary referral hospital. Patients: Eligibility criteria consist of a diagnosis of carcinoid tumor of middle ear. Intervention: Surgical excision of primary and metastatic disease. Main Outcome Measure: Clinical characteristics, rate of recurrence, and incidence of metastasis of carcinoid tumor of the middle ear. Results: Forty-six patients with carcinoid tumor of the middle ear are included in this report, 42 patients were identified from a review of the literature, and 4 new patients are presented. The most common presenting symptom was hearing loss. Surgical excision was the treatment with radical mastoidectomy being the most common procedure. Ten (22%) patients developed locally recurrent disease, and four (9%) developed regional metastases. Conclusions: Carcinoid tumor of the middle ear is an infrequent cause of a middle ear mass, with only 46 cases published. Despite previous assertions of benignancy, the findings of this study suggest that carcinoid tumor of the middle ear is indeed a potential low-grade malignancy with documented metastatic potential. Almost all middle ear adenomatous tumors (“adenoma” and “carcinoid”) show evidence of neuroendocrine differentiation, and so at least some middle ear carcinoids (“adenomas”) appear to represent well-differentiated neuroendocrine carcinomas. Presentation and symptoms are consistent with a middle ear mass and rarely include carcinoid syndrome. Surgical treatment is recommended and tailored to the extent of disease. Patients with carcinoid tumor of the middle ear require indefinite follow-up for possible recurrence or metastasis.
Olanzapine produces trophic effects in vitro and stimulates phosphorylation of Akt/PKB, ERK1/2, and the mitogen-activated protein kinase p38

Olanzapine has previously been shown to stimulate the growth of neuronal cells in culture. A major goal of the present studies was to determine if olanzapine also provided neuroprotection to pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells, SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells, and primary cultures of rat cortical neurons. Olanzapine was mitogenic and enhanced the survival of PC12 cells, SH-SY5Y cells and 3T3 preadipocytes, but not L6 myoblasts or myeloma cells. It protected neuronal cells from death induced by serum and glutamine deprivation, amyloid beta peptide (25-35), and fluphenazine. Molecular mechanisms of the neuroprotection by olanzapine were explored, specifically the activation of various protein kinase signaling pathways including Akt/protein kinase B (PKB), extracellular-regulated kinase (ERK), ERK1/2, and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), p38. Olanzapine treatment led to rapid phosphorylation of kinases from all three pathways in PC12 cells. Phosphorylation of Akt was blocked with selective inhibitors (wortmannin and LY294002), which implicates phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) in the signaling cascade. Short-term mitogenic effects of olanzapine were abolished with a selective inhibitor of Akt, but not by inhibition of the ERK pathway. Other antipsychotic drugs stimulated phosphorylation of a subset of the kinase panel, but not all three kinases. The present findings demonstrate that olanzapine has both mitogenic and neuroprotective effects in neuronal cells.
Surface model for field emission processes

Abstract The processes of field electron emission from solids and field ion production at surfaces are well understood for plane emitting surfaces. The actual surfaces are not plane on an atomic scale and it is worthwhile to develop a way to treat deviations from a flat surface quantitatively, at least to some extent. In this paper the model of a hemispherical projection on a plane surface is set up, as an approximation to the way that an atom projects from the background of a crystalline surface. It is expected that the model will be valuable in analyzing various field emission processes. Application is made to the resolving power of the field ion microscope.
Revised guidelines for the management of non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes.

Unstable angina (UA) and non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) refer to a spectrum of acute severe cardiac disorders characterized by myocardial oxygen demand and supply mismatch, caused by atherosclerotic coronary artery disease. Patients presenting with acute coronary syndromes represent a major medical problem, accounting for 2.5 million hospitalizations and 500,000 deaths annually in the United States alone. Of these, 1.5 million have a final diagnosis of UA, and myocardial infarction (ST-segment and non-ST-segment elevation) accounts for the remaining 1 million. The management of UA/NSTEMI presents a challenge to the cardiologist because treatment strategies continue to evolve. A number of trials have now assessed the safety and efficacy of early revascularization strategies in the treatment of patients with UA/NSTEMI, whereas others have focused on pharmacologic adjunctive therapy. An optimal single strategy encompassing most patients’ needs is not clear. This review focuses on the revised American College of Cardiology/ American Heart Association guidelines for the management of patients presenting with UA/NSTEMI.
A Comparative Study of Nonlinear Shallow-Water Wave Loads on a Submerged Horizontal Box

This paper is concerned with calculations of the two-dimensional nonlinear vertical and horizontal forces and overturning moment due to the unsteady flow of an inviscid, incompressible fluid over a fully-submerged horizontal, fixed box. The problem is approached on the basis of the Level I Green-Naghdi (GN) theory of shallow-water waves. The main objective of this paper is to present a comparison of the solitary and cnoidal wave loads calculated by use of the GN equations, with those computed by Euler’s equations and the recent laboratory measurements, and also with a linear solution of the problem for small-amplitude waves. The results show a remarkable similarity between the GN and Euler’s models and the laboratory measurements. In particular, the calculations predict that the thickness of the box has no effect on the vertical forces and only a slight influence on the two-dimensional horizontal positive force. The calculations also predict that viscosity of the fluid has a small effect on these loads. The results have applications to various physical problems such as wave forces on submerged coastal bridges and submerged breakwaters.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Interaction of opioid peptide-containing terminals with dopaminergic perikarya in the rat hypothalamus

Abstract Both direct pituitary and indirect CNS mechanisms have been postulated for the influence of opiate agonists on prolactin secretion. By examining the interactions between terminals of neurons containing opioid peptides and hypothalamic TH-positive cell bodies, this paper addressed the anatomical basis for the latter mechanism. Initial electron microscopic studies directly demonstrated contact between opioid peptide terminals and dopaminergic cell bodies and provided some visual criteria for assessing opioid-dopamine interactions at the light microscopic level. Using these guidelines, we examined the rates of contact on both A12 and A14 neurons of each of the three opioid peptide families: pro-enkephalin, pro-dynorphin, and pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC). For A14 neurons, many of which project to the posterior pituitary, contact rates were estimated at 15, 20, and 5% for dynorphin, Met-enkephalin, and ACTH (a POMC derivative), respectively. In contrast, the A12 dopamine neurons, which regulate prolactin secretion by inhibition, showed a roughly 70% contact rate with dynorphin axons (P
Celastrol, a Chinese herbal compound, controls autoimmune inflammation by altering the balance of pathogenic and regulatory T cells in the target organ

Inflammation is an integral component of autoimmune arthritis. The balance of pathogenic T helper 17 (Th17) and protective T regulatory (Treg) cells can influence disease severity, and its resetting offers an attractive approach to control autoimmunity. We determined the frequency of Th17 and Treg in the joints of rats with adjuvant arthritis (AA), a model of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). We also investigated the impact of Celastrol, a bioactive compound from the traditional Chinese medicine Celastrus that can suppress AA, on Th17/Treg balance in the joints. Celastrol treatment reduced Th17 cells but increased Treg in the joints, and it inhibited Th17 differentiation but promoted Treg differentiation in vitro by blocking the activation of pSTAT3. Furthermore, Celastrol limited the production of Th17-differentiating cytokines and chemokines (CCL3, CCL5). Thus, Celastrol suppressed arthritis in part by altering Th17/Treg ratio in inflamed joints, and it should be tested as a potential adjunct/alternative for RA therapy.
Use of the Image Potential for the Surface Photoelectric Effect

The surface photoelectric effect in metals is calculated taking account of the image force between electron and metal. The result is an increased number of slow electrons and a somewhat steeper maximum of the photoelectric effect as a function of the illuminating frequency. No agreement with experiment is obtained because the reflection and refraction of the light has not been taken into account.
The Single Event Upset (SEU) Response to 590 MeV Protons

A recent test of ten device types exposed to 590 MeV protons at SINR (Swiss Institute of Nuclear Research, Villigen) is presented to clarify the picture of SEU response to higher energy protons, such as those found in galactic cosmic rays, solar flares and trapped radiation belts.
Promiscuous genes involved in recurrent chromosomal translocations in soft tissue tumours

Soft tissue tumours represent a heterogeneous group of mesenchymal lesions and their classification continues to evolve as a result of incorporating advances in cytogenetic and molecular techniques. In the last decade, traditional diagnostic approaches were supplemented with a significant number of reliable molecular diagnostic tools, detecting tumour type specific genetic alterations. Additionally, the successful application of some of these techniques to formalin fixed, paraffin embedded tissue enabled a broader range of clinical material to be subjected to molecular analysis. However, despite all these remarkable advances, the realisation that some of the genetic abnormalities are not fully histotype specific and that certain gene aberrations can be shared among different sarcoma types, otherwise completely unrelated clinically or immunophenotypically, has introduced some drawbacks in surgical pathology practice. One such common example is the presence of EWSR1 gene rearrangements by fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH), a test now preferred over the elaborate RT-PCR testing, in a variety of benign and highly malignant soft tissue tumours, in addition to a subset of carcinomas. Furthermore, the presence of identical gene fusions in completely different sarcoma types (i.e., EWSR1-ATF1, EWSR1-CREB1) or in non-mesenchymal malignancies (epithelial or haematological) has raised skepticism as to their diagnostic utility, and their lack of specificity has been compared to the limitations of other ancillary techniques, in particular immunohistochemistry. This review catalogues the main groups of genes that behave in a promiscuous manner within recurrent fusion events in soft tissue tumours. Although we acknowledge that the present molecular classification of soft tissue tumours is much more complex than two decades ago, when EWSR1 gene rearrangements had been described as the hallmark of Ewing sarcoma, we make the strong argument that with very few exceptions, the prevalence of fusion transcripts in most sarcomas is such that they come to define these entities and can be used as highly specific molecular diagnostic markers in the right clinical and pathological context.
S = 1 2 XY model on cubic lattices. II. Longitudinal susceptibilities

The longitudinal susceptibility for the $S=\frac{1}{2}\mathrm{XY}$ model on cubic lattices is discussed on the basis of its relationship to the free energy. A series expansion for the susceptibility is developed and its behavior is studied at an asymptotic limit. The asymptotic behavior of the series expansion shows that the longitudinal susceptibility is nondivergent at the critical point ${T}_{c}$, its "singular" part behaving as ${(T\ensuremath{-}{T}_{c})}^{\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\alpha}+1}$, where $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ is the specific-heat exponent. A related quantity, the partial longitudinal susceptibility, which is important in the study of spin dynamics, is also shown to have a similar nondivergent critical behavior.
Specific grinding energy causing thermal damage in helicopter gear steel

Thermal damage (burn) in carburized and hardened helicopter gear steel caused by grinding was investigated. Excessive grinding temperatures cause grinding burn and result in excessive scrap or reduced fatigue life. Vasco X2M gear steel, used in helicopters, was prepared and heat-treated by a research partner, U.S Army. Grinding tests were conducted on this steel. Nital etching was used to detect grinding burn. Model was established to predict onset of thermal damage for Vasco X2M steel based on specific grinding energy determined from grinding force measurements. The model was compared to results published for other steels. A control strategy is suggested based on the model to avoid grinding burn.
Report spotlight on organic food

Summary Mediawatch: An official report in Britain claiming no health benefits to organic food sparked questions about the report's remit and a wider agenda. Bernard Dixon reports.
The analysis of NMR relaxation data in terms of multiple internal motions

Abstract A novel formalism for estimating the complex motions of proteins and other flexible macromolecules from NMR relaxation measurements is applied to 13 C NMR relaxation data on the Bovine Pancreatic Trypsin Inhibitor (M. W. 6,500). Six experimental parameters measured at two field strengths are accounted for by a minimum of three motions at each carbon group. Low frequency components make small but finite contribution to the relaxation of all resonances, suggesting a general low frequency distortion of the backbone. Rotational diffusion of the protein makes a relatively minor contribution to the relaxation process. For aliphatic groups, rotation of side chains dominates relaxation.
An engineering correlation of room colors

Abstract The purpose of the paper has been to correlate existing scientific data and methods on light and color in rooms and to apply them to the determination of satisfactory color arrangements. The work is based on 1. (a) The integral-equation method of predetermining helios distributions in rooms, 2. (b) The theory of color harmony. The results are in approximate agreement with the best of modern practice (20) but differ from previous formulations by considering the effect of lighting and by employing a scientific specification of color instead of a set of trade names or similar vague terminology. The application of these methods leads to 25 suggested color harmonies for rooms (Tables II and III). Any of these arrangements (used with proper ceiling lighting) will satisfy the 3:1 helios relation and the other objectives mentioned in Section 2. A satisfactory design requires also a consideration of reflectances and colors of furniture and machines. Suggestions are listed in Tables II, III, and VI. Finally, the question of correlated sets of harmonies is treated. Tables VII and VIII present arrangements that allow an interesting variety of colors in a set of rooms. For any given room, there is a choice of four harmonies, yet the total number of paints and floor materials is kept at a minimum.
Social Networks and Urban Neighborhoods in New York City

THIS ARTICLE INVESTIGATES the relationship between social networks and neighborhoods in New York City. It examines the consequences of connected or dispersed social-network support for people of different incomes and races in New York, in terms of their views of their neighborhoods as desirable places to live. Using data from 7 937 New Yorkers studied by the City University of New York-New York City Survey of 1988, it shows that: contrary to what some literature on social support might suggest, social networks that are neighborhoodoriented and localized networks benefit rich New Yorkers more than poor ones; wealthier and white New Yorkers like their neighborhoods better, regardless of the nature of their social networks; and native blacks, regardless of other factors, like their neighborhoods less. In a limited way, localized networks lead to an increased regard for one's neighborhood, but they cannot erase the negative effects of adverse social and economic conditions in many New York neighborhoods, [social networks, neighborhoods, social and economic conditions, social support]
Chlorination and photodesorption on Si(100) and Si(111)

Abstract The surface parameters controlling the dynamics of SiCl x ( x = 1−4) chlorination and photodesorption by near UV irradiation from doped Si(111) and Si(100) have been studied as a function of crystallography and carrier concentration. Significant variations in desorption yield were found for the Si(100) and Si(111) samples with type and level of the sample doping (specific conditions: (1) low chlorine pressures, 1 × 10 −6 Torr, and (2) low laser fluence, 30 mJ/cm 2 ). The SiCl x ( x = 1−4) desorption yields are best interpreted in terms of a mechanism in which photoexcitation couples the effect of carrier doping level with surface chlorine coverage. The dependence of the yields on these two variables is analyzed in terms of a model which balances the surface charge production of holes with the surface chlorine coverage.
Hydrogen-enhanced localized plasticity—a mechanism for hydrogen-related fracture

Abstract The mechanisms of hydrogen-related fracture are briefly reviewed and a few evaluative statements are made about the stress-induced hydride formation, decohesion, and hydrogen-enhanced localized plasticity mechanisms. A more complete discussion of the failure mechanism based on hydrogen-enhanced dislocation mobility is presented, and these observations are related to measurements of the macroscopic flow stress. The effects of hydrogen-induced slip localization on the measured flow stress is discussed. A theory of hydrogen shielding of the interaction of dislocations with elastic stress centres is outlined. It is shown that this shielding effect can account for the observed hydrogen-enhanced dislocation mobility.
A preliminary study of carbamazepine in the treatment of assaultive patients with dementia.

Carbamazepine was administered in an open pilot study to 13 patients with primary degenerative dementia characterized by aggressive and assaultive behavior refractory to conventional treatment. Tentatively, from this preliminary study, carbamazepine appears to have advantages in the treatment of assaultive patients with dementia. (J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1988;1:21-23).
Thermal stability of acid proteinases.

Milk-clotting enzymes are used during the production of cheese to coagulate the casein, allowing the formation of a three-dimensional network that entraps the milk fat. Commercially available milk-clotting enzymes differ with respect to source, specificity, optimum pH and thermostability. All are acid proteinases that can cleave κ-casein resulting in the coagulation of milk. Chymosin (EC 3.4.23.4) is specific for the Phe–Met bond in κ-casein at the natural pH of milk (6·7). Recombinant chymosin is available commercially from a variety of sources and has a maximum activity at 40 °C. Recombinant chymosins are purified from the fermentation of recombinant strains of Aspergillus niger, Asp. oryzae or Kluyveromyces marxianus. These enzyme preparations are chemically and functionally identical to calf chymosin. Rennets are purified from the abomasum of bovines and can contain from 60 to 100% chymosin with the remainder being primarily bovine pepsin (Wigley, 1996). Microbial proteinases (EC 3.4.23.6) are generally more proteolytic than chymosin, with varying heat stability. These enzymes liberate more non-protein N from casein and can cleave α- and β-casein as well as κ-casein at the natural pH of milk. Acid proteinases from Cryphonectria parasitica are more heat labile than those from Rhizomucor miehei, which are characterized as thermostable (Ernstrom & Wong, 1974).The objective of this research was to characterize milk-clotting enzymes with respect to thermal inactivation in skim milk. This information has applications in milk and whey processing.
Novel high strength graphitic foams

A novel high strength graphitic foam was produced through the incorporation of carbon nanofibers into a pitch based precursor. The nanofiber reinforced cellular foams were mechanically tested both from a localized and bulk perspective with results indicating enhanced foam performance with nanofiber addition. The magnitude of increased performance was a result of both the nanofiber itself as well as its heat treatment as an increase in each was found to cause an associated increase in foam performance. The increase in mechanical capability is attributed to the formation of a zigzag structure in the ligaments and nodes of the foam. This zigzag structure serves as an interlocking mechanism, preventing easy shearing of the graphene layers. The in situ fracture mechanics experiment shows brittle behavior of a single ligament indicating that only reinforced foam behaves like that of a carbon fiber.
Recommended Auger-electron kinetic energies for 42 elemental solids

Abstract An analysis is presented of Auger-electron kinetic energies (KEs) from four data sources for 65 Auger transitions in 45 elemental solids. For each data source, a single instrument had been used to measure KEs for many elements. In order to compare KEs from two sources, it was necessary to recalibrate the energy scales of each instrument using recommended reference data. Mean KEs are given for most of the Auger transitions for which there were at least two independent measurements and for which differences from the mean KEs were considered acceptably small. In several cases, comparisons were made to published KE data to resolve discrepancies. We are able to recommend mean KEs for 59 Auger transitions from 42 elemental solids and to provide estimates of the uncertainties of these KEs. This compilation should be useful for the determination of chemical shifts of Auger peaks in Auger electron spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.
Comparison of Measurement and Modeling of Current Profile Changes due to Neutral Beam Ion Redistribution during TAE Avalanches in NSTX

Brief "avalanches" of toroidal Alfven eigenmodes (TAEs) are observed in NSTX plasmas with several different n numbers simultaneously present. These affect the neutral beam ion distribution as evidenced by a concurrent drop in the neutron rate and, sometimes, beam ion loss. Guiding center orbit modeling has shown that the modes can transiently render portions of the beam ion phase space stochastic. The resulting redistribution of beam ions can also create a broader beam-driven current profile and produce other changes in the beam ion distribution function
TOTAL AND SOLUBLE DIETARY FIBER VARIATION IN CYAMOPSIS TETRAGONOLOBA (L.) TAUB. (GUAR) GENOTYPES

The endosperm of guar seed is the source of a soluble hydrophilic polysaccharide gum that is used as an emulsifier, thickener and stabilizer in a wide range of foods and is part of the seed total dietary fiber (TDF). This study examined the content and variation in TDF and soluble dietary fiber (SDF) in seeds of guar, Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub., accessions with diverse morphological traits. TDF and SDF, respectively, made up 52-58% (n = 9 accessions) and 26-32% (n = 8 accessions) of seed dry weight. Both TDF and SDF displayed significant genotypic variability. The magnitude of the variability indicates the possibility of improving these traits through plant breeding. Variability of protein, lipid, ash and dry matter content of seed was also observed.
Accurate reconstruction of hyperspectral images from compressive sensing measurements

The emerging field of Compressive Sensing (CS) provides a new way to capture data by shifting the heaviest burden of data collection from the sensor to the computer on the user-end. This new means of sensing requires fewer measurements for a given amount of information than traditional sensors. We investigate the efficacy of CS for capturing HyperSpectral Imagery (HSI) remotely. We also introduce a new family of algorithms for constructing HSI from CS measurements with Split Bregman Iteration [Goldstein and Osher,2009]. These algorithms combine spatial Total Variation (TV) with smoothing in the spectral dimension. We examine models for three different CS sensors: the Coded Aperture Snapshot Spectral Imager-Single Disperser (CASSI-SD) [Wagadarikar et al.,2008] and Dual Disperser (CASSI-DD) [Gehm et al.,2007] cameras, and a hypothetical random sensing model closer to CS theory, but not necessarily implementable with existing technology. We simulate the capture of remotely sensed images by applying the sensor forward models to well-known HSI scenes - an AVIRIS image of Cuprite, Nevada and the HYMAP Urban image. To measure accuracy of the CS models, we compare the scenes constructed with our new algorithm to the original AVIRIS and HYMAP cubes. The results demonstrate the possibility of accurately sensing HSI remotely with significantly fewer measurements than standard hyperspectral cameras.
Geospatial analytics to evaluate point-of-dispensing sites for mass immunizations in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania.

Context Public health agencies use mass immunization locations to quickly administer vaccines to protect a population against an epidemic. The selection of such locations is frequently determined by available staffing levels and in some places, not all potential sites can be opened, often because of a lack of resources. Public health agencies need assistance in determining which n sites are the prime ones to open given available staff to minimize travel time and travel distance for those in the population who need to get to a site to receive treatment. Objective Employ geospatial analytical methods to identify the prime n locations from a predetermined set of potential locations (eg, schools) and determine which locations may not be able to achieve the throughput necessary to reach the herd immunity threshold based on varying R0 values. Design Spatial location-allocation algorithms were used to select the ideal n mass vaccination locations. Setting Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, served as the study area. Main outcome measures The most favorable sites were selected and the number of individuals required to be vaccinated to achieve the herd immunity threshold for a given R0, ranging from 1.5 to 7, was determined. Locations that did not meet the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention throughput recommendation for smallpox were identified. Results At R0 = 1.5, all mass immunization locations met the required throughput to achieve the herd immunity threshold within 5 days. As R0s increased from 2 to 7, an increasing number of sites were inadequate to meet throughput requirements. Conclusions Identifying the top n sites and categorizing those with throughput challenges allows health departments to adjust staffing, shift length, or the number of sites. This method has the potential to be expanded to select immunization locations under a number of additional scenarios.
The prevalence and impact of post traumatic stress disorder and burnout syndrome in nurses

Objective To determine whether post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and burnout syndrome (BOS) are common in nurses, and whether the co-existence of PTSD and BOS is associated with altered perceptions of work and non-work related activities.
Parental psychosocial outcomes in pediatric liver and/or intestinal transplantation: Pretransplantation and the early postoperative period

Although liver transplantation has become an effective treatment for end-stage liver disease and liver/intestine transplantation is becoming an increasingly viable procedure for end-stage short-gut syndrome in children, little is known about the impact of these procedures on the child's family. Examination of the impact of these transplantations on the family is needed to identify psychosocial factors that may adversely affect the child's physical and emotional health and to plan for preventive interventions. The psychosocial impact of pediatric liver and/or intestine transplantation on parents was assessed in a cross-sectional sample of 41 mothers and 20 fathers evaluated pretransplantation and 2 months posttransplantation. Parental mental health, parenting stress, and quality of life were assessed, as well as demographic, child, and family characteristics as they related to parental outcomes. Parent adjustment did not differ with regard to time of assessment. A majority of parents (n = 31) reported elevated psychological symptoms on the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI), with fathers showing greater distress than mothers (P < .05). Parents' total scores on the Parenting Stress Index and the Parent and Child Domain subscales were in the normal range. Quality of life was assessed by the Physical Health, General Health Perception, and Vitality subscales of the SF-36. Parents reported better physical functioning (P = .02) but lower vitality ratings than a normative population (P < .01). Family conflict was associated with higher psychological distress on the BSI (P = .02), whereas demographic factors, including the child's age, sex, and number of people in the household, proved most useful in predicting parenting stress and quality of life. These findings of significant psychological distress in parents of children undergoing liver and/or small-intestine transplantation have implications for the child's adaptation and underscore the need for psychosocial assessment of both parents in the perioperative period. Early identification of families at psychosocial risk and the development of interventions that may prevent or reduce psychological distress are indicated to ensure the best possible outcomes for these children and their families.
Isolation and Biological Evaluation of Filiformin, Plakortide F, and Plakortone G from the Caribbean Sponge Plakortis sp.

The bioassay- and spectroscopic-guided fractionation of the antimalarial extract from a Jamaican sponge, Plakortis sp., resulted in the isolation of three metabolites. The previously reported bromoaromatic filiformin (1) was obtained from our sample of Plakortis sp., and the potential origins of this compound are discussed. The peroxide-containing metabolite, plakortide F (2), is a more typical Plakortis metabolite and was shown to exhibit significant activity against Plasmodium falciparum in vitro. The isolation, structure, and bioactivity of a new lactone, plakortone G (3), are also reported.
Differential Abundance of Glutamate Transporter Subtypes in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)-Vulnerable versus ALS-Resistant Brain Stem Motor Cell Groups

Abstract Previous studies have suggested that defective high-affinity glutamate uptake, due mainly to a major loss of the astroglial-specific GLT-1 glutamate transporter, underlies the selective motoneuron degeneration observed in sporadic ALS (24, 28). If a defect in glutamate transport underlies the pathogenesis of sporadic ALS, the glutamate transporter subtype found to be lost in sporadic ALS should be present in abundance in the affected motor nuclei under normal conditions. To investigate this, we used immunohistochemical methods to analyze the localization of two subtypes of high-affinity glutamate transporters in the cranial motor nuclei of normal monkey brain stem: GLT-1, localized to astroglia; and EAAC1, localized to neurons. Our results indicated that all motor cell groups of monkey brain stem are rich in the GLT-1 glutamate transporter, which is localized to astroglial cells and processes that surround and envelop motoneuron cell bodies and dendrites. Image analysis indicated that the abundance of GLT-1 immunoreactive astroglial elements in ALS-vulnerable motor cell groups (i.e., the trigeminal, facial, and hypoglossal motor cell groups) is higher than in ALS-resistant motor cell groups (i.e., the oculomotor, trochlear, and abducens motor cell groups), and statistical analysis showed that this difference is significant. Our results also indicated that both ALS-vulnerable and ALS-resistant motor cell groups of monkey brain stem are relatively poor in EAAC1 immunoreactivity. Therefore, in the case of a loss in the GLT-1 glutamate transporter in sporadic ALS, glutamate may increase in the vicinity of motoneurons in all brain-stem motor cell groups, but especially in the ALS-vulnerable motor cell groups, which are normally richer in GLT-1. Increased extracellular glutamate could lead to excess entry of Ca2+into motoneurons via glutamate-gated or voltage-activated Ca2+channels and produce degeneration of those motoneurons unable to resist the insult. Since motoneurons in the ALS-resistant motor cell groups of the brain stem are enriched in the Ca2+buffering protein parvalbumin, they should be better able to resist the damage than the majority of motoneurons in the ALS-vulnerable motor cell groups, which lack parvalbumin (20).
A comparison of oxyphencyclimine hydrochloride and propantheline bromide in patients with duodenal ulcer

A double-blind study comparing some of the pharmacologic effects of oxyphencyclimine hydrochloride and propantheline bromide is reported in 40 male patients with active duodenal ulcer. In this study, emphasis was placed on gastric secretory effects of these anticholinergic drugs before and after vagus stimulation. The data obtained from the measurement of H+ concentration and total acid output in milliequivalents per hour were subjected to statistical analysis and the results noted. Side effects of the 2 anticholinergic drugs were described. Oxyphencyclimine hydrochloride and propantheline bromide are effective in suppressing gastric secretion and are accompanied by side effects. It would appear from the study that oxyphencyclimine hydrochloride is more potent than propantheline bromide in depressing gastric secretion, and is accompanied by fewer undesirable side effects. This study also reaffirms the amelioration, by cholinergic blockade, of vagus stimulation due to hypoglycemia.
Plant ecotypes: genetic differentiation in the age of ecological restoration

Abstract Recent studies illustrate the emerging field of restoration genetics, which is a synthesis of restoration ecology and population genetics. The translocation of organisms during the restoration of native ecosystems has provoked new questions concerning the consequences of sampling protocols and of intraspecific hybridization between locally adapted and transplanted genotypes. Studies are now underway to determine both the extent of local adaptation among focal populations and the potential risks of introducing foreign genotypes, including founder effects, genetic swamping and outbreeding depression. Data are needed to delineate ‘seed transfer zones', or regions within which plants can be moved with little or no consequences for population fitness. Here, we address the revival of transplant and common garden studies, the use of novel molecular markers to predict population genetic consequences of translocation, and their combined power for determining appropriate seed transfer zones in restoration planning for native plant populations.
Analysis of twenty-four Gal4 lines in Drosophila melanogaster.

The Gal4/UAS system is a powerful technique that allows the expression of a particular target gene in a tissue-specific manner (Brand and Perrimon, 1993). We isolated twenty-four Gal4 insertions with interesting expression patterns and characterized their chromosome location and whether the insertions were associated with zygotic lethality (Table 1). The Gal4 enhancer trap insertion that we used is described in Brand and Perrimon (1993). We characterized a number of lines originally generated by G. Technau and by Manseau et al. (1997), which are labeled T and C insertions, respectively. We used two stocks: w; Sco/CyO and w; Ly/TM3, Sb, to establish balanced stocks and determine whether the chromosome that carries the Gal4 insertion was homozygous viable. We characterized the expression patterns in ovaries, testis, embryos, larvae, and imaginal tissues. To determine the expression pattern of Gal4, we chose to express a membrane tethered green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusion molecule that allows rapid in vivo imaging as well as the analysis of fixed tissue. We crossed each of the Gal4 lines to UAS-mCD8-GFP (Lee and Luo, 1999) and analyzed the GFP expression in the progeny using either a Leica TCS-NT confocal microscope or a Zeiss Axiophot 2 fluorescent microscope equipped with a Zeiss Axiocam CCD camera. Embryos were collected overnight, dechorionated in 50% bleach, and fixed with 10% formaldehyde in PBS for 20 min. A variety of specific expression patterns were found and are summarized in Table 2 (Fig. 1). All Gal4 lines show expression in salivary glands, presumably due to a salivary gland-specific enhancer in the original construct (Brand and Perrimon, 1993). To analyze the general larval expression pattern, whole late 3rd instar larvae were dissected in Ringer’s solution and visualized live using fluorescence microscopy (Fig. 2). For a more detailed analysis of specific larval tissue, we dissected the discs in Ringer’s solution and examined them live (Fig. 3). The Gal4 expression patterns in larval brains, larval wing discs, eye discs, leg discs, and whole larvae are summarized in Table 3. We also determined the Gal4 expression pattern in the male and female reproductive systems. Ovaries from 5-day-old, well-fed female progeny were dissected in PBS and fixed with 4% formaldehyde in PBS-0.1% Triton X-100 for 20 min. All stages of oogenesis were examined for particular Gal4 expression patterns (Fig. 4, Table 2). To analyze the male reproductive system, the reproductive tract was dissected in PBS and visualized live without prior fixation (Fig. 5). GFP expression was noted for any pattern in the male germ line cells and associated somatic lineages within the testis, for the muscle and pigment cells that ensheath the testis, and for the somatic cells of the seminal vesicles, ejaculatory duct, and accessory glands of the reproductive tract (Table 2). In