cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A generalized complementary principle with physical constraints for land-surface evaporation

The idea of complementary evaporative fluxes, first advanced by Bouchet (1963), is reformulated as a general polynomial, satisfying boundary conditions based on strictly physical considerations. Experimental evidence supports the validity of the imposed constraints. Earlier complementary relationships are shown to be special cases which satisfy only one of the necessary conditions. The new formulation provides a more rigorous base for the complementary principle.
Genealogy and Geographic Distribution

Genealogy is the study of family connections and as such has major relevance to all genetic diseases. Huntington’s chorea, in particular, offers fertile ground for genealogical enquiry because of its distinctive characteristics, its long history and the fact that the mutation rate is amongst the lowest recorded for any inherited disease (Sect. 7.1).
Computational Verification of System Architectures

The paper presents a computational approach for verifying system architectures that employs a modal logic, an architecture design process, and a computer-aided formal model checking technique. The approach is shown to address the traceability issue between the architectural views, developed in accordance to the DoD architecture framework (DoDAF), and the executable model derived from the framework products. It provides an analytical underpinning of the verification of systems architectures, especially when requirements and capabilities of the systems under consideration evolve over time. The approach is presented with the help of an illustrative example.
Sequential Monte Carlo Methods for Tracking Multiple Targets With Deterministic and Stochastic Constraints

In multitarget scenarios, kinematic constraints from the interaction of targets with their environment or other targets can restrict target motion. Such motion constraint information could improve tracking performance if effectively used by the tracker. In this paper, we propose three particle filtering methods that incorporate constraint information in their proposal and weighting process; the number of targets is fixed and known in all methods. The reproposed constrained motion proposal (RCOMP) utilizes an accept/reject method to propose particles that meet the constraints. The truncated constraint motion proposal (TCOMP) uses proposal densities truncated to satisfy the constraints. The constraint likelihood independent partitions (CLIP) method simply rejects proposed partitions that do not meet the constraints. We use simulation to evaluate the performance of these three methods for two constrained motion scenarios: a vehicle convoy and soldiers executing a leapfrog motion. Moreover, we demonstrate the utility of constraint information by comparing the proposed algorithms with the independent partition (IP) proposal method that does not use constraint information. The simulation results demonstrate that the root mean square error (RMSE) tracking performance of the RCOMP and the TCOMP methods is much better than the CLIP and IP methods; this is due to their more efficient proposal process.
Making alliances work— guidelines for success

Abstract A recent study of strategic alliance formations in the United States, based on a survey of 750 CEOs, shows that over 20,000 US alliances were forged between 1988 and 1992, a phenomenal increase from 1980 to 1987 when only 5100 were created. The rate of alliance formation has been growing at an annual rate of over 25 per cent since 1985. Over 6 per cent of reported revenues by Business Week' s top 1000 companies is now generated by strategic alliances—a fourfold increase since 1987. The average RO1 (17 per cent) for alliances has increased by 37 per cent from 5 years ago and is 53 per cent above the average RO1 experienced by US corporations. Alliances are also outperforming the more conventional business development approaches such as venture capital and mergers and acquisitions. They are lasting longer, approaching the same 7-year time horizon seen in the European Community. 1 This appearance of progress, however, conceals some hidden problems. Many managers expressed difficulty in linking alliance objectives with resource strategies and in shifting from a control mode of thought to a business building and co-operating mentality. When corporate leaders were asked to name alliance pioneers or leading thinkers in the field, a resounding majority did not recognize anyone or any organization. The conclusion—US managers are learning by doing and not by benchmarking or following best practices.
Performance Driven Global Routing and Wiring Rule Generation for High Speed PCBs and MCMs

A new approach for performance-driven routing in highly congested high speed MCMs and PCBs is presented. Global routing is employed to manage delay, signal integrity and congestion simultaneously. Interconnect performance prediction models are generated through simulations. The global routing results and performance prediction models are used to generate bounds on the net lengths which can be used by a detailed router to satisfy constraints on interconnect performance.
A Population Genetics-Based and Phylogenetic Approach to Understanding the Evolution of Virulence in the Genus Listeria

The genus Listeria includes (i) the opportunistic pathogens L. monocytogenes and L. ivanovii, (ii) the saprotrophs L. innocua, L. marthii, and L. welshimeri, and (iii) L. seeligeri, an apparent saprotroph that nevertheless typically contains the prfA virulence gene cluster. A novel 10-loci multilocus sequence typing scheme was developed and used to characterize 67 isolates representing six Listeria spp. (excluding L. grayi) in order to (i) provide an improved understanding of the phylogeny and evolution of the genus Listeria and (ii) use Listeria as a model to study the evolution of pathogenicity in opportunistic environmental pathogens. Phylogenetic analyses identified six well-supported Listeria species that group into two main subdivisions, with each subdivision containing strains with and without the prfA virulence gene cluster. Stochastic character mapping and phylogenetic analysis of hly, a gene in the prfA cluster, suggest that the common ancestor of the genus Listeria contained the prfA virulence gene cluster and that this cluster was lost at least five times during the evolution of Listeria, yielding multiple distinct saprotrophic clades. L. welshimeri, which appears to represent the most ancient clade that arose from an ancestor with a prfA cluster deletion, shows a considerably lower average sequence divergence than other Listeria species, suggesting a population bottleneck and a putatively different ecology than other saprotrophic Listeria species. Overall, our data suggest that, for some pathogens, loss of virulence genes may represent a selective advantage, possibly by facilitating adaptation to a specific ecological niche.
Identifying Accounting Quality

I develop an econometric strategy that allows identification of accounting quality. The strategy relies on a new way of characterizing the dynamics of accounting accruals. The characterization is intuitive and does not hinge on strong assumptions about the earnings and accrual processes, or about managerial preferences. The identifying assumptions derive from two accounting properties, namely, that both earnings and cash flows reflect the same underlying performance and that accruals and accounting errors must reverse over time. My approach discriminates between the accounting error and the part of accruals that captures the underlying economic performance. The proposed framework also offers a new way of testing for the presence of earnings management. Implementation issues and empirical evidence are discussed in a companion paper (Nikolaev 2014).
Convergence of stochastic approximations with state dependent noise under weak conditions

A new method is presented for quickly getting the ODE (ordinary differential equation) associated with the asymptotic properties of the stochastic approximation Xn+1 = Xn + an f(Xn, ?n) (or the projected algorithm). The method requires that { Xn, ?n-1} be Markov with a "Feller" transition function, but little else, except that if Xn ? x, the process {?n(x), n ? 0} have a unique invariant measure (and even the uniqueness can be weakened). No mixing condition is required, nor the construction of averaged test functions, and f(?,?) need not be continuous. A detailed analysis of the way that {?n} varies with {Xn} is not required. For the class of sequences treated, the conditions seem easier to verify than for other methods. An example illustrates the power of the approach.
Workload Characterization at the Virtualization Layer

Virtualization technology has many attractive qualities including improved security, reliability, scalability, and resource sharing/management. As a result, virtualization has been deployed on an array of platforms, from mobile devices to high end enterprise servers. In this paper, we present a novel approach to working at a virtualization interface, performing workload characterization equipped with the information available at the virtual machine monitor (VMM) interface. Due to the semantic gap between the raw VMM-level data available and the true application behavior, we employ the power of regression techniques to extract meaningful information about a workload's behavior. We also demonstrate that the information available at the VMM level still retains rich workload characteristics that can be used to identify application behavior. We show that we are able to capture enough information about a workload to characterize and decompose it into a combination of CPU, memory, disk I/O, and network I/O-intensive components. Dissecting the behavior of a workload in terms of these components, we can develop significant insight into the behavior of any application. Workload characterization can be used for online performance monitoring, workload scheduling, workload trending, virtual machine (VM)health monitoring, and security analysis. We can also consider how VMM-based workload profiles can be used to detect anomalous behavior in virtualized environments by comparing a model of potentially malicious execution to that of normal execution.
A new method to linearize any triangle comparison based PWM by reshaping the modulation command

A new method, which linearizes any triangle-comparison-based pulsewidth modulation (PWM) in the pulse-dropping region, is presented. Based on the original modulating command, the method produces a modified command as a function of the modulation index. This modified command compensates for the volt-sec which are lost due to a portion of the original modulating command exceeding the boundaries of the triangle carrier. The method eliminates the need to overmodulate in the pulse-dropping region and prevents erosion of the dynamic range of the associated control. This method is applied to three common PWM algorithms. Analytical expressions are derived for each case and verified on a 100 kW AC/DC converter.
The development of retinal ganglion cells in a tetraploid strain of Xenopus laevis: a morphological study utilizing intracellular dye injection.

The morphological development of retinal ganglion cells was examined in a tetraploid strain of Xenopus frogs. The enlarged cells of the tetraploid strain facilitate the application of intracellular techniques. Using an in vitro retinal preparation and Nomarski optics, intracellular recording and dye injection were carried out under visual control on ganglion cells in central retina from 2 days of development (stags 24) to metamorphosis (stage 64). We identified three phases in the morphological differentiation of ganglion cells. During the first phase (stages 24–30), all cells were neuroepitheliallike in form and possessed robust resting potentials in the range of -35 to -60 mV, and dye-coupling was occasionally observed between neighboring cells. During the second phase of ganglion cell development (stages 31–45) the neurons had begun to elaborate axons and dendrites. These cells possessing neurites had resting potentials between -15 and -30 mV, and no dye-coupling was observed between neighbors. During the third and final phase of maturation, from stage 46 onward, three distinct morphological types of ganglion cells could be identified. Type I cells had the smallest somata and the smallest-diameter dendritic arborizations. The profusely branched dendrites of these cells ramify extensively throughout the inner plexiform layer. Type II cells had large somata, intermediate-diameter dendritic fields, and a highly elaborate dendritic branching pattern. These cells were seen to arborize within two sublamina in the inner plexiform layer. Type III cells had large somata, the largest-diameter dendritic fields, and a dendritic arbor with long primary branches but little higher-order branching. These large dendritic fields were confined to a single sublamina of the inner plexiform layer, abutting the inner nuclear layer. While most phase 3 cells showed radial axon trajectories from the soma to the optic disc, a minority of cells (1–5%) with erratic and nonradial axon trajectories were also observed. Our data provide a morphological description of ganglion cell maturation in the central retina of Xenopus. We show that very early in development (as early as stage 46) three distinct morphological types of retinal ganglion cells are Present, which corresnond to the three classes of ganglion cells previously described in adult Xenopus (Chung et al., '75).
The menopause transition: an update

The menopausal transition is an area of active clinical investigation and epidemiological research. Recent results from several worldwide cohorts of women are beginning to provide a paradigm by which to explain the epidemiological and clinical manifestations of the ovarian process of follicle attrition. Genetic research has also provided some insight into differential ovarian ageing and disease/risk susceptibility in populations of women. Atresia of follicles occurs throughout reproductive life in women. The ever-shrinking follicle pool does not appear to result in any overt disruption of cycles for most women until they are in their forties. Subtle hormonal changes precede overt cycle disruption in mid-life. Obvious failures of ovulation or folliculogenesis lead to menstrual disturbances, and these provide the first clinical indication that the menopause transition is underway. A variety of hormonal patterns have been identified and an overall physiological progression appears to exist. The likelihood that reproductive hormone patterns influence symptomatology is high, although the analysis of the nature of such relationships is under way. For most women, effective lifestyle changes or hormonal therapy is available for symptoms associated with the menopause transition. This review will cover the existing body of knowledge, particularly regarding the clinical management of women who present with symptomatology during their menopausal transitions.
CFD prediction of carbon nanotube production rate in a CVD reactor

Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) is known as one of the most efficient methods of synthesizing carbon nanotubes. This Letter presents a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model to predict the production rate of nanotubes via catalytic decomposition of xylene in a CVD reactor. In our model, two gas-phase reactions and four surface reactions were considered. The rate constants of the surface reactions were determined using the inverse technique based on the measured tail gas concentrations. The predicted production rate agreed well with the experimental data, validating our model.
Early pregnancy masquerading as a marker for malignancy in a young woman with curable neoplasm of the pancreas.

The so-called solid or cystic papillary neoplasm of the pancreas is a rare type of tumour occurring almost exclusively in young women. This neoplasm is not associated with any endocrine dysfunction, and typically it has assumed considerable size when discovered. Since most cases are curable by surgery, their distinction from other types of neoplasms with less favourable prognosis is important'. The case reported here illustrates a potential pitfall in this context. Case report A 19-year-old previously healthy woman was admitted to hospital because of intermittent abdominal pain of 2 weeks duration. A pregnancy test was positive and she was examined by ultrasound with regard to ectopic pregnancy. The uterus had normal size and uniform echo distribution, but in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen an 8 cm non-homogeneous partially cystic mass was demonstrated. Considering the history given, this lesion was suspected to represent an ectopic pregnancy. At subsequent exploratory laparotomy the mass was found to be located within the head of the pancreas. A biopsy was taken and pathological examination revealed an islet-cell neoplasm. The pelvic organs looked quite normal, and the elevated serum chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) level was now interpreted as an expression of malignancy although no metastases were evident. Tumour resection was not attempted, but the patient was referred to the University of Michigan Medical Center for further evaluation and treatment. Repeat serum analyses showed levels of /3-HCG at 775 milliunits/ml (normal < 10 milliunits/ml) and c(-HCG at 4ng/ml (normal < 1.2 ngiml). Angiographically the tumour appeared hypervascular with the exception of supposedly necrotic central areas. There was no apparent invasion of the surrounding major vessels, and neither angiography nor computed tomography (Figure I ) showed any evidence of liver metastases. The patient was reoperated on and the tumour was found to be removable by a Whipple procedure. The HCG values did not fall after the operation as expected but continued to rise, and a week later (3 weeks after initial admission) repeat ultrasound examination revealed an intrauterine pregnancy with measures that suggested an age of approximately 7 weeks. Histological examination of the resected tumour did not verify the previous diagnosis of islet-cell carcinoma, but showed a picture characteristic of the so-called solid or cystic papillary neoplasm of the pancreas (Figures 2 and 3). The patient, who subsequently underwent abortion, is doing well 1 year after the operation without any evidence of tumour recurrence.
Beyond Sun, Sand and Sea: The Emergent Tourism Programme in the Turks and Caicos Islands

Mass tourism began in the Caribbean in the 1960s with the advent of low cost air travel. Jamaica, Barbados, and the Bahamas were among the first places to develop a resort-based tourism programme. Within 20 years, these locations began to experience the problems that are now typically associated with unplanned growth. For emergent tourist destinations, these older islands can serve as a model of what not to do. One location that has taken some lessons to heart is the Turks and Caicos Islands (TCI) in the lower Bahamian archipelago. While TCI offers itself as a sun, sand and sea destination, tourism officials seek to attract upscale visitors with a long term investment in the islands. The problem they are wrestling with is how to develop an island image based not only on the sea-based amenities but also the local history, natural attractions and expressive culture. In response, a diverse heritage group has begun a dialogue about how to do this. This paper describes the current state of tourism in the TCI w...
Manipulation of Red Imported Fire Ants in a Trap Crop for Boll Weevil Suppression

Red imported fire ants were introduced into an early-planted East Texas cotton plot, while ants were essentially removed from a control plot with Mirex. In the ant plot, predation by ants reduced the number of emerging F1 weevil adults, and weevil damaged squares never exceeded 16.6% through June and early July. During this time incidence of weevil damaged squares in the Mirex plot increased to 38.8%.
Conjoint Measurement: Temporal Stability and Structural Reliability:

Reliability and stability of preference patterns obtained through conjoint measurement are examined by perturbing the stimulus structure and by repeating measurements after the passage of time. Con...
Recent improvement and projected worsening of weather in the United States

Population-weighted analysis of US weather conditions shows that the nation’s weather has generally become more pleasant since 1974, possibly explaining the lack of broad public support for action on climate change; projections of future US weather indicate that conditions will probably worsen. Future climate change is projected to render many parts of the world increasingly inhospitable to human habitation. Why then, has it been so difficult to marshal broad public support for climate mitigation? Patrick Egan and Megan Mullin use population-weighted analysis of US weather conditions to show that most Americans are now experiencing milder winters, without substantially more uncomfortable summers or other negative changes. Egan and Mullin suggest that current weather patterns are serving as a poor source of motivation for the US population to demand a policy response to climate change. Things could change though. Projections of future US weather indicate that conditions will probably worsen, so public concern may rise. As climate change unfolds, weather systems in the United States have been shifting in patterns that vary across regions and seasons1,2,3,4,5,6,7. Climate science research typically assesses these changes by examining individual weather indicators, such as temperature or precipitation, in isolation, and averaging their values across the spatial surface. As a result, little is known about population exposure to changes in weather and how people experience and evaluate these changes considered together. Here we show that in the United States from 1974 to 2013, the weather conditions experienced by the vast majority of the population improved. Using previous research on how weather affects local population growth8,9,10,11,12,13,14 to develop an index of people’s weather preferences, we find that 80% of Americans live in counties that are experiencing more pleasant weather than they did four decades ago. Virtually all Americans are now experiencing the much milder winters that they typically prefer, and these mild winters have not been offset by markedly more uncomfortable summers or other negative changes. Climate change models predict that this trend is temporary, however, because US summers will eventually warm more than winters. Under a scenario in which greenhouse gas emissions proceed at an unabated rate (Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5), we estimate that 88% of the US public will experience weather at the end of the century that is less preferable than weather in the recent past. Our results have implications for the public’s understanding of the climate change problem, which is shaped in part by experiences with local weather15,16,17,18,19,20. Whereas weather patterns in recent decades have served as a poor source of motivation for Americans to demand a policy response to climate change, public concern may rise once people’s everyday experiences of climate change effects start to become less pleasant.
Is it research

Although the two important processes have many shared methods, they also have distinct features that need to be made explicit, especially when sharing findings in a public arena. Let nurses take the lead in forthright reporting of findings, by clearly identifying their origins and making recommendations for future investigations--both in research and organizational improvement projects.
Towards a Demand Aggregation Theory of Marketing in Emerging Markets: An Empirical Evaluation of the Promotion of Financial Services in Ghana

Recent conceptualizations of marketing in emerging market contexts posit that demand aggregation is more appropriate for enhancing firm performance than conventional demand differentiation strategies commonly practiced in highly advanced economies (Sheth 2011). To contribute to the advancement of research in this area, we empirically test this proposition in Ghana’s rural bank savings mobilization programs. We follow the theorectical proposition in consumer cultural theory that consumers reinterpret objects of non-local origin within their local consumption norms. Results suggest that although all four demand aggregation activities (i.e., accessibility, acceptability, awareness and affordability) were directly associated with preference (i.e., demand aggregation advantage) for bank savings, only affordability is positively linked to demand aggregation advantage. Moreover, the effect of demand aggregation activities on bank lending practices was mediated by demand advantage among existing consumers but not new consumers. These findings have significant implication for the advancement of Sheth’s (2011) classic demand aggregation advantage theory.
A biphasic effect of TNF-α in regulation of the Keap1/Nrf2 pathway in cardiomyocytes

Antagonizing TNF-α signaling attenuates chronic inflammatory disease, but is associated with adverse effects on the cardiovascular system. Therefore the impact of TNF-α on basal control of redox signaling events needs to be understand in more depth. This is particularly important for the Keap1/Nrf2 pathway in the heart and in the present study we hypothesized that inhibition of a low level of TNF-α signaling attenuates the TNF-α dependent activation of this cytoprotective pathway. HL-1 cardiomyocytes and TNF receptor1/2 (TNFR1/2) double knockout mice (DKO) were used as experimental models. TNF-α (2-5ng/ml, for 2h) evoked significant nuclear translocation of Nrf2 with increased DNA/promoter binding and transactivation of Nrf2 targets. Additionally, this was associated with a 1.5 fold increase in intracellular glutathione (GSH). Higher concentrations of TNF-α (>10-50ng/ml) were markedly suppressive of the Keap1/Nrf2 response and associated with cardiomyocyte death marked by an increase in cleavage of caspase-3 and PARP. In vivo experiments with TNFR1/2-DKO demonstrates that the expression of Nrf2-regulated proteins (NQO1, HO-1, G6PD) were significantly downregulated in hearts of the DKO when compared to WT mice indicating a weakened antioxidant system under basal conditions. Overall, these results indicate that TNF-α exposure has a bimodal effect on the Keap1/Nrf2 system and while an intense inflammatory activation suppresses expression of antioxidant proteins a low level appears to be protective.
SPRITE: A Fast Parallel SNP Detection Pipeline

We present Sprite, a new high-performance data analysis pipeline for detecting single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the human genome. A SNP detection pipeline for next-generation sequencing data uses several software tools, including tools for read alignment, processing alignment output, and SNP identification. We target end-to-end scalability and I/O efficiency in Sprite by merging tools in this pipeline and eliminating redundancies. For a benchmark human whole-genome sequencing data set, Sprite takes less than 50 min on 16 nodes of the TACC Stampede supercomputer. A key component of our optimized pipeline is parsnip, a new parallel method and software tool for SNP detection. We find that the quality of results obtained by parsnip (sensitivity and precision using high-confidence variant calls as ground truth) is comparable to state-of-the-art SNP-calling software. A prototype implementation of Sprite is available at sprite-psu.sourceforge.net.
Stronger semantics for low-latency geo-replicated storage

We present the first scalable, geo-replicated storage system that guarantees low latency, offers a rich data model, and provides "stronger" semantics. Namely, all client requests are satisfied in the local datacenter in which they arise; the system efficiently supports useful data model abstractions such as column families and counter columns; and clients can access data in a causally-consistent fashion with read-only and write-only transactional support, even for keys spread across many servers. The primary contributions of this work are enabling scalable causal consistency for the complex columnfamily data model, as well as novel, non-blocking algorithms for both read-only and write-only transactions. Our evaluation shows that our system, Eiger, achieves low latency (single-ms), has throughput competitive with eventually-consistent and non-transactional Cassandra (less than 7% overhead for one of Facebook's real-world workloads), and scales out to large clusters almost linearly (averaging 96% increases up to 128 server clusters).
The Paradox of Community Power: Cultural Processes and Elite Authority in Participatory Governance

From town halls to public forums, disadvantaged neighborhoods appear more “participatory” than ever. Yet increased participation has not necessarily resulted in increased influence . This article, drawing on a four-year ethnographic study of redevelopment politics in Boston, presents an explanation for the decoupling of participation from the promise of democratic decision-making. I find that poor urban residents gain the appearance of power and status by invoking and policing membership in “the community”—a boundary sometimes, though not always, implicitly defined by race. But this appearance of power is largely an illusion. In public meetings, government officials can reinforce their authority and disempower residents by exploiting the fact that the boundary demarcating “the community” lacks a standardized definition. When officials laud “the community” as an abstract ideal rather than a specific group of people, they reduce “the community process” to a bureaucratic procedure. Residents appear empowered, while officials retain ultimate decision-making authority. I use the tools of cultural sociology to make sense of these findings and conclude with implications for the study of participatory governance and urban inequality.
Dichotomous qualitative response models of Federal Reserve policy adoption utilizing data generated from a vector autoregression

A monetary policy reaction function was developed from a theoretical model of Federal Reserve policy adoption. This reaction function was then estimated as a linear probability model and as a probit probability model over various subperiods from February 1953 to May 1985. The objectives of monetary policy were specified as forecasts of growth in output, price stability, unemployment, and international balance. These forecasts were generated from a vector autoregression model;The data were divided into subperiods according to three schemes in order to test three hypotheses. First, the data were divided into subperiods corresponding to the chairmenships of the Board of Governors to test the hypothesis that the chairman of the Fed significantly influences the objectives and priorities of monetary policy. Second, the data were divided into two subperiods: the pre- and postelection biennia, to test the hypothesis that the Fed's preelection reaction function differs from its postelection reaction function. Finally, the data were divided into two subperiods: 1974(1)-1979(9) and 1979(10)-1984(5) to test the hypothesis that the objectives and priorities of monetary policy changed when the Fed announced its new operating procedures;The results suggest that the chairman of the Fed may significantly influence the objectives and priorities of monetary policy. Furthermore, the Fed's preelection reaction function differs from its postelection reaction function which suggests that the "political business cycle" may, in part, be created by monetary policy. Finally, the results suggest that the objectives and priorities of monetary policy changed after the Fed announced a change in operating procedures.
“The true face of the work”: sovereignty and literary form in literary historiography

ABSTRACTThis article reads Ahmet Hamdi Tanpinar’s XIX. Asir Turk Edebiyâti Târihi (Istanbul, [1949] 1956) in relation to the notion of work that runs through his oeuvre. The philological relation between political sovereignty and the form of literary work that Tanpinar elaborates in his literary historiography aligns with his proposed political program for, and historical understanding of, the modern nation in the wake of Tanzimat. Literary modernity and political reform come together, as the identification and affirmation of work gives place to the modern auto-production of nation in perfectly self-enclosed form. Tanzimat thus becomes another name for Tanpinar’s own philological practice, insofar as it involves the formal organization of scattered efforts and inscriptions as singular works and the historicizing appropriation of life in line with a systematic program—the reforming imposition, in short, of a new sense of order in the name of the gathering and productive force of sovereignty.
Quality of Crop Residues Influence on the Variations of Soil Microbial Biomass (Tiaret Region -Algeria)

To respond to the need of growing human population to food production, it is necessary to sustainably ensure the ability of soil to produce. After harvesting, the plants leave the roots, stems and leaves in the soil which constitutes an important source of organic material. This will be consumed by soil organisms, responsible for all life processes of soil evolution and balance.
Parametrization of Combined Quantum Mechanical and Molecular Mechanical Methods: Bond-Tuned Link Atoms.

Combined quantum mechanical and molecular mechanical (QM/MM) methods are the most powerful available methods for high-level treatments of subsystems of very large systems. The treatment of the QM−MM boundary strongly affects the accuracy of QM/MM calculations. For QM/MM calculations having covalent bonds cut by the QM−MM boundary, it has been proposed previously to use a scheme with system-specific tuned fluorine link atoms. Here, we propose a broadly parametrized scheme where the parameters of the tuned F link atoms depend only on the type of bond being cut. In the proposed new scheme, the F link atom is tuned for systems with a certain type of cut bond at the QM−MM boundary instead of for a specific target system, and the resulting link atoms are call bond-tuned link atoms. In principle, the bond-tuned link atoms can be as convenient as the popular H link atoms, and they are especially well adapted for high-throughput and accurate QM/MM calculations. Here, we present the parameters for several kinds of cut bonds along with a set of validation calculations that confirm that the proposed bond-tuned link-atom scheme can be as accurate as the system-specific tuned F link-atom scheme.
Software system for the Mars 2020 mission sampling and caching testbeds

The development of the Sampling and Caching Subsystem (SCS) of the Mars 2020 Rover Mission is highly dependent on testing of prototype hardware and software operating in explicit conditions as part of integrated testbeds. To achieve relevant integration of hardware and software while maintaining rapid algorithm development capabilities and high testing throughput, the Controls and Autonomy for Sample Acquisition and Handling (CASAH) software system was developed. CASAH is an implementation of the Intelligent Robotics System Architecture (IRSA), which mimics JPL Flight Software (FSW) in that it is divided into modules that run separate processes that communicate via message passing, each module is assigned an owner that is a single developer, and the operator initiates requests via a text-based interface that interprets sequences of commands. IRSA enables a modular breakdown of CASAH that follows that of 2020 Flight Software, so developers can take an algorithm from a module in CASAH and re-code it into the same module in FSW. As deployment of CASAH has grown to ten testbeds — each with different hardware and objectives — bottom-up design decisions have been intentionally made to keep the system lightweight and maintainable by a very small team. To date, CASAH has been used to run 1393 different tests. This work describes CASAH, the testbeds and functionality it supports, the tools used to manage the development and sharing of code, and the features of the software. Lessons learned over the past three years of development and deployment are provided.
Epidemiology of Hypoparathyroidism

Hypoparathyroidism is a rare disorder that may be acquired or inherited. Postsurgical hypoparathyroidism is responsible for the majority of acquired hypoparathyroidism. Transient postsurgical hypoparathyroidism is estimated to occur in 25.4–83 % in neck surgery patients, whereas permanent postsurgical hypoparathyroidism occurs in only 0.12–4.6 % of cases. The prevalence estimate for all forms of hypoparathyroidism in the USA was reported as 37 per 100,000 person-years, whereas the prevalence of postsurgical hypoparathyroidism in Denmark was reported as 22 per 100,000 person-years. The presentation of hypoparathyroidism is quite variable, with most patients mildly to moderately affected, and some severely affected. Severely affected patients may have sudden death due to complications of their hypocalcemia. The yearly cost of medical care for patients with hypoparathyroidism in Olmsted County, Minnesota, was estimated to be about three times that of healthy patients. Patients with hypoparathyroidism suffer from various morbidities ranging from symptoms related to frequent hypocalcemia, hypercalcemia, and hypercalciuria due to overtreatment, as well as alterations in well-being and mood, basal ganglia calcifications, cataracts, and skeletal disease.
Maximizing the Information Obtained from Data Fusion

We consider the question of conjuncting data and in particular the issue of the amount of information that results. It is shown that if the data being fused is non-conflicting then the maximal information is obtained by simply taking the intersection of the data. When the data is conflicting the use of the intersection can result in the fused value having less information then any of its components. In order to maximize the resulting information in this conflicting environment some meta knowledge must be introduced to adjudicate between conflicting data. Two approaches to address this problem are introduced. The first considers using only a subset of the observations to construct the fused value, a softening of the requirement that all observations be used. The basic rational of this approach is to calculate the fused value from a subset of observations that are not to conflicting and consisting of enough of the observations to be considered a credible fusion. Central to this approach is the introduction of meta-knowledge in the form of a measure of credibility associated with the use of different subsets of the observations. The second approach is based upon the introduction of a prioritization of the observations. In this approach an observation is essentially discounted if conflicts with higher priority observations.
Shiva’s Land: Understanding the Religious Landscape of Early Southeast Asia

This chapter explores the earliest evidence for the practice of aspects of Brahmanical culture in mainland and insular Southeast Asia. Recently recovered archaeological traces of commercial links between the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia have been revealed to date from at least the second century bce. Southern Indian black and red polished rouletted ware ceramics, such a feature of the southern Coromandel coast, have also been reported at Red Sea sites (some with Southern Brahmi, so-called ‘Grantha’, inscriptions), and, extending the reach eastward, from north coast Java and Bali. Thin-bodied bronze bowls previously known from northwestern India, distinguished by a high tin content and engraved figurative designs, have been recovered from the river bed at Khao Sam Keo, and are assumed to have been deposited there as a result of slippage from early habitation sites immediately uphill. This same source recently produced a Shunga-era ring-stone of the classic type previously only known from northern Indian sites stretching across the width of Gangetic plains, recorded from Kausambi to Pataliputra. The site of Khao Sam Keo has previously revealed quantities of intaglio seals and a carnelian lion miniature of a type also known from central Thailand and central Vietnam, and previously only known in northern Indian Buddhist stupa deposit contexts. Likewise, an ivory comb excavated at Chansen, central Thailand, is a first–second-century luxury import from the Deccan, likely Andhra Pradesh. The famous ivory mirror handle in the form of a standing female figure, excavated at Pompeii (terminal date 76 ce), inappropriately often described as representing Lakshmi, was likely produced at one of the great urban centres of the northern Deccan; Ujjain is a strong contender, though Ter is conventionally suggested because of much inferior examples excavated there. Finds of Roman glass are reported from southern India with increasing frequency, as the recently published finds at Pattanam in Kerala affirm. These include the ribbed coloured glass bowl types previously known from Chinese dated tomb contexts of the Western Han period; identical glassware has been reported from the Thai peninsula, affirming the pan-regional nature of this long distance trade. As these finds make increasingly clear, the west Asian and late Roman trade with the Indian peninsular was part of a wider network of exchange that encompassed not only Sri Lanka but also peninsular and insular Southeast Asia.
Detect and charge: Machine learning based fully data-driven framework for computing overweight vehicle fee for bridges

Abstract This study develops a fully data-driven framework for computing overweight vehicle fee that combines historical bridge data from National Bridge Inventory (NBI) and weigh-in-motion (WIM) data. In this framework, information regarding vehicle weight distribution on bridges was obtained using Gaussian mixture model (GMM) based interpolation. Using this interpolation approach, the vehicle weight distribution on each bridge could be estimated from WIM data based on their location. Later, these estimated distributions were combined with the NBI for developing a machine learning-based prediction model that inputs bridge characteristics (e.g., age and traffic) and outputs deck condition. The model was employed to calculate the expected bridge service life under two scenarios to compute a bridge life reduction per damaging load. Finally, the bridge life cycle cost was conducted to convert the calculated service life difference into a fee. Integration of this framework with existing geographical information system based online permit issuing tools will allow for detection of bridges on vehicles' routes and charge them a fee considering their weight and the load capacity of the bridges they will pass over. Therefore, fees will be calculated more accurately and efficiently. Additionally, the proposed framework has the flexibility of being converted into a table for conforming to the conventional permit fee calculation scheme.
2.0—Behavior Analysts’ Responsibility to Clients

Abstract To be analyzed and completed by the user of this workbook, this chapter provides ethical case scenarios pertaining to code 2.0 of the Behavior Analyst Certification Board’s Ethics Code. Code 2.0 emphasizes behavior analysts’ continued commitment to ensuring they are responding in the best interest of their clients. Following each case scenario, questions are provided to assist in understanding the Code. While working through the scenarios in this chapter, the user of the workbook is asked to: highlight crucial elements related to the Code and potential risk of harm to those involved, differentiate actions that appear to be in clear violation with the Code versus elements that may relate but are not yet an infraction, describe the reasons each element of the Code was identified and why a violation did or did not occur, and recommend a course of action going forward.
Synthesis of Cyclic Bis(trimethysilyl) Enol Ethers and Their [3 + 4] and [3 + 5] Annulation Reactions with Dicarbonyl Electrophiles. Access to Highly Functionalized Tricyclic Ethers Possessing Trans Intrabridgehead Stereochemistry

The synthesis of cyclic bis(trimethylsilyl) enol ethers from cycloalkanone carboxylates is described. The [3 + 4] and [3 + 5] annulation reactions of these bis(dinucleophilic) synthons with various 1,4- and 1,5-dicarbonyl electrophiles leads to the formation of tricyclic keto ethers with good regio- and stereochemical control. An interesting trans intrabridgehead stereochemistry is observed when using bis(trimethylsilyl) enol ethers derived from nine- to 12-membered ring β-keto esters.
Evidence-based wound classification for vulvar surgery: Implications for risk adjustment.

Abstract Objectives The correct wound classification for vulvar procedures (VP) is ambiguous according to current definitions, and infection rates are poorly described. We aimed to analyze rates of surgical site infection (SSI) in women who underwent VP to correctly categorize wound classification. Methods Patients who underwent VP for dysplasia or carcinoma were collected from the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database (NSQIP). SSI rates of vulvar cases were compared to patients who underwent abdominal hysterectomy via laparotomy, stratified by the National Academy of Sciences wound classification. Descriptive analyses and trend tests of categorical variables were performed. Results Between 2008 and 2016, 2116 and 31,506 patients underwent a VP or TAH, respectively. Among VP, 1345 (63.6%), 364 (17.2%), and 407 (19.2%) women underwent simple vulvectomy, radical vulvectomy, or radical vulvectomy with lymphadenectomy, respectively. The overall rate of SSI for VP was higher than that observed for TAH (5.6% vs. 3.8%; p Conclusion Patients undergoing VP are at high risk of infection. Simple vulvectomy should be classified as a type II and radical vulvectomy as a type III wound. These recommendations are important for proper risk adjustment.
Early Immunologic Response in Multiply Injured Patients With Orthopaedic Injuries Is Associated With Organ Dysfunction.

Objectives To quantify the acute immunologic biomarker response in multiply injured patients with axial and lower extremity fractures and to explore associations with adverse short-term outcomes including organ dysfunction and nosocomial infection (NI). Design Prospective cohort study. Setting Level 1 academic trauma center. Patients Consecutive multiply injured patients, 18-55 years of age, with major pelvic and lower extremity orthopaedic injuries (all pelvic/acetabular fractures, operative femur and tibia fractures) that presented as a trauma activation and admitted to the intensive care unit from April 2015 through October 2016. Sixty-one patients met inclusion criteria. Intervention Blood was collected upon presentation to the hospital and at the following time points: 8, 24, 48 hours, and daily during intensive care unit admission. Blood was processed by centrifugation, separation into 1.0-mL plasma aliquots, and cryopreserved within 2 hours of collection. Main outcome measurements Plasma analyses of protein levels of cytokines/chemokines were performed using a Luminex panel Bioassay of 20 immunologic mediators. Organ dysfunction was measured by the Marshall Multiple Organ Dysfunction score (MODScore) and nosocomial infection (NI) was recorded. Patients were stratified into low (MODS ≤ 4; n = 34) and high (MODS > 4; n = 27) organ dysfunction groups. Results The MODS >4 group had higher circulating levels of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, IL-10, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA), and monokine induced by interferon gamma (MIG) compared with the MODS ≤4 group at nearly all time points. MODS >4 exhibited lower levels of IL-21 and IL-22 compared with MODS ≤4. Patients who developed NI (n = 24) had higher circulating concentrations of IL-10, MIG, and high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) compared with patients who did not develop NI (n = 37). Conclusions Temporal quantification of immune mediators identified 8 biomarkers associated with greater levels of organ dysfunction in polytrauma patients with major orthopaedic injuries. Level of evidence Prognostic Level II. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.