cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Parallel Accumulator for a General-Purpose Computer

A family of parallel synchronous comparitors and adders are described which can be constructed entirely of either NOR or NAND circuits. An adder is shown combined with registers to form a high speed but inexpensive 20-bit accumulator. The standard accumulator functions of ADD, UNITE, EXTRACT, LEFT SHIFT, and RIGHT SHIFT are obtained at the cost of 7.5 gates per bit and 12 gate delays for stable sum.
Spatially constrained minimization of macromolecules.

A structural minimization procedure which converges rapidly and restricts the atomic shifts is outlined. It is implemented by adding a harmonic penalty term for the displacements of atomic positions and resetting the reference coordinates with respect to which the constraints are computed during the minimization. The resetting serves to reduce the constraint energy of the minimized structure to negligible levels.
Nanoscale fracture: To twin or not to twin

Can atomistic simulations of fracture in some metals be wrong or misinterpreted? A seeming controversy between modelling and experiment is reconciled by a clever multiscale simulation technique bridging time- and length-scales.
Lithography-free production of stamps for microcontact printing of arrays

A simple method for fabricating polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) stamps suitable for microcontact printing applications is described. The method makes use of Formvar®-coated grids used for electron microscopy and requires no photolithography or advanced processing techniques. Utilization of fabricated stamps in microcontact printing and in electrochemical microscopy is described.
Happiness is not Well-being

This paper attempts to explain the conceptual connections between happiness and well-being. It first distinguishes episodic happiness from happiness in the personal attribute sense. It then evaluates two recent proposals about the connection between happiness and well-being: (1) the idea that episodic happiness and well-being both have the same fundamental determinants, so that a person is well-off to a particular degree in virtue of the fact that they are happy to that degree, and (2) the idea that happiness in the personal attribute sense can serve as a “proxy” for well-being, i.e., that a person’s degree of deep or robust happiness approximates their degree of well-being. It is argued that happiness in both these senses is conceptually, metaphysically, and empirically distinct from well-being. A new analysis of welfare, well-being as agential flourishing, can explain welfare’s real connection to happiness in both the episodic and personal attribute senses. It predicts that such happiness is only directly beneficial when it is valued, when it is a form of valuing, or when it underwrites (i.e., serves as the causal basis for) the disposition to realize one’s values. It is therefore a necessary—but not sufficient—condition for especially high levels of well-being. This analysis of welfare integrates many insights from the eudaimonic tradition of welfare and happiness research in psychology, and also addresses common criticisms of these eudaimonic models.
Estimating the species tree for Hawaiian Schiedea (Caryophyllaceae) from multiple loci in the presence of reticulate evolution.

Schiedea (Caryophyllaceae) is a monophyletic genus of 34 species, all endemic to the Hawaiian Islands, that arose from a single colonization, providing one of the best examples of adaptive radiation in Hawai'i. Species utilize a range of habitats and exhibit a variety of growth forms and transitions in breeding systems from hermaphroditism toward dimorphism or autogamy. Our study included the most thorough sampling to date: 2-5 individuals per species and 4 independent genetic partitions: eight plastid and three low-copy nuclear loci (9217bps), allowing a three-locus BEST species tree. Despite incomplete resolution at the tips, our results support monophyly for each extant species. Gene trees revealed several clear cases of cytonuclear incongruence, likely created by interspecific introgression. Conflict occurs at the divergence of section Alphaschiedea as well as at the tips. Ages inferred from a BEAST analysis allow an original colonization onto either Nihoa or Kauai and inform some aspects of inter-island migrations. We suggest that several hard polytomies on the species tree are biologically realistic, signifying either nearly simultaneous speciation or historical introgressive hybridization. Based on inferred node ages that exceed expected coalescent times, we propose that undetected nuclear introgression may play a larger role than incomplete lineage sorting in sections Schiedea and Mononeura.
118. In Vivo Tracking of Long Term Gene Expression of AAV1 Using Fluorescence Imaging System

Top of pageAbstract Introduction: The kinetics of long term transgene expression of viral vectors is important as it directly influences the efficacy of the gene therapy. Conventional kinetic measurements require sacrificing animals at each data point and assessing the amount of transgene product in the tissue. This type of analysis is extremely laborious and contains inherent inaccuracy since it does not follow the time course of a single animal. In this study, in vivo tracking of transgene expression from adeno-aasociated virus type 1 (AAV-1) was performed using a green fluorescence protein (GFP) reporter and an specially designed optical imaging system.. Our results reveal the exact kinetics of AAV-1 expression and validate fluorescence imaging for kinetic measurements of long term expression of virally expressed genes. Materials and Method: Animals and Virus 40-day-old male hairless SKH1 mice were divided into 3 groups, each containing 3 mice. The right leg of Groups 1 and 2 were injected with 1012 and 1010 plaque forming unit (pfu) of adeno-associated virus type 1 encoding green fluorescent protain (AAV-1.GFP). respectively, in 50 ul normal saline. The left legs were injected with 50 ul normal saline as an internal control. Group 3 (control group) was injected with 50 ul normal saline into the both legs. The mice were anesthetized by intraperitoneal injection of 80 mg/kg body weight ketamine at the time of each measurement, and imaged over 13 weeks. Imaging System Selective excitation of GFP was produced by 475 nm light emission diode through a excitation filter HQ470/40x. Emitted fluorescence was collected through an emission filter HQ525/50m (Chroma Technology Corp, Rockingham, VT) on a Hamamatsu C8484 charge-coupled device camera (Hamamatsu Photonics Systems, Bridgewater, NJ). The strength of the transgene expression was measured as the ratio of the mean of fluorescence intensity of 0.5 cm2 ROI set on the right and left leg. Results and Conclusions The kinetics of GFP expression was clearly measured by assessing the fluorescence intensity of each animal. The images and graphs of representative animals are shown in the Figure. In Group 1, injected with 1012 pfu AAV-1.GFP, GFP expression reached a plateau at approximately 7 weeks, which was maintained until at least 13 weeks. In Group 2, injected with 1010 pfu AAV-1.GFP, GFP expression, reached its plateau at approximately 11 weeks. These results demonstrate the relationship between injected dose and transgene expression level, as well as the kinetics of expression.
New Images of Arab Detroit: Seeing Otherness and Identity through the Lens of September 11

Dans le sillage des attaques terroristes du 11 septembre 2001, les images et les representations de et sur la communaute arabe-americaine de Detroit, en l'espace d'un instant, furent profondement alterees avec, notamment, la resurgence d'une imagerie de l'alterite et de la marginalisation centree sur l'identite musulmane. En tant qu'anthropologue ayant depuis une quinzaine d'annees contribue a travers son travail d'anthropologie visuelle a la representation de la communaute arabe de Detroit, l'A. juge que son propre travail de representation, et sa capacite de representer, ont egalement ete radicalement alteres par le 11 septembre. Il propose un bref commentaire de cette alteration et de ses effets.
Isolated avulsion of the biceps femoris insertion : a case report

The clinical, roentgenographic, and operative findings of an isolated biceps femoris avulsion in a 21-year-old man demonstrated the significance of the static stabilizers about the knee, menisci, and articular cartilage. Examination of the dynamic structures about the knee, however, may present a diagnostic problem. A systematic examination of the musculature (hamstrings, quadriceps, and patellofemoral mechanism) should be included in the evaluation of every acute knee injury. Special attention should be given to the surface anatomy as well as function of the knee.
The dynamics of post-operative plasma ACTH values following transsphenoidal surgery for Cushing’s disease

Rapid assessment of adrenal function is critical following transsphenoidal surgery (TSS) for Cushing's disease (CD) in order to determine surgical efficacy. We hypothesize that there may be a role for ACTH measurement as a rapid indicator of adrenal function. Following surgery for CD, glucocorticoids were withheld and paired plasma ACTH and serum cortisol levels were measured every 6 h. Post-operative hypocortisolemia was defined as serum cortisol <2 mcg/dl or a serum cortisol <5 mcg/dl with the onset of symptoms of adrenal insufficiency within 72 h. We studied 12 subjects, all female, mean age 44.6 years (range 25-55), including 13 surgeries: nine subjects attained hypocortisolemia. Plasma ACTH levels decreased more in subjects with hypocortisolemia (0.9 pg/ml/hr, P = 0.0028) versus those with persistent disease (0 0.2 pg/ml/hr, P = 0.26) within the first 48 h after surgery. In contrast to subjects with persistent disease, all subjects with hypocortisolemia achieved a plasma ACTH <20 pg/ml by 19 h (range 1-19 h). Four of the nine subjects with hypocortisolemia achieved plasma ACTH <20 pg/ml by 13 h and the remaining five subjects by 19 h. Hypocortisolemia occurred between 3-36 h following achievement of a plasma ACTH <20 pg/ml. In CD, a reduction in postoperative plasma ACTH levels differentiates subjects with surgical remission versus subjects with persistent disease. The utility of plasma ACTH measurements in the postoperative management of CD remains to be determined.
Nitrification in Premise Plumbing: Role of Phosphate, pH and Pipe Corrosion

Nitrification in PVC premise plumbing is a weak function of pH over the range 6.5–8.5 and is insensitive to phosphate concentrations 5–1000 ppb. Lead pipe enhanced nitrification relative to PVC, consistent with expectations that nitrifiers could benefit from ammonia recycled from nitrate via lead corrosion. Relatively new copper pipe (<1.5 years old) did not allow nitrifiers to establish, but nitrifiers gradually colonized over a period of months in brass pipes when copper concentrations were reduced by pH adjustment or orthophosphate. Nitrifiers were inhibited by trace copper, but not by lead levels up to 8000 ppb. In some systems using chloramines, brass in plastic plumbing systems might be more susceptible to lead/copper leaching, and accelerated dezincification, due to lower pH values resulting from nitrification.
Defining the role of HCI in the challenges of sustainability

Sustainability is an increasingly prominent and critical theme in the field of HCI. More needs to be known about how to critique and assess design from the perspective of sustainability, and how to integrate sustainability into the practice of HCI. This workshop focuses on achieving this integration, identifying challenges, and defining directions for Sustainable Interaction Design (SID).
Scale and performance in the Denali isolation kernel

This paper describes the Denali isolation kernel, an operating system architecture that safely multiplexes a large number of untrusted Internet services on shared hardware. Denali's goal is to allow new Internet services to be "pushed" into third party infrastructure, relieving Internet service authors from the burden of acquiring and maintaining physical infrastructure. Our isolation kernel exposes a virtual machine abstraction, but unlike conventional virtual machine monitors, Denali does not attempt to emulate the underlying physical architecture precisely, and instead modifies the virtual architecture to gain scale, performance, and simplicity of implementation. In this paper, we first discuss design principles of isolation kernels, and then we describe the design and implementation of Denali. Following this, we present a detailed evaluation of Denali, demonstrating that the overhead of virtualization is small, that our architectural choices are warranted, and that we can successfully scale to more than 10,000 virtual machines on commodity hardware.
Breakout Session: Sex/Gender and Racial/Ethnic Disparities in the Care of Osteoporosis and Fragility Fractures

Background Recent epidemiologic and clinical data suggest men and racial and ethnic minorities may receive lower-quality care for osteoporosis and fragility fractures than female and nonminority patients. The causes of such differences and optimal strategies for their reduction are unknown.
Experimental Verification of a Progressive Damage Model for IM7/5260 Laminates Subjected to Tension-Tension Fatigue

The durability and damage tolerance of laminated composites are critical design considerations for airframe composite structures. Therefore, the ability to model damage initiation and growth and predict the life of laminated composites is necessary to achieve structurally efficient and economical designs. The purpose of this research is to experimentally verify the application of a continuum damage model to predict progressive damage development in a toughened material system. Damage due to monotonic and tension-tension fatigue was documented for IM7/5260 graphite/bismaleimide laminates. Crack density and delamination surface area were used to calculate matrix cracking and delamination internal state variables to predict stiffness loss in unnotched laminates. A damage dependent finite element code predicted the stiffness loss for notched laminates with good agreement to experimental data. It was concluded that the continuum damage model can adequately predict matrix damage progression in notched and unnotched laminates as a function of loading history and laminate stacking sequence.
Learning to Rank Improves IR in SE

Learning to Rank (LtR) encompasses a class of machine learning techniques developed to automatically learn how to better rank the documents returned for an information retrieval (IR) search. Such techniques offer great promise to software engineers because they better adapt to the wider range of differences in the documents and queries seen in software corpora. To encourage the greater use of LtR in software maintenance and evolution research, this paper explores the value that LtR brings to two common maintenance problems: feature location and traceability. When compared to the worst, median, and best models identified from among hundreds of alternative models for performing feature location, LtR ubiquitously provides a statistically significant improvement in MAP, MRR, and MnDCG scores. Looking forward a further motivation for the use of LtR is its ability to enable the development of software specific retrieval models.
Progress in the rational design of an AIDS vaccine

Human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) has a high degree of genetic and antigenic diversity that has impeded the development of an effective vaccine using traditional methods. We are attempting to develop an AIDS vaccine by employing strategies that include structural biology and computational modelling, in an effort to develop immunogens capable of eliciting neutralizing antibodies of the requisite breadth and potency against circulating strains of HIV-1.
Exploiting user expertise in answer expression

Previous natural language help systems have not taken into account the user's knowledge when formulating answers. Such pragmatic information is needed to formulate more concise and helpful answers. By not repeating things that the user already knows, a system can provide more succinct answers that, because they focus on pertinent new facts, are easier to understand. A users's prior knowledge also allows a system to utilize special teaching formats such as similes. This process of refining answers using pragmatic information is called answer expression. It has been implemented in the UCExpress component of UC (UNIX Consultant), a natural language system that helps users solve problems in using UNIX. UCExpress separates answer expression into two phases: pruning and formatting. During pruning, subconcepts of the answer are marked as not needing generation when they are already known by the user, or marked as candidates for generating anaphora or ellipsis when they are part of the conversational context. During formatting, UCExpress uses information about the user's prior domain knowledge to select among specialized expository formats, such as similes and examples, for expressing information to the user. These formats allow UCExpress to present different types of information clearly and concisely.
Availability of pediatric emergency visit data from existing data sources

Objectives: To determine the availability and completeness of selected data elements from administrative and clinical sources for emergency department (ED) visits in a national pediatric research network. Methods: This was a retrospective study of 25 EDs in the Pediatric Emergency Care Applied Research Network. Data were obtained from two sources at each ED: 1) extant electronic administrative data for all visits during a 12-month period in 2002 and 2) data abstracted from medical records by trained abstractors for visits during ten randomly selected days over a threemonth period in 2003. Epidemiologic data were obtained for all visits and additional clinical data for patients with two target conditions: asthma and fractures. Results: A total of 749,036 visits were analyzed from administrative sources and 12,756 medical records abstracted. Data availability varied by element, method of capture, and site. From administrative sources, data on insurance type were the most complete (1.3% overall missing; range, 0%–18.5% for individual sites), whereas mode of arrival (25.5% missing) and triage time (65.3%) were the least complete. Disposition was missing in only 1.2% of medical records overall (range, 0%–5%) and diagnosis was missing in 3% (range, 0%–16%); these were missing from 14.4% and 10.5%, respectively, of administrative sources. Among visits with injury diagnoses, E-codes were missing in 27% of cases. For patients with asthma (n ¼ 861), documentation of specific elements of the clinical examination by nurses and physicians was also variable. Conclusions: Data elements important in emergency medical care for children are frequently missing in existing administrative and medical record sources; completeness varies widely across EDs. Researchers must be aware of these limitations in the use of existing data when planning studies. Key words: emergency medical services for children; databases; data collection; medical records. ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2005; 12:1195–1200.
DRAM is plenty fast for wirespeed statistics counting

Per-flow network measurement at Internet backbone links requires the efficient maintanence of large arrays of statistics counters at very high speeds (e.g. 40 Gb/s). The prevailing view is that SRAM is too expensive for implementing large counter arrays, but DRAM is too slow for providing wirespeed updates. This view is the main premise of a number of hybrid SRAM/DRAM architectural proposals [2, 3, 4, 5] that still require substantial amounts of SRAM for large arrays. In this paper, we present a contrarian view that modern commodity DRAM architectures, driven by aggressive performance roadmaps for consumer applications (e.g. video games), have advanced architecture features that can be exploited to make DRAM solutions practical. We describe two such schemes that can harness the performance of these DRAM offerings by enabling the interleaving of counter updates to multiple memory banks. These counter schemes are the first to support arbitrary increments and decrements for either integer or floating point number representations at wirespeed. We believe our preliminary success with the use of DRAM schemes for wirespeed statistics counting opens the possibilities for broader research opportunities to generalize the proposed ideas for other network measurement functions.
A measure of body movement coordination during repetitive dynamic lifting

A method was developed to characterize the coordination of body movements during a prolonged repetitive isodynamic lifting task. Body movements, defined by angles at the hip and knee, were described by hyperbolic tangent models. The temporal midpoint and the risetime, normalized, by the total duration of the lift, were used to describe the timing of the lift, and differences between the hip and knee midpoints and between the hip and knee risetimes described the relative timing, or coordination, of the hip and knee movements. Control subjects tended to use a lifting pattern in which the two joints finished the movement at the same time, while patients with chronic lower back pain more frequently used a movement pattern in which the two joints finished the lifting movement at different times. The results suggest that the relative movement of the hip and knee may be important to consider when evaluating lifting differences between chronic low back pain patients and control subjects. >
Wolff–Parkinson–White syndrome “cured” by myocardial infarction?

A 54-year-old man with a 20-year history of recurrent paroxysmal tachycardia was admitted to hospital because of chest pain. The electrocardiogram (ECG) on admission ([Figure 1A][1]) showed signs suggestive of an anteroseptal accessory pathway, as well as ST segment elevation in leads V1 through V4
Cooperative institutions for information sharing in the oil industry

Finding and producing petroleum is an inherently risky undertaking. In such an environment of uncertainty, information can be a valuable commodity.2 There are several ways in which an oil firm can obtain information about a prospect. There are well-defined markets in which certain scientific measurements or records can be obtained (aerial photographs, seismic surveys, the labor market for geologists and geophysicists, etc.). But it is also true that the actual drilling, logging, coring, and producing from a subsurface structure can provide information.3 An important feature of petroleum exploration and development is that information obtained about one geological feature is often useful outside of a particular drilling site. Such information can give a better picture not only of a portion of a potential stratum but also of the entire reservoir and even of entirely separate prospects with similar geological features. Thus, there are many opportunities for an oil company, through its own information gathering procedures, to obtain information valuable to others. In this respect, as one firm has a commodity (information) which another firm values, there is the possibility of mutually beneficial exchange. Oil field information often also has the property of “non-excludability” in which one firm is unable to prevent another firm from sharing in the valuable information if they do not agree upon terms of exchange. Information is thus often a public good. For example, while a firm may be able to keep the results per se of a seismic survey private, if the firm acts upon the information in some particular way, say, by commencing drilling on a wildcat
Cocaine‐induced liver cell injury: Comparison of morphological features in man and in experimental models

Although investigative research of animal models in cocaine metabolism and associated liver cell injury has been fairly extensive during the past 10 yr, little evidence of hepatotoxicity has been documented in man. We report a case of fulminant hepatic failure and acute rhabdomyolysis resulting from cocaine use. Coagulative-type perivenular and midzonal necrosis and periportal microvesicular fatty change were the predominant morphological features throughout all lobules of the liver, in contrast to periportal necrosis described in the only previous case report with biopsy. Differences in zonal necrosis caused by the same drug are not typically seen in man experiencing direct or indirect intrinsic hepatotoxicity. However, experimental models have shown cocaine to have this ability, dependent on enzyme induction or inhibition, sex and dose. Therapeutic approaches for prevention of possible liver cell injury by cocaine toxicity are discussed.
Influence of β-Naphthoflavone on 7,12-Dimethylbenz(a)anthracene Metabolism, DNA Adduction, and Tumorigenicity in Rainbow Trout

Metabolism, DNA adduction, and tumor induction by 7,12- dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) were examined in cultured trout liver cells and in vivo in trout. Modulating CYP1A1 activity indicated this enzyme plays a significant role in metabolizing DMBA to water-soluble compounds in isolated trout liver cells. The major DMBA metabolites identified in trout liver cells were 10-, 11-, 8,9-, and 5,6-DMBA dihydrodiols, and DMBA, 2- or 3- or 4-phenol; 7-OH-methyl-12-methyl-benz(a)anthracene and 12-OH- methyl-7-methyl-benz(a)anthracene were minor metabolites. A very small amount of DMBA-3,4-dihydrodiol was detected, and polar metabolites, which did not migrate with any DMBA metab- olite standards, were observed. Incubating trout hepatocytes with DMBA-3,4-dihydrodiol produced three prominent, nonpolar ad- ducts indistinguishable from those in mouse embryo cells. How- ever, DMBA-DNA adducts, formed in trout in vivo or in trout liver cells exposed to DMBA, were predominantly more polar than those formed in mouse embryo fibroblasts, and levels of DMBA- DNA adducts formed in trout liver cells were not significantly altered by modulating CYP1A1 activity. No significant repair of DMBA-DNA adducts was detected in cultured trout liver cells over a 48-h period, supporting previous studies indicating that fish are less efficient than mammals in repairing polyaromatic hydro- carbon DNA adducts. Compared to animals receiving DMBA alone, b-naphthoflavone pretreatment in vivo did not affect he- patic CYP1A1, DMBA-DNA adducts, nor hepatic tumor re-
Nuclear and mitochondrial genetic structure in two social forms of the fire ant Solenopsis invicta: insights into transitions to an alternate social organization

We describe genetic structure at microgeographical scales in two social forms of the introduced fire ant Solenopsis invicta using nuclear and mitochondrial markers. Fire ant populations in northern Georgia, U.S.A. are structured in fundamentally different ways at the two genomes. Virtually all nuclear genetic variation resides within sampling sites; no differentiation was apparent between the social forms and only minimal differentiation was found among sites in only one social form (the polygyne form, which has nests with numerous queens). In contrast, substantial mtDNA variation exists at all levels; the forms are significantly differentiated and strong divergence was detected among sites in the polygyne form. No mtDNA differentiation was found among sites in the monogyne form (which has nests with a single queen). These results are predicted on the basis of the social biology of the ants. Monogyne queens and males of both forms presumably disperse widely, and polygyne queens commonly mate with monogyne males, thus explaining the uniformity of nuclear allele frequencies across sampling sites and between the forms. Polygyne queens display habits consistent with limited dispersal, and queens of both forms seem unable to establish themselves as reproductives in nests of the alternate form, thus explaining the strong microgeographical structure within the polygyne form and differentiation between the forms found using mtDNA markers. The mtDNA haplotypes are distributed among sites in a manner that suggests a mechanism for the spread of polygyny in introduced fire ants. Monogyne queens apparently mate occasionally with polygyne males and acquire a Mendelian nuclear factor allowing the expression of polygyny in their sexual daughters.
A group interaction stochastic model based on balance theoretical considerations

The paper reports the development of a finite Markov chain model to describe changes in dyadic interpersonal relationships. Balanced dyadic states were assumed to be absorbing states, and imbalanced dyadic states were assumed to be transient states. A balanced dyad was defined as one in which both members perceived the rewards of the relationship to be equal for the two members. Subsets of individuals within groups were considered from the standpoint of balanced dyadic relationships. A descriptive model for intra-group relationships was derived, and the descriptive model was related to the stochastic model for change in dyadic relationships.
Style and Authority in Javanese Muslim Sermons

A preacher claims to address others from a position of implicitly superior insight. To support this claim, he plays upon the style and content of his performance to justify the role he takes. We can therefore ask how people evaluate particular preachers' performances, and what sorts of criteria can be seen to inform those comments. In particular, we can see how such evaluations speak for the interests and concerns of the people who make them. In light of recent efforts to deepen our understanding of how hegemonic discourses may or may not constrain the thoughts of the subordinate, it is worth looking at particular sermons and at responses to them to ask whether they do indeed propagate a vision of things that compromises some people's interests to the advantage of others, and whether, if so, that fact arouses resistance in any form among their listeners. In looking at three sermons delivered in a hamlet in Java in 1987,1 see contrasting styles in the way they are constructed and delivered, and in those contrasts, differences in the self-presentation of the speaker as he justifies his claims to his listeners' attention. At the same time, I note variation in how individuals evaluate the three speakers according to their own self-image.
Cryptographic Combinatorial Securities Exchanges

We present a useful new mechanism that facilitates the atomic exchange of many large baskets of securities in a combinatorial exchange. Cryptography prevents information about the securities in the baskets from being exploited, enhancing trust. Our exchange offers institutions who wish to trade large positions a new alternative to existing methods of block trading: they can reduce transaction costs by taking advantage of other institutions' available liquidity, while third party liquidity providers guarantee execution--preserving their desired portfolio composition at all times. In our exchange, institutions submit encrypted orders which are crossed, leaving a "remainder". The exchange proves facts about the portfolio risk of this remainder to third party liquidity providers without revealing the securities in the remainder, the knowledge of which could also be exploited. The third parties learn either (depending on the setting) the portfolio risk parameters of the remainder itself, or how their own portfolio risk would change if they were to incorporate the remainder into a portfolio they submit. In one setting, these third parties submit bids on the commission, and the winner supplies necessary liquidity for the entire exchange to clear. This guaranteed clearing, coupled with external price discovery from the primary markets for the securities, sidesteps difficult combinatorial optimization problems. This latter method of proving how taking on the remainder would change risk parameters of one's own portfolio, without revealing the remainder's contents or its own risk parameters, is a useful protocol of independent interest.
Fading observation alignment via feedback

In some remote sensing applications, the functional relationship between the source being observed and the sensor readings may not be known. Because of communication constraints, this uncertainty may result in poor end-to-end distortion. If the sensors have some knowledge of their joint statistics, they may be able to communicate collaboratively to combat the channel noise. A model is proposed for capturing some of the uncertainty in the observation process, called a fading observation model. An example with fading observations is analysed. For M sensors with no fading there exists a scheme for which the achievable distortion scales with M as M/sup -1/, but with fading the distortion does not scale with M. In this paper, a one-bit feedback scheme is presented that provides enough information about the joint statistics to achieve scaling rates like M/sup -1/3/. Additional feedback improves the achievable scaling rate. For comparison, a scheme based on separate source and channel coding at best gives a distortion scaling behaviour of (log M)/sup -1/. Some extensions to multiple sources and observation models with unknown delay are discussed.
Finite amplitude effect on the stability of a jet of circular cross-section

The effect of finite amplitude on the stable and unstable states of a column of an ideal fluid of circular cross-section under the action of surface tension is studied. The method of solution is a formal extension of the linearized theory; it consists of assuming that the exact solution may be expanded in a power series of a small parameter characterizing the amplitude. The calculation is carried out to the point where the first non-trivial term of the finite amplitude effect is obtained. For the stable states, the result shows that the characteristic wavelength of a disturbance which appears to be stationary with respect to an observer is decreased by the finite amplitude effect. For the unstable states, it reveals that the growth rate depends not only on the wavelength and the magnitude but also on the type of disturbance imposed initially. The last result is a direct consequence of the fact that two independent types of initial disturbance, the disturbance of the velocity field and the disturbance of the free surface, may be imposed simultaneously on the jet.
"Choosing wisely" in an academic department of medicine.

The “Choosing Wisely” campaign seeks to reduce unnecessary care in the United States through self-published recommendations by professional societies. The research team sought to identify factors related to low-value care in the Department of Medicine at the University of California San Francisco, using a subset of clinical scenarios published by the American College of Physicians. The team further explored respondents’ values on cost consciousness. A notable minority disagreed with the identified low-value tests. In 6 of 8 scenarios, faculty were more likely to rate the scenarios as representing low-value testing (P < .05). Level of training was the only predictor of attitudes toward unnecessary care after linear regression analysis (coefficient 3.14, P < .001). Increased postgraduate education about cost of care is recommended.
“Do Finance Professors Invest Like Everyone Else?”: Author Response

This material comments on “‘Do Finance Professors Invest Like Everyone Else?’: A Comment” (March/April 2013).
Modernist Sensibility: The Transformation of Space in Mexico City Through the Torre Latinoamericana

In this essay I examine how the Torre Latinoamericana, constructed between 1948 and 1956, was represented through a modern-historic discourse, how it transformed urban space in Mexico City, and what forms of technology were used in the construction. I demonstrate how the Torre Latinoamericana was both material evidence of progress (modernity) and a metaphor for Mexican aspirations of modernity. I use the “modernist sensibility” of the Mexican Miracle as a lens through which the architecture and technology of the Torre Latinoamericana may be seen as part of the modernist project prevalent in Mexico during the 1950s. “Modernist sensibility” refers to framing the building within cultural history that concerns itself with the creation and registration of affect within the Mexican modernist discourse. I examine the Torre Latinoamericana through various forms of media – newspapers, photographs, film, tourist pamphlets and engineering journals—which generated the discursive construction of the highway and justified its material existence. This study explores how the building's sophisticated construction materials represented abstract concepts such as modernity, progress, and technology. This study shows how the Torre Latinoamericana served as a sign of progress, and a discourse of progress, thus projecting a vision as to where Mexico was headed as a nation and society in the 1950s–60s. By showing that the Torre Latinoamericana was transformed into a symbol of national pride and identity, this research highlights the importance of investigating material culture, in this case architecture, and the affects of such in the production of national discourse.
Laparoscopic live donor nephrectomy has equivalent early and late renal function outcomes compared with open donor nephrectomy.

Abstract Objectives To assess the patterns of early functional recovery and long-term function in laparoscopic and open procured live donor nephrectomy (LDN) kidneys, highlighting the radionuclide scan as an additional tool for assessment, because of concerns regarding renal functional recovery after laparoscopic LDN. Methods We reviewed the donor and recipient records of 101 laparoscopic and 35 open LDNs performed between August 1997 and September 2001. Data were collected on demographic, immunologic, and intraoperative variables and ureteral/vascular complications. Delayed renal function recovery in recipients was evaluated by serum creatinine greater than 2.5 mg/dL on postoperative day 5, dialysis in first postoperative week, and two renographic criteria—the time to peak activity and the time to one-half peak activity on postoperative day 5. Long-term outcomes were evaluated by serum creatinine at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months and 2 and 3 years, creatinine clearance at 1 year, and patient and allograft survival. Results Donor and recipient age, sex, body mass index, and number of HLA mismatches did not differ between the two groups. The mean operating room time and blood loss were comparable. No differences were found in the early functional parameters (renography, creatinine at postoperative day 1 and 5, or dialysis in week 1) or long-term outcome (patient and graft survival, creatinine, and rejection at 1 year and patient and graft survival at 1, 2, and 3 years). Conclusions Early recovery of graft function, longer term renal function, and 3-year patient and allograft survival are similar for live donor kidneys obtained by either a laparoscopic or an open surgical technique.
Variation in Susceptibility of Field Strains of Three Stored Grain Insect Species to Spinosad and Chlorpyrifos-Methyl Plus Deltamethrin on Hard Red Winter Wheat

ABSTRACT Spinosad and chlorpyrifos-methyl plus deltamethrin efficacy at labeled rates on hard red winter wheat were evaluated against 11 field strains of the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst); six strains of the sawtoothed grain beetle, Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.); and two strains of the lesser grain borer, Rhyzopedha dominica (F.), collected mostly from farm-stored grain in Kansas. Adults were exposed to wheat treated with spinosad at 1 mg(active ingredient)/kg or chlorpyrifosmethyl plus deltamethrin at three plus 0.5 mg(active ingredient) /kg. Adult mortality was assessed after 7 and 14 d and progeny production after 42 d. Spinosad did not provide complete mortality or progeny suppression of T. castaneum and O. surinamensis field strains, but was effective against R. dominica strains. Chlorpyrifos-methyl plus deltamethrin produced complete mortality and progeny suppression of field strains all three species. The two least susceptible T. castaneum and O. surinamensis strains and the two R...
Enzyme patterns in the study of leptospira.

Abstract An analysis of intracellular and extracellular leptospiral enzymes was made by use of starch-gel electrophoresis with natural and synthetic substrates. Of 37 serotypes examined for extracellular exterase, all had activity of varying mobility and degree. All extracellular preparations were negative for catalase, phosphatase, and naphthylamidase. Intracellularly, five serotypes were examined, including Leptospira biflexa Patoc I, L. biflexa Waz, L. canicola Moulton, L. icterohaemorrhagiae RGA, and L. pomona S91. Among the enzymes detected by this electrophoretic technique were transaminase and catalase, confirming the results of previous investigators. Further, other enzymes heretofore unreported have been detected. These include esterases, phosphatases, lactic, malic, glutamic, succinic, α-glycerophosphate, and 6-phosphogluconic dehydrogenases, and a naphthylamidase. The presence of these enzymes suggests the existence of tricarboxylic acid, glycolytic, and pentose-related pathways in Leptospira. In addition, enzyme patterns show promise in leptospiral classification.
Specification and analysis of real-time problem solvers

The authors provide a method for the specification of real-time artificial intelligence (AI) problem solvers. Using this method, a formal specification of a real-time problem is presented. In addition, a method for analyzing real-time AI problem solvers is examined using a case study of two real-time problem solvers, namely DYNORAII and RTA* for the real-time path planning problem. New results on worst-case and average-case complexity of the problem, and of the algorithms that solve it, and an experimental evaluation of DYNORAII and RTA* for deadline compliance and response-time minimization are provided. >
Seismological aspects of the CANNIKIN nuclear explosion

abstract Predicted and postshot geological and geophysical factors associated with the large underground nuclear detonation CANNIKIN are presented. An average m b magnitude of 7.02 and an M s magnitude of 5.74 were determined from 56 stations of the WWSSN and Canadian seismograph networks. No change was detected in the naturally occurring pattern of earthquakes recorded at regional and teleseismic distances to indicate that the shot affected natural seismicity other than at close distances. A complex group of waves with mixed Love- and Rayleigh-type motion was observed in latter parts of the surface-wave train recorded at stations across Canada and the United States, which could possibly be associated with an earthquake occurring several minutes after the shot. Surface-wave magnitudes computed for the Love-type motion were smaller than the magnitudes computed from maximum surface-wave amplitudes.
A strong converse in source coding for super-source networks

We prove a strong converse for a class of source coding problems. In each member of this class, there is one node that has access to all of the source sequences. This node has a direct link to every other node that can observe one or more source sequences. Source sequences are drawn i.i.d. according to a given distribution on a finite alphabet. The distortion measure is finite. The strong converse discussed here states that if a given rate vector R is not D-achievable, then for any sequence of block codes at rate R the probability of observing distortion no greater than D decreases exponentially to 0 as the code dimension grows without bound. The result can be applied to prove the strong converse for the Gray-Wyner problem and the multiple description problem.
Impacts of future climate change and effects of biogenic emissions on surface ozone and particulate matter concentrations in the United States

Simulations of present and future average regional ozone and PM2.5 concentrations over the United States were performed to investigate the potential impacts of global cli- mate change and emissions on regional air quality using CMAQ. Various emissions and climate conditions with dif- ferent biogenic emissions and domain resolutions were im- plemented to study the sensitivity of future air quality trends from the impacts of changing biogenic emissions. A com- parison of GEOS-Chem and CMAQ was performed to in- vestigate the effect of downscaling on the prediction of fu- ture air quality trends. For ozone, the impacts of global cli- mate change are relatively smaller when compared to the im- pacts of anticipated future emissions reduction, except for the Northeast area, where increasing biogenic emissions due to climate change have stronger positive effects (increases) to the regional ozone air quality. The combination effect from both climate change and emission reductions leads to approx- imately a 10 % or 5 ppbv decrease of the maximum daily average eight-hour ozone (MDA8) over the Eastern United States. For PM2.5, the impacts of global climate change have shown insignificant effect, where as the impacts of an- ticipated future emissions reduction account for the major- ity of overall PM2.5 reductions. The annual average 24-h PM2.5 of the future-year condition was found to be about 40 % lower than the one from the present-year condition, of which 60 % of its overall reductions are contributed to by the decrease of SO4 and NO3 particulate matters. Changing the biogenic emissions model increases the MDA8 ozone by about 5-10 % or 3-5 ppbv in the Northeast area. Conversely, it reduces the annual average PM2.5 by 5 % or 1.0 µg m 3 in the Southeast region.
Las implicaciones empíricas de los modelos teóricos (IEMT). Un marco de referencia para la unificación metodológica

We provide a framework for the empirical implications of theoretical models (eitm) initiative. The objective of eitm is to encourage political and social scientists to test empirical models that are directly connected to a formal model. As scholars merge formal and empirical analysis they minimize non-falsifiable research practices and lay the foundation for social scientific cumulation. Our eitm framework involves three steps. The first step is for researchers to unify theoretical mechanisms and applied statistical concepts. Step two is to develop measurable devices (“analogues”) for these mechanisms and concepts. The final step is to unify the analogues. The significance of the eitm framework is that it encourages scholars to use a set of plausible facts or axioms and then model them in a rigorous mathematical manner to identify causal relations that explain empirical regularities.
CEO Inside Debt Incentives and Corporate Tax Policy

This paper examines the relation between CEO inside debt holdings (pension benefits and deferred compensation) and corporate tax avoidance. Because inside debt holdings are generally unsecured and unfunded liabilities of the firm, CEOs are exposed to risk similar to that faced by outside creditors. As such, theory suggests that inside debt holdings negatively impact CEO risk-appetite. To the extent that aggressive tax policies involve significant cash flow shortfalls, high cash flow volatility, and losses in firm and CEO reputation in the future, we expect that inside debt holdings will curb CEOs from engaging in risky tax strategies. Consistent with the prediction, we document a negative association between CEO inside debt holdings and tax avoidance. Overall, our results highlight the importance of investigating the implication of CEO debt-like compensation for firm tax policies.
Evaluation of OpenFlow load balancing for navy

Load balancing is critical in complex naval networks to provide reliable performance by ensuring the system is not over-loaded and by high resource utilization. Load balancing guarantees the stability of a naval ship tactical network in a distributed environment. Tactical networks are highly dynamic due to mission requirements, policies, or environment condition. There is never enough bandwidth for data-intensive military operations. Additional challenges of tactical environments are limited bandwidth, and intermittent connectivity caused by battle space condition. In this paper, we present our approach to create a benchmark to evaluate load balancing with OpenFlow protocol of SDN technology for a Navy scenario. Our results show that SDN technology offers agility and flexibility to configure, and manage the network.