cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Saddle pulmonary embolism: right ventricular strain an indicator for early surgical approach

Current mainstay treatment for pulmonary embolism (PE) includes oral anticoagulation, thrombolytic therapy, catheter embolectomy and acute surgical embolectomy. Surgical embolectomy is reserved for hemodynamically unstable patients (cardiogenic shock, cardiac arrest) and contraindication to thrombolytic therapy. We report a case of saddle PE in a young female with echocardiographic signs of right ventricular (RV) dysfunction who underwent early acute surgical embolectomy with a positive outcome. It would be beneficial to use bedside echocardiography even in hemodynamically stable patients to determine RV strain as this could act as an early indicator suggesting the escalation of therapy.
Contribution of intravestibular sensory conflict to motion sickness and dizziness in migraine disorders

Migraine is associated with enhanced motion sickness susceptibility and can cause episodic vertigo [vestibular migraine (VM)], but the mechanisms relating migraine to these vestibular symptoms remain uncertain. We tested the hypothesis that the central integration of rotational cues (from the semicircular canals) and gravitational cues (from the otolith organs) is abnormal in migraine patients. A postrotational tilt paradigm generated a conflict between canal cues (which indicate the head is rotating) and otolith cues (which indicate the head is tilted and stationary), and eye movements were measured to quantify two behaviors that are thought to minimize this conflict: suppression and reorientation of the central angular velocity signal, evidenced by attenuation ("dumping") of the vestibuloocular reflex and shifting of the rotational axis of the vestibuloocular reflex toward the earth vertical. We found that normal and migraine subjects, but not VM patients, displayed an inverse correlation between the extent of dumping and the size of the axis shift such that the net "conflict resolution" mediated through these two mechanisms approached an optimal value and that the residual sensory conflict in VM patients (but not migraine or normal subjects) correlated with motion sickness susceptibility. Our findings suggest that the brain normally controls the dynamic and spatial characteristics of central vestibular signals to minimize intravestibular sensory conflict and that this process is disrupted in VM, which may be responsible for the enhance motion intolerance and episodic vertigo that characterize this disorder.
Finance, Reform and China

By January 1857 the ‘agitation against the income tax was growing and becoming loud’.1 Cornewall Lewis warned cabinet colleagues that there was ‘nothing the country would dislike so much as keeping up high taxation’, and that it was ‘hatred of high income tax which [would] animate the people’.2 During January Cornewall Lewis required ‘extravagant’3 ministers to reduce their departmental estimates enabling him to propose a lower rate of income tax such as would ‘satisfy the House and the public’.4 Gladstone ‘was reported to be overflowing with economical venom, and Aberdeen admitted to Argyll that Graham meant to do all the mischief he could’.5 Russell’s ‘hostility to the government seem[ed] to be pretty well known’, and ‘[h]is arrival [was] regarded with apprehension’.6 In private Lord Grey declared his intention to make the Persian question ‘his great “cheval de bataille”’.7 Clarendon anxiously noted that ‘Persia, Naples and China [stood] in awful array next to each other’ promising to ‘give rise to never ending debates’.8
Further studies on depolarization release coupling in squid giant synapse.

During the past few years significant information has been accumulated concerning the physiological and biochemical properties by which presynaptic membrane depolarization leads to transmitter release in chemical synapses. The physiological aspects of this property of pre-terminals is often referred to as “depolarization-release coupling” and is known to be a function of intracellular calcium concentration at the appropriate cytosolic compartment (cf. Llinas, 1982). Most of the information relating to this aspect of synaptic transmission has come from recent studies in the squid stellate ganglia (Llinas, Steinberg and Walton, 1976–1981; Llinas, Sugimori and Simon, 1982; Charlton, Smith and Zucker, 1982; Augustine and Eckert, 1984; Augustine, Charlton and Smith, 1985a,b; Simon and Llinas, 1985; Llinas, McGuiniess, Leonard, Sugimori and Greengard, 1985) and frog and crayfish neuromuscular junctions (Mallart and Martin, 1967; Dudel 1983 a,b; Parnas et al., 1984). Among these the squid giant synapse continues to be a most useful preparation, particularly when studying those aspects of the release function which require injections of materials into the presynaptic terminal or the direct measurement of the presynaptic Ca. In this paper we would like to address three main issues, (i) the effects of direct injection of Ca ions into the presynaptic terminal on transmitter release, (ii) voltage dependence of Ca-dependent release, and (iii) the temperature dependence of transmitter release.
A Narrative-Relational Approach to the Problem of Evil and the Suffering it Engenders

Susan Nelson (2003) offered a helpful synopsis of the common ways theologians and others have explored the problem of evil; her five paradigms concerning the problem of evil are helpful tools in teaching theodicy and tragedy. Each paradigm explains different points of view on the problem of evil. While her work provides descriptive and critical approaches to each paradigm, it lacks a dynamic method of interacting with these paradigms in practical theological terms. In this article, I propose utilizing a multi-lens approach that underscores the collective, communal and local, and personal lenses that influence our interpretations of evil and suffering, helping both care-giver and care-seeker connect to the impact of complex multi-layered narratives. Grounded in process-relational theology, narrative theories of identity and therapy, and intercultural pastoral care, this approach describes a tool for assessment and reflection on our own beliefs about the problem of evil so that we might be present to anothe...
Other Applications of the HSAB Principle

A number of HSAB-pertinent organochemical subjects which have not been discussed in the previous chapters will now be considered. Again the selection of topics is arbitrary, illustrative rather than comprehensive. Some notable exceptions to the HSAB principle are also presented.
Paradise unplugged: identifying barriers for female participation on stack overflow

It is no secret that females engage less in programming fields than males. However, in online communities, such as Stack Overflow, this gender gap is even more extreme: only 5.8% of contributors are female. In this paper, we use a mixed-methods approach to identify contribution barriers females face in online communities. Through 22 semi-structured interviews with a spectrum of female users ranging from non-contributors to a top 100 ranked user of all time, we identified 14 barriers preventing them from contributing to Stack Overflow. We then conducted a survey with 1470 female and male developers to confirm which barriers are gender related or general problems for everyone. Females ranked five barriers significantly higher than males. A few of these include doubts in the level of expertise needed to contribute, feeling overwhelmed when competing with a large number of users, and limited awareness of site features. Still, there were other barriers that equally impacted all Stack Overflow users or affected particular groups, such as industry programmers. Finally, we describe several implications that may encourage increased participation in the Stack Overflow community across genders and other demographics.
Supervision Experiences of Rural School Counselors

This qualitative study explored the needs of professional school counselors and school counselor interns located in rural areas with regard to clinical supervision, consultation, and professional growth. Four separate focus groups (n=21) were conducted. To allow for consistency across focus groups, a series of six structured interview questions were used. Results of the data analysis revealed six themes which included unique issues of rural school counselors, dynamics of rural living, supervision from school administrators, supporting development through technology, desire for increased connection through supervision, and the identification of roles and responsibilities. Implications of this study indicate a crucial need to increase supervision training opportunities for current school counselors and interns. Technology and active participation with professional organizations may provide a platform for rural school counselors to receive supervision training and offer increased professional connection to solidify their counseling identity.
Selective Clearance of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Cells in Vivo Following Treatment with UC99961, an Anti-ROR1 Monoclonal Antibody

Abstract 3886 ROR1 is a receptor-tyrosine kinase like protein expressed on the surface of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) B cells, but not on normal mature B cells, suggesting that it may be a promising therapeutic target. We have generated a chimeric monoclonal antibody (mAb), UC99961, which binds to an intradomain epitope of human ROR1 (hROR1). UC99961 binds the same epitope as the murine anti-hROR1 mAb, UC D10–001, which has direct cytotoxic effects on hROR1 positive CLL cells. In this study we investigated the in-vivo anti-leukemic activity and tolerability of UC99961 on ROR1 + primary patient CLL cells and human cord-blood-derived B cells and T cells, respectively. For these studies, immunodeficient RAG2 −/− γ c −/− neonatal mice were reconstituted with a human immune system by intrahepatic xenotransplantation of 1×10 5 CD34 + human cord blood progenitor cells. Eight to ten weeks post transplantation, cord blood engraftment was verified by peripheral blood screening, at which point the mice received an intraperitoneal transplantation of 2×10 7 primary patient ROR1 + CLL cells. Twenty-four hours after CLL transplantation, five animals per group were each treated with a single intraperitoneal injection (10mg/kg) of UC99961, UC D10–001, or control IgG. Seven days following mAb treatment, the animals were sacrificed and marrow, spleen, thymus, and peritoneal lavage samples were collected and analyzed by flow cytometry for CLL cells, as well as normal cord-blood-derived B cells and T cells. To confirm mAb administration according to the study design, serial residual ROR1 plasma antibody levels were determined by ELISA. Results from three consecutive experiments using leukemia cells from two different patients showed that the vast majority of CLL B cells remained in the peritoneal cavity of the animals and did not migrate to other hematopoietic organs. Both anti-hROR1 mAbs UC99961 and UC D10–001 significantly reduced the average number of harvested CLL cells in the peritoneal lavage compared to control IgG (99% and 71% reduction respectively), while cord-blood-derived T cells (CD45 + 3 + ) in thymus remained unaffected by the mAb treatment. For the majority of cord-blood-derived B cells in marrow and spleen, no significant reduction could be observed after UC99961 or UC D10–001 mAb treatment. A small CD19 + ROR1 + CD34 − cord-blood-derived B cell population was identified in marrow and spleen that was reduced after UC99961 and UC D10–001 mAb treatment. This study demonstrates that the anti-human ROR1 specific mAbs have in vivo anti-leukemic activity with minimal impact on human cord-blood-derived B cells and T cells. From these results, UC99961 appears to be an excellent candidate antibody for future clinical studies for patients with CLL. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Autopedophilia: Erotic-Target Identity Inversions in Men Sexually Attracted to Children

The most salient dimension of men’s sexual orientation is gender: attraction to males versus females. A second dimension is sexual maturity: attraction to children versus adults. A less appreciated...
The Bellman Functions and Sharp Weighted Inequalities for Square Functions

We give a sharp estimate of the norm of the S-functions on L 2 (w) in terms of the A 2 “norm” of w.
Antennal and Behavioral Responses of Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois) (Heteroptera: Miridae) to Metathoracic Scent Gland Compounds

Hexyl and (E)-2-hexenyl butyrates and (E)-4-oxo-2-hexenal are major components of the metathoracic scent gland (MSG) secretion and aeration samples of many plant bugs (Miridae), including the tarni...
Explainable data-driven modeling of patient satisfaction survey data

In the personalized patient-centered healthcare, self-reported patient satisfaction survey data plays an important role. Given the patient survey data, it is necessary to identify the drivers of patient satisfaction and explain them so that such patterns can be used in future as well as necessary corrective actions can be taken. In healthcare, both accuracy and interpretability are important criteria for choosing a reliable predictive model for analyzing patient data. Usually, complex models such as Random Forest, neural networks can achieve high prediction accuracy but lack necessary interpretation to their prediction results. In this paper, we address this problem by proposing a local explanation method to interpret complex model prediction results. First, we build a predictive model using Random Forest to fit the patient satisfaction data. Second, we utilize local explanation method to provide insights into the Random Forest prediction results so as to discover true reasons behind patient experiences and overall ratings. Specifically, our approach allows us to interpret patient's overall rating of a hospital at the individual level, and find out the set of the most influential factors for each patient. We focus on all unhappy patients to investigate the top reasons for patient dissatisfaction. Our approach and findings will help to establish guidelines for a quality healthcare.
Enlarging the Pie vs. Increasing One's Slice: An Analysis of the Relationship Between Generic and Brand Advertising

Generic advertising promotes the general qualities of a product category and, therefore, benefits all firms—regardless of who has contributed to the campaign (e.g. “Got Milk?”). Such campaigns are organized either by independent contributions by industry members or through government legislation. In this paper, we study the relationship between brand and generic advertising in these two cases. In the independent-contribution case, a free-riding or cheap-riding generic advertising equilibrium is predicted. Interestingly, in the free-riding equilibrium, we show that dominant firms in industries should be indifferent to free riding by lesser firms. They should incur the entire industry advertising expense and be better for it. In the cheap-riding equilibrium, a group of equally dominant firms foot the bill. In the government-sponsored case, we establish that industry spending on generic advertising is greater. But, we find that there is an increase in total spending on brand advertising as well.
Enhancing distance learning using quality digital libraries and CITIDEL

The past ten years have demonstrated an insurgence and explosive growth of digital libraries. This paper shows how the National Science Foundation STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) Education Digital Library (NSDL) initiative can be useful to teachers and students engaged in distance learning and education. It will also explore how the computing component of NSDL can be a vital tool for the study of computing.
Development of Cerebral Lateralization in Children

Lateral asymmetry prevails at levels of organization that range from subatomic particles to the human body and brain. At the subatomic level, asymmetry (‘‘chirality’’) seems to be the default option (Hegstrom & Kondepudi, 1990). In nature, bilateral symmetry appears in response to species-specific selection pressures, not because there is something ideal about symmetry, as has been held since classical times. That functional representation in the brain is bisymmetric was taken for granted, until Paul Broca finally overcame this strong bias as recalcitrant unilateral data from his aphasic hemisphere-damaged patients kept appearing. In 1862, he reluctantly acknowledged in public that although speech is located in the anterior cerebrum, as the phrenologists had claimed, it is represented in the front left, rather than equally on both sides. From then on, another equally unexamined assumption was substituted. It credited the left hemisphere with being the unique peak of the brain’s functional hierarchy. It seemed obvious that there had to be a leading hemisphere. The left hemisphere was considered major or dominant. The right, minor or subdominant, hemisphere was like the left, at the ‘‘animal’’ level, but unlike the left, it was devoid of those capabilities, like language, that elevate humans over animals. So while anatomical bisymmetry had to be abandoned, it took another century and much cultural change before Oliver Zangwill and his colleagues overthrew functional hierarchy in the late 1940s and early 1950s and established the current understanding that specialization is complementary between the hemispheres (Kinsbourne, 1982, 2000). Whether asymmetries at the lower levels of organization interact to generate asymmetries at the higher levels is unknown. However, the above sequence of historical events puts us on notice that, counterintuitively, both in evolution and in development, asymmetry may be the base state or default option, and bisymmetry the design characteristic that needs additional explanation. More generally, in view of the fiercely defended but baseless premises mentioned above, we might wonder, ‘‘Does the current Zeitgeist, in turn, blind us to still more promising ways of conceiving cerebral function?’’ (Kinsbourne, 2000).
Biomechanical Analysis of Reach and Grasp

Summary Reach to grasp function requires coordinated motion and strength of the upper extremities. Interaction between the three-dimensional motion of the shoulder complex and the elbow joint involved in reach function is analyzed based on kinematic principles. The biomechanical factors influencing grasp strength are examined.
Adapting pair programming pedagogy for use in computer literacy courses

Pair programming is a key component of the Extreme Programming (XP) software development methodology and involves two programmers working at the same workstation to create code. Pair programming pedagogy, based on this approach of sharing a workstation, has proven to be successful in teaching programming to undergraduate students. The tasks assigned to students in computer literacy courses differ significantly from the task of developing a program: the former have students develop predefined products using commercial applications by following step-by-step instructions whereas the latter have students apply problem solving skills to design and develop a unique solution. Because the types of tasks differ, pair programming pedagogy must be adapted prior to use in computer literacy courses. Pair programming pedagogy is a recent and specific application of the older and more general collaborative learning. Therefore, the critical attributes of successful collaborative learning approaches are used to structure this adaptation of pair programming pedagogy.
Simulation of SOA formation from the photooxidation of monoalkylbenzenes in the presence of aqueous aerosols containing electrolytes under various NO x levels

Abstract. The formation of secondary organic aerosols (SOAs) from the photooxidation of three monoalkylbenzenes (toluene, ethylbenzene, and n -propylbenzene) in the presence of inorganic seeds ( SO 4 2 - – NH 4 + – H2O system) under varying NOx levels has been simulated using the Unified Partitioning Aerosol Phase Reaction (UNIPAR) model. The evolution of the volatility–reactivity distribution (mass-based stoichiometric coefficient, αi ) of oxygenated products, which were created by the near-explicit gas kinetic mechanism, was integrated with the model using the parameters linked to the concentrations of HO2 and RO2 radicals. This dynamic distribution was used to estimate the model parameters related to the thermodynamic constants of the products in multiple phases (e.g., the gas phase, organic phase, and inorganic phase) and the reaction rate constants in the aerosol phase. The SOA mass was predicted through the partitioning and aerosol chemistry processes of the oxygenated products in both the organic phase and aqueous solution containing electrolytes, with the assumption of organic–inorganic phase separation. The prediction of the time series SOA mass (12 h), against the aerosol data obtained from an outdoor photochemical smog chamber, was improved by the dynamic αi set compared to the prediction using the fixed αi set. Overall, the effect of an aqueous phase containing electrolytes on SOA yields was more important than that of the NOx level under our simulated conditions or the utilization of the age-driven αi set. Regardless of the NOx conditions, the SOA yields for the three aromatics were significantly higher in the presence of wet electrolytic seeds than those obtained with dry seeds or no seed. When increasing the NOx level, the fraction of organic matter (OM) produced by aqueous reactions to the total OM increased due to the increased formation of relatively volatile organic nitrates and peroxyacyl-nitrate-like products. The predicted partitioning mass fraction increased as the alkyl chain length increased but the organic mass produced via aerosol-phase reactions decreased due to the increased activity coefficient of the organic compounds containing longer alkyl chains. Overall, the lower mass-based SOA yield was seen in the longer alkyl-substituted benzene in both the presence and absence of inorganic-seeded aerosols. However, the difference of mole-based SOA yields of three monoalkylbenzenes becomes small because the highly reactive organic species (i.e., glyoxal) mainly originates from ring opening products without an alkyl side chain. UNIPAR predicted the conversion of hydrophilic, acidic sulfur species to non-electrolytic dialkyl organosulfate (diOS) in the aerosol. Thus, the model predicted the impact of diOS on both hygroscopicity and acidity, which subsequently influenced aerosol growth via aqueous reactions.
Supplemental Phonological Awareness and Phonics Instruction for Spanish-Speaking English Learners: Implications for School Psychologists

Increasingly, school psychologists are providing services for English learners (ELs) with basic reading problems, including helping to identify appropriate supplemental instruction to help ELs acquire basic reading skills. The purpose of this paper is to present a review of experimental and quasi-experimental studies reporting on the effects of supplemental phonological awareness and phonics instruction on K-12 Spanish-speaking ELs’ reading performance. We identified ten original studies that met our inclusion criteria. Five of these studies included PA and/or phonics interventions delivered in English, and five in either Spanish or a combination of Spanish and English. Overall, we summarized supplemental phonological awareness and phonics instruction was effective for helping Spanish-speaking ELs make gains in decoding and reading performance. Several studies reported Spanish-speaking ELs who received supplemental instruction outperformed Spanish-speaking ELs who received business as usual instruction on decoding and reading outcome variables. Descriptions of the supplemental phonological awareness and phonics instruction are provided along with directions for future research and implications for practice.
Inherency of Form and Function in Animal Development and Evolution.

I discuss recent work on the origins of morphology and cell-type diversification in Metazoa – collectively the animals – and propose a scenario for how these two properties became integrated, with the help of a third set of processes, cellular pattern formation, into the developmental programs seen in present-day metazoans. Inherent propensities to generate familiar forms and cell types, in essence a parts kit for the animals, are exhibited by present-day organisms and were likely more prominent in primitive ones. The structural motifs of animal bodies and organs, e.g., multilayered, hollow, elongated and segmented tissues, internal and external appendages, branched tubes and modular endoskeletons, can be accounted for by the properties of mesoscale masses of metazoan cells. These material properties, in turn, resulted from the recruitment of “generic” physical forces and mechanisms – adhesion, contraction, polarity, chemical oscillation, diffusion – by toolkit molecules that were partly conserved from unicellular holozoan antecedents and partly novel, distributed in the different metazoan phyla in a fashion correlated with morphological complexity. The specialized functions of the terminally differentiated cell types in animals, e.g., contraction, excitability, barrier function, detoxification, excretion, were already present in ancestral unicellular organisms. These functions were implemented in metazoan differentiation in some cases using the same transcription factors as in single-celled ancestors, although controlled by regulatory mechanisms that were hybrids between earlier-evolved processes and regulatory innovations, such as enhancers. Cellular pattern formation, mediated by released morphogens interacting with biochemically responsive and excitable tissues, drew on inherent self-organizing processes in proto-metazoans to transform clusters of holozoan cells into animal embryos and organs.
Structural Thermodynamic Study of the Binding of Renin Inhibitors to Endothiapepsin

A key element in any structure-based molecular design strategy is the capability of predicting the energetics of a putative interaction from structural considerations. We have recently introduced1 an empirical parametrization relating the structural changes induced upon formation of the complex and the energetics characterizing the binding process (ΔG, ΔH, ΔS and ΔCp), and applied it to the thermodynamic description of the binding of pepstatin A to the aspartic proteinase endothiapepsin. This study has permitted the dissection of the various enthalpic and entropic contributions to the overall free energy change upon binding and the identification of the forces driving the binding reaction. Moreover, the structure-based thermodynamic calculations allowed the estimation of the contribution of each residue to the total free energy of binding, identifying those regions of the protein and the inhibitor that contribute the most to the Gibbs free energy.
A quest for the structure of intra- and postoperative surgical team networks: does the small-world property evolve over time?

We examined the structure of intra- and postoperative case-collaboration networks among the surgical service providers in a quaternary-care academic medical center, using retrospective electronic medical record (EMR) data. We also analyzed the evolution of the network properties over time, as changes in nodes and edges can affect the network structure. We used de-identified intra- and postoperative data for adult patients, ages ≥ 21, who received nonambulatory/nonobstetric surgery at Shands at the University of Florida between June 1, 2011 and November 1, 2014. The intraoperative segment contained 30,245 surgical cases, and the postoperative segment considered 30,202 hospitalizations. Our results confirmed the existence of small-world structure in both intra- and postoperative surgical team networks. In addition, high network density was observed in the intraoperative segment and partially in postoperative one, representing the existence of cohesive clusters of providers. We also observed that the small-world property is exhibited more in the intraoperative compared to the postoperative network. Analyzing the temporal aspects of the networks revealed that the postoperative segment tends to lose its cohesiveness as time passes. Finally, we observed the small-world structure is negatively related to patients’ outcome in both intra- and postoperative networks whereas the relation between the outcome and network density is positive. Small changes in graph-theoretic properties of the intra- and postoperative networks cause changes in the intensity of the structural properties. However, due to the special characteristics of the examined networks (e.g., high interconnectivity, team oriented), the network is less likely to lose its structural properties unless the central hubs are removed. Our results highlight the importance of stability of personnel in key positions. This highlights the important role of the central players in the network that offers change leaders the opportunity to quantify and target those nodes as mediators of process change.
Tribological performance of graphite-filled polyimide and PTFE composites in oil-lubricated three-body abrasive conditions

Abstract Graphite filled polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and polyimide (PI) composites were tested against tool steel under nominal contact pressure of 6.32 MPa and sliding speed of 1.91 m/s in clean ISO 46 lubricant, and also contaminated lubricant with 4200 ppm of silica sand. Pin-on-disk test results show higher friction and wear of the tribopair in the contaminated condition. Micromechanical properties of the bulk polymers were measured using nanoindentation technique, and softening of the material at elevated temperatures was measured. SEM analysis of the contacting surfaces before and after testing showed abrasive wear as the dominant wear mechanism, and microcutting was a less pronounced wear mechanism in the case of PI composite in contaminated test condition. EDS analysis showed that there was no film transfer from polymers to the countersurface, however it indicated higher oxidation on the wear track of the steel disk slid against PI. Particle embedding in the polymer was shown by EDS and is the reason for scratches seen on the steel disk wear tracks. Both polymers are found to be suitable materials from a tribological standpoint for bearing pad applications.
The SEPA Grant-Writing Program: Regional Transformation Through Engaged Service Learning

This article describes the Social Entrepreneurship for Poverty Alleviation (SEPA) grant-writing program at Austin College. The SEPA program provides a service-learning experience in which students spend a summer writing grants with local nonprofit agencies. In the hope that others might choose to emulate our efforts, what follows is a detailed overview of SEPA’s founding and operation. Also included is a three-part assessment of the program focused on student learning, grant-writing outcomes, and the role the program plays in building bridges between the college and its surrounding region.
Sleep, brain development, and autism spectrum disorders: Insights from animal models

Sleep is an evolutionarily conserved and powerful drive, although its complete functions are still unknown. One possible function of sleep is that it promotes brain development. The amount of sleep is greatest during ages when the brain is rapidly developing, and sleep has been shown to influence critical period plasticity. This supports a role for sleep in brain development and suggests that abnormal sleep in early life may lead to abnormal development. Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is the most prevalent neurodevelopmental disorder in the United States. It is estimated that insomnia affects 44%-86% of the ASD population, predicting the severity of ASD core symptoms and associated behavioral problems. Sleep problems impact the quality of life of both ASD individuals and their caregivers, thus it is important to understand why they are so prevalent. In this review, we explore the role of sleep in early life as a causal factor in ASD. First, we review fundamental steps in mammalian sleep ontogeny and regulation and how sleep influences brain development. Next, we summarize current knowledge gained from studying sleep in animal models of ASD. Ultimately, our goal is to highlight the importance of understanding the role of sleep in brain development and the use of animal models to provide mechanistic insight into the origin of sleep problems in ASD.
Pseudocirrhosis in Chronic Budd Chiari Syndrome With Janus Tyrosine Kinase 2 (JAK2) Mutation.

Budd-Chiari syndrome (BCS) occurs when there is hepatic venous outflow obstruction. Chronic BCS may result in liver cirrhosis due to long-standing obstruction and tend to present late. We present the first case of BCS secondary to Janus tyrosine kinase 2 (JAK2) mutation resulting in "pseudocirrhosis" rather than cirrhosis of the liver. Pseudocirrhosis clinically and radiologically mimics cirrhosis without the classical histopathological changes, and it is usually associated with metastatic cancers.
State-of-the-Art Management of Hyperphosphatemia in Patients With CKD: An NKF-KDOQI Controversies Perspective

Phosphate binders are among the most common medications prescribed to patients with kidney failure receiving dialysis and are often used in advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD). In patients with CKD glomerular filtration rate category 3a (G3a) or worse, including those with kidney failure who are receiving dialysis, clinical practice guidelines suggest "lowering elevated phosphate levels towards the normal range" with possible strategies including dietary phosphate restriction or use of binders. Additionally, guidelines suggest restricting the use of oral elemental calcium often contained in phosphate binders. Nutrition guidelines in CKD suggest<800-1,000mg of calcium daily, whereas CKD bone and mineral disorder guidelines do not provide clear targets, but<1,500mg in maintenance dialysis patients has been previously recommended. Many different classes of phosphate binders are now available and clinical trials have not definitively demonstrated the superiority of any class of phosphate binders over another with regard to clinical outcomes. Use of phosphate binders contributes substantially to patients' pill burden and out-of-pocket costs, and many have side effects. This has led to uncertainty regarding the use and best choice of phosphate binders for patients with CKD or kidney failure. In this controversies perspective, we discuss the evidence base around binder use in CKD and kidney failure with a focus on comparisons of available binders.
Sport and the Coronavirus Crisis Special Issue: An Introduction

This special issue presents 30 commentaries and 3 industry interviews all providing a wide understanding of how the COVID-19 pandemic has impacted the sport industry all throughout the world These commentaries examine the varied aspects of the sport industry, including topics in communication, marketing, management, coaching, media, public relations, gender, and governance
Decarceration and Default Mental States

This Essay, presented at “Guilty Minds: A Virtual Conference on Mens Rea and Criminal Justice Reform” at ASU’s Sandra Day O’Connor College of Law, examines the politics of federal mens rea reform legislation. I argue that current mens rea policy debates reflect an overly narrow vision of criminal justice reform. Therefore, I suggest an alternative frame through which to view mens rea reform efforts—a frame that resonates with radical structural critiques that have gained ground among activists and academics. Common arguments for and against mens rea reform reflect a belief that the problem with the criminal system is one of miscalibration: To the reform proponents, criminal law, incarceration, and the institutions of the U.S. criminal system are necessary for dealing with “real criminals,” but overcriminalization, strict liability crimes, and sloppily drafted statutes cause undeserving and “otherwise law-abiding” people to suffer. To reform opponents, the criminal system might be flawed (see, e.g., the War on Drugs, racial disparities, police violence, etc.), but that doesn’t mean it is illegitimate or without important uses. The brutalities of the system’s treatment of marginalized people don’t indicate an irredeemable system; rather, prosecutors could right the balance by shifting their attention to the wealthy and “white collar” offenders, and lawmakers and judges could grease the wheels of these prosecutions by reducing the burden on prosecutors to prove mens rea elements. Arguments from opponents and proponents offer little to commentators who see the problems with the criminal system as deeper or more intractable—problems of structure, rather than scope. Ultimately, therefore, I offer a different frame for mens rea reform and for understanding the stakes of the debate that might resonate with more radical critics. I suggest that mens rea reform can be analogized to the rule of lenity and the libertarian or anti-statist aspects of the Bill of Rights—these rules are not solely focused on sorting the guilty and the innocent; rather, I suggest, they can be viewed as “anti-criminalization” rules, directives to put a thumb on the scale in favor of defendants and against the state, state violence, and criminal punishment. Framed in this way, I argue that mens rea reform should be appealing to commentators concerned about mass incarceration, state violence, and the sweeping reach of criminal law and its enforcement. Perhaps more provocatively, I also argue that mens rea reform could be understood as consistent with more radical calls for abolition or dismantling of the carceral state.
Four-Dimensional High-Resolution Automotive Radar Imaging Exploiting Joint Sparse-Frequency and Sparse-Array Design

We propose a novel automotive radar imaging technique to provide high-resolution information in four dimensions, i.e., range, Doppler, azimuth, and elevation, by exploiting a joint sparsity design in frequency spectrum and array configurations. Random sparse step-frequency waveform is proposed to synthesize a large effective bandwidth and achieve high range resolution profiles. This concept is extended to multi-input multi-output (MIMO) radar by applying phase codes along the slow time to synthesize a two-dimensional (2D) sparse array with a high number of virtual array elements which enable high-resolution direction finding in both azimuth and elevation. The 2D sparse array acts as a sub-Nyquist sampler of the corresponding uniform rectangular array (URA), and the corresponding URA response is recovered by completing a low-rank block Hankel matrix. The proposed imaging radar provides point clouds with a resolution comparable to light detection and ranging (LiDAR) but with a much lower cost and is insensitive to weather conditions.
Commercial Knowledge Transfers from Universities to Firms: Improving the Effectiveness of University-Industry Collaboration

American universities were criticized in the 1970s for not getting new technologies into the private sector more quickly. Through legislation over the years, this process has been expedited by removing legal barriers. This study is an analysis of the university-industry transfer (UITT) process based on 98 interviews of key stakeholders at five universities in two regions of the United States. The stakeholders included university administrators, academic and industry scientists, business managers, and entrepreneurs. Through qualitative methods of research, barriers to UITT were identified and included cultural differences, inflexible bureaucrats, ill-designed systems of reward, and the poor management of university technology transfer offices (TTOs). Findings of the study provide recommendations for improving the UITT process. (JSD)
Fish Spawning Aggregations in the Southeast Florida Coral Reef Ecosystem Conservation Area: A Case Study Synthesis of User Reports, Literature, and Field Validation Efforts

The formation of fish spawning aggregations (FSAs) is an essential part of the life history of many economically important fish species; however, their status are often poorly described in the literature either due to their occurrence in remote locations, during seasons with unsafe ocean conditions, or because they move on space and time scales that are difficult to predict and validate. Even in areas that are relatively accessible and heavily fished, such as southeast Florida, regionally relevant information describing FSA dynamics is generally absent from the literature and unaccounted for in existing management plans. We propose that this can be attributed to the fact that information is often held by stakeholders or found in unpublished manuscripts and reports. These sources are not widely disseminated and are therefore difficult to locate and integrate into fisheries management decisions. In this paper, we present a case study demonstrating the value of regional data syntheses as a tool to improve management activities in southeast Florida. Specifically, we engaged with local stakeholders to collect reports of FSA occurrence, and used Web of Science queries to collate information describing the reproductive dynamics of locally occurring snapper and grouper species. Reports were combined with regional FSA literature and provided to managers as a support tool to anticipate FSA occurrence, and to guide policy development and future FSA research. Resource users identified 13 potential aggregations from five species, but Web of Science queries revealed a paucity of information. Echosounder, camera, and fisheries dependent surveys were then used to corroborate reportedly active cubera snapper (Lutjanus cyanopterus), hogfish (Lachnolaimus maximus), and gag grouper (Mycteroperca microlepis) aggregations. Variability in the spatiotemporal aspects of FSA occurrence make them difficult to study, but this may also explain how certain species have avoided detrimental impacts from aggregation fishing. These data represent a first step towards describing FSAs that have historically occurred in the Southeast Florida Coral Reef Ecosystem Conservation Area and can be used by managers to prioritize future research efforts focused on species or hotspots of multispecies activity along the northern extent of the Florida Reef Tract.
Analysis of crystallization during rewarming in suboptimal vitrification conditions: a semi-empirical approach.

Abstract Circumventing ice formation is critical to successful cryopreservation by vitrification of large organs. While ice formation during the cooling part of the cryogenic protocol is dictated by the evolving thermal conditions, ice formation during the rewarming part of the cryogenic protocol is also dependent on the history of cooling and storage conditions. Furthermore, while the exothermic effect of ice crystallization during cooling tends to adversely slow down the desired high cooling rates to ensure ice-free preservation, the same effect under some conditions tends to assist acceleration of rewarming during recovery of the specimen from cryogenic storage when limited crystallization does occur. The current study proposes a computational framework to study the thermal effects of crystallization during recovery from cryogenic storage, using a semi-empirical approach to account for the relationship between latent heat effects and the rewarming rate. This study adds another layer of computational capabilities to a recent study investigating similar effects during cooling. Results of this study demonstrate that the thermal effects of crystallization on the local cooling and rewarming rates cannot be neglected. It further explains how crystallization during rewarming helps in increasing the rewarming rate and, thereby, affects rewarming-phase crystallization. Counterintuitively, this study suggests that the fastest possible rewarming rate at the outer surface of the domain in an inwards rewarming problem is not always advantageous, while the proposed computational tool is essential to find an intermediate optimal rate.
Merkel Cell Carcinoma Analysis of Outcomes: A 30-Year Experience.

Background Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is an aggressive cutaneous malignancy with poor prognosis. Limited data exists to guide treatment decisions. Here we report on our institutional experience and outcomes treating patients with MCC.
Strategies to prevent HIV transmission among heterosexual African-American men

Background As part of qualitative research for developing a culturally sensitive and developmentally appropriate videotape-based HIV prevention intervention for heterosexual African- American men, six focus groups were conducted with thirty African-American men to determine their perceptions of AIDS as a threat to the African-American community, characteristics of past situations that have placed African Americans at risk for HIV infection, their personal high risk behaviors, and suggestions on how HIV intervention videotapes could be produced to achieve maximum levels of interest among African-American men in HIV training programs.
Culture and Practice: What We Do, Not Just Where We Are

Arguing that culture is shaped by location and practice, this essay advocates the study of common practices across virtual worlds to better understand how shared practices constitute cultures spanning multiple worlds. Connections among worlds are growing, as world designers borrow from similar influences and player bases gain experience with multiple worlds, leading to cultures potentially defined by the practices they share, rather than the worlds they inhabit.
Labile Serum Factor and Its Effect on Arbovirus Neutralization

Enhancement of neutralization of Sindbis, Venezuelan equine encephalitis, Eastern equine encephalitis, Western equine encephalitis, and St. Louis encephalitis viruses by labile serum factor (LSF) in human serum and plasma was demonstrated. Human serum and plasma could be diluted 1:8 and 1:16 and still retain some LSF activity. Satisfactory storage temperatures for retention of LSF activity were −20 or −56 C. Repeated freeze-thaw cycles of serum did not alter LSF activity, but the activity was completely eliminated by heating at 56 C for 5 min. LSF of human serum equally enhanced neutralization by Sindbis immune mouse and rabbit sera; these results suggest a lack of species specificity. Rehydrated lyophilized gunea pig complement did not restore LSF activity to heated human plasma. Serum components responsible for LSF activity were not dialyzable. Discovery of fresh serum without LSF activity established the need to pretest all sera used as LSF sources.
A new direct phase converter to power three phase induction motor from a single phase supply

In this paper, a new approach to directly convert the available single phase power to three phase power suitable for powering an induction motor load is proposed. The proposed phase converter employs four bi-directional switches which define balanced three phase voltages across the motor terminals. Voltage and frequency at the converter output is controllable to acheive variable speed operation of the motor load. The proposed approach does not employ any reactive components and hence is robust and is small in size and weight. A control strategy is proposed to maximize the gain between the output and the input terminals of the converter and also to facilitate the on-off operation of the bi-directional switch for inductive load currents. A thorough analysis of the proposed converter is presented for various load power factors along with simulations. Finally, selected results are verified experimentally on a laboratory prototype converter fed induction motor drive from a single phase supply. >