cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Deformation and oscillations of a single gas bubble rising in a narrow vertical tube

A single gas bubble rising in a narrow vertical tube is investigated via a numerical model on a 3-D axisymmetric computational domain. The transient governing equations are solved by a finite volume scheme with a two-step projection method. The interface between the liquid and gas phase is tracked by a coupled level set and volume-of-fluid (CLSVOF) method. A surface tension modeling method, which preserves the jump discontinuity of pressure at the interface, is employed. The velocity distribution around the bubble and the bubble rise velocity obtained in the numerical simulation are in excellent agreement with experimental measurements. Special attention is paid to the bubble oscillations during the initial stage of ascent. It has been found that the bubble bottom undergoes severe oscillations while the nose maintains a stable shape. A parametric study is performed to identify the factors controlling the oscillations at the bubble bottom.
Mechanisms Leading to Single Event Upset

SRAM cell recovery time following a 140 MeV Krypton strike on a Sandia SRAM is modelled using a two-dimensional transient numerical simulator and circuit code. Strikes at both n- and p-channel "off" drains are investigated. Four principle results are obtained. The recovery time after a strike is strongly dependent on the drive of the restoring transistor. A struck "off" p-channel drain-to-gate capacitive coupling has a significant effect on recovery in SRAM with feedback resistors. Recovery time is approximately linear with LET over LET in the range to 0.4 pC/?. Finally, an experimental n-channel SEU has been observed in a Sandia SRAM without feedback resistors.
Assessing Liability for Health Care Entities That Insufficiently Prepare for Catastrophic Emergencies

LAWSUITS AGAINST HOSPITALS AND OTHER HEALTH CARE entities alleging liability for patient harms are brought and settled routinely in the United States. However, the settlement by health care giant Tenet Healthcare, on the eve of trial on March 23, 2011, in Preston v Tenet Healthsystem Memorial Medical Center, falls outside the norm of routine entity liability cases. The class of plaintiffs in New Orleans alleged not just that Tenet’s emergency responses at its Memorial Medical Center during Hurricane Katrina were insufficient but that Tenet’s failure to prepare for a foreseeable emergency caused their harms. Avoiding the prospect of a negative judgment at trial, Tenet’s settlement implicates the increasing potential for health care entities to incur liability for deficiencies in emergency preparedness. It may renew demands to immunize entities from liability in future emergencies and requires a reassessment of the legal standard by which hospitals and other health care entities may be judged.
Scattering from high efficiency diffraction gratings

This paper has characterized and measured scatter from high efficiency and reflective diffraction gratings. Three major types of scatter are identified: (1) random, which occurs over 2π sr; (2) band or ghost scatter, which occurs in the plane of incidence; and (3) structured scatter, which is a symmetrical pattern repeated about each order. Measurements were taken at 10.6 μm on gratings made by ruling, ion etching, holography, or a combination of these techniques. We found that the characteristic scatter from these high efficiency gratings depends strongly on the way the gratings are fabricated.
Amide-Directed Catalytic Asymmetric Hydroboration of Trisubstituted Alkenes

Rhodium-catalyzed hydroborations of trisubstituted alkenes are generally slow and often suffer from competing alkene isomerization. In contrast, the trisubstituted alkene moieties contained within the framework of a β,γ-unsaturated amide undergo facile reaction, perhaps facilitated by carbonyl directing effects and two-point binding of the substrate to the rhodium catalyst. Stereoisomeric substrates, for example, (E)- and (Z)-3, cleanly give rise to diastereomeric products, and thus the rhodium-catalyzed reaction is stereospecific. In addition, simple TADDOL-derived phenyl monophosphite ligands in combination with Rh(nbd)2BF4 afford highly enantioselective catalysts (seven examples, 91−98% ee). These catalysts provide an alternative methodology to prepare Felkin or anti-Felkin acetate-aldol products and related derivatives that are obtainable from the intermediate chiral organoboranes.
A comparison of vertical and tilted rain-gages in estimated precipitation on Mountain watersheds

When, in hydrologic research, we need to measure the cubic volume of water precipitated on a mountain drainage-basin, conventional methods of precipitation-measurement may be open to some question. In ordinary practice, for example, a number of standard rain-gages may be installed in a watershed with their funnels in the usual horizontal plane. The depths of water caught in these gages may then be associated, by any one of several methods, with the projected (map) area of the watershed in order to calculate the total cubic volume of precipitation which fell on the watershed.
Influence of rapid fluid loading on airway structure and function in healthy humans.

Background The present study examined the influence of rapid intravenous fluid loading (RFL) on airway structure and pulmonary vascular volumes using computed tomography imaging and the subsequent impact on pulmonary function in healthy adults (n = 16).
If you've seen one magnetosphere, you haven't seen them all - Energetic particle observations in the Saturn magnetosphere

The present paper deals with a study of Saturn's magnetosphere, using data of the Pioneer 11 Cosmic ray experiment. At the orbit of Saturn, the nominal energy density of the interplanetary magnetic field and of the solar wind has decreased by 2 orders of magnitude over their value at 1 AU. The Pioneer inbound trajectory near the noon meridian and the outbound trajectory toward the dawn meridian reveal a magnetosphere which is in many aspects similar to that of the earth, but has important differences due to the imprint of Saturn's moons and rings. The magnetotail and polar regions were not observed. However, the presence of solar cosmic rays offers strong evidence for an open magnetotail configuration. The detection of energetic particles at Saturn means that 4 of the 6 planets inside 10 AU possess stable magnetospheres.
The grade conjecture and asymptotic intersection multiplicity

Given a finitely generated module $M$ over a local ring $A$ of characteristic $p$ with $\pd M < \infty$, we study the asymptotic intersection multiplicity $\chi_\infty(M, A/\underline{x})$, where $\underline{x} = (x_1, \ldots, x_r)$ is a system of parameters for $M$. We show that there exists a system of parameters such that $\chi_\infty$ is positive if and only if $\dim \Ext^{d-r}(M, A) = r$, where $d = \dim A$ and $r = \dim M$. We use this to prove several results relating to the Grade Conjecture, which states that $\grade M + \dim M = \dim A$ for any module $M$ with $\pd M < \infty$.
Mining Android app usages for generating actionable GUI-based execution scenarios

GUI-based models extracted from Android app execution traces, events, or source code can be extremely useful for challenging tasks such as the generation of scenarios or test cases. However, extracting effective models can be an expensive process. Moreover, existing approaches for automatically deriving GUI-based models are not able to generate scenarios that include events which were not observed in execution (nor event) traces. In this paper, we address these and other major challenges in our novel hybrid approach, coined as MONKEYLAB. Our approach is based on the Recorda#x2192;Minea#x2192;Generatea#x2192;Validate framework, which relies on recording app usages that yield execution (event) traces, mining those event traces and generating execution scenarios using statistical language modeling, static and dynamic analyses, and validating the resulting scenarios using an interactive execution of the app on a real device. The framework aims at mining models capable of generating feasible and fully replayable (i.e., Actionable) scenarios reflecting either natural user behavior or uncommon usages (e.g., Corner cases) for a given app. We evaluated MONKEYLAB in a case study involving several medium-to-large open-source Android apps. Our results demonstrate that MONKEYLAB is able to mine GUI-based models that can be used to generate actionable execution scenarios for both natural and unnatural sequences of events on Google Nexus 7 tablets.
Moduli of reflexive sheaves on smooth projective 3-folds

Abstract We compute the expected dimension of the moduli space of torsion-free rank 2 sheaves at a point corresponding to a stable reflexive sheaf, and give conditions for the existence of a perfect tangent-obstruction complex on a class of smooth projective threefolds; this class includes Fano and Calabi–Yau threefolds. We also explore both local and global relationships between moduli spaces of reflexive rank 2 sheaves and the Hilbert scheme of curves.
On Bayesian composite forecasting

Abstract Often decision makers have several forecasts of an uncertain and operationally relevant random variable. A rich literature now exists which argues that in this situation the decision maker should consider forming a forecast as a weighted average of each of the individual forecasts. In this paper, composite forecasting is discussed in a Bayesian context. The ability of the user to control the impact of the data on his composite weights is illustrated by an example using expert opinion forecasts of US hog prices.
Constrained multibody system dynamics: An automated approach

Abstract The governing equations for constrained multibody systems are formulated in a manner suitable for their automated, numerical development and solution. Specifically, the “closed loop” problem of multibody chain systems is addressed. The governing equations are developed by modifying dynamical equations obtained from Lagrange's form of d'Alembert's principle. This modification, which is based upon a solution of the constraint equations obtained through a “zero eigenvalues theorem,” is, in effect, a contraction of the dynamical equations. It is observed that, for a system with n generalized coordinates and m constraint equations, the coefficients in the constraint equations may be viewed as “constraint vectors” in n -dimensional space. Then, in this setting the system itself is free to move in the n − m directions which are “orthogonal” to the constraint vectors.
Postsocialist spores: Disease, bodies, and the state in the Republic of Georgia

The former Soviet Republic of Georgia has the world's highest rate of botulism—a rate over 90 times the U.S. rate. Why is Georgia disproportionately affected by this potentially fatal disease? I argue that unraveling the origins of hyperendemic botulism requires a new understanding of the state, one that sees it not only as an ensemble of actors, ideas, and objects but also as a phenomenon that creates discontiguous and variegated spaces. I trace the economic origins of botulism in Georgia to the organization of the Soviet state and the way it collapsed, examine how local ideas of purity and danger affect the range of possible solutions, and look at the ways that new kinds of state projects create isolation and disease as well as inclusion and health. [botulism, Georgia, state, epidemiology, public health, food safety, postsocialism]
GUT implications from neutrino mass

An overview is given of the experimental neutrino mixing results and types of neutrino models proposed, with special attention to the general features of various GUT models involving intra-family symmetries and horizontal flavor symmetries. Many of the features are then illustrated by a specific SO (10) SUSY GUT model formulated by S.M. Barr and the author which can explain all four types of solar neutrino mixing solutions by various choices of the right-handed Majorana mass matrix. The quantitative nature of the model's large mixing angle solution is used to compare the reaches of a neutrino super beam and a neutrino factory for determining the small U{sub e3} mixing matrix element.
Nanoconcentration of terahertz radiation in plasmonic waveguides

Here, we establish the principal limits for the nanoconcentration of the THz radiation in metal/dielectric waveguides and determine their optimum shapes required for this nanoconcentration. We predict that the adiabatic compression of THz radiation from the initial spot size of R0 ~ λ0 to the final size of R = 100 - 250 nm can be achieved with the THz radiation intensity increased by a factor of ×10 to ×250. This THz energy nanoconcentration will not only improve the spatial resolution and increase the signal/noise ratio for the THz imaging and spectroscopy, but in combination with the recently developed sources of powerful THz pulses will allow the observation of nonlinear THz effects and a carrying out a variety of nonlinear spectroscopies (such as two-dimensional spectroscopy), which are highly informative. This will find a wide spectrum of applications in science, engineering, biomedical research, environmental monitoring.
Two Reference Time Scales for Studying the Dynamic Cavitation of Liquid Films

Two formulas, one for the characteristic time of filling a void with the vapor of the surrounding liquid, and one of filling the void by diffusion of the dissolved gas in the liquid, are derived. By comparing these time scales with that of the dynamic operation of oil film bearings, it is concluded that the evaporation process is usually fast enough to fill the cavitation bubble with oil vapor; whereas the diffusion process is much too slow for the dissolved air to liberate itself and enter the cavitation bubble. These results imply that the formation of a two phase fluid in dynamically loaded bearings, as often reported in the literature, is caused by air entrainment. They further indicate a way to simplify the treatment of the dynamic problem of bubble evolution.
Expected Number of Distinct Part Sizes in a Random Integer Composition

An asymptotics, as n → ∞, for the expected number of distinct part sizes in a random composition of an integer n is obtained.
New evidence on returns to scale and product mix among U.S. commercial banks

Abstract This paper presents new estimates of scale and product mix economies for U.S. commercial banks. We compare estimates derived from fitting a translog function to bank costs with estimates derived from nonparametric methods. We refine measures of scale and product mix economies introduced by Berger et al. (J. Monet. Econ. 20 (1987) 501) to accommodate nonparametric estimation, and estimate confidence intervals to assess the statistical significance of returns to scale. Broadly, we find evidence that potential economies have increased since 1985, with scale economies not exhausted until banks have $300–$500 million of assets. We generally fail to reject constant returns for larger banks.
Enhancement of intermediate mass dileptons from charm decays at SPS energies

We study the dimuon yield from open charm decays in the intermediate mass region(IMR) in heavy-ion collisions at the CERN-SPS energy. We find that final state rescatterings which broaden the mT spectrum of charmed mesons can enrich the part of the phase space covered by the NA50 experiment, thus lead to an apparent enhancement of IMR dileptons within the acceptance of the experiment. Such an enhancement increases with the dimuon invariant mass and the single muon energy cut-off.
A mathematical model of murine metabolic regulation by leptin: energy balance and defense of a stable body weight

Summary We have developed a physiologically based mathematical model, with parameters derived from published experimental data, to simulate the regulatory effects of the leptin pathway on murine energy homeostasis. Model outcomes are consistent with data reported in the literature and reproduce key characteristics of the energy regulatory system, including compensatory responses that counteract changes in body weight and the failure of this ability when the leptin pathway is disrupted. Our model revealed the possibility of multiple steady states for body weight. It also provided a unified theoretical framework for two historically antagonistic hypotheses regarding body weight regulation ("set-point" versus "settling point"). Finally, our model has identified potential avenues for future investigations.
A novel class of apical sodium co-dependent bile acid transporter inhibitors: the 2,3-disubstituted-4-phenylquinolines

A series of 2,3-disubstituted-4-phenylquinolines were prepared and were found to inhibit the apical sodium co-dependent bile acid transporter (ASBT). Alkyl and ester substitution at the 3-position showed comparable activities while substitution at the 2-position was much more sensitive to the nature of the substituent. The synthesis and in vitro potency data are presented for this novel class of compounds.
Multimethod forecasts for tourism analysis

Abstract This paper examines the use of combined forecasting methods in tourism forecasting. The use of multiple methods allows more information to be incorporated into the forecasts. The objective of the paper is to show that forecasts of tourism arrivals obtained by combining forecasting models are more accurate (therefore more useful to practicing managers) than single-method forecasts. Several combined forecasts of tourist arrivals in Florida obtained and compared to single-method forecasts gained through econometric or time-series methods. Parameter interpretation and forecasting accuracy of both combined and single-method forecasts are discussed. The conclusion of the paper offers a commentary on the usefulness of multimethod approaches to forecasting.
The effect of a repeat bout of exercise on muscle injury in persons with spinal cord injury.

Following an initial bout of damaging exercise, a successive bout of similar exercise typically results in less injury, known as the “protective effect”. Unloading due to spinal cord injury (SCI) increases the susceptibility to contraction-induced muscle injury. We tested the hypothesis that two bouts of isometric actions would evoke the same damage in the quadriceps femoris (QF) of patients with SCI. Six male subjects [32 (5) years old, 182 (9) cm, 81 (21) kg, injury level C6-T7, 6 (2) years post-injury, mean (SD)] were tested at two time points (Time1, Time2), separated by 8 weeks. Magnetic resonance images were taken of the QF prior to, immediately after, and 3 days after electromyostimulation (EMS) that evoked isometric knee extension. EMS (50 Hz) consisted of five sets of ten contractions (2 s on/6 s off, 1 min b/t sets) followed by three sets of ten contractions (1 s on/1 s off, 30 s b/t sets). Relative cross-sectional area of stimulated and injured skeletal muscle was obtained by quantifying pixels with an elevated T2. Relative area of stimulated QF was the same for both time points [92 (6)% and 89 (7)%] as was torque loss (~55%). Three days post-EMS, the relative area of stimulated QF injured was not different between time points [30 (14)% vs 29 (17)%, P>0.05]. These results indicate an absence of a protective effective for repeat exercise bouts separated by 8 weeks in SCI patients using EMS.
Preparation and characterization of liposomes as therapeutic delivery systems: a review

Liposome drug delivery systems are being developed for a variety of drugs. Scale-up process to larger size batches is often a monumental task for the process development scientists. This article reviews various aspects of process development work pertinent to aseptic process techniques for liposomes. This article also has discussed the bilayer properties of liposomes and showed the nomenclature used to classify the liposomes. Discussed is the pH gradient method to load liposomes. Issues and challenges involved in prolonging the shelf-life of liposomes is presented. This review covered the importance of complete removal of organic solvent that is used in the process. Finally the authors presented an HPLC method for quick identification and assay of various phospholipids in a mixture of phospholipids.
Origin of intrinsic oscillations in double-barrier quantum-well systems

Abstract We present a theory accounting for the origin of high-frequency current oscillations in a double barrier quantum-well system. The origin of such current oscillations is traced to the development of a dynamic emitter quantum-well and the concomitant coupling of the energy levels in the double barrier quantum-well system. The relationship between the oscillation frequency and the energy level structure of the system is expressed as ν=ΔE0/h: A self-consistent, time-dependent Wigner–Poisson numerical computer experiment is used to exhibit remarkable intrinsic, sustained current oscillations in the double-barrier quantum well at terahertz frequencies; and a procedure for calculating ΔE0, the energy difference at time t0 (defined such that the contribution to the energy difference from the potential oscillation is zero) is also presented. The simulated oscillation frequency determined using the Wigner–Poisson analysis is in very good agreement with that calculated using a Schrodinger equation with a self-consistent potential determined from the Poisson equation.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Cascade Reaction for the Synthesis of Substituted Isoindolines

Isoindoline heterocycles have demonstrated potential in medicinal chemistry as they exhibit activity across diverse biological targets. They are present in molecules which act as bronchodilaters, N-methyl-d-aspartate agonists, multidrug resistance reversal agents, and fibrinogen receptor antagonists. While several approaches to the synthesis of unsubstituted or monosubstituted isoindolines have been reported, few methods exist to produce disubstituted isoindolines with high diastereoselectivity. In addition, there are no diastereoselective methods for the synthesis of 1,3-disubstituted isoindolines that allow for incorporation of readily available boronic acids, which are practical building blocks in medicinal chemistry. Synthetic methods for isoindoline synthesis that provide straightforward introduction of substitutents on the heterocycle would enable preparation of families of biologically significant compounds. We designed a cascade sequence for isoindoline synthesis that we anticipated could be catalyzed by a palladium(II) complex and would utilize boronic acids as a starting material (Scheme 1). The cascade reaction would initiate with arylation of imine 1. The resultant sulfonamide would engage the pendant allylic acetate by aminopalladation; b-acetoxy elimination would release the isoindoline product. A major challenge was identification of a catalyst with the appropriate electronic balance to facilitate all steps in the catalytic cycle. While nucleophilic arylation of imines requires electron-donating ligands, migratory insertion is generally promoted by palladium(II) catalysts with electrophilic character. We selected phosphinite palladacycle 3, which is a catalyst with demonstrated activity for arylation of imines, with the thought that the p-accepting phosphonite would balance s donation from the aryl group. In practice, we have found this complex to be an effective catalyst for our cascade sequence (see below). We began our investigation with reaction conditions similar to those employed for imine arylation. At room temperature, in the presence of catalyst 3, effective arylation of 1 with phenyl boronic acid occurs (Table 1, entry 1). Elevated reaction temperatures promote the cyclization reaction (Table 1, entry 2; Method A). Notably, isoindoline 2 is generated as a single diastereomer under these reaction conditions. Scheme 1. Proposed synthesis of isoindoline derivatives. L= ligand, Ts=4-toluenesulfonyl.
The determination of the satellite orbit of Mariner 9

This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the Mars orbital phase of the Mariner 9 trajectory as determined from Earth based radio data. Both the method and accuracy of the orbit determination process are reviewed. Analysis is presented to show the effects of Mars gravity model and node in the plane of the sky errors on the accuracy of orbit determination. In addition the long term evolution of the orbit from insertion through the first 500 revolutions is presented, and decomposed into effects from the Mars garvity field,n-body perturbations, and solar radiation pressure. Since the orbit period is nearly commensurable with the Mars rotational period, the orbit experiences significant resonance perturbations. The primary perturbation is in-track with a maximum amplitude of 1000 km and a wavelength of 39 spacecraft revolutions.
Recent CLEO Results on B Decays

Indirect evidence for a fourth generation can appear as inconsistencies in the three generation Cabbibo-Kobayashi-Maskawa description1 of weak decays. B decays offer a sensitive probe for such inconsistencies. As an example, the requirement that the three-generation CKM matrix be unitary can be represented by a closed triangle of the type2 shown in Figure 1. (This particular triangle is obtained by setting the product of
Analysis of the coagulation rate of MBS (methylmetacrylate-butadiene-styrene) polymer latex and strength of coagula

The present study investigated the effect of operating conditions on the mechanical strength of polymer coagula. A latex of MBS (methylmetacrylate-butadiene-styrene) polymer was coagulated in a cylindrical dialysis membrane tube in the temperature range 303-333 K. An aqueous solution of hydrochloric acid (from 2.81 to 1370 mol/m3) was used as the coagulant. A coagulated pellet was obtained in the shape of a hollow or solid cylinder, and the shape of the pellet allowed well defined measurements of the strength of the coagulated pellet. The coagulation kinetics was determined by analyzing the growth rate of the coagulated layer in the tube. The kinetics was well described by the unreacted core model, where the diffusion of hydrochloric acid in the coagulated layer was the rate controlling step. The strength of the pellet increased as the coagulated layer grew larger. Pellet strength was not affected by the coagulant concentration, but increased strength was observed at higher operating temperatures.
Mesoscopic phenomena in Bose-Einstein systems: Persistent currents, population oscillations and quantal phases

Mesoscopic phenomena---including population oscillations and persistent currents driven by quantal phases---are explored theoretically in the context of multiply connected Bose-Einstein systems composed of trapped alkali-metal gas atoms. These atomic phenomena are bosonic analogs of electronic persistent currents in normal metals and Little-Parks oscillations in superconductors. Differences between oscillatory phenomena due to quantal phases in Bose-Einstein systems and in conventional superconductors are discussed, particularly with regard to their potential for discriminating between the standard BCS scenario and the Bose-Einstein condensation of preformed pairs scenario for the superconducting transition in high-temperature superconductors.
Oxidative 1,4-Diamination of Dienes Using Simple Urea Derivatives

Diamination of alkenes and dienes has found widespread use in the synthesis of biologically active target molecules. Although the 1,2-diamination of alkenes has been comprehensively explored, versatile methods that install higher order 1,n-diamine moieties (e.g., n = 3–5) are not broadly developed. Herein, we report the development of an oxidative 1,4-diamination of dienes. This method represents one of the scarce examples of exclusive regioselectivity for 1,4-diamination. The reaction is easy to perform, uses simple reagents, works with a variety of functionalized dienes, and provides unique heterocyclic products.
Optimal tracing and replay for debugging message-passing parallel programs

A common debugging strategy involves reexecuting a program (on a given input) over and over, each time gaining more information about bugs. Such techniques can fail on message-passing parallel programs. Because of nondeterminacy, different runs on the given input may produce different results. This nonrepeatability is a serious debugging problem, since an execution cannot always be reproduced to track down bugs. This paper presents a technique for tracing and replaying message-passing programs. By tracing the order in which messages are delivered, a reexecution can be forced to deliver messages in their original order, reproducing the original execution. To reduce the overhead of such a scheme, we show that the delivery'order of only messages involved inraces need be traced (and not every message). Our technique makes run-time decisions to detect and trace racing messages and is usuallyoptimal in the sense that the minimal number of racing messages is traced. Experiments indicate that only 1% of the messages are often traced, gaining a reduction of two orders of magnitude over traditional techniques that trace every message. These traces allow an execution to be reproduced any number of times for debugging. Our work is novel in that we adaptively decide what to trace, and trace only those messages that introduce nondeterminacy. With our strategy, large reductions in trace size allow long-running programs to be replayed that were previously unmanageable. In addition, the reduced tracing requirements alleviate tracing bottle-necks, allowing executions to be debugged with substantially lower execution time overhead.
Fading Losses on the LCRD Free-Space Optical Link Due to Channel Turbulence

The Laser Communications Relay Demonstration (LCRD) will implement an optical communications link between a pair of Earth terminals via an Earth-orbiting satellite relay. Optical turbulence over the communication paths will cause random uctuations, or fading, in the received signal irradiance. In this paper we characterize losses due to fading caused by optical turbulence. We illustrate the performance of a representative relay link, utilizing a channel interleaver and error-correction-code to mitigate fading, and provide a method to quickly determine the link performance.
Regulation of bovine activated protein C by protein S: the role of the cofactor protein in species specificity

Abstract The anticoagulant activity of bovine activated Protein C was observed to exhibit species specificity when tested in the plasmas from cow, dog, rabbit, and human. The relative effectiveness in descending order was cow, dog, human, and rabbit. When bovine Protein S was added to each of these plasmas, the species specificity of bovine activated Protein C was lost. No activated Protein C cofactor activity could be detected in either rabbit or human plasma. Bovine activated Protein C enhanced the rate of inactivation of both rabbit and human Factor Va in serum. The rate of activated Protein C catalyzed inactivation of rabbit and human Factor Va could be enhanced by the addition of bovine Protein S. These results indicated that the species specificity of the anticoagulant activity of bovine activated Protein C is mediated by a cofactorenzyme interaction rather than an enzyme-substrate interaction. These results further demonstrated that the anticoagulant activity of activated Protein C is due, in part, to the inactivation of Factor Va.
Advection-diffusion in Lagrangian coordinates

Abstract The advection–diffusion equation can be approximated by a one-dimensional diffusion equation in Lagrangian coordinates along the directions of compression of fluid elements (the stable manifold). This result holds in any number of dimensions, for a velocity field with chaotic trajectories, with an error proportional to the square root of the diffusivity. After some time, the one-dimensional equation becomes invalid, but by that time a large fraction of the scalar variance has decayed.
Boundary layer analysis of the Navier–Stokes equations with generalized Navier boundary conditions

We study the weak boundary layer phenomenon of the Navier–Stokes equations with generalized Navier friction boundary conditions, u⋅n=0, [S(u)n]tan+Au=0, in a bounded domain in R3 when the viscosity, e>0, is small. Here, S(u) is the symmetric gradient of the velocity, u, and A is a type (1,1) tensor on the boundary. When A=αI we obtain Navier boundary conditions, and when A is the shape operator we obtain the conditions, u⋅n=(curlu)×n=0. By constructing an explicit corrector, we prove the convergence, as e tends to zero, of the Navier–Stokes solutions to the Euler solution both in the natural energy norm and uniformly in time and space.
URINARY FSH AND LH EXCRETION DURING THE NORMAL MENSTRUAL CYCLE.

The urinary excretion of FSH and LH, as assayed by the ovarian weight augmentation and ovarian ascorbic acid depletion methods and compared with NIHFSH and LH ovine pituitary standards, was measured throughout 11 menstrual cycles in 5 normal female subjects. Daily vaginal smears were taken as an index of estrogen activity, and basal body temperatures were taken as an index of progesterone effect. There was a consistent pattern of FSH and LH excretion in all cycles studied. The excretion of FSH was highest during the menses and reached a low point at mid-cycle. Significant urinary LH activity was present only at mid-cycle. The greatest effect of estrogen on the vaginal smear occurred around mid-cycle and all subjects showed a rise in basal body temperature after the peak excretion of LH activity. The ratio of urinary FSH to LH activity varied significantly during the cycle.
The Solution of the Elrod Algorithm for a Dynamically Loaded Journal Bearing Using Multigrid Techniques

A numerical solution to a theoretical model of vapor cavitation in a dynamically loaded journal bearing is developed utilizing a multigrid iteration technique. The method is compared with a noniterative approach in terms of computational time and accuracy. The computational model is based on the Elrod algorithm, a control volume approach to the Reynolds equation which mimics the Jakobsson-Floberg and Olsson cavitation theory. Besides accounting for a moving cavitation boundary and conservation of mass at the boundary, it also conserves mass within the cavitated region via a smeared mass or striated flow extending to both surfaces in the film gap. The mixed nature of the equations (parabolic in the full film zone and hyperbolic in the cavitated zone) coupled with the dynamic aspects of the problem create interesting difficulties for the present solution approach. Emphasis is placed on the methods found to eliminate solution instabilities. Excellent results are obtained for both accuracy and reduction of computational time.
Attenuated Forms of Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia Due to 21-Hydroxylase Deficiency

A variety of mild forms of congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) due to partial 21-hydroxylase deficiency have recently been described. We report two families in whom members presented with CAH with various degrees of enzyme deficiency. In family A, two children had the classical salt-losing CAH. Their male sibling and mother presented a very mild asymptomatic form of CAH, characterized by elevated basal plasma levels of 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP) and exaggerated responses of progesterone and 17-OHP to ACTH stimulation. The Hormonal profile and HLA types of these two individuals suggested allelic compounds, having one mutant gene for classical CAH and another for a mild form. In family B, the proband presented an attenuated form of CAH, manifested by amenorrhea and hirsutism, elevated basal levels of plasma 17-OHP and androgens, as well as markedly increased ACTH response. Two of her four siblings had the same ad HLA type, elevated basal plasma 17-OHP levels, and increased ACTH response. Their father, their paternal aunt, and their paternal uncle had the ab HLA type and normal basal plasma 17-OHP but markedly increased ACTH response. The haplotypes a, b, and d were considered to be linked to a mutation resulting in mild 21-hydroxylase deficiency, the homozygotes with ab HLA type having a milder form of CAH than the homozygotes with the ad HLA type. The wide spectrum of clinical and hormonal characteristics among homozygotes for the 21-hydroxylase deficiency trait suggests that their is a continuum of degree of enzyme deficiency. Furthermore, it suggests that most nonclassical subjects are allelic compounds for variable degrees of severity in the mutation at the 21-hydroxylase locus. More specifically, the study of families A and B shows that the so-called cryptic and attenuated forms of CAH have the same pathophysiological basis.
Role of automation in the examination of handwritten items

Several automation tools have been developed over the years for forensic document examination (FDE) of handwritten items. Integrating the developed tools into a unified framework is considered and the essential role of the human in the process is discussed. The task framework is developed by considering the approach of computational thinking whose components are abstraction, algorithms, mathematical models and ability to scale. Beginning with the human FDE procedure expressed in algorithmic form, mathematical and software implementations of individual steps of the algorithm are described. Advantages of the framework are discussed, including efficiency (ability to scale to tasks with many handwritten items), reproducibility and validation/improvement of existing manual procedures. It is indicated that as with other expert systems, such as for medical diagnosis, current automation tools are useful only as part of a larger manually intensive procedure. This viewpoint is illustrated with a well-known FDE case, concerning the Lindbergh kidnapping with a new hypothesis - in this case, there are multiple questioned documents, possibility of multiple writers of the same document, determining whether the writing is disguised, known writing is formal while questioned writing is informal, etc. Observations are made for future developments, where human examiners provide handwriting characteristics while computational methods provide the necessary statistical analysis. HighlightsWe propose the computational thinking approach to forensic examination of handwritten items.We provide an algorithm for forensic examination of handwritten items.We suggest that a likelihood ratio based on probabilities of opposing hypotheses by following an example case.We suggest man-machine interaction as the preferred approach.
A mass‐spectrographic study of the isotopes of argon, potassium, rubidium, zinc and cadmium

A mass spectrograph is described with which a study of the isotopic constitution of argon, potassium, rubidium, zinc and cadmium has been made. A calculation is carried out which indicates that the radioactivity of potassium and rubidium can best be explained by assuming that it is K40 in the case of potassium and Rb87 in the case of rubidium which is undergoing decay.
Sedimentary Geology and Stromatolites of the Middle Proterozoic Belt Supergroup, Glacier National Park, Montana

Abstract The Belt Supergroup is a thick, dominantly fine-grained sequence of Middle Proterozoic strata occurring in western Montana, northern Idaho, and parts of Washington state, Alberta, and British Columbia. The sequence in Glacier National Park is located along the northeastern part of present exposures of the Belt Supergroup; it is ∼ 2.9 km thick, extremely well exposed, and for the most part structurally simple. Although it was subjected to lowermost greenschist-facies metamorphism, primary sedimentary structures are exceptionally well preserved. Subtidal, intertidal, alluvial and possibly deltaic depositional environments appear to be represented in the Belt sequence in Glacier National Park. The lowermost unit, the Altyn Limestone, is not entirely exposed in the park. A partial section, ∼ 150 m thick, consists of impure dolostones deposited largely in shallow subtidal and intertidal settings. This carbonate unit is overlain by terrigenous strata of the Appekunny and Grinnell Argillites. The Appekunny Argillite is ∼ 700 m thick, consists largely of green-colored, fine-grained terrigenous material and appears to have been deposited predominantly in offshore and/or deltaic settings. The overlying Grinnell Argillite is 605 m thick and consists of red-colored terrigenous material deposited largely on an alluvial plain. The overlying Siyeh Limestone is 780 m thick and consists largely of impure dolostones and dolomitic limestones deposited in shallow subtidal and intertidal settings. Overlying the Siyeh Limestone is the 385 m thick Snowslip Formation, which consists of slightly dolomitic, predominantly fine-grained terrigenous strata deposited largely in intertidal settings. The overlying Shepard Formation is not exposed in its entirety in the central part of Glacier National Park. A 270 m thick section, which excludes the uppermost part of the formation, consists of impure dolostones and argillites, and appears to have been deposited in subtidal and intertidal settings. Stromatolites are abundant, diverse and well preserved in Glacier National Park, with mound-shaped forms and columnar forms of the group Baicalia occurring in the Altyn Limestone and Siyeh Limestone, and mound-shaped stromatolite-like structures occurring in the Snowslip and Shepard Formations. Particularly prominent is a 24–32 m thick stromatolite unit in the upper Siyeh Limestone, which contains Baicalia and Conophyton and appears to represent a prograding stromatolite reef, with Baicalia originating in a moderate-energy reef-front setting, and Conophyton originating in a lower energy back-reef setting. Individual units in these cycles can be correlated for 90 km. Many of the Conophyton in these cycles are inclined, probably as a result of gentle wave action, and the direction of inclination is relatively constant for 90 km, with the axes trending SW-SSW and plunging 30–60° SW.
Multiple symbol partially coherent detection of MPSK

The authors show that by using the known (or estimated) value of carrier tracking loop SNR in the decision metric, it is possible to improve the error probability performance of a partially coherent MPSK system relative to that corresponding to the commonly used ideal coherent decision rule. Using a maximum-likelihood approach, an optimum decision metric is derived and shown to take the form of a weighted sum of the ideal coherent decision metric (i.e., correlation) and the noncoherent decision metric which is optimum for differential detection of MPSK. The performance of a receiver based on this optimum decision rule is derived and shown to provide continued improvement with increasing length of observation interval (data symbol sequence length). Unfortunately increasing the observation length does not eliminate the error floor associated with the finite loop SNR. Nevertheless, in the limit of infinite observation length, the average error probability performance approaches the algebraic sum of the error floor and the performance of ideal coherent detection, i.e., at any error probability above the error floor, there is no degradation due to the partial coherence. While the above is strictly speaking only true in the limit of infinite observation length, it is shown that one can virtually achieve this limiting behavior with practical size observation lengths. Furthermore, the performance is quite insensitive to mismatch between the estimate of loop SNR (e.g., obtained from measurement) fed to the decision metric relative and its true value. >
Shortest color-spanning intervals

Abstract Given a set of n points on a line, where each point has one of k colors, and given an integer s i ≥ 1 for each color i, 1 ≤ i ≤ k , the problem Shortest Color-Spanning t Intervals (SCSI-t) aims at finding t intervals to cover at least s i points of each color i, such that the maximum length of the intervals is minimized. Chen and Misiolek introduced the problem SCSI-1, and presented an algorithm running in O ( n ) time if the input points are sorted. Khanteimouri et al. gave an O ( n 2 log ⁡ n ) time algorithm for the special case of SCSI-2 with s i = 1 for all colors i. In this paper, we present an improved algorithm with running time of O ( n 2 ) for SCSI-2 with arbitrary s i ≥ 1 . We also obtain some interesting results for the general problem SCSI-t. From the negative direction, we show that approximating SCSI-t within any ratio is NP-hard when t is part of the input, is W[2]-hard when t is the parameter, and is W[1]-hard with both t and k as parameters. Moreover, the NP-hardness and the W[2]-hardness with parameter t hold even if s i = 1 for all i. From the positive direction, we show that SCSI-t with s i = 1 for all i is fixed-parameter tractable with k as the parameter, and admits an exact algorithm running in O ( 2 k n ⋅ max ⁡ { k , log ⁡ n } ) time.
A flexible micromachined electrode array for a cochlear prosthesis

Abstract A micromachined silicon electrode array intended for use as a cochlear implant is reported. The flexible array is formed using a boron etch-stop for substrate definition and contains 22 IrO stimulating sites implemented on 750 μm centers. The insertable portion of the array is 25 mm long and 320–640 μm in width; the back end of the device provides interconnects to implanted current-generation circuitry. Device functionality has been verified through in vivo experiments and the associated evoked auditory brainstem responses are reported; thresholds for monopolar stimulation are less than 80 μA. The integration of polysilicon strain gauges on the array will permit monitoring of implant curvature within the cochlea, providing a resolution in substrate position of 60 μm across the 500 μm diameter cochlear canal.
Configurations for a proof of principle stellarator experiment.

One of the serious limitations of tokamaks as reactors is the occurrence of disruptions. Stellarators designed by advanced computational methods provide an attractive alternative for a major experiment in magnetic fusion research. Configurations with approximate two-dimensional magnetic symmetry have been found with high β limits and good transport. Specifications are given for a compact stellarator with three field periods and 18 moderately twisted modular coils that has equilibrium with robust flux surfaces, a deep magnetic well assuring favorable stability, and adequate confinement of hot particles at reactor conditions. Fast computer codes with sufficient accuracy to resolve the mathematical problems of equilibrium, stability and transport that arise in the more complicated geometry of the stellarator have produced this breakthrough. The mathematical analysis of the methods used is presented.
Super-moonshine for Conway's largest sporadic group

We study a self-dual N=1 super vertex operator algebra and prove that the full symmetry group is Conway's largest sporadic simple group. We verify a uniqueness result that is analogous to that conjectured to characterize the Moonshine vertex operator algebra (VOA). The action of the automorphism group is sufficiently transparent that one can derive explicit expressions for all the McKay-Thompson series. A corollary of the construction is that the perfect double cover of the Conway group may be characterized as a point-stabilizer in a spin module for the Spin group associated to a 24-dimensional Euclidean space