cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Loneliness and Pet Ownership among Single Women

Relationships among loneliness, pet ownership, and attachment were studied in a sample of 148 adult female students, 59 pet owners and 89 nonowners. No significant differences were found on the loneliness reported by pet owners and nonowners. A two by two analysis of variance showed that women living entirely alone were significantly more lonely than those living with pets only, with both other people and pets, and with other people but without pets. No associations were found between loneliness and pet attachment. Also, no significant differences were found in loneliness or pet attachment scores between dog and cat owners; however, women living only with a dog were significantly more attached to the dog than those living with both a dog and other people. Conversely, women living only with a cat were significantly less attached to the cat than those living with both a cat and other people. These findings indicate that having a pet can help to diminish feelings of loneliness, particularly for women living ...
FLT3 inhibitor-induced neutrophilic dermatosis

The FLT3-ITD mutation is associated with poor outcomes in acute myeloid leukemia. Multiple FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3)-inhibitors have been studied in clinical trials. Recently, potent FLT3 inhibition was shown to induce terminal differentiation of FLT3-mutant myeloblasts. In 3 patients who developed characteristic skin nodules on initiation of FLT3-inhibition, we conducted dermatopathologic evaluation of skin samples, as well as FLT3 and NPM1 mutational analysis and fluorescence in situ hybridization. All 3 patients demonstrated characteristically deep dermal and subcutaneous neutrophilic infiltrates without evidence of myeloblasts. Discovery of FLT3-ITD and NPM1 mutations in 2 of the samples, as well as the presence of FLT3-ITD and deletion of 7q in the other, confirmed the ancestry of the differentiated neutrophils as that of the original FLT3-mutant myeloblasts. FLT3 inhibition can lead to clinically distinct dermatoses, which suggests the effect of FLT3 inhibition on myeloid differentiation and a manifestation of a broader "syndrome" associated with this therapy.
The Specter of Divorce: Views From Working- and Middle-Class Cohabitors

Young Americans increasingly express apprehension about their ability to successfully manage intimate relationships. Partially in response, cohabitation has become normative over the past few decades. Little research, however, examines social class distinctions in how emerging adults perceive challenges to sustaining intimate unions. We examine cohabitors' views of divorce and how these color their sentiments regarding marriage. Data are from in-depth interviews with 122 working- and middle-class cohabitors. More than two thirds of respondents mentioned concerns with divorce. Working-class women, in particular, view marriage less favorably than do their male and middle-class counterparts, in part because they see marriage as hard to exit and are reluctant to assume restrictive gender roles. Middle-class cohabitors are more likely to have concrete wedding plans and believe that marriage signifies a greater commitment than does cohabitation. These differences in views of marriage and divorce may help explain the bifurcation of cohabitation outcomes among working- and middle-class cohabitors.
Contextual predictors of adolescent antisocial behavior: The developmental influence of family, peer, and neighborhood factors

Numerous researchers have investigated risk factors for adolescent antisocial behavior (ASB) using social learning theory. Less attention has been directed to how these factors interact across time and context. Using this framework as well as social contextual theory, we examined 1,196 respondents from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health to investigate the relations among parenting, peer, and community risk factors of youth ASB. We found that community violence exposure was a strong, direct predictor, and parental monitoring moderated the relation between community violence and ASB. Results suggested that social contextual theory provides a useful framework for predicting ASB.
Pointwise Estimates for Oblique Derivative Problems in Nonsmooth Domains

Abstract There is a long history of studying boundary value problems for elliptic and parabolic differential equations when the equation is posed in a domain with sufficiently smooth boundary. In this paper, we prove some pointwise estimates and regularity results for solutions when a directional derivative is prescribed on the boundary, which satisfies an interior cone condition. We consider very weak hypotheses on the data of the problem. In particular, we consider an optimal relation between the interior cone and the direction of the prescribed directional derivative, and we assume very little smoothness of the coefficients in the equation and the boundary condition.
Interaction of lens crystallins with lipid vesicles

Previous studies have demonstrated that alpha-crystallin, but not beta or gamma-crystallin, can bind to lens membrane in a specific and saturable manner. To determine which components of the lens membrane might be involved in this interaction, each of these crystallins was incubated with reconstituted vesicles containing either phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylcholine (PC), or sphingomyelin (SPH). Alpha-crystallin, but not beta- or gamma-crystallin, bound to these vesicles in a saturable manner, in similar amounts as lens membrane. Together, these results suggest that the lipid moiety of the lens membrane may be involved in recognition of the alpha-crystallin molecule.
Temporal data base management

Abstract Reasoning about time typically involves drawing conclusions on the basis of incomplete information. Uncertainty arises in the form of ignorance, indeterminacy, and indecision. Despite the lack of complete information, a problem solver is continually forced to make predictions in order to pursue hypotheses and plan for the future. Such predictions are frequently contravened by subsequent evidence. This paper presents a computational approach to temporal reasoning that directly confronts these issues. The approach centers around techniques for managing a data base of assertions corresponding to the occurrence of events and the persistence of their effects over time. The resulting computational framework performs the temporal analog of (static) reason maintenance by keeping track of dependency information involving assumptions about the truth of facts spanning various intervals of time. The system described in this paper extends classical predicate-calculus data bases, such as those used by PROLOG, to deal with time in an efficient and natural manner.
Dissolution and reprecipitation in porous solids

When a porous solid dissolves in acid, the dissolved solid can diffuse both into the bulk solution and into the solid's pores. In some cases, these dissolved species can precipitate in the pores, making the solid less permeable to acid. In other cases, the surface dissolution can produce precipitation near the surface and dissolution well below the surface. The results have implications for corrosion, including the demineralization of teeth.
DSM-IV catatonic features among psychiatric inpatients: a preliminary study

We studied DSM-IV catatonic features in 120 psychiatric inpatients with a main diagnosis of acute psychotic, affective or cognitive disorder. Individual catatonic features were highly intercorrelated, although diagnostically nonspecific. A single factor, accounting for 85% of the variance, was extracted and interpreted as representing both types (excited and retarded) of catatonic syndrome.
On the analytical treatment of impact in finite element modeling

Two simplified impact models which could be used in conjunction with finite element modeling of impacted structures are considered. The two methods are: a previously developed localized finite element impulse-momentum procedure for nondissipative impacts, and a simple gap element consisting of a parallel linear spring and damper useful in dissipative impacts. Results are presented for axial impact of an initially stationary rod. Impulse-momentum theory used in conjunction with finite element modeling was found to result in energy variations unrelated to physical behavior; these variations are reduced as the finite element model is refined.
CspA Regulates Pigment Production in Staphylococcus aureus through a SigB-Dependent Mechanism

We report that the cold shock protein CspA of Staphylococcus aureus is required for maximal production of pigment. Results from transcriptional studies revealed that loss of CspA resulted in decreased expression of genes needed for the biosynthesis of 4,4'-diaponeurosporene and the alternative sigma factor SigB.
Order-preserving minimal perfect hash functions and information retrieval

Rapid access to information is essential for a wide variety of retrieval systems and applications. Hashing has long been used when the fastest possible direct search is desired, but is generally not appropriate when sequential or range searches are also required. This paper describes a hashing method, developed for collections that are relatively static, that supports both direct and sequential access. Indeed, the algorithm described gives hash functions that are optimal in terms of time and hash table space utilization, and that preserve any a priori ordering desired. Furthermore, the resulting order preserving minimal perfect hash functions (OPMPHFs) can be found using space and time that is on average linear in the number of keys involved.
Effect on Protrusive Tongue Force of Detachment of the Genioglossus Muscle

The genioglossus muscle was detached from the mandibular mental spines in seven patients with anterior open bites and obvious tongue-thrust habits. Maximum protrusive tongue forces were measured on a zero-to-ten scale before and after surgery. The average presurgical recording of 4.83 was reduced to 2.67 postoperatively; however, the six-month average measurement was 3.22, a figure approaching the original average. Comparisons were also made between cephalometric records and plaster models taken before and six months after the operation. The surgical procedure significantly reduced tongue forces; the usefulness of the operation in conjunction with orthodontic treatment should be explored.
Surface order large deviations for Ising, Potts and percolation models

We derive uniform surface order large deviation estimates for the block magnetization in finite volume Ising (or Potts) models with plus or free (or a combination of both) boundary conditions in the phase coexistence regime ford≧3. The results are valid up to a limit of slab-thresholds, conjectured to agree with the critical temperature. Our arguments are based on the renormalization of the random cluster model withq≧1 andd≧3, and on corresponding large deviation estimates for the occurrence in a box of a largest cluster with density close to the percolation probability. The results are new even for the case of independent percolation (q=1). As a byproduct of our methods, we obtain further results in the FK model concerning semicontinuity (inp andq) of the percolation probability, the second largest cluster in a box and the tail of the finite cluster size distribution.
Therapeutic effects of sodium butyrate on glioma cells in vitro and in the rat C6 glioma model.

OBJECTIVE Preliminary in vitro studies have indicated that sodium butyrate inhibits the proliferation of cultured glioma cells and induces cellular differentiation, making it potentially useful as a therapeutic agent for patients with glioblastoma multiforme. The purpose of this study was to expand on the preliminary research by investigating the effects of sodium butyrate on multiple cell lines, explanted cells from glioblastoma tumor specimens, and in vivo in the rat C6 glioma brain tumor model. METHODS Four malignant glioma cell lines (A-172, T98G, U118MG, and C6) and two primary cell cultures derived from human glioblastoma tumor specimens were treated with 2 mmol/L sodium butyrate for up to 72 hours. Sodium butyrate-induced effects on cell morphology, proliferation, cell cycle distribution, migration, glial fibrillary acidic protein staining, and S100beta protein content were determined. For in vivo studies, a total of 64 male Wistar-Furth rats underwent operations to implant C6 glioma cells stereotactically or were used as controls. The rats were treated with escalating doses of sodium butyrate by microinfusion with Alzet minipumps (Durect Corp., Cupertino, CA). RESULTS Sodium butyrate treatment in vitro produced changes in morphology and glial fibrillary acidic protein expression indicative of cellular differentiation. In cell lines and explanted cells, sodium butyrate consistently inhibited glioblastoma cell proliferation (to 51 +/- 6% that of controls) and migration (to 46 +/- 17%). Intratumoral infusion of 40 mmol/L sodium butyrate prolonged the survival of Wistar-Furth rats with intracerebral C6 tumors (P = 0.013) without detectable toxicity. CONCLUSION These data support further consideration of direct interstitial infusion of sodium butyrate in a Phase I clinical study for patients with recurrent glioblastoma multiforme.
A systems biology approach uncovers cellular strategies used by Methylobacterium extorquens AM1 during the switch from multi- to single-carbon growth.

Background When organisms experience environmental change, how does their metabolic network reset and adapt to the new condition? Methylobacterium extorquens is a bacterium capable of growth on both multi- and single-carbon compounds. These different modes of growth utilize dramatically different central metabolic pathways with limited pathway overlap. Methodology/principal findings This study focused on the mechanisms of metabolic adaptation occurring during the transition from succinate growth (predicted to be energy-limited) to methanol growth (predicted to be reducing-power-limited), analyzing changes in carbon flux, gene expression, metabolites and enzymatic activities over time. Initially, cells experienced metabolic imbalance with excretion of metabolites, changes in nucleotide levels and cessation of cell growth. Though assimilatory pathways were induced rapidly, a transient block in carbon flow to biomass synthesis occurred, and enzymatic assays suggested methylene tetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase as one control point. This "downstream priming" mechanism ensures that significant carbon flux through these pathways does not occur until they are fully induced, precluding the buildup of toxic intermediates. Most metabolites that are required for growth on both carbon sources did not change significantly, even though transcripts and enzymatic activities required for their production changed radically, underscoring the concept of metabolic setpoints. Conclusions/significance This multi-level approach has resulted in new insights into the metabolic strategies carried out to effect this shift between two dramatically different modes of growth and identified a number of potential flux control and regulatory check points as a further step toward understanding metabolic adaptation and the cellular strategies employed to maintain metabolic setpoints.
Transcripts of the transposon mariner are present in epileptic brain

Abstract Mobile genetic elements termed transposons have been increasingly implicated in human disease. The small transposon mariner is widespread within non-vertebrate genomes and causes mutation by replication, excision, and insertion of itself without an RNA intermediate. We find that human DNA contains about 60 copies of this gene. Mariner transcripts are abundant in RNA prepared from sclerotic epileptic hippocampi. In contrast, typically no mariner -specific RNA is detected in non-sclerotic hippocampi from other epileptic patients or from autopsies. A complete but non-functional copy was obtained using rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE). This human mariner transcript is ∼45% homologous to a functional counterpart active in Drosophila , with a coding region of 1035 bases flanked by 32 base inverted terminal repeats. The differential expression of mariner transcripts within sclerotic hippocampi suggests the probable activity of an autonomous element which by mutating critical genes could establish an epileptogenic substrate in the hippocampus.
Far-Infrared Laser Frequencies of CH3OD and N2H4

The frequencies of 26 laser lines with wavelengths between 57 and 534 μm have been measured in the optically pumped laser gases CH3OD and N2H4. A pair of stabilized cw 12CO 2 lasers was used as a frequency standard for the heterodyne frequency measurements. Seven of the 26 lines are new.
Phylogenomic Reconstruction Indicates Mitochondrial Ancestor Was an Energy Parasite

Reconstruction of mitochondrial ancestor has great impact on our understanding of the origin of mitochondria. Previous studies have largely focused on reconstructing the last common ancestor of all contemporary mitochondria (proto-mitochondria), but not on the more informative pre-mitochondria (the last common ancestor of mitochondria and their alphaproteobacterial sister clade). Using a phylogenomic approach and leveraging on the increased taxonomic sampling of alphaproteobacterial and eukaryotic genomes, we reconstructed the metabolisms of both proto-mitochondria and pre-mitochondria. Our reconstruction depicts a more streamlined proto-mitochondrion than these predicted by previous studies, and revealed several novel insights into the mitochondria-derived eukaryotic metabolisms including the lipid metabolism. Most strikingly, pre-mitochondrion was predicted to possess a plastid/parasite type of ATP/ADP translocase that imports ATP from the host, which posits pre-mitochondrion as an energy parasite that directly contrasts with the current role of mitochondria as the cell’s energy producer. In addition, pre-mitochondrion was predicted to encode a large number of flagellar genes and several cytochrome oxidases functioning under low oxygen level, strongly supporting the previous finding that the mitochondrial ancestor was likely motile and capable of oxidative phosphorylation under microoxic condition.
Reasoning under uncertainty for shill detection in online auctions using Dempster-Shafer theory

This paper describes the design of a decision support system for shill detection in online auctions. To assist decision making, each bidder is associated with a type of certification, namely shill, shill suspect, or trusted bidder, at the end of each auction's bidding cycle. The certification level is determined on the basis of a bidder's bidding behaviors including shilling behaviors and normal bidding behaviors, and thus fraudulent bidders can be identified. In this paper, we focus on representing knowledge about bidders from different aspects in online auctions, and reasoning on bidders' trustworthiness under uncertainties using Dempster–Shafer theory of evidence. To demonstrate the feasibility of our approach, we provide a case study using real auction data from eBay. The analysis results show that our approach can be used to detect shills effectively and efficiently. By applying Dempster–Shafer theory to combine multiple sources of evidence for shill detection, the proposed approach can significantly reduce the number of false positive results in comparison to approaches using a single source of evidence.
On the Use of Statistics in Genomics and Bioinformatics

The human genome project and other genome projects provide us with rich sources of data which invite many new forms of statistical analysis. The nature of the data is often different from that in many other areas of science. This has led to novel forms of data analysis, not to be found in the classical statistical literature. The purpose of this paper is to describe some of these new forms, with a focus on those cases where the biology drives the questions asked, and the statistical analysis presents new features as well as raising further challenges.
A case of oxaliplatin-related posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome

We report the first case of oxaliplatin-related posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) in the medical literature. A 19-year-old woman with metastatic adenocarcinoma of the rectum received modified FOLFOX (5-fluorouracil/oxaliplatin) chemotherapy. Ten days after the fourth treatment, she presented to the hospital with seizures and altered mental status. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain demonstrated hyperintensity in the white matter of the posterior hemispheres consistent with PRES. Herein, we briefly review the PRES syndrome and its management.
Blockade of visual excitation and adaptation in Limulus photoreceptor by GDP-beta-S

Light causes both depolarization and adaptation to light in Limulus ventral photoreceptors. Both visual excitation and adaptation were blocked by guanosine 5'-O-(2-thiodiphosphate) (GDP-beta-S), a metabolically stable analog of guanosine 5'-diphosphate (GDP). However, GDP-beta-S did not block the excitation caused by injection of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate into the cell. These results suggest a molecular cascade of visual excitation and adaptation: Light isomerizes the visual pigment rhodopsin, which in turn activates a guanyl nucleotide-binding protein. The binding protein then stimulates production of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate, which causes release of calcium from the endoplasmic reticulum.
Numerical Simulation of Air Sampling in Micro Scale Rising Bubbles

Capturing particles, mainly bio-particles, such as viruses and spores, from the air into a liquid is critical for air purification and analysis of the sampling systems. In the conventional impinger sampling systems, the air bubbles carrying the particles are injected into a liquid column. The particles are captured from the air into the liquid as the bubbles travel to the surface due to the buoyancy forces. This paper focuses on the numerical simulation of a newly developed microfluidic air sampling system. In this system, a microscale liquid column, equipped with an array of microchannels as pressure controlled gas injection points, is used for gas bubbling process for air sampling purpose. The air bubbles containing the particles are injected into the bottom of the microscale column filled with a liquid (such as water). As the microscale bubbles (of about 250∼500 microns) travel to the surface, a shear driven flow will develop within the bubbles and the airborne particles will follow the flow toward the boundary of the bubble. The inertia force of particles will result in the departure of particles from the flow into the liquid. The fraction of the particles departed from air bubble and trapped in the liquid represents the collection efficiency of the air sampler. For tracking the liquid/gas interface, the Volume-of-Fluid (VOF) method along with Youngs’ algorithm for geometric reconstruction of the free surface is used. The particle trajectories are predicted by integrating the force balance on each particle, which is based on a Lagrangian frame of reference. It is found that in addition to the particle departure during the bubble rising, a considerable amount of particles are trapped in the liquid during the air injection and bubble formation which may be due to the high velocity of the injected air and oscillation of the bubble interface. It is worth noting that this is the first time that the numerical simulation is performed to understand the whole air sampling process which was never addressed in the past. As a comparison, an experimental study was conducted to measure the collection efficiency. The fluorescent polystyrene latex particles with different diameters (diameters: 0.5, 1, 2 microns) were used in the experiment. The experimental results were compared with that of numerical simulation. Both the experiments and computations revealed that a collection efficiency of 90% can be achieved by the microfluidics based impinger, which is much higher than that of conventional, macro-scale, impinger systems. In addition to verifying the existing experimental work, this numerical simulation method provides a valuable tool to design and improve new generations of air sampling systems.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Towards extending adaptive self-organizing concurrent system architecture

This paper discusses an adaptive self-organizing concurrent system (ASOCS), whose functionality relies on incremental, supervised learning paradigm. ASOCS can be trained to recognize categories in response to an arbitrary binary input vector. ASOCS is comprised of many boolean processing nodes distributed throughout the system. An adaptation unit is connected to all the logic nodes in order to supervise consistency checking and minimize the system function representation. Depending upon the adaptation unit directives, boolean processing nodes interactively pass messages, add new nodes, delete redundant nodes from the network. These actions lead to self-modification and self-organization. After presenting the pertinent features of a generic ASOCS, this paper discusses an extension leading to improved generalization and more compact knowledge representation. >
Spatial patterns of atmospheric pollen dispersal in the Colorado Rocky Mountains, USA

Fall, P.L., 1992. Spatial patterns of atmospheric pollen dispersal in the Colorado Rocky Mountains, USA. Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol., 74:293-313. Atmospheric pollen dispersal in the southern Rocky Mountains was sampled with 18 Tauber traps located between 2470 and 3780 m elevation. A three year study provided data on both pollen frequencies and pollen accumulation (grains cm- 2 yr- !) for six distinct vegetation types. Pollen spectra from the shrub steppe below the forest belt is characterized by Artemisia, Gramineae, Compositae, and other non-arboreal pollen taxa. These pollen typc~ are readily carried upslope to higher elevations. Pollen from sub-alpine conifers, Picea and Abies, is not transported far by the wind, and indicates the presence of nearby host trees. Pinus pollen, readily distributed by the wind, is found in all traps, but only exceeds 20% where the trees are present, and in tundra vegetation. While pollen from Pseudotsuga and Populus trees occurs in low frequencies and low influx rates, it is relatively abundant in montane forest stands dominated by these trees. Although pollen grains are transported both upslope and downslope, most pollen transport is upslope. At least 50% of the pollen deposited in alpine tundra, 20% in the sub-alpine forest, and 7% in the montane forest, comes from plants growing at lower elevations. Pollen spectra deposited in steppe vegetation are the least distorted by pollen from plants growing in other vegetation types, and characterize the broad valleys of sagebrush steppe that makes up the regional vegetation. Spectra in alpine tundra are dominated by pollen from plants growing at lower elevations and at long distances from the collection site. In a comparison of paired collectors, Tauber traps with aerodynamically designed lids were more effective in open vegetation where they collected substantially more pollen than traps without the lids. Tauber lids appear to have less effect on pollen accumulation rates in forested stands, probably due to the filtering of pollen by trees. Annual pollen accumulation rates in west-central Colorado range between 1000 and 5000 grains cm-2 yr-l. Mean rates of modern pollen influx (in grains cm-' yr -!) are 1100 in alpine tundra, 2700 in the sub-alpine forest, 3400 in montane forest types, and 2200 in the shrub steppe. These pollen accumulation values reported for the mountains of Colorado are comparable to pollen accumulation rates from other localities in the western United States.
Model-based invariants for 3-D vision

Invariance under a group of 3-D transformations seems a desirable component of an efficient 3-D shape representation. We propose representations which are invariant under weak perspective to either rigid or linear 3-D transformations, and we show how they can be computed efficiently from a sequence of images with a linear and incremental algorithm. We show simulated results with perspective projection and noise, and the results of model acquisition from a real sequence of images. The use of linear computation, together with the integration through time of invariant representations, offers improved robustness and stability. Using these invariant representations, we derive model-based projective invariant functions of general 3-D objects. We discuss the use of the model-based invariants with existing recognition strategies: alignment without transformation, and constant time indexing from 2-D images of general 3-D objects.
Caring for self and others: Increasing health care students' healthy behaviors.

Objective: Living a healthy lifestyle in order to manage stress encountered in the health care system is important for health care professionals. The purpose of this study was to increase healthy behaviors of undergraduate students in professional health care majors by introducing a health promotion intervention in a required course. Participants: The sample consisted of 201 undergraduate health professional students from nursing (NUR) (n = 82, 40.8%), occupational therapy (OT) (n = 72, 35.8%), and speech- language pathology (SLP) (n = 47, 23.4%). Methods: A pretest-posttest comparison group design was used. The NUR and OT students received a health promotion intervention to encourage a healthy lifestyle in a required course. SLP students served as a comparison group and did not receive content on self health promotion. Results: Thecomparison group (SLP)hadsignificantlylowerscoresontheoverallHealthPromotingLifestyleProfileII(HPLPII), physical activity and nutrition scales at posttest when compared to pretest. In contrast, students in the intervention group (NUR & OT) significantly increased in their health responsibility as measured on the HPLPII survey at the end of the semester. Conclusions: Infusing content on healthy behaviors in undergraduate curricula may better prepare professionals for living a healthy lifestyle.
Triangular line graphs and word sense disambiguation

Linguists often represent the relationships between words in a collection of text as an undirected graph G=(V,E), where V is the vocabulary and vertices are adjacent in G if and only if the words that they represent co-occur in a relevant pattern in the text. Ideally, the words with similar meanings give rise to the vertices of a component of the graph. However, many words have several distinct meanings, preventing components from characterizing distinct semantic fields. This paper examines how the structural properties of triangular line graphs motivate the use of a clustering coefficient on the triangular line graph, thereby helping to identify polysemous words. The triangular line graph of G, denoted by T(G), is the subgraph of the line graph of G where two vertices are adjacent if the corresponding edges in G belong to a K"3.
Gender, Distribution, and Balance of Payments Constrained Growth in Developing Countries

An unresolved debate in the development literature concerns the impact of gender inequality on economic growth. Previous studies have found that the effect varies, depending on the measure of inequality (wages or capabilities). This paper expands that discussion by considering both the short- and long-run, evaluating the effects of gender equality in two types of economies—semi-industrialized economies (SIEs) and low- income agricultural economies (LIAEs). Further, it incorporates the effect of gender equity on the balance of payments constraint to growth. These preliminary results suggest that gender equality is more likely to stimulate growth in LIAEs than in SIEs in both the short- and long-run.
Parameters of gas dissolution in liquids obtained by isothermal pressure decay

A rapid and effective data analysis and interpretation approach is developed and validated for simultaneous determination of the film-mass-transfer and diffusion coefficients from time-limited experimental data obtained by dissolving gas in liquids by the pressure-decay method under isothermal conditions. Whereas previous approaches require experimental data until equilibrium and only determine the diffusion coefficient, accurate and rapid estimation of both parameters are achieved using a shorter set of time-limited data, thereby reducing the errors owing to swelling by significant gas dissolution at later times. The equilibrium conditions can be predicted theoretically stemming from an analysis of the time-limited data. This provides the estimates of the equilibrium pressure and gas solubility. This methodology not only yields accurate parameter values, but also alleviates the sufficiently large-time collection of pressure-decay data needed to essentially achieve equilibrium. © 2008 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2009
Academic performance in the context of a "three excused absences" psychiatry clerkship policy.

Objective In order to better manage medical student absences during the psychiatry clerkship, a policy allowing students to miss up to 3 days without penalty was developed. The purpose of this study was to describe absence patterns and compare academic performance between students with and without absences.
Phenotypic divergence in the meta-population of the Hourani durum wheat landrace

The Hourani durum wheat landrace was cultivated for millennia in the Houran plateau of Northern Jordan and Southern Syria. Recently, however, it’s meta-population became highly fragmented due to the introduction of high yielding varieties, new crop rotations and new cropping systems. Its genetic divergence was assessed in 289 populations collected from five villages in each of two eco-geographical regions in each country. Total variation in 15 plant, spike and seed attributes was apportioned among populations (13.5%), among farms (18.3%), among villages (16.5%), among eco-geographical regions (46%) and among countries (5.7%). Percent correct classification of germplasm by village based on discriminant analyses was 71 and 65% in semiarid and arid villages, respectively. This confirms the existence of a highly divergent germplasm in this landrace, with geographical distances among villages being correlated with squared Mahalanobis distances based on all 15 plant, spike and seed attributes (r=0.59; p=0.05).
Totally laparoscopic Billroth I gastrectomy.

Gastrectomy for ulcer disease, although less common than in the past, remains effective and powerful in a surgeon’s armamentarium. Laparoscopic Billroth II gastrectomy has been previously described1–3 and laparoscopic-assisted Billroth I has five entries in the medical literature.4–10 We describe a technique for gastrectomy vagotomy and Billroth I reconstruction accomplished totally intraabdominally. Before performing this totally laparoscopic Billroth I on a human, the technique was trialed in 1995 in the Animate Laboratory at the Ethicon Endosurgery Institute in Cincinnati, Ohio.
Efficacy, safety, and patient acceptability of Technosphere inhaled insulin for people with diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Summary Background Technosphere inhaled insulin is a non-invasive alternative to subcutaneous injectable insulin for adults with type 1 or 2 diabetes. In this systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials, we aimed to establish the efficacy, safety, and patient acceptability of Technosphere inhaled insulin in patients with diabetes. Methods We searched MEDLINE, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Clinical Trials, ClinicalTrials.gov, and relevant US regulatory documents for reports of randomised trials published in English up to May 30, 2015, that compared mealtime Technosphere inhaled insulin with placebo, subcutaneous insulin, or oral antidiabetic drugs in people with type 1 or type 2 diabetes. Two reviewers independently extracted data for outcomes of interest and risk of bias. Endpoints included changes in HbA 1c concentration and bodyweight, and safety outcomes, including severe hypoglycaemia and pulmonary toxicity. When three or more studies provided relevant data, we did a meta-analysis for the outcome using a profile-likelihood random-effects model. Findings 13 trials met the inclusion criteria for qualitative systematic review; 12 met the inclusion criteria for quantitative meta-analysis (n=5273; age range 18–80). HbA 1c decrease from baseline was greater with subcutaneous insulin than with Technosphere inhaled insulin (net difference 0·16%, 95% CI 0·06–0·25; eight trials). However, inhaled insulin was associated with less weight gain (net difference −1·1 kg, −2·1 to −1·6; three trials) and a smaller risk of severe hypoglycaemia (odds ratio 0·61, 95% CI 0·35–0·92; five trials). Incidence of mild transient cough was increased in people allocated to inhaled insulin (odds ratio 7·82, 6·14–10·15; seven trials) compared with those allocated to active comparator groups, as was the decrease in forced expiratory volume in 1 s (net difference −0·038 L, −0·049 to −0·026; five trials). Quality of life and overall patient satisfaction did not differ significantly between inhaled insulin groups and active comparator groups (no numerical estimate). Interpretation Glycaemic efficacy of Technosphere inhaled insulin is lower than that of subcutaneous insulin, but inhaled insulin has a lower risk of severe hypoglycaemia and weight gain. Long-term outcomes and safety with Technosphere insulin should be further investigated. Until further data for safety become available, Technosphere inhaled insulin should be reserved for healthy adults with diabetes who do not have pulmonary disease and who would otherwise delay initiating or intensifying insulin therapy because they are unwilling or unable to use injectable insulin. Funding None.
Effects of estrogenic agents on chitobiase activity in the epidermis and hepatopancreas of the fiddler crab, Uca pugilator.

Abstract The effects of exposure of the fiddler crab, Uca pugilator , to the estrogenic xenobiotics Aroclor 1242, diethylstilbestrol (DES), endosulfan, and 4-octylphenol on chitobiase activity in the epidermis and hepatopancreas were investigated. Endosulfan at 0.05 and 0.20 mg/liter significantly inhibited chitobiase in the epidermal and hepatopancreatic tissues of U. pugilator exposed for 3 days. After a 7-day exposure there was a significant decrease in epidermal chitobiase activity in the animals exposed to Aroclor 1242 at 8.0 mg/liter, DES at 5.0 mg/liter, and endosulfan at 0.05 and 0.20 mg/liter, while Aroclor 1242 at 2.0 and 8.0 mg/liter and endosulfan at 0.05 and 0.20 mg/liter significantly inhibited chitobiase activity in the hepatopancreas. 4-Octylphenol at 2.0 and 10.0 mg/liter had no significant effect on epidermal chitobiase activity, while 7 days of exposure to 10.0 mg/liter 4-octylphenol significantly inhibited hepatopancreatic chitobiase activity. Because chitobiase is necessary for the partial digestion of the chitinous exoskeleton as part of the molting process, inhibition of this enzyme by these estrogenic agents can account for at least some of the slowing of molting that occurs when crustaceans are exposed to these agents. Possible mechanisms regarding the decline of chitobiase activity in the presence of estrogenic agents are presented.
Saturation of the Farley‐Buneman instability via three‐mode coupling

[1] Characteristics of type-1 radar echoes obtained from the E region ionosphere have yet to be conclusively explained. The dynamical properties of the saturated state of the Farley-Buneman instability are widely thought responsible for these type-1 echoes. In this paper we present a different perspective and new details on a previously proposed three-wave coupling mechanism (Otani and Oppenheim, 1998) for the saturation of the Farley-Buneman instability. A novel method is presented for the analysis of general, three-wave systems with stationary, sinusoidal solutions. Computer simulations of the three-wave system produce steady states in close agreement with those obtained from the method. Despite the fact that the system only contains three modes, a number of features also agree well with observation, including density fluctuation magnitudes (∣δn∣/n0 = 5%), propagation speeds (clustered around the sound speed), and power falloff as a function of elevation angle. We demonstrate how the spatial distributions of the phases of the electron advection term and electron E × B velocity for the secondary modes lead to the partial cancellation of the destabilizing zero-order electron drift, thereby saturating the Farley-Buneman instability. The mechanism is consistent with the one previously advanced, which described saturation of the instability in terms of the diversion of electron flow around density peaks.
Fifty Years of Looking at Human Evolution Backward, Forward, and Sideways

Bilan de Clifford J.Jolly sur l'avancee, durant les cinquante dernieres annees, de la recherche en anthropologie concernant l'evolution humaine. Celle-ci inclue notamment l'observation des primates, domaine de recherche de l'auteur.
Unusual Electrocardiographic Pattern During Transvenous Pacing From the Middle Cardiac Vein

This report documents the unusual occurrence of a left bundle branch block pattern of ventricular depolarization during permanent pacing from the middle cardiac vein. All previous reports of ventricular pacing from the middle cardiac vein have described a right bundle branch block pattern of ventricular activation (dominant R-waves in the right precordial leads), except in one case where both right and left bundle branch block patterns occurred at separate times. A high posterior infarct allowed early activation of the right ventricle from the middle cardiac vein. Undue reliance on the electrocardiogram may detract from the diagnosis of electrode malposition.
Model-set adaptation using a fuzzy Kalman filter

In this paper, a fuzzy Kalman filter is proposed to combat the model-set adaptation problem since it is found to be able to extract more exactly dynamic information. The fuzzy Kalman filter uses a set of fuzzy rules to adaptively control the noise covariance and that makes it more suitable for real radar tracking. The proposed fuzzy Kalman filter is then combined with an IMM algorithm, hence, a fuzzy IMM (FIMM) algorithm is obtained. The performance of the FIMM algorithm is compared with that of an adaptive IMM (AIMM) algorithm using real radar target tracking data. Simulation result shows that the FIMM algorithm outperforms the AIMM algorithm in terms of both the root mean square prediction error and the number of track loss.
How Student Teachers (Don't) Talk about Race: An Intersectional Analysis.

This study explores how student teacher talk about their students illuminates the identities ascribed to these same students. It uses a hybrid intersectional framework based on Disability Studies, Critical Race Theory, and Latino Critical Theory and methodologies (like examining majoritarian stories, counter-storytelling, coded talk, and post-civil rights race talk) to uncover how student teacher talk reveals oppressive discourses of race, disability (and language status). This article focuses on how the medicalization of disability facilitates student teachers not identifying the racialization of disability in school. It demonstrates the need for educational research to employ an intersectionality lens when exploring educational issues related to students’ identities.
THE EARLY HISTORY AND THE NAMES OF THE ARAPAHO

The Cheyenne and the Arapaho are the westernmost representatives of the Algonquian linguistic family, which occupied a large part of northern North America from the Atlantic ocean to the Rocky mountains. Captain W. P. Clark, Second cavalry, U. S. A., in his able work on Indian Sign Language (p. 39), makes the statement that "very reliable tradition locates this tribe in western Minnesota several hun-
Mitigation and the Geoengineering Threat

Abstract Recent scientific advances have introduced the possibility of engineering the climate system to lower ambient temperatures without lowering greenhouse gas concentrations. This possibility has created an intense debate given the ethical, moral and scientific questions it raises. This paper examines the economic issues introduced when geoengineering becomes available in a standard model where strategic interaction leads to suboptimal mitigation. Geoengineering introduces the possibility of technical substitution away from mitigation, but it also affects the strategic interaction across countries: mitigation decisions directly affect geoengineering decisions. With similar countries, I find these strategic effects create greater incentives for free-riding on mitigation, but with asymmetric countries, the prospect of geoengineering can induce inefficiently high levels of mitigation.
Highway crack monitoring system

A highway crack monitoring system (HCMS) has been successfully developed to measure the pavement crack and its coverage of the road. A road-image processing algorithm is presented in this paper. Recurring thresholding (RT) segmentation is developed to extract crack objects from a complicated background on an estimation-verification process. A connect component object identification (CCOI) identifies the binary image object according to its connectivity with other objects. A boundary contour convolution (BCC) is applied in the binary-image object analysis to achieve fast processing and reduce computational complexity. The experiment results are provided to illustrate the performance of the system scheme.
The P160 Family of Steroid Hormone Receptor Coactivators

Among PAS domain proteins, the p160 coactivator class may be the most perplexing. Like many PAS domain proteins, members of the p160 family sense the presence of small, lipophilic molecules. And like many eukaryotic PAS domain proteins they regulate transcription. However, p160 coactivators have not been found to bind directly either to small molecules or to DNA; rather they bind to steroid hormone receptors in a ligand-dependent manner and serve as coactivators of transcription. As such, they form a bridge between the hormone receptors, general transcription machinery, and histone acetyl transferases (HATs), which regulate chromatin conformation. These proteins are essential to the organism for normal responses to steroid hormones and for energy homeostasis. Yet to this day, the precise function of the PAS domain within the P160 coactivators remains something of a mystery.
Controversies in Neurosciences Critical Care

Perhaps the greatest recent controversy in the medical management of complex neurologic and neurosurgical patients has been the defining of the optimal care arena. Despite some early skepticism and measured recognition by the ICU community, neurosciences critical care has grown into a well-recognized subspecialty. Within this environment, the diverse expertise of surgeons, neurologists, and anesthesiologists come together to define best therapeutic strategies. Two neurologic disease states that, in particular, continue to elicit expansive interdisciplinary debate are spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage and aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage.
Startle reduces recall of a recently learned internal model

Recent work has shown that preplanned motor programs are released early from subcortical areas by the using a startling acoustic stimulus (SAS). Our question is whether this response might also contain a recently learned internal model, which draws on experience to predict and compensate for expected perturbations in a feedforward manner. Studies of adaptation to robotic forces have shown some evidence of this, but were potentially confounded by cocontraction caused by startle. We performed a new adaptation experiment using a visually distorted field that could not be confounded by cocontraction. We found that in all subjects that exhibited startle, the startle stimulus (1) reduced performance of the recently learned task (2) reduced after-effect magnitudes. Because startle reduced but did not eliminate the recall of learned control, we suggest that multiple neural centers (cortical and subcortical) are involved in such learning and adaptation, which can impact training areas such as piloting, teleoperation, sports, and rehabilitation.