cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The development of self-awareness of deficits from 1 week to 1 year after traumatic brain injury: preliminary findings.

Primary objective: To examine the process of recovery of self-awareness with consideration for the variables of severity of injury and deficit factors.Research design: A longitudinal, descriptive design was used.Methods and procedures: Eighteen participants and their significant others were interviewed using the Awareness Questionnaire at 1 week, 1 month, 4 months and 1 year post-injury.Main outcomes and results: Participants differed in self-awareness according to severity of injury, deficit factors and time post-injury. Overall, participants with mild TBI demonstrated better self-awareness. There was a significant interaction effect between severity of injury and time post-injury. Reduced self-awareness of cognitive deficits was noted for the participants with moderate and severe TBI.Conclusions: Time post-injury, severity of injury and deficit factors are confounding variables in the study of self-awareness.
Establishing Effective Simulation Protocols for β- and α/β-Peptides. II. Molecular Mechanical (MM) Model for a Cyclic β-Residue

All-atom molecular mechanical (MM) force field parameters are developed for a cyclic β-amino acid, amino-cyclo-pentane-carboxylic acid (ACPC), using a multi-objective evolutionary algorithm. The MM model is benchmarked using several short, ACPC-containing α/β-peptides in water and methanol with SCC-DFTB (self consistent charge-density functional tight binding)/MM simulations as the reference. Satisfactory agreements are found between the MM and SCC-DFTB/MM results regarding the distribution of key dihedral angles for the tetra-α/β-peptide in water. For the octa-α/β-peptide in methanol, the MM and SCC-DFTB/MM simulations predict the 11- and 14/15-helical form as the more stable conformation, respectively; however, the two helical forms are very close in energy (2−4 kcal/mol) at both theoretical levels, which is also the conclusion from recent NMR experiments. As the first application, the MM model is applied to an α/β-pentadeca-peptide in water with both explicit and implicit solvent models. The stability ...
Empirically measuring control quality of gesture input

As new input devices emerge new paradigms of interaction must emerge with them. Recent advances in technology have lowered the cost of gesture-based hardware, enabling them to be adopted by and integrated into mainstream applications. Given the novelty of these devices, however, little is known about how this form of interaction can be integrated into existing computing paradigms or how it compares with existing input methods. It is therefore important to examine the role of gesture control across current applications in various contexts. While gesture-based input is likely to yield a variety of novel interaction techniques for immersive 3D environments, it is important to understand how spatial controls map to 2D interfaces and how lessons learned in the 2D space map into these 3D environments. In this paper, we present the results of a study of using gesture alone to control a top-down shooter game using two novel techniques; interaction via a gamepad was used to establish a baseline of performance. We measured users' performance of basic tasks (moving and aiming), and then utilized a subjective post-study survey. The motivation of this study is not to directly compare the performance of the gamepad with gesture controls (given a time-on-task bias in favor of gamepad control), but rather to establish a baseline of expected user performance for those with no prior gesture-based experience. The contributions of this research include the design and evaluation of two new gesture-based techniques for 2D control and the presentation and analysis of our results.
Economics of controlled-release fertilizer use on young citrus trees

Controlled-release N-P 2 O 5 -K 2 O fertilizers (CRFs) (Escote, Meister 9-month, Meister 12- month, Nutricote 360, Prokote Plus, and Sierra) and conventional, water-soluble fertilizer were applied at full, one-half, and one-fourth relative N rates to 'Valencia' orange [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck) trees from planting through 6 yr of age. The full rate, which fell within the recommended range, was 5.4 Ib N/tree over 6 yr. CRFs were applied once/yr and conventional fertilizer applied 24 times in 6 yr. Fruit was harvested the third through the sixth years. Averaged across N rates, Prokote Plus, Nutricote, and Sierra produced 4-yr cumulative fruit yields of 443 to 435 Ib/tree compared with 390 Ib/tree for conventional fertilizer; Prokote Plus and Sierra also produced higher pounds-solids (pounds-solids is the term used by the Florida citrus industry to express soluble solids yield per box, per tree, or per acre, and is the basis on which a grower is paid for his fruit) yield (27.4 Ib/tree in 4 yr) and gross dollar return ($28.58/tree in 4 yr). Prokote Plus outproduced Escote in fruit and pounds-solids yield, and outproduced Escote and Meister in dollar return. The response of pounds-solids yield to N rate was described by a quadratic plateau model. Onset of the plateau (the critical N rate) varied from 76% of the full N rate for conventional fertilizer (at 26.9 Ib-solids/tree) to 100% of the full N rate for Prokote Plus (34.0 Ib-solids/tree), Nutricote, and Meister. The cost of fertilizing citrus with CRFs at the full N rate was four times conventional fertilization cost, but the return was only 15% greater. The high cost of CRF products currently makes their exclusive use to produce citrus economically unfeasible.
SU-E-J-223: A Method to Remove the Streaking Artifacts Caused by Calypso Couch Table Add-On in the MV Portal Images

Purpose: Calypso EM tracking is widely used to setup the prostate patient and to track prostate motion while daily MV portal images are used as the secondary method to verify patient setup. The severe streaking artifacts, caused by the Calypso couch table add-on, make the MV portal images almost impossible to review. The purpose of this work is to develop a novel method to reduce the streaking artifacts so that the portal images are usable to verify patient setup. Methods: We analyzed the corrupted portal images and identified that most streaking artifacts are stable horizontally but has more dramatic change vertically. Based on signal processing theory, we developed an artifact reduction algorithm 1) to filter out the low frequency signal along the horizontal direction using a ideal low-pass filter in the Fourier domain, and 2) to smooth the intensity variation in the vertical direction and to reduce the remaining high frequency noises by using 2D Gaussian low-pass filter with a small window size. Results: We have successfully applied the proposed algorithm on the corrupted MV portal images in both PA and lateral directions from multiple Calypso prostate patients. The results show that the algorithm is very effective to reduce the artifacts introduced by the Calypso couch table add-on. Patient anatomical structures are much more clearly after processing to support reviews of patient setup. Conclusion: In this work an effective method is proposed to reduce artifacts caused by the Calypso table in MV portal images while preserving the key components of original image. The method could assist the verification of Calypso guided patient setup using portal images.
Palliative Care in the Management of Advanced HIV/AIDS

The basic elements of palliative care can be translated into practice for patients with HIV/AIDS. More than half of clinical events and deaths occurring among patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy are classified as non-AIDS illnesses. Thus, end-of-life care for patients with late-stage AIDS needs to include any palliative measures that are used for patients without AIDS. This article reviews the epidemiology of HIV/AIDS, prognostic indicators, opportunistic infections, specific AIDS-defining and non-AIDS-defining malignancies, substance abuse/liver disease, and highly active antiretroviral therapy and comfort measures for late-stage AIDS patients.
The effect of stance width on trunk kinematics and trunk kinetics during sagitally symmetric lifting

Abstract Lifting technique can have a significant impact on spine loading during lifting. The sports biomechanics literature has documented changes in trunk and lower extremity kinematics and muscle coactivation patterns as a function of stance width during high force dead lift and squat exercises. The focus of the current study was to explore whether these lifting stance width effects might translate into the occupational setting under more moderate load level conditions. Twelve subjects performed repetitions of a sagittally symmetric lifting and lowering task (10 kg load) under three stance width conditions: narrow (feet together), moderate (feet shoulder width) and wide (feet 150% of shoulder width). As they performed these exertions, trunk kinematics were captured using the lumbar motion monitor while the activity of the trunk muscles (erector spinae, rectus abdominis) and lower extremity muscles (gluteus maximus, vastus lateralis and vastus medialis) were evaluated using normalized electromyography. The results showed that both the range of motion and peak acceleration in the sagittal plane were significantly affected by the stance width. The muscle activation levels, however, were not significantly affected by the stance width. These results collectively would indicate that the stance width effects seen in power lifting activities do not translate well into the occupational environment where more moderate loads are typically lifted. Relevance to industry Exploring alternative lifting strategies may provide an opportunity to reduce the incidence of low back disorders. Lifting stance width is one variable that has not been explored in the ergonomics literature.
Financial regulation in geographically-segmented executive labor markets: Evidence from TARP ☆

Abstract Prior literature finds that the Troubled Asset Relief Program's (TARP) executive pay restrictions imposed significant labor market costs on participating banks. I investigate whether outcomes studied in prior literature vary cross-sectionally with the local labor market conditions surrounding the headquarters of TARP participants. Results suggest that the costs borne by banks and their executives from TARP participation are significantly influenced by the strength of executives' local employment alternatives. My evidence suggests that executive labor markets in the financial services industry are geographically segmented, and that regulatory intervention in pay can impose differential costs on firms depending on their geographic location.
Jet Formation in Initially Spherical, Supermagnetosonic Magnetohydrodynamic Winds

It is widely believed that outflows (or winds) from many astrophysical systems, ranging from young stellar objects to active galactic nuclei, are driven magneto-centrifugally from rapidly rotating central objects. A natural consequence of rotation and flux-freezing in such winds is that the magnetic field becomes predominantly toroidal once the flow speed exceeds the fast magnetosonic speed. We demonstrate that, because of this predominantly toroidal field, narrow jetlike density features can form spontaneously around the rotation axis of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) winds even when their densities are initially distributed spherically. We limit our demonstration to the supermagnetosonic region where self-consistent solutions can be found by the well-known "method of characteristics". It is shown that, for nonrelativistic and modestly relativistic winds, the initially spherical isodensity contours become more and more elongated along the rotation axis, and thus more and more jetlike, on increasingly larger scales. This elongation is associated with collimation of wind streamlines by toroidal magnetic fields, although isodensity contours appear more jetlike than streamlines in general, as first noted by Shu et al. in 1995. Our concrete numerical examples support their asymptotic results that well-collimated "jets" are always surrounded by wide-angle winds and that isodensity contours could become more or less parallel to the rotation axis at large distances. We also show that formation of jetlike density features is more difficult in the supermagnetosonic region of highly relativistic MHD winds.
The mouse muscle creatine kinase cDNA and deduced amino acid sequences: comparison to evolutionarily related enzymes.

The nucleotide sequence of cloned DNA corresponding to full-length mouse muscle creatine kinase mRNA has been determined. This 1415 base pair DNA sequence and the deduced 381 amino acid sequence of the protein have been compared to creatine kinase sequences from other vertebrate species and to invertebrate guanidino kinase sequences. These comparisons show that the vertebrate muscle creatine kinases constitute a remarkably conserved protein family with a unit evolutionary period of 30. The creatine kinases also retain marked sequence similarity with the more distantly related invertebrate guanidino kinases. A portion of the sequence, presumably part of the ATP binding site, shows similarity to other nucleotide binding proteins with diverse functions. Comparisons of the untranslated regions of the creatine kinase cDNA sequences show that the 5′ untranslated regions are more highly conserved than are the 3′ untranslated regions; this may point to some regulatory function in the 5′ region.
Police Impersonation: Pretenses and Predators

Empirical research on police impersonation is rare. This research employs quantitative and qualitative methodologies on 2002–2010 police case files describing impersonation incidents from three police agencies to provide an understanding of the individual and situational constructs associated with police impersonation. Research objectives included: exploring incident characteristics, comparing incidents to national violent crime statistics; and identifying common themes. Results show that police impersonation incidents, offenders, and victims are unique, particularly when compared to national data. Qualitative analysis identified three major themes related to tactics, motivations, and typology. The research offers a framework for establishing policy recommendations.
Voice Recognition Software: Effect on Radiology Report Turnaround Time at an Academic Medical Center

OBJECTIVE. Previous studies have documented reductions in turnaround time after implementation of voice recognition software in the generation of radiology reports. Our preliminary observations suggested that improvement in report turnaround time varies among users. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of work habits and caseload on such variations.SUBJECTS AND METHODS. Data were collected for 9 months before and after the implementation of voice recognition after a 6-month training period. Thirty faculty members were ranked according to their report turnaround time before and after implementation of voice recognition and according to their percentage reduction in report turnaround time. The report turnaround times before and after implementation of voice recognition for faculty were compared with the number of verified reports and work habit type.RESULTS. The average report turnaround time for the department before implementation of voice recognition was 28 hours. After implementation of v...
Some theoretical frequency averages for the emittance of a homogenous gas-particle cloud

Frequency averages have been obtained for the one-dimensional-beam emittance of a thick cloud composed of a radiating gas and nonabsorbing particles in the two limits in which scattering or absorption predominate. The models considered are the single Lorentz line with fine Δν and the Elsasser band, for the case β = 2π ( 12 width/spacing) ≪ 1. An approximate method is suggested for connecting these results with the thin cloud and the emittance for arbitrary optical depth and smeared line (β ≫ 1).
Voting with hands and feet: the requirements for optimal group formation

This paper studies the dynamics by which individuals with heterogeneous preferences partition themselves into groups. A novel experimental environment is developed to capture the tension between increasing returns to group size and attaining a group policy closest to an ideal point. Subjects can move freely between locations, with group policy either fixed by location or determined by member vote. A primary goal is to assess which of two stability concepts common to the group formation literature predicts which groups agents sort into. The same set of Nash stable partitions exist in each condition, with the efficient, strong Nash stable state requiring subjects to form heterogeneous groups and compromise on policy. I find that subjects who are only able to move between locations with fixed policies always over-segregate, rather than build efficient heterogeneous groups. When mobility is combined with the ability to vote on local policy, most subjects reach the efficient partition. This shows outcomes cannot be determined by considering the existence of stable states alone and that consideration must also be given to subtle aspects of the system dynamics. Further, it suggests that experiments may play an important role in understanding these group formation dynamics.
Survival is affected by mutation type and molecular mechanism in vascular Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS type IV).

We sought to characterize the natural history of vascular Ehlers–Danlos syndrome in individuals with heterozygous COL3A1 mutations. We reviewed clinical records for details of vascular, bowel, and organ complications in 1,231 individuals (630 index cases and 601 relatives). Missense and splice-site mutations accounted for more than 90% of the 572 alterations that we had identified in COL3A1. Median survival was 51 years but was influenced by gender (lower in men) and by the type of mutation. Although vascular Ehlers–Danlos syndrome appears to be genetically homogeneous, allelic heterogeneity is marked, and the natural history varies with gender and type of mutation in COL3A1. These findings indicate that when counseling families, confirmation of the presence of a COL3A1 mutation and its nature can help evaluate the risks of complications. These data are also important ingredients in both the selection and allocation of individuals to appropriate arms in clinical trials to assess the effects of interventions. Genet Med 16 12, 881–888.
860 DIAGNOSIS OF IRON DEFICIENCY IN ANEMIC ONE-YEAR-OLD INFANTS: THE LIMITATIONS OF LABORATORY TESTS IN PREDICTING RESPONSE TO IRON TREATMENT

The purpose of this study was to determine the value of combining laboratory tests of iron status in predicting a rise in hemoglobin (Hb) in infants undergoing a therapeutic trial of iron. Screening for anemia was performed on capillary blood of 1128 healthy one-year-old infants of air force personnel. The 25% who had Hb 3 μg/g Hb, transferrin saturation < 10%, and plasma ferritin < 10 μg/1 as cutoff values. For each individual test, about half of those with abnormal values had a response. However, it was disturbing to find that for any given test, half to two-thirds of the responders had a normal value. Because of the difficulty in distinguishing responders from non-responders and the simplicity, low cost, and low prevalence of side effects, we favor the use of a therapeutic trial based on only a low Hb in similar high-risk populations. Further costly workup could then be reserved for the small number of infants who have unexplained anemia (Hb < 11.0 g/dl) after a therapeutic trial.
Enhancement of the depressant action of hexobarbital by tranquilizers in mice.

Abstract Sleeping time, immobility time and arousal time were measured in mice after hexobarbital as a means of separating the different depressant characteristics of this drug in combination with certain tranquilizers. Enhancement of this barbiturate hypnosis was shown by the drugs, chlorpromazine, reserpine, meprobamate and hydroxyzine. The sedation calculated from these measurements was either inhibited or unaffected by these tranquilizers. Arousal time appears to be a critical measurement of the hypnotic property of a drug.
Supervisors' Power: An Exchange Model of Leadership:

validity. From organizational behavior and speech classes at a large, midwestern university 48 student volunreers completed the scales using their supervisors is the focal ,persons. Criterion measures included the Leadership Behavior Description Questionnaire's Structure scale, subordinates' evaluations of their supervisors' effectiveness, subordinates' estimates of others' evaluations of their supervisors' effectiveness, subordinates' frequency of compliance with supervisors' requess, and subordinates' perceptions of supervisors' tolerance. Scores on the power scale did not correlate with the subordinates' frequency of compliance with supervisors' requests (T = $05). This may be a function of the subjects' particular jobs. The mean frequency of compliance was 77%, suggesting that this group may have had little control over their job behavior. Also, scale scores weie related to the remaining criterion measures, including subordinates' perception of effectiveness of leadership (r = .36, p = ' .006), the production emphasis scale of the Leadership Behavior Description Questionnaire (r = .29, p = .02), and others' perceptions of the effectiveness of the supervisors (T = .48. fi = ,001). Findings support the postulated exchange theory of leadership and provide small evidence for the scale's construct validity.
Forearm endothelial response in smokeless tobacco users compared with cigarette smokers and nonusers of tobacco.

Study Objective. To compare brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD) in subjects who use smokeless tobacco, smoke cigarettes, or do not use any tobacco product. Design. Cross-sectional study. Setting. University-affiliated outpatient clinic. Subjects. Seventeen apparently healthy volunteers who for more than 1 year smoked at least 10 cigarettes/day, used at least two containers of smokeless tobacco/week, or did not use any tobacco product. Measurements and Main Results. Baseline characteristics of subjects were similar among the three groups except for mean age and serum cotinine level. Baseline brachial artery diameter, endothelium-dependent FMD induced by reactive hyperemia, and endothelium-independent dilation induced by administration of sublingual nitroglycerin were measured. Mean FMD over baseline was 4.1% ± 0.7% in subjects who used smokeless tobacco, 3.9% ± 5.1% in cigarettes smokers, and 12.2% ± 5.7% in nonusers of tobacco (p=0.01). Endothelium-independent dilation induced by nitroglycerin was not statistically different among the three groups. Conclusion. Brachial artery FMD, a surrogate for endothelial dysfunction, was significantly impaired in smokeless tobacco users and cigarette smokers compared with nonusers of tobacco.
Jeannette veatch: Personal story, professional legacy

Abstract Jeannette Veatch is best known for her contributions in the field of reading, for her challenge to basal readers, and her espousal of a literature‐based, learner‐centered approach called Individualized Reading. Now, forty years since the emergence of that revolutionary approach, Dr. Veatch, Professor Emerita of Arizona State University, observes current movements in the profession with interest. Based on personal interviews and on published and unpublished material, this article presents highlights of the scholar's life and work: her early years as an elementary teacher in Michigan, her graduate study at New York University and her unrelenting support of children's reading rights. In retirement, Veatch looks back on accomplishments and controversy and views present trends in the profession with approbation and some reservations.
Localization of sucrose and maltose fermenting systems in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Abstract Isolated cell walls of bakers' yeast ( Saccharomyces cerevisiae , strain LK2G12) contain large amounts of invertase (β-fructosidase). Maltase (α-glucosidase) could not be detected in these preparations. Glucose and sucrose were fermented by cells grown on glucose, sucrose or maltose. Enzymic removal of the cell wall was paralleled by the release of soluble invertase and produced protoplasts which had lost the ability to ferment sucrose but not glucose. These protoplasts excreted substantial quantities of a soluble invertase during incubation with sucrose or glucose and the snail enzyme preparation. Maltose was fermented only by cells grown on this sugar. Protoplasts from these cells retained the ability to ferment maltose and released α-glucosidase upon lysis. Only small amounts of α-glucosidase were detectable in cells raised in a synthetic medium containing glucose as the only sugar. If the medium contained glucose or sucrose and low levels of maltose, the resulting cells did not ferment maltose nor did the derived protoplasts. Lysis of these protoplasts released substantial amounts of α-glucosidase. These results provide additional evidence that the major portion of the invertase is in the cell wall; in strain LK2G12 the rest is intracellular and not readily accessible to sucrose. Maltase is apparently only intracellular and becomes accessible to maltose through the action of an inducible system in the membrane.
Neurobiology of attention and automaticity

Research in the field of attention and automaticity examines the nature of processing information with and without attention. Behavioral results show automatic processing is a continuous effect that is task specific and is affected by top-down influences. Neurobiological data show that differential attentional processing occurs in a distributed network, where initial performance is more strongly influenced by more anterior cortical structures. Recent models of attentional and autonomic processing directly incorporate physiological constraints and predict practice effects as a result of a variety of competing mechanisms.
Mathematics discussions by design: creating opportunities for purposeful participation

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between instructional design and classroom discourse as implemented by a mathematics teacher. The instructional design in this study distinguished three different types of discussions—framing, conceptual, and application—based on their sequential position, their purpose, the instructional task, and the associated assessment methods. Data included transcripts from nine videotaped class sessions from a US seventh-grade mathematics classroom during a unit on surface area and volume. The findings showed differences in the types of discourse interactions among the three types of discussions. By understanding the relationship between the instructional design and the discourse interactions associated with each discussion type, mathematics teachers may find opportunities to plan classroom discussions with higher quality interactions. In addition, teacher educators and mentor teachers can use the findings from this study to provide explicit assistance and feedback to prospective and newly inducted teachers who want to incorporate classroom discussion into their instructional units.
Comments with a focus on Pervin's paper

Abstract Pervin's paper on the person-situation controversy is commended for offering an interesting review of the common roots of various current conceptualizations of person-environment relations. Moreover, the author agrees with Pervin's observation that what is needed is a dynamic, process-oriented model. Pervin's own conceptualization of the person as a goal-oriented organism, who responds to multiple situational demands, is criticized as (1) too person centered; (2) not giving adequate attention to the embeddedness of person-environment relations within various environmental systems; and (3) not explicitly articulating or citing others' conceptions of the specific mechanism(s) by which dynamic interaction between person and environment takes place.
Angular distribution of the photoelectron spectrum for benzene

Abstract The angular distribution of photoelectrons ejected from benzene using 21.22 eV radiation has been measured and the results applied to the analysis of the ionization bands.
Fate and Sorting of Acid β-Glucosidase in Transgenic Mammalian Cells

Abstract Gaucher disease (GD) is associated with mutations at the acid β-glucosidase (GCase) locus and the resultant defective activity of the enzyme product. GCase is a membrane-associated glycoprotein that requires detergents for extraction and phospholipid interfaces for full catalytic activity. Normal human fibroblasts and overexpressing transgenic cell lines were used to evaluate the intracellular disappearance, degradation, and secretion of human GCase, including GD fibroblasts and C2C12 cells transduced with MFG-GCase retrovirus and CHO cells stably transfected with the tetracycline transactivation conditional expression system (tet-CHO-GCase). Compared to HF, the disappearance of GCase from the transgenic cells was 12–30 times greater, and had degradative and secretory components. In tet-CHO-GCase cells the majority of GCase was secreted. Intracellular degradation occurred in compartments sensitive to monensin and brefeldin A, and the ALLN or leupeptin protease inhibitors, i.e., ER, Golgi, and lysosomes. In tet-CHO-GCase cells, GCase degradation and secretion rates were inversely related to expression level. Saponin permeabilization analyses of tet-CHO-GCase cells showed that a majority of GCase was soluble, with a rapid disappearance via secretion and degradation. A progressively increasing proportion of GCase became saponin insoluble with a t 1/2 = 2–3 h. Intracellular saponin-soluble and -insoluble GCases were degraded with t 1/2 ∼2 and 14 h, respectively. Confocal microscopy showed colocalization of glycosylated or unglycosylated GCase with LAMP-2, an integral lysosomal membrane protein, to vesicular bodies. These studies show that GCase secretion was N-linked glycosylation dependent, whereas sorting to and membrane attachment in the lysosome were N-linked glycosylation independent.
Science and Intractable Conflict

Using illustrative examples, this article describes how science and other types of information often are used in an attempt to settle Conflict. Expectations for science to arbitrate differences may be misplaced, however, and such misuse of science can aggravate and exacerbate Conflict. Instead, effective resolution may be facilitated by focusing on facts that matter, acknowledging the value of varied sorts and sources of information, and recognizing scientific uncertainty.
Modulation of Bulk Physicochemical Properties of Emulsions by Hetero-Aggregation of Oppositely Charged Protein-Coated Lipid Droplets

Abstract This manuscript describes the formation, stability, and properties of colloidal dispersions formed by hetero-aggregation of oppositely charged lipid droplets. Micro-clusters were formed by mixing an oil-in-water emulsion containing β-lactoglobulin-coated lipid droplets ( d 32 ∼ 0.14 μm) with another oil-in-water emulsion containing lactoferrin-coated lipid droplets ( d 32 ∼ 0.14 μm). These two proteins have different electrical charge versus pH characteristics because of their different isoelectric points: β-lactoglobulin (β-Lg), pI ≈ 5; lactoferrin (LF) pI ≈ 8. The ζ-potential, mean particle diameter, microstructure, creaming stability, and perceived texture of the resulting mixed emulsions were measured. Aggregates of positively and negatively charged droplets could be formed at pH values where the two proteins had opposite charges, i.e. , pI β-Lg LF . The characteristics of the aggregates formed depended on pH and the ratio of positive-to-negative droplets. Micro-cluster formation altered the creaming stability and textural properties of the mixed emulsions. Micro-clusters may be useful functional ingredients to modulate the physicochemical properties of food systems, such as release characteristics, mouth feel, stability, or texture.
Application of the Karl Fischer method in medicinal chemicals and other drug products.

The Karl Fischer reagent was used to determine the water content of various medicinal chemicals, powdered extracts, and ointments. In all instances, this method was found to be superior to the official methods for the determination of moisture. Both visual and electrometric end points were used. Chemicals and ointments could be analyzed satisfactorily by direct titration. Commercial powdered extracts were found to have a rather high moisture content, varying from 2.1 to 8.2 per cent.
LEARNER AS BOBSLED OPERATOR: THE PHYSICS OF LEARNER ENGAGEMENT

One need not visit many classes to discover some students not sufficiently energized to do the work necessary to learn. Many of these same students, however, immerse themselves in complex computerized mystery/adventure games, becoming so engaged by the experience they lose track of time. Designers invest much of their energy in trying to figure out how to make instructional software comparably engaging. This article explores learner motivation’s role by considering engagement through the lens of energy physics; in this case, as exemplified by bobsledding. Principles of good bobsled course design are matched to good practices in designing instructional software. “Motion” and “motivate” come from the same Latin root —movere, “to move” [1]. Csikszentmihalyi [2, 3] described engagement in terms of motion, noting some activities cause participants to become so absorbed they are spontaneously “carried away” in the “flow” of the task. Since physicists study the “dynamics of motion” (how and why objects move), perhaps physics can help explain how and why learners become engaged in Csikszentmihalyi’s flow. To help frame a context for examining engagement as motion, this article uses bobsledding as an analogy for learning. A Primer on Bobsledding Bobsledding occurs as the sled is maneuvered down the course by the operator to the finish of a run through a series of stages: “the start,” “straight-aways,” “curves,” and “the finish.” At each stage of the run, piloting calls for varying amounts of pushing and pulling to supply the needed energy to complete the run successfully. In order to start a run, the sled must move from a dead stop over a little rise onto the first downward slope. This requires a hard push to get things moving while the operator controls the sled’s fins to keep it going in the right direction. Just before going over the rise, the operator jumps into the cockpit, and begins the run. At the end of the run (the finish), the operator stops the sled, principally by pulling on the brake —a claw-like device that digs into the ice. The faster the sled is moving at the finish, the deeper the operator must dig the brake into the ice and the more control the operator must exert to keep the sled on course. So, now you know about bobsledding. Of course, some bobsledders are better than others, some courses are better designed, and some runs are more challenging than others.
Melanoma Arising De Novo Over a 16-Month Period

• Choroidal melanoma is widely regarded as a slow-growing tumor. We report herein the first documented case, to our knowledge, of a choroidal melanoma present in an eye in which examination 16 months earlier disclosed no tumor. On gross examination following enucleation, the largest tumor diameter at the base was 19 mm and the height was 11 mm. The implications as to the growth rate and the precursor lesions of choroidal melanomas are discussed.
On the equivalence of flows in queuing networks

The following surprising result has recently been proved: the arrival and departure processes at a node in a Jackson network of M/M/1 nodes have the same interarrival time distribution, under equilibrium [1]. This result, which has been generalized to the case of M/M/1 node in a quasireversible network [2], led the authors of [1] to conjecture the equivalence in law of those processes. It will be shown that this equivalence does not hold in general. The necessary and sufficient conditions for the equivalence of the flows in a closed network of two M/M/s queues will be given (see [3], [4]). The technique used is the martingale approach to the analysis of networks of queues and it will be briefly discussed (see [5]-[6]).
Dependence of oral development and cleavage on cell size in the ciliate Stentor

In Stentor, the two main cytoplasmic events of cell division are development of the oral primordium that gives rise to the oral apparatus of the posterior daughter cell and cleavage. The present work examines directly the dependence of these two events on the size of the cell body. Cell body size was reduced by various amounts with a microneedle during early stages of cell division and the effects on oral development and cleavage observed. The oral primordium was always resorbed and cleavage never occurred when the cell body was reduced to one quarter of its original size at Stage 3 of cell division; appropriate controls showed that this result was not caused by operation injury. Progressively smaller reductions in cell size yielded correspondingly lower percentages of inhibited cells. These data suggest that the mechanisms underlying the dependence of oral development and cleavage on cell size do not involve accumulation of regulator substances up to a critical concentration during interphase. The fact that oral development can be reversed by reducing cell body size supports the hypothesis that oral development and cell division are initiated when the oral apparatus becomes disproportionately small in relation to cell body size as a result of interphase growth. The size-dependence of cleavage is probably best understood as a mechanism for regulating cell size in Stentor.
Information, International Substitutability, and Globalization

Abstract Improved information allows home firms to rule out more potential foreign trade partners in advance of attempting to form a match. The increased responsiveness to country wage or goods price differentials resulting from this better first cut causes the general-equilibrium elasticity of substitution between national labor forces or the Armington elasticity of substitution between domestic and imported output to increase. Further results include an increase in the elasticity of domestic labor demand, an increase in the extent to which reductions in conventional trade barriers equalize national wages, and reduced “natural protection” for domestic producers.
Feeling of Knowing for Translations of Words

We looked at memory and metamemory for translations of words. Native Turkish speakers with different levels of proficiency in English tried to recall translations in response to both English and Turkish cue words. If they could not, they gave feeling-of-knowing (FOK) ratings. The accuracy of these ratings was gauged by recognition (Experiment 1) or cued recall (Experiment 2). Both initial recall and magnitudes of FOK ratings were influenced by proficiency levels, although accuracy of these FOK ratings was not. In addition, whereas recall was higher when the cue words were in the participants' weaker language, both the magnitudes of FOK ratings and accuracy were higher when the cue words were in the participants' stronger language. The inaccuracies were largely due to underconfidence by more proficient participants when they gave low FOK ratings and overconfidence by less proficient participants when they gave high FOK ratings.
Zinc tolerance test in uremia: effect of calcitriol supplementation.

The effect of 1,25(OH)2D3 on zinc absorption was indirectly determined in hemodialysis patients using the oral zinc tolerance test. The increment in plasma zinc and the area under the curve following an oral zinc load of 25 mg were studied in seven patients, before and after 6 weeks of therapy with 1 microgram/day of 1,25(OH)2D3 [Rocaltrol(R)]. Before therapy, fasting plasma zinc, 2 hour plasma zinc, and the area under the curve (AUC) were subnormal (hemodialysis patients vs normals: 96 +/− 2 vs 105 +/− 3 micrograms/dl, p less than 0.05, 161 +/− 8 vs 222 +/− 16 micrograms/dl, p less than 0.025, and 188 +/− 25 vs 302 +/− 33 micrograms hr/dl, p less than 0.025, respectively). Following Rocaltrol, serum calcium level increased (8.9 +/− .12 to 9.8 +/− .4 mg/dl, p less than 0.05), parathyroid hormone levels decreased (20.4 +/− 8.9 to 13.6 +/− 7.2 ng/ml, p less than 0.05), but there was no significant change in fasting plasma zinc, 2 hour plasma zinc, or AUC (89 +/− 3 micrograms/dl, 149 micrograms/dl, and 176 +...
A physicist at Woods Hole: Introducing the image intensifier and image processing to cell biology

In 1963, by invitation, particle physicist George Reynolds (Princeton University) brought an image intensifier to Woods Hole Marine Biological Laboratory. Together, he and a group of biologists began experimenting with the device as a way to create images of cells in low-light level situations, especially in the study of bioluminescence. In this paper I am interested in how the scientists, a physicist and biologists in collaboration, assessed, interpreted and presented the pictures that they created with the aid of image intensification. In particular, I consider the problem of ‘noise’ in the image. The paper ends with an example of how Reynolds and a biologist at Woods Hole contended with the presence of noise in images used for publication. Here is an example of how data is modified, that is, enhanced, to serve as scientific evidence. By presenting an early and simple case of the altered image I reveal one way scientists addressed the potentiality of presenting inappropriately modified data – a concern that has garnered much attention in the current age of digital imaging technologies.
Sales territory alignment for sparse accounts

Abstract A sales territory alignment problem for sparse accounts where travel time is a major component of the salesman's worktime is presented and analyzed. The objective is to minimize total driving distance of salesmen while equalizing driving distance between salesmen. A mixed integer programming formulation and an interactive heuristic algorithm in the context of a practical application are discussed.
The mechano-caloric effect in thermo-elastic problems

The inclusion of mechano-caloric effects has introduced important changes in the form of the equations for uncoupled heat transmission, whence to essentially distinct response predictions [7]. The current work is devoted to understanding the changes in the field equations for elastic systems and their harmonic solutions with the inclusion of mechano-caloric effects. Low frequency waves are uneffected, but high frequency waves are predicted to have increased propagation velocities. It is observed that the mechanical response at high frequencies can be determined from the dynamical equations alone if the adiabatic stress relations are used. Preliminary analysis for the propagation and dispersion at intermediate frequencies is given.
Low to Moderate Dose Anthracycline-Based Chemotherapy Is Associated With Early Noninvasive Imaging Evidence of Subclinical Cardiovascular Disease

Objectives The goal of this study was to determine if low to moderate doses of anthracycline-based chemotherapy (Anth-bC) are associated with subclinical cardiovascular (CV) injury. Background Cancer survivors who receive Anth-bC experience premature CV events. It is unknown whether low to moderate doses of anthracyclines promote early subclinical CV disease manifested by deteriorations in left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) or increases in aortic stiffness, or if these doses are associated with changes in quality of life (QOL). Methods In 53 men and women with breast cancer, leukemia, or lymphoma, we assessed left ventricular volumes, LVEF, circumferential strain, aortic pulse wave velocity, late gadolinium enhancement, serum B-type natriuretic peptide, troponin I, and the impact of treatment on QOL before and 1, 3, and 6 months after receipt of Anth-bC. Results Participants averaged 50 ± 2 (range 19 to 80) years in age, 58% were women, 17% were black, and they each received a range of 50 to 375 mg/m 2 of doxorubicin-equivalent chemotherapy. Left ventricular end-systolic volume (48 ± 3 ml to 54 ± 3 ml; p = 0.02), left ventricular strain (–17.7 ± 0.4 to –15.1 ± 0.4; p = 0.0003), pulse wave velocity (6.7 ± 0.5 m/s to 10.1 ± 1 m/s; p = 0.0006), and QOL deterioration (15.4 ± 3.3 to 28.5 ± 3.9; p = 0.008) increased, whereas LVEF (58 ± 1% to 53 ± 1%; p = 0.0002) decreased within 6 months after low to moderate doses of Anth-bC. All findings persisted after accounting for age, gender, race (white/black), doxorubicin-equivalent dose, doxorubicin administration technique, comorbidities associated with CV events, and cancer diagnosis (p = 0.02 to 0.0001 for all). There were no new late gadolinium enhancement findings after 6 months. Conclusions In these study patients, low to moderate doses of Anth-bC were associated with the early development of subclinical abnormalities of cardiac and vascular function that in other populations are associated with the future occurrence of CV events.
Online Learning Neural Network based PSS with Adaptive Training Parameters

This paper provides a new method to improve power system stability using recurrent neural network with adaptive training parameters. Power system generators are equipped with automatic voltage regulator, power system stabilizer, and governor to control and stabilize the system. The controller parameters are tuned using mathematical methods, or heuristic search methods such as genetic algorithm. Therefore these control parameters are often fixed and are set for particular system configurations or operating points. Artificial neural network can be tuned for changing system conditions and thus provide better control. Artificial neural network is used in this paper in parallel with the existing PSS to effectively damp the oscillations and improve overall system performance. Online training method is employed with multilayer recurrent neural network. Training is based on back propagation with adaptive training parameters. This controller is tested on two different systems and simulation results are presented to illustrate the proposed approach.
Are two doctors better than one? Women's physician use and appropriate care.

This study examines nonelderly women's concurrent use of two types of physicians (generalists and obstetrician-gynecologists) for regular health care and associations with receipt of preventive care, including a range of recommended screening, counseling, and heart disease prevention services. Data are from the 1999 Women's Health Care Experiences Survey conducted in Baltimore, Maryland, using random digit dialing (N 509 women ages 18 to 64). Key findings are: 58% of women report using two physicians (a generalist and an ob/gyn) for regular care; seeing both a generalist and an ob/gyn, compared with seeing a generalist alone, is consistently associated with receiving more clinical preventive services, including screening, coun- seling, and preventive services related to heart disease. Because seeing an ob/gyn in addition to a generalist physician is associated with receiving recommended preventive services (even for heart disease), the findings suggest that non-elderly women who rely on a generalist alone may receive substandard preventive care. The implications for women's access to ob/gyns and for appropriate design of women's primary care are discussed.
Experimental Measurement of the Second-Order Interfrequency Correlation Function of the Random Surface Scatter Channel

A series of experiments have been performed designed to confirm recently published calculations of the Fresnel corrected interfrequency correlation function of the time varying rough surface scatter channel. The experiments were performed in a physical model facility using a wind driven water surface. Preemphasized pulse probing was used to extract instantaneous transfer functions over a domain of 200 kHz-1.3 MHz. The results indicate good agreement with theory especially for large surface roughness and frequency domains higher than the cutoff of the coherent transfer function of the channel.