cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Students' Perception of the Role of Reflection in Leadership Learning.

Reflection covers both the cognitive process and the broad range of activities that enhance learning resulting from experience. While much of what we know about reflection is rooted in experiential learning, leadership education programs which frame leadership as an experience could benefit from a richer understanding of the role of reflection in students’ learning. The purpose of this study was to discover how students perceived the role of reflection. This study explored the function of reflection in the formal classroom setting and co-curricular experiences. Findings reveal students make a deep connection between leadership learning and reflection, prefer contemplation to written reflection, and struggle with forced reflections.
An update on therapeutic uses of radiotracers in neoplastic disease

The key to delivering radiation to a lesion by means of internally administered radiopharmaceuticals is specificity of localization (a high lesion-background ratio). Factors that may limit this localization are pointed out. Potential alteration of the residence time within the lesion and use of radiation-sensitizing agents may bring new applications for radionuclides in therapy. The most common therapeutic applications of radiopharmaceuticals are outlined.
Improved NlaIII digestion of PAGE-purified 102 bp ditags by addition of a single purification step in both the SAGE and microSAGE protocols

Despite the success of microarray technologies, serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE) still remains the only technique that allows an accurate quantitative and qualitative analysis of cell transcription in a variety of physiological and pathological conditions. Nevertheless, the efficiency of SAGE is limited by the numerous gel purification steps required and these increase the possibility of contamination and reduce or inhibit the activity of the
System Identification of a Model Ship Using a Mechatronic System

This paper describes a mechatronic system for a model ship that is developed as a validation platform for ship maneuvering control system research. The model ship is a free-running system that is propelled and steered by two propulsion motors and two rudder motors, respectively, powered by batteries packed onboard. Real-time control is performed by an embedded processor, with control algorithm being programmed on a hosting PC and communicated through a wireless network. Sensors for the ship motion are integrated for feedback control and data acquisition. The hardware description, software development, and system integration efforts will be delineated. The mechatronic system has been used to develop a dynamic mathematical model for the ship to facilitate future control work. System identification results are presented to demonstrate the utility of the hardware and software presented in this paper.
High-quality software through semiformal specification and verification

Semi-formal specification and verification in the style of the cleanroom method, combined with testing, have proven to be exceptionally effective in reducing the number of defects in software, as well as being cost-effective in practice. A course based on these principles is described, and the results of class projects and projects by graduates of the course are presented. These results provide evidence that cleanroom techniques, as adapted for the course, are indeed effective, and that these techniques can be taught successfully, even to undergraduates.
Assignment of ordinals to patterns of resemblance

In [2] T. J. Carlson introduces an approach to ordinal notation systems which is based on the notion of Σ 1 -elementary substructure. We gave a detailed ordinal arithmetical analysis (see [7]) of the ordinal structure based on Σ 1 -elementarily as defined in [2]. This involved the development of an appropriate ordinal arithmetic that is based on a system of classical ordinal notations derived from Skolem hull operators, see [6]. In the present paper we establish an effective order isomorphism between the classical and the new system of ordinal notations using the results from [6] and [7]. Moreover, on the basis of a concept of relativization we develop mutual (relatively) elementary recursive assignments which are uniform with respect to the underlying relativization.
Impulsive fluid forcing and water strider locomotion

This paper presents a study of the global response of a fluid to impulsive and localized forcing; it has been motivated by the recent laboratory experiments on the locomotion of water-walking insects reported in Hu, Chan & Bush (Nature, vol. 424, 2003, p. 663). These insects create both waves and vortices by their rapid leg strokes and it has been a matter of some debate whether either form of motion predominates in the momentum budget. The main result of this paper is to argue that generically both waves and vortices are significant, and that in linear theory they take up the horizontal momentum with share 1/3 and 2/3, respectively.This generic result, which depends only on the impulsive and localized nature of the forcing, is established using the classical linear impulse theory, with adaptations to weakly compressible flows and flows with a free surface. Additional general comments on experimental techniques for momentum measurement and on the wave emission are given and then the theory is applied in detail to water-walking insects.Owing to its generality, this kind of result and the methods used to derive it should be applicable to a wider range of wave–vortex problems in the biolocomotion of water-walking animals and elsewhere.
Variation Programming with the Choice Calculus

The choice calculus provides a language for representing and transforming variation in software and other structured documents. Variability is captured in localized choices between alternatives. The space of all variations is organized by dimensions, which provide scoping and structure to choices. The variation space can be reduced through a process of selection, which eliminates a dimension and resolves all of its associated choices by replacing each with one of their alternatives. The choice calculus also allows the definition of arbitrary functions for the flexible construction and transformation of all kinds of variation structures. In this tutorial we will first present the motivation, general ideas, and principles that underlie the choice calculus. This is followed by a closer look at the semantics. We will then present practical applications based on several small example scenarios and consider the concepts of ”variation programming” and ”variation querying”. The practical applications involve work with a Haskell library that supports variation programming and experimentation with the choice calculus.
New virtual time CSMA/CD protocols for real-time communication

A hybrid protocol, W-VTCSMA, is presented which uses both virtual clocks and windows. It is shown to have better performance over a wide range of load conditions. Few protocols exist for the soft real time environment. The authors present P-VTCSMA, a protocol that transmits a tardy message using a value function driven probability distribution. It is shown how to increase the overall system value under a broad range of load conditions. >
Gravity waves on shear flows

The eigenvalue problem for gravity waves on a shear flow of depth h and non-inflected velocity profile U(y) (typically parabolic) is revisited, following Burns (1953) and Yih (1972). Complementary variational formulations that provide upper and lower bounds to the Froude number F as a function of the wave speed c and wavenumber k are constructed. These formulations are used to improve Burns's long-wave approximation and to determine Yih's critical wavenumber k∗, for which the wave is stationary (c = 0) and to which k must be inferior for the existence of an upstream running wave.
Apo-nitrophorin 4 at atomic resolution.

The nitrophorins from Rhodnius prolixus, the kissing bug, are heme-containing proteins used for the transport of nitric oxide to aide the insect in obtaining a blood meal. The Rhodnius nitrophorins display an eight-stranded antiparallel beta-barrel motif, typical of lipocalins, with a histidine-linked heme in the open end of the barrel. Heme is stabilized in the ferric state and highly distorted, displaying a ruffled conformation that may be of importance in the setting of the reduction potential. To help in understanding the means by which the protein matrix, an inherently soft material, is able to distort the heme from its low-energy planar conformation, we have determined the crystal structure of apo-nitrophorin 4–1.1 A resolution. Removal of the heme from nitrophorin 4 has very little effect on its structure: The heme binding cavity remains open and the loops near the cavity entrance respond to lower pH in the same manner as the intact protein. We conclude that the general stability of the lipocalin fold and apparent rigidity of the beta-barrel provide the means for distorting the heme cofactor.
Citizens' Peace Movement in the Soviet Baltic Republics

A citizens' peace movement emerged in the Soviet Baltic republics in January 1980, when about 23 Lithuanians, Estonians, and Latvians signed an antiwar declaration in the wake of Soviet military in volvement in Afghanistan. The concern for peace was intertwined with, but distinct from, concerns for national autonomy, civil rights, and ecology. The movement culminated with a proposal in October 1981 that the Baltic republics be enclosed in the Nordic Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone. This proposal was signed by 38 Latvians, Lithuanians, and Estonians, in response to Brezhnev's offer to consider some NWFZ-related measures 'applicable to our own territory'. At least five of the signatories have been jailed since then, and at least in one case the NWFZ proposal figured among the most incriminating char ges. Despite some remaining problems of wording, the Baltic Letter on the NWFZ represented a major advance from uncompromising declaratory dissent toward advocacy of specific and negotiable mea sures. The Baltic action...
Getting Married in Korea: Of Gender, Morality, and Modernity

Getting Married in Korea: Of Gender, Morality, and Modernity. Laurel Kendall. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996. xvi. 259 pp., illustrations, bibliography, index.
Gluteal compartment syndrome following elective unilateral internal iliac artery embolization before endovascular abdominal aortic aneurysm repair

During endovascular abdominal aortic aneurysm repair, aneurysmal involvement of the common or internal iliac arteries occasionally necessitates elective occlusion of one or both internal iliac arteries. Although elective internal iliac artery occlusion is often well tolerated, it can result in complications such as buttock claudication or rest pain, impotence, and colon ischemia. We report a case of gluteal compartment syndrome following elective unilateral internal iliac artery embolization prior to endovascular abdominal aortic aneurysm repair. On the first postoperative day, the patient developed sciatic nerve palsy, rhabdomyolysis, and renal failure, which promptly resolved after emergent operative exploration of his left buttock and debridement of all grossly necrotic muscle. This case emphasizes the point that, although elective internal iliac artery interruption is usually benign, it can have serious and unexpected complications that necessitate expeditious treatment for complete recovery.
Anatomic characteristics of ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm on conventional CT scans: Implications for rupture risk.

Abstract Objective The purpose of this study was to analyze anatomic characteristics of patients with ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs), with conventional two-dimensional computed tomography (CT), including comparison with control subjects matched for age, gender, and size. Methods Records were reviewed to identify all CT scans obtained at Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center or referring hospitals before emergency AAA repair performed because of rupture or acute severe pain (RUP group). CT scans obtained before elective AAA repair (ELEC group) were reviewed for age and gender match with patients in the RUP group. More than 40 variables were measured on each CT scan. Aneurysm diameter matching was achieved by consecutively deleting the largest RUP scan and the smallest ELEC scan to prevent bias. Results CT scans were analyzed for 259 patients with AAAs: 122 RUP and 137 ELEC. Patients were well matched for age, gender, and other demographic variables or risk factors. Maximum AAA diameter was significantly different in comparisons of all patients (RUP, 6.5 ± 2 cm vs ELEC, 5.6 ± 1 cm; P P = .007). Two hundred patients were matched for diameter, gender, and age (100 from each group; maximum AAA diameter, 6.0 ± 1 cm vs 6.0 ± 1 cm). Analysis of diameter-matched AAAs indicated that most variables were statistically similar in the two groups, including infrarenal neck length (17 ± 1 mm vs 19 ± 1 mm; P = .3), maximum thrombus thickness (25 ± 1 mm vs 23 ± 1 mm, P = .4), and indices of body habitus, such as [(maximum AAA diameter)/(normal suprarenal aorta diameter)] or [(maximum AAA diameter)/(L3 transverse diameter)]. Multivariate analysis controlling for gender indicated that the most significant variables for rupture were aortic tortuosity (odds ratio [OR] 3.3, indicating greater risk with no or mild tortuosity), diameter asymmetry (OR, 3.2 for a 1-cm difference in major-minor axis), and current smoking (OR, 2.7, with the greater risk in current smokers). Conclusions When matched for age, gender, and diameter, ruptured AAAs tend to be less tortuous, yet have greater cross-sectional diameter asymmetry. On conventional two-dimensional CT axial sections, it appears that when diameter asymmetry is associated with low aortic tortuosity, the larger diameter on axial sections more accurately reflects rupture risk, and when diameter asymmetry is associated with moderate or severe aortic tortuosity, the smaller diameter on axial sections more accurately reflects rupture risk. Current smoking is significantly associated with rupture, even when controlling for gender and AAA anatomy.
Knee stability in orthotic knee braces

The ability of six commercially available orthotic knee braces to stabilize ligamentous injuries of the knee was evaluated using fresh cadaver specimens. Anterior, valgus, and rotational forces were applied to the intact knee, after the anterior cruciate and medial collateral ligaments were cut, and after application of the knee braces. Bony displacement was measured using half pins and an external fixator applied to the tibia and femur. There was a significant difference in brace performance, most likely due to differences in brace design. Of the six braces tested, the 3D 3-Way Brace provided the greatest knee stability.
Enzymatische Prozesse bei der Verarbeitung von Kartoffeln

Die enzymatisch abbaubaren Bestandteile der Kartoffel – Starke, Eiweis, Faser- und Pektinstoffe – werden einleitend vorgestellt, und besonders wird die Anwendung von Amylasen (bakterielle α-Amylase, Glucoamylase) bei der Verflussigung und Verzuckerung reiner Kartoffelstarke, bei der enzymatischen Direktverzuckerung und in der Kartoffelbrennerei beschrieben. Einsatzgebiete fur bakterielle α-Amylase sind auch die Gewinnung diatetisch wirksamer Kartoffelsafte und ein relativ neues Verfahren, mit dessen Hilfe Abfalle aus der Kartoffelprodukte-Herstellung (Chips, Pommes Frites) so aufgearbeitet werden, das sie optimale Ergebnisse in der Schweinemast gewahrleisten bzw.einer Alkoholgewinnungsanlage zugefuhrt werden konnen. Sonstige Erfahrungen, z. B. bei der Behandlung von Kartoffelpulpe, einem der Abfallprodukte der Kartoffelstarkeherstellung, mit Pektinasen, Cellulasen und Amylasen sowie eine Darstellung der Moglichkeiten zur Modifizierung von Kartoffeleiweis, bilden den Abschlus des Artikels. Enzymatic Processes in the Processing of Potatoes. The enzymatically convertable components of potatoes – starch, protein, fibres and pectins – are presented and especially the application of amylases (bacterial α-amylase, glucoamylase) in liquefaction and saccharification of pure potato starch, in direct enzymatic saccharification of potatoes and in the potato distillery is demonstrated. The use of bacterial α-amylase is also recommended for production of potato juice with dietetic effectiveness and in a quite new process for the conversion of wastes from convenient product plants (chips, pommes frites). The latter enables optimal results in pig-breeding or alternatively in obtaining of potable resp. power alcohol. Finally some other results in the treatment of potato pulp – waste material from potato starch manufacture – with pectinases, cellulases and amylases are given and the possibilities to modify potato protein described.
Biogeography Explains Cophylogenetic Patterns in Toucan Chewing Lice

Historically, comparisons of host and parasite phylogenies have concentrated on cospeciation. However, many of these comparisons have demonstrated that the phylogenies of hosts and parasites are seldom completely congruent, suggesting that phenomena other than cospeciation play an important role in the evolution of host-parasite assemblages. Other coevolutionary phenomena, such as host switching, parasite duplication (speciation on the host), sorting (extinction), and failure to speciate can also influence host-parasite assemblages. Using mitochondrial and nuclear protein-coding DNA sequences, I reconstructed the phylogeny of ectoparasitic toucan chewing lice in the Austrophilopterus cancellosus subspecies complex and compared this phylogeny with the phylogeny of the hosts, the Ramphastos toucans, to reconstruct the history of coevolutionary events in this host-parasite assemblage. Three salient findings emerged. First, reconstructions of host and louse phylogenies indicate that they do not branch in parallel, and their cophylogenetic history shows little or no significant cospeciation. Second, members of monophyletic Austrophilopterus toucan louse lineages are not necessarily restricted to monophyletic host lineages. Often, closely related lice are found on more distantly related but sympatric toucan hosts. Third, the geographic distribution of the hosts apparently plays a role in the speciation of these lice. These results suggest that for some louse lineages biogeography may be more important than host associations in structuring louse populations and species, particularly when host life history (e.g., hole nesting) or parasite life history (e.g., phoresis) might promote frequent host switching events between syntopic host species. These findings highlight the importance of integrating biogeographic information into cophylogenetic studies.
A modification and validation of two urine ethanol procedures for use with the Monarch® 2000 chemistry system

A modification of two commercially available enzymatic ethanol urine assays for use with the Monarch 2000 Chemistry System (Instrumentation Laboratory) is described. Both the Syva EMIT st Urine Ethyl Alcohol Assay and the Sigma Diagnostics Alcohol in Urine Assay, which utilize the reduction of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) to NADH associated with the oxidation of ethanol in the presence of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), were adapted to spectrophotometrically determine ethanol concentration. Precision was evaluated over a 3-day period. Within-day (n = 9) and total (n = 27) coefficients of variation (CV) were less than 7% for the controls greater than or equal to 200 mg/L (20 mg/dL). Enzymatic assay results utilizing the Monarch procedure were compared to a gas chromatographic (GC) reference method (n = 100 samples). Regression analysis of assay data with each reagent compared to the reference method resulted in correlation coefficients r = 0.972 (Syva) and 0.948 (Sigma). Both methods exhibited nonlinear results and therefore quantitative applications cannot be made. No false positive or negative results were encountered with either reagent, indicating that the assay is acceptable as a positive/negative screen for urine ethanol for a threshold less than or equal to 20 mg/dL.
Internal force-based impedance control for cooperating manipulators

An internal force-based impedance control scheme for cooperating manipulators is introduced which controls the motion of the objects being manipulated and the internal force on the objects. The controller enforces a relationship between the velocity of each manipulator and the internal force on the manipulated objects. Each manipulator is directly given the properties of an impedance by the controller; thus, eliminating the gain limitation inherent in the structure of previously proposed schemes. The controller uses the forces sensed at the robot end effectors to compensate for the effects of the objects' dynamics and to compute the internal force using only kinematic relationships. Thus, knowledge of the objects' dynamics is not required. Stability of the system is proven using Lyapunov theory and simulation results are presented validating the proposed concepts. The effect of computational delays in digital control implementations is analyzed vis-a-vis stability and a lower bound derived on the size of the desired manipulator inertia relative to the actual manipulator endpoint inertia. The bound is independent of the sample time.
Structure and control: Reconsidering Hirschi's concept of commitment

Hirschi's concept of commitment confuses the definition and the explanation of conformity, as part of a more general confusion between conformity and legality. The result is tautology—an explanation that merely restates a definition. Commitment is properly conceived as an antecedent variable that measures the role of social structure in the origin of delinquency. As such, it explains legal actions but not conforming actions.
Autism From a Religious Perspective: A Study of Parental Beliefs in South Asian Muslim Immigrant Families

Three multilingual immigrant South Asian Muslim families who have children with autism were interviewed to ascertain their beliefs about autism. Data were drawn from interviews and conversations recorded during 17 months of ethnographic fieldwork in homes and community. Results indicate that families understood the task of raising a child with autism in religious terms. In keeping with the precepts of Islam, their overarching goal was to raise their children as normally as possible, incorporating them into ordinary social, linguistic, and religious practices at home and in the community. Parents strongly contested experts’ understandings of autism, which they believed undermined rather than promoted their children’s development. Findings have implications for multicultural teacher education and enhancing home, community, and school collaboration.
Comparison of genomic fragment and clone sequences within a long interspersed repeated sequence of the mouse genome

Abstract The 393bp nucleotide sequence of a HindIII genomic fragment mapping within the major long interspersed repeated sequence family (MIF-1, Bam, L1) of mouse is reported and compared to clone sequences of the same region of this repeated sequence. The consensus of the clone sequences significantly differs from the genomic fragment sequence by additions and deletions that are inconsistent with the physical and biochemical properties of the genomic fragment. While alternative explanations could account for some of these differences, several aspects of the experimental results imply that cloning artifacts contribute to the discrepancies. Despite the differences between the clone and genomic fragment sequences, the biologically interesting features previously noted in clone sequences (promoter-like signals and an open reading frame) are conserved in the genomic fragment sequence.
A happy state of mind : A history of mild elation, denial of disability, optimism, and laughing in multiple sclerosis

Although multiple sclerosis (MS) is often looked on as a disorder of the sensory and motor systems, it can also be associated with changes in emotion and personality. Many patients with MS seem cheerful, optimistic about the future, and strangely unconcerned about their ongoing physical deterioration. In addition, patients with MS have a tendency to break into uncontrollable laughing, even when they have no reason to be happy. This article looks at how these seemingly upbeat affective changes were viewed by early researchers of MS, including Cruveilhier, Charcot, and Moxon during the 19th century and Cottrell, Wilson, and Ombredane in the 1920s. Frequently cited studies on the emotional correlates of MS from the mid-20th century are also presented, and some trends in the more recent literature are identified.
Posterior tibial nerve block. A new approach using the bony landmark of the sustentaculum tali.

Summary A local analgesic block of the posterior tibial nerve, using a new subcalcaneal approach, is described. The point of insertion of the needle is defined in relation to a bony prominence below the medial malleolus, the sustentaculum tali, to which the posterior tibial nerve bears a constant relationship. Twenty patients given a posterior tibial block using the subcalcaneal approach were compared with 20 patients in whom a traditional retrotibial approach was used. In this technique the major landmark for needle insertion is the posterior tibial artery. In all patients the techniques formed part of an ankle block for foot surgery. Eighty-five to 90% of patients had peripheral vascular disease and in 60–65% the posterior tibial artery was not palpable. In the group of patients without palpable pulses, the subcalcaneal approach had a success rate of 100%, whereas all those having the retrotibial approach required additional local analgesic supplements (p < 0.001). The subcalcaneal approach is simple and is particularly recommended for patients with peripheral vascular disease.
Interactive virtual reconstructions: visualization and user interface design for installations in public venues

We present two case studies in which the objective was to accurately reconstruct a historically significant place no longer accessible to the public due to complete or partial destruction of the original environment. In both cases the desire was to present the reconstructions in a public venue for the purpose of enlightenment; to engage the audience in a deeper understanding of the information being presented in a museum environment and to put in context the artifacts seen in a collection with the source in which they originated. The objective was to build an interactive application in which the viewer can intuitively navigate the reconstructed space with an emphasis on conveying the content of the work in a relatively short amount of time.
Forecasting energy product prices

Five inter-related energy products are forecasted one month into the future using both linear and nonlinear techniques. Both spot prices and data derived from those prices are used as input data in the models. The models are validated by running data from the following year. Results show that, even though all products are highly correlated, the prediction results are asymmetric. In forecasts for crude oil, heating oil, gasoline and natural gas, the nonlinear forecasts were best while for propane, the nonlinear model had the largest average absolute error.
Bisphosphonates and PTH for Preventing Fractures

The risk of fracture is intimately linked to loss of bone mass. The two most common pharmaceutical agents used to alter this loss are bisphosphonates and recombinant human parathyroid hormone (rhPTH 1-34; teriparatide). These two classes of drugs work through distinctly different mechanisms. Bisphosphonates bind to bone mineral and inhibit osteoclast activity. This leads to a reduction in bone remodeling, which slows bone loss, and also leads to significant changes in the bone material properties such as mineralization, microdamage, and the organic matrix. The long-term effects of these altered material properties are unclear. There are also noteworthy differences among the various bisphosphonates used clinically such as the speed of onset and magnitude of remodeling suppression. PTH is an anabolic agent which stimulates both remodeling and modeling—resulting in the formation of new bone which over time leads to an increase in bone mass. PTH also alters the material properties although these changes are distinctly different from the bisphosphonates. Recent studies have begun to investigate combining bisphosphonates and PTH, either sequentially or concomitantly, with most data showing that bisphosphonates blunt the full effect of PTH. Although bisphosphonates and PTH each have their own specific profile, mechanisms of action, and effects on bone mass, architecture and tissue properties, both have been shown to effectively reduce vertebral and non-vertebral fractures and improve the health of postmenopausal women and older men.
Competitive Innovation and Information Flows in a Growing Industry

Case studies reveal a pattern of rapid industrial growth propelled by innovation and quick diffusion of new technologies, especially among emerging industries exposed to global competition. At the firm level, the distribution of innovative activity is highly skewed, while productivity growth is not strongly related to a firm's innovative activity. In this paper, we develop a dynamic model of a competitive industry that is consistent with these stylized facts. We derive an equilibrium growth path, along which a leading firm invests in increasing the stock of technological knowledge and chooses not to prevent spillovers to other firms as long as the industry remains relatively small. As the industry expands including new entry, the leader's optimal amount of investment gradually declines. The leading firm may also choose to start keeping its innovations secret somewhere along the equilibrium growth path, bringing technology diffusion and further expansion of the industry to a halt. Policy implications include beneficial effects of the absence of tariff protection, and possible beneficial effects of moderate costs of intellectual property rights protection.
Statistics of Extreme of Live Load on Buildings

The accuracies of currently available formulas relating the statistics (mean and standard deviation) of instanteneous intensity of sustained live load to those of lifetime maximum value are examined. A method based on a Gauss-Markov model for the sustained live load in multistory buildings is proposed. It is found that the mean lifetime maximum equivalent uniformly distributed load for columns of multistory buildings may be greater than that of the single-story case, but the differences are small (within 4 psf).
Effect of Ca2(+)-channel agonists and antagonists on skeletal muscle sugar transport

The purpose of this study was to determine whether changes in cellular Ca2+ caused by Ca2(+)-channel modifiers affect skeletal muscle sugar transport. Rat soleus muscles were isolated, and sugar transport was measured monitoring efflux of 3-O-methylglucose (3-MG). Muscles were "loaded" with 3-O-[methyl-14C]methyl-D-glucose in Krebs-Ringer-bicarbonate (KRB) media and then sequentially washed in radioisotope-free KRB. Cellular Ca2+ was modified by adding a Ca2+ agonist (BAY K 8644) and/or Ca2+ antagonists (nifedipine, nitrendipine, diltiazem) to the "load" and "wash" media. Alterations in cellular Ca2+ were determined from soleus muscle 45Ca2+ uptake measurements. Addition of 0.25 microM BAY K 8644 enhanced insulin-mediated 3-MG transport and 1 microM nifedipine prevented the agonist effect. A high concentration of BAY K 8644 (6 microM) led to increased basal but attenuated insulin-mediated 3-MG transport. Nifedipine (4 microM) and diltiazem (20 microM) blocked the BAY K 8644-induced changes in basal and insulin-mediated 3-MG transport. Nifedipine (4 microM) also attenuated the stimulation of cellular Ca2+ uptake by 6 microM BAY K 8644. Nitrendipine was unable to reverse the changes in basal or insulin-mediated 3-MG transport caused by BAY K 8644. These results indicate that a low concentration of BAY K 8644 enhanced insulin-stimulated skeletal muscle sugar transport, whereas a high concentration of the agonist led to a diminished ability of insulin to stimulate sugar transport. The effects of the Ca2+ agonist were presumably mediated through modulation of cellular Ca2+ as these effects were blunted by the Ca2+ antagonists.
Ternary, Tunable Polyelectrolyte Complex Fluids Driven by Complex Coacervation

Complex coacervation was achieved by combining poly(allylamine) (PAH) or branched poly(ethylenimine) (PEI) with poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) and poly(N,N-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate) (PDMAEMA). We systematically investigated the effects of stoichiometry, salt concentration, and pH. Ternary coacervates formed over a broader range of stoichiometries compared to the base PAA/PDMAEMA system. An enhanced resistance to salt, that is, resistance to dissolution of the complex with added salt, was observed for ternary coacervates. PEI-containing systems showed a considerable difference in salt resistance at pH 6–8 due to the dramatic change in charge density. This change was interpreted in the context of a theoretical treatment that relies on the Voorn–Overbeek model for free energy. Coacervate stability and viscoelastic behavior were affected by stoichiometry, salt, and pH. Ternary coacervates maintain the characteristics and tunability of typical binary coacervates, but the choice of the third component is impor...
Use of the Woodcock–Johnson IV in the Diagnosis of Specific Learning Disabilities in Adulthood

Abstract Learning disability (LD) evaluations are frequently requested by adult clients, either to update previous diagnoses, or to address new or longstanding academic concerns that had never prompted a formal evaluation in the past. This chapter shows how to use the Woodcock–Johnson IV (WJ IV) battery when evaluating LDs in adults. After covering relevant clinical (DSM, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders) and legal (ADA, Americans with Disabilities Act) criteria for defining LDs in the adult population, the chapter covers three specific diagnostic models (low achievement, IQ-achievement discrepancy, and pattern of strengths and weaknesses) to show how the WJ IV would be used with each model. As the chapter shows, the WJ IV is an ideal battery for diagnostic evaluations of LDs in adults, regardless of the specific diagnostic model chosen.
Determining Aroma Genes in Rice by Using BADH Premier and Its Application in the Breeding of Fragrant Rice

Objective The research aimed to determine the aroma genes in rice and provide basis for its application in the breeding of fragrant rice.Method After DNA was extracted from backcross progeny materials BC3F2 of Thailand fragrant rice and Chinese fragrant rice,BADH premier was added for PCR amplification and determine the aroma genes by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.At the same time,aroma of leaf blade was identified on the individual plants contained aroma genes by using KOH solution.Two kinds of the detection results were compared.Result The electrophoresis results showed that among 94 samples,32 samples contained homozygous aroma genes and 19 samples were heterozygotes of aroma genes,which was accordant with the results of determining aroma by KOH solution method.The PCR amplification results of BADH premier showed that the progeny materials that aroma rooted in Xinxiang B could produce obvious DNA amplification bands,whose aroma genes and the aroma genes in KDLM105 and Basmati fragrant rice varieties all lay on chromosome 8 and belonged to alleles.Conclusion In the breeding of fragrant rice varieties,using BADH premier could determine the plants contained aroma genes exactly and shorten the breeding period of fragrant rice varieties significantly.
Net proton influx into bone during metabolic, but not respiratory, acidosis.

During acute metabolic acidosis there is a net influx of protons into bone, decreasing the elevated proton concentration. Whether there is an influx of protons into bone during acute respiratory acidosis is not known. To determine the effect of respiratory acidosis on net proton flux (JH) relative to bone, we compared JH from neonatal mouse calvariae incubated for 3 h in medium acidified by an increase in PCO2 (respiratory acidosis) with that from calvariae incubated in medium acidified to the same extent by a decrease in bicarbonate concentration (metabolic acidosis). The initial medium pH with respiratory acidosis was not different from that with metabolic acidosis (7.108 +/- 0.005 vs. 7.091 +/- 0.007, respectively, P = NS). During respiratory acidosis there was no JH from bone relative to the medium (JH = 236 +/- 93 neq.bone-1.3h-1, P = NS vs. 0); however, during metabolic acidosis there was net proton influx from the medium into bone (JH = -703 +/- 108, P less than 0.05 vs. 0, P less than 0.001 vs. respiratory acidosis). There was less calcium efflux from bone during respiratory than during metabolic acidosis (JCa = 68 +/- 6 nmol.bone-1.3 h-1 vs. 100 +/- 9, respectively, P less than 0.001). There is a net influx of protons into bone in vitro during acute metabolic, but not during acute respiratory, acidosis. The smaller calcium efflux during respiratory acidosis may indicate less net bone mineral dissolution and thus less buffer release into the medium.
An advanced tabu search approach to the dynamic airlift loading problem

This research effort presents a tabu search algorithm to solve the dynamic airlift loading problem. Given a set of palletized cargo items which require transportation from an aerial port of embarkation to an aerial port of debarkation within a pre-specified time frame, the dynamic airlift loading problem seeks to partition the pallets into aircraft loads, select an efficient and effective subset of aircraft from available aircraft, and assign the pallets to allowable positions on those aircraft. The dynamic airlift loading problem differs from many partitioning and packing problems described in the literature because, in addition to spatial constraints, factors such as allowable cabin load, balance restrictions, and temporal restrictions on cargo and aircraft are included. The algorithm developed in this research, the dynamic airlift loading problem-tabu search, was tested on a variety of problem instances. Since real-world solutions are hand generated by subject matter experts and no previous research effort has solved this specific problem, the algorithmic results are compared to compute lower bounds on the number of aircraft trips required.
Principles of Digital Waveguide Models of Musical Instruments

Basic principles of digital waveguide modeling of musical instruments are presented in a tutorial introduction intended for graduate students in electrical engineering with a solid background in signal processing and acoustics. The vibrating string is taken as the principal illustrative example, but the formulation is unified with that for acoustic tubes. Modeling lossy stiff strings using delay lines and relatively low-order digital filters is described. Various choices of wave variables are discussed, including velocity waves, force waves, and root-power waves. Signal scattering at an impedance discontinuity is derived for an arbitrary number of waveguides intersecting at a junction. Various computational forms are discussed, including the Kelly-Lochbaum, one-multiply, and normalized scattering junctions. A relatively new three-multiply normalized scattering junction is derived using a two-multiply transformer to normalize a one-multiply scattering junction. Conditions for strict passivity of the model are discussed. Use of commutativity of linear, time-invariant elements to greatly reduce computational cost is described. Applications are summarized, and models of the clarinet and bowed-string are described in some detail. The reed-bore and bow-string interactions are modeled as nonlinear scattering junctions attached to the bore/string acoustic waveguide.
Socialist Strategies of Development

The previous chapters have been concerned with economic development essentially within a capitalist framework. All of the strategies analysed so far rely on the market mechanism and competitive processes to allocate resources, i.e., to determine what is produced, how it is produced and for whom it is produced. Market forces may be tempered by government regulation or intervention, by controls, taxes and subsidies, but however dirigiste some of the strategies may seem, all have as their point of departure a commitment to a market economy. Similarly, private property and specifically the private ownership of the means of production, i.e., of productive assets, is seen as an integral part of a market economy. Economic actors are free to save and invest, to buy and sell financial and physical assets, to innovate, take risks and earn high rewards when the risks pay off. Specific property rights may be extinguished occasionally when the wider public interest requires it, as during a redistributive land reform, but the principle of private property is not brought into question by any of the strategies previously considered.
Sandstone Uranium Deposits : Analogues for Surf Disposal in Some Sedimentary Rocks

Sandstone uranium deposits are well suited as analogs for SURF. These deposits typically occur as tabular or lensoid masses of uraniferous sandstone, commonly where the argillaceous mineral and organic content is high. Primary minerals consist of pitchblende and/or coffinite, with possibly some urano-organic phases as well. The ore is usually associated with authigenic ferromagnesian clay minerals, such as chlorite and/or authigenic illite and/or mixed layer smectite-illite; and with pyrite ± jordisite ± seleniferous species ± calcite. Organic matter is usually associated with the ore. The clay minerals in the ore zones are commonly vanadiferous.
Efforts to Address the Aging Academic Workforce: Assessing Progress Through a Three-Stage Model of Institutional Change

The aging of the academic workforce is becoming more relevant to policy discussions in higher education. Yet there has been no formal, large-scale analysis of institutional efforts to develop policies and programs for aging employees. We fielded a representative survey of human resource specialists at 187 colleges and universities across the United States and found that most institutions did not identify the aging workforce as a primary concern. Still, three out of every eight campuses had made some effort to implement age-targeted policies and programs; and these efforts were more likely to occur at institutions with a greater number of employees and with human resources staff who had training in issues related to an aging workforce.
Growth twins in high stacking fault energy metals: Microstructure, texture and twinning

Abstract This work explores the formation of twin boundaries in high stacking fault energy metals (SFE >125 mJ/m2) by synthesizing thick films (>10 µm) of Al, Al-5.3 wt%Mg, and Ni using magnetron sputtering. We report the observation of twin boundaries that are inclined with respect to the film growth direction across the entire thickness of the films. The formation of these inclined twin boundaries results in localized changes in the texture of the columnar grains. Microstructural analysis revealed that the fraction of twinned grains in the Al film (46%) is four times higher compared to other similar studies in Al, while the Al-5.3 wt% Mg and Ni films can be considered highly twinned since the fraction of twinned grains is 70% and 90%, respectively. The experimental observations provide an explanation on the formation of twin boundaries during the synthesis of the films, and emphasize that, in addition to stacking fault energy restrictions, high grain boundary mobility is a limiting factor on the nucleation of twin boundaries.
Will this be on the test? How exam structure affects perceptions of innovative assignments in a masters of science microeconomics course

Abstract During the 2014 and 2015 offerings of a Masters of Science-level microeconomics course in an agricultural economics department, writing assignments and in-class application exercises were added to reach higher learning objectives, including application, analysis, synthesis, or evaluation. In 2014, problem sets and exams remained focused on knowledge and comprehension. At the end of the semester, for each assignment type, the students were asked about how well the experimental assignments increased their understanding of course material. Second, they were asked to rank assignments based on how helpful they were in developing understanding of material. While students were observed applying, analyzing, synthesizing, and evaluating models learned in class while working on the experimental assignments, in 2014 problem sets and exams ranked higher than the experimental assignments. In 2015, application-type questions were added to exams, under the hypothesis that students used exam performance as their benchmark of knowledge acquisition. In 2015, students still ranked problem sets first according to questions 1 and 2, but writing assignments moved into second place. Interestingly, studying for exams ranked last according to question 2 in 2015. Comparing across years, the level of importance attributed to writing assignments was statistically significantly higher in 2015, suggesting that exam content affected students’ perceptions of the writing assignments.
Diabetic Kidney Disease: A Determinant of Cardiovascular Risk in Type 1 Diabetes

Diabetes, regardless of type, has well-accepted vascular consequences. In fact, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the most important cause of death attributable to diabetes (1). Acute complications of diabetes such as hypoglycemia, hyperglycemia, and diabetic ketoacidosis are important causes of morbidity and mortality beginning early in its course. However, microvascular and macrovascular complications drive excess mortality over the long term (2–4). Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is strongly associated with CVD (5). DKD may be a marker of cumulative vascular damage due to diabetes or may causally promote CVD through several mechanisms, such as blood pressure dysregulation, retention of uremic toxins, anemia, and altered mineral metabolism. Provocative studies suggest that the preponderance of excess CVD risk in both types 1 and 2 diabetes is restricted to people with DKD (6–8). The question posed by Groop et al. (9) in this issue of Diabetes Care was whether patients with type 1 diabetes have heightened CVD mortality risk in the absence of DKD compared with people without diabetes. To examine this question, they looked at two different databases. The first was a registry of 10,737 Finnish children followed for 10 years after the initial diagnosis of type 1 diabetes, a period considered generally too early for DKD development. The mortality rate of children in the Finnish registry was compared with that of the general population as a standardized mortality ratio (SMR) that adjusts for demographic characteristics. Children with diabetes had a mortality rate of 8 per 10,000 person-years, yielding an SMR of 2.6. (An SMR …
ZNFX-1 Functions within Perinuclear Nuage to Balance Epigenetic Signals

Summary Animal cells have a remarkable capacity to adopt durable and heritable gene expression programs or epigenetic states that define the physical properties and diversity of somatic cell types. The maintenance of epigenetic programs depends on poorly understood pathways that prevent gain or loss of inherited signals. In the germline, epigenetic factors are enriched in liquid-like perinuclear condensates called nuage. Here, we identify the deeply conserved helicase-domain protein, ZNFX-1, as an epigenetic regulator and component of nuage that interacts with Argonaute systems to balance epigenetic inheritance. Our findings suggest that ZNFX-1 promotes the 3′ recruitment of machinery that propagates the small RNA epigenetic signal and thus counteracts a tendency for Argonaute targeting to shift 5′ along the mRNA. These functional insights support the idea that recently identified subdomains of nuage, including ZNFX-1 granules or "Z-granules," may define spatial and temporal zones of molecular activity during epigenetic regulation.