cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Preeclampsia: long-term consequences for vascular health

Preeclampsia (PE) is a pregnancy-specific syndrome and one of the leading causes of preterm birth, neonatal and maternal morbidity and mortality. This disease is characterized by new onset hypertension usually in the third trimester of pregnancy and is sometimes associated with proteinuria, although proteinuria is not a requirement for the diagnosis of PE. In developing countries, women have a higher risk of death due to PE than more affluent countries and one of the most frequent causes of death is high blood pressure and stroke. Although PE only affects approximately 2%-8% of pregnancies worldwide it is associated with severe complications such as eclampsia, hemorrhagic stroke, hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes and low platelets (HELLP syndrome), renal failure and pulmonary edema. Importantly, there is no "cure" for the disease except for early delivery of the baby and placenta, leaving PE a health care risk for babies born from PE moms. In addition, PE is linked to the development of cardiovascular disease and stroke in women after reproductive age, leaving PE a risk factor for long-term health in women. This review will highlight factors implicated in the pathophysiology of PE that may contribute to long-term effects in women with preeclamptic pregnancies.
The Coordination Conundrum

"Reviewing speech regulations under fairly strict categorical rules keeps the starch in the standards for those moments when the daily politics cries loudest for limiting what may be said." Justice Souter's oft-repeated quote aptly summarizes the function of strict standards of review in constitutional jurisprudence -- to protect unpopular speech from restrictions based on content-laden value judgments. While strict standards have their advantages, commentators have found fault with their rigidity and have questioned whether any decision-making process can, or should, be free of pragmatic considerations. This doctrinal discussion has been reinvigorated by two recent United States Supreme Court opinions. At the root of both cases was the Court's reliance on the distinction between coordinated and independent speech. This Article examines the validity of this divide and challenges the foundation upon which the coordinated and independent dichotomy rests. This Article argues that the Court has introduced a new standard, used in both cases -- a coordination standard -- that conflates the government's interest in restricting speech with the nature of the speech at issue. This leads to a largely outcome-determinative standard that is not content neutral, and is a cardinal departure from settled First Amendment law. This Article tests its hypothesis by applying the contradicting uses of coordination found in the two cases to a hypothetical test case -- restrictions on private aid to impoverished foreign nations in furtherance of a new development model -- and proposes a framework for future analysis of First Amendment issues which avoids the pitfalls revealed by the coordination divide.
Past, Present, and Future Technologies for Oral Delivery of Therapeutic Proteins

Biological drugs are usually complex proteins and cannot be orally delivered due to problems related to degradation in the acidic and protease-rich environment of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. The high molecular weight of these drugs often results in poor absorption into the periphery when administered orally. The most common route of administration for these therapeutic proteins is injection. Most of these proteins have short serum half-lives and need to be administered frequently or in high doses to be effective. So, difficulties in the administration of protein-based drugs provides the motivation for developing drug delivery systems (DDSs) capable of maintaining therapeutic drug levels without side effects as well as traversing the deleterious mucosal environment. Employing a polymer as an entrapment matrix is a common feature among the different types of systems currently being pursued for protein delivery. Protein release from these matrices can occur through various mechanisms, such as diffusion through or erosion of the polymer matrix, and sometimes a combination of both. Encapsulation of proteins in liposomes has also been a widely investigated technology for protein delivery. All of these systems have merit and our worthy of pursuit.
Friction and heat transfer in drag-reducing surfactant solution flow through curved pipes and elbows

Abstract A study of drag-reducing flow in curved pipes was conducted. In contrast to earlier studies we show that if we use a modified definition of drag reduction that includes only the turbulence effects, we observe indeed the same level of drag reduction in both coiled and straight pipes. More complex results showing reduced drag reduction compared to curved pipes were achieved with elbows. Two elbows of different size and type were tested in turbulent flow of both water and drag-reducing surfactant solution. A more elaborate analysis was conducted for a half-inch threaded elbow with a ratio of curvature radius to diameter of 1.2. The pressure drop and heat transfer were measured in a section downstream from the elbow over a distance of x / D = 130 in order to investigate the hydrodynamic and thermal developments of the flow. The pressure drop coefficient of the elbow was calculated for water and a surfactant solution, based on the total increase in pressure drop in the system due to the presence of the elbow. For a larger welded elbow of 6″ diameter some drag reduction was measured for the surfactant solution.
Neoplastic precursor lesions of the upper gastrointestinal tract

Abstract Carcinomas of the esophagus and stomach are major causes of morbidity and mortality, especially in high prevalence regions, such as eastern Asia. The incidence rate of adenocarcinoma of the gastroesophageal junction is also increasing in the United States. Most carcinomas of the upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract develop in association with dysplasia and occur in patients with long-standing mucosal injury, although some are derived from benign polyps on a background of normal mucosa. Not surprisingly, increased utilization of endoscopy and mucosal biopsy has led to the frequent detection of mucosal atrophy, intestinal metaplasia, and glandular dysplasia, as well as asymptomatic polyps of the duodenum, stomach, and gastroesophageal junction. Although appropriate classification of these lesions is straightforward in most cases, inflammation-induced epithelial changes may closely simulate, or mask, dysplasia, resulting in diagnostic confusion, or precluding definitive diagnosis in some cases. Emerging evidence also suggests that specific molecular changes in non-dysplastic esophageal and gastric mucosa herald development of dysplasia and/or carcinoma, indicating that ancillary molecular analyses may play a role in the future management of high-risk patients. The purpose of this review is to discuss the clinical, pathologic, and molecular features of pre-cancerous lesions of the upper GI tract, as well as the potential pitfalls in their recognition and classification.
Postoperative Anisocoria: Neurogenic or Phenylephrine Induced? A Rapid Diagnostic Test

Anew postoperative finding of anisocoria, i.e., markedly unequal pupil size, may indicate serious neurologic injury. Although anisocoria may result from numerous causes after general anesthesia, it is imperative to rapidly diagnose life-threatening intracranial hypertension. This may require a cranial computed tomography scan, which is costly and time consuming and requires the transfer of a newly postoperative patient to radiology. Unilateral mydriasis has resulted from unintentional eye exposure to phenylephrine used for nasal mucosal vasoconstriction (l-4). The purpose of this study was to determine whether the administration of low concentration ophthalmic pilocarpine would provide rapid differentiation of central neurogenic from phenylephrine-induced mydriasis.
Risk—A Motivating Theme for an Introductory Statistics Course

Abstract This article describes an idea for motivating students in an introductory probability and statistics course. The motivating theme is risk, and the process begins with a first-day-of-class questionnaire that samples attitudes of students toward risk and involves them in analysis of events and decisions from their daily lives. Questionnaire responses serve as a context for the instructor to develop the technical concepts of probability and statistics. Moreover, the questionnaire provides a way to increase substantially student motivation and involvement in the course.
An alternate promoter directs expression of a truncated, muscle-specific isoform of the human ankyrin-1 gene (ANK-1). • 654

An alternate promoter directs expression of a truncated, muscle-specific isoform of the human ankyrin-1 gene (ANK-1). • 654
GaN nanocrystals from oxygen and nitrogen-based precursors

Abstract Wurtzite GaN nanocrystals were produced by the pyrolysis and crystallization of two different precursors, gallium dimethyl amide (GDA) and gallium isopropoxide (GIP), in an ammonia atmosphere between 600°C and 1200°C. Ammonia reacted with GDA at room temperature by transamination, followed by deamination of the amorphous precursor at higher temperatures. After crystallization to wurtzite GaN, grain growth occurred and was dominated by evaporation–condensation. Low-temperature pyrolysis of GIP in an ammonia atmosphere yielded gallium oxynitride nanocrystals. Higher processing temperatures transformed the nanocrystalline powders to wurtzite GaN. GaN powders exhibited the room temperature photoluminescence characteristic of wurtzite GaN. Nitrogen vacancies present in the powder appear to be potential candidates for the yellow luminescence.
A Multiple Comparison Procedure for Classifying all Pairs Out of k Means as Close or Distant

Abstract A procedure, using the indifference zone formulation, for making simultaneous pairwise inferences about k means is presented. This procedure has the advantage of offering protection against both Type I and Type II errors. To determine a sample size large enough to afford this protection, least favorable configurations must be determined. This is done in the two- and three-population cases. Tables for the practical application of the procedure to two, three or four means are provided and a method for extending the tables to higher numbers of means is given.
Building On Strengths In A Time Of Retrenchment: Developing An M.Ed. In Higher Education—Student Affairs Emphasis To Train Christian Practitioners

To gain approval of a new master's degree in difficult financial times, the authors applied strategies that are applicable at other institutions. Using existing internal resources to build on the university's mission was key in developing a new M.Ed. in Higher Education—Student Affairs Emphasis at Abilene Christian University. Creativity and flexibility when it came to faculty and scholarships helped fashion a reasonable budget. Frequent communication among the developers and stakeholders as well as thorough market research made passage through the various committees smooth and successful. Developers now contemplate additions to the degree tracks even before the first students are admitted.
Anomalous flow behavior of polyisobutylene

Rheological data have been obtained on a polyisobutylene melt using a new type of double cone and plate rheometer. These data indicate the presence of two regions of flow behavior, exhibiting significantly different flow activation energies. Normal entanglement flow is encountered in one of these regions. The other is apparently dominated by a different mechanism which results in lower activation energies. A model of rotating flow units is proposed and applied to describe the latter region. Les donnees rheologiques du polyisobutylene sont obtenues grǎce a un nouveau type de rheometre a double cǒne et plaque. Ces donnees indiquent la presence de deux regions de comportement hydraulique, chacune exhibant des energies d'activation tres differentes. L'ecoulement avec enchevětrement appartient a l'un de ces regions alors que l'autre semble dominee par un mecanisme different qui resulte en energie d'activation plus faible. Un modele est propose pour decrire l'ecoulement dans cette derniere region.
Drying of tomato slices: changes in drying kinetics, mineral contents, antioxidant activity and color parameters Secado de rodajas de tomate: cambios en cinéticos del secado, contenido en minerales, actividad antioxidante y parámetros de color

The sun, oven (50 °C and 70 °C) and microwave oven (210 and 700 W) drying behaviors of tomato slices were investigated. Effects of these drying methods in terms of mineral content, antioxidant activity and color parameters of tomato slices were also studied. “Page, Modified Page and Midilli and Kucuk” models exhibited generally high coefficient of determination (R 2) values ranging between 0.990 and 0.999, while two-term model fit better for sun drying. The calculated effective diffusivity (D eff) values (m2/s) of tomato slices for the drying processes ranged between 0.24 and 111.13 × 10−9. The concentrations (mg/kg dry matter) of major minerals such as K, Mg, Na, and P in dried tomato slices varied between of 31567–38003, 1183–1419, 822–1927, and 3256–4999, respectively. Microwave oven-dried (700 W) samples revealed better a* and b* color values than the other dried samples. Fresh and oven-dried (50 °C) samples exhibited the lowest trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhy...
A solid complex of tetraethylenepentamine

Abstract The preparation of stable, crystalline nitro(tetraethylenepentamine)-cobalt(III) perchlorate and three other salts of the same cation are reported. Physical and chemical evidence is cited to support the formula [Co tetren(NO 2 )] 2+ for the cation in which all five amine nitrogens are co-ordinated to the same cobalt ion. Resolution into optical antipodes has not been possible using standard procedures.
Is the success of fuzzy logic really paradoxical ? : Toward the actual logic behind expert systems

The formal concept of logical equivalence in fuzzy logic, while theoretically sound, seems impractical. The misinterpretation of this concept has led to some pessimistic conclusions. Motivated by practical interpretation of truth values for fuzzy propositions, we take the class (lattice) of all subintervals of the unit interval [0, 1] as the truth value space for fuzzy logic, subsuming the traditional class of numerical truth values from [0, 1]. The associated concept of logical equivalence is stronger than the traditional one. Technically, we are dealing with much smaller set of pairs of equivalent formulas, so that we are able to check equivalence algorithmically. The checking is done by showing that our strong equivalence notion coincides with the equivalence in logic programming.
Sleep apnea is associated with subclinical myocardial injury in the community. The ARIC-SHHS study.

Rationale: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is associated with cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, although the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. Objectives: We aimed to determine whether more severe OSA, measured by the Respiratory Disturbance Index (RDI), is associated with subclinical myocardial injury and increased myocardial wall stress. Methods: A total of 1,645 participants (62.5 ± 5.5 yr and 54% women) free of coronary heart disease and heart failure and participating in both the Atherosclerosis Risk in the Communities and the Sleep Heart Health Studies underwent overnight polysomnography and measurement of high-sensitivity troponin T (hs-TnT) and N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP). Measurements and Main Results: OSA severity was defined using conventional clinical categories: none (RDI ≤ 5), mild (RDI 5–15), moderate (RDI 15–30), and severe (RDI > 30). Hs-TnT, but not NT-proBNP, was associated with OSA after adjusting for 17 potential confounders (P = 0.02). Over a median of 12.4 (interquartile range, 11.6–13.1) years follow-up, hs-TnT was related to risk of death or incident heart failure in all OSA categories (P ≤ 0.05 in each category). Conclusions: In middle-aged to older individuals, OSA severity is independently associated with higher levels of hs-TnT, suggesting that subclinical myocardial injury may play a role in the association between OSA and risk of heart failure. OSA was not associated with NT-proBNP levels after adjusting for multiple possible confounders.
Towards an eye-tracking enabled IDE for software traceability tasks

The paper presents iTrace, an eye-tracking plug-in for the Eclipse IDE. The premise is to use developers' eye gaze as input to traceability tasks such as generating links between various artifacts. The design, architecture, and current state of iTrace is described. Support for a variety of traceability tasks such as link retrieval, link evolution, link visualization, and empirical studies are also discussed. An initial link generation heuristic using iTrace is presented with plans for future evaluation.
Sulfur-Gold Orbital Interactions which Determine the Structure of Alkanethiolate/Au(111) Self-Assembled Monolayer Systems

With the aim of understanding the nature of the S−Au(111) bonding in organosulfur/Au(111) self-assembled monolayer (SAM) systems, orbital interactions in the adsorption of methanethiolate (-SCH3) in various binding sites of a three-layer slab model and an Au42 cluster model of Au(111) surface are investigated. The methods of choice are crystal orbital overlap population (COOP) and crystal orbital Hamilton population (COHP) analyses for a periodic slab model and fragment molecular orbital (FMO) analyses for the cluster model. The origin of the S−Au(111) bond and the binding site preference are discussed from the viewpoint of orbital interaction. The site preference is in the order of three-fold hollow (fcc and hcp) > bridge > on-top. The second layer Au atoms have little influence on the S−Au(111) bonding, and adsorptions to the fcc and hcp sites are almost identical with respect to energy and S−Au bonding nature. Although σ-type S−Au orbital interactions dominate the S−Au(111) bonding in the on-top model,...
Single-Rayleigh-Phonon Interaction in the Scattering of He from LiF(001)

Energy analysis has been performed on 63-meV He atoms scattered from 135\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K LiF(001) along the $〈010〉$ direction. The results suggest that single Rayleigh phonons dominate the interaction near specular scattering. Points on the dispersion curve are determined uniquely and suggest a limiting speed of sound of (4.2 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.5) \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{5}$ cm/sec.
Home fire safety beliefs and practices in homes of urban older adults

The purpose of this study is to examine factors influencing urban older adults and develop a thematic analysis of how these factors affect seniors' home fire safety (HFS) beliefs and practices. This was a focused ethnography using participant observation and semi-structured interviews. Additionally, public housing records, cognitive functioning, and general health status were assessed. Individual interviews were transcribed verbatim using a constant comparative analysis. Eight seniors participated in the study. Two main themes described older adults' HFS while aging in place: the risk associated with the living environment and the journey associated with maintaining independence. All participants experienced HFS challenges such as limited mobility and financial constraints. Participants' general health and cognitive status additionally influenced their ability to maintain HFS. The findings suggest that urban seniors may have diverse HFS environment risks compared with the general population, highlighting the need for older adult focused HFS interventions.
A conserved RNA-binding protein controls germline stem cells in Caenorhabditis elegans

Germline stem cells are defined by their unique ability to generate more of themselves as well as differentiated gametes. The molecular mechanisms controlling the decision between self-renewal and differentiation are central unsolved problems in developmental biology with potentially broad medical implications. In Caenorhabditis elegans, germline stem cells are controlled by the somatic distal tip cell. FBF-1 and FBF-2, two nearly identical proteins, which together are called FBF ('fem-3 mRNA binding factor'), were originally discovered as regulators of germline sex determination. Here we report that FBF also controls germline stem cells: in an fbf-1 fbf-2 double mutant, germline proliferation is initially normal, but stem cells are not maintained. We suggest that FBF controls germline stem cells, at least in part, by repressing gld-1, which itself promotes commitment to the meiotic cell cycle. FBF belongs to the PUF family ('Pumilio and FBF') of RNA-binding proteins. Pumilio controls germline stem cells in Drosophila females, and, in lower eukaryotes, PUF proteins promote continued mitoses. We suggest that regulation by PUF proteins may be an ancient and widespread mechanism for control of stem cells.
A Comment on ‘Delegation’

Colasse and Pochet (2009b) draw a number of comparisons between the Conseil National de la Comptabilite and the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB). In doing so, they characterize the relat...
Design and strategies for optobiometric identification

This paper discusses the incorporation of an opto-biometric method into identification documents. Factors important to a successful implementation strategy are discussed. Design follows from anticipated use of the document, as well as size, cost and time factors. Public sector documents face additional privacy concerns which contribute psychological and emotional factors to the choice of opto-biometric features. Travel documents based on international standards face further constraints based on national laws and customs.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Hydrogen isotope exchange kinetics between H2O and H4SiO4 from ab initio calculations

Abstract Hydrogen isotope exchange between water and orthosilicic acid (H 4 SiO 4 ) was modeled using B3LYP calculations and classical transition-state theory. Configurations of 1, 2, 3 and 7 water molecules and H 4 SiO 4 were used to investigate energetically viable reaction pathways. An upper-bound of 71 kJ/mol was assumed for the zero-point energy corrected barrier (ZPECB) because this is the experimentally determined activation energy for Si-O bond breaking (Rimstidt and Barnes, 1980) and ZPECB is expected to be close to this value. Long range solvation forces were accounted for using the integral equation formalism polarized continuum model (IEFPCM; Cances et al., 1997). Primary and secondary isotope effects were computed by exchanging hydrogen atoms with deuterium. Results show that reaction mechanisms involving 3 and 7 water molecules have ZPECB of 34 to 38 kJ/mol, whereas those involving 1 and 2 water molecules have ZPECB in excess of the set upper-bound. The lower range of ZPECB with 3 or 7 water molecules is reasonable to explain rapid hydrogen isotope exchange with silicates. Rate constant calculations accounting for tunneling, anharmonicity and scaling factors indicate that the reaction is fast and equilibrium can be assumed under most geologic conditions.
I Speak of the City: Mexico City at the Turn of the Twentieth Century. By Mauricio Tenorio-Trillo. (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2012. Pp. xxiv, 504. $45.00.)

Mexico City, one of the largest metropolises in the world, has received scandalously little attention from historians in Mexico or elsewhere. Not only does the historiography concentrate on rural a...
Methods for determining operation life and reactivity depletion for space reactors with fast energy spectra

Abstract Space reactors with fast neutron energy spectrums are preferred for their compactness and high fission power density, but require a high fissile inventory. The operation life estimates of these reactors are important to mission planning. This paper examines a number of fuel depletion and neutronics code packages for determining the operation lives of two space reactors with hard fast neutron energy spectra. These are: the lithium-cooled, S ectored, Co mpact Re actor (SCoRe-S 11 ), and the submersion subcritical safe space (S^4) reactor, cooled with a He–Xe binary gas mixture (40 g/mol). This work investigated the code packages of Monteburns 2.0, MCNPX 2.6C and TRITON and validated their prediction with fuel depletion data for a PWR fuel bundle, with satisfactory results. The operation life predictions of the two space reactors using these code packages are compared with those calculated using a simplified method that couples MCNP5 to a burnup analysis model using the Simulink ® platform. This method considers only the 10 most probable low-Z and high-Z elements of the fission yield peaks plus 149 Sm, and neglects the depletion of fission products due to capture and radioactive decay. The simplified method requires significantly shorter running time and its predictions of the operation lives for the two space reactors are within 0.29–12.5% of those obtained using Monteburns 2.0 and MCNPX 2.6C code packages. This method, however, is not recommended for operation life predictions for space or commercial reactors with thermal neutron spectrums.
Continuous Cell Debris Filtration Using A Magnetically Stabilized Fluidized Bed

The magnetically stabilized fluidized bed (MSFB) is capable, unlike most column operations, of handling streams with suspended particles. The MSFB has the contacting properties of a packed bed and the fluidity of a fluidized bed. When cell debris is fed into the column, either filtration or passage of the debris can be obtained depending on the bed height, solids velocity, pH, and liquid composition. Removal rates from as high as 99% to as low as 5% have been observed. The controlling mechanism of filtration appears to be an electrostatic adsorption of the debris onto the surface of the support. Debris/debris adhesion also affects filtration.
From Isolated to Networked: A Paradigmatic Shift in Mitochondrial Physiology

A new paradigm of mitochondrial function in networks is emerging which includes, without undermining, the glorious and still useful paradigm of the isolated mitochondrion. The mitochondrial network paradigm introduces new concepts, tools, and analytical techniques. Among them is that mitochondrial function in networks exhibits interdependence and multiplicative effects based on synchronization mechanisms, which involve communication between mitochondrial neighbors. The collective dynamics of these networks become advantageous for coordinating function spanning from the cell, to the tissue, and the organ. However, under severely stressful conditions the network behavior of mitochondria may become life threatening.
Disease resistance and humoral antibody production in rainbow trout fed high levels of vitamin C

Abstract Young rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri (1–10 g), fed test diets containing 1, 5, 10 and 20 times maximum growth requirements for L-ascorbic acid, and then challenged by injection or dip with Vibro anguillarum cultures, survived at varying rates, dependent upon the vitamin C intake. Significant differences appeared between dietary treatments in weight, growth rate, mortality and body vitamin C content. Resistance to bacterial infection and the humoral antibody production were assessed for the trout on various dietary treatments. Resistance to bacterial infection was directly related to vitamin C intake, and was reflected in improved survival of fish challenged and fed on 5, 10 or 20 times the normal vitamin C requirement for growth. Humoral antibody production was improved after 3–4 weeks on test, and persisted up to 10–12 weeks. Rainbow trout may survive bacterial challenge and improve humoral antibody production when fed 5 or 10 times growth requirement levels of vitamin C.
An object-oriented refactoring of Huffman encoding using the Java collections framework

Computer science has a relatively stable collection of time-tested pedagogical programming examples. With the infusion of object-oriented concepts into the core computer science curriculum, many of these examples are being replaced with newer examples that are more focused on demonstrating the particular object-oriented features of interest. But classic computer science examples can be refactored to include the important object-oriented topics as well, all the while maintaining the time-tested pedagogical benefits of the original example. This paper presents a case study of this refactoring by demonstrating how the classic Huffman encoding example can be modeled to integrate important object-oriented concepts.
Creative compromise: Syrian television makers between Secularism and Islamism

Dramatic television serials produced in Syria reach vast audiences in the Arab world and beyond, via a growing number of pan-Arab satellite stations owned by wealthy, religiously conservative Gulf Cooperation Council states and citizens. Drama creators must now accommodate new markets and numerous censors. Privatization and the rise of a star system have spurred transformations within the industry that reflect the wider social and political context. The demise of Ba‘th socialism, the failures of nationalism, and the growing strength of Islamism affect both production and consumption of television programs, and transform relations within the industry. This paper explores how the television drama industry both accommodates and resists the Islamist currents that seek to provide alternatives to discredited nationalist and socialist projects.
Major histocompatibility antigens and spontaneous abortion: An evolutionary perspective

Maternal-fetal histocompatibility as a consequence of sharing of MHC antigens between males and females may result in an increased incidence of spontaneous abortion. We propose that such a response may be of evolutionary significance in inbred populations where partners that are similar at MHC loci also are likely to share deleterious recessive alleles due to common descent. In this scenario, spontaneous abortion is regarded as an adaptive response on behalf of the mother, who terminates at an early stage her investment in an offspring which would likely be of low reproductive value if carried to term.
Prolyl hydroxylase activity during sea urchin development.

Prolyl hydroxylase activity appears at the blastula stage of development in the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus and increases over 7-fold by the prism larva stage. The enzyme requires ascorbate, ferrous ions, and α-ketoglutarate for maximum activity and is inhibited by α,α′-dipyridyl. The significance of prolyl hydroxylase activity in embryonic collagen metabolism and morphogenesis is discussed.
Marine planktic diatom correlation of lower Messinian deposits in the western Mediterranean

Abstract Samples from late Neogene Mediterranean outcrops were analysed for diatom content. The presence of certain species in the Tripoli Formation (Caltanissetta Basin, Sicily) and in the Beida Formation (Cheliff Basin, NW Algeria) permits correlation between these sections and the paleomagnetic reversal record. The occurrence ofThalassiosira praeconvexa, Thalassiosira miocenica, Thalassiosira convexa var.aspinosa andAsterolampra acutiloba indicates that the Tripoli and Beida formations were deposited over an interval ranging from the upper half of Paleomagnetic Epoch 6 into the lower half of Epoch 5 (5.6 to 5.9 Ma). Previous diatom correlations were too young. The occurrence ofNitzschia reinholdii andAsterolampra acutiloba in pre-evaporitic diatomites from the upper Turre Formation (SE Spanish Sorbas Basin) is used to place deposits at this site tentatively in Paleomagnetic Epoch 5 or 6.
Origin of Franciscan blueschist-bearing melange at San Simeon, central California coast

Block-in-matrix melanges at San Simeon have been variously interpreted as deformed olistostromes or as subduction-channel flow melanges. Detailed examination shows that seven types can be distinguished, with transitions among them. All contain exotic clasts of greenstone, chert, and more rarely blueschist, in addition to greywacke; the same materials also occur as blocks metres to tens of metres in diameter immersed in melange. The seven types are (1) bedded conglomerate, (2) structureless conglomerate, (3) mud-matrix conglomerate, (4) sandy block melange, (5) broken formation, (6) mud-matrix melange without deformational fabric, and (7) sheared melange. Types (1)–(3) are clearly sedimentary in origin. Types (4) and (5) were formed from unconsolidated sediment, most likely by down-slope sliding, and transitional types suggest that the mud-matrix melange (6) formed in the same way. Sheared melange (7) was formed by low-temperature post-consolidational deformation of all other types, which produced shear ba...
The relationship between plant acceptability and suitability for survival and development of the polyphagous grasshopper,Schistocerca americana (Orthoptera: Acrididae)

The feeding behavior of final-instar nymphs ofSchistocerca americana was observed when they first encountered plants that ranged in acceptability from being eaten in large amounts to not being eaten at all. Growth and survival on the same plants through the last stadium were also studied and the results combined as a suitability index to facilitate comparison with the behavior. Although the plants that were eaten most gave the highest suitability index and those that were not eaten permitted no survival, there was no simple relationship between the amounts eaten and the suitability for growth and survival. The possibility that the insects might become habituated to plants that were initially unacceptable was investigated, but no habituation was found over a 3-day period. It is suggested that food intake is largely determined by the presence of deterrent compounds in the less acceptable foods and that nutritional differences between the plants are likely to have been of minor importance. The behavior on some foods suggests that food aversion learning may be involved. It is concluded that the variability of the insects' behavior makes it impossible to predict the suitability of a plant from their immediate behavioral responses. In the field, insects may sometimes reject foods that would be suitable for survival and development, and feed on plants that are nutritionally deficient or even toxic.
A geologic evaluation of thermal properties for the Elysium and Aeolis quadrangles of Mars

The results of an analysis of high-resolution thermal inertia data (obtained with the IR Thermal Mapper) for the Elysium and Aeolis quadrangles of Mars are presented. The results indicate that aeolian features, both with dark and light albedos relative to their surroundings, have thermal inertias higher than that of the surrounding terrains. On the other hand, terrains with distinctive surface relief do not have distinguishable thermal properties, even when these terrains can be spatially resolved from surrounding units. Thermal inertias for individual geologic units within the two quadrangles appear to be more strongly controlled by the location of the terrain in either the northern plains or the southern highlands than by properties intrinsic to the unit. The similarity of regional thermal properties observed at both high and low spatial resolutions indicates a regional homogeneity of much of the Martian surface at scales larger than 5 km.
Context-dependent orientation cues in a supratidal amphipod

Most mobile animals rely on orientation cues for either long-distance migration or to move shorter distances on a daily basis. Supratidal amphipods in the northern Gulf of Mexico regularly use orientation cues in both water and on dry sand to return to their home in seagrass wrack. I manipulated the presence of visual and magnetic cues in both water and sand. Visual cues were important for orientation in water, but magnetic cues were important on dry sand. The use of orientation cues by amphipods is context-dependent and suggests that some cues may be more reliable in different environments. Casey P. terHorst is now at Kellogg Biological Station, Michigan State University, Hickory Corners, MI, USA.
Results of Innovative and Supportive Learning Programs for Homeless Children and Adults.

Four-week summer academy programs served homeless children and adults in two contiguous innovative learning programs. The programs may be the first of their kind in the homeless literature in which both adults and children were exposed to career, academic, and leadership opportunities in the supportive learning environment of a university campus, and where academy children’s academic and self-perception results were compared with matched controls. Children experienced literacy instruction, a mathematics board game, robotics, leadership training, tennis instruction on court facilities, and computer, biology, and chemistry at respective laboratory sites. Adults participated in writing workshop, computer, health and self-care, urban economic, counseling, career, and yoga sessions. Academy children did not experience gains in norm-referenced vocabulary, spelling, or behavioural tests, but did demonstrate highly significant gains in writing ability based on state rubric criteria when compared with controls. In addition, they significantly increased in vocabulary understanding based on eight books read and in tennis skills. Adults significantly increased in keyboarding fluency based on their computer training.
A meta‐analysis of parent and teacher reports of depression among students with learning disabilities: Evidence for the importance of multi‐informant assessment

We conducted a meta-analysis to examine depressive symptomatology among students with learning disabilities (LD), as reported by their parents and teachers. A 2006 meta-analysis by Maag & Reid of the self-reports of students with LD indicated that this group's higher report of depressive symptoms compared to non-LD students was small in magnitude (d = .35). In our meta-analysis, 31 studies in which depressive symptomatology among school-age (K–12) students with LD was examined were included. The overall effect size was statistically significant and medium in magnitude (d = .75) and indicated that parents and teachers reported students with LD to experience significantly more depressive symptoms than non-LD students experience. When integrated with Maag and Reid's findings, these results suggest that parents and teachers appear to report greater depressive symptomatology for students with LD than these students report for themselves. Due to the observed discrepancy, multi-informant assessment practices and the need for clinical judgment are discussed. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Parallel shrinking to residues with low worst case iteration counts

The problem of shrinking the connected components of binary images to small residues is addressed. A new parallel algorithm is presented with the lowest known worst case time complexity as measured by iteration counts, i.e. [(nc + nr)/2] iterations where the foreground of the image is contained within a rectangular region of size nc X nr pixels. The new algorithm uses a parallel application of operators with small support. It reduces all connected components in any 2D binary image to certain small 1, 2 or 3 point residues. It is potentially useful as a fundamental step in connected component labeling algorithms implemented as fine grain realizations in 2D mesh computing architectures.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
What Is the Fundamental? The Role of Cognition in Creativity and Innovation

MICHAEL D. MUMFORDThe University of OklahomaSAMUEL T. HUNTERThe Pennsylvania State UniversityCRISTINA L. BYRNEThe University of OklahomaBledow, Frese, Anderson, Erez, and Farr(2009) seek to resolve a key problem thatconfronts all of us interested in creativ-ity and innovation in organizations—theunderlying phenomena do not ﬁt togetherinto a coherent whole. Although thislack of coherence, within and cross-levelconﬂicts in the variables inﬂuencing cre-ativity and innovation, have long beenrecognized (Mumford & Hunter, 2005), res-olution of these inconsistencies is importantfor both theoretical and practical reasons.Bledow et al. propose a fundamental con-cept (Hughes, 1989) that they believe willresolve these inconsistencies—the dialec-tic method or ‘‘integrate and manage’’approach. Although this fundamental is,perhaps, plausible, we believe that attemptsto understand creativity and innovation inorganizations should be based on anotherfundamental: cognition.
Risk Factors, Self‐Attributions, and Adjustment Problems Among Victims of Sexual Coercion1

College women (N= 125) were surveyed about their experiences with sexual coercion. Forty-two percent of the sample reported one or more coercive incidents involving completed intercourse (26%) or attempted intercourse (16%). Only 6% of these incidents were reported to police or campus authorities. Of the victims, 92% knew their assailants, at least casually. A combination of demographic, sexual history, and personality characteristics predicted 21 % of the variance in experience with sexual coercion. The variables most highly associated with reported victimization were frequency of sexual activity and religiosity; women who were more sexually active and who attended religious services less often were more likely to report experiencing sexual coercion than were women who were less sexually active and who attended religious services more often. A combination of situational and attitudinal variables predicted 52% of the variance in victim attributions. The variables most highly correlated with attributions were degree of victim assertiveness and the type of force used by the assailant; less assertive women and women who had been coerced by the use of economic or psychological force made relatively more internal attributions about the coercion incidents they had been involved in than did women who were more assertive and women who had been coerced by means of physical force. Finally, a combination of situational and attitudinal variables predicted 34% of the variance in victim-reported adjustment problems following the coercion incident. The use of economic or psychological force, greater physical injury, and relative acceptance of interpersonal violence were associated with more severe adjustment problems, whereas the use of physical force, less physical injury, and relative rejection of interpersonal violence were associated with less severe adjustment problems. The implications of these results for the reduction of acquaintance assault and for the counseling of victims are discussed.
Use of transferrin and EPR to probe the in vitro digestive chemistry of iron

Abstract The study of the chemistry of iron in food materials undergoing digestion can increase our knowledge of the basis of iron bioavailability. Apotransferrin has been used as a probe of iron reactivity following the in vitro enzymatic digestion of pinto beans at pH 3.0 and pH 5.0 in the presence and absence of additives such as ascorbic acid, citric acid, a combination of ascorbic and citric acids, phosvitin, tea, and orange juice. Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy was used to monitor and quantitate the exchange reactions. The effects of additives were similar when either the digestive slurry or its supernatant was reacted with apotransferrin. Although citric acid caused a two-fold increase in the digestive solubilization of pinto bean iron when compared to control, the amount of iron donated to transferrin was similar. The addition of ascorbic acid did not increase digestive solubilization of iron, however the iron exchange to transferrin increased 1.6 times. A maximum reactivity of pinto bean iron was observed when orange juice or ascorbic plus citric acids were included in the digestion. A strong inhibitory effect of tea on iron reactivity was seen. The order of additives in terms of their enhancement of the reaction of pinto bean supernatant with apotransferrin is: ascorbic plus citric acids > orange juice > ascorbic acid > citric acid > control > phosvitin > tea. This order parallels that expected for the effect of the additives on human iron bioavailability.
Nonlinear Statistics of Human Speech Data

We study the structure of point clouds obtained as time delay embeddings of human speech signals by approximating the data sets with certain simplicial complexes and analyzing their persistent homology. Results for several different sounds are presented in embedding dimensions 3 and 4. The first Betti number allows a coarse classification of sounds into three groups: vowels, nasals and noise.
Removal of trace levels of 2-acetylaminofluorene (2-AAF) from wastewater

An adsorption system is described for the removal of part per billion levels of the chemical carcinogen, 2-acetylaminofluorene (2-AAF), from industrial wastewater. The system consists primarily of filters and activated carbon and non-ionic polymeric adsorbents arranged in tandem. It is highly efficient, operates at low cost, and requires minimal attention. The chemical monitoring of the raw and/or cleaned-up wastewater is based on a highly sensitive and specific spectrophotofluorometric method that allows acceptance or rejection of samples at the 0.2 part per billion level. The system is presented as a model for evaluating the removal of traces of organic chemicals from wastewater prior to recycling or discharging it into the environment. Results of laboratory evaluations of several other approaches to the purification of 2-AAF-containing wastewater are also presented.
Phosphorus-31 NMR spectrum and molecular structure of a dirhodium complex that contains a rhodiumrhodium bond, bridging diphenylphosphido ligands, and a tetrahedral rhodium

Abstract The syntheses, 31 P{ 1 H} NMR spectra, and a structure of “mixed” 1,5-cyclo-octadienebis(tertiary phosphine)dirhodium complexes possess a rhodiumrhodium bond, briding diphenylphosphido and two different stereochemistries around the rhodium atoms. One rhodium is tetrahedral and surrounded by four phosphorus atoms and the other rhodium (bonded to COD) is nearly planar.
Soft error rate dependence on MrT for thin film media

A study has been conducted to determine the variation of soft error rate, SER, as a function of the product between remanent magnetization and thickness, MrT, for thin film media with CoPtCr magnetic layers of three different compositions. Soft error rate as well as macromagnetic characteristics of the three sets of disks were analyzed. The soft error rate, measured at linear densities varying from 90 to 130 kBPI with a magnetoresistive head, showed a minimum for MrT values ranging between 0.6 and 0.7 memu/cm/sup 2/, depending on the alloy used. For values of MrT smaller than the ones mentioned above, the soft error rate quickly increased for all the magnetic layers examined because of very low coercivity, while for larger values of MrT the level of degradation, due to drop in resolution and poor overwrite, varied depending on the characteristics of the film. It was also found that, at linear densities approaching 130 kBPI the log SER improved up to 5 orders when high coercivity alloys were used, while at lower linear densities it was possible to obtain smaller error rates within a certain MrT range. >
Electron exchange on TiO2–SiO2 photocatalysts during O2 and organic molecule adsorption – the role of adsorbate electrophilicity

Abstract The mixed oxide photocatalyst, TiO 2 –SiO 2 has been observed to contain trapped conduction band electrons after annealing in vacuum. These electrons are consumed by adsorption of particular electrophilic molecules. It is found that O 2 and an adsorbed organic molecule containing a Cl moiety can remove trapped electrons, whereas a similar organic molecule, not containing Cl, is ineffective in charge removal. The measurement of trapped electronic charge is made by observation of the intensity of the background IR absorption in the 4000 to 1400 cm −1 region, which originates from trapped electron excitation into a continuum of excited electronic states by IR photons.