cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Impact of Parenting Behaviors on Adolescent Suicide Based on Age of Adolescent

Adolescent suicide remains a major public health problem. Parenting behaviors can significantly impact the psychological well-being of youth. This study examined whether adolescent suicide differed based on specific parenting behaviors and whether the impact of such behaviors differed based on age of the adolescent. A secondary analysis of the 2012 National Survey on Drug Use and Health was performed. Results indicated that adolescents who were female, older and who had parents who never/seldom performed authoritative parenting behaviors were at elevated risk for suicidal ideation, making a suicide plan and attempting suicide. The parenting behaviors placing adolescents at highest risk for all three suicide measures were never/seldom telling their children they were proud of them, never/seldom telling them they did a good job, and never/seldom helping them with their homework. The impact of these parenting behaviors on suicide was largest among younger adolescents (12–13 year olds). Results illustrate the critical importance of authoritative parenting in helping to protect adolescents from suicide. Findings may be beneficial to professionals aimed at developing efforts to prevent adolescent suicide. Parents should be educated on authoritative parenting and specific behaviors they can perform to protect youth against suicide.
Applying Human Viewpoints to Risk-Based Decision-Making

This chapter provides a detailed example of an application of the use of the Human Views in risk-based decision making. The use case steps through the Human Viewpoint methodology and renders SysML activity diagrams, which can be aligned with an influence diagram, to identify the uncertainties in the system. By creating models for both the As-Is and To-Be systems states, the methodology can be used to support a variety of data-driven, quantitative analysis to provide decision support for a proposed change’s influence on the performance of a complex system.
Unsupervised learning of probabilistic diffeomorphic registration for images and surfaces.

Abstract Classical deformable registration techniques achieve impressive results and offer a rigorous theoretical treatment, but are computationally intensive since they solve an optimization problem for each image pair. Recently, learning-based methods have facilitated fast registration by learning spatial deformation functions. However, these approaches use restricted deformation models, require supervised labels, or do not guarantee a diffeomorphic (topology-preserving) registration. Furthermore, learning-based registration tools have not been derived from a probabilistic framework that can offer uncertainty estimates. In this paper, we build a connection between classical and learning-based methods. We present a probabilistic generative model and derive an unsupervised learning-based inference algorithm that uses insights from classical registration methods and makes use of recent developments in convolutional neural networks (CNNs). We demonstrate our method on a 3D brain registration task for both images and anatomical surfaces, and provide extensive empirical analyses of the algorithm. Our principled approach results in state of the art accuracy and very fast runtimes, while providing diffeomorphic guarantees. Our implementation is available online at http://voxelmorph.csail.mit.edu .
Fragmentation and Shattering

Binary fragmentation is the reverse process of binary aggregation: a cluster with i monomers splits into two clusters with masses j and i − j such that 1 ≤ j ≤ i − 1. This is represented schematically by the irreversible mass-conserving reaction $$\displaystyle {} (i) \xrightarrow {B_{i-j,j}} (i-j) + (j) . $$
Brønsted acid promoted imino-ene reactions

Abstract A series of all-carbon olefins react with glyoxylate derived imines in the presence of a phosphonic acid through an ene reaction. The isolation of the α-aminoester products is a clear indication that Bronsted acids efficiently promote the imino-ene reaction with hydrocarbon nucleophiles to deliver functionalized α-aminoesters in good yield. The reaction scope and preliminary mechanistic investigations are discussed.
Highly conductive carbon nanotubes and flexible cellulose nanofibers composite membranes with semi-interpenetrating networks structure

Highly conductive multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and flexible cellulose nanofibers (CNF) membranes with semi-interpenetrating networks structure were fabricated using the typical paper-making method, which was simple and cost-effective. The Scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR), and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) were used to estimate the morphology, chemical structure, and thermal stability of the membranes. The mechanical, optical, and electrical properties of the membranes were characterized with a uniaxial tensile testing machine, ultraviolet visible spectroscope, and digital multimeter, respectively. The results indicated that the membranes containing 10 wt% of MWCNTs showed a high conductivity value of 37.6 S/m, and the sheet resistances of the membranes were stable at different bending states. Furthermore, we demonstrated the electrical features of membrane-based capacitive pressure sensors based on CNF/MWCNTs. The proposed method for fabricating CNF/MWCNTs membranes can simplify the production process and have great practical potential in various electronics applications such as touch screens.
Anatomical and diffusion MRI brain atlases of the fetal rhesus macaque brain at 85, 110 and 135 days gestation

Abstract Recent advances in image reconstruction techniques have enabled high resolution MRI studies of fetal brain development in human subjects. Rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) are valuable animal models for use in studies of fetal brain development due to the similarities between this species and humans in brain development and anatomy. There is a need to develop fetal brain templates for the rhesus macaque to facilitate the characterization of the normal brain growth trajectory and departures from this trajectory in rhesus models of neurodevelopmental disorders. Here we have developed unbiased population-based anatomical T2-weighted, fractional anisotropy (FA) and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) templates for fetal brain from MR images scanned at 3 time points over the second and third trimesters of the 168 day gestational term. Specifically, atlas images are constructed for brains at gestational ages of 85 days (G85, N = 18, 9 females), 110 days (G110, N = 10, 7 females) and 135 days (G135, N = 16, 7 females). We utilized this atlas to perform segmentation of fetal brain MR images and fetal brain volumetric and microstructure analysis. The T2-weighted template images facilitated characterization of the growth within six fetal brain regions. The template images of diffusion tensor indices provided information related to the maturation of white matter tracts. These growth trajectories are referenced to human studies of fetal brain development. Similarities in the temporal and regional patterns of brain growth over the corresponding periods of central nervous system development are identified between the two species. Atlas images are available online as a reference for registration, reconstruction, segmentation, and for longitudinal analysis of early fetal brain growth over this unique time window.
Prosthesis satisfaction in a national sample of Veterans with upper limb amputation.

Background:Many persons with upper limb amputation reject prostheses, and many are not satisfied with their devices. Research is needed to understand modifiable factors related to device satisfacti...
When is Psychotherapy Brief? Considering Sociodemographic Factors, Problem Complexity, and Problem Type in U.S. Adolescents.

Objective: When psychotherapy is brief (1–2 sessions), “early dropout” – defined as premature treatment discontinuation due to financial or structural barriers – is a commonly assumed cause. Howeve...
Health Communication 2019 in Review.

Starting this year, Health Communication will publish an annual “year in review” article that provides information on the editorial board, ad hoc reviewers, review statistics, acceptance rates, and...
Complementary and Alternative Medicine Use in Rheumatoid Arthritis

Despite advances in pharmacologic management of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) remains popular adjuncts to therapy among patients for ongoing symptomatology. Mind-body interventions are becoming increasingly popular, including yoga and meditation. Randomized controlled trials have found these interventions to be helpful regarding pain, mood, and energy in RA patients. Other CAM modalities, such as natural products, special diets, acupuncture, and body-based therapies, also continue to be used by RA patients with limited evidence for efficacy and safety. While there are numerous CAM interventions available, the data is very limited at this time with only low-quality evidence supporting various therapies. Medical providers are more open to the addition of CAM in their patients and require increased education on the topic. Additional research needs to be conducted in order to provide evidence-based recommendations to our patients.
Self-Inductance of an Extrusion of a Planar Curve

In this paper, we develop a formula for calculating the inductance of a perfectly conducting extrusion of a planar curve along an arbitrary line segment. We demonstrate agreement in the limiting case between this formula and the Neumann formula for self-inductance of a current loop. We also give special consideration to the case of a planar curve that is most naturally broken into segments, applying the concept of partial inductance.
Enhanced heating by microdroplet lens in nanoparticle electrospray laser deposition

In this paper, an additive manufacturing process has been used to deposit nanoparticles on a substrate. In this innovative technique called the nano-electrospray laser deposition process, droplets of various nanosuspensions are dispensed onto a silicon substrate where subwavelength structures and bouncing droplets have been observed. An analytical model is presented for determining the temperature distribution in the substrate by considering the microdroplet as a ball lens. This lens continuously changes the focus of the laser beam as the droplet travels toward the substrate. The laser is either defocused or focused on the substrate forming locally decreased or enhanced heating near the center of the laser beam depending on the distance of the droplet from the substrate. It is found that the enhancement in heating differs for the nanosuspensions since their optical properties are different. The subwavelength structures determined from the post-pulse temperature qualitatively match with the experimental results. The steady end-period temperature is also compared with the experimentally observed temperature for bouncing droplets and the temperatures are in good agreement.
Suspected Metal Allergy and Femoral Loosening After Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Diagnostic Dilemma

Abstract Metal sensitivity is increasingly prevalent and is associated with negative outcomes after total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Currently, there is no consensus on diagnostic criteria for TKA failure from immune reaction. We present a patient who had pain and aseptic effusion 2 years after TKA. Radiographs were concerning femoral loosening. Lymphocyte transformation testing showed nickel sensitivity. During revision surgery, the femoral component was loose. The histologic aseptic lymphocyte-dominated vasculitis-associated lesion score was 4 with elevated CD4+ lymphocytes, consistent with sensitization. Nickel-free revision implants were used. One year after surgery, the patient is symptom-free. This case has features suggestive of an immune reaction, with femoral loosening, and is illustrative of the diagnostic dilemma. Using a hypoallergenic knee eliminates future concern for nickel sensitivity.
Boron insertion into alkyl ether bonds via zinc/nickel tandem catalysis.

Mild methods to cleave the carbon-oxygen (C−O) bond in alkyl ethers could simplify chemical syntheses through the elaboration of these robust, readily available precursors. Here we report that dibromoboranes react with alkyl ethers in the presence of a nickel catalyst and zinc reductant to insert boron into the C−O bond. Subsequent reactivity can effect oxygen-to-nitrogen substitution or one-carbon homologation of cyclic ethers and more broadly streamline preparation of bioactive compounds. Mechanistic studies reveal a cleavage-then-rebound pathway via zinc/nickel tandem catalysis.
Feeling Like a Fetish: Racialized Feelings, Fetishization, and the Contours of Sexual Racism on Gay Dating Apps

Whom we date and are intimate with is structured by race and racism. Recent research has focused on "personal preference" discourse and sexual stereotyping to highlight how and why race and racism affect online and offline interactions. Yet relatively less work focuses on racial fetishization - race-based fixation on a bodily part or characteristic that involves both idolization and demonization of racial difference. Drawing on recent theorizing around racialized feelings, we investigated how racial fetishization materializes and makes men of color feel. We used two sources of data: 858 unique profile screenshots and 26 in-depth interviews with users of Grindr, Scruff, and Jack'd - three popular dating apps for sexual minority men. We found that while instances of racial fetishization were rare in public profiles, a majority of men of color discussed its prevalence. As a result of racial fetishization, men of color described feeling: (1) objectified; (2) that it hindered the formation of platonic or intimate connections; and (3) boxed in and minimized to a stereotype. Our results suggest that racial fetishization induces particular racialized feelings in men of color, and we suggest ways that these racialized feelings might be connected to the reproduction of racial and sexual inequality.
Power, Culture, and Economic Change in Russia: To the undiscovered country of post-socialism, 1988-2008

Introduction: To the Undiscovered Country - A Journey Through Power-Culture, Institutions, and Post-Socialism 1. Power-Culture, Practice, and Economic Change: Outlines of a Framework of Economic Change 2. Remaking Strategy and Structure in Post-Soviet Entrepreneurship 3. Contradictions and Conflict Unleashed: Framing and Contesting Authority in Enterprise Restructuring 4. Innovation and Confusion: Logics, Practices, and Strategies of Sales 5. Fields of Battle: Power-Culture, Property, and Remaking Fields Conclusion: Phoenix or Phantom? Lessons of the Grand Experiment
Laparoscopic versus open ventral hernia repair: longitudinal outcomes and cost analysis using statewide claims data

There is still considerable debate regarding the best operative approach to ventral hernia repair. Using two large statewide databases, this study sought to evaluate the longitudinal outcomes and associated costs of laparoscopic and open ventral hernia repair. All patients undergoing elective ventral hernia repair from 2007–2011 were identified from inpatient discharge data from California and New York. In-hospital morbidity, in-hospital mortality, incidence of readmission, and incidence of revisional ventral hernia repair were evaluated as a function of surgical technique. The associated costs of medical care for laparoscopic versus open ventral hernia repair were evaluate for both the index procedure and all subsequent admissions and procedures within the study period. A total of 13,567 patients underwent elective ventral hernia repair with mesh; 9228 (69 %) underwent OVHR and 4339 (31 %) underwent LVHR. At time of the index procedure, LVHR was associated with a lower incidence of reoperation (OR 0.29, CI 0.12–0.58, p = 0.001), wound disruption (OR 0.35, CI 0.16–0.78, p = 0.01), wound infection (OR 0.50, CI 0.25–0.70, p < 0.001), blood transfusion (OR 0.47, CI 0.36–0.61, p < 0.001), ARDS (OR 0.74, CI 0.54–0.99, p < 0.05), and total index visit complications (OR 0.72, CI 0.64–0.80, p < 0.001). LVHR was associated with significantly fewer readmissions (OR 0.81, CI 0.75–0.88, p < 0.001) and a lower risk for revisional VHR (OR 0.75, CI 0.64–0.88, p < 0.001). LVHR was associated with lower total costs at 1 year ($3451, CI 1892–5011, p < 0.001). Open ventral hernia repair was associated with a higher incidence of perioperative complications, postoperative readmissions and need for revisional hernia repair when compared to laparoscopic ventral hernia repair, even when controlling for patient sociodemographics. In congruence, open ventral hernia repair was associated with higher costs for both the index hernia repair and tallied over the length of follow-up for readmissions and revisional hernia repair.
Conjunctive, Disjunctive, Negative Objects and Generalized Quantification

This paper presents shadow theory, according to which, for every object of some type, σ – object in the broadest sense of the term, including truth values and functions – there is another object of the same type, the negative shadow of the object, and for every (finite or infinite) set of objects of a single type, σ, there are two other objects of the same type, the conjunctive shadow and the disjunctive shadow of the set. For instance, Adam has his negative shadow, not-Adam, and Adam and Betty have their conjunctive and disjunctive shadows, Adam-and-Betty and Adam-or-Betty. These are negative, conjunctive, and disjunctive objects in the sense in which they distribute over the objects of one type higher, \(\sigma \rightarrow t\), where t is the type of truth values; thus, for instance, Adam-or-Betty is a professor if and only if Adam is a professor or Betty is a professor. The shadows of the same type are divided into infinitely many ranks. The usual infinite hierarchy of types, σ, \(\sigma \rightarrow t\), \((\sigma \rightarrow t) \rightarrow t\), \(((\sigma \rightarrow t) \rightarrow t) \rightarrow t\), \((((\sigma \rightarrow t) \rightarrow t) \rightarrow t) \rightarrow t\), …, are reducible to the bottom two types, σ and \(\sigma \rightarrow t\), with the rank distinction among shadows; thus, shadows help simplify type theory. This paper also presents a deductive system based on shadow theory that can be used for the formalization of natural language inferences that involve compound noun phrases and quantifiers. Unlike in Montague’s theory or generalized quantifier theory, in this theory such expressions denote objects (shadows) of type e, the type of individuals. There is no essential difference between quantification over individuals (or objects in general) and denotations to them.
Use of vaginal wall cytologic smears to predict abortion in high-risk pregnancies.

Abstract Vaginal wall smears from 200 women with high-risk pregnancies (previous abortion, threatened abortion, reduced fertility, or unfavorable colpocytogram) correctly forecast the outcome of the pregnancy in 54 per cent of patients but in only 32 per cent of the 50 patients who aborted. Progesterone did not significantly reduce the rate of abortion. An initial favorable smear (84 patients) was associated with a successful pregnancy in 76 per cent of instances. The abortion rate for the entire group of 200 was 25 per cent, but, in 52 who had the combination of early bleeding and an unfavorable smear, 35 per cent aborted. Smears were judged on the basis of karyopyknotic index and a scoring of navicular cells, wrinkling, and clumping. A colpocytogram is not a reliable predictor of pregnancy outcome in the individual patient.
Decomposable algorithms for computing minimum spanning tree

In the emerging networked environments computational tasks are encountering situations in which the datasets relevant for a computation exist in a number of geographically distributed databases, connected by wide-area communication networks. A common constraint in such situations of distributed data is that the databases cannot be moved to other network sites due to security, size, privacy or data-ownership considerations. For these situations we need algorithms that can decompose themselves at run-time to suit the distribution of data. In this paper we present two such self-decomposing algorithms for computing minimum spanning tree for a graph whose components are stored across a number of geographically distributed databases. The algorithms presented here range from low granularity to high granularity decompositions of the algorithms.
Genetics and Autoimmunity: HLA and MHC Genes

Publisher Summary The genes of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) plays important role in adaptive immunity. From various in vivo and in vitro studies, it has become clear that MHC and non-MHC genetic components are common elements for various autoimmune diseases and their corresponding animal models. The MHC region encodes for polymorphic human leukocyte antigen (HLA) molecules that are critical for differentiating self from nonself. Mature T cells recognize foreign antigen when it is presented in the context of self-MHC. The loss of self-tolerance of the immune system against the body's own tissues or antigens leads to autoimmunity. The development of autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA), type 1 diabetes (T1D), multiple sclerosis (MS) or myasthenia gravis (MG) is determined by both genetic and nongenetic factors. Among the genetics factors, the MHC region is known to be the most important. Within this region, certain HLA class II genes confer the strongest susceptibility to the majority of MHC associated disorders.
Team Formation in Partially Observable Multi-Agent Systems

Sets of multi-agent teams often need to maximize a global utility rating the performance of the entire system where a team cannot fully observe other teams agents. Such limited observability hinders team-members trying to pursue their team utilities to take actions that also help maximize the global utility. In this article, we show how team utilities can be used in partially observable systems. Furthermore, we show how team sizes can be manipulated to provide the best compromise between having easy to learn team utilities and having them aligned with the global utility, The results show that optimally sized teams in a partially observable environments outperform one team in a fully observable environment, by up to 30%.
‘Take Amtrak to Black History’: marketing heritage tourism to African Americans in the 1970s

This analysis provides a critical reading of travel industry advertisements that appeared in Ebony magazine in the 1970s and identifies the causes of the African-American travel boom of the early 1970s: increasing prosperity of the black middle class, market segmentation in the travel industry and burgeoning popular interest in social and cultural history. It argues that travel industry advertisements aimed at African Americans, which emphasised travel as a crucial step in mending the social and cultural fissures racism left between African Americans in the USA and the rest of the nation and world, attempted to address African-American interests in heritage and heritage travel as agents for social change. African Americans responded to industry interest in their travel needs in diverse ways, sometimes criticising the travel industry’s oversimplification of heritage travel, other times embracing travel as a method of using historical knowledge for self-empowerment. This study points to the need for further...
An annotated bibliography of background material on text manipulation

This is the first ACM conference specifically devoted to text manipulation, but there have been good papers and books on the topic published in the past. To help define the state of the field as of the time of this first conference, we have assembled this small annotated bibliography listing classic or important past work on text manipulation, including material on text editing, document formatting, typography, graphic communication, writing style, string and pattern matching, and other problems of interest to researchers in this field. Ben Schneiderman of the University of Maryland and Chris Fraser of the University of Arizona have provided us with some of the annotations of papers on text editing.In a bibliography like this one it is impossible to include every relevant paper, or even every important paper. We in general have chosen to include those that have been influential, are widely available, and are also reasonably current. We have additionally included a number of papers and books that supply background knowledge about relevant applications areas that might not be widely known to computer scientists.
Adult intussusception: Demonstration by current MR techniques

We describe magnetic resonance findings in three patients with small bowel intussusception from different etiologies including idiopathic, adenomatous polyps, and hamartomatous polyps. Magnetic resonance findings showed a bowel-within-bowel appearance in two patients and a coiled-spring appearance in one patient. These findings were best shown on T2-weighted images, and clear definition was present on breathing independent T2-weighted images using half fourier acquisition snap shot turbo spin echo T2-weighted images.
Microstructure, corrosion, and mechanical properties of compression-molded zinc-nanodiamond composites

Zinc-nanodiamond (ND) composite is proposed as a novel biodegradable implant material due to its desirable corrosion, mechanical, and biocompatible properties. In this research, the microstructure, corrosion behavior, and mechanical properties of Zn-ND composites were investigated for the first time as a potential implant material in biomedical applications. Powder metallurgy manufacturing processes were used and different sintering conditions were studied. Grain size increased with increasing sintering temperature and longer sintering time. Corrosion resistance was improved 61.0, 65.9, and 70.7 % for 1, 2.5, and 5 % ND compared with pure Zn. Compression and hardness tests were performed to determine the mechanical properties. In the compression tests, Zn-1ND showed the highest Young’s modulus, with 10.95 and 27.32 % more than pure Zn and Zn-5ND. Pure Zn had the highest compressive strength, 11.8 and 29.5 % higher than Zn-1ND and Zn-2.5ND. Zn-1ND and Zn-2.5ND are 55.2 and 68.9 % lower in hardness compared with pure Zn (HV = 27). Compression-molded zinc with low concentrations of nanodiamond offers a promising combination of strength and low corrosion rate, and with strength approaching cortical bone and higher than most biological tissues.
Genetic Influence on the Expression of Hand Preferences in Chimpanzees (Pan Troglodytes): Evidence in Support of the Right-Shift Theory and Developmental Instability

Genetic mechanisms have been proposed to explain the pervasive representation of right-handedness in humans, whereas random, nongenetic factors have been posited to explain the lack of population-level right-handedness in nonhuman primates. We report evidence that hand preferences in chimpanzees are heritable, even among related individuals raised in different environments. Furthermore, we report that the degree of heritability is modified by factors associated with developmental instability, notably, offspring parity. The data are interpreted to reconcile both genetic models for handedness and hypotheses suggesting that developmental instability influences variation in handedness.
In vitro lipid deposition on hydrogel and silicone hydrogel contact lenses.

PURPOSE To understand various soft contact lens materials' ability to adsorb common tear lipids. METHODS Ten unworn polymers of nine types were individually soaked in 1.0 mL of 1.75 μg/mL cholesterol oleate or 1.0 mL of 0.5 μg/mL phosphatidylcholine solutions for 1 or 14 days. The adsorbed lipids were extracted with chloroform-methanol, which underwent assay quantification for cholesterol oleate and inorganic phosphate. RESULTS More phosphatidylcholine was extracted after 14 days than after 1 day in only lotrafilcon B, balafilcon A, and enfilcon A (all P < 0.005). After 1 day of incubation in phosphatidylcholine, 0.54 to 4.17 μg/lens phosphatidylcholine was recovered from the polymers, and after 14 days of incubation in phosphatidylcholine, 0.58 to 5.77 μg/lens phosphatidylcholine was recovered from the polymers. Etafilcon A had significantly more cholesterol oleate at 1 day than at 14 days, and lotrafilcon A, lotrafilcon B, and balafilcon A had significantly more cholesterol oleate at 14 days than at 1 day (P < 0.005). After 1 day of incubation in cholesterol oleate, 0.14 to 4.80 μg/lens cholesterol oleate was recovered from the polymers. After 14 days of incubation in cholesterol oleate, 1.40 to 6.84 μg/lens cholesterol oleate was recovered from the polymers. CONCLUSIONS Hydrogel and most silicone hydrogels appear to adsorb lipids relatively quickly (i.e., within the first day). Although there is some variability in the amounts recovered across materials, it is uncertain whether these differences have any clinical significance.
Enter the DarkSide

Abstract A wide range of astrophysical measurements evidence that the stars and gas in all galaxies are immersed in a much larger cloud of non-luminous and non-baryonic dark matter. The nature of the dark matter is still totally unknown, and the resolution of the dark matter puzzle is of fundamental importance to cosmology, astrophysics, and elementary particle physics. One of the major lines of researches directing their efforts at detection of dark matter is direct searches of Weakly Interacting Massive Particles (WIMPs) with detectors operated in deep underground laboratories. The new generation of direct searches of WIMPs promises to probe the most interesting region of parameters for the dark matter candidates. I will review and describe the DarkSide-50 underground Argon detector at Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso.
Summary remarks: Fundamental physics with the cosmic microwave background radiation

Abstract This article is less a summary of the meeting, vibrant as it was, than a reflection on the present state of CMB studies. We are at an interesting juncture: in the week before the Irvine meeting, the rich results of the WMAP 3-year study were released, and the next goals in CMB studies have been examined in some detail by a recent multi-agency Task Force. I will look at the value of theory and phenomenology to the field, and the increasing importance of CMB studies to fundamental physics. Then I’ll move to challenges facing us over the next decade or so. These include coping with foreground emission, polarized and unpolarized, and readjusting the sociology of our field as experiments grow more complex and costly.
Evaluation of the Shortened Cholesterol-Lowering Diet Self-Efficacy Scale

Specificity in the self-efficacy construct requires that instruments assess domain-specific behaviors. The objectives of the study were to (1) reexamine and shorten the original 57-item Cholesterol-Lowering Diet Self-Efficacy Scale (CLDSES), (2) estimate reliability and validity of the short form CLDSES (CLDSES-SF), (3) examine the dimensionality of the CLDSES-SF, (4) examine discriminant validity of the scale by its ability to differentiate between adherence and nonadherence to saturated fat intake guidelines, and (5) examine the CLDSES-SF's sensitivity and specificity. A sample of 238 patients being treated for hypercholesterolemia completed three instruments: the CLDSES, the Connor Diet Habit Survey (DHS) and a Three-Day Food Record. Internal consistency for the CLDSES-SF was .95. The inter-correlation coefficients among the seven sub-scales ranged from .28 to .62, and for the total to sub-scales .58 — .87, significant at p < .001. Evidence for criterion validity was shown in the correlations between t...
Limitations of noise figure in InGaAsP quantum-well semiconductor optical amplifiers

We present the first quantitative investigation of noise figure degradation in InGaAsP quantum-well semiconductor optical amplifiers at high bias. We compare two experimental measurements of population inversion factor for a 1.5-µm slab-coupled optical-waveguide amplifier (SCOWA).
Least-work solutions of flange normal stresses in thin-walled flexural members with high-order polynomial

Abstract An energy-based method was developed for quantifying shear lag effects in thin-walled flexural members such as box girders, T-beams, and nonrectangular concrete walls. The proposed procedure uses infinite terms of high-order polynomial to describe the uneven longitudinal displacement in the flanges. The series type of approximation resulted in a group of coupled differential equations, for which solution techniques were developed. The proposed variational analysis was compared with the existing least-work solutions and two experimental tests of rectangular box girders in the literature and one of tests of steel box beams in this study. The comparisons indicated that the proposed variational analysis can accurately predict the flange normal stresses in box girders. Solutions were provided for thin-walled flexural members in bridges and buildings under a variety of loadings and boundary conditions to facilitate the implementation of the proposed procedure.
A multi-objective framework for the design of vacuum sealed molding process

Abstract This paper provides a framework for process design to achieve simultaneous improvement of the multiple features of the product. The methodology provides a way to integrate process parameters with the product features. Many of the features may be conflicting in nature, and thus may limit the use of a particular setting of design parameter of the process to produce the quality product. In this paper we discuss how to resolve the conflicting objectives of the process design problem. A case study for the design of vacuum-sealed molding process using the proposed methodology is included.
DNA CONTENT OF PLACENTAL NUCLEI

The DNA content of individual nuclei in four immature human placentas was determined by microspectrophotometric analysis of Feulgen-stained sections. The absence of mitosis in the syncytiotrophoblast, taken together with the finding of a diploid unimodal distribution, at a time of rapid placental growth, indicated that the syncytiotrophoblast possessed little or no intrinsic reproductive capacity. In contrast, the cytotrophoblast displayed considerable mitotic activity and was found to contain a high proportion of nuclei with DNA values in excess of the diploid amount, corresponding to DNA synthesis in interphase nuclei preparatory to division. From the complementary behavior of the two layers of trophoblast, with respect to evidence of reproductive ability, it is concluded that the rapid accumulation of nuclei in the syncytiotrophoblast, during the early development of the placenta, is accounted for by cell proliferation within the cytotrophoblast followed by alignment and coalescence of some daughter cells in the syncytiotrophoblast.
Maximum-likelihood estimation for nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

Abstract A new method for spectroscopy which relies on the application of maximum likelihood for the estimation of the parameters of the free-induction decay signal in noise is proposed, where the FID is composed of multiple sinusoids of unknown amplitudes, frequencies, phases, and exponential decays. An iterative expectation-maximization algorithm is introduced for maximizing the nonlinear likelihood function, which has the properties that (i) the iteration monotonically improves the parameter values and (ii) at each iteration the coupled maximization across the sinusoids is reduced to separate simple parallel maximizations making it ideal for parallel processor implementation. The major contribution of the new method is that at signal / noise ratios where the noise peaks at a particular frequency in the spectrum may be larger than the corresponding Larmor frequency components, the maximum-likelihood method provides low-variance, high-resolution estimates of the signal amplitudes, decays, and frequency parameters. The fundamental information measure generated by the new maximum-likelihood method is the application of an energy-transform criterion for the determination of frequency components.
Intelligence analysis for internet security: ideas, barriers, and possibilities

The amazing growth of the Internet, both in size and in influence on our society has lead to increased risks of its exploitation by criminal and terrorist groups. As of now, this exploitation has been relatively limited, at least with respect to the likely activity in the years to come. There is a need to act now to develop and put into place intelligence methodologies to aid analysis of Internet-based national security and criminal threats and to augment existing Internet security practices. These methodologies cannot be a purely technically based, or the true societal significant of Internet activity will be overlooked. They cannot be a purely localized activity, or the divergent needs of various regions and organizations will not be represented. They cannot be simply responsive to incidents, such as viruses or system attacks, or the advantage will remain with the intruders. They cannot be centrally controlled or performed, or the need for rapid `Internet- speed' response will not be met. Internet security threats are distributed, ongoing and multifaceted, so the strategy for dealing with them must be distributed ongoing and multifaceted.© (2001) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Representing generalizations and exceptions in expert database systems

Abstract To further increase the decision support capabilities of database management systems, previous research has suggested the development of expert database systems by coupling expert systems to database management systems. One approach is to combine the capabilities of logic systems and relational databases. Logic allows the specification of general rules representing abstract knowledge while database management systems provide efficient management of large masses of data representing specific facts. In many practical situations, general rules cannot or are not intended to describe every possible case, thus leading to the necessity of representing exceptions. A classification of exceptions is made in this paper, and their representation in expert database systems that combine logic and relational databases is discussed. In addition, a description is made of extensions needed to the relational language SQL to permit the specification of rules that allow exceptions.
Intraplate faults revealed in crystalline bedrock in the 1983 Goodnow and 1985 Ardsley epicentral areas, New York

Bedrock geologic studies in the epicentral areas of the 1983 Goodnow (mb = 5.1) and 1985 Ardsley (mL = 4.0) earthquakes in New York State suggest that seismogenic intraplate faults have subtle, but clearly recognizable, expressions in crystalline bedrock along surface extrapolations of these well-defined earthquake ruptures. Both ruptures are small and totally confined to the subsurface. The 1983 Goodnow rupture and the 1985 Ardsley rupture are correlated with the Catlin Lake fault zone and the Dobbs Ferry fault zone, respectively. Although both structures had been recognized by other authors as brittle structures prior to the recent earthquakes, they had not been mapped as faults because of their small accumulated offsets. Our interpretation of these features as the surface expressions of seismogenic structures is based on: 1. (1) the spatial correlation of the rupture plane, as defined by aftershock hypocenters, with a prominent fracture-controlled topographic lineament, and 2. (2) observations of mesoscopic brittle structures along the lineaments that reflect the larger scale structure and, more importantly, are consistent with both the rupture orientation and sense of slip determined from seismic data. In both study areas mesoscopic structures indicate that fault formation at pre-existing joints was important in the overall evolution of the fault zones. The mesoscopic-scale observations are in agreement with studies of fault zone formation and growth in crystalline rock, and provide information on the geometry, segmentation, kinematics, and evolution of the fault zones. Fault zone segmentation seems to be controlled by wavelengths of folds in the pre-existing ductile structure.
The Science Behind Animal-Assisted Therapy

Animal-assisted therapy is a complementary medicine intervention, typically utilizing dogs trained to be obedient, calm, and comforting. Several studies have reported significant pain relief after participating in therapy dog visits. Objective reports of reduced pain and pain-related symptoms are supported by studies measuring decreased catecholamines and increased endorphins in humans receiving friendly dog visits. Mirror neuron activity and disease-perception through olfactory ability in dogs may also play important roles in helping dogs connect with humans during therapeutic encounters. This review will explore a variety of possible theories that may explain the therapeutic benefits that occur during therapy dog visits.
Beryllium fracture observed by in situ high voltage electron microscopy

Abstract Beryllium single crystals were strained to fracture in a high voltage electron microscope and were studied using in situ and analytical techniques. The crystals were oriented so that the stress axis was parallel to the basal planes, thereby activating the prism planes of the first order during plastic deformation. Resulting dislocation cells were characterized and slip traces on external and fracture surfaces were analyzed. Microcracks were seen to initiate at dislocation cell walls and mostly continued to propagate along them. A pseudocleavage mechanism for microcracks has been discussed.
The adoption of police innovation: the role of the political environment

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to understand the role of the political environment in the implementation of community policing, using a model informed by the innovations perspective in addition to the criminal justice literature.Design/methodology/approach – Using archival data, this paper draws a national sample of 428 police jurisdictions. Multivariate models are estimated to determine the influence of reform governments as indicated by city managers, non‐partisan and at‐large elections, on community policing.Findings – This paper finds evidence to suggest that reform governments have a limited but significant influence on the adoption of community policing. Form of government and the type of municipal elections do directly influence community policing. Results demonstrate that the innovations literature does explain some variation in community policing adoption across municipalities.Research limitations/implications – The findings of the study should have implications for understanding the exte...
Spectral analysis of secondary market mexican external debt prices

The secondary market for developing country debt currently is one of the fastest growing segments of the fixed income securities market. This paper examines the spectral properties of secondary market Mexican external debt price variations from January 1986–December 1992. The analysis presented in this paper suggests that the secondary market for Mexican external debt may be characterized by the "random-walk with drift" model. Moreover, large (small) spectral density estimates at high (low) periodicities suggest that secondary market price variations were positively autocorrelated and aperiodic in nature, although there is some evidence to suggest the possible presence of short-period harmonic resonances. Cross-spectral analysis of the relationship between the 10-year U.S. Treasury bond interest rate and secondary market Mexican external debt prices appears to verify the theoretical relationship between market determined interest rates for default-free, dollar denominated debt and secondary market debt prices. More importantly, estimated phase-lag relationships suggest that the secondary market for Mexican external debt probably was inefficient at the semi-strong level.
Crossover scaling during submonolayer epitaxy onvicinal substrates

The nucleation and growth of two-dimensional islands on a vicinal substrate during the early stages of epitaxial growth is studied with kinetic Monte Carlo simulations and self-consistent rate equations. The island size distribution and island number density are shown to satisfy a dynamic crossover scaling form. A generalization of the self-consistent mean-field rate theory to vicinal substrates provides quantitative agreement with simulations.
Synthesis and characterization of Me3Ga and Me3In: Adducts of secondary amines

Abstract The reactions of trimethylgallium and trimethylindium with a variety of secondary amines [HNMe 2 , HNEt 2 , HNPr 2 n , HNPr 2 i , HNBu 2 i , HNBu 2 s , HN(CH 2 Ph) 2 , HN( c -C 6 H 11 ) 2 , HNC 4 H 8 , HNC 5 H 10 , HNC 6 H 12 and HN(CH 2 CH 2 ) 2 NMe], produce a series of room-temperature stable liquid or solid adducts. These were characterized by 1 H and 13 C NMR, IR, mass spectrometry and elemental analysis. Spectroscopic comparisons are made between these and the corresponding trimethylaluminum derivatives. 1 H and 13 C NMR data for all three series of adducts indicate a correlation between the chemical shifts of the methyl groups on the metal and the relative steric requirements of the amines. The data show a general downfield movement of these chemical shifts with increasing steric bulk.
SPECIFIC HEAT OF TERBIUM METAL BETWEEN 0.37 AND 4.2 K

The specific heat ${C}_{p}$ of terbium metal, measured between 0.37 and 4.2\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K in a ${\mathrm{He}}^{3}$ cryostat, could be separated by a least squares analysis into three contributions; the lattice specific heat ${C}_{L}=0.58{T}^{3}$ (corresponding to a Debye $\ensuremath{\theta}=150\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$K), the electronic specific heat ${C}_{E}=9.05T$, and the nuclear specific heat ${C}_{N}=238{T}^{\ensuremath{-}2}\ensuremath{-}11.9{T}^{\ensuremath{-}3}\ensuremath{-}4.5{T}^{\ensuremath{-}4}+0.38{T}^{\ensuremath{-}5}+0.06{T}^{\ensuremath{-}6}$ (${C}_{p}$ in mJ/mole \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K). ${C}_{N}$ is due to the splitting of the nuclear spin states by the magnetic field ${H}_{\mathrm{eff}}$ of the $4f$ electrons and by the nuclear electric quadrupole coupling. In the series expansion for ${C}_{N}$ there are only two independent constants, the magnetic hyperfine constant ${a}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ and the quadrupole coupling constant $P$. Our experimental values of ${a}^{\ensuremath{'}}=0.150\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$K and $P=0.021\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$K are in good agreement with results obtained by electron paramagnetic resonance and nuclear magnetic resonance techniques which gave ${a}^{\ensuremath{'}}=0.152\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$K and $P=0.029\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$K. By assuming $\ensuremath{\mu}=1.52$ nuclear Bohr magnetons for ${\mathrm{Tb}}^{159}$ one obtains ${H}_{\mathrm{eff}}=4.1$ MG. In sharp contrast with earlier results, our measurements revealed no anomalies in ${C}_{p}$ between 1 and 4\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. Such anomalies thus were probably caused by impurities in the samples of the other investigators.
The Third Reich's Road to War

of the Reich constitute the most populous, the most highly organized, the most ingenious and productive, and therefore the most potentially formidable of the Western powers. The control of Germany by a political movement committed since its inception to destroying the peace settlement of 1919, and the almost unanimous enthusiasm which the supernationalistic propaganda of this movement has evoked in the Reich, have produced world-wide alarm and despair for the future of peace. The general conviction that the peace of Europe and of the world during the next decade depends in large measure upon the motives and purposes of those in power in Berlin rests upon a correct interpretation of diplomatic and military realities, contemporary and prospective. The moot question as to what these motives and purposes are is therefore one which calls imperatively for an-