cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Observations of plasmarons in a two-dimensional system: Tunneling measurements using time-domain capacitance spectroscopy

Calculations of the single-particle density of states (SPDOS) of electron liquids have long predicted that there exist two distinct charged excitations: the usual quasiparticle consisting of an electron or hole, and a plasmaron consisting of a hole resonantly bound to real plasmons in the Fermi sea. Using tunneling spectroscopy to measure the SPDOS of a 2D electronic system, we demonstrate the detection of a plasmaron in a 2D system in which electrons have mass. With the application of a magnetic field we discover unpredicted magnetoplasmarons which resemble Landau levels with a negative index.
Diminished Dopamine: Timing, Neuroanatomy, or Drug History?

Determining why a relatively small percentage of the many individuals who experiment with drugs of abuse go on to develop substance abuse disorders is an important area of investigation. Understanding the neurobiological and psychological factors underlying the transition from casual drug use to
Context Effects on Self-Perceptions of Interest in Government and Public Affairs

Previous experiments have shown that when people are asked a question about how interested they are in politics, their answers can be significantly affected by the context in which the question is asked. When asked, for example, how much they “…follow what’s going on in government and public affairs…,” people are much less likely to say they follow such matters “most of the time” if they are asked about it immediately after being unable to answer some rather difficult questions about their United States Congressman’s record than if they are asked about it before such questions (see Bishop et al., 1982, 1984b). Similarly, when asked how interested they were “…in following the political campaigns…,” people were significantly more likely to say they were “very interested” when asked about it immediately after, rather than before, giving answers to several questions about the 1980 presidential election campaign, answers that implied that they were quite interested in following the political campaigns that year (see Bishop, Oldendick, & Tuchfarber, 1982, 1984a). Such is the influence of question order and context on people’s self-perceptions.
The T Cell Antigen Receptor

Initiation of the immune response following antigenic challenge begins with the specific interaction of epitopes on the antigen- and plasma membrane-associated receptors found on the cell surface of lymphocytes. Certainly the interaction of antigen with both regulatory and effector thymus-derived lymphocytes (T cells) is a critical event in this process. According to clonal selection theories (Burnett, 1969), antigen initially interacts with a relatively small number of T cells that exhibit antigen receptors of the appropriate specificity.
Improved image reconstruction from sensitivity-encoded data by wavelet denoising and Tokhonov regularization

Parallel magnetic resonance imaging through sensitivity encoding using multiple receiver coils has emerged as an effective tool to reduce imaging time. However, errors in both the estimated coil sensitivity maps and the measured data, and the ill-conditioned nature of the coefficient matrix (often associated with non-localized coils) can degrade image quality significantly, limiting speed enhancements. In this paper, we propose to use wavelet denoising to reduce noise in the coil sensitivity maps and a specially-designed Tikhonov regularization scheme to solve the ill-conditioned matrix equation. Experimental results show that these techniques produce significantly better images (with an improved signal-to-noise ratio and reduced aliasing artifacts) than conventional reconstruction methods based on matrix inversion with a diagonal regularization matrix.
Selection of foraging habitat by female little brown bats (Myotis lucifugus)

Characterizing habitat use is a key component to quantifying the niche, ecological interactions, and conservation needs of a species. Habitat selection is the disproportionate use of habitat types, whereby animals select higher-quality habitats within a landscape mosaic. For insectivorous bats, selection of foraging habitat is likely due to variation between habitat types in the distribution and abundance of prey, as well as differences in how effectively bats can move through, and forage in, different landscapes. Due to their cryptic nature and rapid nocturnal flight, detailed knowledge about fine-scale habitat selection of bat species is lacking. We used data-logging telemetry receivers to assess selection of foraging habitat by the little brown bat, Myotis lucifugus, in the Badlands and Missouri River Valley of North Dakota. Bats were captured at maternity roosts, fitted with radiotransmitters, and tracked for 11 nights at each site. Habitat selection was assessed based on selection ratios of used and available proportions of habitat, which were characterized in terms of both composition and structure. Eigenanalysis of selection ratios was used to further evaluate individual variation in habitat selection. Foraging female M. lucifugus primarily selected edge habitats and nearby water sources. Pregnant bats selected edges bordering grass or herbaceous habitats. Lactating bats selected water and edge habitat within close proximity to the roost. Selection of nearby water resources by lactating bats under the constraints of nursing is consistent with previous studies. While there were ecologically consistent trends across bats, individuals varied in some aspects of their habitat selection.
Consumer Responses to Promotional Games in Social Media

Increasingly, companies are using social media websites such as Facebook and Twitter to distribute promotions. A particularly popular tactic involves merging promotional distributions, such as coupon giveaways, with social games. This use of game play mechanics in non-game applications has been used in a variety of situations including promotions, training programs, goal achievement programs, and others. While consumer responses to these games are generally positive, little is known about how the characteristics of games influence redemption, entertainment value, attitudes toward the firm, and future repurchase. In this research, we examine consumer responses to two types of games: games of chance (e.g., scratch tickets) and games of skill (e.g., treasure hunts). We first present results from data collected from a website that runs promotional games tied to social media. We then explore alternative explanations for these findings using a laboratory setting.
Reading Comprehension is Embodied: Theoretical and Practical Considerations

In this review, I advance the embodied cognition movement in cognitive psychology as both a challenge and an invitation for the study of reading comprehension. Embodied cognition challenges theories which assume that mental operations are based in a common, abstract, amodal code of propositions and schemata. Based on growing research in behavioral and neuroscience, embodied cognition proposes that all cognitive activity is based in sensorimotor activity, opening exciting new vistas for research and practice. Exemplary embodied theories are summarized and compared including those of Glenberg, Barsalou, Lakoff and Johnson, Paivio, and others. Exemplary embodied educational applications to reading comprehension are reviewed. I propose that much reading comprehension research that cites an abstract theoretical basis is actually more consistent with the embodied perspective.
Static and dynamic resource allocation models for single-leg transportation markets with service disruptions

Abstract This work considers the stochastic resource allocation problem for single-leg transportation markets with service disruptions. The single-period version of the problem is formulated as a stochastic model with arbitrarily distributed resource capacity. We then completely characterize the optimal solution to the stochastic model. The multi-period version of the problem is formulated as a dynamic programming model. We characterize the monotone structure of the optimal solution for the dynamic model under uniform resource consumption rates. For the case with general resource consumption rates, a counterexample is provided to show that there exist cases where the optimal solution is not monotone.
Difference in the Midst of Cohesion: Modern and Traditional in Cuban Miami

The chapter describes the tradition of active political participation among Cubans in Miami and the many civic organizations to be found in the community, including the four organizations examined in the book. The chapter discusses the model of civic organizing guiding the community’s civic organizing efforts. The analysis highlights the role of liberal and corporatist political theory . Differences of culture and identity become apparent from what is otherwise a cohesive moral community.
Inositol Lipid Metabolism: Generation of Second Messengers

It is generally accepted that the regulation of characteristic functions specific for different cells is brought about by the binding of agonists and hormones to receptor proteins located in the plasma membrane (1). Transfer of information from chemicals in the extracellular environment to the regulation of many intracellular enzymes and proteins is achieved by a number of different receptor-dependent signalling mechanisms. The best understood example of such a process is the β-adrenergic activation of adenylate cyclase, which causes an increased production of cAMP as a second messenger (2). The subsequent activation of cAMP-dependent protein kinase results in the phosphorylation and modulation of the activity of a variety of target enzymes and regulatory proteins within the cell with consequent alterations of specific cell functions (3).
All-optical demultiplexing of Nyquist OTDM signal using a biorthogonal Nyquist gate

We present an all-optical method for demultiplexing Nyquist optical time division multiplexed (OTDM) signals using a biorthogonal Nyquist gate, which is a Nyquist gate of reduced pulse width. The biorthogonality between the Nyquist symbol and Nyquist gate creates an intersymbol interference (ISI) free spectral region in the mixed product that theoretically allows for complete elimination of ISI in the demultiplexer. Furthermore, this format transparent all-optical method produces a Nyquist signal on the output suitable for further optical processing and multiplexing. We analyze the performance of this approach through simulation in the presence of nonidealities of imperfect pulse shape, timing jitter, and dispersion. Finally, we experimentally demonstrate the performance of this approach operating on an 80-GBd Nyquist OTDM signal.
Multiplicity-Adjusted Confidence Limits in Risk Assessment with Quantal Response Data

ABSTRACTIn risk assessment, it is often desired to make inferences on the risk at certain low doses or on the dose(s) at which a specific benchmark risk (BMR) is attained. At times, dose levels or BMRs are of interest, and some form of multiplicity adjustment is necessary to ensure a valid simultaneous inference. Bonferroni correction is often employed in practice for such purposes. Though relative simple to implement, the Bonferroni strategy can suffer from extreme conservatism (Nitcheva et al., 2005; Al-Saidy et al., 2003). Recently, Kerns (2017) proposed the use of simultaneous hyperbolic and three-segment bands to perform multiple inferences in risk assessment under Abbott-adjusted log-logistic model with the dose level constrained to a given interval. In this paper, we present and compare methods for deriving multiplicity-adjusted upper limits on extra risk and lower bounds on the benchmark dose under Abbott-adjusted log-logistic model. Monte Carlo simulations evaluate the characteristics of the simu...
Radial throw in micromachining: Measurement and analysis

Abstract This paper presents a comprehensive approach for measurement and analysis of radial throw and the associated tool-tip trajectory in micromachining when using ultra-high-speed (UHS) spindles. The effect of radial throw on micromachining accuracy could be significant due to the strict absolute-tolerance requirements. However, accurately determining radial throw in micromachining poses challenges due to the micron-scale tool dimensions and high rotational speeds. In contrast to run-out, radial throw depends on the tool-rotation angle and dictates the instantaneous position (trajectory) of the cutting edges. This work first presents a mathematical framework to obtain the radial throw at the cutting edges by measuring radial throw at two locations on the tool shank. A laser Doppler vibrometry-based experimental approach is then described to accurately measure the radial throw from the tool shank in two mutually-perpendicular directions. Next, the variations on radial throw measurements are evaluated, the effect of spindle speed on the radial throw is analyzed, and the predictions of tool-tip radial throw are compared with those directly measured from the tip of a micro-tool blank. A study is then performed to assess the effect of tool attachment/detachment cycles on radial throw. Lastly, a set of simulations is conducted to demonstrate how the radial throw magnitude and orientation affect the surface location error, sidewall surface roughness, and flute-to-flute chip-thickness variations. It is concluded that the presented mathematical framework and measurement approach can be used to determine the tool-tip radial throw magnitude with better than 3.5% ± 2% accuracy. Increased spindle speed considerably increases the radial throw, e.g., from 8 μm at 60,000 rpm to 16 μm at 130,000 rpm. The tool attachment/detachment induces less than ±6.9% variation to the mean radial throw magnitude at 60,000 rpm. The main contributor to the variation of the radial throw orientation is identified as the inherent inaccuracies of the spindle.
A Longitudinal Examination of How Hospital Provision of Home Health Services Changed after the Implementation of the Balanced Budget Act of 1997: Does Ownership Matter?

A LONGITUDINAL EXAMINATION OF HOW HOSPITAL PROVISION OF HOME HEALTH SERVICES CHANGED AFTER THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE BALANCED BUDGET ACT OF 1997: DOES OWNERSHIP MATTER? By Tiang-Hong Chou, Ph.D. A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Virginia Commonwealth University. Virginia Commonwealth University, 2009 Dissertation Director: Kenneth R. White, Ph.D., FACHE. Professor, Department of Health Administration By using a natural experiment approach and longitudinal national hospital data, this study sheds light on the objective functions of hospitals with different ownership forms by comparing their relative reductions in HH provision after the implementation of the BBA. The empirical findings reveal that for-profit hospitals behave differently as compared to public and private nonprofit hospitals, due to their different operational objectives. While the response of for-profit hospitals is consistent with the profit-maximizer model, both public and private nonprofit ownership types behave consistently in accordance with the model of two-good producers whose objective is to maximize market outputs for meeting the health care needs of the community, given the break-even requirement. This finding provides support for the tax exemption the United States government has granted private nonprofit hospitals. Although the response patterns of the nonprofit ownership types are in general similar, this study found that, contrary to expectation, religious hospitals were more likely than secular nonprofit hospitals to have reduced HH provision after the BBA. Further studies are needed to explore the difference in operational behaviors between these two ownership types. Built on previous related studies and applying a more comprehensive set of independent and control variables with improved data sources, this study is able to examine the effects of certain organizational and market factors on hospital offering of HH care pre-BBA and the change in the provision of HH care in the six years following the implementation of the BBA. Hospital proportion of Medicare patients, hospital size, total profit margin, case mix index, elderly density in the market are found to be positive determinants of a hospital‘s likelihood of offering HH care. However, these organizational and market factors, in general, play a non-significant role in influencing hospitals‘ changes in HH care provision after the implementation of the BBA. In the study, explanations and implications of these finding are discussed. Finally, potential limitations to this study and opportunities for future research are addressed. CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
Phosphorin, a phosphate-binding hydrophobic protein isolated from renal brush border membranes.

Reabsorption of inorganic phosphate (Pi) by the renal proximal tubule occurs from the tubular fluid across the brush border membrane into the cell interior by a Na+-dependent co-transport system. A number of the features of this Na+-Pi symport system have been documented by earlier workers(1,2). These include a description of the kinetic parameters and of the alterations produced by in vivo manipulation of dietary phosphate(3) or vitamin D(4) or by parathyroid hormone status(5). However, the molecular constituent or constituents of this Na+-Pi symporter have not been identified. We summarize here some features of a putative constituent of the Na+-Pi symporter, a proteolipid that can be extracted from renal brush borders. We have called this proteolipid “phosphorin” because it binds Pi with selectivity and high affinity and because it is located in brush borders that conduct Na+-Pi symport. Although our working hypothesis is that phosphorin might be a constituent of the Na+-Pi symporter, firm evidence for such a role for phosphorin remains to be advanced.
Environment, Ethics, and the Factory Farm

What are the ethics behind factory farming? What are the ethical implications? This essay (transcribed from a lecture given at the South Texas College of Law) focuses on the environmental implications while defining those environmental implications through the lens of animal law.Farms have become factories, and the animals raised in those factories are simply commodities. That is why we cannot have a discussion about environmental ethics without having a discussion of what we do when we eat. It’s not just a discussion about the law. It’s a discussion about how we live in the world. Where factory-farmed animals spend their entire lives is an environmental issue. They are the environment. Not only are they the environment, they are also living, sentient, feeling beings who are experiencing what it’s like to be in those cages.This essay argues that environmental law and environmental ethics are interwoven and animals are part of the environment. Thus environmentalism and environmental law must do more than react to the pollution that animal mistreatment generates; it must address the mistreatment itself. No ethical system could do otherwise.
The Two-Level Case: One Spectral Line

In this chapter we illustrate solutions to Equation (II-47) for the case ψ ν = ϕ ν and δ = δ′. The solutions discussed are achieved using the numerical techniques outlined in Chapter VIII. We start with the simplest case where each of the parameters entering Equation (II-47) are constant with depth and where r 0 is specified. We then proceed to consider the effect of depth variations in the different parameters.
Association Analysis in Family Designs

The use of family data has a long history in genetics, for association as well as linkage and segregation. Perhaps the simplest and most intuitively obvious example involving association analysis is a study comparing the genotypes in cases with the genotypes in their unaffected siblings. By using an unaffected sibling as a control, we eliminate issues of confounding by population substructure which are caused by comparing affected cases with unaffected controls whose genetic backgrounds are not comparable to the cases. With family controls, rejecting the null hypothesis of no association implies more than just ‘no association’. Finding a significant difference in genotype frequencies between cases and their unaffected siblings implies that the marker is both linked and associated with a disease locus underlying the trait (Appendix C).
TIE: Principled Reverse Engineering of Types in Binary Programs

A recurring problem in security is reverse engineering binary code to recover high-level language data abstractions and types. High-level programming languages have data abstractions such as buffers, structures, and local variables that all help programmers and program analyses reason about programs in a scalable manner. During compilation, these abstractions are removed as code is translated down to operations on registers and one globally addressed memory region. Reverse engineering consists of “undoing” the compilation to recover high-level information so that programmers, security professionals, and analyses can all more easily reason about the binary code. In this paper we develop novel techniques for reverse engineering data type abstractions from binary programs. At the heart of our approach is a novel type reconstruction system based upon binary code analysis. Our techniques and system can be applied as part of both static or dynamic analysis, thus are extensible to a large number of security settings. Our results on 87 programs show that TIE is both more accurate and more precise at recovering high-level types than existing mechanisms.
Donor-Free Gene Correction by Targeted Interhomolog Recombination

Spontaneous gene correction by interhomolog recombination (IHR) occasionally occurs to ameliorate genetic diseases of blood and skin. Using an engineered endogenous gene as a reporter, we demonstrate that gene correction by IHR is normally infrequent ([≤]0.02%) but is stimulated by DSBs targeted by CRISPR/Cas9 to both homologous chromosomes; reaching frequencies of 0.5%. We further show that depletion of POLQ stimulates IHR frequencies 4- fold, to 2%, and promotes IHR in G2 phase, when recombination between replicated homologs can correct not only compound heterozygous but also autosomal dominant 'gain-of-function' mutations, which present a special challenge for gene therapy. The strategies reported here will enable optimization of IHR for gene therapy in a variety of cell types. Advantages include the ability to correct gain-of-function mutations, no need for an exogenous donor, and the potential to limit damage to coding sequence by targeting IHR to introns.
The intersections of industrialization: Variation in skeletal indicators of frailty by age, sex, and socioeconomic status in 18th- and 19th-century England.

Objectives Intersectionality theory argues that various categories of identity and forms of systemic oppression interact and produce inequalities in resource access, economic opportunities, and health outcomes. However, there has been little explicit engagement with this theory by bioarchaeologists examining disparate health outcomes in the past. This study examines the associations among frailty, age at death, sex, and socioeconomic status (SES) in 18th- and 19th-century England. Materials and methods The sample for this study comes from four industrial-era cemeteries from England, ca. 1711-1857. The associations among adult age (18+ years), SES, sex, and three skeletal indicators of stress (dental enamel hypoplasia [DEH, n = 293], cribra orbitalia [CO, n = 457], periosteal lesions [PNB, n = 436]) are examined using hierarchical log-linear analysis. Results Significant interactions existed among the variables examined for two skeletal indicators: high SES females had lower frequencies of CO relative to other groups and males between ages 30-45 years exhibited higher frequencies of PNB compared to females or males of older or younger ages, regardless of SES. Additionally, sex and SES were consistently associated with age at death. Conclusions These results suggest that patterns of stress indicators cannot be examined solely across unilateral axes of age, SES, or sex. Intersecting axes of privilege, marginalization, and structural oppression may have buffered high SES females from some negative health outcomes (CO) while predisposing them to others (risk of maternal mortality). Likewise, the hazardous working conditions relegated to adult males may have heightened the risk of injury, infection, and death for middle-aged men in industrial-era England.
Ultrahigh-density mapping supplemented with global chamber activation identifies noncavotricuspid-dependent intra-atrial re-entry conduction isthmuses in adult congenital heart disease.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the role of ultrahigh-density mapping for conduction isthmus (CI) characterization in adult congenital heart disease (ACHD). BACKGROUND Catheter ablation remains suboptimal for ACHD with atypical intra-atrial reentrant tachycardias (IART) that can be challenging to define using existing mapping technology. METHODS An ultrahigh-density mapping system was selectively employed over a 1-year period for procedures involving noncavotricuspid isthmus-dependent-IART. A global activation histogram (GAH) was assessed for the ability to predict ablation targets. Procedural characteristics were compared to a group of matched controls. RESULTS Twenty patients (mean age 43 ± 15, 70% male) underwent 20 procedures targeting 34 tachycardias during the study period. Diagnoses included single ventricle (8), tetralogy of Fallot (2), left heart obstruction (3), Ebstein's anomaly (2) atrial septal defect (2), Mustard operation (2), and Rasteilli operation (1). Prior catheter ablation/Maze operation had been performed in 12 (60%). The median time per map was 21 minutes (interquartile range [IQR], 16-32), representing 14 834 points per map (IQR 9499-43 191; P < .001 vs controls). Review of GAH maps showed lower trough values were associated with more favorable IART CI characteristics (P ≤ =.001 for all). Acute success was achieved in 19/20 (95%) procedures, with tachycardia termination during the first lesion in eight cases (P = .02 vs controls). There was one recurrence during 0.6 years follow-up. CONCLUSIONS Ultrahigh-density mapping supplemented with the GAH tool was effective for CI identification in a cohort of complex ACHD patients. Catheter ablation was more efficient compared to controls, suggesting precise CI characterization using this technology.
Waste PET Chemical Processing to Terephthalic Amides and their Effect on Asphalt Performance

A chemical recycling approach of mixed PET was demonstrated here that provides a mechanism by which PET waste can be efficiently recovered and repurposed to value-added products. The approach utili...
Joint Information Theoretic and Differential Geometrical Approach for Robust Automated Target Recognition

Abstract : The overall objective of this project is to develop transformative theory and algorithms for robust Automated Target Recognition (ATR). This project addressed the following challenging problems in ATR: modeling uncertainty, small sample size, high dimensional data, irrelevant features/dimensions, heterogeneous data, and outliers. In this project, the PI proposed and developed the following new techniques: 1) kernel local feature extraction (KLFE) for ATR applications, 2) technique for identifying network dynamics under sparsity and stationarity constraints, 3) self-organized-queue-based (SOQ) clustering scheme, 4) robust principal component analysis (RPCA) based on manifold optimization, outlier detection, and subspace decomposition.
Chiari malformation (CM) and/or tethered cord, idiopathic mast cell activation syndrome (MCAS), Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome (EDS), and Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia syndrome (POTS): a new pediatric disease cluster

Objective: This study is a cross-sectional retrospective cohort study to determine the incidence of co-morbidities in pediatric patients with a diagnosis of Chiari malformation (CM) and/or tethered cord at our institution. Background: Chiari malformations are structural defects of the hindbrain which cause displacement of the cerebellum distally through the foramen magnum. This malformation may be asymptomatic or present clinically in late childhood or during the early adolescent period with a constellation of neurological symptoms. In addition, tethered cord is associated with Chiari malformations. Mast cells are most commonly associated with allergic …
Barriers to medication adherence in the emergency department: A cross-sectional study.

Abstract Background Medication nonadherence is a common problem that leads to increased healthcare utilization. It is unclear how patient insight and attitude towards their medications affect adherence in the ED. Furthermore, it is unclear how perceived medication importance differs between patients and ED physicians. Methods We conducted a cross sectional study of adult patients presenting to 2 academic emergency departments from April 2015 to October 2016. Demographic data were collected and questions were asked regarding medication knowledge, perceived importance, and adherence. We also compared perceived importance of medications between patients and two physician raters. Inter-rater agreement was reported as raw percentages, and categorical data were compared using chi-squared analysis. Results We identified 1268 patients, representing 4634 individual medications. We identified a significant association between knowledge of medications and perceived importance (p Conclusions These data suggest that there is a difference in perceived medication importance between ED physicians and ED patients. Knowledge of a medication's purpose is significantly associated with perceived importance, while this importance appears to be significantly associated with compliance. These results suggest that concerted efforts by ED physicians and staff to educate patients on the utility and importance of their medications may improve adherence.
Spectra of Ti 51 , Cr 53 , and Fe 55 and the Unified Model

The spectrum and level properties of ${\mathrm{Ti}}^{51}$ have been investigated by the reaction ${\mathrm{Ti}}^{50}(d, p){\mathrm{Ti}}^{51}$ using a high-resolution magnetic analysis system. The four nuclei ${\mathrm{Ca}}^{49}$, ${\mathrm{Ti}}^{51}$, ${\mathrm{Cr}}^{53}$, and ${\mathrm{Fe}}^{55}$ have an odd neutron outside a closed ${f}_{\frac{7}{2}}$ neutron shell. The spectrum of ${\mathrm{Ca}}^{49}$ as observed in a ($d, p$) reaction on ${\mathrm{Ca}}^{48}$ is single-particle-like. In the other nuclei, the neutron single-particle states are fragmented to varying degrees. An attempt has been made to study the information available for ${\mathrm{Ti}}^{51}$, ${\mathrm{Cr}}^{53}$, and ${\mathrm{Fe}}^{55}$ on the basis of the unified model by coupling the ${p}_{\frac{3}{2}}$, ${p}_{\frac{1}{2}}$, and ${f}_{\frac{5}{2}}$ shell model states to a quadrupole vibrational core. Core states of up to three phonons have been included in the calculation. Reasonable agreement has been obtained with the excitations and transition strengths of the low-lying levels of the three nuclei as observed in ($d, p$) reactions on the corresponding even-even nuclei. In the case of ${\mathrm{Cr}}^{53}$ which is stable, additional experimental information is available, viz., the ground state magnetic moment, the static quadrupole moment and the lifetime of the 2.32-MeV level. Using the model wavefunctions obtained for ${\mathrm{Cr}}^{53}$, these quantities have been computed and found to be in poor agreement with the experimentally observed values.
2020’s Gift of 20/20 Vision Has Unveiled a Society in Search of a Soul: Yet Finding Our Soul - Solving Our Meaning Crisis - Is Crucial to Social Salvation

In "Modern Man in Search of a Soul," the psychiatrist and kind soul wrapped in a bundle of skin named Carl Gustav Jung wrote of the crises shaking a Europe at war. He linked them not to economics or geopolitics or biology. He ignored every conventional explanation. Instead - having explored the depths of his psyche - Jung linked the collective suicide of Europe to a crisis of meaning. Jung’s lessons apply today. The contemporary West is undergoing crises that, though different in form, share the same source as those that shook Jung’s time. We’ve lost our way; we’ve lost any recognition that there is a way, or that to travel upon that way - closing the gap between our ideal self and our current self - is the noblest and most essential task of any human life. It is not difficult to discern the causes of our meaning crisis, but it is all too easy to discern the consequences. Leaving aside political consequences - which I cannot ethically discuss due to my current position in the federal judiciary - we are now witnessing more societal chaos than most of us have ever seen. This essay proposes a path out of the valley.
Heads up! Variation in the vigilance of foraging chipmunks in response to experimental manipulation of perceived risk

Vigilance is a behavior in which an organism is gaining information about its environment, often used for predator detection. Vigilance is influenced by the risk that an organism perceives. Animals may vary their use of vigilance behaviors by modifying not only the percent time they dedicate to vigilance, but also the duration of vigilance bouts, rate of vigilance bouts, and type of vigilance posture. Assuming these different vigilance tactics come at different costs to the individual, different sources of perceived risk should elicit specific vigilance strategies. Here, we experimentally altered the sight lines of foraging Eastern chipmunks (Tamias striatus). We carried out our field work in three locations in Michigan that vary from low (an island site) to high predator pressure. Our results show that chipmunks respond to changes in their immediate microhabitat by altering the rate of vigilance, regardless of predator density. On the other hand, chipmunks at sites with lower predator densities spend less time vigilant when compared to sites with higher predator densities and they utilize vigilance postures that decrease vigilance but do not completely halt feeding. Further research should aim to quantify costs and benefits of vigilance postures and strategies to further our understanding of how individuals balance the trade‐off between mortality and energy gain.
Post-Clerkship Curricular Reform: Specialty-Specific Tracks and Entrustable Professional Activities to Guide the Transition to Residency.

The development of core entrustable professional activities (EPA) for entering residency and Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education's milestones have spurred thinking about the fourth year of medical school as a transition to residency. In this monograph, we lay out our specialty focused post-clerkship curriculum and report learner and residency director perceptions over the first three years of implementation. Ongoing curricular monitoring has reinforced core principles but has also informed actionable quality improvement efforts. EPA-focused learning experiences, integration of specialty-specific milestones, addition of the feedforward process, and accessible mentorships have been key curricular elements to guide the transition to residency.
Right Temporoparietal Junction Encodes Mental Experience of Others More Than Evaluating False Versus True Belief

Abstract When people make inferences about other people’s minds, called theory of mind (ToM), a network in the cerebral cortex becomes active. ToM experiments sometimes use the false belief task, in which subjects decide whether a story character believes A or B. The “false” belief occurs if the character believes A when B is true. We devised a version in which subjects judged whether a cartoon head “believed” a ball to be in box 1 or box 2. The task was a visual, reaction-time version of a ToM task. We proposed two alternative hypotheses. In hypothesis 1, cortical regions of interest within the ToM network should distinguish between false and true belief trials, reflecting outside information that the subjects have about the cartoon character. In hypothesis 2, the ToM network should distinguish between conditions only if the subjects think that the cartoon character can distinguish between the conditions, thus reflecting a model of the internal contents of the cartoon character’s mind. The results supported hypothesis 2. Events that the cartoon could not “see” did not affect activity in the ToM network; the same events, when the cartoon could apparently “see” them, significantly affected activity in the right temporoparietal junction (TPJ). The results support the view that the right TPJ participates in modeling the mental states of others, rather than in evaluating the accuracy of the beliefs of others, and may help explain why previous experiments showed mixed results when directly comparing false belief to true belief conditions. Significance statement How do we understand the minds of others? A specific network of areas in the human brain is known to emphasize building models of other people’s minds. In one traditional hypothesis, this network helps us distinguish whether someone else’s beliefs are true or false. Here we show that the network is relatively insensitive to one’s own, outside knowledge about whether someone else’s beliefs are true or false. Instead, at least one node in the network appears to limit itself mainly to reconstructing the other person’s point of view. This social cognition network may be more about empathy than about critical evaluation. Classification Social Sciences - Psychological and Cognitive Sciences
Comparing Concrete and Virtual Manipulatives to Teach Algebra to Middle School Students with Disabilities

Manipulatives are an effective mathematical tool to support students with disabilities in the area of mathematics. Yet, there remain inconsistencies in terms of which type – concrete or virtual – i...
Removal of SARS-CoV-2 viral markers through a water reclamation facility.

There have been multiple reports of COVID-19 virus, SARS-CoV-2 RNA presence in influent wastewater of water reclamation facilities (WRFs) across the world. In this study, the removal of SARS-CoV-2 RNA was investigated in a WRF by collecting samples from various stages relayed to hydraulic retention time (HRT) and analyzed for viral RNA (N1 and N2) gene markers and wastewater characteristics. SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected in 28 out of 28 influent wastewater and primary effluent samples. Secondary effluent showed 4 out of 9 positive samples, and all tertiary and final effluent samples were below the detection limit for the viral markers. The reduction was significant (p value < 0.005, one-way analysis of variance [ANOVA] test) in secondary treatment, ranging from 1.4 to 2.0 log10 removal. Adjusted N1 viral marker had a positive correlation with total suspended solids, total Kjeldahl nitrogen, and ammonia concentrations (Spearman's ρ = 0.61, 0.67, and 0.53, respectively, p value < 0.05), while demonstrating a strongly negative correlation with HRT (Spearman's ρ = -0.58, p value < 0.01). PRACTITIONER POINTS: Viral RNA was present in all samples taken from influent and primary effluent of a WRF. SARS-CoV-2 gene marker was detected in secondary effluent in 4 out of 9 samples. Tertiary and final effluent samples tested nondetect for SARS-CoV-2 gene markers. Up to 0.5 and 2.0 log10 virus removal values were achieved by primary and secondary treatment, respectively.
Impacts of state COVID-19 reopening policy on human mobility and mixing behavior

Abstract This study quantifies the effect of the 2020 state COVID economic activity reopening policies on daily mobility and mixing behavior, adding to the economic literature on individual responses to public health policy that addresses public contagion risks. We harness cellular device signal data and the timing of reopening plans to provide an assessment of the extent to which human mobility and physical proximity in the United States respond to the reversal of state closure policies. We observe substantial increases in mixing activities, 13.56% at 4?days and 48.65% at 4?weeks, following reopening events. Echoing a theme from the literature on the 2020 closures, mobility outside the home increased on average prior to these state actions. Furthermore, the largest increases in mobility occurred in states that were early adopters of closure measures and hard-hit by the pandemic, suggesting that psychological fatigue is an important barrier to implementation of closure policies extending for prolonged periods of time.
Vitreous Surgery for Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy

Proliferative diabetic retinopathy can cause visual loss by various mechanisms including complications from neovascular and fibrovascular tissue growth causing vitreous hemorrhage, detachment or distortion of the retina, and/or traction on the optic nerve. Extraretinal complications of proliferative diabetic retinopathy often cause severe visual loss, and these complications can now be successfully treated by vitreous surgery in the majority of cases. The principles and techniques of surgery, as well as the visual results and lasting structural effects, depend on the unique pathophysiology of the extraretinal proliferative process.
Detecting the Change of Clustering Structure in Categorical Data Streams

Analyzing clustering structures in data streams can provide critical information for making decision in realtime. Most research has been focused on clustering algorithms for data streams. We argue that, more importantly, we need to monitor the change of clustering structure online. In this paper, we present a framework for detecting the change of critical clustering structure in categorical data streams, which is indicated by the change of the best number of clusters (Best K) in the data stream. The framework extends the work on determining the best K for static datasets (the BkPlot method) to categorical data streams with the help of a Hierarchical Entropy Tree structure (HE-Tree). HETree can efficiently capture the entropy property of the categorical data streams and allow us to draw precise clustering information from the data stream for highquality BkPLots. The experiments show that with the combination of HE-Tree and the BkPlot method we are able to efficiently and precisely detect the change of critical clustering structure in categorical data streams.
Clouds and Precipitation in the Southern HIPLEX Region

Climatological analyses of the space and time distribution of clouds and precipitation were prepared for the HIPLEX southern region. Results include the frequency of rain periods, the distribution of rainfall amounts during a rain period, the duration of rain periods and the variation of precipitation based on 7-day running means during the rainy season. Patterns of clouds and precipitation which characterize the HIPLEX southern region and meso-synoptic events responsible for precipitation are identified.
The Neoclassical Model Enriched by the Structure of Control: A Labor Market Illustration

Traditional neoclassical theory treats the economic sphere as if it can be detached from its surrounding social and political environment. It assumes connections between the social/political spheres and the economic sphere are weak, and no change of significance occurs in the social and political environment during the period considered Social and political conditions are treated as “given” and, more often than not, the conditions of this given environment are neither specified nor studied A broader economics is needed The Virginia School has represented a connection between political control and distributive outcomes with its rent-seeking analysis The flaw in their argument, that exposes their ideological bent, is their failure to extend the analysis to the distributive impact of control in the social sphere. This piece is an attempt to make that extension, and to demonstrate that a specific historical case, women s experience in World War II, cannot be fully understood without bringing that social dimension into the analysis
Calorimetric determination of denaturation enthalpy for lysozyme in guanidine hydrochloride.

Abstract A procedure is described for direct calorimetric determination of denaturation enthalpies of proteins in the presence of denaturing agents. The method has been applied to the reversible transition of lysozyme between native and unfolded conformations in guanidine hydrochloride at 25°. The heat of pH-induced unfolding has been measured at various concentrations of guanidine HCl and found to be 30 kcal per mole under conditions of complete transition at 3 m guanidine HCl. The corresponding van't Hoff enthalpy was determined from difference spectral measurements at 301 nm as a function of temperature and found to be 29 kcal per mole. Agreement between the calorimetric and van't Hoff enthalpies indicates the absence of appreciably populated intermediate states between native and denatured forms of the protein.
A Neoclassical Analysis of the Economics of Natural Resources

The oscillations in the general views on the prospects for the future, alternating between the despair of imminent and inevitable doom and the euphoria of an impending new millenium, have a remarkable regularity about them, perhaps matching that of the long business cycle. The nineteenth century concern about the implications of the second law of thermodynamics, as represented, for instance, in the work of Henry Adams, has its twentieth century counterpart in Georgescu-Roegen, and Malthus's worry about food scarcity has its twentieth century counterpart in Meadows and Forrester. There are those who would suggest that the nineteenth century preachers of inevitable progress have been replaced by the modern neoclassical economist who, if he does not believe that we are on the verge of the new millennium, finds it difficult to take seriously the prognostications of imminent doom.
Shooting Method for Solution of Boundary-Layer Flows with Massive Blowing

A modified, bidirectional shooting method is presented for solving boundary-layer equations under conditions of massive blowing. Unlike the conventional shooting method, which is unstable when the blowing rate increases, the proposed method avoids the unstable direction and is capable of solving complex boundary-layer problems involving mass and energy balance on the surface.
A unique case of breast carcinoma producing pancreatic-type isoamylase.

Abstract A 71-yr-old woman with a widely metastatic lipidrich variant of breast cancer was found to have striking hyperamylasemia (85-fold normal). By isoelectric; focusing, agarose gel electrophoresis, and a wheat protein inhibitor assay, the predominant serum amylase appeared to be identical to pancreatic isoamylase. Serum trypsin, serum lipase, and an abdominal computed tomography scan were normal, excluding the possibility of pancreatitis. Furthermore, both the primary breast tumor and skin metastases that developed 10 yr later stained immunohistochemically for amylase. Thus, breast carcinoma must be added to the list of tumors causing ectopic hyperamylasemia, and this case shows that nonpancreatic malignancies may produce pancreatic-type hyperamylasemia.