cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Photofabrication of surface relief gratings on azobenzene polymer films

Surface relief gratings were photofabricated on various polymer films containing azobenzene groups in the side chain or in the main chain. Formation of the surface relief gratings on the polymer was very sensitive to the polymer structures. The surface gratings were produced on the polymers containing photoisomerizable azobenzene groups. Recording of the gratings was strongly dependent on the polarization of the beams. The localized variations of magnitude and polarization of the resultant electric field in the film are essential to the formation of the surface relief gratings. Large surface modulation (greater than 6000 angstrom) and high diffraction efficiency (greater than 40% into each of plus or minus 1 order) were obtained under optimal recording conditions. The diffraction efficiency of the surface relief grating was dependent only on the total light energy incident on the film. The surface pattern resulting from straight edge diffraction mapped the negative first derivative of the intensity distribution. Fabrication of various multiple gratings on the same spot of the polymer films were demonstrated. Fourier blazed gratings were also fabricated. The resulting surface pattern was a simple superposition of all the interfering recording waves.
Commercial banks getting underwriting business: Tying or business building?

Abstract I investigate how commercial banks can use lending to attract underwriting business from loan clients. My empirical evidence indicates that rather than using less credit and higher spreads to punish firms that do not give them underwriting business (i.e., coercive tying), banks use more credit and lower spreads as incentives for firms to give them future underwriting business. Further, banks that continue business relations by lending again to firms are rewarded with a higher probability of receiving those firms’ future underwriting business. My results do not support recent concerns of tying behavior by banks. Rather, the evidence suggests that banks use discounted lending to attract underwriting business. My results indicate that the ability to lend may have an impact on how investments banks compete for underwriting business.
Non-Abelian Hadamard difference sets

Abstract Difference sets with parameters (ν, k , λ) may exist even if there are no abelian (ν, k , λ) difference sets; we give the first known example of this situation. This example gives rise to an infinite family of non-abelian difference sets with parameters (4 t 2 , 2 t 2 − t , t 2 − t), where t = 2 q · 3 r · 5 · 10 s , q , r , s ⩾ 0, and r > 0 ⇒ q > 0. No abelian difference sets with these parameters are known.
Revision des Atomgewichtes von Kalium. II. Die Analyse von Kaliumbromid

Die Untersuchung uber das Atomgewicht des Kaliums bietet neben anderen Betrachtungen die folgenden Erweiterungen der Kenntnis dieses Gegenstandes.
Effect of destruction of serotonin neurons on basal and fenfluramine‐induced serotonin release in striatum

This study examined the relationship between the magnitude of tissue serotonin (5-HT) depletion produced by treatment with the neurotoxin 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-DHT) and basal and fenfluramine-induced 5-HT release in the striatum. Separate groups of rats were treated with either vehicle or 5,7-DHT (100 micrograms: 76% striatal 5-HT depletion; or 200 micrograms: 93% striatal 5-HT depletion). Four weeks after treatment, 5-HT release was measured in the ventral striatum using in vivo microdialysis in animals anesthetized with chloral hydrate. Basal 5-HT levels were not significantly altered in any lesion group, whereas basal 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid levels were dose-dependently reduced by 5,7-DHT. In contrast, the increase of 5-HT release produced by fenfluramine treatment (10 mg/kg) was diminished significantly after 5-HT neuronal destruction in correlation with the reduction of striatal tissue 5-HT content. Fractional 5-HT efflux, a measure of the 5-HT release from surviving striatal nerve terminals, was also significantly elevated when tissue depletion of 5-HT exceeded 95%. This study suggests that compensatory mechanisms may enable surviving 5-HT terminals to maintain basal 5-HT levels in the striatum with as little as 5% of the terminals remaining, but those mechanisms are not sufficient to allow the damaged system to respond to a pharmacological challenge.
Reduction in phencyclidine induced sensorimotor gating deficits in the rat following increased system xc− activity in the medial prefrontal cortex

Aspects of schizophrenia, including deficits in sensorimotor gating, have been linked to glutamate dysfunction and/or oxidative stress in the prefrontal cortex. System xc −, a cystine–glutamate antiporter, is a poorly understood mechanism that contributes to both cellular antioxidant capacity and glutamate homeostasis. Our goal was to determine whether increased system xc − activity within the prefrontal cortex would normalize a rodent measure of sensorimotor gating. In situ hybridization was used to map messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of xCT, the active subunit of system xc −, in the prefrontal cortex. Prepulse inhibition was used to measure sensorimotor gating; deficits in prepulse inhibition were produced using phencyclidine (0.3–3 mg/kg, sc). N-Acetylcysteine (10–100 μM) and the system xc − inhibitor (S)-4-carboxyphenylglycine (CPG, 0.5 μM) were used to increase and decrease system xc − activity, respectively. The uptake of 14C-cystine into tissue punches obtained from the prefrontal cortex was used to assay system xc − activity. The expression of xCT mRNA in the prefrontal cortex was most prominent in a lateral band spanning primarily the prelimbic cortex. Although phencyclidine did not alter the uptake of 14C-cystine in prefrontal cortical tissue punches, intraprefrontal cortical infusion of N-acetylcysteine (10–100 μM) significantly reduced phencyclidine- (1.5 mg/kg, sc) induced deficits in prepulse inhibition. N-Acetylcysteine was without effect when coinfused with CPG (0.5 μM), indicating an involvement of system xc −. These results indicate that phencyclidine disrupts sensorimotor gating through system xc − independent mechanisms, but that increasing cystine–glutamate exchange in the prefrontal cortex is sufficient to reduce behavioral deficits produced by phencyclidine.
The cast restoration--why is it high?

Abstract Two clinical variables previously cited in the literature have been related to inaccuracies inherent in some indirect quadrant and full dental arch techniques. The Coe checkbite tray system appears to control these clinical variables better than any other procedure presently in use. No attempt has been made to correlate concepts discussed herein with restorative Types II and III which require more sophisticated procedures. The choice of any technique must be based upon intelligent gathering of pertinent facts of clinical history, examination procedures, diagnosis, and treatment planning.
Helioseismologists release new findings about the solar subsurface

Helioseismologists, using an instrument onboard the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) satellite, have found that there is something new under the Sun, or at least beneath the Sun's surface. Two teams of scientists working with SOHO's Michelson Doppler Imager (MDI) presented their findings on the formation and growth of active regions of solar activity and on spinning sunspots at the AGU Fall Meeting in December in San Francisco, California. The findings help to better understand solar activity that can result in solar flares and coronal mass ejections that disrupt communication and energy systems on Earth.
A Modified Personalized Instruction Method of Teaching Introduction to Cultural Anthropology

For many years an introductory cultural anthropology section at Kansas State University has been taught as a self-paced reading course. Assigned problems stimulate integration of ethnographic data with concepts. Most class periods are reserved for testing. Undergraduate assistants review and score tests during the period they are taken. Currently, the course includes book-length and shorter ethnographic accounts. Students rate the course high, indicating they learn better than in most lecture classes. UNDERGRADUATE TEACHING STRATEGY, SELF-PACED COURSES, PERSONALIZED INSTRUCTION, CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY TEACHING
X-RAY REFLECTIVITY OF InAs/GaAs HETEROSTRUCTURES WITH SURFACE AND INTERFACIAL ROUGHNESS

The reflection of monochromatic x-rays by heterostructures shows regular oscillations in the reflectivity as a function of the grazing angle. These oscillations contain information about the layer thickness and interfacial roughness. Our results indicate that an overgrowth of an InAs layer on GaAs by molecular beam epitaxy has started with a rough surface and ended with a smooth finish. We thus demonstrate a practical technique for nondestructive evaluation of the interfacial roughness in semiconductor heterostructures.
Computed Tomographic Evaluation of Canine Radioulnar Incongruence In Vivo

Objective— To compare radioulnar incongruence (RUI) of normal canine elbows and elbows with arthroscopically confirmed medial compartment disease in vivo using systematic computed tomography (CT) measurements. Study Design— Prospective comparison of RUI measurements in normal and dysplastic canine elbows. Sample Population— Right elbows of 25 medium–large breed, adult dogs with medial compartment disease and 9 medium–large breed, adult dogs with no elbow disease. Methods— Transverse CT images of proximal radioulnar articulation were reformatted to dorsal and sagittal planes. RUI in 3 locations of the forelimb's medial coronoid was measured. Arthroscopy confirmed diagnosis of medial compartment disease in the diseased group. RUI measurements of the diseased and normal elbows were compared. Results— Cumulative statistical analysis of RUI in all planes revealed no significant difference between the normal and abnormal elbows (P=.61). The abnormal elbows had negative mean RUI at the mid (P=.56) and cranial (P=.24) coronoid regions that were not significantly different from normal elbows and mean positive RUI at the base coronoid that was significantly greater than in normal elbows (P=.00082). Conclusion— Canine elbows with established medial compartment disease do not have significant RUI at the medial coronoid region at the time of diagnosis when compared with normal elbows. Clinical Relevance— If RUI is a significant factor in the pathophysiology of medial compartment elbow disease in the dog, it does not appear to be present at the time of diagnosis of disease. Ulnar or radial osteotomies do not appear to be indicated for restoration of normal radioulnar articular surface alignment.
Karl Barth regarding Election and Israel: For Jewish-Christian Mutuality in Interreligious Context

Can Barth’s theology contribute to the development of post-Shoa theology? It is argued in the North American context that Barth remains tied to a Christian tradition of anti-Semitism. Scholars committed to renewal of Jewish-Christian relations learn from the radical legacy of Barth’s theology of Israel while at the same time critically distancing themselves from his limitations. This paper attempts to analyze Barth’s theology of election and Israel for the sake of Jewish-Christian mutuality and its implications for interreligious peace.
The effect of polymerizable surfactants on morphology and electro-optical of PDLCs films based on epoxy acrylate system

Polymer dispersed liquid crystals (PDLCs) have been extensively studied for various excellent electro-optical applications. The anchoring interaction of liquid crystals (LCs) molecules on the surface of the polymer cavity surrounding an LCs droplet has a crucial effect on the electro-optical performance of the PDLCs. The effect of polymerizable surfactants on the electro-optical properties of PDLCs films was studied in detail. The active double bonds were polymerized with prepolymer to stabilize the performance of polymer matrix. The experimental results showed that polymerizable surfactants could effectively reduce the driving voltage. The speed of polymerization was monitored by real-time transmittance. The electro-optical properties of PDLC films were measured by Polarimeter (PerkinElmer Model 341). The driving electric field was reduced from 3.9 V/μm to about 2.8 V/μm for doping undec-10-enoic acid at curing temperature 80 °C. The surfactants containing polymerizable functional groups, polarity, and alkyl chain weakened the surface anchoring between LCs droplets and polymer interface. The morphologies of PDLCs films were also investigated by polarizing optical microscopy (POM) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) images. The LC droplets were encapsulated by polymerizable surfactant according to FTIR images.
Early cardiac allograft failure after orthotopic heart transplantation.

Abstract Early cardiac graft failure has been reported to occur in 4–25% of patients undergoing orthotopic heart transplantation. To further elucidate the characteristics and prognosis of patients with graft failure, we retrospectively identified 10 patients from a series of 212 consecutive recipients with catastrophic graft dysfunction in the absence of acute cellular rejection, right ventricular failure secondary to pulmonary hypertension and technical factors. We present a case report and the experience from one transplant center, a review of the literature and possible strategies for the management of early graft failure. Mean onset of graft failure was 6.5 days (range intraoperative to 23 days). Multivariable analysis revealed a longer total ischemic time in patients with early graft dysfunction (200 ± 14 vs. 166 ± 4 min). No episodes of hyperacute rejection were observed. Pathologic changes noted on biopsy or autopsy included ischemia in 9 and vascular rejection in 1. The mortality at 60 days was 50%. Early use of aggressive mechanical and pharmacological support is described and appears to be important for graft salvage.
Magnetohydrodynamic stabilization through rotation.

Rotation of a cylinder of current-carrying magnetofluid is shown to stabilize it against helical magnetohydrodynamic activity, much as rotation can "stiffen" a Navier-Stokes fluid. The (viscous, resistive) magnetofluid is in a periodic cylinder bounded by a rigid wall; it contains an externally supported axial magnetic flux and a driven axial current. The suppressed activity is that known to result in paired helical vortices and helical current-channel distortions. The method used is fully three-dimensional, spectral-method computation. The stabilization is global and not confined to the outer edge of the plasma.
Not time to RELAX in acute heart failure.

The RELAX-AHF investigators should be commended for matching the mech anism of serelaxin to a unique and appropriately selected population of patients (Jan 5, p 29). However, it should be emphasised that dyspnoea is challenging to quantify, subjective, and might still be easily provoked even when absent at rest. Additionally, dyspnoea responds rapidly and substantially to early initiation of standard therapy, as shown by the comparable response in the proportion of patients with moderate and marked dyspnoea relief at 24 h, one of the coprimary endpoints. Despite improving nearly all other endpoints for short-term effi cacy and requiring a lower cumulative dose of intravenous diuretics during hospitalisation, serelaxin is associated with a smaller decrease from baseline in bodyweight beginning at day 5 and reaching the threshold for statistical signifi cance by day 14. This fi nding is clinically relevant, because post-discharge bodyweight increases are important predictors of rehospitalisation, possibly explaining the non-signifi cant increase in readmission due to heart or renal failure noted in patients randomised to serelaxin. Finally, as the authors point out, the signal towards lower mortality should be deemed supportive of safety but not long-term effi cacy since the study was underpowered to detect a mortality diff erence, serelaxin (or placebo) was only infused for a maximum of 48 h, and no approved heart failure therapies have been shown to improve mortality without simultaneously reducing readmissions. Thus, there remains an unmet therapeutic need in hospitalised heart failure to reduce the unacceptably high postdischarge morbidity and mortality.
Antibody structure and the evolution of immunoglobulin V gene segments

Immunoglobulin V domains can be divided into eight unique segments, each of which plays a separate structural role in the creation of an antigen binding site. Three of these segments encode the VH/VL core and are preserved in all V domains. V family identity depends on sequence similarity in two segments which provide support for the antigen binding site. Within a family, gene segments primarily diverge in CDR1 and CDR2. H chain CDR3, flanked by H chain CDR1 and L chain CDRs 2 and 3, builds specificity at the center of the antigen binding site. These findings provide a structural context for interpreting the preferential use of V gene segments in specific immune responses.
Preparation of combination products of gossypol with glycine and dextrose and their toxicity toward mice.

Abstract Combination products of gossypol with glycine and with dextrose have been prepared. Acute oral toxicity investigations indicate that the freshly prepared gossypol-dextrose combination product is more toxic than isolated gossypol and as toxic as isolated pigment glands. The gossypol-glycine combination product is nontoxic when administered in dosages as large as 12.0 g./kg. body weight of mice. Purified gossypol-glycine has been isolated and found to be a water-soluble, nitrogen-containing compound. It differs from gossypol in many of its properties.
Comprehensive Matching Characterization of Analog CMOS Circuits

A new analog mismatch model in circuit level has been developed. MOS transistor's small signal parameters are modeled in term of their matching character for both strong- and weak-inversion operations. Mismatch analysis on basic CMOS amplifiers are conducted with proposed model and Monte Carlo SPICE simulations. We successfully derived simple analytical formula on performance mismatch for analog CMOS circuits, which is verified to be accurate in using actual analog circuit design, within an average error of less than 10%.
Content-Based or Research-Driven? An Empirical Case Study of Attitudes toward Adult Education in an American Graduate School

This study comprises a critical comparison of graduate school student and instructor attitudes toward content-based and research-driven graduate school education. The study consisted of a literature review related to adult learning theory followed by the development of a conceptual framework for graduate school education based on the relevant literature. The study included the development of a survey instrument that correlated with the conceptual framework of the literature review. The first eight items on the instrument relate directly to the eight categories presented in the review of literature: metacognition versus memorization, critical thinking versus repetition, interdisciplinary versus disciplinary, and technology-integrated versus technology-independent. The instrument was scored by totaling the values in two categories: content-based and research-driven. The survey was administered to a sample of graduate school students in a single institution (n = 103). Three hypotheses were tested. The findings indicated that while graduate school students and instructors both value research-driven instruction over content-based instruction, perceptions concerning the actualities of instruction were found to be statistically significantly different. In light of the findings, the conclusion includes recommendations for reform in similar graduate school contexts.
Minimal specification revision for weighted transition systems

In this paper, we study the problem of revising Linear Temporal Logic (LTL) formulas that capture specifications for optimal planning over weighted transition systems. Namely, it is assumed that the model of the system is a weighted finite state transition system. The LTL specification captures the system requirements which must be satisfied by a plan which costs less than a certain cost budget. If the cost bounds cannot be satisfied with the initial specification, then it is desirable to return to the user a specification that can be satisfied on the system within the desired cost budget. We prove that the specification revision problem for automata-based optimal planning is NP-complete. In order to provide exact solutions to the problem, we present an Integer Linear Program (ILP) and a Mixed-Integer Linear Program (MILP) formulation for different versions of the problem. Finally, we indicate that a Linear Program (LP) relaxation can compute fast approximations to the problem.
Improving the cosmetic appearance of photoaged skin with glycolic acid

In part, the appearance of prematurely aged skin is caused by a thickened stratum comeum resulting from increased comeocyte cohesion. 1 Long-term UV radiation exposure also degrades collagen in the dermis, and excessive amounts of abnormal elastic fibers also tend to accumulate within the dermis of photodamaged skin. 2 Popular magazines have vigorously promoted the benefits of o~-hydroxy acids (AHAs) in reversing the adverse effects of the sun on the skin. Glycolic acid (GA) is a chemical exfoliant and was formerly employed in industry for metal cleaning and electroplating.* GA in low concentrations decreases corneocyte cohesion by promoting exfoliation of the outer layers of the stratum comeum. 3, 4 This is especially relevant because most pigmentation alterations associated with photodamage can be attributed to thickening of the stratum comeum. Although the outer stratum comeum is thinned by treatment with topical AHAs, Ditre et al.5 demonstrated a significant increase in overall epidermal thickness that appeared to be secondary to augmented synthesis of glycosaminoglycans and collagen. In addition, they also found significant reversal of basal cell atypia, dispersal of melanin pigmentation, and a return to a more normal rete pattern. These findings corroborate those of Van Scott and Yu, 6 who found that GA stimulated the synthesis of new collagen. Repeated and regular applications of GA to the face have been shown to diminish fine facial wrinkles significantly. 7 Physical exfoliation with a Loofah sponge or
Doppler-free measurement of the calcium 4s2 1S0-4s4p 1P1 transition at 422.673 nm by degenerate four-wave mixing in a demountable cathode discharge atomizer

Abstract Doppler-free laser spectroscopic measurement of the calcium 4 s 2 1 S 0 -4 s 4 p 1 P 1 transition at 422.673 nm by degenerate four-wave mixing is reported using an excimer-pumped dye laser as the excitation light source. The use of a demountable hollow cathode discharge cell operated at relatively low pressure levels (1–10 torr) minimizes Lorentzian (pressure) broadening and hence further improves the Doppler-free signal. The analyte (as small as 0.32 μg calcium) is deposited inside the cylindrical microcathode where the three input laser beams are directed. Important characteristic properties of degenerate four-wave mixing are discussed, including cubic energy dependence, quadratic concentration dependence, and dependence of signal on different discharge gases, buffer gas pressure and discharge current.
It is time to plan the tobacco endgame.

It is essential for the UK to extend its focus beyond tobacco control to plan a tobacco free future
Studies of the Vlasov-Boltzmann equation

Abstract The Vlasov-Boltzmann equation is the classical limit of the Vlasov-Nordheim or the Boltzmann-Uehling-Uhlenbeck equation commonly used to theoretically study heavy-ion collisions. In this talk we review results of several Vlasov-Boltzmann and exact molecular dynamics simulations of classical heavy-ion collisions carried out with two different nucleon-nucleon interaction models. Both models give tthe empirical binding energy and density of nuclear matter, but one has a stiff equation of state with compressibility K = 535 MeV while the other has K = 250 MeV. The simulations were carried out to study (i) the observables sensitive to the interaction models, (ii) the accuracy of the Vlasov-Boltzmann equation, and (iii) the possibility of extracting the equation of the state from heavy-ion collision data.
The New Epoch in Engineering Education

In this address,1 republished here at the request of the Institute's committee on education, the author constructively looks ahead, discussing frankly the probable status of engineering education (and the engineering profession) in the post-depression era and suggesting adjustments in curricula to suit new conditions. He says ``there is no reason to predict a surplus of engineers when there is no diminution in the need for engineering services?man's wants are illimitable, if engineers have but the discernment to discover and the ingenuity to satisfy them.''
Thermodynamics of hydrolysis of disaccharides. Lactulose, alpha-D-melibiose, palatinose, D-trehalose, D-turanose and 3-o-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-D-arabinose.

Abstract High-pressure liquid chromatography and microcalorimetry have been used to study the thermodynamics of the hydrolysis reactions of a series of dissaccharides. The enzymes used to bring about the hydrolyses were: β-galactosidase for lactulose and 3- o -β- d -galactopyranosyl- d -arabinose; β-glucosidase for α- d -melibiose; β-amylase for d -trehalose; isomaltase for palatinose; and α-glucosidase for d -turanose. The buffer used was sodium acetate (0.02–0.10 M and pH 4.44–5.65). For the following processes at 298.15 K: lactulose(aq) + H 2 O(liq) = d -galactose(aq) + D-fructose(aq), K ° = 128±10 and Δ H ° = 2.21±0.10 kJ mol −1 ; α- d -melibiose(aq) + H 2 O(liq) = d -galactose(aq) + d -glucose(aq), K ° = 123±42 and Δ H ° = −0.88±0.50 kJ mol −1 ; palatinose(aq) + H 2 O(liq) = d -glucose(aq) + d -fructose(aq), Δ H ° = −4.44±1.1 kJ mol −1 ; d -trehalose(aq) + H 2 O(liq) = 2 d -glucose(aq), K ° = 119±10 and ° H ° = 4.73±0.41 kJ mol −1 ; d -turanose(aq) + H 2 O(liq) = d -glucose(aq) + d -fructose(aq), Δ H ° = −2.68±0.75 kJ mol −1 ; and 3- o -α- d -galactopyranosyl- d -arabinose(aq) + H 2 O(liq) = d -galactose(aq) + d -arabinose(aq), K ° = 107±10 and Δ H ° = 2.97±0.10 kJ mol −1 . These six processes correspond, respectively, to the hydrolysis of the following linkages: galactose-fructose (1 → 4), galactose-glucose (1 → 6), glucose-fructose (1 → 6), glucose-glucose (1 → 1′), glucose-fructose (1 → 3), and galactose-arabinose (1 → 3). Using available data in the literature, the heat capacity changes for these processes are found to be in the range − 36 to − 69 J mol −1 K −1 . The available thermodynamic data on the hydrolysis of disaccharides is summarized. It is found that the entropy changes for the hydrolysis of disaccharides are in the range 31–56 J mol −1 K −1 and are well represented by an average value of 40±7 J mol −1 K −1 . The abnormally high enthalpy of hydrolysis of aqueous sucrose (− 14.96 kJ mol −1 ) can be explained by consideration of the enthalpy of conversion of fructopyranose to fructofuranose.
Repeated exposure of rat pups to isolation attenuates isolation-induced ultrasonic vocalization rates: reversal with naltrexone.

Young rat pups are dependent on the dam for their survival, thus isolation of the neonatal rat pup from the dam presents the young organism with a variety of stressors. The question examined in this study concerns the ability of the young rat pup to modify its response to isolation following repeated exposure to that isolation as well as the role played by endogenous opiates in this process. Following repeated isolations, pups were seen to decrease vocalization rates. Altering the context in an attempt to dishabituate animals failed to reverse the decreased vocalization rate. However, opiate receptor blockade attenuated this decrease when administered subsequent to the first isolation period but not prior to the last isolation period. These results suggest that the development of this attenuated response to isolation stress is opiate-mediated but that once established, its expression is not dependent on endogenous opiate release.© 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Shape and Feshbach resonances in inner-shell photodetachment of negative ions

Abstract Inner-shell photodetachment of negative ions has been investigated using the photon–ion merged beam technique for atomic and small cluster systems. The case of atomic systems is illustrated by reporting on the first measurements of the absolute cross-sections for the formation of Pt+, Pt2+, and Pt3+ following 4f and 5p inner-shell photoexcitation and detachment of Pt− 4f145d96s2 2D. The Pt3+ production channel is dominated by 4f detachment and allows for the first observation of a d-wave Wigner threshold law following single-photon absorption. Our measurements show that promoting a 5p electron into the 5d orbital produces a shape resonance, while promoting a 4f electron produces Feshbach resonances, demonstrating the importance of core–valence interactions. The photodetachment of small cluster systems is illustrated with the measurement and the calculation of K-shell photodetachment of size-selected B2− and B3− clusters. The experimental absolute photodetachment cross-sections exhibit bound resonances below threshold and two shape resonances above the K-shell threshold. Similar results were obtained for all of the cationic products observed, B+ and B2+ from B2−, as well as B+, B2+ and B3+ from B3−. The overall agreement between measured and calculated photodetachment cross-sections is very good.
Sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP), a new marker system based on a simple PCR reaction: its application to mapping and gene tagging in Brassica

We developed a simple marker technique called sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) aimed for the amplification of open reading frames (ORFs). It is based on two-primer amplification. The primers are 17 or 18 nucleotides long and consist of the following elements. Core sequences, which are 13 to 14 bases long, where the first 10 or 11 bases starting at the 5′ end, are sequences of no specific constitution (”filler” sequences), followed by the sequence CCGG in the forward primer and AATT in the reverse primer. The core is followed by three selective nucleotides at the 3′ end. The filler sequences of the forward and reverse primers must be different from each other and can be 10 or 11 bases long. For the first five cycles the annealing temperature is set at 35°C. The following 35 cycles are run at 50°C. The amplified DNA fragments are separated by denaturing acrylamide gels and detected by autoradiography. We tested the marker technique in a series of recombinant inbred and doubled-haploid lines of Brassica oleracea L. After sequencing, approximately 45% of the gel-isolated bands matched known genes in the Genbank database. Twenty percent of the SRAP markers were co-dominant, which was demonstrated by sequencing. Construction of a linkage map revealed an even distribution of the SRAP markers in nine major linkage groups, not differing in this regard to AFLP markers. We successfully tagged the glucosinolate desaturation gene BoGLS-ALK with these markers. SRAPs were also easily amplified in other crops such as potato, rice, lettuce, Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa L.), rapeseed (Brassica napus L.), garlic, apple, citrus, and celery. We also amplified cDNA isolated from different tissues of Chinese cabbage, allowing the fingerprinting of these sequences.
Integrated design teams: knowledge engineering for large scale commercial expert system development

In order to build expert systems effectively, the organizational framework for knowledge engineering may itself need to be reengineered to meet these requirements. The author focuses on one such case. He describes an integrated design team approach evolved to support knowledge engineering for two generic expert system products. After discussing the reasons for choosing this approach, the author describes team staffing and functional organization. Evidence indicates that in the context of the case, the integrated design team provided significant benefits, including substantial productivity improvement. The strengths, limitations, and conditions that might indicate or restrict the use of such an approach in other organizations working on large-scale generic expert systems are discussed. >
The economic consequences of accounting choice implications of costly contracting and monitoring

Abstract In this paper, we review research into the economic consequences of voluntary and mandatory choices of accounting techniques and standards. We discuss how the predictions of extant economic consequence theories are driven by contracting and monitoring costs associated with management compensation contracts, bond covenants, regulation, and/or political visibility. We review empirical tests of economic consequence theories, categorize those tests, and discuss their strengths and weaknesses. The empirical tests reveal two systematic associations with accounting choice: size, a proxy for political visibility, and leverage, a proxy for contracting and monitoring costs of lending agreements. Interpretation of the results is difficult, due to general limitations of the tests. We conclude by suggesting some directions for future research, based on our analysis of the potential payoffs associated with different types of empirical tests.
Evidence that the fusion protein of respiratory syncytial virus exists as a dimer in its native form

The quaternary structure of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) fusion protein has been studied. Crosslinking studies were done to stabilize the noncovalently associated proteins. These stable, heat-resistant, covalently linked complexes were analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide electrophoresis. In situ crosslinking studies demonstrated that the fusion protein of RSV exists as a dimer in its native form on the surface of infected cells. The purified protein was also found to be present predominantly as a dimer. In addition, the results suggest that F1 subunits may play a role in the dimerization of the fusion protein.
Use of adaptive control algorithms for automatic calibration of electrohydraulic actuator control

Load and flow dependent nonlinear characteristics of open–center hydraulic systems are some of the major difficulties in electrohydraulic (E/H) actuator control. Proportional–integral–derivative (PID) control algorithms, widely used in other applications, cannot effectively deal with such hydraulic nonlinearity. Fuzzy and neural network–based adaptive control algorithms were developed for improving the performance of E/H control systems, especially the compensation of hydraulic nonlinearity caused by the load and flow dependent characteristics. Those adaptive algorithms were also capable of calibrating the controllers automatically. This article presents the comparisons of the experimental results from a fuzzy adaptive controller and a neural network–based adaptive controller to those from a classical PID controller in terms of velocity tracking accuracy on an open–center E/H actuator. Evaluations on a laboratory test bed showed that both the adaptive algorithms were capable of compensating the system nonlinearity effectively, and calibrating the controller accurately and promptly. Both the adaptive controllers resulted in satisfactory velocity tracking accuracy and stable dynamic performance.
Group Theory Approach to Band Structure: Scarf and Lamé Hamiltonians

The group theoretical treatment of bound and scattering state problems is extended to include band structure. We show that one can realize Hamiltonians with periodic potentials as dynamical symmetries, where representation theory provides analytic solutions, or which can be treated with more general spectrum generating algebraic methods. We find dynamical symmetries for which we derive the transfer matrices and dispersion relations. Both compact and noncompact groups are found to play a role. {copyright} {ital 1999} {ital The American Physical Society}
The orientation of rhodopsin and other pigments in dry films.

When rhodopsin in a gelatin film is dried, the rhodopsin chromophores orient primarily in the plane of the film. When the film is wetted, the chromophores disorient. These changes are reversible. When rhodopsin in a wet film. is bleached in the presence of hydroxylamine and redried, the retinal oxime which results is oriented more perpendicularly to the plane of the film. These orientations in dry gelatin films resemble those in the disc membranes of rod outer segments. A variety of other proteins are similarly oriented in dry gelatin films: methemoglobin, cytochrome c , phycocyanin. Films of methemoglobin and cytochrome c display prominently the high Soret band near 410 nm when measured with unpolarized light passing through the face of the fim, but display no Soret band at all with light passing through the edge of the film. All of these orientations imply a large asymmetry of the protein micelles, perhaps conferred upon them by linear polymerization in the course of drying. Such asymmetry can be demonstrated directly with rhodopsin. A wet paste of rhodopsin-digitonin micelles, sheared between glass slides, becomes highly oriented, the rhodopsin chromophores lining up in the direction of shear, the retinal oxime produced by bleaching orienting more perpendicularly to the shear.
Blockade of Nitric Oxide Synthesis Reduces Myocardial Oxygen Consumption In Vivo

Background Although cardiac myocytes and coronary vascular endothelium are known to express a constitutive form of NO synthase, the in vivo effects of tonic endogenous production of NO on myocardial O2 consumption and contractile performance remain unclear. Methods and Results The effects of blockade of NO synthase were determined in intact dogs. Myocardial O2 consumption decreased systematically over a wide range of hemodynamic demand after the systemic administration of Nω-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) or Nω-nitro-l-arginine. Decreases after doses of 1 and 10 mg/kg L-NAME averaged 23±3.8% and 34±7.2% at a heart rate of 90 bpm in open-chest animals. Similar reductions occurred after the administration of L-NAME and Nω-nitro-l-arginine in chronically instrumented animals and were unaffected by β-adrenergic blockade. Intracoronary infusion of L-NAME in chronically instrumented animals reduced both myocardial O2 consumption and regional segment shortening, even at a dose that did not increase syste...
Influence of Au and Ag at the interface of sputtered giant magnetoresistance Fe/Cr multilayers

Multilayer films consisting of 20-AA Fe and 15-AA Cr with amounts of Au and Ag varying from 0 to 4 AA deposited at alternate Fe/Cr interfaces have been RF-diode-sputtered, and their magnetic and magnetotransport properties have been measured. When no noble metal is included, the films exhibit strong antiparallel coupling between adjacent Fe layers, with saturation fields as large as 7 kOe, and giant magnetoresistance (GMR) of 6% at 300 K, similar to that of MBE (molecular beam epitaxy)-grown films reported by others. The interruption of intimate contact between Fe and Cr at the interface resulting from noble-metal deposition gives rise to a substantial decrease in the magnitude of the GMR and the interfacial coupling. This suggests that the mechanism of GMR is associated with Fe and Cr in contact, as is required by models invoking spin-dependent impurity scattering. The results also suggest that the antiparallel coupling arises from direct exchange. >
Multiphysics modeling of carbon gasification processes in a well-stirred reactor with detailed gas-phase chemistry

Fuel synthesis through coal and biomass gasification has the potential to provide a solution to the increasing demand for energy and transportation fuels. To theoretically understand the complex chemical processes in a gasifier and to identify the most influential parameters for syngas production, we developed a multiphysics model to simulate the gasification processes in a well-stirred reactor. This model is the first of its kind and considers detailed gas-phase chemistry, particle-phase reactions, radiative heat transfer, as well as full coupling between the two phases at various scales for mass, species, and energy exchange. The gas-phase reactions use the detailed chemistry GRI-Mech 1.2, including 177 elementary reactions and 31 species, as well as variable thermodynamic and transport properties. Four surface reactions were considered and the reaction rates were simulated by the diffusion-kinetics model with consideration of boundary layer diffusion. A random pore model was used to account for the evolution of the char porous structure and its impact on gasification rates. A numerical code was developed to solve the gas-phase and the particle-phase governing equations. Numerical simulations were conducted to understand the gasification process and the effects of particle size, porous structure, radiative heat transfer, pressure, O
Synthesis of the Pyrrole Porphobilinogen by Sepharose-Linked δ - Aminolevulinic Acid Dehydratase

δ-Aminolevulinic acid dehydratase from Rhodopseudomonas spheroides was covalently linked to Sepharose 4B, which had been activated with cyanogen bromide. A column containing this enzyme gel readily catalyzed the synthesis of the pyrrole porphobilinogen on continuous passage of a solution of δ-aminolevulinic acid. Under the conditions of the procedures, product inhibition was minimized and a 50 to 94 percent yield was attained. A column containing about 1 milligram of enzyme was continuously operated for 27 days. Although its total activity appeared to be reduced about 30 percent at the end of this time, the bound enzyme produced approximately 200 milligrams of porphobilinogen each day, and about 5 grams of the pyrrole were isolated.
The Enzymes of Lecithin Biosynthesis in Human Newborn Lungs. III. Phosphorylcholine Glyceride Transferase

The Enzymes of Lecithin Biosynthesis in Human Newborn Lungs. III. Phosphorylcholine Glyceride Transferase
Aid to determining freeway metering rates and detecting loop errors

A recent freeway congestion prediction study for the Washington Department of Transportation (WSDOT) found that the sum of storage rates over time, SumSR(t), for a freeway section was a better variable for determining the best upstream ramp metering rates than the storage rate for time interval t, SR(t), which is the current WSDOT criterion. (Use of the SumSR(t) variable for this purpose requires that the summation be started during a period of low density flows.) Another finding was that the SumSR(t) variable was a better detector of loop “chattering” errors than WSDOT's current criterion, which misses chattering errors that occur at normal traffic volume levels. Since calculation of SumSR(t) is easily incorporated in the current WSDOT ramp metering algorithm, the writer recommends its use in futute WSDOT freeway metering schemes.
Loss of intensity-induced inhibition in inferior colliculus neurons leads to audiogenic seizure susceptibility in behaving genetically epilepsy-prone rats.

Abstract The genetically epilepsy-prone rat (GEPR) exhibits elevated seizure sensitivity and audiogenic seizures (AGS). The inferior colliculus (IC) is the most critical brain region for AGS initiation. The present study evaluated IC neuronal firing and convulsive behavior simultaneously in freely moving GEPRs. High intensity acoustic stimulation produces neuronal firing reductions (intensity-induced inhibition) in about 50% of IC neurons in normal rats. However, in GEPRIC neurons, intensity-induced inhibition is significantly less effective than normal. Offset inhibition is also reduced in GEPRIC neurons, which leads to a greater than normal incidence of offset (afterdischarge) responses at high stimulus intensities. At AGS onset most IC neurons exhibit burst firing and reductions of acoustically evoked neuronal responses. Responsiveness to acoustic stimuli returns following AGS. This change in IC neuronal firing pattern suggests that the network that governs IC neuronal firing has temporarily changed from the auditory system to the network that mediates seizure propagation. GABA is strongly implicated in intensity-induced, binaural, and offset inhibition in IC neurons. The diminished efficacy of these forms of GABA-mediated acoustically evoked inhibition in the GEPR IC extends previous results, showing reduced effectiveness of exogenously applied GABA and benzodiazepine in GEPR IC neurons. This reduced effectiveness of GABA-mediated inhibition along with excess excitant amino acids in GEPRIC, previously reported, appear to be vital neurotransmitter mechanisms, subserving the exaggerated output of IC neurons at high acoustic intensities. This exaggerated IC firing may be instrumental in seizure initiation in this epilepsy model.
Atrial Lead Perforation: A Case Report

We report a patient in whom a chronic atrial lead perforated the right atrium and the right lung. This resulted in an hemopneumothorax and pneumomediastinum which was clearly documented by a chest computerized tomographic scan. The finding of pneumomediastinum should suggest atrial lead perforation. The utility of the chest computerized tomographic scan in diagnosing lead perforation is well illustrated by this case.
Housing Inequality in New York City: Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Homeownership and Shelter‐Cost Burden

During the 1970s and 1980s, New York City experienced large‐scale and ethnically diverse immigration, which coincided with an increase in housing prices and severe affordability problems. This study utilizes the Public Use Microdata Sample (PUMS) data from the 1990 Census, to examine the extent to which immigration characteristics shape racial and ethnic differences in housing tenure and housing expenditure in New York City. A multivariate analysis, which encompasses households from seven racial and ethnic groups, reveals that the time of immigration, language proficiency, and residence in areas with a high number of newcomers play a critical role in determining white‐minority differentials in homeownership and shelter‐cost burden. However, the extent to which immigration shapes housing consumption varies substantially across racial and ethnic lines. The findings are discussed in light of their significance for the production and perpetuation of ethnic inequality in multiethnic societies.
Predicted spin-orbit coupling effect on the magnetic ordering of crystalline uranium dioxide

The magnetic ordering of fluorite structure uranium dioxide has been investigated using fully-relativistic linear combinations of Gaussian type orbitals - fitting function (LCGTO-FF) calculations, within the generalized gradient approximation (GGA) to density functional theory. Three types of collinear spin-orderings were considered; ferromagnetic with spins aligned in the (001) direction and two antiferromagnetic (001) layer structures with spins aligned either perpendicular to each plane (001) or parallel to each plane (100). For each ordering, the total energy and spin-moment were calculated both with and without spin-orbit coupling. The ferromagnetic ordering is found to be energetically preferred to the antiferromagnetic orderings, contrary to experiment, whether or not spin-orbit coupling is included. Spin-orbit coupling is shown to have a significant quenching effect on the spin-moment and also introduces a strong magnetic anisotropy in the antiferromagnetic state that favors the (001) alignment over the (100) alignment.