cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
System/Network-On-Chip Test Architectures

Publisher Summary Rapid advances in test development techniques are needed to reduce the test cost of million-gate system on chip (SOC) devices. This chapter presents techniques that facilitate low-cost modular testing of SOCs. Topics discussed here include techniques for wrapper design, test access mechanism optimization, test scheduling, and applications to mixed-signal and hierarchical SOCs. Recent work on the testing of embedded cores with multiple clock domains and wafer sort of core-based SOCs are also discussed. Together, these techniques offer SOC integrators with the necessary means to manage test complexity and reduce test cost. The discussion is then extended to the testing of NOC-based designs, including reuse of on-chip network for core testing, test scheduling, test access methods and interface, efficient reuse of the network, power-aware and thermal-aware testing, and on-chip network including interconnects, routers, and network interface testing. Finally, two case studies, one for SOC testing and the other for NOC testing, are presented based on industrial chips developed by Philips. Future research and development are needed to provide an integrated platform and a set of methodologies that are suitable for various networks such that the design and test cost of the overall NOC-based system (both cores and network) can be reduced.
Conduct Disorders and Impulse Control in Children

Publisher Summary This chapter aims to identify and discuss conduct disorder and other disorders occurring in childhood involving difficulties in impulse control that increase an individual's likelihood of developing and following such a progression. Conduct Disorder (CD) encompasses an extensive range of repetitive and persistent antisocial behaviors that include aggressive acts, setting fires, running away, theft, vandalism, and deceitfulness. These behaviors can, if left untreated, progress to severe antisocial acts and to the diagnosis of Conduct Disorder or, in adulthood, Antisocial Personality Disorder. CD constitutes the highest rates of child referrals to mental health facilities. A wide variety of parent and family factors has been found to be related to the development and progression of CD. Parental factors such as psychopathology and criminal behavior, as well as ineffective and inconsistent parenting, are a major risk factor.
Standard of Care for Spinal Muscular Atrophy

While spinal muscular atrophy primarily manifests with weakness of skeletal muscle, secondary complications regularly accompany that weakness and further compromise overall functioning. Difficulties with breathing, progressive skeletal deformity, impaired nutrition, and other problems often cause early death, may be discomforting or painful, and limit access to a normal life. Much that is the experience of spinal muscular atrophy is the experience of its complications. Complications also greatly confound clinical trial design, necessitating more expensive trials that have less statistical power to identify a treatment effect. Development and refinement of a current standard of care is an ongoing process that aspires to lessen the burden of disease and level of weakness at every age. Advancement of understanding about the best possible standard of care aims both to benefit clinical research and to improve the life of affected individuals and their families.
Restructuring of basal ganglia circuitry and associated behaviors triggered by low striatal D2 receptor expression: implications for substance use disorders

Dopamine D2 receptors (D2Rs) consistently emerge as a critical substrate for the etiology of some major psychiatric disorders. Indeed, a central theory of substance use disorders (SUDs) postulates that a reduction in D2R levels in the striatum is a determining factor that confers vulnerability to abuse substances. A large number of clinical and preclinical studies strongly support this link between SUDs and D2Rs; however, identifying the mechanism by which low D2Rs facilitate SUDs has been hindered by the complexity of circuit connectivity, the heterogeneity of D2R expression and the multifaceted constellation of phenotypes observed in SUD patient. Animal models are well-suited for understanding the mechanisms because they allow access to the circuitry and the genetic tools that enable a dissection of the D2R heterogeneity. This review discusses recent findings on the functional role of D2Rs and highlights the distinctive contributions of D2Rs expressed on specific neuronal subpopulations to the behavioral responses to stimulant drugs. A circuit-wide restructuring of local and long-range inhibitory connectivity within the basal ganglia is observed in response to manipulation of striatal D2R levels and is accompanied by multiple alterations in dopamine-dependent behaviors. Collectively, these new findings provide compelling evidence for a critical role of striatal D2Rs in shaping basal ganglia connectivity; even among neurons that do not express D2Rs. These findings from animal models have deep clinical implications for SUD patients with low levels D2R availability where a similar restructuring of basal ganglia circuitry is expected to take place.
Connecting orbits for a class of singular time-periodic second-order Hamiltonian systems

We show the existence of connecting orbits for a class of singular second-order Hamiltonian systems where, as opposed to most of the existing literature, we assume that the potential V has not one but any finite number of maxima of equal value. We use variational methods under the assumption that V (t, u) satisfies the so-called ‘strong-force’ condition at the singularity.
Freedom's Price: Serfdom, Subjection, and Reform in Prussia, 1648–1848. By S. A. Eddie. (Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press, 2013. Pp. xx, 356. $110.00.)

Winner of the Economic History Society's First Monograph Prize and the Royal Historical Society's 2013 Gladstone Prize, this is one of those rare books that utilizes superb archival research and so...
Patient-reported distress screening outcomes in breast cancer.

79 Background: A significant percentage of cancer patients experience psychosocial distress with the highest prevalence observed in breast cancer patients. The importance of psychosocial distress screening and assessment in women with breast cancer has clearly been established. Patients in our clinic are screened for distress. The results were reviewed in an attempt to better understand the psychosocial distress of breast cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy. Methods: Patients treated curatively for breast cancer prospectively completed the 30 question patient reported distress (PRD) survey that also included a linear analog measure of overall distress. The recorded clinical results of the PRD survey were retrospectively assessed in patients receiving breast radiotherapy from June 1, 2013 to February 2, 2015. Results: Completed PRD questionnaires were available on 179 female patients. 21 (12%) were treated for ductal carcinoma in situ and 91 (51%), 35 (20%), and 32 (18%) were treated for invasive carci...
Before the dominos fall: Regional conflict, donor interests, and US foreign aid:

In this article I examine how a state’s conflict environment affects the amount of foreign aid it receives. Specifically, conflict in the recipient state’s neighborhood can have a wide range of ext...
Identity Development in Cultural Context: The Role of Deviating from Master Narratives

Objective: The great majority of research on identity and personality development has focused on individual processes of development, to the relative neglect of the cultural context of development. We employ a recently articulated framework for the examination of identity development in context, centered on the construct of master narratives, or culturally shared stories. Method: Across three studies we asked emerging and mid-life adults (n = 512) to narrate personal experiences of deviations from these master narratives. Results: Across three quantitative studies we show that 1) those who elaborated their deviation experiences were more likely to be in structurally marginalized positions in society (e.g., ethnic or sexual minorities); 2) those who elaborated an empowering alternative to the master narrative were more likely to be engaged in identity processes; and 3) master narratives maintain their rigidity by the frequency of their use. In qualitative analyses, we illustrate the rigidity of master narratives, as well as the degree to which they take shape in social and group experiences. Conclusions: These studies emphasize the importance of cultural context in considering personality and identity development. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Rotations and the Spin \(\frac{1}{2}\) Particle in a Magnetic Field

The existence of a non-trivial double cover Spin(3) of the three-dimensional rotation group may seem to be a somewhat obscure mathematical fact. Remarkably though, the existence of fundamental spin \(\frac{1}{2}\) particles shows that it is Spin(3) rather than SO(3) that is the symmetry group corresponding to rotations of fundamental quantum systems.
Geotechnical Underground Sensing and Monitoring

Abstract The use of field instrumentation for condition assessment of geo-structures or to monitor the on-site behavior of foundations, soils, embankments, and structures is being required more and more on many projects. This chapter introduces the most commonly used sensors employed for monitoring of underground geomechanics. By combining elements from civil, mechanical, and electrical engineering together with some management concepts in a coherent modular format. The chapter begins with measurement of strain, since strain is often employed for monitoring a variety of common geotechnical processes. Next measurement of load, pressure, displacement, and tilt is discussed. The chapter ends with a discussion of common measurement errors and typical sensor specifications.
Dietary patterns and longitudinal change in hip bone mineral density among older men

Studying dietary patterns is often more informative than individual nutrients or foods. We found that a Prudent dietary pattern (rich in vegetables and fish) was associated with reduced loss of total hip BMD in older men. A Prudent dietary pattern may be a potential lifestyle strategy for minimizing bone loss. This study aimed to identify baseline dietary patterns using factor analysis in a cohort of older men and to evaluate whether the dietary patterns were associated with bone mineral density change (%ΔBMD) at the total hip and femoral neck over time. Participants (n = 4379; mean age 72.9 ± 5.5 years) were from the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men (MrOS) prospective cohort study and had dietary data collected at baseline (March 2000–April 2002) and BMD measured at baseline and Visit 2 (March 2005–May 2006). Dietary intake was assessed with a brief Block food frequency questionnaire (FFQ); factor analysis was used to derive dietary patterns. BMD was measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA); %ΔBMD was calculated from baseline to Visit 2. We used generalized linear regression to estimate least square (LS) means of %ΔBMD in quartiles of the dietary pattern scores adjusted for potential confounding factors. Two major dietary patterns were derived: Prudent (abundant in vegetables, salad, and non-fried fish) and Western (rich in hamburger, fries, processed meats, cheese, and sweets/desserts). There was an inverse association between adherence to the Prudent pattern and total hip %ΔBMD (p-trend = 0.028 after adjusting for age and clinical site; p-trend = 0.033 after further adjustment for smoking, calcium supplement use, diabetes, hypertension, and total energy intake). No other consistent associations between dietary patterns and %ΔBMD were observed. Greater adherence to a Prudent dietary pattern may attenuate total hip BMD loss (%ΔBMD) in older men.
The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley: Reframing HSIs through a Multi-Sited Ethnography

This article contributes to the study of Hispanic-Serving Institutions (HSIs) through a narrative grounded on two points of innovation. It offers frameworks to decenter the conversation on HSIs from normative practices in higher education to focus on pedagogical, cultural, and political relational processes that find greater congruence between nominal HSIs and the Latina/o students, families, and the communities that populate those universities. It looks at points of innovation that emerged in two different parts of the country at different places, spaces, and time. One was initiated at the University of North Florida (UNF) in the early-to-mid-1970s, and the second is taking place at the University of Texas Rio Grande Valley in South Texas (UTRGV). The UNF experience placed race relations front and center of its innovation and offers an appropriate historical lens through which to understand the social and institutional change taking place in South Texas. The UTRGV work provides an example of how an HSI can align its curricular and core identity to reflect the population and region it serves. This study employs a methodology and theoretical framework that aligns the inquiry, pedagogy, and meaning-making process in a generative and relational discourse.
Abstract 52: IkB Kinase beta is a Key Modulator of Platelet Function, and the Remodeling of CARMA1-Bcl10-MALT1 Complex Formation

Secretion plays an important role in platelet function, and hence the secretory machinery offers a unique target to modulate thrombogenesis. We previously established that IκB kinase (IKK)-β is phosphorylated upon platelet activation, regulates their SNARE machinery, and involves CBM (CARMA1, Bcl10, and MALT1) complex formation. However, the detailed role of IKKβ in platelet function, the mechanism by which it regulates CBM complex formation and downstream effector activation remain elusive. Using a knockout mouse model system ( IKK β flox/flox -PF4Cre), we first showed that IKKβ plays a vital role in thrombus formation, and that it does so, in part, by regulating platelet functional responses, including dense and alpha granule release, αIIbβ3 activation, and PS exposure. Furthermore, we observed defects in compound fusion, platelet spreading, actin remodeling, and clot retraction. To this end, under clot retraction conditions in the knockout platelets, 7S complex formation was found to be inhibited. In terms of its signaling, using knockout platelets, we observed that IKKβ is required for the recruitment of Bcl10/MALT1 to CARMA1 upon platelet activation, i.e., CBM complex formation, and that this was due to the defective phosphorylation of Bcl10 and the IKKγ polyubiquitination. In conclusion, our data shows that IKKβ is a key regulator of platelet activation, in vitro and in vivo , and the remodeling of the CBM complex. Furthermore, our findings indicate that inducible clustering of signaling mediators and the formation of higher-order multi-protein complexes (i.e., the CBM complex) is a dynamic process, that supports nonlinear signaling networks and is important for platelet activation.
Changes in Iridocorneal Angle and Anterior Chamber Structure in Eyes With Anatomically Narrow Angles: Laser Iridotomy Versus Pilocarpine.

PURPOSE To compare the effects of laser iridotomy (LI) and pilocarpine on iridocorneal angle and anterior chamber structure in anatomically narrow angles (ANAs). MATERIALS AND METHODS Temporal LI was performed 90 minutes after 2% pilocarpine administration in patients with occludable ANA. Swept-source optical coherence tomography B-scans of the anterior segment were obtained at baseline, 60 minutes after 2% pilocarpine administration, and 1 week after LI. Angle-opening distance (AOD), trabecular-iris surface area (TISA), and angle recess area (ARA) were measured at the temporal, superior, nasal, and inferior quadrants. Anterior chamber depth (ACD) and lens vault (LV) were also measured. AOD, TISA, ARA, ACD, and LV were compared among 3 time points: at baseline, 60 minutes after 2% pilocarpine administration, and 1 week after LI. RESULTS Twenty-four eyes (24 patients; mean age, 55 y) were included. In all 4 quadrants and globally, AOD, TISA, and ARA increased from baseline after pilocarpine and after LI (all P<0.010). The increase in AOD, TISA, and ARA was greater after LI than after pilocarpine globally and in the temporal and superior quadrants (all P<0.040). ACD decreased and LV increased from baseline after pilocarpine (both P<0.001). Postpilocarpine anterior chambers were shallower with higher LV than post-LI (both P<0.016). CONCLUSION LI is more effective than pilocarpine in widening the iridocorneal angle without significant shallowing the anterior chamber in eyes with ANA.
Assessment, and a New Goodman Building in the Era of Go-Go Capitalism

The tenants had recognized that low-cost housing was always in danger of disappearing. Either Section 8 or other subsidies were not available, were temporary, refused by owners or costs made units fall into disrepair and vacancy and more profit could be made from new construction that increased density. The organization of the new building created a financial structure to allow for some units to be bought with deed restrictions so the cost would remain affordable, “affordable rentals” were provided to produce cash flow to maintain the low-cost units. This division of occupancy created governance problems as the separate kinds of units created unequal partners. Considerable debate went into this arrangement, and GG members resisted it but gave in to cost realities.
Giving at Work: Exploring Connections Between Workplace Giving Campaigns and Patterns of Household Charitable Giving in the USA

This research addresses an area of philanthropic study that is becoming an increasingly important revenue source for the nonprofit sector: workplace giving campaigns. We used Independent Sector’s Giving and Volunteering (Giving and volunteering [United States] [Data set]. https://doi.org/10.3886/icpsr35584.v1 , 2001) data to explore patterns of household philanthropy. We found that exposure to a workplace giving option increases the odds that a household will participate in formal philanthropic giving. Additionally, we found that household demographic characteristics correlate with whether a household participates in workplace giving; specifically, we found that some minority groups have higher odds of giving through the workplace mechanism. Further, there were differences in overall patterns of giving, both in gift recipients and in concentration of gifts, between those households that utilize workplace giving as one of their charitable giving outlets and those who give formally by other means. Our findings suggest that workplace giving campaigns may be a particularly powerful mechanism for encouraging household donative behavior.
Psychological Underpinnings of the Work-Site Selection Process of Knowledge Workers

As a result of technological advances, knowledge workers have become increasingly mobile; people can perform work in a variety of new locations via an assortment of new working arrangements. Knowle...
Electrically tunable miniaturized band-stop frequency selective surface on engineered substrate with embedded permalloy patterns

This paper presents a miniaturized and electrically tunable band-stop frequency selective surface (FSS) with magneto-dielectric engineered substrate which has high and electrically tunable effective permeability. The perspective magneto-dielectric substrate is implemented with multiple layers of 100 nm thick patterned Permalloy (Py) thin film embedded in Roger RT/Duriod 5880 substrate, and each Py thin film layer consists of an array of 15μm×20μm Py patterns with 10 μm gaps among them to suppress the magnetic loss. The tunability of effective permeability for the proposed substrate is achieved by the static magnetic field produced from the applied DC current through the patterned gold bias lines beneath Py patterns. The engineered substrate has been implemented and studied, results show that the substrate embedded with a single layer of patterned Py has an equivalent permeability of 1.14 with tunability of 3.3%, and the substrate embedded with ten layers of patterned Py has an increased equivalent permeability of 2.398 and tunability of 15.8%. A magnetic FSS is designed on the implemented engineered substrate to demonstrate the efficacy of miniaturization and tunability. Compared to non-magnetic FSS on normal dielectric substrate, the size of the designed FSS has been reduced by 16.02%, and the operating frequency of the proposed FSS is continuously tunable from 2.450GHz to 2.672GHz with DC current.This paper presents a miniaturized and electrically tunable band-stop frequency selective surface (FSS) with magneto-dielectric engineered substrate which has high and electrically tunable effective permeability. The perspective magneto-dielectric substrate is implemented with multiple layers of 100 nm thick patterned Permalloy (Py) thin film embedded in Roger RT/Duriod 5880 substrate, and each Py thin film layer consists of an array of 15μm×20μm Py patterns with 10 μm gaps among them to suppress the magnetic loss. The tunability of effective permeability for the proposed substrate is achieved by the static magnetic field produced from the applied DC current through the patterned gold bias lines beneath Py patterns. The engineered substrate has been implemented and studied, results show that the substrate embedded with a single layer of patterned Py has an equivalent permeability of 1.14 with tunability of 3.3%, and the substrate embedded with ten layers of patterned Py has an increased equivalent permeab...
A model for gain of function in superoxide dismutase.

Abstract Studies have found that mutant, misfolded superoxide dismutase [Cu–Zn] (SOD1) can convert wild type SOD1 (wtSOD1) in a prion-like fashion, and that misfolded wtSOD1 can be propagated by release and uptake of protein aggregates. In developing a prion-like mechanism for this propagation of SOD1 misfolding we have previously shown how enervation of the SOD1 electrostatic loop (ESL), caused by the formation of transient non-obligate SOD1 oligomers, can lead to an experimentally observed gain of interaction (GOI) that results in the formation of SOD1 amyloid-like filaments. It has also been shown that freedom of ESL motion is essential to catalytic function. This work investigates the possibility that restricting ESL mobility might not only compromise superoxide catalytic activity but also serve to promote the peroxidase activity of SOD1, thus implicating the formation of SOD1 oligomers in both protein misfolding and in protein oxidation.
Crystal structures of SARS-CoV-2 ADP-ribose phosphatase: from the apo form to ligand complexes

Among 15 nonstructural proteins (Nsps), the newly emerging Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) encodes a large, multidomain Nsp3. One of its units is the ADP-ribose phosphatase domain (ADRP; also known as the macrodomain, MacroD), which is believed to interfere with the host immune response. Such a function appears to be linked to the ability of the protein to remove ADP-ribose from ADP-ribosylated proteins and RNA, yet the precise role and molecular targets of the enzyme remain unknown. Here, five high-resolution (1.07–2.01 A) crystal structures corresponding to the apo form of the protein and its complexes with 2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid (MES), AMP and ADP-ribose have been determined. The protein is shown to undergo conformational changes to adapt to the ligand in the manner previously observed in close homologues from other viruses. A conserved water molecule is also identified that may participate in hydrolysis. This work builds foundations for future structure-based research on ADRP, including the search for potential antiviral therapeutics.
Serial Passage of Cryptococcus neoformans in Galleria mellonella Results in Increased Capsule and Intracellular Replication in Hemocytes, but Not Increased Resistance to Hydrogen Peroxide.

To gain insight into how pathogens adapt to new hosts, Cryptococcus neoformans (H99W) was serially passaged in Galleria mellonella. The phenotypic characteristics of the passaged strain (P15) and H99W were evaluated. P15 grew faster in hemolymph than H99W, in vitro and in vivo, suggesting that adaptation had occurred. However, P15 was more susceptible to hydrogen peroxide in vitro, killed fewer mouse macrophages, and had less fungal burden in human ex vivo macrophages than H99W. Analysis of gene expression changes during Galleria infection showed only a few different genes involved in the reactive oxygen species response. As P15 sheds more GXM than H99W, P15 may have adapted by downregulating hemocyte hydrogen peroxide production, possibly through increased capsular glucuronoxylomannan (GXM) shedding. Hemocytes infected with P15 produced less hydrogen peroxide, and hydrogen peroxide production in response to GXM-shedding mutants was correlated with shed GXM. Histopathological examination of infected larvae showed increased numbers and sizes of immune nodules for P15 compared to H99W, suggesting an enhanced, but functionally defective, response to P15. These results could explain why this infection model does not always correlate with murine models. Overall, C. neoformans’ serial passage in G. mellonella resulted in a better understanding of how this yeast evolves under selection.
Using the Teacher-Student Relationship to Help Children Diagnosed as Hyperactive: An Application of Intrapsychic Humanism

An original new psychology, intrapsychic humanism, offers a synthesis of research findings about children labeled hyperactive and principles for understanding and helping hyperactive children in classroom settings. Clinical and educational experience has shown that the intrapsychic humanism approach is an effective alternative to stimulant drugs and behaviorism—without negative side effects, it strengthens children's autonomous capacity to form constructive relationships and to enjoy learning. Based on recognizing the different motives children experience in learning, the intrapsychic humanism approach helps teachers regulate children's unwanted behaviors in a compassionate way, while also improving the children's learning ability. The data draw from the author's consultation with teachers, psychotherapy with children, and counseling with parents.
Pea starch exhibits good expansion characteristics under relatively lower temperatures during extrusion cooking.

Extrusion processing characteristics of pea starch were studied as impacted by various extrusion cooking processing variables, including, moisture content (15%, 17.5%, and 20% w.b.), temperature (120, 135, and 150 °C), and screw speed (150, 200, and 250 rpm), in a co-rotating twin-screw extruder. Physicochemical properties such as radial expansion ratio (ER), unit density (UD), water absorption index (WAI), and water solubility index (WSI) were measured. ER of the extrudates ranged between 2.52 and 3.63. These values of ER were significantly high, although relatively lower compared to the highest values reported in the literature for corn and rice extrudates. The UD values for all the extrudates ranged from 0.12 to 0.35 g/cm3 , WAI, and WSI values ranged from 10.98 to 12.10 g/g and from 0.12% to 7.73%, respectively. Both screw speed and moisture content had significant impacts on the ER (P < 0.01). The highest ER was observed for the extrusion cooking conditions of the lowest moisture content level (15%), lowest barrel temperature (120 °C), and lowest screw speed (150 rpm). The cross-sectional microstructure of the extrudates showed that the samples with a high ER had thick and elongated pores. The results of this study indicate that pea starch is a viable ingredient for making puffed extruded products. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The food industry can utilize the information generated from this study in the development of extruded expanded food products with pea starch. The specific information related to process conditions can assist the food industry in determining the ideal conditions for extrusion cooking in the production.
CNS and peripheral immunity in cerebral ischemia: partition and interaction.

Abstract Stroke elicits excessive immune activation in the injured brain tissue. This well-recognized neural inflammation in the brain is not just an intrinsic organ response but also a result of additional intricate interactions between infiltrating peripheral immune cells and the resident immune cells in the affected areas. Given that there is a finite number of immune cells in the organism at the time of stroke, the partitioned immune systems of the central nervous system (CNS) and periphery must appropriately distribute the limited pool of immune cells between the two domains, mounting a necessary post-stroke inflammatory response by supplying a sufficient number of immune cells into the brain while maintaining peripheral immunity. Stroke pathophysiology has mainly been neurocentric in focus, but understanding the distinct roles of the CNS and peripheral immunity in their concerted action against ischemic insults is crucial. This review will discuss stroke-induced influences of the peripheral immune system on CNS injury/repair and of neural inflammation on peripheral immunity, and how comorbidity influences each.
Foster parent responsiveness and young children's diurnal cortisol production.

Foster children are at risk for dysregulated hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis functioning, conferring risk for negative health outcomes. Responsive parenting may support young children's HPA axis regulation; however, few studies have examined the association between responsive parenting and cortisol production among children in foster care. In a sample of 97 foster parent-child dyads, we examined whether variation in foster parent responsiveness was linked to children's waking and bedtime levels of cortisol. Children's saliva samples were collected at wake-up and bedtime for three consecutive days. Foster parent responsiveness, as indicated by parent sensitivity, intrusiveness, and positive regard, was assessed during video-recorded semistructured play interactions between foster parents and children. Foster parent responsiveness significantly predicted children's waking cortisol levels (β = 0.26, p = .023). Follow-up analyses revealed that foster parent sensitivity uniquely predicted waking cortisol (β = 0.46, p = .006), over and above other dimensions of parenting, such that children with more sensitive foster parents had higher waking cortisol than children with less sensitive foster parents. The association between foster parent sensitivity and the waking-to-bedtime slope of cortisol across the day was nonsignificant. Findings suggest that sensitive caregiving may support foster children's healthy HPA axis functioning.
Convergence and Inequality in Research Globalization.

The catch-up effect and the Matthew effect offer opposing characterizations of globalization: the former predicts an eventual convergence as the poor can grow faster than the rich due to free exchanges of complementary resources, while the latter, a deepening inequality between the rich and the poor. To understand these effects on the globalization of research, we conduct an in-depth study based on scholarly and patent publications covering STEM research from 218 countries/regions over the past four decades, covering more than 55 million scholarly articles and 1.7 billion citations. Unique to this investigation is the simultaneous examination of both the research output and its impact in the same data set, using a novel machine learning based measure, called saliency, to mitigate the intrinsic biases in quantifying the research impact. The results show that the two effects are in fact co-occurring: there are clear indications of convergence among the high income and upper middle income countries across the STEM fields, but a widening gap is developing that segregates the lower middle and low income regions from the higher income regions. Furthermore, the rate of convergence varies notably among the STEM sub-fields, with the highly strategic area of Artificial Intelligence (AI) sandwiched between fields such as Medicine and Materials Science that occupy the opposite ends of the spectrum. The data support the argument that a leading explanation of the Matthew effect, namely, the preferential attachment theory, can actually foster the catch-up effect when organizations from lower income countries forge substantial research collaborations with those already dominant. The data resoundingly show such collaborations benefit all parties involved, and a case of role reversal can be seen in the Materials Science field where the most advanced signs of convergence are observed.
The Response of Individuals to Over-Marks of Conspecifics Differs Between Two Species of Microtine Rodents

Animals communicate to conspecifics their identity, sexual condition, and features of their quality through displays and signals. In general, these signals will be used to attract opposite-sex conspecifics and to compete with same-sex conspecifics. For mammals, these signals are deposited as scent marks. In that these scent marks are usually deposited along well-traversed paths and on prominent objects in an area, conspecifics may deposit their scent marks on top of those deposited previously by conspecifics. The literature is replete with accounts of over-marking and its potential functions for a wide array of mammals (Lazaro-Perea et al., 1999; Hurst and Rich, 1999; Johnston, 1999; Roberts and Dunbar, 2000), but the literature does not provide many details of how conspecifics respond to over-marks.
Persistence in the population: epidemiology, transmission

Cytomegaloviruses (CMVs) are ubiquitous but highly species specific agents and are a common cause of infections in many animal species including humans (Weller, 1971). The characteristic cellular changes caused by CMV including cell enlargement with intranuclear inclusions were first reported in 1881 by Ribbert in the kidneys of a stillborn infant with congenital syphilis (Ribbert, 1904). Subsequent reports have described similar findings in the parotid glands of children and in the salivary glands from guinea pigs. It was initially thought that cytomegalic inclusion disease (CID) of the newborn was the sole manifestation of human CMV (HCMV) infection (Goodpasture and Talbot, ; Lipschutz, ; Cole and Kuttner, ; Lowenstein, 1907). Several groups of investigators have simultaneously isolated and propagated HCMV from infants and children with CID and from adenoidal tissue of children undergoing adenoidectomy (Rowe et al., ; Smith, ; Weller et al., 1957). As tissue culture isolation and serological assays became more widely available, HCMV was linked to a variety of illnesses, many of which have subsequently been shown to be unrelated to HCMV. A common characteristic of patients at risk for invasive HCMV infections is the suppression of host immune responsiveness. The onset of AIDS epidemic in the early 1980s has led to a dramatic expansion of the spectrum of HCMV disease. HCMV was the most common opportunistic infection in patients with AIDS and a major cause of morbidity and mortality in these patients until the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (Jacobson et al., ; Gallant et al., ; Munoz et al., ; Spector et al., 1999). Currently, HCMV continues to cause disease in patients with AIDS, but similar to other opportunistic infections in AIDS patients responding to antiretroviral therapy, the incidence of invasive HCMV disease is extremely low even in those with minimally reconstituted immune systems (Jacobson et al., 2001). Currently, HCMV is a cause of significant morbidity and mortality in newborn infants who acquire HCMV prenatally and in allograft recipients.
Stress, Social Capital, and Health

Within sociology, stress is generally defined as an event or circumstance that results in acute or chronic discomfort or dis-ease for the individual. The function of stressors and their relationship to health outcomes is conceptualized in the stress process model that outlines how stressors affect health outcomes and how that relationship is affected by mediating resources such as social support. Social capital refers to the resources that arise from social relationships and social structure. Social capital is hypothesized to be related to health in that it provides an individual with resources to cope with otherwise health-deleterious circumstances and events. Within stress and health research, social support is the most widely studied form of social capital. Other forms such as trust, civic engagement, and giving/volunteering have not been widely studied. Keywords: health; social capital; stress
Better guidelines, better functionality: how metadata supports the cycle of system improvement at UNT

The University of North Texas (UNT) Libraries recently revised their Metadata Input Guidelines in order to improve usability and accessibility for metadata writers, and to enhance the quality of metadata that drives new features in their digital systems. This paper describes important considerations in the revision process and also demonstrates the relationship between quality metadata and system functionality that ultimately benefits both metadata creators and system endusers.
Five-Month Print and Electronic Patron-Driven Acquisitions Trial at a Large University Shows Circulation Advantages

A Review of: Tynan, M. & McCarney, E. (2014). “Click here to order this book”: A case study of print and electronic patron-driven acquisition in University College Dublin. New Review of Academic Librarianship, 20(2), 233-250. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13614533.2014.906352 Abstract Objective – To evaluate the effectiveness of the first patron-driven acquisitions program in the Republic of Ireland and determine the effects of this acquisitions strategy on circulation, budget, and collection development. Design – Case study. Setting – A large university on two campuses in the Republic of Ireland with a total of over 25,000 students. Subjects – Patron-driven acquisitions including 1,128 electronic monographs and 1,044 print monographs. Methods – The authors evaluated titles purchased during a five-month patron-driven acquisitions trial conducted in 2013. Patron-selected titles were compared to traditionally acquired (faculty and librarian-selected) titles acquired during the same time period based on subject area and circulation data. Results from the trial were also compared to a literature review of patron-driven acquisitions trials conducted at other institutions. Information on selectors was examined for patron-driven print acquisitions. Main Results – The most frequently acquired subject areas included business, politics, English, drama and film, medicine, psychology, history, and law. These frequently acquired subject areas were consistent across print and electronic patron-driven acquisitions, traditionally acquired titles at the institution, and data from the patron-driven acquisitions trials of other institutions. Patron-selected titles in art history and architecture subjects showed a significant print preference over electronic. Patron-selected electronic titles were used 8.45 times compared to 3.27 uses for traditionally selected electronic titles. Patron-selected print titles circulated 1.32 times compared to 1.04 circulations for faculty-selected titles and 0.63 circulations for librarian-selected titles. For patron-driven print acquisitions, 63% of selectors were students and 37% were faculty and staff. Conclusion – The trial was considered successful in circulation and subject area diversity. Subject breakdown for patron-selected titles was consistent with expectations and mirrored traditional acquisitions strategies and expected demand. Patron-selected titles showed a circulation advantage over traditionally selected titles, though this advantage was more significant for electronic titles. The library intends to continue with patron-driven acquisitions. Considerations for future trials, including higher quality and more selective discovery records for print titles, more informative marketing, and better timing, could improve results.
Simulation of noise‐driven wave dynamics on a falling film

Interfacial heat and mass transport across thin films occurs in many industrial processes like sulfonation falling-film reactors, gas absorption towers, vertical condensers, evaporator tubes for desalination or in crystallizers. A numerical model developed simulates inlet noise-drive wave dynamics on a falling film at relatively high Reynolds numbers. Two parameters, a normalized Reynolds number and a noise index, are sufficient to specify the wave statistics on most channels. Observed phenomena, like wave inception, downstream wave texture coarsening, initial deceleration and subsequent acceleration of wave speeds, are quantitatively reproduced and explained. Statistical analysis from these simulations suggests that beyond a critical Reynolds number this complex noise-driven spatio-temporal dynamics can be modeled by a deterministic interaction theory based on stable solitary waves that resemble one-hump pulses and a statistical theory with a random-phase description of noise. The ``chaotic`` wave dynamics at higher Reynolds number is hence due to both noise amplification/filtering and intrinsic dynamics.
Facile preparation of a highly functionalized tetrahydropyran by catalytic hydrogenation of an oxazoline.

2-Amino-1,5-anhydro-2-deoxy-d-glucitol, a highly functionalized tetrahydropyran, is a versatile building unit in many natural products. A facile route to this type of synthetic building unit from the corresponding 2-aminopyranoses, as exemplified by an application to d-glucosamine, is outlined. A simple catalytic hydrogenation at C-1 of an oxazoline constructed from the corresponding 2-aminopyranose results in the desired product.
Taxonomy discovery for personalized recommendation

Personalized recommender systems based on latent factor models are widely used to increase sales in e-commerce. Such systems use the past behavior of users to recommend new items that are likely to be of interest to them. However, latent factor model suffer from sparse user-item interaction in online shopping data: for a large portion of items that do not have sufficient purchase records, their latent factors cannot be estimated accurately. In this paper, we propose a novel approach that automatically discovers the taxonomies from online shopping data and jointly learns a taxonomy-based recommendation system. Out model is non-parametric and can learn the taxonomy structure automatically from the data. Since the taxonomy allows purchase data to be shared between items, it effectively improves the accuracy of recommending tail items by sharing strength with the more frequent items. Experiments on a large-scale online shopping dataset confirm that our proposed model improves significantly over state-of-the-art latent factor models. Moreover, our model generates high-quality and human readable taxonomies. Finally, using the algorithm-generated taxonomy, our model even outperforms latent factor models based on the human-induced taxonomy, thus alleviating the need for costly manual taxonomy generation.
Redescription of Glomus caledonium based on correspondence of spore morphological characters in type specimens and a living reference culture

Glomus caledonium accession UK301 from Rothamsted, England was designated a living reference culture of the species based on close correspondence of spore morphological characters with those of preserved holotype (Farlow Herbarium) and paratype (Oregon State University) specimens. Morphological characters were defined and interpreted according to their origin and sequence in spore differentiation. Three discrete stages were discriminated by simultaneous appearance of new layers in the spore wall and in the wall of the subtending hypha. An outer mucilaginous layer nonreactive in Melzer's reagent and a more rigid hyaline layer were present initially in the most juvenile spore wall, followed by de novo formation of a granular layer and and a yellow-brown laminate layer. Spore wall differentiation terminated with the innermost sublayer of the laminate layer occluding the hyphal pore. A germ tube, when present, originated in the lumen of the subtending hypha near the occluding sublayer. A preserved voucher of an isolate from France and a living culture from Denmark possessed corresponding subcellular characters to those of isolate UK301, thus establishing definitive morphological criteria to group different geographic isolates of the species.
Ultrasound histogram assessment of parotid gland injury following head-and-neck radiotherapy: a feasibility study.

Abstract Xerostomia (dry mouth), resulting from radiation damage to the parotid glands, is one of the most common and distressing side effects of head-and-neck cancer radiotherapy. A noninvasive, objective imaging method to assess parotid injury is lacking, but much needed in the clinic. Therefore, we investigated echo histograms to quantitatively evaluate the morphologic and microstructural integrity of the parotid glands. Six sonographic features were derived from the echo-intensity histograms to assess the echogenicity, homogeneity and heterogeneity of the parotid gland: (1) peak intensity value ( I peak ), (2) −3-dB intensity width ( W 3-dB ), (3) the low ( I peak ) intensity width ( W low ), (4) the high (>50% I peak ) intensity width ( W high ), (5) the area of low intensity ( A low ) and (6) the area of high intensity ( A high ). In this pilot study, 12 post-radiotherapy patients and seven healthy volunteers were enrolled. Significant differences ( p 0.05) were observed in four sonographic features between 24 irradiated and 14 normal parotid glands. In summary, we developed a family of sonographic features derived from echo histograms and demonstrated the feasibility of quantitative evaluation of radiation-induced parotid-gland injury.
N-Acetylcysteine amide protects against methamphetamine-induced oxidative stress and neurotoxicity in immortalized human brain endothelial cells

Oxidative stress plays an important role in neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease. Methamphetamine (METH) is an amphetamine analog that causes degeneration of the dopaminergic system in mammals and subsequent oxidative stress. In our present study, we have used immortalized human brain microvascular endothelial (HBMVEC) cells to test whether N-acetylcysteine amide (NACA), a novel antioxidant, prevents METH-induced oxidative stress in vitro. Our studies showed that NACA protects against METH-induced oxidative stress in HBMVEC cells. NACA significantly protected the integrity of our blood brain barrier (BBB) model, as shown by permeability and trans-endothelial electrical resistance (TEER) studies. NACA also significantly increased the levels of intracellular glutathione (GSH) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx). Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels increased dramatically after METH exposure, but this increase was almost completely prevented when the cells were treated with NACA. Generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) also increased after METH exposure, but was reduced to control levels with NACA treatment, as measured by dichlorofluorescin (DCF). These results suggest that NACA protects the BBB integrity in vitro, which could prevent oxidative stress-induced damage; therefore, the effectiveness of this antioxidant should be evaluated for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases in the future.