cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effectiveness of Early Educational Intervention

Early educational intervention has been proposed to partially offset the impacts of poverty and inadequate learning environments on child development and school success. A broad range of early educational interventions are found to produce meaningful, lasting effects on cognitive, social, and schooling outcomes. However, all interventions are not equally effective. Two major U.S. programs perform relatively poorly. Research provides some guidance regarding the features of highly effective programs, but much remains to be learned. New experimental studies of key program features would have a high payoff.
Predicting urban forest growth and its impact on residential landscape water demand in a semiarid urban environment

Abstract We present an innovative approach to estimating residential irrigation water demand for a large metropolitan area using GIS data, weather station data, and a water budget modeling approach commonly used by plant scientists and landscape management professionals. An important question addressed by our study is how a growing urban forest affects the overall irrigation water demand of a semiarid metropolitan area. To estimate the amount of water required by residential landscaping, we consider water demand to be a function of the areal extent of residential landscaping (i.e. tree/shrub or turf grass), the water-loss rate for different landscaping types, the efficiency with which the landscape is irrigated, and local climatic factors (i.e. reference evapotranspiration and precipitation). We estimated irrigation water demand for 542 residential neighborhoods in Salt Lake County, UT, USA for 2005. To investigate the effects of a maturing urban forest on water demand, we used simultaneous autoregression (SAR) models to predict the spatial extent of future forest canopy and future exposed turf grass in residential neighborhoods. For both the forest canopy model and the turf grass model we used the median age of housing stock as the dependent variable. Psuedo R2 were 0.70 and 0.82 for the tree/shrub canopy and turf grass models, respectively. Based on projected areal extents of tree/shrub canopy, exposed turf grass, and turf grass under canopy, we estimated future water demands for the 542 residential neighborhoods. Our predictive model suggests that as urban tree canopy increases in residential urban areas, exposed turf grass decreases, with a net effect of a slight decrease in residential landscape water demand. This can be explained by the relative differences in water lost through evapotranspiration by different landscape types, namely; trees/shrub (i.e. woody plants), exposed turf grass, and turf grass under tree canopy.
Sustainable consumption in national context: an introduction to the special issue

This article serves as an introduction to this e-symposium of three articles on sustainable consumption. Originally outlined in Agenda 21, and discussed at the 1992 Rio Earth Summit, sustainable consumption has now emerged as a definable domain of global environmental politics. The author notes that international institutions have begun to emphasize the need to reduce the environmental impacts of heavily consumerist lifestyles in affluent nations as a precondition for sustainable development. At the level of high environmental politics, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), the United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development (UNCSD), and the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) have played key roles in reframing environmental deterioration as a consumption problem, rather than a production problem. The author highlights the historical background of the issue of sustainable consumption and summarizes the three comparative case studies that are outlined in the following articles (The Netherlands, France, and the United States). The author of this introduction concludes that the experiences of these countries suggest that the concept of sustainable consumption is quite malleable, and its practical application is shaped by the political culture and policy styles of specific national contexts.
β-glucan signaling connects phagocytosis to autophagy

A growing list of innate immune receptors is being defined that recognize polysaccharides of microbial cell walls. Fungal β-glucan recognition by the receptor Dectin-1 triggers inflammatory immune responses in macrophages and dendritic cells that are appropriate for defense against fungal pathogens. Among these responses is the specific recruitment of the autophagy-related protein light chain 3 (LC3) to phagosomes containing fungi. Studies documenting LC3's recruitment to phagosomes containing β-glucan and other nonsugar particles suggest that LC3 plays a role in regulating phagocytosis and its related immunological responses.
Shigella flexneri Regulation of ARF6 Activation during Bacterial Entry via an IpgD-Mediated Positive Feedback Loop

ABSTRACT Entry into cells is critical for virulence of the human bacterial pathogens Shigella spp. Shigella spp. induce membrane ruffle formation and macropinocytic uptake, but the events instigating this process are incompletely understood. The host small GTPase ADP-ribosylation factor 6 (ARF6) functions in membrane trafficking at the plasma membrane and activates membrane ruffle formation. We demonstrate that ARF6 is required for efficient Shigella flexneri entry, is activated by S. flexneri dependent on the phosphatase activity of the type III secreted effector IpgD, and depends on cytohesin guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) for recruitment to entry sites. The cytohesin GEF ARF nucleotide binding site opener (ARNO) is recruited to these sites, also dependent on IpgD phosphatase activity. ARNO recruitment is independent of ARF6, indicating that, in addition to the described recruitment of ARNO by ARF6, ARNO is recruited upstream of ARF6. Our data provide evidence that ARF6, IpgD, phosphoinositide species, and ARNO constitute a previously undescribed positive feedback loop that amplifies ARF6 activation at bacterial entry sites, thereby promoting efficient S. flexneri uptake. IMPORTANCE Shigella spp. cause diarrhea and dysentery by infection of epithelial cells in the human colon. Critical to disease is the ability of Shigella to enter into cells, yet the mechanisms involved in entry are incompletely understood. We demonstrate that the small GTPase ADP-ribosylation factor 6 (ARF6) is required for efficient cellular entry of Shigella flexneri and that activation of ARF6 depends on the phosphatase activity of the Shigella protein IpgD, which is introduced into cells via the bacterial type III secretion system. We further show that IpgD phosphatase activity is required for recruitment of the ARF6 guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) ARF nucleotide binding site opener (ARNO) to bacterial entry sites and that ARNO lies upstream of ARF6 activation. These relationships define a positive feedback loop that contributes to activation of ARF6 at S. flexneri entry sites and leads to local amplification of signals that promote bacterial entry.
Teaching Graduate Career Classes: A National Survey of Career Instructors

Ninety-one instructors reported their attitudes toward teaching a master's-level career development course. The participants represented counseling programs in 41 states. The areas of focus included the theories taught, activities and assignments used, course evaluation processes, and advice the participants would offer to other instructors. Implications for counselor education and directions for future research are also discussed.
Evidence for image-scanning eye movements during transitive inference

Contrary to earlier work, recent studies have demonstrated a reduction in eye movements during the solution of tasks that seem to require visual imagery, relative to verbal tasks. The present study provides evidence that the nature of the visual imagery required by a task determines whether saccades are evoked and in which spatial pattern. In two experiments, subjects solved transitive inference problems with the relational terms left/right and above/below, while the horizontal and vertical EOG were recorded. Subjects made more horizontal and fewer vertical saccades while solving problems with the left/right terms than while solving identical problems with above/below. The results of silent counting tasks showed that the rate of subvocalization can also influence saccadic rate, especially in the horizontal plane, but cannot explain the eye-movement patterns observed during transitive inference. The results are discussed in terms of a motor theory of voluntary thinking.
Guideline for the Management of Clinically Localized Prostate Cancer: 2007 Update

Ian Thompson (Chair),* James Brantley Thrasher (Co-Chair),† Gunnar Aus,‡ Arthur L. Burnett,§ Edith D. Canby-Hagino, Michael S. Cookson,¶ Anthony V. D’Amico, Roger R. Dmochowski, David T. Eton, Jeffrey D. Forman, S. Larry Goldenberg, Javier Hernandez, Celestia S. Higano, Stephen R. Kraus,** Judd W. Moul†† and Catherine M. Tangen (Prostate Cancer Clinical Guideline Update Panel) From the American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.
Identifying plant functional types using floristic data bases: Ecological correlates of plant range size

. In an effort to identify ‘plant functional types’, the islands floras of Great Britain and Kriti (Crete, Greece) were examined separately for ecological correlates of plant range size. Plant functional types (PFTs) were defined here as categories into which plants could be grouped on the basis of attributes that predict greater or lesser sensitivity to ecological variability. Plant range size indicates commonness of a species and was assumed to be a proxy for ‘ecological flexibility’, i.e. species of larger range sizes can better withstand environmental change and differences than species of smaller range sizes. Using evolutionary comparative methods that account for the effect of taxonomic relatedness, both floras were investigated for the effects on range size of woodiness vs. non-woodiness, trees vs. shrubs, trees vs. herbs and shrubs vs. herbs. The British flora was examined additionally for the effects of wind- vs. non-wind-pollination, self vs. animal pollination and animal vs. non-animal fruit dispersal on range size. Two analyses showed significant effects on range size: for British species, trees had larger ranges than shrubs, and wind- pollinated species had larger ranges than non-wind-pollinated species. It is suggested that the lack of a similar pattern for shrubs and trees in Kriti is because the lower water availability of Kriti imbues shrubs with an ecophysiological advantage not relevant in plants of Great Britain. That trees have larger range sizes than shrubs in Great Britain is ascribed to the greater importance of competition for light when other factors are not at issue. The greater range of wind-pollinated than non-windpollinated species in Great Britain is postulated to be because both mutualists must be capable of invading new areas. This may be termed a ‘cost of mutualism’. In terms of PFTs, the results indicate that ‘life-form’ is too broad a classification category by which to differentiate relative sensitivity to environmental variability in Great Britain, in that there were significant differences in range size of trees and shrubs, but not between either of the two categories and herbs, or between woody and non-woody plants. Although pollination type may predict relative sensitivity to variation in Great Britain, dispersal type will not. Finally, differences between Great Britain and Kriti in relative range size patterns suggests that plant functional types may be specific to a region or set of conditions.
Designing the ATOC global array

The Acoustic Thermometry of Ocean Climate project (ATOC) is just beginning. The goal of the project is to determine over the course of a decade if the oceans are warming or cooling and if numerical models can be validated. Long range acoustic transmissions between various sources and receivers will be monitored to determine if travel times and the sound speed and temperature, change over these time scales. A good design of the global acoustic array will optimize the detection versus cost ratio and is therefore essential to the success of the project. It depends on a variety of factors including spatial structure of the expected signals, logistics and cost of cabled sources, number and distribution of receivers, to name a few. The subject of this paper is an interactive software package that is being constructed to assist in this global array design process. >
Collecting experiences as vacationers' philosophy

This paper proposes a novel approach to address the motivations of vacationers. Focusing on a select group of travellers who repeatedly indulge in the same activities, the author develops a conceptual approach distinguishing such a segment from the general population. Viewing tourists as collectionists highlights their involvement and dedication to the activity of their choice leading to a distinct consumer behaviour pattern. It is proposed that the collectionists have more specific vacation expectations and a richer base to evaluate their experiences. They are seeking accomplishment and pride and are an important source of the word of mouth. Implications for the travel industry and the topics for the future research are discussed.
Spaceflight and Development of Immune Responses

The NIH.R1 Space Shuttle experiment was designed to study the effects of spaceflight on rodent development. Pregnant rats were flown on the Space Shuttle for 11 days, and pregnant control rats were...
Malaria survey and malaria control detachments in the South-West Pacific Area in World War 2

SUMMARY Malaria among troops in the South-West Pacific Area (SWPA) in World War 2 affected the military effort to the degree that special units were formed to combat it. These malaria survey detachments (MSDs) and malaria control detachments (MCDs) were selfcontained and so could move quickly to wherever their services were needed. In SWPA by 25 September 1944 there were 32 MSDs and 65 MCDs. Tables of organization called for 11 enlisted men in MSDs and MCDs, two officers in MSDs and one in MCDs. Detachments served throughout the SWPA. Detailed records of the 31st MSD show that in addition to antimalarial efforts it worked at control of scrub typhus, dengue and venereal disease, at reduction of rat populations and in experimental work involving DDT and schistosomiasis. Specific locations of the 31st MSD were New Guinea (3 sites), Morotai, Leyte, Mindoro, Okinawa and Japan. The detachment served overseas for 21 months. Experience in combating malaria in SWPA in World War 2 points to the need for better and continuous training of both medical and line officers in malaria prevention and control.
Meta-analysis of the impact of human papillomavirus on cancer risk and overall survival in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma

6080 Background: Human papillomavirus (HPV) is an important etiologic factor in HNSCC and its prevalence has been reported in several independent studies. We conducted a meta-analysis to determine ...
Linking crowding, housing inadequacy, and perceived housing stress

This study sought to explain how housing inadequacy affects inhabitants' experiences of dwelling-related stress. We defined housing inadequacy as the gap between self-reported availability and importance of specific interior features, and we measured stress from self-reported perceptions of efficacy or helplessness with regard to the home. From a survey of 1668 community residents, we found that inadequate retreat and lack of dwelling-related efficacy each mediated the effect of inadequate comfort upon dwelling-related helplessness. Two moderation models, predicting efficacy and helplessness respectively, compared whether respondents reported that their households used all habitable rooms for sleeping. This rooms-ratio metric interacted with the more traditional density metric of persons-per-room; as persons-per-room increased, respondents in households using all rooms for sleeping had a steeper decrease in efficacy as well as a steeper increase in helplessness. We also explored some methodological issues in describing person-environment fit in a demographically heterogeneous sample.
Is Yogācāra Phenomenology? Some Evidence from the Cheng weishi lun

There have been several attempts of late to read Yogācāra through the lens of Western phenomenology. I approach the issue through a reading of the Cheng weishi lun (Treatise on the Perfection of Consciousness Only), a seventh-century Chinese compilation that preserves the voices of multiple Indian commentators on Vasubandhu’s Triṃśikāvijnaptikārikā (Thirty Verses on Consciousness). Specifically, I focus on the “five omnipresent mental factors” (pancasarvatraga, Chin. wu bianxing xinsuo) and the “four aspects” (Chin. sifen) of cognition. These two topics seem ripe, at least on the surface, for phenomenological analysis, particularly as the latter topic includes a discussion of “self-awareness” (svasaṃvedana, svasaṃvitti, Chin. zizheng). Yet we find that the Cheng weishi lun account has little in common with the tradition associated with Husserl and his heirs. The categories and modes of analysis in the Cheng weishi lun do not emerge from or aver to a systematic reflection on the nature of “lived experience” so much as they are focused on subliminal processes and metaphysical entities that belong to the domain of the noumenal. In my conclusion I suggest that the later pramāṇa tradition associated with Dignāga and Dharmakīrti—a tradition that profoundly influenced later Yogācāra exegesis in Tibet—did indeed take a “phenomenological turn.” But my comparison shows that both traditions falter when it comes to relating conceptual content to non-conceptual experience, and thus there is reason to be skeptical about claims that phenomenology is epistemologically grounded in how the world presents itself first-personally.
Son los códigos éticos un instrumento de gestión de la responsabilidad social? Un estudio exploratorio en Andalucía

Objeto: La mayor preocupacion por la responsabilidad social y/o la etica empresarial debe tener su reflejo en los sistemas de control de las organizaciones. Por ello nos preocupa analizar si se han introducido los codigos eticos como instrumento de gestion de la responsabilidad social, para construir organizaciones sostenibles basadas en valores. Diseno/metodologia: Elaboracion de una encuesta fundamentada en la revision bibliografica sobre tipos de codigos y motivaciones. Se ha realizado un analisis descriptivo de la informacion obtenida de las empresas con sede en Andalucia objeto de estudio. Ademas se ha aplicado un test de diferencia de medias y un analisis de la varianza para contrastar las hipotesis planteadas. Aportaciones y resultados: Se ha identificado una cierta tendencia a utilizar los codigos eticos por parte de las empresas andaluzas, influida por el tamano empresarial. Ademas se confirma la incidencia del entorno en su desarrollo. Limitaciones: El estudio tiene caracter exploratorio en el ambito andaluz por las restricciones de las bases de datos y del tamano de la muestra. Implicaciones practicas: Los resultados permiten un acercamiento a la realidad empresarial andaluza y a los sistemas de gestion relacionados con la responsabilidad social y la etica empresarial. Implicaciones sociales: Se ha puesto de manifiesto la necesidad de formacion en este ambito y que desde el sector publico se adopten medidas de fomento de la etica y de las responsabilidad social empresarial distinguiendo entre las necesidades que puedan tener las micro y pequenas empresas de las que puedan tener las medianas o las grandes empresas. Valor anadido: Este estudio contribuye a generar conocimiento sobre la importancia de integrar en los sistemas de control de gestion instrumentos que favorezcan una gestion responsable y sostenible basada en valores y sobre cuales han sido las motivaciones que estan influyendo tanto a favor como en contra de esta actuacion. Motivaciones que habria que tener en cuenta por parte de los organismos decisores e influyentes en el desarrollo empresarial.
Structural Origins of Cholesterol Accelerated Lipid Flip-Flop Studied by Sum-Frequency Vibrational Spectroscopy

The unique structure of cholesterol and its role in modulating lipid translocation (flip-flop) were examined using sum-frequency vibrational spectroscopy (SFVS). Two structural analogues of cholesterol—cholestanol and cholestene—were examined to explore the influence of ring rigidity and amphiphilicity on controlling distearoylphosphocholine (DSPC) flip-flop. Kinetic rates for DSPC flip-flop were determined as a function of sterol concentration and temperature. All three sterols increased the rate of DSPC flip-flop in a concentration-dependent manner following the order cholestene > cholestanol > cholesterol. Rates of DSPC flip-flop were used to calculate the thermodynamic activation free energy barrier (ΔG‡) in the presence of cholesterol, cholestanol, and cholestene. The acyl chain gauche content of DSPC, mean lipid area, and membrane compressibility were correlated to observed trends in ΔG‡. ΔG‡ for DSPC flip-flop showed a strong positive correlation with the molar compression modulus (K*) of the membr...
Why we Need a Professional Division

Let's face it. Entomologists are not regarded by the general public as professionals. We think that we are, but we are in the minority. How can we be regarded as professionals if people don't even know we exist? A 1962 telephone survey by the ESA Committee on Public Information uncovered the sad state of our public image. Not one out of 1070 persons called, said they would go to an entomologist for insect control information. Our profession affects the lives of every human being, yet relatively few even know how to spell e-n-t-o-m-o-l-o-g-y . Perhaps it is asking too much of the public and our scientific colleagues to accept entomology as a profession of prestige and status when we haven't taken the time to establish a definition of just what we arc. The profession of entomology, without a focal point of effort, faces a most difficult task of increasing its status when the public does not even include the word entomology in its vocabulary.
Creating Roles for Social Work in Changing Health Care Organizations: Organizational Development Perspective

SUMMARY Social work has historically been influenced by and influential in periods of social change. The current health care environment poses challenges to the profession whose function is to maximize adaptation. In addition to helping patients and families adapt to a rapidly changing health delivery system, social workers can develop roles that affect the direction and impact of organizational change, substantively if not fundamentally. This includes assisting staff to work professionally and maintain client-focus during organizational stress and chaos. This article develops one example of how social work expanded its role during a time of transition through staff education of another discipline at Mount Sinai Medical Center in New York City, USA. The authors conceptualize the need for such practice, describe and analyze the program, and extrapolate practice principles for expanding social work roles in a changing work organization.
GERD: Surgery or medical therapy for patients with GERD?

The main therapeutic strategies for GERD are antireflux surgery and pharmacological intervention. The vast majority of patients with GERD receive or prefer medical over surgical therapy. A recent study compared minimal access surgery with medical management and provided 5-year follow up data.
A Difference Equation and Operation Counts in the Computation of Determinants

In many linear algebra texts, determinants of matrices are computed by means of cofactor expansion. These matrices are generally chosen to be of sizes smaller than 5 x 5. It is seldom emphasized that even with the aid of a large computer and for matrices of relatively small size, cofactor expansion is not practical. In this paper we shall solve a difference or recurrence equation to determine the number of multiplications required to evaluate a determinant by cofactor expansion. Most of this material assumes nothing beyond high school algebra. Let f(n) be the number of multiplications necessary to evaluate the determinant of
Assisting Marketing Decisions by Computer Mapping: A Branch Banking Application

A new computer technique has been developed to aid decisionmakers in rapidly comprehending and using large amounts of information. The authors explain the theory and requirements of computer mappin...
Chemically Treated Bands

In Illinois over a five year period the cold dipped, corrugated paper band (Powdered beta naphthol―1 lb., 200-300 seconds viscosity oil―1½ pints, gasoline―1 pint) has been as effective in stopping codling moth ( Carpocapsa pomonella ) emergence as the hot dipped band. The cold band has advantages as to uniformity of deposit, fire hazard and ease of preparation. New cold dipped formulae of high efficiency are given.
Genomic data reveal similar genetic differentiation between invertebrates living under and on a riverine floodplain

Historical and ecological factors influencing population connectivity of stygobiontic and amphibiontic organisms have long been a topic of intense research and speculation. Here we offer RAD-seq data to show that levels of connectivity of a winged stonefly with ground-water larvae and an obligate groundwater amphipod show similar levels of connectivity between floodplains separated by 40 km in the Flathead River basin of NW Montana, USA. This may be due to deep phreatic water connections that enhance movement of organisms between these populations.
Trends of hospitalization for bipolar I in USA: A nationwide analysis

Objectives Bipolar I (B-I) is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in hospitalized patients. While B-I has been extensively studied in the past, the contemporary data for impact of B-I on cost of hospitalization are largely lacking. Methods We queried the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project's Nationwide Inpatient Sample (HCUP-NIS) dataset between 1998–2011 using the ICD-9 codes. Severity of comorbid conditions was defined by Deyo modification of Charlson comorbidity index. Primary outcome was in-hospital mortality and secondary outcome was total charges for hospitalization. Using SAS 9.2, Chi2 test, t-test and Cochran-Armitage test were used to test significance. Results A total of 1,80,681 were analyzed; 56.29% were female and 43.71% were male (P Conclusions While mortality has slightly increased from 1998 to 2011, the cost has significantly increased from $0.72 million/year to $2.16 billion/year, which leads to an estimated $1.46 billion/year additional burden to US health care system. In the era of cost conscious care, preventing B-I related Hospitalization could save billions of dollars every year. Focused efforts are needed to establish preventive measures for B-I related hospitalization.
The blogosphere and its problems: Web 2.0 undermining civic Webspaces

Blogging is often seen as a proto-Web 2.0 technology and in many ways set the stage for the kinds of applications that followed. But the “blogosphere” also represented a conversational medium that allowed for civic discourse rarely encountered in the fragmented Web 2.0 that followed. Blogospheres were open, distributed, and relatively non-commercial, particularly in their earliest form, and provided civic Webspaces in which people could gather, discuss, and change their social organization. Today’s Web 2.0, while retaining some of the formal elements of blogospheres is more centralized, monopolistic, and commodified. Web 2.0 lost the civic nature of blogospheres, while retaining the formal social and technological structures; and recovering those civic Webspaces should remain at the center of critique of Web 2.0.
SU-F-SPS-08: Measuring the Interaction Of DDR Cell Receptors and Extracellular Matrix Collagen in Prostate Cells

Purpose: Discoidin domain receptors (DDR) have recently been recognized as important players in cancer progression. DDRs are cell receptors that interact with collagen, an extracellular matrix (ECM) protein. However the detailed mechanism of their interaction is unclear. Here we attempted to examine their interaction in terms of structural (surface topography), mechanical (rupture force), and kinetic (binding probability) information on the single molecular scale with the use of atomic force microscopy (AFM). Methods: The Quantitative Nano-mechanical property Mapping (QNM) mode of AFM allowed to assess the cells in liquid growth media at their optimal physiological while being viable. Human benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH-1) cell line was genetically regulated to suppress DDR expression (DDR- cells) and was compared with naturally DDR expressing cells (DDR+). Results: Binding force measurements (n = 1000) were obtained before and after the two groups were treated with fibronectin (FN), an integrin-inhibiting antibody to block the binding of integrin. The quantification indicates that cells containing DDR bind with collagen at a most probable force of 80.3–83.0 ±7.6 pN. The probability of them binding is 0.167 when other interactions (mainly due to integrin-collagen binding) are minimized. Conclusion: Together with further force measurements at different pulling speeds will determine dissociation rate, binding distance and activation barrier. These parameters in benign cells provides some groundwork in understanding DDR's behavior in various cell microenvironments such as in malignant tumor cells. Funding supported by Richard Barber Interdisciplinary Research Program of Wayne State University
Oblique Internal Hydraulic Jumps at a Stratified Estuary Mouth

AbstractObservations and analyses of two tidally recurring, oblique, internal hydraulic jumps at a stratified estuary mouth (Columbia River, Oregon/Washington) are presented. These hydraulic features have not previously been studied due to the challenges of both horizontally resolving the sharp gradients and temporally resolving their evolution in numerical models and traditional observation platforms. The jumps, both of which recurred during ebb, formed adjacent to two engineered lateral channel constrictions and were identified in marine radar image time series. Jump occurrence was corroborated by (i) a collocated sharp gradient in the surface currents measured via airborne along-track interferometric synthetic aperture radar and (ii) the transition from supercritical to subcritical flow in the cross-jump direction via shipborne velocity and density measurements. Using a two-layer approximation, observed jump angles at both lateral constrictions are shown to lie within the theoretical bounds given by th...
Air quality within vehicles

The high concentrations of harmful materials within vehicles is studied. An air-purification system is developed. Bench tests are conducted. Technical specifications must be developed for filters and air purifiers so as to improve the air quality within vehicles, including electric vehicles.
High-Level Quantum Calculations of the IR Spectra of the Eigen, Zundel, and Ring Isomers of H+(H2O)4 Find a Single Match to Experiment

The protonated water tetramer H+(H2O)4, often written as the Eigen cluster, H3O+(H2O)3, plays a central role in studies of the hydrated proton. The cluster has been investigated spectroscopically both experimentally and theoretically with some differences and controversies. The major issue stems from the existence of higher-energy Zundel isomers of this cluster and the role these isomers might play in the IR spectra. Settling this fundamental issue is one goal of this Communication, where high-level quantum calculations of the IR spectra of the Eigen and three isomeric forms of this cluster are presented. These calculations make use of a many-body representation of the potential and dipole moment surfaces and VSCF/VCI calculations of vibrational eigenstates and the IR spectrum. The calculated spectra for the Eigen H3O+(H2O)3 and D3O+(D2O)3 isomers compare very well with experiment. The calculated spectra for the cis and trans-Zundel and ring isomers show prominent features that do not match with experimen...
Research Note: Scraping Financial Data from the Web Using the R Language

ABSTRACT The main goal of this research note is to educate business researchers on how to automatically scrape financial data from the World Wide Web using the R programming language. This paper is...
Interventional Radiology-Operated Cholecystoscopy for the Management of Symptomatic Cholelithiasis: Approach, Technical Success, Safety, and Clinical Outcomes.

OBJECTIVE. The objective of our study was to report the technique, complications, and clinical outcomes of interventional radiology–operated cholecystoscopy with stone removal for the management of...
Who Should Trade in a Call Market

Investors in the United States are accustomed to a stock market that is open for most of the day each business day. On exchanges and in dealer markets, trading occurs almost continuously in many stocks and frequently in others. Even for stocks in which trading is only intermittent, the market is still open for business throughout the trading day. The quoted bid and ask prices at which trades take place fluctuate throughout the day as orders to buy and to sell arrive.
Comments on “Law as a Capital Good”

The quality of a legal system is a function of several inputs, including not only the predictability of behavior, but the substantive content of the laws, the degree of law enforcement, public respect for law.… It is reasonable to expect that the legal good can be maintained while substituting one input for another. Having made the general point, let me hasten to add that I share Pejovich’s perspective that our society is being debilitated by unprecedented legal instability as well as by the dissolution of the rule of law. Because Pejovich has focused (implicitly) on the sins of the executive and legislative branches of government by pointing to the breaking of the fiscal rule and the monetary rule, I will direct my attention to the contributions of the Supreme Court.
Kidney transplantation using alemtuzumab, belatacept, and sirolimus: Five-year follow-up.

Kidney transplant outcomes are limited by toxicities associated with calcineurin inhibitors and steroids. This trial was conducted to determine whether a costimulation blockade (CoB)-based regimen could achieve acceptable long-term outcomes and graft survival could be maintained solely with CoB. Forty patients underwent alemtuzumab induction followed by belatacept and sirolimus maintenance therapy. Patients were offered weaning to belatacept monotherapy after 1 year and followed for 5 years. Five-year patient and graft survival rates were 100% and 95%, respectively. Graft function remained stable with a mean estimated glomerular filtration rates of 67 ± 21 and 71 ± 19 at 36 and 60 months, respectively. There was no clinical rejection in the first year; subclinical rejection was detected by protocol biopsy in 4 patients. Twelve patients were successfully weaned to belatacept monotherapy. Cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr virus reactivations were well controlled, but 9 patients experienced transient BK viremia during the first year. Alemtuzumab produced profound lymphopenia followed by gradual T cell and more rapid B cell reconstitution to a repertoire deviated toward naive cells with increased regulatory T cells. This regimen effectively prevents allograft rejection without using steroids or calcineurin inhibitors, enriches for naive cells susceptible to control with CoB, and permits control of rejection with belatacept monotherapy in selected patients.
A Sociology of Luck

Sociology has been curiously silent about the concept of luck. The present article argues that this omission is, in fact, an oversight: An explicit and systematic engagement with luck provides a mo...
Plant Community Shifts in Response to Fire and Bison in a Restored Tallgrass Prairie

To redress prairie loss, managers seed former agricultural lands and reinstate key ecosystem processes with prescribed fires and reintroduction of native grazers to create restored prairies. Bison (Bison bison) were almost hunted to extinction in the late 1800s but are recovering and have recently been reintroduced to restored prairies for their ecosystem engineering roles. The effects bison and fire have on remnant (never-plowed) prairie vegetation are well documented. However, there is little known about how bison will impact plant communities in restored prairies. These effects are most likely driven by reduction of competition from grasses and increased heterogeneity from disturbance. This study aimed to quantify bison impacts on vegetation in a chronosequence of restored prairie with varied burning regimes. We found that plant diversity decreased with restoration age and did not differ among either grazing or fire treatments. However, grazed sites displayed more variation within plant community composition. Older restorations tended to be more similar in species and functional group composition in comparison to younger sites. Although the roles of bison and fire were not as important in these first three years after reintroduction as predicted, changes in composition suggest that bison effects may become more apparent in later years as grazing drives different compositional trajectories.
Novel biomarkers for cholangiocarcinoma: how can it enhance diagnosis, prognostication, and investigational drugs? Part-1

The development of novel biomarkers for cancer has exploded over the last decade with advances in novel technologies. Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), a cancer of the bile ducts, has a dearth of strong di...
Rational Modulation of the Induced-Fit Conformational Change for Slow-Onset Inhibition in Mycobacterium tuberculosis InhA.

Slow-onset enzyme inhibitors are the subject of considerable interest as an approach to increasing the potency of pharmaceutical compounds by extending the residence time of the inhibitor on the target (the lifetime of the drug–receptor complex). However, rational modulation of residence time presents significant challenges because it requires additional mechanistic insight, such as the nature of the transition state for postbinding isomerization. Our previous work, based on X-ray crystallography, enzyme kinetics, and molecular dynamics simulation, suggested that the slow step in inhibition of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis enoyl-ACP reductase InhA involves a change in the conformation of the substrate binding loop from an open state in the initial enzyme–inhibitor complex to a closed state in the final enzyme–inhibitor complex. Here, we use multidimensional free energy landscapes for loop isomerization to obtain a computational model for the transition state. The results suggest that slow-onset inhibitor...
Employer Fetal Protection Policies at Work: Balancing Reproductive Hazards with Title VII Rights

Perhaps one of the most compelling divisive workplace issues of the decade surrounds the use of increasingly complex chemicals in work environments which raises legal, economic, medical and moral concerns, especially as employers adopt employment policies meant to avoid the specter of massive tort liability for workplace exposure injuries to workers or third parties. In the case, /International Union v. Johnson Controls, the Supreme Court struck down an employer's policy prohibiting fertile women from work involving exposure to the well-known teratogen, lead, where the employer could not produce a defense to this facially discriminatory policy. The authors analyze the Court's opinion and concurrences, and note the important tensions still needed resolution after the case: namely the public policy mandate to protect all populations from workplace toxins; to eradicate toxins from the workplace; and to promote worker and safety health of both men and women.
The Body, Sexuality, and Sexual Difference

Freud’s discovery of psychoanalysis can be seen as a new discursive and conceptual arrangement which radically displaced the prevailing conceptual paradigms developed by the natural and historical sciences during the nineteenth century. These more familiar paradigms, however, continue to dominate the reception of psychoanalysis today, in the form of debates between those who see Freud’s legacy as anticipating arguments for the social and historical construction of sexuality, and those who see Freud and Lacan as maintaining a covert appeal to naturalism or essentialism, through their purportedly ahistorical and formalist arguments about sexuality. From a genealogical point of view, both these interpretations remain bound to the very paradigms that psychoanalysis was intended to displace. As a result, the conceptual distinctiveness of psychoanalysis tends to disappear in the very course of its reception. This problem can be seen in Freud himself, and Foucault was one of the first to diagnose this difficulty...
Brothels and Big Screen Rescues

Scholarship on prostitution in India has grown to reflect a diverse range of perspectives on sexual commerce. In stark contrast, popular documentaries produced in the United States and Europe about prostitution in India have telescoped their representations of sex work to that of prostitution as an iconic, unequivocal and perpetual human rights violation, against women and girls per se, that should be eradicated. In this essay I elaborate on my earlier critique of the making and success of the documentary Born Into Brothels by sketching a brief genealogy of documentary films on prostitution in India. I trace this genealogy through the evolution of twentieth-century photojournalism in the United States, as conceived in institutions like the International Center for Photography (ICP), which was founded in the crucible moment of late 1960s US politics. I argue that understanding the ICP and the historical moment that inspired its founding are central to understanding films like Born Into Brothels. In examini...
2α‐Methyl‐19‐nor‐(20S)‐1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3 protects the insulin 2 knockout non‐obese diabetic mouse from developing type 1 diabetes without hypercalcaemia

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease that destroys the insulin-producing beta-islet cells of the pancreas. Currently, there are no treatment modalities for prevention of T1D, and the mechanisms influencing disease inception and early progression are not well understood. We have used the insulin 2−/− non-obese diabetic (Ins2−/− NOD) model to study stages of T1D and to examine the protective effects of a potent analogue of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, 2α-methyl-19-nor-(20S)-1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (2AMD). Pancreatic tissues from control and 2AMD-treated Ins2−/− NOD mice were obtained weekly from 5 to 16 weeks of age. Using immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis, samples were analysed for changes in beta cell survival, islet structure and T cell invasion. Weekly intraperitoneal glucose tolerance tests (IPGTT) were performed to assess comparative beta cell function in control and treated animals. IHC demonstrated progressive beta cell destruction in control mice. In contrast, 2AMD treatment preserved islet cell architecture, arrested intra-islet T cell invasion and prevented the transition from insulitis to diabetes. IPGTT results revealed progressive impairment of beta cell function with increasing age in control mice, while 2AMD treatment resulted in normal beta function throughout the study. These results demonstrate that the Ins2−/− NOD model provides a rapid and effective method for studying T1D and for assessing efficacy of anti-diabetic agents.
Floorplanning via graph dualization with subsets of rectangular and L-shaped modules

The graph dualization approach to floorplan design starts from an undirected graph representing the adjacency relations among modules, and then finds a dissection of a rectangle into rectilinear regions such that the modules and regions have a one-to-one correspondence and that the adjacency requirements are satisfied. Necessary and sufficient conditions are presented for a n-vertex graph G with two vertex subsets V/sub R/ and V/sub L/ to admit an R-L dual where a dissection of a rectangle into n rectilinear regions is such that each vertex of V/sub R/ (V/sub L/) corresponds to a rectangular (L-shaped) region. Generally, G can be tested in O(n/sup 2/) time whether or not it has an R-L dual, and if one exists, it can be constructed in O(n) time. >
Design and fabrication of bioelectrodes for microbial bioelectrochemical systems

Microbial bioelectrochemical systems (BESs) interconvert electrical and chemical energy, enabling electricity generation, hydrogen production, chemical synthesis, wastewater treatment, desalination, and remediation. The focus of this review is design of bioelectrodes for BESs. Desirable features are high conductivity, stability, and biocompatibility. We trace the history of bioelectrode design from nonporous designs to modern porous designs that are particle-based, fiber-based, or monolithic, and compare performance characteristics. The most promising strategies use porous structures conducive to microbial colonization and surface materials that promote efficient electron transfer.
Proteomic analysis of Herbaspirillum seropedicae reveals ammonium-induced AmtB-dependent membrane sequestration of PII proteins

This study was aimed at describing the spectrum and dynamics of proteins associated with the membrane in the nitrogen-fixing bacterium Herbaspirillum seropedicae according to the availability of fixed nitrogen. Using two-dimensional electrophoresis we identified 79 protein spots representing 45 different proteins in the membrane fraction of H. seropedicae. Quantitative analysis of gel images of membrane extracts indicated two spots with increased levels when cells were grown under nitrogen limitation in comparison with nitrogen sufficiency; these spots were identified as the GlnK protein and as a conserved noncytoplasmic protein of unknown function which was encoded in an operon together with GlnK and AmtB. Comparison of gel images of membrane extracts from cells grown under nitrogen limitation or under the same regime but collected after an ammonium shock revealed two proteins, GlnB and GlnK, with increased levels after the shock. The PII proteins were not present in the membrane fraction of an amtB mutant. The results reported here suggest that changes in the cellular localization of PII might play a role in the control of nitrogen metabolism in H. seropedicae.
The Role of Religious Ideas and the Use of Models in Max Weber's Comparative Studies of Non-Capitalist Societies

The theme of this conference, “The Organizational Forms of Economic Life and Their Evolution,” implies a concern for specifying the limits of the applicability of classical and neo-classical economic theory. Presumably because we sociologists have been in the forefront of those who insist on the recognition of these limits, I have been asked to present a paper from the viewpoint of historical sociology. Now I suppose that your field and mine are alike in at least one respect: the infrequency of finding any one view on a broad and significant question. I am sure you will understand, therefore, my concentration on some lessons to be learned from the work of one of the heroes of my discipline, Max Weber (1864–1920). Weber, as you may know, was, among his other titles, a professor of economics and avoided the epithet of “sociologist.” Yet because sociology has changed since his day, largely under his influence, and because he was also a professor of law and of political science, we sociologists have now claimed him. Nevertheless, many of the issues that informed his massive scholarly research were and are issues central to both your field and mine.