cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Neuroeconomic studies in industrial organization: brand, advertising and price effects on consumer valuation and choice

Neuroeconomics makes use of new data and tools from neuroscience to enrich the study of economic decision-making. This chapter introduces neuroeconomic methods and surveys a number of contributions to the literature regarding brain responses to brands, advertisements, pricing and product characteristics. These contributions rely primarily on functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) although electroencephalography (EEG) and other methods are also used. Industries represented in the survey include beverages (cola, wine, beer, coffee, and milkshakes); artwork; music; magazines; handbags; televisions; and sunscreen as well as anti-smoking advertisements. Some of these studies move beyond identification of brain regions associated with advertising, for example, to using brain activity to predict individual choices and even the behavior of the population at large.
WIDENING THE SCOPE OF SOCIAL SUPPORT: THE FLORIDA MATERNAL, INFANT, AND EARLY CHILDHOOD HOME VISITING PROGRAM

The Florida Maternal, Infant, and Early Childhood Home Visiting (MIECHV) program is designed to support pregnant women and families in developing skills and utilizing resources necessary to promote their children's physical, social, and emotional development. Little evaluation attention has focused on large-scale, public policy driven home-visiting programs. Social support provision is a critical component of a successful home-visiting program; therefore, there is a need to better understand participants' perceptions of social support provided to them in this context. Forty-five home-visiting participants from five Florida MIECHV programs completed semistructured telephone interviews. Participants discussed their experiences with the MIECHV program, including descriptions of their interactions with home visitors. Content analysis revealed that participants experienced multilayered social support from home-visiting staff. Families needed and received substantial emotional, instrumental, informational, and appraisal support at the individual level. This support was embedded within and strengthened by the strategies and activities of the home-visiting model of service provision. Results highlight the powerful opportunity home visiting offers as a method of service delivery within the larger system of care to increase social support in families experiencing high risk for negative maternal and child health outcomes. Implications for policy and practice are discussed.
The science and theology of dreams

Although dreams were an important theological topic for the early Christians and the Church Fathers, there has been less Christian theological work on dreams in the modern era. I argue that dreams ...
Suboptimal community growth mediated through metabolite crossfeeding promotes species diversity in the gut microbiota

The gut microbiota represent a highly complex ecosystem comprised of approximately 1000 species that forms a mutualistic relationship with the human host. A critical attribute of the microbiota is high species diversity, which provides system robustness through overlapping and redundant metabolic capabilities. The gradual loss of bacterial diversity has been associated with a broad array of gut pathologies and diseases including malnutrition, obesity, diabetes and inflammatory bowel disease. We formulated an in silico community model of the gut microbiota by combining genome-scale metabolic reconstructions of 28 representative species to explore the relationship between species diversity and community growth. While the individual species offered a broad range of metabolic capabilities, communities optimized for maximal growth on simulated Western and high-fiber diets had low diversities and imbalances in short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) synthesis characterized by acetate overproduction. Community flux variability analysis performed with the 28-species model and a reduced 20-species model suggested that enhanced species diversity and more balanced SCFA production were achievable at suboptimal growth rates. We developed a simple method for constraining species abundances to sample the growth-diversity tradeoff and used the 20-species model to show that tradeoff curves for Western and high-fiber diets resembled Pareto-optimal surfaces. Compared to maximal growth solutions, suboptimal growth solutions were characterized by higher species diversity, more balanced SCFA synthesis and lower exchange rates of crossfed metabolites between more species. We hypothesized that modulation of crossfeeding relationships through host-microbiota interactions could be an important means for maintaining species diversity and suggest that community metabolic modeling approaches that allow multiobjective optimization of growth and diversity are needed for more realistic simulation of complex communities.
CONSUMPTION OF DIFFUSE KNAPWEED BY TWO SPECIES OF POLYPHAGOUS GRASSHOPPERS (ORTHOPTERA: ACRIDIDAE) IN SOUTHERN IDAHO

Consumption of diffuse knapweed ( Centaurea diffusa Lam.) by 2 polyphagous grasshopper species, Melanoplus sanguinipes (F.) and Oedaleonotus enigma (Scudder), was studied using microhistological analysis of grasshopper crop contents. Grasshoppers were confined to cages containing C. diffusa and Sisymbrium altissimum L., a member of the mustard family known to be readily eaten by these 2 grasshopper species. Preference indices for knapweed were lower than for S. altissimum in 4 of 5 trials. An uncaged population of M. sanguinipes on a knapweed-infested site consumed only small amounts of knapweed until late summer when most other plants were senescent. Results suggested that diffuse knapweed s low palatability to generalist herbivores may confer to it a competitive advantage over other rangeland plants.
Fusion based Heterogeneous Convolutional Neural Networks Architecture

In recent years, Deep Convolutional Neural Networks (DCNNs) have gained lots of attention and won many competitions in machine learning, object detection, image classification, and pattern recognition. The breakthroughs in the development of graphical processing units have made it possible to train DCNNs quickly for state-of-the-art tasks such as image classification, speech recognition, and many others. However, to solve complex problems, these multilayered convolutional neural networks become increasingly large, complex, and abstract. We propose methods to improve the performance of neural networks while reducing their dimensionality, enabling a better understanding of the learning process. To leverage the extensive training, as well as strengths of several pretrained models, we explored new approaches for combining features from fully connected layers of models with heterogeneous architectures. The proposed approach combines features extracted from the penultimate fully connected layer from three different DCNNs. We merge the features of all three DCNNs together and apply principal component analysis or linear discriminant analysis. Our approach aims to reduce the dimensionality of the feature vector and find the smallest feature vector dimension that can maintain the classifier performance. For this task we use a linear Support Vector Machine as a classifier. We also investigate whether it is advantageous to fuse only penultimate fully connected layers, or to perform fusion based on other fully connected layers using multiple homogenous or heterogeneous networks. The results show that the fusion method outperformed both individual networks in terms of accuracy and computational time in all of our various trial sizes. Overall our fusion methods are faster and more accurate than individual networks in both training and testing. Finally, we compared heterogeneous with homogenous fusion methods and the results show heterogeneous methods outperform homogeneous methods.
Sound Appropriation and Musical Borrowing as a Compositional Tool in new electroacoustic Music

This text presents a compact historical survey of musical borrowing and sound appropriation from medieval chant through the latest digital experiments outside popular music involving extensive use ...
Maternal History of Cervical Surgery and Preterm Delivery: A Retrospective Cohort Study.

Abstract Introduction: Our aim was to investigate whether cervical conization and/or loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP) increases the risk of preterm delivery. Materials and Methods: We...
Constrained Load-Balancing Policies for Parallel Single-Server Queue Systems

Flow-control policies that balance server loads are well known for improving performance of queueing systems with multiple nodes. However, although load balancing benefits the system overall, it ma...
Activity Dependent Stimulation Increases Synaptic Efficacy in Spared Pathways in an Anesthetized Rat Model of Spinal Cord Contusion Injury

Abstract Objective The purpose of this study was to assess the ability of intraspinal microstimulation, triggered by action potentials (spikes) recorded in motor cortex, to alter synaptic efficacy in descending motor pathways in an anesthetized rat model of spinal cord injury. Approach Experiments were carried out in adult, male, Sprague Dawley rats with a moderate contusion injury at T8. Four weeks after SCI, and under ketamine/xylazine anesthesia, fine wire electromyographic (EMG) electrodes were implanted into four muscles of the right hindlimb. After exposure of the left motor cortex hindlimb area and laminectomy of the T13-L1 vertebrae, intracortical microstimulation (ICMS) and intraspinal microstimulation (ISMS) were used to determine the location of evoked hip movements in cortex and spinal cord, respectively. For activity-dependent stimulation sessions, a single shank, 16-channel, recording microelectrode was used to detect neuronal spikes in motor cortex that triggered ISMS in the spinal cord grey matter. Spinal cord injured rats were randomly assigned to one of four experimental groups differing by: a) cortical spike-ISMS stimulus delay (10 or 25 ms) and b) number of ISMS pulses (1 or 3). Activity-dependent stimulation sessions were conducted in three consecutive 1-hour conditioning bouts for a total of 3 hours. At the end of each conditioning bout, changes in synaptic efficacy were assessed using ICMS to examine the number of spikes evoked in spinal cord neurons during five minute test bouts. Evoked spikes were recorded, sorted, and displayed in post-stimulus spike histograms in 1-ms bins. Post-stimulus spike histograms and EMG recordings were characterized using stimulus triggered averaging techniques. Main results The results showed that activity-dependent stimulation resulted in an increase in cortically-evoked spikes in spinal cord neurons at specific combinations of spike-ISMS delays and numbers of pulses. Efficacy in descending motor pathways was increased throughout all dorsoventral depths of the hindlimb spinal cord, including the ventral horn, in the vicinity of motor neurons. Changes were evident in some conditions as early as 1 hour after conditioning. EMG responses were never evoked with ICMS pre-or post-conditioning. Significance These results show that after a spinal cord contusion injury, activity-dependent stimulation, consisting of cortical spike-driven ISMS, can increase synaptic efficacy in spared pathways between motor cortex and spinal cord. This suggests that activity-dependent stimulation may serve as an effective therapeutic approach for enhancing descending motor control after spinal cord injury.
Single Lumen Alternating Micro-Batch Hemodiafiltration (SLAMB-HDF): A Device for Minimally Invasive Renal Replacement Therapy

Blood-based RRT, such as hemodialysis, requires access to the bloodstream and adequate blood flow to enable the requisite clearance. As such, nearly all RRT systems require two lumens, enabling a blood circuit that pulls blood from one lumen or needle and returns it via another lumen or needle. The proposed single lumen alternating micro-batch (SLAMB) technique uses a small single lumen to draw a “micro” batch of blood into a single reservoir. In the reservoir, the “batch” of blood is circulated at a high blood flow rate through a hemofilter or hemodialyzer, enabling efficient small- and middle-molecule clearance. Thereafter, the “purified” blood is returned to the patient and the cycle is repeated. Each batch comprises 20–300 ml of blood, which is adjusted to the vascular access, hemodynamic status, and size of the patient. Up to 15 cycles can be done per hour, allowing this system to achieve a blood clearance level comparable to modern continuous RRT systems. Because the system can function with a small-bore single lumen, this device can work with existing central lines, thus allowing for less invasive vascular access. Because of their size and relative simplicity, SLAMB-based systems are less expensive, smaller, and have improved portability. Lastly, a similar, manual SLAMB-hemofiltration kit, which requires no electricity or battery, can be developed at low cost (
Mammalian Cell-Based Immunoassay for Detection of Viable Bacterial Pathogens.

Rapid detection of live pathogens is of paramount importance to ensure food safety. At present, nucleic acid-based polymerase chain reaction and antibody-based lateral flow assays are the primary methods of choice for rapid detection, but these are prone to interference from inhibitors, and resident microbes. Moreover, the positive results may neither assure virulence potential nor viability of the analyte. In contrast, the mammalian cell-based assay detects pathogen interaction with the host cells and is responsive to only live pathogens, but the short shelf-life of the mammalian cells is the major impediment for its widespread application. An innovative approach to prolong the shelf-life of mammalian cells by using formalin was undertaken. Formalin (4% formaldehyde)-fixed human ileocecal adenocarcinoma cell line, HCT-8 on 24-well tissue culture plates was used for the capture of viable pathogens while an antibody was used for specific detection. The specificity of the Mammalian Cell-based ImmunoAssay (MaCIA) was validated with Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis and Typhimurium as model pathogens and further confirmed against a panel of 15 S. Enteritidis strains, 8 S. Typhimurium, 11 other Salmonella serovars, and 14 non-Salmonella spp. The total detection time (sample-to-result) of MaCIA with artificially inoculated ground chicken, eggs, milk, and cake mix at 1-10 CFU/25 g was 16-21 h using a traditional enrichment set up but the detection time was shortened to 10-12 h using direct on-cell (MaCIA) enrichment. Formalin-fixed stable cell monolayers in MaCIA provide longer shelf-life (at least 14 weeks) for possible point-of-need deployment and multi-sample testing on a single plate.
Time-dependent pleiotropic phenotypes are caused by progressive DNA polymerase α deficiency in zebrafish

Abstract The mechanisms underlying variation in cell- and tissue-specific phenotypes caused by mutations are poorly understood. For example, why some cancers show cellular atypia more than others is unclear. As an illustration of phylogenetic variation in phenotype, mutations in a subunit of DNA polymerase α (Pol α), one of the primary eukaryotic replicative DNA polymerases, result in immediate cell cycle arrest in yeast and Arabidopsis; a null mutation in the same subunit results in lethality in 5 to 7 days in zebrafish, in association with striking tissue-specific, time-dependent pleiotropic cellular phenotypes. Here, we describe a zebrafish null mutant in the gene encoding the B subunit of Pol α, huli hutu (hht), in which cell death with nuclear fragmentation is found in the central nervous system where the largest number of cells arise, while cells present in smaller numbers, such as the gastrointestinal epithelial cells, instead show cellular atypia that is associated with hepatic dysgenesis and pancreatic and air bladder agenesis. Wild-type maternal mRNA in genotypically mutant eggs becomes undetectable by 24 hours post-fertilization (hpf). Furthermore, the treatment of wild-type larvae with DNA synthesis inhibitors aphidicolin or hydroxyurea from 24 hpf phenocopies hht. Taken together, the data are consistent with a model in which reduced capacity for cell proliferation caused by either genetic or chemical mechanisms of DNA synthesis beginning at about 24 hpf results in cell death in tissues with large cell number, and abnormal nuclear morphology in tissues with fewer cells, including the gastrointestinal tract.
Application of the Gram–Schmidt factorization of the deformation gradient to a cone and plate rheometer

In this paper, we study the cone and plate rheometer using the Gram–Schmidt factorization of the deformation gradient. This new solution has several advantages over the traditional approach. It is shown that with the use of these kinematics, one can avoid the need for using a convected, curvilinear, coordinate system, which often leads to cumbersome calculations. Here, the use of a convected coordinate system has been replaced with a certain orthonormal coordinate system that arises from the Gram–Schmidt factorization of the deformation gradient. Moreover, by using this solution procedure, it is possible to obtain the normal stress differences and shear stress explicitly. Therefore, this solution procedure opens up a possibility for characterizing material properties by using only a cone and plate rheometer.
Giant Cell Arteritis

Giant cell arteritis (GCA) in an autoimmune condition causing inflammation of the media of primarily large- and medium-sized arteries. It predominantly occurs in the elderly with increasing incidence with each decade after age 50. There are a number of ophthalmic symptoms including transient or persistent diplopia, transient or persistent vision loss, headache, eye pain, and photophobia. Ophthalmic signs include strabismus, optic disc pallor and edema from ischemic optic neuropathy, cotton wool spots, central retinal artery occlusion, and ocular ischemic syndrome manifesting such as retinal hemorrhages, neovascularization of the retina, angle, and iris, anterior uveitis, corneal edema, hypotony, and neovascular glaucoma. GCA has traditionally been treated with corticosteroids. Tocilizumab was approved in 2017 by the US FDA for treatment of GCA in conjunction with corticosteroids. However, ideal route and dose of corticosteroid initiation, and which patients benefit from the addition of tocilizumab and optimal timing for its initiation, are not well defined.
Website discourses and tourism place meanings: Comparing ski areas and adjacent rural communities

Abstract Contextualized within regional landscapes, ski areas and rural towns are tourist destinations as well as symbols of social and cultural identity – and in their website discourses, each asserts place meanings. This study examines how ski areas and adjacent rural communities used language, symbolism, and imagery to communicate destination images and meanings of place, and whether their website presentations aligned in promoting and marketing tourism attractions. Small, medium, and large ski areas in Vermont (USA), representing a range of sizes, locations, and tourism development levels, were paired with adjacent rural communities. Discourse analyses of visual and written texts from ski area and town websites identified individual differences in place presentation, as well as three general discourses that varied by scale: discourses of affiliation (small places), discourses of aspiration (medium-sized places), and discourses of appropriation (large places). These were elaborated along with a fourth discourse of imagined places common to all study sites that elevated place meanings to mythic levels. This research illustrates how ski areas and rural communities discursively construct place meanings that also vary by level of local tourism development. In doing so, though, they may ignore collaborative place-making opportunities in regional tourism planning and marketing.
The San Jacinto Monument: Over a Foot of Settlement, but Level

On March 6, 1836, General Santa Anna and his Mexican troops killed all those defending the Alamo Mission in San Antonio, TX. The Texans wished to be independent from Mexico and regrouped after this...
AN EXTENDED LINEARIZED INVERSE THEORY FOR FULLY CAVITATING HYDROFOIL SECTION DESIGN

A new design theory for fully cavitating hydrofoils is based upon a linearized inverse theory of two-dimensional cavity flows at arbitrary cavitation number. The cavity surfaces are assumed to originate at the leading and trailing edges of the wetted surface. This paper reviews and completes the basic theory, which leads to a parametric design technique. In the resulting design procedure, one specifies the design lift coefficient, the cavitation number and the upper cavity thickness at two points along the profile design, which consists of the upper cavity and wetted surface contours, the design angle of attack, the cavity length, the drag coefficient, the moment coefficient and the lift-to-drag ratio. The chief new feature of the third design procedure is that the designer can now prescribe two points on the cavity surface instead of one as heretofore. Although the designer must observe certain constraints when he specifies these two values of cavity thickness, the new procedure is still found to be more general and more flexible than design procedures studied previously.
From Tens to Trillions - Advances in Synthetic Combinatorial Chemistry of Peptides, Peptidomimetics and Heterocyclic Compounds Derived from Peptides

Introduction An important shortcoming in contemporary biomedical research has been the lack of substantive progress in reducing the cost and time, while ultimately increasing the success rate of drug discovery. In spite of the many advances in technology and basic understanding over the past decade, surprisingly little increase has occurred in the number of new drugs available. This problem has resulted in the longstanding and continuing reality in the pharmaceutical industry that new drugs coming into the marketplace are often mere modifications of existing chemical entities (“me too drugs”), rather than truly novel compounds that are actually optimal or unique to the target of interest. The revolutionary advances in combinatorial chemistry over the past 20 years now enable extremely large numbers of individual compounds to be synthesized. This has fostered a simple volume-driven approach not greatly different from that utilized for the past 50 years, but which in turn has several of its own challenges. The first involves the extremely large number, manner and format of compounds to be prepared and screened. The second involves the type(s) of assays with which these compounds can or should be used, and how the compounds should be tested in such assays. Both of these factors typically hamper academic and non-profit research organizations. It started with peptides! Over the course of the past 20 years, our group has been consistently working toward the development of new techniques to discover simple solutions or approaches to complicated concepts or methodologies. To this end, we have directed our efforts toward the conception and development of novel approaches that permit the simplification of synthetic and screening processes of value to the drug discovery process. These efforts have resulted in the development of five key technologies: (1) the “tea bag” method for solid phase synthesis [1]; (2) the use of “mixture-based” combinatorial libraries to identify highly active individual compounds from literally millions of others [2]; (3) the use of “positional scanning” approaches for the rapid identification of individual compounds from highly diverse mixture-based combinatorial libraries [3]; (4) the “libraries from libraries” method for the generation of very large acyclic and heterocyclic combinatorial mixture-based libraries [4]; and (5) the solid phase synthesis on “volatilizable” solid supports and linkers that can be completely removed by their ultimate decomposition and ultimate “volatilization” during the final cleavage step of the synthetic process [5].
Perceived importance of systems analysts' job skills, roles, and non-salary incentives

System analysts are service providers who are required to work closely with users for the purpose of defining, developing and implementing computer-based systems. Analysts and users in private organizations may have different expectations and proficiencies than those in public organizations, in part due to the types of applications required. Beliefs about how others are supposed to perform and what motivates them contribute to a variety of behavioral responses. Conflict between analysts and users may have serious consequences that can be very costly, such as poorly developed systems, behavioral dysfunctions (e.g., mistrust, avoidance, rejection), and negative user satisfaction. An interesting research question is whether perceptual differences exist among systems analysts and users about how systems analysts perform their jobs, as well as whether the perceptions are the same for public and private organizations. In a survey of perceptual differences about job skills, job roles, and non-salary incentives of systems analysts, results from872 questionnaires show that analysts and users differ significantly in their perceptions of skills and roles for systems analysts. Public and private systems analysts and users differ significantly on perception of all three measures. The results provide evidence that analysts, more so than users, recognize the importance of behavioral skills for effective development. This difference may be a major source of conflict, with users expecting analysts to exhibit technical skills in situations where behavioral skills are required. Public and private sector differences suggest that even though the process of systems development may be very similar, users and analysts in public organizations may, in fact, be different than their counterparts in private organizations. An exploration of these sector differences should be addressed by future research. Information systems managers may use the results to guide educational programs for users, develop better assessment measures for analysts, and establish better mechanisms for providing important non-salary incentives for analysts.
Senhoriagem ou soberania

Este artigo contrasta o conhecido conceito de senhoriagem com o de soberania, o qual relaciona a capacidade de o Estado emitir moeda denominada na unidade por ele escolhida, sem qualquer garantia explicita de conversibilidade, a um poder fundamental diretamente associado a nacoes soberanas. Qualquer Estado soberano com capacidade de impor tributos estara apto a emitir moeda fiduciaria, a definir exogenamente a taxa de juros basica e a financiar seus gastos na aquisicao de bens e servicos mediante a criacao de reservas bancarias, nao sendo necessario que o Estado se endivide antes de gastar. Muitas nacoes optaram por nao exercer esse poder soberano, escolhendo em contrapartida fixar as taxas de câmbio, emitir divida publico denominada em moedas estrangeiras, ou adotar o regime de currency board. Este artigo mostrara que isso e um equivoco e argumentara que a abordagem da soberania oferece instrumentos mais adequados a compreensao da operacao de sistemas monetarios modernos do que a nocao de senhoriagem Abstract This paper contrasts the well known concept of seigniorage with sovereignty. The sovereignty approach links the State’s ability to issue a currency denominated in the unit of account it has chosen, without any explicit guarantee that the currency will be converted to anything, to a fundamental power that is directly associated with sovereign nations. Any sovereign State that has the ability to impose tax liabilities will be able to issue a fiat money, to exogenously maintain overnight interest rates, and to deficit spend, purchasing goods and services by crediting bank reserves. It will never need to borrow before it can spend. Many nations have chosen not to exercise this sovereign power, choosing instead to fix exchange rates, to issue government debt denominated in a foreign currency, or to operate with a currency board. This paper will show why this is a mistake, and will argue that the sovereignty approach offers insights into operation of modern money systems that the notion of seigniorage cannot provide. Key words : Money. Sovereignty. Seigniorage. State money. Floating exchange rate system
Seasonal distribution of severe ADAMTS13 deficient idiopathic thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura

Background: Idiopathic thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) is a rare yet potentially fatal thrombotic microangiopathy. Severe deficiency of ADAMTS13 activity via autoantibody formation has been associated with idiopathic TTP; however, specific triggers are poorly defined. Previous studies have reported seasonal associations of TTP, with warm-weather seasons appearing to have the strongest predilection. We characterized the seasonal distribution of severe ADAMTS13 deficient idiopathic TTP at our multi-hospital institution. Methods: Apheresis records from 2005–2012 were queried for patients with a clinical diagnosis of TTP, accompanying pre-plasmapheresis ADAMTS13 activity <10%, and no other explanations for thrombotic microangiopathy. Date of admission and ADAMTS13 activity were collected. Both initial episodes and relapses in patients whose initial episodes occurred since 2005 were included in the analysis. Goodness-of-fit chi-square analysis was performed and statistical significance was defined as p<0.05. Results: Of 237 consecutive new patients with a suspected clinical diagnosis of TTP, 73 patients met inclusion criteria and had a total of 110 unique presentations for either initial TTP episodes or TTP relapses. Sixteen patients had 37 relapses of their idiopathic TTP (range 1–7). No statistically significant seasonal or monthly associations were identified with either initial or any TTP episodes. Conclusion: A seasonal association of severe ADAMTS13 deficient idiopathic TTP was not observed. Unknown variables may explain previous observations of seasonal associations of idiopathic TTP in other regions of the United States. Thus, individual institutions should characterize their own seasonal distributions of idiopathic TTP as part of the exploration of possible disease triggers in their respective areas. J. Clin. Apheresis 29:113–119, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Abstract MP54: Dietary Protein Lowers Obesity Risk in Middle-Aged Framingham Offspring Study Adults

Aging triggers increases in fat mass and changes in body composition. Since dietary protein may impact the balance of lean/fat mass, it has been suggested that current Dietary Guidelines for protein may be inadequate for older adults. Using data from the Framingham Offspring Study, we examined the role of dietary protein on body mass index (BMI), waist size, and risks of obesity and excess central adiposity in middle-aged adults. Dietary data were derived from 3-day records collected in exams 3 and 5 in 1490 subjects, ages 30-54 years who were free of diabetes, CVD and cancer. Protein intakes (total, animal, and plant) were expressed as weight-adjusted residuals to minimize potential confounding by body size. BMI and waist circumference were measured at each exam. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used to estimate mean follow-up BMI and waist size while controlling for the following potential confounders: age, sex, education, height, activity, smoking, total energy intake, % energy from fat, and baselin...
HEAVY-DUTY DIESEL EMISSIONS AS A FUNCTION OF ALTERNATE FUELS

Emissions for a modern heavy-duty diesel truck engine were characterized with five different fuels during transient and steady-state operation. A control fuel (Phillips D-2) was used for baseline emissions, and as base stock in three alternate fuel blends containing EDS or SRC-II middle distillates, or used lubricating oil. The fifth fuel tested was neat soybean oil, heated to 145 deg C. HC, CO, NOx, and particulate emissions were similar for this engine on all fuels tested, with the exception of higher particulates for the soybean oil and higher NOx for the SRC-II blend.
Nanostructuring MoS2 for Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting

ABSTRACT We synthesized molybdenum disulfide (MoS 2 ) nanostructures and investigated thei r electrochemical activity for driving the hydrogen evolution activity as well as their photoelectrochemical activity for the water splitting reaction. MoS 2 nanoparticles were made using a reverse micelle encapsulation method and exhibit quantum confinement of the indirect band gap up to 1.8 eV. A MoS 2 double-gyroid bi-continuous structure was made using an evaporation induced self assembly method. Both nanostructures exhibit improved activity for the hydrogen evolution reaction versus bulk MoS 2 . Photoelectrochemical activity was also observed in both nanostructures. Keywords: photoelectrochemistry, solar hydrogen, water splitting, molybdenum disulfide, quantum confinement, nanoparticles, double-gyroid 1. INTRODUCTION Based on currently available information, 1 mankind is expected to consume energy at a rate of approximately 17.0 TW in year 2010 with a concurrent generation of nearly 31 billion metric tons of carbon dioxide (CO
Diagnostic accuracy of exercise thallium-201 scintigraphy in men with asymptomatic essential hypertension.

Coronary artery disease is responsible for much of the morbidity and mortality in patients with essential hypertension, and these complications have proven to be relatively resistant to antihypertensive therapy. However, the diagnosis of coronary disease in the hypertensive population has been considered problematic. In the present study, 30 asymptomatic patients with mild to moderate hypertension with positive exercise electrocardiograms (ECG) or stress thallium-201 scintigrams underwent coronary angiography to determine the accuracy of these tests for coronary artery disease
Middle-School Mathematics Curricula and Students with Learning Disabilities: Is One Curriculum Better?

Little is known about how best to teach mathematics to students with learning disabilities. This study explored the performance and self-reported calculator use of 13 sixth-grade and 15 seventh-grade students with learning disabilities educated in either standards-based or traditional mathematics curricula on multiple-choice and open-ended assessments. Across both groups of students: (a) curriculum did not impact the number of problems students answered correctly, (b) students answered more problems correctly on the multiple-choice than on the open-ended assessments, (c) students self-reported low percentages of calculator use, and (d) curriculum did not impact students' self-reported calculator use. Overall, the results suggest that students with learning disabilities are not advantaged or disadvantaged by receiving either a traditional or a standards-based mathematics curriculum.
Isolation of Ice Nucleating Active Bacteria From Insects

In preparation for winter many insects enhance the supercooling capacity of their body fluids by 25°C or more, thereby avoiding the lethal effects of tissue freezing. A primary factor limiting supercooling capacity is the presence of nucleating agents that catalyze ice formation at high subzero temperatures. Two species of ice nucleating active (INA) bacteria, Enterobacter agglomerans and Enterobacter taylorae, the latter with previously unknown ice nucleating activity, were isolated from the gut of two species of field-collected beetles, Ceratoma trifurcata and Hippodamia convergens. Ingestion of these INA bacteria greatly diminished the capacity of our insect model, H. convergens, to supercool and caused freezing at temperatures as high as - 1.5°C. Removal or masking of endogenous INA bacteria may be a major factor in the cold-hardening of freeze intolerant insects for winter survival. Furthermore, these bacteria may provide a novel biological insecticide to control overwintering pest insects by decreasing their natural capacity to supercool.
Synchrotron Radiation from an Intense Auroral Z-Pinch Recorded in Prehistory

Summary form only given. A direct correlation of some dozens of morphologies of Z-pinch instabilities to archaic petroglyphs, thought to date to 3000-2000 BPE, has been made. The accuracy of the petroglyphs in depicting MHD instabilities suggests the influx to Earth of intense plasma, visible as highly collimated synchrotron light from sub-gigampere currents. Data obtained by GPS logging the locations of archaic petroglyphs throughout the American Southwest, Valcamonica Italy, Northern South American, Australia, and Chile indicates that the plasma influx was into the Earth's southern magnetic pole. In all cases the petroglyphs have a southern field-of-view (FOV) component. The southern horizon inclination angles of the carvings are nearly zero degrees at 50 degrees latitude north increasing to a maximum of about forty degrees inclination at latitude 31 degrees south. At mid and southerly latitudes, knife-edge apertures consisting of the slope of a canyon wall or rocks meters away to mountain ranges tens of kilometers to the south were used for light shielding. At high northerly latitudes, the Earth's curvature served this purpose. Estimates of the luminosity of the synchrotron radiation are made
Energy distribution curves of photoelectrons emitted by solutions

Abstract A method is described for the determination of the energy distribution curves of photoelectrons emitted by solutions of sufficiently low vapor pressure. Results are reported and analyzed qualitatively for emission by lithium ferro-cyanide in glycerol. The method allows the study of (a) energy transfer during the motion of quasi-free electrons in polar liquids of low vapor pressure, and (b) generation of quasi-free electrons by optical excitation.
Optical-cavity-assisted four-wave parametric amplification of atomic fields

We consider a system composed of a cavity field, a counterpropagating pump laser field, and a two-level Bose condensate travelling along a direction normal to the optical fields. We reduce the system, in the limit of first-order scattering approximation, to a four-wave parametric amplifier involving three momentum modes and an effective two-photon cavity mode. We treat this wave mixing as a multimode ``laser'' operation, and discuss the mode-locking condition under which these ``laser'' modes can be synchronized to operate in a continuous wave fashion. We derive the threshold lasing condition and discuss it in analogy with the Raman-anti-Stokes process in nonlinear optics. We develop a matrix formalism that enables the longitudinal spatial degree of freedom to be integrated analytically, leading to an efficient numerical algorithm for determining the steady states and their stabilities. Numerical examples will be provided and discussed. In particular, instability analysis seems to suggest Bose-Einstein condensate holds a great promise for nonlinear instability studies because of its unprecedented long interaction time with photons.
The Older and Long Term Inmate Growing Old in the New Jersey Prison System

(1989). The Older and Long Term Inmate Growing Old in the New Jersey Prison System. Journal of Offender Counseling Services Rehabilitation: Vol. 13, No. 2, pp. 215-248.
Long-term memory: Disruption by inhibitors of protein synthesis and cytoplasmic flow

Abstract Colchicine (60 μg/kg), an inhibitor of axoplasmic transport, administered subcutaneously to mice had no detectable effect on retention when given shortly after active avoidance training, nor did a pretraining injection of anisomycin (ANI) have an amnesic effect. However, when ANI was administered shortly prior to training and colchicine was administered after training, retention performance was impaired. The amnesic effect was dependent on the time at which colchicine was administered. The amnesic effect was also obtained when ANI was combined with either vinblastine (6 μg/kg) or podophyllotoxin (3 μg/kg), drugs that inhibit axoplasmic transport. Intracerebral injections of colchicine (60 ng to 60 pg) caused amnesia in subjects pretreated with ANI, but not in subjects pretreated with saline. Lumicolchicine, an isomer of colchicine, which has similar central nervous system effects but has a low binding affinity for microtubule protein, did not impair retention in ANI pretreated mice. It is suggested that axonal transport of recently synthesized protein is required for long-term memory storage.
Normal PTH Levels in Primary Hyperparathyroidism: Still the Same Disease?

Purpose Previous studies have suggested that primary hyperparathyroidism (pHPT) with only normal parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels is a milder, less symptomatic form of pHPT. This study investigates symptoms, laboratory values, imaging, and outcomes of sporadic pHPT patients with normal PTH values.
Complement fixation with a mouse tumor virus (S.E. polyoma).

Complement fixation tests with tissue-culture antigens indicated that polyoma virus is serologically unrelated to a wide variety of known viruses; antibody developed uniformly in mice given virus intraperitoneally or intranasally and was found in normal animals of several mouse colonies but not in human beings.
On the nature of modified composite electrical effect parameters

It is shown that a correlation of some property, reactivity or biological activity with pure parameters can also be carried out with composite parameters to produce a model with comparable statistics. Modified composite electrical effect parameters can be obtained from known composite electrical effect parameters by means of an algorithm such as σX♦ = (σX + c)m in which σX♦ is the modified composite electrical effect parameter (MCEEP), σX the original composite electrical effect parameter, c a constant and m an exponent. MCEEPs were calculated from this equation with c equal to 2 and m ranging from −4 to 4 when σX is σm or σp, and from −2 to 2 when it is σp+. They were used to model 10 sets of chemical reactivities that had previously been correlated with the pure parameters σ1, σd and σe, which represent the localized (field), intrinsic delocalized (resonance) and electronic demand sensitivity electrical effects, respectively. In most cases both the pure and the modified composite parameters give comparable fits to the data as measured by the values of 100R2, in accord with the prediction. The composition of the MCEEPs was a linear function of m. The advantage in using pure parameters is that they are readily interpretable. Correlations with composite parameters can be interpreted only if their composition has been determined. These results provide an understanding of the way in which topological parameters work. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The International Infrastructure of Area Studies Centers Lessons for Current Practice From a Prior Wave of Internationalization

Existing studies of the internationalization of higher education have detailed the broad contours of change in the new “global” era, but they have told us much less about the individuals and proces...
Practitioner Review: Psychosocial interventions for children with selective mutism: a critical evaluation of the literature from 1990–2005

Background: There have been several reports of successful psychosocial interventions for children with selective mutism (SM), a disorder in which a child consistently fails to speak in one or more social settings (e.g., school) despite speaking normally in other settings (e.g., home). The present literature review was undertaken in order to provide an up-to-date summary and critique of the SM treatment literature published in the past fifteen years. Methods: PubMed, PsycINFO, and Web of Science databases were searched to identify SM treatment studies published in peer-reviewed journals between 1990 and 2005. Results: A total of 23 studies were included in the present review. Of these, ten used a behavioral/cognitive behavioral approach, one used a behavioral language training approach, one used a family systems approach, five used a psychodynamic approach, and six used multimodal approaches to SM treatment. Conclusions: Although much of this literature is limited by methodological weaknesses, the existing research provides support for the use of behavioral and cognitive-behavioral interventions. Multimodal treatments also appear promising, but the essential components of these interventions have yet to be established. An outline of a cognitive-behavioral treatment package for a typical SM child is provided and the review concludes with suggestions for future research. Keywords: Anxiety, behavior therapy, elective mutism, psychotherapy, selective mutism, therapy. Selective mutism (SM) is a childhood disorder characterized by a persistent failure to speak in certain social situations. SM was first identified in 1877 by Adolf Kussmaul, who termed the condition ‘aphasia voluntaria.’ It was later named ‘elective mutism,’ reflecting the belief that children with the condition were actively choosing not to speak (Krysanski, 2003). This name was retained in the International Classification of Diseases: ICD-10 (World Health Organization, 1992), but was changed to ‘selective mutism’ in the last two revisions of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: DSM-IVTR (American Psychiatric Association, 2000), emphasizing the situational nature of SM and the conception that children are not willfully refusing to speak. Despite having been identified over a century ago, SM received little systematic attention in the psychological and psychiatric literature until the last two decades.
RECONSTITUTION OF FUNCTIONALLY ACTIVE THERMUS AQUATICUS LARGE RIBOSOMAL SUBUNITS WITH IN VITRO-TRANSCRIBED RRNA

Functionally active large ribosomal subunits of thermophilic bacterium Thermus aquaticus have been assembled in vitro from ribosomal proteins and either natural or in vitro-transcribed 23S rRNA and 5S rRNA. Sedimentation properties of reconstituted subunits were similar to those of native ribosomal 50S subunits. Subunits reconstituted with in vitro-transcribed rRNAs exhibited high activity in the peptidyl transferase assay and in a poly(U)-dependent cell-free translation system (22 and 30%, respectively, compared to that of native 50S subunits). Catalytic activity of reconstituted subunits critically depended on the presence of 5S rRNA. rRNA mutations known to affect functions of the native ribosome produced similar effects in reconstituted T. aquaticus 50S subunits. Subunits assembled with in vitro-transcribed T. aquaticus 23S rRNA containing the G2267A mutation (G2252A in Escherichia coli), which interferes with binding of peptidyl-tRNA in the ribosomal P-site, showed drastically reduced peptidyl transf...
Reactions rates of (p,n) and (α,n) reactions important to nucleosynthesis

The use of a 6 MV Van de Graaff accelerator for the studies of (p,n) and (α,n) reactions in intermediate mass nuclei is described with particular emphasis on the measurement of proton strength functions in the atomic-mass range from 88 to 124. The neutrons are detected in a 60-cm-diameter polyethylene sphere detector with an efficiency which is independent of energy for neutrons having energies between 30 keV and 2.5 MeV. In some cases, cross sections for the inverse reactions have been obtained using the principle of detailed balance. Nucleosynthesis reaction rates NA (σv) have been determined in most cases. The (p,n) reaction studies are of interest in establishing reaction systematics for p-process nuclei.