cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of phase morphology on bulk strength for power-law materials

S U M M A R Y The strength of a polyphase aggregate comprising power-law materials is a function of the constitutive laws of the phases present, the arrangement of those phases and environmental conditions such as temperature. Primarily for geological applications, we consider the degree to which the arrangement of the phases has a significant influence on bulk strength. Calculations based on current single-mineral experimental data indicate that the absolute and relative strength differences between the upper and lower theoretical bounds vary widely with mineral pair, environmental conditions and strain rate. For example, at 850 ◦C, some pairs, such as plagioclase–clinopyroxene, are highly sensitive to phase morphology, whereas others, such as quartz–plagioclase, are not. Using a finite-element implementation of asymptotic expansion homogenization, we have calculated the bulk strength of natural and synthetic microstructures across macroscale strain gradients.We find that phasemorphology does not change sufficiently in most cases to be the dominant factor in bulk strength variation. Thus on its own, phase morphology in an aggregate of power-law materials does not appear to be a major control on bulk strength under typical viscous geological conditions. However, phase morphology does affect microscale stress and strain rate patterns, which in turn can induce microscale variations in constitutive laws and diffusional pathways. These factors, including reactions and changing deformationmechanisms, are strongly influenced by phasemorphology and do cause strength variation in rocks. As a result, any parametrization of rock strength needs to account for evolving modal mineralogy and deformation mechanisms in addition to morphological changes alone.
Global sections of diffspec

Abstract It is well-known that the ring Γ(X, O X ) of global sections of X= diffspec R is not necessarily isomorphic to R , in contrast to the situation for spec. In this paper we examine three reasons for this phenomenon: differential zeros, differential units, and the non-principality of a certain Gabriel topology. We give examples and make connections with the work of Keigher and Buium.
Interaction ofTriticum boeoticum cytoplasm and genomes ofT. aestivum andT. durum: Restoration of male fertility and plant vigor

Male-sterile plants of reduced vigor were obtained by substitutingT. aestivum and/orT. durum genomes into the cytoplasm ofT. boeoticum, T. monococcum and amphidiploidT. boeoticum-A. squarrosa. Apparent segregation for plant vigor occurred even in advanced generations of the following backcross progenies:T. boeoticum/12*T. durum, T. monococcum/10*T. durum, T. boeoticum/2*T. durum//7*T. aestivum, amphidiploidT. boeoticum-A. squarrosa/6*T. durum and amphidiploidT. boeoticum-A. squarrosa/8*T. aestivum. Highly fertile F1 hybrids of normal vigor were obtained from crosses of A lines of common wheat in the cytoplasm of amphidiploidT. boeoticum-A. squarrosa orT. timopheevi with R lines having male fertility restoring factors fromT. boeoticum, T. boeoticum-A. squarrosa andT. zhukovskyi. Apparently, ‘vigor-genes’ complemented the male fertility restoring genes to produce fertile hybrids of normal plant vigor in the crosses amphidiploidT. boeoticum-A. squarrosa/6*T. aestivum, Chris//amphidiploidT. boeoticum-A. squarrosa/T. durum/T. aestivum, Chinese Spring, andT. zhukovskyi/3*T. aestivum, Justin F8 R lines.
Development Assistance: Ruined Hopes and Great Expectations in Africa

This paper highlights the difficulties and complexities of development assistance projects through an analysis of 2 Urban Functions in Rural Development projects conducted by the US Agency for International Development (AID) in Upper Volta and northern Cameroon in 1977-82. The general objectives of the Upper Volta project were to carry out urban function studies develop a plan for strengthening the contributions of urban centers to rural development develop a list of investment priorities for facilities and services and increase the capacities of the Ministry in planning processes and methods. The 2-year project was hindered by a 1-year delay in initiating assistance due to difficulties in locating a contractor. In addition the contractor and other team members felt there was little justification for studies of spatial organization in a country with so much evident need; rather they focused on a small rural works program and establishment of effective local government producing an inconsistency between team activities and the original project agreement. A request by the team to extend the project 1 year beyond its official completion date to compensate for early delays was rejected by USAID. Nonetheless there was agreement that the project had a small positive impact in Upper Volta. Key lessons from Upper Volta were transferred to the Cameroon project. Although this project was judged to have achieved its objective of preparing a regional plan and of identifying programs for facilities services and small-scale enterprises it was beset by problems of inexperience and technical underqualification of team members poor communication inconsistency of USAID guidelines and methodological confusion. It is suggested that a central challenge for such programs is to create a body of qualified Americans who can work with their local counterparts in meeting the challenges of development. A measure of the success or failure of these projects should be the degree to which learning contributes to improved performance.
ON PURE SUBNORMAL OPERATORS WITH FINITE RANK SELF-COMMUTATORS AND RELATED OPERATOR, TUPLES

In this paper, we study the model of a pure subnormal operator with finite rank self-commutator and of the relatedn-tuple of commuting linear bounded operators. We also give some applications of the model to the theory ofn-tuples of commuting operators with trace class self-commutators.
EPR spectra and structure of the chlorotrifluoroethylene and bromotrifluoroethylene radical anions

Abstract EPR spectra attributable to the halogenotrifluoroethylene radical anions have been generated by electron attachment in solid solutions at low temperatures. The spin density distribution in these radicals strongly suggests that the unpaired electron occupies a σ* orbital, a conclusion which is supported by CNDO/2 calculations.
Quark-soliton model of nucleon structure and reactions

Abstract A summary of recent and current research on the Soliton Bag Model is presented. The unique feature of the model, namely dynamics, is emphasized, since this permits calculation of reactions within the frame-work of the covariant effective Lagrangian. One gluon exchange effects are included.
Calorimetric studies of the interactions of guanidinium hydrochloride and potassium iodide with model amides in aqueous solution.

The enthalpies of transfer, ΔHtr, of a series of amides from water to aqueous solutions of either guanidinium hydrochloride (GuHCl) or potassium iodide were obtained from calorimetric measurements at 25°C. The amides were studied at molalities around 10−2m while salt molalities ranged from 0–10 m. The amides investigated were Ac-Gly-NHMe, Ac-Gly-Gly-NHMe, Ac-Ala-NHMe, and Ac-Leu-NHMe. Use of an additivity assumption allowed the calculation of group contributions to ΔHtr in these two salt systems for the methyl group, leucyl side chain, and the peptide backbone unit. Values of the entropy of transfer were also obtained. The great ability of GuHCl to randomize protein structures appears to arise from effects on polar and nonpolar groups, which are characterized by enthalpies and entropies of transfer not substantially different from those with KI, a salt comprised of ions of comparable size and polarizability. The difference in the sign of the free energies of transfer of nonpolar groups from water to MX solutions, negative for GuHCl and positive for KI, is the result of these small differences in enthalpies and entropies of transfer. Variations in water structure produced by differences in ionic properties rather than a mode of action for GuHCl very different from that of other salts characterizes its superior denaturing ability.
How Students Pay for College: Temporal and Individual Variation.

College students' finances are of considerable public interest student finances influence student choices. and student choice, have public consequences. Moreover much public money is spent to assist students financially. Yet remarkably little is known about student finances, particularly as they vary on overtime or among individuals. This study provides, some results in this area. Based on two sources of data yearly surveys of college freshmen, and a longitudinal survey of one high-school class nationwide it decomposes student expenditures on college according to the source of funds. It then examine, file resulting distribution as it varies overtime and among students who live in different places, who performed differently in high school, and who come from backgrounds of different affluence. The ditribution does vary with these variables, but the author concludes there is little evidence that current public aid programs are misdirected.
GLOBAL SUPPLY CHAINS: RESEARCH AND APPLICATIONS

In this paper, we present a review of the models for the management of global supply chains and some evidence concerning current practice. Our review is restricted to the literature on intrafirm global supply chains and is motivated by empirical data concerning the extent of intrafirm globalization. The review of the literature suggests that research has not evolved in a coherent manner, while the data suggest that the extent of globalization is also hard to gauge. Indeed, the journey toward supply chain globalization is far from over. Significant gaps exist between theory and the practice. We conclude with a summary of directions for future research.
The Global Distribution of Income in 2050

Summary Several recent papers have explored the history of the global income distribution and point to some improvements: a falling global Gini coefficient, a falling poverty rate, and falling poverty headcounts. This paper uses the simple accounting procedure (SAP) discussed by Bhalla [Bhalla, S. S. (2002). Imagine there’s no country: Poverty, inequality and growth in the era of globalization. Washington, DC: Institute for International Economics] and the International Futures Model [Hughes, B. B., & Hillebrand, E. E. (2006). Exploring and shaping international futures. Boulder, CO: Paradigm Publishers] to project the global distribution of income in 2015 and 2050. The results suggest that unless the OECD countries start growing more slowly than is now commonly assumed or broad swaths of the developing world substantially improve their economic performance beyond that experienced in the last 25 years, the global income distribution will soon start to worsen again.
Oxyanion Behavior in Alkaline Environments: Sorption and Desorption of Arsenate in Ettringite

Arsenate sorption by ettringite [Ca6Al2(SO4)3(OH)12·26H2O] is examined as adsorption and coprecipitation systems at alkaline pH (10.0−12.5) and for a wide range of As(V) concentration ( 2.0 mM) precipitated new unidentified microcrystalline minerals at the expense of ettringite. Concentrated As(V) solution exposure to coprecipitating ettringite poisoned ettringite crystal growth, with precipitation of some microcrystalline minerals. Sorbed As(V) was also not desorbable in the presence of concentrated sulfate and high ionic strength solutions. Details of As(V) adsorption and coprecipitation systems and inferences on As(V) molecular interactions are proposed.
Spontaneous mammary carcinomas fail to induce an immune response in syngeneic FVBN202 neu transgenic mice.

FVBN202 mice, which are transgenic for the rat neu gene, spontaneously develop mammary carcinomas between 6 and 7 months of age. We investigated whether these spontaneous tumors (spontaneous breast carcinoma cells, SBCC) could elicit an immune response in naive 6- to 8-week-old FVBN202 transgenic and FVBN nontransgenic mice. After s.c. injection of SBCC, the recently activated T cells, which were identified by their reduced expression of CD62L (L-selectin), were isolated from the draining lymph nodes, expanded with anti-CD3 and IL-2, and their cytokine response to tumor cells in vitro was analyzed. Tumor-vaccine draining lymph node lymphocytes (TVDLN) from transgenic mice failed to make IFN-γ in response to the tumor cells. However, TVDLN from the nontransgenic mice exhibited a tumor-specific IFN-γ response against the SBCC. This indicates that the SBCC are immunogenic. The lack of response in transgenic mice could not be attributed to cytokine immune deviation or T-cell signaling defects. Although transgenic mice were tolerant to their own tumors, their immune competence was established by their ability to respond in an allogeneic mixed lymphocyte reaction, to reject an allogeneic breast carcinoma cell line, and to produce a tumor-specific IFN-γ response against a syngeneic cancer cell line. This transgenic mouse model provides the opportunity to investigate the immune response against a primary tumor cell culture rather than cell lines or clones and should prove useful for developing immunotherapies that overcome tolerance to self-tumor antigens. Int. J. Cancer 87:688–694, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
ON-ROAD EMISSIONS OF CARBONYLS FROM LIGHT-DUTY AND HEAVY-DUTY VEHICLES

Vehicle emissions are a major source of carbonyls, which play an important role in atmospheric chemistry and urban air quality. Yet, little data are available for speciated carbonyls emitted by veh...
Interannual variability of vegetation over the Indian sub-continent and its relation to the different meteorological parameters

The dynamic nature of climate over Indian sub-continent is well known which influences Indian monsoon. Such dynamic variability of climate factors can also have significant implications for the vegetation and agricultural productivity of this region. Using empirical orthogonal function (EOF) and wavelet decomposition techniques, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) monthly data over Indian sub-continent for 18 years from 1982 to 2000 have been used to study the variability of vegetation. The present study shows that the monsoon precipitation and land surface temperature over the Indian sub-continent landmass have significant impact on the distribution of vegetation. Tropospheric aerosols exert a strong influence too, albeit secondary to monsoon precipitation and prove to be a powerful governing factor. Local climate anomaly is seen to be more effective in determining the vegetation change than any global teleconnection effects. The study documents the dominating influence of monsoon precipitation and highlights the importance of aerosols on the vegetation and necessitates the need for remedial measures. The present study and an earlier one point towards a possible global teleconnection pattern of ENSO as it is seen to affect a particular mode of vegetation worldwide.
A rapid and convenient method for measuring the swelling of coals by solvents

Abstract The volumetric swelling procedure developed by Liotta was applied to a pair of coals using 10 solvents. The results were compared with the results of gravimetric swelling experiments. Good straight-line correlations having slopes of 0.93 (Bruceton coal) and 1.01 (III. No. 6 coal) were observed. The much more rapid and convenient volumetric swelling procedure gives the same results as the gravimetric procedure. Additionally, no correction for pore volume is necessary with the volumetric procedure. From plots of the gravimetric vs. volumetric swells, the accessbile pore volumes of the coals can be determined. They are 21% and 15% for Bruceton and III. No. 6 coals, respectively.
A voyage to the ancient oceans

Paleoceanography. By T.J.M. Schopf. Pp.341. ISBN 0-674-65215-0. (Harvard University Press: 1980.) $32.50, £17.50.
Osteoporosis knowledge and attitudes: a cross-sectional study among college-age students.

Objective: The authors' purpose in this study was to investigate the influence of knowledge of osteoporosis, attitudes regarding osteoporosis, and knowledge of dietary calcium on dairy product intake in both male and female college-age students. Participants: The authors conducted this cross-sectional study on 911 men and women enrolled in 2 demographically similar universities. Methods: A modified osteoporosis knowledge questionnaire assessed participant's general osteoporosis knowledge and perceived disease risk. Results: The authors found that knowledge of osteoporosis and calcium did not significantly influence dairy product intake. Attitude regarding osteoporosis was a significant predictor of dairy product intake in men but was not significant for the women. Conclusions: The authors recommend development and implementation of educational programs designed to increase awareness of calcium-rich food sources as well as other risk factors of this crippling disease.
The regulation of COQ5 gene expression by energy source.

The degree of severity of cardiomyopathy is inversely correlated with tissue levels of coenzyme Q (Q), suggesting that Q synthesis may impact the progression of the disease. It has been suggested that Q functions as an endogenously synthesized anti-oxidant, in addition to regenerating the potent anti-oxidants, vitamins E and C. However, very little is known about the mechanisms that regulate Q synthesis. Using the simple eukaryote Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a model, experiments have been designed to investigate the regulation of Q synthesis at the genetic level. To investigate the regulation of COQ5 gene expression by energy source, mRNA content was evaluated in yeast cells treated with dextrose, glycerol or oleic acid. After 1.5 h, more COQ5 mRNA is produced by oleic acid treated cells than by glycerol treated. Experiments performed using COQ5 promoter deletion/reporter constructs demonstrate a specific response to oleic acid. Additional promoter deletion analysis demonstrates that a non-fermentable car...
Inhibition of oligosaccharide processing and membrane morphogenesis in retinal rod photoreceptor cells.

Abstract Castanospermine (Cas), an inhibitor of alpha-glucosidase I, blocks "trimming" of the N-linked oligosaccharide Glc3Man9GlcNAc2, thus preventing normal glycoprotein maturation. With use of a dual-label protocol, Xenopus retinas incubated in the presence of Cas exhibited at least a 2.3-fold increase in the incorporation of [3H]mannose into total retina Cl3CCOOH-precipitable material, whereas incorporation of [14C]leucine was not significantly affected, relative to controls. Analysis of NaDodSO4/PAGE fluorograms of solubilized retinas and rod outer segment (ROS) membranes indicated a relatively selective effect of Cas on opsin (the rod visual pigment apoglycoprotein). The apparent molecular mass of opsin was increased by approximately 2500 in the presence of Cas; the incorporation of [3H]mannose into opsin was enhanced about 2.3-fold without a significant effect on [14C]leucine incorporation, relative to controls. Electron microscopic autoradiography of retinas incubated for 4 hr with [3H]mannose showed that the number of newly formed ROS discs in Cas-treated retinas was not significantly different from controls, but the silver grain density over those discs was about 2.6-fold greater than in controls. The morphology of the newly formed discs was comparable under both conditions. Thus, opsin bearing abnormally large oligosaccharides can be accommodated in the process of disc morphogenesis. These results suggest that the structural requirements for opsin's oligosaccharides, with regard to their potential role as determinants of disc morphogenesis, are not stringent. Furthermore, post-translational processing of N-linked oligosaccharides is not essential for the normal intracellular routing and cell surface expression of membrane glycoproteins.
Tetralogy of Fallot With Absent Pulmonary Valve Syndrome

Tetralogy of Fallot with absent pulmonary valve syndrome is a rare variant of tetralogy of Fallot marked by severe pulmonary insufficiency in utero and significant, sometimes massive, dilation of the pulmonary arteries. This syndrome can be associated with airway abnormalities that can cause respiratory compromise. Patients who present with respiratory symptoms early in life continue to present a major clinical challenge associated with relatively high mortality rates, typically in the 20% to 30% range. A variety of surgical techniques have been developed to address absent pulmonary valve syndrome that may improve long-term outcomes.
A High Frame Rate Hybrid X-Ray Image Sensor

This paper describes a solid-state image sensor for high-speed X-ray imaging. The sensor is made up of a light sensitive detector layer bump-bonded to a readout integrated circuit (ROIC). The detector layer is high resistivity n-type silicon and is fully depleted in operation. The p-implanted islands are used to define pixel regions with 100-μm × 100-μm area. The detector layer contains 852 × 209 pixels indium bump-bonded to four identical CMOS ROICs. Each ROIC contains 213 × 209 pixels and is fabricated using a 0.25-μm CMOS process. The ROIC utilizes a capacitive transimpedance amplifier-type front-end coupled to a switched capacitor analog memory. This architecture allows storage of eight frames for high-speed burst imaging of up to a million frames per second, followed by a slower multiplexed readout. Details of the sensor design and operation are presented together with characterization results.
Non-random chromosome positioning in human sperm and sex chromosome anomalies following intracytoplasmic sperm injection

Chromosome paint for chromosome 18 hy b ridised in more than 80% (190/234) of sperm examined, and chromosome paint for X chromosome hy b ridised in just over 40% ( 2 3 0 / 5 5 3 ) . The sperm tail was used as a reference to identify apical or basal position. Chromosome 18 was found near the s p e rm tail in almost 60% of the sperm (113/190), while the X chromosome was found near the sperm tail in less than 40% ( 8 8 / 2 3 0 ) . This shows that chromosome 18 is preferentially l o c ated in the basal region of the sperm nucleus, while the X chromosome is preferentially located in the apical regi o n . The placement of chromosomes within the sperm nucleus m ay have implications for assisted reproductive technologi e s ( A RT ) , and may help explain the apparent increase in sexchromosome aberr ations in ICSI offspri n g . This increase could be due to the fact that the X chromosome in sperm nuclei preferentially localises in the apical regi o n .I n such n u c l e i , the S-phase of the cell cycle may be delayed due to the decreased rate of nuclear decondensation in the apical regi o n of the sperm head, h i n d e ring progression to the onset of firs t mitosis in the zygote. This may lead to mitotic err o rs in the d i s t ri bution of the X chromosome during first cleava g e , implying that such positioning of the sex chromosome could lead to the increase in sex-chromosome anomalies follow i n g I C S I . All animal procedures were approved by the ORPRC Institutional A n i m a l Care and Use Committee. Human sperm were obtained from the Fo l l a s L a b o r at o ries after Institutional Review Board approva l .This research wa s sponsored by grants to GS by the NIH.
Practical implementation of lobster-eye optics

The concept of the lobster eye optics was proposed in the nineteen seventies. It has gained widespread interest in x- ray astronomy for its potential for constructing compact and focusing x-ray all sky monitors with unprecedented sensitivities. The majority of the efforts of developing a practical implementation of this optics has been devoted toward slumping square-pore micro-channel plates. While the advantages of the slumped micro-channel plates are obvious in that they can achieve potentially arc-second angular resolutions, the smoothness requirements for reflecting x- rays are hard to meet by micro-channel plates. It is not clear how the interior of the micro-channel plate pores can be polished to the desired smoothness. In this paper we propose the feasibility of a more straightforward approach of implementing the lobster eye optics with flat glass mirrors assembled in a standard Kirkpatrick-Baez configuration. We demonstrate with both simulations and laboratory test results that this implementation is both practical and meets al the requirements of an x-ray all sky monitor.
Boundary penalty techniques

Abstract We examine techniques for enforcing Dirichlet boundary data in finite element solution of boundary-value problems. The common programming strategy of adding a large number to certain diagonal entries and scaling the right-side is compared with penalty methods. By selectively underintegrating the continuous penalty formulation and selecting the penalty parameter e−1 optimally as a function of mesh size h we deduce the ‘large number’ strategy and hence show that the optimal rate is preserved. Numerical experiments to study the rates for continuous penalty, underintegrated penalty and ‘large number’ strategies corroborate the argument.
Space and Time Hierarchies for Classes of Control Structures and Data Structures

Control structures and data structures are modeled by directed graphs. In the control case nodes represent executable statements and arcs represent possible flow of control; in the data case nodes represent memory locations and arcs represent logical adjacencies in the data structure. Classes of graphs are compared by a relation ≤S.T where G ≤S.TH if G can be embedded in H with at most a T-fold increase in distance between embedded nodes by making at most S “copies” of any node in G. For both control structures and data structures, S and T are interpreted as space and time constants, respectively. Results are presented that establish hierarchies with respect to ≤S.T for (1) data structures, (2) sequential program schemata normal forms, and (3) sequential control structures.
The ‘crowding-out’ effect of governmental transfers on private charitable contributions

The above analysis provides support for the proposition that governmental social-welfare transfers have actually served to attenuate private charitable giving. Our finding of less-than-total crowding out tends to reject both the ultrarational and BGR hypotheses for society as a whole. However, our results do not preclude the possibility that some contributors have been completely crowded out nor that some contributors have been unaffected by increases in governmental transfers.
Presence of cell and virus specific sequences in the same molecules of nuclear RNA from virus transformed cells.

Hybridization studies show that nuclear RNA in transformed cells contains both host and virus specific sequences. This suggests virus-specific mRNA could be formed by selective cleavage of high molecular weight nuclear RNA.
Delayed Vision Loss and Therapeutic Intervention After Blast Injury

Explosive blasts associated with even mild traumatic brain injury can lead to substantial but delayed visual deficits, even in the absence of overt clinical presentation. 1 There are two major challenges for these patients: lack of sensitivity in diagnostic testing to reveal the visual deficit and a dearth of viable treatment options to restore lost vision. In this issue of IOVS, Dutca et al. 2 induce mild traumatic brain injury by exposing mice to a blast wave in a closed chamber. They provide compelling evidence that pattern electroretinogram (pERG) testing is effective for detecting early and delayed vision loss in their mouse model. They report an initial decrease in the pERG at 1 week after blast followed by a transient recovery and then further decline 16 weeks after blast. In contrast, cell death was limited to a subset of retinal ganglion cells (RGC) in the first week after blast. They do not report death of other cell types. The lack of outer retina damage, which is a hallmark of closed globe blunt injury, suggests that their model mimics blast, not blunt, trauma. Their detection of delayed vision loss in the absence of cell death is in agreement with our studies using an eye-directed air blast trauma model that also showed delayed and primarily inner retina driven vision loss (by flash ERG) 3 and may suggest inner retinal cell dysfunction. The detection of delayed vision loss in our models supports their clinical relevance, which is very promising for the development and testing of potential therapeutics. In fact, Dutca et al. 2 test the efficacy of a promising compound. In light of their visual function results, and ours, it may be worthwhile to assess the sensitivity and accuracy of the pattern or flash ERG in trauma patients.
Sen's capability approach and Post Keynesianism: similarities, distinctions, and the Cambridge tradition

The capability approach to human development, proposed by Amartya Sen and others, is now a prominent perspective within welfare economics and development economics. I argue that the capability approach, like Post Keynesianism, can be situated within the Cambridge economic tradition, a tradition grounded on classical economics, and characterized by an ontological focus on themes such as openness and uncertainty, and by a common social philosophy. Furthermore, I argue that the capability approach and Post Keynesianism can be seen as complementary and mutually enriching approaches.
Rapid diagnosis of echovirus type 33 meningitis by specific IgM detection using an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).

Abstract During an outbreak of meningitis in France (in the Lyon area), from June to October 1982, serum and stool samples were collected from 227 patients. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for titrating IgG and IgM antibodies anti-echovirus type 33 was developed and compared with the virus isolation technique, and with the titration of neutralizing antibodies. In 39 patients excreting echovirus 33 in faeces, the ELISA test allowed a positive serodiagnosis in 85% of the cases by detection of specific IgM (64% of the cases) and by seroconversion (21%). Compared with the neutralization (Nt) test, ELISA was found to be more sensitive. The antibody titres in ELISA were over 50 times higher and detected earlier than the neutralizing antibodies. This early immune response allowed a rapid diagnosis by specific IgM detection in the acute sera collected within 8 days after the appearance of the clinical symptoms in more than 50% of the 97 patients examined, whereas the Nt test allowed a positive serodiagnosis in only 32% of the patients. The use of a caesium chloride purified antigen insured the specificity of the reactions.
Antabuse contracts for married alcoholics and their spouses: A method to maintain antabuse ingestion and decrease conflict about drinking ☆

Abstract Antabuse is widely used in alcoholism treatment as a deterrent to impulsive drinking when the alcoholic encounters some temporary life crisis or other stressful situation. Unfortunately, Antabuse therapy often is not effective because the alcoholic discontinues the drug prematurely. Marital conflicts and arguments, frequently about past drinking or the likelihood of future drinking, are an important stressor that can lead the newly abstinent alcoholic to relapse. The Antabuse Contract procedure is designed (a) to maintain Antabuse ingestion and abstinence from alcohol and (b) to decrease alcohol-related arguments and interactions between the alcoholic and his/her spouse. In the Antabuse contract the alcoholic agrees to take Antabuse each day while the spouse observes. The spouse, in turn, agrees to record the observation of the Antabuse-taking on a calendar provided by the therapist. Finally, the couple agree to refrain from discussions about the alcoholic's past or possible future drinking. This report describes the Antabuse contract procedure in detail, discusses resistances and problems commonly encountered in using the procedure, and presents two case illustrations of successful use of the procedure.
EVALUATION OF A TEACHING LABORATORY USING A CADAVER MODEL FOR TUBE THORACOSTOMY

A prior study evaluated the efficacy of a dog laboratory to teach residents chest tube thoracostomy. This study evaluated a similarly structured program using human cadavers. A prospective repeat measure study of chest tube thoracostomy placement training was performed in a university laboratory setting using human cadavers. Ten Emergency Medicine residents were given a written pretest, followed by training. Resident attempts were then timed. The following day, a repeat test was administered. Three weeks later, a third written post-test was conducted. The written test scores improved for every participant. Mean times for procedure completion improved from 86 sec to 34 sec during the first session, and remained stable over 4 attempts from 30 sec to 32 sec during the second session. This approach to teaching clinical procedures should be considered for Emergency Medicine residency programs and for continuing education courses that emphasize procedural skills.
COUNSELORS’ CLOTHING: IMPACT AND MEANING IN THE COMMUNITY COLLEGE

Counselors’ clothing nonverbally conveys to potential clients cues about counselors. This study examined the impact of counselors’ clothing on community/technical college students’ willingness to discuss personal, academic, and vocational concerns and explored the effectiveness of counselors’ attire in conveying four facilitative counseling conditions: empathy, warmth, genuineness, and concreteness. Ninety‐one students in an upper midwest community/technical college rated male and female counselors each waring six forms of dress. Results of the multivariate analysis of variance showed that counselor attire differentially affected students’ willingness to discuss concerns and their ratings of the counselors’ facilitative conditions. The formality of counselors’ attire did not appear to be a construct important in understanding the students’ differential evaluations of counselors. Suggestions for the dress of counselors in community colleges are discussed.
Ketamine attenuates early lipopolysaccharide-induced gastric dysfunction: role of stress-inducible phosphoproteins.

Background Ketamine exerts anti-inflammatory actions and attenuates lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced gastric dysfunction by an unknown mechanism. Because stress-inducible phosphoproteins mediate many inflammatory responses, we hypothesized that ketamine would disrupt the early signaling events of LPS-induced inflammation by altering phosphorylation of stress-inducible phosphoproteins JNK, p38, and IkB. Methods Adult rats received saline or ketamine (70 mg/kg, intraperitoneal) 1 hour before LPS (20 mg/kg, intraperitoneal) or saline. Animals were killed at 15, 30, 45, and 60 minutes after LPS, gastric mucosa was harvested, and gastric volume and pH were recorded. Gastric mucosal phosphorylation of JNK, p38, and IkB-alpha were analyzed with a multiplexed suspension immunoassay. Results Ketamine-attenuated LPS induced increases in gastric luminal fluid and pH. Control animals receiving saline or ketamine and no LPS had gastric volumes of 0.1 mL and luminal pH of 2 at all time points. LPS upregulated phosphorylation of JNK, p38, and IkB-alpha as early as 15 minutes after LPS. Ketamine did not effect the early phosphorylation of these proteins. Conclusion Endotoxin causes gastric dysfunction and upregulates stress-inducible phosphoproteins within minutes after LPS. Although ketamine attenuates gastric dysfunction, its salutary effects do not seem to be related to alterations in phosphorylation of JNK, p38, or IkB-alpha.
On the graph complement conjecture for minimum semidefinite rank

In this note, we combine a number of recent ideas to give new results on the graph complement conjecture for minimum semidefinite rank.
BAY K 8644 increases release of acetylcholine at the murine neuromuscular junction

In this study we describe the stimulatory effects of submicromolar concentrations of BAY K 8644 on neurally evoked and spontaneous release of transmitter at the vertebrate neuromuscular junction, a model cholinergic synapse. BAY K 8644 increases mean quantal content. This effect is blocked by pretreatment with the dihydropyridine (DHP) antagonist, nimodipine, but nimodipine itself had no effect on quantal content. Furthermore, BAY K 8644 induces a marked increase in spontaneous quantal release of transmitter as measured by miniature endplate potential frequency. These results are important in that they indicate that DHP-sensitive Ca2+ channels exist at motor nerve terminals and when activated can participate in transmitter release; second, they imply that these elements do not normally participate in transmitter release; third, they indicate a functional effect of DHPs on neurons under somewhat more relevant physiological conditions than those imposed by prolonged K+-induced depolarization, a technique used to evoke transmitter release in subcellular systems and fourth, they indicate an effect of BAY K 8644 on spontaneous release of transmitter, an effect not reported in previous neurochemical experiments.
Upregulation of VEGF-C by androgen depletion: the involvement of IGF-IR-FOXO pathway

Androgen ablation therapy is eventually followed by a more metastatic and androgen-refractory stage of prostate cancer. The detailed molecular mechanism of this gradual transition is not clearly understood. Recent reports correlate the high abundance of vascular endothelial growth factor-C (VEGF-C) to the lymph node metastasis seen in human prostate cancer (Tsurusaki et al., 1999). In this study, we report that androgen ablation in LNCaP cells augment the transcriptional upregulation of VEGF-C and the downregulation of the IGF-IR pathway, due to androgen withdrawal, is a potential mechanism for this observed VEGF-C transcription. Forkhead transcription factor FOXO-1, activated by SIRT-1, was identified as the downstream molecule within this pathway. Furthermore, the VEGF-C-induced increase of Bag-IL expression in LNCaP cells suggests that VEGF-C plays a role in the androgen-independent reactivation of the androgen receptor, resulting in androgen-refractory prostate cancer growth.
Modeling microgrid islanding problems as DCOPs

In this paper, we formulate the microgrid islanding problem as distributed constraint optimization problem (DCOP) and investigate the feasibility of solving it using off-the-shelf DCOP algorithms. This paper puts forward the potential of distributed constraint reasoning paradigm as a candidate for solving common microgrids problems.
Reactions of Iodoperfluoro-3-oxaundecylsulfonyl Fluoride with Halohydrocarbons through Organometallic Intermediates.

Iodoperfluoro-3-oxaundecylsulfonyl fluoride reacted with Cu, Zn, or Grignard reagent to produce the respective organometallic species, which was further reacted with halohydrocarbons 4-ClC6H4Br, 4-CH3C(O)C6H4Br, CH2CHCH2Br, and CH3SiCl, to give derivatives of R(CF2)8O(CF2)2SO2F [R = 4-ClC6H4 (7), 4-CH3C(O)C6H4 (5), CH2CHCH2 (3), and CH3Si (13)], in moderate yields. The compounds were characterized by NMR, infrared, and mass spectroscopy as well as elemental analyses. The addition product of trichlorosilane and 3 was reacted with sodium methoxide to give (12H,12H,13H,13H,14H,14H-hexahydroperfluoro-3-oxatetradecyl methylsulfonate) trimethoxysilane, [(CH3O)3Si(CH2)3(CF2)8O(CF2)2SO3Me] (11).
Expectations and Share Prices

It is generally believed that security prices are determined by expectations concerning firm and economic variables. Despite this belief there is very little research examining expectational data. In this paper we examine how expectations concerning earning per share effect share price. We first show that knowledge concerning analyst's forecasts of earnings per share cannot by itself lead to excess returns. Any information contained in the consensus estimate of earnings per share is already included in share price. Investors or managers who buy high growth stocks where high growth is determined by consensus beliefs should not earn an excess return. This is not due to earnings having no effect upon share price since knowledge of actual earnings leads to excess return. Much larger excess returns are earned if one is able to determine those stocks for which analysts most underestimate return. Finally, the largest returns can be earned by knowing which stocks for which analysts will make the greatest revision in their estimates. This pattern of results suggests that share price is affected by expectations about earnings per share. Given any degree of forecasting ability managers can obtain best results by acting on the differences between their forecasts and concensus forecasts.
Derivation of Neurons with Functional Properties from Adult Limbal Epithelium: Implications in Autologous Cell Therapy for Photoreceptor Degeneration

The limbal epithelium (LE), a circular and narrow epithelium that separates cornea from conjunctiva, harbors stem cells/progenitors in its basal layer that regenerate cornea. We have previously demonstrated that cells in the basal LE, when removed from their niche and cultured in reduced bond morphogenetic protein signaling, acquire properties of neural progenitors. Here, we demonstrate that LE-derived neural progenitors generate neurons with functional properties and can be directly differentiated along rod photoreceptor lineage in vitro and in vivo. These observations posit the LE as a potential source of neural progenitors for autologous cell therapy to treat photoreceptor degeneration in age-related macular degeneration and retinitis pigmentosa.
Syn-bishydroxymethyl-14-crown-4: A possible pre-organized molecule for simultaneous lithium complexation and anion solvation

Abstract The synthesis and molecular structure of syn-6,13-bishydroxymethyl-14-crown-4 is reported. Conformational analysis reveals that the gauche arrangement between the ethereal oxygens (-O-CH 2 CH 2 -O- units) is the preferred conformation. The CH 2 OH groups bonded to the ring, point away from the cavity and have a syn relationship. The synthetic route is elucidated by the crystal structure of 6,13-dimethylenyl-14-crown-4-LiSCN complex.
Electrothermal Atomization for Atomic Absorption Analysis

Some years ago, flame methods of spectrochemical analysis were very popular. In recent years atomic absorption in flames has been extensively applied to the analysis of both industrial and geologic materials. Now the application of electrically heated tubes for evaporation and atomization of samples promises to provide the basis for even greater sensitivity and accuracy. In the furnace, we have an inert, nonturbulent, slow moving atmosphere with a controllable uniform temperature. The gas stream in the furnace is at a lower temperature than the walls. This tends to force suspended particles to the center where they evaporate and pass on into the light beam. It also tends to minimize or eliminate memory effects and matrix effects. The operation of the furnace is described and results are given for the analysis of samples containing diverse matrix elements.
RSC: A CALCULUS OF SHAPES

Constructive Solid Geometry (CSG) is a mathematical modeling scheme for representation of physical objects [12]. In recent years, CSG has become popular as an underlying logical model in Computer Aided Design/Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAD/CAM) systems for definition of mechanical parts [3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11]. Fundamental simplicity of CSG together with its sound mathematical basis are reasons for this popularity. This paper discusses a number of problems in CSG's modeling of solid objects. In particular, treatment of assemblies in CSG is shown to be inconsistent. As an alternative, a new coherent mathematical scheme, called Realizable Shape Calculus (RSC), is presented. RSC is a modeling formalism in the same spirit as CSG, for consistent representation of physical objects — assemblies as well as connected pieces.
False lock and bifurcation in costas loops

New results are given on the phenomenon of data-related false lock in a Costas loop that contains a perfect integrator in its loop filter. The input carrier to the loop is assumed to be bi-phase modulated with a $T'$ periodic binary sequence constructed from Manchester symbols; there are P symbols per period. As a result, the false locked loop is described by a non-linear system with periodic coefficients. A loop gain parameter $\delta $ appears in this system, and it is used as a perturbation parameter. A constant $\omega _f $ also appears; this constant represents the closed loop frequency error in the false locked loop. Under some general conditions on modulation m it is shown that bifurcation occurs at $\delta = 0$ in this equation for each value$\omega _f = k[ \pi/T'],\,k = 1,2, \cdots $. For each of these values the nonlinear system is shown to have four distinct periodic solutions. The loop has a false locked state that corresponds to each solution. A simple test is derived to analyze the stability...
1290 TRANSIENT HYPERAMMONEMIA OF PREMATURITY (THP): RESPONSE TO HEMODIALYSIS (HD)

A 2.5 kg male infant delivered at 35 weeks gestation developed generalized seizure activity, then coma at 24 hours of age. Plasma ammonia at 36 hours of age was 2575 μg/dl. The concentration of citrulline in the blood was 109 μM, that of arginine was 145 μM; argininosuccinate was absent, and urinary orotic acid excretion was 46 μg/mg creatinine. Volatile fatty acids in plasma were normal as was the plasma glycine concentration (530 μM). A diagnosis of transient hyperammonemia of prematurity was made and therapy begun. Despite four three-volume exchange transfusions and a constant arginine infusion of 4 mM/kg/day in a single 24 hour period, which increased the plasma arginine and ornithine to greater than 2000 μM, the plasma ammonia concentration remained greater than 1000 μg/dl. The infant underwent three hours of hemodialysis performed via an “umbilical shunt” at 62 hours of age. This lowered ammonia from 2184 to 275 μg/dl and was associated with complete reversal of neurological depression. Ammonia clearance by HD was calculated to be 40 ml/min at a blood flow of 60 ml/min. Ammonia levels continued to fall without further therapy and remained within the normal range (<100 μg/dl) for the duration of hospitalization even after commencement of formula feedings. We conclude that HD is an effective therapy for THP and should be considered in centers equipped for this procedure.
Solid-state systems for the electron electric dipole moment and other fundamental measurements

In 1968, Shapiro published the suggestion that one could search for an electron dipole moment (EDM) by applying a strong electric field to a substance that has an unpaired electron spin; at low temperature, the EDM interaction would lead to a net sample magnetization that can be detected with a superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) magnetometer. One experimental EDM search based on this technique was published, and for a number of reasons including high sample conductivity, high operating temperature, and limited SQUID technology, the result was not particularly sensitive compared to other experiments in the late 1970s. Advances in SQUID and conventional magnetometery led us to reconsider this type of experiment, which can be extended to searches and tests other than EDMs (e.g., test of Lorentz invariance). In addition, the complementary measurement of an EDM-induced sample electric polarization due to application of a magnetic field to a paramagnetic sample might be effective using modern ultrasensitive charge measurement techniques. A possible paramagnetic material is Gd-substituted yttrium iron garnet which has very low conductivity and a net enhancement (atomic enhancement times crystal screening) of order unity. Use of a reasonable volume (hundreds of ${\mathrm{cm}}^{3})$ sample of this material at 50 mK and 10 kV/cm might yield an EDM sensitivity of ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}32} \mathrm{e}\mathrm{}\mathrm{cm}$ or better, a factor of ${10}^{5}$ improvement over current experimental limits.