cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Testing guaranteed exponentiality

Among distributions that are used in survival analysis, of interest to us here is the Guaranteed exponential (for details about the distribution, see Gross and Clark 7). In this article, we present a new approach to testing guaranteed exponentiality. Using engineering data on the number of load cycles until a crack appears in the titanium and steel sheet in aircraft, medical data on the number of weeks tumor patients survived, data on modulus of rupture, a measurement on the breaking strength of lumber, and original I.Q. data on 112 children attending kindergarten classes in San Jose and San Mateo Counties, CA, we illustrate our method. The first two data sets are known to follow exponential distribution, while the last data set is known to follow normal distribution. Our method confirms these and nonexponentiality for the third data set. A discussion on the merits and disadvantages of our approach is included. Based on simulation, a comparison is made between the power of our test and EDF test statistic A2. Our test has excellent power for many nonexponential alternatives.
Sexual Assault Perpetrators’ Justifications for Their Actions Relationships to Rape Supportive Attitudes, Incident Characteristics, and Future Perpetration

Perpetrators use rape supportive attitudes and sexual assault incident characteristics to justify forcing sex on their victims. Perpetrators who can justify their behaviors are at increased risk for future perpetration. This study examined the relationships between rape supportive attitudes, sexual assault incident characteristics, and the post-assault justifications of 183 men sampled from the community who self-reported committing at least one act of sexual aggression. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses indicated that rape supportive attitudes, expectations for having sex, misperceptions of sexual intent, victims' alcohol consumption, attempts to be alone with her, and the number of consensual sexual activities prior to the unwanted sex were significant predictors of perpetrators' post-assault use of justifications. Greater use of justifications was a significant predictor of sexual aggression over a 1-year follow-up interval. These findings demonstrate the need for further research exploring when and why perpetrators use post-assault justifications and whether they are amenable to change.
Oxygen isotopes in subducted oceanic crust: A new perspective from Siberian diamondiferous eclogites

[1] There are three methods of investigating the oxygen-isotope composition of oceanic crust: (1) data from drilling-obtained samples; (2) study of obducted ophiolites; and (3) from crustal-derived xenoliths; however, each approach has limitations. Drilling capabilities are limited to the upper 1–3 km of the oceanic crust. Ophiolites are segments of oceanic crust and underlying mantle exposed at the Earth's surface, but their origin and emplacement are still debated. Nonetheless, the study of ophiolite sequences has enabled many of the fundamental observations regarding ancient-oceanic crust and the oxygen-isotope signature of the upper mantle. Analyses of ophiolite sequences (e.g., Samail) reveal δ18O variations ranging from isotopically enriched in relation to MORB (δ18O > MORB) to isotopically depleted (low δ18O ≤ MORB), interpreted to show the effects of seawater interaction at different temperatures. Mantle-derived xenoliths also display compelling geochemical evidence suggesting they are remnants of subducted ocean crust, and may in fact, be more representative samples. Some kimberlite-hosted diamondiferous eclogite xenoliths, with crustal protoliths, reveal a marked oxygen-isotope disparity between oceanic crust and the upper mantle; i.e., a bimodal distribution of both mantle-like (δ18O ≈ 5.6‰) and isotopically enriched oxygen (δ18O ≈ 6.8‰). The isotopically high δ18O values are often observed in eclogite xenoliths with ultramafic protoliths, which form beyond the low-temperature alteration zone. This finding is in contrast to traditional oxygen-isotope versus depth-curves of ophiolite sequences. Here, we present a compiled data set from Siberian eclogites and pyroxenites that illustrates this bimodality, using magnesium number (Mg#) as a depth proxy, and investigate the conditions that could potentially result in the observed “abnormal” oxygen-isotope variations.
Kidney diseases caused by glomerular basement membrane type IV collagen defects in dogs.

Objective To review the pathogenesis, as well as the clinical and pathologic features of canine glomerular diseases caused by genetic type IV collagen defects. Data Sources Original studies and review articles from human and veterinary medical fields. Human Data Synthesis Presence in glomerular basement membranes (GBM) of a network composed of α3.α4.α5 heterotrimers of type IV collagen is required to maintain structure and function of glomerular capillary walls. Veterinary Data Synthesis Hereditary nephropathy (HN) is the most commonly used name for kidney diseases that occur in dogs due to genetic type IV collagen abnormalities. To date, 4 different collagen IV gene mutations have been identified in dogs with HN; 2 are COL4A5 mutations that cause X-linked HN (XL-HN), and 2 are COL4A4 mutations that cause autosomal recessive HN (AR-HN). Affected males with XL-HN and affected males and females with AR-HN develop juvenile-onset kidney disease manifested by proteinuria typically starting at 3–6 months of age and followed by progressive kidney disease leading to terminal failure usually at 6–24 months of age. Carrier female dogs with XL-HN also develop proteinuria starting at 3–6 months of age, but progressive disease causing kidney failure is uncommon until they are >5 years old. The distinctive pathologic lesions of HN are extensive multilaminar splitting and thickening of the GBM, as demonstrated by electron microscopy, and abnormal type IV collagen α-chain content of basement membranes, as demonstrated by immunolabeling. Identification of the underlying gene mutations has permitted genetic testing and selective breeding practices that currently are minimizing HN in breeds known to be at risk. Conclusions Canine HN is a rare disease that should be considered whenever a dog exhibits a juvenile-onset kidney disease characterized partly by proteinuria, but highly specialized methods are required to pursue a definitive diagnosis.
The Continuous Graph FFT

The discrete Fourier transform and the FFT algorithm are extended from the circle to continuous graphs with equal edge lengths.
HYDROGEN-BORON INTERACTION AND ITS EFFECT ON THE DUCTILITY AND FRACTURE OF Ni3Al

Abstract Ni 3 Al alloys, of nominal composition Ni-24 at.% Al and three different B concentrations (50, 100 and 500 wppm), were tensile tested at room temperature in high-purity H 2 gas at pressures ranging from ∼6 × 10 −8 to 7 × 10 3 Pa. The highest elongations to fracture were obtained in ultrahigh vacuum: ∼36, 45 and 60% for the 50, 100 and 500 wppm B alloys, respectively. With increasing H 2 pressure, the ductility of all three alloys dropped precipitously. Accompanying this drop in ductility was a change in the fracture mode from predominantly transgranular to predominantly intergranular. An intriguing result of our present study is that, at the higher H 2 pressures employed, B-doped Ni 3 Al (50 or 100 wppm) is brittle and fractures predominantly intergranularly, whereas B-free Ni 3 Al is ductile and fractures predominantly transgranularly. This result indicates that B—by possibly promoting the dissociation of molecular H 2 into atomic H— embrittles Ni 3 Al in a dry H 2 environment, unlike in H 2 O-containing environments, where B suppresses grain boundary fracture and improves the ductility of Ni 3 Al. © 1997 Acta Metallurgica Inc .
Thermal energy loss mechanisms in micro- to nano-scale devices

In micro- and nano-scale resonators, a key performance metric is the quality factor (Q), which is the ratio of stored mechanical energy to the energy dissipated. In well-optimized designs, Q is limited by thermal physics and specific energy loss mechanisms including thermoelastic, Akhieser, and Landau-Rumer damping. The relative importance of each effect depends on the time and length scales dominating the device. Most published analyses focus on special regimes where only one mechanism dominates, though real devices may operate in regimes that are not the limiting case. This paper presents thermal damping across the range of frequency and length scales. Data on acoustic loss is compared with theory.
Erythroplasia of Queyrat (Bowen's disease of the glans penis).

It is suggested that the designation of erythroplasia of Queyrat should be restricted to cases of Bowen's disease or intraepithelial carcinoma of the glans penis in order to exclude more clearly the benign erythroplasias of the penis. Therapeutic measures should be directed at cure but also the maintenance of sexual and urethral function and sensation when possible. Traditionally, both invasive carcinoma and carcinoma-in-situ have been treated by amputation, electrosurgical dessication, or radiation therapy, and more recently topical chemotherapy for the superficial lesions. A mold technique with accurate dosimetry is described for use in an extensive case of erythroplasia of Queyrat involving the glans, prepuce and two-thirds of the shaft with a successful early result and preservation of function and sensation to date.
A Maximum-Likelihood Model-Fitting Approach to Conducting a Hayman Analysis of Diallel Tables with Complete or Missing Data

A method is presented for conducting a Hayman analysis of non-replicated diallel tables using a maximum-likelihood (ML) model-fitting approach, rather than a traditional analysis of variance (ANOVA) approach. Hayman's linear model for a diallel analysis is used to generate a table of expected cell means. This table of expected cell means is fit to a table of observed cell means, and the fit is assessed using a chi-square value. Often data collected from diallel crosses fail to meet the underlying assumptions of ANOVA. The ML method makes no assumptions about equal cell sizes or homogeneity of variance. Thus, the ML method for diallel analysis provides some statistical advantages over ANOVA methods. The ML method also offers the advantage of having the ability to analyze diallels with missing cells. Using the ML method, incomplete diallel tables can be analyzed, and the partitioning of all the sources of variation in a diallel table is still accomplished from the remaining crosses. These advantages make the ML method an attractive approach for extracting the maximum amount of information from a diallel table.
Responses of heart and scaphognathite rates in Cancer borealis and C. irroratus to hypoxia.

Abstract 1. 1. Heart and scaphognathite rates of two decapod crustaceans Cancer borealis and C. irroratus were measured under declining oxygen conditions. 2. 2. Heart rate was monitored by an external impedance electrode technique preventing injury to the animal. 3. 3. The heart and scaphognathites show a similar regulatory response to diminishing oxygen conditions. 4. 4. The relationship between frequency modulation of the respiratory rates and the existence of a central coordinating system between heart and gill-bailers is being pursued.
Analysis of selected mono- and dimethyl substituted biphenyls by combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

Low resolution mass spectrometric studies were carried out on biphenyl, the 2-, 3- and 4-methyl substituted biphenyls, the 2,2′-, 2,3′-, 2,4′-, 3,3′-, 3,4′- and 4,4′- dimethyl substituted biphenyls, in addition to diduryl. Number and position of the methyl substituent have a marked effect on the observed fragmentation. In biphenyl and the monomethyl series [M – 1] is a major fragment whereas in the dimethyl series and diduryl the [M – 15] represents a significant ion species. A methyl located in the ortho position results in the greatest influence on the cracking pattern. Potential mechanisms are discussed.
A general time-to-energy transform of wavepackets. Time-independent wavepacket-Schrödinger and wavepacket-Lippmann—Schwinger equations

Abstract Recently, new time-independent wavepacket-Schrodinger and wavepacket-Lippmann—Schwinger equations have been derived making use of absorbing potentials. We show that these equations, which are characterized by the occurrence of an initial ¢L2-wavepacket source of scattered waves, can be gotten without introducing the absorbing potential. We also show that a powerful method of solving the equations can be based on a Chebychev representation of the causal full Green function, combined with the distributed approximating function representation of the system Hamiltonian, and we present two example applications illustrating approach.
A socioeconomic comparison of vocational interests: Implications for co̧unseling

Abstract Interpretation of test results for special groups of students has long been a problem facing counselors. This study was designed to assess the effects of socioeconomic status on the results obtained from the Ohio Vocational Interest Survey (OVIS). The sample consisted of 200 ninth grade students, one-half of whom represented the inner-city disadvantaged, with the remaining one-half representing a high socioeconomic level. Disadvantaged males displayed significantly higher interests for all 24 OVIS work areas; disadvantaged females recorded significantly higher interests for 18 of the 24 work areas. Established OVIS norms were compared with the interest patterns of each group, thus providing a reference point from which to work when counseling special students. It was concluded that established norms were of little value in interpreting OVIS results to inner-city disadvantaged students, especially males.
Persistence of disturbed adipocyte metabolism in sterptozocin-induced diabetic rats despite near-euglycemia with phlorizin

Abstract It is widely accepted that hyperglycemia per se incites and perpetuates the diabetic state be adverse effects on β cell insulin secretion and peripheral insulin action. Examination of the latter locus has revealed glucose-related abnormalities in facilitated glucose transport. Beyond the plasma membrane, however, there is scant data examining whether hyperglycemia influences important intracellular metabolic events. We recently described a sizable reduction in post-transport, in situ metabolism in permeabilized fat cells from streptozocin-induced diabetic rats. Of importance, the diabetes-related deficit was entirely ameliorated by insulin therapy. In this study we examined whether hyperglycemia per se contributes to this altered intracellular metabolic effect. By infusing phlorizin, near euglycemia was achieved for at least four days in streptozocin-induced diabetic rats. The phlorizin-treated diabetic rats had improved (intact cell) rates of insulin-stimulated 2-deoxyglucose uptake. Despite this, permeabilized fat cell studies revealed non improvement or deterioration in diabetic intracellular metabolism as measured by both the oxidation of [6- 14 C]glucose-6-phosphate via the citric acid cycle or its incorporation into triglyceride. We conclude that hypoinsulinemia, and not hyperglycemia, mediates the disturbance in porous diabetic adipocyte cellular metabolism.
Integrating geographical information systems and multiple criteria decision-making methods

Abstract Many spatial decision-making problems, such as site selection or land use allocation require the decision-maker to consider the impacts of choice-alternatives along multiple dimensions in order to choose the best alternative. The decision-making process, involving policy priorities, trade-offs, and uncertainties, can be aided by Multiple Criteria Decision making (MCDM) methods. This paper presents a framework for integrating geographical information systems (GIS) and MCDM methods. In this framework the MCDM methods are classified and matched with choice heuristics used by the decision-makers in the presence of competing alternatives and multiple evaluation criteria. Two strategies for integrating GIS with MCDM are proposed. The first strategy suggests linking GIS and MCDM techniques using a file exchange mechanism. The second strategy suggests integrating GIS and MCDM functions using a common database. The paper presents the implementation of the first strategy using PC-ARC/INFO, a file exchange ...
Dementia consults: Predictors of compliance by primary care physicians

This study was designed to determine rates of primary care physician compliance with recommendations made by physician-consultants at an Alzheimer's disease center. A mail survey was sent to primary care physicians, who were asked to indicate which recommendations had been implemented and to select reasons for lack of adherence. The response rate was 53 percent (49/92). Some 83 percent of recommendations were implemented. Compliance with medical recommendations was higher (87 percent) than with social or behavioral issues (69 percent). Reasons for noncompliance indicated that patient or family barriers were responsible in 48 percent of cases, while physicians were responsible in 24 percent. These findings validate the development of two educational programs: curricula that support the primary care physician in conveying the value of these interventions and guidelines to assist specialists in communicating treatment recommendations.
Clinical relapse in systemic lupus erythematosus: correlation with antecedent elevation of urinary free light-chain immunoglobulin.

This paper reports preliminary evidence suggesting that measurements of free light-chain Ig (FLIg) in urine may represent quantitative markers ofin vivo polyclonal B-cell activation. Thus, longitudinal levels of urinary FLIg in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) may be used to track or monitor thein vivo immunopathologic B-cell activity of SLE and be helpful in predicting a disease relapse. Our findings showed that dramatic rises in urinary FLIg occurred during asymptomatic intervals that preceded by 4–8 weeks the first symptomatic signs of acute SLE relapse. These results suggest that a sizable lead time may exist between the occurrence of immunopathologic B-cell stimulation and the resultant symptoms and tissue damage of immune complex-induced acute inflammation. In these studies the measurement of urinary FLIg was accomplished by an indirect method using ng-sensitive radioimmunoassays (RIAs) that measured isotypic IgG, IgA, IgM, total κ-Ig, and total λ-Ig. As a control for the assessment of renal tubular function and the excretion of low molecular weight proteins in SLE patients, longitudinal measurements of beta-2-microglobulin (B2M) and lysozyme were made using a novel solid-phase3H-biotin RIA technique.
Mass spectra of fluoroxy and related compounds

Abstract Mass spectra have been obtained for CF 3 OF, CF 2 (OF) 2 , CF 3 OOF, CF 3 OOCF 3 and CF 3 OOOCF 3 . Examples are given of the utility of mass spectrometry for preparation, identification, purification and use of such reactive reagents.
A Literacy Hour in the Nursery? The Big Question Mark

Abstract This paper challenges the assumption that the Literacy Hour is suitable, in some form, for the ‘nursery’ phase of preschool care and education. It begins with an analysis of the model of literacy which dominates government approaches to raising literacy standards in the UK and finds it to be mechanistic and brutal. The Literacy Hour is analysed in some detail and the problems it poses for early years literacy and the professional training of literacy teachers are outlined. The paper concludes with a ‘manifesto’ setting out the values and appropriateness of 24‐hour literacy in the early years.
The stoichiometry of the reaction of the spin labeling of F-actin and the effect of orientation of spin-labeled F-actin filaments.

Abstract The electron spin resonance (ESR) spectra of actin from rabbit skeletal muscle spin labeled with nitroxide analogs of N -ethylmaleimide were studied. When N -(1-oxyl-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidinyl)maleimide was added to F-actin there was a preferential reaction of 1 mole of label per 46,000 g of actin. The ESR spectrum of oriented films of spin labeled F-actin varied depending on the orientation with respect to the applied magnetic field, suggesting that the label had a preferred orientation on the actin monomers. The 2pπ orbital on the N-atom that holds the unpaired electron of the spin label was more nearly parallel than perpendicular to the helical axis of F-actin. It was confirmed that spin labeling did not inhibit the G-F transformation and that during polymerization of G-actin spin labels became more strongly immobilized. On reaction of maleimide spin labels having varying chain lengths with F-actin both strongly and weakly immobilized labels were observed and the proportion of weakly immobilized labels increased as the chain length was increased.
Vertically aligned graphene electrode for lithium ion battery with high rate capability

Abstract In this paper, we demonstrated that the high rate capability of electrode can be achieved by engineering the existing electrode materials. A simple approach has been developed to align the graphene nanosheet vertically on current collector, which not only facilitates both lithium ion and electron transport, but also simplifies the electrode fabrication without involving binder and conductive additives. The charging rate for the optimized electrode structure can be significantly increased while the graphitic feature of the electrode still retains. We envision the use of this highly stable structure as an integral addition to high capacity anode materials for lithium ion batteries of high power and energy density.
Calcification of cyanobacterial mats in Solar Lake, Sinai

Pore-water samples were obtained from the shallow-water part of Solar Lake (Sinai) where luxurious cyanobacterial mats grow. These samples were analyzed for Ca/sup 2 +/, Mg/sup 2 +/, Sr/sup 2 +/, Cl/sup -/, SO/sub 4//sup 2 -/, and titration alkalinity (TA) to determine the role of cyanobacterial growth and degradation on the calcification of the mats. The data are modeled thermodynamically to predict mineral-pore-water equilibria. The data support earlier bacterial and sedimentological studies suggesting that the degradation of the cyanobacterial mat via sulfate reduction is of major importance in the calcification process. 34 references, 1 figure, 2 tables.
Complete remission of unresectable colon cancer after preoperative chemotherapy selected by adenosine triphosphate-based chemotherapy response assay.

The adenosine triphosphate-based chemotherapy response assay (ATP-CRA) is a chemosensitivity test that offers the potential of selecting cancer treatments based on the responsiveness of individual tumors. We report a case of 47-yr-old male, presented with sigmoid colon cancer with multiple liver and peritoneal metastases, in which there was a complete response for the primary colon cancer after administration of preoperative chemotherapy selected by ATP-CRA. Oxaliplatin was the most sensitive drug based on the ATP-CRA where the specimen obtained by ultrasound-guided percutaneous liver biopsy was used. After twelve cycles of oxaliplatincapecitabine chemotherapy, abdominopelvic computed tomography revealed marked shrinkage of the liver metastases and positron emission tomography showed no uptake of 18 F-fluoro-deoxy-glucose (FDG) either in the liver or peritoneum except localized uptake in the sigmoid colon. The patient underwent an anterior resection and radiofrequency ablation of the liver metastases, which resulted in a macroscopic curative resection of the cancer cells. Histological examination revealed no residual cancer cells in the resected specimen of the sigmoid colon. This result suggested that preoperative chemotherapy chosen by ATP-CRA may be useful for treating advanced colon cancer with unresectable liver and peritoneal metastases.
Blockade of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in the ventral tegmental area prevents acquisition of food-rewarded operant responding in rats

We recently found that muscarinic receptor (mAChR) stimulation in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) is involved in the acquisition of a feeding task. To investigate the involvement of VTA mAChR and nicotinic receptors (nAChR) in the acquisition and performance of a food-rewarded lever-pressing task. In experiment 1 (N=54), rats were trained under a fixed ratio 1 schedule of reinforcement and received bilateral intra-VTA microinjections of scopolamine (0, 2.5 or 5 μg/0.5 μl) or mecamylamine (0, 5 or 10 μg/0.5 μl) before each of the first four sessions. Before session 10, all rats that initially received a dose of either compound now received the vehicle and vice versa. In experiment 2 (N=14), rats were tested with scopolamine or mecamylamine while lever pressing under a progressive ratio schedule of reinforcement. In experiment 1, lever pressing by rats initially treated with any mecamylamine dose or the scopolamine vehicle rose to and stayed at maximal levels for the remaining sessions. Responding by rats initially treated with the 2.5- or 5-μg dose of scopolamine remained low, even after the cessation of scopolamine treatment, and gradually rose to maximal levels by the final sessions. Injections of scopolamine 1 to 2 mm dorsal to the VTA had no significant effect on responding. In experiment 2, neither of the compounds significantly affected break points. Stimulation of VTA mAChR, but not of nAChR, is necessary for the acquisition of a food-rewarded lever-pressing task and neither is necessary for the performance of the task.
The use of assessment procedures in foster care to evaluate readiness for independent living

Abstract Several questions were posed: (a) Can a formalized approach to comprehensive skill assessment measure the functional capabilities of foster adolescents and identify a sub-set of youth who can be considered at-risk, and (b) Can a systematic assessment approach be used by states to reform independent living policies? Four paper and pencil devices comprised the skills assessment battery. The instruments were: Test of Adult Basic Education (TABE), Tests for Everyday Living (TEL), Daniel Memorial Independent Living Assessment for Life Skills, and Effective Social Skills (ESS). In addition, a questionnaire was filled out by Service Providers and a placement history completed for study participants. The package was administered to foster youths-ages 16 through 19-who participated in special summer programs in New York City and upstate locations. A total of 206 youths were tested; 104 from NYC and 102 in the upstate sample. Depending on the skill tested, anywhere from one fifth to one third were in serious need of specialized services, independent living planning, follow-up, and/or aftercare. It is recommended that states engage in systematic skills assessment to document the competency levels of foster care youth and to stimulate reform of independent living policies and programs.
Maintenance of complex neural function during perfusion of the mammalian brain

Abstract A perfused brain preparation was developed utilizing non-pulsatile flow of artificial blood. Cortical electrical activity and respiratory motor output were maintained for as long as 7–8 h. This preparation permits stable intracellular recordings from CNS neurons displaying ongoing respiratory activity, and should permit analysis of synaptic and intrinsic cellular mechanisms involved in producing the respiratory output. A similar approach may be useful for electrophysiology throughout the CNS, and for other fields in which control of the blood composition and/or mechanical stability are required.
Players of facebook games and how they play

Abstract This study examined the characteristics of people who play social network games–games that incorporate network data from social network sites. Using the framework of uses and gratifications with social cognitive theory, we conducted a survey (N = 164) of Facebook game players and identified four motivations and unpacked play into seven different types. We then looked at the relationships between motivations, types of play, and individual characteristics such as gender, age, and cultural differences. We found that motivations previously identified as being “social” split into two categories: building common ground with existing acquaintances, and design-driven reciprocal behavior. Building common ground was associated with stronger use of space customization, spending real money, communicating about game achievements, and exchanging gifts. However, we found that more people were using the games as a coping mechanism and to pass time rather than using it for social purposes. Individual differences are also discussed.
Specialized enteral nutrition therapy in Crohn’s disease patients on maintenance infliximab therapy: a meta-analysis

Objectives:Many patients with Crohn’s disease on infliximab maintenance therapy have recurrent symptoms despite an initial clinical response. Therefore, concomitant therapies have been studied. We ...
The GCR1, GPA1, PRN1, NF-Y signal chain mediates both blue light and abscisic acid responses in Arabidopsis.

Different classes of biotic (e.g. plant hormones) and abiotic (e.g. different wavelengths of light) signals act through specific signal transduction mechanisms to coordinate higher plant development. While a great deal of progress has been made, full signal transduction chains have not yet been described for most blue light- or abscisic acid-mediated events. Based on data derived from T-DNA insertion mutants and yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) two-hybrid and coprecipitation assays, we report a signal transduction chain shared by blue light and abscisic acid leading to light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b-binding protein expression in etiolated Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) seedlings. The chain consists of GCR1 (the sole Arabidopsis protein coding for a potential G-protein-coupled receptor), GPA1 (the sole Arabidopsis Gα-subunit), Pirin1 (PRN1; one of four members of an iron-containing subgroup of the cupin superfamily), and a nuclear factor Y heterotrimer comprised of A5, B9, and possibly C9. We also demonstrate that this mechanism is present in imbibed seeds wherein it affects germination rate.
Interpreting results of exercise studies after acute myocardial infarction altered by thrombolytic therapy, coronary angioplasty or bypass

Numerous studies have assessed the ability of exercise modalities to predict patient outcome after acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Implicit in the use of these prior data to assess the prognosis of patients currently undergoing exercise studies is the assumption that patients selected for exercise assessment are similar over time and that the data generated in the past are therefore applicable to the current patient populations. This study retrospectively assessed the clinical, exercise, and rest and exercise radionuclide angiographic data in 791 consecutive patients referred for exercise radionuclide angiography within 1 month after AMI during a 5-year period to determine if the clinical and exercise characteristics of patients referred for exercise evaluation after infarction have changed significantly over time. Most parameters examined demonstrated significant increasing trends, including thrombolytic therapy at the time of AMI, revascularization procedure between AMI and exercise assessment, age, β-blocker usage, Q-wave AMI, inferior infarction, exercise double product, exercise capacity, significant ST-segment depression with exercise, peak ejection fraction, and change in ejection fraction with exercise. These data indicate that the characteristics of patients selected to undergo exercise after AMI in a large referral center have changed significantly over time. If these data are applicable to other referral centers and to other exercise testing modalities, previously published results regarding exercise assessment after AMI will need to be reconfirmed in patients currently selected for testing, since these results may no longer be applicable in this current era of aggressive medical and interventional management.
Regulation of Cytosolic Phospholipase A2 Activity in Macrophages Stimulated with Receptor-recognized Forms of α2-Macroglobulin ROLE IN MITOGENESIS AND CELL PROLIFERATION

Macrophages exposed to receptor-recognized forms of α2-macroglobulin (α2M*) demonstrate increased DNA synthesis and cell division. In the current study, we have probed the role of cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) activity in the cellular response to α2M*. Ligation of the α2M* signaling receptor by α2M*, or its receptor binding fragment, increased cPLA2 activity 2–3-fold in a concentration and time-dependent manner. This activation required a pertussis toxin-insensitive G protein. Cellular binding of α2M* also induced transient translocation of cPLA2 activity to nuclei and membrane fractions. Inhibition of protein kinase C activity or chelation of Ca2+ inhibited α2M*-induced increased cPLA2 activity. Binding of α2M* to macrophages, moreover, increased phosphorylation of MEK 1/2, ERK 1/2, p38 MAPK, and JNK. Incubation of macrophages with inhibitors of MEK 1/2 or p38 MAPK before stimulation with α2M* profoundly decreased phosphorylation of MAPKs, blocking cPLA2 activation. α2M*-induced increase in [3H]thymidine uptake and cell proliferation was completely abolished if activation of cPLA2 was prevented. The response of macrophages to α2M* requires transcription factors nuclear factor κB, and cAMP-responsive element-binding protein as well as expression of the proto-oncogenes c-fos and c-myc. These studies indicate that the activation of cPLA2 plays a crucial role in α2M*-induced mitogenesis and cell proliferation.
A rat model of pregnancy-induced sensitization to transplants

Abstract Previous pregnancy is a known risk factor for alloantibody production and graft rejection in clinical transplantation. However, in previous rat models, immune responses to RT1.A antigens induced by allogeneic pregnancy resulted in prolonged survival of subsequent allografts. This study was designed to investigate the effects of a previous pregnancy on alloantibody response, complement activation, and allograft survival in a highly immunogenic rat strain combination. C6-sufficient and -deficient female PVG.1U (RT1.A u B u ) rats were mated with allogeneic PVG.R8 (RT1.A a B u ) males or control isogeneic PVG.1U (RT1.A u B u ) males. Three weeks after parturition, experimental and control females received cardiac allografts from female PVG.R8 donors. A low dose of cyclosporine (CsA, 5 mg/kg on alternate days) was used for immunosuppression after transplantation. Allogeneic, but not control isogeneic, pregnancy elicited a weak, transient IgG alloantibody response that declined before transplantation. Experimental female recipients produced a rapid, vigorous IgM and IgG alloantibody response to the transplant despite CsA treatment. C6-sufficient recipients rejected their transplants at an accelerated rate (5 days, n = 6) compared with control animals (7 days, n = 5). In contrast, allografts to C6-deficient recipients functioned until sacrifice at 90 days in both the experimental group ( n = 7) and control group ( n = 4). Most experimental C6-deficient recipients continued to produce strong IgG alloantibodies for 90 days. Complement activation resulting from the alloantibody response was evidenced by the diffuse deposition of C3d on the vascular endothelium of the grafts. In summary, previous pregnancy leads to memory alloantibody responses that accelerate allograft rejection even with immunosuppression. Membrane attack complex is required for accelerated rejection induced by previous preganancy.
Anatomical localization of electrophysiological recording sites by co-ordinate transformation

A method for estimating the anatomical locations of the units recorded in electrophysiological mapping experiments is described. A total of three locations must be marked by dye injections or electrolytic lesions and identified in tissue sections. From those locations, equations are derived to translate, scale, and rotate the three-dimensional co-ordinates of the recording sites, so that they are correct for a second, three-dimensional co-ordinate system based on the anatomy of the mapped structure. There is no limit to the number of recording sites that can be localized. This differs from methods that require a dye injection or lesion to be made at the exact location at which a particular unit was recorded. The accuracy of the transformed co-ordinates is limited by the accuracy with which the co-ordinates can be measured: in test measurements and in the experiments for which this algorithm was developed, the computed co-ordinates were typically accurate to within 100 microns or less.
The Effect of Stock Speculation on the New York Money Market

Plan of investigation, 435. — Amount of deposit currency used in stock-exchange speculation, 436. — Computation of its velocity of circulation, 439. — Restatement of results of the investigation of velocity of circulation of brokers' deposits, 444. — The amount and importance of bank loans used, 446. — Significance of the great increase in street loans during the summer and fall of 1925, 450. — Analysis of the problem of the increase in brokers' loans amplified, 451. — The effect of the expansion of street loans on the further loaning capacity of the American banking system as a whole, 452. — Certain implications of the conclusions arrived at, 455.
A Supply Response Model for Perennial Crops

The production of perennial crops involves planting, removal, yield, and time dimensions not similarly encountered in annual crops. A model is developed to provide a structural base for estimating response relationships that encompass these dimensions. The model rests on assumptions of rational producer behavior which takes account of possible actions of other producers and of the aggregate effect of these actions on total production and profits. Because important data series often are not available, modifications of the basic model are suggested to facilitate estimation within a more restricted empirical framework. The model is illustrated by an application to asparagus, a perennial vegetable crop.
Constraints of growth in area production and productivity of pulses in India: An analytical approach to major pulses

Pulses play an important role in providing a nutritionally balanced diet. These are the principal source of protein for vegetarians. India is the world’s largest producer of pulses, followed by Canada. Brazil produces large beans only. Pulses are the second main source of protein after cereals in Indian diet. India is the largest producer, consumer and importer of pulses. Basically the total pulses area occupied 26.28 million hectares which contributed production 18.10MT during 2010-11. However, the growth rate of pulses area and production were found negligible as compared to cereal like wheat and paddy and there exit wide inter states variability in their yield in the country. This study results the growthrate of area-0.09, -0.60 and 1.62 and production 1.52, 0.59 and 3.35 during 1980s, 1990s and 2000s decades, which affect the net per capita per day availability of pulses, has declined sharply from 61 gms to 32 gms from 1951 to 2010. Therefore, the gap of domestic demand and supply widen sharply. This paper analyses the status of pulses growth, and constraints of technology inadequacy as well as policy reform. The paper also focus on constraints of non-availability essential inputs i.e. quality seed, life saving irrigation, fertilizers and nutrients, price policy implication and marketing to be reoriented to bring it in tune with the emerging demand and supply of pulses in India.
Iron-Refractory Iron Deficiency Anemia

Iron-refractory iron deficiency anemia (IRIDA) is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by iron deficiency anemia unresponsive to oral iron treatment but partially responsive to parenteral iron therapy. IRIDA has recently been shown to be caused by mutations in the gene TMPRSS6, which encodes a transmembrane serine protease (also known as matriptase-2) expressed by the liver. IRIDA patients show inappropriately elevated levels of hepcidin, a circulating hormone produced by the liver that inhibits both iron absorption from the intestine and iron release from macrophage stores. Recent studies suggest that TMPRSS6 normally acts to downregulate hepcidin expression by cleaving hemojuvelin, a membrane-bound protein that promotes hepcidin signaling in hepatocytes. A discussion of the clinical presentation of IRIDA, the molecular genetics of this disorder, and recent studies elucidating the underlying pathophysiology are presented.
Microwave assisted greener synthesis of nickel nanoparticles using sodium hypophosphite

Abstract Nickel nanoparticle (NiNP) was synthesized by reduction of less toxic nickel acetate tetrahydrate (Ni(CH3CO2)2·4H2O) precursor, using sodium hypophosphite monohydrate (NaPH2O2·H2O) under microwave irradiation. By varying the molar ratio of [Ni+ 2]/[NaPH2O2]/[NaOH], NiNP of 3.8 to 7.1 nm was obtained. Increasing NaOH concentration resulted in morphological change from isolated spherical particles (7.2 ± 1.5 nm) to agglomerated nano flowers (72 ± 14 nm). Phase analysis and interplanar spacing measurements confirmed the particles as fcc-Ni. Quantitative analysis showed the presence of P and O due to HPO2− radical in reaction product. Addition of small amounts of polyvinylpyrolidone (PVP) or cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) resulted in slight increase in particle size.
Kinetic Monte Carlo simulation of hydrogen diffusion on tungsten reconstructed (0 0 1) surface

Abstract A kinetic Monte Carlo (KMC) algorithm has been developed to study the hydrogen diffusion on tungsten reconstructed (0 0 1) surface in the temperature range 220–300 K. The hydrogen diffusion coefficients predicted by the developed KMC code match the experimental values very well at low hydrogen coverage of a fraction of monolayer. A diffusion coefficient formula as a function of temperature and hydrogen coverage was derived from KMC simulations. Due to the very low probability of hydrogen occupying the long bridge adsorption sites, the rates of hydrogen atom having 3 or 4 neighbors are found to be zero for hydrogen coverage much less than a monolayer, while the rates of hydrogen atom having 0–2 neighbors are linear with respect to the hydrogen coverage. The calculated average rates of hydrogen located at the LB sites are very close to zero for low hydrogen coverage. Hydrogen only starts to occupy the LB sites after almost all SB sites are occupied.
Confronting the angry rock: American Indians' situated risks from radioactivity

Numic people in the western United States are co-adapted with their traditional lands and these lands are spiritually and physically co-adapted with these people. This relationship has been documented through studies funded by the Department of Energy, Nevada Operations. 1 The u.s. Department of Energy Nevada Operations studies of American Indiacultural impacts from the transportation of Low Level Radioactive Waste were managed by Frank DiSanza. Consultation with the involved tribes was guided by Robert Furlow through the American Indian Program. Elders from twenty-six Indian tribes participated in two studies in order to explain why the transportation of radioactive waste poses serious threats. Key in their interpretation is the perception that radioactive material is an angry rock. Indian knowledge and use of this rock goes back for thousands of years. As a powerful spiritual being the angry rock constitutes a threat that can neither be contained nor controlled by conventional means. It has the power to...
Colorectal carcinoma screening attitudes and practices among primary care physicians in counties at extremes of either high or low cancer case‐fatality

BACKGROUND. To the authors' knowledge, physician attitudes and reported practices regarding colorectal carcinoma screening have not been studied in areas of highest risk for cancer death. METHODS. Medicare claims were used to calculate colorectal carcinoma 2-year case-fatality rates for counties with > 100 incident cases of colorectal carcinoma between 1991-1993. All 2682 practicing primary care physicians in 20 counties with the lowest case-fatality rates (mean of 29.9%) and 19 counties with the highest case-fatality rates (mean of 47.8%) were surveyed regarding their screening procedures and attitudes. RESULTS. Among the 972 respondents (36.1%), the reported use of fecal occult blood testing (FOBT) and flexible sigmoidoscopy was similar in the low and high case-fatality counties. However, physicians who practiced in the high case-fatality counties were less likely to be trained in and to perform sigmoidoscopy themselves (37.0% vs. 45.6%; P < 0.01). Moreover, practitioners in the high case-fatality counties were more likely than the other physicians to consider or plan enhanced FOBT and sigmoidoscopic screening in the near future. FOBT and sigmoidoscopy screening rates at the county level were associated negatively with cancer incidence rates, case-fatality rates, and metastatic disease rates, suggesting a potentially protective effect. CONCLUSIONS. Geographically targeted interventions are a potentially cost-effective strategy for focusing additional screening services on the highest risk populations. The primary care clinicians in these high risk areas are logical partners for these interventions by virtue of their high degree of readiness to change their current screening practices.
Cities, Gangs, and Delinquency

Most of what we know about the conditions under which today's juvenile gangs originate, their development, their internal processes and mechanisms, and their natural histories is based on research conducted some years ago. The three volumes under review report field research carried out in the early to mid-1980s. They can, therefore, help us to determine what is old and what is new with respect to these issues, and to understand both continuity and change. While named gangs feature prominently only in the book by Hagedorn, the groups studied in each fit most definitional criteria of gangs. Definitions of gangs abound in the literature. I define a gang as "a group whose members meet together with some regularity, over time, on the basis of group-defined criteria of membership and group-defined organizational structure, and some sense of territoriality" (Short, 1990: 148). This definition includes neither delinquent nor conventional behaviors, since these typically are what we wish to explain. Nor does it include such trappings as characteristic dress, names, or types of organization, each of which varies in myriad ways that may help in understanding gang behavior.
Severe Pleuropulmonary Paragonimiasis 8 Years after Emigration from a Region of Endemicity

A Laotian man who had resided only in the north-central United States for 8 years sought care for an acute, progressive syndrome of severe dyspnea, chest pain, bilateral pneumothoraces, lung and liver nodules, and marked peripheral blood eosinophilia. He habitually ate raw crabmeat imported pickled or frozen from Southeast Asia; he denied eating local crustaceans. Ova consistent with the lung fluke Paragonimus westermani were identified in a bronchoalveolar lavage specimen, and the eosinophilia and pulmonary symptoms resolved with praziquantel therapy.
Cytosine deamination is a major cause of baseline noise in next-generation sequencing.

Background and Objectives As next-generation sequencing (NGS) becomes a major sequencing platform in clinical diagnostic laboratories, it is critical to identify artifacts that constitute baseline noise and may interfere with detection of low-level gene mutations. This is especially critical for applications requiring ultrasensitive detection, such as molecular relapse of solid tumors and early detection of cancer. We recently observed a ~10-fold higher frequency of C:G > T:A mutations than the background noise level in both wild-type peripheral blood and formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded samples. We hypothesized that these might represent cytosine deamination events, which have been seen using other platforms.