cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Huntington's disease like-2 neuropathology

Huntington's disease like-2 (HDL-2) neurodegeneration is a recently described autosomal dominant disorder with features similar to Huntington's disease (HD). Only one case report has described neuropathology from an affected patient. We describe the clinical presentation and illustrate the pathology in two additional molecularly confirmed patients, compare these with the previously published case, and contrast them with HD. We examined two patients with HDL-2. Their charts were reviewed, their brains were examined using standard neuropathology techniques, including immunoperoxidase stains, and their diagnoses were confirmed with a PCR-based assay for repeat length. The first patient presented with obsessive suspiciousness, while the second had depression and decreased visual acuity. Both patients developed increased tone and cogwheel rigidity, but neither developed choreoathetosis. Extensive degeneration affected the caudate nucleus and putamen, especially dorsally and laterally. In addition, the first patient showed lateral temporal, lateral frontal, and orbitofrontal cortical atrophy, while the second patient displayed marked degeneration in the occipital and parietal cortices. Neither patient showed significant changes in the cerebellum or brainstem. Both cases had ubiquitin-immunoreactive neuronal intranuclear inclusions (NII). The patients with of HDL-2 reviewed here were remarkable for significant frontal inhibition with parkinsonism, a lack of choreiform movements, and African ancestry. Pathologically, HDL-2 is similar to HD in its effect on the neostriatum but may differ, at least in some cases, in its degree of focal cortical involvement, including the occipital lobe.
1.4.1 An Integrated Approach to Developing Systems Professionals

As the level of integration and the complexity of engineering systems increase, there is an increasing need to develop systems capabilities in engineers. Often, the demand for increased systems capabilities is automatically translated into a need to develop the systems capabilities of individuals. However, the systems capabilities of groups and organizations are what really matter for complex engineering systems, and individual capabilities do not automatically translate into group and organizational capabilities. This paper describes an integrated approach to developing systems professionals. To guide practitioners in utilizing relevant theoretical issues and research results, a five-step plan to developing systems professionals is given. First, there is a description of how to frame the relevant problem space. Next, desired roles and competencies are linked to this problem spectrum. After describing how to develop an appropriate multi-level strategy, the paper discusses how individual systems skills combine. Potential assessments for the development approach are shown. Since group and organizational issues can trump efforts to develop the systems capabilities of individuals, it is important to frame the relevant problem space, match the desired capabilities to that space, and create a multi-level integrated strategy to develop those capabilities in individuals, groups, and organizations.
Automated quantitative analysis of the shift of frequency spectra generated by attenuated signals from contrast microbubbles.

The ultrasound-induced harmonic microbubble response spectrum is known to shift to lower frequencies with increasing tissue attenuation. We hypothesized that this shift could be reproducibly detected in received broadband radiofrequency spectra. We used an automatic Gaussian curve-fitting technique to measure the mean harmonic response generated by three different contrast agents at six incremental levels of attenuation. Analytical curve fitting identified a consistent, reproducible, and statistically significant shift in mean harmonic frequency with increasing attenuation. The presented method could be a step toward attenuation estimation by contrast harmonic imaging; optimization of harmonic signal reception by ultrasound systems; and, ultimately, automatic detection of contrast agents in tissue.
GIDL in Doped and Undoped FinFET Devices for Low-Leakage Applications

Investigation of gate-induced drain leakage (GIDL) in thick-oxide dual-gate doped- and undoped-channel FinFET devices through 3-D process and device simulations is presented. For a given gate length (LG) and gate dielectric thickness, the placement and grading of the drain junction and the channel doping are shown to have a tremendous impact on GIDL. Suppression of GIDL by as much as two orders of magnitude can be realized by formation of steep underlapped junctions for both doped- and undoped-channel devices. The prospect of low leakage levels in doped-channel high- VT FinFETs makes them suitable for memory cell applications.
Supplemental oxygen for the prevention of postcesarean infectious morbidity: a randomized controlled trial

Objective The purpose of this study was to investigate whether supplemental oxygen during and for 2 hours after cesarean delivery reduces the incidence of postcesarean infectious morbidity. Study Design We conducted a randomized, controlled trial from 2008-2010. Women who underwent cesarean delivery were randomly assigned to receive either 2 L of oxygen by nasal cannula during cesarean delivery only (standard care) or 10 L of oxygen by nonrebreather mask (intervention group) during and for 2 hours after cesarean delivery. Women who underwent scheduled or intrapartum cesarean delivery were eligible and were observed for 1 month after the procedure. The primary composite outcome was maternal infectious morbidity, which included endometritis and wound infection. Results Five hundred eighty-five women were included in the final analysis. Infectious morbidity occurred in 8.8% of patients in the standard care group and in 12.2% of patients in the supplemental oxygen group. There was no significant difference in the rate of infectious morbidity between the standard care and intervention groups (relative risk, 1.4; 95% confidence interval, 0.9–2.3). Conclusion Supplemental oxygen does not reduce the rate of postcesarean delivery infectious morbidity, including endometritis and wound infection.
Monoptic and dichoptic metacontrast across the vertical meridian.

Abstract That type of visual masking known as metacontrast was investigated with a viewing arrangement that imaged the test stimulus and the masking stimulus on different sides of the vertical meridian for both monoptic and dichoptic conditions. If the human visual pathways are in fact organized such that there is a “sharp” nasotemporal division along the vertical meridian, then in this experiment the test stimulus and the masking stimulus ought to have been available to different primary visual cortices, and any masking observed must have occurred beyond area 17. Such across-the-meridian masking was present in both the monoptic and dichoptic conditions; its magnitude was slightly greater monoptically than dichoptically when the test stimulus and the masking stimulus were juxtaposed, but monoptic and dichoptic masking were approximately equal when the test and masking stimuli were separated by 9.5′ or 19′ visual angle. Some difficulties with the classical accounts of the vertical meridian are discussed in relation to these results.
RATIONALE FOR ANDROGEN THERAPY IN GYNECOLOOY

THE FAST three years, many reports have appeared on the therapeutic properties of a synthetic male hormone (testosterone) in the treatment of a variety of functional gynecological conditions, the menopause (1–5), functional bleeding (6–17) dysmenorrhea (18,19), mastopathies (6,20, 21), lactation (22, 23) and pre-menstrual tension (18, 24). A survey of the literature reveals that the studies on the use of this hormone in women are almost entirely clinical in character. It must be confessed that the experience of the past few years has engendered con-siderable skepticism about the value of purely clinical reports when dealing with the evaluation of a new endocrine therapeutic agent. One need but review the literature of the past 6 or 7 years and recall the glowing reports describing the brilliant therapeutic results attributed to chorionic gonadotropic hormone, pituitary extracts, corpus luteum substances, estrogens, etc., in doses which subsequently were shown to be inadequate for any physiologic effect, t...
Hydrophobicity and residue-residue contacts in globular proteins

A comprehensive statistical analysis of residue-residue contacts and residue environment in protein 3-D structures is presented. In the present work the range of interresidue interactions (effective radius of influence) in tertiary structures of proteins is examined and found to be 10 A. This result is obtained by correlating the average number of residues within a spherical volume of different radii (contact numbers) with hydrophobicity. Best correlations are obtained with a radius of 10 A. The same result is obtained when (i) only long-range interactions are considered and (ii) representative side chain atoms are used to indicate the tertiary structure instead of the usual representation of Cα atoms. Residue environment has been investigated using similar methods. Environmental hydrophobicity varies within only a small range of all residue types. Other physicochemical properties also exhibit similar trends of variation, and only five hydrophobic residues (Leu, Val, Met, Phe and Ile) produce a decrement of around 10% from the expected mean of the physicochemical distance between a residue type and its average environment. An information theory approach is proposed to compare domains, which takes into account the effective radius of influence of residues and sequence similarity.
Changes in enzyme activity of germinating conidia of Neurospora crassa.

Abstract The conidia of wild-type Neurospora crassa are shown to have a drastically lower activity for three enzymes of the isoleucine-valine pathway—acetohydroxy acid synthetase, dihydroxy acid dehydratase, and aminotransferase—than the actively growing mycelium. Lower activity was also found in the conidia for ornithine transcarbamylase and aspartate transcarbamylase. Lower activity (10- to 100-fold) was found for the overall synthesis of valine from pyruvate in the conidia as compared to the mycelium as expected. In addition it is also apparent that the distribution of the isoleucine-valine enzymes is different in conidia from the mycelium as regards activity in the mitochondria as compared to the cytosol. In conidia their activity in the mitochondria is lower than in the cytosol, but the opposite holds in the mycelium. These differences are also reflected in the overall activity. Cycloheximide inhibits the increase in total activity of the acetohydroxy acid synthetase and the dehydratase during germination of the conidia.
Mechanism of the “spontaneous” reaction of p-methoxystyrene oxide in aqueous solution

An 1H NMR study of the spontaneous reaction of p-methoxy-trans-β-deutereostyrene oxide and its cis-β-deutereo isomer has provided evidence that the trans-β-D and cis-β-D have equal migrating aptitudes in the aldehyde-forming reaction.
PHASE AND RISE-TIME DEPENDENCE USING RF PULSES IN MULTIPHOTON PROCESSES

With this experiment we demonstrate that excitation of a two-state system with radio-frequency fields differing in phase by 90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} produces nonintuitively different results, even for very long pulses. In addition, we show how the phase dependence of the transition probability of long pulses can be easily understood by using the single cycle time propagator. Finally, we have found surprising results for real pulses in the strong-field regime, i.e., pulses having appreciable rise and fall times.
Synaptic relationships involving local axon collaterals of pyramidal neurons in the cat motor cortex

The intracortical synaptic relationships of pyramidal neurons in the cat motor cortex were studied by intracellular recording and labeling techniques. Neurons that responded with monosynaptic excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) to microstimulation in the somatosensory cortex were identified by intracellular recordings. Long-term potentiation (LTP) was evoked in all of these neurons (n = 15), following tetanic stimulation (50 Hz, 5 s) of their afferents from the somatosensory cortex. Three of these cells (cells A-C) were identified as pyramidal neurons, following intracellular injections of Neurobiotin. The intracortical axon collaterals of these labeled cells arborized extensively, forming terminal clusters both in close proximity to the parent soma and along their long, horizontal branches. Terminal clusters in both the proximal and in the distal termination zones of each of the cells were studied by electron microscopy. In their proximal arborization zones, the axon collaterals of the labeled pyramidal neurons synapsed preferentially with dendritic spines belonging to other pyramidal cells. In contrast, in their distal terminal clusters, the axon collaterals of each of the cells formed synapses in different proportions with different postsynaptic targets. The distal axon collaterals of cell A formed 86% of their synapses with pyramidal neurons; those of cell B formed 64% of their synapses with pyramidal cells, the remaining synapses with the dendritic shafts and somata of nonpyramidal neurons, and those of cell C provided most of their output (68%) to nonpyramidal, presumably inhibitory neurons. These findings suggest a high selectivity of intrinsic axon collaterals to form specific patterns of synapses. The patterns of synaptic interactions formed by these intrinsic axon collaterals may be a substrate for shaping and modulating representation maps in the motor cortex.
Dynamic Finite Element Implementation of Nonlinear, Anisotropic Hyperelastic Biological Membranes

We present a novel method for the implementation of hyperelastic finite strain, non-linear strain-energy functions for biological membranes in an explicit finite element environment. The technique is implemented in LS-DYNA but may also be implemented in any suitable non-linear explicit code. The constitutive equations are implemented on the foundation of a co-rotational uniformly reduced Hughes-Liu shell. This shell is based on an updated-Lagrangian formulation suitable for relating Cauchy stress to the rate-of-deformation, i.e. hypo -elasticity. To accommodate finite deformation hyper -elastic formulations, a co-rotational deformation gradient is assembled over time, resulting in a formulation suitable for pseudo-hyperelastic constitutive equations that are standard assumptions in biomechanics. Our method was validated by comparison with (1) an analytic solution to a spherically-symmetric dynamic membrane inflation problem, incorporating a Mooney-Rivlin hyperelastic equation and (2) with previously publi...
Population dynamics of the western corn rootworm: formulation, validation, and analysis of a simulation model

A simulation model of western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte, population dynamics was developed. The model includes functions for pre-imaginal development and mortality, and ageing, development, oviposition, mortality, migration, and dispersal of adults. Model validation and sensitivity analyses were conducted. Both the timing and pattern of simulated adult emergence were similar to that observed in field populations. The simulated pattern of adult abundance throughout the season was generally consistent with that observed, as were simulated seasonal patterns of oviposition. Model predictions of egg densities at the end of the season were within one standard error of field estimates each year. In neither year did simulated survival of immature rootworms fall within two standard errors of observed estimates, suggesting that factors contributing to immature mortality were inadequately described in the model. Model output was very sensitive to small changes in the parameters of functions describing temperature-dependent development rates of immature rootworms and corn plants, and a function that describes the distribution of age-specific oviposition. Model output was also sensitive to variation in the planting date of corn and the initial population density of rootworm eggs.
Second Law Analysis of Aerodynamic Losses: Results for a Cambered Vane With and Without Film Cooling

Results of second law analysis of experimentally-measured aerodynamic losses are presented for a cambered vane with and without film cooling, including comparisons with similar results from a symmetric airfoil. Included are distributions of local entropy creation, as well as mass-averaged magnitudes of global exergy destruction. The axial chord length of the cambered vane is 4.85 cm, the true chord length is 7.27 cm, and the effective pitch is 6.35 cm. Data are presented for three airfoil Mex distributions (including one wherein the flow is transonic), magnitudes of inlet turbulence intensity from 1.1 percent to 8.2 percent, and ks/cx surface roughness values of 0, 0.00108, and 0.00258. The associated second law aerodynamics losses are presented for two different measurement locations downstream of the vane trailing edge (one axial chord length and 0.25 axial chord length). The surface roughness, when present, simulates characteristics of the actual roughness which develops on operating turbine airfoils from a utility power engine, over long operating times, due to particulate deposition and to spallation of thermal barrier coatings (TBCs). Quantitative surface roughness characteristics which are matched include equivalent sandgrain roughness size, as well as the irregularity, non-uniformity, and the three-dimensional irregular arrangement of the roughness. Relative to a smooth, symmetric airfoil with no film cooling at low Mach number and low freestream turbulence intensity, overall, the largest increases in exergy destruction occur with increasing Mach number, and increasing surface roughness. Important variations are also observed as airfoil camber changes. Progressively smaller mass-averaged exergy destruction increases are then observed with changes of freestream turbulence intensity, and different film cooling conditions. In addition, the dependences of overall exergy destruction magnitudes on mainstream turbulence intensity and freestream Mach number are vastly different as level of vane surface roughness changes. When film cooling is present, overall mass-averaged exergy destruction magnitudes are significantly less than values associated with increased airfoil surface roughness for both the cambered vane and the symmetric airfoil. Exergy destruction values (associated with wake aerodynamic losses) for the symmetric airfoil with film cooling are then significantly higher than data from the cambered vane with film cooling, when compared at a particular blowing ratio.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Market Experiments: The Laboratory versus the Classroom

The author traces the development of experimental economics from E. N. Chamberlin in 1948 to the present and then describes an application of a market game similar to the one popularized by Myron Joseph and Phillip Saunders in the 1960s.
Factors Affecting the Distribution and Co-Occurrence of Two Southern Californian Anostracans (Branchiopoda), Branchinecta Sandiegonensis and Streptocephalus Woottoni

We address the rol e of temp erature and maturation rate in limiting the distribution and co -o c­ currence of 2 ephemeral pool branchiopods, Branchinecta sandiegon ensis and Streptocephalus wool/ani (Anostraca), in southern California. Branchinecta sandiegon ensis oc curs in pools of variable depth (fro m 30 e m) and duration, while Streptocephalus wool/ani is found only in deeper pool s (>30 ern) o f longer duration. These 2 species co-occur in a few pools, but their adults are never observed simultaneously. To bett er understand these patt erns, field­ collected cysts of both species wer e hatched at an array of co nstant and 12-h fluctuating tem ­ peratures. Maturation rates wer e compared in aq uar ia at room temperature (-20 - 2 2°C) and by field ob servation. B oth spec ies hatched best at cooler temperatures ( lOOC and fluctuating S­ IYC), but S. WOOl/an i was more eurythermal. Both were inhibited at higher temperatures unless these temperatures were included in a fluctuating regime. After hatching , B. sandiegon ensis did not mature at soc. In laboratory and field ob servations, B. sandiegonensis matured quickly ( 1­ 2 week s) at moderate temperatures and died before S. WOOl/ani rea ched maturity. These results indi cate that temperature play s a role in re stri cting the distribution of the se species to the coast, where temperatures are favorable. Slower maturation rate helps to explain the ab sence of S. woottoni from shallow , potentially shor t-Jived pools and why the 2 spec ies co-occur but do not co exi st as adults in deeper pool s.
Severe Hypercalcemia in Diabetic Ketoacidosis: A Case Report

A 12-year-old boy presented to a district hospital with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA): pH, 6.97; base excess, −27.5 mmol/L; bicarbonate, 2.5 mmol/L; glucose 29 mmol/L. A urinalysis showed 4+ ketones (≥160 mg/dL). Standard DKA management according to U.K. guidelines was instituted (1). Fluid was replaced at maintenance plus 7.5% dehydration, with correction over 48 h. Within 2 h, the boy developed signs and symptoms of cerebral edema and was treated with intravenous mannitol (5 mL/kg × 2), and fluids were decreased by one-third. A further fall in his Glasgow Coma Score was managed with hypertonic (2.7%) saline (5 mL/kg), intubation and ventilation, and transfer to the regional pediatric intensive care unit (PICU). At the PICU, a decision was made to give maintenance fluid plus 5% dehydration correction over 72 h as a neuroprotective strategy. Within an hour of the boy’s admission …
The host becomes dinner: possible use of Cyclosa as a nuptial gift by Argyrodes in a colonial web

Abstract Nuptial gifts in spiders are poorly documented. We report on an observation and on photographs of a colonial web in San Vicente de Chucuri, Santander, Colombia, which suggest a likely case of nuptial gift behavior in a male of the kleptoparasitic spider Argyrodes elevatus Taczanowski 1873 (Araneae: Theridiidae). Pictures of a male A. elevatus holding a dead Cyclosa huila Levi 1999 (Araneae: Araneidae) wrapped in silk, in close proximity to a female A. elevatus facing him, document the couple at various moments at dusk and early the following morning. While no copulation is seen, these pictures suggest an attempt by the male to deliver a nuptial gift. Our observations support a recent report of apparent nuptial gift behavior in A. elevatus and raise questions on the foraging behavior of kleptoparasitic spiders in communal webs.
Acute Care Nurse Practitioners in an Academic Multidisciplinary ICU

The need for acute care nurse practitioners (ACNPs) in the intensive care unit (ICU) has steadily increased over the years. This is in part because of an increase in hospital admissions from an aging population that is living longer from advances in health care, especially in the critical care arena. Another factor involves recommendations by the Leapfrog Group that include fundamental critical care support be readily available to the patient’s bedside within 5 minutes. However, the largest driving force is the human resources shortage in critical care medicine. More and more patients are requiring critical care services, whereas physician numbers are not keeping pace with the growth. In addition, duty hour restrictions implemented by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education that limits residents’ work hours is contributing to the shortage. As a medium-to-large public tertiary academic medical center that serves all of northern California and part of the Central Valley, we have not been sp...
Lipid, instrumental color and sensory characteristics of ground beef produced using trisodium phosphate, cetylpypiridinium chloride, chlorine dioxide or lactic acid as multiple antimicrobial interventions.

Beef trimmings were treated with 0.5% cetylpyridinium chloride followed by 10% trisodium phosphate (CT), 200-ppm chlorine dioxide followed by 0.5% cetylpyridinium chloride (CLC), 200-ppm chlorine dioxide followed by 10% trisodium phosphate (CLT), or 2% lactic acid followed by 0.5% cetylpyridinium chloride (LC). The trimmings were ground, packaged and sampled at 0, 1, 2, 3 and 7 days of simulated retail display and compared with an untreated control (C) for instrumental color, sensory color and odor and TBARS (Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances) characteristics. Ground beef from the LC and CLC treatments were lighter (P 0.05) in vividness to C. On day 3, CT was scored redder (P <0.05) than C. Therefore, the use of CT, CLT, CLC and LC had little impact on ground beef color and CT improved ground beef color shelf life.
Mistilings with dominoes

We consider placing dominoes on a checker board such that each domino covers exactly some number of squares. Given a board and a type of domino, we define the mistiling ratio as the minimum proportion of squares that are covered in a maximal packing of the board with dominoes of that type. In this note we determine and bound the mistiling ratio for some types of dominoes on the infinite checker board.
Surrogate mothering in White Leghorn chicks

The present study investigated the effectiveness of two types of surrogates in reducing isolation-related death rates occurring between the 4th and 7th days after hatching in chicks. A red tennis ball suspended from the cage ceiling was as effective as group rearing in maintaining a low death rate (25% and 12%, respectively). A flashing light was ineffective in reducing death rate compared to rearing in isolation (72% and 75%, respectively). This supports Harlow’s work with infant monkeys on the importance of tactile stimulation and extends it to a lower species than had been previously considered. The flashing light was probably ineffective because the chicks were unable to achieve physical contact with the light. It was not determined that all chicks received enough food to survive. It is likely that the chick‘s need for stimulation in the form of a touchable imprinting object is prepotent over its hunger drive. Although all chicks were observed eating, some may have spent energy and time seeking contact with an imprinting object that was impossible to attain, thus failing to engage in sufficient eating behavior.
Responses of Seashore Paspalum Cultivars to Sting and Spiral Nematodes

Sting (Belonolaimus longicaudatus Rau) and spi- ral (Helicotylenchus spp.) nematodes are among the most common and damaging nematode species found on seashore paspalum (Paspalum vaginatum Swartz) in Florida. Restriction and cancellation of nematicides on turfgrass have accelerated the development of more environ- mentally friendly nematode management strat- egies. Use of nematode-tolerant or -resistant cultivars is the practice with the least ecological impact on nontargeted species. The objective of this study was to identify the nematode tolerance or resistance of commercial seashore paspalum cultivars. Seven cultivars were tested under greenhouse conditions in two sequential trials. The cultivars were grown in sand-fi lled plastic conetainers and inoculated with 50 sting nem- atodes or 500 spiral nematodes conetainer -1 . Nematode and root samples were collected 90 d after nematode inoculation. All seashore paspalum cultivars supported the reproduction of sting nematode, with a reproduction rate of 2.7- to 9.5-fold in the two trials. Population den- sities of the spiral nematode H. pseudorobus- tus (Steiner, 1914) Golden, 1956 declined on all cultivars. Seashore paspalum cultivars showed differences in root length reductions caused by nematodes. 'Salam', 'SeaDwarf', and 'SeaIsle Supreme' were most tolerant to sting nematode, and 'SeaSpray' and 'SeaIsle 2000' were most tolerant to spiral nematode. No cultivar was tol- erant to both nematode species.
How a honey bee colony mustered additional labor for the task of pollen foraging

This study examined how a honey bee colony supplied additional labor for a foraging task, pollen collection, when the demand for this task was increased. When we experimentally raised a colony's pollen need from one day to the next, we found that the colony boosted the labor devoted to pollen collecting (mea- sured in terms of the number of pollen collection trips per day, P) by a factor of 24.8. The number of pollen foragers (N) was increased (by recruiting and task switching) by a factor of 12.4, while the number of collect- ing trips per pollen forager per day (T) was increased by a factor of 2.0 (note that P = N × T). The increase in number of pollen foragers was produced mostly (73%) by the recruiting of non-foragers to the task and to a smaller extent (27%) by the switching of non-pollen foragers to the task. foraging / pollen collection / recruitment / task switching / work tempo
Incidence of retinopathy of prematurity from 1996 to 2000: Analysis of a comprehensive New York state patient database

Abstract Objective To determine the current incidence of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) in New York state. Design Population-based cohort study. Participants Newborn infants (15 691) with initial hospital length of stay >28 days and date of discharge from January 1, 1996, to December 31, 2000. Subjects were identified from the New York Statewide Planning and Research Cooperative System (SPARCS) database, which contains information about every patient hospitalized in New York during this period. Methods Demographic and clinical information about eligible infants was abstracted by searching the SPARCS database. Patients with a discharge diagnosis of ROP or who underwent laser retinal photocoagulation, scleral buckle, or pars plana vitrectomy were identified by searching for appropriate discharge and procedure codes. Incidence of ROP in the study population was determined and analyzed on the basis of birth weight. Main outcome measures Incidence of any ROP, laser photocoagulation, scleral buckle, and pars plana vitrectomy in study population. Results On the basis of SPARCS coding, the overall incidence of any ROP among all newborn infants in New York state during the study period was 0.2% (2284 of 1 167 427), or 1 in 511. The incidence of any ROP in the study population of newborns with initial hospital length of stay >28 days was 20.3% (2152 of 10 596) among infants with birth weight Conclusions This study involves the largest known cohort of newborns that has been analyzed for ROP. The incidence of ROP in this study is lower than results from previous multicenter clinical trials. However, the diagnosis of ROP in 17 study newborns with birth weight ≥2000 g deserves further investigation and may have implications for ROP screening protocols.
Activity-dependent BDNF release and TRPC signaling is impaired in hippocampal neurons of Mecp2 mutant mice

Dysfunction of the neurotrophin brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is implicated in Rett syndrome (RTT), but the state of its releasable pool and downstream signaling in mice lacking methyl-CpG-binding protein-2 (Mecp2) is unknown. Here, we show that membrane currents and dendritic Ca2+ signals evoked by recombinant BDNF or an activator of diacylglycerol (DAG)-sensitive transient receptor potential canonical (TRPC) channels are impaired in CA3 pyramidal neurons of symptomatic Mecp2 mutant mice. TRPC3 and TRPC6 mRNA and protein levels are lower in Mecp2 mutant hippocampus, and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) identified Trpc3 as a target of MeCP2 transcriptional regulation. BDNF mRNA and protein levels are also lower in Mecp2 mutant hippocampus and dentate gyrus granule cells, which is reflected in impaired activity-dependent release of endogenous BDNF estimated from TRPC currents and dendritic Ca2+ signals in CA3 pyramidal neurons. These results identify the gene encoding TRPC3 channels as a MeCP2 target and suggest a potential therapeutic strategy to boost impaired BDNF signaling in RTT.
A mixed variational formulation based on exact intrinsic equations for dynamics of moving beams

Abstract A nonlinear intrinsic formulation for the dynamics of initially curved and twisted beams in a moving frame is presented. The equations are written in a compact matrix form without any approximations to the geometry of the deformed beam reference line or to the orientation of the intrinsic cross-section frame. In accordance with previously published work, when effects of warping on the dynamics and local constraints on the cross-sectional deformation are ignorable, the in- and out-of-plane St Venant warping displacements (which are fully coupled for nonhomogeneous, anisotropic beams) need only be included explicitly in the determination of a suitable elastic law (a two-dimensional problem) and need not be considered explicitly in the one-dimensional equations governing global deformation. In this paper it is presupposed that such an elastic law is given as a one-dimensional strain energy function. Thus, the present equations, which are based on only six generalized strain variables, are valid for beams with closed cross-sections and for which warping is unrestrained. When simplified for various special cases, they agree with similar intrinsic equations in the literature. Although the resulting equations are Newtonian in structure (closely resembling Euler's dynamical equations for a rigid body), the formulation adheres to a variational approach throughout, thus providing a link between Newtonian and energy-based methods. In particular, the present development provides substantial insight into the relationships among variational formulations in which different displacement and rotational variables are used as well as between these formulations and Newtonian ones. For computational purposes, a compact and complete mixed variational formulation is presented that is ideally suited for development of finite element analyses. Finally, a specialized version of the intrinsic equations is developed in which shear deformations is suppressed.
A putative ubiquitin ligase required for efficient mRNA export differentially affects hnRNP transport

Abstract Background: In the nucleus, mRNAs are bound by hnRNP proteins. A subset of hnRNP proteins shuttle between the nucleus and cytoplasm and are believed to promote mRNA export by acting as adaptors between mRNA and the transport machinery. The existence of multiple shuttling hnRNP proteins raises the question of whether differentially regulated, hnRNP-specific mRNA export pathways exist. Results: We have determined that Tom1p, a conserved protein with a hect (homology to E6-AP carboxyl terminus) E3 ubiquitin ligase domain, is required for efficient mRNA export in S. cerevisiae , yet differentially affects hnRNP protein localization and export. Mutations in tom1 predicted to abolish ubiquitin ligase activity block efficient export of Nab2p and mRNA, causing Nab2p–mRNA complexes to accumulate in a punctate pattern coincident with the nuclear pore complex (NPC). Notably, the subcellular distribution of several other hnRNP proteins is not affected. In particular, Npl3p remains mRNA-associated and continues to be efficiently exported in tom1 mutants. Conclusion: Our results demonstrate that mutations predicted to affect the enzymatic activity of the Tom1p ubiquitin ligase differentially affect export of hnRNP proteins in association with mRNA. We propose the existence of multiple mRNA export pathways, with export of Nab2p-associated mRNAs dependent on a branch of the ubiquitin protein modification pathway.
Delayed postpartum preeclampsia: An experience of 151 cases

Abstract Objective Preeclampsia affects 6% to 8% of pregnancies. There are few data regarding hypertensive disorders that are diagnosed in the postpartum period. Our purpose was to determine the demographics, outcomes, and treatment of this complication. Study design This was a multicenter retrospective study of women who had received a diagnosis of hypertension/preeclampsia in the postpartum period. Inclusion criteria were readmission of a patient with this diagnosis (≤6 weeks after the delivery). Results Data from 151 women were studied. Complications included 24 cases (15.9%) of eclampsia, 9 cases (5.9%) of pulmonary edema, 6 cases (3.9%) of endomyometritis, 2 cases (1.3%) of thromboembolism, and 1 case of maternal death. Seventy-eight patients required antihypertensive medications on discharge. Subanalysis performed between the eclamptic and non-eclamptic women showed no difference among groups. Conclusion Delivery does not eliminate the risk for preeclampsia and its complications. Efforts should be directed at the continued monitoring, reporting, and evaluating of the symptoms of preeclampsia during the postpartum period.
Mechanism of action of the C3b inactivator: Requiremen for a high molecular weight cofactor (C3b-C4bINA cofactor) and production of a new C3b derivative (C3b′)

Abstract We investigated the mechanism of cleavage of human C3b by the C3bINA and documented the polypeptide chain structure of the breakdown products. As reportd for C4b cleavage by C4bINA (Shiraishi & Stroud, 1975; Nagasawa et al., 1976), the C3bINA requires a macromolecular protein for limited proteolysis of C3b. This macromolecular protein was estimated to have a mol.wt of 1.5×106, and was distinct from β1H with respect to mol.wt and antigenicity. β1H has been characterized as an accelerator for the decay-dissociation of the cell-bound C3 convertase, C 3bBb (Whaley & Ruddy, 1976; Weller et al., 1976). Since peptide bond cleavage does not appear to be necessary for this β1H function (Ibid), the C3bINA-C4bINA macroglobulin cofactor also has a distinctly different biochemical function. The C3bINA acting simultaneously with this cofactor cleaves a peptide bond on the α′ chain of C3b and abrogates the capability of C3 b to ract with D and B. The cleavage product, C3b′, has the same mol.wt as C3b and is comprised of three disulfide-bonded polypeptide chains, two of which are α′ chain fragments designated α′1 and α′2; the thi0rd is the intact β chain. C3b′, but not C3b, has an exquisite sensitively to plasmin; and plasmin, but not C3bINA, cleaves the α′1 chain of C3b′ into C3c1 and C3d1. C3d1. C3c1 and C3d1 are intermediate fragments and are subsequently cleaved by plasmin into the lower mol.wt plasmin-resistant fragments, C3c2 and C3d2, respectively.
Laser scanning for electronic printing

The use of laser scanning techniques for acquisition and printing of images is reviewed with primary emphasis on the printing application. Following an introduction to the basic configuration of laser scanners and to the terminology of this field, some of the principal characteristics of these scanners are summarized. A short overview is given of the key components of scanners, i.e., lasers, modulators, and light deflectors. The integration of these and other components into complete scanning systems is then described, including discussion of optical design issues and several examples of practical optical system design for polygon scanners. Holographic scanners and some of their design considerations are discussed. The electronic and mechanical techniques required for satisfactory scanner design and construction are described. Finally, the embodiment of various design approaches into practical scanners is illustrated by a survey of some existing printer products.
The heat of formation of the acetonyl radical VLPP studies of acetonyl bromide, isopropenylmethylether, and hexanedione‐2,5 in a search for acetonyl stabilization energy

The decomposition of acetonyl bromide, isopropenylmethylether, and hexanedione-2,5 was studied using the very-low-pressure pyrolysis (VLPP) technique. The acetonyl radical is a product of each reaction. Arrhenius parameters determined are or acetonyl bromide acetonyl + Br: and for isopropenylmethylether acetonyl + CH3: These lead to values of acetonyl stabilization energy (SE) of 0.8 and −4.0 kcal/mol, respectively. Comparison of the pyrolyses of hexanedione-2,5 and 2,5-dimethylhexane indicate a value of SE ∼ 2 kcal/mol. The total of these results is taken, along with previous work, to indicate that 0 ≲ SE ≲ 2 kcal/mol.
Shell-model calculations of neutrino scattering from 12 C

Neutrino reaction cross sections $({\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\ensuremath{\mu}},{\ensuremath{\mu}}^{\ensuremath{-}}),$ $({\ensuremath{\nu}}_{e}{,e}^{\ensuremath{-}})$ and $\ensuremath{\mu}$-capture and photoabsorption rates on ${}^{12}\mathrm{C}$ are computed within a large-basis shell-model framework, which included excitations up to $4\ensuremath{\Elzxh}\ensuremath{\omega}.$ When ground-state correlations are included with an open p shell the predictions of the calculations are in reasonable agreement with most of the experimental results for these reactions. Woods-Saxon radial wave functions are used, with their asymptotic forms matched to the experimental separation energies for bound states, and matched to a binding energy of 0.01 MeV for unbound states. We obtain, for the neutrino-absorption inclusive cross sections (but excluding the ${}^{12}\mathrm{N}\mathrm{}$ ground-state contribution) $\overline{\ensuremath{\sigma}}=13.2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}40} {\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ for the $({\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\ensuremath{\mu}},{\ensuremath{\mu}}^{\ensuremath{-}})$ decay-in-flight flux in agreement with the LSND datum of $(11.7\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1.8)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}40} {\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ and $\overline{\ensuremath{\sigma}}=4.1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}42} {\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ for the $({\ensuremath{\nu}}_{e}{,e}^{\ensuremath{-}})$ decay-at-rest flux, less than the experimental result of $(5.4\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.8)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}42} {\mathrm{cm}}^{2}.$
Preferences for genetic and behavioral health information: the impact of risk factors and disease attributions.

Increased availability of genetic risk information may lead the public to give precedence to genetic causation over behavioral/environmental factors, decreasing motivation for behavior change. Few population-based data inform these concerns. We assess the association of family history, behavioral risks, and causal attributions for diseases and the perceived value of pursuing information emphasizing health habits or genes. 1,959 healthy adults completed a survey that assessed behavioral risk factors, family history, causal attributions of eight diseases, and health information preferences. Participants’ causal beliefs favored health behaviors over genetics. Interest in behavioral information was higher than in genetic information. As behavioral risk factors increased, inclination toward genetic explanations increased; interest in how health habits affect disease risk decreased. Those at greatest need for behavior change may hold attributions that diminish interest in information for behavior change. Enhancing understanding of gene-environment influences could be explored to increase engagement with health information.
On Break-up Clichés Guiding Health Literacy's Future

With the recognized need to increase health literacy, some practices have not worked and, therefore, “should be dumped.” Herein we present alternative approaches that may increase health literacy.
Replication time of interspersed repetitive DNA sequences in hamsters

The replication time of 34 hamster genomic DNA segments containing interspersed repeat sequences was determined by probing the cloned segments with nick-translated early- and late-replicating hamster DNA. One-third of these cloned families replicated early, one-third replicated late, and one-third replicated without temporal bias. 19 different inserts from these clones along with the SINE, Alu, and the LINE, A36Fc, were used to probe Southern blots of early- and late-replicating hamster or human DNA. We report long interspersed repeats, LINEs, are selectively partitioned into late-replicating DNA and are often concertedly hypomethylated, while short interspersed repeats, SINEs, are selectively partitioned into early-replicating DNA. For some interspersed repeat families, this partitioning is complete or almost complete. The CCGG frequency is very low in late-replicating DNA. The mammalian chromosome's pattern of early-replicating R-bands and late-replicating G-bands reflects a differential distribution of LINEs and SINEs.
Development of the Infant Intestine: Implications for Nutrition Support

The incidence of preterm births has continued to increase over the past 25 years, and therefore the optimal feeding of these infants is an important clinical concern. This review focuses on intestinal development and physiology, with a particular emphasis on developmentally immature functions of the preterm intestine and the resulting implications for nutrition therapies used to feed the preterm infant.
Early stages of trophoblastic invasion of the maternal vascular system during implantation in the macaque and baboon.

Trophoblastic invasion and remodeling of the uteroplacental (spiral) arteries in primates are well-documented, but virtually nothing is known of the early stages of these phenomena. Therefore, we examined invasion of the maternal vasculature in macaques and baboons at, and immediately following, implantation. Following penetration of the uterine epithelium (day 9), trophoblast spreads along the residual epithelial basal lamina. By day 10, cytoplasmic processes penetrate the epithelial and endothelial basal laminase, and syncytial trophoblast insinuates itself between maternal endothelial cells. As lacunae develop, both syncytial and cytotrophoblast are exposed to maternal blood. Endovascular cytotrophoblast was first observed in subepithelial dilated capillaries and venules. These vessels are lined by increasingly hypertrophied endothelial cells. The spiral arterioles are unmodified at this time. Particularly interesting was the observation that there is rapid extensive endovascular trophoblast invasion of the spiral arterioles immediately beneath the implantation site. By day 14–16 nearly all of the small arterioles directly beneath the site are completely occluded. There is no invasion of the veins in this region. Somewhat later, the deeper arterioles in the principal zone are invaded. Rather than a continuous stream of cells invading the deeper arterioles, these endovascular cells occur in clusters ranging from a few cells to groups of cells that completely plug the lumen. Our results indicate that trophoblastic invasion of maternal vessels occurs very early; and, at least initially, trophoblast can migrate between and along endothelial cells without causing their lysis. The endovascular cells eventually interrupt the endothelial lining of the arterioles and penetrate the walls of the vessels. The occlusion of arterioles underneath the site suggests that circulation through the lacunae at this stage is indirect. Corresponding stages of human development were examined, and no invasion of arterioles could be observed prior to formation of an extensive cytotrophoblastic shell.