cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quasi-local mass in general relativity

It is a great honor for me to give this talk in honor of my mentor and my old friend Is Singer. We have known each other since 1973. He had a deep influence in my mathematical thinking and my career. When I first met him at a big conference in geometry in Stanford, my advisor Chern told me that Is wanted to see me. I was somewhat nervous as Is is a big name in geometry. To my surprise, Is just smiled and said that he just wanted to get to know me. But he did something for me then that neither of us realized at the time. It was his proposal to invite Robert Geroch to explain the mathematics of general relativity to geometers during that conference. Geroch explained the positive mass conjecture for a special case in very simple terms. It was fascinating as nobody knew how to approach this problem, despite its elegance. I kept this problem in mind until 1978, when I visited Berkeley for one year, again at the invitation of Chern and of Is. In that year, I solved the first major part of the positive conjecture with Richard Schoen. Before this visit, Is invited me to visit MIT for a month during 1976, after I solved the Calabi conjecture. During that period, Is was very busy with a family issue. Nonetheless, we had dinner and he described to me what he heard in Stony Brook when he visited the physicists there. The main question was concerning self-dual instantons. Although I did not work on it immediately, it is such an interesting subject, that I finally worked on the higher dimensional generalization of it known today as the Hermitian Yang-Mills connections. In 1987, Is thought that it was important for mathematicians working on physics related issues to have the ability to obtain funding to hire postdoctoral fellows. He was able to work this out with the Department of Energy. And I have benefitted much by his efforts on this. I was able to hire postdoctoral fellows who earned physics degrees. Having them around have been really useful for my career.
Short-term reproductive diapause by Culex tarsalis (Diptera: Culicidae) in the Coachella Valley of California

Culex tarsalis Coquillett from the Coachella Valley in southeastern California enter a short-term reproductive diapause that is terminated by changes in photoperiod at or shortly after the winter solstice. Reproductively active and unfed resting females exhibited respective increases and decreases in parity rates during December that were characteristic of diapause induction, although reproductively active females, larvae, and males were collected during every month throughout winter. Laboratory experiments demonstrated that females from Coachella Valley enter and maintain a facultative reproductive diapause similar to females from the more northern San Joaquin Valley when exposed to simulated winter conditions. In environmental chambers, diapause termination was not related to temperature accrual because females terminated diapause at approximately the same time regardless of temperature regimens. A field experiment showed that female cohorts emerging in the Coachella Valley from late October through December entered a reproductive diapause that was terminated synchronously by changing photoperiod in late December.
Erratum to: Pharmacology of anticoagulants used in the treatment of venous thromboembolism

Anticoagulant drugs are the foundation of therapy for patients with VTE. While effective therapeutic agents, anticoagulants can also result in hemorrhage and other side effects. Thus, anticoagulant therapy selection should be guided by the risks, benefits and pharmacologic characteristics of each agent for each patient. Safe use of anticoagulants requires not only an in-depth knowledge of their pharmacologic properties but also a comprehensive approach to patient management and education. This paper will summarize the key pharmacologic properties of the anticoagulant agents used in the treatment of patients with VTE.
Study on familial clustering of HBsAg in Taixing

Objective To study familial clustering of HBsAg in Taixing,and provide evidence for the prevention and control of HBV.Methods A total of 4 745 families took part in this study and cases distribution was analyzed by using epidemiological sampling survey.There were 1 565 persons with positive HBsAg distributed in 1 309 families.The data was analyzed by fitting negative binomial distribution and binomial distribution.If the data follows negative binomial distribution and doesn't follow binomial distribution,then HBsAg distribution has a phenomenon of familiar aggregation.Results P Values for fitting negative binomial distribution were greater than 0.05,which indicated the data did follow negative binomial distribution.P Values for fitting binomial distribution were less than 0.05,which indicated the data did not follow binomial distribution.Conclusion HBsAg in Taixing has a phenomenon of familial aggregation.
Keys to supportive care in pancreatic cancer: early palliative care, improved communication.

Optimal supportive care for patients with pancreatic cancer is essential. Putting these interventions into practice requires that oncologists and oncology teams incorporate innovations at both the individual and the system level.
Rapid quantitation of monoclonal antibody N-glyco-occupancy and afucosylation using mass spectrometry

N-glyco-occupancy and afucoslyation level are two important quality attributes associated with N-glycosylation of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). We report here a fast mass spectrometry-based workflow for quantification of N-glycan site-occupancy and afucoslyation level of mAbs with improved throughput, precision, sensitivity and robustness. This method uses the deglycosylation after the first GlcNAc and inter-chain reduction of the mAbs, followed by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis. The entire process can be completed within one hour, which provides a rapid quantitation of N-glyco-occupancy and afucosylation to support high-throughput cell line selection and process development for mAb biopharmaceuticals.
Laboratory analysis of risky driving at 0.05% and 0.08% blood alcohol concentration.

Abstract Background The public health costs associated with alcohol-related traffic crashes are a continuing problem for society. One harm reduction strategy has been to employ per se limits for blood alcohol concentrations (BACs) at which drivers can legally operate motor vehicles. This limit is currently 0.08% in all 50 US states. Recently, the National Transportation Safety Board proposed lowering the legal limit to 0.05% (NTSB, 2013). While research has well-validated the ability of alcohol to impair driving performance and heighten crash-risk at these BACs, relatively little is known about the degree to which alcohol might increase drivers’ risk-taking. Methods Risk-taking was examined in 20 healthy adults who were each tested in a driving simulator following placebo and two doses of alcohol calculated to yield peak BACs of 0.08% and 0.05%, the respective current and proposed BAC limits. The drive test emphasized risk-taking by placing participants in a multiple-lane, high-traffic environment. The primary measure was how close drivers maneuvered relative to other vehicles on the road (i.e., time-to-collision, TTC). Results Alcohol increased risk-taking by decreasing drivers’ TTC at the 0.08% target BAC relative to placebo. Moreover, risk-taking at the 0.05% target was less than risk-taking at 0.08% target BAC. Conclusions These findings provide evidence that reducing the legal BAC limit in the USA to 0.05% would decrease risk-taking among drivers. A clearer understanding of the dose-response relationship between various aspects of driving behaviors, such as drivers’ accepted level of risk while driving, is an important step to improving traffic safety.
Water Wave Modeling Using a Boundary Element Method with Overhauser Spline Elements

A BEM system for modeling nonlinear, periodic water waves in the physical space has been developed. The system uses Overhauser elements to eliminate discontinuities of the slope on the water surface. It is shown that the system developed accurate model breaking plungers without numerical instabilities. A shallow water wave is presented showing its behavior as it transforms in time from a sine wave to a breaking wave, ending with its jet meeting the trough.
A dispersion model for viral transport in tissues

Abstract Gene therapy of cancer is the transfer of genetic material to correct genetic mutations in malignant cells or destroy cancer cells through cytolysis or other mechanisms. Intratumoural injection is often used for direct delivery of viral particles (VP) into tumours. The temporal and spatial distributions of VP in the tissue of interest (TOI) following the injection may closely correlate with the therapeutic results. Thus, a theoretical model as a dispersion process is introduced to describe VP transport processes in the TOI. Which include mechanical flow, molecular diffusion, blood uptake, cellular absorption, and viral death and replication.
Multiscale modeling approach to determine effective lithium-ion transport properties

This paper elaborates upon the limitations of using volume-averaged macroscale electrochemical models for lithium-ion batteries, such as the Pseudo-two-Dimensional (P2D) model [1]. To address some of these limitations, an enhanced electrochemical modeling framework that is developed using the homogenization technique is presented in this work. The mass and charge transport equations of the new modeling framework are derived by multiple-scale asymptotic expansion of the pore-scale Poisson-Nernst-Planck (PNP) equations [2]. The effective diffusion and conductivity coefficients of the homogenized model are determined by formulating and solving a closure variable in the electrode microstructure. This paper demonstrates the methodology to calculate the effective transport parameters using the closure approach. We compare the closure-based effective parameters with the effective parameters obtained by using the Bruggeman theory. The Bruggeman approach relies on a simplified approximation of the pore-scale parameters to determine effective values using only porosity. Results indicate that the Bruggeman approach underpredicts the effective transport parameters. This could critically influence model predictive ability, particularly for high C-rates and temperatures of battery operation.
In Defense of the Shareholder Wealth Maximization Norm

This essay, "In Defense of the Shareholder Wealth Maximization Norm, appeared in the Symposium on New Directions in Corporate Law published in volume 50 of the Washington & Lee Law Review. This essay was written as a reply to an article in the same symposium by Professor Ronald M. Green - "Shareholders as Stakeholders: Changing Metaphors of Corporate Governance," 50 Wash. & Lee. L. Rev. 1409 (1993) - in which Professor Green criticized the dominant view of corporate governance, according to which directors have a fiduciary duty to maximize shareholder wealth. In sharp contrast, this essay argues that the principle of shareholder wealth maximization is both a valid positive account of corporate law and also a legitimate normative proposition. The essay is grounded in a contractarian approach to corporate governance. The essay begins by observing that in the nexus of contracts theory the concept of ownership goes out the window, along with its associated economic and ethical baggage. Consequently, the traditional justification for shareholder wealth maximization - i.e., that shareholders own the corporation - is unavailing. There is a considerable difference between showing that the traditional private property model is inadequate, however, and showing that we should adopt a new decisionmaking norm to which corporate officers and directors must conform their behavior. The essay then identifies and critiques the two principal normative arguments running through Professor Green's article. First, Green treats the limited liability rule as a privilege conferred by society, in return for which society can demand socially responsible corporate behavior. My essay points out that this is little more than a revival of the long-dead concession theory of corporate governance. Second, Green contends that limited liability is a mechanism through which shareholders harm nonshareholders by externalizing certain costs onto them. Although this is a more substantial argument, my essay contends that it is not persuasive. Although limited liability does permit such externalities, Green's proposed solution - i.e., allowing/requiring directors to consider the effects of their decisions on nonshareholder constituencies of the corporation - is highly flawed. Such a multi-constituency fiduciary duty would be unworkable, at best, and would significantly increase the agency costs inherent in the separation of ownership and control.
Mothering and Professing: Critical Choices and the Academic Career

When is a good time to have children? Where is a good place to raise a family? Should I work full time? These and other questions are common for faculty looking to combine work and family. In this ...
Serving Transgender Patrons in Academic Libraries

Column description. The Future Voices in Public Services column is a forum for graduate students in library and information science programs to discuss key issues in academic library public services, to envision what they feel librarians in public service have to offer to academia, to tell us their visions for the profession, or to share research being conducted in library schools. We hope to provide fresh perspectives from those entering our field, in both the United States and other countries. Interested faculty of graduate library and information science programs, who would like their students’ ideas represented in these pages, are invited to contact Miriam L. Matteson.
Rapid Ascending Sensorimotor Paralysis, Hearing Loss, and Fatal Arrhythmia in a Multimorbid Patient due to an Accidental Overdose of Fluoxetine

Background. Common side effects of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) include tachycardia, drowsiness, tremor, nausea, and vomiting. Although SSRIs have less toxic side effects compared to more traditional antidepressants, serious and life threatening cases of SSRI overdose have been reported. We describe a 24-year-old multimorbid female who presented to the emergency department with rapid onset ascending sensorimotor paralysis, complicated by respiratory and cardiac arrest, found to have fatal levels of fluoxetine by toxicological analysis, not taken in a suicidal act. Results. Autopsy was performed at the Los Angeles County Medical Examiner’s Office of a female with no evidence of traumatic injury. Toxicological analysis revealed lethal levels of fluoxetine, toxic levels of diphenhydramine, and multiple other coingested substances at nontoxic levels. Neuropathological examination of the brain and spinal cord revealed no evidence of Guillain-Barre paralysis. Conclusions. Lethal levels of fluoxetine and multiple potential drug-to-drug interactions in our patient likely contributed to her unique signs and symptoms. This is the first case reporting neurologic signs and symptoms consisting of rapid onset ascending sensorimotor paralysis, hearing loss, respiratory failure, cardiac arrest, and death in a patient with lethal levels of fluoxetine.
A multigrid algorithm for the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations

Publisher Summary This chapter presents a fast multigrid solver for the steady incompressible Navier–Stokes equations. With this approach, the spatial discretization correctly distinguishes between the advection and elliptic parts of the operator, allowing an efficient smoother to be constructed. Numerical results are shown for flow over a Karman–Trefftz airfoil at angle of attack. Using Gauss–Seidel line relaxation in both the radial and azimuthal directions, multigrid convergence behavior approaching that of O ( N ) methods is achieved. Rapid multigrid convergence is achieved for advection-dominated flows by designing a solver that effectively distinguishes between the elliptic, parabolic, and hyperbolic factors of the system and treats each one appropriately. For instance, advection can be treated by space marching, while elliptic factors can be treated by multigrid.
The Waning of Affect, the End of the Liberal Project, and the Rehearsal of Social Change: A Page from the Millennial Playbook

Twenty-five years ago, Fredric Jameson famously announced that we had entered a phase of political paralysis created by a “new depthlessness” (1991, 6) caused by a “waning of affect” (1991, 16). Jameson saw the proliferations of sign without meaning, the emptying out of feeling from cultural production, and the overwhelming of the subject with information without context. If we are unable to grasp state power long enough to challenge it, how can we think about social change? This essay argues that to see that the modernist liberal project of universal humanism is always already dismantled is cause for celebration. Additionally, it examines the underlying assumptions about social change in terms of a static binary of “transgressive” versus “normative.” By examining the Millennial generation's emphasis on experience over outcomes as a possible key to a new idea of social change, particularly through the performative aspects of Black Lives Matter, this essay analyzes affect and its relationship to and to political action.
Researching pedagogy within small active learning classrooms: Examining enacted pedagogies of learner and instructor interactions

ABSTRACTTo better support pedagogies of engagement, such as peer learning, team learning, and inquiry-based learning, Active Learning Classrooms (ALCs) are equipped with a range of physical and technological affordances, including movable furniture, ample whiteboard access, and immediate work-sharing capabilities using mobile technologies and displays. Although ALCs are created with pedagogical flexibility in mind, previous research on ALCs has favoured quasi-experimental research designs that relate qualities of space and qualities of learning within large introductory STEM courses. By comparison, smaller active learning classrooms that serve 24 students or fewer have different spatial, pedagogical, and technological affordances and therefore benefit from alternate research designs. We argue that qualitative approaches, particularly methods that examine the co-occurrences of teacher and learner interactions within ALCs, are suited to exploring dimensions of enacted pedagogies in context. In this article,...
Bioaerosols from the land application of biosolids in the desert southwest USA

This study evaluated bioaerosol emissions during land application of Class B biosolids in and around Tucson, Arizona, to aid in developing models of the fate and transport of bioaerosols generated from the land application of biosolids. Samples were collected for 20 min at distances between 2 m and 20 m downwind of point sources, using an SKC BioSampler® impinger. A total of six samples were collected per sampling event, which consisted of a biosolid spray applicator applying liquid biosolids to a cotton field. Each application represented one exposure. Samples were collected in deionised water amended with peptone and antifoam agent. Ambient weather conditions were also monitored every 10 min following initiation of sampling. Concurrently with downwind samples, background (ambient) air samples were collected to compensate for any ambient airborne microorganisms. In addition, biosolids samples were collected for analysis of target indicator and pathogenic organisms. Soil samples were also collected and analysed. Significant numbers of heterotrophic plate count (HPC) bacteria were found in air samples collected during the biosolid application process. These could have arisen from soil particles being aerosolised during the land application process. Aerosolised soil may contribute significantly to the amount of aerosolised microorganisms. Soil particles may be able to more readily aerosolise, due to their low density, small particle size and low mass. Aerosolised HPC bacteria found during biosolids land application were similar to those found during normal tractor operation on non-biosolids applied fields. Coliforms and coliphages were not routinely detected even though they were found to be present in the biosolids at relatively high concentrations, 106 and 104/g (dry weight) of biosolids respectively. This could be due to the die-off rate of aerosolised Gram-negative bacteria or sorption to the solid portion of the biosolids. Low numbers of aerosolised coliphages may likewise be due to sorption phenomena. We theorise that only organisms in the aqueous phase of the biosolids were available to desorb and be aerosolised. Animal viruses, which were not detected in the biosolids, were likewise not detected in the aerosol samples. Clostridium perfringens was detected in only a small percent of aerosol samples although it was detected during all weather conditions; other microorganisms were detected during more favourable environmental conditions (relative humidity >10%). Despite the fact that many of these organisms were present in the biosolids at significant concentrations, their presence in bioaerosols generated during the land application of biosolids was limited to only a small percentage of samples. Bacteria as well as viruses may sorb to biosolids, which contain a high percentage of organic matter, and desorption during land application of biosolids may not readily take place; therefore, these microorganisms may not be readily aerosolised.
Evaluation of novel formulations of d-β-hydroxybutyrate and melatonin in a rat model of hemorrhagic shock.

Abstract d -β-hydroxybutyrate and melatonin (BHB/MLT) infusion improves survival in hemorrhagic shock models. The original BHB/MLT formulation contains dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) to increase melatonin solubility. We formulated BHB/MLT solutions wherein DMSO was replaced either with 10% polyvinylpyrrolidone (BHB/MLT/PVP) or with 5% hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin/2.5% PVP/2.5% polyethylene glycol 400 (BHB/MLT/CD). Safety and efficacy of the new and the original BHB/MLT solution were tested in a lethal rat hemorrhagic shock model, with seven groups: 1) sham, 2) shock, untreated, 3) shock, lactated Ringer’s solution (LR), 4) shock, 4 M BHB/MLT/DMSO, 5) shock, 2 M BHB/MLT/DMSO, 6) shock, BHB/MLT/PVP and 7) shock, BHB/MLT/CD. BHB/MLT/DMSO was given at full strength and 1:1 dilution to match the concentration of the novel formulations. Rats were anesthetized, instrumented, and 40% of the total blood volume was withdrawn in three steps, followed by four-hour long shock. Treatment boluses were infused half-way throughout hemorrhage. Survival was highest in BHB/MLT/CD-treated rats (8/10), followed by the BHB/MLT/PVP (6/10), 4 M BHB/MLT/DMSO (5/10) or 2 M BHB/MLT/DMSO (5/10), LR (3/10) and the untreated group (0/11). Survival did not differ significantly between BHB/MLT groups (p > 0.05), but was significantly higher in BHB/MLT/CD than in LR-treated animals (p = 0.018). BHB/MLT/PVP and BHB/MLT/CD constitute promising candidates for clinical hemorrhagic shock treatment.
Mechanistic approaches to new nitrosourea development.

The 1-chloroethyl-1-nitrosoureas are highly active against nearly all experimental tumors that have been extensively tested in mice, rats, and hamsters [39]. The benefits against the human disease, however, have been relatively modest [4]. Although the activity in man has so far been disappointing, the high activity in animals suggests that there is greater potential to be tapped. The nitrosoureas are known to react with DNA, as well as with other cellular macromolecules [5, 31,33, 34,41,43,44]. If DNA is the critical target, some key mechanistic questions may yield to presently available experimental techniques. Some current concepts and results along this line of approach will be reviewed.
Chinese Investment & Economic Development in the U.S. - Legal & Policy Issues.

As a result of the 2008 global financial crisis and the Great Recession, states are confronting fierce fiscal challenges and the job market is weak. In addition, the U.S. economy is not recovering as it has in past economic downturns. The possibility of a double-dip recession is becoming more of a harsh reality. In response to these increasingly bleak prospects, states have become more aggressive in the global marketplace. The federal government is becoming more supportive of states as they expand their international economic development efforts. Along with President Obama’s revived export push, his newer international investment initiatives are reaffirming traditional U.S. open investment policies. These policies intend to remove regulatory uncertainties restricting foreign direct investment (FDI) in the U.S. What should states and the federal government do to promote FDI and economic development given growing concerns over national security? What are the legal and policy issues? After assessing the legal and policy issues concerning Chinese investment in the U.S., I have several suggestions. First, states need to follow an aggressive economic development policy focusing on attracting Chinese and other FDI. States ought to assess their business and regulatory environments to ensure equal treatment for foreign corporations. Second, the federal government ought to remove unnecessary legislative and regulatory barriers to foreign investment in the name of national security that promotes protectionism. It should adopt a systematic and aggressive policy of promoting FDI. The federal government should also promote greater use of bilateral investment and tax treaties to encourage greater foreign investment. Foreign corporations and sovereign wealth funds have the money and desire to invest in the U.S., which is good for the U.S. job market.
Screening for Peripheral Artery Disease and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Assessment With the Ankle-Brachial Index: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement

Importance Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is a manifestation of atherosclerosis in the lower limbs. It can impair walking and, in severe cases, can lead to tissue loss, infection, and amputation. In addition to morbidity directly caused by PAD, patients with PAD are at increased risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) events, because atherosclerosis is a systemic disease that also causes coronary and cerebrovascular events. Objective To update the 2013 US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommendation on screening for PAD and CVD risk with the ankle-brachial index (ABI). Evidence Review The USPSTF reviewed the evidence on whether screening for PAD with the ABI in generally asymptomatic adults reduces morbidity or mortality from PAD or CVD. The current review expanded on the previous review to include individuals with diabetes and interventions that include supervised exercise and physical therapy intended to improve outcomes in the lower limbs. Findings The USPSTF found few data on the accuracy of the ABI for identifying asymptomatic persons who can benefit from treatment of PAD or CVD. There are few studies addressing the benefits of treating screen-detected patients with PAD; 2 good-quality studies showed no benefit of using the ABI to manage daily aspirin therapy in unselected populations, and 2 studies showed no benefit from exercise therapy. No studies addressed the harms of screening, although the potential exists for overdiagnosis, labeling, and opportunity costs. Studies that addressed the harms of treatment showed nonsignificant results. Therefore, the USPSTF concludes that the current evidence is insufficient and that the balance of benefits and harms of screening for PAD with the ABI in asymptomatic adults cannot be determined. Conclusions and Recommendation The USPSTF concludes that the current evidence is insufficient to assess the balance of benefits and harms of screening for PAD and CVD risk with the ABI in asymptomatic adults. (I statement)
Quantitative Structure–Activity Relationship – A Historical Perspective and the Future

The evolution of the quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) paradigm is traced from the early observations of Crum-Brown and Fraser to Hammett's critical equations and Hansch's significant contribution of hydrophobicity and modeling of chemicobiological interactions based on electronic, steric, and hydrophobic parameters. The delineation of linear and nonlinear models using multiple linear regression analysis is described as well as selection methods for substituents. The exponential growth in QSAR and quantitative structure–property relationships (QSPR) has demonstrated the need for more experimental, theoretical and/or empirical descriptors which reflect simple molecular properties and can provide insight into the chemicobiological or physicochemical phenomena. The advent of molecular graphics and its impact on QSAR is briefly addressed. New QSAR approaches, such as HQSAR, inverse QSAR, binary QSAR, and comparative QSAR (C-QSAR) are also discussed, as are current QSAR applications of interest in the absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion (ADME) and toxicity arenas.
Meta-analyses of studies of the diagnostic accuracy of laboratory tests : A review of the concepts and methods

○ Objective.-To provide practicing pathologists and other laboratory professionals with the necessary background for reading and evaluating published reports of meta-analyses of studies of the diagnostic accuracy of laboratory tests. Study Selection.-English language literature, 1980 to present, pertaining to the rationale, objectives, and interpretation of meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials, and meta-analyses of studies of the diagnostic accuracy of laboratory tests. Conclusions.-Meta-analysis has several applications in the investigation of the diagnostic accuracy of laboratory tests. It can improve the quality of future primary studies by drawing attention to the methodologic deficiencies of existing reports; it can identify reasons for the variation in the results of those reports; and it can generate valid summary estimates of the diagnostic accuracy of laboratory tests based on all completed investigations, providing that the available primary studies are of high scientific validity. Several statistical techniques for integrating data from reports on diagnostic test accuracy have either been developed or are under development, but meta-analysis is often limited by the poor quality of the primary studies and the effect of publication bias. Meta-analysis can evolve into a reliable tool for assessing the accuracy of laboratory tests if both investigators and editors strive to improve the quality of the primary studies and to reduce the extent of publication bias in this area of the literature.
Fluidity of Gonadotropin Storage in Cycling Female Rats

Hormone storage in gonadotropes has been the subject of a debate for over a decade. The cytophysiological evidence for non-parallel secretion of LH and FSH agreed with the early morphological evidence that there were two types of gonadotropes (Farquhar and Rinehart, 1954; Barnes, 1962). Workers postulated that each might be responsible for the secretion of only one gonadotropin (Barnes, 1962; Kurosumi and Oota, 1968). However, in the early 1970’s, immunocytochemists showed that both hormones were present in most of the same cells (Nakane, 1970; Phifer, et al., 1972; Tougard, et al., 1971, 1973). Furthermore, the two morphological cell types could not be distinguished on the basis of their gonadotropin content. During the subsequent 10 years a number of studies reported results from serially sectioned pituitaries that included a variety of species. These results showed collectively that most gonadotropes contained both hormones (multihormonal) (Tixier-Vidal et al., 1975; Herbert, 1975; Batten and Hopkins, 1978; Hopkins et al., 1981; Smith and Keefer, 1982). A number of these studies also reported that there were cells that contained only FSH or LH (monohormonal) (Nakane, 1970; Moriarty, 1976a, b; Pelletier, et al., 1976; El Etreby and Fath El Bab, 1977; Purandare, et al., 1978; Bugnon et al., 1977; Dacheux, 1978, 1980; Girod, et al., 1980; Fellmann et al., 1982; Jansen, 1982; Childs, et al., 1980, 1981, 1982a, b, 1983a, b; Dada, et al., 1983).
German chemicals and American politics, 1919–1922

In 1926, eight years after the armistice that ended World War I, members of Congress debated once again what should be done with the German property the United States government seized during the war. The animosity toward Germany had lessened among most members of Congress, making possible sincere efforts to demonstrate Americans’ respect for private property rights, even the property rights of former enemies. The majority in the Congress backed the comments of members such as Representative J.W. Collier of Mississippi, whose speech was reminiscent of President Woodrow Wilson’s idealism about settling the peace. The United States, Collier said, was in no way obligated to return any property to Germany because of the peace treaty provisions, but Congress aspired to create a precedent, perhaps “to be used as guides in the future.” He took care not to imply criticism of European allies who confiscated German property and would never return it, but he argued that the United States needed to be guided “by the American standard of justice and equity.”1
Treatment of Primary Liver Tumors and Liver Metastases, Part 1: Nuclear Medicine Techniques

90Y radioembolization is an increasingly used treatment for both primary and metastatic malignancy in the liver. Understanding the biophysical properties, dosing concerns, and imaging appearance of this treatment is important for interventional radiologists and nuclear medicine physicians to provide important therapy. 90Y radioembolization is efficacious and safe, although the possibility of complications does exist. This article provides a comprehensive in-depth discussion about the indications for 90Y radioembolization, reviews the role of preprocedural angiography and 99mTc-macroaggregated albumin scans, illustrates different dosing techniques, compares and contrasts resin and glass microspheres, and describes potential complications.
Effect of weight loss during concurrent chemoradiation on outcomes of oropharyngeal cancer.

e17541Background: Concurrent chemoradiation improves outcomes in patients with locoregionally advanced oropharyngeal cancer (LA-OPC). Weight loss during treatment affects optimal delivery of treatm...
Structure, asymmetry, and connectivity of the human temporo-parietal aslant and vertical occipital fasciculi.

We previously proposed a bipartite ‘dorsal–ventral’ model of human arcuate fasciculus (AF) morphology. This model does not, however, account for the ‘vertical,’ temporo-parietal subdivision of the AF described in earlier dissection and tractographic studies. In an effort to address the absence of the vertical AF (VAF) within ‘dorsal–ventral’ nomenclature, we conducted a dedicated tractographic and white-matter dissection study of this tract and another short, vertical, posterior-hemispheric fascicle: the vertical occipital fasciculus (VOF). We conducted atlas-based, non-tensor, deterministic tractography in 30 single subjects from the Human Connectome Project database and verified our results using an average diffusion atlas compiled from 842 separate normal subjects. We also performed white-matter dissection in four post-mortem specimens. Our tractography results demonstrate that the VAF is, in fact, a bipartite system connecting the ventral parietal and temporal regions, with variable connective, and no volumetric lateralization. The VOF is a non-lateralized, non-segmented system connecting lateral occipital areas with basal–temporal regions. Importantly, the VOF was spatially dissociated from the VAF. As the VAF demonstrates no overall connective or volumetric lateralization, we postulate its distinction from the AF system and propose its re-naming to the ‘temporo-parietal aslant tract,’ (TPAT), with unique dorsal and ventral subdivisions. Our tractography results were supported by diffusion atlas and white-matter dissection findings.
Retinal Arterial Macroaneurysms: Updating your Memory on RAM Management.

This is a comprehensive review of management options for retinal arterial macroaneurysms (RAMs). Although close observation is typically recommended for RAMs not involving or threatening the macula, other treatment modalities can be considered for exudative or hemorrhagic complications that are vision-threatening. New imaging technologies like optical coherence tomography angiography (OCT-A) have been able to detect RAMs without the need of dye injection, further elucidating our understanding of blood flow within and around them. Observation alone is usually an adequate treatment when a lesion is not threatening the fovea. Laser photocoagulation and intravitreal injection of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) inhibitors have effectively been used for management of exudative RAMs, whereas options including injection of VEGF inhibitors, tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), vitrectomy, gas, and yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG) laser have been used for hemorrhagic RAMs. To date, there is no consensus regarding management of symptomatic exudative or hemorrhagic complications of RAM. Additionally, a case report is presented within this paper to illustrate the successful treatment of a hemorrhagic RAM in a symptomatic 65-year-old man using intravitreal bevacizumab.
How often do prescribers include indications in drug orders? Analysis of 4 million outpatient prescriptions.

Purpose To examine the extent to which outpatient clinicians currently document drug indications in prescription instructions. Methods Free-text sigs were extracted from all outpatient prescriptions generated by the computerized prescriber order entry system of a major academic institution during a 5-year period. Natural language processing was used to identify drug indications. The data set was analyzed to determine the rates at which prescribers included indications. It was stratified by provider specialty, drug class, and specific medications, to determine how often these indications were in prescriptions for as-needed (PRN) versus non-PRN medications. Results During the study period, 4,356,086 prescriptions were ordered. Indications were included in 322,961 orders (7.41%). From these orders, 249,262 indications (77.18%) were written for PRN orders. Although internal medicine prescribers generated the highest number of medication orders, they included indications in only 6.26% of their prescriptions, whereas orthopedic surgery providers had the highest rate of documenting indications (33.41%). Pain was the most common indication, accounting for 30.35% of all documented indications. The drug class with the highest number of sigs-containing indications was narcotic analgesics. Non-PRN chronic medication prescriptions rarely included the indication. Conclusion Prescribers rarely included drug indications in electronic free-text prescription instructions, and, when they did, it was mostly for PRN uses such as pain.
Relationship between Tropical and Extratropical Diabatic Heating and Their Impact on Stationary–Transient Wave Interference

AbstractDuring boreal winter, the climatological stationary wave plays a key role in the poleward transport of heat in mid- and high latitudes. Latent heating is an important driver of boreal-winte...
Aggregation and Governance in Litigation

A persistent criticism of class actions is that they have unresolvable governance problems. The worry is that in a class action the attorneys will be able to take advantage of the class members, conducting the litigation in a way that lines their own pockets at the class’ expense. The relevant question should rather be how class actions fare compared to potential alternatives. As a common feature of collective action, governance problems are ubiquitous. However, we can determine how worrisome the governance problems with class actions are through comparison with similar types of actions. Cases brought by states and corporations can also be forms of aggregate litigation, and courts have consistently expanded the opportunities for these kinds of litigation while restricting class actions. From this comparative perspective class action governance appears to be especially fraught. Class actions lack the democratic processes of both corporate and state governance: unlike shareholders or citizens class members cannot vote to replace their attorney or otherwise steer the litigation. Their options are limited. But, despite both the intuitive appeal and doctrinal importance of democratic procedures like voting, democratic procedures actually do little to improve litigation governance. Class action governance functions better than it seems to at first because of the importance of the attorney’s legal expertise. Therefore, the governance problems in class actions are not substantially more dire than those confronting other types of aggregate litigation, especially if some modest procedural changes are implemented. Put in the proper context, then, the governance problems in class actions have been overstated.
Effect of Cloud Based Learning Management System on The Learning Management System Implementation Process

The concept of E-learning in Universities has grown rapidly over the years to include not just only a learning management systems (LMS) but also tools initially not designed for learning such as Facebook and advanced learning tools, for example games, simulations and virtualization. As a result, Cloud-based LMS is being touted as the next evolution of the traditional LMS. It is hoped that Cloud-based LMS will resolve some of the challenges associated with the traditional LMS implementation process. In a previous study [10], we reported that lack of involvement of faculty and students in the LMS implementation process results in the limited use of the LMS by faculty and students. The question then is, “Will the cloud-based LMS resolve these issues? We conducted a review of literature and presented an overview of the traditional LMS, cloud computing and the cloud-based LMS and we described how the cloud computing LMS resolve issues raised by faculty and students. we find that even though, cloud-based LMS resolve most of the technical issues associated with the traditional LMS, some of the human issues were not resolved. We hope that this study draws attention to non-technical issues associated with the LMS implementation process.
Laparoscopic Colonic Mapping

This chapter describes colonic mapping for Hirschsprung’s disease as performed by the following approaches: open (first) and laparoscopic. The text includes an introduction that outlines the indications, risks, alternatives, essential steps, needed equipment, and variations in the technique for the procedure in question. This is followed by a template operative dictation, which provides the reader with an operative report, such as is found in a patient chart or electronic medical record. A description is provided of the following critical concepts for this procedure: abdominal access, the biopsy process, and where appropriate, formation of a diverting ileostomy for patients with long-segment Hirschsprung’s disease, patients in whom permanent section histology results are required before proceeding with definitive treatment, or for patients with delayed diagnosis and resulting failure to thrive.
Flood variability determines the location of lobe‐scale avulsions on deltas: Madagascar

River deltas grow through repeated lobe‐scale avulsions, which often occur at a location that correlates with the backwater lengthscale. Competing hypotheses attribute the avulsion‐node origin to either the morphodynamic feedbacks caused by natural flood‐discharge variability (backwater hypothesis) or to the prograding delta‐lobe geometry (geometric hypothesis). Here, using theory, historical flood records, and remotely‐sensed elevation data, we analyzed five lobe‐scale delta avulsions in Madagascar, captured by Landsat imagery. Avulsion lengths were 5‐55 km, distances significantly longer than the backwater lengthscale and inconsistent with the geometric hypothesis. We show that the steep, silt‐bedded rivers of Madagascar have flood‐induced bed scour, driven by backwater hydrodynamics, that propagates farther upstream than the backwater lengthscale. The avulsion lengths are 3.1±1.5 times the predicted flood‐scour lengths, similar to low‐gradient deltas, and consistent with backwater hypothesis. Results demonstrate that erosion initiated by nonuniform flows in the backwater zone is a primary control on delta avulsion locations.
Aids as Immune System Activation

Since 1987, when we first formulated the hypothesis that AIDS and HIV disease are the result of inappropriate immune system activation triggered by viral gp 120 signalling at CD4 [1-3], the concept has been supported by several developments. First is a better understanding of the natural history of HIV disease. Second is the elucidation of the role of CD4 in T cell activation. Third is the appreciation of the prominent role of programmed cell death or apoptosis in the normal dynamic equilibrium of the immune system. Last is the failure of antiviral strategies to affect the clinical course of disease in infected individuals.
Does an Audit Office’s Quality Control System Impact Audit Quality? Evidence from Audit Report Errors

Although practitioner literature asserts a link between an auditor’s quality control system and engagement-level audit outcomes, prior archival evidence has struggled to identify observable indicators in support of this claim. We identify an observable failure that is unambiguously attributable to the auditor – a mistake in the audit report identified by the SEC – as an office-level proxy for poor, office-level quality control systems. Audit report errors suggest a breakdown in the engagement’s quality review process, which we expect to signal broader quality control problems in the respective office. Consistent with this hypothesis, we find that clients of a Big Four office cited for an audit report error display lower financial reporting quality than do clients of offices not cited for errors. We document this pattern in abnormal accruals, report lag, and adverse opinions on internal controls. Further, the SEC comment appears to trigger increased auditor attention to the quality review; after the SEC exposes an audit report error, financial reporting quality improves in the clients of the culpable office. Our results suggest that audit firms’ internal quality mechanisms impact the quality of the financial reporting process. They also suggest that audit report errors may be used as a proxy for an office’s audit quality independent of its clients’ pre-audit inputs.
Intertwin differences in umbilical artery pulsatility index are associated with infant survival in twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome.

OBJECTIVES To evaluate the association of intertwin differences in umbilical artery pulsatility index (DUAPI) and infant survival in twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS). METHODS Absolute DUAPI was calculated prior to laser surgery. Receiver-operating characteristics (ROC) curve analysis provided an intertwin DUAPI cutoff of 0.4 for the prediction of double twin survival to 30 days of life. Infant survival was compared between women with an intertwin DUAPI <0.4 and ≥0.4 in the whole cohort, in TTTS cases with Quintero stages I/II and in those with Quintero stages III/IV. Regression analyses were performed to evaluate the association of intertwin DUAPI <0.4 and infant survival adjusted for confounders. RESULTS In total, 349 TTTS cases were included. Double twin survival to 30 days was observed in 67% (234/349) of cases. Significant differences in double twin survival was seen between intertwin DUAPI groups in the whole cohort (76.8 vs. 52.2%; p<0.001), in women with TTTS Quintero stage I or II (77.8 vs. 58.5%; p=0.015) as well as in women with TTTS Quintero stage III or IV (75 vs. 49.5%; p=0.001). Intertwin DUAPI <0.4 conferred a threefold increased chance for double twin survival. CONCLUSIONS Small intertwin DUAPI is associated with increased double infant survival in early and advanced TTTS stages.