cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Efficient, High-Temperature Bidirectional Dc/Dc Converter for Plug-in-Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV) using SiC Devices

A multiphase all-SiC dc/dc bidirectional converter for plug-in-hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV) is described in this paper that serves as a regulated charger for the intermediate high-voltage energy storage device (e.g. ultracapacitor) in the motoring mode and allows recharging of the batteries during regenerative mode. The primary focus of this paper is to describe the design of the converter and experimentally evaluate its performance (steady-state efficiency and load-sharing and dynamic performance) at high coolant temperatures (? 105 °C). Further, the key components of the converter losses at high temperature are identified. Because VJFET switching losses are the key component of the converter loss, the effectiveness of a soft-switching scheme that mitigates these losses is also evaluated.
Morphology of the substantia nigra pars reticulata projection neurons intracellularly labeled with HRP

The technique of intracellular recording and staining of the same neuron with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was used to study the soma-dendritic and axonal morphology of nigrothalamic and nigrotectal cells in the rats. The nigrothalamic and nigrotectal cells were spread throughout the dorsoventral extent of the pars reticulata (SNR) and exhibited the same soma-dendritic and axonal features. Both populations consisted of medium-sized and large cells with extensive dendritic fields overlapping in all three directions. Their axons collateralized within the substantia nigra (SN) and in the mesencephalic tegmentum. The intrinsic collaterals were thin and branched partly within the dendritic field of a parent cell partly in remote regions of the SNR, and even in the pars compacta (SNC). The extrinsic branches involved thin arborizations in the rostroventral mesencephalic reticular substance and thicker descending and ascending collaterals. This material was supplemented by physiologically nonidentified HRP stained medium-sized and large neurons located in the SNR. The two kinds displayed the same extent and orientation of their dendrites but the branching patterns differed slightly. Proximal dendrites of all cells were coarse and smooth; thinner distal dendrites had varicosities and spinelike appendages. Some dendrites, especially those near the crus cerebri, terminated in dendritic thickets bearing many pleomorphic appendages. The orientation of dendritic fields varied with dorsoventral position of cells within the SNR. The most ventral region of the SNR contained neurons with dendrites oriented parallel to the crus cerebri and thus remained confined to the deepest stratum. The dendrites of cells in the central region of SNR were oriented mainly anteroposteriorly and ventrally, the ventral dendrites terminating in the ventralmost layer. Cells in the dorsolateral part of the SNR were characterized by the large dorsoventral extent of their dendrites which penetrated the entire thickness of SN. This variation in the arrangement of dendritic fields indicates that the SN is organized in three dorsoventral layers.
Individualized Program for Supplementary Reading in High School

Author's Summary— Brief summary of a program in supplementary reading recently conducted in second and third-year French classes. An attempt was made to provide for individual differences in the difficulty of material chosen, in the rate of student's reading and especially in the variety of subject matter offered. Various titles of books; comments by the students.
Spontaneous compartment syndrome of the upper arm in a patient receiving anticoagulation therapy.

Abstract Background Compartment syndrome is a condition in which elevated pressures within an osseofascial compartment cause vascular compromise, leading to ischemia and possible necrosis. It commonly occurs after a traumatic event (e.g., fracture, crush, burn); however, compartment syndrome can happen spontaneously and in any compartment of the body. The objective of this case study is to present the signs and symptoms of upper arm compartment syndrome along with a review of the diagnosis and treatment. Case Report A 75-year-old man receiving anticoagulation for atrial fibrillation developed compartment syndrome in the extensor compartment of his upper arm, diagnosed by clinical examination with the aid of a venous duplex ultrasound study. Conclusion Although uncommon, spontaneous compartment syndrome can occur, and prompt recognition and intervention are limb- and possibly life-saving.
Random Responding from Participants is a Threat to the Validity of Social Science Research Results.

Research in the social sciences often relies upon the motivation and goodwill of research participants (e.g., teachers, students, minimally-compensated volunteers) to do their best on low stakes assessments of the effects of interventions. Research participants who are unmotivated to perform well can engage in random responding on outcome measures, which can cause substantial mis-estimation of results, biasing results toward the null hypothesis. Data from a recent educational intervention study served as a clear example of this problem: participants identified as random responders showed substantially lower scores than other participants on tests during the study, and failed to show growth in scores from pre- to posttest, while those not engaging in random responding showed much higher scores and significant growth over time. This served to mask the hypothesized group differences across instructional method when random responders were retained in the sample (anticipated group differences were significant when these random responders were removed). We remind researchers to screen their data for random responding (and other response biases) in their critical outcome measures in order to improve the odds of detecting effects of their interventions.
Democracy, Development, and the International System

As noted by Seymour M. Lipset over 50 years ago, development and democracy have been strongly correlated in the contemporary world. Today, even after the prolonged democratization wave that started in the 1970s and accelerated in the 1990s, the distribution of democracies remains highly skewed by level of per capita income. Whereas 94% of the countries with a per capita income above $10,000 (in constant $ of 1996) held free and competitive elections in 1999, only 18% with a per capita income below $2,000 did so. This empirical relationship between income and democracy was even tighter earlier in history. Just looking at per capita income, we can successfully predict 76% of the annual observations of political regimes in sovereign countries after World War Two. The proportion of cases that are predicted correctly is 85% for the interwar period and 91% before World War One. 1
Women's Health Nursing in the Context of the National Health Information Infrastructure

Nurses must be prepared to participate in the evolving National Health Information Infrastructure and the changes that will consequently occur in health care practice and documentation. Informatics technologies will be used to develop electronic health records with integrated decision support features that will likely lead to enhanced health care quality and safety. This paper provides a summary of the National Health Information Infrastructure and highlights electronic health records and decision support systems within the context of evidence‐based practice. Activities at the Columbia University School of Nursing designed to prepare nurses with the necessary informatics competencies to practice in a National Health Information Infrastructure–enabled health care system are described. Data are presented from electronic (personal digital assistant) encounter logs used in our Women's Health Nurse Practitioner program to support evidence‐based advanced practice nursing care. Implications for nursing practice, education, and research in the evolving National Health Information Infrastructure are discussed. JOGNN , 35, 141‐150; 2006. DOI: 10.1111/J.1552‐6909.2006.00009.x
Evaluation of free‐volume theories for solvent self‐diffusion in polymer–solvent systems

An evaluation of free-volume theories for solvent self-diffusion is carried out using recent comprehensive data sets for penetrant self-diffusion in polymer solutions. Different theories are compared, and free-volume theories in the prediction of penetrant self-diffusion coefficients in glassy polymer systems is also evaluated. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) tutorial

Using the fabrication techniques and materials of microelectronics as a basis, MEMS processes construct both mechanical and electrical components. Mechanical components in MEMS, like transistors in microelectronics, have dimensions that are measured in microns and numbers measured from a few to millions. MEMS is not about any one single application or device, nor is it defined by a single fabrication process or limited to a few materials. More than anything else, MEMS is a fabrication approach that conveys the advantages of miniaturization, multiple components and microelectronics to the design and construction of integrated electromechanical systems. MEMS devices have applications in areas ranging from automobiles and telecom switching to printers and inertial guidance systems. While MEMS devices will be a relatively small fraction of the cost, size and weight of these systems, MEMS will be critical to their operation, reliability and affordability. MEMS devices, and the smart products they enable, will increasingly be the performance differentiator for a wide variety of commercial products.
Development of ultra-thin surface mounting IC package (0.8 mm thick TQFP)

A TQFP (thin quad flat package) with a package size of 10*10 mm and a maximum package thickness of 0.8 mm has been developed to meet the need for lower profiles in surface-mounting packages. For a package thickness of 1.0 mm, the conventional lead-frame thickness and chip thickness are sufficient. However, when the package thickness is reduced to 0.8 mm, a reduction in at least one of the conventional thicknesses is absolutely essential. Therefore, by reducing the thickness of only part of the die-pad portion of the lead frame through the use of chemical etching to approximately 1/2 to 2/3, the resin thickness above the chip and below the die pad is ensured. A low-loop wire bond with a maximum of 0.14 mm was achieved by optimizing the wire material and wire-bond conditions. Ultrathin molding was achieved by improving the fluid characteristics of the resin and by ensuring the resin-fluid balance within the cavity. Package cracking and degraded moisture resistance were evaluated using a 4-Mbit mask ROM. After subjecting it to 85 degrees C and 75% RH for 72 h, no problems were noticed while soldering at 240 degrees C maximum with infrared reflow. >
Clinical and genetic studies of an autosomal dominant cone-rod dystrophy with features of Stargardt disease

Cone-rod dystrophy (CORD) and Stargardt disease (STGD) are two hereditary retinal dystrophies with similarities to age-related macular degeneration. Cone-rod dystrophies are a group of degenerative disorders resulting in decreased visual acuity and color vision, attenuated electroretinographic (ERG) responses, and atrophic macular lesions. Autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, and X-linked forms of cone-rod dystrophy have been reported. Stargardt disease is characterized by reduced visual acuity, atrophic macular changes, prominent 'flavimaculatus flecks' in the pigment epithelium of the posterior retina, and a virtually pathognomic 'dark choroid' pattern on fluorescein angiography. Stargardt disease is classically inherited as an autosomal recessive trait, although numerous families have been described in which features of Stargardt disease are transmitted in an autosomal dominant manner. We have identified a new kindred with autosomal dominant cone-rod dystrophy with features of Stargardt-like disease. Detailed clinical evaluation, genotype analysis, and linkage analysis were performed. Fluorescein angiography revealed a 'dark choroid' pattern in three affected subjects. Electroretinography disclosed markedly reduced scotopic and photopic responses in three affected individuals. Genetic analysis revealed linkage to known loci for cone-rod dystrophy (CORD7) and Stargardt-like disease (STGD3) on chromosome 6q14. A peak lod score of 3.3 was obtained with the marker D6S280 at straight theta =0.010. A physical map was constructed by screening a YAC library with short tandem repeat markers in the region. Screening of a candidate gene, the rho1 subunit of the GABA receptor, failed to reveal any mutations.
Contemporary Issues Education Teacher Perspectives of the Needs of Students with Disabilities

STUDENTS WITH DISABILITIES APPEAR TO BE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE TO THE RISKS ASSOCIATED WITH A WIDE RANGE OF CONTEMPORARY ISSUES IN OUR SOCIETY TODAY. THESE CONTEMPORARY ISSUES INCLUDE AREAS SUCH AS SUBSTANCE ABUSE, TEENAGE PREGNANCY, SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE, SUICIDE, DELINQUENCY, AND CHILD ABUSE. MOREOVER, MANY OF THESE STUDENTS ALSO WILL BE REQUIRED TO CONTEND WITH OR TO ENGAGE IN DECISION MAKING REGARDING NUMEROUS OTHER CONTEMPORARY ISSUES (E.G., DIVORCE, DEATH, ABORTION, RACISM ABOUT WHICH THEY HAVE RECEIVED LITTLE OR NO FACTUAL INFORMATION OR GUIDANCE FROM SCHOOLS IN THE TRADITIONAL ACADEMIC CURRICULUM. IN THIS STUDY, 121 SPECIAL EDUCATION TEACHERS IN BOTH SELF-CONTAINED AND RESOURCE PROGRAMS EXPRESSED THEIR OPINIONS ABOUT CONTEMPORARY ISSUES EDUCATION. TEACHER RESPONSES WERE ANALYZED USING QUALITATIVE METHODS, AND TYPOLOGIES WERE DERIVED PERTAINING TO TEACHERS' COMMENTS IN SUPPORT OF ADDRESSING CONTEMPORARY ISSUES AS WELL AS COMMENTS REGARDING OBSTACLES TO ADDRESSING SUCH ISSUES IN SCHOOL. THESE RESPO...
Dietary modulation of intestinal hydrolytic enzymes in yellow-rumped warblers

Many birds exhibit seasonal switches in diet and thus alter the nutrients predominating their food intake. We tested for dietary modulation of small intestine (SI) enzymes in yellow-rumped warblers, a species for which such diet changes are well documented. Birds were fed three diets formulated from either fruit, insect, or seed. We predicted that SI carbohydrases and peptidases would be modulated in direct correlation with relative levels of dietary carbohydrate and protein, respectively. Aminopeptidase N activity was about twice as high in birds eating the highest protein content diet. In contrast, there was no significant dietary effect on any of the carbohydrase activities. There was a proximal-to-distal decrease in activities of all the carbohydrases but not aminopeptidase N. The carbohydrase levels of yellow-rumps are relatively low when compared with other species in the same family and most similar to lower levels found in primarily insectivorous birds rather than in primarily granivorous or nectarivorous species. Considering this and the fact that they do not exhibit dietary modulation of carbohydrase levels, we conclude that yellow-rumps are not highly adapted for handling dietary carbohydrates, especially starch, although they might still efficiently break down and absorb sucrose and maltose if retention time were sufficiently long.
Theobromine: A Safe and Effective Alternative for Fluoride in Dentifrices

During the process of studying caffeine's effects on developing teeth, a serendipitous discovery was made. Teeth comprise hydroxylapatite (HAP). Ingestion of caffeine (1,3,7-trimethylxanthine) caused the formation of smaller crystallites of HAP in the developing teeth. This resulted in the increased release of calcium and phosphorus ions from the enamel surface when exposed to acidic solutions in vitro. Furthermore, animal study confirmed the hypothesis that smaller HAP crystallites caused the increased incidence of dental caries. In contrast, theobromine (3,7-dimethylxanthine), which is similar to caffeine, caused formation of larger HAP crystallites in vitro. The ingestion of theobromine by lactating dams showed a decreased release of calcium and phosphorus ions from the enamel surface in the developing teeth of neonates in vivo. The use of fluoride dentifrices is controversial. It is also well documented that young children who brush their teeth often ingest fluoride-containing dentifrices. Based upon ...
Light-Activated Staudinger–Bertozzi Ligation within Living Animals

The ability to regulate small molecule chemistry in vivo will enable new avenues of exploration in imaging and pharmacology. However, realization of these goals will require reactions with high specificity and precise control. Here we demonstrate photocontrol over the highly specific Staudinger–Bertozzi ligation in vitro and in vivo. Our simple approach, photocaging the key phosphine atom, allows for the facile production of reagents with photochemistry that can be engineered for specific applications. The resulting compounds, which are both stable and efficiently activated, enable the spatial labeling of metabolically introduced azides in vitro and on live zebrafish.
Tectonic Subsidence of California Estuaries Increases Forecasts of Relative Sea-Level Rise

Even along the generally uplifting coast of the Pacific US, local geologic structures can cause subsidence. In this study, we quantify Holocene-averaged subsidence rates in four estuaries (Carpinteria Slough, Goleta Slough, Campus Lagoon, and Morro Bay) along the southern and central California coast by comparing radiocarbon-dated estuarine material to a regional sea-level curve. Holocene-averaged rates of vertical motion range from subsidence of 1.4 ± 2.4, 1.2±0.4, and 0.4 ± 0.3 mm/year in Morro Bay, Carpinteria Slough, and Goleta Slough, respectively, to possible uplift in Campus Lagoon (−0.1 ± 0.9 mm/year). The calculated rates of subsidence are of the same magnitude as rates of relative sea-level rise experienced over the late Holocene and effectively double the ongoing rates of relative sea-level rise experienced over the last five decades on other parts of the coast. The difference in rates of vertical motion among these four estuaries is attributed to their geological settings. Estuaries developed in subsiding geological structures such as synclines and fault-bounded basins are subsiding at much higher rates than those developed within flooded river valleys incised into marine terraces. Restoration projects accounting for future sea-level rise must consider the geologic setting of the estuaries and, if applicable, include subsidence in future sea-level rise scenarios, even along the tectonically uplifting US Pacific Coast.
Collection of developmental history in the evaluation of schizophrenia spectrum disorders

Background: Schizophrenia is a heterogeneous disorder that is characterized by varying levels of hallucinations, delusions, negative symptoms, and disorganized features. The presence and severity of neurodevelopmental precursors and premorbid psychopathology also vary among individuals. To fully understand individual patients and to sort out phenotypic heterogeneity for genetic research studies, instruments designed to collect developmental history relevant to schizophrenia may be helpful. Objective: The goal was to describe a pair of self-report and parent-report instruments developed for the purpose of collecting the developmental history of patients with known or suspected schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Method: Two developmental history instruments were designed for use in studies of brain morphology and cognition in schizophrenia probands and their unaffected siblings. The instruments focus mainly on motor abnormalities and other features that have been described as schizophrenia precursors. Results: The Motor Skills History Form is a brief self-report form that asks about patients’ childhood and adolescent motor abilities as well as their current motor functioning. The Developmental & Motor History Form is a more detailed parent-rated form that covers aspects of patients’ early (infant/preschool) development; their childhood and adolescent motor abilities; any childhood behaviors that may be related to later psychosis risk; and their history of any neurological, emotional, or cognitive disorders diagnosed during childhood or adolescence. The instruments can be used either for interviews or as self-administered questionnaires. The parent-rated form has been used for research and for the clinical assessment of children and adolescents with complex neurodevelopmental presentations with or without strong evidence of schizophrenia risk. Conclusions: The collection of developmental history information is important when evaluating individuals with schizophrenia and related disorders. The Motor Skills History Form and the Developmental & Motor History Form can be used to collect this information for clinical evaluation or research purposes.
On the genus Paracarinolidia (Cicadellidae: Coelidiinae: Teruliini).

Two new species, Paracarinolidia longiseta and P. glabra from Brazil and French Guiana, respectively, are described and illustrated. A revised key to males of five know species is also presented. The genus is now known to occur in Brazil, Ecuador, Peru, Colombia, and French Guiana.
The migration of Windows CE 5.0 BSP based on S3C2410

BSP development is a important section in the embed system development,In the development,we prefer BSP migration to developing a BSP again. This article introduces the micro cpu s3c2410 and the feature of the embedded OS Windows CE 5.0,and then analyses the architecture of BSP. On the basis of this,BSP migration is presented through the migration of bootloader,OAL,touchscreen driver.
Balancing Tuition Predictability and Affordability: The Pitfalls of Guaranteed Tuition Plans

As tuition levels rise, predictability is increasingly important to consider in relation to college finances.Guaranteed tuition plans offer students a flat rate of tuition over their college career...
Flexibeam: Analytic spatial filtering by beamforming

We propose a new, general, method for spatial filtering by beam-forming. The desired filter, specified analytically on an n-dimensional sphere, is extended to n+1-dimensional Euclidean space. A continuous beamforming function is then obtained by the n+1-dimensional Fourier transform of the extended filter. The beamforming weight at a given array element corresponds then to a sample of the function at the array element location., The scheme is a generalisation of focused beamforming on a single point by phase difference alignment. The analytic framework allows tractable, stable determination of beamforming weights, and for clear filter specification. By avoiding approximating a Dirac, desired areas can be covered with reduced side lobes. Multiple areas may be targeted simultaneously. In communications applications, channel information updates can be reduced, and movement accounted for. A WiFi demonstration shows that more flexible beam-shapes can be beneficial for real-life examples, factoring in attenuation.
Chromatin immunoprecipitation in adult zebrafish red cells

Zebrafish has been used for many years as a model to study development and disease. The ability of zebrafish to produce thousand of embryos in a synchronous manner has made zebrafish an invaluable tool for genetic and chemical screens. Since its emergence as an important model organism the molecular tools for studying zebrafish have been limited. In this chapter, we describe a simple method to identify DNA binding sites and chromatin architecture in erythrocytes from adult zebrafish using chromatin immunoprecipitation coupled with next generation sequencing. This technique has been used extensively and successfully in other systems and it will be a useful tool for studying epigenetics in zebrafish.
CHAPTER 9 – REALIZATION AND SUBSPACE IDENTIFICATION

This chapter presents the problems of state-space realization and identification. It discusses that in case of a discrete-time system, the Markov parameters can easily be computed from the input-output sequence of the systems. Finding Markov parameters in the case of a continuous-time system is not that straightforward. There may exist many realizations of the same transfer function matrix. Two such realizations, controllable and observable, are obtained. A realization with the smallest possible dimension of “A” is called a minimal realization (MR). A necessary and sufficient condition for a realization to be an MR is established in the theorems discussed in the chapter. The chapter shows that two MRs are related via a nonsingular transformation. All of the existing algorithms for finding MRs are based on factoring the associated Hankel matrix (matrices) of Markov parameters. Some basic rank properties of these matrices, which are relevant to such factorizations, are established in the chapter. Two numerically viable algorithms based on the singular value decomposition (SVD) of these matrices are then described. The algorithms are valid both for continuous-time and discrete-time state-space realizations, provided the Markov parameters are known. The chapter presents two time-domain subspace system identification algorithms. These algorithms are based on the SVD decompositions of Hankel matrices constructed directly from the input-output sequences. The algorithms are presented for discrete-time systems identification but can be used for identifying the continuous-time systems also.
Topological Analysis of the Diblock Copolymer Equation

We demonstrate how topological methods can be used to study pattern formation and pattern evolution in phase-field models of materials science. In the context of the diblock copolymer model for microphase separation, we will present new quantitative results on the microstructure topology during the initial phase separation from a homogeneous state, both for a deterministic and a stochastic version of the model. We also describe the long-term dynamics of the model and associated questions of multistability, which can be addressed using rigorous topological methods aimed at determining the structure of the global attractor of the system.
The Emergence of the Modern State

Seventeenth-century political theorists were addressing the inhabitants of a continent where the unity symbolized by the papacy and the Holy Roman Empire had vanished, where the myth of a universal Christendom had been replaced by separate and sovereign states whose claims to power were derived from inside the political community, not from an external and transnational authority. These emerging states increasingly wielded their territorial power with a monopoly over the use of physical coercion and with a moral authority separate from either divine sanction on the one hand, or mere brute force on the other. And by the end of the century, these same sovereign states would anchor their existence not in the person of an individual ruler or rulers, but in a set of institutional structures whose public power continued even as individual magistrates passed from the scene. By 1700 neither the people nor the prince defined states which had become impersonal and theoretical entities, higher communities whose existence transcended the imprint of individuals and even status groups.1 By 1700 sovereignty inhered not in the prince, as had been the case at the opening of the century, nor in the popular will, as evidenced in some countries towards the end of the century, but in a particular order of continuous public authority, a final and absolute judicial entity divorced from the flesh and allied to the realm of abstraction.
Unions, Innovation and Scale

In the following paper, I explore the role of unions in workplace and regional innovation. I link this to the learning region or cluster approach which stresses learning through interaction and its facilitation by social capital. While these approaches are insightful, it is less focused on internal firm organization (see Martin and Sunley, 2002) and in particular, how labor-management relations play a critical role in firm learning and innovation strategies. The literature on unions and innovation has two principal approaches. The first is an equity oriented and industrial relations literature, which finds positive associations between unions and innovation (Freeman and Medoff, 1984; Eaton and Voos, 1992). The second is econometric research, which is generally more mixed in its findings of union impacts on innovation (see Menezes-Filho, 1998; Addison and Hirsch 1989).
The fixed-interval scallop in human affairs.

“Fixed-interval scalloping” is used to describe certain everyday patterns of behavior in textbooks and other educational communications. This is a misleading use of the term. It implies that the behavior is accounted for by the schedule, when, in fact, many other variables are operating. This paper reviews eleven such variables and the research evidence on them. These variables provide a more adequate account of complex behavior and point up areas of limited knowledge requiring further research in both laboratory and applied settings. Extrapolating from basic research on human fixed-performance suggests that there are phenomena of mutual interest to both basic and applied behavior analysts.
Regional woody biomass supply and economic impacts from harvesting in the southern U.S

Abstract Demand for woody biomass from the southern United States (US) is increasing because of its reliability in supply, recent developments in co-firing and biofuel conversion technologies, overseas pellet demand, and the expected economic impacts from reorienting the forestry sector towards energy feedstock production. This research examines the interaction between a set of woody biomass harvesting sources (logging residue, non-merchantable, and merchantable roundwood) and wood types (hardwood, planted softwood, and natural softwood), and the impacts harvest costs have on the extraction of these materials in the southern US. The expected woody biomass availability and its geographic distribution are determined with a cost minimizing linear programming model. The marginal cost of woody biomass supply is determined for different energy production targets, subject to satisfying conventional wood demand. Given derived industry supply curves, the economic impacts of the sector are analyzed using the IMpact analysis for PLANning model (IMPLAN) at the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) level. The results suggest that forest biomass for energy production is projected to be available over a much wider price range with logging, residue, and non-merchantable and merchantable roundwood in these regions. Supply of hardwood and softwood biomass from merchantable roundwood is expected to increase if these materials can be harvested for non-conventional uses. Development of harvesting woody biomass from logging residue, non-merchantable, and merchantable timber has positive effects on local economies, bringing with it employment opportunities to some BEA regions.
The relationship between violence exposure and academic achievement in African American adolescents is moderated by emotion regulation

Compared with other ethnic groups, African American adolescents are exposed to higher levels of family and community violence, which contribute to poorer academic achievement. This study examines w...
Arachidonic acid metabolites and their role in inflammatory bowel disease. An update requiring addition of a pathway.

L'acide arachidonique est metabolise en prostaglandines non seulement par la voie de la cyclo-oxygenase mais aussi par la voie de la lipo-oxygenase. Dans les maladies inflammatoires de l'intestin, l'infiltrat inflammatoire de la muqueuse peut contribuer au metabolisme de l'acide arachidonique par des moyens autres que la variation directe de la production locale de prostaglandines. Les produits de la lipo-oxygenation sont augmentes dans le colon des malades atteints d'une maladie inflammatoire grave de l'intestin. Les metabolites de l'acide arachidonique formes par lipo-oxygenation peuvent modifier le transport actif des electrolytes dans le colon et contribuer a la diarrhee des maladies inflammatoires de l'intestin
The “July Effect”: A Look at July Medical Admissions in Teaching Hospitals

Purpose We examined the effect of admission for myocardial infarction, heart failure, or pneumonia during the first academic quarter compared with all other quarters in teaching versus nonteaching hospitals on length of stay, cost, and mortality. Methods Using data 2011 Nationwide Inpatient Sample, multivariable modeling with an interaction term was used to test teaching hospital effect by academic quarter. Logistic regression was used for mortality and log-transformed linear models for cost and length of stay. Results Charlson Index scores were similar in teaching and nonteaching hospitals. Patients admitted to teaching hospitals for myocardial infarction in the first quarter had a higher risk-adjusted mortality (1.217; confidence interval, 1.147-1.290) than those admitted to a nonteaching hospital during the same quarter (0.849; confidence interval, 0.815-0.885). Mean cost heart failure admissions averaged $584 more, and the mean length of stay was longer (0.10; P = .0127), during the first academic quarter. These effects were not present for quarters 2 through 4. Conclusions This study suggests small increases in mortality among patients admitted with myocardial infarction in the first academic quarter compared with all other quarters in teaching versus nonteaching hospitals. Increased cost and longer stay were seen for those admitted with heart failure.
Walking While Talking and Risk of Incident Dementia.

Introduction Walking while talking (WWT) is a performance-based test of divided attention that examines cognitive–motor interactions. The purpose of this study is to examine the predictive validity of WWT for dementia and dementia subtypes. Methods We prospectively studied the associations of WWT performance at baseline with risk of developing incident dementia in 1,156 older adults (mean age: 78.28 ± 5.27 years, 60.7% female) enrolled in the Einstein Aging Study using Cox proportional hazard models. Associations were reported as hazard ratio (HR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results Over a median follow-up of 1.90 years (interquartile range: 4.70 years), 85 participants developed incident dementia (53 Alzheimer dementia [AD] and 26 vascular dementia [VaD]). Three gait domains were derived using principal component analysis. Only variability, which loaded heavily for swing time standard deviation (SD) and step time SD, was associated with an increased risk of incident dementia per 1 point increase (HR: 1.24, 95% CI: 1.02–1.54) and VaD (HR: 1.50, 95% CI: 1.06–2.12) after adjusting for demographics, disease burden, mental status, and normal walking velocity. Among eight individual gait variables, only swing time variability SD was associated with increased risk for both incident dementia (HR: 1.35, 95% CI: 1.03–1.77) and VaD (HR: 1.78, 95% CI: 1.12–2.83). Variability and swing time SD were not significantly associated with risk of incident AD. Conclusions Complex walking as assessed by the WWT task is a simple and pragmatic tool for assessing risk of developing dementia, especially VaD, in older adults.
Risk of adverse events associated with front-line anti-myeloma treatment in Medicare patients with multiple myeloma

This study aims to examine the risks of adverse events associated with anti-multiple myeloma (MM) therapies in a large population-based cohort of elderly patients with MM. Patients diagnosed with advanced MM from 2005 through 2009 and receiving anti-MM therapy were identified from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER)-Medicare-linked data. We compared safety outcomes between novel agents (proteasome inhibitor (PI) and immunomodulatory drugs (IMiD)) and other therapies and between PI- or IMiD-based regimens and PI plus IMiD combination regimens. Of 2587 patients with advanced MM, 2048 (79%) received novel agents and 539 (21%) received other therapies. Patients with preexisting anemia and thrombocytopenia were significantly more likely to receive novel agents (85.9 vs. 82.4%, P = 0.038; 13.8 vs. 10.4%, P = 0.036), while those with preexisting cardiovascular disease and hypertension were significantly less likely to receive novel agents (73.4 vs. 79.8%, P = 0.003; 81.3 vs. 85.2%, P = 0.035). The hazard ratios for anemia, peripheral neuropathy, and thromboembolic events for patients receiving novel agents compared with those receiving other therapies were 1.19 (95% CI, 1.06-1.32), 1.57 (95% CI, 1.15-2.15), and 1.31 (95% CI, 1.03-1.67). The hazard ratios for anemia, neutropenia, and thromboembolic events for patients receiving PI plus IMiD combination therapies compared with those receiving PI- or IMiD-based therapies were 1.31 (95% CI, 1.12-1.54), 1.66 (95% CI, 1.27-2.18, and 1.37 (95% CI, 1.02-1.86). Novel agents significantly increased the risk of anemia, peripheral neuropathy, and thromboembolic events. PI plus IMiD combination therapies were associated with significantly higher risk for anemia, neutropenia, and thromboembolic events.
Reliability of Glasgow Coma Score in pediatric trauma patients.

Abstract Background Discordant assessments of Glasgow Coma Score (GCS) following trauma can result in inappropriate triage. This study sought to determine the reliability of prehospital GCS compared to emergency department (ED) GCS. Methods We conducted a retrospective review of traumas from 01/2000 to 12/2015 at a Level-1 pediatric trauma center. We evaluated reliability between field and ED GCS using Pearson's correlation. We ascertained the difference between prehospital and ED GCS (delta-GCS). Associations between patient characteristics and delta-GCS were modeled using Poisson and linear regression, adjusting for demographic and clinical covariates. Results We identified 5306 patients. Pearson's correlation for GCS measurements was 0.57 for ages 0–3, and 0.67–0.77 for other age groups. Mean delta-GCS was highest for age Conclusions GCS is generally unreliable in pediatric trauma patients aged 0–3years, particularly the verbal score component. This may impact accuracy of triage priority for pediatric trauma patients. Level of evidence III, Prognostic.
Dynamic characterization of biocomposites under high strain rate compression loading with split Hopkinson pressure bar and digital image correlation technique

In this paper, dynamic response and energy absorption characteristics of three different types of wood-based biocomposites have been investigated using a split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB). Differ...
Reduced Form Estimation and Prediction in Simultaneous Equations Models

In this chapter we turn our attention from point estimation of the structural coefficients of a simultaneous equations model to the efficient estimation of the reduced form equation Y = X II + V and its use for forecasting future values of the endogenous variables given values (either known or forecasted) of the predetermined variables. Assuming the appropriateness of the initial model specification, efficient estimation requires the utilization of all available information. As we shall see, the ordinary least squares estimator, \( \hat \Pi = \left( {X'X} \right)^{ - 1} X'Y \), of the reduced form parameters does not utilize all available information and as a result there exist more efficient ways to estimate Π. Such methods are discussed in Section 23.2.
Searching for the Ground: Mutation, Mind, and the Epistemology of Science

In a quantum mechanical universe physical theories, for all the reasons we have explored, do not exist in any a priori sense outside of the mind which conceives and applies them. From this new perspective we can now appreciate the fact that the architects of classical physics were translating into mathematical language their visualizable macro-level experience with physical phenomena. As long as the mathematical description seemed completely in accord with the visualized phenomena, meaning that a one-to-one correspondence between every element in the physical theory and the physical reality appeared self-evident in experiments testing valid theories, there was no suggestion that extra-scientific assumptions were required or assumed in these theories. It was only after classical physics and its descriptive categories were extended into the realm of the unvisualizable in modern physics that the veil was lifted, and we could begin to contemplate nature in the absence of what Einstein called the “spectacles of the old-established conceptual interpretation.”
Textured TNZT surfaces via hydrothermal treatments for bone implant applications

Abstract TNZT alloys such as Ti-35Nb-7Zr-5Ta exhibit better biocompatibility than the more widely used Ti-6Al-4V alloy. Furthermore, TNZT alloys typically have lower Young's moduli (50–60 GPa) than most Ti-based alloys. A low modulus allows for a greater transfer of functional loads since it is much closer to the modulus of bone, which ultimately leads to more growth and support from natural bone. TNZT alloys were produced by vacuum arc melting of pure elements that were subsequently rolled to sheet. Oxide nano-scaffolds were grown on TNZT samples using a hydrothermal treatment in 40 mL sodium hydroxide solution at 60 °C using either 0.5 or 5.0 M concentrations, with and without TiO2 nanoparticles, for either 24 or 48 h to create nanostructured surfaces to help improve osseointegration. The alloys with and without nano-scaffolds were characterized using top-view and cross-sectional scanning electron microscopy equipped with an energy dispersive x-ray spectrometer to investigate the structure, morphology, and chemistry of the resulting nanostructures. Nano-scaffolds were found to grow for a sodium hydroxide concentration of 5.0 M regardless of the treatment time (24 to 48 h). A pore size of 60 nm and 80 nm were observed for samples treated for 24 and 48 h, respectively. No porous structures were observed for samples produced for a sodium hydroxide solution of 0.5 M or with TiO2 nanoparticles.
Conflicting commemorations: past and present in confederate memorialization

How do collective memory and memorialization work in divided societies? This essay takes present-day conflicts over Civil War memorialization as an opportunity to explore linkages between historica...
Prevention of type 2 diabetes: what is the right target population?

Introduction: Prevention of type 2 diabetes (T2D) is important to reduce suffering and health care costs. A precursor to T2D is impaired glucose regulation (IGR), a condition of elevated plasma glu...
Predicting Internet-based Online Community Size and Time to Peak Membership Using the Bass Model of New Product Growth

The objective of this paper is to use a well-established theory of new product diffusion and show how it can be applied to cyber communities to forecast how many people will join the community, and how long it will take to attain peak membership. We use three online communities to illustrate the application of the theory, and show how the theory can be used to measure community size and time to peak membership for these communities. We show that the model can be used to delineate the two different types of influence (internal and external) that impact joining the communities. The paper is appropriate for researchers wishing to better understand the mechanics underlying online community growth, and for administrators of such communities who want to forecast the important aspects of size and peak adoption time.
CO Oxidation, no Decomposition and no Reduction by CO on Superconducting and Related Cuprates

Abstract Catalytic activities of five non-conducting and three superconducting cuprates were compared with each other and to CuO, a highly active catalyst, for the oxidation of CO, decomposition of NO, and reduction of NO by CO. The concentration of the reactants and the space velocities approximate the conditions used for automotive exhaust catalysts. The insulating barium cuprates, Ba2Cu3O5 and BaCuO2, were about 10 times more active for oxidation of CO than CuO and about 103 times more active than the least active cuprates, Tl2CaBa2Cu2O9-x and Ba2CuO3.5-x. Only the perovskite-like superconductor, YBa2Cu3O7-x, and the non-perovskite insulator, Y2Cu2O5, gave high rates (similar to CuO) for the reduction of NO by CO. None of the catalysts showed significant activity for the decomposition of NO. In contrast to earlier results, it appears that a perovskite-like structure, electrical conductivity, and the presumed presence of Cu3+ ions do not enhance the activity of cuprates for the reactions studied here.
Next Labour? Changes in British Union-Labour Party Relations since the Election of Tony Blair

The British Labour Party’s embrace of neoliberal policies through the government of Tony Blair was principally the result of a shift to a more passive approach to union–party relations on the part of organized labour. The labor movement’s defensiveness created the opening through which Blair and his colleagues moved to establish a close relationship with business, bringing the Party into a “neoliberal power network,” actively contributing to the reproduction of neoliberal hegemony. This passivity continued under Gordon Brown and Ed Miliband, exemplified by the unions’ endorsement of the Collins Review, thus effectively block-voting for the Labour Party to “distance itself” from them. Yet Jeremy Corbyn, who defied expectations and led Labour to sweeping victories in the recent British general election, has a quite different relationship with the unions. This paper will provide details and determine if the unions’ political and industrial strategies have substantially changed now that a clearly pro-labor MP leads the Labour Party.
Design considerations for riverine floods in a changing climate - A review

Abstract Conventional methods for designing infrastructure that is subject to flood risk, such as dams and levees, assume a stationary design flood. However, observed and potential non-stationarity in floods can result in costly over-design or dangerous under-design. Despite substantial attention, evidence from the literature makes clear there is no consensus methodology for estimating design variables under climate change. Practical guidance remains elusive. This paper presents a review of the challenges and advances in design of infrastructure for floods under non-stationarity. First, potential sources of non-stationarity in time series of floods are described to provide context and motivation. Second, methods for estimating design floods that rely on the stationary assumption are presented and their limitations are discussed. Third, methods for estimating design floods that assume non-stationarity resulting from climate change are summarized. Finally, the inadequacies of current design methodologies in view of the pervasive uncertainties are assessed and strategies to manage the consequences of those uncertainties are presented.
Effect of early detection of recurrent disease by FDG PET/CT on management of patients with squamous cell cancer of the head and neck (HNSCC).

6062 Background: Despite the increasing cure rates a substantial fraction of HNSCC patients (pts) will present with locoregional and/or distant relapse within 3 years of definitive therapy. The pro...
Electroactivated alkylation of amines with alcohols via both direct and indirect borrowing hydrogen mechanisms

A green, efficient N-alkylation of amines with simple alcohols has been achieved in aqueous solution via an electrochemical version of the so-called “borrowing hydrogen methodology”. Catalyzed by Ru on activated carbon cloth (Ru/ACC), the reaction works well with methanol, and with primary and secondary alcohols. Alkylation can be accomplished by either of two different electrocatalytic processes: (1) in an undivided cell, alcohol (present in excess) is oxidized at the Ru/ACC anode; the aldehyde or ketone product condenses with the amine; and the resulting imine is reduced at an ACC cathode, combining with protons released by the oxidation. This process consumes stoichiometric quantities of current. (2) In a membrane-divided cell, the current-activated Ru/ACC cathode effects direct C–H activation of the alcohol; the resulting carbonyl species, either free or still surface-adsorbed, condenses with amine to form imine and is reduced as in (1). These alcohol activation processes can alkylate primary and secondary aliphatic amines, as well as ammonia itself at 25–70 °C and ambient pressure.