cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Total least squares fitting of Bézier and B-spline curves to ordered data

We begin by considering the problem of fitting a single Bezier curve segment to a set of ordered data so that the error is minimized in the total least squares sense. We develop an algorithm for applying the Gauss-Newton method to this problem with a direct method for evaluating the Jacobian based on implicitly differentiating a pseudo-inverse. We then demonstrate the simple extension of this algorithm to B-spline curves. We present some experimental results for both cases.
A medical model for specialists in biologically-based brain disease.

This response to Spiegel's comments on our proposal for a new medical specialty emphasizes the need for a residency designed to provide training in evaluation and treatment of patients with biologically-based brain disease.
Electron correlation resulting in strong ion laser lines

Abstract The transitions 3d 9 4s 2 → 3d 10 4p in zinc and 4d 9 5s 2 → 4d 10 5p in cadmium are clearly forbidden in a single-particle model. Nevertheless, these transitions are known to yield strong ion laser lines. It is therefore the purpose of this paper to show how electron correlation can account for the existence of these laser transitions.
Treatment of dermatitis herpetiformis with cholestyramine

Two patients with clinically and histologically typical dermatitis herpetiformis showed a dramatic clearing of their skin lesions in association with an oral dose of 4 g of cholestyramine three times a day. Reappearance of the lesions occurred on the discontinuance of the therapy, followed by remission on resumption of cholestyramine. It is postulated that the non-absorbable anion exchange resin, cholestyramine, may have bound and hence blocked absorption of an unidentified compound (possibly gluten, iodine, or endotoxin) critical to the pathogenesis of dermatitis herpetiformis.
The effects of message framing on behavioral prevalence assumptions

Based on attribution theory and the logic of conversational norms, we predicted that image-based health communications can alter prevalence estimates for health behaviors. In two studies, participants were exposed either to a positively-framed or negatively-framed communication advocating for specific health behaviors. As predicted, participants who read a health communication rated healthy behaviors as less common when positive attributes were associated with healthy choices than when negative attributes were associated with unhealthy choices. The second study revealed that this pattern was most pronounced among participants who reported initial uncertainty about behavioral norms. These findings suggest that positively-framed influence attempts can promote prevalence assumptions that work against the influence attempt. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bone tumor radiograph review by pathologists prior to pathologic diagnosis: a receiver operator curve analysis of diagnostic utility.

Radiologic-pathologic correlation has long been considered a prerequisite for the accurate diagnosis of bone lesions. We investigated using receiver-operating characteristic analysis the accuracy of histopathologic diagnoses with and without pathologist review of radiographs. While accuracy of diagnosis did improve when the radiographs were rcvicwed by the pathologist, this increase did not reach statistical significance (P=0.1311). Potential reasons for this finding including case selection and reviewer expertise are discussed. Based on our study, the review of radiographs did not result in a statistically significant difference in accuracy of the pathologic diagnosis of bone tumors. However, our data suggest that there may be a difference particularly in selected cases and among certain observers.
AN APPRAISAL OF A BUFFER FUND SCHEME FOR BEEF

A buffer fund scheme has been proposed as a means of stabilizing producer revenue in the Australian beef industry. In this paper the economic consequences of such a policy are evaluated and the conditions under which the scheme would be successful in achieving its principal aim are indicated. In addition to effects on the stability of producer revenue, consequences of the policy for total producer revenue and its distribution among producers are indicated. Finally, the effects on consumers, at home and abroad, and taxpayers are estimated.
Multiple gastrointestinal atresias with cystic dilatation of the biliary duct

A term newborn developed signs and symptoms of an upper-intestinal obstruction. A palpable transverse upper-abdominal mass was identified. An ultrasound examination demonstrated a cystic mass with massive dilatation of the biliary tree. At laparotomy, dozens of segmental intestinal atresias (IA) from the jejunum to the rectum were identified. The cystic mass was the duodenum, obstructed distally from the atresias and proximally from an antral web. The biliary dilatation was due to normal drainage into a closed-loop duodenal obstruction, and was relieved by division of the web. The multiple atresias were explored, but establishment of intestinal continuity was impossible. The entity of multiple segmental IAs in association with cystic biliary dilation has been previously described, but there are no recorded survivors; 35 patients have been reported in the world literature. Our patient was the longest survivor; she finally died after 2 years of gastrostomy-tube drainage and total parenteral nutrition while awaiting intestinal transplantation. Only 5 patients other than ours had documented immune-system abnormalities. We review the findings and management of this rare syndrome.
The National Practitioner Data Bank. Problems and proposed reforms.

(1992). The national practitioner data bank. Journal of Legal Medicine: Vol. 13, No. 4, pp. 409-462.
Thermomechanical global response of the EUVL wafer during exposure

Extreme ultraviolet lithography (EUVL) is one of the leading technologies for Next-Generation Lithography. Continued progress in its development will be facilitated by characterizing all sources of distortion in the chip fabrication process. These include the thermal distortions of the wafer caused by deposited EUVL energy during scanning exposure. Absorbed energy from the beam produces temperature increases and structural displacements in the wafer, which directly contribute to pattern placement errors and image blur. Because of the vacuum conditions of EUVL systems, wafer chucking will be electrostatic, which has a number of advantages over mechanical clamping systems. The goals of this research are to predict the transient temperature increases and corresponding displacements (locally and globally) consistent with the thermomechanical boundary conditions of the wafer. Both thermal and structural finite element models were constructed to numerically simulate wafer exposure. The response of the wafer is relatively sensitive to the interface conditions between the substrate and electrostatic chuck. Thus, parametric studies of the response to changes in the contact conductance and the friction coefficient were performed and are presented in this paper.
Revealing Data on Education and Training

The lack of publicly available databases regarding program processes and outcomes has been a source of concern throughout graduate education. This commentary addresses work by Ilardi et al. (this issue) that contributes to the empirical literature on education and training of clinical psychologists. Issues related to truth in advertising are raised, with reference to current developments in the field.
Monitoring OH-initiated oxidation kinetics of isoprene and its products using online mass spectrometry.

A novel technique has been developed to simultaneously monitor the kinetics of the OH radical-initiated oxidation of isoprene and formation and oxidation of its products (methyl vinyl ketone, methacrolein, 3-methylfuran, and formaldehyde) using online mass spectrometry. The kinetics of isoprene and its products were investigated at 323 K and at 1 atm total pressure. The responses of 30 representative ions for isoprene and its products were monitored during the reaction, and their concentration profiles were calculated by linear algebraic equations, which resolve the measured mass spectra of representative ions into the responses of individual target organics, and by calibrations, which converted the responses to individual target concentrations. Using this method, yields of methyl vinyl ketone, methacrolein, and 3-methylfuran at 323 K were measured to be 14.4 ± 0.1%, 19.0 ± 0.2%, and 2.9 ± 0.2%, respectively, in excellent agreement with previously reported yields under NOx-free conditions. The reaction ki...
Adverse Encounters With Alligators in the United States: An Update

Objective Severe injuries and fatalities can occur from an alligator attack. Encounters with alligators appear to be increasing in the United States. This review provides information from alligator attacks reported in the United States as well as infections that may occur after an alligator bite. Methods Telephone interviews were conducted with state wildlife offices in all Southern states in order to collect information on the number of alligator bites, nuisance calls, and the estimated alligator population of each state. Detailed information from alligator attacks in Florida is presented, including basic demographic information on the victims and description of the types of injuries and the activity of the victim at the time of injury. Additional information regarding the size and behavior of the alligator involved in the attack is also provided in many cases. Results There have been 567 reports of adverse encounters with alligators with 24 deaths reported in the United States from 1928 to January 1, 2009. In addition, thousands of nuisance calls are made yearly and the number of nuisance calls as well as the alligator population is increasing in many states. Conclusions Injuries from encounters with alligators may range from minor scratches and punctures to amputations and death. The larger the alligator, the more likely that serious injury will occur. As the human population encroaches on the habitat of the alligator, attacks and nuisance complaints will continue to occur. A uniform reporting system among states should be developed to obtain more complete information on alligator encounters. Guidelines have been developed by many state wildlife officials to reduce adverse encounters with alligators.
The needs for public health education: reflections from the 27th world veterinary congress.

The needs for public health education are addressed based on papers presented at the 27th World veterinary Congress held in Tunis, Tunisia, on September 25–29, 2002. The article first summarizes the public health problems presented from developing countries, followed by the problems from developed countries. A summary of the solutions proposed or practiced by each group of speakers is presented. On the basis of the problems and solutions presented, the author suggests how education can address the problems and their solutions. The dichotomy between developed and developing countries is not new, but educational advances in veterinary public health (VPH) are required to provide the citizens of all countries with safe food and less risk of zoonotic diseases. This is true when a country is too poor to have adequate veterinary services for good food safety and preventing major zoonoses, or is a wealthy country plagued by the emerging pathogens associated with modern intensive agriculture systems.
Molecular genetic variation of boll weevil populations in North America estimated with microsatellites: Implications for patterns of dispersal

The boll weevil (Anthonomus grandis Boheman) is an insect pest of cotton that underwent a welldocumented range expansion across the southeastern U.S. from Mexico beginning about 110 years ago. Eleven microsatellite loci were surveyed to infer the magnitude and pattern of genetic differentiation among boll weevil populations from 18 locations across eight U.S. states and northeast Mexico. Estimates of genetic diversity (allelic diversity and heterozygosity) were greater in Southern than Northern populations, and were greater in the west than the east among Northern populations. Boll weevil populations were genetically structured as a whole across the geographic range sampled, with a global FST of 0.241. Southcentral populations exhibit classic isolation by distance, but evidence suggests that populations within the Eastern and Western regions have not yet reached genetic equilibrium. Gene flow appears to be relatively high among populations within the Eastern region. Population assignment data and estimates of gene flow indicate that migration between locations separated by <300 km is frequent. The database of microsatellite genotypes generated in this study now makes it possible, through population assignment techniques, to identify the most likely geographic source of a boll weevil reintroduced to an eradication zone, which will help action agencies decide the most appropriate mitigation response.
Genomic organisation and expression of the natural killer cell enhancing factor (NKEF) gene in channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque).

Abstract The gene encoding Natural Killer Cell Enhancing Factor (NKEF) was identified in clones from a gynogenetic channel catfish BAC library. NKEF gene sequence (5.2 kb) was obtained by direct sequencing of BAC clones. The catfish NKEF gene contains one non-coding exon, five coding exons and five introns. A putative TATA box and other transcription factor binding sites were identified in the promoter region. The NKEF amino acid sequence is highly conserved between fish and mammals. Gene expression, measured by real-time quantitative PCR, was detected in all major tissues with the highest level of expression in stomach and heart and lowest levels in gonad and pituitary gland. Catfish NKEF mRNA levels were slightly upregulated 8 and 24 h after injection of lipopolysaccharide. A TAA-repeat microsatellite was identified in a BAC clone containing the NKEF gene, and this locus contained at least 12 alleles in a random-bred catfish population. Multipoint linkage analysis in two reference families placed the NKEF gene on linkage group U18, 5.1 cM from locus IpCG0177 ( r = 0.05; LOD = 45.8), 6.0 cM from a novel immune type receptor, syntenic (40 cM) with T-cell receptor α, and not linked with MHC loci.
Force transformation: an historical perspective from across the Atlantic

The twentieth century saw the armies of the US and the UK successfully meet a number of extreme demands imposed by changes in weapons technology and by politico-military events. In many cases, on both sides of the Atlantic, this has demanded a greater or lesser transformation of military organisation and practice. The present paper attempts a broad conspectus of the reactions of both armies to the most significant of these technological challenges, such as the magazine rifle, war gases, the tank, indirect-fire artillery, radio control, the atomic bomb, the guided missile and the digital computer. It seems that the US Army has been much more prepared than the British to re-organise itself to meet technological change. The British Army not only seems to have transformed itself less often, but also as a response to pressures other than those of technology. The author concludes that there are certain principles that have held good throughout a century of sometimes dizzying technological change, and which will be worth holding on to. The force transformation we see may not be entirely the one we expect.
Energy requirement for adsorption of bacteriophage φμ-4

Abstract Irreversible adsorption of bacteriophages on host bacteria is generally considered to be independent of host's energy yielding mechanisms. Partial inhibition of T1 adsorption has, however, been reported with various metabolic poisons ( Amos and Vollmayer, 1957 ). This communication deals with the inhibition of adsorption of bacteriophage φμ-4 on host cells maintained under anaerobic conditions or exposed to metabolic poisons such as 2,4-dinitrophenol, cyanide and carbon monoxide.
Resin-based investigation of acyl carrier protein interaction networks in Escherichia coli

Protein–protein interactions play an integral role in metabolic regulation. Elucidation of these networks is complicated by the changing identity of the proteins themselves. Here we demonstrate a resin-based technique that leverages the unique tools for acyl carrier protein (ACP) modification with non-hydrolyzable linkages. ACPs from Escherichia coli and Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 are bound to Affigel-15 with varying acyl groups attached and introduced to proteomic samples. Isolation of these binding partners is followed by MudPIT analysis to identify each interactome with the variable of ACP-tethered substrates. These techniques allow for investigation of protein interaction networks with the changing identity of a given protein target.
Haplotypes at ATM identify coding-sequence variation and indicate a region of extensive linkage disequilibrium.

Genetic variation in the human population may lead to functional variants of genes that contribute to risk for common chronic diseases such as cancer. In an effort to detect such possible predisposing variants, we constructed haplotypes for a candidate gene and tested their efficacy in association studies. We developed haplotypes consisting of 14 biallelic neutral-sequence variants that span 142 kb of the ATM locus. ATM is the gene responsible for the autosomal recessive disease ataxia-telangiectasia (AT). These ATM noncoding single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were genotyped in nine CEPH families (89 individuals) and in 260 DNA samples from four different ethnic origins. Analysis of these data with an expectation-maximization algorithm revealed 22 haplotypes at this locus, with three major haplotypes having frequencies ⩾.10. Tests for recombination and linkage disequilibrium (LD) show reduced recombination and extensive LD at the ATM locus, in all four ethnic groups studied. The most striking example was found in the study population of European ancestry, in which no evidence for recombination could be discerned. The potential of ATM haplotypes for detection of genetic variants through association studies was tested by analysis of 84 individuals carrying one of three ATM coding SNPs. Each coding SNP was detected by association with an ATM haplotype. We demonstrate that association studies with haplotypes for candidate genes have significant potential for the detection of genetic backgrounds that contribute to disease.
Direct manipulation as a source of cognitive feedback: a human-computer experiment with a judgement task

Correctly designed feedback can play a pivotal role in improving performance.Human-computer interaction can generate various forms of feedback, and it is important to examine the effectiveness of the different options. This work compares: (1) feedback that is presented as information which is distinct from the user's action, with (2) feedback that is generated by direct manipulation and is embedded in the same information which facilitates the user's action. The former is the traditional form of feedback in which the user acts and receives feedback information from a distinct source. The latter is information generated during the user's action, and it becomes effective feedback only when the individual uses this information as feedback. This paper explains why certain elements of direct manipulation can invoke the second form of feedback. An experiment demonstrates that feedback resulting from direct manipulation is more effective and time efficient than the distinct form of feedback in conditions of high task complexity. However, direct manipulation has its limits and must be complemented with traditional forms of feedback for complex cognitive tasks.
A simplified adaptive mesh technique derived from the moving finite element method

An adaptive mesh technique is derived as a constrained minimization of the functional used in the moving finite element (MFE) method. The result is a matrix equation for mesh velocities alone (i.e., a pure adaptive mesh prescription). The method retains many attractive features of MFE, including the ability to independently control mesh motion through penalty terms.
Preexposure to situational cues and shock intensity in two-way avoidance learning

Four groups of rats (n = 16) received 65 two-way avoidance learning trials. The groups differed with respect to the amount of exposure (0 or 4 h) to the situational cues of the apparatus prior to avoidance learning and the intensity of shock (.3 or 1.6 mA) during learning. Superior avoidance performance with weak as compared to strong shock was obtained in the nonpreexposed groups. This inverse relationship between avoidance performance and shock intensity, typical of two-way avoidance learning, was eliminated in the preexposed groups. Presumably, a latent inhibition effect occurred in the strong-shock group, which resulted in a retardation of the conditioning of fear to the situational cues and a consequent improvement in performance. The results are consistent with the effective reinforcement theory, which emphasizes in aversive learning the detrimental effect of large amounts of fear remaining following a response.
Mechanisms of active control in cylindrical fuselage structures

This paper summarizes ongoing efforts to understand and exploit active control techniques for low frequency noise suppression in aerospace applications. Analytical models are utilized in an effort to understand the mechanisms that govern noise transmission into acoustic spaces enclosed by lightweight structures and to examine the results of experimental implementations of active control schemes. Emphasis is placed on attaining global noise reductions using a minimum number of actuators rather than localized control over many subregions. This program has demonstrated the effect of synchrophasing and interface modal filtering, in limiting the modal density within the acoustic space, and how strong reactive effects may occur in two dimensional geometries. Finally, the performance of active control systems utilizing acoustic and vibration actuators is evaluated. Suppressions of 10 to 30 dB are demonstrated in practice, and performance is discussed in relation to the physical mechanisms and parameters of the system.
IMMUNOHISTOLOGICAL AND ELUTION STUDIES OF THE HUMAN PLACENTA

An immunohistological survey of 28 full-term human placentas has demonstrated deposits of IgG, β1C, β1E, and fibrinogen/fibrin in areas of fibrinoid necrosis and on the trophoblast basement membrane in approximately 35% of placental villi. Traces of IgM were detected at similar sites in 18 of 28 full-term placentas. In 11 specimens of immature placentas (10–18 wk gestation) traces of IgG and β1C and deposits of fibrinogen/fibrin were also present, but IgM was not detected in this material. IgG was recovered in acidic eluates from an homogenized placenta which behaved as an antibody reactive with unidentified material present in fibrinoid deposits and on the thickened trophoblast basement membrane of some villi. It could not be determined whether this IgG was derived from the maternal or fetal circulation.
Pediatric seatbelt injuries: diagnosis and treatment of lumbar flexion-distraction injuries

Motor vehicle accidents are the major cause of flexion-distraction injuries of the thoracolumbar spine. In a retrospective review, we present the results of operative treatment for six pediatric patients who sustained such injuries while wearing seatbelts. There were three purely ligamentous injuries, two bony injuries (Chance fractures), and one combination injury. There were also concomitant neurological and intra-abdominal injuries. Of note is that two patients had either their spinal or abdominal injury missed on initial evaluation. All patients were treated surgically with open reduction and internal fixation. At average follow up of 2 years, all patients had a full range of motion with no back pain. Five had returned to their preinjury activity levels, while the sixth patient was paraplegic from his injury but was able to ambulate at home with crutches and knee-ankle-foot orthoses. We recommend operative reduction and two-level fusion of these injuries when (1) instability is apparent in either a purely ligamentous injury or an overtly unstable fracture-pattern, (2) significant kyphosis is present which cannot be reduced or maintained in a cast, or (3) there is associated neurological or intra-abdominal injury.
Phosphatidylethanolamine Induces High Affinity Binding Sites for Factor VIII on Membranes Containing Phosphatidyl-L-serine

Synthetic membranes of phosphatidylcholine require inclusion of at least 5% phosphatidylserine (Ptd-L-Ser) to form binding sites for factor VIII. The relatively high requirement for Ptd-L-Ser suggests that stimulated platelets may contain another membrane constituent that enhances expression of factor VIII-binding sites. We report that phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), which is exposed in concert with Ptd-L-Ser in the course of platelet stimulation, induces high affinity binding sites for factor VIII on synthetic membranes containing 1-15% Ptd-L-Ser. The affinity of factor VIII for binding sites on membranes of Ptd-L-Ser/PE/phosphatidylcholine in a 4:20:76 ratio was 10.2 ± 3.5 nM with 180 ± 33 phospholipid molecules/site. PE did not induce binding sites on membranes of 4% Ptd-D-Ser, indicating that the induced binding sites require the correct stereochemistry of Ptd-L-Ser as well as PE. Egg PE and dimyristoyl-PE were equivalent for inducing factor VIII-binding sites, indicating that hexagonal phase-inducing properties of PE are not important. We conclude that PE induces high affinity factor VIII-binding sites on membranes with physiologic mole fractions of Ptd-L-Ser, possibly including those of stimulated platelets.
Toward an optimal combined FSO/RF system via an adaptive bit rate control

In hybrid FSO/RF (Free Space Optics/Radio Frequency) systems, the FSO link is the primary link while the RF link is the secondary (backup) link. In current hybrid systems, once the FSO signal to noise ratio (SNR) decreases above a preset threshold, the system switches from FSO to RF to maintain the communication connection. But this scenario does not provide maximum utilization of the available bandwidth in terms of spectrum efficiency. This paper proposes an adaptive FSO bit rate algorithm to maintain communication using the FSO link as long as its bit rate is greater than that can be offered by the RF, thus requiring no switching to the secondary link. The system switches to the secondary link if and only if the FSO bit rate while maintaining the system bit error rate (BER) drops below the bit rate that can be achieved by the RF link. This paper shows the dependence of FSO bit error rate on channel bit rate using analysis and computer simulation. Furthermore, computer simulation is carried out and the results confirm the algorithm's effectiveness on maintaining higher bit rate communication connection using FSO link. Hence, the overall system performance achieves better throughput.
Imaging features associated with disease progression after stereotactic ablative radiotherapy for stage I non-small-cell lung cancer.

Abstract Introduction/Background The aim of this study was to identify imaging-based predictors of progression in patients treated with SABR for stage I NSCLC. Patients and Methods Between March 2003 and December 2012, 117 patients with stage I NSCLC meeting our study criteria were treated with SABR at Stanford University. Median follow-up was 17 months (range, 3-74 months) for all patients and 19 months for living patients (range, 3-74 months). Tumors were classified according to whether or not they contacted the pleura adjacent to the chest wall or mediastinum (MP), according to their maximum dimension based on computed tomography scans, and, for 102 patients who had archived pretreatment fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron-emission tomography scans, according to SUVmax. Results Ten patients (9%) developed local progression, 17 (15%) developed regional progression, and 19 (16%) developed distant metastasis. Two-year freedom from local progression, freedom from regional progression, and freedom from distant metastasis (FFDM) were 88%, 83%, and 83%, respectively. Overall survival was 70% at 2 years. FFDM was significantly associated with MP contact, maximum tumor dimension, and SUVmax, and these variables could be combined into an exploratory prognostic index that identified patients at highest risk for developing metastases. Conclusion In our cohort, noninvasive, imaging-based features were associated with distant progression after SABR for early stage NSCLC. If validated, our prognostic index could allow identification of patients who might benefit from systemic therapy after SABR.
Depression, Fatigue, and Pre-Sleep Arousal: A Mediation Model

Fatigue is a common and debilitating symptom of clinical depression; however, the causes are not well understood. The present study was designed to test the hypotheses that subjective sleep, objective sleep, and arousal in the pre-sleep state would mediate the relationship between depression status and fatigue. Sleep, pre-sleep arousal, and fatigue were assessed in 21 depressed and 37 never-depressed undergraduates. Results showed that pre-sleep arousal was a significant partial mediator of the relationship between depression status and fatigue. These results indicate that arousal in the pre-sleep state deserves further attention as a potential antecedent to fatigue in clinically depressed undergraduates.
Human Perception based Video Preprocessing for Telesurgery

Video transmission plays a critical role in robotic telesurgery because of the required high bandwidth and quality requirement. We propose an adaptive video preprocessing technique to accelerate the transmission of telesurgical video. Using this technique, the bandwidth can be reallocated adaptively from non-essential surrounding regions to the region of interest when preprocessed image sequences are passed to the video encoder, ensuring excellent image quality of critical regions (e.g. surgical landscape). The algorithm first generates a physiologically appropriate attention map which can be updated dynamically. Then, an adaptive edge-preserving image smoothing filter is utilized to remove insignificant features. The parameters of the filter are adjusted according to the attention map. Our experimental result shows that, with the preprocessing technique, over half of the bandwidth can be reduced while there is no significant visual effect at the site of remote observer.
Tag compression for low power in dynamically customizable embedded processors

We present a methodology for power reduction by instruction/data cache-tag compression for low-power embedded processors. By statically analyzing the code/data memory layouts for the application hot spots, a variety of proposed schemes for effective tag-size reduction can be employed for power minimization in instruction and data caches. The schemes rely on significantly reducing the number of tag bits stored in the tag arrays for cache-conflict identification, thus considerably decreasing the number of active bitlines, sense amps, and comparator cells. We present a set of tag compression techniques and evaluate each of them separately in terms of efficiency and required hardware support. A detailed very large scale integrated implementation has been performed and a number of experimental results on a set of embedded applications is reported for each technique. Energy dissipation decreases of up to 95% can be observed for the tag arrays, implying significant energy reductions in the range of 50% when amortized across the overall cache subsystem.
The communication effects of animation

(1986). The communication effects of animation. Journal of Applied Communication Research: Vol. 14, No. 1, pp. 59-65.
Sluice: Secure Dissemination of Code Updates in Sensor Networks

Existing network reprogramming protocols target the efficient, reliable, multi-hop dissemination of application updates in sensor networks, but assume correct or fail-stop behavior from participating sensors. Compromised nodes can subvert such protocols to result in the propagation and remote installation of malicious code. Sluice aims for the progressive, resource-sensitive verification of updates in sensor networks to ensure that malicious updates are not disseminated or installed, while trusted updates continue to be efficiently disseminated. Our verification mechanism provides authenticity and integrity through a hash-chain construction that amortizes the cost of a single digital signature over an entire update. We integrate Sluice with an existing network reprogramming protocol and empirically evaluate its effectiveness both in a real sensor testbed and through simulation.
Effects of glycaemic control on cardiovascular disease in diabetic American Indians: the Strong Heart Study.

Aims Diabetes increases the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Only part of this excess risk is explained by diabetes-associated hypertension, obesity, and lipid disorders. Poor glycaemic control may help explain the residual CVD risk. The aim of this study was to determine whether variations in glycaemic control are associated with CVD risk in diabetic individuals. Methods We examined longitudinal data from the Strong Heart Study, a population-based study of CVD and its risk factors among American Indians (a population with a high prevalence of diabetes). Diabetes was defined using the 1998 World Health Organization criteria: fasting plasma glucose ≥ 126 mg/dl or 2-h plasma glucose ≥ 200 mg/dl. American Diabetes Association guidelines for glycaemic control were used: good, A1c < 7%; fair, 7–7.9%; and poor, ≥ 8%. The analysis was based on data from diabetic individuals with no CVD at baseline. Results During 9 years of follow-up, 494 of the 2011 diabetic participants developed CVD. Although Cox multivariate regression modelling showed dose–response effects of glycaemic control on overall CVD and coronary heart disease (CHD) incidence, the relationships were weakened when adjusted for confounding variables. Kaplan–Meier analysis, however, showed that diabetic individuals with poor baseline glycaemic control had significantly increased proportions of overall CVD and CHD (P = 0.001) during the 9 years of follow-up, compared with those who had good or fair control. Conclusion These findings highlight the importance of risk factors, such as high blood pressure and dyslipidaemia, in increasing CVD risk in those with diabetes.
Laser Q switching by a PLZT shutter

The application of a polycrystalline ferroelectric ceramic Pb 1-x La x (Zr y Ti z ) 1-(x/4) O 3 (called PLZT) electrooptic shutter is described for controlling the giant pulse emission of a ruby laser. The PLZT material had y = 65 percent, z = 35 percent, and the value of x was in the vicinity of 8 percent. Half-wave retardation switching was not possible with the PLZT shutter when 10-ns rise-time 70-ns-duration voltage pulses (fast Q switching) were applied. The increase insertion loss, due to less than half-wave retardation, resulted in laser pulsewidths that were wider and contained less energy than predicted by fast Q -switching theory. Since the PLZT material was damaged at relatively low power densities of between 5.6 to 8.5 MW/cm2, respectively, its use is restricted to Q -switching small output power.
Humor and Laughter in Persons With Cognitive Impairment and Their Caregivers

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to describe humor and laughter in persons with cognitive impairment (PWCI) and caregivers who were recalling a shared experience in a focus group. Design: Twe...
Advances in mitral valve repair

The results of mitral valve repair for structural disease are durable and are generally accepted to be superior to mitral valve replacement. Following the early pioneering work of Carpentier, most advances in mitral repair have involved performing the same repair through ever smaller incisions in hopes of minimizing tissue trauma. Mitral repair is now possible thru port access with videoscopic and robotic assistance. Transcatheter repair techniques are now being investigated and offer the possibility of mitral repair without the utilization of cardiopulmonary bypass.
Intraocular oxygen tension measured with a fiber-optic sensor in normal and diabetic dogs

A new fiber-optic O2 sensor was used to measure the O2 tension in the living dog eye, and the results were compared with simultaneous O2 tension measurements with polarographic electrodes. The fiber-optic sensor and the polarographic electrodes gave similar readings of anterior chamber O2 tension and gave an identical response to elevation of inspired O2 levels. In the preretinal vitreous, the fiber-optic probe measured the O2 tension 26 +/- 5 mmHg (means +/- SD, n = 5), whereas the polarographic electrode showed 23 +/- 7 mmHg (means +/- SD, n = 5) in the contralateral eyes. Breathing 100% O2 raised the preretinal O2 tension similarly with both systems. Preretinal O2 tension was measured with the fiber-optic sensor in seven alloxan diabetic dogs and was 26 +/- 7 mmHg, which is not significantly different from normal dogs. The fiber-optic sensor has some advantages over the polarographic electrodes. The fiber-optic sensor does not consume O2 and is not dependent on the diffusion characteristics of the medium or changes due to stirring or fluid currents.
An Overview of the Granules Runtime for Cloud Computing

In this paper we present a short introduction to the granules system, which is a lightweight streaming-based runtime for cloud computing. This paper provides a summary of the capabilities supported by the runtime.
Transvenous atrial septal defect occlusion by the buttoned device.

Abstract Transvenous occlusion of atrial septal defect (ASD) was first described by King and Mills 1 in 1976. Their device was too bulky to be applicable to children. Since that time other single- 2 or double-disk devices 3,4 have been applied for the occlusion of ASDs. The “buttoned” device is the smallest available ASD-occluding device, because it requires an 8Fr introducing sheath. The efficacy and the safety of the method have been shown only in the occlusion of experimental ASDs. 5 We are reporting the first clinical applications in children.
Advanced networks and computing in healthcare

As computing and network capabilities continue to rise, it becomes increasingly important to understand the varied applications for using them to provide healthcare. The objective of this review is to identify key characteristics and attributes of healthcare applications involving the use of advanced computing and communication technologies, drawing upon 45 research and development projects in telemedicine and other aspects of healthcare funded by the National Library of Medicine over the past 12 years. Only projects publishing in the professional literature were included in the review. Four projects did not publish beyond their final reports. In addition, the authors drew on their first-hand experience as project officers, reviewers and monitors of the work. Major themes in the corpus of work were identified, characterizing key attributes of advanced computing and network applications in healthcare. Advanced computing and network applications are relevant to a range of healthcare settings and specialties, but they are most appropriate for solving a narrower range of problems in each. Healthcare projects undertaken primarily to explore potential have also demonstrated effectiveness and depend on the quality of network service as much as bandwidth. Many applications are enabling, making it possible to provide service or conduct research that previously was not possible or to achieve outcomes in addition to those for which projects were undertaken. Most notable are advances in imaging and visualization, collaboration and sense of presence, and mobility in communication and information-resource use.
Classic Studies on the Potential of Stem Cell Neuroregeneration

The 1990s and 2000s were the beginning of an exciting time period for developmental neuroscience and neural stem cell research. By better understanding brain plasticity and the birth of new neurons in the adult brain, contrary to established dogma, hope for therapy from devastating neurological diseases was generated. The potential for stem cells to provide functional recovery in humans remains to be further tested and to further move into the clinical trial realm. The future certainly has great promise on stem cells to assist in alleviation of difficult-to-treat neurologic disorders. This article reviews classic studies of the 1990s and 2000s that paved the way for the advances of today, which can in turn lead to tomorrow's therapies.
Owner-Tenant Engagement in Sustainable Property Investing

When it comes to sustainability, improving existing buildings is arguably more important than developing better new facilities. But that can be more difficult because it requires cooperation betwee...
Efficient simulation of non-Poisson non-stationary point processes to study queueing approximations

Abstract A nonstationary point process can be efficiently simulated by exploiting a representation as the composition of a rate-one process and the cumulative arrival rate function, provided that an efficient algorithm is available for generating the rate-one process, as is the case for stationary renewal processes, Markov modulated Poisson processes and many other processes. Overall efficiency can be achieved by constructing a table of the inverse cumulative arrival rate function when it is not explicitly available.
Deep Packet Field Extraction Engine (DPFEE): A pre-processor for network intrusion detection and denial-of-service detection systems

Network Intrusion Detection Systems (NIDS) and Anti-Denial-of-Service (DoS) employ Deep Packet Inspection (DPI) which provides visibility to the content of payload to detect network attacks. All DPI engines assume a pre-processing step that extracts the various protocol specific fields. However, application layer (L7) field extraction is computationally expensive. We propose a Deep Packet Field Extraction Engine (DPFEE) to offload the application layer field extraction to hardware. DPFEE is a content-aware, grammar-based, Layer 7 programmable field extraction engine for text-based protocols. Our prototype DPFEE implementation for the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) on a single FPGA, achieved a bandwidth of 257.1 Gbps and this can be easily scaled beyond 300 Gbps.
Marijuana-derived Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol suppresses Th1/Th17 cell-mediated delayed-type hypersensitivity through microRNA regulation

∆9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is one of the major bioactive cannabinoids derived from the Cannabis sativa plant and is known for its anti-inflammatory properties. Delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) is driven by proinflammatory T helper cells including the classic inflammatory Th1 lineage as well as the more recently discovered Th17 lineage. In the current study, we investigated whether THC can alter the induction of Th1/Th17 cells involved in mBSA-induced DTH response. THC treatment (20 mg/kg) of C57BL/6 mice with DTH caused decreased swelling and infiltration of immune cells at the site of antigen rechallenge. Additionally, THC treatment decreased lymphocyte activation as well as Th1/Th17 lineage commitment, including reduced lineage-specific transcription factors and cytokines. Interestingly, while DTH caused an overexpression of miR-21, which increases Th17 differentiation via SMAD7 inhibition, and downregulation of miR-29b, an IFN-γ inhibitor, THC treatment reversed this microRNA (miR) dysregulation. Furthermore, when we transfected primary cells from DTH mice with miR-21 inhibitor or miR-29b mimic, as seen with THC treatment, the expression of target gene message was directly impacted increasing SMAD7 and decreasing IFN-γ expression, respectively. In summary, the current study suggests that THC treatment during DTH response can simultaneously inhibit Th1/Th17 activation via regulation of microRNA (miRNA) expression. • THC treatment inhibits simultaneous Th1/Th17 driven inflammation. • THC treatment corrects DTH-mediated microRNA dysregulation. • THC treatment regulates proinflammatory cytokines and transcription factors.
On a Certain Family of Arithmetic Functions

(1958). On a Certain Family of Arithmetic Functions. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 65, No. 8P1, pp. 586-590.
Delayed disease as a consequence of fetal exposure to radiation, infection, and exogenous hormones.

Interest in the adverse effects of various external stimuli on the fetuses of human beings and experimental animals has greatly increased with the awareness of the expanding list of agents that are capable of producing pathologic change in utero. In attempting to identify a specific toxic agent as the inducer of a newborn anomaly, the problems of an adequate stimulus (dosage), critical time of exposure, and the possibility of the observed change occurring spontaneously need be considered.
Possible Noninvasive Biomarker of Eosinophilic Esophagitis: Clinical and Experimental Evidence

Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) diagnosis and follow-up response to therapy is based on repeated endoscopies and histological examination for eosinophils/HPF. The procedure is invasive and risky in particular for the pediatric population. Presently, there is no highly sensitive and specific noninvasive blood test available to monitor the disease pathogenesis. Reports indicate the expression of PDL1 (CD274) on the eosinophils in allergic patients. Herein, we report that CD274-expressing and -nonexpressing eosinophils were detected in both examined pediatric and adult EoE patients. We show that CD274 expression on blood eosinophils and blood mRNA expression levels increase in the blood of EoE patients and decrease following treatment. These observations are consistent with the esophageal eosinophilia of before and after treatment in both examined patients. These two clinical and experimental analysis reports provide the possibility that the CD274 mRNA and CD274-expressing esinophil levels may be novel possible noninvasive biomarkers for EoE.