cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analytics, Pedagogy and the Pass the Pigs Game

The Pass the Pigs® game provides an opportunity to combine multiple analytical skills sets and problem-solving capabilities in an enjoyable and challenging application. In this paper, I describe how I structure a classroom exercise to help students work through developing, analyzing, and testing strategies for the game. The game utilizes multiple analytics and decision making tools, such as problem framing, data collection and preparation, probability, optimization, heuristics, expert systems, and simulation.
A Citrullinated Fibrinogen-Specific T Cell Line Enhances Autoimmune Arthritis in a Mouse Model of Rheumatoid Arthritis

Citrullinated proteins, derived from the conversion of peptidyl-arginine to peptidyl-citrulline, are present in the joints of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), who also uniquely produce high levels of anti-citrullinated protein Abs. Citrullinated fibrinogen (CF) is abundant in rheumatoid synovial tissue, and anti-citrullinated protein Ab-positive RA patients exhibit circulating immune complexes containing CF. Thus, CF is a potential major target of pathogenic autoimmunity in RA. T cells are believed to be involved in this process by initiating, controlling, and driving Ag-specific immune responses in RA. In this study, we isolated a CD4 T cell line specific for CF that produces inflammatory cytokines. When transferred into mice with collagen-induced arthritis (CIA), this T cell line specifically enhanced the severity of autoimmune arthritis. Additionally, pathogenic IgG2a autoantibody levels to mouse type II collagen were increased in mice that received the T cells in CIA, and levels of these T cells were increased in the synovium, suggesting the T cells may have had systemic effects on the B cell response as well as local effects on the inflammatory environment. This work demonstrates that CD4 T cells specific for CF can amplify disease severity after onset of CIA.
Sustained Inquiry in Education: Lessons from Skill Grouping and Class Size

In this article, Frederick Mosteller, Richard J. Light and Jason A. Sachs explore the nature of the empirical evidence that can inform school leaders' key decisions about how to organize students within schools: Should students be placed in heterogeneous classes or tracked classes? What is the impact of class size on student learning? How does it vary? Since tracking (or skill grouping, as the authors prefer to call it) is widely used in U.S. schools, the authors expected to find a wealth of evidence to support the efficacy of the practice. Surprisingly, they found only a handful of well-designed studies exploring the academic benefits of tracking, and of these, the results were equivocal. With regard to class size, the authors describe the Tennessee class size study, using it to illustrate that large, long-term, randomized controlled field trials can be carried out successfully in education. The Tennessee study demonstrates convincingly that student achievement continues when the students move to regular...
Context: Implications for learning in professional practice

Although continuing professional education programs are important in general, four specific elements of the context in which professionals deliver services to clients have an especially profound influence on learning in professional practice.
Diagnosis of telephony line card component failures using an artificial neural network

The authors describe the development of a modular artificial neural network (MANN) that is suitable for the diagnosis of failures in high-volume printed circuit boards using both analog and digital components. A case study comparing the MANN to an existing expert system used for diagnosing telephony line card component failure is presented. The structure and training strategy for the MANN as well as the current status of the project are discussed. >
G-8 collaborative initiatives and the digital divide: readiness for e-government

At the G-8 Kyushu-Okinawa Summit in July 2000, the industrialized nations acknowledged the advancement of the private sector in information technology (IT) and committed the organization to the Global Digital Divide Initiative (GDDI) of the World Economic Forum Task Force. The Task Force outlined nine initiatives and a set of concrete action plans for implementation, which may achieve e-government readiness in developing countries. Major cultural variables, however, threaten to impede or thwart the facilitation of e-government, even though many countries promote e-government policies. To examine the G-8's first effort to implement collaborative policy initiatives of the private, public and non-profit sectors to eliminate the global digital divide, this paper explores the relationship between six cultural variables and the implementation of the GDDI to alleviate the digital divide and effect e-government readiness in developing countries.
Defining the syntax for self-assembling RNA tertiary architectures

Stable RNAs are modular and hierarchical three-dimensional (3D) architectures taking advantage of recurrent structural motifs to form extensive non-covalent tertiary interactions (1, 2). Using comparative sequence and structural analysis of known X-ray structures of RNAs, folding and assembly principles of RNA can presently be gathered to generate the syntax of a proto-language for rational design and prediction of RNA 3D shapes. RNA architectonics refers to the deciphering of this proto-language and to its use to build new functional RNA shapes with self-assembly properties (3-5). This approach can therefore contribute to the prediction and rational design of RNA tertiary structures for potential applications in nanotechnology, synthetic biology and medicine.
Probability Elements: An Applied Refresher

The quantitative construction of risk models, risk measurement and analysis are essential to obtain a better appreciation of the risks we confront and to mitigate their effects. To do so, probability theory and statistics are necessary. The purpose of this chapter is to provide a cursory and intuitive introduction to basic elements of probability distributions.
A TEST OF THE SITUATIONAL LEADERSHIP THEORY

Hersey and Blanchard's situational leadership theory (1982) is widely known and used, but has limited, mixed empirical validation. This study examines the underlying assumptions regarding the theory's prescriptions that subordinate maturity moderates the relationship of leader task and relationship behaviors with indicants of leader effectiveness. Results of this analysis do not support these assumptions. An examination of the more complex predictions of the theory also show little support for it. Findings are discussed in terms of future research and theory development.
Effect of repeated reproductive cycles on maternal nutritional status, lactational performance and litter growth in ad libitum-fed and chronically food-restricted rats.

To evaluate the combined effects of re peated, closely spaced reproductive cycles and dietary in take on maternal nutritional status, lactational performance and litter growth, rats were fed ad libitum or 75 or 60% of ad libitum intake. Dietary treatment began 28 d before breeding and continued until d 14 of the first (LI ) or second (L2) lactation. Body weight and carcass fat concentration of dams and their litters were affected in the 75% group; milk yield, milk protein and lactose concentrations and energy content were affected only in the 60% group. Dams and their litters were heavier, had more total carcass protein and higher plasma albumin values in L2 than LI. There was no effect of reproductive period on milk yield or com position. These results indicate that repeated reproductive cycles did not compromise maternal nutritional status, lac tational performance or litter growth. Improved outcomes in L2 among the restricted rats appeared to result from gains during the interval between reproductive periods and eariy in the second pregnancy. J. Nutr. 117:1967-1975, 1987.
Expression of inhibitor of apoptosis proteins in B‐cell non‐Hodgkin and Hodgkin lymphomas

BACKGROUND. Inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAPs) inhibit apoptosis by binding specific caspases, and possibly by other mechanisms. Eight IAPs have been identified in humans, of which cIAP1, cIAP2, and XIAP are well known. IAPs are being investigated as potential treatment targets in cancer patients. METHODS. cIAP1, cIAP2, and XIAP were assessed in lymphoma cell lines, 240 B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) tumors, and 40 Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) tumors. RESULTS. All IAPs were expressed in most NHL and all HL cell lines. In NHL tumors, cIAP1 was expressed in 174 (73%), cIAP2 in 115 (48%), and XIAP in 37 (15%). cIAP1 was positive in all precursor B-cell lymphoblastic lymphoma/leukemia (LBL) and nodal marginal zone B-cell lymphoma (MZL), over 90% of follicular lymphoma and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), and approximately 50% to 60% of myeloma, Burkitt lymphoma (BL), lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma/Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia (LPL/WM), small lymphocytic lymphoma/ chronic lymphocytic leukemia (SLL/CLL), extranodal marginal zone B-cell lymphoma of mucosa associated lymphoid tissue (MALT-lymphoma), splenic MZL, and mantle cell lymphoma. cIAP2 was positive in all MALT-lymphoma, over 90% of precursor B-cell LBL (94%), most BL (75%), LPL/WM (71%), and SLL/CLL (67%), and approximately 40% to 60% of follicular lymphoma, myeloma, and DLBCL. XIAP was positive most cases of precursor B-cell LBL (57%) and approximately 30% to 40% of nodal MZL, BL, and DLBCL. In HL tumors, cIAP1 was positive in 30 (75%), cIAP2 in 27 (68%), and XIAP in 23 (58%), and did not correlate with histologic type. CONCLUSIONS. Differential expression of IAPs in B-cell lymphomas suggests differences in pathogenesis that may have implications for novel treatment strategies targeting IAPs. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
A structural rearrangement in the sodium channel pore linked to slow inactivation and use dependence.

Voltage-gated sodium (Na+) channels are a fundamental target for modulating excitability in neuronal and muscle cells. When depolarized, Na+ channels may gradually enter long-lived, slow-inactivated conformational states, causing a cumulative loss of function. Although the structural motifs that underlie transient, depolarization-induced Na+ channel conformational states are increasingly recognized, the conformational changes responsible for more sustained forms of inactivation are unresolved. Recent studies have shown that slow inactivation components exhibiting a range of kinetic behavior (from tens of milliseconds to seconds) are modified by mutations in the outer pore P-segments. We examined the state-dependent accessibility of an engineered cysteine in the domain III, P-segment (F1236C; rat skeletal muscle) to methanethiosulfonate-ethylammonium (MTSEA) using whole-cell current recordings in HEK 293 cells. F1236C was reactive with MTSEA applied from outside, but not inside the cell, and modification was markedly increased by depolarization. Depolarized F1236C channels exhibited both intermediate (IM; τ ∼ 30 ms) and slower (IS; τ ∼ 2 s) kinetic components of slow inactivation. Trains of brief, 5-ms depolarizations, which did not induce slow inactivation, produced more rapid modification than did longer (100 ms or 6 s) pulse widths, suggesting both the IM and IS kinetic components inhibit depolarization-induced MTSEA accessibility of the cysteine side chain. Lidocaine inhibited the depolarization-dependent sulfhydryl modification induced by sustained (100 ms) depolarizations, but not by brief (5 ms) depolarizations. We conclude that competing forces influence the depolarization-dependent modification of the cysteine side chain: conformational changes associated with brief periods of depolarization enhance accessibility, whereas slow inactivation tends to inhibit the side chain accessibility. The findings suggest that slow Na+ channel inactivation and use-dependent lidocaine action are linked to a structural rearrangement in the outer pore.
Lack of recognition by global-genome nucleotide excision repair accounts for the high mutagenicity and persistence of aristolactam-DNA adducts

Exposure to aristolochic acid (AA), a component of Aristolochia plants used in herbal remedies, is associated with chronic kidney disease and urothelial carcinomas of the upper urinary tract. Following metabolic activation, AA reacts with dA and dG residues in DNA to form aristolactam (AL)-DNA adducts. These mutagenic lesions generate a unique TP53 mutation spectrum, dominated by A:T to T:A transversions with mutations at dA residues located almost exclusively on the non-transcribed strand. We determined the level of AL-dA adducts in human fibroblasts treated with AA to determine if this marked strand bias could be accounted for by selective resistance to global-genome nucleotide excision repair (GG-NER). AL-dA adduct levels were elevated in cells deficient in GG-NER and transcription-coupled NER, but not in XPC cell lines lacking GG-NER only. In vitro, plasmids containing a single AL-dA adduct were resistant to the early recognition and incision steps of NER. Additionally, the NER damage sensor, XPC-RAD23B, failed to specifically bind to AL-DNA adducts. However, placing AL-dA in mismatched sequences promotes XPC-RAD23B binding and renders this adduct susceptible to NER, suggesting that specific structural features of this adduct prevent processing by NER. We conclude that AL-dA adducts are not recognized by GG-NER, explaining their high mutagenicity and persistence in target tissues.
Fast method for measuring power density distribution of non-circular and irregular electron beams

AbstractA fast method for measuring the power density distribution of electron beams has been developed. The method employs a refractory metal disc containing regularly spaced radial slits and a Faraday cup to measure electron beam profiles as the beam is oscillated in a circular pattern over the disc. This beam profiling method can be used for real time focusing along a given beam sweep orientation by monitoring one of the beam profiles. When the focus setting is satisfactory, all of the beam profiles can then be stored for computed tomography (CT) reconstruction. The CT reconstruction renders an image of the powder density distribution and provides beam statistics as a permanent file for process control records. The process (taking ∼1 min to perform in its entirety using a conventional PC) was used to investigate the influence of focus setting on the power density distribution of 5 mA electron beams operating at accelerating voltages of 80 and 140 kv. Results of these tests show the effects of beam asti...
Experimental Study on the Induced Velocity of a Three Potential Sliding Discharge DBD Actuator.

A comparison between a sliding discharge DBD actuator with grounded and AC biased sliding electrode driven at kHz frequency is presented. The induced velocity in the bulk ow has been recorded with PIV and compared for multiple potential splits between two test con gurations. The applied potential to the sliding electrode a ects the initial jet velocity and thickness. Peak jet velocity increases with increasing bias on the sliding electrode until that electrodes bias reaches the ionization thresh-hold of the bulk ow. Any further increase in potential results in a small secondary discharge which acts as a boundary layer trip, then steers the jet away from the wall. The highest induced velocity improvement observed was, for a 9 kV sliding electrode bias at 41 mm downstream, 22% greater than the base case and the induced wall jet thicknesses varied from 21% taller for the zero bias con gurations to 10% thinner than the base case for the 8 kV sliding electrode bias.
Minimizing Bend Losses in Large Core Fibers

Computational and experimental results have identified a means to minimize losses in a fiber system containing bends by adjusting the distance between them. A method to optimize transmission will be presented.
Aluminum plasmonics for enhanced visible light absorption and high efficiency water splitting in core-multishell nanowire photoelectrodes with ultrathin hematite shells.

The poor internal quantum efficiency (IQE) arising from high recombination and insufficient absorption is one of the critical challenges toward achieving high efficiency water splitting in hematite (α-Fe2O3) photoelectrodes. By combining the nanowire (NW) geometry with the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) in semiconductor–metal–metal oxide core–multishell (CMS) NWs, we theoretically demonstrate an effective route to strongly improve absorption within ultrathin (sub-50 nm) hematite layers. We show that Si–Al–Fe2O3 CMS NWs exhibit photocurrent densities comparable to Si–Ag–Fe2O3 CMS and outperform Fe2O3, Si–Fe2O3 CS and Si–Au–Fe2O3 CMS NWs. Specifically; Si–Al–Fe2O3 CMS NWs reach photocurrent densities of ∼11.81 mA/cm2 within a 40 nm thick hematite shell which corresponding to a solar to hydrogen (STH) efficiency of 14.5%. This corresponds to about 93% of the theoretical maximum for bulk hematite. Therefore, we establish Al as an excellent alternative plasmonic material compared to precious metals...
Equivalent Damage Growth Parameters Using a Simplified Model

Most damage growth models require accurate stress intensity factor as well as model parameters for predicting damage growth. Depending on geometries and loading conditions, these models become complicated with additional model parameters. This paper shows that a simple model, such as the Paris model, can be used for complex geometries by compensating the error in stress intensity factor with the equivalent model parameters that are different from the true ones. Actual damage growth is simulated using the extended finite element method to model the effects of crack location and geometry on the relationship between crack size and stress intensity factor. The detection process of crack using structural health monitoring systems is modeled by adding random noise and a deterministic bias. The equivalent model parameters are then identified using the least-square-filtered Bayesian method, from which the remaining useful life is estimated. Using three examples, it is shown that the RUL estimates are accurate even when an inaccurate stress intensity factor is used.© 2011 ASME
Shape-Changing and Amphiphilicity-Reversing Janus Particles with pH-Responsive Surfactant Properties

Janus particles are biphasic colloids that have two sides with distinct chemistry and wettability. Because of their amphiphilicity, Janus particles present a unique opportunity for stabilizing multiphasic fluid mixtures such as emulsions. Our work is motivated by one class of molecular amphiphiles that change their surfactant properties in response to environmental stimuli. Depending on the environmental conditions, these stimuli-responsive molecular amphiphiles are able to assemble into different structures, generate emulsions with different morphologies, and also induce phase inversion emulsification. We present a new synthesis method utilizing a combination of polymerization-induced phase separation and seeded emulsion polymerization, which allows for the bulk synthesis of highly uniform pH-responsive Janus particles that are able to completely reverse their surfactant properties in response to solution pH. One side of these Janus particles is rich in a hydrophobic monomer, styrene, whereas the other s...
Three New Species of Nearctic Trichoptera

The three following species are described primarily so that the names may be used in other papers. Except where noted, types described in this paper are deposited in the collection of the Illinois State Natural History Survey. I am indebted to my co-worker, Dr. C. O. Mohr, for assistance with the drawings.
Feedback the Definition of a Construct

The article presents the results of a study which analyzed performance feedback in the work setting. The study focused on dimensionalizing the construct of feedback to allow meaningful factors or d...
Effect of Scientific and Technological Value and“Internet+”Action on Innovation Entrepreneurship

With China's new normalization of innovation driving and economic development,a new innovation-driven model is provided by using "Internet +",whereby a series of deep-seated conflicts of innovation driving might be settled.By using the Internet platform and information communication technologies,"Internet+"has linked the Internet and all the walks of life including the traditional industries,which has helped to create a new ecology in new fields.It could promote scientific and technological innovation, engineering innovation, industrial innovation and institutional innovation.The"Internet+"model and its innovation driving are discussed based on the theory of scientific and technological value so as to theoretically understand the nature of the model and its effect on entrepreneurial driving.
Identifying the Subtle Presentation of Decompression Sickness.

Background Decompression sickness is an inherent occupational hazard that has the possibility to leave its victims with significant long-lasting effects that can potentially impact an aircrew's flight status. The relative infrequency of this hazard within the military flying community along with the potentially subtle presentation of decompression sickness (DCS) has the potential to result in delayed diagnosis and treatment, leading to residual deficits that can impact a patient's daily life or even lead to death. Case report The patient presented in this work was diagnosed with a Type II DCS 21 h after a cabin decompression at 35,000 ft (10,668 m). The patient had been asymptomatic with a completely normal physical/neurological exam following his flight. The following day, he presented with excessive fatigue and on re-evaluation was recommended for hyperbaric therapy, during which his symptoms completely resolved. He was re-evaluated 14 d later and cleared to resume flight duties without further incident. Discussion The manifestation of this patient's decompression sickness was subtle and followed an evaluation that failed to identify any focal findings. A high index of suspicion with strict follow-up contributed to the identification of DCS in this case, resulting in definitive treatment and resolution of the patient's symptoms. Determination of the need for hyperbaric therapy following oxygen supplementation and a thorough history and physical is imperative. If the diagnosis is in question, consider preemptive hyperbaric therapy as the benefits of treatment in DCS outweigh the risks of treatment. Finally, this work introduces the future potential of neuropsychological testing for both the diagnosis of DCS as well as assessing the effectiveness of hyperbaric therapy in Type II DCS.
Emerging Industrial Oil Crops

Abstract It is now the age of the biobased economy, with great efforts expended in both basic and applied research to develop useful products from agriculture that replace those derived from petroleum. Although the name, methods, and approaches have changed, this movement is far from new. Agricultural materials, including seed oils such as castor (see chapter: Castor (Ricinus communis L.) ) and jojoba (see chapter: Jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis) ), have been used for nonfood purposes since time immemorial. The motto of the US Department of Agriculture (USDA), dated from 1862, summarizes the general concept of biobased products: “Agriculture is the foundation of manufacture and commerce.” For centuries, botanists and explorers have collected and classified plants from around the world. As noted in chapter “Introduction to Industrial Oil Crops,” there are hundreds of plants that produce seed oils containing fatty acids with unusual functionalities. While there are a number of domesticated crops that are used primarily for industrial applications, many of the crops identified were not well-suited to cultivation and required breeding and selection in order to be cultivated as crops. Among those crops identified as having value as industrial oil crops, some have been brought into production, although none have approached the success of soybean introduction into the Americas. This chapter includes brief descriptions in the form of “mini-chapters” on a number of the crops that have been identified as industrially useful. Other industrial oil crops are described more extensively in the major crop chapters.
First-Principles Modeling of IAT-Driven Anomalous Resistivity in Hollow Cathode Discharges II: Numerical Simulations and Comparisons with Experiments

We present a model that quantifies the magnitude of the ion-acoustic turbulence (IAT) in the plume of hollow cathodes and its effect on the resistivity and ion heating. The model takes the form of a partial differential equation (PDE) that can be solved concurrently with the equations of motion for a partially ionized plasma already included in our numerical code for the simulation of the plasma discharge in hollow cathodes, OrCa2D. We also determine that self-induced magnetic fields are not negligible in hollow cathodes operating at large discharge currents and implement in our code Ampere’s law and modifications to Ohm’s law that account for this effect. Numerical simulations that employed these models show large improvements in our agreement with experimental measurements with respect to a previous model, which assumed complete saturation of the IAT and did not account for the growth stage of the waves. In particular, the model is able to accurately predict the location and magnitude of the maximum resitivity to the electron current along the cathode centerline.
Wafer extreme-far edge related study in BEOL (Back-End-of-Line) including BEOL chemical mechanical polishing at 28nm technology node and beyond

In this study, a robust Cu chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) process with better Cu polishing profile, lower defectivity and tighten metal line sheet resistance (Rs) control has been evaluated on a dual wafer polisher to meet the CuCMP process criteria at 28nm node. As the metal line width kept shrinking to 28nm node, the CMP correlated performance such as metal line resistance which resulted from the CMP induced surface erosion and dishing, defect resulted from barrier polishing and reliability. However, as the parameter was optimized to gain better performance, others related phenomenon would also be induced especially at wafer extremely far edge. The related study of wafer extremely far edge metrology issues will be introduced: First part is the description of wafer extremely far edge metrology issue. Accordingly, the hypothesis and the partition of wafer extremely far edge metrology issue will be introduced, such as the increasing Cu density which is influenced by pattern deformation around wafer extremely far edge and the different polished wafer extremely far edge topography resulted from different polishing slurry selections. Meanwhile, the metrology issue results from several processes such as Cu plating, photoresist patterning, CMP, etc. Based on mentioned studies, the wafer extremely far edge metrology issues can be solved by implementing suitable Cu plating, lithography and CMP process.
Transitioning to Second-line Antiretroviral Therapy Among Adolescents in Copperbelt Province, Zambia: Predictors of Treatment Switching and Adherence to Second-line Regimens.

Background Adolescents living with HIV (ALHIV) experience less favorable antiretroviral therapy (ART) outcomes than other age groups. First-line treatment failure complicates ART management as second-line regimens can be costlier and have greater pill burdens. Understanding predictors of switching ART regimens and adherence among adolescents on second-line ART may help to prevent poor treatment outcomes. Methods A quantitative survey was administered to 309 ALHIV attending 3 ART clinics in the Copperbelt Province, Zambia. Medical chart data, including pharmacy refill data, were abstracted. Associations between being on second-line ART and sociodemographic, psychosocial and ART adherence characteristics were tested. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate the effect of baseline ART variables on time to switching. Results Ten percent of participants were on second-line regimens. Compared with ALHIV on first-line ART, adolescents on second-line regimens were older (P = 0.02), out of school due to completion of secondary studies (P = 0.04) and on ART longer (P = 0.03). Adolescents on second-line regimens were more likely to report missing ≥48 consecutive hours of drugs in the last 3 months (P = 0.01). Multivariable analysis showed that adolescents who initiated ART with efavirenz-based regimens were more likely to switch to second-line than those put on nevirapine-based regimens (hazard ratio = 2.6; 95% confidence interval: 1.1-6.4). Conclusions Greater support is needed for ALHIV who are on second-line regimens. Interventions for older adolescents that bridge the gap between school years and young adulthood would be helpful. More research is needed on why ALHIV who start on efavirenz-based regimens are more likely to switch within this population.
Risk and Uncertainty

Although beta’s cash-flow and discount-rate components are conceptually distinct, the empirical boundary between cash-flow beta and discount-rate beta is far from clear-cut. To facilitate the interpretation of these components of systematic risk, this chapter introduces the distinction between epistemic risk and aleatory uncertainty. This conceptual dichotomy originates in economic work by Frank Knight and John Maynard Keynes and reflects principles of uncertainty in physics. It prominently in evaluations of cash-flow and discount-rate information. A special case of uncertainty, information uncertainty, is readily adapted for the interpretation of economic data that has ambiguous implications for individual firms, capital markets, and the broader economy. Although information uncertainty is compatible with behavioral interpretations of investor reactions to ambiguity, it is equally consistent with theories of rational learning.
Progress in vaccine development for prevention of human cytomegalovirus infection.

The infectious agent most frequently causing congenital malformations is the human cytomegalovirus (HCMV). HCMV infection is found in about 1% of newborns, and about 10%–15% of the infected children suffer either from immediate symptoms or late sequelae of the infection. Clinically apparent infections after birth are characterized by cytomegalic inclusion diseases (CIDs) in about 5% of the infected children. Another 5% have atypical involvement, usually with some damage of the CNS and 90% have no symptoms at birth. Among the most severely affected children mortality may be 30%. About 10%–15% of the children who are infected but asymptomatic at birth eventually develop mental retardation, chorioretinitis, microcephaly, and hearing loss (Weller 1971; Pass et al. 1980; Stagno et al. 1983, 1984).
Gonadal Steroids and Cognition

The classic definition of a hormone is a secretion of an endocrine gland that, released into the circulation, exerts its major influence on physiological responses at distant targets in the body. However, there is an intricate interplay between hormones and target areas within the brain as hormones modulate and are modulated by neurotransmitters. These hormone-brain-behavior interactions serve as the basis of the neuroendocrine system. The hormones relevant to this chapter are the gonadal steroid hormones: the estrogens, progestins, and androgens. Two dichotomies are frequently used to describe the effects of gonadal hormones on the brain and subsequent behavior: organizational-activational and genomic-nongenomic. Organizational effects refer to the effect the hormonal milieu during neurodevelop-ment has on sexual differentiation, or how the brain is organized. Such effects occur during critical periods of development and involve permanent structural changes in brain morphology. In contrast, activational effects are transient and alterations in neural circuitry during adulthood that induce time-limited structural and functional changes. Genomic and nongenomic effects refer to hormonal actions on individual nerve cells. They are indirect in that the hormones modulate messenger RNA and protein synthesis by controlling the number of receptor proteins and amount of neurotransmitter, neuropeptide, or neurohormone stored in the cell (Brown, 1994). Genomic effects that involve intracellular receptors take longer to occur and are much more enduring. In contrast, the more direct or nongenomic effects exert their influence briefly via cell surface receptors, for example, by altering the electrophysiological activity of the cell membrane (Brown, 1994).
Deterioration of tolerance to glucose and progression of the microangiopathy: effect of treatment (preliminary report).

Publisher Summary This chapter describes a study in which muscle biopsies were performed in 96 subjects divided into five groups. Twenty-five were normal control subjects with normal tolerance to glucose and no family history of diabetes. Thirty-two were prediabetics with normal tolerance to glucose and family histories ranging from both parents to only one relative having overt diabetes. It was found that when the mean basement membrane width (BMW) of the 25 normal control subjects was compared with the mean BMW of the 32 genetic prediabetics, no difference was found between the two groups. This also applied when sexes were compared. When prediabetics were matched with normal control subjects according to age, six prediabetics were found to have BMWs above 2 SD of the mean for the control group of the same age. Two had glucose areas above the mean + 1 SD of control subjects, and two had elevated insulin areas. When regression analyses were made of the data from the prediabetic and chemical diabetic groups, no significant correlation was found between BMW and glucose values.
Best’s Disease

Generalized disease of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) seems to be the central problem in patients with Best’s disease. This entity is also known as congenital macular dystrophy, vitelliform macular dystrophy, Best’s familial macular degeneration, hereditary macular pseudocysts, and hereditary vitelliruptive macular degeneration. It is an autosomal dominant, bilateral condition.
A Predictive Perception Model and Control Strategy for Collision-Free Autonomous Driving

A key issue in autonomous driving is the problem of decision logic, particularly, as it pertains to mixed traffic involving autonomous and human-driven vehicles. With this in mind, we develop an approach for modeling the interaction between autonomous and human-driven (or perhaps other autonomous) vehicles via game theory and assess the time evolution of potential collision paths via a reachability analysis of the solution set of a simple hybrid dynamical system that captures the kinematics of the lane-change process. We further utilize a control strategy based on model predictive control to develop a safety-assured motion profile on the part of the subject vehicle. This model is subsequently evaluated in multiple simulation scenarios as a function of a programmable safety assurance parameter. We should emphasize that the proposed approach is proactive in its outlook, as it considers a temporal horizon spanning several seconds and assumes a certain behavioral consistency on the part of the local traffic participants. As such it must be augmented with an appropriate reactive collision mitigation scheme that responds to immediate threats caused by abrupt behaviors that are not predictable via algorithmic schemes. Nevertheless, the scenarios studied here appear to produce intuitively reasonable behaviors that seem consistent with ordinary driving and highlight the prospects of this approach being implemented in autonomous driving strategies.
Characterization of Problem Solving in Audiology

Characterizing diagnostic problem solving by students, intermediates, and experts may facilitate an understanding of how to help students attain required diagnostic skills. Studies in other specialties characterize experts as spending more time and effort in understanding a problem before they begin to solve it. That is, at the beginning of a problemsolving episode, experts work to limit the problem space. On the other hand, novices often plunge immediately into the solution process. In order to learn more about diagnostic problem-solving in audiology, a computer-based environment, Simon Says©, was used to assist in the collection of problem-solving data. The results of two experiments revealed that accurate diagnosis in audiology appears to be related to the ability to set up patient problem contexts by analyzing presenting symptoms and history information and using the more focused context to interpret test data.
Urticaria pigmentosa-like skin disease in a domestic shorthair cat.

Case summaryA 14-month-old castrated male domestic shorthair cat presented with an 8 month history of severe pruritus, alopecia, papules and excoriations. Initial evaluation and treatment prior to ...
Intracranial aneurysms at higher clinical risk for rupture demonstrate increased wall enhancement and thinning on multicontrast 3D vessel wall MRI.

Objective: Identification of aneurysms at risk for rupture is important and challenging. We sought to evaluate if intracranial vessel wall (IVW) imaging characteristics of unruptured aneurysms corr...
Some Notes on the Possibility of Foundationalist Justification

In a good deal of his work on epistemic justification and the regress problem, Peter Klein has argued that foundationalist replies cannot work, as they suffer from an in-principle inability to reply to the regress problem. In this chapter, I argue that his argument begs the question. To do so, I do not argue that foundationalism is true; only that there are versions which, on some arguable (but not uncontroversial) assumptions, would constitute an adequate response to the regress problem. The conclusion will be that if foundationalist replies are unacceptable, it is not because they can’t respond to the problem, as Klein alleges. The significance of my argument lies in its meta-epistemological orientation: I will be arguing for the possibility that there is a kind of doxastic (epistemic) responsibility that is not a matter of having adequate reasons. If this claim is plausible, it opens up the prospects for a certain kind of (reliabilist and socially-oriented) foundationalism. The irony should not be lost on us: externalist accounts of justification are standardly thought to run afoul of considerations of epistemic responsibility, whereas I will be suggesting that they are a core part of our best hope to be able to make sense of epistemic responsibility.
Association Between Twitter Reception at a National Urology Conference and Future Publication Status.

Abstract Background Social media is an increasingly popular means to disseminate medical research. However, it is unknown whether the extent to which content is shared mirrors conventional measures of scientific merit or impact. Objective To examine whether Twitter activity (as measured by the number of “likes” and “retweets” [RTs]) relating to original research presented at a national urology meeting was associated with subsequent publication status and journal impact factor (IF). Design, setting, and participants We retrospectively reviewed Twitter data obtained through the Keyhole archiving platform using the hashtag “#aua15” from May 1 through June 1, 2015 reflecting the hashtag of the American Urological Association (AUA) meeting. Outcome measurements and statistical analysis We analyzed all posts containing keywords related to research studies. Among posts reporting on newly presented studies with discernable attribution, we evaluated subsequent publication status within 45 mo, including journal IF. We compared social media reception (number of likes/RTs) by publication status, and assessed the relationship between social media reception and subsequent journal IF using Pearson’s correlation. Results and limitations A total of 15 303 posts were associated with #aua15 between May 1 and June 1, 2015, which reached 2 263 438 users. The median number of likes/RTs was 2 (interquartile range 1–3). We analyzed all posts receiving at least one like/RT (n = 2964) for text content related to research and identified 496 associated with new scientific studies presented at the meeting. Forty-five months following the AUA meeting, 96 studies were identifiable on PubMed (19.4%). Research with more likes/RTs at the AUA meeting were more likely to be subsequently published (p = 0.001). Among published studies, there was a modest, positive correlation between the number of likes/RTs and publication journal IF (r2 = 0.36). Conclusions Measures of social media engagement with data presented at a national medical meeting were positively correlated with subsequent publication and journal IF after presentation. Patient summary New urological research that was shared more often at a national meeting was more likely to be published in journals that are more highly cited.
Impact of Left Ventricular Assist Device Exchange on Outcomes After Heart Transplantation

Background Left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) are the most common mode of circulatory support for patients awaiting heart transplantation. Unfortunately, a fraction of these patients require pump exchange during their course for pump-related adverse events. This study examined whether LVAD exchanges affect posttransplantation outcomes. Methods This study focused on adult patients in the Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network database who were bridged to transplant with a LVAD implanted between 2007 and 2017. Patients who underwent LVAD exchange were compared with those supported with a single device. The primary end point was all-cause mortality at 1, 2, and 5 years after transplantation. The impact of device exchange on risk-adjusted outcomes was examined using Cox proportional hazards models. Results Among 8239 patients who met the inclusion criteria, there were 611 pump exchanges in 560 patients (7% of recipients). The pump exchange rate was 6.24 events per 100 patient-years. Survival at 5 years was lower for those who underwent LVAD exchange (69.4% vs 77.5%, log-rank P = .027). This finding was similar for risk-adjusted 5-year mortality (hazard ratio, 1.36; 95% confidence interval, 1.11 to 1.67; P = .003). Subgroup analysis revealed lower 5-year survival for female recipients who underwent LVAD exchange (55.4% vs 79.7%, log-rank P Conclusions Recipients who underwent pump exchange while awaiting heart transplantation had a higher mortality compared with those on a primary device. Subgroup analysis revealed a marked increase in mortality of female recipients who experienced LVAD exchange.
orthoCapture: Facilitating Gene Capture Probe Design for Non-Model Species

Abstract In non-model species, targeted gene capture (selective enrichment of specific genomic regions of interest) applications in molecular ecology have been limited by the practicalities of capture design. Currently, the minimal requirement for designing capture probes is a transcriptome, or established reference genome for the species of interest. When an established, annotated reference genome is unavailable, one common approach is to design probes from annotated reference genomes (or transcriptomes) of related species. Unfortunately, as divergence between probes and the genome of interest increases, such as occurs during directional selection, capture performance decreases. Here I introduce orthoCapture, a tool to overcome such limitations by mining unannotated whole-genome sequence (WGS) data from non-model species and/or their close relatives to allow probe design using multiple genomic sources. orthoCapture finds orthologs in WGS data from multiple related species to create a set of exon sequences that encompasses the diversity of the exons of interest. These “design sequences” can then be used to design capture probes for the species of interest. orthoCapture thus eliminates the need for transcriptome or whole-genome sequencing for bait capture experiments, making this technique accessible for molecular ecology and conservation studies. Use of orthoCapture is via command-line interface on Unix systems, and requires the input of a gene sequence from an unrelated annotated genome and a fasta database from a target, unannotated genome (e.g., whole-genome shotgun contigs). The output, sequence templates from the nonannotated genomic data, allows probe creation by any commercial company providing gene capture services.
The Perceived Differences: The Sector Stereotype of Social Service Providers:

What difference does “nonprofitness” make is a fundamental question for nonprofit research. Although being held as the basic assumption of the contract failure theory, the sector difference perceiv...
Review of British Flag Officers in the French Wars, 1793–1815: Admirals’ lives: by J. Morrow Bloomsbury, 2018, £91.80 (hb), 332 pages, illustrations, ISBN 9781474277693

John Morrow’s study of British admirals during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars (1793–1815) plunges directly into the subject matter. In the introduction, he sketches a social history o...
Knowledge Dialogues and Climate Change: Integrating Participatory Approaches in the Design of Ecosystem-Based Adaptation Measures in the Peruvian Andes

Communities throughout the Andes—and indeed much of the world—are increasingly challenged by climate change and other modern pressures such as migration and globalization. Ecosystem-based Adaptation seeks to address human vulnerability to climate change using the natural environment in ways that simultaneously increase human well-being and ecosystem resilience. This paper examines the role of participatory research methods in promoting adaptation measures that are robust, i.e., effective under both current and potential future conditions, as well as embraced by the local people.
Coherent Architectures for Free-Space Optical Communications

Custom coherent architectures can provide many advantages for FSO communications systems through co-development of integrated photonics, ASIC- or FPGA-based DSP algorithms, and system design to mitigate atmospheric turbulence and reduce pointing requirements.
Case Study Analysis of Hermeneutic Boundary Spanning During Policy Change and Transition

Working through a lens of administrative governance, hermeneutics, and boundary spanning, we spent 18 months studying the Ohio Children’s Trust Fund (OCTF) as it began its transition from a county ...
A minimal reaction-diffusion neural model generates $\textit{C. elegans}$ undulation

The small (1 mm) nematode $\textit{Caenorhabditis elegans}$ (Corsi [1], this http URL) has become widely used as a model organism; in particular, the $\textit{C. elegans}$ connectome has been completely mapped, and $\textit{C. elegans}$ locomotion has been widely studied. We describe a minimal reaction-diffusion model for the locomotion of $\textit{C. elegans}$, using as a framework a simplified, stylized "descending pathway" of neurons as central pattern generator (CPG) (Xu et al., Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, 2018). Finally, we realize a model of the required oscillations and coupling with a network of coupled Keener (IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics SMC-13, 1983 [3]) analog neurons. Note that Olivares et al. (BioRxiv 710566, 2020 [4]) present a likely more realistic model more distributed CPG. We use the simpler simulation to show that a small network of FitzHugh-Nagumo neurons (one of the simplest neuronal models) can generate key features of $\textit{C. elegans}$ undulation, and thus locomotion, yielding a minimal, biomimetic model as a building block for further exploring $\textit{C. elegans}$ locomotion.
Polymer-Coated Extracellular Vesicles for Selective Codelivery of Chemotherapeutics and siRNA to Cancer Cells

Combination therapies involving small-interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated gene silencing and small-molecule drugs are of high interest for cancer treatment. Among the current gene delivery carriers, c...