cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of Smartphone Use on Upper Extremity and Neck

Smartphones nowadays are very popular and does most of the work from sending emails to attending meetings. However, Smartphone over-use has been studied from years now and there are many proven problems such as neck pain, back pain, headache, arm or wrist pain, psychological discomfort, etc. In this study, effect of screen sizes, task type and one/two hand on user muscle activities was investigated while users perform various tasks on Smartphone. Electromyography was used to assess muscle activities. Results showed that screen size and one/two handed use had significant main effects on users’ muscle activity. Significant interaction effect was also found. For example, significantly less muscle activities were observed in hands while texting with two hands compared to one-hand. Gaming with two hands led to higher muscle activities on large screen Smartphone than small screen. The research could help users to choose more appropriate smart phones and develop a better usage habit.
Retrofitting Communication Security into a Publish/Subscribe Middleware Platform

The Medical Device Coordination Framework (MDCF) is an open source middleware package for interoperable medical devices, designed to support the emerging Integrated Clinical Environment (ICE) interoperability standard. As in any open system, medical devices connected to the MDCF or other ICE-like network should be authenticated to defend the system against malicious, dangerous, or otherwise unauthorized devices. In this paper, we describe the creation and integration of a pluggable, flexible authentication system into the almost 18,000 lines of MDCF codebase, and evaluate the performance of proof-of-concept device authentication providers. The framework is sufficiently expressive to support arbitrary modules implementing arbitrary authentication protocols using arbitrarily many rounds of communication. In contrast with the expected costs in securing nontrivial systems, often involving major architectural changes and significant degradation of system performance, our solution requires the addition of just over 1,000 lines of code (\(\sim {}\)5.56%), and incurs performance overhead only from the authentication protocols themselves, rather than from the framework.
Trends in insurance coverage and treatment among persons with opioid use disorders following the Affordable Care Act.

Abstract Purpose This short communication examines the impact of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA) on insurance coverage and substance use treatment access among persons with opioid use disorders. Methods Data came from the 2010–2015 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health. Among persons with heroin and opioid pain-reliever use disorders, measures of insurance coverage and treatment access were compared before and after the implementation of major PPACA provisions that expanded access to insurance in 2014. Results The prevalence of uninsured persons among those with heroin use disorders declined dramatically following PPACA implementation (OR 0.59, 95% CI 0.39–0.89), largely due to an increase in the prevalence of Medicaid coverage (OR 1.96, 95% CI 1.21–3.18). There was no evidence of an increase in the prevalence of treatment, but among persons who received treatment, there was an increase in the proportion whose treatment was paid for by insurance (OR 3.75, 95% CI 2.13–3.18). By contrast, there was no evidence the uninsured rate declined among persons with pain-reliever use disorders. Conclusions The PPACA Medicaid expansion increased insurance coverage among persons with heroin use disorders, and likely plays an essential role in protecting the health and financial security of this high-risk group. More research is needed on the relationship between insurance acquisition and utilization of substance use treatment.
Adoption and Diffusion

The diffusion of innovations theory is the most cited communication theory and the second most cited social science theory to date. This entry defines diffusion as the communication process underlying the natural spreading of an innovation (i.e., a new technology, behavior, or meme) over time within a social system. On the other hand, adoption is an individual or organizational decision to accept or reject an innovation, along with its subsequent implementation, discontinuance, and/or modification. Therefore, adoption is an individual or organizational process that leads to diffusion as a systemic process. The entry reviews the historical development of diffusion as a research paradigm, and the emergence of the diffusion of innovations theory, including its core concepts such as adopter categories, innovation attributes, diffusion networks, opinion leadership, organizational adoption, and users' reinvention. The entry concludes with some criticisms of diffusion theory as well as future theoretical and methodological opportunities for diffusion research. Keywords: adoption; diffusion; information and communication technology; innovation; organizational communication
Evaluation and Management of CKD in the Nonkidney Solid Organ Transplant Recipient.

Because survival has improved after heart, lung, and liver transplantation, progressive loss of kidney function is increasingly common. In a registry study of nearly 70,000 recipients of nonkidney solid organ transplant (NKSOT), development of CKD, defined as GFR≤29 ml/min per 1.73 m2, was
The effects of graded intraocular pressure challenge on the optic nerve head.

Abstract Intraocular pressure (IOP) is an important risk factor for glaucoma, and the response of the ONH and surrounding tissues to elevated IOP are often investigated to better understand pathophysiology. In vivo structure including that of the optic nerve head (ONH) and surrounding tissue of the eye are often assessed using optical coherence tomography (OCT). With advances in OCT technology, both large vessels and capillaries can be imaged non-invasively (OCT Angiography). Because a significant portion of retinal thickness is comprised of vasculature, the purpose of the current study was to investigate OCT structural and vascular changes in healthy non-human primate eyes with systematic graded increases and decreases in IOP. Six healthy animals with no previous experimental intervention were used. The pressure in the anterior chamber was adjusted from 10 mmHg to 60 mmHg and back to 10 mmHg in 10 mmHg steps every 10 min. Using optical coherence tomography (OCT), retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness, minimum rim width (MRW), Bruch's membrane opening (BMO) size and relative height, anterior lamina cribrosa surface (ALCS) depth, choroidal thickness, and angiography (OCTA) were quantified. With IOP challenge there were significant changes in all morphological measures quantified (p
What CT characteristics of lepidic predominant pattern lung adenocarcinomas correlate with invasiveness on pathology

Abstract Objectives The International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer, American Thoracic Society and European Respiratory Society lung adenocarcinoma classification in 2011 defined three lepidic predominant patterns including adenocarcinoma in situ, minimally invasive adenocarcinoma and lepidic predominant adenocarcinoma. We sought to correlate the radiology and pathology findings and identify any computed tomography (CT) features which can be associated with invasive growth. Materials and methods An institutional review board approved, retrospective study was conducted evaluating 63 patients with resected, pathologically confirmed, adenocarcinomas with predominant lepidic patterns. Preoperative CT images of the nodules were assessed using quantitative and qualitative radiographic descriptors while blinded to pathologic sub-classification and size. Maximum diameter was measured after evaluation of the axial, sagittal and coronal planes. Radiologic − pathologic associations were examined using Fisher’s exact test, the Kruskal-Wallis test and the Spearman correlation coefficient (ρ). Results and conclusion Increasing maximum diameter of the whole lesion (ground glass and solid component) on CT was significantly associated with invasiveness (p = .003), as was the maximum pathologic specimen diameter (p = .008). Larger diameter of the solid component on CT was also found in lepidic predominant adenocarcinoma compared to minimally invasive adenocarcinoma (median 10.5 vs 2 mm, p = .005). More invasive tumors had higher visual estimated percentage solid component compared to whole lesion measurement on CT (p = .014). CT and pathologic measurements were positively correlated, although only moderately (ρ = .66) for the maximum whole lesion size and fair (ρ = .49) for solid/invasive component maximum measurements. Larger whole lesion size and solid component size of lepidic predominant pattern adenocarcinomas are associated with lesion invasiveness, although radiologic and pathologic lesion measurements are only fair-moderately positively correlated.
Discontinuous processes in the evolution of the bacterial genome

Much of the change that takes place in genomic DNA in the course of evolution appears to be gradual in the sense that it is brought about by the sequential accumulation of individual single-base-pair replacements. However, changes of a more drastic type also take place, changes that alter genomic DNA by affecting more than one base pair as a result of a single genetic event. Rearrangements occur such as inversions, transpositions, substitutions, additions, and deletions. These changes, more drastic than point mutations, have the potential of changing more than one phenotypic function as a consequence of a single rearrangement event. They also have the potential of introducing discontinuities into the processes of more gradual evolutionary change, possibly enabling leaps of multiple changes of phenotypes against a background of steady, gradual change. We need to know more about the mechanisms, consequences, and frequencies of discontinuous genomic alterations, and we need to take such discontinuous changes into account when we undertake comparative analyses of amino acid and nucleotide sequences of evolutionarily related genes.
Examples for the Stable Case

I will prove some general theorems on stable chains in Chapter 7. In this chapter, I construct examples; Section 6 is about Markov times and I think you’ll find it interesting. This chapter is quite difficult, despite my good intentions; and it isn’t really used in the rest of the book, so you may want to postpone a careful reading.
Freedom and the cage: modern architecture and psychiatry in Central Europe, 1890-1914

In this rigorous architectural exploration of seven Central European asylums, Leslie Topp shows her mastery of comparative case-study methodology. She notes early in the text that the seven campuse...
Autophagy-Based Diagnosis of Pregnancy Hypertension and Pre-Eclampsia.

This commentary highlights the article by Aoki et al that shows that Atg7 deficiency-mediated placental autophagy imbalance may contribute towards pre-eclampsia.
Abstract TP251: Metabolomic Biomarker Predictors of Infarct Size in Acute Ischemic Stroke

Background: Acute ischemic stroke (AIS) is the fifth leading cause of death in the United States. Although early diagnosis is difficult, no reliable biomarker that categorizes ischemic stroke is cu...
The Effect of Physician Oral Health Services on Dental Use and Expenditures under General Anesthesia.

Background:Despite early evidence touting the effectiveness of physician-provided oral health services (POHS), recent evidence suggests these services might have little impact on caries-related out...
Bridging the Knowledge Gap: An Examination of the Ideal Postoperative Autologous Breast Reconstruction Educational Material with A/B Testing.

BACKGROUND Poor health literacy is an epidemic in the United States, associated with higher mortality rates and poor postoperative care. Autologous breast reconstruction is highly complex, and the identification of complications is difficult even for non-plastic surgeon practitioners. The authors sought to explore the problem of health literacy in this context and identify the ideal postoperative patient education materials. METHODS Available online postoperative patient education materials for autologous breast reconstruction and corresponding readability scores were assessed. To derive the ideal formula for materials, the authors crowd-sourced quizzes with A/B testing, a method to examine the outcome of two versions of a single variable. The authors implemented their findings and compared performance on postoperative quizzes with and without oral reinforcement. RESULTS Of the 12 postoperative flap complication patient education materials found through an Internet search, the average grade level readability level was 9.9. Only one of 12 (8.3 percent) mentioned symptoms and signs of flap compromise. The A/B tests result revealed that text approximately 400 to 800 words written on a sixth-grade level led to the highest quiz scores. Patients scored significantly higher on the postoperative day-2 quiz when patient education materials, modeled after these findings, were reinforced with oral presentation (p = 0.0059). Retention of high quiz scores remained at postoperative day 10. CONCLUSIONS Currently available patient education materials are at a high reading level and lack specific information on the identification of flap compromise. The authors propose the most effective postoperative instructions to be approximately 400 to 800 words written on a grade-six level with images and oral reinforcement.
Anthropology and International Security

Maintaining international security and avoiding nuclear war requires both technological and social understanding. This chapter describes some of the common themes in the anthropological literature related to peace and war and indicates some of the ways that the resulting anthropological data provide important information for international security studies. When anthropologists seek to contribute to discussions of peace and international security they enter a community of practitioners who share a common paradigm. Anthropological analyses of situations of environmental deprivation and stress can add an important human dimension to discussions of the consequences of the effect of nuclear war. Anthropologists learn about a group's system of implicit meanings by looking at what the group does and listening to and observing the ways the group expresses itself in relation to its environment. The international security community uses linguistic symbols to maintain an inadequate conception of the complexity of human culture and society.
GMO Corn, Mexico, and Coloniality

Genetically modified (“GMO”) corn germinates legal controversies in Mexico. Since 2013, Mexican courts have temporarily suspended GMO corn because it threatens biodiversity. In the Colectividad del Maiz lawsuit, courts have prohibited Mexico from issuing commercial GMO permits while the litigation continues. Companies like Monsanto need these permits to sell GMO seeds. Corn is the most essential food item for millions of Mexicans and is central to Mexican culture. Mexicans wait for Colectividad del Maiz’s resolution, siding with biodiversity or GMOs. This Article describes scientific GMO controversies and analyzes biosecurity, class-action, and international environmental law. It argues that this corn fight feeds larger moral questions about biotechnology and Mexico’s sovereignty. Courts and policy makers respond to these controversies with their sovereign powers. Decolonial theory shows how assumptions about economics, law, and ideology rooted in historical colonial structures—“coloniality”—shape these responses. This Article illustrates the significance of coloniality to how the government responds to GMOs, at a time when GMO safety is increasingly questioned in Mexico and elsewhere.
Carbon clustering and effect on hydrogen trapping in tungsten: A first-principles study

Abstract The clustering of carbon (C) in tungsten (W) with and without vacancies and the effects of C content at a vacancy on the hydrogen (H) trapping have been investigated by first-principles computer simulations using density functional theory. The calculations were performed in 128-atom or 432-atom supercells. The results indicate that the nascent formation of tungsten carbide is based on a pair of C atoms located at two neighbor octahedral interstitial sites along the 〈1 1 1〉 direction with a distance of 0.284 nm. Small interstitial C atoms prefer to form a zigzag chain on a {1 1 0} plane, and the C binding energy increases with increasing number of C until four C atoms and then remains constant at 0.7 eV for larger C clusters. The presence of vacancies enhances the interactions between C and its first nearest neighbor (1NN) W atoms because of strong hybridization between the C-p state and the d state of its 1NN W, strengthening the C trapping at vacancies. Meanwhile, the presence of C increases the stability of the di-vacancy in W. The H binding energies to carbon-vacancy-hydrogen (CmVHx−1) complexes decrease with increasing C contents. For a given C content, the H binding energies to CmVHx−1 complexes basically decrease with increasing number of H. The ultimate H contents that can be trapped by CmV complexes essentially decreases monotonically with increasing C content, and the C effect on H trapping is dependent on temperature.
Comparative Investigation of Nano transfer Techniques for Low-cost, High-throughput metal Patterning

We present our investigation of various nanotransfer printing techniques for the reliable-large area sub-micron metal patterning. In this study, both subtractive and additive nanotransfer printing techniques have been experimented with and the merits and drawbacks of each of these techniques have been elucidated. For all of the approaches investigated, the end goal of each of them was to achieve a reliable and reproducible sub-micron patterns of metal thin films while minimally affecting the surface microstructure and the surface energy of the underlying silicon substrate. Compact discs (CDs) with their inherent sub-micron grating features were utilized as our master mold in our studies and Polydimethyl siloxane (PDMS) was used as our replica molded elastomeric stamp that facilitated the nanotransfer printing process. Based on our experimental observations, recommendations are made as to what are the critical processing conditions that one needs to adhere to in order to obtain reliable pattern transfer.
Encouraging Multiculturalism and Diversity within Organizational Behavior Management

Injustice related to racism and inequality has long plagued business, higher education, and society. Simply stating that one supports the cause of social justice is no longer sufficient – measurabl...
Assessing automated product selection success rates in transmissions between electronic prescribing and community pharmacy platforms.

OBJECTIVE Wrong drug product errors occurring in community pharmacies often originate at the transcription stage. Electronic prescribing and automated product selection are strategies to reduce product selection errors. However, it is unclear how often automated product selection succeeds in outpatient pharmacy platforms. MATERIALS AND METHODS The intake of over 800 e-prescriptions was observed at baseline and after intervention to assess the rate of automated product selection success. A dispensing accuracy audit was performed at baseline and postintervention to determine whether enhanced automated product selection would result in greater accuracy; data for both analyses were compared by 2x2 Chi square tests. In addition, an anonymous survey was sent to a convenience sample of 60 area community pharmacy managers. RESULTS At baseline, 79.8% of 888 e-prescriptions achieved automated product selection. After the intervention period, 84.5% of 903 e-prescriptions achieved automated product selection (P = .008). Analysis of dispensing accuracy audits detected a slight but not statistically significant improvement in accuracy rate (99.3% versus 98.9%, P = .359). Fourteen surveys were returned, revealing that other community pharmacies experience similar automated product selection failure rates. DISCUSSION Our results suggest that manual product selection by pharmacy personnel is required for a higher than anticipated proportion of e-prescriptions received and filled by community pharmacies, which may pose risks to both medication safety and efficiency. CONCLUSION The question of how to increase automated product selection rates and enhance interoperability between prescriber and community pharmacy platforms warrants further investigation.
Incentive-compatible simple mechanisms

We consider mechanisms for allocating a fixed amount of divisible resources among multiple agents when they have quasilinear preferences and can only report messages in a one-dimensional space. We show that in contrast with infinite-dimensional message spaces, efficiency is neither compatible with implementation in dominant strategies nor compatible with implementation in Bayesian Nash equilibrium. However, for the weaker notion of implementation, such as in the Nash equilibrium, we find that a class of ‘VCG-like’ mechanisms is the only efficient selection in one-dimensional message spaces. The trifecta in mechanism design, namely efficiency, fairness, and simplicity of implementation, is achieved via a mechanism that we introduce and characterize in this paper.
The impact of Economics and Finance research published in Central and Eastern Europe

Research quality dictates the reputation of faculty, colleges, and universities, regardless of their location. In order to shed some light on the quality construct, this research reports on the scholarly impact of economics and finance journals published in countries of Central and Eastern Europe. A comparison of coverage by Web of Science (WoS), Scopus, and Cabell’s, three scholarly databases, reveals the lesser coverage of CEE journals within WoS and Scopus. Examination of E&F journals published in Poland, Romania, and the remainder of CEE, as defined by the Journal of Eastern European and Central Asian Research, discloses that the level of quality varies by nation. There are variations across the popular CiteScore, SJR, SNIP, and percentage of articles cited bibliometric measures. Furthermore, this research documents the existence of impact variation between journals focused on Eastern Europe published in Eastern Europe and published elsewhere in the world.
Lowering the Boom: A Brief for Penal Leniency

This paper advocates for a general policy of penal leniency: judges should often sentence offenders to a punishment less severe than initially preferred. The argument’s keystone is the relatively uncontroversial Minimal Invasion Principle (MIP). MIP says that when more than one course of action satisfies a state’s legitimate aim, only the least invasive is permissibly pursued. I contend that MIP applies in two common sentencing situations. In the first, all sentences within a statutorily specified range are equally proportionate. Here MIP applies directly. In the second, judges reasonably believe that one of the sentences within the range is the most proportionate, but can’t identify it with any certainty. In these cases of sentencing uncertainty, judges must be indifferent between their preferred sentence and a softer one, and this indifference triggers MIP. MIP thus frequently mandates some degree of leniency. I conclude with some comments on statistical uncertainty.
German: A Linguistic Introduction

Standard German is spoken by approximately 95 million people worldwide. This book provides an introduction to the linguistic structure of standard German that is rich in descriptive detail and grounded in modern linguistic theory. It describes the main linguistic features: the sounds, structure and formation of words, structure of sentences, and meaning of words and sentences. It surveys the history of the language, the major dialects, German in Austria and Switzerland, as well as sociolinguistic issues such as style, language and gender, youth language, and English influence on German. Prior knowledge of German is not required, as glosses and translations of the German examples are provided. Each chapter includes exercises designed to give the reader practical experience in analyzing the language. It is an essential learning tool for undergraduate and graduate students in German and linguistics.
Mitigating extreme environments for in-situ Jupiter and Venus missions

In response to the recommendations by the National Research Council (NRC), NASA's Solar System Exploration (SSE) Roadmap identified the in situ exploration of Venus and Jupiter as high priority science objectives. For Jupiter, deep entry probes are recommended, which would descend to approx.250 km - measured from the 1 bar pressure depth. At this level the pressure would correspond to approx.100 bar and the temperature would reach approx.500(deg)C. Similarly, at the surface of Venus the temperature and pressure conditions are approx.460(deg)C and approx.90 bar. Lifetime of the Jupiter probes during descent can be measured in hours, while in{situ operations at and near the surface of Venus are envisioned over weeks or months. In this paper we discuss technologies, which share commonalities in mitigating these extreme conditions over proposed mission lifetimes, specially focusing on pressure and temperature environments.
Experience with an object reputation system for peer-to-peer filesharing

In this paper, we describe Credence, a decentralized object reputation and ranking system for large-scale peer-to-peer filesharing networks. Credence counteracts pollution in these networks by allowing honest peers to assess the authenticity of online content through secure tabulation and management of endorsements from other peers. Our system enables peers to learn relationships even in the absence of direct observations or interactions through a novel, flow-based trust computation to discover trustworthy peers. We have deployed Credence as an overlay on top of the Gnutella filesharing network, with more than 10,000 downloads of our client software to date. We describe the system design, our experience with its deployment, and results from a long-term study of the trust network built by users. Data from the live deployment shows that Credence's flow-based trust computation enables users to avoid undesirable content. Honest Credence clients can identify three quarters of the decoys encountered when querying the Gnutella network.
Characteristics of ambient seismic noise as a source for surface wave tomography

[1] Interstation cross correlations of ambient seismic noise from 1 year of continuous data at periods between 6 and 50 s are used to study the origin of the ambient noise using stations located in Europe, southern Africa, Asia, and three regions within North America. The signal-to-noise ratios (SNR) of Rayleigh waves for positive and negative correlation time lags at periods of 8, 14, 25 and 50 s are used to determine the azimuthal distribution of strong ambient noise sources. Ambient noise in both the primary (10–20 s) and secondary microseism bands (5–10 s) comes dominantly from the directions of relatively nearby coastlines with stronger noise occurring in the Northern Hemisphere in northern winter and in the Southern Hemisphere in southern winter, consistent with the hypothesis that oceanic microseisms are generating this noise. The observed differences in the directivity of noise in the primary and secondary microseism bands are the consequence of propagation and attenuation, rather than the location of generation. At intermediate and long periods (>20 s), there is much less seasonal variation in both signal strength and directivity. We argue that our results are explained most simply by near-coastal sources rather than deep ocean sources at all periods. Although the dominant ambient noise sources are distributed inhomogeneously in azimuth, strong ambient noise emerges from most directions when using recordings that are 1 year in duration. Simulations illustrate that this is what ensures the accuracy of the empirical Green's functions and ambient noise tomography.
Cast data matrix symbols performance characterization

Data matrix symbols are used as a robust means of unique part identification in many industries. Research of cast data matrix symbols has been limited and expected symbol performance unknown. To develop knowledge of cast data matrix symbol performance, the investigation initially focused on feasibility of casting data matrix symbol. Results of a feasibility experiment led to further investigation of cast symbol design expected performance. Bump marks were evaluated initially due to the inherent ease of production and use in previous cast data matrix applications. The results indicate Bump mark geometry is problematic, due to the inherent nature of shadow formation as a means to create contrast marks. Using design inspiration from Dot Peen data matrix symbols, an alternative cast data matrix design was pursued and analyzed. The results of this modified Dimple mark geometry proved to be superior to the Bump contrast symbol geometry in side by side analysis. A deeper analysis at the module level was also pursued to determine the effect on Print Growth and Symbol Contrast for an array of mark diameters, spacing and surface roughness values. Also, an optimal light angle was selected based on the ANOVA analysis and Print Growthm and Symbol Contrast averages. An applicable design was presented with the use of a heuristic to select ideal symbol factors, which indicated the physical size for aluminum cast data matrix symbols with ten and 50 character capacities were determined to be 1.75 and 3.00 inches, respectively. Using the same methodology for ferrous cast data matrix symbols with ten and 50
A Chemokine, SDF-1, Reduces the Effectiveness of Multiple Axonal Repellents and Is Required for Normal Axon Pathfinding

Altering the concentrations of cyclic nucleotides within nerve cells can dramatically change their responses to axonal guidance cues, but the physiological signals that might induce such alterations are unknown. Here we show that the chemokine stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF-1) reduces the repellent activities of slit-2 on cultured retinal ganglion cell axons, of semaphorin 3A on dorsal root ganglion sensory axons, and of semaphorin 3C on sympathetic axons. This is a modulatory effect because SDF-1 has no detectable attractive or repellent effects on retinal or DRG axons by itself. This modulation is mediated through CXCR4, the receptor of SDF-1, and a pertussis toxin-sensitive G-protein-coupled signaling pathway that induces an elevation of cAMP. The spinal cords of CXCR4 mutant mice contain hyperfasciculated and aberrantly projecting axons. These results suggest that SDF-1 plays an essential role in modulating axonal responsiveness to various known guidance cues through a cyclic nucleotide-dependent signaling pathway.
Ultraviolet/Visible Spectroscopy in Process Analyses

Process analyzers based on selective ultraviolet (UV) and/or visible (VIS) absorption provide highly reliable on-line composition monitoring and closed-loop control throughout the process industries. Design criteria for ultraviolet/visible (UV/VIS) analyzers are different to those for laboratory instruments since the process instrument must meet the area electrical classification and often withstand harsh plant environments such as vibration, wide temperature swings, corrosive atmospheres and “dirty” samples. The designs of various types of UV/VIS process analyzers are reviewed, and applications of these analyzers in major process industries are described.
Epidemiology and prevention of infections related to endoscopy

Contaminated endoscopes are the most common cause of device-related nosocomial outbreaks in the United States. Because almost all outbreaks are related to breaches in reprocessing techniques, it is crucial that endoscope cleaning and disinfection are performed carefully. Key elements that should be emphasized are availability of and adherence to guidelines, thorough staff training, and ensuring proper equipment is used in the reprocessing. Encouraging endoscopists to notify infection control when they see unexpected postprocedure complications and document which endoscopes are used in each case are key elements in limiting the impact of outbreaks.
Derivation of constitutive data for flowing fluids from comparable data for quiescent fluids

The principles of linear irreversible thermodynamics are used to show that near-equilibrium linear constitutive equations governing the diffuse fluxes through fluids of momentum, energy, and other extensive properties, and valid for the case of general unsteady flows, can be derived by inspection solely from knowledge of their steady-state quiescent-fluid counterparts. This includes predictions not only of the general forms of these flux-force constitutive equations but also of the values of the phenomenological coefficients appearing therein. To supplement these diffuse flux data so as to effect closure of the fundamental equations of hydrodynamics, constitutive knowledge is also required of the relation between the fluid’s specific momentum density (momentum “velocity”) mˆ appearing in the inertial term of the momentum equation, and its mass velocity vm appearing in the continuity equation. Towards this end, and with jv the diffuse flux of volume, a plausible argument is advanced favoring the view that mˆ=vm+jv over that of Euler’s currently accepted (albeit implicit) hypothesis that mˆ=vm, with the two possibilities currently a matter of contention.
Intensity interferometry at the X13A undulator beamline

Abstract We are constructing an X-ray intensity interferometer and an undulator beamline to demonstrate intensity interferometry in the soft X-ray region. The 10-period X13 soft X-ray undulator at the National Synchrotron Light Source will provide the coherent flux; the X13A beamline will preserve the brightness of the X-ray beam and provide sufficient temporal coherence with a horizontally deflecting spherical grating monochromator. Using the interferometer, which consists of an array of small slits, a wedge-shaped beamsplitter and two fast microchannel plate detectors, we expect to measure the spatial coherence of the undulator beam and therefore the size of the source. The beamline design and the interferometry experiment are discussed.
Radioimmunotherapy with a 64Cu-labeled monoclonal antibody: a comparison with 67Cu

Abstract 67Cu (t1/2 = 62 h) has demonstrated potential as a radionuclide for radioimmunotherapy, but limited availability severely restricts its widespread use. 64Cu (t1/2 = 12.8 h) has been shown to have comparable effectiveness in vitro and in vivo. The present study was undertaken to examine the therapeutic potential of 64Cu- and 67Cu-bromoacetamidobenzyl-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradeca ne-N, N',N",N"'-tetraacetic acid (BAT)-2-iminothiolane (2IT)-1A3 (1A3 is a mouse anti-human colorectal cancer mAb) for treatment of GW39 human colon carcinoma carried in hamster thighs. Hamsters were injected with 64Cu- or 67Cu-BAT-2IT-1A3 or Cu-labeled nonspecific IgG (MOPC) or saline. Hamsters were killed 6-7 months after therapy or when tumors were > or = 10 g. Of the hamsters with small tumors (mean weight 0.43 +/- 0.25 g), 87.5% were disease-free 7 months after treatment with 2 mCi (1 Ci = 37 GBq) of 64Cu-BAT-2IT-1A3 or 0.4 MCi of 67Cu-BAT-2IT-1A3. The mean tumor doses at these activities of 64Cu- and 67Cu-BAT-2IT-1A3 were 586 and 1269 rad (1 rad = 0.01 Gy), respectively. In contrast, 76% of hamsters treated with 2 mCi of 64Cu-BAT-2IT-MOPC or 0.4 mCi of 67Cu-BAT-2IT-MOPC had to be killed before 6 months because of tumor regrowth. When hamsters with larger tumors (mean weight 0.66 +/- 0.11 g) were treated with 64Cu- or 67Cu-BAT-2IT-1A3, survival was extended compared with controls, but only one animal remained tumor-free to 6 months. These results demonstrate that 64Cu- and 67Cu-BAT-2IT-1A3 given in a single administered dose can eradicate small tumors without significant host toxicity, but additional strategies to deliver higher tumor doses will be needed for larger tumors.
Suppression of Sleep for Mating

Sleep has been viewed as a maladaptive behavior because it is incompatible with activity required to acquire food, defend against predation, and mate. Yet it appears to be nearly ( 1 ) universal among birds and mammals, leading to the assumption that sleep serves an unknown but vital physiological function. However, no function that can explain the huge variation in sleep times within and between species has yet been firmly identified, although many candidates, including reversal of oxidative stress, memory consolidation ( 2 ), extension of life span, and removal of various neurotoxins, have been proposed. On page 1654 of this issue, Lesku et al. ( 3 ) show that in one species of bird, those that sleep the least gain an advantage—they produce the most offspring.
CHARACTERIZATION OF A SPRAY DRYING SYSTEM FOR SOYMILK

ABSTRACT Soymilk slurries were spray dried at various combinations of inlet air temperature (1255. 265, and 275°C), feed rate (0.38 and 0.57 Lpm), and atomizer speed (119,300 and 26,800 rpm). Monitored dryer parameters included dry and wet bulb temperaturea of ambient and exhaust air, drying chamber's inlet and outlet air temperatures, product and feed temperatures, velocity pressure at exhaust pipe, atomizer speed, and feed rate. Weather data was included in the analysis. Collected data was used to estimate the state of the outlet air using psychrometrics and assuming adiabatic saturation. Equations to predict outlet and product temperatures were developed. Average thermal and eveporative efficiencies were 65.9 and 78.4%. respectively.
Dissociation constants of water-insoluble carboxylic acids by13C-NMR. pK as of mesobiliverdin-XIIIα and mesobilirubin-XIIIα

High-field13C-NMR of13C-enriched compounds in dilute aqueousd 6-Me2SO solutions provides a simple, accurate method for measuring pK as of sparingly soluble carboxylic acids. Using this method, we found the pK as of mesobilirubin-XIIIα to be 4.2 and 4.9, much lower values than reported recently for bilirubin, and of mesobiliverdin-XIIIα to be 3.9 and 5.3.
478 A THYROID HORMONE BINDING INHIBITOR (THBI) IN CORD SERA OF PREMATURE, TERM AND POST-TERM NEONATES

A thyroid hormone binding inhibitor (THBI) which affects the ability of thyroxin binding globulin (TBG) to bind T4 was first described by Chopra et al as a possible explanation for the low T4 levels observed in some adults patients with non-thyroidal illness. Because low T4 levels are likewise a common clinical feature of prematurity, we examined THBI activity in 30 neonates (GA 26-43 weeks, BW 930-4360 grams) using a competitive ligand binding assay in order to determine whether increased THBI levels might be responsible for the hypothyroxinemia of prematurity. Serum concentrations of T4 and TBG were measured by RIA and the free T4 index calculated. THBI activity was expressed as the % CPM T4 1125 displaced from serum binding protein in the absence of THBI. A THBI index was then calculated, normalizing patients' samples relative to a baseline (control value of 1.0). Significant positive correlations between THBI activity and birthweight (r=0.76, p< 0.0001) and gestational age (r=0.74, p< 0.0002) were noted in infants born between 26 and 39 weeks of gestation, but not in more mature infants. No significant correlations were observed between THBI activity and TBG, T4 and free T4 index in these infants. The results of this study indicate that: 1) increased THBI activity is not a likely etiology for the hypothyroxinemia of prematurity; 2) the activity of THBI increases with fetal maturation until term gestation, and then it appears to decline; 3) the relationship between THBI activity, birthweight, gestational age, and systemic illness needs to be further investigated.
Transitions in critical size for metal (100) homoepitaxy

Abstract For submonolayer nucleation and growth of islands during metal (100) homoepitaxy, we precisely characterize transitions, with increasing temperature, in the critical size, i , above which islands are effectively stable. For strong adatom bonding, we demonstrate universal crossover behavior from i = 1 directly to a well-defined “ i = 3” regime where tetramers are stable, but not, e.g., pentamers. A criterion is also presented for the ultimate breakdown of “ i = 3” due to double-bond scission. Various transition temperatures and key energies are thereby determined for Ag, Cu, Fe, Ni and Pd.
Apneic seizures with bradycardia in a newborn

A neonate presented in the first week of life with episodes of apnea, cyanosis, and bradycardia in association with feeding. EEG evaluation with polygraphic recording revealed apneic seizures. The initial electroclinical features showed apnea and bradycardia, associated with an isoelectric record. These features have not been described before in association with convulsive apnea.
SU-FF-T-79: Analysis of the Virtual Wedge Implementation by the AAA Algorithm in the Varian Eclipse TPS

Purpose: To evaluate accuracy of VW implementation by the Varian Eclipse AAA Calculation Algorithm Material and Methods: A 6MV Siemens Oncor Linac beam was used to deliver symmetric and asymmetric VW (15, 30, 45, 60) profiles for a range of field sizes (5×5cm2 to 15×15cm2). All measurements were performed in absolute dose mode using a 2D diode array ( Mapcheck, SunNuclear FL), at 100cm SAD and depth of 5cm under water equivalent conditions. The Varian Eclipse TPS software v.8, AAA calculation algorithm was used to determine the VW fluence maps in a water equivalent phantom. All measured and calculated Linac central axis values were analyzed. A relative and absolute comparison was conducted for all calculated and measured fluence maps using the Mapcheck Software v.3.01.08.00. Theoretical calculations of the VW factors were performed and compared with the ones calculated based one measured data. The measured output factors were compared with the calculated ones using our PennMU software and the Eclipse TPS AAA calculation algorithm. Results and discussions: All measured and theoretical symmetric VW wedge factors and output factors were in agreement. Differences up to 82% were found for asymmetric VW output comparison between the Eclipse AAA algorithm calculated output factors and the measured ones. The differences increase with the degree of asymmetry of the field and the VW angle. The data analysis suggest that the Eclipse AAA TPS defines the wedge factor to the central axis of the beam rather then to the central of the machine (VW factor definition). The relative fluence map analysis showed that over 95% of the VW measured profile are within 3%/3mm (%Diff/DTA). Conclusion: We found that the VW clinical implementation for the Eclipse TPS AAA algorithm, v.8, is valid for symmetric fields only and large errors can result for asymmetrical fields.
Simultaneous "hybrid" percutaneous coronary intervention and minimally invasive surgical bypass grafting: feasibility, safety, and clinical outcomes.

Surgical and percutaneous coronary artery intervention revascularization are traditionally considered isolated options. A simultaneous hybrid approach may allow an opportunity to match the best strategy for a particular anatomic lesion. Concerns regarding safety and feasibility of such an approach exist. We examined the safety, feasibility, and early outcomes of a simultaneous hybrid revascularization strategy (minimally invasive direct coronary bypass grafting of the left anterior descending [LAD] artery and drug-eluting stent [DES] to non-LAD lesions) in 13 patients with multivessel coronary artery disease that underwent left internal mammary artery to LAD minimally invasive direct coronary bypass performed through a lateral thoracotomy, followed by stenting of non-LAD lesions, in a fluoroscopy-equipped operating room. Assessment of coagulation parameters was also undertaken. Inhospital and postdischarge outcomes of these patients were compared to a group of 26 propensity score matched parallel controls that underwent standard off-pump coronary artery bypass. Baseline characteristics were similar in both groups. All hybrid patients were successfully treated with DES and no inhospital mortality occurred in either group. Hybrid patients had a shorter length of stay (3.6 ± 1.5 vs 6.3 ± 2.3 days, P P P P
Frequency and time dependence of the jovian decametric radio emissions: A nineteen-year high-resolution study

A nineteen-year catalog of observations has permitted detailed comparison of Jovian source characteristics at 10 frequencies from 5.6 to 30 MHz. The spectral morphology of Jupiter's decameter-wavelength radio sources was studied by means of high-resolution histograms of occurrence probability for intervals as small as 2 deg in Jovian system III longitude and the departure of Io from superior geocentric conjunction. Longitude histograms clearly exhibit a substantial shift in the source A and source B positions between 15 and 10 MHz. Similar diagrams isolate the dependence of each source on the position of Io, illustrating changes with frequency in the structures and sizes of the main probability maxima and in the positions of surrounding secondary peaks. Individual frequency probability histograms for both longitude and Io phase reveal new phenomena, such as a bridge of radiation through source B longitudes connecting sources A and C at 15 MHz and spectral modification of portions of the Io-related source B peak.
Effect of Nano-to Micro-Scale Surface Topography on the Orientation of Endothelial Cells

Abstract : The effect of grating textures on the alignment of cell shape and intracellular actin cytoskeleton has been investigated in bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAECs) cultured on a model cross-linked poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS). Grating-textured PDMS substrates, having a variation in channel depths of 200 nm, 500 nm, 1 mum and 5 mum, were coated with fibronectin (Fn) to promote endothelial cell adhesion and cell orientation. As cells adhered to the Fn-coated surface, the underlying grating texture has shown to direct the alignment of cell shape, F-actin and focal contacts parallel to the channels. Cell alignment was observed to increase with increasing channel depths. reaching the maximum orientation where most cells aligned parallel to channels on 1-mum textured surface. Immunofluorescence studies showed that F-actin stress fibers and vinculin at focal contacts also aligned parallel to the channels. Cell proliferation was found to be independent of grating textures and the alignment of cell shape was maintained at confluence.
Numerical exploration of vortex matter in Bose-Einstein condensates

We describe a finite element numerical approach to the full Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov treatment of a vortex lattice in a rapidly rotating Bose-Einstein condensate. We study the system in the regime of high thermal or significant quantum fluctuations where we are presented with a very large nonlinear unsymmetric eigenvalue problem which is indefinite and which possesses low-lying excitations clustered arbitrarily close to zero, a problem that requires state-of-the-art numerical techniques.
Benchmarking finite-state verifiers

A variety of largely automated methods have been proposed for finite-state verification of computer systems. Although anecdotal accounts of success are widely reported, there is very little empirical data on the relative strengths and weaknesses of those methods across a broad range of analysis questions and systems. This information, however, is critical for the transfer of the technology from research to practice. We review some of the problems involved in obtaining this information and suggest several ways in which the community can facilitate empirical evaluation of finite-state verification tools.