cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
TEMPERATURE AND THE REPRODUCTION OF LAMBDA-PHAGE MUTANTS

Groman, Neal B. (University of Washington, Seattle). Temperature and the reproduction of two lambda-phage mutants. J. Bacteriol. 84:438-445. 1962.-A comparative study of phage lambda, and mutants lambdatem and lambda11(2), was made, with particular emphasis on the effect of elevated temperature (44 C) on phage reproduction. Phage lambdatem was selected at 44 C and lambda11(2) was isolated from the late-lysing fraction of bacteria at 37 C. All three phages are similar in their host range, immunity pattern, and in the rate of inactivation of free phage by anti-lambda antibody and heat. Differences were observed in their plaque size and in their relative plating efficiency at 37 and 44 C. One-step growth curve studies showed that phages lambda and lambdatem are similar in the time intracellular phage appears and in their rate of maturation at 37 C. These time and rate parameters were unchanged at 44 C. Both lambda and lambdatem exhibited a reduced latent period at 44 C. However, the latent period of lambdatem was longer than that of lambda at both 37 and 44 C, and its relative 44 C/37 C yield was about 40% while that of lambda is about 3%. Phage lambdatem may be characterized as a lambda mutant with an altered latent period. Phage lambda11(2) was similar to lambda and lambdatem at 37 C, but at 44 C behaved quite differently. The time of appearance of intracellular phage was delayed, compared to 37 C, and the rate of maturation was slower. Phage production at 44 C was about 16% that at 37 C. On further investigation, it was observed that induced Escherichia coli K-12 (lambda11(2)) failed to lyse at 44 C, although it did lyse at 37 C. Lysis inhibition was imposed almost immediately by transferring cells from 37 C to 44 C at any time during the reproductive cycle, including the lytic phase. The behavior of lambda11(2) at 44 C disposed of the possibility that the lytic step was the only step in the phage cycle sensitive to variations in temperature. However, it appeared that the lytic step was a consistant target for its action.
Behavioral and Cognitive‐Behavioral Psychotherapy

This chapter describes the development and evolution of Behavior Therapy during the 1950s and 1960s. Although Cognitive Therapy began somewhat independently of BT, it is argued that during the 1970s the basic scientific assumptions between BT and CT led to their integration in CBT. One of the fundamental hallmarks of this approach to clinical work is the investigation of the efficacy and effectiveness of the interventions, so the remainder of the chapter reviews the treatment outcome studies with a variety of disorders. For historical reasons, the review section first discusses anxiety disorders, and reports that various forms of CBT are among the treatments of choice for most of these disorders. Both BT and CBT were reported to be effective for both eating disorders and obesity. Behavioral marital therapy for married depressed individuals and short-term individual BT and CBT have been demonstrated to be effective for clinical depressive disorders. Both individual CBT and behaviorally based family therapy have been effective when combined with psychotropic medications for both bipolar disorder and various forms of schizophrenia. Future work needs to focus on maintenance of intervention effects, Axis II disorders (which to have a major impact on relapse), and the role of emotion in the therapeutic process. Keywords: anxiety; behavior therapy; bipolar disorders; borderline personality disorder; cognitive behavior therapy; cognitive therapy; depression; relapse/recurrence; schizophrenia
Single Molecule Detection, Analysis, and Manipulation

Single molecule detection represents the ultimate goal in analytical chemistry. Both confocal and wide-field microscopes are now widely used to detect, analyze, and manipulate single molecules in samples ranging in complexity from controlled in vitro conditions to the inside of living cells. Conformational rearrangements and chemical reactions of single molecules can be monitored in real time to detect rare and/or short-lived intermediates and molecular heterogeneity. The molecular motion of single molecules or particles can be followed at high temporal and spatial resolution. Individual molecules can be repeatedly manipulated and their mechanical properties measured using calibrated forces. The current status of the analytical chemistry of single molecules is surveyed here, including fluorescence microscopy, optical tweezers, and atomic force microscopy (AFM).
Comments on the effects of solution precursor characteristics and thermal processing conditions on the crystallization behavior of sol-gel derived lead zirconate titanate thin films

Lead zirconate titanate (PZT 40/60) thin films were fabricated on electroded silicon wafers using chemical solution deposition. Two different chelating agents, acetic acid and acetylacetone, were used in the synthesis of the precursor solutions. The microstructure of the acetylacetone-derived film was characterized by nucleation at the platinum electrode and a columnar growth morphology (˜100−200 nm lateral grain size). In contrast, the acetic acid-derived film was characterized by both columnar grains nucleated at the electrode, and larger (˜1 μm) grains nucleated at the surface of the film. Using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, we also noted that the pyrolysis behavior of the films was dependent on the chelating agent employed. The acetylacetone-derived films, which displayed only one nucleation event, were also characterized by a higher pyrolysis temperature than the acetic acid-derived films. Previously, microstructural differences of this nature were attributed to variations in “precursor structure.” In this paper, we discuss an alternative mechanism for the observed microstructural variations in films prepared from different solution precursors. In the model proposed, we discuss how changes in film pyrolysis temperature result in a change in film crystallization temperature, and hence, a change in the effective driving force for crystallization. We show how the change in crystallization driving force is expected to impact the thin film microstructure due to the accompanying variations that occur in the barrier heights for interface (lower electrode) and surface nucleation. A standard approach to nucleation in glasses is used as the basis of the proposed model. Finally, we also discuss how the model can be used to understand the observed effects of heating rate and thickness on the microstructure of solution-derived thin films.
Predicting perceived situation awareness of low altitude aircraft in terminal airspace using probe questions

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effectiveness of subjective and objective probe questions in predicting situation awareness as measured by the Situation Awareness Rating Technique (SART). The data for this evaluation were taken from a previous investigation in which instrument-rated pilots flew automated ILS approaches into the Dallas-Fort Worth (DFW) Airport while monitoring the status of patrol vehicles proximal to their approach path. At three points during a simulation run, pilots were administered a questionnaire containing seven questions designed to probe situation awareness. At the end of the run, SART was administered. We found that certain probe questions can predict SART scores. However, the usefulness of these probes requires that the questions be designed in conjunction with scenario development to ensure that operationally critical variables are being probed, and that sufficient variability in the responses allow assessments of relations with sufficient statistical power.
Internal Energy Distributions in Cluster Ions

Gas phase cluster ions serve as useful models for a number of condensed phase systems. Since they carry a charge, mass spectrometric methods can be used to select by size and/or composition. Thus basic questions of solvation: coordination numbers; size and number of solvent shells; variation with ion size; competition between different solvents, can be probed at the microscopic level. In addition, the timescale over which observations are made can vary from ultrafast measurements in femtoseconds using pump-probe techniques [1] to hundreds of seconds by trapping in an ICR [2].
Single cell neuro-sensory dynamics: Ca2+ chemoreceptor-guided sea urchin sperm motility

Neuro-sensory systems are critical for integrating environmental stimuli and providing a framework for resolving decision-making tasks. Remarkably, the molecular mechanisms mediating transduction of sensory information in neurons are also found in other cellular tissues, including sperm. One mechanism facilitating such behavior is a sperm's ability to perform chemotaxis to egg-derived compounds, a phenomenon in which sperm orient to an attractant gradient around an egg. The ensuing motility of the sperm cell is driven by attractants binding to olfactory G-coupled receptor proteins - located on the cell membrane surface - that elicits a signal transduction cascade similar to the one that occurs in the mammalian olfactory neurons located in the nasal epithelium. Receptor binding of the egg-derived compound elicits a cyclic-AMP transduction cascade that produces localized, cytosolic Ca2+ responses in the cell body. This response in turn controls flagellar beating via Ca2+ -sensitive axonemal motor proteins [1]. Thus through a process of chemo-sensory integration, analogous to that which occurs in olfactory receptor neurons, the sperm cell is driven to interact with its fluid environment for the specific goal of fertilization. Critical to the success of the fertilization process is the sperm's ability to swim to its targeted destination. The swimming dynamics itself represent a complicated interaction between the flagella and the fluid environment in which it is immersed. Quantifying the low Reynolds number swimming dynamics requires that the flagellar shape be accurately modeled as a function of both space and time. Despite the complex kinematics, dimensionality reduction techniques reveal low-dimensional dynamics that accurately represent the swimming dynamics with only a few parameters. Specifically, a few optimal modes can model and predict the swimming speed and trajectory of the cell [2]. In our work, we show that such a model reduction of the swimming sperm cell can be directly integrated with a model of the Ca2+ dynamics in the cell body which controls the beating (driving) of the flagella, thus providing a comprehensive model of the neuro-sensory input-output response of the sperm cell. The theoretical model developed is compared to experimental findings using gametes from the sea urchins Arbacia punctulata and Lytechinus pictus. Using a microfluidic laminar-flow device, a chemical gradient is established with known chemoattractants. Sperm placed within the device are simultaneously imaged for motility, orientation, and calcium responses under simulated hydrodynamic conditions. The experimental findings support the modeling efforts and highlight the underlying neuro-sensory processing responsible for driving sperm motility. Figure 1 Trajectory of sperm under chemotaxis along with an illustration of the modal shapes and calcium dynamics associated with swimming for both chemo- and non-chemotaxing behavior.
Older Adults’ Experiences with Technology: Learning from Their Voices

When developing technologies for older adults, it is important to have them involved in the design process to identify needs, expectations and requirements correctly and comprehensively. However, communication gaps often exist, which call for the need to have continuous relationships with the target segment. In this study, older adults who have previously participated in a home technology study are interviewed to comfortably talk about their thoughts and experiences. User comments on various technologies are analyzed in relation to various stages of technology use. This paper discusses design implications, as well as topics for future research. The study can be expected to contribute to setting strategic design goals.
Being and Non-Being

As we have seen, mutability in Augustine’s metaphysics, is defined in terms of not-being (non-esse) and immutability in terms of being (esse or vere esse): “non enim est verum esse, ubi est et non esse.”1 If follows that these two principles — esse and nonesse — are formally more basic in the metaphysical dimension of his thought than are the more explicitly stressed mutability-immutability pair. Hence it is formally, though implicitly, more accurate to say that in Augustine’s ontology their role, rather than that of the mutability-immutability couplet, is analogous to the part played by the act-potency pair in “Thomism.”2
Upper crustal structure in the vicinity of Lake Magadi in the Kenya Rift Valley region

In 1994, the Kenya Rift International Seismic Project (KRISP) conducted a large-scale seismic experiment which extended across southern Kenya from Lake Victoria to the Indian Ocean. One major goal of the KRISP 94 effort was to determine the upper crustal structure of the southern Kenya Rift Valley near Lake Magadi. Thus in this area, the seismic refraction experiment was designed to obtain better resolution of shallow structures by employing a shorter seismic station spacing (1.5 km). In this study, these seismic data were used simultaneously with surface geology, drill hole data and gravity measurements to construct a relatively detailed model of the upper crust in the Lake Magadi region. This integrated analysis provided several significant results. At Lake Magadi, the rift floor is covered by low density-low velocity (2400 kg m−3 and 4.2 km s−1) sediments and volcanics that form a complex, asymmetric graben whose deepest portion (about 3.5 km) is found adjacent to the Nguruman Escarpment master fault to the west. This basin is about 2.0 km deep along its eastern margin and is divided into two sub-basins by a horst that runs along its axis, creating a localised gravity high. This simple structure was sufficient to produce the observed geophysical anomalies, so no pervasive magmatic modification of the upper crust was required. Beneath the rift basin, a 4 km thick layer, with relatively low velocities and densities, was found to extend from the eastern rift valley margin across the western rift flank to the vicinity of the Oloololo Scarp. This basement layer, with an average velocity of 5.6 km s−1 and a density of 2600 kg m−3, is intetpreted to represent a combination of quartzites and rocks fractured by the Neoproterozoic (Pan-African) collision of the Mozambique Belt and Tanzania Craton. Although Proterozoic rocks of the Mozambique Belt outcrop on both sides of the rift valley, the velocities, densities and thicknesses of the layers constituting the crystalline upper crust on the western rift flank are less than those on the eastern flank and similar to values found within the Tanzania Craton elsewhere. This suggests that the two rift flanks are located in different structural regimes (craton and mobile belt) with rifting having been localised along the boundary between them. From a deep crustal perspective, this boundary appears to be the western margin of the Mozambique Belt terrane, although rocks of this belt are found at the surface further west.
A Partial Test of the Heckscher-Ohlin-Samuelson Model: US-Mexico Trade Relations and Labour in Mexico

Proponents of trade liberalization emphasize the role of trade and economic integration between less developed and more developed economies as an engine for development and improved standards of living. Nowhere is this argument more salient, and more controversial, than in the discussion of US-Mexico trade, and the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) specifically. As the Heckscher-Ohlin- Samuelson (HOS) model informs much of the rhetoric and policy surrounding the USMexico trade relationship, we attempt a partial test of the model and its assumptions regarding labour and employment in the case of the Mexican economy. Specifically, we focus on the Heckscher-Ohlin (HO) theorem and the Factor Price Equalization (FPE) theorem. We conclude that although economic analysts recognize that the model does not account the complexity of Mexico's domestic economy and international trade relationships, it continues to permeate rhetoric, remaining the dominant paradigm for proponents of NAFTA on both sides of the border.
Proliferative diabetic retinopathy

Proliferative diabetic retinopathy continues to be a major cause of blindness throughout the world. The natural history demonstrates that its development is primarily related to progressive retinal ischemia from diabetic retinopathy. The primary complications leading to vision loss, tractional retinal detachment and vitreous hemorrhage, are dependent upon the relationship between the neovascular tissue and the vitreous. The major risk factors are duration of diabetes and the level of glycemic control of the patient, with glycemic control being the modifiable risk factor as demonstrated in the DCCT/EDIC and UKPDS trials. Timely treatment with laser photocoagulation has been demonstrated to be of immense value for the preservation of vision, as reported by the DRS, ETDRS, and other studies. Pars plana vitrectomy is indicated for some patients with vitreous hemorrhage, retinal detachment, and other complications. With growing understanding of the cell biology of diabetes complications, pharmacologic therapies are emerging as promising treatment options.
Perspectives of patients with cystic fibrosis on preventive counseling and transition to adult care

The purpose of this study was to investigate how adolescents and adults with cystic fibrosis (CF) view preventive counseling and their transition to adult-centered care within a children's hospital. Thirty-two patients ≥16 years old diagnosed with CF were recruited from a pediatric tertiary care setting. During face-to-face interviews, patients were asked 27 structured questions and completed a 30-item self-administered questionnaire on preventive counseling by healthcare providers and on transition issues. The median age of patients was 25.5 years (range, 16–43 years); 69% of patients identified a pulmonologist as their “main doctor,” even though 78% had a primary care provider. Participants felt that 13–16 years of age was the best time for them to begin spending time alone with their main doctor. Less than half of the participants recalled receiving preventive counseling during the previous 12 months, and more patients wanted to discuss issues than actually did. Qualitative data emphasized the importance of independence in making decisions in healthcare and establishing relationships with providers, and many patients did not desire to transfer care to an adult hospital. Participants identified adult-focused services such as inpatient rooms, discussion groups, work options, and social service support that would enhance care. In conclusion, the majority of adolescent/young adult patients with CF receiving care in a pediatric institution reported satisfaction with their healthcare. However, patients identified preventive issues that they desired to be more regularly addressed, starting in early adolescence, and changes in the delivery of services to enhance transition to adult-oriented care. This study underscored the understanding of the integration of transition planning into the facilitation of healthcare decision-making by the adolescent in issues of self-care, sexuality, education, and finances. Future initiatives to enhance the care of patients with CF should provide training of pulmonologists in preventive care and increased attention to helping patients utilize appropriate primary-care services during the adult years. In addition, prospective studies are needed to compare outcomes of CF patients who have transitioned and transferred to adult hospitals and those transitioning to adult-oriented services in a pediatric institution. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2003; 36:376–383. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The Frey procedure for chronic pancreatitis secondary to pancreas divisum.

Importance Pancreas divisum is an uncommon congenital anomaly that may result in chronic pancreatitis (chronic pancreatitis secondary to pancreas divisum [CPPD]) and intractable pain. We evaluated the role of the Frey procedure in the management of patients with pain related to CPPD as compared with patients with chronic pancreatitis secondary to alcohol (CPA) or idiopathic causes (ICP). Objective To review our experience with the Frey procedure for the management of chronic pancreatitis related to pancreas divisum. Design This was a 2-year institutional retrospective of patients undergoing the Frey procedure for chronic pancreatitis related–pain from April 2008 to June 2010. Setting Academic tertiary care referral center. Participants A consecutive sample of 14 patients undergoing the Frey procedure for chronic pancreatitis and disease-related intractable pain. We sought to examine the utility of the Frey procedure in patients with CPPD as compared with CPA and ICP. Intervention The Frey procedure. Main Outcomes and Measures Perioperative outcomes and postoperative narcotic requirement were compared among patient groups. Results Fourteen patients underwent the Frey procedure. The etiology of the disease was pancreas divisum in 6 patients, alcohol in 5, and idiopathic in 3. The most common indication for surgery was intractable pain, and all patients had undergone endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography for attempted relief in the past. There were no statistically significant differences in median operative time (263 minutes), intraoperative blood loss (425 mL), median length of stay (9.5 days), or rate of morbidity (21%) between the 3 etiologies. Two-thirds of patients required less or no opioid at follow-up, although follow-up was significantly longer for CPPD and ICP than CPA (median, 249, 259, and 42 days, respectively; P Conclusions and Relevance In this series, outcomes for patients with CPPD treated with the Frey procedure were equivalent to those treated for CPA. Patients with pancreas divisum and a dilated pancreatic duct may be ideally suited for this surgical strategy. The potential advantage of this approach over minor duct sphincteroplasty and lateral pancreaticojejunostomy is the removal of the fibrotic tissue of the head of the pancreas, thought to be the epicenter of pain in this condition. The benefits over resection alone include a more extensive ductal drainage procedure.
What You Should Know About Globalization and the World Trade Organization

This paper reviews the essentials of economic globalization, as well as the major institution that has recently gotten much of the credit and blame for it, the World Trade Organization (WTO). It first defines globalization, which is just the increasing economic integration of the world economy. It then asks who gains and loses from globalization, drawing primarily upon economic theory to identify its benefits and costs, and who within and among the world’s economies get these benefits and costs. That part of the discussion concludes by asking briefly what can and should be done about globalization. The second half of the paper turns to the WTO, which was the focus of so much negative attention at its Seattle meeting in December 1999. The authors try to clarify several misperceptions about what it does, and why. Some groups gain and some lose from the WTO, some simply as a byproduct of its role in facilitating globalization, but others from particular WTO rules and procedures. The paper suggests what might be done to change both the WTO itself and the public’s perceptions of it.
Waveform relaxation techniques for linear and nonlinear diffusion equations

Abstract A recent class of multirate numerical algorithms, collectively referred to as waveform relaxation methods, is applied to the one-dimensional diffusion equation. The methods decouple different parts or blocks of the system in the time domain, effectively allowing each block to take the largest time-step consistent with its accuracy requirements. Significant speedup is obtained over the results using a composite Crank-Nicholson/ second-order backward Euler time-stepping scheme. Possible implementation strategies for the waveform relaxation schemes to the diffusion equation in two dimensions are considered briefly.
Curriculum overlay model for embedding digital resources

This paper describes the design and implementation of a curriculum overlay model for the representation of adaptable curriculum using educational digital library resources. We focus on representing curriculum to enable the incorporation of digital resources into curriculum and curriculum sharing and customization by educators. We defined this model as a result of longitudinal studies on educators' development and customization of curriculum and user interface design studies of prototypes representing curriculum. Like overlay journals or the information network overlay model, our curriculum overlay model defines curriculum as a compound object with internal semantic relationships and relationships to digital library metadata describing resources. We validated this model by instantiating the model using science curriculum which uses digital library resources and using this instantiation within an application that, built on FEDORA, supports curriculum customization. Findings from this work can support the design of digital library services for customizing curriculum which embeds digital resources.
Variation Problems for a Symmetrical Region

IN a review in NATURE1 it is stated that the equation of conduction of heat can be regarded only as a limiting case of an equation arising in the calculus of variations. A successful attempt has been made, however, to derive the equation directly from a variation problem of an unusual type.
Functional characterization of the N-terminal domain of subunit H (Vma13p) of the yeast vacuolar ATPase.

The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae vacuolar H+-ATPase (V-ATPase) is a multisubunit complex responsible for acidifying intracellular organelles and is highly regulated. One of the regulatory subunits, subunit H, is encoded by the VMA13 gene in yeast and is composed of two domains, the N-terminal domain (amino acids (aa) 1–352) and the C-terminal domain (aa 353–478). The N-terminal domain is required for the activation of the complex, whereas the C-terminal domain is required for coupling ATP hydrolysis to proton translocation (Liu, M., Tarsio, M., Charsky, C. M., and Kane, P. M. (2005) J. Biol. Chem. 280, 36978–36985). Experiments with epitope-tagged copies of Vma13p revealed that there is only one copy of Vma13p/subunit H per V-ATPase complex. Analysis of the N-terminal domain shows that the first 179 amino acids are not required for the activation and full function of the V-ATPase complex and that the minimal region of Vma13p/subunit H capable of activating the V-ATPase is aa 180–353 of the N-terminal domain. Subunit H is expressed as two splice variants in mammals, and deletion of 18 amino acids in yeast Vma13p corresponding to the mammalian subunit H β isoform results in reduced V-ATPase activity and significantly lower coupling of ATPase hydrolysis to proton translocation. Intriguingly, the yeast Vma13p mimicking the mammalian subunit H β isoform is functionally equivalent to Vma13p lacking the entire C-terminal domain. These results suggest that the mammalian V-ATPase complexes with subunit H splice variant SFD-α or SFD-β are likely to have different activities and may perform distinct cellular functions.
P01-228 Emtional intelligence, depression, and antidepressants

Aims Emotional intelligence is the measure of the comprehension of one's emotional state and the capability to manage emotions, to recognize emotions in others and to react to those emotions appropriately (Salovey & Mayer, 1990). In previous studies a strong correlation was found between low emotional intelligence and depression. (e.g.,Berrocal, Alcaide, Extremera, & Pizarro, 2006). Since antidepressants attempt to solve depression by numbing patients’ emotions and making the emotions more controllable (Arce et al, 2008; Davison, 2005), it was our hypothesis that antidepressants will lower emotional intelligence. Method A package of questionnaires was distributed to 195 undergraduate students. Included in the package was a questionnaire asking subjects whether depressed, and were they taking antidepressants. Also included were the SCL-90 used to assess emotional distress (Derogatis,1985), the Beck Depression Inventory used to assess level of depression (Beck, 1981), and the Schutte Emotional Intelligence Scale used to evaluate level of emotional intelligence. Results The results not only agreed with the findings of previous research linking low levels of emotional intelligence to depression, but also supported the hypothesis that the use of antidepressants would be linked to lower levels of emotional intelligence (r (191)= -.158, p Conclusions The results of this study suggest that taking antidepressants as a form of treatment for depression might impact negatively on patients’ ability to handle their emotions.
Gas-liquid chromatography of α-keto acids: Quantification of the branched-chain α-keto acids from physiological sources

Abstract Gas-liquid chromatography of several α-keto acids as their O -trimethylsilyl-quinoxalinol derivatives is described. Application of the method to quantification of branched-chain α-keto acids from several physiological sources is emphasized. The α-keto acids are partially purified by deproteinization with acetone, cation-exchange chromatography on Dowex 50W-X8 (H + ), and conversion to quinoxalinol derivatives by reaction with o -phenylenediamine in acid solution. Prior to gas-liquid chromatography, the quinoxalinols are trimethylsilylated with N,O -bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide in pyridine.
Particle size dependence for CO chemisorption on supported Ru catalysts

The stoichiometry of CO chemisorption on highly dispersed zeolite-supported Ru has been investigated. This stoichiometry, which can be expressed as CO/H, increases with decreasing Ru particle diameter. For diameters <1.6 nm this ratio approached a limiting value of 4–5, indicating the formation of surface carbonyls. No direct influence of the support on this ratio could be detected.
VARIATION IN THE GLUCOSE TOLERANCE CURVE FOR A STANDARD MEAL IN NON- DIABETIC SUBJECTS

Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine the extent of variation of the glucose response to a standard mixed meal in non-diabetic individuals and determine the factors which may account for variations. Mean basal and peak values were not significantly different between subjects. Mean areas above basal and total areas under the glucose curves were both significantly different between subjects. Differences in age and BMI could affect variation between subjects for total and incremental areas under the glucose curve. The composition of prior food intake specifically, % fat or carbohydrate, could account for variation in basal and peak values for individuals and suggest specific guidelines are necessary to avoid individual variation due to differences in prior food intake. Determination of parameter values for the glucose curve with an equation (y=t b 3 e b 1 +b 2 t ) indicates that mean parameter values (b 1 , b 2 , b 3 ) for each subject were not significantly different between subjects. Although previously reported (Crapo, Reaven, Olefsky, Diab. 26, 1178) areas under the glucose curve for subjects ingesting different food items were not significantly different, parameter values b2 and b3 were significantly different. Determining parameter values may be a sensitive method of distinguishing differences in food intake response and as a diagnostic tool to identify subjects with impaired tolerance.
Apolipoprotein E and cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease

In efforts to explain the phenotypic heterogeneity of Alzheimer's disease (AD), many studies have sought subtypes of this illness. The recent identification of several distinct genes associated with AD provides the first biological means of differentiating such subtypes. Mutations on chromosomes 1, 14, and 21 provoke various forms of early-onset familial AD. Yet, these genes account in aggregate for fewer than 2% of all AD cases. Most AD cases have later onset (i.e., after age 65). To date, the only confirmed genetic marker associated with increased risk of late-onset AD is allele epsilon 4 at APOE, the polymorphic locus on chromosome 19 that encodes apolipoprotein E. The risk for AD is enhanced, and the mean age of symptom onset reduced, as the number of epsilon 4 alleles (0, 1, or 2) increases. These observations suggest epsilon 4 accelerates the neurodegenerative process that underlies the development of AD. A logical prediction from this hypothesis is that cognitive decline in AD should progress more quickly for those whose genotype includes epsilon 4. Three articles in this issue [1-3] address this topic. Contrary to such a prediction, all three studies report that AD patients with epsilon 4 do not show faster cognitive or functional decline than patients without epsilon 4. The clinical series of Growdon et al. [1] and Kurz et al. [3] also failed to replicate the common observation of differences in onset with various APOE genotypes. Although this latter finding may in part reflect limited sample size, it also highlights the difficulties commonly encountered when studying ``population'' characteristics in self-referred clinic samples. To study disease progression, Growdon et al. [1] and Kurz et al. [3] monitored performance on several psychometric measures of cognitive and functional abilities for up to 5.5 years. Growdon et al. estimated that APOE genotype accounted for less …
Partial characterization of the cytosolic and mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase from ribbed mussel gill tissue

The cytosolic (cAAT) and mitochondrial (mAAT) aspartate aminotransferases were partially purified from gill tissue of the ribbed mussel, Modiolus demissus, and individually characterized with respect to heat stability, electrophoretic mobility, pH optimum, Km for substrates, rates in the forward vs. the reverse direction, and reactivity with aminooxyacetic acid (AOA). Isozyme analysis for this population of ribbed mussels indicated three alleles for the cAAT and a single all ele for the mAAT. The mAAT was a single isozymic form with a broad pH optimum and relatively low Kms for aspartate, oxaloacetate, and 2-oxoglutarate and high Km for glutamate substrates. The cAAT used for the kinetic studies was a single (homozygous) isozymic form, showed great variation in Km and Vmax with pH, and had high Kms for the amino acid substrates and low Kms for the ketoacid substrates. Both enzymes were inhibited to the same degree by AOA. It is hypothesized that the cAAT is involved more with aspartate synthesis and the mAAT with aspartate catabolism.
Flow Field of Practical Dual Rectangular Jets

Velocity fields were measured below two parallel, rectangular air nozzles. Each rectangular nozzle had a large length-to-width ratio, the nozzles were closely spaced, and the air jets intersected at a 60° angle. For positions near the center of the nozzles, the flow field closely approximated that of a two-dimensional jet. Several slot widths were tested. Correlations were developed to predict the velocity at any position below the pair of nozzles.
First Report of Infection of Lygodium microphyllum by Puccinia lygodii, a Potential Biocontrol Agent of an Invasive Fern in Florida.

Lygodium microphyllum (Cav.) R.Br. (Old World climbing fern), in the family Schizaeaceae, is one of the most invasive (Category I in Florida) weeds in Florida. It has invaded more than 50,000 ha of wetlands and moist habitats in southern Florida and is rapidly spreading in new areas of the Everglades (3). The search and evaluation of biocontrol agents for this fern is currently in progress. Puccinia lygodii (Har.) Arth. (Uredinales) (1), previously recorded on L. volubile Sw. and L. venustum Sw. in South America (2), attacks foliage and severely damages L. japonicum Thunb. (Japanese climbing fern) vines in northern and central Florida (4). We hypothesized that since L. japonicum occurred mainly in northern and central Florida, P. lygodii did not have opportunity to interact with L. microphyllum, which primarily occurs in southern Florida. Therefore, we used two inoculation methods to test the possible pathogenicity of P. lygodii on the new host, L. microphyllum. Method-I was designed to imitate a seminatu...
Effects of synthetic and naturally occurring flavonoids on benzo[a]pyrene metabolism by hepatic microsomes prepared from rats treated with cytochrome P-450 inducers

Abstract Activity-directed fractionation of Trifolium pratense resulted in isolation of the isoflavone biochanin A, a potent inhibitor of metabolic activation of the carcinogen benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) in cells in culture. To determine the structural features required for maximal inhibition of cytochrome P-450 mediated metabolism of B[a]P, the inhibitory potencies of 23 flavonoids on metabolism of B[a]P to water-soluble derivatives were examined in liver S-9 homogenate from rats induced with Aroclor 1254. Flavones were much more efficient inhibitors than their corresponding isoflavone or flavanone analogs. Most flavonols were as effective inhibitors as their flavone analogs with the exception of kaempferide. Flavones with two hydroxyl or two methoxyl groups at positions 5 and 7 were the most active. Although all eight flavonoids tested effectively inhibited B[a]P metabolism by β-naphthoflavone-induced microsomes, none were very effective inhibitors of B[a]P metabolism by phenobarbitol-induced microsomes, and only three were effective inhibitors of B[a]P metabolism by microsomes from non-induced rats. These results indicate that flavones or flavonols that contain free 5- and 7-hydroxyls are potent inhibitors of P-450 induced by β-naphthoflavone (P-450IA1 and/or P-450IA2) and may potentially be useful as chemopreventive agents against hydrocarbon-induced carcinogenesis.
SU‐EE‐A1‐02: Experimental Evaluation and Verification of the Deliverability Aspects of IMRT Beams Optimized with Adaptive Diffusion Smoothing

Purpose: To experimentally determine the impact of adaptive diffusion smoothing (ADS) on the delivery accuracy and efficiency of IMRT fields. Method and Materials:IMRToptimization was performed on several cases with and without the use of an ADS penalty applied within the objective function. The ADS penalty is based on diffusion principles and promotes smoothing in beam areas that are not essential to meeting the cost function objectives. Previous studies have shown that the use of the ADS penalty results in IMRT plans that are dosimetrically equivalent, less complex, and require fewer MU to deliver compared to standard IMRT. All plans were sequenced and delivered via step‐and‐shoot delivery. Film and ion‐chamber dosimetry were performed, and the total MU, delivery time, and differences between convolution/superposition calculations and film measurements for standard and ADS IMRT beams were evaluated. Results: Measurements verified that IMRT plans optimized using the ADS penalty were less likely to exhibit small regions of disagreement due to factors such as tongue‐and‐groove compared to standard IMRT plans. In particular, the in‐field agreement between calculations and measurements for the ADS plans was superior to the more modulated standard IMRT plans. The use of ADS resulted in the area outside a +/− 5 cGy criteria between calculations and film measurements decreasing from 3.7 to 1.8 % in a head/neck example and from 10.8 to 6.7 % in a prostate example. In addition, the total MU for SMLC delivery was reduced by 20 to 45 % in all cases with no loss in plan quality according to the DVHs and dose metrics. Conclusion: The use of the ADS penalty inside an inverse IMRT plan objective function reduces beam complexity without sacrificing dosimetric quality and results in significantly more efficient and accurate delivery of IMRT fields. Supported in part by NIH grant P01‐CA59827.
Analysis of deletions of the long arm of chromosome 11 in hematologic malignancies with fluorescence in situ hybridization

We studied samples containing deletions of the long arm of chromosome 11 (11 q) from patients with hematologic malignancies by using cytogenetic and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) techniques. Cytogenetic analysis of 28 patients and of a cell line showed that all deletions included band 11q23. FISH analysis demonstrated that the proximal part of 11q23, including NCAM, was deleted in 13 of 15 patients and the cell line. Recurring chromosomal losses in human tumors have been regarded as evidence that the affected regions contain tumor-suppressor genes. These results suggest that the putative tumor-suppressor gene is proximal to the MLL gene which is also located in 11q23. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Nitric oxide in osteoarthritis

Activated articular chondrocytes produce large amounts of nitric oxide (NO), and there is increasing evidence that this is involved in the etiopathogenesis of osteoarthritis (OA). Because of its short half-life, the biological effects of endogenously produced NO are likely to occur locally within the cartilage. We have observed that inhibitors of NO synthases relieve the inhibition of matrix synthesis that otherwise occurs in response to IL-1. To avoid the use of inhibitors, we have recently transduced chondrocytes with the iNOS (NOS-2) gene and confirmed the ability of the endogenously produced NO to inhibit matrix synthesis. Despite the high levels of NO made by these cells, there was no evidence of apoptosis or other forms of cell death. NO was also shown to inhibit the production of TGF-beta(1)by cells treated with IL-1, as well as to decrease matrix production in response to IGF-1. The hypothesis that NO inhibits matrix production by interfering with important autocrine and paracrine factors should be entertained.
Neurotrophic actions of the novel AMPA receptor potentiator, LY404187, in rodent models of Parkinson's disease

Recent developments in the molecular biology and pharmacology of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid (AMPA) receptors has led to the discovery of selective, potent and systemically active AMPA receptor potentiators. These molecules enhance synaptic transmission and evidence suggests that they play important roles in plasticity and cognitive processes. Activation of AMPA receptors also increases neuronal activation and activity-dependent signalling, which may increase brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression and enhance cell proliferation in the brain. We therefore hypothesised that an AMPA receptor potentiator may provide neurotrophic effects in rodent models of Parkinson's disease. In the present studies we report that the potent and selective AMPA receptor potentiator, R,S-N-2-(4-(4-Cyanophenyl)phenyl)propyl 2-propanesulfonamide (LY404187), provides both functional, neurochemical and histological protection against unilateral infusion of 6-hydroxydopamine into the substantia nigra or striatum of rats. The compound also reduced 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced toxicity in mice. Interestingly, we were also able to observe large functional and histological effects when we delayed treatment until after cell death had occurred (3 or 6 days after 6-hydroxydopamine infusion), supporting a neurotrophic mechanism of action. In addition, LY404187 provided a dose-dependent increase in growth-associated protein-43 expression in the striatum. Therefore, we propose that AMPA receptor potentiators offer the potential of a new therapy to halt the progression and perhaps repair the degeneration in Parkinson's disease.
Long-term benefits of insulin therapy and glycemic control in overweight and obese adults with type 2 diabetes

Problem: Obesity and type 2 diabetes have reached epidemic proportions in the United States. Obese patients are at especially high risk for the development of metabolic syndrome, a clustering of metabolic abnormalities associated with insulin resistance that usually precede the development of cardiovascular disease. Overweight or obesity, along with insulin resistance, is frequently present in people with type 2 diabetes. Methods: A literature search of the PubMed and MEDLINE databases, using the terms diabetes, obesity, metabolic syndrome, glycemic control, antidiabetic therapy, and insulin, was performed. Articles published between 1985 and 2006 that examined diabetes management in the obese population were selected and reviewed. Results: There is new evidence suggesting that tight glycemic control and earlier initiation of insulin therapy can improve outcomes in obese patients with type 2 diabetes, thereby reducing the risk for the development of both macrovascular and microvascular complications of the disease. Insulin also appears to exhibit anti-inflammatory effects, which may provide additional protection against the development of atherosclerosis. Despite the benefits of insulin therapy, many patients and physicians remain reluctant to start insulin due to concerns about weight gain. Conclusion: Newer insulin formulations can effectively improve glycemic control without significant effects on patient weight and, therefore, may be particularly useful in patients who are overweight or obese. Implementation of comprehensive treatment regimens that emphasize dietary modification, physical activity, and exercise, and aggressive use of pharmacological agents to achieve tight glycemic control through physiological regimens offer the most promise for reducing long-term complications in obese patients with type 2 diabetes.
Suboptimal State Estimation under Communication Delays

Abstract We present a suboptimal state estimation method under communication delays. The missing measurements are replaced with model predictions and these predictions are put into memory. When the delayed measurements arrive, the effect of using prediction as fictitious measurements is removed. The optimality is recovered, which this is the key property of the method. The algorithm complexity is low compared to the optimal solution. The method requires the measurements to be time stamped. The plant model must be linear, time invariant.
A GRINDING-BASED MANUFACTURING METHOD FOR SILICON WAFERS: GENERATION MECHANISMS OF CENTRAL BUMPS ON GROUND WAFERS

Most integrated circuits (IC) are fabricated using silicon wafers. The continuing shrinkage of the size of IC features has imposed more and more stringent requirements on the wafer flatness. Furthermore, wafer manufacturers are under constant pressure to reduce the wafer cost. The traditional lapping-based manufacturing method is unable to satisfy the ever-increasing demand for better flatness and lower cost. Previous experimental study of a grinding-based manufacturing method has shown that excellent site flatness can be obtained on ground wafers except for a few sites at the wafer center. One cause for the poor flatness at the wafer center is the central bumps on the ground wafers. As a follow-up, this paper investigates the generation mechanisms of the central bumps on ground wafers, and provides solutions to eliminate or reduce them. The understanding and knowledge gained through this study can also be applied to the manufacturing of other semiconductor wafers (such as germanium, gallium arsenide, and...
Electroconvulsive seizures in the immature rat adversely affect myelin accumulation.

Abstract Electroconvulsive seizures administered to rats during the neonatal period (days 2 to 11 after birth) or the late suckling period (days 9 to 18) reduced lipid accumulation in both forebrain and cerebellum at 30 days of age. In forebrain, cerebroside and proteolipid protein content was reduced to a greater extent than DNA and the other lipids studied. This suggests that myelin accumulation was selectively altered by seizures. Lipid reductions in forebrain preceded DNA reductions suggesting that reduced myelin content may result from curtailed growth of cellular processes. In cerebellum, a more immature organ at birth, deficits in cerebroside content found immediately after the period of seizures had returned to near normal by 30 days, whereas in forebrain cerebroside deficits appeared to persist or even progress after treatment.