cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Relation between overheating of distribution transformers and switching frequency of electric loads used for demand response

Utilities and researchers are looking for ways to coordinate the operation of thermostatically controlled loads (TCLs) to help integrate higher penetrations of renewable energy generation. However, using TCLs for demand response can result in an increase in TCL switching frequencies, which could affect distribution transformer (DT) temperatures. This paper explores the relation between DT overheating and TCL switching. We simulated a fleet of TCLs and found that higher switching frequencies result in lower maximum DT temperatures. We develop a DT-TCL model that estimates maximum DT temperatures as a function of the frequency of the power consumption of a small aggregation of TCLs, and we validate it through simulation. Additionally, we perform a case study to show that how TCL control impacts maximum DT temperatures. In general, control increases switching frequencies, reducing maximum DT temperatures; however, in some cases, it increases power amplitudes which can increase maximum DT temperatures.
Metabolism of the peptide deformylase inhibitor actinonin in tobacco

Actinonin is a naturally occurring hydroxamic acid and a potent inhibitor of the essential cotranslational protein processing enzyme peptide deformylase. Actinonin has both pre- and post-emergence herbicidal activity, but it is rapidly metabolized by plants, thus limiting herbicidal efficacy. Studies designed to elucidate the metabolic fate of actinonin revealed that after absorption actinonin was metabolized by tobacco plants with only about 17% of the parent compound remaining 48 h after application. Subcellular fractionation revealed that a microsomal fraction was capable of metabolizing actinonin in vitro. Two actinonin metabolites were isolated by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography and identified by mass spectrometric analyses. The major metabolite was derived from the hydrolysis of the hydroxamate group to its corresponding acid, and a relatively minor metabolite through reduction of the hydroxamate group to the corresponding amide. Both metabolites were functionally inactive as inhibitors of peptide deformylase. These results provide rationale for the low efficacy of actinonin as a broad-spectrum herbicide, and identify functional groups in actinonin targeted by plants during detoxification. This information may facilitate the design and synthesis of actinonin analogues with increased herbicidal efficacy.
Spatial game signatures for bot detection in social games

Bot detection is an emerging problem in social games that requires different approaches from those used in massively multi-player online games (MMOGs). We focus on mouse selections as a key element of bot detection. We hypothesize that certain interface elements result in predictable differences in mouse selections, which we call spatial game signatures, and that those signatures can be used to model player interactions that are specific to the game mechanics and game interface. We performed a study in which users played a game representative of social games. We collected in-game actions, from which we empirically identified these signatures, and show that these signatures result in a viable approach to bot detection. We make three contributions. First, we introduce the idea of spatial game signatures. Second, we show that the assumption that mouse clicks are normally distributed about the center of buttons is not true for every interface element. Finally, we provide methodologies for using spatial game signatures for bot detection.
Laboratory demonstration of accurate and efficient nanometer-level wavefront control for extreme adaptive optics.

A 32×32 microelectricalmechanical systems mirror is controlled in a closed-loop adaptive optics test bed with a spatially filtered wavefront sensor (WFS), Fourier transform wavefront reconstruction, and calibration of references with a high-precision interferometer. When correcting the inherent aberration of the mirror, 0.7 nm rms phase error in the controllable band is achieved. When correcting an etched phase plate with atmospheric statistics, a dark hole 103 deeper than the uncontrollable phase is produced in the phase power spectral density. Compensation of the mirror's influence function is done with a Fourier filter, which results in improved loop convergence. Use of the spatial filter is shown to reduce the gain variability of the WFS in a quadcell configuration.
TetStreamer: compressed back-to-front transmission of Delaunay tetrahedra meshes

We use the abbreviations tet and tri for tetrahedron and triangle. TetStreamer encodes a Delaunay tet mesh in a back-to-front visibility order and streams it from a server to a client (volumetric visualizer). During decompression, the server performs the view-dependent back-to-front sorting of the tets by identifying and deactivating one free tet at a time. A tet is free when all its back faces are on the sheet. The sheet is a tri mesh separating active and inactive tets. It is initialized with the back-facing boundary of the mesh. It is compressed using EdgeBreaker and transmitted first. It is maintained by both the server and the client and advanced towards the viewer passing one free tet at a time. The client receives a compressed bit stream indicating where to attach free tets to the sheet. It renders each free tet and updates the sheet by either flipping a concave edge, removing a concave valence-3 vertex, or inserting a new vertex to split a tri. TetStreamer compresses the connectivity of the whole let mesh to an average of about 1.7 bits per tet. The footprint (in-core memory required by the client) needs only to hold the evolving sheet, which is a small fraction of the storage that would be required by the entire tet-mesh. Hence, TetStreamer permits us to receive, decompress, and visualize or process very large meshes on clients with a small in-core memory. Furthermore, it permits us to use volumetric visualization techniques, which require that the mesh be processed in view-dependent back-to-front order, at no extra memory, performance or transmission cost.
Meiosis in male PL/J mice: A genetic model for gametic aneuploidy

Sperm from mice of the PL/J strain have a high frequency of sperm-head morphology abnormalities. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) methods revealed that PL/J sperm are also characterized by a high frequency of aneuploidy. The traits of abnormal sperm head morphology and aneuploidy are associated with numerous meiotic abnormalities. Spermatocytes of PL/J mice exhibit chromosome asynapsis during meiotic prophase as well as reduced crossing over, revealed by analysis of both MLH1 foci in pachytene spermatocytes and chiasmata seen at the first meiotic metaphase. During the first meiotic division, roughly one-third of the PL/J spermatocytes exhibit aberrant spindle morphology, with abnormalities including monopolar spindles, split spindle poles, and incomplete spindle formation and centrosomal abnormalities. F1 progeny of a cross between PL/J and C57BL/6J did not exhibit a high frequency of either sperm aneuploidy or sperm head morphology aberrations, as would be expected if the PL/J traits were dominant. Among progeny of a backcross of F1 mice to PL/J, none of 16 males assessed exhibited elevated frequencies of sperm head morphology abnormalities. Four of the individuals exhibited elevated sperm aneuploidy, but not at the levels of the PL/J parents. Thus, it is likely that the aberrant PL/J traits are due to several genes and/or modifiers affecting the generation of both sperm aneuploidy and abnormal sperm head morphology.
EEG–fMRI in Animal Models

Neuroscientists have long sought techniques for investigating the neuronal mechanisms of normal behaviour and disease. The uniquely enigmatic nature of the brain and the difficulties inherent to its study limited early physiological investigations of brain function. For example, although able to provide great insight into the localisation of brain function, lesion studies are inherently destructive, and thus reveal limited information about brain functioning in situ. Techniques for the noninvasive monitoring of brain function were needed. The advent of recording electrical brain activity via electroencephalography (EEG) opened up new avenues for the noninvasive study of brain activity (Berger 1929). For many years, neuroimaging lagged behind electrophysiological techniques. However, early studies of cerebral haemodynamic responses showed that brain function could be related to measurements of blood flow. Seizures occurring during neurosurgery have long been known to produce a focal blood flow increase in the cerebral cortex (Horsley 1892; Penfield 1933), and early measurements using intracarotid sensors likewise demonstrated increased cerebral blood flow (CBF) during seizures (Gibbs et al. 1934). Advancements in electrical recording and functional imaging technology in recent decades have now made it possible to noninvasively study the brain at sufficiently high temporal and spatial resolutions to reveal fundamental neuronal processes in great detail. EEG measures extracellular electrical field potentials generated by populations of cortical neurons, and can capture brain electrical activity with excellent temporal resolution. Although EEG provides high temporal resolution, it is limited in its spatial sampling and cannot completely characterise neuronal activity throughout the entire brain. The spatial resolution of EEG is not sufficient to reveal the contribution of individual brain regions to neuronal function. The electrical signal recorded in the EEG reflects a spatial summation of the underlying cortical electrical activity, and does not sample subcortical areas; thus, EEG with scalp electrodes may not detect deeply originating ­discharges (Gloor 1985).
Economics and Thermodynamics: von Neumann’s Problematic Conjecture

Of the attempts to find analogies between thermodynamics and economies there is alas no end. But the mathematical genius John von Neumann has earned the right to command our investigation when he suggests that his growth model (1945; earlier 1932 and 1937) defines a function Value of Inputst/Value of Outputst+1 $$ = \sum\limits_i^n {\sum\limits_j^m {{P_i}} } {A_{ij}}{X_j}/\sum\limits_i^n {\sum\limits_j^m {{P_i}} } {B_{ij}}{X_j}$$ $$ = \phi \left( {P,X} \right)$$ whose “role seems to be similar to that of thermodynamic potentials in phenomenological thermodynamics.” (1945, p.1)
Managing Sense of Place in Transition: Coping with Climate Change

For city people, sense of place owes much to familiarity with the organizational schemes and architectural themes of the urban-suburban milieu. But it also arises from hints and clues about the wildness the city once held. Placemaking in every settlement, from high-pack ultra urban to forgotten semi-rural, owes much to the plants that frame and embrace the built environment. I remember the cathedral sense of my old Detroit neighborhood when the American elm reigned. Here winter’s end was signaled by robins poking at front lawns, and blue cornflowers and Queen Anne’s lace littered summer roadsides and empty lots. Now, these bits of urban nature are gone or are threatened. The elms fell victim to a fungus-carrying beetle; the robins today bug-grub in drought-stricken lawns growing on contaminated soils; and the wildflowers have been outlawed for their heritage as exotic, invasive species. These losses derive from changes in culture and technology. They will pale in comparison to the impacts of climate change.
GLIC - An interactive software tool for visualizing surface flows

~This paper presents an interactive visualization software, called GLIC (Graphical Line Integral Convolution), for visualizing data jrorn steady and unsteady CFD simulations. The system features a new type of visualization technique, called Line Integral Convolution (LIC), which converts flow datu into images and animations to capture complicated flow behavior and to help scientists detect important flow features. GLIC contains a flexible graphical user interface and an eficient multi-threaded software environment in which users can interactively specify regions of interest and effectively steer visualization with minimum effort. GLIC is ideal for visualizing data from largescale CFD simulations with complex model geometries.
Issociation of Staphylococcus Aureus: II. The relation of Filtration to Dissociation of Staphylococcus Aureus

Hadley and his co-workers,1 by their work on Shigella dysenteriae in 1931, stimulated an interest in the study of the dissociation and the filtrability of bacterial forms. Kendall,2 in the same year, announced the formula for K medium and claimed to have developed filter-passing forms of Eberthella typhi. Since the publication of Kendall's results numerous attempts have been made by others to duplicate his work. Varney and Bronfenbrenner,3 in 1932, using a Berkefeld N filter, found growth to be more abundant in filtrates of bacterial cultures in K medium than in broth cultures. They reported loss of motility and a gradual breaking up of bacterial cytoplasm into beaded forms recovered from K medium and also from the filtrates of K medium. They concluded that K medium rendered the filters more permeable. Craig and Johns,4 in 1932, and Seastone and Lawrence,5 in 1933, were unable to confirm the work of Kendall.
Effects of Particle Size and Shape on the Performance of a Trickle Fixed-Bed Recycle Reactor for Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis

A previously developed one-dimensional reactor model was employed to understand the effects of pellet size and geometry on the performance of a wall-cooled multitubular fixed-bed Fischer–Tropsch reactor for producing hydrocarbons from synthesis gas. The effects of pellet size/shape on catalyst effectiveness, bed void fraction, and overall heat transfer coefficient were studied through a comprehensive parametric study of a reactor with cobalt catalyst. The relative impact of each of these parameters on the overall required amount of catalyst was also determined. The simulations show that the amount of catalyst required to achieve a specified conversion increases with pellet size and shape in the order: trilobes < hollow cylinders < cylinders < spheres. The pressure drop per unit length can be significantly reduced and the catalyst effectiveness increased by using advanced extrudates, i.e., trilobes or hollow cylinders.
Effective Diffusivity Measurement on a Monolithic Reactor using SPACI-MS Technique

Abstract Measuring Effective Diffusivity in the pores of the catalytic washcoat of a monolith reactor is a challenging task. In this work, Spaci-MS technique has been used to measure effective diffusivity in the porous washcoat, and through the porous walls of the cordierite monolith substrate. A mixture of a tracer gas (in this case O2) was introduced in a center (feed) channel along with a carrier gas, and the axial profile of tracer gas was measured in the neighboring channels. The axial profile of the tracer gas in the neighboring channels depends on the diffusivities in the gas phase, in the washcoat layer and through the substrate wall. A mass balance was made around the 1-adjacent channel to compare the calculated tracer profile with the measured profile, and used to get the value of effective diffusivity. Experiments were done on an uncoated (blank, substrate only) monolith to measure the effective diffusivity in the substrate, and then experiments were repeated for a washcoated monolith to measure the effective diffusivity in the catalytic washcoat layer. The experiments were also repeated at different temperatures to get the temperature dependence of the observed effective diffusivity. The results showed that the monolith substrate was in the bulk diffusion region and the washcoat exhibited Knudsen diffusion. Effective diffusivity of O2 in substrate was calculated to be 9.28 × 10−6 m2/s and in washcoat to be 2.2 × 10−6 m2/s at 100 °C.
Acidic Potassium Bromate/Potassium Bromide Digestion System for Determination of Total Mercury in Urine Using Atomic Fluorescence Spectrometry

[Objective] To find a rapid,precise,and high-throughput method for the determination of total urine mercury levels of occupational population by comparing several pretreatment methods of urine samples.[Methods] Three pretreatment methods including microwave digestion,constant-temperature potassium permanganate oxidation,and acidic potassium bromate-potassium bromide(KBrO3/KBr) digestion system were applied under optimal conditions.Parameters of method performance such as accuracy,precision,sensitivity,recovery,and time for detection were compared.[Results] The results of microwave digestion and KBrO3/KBr digestion system were in excellent agreement.The spiked recovery rates of the two methods were in the range of 101.5%-112.2% and 105.5%-110.0%,with relative standard deviations of 2.4% and 1.7%,respectively.The pretreatment time of the two methods was 6 h and 15 min,respectively.In addition,the results by constant-temperature potassium permanganate oxidation method were on the higher side with spiked recovery rate about 130%.Certified reference samples of lyophilized urine were used to validate the KBrO3/KBr digestion method and the results were in good agreement with the reference values.[Conclusion] Acidic KBrO3/KBr digestion method is precise,efficient and rapid for the determination of total mercury in batches of urine samples of occupational population.
Evaluation of bait palatability test of Blattella germanica in laboratory

Objective To evaluate the palatability of Blattella germanica bait scientifically. Methods Feeding Blattella germanica with the same bait by national standards methods(NSM) and humidity emendated method(HEM),comparing the weight of bait before and after the test. Results By NSM test,some bait was more weighter after the test apparently,NSM can't be used for evaluating the palatability of Blattella germanica bait.By HEM test,the bait weight decreased before and after the test was calculated,and evaluated the palatability of Blattella germanica to bait scientifically. Conclusion The HEM is scientific to test the palatability of cockroaches to bait.
Detectable correlations in Edon-R.

The Edon-R compression function has a large set of useful differentials that produce easily detectable output bit biases. We show how to construct such differentials, and use them to create a distinguisher for Edon-R-512 that requires around 2 compression function evaluations (or 2 evaluations after a pre-computation of 2 evaluations). The differentials can also be used to attack a variety of MAC and KDF constructions when they use Edon-R-512.
Total control of chemotherapy induced emesis.

A combination of lorazepam, prochlorperazine, dexamethasone, scopolamine and ondansetron was used to prevent and diminish the occurrence of nausea and vomiting during administration of emetogenic chemotherapy. Immediately prior to administering chemotherapy a cutaneous scopolamine patch was applied to the retroaural area, prochlorperazine 5 mg was given orally, and intravenous (IV) lorazepam 0.5 mg, ondansetron 10 mg and dexamethasone 10 mg were given. The last two were repeated after 4 hours twice, and lorazepam at 6 hour intervals for four doses
Serum concentrations of two endometrial proteins are not useful for monitoring postmenopausal estrogen/progesterone therapy

Measurements of the serum concentrations of the endometrial proteins IGFBP-1 and PP14 were made in an attempt to monitor the adequacy of the P effect in women receiving 1 year of 100 to 200 micrograms of percutaneous E2 for 28 days each month and 10 mg oral MPA given during the last 12 days of E2 administration. There were no significant changes in IGFBP-1 levels; a small, but significant increase in PP14 levels after E2 plus MPA was noted, but there was substantial overlap between basal and postprogestogen therapy serum PP14 concentrations. Serum concentrations of PP14, but not IGFBP-1, were slightly higher in women whose endometrial biopsies demonstrated a P effect, but again, there was substantial overlap with the values found in women whose biopsies showed only an estrogen effect. Serum measurements of IGFBP-1 and PP14 are not useful for monitoring postmenopausal replacement therapy with percutaneous E2 and oral MPA.
The Credit Risk Premium and Return Predictability in High Yield Bonds

I demonstrate that much of the time series variation in the credit spread on high yield bonds is attributable to changes in the “credit risk premium” rather than changes in expected default losses. The credit risk premium is the expected excess return investors earn from bearing default risk on high yield bonds. I find that the credit risk premium on high yield bonds averages about 2.4 percent per year, accounts for 43 percent of high yield credit spreads, on average, and predicts excess returns on high yield bonds. I also find that the excess returns on lower rated credits (B and CCC, relative to BB) are more sensitive to variation in the credit risk premium. The credit risk premium increases with the conditional volatility of default losses and decreases with aggregate consumption growth. The evidence suggests that conventional measures of economic risk are able to explain the sizeable increase in credit spreads in the fall of 2008.
Coordination of DNA Replication and Histone Synthesis During S Phase

The coordination of DNA replication with histone synthesis is of utmost importance as any imbalance between the two processes results in genomic instability and may even cause lethality. Hence, to maintain genome stability, histone synthesis is regulated at multiple levels—transcriptionally, posttranscriptionally and by modulating protein stability. This tight regulation facilitates the creation of a very transient histone pool for replication-coupled chromatin assembly and ensures that histone synthesis is downregulated when DNA replication is completed or stalled due to replication inhibition. As illustrated in this chapter, the bulk of histone synthesis during S phase is activated by the same cell cycle signals that initiate DNA replication and downregulated by the same DNA damage response pathways that arrest the DNA replication machinery upon DNA damage. Conversely, the availability of histone proteins and their chaperones that help package the newly replicated DNA into chromatin in turn regulate replication fork progression. Further, in senescent cells, the histone chaperone Histone Regulatory Homolog A (HIRA), a co-repressor of histone gene transcription, plays an important role in the formation of transcriptionally silent heterochromatin that incorporates replication-dependent histone genes as well as many genes needed for DNA replication to concomitantly shut down both histone and DNA synthesis. This chapter discusses the current state of knowledge on the coregulation of histone and DNA synthesis during S phase.
Previous research: The underlying causes of neighborhood racial change

Beginning in the 1920’s human ecologists utilized the concepts of invasion and succession borrowed from plant and animal ecology to explain changes in the ethnic composition of urban neighborhoods (Park, 1936a; 1936b; Hawley, 1950). These changes were assumed to follow basically the same laws whereby one plant or animal species replaces another in a given territory. According to the succession model, change results from the ‘push’ of increasing numbers of a new ethnic group which leads members of the more established group to move to a newer area closer to the periphery of the city (Burgess, 1928:112). Competition between the new and established group over land use is assumed to be an inherent aspect of the succession process — with competition often assuming the form of conflict (Park, 1936a).
Outcomes of robot-assisted versus laparoscopic repair of small-sized ventral hernias.

The aim of the study is to investigate the outcomes of the da Vinci robot-assisted laparoscopic hernia repair of small-sized ventral hernias with circumferential suturing of the mesh compared to the traditional laparoscopic repair with trans-fascial suturing. A retrospective review was conducted of all robot-assisted umbilical, epigastric and incisional hernia repairs performed at our institution between 2013 and 2015 compared to laparoscopic umbilical or epigastric hernia repairs. Patient characteristics, operative details and postoperative complications were collected and analyzed using univariate analysis. Three primary minimally invasive fellowship trained surgeons performed all of the procedures included in the analysis. 72 patients were identified during the study period. 39 patients underwent robot- assisted repair (21 umbilical, 14 epigastric, 4 incisional), and 33 patients laparoscopic repair (27 umbilical, 6 epigastric). Seven had recurrent hernias (robot: 4, laparoscopic: 3). There were no significant differences in preoperative characteristics between the two groups. Average operative time was 156 min for robot-assisted repair and 65 min for laparoscopic repair (p < 0.0001). The average defect size was significantly larger for the robot group [3.07 cm (1–9 cm)] than that for the laparoscopic group [2.02 cm (0.5–5 cm)] (p < 0.0001), although there was no significant difference in the average size of mesh used (13 vs. 13 cm). There was no difference in patients requiring postoperative admission or length of stay between the two groups. The mean duration of follow-up was 47 days. There was no difference in complication rate during this time, and no recurrences were reported. There are no significant differences in terms of safety and early efficacy when comparing small-sized ventral hernias repaired using the robot-assisted technique versus the standard laparoscopic repair.
Die vier Stadien der Luftnot

Mit einer einfachen Dyspnoeskala lasst sich die COPD in der Praxis ahnlich leicht fassen und klassifizieren wie die Herzinsuffizienz mit der NYHA-Klassifikation. Daneben andert sich das Verstandnis der COPD in Richtung einer entzundlichen Systemerkrankung, was die Therapie mit Kortikosteroiden noch mehr in den Vordergrund rucken wird.
An Optimized Hidden Node Detection Paradigm for Improving the Coverage and Network Efficiency in Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks

Successful transmission of online multimedia streams in wireless multimedia sensor networks (WMSNs) is a big challenge due to their limited bandwidth and power resources. The existing WSN protocols are not completely appropriate for multimedia communication. The effectiveness of WMSNs varies, and it depends on the correct location of its sensor nodes in the field. Thus, maximizing the multimedia coverage is the most important issue in the delivery of multimedia contents. The nodes in WMSNs are either static or mobile. Thus, the node connections change continuously due to the mobility in wireless multimedia communication that causes an additional energy consumption, and synchronization loss between neighboring nodes. In this paper, we introduce an Optimized Hidden Node Detection (OHND) paradigm. The OHND consists of three phases: hidden node detection, message exchange, and location detection. These three phases aim to maximize the multimedia node coverage, and improve energy efficiency, hidden node detection capacity, and packet delivery ratio. OHND helps multimedia sensor nodes to compute the directional coverage. Furthermore, an OHND is used to maintain a continuous node– continuous neighbor discovery process in order to handle the mobility of the nodes. We implement our proposed algorithms by using a network simulator (NS2). The simulation results demonstrate that nodes are capable of maintaining direct coverage and detecting hidden nodes in order to maximize coverage and multimedia node mobility. To evaluate the performance of our proposed algorithms, we compared our results with other known approaches.
Latent-level relations between DSM-5 PTSD symptom clusters and problematic smartphone use

Common mental health consequences following the experience of potentially traumatic events include Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and addictive behaviors. Problematic smartphone use is a newer manifestation of addictive behaviors. People with anxiety severity (such as PTSD) may be at risk for problematic smartphone use as a means of coping with their symptoms. Unique to our knowledge, we assessed relations between PTSD symptom clusters and problematic smartphone use. Participants (N=347), recruited through Amazons Mechanical Turk (MTurk), completed measures of PTSD and smartphone addiction. Results of the Wald tests of parameter constraints indicated that problematic smartphone use was more related to PTSDs negative alterations in cognitions and mood (NACM) than to PTSDs avoidance factor, Wald 2(1, N=347)=12.51, p=0.0004; and more to PTSDs arousal compared to PTSDs avoidance factor, Wald 2(1, N=347)=14.89, p=0.0001. Results indicate that problematic smartphone use is most associated with negative affect and arousal among trauma-exposed individuals. Implications include the need to clinically assess problematic smartphone use among trauma-exposed individuals presenting with higher NACM and arousal severity; and targeting NACM and arousal symptoms to mitigate the effects of problematic smartphone use. We assessed the relations between PTSD clusters and problematic smartphone use.Trauma-exposed participants (N=347) were recruited through Amazons MTurk.Problematic smartphone use was most associated with PTSDs negative affect.Problematic smartphone use was most associated with PTSDs arousal.
Father-Son Relationships in Ethnically Diverse Families: Links To Boys’ Cognitive and Social Emotional Development in Preschool

This study conceptualized father involvement as a multidimensional construct—including warmth, control/discipline and home learning stimulation—and examined associations among father involvement across toddlerhood and their sons’ cognitive and social emotional development in preschool. Analyses also tested whether these associations were moderated by ethnicity and poverty status. A total of 4240 young boys were included in the study (20% African American, 26% Hispanic and 54% Caucasian). Results showed that paternal warmth and home learning stimulation (at 24-months) positively predicted cognitive and social emotional skills across all three racial groups (at 48-months/preschool). Furthermore, tests of moderation by ethnicity revealed that paternal control/discipline was related to fewer problem behaviors, higher engagement scores, and more advanced math skills only among boys who were African American. Finally, tests of moderation by poverty status showed that paternal warmth had a stronger association with boys’ reading skills when they lived above the poverty line. These findings emphasize the importance of culturally sensitive models of child development that examine the influence of fathers from a dyadic perspective.
Why and How Can Games Influence Learning

This chapter looks into the explanations from the field of education as to why and how learning is expected to take place as a result of interaction with a game. This discussion focuses mainly on behaviorist, cognitivist, and the constructivist pedagogical orientations, providing examples from commercial games and the authors’ experiences playing and designing their own.
A pruned recursive solution to the multiple change point problem

Long time series are often heterogeneous in nature. As such, the most appropriate model is one whose parameters are allowed to change through time. The exponential number of solutions to the multiple change point problem requires an efficient algorithm in order to be computationally feasible. Exact Bayesian solutions have at best quadratic complexity in the number of observations, which still can be too slow for very large data sets. Here, a pruned dynamic programming algorithm is proposed to fit a piecewise regression model with unknown break points to a data set. The algorithm removes unessential calculations, reducing the complexity of the most time consuming step of the algorithm from quadratic in the number of observations to quadratic in the average distance between change points. A distance measure is introduced that can be used to determine the divergence of the approximate joint posterior distribution from the exact posterior distribution. Analysis of two real data sets shows that this approximate algorithm produces a nearly identical representation of the joint posterior distribution on the locations of the change points, but with a significantly faster run time than its exact counterpart.
Initial consonant deletion in bilingual Spanish-English-speaking children with speech sound disorders.

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study was to utilize a theoretical model of bilingual speech sound production as a framework for analyzing the speech of bilingual children with speech sound disorders. In order to distinguish speech difference from speech disorder, we examined between-language interaction on initial consonant deletion, an error pattern found cross-linguistically in the speech of children with speech sound disorders. Thirteen monolingual English-speaking and bilingual Spanish-and English-speaking preschoolers with speech sound disorders were audio-recorded during a single word picture-naming task and their recordings were phonetically transcribed. Initial consonant deletion errors were examined both quantitatively and qualitatively. An analysis of cross-linguistic effects and an analysis of phonemic complexity were performed. Monolingual English-speaking children exhibited initial consonant deletion at a significantly lower rate than bilingual children in their Spanish productions; however, no ...
Toward a Microparticle-Based System for Pooled Assays of Small Molecules in Cellular Contexts

Experimental approaches to the discovery of small molecule probes and drug candidates often use biochemical or cell-based screening of large libraries (>105) of small molecules. Small molecules of interest are tested one at a time in individual wells of a microtiter plate, at a significant cost in time and resources. Furthermore, evaluation of large numbers of compounds in such assays requires robust cellular or biochemical screening formats that may not be relevant to the contexts found in human patients. We envision a solution to these issues that involves a pooled system of small molecule screening, which would require development of numerous new technologies, and solutions to several key challenges. We report here that a microparticle-based screening system can allow for screening of small molecules in such a pooled fashion, analogous to the pooled screens of genetic reagents that have been powerfully deployed in recent years. We developed a cleavable linker that can link small molecules of interest t...
Childhood poverty dynamics and adulthood overweight/obesity: Unpacking the black box of childhood.

Abstract Integrating several life course models, this study examines how childhood poverty dynamics shape the risk of adulthood overweight/obesity. Growth mixture models of yearly poverty data from age 0–16 from the U.S. Panel Study of Income Dynamics identify four childhood poverty trajectories: chronic poverty, early childhood poverty, downward mobility, and poverty-free. Chronic poverty and early childhood poverty groups have higher risk of adulthood overweight/obesity than the poverty-free group. Overweight/obesity risk is not significantly different between the chronic poverty group and the early childhood poverty group, suggesting that the effects of early childhood exposure persist despite subsequent upward mobility. Downward mobility in the absence of early childhood poverty does not significantly increase adulthood obesity risk, providing further evidence that early childhood is a critical period for developing risk of overweight and obesity. These findings shed new light on the timing model, social mobility model, cumulative model, and cumulative inequality theory.
Estrogen Replacement, Vaginal

Given the fact that the vagina, the bladder trigone, and the urethrae have the highest concentration of estrogen receptors in the body, significant atrophy of these tissues should be expected with the climacteric. Vaginal atrophy is an early consequence of postmenopausal hypoestrogenemia and is an approved indication for estrogen replacement therapy. Vaginal preparations of estrogenic compounds have long been utilized for the treatment and prevention of postmenopausal symptomatology, especially those engendered by urogenital atrophy. These vaginal estrogen preparations are used by 16% of women receiving postmenopausal estrogen replacement and over two million prescriptions for such products are filled each year in the United States. Vaginal estrogens were originally believed to exert only local effects; however, data show that steroid hormones administered in this manner are quickly absorbed into the general circulation and exert significant systemic effects.
About Differential Equations

The subject of differential equations is large, diverse, powerful, useful, and full of surprises. Differential equations can be studied on their own—just because they are intrinsically interesting. Or, they may be studied by a physicist, engineer, biologist, economist, physician, or political scientist because they can model (quantitatively explain) many physical or abstract systems. Just what is a differential equation? A differential equation having y as the dependent variable (unknown function) and x as the independent variable has the form $$F(x,y,\frac{{dy}}{{dx}},...,\frac{{{d^n}y}}{{d{x^n}}}) = 0$$ for some positive integer n. (If n is 0, the equation is an algebraic or transcendental equation, rather than a differential equation.) Here is the same idea in words:
Löb's Theorem as a Limitation on Mechanism

We argue that Lob's Theorem implies a limitation on mechanism. Specifically, we argue, via an application of a generalized version of Lob's Theorem, that any particular device known by an observer to be mechanical cannot be used as an epistemic authority (of a particular type) by that observer: either the belief-set of such an authority is not mechanizable or, if it is, there is no identifiable formal system of which the observer can know (or truly believe) it to be the theorem-set. This gives, we believe, an important and hitherto unnoticed connection between mechanism and the use of authorities by human-like epistemic agents.
Understanding the Impact of Variations in Measurement Period Reporting for Electronic Clinical Quality Measures

Objective: To understand the impact of varying measurement period on the calculation of electronic Clinical Quality Measures (eCQMs). Background: eCQMs have increased in importance in value-based programs, but accurate and timely measurement has been slow. This has required flexibility in key measure characteristics, including measurement period, the timeframe the measurement covers. The effects of variable measurement periods on accuracy and variability are not clear. Methods: 209 practices were asked to extract and submit four eCQMs from their Electronic Health Records on a quarterly basis using a 12-month measurement period. Quarterly submissions were collected via REDCap. The measurement periods of the survey data were categorized into non-standard (3, 6, 9 months and other) and standard periods (12 months). For comparison, patient-level data from three clinics were collected and calculated in an eCQM registry to measure the impact of varying measurement periods. We assessed the central tendency, shape of the distributions, and variability across the four measures. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted to analyze the differences among standard and non-standard measurement period means, and variation among these groups. Results: Of 209 practices, 191 (91 percent) submitted data over three quarters. Of the 546 total submissions, 173 had non-standard measurement periods. Differences between measures with standard versus non-standard periods ranged from –3.3 percent to 14.2 percent between clinics (p Conclusion: Variations in measurement periods were associated with variation in performance between clinics for 3 of the 4 eCQMs, but did not have significant differences when calculated within clinics. Variations from standard measurement periods may reflect poor data quality and accuracy.
Neutrophil cytoplasts induce TH17 differentiation and skew inflammation toward neutrophilia in severe asthma.

Severe asthma is a debilitating and treatment refractory disease. As many as half of these patients have complex neutrophil-predominant lung inflammation that is distinct from milder asthma with type 2 eosinophilic inflammation. New insights into severe asthma pathogenesis are needed. Concomitant exposure of mice to an aeroallergen and endotoxin during sensitization resulted in complex neutrophilic immune responses to allergen alone during later airway challenge. Unlike allergen alone, sensitization with allergen and endotoxin led to NETosis. In addition to neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), enucleated neutrophil cytoplasts were evident in the lungs. Surprisingly, allergen-driven airway neutrophilia was decreased in peptidyl arginine deiminase 4-deficient mice with defective NETosis but not by deoxyribonuclease treatment, implicating the cytoplasts for the non-type 2 immune responses to allergen. Neutrophil cytoplasts were also present in mediastinal lymph nodes, and the cytoplasts activated lung dendritic cells in vitro to trigger antigen-specific interleukin-17 (IL-17) production from naive CD4+ T cells. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from patients with severe asthma and high neutrophil counts had detectable NETs and cytoplasts that were positively correlated with IL-17 levels. Together, these translational findings have identified neutrophil cytoplast formation in asthmatic lung inflammation and linked the cytoplasts to T helper 17-mediated neutrophilic inflammation in severe asthma.
Frameworks for modeling students’ mathematics

Abstract This commentary addresses the role of theoretical frameworks in building models of students’ mathematics. Specifically, it compares ways that the Learning Through Activity framework (LTA) and scheme theory explain and predict students’ mathematical activity. Both frameworks rely on Piagetian constructs—especially reflective abstraction—to build explanatory models for teaching and learning. LTA attempts to provide the teacher-researcher with a greater degree of determination in student learning trajectories, but then the teacher-researcher must address constraints in the students’ available ways of operating. These issues are exemplified in the case of teaching students about multiplying fractions. Additional theoretical issues arise in explaining logical necessity in students’ ways of operating and the role of reflective abstraction in organizing new ways of operating.
Anthropology of Metallurgical Design: A Survey of Metallurgical Traditions from Hominin Evolution to the Industrial Revolution

For every designed object or product, engineers, smiths, and artisans keep in mind societal norms and taboos such as sustainable materials, tasteful morphology, tactile sensations, aesthetic concerns, health and safety, and cost that will largely determine if the object is desired or rejected by the consumer. Metal objects in prehistoric, ancient, and historical eras were conceived, designed, and produced within specific cultural contexts that dictated their usefulness and marketability, much as they are today. The design process is inextricably and intrinsically linked to culture, political economy, and ecology. An understanding of the cultural forces that have guided design constraints and ancient innovations is provided below for today’s innovators and engineers to be considered as a conceptual framework that interfaces society and materials. For anthropologists and historians, the study of technology is greatly aided by incorporating design theory and its outcomes. The following chapter synthesizes the fundamental material properties of human-selected alloys as both incremental and synchronic products of societal tastes, using a cross-cultural comparative approach to analyze the role of metals in the New and Old Worlds with a behavioral emphasis on materiality, surplus, and sociopolitical hierarchy. The result is, in part, a comprehensive archaeometallurgy reference guide structured as an anthropological design narrative compiling cultural, historical, and metallurgical information and case studies on non-ferrous alloys, ferrous alloys, precious metals, smelting and casting practices, surface and finishing treatments, and the ecological impacts of mining and metallurgy on the environment and human health.
A Practical Review of Cytomegalovirus in Gastroenterology and Hepatology

Human cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a ubiquitous Herpesviridae virus with a wide spectrum of pathology in humans. Host immunity is a major determinant of the clinical manifestation of CMV and can vary widely in the gastroenterology and hepatology practice setting. Immunocompetent patients generally develop a benign, self-limited mononucleosis-like syndrome whereas gastrointestinal tissue-invasive disease is more frequently seen in immunocompromised and inflammatory bowel disease patients. Additionally, liver allograft dysfunction is a significant consequence of CMV infection in liver transplant patients. While polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry techniques allow for the reliable and accurate detection of CMV in the human host, the diagnostic value of different serologic, endoscopic, and histologic tests depends on a variety of factors. Similarly, latent CMV, CMV infection, and CMV disease carry different significance depending on the patient population, and the decision to initiate antiviral therapy can be complex and patient-specific. This review will focus on the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management of CMV in patient populations relevant to the practice of gastroenterology and hepatology—liver transplant recipients, inflammatory bowel disease patients, and otherwise immunocompetent patients.
Local Representation Theory of \(\mathrm{GSp}_4({\mathbb Q}_p)\)

In this chapter, we will discuss the representation theory of \(\mathrm{GSp}_4({\mathbb Q}_p)\). The genus 2 case provides a very good introduction to the study of local representations of the symplectic groups. The genus 2 case also has the advantage of detailed tables of data compiled by Roberts and Schmidt.
Diffusion-reaction problem revisited via a new boundary element discretization

Abstract This paper provides a new solution method for diffusion—reaction problems. Here the boundary element concepts are used to define a discretized version of the differential equation over each subinterval within the main domain. The nonlinearity in the reaction kinetics is handled by a process of quasi-linearization over each subinterval. The weighting functions are defined separately over each subinterval corresponding to the solutions of the quasi-linearized adjoint differential equation. Thus the discretization is exact for a linear problem and the accuracy for the nonlinear case depends mainly on the validity of the quasi-linearization process which in turn can be easily improved by mesh rearrangement. A banded global matrix is obtained by assembling the resulting equations for each subinterval with both the concentration and its gradient as the primary unknown variables. Application of the method is illustrated for a number of common rate forms. The capability of the method to predict multiple steady states is also illustrated with reference to a substrate-inhibited biochemical reaction.