cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Gas-phase reactivity of carboxylic acid functional groups with carbodiimides.

Gas-phase modification of carboxylic acid functionalities is performed via ion/ion reactions with carbodiimide reagents [N-cyclohexyl-N′-(2-morpholinoethyl)carbodiimide (CMC) and [3-(3-Ethylcarbodiimide-1-yl)propyl]trimethylaminium (ECPT)]. Gas-phase ion/ion covalent chemistry requires the formation of a long-lived complex. In this instance, the complex is stabilized by an electrostatic interaction between the fixed charge quaternary ammonium group of the carbodiimide reagent cation and the analyte dianion. Subsequent activation results in characteristic loss of an isocyanate derivative from one side of the carbodiimide functionality, a signature for this covalent chemistry. The resulting amide bond is formed on the analyte at the site of the original carboxylic acid. Reactions involving analytes that do not contain available carboxylic acid groups (e.g., they have been converted to sodium salts) or reagents that do not have the carbodiimide functionality do not undergo a covalent reaction. This chemistry is demonstrated using PAMAM generation 0.5 dendrimer, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), and the model peptide DGAILDGAILD. This work demonstrates the selective gas-phase covalent modification of carboxylic acid functionalities.
Zircon UPb ages of Guyana greenstone-gneiss terrane☆

Abstract Isotopic UPb studies of zircons collected from weathered metagreywackes of the Barama-Mazaruni Supergroup of northern Guyana, South America, demonstrate an age of origin of ca. 2250 Ma. This is the best estimate for the age of the associated metavolcanic rocks. Zircons from weathered gneiss of the Bartica complex, adjacent to the volcanic-sedimentary belts, yield a similar age. The contiguous greenstone-gneiss terrane of eastern Venezuela is also of similar age and comparable greenstone-gneiss terranes of eastern Suriname and French Guiana are probably also of this age. Continental crust formation of a style closely comparable to that of the Canadian Archean occurred on a very widespread scale in the Lower Proterozoic of the Guiana shield. The lead losses from the weathered zircons are comparable to those from zircons from fresh rock from the adjacent terrane of Venezuela, and the advantages of field concentration from numerous saprolite exposures warrant use of such material in future geochronological studies of the region.
Experimental analysis of cytokinesis in Amoeba proteus

The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether the mechanism of cytokinesis in Amoeba proteus depends primarily upon locomotion and traction (fission) or whether the mechanism resembles that of metazoan cells. Cytokinesis is unaffected by measures that prevent attachment of the organism to the substratum. Amoebae divided when they were (1) detached from the substratum and repeatedly shifted, (2) suspended in fluid medium by one pole, (3) placed on an oil–water interface, and (4) transferred to de-ionized water so that attachment was prevented. Unilateral furrows formed when the mitotic apparatus was shifted to an eccentric position. Enucleated portions of cytoplasm containing part of the equatorial region were amputated at different phases of the mitotic cycle. Enucleated pieces amputated at later prophase never formed permanent furrows, although 3 of 17 showed furrowlike activity. Of 26 enucleated pieces amputated at metaphase, 23 showed division activity. Of these, 21 formed temporary furrows and 2 completed division. Although attachment and locomotion may be normal during division of A. proteus, they were not essential for cytokinesis, and their involvement is restricted to the final parting of the cytoplasmic thread that connects the daughter cells. The mechanism responsible for the greater part of the constriction activity in the furrow region resembles that of metazoan cells in that it is localized in the surface and it is established by the mitotic apparatus.
INDUCTION OF ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE IN DISPERSED CELL CULTURES BY CHANGES IN OSMOLARITY.

Abstract During the course of studies on the mechanisms regulating synthesis of alkaline phosphatase in dispersed cell cultures, a striking induction of enzyme activity was observed in response to increase in the osmolarity of the nutrient medium. Although the relation of this finding to induction of enzyme activity by adrenal glucocorticoids (Cox and MacLeod, 1961) remains obscure, these results may provide an alternative explanation for cartain effects ascribed to substrate induction (Maio and De Carli, 1963) . In addition, they emphasize the importance of distinguishing between effects related to changes in osmolarity or other mechanisms in studies of the responses of mammalian cells to alterations of the nutrient onvironment.
Effect of catalyst pre-reduction temperature on the reaction of 1,2-dichloroethane and H2 catalyzed by SiO2-supported PtCu bimetallics

Abstract A combination of reaction kinetics experiments, temperature-programmed investigations and FTIR CO adsorption studies were used to understand the effect of catalyst pretreatment on the reaction of 1,2-dichloroethane and H 2 catalyzed by SiO 2 supported PtCu bimetallics prepared from metal chloride precursors. Higher initial and steady-state selectivities towards ethylene were obtained for catalysts with a Cu to Pt atomic ratio of 1, 2, and 3 after pre-reduction at 220 °C than after pre-reduction at 500 °C. For catalysts with a Cu to Pt atomic ratio of 4 and 5, the initial ethylene selectivity was higher after the 220 °C pre-reduction, but the steady-state ethylene selectivities were essentially the same. Based on the catalyst characterization results, the low temperature pre-reduction yields supported particles with Pt-rich cores covered with Cu-rich layers that are still well-chlorinated, whereas the high temperature pre-reduction yields particles both more metallic and with surfaces richer in Pt. The factors governing the evolution of the catalysts during the two different pretreatments are discussed as well as the impact catalyst pretreatment has on the macroscopic performance behavior.
Effect of hypertension on mortality in Pima Indians

Background—The effect of hypertension on mortality was examined in 5284 Pima Indians, 1698 of whom had type 2 diabetes at baseline or developed it during follow-up. Methods and Results—During a median follow-up of 12.2 years (range, 0.01 to 24.8 years), 470 nondiabetic subjects and 488 diabetic subjects died. In the nondiabetic subjects, 45 of the deaths were due to cardiovascular disease, 208 to other natural causes, and 217 to external causes; in the diabetic subjects, 106 of the deaths were due to cardiovascular disease, 85 to diabetic nephropathy, 226 to other natural causes, and 71 to external causes. In the nondiabetic subjects, after adjusting for age, sex, body mass index, and serum cholesterol concentration in a proportional hazards model, hypertension predicted death from cardiovascular disease (death rate ratio [DRR]=2.8; 95% CI, 1.4 to 5.6; P=0.003). In the diabetic subjects, after additional adjustment for duration of diabetes, plasma glucose concentration, and proteinuria, hypertension stron...
Inclusion and exclusion criteria for malformations in newborn infants exposed to potential teratogens

BACKGROUND: The surveillance of newborn infants exposed to potential teratogens often relies on the findings in routine physicians' examinations to identify malformations. Exposed newborn infants can have a wide variety of physical features, including malformations, birth marks, positional deformities, and minor anomalies. The routine physician's findings are not standardized. Some physicians record a wide variety of physical features and others do not. The purpose of this study was to develop criteria and definitions for identifying malformations and for identifying the more common and less severe physical features that would be excluded as not being malformations. METHODS: The physical features recorded by the examining pediatricians were obtained from a review of the medical records of a consecutive sample of 1000 liveborn and stillborn infants and elective terminations for fetal anomalies. RESULTS: A malformation, defined as a structural abnormality with surgical, medical or cosmetic importance, was present in 18 (2.8%) of the infants; 222 other recorded features were identified and excluded: malformations attributed to dominant or recessive genes (4) or chromosome abnormalities (6), minor anomalies and normal variations (65), birth marks (110), positional deformities (6), prematurity-related features (5), physiologic findings (4) and findings identified by prenatal ultrasound (but not by the examining pediatrician) (20), functional abnormalities (1) and findings in newborn screening (1). CONCLUSIONS: Investigators should establish, in advance, the exclusion criteria to be used in programs, such as malformation surveillance programs or pregnancy registries, whose findings are based on a review of the routine examinations in medical records. It is essential that the same criteria be used in evaluating the drug-exposed and the unexposed comparison group. Birth Defects Research(Part A), 2011. © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Solution of Boltzmann Equation for Degenerate Fermi Systems

A new method of solving the Boltzmann equation for a degenerate Fermi system is described and compared with the approximation of Abrikosov and Khalatnikov and with variational calculations. The first two terms in the expansions of the inverse relaxation times in powers of the absolute temperature are calculated, and the resulting expressions are applied to dilute mixtures of ${\mathrm{He}}^{3}$ in liquid ${\mathrm{He}}^{4}$ and to nearly ferromagnetic Fermi liquids.
An independent benchmarking of SDP and SOCP solvers

This work reports the results of evaluating all computer codes submitted to the Seventh DIMACS Implementation Challenge on Semidefinite and Related Optimization Problems. The codes were run on a standard platform and on all the benchmark problems provided by the organizers of the challenge. A total of ten codes were tested on fifty problems in twelve categories. For each code the most important information is summarized. Together with the tabulated and commented benchmarking results this provides an overview of the state of the art in this field.
Reduction of aerodynamic augmented states in active flutter suppression systems

A method is proposed by which an aeroservoelastic problem is brought to a state-space form with a minimum number of augmented aerodynamic terms. The examples treated in this work relate to NASA's Drone for Aerodynamic and Structural Testing, Aerodynamic Research Wing 1, and to the YF-17 fighter model. It is shown that, in all cases considered, the method yields a very good accuracy regarding the flutter parameters and the dynamic behavior of the systems, using only two augmented aerodynamic states. The method should prove useful in the design of lower order control laws based on optimal control theory.
Elimination Of Mask-Induced Defects With Vote-Taking Lithography

The problem of ensuring adequately low density of defects in lithographic masks is becoming increasingly serious as circuit patterns become denser and more extensive. This paper discusses a radically alternative strategy to eliminate the effect of random defects on reticles. In this method, a number of reticle fields containing nominally identical patterns are aligned and exposed in sequence at the same site, each with an equal fraction of the nominal exposure dose. The optical intensity distribution impinging on the resist is the sum of the aerial images from these exposures. As a result, a random defect unique to a single reticle field affects only a minor part of the total exposure. The effect of this exposure deviation can then be minimized with an adequate resist contrast and a properly adjusted exposure dose. With the lithographic tools and resist process technology presently available, gross reticle defects can generally be reduced to minor distortions in the resultant features. A series of experiments have been performed with Shipley Microposit 1470 photoresist exposed with an Ultratech 900 1x wafer stepper, and demonstrated the feasibility of this technique. The effects of misalignment among fields, resist contrast, exposure dose, and defect size and type have been studied in particular. A novel etching process that permits the electrical detection of defects due to photolithography alone is being used to evaluate the effectiveness of this vote-taking scheme in VLSI patterning, and has demonstrated its capability of eliminating mask-induced defects, and no noticeable loss of lithographic yield when defect-free masks are used.
Methylene blue as a cerebral metabolic and hemodynamic enhancer.

By restoring mitochondrial function, methylene blue (MB) is an effective neuroprotectant in many neurological disorders (e.g., Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s diseases). MB has also been proposed as a brain metabolic enhancer because of its action on mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase. We used in vitro and in vivo approaches to determine how MB affects brain metabolism and hemodynamics. For in vitro, we evaluated the effect of MB on brain mitochondrial function, oxygen consumption, and glucose uptake. For in vivo, we applied neuroimaging and intravenous measurements to determine MB’s effect on glucose uptake, cerebral blood flow (CBF), and cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen (CMRO2) under normoxic and hypoxic conditions in rats. MB significantly increases mitochondrial complex I–III activity in isolated mitochondria and enhances oxygen consumption and glucose uptake in HT-22 cells. Using positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), we observed significant increases in brain glucose uptake, CBF, and CMRO2 under both normoxic and hypoxic conditions. Further, MRI revealed that MB dramatically increased CBF in the hippocampus and in the cingulate, motor, and frontoparietal cortices, areas of the brain affected by Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases. Our results suggest that MB can enhance brain metabolism and hemodynamics, and multimetric neuroimaging systems offer a noninvasive, nondestructive way to evaluate treatment efficacy.
Estrogen receptor α regulates expression of the breast cancer 1 associated ring domain 1 (BARD1) gene through intronic DNA sequence

We have used a chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP)-based cloning strategy to isolate and identify genes associated with estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha) in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. One of the gene regions isolated was a 288bp fragment from the ninth intron of the breast cancer 1 associated ring domain (BARD1) gene. We demonstrated that ERalpha associated with this region of the endogenous BARD 1 gene in MCF-7 cells, that ERalpha bound to three of five ERE half sites located in the 288bp BARD1 region, and that this 288bp BARD1 region conferred estrogen responsiveness to a heterologous promoter. Importantly, treatment of MCF-7 cells with estrogen increased BARD1 mRNA and protein levels. These findings demonstrate that ChIP cloning strategies can be utilized to successfully isolate regulatory regions that are far removed from the transcription start site and assist in identifying cis elements involved in conferring estrogen responsiveness.
Global Versus Health‐Specific Social Support and Match of Preferred and Perceived Social Support Levels in Relationship to Compliance and Blood Pressure of Hypertensives1

A comparison of the relative usefulness of a standardized measure of global perceived social support (Procidano and Heller, 1983) with a health-specific index showed that the latter was a better predictor of compliance for a sample consisting mostly of older female hypertensives. However, the relationship of support and compliance to actual health, as measured by blood pressure levels at two times separated by 3 to 6 months, was found to be weak. The hypothesis that the degree of fit between preference for social support and amount of perceived support would affect compliance was not upheld. A model of social support as the positive reaction of others to patients with good health status was proposed as an alternative or complement to the prevalent model in which support is viewed as an antecedent of compliance, and eventually, of improved health.
Maturity trends in Raman spectra from kerogen and coal

The present work explores the potential of Raman spectroscopy to provide maturity information about catagenesis stage kerogens and coals. The first-order Raman spectra of coals and kerogens show a broad amorphous A band between 1310 and 1360 cm-1 and a graphite-like G band near 1580−1600 cm-1. As vitrinite reflectance (R0) increases, the Raman A band becomes narrower and shifts to lower frequencies while the absorption strength of the A band relative to the G band decreases. The area ratio of the A band to G band (R = fA/fG) decreases from 3.2 to 2.4 in going from the least mature sample up to R0 = 2.0%. Similar trends were observed for maturation suites of Type II and other Type III kerogens. Laboratory thermolysis produced a range of samples with well-defined laboratory R0. The changes in the Raman A and G bands from the laboratory matured samples directionally paralled the natural samples. These results demonstrate that the Raman spectra of catagenesis stage samples vary in regular ways with sample mat...
CAUSAL ATTRIBUTIONS ABOUT MENTAL ILLNESS: Relationship to Family Functioning

The relationship between causal attributions about mental illness and family functioning was investigated in 39 individuals with chronic mental illness and their families. Among parents and siblings, poor family functioning was associated with attribution to a person as the cause of the illness. Unexpectedly, no relationship was found between family functioning and causal attributions to genetics, biology, God, or chance.
Pharmacology, Pathophysiology and Management of Calcium Channel Blocker and β-Blocker Toxicity

Calcium channel blockers (CCB) and β-blockers (BB) account for approximately 40% of cardiovascular drug exposures reported to the American Association of Poison Centers. However, these drugs represent >65% of deaths from cardiovascular medications. Yet, caring for patients poisoned with these medications can be extremely difficult. Severely poisoned patients may have profound bradycardia and hypotension that is refractory to standard medications used for circulatory support. Calcium plays a pivotal role in cardiovascular function. The flow of calcium across cell membranes is necessary for cardiac automaticity, conduction and contraction, as well as maintenance of vascular tone. Through differing mechanisms, CCB and BB interfere with calcium fluxes across cell membranes. CCB directly block calcium flow through L-type calcium channels found in the heart, vasculature and pancreas, whereas BB decrease calcium flow by modifying the channels via second messenger systems. Interruption of calcium fluxes leads to decreased intracellular calcium producing cardiovascular dysfunction that, in the most severe situations, results in cardiovascular collapse. Although, CCB and BB have different mechanisms of action, their physiological and toxic effects are similar. However, differences exist between these drug classes and between drugs in each class. Diltiazem and especially verapamil tend to produce the most hypotension, bradycardia, conduction disturbances and deaths of the CCB. Nifedipine and other dihydropyridines are generally less lethal and tend to produce sinus tachycardia instead of bradycardia with fewer conduction disturbances. BB have a wider array of properties influencing their toxicity compared with CCB. BB possessing membrane stabilising activity are associated with the largest proportion of fatalities from BB overdose. Sotalol overdoses, in addition to bradycardia and hypotension, can cause torsade de pointes. Although BB and CCB poisoning can present in a similar fashion with hypotension and bradycardia, CCB toxicity is often associated with significant hyperglycaemia and acidosis because of complex metabolic derangements related to these medications. Despite differences, treatment of poisoning is nearly identical for BB and CCB, with some additional considerations given to specific BB. Initial management of critically ill patients consists of supporting airway, breathing and circulation. However, maintenance of adequate circulation in poisoned patients often requires a multitude of simultaneous therapies including intravenous fluids, vasopressors, calcium, glucagon, phosphodiesterase inhibitors, high-dose insulin, a relatively new therapy, and mechanical devices. This article provides a detailed review of the pharmacology, pathophysiology, clinical presentation and treatment strategies for CCB and BB overdoses.
Research Note: Effect of Intermittent and Continuous Photoperiods on Fly Populations

Abstract Six rooms, identical and environmentally controlled, and each housing 14 caged turkey breeder hens, were exposed to light schedules to provide continuous and intermittent photoperiods of 14, 12, and 10 h as follows: 1) 14 h, continuous; 2) 14 h, intermittent; 3) 12 h, continuous; 4) 12 h, intermittent; 5) 10 h, continuous; and 6) 10 h, intermittent. Observations were made regarding: 1) the number of flies on feeders, in jug traps, on sticky fly tapes for 24 h, and sticky fly tapes for 1 h; 2) fly spots on paper sheets and fly spots on hanging cords. There were significantly (P
Anisotropic Seebeck coefficient in Tl2Ba2CuO6−δ single crystals

Abstract Anisotropic Seebeck coefficients have been carefully measured in Tl2Ba2CuOx single crystals with differing oxygen doping levels. In-plane Seebeck coefficients are small in magnitude (∼ 5 μV/K), negative at room temperature and have a decreasing magnitude as the temperature decreases. C-axis Seebeck coefficients are larger in magnitude (∼ 20 μV/K) and positive. The absolute magnitude of the Seebeck coefficients (all directions) increases as the oxygen (hole) doping levels increase in these overdoped materials. In samples with high transition temperatures, a crossover from negative to positive appears ∼ 15 K above the superconducting transition temperature. The good correlation between bulk compound data and appropriately weighted in-plane and c-axis crystal data is shown. The data are discussed in terms of single-band and multiband models but none are uniquely identified as appropriate for these complex materials.
Humanizing Information Technology: New Directions in Information Science Practice, Plenary Session 1

L'article resume les interventions de la premiere seance pleniere du meeting 2003 de l'ASIST de gestion du capital electronique et d'archives electroniques ; de portails de bibliotheque et d'intranets d'entreprise.
Predicting Low-Frequency cloudiness fluctuations in the Southwest Monsoon using empirical orthogonal functions

A method for predicting the movement of cloud bands within the Southwest Monsoon based on infrared satellite imagery is described. The prediction scheme utilizes empirical orthogonal functions of large order time-space fields derived from daily sequences of TIROS-N AVHRR/GAC temperature data. Forward prediction stems from the dominant eigen-modes corresponding to the low-order fluctuations of monsoon cloudiness. The scheme is tested over the 1979 Southwest Monsoon domain throughout the active May–August monsoon season. Pixel averaging is employed to construct manageable time sequences of equivalent black-body temperature arrays which are then transformed into orthonormal representation. The right hand singular vectors correspond to eigenvectors in time; the left-hand singular vectors correspond to principal components in space. Physical interpretation of the initial eigenvectors considers the impact of both fixed geographic land/ocean configuration and monsoon oscillations. The effect of eigenvector forcing arising from the orthogonality constraint is discussed. A hierarchy of eigenvectors selection rules is developed in order to insure that there is some statistical and physical significance associated with the selected eigenvectors used in actual forecasts. Two prediction models are incorporated; the first is a straightforward Fourier extension of the eigenvector set which passes the selection rule criteria. The second is a modified Fourier extension procedure which considers dominant harmonics not necessarily associated with the discrete Fourier frequencies. The scheme is designed for predicting surges and breaks in cloudiness for the mid-and late-season monsoon, after it has become established. The foundation of the prediction scheme is based on the quasi-periodic intraseasonal modes associated with the Southwest Monsoon. Two objective verification schemes are used to assess the accuracy of the forecasts. Measures of skill are compared to persistence forecasts for a point of reference. A subjective approach which consists of visual inspection of video imagery is also incorporated. There is forecast skill above persistence although the overall objective skill scores tend to be lower than subjective evaluation would indicate. This arises from geography influences and eigenvector forcing which impacts contrast and clarity degradation to the predicted cloud fields. It is then shown how the predictions can be improved by first removing the time invariant properties of the infrared scenes. This procedure effectively reduces the influence of geography in the highest order eigenvectors, and thus improves forecast skill scores.
Electrical Power Requirements for Future Space Exploration

This paper discusses future electrical power requirements for various possible space missions. Probable time frames are included wherever possible. Three categories of missions are considered: earth orbital operations including communication and weather satellites, manned orbiting laboratories, and scientific satellites; lunar operations in the post-Apollo era; and intrasolar system operations including manned and unmanned planetary missions, solar probes, and out of the ecliptic probes. Power levels necessary to support the missions vary widely; various levels from a fraction of a kilowatt to hundreds of kilowatts are discussed. This paper reaffirms the conclusion reached by a growing number of people that the availability of electrical power may pace future space explorations.
Gauge-Higgs Unification, Neutrino Masses and Dark Matter in Warped Extra Dimensions

Gauge-Higgs unification in warped extra dimensions provides an attractive solution to the hierarchy problem. The extension of the standard model gauge symmetry to $SO(5)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}U(1{)}_{X}$ allows the incorporation of the custodial symmetry $SU(2{)}_{R}$ plus a Higgs boson doublet with the right quantum numbers under the gauge group. In the minimal model, the Higgs mass is in the range 110--150 GeV, while a light Kaluza-Klein excitation of the top quark appears in the spectrum, providing agreement with precision electroweak measurements and a possible test of the model at a high luminosity LHC. The extension of the model to the lepton sector has several interesting features. We discuss the conditions necessary to obtain realistic charged lepton and neutrino masses. After the addition of an exchange symmetry in the bulk, we show that the odd neutrino Kaluza-Klein modes provide a realistic dark-matter candidate, with a mass of the order of 1 TeV, which will be probed by direct dark-matter detection experiments in the near future.
The implications of physician "oversupply" for medically underserved areas

Issues regarding physician manpower in the United States as we approach the 1990s has focused on an increasing “surplus” of physicians. This is in stark contrast to the obsession with physician shortages that characterized the 1960s and 1970s. The actions taken during those decades to alleviate the perceived shortage included the establishment of new medical schools, increasing enrollment in existing schools, and facilitating the immigration of foreign-trained physicians. These efforts were successful to the point that the number of physicians increased substantially and at a rate much greater than population growth. Fears of a “glut” of physicians have led to efforts to reverse the actions initiated to reduce the shortage. Although the perceived physician surplus is viewed as a threat to organized medicine and to individual practitioners who are experiencing declines in patient caseloads and incomes, some hail the increased supply as an answer to physician mal -distribution and localized shortages. Given...
Model-based optimization of electrode designs for deep brain stimulation

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is an effective treatment for movement disorders and a promising therapy for treating epilepsy and psychiatric disorders. Despite its success, the clinical efficacy of DBS can be improved; for example, by reducing the number of surgeries required to replace batteries or to correct misplaced leads, which increase the risks and cost of the therapy. Our objective was to design novel electrode designs that increase the efficiency and selectivity of DBS. We coupled computational models of cylindrical stimulation electrodes with cable models of axons of passage (AOP), terminating axons (TA), and local neurons (LN); and we used engineering optimization to design electrodes for stimulating these elements. Compared with the clinical Model 3387 electrode, optimal electrodes consumed 48-67% less power. Similar gains in selectivity were evident with the optimized electrodes, which reduced the activation of non-targeted elements from 34-71 % with the 3387 array to only 1-36 %, while activating 100% of the targeted elements. Overall, both the geometry and polarity of the electrode had a profound impact on the efficiency and selectivity of stimulation. Thus, model-based design is a powerful tool that can be used to increase the efficacy of DBS by increasing electrode performance.
Dynamics of Households' Income, Debt, and Attitudes Toward Credit, 1983–1989

Using the panel data from the 1983–1989 Survey of Consumer Finances, this research examines the shifts in households' income and debt quintiles and changes in respondents' attitudes toward credit. Households exhibited considerable income mobility during the 1980s, almost as much as during the more volatile decade of the 1970s previously reported by Duncan (1986). Except for a committed group of “no debt” households, there was even more mobility in households' debt status, that is, a majority of households were in a different debt quintile in 1989 than in 1983. Respondents' attitudes toward debt also changed considerably with more respondents' becoming more negative toward credit than more positive. Trend analyses of American households' debt underestimate the extent and variability of such changes.
Demonstration of insulin-like growth factor (IGF-I and -II) receptors and binding protein in human breast cancer cell lines.

Summary The insulin like growth factors (IGFs), potent mitogens for a variety of normal and transformed cells, have been reported to be secreted by several human breast cancer cell lines (BC). We have investigated the binding characteristics of IGF-I and -II in four human BC: MCF-7, T-47D, MDA 231 and Hs578T. Binding studies in microsomal membrane preparations detected high specific binding for both IGF in all four BC studied. Cross-linking with 125 I-IGF-I, followed by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) under reduced conditions, revealed the presence of an α subunit of apparent M r = 130,000 in MCF-7, T-47D and MDA 213 cells. When 125 I-IGF-II was cross-linked, a major band of apparent M r = 260,000 was seen in all BC. This band was inhibited by IGF-II, but not by insulin. Cross-linking of 125 I-IGF-I to conditioned media from BC demonstrated the presence of three binding proteins of apparent M r = 45,000, 36,000 and 29,000 in all BC but T-47D, in which the 36,000 band was not seen. These data demonstrate that BC possess classical receptors for both IGF-I and -II and, furthermore, that BC produce specific binding proteins for these growth factors.
GEOMETRICAL OPTICS AND THE THEORY OF MULTIPLE SMALL ANGLE SCATTERING

The theory of the small angle scattering of $\mathrm{x}$-rays or thermal neutrons by particles of matter, in the case of particles large enough to produce large phase shifts, is re-examined. A theory based entirely on geometrical optics has been frequently employed in the past, and it is pointed out that, in the case of a single particle, this treatment gives an incomplete account of the scattering. A Huygen's principle approximational method (which is known to duplicate the results of wave theory in the single particle case), is applied to the many particle case, and it is shown that, here, the theory based entirely on geometrical optics is justified.
Ascorbic acid treatment to reduce residual halogen-based oxidants prior to the determination of halogenated disinfection byproducts in potable water

Treatment of potable water samples with ascorbic acid has been investigated as a means for reducing residual halogen-based oxidants (disinfectants), i.e. HOCl, Cl 2 , Br 2 and BrCl, prior to determination of EPA Method 551.1A and 551.1B analytes. These disinfection byproducts include certain haloalkanes, haloalkenes, haloethanenitriles, haloaldehydes, haloketones and trichloronitromethane. When used as a dehalogenating agent immediately before analysis, only one analyte, 2,2,2-trichloroethanediol (chloral hydrate), is significantly decomposed. Ascorbic acid is superior to thiosulfate and sulfite as it does not destroy trichloroethanenitrile (trichloroacetonitrile), trichloronitromethane (chloropicrin) or dibromoethanenitrile (dibromoacetonitrile). Unlike ammonia or amines, it is not nucleophilic and cannot form hemiaminals (carbinolamines) with carboxaldehydes and ketones. Ascorbic acid treatment can rapidly consume (reduce) large amounts of active (oxidizing) halogen compounds, producing only inorganic halides and dehydroascorbic acid and not additional halogenated organic molecules.
Discrimination and Disability: The Challenges of the ADA

Last July 26, amidst much fanfare, President Bush signed the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (the “ADA”). The Act, which President Bush aptly called “the world's first comprehensive declaration of equality for people with disabilities,” breaks new ground. Seeking to ensure the dignity and legal equality of an estimated 43 million disabled Americans, the Act is both broad and visionary. Regulating areas as diverse as transportation, employment, communications, health care and public accommodations, it suggests a new understanding on the part of Congress about the nature of discrimination. It also both answers and raises numerous questions about the role of law in the face of disease and disability. The ADA is modeled upon many prior laws, most especially the Rehabilitation Act of 1973. Included in the Rehabilitation Act are several provisions ancestral to the ADA. Secs. 501 and 503 of the Rehabilitation Act place affirmative obligations on the federal government and its contractors to employ the disab1ed.
Blunt Cerebrovascular Injuries in Children: When is Aggressive Management Necessary?

Blunt cerebrovascular injuries (BCVI) have been shown to affect the pediatric population and have long term neurologic morbidity. The reported incidence is low which likely represents under diagnosis due to poor screening efforts. No large prospective studies have been conducted to specifically address practice guidelines for children with BCVI. Increased awareness and knowledge is needed to improve quality of care and patient outcomes.
Optical Interfaces In Solar Energy Utilization

Solar energy is attracting considerable national attention as a potential new option in the search for energy alternatives for the future. The dream of the use of solar energy is not new. Since solar energy interest has grown and waned in the past one immediately wonders what might be new this time that would lead to success. Do the problems encountered in the past still hold today? If not, what is new that could make solar energy a practical reality? I would like to address this question in some detail under the title of this session: Optical Interfaces; since there obviously is a very important role for optical technology in solar energy, ranging from optical collectors to solid-state physics, but first, some background should be presented.© (1974) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Novel expression of mouse adenovirus type 1 early region 3 gp11K at late times after infection.

Mutations were introduced into mouse adenovirus type 1 (MAV-1) early region 3 (E3) initiator codons by homologous recombination between viral DNA and a plasmid containing a mutagenized E3 region. The resulting mutant virus, pmE312, contained ATG --> TTA mutations at codon positions 1 and 4 and was expected to be null for the expression of the E3 proteins. However, gp11K, an MAV-1 E3 glycoprotein of 14K molecular weight, was detected in mutant-infected cell lysates at levels about 10-12% of that of wild-type (wt) virus at late times in infection. The gp11K polypeptide produced by pmE312 at late times was immunoprecipitated with two E3-specific antisera prepared against different regions of the protein. Like gp11K produced by wt virus infections, it was sensitive to endoglycosidase H (endo H) and thus resident in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). In pmE312-infected cells treated with cytosine arabinoside (araC), an inhibitor of DNA replication, the gp11K protein was not detected by immunoprecipitation. This indicates that gp11K expression in pmE312-infected cells at late times was dependent on DNA replication and that it was thus translated from a late transcript. In vitro translation of poly(A)+ RNA from mock-, wild-type-, and pmE312-infected cells showed that gp11K was translated from late mRNA as an approximately 28K fusion between a late protein and gp11K. Our data are consistent with a model in which gp11K is expressed at late times as a late protein-gp11K chimera in both wt- and mutant-infected cells. This chimera is then processed: removal of a large N-terminal sequence results in the observed 14K ER-localized gp11K.
Human immunodeficiency virus infection of human astrocytes disrupts blood-brain barrier integrity by a gap junction-dependent mechanism.

HIV infection of the central nervous system (CNS) is an early event after primary infection, resulting in neurological complications in a significant number of individuals despite antiretroviral therapy (ART). The main cells infected with HIV within the CNS are macrophages/microglia and a small fraction of astrocytes. The role of these few infected astrocytes in the pathogenesis of NeuroAIDS has not been examined extensively. Here we demonstrate that few HIV infected astrocytes (4.7±2.8% in vitro and 8.2±3.9 in vivo) compromise blood brain barrier (BBB) integrity. This BBB disruption is due to endothelial apoptosis, misguided astrocyte end feet and dysregulation of lipoxygenase/cycloxygenase, BKCa channels and ATP receptor activation within astrocytes. All of these alterations in BBB integrity induced by a few HIV infected astrocytes were gap junction dependent, as blocking these channels protected the BBB from HIV infected astrocyte mediated compromise. We also demonstrated apoptosis in vivo of BBB cells in contact with infected astrocytes using brain tissue sections from SIV infected macaques as a model of NeuroAIDS, suggesting an important role for these few infected astrocytes in the CNS damage seen with HIV infection. Our findings describe a novel mechanism of bystander BBB toxicity mediated by low numbers of HIV infected astrocytes and amplified by gap junctions. This mechanism of toxicity contributes to understanding how CNS damage is spread even in the current ART era and how minimal or controlled HIV infection still results in cognitive impairment in a large population of infected individuals.
The Cognitive Nature of Instantiation

Abstract People are easily able to infer that a property true of everything must be true of a particular individual and, similarly, that a property true of an individual is also true of something or other. If everything is made of quarks, then George is made of them, and if George is made of quarks, then something is made of them. The three experiments reported here examine how people make inferences like these that require instantiation—from universal terms (e.g., everything) to particular terms (e.g., George), from particular terms to indefinite terms (e.g., something), or from universal terms to indefinite ones. Results from all three experiments show that it takes people longer to recognize the deductive correctness of arguments that depend on two types of instantiation (e.g., from a universal term to a particular term and from a particular term to an indefinite) than those that depend on two examples of the same type. Experiments 1–3 rule out overall abstractness of the premise or the conclusion as the cause of this difference. Experiments 2 and 3 rule out the possibility that the difference is due to repeated noun phrases. Experiment 3 rules out scope ambiguity as the source of the effect. These findings suggest that people use different cognitive operations to instantiate terms and that switching between them takes time and mental effort.
State Education Finance and Governance Profile: Oklahoma

Population (2007)3,617,316Total K-12 enrollment642,085Nonpublic enrollment as% of total enrollmenta 5.35%Current expenditures per pupil$7,430Public education current expenditures (all government le...
A simple method for orienting drill core by correlating features in whole-core scans and oriented borehole-wall imagery

Abstract Assessing the regional significance of fractures in drill cores requires the collection of oriented core intervals. Direct orientation of cores during drilling is possible, but is commonly precluded because of expense and time requirements. A simple and accurate method of core reorientation is presented where high-resolution imagery of drill cores (whole-core scans) are directly compared with oriented borehole imagery. Core intervals are reoriented by aligning features (i.e. fractures, bedding, and clasts) in whole-core scans with correlative, oriented features in borehole-wall imagery. Unlike other core orientation techniques, the direct side-by-side comparison of core scans and borehole-wall imagery can identify core segments that were mismatched due to undetected rotation between two portions of core. The combined analysis of core-based fracture data, whole-core scans and borehole imagery in this method optimizes data integration to improve structural interpretations.
Synthesis and characterization of self-assembled block copolymer templated calcium phosphate nanocomposite gels

Self-assembled macroscale calcium phosphate–copolymer nanocomposite gels were prepared using a bottom-up approach from aqueous solutions. Amphiphilic block copolymer micelles in aqueous solutions were used as templates for the growth of calcium phosphate nanocrystals and then allowed to self-assemble in solution to form thermoreversible nanocomposite gels. NMR and XRD showed that calcium phosphate precipitation in a Pluronic® F127 copolymer gel resulted in a disordered brushite phase while the calcium phosphate–poly(2-diethylaminoethyl methacrylate) (PDEAEM) modified Pluronic® F127 pentablock copolymer nanocomposite contained the same brushite phase along with a calcium dihydrogen phosphate second phase. TEM, SAXS, and NMR experiments confirmed that the calcium phosphate precipitated on and interacted with the polymer micelles forming an organized network of ∼20 nm diameter nanospheres. The resulting polymer–calcium phosphate nanocomposite gels contained between 6.5 and 15 weight percent calcium phosphate, which could be controlled by manipulating the pH of the constituent solutions.
The Use of Cultured Human Fetal Retinal Pigment Epithelium in Studies of the Classical Retinoid Visual Cycle and Retinoid-based Disease Processes

Human fetal retinal pigment epithelium (hfRPE), when harvested by mechanical dissection and cultured initially under low calcium conditions, will proliferate and tolerate cryopreservation for future use. Cryopreserved cells can be subsequently thawed and cultured in standard calcium and in the presence of appropriate nutrients to a high state of differentiation, allowing recapitulation of multiple in vivo functions. In this review we briefly discuss some of our previous studies of the classical retinoid visual cycle and introduce current studies in our laboratory that involve two new areas of investigation; the dynamic response of the receptor for retinol binding protein, STRA6 to the addition of holo-retinol binding protein to the culture medium and the protective complement-based response of hfRPE to the ingestion of toxic byproducts of the visual cycle. This response is studied in the context of genotyped hfRPE expressing either predisposing or protective variants of complement factor H.
Families of consistent conforming elements with singular derivative fields

Families of two-and three-dimensional finite elements are constructed for use in modelling fields with singular derivatives. The elements are complete over linear fields, conform with regular elements, and are easily programmed. A low order exact quadrature rule is also derived for element stiffness calculations.
The chirality of phosphatidylserine and the activation of protein kinase C.

The properties of phosphatidyl-l-serine (l-PS) and phosphatidyl-d-serine (d-PS) were compared. The two forms of PS have similar but nonidentical l to l phase transition temperatures. Mixtures of phosphatidylserine with phosphatidylethanolamine and cholesterol (molar ratio 1:1:2) show polymorphic behavior at higher temperatures and in the presence of Ca2+. Mixtures with l-PS undergo conversion to nonlamellar phases at lower temperatures than do similar mixtures with d-PS. The aggregation of vesicles upon addition of histones is greater for l-PS than for d-PS. With fluorescence digital imaging microscopy we could show differences in the extent of formation of histone-induced domains enriched in PS or in diacylglycerol. The most enriched domains were induced with histone in membranes containing l-PS. The MARCKS peptide showed no differences in domain formation between l-PS and d-PS. The maximal activity of protein kinase C was greater in the presence of l-PS when histone, which could form more enriched domai...
Epitaxial growth of BaZrO3 films on single crystal oxide substrates using sol-gel alkoxide precursors

Abstract Epitaxial BaZrO 3 (barium zirconium oxide) films were grown on single crystal substrates. A BaZrO 3 precursor solution was prepared by sol-gel synthesis using an all-alkoxide route. The barium precursors were prepared by reacting barium metal with 2-methoxyethanol, and zirconium precursors were prepared by exchanging ligands between zirconium n-propoxide and 2-methoxyethanol. The resulting BaZrO 3 precursor solution was partially hydrolyzed and spin-coated on sapphire (100), SrTiO 3 (strontium titanium oxide) (100), and LaAlO 3 (lanthanum aluminum oxide) (100) substrates. The films were post-annealed in oxygen at 800 °C for 2 min in a rapid thermal annealer. The coating and the annealing procedures were repeated three times to obtain the desired thickness, 300 nm. X-ray diffraction studies showed the presence of a single (100) cube texture for BaZrO 3 films on SrTiO 3 and LaAlO 3 substrates. The BaZrO 3 films grown on sapphire had a random texture. The BaZrO 3 films grown on SrTiO 3 substrates had a sharp texture compared to that on LaAlO 3 substrates. This may be due to the relatively smaller lattice mismatch between SrTiO 3 and BaZrO 3 .