cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transverse momentum phenomenology as a probe of RHIC collisions

The PHENIX experiment at Brookhaven National Laboratory's Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) has superb capabilities for measuring the properties of both charged and neutral particles out to very high values of transverse momentum. The systematic phenomenology of transverse momentum observables carries a wealth of information about the physical environment created by relativistic heavy-ion collisions and a comparison of results obtained from p+p, d+Au and Au+Au collisions at energies ranging up to the RHIC heavy-ion maximum of S N N = 200 GeV is a useful way to investigate the physics of these collisions. These probes not only provide information about properties of nuclear matter under extreme conditions but also provide a solid connection to pQCD calculations.
Maximizing throughput of overprovisioned HPC data centers under a strict power budget

Building future generation supercomputers while constraining their power consumption is one of the biggest challenges faced by the HPC community. For example, US Department of Energy has set a goal of 20 MW for an exascale (1018 flops) supercomputer. To realize this goal, a lot of research is being done to revolutionize hardware design to build power efficient computers and network interconnects. In this work, we propose a software-based online resource management system that leverages hardware facilitated capability to constrain the power consumption of each node in order to optimally allocate power and nodes to a job. Our scheme uses this hardware capability in conjunction with an adaptive runtime system that can dynamically change the resource configuration of a running job allowing our resource manager to re-optimize allocation decisions to running jobs as new jobs arrive, or a running job terminates. We also propose a performance modeling scheme that estimates the essential power characteristics of a job at any scale. The proposed online resource manager uses these performance characteristics for making scheduling and resource allocation decisions that maximize the job throughput of the supercomputer under a given power budget. We demonstrate the benefits of our approach by using a mix of jobs with different power response characteristics. We show that with a power budget of 4:75 MW, we can obtain up to 5:2X improvement in job throughput when compared with the SLURM scheduling policy that is power-unaware. We corroborate our results with real experiments on a relatively small scale cluster, in which we obtain a 1:7X improvement.
Dehydroepiandrosterone and estrone 17-ketosteroid reductases in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells.

The identification of several steroid-transforming enzymes within human breast cancers has led to speculation that the growth of some hormone-responsive tumors might be mediated in part by intracellularly derived estrogens. Reports that MCF-7 human breast cancer cells can transform both estrone (E1)1 to estradiol (E2) and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) to the estrogenic steroid 5-androstenediol (AED), have prompted us to investigate the 17-ketosteroid reductase activities (17-KSR's) which mediate these potentially important reactions. Enzyme assays were performed by quantifying the amounts of [3H]AED or [3H]E2 former from [3H]DHEA or [3H]E1, respectively, by various subcellular preparations from MCF-7 cells under a variety of experimental conditions. DHEA 17-KSR was found to be localized exclusively within cytosol, whereas the E1 17-KSR activity appeared to be nearly equally divided between the soluble and particulate cytoplasmic subfractions. The particulate E1 17-KSR appeared capable of utilizing NADH or NADPH, whereas both the cytosolic form of this enzyme and the soluble DHEA 17-KSR activity showed a strict requirement for NADPH. Although both of the soluble 17-KSR's also showed similar pH optima, several other features suggested that they are different enzymes in MCF-7. E1 did not inhibit the conversion of DHEA to AED, and DHEA did not interfere with the transformation of E1 to E2, indicating that major differences in substrate specificity exist between the two cytosolic activities. Furthermore, DHEA 17-KSR activity within cytosol stored at −20°C deteriorated almost completely over twelve weeks of storage, whereas E1 17-KSR activity remained stable. Finally, although both enzymes were found to be subject to product inhibition, AED inhibited DHEA 17-KSR competitively, whereas cytosolic E1 17-KSR activity was inhibited by E2 in noncompetitive fashion. Studies of the oxidation of E2 to E1 by MCF-7 cells showed that this transformation is catalyzed by both soluble and particulate 17-hydroxysteroid oxidases which utilize either NAD or NADP as cofactor. Having previously reported the presence of a particulate NADP(H)-linked androstenedione (AE) 17-ketosteroid oxidoreductase in MCF-7, we now suggest that at least three different enzymes, one particulate and two soluble forms, participate in the conversion of 17-ketosteroids to their hormonally active 17-hydroxysteroid derivatives within this cell line. The restricted substrate requirements of each enzyme provide a rationale for developing selective enzyme inhibitors which could provide important investigational tools and potentially effective therapeutic agents.
Interfacial Thermal Resistance in Nanoscale Heat Transfer

We investigate nanoscale thermal transport across a solid-fluid interface using molecular dynamics simulations. Cooler fluid argon (Ar) is placed between two heated iron (Fe) walls, thereby imposing a temperature gradient within the system. Fluid-fluid and solid-fluid interactions are modeled with Lennard-Jones potential parameters, while Embedded Atom Method (EAM) is used to describe the interactions between solid molecules. The Fe-Ar interaction causes ordering of fluid molecules into quasi-crystalline layers near the walls. This causes temperature discontinuity between these solid-like Ar molecules and the adjacent fluid. The time evolution of the interfacial (Kapitza) thermal resistance (Rk ) and Kapitza length (Lk ) are observed. The averaged Kapitza resistance (Rk,av ) varies with the initial temperature difference between the wall and the fluid (ΔTw ) as Rk,av ∝ ΔTw−0.82.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Disorder in Alkylsilane Monolayers Assembled on Surfaces with Nanoscopic Curvature

Assembly of molecular layers on surfaces with nanoscopic curvature play an important role in nanoparticle functionalization and friction modification of surfaces with nanoscale roughness such as those found in microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) devices. Here we have investigated the assembly of alkylsilane monolayers on silica surfaces with nanoscopic curvature using FTIR spectroscopy. It was observed that the degree of order of alkylsilane self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on curved surfaces such as silica nanoparticles with sub-40 nm radius of curvature varies, depending on surface curvature (particle diameter), chain length, and the self-assembly reaction conditions. FTIR data show that, as the radius of curvature decreases, the predominately trans conformations of molecules typically found for silanes assembled on smooth surfaces, such as the oxide of Si(100), begin to disappear with more radically curved surfaces exhibiting greater numbers of gauche defects. The extent of disorder can be followed e...
Social Capital and Psychological Distress

The author proposes a conceptual model to explain the diverse roles of social capital--resources embedded in social networks--in the social production of health. Using a unique national U.S. sample, the author estimated a path analysis model to examine the direct and indirect effects of social capital on psychological distress and its intervening effects on the relationships between other structural antecedents and psychological distress. The results show that social capital is inversely associated with psychological distress, and part of that effect is indirect through subjective social status. Social capital also acts as an intervening mechanism to link seven social factors (age, gender, race-ethnicity, education, occupational prestige, annual family income, and voluntary participation) with psychological distress. This study develops the theory of social capital as network resources and demonstrates the complex functions of social capital as a distinct social determinant of health.
Magnesium (and trace substance) deficiencies in the pathogenesis of cancer

Except for a few experimental models of magnesium (Mg)-deficiency-induced neoplasms, less attention has been paid in the past quarter century in the Western world to this macromineral than to the trace elements; e.g., selenium (Se) and zinc (Zn), and to vitamins, deficiencies of which are each considered probable factors in oncogenesis. Although early epidemiologic studies showed an inverse correlation between the amount of Mg in soil and water and the incidence of (gastric) cancer, and several animal studies supported the premise that Mg has a prophylactic effect against induction of cancer, other studies showed that Mg supplementation increased the growth of established experimental tumors. Thus, enthusiasm for this approach subsided. The early epidemiologic findings have since been confirmed, and there have been studies demonstrating the importance of Mg in maintaining immunocompetence, and others indicating that immunodeficiencies increase susceptibility to the development of cancer. Evidence has now accrued that indicates that Mg deficiency increases susceptibility to chemical oncogens. The abnormal metabolism of tryptophan (yielding a carcinogenic metabolite) that indicates functional or absolute pyridoxine deficiency is an indirect clue to Mg deficiency. Vitamin B6-activated enzymes require Mg as a cofactor. However, the early warnings against the use of Mg as part of an antineoplastic program against established cancer were justified, since rapidly metabolizing cells (such as cancers) are dependent on Mg. There are similarities between experiences with Mg and with Se and Zn. All three are required for normal metabolism; Se also protects against free radicals in the environment. Mg and Zn have increased established tumor growth, and their depletion has been applied to antineoplastic programs, with risks comparable to those of using antimetabolic agents.
The acute toxicity and anticholinesterase action of O, O-dimethyl S-ethyl-2-sulfinylethyl phosphorothioate (Meta-Systox R) and related compounds.

Abstract The acute toxicity of O,O-dimethyl S-ethyl-2-sulfinylethyl phosphorothioate (Meta-Systox R) was studied in rats, mice, and guinea pigs. By the intraperitoneal route the LD50 values for the three species ranged from 8 to 30 mg/kg and the compound was 3 to 4 times less toxic by the oral route. Meta-Systox R was not well absorbed from the skin. Atropine sulfate, 2-PAM, and TMB-4 raised the LD50 of Meta-Systox R to about 3 times the normal value. The parent compound from which Meta-Systox R is derived (isomethylsystox) was more toxic than Meta-Systox R by the intraperitoneal route and the sulfone derivative was more toxic by the oral route to rats. Substitution of an isopropyl group for an ethyl group in the side chain of Mete-Systox R decreased the intraperitoneal toxicity by 2 to 6 times for rats, mice, and guinea pigs. Meta-Systox R produced 50% inhibition of brain cholinesterase in vitro at a concentration of 2 × 10−6 M, and sublethal doses inhibited the cholinesterase activity of the central nervous system and peripheral tissues in vivo.
Sex-linked chocolate coloration in the Muscovy duck.

Abstract TAIBEL (1961) in Italy reported a brownish mutant color type in the Muscovy duck, Cairina moschata, and gave it the name sepia or faiogeno, with symbol f. Simple recessive inheritance was indicated. In England, “dun” or “brown” Muscovy ducks had been known previously (Appleby, 1949), but apparently no genetic study had been made. A color plate by Peter Scott shows such a color variety in the book “Waterfowl of the World” by Delacour (1964, vol. 4, plate 2). In 1967 I learned that “brown” Muscovies also existed in the eastern part of the U.S., and obtained a trio for breeding tests. I have named the new coloration chocolate, because it is a much richer brown than the recessive “brown-rippled” mutant (Hollander, 1968) and has no ripple markings. Progeny of the original trio were all brown (total 56); also several dead embryos were examined and found to have much less intense. . .
Immediate-early gene transcriptional activation in hippocampus CA1 and CA3 does not accurately reflect rapid, pattern completion-based retrieval of context memory

No studies to date have examined whether immediate-early gene (IEG) activation is driven by context memory recall. To address this question, we utilized the context preexposure facilitation effect (CPFE) paradigm. In CPFE, animals acquire contextual fear conditioning through hippocampus-dependent rapid retrieval of a previously formed contextual representation. Despite differences in behavior, we did not find any difference in CA1 or CA3 IEG activity associated with this rapid recall phase when comparing context preexposed and non-pre-exposed groups. These findings indicate that IEG activation in CA1 and CA3 is not an accurate readout of the neural activity associated with hippocampus-dependent rapid memory retrieval.
Vitamin D for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Women: State of the Evidence

Vitamin D insufficiency is common, and certain populations, such as people with dark skin pigmentation or those who are obese, appear to be at highest risk. In addition, women tend to have a higher prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency compared with men. Nutritional vitamin D is converted to a biologically active hormonal form that binds nuclear receptors throughout the body. The active hormonal form of vitamin D yields pleiotropic effects in cell types, including those that involve the cardiovascular system. Several observational studies suggest that vitamin D insufficiency is associated with adverse cardiovascular outcomes, yet only a few studies have moved these observations into clinical trials. Although data supporting the use of vitamin D supplementation to prevent cardiovascular disease are strongly suggestive of a benefit, only now will a large-scale intervention trial rigorously test this in the United States.
Impact of risk/needs assessment on juvenile probation officers' decision making: Importance of implementation.

The adoption of risk assessment tools has increased in popularity in the juvenile justice system due, in part, to recommendations by the Juvenile Justice Delinquency Prevention Act (JJDPA). However, very little is known about whether adoption of these tools actually effectuates change in the way young offenders are handled. Qualitative and quantitative data were gathered from 111 juvenile probation officers (JPOs) from six probation offices before and twice after standardized, rigorous implementation of the Structured Assessment of Violence Risk for Youth (SAVRY) or the Youth Level of Service/Case Management Inventory (YLS/CMI). The purpose of this study was to examine JPOs' changes in attitudes and case management decisions following implementation of a risk/needs assessment (RNA) tool. There was a significant reduction in JPOs' perceptions of the proportion of young offenders who would reoffend. There were many shifts in JPOs' decision-making to be more consistent with Risk-Need-Responsivity practices, such as (a) making service referrals based on the fit between youths' criminogenic needs and services, and (b) assigning levels of supervision based on youths' level of risk. There was a shift in attention to more evidence-based dynamic risk factors. These changes occurred regardless of which RNA tool was used. Juvenile justice agencies are encouraged to adopt an evidence-based RNA tool using a sound implementation model in order to meet the objectives of the JJDPA and RNR practices. Benefits and barriers to adoption of RNA tools by juvenile probation departments are discussed. KW: Juvenile justice; Juvenile delinquency; Language: en
Widths of transverse momentum distributions in intermediate-energy heavy-ion collisions

The need to include dynamical collision momentum transfer contributions, arising from interacting nuclear and Coulomb fields, to estimates of fragment momentum distributions is discussed. Methods based upon an optical potential model are presented. Comparisons with recent experimental data of the Siegen group for variances of transverse momentum distributions for gold nuclei at 980 A MeV fragmenting on silver foil and plastic nuclear track detector targets are made. The agreement between theory and experiment is good.
Visualizing Spacetime Curvature via Frame-Drag Vortexes and Tidal Tendexes II. Stationary Black Holes

When one splits spacetime into space plus time, the Weyl curvature tensor (which equals the Riemann tensor in vacuum) splits into two spatial, symmetric, traceless tensors: the tidal field E, which produces tidal forces, and the frame-drag field B, which produces differential frame dragging. In recent papers, we and colleagues have introduced ways to visualize these two fields: tidal tendex lines (integral curves of the three eigenvector fields of E) and their tendicities (eigenvalues of these eigenvector fields); and the corresponding entities for the frame-drag field: frame-drag vortex lines and their vorticities. These entities fully characterize the vacuum Riemann tensor. In this paper, we compute and depict the tendex and vortex lines, and their tendicities and vorticities, outside the horizons of stationary (Schwarzschild and Kerr) black holes; and we introduce and depict the black holes’ horizon tendicity and vorticity (the normal-normal components of E and B on the horizon). For Schwarzschild and Kerr black holes, the horizon tendicity is proportional to the horizon’s intrinsic scalar curvature, and the horizon vorticity is proportional to an extrinsic scalar curvature. We show that, for horizon-penetrating time slices, all these entities (E, B, the tendex lines and vortex lines, the lines’ tendicities and vorticities, and the horizon tendicities and vorticities) are affected only weakly by changes of slicing and changes of spatial coordinates, within those slicing and coordinate choices that are commonly used for black holes. We also explore how the tendex and vortex lines change as the spin of a black hole is increased, and we find, for example, that as a black hole is spun up through a dimensionless spin a/M=√3/2, the horizon tendicity at its poles changes sign, and an observer hovering or falling inward there switches from being stretched radially to being squeezed. At this spin, the tendex lines that stick out from the horizon’s poles switch from reaching radially outward toward infinity to emerging from one pole, swinging poloidally around the hole and descending into the other pole.
A comparison between two physical therapy treatment programs for patients with lumbar spinal stenosis : A randomized clinical trial

Study design Multicenter randomized, controlled trial. Objective To compare two physical therapy programs for patients with lumbar spinal stenosis. Summary of background data Scant evidence exists regarding effectiveness of nonsurgical management programs for lumbar spinal stenosis. Methods Fifty-eight patients with lumbar spinal stenosis were randomized to one of two 6-week physical therapy programs. One program included manual physical therapy, body weight supported treadmill walking, and exercise (Manual Physical Therapy, Exercise, and Walking Group), while the other included lumbar flexion exercises, a treadmill walking program, and subtherapeutic ultrasound (Flexion Exercise and Walking Group). Perceived recovery was assessed with a global rating of change scale. Secondary outcomes included: Oswestry, a numerical pain rating scale, a measure of satisfaction, and a treadmill test. Testing occurred at baseline, 6 weeks, and 1 year. Perceived recovery, pain, and other healthcare resources used were collected with a long-term follow-up questionnaire. Results A greater proportion of patients in the manual physical therapy, exercise, and walking group reported recovery at 6 weeks compared with the flexion exercise and walking group (P = 0.0015), with a number needed to treat for perceived recovery of 2.6 (confidence interval, 1.8-7.8). At 1 year, 62% and 41% of the manual therapy, exercise, and walking group and the flexion exercise and walking group, respectively, still met the threshold for recovery. Improvements in disability, satisfaction, and treadmill walking tests favored the manual physical therapy, exercise, and walking group at all follow-up points. Conclusions Patients with lumbar spinal stenosis can benefit from physical therapy. Additional gains may be realized with the inclusion of manual physical therapy interventions, exercise, and a progressive body-weight supported treadmill walking program.
Benefits and challenges of conducting multiple methods research in marketing

Using multiple methods to study a phenomenon is proposed to produce results that are more robust and compelling than single method studies. This research note investigates the implementation of multiple methods research in marketing. In the main study, we conducted a content analysis of articles published in five leading marketing journals from 1990 to 2008: Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, Journal of Consumer Research, Journal of Marketing, Journal of Marketing Research, and Marketing Science. To aid in interpretation of findings from the content analysis, we gathered verbal data from authors of recent multiple methods studies to gain further insight into the benefits and challenges of conducting and publishing multiple methods research.
Polyethylene glycol in conjunction with a second antibody for 24-hour radioimmunoassays of bovine prolactin and growth hormone.

Abstract Separate 24-h radioimmunoassays were validated for bovine prolactin and growth hormone using polyethylene glycol in conjunction with a second anti-body for separating bound from free labeled hormone. Buffer, standards, sera, antisera, and radioiodinated hormone were added to assay tubes and incubated 24h. The second antibody was added and incubated for 15min. Then 1ml of 6% polyethylene glycol (3% final concentration) was added, and tubes immediately were centrifuged. Polyethylene glycol effectively decreased incubation time. There was no significant difference of percent binding, percent nonspecific binding, or sensitivity of these assays as compared to assays requiring a 72-h incubation with the second antibody when polyethylene glycol was not used. Specificities of the assays were demonstrated by parallelism between varying volumes of bovine serum and standard hormones. Sensitivities of the assays were .4 and .8ng for prolactin and growth hormone. Intra- and interassay coefficients of variations were 8 and 12% for prolactin and 5 and 18% for growth hormone. Recoveries of known amounts of added hormones were 81 and 75% for prolactin and growth hormone.
GLUCAGON REVERSES THE EFFECT OF NIFEDIPINE ON CONTRACTIONS IN NEONATAL VENTRICULAR MYOCYTES. † 152

Glucagon has been shown to reverse the negative inotropic effects of Ca2+ channel blockers in adult dogs, rats, mice, and humans. The mechanism for this action of glucagon remains unclear, but one hypothesis proposes it is related to an increase in circulating cAMP, resulting in increased Ca2+ release from the sarcotubular system. To test this hypothesis and to determine if glucagon reverses the effect of Ca2+ channel blockers on contractions in immature cells, we studied the effects of glucagon on neonatal rabbit ventricular myocytes. Previous studies show sarcotubular development (and its contribution to contractions) is diminished in these cells. Cell shortening was measured in field-stimulated ventricular cells from neonatal (1-4 day old) New Zealand White rabbits using a video edge detector. The cells were bathed at 24°C., initially in normal Tyrodes solution containing (in mM) NaCl 138, Dextrose 11.0, MgCl2 1.0, KCl 4.4, CaCl2 2.7 and HEPES 12.0 (pH adjusted to 7.4 with NaOH). Maximum inhibition of contractions was achieved in the neonatal cells using 20 μM nifedipine. Contractions after nifedipine were 6.9±2.0%(mean±SEM) of baseline, but returned to 71.4±8.3% of baseline within 2 minutes of infusion with Tyrodes containing 1 μM glucagon (n=9). In contrast, contractions in cells treated with nifedipine and perfused for 2 minutes with Tyrodes alone (n=8) remained small compared to contractions in cells glucagon-treated (12.8±3.7% of baseline, P≤0.001), without significant increase from measurements after nifedipine. In conclusion, glucagon appears to affect mechanisms other than cAMP-induced Ca2+ release from the sarcotubular system. Since glucagon reverses the negative inotropic effect of nifedipine in neonatal myocytes, it may be useful clinically in infants requiring therapy with Ca2+ channel blockers.
Photochemical preparation of 1,3,5,7-tetracyanoadamantane and its conversion to 1,3,5,7-tetrakis(aminomethyl)adamantane.

New adamantane derivatives 1 and 2 that bear functionalized one-carbon extensions at all four bridgehead positions have been prepared. Radical nucleophilic substitution (SRN1) reaction of 1,3,5,7-tetrabromoadamantane with cyanide produces 1,3,5,7-tetracyanoadamantane (1), which was reduced with borane reagents to 1,3,5,7-tetrakis(aminomethyl)adamantane (2). Improvements in the preparation of 1,3,5,7-tetrahaloadamantanes (halogen = Br, Cl, I) are also reported.
Harnessing chaos for image synthesis

Chaotic dynamics can be used to model shapes and render textures in digital images. This paper addresses the problem of how to model geometrically shapes and textures of two dimensional images using iterated function systems. The successful solution to this problem is demonstrated by the production and processing of synthetic images encoded from color photographs. The solution is achieved using two algorithms: (1) an interactive geometric modeling algorithm for finding iterated function system codes; and (2) a random iteration algorithm for computing the geometry and texture of images defined by iterated function system codes. Also, the underlying mathematical framework, where these two algorithms have their roots, is outlined. The algorithms are illustrated by showing how they can be used to produce images of clouds, mist and surf, seascapes and landscapes and even faces, all modeled from original photographs. The reasons for developing iterated function systems algorithms include their ability to produce complicated images and textures from small databases, and their potential for highly parallel implementation.
Ferrocene-based liquid-crystalline compounds

Abstract Three new ferrocene-based compounds were prepared which formed liquid crystalline phases in the melt, as follows: 1,1′-bis(p-heptoxyphenyl)ferrocene dicar-boxylate, I; 1,1′-bis(p-decycloxyphenyl)ferrocene dicarboxylate, III; and 1-(p-decyloxyphenyl)-1′-(p-hydroxyphenyl)ferrocene dicarboxylate, IV. All three were characterized for their liquid-crystalline properties by polarized light microscopy, DSC and wide-angle X-ray diffraction.
“My Dog's Just Like Me”: Dog Ownership as a Gender Display

Based on interviews with twenty-six dog owners in northeast Georgia, this article examines how people rely on gender norms to organize their relationships with their dogs. Owners use gender norms to (1) select what they consider to be suitable dogs, (2) describe their dogs' behaviors and personalities, and (3) use their dogs as props to display their own gender identities. Although these findings are specific to dog owners, they suggest ways individuals may attempt to display gender in other relationships characterized by a power imbalance.
Spectrum and Significance of Bacteremia Due to Moraxella catarrhalis

Fifty-eight cases of bacteremia due to Moraxella catarrhalis, including seven that occurred in patients treated at our facilities, are analyzed. The host's medical history plays a major role in the presentation and outcome of M. catarrhalis bacteremia. Bacteremia is typically accompanied by pneumonia in adults with underlying respiratory disease. Many neutropenic patients do not manifest a focus of infection; in contrast, the source identified in healthy, immunocompetent patients is usually the upper airway or the ears. In the recent literature, it has been reported that a rash is typically absent in adults with bacteremic pneumonia and in immunocompetent hosts and that only some neutropenic patients have a rash. The prognosis is grave for patients with endocarditis and for patients with immunoglobulin deficiency or neutropenia not related to a hematologic malignancy. In addition, mortality is substantial among bacteremic patients with respiratory conditions or other chronic debilities, especially when respiratory copathogens are present. The prognosis is good for febrile neutropenic patients with underlying leukemia or lymphoma when the neutropenia resolves. When healthy, immunocompetent individuals are affected with M. catarrhalis bacteremia, their presentations range from self-limited febrile illness to life-threatening disease.
Traffic Effects of Fairs and Festivals on Low-Volume Roads:

Special events, including sporting events, concerts, historical re-enactments, and fairs and festivals, can generate large volumes of traffic such that congestion and associated problems occur on low-volume roads. In particular, theme-oriented fairs and festivals, such as arts and crafts fairs and wine and jazz festivals, are growing in number and popularity throughout the United States. Quantifying and understanding the traffic characteristics of fairs and festivals would be useful in predicting how such events will affect traffic flow on a low-volume road, planning traffic management, and predicting parking needs. One specific need is for trip-generation data for estimating the magnitude and nature of travel associated with theme-oriented fairs and festivals. Background data were collected for a number of West Virginia events on low-volume roads through interviews and questionnaires. Five categories of theme-oriented fairs and festivals were identified: food and drink, arts and crafts, cultural heritage...
The analysis of two-phase flow and heat transfer using a multidimensional, four field, two-fluid model

Abstract This paper reviews the state-of-the-art in the prediction of multidimensional multiphase flow and heat transfer phenomena using a four field, two-fluid model. It is shown that accurate mechanistic computational fluid dynamic (CFD) predictions are possible for a wide variety of adiabatic and diabatic flows using this computational model. In particular, the model is able to predict the bubbly air/water upflow data of Serizawa (Serizawa, A., 1974. Fluid dynamic characteristics of two-phase flow. Ph.D. thesis, (Nuclear Engineering), Kyoto University, Japan), the downflow data of Wang et al. (Wang, S.K., Lee, S.J., Lahey Jr., R.T., Jones, O.C., 1987. 3-D turbulence structure and phase distribution measurements in bubbly two-phase flows. Int. J. Multiphase Flow 13 (3), 327–343), the isosceles triangle upflow data of Lopez de Bertodano et al. (Lopez de Bertodano, M., Lahey Jr., R.T., Jones, O.C., 1994b. Phase distribution in bubbly two-phase flow in vertical ducts. Int. J. Multiphase Flow 20 (5), 805–818), the heated annular R-113 subcooled boiling data of Velidandala, et al. (Velidandla, V., Pulta, S., Roy, P., Kaira, S.P., 1995. Velocity field in turbulent subcooled boiling flow. ASME Preprint HTD-314, 107–123) and the R-113 CHF data of Hino and Ueda (Hino, R., Ueda, T., 1985. Studies on heat transfer and flow characteristics in subcooled boiling-part 2, flow characteristics. Int. J. Multiphase Flow 11, 283–297). It can also predict external two-phase flows, such as those for spreading two-phase jets (Bonetto, F., Lahey Jr., R.T., 1993. An experimental study on air carryunder due to a plunging liquid jet. Int. J. Multiphase Flow 19 (2), 281–294) and multiphase flows around the hull of naval surface ships (Carrica, P.M., Bonetto, F., Drew, D.A., Lahey, R.T., 1999. A polydispersed model for bubbly two-phase flow around a surface ship. Int. J. Multiphase Flow 25 (2), 257–305).
A child with an inherited 0.31 Mb microdeletion of chromosome 14q32.33: Further delineation of a critical region for the 14q32 deletion syndrome

Chromosome 14q32.3 deletions are uncommon, with most described patients harboring a ring chromosome 14. Only 15 deletions have been described not associated with ring formation or other complex chromosomal rearrangements. Here, we describe a child with the smallest deletion of chromosome 14q32.3 reported in the literature. This child's deletion encompasses at most 0.305 Mb and six genes including NUDT14, BRF1, BTBD6, PACS2, MTA1, and TEX22. He has similar clinical findings, including mild facial dysmorphisms and intellectual disability, as other individuals with much larger deletions of the terminus of the long arm of chromosome 14. This suggests that the genes deleted in our patient contribute to the 14q32 deletion syndrome. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Draft Genome Sequences of Two Campylobacter jejuni Clinical Isolates, NW and D2600

The Campylobacter jejuni human clinical isolates NW and D2600 colonized C57BL/6 interleukin-10-deficient (IL-10−/−) mice without inducing a robust inflammatory response (J. A. Bell et al., BMC Microbiol. 9:57, 2009). We announce draft genome sequences of NW and D2600 to facilitate comparisons with strains that induce gastrointestinal inflammation in this mouse model.
Integrated quadrupler circuit in coplanar technology for 60 GHz wireless applications

This paper describes the design, the simulation and the measured results of a frequency quadrupler (/spl times/4 multiplier) circuit for mm-wave applications. The coplanar circuit was designed in a balanced configuration which makes it extremely small in area while maintaining excellent performance. A large number of circuits from several wafers were measured. The conversion loss is 4 dB and the harmonic suppression >20 dB with 6 dBm input power.
Molecularly Stretchable Electronics

This Perspective describes electronic materials whose molecular structure permits extreme deformation without the loss of electronic function. This approach—“molecularly stretchable” electronics—is complementary to the highly successful approaches enabled by stretchable composite materials. We begin by identifying three general types of stretchable electronic materials: (1) random composites of rigid structures sitting atop or dispersed in an elastic matrix, (2) deterministic composites of patterned serpentine, wavy, or fractal structures on stretchable substrates, and (3) molecular materials—noncomposite conductors and semiconductors—that accommodate strain intrinsically by the rational design of their chemical structures. We then identify a short-term and a long-term goal of intrinsically stretchable organic electronics: the short-term goal is improving the mechanical stability of devices for which commercialization seems inevitable; the long-term goal is enabling of electronic devices in which every co...
Incomplete-data CT image reconstructions in industrial applications

In industrial X-ray computerized tomography (CT), the objects to be inspected are usually very attenuating to X-rays, and their shape may not permit complete scannings at all view angles; incomplete-data imaging situations usually result. In earlier reports, it was concluded that image reconstruction from incomplete data can be achieved effectively through an iterative transform algorithm, which utilizes the a priori information on the object to compensate for the missing data. The image is repeatedly transformed to the object space, where it is corrected by the a priori information on the object, and back to the projection space where it is corrected by the measured projections. The results of validating the iterative transform algorithm on experimental data from a cross section of a high-pressure turbine blade made of Ni-based superalloy are reported. From the data set, two kinds of incomplete data situations are simulated: incomplete projection and limited-angle scanning. The results indicate that substantial improvements, both visually and in wall thickness measurements, were brought about in all cases through the use of the iterative transform algorithm. >
Phylogenomic Analysis Identifies Red Algal Genes of Endosymbiotic Origin in the Chromalveolates

Endosymbiosis has spread photosynthesis to many branches of the eukaryotic tree; however, the history of photosynthetic organelle (plastid) gain and loss remains controversial. Fortuitously, endosymbiosis may leave a genomic footprint through the transfer of endosymbiont genes to the "host" nucleus (endosymbiotic gene transfer, EGT). EGT can be detected through comparison of host genomes to uncover the history of past plastid acquisitions. Here we focus on a lineage of chlorophyll c-containing algae and protists ("chromalveolates") that are postulated to share a common red algal secondary endosymbiont. This plastid is originally of cyanobacterial origin through primary endosymbiosis and is closely related among the Plantae (i.e., red, green, and glaucophyte algae). To test these ideas, an automated phylogenomics pipeline was used with a novel unigene data set of 5,081 expressed sequence tags (ESTs) from the haptophyte alga Emiliania huxleyi and genome or EST data from other chromalveolates, red algae, plants, animals, fungi, and bacteria. We focused on nuclear-encoded proteins that are targeted to the plastid to express their function because this group of genes is expected to have phylogenies that are relatively easy to interpret. A total of 708 genes were identified in E. haxleyi that had a significant Blast hit to at least one other taxon in our data set. Forty-six of the alignments that were derived from the 708 genes contained at least one other chromalveolate (i.e., besides E. huxleyi), red and/or green algae (or land plants), and one or more cyanobacteria, whereas 15 alignments contained E. huxleyi, one or more other chromalveolates, and only cyanobacteria. Detailed phylogenetic analyses of these data sets turned up 19 cases of EGT that did not contain significant paralogy and had strong bootstrap support at the internal nodes, allowing us to confidently identify the source of the plastid-targeted gene in E. huxleyi. A total of 17 genes originated from the red algal lineage, whereas 2 genes were of green algal origin. Our data demonstrate the existence of multiple red algal genes that are shared among different chromalveolates, suggesting that at least a subset of this group may share a common origin.
Solubility profiles and thermodynamics of parabens in aliphatic alcohols

Abstract The solubility of a series of compounds was determined in a wide polarity spectrum of normal aliphatic alcohols over a limited temperature range. The solutes chosen were the methyl through n ‐butyl p ‐hydroxybenzoates, several of these being useful preservatives. Solubility profiles were determined for these compounds and the effect of temperature upon their solubility behavior was investigated. The solubility of the solutes is expressed in several concentration notations; mole fraction plots showed a variable twin peak array as a function of the dielectric constant for the solutes studied. Since heats of fusion were available and data were generated as a function of temperature, ther‐modynamic parameters for these systems could be calculated. The relationship of these parameters to multiple solubility peak array is discussed.
Tissue specific expression of Myosin IC Isoforms

Myosin IC is a single headed member of the myosin superfamily that localizes to the cytoplasm and the nucleus and is implicated in a variety of processes in both compartments. We recently identified a novel isoform of myosin IC and showed that the MYOIC gene in mammalian cells encodes three isoforms (isoforms A, B, and C) that differ only in the addition of short isoform-specific N-terminal peptides. The expression pattern of the isoforms and the mechanisms of expression regulation remain unknown. To determine the expression patterns of myosin IC isoforms, we performed a comprehensive expression analysis of the two myosin IC isoforms (isoform A and B) that contain isoform-specific sequences. By immunoblotting with isoform-specific antibodies and by qRT-PCR with isoform-specific primer we demonstrate that myosin IC isoforms A and B have distinct expression patterns in mouse tissues. Specifically, we show that myosin IC isoform A is expressed in a tissue specific pattern, while myosin IC isoform B is ubiquitously expressed at comparable levels in mouse tissues. The differences in the expression profile of the myosin IC isoforms indicate a tissue-specific MYOIC gene regulation and further suggest that the myosin IC isoforms, despite their high sequence homology, might have tissue-specific and isoform-specific functions.
Constructing Hamiltonian Triangle Strips on Quadrilateral Meshes

Because of their numeric stability properties, quadrilateral meshes have become a popular representation for finite elements computations and computer animation. In this paper we address the problem of optimally representing quadrilateral meshes as generalized triangle strips (with one swap bit per triangle). This is important because 3D rendering hardware is optimized for rendering triangle meshes transmitted from the CPU to the GPU in the form of triangle strips. We describe simple linear time and space constructive algorithms, where each quadrilateral face is split along one of its two diagonals and the resulting triangles are linked along the original mesh edges. We show that with these algorithms every connected manifold quadrilateral mesh without boundary can be optimally represented as a single Hamiltonian generalized triangle strip cycle in multiple ways, and we discuss simple strategies to tailor the construction for transparent vertex caching.
Early Administration of Antibiotics Does Not Shorten Time to Clinical Stability in Patients With Moderate-to-Severe Community-Acquired Pneumonia*

Study objective: To determine if there is a statistically significant difference in the time to clinical stability (TCS) between those patients with moderate-to-severe (MTS) community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) who received their antibiotics within 4 h and those who received their antibiotics after 4 h. Design: Prospective observational study. Setting: A large metropolitan teaching institution with 62,000 annual emergency department visits from May 1999 through January 2001. Patients: Patients were > 21 year with MTS CAP as defined by the Pneumonia Patient Outcomes Research Team (PORT). Interventions: Triage-to-needle time (group 1, 0 to 240 min; group 2, 241 to 480 min; and group 3, > 480 min) was the independent variable, and TCS was the dependent variable. Our hypothesis was that door-to-needle time < 4 h would result in TCS reduction of 0.5 days. Measurements: Statistical analysis was performed using the two-tailed Student t test, analysis of variance, and multiple linear regression; p < 0.05 was considered significant. Results: Four hundred nine patients with MTS CAP achieved clinical stability during their hospital stay. Fifty-four percent of patients received antibiotics within 4 h. The mean time to receiving antibiotics was 131.46 min (2.19 h) in group 1, 335.52 min (5.59 h) in group 2, and 783.98 min (13.07 h) in group 3. Mean TCS was 3.19 days in group 1, 3.16 days in group 2, and 3.29 days in group 3. There were no statistically significant differences in TCS between the study groups. Conclusion: The administration of antibiotics within 4 h does not reduce the TCS in adult patients with MTS-CAP, as defined by the PORT group. Future studies using other physiologic parameters should be explored. (CHEST 2003; 124:1798 –1804)
Use of Bone Health Protocol to Identify and Prevent Bone Disease in Kidney and Pancreas Transplant Recipients

BACKGROUND:Posttransplant bone disease is a well recognized and under-treated problem. The use of protocols within other populations has been shown to improve recognition and treatment of common disease states, but outcome studies involving the use of protocols within transplant patients are lacking.OBJECTIVE:To compare the appropriate screening for and the prevention and treatment of osteopenia and osteoporosis in transplant patients before and after a bone health protocol was implemented.METHODS:A retrospective analysis in a single institution was designed to determine whether the development and implementation of a comprehensive bone health protocol impacted disease outcomes in posttransplant kidney and simultaneous kidney—pancreas patients.RESULTS:There were 132 patients in the historical control group and 76 in the treatment group. The groups were well matched, with no statistically significant differences noted for any of the baseline characteristics that were compared, including the modifiable and ...
Thermal noise in digital Josephson devices

A method of accurately estimating the I/sub 0/ (critical current) of a Josephson junction (JJ) with thermal noise was developed by measuring the effective thermal noise temperature of a JJ. The effective thermal noise temperature of various JJ devices was measured and calculated. The JJ devices evaluated included inductively and resistively coupled logic devices and JJ devices in the presence of various noise sources. The noise sources included room-temperature resistors, switched JJ devices, and JJ devices in the linear I-V region beyond the gap. The R/sub NN/ compensator is shown to result in a noise temperature of about 6 K at an interferometer. The addition of a shunt junction lessens the noise penalty introduced by the compensator. A switched isolation interferometer in a two-input AND gate contributes negligible noise at the injection device. It is also shown that bandwidth connections to room-temperature equipment result in very large excess noise and require special input and output circuits on the chip. >
Rapid Cycling and Precocious Termination of G1 Phase in Cells Expressing CDK1AF

In Xenopus embryos, the cell cycle is driven by an autonomous biochemical oscillator that controls the periodic activation and inactivation of cyclin B1-CDK1. The oscillator circuit includes a system of three interlinked positive and double-negative feedback loops (CDK1 -> Cdc25 -> CDK1; CDK1 -/ Wee1 -/ CDK1; and CDK1 -/ Myt1 -/ CDK1) that collectively function as a bistable trigger. Previous work established that this bistable trigger is essential for CDK1 oscillations in the early embryonic cell cycle. Here, we assess the importance of the trigger in the somatic cell cycle, where checkpoints and additional regulatory mechanisms could render it dispensable. Our approach was to express the phosphorylation site mutant CDK1AF, which short-circuits the feedback loops, in HeLa cells, and to monitor cell cycle progression by live cell fluorescence microscopy. We found that CDK1AF-expressing cells carry out a relatively normal first mitosis, but then undergo rapid cycles of cyclin B1 accumulation and destruction at intervals of 3-6 h. During these cycles, the cells enter and exit M phase-like states without carrying out cytokinesis or karyokinesis. Phenotypically similar rapid cycles were seen in Wee1 knockdown cells. These findings show that the interplay between CDK1, Wee1/Myt1, and Cdc25 is required for the establishment of G1 phase, for the normal approximately 20-h cell cycle period, and for the switch-like oscillations in cyclin B1 abundance characteristic of the somatic cell cycle. We propose that the HeLa cell cycle is built upon an unreliable negative feedback oscillator and that the normal high reliability, slow pace and switch-like character of the cycle is imposed by a bistable CDK1/Wee1/Myt1/Cdc25 system.
Caveolin-1 is required for vascular endothelial insulin uptake

As insulin's movement from plasma to muscle interstitium is rate limiting for its metabolic action, defining the regulation of this movement is critical. Here, we address whether caveolin-1 is requ...