cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
How We Did It: Implementing a Trainee-Focused Surgical Research Curriculum and Infrastructure.

Objective To describe the implementation of a department-wide research curriculum and infrastructure created to promote academic collaboration and productivity, particularly amongst trainees and junior investigators involved in basic, translational, clinical, quality, or education research. Design Description of UT Southwestern Medical Center's (UTSW) surgical research resources and infrastructure and the development of a didactic curriculum focused on research methods, writing skills, and optimizing academic time and effort. Setting The collaboration was initiated by UTSW Department of Surgery residents who were on dedicated research time (DRT) and grew to include trainees and faculty at all levels of the institution. Guest lecturers from institutions around the country were incorporated via virtual meeting platforms. Participants Medical students, residents, and clinical and research faculty from the Department of Surgery were invited to attend research meetings, didactics, and the guest-lecture series. Additionally, all groups were given access to shared resources and encouraged to share their own work. Results A robust set of resources including data analysis tools, manuscript and grant writing templates, funding opportunities, and a comprehensive list of surgical conferences was created and made accessible to UTSW Surgery team members. Moreover, a curriculum of lectures covering a broad variety of topics for all types of research was created and has thus far reached an audience of over 40 UTSW Surgery trainees and staff. Conclusions A comprehensive set of lectures and resources targeted toward facilitating surgical research was designed and implemented at one of the largest surgical training programs in the country. This effort represents a low-cost, feasible, and accessible way to improve academic productivity and enhance the training of surgeon-scientists and can serve as a blueprint for other institutions around the country.
Application of plasma optics to precision control of laser energy deposition in laser-fusion experiments

Self-induced plasma gratings are now routinely used in inertial confinement fusion experiments at the National Ignition Facility (NIF) to achieve precise spatio-temporal control of the laser energy deposition directly inside the fusion targets. This novel capability is enabled by applying a few A wavelength shifts between different groups of beams, in order to control the direction and level of light scattering off these plasma gratings. A new wavelength tuning capability was added on the NIF in January 2020 to extend the range of applications of plasma gratings; such applications include the control of several asymmetry modes during the implosion, and mitigation of backscatter from stimulated Raman or Brillouin scattering.
Hip Abductor and Adductor Rate of Torque Development and Muscle Activation, but Not Muscle Size, Are Associated With Functional Performance.

Understanding the physiological variables that contribute to a functional task provides important information for trainers and clinicians to improve functional performance. The hip abductors and adductors muscles, appear to be important in determining the performance of some functional tasks; however, little is known about the relationship of the hip abductor/adductors muscle strength, activation, and size with functional performance. This study aimed to investigate the relationship of maximum torque, rate of torque development (RTD), rate of activation (RoA), and muscle thickness of the hip abductors [tensor fascia latae and gluteus medius (GM)] and adductor magnus muscle with the Four Square Step Test (FSST) and the two-leg hop test in healthy young adults. Twenty participants (5 males) attended one testing session that involved ultrasound image acquisition, maximal isometric voluntary contractions (hip abduction and hip adduction) while surface electromyography was recorded, and two functional tests (FSST and two-leg side hop test). Bivariate correlations were performed between maximum voluntary torque (MVT), rate of torque development (RTD) at 50, 100, 200, and 300 ms, rate of activation (RoA) at 0–50, 0–100, 0-200, and 0-300, and muscle thickness with the dynamic stability tests. For the hip abduction, MVT (r=-0.455, P=0.044) and RTD300 (r=-0.494, P=0.027) was correlated with the FSST. GM RoA50 (r=-0.481, P=0.032) and RoA100 (r=-0.459, P=0.042) were significantly correlated with the two-leg side hop test. For the hip adduction, there was a significant correlation between the FSST and RTD300 (r=-0.500, P=0.025), while the two-leg side hop test was correlated with RTD200 (r=0.446, P=0.049) and RTD300 (r=0.594, P=0.006). Overall, the ability of the hip abductor and adductor muscles to produce torque quickly, GM rapid activation, and hip abductor MVT is important for better performance on the FSST and two-leg hop tests. However, muscle size appears not to influence the same tests.
Ernest Drucker, A Plague of Prisons: The Epidemiology of Mass Incarceration in America:

Book reviews for rethinking the concept of sovereignty and turn to the notion of ‘human security’ as a counter-narrative to national security (p. 210). This new approach requires decoupling the individual from the nation state. The authors draw here on argu- ments posed by Catherine Dauvergne (2008), in Making People Illegal: What Globalization Means for Migration and Law, where she advocates creation of broader ethical community based on the rule of law, and ‘unhinged from the nation itself’ (p. 214). For Weber and Pickering, membership in this community would be unconditional and based solely on the humanity of immigrants (p. 212). Even though this approach raises many questions, including to whom such sover- eignty will be accounted, or how to guarantee protection of rights of immigrants on the international level inhabited by the nation states, it challenges the hegemonic discourses based on binary division between citizen and non-citizen and forces the reader to reﬂect on alternative ways of management of migration on a global level. For this and other reasons mentioned above Globalization and Borders: Death at the Global Frontier is a must-read for anyone interested in rethinking the problem of policing migration beyond traditional approaches to migration, border controls and sovereignty. Reference Dauvergne C (2008) Making People Illegal: What Globalization Means for Migration and Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Magdalena Kmak University of Helsinki, Finland Ernest Drucker, A Plague of Prisons: The Epidemiology of Mass Incarceration in America, The New Press: New York, 2011; 226 pp. (including index): 9781595584977, $26.95 (cloth), $18.95 (pbk) Political scientists, economists, historians, sociologists and criminologists alike have tried to make sense of the now-familiar US experience of mass incarceration and the tenfold increase in US imprisonment rates between 1970 and 2010. Scholars have explained mass incarceration variously as a political tool of control, an economic boon for impoverished factory towns and a mechanism of race and class oppression. They have compared US prisons to Russian gulags and ante- bellum slavery (Alexander, 2010; Gilmore, 2007). Ernest Drucker brings yet another new analogy – to a plague – and another new analytic framework – of public health – to make sense of the story of mass incarceration in the United States. In the style of Michelle Alexander’s The New Jim Crow (also published by The New Press), Drucker provides a sweeping survey of both the concept of epi- demiology and the phenomenon of mass incarceration in the United States. He interweaves concrete statistics and graphic analyses with anecdotes about his own
Monte Carlo Integration and Limit Theorems

In Chapter 1, we did a few simulations by sampling from finite populations. In Chapter 2, we discussed (pseudo)random numbers and the simulation of some familiar discrete and continuous distributions. In this chapter, we investigate how simulation is used to approximate integrals and what some fundamental limit theorems of probability theory have to say about the accuracy of these approximations. Section 3.1 sets the stage with elementary examples that illustrate some methods of integration.
Development of the Nervous System

Knowledge of the important developmental events will facilitate the understanding of the anatomy of the CNS. It will also make it easier to understand malformations of the nervous system that are met in clinical practice.
Vectorizing the FFTs

Publisher Summary This chapter provides an overview on vectorizing the FFTs. The fast Fourier transform (FFT) is the most well known of all algorithms. It is superior to the slow transform and has applications in all areas of scientific computing. The term FFT was applied to a specific algorithm for the rapid computation of the discrete complex Fourier transform; however, it has become a generic term that is applied to any one of a large number of algorithms that compute the complex as well as other Fourier transforms. Many algorithms exist for a given Fourier transform, and when they are applied to a particular sequence, the result is the same. However, the algorithms differ in the ways that intermediate results are computed and stored. It is these important differences that provide the algorithms with unique properties that make one or the other more attractive for a particular application.
Cloud Computing, Regulatory Policy and Student Privacy

Rapid change in the technology landscape has resulted in the introduction of a range of new technologies into the classroom. But unlike the past use of technology in schools, many of these new products and services introduce two new dynamics that school counsel (and the teachers and administrators they support) need to understand fully. First, many of these new products and services are run “in the cloud” by a third party service provider as opposed to on servers operated by the school’s IT staff. This third party operation and control can raise important new regulatory compliance issues, including data protection and data privacy issues, as your school and student data will be handled by a third party. Second, increasingly these products and services are available without monetary payment for teachers to deploy directly in their classrooms. This means that the products or services often won’t go through a more formal procurement process where regulatory compliance and other similar issues would be evaluated. These new cloud products and services are being widely adopted by schools across the country because they lower school costs, increase productivity, and maximize innovation and efficiency. With a renewed partnership between the school’s counsel, teachers, school administrators and school IT staff, those benefits can be reaped without sidestepping important regulatory obligations, such as student privacy.
Fighting Words: Obama, Masculinity and the Rhetoric of National Security

This essay argues that the logic of President Obama’s national security rhetoric is based upon, and oriented by, the logic of American masculinity, and more specifically by the forms of presidential masculinity that have structured national security thinking in our political culture since World War II. His December 2009 decision to escalate military violence in Afghanistan is testimony to the enduring power a national mythology grounded in narratives of glorified violence and masculinity. Methodologically, the essay combines the critical resources of feminist International Relations scholarship with Rhetoric and the close-reading of texts.
Adolescent Input Into Custody Decisions: Evaluating Decision-Making Capacities

Historically, children's voices were conspicuously absent from custody decisions. In recent years, states have begun to take children's wishes into consideration under the “best interests of the child” standard. When disputes arise between parents regarding the preferences of the child about potential custody arrangements, custody evaluators are often employed by courts to gain insight into the child's preference. Though the research literature and societal values reflect that younger children may not be capable of participating in custody determinations, the proper input of adolescents is less clear. Forensic evaluators must consider adolescents' cognitive and decision-making capacities and developmental factors that may impact their abilities. The following case vignettes illustrate approaches to the consideration and evaluation of adolescents' developmental psychological capacities in relation to their input into custody proceedings.
Host sialoglycans and bacterial sialidases: a mucosal perspective

Sialic acids are nine-carbon-backbone sugars that occupy outermost positions on vertebrate cells and secreted sialoglycoproteins. These negatively charged hydrophilic carbohydrates have a variety of biological, biophysical and immunological functions. Mucosal surfaces and secretions of the mouth, airway, gut and vagina are especially sialoglycan-rich. Given their prominent positions and important functions, a variety of microbial strategies have targeted host sialic acids for adherence, mimicry and/or degradation. Here we review the roles of bacterial sialidases (neuraminidases) during colonization and pathogenesis of mammalian mucosal surfaces. Evidence is presented to support the myriad roles of mucosal sialoglycans in protecting the host from bacterial infection. In opposition, many bacteria hydrolyse sialic acids during associations with the gastrointestinal, oral, respiratory and reproductive tracts. Sialidases promote bacterial survival in mucosal niche environments in several ways, including: (i) nutritional benefits of sialic acid catabolism, (ii) unmasking of cryptic host ligands used for adherence, (iii) participation in biofilm formation and (iv) modulation of immune function. Bacterial sialidases are among the best-studied enzymes involved in pathogenesis and may also drive commensal and/or symbiotic host associations. Future studies should continue to define host substrates of bacterial sialidases and the mechanisms of their pathologic, commensal and symbiotic interactions with the mammalian host.
Proportional Hazards Model

A short introduction is given into construction and use of the proportional hazards model with time-to-event data. Applications include environmetric settings where analysis of the survival pattern(s) from a set of observations is studied. The presentation includes material on a form of distribution-free proportional hazards model, known as the Cox regression model.
Inverted pair programming

Pair programming is a programming technique in which a pair of people, a driver and an observer or navigator, complete a programming task using a single computer. The advocates of pair programming claim that it has many benefits over traditional individual programming, but the empirical evidence of the benefits of pair programming is mixed. Anecdotal and empirical evidence shows that pair programming is an expensive technology that is difficult to practice. In this study we propose an alternative model called Inverted Pair Programming (IPP). IPP pairs do not work together in all the phases of software development; instead, the pair starts by designing together, split apart during implementation, then join again for testing. Two empirical studies were conducted in spring 2009 and summer 2012 to validate the inverted pair programming against traditional pair programming. The results of this experiment point in favor of inverted pair programming methodology and do not support the claim that pair programming in general reduces the software development duration or overall software development cost.
A 200-year 210Pb record from Greenland

A continuous profile of 210Pb activity extending back to 1766 has been developed for a firn/ice core collected at Site D in central Greenland in 1984. Unexpectedly high activities of 210Pb were found at the base of this core (0.032 pCi kg−1 in samples more than 200 years old), calling into question the common assumption that supported 210Pb can be neglected when constructing chronologies in glacial snow and ice. It is problematic to assert that all of the 210Pb measured at depth should be attributed to the supported fraction, given previous estimates of dust loading in Greenland ice cores. However, even if an estimated constant value of 0.032 pCi supported 210Pb kg−1 is subtracted from the measured values to estimate excess 210Pb, the 210Pb chronology for Site D yields ages that are significantly younger (mean accumulation rate too high) than an independent depth-age scale based on annual layer counting. It is apparent that the flux of excess and/or supported 210Pb to this site must have decreased over the past 2 centuries, with decreasing trends in both fractions most likely. Previously published 210Pb profiles for cores from Summit and Dye 3, Greenland, show similar trends, which had been interpreted as decreasing fluxes of excess 210Pb only. For all three sites, it is not possible to separate variations in the fluxes of the excess and supported fractions of 210Pb, but variations in the total 210Pb flux will impact 210Pb-based chronologies generally if these variations have not been restricted to the Greenland ice sheet.
Sexual Agency is not a Problem of Neoliberalism: Feminism, Sexual Justice, & the Carceral Turn

We examine the promises and limitations of Laina Y. Bay-Cheng’s model of the Agency Line in terms of its contribution to interdisciplinary feminist discussions of young women’s sexuality in the U.S. Bay-Cheng offers a welcome critique of neoliberal assumptions embedded in contemporary sexual discourses and her new Agency Line model contributes to complicating the virgin/whore dichotomy. While we find the model interesting and compelling, we critique the argument along three dimensions: conceptual tools, evidence offered, and theoretical scope. First, the model’s central concepts - neoliberalism and agency - are awkwardly conjoined. We point to additional conceptual tools from commodity and third wave feminisms and carceral studies of sexuality in order to further an understanding of agency and constraint. Second, the claim that agentic sexual scripts produce harm for young women is speculative and we provide empirical evidence to the contrary. Third, we argue that the article’s theoretical claims both over-generalize about (all) young women and under-generalize non-agents or victims. We explain how Bay-Cheng’s tendency to scrutinize the neoliberal demand for agency without also interrogating the neoliberal demand for victims runs the risk of reinscribing gendered nodes of morality and under analyzes the relationship between state surveillance, scrutiny, and policing of women’s sexuality. We conclude by calling on progressive feminists to think through sexual agency more carefully by resisting carceral feminist cooptation and supporting sexual justice principles. In so doing, the promise of sexual agency might be more fully realized by a broader range of girls and women across lines of privilege and oppression.
Glass-oxide nanocomposites as effective thermal insulation materials

With extremely disordered atomic structures, a glass possesses a thermal conductivity k that approaches the theoretical minimum of its composition, known as the Einstein’s limit.1 Depending on the material composition and the extent of disorder, the thermal conductivity of some glasses can be down to 0.1-0.3 W/m∙K at room temperature,2,3 representing some of the lowest k values among existing solids. Such a low k can be further reduced by the interfacial phonon scattering within a nanocomposite that can be used for thermal insulation applications. In this work, nanocomposites hot pressed from the mixture of glass nanopowder (GeSe4 or Ge20Te70Se10) and commercial SiO2 nanoparticles, or pure glass nanopowder, are investigated for the potential k reduction. It is found that adding SiO2 nanoparticles will instead increase k if the measured k values for usually porous nanocomposites are converted into those for the corresponding solid (k Solid) with Eucken’s formula. In contrast, pure glass nano-samples always show k Solid data significantly reduced from that for the starting glass. For a pure GeSe4 nano-sample, k Solid would beat the Einstein’s limit for its composition.
Float-zone and Czochralski crystal growth and diagnostic solar cell evaluation of a new solar-grade feedstock source

Czochralski (CZ) and float-zone (FZ) crystals were grown from experimental solar-grade silicon (SoG-Si) feedstock materials developed by Crystal Systems. The materials were metallurgical-grade Si and highly boron-doped p-type electronic-grade Si (EG-Si) reject material, both of which were gaseous melt-treated to remove boron. Crystal growth observations, lifetime and impurity characterization of the grown crystals, and device performance of wafers from them are presented. Devices made directly on treated high-B EG-Si feedstock have a little over half the efficiency of devices made from control CZ samples. However, devices on CZ and FZ crystals grown from the treated high-B EG-Si feedstock have comparable PV performance (14.0% and 13.8% efficiency, respectively) to that of CZ control samples (14.1%).
Application-specific compression for time delay estimation in sensor networks

Sensor networks have emerged as a fundamentally new tool for monitoring inaccessible environments. They are distinguished from traditional sensors by strict limitations on system bandwidth and sensor energy resources. These constraints motivate the use of data compression at each sensor. Location finding is an important application of sensor networks, and estimation of the time delay between data from different sensors is a key step in localization. In this work, new quantizer designs specific to the time-delay estimation problem in sensor networks are presented. The goal for these new application-specific encoders is to achieve the best time delay estimate at a given bandwidth budget or latency bound, or minimize the rate required to reach an estimate with desired accuracy.
An energy ‘sources’ and ‘fractions’ approach to the mechanical energy expenditure problem—II. Movement of the multi-link chain model

Abstract Movement of a multi-link chain model is treated using the ‘sources’ and ‘fractions’ concept introduced earlier (part I of this series, J. Biomechanics 19, 287–293). “The energy balance equations’, i.e. the relations between the powers of the sources and the time rate of change of the total energy of the links are obtained. It is shown that the action of joint forces can promote energy transfers between links and energy transformations of the energy fractions of the links but it cannot change the total energy of the system. A formula for the mechanical energy expenditure for the control moments is duduced. ‘External’ and ‘internal’ energy balance equations are derived. ‘External’ energy is the energy of the general center of mass, ‘internal’ energy is the energy of the links in their motion relative to the general center of mass. It is shown that ‘external’ and ‘internal’ work depend on each other and their sum is not equal to the mechanical energy expenditure which occurs during movement of the body. This is because of the possibility of some source powers to change the external and internal energy of the system simultaneously out of phase with each other.
USANS study of porosity and water content in sponge-like hydrogels

Abstract Ultra small-angle neutron scattering (USANS) methods and equilibrium swelling measurements are combined to characterize correlation length, pore volume fraction, and gel-phase water content in sponge-like hydrogels. USANS invariant analysis is applied to poly(hydroxyethylmethacrylate) gels prepared with 40–80 vol. % of an extractable porogen. These gels are strongly opaque in the swollen state, but become transparent upon drying due to shrinkage or disappearance of the pores. The correlation length associated with porosity is measured by fitting USANS data to an appropriate scattering model. By combining swelling measurements with USANS invariant analysis, it is possible to determine the equilibrium volume fraction of pores and the concentration of water in the gel phase without performing contrast variation measurements.
Gibbsite in Altered Granitic Rock in North Wales

MY attention was directed by the Nature Conservancy's chief warden for Snowdonia, Mr. Evan Roberts, to an unusual form of rock weathering on the ridge of Y Llymllwyd, which projects into Nant Ffrancon between Cwm Cywion and Cwm Coch. These are two well-developed late-glacial corries. The rock in question is exposed over an area of about 100 sq. m. in a col on the crest of the ridge at approximately 750 m (2,450 ft.), O.D., grid reference SH 631609.
Summary of Design Studies of a 250-HP Gas-Turbine Engine

A summary is presented of studies performed by four engine manufacturers to determine the feasibility of developing a free-shaft gas-turbine engine of 250 hp for use in future Army aircraft and to provide a basis for establishing engine specifications for use in a design competition for such an engine.Copyright © 1959 by ASME
Children's judgment and recall of causal connectives: A developmental study of “because,” “so,” and “and”

The present study examined the acceptability judgments and recall performance of children aged 6,9, and 11 years with sentences expressing psychological cause-effect relations. Thirty-two sentences containing “because” medially, “because” initially, “so,” and “and” were generated from four clause pairs. Both probable and improbable event orders were used. The results indicated that children preferred “because” to “so” or “and” for statements of psychological causality. However, on both tasks, first and third graders frequently failed to attend to the temporal ordering specified by each sentence construction. The younger children also tended to judge all sentences acceptable, suggesting that they were concerned only with the probable association of event pairs, and not with the usual order of the events. Order of mention strategies did not occur in any group, suggesting that they arise only when children cannot make interpretations based on probable order of events. The data also indicated that the recall task is an unreliable index of rules for comprehension and production.
Anatomic subdivisions in human temporal cortical neuronal activity related to recent verbal memory

We identified functional anatomical subdivisions of human lateral and basal temporal cortex related to recent verbal memory for object names, text and auditory words. Extracellular neuronal activity was recorded during memory encoding compared to identification, during encoding, storage or recall retrieval stages of the memory task, during recognition memory, and during implicit memory as measured by repetition priming. Changes in frequency of activity during encoding were recorded from most neurons. In lateral temporal cortex, these encoding changes in the dominant hemisphere were more likely to be polymodal, whereas those in nondominant hemisphere were unimodal. There was substantial separation of neurons with changes in other aspects of memory, defining additional subdivisions. Inferior lateral and basal cortex were related to memory stages, and superior-posterior lateral cortex was related to implicit and recognition memory.
Forms and Extent of Employee Participation in the Contemporary United States

In recent years American businesses have shown increasing interest in employee participation in a number of forms. Such innovations as employee stock ownership plans, profit sharing, labormanagement committees, quality circles, and work redesign all appear to be substantially more popular in the contemporary United States than they have been in the past. Research on the impact of these programs, however, suggests that they tend to have either negligible or at best only short-lived effects. And American managers continue to shy away from the major commitments that appear needed to increase the likelihood that these efforts to increase employee participation will have both significant and lasting effects.
A polar transport model of planarian regeneration

Abstract A mathematical model based on the hypothesis of polar transport is presented for pattern formation and regeneration in planarian worms. The planarian body pattern is determined by two perpendicularly oriented morphogen distributions, one of which is bilaterally symmetrical. The mathematically simulated regeneration responses of this model are in good agreement with experimental observations. Further experimental work is needed to test the polar transport hypothesis.
Application of the ACTA-scanner to visualization of the spine.

Abstract The development of a new computer program called VISUAL, designed to be applied to a series of cross-sectional ACTA scans of the body, makes possible the three-dimensional visualization of spinal structure without the necessity of surgical exploration. With VISUAL, a molded three-dimensional image of the spine can be displayed on a CT scanner monitor from any of several angles, or from several angles successively, with the direction of illumination determined by the operator.
Interfacial charge-spin coupling: Injection and detection of spin magnetization in metals.

The strong inequivalence of spin-up and spin-down subbands in a ferromagnet causes a coupling between the charge and spin transport across the interface of a ferromagnetic and a contiguous paramagnetic metal. This allows the use of sensitive electronic measurements to probe spin transport. Application of small static magnetic fields results in a Hanle effect which permits determination of the spin-relaxation time ${\mathrm{T}}_{2}$. The unique features of the method should make it applicable to a wide range of studies.
A Gal4/UAS system for conditional transgene expression in rhombomere 4 of the zebrafish hindbrain

Background: The zebrafish is well established as a model organism for the study of vertebrate embryogenesis, but transgenic lines enabling restricted gene expression are still lacking for many tissues. Results: We first generated the hoxb1a(β−globin):eGFPum8 line that expresses eGFP in hindbrain rhombomere 4 (r4), as well as in facial motor neurons migrating caudally from r4. Second, we generated the hoxb1a(β-globin) Gal4VP16um60 line to express the exogenous Gal4VP16 transcription factor in r4. Lastly, we prepared the UAS(β-actin):hoxa3aum61 line where the hoxa3a gene, which is normally expressed in r5 and r6, is under control of Gal4-regulated UAS elements. Crossing the hoxb1a(β−globin):Gal4VP16um60 line to the UAS(β-actin):hoxa3aum61 line drives robust hoxa3a expression in r4. We find that transgenic expression of hoxa3a in r4 does not affect hoxb1a expression, but has variable effects on migration of facial motorneurons and formation of Mauthner neurons. While cases of somatic transgene silencing have been reported in zebrafish, we have not observed such silencing to date, possibly because of our efforts to minimize repetitive sequences in the transgenic constructs. Conclusion: We have generated three transgenic lines that will be useful for future studies by permitting the labeling of r4-derived cells, as well as by enabling r4-specific expression of various transgenes. Developmental Dynamics 241:1125–1132, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
MAGNETISM IN Ni-Cu AND Co-Re SOLID SOLUTIONS

Recent work with a virtually iron-free superparamagnetic Ni-Cu alloy resulted in the analysis of the magnetization measured as a function of field in the temperature rarge from 1.5 K to room temperature in terms of a field- and temperature-independent susceptibility and two Brillouin functions corresponding to average magnetic cluster moments of mu /sub 1/, 5.3 mu /sub B/ and mu /sub 2/ = 23.2 mu /s ub B/. Similar work was performed on an iron-free paramagnetic alloy and vintually iron-free ferromagnetic alloys with 42, 45, and 48 percent Ni. Results on Co-Re show the existence of a continuous solid solution phase field all the way from the low temperature modification of Co to Re. Moment assignments were determined. (MCW)
Processing of sentences with intra-sentential code-switching

Speakers of certain bilingual communities systematically produce utterances in which they switch from one language to another, suggesting that the two language systems systematically interact with each other in the production (and recognition) of these sentences. We have investigated this phenomenon in a formal or computational framework which consists of two grammatical systems and a mechanism for switching between the two systems. A variety of constraints apparent in these sentences are then explained in terms of constraints on the switching mechanism, especially, those on closed class items.
Genomic paradigms for food-borne enteric pathogen analysis at the USFDA: case studies highlighting method utility, integration and resolution

Modern risk control and food safety practices involving food-borne bacterial pathogens are benefiting from new genomic technologies for rapid, yet highly specific, strain characterisations. Within the United States Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (CFSAN), optical genome mapping and DNA microarray genotyping have been used for several years to quickly assess genomic architecture and gene content, respectively, for outbreak strain subtyping and to enhance retrospective trace-back analyses. The application and relative utility of each method varies with outbreak scenario and the suspect pathogen, with comparative analytical power enhanced by database scale and depth. Integration of these two technologies allows high-resolution scrutiny of the genomic landscapes of enteric food-borne pathogens with notable examples including Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) and Salmonella enterica serovars from a variety of food commodities. Moreover, the recent application of whole genome sequencing technologies to food-borne pathogen outbreaks and surveillance has enhanced resolution to the single nucleotide scale. This new wealth of sequence data will support more refined next-generation custom microarray designs, targeted re-sequencing and "genomic signature recognition" approaches involving a combination of genes and single nucleotide polymorphism detection to distil strain-specific fingerprinting to a minimised scale. This paper examines the utility of microarrays and optical mapping in analysing outbreaks, reviews best practices and the limits of these technologies for pathogen differentiation, and it considers future integration with whole genome sequencing efforts.
A note on congruences on orthodox semigroups

C. Eberhart and W. Williams [3] showed that the least inverse semigroup congruence <3/, on an orthodox semigroup S, plays a very important role in determining the structure of the lattice of congruences on S. In this note we show that their results can be applied to give an explicit construction for the idempotent separating congruences on S in terms of idempotent separating congruences on SI'S/. The description which we obtain for idempotent separating congruences on orthodox semigroups is used to give an alternative characterization, for idempotent separating congruences on the semidirect product of a band by a group, to that given by R. McFadden [7]. The work was partially carried out while the author was visiting the University of Glasgow in May 1983. He is grateful for the hospitality he received there.
Evaluating the Raw Potential for Device-to-Device Caching via Co-location

Abstract Cellular service providers are under tremendous pressure to accommodate the burgeoning data needs of mobile subscribers. One intriguing solution is leveraging co-location, namely taking advantage of proximity between mobile devices for opportunistic collaboration. Co-location affords the usage of short range, low-power radio interfaces, avoiding expensive cellular interfaces in orthogonal device-to-device (D2D) channels. Taken one step further, could mobile devices exchange caches when in proximity, pre-staging popular content with one another? A first step to such research is understanding the potential with actual users. In this paper, we analyze our NetSense study of nearly two hundred smartphone users to explore the potential for pre-staging. We find that not only is the propagation velocity of data via co-location exchanges reasonable, the actual storage costs for pre-staging are also quite reasonable and within the normal free space of typical smartphone users.
Three-dimensional discontinuous deformation analysis (3-D DDA) method for particulate media applications

This paper presents a new numerical model for simulation of granular materials consisting of 3-D spheres bounded by rigid boundaries. The proposed model is based on Three-Dimensional Discontinuous Deformation Analysis (3-D DDA), a numerical method recently developed for simulation of particles in motion. Stiffness and force matrices due to body forces, point loading, inertia forces, and displacement and directional constraints are derived in detail. Moreover, an efficient model for particle contacts in 3-D is presented. In this model, sphere-sphere and sphere-boundary contacts are simply transformed into the form of point-to-plane contacts. Normal and shear contact forces as well as friction force for both sphere-sphere and sphere-plane contact types are derived by vector analysis and the penalty method. The numerical model developed herein is a simple and efficient method that can be easily coded into a computer program. The validity and capability of the model are demonstrated by numerical results obtai...
Hybrid protocols using dynamic adjustment of serialization order for real-time concurrency control

Time-critical scheduling in real-time database systems has two components: real-time scheduling and concurrency control. While both concurrency control and real-time scheduling are well-developed and well-understood, there is only limited knowledge about the integration of concurrency control and real-time scheduling. Though recently the problem has been studied actively, the proposed solutions are still at an initial stage. A major source of problems in integrating the two is the lack of coordination in the development. They are developed on different objectives and incompatible assumptions (Buchmann 1989). Most of the proposed work for real-time concurrency control employ a simple method to utilize one concurrency control scheme such as 2PL, TO and OCC, and to consider the priority of operations inherited from the timing constraints of transactions in operation scheduling. This method has an inherent disadvantage of being limited by the concurrency control method used as the base. Since neither of pessimistic nor optimistic concurrency control is satisfactory by itself for real-time scheduling, this simple method using only one control can hardly satisfy the timing requirements of RTDBS. Problems such as excessive blocking, wasted restarts, and priority inversion are serious in RTDBS. In this paper, we proposed two real-time transaction scheduling protocols which employ a hybrid approach, i.e., a combination of both pessimistic and optimistic approaches. These protocols make use of a new conflict resolution scheme called dynamic adjustment of serialization order, which supports priority-driven scheduling, and avoids unnecessary aborts.
An Analysis of the Discourse and Actions of Reading Conferences with English Learners: A Situated Perspective.

In this article the author shares examples of reading conferences with 10 English learners over the course of a semester. The reading conferences are conducted by four monolingual, European-American teachers at a primary school in the Southeastern United States. Sociocultural and identity theories are used as a theoretical frame for the research study. Observations of the reading conferences reveal several themes inhibiting the literacy learning of English learners: lack of self-correction opportunities, unbalanced instruction, metalanguage, text difficulty, and book levels. In addition, the conferences with English learners are compared to native-speaking students in a cross-case analysis. Transcripts illustrate the complex factors affecting the learning and identity formation process for English learners. The author offers suggestions for reframing reading conferences with English learners.
Seed and fruit tradeoffs – the economics of seed packaging in Amazon pioneers

Background: The tradeoff between seed mass and seed number per plant is widely established for different taxa, guilds, and communities. Relative to primary forest species, pioneer species generally produce large numbers of small seeds. Aims: We tested if the relationship between seed mass and seed number was connected to the fruit variables – namely, fruit mass and fruit number per tree – in order to evaluate tradeoffs in seed packaging. Methods: Seed mass and seed number per tree as well as fruit mass and fruit number per tree were measured for 12 pioneer species common to secondary forests in the central Amazon. Results: Seed mass, seed number, fruit mass, and fruit number varied by several orders of magnitude among species. Seed number was explained only partially by seed mass alone (R 2 = 0.55), but nearly completely by the combination of seed mass, fruit mass and fruit number (R 2 = 0.94). The number of seeds per fruit was positively correlated with fruit mass and total seed number per tree and negat...
Multiscale enrichment based on partition of unity

A new multiscale enrichment method based on the partition of unity (MEPU) method is presented. It is a synthesis of mathematical homogenization theory and the partition of unity method. Its primary objective is to extend the range of applicability of mathematical homogenization theory to problems where scale separation may not be possible. MEPU is perfectly suited for enriching the coarse scale continuum descriptions (PDEs) with fine scale features and the quasi-continuum formulations with relevant atomistic data. Numerical results show that it provides a considerable improvement over classical mathematical homogenization theory and quasi-continuum formulations. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sequential Estimation of the Difference Between the Means of Two Normal Populations.

Sequential procedures are proposed and studied for point and interval estimation of the difference between the means of two normal populations with unknown variances. The costs of sampling are allowed to be different for the two populations and to depend on the difference between the means. The procedures are shown to be asymptotically optimal, and small sample behaviour is studied by computer simulation.
Effects of therapeutically induced affect arousal on depressive symptoms, pain and beta-endorphins among rheumatoid arthritis patients.

Abstract The relationship among therapeutically induced affective arousal, depressive symptoms, pain and β-endorphin levels were explored on 6 patients with chronic, active rheumatoid arthritis. An ABA, n of 1 study methodology was utilized, replicated 5 times. This procedure allowed the analysis of individualized changes across time in response to the therapeutic regimen. The results indicated that the treatment regimen activated the β-endorphin system, particularly during the early and late phases of treatment. However, β-endorphin response had little effect on reports of subjective pain. Depressive symptoms were affected positively by the treatment but were not strongly correlated to the β-endorphin response. The results suggest that pain and depression represent independent systems and that β-endorphin levels serve more as stress markers than analgesics in chronic, organic pain.
Factors affecting payment choices in online auctions: a study of eBay traders

Online payments are a critical issue in electronic markets. This research investigates online payment choices using a probit model based on survey data we collected from eBay users. We discuss payment choices made by trading partners based on risk, convenience and cost dimensions. Then, we analyze how product attributes, traders' characteristics, and payment attributes affect payment choice. Our findings suggest that product attributes, especially uncertainties associated with product quality, appear to have a stronger influence on payment choices than traders' characteristics. We also find that a seller's reputation rating does not significantly influence actual payment choices, but it does affect the payment options offered by a seller.
Facet separation distributions of wind‐created water waves

Optical measurements made using a small water-wind tunnel, having a maximum fetch of 26 inches, indicate that the median minimum distance between the centers of facets of the surface is approximately 0.14 inch for wind velocities between 11 and 22 knots. In this range the first quartile of the distributions is about 0.09 inch and the third quartile is about 0.25 inch. Below 11 knots the median separation between the facets increases rapidly.
Protein turnover in muscle: Inhibition of the calcium activated proteinase by mersalyl without inhibition of the rate of protein degradation

Abstract The relative roles of neutral and lysosomal proteinases in degrading intracellular proteins have been examined in rat gastrocnemius muscle. A comparison of the relative activities of the proteinases shows that cathepsin B is 10 times more active in muscle than the calcium activated proteinase. This dramatic difference suggests that, if the calcium activated proteinase is required for protein degradation, it might be rate limiting. In , vivo rates of protein degradation were measured after pulse labeling with [3H]N-ethylmaleimide. The rates were not diminished by intramuscular injection of mersalyl at concentrations that inhibited the calcium activated proteinase by at least 35% throughout the 72 h period of the experiments. On the other hand, the lysosomal proteinase, cathepsin B, increased after mersalyl treatment to 370% by 72 h. Therefore, we conclude that lysosomes are necessary for the degradation of modified proteins in muscle and we question the role of the calcium activated proteinase in this process.
The role of genetics in the development of asthma and atopy.

Purpose of reviewThe mapping of complex traits such as asthma and atopy is one of the most important and central areas of human genetics. This article will present an overview of the current status of genetic studies of asthma and atopy using genome screens and association studies that have occurred
Enhancement Of Creative Maturity After An Accident

Clinical account of two cases of increased creative maturity following accidental injuries. The first involved an eighteen year old man who fell flat on his back and was unable to breathe for half a minute. He later stood up without assistance. He refrained from speaking for one day and from grooming himself for three days. He soon resumed a congenial manner, and months later, friends observed an increasingly mature level of behavior. This increase was complimented by an increase of creativity in his fine art endeavors. His enhanced creativity continued for the duration of his life. The second case involved a nineteen year old woman who was thrown from a car during an accident without losing consciousness. The woman subsequently earned her Ph.D. and produced three biographies considered definitive in her field. She feels her enhanced creative faculty stems from the accident. The suggested mechanism, as in W. B. Cannon Wisdom of the Body, stems from the body's ability to marshall nervous and chemical resources for restoration. The dynamics of this mechanism differ from my previous report on Delayed Psychosomatic Responses, Life Sciences, v.4, pp.2047-56 (1965). Language: en