cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Boosting the bag

The Lorentz boost transformation for the soliton bag model is constructed in the mean-field approximation. Assuming that the standard static-bag wave function is equivalent to the zero-momentum eigenstate, the Lorentz boost transformation generates quark wave functions corresponding to a moving bag. We demonstrate that the mean-field energy and momentum of such a moving bag are related to the energy of the bag at rest by the correct Lorentz-transformation formulas. The boosted quark wave functions are used to investigate relativistic recoil corrections to hadronic form factors. Electromagnetic and axial-vector form factors are discussed, as well as the pion-nucleon vertex corresponding to a hybrid chiral bag model. Various types of bags (e.g., MIT type and SLAC type) are considered. It is shown that ignoring quark binding in the boost transformation leads to an overestimate of recoil corrections to magnetic moments. Relativistic recoil generally hardens the form factors. The proton charge radius is decreased by about 15% compared to the static-approximation values. The magnetic moment is changed by less than 10%. The inclusion of recoil corrections leads to reasonable agreement with experiment for all form factors considered if the bag radius (for an MIT bag) is about 1.3 fm. A comparison is mademore » with other works on this topic.« less
Development of chemical sensors using microfabrication and micromachining techniques

The advancement of chemical sensors to meet needs in automotive, environmental and process control applications has generated much interest in recent years. These applications demand a sensor that has a relatively small size, high sensitivity, low energy consumption and modest cost. Silicon-based microfabrication and micromachining processes show promise for the manufacture of chemical sensors that meet these criteria. These processes include photolithographic reduction, thin film metallization, reactive sputtering, and chemical, anisotropic and plasma etching. These techniques can be used to produce a three-dimensional sensor with a geometrically well-defined configuration. A thin membrane and suspension bridge sensor structure results in a low mass-heat loss and low energy consumption device. The sensitivity and selectivity of the sensors are also enhanced by using a differential mode of operation and at an elevated temperature. Microfabricated chemical sensors, including tin or other metal oxide based, Schottky diode, solid electrolyte electrochemical and calorimetric devices, will be discussed.
On the generality of optimal versus objective classifier feedback effects on decision criterion learning in perceptual categorization.

Biased category payoff matrices engender separate reward- and accuracy-maximizing decision criteria. Although instructed to maximize reward, observers use suboptimal decision criteria that place greater emphasis on accuracy than is optimal. In this study, objective classifier feedback (the objectively correct response) was compared with optimal classifier feedback (the optimal classifier’s response) at two levels of category discriminability when zero or negative costs accompanied incorrect responses for two payoff matrix multiplication factors. Performance was superior for optimal classifier feedback relative to objective classifier feedback for both zero- and negative-cost conditions, especially when category discriminability was low, but the magnitude of the optimal classifier advantage was approximately equal for zero- and negative-cost conditions. The optimal classifier feedback performance advantage did not interact with the payoff matrix multiplication factor. Model-based analyses suggested that the weight placed on accuracy was reduced for optimal classifier feedback relative to objective classifier feedback and for high category discriminability relative to low category discriminability. In addition, the weight placed on accuracy declined with training when feedback was based on the optimal classifier and remained relatively stable when feedback was based on the objective classifier. These results suggest that feedback based on the optimal classifier leads to superior decision criterion learning across a wide range of experimental conditions.
NOy removal from the Cumberland Power Plant Plume

Abstract Airborne measurements were performed in the plume of the Cumberland Power Plant during August 1998 using a highly sensitive SO2 instrument. The measurements confirmed previous suggestions that NOy species are removed from the plume at a faster rate than SO2. The differential removal rate (the difference between loss rate of NOy and that of SO2) was estimated to be 0.06 h−1. This value implies that the NOy loss rate is in the range of 0.09–0.14 h−1. The application of a mathematical argument, based on the convolution integral, enabled improved synchronization of the data from the SO2 and NOy instruments. Examination of the synchronized data revealed that the concentration ratio of SO2 and NOy varies across the plume. Near the source it is higher at the wings of the plume, while in the core of the plume it is similar to the ratio at the release point. Two possible explanations of the observations are discussed: conversion to non-measurable NOy species, and in-plume loss of NOy (as HNO3) via dry deposition.
Ferroelectric glass nanocomposites

This study of the sol-gel growth of ferroelectric particles in glass is divided into two sections: The first part deals with the growth of fine crystals of BaTiO3 and LINbO3 in SiO2 glass, the second is concerned with the materials resulting from the modification of the oxide matrix with a silsesquioxane precursor RSiO1.5, in which R is the optically active organic dinitrophenyltrimethoxysilane, a derivative of aniline. For temperatures as low as 200 degrees Celsius, small semi-crystalline structures have been observed via TEM; they grow in size and concentration with time and heat treatment temperature. P-E loops have been observed in the materials. The organically modified lithium niobium and barium titanium siloxanes also exhibit P-E loops. An interaction between TDP and the barium-titanium metal alkoxides has been observed through a strong red shift in the absorption spectrum of the TDP. This interaction was not observed in the case of lithium-niobium precursors.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Designing High Performance and Scalable MPI Intra-node Communication Support for Clusters

As new processor and memory architectures advance, clusters start to be built from larger SMP systems, which makes MPI intra-node communication a critical issue in high performance computing. This paper presents a new design for MPI intra-node communication that aims to achieve both high performance and good scalability in a cluster environment. The design distinguishes small and large messages and handles them differently to minimize the data transfer overhead for small messages and the memory space consumed by large messages. Moreover, the design utilizes the cache efficiently and requires no locking mechanisms to achieve optimal performance even with large system size. This paper also explores various optimization strategies to reduce polling overhead and maintain data locality. We have evaluated our design on NUMA and dual core NUMA (non-uniform memory access) systems. The experimental results on NUMA system show that the new design can improve MPI intra-node latency by up to 35% and bandwidth by up to 50% compared to MVAPICH. While running the bandwidth benchmark, the measured L2 cache miss rate is reduced by half. The new design also improves the performance of MPI collective calls by up to 25%. The results on dual core NUMA system show that the new design can achieve 0.48 musec in CMP latency
Gravitational spreading of steep-sided ridges (“sackung”) in Western United States

Large-scale gravitational spreading and movement along fractures of steep-sided ridges in the mountainous areas of the western United States are characterized by linear fissures, trenches, and uphill-facing scarps on tops and sides of ridges. Spreading appears to take place by movement along disconnected planes and/or by slow plastic deformation of a rock mass. In some places, valleyward squeezing out of weak shales overlain by rigid rocks causes extensional fracturing and outward movement of the rigid layers, as illustrated by extension of two laccoliths overlying Mancos Shale, one at Dolores Peak and another at Crested Butte in western Colorado. Gravitational forces acting on a ridge of more homogeneous material causes tensional spreading of the ridge parallel to its long axis, for example in fractured granitic rock north of Mt. Massive in central Colorado, where a survey course has been established to monitor the movement. Recognition and understanding of these large-scale gravitational features and the mechanism that causes them are pertinent to site selection and design of engineering structures in high mountains. If fractures extend to considerable depth and if movement is continuing, engineering structures in valleys or tunnels through the spreading ridges could be damaged.
Taxonomic studies in the Miconieae (Melastomataceae). X. Revision of the species of the Miconia crotonifolia complex

The systematics of Miconia angustilamina, M. crotonifolia, M. macrocarpa and M. umbellata, species traditionally considered within either Clidemia and Heterotrichum (M. angustilamina, M. umbellata) or Tetrazygia and Tetrazygiopsis (M. crotonifolia, M. macrocarpa) are investigated. These species, which are considered to be closely related and constitute the M. crotonifolia complex, are taxonomically revised. The circumscription of M. umbellata is expanded to include Heterotrichum cymosum (often considered a Puerto Rican endemic) and that of M. macrocarpa is expanded to include Tetrazygia tuerckheimii, which is recognized as an ecologically differentiated subspecies. The species of the M. crotonifolia complex are restricted to the Greater Antilles and are the most diverse on Hispaniola.
ATTENTIONAL FOCUS OF SPORT SPECTATORS

Wann (1997) suggested that the most salient aspect of a sport environment is the player in possession of the ball. Wann suggested further that the result of this player's high salience is the perception that this person was responsible for the outcome of the play. That is, because spectators tend to direct their attention toward the player with the ball, spect~tors7 attributions may reflect an overemphasis on this player and an underemphasis on less salient features, e.g., other players, field condtions, etc. Although the attention-attribution process described by Warn has empirical support (e.g., Storms, 1973; Taylor & Fiske, 1975), the initial step in the process, i.e., the sahence of the player possessing the ball, has yet to be documented so it was hypothesized that sport spectators would be more likely to direct their attention toward the player with the ball than toward other aspects of the sport scenario.
Reverse-Phase Liquid Chromatographic Analysis of the Acid-Catalyzed Rearrangement of Nadh, Separation of New Products and an Analysis of the First Two Reactions of the Rearrangement

Abstract The previously unresolved products of acid-catalyzed rearrangement of NADH have been separated into seven peaks by liquid chromatography on microparticle ODS. The peak with the second highest retention volume was identified as O2,6-B-cyclotetrahydronicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. Based on the order of appearance and disappearance of the peaks, and on their production in the presence of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehy-drogenase (EC 1.2.1.12), four of the peaks have been assigned to specific products in the reaction sequence originally proposed by Oppenheimer and Kaplan [Biochemistry, 13, 4675, 1974]. The three remaining peaks (in addition to AMP) are previously unidentified products of the acid-catalyzed rearrangement of 6-B-cyclotetrahydronicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. The first step in the rearrangement of NADH to 6-B-cyclotetrahydronicotinamide adenine dinucleotide was shown to be dependent on the pH and ionic strength of the buffer, but neither the first product nor any other product in...
Spinning Projectile Instability Induced by an Internal Mass Mounted on an Elastic Beam.

Abstract : The steady-state motion of a loose internal component can cause flight instabilities. In previous work, these instabilities have been predicted in terms of the amplitude and phase of the component motion. In this report, for the case of a component mounted on an elastic beam, the amplitude and phase of the motion are predicted in terms of the beam characteristics and the component's mass properties. Thus, flight stability can be computed from design parameters. (MM)
Integration of Heat Pipe into Fuel Cell Technology

This paper describes recent applications of heat pipe technology in fuel cell systems, which include new stack designs with heat pipes to improve heat transfer as well as work on fuel cell system level design and engineering with adopting the heat pipe concept. In one design, micro-heat pipes are inserted and bonded in bipolar plates for thermal control in the fuel cell stack. In another design, flat heat pipes are integrated with a carbon bipolar plate for improving thermal control in the fuel cell stack. Finally, based on the heat pipe concept, we specifically developed a series of direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) systems characterized as passive technology for methanol fuel delivery, water recirculation, and air and thermal management. Long-term durability and stability of the passive DMFC systems have been proved experimentally.
The School Psychologist’s Role Based on an Ecological Approach to Family-School-Community Collaborations

As psychologists study and research child development theories based on more ecological perspectives, and as these perspectives are adopted by national and state policymakers and legislatures as a part of school reform initiatives which focus on family-school partnerships, school psychologists need to examine how these changes affect their role in the schools and the competencies they need to develop effective family-school-community collaborations. This article (a) briefly reviews the ecological theoretical perspective underlying the concepts of family-school-community collaborations, (b) describes California’s state policy and legislation backing these concepts, (c) presents a rubric of competency levels for the school psychologists’ role in developing family-school-community collaborations, and (d) explores implications for school psychology training programs.
Paint it black (or red, or green): optical and genetic tools illuminate inhibitory contributions to cortical circuit function.

Visual responses in the cortex are generated by the interactions of feedforward thalamic inputs with local inhibitory and excitatory circuitry, but the exact roles of different cell types in establishing response selectivity are unclear. Two papers in this issue of Neuron (Kerlin et al. and Runyan et al.) combine two-photon imaging with guided electrical recordings to measure orientation tuning in molecularly defined groups of interneuron types.
A sufficient condition for stability of a polytope of matrices

Abstract In this paper, we study the stability of interval dynamical systems. A sufficient condition for the stability of a polytope of matrices, which is shown to be necessary and sufficient for a certain class of matrices, is obtained. The results developed can also be applied to the stability of a positive cone of matrices and sufficient conditions for the stability of interval dynamical systems are obtained. A relationship between real parts of eigenvalues and matrix measures is also presented.
Bleomycin treatment for verrucae

Background.The treatment of verrucae with bleomycin injections has not become a routinely adopted form of therapy in dermatologic practice since its use was originally described in 1980 because of the adverse effects and complications that have been associated with it. Objectives.The goal of this study was to demonstrate the results and the incidence of adverse effects from the use of bleomycin in clinical practice in a retrospective study of patients presenting with verrucae and to demonstrate the convenience and ease of the methodology that was used in obtaining these results. Methods.Patients' lesions were injected with bleomycin every 3 to 4 weeks until the lesions had been eliminated or the injections were discontinued because of adverse effects or complications. Results.There were 211 patients in the study, and 224 lesions were treated. After 1 treatment, 47.6% of the lesions were cleared; another 38.8%were cleared after 2 treatments; and another 9.8% were cleared after 3 treatments. In total, 96% of lesions were cleared after 5 treatments. A small number of temporary adverse effects were noted: 3 patients had local chemical cellulitis, 2 patients had formation of sterile abscesses, 1 patient had postinflammatory hyperpigmentation, and 1 patient had localized pain. No local or systemic complications were observed. Conclusions.Therapy with intralesional bleomycin is a relatively rapid and convenient form of therapy, compared with other available treatments, from the point of view of both the patient and the physician.
Single and triple differential cross sections for double photoionization of H

The hydride anion ${\mathrm{H}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ would not be bound in the absence of electron correlation. Since the double-photoionization process is exquisitely sensitive to electron correlation, one expects electron correlation effects to leave a strong signature on the double-ionization cross sections for ${\mathrm{H}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$. We present fully differential cross sections for the three-body breakup of ${\mathrm{H}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ by single-photon absorption. The absolute triply and singly differential cross sections were obtained from ab initio calculations making use of exterior complex scaling within a discrete-variable-representation partial-wave basis. Results calculated at photon energies of 18 and $30\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{eV}$ are compared with reported cross sections for helium calculated at $20\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{eV}$ above the double-ionization threshold. These comparisons show a clear signature of initial-state correlations that differentiate the He and ${\mathrm{H}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ cases.
Intestinal transport of aromatic amino acids, glucose and electrolytes in a patient with phenylketonuria

Abstract The intestinal transport of aromatic amino acids, glucose and electrolytes was studied with a double lumen transintestinal tube in a phenylketonuric female, when her plasma phenylalanine level was 1.87 mM and at the end of one month on a low-phenylalanine intake when her plasma phenylalanine was 0.84 mM. Three healthy adult volunteers served as controls. Their plasma phenylalanines were below 0.16 mM. Jejunal perfusions were performed using isotonic buffers with either 1, 2 or 5 mM l -phenylalanine, 1 mM l -tryptophan, 1 mM l -tyrosine or one which was amino acid-free. All solutions included 40 mM glucose and 600 mg% of polyethylene glycol mol. wt 3000−3700 as a non-absorable marker. The intestinal absorption rates in the phenylketonuric were significantly below those of the volunteers for l -phenylalanine (−4.3 to −18.1%), l -tryptophan (−9.6%), glucose (−10.3%), and sodium (−40.9%). However, they were higher than in the controls for l -tyrosine and potassium. When circulating phenylalanine was reduced by dietary treatment in the phenylketonuric patient, the transport of l -phenylalanine, l -tryptophan and sodium became at least as high as that in normal individuals. Glucose absorption remained at lower levels.
Volatile Components from Trilinolein Heated in Air

Headspace volatiles derived from trilinolenin heated to 192 C in air were collected, separated and identified using a microroom/GC-MS/ computer system. Data from four analyses indicated more than 80 volatiles were present. Of these volatiles, 38 have been identified, and their combined GC peak areas represent 90% of the total integrated Chromatographic area. Dominant volatiles identified included: ethanal (2%), 2-pentene (3%), ethanol (0.5%), 2-propenal (20%), propanal (7%), ethyl furan (13%), 2-butenal (4%), 2-pentenal (4%), 2,4-heptadienal (21%), 4,5-epoxy-2-heptenal (3%) and 2,4,7-decatrienal (2%). Most of the dominant and some of the minor volatiles are the predicted decomposition products of the four linolenin monohydroperoxides. However, the ratios of the predicted volatiles do not correspond to the monohydroperoxide ratios observed from autoxidized linolenate. Other primary and minor volatiles are present that are not predicted from the classical hydroperoxide decomposition hypothesis, which suggests that trilinolenin and some of the volatile compounds undergo further oxidation.
Assessing the Benefit-Risk for New Drugs: Are the FDA's Endocrinologic and Metabolic Drugs Advisory Committee and the Division of Metabolism and Endocrinology Products in sync?

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulates which drugs can be marketed in the U.S. as well as their label requirements. A congressionally authorized advisory committee process allows the FDA to receive input from outside experts on important regulatory decisions (1). Further, the advisory committee process enhances transparency by allowing the public, including health care professionals, to understand the issues being considered. The Endocrinologic and Metabolic Drugs Advisory Committee (EMDAC) “reviews and evaluates data concerning the safety and effectiveness of marketed and investigational human drug products for use in the treatment of endocrine and metabolic disorders, and makes appropriate recommendations to the Commissioner of Food and Drugs” (2). Operationally, the FDA’s Division of Metabolism and Endocrinology Products (DMEP) is responsible for the review of most drugs used for indications relevant to endocrinologists and coordinates the EMDAC’s meetings. In recent years, the EMDAC has been asked to review a number of controversial drugs, particularly those for the treatment of diabetes and obesity. Often the assessment of these drugs requires integration of preclinical and clinical data to formulate a benefit-risk assessment. The assessment of benefit-risk for drugs is increasingly recognized to be a challenging task, and formal tools have been proposed to make this process more effective (3–7). In contrast with the DMEP and other FDA staff, most EMDAC members will have limited experience in these types of integrative, complex evaluations. Further, EMDAC members will spend considerably less time evaluating the available data in comparison with DMEP staff. Thus, it seems important to compare the recommendations made by EMDAC with the subsequent marketing and label decisions to assess concordance between the evaluative approaches used by EMDAC and that of DMEP (DMEP will be used as shorthand for the full FDA’s involvement in regulatory decisions). At most of the EMDAC …
Commercially available software and the M3-Competition

One of the most gratifying effects of earlier system capabilities are provided below. They competitions has been the extent to which the are, in alphabetical order: leading forecasting software vendors have used • AutoBox (Automatic Forecasting Systems) the conclusions to enhance their products. Ac• Forecast Pro (Business Forecast Systems) cordingly, a number of vendors were invited to • ForecastX (John Galt) participate in the M3-Competition. Five ulti• PP Autocast (Delphus) mately did so, and brief descriptions of their • SmartForecasts (Smart Software).
Two kinds of intracranial stimulation as counterconditioners of persisting avoidance in rats

Rats were fixed with chronically indwelling electrodes to provide intracranial stimulation (ICS) ICS for one group stimulated the medial forebrain bundle and was positively reinforcing. ICS for another group stimulated subcortical areas away from the forebrain bundle and yielded forced movement and no reinforcement. After tests for effects of ICS, rats were trained to avoid footshock by climbing from a grid to a shelf that retracted periodically. After avoidance was established, footshock was terminated and rats were prevented from further responding by removal of the shelf. During three different periods of response prevention, the two kinds of ICS and no ICS were imposed, yielding nine treatments conforming to a 3 by 3 factorial design. After treatment, the shelf again was available and rats’ perseveration of avoidance tabulated. Rats receiving positively reinforcing ICS during longer response prevention times responded the least.
Dissociations of the night: individual differences in sleep-related experiences and their relation to dissociation and schizotypy.

The author examined the associations among sleep-related experiences (e.g., hypnagogic hallucinations, nightmares, waking dreams, and lucid dreams), dissociation, schizotypy, and the Big Five personality traits in 2 large student samples. Confirmatory factor analyses indicated that (a) dissociation and schizotypy are strongly correlated-yet distinguishable-constructs, and (b) the differentiation between them can be enhanced by eliminating detachment/depersonalization items from the dissociation scales. A general measure of sleep experiences was substantially correlated with both schizotypy and dissociation (especially the latter) and more weakly related to the Big Five. In contrast, an index of lucid dreaming was weakly related to all of these other scales. These results suggest that measures of dissociation, schizotypy, and sleep-related experiences all define a common domain characterized by unusual cognitions and perceptions.
The effect of surface constraints on the ordering of block copolymer domains

The effect of surfaces on the ordering of block copolymer microdomains has been studied by TEM observation of thin-film droplets. Poly(styrene butadiene) block copolymers exhibiting spherical, cylindrical and lamellar microdomain morphologies were formed by solvent evaporation on a carbon substrate, annealed aboveT g, and stained with OsO4 prior to TEM observation. Samples with lamellar morphologies exhibited orientations of the lamellae in which the domains were either perpendicular to the substrate surface, or parallel to the substrate surface in which a layered structure resulted. Specimens in which cylinders were formed revealed sheets in which the cylinder axes lie parallel to the substrate, as well as parallel to each other. Stacking of such layers was observed, with exceptional registration between layers such that the cylinders in one layer were located over the inter-domain regions of the cylinders in adjacent layers. Specimens with spherical microdomain morphologies revealed a layer structure that consisted of hexagonally packed arrays of the spherical micelles. The stacking of layers of discrete thickness of all three types of microdomain morphology to produce the observed geometries indicates that the exterior of bulk samples may also exhibit such surface steps that reflect the ordering of the microdomains within the sample. Regardless of the microdomain type, all samples revealed a peripheral region in the thinnest area of the droplets in which the formation of the normal microdomain morphology (i.e. that of spheres, cylinders or lamellae) was inhibited. The uniform thickness of this region provides evidence that preferential segregation of the block component with the lowest surface energy takes place regardless of the sample composition.
Female and male Enterocola sydnii Chatton & Harant (Copepoda: Cyclopoida: Ascidicolidae) living in compound ascidians

Abstract The specimens of Enterocola sydnii Chatton & Harant, 1924, as studied for this paper, were found in the following compound ascidians (Aplousobranchia: Polyclinidae) collected by the author at Roscoff in 1992: females and males in Aplidium argus (Milne Edwards 1841); females and males in A. nordmanni (Milne Edwards 1841); and females in A. turbinatum (Savigny 1816). The female E. sydnii is fully redescribed, based mainly on specimens in A. argus. The male E. sydnii is described for the first time, primarily from specimens in A. nordmanni. In living females, the color of the ovarian eggs in the metasome is a pale rose.
ELECTRONIC FRICTION FORCES ON MOLECULES MOVING NEAR METALS

It is well known that molecules feel a long-ranged attractive force to metals which arises from the interaction of various molecular charges with their metal-induced ``image charges.'' Here we calculate (in this image charge model) the friction force coefficients for molecules moving near a metal. We consider the cases of ions, polar molecules, and spherical atoms.
SOIL CREEP DYNAMICS, SOIL MOISTURE AND TEMPERATURE CONDITIONS ON A FORESTED SLOPE IN THE GRANITIC VOSGES MOUNTAINS, FRANCE

Soil creep, soil water tension and soil temperature were monitored at the Schildmatt experimental site over a 7 month period, in order to study the dynamics of creep movements measured with a specially designed strain gauge probe. The limited displacements and the very low signals which had to be measured were taken into account in estimating the uncertainty in measurements. The results obtained emphasize the very discontinuous and highly reversible character of the creep movements and their seasonal nature. Displacements occurred mainly during two events: their size were 10 mm and 2 mm, but the overall displacements for the whole intensive study period (January–July 1985) was only 3 mm. The relationships with soil moisture and temperature conditions indicated that ice segregation and saturated conditions are major influences, but more needs to be known about the way they act on soil creep.
Comments on: Multicriteria decision systems for financial problems

The paper provides an overview of the types of decision support systems, many of which are quite sophisticated, that have been developed or are in development in an effort to keep pace with the many types of financial problems possessing multiple criteria and models designed to address them that have been arriving on the scene in recent years with increasing frequency. Two particular areas are focused on as examples of this. They are portfolio selection and corporate performance evaluation. To keep my comments limited, I will concentrate only on things that have been taking place in portfolio selection, and this leads me to think along the following lines.
Water Use, Ethnic Conflict, and Infrastructure in Nineteenth-Century Los Angeles

Beginning in 1873, Los Angeles replaced zanjas, or open canals, with pipes for irrigation and sewage. From the city's founding, the zanjas had carried irrigation and waste waters between the Los Angeles River and the citizens. Whereas Mexican public philosophy supported maintaining the zanjas for open access and maximal use, European American newcomers championed enclosed pipes as a means to improve sanitation and enhance opportunities for revenue. Yet city governors did not distribute sewer services equally, denying sewerage to Mexican and Chinese Angelenos. In doing so, they established new relationships of institutional, infrastructural, and environmental inequality between brown residents and the city government.
Rotation for simple loadings

Existing analytic oblique rotation schemes proceed by optimizing a simplicity function applied to the reference structure. This article suggests optimizing a simplicity function applied to primary loadings directly. The feasibility of the suggestion is demonstrated using the quartimin criterion. An algorithm to implement the optimization is derived and the existence of an admissible solution proved. Practical comparisons with the biquartimin method are made using Thurstone's Box Problem and Holzinger and Swineford's Twenty-Four Psychological Tests Problem.
Testing for ability when job assignment is a signal

Abstract I combine ability testing by individuals (Burdett and Mortensen, 1981) with indirect signalling via job assignment (Waldman, 1984). Models of individual testing and signalling (Spence, 1974) usually find that such activity is socially excessive and that the most able are the most likely to test or signal. The job assignment model of Waldman suggests that inefficient job assignment results, the extent of which is inversely related to the level of specific human capital. In contrast, I find that welfare is not monotonically increasing in the level of specific human capital, too little testing may occur, the most able may not be the one's who test, and, in some cases, firms would be willing to subsidize individual testing even though they would have to pay a higher wage to those who test. Testing does not provide information to one's employer. Rather it provides information to potential employers. and eliminates the employer's incentive to inefficiently assign the individual.
Experimental calibration of oxygen isotope fractionation between quartz and zircon

Abstract We report the results of an experimental calibration of oxygen isotope fractionation between quartz and zircon. Data were collected from 700 to 1000 °C, 10–20 kbar, and in some experiments the oxygen fugacity was buffered at the fayalite–magnetite–quartz equilibrium. Oxygen isotope fractionation shows no clear dependence on oxygen fugacity or pressure. Unexpectedly, some high-temperature data (900–1000 °C) show evidence for disequilibrium oxygen isotope partitioning. This is based in part on ion microprobe data from these samples that indicate some high-temperature quartz grains may be isotopically zoned. Excluding data that probably represent non-equilibrium conditions, our preferred calibration for oxygen isotope fractionation between quartz and zircon can be described by: 1000 ln α qtz – zrc = ( 2.33 ± 0.24 ) × 10 6 / T 2 ( in K ) This relationship can be used to calculate fractionation factors between zircon and other minerals. In addition, results have been used to calculate WR/melt–zircon fractionations during magma differentiation. Modeling demonstrates that silicic magmas show relatively small changes in δ18O values during differentiation, though late-stage mafic residuals capable of zircon saturation contain elevated δ18O values. However, residuals also have larger predicted melt–zircon fractionations meaning zircons will not record enriched δ18O values generally attributed to a granitic protolith. These results agree with data from natural samples if the zircon fractionation factor presented here or from natural studies is applied.
Values as a Function of Religious Commitment in Judaism

Summary In order to ascertain whether there is actually a psychological difference between individuals as a result of the strength of their religious commitment, the present study examined the terminal and instrumental values of three groups of Jews (15 married couples in each): An Orthodox group who lived and worked in an exclusively religious community, an Orthodox group who lived and worked in the general community, and a Reformed group. It was predicted that the values of the two Orthodox or traditional groups would not differ from each other but that they would be different from the values of the Reformed or nontraditional group. Also the values of males and females were expected to differ. All three predictions were supported.
Serum interleukin 2 (IL-2) levels and prolactin bioactive/radioimmunoassay ratios of women at risk for breast cancer.

Abstract In a cohort of women at high risk for developing breast cancer we have observed that 74% of the women with prolactin BA/RIA ratios over 1.4 had detectable levels of IL- 2 in their serum ( 990 ± 400 mU/ml ) and the IL- 2 levels were correlated with the prolactin BA/RIA ratio ( R = 0.79; P > 0.004). Women with BA/RIA ratios were either approximately 1.0 or less than 0.55 had lower levels of serum IL- 2 ( 177 ± 70 and 130 ± 40 mU/ml , respectively). Detectable levels of serum IL- 2 were found in 58% of those women with BA/RIA ratios of 1.0 and 55% of those with BA/RIA ratios less than 0.55 .
Interrelationships among height, lodging and yield in determinate and indeterminate soybeans

Seventy-three determinate and 93 indeterminate random F9 lines from a cross between determinate and indeterminate soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] parents were evaluated for seed yield, mature plant height, and lodging. Regression analyses indicated that among the determinate lines, seed yield increased by 350 kg/ha and lodging score increased by 0.008 for every 10 cm increase in plant height. Among indeterminate lines seed yield increased by 112 kg/ha and lodging score by 0.3 for every 10 cm increase in plant height. The highest yielding indeterminate lines were tall and very susceptible to lodging. The tall determinate lines had the best combination of high seed yield and excellent lodging resistance.
Phosphorescence from the primary electron donor in Rhodobacter sphaeroides and Rhodopseudomonas viridis reaction centers

Abstract Phosphorescence has been detected from the dimeric primary electron donor in Rhodobacter sphaeroides and Rhodopseudomonas viridis reaction centers. For Rb. sphaeroides the emission maximum occurs at 1318 ± 2 nm at 20 K and is nearly independent of temperature. The emission linewidth (full width at half maximum) is 240 ± 20 cm−1 at 20 K and increases to 580 ± 40 cm−1 at 280 K. The phosphorescence lifetime is identical to that of the triplet state of the primary electron donor measured by ground state recovery or triplet-triplet absorption kinetics; likewise, the same magnetic-field effect is observed for the triplet state quantum yield by phosphorescence and absorption measurements. A comparison of the difference between the fluorescence and phosphorescence maxima of the special pair (3424 cm−1) and of pure monomeric bacteriochlorophyll a (4600 cm−1) and the observation that the phosphorescence linewidth for the special pair in the reaction center is smaller than the fluorescence linewidth suggest that the triplet state has weak charge-transfer character. For Rps. viridis the emission maximum occurs at 1497 ± 2 nm and the energy difference between the maxima of the fluorescence and phosphorescence is 3130 cm−1, compared to 4210 cm−1 for pure monomeric bacteriochlorophyll b.
Bacterially Produced Manganese Oxide and Todorokite: UV Raman Spectroscopic Comparison

UV Raman spectroscopic data measured at two distinct conditions, low and high laser power, establish that the manganese oxide (SP6-MnOx) produced by the freshwater bacterium (Leptothrix discophora SP-6) closely resembles the 3 × 3-tunnel todorokite among the MnO2 materials studied. Under the two conditions, the effect of hydration/cation and the phase transition of todorokite or SP6-MnOx to Mn3O4 or birnessite will be described. A higher concentration of Mg2+ incorporated in the framework of the SP6-MnOx than in todorokite is probably responsible for the formation of a new Raman band obtained at high laser powers, matching the most intense UV Raman band of synthetic birnessite. Also, we present the assignment of Raman bands for todorokite mineral and discuss the mutual exclusion principle that should hold for all the MnO2 materials studied. These experiments provide characterization of hydrous, poorly crystalline, or nanocrystalline metal oxides, which are frequently difficult to identify.
Characterization of the temporo-spatial effects of chronic bilateral intrahippocampal cannulae on interleukin-1β

The implantation of a foreign object in the brain produces an acute neuroinflammatory state in which glia (astrocytes and microglia) may remain chronically activated in response to the inert foreign object. Activated glia can exhibit a sensitized pro-inflammatory response to immunogenic stimuli. This may be relevant to intracranial cannula implantation, which is commonly used to administer substances directly into the brain. If intracranial cannulation activates glia, a subsequent neuroinflammatory stimulus might induce a potentiated pro-inflammatory response, thereby introducing a potential experimental confound. We tested the temporal and spatial responses of interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) to an acute immune challenge produced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in animals with chronic bilateral intrahippocampal cannulae implants (stainless steel). Cannulation increased the gene expression of the microglia activation antigens MHC II and CD11b, but not the astrocyte antigen GFAP. Moreover, this activation was temporally and spatially dependent. In addition, IL-1beta mRNA, but not IL-1beta protein, was significantly elevated in cannulated animals. Administration of LPS, however, significantly potentiated the brain IL-1beta response in cannulated animals, but not in stab wounded or naive animals. This IL-1beta response was also temporo-spatially dependent. Thus, the pro-inflammatory sequelae of intracranial cannulation should be considered when designing studies of neuroinflammatory processes.
Transient current analysis of a GaN radiation detector by TCAD

Abstract A gallium nitride (GaN) Schottky diode radiation detector has been fabricated with a successfully demonstrated radiation response to alpha particles and neutrons when using Li as a convertor. In order to understand the charge collection process for further device modification, the Sentaurus TCAD software package is employed to quantitatively study the transient current produced by energetic charge particles. By comparing the simulation and experimental results, especially the capacitance–voltage relationship and charge collection efficiency, the device parameters and physics models used for the simulation are validated. The time behavior of the transient current is studied, and the carrier generation/loss by impact ionization, recombination, and trapping are discussed. The total collected charge contributed by various components, such as drift, funneling, and diffusion are also analyzed.
Lung capacity estimation through acoustic signal of breath

Breathing disorders are generally associated with the lung cancer disease. Through daily treatment, lung cancer patients often use a traditional spirometer to measure their lung capacity. However, the use of a spirometer device for accurate measurement requires some sort of training and adjustment, which may be inconvenient for certain groups of patients, especially the elderly. In addition, the spirometer readings can become unreliable if the measurements are not taken as instructed. On the other hand, a microphone, say the microphone on a hand-held device such as a smart-phone, can easily capture the acoustic signal of breath without certain instructions. This signal can then be processed to estimate the lung capacity. In this paper, we propose a methodology through the simply recorded acoustic signal of breath, splitting the breathing cycle to inhale, pause, exhale and pause phases to measure the depth of the breath along with the time duration and signal energy of the breathing phases. We show how these computed parameters are used to estimate the lung size with a high degree of accuracy. This work is part of a virtual reality platform embedded within a smart-phone to assist lung cancer patients regulate their breath. Furthermore, the lung capacity estimation methodology proposed in this paper can also be used to aid patients with other breathing disorders.
Motor Learning and the Dance Technique Class: Science, Tradition, and Pedagogy

Abstract Learning the complex skills involved in dance presents many challenges. It is of vital importance that dance teachers are cognizant of motor learning principles that maximize and expedite learning, yet many traditional practices in the dance classroom may not draw on this research. In addition, more empirical research in the domain of dance learning is needed. Some information can be gained from the research performed using athletes, however, not all research involving sports skills translates to dance. The following discussion surveys selected motor learning research findings and their potential applications to the dance technique class with the aim of re-examining and even transforming traditional teaching practices.
The effect of transport on the rate of severe intraventricular hemorrhage in very low birth weight infants

Abstract Objective: To determine the incidence of grade III or IV intraventricular hemorrhage in very low birth weight (VLBW) infants born at level I hospitals and transported to one tertiary center compared with those delivered at the same level III facility. Methods: We evaluated all newborns admitted to a large tertiary neonatal intensive care unit from June 1, 1992, through December 31, 1995. All live born infants with birth weights of 500–1200 g and at least 24 weeks’ gestation were included. Neonatal transports within 24 hours of delivery from 11 level I facilities were compared with those delivered at the same level III center with respect to grade III and IV intraventricular hemorrhage. Various antenatal and neonatal data were collected. Results: Thirty-seven newborns (11%) experienced grade III or IV intraventricular hemorrhages among 329 who met study criteria. There were 27 cases (9%) in the 285 inborn neonates compared with 10 of 44 outborn cases (23%) (P Conclusion: We found a higher risk for grade III or IV intraventricular hemorrhage developing in VLBW infants born at level I hospitals and transported to the tertiary care center compared with those born at the level III facility. This data should be considered when analyzing the potential effects of perinatal deregionalization.
VESICULOBULLOUS DISEASE OF THE ORAL CAVITY

This article reviews the clinical features of vesiculobullous diseases with oral manifestations. Oral vesiculobullous diseases may be viral, immunologically mediated, drug induced, hereditary, or traumatic in origin. A general approach to the diagnosis is outlined, including immunofluorescent testing of suspected vesiculobullous disease. Recommendations for treatment of oral vesiculobullous diseases are included.
Sexual preferences for mate song types in female song sparrows

Copulation solicitation displays were used to investigate whether female song sparrows are especially stimulated by the songs their mates sing. Eight of nine (88.9%) recently captured oestradiol-treated female song sparrows,Melospiza melodia, gave more solicitation displays and displayed more intensely for song types recorded from repertoires of their mates than for songs from other males from the local population. This is the first study to show female sexual preferences for mate song in songbirds and to demonstrate that female song sparrows discriminate in their sexual responses based on song types. It is not known whether these song preferences influenced females' choice of mate in the field or arose after pair formation. Regardless of origin, especially stimulating songs are likely to be important to the reproductive behaviour of females and could influence the mating success of males. 1997 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour
Resultant-stress degenerated-shell element

Abstract In this paper, a resultant-stress degenerated-shell element is described and a variety of numerical examples, including the post-buckling analysis of an axially loaded perfect cylinder, are presented. The general degenerated nonlinear shell theory of Hughes and Liu is employed in deriving this resultant-stress degenerated-shell element. Contrary to the traditional integration through the thickness approach, which assumes no coupling between the in-plane and transverse material and structural response matrices, the present approach can permit use of arbitrary, three-dimensional (3-D) nonlinear constitutive equations. Furthermore, explicit expressions of the element matrices for a 4-node shell element are developed. This rank-sufficient 4-node shell element, termed the resultant-stress degenerated-shell (RSDS) element, avoids the need for the costly numerical quadrature function evaluations of the element matrices and force vectors. And thus there are large increases in computational efficiency with this method. The comparisons of this RSDS element with six other shell elements are also given in this paper.