cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Security Considerations in Transmission Planning for Creating Large Synthetic Power Grids

Synthetic power grids are test cases designed to spur innovation, as they contain no confidential energy infrastructure information and thus can be freely published. For building large and complex synthetic grids, this paper proposes a methodology to address security considerations in the transmission planning stage. The two-stage approach runs contingencies and adds lines strategically to fix violations while meeting other validation criteria. Results are shown for 10,000 and 70,000 bus cases.
A Qualitative Analysis of Adolescent and Young Adult Decision Making about Heart Transplant

Purpose Heart transplantation offers tremendous potential for extended survival and improved quality of life, however, the decision to pursue transplant is notable due to significant risks of morbidity and lifelong treatment demands. Among other illness groups, young people's involvement in medical decision making has been shown to be associated with treatment adherence and illness adjustment. The current study examined adolescent and young adult decision making involvement related to heart transplant listing. Methods Adolescent and young adult (12-24 years) pre-heart transplant patients and a parent were enrolled at one children's hospital. Parent/patient dyads completed the 30-item Decision Making Involvement Scale, which included a semi-structured interview focused on a recent discussion the dyad had about heart transplantation. Dyads were asked how the discussion went, how the discussion ended, and if a decision was made. Interview responses were recorded by the research nurse. Three primary themes were generated by two coders from the interview data using standard qualitative methods with good interrater reliability (kappas ranged from 0.64-1.00). The current analysis was part of a larger study on adolescent medical decision making. Results Patient participants ranged in age from 12-19 years (M=15.2, SD=2.4). Primary indication for transplant evaluation included: congenital heart disease (33%), cardiomyopathy (42%), and myocarditis or other (25%). Qualitative analysis of patient responses revealed three primary themes: (1) feeling that transplant was their “only option” (mentioned 9 times); (2) discussion went well with little decisional conflict or burden (mentioned 9 times); and (3) patient avoided the discussion or deferred decision making to their parents (mentioned 4 times). All respondents indicated that a decision was made to pursue transplant following the discussion. Conclusion While the decision to pursue heart transplantation is significant, qualitative analysis of interview data among a pilot sample of pre-transplant adolescents and young adults suggests this decision is not difficult or overly burdensome. Patients recognize the lack of other life-prolonging interventions in their critical state and feel their discussions with parents and providers go well with little decisional conflict.
Social Science Infrastructure: North America (Social Science Academies and Related Organizations)

Academic associations expanded greatly in scope and diversity in the last 50 years, fueled by rising citizen demand for higher education, the increase in faculty positions and doctoral programs, and the growth of government funding. But growth is now much more difficult due to increased competition, fewer tenure track positions, the decrease in public funding for higher education, the shift in foundation priorities, and the digital revolution, which has given scholars a myriad of ways to network and access important information. Consequently, academic associations need to rethink their value proposition for membership, with important implications for their programming, advocacy and public engagement roles, and governance. This article focuses on academic associations in the social sciences and offers recommendations and next steps as they seek to remain relevant to the scholarly community, policymakers, and the citizenry.
Making Slums and Suburbia in Black Washington During the Great Depression

This article examines newspapers, government records, sociological studies, and the personal papers of elites to argue that black Washingtonians helped to stigmatize and ghettoize D.C.'s African-American community during the Depression. Black residents in the nation's capital especially characterized the working- and under-class populations, who resided in inner-city wards, as menaces to public health, safety and prosperity. Working- and middle-class blacks who flocked to new "colored" suburbs also participated in the government and market driven efforts to maintain racially-segregated housing during this time.
Sex effects of dietary protein source and acid load on renal and bone status in the Pah enu2 mouse model of phenylketonuria.

The low-phenylalanine (Phe) diet with amino acid (AA) medical foods is associated with low bone mineral density (BMD) and renal dysfunction in human phenylketonuria (PKU). Our objective was to determine if diets differing in dietary protein source and acid load alter bone and renal outcomes in Pah-/- and wild-type (WT) mice. Female and male Pah-/- (Pahenu2/enu2 ) and WT littermates (C57BL/6 background) were fed high-acid AA, buffered AA (BAA), glycomacropeptide (GMP), or high-Phe casein diets from 3 to 24 weeks of age. The BAA diet significantly reduced the excretion of renal net acid and ammonium compared with the AA diet. Interestingly, the BAA diet did not improve renal dilation in hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stained renal sections, femoral biomechanical parameters, or femoral bone mineral content (BMC). Significantly lower femoral BMC and strength occurred in Pah-/- versus WT mice, with greater decline in female Pah-/- mice. Polyuria and mild vacuolation in the proximal convoluted tubules were observed in male Pah-/- and WT mice fed the high-acid AA diet versus absent/minimal cortical vacuolation in males fed the GMP, BAA, or casein diets. Vacuole contents in male mice were proteinaceous. Cortical vacuolation was absent in female mice. Dilated medullary tubules were observed in all Pah-/- mice, except for male Pah-/- mice fed the GMP diet. In summary, the PKU genotype and diet showed differential effects on renal and bone status in male and female mice. Renal status improved in male Pah-/- mice fed the GMP diet.
Multiagent live programming systems: models and prospects for critical applications

Live programming constitutes a human-computer symbiosis in which a human creative activity and a continuous computer execution influence each other. Usually, there is a medium of expression called "code" that the human(s) use to express desired behavior on the part of the computer, and the computer provides its feedback in the form of textual, graphical, audio, or other output. The most popular domain for live programming has been music synthesis ("live coding"), but the key features of live programming suggest it can play an important role in other applications, even process control or emergency management. This paper breaks down live programming systems in terms of agents, both human and computational, their roles, and representations they typically create and act upon. It then comments on how multi-agent live programming systems could add new flexibility to information systems such as those that manage critical infrastructure or emergency response activity, such as during a COVID-19 type of pandemic or after a major earthquake.
Incidence of symptomatic vertical and torsional diplopia after superior rectus transposition for esotropic Duane syndrome and abducens nerve palsy.

Purpose To report the incidence of symptomatic vertical and torsional diplopia after superior rectus transposition (SRT) for esotropic Duane syndrome and abducens nerve palsy. Methods The medical records of patients with esotropic Duane syndrome or abducens nerve palsy seen at Boston Children's Hospital (2006-2018) and treated with unilateral SRT with or without augmentation was performed. The primary outcome was incidence of postoperative vertical or torsional diplopia in primary position. The secondary outcome was induced vertical deviation in affected side gaze. Results A total of 69 patients met inclusion criteria: 32 with abducens nerve palsy and 37 with esotropic Duane syndrome. Vertical alignment changed in both hyper- and hypotropic directions. Median pre- and postoperative vertical deviation in primary gaze was 1.1Δ (10th-90th percentile, 0Δ-6Δ hypertropia) and 0.4Δ (10th-90th percentile, 6Δ hypotropia to 8 Δ hypertropia), respectively. Postoperative vertical diplopia occurred in 7%, including 4 of 49 treated with loop myopexy (8%), 1 of 13 without augmentation (8%), and 0 of 7 treated with sclera-fixated augmentation. All but one was successfully treated with prism or secondary surgery. Intorsional change predominated, but no patient had torsional diplopia post adjustment. Vertical misalignment in affected side gaze increased from 19% to 45% after SRT (P = 0.01). Conclusions In this largest-to-date review of patients treated with SRT, with or without MR recession, no patient developed persistent torsional diplopia, while 7% developed symptomatic vertical diplopia in primary position, similar to the reported incidence after balanced vertical rectus transposition. Vertical misalignment in affected side gaze increased, however fusion is already limited by unresolved esotropia in this field.
Hand Size and Grip Strength Effects on Volume Delivery With Two Bag Valve Mask Devices

Background: The Bag Valve Mask Device (BVMD) plays an important role to ventilating patients in the health care setting. There are many disposable BVMD9s that are marketed for their ability to produce acceptable volume ventilations. In this experimental study two bag valve mask devices will be evaluated to determine the effect of participant9s hand size and grip strength on volume delivery. The hypotheses for this study are: 1. Grip strength will affect volume delivery. 2. Hand size will affect volume delivery. Methods: The Institutional Review Board of Youngstown State University approved this study. Senior and junior students in the respiratory care program at YSU participated in this study. Participants9 hand size (hand length and width) was measured and used to determine appropriate glove size. Instructions with the BVMD were demonstrated to the participants and repeated until good technique was observed on the Quick Lung RespiTrainer by the investigator. Grip strength was measured and recorded before and after ventilation for 5 min for BVMD-A and BVMD-B. The participants rested 30 min before procedure was repeated with BVMD-B. Results: Fourteen students participated in this study. Manufacturer specifications for one handed stroke volume delivery for both BVMDs are 600 mL. The volumes delivered between BVMD-A and BVMD-B did not indicate a statistical difference between the two devices. However, participants9 mean volume delivery for BVMD-A was 249.78 mL and BVMD-B was 248.07 mL which is notably lower than the manufacturer9s specifications. For both types of BVMD, paired t test indicated that there is a statistical difference in the grip strength for participants before and after ventilation for 5 min. For both types of BVMD, paired t test indicated that there is a statistical difference in the grip strength for participants before and after ventilation for 5 min. (P = .043 for BVMD-A and P = .023 for BVMD-B) One-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) indicated that the volume delivery was affected by the glove size (P = .001) for BVMD-B, but not for BVMD-A (P =.55). Conclusions: This research suggests that RCPs actual volume delivery may be notably lower than manufacturer9s specifications and may have an impact on tidal volume delivery. This research also suggests that grip strength decreased with time.
Hnrnph1 is a novel regulator of alcohol reward

Abstract Background Hnrnph1 is a validated quantitative trait gene for methamphetamine behavioral sensitivity that encodes for heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein H1 (hnRNP H1). This RNA-binding protein is involved in all stages of RNA metabolism that impacts mesocorticolimbic dopamine neurotransmission to influence addiction-related behavior. Methods We characterized the alcohol behavioral phenotypes of mice heterozygous for a deletion in the first coding exon of Hnrnph1 (Hnrnph1+/-). We examined alcohol intake under both continuous- and limited-access procedures, as well as alcohol-induced place-conditioning. Follow-up studies examined genotypic differences in the psychomotor-activating and sedative-hypnotic effects of acute and repeated alcohol, and a behavioral test battery was employed to determine the effects of Hnrnph1 deletion on the manifestation of negative affect during alcohol withdrawal. Results Relative to wild-type (WT) controls, Hnrnph1+/- males exhibited blunted intake of high alcohol concentrations under both drinking procedures. Hnrnph1 deletion did not impact the conditioned rewarding properties of low-dose alcohol, but reversed the conditioned place-aversion elicited by higher alcohol doses (2 and 4 g/kg), with more robust effects in male versus female mice. No genotypic differences were observed for alcohol-induced locomotor activity. Hnrnph1+/- mice exhibited a modest increase in sensitivity to alcohol’s sedative-hypnotic effects, but did not differ from WT mice with regard to tolerance to alcohol’s sedative-hypnotic effects or alcohol metabolism, Inconsistent effects of Hnrnph1 deletion were observed in models for withdrawal-induced negative affect. Conclusions These data identify Hnrnph1 as a novel, male-selective, driver of alcohol consumption and high-dose alcohol aversion that is potentially relevant to the neurobiology of alcohol abuse and alcoholism.
Heart Sound Analysis in Individuals Supported With Left Ventricular Assist Devices

Objective: LVADs are surgically implanted mechanical pumps that improve survival rates of individuals with advanced heart failure. LVAD therapy is associated with high morbidity, which can be partially attributed to challenges with detecting LVAD complications before adverse events occur. Current methods used to monitor for complications with LVAD support require frequent clinical assessments at specialized LVAD centers. Analysis of recorded precordial sounds may enable real-time, remote monitoring of device and cardiac function for early detection of LVAD complications. The dominance of LVAD sounds in the precordium limits the utility of routine cardiac auscultation of LVAD recipients. In this work, we develop a signal processing pipeline to mitigate sounds generated by the LVAD. Methods: We collected in vivo precordial sounds from 17 LVAD recipients, and contemporaneous echocardiograms from 12 of these individuals, to validate heart valve closure timings. Results: We characterized various acoustic signatures of heart sounds extracted from in vivo recordings, and report preliminary findings linking fundamental heart sound characteristics and level of LVAD support. Conclusion: Mitigation of LVAD sounds from precordial sound recordings of LVAD recipients enables analysis of intrinsic heart sounds. Significance: These findings provide proof-of-concept evidence of the clinical utility of heart sound analysis for bedside and remote monitoring of LVAD recipients.
Testing the world order: strategic realism in Russian foreign affairs

Russian actions since 2007 appear increasingly to constitute a realist approach to international affairs. Russia appears to be behaving as a rising power, attempting to become a regional or global superpower. Essential to this pursuit, a state must gather information strategically. We examine one feature of strategic information gathering, called a test, a state action that asserts power but also garners information as it elicits a global response. Through a test framework, we provide a realist explanation to understanding Russia’s foreign affairs and its pursuit of power in the near abroad, Western Europe, Middle East, Asia, and foreign elections.
Upside-Down GIS: The Future of Citizen Science and Community Participation

This article will focus on the changes in time, technology and data that have affected traditional partner relationships using participatory geographic information systems (PGIS). Project development roles of reliance held by the community, and managed by university agents, has shifted from cooperative to, in some cases, complete independence. The modern model of citizen participation includes a resident-planner toolkit with greater access to neighbourhood data and low- to high-tech analytical tools. Many community-led quality of life studies have a limited scope and focus on policy issues that do not serve a larger constituency. Many neighbourhood plans exclude self-reported neighbourhood knowledge and, due to the frequency of municipal reporting cycles, leaves gaps and data mismatch. Given this, the traditional public participation GIS (PPGIS) model may be less data driven due to a more mission-driven resident-led PGIS solution. Planners in practice and in academia have raised levels of concern about da...
Healthy eating index patterns in adults by sex and age predict cardiometabolic risk factors in a cross-sectional study.

Author(s): Artegoitia, Virginia M; Krishnan, Sridevi; Bonnel, Ellen L; Stephensen, Charles B; Keim, Nancy L; Newman, John W | Abstract: BackgroundAssociations between diet and cardiometabolic disease (CMD) risk may vary in men and women owing to sex differences in eating habits and physiology. The current secondary analysis sought to determine the ability of sex differences in dietary patterns to discriminate groups with or without CMD risk factors (CMDrf) in the adult population and if this was influenced by age.MethodsDiet patterns and quality were evaluated using 24 h recall-based Healthy Eating Index (HEI-2015) in free-living apparently healthy men (n = 184) and women (n = 209) 18-65 y of age with BMIs of 18-44 kg/m2. Participants were stratified into low- and high-CMDrf groups based on the presence/absence of at least one CMDrf: BMI g 25 kg/m2; fasting triglycerides g 150 mg/dL; HDL cholesterol l 50 mg/dL-women or l 40 mg/dL-men; HOMA g 2; HbA1c g 5.7. Sex by age dietary patterns were stratified by multivariate analyses, with metabolic variable associations established by stepwise discriminant analysis.ResultsDiet quality increased with age in both sexes (P l 0.01), while women showed higher fruit, vegetable and saturated fat intake as a percentage of total energy (P l 0.05). The total-HEI score (i.e. diet quality) was lower in the high-CMDrf group (P = 0.01), however, diet quality parameters predicted CMDrf presence more accurately when separated by sex. Lower 'total vegetable' intake in the high-CMDrf group in both sexes, while high-CMDrf men also had lower 'total vegetables', 'greens and beans' intake, and high-CMDrf women had lower 'total fruits', 'whole-fruits', 'total vegetables', 'seafood and plant-proteins', 'fatty acids', and 'saturated fats' intakes (P l 0.05). Moreover, 'dairy' intake was higher in high-CMDrf women but not in men (sex by 'dairy' interaction P = 0.01). Sex by age diet pattern models predicted CMDrf with a 93 and 89% sensitivity and 84 and 92% specificity in women and men, respectively.ConclusionsSex and age differences in dietary patterns classified participants with and without accepted CMDrfs, supporting an association between specific diet components and CMD risk that differs by sex. Including sex specific dietary patterns into health assessments may provide targeted nutritional guidance to reduce the burden of cardiovascular disease.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov : NCT02367287 . ClinicalTrials.gov : NCT02298725 .
Marine Biological Investigations in the Bahamas 18. The genus Spadella and other Chaetognatha

Abstract Collections made at many locations in the Bahamas in 1967 and 1968, mostly with the Ockelmann sledge, contained an abundance of the benthic chaetognath genus Spadella. The species are Spadella nana Owre, S. pulchella Owre, S. schizoptera Conant, and most numerous as well as a new record for the western Atlantic, S. cephaloptera (Busch). The pelagic species Sagitta hispida Conant was frequently captured in the sledge, S. helenae Ritter-Zahony rarely, and S. hispida, S. serratodentata Krohn, and Krohnitta pacifica (Aida) occurred in plankton samples. Collections made in 1971 with the same gear in Broad Creek, Biscayne Bay, Florida, have shown Spadella cephaloptera, S. nana, and S. schizoptera to be common there also.
Mechanisms of Mucosal Immunopathology in Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection

Publisher Summary Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most important cause of viral lower-respiratory tract disease in infants and young children. It is estimated that 1 out of 100 primary infections leads to hospital admission and substantial mortality occurs in infants with underlying heart and lung disease. In addition to acute morbidity, there are long-term consequences of RSV infection in infancy. RSV has been shown to predispose to the development of hyperreactive airway disease, and recurrent episodes of wheezing in asthmatic children are often precipitated by RSV infection. The association between viral respiratory infections and asthma has been acknowledged for several decades. Viruses provoke wheezing in some asthma patients, and viral respiratory infections may also promote the development and intensity of airway hyperresponsiveness. Common pathogenetic mechanisms link viral bronchiolitis in infancy and asthma in later life, both airway disorders associated with mucosal inflammation. Despite the large number of studies on the pathogenesis of RSV infection in humans and experimental animals, the mechanisms of the disease and the delicate balance between immunopathology and immunoprotection are not well understood.
Arguing for Computational Power

Generative Social Science . Studies in Agent-Based Computational Modeling. By Joshua M. Epstein . Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, 2006. 378 pp. plus CD. $49.50, £29.95. ISBN 9780691125473. Princeton Studies in Complexity. This collection of papers by Epstein and his collaborators is presented as an argument that the best way to explain social science phenomena is to model them.
Dynamic communities in referral networks

Consider a decentralized agent-based approach for service location, where agents provide and consume services, and also cooperate with each other by giving referrals to other agents. That is, the agents form a referral network. Based on feedback from their users, the agents judge the quality of the services provided by others. Further, based on the judgments of service quality, the agents also judge the quality of the referrals given by others. The agents can thus adaptively select their neighbors in order to improve their local performance. The choices by the agents cause communities to emerge. According to our definition, an agent belongs to a community only if it has been useful to the other members of the community in prior interactions regarding a particular topic. Hence, the membership in different communities is determined based on relationships among the agents. This paper compares topic-sensitive communities of the above kind with communities as studied in traditional link analysis. It studies the correlation between the two kinds of communities as they emerge in referral networks and evaluates the two kinds of communities in terms of their effectiveness in locating service providers.
Retinal transplants and optic nerve bridges: possible strategies for visual recovery as a result of trauma or disease.

Publisher Summary Intracerebral, brain stem, and spinal cord grafting of embryonic neural tissue in mammals has recently become a valuable tool for the analysis of neuronal growth and differentiation, as well as for studies on neuronal regeneration and the formation of new connections in the central nervous system. Central nervous system (CNS) grafting has been successful because the brain, spinal cord, eye, and optic nerve have no lymphatic systems. Embryonic grafts placed into the adult CNS have not only survived, matured, and established new connections, but have been shown to produce neurotransmitters such as dopamine, acetylcholine, norepinephrine, and serotonin and the hormones vasopressin and gonatotropin-releasing hormone. Grafting studies of a different nature involving the implantation of peripheral nerve segments into the CNS have refuted the dogma that these neurons are incapable of axonal regeneration. Under these conditions and the realization of today's modern science, there appear on the horizon several means by which the damaged retina and optic nerve may be repaired to initiate return of visual function: (1) by replacing lost retinal tissue or several of its individual cell populations through a grafting technique, (2) by rescuing retinal cells and eliciting a would-healing response through the application of a neurotrophic stimulus, and (3) by stimulating the regeneration of damaged retinal ganglion cell axons through a supportive environment to their appropriate visual centers, where they make meaningful synapses. This chapter discusses some historical as well as the current literature just emerging that begins to offer possibilities for development of future strategies for visual recovery as a result of trauma or disease.
Purification and Crystallization of Histidinol Dehydrogenase from Salmonella typhimurium LT-2

Crystalline histidinol dehydrogenase from Salmonella typhimurium LT-2 has been prepared in near gram amounts by a simplified procedure using a mutant highly derepressed for the histidine enzymes as an enzyme source and DEAE-Sephadex A-50 for chromatographic isolation of the enzyme.
Measurement of opaque film thickness

This chapter describes the theoretical and experimental framework for thickness measurements of thin metal films by low-frequency thermal waves. It describes a thermal wave technique, which is capable of determining the thicknesses of opaque metal films on substrates, the thermal diffusivities of which are small compared to those of the films. The method is based on measuring the transverse deflection of an optical probe beam because of the mirage effect in the air above the sample, as a function of the transverse probe beam distance from a localized ac surface heat source. The measurement is carried out in the frequency range below 1 kHz. This chapter illustrates the usefulness of the technique for making absolute measurements of the thermal diffusivities of isotropic substrate materials. This measurement on pure elemental solids provides a check on three-dimensional theory in the limiting case of zero film thickness. It presents a theoretical framework, along with numerical calculations and corresponding experimental results for the case of copper films on a glass substrate.
A Compact 75 Watts CO2 Laser at 750 Hertz

We describe the operation of a compact CO2 laser that operates to 750 Hz at 100 mJ/pulse in the TEMoo mode. The device is line and power tunable ranging from milliwatts to 75-W average power.
Temperature-sensitive glucosamine auxotroph of Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Temperature-sensitive revertants were isolated from Saccharomyces cerevisiae D-glucosamine auxotrophs previously obtained in this laboratory (W. L. Whelan and C. E. Ballou, J. Bacteriol. 124:1545-1557, 1975). The auxotrophs lack the enzyme 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucose-6-phosphate ketol-isomerase (EC 5.3.1.19), and the revertants appear to be temperature sensitive in the formation of enzyme activity. The enzyme they produce under permissive conditions decays in activity at a rate comparable to that of the wild-type enzyme, and it has similar kinetic properties. The homozygous diploid mutant fails to sporulate at the nonpermissive temperature. Temperature shift experiments were carried out in an effort to determine what effect glucosamine deficiency had on mannoprotein secretion as reflected in the formation of external asparaginase. Although the results were complicated by the slow decay of the residual ketol-isomerase activity, they did show that mannoprotein synthesis or secretion was altered when the internal pool of D-glucosamine was depleted.
Peripheral Chemoreceptors and Their Sensory Neurons in Chronic States of Hypo- and Hyperoxygenation

The sections in this article are: 1 Overview: Peripheral Chemoreceptors and Sensory Neurons 2 Oxygen Continuum and Optimum 3 pHo-pHi Relationship and CO2-H+ Stimulus Interaction with Hypoxia: Role of Carbonic Anhydrase 3.1 CO2–H+ and Interaction with Hypoxia 3.2 Catecholamine Release and Chemosensory Nerve Discharge 4 Oxygen Delivery 4.1 Po2 vs. O2 Content 4.2 Arterial Perfusion Pressure 4.3 Carotid Body Blood Volume and Flow 5 Integrated Carotid Body and Glomus Cell 6 Oxygen and Chemoreceptive Pigments 6.1 Carbon Monoxide/Oxygen 6.2 Nitric Oxide/Oxygen 7 Chronic Hypoxia Vs. Hyperoxia 7.1 Structure 7.2 Neurotransmitters and Gene Expression 7.3 Chemosensory Nerve Function 8 Chronic Cell Depolarization 9 Efferent Control 9.1 Petrosal and Nodose Ganglia 9.2 Sympathetic Ganglia 9.3 Cyclic GMP, Vascular Smooth Muscle, Glomus Cells, Petrosal Ganglion Processes, and Innervation of Carotid Body Elements 9.4 Cobalt, Other Transition Metals, and Ca2+ 10 Lifelong Hypoxia and Developmental Aspects 11 Peripheral Chemoreceptors in Cardiopulmonary and Vascular Diseases 11.1 Cardiopulmonary and Vascular Diseases 11.2 Diseases of the Glomoids 11.3 Baroreceptor vs. Peripheral Chemoreceptors 12 Perspectives
Book Discussion Section: COMPARATIVE ETHICS, ISLAM, AND HUMAN RIGHTS: Internal Pluralism and the Possible Development of Tradition

Dialogue with three major Muslim authors shows that Islam can take a positive stance toward human rights while also presenting differing interpretations of the meaning and scope of rights. Because of their subordination of norms reached through reason to those drawn from faith, as well as negative experiences of the impact of Western colonization of parts of the Muslim world, Abul A‘la Maududi and Sayyid Qutb place significant restrictions on rights of conscience. 'Abdolkarim Soroush's positive support for the role of reason in Islamic faith and his less-negative assessment of the West lead him to more vigorous support for the human rights agenda. This study raises the question of whether the humility needed in comparative ethics and the respect for others at the root of human rights are necessarily linked.
Psychometric properties of two instruments to measure quality decision making

The results of testing two instruments for consequential decision making are reported: a screening instrument, the Decision Making Quality Scale (DMQS), which assesses the degree to which a person adheres to seven quality criteria of decision making; and a diagnostic measure, the Decision Making Quality Inventory (DMQI), which assesses an individual's dominant decision-making style through six sequential stages of the process. The instruments are conceptually linked through the same theoretical framework, the Janis and Mann (1977) conflict model of decision making, as well as operationally linked as counterpart instruments. Feasibility of the instruments was demonstrated with low readability indexes, reasonable administration times, and respondent acceptability by six samples (N = 766). Content validity was supported by panels of experts in decision theory. Reliability coefficients were consistently high (>.70) for all samples. Support for construct validity was obtained using the contrasted groups approach and relationship testing. The instruments are ready for research and clinical use with healthy adolescents and their parents, as well as with adolescents and young adults who have experienced a chronic illness such as cancer and with their parents.
A Nonlithographic Approach for Creating Unstable Hierarchical (Micro-Nano) Superhydrophobic Silicon Surfaces

In this paper, we report on an inexpensive non-lithographic approach to create superhydrophobic silicon surfaces using porous silicon technology. We have used a two-step method to create an unstable hierarchical (micro-nano) superhydrophobic silicon surface. Our technique is a unique combination of a high current density (170mA/cm2 ) porous silicon formation step followed by a wet etching step in BOE/HNO3 . Porous silicon layers, of both n- and p-type wafers were used in these experiments. The contact and rolling angles were measured for: 1) regular porous silicon, 2) porous silicon with hierarchical fractal-shape structure, and 3) hierarchical fractal-shape porous silicon after the wet etching step. For both n- and p-type wafers, the contact angles of regular porous silicon (nonhierarchical) were around 120° with a rolling angle of 90°. With hierarchical structure, the contact angle increased to 135° and after addition wet etching, the contact angle approached 160° (superhydrophobic). Besides, after wet etching step the surface became extremely unstable showing a very low rolling angle (<1°).Copyright © 2006 by ASME
APEX model simulation of runoff and sediment losses for grazed pasture watersheds with agroforestry buffers

Buffers have been found to reduce non-point source pollution (NPSP) from watersheds. Hydrologic simulation models assist in predicting the effects of buffers on runoff and sediment losses from small watersheds. The objective of this study was to calibrate, validate and simulate runoff and sediment losses and compare buffer effects on NPSP losses relative to control watersheds (no buffer) for seven years. The experimental design consists of four watersheds under pasture management which were monitored from 2002 through 2008; two with agroforestry buffers (AgB 100 and AgB 300) and two control watersheds (CW 400 and CW 600). Pasture areas included red clover (Trifolium pretense L.) and lespedeza (Kummerowia stipulacea Maxim.) planted into fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) while the agroforestry buffer area included Eastern cottonwood trees (Populus deltoids Bortr. ex Marsh.) planted into fescue. The APEX model was calibrated from 2002 to 2005 and was validated from 2006 to 2008. The r2 and NSE values for the calibration and validation periods of the runoff varied from 0.52 to 0.78 and 0.50 to 0.74, respectively. The model did not predict sediment loss very well probably due to insufficient number of measured events and low measured sediment loss. The measured runoff was 57% higher for CW watersheds compared to AgB watersheds. The measured sediment loss was 95% higher for CW watersheds compared to AgB watersheds. After calibrating and validating the model, it was run for long-term scenario analyses for 10 years from 1999 to 2008. Simulated buffer width had a significant influence on runoff. Simulated runoff decreased by 24% when the buffer width was doubled compared to losses associated with the measured buffer width. Simulated runoff from the CW watersheds was 11% higher with double stocking density (relative to measured density) compared to AgB watersheds with double stocking density. With half stocking density (relative to measured density), the AgB watershed had 18% lower runoff compared to CW. Results from this study imply that establishment of agroforestry buffers on grazed pasture watersheds reduce runoff and sediment losses compared to control watersheds without buffers.
Application of charge pumping technique for sub-micron MOSFET characterization

In this paper, charge pumping technique for MOSFET interface characterization will be reviewed. The basic principles of charge pumping technique will be elaborated and its evolution as an excellent tool for a thorough characterization of MOSFET interface properties will be illustrated. Published results regarding the applicability of charge pumping technique for a study of sub-micron MOSFET interface and its degradation under various electrical stress conditions and radiation will be analyzed. The effect of geometric components on charge pumping current as well as the recent reports of single interface trap characterization in sub-micron MOSFETs will be described. The application of charge pumping technique at cryogenic temperatures and in other MOS based devices will also be included.
The Eya1 Phosphatase Promotes Shh Signaling during Hindbrain Development and Oncogenesis

Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling is critical in development and oncogenesis, but the mechanisms regulating this pathway remain unclear. Although protein phosphorylation clearly affects Shh signaling, little is known about phosphatases governing the pathway. Here, we conducted a small hairpin RNA (shRNA) screen of the phosphatome and identified Eya1 as a positive regulator of Shh signaling. We find that the catalytically active phosphatase Eya1 cooperates with the DNA-binding protein Six1 to promote gene induction in response to Shh and that Eya1/Six1 together regulate Gli transcriptional activators. We show that Eya1, which is mutated in a human deafness disorder, branchio-oto-renal syndrome, is critical for Shh-dependent hindbrain growth and development. Moreover, Eya1 drives the growth of medulloblastoma, a Shh-dependent hindbrain tumor. Together, these results identify Eya1 and Six1 as key components of the Shh transcriptional network in normal development and in oncogenesis.
Impacts of Consumptive Demand on Rural Land Values

justified based solely on returns to agricultural production. An extensive body of literature has arisen to explain the discrepancy between the agricultural productive and market values of rural land. Various explanations have been offered. Some authors have emphasized effects of government tax, credit, and income and price support programs on land values (Reinsel and Reinsel, Harris, Boehlje and Griffin). Others have proposed that high rural land values may be explained partly by expectations of increases in commodity prices or annual net returns to land (Klinefelter, Chavas and Shumway). Melichar suggested that expected capital gains in addition to net returns from agricultural production should be considered, and Castle and Hoch point out that "capitalized rent explains only about half of real estate values both in the 1970s and over the longer 1920-78 period. The remainder can be explained by the capitalization of capital gains, including real gains or losses from price level changes" (p. 8). Brown and Brown recently proposed that it is "optimal for each seller to have a reservation price in excess of the value he attaches to the future stream of income attributable to owning the land if he thinks that some potential buyers may be more optimistic than he" (p. 164). Although the above explanations account for much of the discrepancy between the agricultural productive and market value of rural land, this paper concentrates on the proposition that land is not only an input into agricultural production but is also an important argument in many individuals' utility functions. There is a consumptive value associated with ownership of rural land, reflecting innate desires to own land, live in a rural environment, obtain or maintain the lifestyle of a farmer or rancher, engage in outdoor recreation, get back to nature, and partake of any other real or perceived benefits of rural land ownership. Many investors seek an investment t' -y can touch, feel, experience, and enjoy. They may al o expect to be able to sell the land to other investors who have similar feelings for the land.
Developing micropipeline wavefront arbiters

The author based asynchronous circuit realizations of symmetric crossbar arbiters on the paradigm of intercepting moving wavefronts in a two-dimensional micropipeline-like structure. The LockC component, a hybrid of a Muller C element and a Q flop, supports both the movement of wavefronts in the array and the ability to intercept wavefronts asynchronously. These arbiters may find use in multiprocessor routing networks whose characteristics better match the capabilities of asynchronous circuits. >
WHAT EVERY PEDIATRICIAN SHOULD KNOW ABOUT INFECTIOUS MONONUCLEOSIS IN ADOLESCENTS

Infectious mononucleosis was first recognized in 1920, but the etiology was elusive. 36 Discovery of serologic diagnosis of infectious mononucleosis employing the nonspecific heterophile antibody was reported in 1932, 29 but it was not until 1968 that Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) was identified as the cause of infectious mononucleosis. 16 Infectious mononucleosis is one of the most common infections seen during adolescence. The classic triad of fever, pharyngitis, and lymphadenopathy is well known, but the dynamic nature of the clinical presentation of infectious mononucleosis and the occasional presence of unusual features can mislead many clinicians, resulting in delayed diagnosis or misdiagnosis. Confusion regarding the association of EBV infection with infectious mononucleosis is not unusual. Although EBV is the most common cause of infectious mononucleosis, not all primary EBV infections manifest as infectious mononucleosis. Furthermore, misconceptions about the serology of infectious mononucleosis can interfere with or prevent prompt diagnosis. The goal of this article is to facilitate the timely diagnosis and appropriate management of teenagers with infectious mononucleosis by reviewing the syndrome and exploring some important features of EBV.
Biotechnology Applications for Sugar Beet

Sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) is an important industrial crop, being one of only two plant sources from which sucrose (i.e., sugar) can be economically produced. Despite its relatively short period of cultivation (ca. 200 years), its yield and quality parameters have been significantly improved by conventional breeding methods. However, during the last two decades or so, advanced in vitro culture and genetic transformation technologies have been incorporated with classical breeding programs, the main aim being the production of herbicide-and salt-tolerant, disease- and pest-resistant cultivars. Among the many applications of in vitro culture techniques, sugar beet has benefited the most from haploid plant production, protoplast culture, and somaclonal variation and in vitro cell selection. Several genetic transformation technologies have been developed, such as Agrobacterium-meditated, PEG-mediated, particle bombardment, electroporation, sonication and somatic hybridization, the first two being the most s...
Antitumor effects of L6, an IgG2a antibody that reacts with most human carcinomas.

Abstract Mouse monoclonal antibody L6 (IgG2a subtype) recognizes a ganglioside antigen expressed at the surface of cells from human non-small-cell lung carcinomas, breast carcinomas, and colon carcinomas. We now show that this antibody can lyse L6 antigen-positive human tumor cells in the presence of Leu-11b-positive human lymphocytes (i.e., mediate antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity) or human serum (mediate complement-dependent cytotoxicity) and that it can inhibit the outgrowth of an L6 antigen-positive human tumor transplanted onto nude mice.
What You Know is What You Get from Experience Team Experience Related to Teamwork Schemas

Team members with different levels of experience may understand the process of teamwork very differently and if these differences were identified, team training, team management, and team performance may be enhanced. In the present study, representations of teamwork knowledge as a function of team experience were investigated. Teamwork knowledge structures, or teamwork schemas, were assessed using multidimensional scaling and "freehand" concept maps. Consistent with contemporary expert-novice literature, the results revealed that higher experience team members conceptualized teamwork more concisely and in more abstract terms than did lower experience team members. In addition, results from the two methodologies converged to a greater degree for higher experience individuals than for lower experience individuals suggesting that higher experience individuals can express consistently what they understand about teamwork. The results suggested that team training should be designed based on trainees' prior team...
The effect of chronic L-DOPA administration on supersensitive pre- and postsynaptic dopaminergic receptors in rat brain

Chronic administration of haloperidol induced supersensitivity of the pre- and postsynaptic dopaminergic receptors in rat brain. The response of the presynaptic receptors was determined by an enhanced inhibitory effect of apomorphine on dopamine synthesis after gamma-butyrolactone injection. This change in the receptor function was detected both in the nigrostriatal and mesolimbic pathways. Haloperidol also increased the 3H-spiperone binding sites in striatal membranes, indicating supersensitivity of the postsynaptic receptors. Subsequent prolonged treatment with high doses of L-DOPA/carbidopa resulted in a decrease in 3H-spiperone binding sites, but had no effect on the supersensitive presynaptic receptors. It is suggested that tardive dyskinesia may be a state of both pre- and postsynaptic dopamine receptor supersensitivity and that chronic L-DOPA treatment may have a differential effect on these sites.
Structure, function, and wavelength selection in blue-absorbing proteorhodopsin.

The absorption maximum of blue proteorhodopsin (BPR) is the most blue-shifted of all retinal proteins found in archaea or bacteria, with the exception of sensory rhodopsin II (SRII). The absorption spectrum also exhibits a pH dependence larger than any other retinal protein. We examine the structural origins of these two properties of BPR by using optical spectroscopy, homology modeling, and molecular orbital theory. Bacteriorhodopsin (BR) and SRII are used as homology parents for comparative purposes. We find that the tertiary structure of BPR based on SRII is more realistic with respect to free energy, dynamic stability, and spectroscopic properties. Molecular orbital calculations including full single- and double-configuration interaction within the chromophore π-electron system provide perspectives on the wavelength regulation in this protein and indicate that Arg-95, Gln-106, Glu-143, and Asp-229 play important, and in some cases pH-dependent roles. A possible model for the 0.22 eV red shift of BPR a...
Morphological analysis and age in the permanent dentitions of young American Indians.

Approximately two hundred permanent dentitions of young American Indians are inspected in an attempt to assess the effect of proband age on the relative usefulness of the dentition for morphological analysis. The technique used is to compare the number of observations that cannot be made on a dentition of a certain age with the number that could be made on a dentition in perfect condition. This is done for one-year age groups, 13 through 21 years, represented in the sample. The data do not support the idea that morphological loss is as strongly dependent upon age as one might expect. It is suggested that function may be more important than age in obliterating the finer dental morphology.
Theory of Smeared Quantum Phase Transitions

We present an analytical strong-disorder renormalization group theory of the quantum phase transition in the dissipative random transverse-field Ising chain. For Ohmic dissipation, we solve the renormalization flow equations analytically, yielding asymptotically exact results for the low-temperature properties of the system. We find that the interplay between quantum fluctuations and Ohmic dissipation destroys the quantum critical point by smearing. We also determine the phase diagram and the behavior of observables in the vicinity of the smeared quantum phase transition.