cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Understanding the Role of Instructor Rapport in the College Classroom

ABSTRACTThis study examined the discriminant validity between rapport and immediacy and tested a model using instructor rapport as the mediator between immediacy and learning. Participants (N = 146) completed measures of nonverbal immediacy, instructor rapport, perceived cognitive learning, and anticipated final course grade. Results revealed that immediacy and rapport were two distinct constructs. In testing the model, the enjoyable interaction dimension of instructor rapport mediated the relationship between immediacy and perceived learning but not anticipated final grades. The personal connection dimension of rapport mediated the relationship between immediacy and both perceived learning and anticipated final grade. These results explore the mechanism through which immediacy may lead to cognitive learning.
Déjà Vu: a user study using images for authentication

Current secure systems suffer because they neglect the importance of human factors in security. We address a fundamental weakness of knowledge-based authentication schemes, which is the human limitation to remember secure passwords. Our approach to improve the security of these systems relies on recognition-based, rather than recall-based authentication. We examine the requirements of a recognition-based authentication system and propose Deja Vu, which authenticates a user through her ability to recognize previously seen images. Deja Vu is more reliable and easier to use than traditional recall-based schemes, which require the user to precisely recall passwords or PINs. Furthermore, it has the advantage that it prevents users from choosing weak passwords and makes it difficult to write down or share passwords with others. We develop a prototype of Deja Vu and conduct a user study that compares it to traditional password and PIN authentication. Our user study shows that 90% of all participants succeeded in the authentication tests using Deja Vu while only about 70% succeeded using passwords and PINS. Our findings indicate that Deja Vu has potential applications, especially where text input is hard (e.g., PDAs or ATMs), or in situations where passwords are infrequently used (e.g., web site passwords).
Against Permitted Exploitation in Developing World Research Agreements

This paper examines the moral force of exploitation in developing world research agreements. Taking for granted that some clinical research which is conducted in the developing world but funded by developed world sponsors is exploitative, it asks whether a third party would be morally justified in enforcing limits on research agreements in order to ensure more fair and less exploitative outcomes. This question is particularly relevant when such exploitative transactions are entered into voluntarily by all relevant parties, and both research sponsors and host communities benefit from the resulting agreements. I show that defenders of the claim that exploitation ought to be permitted rely on a mischaracterization of certain forms of interference as unjustly paternalistic and two dubious empirical assumptions about the results of regulation. The view I put forward is that by evaluating a system of constraints on international research agreements, rather than individual transaction-level interference, we can better assess the alternatives to permitting exploitative research agreements.
The problem of movelength and turn definition in analysis of orientation data

This study examines the analysis of arthropod orientation data. Three problems are discussed: (1) dealing with time as it applies to spatial data, (2) determining the appropriate movelength to be used in collecting and in analyzing data, and (3) defining a turn, to discriminate between “gait noise” and course changes. The main objective is to determine the solution to defining the most appropriate movelength for comparisons between variables and between species. The technique described here for selecting the appropriate movelength that has relevance to both the locomotory rate of the animal and its body length, reduces variation resulting from lateral translational movements, prevents the use of movelengths that lead to artifactual or unrealistic turning values per move, and permits comparisons of species and individuals under various stimulus conditions.
Predicting Infected Bile Among Patients Undergoing Percutaneous Cholecystostomy

Purpose Patients may not achieve a clinical benefit after percutaneous cholecystostomy due to the inherent difficulty in identifying patients who truly have infected gallbladders. We attempted to identify imaging and biochemical parameters which would help to predict which patients have infected gallbladders.
Distal Esophageal Spasm in High-Resolution Esophageal Pressure Topography: Defining Clinical Phenotypes

Background The manometric diagnosis of distal esophageal spasm (DES) uses "simultaneous contractions" as a defining criterion, ignoring the concept of short latency distal contractions as an important feature. Our aim was to apply standardized metrics of contraction velocity and latency to high-resolution esophageal pressure topography (EPT) studies to refine the diagnosis of DES. Methods Two thousand consecutive EPT studies were analyzed for contractile front velocity (CFV) and distal latency to identify patients potentially having DES. Normal limits for CFV and distal latency were established from 75 control subjects. Clinical data of patients with reduced distal latency and/or rapid CFV were reviewed. Results Of 1070 evaluable patients, 91 (8.5%) had a high CFV and/or low distal latency. Patients with only rapid contractions (n = 186 [17.4%] using conventional manometry criteria; n=85 [7.9%] using EPT criteria) were heterogeneous in diagnosis and symptoms, with the majority ultimately categorized as weak peristalsis or normal. In contrast, 96% of patients with premature contraction had dysphagia, and all (n = 24; 2.2% overall) were ultimately managed as spastic achalasia or DES. Conclusions The current DES diagnostic paradigm focused on "simultaneous contractions" identifies a large heterogeneous set of patients, most of whom do not have a clinical syndrome suggestive of esophageal spasm. Incorporating distal latency into the diagnostic algorithm of EPT studies improves upon this by isolating disorders of homogeneous pathophysiology: DES with short latency and spastic achalasia. We hypothesize that prioritizing measurement of distal latency will refine the management of these disorders, recognizing that outcomes trials are necessary.
The ecdysteroids from young embryonated eggs of the tobacco hornworm

Abstract 26-Hydroxyecdysone, which is the major free recoverable ecdysteroid of older age groups of embryonated eggs of the tobacco hornworm was also the major component in 4- to 18-hour-old embryonated eggs. The other 3β-ecdysteroids, ecdysone, 20-hydroxyecdysone, and 20,26-dihydroxy-ecdysone, were also present and accounted for an the molting hormone activity; 26-hydroxyecdysone was devoid of molting hormone activity in the house fly assay. 20-Hydroxyecdysone was a minor component, which confirms the earlier observations that the main metabolic route for ecdysteroids during embryonic development is that leading to 26-hydroxy-ecdysone, whereas formation of 20-hydroxyecdysone is a minor pathway. A new 3α-ecdysteroid, 3-epi-26-hydroxyecdysone, also devoid of molting hormone activity, was the second major ecdysteroid isolated from the eggs. 3-Epi-20,26-dihydroxyecdysone was detected in very minute amounts. In additon to the six 3β-and 3α-ecdysteroids there were at least an equivalent number of unknown ecdysteroids an of which lacked molting hormone activity. Their physical properties including chromatographic behavior are discussed.
Empirical Modeling of Single-Event Upset (SEU) in NMOS Depletion-Mode-Load Static RAM (SRAM) Chips

A detailed experimental investigation of single-event upset (SEU) in static RAM (SRAM) chips fabricated using a family of high-performance NMOS (HMOS) depletion-mode-load process technologies, has been done. Empirical SEU models have been developed with the aid of heavy-ion data obtained with a three-stage tandem van de Graaff accelerator. The results of this work demonstrate a method by which SEU may be empirically modeled in NMOS integrated circuits.
Chronic restraint and glycine, phenylalanine and oleic acid absorption.

Abstract 1. 1. Under the present method of exposure to stress produced by prolonged inactivity, the gastrointestinal absorptive efficiency of rats for glycine, phenylalanine, and oleic acid has been investigated. 2. 2. Although the restrained animals have developed different absorptive patterns with respect to these three nutrients throughout the entire period of experimental housing, no deviation from normal was detected except at the 5th week interval in which the restrained animals showed a significantly greater uptake of phenylalanine.
A transposon in Streptococcus faecalis with fertility properties

Certain strains of streptococci have been shown to be capable of conjugatively transferring drug resistance determinants in the apparent absence of plasmid DNA1–6. The transferrable tetracycline resistance (Tcr) marker of Streptococcus faecalis DS16 has been located on a transposon, designated Tn 9162,4,7. We show here that when chromosomal Tn 916 is conjugatively transferred it inserts into a number of different sites on the recipient chromosome. Our studies also imply that transfer and transposition share a common step, which may be excision of the transposon from the donor chromosome.
PREVALENCE OF ANTIBODY TO TOXOPLASMA GONDII AND TRICHINELLA SPP. IN FERAL PIGS (SUS SCROFA) OF EASTERN NORTH CAROLINA

Feral pigs (Sus scrofa) survive in many climates, reproduce year-round, and are dietary generalists. In the United States, the size and range of the feral pig population has expanded, resulting in greater interaction with humans and domestic swine and increased potential for disease transmission. We conducted a serosurvey in feral pigs from eastern North Carolina to determine exposure to the zoonotic parasites, Toxoplasma gondii and Trichinella spp. Between September 2007 and March 2009, blood serum was collected from 83 feral pigs harvested at Howell Woods Environmental Learning Center, Four Oaks, North Carolina, USA. We used a modified agglutination test to test for T. gondii antibodies and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to test for Trichinella spp. antibodies. The prevalences of antibodies to T. gondii and Trichinella spp. were 27.7% and 13.3%, respectively and 4% (n=3) had antibodies to both agents. We detected an increased risk of T. gondii antibodies with age, whereas the risk of exposure to T...
Eaf3 Regulates the Global Pattern of Histone Acetylation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Saccharomyces cerevisiae has a global pattern of histone acetylation in which histone H3 and H4 acetylation levels are lower at protein-coding sequences than at promoter regions. The loss of Eaf3, a subunit of the NuA4 histone acetylase and Rpd3 histone deacetylase complexes, greatly alters the genomic profile of histone acetylation, with the effects on H4 appearing to be more pronounced than those on H3. Specifically, the loss of Eaf3 causes increases in H3 and H4 acetylation at coding sequences and decreases at promoters, such that histone acetylation levels become evenly distributed across the genome. Eaf3 does not affect the overall level of H4 acetylation, the recruitment of the NuA4 catalytic subunit Esa1 to target promoters, or the level of transcription of the genes analyzed for histone acetylation. Whole-genome transcriptional profiling indicates that Eaf3 plays a positive, but quantitatively modest, role in the transcription of a small subset of genes, whereas it has a negative effect on very few genes. We suggest that Eaf3 regulates the genomic profile of histone H3 and H4 acetylation in a manner that does not involve targeted recruitment and is independent of transcriptional activity.
Composition and biodegradation of a synthetic oil spilled on the perennial ice cover of Lake Fryxell, Antarctica.

A helicopter crashed in January 2003 on the 5 m-thick perennial ice cover of Lake Fryxell, spilling synthetic turbine oil Aeroshell 500. Molecular compositions of the oils were analyzed by gas chromatography−mass spectrometry and compared to the composition of contaminants in ice, meltwater, and sediments collected a year after the accident. Aeroshell 500 is based on C20−C33 Pentaerythritol triesters (PET) with C5−C10 fatty acids susbstituents and contain a number of antioxidant additives, such as tricresyl phosphates. Biodegradation of this oil in the ice cover occurs when sediments are present. PETs with short fatty acids substituents are preferentially degraded, whereas long chain fatty acids seem to hinder esters from hydrolysis by esterase derived from the microbial assemblage. It remains to be seen if the microbial ecosystem can degrade tricresyl phosphates. These more recalcitrant PET species and tricresyl phosphates are likely to persist and comprise the contaminants that may eventually cross the ...
Should drugs be decriminalised? No

Recent government figures suggest that the UK drug treatment programmes have had limited success in rehabilitating drug users, leading to calls for decriminalisation from some parties. Kailash Chand believes that this is the best way to reduce the harm drugs cause, but Joseph Califano thinks not
On the accuracy of the predictions of texture evolution by the finite element technique for fcc polycrystals

Abstract Numerical averaging procedures utilizing the finite element technique have been suggested in literature as an improvement over the Taylor averaging scheme for modeling the constitutive behavior of polycrystal aggregates with a known distribution of lattice orientations and a known single crystal constitutive behavior. In this paper, the accuracy of the finite element averaging procedure is evaluated critically by comparing the orientation densities of the α and β -fiber components in rolling textures of fcc metals predicted by both the finite element and the Taylor averaging techniques with the corresponding measurements. It is observed that the finite element predictions are in better agreement with the experiment compared to the Taylor model predictions, especially for the β-fiber texture components. In addition, the sensitivity of the results predicted by the finite element technique to the various geometric and material parameters in the model has been evaluated and discussed.
Gap-junctional hemichannels are activated by ATP depletion in human renal proximal tubule cells.

We present evidence suggesting that gap-junctional hemichannels (GJH) may be involved in acute ischemic injury of human renal proximal tubule cells (hPT cells). Two GJH, from neighboring cells, join to form an intercellular gap junction channel (GJC). Undocked GJH are permeable to hydrophilic molecules up to 1 kDa, and their opening can significantly alter cell homeostasis. Both GJC and GJH formed by connexin 43 (Cx43) are activated by dephosphorylation. Hence, we tested whether GJH activation during ATP depletion contributes to cell damage in renal ischemia. We found that hPT cells in primary culture express Cx43 (RT-PCR and Western-blot analysis) at the plasma membrane region (immunofluorescence). Divalent-cation removal or pharmacological ATP depletion increased cell loading with the hydrophilic dye 5/6 carboxy-fluorescein (CF, 376 Da) but not with fluorescein-labeled dextran (>1500 Da). Endocytosis and activation of P2X channels were experimentally ruled out. Several GJC blockers inhibited the loading elicited by PKC inhibition. Double labeling (CF and propidium iodide) showed that both Ca2+ removal and ATP depletion increase the percentage of necrotic cells. Gadolinium reduced both the loading and the degree of necrosis during divalent-cation removal or ATP depletion. In conclusion, GJH activation may play an important role in the damage of human renal proximal tubule cells during ATP depletion. These studies are the first to provide evidence supporting a role of GJH in causing injury in epithelial cells in general and in renal-tubule cells in particular.
Techniques for measuring localized corrosion rates of beryllium oxide

Abstract Three techniques are described which allow the measurement of localized corrosion rates of beryllium oxide in moist atmospheres. These techniques have been applied in the evaluation of the corrosion rates of beryllia tested in air containing 0.76 wt % water vapour. The experimental results in the range of 980° C to 1425° C show fairly good agreement with theoretical values obtained from proposed analytical expressions.
Sustainable development and participatory practices in community forestry: the case of FUNDECOR in Costa Rica

Abstract Between 1950 and 1994, the pace of deforestation in Costa Rica was one of the most rapid in the western hemisphere. This is a case study of FUNDECOR (Fundacion para el Desarrollo de la Cordillera Volcanica Central/Foundation for the Development of the Central Volcanic Range), an NGO created to stop deforestation and to promote alternatives for sustainable forest development. FUNDECOR emerged when Costa Rica was undergoing a process of structural economic adjustment as a result of the 1980s debt crisis. The Costa Rican state was reducing its intervention in many policy areas, especially in agricultural production, and re-assessing its natural resource management policies. Such a volatile context explains FUNDECOR's decision to challenge the conventional wisdom regarding NGO participatory practices in community forestry. It decided not to “organise first” its constituency as a prerequisite for stopping deforestation. Rigid organising would have jeopardised the take-off and development of the anti-d...
Restoring population balance through natural enemy introductions.

Abstract This paper concentrates on biological control as a tool for restoring natural balance to disturbed populations. The focus is on using natural enemies against adventive pests. Of 1200 cases of biological control worldwide, ca. 200 have proved completely successful. In these cases, pest population densities have been reduced 100- to 10,000-fold. These reductions in density required from 6 to 13 host generations. Addition of natural enemies to pest-dominated systems also improves system diversity by reducing unnatural competition from the pest species.
The concentration of oxygen, lactate and glucose in the central veins, right heart, and pulmonary artery: a study in patients with pulmonary hypertension.

Decreases in oxygen saturation (SO2) and lactate concentration [Lac] from superior vena cava (SVC) to pulmonary artery have been reported. These gradients (ΔSO2 and Δ[Lac]) are probably created by diluting SVC blood with blood of lower SO2 and [Lac]. We tested the hypothesis that ΔSO2 and Δ[Lac] result from mixing SVC and inferior vena cava (IVC) blood streams. This was a prospective, sequential, observational study of hemodynamically stable individuals with pulmonary artery hypertension (n = 9) who were about to undergo right heart catheterization. Catheters were advanced under fluoroscopic guidance into the IVC, SVC, right atrium, right ventricle, and pulmonary artery. Samples were obtained at each site and analyzed for SO2, [Lac], and glucose concentration ([Glu]). Analysis of variance with Tukey HSD test was used to compare metabolite concentrations at each site. There were no differences in SO2 or [Lac] between IVC and SVC, both being greater than their respective pulmonary artery measurements (P 0; P < 0.001). Δ[Glu] was -0.19 ± 0.31 mmol/l, which was not significantly different from zero, with SVC [Glu] being less than IVC [Glu]. Mixing of SVC with IVC blood does not account for the development of ΔSO2 and Δ[Lac] in hemodynamically stable individuals with pulmonary artery hypertension. An alternate mechanism is mixing with coronary sinus blood, implying that ΔSO2 and Δ[Lac] may reflect changes in coronary sinus SO2 and [Lac] in this patient population.
Modular Three-component Delivery System Facilitates HLA Class I Antigen Presentation and CD8+ T-cell Activation Against Tumors

Cell-mediated immunotherapies have potential as stand-alone and adjuvant therapies for cancer. However, most current protocols suffer from one or more of three major issues: cost, safety, or efficacy. Here we present a nanoparticle delivery system that facilitates presentation of an immunogenic measles antigen specifically in cancer cells. The delivery system does not contain viral particles, toxins, or biologically derived material. Treatment with this system facilitates activation of a secondary immune response against cancer cells, bypassing the need to identify tumor-associated antigens or educate the immune system through a primary immune response. The delivery system consists of a stealth liposome displaying a cancer-specific targeting peptide, named H1299.3, on its exterior surface and encapsulating H250, an immunogenic human leukocyte antigen class 1 restricted peptide. This targeted-nanoparticle facilitates presentation of the H250 peptide in major histocompatibility complex class I molecules. Activation is dependent on the targeting peptide, previous antigen exposure, and utilizes a novel autophagy-mediated mechanism to facilitate presentation. Treatment with this liposome results in a significant reduction of tumor growth using an aggressive LLC1 model in vaccinated C57BL/6 mice. These data provide proof-of-principle for a novel cell-mediated immunotherapy that is scalable, contains no biologically derived material, and is an efficacious cancer therapy.
Clinical Molecular Imaging in the Gastrointestinal Tract

Fluorescent-labeled peptides are being developed as molecular probes to target pre-cancerous tissue in vivo for imaging with novel methods of wide area endoscopy and confocal microscopy as a guide for biopsy in the gastrointestinal tract.
Is routine splintage following primary total knee replacement necessary? A prospective randomised trial.

It was hypothesised that routine splintage following primary total knee replacement has no affect on flexion deformity and offers no benefit over simple wool and crepe. Fifty-five patients undergoing primary total knee replacement were entered into a prospective study. The patients were randomly assigned to two groups: The first group was rehabilitated without a splint and the second received an adjustable semi-rigid extension splint (Richards splint) for the first 48 h after surgery. Range of motion measurements were recorded pre-operatively and at 2 days, 1 week and 3 months post-operation by a research nurse blinded to the allocation. No statistically significant difference in flexion deformity was found at any stage (P>0.5). No difference was found in general or wound complications, or requirement for blood transfusion, and the post-operative stay was equal in the two groups. We conclude that routine use of a semi-rigid splint following primary total knee replacement has no advantage over simple wound dressings.
David Hosack and the Rutgers Medical College

The article is about Dr. David Hosack and the short-lived Rutgers Medical College which he administered from 1826 to 1827. This was third medical college at Rutgers. The first ran from 1792 to 1793 and the second from 1812 to 1816, when Rutgers was still Queen's College.
The Validity of Self-Reported Medication Adherence as an Outcome in Clinical Trials of Adherence-Promotion Interventions: Findings from the MACH14 Study

In medication adherence-promotion trials, participants in the intervention arm are often cognizant of the researcher's aim to improve adherence; this may lead to their inflating reports of their own adherence compared to control arm participants. Using data from 1,247 HIV-positive participants across eight U.S. Studies in the Multi-site Adherence Collaboration on HIV (MACH14) collaboration, we evaluated the validity of self-reported adherence by examining whether its association with two more objective outcomes [1], electronically monitored adherence and [2] viral load, varied by study arm. After adjusting for potential confounders, there was no evidence of greater overestimation of self-reported adherence among intervention arm participants, supporting its potential as a trial outcome indicator.
A Model of the Change, Attributable to Government Health Insurance Plans, in Location Patterns of Physicians—With Supporting Evidence from Ontario, Canada

The introduction of government health insurance programs may induce physicians to change location trends that prevailed under previous market conditions. The subsequent change in geographic accessi...
Digitally Controlled Receiver

Digital computers have evolved to an active role as components in communication systems, performing such functions as data processing, executive and adaptive control, management of waveform, and antenna characteristic selection. At one time, the interface between communication equipment and data processing was clear. At present, however, the computer is capable of accomplishing, by using digital techniques, so many classically analog functions that there is basically no interface. The discussion considers the extent to which this trend toward full utilization of digital techniques can and should be extended.
Localized vibrations of disordered multi-span beams - Theory and experiment

The localization of the free modes of vibration of disordered multi-span beams is investigated, both theoretically and experimentally. It is shown that small deviations of the span lengths from an ideal value may have drastic effects on the dynamics of the system, by inhibiting the propagation of vibrations in the structure. Emphasis is placed on the development of a perturbation method that allows one to obtain the localized modes of vibration of the disordered system without a global eigenvalue analysis of the entire system. Such a perturbation analysis is cost effective and accurate. More importantly, it provides physical insight into the localization phenomenon, and allows one to formulate a criterion that predicts the occurence of localized modes. Also, an experiment is described, which has been carried out to verify the existence of localized modes for disordered twospan beams. Theoretical and experimental results are compared in detail and excellent agreement is found, thus confirming the existence of localized modes.
Tuning of the H-transfer coordinate in primitive versus well-evolved enzymes.

The nature of an H-transfer reaction catalyzed by a primitive enzyme is examined and compared to the same reaction catalyzed by a mature (highly evolved) enzyme. The findings are evaluated using two different theoretical models. The tunneling correction model[1–3] suggests that the reaction catalyzed by the mature enzyme involves extensive tunneling, while that of the primitive enzyme involves no tunneling contribution. Marcus-like models,[2–5] on the other hand, suggest that the reaction catalyzed by the primitive enzyme has a poorly reorganized reaction coordinate, while the mature enzyme has tuned the reaction coordinate to near perfect reorganization. The latter interpretation does not indicate the degree of tunneling, but it does address the level of system preparation that brings the reaction coordinate to the tunneling conformation. Importantly, the findings indicate that, in contrast to the primitive enzyme, the mature one has evolved to catalyze a reaction with asignificant tunneling contribution or with a perfectly reorganized reaction coordinate for H-tunneling (using tunneling-correction or the Marcus-like models, respectively).
Sexual Harassment Behaviors and Work Related Perceptions and Attitudes

Abstract This study examined the impact of sexual harassment behaviors on work related perceptions and attitudes. Sexual harassment was operationalized as the extent to which employees of a midwestern state agency ( N = 718) experienced a variety of sexually harassing behaviors by supervisors or by co-workers. Results for both men and women showed that experiencing behaviors commonly regarded as sexually harassing was related to perceptions of being sexually harassed and to work related attitudes. Supervisor sexual harassment behavior was related to most of the work related attitudes measured; co-worker sexual harassment behavior was related to three work related attitudes for females and none for males. In light of possible sex differences, research including both male and female reactions to sexual harassment is recommended.
SU-E-T-568: Hippocampus and Neural Stemcell Sparing Using Proton Therapy in Whole Brain Irradiation

Purpose: To investigate feasibility of using proton therapy (PT) in neural stemcell sparing and to compare its dosimetric advantage to IMRT. To investigate the robustness of the proton plan in hippocampus sparing by introducing translation and rotation errors in treatment plan. Methods: Hippocampal neurogenesis directly correlates to memory and other cognitive functions. Compared to the traditional whole brain (WB) uniform irradiation, Photon Intensity‐Modulated‐Radiation‐Therapy (IMRT) can reduce hippocampal dose somewhat but limited by its beam exit dose. Pinnacle and Eclipse were used, respectively, for IMRT and PT planning (30Gy in 10 fractions) for hippocampal neural stemcell sparing WB irradiation. Both hippocampus and neural stemcell regions were contoured as avoidance region. Similar to RTOG0933, the target was defined as the WB subtracted by 5 mm expansion of the avoidance region. Other organs‐at‐ risk (OARs) includes lenses,eyes, optical chiasm, optical nerves, brainstem and parotids. Twelve coplanar beams were used in IMRT plans with 2.5mm MLC width. Objectives were specified to maximize target coverage and reduce dose to avoidance region and to other OARs. There were 9 non‐ coplanar proton beams that include 2 pairs of patch fields, 1 pair of match fields and 4 open fields. Distal blocking was used in 5 beams. Results: Both plans' target coverage was scaled at 70% target covered by 30Gy. Plan comparison between proton and IMRT are, respectively, as follows: Target D2 (36.2, 37.3Gy); Mean dose to avoidance region (0.96, 5Gy); mean doses to left‐lens (0.21, 3.35Gy); mean doses to right‐lens (0.25, 3.57Gy); mean dose to left‐parotid (0.82, 9.57Gy) and right‐parotid (0.11, 11.6Gy). Similar dose distribution found in brainstem, eyes and optical nerves and chiasm for both proton and IMRT plans. Conclusions:Proton plan demonstrated dosimetric advantage in neural stemcell and hippocampus sparing than IMRT plan. The proton plan is robust from translation and rotation setup errors.
Critical Thinking in Physical Geography: Linking Concepts of Content and Applicability.

Abstract This study investigates critical thinking in a Physical Geography course and illustrates how students can understand physical geography in the context of their world. As a general education science course, most students are in non-science disciplines and feel disconnected from the material. By using exercises that challenge learning and concept associations, they apply new information into their lives to make the material meaningful and memorable. As an introductory survey course, students are introduced to an array of subject matter. They find it difficult to link concepts of Earth systems together. By using thought sessions and formatted worksheets, students can reflect on one system and how it impacts another system. Students choose thought sessions from categories (political/economic, analytical/scientific, philosophical/artistic, technological), supporting an interdisciplinary approach.
THE ROLE OF PROTECTIVE LEAD CLOTHING IN REDUCING RADIATION EXPOSURE RATES TO PERSONNEL DURING EQUINE BONE SCINTIGRAPHY

Bone scintigraphy is often used in horses because of its sensitivity and noninvasive nature. A 99mTc labeled radiopharmaceutical is injected at a dose of between 5.7 and 7.3 GBq. Images are acquired immediately postinjection and 2–4 h post. People are often in the room with the horse during the acquisition process. Objectives of this study were to (a) document the radiation exposure rates at different distances from various sites of the horse at varying times post injection and (b) study the usefulness of wearing lead aprons to reduce exposure rates to personnel. Radiation exposure rates were measured in at three distances (at skin surface and at 30 and 100 cm from the skin) from three sites (shoulder, thorax, and pelvis) in 19 horses. Exposure rates were measured with and without shielding by a 0.5-mm lead equivalent apron during both the pool and delayed phases. A 0.5 mm equivalent lead apron significantly decreases radiation exposure (P<0.05) at these three distances from the three sites during both image acquisition phases. Mean dose reduction factors from the lead apron range from 3.6 to 5.7.
Animals in War: History and Implications for the Future

(1991). Animals in War: History and Implications for the Future. Anthrozoos: Vol. 4, No. 3, pp. 145-153.
Unusual echographic appearance of a courvoisier gall bladder

A patient who had been jaundice for more than four months was examined with diagnostic ultrasound. Ultrasound examination revealed that the patient had a solid-appearing mass in the region of the gall bladder, in addition to findings diagnostic of obstructive jaundice. A probable mass was also noted in the head of the pancreas. The clinical data and representative echographic pictures are presented to emphasize the point that sludge within the gall bladder is echogenic and appears more solid than cystic on a standard echographic examination.
G2 cell cycle arrest and cyclophilin A in lentiviral gene transfer.

Abstract Lentiviral vectors derived from the human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) have a higher propensity to transduce nondividing cells compared to vectors based on oncoretroviruses. We report here that genistein, a previously known protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) inhibitor and G2 cell cycle arrest inducer, significantly enhanced lentiviral transduction in a dose-dependent manner. Increased transduction, as measured by vector expression, was seen in a variety of human cell lines, murine primary lymphocytes, and primary human CD34 + peripheral blood progenitor cells as well. Increased vector expression was also associated with an increase in vector DNA copy number, as assessed by quantitative PCR. Genistein-mediated G2 cell cycle arrest, rather than PTK inhibition, appears to be the major factor responsible for increased gene transfer. Genistein also increases cyclophilin A (CypA) protein, a cellular protein important for efficient HIV-1 infection. While we show that CypA −/− Jurkat cells transduce poorly with lentiviral vectors, genistein does increase gene transfer in CypA-deficient cells. CypA and G2 cell cycle arrest appear to be two independent factors important for efficient lentiviral gene transfer. The role of genistein and other G2-arresting agents may be useful for improving the efficiency of lentiviral gene therapy.
Shadowing of gluons in perturbative QCD: A comparison of different models

We investigate the different perturbative QCD-based models for nuclear shadowing of gluons. We show that, in the kinematic region appropriate to the BNL relativistic heavy ion collider experiment, all models give similar estimates for the magnitude of gluon shadowing. At scales relevant to CERN large hadron collider (LHC), there is a sizable difference between the predictions of the different models. However, the uncertainties in gluon shadowing coming from a different parametrization of the gluon distribution in nucleons, are larger than those due to different perturbative QCD models of gluon shadowing. We also investigate the effect of initial nonperturbative shadowing on the magnitude of perturbative shadowing and show that the magnitudes of perturbative and nonperturbative shadowing are comparable at RHIC but perturbative shadowing dominates over nonperturbative shadowing at smaller values of x reached at LHC.
Ultrasensitive graphene far-infrared power detectors

We describe the properties of ultrasensitive graphene photon detectors for use in the far-infrared/terahertz spectral region and present theoretical predictions for their power detection sensitivity. These predictions are based on two graphene contacting schemes with superconducting contacts: contacts with a thin insulating barrier, and direct superconducting contacts. To quantitatively assess these predictions, we perform thermal measurements of graphene at low temperatures and analyse them to extract information on electron-phonon cooling in graphene. These new results for the electron-phonon cooling channel allow reliable prediction of the noise equivalent power (NEP) that can be expected from an optimized graphene detector, using measurement of the Johnson noise emission as the thermometry method. We find that an NEP of 2 × 10(-19) W Hz(-1/2) should be achievable under certain biasing conditions with an ideal device.
The total, free, and ester cholesterol content of the serum in hay fever and in asthma

Abstract Although there is a tendency for the total blood cholesterol to be slightly elevated above the average normal in patients with treated hay fever and slightly below normal in patients with treated asthma, the results lack significance from a statistical standpoint. In both groups, however, the per cent of free cholesterol in total cholesterol is definitely elevated above the average normal. The results in a smaller series of patients with hay fever and asthma before the institution of treatment were not unlike those observed for the treated groups.
Role of Facet Joints in Spine Pain and Image-Guided Treatment: A Review

Chronic low back and neck pain remain prevalent medical concerns, with much debate regarding the effective evaluation and treatment. Facet disease has been implicated as a source of axial nonradiating low back pain. We discuss patient evaluation, the role of imaging, current and emerging image-guided therapies for facet-related pain, and the increasing importance of outcome-related research in this arena.
Comprehensive assessment of hormones, phytoestrogens, and estrogenic activity in an anaerobic swine waste lagoon.

In this study, the distribution of steroid hormones, phytoestrogens, and estrogenic activity was thoroughly characterized within the anaerobic waste lagoon of a typical commercial swine sow operation. Three independent rounds of sampling were conducted in June 2009, April 2010, and February 2011. Thirty-seven analytes in lagoon slurry and sludge were assessed using LC/MS-MS, and yeast estrogen screen was used to determine estrogenic activity. Of the hormone analytes, steroidal estrogens were more abundant than androgens or progesterone, with estrone being the predominant estrogen species. Conjugated hormones were detected only at low levels. The isoflavone metabolite equol was by far the predominant phytoestrogen species, with daidzein, genistein, formononetin, and coumestrol present at lower levels. Phytoestrogens were often more abundant than steroidal estrogens, but contributed minimally toward total estrogenic activity. Analytes were significantly elevated in the solid phases of the lagoon; although l...
The morphology of schwa in the history of French

Abstract First conjugation verbs appear with an unetymological schwa in the 1st person singular of the present indicative and in the present subjunctive in later Old French texts. This feature of ‘schwa generalization’ has been traditionally explained as analogical to verbs in which the vowel had been triggered phonotactically (cf. entrer ) and to the subjunctive of non-1st conjugation verbs. This paper will attempt a reinterpretation of these facts in the framework of natural morphology. It will become clear that schwa generalization cannot be considered an isolated phenomenon for the evolution of French, but does, in fact, perform a vital role in the global change-over from Latin to Old French to Modern French inflectional morphology.
Values and Modes of Rationality in Economic Science

Virtually since its birth 200 years ago, modern economic thinking has been plagued by the question of what role to assign to values in economic theory and research. The dominant stance, initially set forth by Nassau Senior and rigorously reiterated and sophisticated by J. S. Mill, J. M. Keynes, Lionel Robbins, J. A. Schumpeter and M. Friedman, has been that scientific economics and ethical questions must be kept unambiguously separate. Scientific or positive economics deals with questions of fact or “is” questions, while normative economics deals with value or “ought” questions. As scientists, economists must content themselves with the analysis of positive issues. Values are viewed as beyond the purview of science, and consequently they must be taken as given, determined by social processes in which the economist might participate only as citizen. That this is the dominant understanding of what an appropriate stance toward values must be is attested to by its appearance in the preface or introductory chapter of most mainstream economics textbooks.
The effects of low levels of chloramphenicol and methotrexate on somatic embryogenesis inCitrus

The effects of the antibiotics methotrexate and chloramphenicol on somatic embryogenesis inCitrus were evaluated. Relatively low levels (0.1 to 1.0 μg/ml) of these antibiotics did not inhibit embryo production from undeveloped ovules of ‘Key’ lime [C. aurantifolia) (Christm.) Swing.]. Surprisingly, both antibiotics induced the formation of embryogenic callus in these cultures. This is usually a rare event in cultures of undevelopedCitrus ovules, and ‘Key’ lime is especially recalcitrant. The effects of these antibiotics on embryogenic callus appeared to be limited to the induction stage, because there was no consistent effect, either stimulatory or inhibitory, on established, lines of embryogenic callus.
Explanation of Abnormal Low Voltage Arcs

IT is well established that arcs in gases or vapours may be maintained at voltages as low as their ionising potentials, or, in cases where cumulative ionisation is possible, as low as their radiating potentials, provided a hot cathode is used as a source of electrons to stimulate the arc. Considerable discussion has arisen over certain cases in which arcs have been maintained at still lower voltages,1 since at such voltages the electrons are known not to effect partial or complete ionisation of molecules with which they collide.
Varied oxygen stoichiometry in RBa2Cu3O7−x

Abstract Superconducting properties of RBa 2 Cu 3 O 7−x (R  Y, Gd and Nd) are studied as oxygen stoichiometries are varied. The region of x where samples are superconducting becomes narrower as the ionic radius of the R-ion increases. Samples most unstable to oxygen variation (i.e., Nd123) have the highest T c .
Modulation of doxorubicin-induced chromosomal damage by calmodulin inhibitors and its relationship to cytotoxicity in progressively doxorubicin-resistant tumor cells

Abstract Modulation of doxorubicin (DOX) cytotoxicity by the calmodulin inhibitor trifluoperazine (TFP) in progressively doxorubicin-resistant L1210 mouse leukemia cells is unrelated to effects on drug accumulation. Based on the clastogenic activity of DOX, the effects of TFP and the selective calmodulin inhibitor 1,3-dihydro-1-[1-[4-methyl-4 H ,6 H -pyrrolo[1 ,2- a ][4,1]-benzoxazepin-4-yl-methyl]-4-piperidinyl]-2 H -benzimidazol-2-one(1 : 1) maleate (CGS9343B) on DOX-induced chromosomal damage and its relationship to cytotoxicity were evaluated in sensitive and progressively DOX-resistant L1210 cells. Potentiation of DOX cytotoxicity by CGS9343B (a potent inhibitor of calmodulin which does not inhibit protein kinase C) was related to the level of resistance. Further, for equivalent cytotoxicity, cellular DOX levels in the absence versus the presence of TFP or CGS9343B were markedly higher. Exposure to calmodulin inhibitors following DOX treatment enhanced chromosomal aberrations and cytotoxicity. Maximal effects of calmodulin inhibitors were apparent when used during and after DOX treatment, and potentiation of cytotoxicity was related to modulation of DOX-induced chromosomal aberrations. Results suggest that inhibition of calmodulin-regulated processes is a potential target in the modulation of DNA damage/repair, and could play a pivotal role in the expression of “acquired resistance” to DOX.
Urban Squeeze Plays: New York City Crises of the 1930s and 1970s

During the 1930s, and again in the 1970s, New York City experienced serious fiscal crises during which the financial community openly exerted their power in the city. This paper analyzes those crises and the economic contexts in which they occurred. It will be argued that the essential causes of the most recent crisis were not subject to the control of the politicians in New York City and can be found in some of the systemic characteristics of United States capitalism. The paper will focus, specifically, on business cycles, nationally based secular trends which undermine city tax bases and expand revenue demands, the fragmented nature of local governments, the efforts by the capitalist class to expand profits by reducing benefits previously won by the workers, and on the response of the banking system to both secular and cyclical trends. All cities were subject to these pressures (and information on other cities is included), but New York was-especially hard hit by the last three factors. The "solution" t...
Scale dependence of bubble creation mechanisms in breaking waves

Breaking ocean waves entrain air bubbles that enhance air-sea gas flux, produce aerosols, generate ambient noise and scavenge biological surfactants. The size distribution of the entrained bubbles is the most important factor in controlling these processes, but little is known about bubble properties and formation mechanisms inside whitecaps. We have measured bubble size distributions inside breaking waves in the laboratory and in the open ocean, and provide a quantitative description of bubble formation mechanisms in the laboratory. We find two distinct mechanisms controlling the size distribution, depending on bubble size. For bubbles larger than about 1 mm, turbulent fragmentation determines bubble size distribution, resulting in a bubble density proportional to the bubble radius to the power of -10/3. Smaller bubbles are created by jet and drop impact on the wave face, with a -3/2 power-law scaling. The length scale separating these processes is the scale where turbulent fragmentation ceases, also known as the Hinze scale. Our results will have important implications for the study of air-sea gas transfer.
Correlates of visual acuity in college freshmen.

44% of 1362 males and 52% of 959 females wore glasses. Male glasses-wearers were slighter in body build and less ambitious than non-glasses-wearers; the reverse was true among females. Glasses-wearers of both sexes reported more illnesses and lower somatic but higher cognitive self-esteem. Their grades and SAT scores were superior, and this was traced directly to their larger vocabularies.