cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The thyroid axis just got more complicated.

As a first-year medical student, you could count on the simplicity and elegance of the thyroid axis, because all its details had apparently been elucidated. Hypothalamic thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) promoted the synthesis, release, and glycosylation of pituitary thyrotropin, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), which in turn acted on the thyroid follicle, leading to the synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T4 and T3). Furthermore, precise control of the axis was maintained by thyroid hormone negative feedback at both the hypothalamic and pituitary levels (Figure ​(Figure1).1). Now, a new pituitary hormone, termed thyrostimulin, may change our established view of this axis. Figure 1 The role of thyrostimulin in the thyroid axis and periphery. Thyrostimulin, a heterodimeric glycoprotein hormone, is synthesized in the pituitary and other peripheral tissues. It is suggested to act in a paracrine fashion at these sites. A role for thyrostimulin ... TSH, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and chorionic gonadotropin (CG) are a family of heterodimeric pituitary and placental glycoprotein hormones that share a common α subunit (1). Their biological specificity at either the thyroid or the gonad is conferred by a unique β subunit that is noncovalently linked to the common glycoprotein α subunit. All of these hormones have been purified by classical means, and their biological activities established by in vivo assays. Nakabayashi et al. in this issue of the JCI (2) describe a novel heterodimeric glycoprotein hormone containing two unique subunits, which they term A2 and B5. These investigators identified A2 and B5 in a homology search of the human genome (GenBank). In a nearly simultaneous paper in another journal, the same group describes orthologs of these subunits found in diverse species (3). A2 and B5 share only modest amino acid similarity with the related glycoprotein hormone subunit family members, but they contain all of the cysteine residues required to form the characteristic cysteine knot structure found in these and other growth factors, including PDGF and TGF-β. The authors show here that A2 interacts strongly with FSH-β, CG-β, and B5 in a yeast two-hybrid assay (2). After determining that the A2/B5 pair can stimulate cAMP production via the TSH receptor, Nakabayashi and colleagues pursued the thyrotropic activity of A2/B5 in greater detail.
Lisfranc's Fracture-Dislocation with Intercuneiform Dislocation: Presentation of Two Cases and a Plan for Treatment

Intercuneiform dislocation is an important consideration in the initial treatment of fracture dislocations of the tarsometatarsal joint. The cuneiforms form a mortise for the second metatarsal which is the keystone of the tarsometatarsal articulations. The position of the second cuneiform is crucial to the integrity of the transverse arch of the foot. Proper initial treatment of these fractures includes precise reduction and stable fixation via open or closed methods so that the second metatarsal is restored as the tenon within a solid mortise formed by the cuneiforms.
Optically controlled collisions of biological objects

We have developed a new assay in which two mesoscale particles are caused to collide using two independently controlled optical tweezers. This assay involves the measurement of the adhesion probability following a collision. Since the relative orientation, impact parameter (i.e., distance of closest approach), and collision velocity of the particles, as well as the components of the solution, are all under the user's control, this assay can mimic a wide range of biologically relevant collisions. We illustrate the utility of our assay by evaluating the adhesion probability of a single erythrocyte (red blood cell) to an influenza virus-coated microsphere, in the presence of sialic acid-bearing inhibitors of adhesion. This probability as a function of inhibitor concentration yields a measure of the effectiveness of the inhibitor for blocking viral adhesion. Most of the inhibition constants obtained using the tweezers agree well with those obtained from other techniques, although the inhibition constants for the best of the inhibitors were beyond the limited resolution of conventional assays. They were readily evaluated using our tweezers-based assay, however, and prove to be the most potent inhibitors of adhesion between influenza virus and erythrocytes ever measured. Further studies are underway to investigate the effect of collision velocity on the adhesion probability, with the eventual goal of understanding the various mechanisms of inhibition (direct competition for viral binding sites versus steric stabilization). Analysis of these data also provide evidence that the density of binding sites may be a crucial parameter in the application of this assay and polymeric inhibition in general.
A re-evaluation of hotspot settlement in lekking sage grouse

Recent analyses of avian leks have come to conflicting conclusions concerning the role of male settlement on female traffic hotspots. This issue was re-examined in the sage grouse,Centrocercus urophasianus, using data on pre-nesting movements of radiotagged females and the dispersion of lekking males collected during a 10-year field study. As expected with hotspot settlement, leks were preferentially located in areas through which females travelled between wintering and nesting ranges before mating. In addition, the distribution of males among leks was related proximately to variation in numbers of females visiting each lek during the mating period and ultimately to numbers that nested within a 2-km radius, within which nesting hens were preferentially attracted. The results show both that hotspot settlement can explain certain coarse scale features of male dispersion, and that female behaviour during different stages of the pre-nesting period may influence particular components of male dispersion to differing extents.
Protein folding potential functions

There has been a great deal of activity recently on approaches to the calculation of protein folding using specially devised empirical potential functions. We have developed one such function that solves the protein structure recognition problem: given the sequence for a globular protein and a collection of plausible protein conformations, including the native conformation for that sequence, identify the correct, native conformation. Although it has been trained on only 58 single-chain proteins, it recognizes the native conformation for essentially all compact, soluble, globular proteins having known native conformations in comparisons with 10/sup 4/ to 10/sup 6/ reasonable alternative conformations apiece. Furthermore, it correctly discriminates between native and nonnative structures of multichain aggregates without additional information about disulfide bonds or bound ligands. Given its broad successes, we can use it to gain insight into the differences between several seemingly related computational problems. >
Through Their Lens: The Potential of Photovice for Documentation of Environmental Perspectives among Kenyan Teachers

This study explores the potential of photovoice for understanding environmental perspectives of teachers in the Narok District of Kenya. The objective of this paper is to share this photo-methodology with environmental educators so they may use it as an innovative methodological tool to understand the construction of environmental perspectives. The researchers analyzed the digital images and the accompanying narratives for themes emerging for each of the key terms. The researchers utilized Critical Visual Methodology to guide the data analysis. Each photograph was coded according to its site of audiencing (including both compositionality and social modalities). The themes - shares local knowledge, documents context, documents knowledge emerged from the participants’ photovoice. The researchers theorize this tool illustrated the ways in which this community valued the environment, their community, and the ways in which they conceptualize the solutions. Keywords: Photovoice, Environmental Perspectives, Photo-Methodology, Critical Visual Methodology
Coordinated manipulation of polygonal objects

In this paper the author presents an efficient algorithm for the coordinated manipulation of polygonal objects with independent robot agents and an efficient decision procedure for whether a polygonal object can undergo any desired reorientation. This algorithm has good stability properties, in that it is not sensitive to small errors in the initial data and it relies on a simple control scheme. The result is a contribution towards realistic task-level planning for robots.
Simulation of turbulent flow over idealized water waves

Turbulent flow over idealized water waves with varying wave slope ak and wave age c/u. is investigated using direct numerical simulations at a bulk Reynolds number Re = 8000. In the present idealization, the shape of the water wave and the associated orbital velocities are prescribed and do not evolve dynamically under the action of the wind. The results show that the imposed waves significantly influence the mean flow, vertical momentum fluxes, velocity variances, pressure, and form stress (drag). Compared to a stationary wave, slow (fast) moving waves increase (decrease) the form stress. At small c/u., waves act similarly to increasing surface roughness z o resulting in mean vertical velocity profiles with shorter buffer and longer logarithmic regions. With increasing wave age, z o decreases so that the wavy lower surface is nearly as smooth as a flat lower boundary. Vertical profiles of turbulence statistics show that the wave effects depend on wave age and wave slope but are confined to a region kz < 1 (where k is the wavenumber of the surface undulation and z is the vertical coordinate). The turbulent momentum flux can be altered by as much as 40% by the waves. A region of closed streamlines (or cat's-eye pattern) centred about the critical layer height was found to be dynamically important at low to moderate values of c/u. The wave-correlated velocity and flux fields are strongly dependent on the variation of the critical layer height and to a lesser extent the surface orbital velocities. Above the critical layer z cr the positions of the maximum and minimum wave-correlated vertical velocity w w occur upwind and downwind of the peak in z cr , like a stationary surface. The wave-correlated flux u w w w is positive (negative) above (below) the critical layer height.
Education and the Attribution of Emotion to Facial Expressions

Certain facial expressions have been proposed to be signals evolved to communicate a single specific emotion. Evidence to support this view is based primarily on university-educated Western adults. In the current study (N=96), university-educated and non-university-educated Americans were asked to label purported facial expressions of happiness, sadness, anger, fear, surprise, and disgust. Participants with no university education were significantly less likely to label the "fear face" as scared or the "disgust face" as disgusted, but more likely to label the "anger face" as angry and the "sad face" as sad. Education was also related to overall use of disgusted and angry – an effect that might help explain differences in labeling faces.
Enzymatic and histopathologic biomarkers as indicators of contaminant exposure and effect in Asian clam ( Potamocorbula amurensis )

Enzymatic and histopathologic alterations of the digestive gland, gill, gonad, and kidney were studied in Asian clam (Potamocorbula amurensis) in April, 1997 from each of four United States Geological Survey (USGS) stations in the San Francisco Estuary. Stations were selected based on differing body burdens of metallic contaminants in clams (Stn 4.1> 6.1> 8.1>12.5) observed over 7 years. Because no pristine sites are known within the estuary and because no laboratory-reared stocks of P. amurensis were available, clams from station 12.5 served as reference animals. Histopathologic analysis revealed no lesions in clams collected from station 12.5. Mild digestive gland atrophy and moderate distal kidney tubular vacuolation were seen in clams collected from station 8.1. Mild digestive gland atrophy, moderate kidney tubular atrophy, and moderate gill inflammation were seen in clams collected from station 6.1. Lesions found only in clams from station 4.1 were: (1) severe inflammation and moderate atrop...
Tele-dysphagia Management: An Opportunity for Prevention, Cost-Savings and Advanced Training

Many patients survive severe stroke because of aggressive management in intensive care units. However, acquiring pneumonia during the post-onset phase significantly reduces both the quality and likelihood of survival. Aspiration pneumonia (AP), a relatively recent addition to the list of the pneumonias, is associated with dysphagia, a swallowing disorder that may cause aspiration of swallowed food or liquids mixed with bacterial pathogens common to saliva, or by aspiration of gastric contents due to emesis or gastroesophageal reflux. While it is within the purview of speech-language pathologists to provide evaluation, treatment, and management of dysphagia, the number of patients with dysphagia is growing faster than the number of qualified dysphagia clinicians. Because dysphagia consultations via telepractice are feasible and relatively accessible from a technological standpoint, they offer a promising strategy to bring the expertise of distant dysphagia experts to patients in underserved areas. Tele-dysphagia management has the potential to increase patients’ survival, enhance the expertise of primary, local clinicians, and reduce healthcare costs. Even a modest reduction in either hospital admissions for aspiration pneumonia, or in the length of stay for AP, could save the US health care system hundreds of millions of dollars each year. Wide spread tele-dysphagia management offers significant opportunities for prevention, cost-savings and advanced training, and is therefore worthy of consideration by stakeholders in the health care system and university training programs.
Peking, Moscow, and the Underdeveloped Areas

THE year 1960 saw the first major open break in the Sino-Soviet alliance. Beginning with the Hongqi (Red Flag) articles of April 1 and 15, and receiving a quietus only after the November conference of 81 Communist parties in Moscow, the divergent views of the two Communist partners were laid bare to public view. Western observers have been virtually overwhelmed by this windfall of fascinating material, and speculation as to its meaning has been rampant.
Src family protein tyrosine kinases: cooperating with growth factor and adhesion signaling pathways

The Src family of protein tyrosine kinases functionally interacts with several receptor and nonreceptor protein tyrosine kinases. Recent developments show that Src family kinases may cooperate with the epidermal growth factor and platelet-derived growth factor receptors and the integrin-linked focal adhesion kinase to diversify signals that regulate growth and cell movement.
Mexico and the Globalization of Services: Outflanked Once Again?

The newest wave of globalization is the offshoring of information technology, administrative and technical services (ITAS) from developed to developing countries. This article examines Mexico's ability to take advantage of this opportunity, especially relative to India- the world's largest outsourc- ing beneficiary. It also discusses the current ITAS market in Mexico, including its firms and structure. The current Mexican industry's underdevelopment, the role of United States and Indian MNCs, the comparative strengths and weaknesses of Mexico in this environment, and Mexico's experience with glo- balization based on manufacturing are explored and will be of particular inte- rest to policymakers and the business community. Keywords: Mexico, offshoring, outsourcing, services, globalization.
Low-temperature oxidation of coal. 1. A single-particle reaction-diffusion model

In this paper, the first of a three-part series, a kinetic model for low-temperature oxidation is developed. The formulation, based on a single isothermal particle, permits assessment of the relative importance of various mass transfer resistances. Through inclusion of transport resistances, the model accounts for the dependence of the observed reaction rates on particle size and specific external surface area over the full range of particle sizes, with smooth transition between different reaction regimes for dry as well as wet low-rank coal. The approach also permits development of a new model which considers the effect of bulk and surface moisture in the coal on the rate of low-temperature oxidation. This new model is expected to apply at moisture levels above ∼0.1 kg kg−1 coal. It is shown that when liquid water fills the porous matrix, in situ moisture in fresh coal must exert a very significant retarding influence on the rate of low-temperature oxidation at constant temperature. Further, the influence of particle size on reaction rate is pronounced even at low temperatures and small particle sizes. For dried coal on the other hand, the influence of particle size becomes important only at significantly higher temperatures or for considerably larger particle sizes. Results of the extension of the model to (1) the interpretation of rate data obtained in isothermal batch and fixed-bed reactors and (2) the modelling of spontaneous combustion in coal stockpiles are reported in parts 2 and 3 respectively.
Molar absorptivities of bilirubin (NIST SRM 916a) and its neutral and alkaline azopigments.

Three laboratories in the U.S. and two in the Netherlands determined molar absorptivities (epsilon) of Standard Reference Material (SRM) 916a Bilirubin from the National Institute of Standards and Technology. In caffeine reagent the average epsilon values were 50,060 and 48, 980 L.mol-1.cm-1 at 432 and 457 nm, respectively. The epsilon value of the blue azopigment, obtained with the Reference Method for total serum bilirubin, was 76,490 L.mol-1.cm-1 at 598 nm. When the addition of alkaline tartrate was omitted, the molar absorptivity of the red azopigment was 56,600 L.mol-1.cm-1 at 530 nm.
Managing harvest risk with catch-pooling cooperatives

Catch-pooling cooperatives are a strategy for fishers to manage variability which can be organized independently of a central management agency. We examined the statistical properties of equal-share catch-pooling cooperatives, and tested their potential to mitigate risk using data from two Bering Sea crab fisheries prior to rationalization. The results suggest that small cooperatives of crabbers could have reduced vessel-level catch risk by as much as 40% in the red king crab fishery, but would have been ineffective in the snow crab fishery. Analytical examination of catch variances under cooperatives explains the discrepancy between the two fisheries and demonstrates that variability reduction depends on the degree of correlation amongst participants’ catches. In the best-case scenario, catch-pooling cooperatives can diversify away all season to season variation resulting from individuals’ luck and skill, leaving only variation in fishery-wide harvest.
Dilute turbulent gas‐solid flow in risers with particle‐particle interactions

Dispersed gas-solid turbulent flows are encountered in a wide variety of chemical processes. Such processes include coal injection into entrained-flow gasifiers, pneumatic conveying of solids in transport lines, and high velocity fluidization as found in circulating fluidized beds (CFBs). Earlier work of Sinclair and Jackson that treats the laminar flow of gas-solid suspensions is extended to model dilute turbulent flow. The random particle motion, often exceeding the turbulent fluctuations in the gas, is obtained using a model based on the kinetic theory of granular materials. A two-equation low Reynolds number turbulence model is modified to account for the presence of the dilute particle phase. Comparisons of the model predictions with available experimental data for the mean and fluctuating velocity profiles for both phases indicate that the resulting theory captures many of the flow features observed in the pneumatic transport of large particles. The model predictions did not manifest an extreme sensitivity to the degree of inelasticity in the particle-particle collisions for the range of solid loading ratios investigated.
Established Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing Methods with a New Twist — Points to Consider and a Glimpse of the Future

The developments seen in these systems allow speculation about future trends in antimicrobial susceptibility testing methods. Microbiology system manufacturers seem to be heeding the call of all industry, for greater automation, enhanced data management capabilities and increased flexibility (see Table 2 below). [table: see text] Cost seems to be less of an issue. This may be due to the decrease in the availability of medical technologists and the need to find systems with better throughput and increased productivity. Increased automation, data management capabilities, and walkaway technology may justify the additional cost of some of these systems. The computer software package provided with these systems is becoming increasingly important with the focus on quality assurance and utilization. Computer generated data analysis gives the microbiologist the tools to educate physicians through the use of selective reporting functions, antibiograms, cost analysis and drug effectiveness comparisons. Each of the four systems is unique and will probably find a niche among the various markets that exist in the United States, European and other specialized markets. The lack of automation in the ALAMAR system may be its selling point in those areas where automation is not affordable, but new ways are being sought for ease of interpretation of results. BIOMIC and CATHRA systems may be more beneficial to those microbiologists who do not want to stop doing traditional Bauer-Kirby or agar dilution methods, but require computer enhancements. ALADIN, may fill a niche to which other walkaway systems have not adapted, but because of its expense, will face more demands than the other three systems covered in this review.
Prognostic Utility of BRAF Mutation in Papillary Thyroid Cancer

Papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) is a common endocrine malignancy that frequently harbors the oncogenic T1799A BRAF mutation. As a novel prognostic molecular marker, this mutation has received considerable attention in recent years for its potential utility in the risk stratification and management of PTC. In PTC, BRAF mutation is closely associated with extrathyroidal extension, lymph node metastasis, advanced tumor stages, disease recurrence, and even patient mortality. Many of the responsible molecular derangements promoted by, or associated with, BRAF mutation have been identified, including over-expression of tumor-promoting genes, suppression of tumor-suppressor genes, and silencing of thyroid iodide-handling genes, resulting in impairment or loss of radioiodine avidity and hence the failure of radioiodine treatment of PTC. BRAF mutation can be readily tested on thyroid fine needle aspiration biopsy specimens, with high preoperative predictive probabilities for clinicopathological outcomes of PTC. As such, the knowledge of BRAF mutation status can facilitate more accurate risk stratification and better decision making at various steps in the management of PTC, from preoperative planning of initial surgical scale to postoperative decisions about appropriate radioiodine treatment and thyroid-stimulating hormone suppression, and to selections of appropriate surveillance modalities for PTC recurrence. The greatest utility of BRAF mutation status is in those cases where traditional clinicopathological criteria alone would otherwise be unreliable in the risk stratification and management of PTC. Use of this unique molecular marker, in conjunction with conventional clinicopathological risk factors, to assist the prognostication of PTC is likely to improve the efficiency of contemporary management of thyroid cancer.
A Hemolytic Phenomenon in Ewes Requiring Leptospira pomona Antigen and Antibody.

SummaryHemoglobinuria and hemoglobinemia in ewes followed intravenous injection of disrupted L. pomona cells. Hemolysis occurred only in presence of antibody. It is postulated that the hemolytic effect is due to interaction of a cellular component, antibody and red blood cells.
Overutilization and Cost of Advanced Imaging for Long-Bone Cartilaginous Lesions.

The prevalence and cost of unnecessary advanced imaging studies (AIS) in the evaluation of long bone cartilaginous lesions have not been studied previously. A total of 105 enchondromas and 19 chondrosarcomas arising in long bones from July 2008 until April 2012 in 121 patients were reviewed. Advanced imaging was defined as MRI, CT, bone scan, skeletal survey, or CT biopsy. Two blinded radiologists independently reviewed the initial imaging study and determined if further imaging was indicated based on that imaging study alone. The cost of imaging was taken from our institution’s global charge list. Imaging was deemed unnecessary if it was not recommended by our radiologists after review of the initial imaging study. The difference in cost was calculated by subtracting the cost of imaging recommended by each radiologist from the cost of unnecessary imaging. The sensitivity and specificity for distinguishing enchondromas from chondrosarcomas was calculated. A minimum of 2 years from diagnosis of an enchondroma was required to monitor for malignant transformation. Of patients diagnosed with an enchondroma, 85 % presented with AIS. The average enchondroma patient presented with one unnecessary AIS. The radiologists’ interpretations agreed 85 % of the time for enchondromas and 100 % for chondrosarcomas. The sensitivity and specificity for distinguishing enchondromas from chondrosarcomas was 95 % for one radiologist and 87 and 95 % for the other. The average unnecessary cost per enchondroma patient was $1,346.18. Unnecessary AIS are frequently performed and are a significant source of expense. The imaging algorithms outlined in this study may reduce unnecessary AIS.
Insulin Like Growth Factors and Their Importance in Pediatrics

Insulin-like growth factors (IGF's) are mitogenic peptides bearing homology to proinsulin. IGF's are synthesized by many cell types in mammals and have been implicated as major factors controlling growth and differentiation during fetal life, infancy and childhood. Experimental evidence for these assertions is presented, using data from animal and human studies. The effects of IGF's on normal and abnormal growth processes are discussed, and specific examples are presented of disorders related to abnormal IGF production encountered in pediatric-age patients. Discussion is also included regarding the role of milk-borne IGF for the suckling. Lastly, future uses for IGF's are mentioned, with specific examples given for treating disorders, such as short stature and diabetes due to insulin resistance.
The cowboy and the goddess: Television news mythmaking about immigrants:

This is an empirical examination of contemporary US network television news stories about immigrants that is informed by myth and film genre scholarship. A review of a full year (2004) of network news programs determined that two age-old story-types constituted the base narrative of all the news reports regarding immigrant voyages and apprehensions. One ancient story-type, currently manifest as the American Western, occurs when the news story protagonist border patrol agent portrays the American cowboy archetype. A US foundational myth is based on this story-type. The second story-type derives from a journey myth of Inanna, a Sumerian goddess. These two millennia-old story-types accounted for all the network evening news stories immigrant reports. Western news stories rearticulate nationalism, while the Inanna news story contests the nation’s foundational myth. Thus, on this topic, journalists write about immigration to entertain and indoctrinate, as much as to edify. Language: en
Change Communication Strategies in Public Child Welfare Organizations: Engaging the Front Line

In public child-welfare agencies, successful organizational change depends on effective internal communication and engagement with frontline workers. This qualitative study examines approaches for communicating planned organizational change among frontline child-welfare workers. Five, 90-minute focus groups were conducted with 50 frontline workers in an urban, public child-welfare agency. Consistent with prior research on change communication in business organizations, two broad categories of communication strategies were described: programmatic (top-down) and participatory approaches. Results suggest that participatory communicative strategies emphasizing employee engagement might be most effective in combination with programmatic approaches that communicate targeted messages about the change.
Flow Resistance in Cobble and Boulder Riverbeds

Field and experimental evidence are presented to demonstrate the importance of the inflow of sand and gravel size sediments on resistance to flow in channels whose beds are primarily cobbles, rocks, and boulders. The released sediments fill the spaces between the larger roughness elements, forcing the channel to behave as a sand bed channel at a much reduced resistance to flow coefficient. Resistance to flow in these channels decreases, resulting in underestimations of:(1)Water discharge by a factor of two; (2)sediment discharge by a factor ranging between 8 and 64; and (3)velocity of flow by a factor of two. Failure to estimate these quantities with a reasonable degree of accuracy results in the following: (1)Underestimation of the actual quantity of available water; (2)improper selection of bank protection material; (3)overestimation of reservoir life; (4)unsafe design of scour depths at hydraulic structures; (5)improper design of location; location and (6)others relating to river control and development.
Evaluation and Management of Primary Petrous Apex Cholesteatoma

Primary cholesteatoma of the petrous apex is an uncommon congenital lesion that is suspected clinically by such indirect methods of examination as conventional and tomographic radiology, computerized axial tomographic scan, and angiography. If these indirect methods indicate a petrous apex lesion, the area should be investigated by biopsy through the sphenoid, middle fossa, or translabyrinthine routes. Tumor extension, sphenoid pneumatization, and normal labyrinthine function are factors that determine the surgical approach. Once a diagnostic surgical procedure confirms the presence of an epidermoid cyst at the petrous apex, permanent fistulization through the sphenoid or the middle ear is recommended as definitive management.
Information (Re)Use in Context

Over the last 25-30 years, an enormous amount has been learned about how people seek, use, maintain, and reuse information and expertise in groups and other collectivities. We have also seen major changes in the kinds of information available and in how it is available.I believe we're on the cusp of the next generation of computational environments and user experiences. It goes under many names - pervasive environments, Internet of Things, Big Data, ubicomp, and on and on - but what is clear is that things are about to change for information - and for users.This talk considers some of the changes that might occur, grounding them in current work - then and tries to find the new roles and characteristics that search and information seeking will have. (Spoiler Alert: search and seeking will more tightly intertwine.).
MO-DE-207B-06: Computer-Aided Diagnosis of Breast Ultrasound Images Using Transfer Learning From Deep Convolutional Neural Networks

Purpose: To assess the performance of using transferred features from pre-trained deep convolutional networks (CNNs) in the task of classifying cancer in breast ultrasound images, and to compare this method of transfer learning with previous methods involving human-designed features. Methods: A breast ultrasound dataset consisting of 1125 cases and 2393 regions of interest (ROIs) was used. Each ROI was labeled as cystic, benign, or malignant. Features were extracted from each ROI using pre-trained CNNs and used to train support vector machine (SVM) classifiers in the tasks of distinguishing non-malignant (benign+cystic) vs malignant lesions and benign vs malignant lesions. For a baseline comparison, classifiers were also trained on prior analytically-extracted tumor features. Five-fold cross-validation (by case) was conducted with the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) as the performance metric. Results: Classifiers trained on CNN-extracted features were comparable to classifiers trained on human-designed features. In the non-malignant vs malignant task, both the SVM trained on CNN-extracted features and the SVM trained on human-designed features obtained an AUC of 0.90. In the task of determining benign vs malignant, the SVM trained on CNN-extracted features obtained an AUC of 0.88, compared to the AUC of 0.85 obtained by the SVM trained on human-designed features. Conclusion: We obtained strong results using transfer learning to characterize ultrasound breast cancer images. This method allows us to directly classify a small dataset of lesions in a computationally inexpensive fashion without any manual input. Modern deep learning methods in computer vision are contingent on large datasets and vast computational resources, which are often inaccessible for clinical applications. Consequently, we believe transfer learning methods will be important for computer-aided diagnosis schemes in order to utilize advancements in deep learning and computer vision without the associated costs. This work was partially funded by NIH grant U01 CA195564 and the University of Chicago Metcalf program. M.L.G. is a stockholder in R2/Hologic, co-founder and equity holder in Quantitative Insights, and receives royalties from Hologic, GE Medical Systems, MEDIAN Technologies, Riverain Medical, Mitsubishi, and Toshiba. K.D. received royalties from Hologic.
Seeking Space to Save Humanity: Spatial Realignments as a Structuring Motif in Octavia E. Butler’s Clay’s Ark

In “Of Our Spiritual Strivings” from The Souls of Black Folks (1965) W.E.B. DuBois writes: After the Egyptian and Indian, the Greek and Roman, the Teuton and Mongolian, the Negro is a sort of seventh son, born with a veil, and gifted with second-sight in this American world,—a world which yields him no true self-consciousness, but only lets him see himself through the revelation of the other world [emphasis mine]. It is a peculiar sensation, this double-consciousness, this sense of always looking at one’s self through the eyes of others, of measuring one’s soul by the tape of a world that looks on in amused contempt and pity. One ever feels his twoness,—an American, a Negro; two souls, two thoughts, two un-reconciled strivings; two warring ideals in one dark body, whose dogged strength alone keeps it from being torn asunder. (214–15)
The Gamification of Cognitive Training: Older Adults’ Perceptions of and Attitudes Toward Digital Game-Based Interventions

There has been recent excitement over the potential for commercial and custom digital games to reverse age-related perceptual and cognitive decline. The effectiveness of digital game-based brain training is controversial. However, a separate issue is, should digital game-based interventions prove effective, how best to design these interventions to encourage intervention engagement and adherence by older adults (ages 65 +). This study explored older adults’ perceptions and attitudes toward game-based interventions after they were asked to play digital games (experimental or control games) for a month-long period. Clear differences in attitudes toward game-based interventions were observed, as assessed by post-intervention surveys, with older adults finding games in the control condition (word and number puzzle games) more enjoyable and less frustrating compared to a digital game that consisted of gamified brain training interventions that have demonstrated some degree of success in the literature. Interestingly, older adults perceived the control condition as more likely to boost perceptual and cognitive abilities (e.g., vision, reaction time), as assessed by a post-intervention survey of expectations. Although predicting intervention adherence was challenging, overall motivation to do well in the intervention was significantly related to perceptions of cognitive benefit. Not surprisingly, game enjoyment also predicted motivation. Finally, older adults who perceived the game they were assigned to play as more challenging were more likely to believe the game would boost cognition. These findings identify attitudes and beliefs that could be targeted to motivate older adults to adhere to digital game-based interventions found to boost cognition. To better explore factors related to intervention adherence in the future we propose studies of longer duration (e.g., 6–12 months) and studies that allow more flexibility and choice with respect to amount of gameplay (instead of gameplay being dictated by a fixed schedule determined by the experimenter, leaving less variability to be explained by individual difference factors).
Carbon fibre-reinforced poly(phenylenesulphide) composite coatings

To enhance the thermal conductivity and improve the mechanical properties of poly(phenylene sulphide) (PPS) that was used as a coating for carbon steel heat exchanger tubes, chopped carbon fibres, ∼7.5 μm diam. x ∼3 mm long were incorporated into the PPS matrix. All the experiments in this work were performed using steel panels instead of steel tubes. As a result, 0.5 wt% of fibres was the most effective amount of fibres in minimizing the rate of penetration of electrolytes through the composite coating films. Even though the steel panels coated with the 0.5 wt% fibre-reinforced PPS composites were exposed for 14 days in an autoclave containing 20,000 ppm CO 2 -laden 13 wt% NaCl solution at 200°C, the coatings remained intact. This suggested that the composite coatings not only adequately protect steel against corrosion in a wet, harsh, and hostile geothermal environment, but they also have great hydrothermal stability. In addition, the thermal conductivity of the bulk PPS rose ∼ 60% by adding 0.5 wt% fibre. The rough surface texture of the fibres provided good mechanical interlocking bonds with the PPS matrix. Such interfacial bonding can be interpreted as one of the factors governing the outstanding mechanical properties, such as tensile strength, tensile modulus, and elongation, of the multidirectional fibre-reinforced composite films.
Small Intestine, Appendix, Colorectum, and Anus

This chapter provides a concise yet in-depth and up-to-date review of neoplastic and nonneoplastic conditions involving the small intestine, appendix, colorectum, and anus. A variety of viral, bacterial, and parasitic infections may involve the small intestine and colon, the pathologic features of which are reviewed. Noninfectious inflammatory disorders ranging from the microscopic colitides to celiac disease to idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease and vascular disorders frequently present diagnostic difficulty in clinical settings, and the pathologic findings of these conditions are reviewed with emphasis on distinguishing features helpful in the differential diagnosis. Tumors are reviewed using current terminology and diagnostic criteria and incorporating pearls on molecular alterations and syndromic clinical associations, where applicable.
Driving and Epilepsy

Of 400 drivers with epilepsy questioned, 133 admitted having one or more seizures at the wheel, and 17% had resulting accidents.
Projective geometry and PT-symmetric Dirac Hamiltonian

Abstract The ( 3 + 1 )-dimensional (generalized) Dirac equation is shown to have the same form as the equation expressing the condition that a given point lies on a given line in 3-dimensional projective space. The resulting Hamiltonian with a γ 5 mass term is not Hermitian, but is invariant under the combined transformation of parity reflection P and time reversal T . When the PT symmetry is unbroken, the energy spectrum of the free spin- 1 2 theory is real, with an appropriately shifted mass.
Abstract 4856: ITD Assembler: An algorithm for internal tandem duplication discovery from short-read sequencing data

Tandem duplication of coding sequence is an important mechanism of somatic mutation capable of activating oncogenes such as fms-related tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) as well as the potential for underlying constitutional or germline disease. Detection of internal tandem duplication (ITD) in short-read sequencing data remains challenging due to deficiencies in short-read alignment where reads carrying signatures of ITD are often unmapped. Assembly based approaches collapse repetitive sequences, resulting in reduced or lost genomic complexity. The majority of structural variation detection tools are limited to finding insertions that are contained entirely within individual read alignments, and are unable to detect read-spanning duplications. Tools designed to detect large structural variation from paired-end reads that map discordantly based on expected fragment size and orientation do not provide the precision needed to detect ITDs. Only tools that consider the characteristic alignment features that signal the presence of ITDs will be able to detect them; these alignment features include: an excess of reads with unaligned, soft-clipped bases, read pairs where one end is unmapped located near the site of insertion, and read pairs where both ends are unmapped. We introduce ITD Assembler, a novel approach that searches all unmapped reads from exome capture or whole genome sequencing data to identify duplications. From the entire set of unmapped reads plus subset of mapped reads harboring soft-clipped bases, de Bruijn graph assembly is applied to select reads that form cycles, indicative of duplicated sequence structures. Reads from de Bruijn graph cycles are then assembled using an Overlap Layout Consensus (OLC) methodology thereby alleviating the collapse of repeat sequences affecting de Bruijn graph assembly approaches. Resulting OLC assembled contigs are locally aligned to the reference sequence to annotate the position of ITDs. ITD Assembler was run on The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) acute myeloid leukemia (AML) dataset, and FLT3-ITD detection rates were compared against orthogonal algorithms. ITD Assembler identified the highest percentage of TCGA FLT3-ITDs, reported significantly higher allele fractions, and discovered additional ITDs in the KIT, CEBPA and WT1 cancer genes. Citation Format: Oliver A. Hampton, Navin Rustagi, Jie Li, Liu Xi, Richard A. Gibbs, Sharon E. Plon, Marek Kimmel, David A. Wheeler. ITD Assembler: An algorithm for internal tandem duplication discovery from short-read sequencing data. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 4856. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-4856
3D Mapping Reveals Network-specific Amyloid Progression and Subcortical Susceptibility.

Alzheimer′s disease is a progressive, neurodegenerative condition for which there is no cure. Prominent hypotheses posit that accumulation of beta-amyloid (Aβ) peptides drives the neurodegeneration that underlies memory loss, however the spatial origins of the lesions remain elusive. Using SWITCH, we created a spatiotemporal map of Aβ deposition in a mouse model of amyloidosis. We report that structures connected by the fornix show primary susceptibility to Aβ accumulation and demonstrate that aggregates develop in increasingly complex networks with age. Notably, the densest early Aβ aggregates occur in the mammillary body coincident with electrophysiological alterations. In later stages, the fornix itself also develops overt Aβ burden. Finally, we confirm Aβ in the mammillary body of postmortem patient specimens. Together, our data suggest that subcortical memory structures are particularly vulnerable to Aβ deposition and that functional alterations within and physical propagation from these regions may underlie the affliction of increasingly complex networks.
Enrollment and Degree Completion at For-Profit Colleges versus Traditional Institutions

The goals of this chapter are twofold. First, we examine who attends the for-profit sector. Understanding differences in student characteristics between sectors is crucial for understanding differential graduation rates between sectors. We describe overall attendance in the various sectors, differences in sector attendance by respondents’ sex, race/ethnicity, and parental education, and the extent of cross-enrollment at more than one sector. Second, accounting for the extent to which those who choose to attend the for-profit sector also choose to attend other sectors, we address how well for-profit institutions are doing at graduating their students compared to more traditional institutions.
Perceptions of Cyberbullying: An Assessment of Perceived Severity among College Students

Cyberbullying research has typically been focused on specific areas, such as victimization, offender characteristics and typologies, and psychological effects for victims; however, perceived severity of cyberbullying has been studied less extensively. Using data on college students, the present study expands the current knowledge on perceived severity of cyberbullying by examining the way in which age, gender, race, type of high school attended before college, prior online victimization, and previous cyberbullying engagement influenced college students’ perceived severity of cyberbullying. Overall, the results indicate that college students considered cyberbullying to be a serious societal problem. Older individuals, females, those who attended public schools, and individuals who experienced cyberbullying victimization were found to be more likely to view cyberbullying as a serious problem than their counterparts. In addition, findings from this study revealed that even though college students perceive cyberbullying as a serious problem, the majority of those who have witnessed cyberbullying incidents would not report it to the police. Based on the findings, policy implications and practices to prevent future cyberbullying victimization are discussed.
Simulation Design: Addressing Care of a Transgender Patient

Abstract This article describes the creation of a simulation of a transgender individual experiencing anxiety using International Nursing Association for Clinical Simulation and Learning Standards of Best Practice: SimulationSM (2016). The aims of the simulation were to (a) identify signs and symptoms of client anxiety, (b) provide safe management of a client experiencing anxiety, and (c) establish culturally sensitive, therapeutic communication skills with a transgender client. Evaluation of the simulation design indicated it prepared participants to identify and address the psychosocial needs of a transgender individual. Whereas participants did not indicate the need to revise the simulation, as the evidence of transgender individual's health care needs and disparities continues to grow, so should the simulation to reflect and incorporate the current evidence.