cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
11.4.2 Measuring the Requirements Allocation Capacity within a System of Systems

During the initial development of a System of Systems (SoS) capability, the developers and stakeholders may not be aware of all the options that are available to identify and allocate requirements at the system level. Traditional Systems Engineering techniques do not have the ability to construct and evaluate if these SoS requirements will be satisfied or not. This paper identifies a process in which to develop SoS requirements, trace them to their constituent systems, and evaluate whether the allocation was successful or not.
Psychosocial Variables Associated With Husbands' Adjustment Three Months Following Wives' Diagnosis of Breast Cancer

Background. Husbands of women with breast cancer may experience adjustment difficulties. We examined psychosocial predictors of husbands’ adjustment to their wives’ breast cancer 3 months following diagnosis.Methods. Women (N=45) with Stage I or II breast cancer who were 3 months postdiagnosis and their husbands completed measures of adjustment, coping, marital adjustment, and quality of life.Results. Multiple regression analyses showed husbands’ avoidant coping and wives’ adjustment accounted for approximately 54% of the variance in husbands’ adjustment.Conclusions. Further research on predictors of husbands’ adjustment following wives’ diagnoses of breast cancer is needed to inform intervention efforts.
The impact of detoxification on the coping strategies in a sample of inpatient alcoholics

Materials and methods The sample of the study comprised 200 Caucasian, Greek nationality patients (147 males, 53 females) randomly selected over a 3-year period, who fulfilled the DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for alcohol abuse/dependence, treated on an inpatient basis at the specialized drug and alcohol addiction service of the Athens University Psychiatric Clinic at the Eginition Hospital. Detoxification treatment was comprised of vitamin replacement (vitamin B complex, vitamin C, vitamin E) and oral administration of diazepam (30-60 mg daily in divided doses), with a gradual taper off over a week. Subjects were assessed with the Pilowski scale for hypochondria, the Leyton scale for obsessive-compulsive symptoms and the Sifneos scale for alexithymia. The questionnaires were administered at the beginning of the detoxification period and at discharge. Descriptive statistics are used for the presentation of results.
Exact black five-branes in critical superstring theory.

Exact solutions of ten-dimensional superstring theory corresponding to black five-branes ((5+1)-dimensional extended objects surrounded by event horizons) are constructed. The solutions are represented as products of conformal field theories.
Fracto-Emission From Polymers, Crystals, and Interfaces

When materials are deformed and broken, surfaces are formed which may have charge concentrations as well as defects and displaced atoms. The consequences of such departures from non-equilibrium can lead to the emission of particles (electrons, ions, and neutral species) as well as photons (triboluminescence). Collectively, we refer to these emissions as fracto-emission. We present measurements of various components of emission from a variety of materials and show that a number of features of the emission involve the transport of charge.
Identifying Bilingual Semantic Neural Representations across Languages.

The goal of the study was to identify the neural representation of a noun’s meaning in one language based on the neural representation of that same noun in another language. Machine learning methods were used to train classifiers to identify which individual noun bilingual participants were thinking about in one language based solely on their brain activation in the other language. The study shows reliable (p < .05) pattern-based classification accuracies for the classification of brain activity for nouns across languages. It also shows that the stable voxels used to classify the brain activation were located in areas associated with encoding information about semantic dimensions of the words in the study. The identification of the semantic trace of individual nouns from the pattern of cortical activity demonstrates the existence of a multi-voxel pattern of activation across the cortex for a single noun common to both languages in bilinguals.
Ready or Not …? Teen Sexuality and the Troubling Discourse of Readiness

In this article, I explore how talk about being “ready” or “not ready” for sex shapes teen and adult understandings of sexuality. I argue that this “discourse of readiness” poses serious threats to teens' identity development, sexual decision making, and educators efforts to help them through these processes. To illustrate, I draw from my nine-month ethnography, examining how participants used readiness discourses to make sense of their sexualities. I suggest implications for educators, policy makers, and researchers in anthropology and education.
Effect of solute hydrogen on toughness of feedstock polycrystalline silicon for solar cell applications

Three commercial polysilicon materials (1 mm–1 cm granular beads) produced from different fluidized bed reactors were examined to determine the relationship between solute hydrogen and toughness. Infrared spectroscopy was used to identify hydrogen, and indentation was used to determine mechanical properties. Annealing the beads decreased solute hydrogen and increased toughness by 20%, from 0.74 to 0.97 MPa m1/2. However, annealing also increased the crystallite size by as much as 50%, which can lower the toughness.
Pseudospintronics in doped electron-hole silicon bilayer devices

The need to reduce power consumption in future logic devices has led to the exploration of different types of logic devices. One of the most attractive new types of logic is one that is based on the collective motion of charges in a semiconductor device. While there are many systems which exhibit exotic collective effects, coupled layer, or pseudospintronic, systems offer exotic physical behavior which may lend itself to exploitation in new logic devices. In this paper, the phrase "pseudospintronics" is used to describe a system in which the layer degree of freedom is represented as a spin. In this paper, the authors explore the possibility of utilizing interaction enhanced tunneling currents in coupled silicon layers as a new type of low-power switch which could easily be incorporated into existing CMOS technology.
A radiometric investigation of low‐pressure rf sulfur discharges

This investigation focuses on low‐pressure S2 molecular rf discharges for use as diffuse radiators. Cylindrical fused silica S2–Ar and S2–Ne lamps have been tested at 13.56 MHz and the absolute radiative efficiencies have been measured. The radiation is emitted primarily between 2800 and 3500 A. The UV radiative efficiencies were studied as a function of input power, buffer gas pressure, discharge radius, and applied external cooling. The maximum observed efficiency for a low power density, diffuse rf discharge is 7%. The measured UV efficiencies of the 13.56 MHz discharges are somewhat lower than those of low‐pressure S2–Ar dc discharges. A reentrant lamp design has been tested as well and no improvements in efficiency were observed.
Arachidonic Acid Binds 14-3-3ζ, Releases 14-3-3ζ from Phosphorylated BAD and Induces Aggregation of 14-3-3ζ

Polyunsaturated fatty acids, like arachidonic acid, can bind proteins and affect their function. The 14-3-3 proteins bind phosphorylated sites on a diverse array of client proteins and, in this way, are involved in many intracellular signaling pathways. In this study, we used a novel approach to discover that 14-3-3ζ is able to directly bind arachidonic acid. Furthermore, arachidonic acid, at physiological concentrations, reduced the binding of 14-3-3ζ to phosphorylated BAD, an interaction that is important in regulating apoptosis. In addition, high concentrations of arachidonic acid caused the polymerization of 14-3-3ζ, an event observed in neurodegenerative disorders. Taken together, these results indicate that arachidonic acid directly interacts with 14-3-3ζ and that this interaction may be important in both normal and pathological cellular events. If so, then factors that mediate the release, metabolism and reacylation of arachidonic acid into membranes represent key points of regulation.
ACP Journal Club. Review: In neuropathy, fibromyalgia, or chronic pain, duloxetine reduces pain but increases adverse events.

Source Citation Lunn MP, Hughes RA, Wiffen PJ. Duloxetine for treating painful neuropathy, chronic pain or fibromyalgia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;(1):CD007115. 24385423
CNS demyelination in fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva

Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP) is a rare genetic disorder of progressive heterotopic ossification (HO) caused by a recurrent activating mutation of ACVR1/ALK2, a bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) type I receptor. FOP is characterized by progressive HO, which is associated with inflammation in the setting of dysregulated BMP signaling, however, a variety of atypical neurologic symptoms are also reported by FOP patients. The main objective of this study is to investigate the potential underlying mechanism that is responsible for the observed atypical neurologic symptoms. We evaluated two mouse models of dysregulated BMP signaling for potential CNS pathology through non-invasive magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies and histological and immunohistochemical approaches. In one model, BMP4 is over-expressed under the control of the neuron-specific enolase promoter; the second model is a knock-in of a recurrent FOP mutation of ACVR1/ALK2. We also retrospectively examined MRI scans of four FOP patients. We consistently observed demyelinated lesions and focal inflammatory changes of the CNS in both mouse models but not in wild-type controls, and also found CNS white matter lesions in each of the four FOP patients examined. These findings suggest that dysregulated BMP signaling disturbs normal homeostasis of target tissues, including CNS where focal demyelination may manifest as the neurologic symptoms frequently observed in FOP.
Ab inttio structural analysis of some saturated 3- and 4-membered rings

Abstract Complete geometry optimizations of the ground states of ten 3- and 4-membered ring compounds have been carried out by ab initio SCF calculations using the gradient method at the 4–21 level. For sulfur, an optimized 3-3-21 basis has been constructed, and the importance of including d-functions is demonstrated. The main purpose of the study was to determine local orientations and geometries of the molecular CH2-groups, information that is very difficult to obtain from experiment. A simple interaction model seems to account for the CH2-group distortions in the 3-membered rings considered here, and also for similar structural deformations previously reported in a series of cyclopropyl derivatives.
High fat diet and food restriction differentially modify the behavioral effects of quinpirole and raclopride in rats

Nutritional status can impact dopamine systems in a manner that might be important to understanding possible common neurobiological mechanisms that mediate abnormal compulsive food (e.g., obesity) and drug taking. Limiting food intake, for example, can increase sensitivity to the behavioral effects of indirect-acting dopamine receptor agonists. Much less is known regarding possible diet-induced changes in sensitivity to direct-acting dopamine receptor drugs. The present study investigated the effects of a high fat diet and of food restriction on sensitivity of rats to the behavioral effects of a direct-acting dopamine receptor agonist and a dopamine receptor antagonist. Free access to high fat chow increased sensitivity to quinpirole-induced yawning without changing sensitivity to raclopride-induced catalepsy or quinpirole-induced hypothermia. Food restriction (10 g/day) decreased sensitivity to quinpirole-induced yawning and raclopride-induced catalepsy without affecting sensitivity to quinpirole-induced hypothermia. Free access to a standard chow restored sensitivity to the behavioral effects of both drugs in rats that were previously food-restricted but not in rats that previously ate a high fat diet. These data confirm that food restriction can decrease sensitivity to behavioral effects of direct-acting dopamine receptor drugs, they provide evidence (i.e., no change in hypothermic effects) indicating that these changes are not due to pharmacokinetic mechanisms, and they provide initial evidence showing enhanced sensitivity to behavioral effects of dopamine receptor drugs in rats eating a high fat diet. These changes in sensitivity of dopamine systems could be relevant to understanding the impact of nutrition on therapeutic and recreational drug use.
The pyrolysis of hexachloroethane

The thermal decomposition of hexachloroethane in the presence of chlorine has been studied over the temperature range 340-400°C and a pressure range of 0.5°2.5 atm. The rate of the unimolecular CC bond spliting reaction can be described by the Arrhenius equation Comparison of these rate data with thermodynamic data suggests a combination rate for CCl3 radicals which is consistent with earlier measurements.
Microstructure of ultrahigh dose nitrogen-implanted iron and stainless steel

Nitrogen ion implantation of pure Fe and AISI 304 stainless steel to doses as high as 1 × 1019N2+/cm2 while the target is held at elevated temperatures between 100 and 600° C leads to layers of various N-containing phases as identified by conversion electron Mossbauer spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. Very thick layers, compared to the ballistic implantation depth, containing γ'-Fe4N can be produced by holding the Fe targets near 400° C while even thicker layers containing either ϵ-(Fe, Cr, Ni)+2+xN, γ-phase high N solid solution, or mixed α-phase/γ-CrN can be produced in 304 stainless steel depending on the dose and provided the average temperature during implantation is near or above 400° C. Nearly complete retention of the implanted dose is observed in 304 SS.
Globin switches in yolk sac-like primitive and fetal-like definitive red blood cells produced from human embryonic stem cells.

We have previously shown that coculture of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) for 14 days with immortalized fetal hepatocytes yields CD34+ cells that can be expanded in serum-free liquid culture into large numbers of megaloblastic nucleated erythroblasts resembling yolk sac–derived cells. We show here that these primitive erythroblasts undergo a switch in hemoglobin (Hb) composition during late terminal erythroid maturation with the basophilic erythroblasts expressing predominantly Hb Gower I (ζ2ϵ2) and the orthochromatic erythroblasts hemoglobin Gower II (α2ϵ2). This suggests that the switch from Hb Gower I to Hb Gower II, the first hemoglobin switch in humans is a maturation switch not a lineage switch. We also show that extending the coculture of the hESCs with immortalized fetal hepatocytes to 35 days yields CD34+ cells that differentiate into more developmentally mature, fetal liver–like erythroblasts, that are smaller, express mostly fetal hemoglobin, and can enucleate. We conclude that hESC-derived erythropoiesis closely mimics early human development because the first 2 human hemoglobin switches are recapitulated, and because yolk sac–like and fetal liver–like cells are sequentially produced. Development of a method that yields erythroid cells with an adult phenotype remains necessary, because the most mature cells that can be produced with current systems express less than 2% adult β-globin mRNA.
Quantitative Plant Ecology

Quantitative description of vegetation Sampling and comparison Pattern Association between species Correlation of species distribution with habitat factors Plant communities I: description and comparison Plant communities II: classification Plant communities III: ordination Vegetation and environment Practical considerations
Utility of Poly(ethylene glycol) Conjugation To Create Prodrugs of Amphotericin B

This paper reports on the synthesis, safety, and efficacy of a series of water-soluble derivatives of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-conjugated amphotericin B (AmB). PEG 40 000 attached to the sugar amino group of AmB via labile carbamate and carbonate linkages was examined. The synthetic program conducted for this investigation provided a series of disubstituted PEG−AmB derivatives which had in vitro PEG half-life of hydrolyses rates in rat plasma varying between 1 and 3 h. Importantly, all conjugates demonstrated less than 6% hydrolysis following 24 h incubation in pH 7.4 phosphate buffer at 25 °C and showed solubilities greater than 46 mg/mL in aqueous solutions. The solubility of AmB in the conjugates increased up to approximately 200 times compared to unmodified AmB in saline. As a major finding, this investigation demonstrated that conjugation of PEG to AmB could produce conjugates that were significantly (6×) less toxic than AmB-deoxycholate and maintained, or even had enhanced, in vivo antifungal act...
Fischer–Tropsch synthesis. Effect of alkali, bicarbonate and chloride addition on activity and selectivity

Abstract The sensitivity of 100Fe/5.1Si/2Cu/3K Fischer–Tropsch synthesis (FTS) catalyst to the impurities of KCl, NaCl, KHCO3 and NaHCO3 in syngas (0.1–100 ppm) was studied in a slurry phase reactor at 533.2 or 543.2 K, H2/CO = 0.67–0.77, 1.31 MPa and 10 NL/g-cat/h. The impurities were co-fed with syngas, and the influence of each contaminant concentration on Fe catalyst behavior was examined for 72–144 h. The presence of up to 40 ppmw halide compounds (NaCl and KCl) or alkali bicarbonates (NaHCO3 and KHCO3) in syngas at 543.2 K or up to 100 ppm of NaCl and KCl at 533.2 K had little impact on the Fe catalyst activity and selectivities to CH4, C5+ and C4 olefin and 1-olefin during 400 h (543.2 K) or 1400 h testing (533.2 K). CO2 selectivity slightly increased after feeding the impurity-containing solutions, which was due to enhanced water gas shift (WGS). ICP results for the Fe catalysts at the end of the FTS reaction test and of the FTS products (i.e., water, oil or wax phase) indicate that the impurity ions (K+, Na+ or Cl−) introduced were present in all phases of the FTS products, the greater part being retained in the wax. Therefore, the contaminant ions (i.e., Na, K or Cl) in the water solution injected appear to not strongly adsorb on the Fe catalyst surface at typical FTS conditions in the slurry phase reactor. This is assumed to be responsible for the lack of change in FTS behavior for the Fe catalyst using the contaminants studied.
Biocontainment Laboratories: Addressing the Terror Within

Recently revealed safety lapses in U.S. government facilities that work with deadly pathogens suggest another grave bioterror threat: the risk emanating from biocontainment laboratories themselves....
Measuring the social responsiveness of medical schools: setting the standards.

This article calls for medical schools to use a new set of standards to gauge how well they contribute to social welfare. Because medical schools receive public funding and are given the authority to certify that providers are sufficiently trained, they incur an obligation to be socially responsible
Computational and Spectroscopic Studies of Re(I) Bipyridyl Complexes Containing 2,6-Dimethylphenylisocyanide (CNx) Ligand.

Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations produce optimized geometries of the complexes [Re(CO)3(bpy)Cl] (1), [Re(CO)3(bpy)(py)](CF3SO3) (2), [Re(CO)3(bpy)(CNx)](CF3SO3) (3), and [Re(CO)(bpy)(CNx)3](CF3SO3) (4), where bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine, py = pyridine, and CNx = 2,6-dimethylphenylisocyanide in their ground and lowest-lying triplet states. The ground-state optimized geometry for the cation of [Re(CO)3(bpy)(CNx)](CF3SO3) (3) results in a Re-C (CNx) bond length of 2.10 A, a Re-C (CO) bond length trans to CNx of 2.01 A, and a Re-C (CO) bond length cis to CNx of 1.96 A which compares favorably to the single-crystal analysis of a Re-C (CNx) bond length of 2.074(4) A, a Re-C (CO) bond length trans to CNx of 1.971(4) A, and Re-C (CO) bond length cis to CNx of 1.932(4) A. The majority of the singlet excited-state energies calculated using Time-dependent Density Functional Theory (TDDFT) and Conductor-like Polarizable Continuum Model (CPCM) are metal-ligand-to-ligand charge transfer (MLLCT) states and are in good agreement with the UV-vis spectral energies for the complexes in ethanol. The complexes exhibit emission both at room temperature and at 77 K except 4 which is only emissive at 77 K. The 77 K emission lifetimes range from 3.9 μs for 1 to 8.8 μs for 3. The emissive lowest-lying triplet state is a (3)MLLCT state for complexes 1-3 but a triplet ligand-to-metal charge transfer ((3)LMCT) state for complex 4. The electronic, electrochemical, thermodynamic, HOMO-LUMO, and emitting-state energy gaps as well as the emission lifetimes increase in the order 1 < 2 < 3. A (3)d-d excited- state, which is located above the (3)LMCT state, accounts for the loss of room-temperature emission for complex 4.
A matching-to-sample procedure for the study of visual perception and concept formation in infrahumans: A test in the pigeon

An apparatus suitable for conducting simultaneous or delayed matching-to-sample experiments with as many as eight comparison stimuli is described. Data are presented which indicate that pigeons are capable of performing such a task. It is concluded that the simultaneous matching-to-sample procedure with more than two comparison stimuli is an efficient means of obtaining information about discrimination capacity and that this procedure may be suitable for studying visual perception in infrahuman Ss.
A Community of Ants, Fungi, and Bacteria: A Multilateral Approach to Studying Symbiosis

▪ Abstract The ancient and highly evolved mutualism between fungus-growing ants and their fungi is a textbook example of symbiosis. The ants carefully tend the fungus, which serves as their main food source, and traditionally are believed to be so successful at fungal cultivation that they are able to maintain the fungus free of microbial pathogens. This assumption is surprising in light of theories on the evolution of parasitism, especially for those species of ants that have been clonally propagating their cultivars for millions of years. Recent work has established that, as theoretically predicted, the gardens of fungus-growing ants are host to a specialized, virulent, and highly evolved fungal pathogen in the genus Escovopsis. In addition, the ants have evolved a mutualistic association with filamentous bacteria (actinomycetes) that produce antibiotics that suppress the growth of Escovopsis. Thus, the attine symbiosis appears to be a coevolutionary “arms race” between the garden parasite Escovopsis on...
Systematic evaluation of complications related to endoscopy in a training setting: A prospective 30-day outcomes study.

Abstract Background: The 30-day frequency of negative outcomes after outpatient endoscopy performed by gastroenterology fellows is unknown. Methods: Questionnaires were mailed to 1000 consecutive patients 30 days after endoscopy to evaluate procedure-related negative outcomes (serious and minor adverse events) and patient satisfaction. Serious adverse events were defined as follows: oversedation requiring administration of a reversal agent, and those that resulted in a physician visit, emergency department visit, admission to the hospital, or death. Minor adverse events were defined as all problems other than serious adverse events that patients related to their endoscopic procedure. Results: The 30-day frequency of negative outcomes in the 869 patients who responded was 14.3%, of which 0.6% were serious and 13.7% were minor adverse events. The frequency of negative outcomes was 17.1% for EGD, 15.0% for colonoscopy, 24.4% for combined EGD and colonoscopy, and 7.8% for flexible sigmoidoscopy. One hundred percent of the serious adverse events were known to us, but only 16.0% of minor adverse events ( p p p = 0.003), comorbid disease (OR 2.1; 95% CI [1.3, 3.4]; p = 0.001), endoscopy performed in July or August (OR 2.0; 95% CI [1.1,3.7]; p = 0.02), and age (OR for each 1 year increase in age 1.03; 95% CI [1.01, 1.05]; p = 0.01) as independent predictors of negative outcomes. There was a significant association between negative outcomes and decreased patient satisfaction, and patients who reported negative outcomes were less likely to agree to endoscopy in the future. Conclusions: Serious adverse events were rare after endoscopy performed by gastroenterology fellows. Contacting patients 30 days after outpatient endoscopy significantly improved the detection of negative outcomes. Although the majority of negative outcomes were minor, these adverse events were associated with decreased patient satisfaction. (Gastrointest Endosc 2003;57:8-16.)
Understanding Crisis Information Needs in Context: The Case of Intimate Partner Violence Survivors.

The pervasive, personal crisis of intimate partner violence (IPV) demands community information resources in workforce, health care, mental health, public housing, criminal justice, and social service arenas. Although generally underutilized, public libraries have a pivotal role to play as the only public institution specifically structured to support community information access. In order to provide effective service, however, librarians must understand the information complexities of the IPV context. This study triangulates two populations and two data‐gathering techniques in an effort to provide a deeper understanding of survivors’ information needs. The first segment analyzes the information issues of IPV survivors in an active bulletin board (BB) community; the second segment utilizes in‐depth interviews with fifty‐seven individuals (safe‐house staff, survivors, and police officers) in ten Texas cities. The information experiences were analyzed in the context of public library service and in light of...
Wainwright on Mysticism

Professor Wainwright's recent book is the first attempt at a systematic and rigorous assessment of mystical experience since the publication of W. T. Stace's influential Mysticism and Philosophy more than twenty years ago. It is also the first work in English during the period of the critical study of mystical experience inaugurated by Richard M. Bucke and William James at the beginning of this century to adequately formulate and extensively discuss the philosophical problems involved in assessing the cognitive value of mystical experience. Wainwright's conclusions are not unproblematic, but the publication of his work does provide an ideal opportunity for a review of the central problems associated with the assessment of mystical experience. In this paper, therefore, we wish to delineate and discuss the two major areas of difficulty, and to extend and amend some of Wainwright's suggestions in these areas.
Activation of the insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor alters p27 regulation by the epidermal growth factor receptor in oral squamous carcinoma cells

Background Although oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCCs) commonly overexpress the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) exhibit poor efficacy clinically. Activation of the insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF1R) induces resistance of OSCC cells to EGFR-TKIs in vitro. This study seeks to evaluate the changes in cell cycle status in OSCC cells in response to gefitinib and IGF1R activation. Methods SCC-25 OSCC cells were used for in vitro analyses. Results Gefitinib caused a 50% reduction in S-phase population, and IGF1R activation caused a 2.8-fold increase; combined treatment yielded a baseline S-phase population. Gefitinib treatment increased the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27, and this was not abrogated by IGF1R activation. pT157-p27 was noted by immunoblot to be decreased on gefitinib treatment, but this was reversed with IGF1R activation. T157 phosphorylation contributes to cytoplasmic localization of p27 where it can promote cell proliferation and cell motility. Using both subcellular fractionation and immunofluorescence microscopy techniques, IGF1R stimulation was noted to increase the relative cytoplasmic localization of p27; this persisted when combined with gefitinib. Conclusions IGF1R activation partially reverses the cell cycle arrest caused by gefitinib in OSCC cells. While IGF1R stimulation does not eliminate the gefitinib-induced increase in total p27, its phosphorylation state and subcellular localization are altered. This may contribute to the ability of the IGF1R to rescue OSCC cells from EGFR-TKI treatment and may have important implications for the use of p27 as a biomarker of cell cycle arrest and response to therapy.
POLEWARD SHIFTS IN WINTER RANGES OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Climate change is thought to promote the poleward movement of geographic ranges; however, the spatial dynamics, mechanisms, and regional anthropogenic drivers associated with these trends have not been fully explored. We estimated changes in latitude of northern range boundaries, center of occurrence, and center of abundance for 254 species of winter avifauna in North America from 1975 to 2004. After accounting for the effect of range size and the location of the northern boundary, positive latitudinal trends were evident for the northern boundary (1.48 km/yr), center of occurrence (0.45 km/yr), and center of abundance (1.03 km/yr). The northern boundary, when examined across individual species, had the most variable trends (SD = 7.46 km/yr) relative to the center of occurrence (SD = 2.36 km/yr) and center of abundance (SD = 5.57 km/yr). Trends did not differ based on migratory status, but there was evidence that trends differed for species with ranges centered in the southern vs. northern portion of the study area. Species occurred more sporadically over time at northern range boundaries, and northern boundaries were associated with a concentration of colonization and extirpation events, with a greater prevalence of colonization events likely promoting poleward trends. Regional anthropogenic drivers explained ∼8% of the trend for the northern boundary, 14% for the center of occurrence, and 18% for the center of abundance; however, these effects were localized in the northern portion of species' ranges and were associated with distributional changes within ranges, primarily abundance, producing patterns that mimicked poleward movements. We conclude that poleward distributional shifts represent the interaction between climate change and regional factors whose outcome is determined by the scale of the analysis and the biotic and abiotic features in the region, and how anthropogenic activities have impacted these features.
Estimation of the Depth of Sunlight Penetration in the Sea for Remote Sensing

The penetration depth of light in the sea is defined for remote sensing purposes as the depth above which 90% of the diffusely reflected irradiance (excluding specular reflectance) originates. It is demonstrated that for a homogeneous ocean, this is the depth at which the downwelling in-water irradiance falls to 1/e of its value at the surface. Penetration depths as a function of wavelength are presented for a variety of water types, and a mean penetration depth z (90) for a broadband sensor is defined and applied to the MSS on ERTS-1. The maximum z (90) expected for ERTS-l is found to be somewhat less than 20 m.
Commentary to Chapter 12

I find much to praise in Daniel Callahan’s paper. He gives a fair, perceptive analysis of the abortion debate, displaying subtle under-standing of the values involved. I agree with many of his points, but I also, unfortunately, fundamentally disagree with much of what he has to say.
Lead phthalocyanine reverse saturable absorption optical limiters

Systematic studies of the nonlinear optical properties of organic materials have led to the development of promising new materials for optical limiting. Several heavy metal substituted phthalocyanines are effective materials for optical limiters in the visible and near IR. Nonlinear absorption is the principal mechanism near the limiting threshold. In fast optical systems, refractive contributions also contribute at higher energies. These refractive contributions are predominantly thermal. The spectral window over which the limiter operates can be engineered by altering both the main ring and peripheral substitution of the molecules.
Antiidiotype Antibody against Platelet Anti-Gpiiia Contributes to the Regulation of Thrombocytopenia in HIV-1–Itp Patients

Patients with human immunodeficiency virus 1-associated immunological thrombocytopenia (HIV-1-ITP) have markedly elevated platelet-bound immunoglobulin (Ig)G, IgM, and C3C4, as well as serum circulating immune complexes (CICs) composed of the same. Affinity purification of IgGs from their CICs with fixed platelets reveals high-affinity antibody (Ab) against platelet glycoprotein (GP)IIIa 49-66, which correlates inversely with their platelet count. However, sera from these patients have little to no anti-GPIIIa activity. To investigate this, we assayed serum, purified serum IgG, and CIC-Ig from these patients. This revealed approximately 150-fold greater Ab activity in purified serum IgG, and approximately 4,000-fold greater reactivity in CIC-IgG. This was shown to be associated with the presence of antiidiotype Ab2 (both IgG and IgM) sequestered in the CIC-IgG. The IgM antiidiotype was predominantly blocking Ab, as demonstrated by specificity for F(ab')(2) fragments of anti-GPIIIa 49-66 of HIV-1-ITP patients and inhibition of reactivity with peptide GPIIIa 49-66, not with a control peptide. The IgM antiidiotype was not polyreactive. Similar measurements were made in nonthrombocytopenic HIV-1-infected patients. Their serum reactivity was not measurable, but serum Ig and CIC-IgG against platelet GPIIIa 49-66 was present, although considerably lower than that found in HIV-1-ITP patients (26- and 35-fold lower, respectively). In addition, their IgM antiidiotype reactivity was 12-fold greater than that found in HIV-1-ITP patients. The IgM antiidiotype Ab titer of both cohorts correlated with in vivo platelet count (r = 0.7, P = 0. 0001, n = 32). To test the in vivo effectiveness of the IgM antiidiotype, thrombocytopenia was induced in mice with 25 microgram of affinity-purified anti-GPIIIa 49-66 (mouse GPIIIa has 83% homology with human GPIIIa and Fc receptors for human IgG1). Maximum effect was obtained at 4-6 h after intraperitoneal injection into Balb/c mice with a platelet count of approximately 30% baseline value. Preincubation of the anti-GPIIIa Ab with control IgM at molar ratios of IgM/IgG of 1:7 before intraperitoneal injection had no effect on the in vivo platelet count, whereas preincubation with patient IgM antiidiotype improved the platelet count to 50-80% of normal. Thrombocytopenia could be reversed after addition of IgM antiidiotype 4 h after induction of thrombocytopenia. Thus, CICs of HIV-1-infected patients contain IgM antiidiotype Ab against anti-GPIIIa, which appears to regulate their serum reactivity in vitro and their level of thrombocytopenia in vivo.
Instrumental learning within the spinal cord: III. Prior exposure to noncontingent shock induces a behavioral deficit that is blocked by an opioid antagonist.

Abstract Spinally transected rats given legshock whenever one hindleg is extended learn to maintain a flexion response that decreases net shock exposure. Prior exposure to response-independent (noncontingent) shock prevents learning. This behavioral deficit was eliminated by systemic administration of the nonselective opioid antagonist naltrexone (Experiment 1). The deficit was also blocked by intrathecal (i.t.) naltrexone at a dose of 7 μg/μl (Experiment 2). Noncontingent shock undermined behavioral potential for 24 h (Experiment 3). The expression of the deficit was blocked by naltrexone (7 μg/μl, i.t.) given prior to testing. The same dose prior to initial shock exposure had no effect. Administration of an antagonist that acts on the κ opioid receptor (nor-BNI) restored learning (Experiment 4). Equal molar concentrations of antagonists that act on the μ (CTOP) or δ (naltrindole) receptor had no effect.
Reciprocal relationships between parenting behavior and disruptive psychopathology from childhood through adolescence

Theoretical models suggest that child behaviors influence parenting behaviors, and specifically that unpleasant child behaviors coerce parents to discontinue engaging in appropriate discipline. This study examined reciprocal relationships between parenting behaviors (supervision, communication, involvement, timid discipline and harsh punishment) and child disruptive disorder symptoms (ADHD, ODD and CD) in a clinic-referred sample of 177 boys. Annual measures, including structured clinical interviews, were obtained from the beginning of the study (when boys were between the ages of 7 to 12) to age 17. Specific reciprocal influence was observed; only timid discipline predicted worsening behavior, namely ODD symptoms, and ODD symptoms predicted increases in timid discipline. Greater influence from child behaviors to parenting practices was found: ODD also predicted poorer communication and decreased involvement, and CD predicted poorer supervision. ADHD was neither predictive of, nor predicted by, parenting behaviors. The results are specifically supportive of a coercive process between child behaviors and parenting behaviors, and generally suggestive of greater influence of child behaviors on parenting behaviors than of parenting behaviors on child behaviors.
Deep tissue fluorescence imaging and in vivo biological applications

We describe a novel technical approach with enhanced fluorescence detection capabilities in two- photon microscopy that achieves deep tissue imaging, while maintaining micron resolution. Compared to conven- tional two-photon microscopy, greater imaging depth is achieved by more efficient harvesting of fluorescence photons propagating in multiple-scattering media. The system maintains the conventional two-photon microscopy scheme for excitation. However, for fluorescence collection the detection system harvests fluorescence photons directly from a wide area of the turbid sample. The detection scheme relies on a wide area detector, minimal optical components and an emission path bathed in a refractive-index-matching fluid that minimizes emission photon losses. This detection scheme proved to be very efficient, allowing us to obtain high resolution images at depths up to 3 mm. This technique was applied to in vivo imaging of the murine small intestine (SI) and colon. The chal- lenge is to image normal and diseased tissue in the whole live animal, while maintaining high resolution imaging at millimeter depth. In Lgr5-GFP mice, we have been successful in imaging Lgr5-eGFP positive stem cells, present in
Aggression in Very High‐Risk Youth: Examining Developmental Risk in an Inpatient Psychiatric Population

The goal of this study was to examine the utility of clinical records of psychiatrically hospitalized youth for predicting critical incidents during treatment. Intake data from inpatients (N = 484, mean age = 14 years) in a secure psychiatric facility were coded for the presence of theoretically based individual and contextual risk factor information and analyzed prospectively to predict youths' involvement in incidents of seclusion and restraint. Findings indicated that whereas several individual and contextual risk factors accounted for the likelihood of a youth becoming involved in seclusion or restraint, only histories of various types of aggression, number of prior residential placements and body mass index could predict the extent of this involvement. The implications of these findings with respect to ecologically valid research and empirically informed practice with high-risk youth are discussed.
The physiology and therapy of anesthetic shock

Abstract Anesthetic agents are toxic compounds capable of producing a state of shock by depressing circulation and respiration. In light concentrations, these effects are minimal, but as the anesthesia deepens, vital functions are depressed to dangerous levels. The modern anesthesiologist has the task of monitoring these functions to safeguard the patient's life during surgery. The types of anesthetic shock that occur with use of various anesthetic agents or methods are discussed. Anesthetic shock requires a correct diagnosis before proper therapy is instituted. It is corrected by early recognition and removal of the anesthetic agent by hyperventilation with oxygen.
Inducing articular cartilage phenotype in costochondral cells

Introduction: Costochondral cells may be isolated with minimal donor site morbidity and are unaffected by pathologies of the diarthrodial joints. Identification of optimal exogenous stimuli will allow abundant and robust hyaline articular cartilage to be formed from this cell source. Methods: In a three factor, two level full factorial design, the effects of hydrostatic pressure (HP), transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1), and chondroitinase ABC (C-ABC), and all resulting combinations, were assessed in third passage expanded, redifferentiated costochondral cells. After 4 wks, the new cartilage was assessed for matrix content, superficial zone protein (SZP), and mechanical properties. Results: Hyaline articular cartilage was generated, demonstrating the presence of type II collagen and SZP, and the absence of type I collagen. TGF-β1 upregulated collagen synthesis by 175% and glycosaminoglycan synthesis by 75%, resulting in a nearly 200% increase in tensile and compressive moduli. C-ABC significantly increased collagen content, and fibril density and diameter, leading to a 125% increase in tensile modulus. Hydrostatic pressure increased fibril diameter by 30% and tensile modulus by 45%. Combining TGF-β1 with C-ABC synergistically increased collagen content by 300% and tensile strength by 320%, over control. No significant differences were observed between C-ABC/TGF-β1 dual treatment and HP/C-ABC/TGF-β1. Conclusions: Employing biochemical, biophysical, and mechanical stimuli generated robust hyaline articular cartilage with a tensile modulus of 2 MPa and a compressive instantaneous modulus of 650 kPa. Using expanded, redifferentiated costochondral cells in the self-assembling process allows for recapitulation of robust mechanical properties, and induced SZP expression, key characteristics of functional articular cartilage.
Osteochondritis dissecans and other lesions of the femoral condyles

We reviewed lesions of the femoral condyles seen in 5,000 knee arthroscopies, recording the findings and the age and sex of the patients. We were able to distinguish the characteristics of developing and late osteochondritis dissecans, acute and old osteochondral fractures, chondral separations, chondral flaps and idiopathic osteonecrosis, and suggest that these are separate distinct conditions. Haemarthrosis was associated only with acute osteochondral fractures. The characteristic feature of osteochondritis dissecans was an expanding concentric lesion at the 'classical' site on the medial femoral condyle which appeared during the second decade of life and progressed to a concave steep-sided defect in the mature skeleton. Caffey's (1958) classification of epiphyseal dysplasias could not be applied to osteochondritis dissecans, which appeared to have a gradual onset without acute trauma. Much of the controversy about the cause of osteochondritis dissecans is the result of imprecise nomenclature.
Versioning for mashups: an exploratory study

End users with little software background are developing numerous software applications using devices such as spreadsheets, web mashups, and web macros. Web mashups are particularly popular because they are easy to create and there are large public repositories that store them and allow their reuse. Existing repositories, however, provide no functionality for tracking the development histories of mashups. We believe that versioning capabilities can help end users develop, understand, and reuse mashups. To investigate this belief, we created a versioning extension for Yahoo! Pipes - a popular mashup environment - and conducted an exploratory study of users utilizing the environment. Our results show that versioning information allows users to perform mashup creation tasks more correctly and in less time than users not having that information, while also improving the reusability of pipes.
Projections of singular vectors of Verma modules over rank 2 Kac -Moody Lie algebras

We prove an explicit formula for a projection of singular vectors in the Verma module over a rank 2 Kac-Moody Lie algebra onto the universal enveloping algebra of the Heisenberg Lie algebra and of sl2 (Theorem 3). The formula is derived from a more general but less explicit formula due to Feigin, Fuchs and Malikov (Funct. Anal. Appl. 20 (1986), no. 2, 103-113). In the simpler case ofA 1 the formula was obtained in (Fuchs D., Funct. Anal. Appl. 23 (1989), no. 2, 154-156).
REDOX REGULATION OF c-Ha-ras AND OSTEOPONTIN SIGNALING IN VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS: Implications in Chemical Atherogenesis

Reduction/oxidation (redox) reactions play a central role in the regulation of vascular cell functions. Recent studies in this laboratory have identified c-Ha-ras and osteopontin genes as critical molecular targets during oxidant-induced atherogenesis. This review focuses on the deregulation of gene transcription by redox-activated trans-acting factors after benzo(a)pyrene challenge and the modulation of extracellular matrix signaling in vascular smooth muscle cells by allylamine-induced oxidative injury. The induction of atherogenic vascular smooth muscle cell phenotypes by chemical injury exhibits remarkable parallels with those seen in other forms of atherogenesis.
Circumstantial evidence in Nebraska

Historically there were four lines of Nebraska cases regarding the value of circumstantial evidence. They proceeded along parallel tracks, oblivious to each other. This article traces the history of the four lines and comes to this conclusion: When judged by the words used to explain it, each line is inconsistent with each of the other three. When judged by how each is applied, the results from each line are almost entirely consistent. This article uncovers and discusses each line of cases, identifies the correct line, and suggests what should be done next.
Aging in COPD and Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis

Pulmonary function declines during normal aging, whereas pulmonary inflammation increases. The net effect of aging is an increased risk for the development of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) in susceptible individuals. These diseases accelerate the age-related loss in lung function contributing to disability and premature death. Inasmuch as our population is aging, it is important to mechanistically understand the role of aging on the pathobiology of these lung diseases. Lung aging, with its exposure to external factors over many years should be integrated into the complex profiling of COPD and IPF. The understanding of the role played by aging hallmarks in the pathophysiology of COPD and Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis will be addressed in this chapter. Moreover, future directions and the missing links will be discussed in this chapter.