cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A New Solution for the Dispersive Element in Astronomical Spectrographs

We present a new solution for the dispersive element in astronomical spectrographs that, in many cases, can provide an upgrade path to enhance the spectral resolution of existing moderate-resolution reflection-grating spectrographs. We demonstrate that in the case of LRIS-R at the Keck 1 Telescope, a spectral resolution of 18,000 can be achieved with reasonable throughput under good seeing conditions.
WFIRST and EUCLID: Enabling the Microlensing Parallax Measurement from Space

The Wide Field Infrared Survey Telescope (WFIRST) is expected to detect hundreds of free-floating planets, but it will not be able to measure their masses. However, simultaneous microlensing observations by both Euclid and WFIRST spacecraft, separated by ~ 100, 000 km in orbits around the Sun-Earth L2 Lagrange point, will enable measurements of microlensing parallax for low-mass lenses such as free-floating planets. Using simple Fisher matrix estimates of the parallax measurement uncertainties, we show that high-cadence observations by Euclid could be used to measure ~ 1 free-floating planet microlens parallax per 6 days of simultaneous Euclid observations. Accounting for Euclid's pointing constraints, it could therefore potentially measure ~ 20 free-floating planet parallaxes with 120 days of observations split equally between Euclid's main mission and an extended mission, with a potential to increase this number if spacecraft pointing constraints can be relaxed after the end of the main mission. These Euclid observations would also provide additional mass measurements or cross-checks for larger numbers of WFIRST's bound planets, among other benefits to several science cases.
GOGGLES: Automatic Image Labeling with Affinity Coding

Generating large labeled training data is becoming the biggest bottleneck in building and deploying supervised machine learning models. Recently, the data programming paradigm has been proposed to reduce the human cost in labeling training data. However, data programming relies on designing labeling functions which still requires significant domain expertise. Also, it is prohibitively difficult to write labeling functions for image datasets as it is hard to express domain knowledge using raw features for images (pixels). We propose affinity coding, a new domain-agnostic paradigm for automated training data labeling. The core premise of affinity coding is that the affinity scores of instance pairs belonging to the same class on average should be higher than those of pairs belonging to different classes, according to some affinity functions. We build the GOGGLES system that implements affinity coding for labeling image datasets by designing a novel set of reusable affinity functions for images, and propose a novel hierarchical generative model for class inference using a small development set. We compare GOGGLES with existing data programming systems on 5 image labeling tasks from diverse domains. GOGGLES achieves labeling accuracies ranging from a minimum of 71% to a maximum of 98% without requiring any extensive human annotation. In terms of end-to-end performance, GOGGLES outperforms the state-of-the-art data programming system Snuba by 21% and a state-of-the-art few-shot learning technique by 5%, and is only 7% away from the fully supervised upper bound.
Constraining the universal lepton asymmetry

The relic cosmic background neutrinos accompanying the cosmic microwave background (CMB) photons may hide a universal lepton asymmetry orders of magnitude larger than the universal baryon asymmetry. At present, the only direct way to probe such an asymmetry is through its effect on the abundances of the light elements produced during primordial nucleosynthesis. The relic light element abundances also depend on the baryon asymmetry, parameterized by the baryon density parameter () and on the early-universe expansion rate, parameterized by the expansion rate factor () or, equivalently, by the effective number of neutrinos (). We use data from the CMB (and large scale structure: LSS) along with the observationally inferred relic abundances of deuterium and helium-4 to provide new bounds on the universal lepton asymmetry, finding for ηL, the analog of ηB,0.072 ± 0.053 if it is assumed that Nν = 3 and, 0.115 ± 0.095 along with Nν = 3.3−0.6+0.7, if Nν is free to vary.
SYSTEMATICS OF SLEPTON PRODUCTION IN e+e- and e-e- COLLISIONS

I present the basic formulae for slepton production in e+e- and e-e- collisions in an especially simple form, using a helicity basis. This parametrization introduces the useful neutralino functions to connect the neutralino eigenstates to observable cross sections.
BERTering RAMS: What and How Much does BERT Already Know About Event Arguments? - A Study on the RAMS Dataset.

Using the attention map based probing framework from (Clark et al., 2019), we observe that, on the RAMS dataset (Ebner et al., 2020), BERT’s attention heads have modest but well above-chance ability to spot event arguments sans any training or domain finetuning, varying from a low of 17.77% for Place to a high of 51.61% for Artifact. Next, we find that linear combinations of these heads, estimated with approx. 11% of available total event argument detection supervision, can push performance well higher for some roles — highest two being Victim (68.29% Accuracy) and Artifact (58.82% Accuracy). Furthermore, we investigate how well our methods do for cross-sentence event arguments. We propose a procedure to isolate “best heads” for cross-sentence argument detection separately of those for intra-sentence arguments. The heads thus estimated have superior cross-sentence performance compared to their jointly estimated equivalents, albeit only under the unrealistic assumption that we already know the argument is present in another sentence. Lastly, we seek to isolate to what extent our numbers stem from lexical frequency based associations between gold arguments and roles. We propose NONCE, a scheme to create adversarial test examples by replacing gold arguments with randomly generated “nonce” words. We find that learnt linear combinations are robust to NONCE, though individual best heads can be more sensitive.
Constraints on the Surface Magnetic Fields and Age of a Cool Hypergiant: XMM-Newton X-Ray Observations of VY CMa

The complex circumstellar ejecta of highly evolved, cool hypergiants are indicative of multiple, asymmetric mass-loss events. To explore whether such episodic, non-isotropic mass loss may be driven by surface magnetic activity, we have observed the archetypical cool hypergiant VY CMa with the XMM-Newton X-ray satellite observatory. The hypergiant itself is not detected in these observations. From the upper limit on the X-ray flux from VY CMa at the time of our observations (F X, UL 8 × 10–14 erg cm–2 s–1, corresponding to log LX /L bol ≤ –8), we estimate an average surface magnetic field strength fB ≤ 2 × 10–3 G (where f is the filling factor of magnetically active surface regions). These X-ray results for VY CMa represent the most stringent constraints to date on the magnetic field strength near the surface of a hypergiant. VY CMa's mass loss is episodic, however, and the hypergiant may have been in a state of low surface magnetic activity during the XMM observations. The XMM observations also yield detections of more than 100 X-ray sources within ~15' of VY CMa, roughly 50 of which have near-infrared counterparts. Analysis of X-ray hardness ratios and IR colors indicates that some of these field sources may be young, late-type stars associated with VY CMa, its adjacent molecular cloud complex, and the young cluster NGC 2362. Further study of the VY CMa field is warranted, given the potential to ascertain the evolutionary timescale of this enigmatic, massive star.
A Retrospective Analysis of 287 Patients Undergoing Prophylactic Radiation Therapy for the Prevention of Heterotopic Ossification.

Abstract Purpose Heterotopic ossification (HO) is a potentially disabling disorder of ectopic bone formation secondary to orthopedic surgery or trauma. In this retrospective analysis we evaluated the outcomes of patients who received radiation therapy (RT) for HO prophylaxis. Methods and Materials A total of 287 patients who received RT for HO prophylaxis at a major trauma center from 2007 to 2018 were analyzed. Data collected included types of injury, surgery, time intervals between key events, development of postprophylaxis HO, and secondary malignancies. Associations between various factors and the risk of developing HO were analyzed. Kaplan-Meier analysis was used to estimate failure rates. Results The most common indication for RT was traumatic acetabular fracture (83.3%). Twelve patients (4.2%) developed postprophylaxis HO with a median time to failure of 8.6 months (2.8-24.5). Kaplan-Meier 1-, 2-, and 5-year failure rates were 3.7%, 4.4%, and 7.4%, respectively. Injury type and timing of RT were not associated with the risk of failure, but we observed a trend of increased risk of failure in patients with longer time between surgery and RT (odd ration [OR] 1.68, P = .056). Current or former smokers (51.7%) were less likely to fail (OR 0.10, P = .03). There was no incidence of in-field secondary malignancy. Conclusions There was no significant association between injury and fracture type, surgical approach, or timing of RT and development of HO, contrary to published reports of increased HO risk with certain surgical approaches and longer time intervals between injury and surgery, suggesting that prophylactic RT might play a role in mitigating these effects. Decreased risk of postprophylaxis HO among former or current smokers was unexpected. No secondary malignancy in the RT field was identified, although the median follow-up was only 17 months. Compared with published HO incidences (17%-39%) in patients who receive no prophylaxis after traumatic acetabular fractures, our results are highly suggestive of the efficacy of prophylactic RT.
Numerical Investigation of AN Internal Layer in Turbulent Flow Over a Curved Hill

The development of an internal layer in a turbulent boundary layer flow over a curved hill is investigated numerically. The turbulent flow equations are solved by a control volume based, finite-dif...
Periodic training of creeping solids

We consider disordered solids in which the microscopic elements can deform plastically in response to stresses on them. We show that by driving the system periodically, this plasticity can be exploited to train in desired elastic properties, both in the global moduli and in local "allosteric" interactions. Periodic driving can couple an applied "source" strain to a "target" strain over a path in the energy landscape. This coupling allows control of the system's response, even at large strains well into the nonlinear regime, where it can be difficult to achieve control simply by design.
Chronic developmental lead exposure increases μ-opiate receptor levels in the adolescent rat brain

Abstract Childhood lead (Pb2+) intoxication is a global public health problem best known for producing deficits in learning and poor school performance. Human and preclinical studies have suggested an association between childhood Pb2+ intoxication and proclivity to substance abuse and delinquent behavior. While environmental factors have been implicated in opioid addiction, less is known about the role of exposure to environmental pollutants on the brain opioid system. Opioid receptors are involved in the biological effects of opioids and other drugs of abuse. In this study, we examine the effect of chronic developmental Pb2+ exposure (1500 ppm in the diet) on μ-opioid receptor (MOR) levels in the rat brain using [3H]- d -Ala2-MePhe4-Gly-ol5 enkephalin ([3H]-DAMGO) quantitative receptor autoradiography at different developmental stages (juvenile, early-adolescent, late adolescent and adult) in male and female rats. Our results indicate that chronic developmental Pb2+ exposure increases the levels of [3H]-DAMGO specific binding to MOR in juvenile and early adolescent Pb2+-exposed male and female rat brain with no changes in late-adolescent (PN50) and minor changes in Pb2+-exposed adult male rats (PN120). Specifically, at PN14, Pb2+-exposed males had an increase in MOR binding in the lateral posthalamic nuclei (LPTN), and Pb2+-exposed females had increased MOR binding in LPTN, medial thalamus, and hypothalamus. At PN28, Pb2+-exposed males had increased MOR levels in the striatum, stria medullaris of the thalamus, LPTN, medial thalamus, and basolateral amygdala, while Pb2+-exposed females showed an increase in nucleus accumbens core, LPTN, and medial thalamus. No changes were detected in any brain region of male and female rats at PN50, and at PN120 there was a decrease in MOR binding of Pb2+-exposed males in the medial thalamus. Our findings demonstrate age and gender specific effects of MOR levels in the rat brain as a result of chronic developmental Pb2+ exposure. These results indicate that the major changes in brain MOR levels were during pre-adolescence and early adolescence, a developmental period in which there is higher engagement in reward and drug-seeking behaviors in humans. In summary, we show that chronic exposure to Pb2+, an ubiquitous and well-known environmental contaminant and neurotoxicant, alters MOR levels in brain regions associated with addiction circuits in the adolescent period, these findings have important implications for opioid drug use and abuse.
miqoGraph: fitting admixture graphs using mixed-integer quadratic optimization

SUMMARY Admixture graphs represent the genetic relationship between a set of populations through splits, drift and admixture. In this article, we present the Julia package miqoGraph, which uses mixed-integer quadratic optimization to fit topology, drift lengths and admixture proportions simultaneously. Through applications of miqoGraph to both simulated and real data, we show that integer optimization can greatly speed up and automate what is usually an arduous manual process. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION https://github.com/juliayyan/PhylogeneticTrees.jl. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Experimental investigation of proppant flow and transport dynamics through fracture intersections

Abstract This paper investigates proppant flow and transport in intersected fractures at angles typical for intersections of pre-existing and new hydraulic fractures. Proppant is small granular material, which is placed into hydraulic fractures during geothermal and hydrocarbon reservoir stimulation and props the fluid paths open during reservoir exploitation. This study uses plexiglas laboratory slot experiments enhanced with advanced image analysis for identifying particle trajectories and quantifying slurry velocities. Although proppant flow and transport have been broadly studied, the effects of intersecting fracture angles have not, especially coupled with fluid viscosities, flow rates, and proppant volumetric concentration effects. This paper specifically investigates the role of intermediate fracture angles, which have been identified to occur most frequently when the new hydraulic fractures intercept the existing ones. Results show that proppant flow and transport behavior after the intersection is very sensitive to carrying fluid viscosity and flow rates alteration while differentiating proppant volumetric concentrations have a limited effect. Fracture intersection angle itself has a clear effect on proppant flow velocities and proppant settlement; furthermore, it enhances the effects of fluid viscosity, fluid flow rates, and proppant volumetric concentrations.
Symmetry problems in harmonic analysis

Symmetry problems in harmonic analysis are formulated and solved. One of these problems is equivalent to the refined Schiffer’s conjecture which was recently proved by the author. Let $$k=const>0$$ be fixed, $$S^2$$ be the unit sphere in $${\mathbb R}^3$$ , D be a connected bounded domain with $$C^2-$$ smooth connected boundary S, $$j_0(r)$$ be the spherical Bessel function. The harmonic analysis symmetry problems are stated in the following theorems. Theorem A Assume that $$\int _S e^{ik\beta \cdot s}ds=0$$ for all $$\beta \in S^2$$ . Then S is a sphere of radius a, where $$j_0(ka)=0$$ . Theorem B Assume that $$\int _D e^{ik\beta \cdot x}dx=0$$ for all $$\beta \in S^2$$ . Then D is a ball.
Approximate performance measures for a single station two-stage reneging queue

Abstract We study a single station two-stage reneging queue with Poisson arrivals, exponential services, and two levels of exponential reneging behaviors, extending the popular Erlang A model that assumes a constant reneging rate. We derive approximate analytical formulas representing performance measures for our two-stage queue following the Markov chain decomposition approach. Our formulas not only give accurate results spanning the heavy-traffic to the light-traffic regimes, but also provide insight into capacity decisions.
Garcetti's Impact on the First Amendment Speech Rights of Federal Employees

Garcetti v. Ceballos does nothing less than redefine the whole conception of what role public employees should play in ensuring the fair and efficient administration of government services. Through its holding, the Court has now made it nearly impossible for conscientious public servants to speak out in the best interests of the public without jeopardizing their careers. Yet, if possible, the situation is even worse for federal employees. For the uninitiated, Garcetti is the watershed public employment free speech case that drastically cuts down on public employees' First Amendment expression rights while such employees are working pursuant to their official duties. In the name of managerial prerogative, federalism, and separation of powers, it has the effect of making government less transparent, accountable, and responsive because public employees are less secure in their ability to speak out against governmental fraud, corruption, abuse, and waste, without facing retribution from their public employers. The reason for Garcetti's magnified effect on federal employees relates to three primary factors, which include: (1) the unique administrative framework established for federal employees to vindicate their First Amendment interests under the Civil Service Reform Act of 1978 (CSRA); (2) the inexpert nature of the Merit Systems Protection Board (MSPB), the federal agency which has been delegated to hear federal employees First Amendment claims; and finally, (3) the apparent inability of the Federal Circuit Court of Appeals, the court delegated to hear appeals from the MSPB, to understand the nuances and subtleties of the Garcetti decision, given their lack of experience deciding these types of constitutional issues. The cumulative impact of these factors is that federal employees, post-Garcetti, will primarily have to vindicate their rights to free speech in the workplace through a hodge-podge of civil service laws, grievances filed under collective bargaining agreements, and ineffective federal whistleblower statutes. When all of these fail, as they inevitably will, federal employees will have to just grin and bear the evisceration of their constitutional rights and stay silent at work. Collectively as citizens, we are all the poorer for tolerating this undemocratic state of affairs.
A Comparative Analysis of New Jersey's Mount Laurel Cases with the Berenson Cases in New York

The central question raised by the events in these two cases is how two sister state courts could evaluate similar facts and come to decisions that have produced such remarkably different results. This is particularly curious in view of the relatively similar constitutional principles enunciated by the highest court in both states in these cases. A description of the legal thought process in New York, and a point by point comparison of the holdings in each state will assist in understanding why affordable housing is being produced in New Jersey but not in New York.
Device-funded vs ad-funded platforms

Abstract We analyze device-funded and ad-funded platforms with differentiated ecosystems supporting apps provided under monopolistic competition. The incentives of a device-funded platform in investing in app curation, introducing its own apps and setting commissions on in-app purchases of external apps are largely aligned with those of consumers, while this is not necessarily the case for the ad-funded platform. In particular, consumers gain from a positive commission set by the device-funded platform because this implies a lower price of the device, and the platform’s apps are introduced and priced internalizing the impact on consumer welfare, perfectly in models of horizontal differentiation and partially in models of vertical differentiation.
Consumer hopefulness: construct, relevance to internet marketing, antecedents and consequences

This paper examines the concept of consumer hopefulness as an important driver of consumption. Hopefulness is defined as a positive feeling evoked in response to an outcome appraised as goal congruent and possible. This positively valenced emotion arises in everyday consumption as consumers evaluate their current state and try to determine ways in which consumption can make for a better, happier future self. The paper differentiates the construct of hopefulness from related constructs such as self-efficacy, expectations, and optimism. It also focuses on the consumption domains in which hopefulness arises. Most relevant to advertising and the internet, the paper identifies factors that affect hopefulness, as well as tactics that influence these factors (and hence the level of hopefulness that consumers experience). The marketing relevant outcomes of consumer hopefulness are also articulated, and directions for future research are specified.
Salesforce design with experience-based learning

This paper proposes and analyzes an integrated model of salesforce learning, product portfolio pricing and salesforce design. We consider a firm selling two products, with a pool of sales representatives that is split into separate salesforces, one for each product. The salesforce assigned to each product is faced with an independent stream of sales leads. The salesforce may also handle leads that overflow from other product salesforces. In addition, salespeople “learn by doing” over their tenure on the job. In particular, the more time they spend selling a particular product, the more productive the sales effort. The objective of the firm is to maximize profits by optimizing the size of all salesforces as well as the prices of all products. Using data collected from the salesforce of a large manufacturer, we provide evidence for the link between experience and sales, and we demonstrate how parameters of the model may be estimated from real data. Numerical experiments using parameters derived from the dat...
The persistence of the small firm/January effect: Is it consistent with investors’ learning and arbitrage efforts?

Abstract Using improved methodology and an expanded research design, we examine whether the small firm/January effect (Keim, D. B. (1983). Size-related anomalies and stock return seasonality: further empirical evidence. Journal of Financial Economics 12:13–32), is declining over time due to market efficiency. First, we find that January returns are smaller after 1963–1979, but have simply reverted to levels that existed before that time. Second, we show that the January effect is not limited to mature markets but also appears in firms trading on the relatively new NASDAQ exchange in the 1970s. Third, trading volume for small firms in December and January is not different from other months, implying that traders are not actively arbitraging the anomaly. Together, our results suggest that this anomaly continues to defy rational explanation in an efficient market.
Are Real House Prices Likely to Decline by 47 Percent

Abstract Mankiw and Weil have estimated a demographically-driven real house price equation on annual data from the 1947–1987 period and used it to forecast real house prices over the 1988–2007 period. The result is their infamous 47 percent real decline. Their equation really only fits data from the 1950s and 1960s. Not only is the post-1970 fit poor, but the cumulative in-sample forecast for the 1970–1987 period is off by a factor of four. While real house prices seem more likely to decline than increase over the next two decades, a 47 percent decline seems far beyond the realm of the plausible.
Engaging the public and the private in global sustainability governance

Negotiators preparing for Rio+20 are missing an important opportunity. Private sustainability governance (PSG) is thriving: organizations created by business and civil society groups, as well as public‐private partnerships, adopt and apply significant regulatory standards and undertake valuable operational activities, including pilot projects and financing. However, even though reforming the institutional framework for sustainable development is a central part of the Rio+20 agenda, negotiators are focusing almost exclusively on inter-governmental organizations such as the UN Environment Program (UNEP), the Commission for Sustainable Development and the Economic and Social Council. This public‐private engagement gap isolates international governance from the energy and innovation of PSG, and impedes efforts to coordinate the bifurcated and decentralized system of sustainability governance. This article argues that states, and especially international organizations, should actively support PSG as part of the institutional framework for sustainable development, while steering private and public‐private schemes towards good organizational practices and the pursuit of public goals. Engagement with PSG would help international institutions pursue their sustainability missions more effectively, promote the emergence of effective and legitimate private schemes, manage fragmentation, promote experimentation and learning, and enhance citizen participation. The article outlines two fruitful modes of engagement pioneered by UNEP: regulatory cooperation, in which international authorities engage directly with business firms, industry groups and other ‘targets’, influencing them to adopt more sustainable behaviors; and orchestration, in which authorities engage with intermediary organizations, such as multi-stakeholder private governance schemes, catalyzing, supporting and steering them as they seek to influence the ultimate targets of policy.
ANOMALOUS BIDDING IN SHORT-TERM TREASURY BILL AUCTIONS*

We show that Treasury bill auction procedures create classes of price-equivalent discount rates for bills with less than 72 days to maturity. We argue that it is inefficient for market participants to bid at a discount rate that is not the minimum rate in its class. The inefficiency of bidding at other than the minimum rate is related to a quantity shortfall rather than an unexploited profit opportunity. Auction results for weekly offerings of four-week bills and occasional offerings of cash management bills show that market participants frequently bid at inefficient rates. However, they are more likely to bid at efficient rates than chance would suggest.
Exploration for Human Capital: Evidence from the MBA Labor Market

We empirically investigate the effect of uncertainty on corporate hiring. Using novel data from the labor market for MBA graduates, we show that uncertainty regarding how well job candidates fit with a firm’s industry hinders hiring and that firms value probationary work arrangements that provide the option to learn more about potential full-time employees. The detrimental effect of uncertainty on hiring is more pronounced when firms face greater firing and replacement costs and when they face less direct competition from other similar firms. These results suggest that firms faced with uncertainty use similar considerations when making hiring decisions as when making decisions regarding investment in physical capital.
Voluntary disclosure in bilateral transactions

Abstract We characterize optimal voluntary disclosures by a privately informed agent facing a counterparty endowed with market power in a bilateral transaction. Although disclosures reveal some of the agent's private information, they may increase his information rents by mitigating the counterparty's incentives to resort to inefficient screening. We show that when disclosures are restricted to be ex post verifiable, the informed agent optimally designs a disclosure plan that is partial and that implements socially efficient trade in equilibrium. Our results shed light on the conditions necessary for asymmetric information to impede trade and the determinants of disclosures' coarseness.
Who Is Against Immigration? A Cross-Country Investigation of Individual Attitudes toward Immigrants

Abstract This paper empirically analyzes economic and noneconomic determinants of individual attitudes toward immigrants, within and across countries. The two survey data sets used, covering a wide range of developed and developing countries, make it possible to test for interactive effects between individual characteristics and country-level attributes. In particular, theory predicts that the correlation between pro-immigration attitudes and individual skill should be related to the skill composition of natives relative to immigrants in the destination country. Skilled individuals should favor immigration in countries where natives are more skilled than immigrants and oppose it otherwise. Results based on direct and indirect measures of the relative skill composition are consistent with these predictions. Noneconomic variables also are correlated with immigration attitudes, but they don't alter significantly the labor-market results.
The Contribution of Internal Audit as a Determinant of External Audit Fees and Factors Influencing This Contribution

Despite extensive research on the determinants of external audit fees, there is little empirical evidence on the effect of internal audit contribution on the external audit fee. Using a cross-sectional regression model based on prior audit fee research, this study provides evidence that internal audit contribution is a significant determinant of the external audit fee. Further, a second model that provides evidence on the determinants of internal audit contribution is developed and tested. This second model indicates that internal audit contribution is influenced by internal audit quality and, conditional on the level of inherent risk, the availability of internal audit and the extent of coordination between internal and external auditors. These results are based on a unique data-set comprised of publicly available data matched with survey responses from internal and external auditors affiliated with 70 non-financial services Fortune 1000 firms. The sample includes all of the former “Big 6” international accounting firms and clients from twenty-nine different industries.
Best if used by... How freshness dating influences food acceptance

A recent variation of expiration dating is freshness dating (i.e., “best if used by”). This research investigates how freshness dating influences the taste acceptance of a refrigerated product. Sensory tests of 36 panelists show two key findings. First, freshness dating influences the acceptability of products in a discontinuous or nonlinear manner. Second, it does so because it influences perceptions of freshness and of healthfulness, not of safety. As a product approaches its “best if used by” date, there may be more for a manufacturer to lose than to gain by having decided to use “freshness dating” in the first place.
Who Determines the Optimal Trade-off between Quality and Price?

The question of the optimal trade-off between quality and price has become increasingly important as well as complex in recent times, as the advances of modern technology permit a far more refined range of choices. These subtleties among choices allow an individual, a group, or a society to titrate more precisely degrees of quality with almost any product or service, coupled, of course, with counterbalancing price consequences. In 2002, as Program Chair of the Antitrust Section of the Association of American Law Schools, I organized a panel entitled “Guilds at the Millennium: Antitrust and the Professions” and served as one of its commentators. The focus of this comment is not on the typical antitrust questions regarding regulating professionals in the face of asymmetric information or, in particular, how to cope with the potential anticompetitive effects of allowing the professions to regulate themselves. That issue is explicated quite cogently and extensively by the other commentator on this panel. Rather, the purpose here is to draw attention to another problem submerged within and yet intertwined with these discussions — the determination of the socially optimal trade-off between quality and price in the context of professional regulation. Co-extensively, this comment raises the question as to what antitrust's role should be in making such important price-quality trade-off decisions.
Risk-Sharing, Vulnerability and the Global Financial Crisis.

Tests using Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia unit record data from 2006-07 to 2010-11 indicate that Australian households on average insure against idiosyncratic income shocks. For a 10 per cent change in income, non-durable expenditures change by 0.14 per cent, while food expenditures change by 0.05 per cent; both results are statistically insignificant. Non-durable expenditures respond asymmetrically to positive and negative income shocks, especially during the Global Financial Crisis, rising by 0.1 per cent for a 10 per cent income rise but falling by 0.6 per cent for a 10 per cent income decline in 2009; the latter result is statistically significant. Controlling for risk tolerance heterogeneity yields identical results.
Generic Drug Industry Dynamics

Both the economics literature and the business press suggest that a typical pattern for a “new” industry [or what Jovanovic and MacDonald (1994) call an invention ]i s to have an initial phase in which a small number of firms each earn significant profits, followed by a phase in which rapid entry of new firms leads to increased competition and dissipation of some of those profits, often accompanied by a shakeout, whereby only a few large firms remain (especially if subsequent innovations increase the optimal scale). Although this pattern seems to characterize many industries, the length of time during which early movers retain their profits, how prices adjust during the entry process, and the
Preserving the Ocean Circulation: Implications for Climate Policy

Climate modelers have recognized the possibility of abrupt climate changes caused by a reorganization of the North Atlantic's current pattern (technically known as a thermohaline circulation collapse). This circulation system now warms north-western Europe and transports carbon dioxide to the deep oceans. The posited collapse of this system could produce severe cooling in northwestern Europe, even when general global warming is in progress. In this paper we use a simple integrated assessment model to investigate the optimal policy response to this risk. Adding the constraint of avoiding a thermohaline circulation collapse would significantly reduce the allowable greenhouse gas emissions in the long run along an optimal path. Our analysis implies that relatively small damages associated with a collapse (less than 1% of gross world product) would justify a considerable reduction of future carbon dioxide emissions.
The Recognition of U.S. Class Action Judgments Abroad: The Case of Latin America

INTRODUCTION 894 I. OBSTACLES TO RECOGNITION OF A U.S. CLASS ACTION JUDGMENT DERIVED FROM SPECIFIC CLASS ACTION RULES ....... 901 A. Countries That Do Not Have Class Actions for Damages . 902 B. Countries in Which a Class Action Judgment is Binding Only if Favorable to the Class 910 1. A Peculiar Approach to Res Judicata in Latin American Class Actions 912 2. Class Representatives Have No Authority to Settle and Compromise the Rights of Absent Class Members 917 3. The Peculiar Res Judicata Model Followed by Some Latin American Countries 919 C. Countries That Adopt an Opt-In Class Action 922 D. Countries That Have a Class Action System That is Substantially Similar to the United States 934 E. Countries with Unique Considerations 936 II. OBSTACLES TO RECOGNITION OF A U.S. CLASS ACTION JUDGMENT DERIVED FROM TRADITIONAL RULES 940 A. Class Action Notice Would Be Inadequate 941 B. A U.S. Court Cannot Validly Obtain Personal Jurisdiction over Foreign Absent Plaintiff Class Members 944 C. Formal Notice through Rogatory Letters is Essential ....... 954 CONCLUSION 955 APPENDIX 957
Growth and Poverty Reduction in Uganda, 1999–2000: Panel Data Evidence

To explore factors underlying growth and poverty reduction in Africa while overcoming some of the limitations of cross-country analysis, this article uses micro-level survey and panel-data evidence from Uganda spanning 1992–2000. The high elasticity of both income growth and poverty reduction with respect to agricultural output (coffee) prices confirms the benefits from Uganda's decisive liberalisation of output markets. It also suggests the importance of product diversification to protect the poor against price shocks and the potential of cotton-market improvements in tackling persistent poverty in the North. The importance of improving access to basic education and health care emerges more clearly than in cross-country analysis, but benefits depend on complementary investments in electricity and other infrastructure, and reductions in civil strife.
On the Nature of the Reputational Penalty for Corporate Crime: Evidence*

Abstract Recent literature on optimal sanctions for corporations has focused on coordination and refinement of criminal, civil, and market‐based sanctions. This paper contributes to emerging evidence on the reputational penalties that public corporations pay for federal crimes. First, it is shown that offenses harming only private parties and not government tend to be addressed through civil or market‐based and not criminal sanctions. Second, when criminal allegations do arise, they are often surrounded by reports of terminated or suspended customer relationships and of management or employee turnover. These reports are more frequent if damaged parties are customers, as in fraud, than if they are third parties, as in environmental crime, and if stock prices decline significantly at the first news of crime. All of these features are consistent with characterizations of reputational penalties found in the literature. Findings on the nonatomistic nature of damaged parties suggest directions for future research.
Ideological Renewal and Nostalgia in China’s “Avant-garde” Legal Scholarship

This Article examines certain attempts in Chinese legal scholarship to formulate alternatives to “Western” or “liberal” rule of law ideology. The Article discusses three different strands of contemporary Chinese “avantgarde” legal scholarship: (i) neo-conservative critical scholarship, which builds on American legal realism, critical legal studies, and critical social theory; (ii) a form of New Confucian virtue-based legal thought, which combines traditionalist Chinese ethics with Western virtue ethics; and (iii) certain communitarian rule of law theories. The Article identifies a paradox in the premise of Chinese avant-garde scholars’ ideological renewal project: avant-garde scholars can only hope to create illusions of ideological change, often through nostalgic arguments, lest their proposals appear too unrealistic or outlandish.
Knowledge Graph Semantic Enhancement of Input Data for Improving AI

Intelligent systems designed using machine learning algorithms require a large number of labeled data. Background knowledge provides complementary, real-world factual information that can augment the limited labeled data to train a machine learning algorithm. The term Knowledge Graph (KG) is in vogue as for many practical applications, it is convenient and useful to organize this background knowledge in the form of a graph. Recent academic research and implemented industrial intelligent systems have shown promising performance for machine learning algorithms that combine training data with a knowledge graph. In this article, we discuss the use of relevant KGs to enhance the input data for two applications that use machine learning—recommendation and community detection. The KG improves both accuracy and explainability.
From Louisville to Liddell: Schools, Rhetorical Neutrality, and the Post-Racial Equal Protection Clause

The neutral allure of school choice, neighborhood schools, and other purported "remedies" for poorly performing schools have displaced the substantive pursuit of fully integrated schools. Indeed, the constitutional mandate of Brown v. Board of Education has been cast aside in favor of a formalistic conception of equality based on an individual right to attend neighborhood schools without reference to race. Under this post-racial interpretation of the Fourteenth Amendment, Jim Crow racial subjugation is no different than positive, race-conscious remedial efforts to integrate and preserve diversity in public schools. Voluntary choice means that some discrimination may exist "naturally" if it cannot be directly attributed to state action. Tracing school desegregation cases in Louisville and St. Louis, this Article critiques the Roberts Court's post-racial constitutionalism in Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1. This case holds the key to the seminal doctrinal shift from the Rehnquist Court's colorblind constitutionalism to the Roberts Court's post-racial constitutionalism.
A Library Romantic's Reply to Richard Danner

ABSTRACT In this brief response to Richard A. Danner's “Skating with Donovan: Thoughts on Librarianship as a Profession,” the author finds new reasons to doubt the merits of a “weak” model of librarianship that overemphasizes user demands at the expense of professional ethical commitments to collect, organize, and preserve.
THE IMPACT OF STADIUM ANNOUNCEMENTS ON RESIDENTIAL PROPERTY VALUES: EVIDENCE FROM A NATURAL EXPERIMENT IN DALLAS-FORT WORTH

We investigate the impact of a potential new sports venue on residential property values, focusing on the National Football League’s Dallas Cowboys’ search for a new host city in the Dallas-Fort Worth area. We find that residential property values in the city of Dallas increased following the announcement of a possible new stadium in the city. At the same time, property values fell throughout the rest of Dallas County, which would have paid for the proposed stadium. These patterns reversed when the Dallas stadium proposal was abandoned. Subsequently, a series of announcements regarding a new publicly subsidized stadium in nearby Arlington, Texas, reduced residential property values in Arlington. In aggregate, average property values declined approximately 1.5% relative to the surrounding area before stadium construction commenced. This decline was almost equal to the anticipated household sales tax burden, suggesting that the average expected amenity effect of hosting the Cowboys in Arlington was not significantly different from zero. (JEL L83, R53, H73)
Simplifying the Standard of Review in North Carolina Administrative Appeals

The North Carolina Administrative Procedure Act (APA) was enacted in 1973 with the express purpose of establishing “a uniform system of administrative rulemaking and adjudicatory procedure for agencies.” The system extends to standards of judicial review, which are explicitly stated in section 150B-51 of Article 4 of the APA. Consistent with the statutory goal of uniformity, the North Carolina Supreme Court has ruled that section 150B-51 is the default standard of judicial review for appeals of agency orders and decisions. However, numerous agency-specific statutes undermine the APA’s goal of uniform judicial review. This Article argues that the legislature should revise such statutes, thereby standardizing, simplifying, and clarifying the standard of judicial review of administrative appeals.This Article has two purposes, one descriptive and one normative. The descriptive task is to provide an overview of the standards of judicial review in North Carolina, including recent legislative updates, to assist superior court judges and practitioners in understanding these standards. There is some urgency in educating the North Carolina bench and bar in this area. Now that ALJs can enter final orders in contested cases, agencies have the right to appeal unfavorable decisions to the superior court, which may cause a significant increase in the number of cases brought to the courts and a corresponding need for a clear and predictable regime of judicial review.Part II of this Article surveys and summarizes the current landscape of appellate and original jurisdiction over administrative appeals in the superior courts, including recent legislative updates, with the intention of providing a useful guide to judges and practitioners alike. Part III of this Article proposes legislative updates to simplify and clarify superior court jurisdiction over administrative appeals. First, the legislature should amend almost all of the statutes that confer original jurisdiction on the reviewing courts, conferring appellate jurisdiction instead. Second, the legislature should consider amending the current array of agency-specific judicial review statutes to use language that more clearly and simply confers APA-style appellate jurisdiction on the reviewing court.
No correlation between disc scale height and jet power in GRMHD simulations

It is now well established that changes in the X-ray spectral state of black hole low-mass X-ray binaries are correlated with changes in the radio properties of those systems. Assuming radio power is a proxy for jet power, we can say that the jet is continuously present in the hard state and undetectable (and therefore weaker) in the soft state. Since the different accretion states are also generally assumed to be associated with different disc geometries – the hard state with a hot, thick flow, and the soft state with a cold, thin disc – we investigate the possibility that these two phenomena are linked; i.e. the difference in disc geometry is the cause of the difference in observed jet power. We do this by comparing various measures of jet power in numerical simulations of accretion discs of differing temperatures and thicknesses. We perform these simulations using the general relativistic magnetohydrodynamic code cosmos++ and a newly added cooling function, which allows us to regulate the disc scale height H/r at different radii. We find no apparent correlation between the disc scale height and jet power whenever we normalize the latter by the mass accretion history of each simulation. We attribute this result to the role that the ‘corona’ plays in confining and accelerating the jet (our corona may also be considered a failed magnetohydrodynamic ‘wind’). The properties of the corona do not vary significantly from one simulation to another, even though the scale heights of the discs vary by up to a factor of 4. If this holds true in nature, then it suggests that the correlation between spectral state and jet power must be attributable to some other property, possibly the topology of the magnetic field. Alternatively, it could be that the corona disappears altogether in the soft state, which would be consistent with observations, but has so far not been seen in simulations.