cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Key Issues Affecting Oregon Family Forest Owners: A Scoping Review of the Literature and Survey Analysis of Educational Service Providers

Given the significance of family owned forests and woodlands to the economic and environmental condition of Oregon, the provision of appropriate educational programs and services is of utmost importance. The priority forest management issues affecting family owned forests, identified for the state of Oregon by the Oregon Department of Forestry (the primary state forestry agency), help to inform educational programs. In addition, these issues often inform the content for landowner support through cost-share and technical assistance programs, which may or may not address landowner needs. We prioritized the following five priorities for family forests in Oregon: climate change, wildfire, ecosystem services, legacy (generational succession of land), and forest health (insects and diseases). We undertook a scoping review of the recent literature (2000–2018) to determine the degree to which researchers were focusing on these issues in the state as well as a web-based survey of family forest and woodland owner educational service providers to determine if outreach programs were targeting these priorities. From a total of 52 papers identified, 19 met the search criteria for inclusion. Two papers focused on climate change, one on forest health, ten on ecosystem services, eight on wildfire, and none on legacy. Scoping review results indicate that the priority issues explored in this study are addressed in literature focusing on family forestland owners in Oregon, albeit some issues more in depth than others, with forest legacy not being addressed at all. Our survey results indicate that the five priority issues seem to align among the state, educators, and landowners, and that educational opportunities are being provided for all issues to some extent. However, there is a need for a more focused allocation of resources to address some of the knowledge gaps and discrepancies identified here.
Big Walter Horton in Session: From Memphis to Chicago, 1951–1956

In 2013 Anchor Entertainment released a music-focused documentary titled 20 Feet from Stardom. Director Morgan Neville’s song-filled film highlighted the important roles of background singers Merry...
Resonant Energization of Relativistic particles by an Intense Electromagnetic Wave

The phenomenon of resonant energization of a relativistic quantum particle, moving in unison with an intense ElectroMagnetic Wave, is demonstrated in a semiclassical calculation. The wave nature of the quantum particle is of essence because the resonant process originates in wave-wave interaction-between the classical EM wave, and the quantum wave associated with the particle. When the energy /momentum of the quantum wave satisfy the resonance condition (the effective phase speeds of the two waves are equal), the particle, drawing energy directly from the intense EM field, could acquire extremely high energies Such a direct resonant energy transfer from intense Electromagnetic waves will constitute a hitherto unexploited mechanism that could power the most energetic of cosmic rays. Some predictions of the theory will, hopefully, be tested in the laboratory Laser experiments.
Application of Large Prestress Strands in Precast/Prestressed Concrete Bridges

The objective of this research is to investigate the advantage of using large-diameter 0.7-inch (18 mm) strands in pretention applications. Large-diameter strands are advantageous in bridge construction due to the increased girders capacity required to sustain exponential increase in vehicle numbers, sizes, and weights. In this research, flexure capacity of girders fabricated using 0.7-inch (18 mm) diameter strands will be calculated and compared to bridge capacities constructed using smaller strands. Finally, two similar bridge sections will be designed using 0.6-inch (15 mm) and 0.7-inch (18 mm) diameter strands to quantify the structural advantages of increased strand diameter. The research findings showed that a smaller number of girders is required for bridge construction when larger strands are used. Four girders are required to design the bridge panel using high performance concrete and large diameter strands, as compared to 6 girders required when regular concrete mix designs and normal size strands are used. The advantages of large strands and high-performance concrete mixes include expedited construction, reduced project dead loads, and reduced demand for labor and equipment. Thus, large strands can partially contribute to the improvement of bridge conditions, minimize construction cost, and increase construction site safety.
Water source utilization under differing surface flow regimes in the riparian species Liquidambar styraciflua, in the southern Appalachian foothills, USA

Studies across the United States and globally have revealed that mature riparian trees often utilize little streamwater, relying on soil moisture and groundwater instead. Contrastingly, riparian plants growing in wetland systems in the southeastern US use greater proportions of swamp water. The purpose of the present study was to determine if plant water uptake was linked to surface flow regime of the riparian system, characterized by stream flow and standing pond water nearby. Water sources of Liquidambar styraciflua growing along Whetstone Creek, a perennial stream in Stoneville, NC, were determined and compared to those of individuals growing along adjacent spring-fed ponds by analyzing stable isotopic compositions of plant water. Plant water status and environmental variables were also monitored due to possible influences on the specific water sources accessed. It was expected that pondside individuals, due to the lower flow rate and increased pond water availability, would utilize a greater amount of surface water than groundwater, which is shallow at the site, compared to streamside trees. However, trees at both sites appeared to rely about equally on shallow soil and surface water, while groundwater contributed only a minor proportion to trees at both sites. There were no meaningful relationships between the water sources measured and environmental factors, and plant water status was consistently high for trees at both sites. The current study is one of the first to demonstrate quantitatively a strong reliance on surface water by mature riparian trees in the southeastern US.
Faculty Perceptions of Online Teaching at a Midsized Liberal Arts University.

This mixed-methods study examined faculty perceptions of online teaching at a mid-sized liberal arts university in order to understand faculty acceptance and participation in online teaching at the university. Seventy-nine participants responded to a survey that collected qualitative and quantitative data. Content analysis examined faculty perceptions of online teaching and identified six themes. An examination of 21 quantitative factors identified 17 factors reported by more than 50% of respondents to influence their decision to teach or not teach online. Study participants perceived online learning as attractive to students but they wanted any online courses carefully regulated, in part because online learning was seen as contrary to their teaching values. Participants were influenced by personal preferences but also the desire for robust faculty resources, and more effective technology and infrastructure. Implications and directions for future research were discussed.
Exacerbated Headache-Related Pain in the Single Prolonged Stress Preclinical Model of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder

Chronic headache pain is one of the most commonly reported comorbid pain conditions with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) patients and resistant to effective treatment, yet no combined preclinical model of the two disorders has been reported. Here, we used a modified chronic headache pain model to investigate the contribution of single prolonged stress (SPS) model of PTSD with sodium nitroprusside (SNP)-induced hyperalgesia. Injection of SNP (2 mg/kg, i.p.) occurred every other day from day 7 to day 15 after initiation of SPS in rats. Paw withdrawal threshold (PWT) to von Frey stimuli and tail flick latencies (TFL) dramatically decreased as early as 7 days after SPS and lasted until at least day 21. Basal PWT and TFL also significantly decreased during the SNP treatment period. The lower nociceptive thresholds recovered in 6 days following the final SNP injection in SNP group, but not in SPS + SNP group. Elevated nociceptin/OFQ (N/OFQ) levels observed in cerebrospinal fluid of SPS rats were even higher in SPS + SNP group. Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and N/OFQ peptide (NOP) receptor mRNA expression increased in dorsal root ganglia (DRG) 21 days after SPS exposure; mRNA increases in the SPS/SNP group was more pronounced than SPS or SNP alone. GFAP protein expression was upregulated in trigeminal ganglia by SPS. Our results indicate that traumatic stress exaggerated chronic SNP-induced nociceptive hypersensitivity, and that N/OFQ and activated satellite glia cells may play an important role in the interaction between both conditions.
The Combined Effects of Road Salt and Biotic Stressors on Amphibian Sex Ratios.

Aquatic systems worldwide are threatened by the anthropogenic use of synthetic chemicals, including pesticides, pharmaceuticals, and road de-icers. Exposure to contaminants can alter the behavior, morphology, and physiology of organisms if it occurs during sensitive life stages. For instance, past studies have documented feminization of male amphibians following herbicide exposure and skewed sex ratios among amphibian populations exposed to road salt. However, many of these studies lack the complexities found within natural environments, such as competition with conspecifics or threat of predation, which are also known to influence development. Thus, it is important to understand how anthropogenic and natural stressors interact to alter animal sex ratios. Given the growing concern of secondary salinization of freshwater systems, we exposed larval wood frogs (Rana sylvatica) to either road salt (sodium chloride [NaCl]) or an alternative salt mixture (NaCl, magnesium chloride [MgCl2 ], and potassium chloride [KCl]) at 3 concentrations (200, 600, and 1000 mg Cl- /L) crossed with 3 biotic stressors (no-stressor control, competition, or predator cues) to examine their potentially interactive effects on sex. Exposure to biotic stressors and NaCl did not influence wood frog sex ratios. In contrast, tadpole exposure to the intermediate salt mixture concentration significantly reduced the proportion of female frogs. Future studies are needed to determine whether such changes in sex are widespread among sensitive species with complex life cycles, and to assess the consequences of sex ratio changes on long-term population dynamics. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:231-235. © 2020 SETAC.
A nationwide analysis on the effects of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease following primary total shoulder arthroplasty for glenohumeral osteoarthritis

BackgroundChronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients have been shown in orthopedic literature to have poorer outcomes and higher rates of complications from surgery. In this retrospective revie...
Exploring the cost implications of increased renewable energy for the U.S. power system

Abstract Over the last decade, the fraction of annual U.S. electricity generation for renewable energy has doubled from 10 % to 20 %. This growth has been driven by several factors, including technology cost reductions and policy support. The share of renewable generation is projected to increase over time. Reference case scenarios from four different organizations show least-cost U.S. electricity buildouts with renewable energy generation fractions of 31–36 % by 2030 and 40–65 % by 2050. Using a capacity expansion modeling tool, we investigate how changing the amount of renewable energy from the least-cost solution impacts the cost of building and operating the electricity system. The relationship between system cost and renewable energy generation fraction is non-linear. Small deviations near the least-cost solution have minimal cost impacts (changing the renewable energy penetration by +/- 5% results in system cost changes of less than 1%), while similar deviations that are farther from the least-cost solution can result in large cost changes. Increased levels of RE lead to lower absolute emissions, and we evaluate the trade-offs between emissions savings and system costs for higher and lower levels of RE penetration.
Deconstructing Inequities - Transparent Values in Measurement and Analytic Choices.

Deconstructing Inequities An important step in addressing racism as a U.S. public health crisis is accurate measurement of progress necessary to hold ourselves collectively accountable. Public Heal...
The Impact of Non-Elective Admission on Cost of Care and Length of Stay in Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion: A Propensity-Matched Analysis.

STUDY DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the impact of admission status on patient outcomes and healthcare costs in anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF). SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Undergoing ACDF non-electively has been associated with higher patient comorbidity burdens. However, the impact of non-elective status on the total cost of hospital stay has yet to be quantified. METHODS Patients undergoing ACDF at a single institution were placed into elective or non-elective cohorts. Propensity score-matching analysis in a 5:1 ratio controlling for insurance type and comorbidities was used to minimize selection bias. Demographics were compared by univariate analysis. Cost of care, length of stay (LOS), and clinical outcomes were compared between groups using multivariable linear and logistic regression with elective patients as reference cohort. All analyses controlled for sex, preoperative diagnosis, elixhauser comorbidity index (ECI), age, length of surgery, number of segments fused, and insurance type. RESULTS Of 708 patients in the final ACDF cohort, 590 underwent an elective procedure and 118 underwent a non-elective procedure. The non-elective group was significantly younger (53.7 vs. 49.5 yr; P = 0.0007). Cohorts had similar proportions of private versus public health insurance, although elective had higher rates of commercial insurance (39.22% vs. 15.25%; P < 0.0001) and non-elective had higher rates of managed care (32.77% vs. 56.78%; P < 0.0001). Operation duration was significantly longer in non-elective patients (158 vs. 177 minutes; P = 0.01). Adjusted analysis also demonstrated that admission status independently affected cost (+$6877, 95% confidence interval [CI]: $4906-$8848; P < 0.0001) and LOS (+4.9 days, 95% CI: 3.9-6.0; P < 0.0001) for the non-elective cohort. The non-elective cohort was significantly more likely to return to the operating room (OR: 3.39; 95% CI: 1.37-8.36, P = 0.0008) and experience non-home discharge (OR: 10.95; 95% CI: 5.00-24.02, P < 0.0001). CONCLUSION Patients undergoing ACDF non-electively had higher cost of care and longer LOS, as well as higher rates of postoperative adverse outcomes.Level of Evidence: 3.
Demographic and Clinical Factors Associated With Death Among Persons <21 Years Old With Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children-United States, February 2020-March 2021

Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) occurs among persons aged <21 years following severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection. Among 2818 MIS-C cases, 35 (1.2%) deaths were reported, primarily affecting racial/ethnic minority persons. Being 16-20 years old or having comorbidities was associated with death. Targeting coronavirus disease 2019 prevention among these groups and their caregivers might prevent MIS-C-related deaths.
Spontaneous eye blink rate mediates the relationship between sleepiness and impulsivity to negative stimuli.

Abstract Previous studies have demonstrated that sleep deprivation results in a negativity bias, especially in the context of impaired response inhibition. In the present study we investigated spontaneous eye blink rate (EBR), a correlate of dopamine function, as a mediator of the relationship between subjective sleepiness and impulsivity toward negative stimuli on a Go/NoGo task. Participants rated their sleepiness on a number of measures including the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), the Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS) and subscales of the Chronic Sleep Reduction Questionnaire (CSRQ). The findings revealed that EBR mediated the relationship between sleepiness as measured by the Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS) and commission errors on negatively valanced stimuli. These findings suggest that reduced inhibition in responding to negative stimuli can be found as a function of subjective sleepiness and that changes in dopamine function may be one contributing factor explaining this relationship.
Simulation-based training improves polypectomy skills among practicing endoscopists.

Background and study aims Practicing endoscopists have variable polypectomy skills during colonoscopy and limited training opportunities for improvement. Simulation-based training enhances procedural skill, but its impact on polypectomy is unclear. We developed a simulation-based polypectomy intervention to improve polypectomy competency. Methods All faculty endoscopists at our tertiary care center who perform colonoscopy with polypectomy were recruited for a simulation-based intervention assessing sessile and stalked polypectomy. Endoscopists removed five polyps in a simulation environment at pretest followed by a training intervention including a video, practice, and one-on-one feedback. Within 1–4 weeks, endoscopists removed five new simulated polyps at post-test. We used the Direct Observation of Polypectomy Skills (DOPyS) checklist for assessment, evaluating individual polypectomy skills, and global competency (scale: 1–4). Competency was defined as an average global competency score of ≥ 3. Results 83 % (29/35) of eligible endoscopists participated and 95 % (276/290) of planned polypectomies were completed. Only 17 % (5/29) of endoscopists had average global competency scores that were competent at pretest compared with 52 % (15/29) at post-test (P = 0.01). Of all completed polypectomies, the competent polypectomy rate significantly improved from pretest to post-test (55 % vs. 71 %; P Conclusions Simulation-based training improved polypectomy skills among practicing endoscopists. Further studies are needed to assess the translation of simulation-based education to clinical practice.
Cache design and timing analysis for preemptive multi-tasking real-time uniprocessor systems

In this thesis, we propose an approach to estimate the Worst Case Response Time (WCRT) of each task in a preemptive multi-tasking single-processor real-time system utilizing an L1 cache. The approach combines inter-task cache eviction analysis and intra-task cache access analysis to estimate the Cache Related Preemption Delay (CRPD). CRPD caused by preempting task(s) is then incorporated into WCRT analysis. We also propose a prioritized cache to reduce CRPD by exploiting cache partitioning technique. In a prioritized cache, cache is partitioned at the granularity of columns. Cache columns are then assigned to tasks based on task priorities. Our WCRT analysis approach is then applied to analyze the behavior of a prioritized cache. Four sets of applications with up to six concurrent tasks running are used to test our WCRT analysis approach and the prioritized cache. The experimental results show that our WCRT analysis approach can tighten the WCRT estimate by up to 32% (1.4X) over prior state-of-the-art. By using a prioritized cache, we can reduce the WCRT estimate of tasks by up to 26%, as compared to a conventional set associative cache.
Chattonella marina (Raphidophyceae), a potentially toxic alga in the Salton Sea, California

Chattonella marina was found in high abundance in the phytoplankton of the Salton Sea from April to November, 1997. Maximum mean density was over 600 cells ml−1 mid-lake. It was not detected from January 1997 to March 1997 or in January and February 1998. Transmission electron microscope studies show the typical Chattonella features: a teardrop-shaped nucleus, numerous radially arranged chloroplasts and lack of a cell wall. Gills of fish collected at the height of the Chattonella bloom showed damage to the primary and secondary lamellae and increased numbers of mucus cells. To our knowledge this is the first report of a species of Chattonella in a salt lake.
Synthesis of proteins in cells infected with herpesvirus. I. Structural viral proteins.

Abstract Rabbit kidney cells infected with pseudorabies virus synthesize proteins that migrate electrophoretically in polyacrylamide gels as several distinct peaks. One of these peaks consists of proteins which have a molecular weight of approximately 120,000 daltons and make up the major component of the viral particles. In addition to these proteins, purified preparations of pseudorabies virions also probably contain proteins of smaller molecular weight migrating as minor peaks in the polyacrylamide gels.
Spatially varying interactions induced in ultra-cold atoms by optical Feshbach resonance

Abstract Optical Feshbach resonance can induce spatially varying interactions in ultra-cold atoms. Its applications to pancake-shaped clouds of bosons and fermions enable one to study several fresh phenomena. We examine possibilities of unexplored structures such as a bosonic superfluid enclave inside a Mott insulator and a normal-gas core enclosed by a fermionic superfluid shell. We discuss feasible experimental setups and signatures of those interesting structures. While a superfluid enclave in a Mott insulator may be useful for atomic devices in atomtronics, the superconducting islands observed in scanning–tunneling microscopy of heavily underdoped high-temperature superconductors may be simulated by ultra-cold fermions.
Pathways of nucleotide metabolism in Schistosoma mansoni. IV. Incorporation of adenosine analogs in vitro.

Abstract The incorporation in vitro of adenine or adenosine analogs into schistosome nucleotides is demonstrated. Tubercidin, 2-fluoroadenosine and 2-fluoroadenine were all shown to be converted into analog triphosphate nucleotides. Since tubercidin and 2-fluoroadenosine are not substrates for adenosine deaminase or purine nucleoside phosphorylase and are not susceptible to degradation to the free base level, it is assumed that they are converted to nucleotides by reaction with adenosine kinase. The incorporation of 2-fluoroadenine into the nucleotide pools indicates that it serves as a substrate for adenine phosphoribosyltransferase. Tubercidin, added to the culture medium, interferes with the maintenance of normal ATP levels. When the concentration of the analog greatly exceeded that of adenine or adenosine in the medium, virtual shutdown of adenosine triphosphate synthesis followed. It is suggested that stoichiometric competition for enzyme sites may determine the relative amounts of nucleotides formed.
Chromosomal rearrangements directly cause underdominant F1 pollen sterility in Mimulus lewisii–Mimulus cardinalis hybrids

Chromosomal rearrangements can contribute to the evolution of postzygotic reproductive isolation directly, by disrupting meiosis in F1 hybrids, or indirectly, by suppressing recombination among genic incompatibilities. Because direct effects of rearrangements on fertility imply fitness costs during their spread, understanding the mechanism of F1 hybrid sterility is integral to reconstructing the role(s) of rearrangements in speciation. In hybrids between monkeyflowers Mimulus cardinalis and Mimulus lewisii, rearrangements contain all quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for both premating barriers and pollen sterility, suggesting that they may have facilitated speciation in this model system. We used artificial chromosome doubling and comparative mapping to test whether heterozygous rearrangements directly cause underdominant male sterility in M. lewisii-M. cardinalis hybrids. Consistent with a direct chromosomal basis for hybrid sterility, synthetic tetraploid F1 s showed highly restored fertility (83.4% pollen fertility) relative to diploids F1 s (36.0%). Additional mapping with Mimulus parishii-M. cardinalis and M. parishii-M. lewisii hybrids demonstrated that underdominant male sterility is caused by one M. lewisii specific and one M. cardinalis specific reciprocal translocation, but that inversions had no direct effects on fertility. We discuss the importance of translocations as causes of reproductive isolation, and consider models for how underdominant rearrangements spread and fix despite intrinsic fitness costs.
Formal specification and verification of resource bound security using PVS

Resource usage abuse is a major security concern for computer systems that run programs uploaded from other computers. In the absence of any guarantee on resource usage bounds, we cannot have any confidence that the external codes have been supplied by trustworthy computers or the codes have not been tempered with by a third party. In a previous report [1], we described the TINMAN security architecture and a tool set for enforcing resource safety of external C code. In this paper, we detail the formalization of resource specification and verification of the resource safety properties. This formal framework is based on an extended Hoare logic with resource usage variables. We formalize the construct (tasks) and resource safety assertions (resource specifications) in a proof system that is built on the PVS theorem prover. We also discuss the proof strategies for different types of resource usage verification tasks that are important for the mechanization of TINMAN.
En nombre de la historia: una crítica disciplinaria de la historia doble de la costa de orlando fals borda

Este articulo es la contraparte del ya mencionado debate sobre la obra de Fals Borda. A juicio de Ch. Bergquist, Fals en su Historia Doble de La Costa, ignora sistematicamente los tres pilares metodologicos con los que trabaja el historiador: la historiografia, el adecuado manejo de las fuentes primarias y la posibilidad de comunicar su obra a nivel popular; con ello subvierte su proposito democratico y su compromiso politico.
Gas Solubility in Glasses: Principles and Applications

There are numerous practical applications of the solubility of gases in glass, for example, gas separation and the outgassing and leak testing of vacuum systems. Analysis of the structure of glass provides an understanding of the mechanisms of gas solution, diffusion, and permeation. The gas atoms (or molecules) serve as structural probes. Noble gas solubility in vitreous silica indicates the distribution of interstitial size to be lognormal in nature, a result confirmed by computer-generated models. In related studies, computer models have indicated that the ring statistics in vitreous silica are normal (Gaussian) in nature over a wide range of pressures. The geometrical literature on convex polyhedra provides additional detail about the nature of the structure of glass and its relationship to gas transport. This paper focuses on gas solubility in rigid glasses below the glass transition temperature, but there are implications for the related problem of gas solubility in glass melts, another problem of substantial commercial interest. The understanding of gas solubility has also had a significant influence on models of geological importance, such as volcanic eruptions and formation of the earth's atmosphere. These studies in the earth sciences, in turn, enhance our understanding of engineered glasses.
System Design for Readback Above 1 Tbit/ ${\rm In}^{2}$ From Granular Media

The performance of a rotated sense head is examined for densities of 2-7 Tbits/ in2 recorded on granular media, such as that envisioned for 2-D magnetic recording. The key idea is that tightly placed shields are used to guarantee the resolution in the cross-track direction, and oversampled signal processing regains the lost resolution in the down-track direction. It also avoids the necessity for a complex 2-D detector and head array, or latency issues if a single head were employed in the normal orientation. Simulation shows that the new design achieves a density gain of 1.7X (single head) and 2.1X (head array) over a normally oriented single head at a target bit error rate (BER) of 10-3 with sampling period of 2 nm, minimum mean square error equalizer, and Viterbi detector. The new design shows greatly reduced BER relative to a normally oriented single head for all densities, including a very few grains per channel bit .
ELECTROHYDRODYNAMIC SPRAYING OF CHOCOLATE

Electrohydrodynamic spray quality of chocolate was studied. The ingredients in chocolate samples were varied to determine their effect on the viscosity, yield value and electrical resistivity, and the effect of these physical properties on the drop size and percent area covered. Samples were sprayed at 35 and 50C and 0 and 35 kV. The apparent viscosity, apparent and Casson yield value increased with a decrease in the fat content and with the addition of 1.5% lecithin. The electrical resistivity increased with a decrease in fat content and with the addition of 1.5% lecithin. During electrohydrodynamic atomization, increasing electrical resistivity increased the drop size and decreased the percent area covered. At both 0 and 35 kV, increasing viscosity and yield value of the samples increased the drop size. Increasing viscosity and yield value decreased the percent area covered at 35 kV but not at 0 kV. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS Application of electrohydrodynamic spraying (EHD) to chocolate is a novel method through which a thin and uniform coating of chocolate can be obtained. EHD helps in reducing the losses and thereby lowering the costs. The ingredients can be manipulated to minimize droplet size, and therefore produce an even coating.
Hurricane Katrina and the Burdens of History

Almost three months after Hurricane Katrina made landfall on the Gulf Coast, a New York Times editorial mourns, “We are about to lose New Orleans.” The city remains crippled. Whole neighborhoods have been reduced to rubble. The federal, state, and local governments dither. Basic services are yet to be fully restored. Only a fraction of its residents have returned, and many never will. By the last count, more than a thousand New Orleanians died in the disaster. The sad truth is that we have already lost New Orleans. Whatever replaces it will not be the same. The city is history.1
Adaptive, scalable domain decomposition methods for surface integral equations

The objective of this research is to investigate scalable, high-performance surface integral equation solvers for geometrically large, multi-scale electromagnetics problems. There are three key components of this work: adaptive discontinuous Galerkin non-conformal discretizations, geometry-aware domain decomposition, and parallel computational algorithms that are scalable. Non-conformal discretization permits the mixing of different types of elements to dramatically improve mesh generation for high-definition objects. The enhanced domain decomposition method aids in capturing the geometric complexity of an object, so that it can be decomposed into smaller components, which are commonly referred to as sub-domains. The new computational algorithms will reduce the time complexity of the problems through the use of high performance computing. An alternative view of the proposed work is as an effective preconditioner to reduce the condition number. The mathematical advancements made through this work will result in high performance simulation tools with improved parallel efficiency and scalability.
Assessing Movement Accuracy with a Fluid-Patterned Locomotor Maze

During the past two years a fluid-patterned, locomotor maze has been found helpful, together with other devices, in assessing accuracy of gross body movement. The large maze is 40 yd. long and is formed by two plastic railings placed waist high. Blindfolded Ss guide themselves by using the volar surfaces of their hands. The irregular maze pattern was copied from a small stylus maze utilized by Cook to study cross-education (1 ). The learning criterion was traversal speed; and, since there are no cul-de-sacs, errors were not recorded. Following its development and use, the maze was found (a) to be difficult to verbalize (most Ss reported dependence upon kinesthetic cues); (b) easy to score, and producing a "typical" motor learning curve; and (c) reliable, + 275 when all inter-trial correlations were averaged. Several studies have been completed, involving (a) comparison between the sensory impressions Ss reported as a function of when they learned the large maze and a small one like that of Cook (2), (b) investigation of transfer from the small to the large maze, and from the large to the small one, and (c) study of the manner in which Ss organized their perceptions when learning the maze patterns, through analysis of their attempts to draw the pathways following each tria1.l Additional investigations contemplated include (a) comparison of performance in the dynamic spatial task, represented by the locomotor maze, with that on selected tasks involving static spatial orientation, (b) the relationship of selected personality qualities and maze learning, (c) a determination of the existence of a "motor educability" factor for learning similarly patterned mazes of various sizes, and (d) a factorial analysis of qualities contributing to maze traversal speed and to learning proficiency.
Parent- and Youth-Reported Illness Uncertainty: Associations With Distress and Psychosocial Functioning Among Recipients of Liver and Kidney Transplantations

The purpose of this study is to examine the associations between parent- and child-reported illness uncertainty and psychosocial functioning among solid organ transplant recipients. Youths who received liver or kidney transplantations and their caregivers completed measures of illness uncertainty, youth depressive symptoms, youth anxiety, and youth psychosocial functioning. Regression analyses indicated that youth-reported uncertainty was associated with both youth-reported depressive symptoms and anxiety and with parent-reported adaptive functioning and behavioral functioning. Parent-reported uncertainty was associated with parent-reported overall behavioral functioning, adaptive functioning, and internalizing problems. Results extend previous findings regarding illness uncertainty, and suggest that educational interventions to reduce uncertainty might be of benefit to families.
Mesh sensitivity in peridynamic simulations

Abstract In this work, we investigate the suitability of several meshing strategies for use with a common peridynamics solution scheme. First, we use a manufactured solution to quantify the influence of different meshes on the accuracy and conditioning of a nonlocal boundary value problem in one and two dimensions. We explore convergence behavior, the effects of model parameters, and sensitivity to perturbations. We then apply the same meshing strategies to a three-dimensional impact simulation that employs the full peridynamic mechanical theory. We present a qualitative comparison of the fracture patterns that result, and suggest best practices for generating meshes that lead to efficient, high-quality numerical simulations of peridynamic models.
Engaging child welfare-involved families impacted by substance misuse: Scottish policies and practices

Abstract Parental substance misuse occurs worldwide and child welfare professionals struggle with how to help parents involved with substance misuse while keeping their children safe. This study explores Scottish child welfare policies, beliefs and practices for engaging substance-involved families in child welfare services. Scottish approaches for engaging families are highly focused on child well‐being and relationship characteristics, prevention, resilience and recovery. Additionally, Scotland's devolution from the United Kingdom has created a rapidly changing political climate where considerable attention, new policies and initiatives have been directed toward Scottish problems and family well-being. Many of these strategies are designed to change a deeply embedded problem of substance misuse, and considerable effort and resources have been targeted for long-term change. Using a qualitative mixed-methods approach that incorporates in-depth interviews, observations, and document review this paper examines Scottish child welfare experts' experiences of working with parents impacted by substance misuse and the impact of new policies and programs. These initiatives are important to examine because, if successful, they may be helpful for understanding relational characteristics in other cultural contexts particularly those using holistic and differential approaches in child welfare.
Molecular mechanics calculations (MM3) on alkyl iodides

The MM3 force field has been extended to cover alkyl iodides. Structures, vibrational spectra and heats of formation have been well fitted to available experimental data. The experimental and ab initio conformational relationships are also satisfactorily reproduced.
Deep time and shallow time: Metaphors for conflict and cooperation in the natural sciences

(1996). Deep time and shallow time: Metaphors for conflict and cooperation in the natural sciences. The European Legacy: Vol. 1, Science and Religion in Modern Western Thought, pp. 1752-1763.
Image detection and enhancement

An optimal filtering approach is taken to the problem of detecting and enhancing a photographic image immersed in background or noise. The minimum mean square error criterion is shown to be not relevant to the optical employment of the Wiener filter. It is shown theoretically and demonstrated by simulation that, even without information about the background, a knowledge of the target spectrum alone makes it possible to find and display such a target without distortion while eliminating all uncorrelated background, despite the fact that target and background spectra actually overlap, and virtually without regard to noise level.
Schema mappings and data examples

A fundamental task in data integration and data exchange is the design of schema mappings, that is, high-level declarative specifications of the relationship between two database schemas. Several research prototypes and commercial systems have been developed to facilitate schema-mapping design; a common characteristic of these systems is that they produce a schema mapping based on attribute correspondences across schemas solicited from the user via a visual interface. This methodology, however, suffers from certain shortcomings. In the past few years, a fundamentally different methodology to designing and understanding schema mappings has emerged. This new methodology is based on the systematic use of data examples to derive, illustrate, and refine schema mappings.Example-driven schema-mapping design is currently an active area of research in which several different approaches towards using data examples in schema-mapping design have been explored. After a brief overview of the earlier methodology, this tutorial will provide a comprehensive overview of the different ways in which data examples can be used in schema-mapping design. In particular, it will cover the basic concepts, technical results, and prototype systems that have been developed in the past few years, as well as open problems and directions for further research in this area.
Viral diseases of the ruminant nervous system.

This article presents the etiology, epidemiology, clinical features, and diagnosis of the primary viral neurologic diseases observed in ruminants. In general, these viral neurologic diseases are uncommon but often fatal. Rabies virus is perhaps the most important cause of encephalitis in cattle because of the public health implications. Other viral encephalitis diseases in ruminants include bovine herpesvirus encephalomyelitis, pseudorabies, malignant catarrhal fever, ovine and caprine lentiviral encephalitis, West Nile virus encephalitis, Borna disease, paramyxoviral sporadic bovine encephalomyelitis, and ovine encephalomyelitis (louping-ill).
Blood alcohol concentrations among bar patrons: a multi-level study of drinking behavior.

This paper presents data from a study that collected observational data, survey data, and breath samples to estimate blood alcohol concentrations (BrAC) from patrons attending 30 bars. The study examines: (1) drinking behavior and settings prior to going to a bar; (2) characteristics of the bar where respondents are drinking; (3) person and environmental predictors of BrAC change (entrance to exit). Purposive sampling of bars that cater to young adults gave a sample of 30 bars. Patrons were randomly selected from bars (n = 839). Approximately half of the sample was female (48.7%). Nearly three-quarters of participants reported drinking before attending the bar. Serving practices of the bars were observed; majority of bars served excessive amounts of alcohol in short periods of time. On average, those who drank before attending the bar had BrACs at approximately half the legal limit. Implications for responsible beverage service coupled with law enforcement strategies are discussed.
Role of corticosterone in anuran metamorphosis and potential role in stress-induced metamorphosis

Although generally viewed as only synergistic with the thyroid hormones, corticosterone (CORT) has many independent effects on anuran larval development. CORT enhances thyroid hormone-induced tail resorption and is involved in immune system, skin gland and gut differentiation. Interactions between the hypothalamo-pituitary-thyroid axis and the corticoid axis regulate hormone secretion, and CORT may be involved in 'stress-induced' metamorphosis.
Neurogenesis in the chick ventral lateral geniculate and ectomammillary nuclei: relationship of soma size to birthdate.

Abstract This study had 3 objectives: to determine if there are gradients of neuron production in the chick diencephalon and mesencephalon, to determine if large neurons are produced before small neurons, and to determine the period of neurogenesis in the ventral lateral geniculate nucleus (GLv) and ectomammillary nucleus (EMN). Tritiated thymidine autoradiography and a cumulative labeling analysis were used in determining neuron birthdates. In our studies the diencephalon, mesencephalon, and EMN did not exhibit clearcut gradients of neuron proliferation. The GLv possessed an inside to outside laminar gradient and a more subtle caudal to rostral gradient of neurogenesis. There was a consistent negative correlation between neuron size and embryonic age among nuclear groups of the diencephalon, in general, and within the GLv and EMN in particular. The neurons of the GLv and EMN were produced from the third to the seventh day of incubation. It was concluded that there is an irregular sequence of production of nuclear groups in the diencephalon and mesencephalon rather than a series of recognizable neurogenetic gradients. Neuron size, however, is an important factor in predicting the order of neuron production.
Molecular and morphological comparison of Pythium arrhenomanes and P. graminicola

Worldwide collections of Pythium arrhenomanes and P. graminicola were studied morphologically and by examining variation in PCR-amplified rDNAs. Restriction patterns of the internal transcribed spacer and portions of the nuclear large-subunit rDNA were diagnostic for the two species. Isolates of P. graminicola shared identical restriction patterns. Most isolates of P. arrhenomanes exhibited identical restriction patterns; however, two genetic subpopulations, each with multiple isolates from a single geographic location, were detected. A phylogenetic analysis of the molecular data, which included two additional species, indicated that P. aphanidermatum was an outgroup and P. myriotylum was more closely related to P. arrhenomanes than was P. graminicola . No restriction site variation was detected among the four species in the nuclear small-subunit rDNA. Isolates of P. arrhenomanes , including both subgroups, differed from the other three species by one restriction site in the mitochondrial large-subunit rDNA. A mean of less than five antheridia per oogonium characterized isolates of P. graminicola , whereas five or more per oogonium characterized most isolates of P. arrhenomanes . The ranges of isolate means for oogonium/oospore diameter overlapped between the two species. Discriminant function analysis suggested that the number of antheridia per oogonium is more important than oogonium/oospore diameter in separating the two species. The rDNA results indicate that P. arrhenomanes and P. graminicola are distinct species. However, due to similar morphology and intraspecific variation, misidentifications of isolates of the two species have occurred.
Differences in time perception as a function of strength of handedness

Research has established that objective measures of time rarely have a perfect correlation with subjective judgments of time. Given that proper time perception appears to depend upon access to right-hemisphere processing (e.g., Harrington, Haaland, & Knight, 1998), the present paper investigates the link between strength of handedness and subjective time judgments. In two distinctive time- associated decision-making tasks, results indicated that mixed-handers (individuals who use their non-dominant hand for at least a few activities), perceived time differently than strong-handers (individuals who use one hand predominantly). These findings signify a link between strength of handedness and different levels of interhemispheric communication, consistent with previous handedness literature, and suggest that researchers studying time perception or problems involving the perception of time should incorporate measures of handedness strength.
Low-frequency solar radiophysics with LOFAR and FASR

Abstract Low-frequency radio observations offer unique diagnostics of the solar corona and solar wind. After a prolongued hiatus, there is renewed interest in this important frequency regime. Two new ground-based instruments will provide critical new low-frequency observations: the low-frequency array (LOFAR) and the frequency agile solar radiotelescope (FASR). This brief topical review summarizes low-frequency radio phenomena that will be accessible to detailed study by LOFAR and FASR in the coming decade. Energy release, drivers of space weather, and studies of the solar wind are emphasized. Both instruments are expected to play important roles in both basic research problems and national and international space weather capabilities. While FASR is a solar-dedicated instrument, LOFAR is not. Solar observing requirements for LOFAR are briefly discussed.
The development of sensory innervation in the mouth and pharynx of the albino norway rat (mus norvegicus albinus)

In 7 mm rat embryos some sensory fibers from the four cranial nerves that innervate the mouth, pharynx and larynx have grown almost into contact with the basement membrane of the epithelium. Such fibers become more numerous but stay below it until the fetus has reached the twentieth day of gestation. At 25 mm C. R., or on the twentieth day, some fibers grow into the epithelium. Some are branched and some terminate in a Merkel's disc. By that time all types of lingual papillae can be recognized, but taste buds have not formed. Nerve endings begin to appear at about the same time in the tongue, oral surface of the palate, and oral mucosa of the cheeks and lips. Taste buds are said to appear at about the time of birth. No functional bud was found at 36 mm C. R. Intraepithelial nerve terminals have been found in the mouth at about the eighteenth day (20 mm). Other investigators have shown that rat embryos of 15.5 days can respond to the stroke of a hair across the snout by a lateral movement of the head and at 19 days can protrude the tongue independently of other movements. No record has been found concerning the age at which swallowing first occurs in the rat. It seems evident that some fibers can be stimulated at about the time they touch the basement membrane and before any recognized receptor has formed.