cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Space Weather Nowcasting of Atmospheric Ionizing Radiation for Aviation Safety

There is a growing concern for the health and safety of commercial aircrew and passengers due to their exposure to ionizing radiation with high linear energy transfer (LET), particularly at high latitudes. The International Commission of Radiobiological Protection (ICRP), the EPA, and the FAA consider the crews of commercial aircraft as radiation workers. During solar energetic particle (SEP) events, radiation exposure can exceed annual limits, and the number of serious health effects is expected to be quite high if precautions are not taken. There is a need for a capability to monitor the real-time, global background radiations levels, from galactic cosmic rays (GCR), at commercial airline altitudes and to provide analytical input for airline operations decisions for altering flight paths and altitudes for the mitigation and reduction of radiation exposure levels during a SEP event. The Nowcast of Atmospheric Ionizing Radiation for Aviation Safety (NAIRAS) model is new initiative to provide a global, real-time radiation dosimetry package for archiving and assessing the biologically harmful radiation exposure levels at commercial airline altitudes. The NAIRAS model brings to bear the best available suite of Sun-Earth observations and models for simulating the atmospheric ionizing radiation environment. Observations are utilized from ground (neutron monitors), from the atmosphere (the METO analysis), and from space (NASA/ACE and NOAA/GOES). Atmospheric observations provide the overhead shielding information and the ground- and space-based observations provide boundary conditions on the GCR and SEP energy flux distributions for transport and dosimetry simulations. Dose rates are calculated using the parametric AIR (Atmospheric Ionizing Radiation) model and the physics-based HZETRN (High Charge and Energy Transport) code. Empirical models of the near-Earth radiation environment (GCR/SEP energy flux distributions and geomagnetic cut-off rigidity) are benchmarked against the physics-based CMIT (Coupled Magnetosphere- Ionosphere-Thermosphere) and SEP-trajectory models.
Treatment guidelines for otitis media: the need for breadth and flexibility.

The recent issuance of guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of otitis media with effusion in young children is an effort to provide direction for the practitioner in managing this common condition. Although the guidelines may often prove helpful, practitioners will need to maintain some degree of flexibility in dealing with patients both with acute otitis media and with otitis media with effusion, based on specific patient-related and disease-related factors
SEEDLING MORPHOLOGY IN MARAH (CUCURBITACEAE) RELATED TO THE CALIFORNIAN MEDITERRANEAN CLIMATE

A B S T R A C T Studies in reproductive ecology were made in indigenous, western American plants in the genus Marah (Cucurbitaceae), with particular attention given plants of M. oreganus occurring in the Berkeley Hills near San Francisco Bay in California. These tuberous perennials produce capsular fruits on their annual aboveground shoots; the fruits dehisce in early summer, each one exposing about three large seeds with an average seed weight of 1.05 g. The embryo of a M. oreganus seed has two thick and fleshy cotyledons packed with protein granules. The embryonic axis, with shoot and root apices, is ca. 0.5-1.0 mm long, roughly 120 or less the length of the seed. In the Berkeley Hills dispersal of the seeds is accomplished by nocturnal rodents, after which germination begins with the fall rains and cooler temperatures of November and December. Instead of a radicle emerging first from the seed at germination, the minute radicle and epicotyl are pushed or carried far out of the seed, down into the soil, by the elongating bases of the cotyledons. These cotyledon bases, or petioles, are fused, and as they elongate they form a hollow tube that bears the embryonic axis at its extreme tip. The cotyledonary petiole tube ceases elongation by January, when it may be 5-25 or more cm long in a seedling of M. oreganus. Then, from its tip, the radicle grows downward and the epicotyl upward-up the hollow petiole tube. The green shoot (epicotyl) reaches the soil surface by early March in this area, completes the first season's growth, and dries up by late May, when the arid summer season is beginning. But even before the epicotyl grows out of the petiole tube and above ground, the seedling's bypocotyl begins to enlarge, forming a tuber. The fleshy cotyledon blades remain in the seed coat below ground, and some food from the blades is transferred to the tuber that produces shoots in the following growing seasons. This pattern of germination and seedling establishment is now known for species of Marah and for a very few other dicotyledonous plants, all of them growing mainly in areas of hot and dry habitat that are generally referred to as having Mediterranean climate. This elongation of the fused hypogeal cotyledons is considered a complex adaptation in dicotyledons that helps ensure fast and successful seedling establishment in seasonally arid areas such as "Mediterranean" California.
GPS observation of continent-size traveling TEC pulsations at the start of geomagnetic storms

We report our experimental observation of continent-size traveling plasma disturbances using GPS measurements of total electron content (TEC) over the North American sector. These plasma disturbances occurred at the beginning of geomagnetic storms, immediately after the shock arrived, and prior to the appearance of large-scale traveling ionospheric disturbances (LSTIDs) from the auroral region. Specifically, these supersize TEC perturbations were observed when the interplanetary magnetic field Bz was oscillating between northward and southward directions. They were found to propagate zonally with a propagation speed of 2–3 km/s. We interpret these TEC pulsations as ion drift waves in the magnetosphere/plasmasphere that propagate azimuthally inside the GPS orbit.
Kinematics of Turbulence Convected by a Random Wave Field

Abstract Turbulent velocity spectra measured beneath wind waves show a large enhancement about the central wave frequency. A “5/3" frequency dependence can be seen both above and below the central peak, but with an apparent increase in spectral density at high Frequencies. We show that these features can be understood via a generation of Taylor's hypothesis to the case in which frozen, isotropic, homogeneous turbulence is bodily convected past a fixed probe by a combination of drift and wave orbital motions. In a monochromatic wave field turbulent energy is aliased into harmonics of the wave frequency fp. We show qualitatively how drift currents or a random wave field broaden these lines into a continuous spectrum, and present the results of direct calculations which demonstrate clearly the transition from “line-like” to a smooth “5/3" spectrum. We calculate the leading asymptotic behavior in the limit of large and small frequencies for an arbitrary wave-height spectrum. For wave orbital velocities larger...
Compressive failure of rocks

Abstract A model for the compressive failure of rocks via the process of shear faulting is presented. The model addresses the progressive growth of damage that leads to the formation of a critical fault nucleus, which grows unstably in its own plane by fracturing the grain boundaries in an increasingly rapid succession. The model uses a two parameter Weibull-type shear strength distribution for the defining nucleation of initial damage, followed by the use of stress enhancement factors for addressing the increased probability of failure in the vicinity of already cracked grain boundaries. As the stress is further increased, similar correlated fracturing events gets preferentially aligned to the crack cluster, resulting in an echelon of cracks. This crack cluster is modeled as an elliptical inhomogeneity with a lower shear modulus compared with the uncracked material on the outside. The shear stress concentration resulting from this moduli mismatch was calculated and used to compute the stress enhancement factors for defining the nucleation of additional cracking events near the crack cluster. Eventually, the size of the crack cluster becomes sufficiently large such that it carries a stress concentration high enough to fracture all grain boundary elements in front of it in an increasingly rapid succession. The stress associated with this event is taken as the failure stress. The model is applied to a variety of rocks, including granite, eclogite, gabbro, aplite, rocksalt, sandstone, dunite, limestone, and marble, and the results compare rather well with the failure data from the literature.
Explicit solutions to the reverse order law (AB)+ = B-mrA-lr

Abstract Shinozaki and Sibuya have shown that the Moore-Penrose inverse ( AB ) + can always be expressed as B - A - for generalized inverses A - and B - of matrices A and B , respectively. In this paper, explicit solutions B - mr and A - lr to ( AB ) + = B - mr A - lr are given. A class of solutions is obtained which is related to an equation of Greville, and expressions for the general solutions are presented.
On the Asymptotic Behaviour of Solutions of a Differential Equation in Boundary Layer Theory

The asymptotic behavior, as t → ∞, of solutions of the singular boundary value problem u′′ + u u′ + λ (1 − u′2) = 0, u′ (0) = α, u′ (0) = β and u′ (∞) = 1, subject to 0 < u′(t) < 1 for 0 < t < ∞, is discussed. It is shown that if λ ≥ 0 and if the solution u exists, then (1) . If λ < 0 and if a solution exists, then there is a unique one satisfying (1) while the other (if any) satisfy (2) .
Assessment of nitrogen fixation in terrestrial environments in field conditions.

THE knowledge that the nitrogen-fixing enzyme complex, nitrogenase, catalyses various reductions as well as the formation of ammonia from dinitrogen1,2 has made possible an assay based on the reduction of acetylene to ethylene which is detected by gas chromatography with a hydrogen flame ionization detector3–6. The equipment required is compact enough to be carried in a mobile laboratory, which has not previously been easy using 15N2 as a tracer.
Structure-Guided Mutational Analysis of a Yeast DEAD-Box Protein Involved in Mitochondrial RNA Splicing

DEAD-box proteins are RNA-dependent ATPase enzymes that have been implicated in nearly all aspects of RNA metabolism. Since many of these enzymes have been shown to possess common biochemical properties in vitro, including the ability to bind and hydrolyze ATP, to bind nucleic acid, and to promote helix unwinding, DEAD-box proteins are generally thought to modulate RNA structure in vivo. However, the extent to which these enzymatic properties are important for the in vivo functions of DEAD-box proteins remains unclear. To evaluate how these properties influence DEAD-box protein native function, we probed the importance of several highly conserved residues in the yeast DEAD-box protein Mss116p, which is required for the splicing of all mitochondrial catalytic introns in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Using an MSS116 deletion strain, we have expressed plasmid-borne variants of MSS116 containing substitutions in residues predicted to be important for extensive networks of interactions required for ATP hydrolysis and helix unwinding. We have analyzed the importance of these residues to the splicing functions of Mss116p in vivo and compared these results with the biochemical properties of recombinant proteins determined here and in previously published work. We observed that the efficiency by which an Mss116p variant catalyzes ATP hydrolysis correlates with facilitating mitochondrial splicing, while efficient helix unwinding appears to be insufficient for splicing. In addition, we show that each splicing-defective variant affects the splicing of structurally diverse introns to the same degree. Together, these observations suggest that the efficiency by which Mss116p catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP is critical for all of its splicing functions in vivo. Given that ATP hydrolysis stimulates the recycling of DEAD-box proteins, these observations support a model in which enzyme turnover is a crucial factor in Mss116p splicing function. These results are discussed in the context of current models of Mss116p-facilitated splicing.
Predictive model for the population dynamics of potato leafhopper, Empoasca fabae (Homoptera: Cicadellidae), on alfalfa.

A predictive population dynamics model for potato leafhopper, Empoasca fabae (Harris), is presented. The model is based on a Leslie matrix design and uses a degreeday time scale. Linear regression is used to predict leafhopper immigration into the field, based on samples taken during the first 3 weeks following cutting. Laboratory and field data collected in 1980–81 were used to develop the model. Observed survivorships were much lower for the egg and first instars than for the other stages and also lower in the third than in the second crop growth cycle. The model predicted reasonably well the adult and nymphal population growth during the second and third crop growth cycles, based on field data collected in 1982. However, it slightly overestimated density of first and second instars. Simulation studies suggest that longer crop growth cycles may result in a higher proportion of adults present at harvest; simulated increases in initial immigrant density have little effect on proportion of adults at harvest. The model is very sensitive to changes in leafhopper survivorship.
Effect of laser-processing parameters on the formation and properties of a stellite hardfacing coating

Abstract Large-area surface modification using a high power continuous wave CO2 laser is discussed. The results of the effect of the laser-processing parameters on the properties of the coatings are presented. A hardfacing layer of Stellite 6 alloy (trademark, Cabot Corporation, Kokoma, IN) was melted onto type 304 and type 410 stainless steels by laser energy. Complete fusion and metallurgical bonding could be achieved with proper laser-processing parameters. A typical dendritic structure was observed. Dilution of the coating by the substrate was dependent on the energy density of the laser process and was shown to affect the hardness of the coatings.
Public perceptions of an appropriate donor card/brochure

Donor card/brochures have not had a major impact on donation, though considerable resources have been invested in their development and distribution. One reason for this may be that they have not been evaluated by the people expected to sign them: the American public. A focus group format was used to develop a quantitative survey to assess the public's perception of an appropriate donor card/brochure. Several donor card/brochures were studied to compare and evaluate their effectiveness, content, format, and acceptance of the message. A donor card/brochure was designed that was based on the results of the survey; it included a business reply card for further evaluation. The newly developed donor card/brochure continues to be viewed positively by those returning business reply cards. Most have signed the card and discussed donation with family members.
Molecular control of photo-induced electron and energy transfer at nanocrystalline semiconductor interfaces

Some strategies toward the realization of molecular control of photo-induced charge-transfer processes at nanocrystalline semiconductor interfaces are discussed. Supramolecular compounds that efficiently absorb light, promote interfacial electron transfer, and feature additional functions such as intramolecular electron transfer when bound to semiconductor surfaces are of specific interest. Tuning the energetic position of the semiconductor conduction band relative to molecular excited state reduction potentials are also discussed. When utilized as components in photonic devices, these interfaces allow the conversion of light into an electrical response to be controlled at the molecular-level.
Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor Promotes the Survival of Spinal Sensory Neurons Following Axotomy but Not during the Period of Programmed Cell Death

We have examined the in vivo survival effect of ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) on sensory, i.e., dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons during the period of naturally occurring (programmed) cell death and following axotomy in the developing chick and mouse. Administration of CNTF during the period of naturally occurring cell death, from Embryonic Day (E) 6 to E10 in the chick and E14 to E18 in the mouse, had no significant effect in preventing the death of DRG neurons in either species. Axotomy on E12 in the chick or on Postnatal Day (PN) 5 in the mouse resulted in a 60% and a 33% decrease, respectively, in ipsilateral DRG neuron numbers by E16 (chick) or by PN12 (mouse), when compared to contralateral controls. CNTF treatment prevented axotomy-induced cell death of DRG neurons in both the chick and mouse. Daily administration of CNTF following axotomy in E12 chicks significantly increased (72%) DRG neurons by E16. Similarly, CNTF completely rescued mouse DRG neurons from axotomy-induced death. These results show that although CNTF has no effect on naturally occurring death of chick or mouse sensory neurons, this agent has significant ability to rescue sensory neurons following axotomy. These findings suggest that CNTF may be an effective therapeutic agent for the prevention of injury-induced death of vertebrate sensory neurons.
Preparation and Characterization of Cerium Hexaboride Nanometer Powders by Combustion Synthesis

High-purity and homogeneous powders of CeB6 with nanometer size were prepared by combustion synthesis and subsequent acid- leaching. The effects of reactant ratio on the phase and morphology of the combustion product were discussed. The combustion product and leached product were analyzed by XRD, SEM and EDS. The results indicate that the combustion product consists of CeB6, MgO and Mg3B2O6. The combustion products are denser and less layered when the Mg content and KClO3 content increase. The content of CeB6 in the combustion product could be enhanced with increasing the excessive content of Mg. The purity of CeB6 is higher than 99.0% and its particles are smaller than 150nm.
The Problems with forbidding science

Scientific research is subject to a number of regulations which impose incidental (time, place), rather than substantive (type of research), restrictions on scientific research and the knowledge created through such research. In recent years, however, the premise that scientific research and knowledge should be free from substantive regulation has increasingly been called into question. Some have suggested that the law should be used as a tool to substantively restrict research which is dual-use in nature or which raises moral objections. There are, however, some problems with using law to restrict or prohibit certain types of scientific research, including (i) the inherent imprecision of law for regulating complex and rapidly evolving scientific research; (ii) the difficulties of enforcing legal restrictions on an activity that is international in scope; (iii) the limited predictability of the consequences of restricting specific branches of scientific research; (iv) inertia in the legislative process; and (v) the susceptibility of legislators and regulators to inappropriate factors and influence. Rather than using law to restrict scientific research, it may be more appropriate and effective to use a combination of non-traditional legal tools including norms, codes of conduct, restrictions on publication, and scientist-developed voluntary standards to regulate problematic scientific research.
The personal project planner: planning to organize personal information

Prototyping and evaluation combine to explore ways that an effective, integrative organization of project-related information might emerge as a by-product of a person's efforts to plan a project. The Personal Project Planner works as an extension to the file manager -- providing people with rich-text overlays to their information. Document-like project plans provide a context in which to create or reference documents, email messages, web pages, etc. that are needed to complete the plan. The user can later locate an information item such as an email message with reference to the plan (e.g., as an alternative to searching through the inbox or sent mail). Results of an interim evaluation of the Planner are very promising and suggest special directions of focus for limited available prototyping resources.
Influence of 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid on anthocyanin formation, size, and yield in Vaccinium macrocarpon cv. Early Black.

The influence of 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid (CEPA) on yield, size and pigmentation of cranberries (Vaccinium macrocarpon cv. Early Black) was investigated. Applications of CEPA at 100, 500, and 1000 mg/1 to cranberry vines before bloom and during peak bloom have an adverse effect on yield and size. CEPA applied at these times has litlle influence on color. Applications of CEPA two weeks before harvest significantly accelerates pigment development, peak effect being observed when the vines are treated with 500 mg/1. Size and yield are not noticeably influenced at this time. The possible use of CEPA in the commercial production of cranberries to stimulate color development is considered.
Maternal Thyroid Function during the Second Half of Pregnancy and Child Neurodevelopment at 6, 12, 24, and 60 Months of Age

Although evidence suggests that maternal hypothyroidism and mild hypothyroxinemia during the first half of pregnancy alters fetal neurodevelopment among euthyroid offspring, little data are available from later in gestation. In this study, we measured free T4 using direct equilibrium dialysis, as well as total T4 and TSH in 287 pregnant women at 27 weeks' gestation. We also assessed cognition, memory, language, motor functioning, and behavior in their children at 6, 12, 24, and 60 months of age. Increasing maternal TSH was related to better performance on tests of cognition and language at 12 months but not at later ages. At 60 months, there was inconsistent evidence that higher TSH was related to improved attention. We found no convincing evidence that maternal TH during the second half of pregnancy was related to impaired child neurodevelopment.
Relationship between capillary and systemic venous PO2 during nonhypoxic and hypoxic ventilation

We evaluated the relationship between end-capillary and systemic venous PO2 values in the retractor muscle of 14 anesthetized hamsters during both nonhypoxic and hypoxic ventilation to ascertain whether the level of tissue oxygenation could be reliably estimated from the systemic parameter. End-capillary PO2 was estimated from measurements of oxygen saturation in capillaries at the venular end of the network obtained using in vivo video microscopy and computer-aided image-analysis techniques at three different levels of inspired oxygen (0.3, 0.21, and 0.1). Measurements of systemic arterial and venous blood gases were made in conjunction with these capillary determinations. In addition, in a portion of the study we utilized an oxygen microelectrode to determine the PO2 in the first-order venule draining the portion of the muscle containing the capillaries under study. We found that only when the animals were made acutely hypoxic was there any correspondence between the systemic venous and end-capillary PO2 values. In addition, these data provide support for the presence of arteriovenous shunting of oxygen during nonhypoxic ventilation.
Optimization studies of multiple beam antennas for EHF satellite communications

The design of multiple-beam antenna (MBA) systems for EHF communication satellites involves tradeoff studies of coverage gain, sidelobe level and beamwidth as a function of the number and sizes of the lens aperture and the feed directivity. The author defines those parameters that are common to any MBA system. Results are presented of parametric studies in which the lenses are assumed to be simple apertures with ideal transducers that convert the spherical wavefront from the feed into a plane wave without introducing any aberrations. An 18 in. diameter zoned dielectric lens for a 271 beam MBA was fabricated and tested with a Potter feed horn, both with and without resistive tapering. Measurements of its on-axis radiation patterns and gain show that they are correctly predicted by the aperture theory used for optimization. These results indicate that optimum dimensions for a lens or reflector MBA may be determined through straightforward analytic techniques and the use of the parametric curves. >
Knowledge and management of diarrhea among underserved minority parents/caregivers.

Objective.—Dehydration resulting from diarrhea continues to be a cause of morbidity, mortality, and increased health care costs in the United States. This study assesses parental knowledge of the causes and signs of diarrhea and dehydration. It also examines parental-care practices during an episode of diarrhea. Methods.—A survey was given to 219 parents/caregivers of children less than 5 years of age who presented to a pediatric continuity clinic. A bilingual interviewer was used to administer the surveys to participants for assessing knowledge of causes, signs, and treatment of diarrhea; signs of dehydration; and care practices during an episode of diarrhea. Results.—A wide variation in the level of awareness of signs, causes, and treatment of diarrhea was detected. General knowledge of diarrhea was related positively to accessibility of health information, level of education, ethnicity, and experience with dehydration. General knowledge of diarrhea, adjusted for level of education, was higher in African Americans than in Hispanics. Conclusions.—In children, dehydration from diarrhea may be prevented by increasing parents'/caregivers' general knowledge of diarrhea and dehydration and the appropriate usage of oral rehydration solutions. Intervention programs designed to increase parents'/caregivers' knowledge must be culturally sensitive and appropriate for diverse educational backgrounds and must assist in improving access to health-related information.
Geometric Analysis on Symmetric Spaces

A duality in integral geometry A duality for symmetric spaces The fourier transform on a symmetric space The Radon transform on $X$ and on $X_o$. Range questions Differential equations on symmetric spaces Eigenspace representations Solutions to exercises Bibliography Symbols frequently used Index.
Slab heat loss calculation with non-uniform inside air temperature profiles

The general solution of soil temperature variation is developed for a slab-on-grade floor with a varying inside air temperature distribution. The Interzone Temperature Profile Estimation (or ITPE) technique is applied to determine the steady-state variation of temperature within the ground. A water table at constant temperature is assumed to exist at a given depth below the soil surface. The effect of the indoor air temperature profile on the total slab-on-grade heat loss is analyzed.
Objective tests as instruments of psychological theory.

CHAPTER I. EXTENSION OF THE CONCEPT OF VALIDITY A. Critique of classical validity concept B. Construct validity : elucidation of terms -------------______----------------.---.-----------CHAPTER 11. RELATION OF TEST BEHAVIOR TO THEORY A. Test responses as signs and as samples B. The problem of homogeneity ___._____.____.------------.---------------------------------------C. Observation prior to measurement D. The psychology of objective test behavior CHAPTER 111. COMPONENTS OF CONSTRUCT VALIDITY -_.----------------------------------------A. Substantive component --_._.________--------------.-------------------------------------.----------1. Use of content in item selection . . a. Content valldlty b. Empirical keying ----_-____--_-.------------------------------------------------2. The universe and the pool _.__._______-------------------------------------------------3. The concept of substantive validity ----------___-_-_---------------7--------------B. Structural component __.__.___---_-_____--------.---------------------------------------------------1. The concept of structural validity 2. Some kinds of structure -
Mentoring in supervisor–subordinate dyads: Antecedents, consequences, and test of a mediation model of mentorship

Abstract We develop a framework to look at mentoring as a consequence of employees' values and beliefs, as well as to explore its role in determining the employees' attitudes towards their organizations. Based on social exchange theory, we hypothesize that employees' levels of individualism, collectivism, and trust in supervisor influence the level of supervisory mentoring received. Moreover, mentoring influences employees' affective commitment and intention to quit, as well as mediates the relationships between the proposed antecedents and outcomes. Using structural equation modeling to examine these relationships, we find that within supervisor–subordinate dyads, subordinates report more mentoring when they have collectivist personal values and trust their supervisor. Additionally, more mentoring is positively related to subordinates' affective commitment towards the organizations and negatively related to their intention to quit. We also find that mentoring mediate the relationship between both collectivism values and trust in supervisors and both organizational commitment and intention to quit.
CHARACTERIZATION OF PLASTEIN REACTION PRODUCTS FORMED BY PEPSIN, α-CHYMOTRYPSIN, AND PAPAIN TREATMENT OF EGG ALBUMIN HYDROLYSATES

Gelled plastein reaction products were prepared by treating concentrated peptic hydrolysates of egg albumin with pepsin, α-chymotrypsin, and papain. The relative firmness of these homogeneous gels was determined by comparing force-distance curves obtained from puncture tests made with the Instron Universal Testing Machine. The effects of the choice of enzyme and degree of substrate hydrolysis on the plastein yield (increase in 10% Trichloroacetic acid precipitable material) and water solubility were investigated. Electrophoresis of plastein products in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) indicated that no high molecular weight, protein-like material was produced by the plastein reaction. It is suggested that plastein reactions lead to the formation of insoluble peptide aggregates. These aggregates are thought to be held together by noncovalent bonds rather than by covalent, peptide bonds, as has been reported previously.
Spectral amplitude and phase evolution in petawatt laser pulses

The influence of the active gain medium on the spectral amplitude and phase of amplified pulses in a CPA system is studied. Results from a 10-PW example based on Nd-doped mixed glasses are presented.
THE SPATIAL STRUCTURE OF AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES1

MEMBERS of the geographic profession have long been concerned with the spatial structure of human activities and have produced an extensive body of literature dealing with agriculture in general.2 These geographic studies of the spatial structure of agriculture have made a significant number of concepts available to the research worker, but nowhere does there appear any explicit proof of one of the basic theorems, namely: that for every spatial location there is some jointly optimum intensity of land use, type of land use, and group of markets, the selection of which by the agricultural entrepreneur leads to spatially ordered patterns of land use. This paper presents rigorous examinations of proofs of the existence theorem stated above. The establishment of a rigorous proof of this theorem provides an important link in the development of concepts pertaining to the spatial structure of agriculture. The establishment of a rigorous proof of the existence theorem provides a second important contribution by spelling out the context of information and concepts within which the theorem holds. The context within which the theorem may be proved provides a guide to
MOLECULAR DYNAMICS SIMULATION OF THE PHYSICS OF THIN FILM GROWTH ON SILICON: EFFECTS OF THE PROPERTIES OF INTERATOMIC POTENTIAL MODELS

During the past several years numerous papers have been published on simulations of properties of silicon. There have been a number of papers published that develop multibody interatomic potentials for silicon1–4 and many more that investigate a variety of surface phenomena via molecular dynamics simulation. Examples relevant to this discussion include modeling of epitaxial growth;5–8 and surface reconstruction.9–11 Reference [4] provides a good, but not exhaustive, summary of the wide variety of atomistic simulations that have been performed on silicon as well as on other materials.
On the optimum linear receiver for impulse radio systems in the presence of pulse overlapping

In impulse radio ultra-wideband systems, multipath delay may cause received pulses to overlap with each other. Pulse overlapping causes inter-pulse interference (IPI) which may, especially in dense multipath environments, severely limit the system performance. In this letter, we build a mathematical model with pulse overlapping considered and derive an optimum minimum mean-square error (MMSE) receiver. A simpler RAKE receiver is to take samples for each received pulse and perform maximal ratio combining (MRC) by ignoring the IPI. We then show, by an analytical approach, that the optimum linear MMSE receiver performs exactly the same as the simpler MRC receiver.
Molecular genetics of B-precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia

B-precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) is the most common childhood tumor and the leading cause of cancer-related death in children and young adults. The majority of B-ALL cases are aneuploid or harbor recurring structural chromosomal rearrangements that are important initiating events in leukemogenesis but are insufficient to explain the biology and heterogeneity of disease. Recent studies have used microarrays and sequencing to comprehensively identify all somatic genetic alterations in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). These studies have identified cryptic or submicroscopic genetic alterations that define new ALL subtypes, cooperate with known chromosomal rearrangements, and influence prognosis. This article reviews these advances, discusses results from ongoing second-generation sequencing studies of ALL, and highlights challenges and opportunities for future genetic profiling approaches.
Principles of electrical stimulation

It is well known that paralyzed nerves can be activated through the application of an electrical stimulus. The magnitude of the effect of electrical stimulation can be modulated by changing the number of nerve fibers that are activated and by changing the rate at which they are activated. Electrical stimulation is delivered to the nerve through electrodes that can either be placed on the surface of the skin or placed inside the body on or near the nerves. Each electrode type has different advantages and disadvantages depending on the specific application. The engineering and physiologic principles of electrical activation are well understood, and the parameters for safe stimulation have been established. Many applications of electrical stimulation to activate paralyzed nerves in spinal cord injury are being investigated.
An Overview of Plant Volatile Metabolomics, Sample Treatment and Reporting Considerations with Emphasis on Mechanical Damage and Biological Control of Weeds

Introduction – The technology for the collection and analysis of plant-emitted volatiles for understanding chemical cues of plant–plant, plant–insect or plant–microbe interactions has increased over the years. Consequently, the in situ collection, analysis and identification of volatiles are considered integral to elucidation of complex plant communications. Due to the complexity and range of emissions the conditions for consistent emission of volatiles are difficult to standardise. Objective – To discuss: evaluation of emitted volatile metabolites as a means of screening potential target- and non-target weeds/plants for insect biological control agents; plant volatile metabolomics to analyse resultant data; importance of considering volatiles from damaged plants; and use of a database for reporting experimental conditions and results. Method – Recent literature relating to plant volatiles and plant volatile metabolomics are summarised to provide a basic understanding of how metabolomics can be applied to the study of plant volatiles. Results – An overview of plant secondary metabolites, plant volatile metabolomics, analysis of plant volatile metabolomics data and the subsequent input into a database, the roles of plant volatiles, volatile emission as a function of treatment, and the application of plant volatile metabolomics to biological control of invasive weeds. Conclusion – It is recommended that in addition to a non-damaged treatment, plants be damaged prior to collecting volatiles to provide the greatest diversity of odours. For the model system provided, optimal volatile emission occurred when the leaf was punctured with a needle. Results stored in a database should include basic environmental conditions or treatments. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Estimation of Cancer Risk

In rare instances human dose-response data exist relating cancer risk to dose. Generally, cancer risk estimates must be based on the results of animal bioassays. Animals are generally dosed at levels exceeding human exposure levels to elicit potential toxic effects in relatively small numbers of animals. The problem of high- to low-dose extrapolation is discussed. In addition, extrapolation of tumor rates must be made from test animals to humans. A discussion of techniques for interspecies scaling of dose is presented. The use of pharmacokinetics and physiologically based pharmacokinetic models to replace the administered dose with an effective target tissue dose is incorporated for improved risk estimates. Finally, in most bioassays the animals are exposed to a potential carcinogen throughout their lifetime. Exposures of humans to some carcinogens may be for relatively brief periods of time. Procedures for estimating cancer risks for short-term exposures from lifetime bioassays are presented.
Constipation and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease among Postmenopausal Women

BACKGROUND: Constipation is common in Western societies, accounting for 2.5 million physician visits/year in the US. Because many factors predisposing to constipation also are risk factors for cardiovascular disease, we hypothesized that constipation may be associated with increased risk of cardiovascular events. METHODS: We conducted a secondary analysis in 93,676 women enrolled in the observational arm of the Women’s Health Initiative. Constipation was evaluated at baseline by a self-administered questionnaire. Estimates of the risk of cardiovascular events (cumulative end point including mortality from coronary heart disease, myocardial infarction, angina, coronary revascularization, stroke, and transient ischemic attack) were derived from Cox proportional hazards models adjusted for demographics, risk factors, and other clinical variables (median follow-up 6.9 years). RESULTS: The analysis included 73,047 women. Constipation was associated with increased age, African American and Hispanic descent, smoking, diabetes, high cholesterol, family history of myocardial infarction, hypertension, obesity, lower physical activity levels, lower fiber intake, and depression. Women with moderate and severe constipation experienced more cardiovascular events (14.2 and 19.1 events/1000 person-years, respectively) compared with women with no constipation (9.6/1000 person-years). After adjustment for demographics, risk factors, dietary factors, medications, frailty, and other psychological variables, constipation was no longer associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular events except for the severe constipation group, which had a 23% higher risk of cardiovascular events. CONCLUSION: In postmenopausal women, constipation is a marker for cardiovascular risk factors and increased cardiovascular risk. Because constipation is easily assessed, it may be a helpful tool to identify women with increased cardiovascular risk.
The perils of consensus: How ASEAN's meta-regime undermines economic and environmental cooperation

ABSTRACT The member states of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) have been frequently criticized for adhering to a long-standing norm of strict non-interference in each other's domestic affairs, thereby hampering collective efforts to address regional problems. This article presents an analytical model of international institutions that shows how underlying norms and principles – the meta-regime – govern the rules and procedures of specific international regimes. It then applies this model to ASEAN's trade and anti-haze regimes, demonstrating how ASEAN's underlying meta-regime has frustrated attempts to liberalize trade and reduce air pollution. While ASEAN's purview has extended well beyond its original security mandate and it has developed new rules and procedures to handle the new issues, its underlying norms and principles consistently limit its ability to handle regional problems. In the conclusion, we discuss how the ASEAN states might be able to foment cooperation in these issue are...
sys.begin to sys.exit: Software Performs A Piece of Work

What happens to theatre in an algorithmically driven world, and what becomes possible when algorithms and the software they constitute are put to work to make theatre? A Piece of Work by Annie Dorsen considers this question an exigent problem to be solved—algorithmically and theatrically.
Gonadotropin Secretion, Effects of Stress on*

In most animals and in the human, stressors readily interfere with the normal reproductive process. One of the main mechanisms involved is a decrease in tonic pulsatile gonadotropin release primarily related to a central inhibitory action of stressors on the hypothalamic gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) pulse generator. This action is most probably mediated by corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) and vasopressin (VP), neuropeptides central to the function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, and by endogenous opioid peptides. In the human, psychogenic stress may result in amenorrhea and the complete absence of reproductive cycles. Recent data also show that short-term stressors, although not interrupting cyclicity, may also produce cyclic defects that may temporarily interfere with fertility.
Study of TFET non-ideality effects for determination of geometry and defect density requirements for sub-60mV/dec Ge TFET

Tunneling Field Effect Transistor (TFET) has attracted interest due to its steep-SS prospects [1]. Although a number of sub-60mV/dec TFETs were demonstrated [2], many failed to realize this feat due to non-optimized geometry, material choice [3], and material defects [4, 5]. In this paper, we clearly distinguish the requirement for i) geometry, ii) semiconductor BTBT characteristics, iii) semiconductor defects and iv) oxide interface defects. Using Ge as a case study, multi-temperature characterization of experimental PIN diodes is used to separate bulk properties from the interface effects, calibrating the models for BTBT, trap-assisted-tunneling (TAT) and SRH. The measured BTBT characteristic of a material is as important as the effect of defects; even a zero-defect TFET using the calibrated Ge material requires thin body and thin oxide. Bulk SRH and TAT is found to be a less critical issue for thin body TFETs, whereas interface defect density ∼1012cm−2 is low enough to only degrade TFET SS <10mV/dec. The method of current component segmentation using multi-temperature short-intrinsic PIN diodes is essential for evaluation of materials for TFETs.
Average Curves and Their Harmonic Analysis

(1930). Average Curves and Their Harmonic Analysis. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 37, No. 4, pp. 181-185.
Crack Growth in Twisted Rubber Disks. Part II: Experimental Results

Abstract A simple torsion test is described in which a thin bonded rubber disk is subjected to repeated torsional strains by rotating one end-piece with respect to the other through a fixed angle. An initial circumferential cut then grows inwards as a fatigue crack. From measurements of crack depth as a function of number of strain cycles, relations are obtained for the rate of crack growth dc/dn vs. fracture energy G for three representative rubber compounds: unfilled natural rubber, unfilled SBR and a carbon-black-filled SBR. The results are closely similar in all cases to previously-published values, obtained from tensile fatigue experiments. This is an important finding, because the present specimen is subjected to simple shear strains and the agreement obtained validates the use of a fracture energy criterion for crack growth under complex states of strain. Moreover, the test method itself has marked advantages. The strain cycle is well-defined, even for relaxing materials. The crack slows as the tes...
Methomyl Induced Outbreak of Liriomyza sativaeon Tomato

Weekly applications of methomyl at 0.45 and 0.9 lb AI/acre on fresh market tomatoes resulted in significantly more (total) mines by Liriomyza sativae Blanchard in the methomyl-treated plots (26,041 and 22,570, respectively) than in the untreated check (13,897 mines). These differences were due at least in part to methomyl’s adverse effect on parasites normally attacking L. sativae and to its inability to control this leafminer. Nine species of parasites in 2 families were reared from L. sativae . Of these, Diglyphus begini (Ashmead) was far the most common, comprising 80.7% of the total number reared.
Corrections on Four Versions of Quan-Song-Ci

Despite the top quality of the compiling of the Quan-Song-Ci(Poems of the Song Dynasty)t,here are some flaws and omissions found with the four versions of the Book.This paper studies four versions of the Book complied respectively by CUI Dengli,CHEN Zao,HUANG Ding and WANG Zizhong,and picks up 28 flaws and omissions.
Advanced CVBEM Topics

The CVBEM represents the problem boundary Г as the union of m boundary elements by setting $$r = \mathop \cup \limits_{j = 1}^m \;{r_j}$$ (2.1) where each Г j is a straight line segment with nodal points specified at the end-points.
Predicting the risk of recurrence after surgery for prostate cancer.

A previous Point-of-Care Guide identified a clinical decision rule that estimates the likelihood of an abnormal biopsy for prostate cancer. One of the next questions facing the patient and his physician is the likelihood of recurrence after surgery.
Obesity, Insulin Resistance and Pediatric Bone

Numerous studies have demonstrated that obese children are at an increased risk for skeletal fracture; however, the basis for this observation has yet to be determined. The impact of excess adiposity on bone structure and microarchitecture are conflicting, though the majority of studies suggest that bone does not sufficiently adapt to excess adipose tissue, particularly in the upper vs. lower limbs. Emerging data also suggest that certain adipose depots, particularly within the visceral, bone marrow and skeletal muscle compartments, provide information beyond what is attained through measurement of total body fat alone. Examination of these specific fat depots may help clarify mechanisms related to fat-bone interactions. Specifically, cardiometabolic manifestations often accompany these “pathogenic” fat depots, and insulin resistance has been identified as a potential mediator in the relationship between fat and bone. Because prospective studies are limited, additional long-term investigations are warranted to better understand the manner in which excess adiposity influences pediatric bone development. This should be of particular public health concern since nearly one in five US children is considered obese and approximately one in four is at risk for developing type-2 diabetes.