cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
CELLULAR DIFFERENTIATION IN THE URINARY BLADDER OF A EURYHALINE MARINE FISH, GILLICHTHYS MIRABILIS, IN RESPONSE TO ENVIRONMENTAL SALINITY CHANGE

The urinary bladder of a euryhaline marine teleost, Gillichthys mirabilis, was studied by light and electron microscopy. An enlargement of the mesonephric ducts forms a sac-like structure lined by an epithelium composed of two major cell types. Tall columnar cells continuous with the duct epithelium are characterized by a large number of mitochondria and well-developed rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Tubular smooth endoplasmic reticulum is more developed in the basal cytoplasm and often opens into the extracellular space. A second cell type, the low cuboidal cells, forming most of the bladder epithelium, has fewer mitochondria. Basal cells are rarely observed and mucous cells are absent. In seawater Gillichthys, cells of both types are separated by narrow intercellular spaces. In 5% seawater fish, the columnar cells show functional activation, as evidenced by an increased number of mitochondria and more extensive tubular smooth endoplasmic reticulum. No such changes were noted in the cuboidal cells; however, the lateral intercellular spaces are dilated probably owing to hypotonicity of the urine in the hypotonic environment. A functional difference between the two cell types is strongly suggested. The columnar cells may be responsible for active sodium uptake in hypotonic seawater environments.
Separation of Six Urinary 17-Ketosteroids by Two-Dimensional Thin-Layer Chromatography; Control Values and Response to ACTH

Two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography on aluminum oxide provides a simple, rapid, yet sensitive method for the separation and identification of individual urinary 17-ketosteroids. By employing 2 solvent systems in which the steroid compounds exhibit different mobilities, it is possible to separate not only the 11-oxygenated 17-ketosteroids but also such closely related compounds as dehydroepiandrosterone, androsterone and etiocholanolone on 1 single plate within 1 hr. The solvent systems giving the best results are 3.5 % methanol in benzene and equal volumes of ethyl ether and ethyl acetate. Good separation is obtained with pure standards as well as urine extracts. As little as 1 μg of material can readily be detected, so that 25–50 ml of urine is adequate for fractionation of the major urinary 17-ketosteroids. Recoveries of pure compounds as well as standards added to urine exceed 80%. The urinary excretion of the 6 major 17-ketosteroid metabolites in 6 normal males and 12 normal females, during a co...
Optimization studies of CVD growth of GaAs0.6P0.4

CVD growth conditions, particularly growth temperature and partial pressures of the reactant gases, strongly affect the growth characteristics and properties of GaAs0.6P0.4 epitaxial layers grown on GaAs substrates. For LED’s the most important properties of the material are B/J (brightness per unit current density) and surface morphology. This paper presents the results of a systematic study of the effect of temperature and reactant gas partial pressure (at a fixed III/V ratio) on B/J, surface morphology, growth rate, impurity doping and layer composition. Growth conditions which yield the optimum properties for LED’s are determined. The results are interpreted on the basis of kinetic and thermodynamic mechanisms controlling the growth process under various growth conditions. At constant temperature and constant III/V ratio, increasing the partial pressures causes the growth process to change from mass transport limited, where the growth rate increases with increasing partial pressures, to kinetically limited, where the growth rate is independent of partial pressures. Good morphology layers are obtained over a range of partial pressures around the transition from mass transport limited to kinetically limited growth. The B/J peaks at a value of partial pressure in the kinetically limited regime at which good morphology layers are obtained. Although B/J increases with increasing growth rate in the mass transport regime, the maximum B/J occurs in the region where growth rate is independent of partial pressures so that growth rate alone is not sufficient to determine B/J. In contrast to the “parabolic≓ dependence of growth rate on growth temperature, caused by the transition from the mass transport regime to the kinetic regime, the relative incorporation of As, P, and Te varies with temperature in the manner predicted from thermodynamics in both regimes. This behavior is consistent with the growth rate in the kinetic regime being limited by the desorption of chlorine atoms from the growth surface, with the reaction of As, P, and Te with the Ga proceeding thermodynamically at all temperatures.
Severe Asthma in Children

Severe asthma in children is characterized by sustained symptoms despite treatment with high doses of inhaled corticosteroids or oral corticosteroids. Children with severe asthma may fall into 2 categories, difficult-to-treat asthma or severe therapy-resistant asthma. Difficult-to-treat asthma is defined as poor control due to an incorrect diagnosis or comorbidities, or poor adherence due to adverse psychological or environmental factors. In contrast, treatment resistant is defined as difficult asthma despite management of these factors. It is increasingly recognized that severe asthma is a highly heterogeneous disorder associated with a number of clinical and inflammatory phenotypes that have been described in children with severe asthma. Guideline-based drug therapy of severe childhood asthma is based primarily on extrapolated data from adult studies. The recommendation is that children with severe asthma be treated with higher-dose inhaled or oral corticosteroids combined with long-acting β-agonists and other add-on therapies, such as antileukotrienes and methylxanthines. It is important to identify and address the influences that make asthma difficult to control, including reviewing the diagnosis and removing causal or aggravating factors. Better definition of the phenotypes and better targeting of therapy based upon individual patient phenotypes is likely to improve asthma treatment in the future.
Muc1 Cell Surface Mucin Attenuates Epithelial Inflammation in Response to a Common Mucosal Pathogen

Helicobacter pylori infection of the gastric mucosa causes an active-chronic inflammation that is strongly linked to the development of duodenal and gastric ulcers and stomach cancer. However, greater than 80% of individuals infected with H. pylori are asymptomatic beyond histologic inflammation, and it is unknown what factors influence the incidence and character of bacterial-associated gastritis and related disorders. Because previous studies demonstrated that the Muc1 epithelial glycoprotein inhibited inflammation during acute lung infection by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, we asked whether Muc1 might also counter-regulate gastric inflammation in response to H. pylori infection. Muc1−/− mice displayed increased bacterial colonization of the stomach and greater TNF-α and keratinocyte chemoattractant transcript levels compared with Muc1+/+ mice after experimental H. pylori infection. Knockdown of Muc1 expression in AGS human gastric epithelial cells by RNA interference was associated with increased phosphorylation of IκBα, augmented activation and nuclear translocation of NF-κB, and enhanced production of interleulin-8 compared with Muc1-expressing cells. Conversely, Muc1 overexpression was correlated with decreased NF-κB activation, reduced interleulin-8 production, and diminished IκB kinase β (IKKβ)/IKKγ coimmunoprecipitation compared with cells expressing Muc1 endogenously. Cotransfection of AGS cells with Muc1 plus IKKβ, but not a catalytically inactive IKKβ mutant, reversed the Muc1 inhibitory effect. Finally, Muc1 formed a coimmunoprecipitation complex with IKKγ but not with IKKβ. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that Muc1 binds to IKKγ, thereby inhibiting formation of the catalytically active IKK complex and blocking the ability of H. pylori to stimulate IκBα phosphorylation, NF-κB activation, and downstream inflammatory responses.
One-Sided and Two-Sided Tolerance Intervals in General Mixed and Random Effects Models Using Small-Sample Asymptotics

The computation of tolerance intervals in mixed and random effects models has not been satisfactorily addressed in a general setting when the data are unbalanced and/or when covariates are present. This article derives satisfactory one-sided and two-sided tolerance intervals in such a general scenario, by applying small-sample asymptotic procedures. In the case of one-sided tolerance limits, the problem reduces to the interval estimation of a percentile, and accurate confidence limits are derived using small-sample asymptotics. In the case of a two-sided tolerance interval, the problem does not reduce to an interval estimation problem; however, it is possible to derive an approximate margin of error statistic that is an upper confidence limit for a linear combination of the variance components. For the latter problem, small-sample asymptotic procedures can once again be used to arrive at an accurate upper confidence limit. In the article, balanced and unbalanced data situations are treated separately, and...
Reconciling Rigor and Range: Observations, Experiments, and Quasi-experiments in Field Primatology

I summarize here my experiences studying biological mechanisms of primate behavior across more than 3 decades of observing behaviors and performing ecological field experiments on a wild primate population. I begin with a general overview of the purpose of controlling variation in predictor variables, then describe how observational and experimental studies control such variation. After a description of the practical problems of using observational data to infer mechanisms or causes of a particular behavior, I describe the success and challenges of conducting ecological field experiments on animals, including some examples of (my own) failed experiments. Finally, I propose a middle ground between observations and experiments, what I term quasi-experiments. Quasi-experiments use systematic observation of predictor variables to measure their effects on the occurrence of a behavior, rather than measuring the values of the predictor variables only when the behavior occurs. Regardless of the study methodology, the use of general linear mixed models (GLMMs) for statistical analysis permits stronger inference about the effects of predictor variables than is provided by older statistical methods. GLMMs allow researchers to disentangle from the error term the variation that is due to consistent differences between focal animals, groups, years, food species, or other uncontrolled but repeatedly sampled categorical variables that affect our observations. Reducing the error term then allows more powerful inferential tests of the effects of the hypothesized causal variables. All field studies will benefit from a better quantitative theoretical framework within which to interpret the match between expected and observed outcomes.
Citizen scientist rediscovers rare nine-spotted lady beetle, Coccinella novemnotata, in eastern North America

A single adult Coccinella novemnotata (the nine-spotted lady beetle) was recently discovered by a Cornell University student amongst a series of specimens collected in early October 2006 in Arlington, Virginia. The specimen is the first individual collected in eastern North America in over fourteen years and is only the sixth of its species known to be collected anywhere in North America in the last ten years. This discovery reopens questions regarding the current status of this once common species. Interactions with exotic species, global climate change, and shifting land use patterns have all been postulated as possible factors in this species decline. This discovery is the first in a new program in the USA designed to educate the public regarding biodiversity and conservation and to engage them in a survey of native and exotic lady beetle species.
Compression for pre-scan-converted ultrasound sequences

In this paper, we describe an algorithm for compression of pre-scan-converted ultrasound tissue data. Between compression ratios of 8:1 and 120:1, we have found that there is a significant reduction in distortion using compression prior to scan conversion rather than after scan conversion. We have also found an additional improvement using wavelets, zerotree quantization and arithmetic coding rather than standard block DCT compression.
Circulatory, respiratory and behavioral responses in isoflurane anesthetized llamas.

Abstract Objectives To evaluate the circulatory, respiratory and behavioral effects of isoflurane (ISO) anesthesia in llamas during mechanical ventilation and spontaneous breathing. Design Prospective randomised study. Animal Six adult, neutered male llamas (10 ± 1 years [mean ± SD], 179 ± 32 kg). Materials and methods Animals in which the minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) had been previously determined were anesthetized with ISO in oxygen. Inspired and end-tidal (ET) ISO were sampled continuously. Arterial blood pH, respiratory and circulatory variables, and clinical signs of anesthesia were recorded at three doses (1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 times the individual animal's MAC; mean MAC value 1.13%) of ISO during spontaneous and controlled ventilation. A series of Latin squares was used to determine order of dose. Controlled ventilation (CV) (target PaCO 2 38 ± 5 mm Hg [5.0 ± 0.6 kPa]) preceded spontaneous ventilation (SV) at each dose. Animals breathed spontaneously for approximately 10 minutes prior to data collection. Body temperature was maintained at 37 ± 0.6 °C. Circulatory and respiratory data were analysed with a mixed model, least squares analysis of variance, for repeated measures taken at equally spaced intervals. p Results Dose and mode of ventilation had significant influences on measured variables. For example, heart rate increased as dose increased; 67 ± 14 beats minute −1 at 1.0 MAC-CV versus 77 ± 6 beats minute −1 at 2 MAC-CV. Conversely, mean arterial pressure decreased with increasing dose; 82 ± 13 mm Hg at MAC-CV versus 52 ± 15 mm Hg at 2 MAC-CV. Arterial CO 2 increased with increasing dose during SV; 45 ± 5 mm Hg [6 ± 0.6 kPa] at MAC versus 53 ± 4 mmHg [7 ± 0.5 kPa] at 2 MAC. Reflex activity (e.g. palpebral reflex) and muscle tone (e.g. jaw tone) decreased while eyelid aperture increased with increasing anesthetic dose. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance The influence of ISO dose and mode of ventilation on circulatory and respiratory variables in llamas is qualitatively similar to that reported in other species. Changes in reflex activity and muscle tone may be used to guide appropriate anesthetic delivery in ISO-induced llamas.
Whole-body motion planning with centroidal dynamics and full kinematics

To plan dynamic, whole-body motions for robots, one conventionally faces the choice between a complex, full-body dynamic model containing every link and actuator of the robot, or a highly simplified model of the robot as a point mass. In this paper we explore a powerful middle ground between these extremes. We exploit the fact that while the full dynamics of humanoid robots are complicated, their centroidal dynamics (the evolution of the angular momentum and the center of mass (COM) position) are much simpler. By treating the dynamics of the robot in centroidal form and directly optimizing the joint trajectories for the actuated degrees of freedom, we arrive at a method that enjoys simpler dynamics, while still having the expressiveness required to handle kinematic constraints such as collision avoidance or reaching to a target. We further require that the robot's COM and angular momentum as computed from the joint trajectories match those given by the centroidal dynamics. This ensures that the dynamics considered by our optimization are equivalent to the full dynamics of the robot, provided that the robot's actuators can supply sufficient torque. We demonstrate that this algorithm is capable of generating highly-dynamic motion plans with examples of a humanoid robot negotiating obstacle course elements and gait optimization for a quadrupedal robot. Additionally, we show that we can plan without pre-specifying the contact sequence by exploiting the complementarity conditions between contact forces and contact distance.
Flame spectra of sc, y and rare-earth elements

Abstract Flame spectra are presented of sandium, yttrium and the rare-earth elements, except cerium and promethium. These elements were extracted with a solution of 2-thenoyltrifluoroacetone (TTA) in 4-methyl-2-pentanone (hexone) and their spectra in the organic medium were subsequently recorded by means of a flame spectrophotometer. The precise wave length and relative spectral intensity of each line and band are tabulated. Included, also, are the 1/2-band widths and the relative spectral interferences of other elements of the group with the emission of measurement of the bands and lines listed. Operating conditions, applicability and limitations of the method in the estimation of some of the rare-earth elements are given
Evaluation of polymerized organo-selenium feed spacers to inhibit S. aureus and E. coli biofilm development in reverse osmosis systems

Abstract A feed spacer polymerized with organo-selenium was analyzed for biofouling inhibition to reverse osmosis membranes and feed spacers. The spacers polymerized with organo-selenium were tested for their ability to inhibit biomass formation and reduce biofilm thickness on the surface of RO membranes that the spacers were in contact with. The spacers and RO membranes were tested in a flow-cell system that exposed the sample membranes to normal operating conditions for RO membranes over a period of 24 h. This system utilized a synthetic wastewater, selected as a high nutrient source to model a primary wastewater, and bacterial test strains were chosen to represent Gram-negative (Escherichia coli) and Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) bacteria. Initial tests with spacers containing 0.55% organo-selenium in the spacer material showed inhibition levels of 2.0 logs for total biomass, and 2.7 logs for average biofilm thickness against S. aureus only. At a spacer concentration of 1% organo-selenium, inhibition levels of total specific biomass concentration averaged 2.9 logs for each bacterial strain, and averaged a reduction of biofilm thickness of 2.9 and 3.9 logs for S. aureus and E. coli.
Tests of hypotheses for lek formation in a Hawaiian Drosophila

Abstract Abstract. Several hypotheses for the formation of leks were tested in laboratory experiments using a Hawaiian fruit fly, Drosophila grimshawi . Males formed leks spontaneously when placed into large enclosures, making it possible to test hypotheses for lek formation that are difficult to test in the field. The signalling, lek choice, hotspot, and search-cost hypotheses were addressed. Results indicated that several selection pressures may be responsible for the evolution of leks in D. grimshawi . The 'hotspot' hypothesis was strongly supported, but reduced search cost and 'hotshot' mechanisms may also apply. No evidence was found to support the lek-choice or signalling hypotheses. Results from mating experiments indicated that D. grimshawi females probably discriminate among potential mates once at a lek, but female choice was concluded to be too weak to be a significant force for male aggregation.
Reduction of mutagenicity of municipal wastewaters by land treatment.

The disposal of complex mixtures such as wastewater on agricultural lands poses known and unknown environmental risks. Mutagens may be introduced into the ecosystem and perhaps concentrated by crop plants or leached into ground water supplies. The purpose of this study was to determine the biological effect of a mutagenic wastewater before and after application to soil. An XAD-8 methanol extract of wastewater from the municipal sewage treatment facility at Sauget, IL, was a potent, direct acting mutagen when assayed with Salmonella typhimurium. One and 3 ml of extract were brought up to 10 ml volumes with water and added to 10g of sterile or nonsterile native clay loam. These mixtures were incubated at room temperature for 0, 24 and 48h. After separation of solid and liquid portions by filtration, dichloromethane was added to extract the organic fractions from each component. Solvent extractions were evaporated to dryness under vacuum and brought up in DMSO. Tests for mutagenic activity were conducted using Ames strain TA98. Addition to the soil for greater periods of time decreased the mutagenic activity. The solid component exhibited greater mutagenic activity than the liquid.
Propagation of synchronous epileptiform events from subiculum backward into area CA1 of rat brain slices.

Abstract The hippocampal trisynaptic pathway is comprised of superficial entorhinal afferents (part of the perforant path) to dentate granule cells, dentate mossy fiber inputs to CA3 pyramidal neurons, and CA3 cell projections to CA1 pyramidal neurons. This CA1 output is among others to the subiculum, and both CA1 and subiculum project to the entorhinal cortex to close the loop. Smaller circuits involving fewer hippocampal and parahippocampal regions have also been described. We present morphological and electrophysiological evidence from rat brain slices for a projection from subiculum back into area CA1. Axons of neurobiotin-labeled subicular pyramidal neurons were visualized in the apical dendritic region of CA1. Spontaneous activity in isolated subiculum–CA1 slices was produced by bathing slices in reduced magnesium media. Events in CA1 always followed events in proximal subiculum. Disruption of this subiculum–CA1 circuit with a radially oriented knife cut in the apical dendritic region between subiculum and CA1 eliminated afterdischarges in subicular and CA1 events, but did not de-synchronize the two regions. Full transections between CA1 and subiculum were necessary to functionally isolate the two regions. Only subiculum remained spontaneously active. We conclude that a subiculum–CA1 circuit supports afterdischarges in both regions and synchronizes their activity. This circuit may serve to maintain a level of depolarization in subicular and CA1 pyramidal neurons well beyond the duration of excitatory synaptic potentials resulting from activation of the trisynaptic circuitry.
Chromatin remodeling, metabolism and circadian clocks: the interplay of CLOCK and SIRT1

Circadian rhythms govern a wide variety of physiological and metabolic functions in almost all organisms. These are controlled by the circadian clock machinery, which is mostly based on transcriptional-translational feedback loops. Importantly, 10-15% of the mammalian transcripts oscillate in a circadian manner. The complex program of gene expression that characterizes circadian physiology is possible through dynamic changes in chromatin transitions. These remodeling events are therefore of great importance to insure the proper timing and extent of circadian regulation. Recent advances in the field have revealed unexpected links between circadian regulators, chromatin remodeling and cellular metabolism. Specifically, the central clock protein CLOCK has HAT enzymatic properties. It directs acetylation of histone H3 and of its dimerization partner BMAL1 at K537, an event essential for circadian function. In addition, the HDAC activity of the NAD(+)-dependent SIRT1 enzyme is regulated in a circadian manner. It has been proposed that SIRT1 functions as an enzymatic rheostat of circadian function, transducing signals originated by cellular metabolites to the circadian clock. Thus, a specialized program of chromatin remodeling appears to be at the core of the circadian machinery.
A decade of minimally invasive mitral repair: long-term outcomes.

Background Short-term results with minimally invasive approaches for mitral valve repair in degenerative disease have been encouraging, with potential for diminishing blood loss and hospital length of stay. Little is known, however, about the long-term efficacy of this approach. This report analyzes a single institution's results over 12 years with minimally invasive mitral repair. Methods Since 1986, 3,057 patients have undergone mitral valve repair; 1,601 patients had degenerative disease and are the subject of this report. Minimally invasive mitral repair was done in 1071 patients with a right anterior minithoracotomy and direct vision. Clinical and echocardiographic variables were entered prospectively into a database. Results Hospital mortality was 2.2% for all patients (36 of 1601); 1.3% for isolated minimally invasive (9 of 712) and 1.3% (3 of 223) for isolated sternotomy mitral valve repair; and 3.6% (24 of 666) for valve repair plus a concomitant cardiac procedure. For isolated valve repair, 8-year freedom from reoperation was 91% ± 2% for sternotomy and 95% ± 1% for minimally invasive ( p = 0.24), and 8-year freedom from reoperation or severe recurrent insufficiency was 90% ± 2% for sternotomy and 93% ± 1% for minimally invasive ( p = 0.30). Eight-year freedom from all valve-related complications was 86% ± 3% for sternotomy and 90% ± 2% for minimally invasive ( p = 0.14). Conclusions These data indicate that long-term outcomes after minimally invasive mitral repair are excellent and equivalent to results achieved with sternotomy. In view of previously published advantages of short-term morbidity, minimally invasive approaches to mitral valve surgery deserve expanded use.
Preparation of some N-substituted N-(triphenylstannyl)cyanamides

Abstract Nine N -substituted N -(triphenylstannyl)cyanamides were prepared by allowing bis(triphenylstannyl)carbodiimide to react separately with acid chlorides, trifluoroacetic anhydride, alkyl chlorocarbonates, and benzenesulfonyl chloride. The tin in these compounds was shown to have a coordination number greater than four be means of IR and Mossbauer spectroscopy.
Measuring the Impact of Lipid Interactions on the Mobility and Localization of Synaptic Proteins in Live Synapses

The presynaptic protein complexin can both promote and inhibit fusion through interactions between its central helix and the SNARE complex. A poorly conserved C-terminal domain (CTD) is also required for inhibition of spontaneous fusion. We found that the CTD binds lipids through a novel protein motif and directs complexin onto synaptic vesicles where it can efficiently engage the SNAREs and inhibit spontaneous fusion. Using in vivo dynamic imaging approaches in C. elegans, we observed that complexin is sequestered within presynaptic terminals through its CTD while its escape rate out of the synapse depends sensitively on synaptic activity. Complexin exhibits reduced mobility in synaptic boutons compared to neighboring axonal regions and its mobility is enhanced when synaptic vesicles were removed, consistent with their role in capture and retention of complexin. Finally, several common lipid-interacting protein motifs were imaged at synapses in the presence and absence of synaptic activity, and the impact of disrupting these lipid-binding domains was quantified. Simple one-dimensional reaction diffusion models were used to quantify the dynamics of protein exchange between en passant synapses.
Effects of cordycepin on macromolecular synthesis and development in the preimplantation mouse embryo.

Investigations were conducted to test the effects of cordycepin, a naturally-occurring analog of adenosine, on gene activity in preimplantation mouse embryos. Embryos were explanted into culture at the 2-cell, morula and blastocyst stages, and incubated in the absence or presence of cordycepin (5–100 μg/ml) to determine the effects of the drug on continued development and macromolecular synthesis. Cordycepin at concentrations exceeding 10 μg/ml caused a dose-responsive inhibition of cleavage and blastulation of embryos in culture. Exposure of morulae and blastocysts to cordycepin concentrations of 10–100 μg/ml produced a dose- and time-dependent suppression of RNA synthesis as measured by incorporation of [3H]uridine. Suppression in blastocyst-stage embryos was enhanced by preincubation, and reached 70% after 4 h at 100 μg/ml. Cordycepin (50–100 μg/ml) reduced synthesis of major RNA components detected by electrophoresis, blocked incorporation of radioactivity into fractions bound by olido(dT)-cellulose, and produced a time- and dose-dependent reduction of protein synthesis in blastocysts, causing a maximum inhibition of 25% after 4 h of preincubation at 50 μg/ml.
Resilience in Later Life: Emerging Trends and Future Directions

Prem S. Fry & Corey L. M. Keyes (Eds.). (2010). New Frontiers in Resilient Aging: Life Strengths and Well-Being in Late Life. New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 365. $121.00 (hardcover). Bert Hayslip, Jr. & Gregory C. Smith (Eds.). (2012). Annual Review of Gerontology and Geriatrics: Volume 32, 2012. Emerging Perspectives on Resilience in Adulthood and Later Life. New York: Springer Publishing Company. pp. 311. $99.00 (hardcover). Janet L. Ramsey & Rosemary Blieszner. (2013). Spiritual Resiliency and Aging: Hope, Relationality, and the Creative Self. Amityville, NY: Baywood Publishing Company. pp. 266. $24.01 (paper). Barbara Resnick, Lisa P. Gwyther, & Karen A. Roberto (Eds.). (2011). Resilience in Aging: Concepts, Research, and Outcomes. New York: Springer. pp. 365. $199 (hard cover).
The non-linear bending of a cantilever beam with shear and longitudinal deformations

Abstract A non-linear bending theory for beams is constructed which accommodates shear and longitudinal deformations. Using the theory, an analytical solution for the cantilever beam subject to a compressive load (the elastica ) and a series solution for the horizontal cantilever under weight loading are derived. The effects of including shear and longitudinal deformations are found to be negligible for configurations in which the two deformations tend to offset one another—such as at the onset of buckling under a compressive load—but are shown to be significant for certain configurations in which the two deformations are additive—as in some instances of weight loading.
Cytology of flower necrosis in Cattleyas infected by Cymbidium mosaic virus

Abstract Ultrastructural changes in a non-limited virus-induced necrotic lesion are described. Necrotic and symptomless areas of a Cattleya flower infected with Cymbidium mosaic virus were examined by electron microscopy. In symptomless areas virus-like particles were aggregated in paracrystalline inclusions similar to those found in other PVX-type viral infections. Most pronounced cytopathic effects occurred in plastids bordering necrotic areas in which starch disappeared and osmiophilic globules and phytoferritin accumulated. Neither cell wall modifications nor plasmolysis were associated with the non-limited lesions in this disease.
Antegrade continence enema procedure: impact on quality of life in patients with spinal cord injury

Antegrade continence enema procedure: impact on quality of life in patients with spinal cord injury
Two Plus Two Equals Three: Classification Error and the Hispanic Undercount in United States Census Surveys

Research suggests that an undercount of ethnic population groups may be present in United States Census Surveys due to classification error. Using data from the American Community Survey (ACS), the article estimates the extent to which an undercount of Hispanics and Hispanic ethnic groups results from variations between individual reports of identity and the official definitions used to measure Hispanic ethnicity by the United States Census Bureau. The findings are analyzed within the context of issues of governmentality and highlight the implications that the presence of an ethnic undercount in population estimates due to classification error presents for public administrators and policymakers. Ultimately the article argues that the official enumeration classifications used by government agencies must take into account changing discourses surrounding ethnic and racial identity in the United States to help promote equitable, effective, and efficient systems of policy and governance.
Complications of retrograde balloon cautery endopyelotomy

Purpose:: Adult ureteropelvic junction obstruction is increasingly managed with endoscopic techniques. Retrograde balloon cautery endopyelotomy is quick, requires minimal hospital stay and allows most patients a rapid return to work. The complication rate of retrograde balloon cautery endopyelotomy ranges from 13 to 34%, with vascular injury in 0 to 16% of patients. We report 5 uncommon complications, including 4 vascular injuries, that clinicians should be familiar with when using this technique.Materials and Methods:: We reviewed 52 retrograde endoscopic endopyelotomy procedures performed during a 5-year period. There were 5 uncommon complications.Results:: Accessory lower pole renal artery injuries occurred in 3 patients, 1 of whom presented 12 days after endopyelotomy. Embolization was successfully performed in all 3 cases and none had subsequent hypertension. In 1 case a right ovarian vein laceration was not evident on preoperative or postoperative angiography. Emergency post-embolization abdominal e...
Wilderness carrying capacity: management and research progress in the United States

(1980). Wilderness carrying capacity: management and research progress in the United States. Landscape Research: Vol. 5, No. 3, pp. 6-11.
Transfer Function Computation for Multidimensional Systems

A theoretically interesting technique is proposed for the determination of the coefficients of the determinantal polynomial and the coefficients of the adjoint polynomial matrix of a given n-D system, described by the Fornasini-Marchesini state space model. The proposed algorithms are based on the discrete Fourier transform (DFT), and easily can be implemented. An example is included to illustrate the application of the algorithm.
The Contingent Valuation Debate: Why Economists Should Care

T he contingent valuation method involves the use of sample surveys (questionnaires) to elicit the willingness of respondents to pay for (generally) hypothetical projects or programs. The name of the method refers to the fact that the values revealed by respondents are contingent upon the constructed or simulated market presented in the survey. A spirited (and occasionally mean-spirited) battle over such methods is currently being waged, involving competing factions within the federal government, economists and lawyers representing business and environmental groups, and interested academics as well. At issue is a seemingly quite specific question: should environmental regulations currently under development at both the Department of the Interior and the Department of Commerce sanction the use of the contingent valuation method in estimating the damage done by spills of oil, chemicals, or other substances covered by federal law? More generally, the debate raises broad questions about what economists have to say about the values that individuals place on public or private goods. The two papers that follow this one make cases for and against the use of the contingent valuation method. My aim here is to provide an overview of the technique and the debate surrounding it. I also want to suggest why this debate should matter to economists, both professionally and in their roles as citizens and consumers.
Maurice Friedman and the Dialogic Human Image in Psychotherapy

This article discusses Maurice Friedman's role in the history of psychotherapy and presents some of his thoughts on the human image and psychotherapy. There is no actual school of dialogic psychotherapy; nor is there a movement. But there is a significant influence both in the United States and in Europe that has grown from the work of Maurice Friedman and Martin Buber. This article draws on Friedman's major written works and points forward to three new books that were specifically focused on psychology and psychotherapy. I have drawn upon my own 15-year association with Maurice Friedman here, including my doctoral dissertation and the introductions that I wrote for two of those three new works. This is an initial description of the impact of Friedman's work as it affects psychotherapy.
Prescriptive Thinking: Normative Claims as Scholarship

This article presents a conceptual model related to normative truth claims and is advanced as part of a larger project involving the development of a logical taxonomy of options available to public administration scholars as they assess projects of various kinds. The model differentiates among five types of truth claims, two paradigmatic options, various theoretical perspectives, four forms of argumentation, and several kinds of evidence, creating a roadmap that can be used by scholars—particularly those just entering the field—to conceptualize and articulate their projects. It also provides a framework against which normative truth claims can be evaluated.
The use of three- and four-dimensional surface harmonics for rigid and nonrigid shape recovery and representation

The use of spherical harmonics for rigid and nonrigid shape representation is well known. This paper extends the method to surface harmonics defined on domains other than the sphere and to four-dimensional spherical harmonics. These harmonics enable us to represent shapes which cannot be represented as a global function in spherical coordinates, but can be in other coordinate systems. Prolate and oblate spheroidal harmonics and cylindrical harmonics are examples of surface harmonics which we find useful. Nonrigid shapes are represented as functions of space and time either by including the time-dependence as a separate factor or by using four-dimensional spherical harmonics. This paper compares the errors of fitting various surface harmonics to an assortment of synthetic and real data samples, both rigid and nonrigid. In all cases we use a linear least-squares approach to find the best fit to given range data. It is found that for some shapes there is a variation among geometries in the number of harmonics functions needed to achieve a desired accuracy. In particular, it was found that four-dimensional spherical harmonics provide an improved model of the motion of the left ventricle of the heart. >
Population genetics and phylogeography of freshwater mussels in North America, Elliptio dilatata and Actinonaias ligamentina (Bivalvia: Unionidae).

Extrinsic and intrinsic forces combined shape the population structure of every species differently. Freshwater mussels are obligate parasites to a host fish during a juvenile stage (glochidia). Elliptio dilatata (ED) and Actinonaias ligamentina (AL) are co-occurring freshwater mussel taxa with similar North American distribution and share some potential host fish. Using mitochondrial DNA, we determined the genotypes of 190 + individuals from collection sites in at least two tributaries in the Lake Erie and Ohio River watersheds, along with the Ouachita and Strawberry rivers in the southeast. Both species had followed a stepping-stone model of dispersal, with greater pairwise genetic structure among collection sites of ED. Also, phylogeographical analysis for ED found significant geographical structuring of haplotype diversity. Overall, within-population variation increased significantly from north to south, with low genetic diversity in the Strawberry River. We calculated significant amongpopulation structure for both species (ED: ΦST = 0.62, P < 0.001; AL: ΦST = 0.16, P < 0.001). Genetic analysis identified the Ouachita River as an area of significant reproductive isolation for both species. Results for AL indicated dispersal into northern areas from two genetically distinct glacial refugia, where results for ED indicated dispersal followed by low gene flow in northern areas. The conservation strategies for mussels that co-occur in the same ‘bed’ could be species specific. Species such as ED have management units on the population scale, where AL has a more homogeneous genetic structure across its range.
Low-subthreshold-swing tunnel transistors

A formula is derived, which shows that the subthreshold swing of field-effect interband tunnel transistors is not limited to 60 mV/dec as in the MOSFET. This formula is consistent with two recent reports of interband tunnel transistors, which show lower than 60-mV/dec subthreshold swings and provides two simple design principles for configuring these transistors. One of these principles suggests placing the gate adjacent to the tunnel junction. Modeling of this configuration verifies that sub-60-mV/dec swing is possible.
INFLUENCE OF REMOVING CONNECTIVE TISSUE, COOKING AND NITRITE CURING ON THE PROTEIN QUALITY OF BEEF SHANK MUSCLE

The effect of mechanically removing connective tissue (desinewing) on protein quality of beef shank meat was determined by amino acid analysis and by feeding to rats. The desinewed meat had 40% less hydroxyproline and 16% higher chemical score than the control. Whereas tryptophan and methionine are the first limiting amino acids in meat, upon the desinewing of shank muscle the tryptophan level is increased to a point where it is no longer the first limiting amino acid. The protein efficiency ratio and nitrogen efficiency for growth were enhanced by desinewing the meat. Cooking the meat decreased the protein efficiency ratio and nitrogen efficiency for growth. Nitrite did not influence protein utilization. The protein quality of the sinew residue was inferior to the ofher meat products.
Physiologically based nonlinear segmentation of LV borders

Left-ventricular wall motion is measured as the directional displacement of points spaced along the end-diastolic (ED) and end-diastolic (ES) borders. A mapping of uniformly spaced points along both borders does not reflect the actual motion that isolated myocytes in normal and abnormal segments undergo. In order to account for regional differences in segment shortening, the authors developed a method for assigning the spacing of ES points relative to equally spaced ED points. The method, which is based on local changes in ED and ES border curvatures, was used to calculate both regional wall motion and segment shortening. Tested on a database of 149 ventricles of differing states of normalcy and abnormalcy, both motion and shortening parameters proved statistically significant in separating patient groups. The authors conclude that changes in region ventricular shape can provide physiologically relevant information on regional wall motion and segmental shortening. >
Two-region analysis of interface shape in continuous casting with superheated liquid

A slab ingot is being formed as a continuous casting by withdrawal from a mold with parallel walls. The sides of the ingot below the mold are cooled to remove heat of fusion and energy transferred to the solidification interface by superheated liquid metal in the mold. A two-region analysis is made to determine the non-uniform heat conduction from the liquid metal to the interface, and then from the interface to the cooled ingot sides. The solidification interface shape is found that is compatible with the removal of fusion energy and nonuniform heating from the liquid. The solution is obtained by two applications of a Cauchy boundary value method.
Rapid evolution of a novel song and an increase in repertoire size in an island population of an Australian songbird

Cultural innovations are commonly noted in animals, but times of development of novel traits are usually unknown. We report here a novel song type arising in a bird population on an offshore island of Western Australia where the time of colonization of the island by the Western Gerygone Gerygone fusca is known. On the mainland, a single song type is widespread. On Rottnest Island, many individuals sing a different type of song and a number possess a repertoire of two song types: the standard song shared with the mainland and the novel song type not found on the neighbouring mainland. The novel song type found on Rottnest is so different in its syntactical structure that one could easily mistake it for that of a new species. The characteristic song of mainland birds is irregular in the frequencies at which the notes within a song are delivered. The novel song on Rottnest has a highly structured syntax with notes delivered at a strict and repeated sequence of frequencies resulting in a rhythmic musical sound. The species is known to have colonized Rottnest in about 1955. The new song type apparently developed rapidly by cultural evolution in the last 50 years.
Temperature dependence of Optical Transitions of One Dimensional InGaAs/GaAs Quantum Structures

We have studied the temperature dependence of CER spectra of layered InGaAs QWRs and QDCs and found strain-induced splitting of lh and hh states occur in both InGsAs and GaAs layers. By fitting experimental data using Varshni law and Bose-Einstein type relation, various parameters are obtained, which are similar to those of bulk GaAs. We pointed out that a caution must be excised when extracting the electron-phonon interaction parameters by subtracting the thermal dilation part from the experimental data of the embedded semiconductor microstructures because in these structures the temperature-induced lattice-dilation may produce additional strain besides the lattice mismatch.
3‐Chloro‐1‐butene

[563-52-0] C4H7Cl (MW 90.55) InChI = 1S/C4H7Cl/c1-3-4(2)5/h3-4H,1H2,2H3 InChIKey = VZGLVCFVUREVDP-UHFFFAOYSA-N (alkylating agent15, 22 and organometallic precursor useful for introduction of 2-buten-1-yl (crotyl) and 1-buten-3-yl moieties) Physical Data: bp 63.9–64.2 °C; d 0.900 g cm−3; nd20 1.4155. Solubility: insol water; sol all organic solvents. Form Supplied in: colorless liquid. Preparative Methods: from 1-buten-3-ol using PCl3/py,1 SOCl2/HMPA,2 Ph3P/CCl4,3 Ph3P/CCl3COCCl3,4 Me2CC(Cl)NMe2,5 or PO(OPh)2Cl/LiCl;6 from 2-buten-1-ol using SOCl2/FeCl3.7 Purification: by distillation. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: stable at 0 °C in quartz;8 flammable liquid and lachrymator.9 Use in a fume hood.
Body Image, Psychological Functioning, and Parental Feedback Regarding Physical Appearance

Objective To investigate the role of parental appearance-related commentary, body image, and psychological functioning in females and males. Method Retrospective reports of teasing and appearance-based feedback were assessed, along with current levels of body image and overall psychological functioning. Results Women and men did not differ in their reports of comments received from mothers, however, women received significantly more appearance-related messages from fathers. Correlational analyses demonstrated significant relationships between feedback and body satisfaction for women, but not for men. Regression analyses indicated that fathers' and mothers' teasing about weight were predictive of daughters' body image. For both males and females, psychological functioning was significantly predicted from the combination of mothers' and fathers' feedback regarding appearance. Discussion The findings further support an emerging theoretical model of appearance-related commentary as a factor in body image disturbance and overall psychological functioning. © by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 25: 339–343, 1999.