cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Relation of Latest Cretaceous and Tertiary Deposition and Deformation to Oil and Gas Occurrences in Wyoming: ABSTRACT

Oil and gas have been known in non-marine Tertiary rocks in Wyoming since 1896. Commercial oil or gas pools have been discovered in Paleocene and Eocene rocks in the Green River, Washakie, and Wind River basins. The source of most of this oil and gas is believed to be sediments deposited under lacustrine conditions during Paleocene time and again during Eocene time. Oil and gas production from nonmarine beds of latest Cretaceous age is a recent development. The diastrophic and depositional history from latest Cretaceous through Tertiary time has a significant bearing on essentially all Wyoming oil and gas fields. The Laramide orogeny began with gentle folding in latest Cretaceous time, reached a climax of intense folding and thrust faulting in earliest Eocene time in most parts of Wyoming, and was essentially completed by latest Eocene time. Conventional Wyoming oil and gas fields are those related to structural traps formed during this orogeny. The Green River, Wind River, and Hanna basins were sites of deposition of more than 20,000 feet of latest Cretaceous, Paleocene, and Eocene strata. Oligocene, Miocene, and Pliocene beds were deposited across the now completely filled basins and high onto the flanks of partly buried mountains. Volcanic debris from centers within or near Wyoming comprises the bulk of these young strata. Regional uplift, large-scale normal faulting, and rapid degradation that exhumed the mountains and re-excavated the basins occurred in late Pliocene and Pleistocene time. During this episode some of the structures containing oil and gas were significantly modified. End_of_Article - Last_Page 415------------
Multiple functions of fire ant Solenopsis invicta mandibular gland products

Alarm pheromones of social insects are best known for their role in the defence and maintenance of colony integrity. Previous studies with the fire ant Solenopsis invicta Buren (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) demonstrate that the mandibular glands of workers (sterile females) and male and female sexuals produce an alarm pheromone, 2-ethyl-3,6-dimethylpyrazine. The function of alarm pheromones in worker ants is well understood and divergent from the function of these compounds in the winged sexual forms. The present study quantifies the amount of pyrazine in the mandibular glands from male and female alate sexuals, as well as queens. Pyrazine production in female alates starts in the late pupal stage and increases until they reach mating flight-ready maturity; however, after mating flight participation, the pyrazine level declines by >50%. Interestingly, mature male alates lose >85% of their mandibular gland pyrazine during mating flight activity. The results of the present study indicate that male and female sexuals use mandibular gland secretions for mating flight initiation and during mating flights. Furthermore, the ontogeny of mandibular gland products (pyrazine as the marker) from newly-mated queens to mature colony queens shows a more than two-fold increase in the amount of pyrazine by 6 months after mating. However, this is followed by a decline to trace amounts in mature colony queens (>2 years old), suggesting a function for mandibular gland products during colony development. Multifunctional use of social insect pheromones is well documented and data are reported in the present study suggesting new roles for mandibular gland products in fire ants.
Sedation, Analgesia, and Delirium in the Critically Ill Patient:

Most critically ill patients receive a myriad of psychoactive medications during their hospital stay. An understanding of the pharmacology of the more commonly used sedative and analgesic therapies enables the clinician to aptly utilize these medications and limit toxicity. A key to the appropriate provision of sedative and analgesic pharmacotherapy is a thorough patient assessment, use of validated monitoring tools, and defined therapeutic goals. Limiting these therapies while optimizing patient comfort has been shown to reduce the duration of mechanical ventilation and reduce intensive care unit (ICU) and hospital length of stay and should be the aim of the multidisciplinary medical team. This review is intended to provide the reader with a fundamental understanding of how to facilitate comfort of the mechanically ventilated critically ill adult patients and how to minimize medication-related toxicities.
Automated learning of generative models for subcellular location: Building blocks for systems biology

The goal of location proteomics is the systematic and comprehensive study of protein subcellular location. We have previously developed automated, quantitative methods to identify protein subcellular location families, but there have been no effective means of communicating their patterns to integrate them with other information for building cell models. We built generative models of subcellular location that are learned from a collection of images so that they not only represent the pattern, but also capture its variation from cell to cell. Our models contain three components: a nuclear model, a cell shape model and a protein-containing object model. We built models for six patterns that consist primarily of discrete structures. To validate the generated images, we showed that they are recognized with reasonable accuracy by a classifier trained on real images. We also showed that the model parameters themselves can be used as features to discriminate the classes. The models allow the synthesis of images with the expectation that they are drawn from the same underlying statistical distribution as the images used to train them. They can potentially be combined for many proteins to yield a high resolution location map in support of systems biology. © 2007 International Society for Analytical Cytology
Lipid mediator informatics and proteomics in inflammation resolution

Lipid mediator informatics is an emerging area denoted to the identification of bioactive lipid mediators (LMs) and their biosynthetic profiles and pathways. LM informatics and proteomics applied to inflammation, systems tissues research provides a powerful means of uncovering key biomarkers for novel processes in health and disease. By incorporating them with system biology analysis, we review here our initial steps toward elucidating relationships among a range of bimolecular classes and provide an appreciation of their roles and activities in the pathophysiology of disease. LM informatics employing liquid chromatography-ultraviolet-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-UV-MS/MS), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), computer-based automated systems equipped with databases and novel searching algorithms, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to evaluate and profile temporal and spatial production of mediators combined with proteomics at defined points during experimental inflammation and its resolution enable us to identify novel mediators in resolution. The automated system including databases and searching algorithms is crucial for prompt and accurate analysis of these lipid mediators biosynthesized from precursor polyunsaturated fatty acids such as eicosanoids, resolvins, and neuroprotectins, which play key roles in human physiology and many prevalent diseases, especially those related to inflammation. This review presents detailed protocols used in our lab for LM informatics and proteomics using LC-UV-MS/MS, GC-MS, ELISA, novel databases and searching algorithms, and 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis and LC-nanospray-MS/MS peptide mapping.
Message from newsletter editor

The editor notes that when he accepted the position of Editor of the GAP Newsletter he had little or no concept of what the job entailed. In fact he had no idea of what place the Newsletter had in our professional Lives. A note from his predecessor Wolf Kummer indicated that the purpose of the Newsletter is to disseminate information of non-archival value to members of the group. While the editor deems this a worthwhile purpose he would like the Newsletter to be something more, something better.
Design of three-terminal GaN light emitting HBT for free space communication

This abstract presents design and simulation results of a GaN-based multi-quantum well (MQW) heterojunction transistor (HBT) LED. The combination of the narrow base and collector terminal allows a very fast turn-off delay in the device.
Cooperative and Non-Cooperative Aloha Games with Channel Capture

Game theory has been a useful tool for the analysis of random-access based wireless networks due to their decentralized operations. This paper studies one of the most widely used random access schemes, slotted Aloha, by modeling it as games. Unlike other game theoretic analyses of slotted Aloha, channel capture is assumed in this paper. Two different types of Aloha games, cooperative and non-cooperative, are considered since scenarios for behaviors of mobile terminals in slotted Aloha systems can be twofold. With analysis, a threshold strategy, quite a simple strategy characterized only by the threshold value, is shown to be a potential optimal strategy for the cooperative game, and is also shown to be the unique Bayesian Nash equilibrium (BNE) for the non-cooperative game. Numerical examples provide the threshold values for the optimal strategies and BNEs with different system configurations.
Testing for a Priori Trends in K Independent Correlations

A procedure is specified for testing the significance of predicted trends in k independent correlations. An example is also provided for illustrative purposes.
Delay-period Activity in the Prefrontal Cortex: One Function Is Sensory Gating

The prefrontal cortex (PFC) contributes to working memory functions via executive control processes that do not entail the storage, per se, of mnemonic representations. One of these control processes may be a sensory gating mechanism that facilitates retention of representations in working memory by down-regulating the gain of the sensory processing of intervening irrelevant stimuli. This idea was tested by scanning healthy young adults with functional magnetic resonance imaging while they performed a delayed face-recognition task. The 2 × 2 factorial design varied the factors of Memory (present, absent) and Distraction (present, absent). During memory-present trials, target and probe stimuli were individual gray-scale male faces. Memory-absent trials were identical, except that they employed the same recurring female faces (denoting a "no memory" trial). Distraction-present trials featured rapid serial visual presentation of bespectacled male faces during the two middle seconds of the delay. The first step of the analyses identified dorsolateral PFC (dlPFC) and inferior occipitotemporal cortex (IOTC) voxels exhibiting delay-period activity in memory-present/distraction-absent trials, that is, the "unfilled" delay. Within these voxels, distraction-evoked activity in the dlPFC was markedly higher during trials that required the concurrent short-term retention of information than on those that did not, whereas the opposite effect was seen in the IOTC. These results are consistent with the view that processes related to sensory gating account for a portion of the delay-period activity that is routinely observed in the dlPFC.
A Hardware/Software Co-reconfigurable Multimedia Architecture

The hardware/software co-reconfiguration technique is introduced to design a reconfigurable multimedia architecture that does not employ field-programmable devices. This co-reconfiguration technique does not require modifying existing compilers to retarget their new multimedia processors. This technique allows software developers to rapidly retarget their multimedia processors. In order to present the reconfiguration procedures and performance evaluations of the technique, a smart instruction decoder for Texas Instruments OMAP2420 was implemented and optimized
Factors affecting willingness of social work students to accept jobs in aging

The aging of the United States population is creating an increased need for social workers and other helping professionals with training in gerontology. Recent estimates indicate that less than 3% of MSW students are enrolled in an aging concentration, as compared to 19.0% enrolled in children/youth concentrations. This study (N=126) examines factors that affect the willingness of social work students to accept jobs in aging. Results of a hierarchical logistic regression indicate that age and personal/professional experiences with older people (but not gender, race, or educational level) significantly predicted willingness to accept jobs in aging.
Spatial modes of phase-sensitive parametric image amplifiers with circular and elliptical Gaussian pumps.

We develop a method for finding the number and shapes of the independently squeezed or amplified modes of a spatially-broadband, travelling-wave, frequency- and polarization-degenerate optical parametric amplifier in the general case of an elliptical Gaussian pump. The obtained results show that for tightly focused pump only one mode is squeezed, and this mode has a Gaussian TEM00 shape. For larger pump spot sizes that support multiple modes, the shapes of the most-amplified modes are close to Hermite- or Laguerre-Gaussian profiles. These results can be used to generate matched local oscillators for detecting high amounts of squeezing and to design parametric image amplifiers that introduce minimal distortion.
Advanced Applications of RNA Sequencing and Challenges

Next-generation sequencing technologies have revolutionarily advanced sequence-based research with the advantages of high-throughput, high-sensitivity, and high-speed. RNA-seq is now being used widely for uncovering multiple facets of transcriptome to facilitate the biological applications. However, the large-scale data analyses associated with RNA-seq harbors challenges. In this study, we present a detailed overview of the applications of this technology and the challenges that need to be addressed, including data preprocessing, differential gene expression analysis, alternative splicing analysis, variants detection and allele-specific expression, pathway analysis, co-expression network analysis, and applications combining various experimental procedures beyond the achievements that have been made. Specifically, we discuss essential principles of computational methods that are required to meet the key challenges of the RNA-seq data analyses, development of various bioinformatics tools, challenges associated with the RNA-seq applications, and examples that represent the advances made so far in the characterization of the transcriptome.
Evidence-Based Psychotherapies for Children and Adolescents: Strategies, Strengths, and Limitations

Evidence-based treatments refer to interventions that have empirical research on their behalf. The evidence refers to rigorous tests that the treatments, relative to various control or other treatment conditions, produce therapeutic change. In the context of psychotherapy, there have been separate and somewhat independent efforts to identify evidence-based treatments by different professional organizations and committees spanning different countries (e.g., Evidence Based Mental Health 1998; Nathan and Gorman 2002; Roth and Fonagy 1996; Task Force on Promotion and Dissemination of Psychological Procedures 1995). These efforts have used different terms to delineate such treatments, including empirically validated treatment, empirically supported treatments, evidence-based practice, and treatments that work. The term evidence-based treatment (EBT) is used in this chapter in keeping with a tradition already established in several other areas (e.g., dentistry, nursing, health care, social work, education, psychiatry, and mental health) where interventions are used to produce change in a particular clientele.
Unzipping of A-Form DNA-RNA, A-Form DNA-PNA, and B-Form DNA-DNA in the α-Hemolysin Nanopore

Unzipping of double-stranded nucleic acids by an electric field applied across a wild-type α-hemolysin (αHL) nanopore provides structural information about different duplex forms. In this work, comparative studies on A-form DNA-RNA duplexes and B-form DNA-DNA duplexes with a single-stranded tail identified significant differences in the blockage current and the unzipping duration between the two helical forms. We observed that the B-form duplex blocks the channel 1.9 ± 0.2 pA more and unzips ∼15-fold more slowly than an A-form duplex at 120 mV. We developed a model to describe the dependence of duplex unzipping on structure. We demonstrate that the wider A-form duplex (d = 2.4 nm) is unable to enter the vestibule opening of αHL on the cis side, leading to unzipping outside of the nanopore with higher residual current and faster unzipping times. In contrast, the smaller B-form duplexes (d = 2.0 nm) enter the vestibule of αHL, resulting in decreased current blockages and slower unzipping. We investigated the effects of varying the length of the single-stranded overhang, and studied A-form DNA-PNA duplexes to provide additional support for the proposed model. This study identifies key differences between A- and B-form duplex unzipping that will be important in the design of future probe-based methods for detecting DNA or RNA.
Access to Global Disease Innovation

The pharmaceutical IP system works well in high-income countries able to afford government subsidies and social insurance. It does not work for the poor in low and middle-income countries. For global diseases (Types I and II), innovation is assured by high-income country markets alone, permitting an accommodation for the poor in low and medium-income countries such as a patent buyout or other access programs which support equitable access without damaging optimal innovation incentives.
Quantitative analyses of variability in normal vaginal shape and dimension on MR images.

Introduction and hypothesis We present a technique for quantifying inter-individual variability in normal vaginal shape, axis, and dimension, and report findings in healthy women.
The Causes of Boiler Scale and Relevant Preventive Measures in Forest Regions

The causes giving rise to boiler scale are analyzed and relevant preventive measures are presented in the article.
Clinical application of double umbilical ports and suspension method in laparoscopic appendectomy

Objective To discuss the feasibility of double umbilical ports and suspension in laparoscopic appendectomy.Methods 27 patients with appendicitis were performed LA with double umbilical ports and suspension method.Laparoscope and operating forceps were separately introduced into abdominal cavity through the double umbilical ports.After the appendix was identified,the root was suspended with a piece of fine copper wire and embedded with the other wire,and then the appendectomy was performed.Results All of 27 patients were successfully performed LA.The average operative time was 28.6 min (range 20～45 min).There were no operative complications.The most postoperative hospital stays were 4～5 days.Conclusions The laparoscopic appendectomy with double umbilical ports and suspension method is a feasible,effective and safe technique.It expands the indications with one trocar laparoscopic appendectomy and has a good cosmetic effect.
Study on the Rapid Preparation of Glucosamine Hydrochloride under Microwave Radiation

The chitin was made from the solid Pleurotus ostreatus leavening,and by using the orthogonal testing method,an optimizing reacting condition for making glucosamine muriate from the chitin was studied.In the conventional hydrolization condition,the optimum time and temperature were 5h and 90OC respectively,and the concentration of hydrochloric acid was 20%,the mass percentage of chitin to hydrochloric acid solvent was 1:6.Under these optimal factors,the most efficient production rate would reach 25.29%.While microwave hydrolization showed that in these factors: pressure 0.2MPa,time 2400s,hydrochloric acid 9.8% and the instrument power 50%,the most efficient production rate was 68.08%.Through FTIR,the structure of the hydrolysates by microwave radiation and conventional hydrolization proved to be consistent on the whole.
Design of Chinese Medical Symptom Rating Scale for Heart Failure and Its Clinical Applicability

Objective To design Chinese Medical Symptom Rating Sc ale for Heart Fail ure(CMSRS-HF) and observe its clinical applicability.Methods CMSRS-HF was desi gned according to standardized procedures.Totally 79 heart failure patients rec ruited from 3 clinical centers were investigated with CMSRS-HF.The Cronbach's α and split-half reliability was used to study its reliability.The validity w as investigated by comparing CMSRS-HF with the Chinese version of Minnesota Liv ing with Heart Failure Questionnaire(MLHFQ).The patients were randomized into 3 groups with the New Yor k Heart Association(NYHA) Functional Classification.The judging validity and r esponsiveness was investigated with analysis of variance,student's t test,effe ct size(ES) and standardized response mean(SRM).Results A 16-item scale was d esigned as CMSRS-HF.The Cronbach's α and split-half reliability was 0.84 an d 0. 80 respectively.The correlation coefficient between CMSRS-HF and MLHFQ was 0. 5 1,0.43 and 0.54 in physiology,emotion and total score respectively,with a m od erate positive correlation(P0.001).The integral differences were statis ticall y significant between different classifications of NYHA according to CMSRS-HF( P 0.001).The integral was decreased significantly after intervention by Chines e medicine for two weeks(P0.001).The ES and SRM was 1.12 and 1.29 respect ively.Con clusion CMSRS-HF is reliable,valid and responsive to evaluate the the rapeutic effect of Chinese medicine for heart failure.
Finding a store, searching for a product: a study of daily challenges of low vision people

Visual impairments encompass a range of visual abilities. People with low vision have functional vision and thus their experiences are likely to be different from people with no vision. We sought to answer two research questions: (1) what challenges do low vision people face when performing daily activities and (2) what aids (high- and low-tech) do low vision people use to alleviate these challenges? Our goal was to reveal gaps in current technologies that can be addressed by the UbiComp community. Using contextual inquiry, we observed 11 low vision people perform a wayfinding and shopping task in an unfamiliar environment. The task involved wayfinding and searching and purchasing a product. We found that, although there are low vision aids on the market, participants mostly used their smartphones, despite interface accessibility challenges. While smartphones helped them outdoors, participants were overwhelmed and frustrated when shopping in a store. We discuss the inadequacies of existing aids and highlight the need for systems that enhance visual information, rather than convert it to audio or tactile.
Facilitated transport membranes for CO2 separation and capture

ABSTRACTMembrane separation is a promising technology for CO2 separation and capture because of the high energy efficiency, small footprint and operational simplicity. A CO2 facilitated transport membrane is an important group of membranes for CO2 separation. In this review, the facilitated transport mechanism is described in conjunction with the chemical reactions of CO2 and amine carriers. A wide range of facilitated transport membranes is discussed, including amine-based fixed-site carrier membranes, amine mobile carrier-containing membranes and other facilitated transport membranes with different types of carriers and/or inorganic fillers to further improve the performance of facilitated transport membranes. This review concludes with remarks on the future perspectives of the facilitated transport membranes for CO2 separation and capture applications.
Human papillomavirus vaccine discussions: an opportunity for mothers to talk with their daughters about sexual health.

PURPOSE Mother-daughter communication about sex is associated with healthier behavior during adolescence. We sought to characterize mothers' communication with their daughters about human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine and the potential for these discussions to provide an opportunity for talking about sexual health. METHODS During December 2009, we conducted an online survey with a nationally representative sample of US mothers of girls aged 11 to 14 years (n = 900; response rate = 66%). We used 3 complimentary approaches to assess HPV vaccine as an opportunity for mother-daughter communication about sex. Estimates are weighted. RESULTS Sixty-five percent of mothers reported talking with their daughters about HPV vaccine, of whom 41% said that doing so led to a conversation about sex. Mothers who had talked with their daughters about HPV vaccine were more likely than those who had not to have also talked with their daughters about sex (92% vs. 74%, OR = 3.25, CI = 1.57-6.68, P < 0.05), in multivariate analyses. Among mothers who talked about sex when they talked about HPV vaccine, many felt that HPV vaccine provided a good reason to do so (64%) or that it made it easier to start a conversation (33%). CONCLUSIONS HPV vaccine discussions provide a cue to mother-daughter communication about sex that is as important as some more widely recognized cues. Discussions about HPV vaccine are an acceptable opportunity for mothers to talk with their daughters at an age when communication about sex is most influential. It may be possible for parents to capitalize on HPV vaccine discussions already happening in many families to promote sexual health.
Particle innovations in copper CMP slurry development - impact of hydrophilicity, hardness, and functionality

Surface planarity is of paramount importance in fabricating advanced semiconductor devices at wafer level with minimum feature size smaller than 0.25 /spl mu/m. Chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) is the most viable approach and has become an enabling technology to address the planarity issues. With the integration of copper as interconnect and low k materials as dielectric, the CMP community is facing an ever increasing demand on reducing detectivity without scarifying production throughput (Kawahashi and Hattori, 2001). Key issues in CMP today include reduction of surface detectivity and enhancement of planarization efficiency. More specifically, the polished surface should be free of defects such as scratches, pits, corrosion spots, and residue particles (Kondo et al., 2000). To accomplish these goals, we have investigated a wide range of pathways including the use of unique abrasives with varying degree of hardness, hydrophilicity, and functionality such as nano diamond, plate like boron nitride, functionalized silica, encapsulating vesicles, and micelles. In this presentation, some fundamental aspects of the CMP process were given first. Several academic and industrial examples were used to illustrate the issues and challenges during the implementation of various slurry designs into the CMP processes.
Crocetin, a carotenoid compound isolated from Saffron, inhibits cell proliferation and tumor formation in pancreatic cancer

Pancreatic cancer is the fourth leading cause of cancer death in the United States and no significant treatment is at present available. Crocetin, a carotenoid, is derived from the saffron plant an...
The Shrinking Context of Warren

Warren epitomizes the American dream of post-war suburban expansion. As part of the massive American suburbanization after World War II, Warren’s population surged from 42,653 to 179,260 from 1940 to 1970, making Warren one of the fastest growing cities in the nation at that time. Unfortunately, this unprecedented surge was followed by Warren being one of the faster-declining shrinking cities in the next two decades. Development of “better” suburbs with bigger homes allowed people and industry to move further out; leaving Warren with property values plummeting and vacant homes littering the once well-established residential neighborhoods. This phenomenon of shrinkage has been accentuated by collapsing real estate and financial market, followed by restructuring of the auto industry and rising unemployment, producing a crisis of extreme proportion.
Psychological Factors and Health Disparities

Stress and psychological distress caused by perceived racial discrimination or other social factors may elicit negative emotional responses. These, in turn, can trigger adverse biological responses and negative health behaviors, and eventually lead to adverse health outcomes. The concept of “allostatic load” is used to demonstrate how environmental stresses including psychosocial ones can culminate in health disparities.
Use of an Underlayer for Large Area Crystallization of Rubrene Thin Films

In this work, we discovered a very efficient method of crystallization of thermally evaporated rubrene, resulting in ultrathin, large-area, fully connected, and highly crystalline thin films of this organic semiconductor with a grain size of up to 500 μm and charge carrier mobility of up to 3.5 cm2 V–1 s–1. We found that it is critical to use a 5 nm-thick organic underlayer on which a thin film of amorphous rubrene is evaporated and then annealed to dramatically influence the ability of rubrene to crystallize. The underlayer property that controls this influence is the glass transition temperature. By experimenting with different underlayers with glass transition temperatures varying over 120 °C, we identified the molecules leading to the best crystallinity of rubrene films and explained why values both above and below the optimum result in poor crystallinity. We discuss the formation of different crystalline morphologies of rubrene produced by this method and show that field-effect transistors made with ...
Family Guided Sex Education: An Impact Study:

The authors describe the content of the Family Guided Sex Education booklet and compare two methods for disseminating the information. Results indicated that parents make positive gains in their ro...
Inhibition of Invasion and Metastasis During Specific Amino Acid Restriction Associated with Metastasis Suppressor and Other Gene Changes

Dietary tyrosine (Tyr) and phenylalanine (Phe) restriction dramatically decreases metastasis of a number of implanted murine tumors including melanoma, hepatocarcinoma, lung carcinoma, and leukemia without inducing host toxicity. Herein, we show that Tyr/Phe deprivation in vitro rapidly decreases the intracellularfree Tyr concentration in A375 melanoma cells. The decreased availability of Tyr and Phe to melanoma, prostate, and breast cancer cells in vitro significantly inhibits their invasive ability. MKK4/SEK1 protein expression and/orphosphorylation increased in A375 melanoma and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells suggesting an important role for this metastasis suppressor gene in control of invasion during Tyr/Phe deprivation. Additionally, 14 other genes are differentially modulated by Tyr/Phe deprivation. These results suggest that specific intracellular free amino acids regulate the metastatic potential of tumor cells by modulating gene expression and function.
What Do Markets Have in Common? Toward a Fast Train Policy in the European Community

One of the original hopes for European unity was that a huge frontierless economic region could replicate the economic dynamism of America's post-war economy. In the past dccade thc common "market" took on another meaning as Europe became disillusioned with interventionist public policies and explicitly turned to privatization and markets to promote growth. Europeification has come to mean not only efforts to break down trade barriers, but a shift away from national-level interventionism toward the sort of the market organization of economic life associated with Adam Smith. The European Community is increasingly seen as a structure for imposing discipline on governments that might otherwise mcddle with industry -as a referee in an enormous free market.
L-stable model for the distribution of income

This paper introduces a new model for the distribution of income, and hopes to draw attention to the great potential of the “L-stable” family of nonGaussian probability distributions. This new tool may be as important as the specific application to be discussed. In other words, the same approach translates immediately to analogous quantities for which it may be more reasonable, or give a better fit. One might even paraphrase Einstein’s cagey comment about Brownian motion: it is possible that the properties studied in that paper are identical to those of income; however, the information available regarding incomes is so lacking in precision that one cannot really form a judgement on the matter.
Problems, pitfalls, and opportunities in long-term randomized trials.

Randomized clinical trials are intended to answer questions about the use of therapeutic agents, but the answers are not always clear or easy to get. A prime source of problems is that treatment itself can have several disparate goals. A therapeutic agent can be given at least three different purposes, in which the treated people have different baseline conditions and the treatment is aimed at different outcomes.
The Promoting Activity in Cancer Survivors (PACES) trial: A multiphase optimization of strategy approach to increasing physical activity in breast cancer survivors

Despite the significant, empirically supported benefits of physical activity, the majority of breast cancer survivors do not meet recommended guidelines for physical activity. A variety of effective strategies to increase physical activity in breast cancer survivors have been identified. However, it is unknown which of these strategies is most effective or how these strategies might be combined to optimize intervention effectiveness. The proposed trial uses multiphase optimization strategy (MOST) to evaluate four evidence-based intervention strategies for increasing physical activity in breast cancer survivors. We will enroll 500 breast cancer survivors, age 18 and older, who are 3-months to 5 years post-treatment. Using a full-factorial design, participants will be randomized to receive a combination: 1) supervised exercise, 2) facility access, 3) self-monitoring, and 4) group-based active living counseling. The primary outcome, moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) will be measured at baseline, 3 months, and 6 months using an Actigraph GT3X+. To evaluate intervention effects, a linear mixed-effects model will be conducted with MVPA as the outcome and with time (3 months and 6 months) as the within-subjects factor and intervention (i.e., supervised exercise, facility access, self-monitoring, and active living counseling) as the between subjects factor, along with all two-way interactions. The purpose of the PACES study is to evaluate multiple strategies for increasing physical activity in breast cancer survivors. Results of this study will provide in an optimized intervention for increasing physical activity in breast cancer survivors. Clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT03060941 . Registered February 23, 2017.
Hemolytic Anemia: Part 2

1. Kwesi Sackey, MD* 1. 2. *Associate Professor of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology/Oncology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX. Upon completion of this article, readers should be able to: 1. Describe the infections to which children who have sickle cell disease are susceptible. 2. Describe the complications of sickle cell disease. 3. Describe the presentation of thalassemia major. ### DEFINITION Sickle cell disease is a hemoglobinopathy characterized by the inheritance of two abnormal hemoglobin genes, at least one of which is the sickle hemoglobin gene. The most common types are: hemoglobin SS disease, hemoglobin SC disease, and hemoglobin S-thalassemia. The inheritance of one normal hemoglobin gene (A) in association with hemoglobin S leads to the formation of hemoglobin AS, which also is called sickle trait and is considered a carrier state, not a “disease.” ### EPIDEMIOLOGY The sickle gene is prevalent in West Africa, Central Africa, the Mediterranean, the Middle East, and certain parts of India. It also is present in other parts of the world where black immigrants from Africa comprise a substantial portion of the population. In the United States, the incidence of the sickle gene among African Americans is 8%. ### PATHOLOGY, PATHOPHYSIOLOGY, AND PATHOGENESIS In the sickle hemoglobin, a mutation in codon 6 of the beta chain (GAT8594’3fGGT) leads to replacement of glutamic acid by valine. This hemoglobin undergoes changes precipitated by many factors, with the classic one being deoxygenation. Deoxygenation is associated with the formation of crystals of less soluble hemoglobin S that align in a unique fashion, leading to the unusual shape of the cell. Other precipitating factors include pH changes and temperature. The rigid cells, in combination with the attendant increase in viscosity, result in sludging and organ infarction. ### CLINICAL PRESENTATIONS The clinical manifestations of sickle cell disease vary from patient to patient and from region to region, even among those who have apparently similar phenotypes. The variation ranges from a complete lack of symptoms even into adulthood to life-threatening complications beginning in early infancy. Most …
Optimizing free space to few-modefiber coupling efficiency

We evaluate the coupling efficiency from free space to few-mode fibers (FMF). A theoretical coupling model is developed based on the imaging properties of free-space modes and the inner products between the free-space modes and the FMF modes. Numerical results for six- and ten-mode free-space-to-FMF coupling are presented. It is found that in order to maximize the total coupling efficiency, the size of the highest-order free-space and fiber modes should be approximately matched, and there is an optimum value for the V number of the FMF. In addition, the axial alignment tolerance for free-space-to-FMF coupling is more stringent than for single-mode cases.
Surprisal, Liking, and Musical Affect

Formulation and processing of expectation has long been viewed as an essential component of the emotional, psychological, and neurological response to musical events. There are multiple theories of musical expectation, ranging from a broad association between expectation violation and musical affect to precise descriptions of neurocognitive networks that contribute to the perception of surprising stimuli. In this paper, we propose a probabilistic model of musical expectation that relies on the recursive updating of listeners’ conditional predictions of future events in the musical stream. This model is defined in terms of cross-entropy, or information content given a prior model. A probabilistic program implementing some aspects of this model with melodies from Bach chorales is shown to support the hypothesized connection between the evolution of surprisal through a piece and affective arousal, indexed by the spread of possible deviations from the expected play count.
Endothelin-1-Induced Microvascular ROS and Contractility in Angiotensin-II-Infused Mice Depend on COX and TP Receptors.

(1) Background: Angiotensin II (Ang II) and endothelin 1 (ET-1) generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) that can activate cyclooxygenase (COX). However, thromboxane prostanoid receptors (TPRs) are required to increase systemic markers of ROS during Ang II infusion in mice. We hypothesized that COX and TPRs are upstream requirements for the generation of vascular ROS by ET-1. (2) Methods: ET-1-induced vascular contractions and ROS were assessed in mesenteric arterioles from wild type (+/+) and knockout (−/−) of COX1 or TPR mice infused with Ang II (400 ng/kg/min × 14 days) or a vehicle. (3) Results: Ang II infusion appeared to increase microvascular protein expression of endothelin type A receptors (ETARs), TPRs, and COX1 and 2 in COX1 and TPR +/+ mice but not in −/− mice. Ang II infusion increased ET-1-induced vascular contractions and ROS, which were prevented by a blockade of COX1 and 2 in TPR −/− mice. ET-1 increased the activity of aortic nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase and decreased superoxide dismutase (SOD) 1, 2, and 3 in Ang-II-infused mice, which were prevented by a blockade of TPRs. (4) Conclusion: Activation of vascular TPRs by COX products are required for ET-1 to increase vascular contractions and ROS generation from NADPH oxidase and reduce ROS metabolism by SOD. These effects require an increase in these systems by prior infusion of Ang II.
Linguistic Politeness in the Chinese Language and Culture

This paper aims to explore the cultural foundations of polite speech and analyze its usage and practice in modern Chinese. A language mirrors the culture it is associated with. Grounded in the Chinese tradition and the teachings of Confucianism, the emphasis on rites, propriety and humility led to the development of polite language from the early imperial time. Because of the absence of related syntactic features, Chinese linguistic politeness is predominantly manifested on the lexical level. A rich array of decorous terms and expressions has been evolved accordingly to express courtesy or respect either verbally or in formal writing. In general, the lexicon of politeness can be classified into four major categories, namely, honorifics, humble language, courteous speech, and euphemisms.
Risk Factors for Postoperative Opioid Use in Arthroscopic Shoulder Labral Surgery.

Purpose To determine the correlation between preoperative and postoperative opioid use in patients undergoing arthroscopic shoulder labral repair, as well as patient risk factors associated with increased postoperative opioid use after the procedure. Methods A retrospective review of all patients undergoing arthroscopic shoulder labral surgery at a single institution between August 2013 and November 2017 was performed. Patients were stratified as opioid nonusers, acute users, or chronic users based on preoperative consumption. Patient demographic characteristics, injury characteristics, surgical interventions, and postoperative opioid use for the first 12 months after surgery were then analyzed. Results A total of 340 patients were included in this study. The average age was 26.3 years (range, 13-68 years), and the average body mass index was 27.5 (range, 18.4-45.0). Preoperative opioid users (acute and chronic) were found to continue to receive opioid medications at extended time points beyond 2 months postoperatively compared with nonusers (P .05). Conclusions In patients undergoing arthroscopic labral surgery, the chronicity of preoperative opioid use, number of concomitant procedures at the time of initial surgery, and presence of biceps tenodesis were found to significantly increase postoperative opioid demand. Orthopaedic surgeons should recognize risk factors for increased opioid use postoperatively and adapt treatment strategies and patient counseling accordingly. Level of Evidence Level III, retrospective cohort study.
Federal Reserve System International Facilities

Fed lending to foreign central banks for them to provide emergency lending aids the U.S. economy by stabilizing international financial markets.
Chapter 17 – Dinoflagellates

Dinoflagellates are a group of unicellular protists that can be identified using the light microscope, and are (usually) recognized by their golden-brown plastids, assimilative cell with indented waist, distinctive swimming pattern, and relatively large nucleus that contains visible chromosomes. Shared characteristics of the group include: two dissimilar flagella in motile cells; an unusual genome consisting of liquid, crystal-like chromosomes; and a haplontic life cycle that often contains a non-motile, dormant cyst stage. Freshwater dinoflagellates are diverse and may be phototrophic, predatory, or both (mixotrophic). They can be found in most aquatic habitats throughout the seasons; although flagship taxa, such as Ceratium, Peridinium, and Gymnodinium, are typically found as phytoplankton in calm, lentic waters during warmer months. This chapter updates taxonomy (extensive splitting of the genera Peridinium, Peridiniopsis, and Woloszynskia), identification of genera via microscopy, and adds molecular information on taxa and group systematics where available.
Robotic Pneumonectomy for Lung Cancer: Perioperative Outcomes and Factors Leading to Conversion to Thoracotomy:

ObjectiveIn the tide of robot-assisted minimally invasive surgery, few cases of robot-assisted pneumonectomy exist in the literature. This study evaluates the perioperative outcomes and risk factor...
The orbitofrontal cartographer

Theories of orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) function have evolved substantially over the last few decades. There is now a general consensus that the OFC is important for predicting aspects of future events and for using these predictions to guide behavior. Yet the precise content of these predictions and the degree to which OFC contributes to agency contingent upon them has become contentious, with several plausible theories advocating different answers to these questions. In this review we will focus on three of these ideas-the economic value, credit assignment, and cognitive map hypotheses-describing both their successes and failures. We will propose that these failures hint at a more nuanced and perhaps unique role for the OFC, particularly the lateral subdivision, in supporting the proposed functions when an underlying model or map of the causal structures in the environment must be constructed or updated. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
Shaw, O’Casey, Connolly: Stitching the Foundation, 1890s–1915

The chapter begins with W. B. Yeats’ 1894 dream of being haunted by a clicking, grinning sewing machine, insinuated to be Bernard Shaw. While the damaging impact of the dream is discussed, the chapter asks why a sewing machine, of all the machines of industrialization? The machines, from the 1890s on were produced by sweated labour and made sweated clothing factories possible. Hence, the machines represented the industrial poverty Shaw had consistently worked against. One toiler for the Singer Sewing Machine Company was James Connolly, who traversed industrial Scotland in October 1910 arguing for workers’ unification, just as Shaw lectured for equal incomes in Glasgow and Edinburgh in the same month. Within six months, Singer’s Kilbowie factory, within industrial Scotland, was on strike by unified workers demanding improved wages. This 1911 strike inspired James Larkin to lead the Irish Transport and General Workers’ Union (ITGWU) in Ireland to strike against Irish railways, including the Great Northern Railway (GNR). After the union’s defeat, the GNR sacked Sean O’Casey for ITGWU membership. These three Irish socialists are then followed and analysed through 1915.
“Little Goodies in His Kit Bag”: British Servicemen, Masculinity, and Feeding the Home Front in World War II

In World War II, the British government called on all able-bodied men to join the forces and defend the country, enabling them to fulfill the role of ideal male in wartime. These men also performed...
The Tokaido Road: Travelling and Representation in Edo and Meiji Japan

List of figures Acknowledgements Glossary 1. Introduction 2. Infrastructure and Cartography of the Tokaido in Macro 2.1. The Tokaido as a Geopolitical Territory 2.2. Infrastructure upon the Tokaido Route 2.3. The Tokaido's Cartography 3. Travelling Practices and Literary Tokaido 3.1. Road Cosmology - The Road as a Microcosm 3.2. Travelling Practices of the Edo Period 3.3. Literary Tokaido 4. Performance, Visuality and Imagination at the Tokaido's Micro-Scale 4.1. Transportation-Stations: Spaces of Performance, Spaces of Representation 4.2. Tokaido and Visuality 5. Conclusions and Openings: The Tokaido as Medium of National Knowledge 5.1. National Knowledge and Epistemology 5.2. History as Nostalgia, History as Play Bibliography Notes