cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Announcement and Publication Decisions and the Use of Prediction Errors in Cross-Sectional Analysis: Evidence on Seasoned Equity Issues

An important concern for empirical analysis of market responses to public releases of information is whether the voluntary nature of announcement and publication decisions imparts a selectivity bias and, if so, how this bias affects empirical results. Using a database of SEC filings of equity issues, all related Wall Street Journal published announcements are identified. The published announcements are used to classify proposed issues into subsamples with homogeneous information structures. Announcement and WSJ publication decisions are found to be non-random but, for industrial firms, not significantly related to firm size or exchange listing. Coefficients estimated without controlling for selectivity are found not to be significantly biased for either industrial or utility issues. However, for industrial issues, significance levels are considerably lower when selectivity bias is controlled. The hypothesis common to other studies of new issue announcement effects that observations from different information structures can be pooled, with coefficient estimates restricted to be equal across information structures, is rejected. The results have implications for the methods used to study cross-sectional market responses
CO2 Fixation Kinetics of Halothiobacillus neapolitanus Mutant Carboxysomes Lacking Carbonic Anhydrase Suggest the Shell Acts as a Diffusional Barrier for CO2

The widely accepted models for the role of carboxysomes in the carbon-concentrating mechanism of autotrophic bacteria predict the carboxysomal carbonic anhydrase to be a crucial component. The enzyme is thought to dehydrate abundant cytosolic bicarbonate and provide ribulose 1.5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RubisCO) sequestered within the carboxysome with sufficiently high concentrations of its substrate, CO2, to permit its efficient fixation onto ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate. In this study, structure and function of carboxysomes purified from wild type Halothiobacillus neapolitanus and from a high CO2-requiring mutant that is devoid of carboxysomal carbonic anhydrase were compared. The kinetic constants for the carbon fixation reaction confirmed the importance of a functional carboxysomal carbonic anhydrase for efficient catalysis by RubisCO. Furthermore, comparisons of the reaction in intact and broken microcompartments and by purified carboxysomal RubisCO implicated the protein shell of the microcompartment as impeding diffusion of CO2 into and out of the carboxysome interior.
XCRIBL – A hardcopy scan line graphics system for document generation

Abstract : XCRIBL is a system developed at CMU for generating hard copy computer output of arbitrary type fonts, graphics, and grey-scale images using a Xerox Graphic Printer (XGP). XCRIBL can be used to generate documents approaching the quality of printed text with the use of a document generation language (XOFF or PUB) and a character set design program (BILOS). Textual and graphic information to be printed is shipped in its raw form from the host computer (PDP-10) to a mini-computer (PDP-11) which acts as an intelligent channel controlling the XGP. Careful design of the data structures and the hardware interface permit the mini-computer to generate each scan line as needed without having to resort to a brute force solution of generating a bit-image for the whole page (3.5 million bits) for off-line printing. Variable width characters and the ability to mix text and graphics distinguish the present solution from the known simpler schemes for scan line generation. (Author)
An information matrix approach for aircraft parameter-insensitive control

The Fisher Information Matrix provides the nucleus of a design procedure for obtaining parameter-insensitive feedback gains in Linear-Quadratic-Gaussian problems. The procedure minimizes a sum of performance and closed-loop sensitivity costs, the latter being related to the information content of the system response. Analytical expressions for the appended cost functional and its gradient with respect to the feedback gains are derived. These derivatives serve as the basis of a computationally efficient iterative algorithm that finds the optimal gains. Application of the technique is made to determine low sensitivity feedback gains for a C-5A wing loading alleviation system that has 15 states and 3 uncertain parameters.
Evolution of glutathione S-transferase subunits in culicidae and related nematocera: Electrophoretic and immunological evidence for conserved enzyme structure and expression

The antigenic relatedness and molecular weights of glutathione S-transferase (GST) protein subunits expressed by representative members of the Dipteran suborder Nematocera were analyzed by immunoblotting and affinity chromatography. Ten species within the genus Aedes expressed two subunits which cross-reacted with an antiserum developed against the GST-1b isozyme purified from Aedes aegypti. One of these two subunits showed no discernible molecular weight variability within the ten Aedes species. Its molecular weight (25,900 Da) was identical to the GST-1a subunit found in A. aegypti. The molecular weight of the other subunits varied among the ten species, but in all cases was larger than 25,900 Da. In ten species within the genus Anopheles (considered to be among the more primitive genera in the Culicidae), only one immunologically related GST subunit was expressed. Its molecular weight was also identical to the GST-1a subunit found in the Aedes species. Members of genera considered phylogenetically intermediate between Anopheles and Aedes had either one or two cross-reacting subunits. Representative species of families closely related to the Culicidae (the Chaoboridae, Chironomidae, Simuliidae, and Cecidomyiidae) also expressed immunologically related GST subunits. GST isozymes were partially purified from Anopheles freeborni and A aegypti adults, larvae, and ovaries using S-hexylglutathione affinity chromatography. Adult and larval Anopheles freeborni expressed not only the immunologically related subunit, but an additional, immunologically unrelated subunit. In fully developed ovaries of both species, however, only subunits immunologically related to GST-1b were expressed. These results suggest that there is an immunologically conserved domain shared among specific GST isozymes within the Nemotocea. The conserved nature of these GST subunits, their correlation with oocyte development, and their localization within ovary tissue, suggests that they share a conserved in vivo function during oocyte maturation. In addition, the conserved antibody binding domain within these subunits apparently has been duplicated in several species of Culicidae.
Compact and low-latency scheme for optical steganography using chirped fibre Bragg gratings

A compact and low-latency approach for optical steganography has been experimentally demonstrated using a matched pair of chirped fibre Bragg gratings. A stealth WDM channel is temporally and spectrally hidden underneath a public optical code division multiple access signal. With the use of chirped fibre Bragg gratings, the length of the pulse compressor/decompressor is reduced by a factor of 2000. The power penalty on the public channel is <1 dB when the stealth signal has a power of 10 dB lower than the public channel.
Dorsal midbrain syndrome from a ring-enhancing lesion.

A ring-enhancing lesion is an uncommon cause of a dorsal midbrain syndrome. Here, we describe the case of a 60-year-old man with eye movement and pupillary findings consistent with dorsal midbrain syndrome, and in whom neuroimaging showed a single ring-enhancing lesion in the right midbrain and thalamus. Further investigation revealed a longstanding right groin mass which proved to be a malignant melanoma. His intracranial lesion was presumed to be a metastatic lesion, and treated with stereotactic radiosurgery. We report the patient’s clinical course, and discuss the diagnosis and management of the solitary midbrain lesion.
NASA Aircraft Vortex Spacing System Development Status

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is addressing airport capacity enhancements during instrument meteorological conditions through the Terminal Area Productivity (TAP) program. Within TAP, the Reduced Spacing Operations (RSO) subelement at the NASA Langley Research Center is developing an Aircraft VOrtex Spacing System (AVOSS). AVOSS will integrate the output of several systems to produce weather dependent, dynamic wake vortex spacing criteria. These systems provide current and predicted weather conditions, models of wake vortex transport and decay in these weather conditions, and reql-time feedback of wake vortex behavior from sensors. The goal of the NASA program is to provide the research and development to demonstrate an engineering model AVOSS in real-time operation at a major airport. The demonstration is only of concept feasibility, and additional effort is required to deploy an operational system for actual aircraft spacing reduction. This paper describes the AVOSS system architecture, a wake vortex facility established at the Dallas-Fort Worth Internaional Airport (DFW), initial operational experience with the AVOSS system, and emerging considerations for subsystem requirements. Results of the initial system operation suggest a significant potential for reduced spacing.
Generation of openings in vacuum deposited SiO diffusion masking films

Abstract A simple method for obtaining moderately small planar arsenic emitter diffusions in germanium is described. Positive masks of 0·15-mil thick NaCl evaporated through a metal mask prior to the vacuum deposition of SiO are easily dissolved after the deposition. The resulting SiO film is suitable for diffusion masking of 2·5 × 3·5-mil structures.
Correlation of Adsorption/Desorption Processes on Pigment Surfaces

An approach utilizing diffuse reflectance FT-IR is described whereby the desorption of carbon monoxide from a pigment surface is correlated with the adsorption of two organo-functional silane materials, 3-chloropropylsilane (CPS) and 3-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (MPS). Correlation of observables from a single set of measurements provides an efficient means to determine the results of adsorption as a function of adsorbate structure and treatment solution concentration.
Blast-induced Mild Traumatic Brain Injury

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) has been a major cause of mortality and morbidity in the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan. Blast exposure has been the most common cause of TBI, occurring through multiple mechanisms. What is less clear is whether the primary blast wave causes brain damage through mechanisms that are distinct from those common in civilian TBI and whether multiple exposures to low-level blast can lead to long-term sequelae. Complicating TBI in soldiers is the high prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder. At present, the relationship is unclear. Resolution of these issues will affect both treatment strategies and strategies for the protection of troops in the field.
Reply to: dynamic incentives and responsibility accounting: a comment

Abstract Christensen et al. (Dynamic incentives and responsibility accounting: a comment, J. Account. Econ. 35 (2003) 423) examine Indjejikian and Nanda (J. Account. Econ. 27 (1999) 177) and suggest that our characterization of the inefficiency arising from limited commitment as a “ratchet effect” phenomenon is misplaced. In this reply, we describe the ratchet effect as commonly understood in the literature, clarify the role of contractual commitments in our analysis, and then illustrate why both the substance and interpretation of our original results continue to be appropriate.
PATHOGENESIS OF NEUROGENIC PULMONARY ŒDEMA

Evidence suggests that the initial phase of neurogenic pulmonary oedema results from a centrally mediated, massive, sympathetic discharge. It is postulated that this produces intense, generlised, but transient, vasoconstriction with a resultant shift of blood from the high-resistance systemic circulation to the low-resistance pulmonary circulation. Pronounced increases in pulmonary vascular pressures and blood-volume then produce pulmonary oedema because of the hydrostatic effect of increased pulmonary capillary pressure. In addition, pulmonary hypertension and hypervolaemia injure pulmonary blood-vessels, altering pulmonary capillary permeability and producing lung haemorrhage. After the transient systemic and pulmonary vascular hypertension subside, the patient is left with abnormal pulmonary capillary permeability, so that pulmonary oedema persists in the face of normal haemodynamic and cardiac function.
Dissociation of the multi-enzyme complex of the brown-rot fungus Postia placenta

Cellulolytic and xylanolytic polysaccharidase enzyme activities from the multi-enzyme complex of Postia placenta MAD 698 were dissociated. Decayed wood extracts were fractionated by methyl-hydrophobic interaction chromatography and analyzed for reducing sugars and by viscosimetry and Western blot. Fractionated endoglucanases had molecular masses of 35 and 40 kDa on SDS-PAGE. Western blots probed with anti-endoglucanase and anti-xylanase antibodies revealed two endoglucanase bands at 35 and 40 kDa, but no commonality with the major xylanase band at 36 kDa. Anti-endoglucanase antibody inhibited endoglucanase enzyme activity.
AN EXACT FINITE FIELD RENORMALIZATION GROUP CALCULATION ON A TWO-DIMENSIONAL FRACTAL LATTICE

A two-dimensional fractal lattice, herein referred to as the tetrahedral gasket, is used as a model for an exact two-dimensional real-space renormalization group calculation. It is shown that this Ising spin-system has exact solutions which includes a nontrivial phase transition even in the presence of a finite field. The calculation also introduces a new analysis tool, the free energy surface plot, which gives further insight into the phase diagram of the spin-system. The discussion includes comments concerning the apparent preference of the system to maintain some finite entropy, even in the presence of an extremely large spin–spin coupling.
Orientational dynamics and dye-DNA interactions in a dye-labeled DNA aptamer.

We report the picosecond and nanosecond timescale rotational dynamics of a dye-labeled DNA oligonucleotide or “aptamer” designed to bind specifically to immunoglobulin E. Rotational dynamics in combination with fluorescence lifetime measurements provide information about dye-DNA interactions. Comparison of Texas Red (TR), fluorescein, and tetramethylrhodamine (TAMRA)-labeled aptamers reveals surprising differences with significant implications for biophysical studies employing such conjugates. Time-resolved anisotropy studies demonstrate that the TR- and TAMRA-aptamer anisotropy decays are dominated by the overall rotation of the aptamer, whereas the fluorescein-aptamer anisotropy decay displays a subnanosecond rotational correlation time much shorter than that expected for the overall rotation of the aptamer. Docking and molecular dynamics simulations suggest that the low mobility of TR is a result of binding in the groove of the DNA helix. Additionally, associated anisotropy analysis of the TAMRA-aptamer reveals both quenched and unquenched states that experience significant coupling to the DNA motion. Therefore, quenching of TAMRA by guanosine must depend on the configuration of the dye bound to the DNA. The strong coupling of TR to the rotational dynamics of the DNA aptamer, together with the absence of quenching of its fluorescence by DNA, makes it a good probe of DNA orientational dynamics. The understanding of the nature of dye-DNA interactions provides the basis for the development of bioconjugates optimized for specific biophysical measurements and is important for the sensitivity of anisotropy-based DNA-protein interaction studies employing such conjugates.
On the role of PES data in the identification of metal—metal charge transfer bands in clusters of clusters

Abstract The clusters of clusters M 2 [O 2 CCCo 3 (CO) 9 ] 4− n [O 2 CR] n , where M is Cr, n = 0; where M is Mo, n = 0, 1, R is CH 3 ; where M is W, n = 0; exhibit allowed transitions with absorbance maxima that correlate with the lowest ionization energy of M 2 (O 2 CMe) 4 . An analysis of this correlation, in conjunction with molecular orbital models of electronic structure, allows these absorptions to be assigned to charge transfer transitions between the group 16 dimetal center and the tricobalt cluster substituent on the carboxylate ligand functionality. The characteristics of this metal-metal charge transfer transition should be amenable to further control by variation in substituent cluster properties.
Templated display of biomolecules and inorganic nanoparticles by metal ion-induced peptide nanofibers

We functionalized peptide nanofibers to provide a nano-scale template for the display of biomolecules and inorganic nanoparticles using metal ion coordination. Nanofibers assembled only in the presence of certain divalent metal ions, and could be readily dissolved by a metal-chelating reagent, EDTA.
Fabrication of Patterned DNA Surfaces

Two photolithographic methods are described for the formation of patterned single or multiple DNA species on SiO2 substrates. In the first approach, substrates are treated with a photochemically labile organosilane monolayer film. Irradiation of these surfaces with patterned deep UV (193 nm) light results in patterned chemically reactive groups which are then reacted with heterobifunctional crosslinking molecules. Covalent attachment of modified synthetic DNA oligomers to the crosslinker results in stable DNA patterns. Alternatively, a photoresist is spin-coated over a silane film which had been previously modified with the heterobifunctional crosslinker. Upon patterned irradiation and subsequent development, the underlying crosslinker-modified layer is revealed, and is then reacted with a chemically modified DNA. Feature dimensions to 1 micron are observed when a single fluorescent DNA is attached to the surface. By performing sequential exposures, we have successfully immobilized two distinguishable DNA oligomers on a single surface. Synthetic DNA immobilized in this manner retains the ability to hybridize to its complementary strand, suggesting that these approaches may find utility in the development of miniaturized DNA-based biosensors.
Conversion of d-α-tocopherol-C14 to tocopheryl-p-quinone in vivo☆

Abstract Following administration of d -α-tocopherol-5-methyl-C 14 to rats, a labeled metabolite has been isolated from the liver which has been identified by chromatographic and carrier crystallization methods as tocopheryl quinone. Evidence also has been found for the natural occurrence of trace quantities of this compound in liver and muscle extracts of mice and pigs. The presence of a second major metabolite in the tissues of these animals has been demonstrated.
In children born IUGR, normalization of weight by age 5 may be associated with hypertension

ASSOCIATED WITH HYPERTENSION KATHARINE WENSTROM, SUZANNE CLIVER, ROBERT GOLDENBERG, STEPHEN ROSTAND, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Obstetrics/Gynecology, Birmingham, Alabama, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama OBJECTIVE: The Barker hypothesis suggests that IUGR fetuses undergo some form of in utero metabolic programming that ultimately leads to obesity and hypertension (HTN) in adulthood. However, hypertension can also be related to decreased nephron number. We hypothesized that, in children born IUGR, HTN may be related not just to obesity, but to ‘‘normalization’’ of weight (ie, an increase in weight –height from !10th percentile at birth to up to the 75th percentile at age 5), resulting in a body size out of proportion to renal function. STUDY DESIGN: As part of a larger prospective study of women at risk for recurrent IUGR, 262 children were evaluated for systolic (Sys), diastolic (Dias) and mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) and weight -height percentile (Wt-Ht) at age 5. Wt-Ht was categorized as being 10th vs >10th, !25th vs 25th, or !50th vs 50th to 75th percentile. Children born IUGR (n = 58) were compared to those born AGA (n = 202). RESULTS: At age 5, black children born AGA had statistically significant increases in mean Sys, Dias, and MAP in each successively higher Wt-Ht category, but all values were within normal limits (WNL). Black children born IUGR had statistically significant increases in mean Sys, Dias, and MAP only when Wt-Ht was 25th percentile, and all values were WNL. In contrast, in white children born AGA, mean Sys, Dias, and MAP values were similar in each successively higher Wt-Ht category at age 5, and all values were WNL. Interestingly, in white children born IUGR, mean Sys, Dias, and MAP values were similar and WNL in each successively higher Wt-Ht category only up to the 50th percentile; white children born IUGR whose Wt-Ht at age 5 was at the 50th to 75th percentile had systolic hypertension (Mean Sys BP = 113). CONCLUSION: White infants who are born small and have significant ‘‘catch up’’ growth in early childhood but are not obese may be at higher risk of HTN than those who remain relatively small. There appears to be a more significant association between blood pressure and body size in black children than in white SMFM Abstracts S45
The Mental Development Repository

This article describes the Mental Development Repository, a Web site dedicated to computational autonomous mental development research. A brief history of the Web site is detailed, as are the contents of the site. Finally, information on submitting research to the Mental Development Repository is presented for all interested parties
440 SERUM DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE SULFATE (DHEAS) AS A PREDICTOR OF PUBERTY IN CHILDREN WITH HYPOPITUITARISM

440 SERUM DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE SULFATE (DHEAS) AS A PREDICTOR OF PUBERTY IN CHILDREN WITH HYPOPITUITARISM
Experimental study of the autoignition of C8H16O2 ethyl and methyl esters in a motored engine

Abstract Autoignition of two biodiesel surrogates, methyl heptanoate and ethyl hexanoate, was studied in a motored CFR engine at an equivalence ratio of 0.25 and an intake temperature of 155 °C. The engine compression ratio was gradually increased from the lowest point (4.43) to the point where significant high temperature heat release (HTHR) occurred. Within the test range of this work, both of the two esters exhibited evident cool flame behavior. At the same compression ratio, methyl heptanoate was observed to have both an earlier onset and a higher magnitude of low temperature heat release (LTHR) than ethyl hexanoate, indicating that methyl heptanoate is more reactive in the low temperature region than ethyl hexanoate. GC–MS analyses of the reaction intermediates from the oxidation of the two esters showed that the alkyl chain of fatty acid esters experiences the typical paraffin-like low temperature oxidation sequence. Based on the observations from GC–MS analyses, major low temperature oxidation pathways of ethyl hexanoate are proposed in this work. Also, it is observed that the abstraction of H-atoms on the α-carbon of the ester carbonyl group plays an important role in the oxidation of fatty acid esters. In addition, the identification of hexanoic acid among the reaction intermediates from low temperature oxidation of ethyl hexanaoate together with the observation of more fuel carbon being converted to C2H4 during ethyl hexanoate oxidation than during methyl heptanoate oxidation provide evidence for the existence of the six-centered unimolecular elimination reaction during low temperature oxidation of ethyl esters.
Hybrid Evolution of Convolutional Networks

With the increasing trend of neural network models towards larger structures with more layers, we expect a corresponding exponential increase in the number of possible architectures. In this paper, we apply a hybrid evolutionary search procedure to define the initialization and architectural parameters of convolutional networks, one of the first successful deep network models. We make use of stochastic diagonal Levenberg-Marquardt to accelerate the convergence of training, lowering the time cost of fitness evaluation. Using parameters found from the evolutionary search together with absolute value and local contrast normalization preprocessing between layers, we achieve the best known performance on several of the MNIST Variations, rectangles-image and convex image datasets.
Laser Power And Energy Measurements

Laser source and detector characterization necessary for laser systems design is reviewed. Power, energy and temporal development of sources are discussed. Also, the spatial response of detectors is addressed.
The detection of fucose residues in plant nuclear envelopes

Protoplasts from suspension-culturedDaucus carota L. cells, when fixed and incubated with fluorescein conjugates of the fucosyl-specific lectinUlex europaeus agglutinin I, exhibited the following pattern of labeling: plasma membranes were not marked, but striking halos of fluorescence appeared around the periphery of all nucleic. Identical observations were made with protoplasts fromVicia faba L. leaves,Pisum sativum L. epicotyls,Zea mays L. roots andGlycine max L. cell suspensions, as well as with nucleic in cell-free preparations from the same sources. These results indicate that in a broad spectrum of angiosperm cells, fucose residues are associated with the nuclear envelope. The relationship of this finding in plant cells to recent discoveries regarding nuclear glycoconjugates in animal cells remains to be explored.
The effectiveness of economic sanctions with application to the case of Iraq

Abstract In a recent article, San Ling Lam (1990) used a probit estimation technique to re-examine the conclusions of Hufbauer, Schott and Elliott (1985) regarding the effectiveness of economic sanctions in achieving foreign policy goals. While Lam's criticisms of the HSE methodology are valid, the results of the model developed here differ in lending support to the HSE conclusions. In addition, the model can be used to predict the probability of sanctions contributing to a peaceful resolution of the recent Middle East crisis. The predicted probabilities of success in the Iraq case were above average and well above 50 percent.
Chemical variations in coal macerals separated by density gradient centrifugation

Abstract Using density gradient centrifugation, 22 coals with varying maceral composition and rank have been separated. The carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen contents of selected density fractions have also been obtained for each coal. Examination of the data shows that the density gradient procedure provides information not only on the differences between maceral groups, but also within maceral groups. In general, as density increases the HC ratio was found to decrease across each maceral group density band. Although more variable, the OC ratio tended to increase across the maceral bands. In addition, the aromaticity and ring index calculated from the data show that, for many coals, both parameters increase through a given maceral distribution. From the data, it has been concluded that density gradient centrifugation can provide a more detailed insight into the nature of coal and coal macerals.
Neuro-muscular mechanisms controlling a flight maneuver in the honeybee

1. Changes in the speed of bees flying on a turnabout were induced by moving a patterned corridor about the moving bee (Fig. 1). Records were made of flight speed, wingbeat frequency and action potential frequencies in both the dorsoventral and dorsolongitudinal flight muscles. 2. Increases in the action potential frequency of the dorsoventral muscles (DV APF) were significantly correlated, in a positive sense, to the increases in flight speed. Changes in the action potential frequency of the dorsolongitudinal muscles (DL APF) were not correlated with changes of flight speed when the animals were flying at a net positive ground speed (optical pattern moving from front to back) but large decreases in the action potential frequency of this muscle occurred when the animals were flown with a net negative ground speed (optical pattern moving from back to front). 3. The range of variability of the wingbeat frequency (WBF) was small (approx. ±4%), however, wingbeat frequency was also negatively correlated with the increases in flight speed that occurred when animals were flown with a net negative ground speed. 4. The observed changes in the action potential frequencies of the dorsoventral and dorsolongitudinal muscles and wingbeat frequency were subjected to a multiple regression analysis. The following equation relating the % changes of these three parameters gives a very good estimate of the observed increases in flight speed. Predicted changes in flight speed = (3.46 × Δ DV APF) + (−1.58 × Δ DL APF) + (−5.61 × Δ WBF) + 23.2: multiple correlation coefficient (R) = 0.88,P≪ 0.001.
Dataflow analysis in APL

An algorithm is described to perform dataflow analysis on programs written in an APL-like language. The dataflow analysis is performed at both the intra and interprocedural levels. The algorithm presented here is simpler and tailored more directly to the target language than previously published algorithms for dataflow analysis in APL. These algorithms have been implemented as part of a APL compiler.
Mathematical modeling of solidification paths in ternary alloys: Limiting cases of solute redistribution

A simple mathematical framework is provided for calculating solidification paths of ternary alloys for equilibrium, paraequilibrium, and nonequilibrium conditions. The results are useful for estimating the possible range of primary solidification paths, the type of monovariant reaction expected to occur, and the relative amount of primary, monovariant eutectic and ternary eutectic constituents that form during solidification. Example calculations show that, for solidification of a ternary eutectic alloy under equilibrium conditions, the monovariant eutectic reaction will only occur when the nominal alloy concentration is above the maximum solid solubility. This result is similar to the binary case. For paraequilibrium conditions, a monovariant eutectic reaction is always expected to occur, but solidification can terminate before the invariant ternary eutectic reaction is reached. Finally, for nonequilibrium conditions, both the monovariant and invariant ternary eutectic reactions are always expected to occur, which is similar to the binary nonequilibrium case. The direction of liquid enrichment on the monovariant eutectic line can also be determined from the results.
Surface chemistry: A step in the right direction

Identifying the contribution of different surface sites to the overall kinetics of molecular desorption from solid surfaces is difficult even when using single crystals. A new technique that combines molecular beams with UV−UV double resonance spectroscopy resolves this problem for the case of carbon monoxide on Pt(111).
From job-based to competency-based organizations

The efficacy of designing organizations around job structures is challenged. Although this approach has dominated the fields of organizational behavior and human resource management for decades, a number of forces have converged to suggest that a competency-based approach often is more appropriate. In the global competitive environment which large, complex organizations face, the competency-based approach and the capabilities that individuals need to acquire and develop should be the major focus. Reward systems, career tracks, selection systems, and the structure of organizations need to change to focus on competencies. The challenges and opportunities for research, theory, and practice development that a change to a competency-based approach raises are many and diverse. For example, new pay systems are needed, new selection systems are needed, indeed whole new concepts about what constitutes selection validity and career development are needed.
Capital accumulation and taxation in a general equilibrium model with risky human capital

We integrate life cycle precautionary saving and human capital investment by modeling both activities in a single general equilibrium setting. Allowing human capital investment to respond to earnings uncertainty significantly increases precautionary saving but not enough for simulated saving rates to reach historical levels in the U.S. In contrast to recent deterministic analyses, we show income taxation may actually stimulate human capital due to the insurance effect of taxing uncertain returns. The same insurance effect helps explain why conversion to a wage tax base may lead to reduced savings, in contrast to some recent claims.
Green, red, yellow and purple: gendering the Kurdish Question in south-east Turkey

This article discusses the role of women in the contemporary ethno-territorial struggle of Kurdish Question in Turkey. I argue that gendered development has become the primary terrain where Turkish and pro-Kurdish political groups articulate their nationalist interests. The Kurt Sorunu (Kurdish Question) – the enduring debate over the political status and rights of Turkey's Kurdish population – is Turkey's largest geopolitical challenge to date. In the last decade, Turkish government policy towards the predominantly Kurdish south-east region has shifted from military intervention to gendered and socio-economic development. Simultaneously, the popularity and growth of a formal pro-Kurdish political movement has given the campaign for Kurdish rights an institutionalized voice and stronger role in regional affairs. The primary work of both the Turkish national government and local pro-Kurdish municipality of late has focused on women. Drawing on historical analysis and participant observation of development ...
Travel Time Comparisons Between Seven Unconventional Arterial Intersection Designs

Signalized intersections on high-volume arterials are often congested during peak periods, causing a decrease in through movement efficiency on the arterial. Much of the vehicle delay incurred at conventional arterial intersections is caused by high left-turn demand. Unconventional inter section designs attempt to reduce intersection delay and travel times by rerouting left turns away from the main intersection. Seven unconventional designs—the quadrant roadway intersection, median U-turn, superstreet median, bowtie, jughandle, split intersection, and continuous flow intersection designs—that could apply to a wide range of standard, four-leg intersections are compared. Previous comparisons of intersection delay and travel time between conventional designs and these unconventional designs have been piecemeal and have largely used hypothetical volumes. Simulation experiments were conducted using turning movement data from seven existing intersections of varying sizes to compare the travel time of convention...
Investigation of statistical iterative reconstruction for dedicated breast CT

Purpose: Dedicated breast CT has great potential for improving the detection and diagnosis of breast cancer. Statistical iterative reconstruction (SIR) in dedicated breast CT is a promising alternative to traditional filtered backprojection (FBP). One of the difficulties in using SIR is the presence of free parameters in the algorithm that control the appearance of the resulting image. These parameters require tuning in order to achieve high quality reconstructions. In this study, the authors investigated the penalized maximum likelihood (PML) method with two commonly used types of roughness penalty functions: hyperbolic potential and anisotropic total variation (TV) norm. Reconstructed images were compared with images obtained using standard FBP. Optimal parameters for PML with the hyperbolic prior are reported for the task of detecting microcalcifications embedded in breast tissue. Methods: Computer simulations were used to acquire projections in a half-cone beam geometry. The modeled setup describes a realistic breast CT benchtop system, with an x-ray spectra produced by a point source and an a-Si, CsI:Tl flat-panel detector. A voxelized anthropomorphic breast phantom with 280 μm microcalcification spheres embedded in it was used to model attenuation properties of the uncompressed woman's breast in a pendant position. The reconstruction of 3D images was performed using the separable paraboloidal surrogates algorithm with ordered subsets. Task performance was assessed with the ideal observer detectability index to determine optimal PML parameters. Results: The authors' findings suggest that there is a preferred range of values of the roughness penalty weight and the edge preservation threshold in the penalized objective function with the hyperbolic potential, which resulted in low noise images with high contrast microcalcifications preserved. In terms of numerical observer detectability index, the PML method with optimal parameters yielded substantially improved performance (by a factor of greater than 10) compared to FBP. The hyperbolic prior was also observed to be superior to the TV norm. A few of the best-performing parameter pairs for the PML method also demonstrated superior performance for various radiation doses. In fact, using PML with certain parameter values results in better images, acquired using 2 mGy dose, than FBP-reconstructed images acquired using 6 mGy dose. Conclusions: A range of optimal free parameters for the PML algorithm with hyperbolic and TV norm-based potentials is presented for the microcalcification detection task, in dedicated breast CT. The reported values can be used as starting values of the free parameters, when SIR techniques are used for image reconstruction. Significant improvement in image quality can be achieved by using PML with optimal combination of parameters, as compared to FBP. Importantly, these results suggest improved detection of microcalcifications can be obtained by using PML with lower radiation dose to the patient, than using FBP with higher dose.
High-performance flexible nanoelectronics: 2D atomic channel materials for low-power digital and high-frequency analog devices

In this work, we report the state-of-the-art flexible devices based on graphene for radio-frequency transistors and large bandgap MoS2 for low-power digital transistors for flexible nanoelectronics. Our studies on graphene transistors feature record mobility, transit frequency, and tensile strain and the first demonstration of flexible capping layers. Our studies on MoS2 transistors yield the first comprehensive insights into the coupled electrical and mechanical properties including buckling which degrades the gate control, and the thickness dependence of electrical properties.
Immunological tolerance induced in rabbits toward saline homogenates of chicken spleen and liver.

Abstract 1. 1. Newborn rabbits were given seven to nine daily intraperitoneal injections of saline homogenates of adult chicken spleen or liver to a total dose of 10, 25, 50, or 100 mg of protein. 2. 2. Rabbits injected with 25–100 mg of spleen at birth show an average four- to fivefold reduction of titer as compared to controls when challenged at the age of 11 weeks. Those given 10 mg average 1–2 tubes lower than the controls. 3. 3. Rabbits injected neonatally with 10 mg of liver show virtually no tolerance at 11 weeks of age; 25 mg effects a 2-tube reduction in titer, with 100 mg producing a threefold drop. 4. 4. Animals treated identically at birth but not challenged until he age of 20 weeks also are partially tolerant, but not as much as at 11 weeks. 5. 5. Regardless of precipitin titer, the sera of nearly all experimentally treated rabbits give more bands by agar-diffusion techniques than the sera of controls. This finding is interpreted as a response by these rabbits toward minor antigenic components of the extracts following suppression of their capacity to respond toward the few major components. 6. 6. The potential value of such a technique in the preparation of organ-specific antisera is discussed.
Growth in hypothalamic neurons as reflected by nuclear size and labelling with 3H-uridine

Abstract (1) Differential patterns of nuclear growth were observed in the neonatal rat hypothalamus. Significant growth of the neuronal nucleus occurred in the supraoptic and paraventricular regions during the first week of life, while marginal growth occurred in the ventrolateral portion of the ventromedial region. No growth was observed in the suprachiamatic and arcuate regions. (2) After injection of 3H-uridine, the degree of labelling of nuclear RNA was different in the various regions of the hypothalamus. The pattern of distribution of radioactivity changed with age. (3) Little or no change in the level of labelling of RNA took place in regions demostrating nuclear growth (supraoptic nucleus (SO), paraventricular nucleus (PV), ventromedial hypothalamic region (VM)). In the absence of nuclear growth, the degree of labelling of RNA declined (suprachiasmatic nucleus (SC), arcuate nucleus (ARC)). (4) Nuclei in female neurons were larger than in males in the five regions of the neonatal rat hypothalamus that were studied.
Health trends among college freshmen

Trends in college student health based on an annual survey of college freshmen administered for 30 consecutive years (1966-1995) at colleges and universities nationwide are described. Trends in the following areas are covered: (1) alcohol and drugs, (2) physical health, (3) psychological health, and (4) sexual attitudes. Gender and institutional differences in health behaviors and attitudes among the 1995 class of college freshmen are also considered. Major trends include declines in beer drinking and in physical and emotional self-confidence and an increase in stress and cigarette smoking. "Unhealthy" behaviors and attitudes are reported most often by freshmen at public 2-year institutions.
Mental health and medical problems and service use among adolescent substance users.

ABSTRACT Objective Adolescents entering the substance abuse treatment system frequently exhibit mental health and medical problems. Because little is known about whether these youths receive services to address these problems, this study examined the services received by youths admitted to substance abuse treatment. Method Admission and 3-month follow-up reports of mental health, medical problems, and service use were examined within a large cohort ( N = 1,088) of 12–19-year-olds admitted to seven inpatient and outpatient substance abuse treatment programs across the United States between 1998 and 2001. Results High levels of mental health problems were found at both time points, but few received mental health treatment. In contrast, there were lower rates of medical problems, and more than half received services. Logistic regression predicting mental health treatment receipt found females in residential settings with more current and baseline distress to be more likely to receive services. Ethnicity, baseline behavioral problems, and whether or not currently in substance abuse treatment did not predict service use. A logistic regression predicting medical services showed that females in residential treatment were also more likely to receive medical treatment. Conclusions Although these results require replication and validation, they suggest that more could be done to take advantage of the opportunity to link youths entering substance use treatment with mental health services.
Does Every Inspection Really Need a Meeting

Software review is a fundamental component of the software quality assurance process, yet significant controversies surround the most efficient and effective review method. A central question surrounds the use of meetings; traditional review practice views them as essential, while more recent findings question their utility. To provide insight into this question, we conducted a controlled experiment to assess several measures of cost and effectiveness for a meeting and non-meeting-based review method. The experiment used CSRS, a computer mediated collaborative software review environment, and 24 three person groups. We found that the meeting-based review method studied was significantly more costly than the non-meeting-based method, but that meeting-based review did not find significantly more defects than the non-meeting-based method. However, the meeting-based review method was significantly better at reducing the level of false positives, and subjects subjectively preferred meeting-based review over non-meeting-based review. This paper presents the motivation for this experiment, its design and implementation, our empirical findings, pointers to Internet repositories for replication or additional analysis of this experiment, conclusions, and future directions.
The proactive control of stereotype activation: Implicit goals to not stereotype

Stereotypes are typically conceived of as controlled through conscious willing. We propose that goals can lead to stereotype control even when the goals are not consciously noted. This is called proactive control since goal pursuit occurs not as a reaction to a stereotype having been activated and having exerted influence, but as an act of goal shielding that inhibits stereotypes instead of activating them. In two experiments proactive control over stereotypes toward African Americans was illustrated using a lexical decision task. In Experiment 1, participants with egalitarian goals showed slower responses to stereotypic words when following an African American male face (relative to following a White face). Experiment 2 illustrated African American faces facilitated responses to stimuli relevant to egalitarian goals; White faces did not. Together, these studies indicate that, without consciously trying, participants with egalitarian goals’ implicit reaction to African Americans included triggering fairne...
A very high frequency dc-dc converter based on a class Φ 2 resonant inverter

This paper introduces a new dc-dc converter suitable for operation at very high frequencies under on-off control. The converter power stage is based on a resonant inverter (the Phi2 inverter) providing low switch voltage stress and fast settling time. A new multi-stage resonant gate driver suited for driving large, high-voltage rf MOSFETS at VHF frequencies is also introduced. Experimental results are presented from a prototype dc-dc converter operating at 30 MHz at input voltages up to 200 V and power levels above 200 W. These results demonstrate the high performance achievable with the proposed design.
A new and distinctive species of the hermit crab genus Catapaguropsis (Crustacea: Decapoda: Anomura: Paguridae) from the South China Sea

The diagnosis of the recently described hermit crab genus Catapaguropsis Lemaitre & McLaughlin, 2006 is emended to accommodate a second distinctive new species, Catapaguropsis brucei n. sp., which does not exhibit the sexual dimorphism described for the type species, C. queenslandica Lemaitre & McLaughlin, 2006. Catapaguropsis brucei n. sp. is characterized by the marked reduction, in both sexes, of the posterior portions of the pleons, uropods, and telsons that are encased by cnidarians. In addition to the description and illustrations, this new species is compared and contrasted with species of other pagurid genera that occupy atypical carcinoecia.
Comparative evaluation of expert system testing methods

Effective testing (validation, verification and evaluation) for expert systems is becoming important. A comparative evaluation of black-box, white-box, consistency, and completeness testing methods is performed based on the criteria of effectiveness, robustness, and cost. Testing methods are evaluated using life-cycle mutation testing on a VLSI manufacturing diagnostic expert system. The results indicate that dynamic-flow testing can be used to catch faults in all phases of software development. >