cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Semi-quantitative electromyography as a predictor of nerve transfer outcome.

Abstract Objectives Evaluate correlation between donor nerve semi-quantitative electromyography (sqEMG) and strength outcome in nerve transfer surgery. Methods Retrospective review of pre-operative donor nerve semi-quantitative neurophysiology and post-operative recipient muscle force after at least one-year follow-up. The semi-quantitative technique is the average motor unit number estimate associated with needle recorded interference patterns in the donor muscle (IP-AMUNE), which was correlated with hand-held manometry, standardized as a percent of the contralateral arm, using multivariable linear regression with backward selection. Results Twenty-eight nerve transfer cases were included. The correlation between the donor nerve IP-AMUNE and the recipient muscle strength was moderate to strong and highly significant (r = 0.67, p 0.54). Conclusions IP-AMUNE is a good predictor of strength after nerve transfer surgery and should be considered in the evaluation and planning of patients undergoing nerve transfer to aid in donor nerve selection. Significance IP-AMUNE may significantly benefit those undergoing nerve transfer surgery for the restoration of movement.
Using computer‐assisted morphometrics of 5‐year biopsies to identify biomarkers of late renal allograft loss

The current Banff scoring system was not developed to predict graft loss and may not be ideal for use in clinical trials aimed at improving allograft survival. We hypothesized that scoring histologic features of digitized renal allograft biopsies using a continuous, more objective, computer-assisted morphometric (CAM) system might be more predictive of graft loss. We performed a nested case-control study in kidney transplant recipients with a surveillance biopsy obtained 5 years after transplantation. Patients that developed death-censored graft loss (n = 67) were 2:1 matched on age, gender, and follow-up time to controls with surviving grafts (n = 134). The risk of graft loss was compared between CAM-based models vs a model based on Banff scores. Both Banff and CAM identified chronic lesions associated with graft loss (chronic glomerulopathy, arteriolar hyalinosis, and mesangial expansion). However, the CAM-based models predicted graft loss better than the Banff-based model, both overall (c-statistic 0.754 vs 0.705, P < .001), and in biopsies without chronic glomerulopathy (c-statistic 0.738 vs 0.661, P < .001) where it identified more features predictive of graft loss (% luminal stenosis and % mesangial expansion). Using 5-year renal allograft surveillance biopsies, CAM-based models predict graft loss better than Banff models and might be developed into biomarkers for future clinical trials.
Institutionalizing and Industrializing Sport History in the Contemporary Sports Television Documentary

Documentaries compose a key way that ESPN has cultivated its self-named status as “The Worldwide Leader in Sports.” SportsCentury (1999), a multimedia project for which ESPN commissioned a forty-eight-member expert panel to rank the twentieth-century’s top 100 North American athletes was the media outlet’s first major foray into the genre. This essay outlines how SportsCentury aided ESPN’s efforts to build its brand identity; enhance and diversify its now dominant market share in sports media; broaden its demographic reach; and support, promote, and expand its other programming. It then briefly considers how SportsCentury established a popular model for producing sports documentary series that other cable sports television outlets have since adopted.
Design and synthesis of synthetic UP elements for modulation of gene expression in Escherichia coli.

Abstract Metabolic engineering requires fine-tuned gene expression for most pathway optimization applications. To develop a suitable suite of promoters, traditional bacterial promoter engineering efforts have focused on modifications to the core region, especially the −10 and −35 regions, of native promoters. Here, we demonstrate an alternate, unexplored route of promoter engineering through randomization of the UP element of the promoter—a region that contacts the alpha subunit carboxy-terminal domain instead of the sigma subunit of the RNA polymerase holoenzyme. Through this work, we identify five novel UP element sequences through library-based searches in Escherichia coli. The resulting elements were used to activate the E. coli core promoter, rrnD promoter, to levels on par and higher than the prevalent strong bacterial promoter, OXB15. These relative levels of expression activation were transferrable when applied upstream of alternate core promoter sequences, including rrnA and rrnH. This work thus presents and validates a novel strategy for bacterial promoter engineering with transferability across varying core promoters and potential for transferability across bacterial species.
Demonstrating cross-modal enhancement in a real food with a modified ABX test

Abstract Given widespread concerns about sugar intake and health, manufacturers are reformulating their products to help address consumer demand. One common strategy is the use of non-nutritive sweeteners; however, these may come with undesirable bitter and/or metallic side tastes or temporal profiles. One alternative sugar reduction strategy involves leveraging perceptual interactions between taste and smell. Prior work suggests that congruent aromas (appropriate for combination with sugar) can enhance sweetness when added to certain foods. However, demonstrating such enhancement psychophysically is not straight forward, as the conceptual strategy used by assessors can influence whether or not enhancement is observed. Here, a non-scaling approach was used to test for such enhancement. Two simple extensions of the ABX test (namely, matching in ABCX and ABCDX tasks) were used to demonstrate the effect of a congruent (vanilla) and incongruent (beef) aroma on sweetness perception in sweetened milk. Our data suggest both flavors were able to cause enhancement in the flavored milk samples, but enhancement effect was greater for the congruent aroma when compared to the incongruent aroma (p
A data-driven approach for maximizing solar PV capacity at the distribution feeder level under existing operational paradigms

Recent rapid growth in solar photovoltaic (PV) marks a shift away from conventional generation, providing a strategy for stemming carbon emissions emanating from the electricity sector. However, solar PV often appears within distribution systems where existing infrastructure was designed under a central-station paradigm. Fortunately, smart grid technologies can aid integration of distributed energy resources through better characterization of how these resources affect the grid. Using a New York utility service territory as a test bed, we present a data-driven Monte Carlo framework that estimates the maximum installed solar PV capacity at the distribution feeder level subject to existing network constraints. Working with representative days that closely match a feeder's load profile, we probabilistically select PV systems according to current New York trends and stochastically model hourly electricity generation. We found 262,318 kW of solar PV could be added across the entire utility service territory meeting 14.14% of electricity demand.
Computed tomography angiography is not accurate in predicting surgical prosthetic aortic valve implant size.

Abstract Background Multidetector computed tomography is vital in preoperative sizing for transcatheter aortic valve replacement. The purpose of this study is to determine whether preoperative transcatheter aortic valve replacement multidetector computed tomography accurately predicts surgical aortic valve prosthesis size. Methods Between July 2012 and July 2017, 102 patients who underwent surgical aortic valve replacement had preoperative aortic valve sizing by multidetector computed tomography. The aortic annulus diameter calculated using multidetector computed tomography was compared with intraoperative valve sizing during surgical aortic valve replacement. Results Forty-one (40.2%) of the 102 patients studied had multidetector computed tomography aortic valve measurements that were accurate. Implanted valves were smaller than multidetector computed tomography calculation in 40 patients (39.2%) and were larger in 21 patients (20.6%). Multidetector computed tomography measurements remained inconsistent with intraoperative sizing regardless of aortic annulus diameter. The variance between multidetector computed tomography annulus measurements and intraoperative sizing was statistically significant. Conclusions Preoperative aortic annulus measurements by our institutional transcatheter aortic valve replacement multidetector computed tomography protocol differed substantially from surgical implant size. There was no trend toward over nor under sizing for the entire cohort. However, patients with large measured annulus diameter were more likely to have a smaller valve implanted than predicted, and patients with small measured annulus diameter were more likely to have a larger valve implanted than predicted. These results may affect preoperative planning for patients undergoing aortic valve replacement.
Animal-Assisted Therapy in Counseling : Third Edition

The third edition of Animal-Assisted Therapy in Counseling is the most comprehensive book available dedicated to training mental health practitioners in the performance of animal assisted therapy in counseling (AAT-C). New to this edition is discussion of the human-animal relational theory, a new theory dedicated to the practice of AAT-C. This edition also has added applications for supervision and includes the most recent research and practice. Consistent with previous editions, a variety of animal-assisted interventions are described with case examples provided in a variety of settings with different types of animals. This unique resource is an indispensable guide for any counselor or psychotherapist looking to develop and implement AAT techniques in practice.
La seguridad camina hacia la madurez

En los ultimos anos hemos visto como las empresas espanolas han iniciado un proceso hacia la madurez en su aproximacion al area de seguridad. Sin embargo, todavia queda camino por recorrer. Hay muchas empresas que consideran que la seguridad es una cuestion que se soluciona con la implantacion de los productos tecnologicos mas sofisticados del mercado. No obstante, la seguridad no es una cuestion de producto, sino de estrategia. En este articulo, Moises Navarro, de IBM, expone las claves para orientar a las empresas a la hora de abordar la seguridad.
Risk of suprascapular nerve injury during glenoid baseplate fixation for reverse total shoulder arthroplasty: a cadaveric study.

Abstract Background Reverse shoulder arthroplasty (rTSA) is an effective treatment for patients with advanced rotator cuff arthropathy. During implantation of the glenoid baseplate, screws are inserted through the glenoid face into the scapular body to achieve adequate fixation. Placement of peripheral baseplate screws in the superior and posterior glenoid may increase the risk of injury to the suprascapular nerve (SSN). The purpose of this cadaveric study was to evaluate the risk of SNN injury with placement of baseplate screws in the superior and posterior direction. Methods 12 cadaveric shoulders were implanted with glenoid baseplates. A bicortical 44 mm screw was placed in both the superior and posterior glenoid baseplate screw holes. Following implantation, the SNN was dissected and visualized through a posterior shoulder approach. The distance from the tip of the screws to the SSN and the distance from the screw’s scapular exiting hole to the SSN was recorded. Average distances were calculated for each measurement. Results The superior screw contacted the SSN in 8 of the 12 specimens (66%). For the superior screw, the average distance from the exiting point in the scapula to the SSN was 9.2 ± 6.3mm with the shortest distance being 3.9 mm. The posterior screw contacted the SSN in 6 of 12 specimens (50%). For the posterior screw, the average distance from the exiting point to the SSN was 8.9 ± 3.8 mm with the shortest distance to the nerve being 2.2 mm. Conclusion Placement of the superior and posterior screws in the glenoid baseplate during rTSA risks injury to the SSN. The safe zone for superior and posterior directed baseplate screw is Evidence Anatomy Study; Cadaver Dissection
Risk factors for neurological dysfunctions after surgical repair of acute aortic dissection type A.

Introduction Technical improvement and new operative strategies significantly influence survival and outcomes after the treatment of acute aortic dissection type A (AADA). However, postoperative complications and particularly neurological dysfunctions (ND) are still very common. Aim To identify preoperative and intraoperative factors as well as immediate postoperative conditions with an influence on the occurrence of neurological complications of surgical treatment of AADA and accordingly take action to reduce them. Material and methods Between January 2013 and December 2018, 240 patients with AADA were emergently surgically treated. All patients were divided into two groups: group I - patients with postoperative ND (subgroup Ia - patients with mild, transient ND and Ib - patients with severe ND) and group II - patients without ND. Results Neurological damage after the operation was registered in 87 (39.5%) patients. Thirty (13.6%) patients had mild ND and 57 (25.9%) severe. Presence of preoperative neurological deficit, reduced level of consciousness, supra-aortic vessel dissection, hemodynamic instability, and excessive postoperative bleeding with hypotension are factors with a highly statistically significant association with the occurrence of severe ND. Neurological complications were not identified in 66.7% of patients who were axillary cannulated versus 55.9% of patients cannulated in the other way but the difference did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.1099). Conclusions Advanced neuroprotective strategies during surgical treatment of AADA are associated with favorable neurological outcomes, especially in a group of patients with identified risk factors for ND.
Lessons from my Elders on Recruitment and Retention into Health Research.

In this brief report, the author shares les­sons from Loretta Jones, MA and William Jenkins, PhD, two elders who shaped her research with communities that occupy intersecting marginalized categories. These lessons were echoed and amplified by the community panelists at the RCMAR workshop on recruitment and retention of diverse elders. They include centering the priorities of communities themselves, help­ing community members envision the types of positive transformations that research can help bring about, engaging and valuing the contributions of diverse sectors of the com­munity, and recognizing the desire of aging individuals and communities to leave a leg­acy. Because heath care, research, and gov­ernmental institutions have engendered so much mistrust in racial/ethnic minority com­munities, researchers must learn first the particular histories and experience of the populations they intend to study. Equipped with this knowledge, cultural humility, and a willingness to listen, researchers can then use these strategies to earn the trust neces­sary for successful recruitment and retention in research. Ethn Dis. 2020;30(Suppl 2):781-784; doi:10.18865/ed.30.S2.781
'Officer-Involved Shootings': How the Exonerative Tense of Media Accounts Distorts Reality

The passive voice is a frequently used tactic for acknowledging wrongdoing without actually acknowledging wrongdoing. The most famous example is likely the statement by politicians that “mistakes were made.” This tactic is so common that a new language tense was created to mockingly refer to it: the past exonerative tense. This same rhetorical device is often used in media headlines by referring to a police officer shooting and killing a suspect as an “officer-involved shooting.” This Essay reports the findings of a first-of-its-kind study designed to measure how the use of the phrase “officer-involved shooting” affects public perceptions of police behavior justifications. The results provide novel, empirical evidence for what civil rights advocates have long suspected. The results of this study also shed light on the dangerously symbiotic relationship between police public relations departments and the media. Finally, the highly peculiar results found at the demographic level call for replication with variation in future research.
Relations Among Parenting, Culture, and Prosocial Behaviors in U.S. Mexican Youth: An Integrative Socialization Approach.

We examined the longitudinal relations among parental socialization practices-including acceptance or harsh parenting and ethnic socialization-ethnic identity, familism, and prosocial behaviors in a sample of U.S. Mexican youth. Participants included 462 U.S. Mexican adolescents (Mage at Wave 1 = 10.4 years old; 48.1% female), their mothers, and fathers at the 5th, 7th, 10th, and 12th grades. Results showed that maternal and paternal ethnic socialization predicted several forms of prosocial behaviors via ethnic identity and familism. Fathers', but not mothers', harsh parenting and acceptance had direct links to specific forms of prosocial behaviors. This study suggests the need for culturally informed theories that examine the reciprocal relations between two distinct domains of cultural socialization.
Barriers to using clinical decision support in ambulatory care: Do clinics in health systems fare better?

OBJECTIVE We quantify the use of clinical decision support (CDS) and the specific barriers reported by ambulatory clinics and examine whether CDS utilization and barriers differed based on clinics' affiliation with health systems, providing a benchmark for future empirical research and policies related to this topic. MATERIALS AND METHODS Despite much discussion at the theoretic level, the existing literature provides little empirical understanding of barriers to using CDS in ambulatory care. We analyze data from 821 clinics in 117 medical groups, based on in Minnesota Community Measurement's annual Health Information Technology Survey (2014-2016). We examine clinics' use of 7 CDS tools, along with 7 barriers in 3 areas (resource, user acceptance, and technology). Employing linear probability models, we examine factors associated with CDS barriers. RESULTS Clinics in health systems used more CDS tools than did clinics not in systems (24 percentage points higher in automated reminders), but they also reported more barriers related to resources and user acceptance (26 percentage points higher in barriers to implementation and 33 points higher in disruptive alarms). Barriers related to workflow redesign increased in clinics affiliated with health systems (33 points higher). Rural clinics were more likely to report barriers to training. CONCLUSIONS CDS barriers related to resources and user acceptance remained substantial. Health systems, while being effective in promoting CDS tools, may need to provide further assistance to their affiliated ambulatory clinics to overcome barriers, especially the requirement to redesign workflow. Rural clinics may need more resources for training.
Keynote: Surveillance, Power and Accountable AI Systems: Can We Craft an AI Future that Works for Everyone?

Tech leaders and even those of us building software systems for governing our world like to imagine the ways in which automated systems might enable a better future - curing diseases, lifting people from poverty, saving animals from extinction. However, there is plenty of evidence that instead platforms and algorithms are contributing to directly to huge societal problems like spreading of misinformation, political polarization, rising inequality and more. I will talk about the role of microtargeting of individuals based on digital surveillance, machine learning based on historical data and black box algorithms based on a lack of explainability and unaccountability. If we want automated decision making that protects the rights of individuals and healthy societies, that reduces bias rather than amplifying it, we are going to need to engage in real discussions of the tradeoffs with stakeholders ‚Ai not just empty promises that “this is going to be great for everyone”. We need to disrupt the current levels of digital surveillance, shift control over surveillance data, require explanations of automated decisions, enable aggressive third-party testing, and create incentives for iterative improvement in systems where those being impacted by the automated systems are not the customers.
Barriers and Facilitators to Implementation of the Institute of Medicine Recommendations on Preventing Mental, Emotional, and Behavioral Disorders Among Young People

PROBLEM: The purpose of this study was to gain an understanding of the barriers and facilitators to implementation of the five overarching recommendations of the Institute of Medicine report and to consider the implications for nursing. METHODS: Data were collected through use of a semi-structured interview of purposive sample of 22 key informants regarding the barriers and facilitators to implementation of the report's five major recommendations. FINDINGS: The major barriers were competing priorities, lack of infrastructure for implementation, lack of public education regarding mental health and the effectiveness of prevention, stigma, and a paucity of facilitating factors. The facilitators were leadership, flexible resources, linkage to healthcare reform or other legislation, coordination across agencies and governmental levels, and additional research. CONCLUSIONS: The discussion focuses on ways of promoting facilitating factors and consideration of nursing's potential contributions in the areas of education, practice, and research.
Linear lesion radiofrequency ablation in canine vagal atrial fibrillation: Effects of special catheters designed for efficiency, and the critical role of lesions from the crista terminalis to the superior vena cava

Objective: To determine whether specially devised catheters could be used to place radiofrequency (RF) linear lesions quickly and efficiently for termination and/or prevention of atrial fibrillation (AF).
2015 W.R. Whitney Award Lecture: The Effects of Microstructure and Composition on Al Alloy Corrosion

The corrosion of Al alloys is rich in complexity because many different forms of corrosion can occur, the details of corrosion depend strongly on the alloy microstructure, and most Al alloys are heterogeneous with a microstructure that varies with thermomechanical processing. This paper reviews several studies on the corrosion behavior of Al alloys, focusing on how the composition and microstructure influence the forms and rates of corrosion, including pitting corrosion, intergranular corrosion, stress corrosion cracking, and surface layer attack. Thin film pitting, foil penetration, scanning Kelvin probe force microscopy, video imaging, and transmission electron microscopy are a few of the techniques that are described.
Simulating ATM integrated-services networks

In integrated-services networks, both the arrival processes and the performance objectives can vary greatly from one packet stream to another. Either the network must be designed to meet the strictest performance requirements by every possible measure of performance, or traffic control algorithms are needed that differentiate traffic based on performance objectives, and adjust performance accordingly. There is therefore a need to evaluate and compare the performance of such traffic control algorithms including algorithms for admission control, transmission scheduling, and packet dropping. However, ATM integrated-services networks place great demands on simulation systems. This paper describes an efficient approach to the design of discrete-event simulations for these networks. It is used to evaluate several different traffic control approaches. Some sample results from the simulation are presented which compare these algorithms. It is shown that cost-based scheduling is the most effective of the scheduling algorithms simulated, but the priority token bank, which is simpler to implement, is close behind.
Properties of long-chain permethylpolysilanes

Abstract Permethylpolysilanes, including Me(SiMe2)8Me, Me(SiMe2)2 4Me and lower homologs, were investigated by UV spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, and a.c. polarography. Solubilities in common solvents and reactions with potassium were investigated. Evidence is presented for the formation of the unstable species, (CH3)3Si(NCCH3)n , from the electrochemical oxidation of (CH3)3SiSi(CH3)3 in acetonitrile.
The effect of thalamic nucleus submedius lesions on nociceptive responding in rats

Abstract Previous studies have shown that the thalamic nucleus submedius (SM) contains nociceptive neurons and is interconnected with spinal, brain-stem and cortical regions associated with nociception. The present study was performed to examine the role of the SM in nociceptive-related behaviors. The effect of SM lesions on nociceptive responding in rats was assessed using both the radiant-heat tail-flick (TF) and the tail-shock ‘pain-in-duced’ vocalization (PIV) tests. The results of Exp. 1 indicated that the intensity of electrical shock required for vocalization responses was significantly decreased following SM lesions. No changes in vocalization responses were present in the sham-lesion group. In contrast, both the sham- and SM-lesion groups exhibited a significant post-lesion increase in TF latencies. A second experiment was performed to determine whether the effects of SM lesion on the tail flick may have been masked by conditioned antinociception associated with noxious electrical stimulation of the tail to produce PIV. The results indicated that there was no post-lesion change in TF latencies in either the SM- or sham-lesion group when the antecedent PIV test was omitted. The results suggest that the SM may play a role in supraspinally mediated inhibition of nociceptive input but not in spinally mediated responses to noxious stimuli.
Excited triplet-state resonance Raman scattering in molecular crystals: Triplet-state Raman spectra of naphthalene in the naphthalene:2(1,4-diiodotetrafluorobenzene) crystalline complex

Abstract We report the first observation of the resonance-enhanced triplet-state Raman scattering in a molecular crystal. Specifically, the resonance-enhanced Raman scattering from the T 1 state of naphthalene in the environment of the naphthalene:2(1,4-diiodotetrafluorobenzene) crystalline complex is observed by exciting into a hot band.
The Yb and Ca Standards: Approaches to High Stability, High Accuracy, and Transportable Optical Atomic Clocks

This talk presents two different types of neutral atom optical clocks and emphasizes the systems' differences in potential performance and complexity. Approaches in attaining high stability, high accuracy, and transportable optical atomic clocks are discussed in detail.
Electrophysiological Deterioration During Long-Duration Ventricular Fibrillation

Background—Probability of survival from sudden cardiac arrest caused by ventricular fibrillation (VF) decreases rapidly with fibrillation duration. We hypothesized that cellular ischemia/fibrillation-induced electrophysiological deterioration underlies decreased survival. Methods and Results—We determined fibrillation monophasic action potential (MAP) morphology including action potential frequency content, duration, cycle length, developing diastolic intervals, and amplitude as a function of ischemic fibrillation duration in 10 isolated rabbit hearts. We also correlated ECG frequency (used clinically) and MAP amplitude and frequency. Fibrillation cycle length and diastole duration increased, whereas APD100 shortened significantly with time (P<0.001). Between 1 and 3 minutes, diastole appeared primarily as the result of APD100 shortening, with only small changes in cycle length. Between 2 and 5 minutes, diastole increased primarily as the result of increased cycle length. Diastole developed progressively ...
Short Term Effects of Exercise on Plasma Lipids and Lipoproteins in Humans

Lipids and lipoproteins play a major role in the cascade of events leading up to the manifestations of atherosclerosis as it relates to coronary heart disease (CHD). Exercise-induced changes in the blood lipid profile appear to be therapeutic, an observation favouring the integration of exercise in CHD prevention and treatment programmes. The specific stimuli needed to produce such therapeutic effects are yet to be elucidated; both the repeated, transitory effects of single, isolated exercise sessions and exercise training effects are likely to be involved. The focus of this article is on the acute or short term changes of a single session of exercise on plasma lipids and lipoproteins. The short term, exercise-induced changes in plasma lipids and lipoproteins are reviewed in the context of the role various lipid classifications play in coronary artery disease, the many potentially confounding variables that are ever-present, and the relative effects of gender, exercise modality, and exercise intensity. It is concluded that a single bout of exercise has the potential to induce short term, transient increases in the high density lipoproteins HDL and HDL2 and decreases in triglycerides in men. For women, more research is needed to determine clearly the exercise induced short term changes in plasma lipids and lipoproteins. It appears that duration and intensity of exercise are directly related to the degree of changes observed: bouts of prolonged, intense exercise of sufficient energy expenditure appear to induce decreases in triglycerides and increases in HDL, primarily through HDL2, of greater magnitude and duration. Exercise induced changes in the plasma lipid profile appear to have returned to pre-exercise levels by 48 hours postexercise. Recognising that the underlying physiological mechanisms for changes in lipids and lipoproteins remain inconclusive, the roles of the lipid-regulatory enzymes lipoprotein lipase, lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase, and hepatic triglyceride lipase are discussed. It is clear that well controlled studies are needed to examine the effects of exercise on short term changes in the blood lipid profile in women.
The effect of thigmo taxis on negative phototaxis in the earthworm

Negative phototaxic (light avoidance) responses of earthworms were measured under two thigmotaxic (bodily contact) conditions: presence or absence of an alley. As predicted by Smith (1902), the presence of an alley greatly increased the time taken by Ss to move away from a light source. It was concluded that thigmotaxis is a powerful motivational variable in the earthworm.
Intravenous administration of large dosages of adenosine or adenosine triphosphate with minimal blood pressure fluctuation

Hemodynamic responses, blood gas, and metabolic changes were assessed when large dosages of a pre-mixed solution of adenosine or adenosine triphosphate (ATP) with catecholamine were intravenously administered in the conscious, spontaneously breathing rabbit. The present study offers a simple and effective approach to enabling safe administration of large doses of the potent vasodilators, adenosine or ATP with minimal cardio-respiratory and metabolic changes.
Homogenization of potential vorticity in planetary gyres

The mean circulation of planetary fluids tends to develop uniform potential vorticity q in regions where closed time-mean streamlines or closed isolines of mean potential vorticity exist. This state is established in statistically steady flows by geostrophic turbulence or by wave-induced potential-vorticity flux. At the outer edge of the closed contours the expelled gradients of q are concentrated. Beyond this transition lies motionless fluid, or a different flow regime in which the planetary gradient of q may be dominant. The homogenized regions occur where direct forcing by external stress or heating within the closed isoline is negligible, upon the potential-density surface under consideration. In the stably stratified ocean such regions are found at depths greater than those of direct wind-induced stress or penetrative cooling. In ‘channel’ models of the atmosphere we again find constant q when mesoscale eddies cause the dominant potential-vorticity flux. In the real atmosphere the results here can apply only where internal heating is negligible. The derivations given here build upon the Prandtl–Batchelor theorem, which applies to non-rotating, steady two-dimensional flow. Supporting evidence is found in numerical circulation models and oceanic observations.
Odor Discrimination in Pigeons

An operant procedure was employed to investigate odor discrimination in the pigeon. Amyl acetate concentrations of 6-percent saturation in air, and lower, when paired with electric shock markedly reduced key-pecking during the odor stimulus period. Sectioning the olfactory nerves eliminated this selective suppression behavior. After the operation, the suppression was again conditioned when the concentration of amyl acetate was increased to 15-percent saturation in air. This is theoretically possible through mediation by the trigeminal system.
Effect of dibromotetrafluoroethane inhalation on hepatic drug metabolism in mice.

Abstract Inhalation of dibromotetrafluoroethane, 0.63 to 1.0%, for 5 hr daily, for 3 or 4 days, reduced hexobarbital sleeping time and zoxazolamine paralysis time 2-fold in mice. Increased metabolism of hexobarbital and zoxazolamine by the hepatic 9000 g microsomal supernatant fraction prepared from exposed mice correlated well with the effects determined in vivo. Addition of 2,4-dichloro-6-phenyl-phenoxyethyldiethylamine (SKF 525-A) to the hepatic 9000 g microsomal supernatant fraction prevented the dibromotetrafluoroethane-induced increase in hepatic drug metabolism.
On the reliability of a simple hysteretic system

A method to determine statistical moments of time to first passage of a simple oscillator, incorporating the modified Bouc hysteresis model, has been developed. A generalized Pontriagin‐Vitt equation is formulated from Markov process theory and solved by a Petrov‐Galerkin finite element method. The resulting moments are given as functions of initial displacement and velocity of the oscillator, as well as of the initial hysteretic force in the oscillator. The first two moments are used in conjunction with a maximum entropy distribution to estimate the probability of failure of the oscillator. The accuracy and economy of the method is demonstrated for a particular example drawn from base isolation of a simple structure. A comparison of the finite element results with those obtained by Monte Carlo simulation is then given for this example.
Group Versus Goal-Setting Effects on the Self-Regulated Performance of Students Differing in Self-Efficacy

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to compare the effect of working in groups, goal-setting, and a control condition on the self-regulated performance of subjects at high, middle, and low levels of self-efficacy. A self-regulated performance task called Voluntary Homework System or VHS offered subjects the opportunity to write different types of test items for extra credit bonuses in an educational psychology course as a function of the magnitude of their performance relative to their classmates. Although no performance differences were found among the three conditions overall, there was a strong interaction between performance condition and individual level of self-efficacy. The group or cooperative condition showed the greatest enhancement of the performance of middle self-efficacy level subjects relative to the other conditions, whereas the goal-setting condition had its greatest effect on the performance of low self-efficacy subjects relative to the other conditions. For high self-efficacy subjects...
Intensive chemotherapy in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (L-2 protocol).

Seventy-five consecutive children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) were treated with a combination drug protocol (L-2) consisting of three phases: remission induction, consolidation, and maintenance. Induction was achieved with prednisone, vincristine (VCR), and Daunorubicin (DNR). For consolidation, arabinosylcytosine (Ara-C), and 6-thioguanine (TG) followed by L-asparaginase and 1,3-bis (2-chloroethyl)-I-nitrosourea (BCNU) were used. Maintenance consisted of administration of TG, cyclophosphamide, hydroxyurea, DNR, methotrexate (MTX), BCNU, Ara-C, and VCR, given as 5-day courses. Patients received periodic injections of intrathecal MTX for “prophylaxis” of the central nervous system (CNS) leukemia throughout the treatment course which was 3 years. Seventy-four children achieved remission. Two died early in remission with serum hepatitis and I was lost to followup. Twelve patients have relapsed; in 2, the relapse was confined to CNS; in l, bone marrow and CNS relapse were concurrent. The remaining 59 have continued in complete remission from 1–42 months. Ten of the 12 children (excluding the hepatitis cases) who were registered on the L-2 protocol for periods of 36 months or more remain free of disease. The height of the initial white blood cell count was found to be strongly related to the duration of complete remission. Tolerance to this regimen was generally good, the main side effect being hematologic depression. The results represent a 43-month trial of L-2 protocol. Conclusion as to the eventual duration of remissions awaits longer followup. Cancer 33:1490–1490, 1974.
Long-term rat feeding studies on irradiated chicken stew and irradiated cabbage.

Abstract The following irradiated foods were evaluated for wholesomeness by feeding to four successive generations of albino rats. Chicken stew (0, 2.79, and 5.58 megarads) and raw cabbage (0, 279, and 558 kilorads) were combined, each at 35% of the final diet solids, with other nonirradiated ingredients to provide a nutritionally adequate ration. The experimental design involved nine different combinations of radiation levels. Before preparing diets, all irradiated chicken stew was stored at 75°F, control stew at 5°F for 3–6 months, and both irradiated and control cabbage at 35–40°F for 2–4 weeks. Soon after weaning, parent-generation rats were then given the diets for 104 weeks; and, succeeding generations were fed for shorter periods. Growth of parent-generation rats was not influenced by the irradiated foods tested. Also, this was generally true of second- and third-generation animals. No apparent effects were observed on the reproductive performance of three generations of rats. Similarly, longevity of parent-generation animals was not impaired by consumption of irradiated foods. The character, extent or severity of pathologic and hematologic changes were similar in test and control animals. Rats fed irradiated diets for 19 days postweaning manifested the following significant effects on duodenal enzymes which were seen only in animals receiving both foods treated with the maximal radiation doses. Decreased tissue levels were observed for alkaline phosphatase in both sexes and monoamine oxidase in females. Alanyl-β-aminopeptidase activity was elevated in females, which also had a slight increase in 2-naphthyl octanoate esterase. Sucrase, glutamic-oxalacetic and glutamicpyruvic transaminases, were unaffected by feeding irradiated foods. The above effects deserve further investigation. In contrast to results on young rats, adult animals given the irradiated food failed to evidence any effects upon intestinal mucosal levels of hexokinase, sucrase, alkaline phosphatase, and glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase.
Resolution and stray light in near infrared spectroscopy.

The slit function at 1064 nm for a double monochromator spectrophotometer has been obtained with sufficient dynamic range to quantitatively account for the resolution and stray light over a wide range of resolution and absorbance levels. Conventional stray light tests are found to underestimate seriously that portion of the nearby stray light that most influences errors in ir absorbance determinations, and improved tests are suggested. A revision of the definition of stray light is suggested in order to minimize the variation of stray light with resolution. Convolutions of the observed slit functions with the transmittance function for the 1691-nm band of chloroform agree with observed absorbance measurements over a wide range of resolution and absorbance levels. The ratio of true to observed absorbance levels for chloroform is significantly less influenced by resolution than the literature, using triangular or Gaussian slit functions and Lorentzian absorbance functions, predicts.
Primary Carcinoid Tumor of the Skin A Literature Review

Primary carcinoid tumor of the skin (PCTS) is an uncommon indolent neoplasm, with 10 cases described in the literature. The tumors affect patients in the sixth to ninth decades of life (mean = 66.3 years) with an equal gender distribution and predilection for the head and trunk. They present as slowly enlarging nodules of variable duration, ranging from 1 to 60 years (mean = 11.4 years). PCTS is characterized by architectural, cytomorphologic, ultrastructural, and immunohistochemical features typical of a low-grade neoplasm with neuroendocrine differentiation. PCTS typically follows a benign clinical course and therefore has to be distinguished from cutaneous metastases of visceral carcinoid tumors, which herald dissemination of malignancy and poor prognosis. While the distinction from other histologically similar entities can be achieved by histopathological examination, PCTS can be distinguished from a visceral metastasis only by a judicious clinicopathologic correlation. Herein we describe the clinical presentation, histological appearance, and management of these tumors.
Qualitative behaviour of solutions of unilateral elliptic problems with perturbing the unknown boundary I. The theory

Qualitative properties of solutions of the unilateral elliptic problem and of the Signorini problem for the Lame system of equations are considered. A preliminary analysis reduces each of the nonlinear problems to a mixed linear problem and to additional conditions (in the form of inequalities) on the part of the boundary. In each case, it is shown that if a perturbed unknown boundary involves the true one, i.e. @C@?"c@?@C"c, then the penetration condition is failed on @C"c@?@C@?"c. Conversely, if @C"c@?@C@?"c, then the second additional condition in the form of inequality is failed on @C@?"c@?@C"c. The obtained results for the Signorini type problems have a precise physical interpretation in the case of contact problems.
Switchable catalysis: modular synthesis of functionalized Pyrimidinones via selective sulfide and halide cross-coupling chemistry.

A general demonstration of orthogonal selectivity of the Liebeskind−Srogl cross-coupling protocol compared to the Suzuki−Miyaura and Stille variants is reported.
Javanco: A software framework for optical network modelling and optimization

Most studies aimed at designing and optimizing optical networks, involve substantial software development. The software tools resulting from each project are varied but generally have parts in common. Regrouping these overlapping parts in a single framework can be valuable and enable the efficient usage of developed features for new networks design and performance evaluation. In this paper, we present such a framework, Javanco (JAVa Aided Network COckpit), which integrates multiple tools and focuses on graph level functionalities. We compare the Javanco architecture and its benefits with other frameworks such as OMNeT++.
Scattering of a Bessel beam by a sphere

The exact scattering by a sphere centered on a Bessel beam is expressed as a partial wave series involving the scattering angle relative to the beam axis and the conical angle of the wave vector components of the Bessel beam. The sphere is assumed to have isotropic material properties so that the nth partial wave amplitude for plane wave scattering is proportional to a known partial-wave coefficient. The scattered partial waves in the Bessel beam case are also proportional to the same partial-wave coefficient but now the weighting factor depends on the properties of the Bessel beam. When the wavenumber-radius product ka is large, for rigid or soft spheres the scattering is peaked in the backward and forward directions along the beam axis as well as in the direction of the conical angle. These properties are geometrically explained and some symmetry properties are noted. The formulation is also suitable for elastic and fluid spheres. A partial wave expansion of the Bessel beam is noted.
Androgen action in fetal mouse spinal cord cultures: metabolic and morphologic aspects.

Abstract Morphologic and metabolic aspects of androgen effects on the developing spinal cord were studied in organotypic cultures of the E13 (embryonic day 13) fetal mouse lumbosacral spinal cord, maintained as either hemisected, homologous explant pairs co-cultured with bulbocavernosus muscle (morphologic studies), or as whole cross-sectional segments without muscle in which the nutrient medium was supplemented with muscle extract (metabolic studies). Metabolic studies demonstrated the total absence of aromatase activity. 5α-Reductase activity, on the other hand, increased differentially in a segment-dependent manner in spinal cord explants from 0 to 35 days in culture, suggesting regional differences in the utilization of testosterone and its 5α-reduced metabolites. In all studies, spinal cord explants showed androgen-dependent increases in neurite outgrowth, although this was most pronounced in spinal cord-muscle co-cultures. These results indicate that androgens per se affect very early development throughout the entire lumbosacral spinal cord, and that this influence is not restricted to those segments reported to be sexually dimorphic in the adult.
Reliability of biotinylated DNA probes in colony hybridization: evaluation of an improved colony lysis method for detection of TEM-1 β-lactamase

Abstract Utilizing an improved method for colony hybridization developed by Haas & Fleming, biotin and 32 P-labelled TEM-1 probes were compared for sensitivity and specificity in identifying the type of β-lactamase made by over 100 clinical bacterial isolates. The new procedure was more reliable than a standard one, but still gave more than 20% false positive and false negative reactions.
Measuring the leadership styles and scholarly productivity of nursing department chairpersons

Self-perceived leadership styles of nursing department chairpersons were correlated with their scholarly productivity. The sample consisted of the 106 nursing department chairpersons from National League for Nursing (NLN)-accredited baccalaureate and higher-degree programs in 10 midwestern states. Hersey and Blanchard's Situational Leadership Model was used as the conceptual framework. Their LEAD-Self instrument was used to measure leadership styles, range, and adaptability. In addition, the Scholarly Productivity Index (SPI) was used to measure the nursing chairpersons' involvement in prepublication and research, publication, editorial, and other scholarly activities. College size and status (public or private) were among the variables examined to assess a relationship or group differences. A majority of nursing department chairpersons viewed themselves as having a "participating" leadership style. Most of the remaining chairpersons viewed themselves as having a "selling" leadership style. Study participants viewed their backup leadership styles to be in a reverse order from their primary leadership styles with the "selling" leadership style the most frequently used backup style and "participating" the second most frequently used style. Chairpersons from public nursing schools reported significantly greater numbers of scholarly activities than did chairpersons from private nursing schools. Chairpersons who had held their positions for less than 5 years tended to have a "participating" leadership style. A majority of nursing department chairpersons in the study reported that they felt institutional pressure to engage in scholarly activities.