cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A METAMODEL FOR MODELING COLLABORATIVE SYSTEMS

This paper explores categorizing and visualizing changing software system requirements through self-organizing neural maps. We present a field study that explores resulting visualizations and traces requirements through three project phases. The visualization models were applied to an ongoing e-commerce project where evolving business models and changing plans forced a requirements team to continually assess impacts of change. Analysts labeled requirements within twenty-seven input dimensions. Self-organizing maps (SOM) were then generated to cluster requirements and to present visual models of change. SOM enhanced organization and traceability of business issues, use-case documents, and project concerns.
A comparison of coherent dynamics in photosynthetic reaction centers and their constituent monomers

We present a comparative two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy study of coherent dynamics in the photosystem II reaction center, the bacterial reaction center and their constituent monomers pigments. We discuss the physical origin of the observed coherences.
Multi-Modal Self-Regulation Theory of Sexual Offending

The Multimodal Self-Regulation Theory of sexual offending posits that persons engage in sexual offending and other patterns of problematic behaviour in response to critical deficits in their ability to regulate emotions, thoughts, and relationships with other people. Such behaviours develop in the form of maladaptive regulatory skills that become reinforced over time. This chapter discusses the applicability of this model to diverse groups of offenders, emerging empirical evidence, strengths and limitations of the model, and future directions for research and treatment. Keywords: dysregulated behaviour; emotion regulation; maladaptive regulatory strategies; safe offender strategies; self-regulation
Spoliation of Evidence: Sanctions versus Advocacy

Spoliation of evidence involves the destruction of evidence to prevent its use in either pending or reasonably anticipated litigation. Electronic evidence is easily susceptible to spoliation, and consequently, as electronic discovery has become a major part of modern litigation over the past twenty years, claims of spoliation have increased dramatically, particularly for emails. The courts have responded with various sanctions. A recent survey of reported federal cases shows that the most prevalent sanction for spoliation is the adverse inference instruction in which the jury is directed that it may infer from evidence of spoliation that the destroyed evidence would have been unfavorable to the party who destroyed it. In many cases of spoliation, it may be difficult for the jury to infer what the contents of the destroyed evidence once may have been, however, because the evidence has been destroyed. Other sanctions for spoliation include dismissal, default judgment, issue preclusion, and monetary sanctions.Two significant decisions in 2010 by prominent federal judges from New York and Texas dealt with the use of adverse inference instructions in the federal courts as sanctions for spoliation. The approaches taken by the courts differed substantially with respect to the culpability of the spoliator required for an adverse inference instruction and the contents of the instructions. However, both courts imposed adverse inference instructions as sanctions.Using adverse inference instructions as sanctions for spoliation has adverse consequences. Motions for sanctions are time-consuming for both courts and litigants, and as a result of the punitive nature of sanctions, they add to the contentiousness of litigation. In addition, adverse inference instructions may not operate well as sanctions, because adverse inferences are grounded in the logical connection between spoliation and the merits of the case, rather than the policies for sanctions. Instead of sanctioning parties for spoliation through the use of adverse inference instructions, courts should handle most claims of spoliation by allowing parties to offer evidence of spoliation at trial and then argue the adverse inferences from spoliation to the jury.
Jan Patočka's Reversal of Dostoevsky and Charter 77

Jan Patocka became politically active for the first time as a spokesperson of the dissident movement Charter 77. In this capacity he wrote several essays, the first of which, entitled "On the Matters of The Plastic People of the Universe and DG 307", I interpret as the explanation and justification of his turn toward political engagement. The following article is a reading of Patocka's essay that pays particular attention to a peculiar formal feature of the essay – namely that it's presented as a reversal of Dostoevsky's short story "The Dream of a Ridiculous Man". In reversing this story, Patocka shows us the two basic ways of human life and explains his political engagement as an action taken on behalf of the properly human way of life, which he calls "life in truth" or "the responsible life". The purpose of his political engagement thus wasn't defending human rights, but defending life in truth, to which human rights provide suitable conditions. "On the Matters…" also presents Patocka's assessment of the Communist regime with clarity and severity not seen elsewhere in his writings, and shows a shift in his views of youth and youthful rebellion.
Objective measurement of spectacle wear with a temperature sensor data logger.

PURPOSE This study seeks to establish the utility of the SmartButton Data Logger (www.acrsystems.com) to monitor spectacle wear for research and clinical applications. METHODS Fifty adults wore a thermosensor on their spectacles for 2 weeks for each of two mount types while keeping wear-time logs. Temperatures during reported spectacle wear (ON) were compared to temperatures during non-wear (OFF) with repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA). In addition, two strategies to approximate spectacle wear from temperature data were evaluated: (1) Filtering data based on temperature ranges to identify spectacle wear (either group mean ON temperature, or an individual's mean ON temperature), and (2) Separate examiners inspecting temperature against time plots to identify spectacle wear. The success of these methods to approximate wear time was evaluated by per cent error with respect to subject reported wear time. RESULTS Group mean ON (31.8 [0.6]°Celsius [°C]) and OFF (24.7 [1.5]°C) temperatures differed significantly (F1,47 = 471.2, p < 0.001), but there was no difference in temperature between mounts (F1,47 = 1.9, p = 0.18). Median per cent error and first and third quartiles (Q1, Q3) of each technique used to approximate wear time were: group mean filtering = 8% (Q1 3%, Q3 18%), individual mean filtering = 7% (Q1 4%, Q3 19%), Examiner 1 = 6% (Q1 2%, Q3 14%), Examiner 2 = 7% (Q1 3%, Q3 12%). CONCLUSIONS The SmartButton can monitor spectacle compliance in patients with all approximation methods evaluated providing less than 10% median per cent error in wear time.
Turbulence in Flow with Circular Streamlines

Based on the mathematical model of turbulence proposed in references [1-4], the formation of turbulence in flow with circular streamlines is analyzed. The conditions of instability of a laminar flow with circular streamlines with respect to small pulsations are found. Special attention is paid to a steady turbulent regime.
Criminal Justice: Promoting Public Health and Public Safety

Persons with mental illnesses are vastly overrepresented in the criminal justice system—from arrest to reentry from jails and prisons. Researchers have documented serious mental illnesses in 14.5% of male jail inmates and 31% of female jail inmates (Steadman et al. 2009); rates in excess of 3–6 times those found in the general population (Kessler et al. 1996). Generalized to the findings that over 13 million jail admissions were reported in 2009 (Minton 2010), this implies that over two million bookings of a person with a serious mental illness occur annually. The presence of so many people with mental illnesses in criminal justice settings represent an enormous burden on federal and state corrections and behavioral health systems of care, our communities, families, and those with mental illnesses. There are multiple factors that contribute to this phenomenon, but none that can justify the tragic circumstance of imprisoning someone when effective treatment options are possible alternatives.
MAPPING AMERICAN CRIMINAL LAW: VARIATIONS ACROSS THE 50 STATES: Chapter One: Distributive Principles of Criminal Law

This first chapter from the recently published book Mapping American Criminal Law: Variations across the 50 States documents the alternative distributive principles for criminal liability and punishment — desert, deterrence, incapacitation of the dangerous — that are officially recognized by law in each of the American states. The chapter contains two maps visually coded to display important differences: the first map shows which states have adopted desert, deterrence, or incapacitation as a distributive principle, while the second map shows which form of desert is adopted in those jurisdictions that recognize desert. Like all 38 chapters in the book, which covers a wide range of criminal issues, this first chapter also provides a commentary that puts the chapter topic in context. Also included is the frontmatter for the full volume. What the project makes clear is that for most issues it is impossible to speak of an “American rule.” There are 52 American criminal codes, each of which is significantly different in some important respects from every other. After even a brief review of the text, it becomes clear that making claims about what American criminal law does or does not do, without qualification, is likely to be misleading. American criminal law scholars ought to be humble about their mastery of their subject and qualified in the claims they make about it.
Bisphenol A (BPA) and bisphenol S (BPS) alter the promoter activity of the ABCB1 gene encoding P-glycoprotein in the human placenta in a haplotype-dependent manner.

Exposure to bisphenols (BPA and BPS) during pregnancy can significantly affect fetal development and increase risk of adverse health consequences, however the underlying mechanisms are not fully elucidated. In human placenta, the efflux transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp), encoded by the ABCB1 gene, extrudes its substrates from the trophoblasts back into the maternal circulation. Alterations in levels of placental P-gp could therefore significantly affect fetal exposure to xenobiotics that are P-gp substrates. The ABCB1 promoter contains many single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). In the genome, SNPs are not arrayed as independent variants but as combinations forming defined haplotypes. Recently, we determined the haplotype sequences encompassing the ABCB1 promoter SNPs and found that promoter haplotypes differentially affect ABCB1 promoter activity. Here we investigate the effect of BPA and BPS on ABCB1 promoter activity by testing the hypothesis that BPA and BPS exposure affect ABCB1 promoter activity in a haplotype-dependent manner. Our data indicate that acute exposure to 50 nM BPA induced a significant haplotype-dependent increase in ABCB1 promoter activity (P < .05). However, acute exposure to 0.5 nM BPS induced a significant decrease (P < .05) in promoter activity that was haplotype-dependent. Chronic exposure to BPA and BPS individually (5 nM and 0.3 nM, respectively) or as a mixture (5 nM BPA:1.5 nM BPS) induced significant haplotype-dependent increases (P < .01) in ABCB1 promoter activity. Our data indicate that BPA and BPS significantly alter ABCB1 promoter activity in a haplotype- and exposure type- dependent manners. Such alteration could significantly impact placental P-gp levels and alter fetal exposure to many therapeutic and environmental xenobiotics.
NATO Special Operations Forces: Even if It Is Not Broken Yet, It Needs to Be Fixed

During their recent operations in Iraq, Afghanistan and Africa NATO Special Operations Forces (hereafter NATO SOF) have become the best tactical counterinsurgency force in the world, but it also fe...
Truth Commission Legitimacy and Human Rights

This chapter is the first empirical chapter and a global test of my theory. I examine theoretically and statistically the impact that truth commissions with legitimacy characteristics have on respect for human rights. I find that truth commissions mandated to investigate broad human rights abuses respect human rights at a rate about 30% higher than countries with truth commissions designated to investigate specific abuses only. Additionally, truth commissions created by a new regime, which I argue are seen as more fair following conflict and/or repression by signaling a shift from the past, are associated with a greater respect for human rights compared to truth commissions created by the same regime that ruled during the trauma/conflict or those created by institutions outside the state apparatus. These and other findings are discussed in this chapter.
General Principles of the Objects Recognition

As evident from the previous chapter, behavioural ecology studied the predator recognition process rather subjectively. It followed up on the work of the founders of the European ethological school, mainly focusing on the role of individual distinct features. Cognitive ethology deals with studying recognition processes in a much deeper way. However, it is not about recognizing predators or other relevant objects by untrained birds. Cognitive ethology followed up on the founding work of the American ethological school addressing the learning process (Watson 1913; Skinner 1931), which developed a precise methodology based on conditioning learning. In the case of studying recognition processes, the researched animals are in the simplest option trained to distinguish between two groups of objects, so that they are rewarded for the answer to one of them (positive stimuli) while not being rewarded for the answer to the other (negative stimuli). After having reached a certain level (proportion) of correct responses, the experimental animals are presented with new groups of objects that are modified in one or more features to determine whether they categorize these objects into groups learnt during the training.
Impact of Ramadan fasting on medical and psychiatric health.

Ramadan is a religious month dedicated to prayer, fasting and feasting. Recently, there has been an increased interest among healthcare providers regarding possible health-related complications as a consequence of religious fasting such as that seen during Ramadan. In May 2018, a 34-year-old female
Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor - Mediated DNA Repair Regulates Hematopoietic Stem Cell Regeneration

Abstract Hematopoietic myelosuppression is the principal dose-limiting toxicity of curative chemotherapy and radiotherapy in patients with cancer. Both chemotherapy and radiotherapy deplete hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) via induction of DNA damage. DNA damage contributes to both HSC dysfunction and risk for malignant transformation over time. Extrinsic signals capable of promoting DNA repair in HSCs following injury can potentially improve HSC function and may decrease risk for dysplasia and leukemia over time. Here, we show that treatment with epidermal growth factor (EGF) decreases DNA damage in murine HSCs following irradiation via activation of the DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs) and nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ) repair. Specifically, we observed that in vitro treatment of irradiated bone marrow (BM) ckit+sca-1+lin- (KSL) hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs) with 100 ng/ml EGF decreased HSPC DNA damage at 1 hour as measured by gamma-H2AX foci and Comet assay (p Conversely, doxycycline inducible, cell - specific suppression of EGFR in hematopoietic cells using SCL-tTA;EGFR-DN mice caused a significant depressed regeneration of BM SLAM+KSL cells and KSL cells at day +10 after irradiation (p=0.005, p=0.02, respectively). SCL-tTA;EGFR-DN mice also displayed significantly decreased survival at day +30 compared to EGFR wild type mice (23.1% survival vs. 58.3% survival, p=0.04). Consistent with our hypothesis, BM HSPCs from EGFR-DN mice displayed increased DNA damage in response to total body irradiation, as measured by gamma H2AX foci and the Comet assay (p These studies suggest that EGFR - mediated DNA repair is necessary for HSC and progenitor cell recovery following irradiation and that EGF treatment accelerates hematopoietic regeneration via augmentation of NHEJ repair in HSCs. EGF treatment following high dose chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy may increase HSC function and lessen near - term hematologic toxicities and morbidities. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Psychosocial interventions for cancer survivors: A meta-analysis of effects on positive affect

Positive affect has demonstrated unique benefits in the context of health-related stress and is emerging as an important target for psychosocial interventions. The primary objective of this meta-analysis was to determine whether psychosocial interventions increase positive affect in cancer survivors. We coded 28 randomized controlled trials of psychosocial interventions assessing 2082 cancer survivors from six electronic databases. We calculated 76 effect sizes for positive affect and conducted synthesis using random effects models with robust variance estimation. Tests for moderation included demographic, clinical, and intervention characteristics. Interventions had a modest effect on positive affect (g = 0.35, 95% CI [0.16, 0.54]) with substantial heterogeneity of effects across studies ($$ \hat{\tau}=0.40 $$; I2 = 78%). Three significant moderators were identified: in-person interventions outperformed remote interventions (P = .046), effects were larger when evaluated against standard of care or wait list control conditions versus attentional, educational, or component controls (P = .009), and trials with survivors of early-stage cancer diagnoses yielded larger effects than those with advanced-stage diagnoses (P = .046). We did not detect differential benefits of psychosocial interventions across samples varying in sex, age, on-treatment versus off-treatment status, or cancer type. Although no conclusive evidence suggested outcome reporting biases (P = .370), effects were smaller in studies with lower risk of bias. In-person interventions with survivors of early-stage cancers hold promise for enhancing positive affect, but more methodological rigor is needed. Positive affect strategies can be an explicit target in evidence-based medicine and have a role in patient-centered survivorship care, providing tools to uniquely mobilize human strengths.
Dynamics of Neutral and Charged Nanodiamonds in Aqueous Media Confined between Gold Surfaces under Normal and Shear Loading

The dynamics of cubo-octahedral nanodiamonds (NDs) with three different surface treatments and confined in aqueous environments between gold surfaces under shear and normal loading conditions have ...
De-implementation and substitution of clinical care processes: stakeholder perspectives on the transition to primary human papillomavirus (HPV) testing for cervical cancer screening.

Background New cervical cancer screening guidelines recommend primary human papillomavirus (HPV) testing for women age 30-65 years. Healthcare organizations are preparing to de-implement the previous recommended strategies of Pap testing or co-testing (Pap plus HPV test) and substitute primary HPV testing. However, there may be significant challenges to the replacement of this entrenched clinical practice, even with an evidence-based substitution. We sought to identify stakeholder-perceived barriers and facilitators to this substitution within a large healthcare system, Kaiser Permanente Southern California. Methods We conducted semi-structured qualitative interviews with clinician, administrative, and patient stakeholders regarding (a) acceptability and feasibility of the planned substitution; (b) perceptions of barriers and facilitators, with an emphasis on those related to the de-implementation/implementation cycle of substitution; and (c) perceived readiness to change. Our interview guide was informed by the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR). Using a team coding approach, we developed an initial coding structure refined during iterative analysis; the data were subsequently organized thematically into domains, key themes, and sub-themes using thematic analysis, followed by framework analysis informed by CFIR. Results We conducted 23 interviews: 5 patient and 18 clinical/administrative. Clinicians perceived that patients feel more tests equals better care, and clinicians and patients expressed fear of missed cancers ("…it'll be more challenging convincing the patient that only one test is…good enough to detect cancer."). Patients perceived practice changes resulting in "less care" are driven by the desire to cut costs. In contrast, clinicians/administrators viewed changing from two tests to one as acceptable and a workflow efficiency ("…It's very easy and half the work."). Stakeholder-recommended strategies included focusing on the increased efficacy of primary HPV testing and developing clinician talking points incorporating national guidelines to assuage "cost-cutting" fears. Conclusions Substitution to replace an entrenched clinical practice is complex. Leveraging available facilitators is key to ease the process for clinical and administrative stakeholders-e.g., emphasizing the efficiency of going from two tests to one. Identifying and addressing clinician and patient fears regarding cost-cutting and perceived poorer quality of care is critical for substitution. Multicomponent and multilevel strategies for engagement and education will be required. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov, # NCT04371887.
Coarticulation and learnability of transparent vowels in vowel harmony

The representations of transparent vowels in vowel harmony have been of interest to phonologists because of the challenges they pose for constraints on locality and complexity. One proposal is that transparent vowels in back vowel harmony may be intermediate between front and back. The present study uses two artificial language learning experiments to explore the psychological reality of acoustic differences in transparent vowels in back vs. front vowel contexts. Participants were exposed to a back/round vowel harmony language with a neutral vowel that was spliced so that the F2 was lower in back vowel contexts and higher in front vowel contexts (the Natural condition) or the reverse (the Unnatural condition). While only participants in the Natural condition of Experiment 1 were able to learn the behavior of the transparent vowel relative to a No-Training control, there was no difference between the Natural and Unnatural conditions. In Experiment 2, only participants in the Natural condition learned the vowel harmony pattern, though there were no significant differences between the two conditions. No condition successfully learned the behavior of the transparent vowel in Experiment 2. These results suggest that the effects of small differences in the F2 value of transparent back vowels on learnability are minimal.
Monitoring of internal temperature of vehicle power battery based on electrical resistance tomography

A novel method to monitoring the internal temperature of a power battery was proposed based on the Electrical Resistance Tomography(ERT)to complement the temperature measurement in online and to insure the safety of the power battery.Through introducing the Wenner-Schlumberger model in the ERT,the relationships between the internal temperatures and the resistivity of power battery were deduced.And by using the smoothness-constrained least-square method to invert the images of multi-electrode tomographic detection data,the internal abnormal temperature regions were monitored dynamically and a test platform was established.To validate the reliability of this new method,an intersection region model was established to analyze the static distribution of internal resistivity of the power battery.Then,dynamic resistivity distribution was analyzed in five different temperatures.The analysis shows that the color ribbon difference in the inversion image increases by 2.5times in 45.5 ℃ as compared to those of other four tests,especially at coordinates(0.047, 0.000 5),which changes significantly.Finally,dynamic tracking critical temperature in mutational area shows that the resistivity rebounds suddenly at 0.173Ω·m,which indicates that a mutation occurs in the battery.These results demonstrate that the proposed method not only offers a visual and reliable monitoring result of internal temperature changes for the power battery,but also can provide a new research pathways for the power battery,such as safety characteristics,life prediction,and load control.
Racial/Ethnic Disparities in the Incidence of Epithelial Ovarian Cancer in Florida by Histology, 2001-2015: Analysis of Trends.

OBJECTIVES Because the population in Florida is 25.6% Hispanic, it is possible to evaluate the influence of race and ethnicity within clinically relevant subgroups of women with epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC), including histology and tumor grade. This study explores racial/ethnic disparities in the incidence of EOC in Florida by histology and tumor grade. METHODS This study is an analysis of the Florida Cancer Database System. All incidence EOC cases from 2001 through 2015 were identified. Age-adjusted incidences were calculated and trends modeled by race/ethnicity and histology using Joinpoint and Poisson regression. RESULTS In total, 80% of the 21,731 women with EOC were White, followed by Hispanic (13.1%) and non-Hispanic Black (7.9%). All races/ethnicities had statistically significant declines in incidence, with non-Hispanic White and non-Hispanic Black women having the steepest declines (annual percentage change -2.5, 95% confidence interval [CI] -5.9 to -2.1 and annual percentage change -2.8, 95% CI -4.8 to -1.5, respectively). A decreased incidence trend across the time period was seen for all subgroups (relative risk 0.97 [95% CI 0.96-0.98], 0.96 [95% CI 0.96-0.99], and 0.98 [95% CI 0.96-0.99] for non-Hispanic White, non-Hispanic Black, and Hispanic). High-grade EOC incidence for all groups did not change with time. CONCLUSIONS We found significant declines in the incidence of EOC for all races/ethnicities, but not for high-grade EOC. The observed incidence decline in Hispanic women differs from previous research. More research is needed to understand women the causes of overall racial/ethnic differences and the decline in EOC.
A structure-based engineering approach to abrogate pre-existing antibody binding to biotherapeutics.

Development of biotherapeutics is hampered by the inherent risk of immunogenicity, which requires extensive clinical assessment and possible re-engineering efforts for mitigation. The focus in the pre-clinical phase is to determine the likelihood of developing treatment-emergent anti-drug antibodies (TE-ADA) and presence of pre-existing ADA in drug-naive individuals as risk-profiling strategies. Pre-existing ADAs are routinely identified during clinical immunogenicity assessment, but their origin and impact on drug safety and efficacy have not been fully elucidated. One specific class of pre-existing ADAs has been described, which targets neoepitopes of antibody fragments, including Fabs, VH, or VHH domains in isolation from their IgG context. With the increasing number of antibody fragments and other small binding scaffolds entering the clinic, a widely applicable method to mitigate pre-existing reactivity against these molecules is desirable. Here is described a structure-based engineering approach to abrogate pre-existing ADA reactivity to the C-terminal neoepitope of VH(H)s. On the basis of 3D structures, small modifications applicable to any VH(H) are devised that would not impact developability or antigen binding. In-silico B cell epitope mapping algorithms were used to rank the modified VHH variants by antigenicity; however, the limited discriminating capacity of the computational methods prompted an experimental evaluation of the engineered molecules. The results identified numerous modifications capable of reducing pre-existing ADA binding. The most efficient consisted of the addition of two proline residues at the VHH C-terminus, which led to no detectable pre-existing ADA reactivity while maintaining favorable developability characteristics. The method described, and the modifications identified thereby, may provide a broadly applicable solution to mitigate immunogenicity risk of antibody-fragments in the clinic and increase safety and efficacy of this promising new class of biotherapeutics.
Hyperspectral reflectance spectra of floating matters derived from HICO observations

Abstract. Using data collected by the Hyperspectral Imager for the Coastal Ocean (HICO) on the International Space Station between 2010–2014, hyperspectral reflectance of various floating matters in global oceans and lakes are derived for the spectral range of 400–800 nm. Specifically, the entire HICO archive of 9,411 scenes is first visually inspected to identify suspicious image slicks. Then, a nearest-neighboring atmospheric correction is used to derive surface reflectance of slick pixels. Finally, a spectral unmixing scheme is used to derive the reflectance spectra of floating matters. Analysis of the spectral shapes of these various floating matters (macroalgae, microalgae, organic particles, whitecaps) through the use of a Spectral Angle Mapper (SAM) index indicates that they can mostly be distinguished from each other without the need of ancillary information. Such reflectance spectra from the consistent 90-m resolution HICO observations are expected to provide spectral endmembers to differentiate and quantify the various floating matters from existing multi-band satellite sensors and future hyperspectral satellite missions such as NASA’s Plankton, Aerosol, Cloud, and ocean Ecosystem (PACE) mission and Surface Biology and Geology (SBG) mission.
Nocardia cyriacigeorgica Brain and Lung Abscesses in 77-Year-Old Man With Diabetes

Nocardia species are difficult to identify, saprophytic, aerobic actinomycetes that are associated with high mortality rates and primarily affect immunocompromised hosts. Recently, the number ofdiagnoses of Nocardia cyriacigeorgica has grown in the United States, yet complicated clinical diagnosis and costly identification methods presume an underestimation of its presence in patients. We describe a case of brain abscess secondary to a pulmonary infection in an elderly, diabetic, Afghani man with an extensive history of chewing tobacco use.
Examination for Petrolatum Based Lubricants in Evidence from Rapes and Sodomies

The detection of petrolatum based lubricants on evidence submissions from rapes and forcible sodomies and their extraction and comparison with standards can help to substantiate the victim's allegation. Sixteen commercial products having a petrolatum base were uniquely distinguished by the combination of gas-liquid chromatography and synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy, and as little as 0.5 mg of product could be identified.
Specifying ontology views by traversal

One of the original motivations behind ontology research was the belief that ontologies can help with reuse in knowledge representation. However, many of the ontologies that are developed with reuse in mind, such as standard reference ontologies and controlled terminologies, are extremely large, while the users often need to reuse only a small part of these resources in their work. Specifying various views of an ontology enables users to limit the set of concepts that they see. In this paper, we develop the concept of a Traversal View, a view where a user specifies the central concept or concepts of interest, the relationships to traverse to find other concepts to include in the view, and the depth of the traversal. For example, given a large ontology of anatomy, a user may use a Traversal View to extract a concept of Heart and organs and organ parts that surround the heart or are contained in the heart. We define the notion of Traversal Views formally, discuss their properties, present a strategy for maintaining the view through ontology evolution and describe our tool for defining and extracting Traversal Views.
Bounds on the costs of register implementations

A fundamental aspect of any concurrent system is how processes communicate with each other. Ultimately, all communication involves concurrent reads and writes of shared memory cells, or registers. The stronger the guarantees provided by a register, the more useful it is to the user, but the harder it may be to implement in practice. Thus it is of interest to determine which types of registers can implement which other types of registers. The types of registers studied in this paper are safe vs. regular, 1-reader vs. n-readers, and binary vs. k-ary. Algorithms for various implementations have been previously developed. These have, for the most part, concentrated on the relative computability between different types of registers. In contrast, this paper studies the relative complexity of such algorithms, by considering the costs incurred when implementing one type of register (the logical register) with registers of another type (physical registers). The cost measures considered are the number of physical registers and the number of reads and writes on the physical registers required to implement the logical register. Bounds on the number of physical operations can be easily converted to provide time bounds for the logical operations. Tight bounds are obtained on the cost measures in many cases, and interesting trade-offs between the cost measures are identified. The lower bounds are shown using information-theoretic techniques. Two new algorithms are presented that improve on the costs of previously known algorithms: the hypercube algorithm implements a k-ary safe register out of binary safe registers, requiring only one physical write per logical write; and the tree algorithm implements a k-ary regular register out of binary regular registers, requiring only log k physical operations per logical operation. Both algorithms use novel combinatorial techniques.
Integral Equations for the Microstructures of Supercritical Fluids

We outline the numerical methods of solution of integral equations describing the microstructure of supercritical mixtures, including the Picard and Labik-Gillan methods. Solution of these equations yields the solvent-solute, solvent-solvent, and solute-solute pair correlation functions g ij (r). We illustrate calculated microstructures of supercritical solutions for both attractive and repulsive systems. The important structural aspects are the variations of the peak heights of g ij (r) (which are not related to near-critical behavior) and long-range tails in g ij r) which influence divergence in the partial molar volume and the mixture osmotic susceptibilities (which are due to critical effects).
A large deviations theory-based technique for the simulation of Bayesian equalizers

An importance sampling (IS) simulation technique is presented for Bayesian equalizers, based on the large deviations theory approach developed by Sadowsky and Bucklew (1990). For the additive Gaussian channel, the resulting simulation density is equivalent to the conventional noise biasing IS method, but with the bias vector chosen from a fixed set in a random manner. In order to properly select the bias vectors, the asymptotic decision boundary of the Bayesian equalizer is first determined. It is shown that the boundary is formed by multiple hyperplanes, and that the appropriate bias vectors are orthogonal to the hyperplanes. The simulation technique is then extended to the recursive symbol-by-symbol detector of Abend and Fritchman (1970) and simulation results are presented for both the recursive and non-recursive equalizers.
Role Differentiation in an Adolescent Victim-Offender Typology Results From Medellin, Colombia

The present study evaluates adolescent victimization and offending using cross-sectional survey data from 1,475 adolescents living in a disadvantaged Comuna in Medellin, Colombia, while paying particular attention to the ways in which both victimization and violent offending are operationalized. We find that 37% of respondents experienced no lifetime victimization, while 60% experienced vicarious, and 4% personal victimization. When restricting violent offending to behavior involving a weapon, the majority of offenders (81%) also experienced victimization while only 33% of victims were also weapons offenders. Our final analysis seeks to identify theoretical conditions which differentiate roles in a victim-offender typology, a result we determine varies significantly depending on how “violent offending” is measured.
Misguiding cues used by HIV to thwart protective immunity

Although the specific immune response against HIV-1 envelope trimers is of substantial magnitude, little if any antibody response against the conserved membrane proximal ectodomain region (MPER) is detected in patient sera. Here we report on immunogenicity studies using recombinant truncated constructs of gp41 and show that elicitable response to this MPER segment is minimal. Generation of broadly neutralizing antibodies will therefore require more precise immunogen design. As with the humoral response, we also show that HIV-1 has the ability to drive cellular T lymphocyte responses away from relevant, invariant viral segments, capable of affording broad protection, towards segments harboring more variable epitopes that escape CTL-based destruction. Absent response in HIV-1 infected patients is not a consequence of intrinsic holes in the human T cell repertoire, but rather, the sequelae of chronic exposure to antigens, immunodominance patterns and/or cellular dysfunction. These findings suggest a paradigm shift in HIV-1 vaccine design, focusing on potential immune response in normals to conserved segments of the viral proteins, even if not often observed in chronically HIV-1 infected patients.
Experimental research on electromagnetic continuous casting high-speed steel composite roll

A high speed steel composite roll billet was fabricated, which is regular in shape, smooth in surface, slight in trace, compact in internal structure, free of slag inclusion, shrinkage cavity, cracks and other flaws, and good in macro quality of junction surface using a vertical continuous casting machine. The interface zone microstructure of bimetallic in billet of high speed steel composite roll was analyzed by metallurgical microscope (OM), X-ray diffractmeter (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDS). The results indicate that the microstructure of roll billet is composed of chilled solidified layer, dendrite zone, interfacial zone of bimetal and core material zone. The microstructure of outer shell material is composed of martensite + bainite + residual austenite + some small labyrinth-shape, small-short lath-shape, or dollop-shape eutectic carbides. The microstructure of core material is slice-shape pearlite and a little ferrite along boundary of cells. The interface region microstructure of bimetallic composite roll consists of diffusion region, chilled solidified layer and columnar grain region.
Occupy Wall Street and Deliberative Decision‐Making: Translating Theory to Practice

This essay examines how the Occupy Wall Street movement employed the idea of deliberation to achieve a participatory, consensus-based democracy. As a participant observer, I illustrate that the way those at the movement's General Assembly engaged in issue discussions and decision-making followed the procedural ideals of deliberation and deliberative democracy to a certain extent. With innovative rhetorical and discussion mechanisms, deliberation at the assembly countered common criticisms against deliberation that it is impractical and causes polarization in political attitudes. I further argue that the overall Occupy movement was an example of communicative action in the weak public sphere and it served as a place of developing citizenship, which contributed to the theory of deliberative democracy in many meaningful ways.
A new physical power MOSFET model for improved simulation in power electronic design

A physically based power MOSFET model is derived based on the charge-sheet analysis. This is the first time a charge-sheet approach has been successfully used in modeling a power MOSFET. The continuous nature of the charge-sheet model allows for the development of a continuous I-V model for the power MOSFET from subthreshold to saturation. The generalized form of the charge-sheet model enables the physical modeling of the nonuniform doping through the MOS channel region of the power MOSFET. A physical model of the power MOSFET drift region is combined with the channel model to give a complete physical system of equations which is solved numerically. The model includes detailed calculations of the drift region parameters including the variation of the internal depletion widths with external bias. The physical, continuous behavior of the model provides easy extraction of small signal parameters and interelectrode capacitances. Test measurements of real power MOSFETS are used as a comparison to support the model results.
An efficient method for scoring base pair interactions

A simple method is described for speeding up the computation of base pairing interractions. It is especially effective on microcomputers.
Preexisting histologic evidence of prostatitis is unrelated to postimplant urinary morbidity.

The presence and extent of prostatitis on the patients' preimplant biopsy slides was correlated with their postimplant course to determine if any relationship exists between histological prostatitis and postimplant morbidity. Biopsy slides from 56 patients treated with I-125 (144 Gy, TG-43), Pd-103 (125 Gy, NIST-1999), or Pd-103 plus supplemental external beam radiation (20-44 Gy) were studied. As part of ongoing prospective protocols, treatment-related morbidity is monitored by mailed questionnaires at 1, 3, 6, 12, and 24 months postimplant, using standard American Urologic Association (I-PSS) and Radiation Therapy Oncology Group criteria. Patient's preimplant biopsies, stained with standard hematoxylin and eosin, were retrieved for review by one uropathologist (LT). Separate evaluations of the degree and extent of inflammation in biopsy cores free of cancer and in cancerous biopsy cores were undertaken. Infiltrates were classified as periglandular if they were within 50 microns of a glandular structure. They were otherwise classified as stromal. Distribution of the inflammation was reported as focal, multifocal, or diffuse. The intensity of inflammation was separately graded as mild if there were fewer than 10 inflammatory cells per high-power field, moderate if there were 10-200 cells per high-power microscopic field, or severe if there were more than 200 cells per field. In all cases the great majority of inflammatory cells were mononuclear, predominantly lymphocytes. Periglandular inflammation was most common, with 18% of patients having focal periglandular and 20% having multifocal periglandular inflammation on their preimplant biopsies. Cancer-related infiltrates were the second most common, with 23% of patients having focal, 13% multifocal, and 13% diffuse cancer-related inflammation on their preimplant biopsies. Eight of the 55 patients developed postimplant urinary retention, requiring catheterization for 2 to 8 days. The overall incidence of postimplant urinary retention was low and there was no obvious relationship between the presence of inflammation on preimplant biopsy and the likelihood of postimplant urinary retention. AUA score changes at 1 and 6 months postimplant were highly variable and unrelated to the presence or severity of periglandular or cancer-related inflammation. Considering the apparent lack of relationship between histological findings and clinical outcomes in the patients reported here, the authors conclude that histologic evidence of prostatitis is not a contraindication to brachytherapy.
Work in progress - the University of Michigan STEM Academy

In recognition of the critical need for an increased and diverse STEM workforce within the State of Michigan, the University of Michigan launched the Michigan STEM (M-STEM) Academy in the College of Engineering in the summer of 2008. Based on the successful and nationally recognized Meyerhoff Scholars Program at the University of Maryland-Baltimore County, M-STEM identifies talented diverse incoming engineering students with interest in STEM fields who, for reasons of socioeconomic class, first generation college student status, race, gender, or lack of high school rigor might not be successful in pursuing a Michigan STEM degree. M-STEM provides these students with a highly coordinated support system during the critical transition years between high school graduation and the declaration of a STEM concentration by the junior undergraduate year. Programmatic components and assessment of the first year will be discussed.
Approximate scale invariance and limit of [ σ ( e + e − → hadrons ) σ ( e + e − → μ + μ − ) ] as s → ∞ in the SU(3) limit

Using an anomalous Ward identity for (trace of the stress-energy-momentum tensor) \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${(\mathrm{electromagnetic}\mathrm{current})}^{2}$ with PCDC (partially conserved dilation current) via two isoscalars $\ensuremath{\epsilon}(700)$ and ${S}^{*}(980)$ we get $limit of\text{}[\frac{\ensuremath{\sigma}({e}^{+}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\mathrm{hadrons})}{\ensuremath{\sigma}({e}^{+}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\mu}}^{+}{\ensuremath{\mu}}^{\ensuremath{-}})}]\text{as}s\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\infty}\ensuremath{\simeq}24\frac{m_{P}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}}{m_{\ensuremath{\epsilon}}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}}\ensuremath{\simeq}8$ [ $m_{P}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}$ being the average ${\mathrm{mass}}^{2}$ of the pseudoscalar SU(3) octet].
Secondary scattering in compton profile measurements

Calculations of secondary Compton scattering spectra are presented for 60 keV photons scattered at 180°. The presence of secondary scattering modifies measured spectra in such a way that apparent high-momentum tails are added to the valence profiles, and the heights of the normalized profiles are reduced. The Compton profile of Be has been measured using 60 keV photons and a small sample from which secondary scattering is negligible. Comparison of the results to those of X-ray diffractometer measurements [1, 2] points out secondary scattering effects present in the latter. The valence profiles have high-momentum tails, and the profiles are asymmetric with higher values on the low-energy side of the profiles. These effects are probably present in many reported profiles of low atomic number samples. Es werden die Rechnungen fur sekundare Compton-Streuspektren fur bei 180° gestreute 60 keV-Photonen mitgeteilt. Die sekundare Streuung modifiziert die gemessenen Spektren in einer Weise, das die auftretenden Hochimpuls-Auslaufer zu den Valenzprofilen addiert und die Hohen der normierten Profile reduziert werden. Die Comptonprofile von Be wurden mit 60 keV-Photonen und einer kleinen Probe, bei der sekundare Streuung vernachlassigbar war, gemessen. Der Vergleich der Ergebnisse mit denen von Rontgenstrahlen-beugungsmessungen [1, 2] weist auf die Anwesenheit sekundarer Streuungseffekte im letzteren Fall hin. Die Valenzprofile besitzen Hochimpuls-Auslaufer und die Profile sind assymmetrisch mit hoheren Werten an der Niederenergieseite der Profile. Die Effekte existieren wahrscheinlich in vielen veroffentlichten Profilen von Proben mit niedriger Atomzahl.