cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Temperature-triggered reversible micellar self-assembly of linear–dendritic block copolymers

Polymeric micelles based on a thermoresponsive linear–dendritic block copolymer were completely disrupted into unimers upon cooling the solution to a temperature below its LCST and reversibly regenerated upon heating again.
Midlife women's attributions about perceived memory changes: observations from the Seattle Midlife Women's Health Study.

Memory changes are of increasing interest as midlife women approach menopause. Recent studies of relationships between estrogen and Alzheimer's disease have prompted interest in memory experiences around the time of menopause. The purpose of this analysis, part of the larger Seattle Midlife Women's Health Study (SMWHS), was to describe the types of memory changes women perceived during midlife, to describe their attributions about the memory changes, and to describe the relationship among these types and attributions of memory changes and age, menopausal transition stage, hormone replacement therapy (HRT) use, stress, and major life roles. Women (n = 230) with a mean age of 46.7 years, enrolled in the SMWHS, described whether they had noticed any changes in their memory, when they noticed them first, the nature of the changes, and what they thought were the reasons for the changes. Types of memory changes were collapsed into five categories, which included difficulty recalling words or numbers, forgetting...
Similarity stagnation point solutions of the Navier-Stokes equations - review and extension

Abstract Stagnation regions exist on all blunt bodies moving in a viscous fluid. In certain stagnation flow problems, the Navier–Stokes equations reduce to nonlinear ordinary differential equations through a similarity transform. This paper reviews the existing steady similarity stagnation flow solutions and discusses a new area of research, stagnation flow with slip.
The Use of Sodium Hyaluronate–Carboxymethylcellulose (HA-CMC) Barrier in Gynecologic Malignancies: A Retrospective Review of Outcomes

Concerns exist regarding the safety of sodium hyaluronate–carboxymethylcellulose (HA-CMC, Seprafilm) adhesion barrier in regard to cancer survival as a result of in vitro data demonstrating that hyaluronan, a component of HA-CMC, may promote tumor growth. We sought to determine whether use of HA-CMC is associated with duration of disease-free or overall survival and rates of immediate complication in patients with gynecologic malignancies. We identified 202 consecutive patients with epithelial ovarian, fallopian tube, and primary peritoneal cancer who underwent initial surgical staging or interval debulking at the University of Minnesota between January 2001 and December 2004. Information on patients’ demographics, medical history, surgical procedures, postoperative complications, disease stage, histology, adjuvant therapy, and disease-free and overall survival was collected from medical records. Survival curves were compared between patients receiving or not receiving HA-CMC by stratified Cox regression models, log rank, and Wilcoxon tests. The level of significance was set to alpha = .05 for each test. Eighty patients received intraoperative placement of HA-CMC and 122 did not. Immediate postoperative complication rates were equivalent in both groups. Median follow-up was 2.1 years. There was no difference in disease-free survival (5-year estimate 23.6% vs. 33.3%, P = .80) or overall survival (5-year estimate 29.7% vs. 40.3%, P = .75) between those who received HA-CMC and those who did not. Our retrospective analysis suggests that HA-CMC adhesion barrier does not affect disease-free survival or overall survival; nor does it increase the immediate postoperative complication rates in patients undergoing abdominal surgery for ovarian, fallopian tube, and primary peritoneal carcinomas.
On the stability of a plane deflagration wave

The stability of a one-dimensional deflagration wave to small disturbances was investigated. By introducing a suitable approximation to the steady-state temperature distribution and after assuming that the Lewis number of the unperturbed flow is unity, it is possible to obtain an explicit solution to the disturbance equation. It is demonstrated that within the framework of the present analysis the deflagration wave appears to be stable.
168 FEMALE PSEUDOHERMAPHRODITISM CAUSED BY THE TRANSPLACENTAL TRANSFER OF TESTOSTERONE OF OVARIAN ORIGIN

Fetal masculinization of maternal ovarian origin is usually caused by androgen secreting tumors. The case of a severely masculinized female infant described here is believed to have been caused by transplacental transfer of maternal testosterone probably secreted by polycystic ovaries. Ovulation was induced by Clomid. Hirsutism and cystic acne developed during pregnancy. Baby was delivered at term by C-section. Polycystic ovaries were observed at operation. Other than ambiguous external genitalia the infant was healthy. Scrotum was small but well formed. Phallus measured 20 mm with a small opening at the base. No gonads were palpable. Genitogram showed a urethral tract with no evidence of a vagina. Karyotype showed a normal (46 XX) chromosomes. Cord testosterone was 1232 ng/dl. Cord and postnatal serum 17α-OH progesterone and urinary 17 KS, 17 KGS were all normal. Maternal testosterone at 9 days post-partum was 468 ng/dl and declined to 82 ng/dl at 18 days. Free testosterone remained elevated. 2000 HCG × 3 days did not increase testosterone. Prednisone failed to modify total and free testosterone. However, cyclic estrogen and progesterone lowered total and free testosterone to 10 ng/dl and 1.6 pg/ml respectively. At laparotomy the infant had normal ovaries, fallopian tubes and uterus, but no vaginal structure could be identified.
XEDS in the AEM: Has Everything Thing That Can be Invented, Been Invented?

There is a fairly old apocryphal quotation stating : “Everything that can be invented has been invented.” [1] attributed at one time to Charles H. Duell of the US Patent office in 1899. We all realize this is an absurd statement, and it is well documented that Duell actually said something quite different and urged the US Congress to encourage the advancement of science as well as to improve the patent system [2,3]. This does however bring to focus a salient point concerning x-ray spectroscopy, as it relates to analytical electron microscopy. For many years instrument developers have concentrated upon advances in electron-optics, with justifiable and demonstrated improvements in imaging and probe forming systems. Aberration correctors, high sensitivity imaging detectors and electron spectrometry systems abound [4] , however, there are only a few seminal events which mark evolutionary advances in x-ray spectrometry. Arguably we can list the foremost of these as: the invention of electron microprobe analysis (EMPA) by Castaing [5], the invention of the Lithium Drifted Silicon (Si(Li) solid state detector [6], the development of the first AEM (EMMA-4) [7] and the development of the Silicon Drift Detector (SDD)[8]. While these are all key events which mark the onset of major advances in our ability to perform microanalysis, by comparison they represent only a fraction of the investment in resources compared to the electron optical developments. A very large fraction of the instrumentation found in characterization facilities worldwide has ancilliary x-ray analysis subsystems. The majority of these ancilliary x-ray spectrometry systems have been interfaced to an electron optical column in the simplest possible configuration and although they are at times considered routine, this does not mean that we have achieved all that these resources can provide, nor does it mean that we have addressed fully all their methodological intricacies and/or potentials.
Simple Procedures for Extrapolation of Humidity Variables in the Mountainous Western United States

Abstract A series of simple procedures are presented for extrapolating climatic averages of humidity variables from a reference location with long-term humidity measurements to nearby higher elevat...
Clinical significance of retrograde flow in the vertebral artery

Although retrograde vertebral artery flow was described over 100 years ago, its relationship to symptoms remains unclear. We documented 43 patients who were found by duplex scanning to have reverse flow in the vertebral artery. Of this group, seven patients (16%) were found to have symptoms described as typical for the “subclavian steal” syndrome. Nearly one-third were asymptomatic. Of the remaining patients, 13 (30%) presented with nonhemispheric symptoms while nine (21%) had hemispheric symptoms. Nine patients had “to and fro” flow in the vertebral artery. This variant was not found in subclavian steal patients but correlated with nonhemispheric symptoms. During follow-up (mean: 19 months) none of the asymptomatic patients became symptomatic, and there were no strokes or stroke-related deaths. Surgical procedures which restored antegrade vertebral artery flow did not necessarily improve symptoms of posterior circulation ischemia. In some patients improvement in posterior circulation symptoms was noted following carotid endarterectomy. It is concluded that retrograde flow in the vertebral artery is, per se, a benign entity. Accurate selection of surgical candidates remains imprecise. It will require not only identification of vertebrobasilar disease but as yet undefined tests to assure symptoms are due to these stenoses.
Quantum error correction against correlated noise

We consider quantum error correction against correlated noise using simple and concatenated Calderbank-Shor-Steane codes as well as $n$-qubit repetition codes. We characterize the performance of various codes by means of the fidelity following the error correction of a single logical qubit in a quantum register. For concatenated codes we find a threshold in the single-qubit error rate below which the encoded qubit is perfectly protected. The threshold depends on the correlation strength of the noise and goes to zero for perfect correlation. Finally, we concatenate the traditional error correcting codes with a decoherence free subspace and evaluate the performance over the whole range from uncorrelated noise to perfectly correlated noise.
The career decision of information systems people

Abstract This study examines the relationships between career decisions and directions and a set of independent variables including job title, demographic variables, role stressors, boundary spanning activities, perceived job characteristics, and career outcomes for 348 IS employees. Results show that the majority had already defined specific jobs they would like to hold in the near future. They were also able to define four directions for their future careers: IS technical, IS management, business, and consultant. Results show that career decisions and directions are related to some of the independent variables. IS employees in each of the four career directions could be further categorized into groups on the basis of similar characteristics. Implications of theses findings are discussed.
Intervertebral measurement of lumbar segmental motion with a new measuring device

A new Intervertebral Motion Device (IMD) was developed in this study. Depending on its configuration, the IMD was used to measure motion in the sagittal, frontal, and transverse planes. Calibration results showed that the root-mean-square (RMS) error of the IMD was 0.092 mm in axial translation, 0.065 mm in shear translation, and 0.091 in rotation. Using the IMD, nine intact human lumbosacral spine specimens (L3-S1) were tested under a simulated physiological load on an MTS (Model 858 Bionix, MTS System Corporation Minneapolis, MN). The ranges of motion (ROMs) of intact and instrumented specimens were measured in terms of angular motion (main motion) and coupled translation in the sagittal plane, and angular motion in the transverse plane. The results demonstrated that simulated fusion with CS instrumentation at the level of L4-L5 significantly decreased the ROMs of L4-L5 for all main and coupled motions (P < 0.03). The application of CD rods had less influence on the angular ROM in L/R axial rotation compared to the angular ROMs in Flex/Ext and L/R lateral bending.
Paleomagnetism of the Middle Proterozoic Electra Lake Gabbro, Needle Mountains, southwestern Colorado

The Electra Lake Gabbro is a small 1.435 Ga pluton that intrudes 1.7 to 1.6 Ga gneisses and schists of the Needle Mountains in southwestern Colorado. Paleomagnetic samples were collected from the main phases of the gabbro, diabase dikes, granite, and alaskite dikes that cut the gabbro and from a partially melted zone in gneiss along the southern margin of the pluton. Gabbro, diabase, and some melt zone samples have a single-polarity characteristic magnetization of northeast declination (D) and moderate negative inclination (I). Demagnetization behavior and rock magnetic characteristics indicate that the remanence is carried by nearly pure magnetite. After correction for the minor west dip of overlying Paleozoic strata, we obtain a mean direction of D = 32.1°, I = −41.9° ( k: = 94, α95 = 3.3°, N = 21 sites) and a paleomagnetic pole at 21.1°S, 221.1°E, (K = 89, A95 = 3.4°). This pole is similar to poles from the Middle Proterozoic Belt Supergroup but is located at a higher southerly latitude than poles from other 1.47–1.44 Ga plutons from North America, most of which plot at equatorial latitudes. The reason for this discrepancy is not clear but may result from a combination of factors, including unrecognized tilting of the gabbro, the failure of this relatively small pluton to fully average paleosecular variation, and uncertainties in the overall reliability of other 1.5–1.4 Ga poles of the North American apparent polar wander path.
Three-phase inverter synchronization control utilizing internal model principle

In order to ensure synchronized operation of inverters used in renewable energy systems, the output voltage magnitude, frequency and phase angle must be consistent with that of the power grid when it is in islanding operation. Based on author's previous work on single-phase inverter synchronization control with internal model principle, this paper extends the application of that principle to achieving synchronized operation of three-phase inverters with balanced load, in islanding operation; without the need for conventional Phase-Locked Loop. Linear Quadratic Regulator was utilized to enhance stability; offset voltage canceller was included in the switching system to compensate for switching components' nonlinearities; and digital redesign was performed to reduce computational burden in real-time by prolonging the calculation period. The simulation results obtained validated the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Flow and distribution of india ink in microvessels of the frog

Abstract Velocities of an india ink front and of RBCs moving ahead of it were studied by intravital microscopy in capillaries of frog mesentery and skeletal muscle. Measurements were made during microperfusion of single vessels or groups of connected vessels in mesentery, and following intravenous ink injection in both tissues. The presence of ink did not appear to interfere with microvascular flow or vasomotion during the period of observation. On the average, the ink spearhead moved only slightly faster than the RBCs. There was substantial variation in relative velocities of RBCs in the same vessel and in the relative velocities of ink front and RBCs. The time course of ink filling showed substantial heterogeneity of flow in mesentery, more nearly uniform flow in skeletal muscle. Comparison of the measured velocity ratios of ink to RBCs with published observations on relative velocities of RBC to blood suggest that the advancing, apparently parabolic front of ink moves at less than twice the mean blood velocity. This is due in small part to diffusive dispersion of the ink particles in the laminar flow gradient, but more largely to stochastic dispersion of the front by interaction with RBCs and by displacement at branches.
Assocition between “plagiocephaly” and hemifacial microsomia

Fifteen of 155 patients with hemifcial microsomia were noted to have frontal plagiocephaly. These patients were examined to determine whether the frontal flattening was either secondary to deformation, the result of unilateral coronal synostosis, or part of the spectrum of hemifacial microsomia. The patients were categorized as having deformational versus synostotic frontal plagiocephaly by documenting position of the supraorbital rims, nasal root, ears, malar eminences, chin point, and the palperbral fissure height. Other extracraniofacial anomalies were also noted. Fourteen of 15(93%) patients had characteristic deformational abnormalities. Only 1/15(7%) had an elevated orbit, suggestive of unilateral coronal synostosis, but theis diagnosis was not radiographically confirmed. Frontal deformational plagiocephaly was ipsilateral to the side predominantly affreted by hemifacial microsomia in all but on e patient. Patients with hemifacial microsomia-deformational frontal plagiocephaly often had ipsilateral torticollis, cervical spine abnormalities, and anomalies outside the craniofacial region. This was in contrast to patients with deformational frontal plagiocephaly, in the absence of hemifacial microsomia, who frequently had ipsilateral torticollis but no other anomalies. This study also undrscores possible confusion in defferentiating hemifacial microsomia from deformaional hemifacial hypoplasia on physical exaination. The association of deformational frontal plagiocephaly and hemifacial microsomia belies a rigid etiologic label of deformational versus malformative anomaly. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The Effect of Writing Process Software on Student Success: A Research Summary.

SINCE COMPUTERS are now so widely used for writing, there have been a great many studies attempting to quantify the impact of word processors on student writing skills. Dozens of such studies have been published, often with contradictory results. What has been less common is the attempt to look beyond simple word processors to the impact of other writing software. We know, for instance, that there are now many programs available to help students find topics to write about, find common usage errors, and even revise for stylistic impact. The research on comprehensive writing software—having everything a writer needs built into the software—is very promising. Recent studies at four different institutions indicate that writing tools software can both improve writing performance and improve pass rates for disadvantaged students.
Effect of Lean Body Mass, Fat Mass, Blood Pressure, and Sexual Maturation on Left Ventricular Mass in Children and Adolescents Statistical, Biological, and Clinical Significance

Background Left ventricular hypertrophy has been established as an independent risk factor for the development of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. It is clear that left ventricular mass increases during childhood and adolescence with body growth. The extent to which other factors, such as obesity, stage of sexual maturation, and level of blood pressure, determine left ventricular mass has been controversial. Methods and Results The study was a cross-sectional evaluation of the relationship of left ventricular mass determined by echocardiography with lean body mass and fat mass determined by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, which is the most valid and reliable method for determination of body composition in children and adolescents. The relationship of left ventricular mass with the stage of sexual maturation and with systolic and diastolic blood pressure was also evaluated. Two hundred one subjects (105 boys, 96 girls; 103 white and 98 black) 6 to 17 years old were studied. Age (r=.72), height (r=...
Evidence for the existence of adiabatic energy loss in interplanetary space from observations of the decay of the February 25–March 2, 1969 series of solar cosmic ray events

The integral flux of low energy protons (> 10 MeV) observed by the University of New Hampshire cosmic ray detector aboard the Pioneer 9 spaceprobe has been compared with similar measurements of the near-Earth spacecraft Explorer 34 during the decay phase of the February 25–March 2, 1969 series of solar cosmic ray events. At this time the Pioneer 9 spaceprobe was 0.8 AU from the Sun and close to the Sun-Earth radial line. The ratio of integral fluxes as measured by the separated spacecraft can be calculated theoretically during the convective phase of the decay of these events and will depend on whether energy loss processes are operative. A comparison of the observed and theoretically calculated ratios suggests that the adiabatic energy loss process is operative.
The disunity-unity dimension

decisions in science are not logical; rather, they are based on personal predilections and values, politics, and consensus in the scientific community. It can be argued that the continued existence of separate categories for generalized SAD and APD is not based on empirical data but on political factions and territorial claims. The infusion of nonrational and nonlogical decision making is proposed to impede progress in psychological science. The refusal to abandon or revise a single categorical entity in the DSM–IV to a dimensional approach (despite supportive data) is a lingering reminder of the salience of Kuhn’s critiques.
RECIPROCAL BOOTSTRAP RELATIONSHIP OF THE NUCLEON AND THE (3,3) RESONANCE

It has been proposed that within the framework of the analytically continued S-matrix all strongly interacting particles are composites, held together by forces associated with crossed'' channels. The essence of the ChewLow theory for the (3,3) resonance is that in first approximation this particle is a pion-nucleon composite, held together primarily by exchange of a nucleon. A mechanism, called the reciprocal bootstrap, is outlined to show that in the same sense and with the same degree of experimental verification the nucleon is approximately a composite of a pion and a nucleon, bound together to a large extent by exchange of a (3,3) resonance. (H.D.R.)
Patient satisfaction and ethnic identity among American Indian older adults

Work in the field of culturally competent medical care draws on studies showing that minority Americans often report lower satisfaction with care than White Americans and recommends that providers should adapt care to patients' cultural needs. However, empirical evidence in support of cultural competence models is limited by reliance upon measurements of racial rather than ethnic identity and also by a near-total neglect of American Indians. This project explored the relationship between ethnic identity and satisfaction using survey data collected from 115 chronically ill American Indian patients >or=50 years at a Cherokee Nation clinic. Satisfaction scores were high overall and comparable to those found in the general population. Nevertheless, analysis using hierarchical linear modeling showed that patients' self-rated American Indian ethnic identity was significantly associated with satisfaction. Specifically, patients who rated themselves high on the measure of American Indian ethnic identity reported reduced scores on satisfaction with health care providers' social skill and attentiveness, as compared to those who rated themselves lower. Significant associations remained after controlling for patients' sex, age, education, marital status, self-reported health, wait time, and number of previous visits. There were no significant associations between patients' American Indian ethnic identity and satisfaction with provider's technical skill and shared decision-making. Likewise, there were no significant associations between satisfaction and a separate measure of White American ethnic identity, although a suggestive trend was observed for satisfaction with provider's social skill. Our findings demonstrate the importance of including measures of ethnic identity in studies of medical satisfaction in racial minority populations. They support the importance of adapting care to patient's cultural needs, and they highlight the particular significance of interpersonal communication for patient satisfaction among American Indians. Results will be of special interest to health researchers, clinicians, and policy makers working in fields related to minority health.
Creation and Investigation of Protein-Core Mimetics with Parallel and Antiparallel Aligned Amino Acids

Mimetic protein cores were created that align a set of l-Phe, d-Phe, or l-Leu residues in a parallel or an antiparallel arrangement in chloroform. Not all cores show a single conformation at room temperature. Stable structures require a synergistic relationship between the H-bonding groups and the residues within the core. The spatial arrangement of the side chains dictates whether a zippered or a crossed pattern of H-bonds is observed for these cores. Variable-temperature 1H NMR experiments were used to determine the strengths of the H-bonds. The existence of H-bonds was verified through FTIR spectroscopic analysis. Large temperature coefficients exist for some protons of aromatic rings that are held in a T-shaped arrangement. A comparison of these temperature coefficients shows that a more stable core is obtained by combining benzenoid and nitrobenzenoid rings as compared to benzenoid rings. Structures were determined using a combination of 2D NMR analysis and molecular modeling.
Curricular change: recommendations from a national perspective.

ABSTRACT Recommendations on future directions, funding, and organizational and curricular issues have emerged from the complexity of the Interdisciplinary Generalist Curriculum (IGC) Project. For example, future demonstration projects aimed at innovations in medical education that are funded through the contracting mechanism are recommended, and funding intended to serve as institutional leverage for demonstrating desired curricular innovations in medical education is encouraged. Funding provided to entities that can maximize influence within the institutions is recommended. Also, the period of time over which funds are provided needs to take into consideration the breadth of the impact of the funded program on the larger curriculum and the length of time needed to measure desired outcomes. Organizational findings are that multi-site projects with administrative oversight bodies should be governed by representatives of concerned disciplines who have stakes in the demonstration of the innovations in medical education, and roles of the executive and advisory committees involved in the effort need to be made explicit at the onset and revisited over time. Similarly, the role of the funder needs to be explicit. Curricular recommendations are that medical schools are encouraged to develop longitudinal generalist preceptorship experiences early in medical education for all students, regardless of their eventual career choices. Schools should anticipate that curricular innovations in the preclinical years may require modifications of the educational process in the clinical years.
LC determination of impurities in methoxsalen drug substance: isolation and identification of isopimpinellin as a major impurity by atmospheric pressure chemical ionization LC/MS and NMR

Abstract A gradient elution LC method was developed to separate methoxsalen from three of its known impurities: isopimpinellin, bergapten, and ammidin. The method employs a methanol–6%THF (aq) mobile phase, phenyl column, and detection at 254 nm. The gradient LC procedure was applied to seven lots of methoxsalen from five different manufacturers. Six of the seven lots tested contained isopimpinellin as the major impurity at a concentration range of 0.2–2.5%. Identification of the impurity as isopimpinellin was accomplished by a combination of analytical and preparative LC, atmospheric pressure chemical ionization liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry, and NMR.
MORPHOLOGY AND TAXONOMY OF SPECIES OF PHOMOPSIS ON ASPARAGUS

Phomopsis javanica, a new species on Asparagus from Java, is described and illustrated. It differs from P. asparagi by producing paraphyses among the conidiophores and conidiogenous cells, and is the first Phomopsis described with these structures. Phomopsis javanica was more virulent than P. asparagi when inoculated on asparagus foliage and stems. Phomopsis asparagicola is considered a synonym of P. asparagi. P. asparagi and P. javanica are compared in a series of photographs.
CORRECTIONAL POLICY AND PUBLIC VALUES

Since 1960, research on various options in correctional policy has emphasiz ‘two basic dimensions: the offender and the community. Under the assumptions that the community and the offender are not separable concerns and that the community is a complex system with many different and conflicting elements, this study examines public values regarding several popular correctional options. Data obtained demonstrate two normative clusters, one concerned with retribution and one with rehabilitation. Examination of the social status of respondents suggests a complex relationship between community structure and norms concerning correctional programs. Recommendations for further research are outlined, as well as for ways that correctional officials could reduce public resistance to the programs favored by officials.
Social psychology cares about causal conscious thought, not free will per se.

The target article is a response to internet blog posts and not to the published record. This distinction matters because while the blog posts debated free will, within the peer-reviewed, scientific psychological literature the debate has always been over a somewhat different issue: the causal nature of conscious as opposed to automatic cognitive processes on higher mental processes such as judgment, behaviour, and motivation. These are distinct issues because conscious processes can be part of the causal chain even though they themselves are caused; thus, logically, conscious processes can be causal even though free will (the ‘uncaused causer’) does not exist. This debate within psychology over the causal efficacy of conscious processes is now 100 years old (Watson, 1912) and the recent blog exchanges that prompted the target article are better understood within that historical context instead of within the definitional debates within philosophy about the concept of free will.
Subtle and Overt Forms of Islamophobia: Microaggressions toward Muslim Americans

Previous research suggests that microaggressions, or subtle and covert manifestations of bias, are commonplace in the life experience of people of color, women, and sexual minorities. However, there is a dearth of research focusing on microaggressions toward people from religious minority groups. Using a qualitative approach and directed content analysis with Muslim American participants (N=10), six themes emerged: 1) Endorsing Religious Stereotypes of Muslims as Terrorists, 2) Pathology of the Muslim Religion, 3) Assumption of Religious Homogeneity, 4) Exoticization, 5) Islamophobic and Mocking Language, and 6) Alien in Own Land. Implications for Muslim mental health are discussed.
Teachers' Expectations for Handicapped and Non-Handicapped Children in Mainstreamed Physical Education Classes:

The purpose of this study was to describe the differences of 27 handicapped and 27 non-handicapped youngsters in terms of the teachers' expectation for their physical performance, social relations, cooperative behavior and ability to reason during physical education instruction. Marched pairs of handicapped and non-handicapped elementary school-aged children were taught by three elementary physical education specialists in mainstreamed physical education classes. At the beginning of the fall term, teachers were asked to rate their students according to how they expected them to perform in terms of the four expectancy variables. All three teachers had significantly lower expectations for the handicapped students' social relations with peers than the non-handicapped. Non-significant differences were found for the remaining expectancy variables.
Control of orientation in liquid crystalline epoxies via magnetic field processing

We demonstrate control over the orientation of the 4,4'-bis(2,3-epoxypropoxy)-α-methylstilbene (EPAMS)/sulfanilamide (SAA) epoxy system. A statistical experimental design was generated and analyzed to determine the effects of the time in the magnetic field, field strength, and the amount of B-staging. A regression model with a coefficient of determination, R 2 , of 0.8577 was calculated to predict the orientation parameter for the input variables. An optimization study was also conducted to check the prediction of the orientation parameters by the model. The model can predict the experimentally measured orientation in regions where the model predicts physically realistic values for the orientation.
Forest engineering implication of storm-induced mass wasting in the Oregon Coast Range, USA

Abstract A severe winter storm, under conditions of high antecedent moisture and a substantial snow pack at higher elevations, in February of 1996 resulted in rapid flooding and a large number of precipitation-induced landslides. The number of mass wasting events greatly exceeded the expectations of many land managers, given the magnitude (50-year return interval ) of the storm event. Both ground and aerial surveys were used to characterize the nature of these events and relate the occurrence of mass wasting activity to the topography, geology, and land management activities of the region. This paper is based upon an aerial videography transect of the north Oregon Coast Range and explores the potential of this technique, with special reference to storm damage assessment in commercial forestry areas. Given the efforts to enhance and protect anadromous fish-rearing habitat in the region's perennial streams, this survey explores the implications of current and past forest engineering practices, and suggests that engineering efforts to ‘de-construct’ the legacy of old roads and culvert systems may be appropriate in the drainage basins with the highest potential habitat values.
Topology synthesis networks: self organization of structure and weight adjustment as a learning paradigm

Abstract This work reviews the recent history of the design of neurocomputing algorithms and discusses the shortcomings that motivated the design of newer algorithms. In particular, it is proposed that recent results in a variety of scientific fields can be brought to bear to address a number of limitations in the current second generation of non-linear fixed structure networks. A new method called Self Organizing Neural Network (SONN) algorithm is reviewed, and its performance compared with the Backpropagation algorithm (Generalized Delta Rule). Previously presented results of time series prediction and signal separation are reviewed here. The SONN is an algorithm that constructs its own network topology during training, which is shown to be much smaller than the BP network, faster to train, and free from the trial-and-error nesign that characterizes BP.
Influence of the Charge State on the Structures and Interactions of Vancomycin Antibiotics with Cell‐Wall Analogue Peptides: Experimental and Theoretical Studies

Charge matters! The charge state significantly influences the conformation and the binding energy between vancomycin antibiotic and bacterial cell-wall analogue peptides (see figure). Surface-induced dissociation (SID) studies provide a quantitative comparison between the stabilities of different charge states of the complex.In this study we examined the effect of the charge state on the energetics and dynamics of dissociation of the noncovalent complex between the vancomycin and the cell-wall peptide analogue N(alpha),N(epsilon)-diacetyl-L-Lys-D-Ala-D-Ala (V-Ac(2)LKdAdA). The binding energies between the vancomycin and the peptide were obtained from the RRKM (Rice, Ramsperger, Kassel, Marcus) modeling of the time- and energy-resolved surface-induced dissociation (SID) experiments. Our results demonstrate that the stability of the complex towards fragmentation increases in the order: doubly protonated<singly protonated<deprotonated. Dissociation of the singly protonated and singly deprotonated complex is characterized by very large entropy effects, which indicate a substantial increase in the conformational flexibility of the resulting products. The experimental threshold energies of (1.75+/-0.08) eV ((40.3+/-1.8) kcal mol(-1)) and (1.34+/-0.08) eV ((30.9+/-1.8) kcal mol(-1)) obtained for the deprotonated and singly protonated complexes, respectively, are in excellent agreement with the results of density functional theory calculations. The increased stability of the deprotonated complex observed experimentally is attributed to the presence of three charged sites in the deprotonated complex, as compared with only one charged site in the singly protonated complex. The low binding energy of (0.93+/-0.04) eV ((21.4+/-0.9) kcal mol(-1)) obtained for the doubly protonated complex suggests that this ion is destabilized by Coulomb repulsion between the singly protonated vancomycin and the singly protonated peptide comprising the complex.
Error analysis in a problem of approximation of a solution of perturbed signal space and its orthogonal complement

It is indicated how, in signal matrix-based processing problems, to estimate a signal subspace or its orthogonal complement when the data contain small perturbations. Singular value decompositions (SVD) are used.
Export Growth and Path Dependence: The Locking-in of Innovations in the Software Industry

The Indian software industry is growing rapidly. Whether firms can actually sustain this high rate of growth remains an empirical question. The ability to maintain the momentum of software export growth will ostensibly be determined by innovative capability. Notwithstanding the immense benefits accruing from the external orientation of the Indian software industry, there are good theoretical reasons why innovation may not be a pervasive feature of Indian software firms. I use a structural argument to suggest that the sector’s overt export-dependence on one single (US) market contributes to a lower innovative trajectory (also Parthasarathi and Joseph, Chapter 4). The lock-in effects associated with serving a spatially distant market, albeit vibrant and profitable, detracts the Indian sector from undertaking a more long-term innovative strategy (D’Costa, Chapter 1). Interrelatedly, the sector’s weak domestic orientation truncates the immense technological spin-offs possible with finding software (IT) solutions to local problems (D’Costa, 2002a). An inescapable outcome is uneven development in its most pronounced form: a highly dynamic software sector in the midst of various lagging sectors and a few innovative software firms coexisting with numerous low end software service providers (D’Costa, 2003a, 2003b).
Directional Effects between Rapid Auditory Processing and Phonological Awareness in Children.

Background: Deficient rapid auditory processing (RAP) has been associated with early language impairment and dyslexia. Using an auditory masking paradigm, children with language disabilities perform selectively worse than controls at detecting a tone in a backward masking (BM) condition (tone followed by white noise) compared to a forward masking (FM) condition (tone preceded by white noise). Tallal’s (1980) auditory processing hypothesis posits that abnormal RAP leads to reduced (or impaired) phonological awareness (PA), resulting in reading and language difficulties. Alternative theories suggest that impaired PA may have more of a top-down effect on auditory processing. Methods: The current study examines RAP in children tested at two time points, average age 5.6 and average age 8.3, in order to test causal relations between RAP and PA in a path analysis. Additional hierarchical regressions examine how well RAP predicts reading ability when accounting for PA and vocabulary. Results: The path analysis indicates a top-down effect, such that PA has a larger impact on BM over time than the reverse. Regressions indicate no direct impact of RAP on reading ability. Discussion: The path analysis provides evidence against the auditory processing hypothesis and instead suggests that between the ages of 5 and 8 it is variability in early phonological representations that predicts subsequent lower-level rapid auditory processing.
Treatment of Arrhythmias by Radiofrequency Ablation

Radiofrequency ablation may be described as a thermal strategy to destroy tissue by increasing its temperature and causing irreversible cellular injury. Radiofrequency ablation is a relatively new modality which has found use in a wide range of medical applications and gained acceptance. RF ablation has been used to destroy tumors in the liver, prostate, breasts, lungs, kidneys, bones, and eyes. One of the early clinical applications was its use in treating supraventricular arrhythmias by selectively destroying cardiac tissue. Radiofrequency ablation has become established as the primary modality of transcatheter therapy for the treatment of symptomatic arrhythmias. Radiofrequency catheter ablation of cardiac arrhythmias was investigated using a finite-element based solution of the bioheat transfer equation. Spatial and temporal temperature profiles in the cardiac tissue were visualized.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Hodgkin lymphoma in patients with HIV infection

Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) is a type of lymphoma characterized by Reed-Sternberg cells and often associated with systemic symptoms. While not considered an AIDS-defining malignancy, it is one of the more common non-AIDS-defining cancers. Most cases of HIV-associated HD are associated with Epstein–Barr virus. HD in persons infected with HIV tends to involve relatively unfavorable subtypes (mixed cellularity and lymphocyte), to be relatively more aggressive, and to more frequently exhibit extranodal involvement. Many of the cases of HIV-associated HD occur in patients with only moderate immunosuppression. Also, unlike most AIDS-related non-Hodgkin lymphoma, the incidence of HIV-associated HD has not decreased with the widespread use of HAART. In the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) the same regimens employed in HIV-negative patients with HL can be used in HIV setting with similar results.
The Evidence of Instruments

Photographs and musical instruments collected by the American Museum of Natural History Congo Expedition between 1909 and 1915 reveal aspects of Mangbetu and Azande musical life in the early colonial period. They also raise questions of representation and intention. Archival documentation, when compared with modern sources, shows dynamic artistic change.
Ultra high frequency air/aluminum nitride fractal phononic crystals

This paper presents the first design and experimental demonstration of a fractal phononic band gap (PBG) structure in air/aluminum nitride (AlN). The PBG exhibits two frequency band gaps for symmetric Lamb waves centered around 900 MHz and 1.10 GHz, respectively with bandwidths of 11.1% and 9.09% and attenuation as high as 40 dB. The unit cell of the fractal design consists of a center square air scatterer with four scaled-down side squares repeating at its corners. The presence of the side squares effectively shortens the scattering distance between each unit cell and permits the opening of band gaps for higher vibration modes, i.e. higher frequencies, for a given minimum feature size. AlN Lamb wave transducers were integrated with the PBG in order to launch acoustic waves into the structure and characterize its performance. This demonstration not only offers the evidence that it is possible to synthesize GHz PBG structures with relatively large feature sizes, but also shows that these devices can be integrated with more established radio frequency microelectromechanical systems (RF MEMS) and ultimately lead to novel all-acoustic signal processors.
Apoptosis in the terminal endbud of the murine mammary gland: a mechanism of ductal morphogenesis

Ductal morphogenesis in the rodent mammary gland is characterized by the rapid penetration of the stromal fat pad by the highly proliferative terminal endbud and subsequent formation of an arborized pattern of ducts. The role of apoptosis in ductal morphogenesis of the murine mammary gland and its potential regulatory mechanisms was investigated in this study. Significant apoptosis was observed in the body cells of the terminal endbud during the early stage of mammary ductal development. Apoptosis occurred predominately in defined zones of the terminal endbud; 14.5% of the cells within three cell layers of the lumen were undergoing apoptosis compared to 7.9% outside this boundary. Interestingly, DNA synthesis in the terminal endbud demonstrated a reciprocal pattern; 21.1% outside three cell layers and 13.8% within. Apoptosis was very low in the highly proliferative cap cell laver and in regions of active proliferation within the terminal endbud. In comparison to other stages of murine mammary gland development, the terminal endbud possesses the highest level of programmed cell death observed to date. These data suggest that apoptosis is an important mechanism in ductal morphogenesis. In p53-deficient mice, the level of apoptosis was reduced, but did not manifest a detectable change in ductal morphology, suggesting that p53-dependent apoptosis is not primarily involved in formation of the duct. Immunohistochemical examination of the expression of the apoptotic checkpoint proteins, Bcl-x, Bax and Bcl-2, demonstrated that they are expressed in the terminal endbud. Bcl-x and Bcl-2 expression is highest in the body cells and lowest in the nonapoptotic cap cells, implying that their expression is associated with increased apoptotic potential. Bax expression was distributed throughout the terminal endbud independent of the observed pattern of apoptosis. A functional role for Bcl-2 family members in regulating endbud apoptosis was demonstrated by the significantly reduced level of apoptosis observed in WAP-Bcl-2 transgenic mice. The pattern of apoptosis and ductal structure of endbuds in these mice was also disrupted. These data demonstrate that p53-independent apoptosis may play a critical role in the early development of the mammary gland.
The relationship of school-wide Positive Behavior Support to academic achievement in an urban middle school

An emerging literature on school-wide Positive Behavior Support (PBS) in urban settings suggests the utility of PBS in addressing student social development while decreasing the need for disciplinary actions (i.e., office disciplinary referrals [ODRs]). This research represents a significant addition to, and expansion of, this literature by examining the relationship of school-wide PBS-induced reductions in out-of-class referrals to student academic achievement. School-wide PBS was implemented in an urban, inner-city middle school in the Midwest over a 3-year period. Data on ODRs, suspensions, standardized test scores, and treatment fidelity were gathered and analyzed. Results demonstrated significant reductions in ODRs and suspensions and increases in standardized math and reading scores. Additionally, regression analyses suggested a significant relationship between student problem behavior and academic performance. Treatment adherence to PBS procedures was significantly correlated with reductions in problem behavior. These findings are discussed in terms of helping urban schools address challenging behavior. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Schools today face a number of challenges in educating students. In addition to the responsibility of effectively teaching academic subjects such as math, reading, science, the arts, and writing, educators must increasingly deal with nonacademic factors that influence the instruction they provide. Among these factors, one of the most challenging is emotional and behavioral disorders. It is estimated that approximately 10% of children and adolescents in the United States suffer from some form of mental illness that significantly impairs their ability to function in