cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
" Nicking " in dairy cattle.

Summary The records used to prove 13 bulls in Kansas Dairy Herd Improvement Associations were examined by the analysis of variance to see whether there were significant differences among the daughters of each bull when the daughters were grouped according to their maternal grandsires. For 9 bulls out of 13, the variance in milk production between groups exceeded the variance within groups. The mean square for the sire's index for milk production was larger between groups than within groups in only 5 out of 13 cases. In 6 out of 13 cases the mean square for butterfat percentage was larger between the groups than within the groups. As concerns the sire index for butterfat percentage, the variance between groups exceeded the variance within groups in only 4 cases out of 13. Using linear regression to correct daughters’ records for differences in the records of their dams gave results similar to those secured by the other two methods. The data from these 13 bulls gave no indication that “nicking” is generally important enough to need much attention when proving sires. Differences between groups could easily have been due to chance variation in the sample of inheritance transmitted by the bull, or to differences in the environments that affected the different groups of daughters when their records were made.
The conference for ultrasonics in biophysics and bioengineering

A forum which maximized the opportunity for discussing a limited number of specific and specified topics was held June 28-30, 1978, at Allerton House, Monticello, IL, USA, the conference center retreat of the University of Illinois at UrbanaChampaign. It was pointed out at the beginning of the meeting to the more than 40 attendees that William J. Fry, a pioneer in ultrasonic biophysics, had run three similar conferences at Allerton House and that, perhaps, a very important tradition was continuing. The format consisted of three morning and two evening sessions with the afternoons available for generalized, unorganized discussions with colleagues. Selected, invited topical papers were presented at each session to initiate discussion. The topics and authors are listed and briefly described.
Measure Development: The Children's Attitudes toward Technology Scale (CATS)

The impact of technology on the current and future lives of society's youth makes it especially important to understand technology from their perspective. Although today's children have become the benefactors of an evolving technological society, few studies have addressed the assessment of their attitudes toward technology. This study describes the development of the Children's Attitude Toward Technology Scale (CATS) with 574 children in a rural school district. Principal components analysis of the CATS followed by varimax rotation indicated that item intercorrelations could be explained by two factors entitled “interest/aptitude” and “alternative preferences.” Subscales at two test administrations demonstrated good internal consistency and moderate test-retest stability. Significant differences were found on interest scores when comparing elementary and middle school students and on items reflecting alternative preferences. In addition, attitudes varied according to gender on subscales. Initial analyses...
Cosmic E6 theory

Abstract Cosmic domain walls can be avoided in E 6 grand unification with automatic axion invisibility with one and only one choice for the particle content of the theory.
Continuity of flow alignment parameters across the nematic-isotropic phase transition

Abstract We use existing data to show that the parameter which characterizes the reactive coupling of molecular orientation to shear strain in the nematic liquid crystal N-(p'-methoxybenzylidene)-p-n-butylaniline (MBBA) is continuous across the nematic-isotropic phase transition.
Transcriptome analysis of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in type III secretion system 1 inducing conditions.

Vibrio parahaemolyticus is an emerging bacterial pathogen capable of causing inflammatory gastroenteritis, wound infections and septicemia. As a food-borne illness, infection is most frequently associated with the consumption of raw or undercooked seafood, particularly shellfish. It is the primary cause of Vibrio-associated food-borne illness in the United States and the leading cause of food-borne illness in Japan. The larger of its two chromosomes harbors a set of genes encoding type III section system 1 (T3SS1), a virulence factor present in all V. parahaemolyticus strains that is similar to the Yersinia ysc T3SS. T3SS1 translocates effector proteins into eukaryotic cells where they induce changes to cellular physiology and modulate host-pathogen interactions. T3SS1 is also responsible for cytotoxicity towards several different cultured cell lines as well as mortality in a mouse model. Herein we used RNA-seq to obtain global transcriptome patterns of V. parahaemolyticus under conditions that either induce (growth in DMEM media, in trans expression of transcriptional regulator exsA) or repress T3SS1 expression (growth in LB-S media, in trans exsD expression) and during infection of HeLa cells over time. Comparative transcriptomic analysis demonstrated notable differences in the expression patterns under inducing conditions and was also used to generate an expression profile of V. parahaemolyticus during infection of HeLa cells. In addition, we identified several new genes that are associated with T3SS1 expression and may warrant further study.
Staining of transverse tubular system of skeletal muscle by tannic acid-glutaraldehyde fixation.

Fixation by immersion of skeletal muscle with a combination of 8% tannic acid and 2.5% glutaraldehyde revealed a prominent staining of the junctional “T” system, cell surface and lamellar structures at the cell periphery in undamaged muscle cells. The results revealed by this technique are similar to those obtained with ruthenium red and lanthanum. However, the preferential increase in electron density at the junctional “T” system may indicate the presence of a special pool of proteins at this site. The exact chemical basis for this observation remains to be elucidated.
Screen time and sleep among school-aged children and adolescents: A systematic literature review

We systematically examined and updated the scientific literature on the association between screen time (e.g., television, computers, video games, and mobile devices) and sleep outcomes among school-aged children and adolescents. We reviewed 67 studies published from 1999 to early 2014. We found that screen time is adversely associated with sleep outcomes (primarily shortened duration and delayed timing) in 90% of studies. Some of the results varied by type of screen exposure, age of participant, gender, and day of the week. While the evidence regarding the association between screen time and sleep is consistent, we discuss limitations of the current studies: 1) causal association not confirmed; 2) measurement error (of both screen time exposure and sleep measures); 3) limited data on simultaneous use of multiple screens, characteristics and content of screens used. Youth should be advised to limit or reduce screen time exposure, especially before or during bedtime hours to minimize any harmful effects of screen time on sleep and well-being. Future research should better account for the methodological limitations of the extant studies, and seek to better understand the magnitude and mechanisms of the association. These steps will help the development and implementation of policies or interventions related to screen time among youth.
Sonographic Detection of a Heterotopic Pregnancy in Natural Conception

Visualization of a first trimester pregnancy, whether normal or abnormal, is best done using sonography. Heterotopic pregnancies, the combination of an intrauterine and an extrauterine pregnancy, p...
Pork Barreling Is Not Credit Claiming or Advertising: Campaign Finance and the Sources of the Personal Vote in Brazil

Although observers of Brazilian politics commonly hold that voters reward incumbents for "bringing home the bacon," I provide reasons to question the direct link between pork and electoral success as well as statistical evidence demonstrating the lack of such a link. This generates a puzzle: if pork barreling is ineffective, why do Brazilian deputies spend so much time seeking pork? The answer is that deputies do not trade pork for votes, they trade pork for money: pork-barrel success helps incumbents raise funds from private sector interests that profit from government contracts. In turn, politicians' access to money, not pork, directly affects their electoral prospects. This article provides a new understanding of the electoral connection in Brazil by showing that existing analyses either have overestimated pork's impact or are underdetermined because they have not included measures of campaign finance. The findings should also encourage comparativists interested in pork-barrel politics, clientelism, th...
Fractures at Diagnosis in Infants and Children With Osteogenesis Imperfecta

Background In infants and children with fractures from an unclear cause, Osteogenesis Imperfecta (OI) is often included as a potential etiology. In infants and children with OI there exists a gap in the published literature regarding the fracture pattern seen at the time of diagnosis. As an additional aid to the diagnosis of OI, we sought to characterize the fracture patterns in infants and children at the time of their diagnosis.
A Genetic Algorithm Implementation of the Fuzzy Least Trimmed Squares Clustering

This paper describes a new approach to finding a global solution for the fuzzy least trimmed squares clustering. The least trimmed squares (LTS) estimator is known to be a high breakdown estimator, in both regression and clustering. From the point of view of implementation, the feasible solution algorithm is one of the few known techniques that guarantees a global solution for the LTS estimator. The feasible solution algorithm divides a noisy data set into two parts -the non-noisy retained set and the noisy trimmed set, by implementing a pairwise swap of datum between the two sets until a least squares estimator provides the best fit on the retained set. We present a novel genetic algorithm-based implementation of the feasible solution algorithm for fuzzy least trimmed squares clustering, and also substantiate the efficacy of our method by three examples.
Design Principles for Vibration Control Systems Using Semi-Active Dampers

Electronically controlled vibration isolation and control systems have recently reached at least the prototype phase in a number of fields of application. Of particular practical interest are semi-active systems which require very little actuator power. Semi-active dampers in the form of rapidly modulated hydraulic shock absorbers have been used for example in automobile suspensions to achieve some of the benefits of fully active servo-mechanism systems but with much reduced cost and complexity
Conformational properties of substrate proteins bound to a molecular chaperone α-crystallin

α-Crystallin, the major protein of the ocular lens, acts as a molecular chaperone by suppressing the nonspecific aggregation of damaged proteins. To investigate the mechanism of the interaction between α-crystallin and substrate proteins, we prepared a tryptophan-free mutant of human αA-crystallin and assessed the conformation of thermally destabilized proteins captured by this chaperone using fluorescence spectroscopy. The fluorescence emission characteristics of bound substrates (rhodanese and γ-crystallin) and the results of fluorescence quenching experiments indicate that the proteins captured by α-crystallin are characterized by a very low degree of unfolding. In particular, the structure of rhodanese bound to αA-crystallin appears to be considerably more native-like compared to that of the enzyme bound to the chaperonin GroEL. We postulate that α-crystallin (and likely other small heat shock proteins) recognize preferentially the aggregation-prone conformers that occur very early on the denaturation pathway. With its ability to capture and stabilize these early non-native structures, α-crystallin appears to be uniquely well suited to chaperone the transparency properties of the ocular lens.
Switchgrass PviCAD1: Understanding Residues Important for Substrate Preferences and Activity

Cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) catalyzes the final step in monolignol biosynthesis. Although plants contain numerous genes coding for CADs, only one or two CADs appear to have a primary physiological role in lignin biosynthesis. Much of this distinction appears to reside in a few key residues that permit reasonable catalytic rates on monolignal substrates. Here, several mutant proteins were generated using switchgrass wild type (WT) PviCAD1 as a template to understand the role of some of these key residues, including a proton shuttling HL duo in the active site. Mutated proteins displayed lowered or limited activity on cinnamylaldehydes and exhibited altered kinetic properties compared to the WT enzyme, suggesting that key residues important for efficient catalysis had been identified. We have also shown that a sorghum ortholog containing EW, instead of HL in its active site, displayed negligible activity against monolignals. These results indicate that lignifying CADs require a specific set of key residues for efficient activity against monolignals.
Learning in the Rational Speech Acts Model

The Rational Speech Acts (RSA) model treats language use as a recursive process in which probabilistic speaker and listener agents reason about each other's intentions to enrich the literal semantics of their language along broadly Gricean lines. RSA has been shown to capture many kinds of conversational implicature, but it has been criticized as an unrealistic model of speakers, and it has so far required the manual specification of a semantic lexicon, preventing its use in natural language processing applications that learn lexical knowledge from data. We address these concerns by showing how to define and optimize a trained statistical classifier that uses the intermediate agents of RSA as hidden layers of representation forming a non-linear activation function. This treatment opens up new application domains and new possibilities for learning effectively from data. We validate the model on a referential expression generation task, showing that the best performance is achieved by incorporating features approximating well-established insights about natural language generation into RSA.
Thyroid Activity in a Hypometabolic Primate, the Owl Monkey (Aotus trivirgatus)

Serum levels of triiodothyronine (T3) and tetraiodothyronine (T4) were significantly lower in owl monkeys than in long-tailed macaques. These observations were considered to be consistent with the lower metabolic rate of the owl monkey. However, the absence of a significant difference in the levels of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) between the two species suggested a lower thyroid sensitivity to TSH in the owl monkeys. There was an inverse relation between levels of T3 and TSH in the owl monkeys at night and during the day.
Interspecific hybridization in natural populations of Cyrtandra ( Gesneriaceae ) on the Hawaiian Islands: Evidence from RAPD markers

Interspecific hybridization among Hawaiian species ofCyrtandra (Gesneriaceae) was investigated using randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. Thirty-three different primers were used to investigate interspecific hybridization for 17 different putative hybrids based on morphological intermediacy and sympatry with putative parental species. RAPD data provided evidence for the hybrid origin of all putative hybrid taxa examined in this analysis. However, the patterns in the hybrid taxa were not found to be completely additive of the patterns found in the parental species. Markers missing in the hybrid taxa can be attributed to polymorphism in the populations of the parental species and the dominant nature of inheritance for RAPD markers. Unique markers found within hybrid taxa require further explanation but do not necessarily indicate that the taxa are not of hybrid origin. The implications suggest that these interspecific hybridization events had, and continue to have, an effect on the adaptive radiation and conservation biology ofCyrtandra.
A note on the adjustment towards geostrophic equilibrium in a simple fluid system

A simple fluid system is used to study numerically how the atmosphere reaches a geostrophic equilibrium from a non-geostrophic initial state. Most of the previous studies on atmospheric adjustment have emphasized the initial and final states. Furthermore, they have usually considered motions smaller or larger than the radius of deformation . This study explores the adjustment process for scales both greater and smaller than the radius of deformation . The role of gravity-inertial waves in the adjustment process is clearly shown by the numerical results and by an accompanying theoretical discussion. Finally, some speculation of the implications of atmospheric adjustment towards the problem of providing initial data (termed initialization) for primitve equation numerical weather prediction models is discussed. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1964.tb00189.x
Melanchthon on Christian Doctrine: a Review Article*

In spite of the importance of Philip Melanchthon for the subsequent history of both the Lutheran and the Reformed churches, the quantity of theological literature from his pen to be had between hard covers in English is disappointingly small. The fourteen or so items translated into English that survive from the sixteenth century are relatively inaccessible. So are the four or five out of the nineteenth century.
A Single-Phase PV Quasi-Z-Source Inverter With Reduced Capacitance Using Modified Modulation and Double-Frequency Ripple Suppression Control

In single-phase photovoltaic (PV) system, there is double-frequency power mismatch existed between the dc input and ac output. The double-frequency ripple (DFR) energy needs to be buffered by passive network. Otherwise, the ripple energy will flow into the input side and adversely affect the PV energy harvest. In a conventional PV system, electrolytic capacitors are usually used for this purpose due to their high capacitance. However, electrolytic capacitors are considered to be one of the most failure prone components in a PV inverter. In this paper, a capacitance reduction control strategy is proposed to buffer the DFR energy in single-phase Z-source/quasi-Z-source inverter applications. Without using any extra hardware components, the proposed control strategy can significantly reduce the capacitance requirement and achieve low input voltage DFR. Consequently, highly reliable film capacitors can be used. The increased switching device voltage stress and power loss due to the proposed control strategy will also be discussed. A 1-kW quasi-Z-source PV inverter using gallium nitride (GaN) devices is built in the lab. Experimental results are provided to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Antidepressant medications: The FDA-approval process and the need for updates

Antidepressant drug development first began in the mid-twentieth century with the discovery of monoamine oxidase inhibitors and tricyclic antidepressants. Soon after, additional molecular targets and drug entities were created, eventually leading to the development of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Today, antidepressants now rank among the top 10 most commonly used medications in the United States (US) and account for over $11 billion in annual sales. To help ensure the safety and efficacy of these commonly used products, in 1977 the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) created guidelines to standardize antidepressant studies and the approval process. Although many of the recommendations outlined by FDA are still relevant, the document remains vague when describing key aspects of antidepressant trial design and much of the clinical information is outdated by today's standards. This paper will provide a general overview of the FDA-approval process, summarize FDA's position related to antidepress...
Modulation by Adriamycin, Daunomycin, Verapamil, and Trifluoperazine of the Biochemical Processes Linked to Mouse Skin Tumor Promotion by 12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate

The antitumor antibiotics Adriamycin (ADR) and daunomycin (DAU) were tested for their ability to alter some of the molecular events linked to skin tumor promotion by 12- O -tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA). When applied topically to mouse skin, DAU is a more effective inhibitor of the basal level of epidermal DNA synthesis than ADR. However, these drugs alone are unable to inhibit the sequential induction of RNA, protein, and DNA synthesis caused by TPA in mouse epidermis in vivo . Moreover, ADR enhances substantially the induction of epidermal ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity by TPA. In vitro , the incorporation of [3H]DAU into isolated epidermal cells resembles more that of the HL-60 cells resistant to vincristine than that of the parental cell line. TPA does not alter the incorporation of [3H]DAU into epidermal cells. The Ca2+ antagonists verapamil (VRP) and trifluoperazine (TFP) enhance significantly the amount of [3H]DAU associated with the epidermal cells after 1 h. When applied shortly before TPA in vivo , VRP and TFP inhibit TPA-induced ODC activity at 5 h and TPA-induced DNA synthesis at 17 h. Moreover, the combinations of Ca2+ antagonists and anthracycline antibiotics administered before TPA inhibit synergistically these ODC and DNA responses to the tumor promoter. When they are applied at various times after TPA treatment, the same combinations of ADR or DAU and VRP or TFP fail to alter TPA-induced RNA and protein synthesis but still exert synergistic inhibitory effects on the peak of DNA synthesis observed 17 h after TPA. However, the chronic administration of ADR and DAU alone or in combination with VRP prior to the peak of TPA-induced DNA synthesis 16 h after each promotion treatment with TPA fails to alter the promotion of skin papillomas in the two-stage protocol of mouse skin carcinogenesis. In contrast, when administered alone or in combination with DAU prior to each TPA treatment, VRP inhibits skin tumor promotion and reveals the antitumor-promoting activity of DAU. These results point to the modulatory role of Ca2+ in the action of ADR and TPA and demonstrate the refractory nature of mouse epidermis to cancer chemotherapy by anthracycline antibiotics. However, ADR and DAU may be effective against skin tumor promotion if they are applied in combination with Ca2+ antagonists and at a time when they can inhibit the inductions of both ODC activity and DNA synthesis by TPA.
Patterns of ion distributions from a cylindrical 63 N i foil in an ion mobility spectrometer

Ion distributions in the 38 mm cross section of a drift tube for ion mobility spectrometry were determined using a charge accumulation IonCCD with imaging capability of 2126 pixels each 21 μm wide. A 10 mCi 63Ni ion source with concentric cylinder geometry was examined experimentally using a drift tube with compressed rings separated by sapphire balls. Results were compared to computational findings from SIMION to learn the influence of source geometry on equipotential contours and on beam shapes. Swarms of ions formed in air at ambient pressure were shaped though field contours into ion beams which retained shape over the 45 mm drift length in an electric field of 30 V/mm. The IonCCD images revealed subtle beam alignments from azimuthal asymmetry of the source and holder not possible to see in a simple Faraday plate detector. Double slit experiments demonstrated a capability to shape ion beams with mechanical structures over a drift tube cross section.
First-principles calculations of the elastic, phonon and thermodynamic properties of Al12Mg17

The elastic, phonon and thermodynamic properties of Al12Mg17 have been investigated by first-principles calculations. The obtained structural parameters, phonon dispersion curves and the predicted thermodynamic properties for all the phases studied herein agree well with available experimental data. The temperature-dependent single-crystal elastic constants are also predicted along with the polycrystalline aggregate properties, including bulk modulus, shear modulus, Young’s modulus, and Poisson’s ratio. The brittleness of Al12Mg17 that we predict is consistent with experiments, in contrast to the previous calculation showing ductile behavior. Detailed analysis of density of states further explains the present theoretical findings.
Tailoring Carbon Nanoclusters to Desired Morphologies

The preparation and structural characterization of carbon nanoclusters of different morphologies produced by three different methods and under a variety of conditions is reported. In a comparative manner, the growth phenomena and structural properties of carbon nanoclusters are investigated as synthesized by (a) the high temperature (˜3000 °C) and high carbon-content process of the conventional arc-discharge, (b) the high temperature but low carbon-content process of the modified arc-discharge, and finally (c) the relatively low temperature (˜500 °C) process of Ni catalytic disproportionation of carbon monoxide.
Factors affecting maximum power generation in a piezoelectric pulse generator

Factors affecting maximum power generation capabilities of a piezoelectric generator are presented in this investigation. The goal of the investigation is to find the factors that effect the power maximization of piezoelectric pulse generator. In the previous investigation, the results showed that the power of the piezoelectric pulse generator is an increasing function of thickness to area ratio (i.e., TAR) and the applied input force. Increasing the TAR and input force will produce a higher output power of the piezoelectric generator. In this investigation, the input force limitation and stress limitation are imposed on the maximization theory of the piezoelectric pulse generator previously presented. The results show that the optimum peak power is the intersection of these two limitations. If the thickness of the material is held constant and there is no limitation of the applied force, increasing the applied force at the expense of larger cross-sectional area will produce the higher peak power. On the other hand, if the input put force is held constant, increasing the thickness of piezoelectric material shows the increase of peak power. With the combination of these two findings, it can be concluded that optimum peak power can be found at a larger volume of the material (i.e., volume of piezoelectric pulse generator is a scaling factor of the optimum peak power). Increasing the volume of the material can be done in two ways (i.e., increasing surface area or increasing thickness). The experimental data of the piezoelectric pulse generator are presented to verify the theory. The theoretical and experimental results are in good agreement. The highest peak power of the piezoelectric pulse generator in this investigation is 113.20 kW.
Modeling Social Network Topology with Variable Social Vector Clocks

Analyzing social network structures can provide an insight into the character of human interactions and communication mechanisms for solving a variety of social problems. By applying variable social vector clocks and involving weight evolution influence, we construct a coupled-weight and directed link generation algorithm for modeling a social topology in a closed social group. The degree and weight strength distributions of simulation topologies demonstrate the scale-free properties and effectiveness of weight diffusion in the real world.
Assessing post-failure mobility of submarine landslides from seismic geomorphology and physical properties of mass transport deposits: An example from seaward of the Kumano Basin, Nankai Trough, offshore Japan

Abstract A prominent paleo-landslide in the Slope Basin seaward of the Megasplay Fault in the Nankai Trough was emplaced by a relatively high-mobility mudflow based on analysis of physical properties and seismic geomorphology. Post-failure behavior of submarine landslides is a critical variable that determines amplitude of slide-generated tsunami but is historically difficult to constrain due to the wide variety of post-failure styles of submarine landslides. In recent controlled laboratory experiments, the ratio of the shear stress to yield strength (defined as the Flow Factor) controls a wide spectrum of mass movement styles from slow, retrogressive failure to rapid, liquefied flows. Here, we apply this laboratory Flow Factor approach to a natural landslide in the Nankai Trough by constraining pre-failure particle size analysis and porosity. Several mass transport deposits (MTDs), were drilled and cored at Site C0021 in the Nankai Trough during International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP) Expedition 338. The largest, MTD B, was encountered at 133–176 m below seafloor and occurred approximately 0.87 Ma. Slide volume is 2 km3, transport distance is 5 km, and average deposit thickness is 50 m (maximum 180 m). Pre-failure porosity was estimated from shallow sediments at Site C0018 (82%). Grain size distribution was measured directly from samples with the hydrometer method with the following averages: 37% clay-sized, 60% silt-sized, and 3% sand-size particles. Together, the porosity and clay fraction define the Flow Factor to be 3.5, which equates to a relatively high-mobility slide. We interpret that the landslide that created MTD B was a single event that transported the slide mass relatively rapidly as opposed to a relatively slow-moving cohesive style, landslide. This is supported by the observation in three-dimensional seismic data of a completely evacuated source area with no remnant blocks or retrogressive head scarp and an internally chaotic seismic facies with large entrained blocks. This back-analysis approach can be extended to other field settings characterized by fine-grained siliciclastics and where water content and clay percentages are known.
A Tale of Two Missions: Mexican Military Police Patrols Versus High-Value Targeted Operations

Latin American scholars often maintain that militaries should be kept out of internal security operations. Soldiers, they claim, are ill suited for these assignments, inevitably placing innocent civilians in harm’s way. This study instead argues that not all counternarcotic missions are the same. When a specific operation coincides with a military’s capabilities and proclivities, it can be conducted effectively and humanely. When there is a disconnect between the operation and the institution, there is a greater chance for mission failure and civilian casualties. Those differences are revealed in a comparative case study of the Mexican military’s crime patrols versus its targeted operations against cartel kingpins. It finds that while there are justifiable doubts about transforming soldiers into cops, it is also the case that soldiers can conduct themselves professionally and with restraint when they are tasked with assignments that conform more closely to their skills sets.
Etiology detection and epidemiology characteristics of suspected severe hand foot and mouth disease in Shenzhen in 2011

Objective To investigate the etiological characteristics of suspected severe hand foot and mouth disease( HFMD) in Shenzhen during 2011,so as to provide evidence for the prevention and control of this disease. Methods One hundred and ninety-six fecal specimens were collected from patients who were suspected of severe HFMD during 2011. Real time RT-PCR was employed to detect general enterovirus,EV71 and CoxA16 in these specimens. Results In the 196 suspected severe HFMS cases,EV71 accounted for 69. 9%,CoxA16 accounted for 3. 57%,and other enterovirus accounted for 11. 22%. The high-indicence months were May and June. Most severe cases were found in 1-year-old group,and boys were more than girls( 1. 40∶1). Conclusion EV71 was the major pathogen of severe HFMD in Shenzhen,showing obvious age and season characteristics.
Research and Development of Middleware about Application Software′s Transporting in Heterogeneous Databases

Because of the more requirements for application systems between different databases,the research is more important in this field.This article completes this research after lucubrates in the differences of heterogeneous databases.By researching semantic integration and transforming,the article achieves the transforming Data Manipulation Language into an object.Because database is transparent to the application software,it's more smooth to transport data in different databases and satisfies more requirements for applications in heterogeneous databases.
Navigating the city: internal migration of Oaxacan indigenous women

ABSTRACTThe relationship between migration and gender roles has received increased attention in recent decades but most of the literature has focused on transnational migration while the relationships between transnational and internal migration, and gender roles and internal migration have not been widely studied. In this paper, I analyse internal migration as a ‘transborder experience’. I argue that indigenous women from Zegache who engage in internal migration to Mexico City pose greater challenges to ‘traditional’ gender roles in their community because their experience as single young women navigating Mexico’s capital and their reliance on female social networks allow them to obtain social legitimation by claiming migration experience and courageousness. I contrast migration to Mexico City with transnational migration. Although transnational migration challenges, to some extent, existing gender roles, women from Zegache who migrate transnationally often do so as part of couples and within gendered so...
Addressing Benefits, Risks and Consent in Next Generation Sequencing Studies.

The sequencing of the human genome and technological advances in DNA sequencing have led to a revolution with respect to DNA sequencing and its potential to diagnose genetic disorders. However, requests for open access to genomic data must be balanced against the guiding principles of the Common Rule for human subject research. Unfortunately, the risks to patients involved in genomic studies are still evolving and as such may not be clear to learned and well-intentioned scientists. Central to this issue are the strategies that enable human participants in such studies to remain anonymous, or de-identified. The wealth of genomic data on the Internet in genomic data repositories and other databases has enabled de-identified data to be broken and research subjects to be identified. The security of de-identification neglects the fact that DNA itself is an identifying element. Therefore, it is questionable whether data security standards can ever truly protect the identity of a patient, under the current conditions or in the future. As Big Data methodologies advance, additional sources of data may enable the reidentification of patients enrolled in next-generation sequencing (NGS) studies. As such, it is time to re-evaluate the risks of sharing genomic data and establish new guidelines for good practices. In this commentary, I address the challenges facing federally funded investigators who need to strike a balance between compliance with federal (US) rules for human subjects and the recent requirement for open access/sharing of data from National Institute for Health (NIH)-funded studies involving human subjects
New and enigmatic cockroaches (Dictyoptera: Blattodea) of Guyana

ABSTRACTWe report Blattodean taxa collected from three regions in Guyana. Our analyses associated with these specimens provide new geographic records, species descriptions, ecological information and genetic information. We report on the genera Lamproblatta, Eublaberus, Epilampra, Dasyblatta, Ischnoptera, Xestoblatta, Dendroblatta and Euphyllodromia. These include two new species, nine new records for Guyana and four new records for the Guiana Shield entirely. We also provide photographs, measurements, and some new biological information for our specimens.
Application of the Functional Lumen Imaging Probe to Esophageal Disorders

The functional luminal imaging probe (FLIP) provides a novel method to evaluate esophageal physiology and function in both health and disease. FLIP enables assessment of a previously underexplored component of esophageal function, distensibility, by utilizing high-resolution impedance planimetry to evaluate the relationship of the esophageal luminal geometry with pressure during controlled volumetric distension. Recent studies have described the potential utility of FLIP to evaluate the severity and effectiveness of therapy for esophageal diseases including achalasia, gastroesophageal reflux disease, and eosinophilic esophagitis. This review summarizes these emerging clinical applications of FLIP in the evaluation and management of esophageal diseases.
A combination test for detection of gene‐environment interaction in cohort studies

Identifying gene-environment (G-E) interactions can contribute to a better understanding of disease etiology, which may help researchers develop disease prevention strategies and interventions. One big criticism of studying G-E interaction is the lack of power due to sample size. Studies often restrict the interaction search to the top few hundred hits from a genome-wide association study or focus on potential candidate genes. In this paper, we test interactions between a candidate gene and an environmental factor to improve power by analyzing multiple variants within a gene. We extend recently developed score statistic based genetic association testing approaches to the G-E interaction testing problem. We also propose tests for interaction using gene-based summary measures that pool variants together. Although it has recently been shown that these summary measures can be biased and may lead to inflated type I error, we show that under several realistic scenarios, we can still provide valid tests of interaction. These tests use significantly less degrees of freedom and thus can have much higher power to detect interaction. Additionally, we demonstrate that the iSeq-aSum-min test, which combines a gene-based summary measure test, iSeq-aSum-G, and an interaction-based summary measure test, iSeq-aSum-I, provides a powerful alternative to test G-E interaction. We demonstrate the performance of these approaches using simulation studies and illustrate their performance to study interaction between the SNPs in several candidate genes and family climate environment on alcohol consumption using the Minnesota Center for Twin and Family Research dataset.
Interventions and Management of Complications of Osteoporosis

The treatment and management of osteoporosis has undergone a major transformation in recent decades. Increasing knowledge about the underlying molecular mechanisms of osteoporosis has led to significant advances in surgical techniques as well as pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic approaches aimed at improving bone density, reducing fracture risk, alleviating pain, and enhancing the quality of life. Standard surgical intervention has advanced, and preventive intervention is offered for patients with impending fractures or for those at risk of a second fracture. New techniques of vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty offer alternatives for patients with particularly challenging cases.
The answer is not always in black and white: a frequently missed diagnosis in a child presenting with elbow pain

A 1-month-old baby was referred to a tertiary paediatric centre from a local hospital with a 2-day history of reduced movement and swelling of the left elbow. There was no history of preceding trauma or relevant obstetric history. On examination, tenderness and swelling of the left elbow with restriction of movement was noted. There was no evidence of systemic illness or infection. Left elbow radiographs were performed (figure 1): Figure 1 AP and lateral radiographs of the left elbow. What is the diagnosis? 1. Elbow dislocation 2. Distal humeral supracondylar fracture 3. Septic arthritis 4. Distal humeral transphyseal fracture Transphyseal …
A Contrastive Account of Explanation Generation

In this article, we propose a contrastive account of explanation generation. Though researchers have long wrestled with the concepts of explanation and understanding, as well as with the procedures by which we might evaluate explanations, less attention has been paid to the initial generation stages of explanation. Before an explainer can answer a question, he or she must come to some understanding of the explanandum-what the question is asking-and of the explanatory form and content called for by the context. Here candidate explanations are constructed to respond to the particular interpretation of the question, which, according to the pragmatic approach to explanation, is constrained by a contrast class-a set of related but nonoccurring alternatives to the topic that emerge from the surrounding context and the explainer's prior knowledge. In this article, we suggest that generating an explanation involves two operations: one that homes in on an interpretation of the question, and a second one that locates an answer. We review empirical work that supports this account, consider the implications of these contrastive processes, and identify areas for future study.
Chemically Tunable, All‐Inorganic‐Based White‐Light Emitting 0D–1D Heterostructures

In this study, one-dimensional (1D) Mn2+-doped ZnS (ZnS:Mn) nanowires (NWs) are initially created with a unique optical signature. Specifically, these nanostructures couple (i) ZnS defect-related self-activated emission spanning from wavelengths of 400–500 nm with (ii) Mn2+ dopant-induced emission centered at ≈580 nm. These doped ZnS nanostructures are initially fabricated for the first time via a template-based coprecipitation approach followed by a postsynthesis annealing process. Novel 1D–0D heterostructures are subsequently formed, incorporating ZnS:Mn2+ NWs and 2-amino-ethanethiol (AET)-CdSe quantum dots (QDs), by assembling annealed ZnS:Mn2+ NWs with AET-capped CdSe QDs as building blocks via a simple technique, involving physical sonication and stirring. Optical analyses of the heterostructures are consistent with charge (hole) and energy transfer-induced quenching of ZnS self-activated emission coupled with hole transfer-related quenching of Mn2+ emission by the QDs. The CdSe QD emission itself is impacted by competing charge (electron) and energy transfer processes occurring between the underlying ZnS host and the immobilized CdSe QDs. Chromaticity analysis reveals the significance of controlling both QD coverage density and Mn2+ dopant ratios in predictably influencing the observed color of our all-inorganic heterostructures. For example, white-light emitting behavior is especially prominent in composites, simultaneously characterized by (i) a 2.22% Mn2+ doping level and (ii) a molar compositional ratio of [ZnS:Mn2+]:[AET-capped CdSe QDs] of 1:1.5. Moreover, using these independent chemical “knobs,” it is possible to reliably tune for a significant shift within the composites from “cold-white” (9604 K) to “warm-white” (4383 K) light emission.
Medical Family Therapy in Psychiatry

The term “Psychiatry,” named first in 1808 by physician Johann Christian Reil, is derived from two Greek words: psyche (soul) and iatros (healer) (Marneros, 2008). Over the years, psychiatry has remained a specialty of medicine focused on the complexities of the human mind. While understanding the etiologic and remediating factors of mental illness has been a mainstay of psychiatric practice, clinical methods have varied over time. Psychiatry has seen shifts from Freudian psychoanalysis to more structured, manualized therapeutic approaches. Emerging science has taken the profession further away from its therapeutic roots, in favor of psychopharmacologic and neurologic discovery. Nevertheless, psychiatry continues to be a practice defined by interdisciplinary collaboration as well as conceptualization sensitive to familial and cultural factors. This is demonstrated through the American Psychiatric Association’s (American Psychiatric Association, 2016a) values of “prevention, access, care and sensitivity for patients and compassion for their families; respect for diverse views and pluralism within the field; and respect for other health professionals” (para 3).
The impact of anxiety and catastrophizing on interleukin-6 responses to acute painful stress.

Objective To examine the influence of anxiety and pain-related catastrophizing on the time course of acute interleukin-6 (IL-6) responses to standardized noxious stimulation among patients with chronic pain. Methods Data were collected from 48 participants in the following demographically matched groups: patients with chronic pain (n=36) and healthy controls (n=12). Participants underwent a series of Quantitative Sensory Testing (QST) procedures assessing responses to mechanical and thermal stimuli during two separate visits, in a randomized order. One visit consisted of standard, moderately painful QST procedures, while the other visit involved nonpainful analogs to these testing procedures. Blood samples were taken at baseline, and then for up to 2 hours after QST in order to study the time course of IL-6 responses. Results Results of multilevel analyses revealed that IL-6 responses increased across assessment time points in both visits (p<0.001). While patients with chronic pain and healthy controls did not differ in the magnitude of IL-6 responses, psychological factors influenced IL-6 trajectories only in the chronic pain group. Among patients, increases in catastrophizing over the course of the QST session were associated with elevated IL-6 responses only during the painful QST session (p<0.05). When controlling for anxiety, results indicated that the main multilevel model among patients remained significant (p<0.05). Conclusion Under specific conditions (eg, application of a painful stressor), catastrophizing may be associated with amplified proinflammatory responses in patients with persistent pain. These findings suggest that psychosocial interventions that reduce negative pain-related cognitions may benefit patients' inflammatory profiles.
EMBRYOLOGY AND MORPHOLOGY OF THE LENS.

The lens is derived from surface ectodermal cells which lie directly over the optic vesicle from which they are separated by the basement membranes and a thin interepithelial space. Early differentiation, folloicing induction, involves forming a compact disk of these epithelial cells in luhich the intercellular spaces have disappeared and their height increased. This disk or placode invaginates to form a vesicle surrounded by the basement membrane mentioned before. This becomes converted into the capsule. The cells of the posterior wall of the vesicle elongate rapidly, at this time, filling the vesicle and forming the primary fibers. Metamorphosis of the epithelial cells to fibers, both primary and secondary, consists of the formation of low density, diffuse clouds of minute fibrils. These are thought to be composed of the specific lens proteins, alpha, beta, and gamma cnjstallin. As these develop, the cytoplasmic organelles become reduced in number and segregated in the tips of the cells (fibers). Specific adult lens antigens are deinonstrable as soon as morphological differentiation of the lens is observable. Experiments indicating an earlier appearance of these antigens are discussed. Induction of the lens is reviewed ivith emphasis on concepts which require "contact" between the optic vesicle and surface eotodenn, and the transfer of substances from the eye vesicle to the presumptive lens cells.