cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chapter 5 – CORRELATION ANALYSIS

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on correlation analysis. Correlation coefficients are used to determine whether a relationship exists between sets of two variables. Measures of correlation help in determining whether there is a pattern to a set of data. Correlation coefficients give a numerical value that summarizes the strength and direction of the relationship between two variables. Various correlation coefficients are used to analyze data, depending on whether the data are nominal, ordinal, interval, or ratio in scale. In quick analysis, gamma or Yule's Q is a useful correlation measure when data can be structured in ordinal form. Gamma can also be applied to higher level (interval or ratio) data, which have been categorized as ordinal data. Gamma is especially useful when data are available in tabular form and when it is to be determined whether there is a correlation between the variables. The value of gamma is determined by computing the relationship between the number of pairs of observations having the same ranking on the two variables and the number of pairs of observations having the opposite rankings on the two variables.
Gazing into the Past: Post-Presidential Collective Memory and Political Scopophilia at the Jimmy Carter Presidential Museum

If the American presidency is a catalyst for and exemplar of the power of rhetoric, so too is the presidential museum. Indeed, the confluence of material, textual, and visual rhetoric in these constructed places of memory continues to make these sites compelling and influential. Much like its counterparts across the country, The Jimmy Carter Presidential Museum seeks to captivate visitors with an array of immersive exhibits that appeal to the visitor’s full sensorium. In this essay, I extend the concept of political scopophilia to better account for rhetoric’s impact on the visitor’s full sensorium in presidential museums. Through activating and enhancing the visitor’s scopophiliac impulses, the Carter Museum creates an illusion of intimacy in its attempt to refocus American collective memory around Carter’s post-presidential successes.
Impact of the sleep apnea management group clinic on positive airway pressure adherence.

Positive airway pressure (PAP) adherence is critical for managing obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). We postulate that group-based Sleep Apnea Management (SAM) clinic, which harnesses the benefits of providing mutual support as well as facilitates access to system-based resources and education, will confer improvements in PAP adherence. Data from SAM clinic attendees from January 2017 to June 2018 were retrospectively analyzed. Adherence data at SAM baseline visit and 1-3 months follow-up were collected. Average PAP usage from all-days and days used were analyzed along with demographics, co-morbidities, and Epworth Sleepiness Scale. Adherence was defined as >4 hours a night for ≥70% of nights over a 30-day period. Key structural elements of the SAM group clinic model were co-presence of the OSA care team members and peer group support. Key efficiency elements were group education and the prompt-to-patient multidisciplinary troubleshooting adherence barriers. Of 110 SAM clinic attendees, average age was 60.9±12.7 years, 53% were men, and 46% Caucasian. At baseline, the mean for average-all-days usage was 4.2 hours, mean average-days-used usage was 5.2 hours, and mean percentage-of-days usage ≥4 hours was 57%. At follow-up, the mean average-all-days usage increased 1.2 hours (p<0.001), mean average-days-used usage increased 0.8 hours (p<0.001), and the mean percentage-of-days with usage ≥4 hours increased 16% (p<0.001). At baseline, 46% of patients met criteria for adherence, which increased to 66% at follow-up. In this study, after the SAM clinic, all PAP adherence parameters improved significantly. This observational study serves as a proof of concept study for future trials pertaining to group clinic in managing PAP adherence in OSA.
A data-driven method for falsified vehicle trajectory identification by anomaly detection

Abstract The vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communications enable a wide range of new applications, which bring prominent benefits to the transportation system. However, malicious attackers can potentially launch falsified data attacks against V2I applications to jeopardize the traffic operation. To ensure the benefits brought by the V2I applications, it is critical to protect the applications from those cyber-attacks. However, existing literature on the defense solution that protects the V2I applications is very limited. This paper aims to fill this research gap by proposing a data-driven method to identify falsified trajectories generated by compromised connected vehicles (CVs). A trajectory embedding model, inspired by the word embedding model from the natural language processing (NLP) community, is developed. The proposed trajectory embedding model generates vector representations of vehicle trajectories that can be used to compute the similarities between trajectories. The proposed method consists of two steps. In the first step, historical trajectory data are used to train a neural network and obtain the vector representations of trajectories. The second step computes a distance matrix between each pair of trajectories and identifies falsified trajectories using a hierarchical clustering algorithm. Simulation experiments show that the proposed method has a very high detection rate (>97.0%) under different attack goals with varying CV penetration rates from 100% to 25%, while the false alarm rate remains low. It has great potential to be implemented in a wide range of trajectory-based CV applications such as traffic state estimation and traffic signal control, to safeguard the CV system from cyber threats.
Density, parasitism, and sexual reproduction are strongly correlated in lake Daphnia populations.

Many organisms can reproduce both asexually and sexually. For cyclical parthenogens, periods of asexual reproduction are punctuated by bouts of sexual reproduction, and the shift from asexual to sexual reproduction has large impacts on fitness and population dynamics. We studied populations of Daphnia dentifera to determine the amount of investment in sexual reproduction as well as the factors associated with variation in investment in sex. To do so, we tracked host density, infections by nine different parasites, and sexual reproduction in 15 lake populations of D. dentifera for 3 years. Sexual reproduction was seasonal, with male and ephippial female production beginning as early as late September and generally increasing through November. However, there was substantial variation in the prevalence of sexual individuals across populations, with some populations remaining entirely asexual throughout the study period and others shifting almost entirely to sexual females and males. We found strong relationships between density, prevalence of infection, parasite species richness, and sexual reproduction in these populations. However, strong collinearity between density, parasitism, and sexual reproduction means that further work will be required to disentangle the causal mechanisms underlying these relationships.
Surgical Approaches to Advanced Knee OA (TKA, UKA, Osteotomy)

In patients with severe osteoarthritis (OA), surgical intervention should be considered when conservative management fails to provide adequate symptomatic relief. This chapter discusses the indications and contraindications (relative and absolute) for OA surgery and addresses common modifiable risk factors that should be considered prior to operative intervention. Once the decision has been made to proceed with surgery, there are several options available including total knee arthroplasty, partial (unicompartmental) knee arthroplasty, and tibial osteotomy. The optimal intervention for any given patient depends on both patient (age, activity level, anatomy, disease severity) and surgeon (experience, preference) factors. The specific indications, techniques, outcomes, and complications of these procedures are discussed in detail.
Symmetry as Narrative Structure: OCD in Gottfried Keller’s A Village Romeo and Juliet

This chapter continues the discussion of literature as a source of scientific knowledge, but also as a critique of the historical contingencies of medical experimentation. A close reading of Gottfried Keller’s A Village Romeo and Juliet demonstrates that the novella not only challenges Esquirol’s explanation of monomania but effectively anticipates the pioneering research on obsessive-compulsive disorder conducted in Austria and Germany by Richard von Krafft-Ebing, Wilhelm Griesinger, and Carl Westphal.
Molecular mimicry mediated by MHC class Ib molecules after infection with Gram-negative pathogens

The development of many autoimmune diseases has been etiologically linked to exposure to infectious agents. For example, a subset of patients with a history of Salmonella infection develop reactive arthritis. The persistence of bacterial antigen in arthritic tissue and the isolation of Salmonella or Yersinia reactive CD8+ T cells from the joints of patients with reactive arthritis support the etiological link between Gram-negative bacterial infection and autoimmune disease. Models proposed to account for the link between infection and autoimmunity include inflammation-induced presentation of cryptic self-epitopes, antigen persistence and molecular mimicry. Several studies support molecular mimicry as a mechanism for the involvement of class II epitopes in infectious disease-induced self-reactivity. Here, we have identified an immunodominant epitope derived from the S. typhimurium GroEL molecule. This epitope is presented by the mouse H2-T23-encoded class Ib molecule Qa-1 and was recognized by CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes induced after natural infection. S. typhimurium-stimulated cytotoxic T lymphocytes recognizing the GroEL epitope cross-reacted with a peptide derived from mouse heat shock protein 60 and recognized stressed macrophages. Our results indicate involvement of MHC class Ib molecules in infection-induced autoimmune recognition and indicate a mechanism for the etiological link between Gram-negative bacterial infection and autoimmunity.
Platelet‐Activating Factor Acetylhydrolase Activity in Bovine Seminal Plasma

Platelet-activating factor (PAF) is a potent signaling molecule that has been detected in mammalian sperm from several species. The biological function of sperm-derived PAF and mechanisms controlling its production have not been clearly defined. In the remodeling pathway for PAF biosynthesis, PAF is produced by phos-pholipase A2 hydrolysis of 1-O-alkyl phospholipids followed by acetylation by PAF acetyltransferase. PAF is inactivated by PAF acetylhydrolase. PAF acetylhydrolase activity has been detected recently in human seminal plasma, where it may play a role in regulating PAF production or content by sperm. The purpose of this study was to measure and partially characterize PAF acetylhydrolase in bovine seminal plasma. Acetylhydrolase activity was detected in seminal plasma, was linear with time and protein concentration, and had a specific activity of 122 nmol/minute/mg protein. The enzyme was cation independent and was not inhibited by phosphatidylcholine but was inhibited by p-bromophenacylbromide and partially inhibited by phenylmethylsulfonylfluoride. Very little acetylhydrolase activity was detected in caudal epididymal fluid or caudal epididymal sperm. Enzyme activity associated with ejaculated sperm was largely removed by their centrifugation through Percoll and subsequent washing. These results demonstrate very high PAF acetylhydrolase activity in bovine seminal plasma. The enzyme appears to be of accessory gland origin and has properties similar to those of the enzyme from other sources.
Morphology of the mechanosensory lateral line system in elasmobranch fishes: ecological and behavioral considerations

The relationship between morphology of the mechanosensory lateral line system and behavior is essentially unknown in elasmobranch fishes. Gross anatomy and spatial distribution of different peripheral lateral line components were examined in several batoids (Raja eglanteria, Narcine brasiliensis, Gymnura micrura, and Dasyatis sabina) and a bonnethead shark, Sphyrna tiburo, and are interpreted to infer possible behavioral functions for superficial neuromasts, canals, and vesicles of Savi in these species. Narcine brasiliensis has canals on the dorsal surface with 1 pore per tubule branch, lacks a ventral canal system, and has 8–10 vesicles of Savi in bilateral rows on the dorsal rostrum and numerous vesicles (\(\overline {\text{x}} \) = 65 ± 6 SD per side) on the ventral rostrum. Raja eglanteria has superficial neuromasts in bilateral rows along the dorsal body midline and tail, a pair anterior to each endolymphatic pore, and a row of 5–6 between the infraorbital canal and eye. Raja eglanteria also has dorsal canals with 1 pore per tubule branch, pored and non-pored canals on the ventral surface, and lacks a ventral subpleural loop. Gymnura micrura has a pored dorsal canal system with extensive branch patterns, a pored ventral hyomandibular canal, and non-pored canal sections around the mouth. Dasyatis sabina has more canal pores on the dorsal body surface, but more canal neuromasts and greater diameter canals on the ventral surface. Sphyrna tiburo has primarily pored canals on both the dorsal and ventral surfaces of the head, as well as the posterior lateral line canal along the lateral body surface. Based upon these morphological data, pored canals on the dorsal body and tail of elasmobranchs are best positioned to detect water movements across the body surface generated by currents, predators, conspecifics, or distortions in the animal's flow field while swimming. In addition, pored canals on the ventral surface likely also detect water movements generated by prey. Superficial neuromasts are protected from stimulation caused by forward swimming motion by their position at the base of papillar grooves, and may detect water flow produced by currents, prey, predators, or conspecifics. Ventral non-pored canals and vesicles of Savi, which are found in benthic batoids, likely function as tactile or vibration receptors that encode displacements of the skin surface caused by prey, the substrate, or conspecifics. This mechanotactile mechanism is supported by the presence of compliant canal walls, neuromasts that are enclosed in wide diameter canals, and the presence of hair cells in neuromasts that are polarized both parallel to and nearly perpendicular to the canal axis in D. sabina. The mechanotactile, schooling, and mechanosensory parallel processing hypotheses are proposed as future directions to address the relationships between morphology and physiology of the mechanosensory lateral line system and behavior in elasmobranch fishes.
Bar-Halo Friction in Galaxies III: Particle Number Requirements for Simulations

The question whether the dark matter halo density in the centers of galaxies could be changed through interactions with a rotating bar in the baryonic disk is of considerable current interest. While N-body simulations have been used to address this question, it has also been claimed that results from such simulations cannot be trusted. Based on a perturbative treatment of resonant exchanges between orbits and a rotating perturbation, Weinberg & Katz contend that N-body simulations of this process will not reveal the continuum result unless many more than the usual numbers of particles are employed. Here I report a study designed to examine their contention, finding results that show no dependence on the number of particles over the range usually employed up to that advocated by these authors. I show that my results are independent of all numerical parameters, and that field methods perform equally with grid methods in this respect. I also identify the reasons that the required particle number suggested by Weinberg & Katz is excessive.
Production of Resonances Using CLAS at Jefferson Lab

Measurements of hadronic resonances produced in photoproduction reactions at Jefferson Lab are shown and discussed. Emphasis is placed on the production of the excited hyperon states Sigma(1385), Lambda(1405), and Lambda(1520). Some future prospects for the upcoming Jefferson Lab 12 GeV era are given, where the CLAS12 and GlueX detectors will see unprecedented amounts of data using electromagnetic probes and further our knowledge of hadronic resonances.
Furnace engineering-Chinese style

Experiences in transferring modern glass furnace technology to China in an organized and commercially acceptable manner are reviewed. Recommendations for future ventures are described. >
Comparison of intravesical interleukin-12 gene therapy and intravesical BCG therapy for murine orthotopic bladder cancer model

4020 Introduction: Intravesical immunotherapy with bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) is currently the most successful adjuvant agent for treating superficial bladder cancer. Intravesical BCG treatment was effective in wild type orthotopic bladder cancer model, while BCG was completely ineffective in IFNγ knock out and interleukin (IL-12) knock out orthotopic bladder cancer models. This study was designed to evaluate the antitumor effect of intravesical cationic liposome treatment of interleukin-12 (IL-12) in an orthotopic murine bladder cancer model and to compare the protective immunological memory against tumors between intravesical IL-12 gene therapy and intravesical BCG therapy. Methods. Superficial murine bladder cancer was established by simple instillation of 5 × 10 5 MBT-2 cells into the lumen of the bladder of female C3H/HeJ mouse through a urethral catheter. To assess the antitumor effect of IL-12, intravesical IL-12 therapy was evaluated at various doses: 0μg(control), 3μg, 5μg and 10μg (n=8). To assess the antitumor effect of BCG, intravesical BCG2 therapy was evaluated at various doses: 0μg(control), 100μg, and 400μg (n=10) Intravesical treatments were performed at 3day intervals and repeated 6 times starting from day 5 after tumor implantation. To compare the long- term tumor specific immunity between IL-12(5μg; n=18) and BCG (400μg; n=20), intravesical re-challengement of MBT-2 cells were performed for surviving mice and new control mice(n=10) at the day 60. These re-challenge survival mice as well as new control did not receive any further treatment. On the day120 all surviving mice were sacrificed and necropsied. Results. In the IL-12 groups at doses of 0μg, 3μg, 5μg and 10μg, 0, 2, 3 and 3 mice survived, respectively. Five and 10μg of IL-12 group demonstrated significantly longer survival than that of control group. In the BCG groups at doses of 0μg, 100μg, and 400μg, 0, 1 and 3 mice survived, respectively. All mice cured by IL-12 treatment successfully rejected the re-challenged MBT-2 cells, while mice cured by BCG and new control mice succumbed to the re-challenged bladder tumors. Conclusion. Intravesical IL-12 gene therapy which induced long-lasting tumor-specific immunological memory demonstrated the survival advantage in an ortrhotopic bladder cancer model. This finding of intravesical IL-12 gene therapy might be potentially advantages compared to intravesical BCG therapy.
YoeB toxin is activated during thermal stress

Type II toxin-antitoxin (TA) modules are thought to mediate stress-responses by temporarily suppressing protein synthesis while cells redirect transcription to adapt to environmental change. Here, we show that YoeB, a ribosome-dependent mRNase toxin, is activated in Escherichia coli cells grown at elevated temperatures. YoeB activation is dependent on Lon protease, suggesting that thermal stress promotes increased degradation of the YefM antitoxin. Though YefM is efficiently degraded in response to Lon overproduction, we find that Lon antigen levels do not increase during heat shock, indicating that another mechanism accounts for temperature-induced YefM proteolysis. These observations suggest that YefM/YoeB functions in adaptation to temperature stress. However, this response is distinct from previously described models of TA function. First, YoeB mRNase activity is maintained over several hours of culture at 42°C, indicating that thermal activation is not transient. Moreover, heat-activated YoeB does not induce growth arrest nor does it suppress global protein synthesis. In fact, E. coli cells proliferate more rapidly at elevated temperatures and instantaneously accelerate their growth rate in response to acute heat shock. We propose that heat-activated YoeB may serve a quality control function, facilitating the recycling of stalled translation complexes through ribosome rescue pathways.
Turbulent Thermal Convection

Thermal convection has been the subject of extensive research for more than a century due to its fundamental role in geophysical, astrophysical and engineering applications. Recent experiments by the Chicago group (Heslog et al 1, and Casting et al 2) have shown that at high Rayleigh numbers (Ra) the flow undergoes a transition in its structure from soft turbulence to hard turbulence. In particular, in the central turbulent core the probability distribution of temperature fluctuations change from a Gaussian to an exponential distribution. This observation has prompted new interest in the study of high Rayleigh number thermal convection.
Analysis of Dynamic Congestion Control Protocols A FokkerPlanck Approximation

We present an approximate analysis of a queue with a dynamically changing input rate that is based on implicit or explicit feedback information. This is motivated by proposals for adaptive congestion control algorithms, [6] and [15], where the sender's window size at the transport level is adjusted based on perceived congestion level of a bottleneck node. We develop an analysis methodology for a simplified system; however, it is powerful enough to answer important questions regarding stability, convergence (or oscillations), fairness and the significant effect that delayed feedback plays on performance.This paper quantitatively identifies the cause of the these effects, vis-a-vis the system parameters and properties of the algorithm used. Several conservation laws and balance equations governing this system are given.The model is fairly general and can be applied to evaluate the performance of a wide range of feedback control schemes. It is an extension of the classical Fokker-Planck equation. Because the Fokker-Planck equation models diffusion, it addresses traffic variability, and in a sense, extends earlier fluid approximation analyses.
Use of the Carbon Rod Atomizer for Direct Analysis of Lead in Blood

A method is described for direct analysis of lead in blood utilizing the carbon rod atomizer. Aliquots of whole blood are analyzed without pre-treatment. Results are comparable to those for a similar non-flame technique in which whole blood samples were prediluted with "Triton X-100." The small sample volumes required and the minimal sample preparation further diminish the possibility of spurious contamination.
Effect of Temperature and Dew Period on Infection of Northern Jointvetch by Wild-Type and Mutant Strains ofColletotrichum gloeosporioidesf. sp.aeschynomene1

Abstract Colletotrichum gloeosporioides f. sp. aeschynomene causes an anthracnose on Aeschynomene virginica, northern jointvetch. Infectivity, measured as the number of lesions per plant caused by three strains of the fungus including a wild-type strain (3-1-3), a benomyl-resistant strain (B21), and a nitrate nonutilizing strain (Nit A), was measured on seedling plants. Infectivity of each strain was measured for nine combinations of three dew temperatures (20, 26, and 32°C) and incubation temperatures (20, 28, and 32°C). Generally, results show that 3-1-3 and B21 caused significantly more lesions than did Nit A at all dew and incubation temperature combinations. However, strain 3-1-3 caused significantly more lesions than did B21 when given 20°C dew at 28°C incubation temperature treatments. Infection of northern jointvetch by the mutant strains was reduced at the highest and lowest temperatures studied while infection by 3-1-3 was reduced only at 32°C. Thus, the wild-type strain appeared to be more tolerant to temperature changes than did the mutant strains. In addition, the length of dew period required for infection of northern jointvetch by each strain was studied at each dew temperature. The wild-type strain appeared to require shorter dew periods than did the mutant strains to cause a similar number of lesions.
Detection and identification of moving targets

Abstract Though they could distinguish a moving target from a blank field, subjects in earlier work often greatly misperceived the direction of the movement. This observation was followed up in three experiments comparing detection of moving random-dot patterns to identification of the patterns direction of movement. Two different theoretical treatments indicate that in order to be detected by entirely independent mechanisms, two directions must differ by at least 120°.
UAV team behaviors in operational scenarios

The Behavior Enhanced Heterogeneous Autonomous Vehicle Environment (BEHAVE) is a distributed system for the command and control of multiple Unmanned Vehicle Systems (UVS) with various sensor payloads (EO, infrared and radar) and mission roles (combat, reconnaissance, penetrator, relay) working in cooperation to fulfill mission goals in light of encountered threats, vehicle damage, and mission redirects. In its current form, BEHAVE provides UVS dynamic route planning/replanning, autonomous vehicle control, platform self-awareness, autonomous threat response, and muti-vehicle cooperation. This paper focuses on BEHAVE's heterogeneous autonomous UVS team cooperation achieved through the transformation of UVS operational doctrine into UVS team behaviors. This level of tactics provides the initial high-level cooperative control guidance and plans for multiple UVSs operating to achieve specific mission goal. BEHAVE's heterogeneous UVS behaviors include inter-vehicle cueing capability on coupled missions based on new threats, targets, and foreshadowing changes in environments, optimizing individual UVS mission roles, enhanced reassignment of mission goals based upon resources consumed and threats encountered, and multi UVS team threat behavior. Threat behaviors include logic incorporated for team scenarios such as drawing out or confusing threats.
A note on estimation in lognormal linear models

In several articles concerned with parameter estimation in lognormal linear models researchers have dealt with analytical and computational problems which arise with certain infinite series. In this note we consider the article by Bradu and Mundlak (1970) and demonstrate that making use of their associated “large-sample” properties leads to greatly simplifled calculations in the application to lognormal parameter estimation
Extruded aquafeeds containing distillers dried grains with solubles: effects on extrudate properties and processing behaviour.

BACKGROUND: The tremendous supply and low cost of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) make it an attractive feedstuff for aquaculture diets. Also, several studies have shown that DDGS can be successfully fed to various finfish. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of inclusion rate of DDGS (0, 250, 500 g kg −1 ), feed moisture content (350, 450 g kg −1 )a nd die opening area (die A = 18.85 mm 2 , die B = 3988.45 mm 2 ) on the properties of the extrudates and on processing behaviour using a single-screw extruder. RESULTS: Increasing the inclusion rate of DDGS resulted in extrudates with lower unit density, bulk density, expansion ratio, water solubility index and brightness (Hunter L) but higher redness (Hunter a) and yellowness (Hunter b). The increase in moisture content affected the extrudate properties in different ways: it increased bulk density, Hunter L, Hunter b and mass flow rate, whereas specific mechanical energy decreased at high moisture content. Increasing the die opening area primarily decreased expansion ratio of extrudates, power consumption and barrel temperatures but increased mass flow rate. CONCLUSION: Extrudates from all treatments exhibited high durability and floatability, and less energy was required to produce extrudates when DDGS was used compared with soybean meal-based diets. The aquaculture industry can use this information to develop high-quality feeds at low cost. c � 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
One eye or two: a comparison of binocular and monocular low-contrast acuity testing in multiple sclerosis.

Purpose To determine the magnitudes of binocular summation for low- and high-contrast letter acuity in a multiple sclerosis (MS) cohort, and to characterize the roles that MS disease, age, interocular difference in acuity, and a history of optic neuritis have on binocular summation. The relation between binocular summation and monocular acuities and vision-specific quality of life (QoL) was also examined. Design Cross-sectional observational study. Methods Low-contrast acuity (2.5% and 1.25% contrast) and high-contrast visual acuity (VA) were assessed binocularly and monocularly in patients and disease-free controls at 3 academic centers. Binocular summation was calculated as the difference between the binocular and better eye scores. QoL was measured using the 25-item National Eye Institute Visual Functioning Questionnaire (NEI VFQ-25) and the 10-item neuro-ophthalmic supplement. The relation of the degree of binocular summation to monocular acuity, clinical history of acute optic neuritis, age, interocular acuity difference, and QoL was determined. Results Binocular summation was demonstrated at all contrast levels, and was greatest at the lowest level (1.25%). Increasing age ( P P P = .015) were associated with lower magnitudes of binocular summation; binocular inhibition was seen in some of these patients. Higher magnitudes of summation for 2.5% low-contrast acuity were associated with better scores for the NEI VFQ-25 ( P = .02) and neuro-ophthalmic supplement ( P = .03). Conclusion Binocular summation of acuity occurs in MS but is reduced by optic neuritis, which may lead to binocular inhibition. Binocular summation and inhibition are important factors in the QoL and visual experience of MS patients, and may explain why some prefer to patch or close 1 eye in the absence of diplopia or ocular misalignment.
Locating clicks in sentences: Left, center, and right

There are currently two theoretical interpretations of the pattern of errors that Ss make in attempting to locate the position of a click in a message. One is based upon lexical sequences in the message (the linguistic hypothesis), and the other is based upon attenti6nal priorities, memory factors, and response biases (the attentional hypothesis). This experiment was designed to differentiate between them. By orthogonally varying the temporal location of the major syntactic break and the position of the click, it was possible to control for effects of serial position and memory. In addition, a subliminal control group was run to evalute Ss’ response biases. Little evidence was found to support the linguistic hypothesis; considerable support was found for at least a qualitative version of the attentional hypothesis.
Trial Courts in the Modern System of Criminal Justice

The Criminal Justice system has been criticized recently because of the lack of coordination among its parts. The current system is viewed by some to be operating in such a haphazard and unplanned fashion that it could more properly be characterized as a "nonsystemr." Because of this situation, trial court judges are being called upon to assume new responsibilities in the modern system of Criminal Justice. There have been calls for greater integration of the activities of the trial courts with those of the other segments of the Criminal Justice System. This greater coordination and closer interrelationship among the segments of the Criminal Justice System is supposed to alleviate the inefficiency in the current nonsystem and lead to smoother functioning, and a less expensive, Criminal Justice System. Though the benefits to be derived from the current evolution of Criminal Justice relationships is obvious, the potential hazards are in need of further study. After describing some of the current proposals fo...
Impact of fano factor on position and energy estimation in scintillation detectors

The Fano factor for an integer-valued random variable is defined as the ratio of its variance to its mean. Light from various scintillation crystals has been reported to have Fano factors from sub-Poisson (Fano factor 1). For a given mean, a smaller Fano factor implies a smaller variance and thus less noise. We investigate if lower noise in the scintillation light results in better spatial and energy resolution in a scintillation imaging detector. The impact of Fano factor on estimation of position of interaction and energy deposited in simple gamma-camera geometries is estimated by calculating the Cramer-Rao bound. The calculated Cramer-Rao bound is quantitatively validated by estimating the variance of the maximum likelihood estimator.
Turbulent Flow Downstream of a Propeller, Part 2: Ingested, Propeller-Modified Turbulence.

To examine the aeroacoustic response of the downstream blade row of a rotor/stator pair, the turbulent flowfield between the two components must be accurately represented. To that end, a recent experimental study sought to examine this complex flowfield, establishing a causal relationship between the flowfield influences and their relative contributions to the total turbulence. Although these influences and their relative impact might depend on specific geometry, two will play a dominant role in almost every rotor/stator application: wake turbulence from the upstream blade row (the topic of Part 1) and turbulence ingested by the system and modified by the upstream blade row (the topic of Part 2). The extensive scope of decomposing these influences necessitates their discussion in separate publications. Part 1 begins with an overview as to the relevence and utility of separating these influences, providing motivation for the study. The paper then examines the contribution of the broadband and tonal contributions associated with wake turbulence. A model is proposed that infers broadband turbulence levels from a single, appropriately chosen length scale. This length scale is determined through reconstruction of the temporal mean wake profile shape utilizing the tonal component of the ensemble-averaged, measured wake spectra. Results show that simple models can be used effectively to isolate the wake turbulence contribution, forwarding the concept of a globally applicable theory for use in modeling efforts involving similar flowfields. Part 2 (the topic of this paper) examines turbulence ingested by the system and modified by the upstream upstream blade row. A theoretical model is adapted to predict the level of ingested turbulence suppression using easily quantified geometric arguments. With an appropriate choice of coordinate system, this model accurately predicts broadband suppression of ingested turbulence, showing that simple models can be used to isolate contributions and forwarding the concept of a globally applicable theory for extracting such information from other similar flowfields.
Lagrangian-relaxation-based solution procedures for a multiproduct capacitated facility location problem with choice of facility type

This paper presents exact and heuristic solution procedures for a multiproduct capacitated facility location (MPCFL) problem in which the demand for a number of different product families must be supplied from a set of facility sites, and each site offers a choice of facility types exhibiting different capacities. MPCFL generalizes both the uncapacitated (or simple) facility location (UFL) problem and the pure-integer capacitated facility location problem. We define a branch-and-bound algorithm for MPCFL that utilizes bounds formed by a Lagrangian relaxation of MPCFL which decomposes the problem into UFL subproblems and easily solvable 0-1 knapsack subproblems. The UFL subproblems are solved by the dual-based procedure of Erlenkotter. We also present a subgradient optimization-Lagrangian relaxation-based heuristic for MPCFL. Computational experience with the algorithm and heuristic are reported. The MPCFL heuristic is seen to be extremely effective, generating solutions to the test problems that are on average within 2% of optimality, and the branch-and-bound algorithm is successful in solving all of the test problems to optimality.
BOUNDS ON SAMPLE SIZE IN MODIFIED BERNOULLI SAMPLING, WITH APPLICATIONS IN OPINION SURVEYS

Simple “yes or no” questions can be replaced in opinion surveys by equivalent questions involving k≥3 answer categories. Interpretation of these classifications as subjective probability levels leads to efficient survey designs, in the sense that high precision in the estimator of the population characteristic can be achieved with rather small sample sizes. Explicit formulae for bounds on sample size, obtained under several different philosophies, are given, together with illustrations.
Specialized Sugar Sensing in Diverse Fungi

Summary S. cerevisiae senses glucose and galactose differently. Glucose is detected through sensors that reside in the cellular plasma membrane. When activated, the sensors initiate a signal-transduction cascade that ultimately inactivates the Rgt1 transcriptional repressor by causing degradation of its corepressors Mth1 and Std1 [1, 2]. This results in the expression of many HXT genes encoding glucose transporters [3]. The ensuing flood of glucose into the cell activates Mig1, a transcriptional repressor that mediates "glucose repression" of many genes, including the GAL genes; hence, glucose sensing hinders galactose utilization [4–6]. Galactose is sensed in the cytoplasm via Gal3. Upon binding galactose (and ATP), Gal3 sequesters the Gal80 protein, thereby emancipating the Gal4 transcriptional activator of the GAL genes [7]. Gal4 also activates expression of MTH1 , encoding a corepressor critical for Rgt1 function [8]. Thus, galactose inhibits glucose assimilation by encouraging repression of HXT genes. C. albicans senses glucose similarly to S. cerevisiae but does not sense galactose through Gal3-Gal80-Gal4 [9]. Its genome harbors no GAL80 ortholog, and the severely truncated CaGal4 does not regulate CaGAL genes [9, 10]. We present evidence that C. albicans senses galactose with its Hgt4 glucose sensor, a capability that is enabled by transcriptional "rewiring" of its sugar-sensing signal-transduction pathways. We suggest that galactose sensing through Hgt4 is ancestral in fungi.
Dietary phenylalanine and tyrosine interrelationships in the Sprague-Dawley rat.

AbstractThree experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of various levels of dietary phenylalanine (Phe) and tyrosine (Tyr) on weight gain, feed conversion, serum Tyr and Phe, and hepatic Phe hydroxylase and Phe-pyruvate transaminase activities in Sprague-Dawley rats. In general, the results indicated that these animals were not able to obtain Tyr from dietary Phe with 100% efficiency when the animals were fed diets devoid of Tyr. At or above the calculated requirement level of Phe (0.8% and greater), this phenomenon might be explained by substrate inhibition of Phe hydroxylase. Serum Tyr appeared to be a better indicator of the amount of dietary Phe and Tyr consumed than was serum Phe.
A TWO HOUR PHENYLALANINE (P) LOAD FOR CARRIER DETECTION OF PHENYLKETONURIA (PUK)

Since the enzymatic determination of P-hydroxylase activity remains limited to liver tissue, the diagnosis of most PKU homozygotes and especially heterozygotes relies on P-loading tests. In the present study, plasma was obtained before a P load (t=0) and a various time intervals after the load. The P and T concentrations in plasma were determined using a Beckman 6300 Amino Acid Analyzer. Twenty-five controls, 20 obligate heterozygotes and 10 patients with PKU were studied. The most informative parameters were obtained from values at t=0, 60 and 90 minutes. Age weight, the use of birth control, pills, values of P, T, P/T, P/T2, P/T3, the natural log of these parameters, and their various transformations were subjected to discriminant analysis with the statistical program BMDP7M. The various ratios for PKU homozygotes were 1-2 orders of magnitude higher than those of controls and heterozygotes. The analysis at t=0 (as suggested by some authors) revealed a 14.8% misclassification for heterozygotes. The best discrimination using 1 blood sample was at 60 minutes; only 1 of the controls was misclassified (3.7%). When females on birth control pills were excluded and using the variables of age, P/T at t=0 and 60 minutes, the function correctly classified all individuals. This procedure enabled the best discrimination between heterozygotes and controls thus far described.
Sustainable banking with the poor

This paper serves as an introduction to the collection of selected papers from the Conference on ‘Finance Against Poverty’, held at Reading, England, March 1995, sponsored by the University of Reading, the University of Manchester, the UK Overseas Development Administration, the Norwegian International Development Authority, and the World Bank. The papers in this collection represent only a small fraction of the more than 45 papers presented by scholars, practitioners and donor agencies at the Conference. They have been selected in an effort to give a sense of the richness and variety of the conference deliberations—and as expressing some of the key themes and concerns which emerged. In this introduction—as at the conference—the importance of building sustainable financial systems for poor men and women is emphasized. The main themes point to recognizing the heterogeneity of the poor and its implications for program and institutional design, evaluating the limitations imposed by the policy and regulatory environment, and solving the challenges posed by institution building.
Developing the SeaBED AUV as a tool for conducting routine surveys of fish and their habitat in the Pacific

The Northwest Fisheries Science Center (NWFSC) and the Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center (PIFSC) are collaborating with researchers at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) to develop the SeaBED autonomous underwater vehicles (AUV) to overcome the challenges in surveying fish in inaccessible habitats. Traditional survey techniques such as bottom trawls are of limited applicability in such areas due to the rocky, rugose terrain. Fish in marine protected areas must also be surveyed using non-lethal methods. Furthermore, monitoring deeper coral reefs are difficult since many important habitats are below depths that can be surveyed by divers. Hover-capable bottom-tracking AUVs offer a unique tool that is appropriate for work in such areas. We present preliminary results from two surveys: one of deep water corals on a mesophotic coral reef near Guam and another of demersal fishes on rocky reefs off southern California. We discuss some developments needed to utilize this tool for future routine surveys and assessments.
Dimethyl Methylphosphonate Decomposition on Titania-Supported Ni Clusters and Films: A Comparison of Chemical Activity on Different Ni Surfaces

The thermal decomposition of dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP) has been studied in ultrahigh vacuum by temperature programmed desorption (TPD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) on Ni clusters and films deposited on TiO2(110). The four different Ni surfaces under investigation consisted of small Ni clusters (5.0 ± 0.8 nm diameter, 0.9 ± 0.2 nm height) deposited at room temperature and quickly heated to 550 K, large Ni clusters (8.8 ± 1.4 nm diameter, 2.3 ± 0.5 nm height) prepared by annealing to 850 K, a 50 monolayer Ni film deposited at room temperature, and a 50 monolayer Ni film annealed to 850 K. The morphologies of the Ni surfaces were characterized by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). TPD experiments show that CO and H2 are the major gaseous products evolved from the decomposition of DMMP on all of the Ni surfaces, and molecular DMMP and methane desorption were also observed. The product yields for CO and H2 were highest for reactions on the small Ni clusters and unannealed Ni film and lo...
The cultural dimension of international business

International business endeavors require people to communicate across cultural and national boundaries. For the past 20 years scholars have explored the ways in which culture influences work, habits and values, communication styles, and business practices. Along with the trend toward a global economy, there is today a greater recognition among specialists that cultural differences affect all facets of international business. Because of this, librarians serving practitioners and scholars of international business are challenged to provide information aimed at making the business professional more productive in culturally diverse environments. Provides a brief overview of the topic of cultural diversity in business literature. Follows this with an extensive bibliography of current English‐language works offering theoretical and applied approaches to this theme. Includes an annotated list of organizations involved in the cultural aspects of international business.
Segmental necrosis in tenotomized muscle fibers.

A study of the soleus muscle of the rat along its entire length during the first week following tenotomy was undertaken. Within the first few days the affected fibers of the soleus underwent a complete morphological reorganization. Portions of fibers near the tendons were Invaded by and replaced with a large population of phagocytes. Previous studies have implied that the number of sarcomeres in series is reduced, but it has not been demonstrated from what portion of the fiber the sarcomeres are revoved. Sections of fibers taken from the mid-belly region demonstrated a progressive degenerative process over the first few days. Myofibrils across the entire width of the affected fibers underwent dissolution and degeneration. Fibers with central core lesions could be found by the seventh day after tenotomy, however, at this stage the peripheral myofibrils were new, and the fibers had begun the regenerative process which continued until normal fiber histology was restored.
Inhibition of exogenous RNA-dependent protein synthesis by a low-molecular-weight RNA from nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles of adenovirus-infected HeLa cells.

Abstract Low-molecular-weight RNA (4S to > 5.5S) isolated from nuclear ribonucleo-protein particles of adenovirus-infected HeLa cells inhibited cell-free protein synthesis directed by polyribosomal RNA from rabbit reticulocytes by more than 80%. In a reconstituted system inhibitory RNA did not prevent the binding of Met-tRNAf-GTP-IF ternary complex to 40S subunits; however, it repressed the formation of 80S from 40S-mRNA complex and 60S subunits. In binding assays in which authentic IF-M2A and IF-M2B were present, the inhibitor competed with messenger molecules for binding site(s) in IF-M2B. The inhibitory RNA appears to be a 5.5S RNA.
Microstructure and nanomechanical properties of amorphous carbon thin films prepared by pulsed laser deposition in various atmospheres

We have investigated the effect of chamber pressure and atmosphere on the microstructure and nanomechanical properties of amorphous diamondlike carbon (DLC) thin films prepared by pulsed laser deposition. The amorphous carbon films were deposited in various atmospheres such as nitrogen and argon at different pressures. We used Raman spectroscopy and optical microscopy to study the bonding characteristics and microstructures of the DLC films. Nanoindentation measurements were carried out on various samples prepared under different conditions to study the effect of chamber pressure and atmosphere on the elastic modulus and nano-hardness of the films. It was found that reduced vacuum leads to softer amorphous carbon films. Amorphous carbon films prepared in higher pressures exhibit increased density of particulates, and significantly rough surface. The results were understood in terms of thermalization of the laser plasma due to increased possibility of collision.