cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Intraoperative Hetastarch Infusion Impairs Hemostasis After Cardiac Operations

Abstract Background . An outbreak of excessive bleeding after cardiac operations occurred at our institution when 5% albumin was in short supply and hetastarch became the preferred intraoperative colloid. As hetastarch may impair coagulation, we investigated the effects of its intraoperative administration on post-cardiac surgical hemostasis. Methods . Indices of postoperative hemostasis were analyzed in 189 consecutive patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting. Three groups were compared: one group (n = 68) received a mean of 796 mL of hetastarch only in the operating room (a few minutes after cessation of cardiopulmonary bypass), another group (n = 59) received a mean of 856 mL postoperatively only, and a third group (n = 62) received no hetastarch. Results . Compared with the other two groups, those patients administered hetastarch intraoperatively exhibited significant reductions in hematocrit and platelet count, a significant prolongation in the prothrombin time, and significant increases in both blood loss and hemostatic drug requirement. Also identified were obvious trends toward a greater transfusion requirement and reexploration rate for bleeding in the latter group. Conclusions . Hetastarch infusion just after weaning from cardiopulmonary bypass produces a clinically important impairment in post-cardiac surgical hemostasis. Intraoperative use of this agent during heart operations should be avoided until the safe timing of its administration is clarified. (Ann Thorac Surg 1997;63:78–83)
Examining the relationship between gender and the research productivity of IS faculty

In this study, we examine whether there exist gender differences between the rates of scholarly publications by IS researchers. Triggered, in part, by a recent study of so-called "top" IS researchers that featured just two women out of the leading 30 IS scholars [24], we sought to determine whether women IS scholars publish at rates similar to their male counterparts in the leading, scholarly IS journals. Using a different "basket" of 12 IS journals, our results showed that, of IS researchers who had published at least three papers in these journals, approximately 17% were women - a figure that is slightly less than the 21% of women IS faculty that we estimated. We also found that women comprised 13 of the Top 76 IS researchers for the period 1999-2003 (17%), and 42 of the top 251 IS scholars with three of more publications in these journals (16.7% women). Our study raises several implications for how to assess whether women have achieved equity in the IS academic field.
TID Test Results for 4th Generation iPad

TID testing results of 4th generation iPad tablet computers are reported. Of iPad subsystems, results indicate that the charging circuitry and display drivers fail at lowest TID levels. Details of construction are investigated for additional testing of components.
A new genus and species of emberizine finch from Pleistocene cave deposits in Puerto Rico (Aves: Passeriformes)

ABSTRACT Pedinorhis stirpsarcana, an enigmatic new genus and species of emberizine finch, is known from four cave deposits of probable Wisconsinan age in central Puerto Rico. The most distinctive feature of this bird is the broad, flat ridge of the rostrum. Pedinorhis represents a group unknown in the Antilles and, although of uncertain affinities, somewhat resembles the mainland genera Atlapetes and Pipilo. The disappearance of Pedinorhis may be related to the postglacial loss of arid, savanna-like habitats that caused the extinction, or contraction in range, of many xerophilous vertebrates in the West Indies.
Basement membrane proteoglycans: Modulators Par Excellence of cancer growth and angiogenesis

Proteoglycans located in basement membranes, the nanostructures underling epithelial and endothelial layers, are unique in several respects. They are usually large, elongated molecules with a collage of domains that share structural and functional homology with numerous extracellular matrix proteins, growth factors and surface receptors. They mainly carry heparan sulfate side chains and these contribute not only to storing and preserving the biological activity of various heparan sulfate-binding cytokines and growth factors, but also in presenting them in a more Ȍactive configurationȍ to their cognate receptors. Abnormal expression or deregulated function of these proteoglycans affect cancer and angiogenesis, and are critical for the evolution of the tumor microenvironment. This review will focus on the functional roles of the major heparan sulfate proteoglycans from basement membrane zones: perlecan, agrin and collagen XVIII, and on their roles in modulating cancer growth and angiogenesis.
Stereotactic radiosurgery for cerebral metastatic melanoma: factors affecting local disease control and survival

Purpose: The development of a brain metastasis represents an ominous event for patients with malignant melanoma. We evaluated results after stereotactic radiosurgery (SR) for patients with metastastic melanoma to identify patient outcomes and factors for survival. Methods: The authors reviewed the management results of 60 consecutive patients with melanoma metastases, with a total of 118 melanoma brain metastases, undergoing SR during a 9-year interval. Of these, 51 also had whole-brain radiation therapy (WBRT). A total of 118 tumors of mean volume of 2.95 ml (range, 0.1–25.5 ml) were treated by SR with a mean margin dose of 16.4 Gy (range, 10 to 20 Gy). Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to determine significant prognostic factors affecting survival in 60 patients. Results: Median survival was 7 months after SR in all 60 patients and 10 months from brain tumor diagnosis (mean follow-up period, 9.3 months). Lack of active systemic disease and a solitary metastasis were associated with improved survival in multivariate analysis (median, 15 months). The imaging-defined local control rate of evaluable tumors (n = 72) was 90% (disappearance = 11%, shrinkage = 44%, and stable = 35%). Local recurrence developed in 7 patients and remote brain disease developed in 14 patients. WBRT combined with radiosurgery did not improve survival nor local tumor control. New brain metastases developed less often when WBRT was added to SR (23% vs. 44%), but this difference was not significant. Only 4 patients (7%) died from progression of a radiosurgery-managed tumor. No patient developed a delayed radiation-related complication, but 3 patients developed delayed intratumoral hemorrhage at the radiosurgery site, 2 of whom had new symptoms. Conclusions: Stereotactic radiosurgery for melanoma brain metastasis is effective and is associated with few complications. The use of radiosurgery alone is an appropriate management strategy for many patients with solitary tumors.
WeScheme: the browser is your programming environment

We present a programming environment called WeScheme that runs in the Web browser and supports interactive development. WeScheme programmers can save programs directly on the Web, making them accessible from everywhere. As a result, sharing of programs is a central focus that WeScheme supports seamlessly. The environment also leverages the existing presentation media and program run-time support found in Web browsers, thus making these easily accessible to students and leveraging their rapid engineering improvements. WeScheme is being used successfully by students, and is especially valuable in schools that have prohibitions on installing new software or lack the computational demands of more intensive programming environments.
The Role of Emotion in Psychological Therapy

This Special Issue of Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice provides a series of articles detailing efforts to consider the concepts of emotion and emotion regulation in relation to clinical assessment and psychopathology intervention efforts across the lifespan. In our commentary, we review some common themes and challenges presented in these articles to move forward the discussion of emotion's role in psychological therapy. We discuss efforts to conceptualize the role of context in defining emotion concepts and maximizing the relevancy of such concepts to treatment. We review the importance of imbuing efforts to develop emotion-focused treatments with emphases on positive, as well as negative, emotions and flexibility in the expression of these emotions. We also highlight the relevance of a lifespan developmental approach to the accurate use of emotion and emotion regulation concepts within treatment. Finally, we discuss the application of these issues to our own treatment development and evaluation efforts regarding a unified approach to the treatment of emotional disorders in adults and adolescents.
Amino acid residue Val362 plays a critical role in maintaining the structure of C terminus of connexin 50 and in lens epithelial-fiber differentiation.

We have previously shown that connexin (Cx) 50, unlike the other two lens connexins, Cx43 and Cx46, promotes chicken lens epithelial-fiber differentiation in a channel-independent manner. Here, we show that deletion of the PEST motif at the C terminus (CT) domain of Cx50 attenuates the stimulatory effect of Cx50 on lens fiber differentiation. Valine 362, a residue located within the PEST domain, is functionally involved. The structure of the Cx50 CT predicted by molecular modeling revealed four α-helices and Val362 was found to be located in the middle of the 3rd helix. Replacement of Val362 with amino acid residues that disrupt the α-helical structure predicted by molecular modeling, such as arginine, glutamate, or phenylalanine, attenuated the stimulatory effects of Cx50 on lens differentiation, whereas replacement with threonine, isoleucine, leucine, or proline, which maintain the structure preserved the function of Cx50. Circular dichroism (CD) studies supported the structural predictions and showed that the substitution with Glu, but not Thr or Pro, disrupted the α-helix, which appears to be the structural feature important for lens epithelial-fiber differentiation. Together, our results suggest that Val362 is important for maintaining the helical structure and is crucial for the role of Cx50 in promoting lens epithelial-fiber differentiation.
Atrial septal defect in infants and children.

Summary Twenty-one patients were studied in whom the diagnosis of atrial septal defect was established by cardiac catheterization. In addition, a survey was made of 202 post-mortem examinations on children with congenital heart disease, and a review made of the six cases, all infants, in whom the atrial defect appeared to be the primary cause of death. The principal symptoms in the infants were feeding difficulties, recurrent respiratory infections, and growth retardation, and in the older children, respiratory infections, exertional dyspnea, and decreased exercise tolerance. Although children with atrial septal defect usually lead active and normal lives, the defect may lead to serious difficulty and death in infancy. Cardiac failure may occur early in life. No cardiac signs are pathognomonic. The typical case showed increased precordial activity, displacement of the apex beat to the left, a moderately loud systolic murmur in the first, second, and third left interspaces, and an accentuated second pulmonic sound. Thrills were not frequently found. Clinical findings were more variable in the infants and accurate clinical diagnosis was extremely difficult. The poor physical development of these children was not noted as frequently as has been emphasized in the past. No typical electrocardiographic picture occurred, but right axis deviation and right ventricular hypertrophy were frequently observed. Unipolar lead electrocardiography was found to be of great value. Roentgenographic and roentgenoscopic examinations were of considerable diagnostic aid and typically showed enlargement of the right atrium and right ventricle, dilation of the pulmonary artery, and a small aortic knob. Pulmonary artery dilation was especially prominent in the infants. Left atrial enlargement was absent in all cases. Excepting the infant group, there was in general no relation between the heart size and general condition of the patient. Cardiac catheterization is the best method to date of substantiating the diagnosis during life. Some of the limitations and pitfalls of this procedure are discussed. Evidence of left-to-right shunt was found in every case, and the catheter was passed through the defect in approximately 50 per cent. Pulmonary hypertension was found infrequently but was a fairly consistent finding in the catheterized infants. In no case was the hypertension of a severe nature. Three cases have undergone successful surgical closure of the atrial defect at the University of Minnesota Hospitals. The indications for surgery are discussed briefly as in the clinical management of children with this type of cardiac defect. Stress is placed on early diagnosis of this anomaly since the development of surgical treatment may make possible the salvage of infants who would otherwise die.
Characterization and evaluation of inversion algorithms for MR elastography

Magnetic resonance elastography (MRE) can visualize and measure acoustic shear waves in tissue-like materials subjected to harmonic mechanical excitation. This allows the calculation of local values of material parameters such as shear modulus and attenuation. Various inversion algorithms to perform such calculations have been proposed. Under certain assumptions (discussed in detail), the problem reduces to local inversion of the Helmholtz equation. Three algorithms are considered to perform this inversion: Direct Inversion, Local Frequency Estimation, and Matched Filter. To study the noise sensitivity, resolution, and accuracy of these techniques, studies were conducted on synthetic and physical phantoms and on in-vivo breast data. All three algorithms accurately reconstruct shear modulus, demarcate differences between tissues, and identify tumors as areas of higher stiffness, but they vary in noise sensitivity and resolution. The Matched Filter, designed for optimal behavior in noise, provides the best combination of sharpness and smoothness. Challenges remain in pulse sequence design, delivering sufficient signal to certain areas of the body, and improvements in processing algorithms, but MRE shows great potential for non-invasive in vivo determination of mechanical properties.
RalGDS Functions in Ras- and cAMP-mediated Growth Stimulation

Thyroid-stimulating hormone stimulates proliferation through both the cAMP-dependent protein kinase and Ras but not through Raf-1 and mitogen-activated and extracellular signal-related kinase kinase. We now report that thyroid-stimulating hormone represses mitogen-activated protein kinase activity and that microinjection of an effector domain mutant Ha-Ras protein, Ras(12V,37G), defective in Raf-1 binding and mitogen-activated protein kinase activation, stimulates DNA synthesis in quiescent and thyroid-stimulating hormone-treated thyrocytes. A yeast two-hybrid screen identified RalGDS as a Ras(12V,37G) binding protein and therefore a potential effector of Ras in these cells. Associations between Ras and RalGDS were observed in extracts prepared from thyroid cells. Microinjection of a mutant RalA(28N) protein thought to sequester RalGDS family members reduced DNA synthesis stimulated by Ras as well as cAMP-mediated DNA synthesis in two cell lines which respond to cAMP with mitogenesis. These results support the idea that RalGDS may be an effector of Ras in cAMP-mediated growth stimulation.
Serious Mental Illness: Opportunities for Family Practitioners

This article provides an overview of professional practice with families of people who have serious mental illness. Based on the expanding literature in the area, the family experience of mental illness is discussed, as well as the unique concerns of parents, spouses, siblings, and offspring. Five effective family interventions are presented along with a three-step model that can guide service providers. Finally, suggestions are offered for dealing with confidentiality and for enhancing professional practice with these families.
The epidemiology of weight counseling for adults in the United States: a case of positive deviance

Weight counseling for adults is uncommonly performed by primary-care providers (PCPs), despite recommendations. In order to design effective primary-care interventions, a full understanding of the epidemiology of weight counseling in primary care is needed. Our objective was to measure the frequency of weight counseling at the level of the PCP. We performed a cross-sectional study of 21 220 US adult outpatient primary-care visits with 954 PCPs in 2007–2008, using data from the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NAMCS). Most (58%) PCPs performed no weight counseling during any patient visits. A total of 85 (8.9%) PCPs provided 52% of all weight counseling and were categorized as ‘positive deviant’ (PD) physicians. Patients seeing PD physicians were older, less likely to be female and more likely to have hypertension, diabetes and obesity. Adjusting for patient characteristics strengthened the association between PD status and receipt of weight counseling during visits (adjusted odds ratio=13.2 (95% confidence interval 11.5–15.7)). In conclusion, a minority of PCPs provide the majority of primary-care weight counseling in the United States. Studies of these PCPs may help to identify practical methods to increase weight counseling in primary-care settings.
Dietary potassium influences kidney maintenance of serum phosphorus concentration.

Dietary potassium influences kidney maintenance of serum phosphorus concentration. In studying the metabolic effects of diet potassium (K + ) variation in normal humans, we noted that varying diet K + within its normal range influenced inorganic phosphorus (Pi) homeostasis and serum calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D) levels. In six men who ingested a constant whole-foods diet containing (per 70kg body wt) 27mmol/day Pi and 52 mEq/day K + , we increased diet K + to 156 mmol/day with supplements first of potassium bicarbonate (KHCO 3 ) alone and then of potassium chloride (KCL) alone, each for eight days interrupted by an eight-day recovery period of no K + supplement. Urine Pi decreased promptly with either K + -salt, each inducing a persisting retention of 7 to 10 mmoles Pi, which was dumped during recovery. Fasting serum [Pi] increased with either K + supplement (P = 0.022, repeated measures analysis of variance); the composite mean serum [Pi] for the two K + -supplement periods exceeded that for the two periods without supplements (P + supplement (P = 0.020). Among subjects, the diet K + -induced increases in serum [Pi] correlated with those in plasma [K + ] (r = 0.64, P=0.027); the decreases in serum calcitriol concentration correlated with the increases in serum [Pi] (r = -0.69, P=0.014). There were no significant differences among periods in serum parathyroid hormone, ionized calcium, urine cyclic AMP excretion, plasma renin activity, body weight, serum albumin, or creatinine clearance; plasma volume decreased slightly during KCL but not during KHCO 3 periods. Thus, diet K + variation exerts an anion-independent regulatory effect on renal handling of Pi that influences the set-point at which serum [Pi] is maintained at constant diet Pi. That effect of serum [Pi] set-point is directionally appropriate and quantitatively sufficient to provide "fine modulation" of serum calcitriol concentration under ordinary physiological conditions of normal diet K + variations and normal diet Pi.
Particle production in the central rapidity region of ultrarelativistic nuclear collisions.

We discuss the central rapidity region of high-energy proton-nucleus collisions in the context of a flux-tube model. This model supposes the creation of a color flux tube by a random-walk color-charging process and its subsequent decay by qq\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{} and gluon-pair creation. The observed dependence of particle multiplicity on the number \ensuremath{\nu} of projectile interactions is explained. Some further implications of the model for high-energy proton-nucleus and nucleus-nucleus collisions, including A dependence in the latter case, are discussed.
Translational forces on Mariner V from the attitude control system.

Translational forces on Mariner 5 stemming from attitude control system, determining trajectory for scientific and operational purposes
Chemical barriers to adaptation by a specialist herbivore

Depressaria pastinacella, the parsnip webworm (Lepidoptera: Oecophoridae), feeds throughout eastern North America on Pastinaca sativa (wild parsnip) and few other species. The assumption that specialist herbivores such as the parsnip webworm are adapted to hostplant chemistry, and are therefore unaffected by chemical variation in hostplants, was tested. Flower buds from plants grown first in the greenhouse and then in the field were fed to ultimate instar webworms. Plant phenotype had a significant effect on virtually all webworm food utilization parameters. While nutritional factors (i.e., nitrogen content) were correlated with approximate digestibility, two constituents of the flowers - bergapten and xanthotoxin, both linear furanocoumarins - independently accounted for a significant amount of variation in food utilization indicies. The physiological effects of these furanocoumarins were confirmed in artificial diet experiments. Despite the fact that the two most important furanocoumarins in parsnip flowers relative to webworm feeding and growth are isomers, differing only in the positioning of a methoxy substituent, they have different physiological effects; while xanthotoxin in general has no effect on growth, bergapten decreases growth and digestibility of the diet. These results underscore the need in studies of plant-animal interactions to examine individual chemical components rather than classes of compounds.
Characterization of AziR, a resistance protein of the DNA cross-linking agent azinomycin B

A protein identified from the Streptomyces sahachiroi genome exhibits a protective effect against the DNA alkylator azinomycin B when heterologously expressed in S. lividans and E. coli. The protein, dubbed AziR for azinomycin resistance, is homologous to aminoglycoside phosphotransferases but behaves as an azinomycin binding protein and fails to chemically modify azinomycin. While AziR confers resistance to azinomycin B, it is inactive against aminoglycoside antibiotics and other DNA alkylators. A nucleic acid staining assay indicates that the protein enhances cell survival, and also prevents DNA damage effects normally observed following azinomycin treatment. Knowledge of an azinomycin resistance mechanism aids in setting the stage for future engineered biosynthesis of functionally useful azinomycin analogues.
The dispersion relation of a Bose gas in the intermediate- and high-momentum regimes

The well-known Bogoliubov expression for the spectrum of a weakly interacting dilute Bose gas becomes inadequate when the density or interactions strength is increased. The corrections to the spectrum due to stronger interactions were first considered by Beliaev (1958 Sov. Phys.—JETP 7 289). We revisit Beliaev's theory and consider its application to a dilute gas with van der Waals interactions, where the scattering length may be tuned via a Fano–Feshbach resonance. We numerically evaluate Beliaev's expression for the excitation spectrum in the intermediate-momentum regime, and we also examine the consequences of the momentum dependence of the two-body scattering amplitude. These results are relevant to the interpretation of a recent Bragg spectroscopy experiment of a strongly interacting Bose gas.
High-flux and fouling-resistant membranes for brackish water desalination

Abstract Novel high-flux and fouling-resistant reverse osmosis membrane were synthesized and characterized under brackish water desalination conditions using 2000 ppm NaCl solution at 225 psi (1.55 MPa) and 25 °C. The o -aminobenzoic acid-triethylamine salt was added into m -phenylenediamine (MPD) solution to react with trimesoyl chloride (TMC) during the interfacial polymerization between MPD and TMC. The membrane synthesis conditions including MPD concentration, TMC concentration, and interfacial polymerization time were optimized. The membrane synthesized under the optimal conditions was post-treated with aqueous solutions containing glycerol, sodium lauryl sulfate, and camphorsulfonic acid-triethylamine salt to further increase the water flux. The resulting membrane showed a flux of 2.22 m 3 /m 2 /day (54.4 gallons/ft 2 /day (gfd)) and a salt rejection of 98.6%. The fouling-resistant property of the synthesized membrane was enhanced by physically coating a cross-linked polyethylene glycol (PEG-200) layer on top of the thin film. The membrane coated with 10 wt% cross-linked PEG demonstrated a very high flux of 2.46 m 3 /m 2 /day (60.4 gfd) and outperformed the state-of-the-art commercial membrane. Using dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide, a cationic foulant, and tannic acid, an anionic foulant, as model foulants, the coated membrane exhibited much reduced flux decline. The surface morphologies of the modified and unmodified membranes were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. The results showed a smoother membrane surface by coating the PEG layer.
Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activity in the central nervous system of the red swamp crayfish, Procambarus clarkii, by mercury, cadmium, and lead.

The toxicological, physiological and biochemical responses of aquatic crustaceans to heavy metals have been reported by several investigators. Levels of glucose, lactic acid, sodium, potassium, aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase in the blood of the crab Scylla serrata increased, while glycogen levels in hepatopancreas and muscle decreased after a four-week exposure to mercuric chloride. In fiddler crab, Uca pugilator, enzyme activity was observed to decrease in the hepatopancreas but increased in abdominal muscle after 48 hr cadmium exposure. In the red swamp crayfish, Procambarus clarkii, exposed for 96 hr to cadmium, glutahione (GSH) level and GSH S-transferase activity deceased in the midgut. In crayfish Astacus astacus exposed to sublethal concentrations of lead and cadmium, oxidative enzyme (succine dehydrogenase and NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase) activities in gills and hepatopancrease decreased. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition by organophosphates and organocarbamates in various crustaceans has bee reported. In vivo cadmium exposure caused increases in esterase activities, but mercury exposure decreases these activities in the hepatopancreas of the shrimp Callianassa tyrrhena. The freshwater crab, Barytelphusa guerini, exposed to 0.6 ppm cadmium showed reduced oxygen consumption throughout the experiment whereas AChE activity increased after 4 days but decreased after 15 days. The authors wanted to determine the effectsmore » of cadmium, lead and mercury on AChE activity in central nervous tissue of Procambarus clarkii. This enzyme has the potential for serving both as a biochemical indicator of toxic stress and a sensitive parameter for testing water for the presence of toxicants. These three biologically silent metals have, according to Schweinsberg and Karsa great toxicological significance to humans because their use is widespread. 14 refs., 4 figs.« less
Exact Transport Parameters for Driving Forces of Arbitrary Magnitude

A straightforward analysis of the time-correlation function of interest in response theory involves the entire complicated solution of the dynamical problem. Using projection techniques we derive a simpler equation obeyed by the time-correlation function. Laplace transforms are used to solve this equation for the case when the driving force is a step function of arbitrary magnitude. The results are independent of the near-origin approximation of the Kubo formalism.
Breastfeeding and Health: A Review of the Evidence

Some commentators have claimed that breastfeeding benefits are overstated or that breastfeeding is not the cause of the improved health outcomes. In 2007, the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) issued a definitive report summarizing the body of evidence on various maternal and infant health outcomes in developed countries. The weight of this and subsequent evidence supports an association between breastfeeding and health outcomes in mothers and infants. While confounding factors exist, this association is likely to be causal for many or most of these conditions based on the Bradford Hill criteria for causation. Policy discussions need to consider the substantial maternal health effects of breastfeeding.
Catholic Schools: Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow

This article presents a historical overview of Catholic schooling in the United States from colonial times to the present. Presented in order of eras in American history, the growth of Catholic schools and the challenges they faced are documented. The author concludes with a discussion of contemporary trends, realities challenges, and opportunities facing Catholic educators.
Studies on the fauna of Trichoptera (Insecta) of Korea. iv. the family Lepidostomatidae

A review of the Lepidostomatidae of Korea is provided. The known Korean lepidostomatid fauna comprises eight species: Four species have been recorded previously, Dinarthrodes albardanus (Ulmer), D. sinuatus (Martynov) comb, n., Lepidostoma hirtum (Fab.), and Goerodes orientalis (Tsuda); Dinarthrodes elongatus Martynov is newly recorded from Korea; and three new species D. myohyangsanicus, D. itoae and Indocrunoecia coreana are described herein. Four new junior synonyms are recognized, Dinarthrodes kurentzovi Martynov of D. albardanus, D. brevis Martynov of D. elongatus, Agoerodes spinosus Olah of Dinarthrodes sinuatus and Ayabeopsyche nipponica Tsuda of Lepidostoma hirtum.
Recall as a search process

Summary We have suggested that it can as a practical matter be useful to regard recall as a search through memory and consider how a data-processor might be programmed to find the desired response. A demonstration experiment in which recall was examined by what might be called the “method of the missing item” was discussed to point out that a process of searching and testing may reasonably be assumed to intervene between memory and overt response. Two examples were given to illustrate the suggestion that this point of view can be helpful. The first was an experiment on immediate recall of six items presented two at a time, one to one ear and one to the other, at the rate of one item per ear every half-second. Each pair of items that were presented together consisted of a word and a digit, and the side on which the word was presented varied haphazardly from pair to pair. Recall was more successful when S was instructed to report the items of one type and then the items of the other type than when he was instructed to report the items heard on one side and then those heard on the other. The conclusion was that Broadbent's discovery about the preferred order of recall should not be ascribed to an inability to shift attention rapidly from ear to ear; the task is better described as a problem of data-retrieval. The second example was an experiment on an unconventional question that arises when recall is viewed as a search by a data-processor: may items in memory be assumed to carry time-tags that the processor can examine to determine which occurred more recently? The S received a long series of words, alternately seeing new words and judging which of two he had seen more recently. An equal-discriminability scale of recency in a series of concrete nouns was constructed and was compared with a similar scale for a series of abstract words.
Alkylthio Unit as an α-Pyrrole Protecting Group for Use in Dipyrromethane Synthesis

The synthesis of porphyrin precursors requires the successive introduction of substituents at the pyrrole α- and α‘-positions (2- and 5-, respectively). An α-pyrrole substituent that serves as a temporary masking agent and is not deactivating would greatly facilitate such syntheses, particularly for β-(3,4)-unsubstituted pyrroles, but has heretofore not been available. A series of α-RS groups (R = Me, Et, n-decyl, Ph) have been investigated in this regard, including the determination of the kinetics of substitution at the pyrrolic 3-, 4-, and 5-positions and the application to dipyrromethane formation. The RS group was readily introduced into the pyrrole α-position by the reaction of 2-thiocyanatopyrrole (prepared from pyrrole, ammonium thiocyanate, and iodine) and the corresponding Grignard reagent RMgBr. Each 2-alkylthio group activated the pyrrole ring toward deuteration at the 3- or 5- (vs 4-) position. The dipyrromethane synthesis was carried out using a 2:1 ratio of 2-(RS)pyrrole/benzaldehyde with a...
Characterization and reduction of highly-localized substrate contamination defects in metal patterning

The reduced CD (critical dimension) of devices places more stringent requirements on the photo process for metal layers, especially for the metal local-interconnect (MLIC) or M0 layer, which can have a minimum dimension similar to poly-gate. This layer has shown a highly localized substrate contamination defect with chemically-amplified (CA) DUV photoresists, which is related to the underlying contact plug. The failure analysis shows that reducing this defect plays an import role in enhancing the yield of a SRAM used as a test vehicle in process development. After transistors are formed, contacts to gates and source/drain regions are opened and subsequently filled with W-plugs, then a PVD TiN film is deposited as a MLIC layer between transistors. A silicon oxynitride (SiON) film is deposited as an anti-reflection layer, and a SiO2 cap is utilized as a substrate contamination barrier. However, with such a film structure, after resist patterning etch and cleaning, one major defect was often observed at the final inspection stage. This defect was always spatially-correlated to an underlying contact plug, and resulted in highly localized 'swelling' or bridging of adjacent photoresist features. In this paper, the MLIC swelling defect is characterized and its possible root causes are discussed. The correlation between the defect and the type of resist (high activation energy and low activation energy) is investigated as well. In order to eliminate the defect thoroughly or to reduce the number of defects substantially, many experimental tests have been carried out, which include the defectivity comparisons with different resists, the application of an organic bottom anti-reflection coating (BARC), the outgas reduction for poly-metal dielectric (PMD) layers, the optimization of resist striping procedure for implant layer before metal deposition, the double CA resist coating and so on. The results indicate that it is possible to eliminate the swelling defect at the photo stage by applying several special treatments.
Vomeronasal system involvement in response to conspecific odors in adult male opossums, Monodelphis domestica

Abstract The present study was designed to test the hypothesis that preferential nuzzling of unfamiliar conspecific odors by male opossums is vomeronasally mediated. Opossums were presented with vials containing their own odors (Own) and vials with odors from unfamiliar conspecifics (Novel) both before and after (Expt. 1) or only after (Expt. 2) vomeronasal nerve (VNNX) or sham (Sham) surgery. Nuzzling duration was greater for Novel before (Expt. 1) and after (Expts. 1 and 2) surgery both in VNNX and Sham animals, indicating that a functional vomeronasal system is not necessary for the differential nuzzling of novel odors. In contrast, differential scent marking of Novel was lost following VNNX, but not following sham surgery. Since VNNX lesions disrupt differential marking behavior but, not differential nuzzling, it is possible that different components of conspecific odors guide these two chemosensory behaviors and that these components may be detected by different sensory systems. Vomeronasal nerve lesions, confirmed histologically, resulted in the loss of the β-NADPH-dependent reaction product from the accessory olfactory bulbs (AOB). The pattern of staining with 4 lectins, soybean agglutinin (SBA), Phosphocarpus tetragonolobus (PCT), Vicia villosa agglutinin (VVA), and Griffonia simplicifolia lectin I-isolectin B4 (GS I-B4) remained unchanged in the AOB following vomeronasal nerve lesions, although the size of the AOB appeared to decrease in the VNNX animals.
Flow and Transport Through Unsaturated Fractured Rock—Second Edition.

Edited by DANIEL D. EVANS, THOMAS J. NICHOLSON, and TODD C. RASMUSSEN. Geophysical Monograph 42. American Geophysical Union, 2000 Florida Avenue, N.W., Washington, DC 20009. 2001. 196 p. $38.50 (AGU Member) $55.00 (Nonmember). ISBN 0-87590-983-3. The subject of fluid flow in fractured rock has long
Incarceration or community placement: examining the sentences of cybercriminals

The purpose of the present study is to fill a gap in our understanding of correlates of whether a cybercrime conviction leads to prison or community corrections. Using data from the Internet Crime Complaint Center reports, the results show two important correlates. First, a cybercriminal that has a previous public order offense is likely to be sentenced to prison rather than community corrections. Second, a cybercriminal that has a previous violent offense conviction is likely to be sentenced to prison rather than community corrections. The implications of these results are discussed.
Are synaptic MAGUK proteins involved in chronic pain

Chronic pain, particularly neuropathic pain, is notoriously difficult to treat. NMDA receptor antagonists are effective in reducing pain hypersensitivity in animal models and clinical settings but are associated with an unacceptable level of side-effects. Recent studies of the role of a family of synaptic membrane-associated guanylate kinase proteins in chronic pain provide new insights into central mechanisms of chronic pain that could result in new biochemical targets for its treatment.
Failure mode transition and energy dissipation in naturally occurring composites

The microstructural aspects of compressive inelastic deformation in balsa wood are investigated with emphasis on the failure mode transition and its effects on energy dissipation characteristics. The architectural features as well as the composite character of cell wall ultrastructure are discussed in a framework to understand the complex interrelationship between microstructure and macroscopic behavior in this extremely lightweight cellular biocomposite. Based on this discussion and experimental results, it is concluded that the biomimetic approach may prove to be a viable strategy in designing composite structures with high specific energy absorption capacity.
Smoke Accumulation 2. Predictive Parameters for Plywood

In recent years, the Aminco-NBS smoke density chamber (ASTM Method E 662) has been frequently used for measuring the smoke yield of materials. If chamber data could be related to larger scale fire experiments, the test method would contribute to cost-effective fire research.In this study, a specially modified chamber facilitated smoke sampling at several locations. Sampling at various locations established the smoke distribu tion and made it possible to calculate correlating parameters using 3/8-inch (0.953 cm) thick Douglas-fir plywood. In general, the particulate optical density (POD), the mass optical density (MOD), and the weight fraction (χ) of par ticulates in the smoke showed considerable variability. Particulate mass concen tration could be the most important predictive variable.
What causes the observed differences between solid H2 and D2

Abstract Although solid H2 and D2 have many similarities, such as the orientational ordering through intermolecular electrostatic interaction, they also show striking differences. Basic differences in behavior resulting from those in the masses and in the nuclear magnetic moments will be discussed. The contrasting dynamic behavior of both solids during the martensitic transformation driven by the orientational order-disorder transition is described. A possible scenario that might shed some light on this difference in behavior is presented.
Nuclear tracks in the Angra dos Reis and Moore County meteorites

Abstract Charged particle tracks were studied in the Angra dos Reis and Moore County meteorites, both of which contain an unexplained excess of He 4 . A selective annealing method was used to resolve cosmic-ray tracks from fission tracks. It gave the following cosmic-ray and fission-track densities, in units of 10 6 cm −2 : Angra dos Reis 1.3–4.4 and 7.8; Moore Co. feldspar 1.9–3.0 and 0.51; Moore Co. pigeonite 2.0–2.9 and 0.078–0.35. The fission-track densities are 10–100 times higher than expected from U 238 ; the excess is probably due to extinct Pu 238 . The Pu 244 /U 238 ratios at the start of track retention were 0.003 for Angra dos Reis and 0.002–0.03 for Moore Co. No evidence was found for fission tracks attributable to the unknown progenitor of excess He 4 in these meteorites; the fission branch of this progenitor comprises less than 10 −5 the α-branch. A search for pleochroic halos also gave negative results. The preatmospheric radii of the two meteorites are ≥13 and ≥7cm. According to meteor theory, this implies geocentric velocities of ≥ 19 and ≥ 6 km/sec. The etching behavior of Angra dos Reis augite is highly anomalous, giving rise to spurious angular anisotropies and skewed length distributions. This confirms similar observation by Fleischer et al . (1970) on lunar augite.
Mean value, government and human development

The success of several newly industrialized countries has created a renewed interest in the role of government in economic development. In contrast to the industrialization of the West, the government was much more involved during the development process of these east Asian nations. Attempts to address this question of how much government intervention still remains. Uses the human development index to represent the level of economic or human development; and selects four indicators to depict the degree of government intervention. Both empirical evidence and intuitive reasoning seem to support the conclusion that moderate government intervention contributes most to human development.
Management of the Posterior Cruciate Ligament-Based Multiligament-Injured Knee

Injuries of the posterior cruciate ligament in the setting of the multiligament-injured knee can pose a challenge to the orthopedic surgeon. The decision to proceed with operative or nonoperative management and which surgical technique to use remain controversial. Moreover, sparse clinical data are available to support any one treatment approach for these complicated injuries. In this chapter, we describe our current management strategies for posterior cruciate ligament-based multiligament knee injuries in the context of the existing published data and our own current clinical investigations. We discuss methods of diagnosis, the importance of stress radiography, imaging, indications and timing of surgery, graft selection, and surgical techniques. In addition, we detail our approach to postoperative rehabilitation with regard to thromboprophylaxis, weight-bearing status, and return to work or sport.
Human walking model predicts joint mechanics, electromyography and mechanical economy

In this paper, we present an under-actuated model of human walking, comprising only a soleus muscle and flexion/extension monoarticular hip muscles. The remaining muscle groups of the human leg are modeled using quasi-passive, series-elastic clutch elements. We hypothesize that series-elastic clutch units spanning the knee joint in a musculoskeletal arrangement can capture the dominant mechanical behaviors of the human knee in level-ground walking. As an evaluation of the musculoskeletal model, we vary model parameters, or spring constants, and muscle control parameters using an optimization scheme that maximizes walking distance and minimizes the mechanical economy of walking. We used a positive force feedback reflex control for the model's soleus muscle, and upper body position control for the hip muscles. The model's clutches were engaged/disengaged using simple state machine controllers. For model evaluation, a forward dynamics simulation was conducted, and the resulting mechanics were compared to human walking data. The model makes qualitative predictions of joint mechanics, electromyography and mechanical economy.
The International Environmental Emergencies Response System: A Case Study of Supertyphoon Haiyan (Yolanda), The Philippines

Since 1994, the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs and the United Nations Environment Programme have been working together to support countries affected by environmental emergencies. Over this period of 20 years, an international system has evolved and has provided humanitarian assistance to 84 countries in response to a range of environmental emergencies. Notably, the system utilizes the assets of Member States, and operates without a multilateral convention or a written agreement as its foundation. The international response to Super Typhoon Haiyan (locally known as Yolanda) in the Philippines is used herewith to explain and describe the tools and services available for the provision of international environmental emergency assistance. In the Philippines, the national and regional authorities, were supported by the United Nations Disaster Assessment and Coordination team (better known by its acronym UNDAC), in undertaking a rapid environmental assessments using the Flash Environmental Assessment Tool. As a result, specialized expertise was deployed to work with the regional environment authorities in managing the oil spill off the coast of the Western Visayas region that, at one point,had displaced more people into evacuation centers than the typhoon itself. Finally, an Environmental Field Advisor was deployed to provide technical advice to government and humanitarian partners as to the integration of environmental considerations into the humanitarian programmes. The main challenges associated with the environmental response, set against the disaster time line, are reviewed here, and the initial lessons learned are identified so as to provide recommendations for the improvement of the multilateral system.