cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
λ Transition in Liquid Sulfur Studied by Brillouin Scattering

Liquid sulfur was studied by Brillouin scattering from the melting point up to 200 °C. Polarized spectra show no evidence of the λ transition. The velocity of sound extracted from the Brillouin spectra agrees with previous ultrasonic measurements. The width of the central line in the depolarized spectra exhibits a maximum near the λ transition temperature; this is in qualitative agreement with the known maximum in viscosity.
Distribution of tetanus toxin in rat peripheral nerve trunks during the development of local tetanus.

Mouse bioassay studies were made on the tetanus toxin content of three different segments of both sciatic nerve trunks after unilateral gastrocnemius muscle injections. Multiple toxin dosages, sampling times, nerve transections, and nerve dissections to produce three samples per segment (undissected nerve, epineurium, and perineurium plus endoneurium) were used.
Tamoxifen dose response and conditional cell marking: Is there control?

Conditional marking and gene inactivation experiments are valuable approaches used to understand developmental and molecular mechanisms. CreER(T) is a fundamental component in recombinase-based conditional strategies and is used to gain temporal control subsequent to tamoxifen administration. We tested the hypothesis that tamoxifen dose linearly correlates with recombination efficiency in vivo. Wnt1-CreER(T) and tamoxifen administration were used to mark progenitors that contributed to the trigeminal ganglia. We executed a dose response study to determine the number of neurons that had undergone recombination in response to tamoxifen administered at doses ranging from 50 to 500 mg/kg. Our findings show a substantial variability in the amount of recombination within and between dose groups with no clear correlation between tamoxifen dose and the number of marked cells. This is the first study that we are aware of in which cell counts, robust quantitative data, and statistical analyses were performed on sections obtained from embryos marked in response to a wide range of tamoxifen dose in vivo. We provide an important quantitative and statistical framework for designing CreER(T)-based experiments and choosing tamoxifen dosing paradigms.
Spinoza on the Essences of Modes

This paper examines some aspects of Spinoza's metaphysics of the essences of modes.2 I situate Spinoza's use of the notion of essence as a response to traditional, Aristotelian, ways of thinking about essence. I argue that, although Spinoza rejects part of the Aristotelian conception of essence, according to which it is in virtue of its essence that a thing is a member of a kind, he nevertheless retains a different part of such a conception, according to which an essence is some structural feature of a thing which causally explains other, non-essential features. I go on to develop an account of Spinoza's metaphysics of essence, according to which essences, what he sometimes calls formal essences, are produced by the divine essence prior to and independent of the creation of finite modes, and according to which essences are the formal or exemplar causes of finite modes. I then argue that finite modes, in virtue of the formal essences which they actualize, are genuine causal relata. Finally, I offer some sp...
Six Schizosaccharomyces pombe tRNA genes including a gene for a tRNALys with an intervening sequence which cannot base-pair with the anticodon

We report the sequences of six S. pombe tRNA genes including two genes for tRNAArg, and one gene each for tRNAGlu, tRNAHis, tRNALys and tRNAPhe. All tRNA genes are found independently in the genome and represent individual transcription units. The gene for tRNALys has an 8 bp long intervening sequence which cannot base-pair with the tRNA anticodon. In vitro transcription studies indicate that all genes are faithfully transcribed in a yeast extract. Sequence comparison of the 5' flanking regions of the tRNA genes did not show significant homologies; however, they are very rich in AT base pairs.
GROUP ETHICS: A Multimodal Model for Training Knowledge and Skill Competencies.

Abstract The acronym “GROUP ETHICS” is used to describe training knowledge and skill competencies for ethically counseling in groups.
Pictures of Life in Classrooms, and the Search for Metaphors to Frame Them

Metaphors conjure up images of what they describe. As verbal/linguistic phenomena, they are pervasive in our ordinary language and conceptual systems. As a resource for communicating, they take us beyond the particular, the literal, and the moment-to-moment details of everyday experience. Metaphors enable us to create graphic and figurative illusions that convey meaning and contribute to our sense-making abilities (cf. Lakoff & Johnson, 1980; Ortony, 1979). In short, the metaphors we use paint portraits for others. Rather than stopping short with a conclusion that metaphors convey images, the issue can be explored from the other way around. That is, visual images might conjure up more or less appropriate metaphors. As a counterpart of the metaphorical, or verbal/linguistic image, the visual image is one that is received through visual receptors. When descriptions and interpretations are generated for what is seen, language provides a "frame" for the visual experience. Language, then, provides ways of assigning meaning to what we encounter visually, and it enables us to extend or enhance our inter-
On the calculation of the degree of saturation of sea water with respect to calcium carbonate under in situ conditions

Abstract A discussion is presented of the computation of the in situ degree of saturation of sea water with respect to calcite or aragonite, Ω, using apparent thermodynamic constants. It is found that when the various reported values of the constants are recomputed so as to be strictly comparable the resulting concordance is generally good. A systematic error in Ω of not more than 10 per cent is estimated to result from the uncertainties in the constants. This is equivalent to an error of 1 per cent in the measured values of A t or ΣCO 2 . A profile of A t and ΣCO 2 from the Brazil Basin in the equatorial South Atlantic is used as an example of the computation procedure.
Discrimination and Generalization on a Dimension of Stimulus Difference

Four pigeons were trained to peck at one key when two identical stimuli were displayed, and at another key when the stimuli were displayed with a wavelength difference of 40 mµ. With stimulus combinations ranging in difference from 0 to 70 mµ in a generalization test, key preference was a function of the degree of difference between the stimuli.
Marcinkiewicz r -classes and Fourier series expansions of operator ergodic Stieltjes convolutions

We study the Fourier series expansions in the strong operator topology for operator-valued Stieltjes convolutions of Marcinkiewicz r-classes against spectral decompositions of modulus-mean-bounded operators. The vector-valued harmonic analysis resulting can be viewed as an extension of traditional Calderon–Coifman–G. Weiss transference without being constrained by the latterʼs requirement of power-boundedness.
Multiplicities of the integrable discrete series: The case of a nonuniform lattice in an R-rank one semisimple group

Let G be a noncompact connected simple Lie group of split-rank 1. Assume that G possesses a compact Cartan subgroup so that the discrete series for G is not empty. Let Γ be a nonuniform lattice in G. In this paper, we give an explicit formula for the multiplicity with which an integrable discrete series representation of G occurs in the space of cusp forms in L2(GΓ).
A head-mounted remote-controlled brain stimulator for use on rhesus monkeys

Abstract Description of a remote-controlled stimulator to be used on monkeys. This note also provides a schematic diagram of the system, details of control, packaging and mounting, and specifications for both transmitter and receiver-stimulator.
Microdissection Testicular Sperm Extraction: Effect of Prior Biopsy on Success of Sperm Retrieval

Purpose: We determined the effect of prior biopsies with no sperm seen on the chance of sperm retrieval with microdissection testicular sperm extraction in men with nonobstructive azoospermia.Materials and Methods: A total of 311 men with NOA underwent microdissection testicular sperm extraction. Of these patients 135 underwent no prior biopsies, 159 underwent 1 or 2 diagnostic testicular biopsies per testis and 17 underwent 3 or 4. The outcome measure studied was the success of sperm retrieval with microdissection testicular sperm extraction. Serum follicle-stimulating hormone and histopathological diagnosis were examined as predictive factors for sperm recovery.Results: Spermatozoa were retrieved in 150 men by microdissection testicular sperm extraction (48%). The success of sperm retrieval in patients who underwent 3 to 4 biopsies (23%) was lower than the retrieval rate in patients who underwent no prior biopsies (56%) and 1 to 2 biopsies per testis (51%) (p = 0.04). When histopathology was considered,...
Dependence of the fluorescence quantum yields of Nd3+ in glass-ceramics upon the composition of the host material

Abstract The absorption spectra of Nd 3+ in neodymium-doped glasses and in glass-ceramics are almost identical at both room and low temperatures except for the increased light scattering observed at shorter wavelengths in the glass-ceramic. The fluorescence spectra of Nd 3+ were found to compare very well spectral-wise in those spectral regions in which the light scattering did not interfere with such a comparison between the glass and the glass-ceramic. However, the fluorescence efficiencies decrease drastically as the percentage of the glass in the glass-ceramic decreases, whereas, at the same time, the fluorescence lifetimes become shorter for the same [Nd 3+ ]. The reciprocal fluorescence quantum yields in the glass-ceramic, relative to that in the glass, vary linearly with [Nd 3+ ] 2 . This is attributed to increased self-quenching due to the segregation of the Nd 3+ ions into the glassy phase. Fluorescence quantum yields have been determined via both the appropriate fluorescence lifetimes and the integrated fluorescence intensities.
Dynamic mechanical behavior of some high polymers at temperatures from 6°K.: Polyethylene, nylon 66, polypropylene, poly(vinyl chloride), poly-(d,l-propylene oxide), polybutene-1, poly(4-methyl-pentene-1), poly(methyl methacrylate), poly(ethyl methacrylate), poly-4-methylpentene-1 and poly(isobutyl methacrylate)

Measurements of the dynamic mechanical properties of various polymers have been made in the 6–300°K. temperature range at resonant frequencies of about 104 cycles/sec. by using a longitudinal vibration apparatus. The polymers studied include polyethylene, nylon 66, three poly(methacrylate esters), and five poly-α-olefins and related polymers. Results for poly(methyl methacrylate) and poly(ethyl methacrylate) indicate the occurrence of low temperature relaxation processes (6°K. and 52°K., respectively) involving configurational rearrangements in the hydrocarbon portion of the ester side groups. The data provide no evidence for mechanical loss processes associated with hindered rotation of the main-chain methyl groups in the poly(methacrylate esters) or polypropylene. Very weak relaxation processes or loss plateaus are observed in the 20°K. region for polypropylene, poly(vinyl chloride), poly(d,l-propylene oxide), poly(isobutyl methacrylate) and possibly nylon 66, while for poly-4-methylpentene-1 a sizeable loss peak is observed at 25°K. The mechanisms responsible for these loss peaks are not yet understood. No relaxation phenomenon is observed below 77°K. for either polyethylene or polybutene-1. For poly(d,l-propylene oxide) a loss maximum or shoulder appears at 70–120°K. which is possibly associated with chain motions accompanying the methyl reorientation process.
An algorithm for hoist scheduling problems

This paper proposes an algorithm for hoist scheduling problems in a flexible PCB electroplating line where there is no buffer among workstations. Due to its chemical process nature, the processing times have to be controlled within a specified range (i.e. between a maximum processing time and a minimum processing time). The product will become defective if this constant is violated. The objective is to maximize throughput with no defective product. The proposed algorithm schedules jobs entering the system based on the specified range of processing time. A simulation study shows that the proposed algorithm outperforms the basic algorithm that schedules jobs based on the minimum processing times.
Falando aos vivos e aos mortos: a "Oda a Julián del Casal", de Lezama Lima

This commentary on one of Jose Lezama Lima's (1910-1976) most memorable poems, "Oda a Julian del Casal", focuses on how six of its textual features - apostrophes, recurrent verbal motifs, obscurity, recognizability, verb tenses and moods, and mythical allusions - interact to produce an overall rhetorical effect. Julian del Casal (Cuba, 1863-1893) is now considered one of the most important Hispanic American poets of his historical moment. Lezama composed his poem in 1963 during the celebration of the centenary of Casal's birth.
Monitoring Translation with Modified MRNAs Strategically Labeled with Isomorphic Fluorescent Nucleosides

To kinetically monitor translation-related events at a nucleotide resolution, a series of mRNAs, site-specifically modified at key codon positions with new emissive and responsive isomorphic nucleotides (thC, thU, thG - work withthA is commencing) have been studied. mRNAs modified with thC, thU and thG (excluding thU2 in the start codon) form an initiation complex (70SIC) and show significant spectral changes between the free and 70SIC-bound fluorescent mRNAs. All emissive mRNAs tested containing labeled nucleotides in the second codon facilitate aa-tRNA A-site binding [as part of an aa-tRNA.EF-Tu.GTP ternary complex (TC)] and pretranslocation (PRE) complex formation, although with somewhat different relative efficiencies, and all PRE complexes can be translocated via addition of EF-G.GTP to form postranslocation (POST) complexes. In most cases spectral differences are seen on conversion of 70SIC to PRE complexes and PRE complexes to POST complexes, allowing measurement of the kinetics of such conversions by changes in the fluorescence of labeled mRNAs. Preliminary comparison of tRNA A-site binding kinetics, as monitored by the fluorescent mRNAs, with other measures of PRE complex formation indicate that TC binding to the ribosome is faster than codon-anticodon interaction, which in turn is somewhat faster than tRNA accommodation. These preliminary observations not only show excellent performance of mRNAs modified with our emissive RNA alphabet, but also clearly demonstrate their potential to illuminate the formation and disappearance of discrete intermediates in the polypeptide elongation cycle.
Temperature dependence of the hydrogen ion equilibria in poly(riboadenylic acid)

Hydrogen ion titration curves have been obtained for poly (riboadenylic acid) (poly A) at temperatures of 0–40°C, and ionic strengths of 0.001, 0.01, and 0.15. Where comparable, the data are in general agreement with those previously reported by other investigators. Correlations between the titration data and thermal denaturation curves have been obtained. Formation of a two-stranded helix is catalyzed by the uptake of protons by the adenine base. Partial protonation of the base is required for formation of the two-stranded helix, but under appropriate conditions it is stable at degrees of ionization less than 0.2. The degree of ionization required for formation of the two-stranded helix increases with temperature and decreases with ionic strength.
Electrical Properties of Body Tissues and Impedance Plethysmography

Resistance and capacitance of body tissues and blood are reported over a wide frequency range. It is shown that it cannot be assumed in impedance plethysmography that tissue and blood have comparative resistance values and that the capacitance is of negligible influence, if presently used 200 kc. frequency is considered. In order to obtain a stable ratio of blood and tissue impedance, frequency must be below 10 kc.; and in order to exclude capacitive currents, frequency should be near 1 kc. Electrode polarization phenomena and their effect on impedance measuring devices are discussed briefly. It is concluded that not only in two terminal impedance measuring devicess but also in four teminal devicesp as currently used in impedance plethysmography, polarization is disturbing if the frequency is substantially below 1 kc. Therefore, in this article, the conclusion is made that impedance plethysmography should be carried out with frequencies near 1 kc., instead of the currently used 200 kca A mathematical analysis whichrelates quantitatively observed relative resistance change and relative blood volume change concludes this article. This ratio is found near 3.5. It is substantially higher than assumed previously and suggested for experimental verification in order to elevate impedance plethysmography from a qualitative to a valuable quantitative tool for blood-volume research.
SOME IMPLICATIONS OF THE PHENYLPROPANOLAMINE PROBLEM

In the Fall of 2000 FDA recommended that phenylpropanolamine (PPA) be removed from OTC decongestant and weight control medications. The present paper reviews the regulatory history of PPA. Some of the broader implications of the PPA story which have general applicability are discussed. In particular, it is suggested that mature consideration of this case lends further credence to the validity of establishing in the United States an intermediate class of drug product for which a prescription is not required but for which sale can only be effected under the control of a licensed pharmacist.
Economics as a Field of Research

I. The social sciences differ from the physical in that the observer's interest lies within them, 1. — The contractual and the institutional views of society, 5. — Corresponding types of investigation, 6. — The genetic point of view, 7. — II. Group research and its promise, 11. — Induction and deduction, 12. — Fruitful hypotheses essential, 14. — Individual research; the constructive imagination, 15. — Promising types of research, 16. — The limitations and promise of research, 23.
Biophysical interpretation and ex-vivo characterization of scattered light from tumor-associated breast stroma

The purpose of this study was to extract scatter parameters related to tissue ultra-structures from freshly excised breast tissue and to assess whether evident changes in scatter across diagnostic categories is primarily influenced by variation in the composition of each tissues subtypes or by physical remodeling of the extra-cellular environment. Pathologists easily distinguish between epithelium, stroma and adipose tissues, so this classification was adopted for macroscopic subtype classification. Micro-sampling reflectance spectroscopy was used to characterize single-backscattered photons from fresh, excised tumors and normal reduction specimens with sub-millimeter resolution. Phase contrast microscopy (sub-micron resolution) was used to characterize forward-scattered light through frozen tissue from the DHMC Tissue Bank, representing normal, benign and malignant breast tissue, sectioned at 10 microns. The packing density and orientation of collagen fibers in the extracellular matrix (ECM) associated with invasive, normal and benign epithelium was evaluated using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Regions of interest (ROIs) in the H&E stained tissues were identified for analysis, as outlined by a pathologist as the gold standard. We conclude that the scatter parameters associated with tumor specimens (Npatients=6, Nspecimens=13) significantly differs from that of normal reductions (Npatients=6, Nspecimens=10). Further, tissue subtypes may be identified by their scatter spectra at sub-micron resolution. Stromal tissue scatters significantly more than the epithelial cells embedded in its ECM and adipose tissue scatters much less. However, the scatter signature of the stroma at the sub-micron level is not particularly differentiating in terms of a diagnosis.
Intramanchette transport (IMT): managing the making of the spermatid head, centrosome, and tail.

Intramanchette transport (IMT) and intraflagellar transport (IFT) share similar molecular components: a raft protein complex transporting cargo proteins mobilized along microtubules by molecular motors. IFT, initially discovered in flagella of Chlamydomonas, has been also observed in cilia of the worm Caenorhabditis elegans and in mouse ciliated and flagellated cells. IFT has been defined as the mechanism by which protein raft components (also called IFT particles) are displaced between the flagellum and the plasma membrane in the anterograde direction by kinesin-II and in the retrograde direction by cytoplasmic dynein 1b. Mutation of the gene Tg737, encoding one of the components of the raft protein complex, designated Polaris in the mouse and IFT88 in both Chlamydomonas and mouse, results in defective ciliogenesis and flagellar development as well as asymmetry in left-right axis determination. Polaris/IFT88 is detected in the manchette of mouse and rat spermatids. Indications of an IMT mechanism originated from the finding that two proteins associated with the manchette (Sak57/K5 and TBP-1, the latter a component of the 26S proteasome) repositioned to the centrosome and sperm tail once the manchette disassembled. IMT has the features of the IFT machinery but, in addition, facilitates nucleocytoplasmic exchange activities during spermiogenesis. An example is Ran, a small GTPase present in the nucleus and cytoplasm of round spermatids and in the manchette of elongating spermatids. Upon disassembly of the manchette, Ran GTPase is found in the centrosome region of elongating spermatids. Because defective molecular motors and raft proteins result in defective flagella, cilia, and cilia-containing photoreceptor cells in the retina, IMT and IFT are emerging as essential mechanisms for managing critical aspects of sperm development. Details of specific role of Ran GTPase in nucleocytoplasmic transport and its relocation from the manchette to the centrosome to the sperm tail await elucidation.
The culture of private negotiation: Endogenous price anchors in simple bilateral bargaining experiments

Abstract Using bilateral bargaining data from laboratory experimental markets, this paper demonstrates how common knowledge about price averages from past bargains impacts current negotiated prices. This common information creates an endogenous and declining anchor for bargaining agents. The culture of private negotiation leads parties to agreements below the anchor. Currently negotiated prices below the anchor cause reported averages in the next period to fall. The relation between the endogenous anchor and the negotiating culture leads to a downward drift in negotiated prices. Through at least 20 periods of bargaining, relative earnings are distributed toward buyers and away from sellers.
Minimizing employee layoffs while downsizing: employer practices that work

Notes that sizable workforce reductions have been commonplace in the US economy in the 1980s and 1990s. However, some employers have resisted the temptation to reduce costs through massive layoffs, believing that it is more advantageous to retain their employees than to terminate them. These employers have managed to minimize or even prevent layoffs by using a variety of strategies. Describes some widely used strategies and provides examples of companies that have implemented them successfully.
A new class of highly dispersed VOx catalysts on mesoporous silica: Synthesis, characterization, and catalytic activity in the partial oxidation of ethanol

Abstract The morphology of vanadium oxide supported on a titania-modified mesoporous silica (MCM-41), obtained by means of a careful grafting process through atomic layer deposition, was studied using a variety of characterization techniques. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) together with transmission electron microscopy (TEM), 51 V nuclear magnetic resonance ( 51 V-NMR), Raman, FTIR and DRS-UV/Vis results showed that the vanadia species are extremely well dispersed onto the surface of the mesoporous support; the dispersion being stable upon thermal treatments up to 400 °C. Studies of the catalytic activity of these materials were performed using the partial oxidation of ethanol as a probe reaction. The results indicate an intrinsic relationship between dispersion, the presence of a TiO 2 –VO x phase, and catalytic activity for oxidation and dehydration.
The Voice DISC-IV With Incarcerated Male Youths: Prevalence of Disorder

ABSTRACT Objective (1) To accurately assess rate of psychiatric disorder in incarcerated juveniles, and (2) to examine the feasibility of using a self-administered, comprehensive structured psychiatric assessment with those youths. Method In 1999–2000, 292 recently admitted males in secure placement with New Jersey and Illinois juvenile justice authorities provided self-assessments by means of the Voice Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children-IV, a comprehensive, computerized diagnostic instrument that presents questions via headphones. Results Assessments were well tolerated by youths, staff, and parents; 92% of approached youths agreed. Rates of disorder were comparable to prior diagnostic assessment studies with interviewers. Beyond expectable high rates of disruptive and substance use disorders, youths reported high levels of anxiety and mood disorders, with over 3% reporting a past-month suicide attempt. Youths with substance use disorder were significantly more likely to be incarcerated for substance offenses than were youths with no disorder or those with other, non–substance use disorders. Conclusions Although the study identified rates of disorder generally comparable to those of prior investigations, some differences, understandable in the context of measurement variations, are apparent. Those variations offer recommendations for mental health assessment practices for youths in the justice system that would include using a comprehensive self-report instrument, pooling across parent and youth informants for certain disorders, focusing on current disorder, and flexibility regarding consideration of impairment.
Western Thoracic Surgical Association 2013 presidential address: Winning the HITECH challenge

It is heartwarming for me to be presented to you by Tom Burdon, a distinguished colleague and sincere friend. A ‘‘thank you’’ to Bobby, our immediate past president for his leading our strategic planning. I want to thank you all for joining us as we celebrate a wonderful tradition: the address of a new president. Your presence honors the Western Thoracic Surgical Association (WTSA), which members affectionately refer to as the Western. WTSA is an association that has been strengthened throughout its history by upholding the highest values of science, integrity, collegiality, and openness to people from around the world. By being here today, you are stating your desire for us to continue embodying everything that is good and principled about self-learning. I humbly recognize that I am just the guardian of something much larger than myself and much larger than all of us. I am the temporary guardian of an organization that means so much to so many, and, in that capacity, I sincerely thank you all for being here. I want to offer a special greeting to those families present, which are among WTSA’s friends—you are the great force who lives out our dreams. I am deeply grateful for the company of our many distinguished colleagues from all over the world. We need you here, of course, to make the day seem properly serious. It is good to confirm that the presidents of theWTSAdo look presidential in their roles as I am trying in mine. I must express how honored I am to have been so chosen: As a simple, community cardiothoracic surgeon. Fifteen years ago, I became a member, and like most initiates, I knew surprising little about the ‘‘Western’’ culture. I distinctly recall wearing a suit and tie at my first scientific session, and I believe I have not sported another at our annual meeting until today. You might wonder why I dressed the way I did: As a new member attending his first ever Western meeting, I erroneously assumed STS (Society of Thoracic Surgeons) etiquette! Let me again welcome our 19 newmembers of 2013 and invite them to participate in the discussions throughout our stay in Coeur D’Alene.
The export factor Yra1 modulates mRNA 3′ end processing

Yra1 is an export factor known to link 3′ end formation of mRNAs to export through interaction with Pcf11, a subunit of the cleavage-polyadenylation factor CF1A. Yra1 is now found to regulate assembly of CF1A and affect poly(A) site choice.
The anomalous effective surface Debye temperature of ErAs (100)

Abstract We have investigated vibrational motions of the ErAs (100) surface, in the normal direction, by the low energy electron diffraction and X-ray photoemission spectroscopy. We have exploited the differences in electron mean free path, with changes in electron kinetic energies, to illuminate the dramatically lower effective Debye temperature of the surface. The effective surface Debye temperature, indicative of the dynamic motion of lattice normal to the surface, is 35±10 K. This is much smaller than the bulk Debye temperature of 353±63 K. The huge difference between the effective surface and bulk Debye temperatures, by far more than a factor of 2 , indicates that electronic structure of the surface is different from that of bulk.
Bone marrow depressant and leukemogenic actions of benzene.

Abstract Chronic benzene toxicity is expressed as bone marrow depression resulting in leucopenia, anemia or thrombocytopenia. With continued exposure the disease progresses to pancytopenia resulting from a bone marrow aplasia. In recent years evidence has accumulated implicating benzene in the etiology of leukemias in workers in industries where benzene was heavily used. It has been suggested that leukemia is as frequent a cause of death from chronic benzene exposure as is aplastic anemia. This review explores some current ideas on the mechanisms by which benzene may produce these diseases and emphasizes recent work suggesting that the causative agent is a metabolite of benzene.
Potentiometric behaviour and surface composition of a prototype monohydrogenphosphate-selective electrode

Abstract The solid-state electrode is based on tris(thiourea)copper(I) monohydrogen-phosphate and silver(I) sulfide. Potentiometric characteristics are initially excellent but change with continued use. The model proposed to explain the potentiometric behaviour was verified by e.s.c.a. studies.
Optimism effects on cellular immunity: testing the affective and persistence models

Abstract Two models can explain effects of optimism on the immune system. The affective model proposes that optimists’ positive moods and confidence lead to physiological resilience unless coping efforts are not immediately successful and then lead to vulnerability due to disappointment. The persistence model proposes that optimists’ ongoing coping efforts improve prospects for adjustment and health because they continue to pursue goals but may take a physiological toll in the short term. Professional students (n=30) had delayed-type hypersensitivity skin tests under conditions of short-term (mental arithmetic) and long-term (examination) academic stress. Academic optimism was positively associated with skin test response when students did not do mental arithmetic but negatively associated when they did. Among optimism's five-factor model cognates, this effect could be attributed to its conscientiousness element, supporting the persistence model.
The relative contributions of summer and cool-season precipitation to groundwater recharge, Spring Mountains, Nevada, USA

A comparison of the stable-isotope signatures of spring waters, snow, snowmelt, summer (July thru September) rain, and cool season (October thru June) rain indicates that the high-intensity, short-duration summer convective storms, which contribute approximately a third of the annual precipitation to the Spring Mountains, provide only a small fraction (perhaps 10%) of the recharge to this major upland in southern Nevada, USA. Late spring snowmelt is the principal means of recharging the fractured Paleozoic-age carbonate rocks comprising the central and highest portion of the Spring Mountains. Daily discharge measurements at Peak Spring Canyon Creek during the period 1978–94 show that snowpacks were greatly enhanced during El Nino events.
Effects of age and stimulus intensity of the far field auditory brain stem potentials in the laboratory mouse.

The vertex-positive, volume-conducted far field response was used to evaluate age-related changes of the 8th cranial nerve and auditory brainstem in the anesthetized C57BL/6 mouse. Responses were obtained from stimuli as low as 10 dB (within the 10-20 kHz bandpass). When latencies were compared between 16- and 35-day-old subjects, the older mice had a P1 component which was .175 msec faster, a P2 which was .505 msec faster, a P3 which was .953 msec faster, and a P4 which was 1.315 msec faster. A retest of the younger mice showed that much of this retrocochlear latency decrease occurred between 16 to 18 days postpartum. The latencies of the younger mice were also less likely to decrease as the stimulus intensity was increased from 30 to 70 dB, and this effect was most pronounced at higher neural levels. These age-related changes bear considerable relationship to the development of susceptibility of audiogenic seizures in the mouse.
Cadet-branch matching

Prior to 2006, the United States Military Academy (USMA) matched cadets to military specialties (branches) using a single category ranking system to determine priority. Since 2006, priority for the last 25 percent of the slots at each branch has been given to cadets who sign a branch-of-choice contract committing to serve in the Army for three additional years. Building on theoretical work of Hatfield and Milgrom (2005) and Hatfield and Kojima (2010), Sonmez and Switzer (2013) show that the resulting new matching problem not only has practical importance but also it fills a gap in the market design literature. Even though the new branch priorities designed by the Department of the Army fail a substitutes condition, the cumulative offer algorithm of Hatfield-Milgrom gives a cadet-optimal stable outcome in this environment. The resulting mechanism restores a number of important properties to the current USMA mechanism including stability, strategy-proofness and fairness which not only increase cadet welfare consistent with OCSP goals but also provides the Army with very accurate estimates of the effect of a change in the parameters of the mechanism on number of man-year gains by the branch-of-choice incentive program. This new application also shows that matching with contracts model have great potential to prescribe solutions to real-life resource allocation problems beyond domains that satisfy the substitutes condition.
Presentation, management, and outcome of elderly patients with newly-diagnosed anaplastic astrocytoma

Few studies have assessed the presentation, management, and outcome of anaplastic astrocytoma (AA) in elderly patients in the temozolomide era. We retrospectively reviewed 42 consecutive patients aged >65 years with newly-diagnosed AA who underwent surgical resection or biopsy between 2003 and 2008. Median age and KPS score were 73 years (range, 66–88) and 80 (range, 50–90), respectively. Thirty-two patients (76 %) presented with focal deficits. Twenty patients (48 %) experienced seizures before surgery. Tumor enhanced diffusely in 24 patients (57 %) and sparsely in 18 patients (43 %). Biopsy (79 %) was more common than resection. Post-operatively, new persistent neurological deficits and hemorrhage were seen in two (4.8 %) and three (7.1 %) patients, respectively. Complete follow-up data regarding adjuvant treatment was available in 31 patients. Sixteen patients (52 %) received temozolomide and radiation therapy (RT), while nine patients (29 %) received RT alone. Chemotherapy-related grade 3/4 hematologic complication rate was 17.6 %. Median overall survival (OS) was 6.5 months (12 months with resection; 3.5 months with biopsy). Resection (P = 0.007, risk ratio = 0.21) and sparse enhancement (P = 0.007, risk ratio = 0.13) were associated with longer OS in multivariate analysis. Similarly, chemoradiation was associated with longer survival compared to RT alone (OS: P = 0.01, progression-free survival (PFS): P = 0.02) after adjusting for age, KPS, enhancement, and surgery. Resection was associated with longer survival among elderly patients with AA, although this could reflect selection bias. Similarly, adding chemotherapy to RT was associated with prolonged survival but carried important complication risks. In appropriately selected AA patients, aggressive treatments with radical resection and chemoradiation may be appropriate even in this age group.
Prevalence of the Bennett Lesion of the Shoulder in Major League Pitchers

Background The Bennett lesion is a mineralization of the posterior inferior glenoid noted in overhead throwing athletes. Although previous studies have debated appropriate treatment of the lesion, no studies have indicated the lesion prevalence in throwing athletes. Hypothesis The Bennett lesion is more common than previously believed and may represent an asymptomatic finding. Study design Uncontrolled retrospective review. Methods Fifty-five asymptomatic major league pitchers underwent routine preseason radiographic screening. Radiographs were reviewed for the presence of a Bennett's lesion. Player demographics, pitching, and baseball records were reviewed to obtain the patient's dominant arm, age, years and innings pitched, and time on the disabled list or surgery. Results Twelve pitchers (22%) were noted to have a radiographic Bennett lesion. No statistically significant difference was noted in age, years pitched, or innings pitched between pitchers with and without a Bennett lesion. No player who demonstrated a Bennett lesion required surgical treatment for shoulder pain during his time with the club. Two players required time on the disabled list, but neither player had complaints of posterior shoulder pain. Conclusions This lesion is a relatively common finding in major league pitchers. Concomitant pathology should be suspected when evaluating throwers with posterior shoulder pain and this lesion.
Repair of a Traumatically Induced Oronasal Fistula in a Cat with a Rostral Tongue Flap

Repair of an extensive oronasal fistula in a cat was accomplished by the use of a tongue flap. The dorsal surface of the tongue was debrided of mucosa and the edges were trimmed to produce a bleeding surface. Rotation of the tongue 180 degrees upon its long axis allowed the debrided surface to be sutured in apposition with the palatine mucosa. The mouth was wired closed and the cat was fed blenderized canned cat food for 4 weeks through a pharyngostomy tube. The tongue pedicle was amputated in successive stages to stimulate collateral circulation. Complications included a partial dehiscence along one edge of the suture line, which was corrected by resuturing.
Dynamical resonances in collinear, coplanar, and three-dimensional quantum mechanical reactive scattering

We present results of one-, two-, and three-dimensional calculations for the H + H2 exchange reaction which provide the first evidence for dynamical internal excitation (Feshbach) resonances in chemical reactions using noncollinear calculations. The change of the resonance energy and width with collision dimensionally and with total angular momentum is analyzed and indicates the existence of observable effects on certain reactive cross sections.
Pain-related catastrophizing: what is it?

Progress in advancing understanding of the role of "catastrophizing" in pain and associated physical and psychosocial disability may be furthered by (1) consideration of the construct of catastrophizing, (2) evaluation of the extent to which currently available measures of pain catastrophizing tap into that construct, (3) investigation of the relation of catastrophizing to personal trait variables (e.g., neuroticism and worry), and (4) identification of the conditions (or states) under which catastrophizing is most likely to occur. In this article, the authors discuss these issues and suggest directions for future research.
New thoughts on the origins of Zamboangueño (Philippine Creole Spanish)

Abstract Zamboangueno is the largest and most stable variety of Philippine Creole Spanish (PCS). The pioneering work of Whinnom (1956) grouped all PCS varieties together as ‘Spanish contact vernacular-ff-,” while the first serious study of Zamboangueno, by Frake (1971), stated that “Philippine Creole Spanish is not simply a Philippine language with unusually heavy Spanish lexical influence, nor is it Spanish with a large number of Philippine loan words. It is a distinct language, easily distinguishable from both its Romance and its Austronesian progenitors…” Two prevailing viewpoints exist on the origins of Zamboangueno, which shows both striking similarities and significant differences with respect to Manila Bay PCS dialects. The first holds that Zamboangueno is the direct offshoot of transplanted Manila Bay PCS, used by garrison troops and enriched by central and southern Philippine elements. The second is that Zamboangueno was formed in situ by repatriated slaves from all parts of the Philippines, who were recaptured from the Moslems of the Sulu Sea and set ashore at Zamboanga's Fort Pilar. The present study attempts to reconcile the similarities and differences among PCS dialects, thereby situating Zamboangueno in a refined geneological perspective. It is suggested that, although certain features of Zamboangueno almost certainly come from Manila Bay PCS, this did not result from a transplantation of a flourishing Manila Bay PCS variety in Zamboanga. Rather, Zamboangueno was formed gradually in a largely downward fashion from received Spanish, aided by two additional components. The first is the inevitable pidginization that resulted in the Spanish garrison at Zamboanga, reinforced by the concentration of freed slaves from all parts of the Philippines. The second was a continuing trickle of Manila Bay PCS speakers into Zamboanga, as well as a general awareness, by Spanish and Zamboangueno speakers, of linguistic features prevailing in Manila Bay PCS.
Sonoluminescence and diffusive transport

A new model is presented for the gas dynamics within a bubble at conditions that lead to the phenomenon of sonoluminescence. The spherically symmetric Navier–Stokes equations with variable properties are solved together with momentum and energy equations in the liquid. Calculations are presented for bubbles of argon, helium, and xenon in liquid water. The first main result is that in contrast to recent models of air bubbles in water, there are no sharp shocks focusing at the origin of the bubble. An alternative mechanism for energy focusing in noble gas bubbles is proposed that is consistent with a smooth onset of sonoluminescence with increasing acoustic forcing, as observed in experiments. The second main result concerns an observed correlation between sonoluminescence intensity and the thermal conductivity of the gas, which suggests that heat transfer plays a dominant role in the focusing of acoustic energy. It is shown instead that mechanical effects associated with the molecular mass of the gas figur...
Correction to "Subtraction by Minuend Complementation" l

To be of general value, a digital fault diagnosis method must be able to handle intermittent and multiple faults.
Fetal and maternal effects of continual exposure of rats to 970-MHz circularly polarized microwaves

Virtually continual exposure to 970-MHz microwaves in circularly-polarized waveguides was used to elicit fetal responses in Sprague-Dawley rats during gestation. A total of 250 rats were exposed to microwave radiation at whole-body averaged specific absorption rates (SAR) of 0.07, 2.4, or 4.8 W/kg or concurrently sham-irradiated for 22 h/day from the 1st through the 19th day of gestation. Prior to irradiation or sham irradiation, the rats were acclimated to cages in the waveguide system for 10 days and then bred. The rats were killed on the 20th day of gestation, and their fetuses counted and weighed, the fetal sternebrae ossifications counted, and the number of corpora lutea of the pregnancy determined. There were no alterations in pregnancy rates, fetal numbers (live, dead, resorbed, or total conceptuses), fetal weights, fetal skeletal maturation, or preimplantation losses after exposure at SARs of 0.07 or 2.4 W/kg. At SAR of 4.8 W/kg, only fetal body weight was significantly altered (- 12%, p = 0.012)....
Integrated voice and data communications for air traffic service applications

The present work has been prepared in support of a Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) sponsored Mission Oriented Investigation and Experimentation project. The main purpose of the project was twofold: 1) to demonstrate the operational benefits of integrated digital voice and data applications that will enhance air traffic control (ATC) and air traffic services and 2) to demonstrate the operational benefits of discrete addressing and call queuing, capabilities provided by a future VHF digital air/ground radio concept. The project included establishing a testbed and assessing the technical impact of introducing enhanced features into the next-generation National Airspace System communications system. Simulated airborne aircraft scenarios were developed to highlight the benefits of these features. Benefits demonstrated included enhancement of ATC voice and data call management capabilities, enhancement of communications with rescue coordination centers, added support provided by a national data base, and reduction of channel contention problems. >
FAILURE MODES IN MEDICAL DEVICE SOFTWARE: AN ANALYSIS OF 15 YEARS OF RECALL DATA

Most complex systems today contain software, and systems failures activated by software faults can provide lessons for software development practices and software quality assurance. This paper presents an analysis of software-related failures of medical devices that caused no death or injury but led to recalls by the manufacturers. The analysis categorizes the failures by their symptoms and faults, and discusses methods of preventing and detecting faults in each category. The nature of the faults provides lessons about the value of generally accepted quality practices for prevention and detection methods applied prior to system release. It also provides some insight into the need for formal requirements specification and for improved testing of complex hardware-software systems.
Are women really the "fairer" sex? Corruption and women in government

Abstract Numerous behavioral studies have found women to be more trust-worthy and public-spirited than men. These results suggest that women should be particularly effective in promoting honest government. Consistent with this hypothesis, we find that the greater the representation of women in parliament, the lower the level of corruption. We find this association in a large cross-section of countries; the result is robust to a wide range of specifications.
Design and fabrication of a multi-purpose Panofsky magnet

A fast, flexible magnet system, consisting of a Panofsky style ferrite picture-frame magnet and pulsed power supply, has been developed. Magnet specifications are: 8 cm /spl times/8 cm aperture, 23 cm length, 500 A pulsed/l60 A DC, and 1 /spl mu/s risetime. Designed for general accelerator physics studies, the magnet may be quickly converted from dipole to quadrupole or sextupole and higher multipole configurations by easily changing winding end terminations. In the quadrupole configuration a field gradient of 0.5 T/m is achieved at 500 A. This magnet has become an important tool for nonlinear beam dynamics experiments at the IUCF Cooler Ring. >