cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
PREMISE: Posterior Circulation Results Comparing Embolectomy to Medical Intervention in Stroke Emergencies.

Background Intravenous (IV) tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) is a proven therapy for stroke in the acute treatment window. Recent published data has shown efﬁcacy for embolectomy for acute ischemic strokes within up to six, 16 and 24 hours in the anterior circulation but there is no guideline for optimal therapy for patients with posterior circulation stroke, specifically basilar artery occlusion (BAO) outside the standard IV rt-PA treatment window. Aim To evaluate differences in outcomes between maximal medical treatment versus thrombectomy in BAO. Method We retrospectively evaluated prospectively collected acute stroke code patients from our stroke registry from 7/2004 to 7/2016. Patients who received IV rt-PA were excluded. Patients with evidence of posterior circulation ischemia and a hyper dense artery sign on initial non-contrast CT were included as a surrogate for direct vessel data before 2014. Patients after 9/2014 were selected by evidence of BAO on vessel imaging. All patients were categorized either as endovascular therapy or standard medical treatment alone. Demographics, hospital discharge location and Modified Rankin Scale (mRS) at 90 days were compared. Two-sample t-test and Fisher's exact test compared continuous and categorical variables across groups respectively. Results A total of 18 patients were included (three embolectomy and 15 medical therapy only). There were no significant differences in demographic data (age, gender, race, ethnicity, blood pressure, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, atrial fibrillation, tobacco use, alcohol use and initial NIHSS). Results for outcome and efficacies showed no statistical difference between medical management and endovascular intervention for functional outcome mRS (0-3) at 90 days (p = 0.2) and discharge location of home/inpatient rehabilitation vs other locations (p = 0.52). Conclusions Our single-center review showed the expected transition from predominantly medically treated posterior circulation BAOs, to a mixed pattern including embolectomy. Although the sample size was small, this study also illustrates the lack of clear efficacy data for optimal treatment strategies, and the ongoing treatment challenges in posterior circulation stroke population in a population of patients outside the rt-PA window.
Peptidoglycan sensing prevents quiescence and promotes quorum-independent growth of uropathogenic Escherichia coli

The layer of peptidoglycan surrounding bacteria provides structural integrity for the bacterial cell wall. Many organisms, including human cells and diverse bacteria, detect peptidoglycan fragments that are released as bacteria grow. Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) strains are the leading cause of human urinary tract infections (UTIs) and many patients experience recurrent infection after successful antibiotic treatment. The source of recurrent infections may be persistent bacterial reservoirs in vivo that are in a quiescent state and, thus, are not susceptible to antibiotics. Here, we show that multiple UPEC strains require a quorum to proliferate in vitro with glucose as the sole carbon source; at low density, the bacteria remain viable but enter a quiescent, non-proliferative state. Of all clinical UPEC isolates tested to date, 35% (51/145) enter this quiescent state, including archetypal strains CFT073 (from classic endemic lineage ST73) and JJ1886 (from recently emerged, multidrug-resistant pandemic lineage ST131). We further show that quorum-dependent UPEC quiescence is prevented and reversed by small molecules, called proliferants, that stimulate growth, such as L-lysine, L-methionine, and peptidoglycan (PG) stem peptides, including an isolated PG pentapeptide from Staphylococcus aureus. Together, our results indicate that (i) uptake of L-lysine and (ii) PG peptide sensing by UPEC modulate the quorum-regulated decision to proliferate and further demonstrate that PG fragments are important for intra- and interspecies signaling in pathogenic E. coli.
Genetically stable poliovirus vectors activate dendritic cells and prime antitumor CD8 T cell immunity

Viruses naturally engage innate immunity, induce antigen presentation, and mediate CD8 T cell priming against foreign antigens. Polioviruses can provide a context optimal for generating antigen-specific CD8 T cells, as they have natural tropism for dendritic cells, preeminent inducers of CD8 T cell immunity; elicit Th1-promoting inflammation; and lack interference with innate or adaptive immunity. However, notorious genetic instability and underlying neuropathogenicity has hampered poliovirus-based vector applications. Here we devised a strategy based on the polio:rhinovirus chimera PVSRIPO, devoid of viral neuropathogenicity after intracerebral inoculation in human subjects, for stable expression of exogenous antigens. PVSRIPO vectors infect, activate, and induce epitope presentation in DCs in vitro; they recruit and activate DCs with Th1-dominant cytokine profiles at the injection site in vivo. They efficiently prime tumor antigen-specific CD8 T cells in vivo, induce CD8 T cell migration to the tumor site, delay tumor growth and enhance survival in murine tumor models.
Variations in Courtesy Authorship Perceptions and Practices Among Modern Surgical Journals: The Generation Gap.

Abstract Background Academic journals have adopted strict authorship guidelines to eliminate the addition of authors who have not met criteria, also known as “courtesy authors.” We sought to analyze current perceptions, practices, and academic rank–related variations in courtesy authorship use among modern surgical journals. Methods Authors who published original research articles in 2014-2015 in eight surgical journals were surveyed and categorized as junior (JF) or senior faculty (SF) by years in practice. Responses regarding courtesy authorship perceptions and practices were analyzed. Subanalyses were performed based on journal impact factor. Results A total of 455 authors responded (34% JF versus 66% SF). SF were older (52 versus 39 y) and more predominantly male (80% versus 61%) versus JF. JF more frequently added a courtesy author to the index publication versus SF (23% versus 13%, P = 0.02), but had similar historical rates of adding courtesy authors (58% versus 51%, P = not significant) or being added as a courtesy author (29% versus 37%, P = not significant). JF felt courtesy authorship was more common in their practice and felt more pressure by superiors to add courtesy authors. Perceptions regarding the practice of courtesy authorship differed significantly, with 70% of JF feeling courtesy authorship use has not declined versus 45% of SF (P Conclusions Courtesy authorship use continues to be common among both JF and SF. However, perceptions about the benefits, harms, and pressures vary significantly by academic rank and with journal impact factor.
Association between personality traits and elder abuse in a community-dwelling Chinese population: findings from the PINE study.

Elder abuse is a pervasive public health issue. The relationship between personality traits and elder abuse remains unclear. This study aims to examine the associations between neuroticism, conscie...
Chest X-ray and Uveitis Evaluation in a Population with Low Incidence of Sarcoidosis

Radiographic chest imaging is utilized in the workup of uveitis, with the purpose of diagnosing sarcoidosis. Sarcoidosis is an idiopathic systemic granulomatous inflammation which accounts for approximately 10% of uveitis. The prevalence of sarcoidosis and uveitis varies widely with geography and ethnicity. We studied the value of chest X-ray (CXR) in the evaluation of uveitis patients in the Western United States. The study was a retrospective chart review of 559 patients presenting to the Uveitis Department at University of Colorado between January 1, 2011 and July 31, 2017. CXR and/or chest computerized tomography (CT) was obtained in patients with an unknown uveitic diagnosis. Presumed sarcoidosis was defined as the presence of bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy in a patient with uveitis. Age, race, and anatomic location of the uveitis were analyzed. The prevalence of sarcoidosis in our population was 4.3%. The discovery rate of sarcoidosis by CXR was 2.6%. Of 12 positive CXRs, 11 were in black patients. Our study identified five previously undiagnosed patients with sarcoidosis, four of whom were black. CXR screening for sarcoid uveitis has a low yield in our population and is most likely to be positive in black patients. The prevalence of sarcoidosis is low in our study but not unlike the findings in similar demographic populations. Although chest CT scan is more sensitive than chest X-ray, the cost and radiation dose are greater; thus CT may not be indicated in low incidence populations.
Dietary Lipids Induce Ferroptosis in Caenorhabditiselegans and Human Cancer Cells.

Summary Dietary lipids impact development, homeostasis, and disease, but links between specific dietary fats and cell fates are poorly understood. Ferroptosis is an iron-dependent form of nonapoptotic cell death associated with oxidized polyunsaturated phospholipids. Here, we show that dietary ingestion of the polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) dihomogamma-linolenic acid (DGLA; 20:3n-6) can trigger germ-cell ferroptosis and sterility in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Exogenous DGLA is also sufficient to induce ferroptosis in human cells, pinpointing this omega-6 PUFA as a conserved metabolic instigator of this lethal process. In both C. elegans and human cancer cells, ether-lipid synthesis protects against ferroptosis. These results establish C. elegans as a powerful animal model to study the induction and modulation of ferroptosis by dietary fats and indicate that endogenous ether lipids act to prevent this nonapoptotic cell fate.
A New Model of SARS-CoV-2 Infection Based on (Hydroxy) Chloroquine Activity

Abstract Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine (H)CQ are well known anti-malarial drugs, while their use against COVID-19 is more controversial. (H)CQ activity was examined in tissue culture cells to determine if their anti-viral benefits or adverse effects might be due to altering host cell pathways. Metabolic analysis revealed (H)CQ inhibit oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria, likely by sequestering protons needed to drive ATP synthase. This activity could cause cardiotoxicity because heart muscle relies on beta oxidation of fatty acids. However, it might also explain their therapeutic benefit against COVID-19. A new model of SARS-CoV-2 infection postulates virus enters host cell mitochondria and uses its protons for genome release. Oxidative phosphorylation is eventually compromised, so glycolysis is upregulated to maintain ATP levels. (H)CQ could prevent viral infection and/or slow its replication by sequestering these protons. In support of this model other potential COVID-19 therapeutics also targeted mitochondria, as did tobacco smoke, which may underlie smokers’ protection. The mitochondria of young people are naturally more adaptable and resilient, providing a rationale for their resistance to disease progression. Conversely, obesity and diabetes could exacerbate disease severity by providing extra glucose to infected cells dependent on glycolysis. The description of (H)CQ function presented here, together with its implications for understanding SARS-CO-V2 infection, makes testable predictions about disease progression and identifies new approaches for treating COVID-19.
Group Counseling in Institutional Settings

This chapter focuses on group counseling in correctional institutions. It starts with a discussion of the inmate code, the importation and prisonization models of inmate behavior, and how they affect the efficacy of counseling in correctional institutions. We then present an overview of group counseling, including the necessary components of group counseling, the characteristics of effective group counselors, the advantages of group counseling (as compared to individual counseling), and how to successfully conduct group counseling sessions. We then discuss specific topics and strategies for group counseling sessions, such as motivating offenders to actively participate, role reversal, and empathy training. The next section focuses on dealing with difficult group members. We discuss the different types of reluctant offenders and strategies for addressing each. The final section includes a discussion of some advantages and disadvantages of institutional group counseling. The chapter concludes with exercises in group counseling.
The interplay between vulnerable and grandiose narcissism, emotion dysregulation, and distress tolerance in adolescents

Abstract This study investigated the relations of grandiose and vulnerable narcissism with emotion dysregulation and distress tolerance in a sample of at-risk adolescents. Data were collected from 329 participants (ages 16–19), who were attending a residential military-style intervention program. Vulnerable narcissism showed a negative correlation with distress tolerance and was positively correlated with emotion dysregulation. In contrast, grandiose narcissism was negatively related to emotion dysregulation and was not associated with distress tolerance. Furthermore, emotion dysregulation heightened the relation between grandiose narcissism and aggression. These findings indicate that the theorized difficulty with self-regulation applies particularly to vulnerable, rather than grandiose, narcissism in adolescents. The findings are discussed in the context of potential regulatory processes in adolescent narcissism.
Electrocatalytic oxygen evolution reaction (OER) on mixed nanoporous RuIr borides

Efficient water splitting for commercial electrolysis devices is predicated on the development of materials, specifically for the catalytic electrodes, that exhibit an optimal balance between activity and stability. Complicating the development of electrocatalytic materials, particularly for oxygen-evolving anodes in acidic polymer electrolyte membrane electrolyzers, is an inverse relationship between activity and stability. Here the development of a nanostructured oxygen evolution reaction (OER) electrocatalyst for low-pH water splitting is demonstrated. Dealloying of mixed RuIr borides is used to form a high aspect ratio electrocatalytic material that exhibits low OER overpotentials matching that of RuOx and electrolytic stability matching that of IrOx.
Excellent mid-term follow-up for a new 3D-printed cementless total knee arthroplasty.

Aims Cementless total knee arthroplasty (TKA) offers the potential for strong biological fixation compared with cemented TKA where fixation is achieved by the mechanical integration of the cement. ...
How You Watch Television News Matters: A Panel Analysis of Second Screening and Political Learning from the News

This study draws from cognitive theories of learning to examine the role of different forms of television news viewing in political knowledge. Data from two-wave panel data reveal that performing a...
Theoretical Analysis of Free Radical Chemistry at a Plasma-Liquid Interface

Low temperature plasma can be used to generate a variety of free radicals in an aqueous environment, and the resultant chemistry has found applications in chemical synthesis, biology, water purification, and medicine. In this work, we focus on two plasma-produced radicals: the solvated electron $(\mathrm{e}_{\text{aq}}^{-})$ and the hydroxyl radical $({\text{OH}}_{\text{aq}})$ . Both radicals have been studied for several decades using pulse radiolysis techniques, and many of their relevant parameters, such as diffusion coefficients and reaction rate constants, are well known for the liquid phase1. Using these parameters, we analytically predict many important features of the interfacial chemistry by solving reaction-diffusion equations for the radicals in the liquid phase. F or example, we derive approximate spatial profiles for the concentration of $\mathrm{e}_{\text{aq}}^{-}$ and ${\text{OH}}_{\text{aq}}$ in terms of various plasma parameters. Our model also sets hard limits on the radical concentration and penetration depth into the solution, and it is able to predict various experimentally observed trends, such as the dependence of H 2 O 2 yield on solution pH2. Overall, this work elucidates some of the dominant features of the plasma-liquid interface and can serve as a useful benchmark for more complex simulations and experiments.
Ant communities in native sage scrub, non-native grassland, and suburban habitats in Los Angeles County, USA: conservation implications

Southern California’s sage scrub (SS) ecosystem is severely threatened by suburban development and invasion by non-native grasses, but how these threats impact the arthropod community is poorly understood. Native ants, which face the additional threat of being displaced by non-native Argentine ants, may be particularly at risk of local and regional extirpation. In this study, we surveyed the ant communities in the SS and non-native grassland habitats at the Robert J Bernard Biological Field Station (BFS) and surrounding suburban habitat, and compared patterns of species richness and composition among habitat types. We also compared ant richness and composition at the BFS to 40 coastal SS fragments previously surveyed in San Diego County to better understand how ant communities in interior and coastal SS fragments differ. Ant composition significantly differed among all three habitat types at and surrounding the BFS, but species richness did not. Comparisons between the BFS and coastal fragments indicate that interior SS fragments harbor unique ant species and more species relative to fragment area. Increased richness and unique ant assemblages are probably associated with the limited ability of invasive Argentine ants to colonize the non-native grassland and SS at the BFS. Because many southern California invertebrates are narrowly endemic to low elevation areas, patterns of habitat specificity seen with ants highlight that maintaining a mosaic of SS and non-native grassland habitat, particularly in interior areas where activity and diversity of non-native invertebrate species may be restricted, may be critical to preserving biodiversity.
Intestinal Solubility and Absorption of Ferrous Iron in Growing Rats Are Affected by Different Dietary Pectins

The effects of pectin structure on iron solubility were examined in vivo and in vitro using pectins differing in degree of esterification (DE) and molecular weight (MW). The pectins prepared differed (in DE and MW, respectively) as follows: P-A (73%, 860,000), P-B (75%, 89,000), P-C (22%, 1,260,000) and P-D (24%, 114,000). Weanling rats were trained to consume a basal diet containing ferrous sulfate as the iron source within 2 h. Food-deprived rats were presented the basal diet or the same diet containing one of the pectins at 80 g/kg diet. One hour after the meal, soluble, insoluble and tissue iron in intestinal segments and serum iron concentration in portal blood were determined and amounts of absorbed iron were calculated. Portal blood iron and calculated absorbed iron were highly correlated (r = 0.97). None of the pectins reduced iron solubility or absorption below that in rats fed the basal diet. Addition of P-B increased the amount of iron absorbed and postprandial serum iron concentration in portal blood. Solubility of ferrous sulfate in vitro was higher in solutions containing pectins than in a cornstarch solution (P < 0.05) and was also higher in diets containing pectin than in the basal diet (P < 0.05). The pectin with the high DE and low MW (P-B) improved iron solubility and absorption of solubilized iron.
Late Jurassic salamanders from northern China

With ten extant families, salamanders (urodeles) are one of the three major groups of modern amphibians (lissamphibians)1,2,3,4,5,6. Extant salamanders are often used as a model system to assess fundamental issues of developmental, morphological and biogeographical evolution6,7,8,9,10,11. Unfortunately, our understanding of these issues has been hampered by the paucity of fossil evidence available to assess the early history of the group5,6,12. Here we report the discovery of an extraordinary sample of salamander fossils, some with rare soft-tissue impressions, from the Upper Jurassic of China13,14,15,16. With over 500 articulated specimens, this assemblage documents the morphological diversity of early urodeles and includes larvae and adults of both neotenic and metamorphosed taxa. Phylogenetic analysis confirms that these salamanders are primitive, and reveals that all basal salamander clades have Asian distributions. This is compelling evidence for an Asian origin of Recent salamanders, as well as for an extensive and early radiation of several major lineages. These discoveries show that the evolution of salamanders has involved phylogenetic and ecological diversification around a body plan that has remained fundamentally stable for over 150 million years.
Alternative approaches to the analysis of comparative data: compare and contrast

Several goals of evolutionary biologists can be approached by comparisons of species that occupy different habitats or that have evolved distinct suites of life history characters. One is to determine the ecological conditions favoring particular morphological or life history traits, and another is to detect adaptive combinations of traits that have ‘‘coevolved.’’ Recently, due to the development of statistical tools that use hypothesized phylogenetic relationships to detect the joint evolution of life history and ecological attributes among taxa, the comparative analysis of plant life history traits has enjoyed increased attention. Silvertown, Franco, and Harper responded to this interest by convening in 1996 a Royal Society Symposium aimed in part to highlight alternative approaches to the analysis of comparative data. This book represents the outcome of this meeting and includes 15 chapters, most of which use comparative data to interpret patterns involving the distribution of plant life history, mating system, or reproductive traits across taxa and environmental conditions. In addition, one chapter (by Michael Donoghue and David Ackerly) explores the effects of uncertainty in phylogenetic reconstruction on the outcome of one statistical test that makes use of phylogenetic information. Three chapters provide reviews of mathematical models: one concerning the allocation and packaging of resources among flowers and fruits (by Lawrence Venable); a second evaluating the relative importance of the automatic selfing vs. reproductive assurance hypotheses for the evolution of self-pollination and the use of coalescent theory to detect evolutionary events associated with the evolution of self-fertilization from outcrossing ancestral taxa (by Daniel Schoen, Martin Morgan, and Thomas Bataillon); and the third exploring the evolution of life history traits in heterogeneous environments (by Richard Sibly). It is tough to identify the best audience for this book. The chapters are neither review articles nor rigorous primary research articles. Most summarize new data analyses, but in few cases do they provide sufficient statistical and methodological detail to allow the reader to evaluate fully their appropriateness or interpretation. Consequently, I would not recommend this book as the main focus, say, of a graduate seminar, unless it were to be accom
Patenting Plants and Plant Products

The United States approach to protect newly developed plant varieties has fed a booming agribusiness industry, but the United States differs from many other parts of the world in terms of its views on patenting plants and public attitudes regarding genetically modified foods. This article reviews the relevant forms of intellectual property protection available to plant breeders in the United States, which includes the Plant Protection Act, the Plant Variety Protection Act, and utility patents under the Patent Act. These forms of protection are compared with the standard conventions available in Europe. Two brief discussions follow. First, the role of public attitudes in acceptance of genetically modified crops is reviewed. This is followed by a brief overview of the ethical and legal context related to bioprospecting. Key Concepts: The United States plant breeders have three forms of intellectual property protection available for use: PVPA, PPA and utility patents. The United States and European patent systems have been aligned to allow for more uniform international enforcement of patents. Bioprospecting has the potential to uncover powerful new discoveries, but ownership rules must be interpreted for both equity and efficiency concerns. The United States and European consumers generally have differing opinions of the safety of genetically engineered crops. Keywords: patent; intellectual property; genetically modified food; genetic engineering; patent cooperation treaty; bioprospecting; international convention for the protection of new varieties of plants; plant variety protection act; plant patent act
Herpes simplex virus: recurrent and nonrecurrent strains.

AbstractA study of three Herpes Simplex strains with different frequencies of recurrent disease was done using the New Zealand white rabbit eye model. Each of the three strains, the McKrae strain (high frequency), the E-43 strain (low frequency), and the CGA-3 (no recurrence) grew well in the rabbit corneal epithelium and produced overt recognizable disease for up to 5 days postinfection, thus minimizing differences in virus reactivation due to a lack of or insufficient ganglionic colonization. Asymptomatic shedding and spontaneous recurrences, as well as iontophoretically induced recurrences, were seen in the E-43 and McKrae strains, but not in the CGA-3-infected animals. The virus strain's optimum temperature was an important aspect of its reactivation process, as shown by the failure of the nonrecurrent CGA-3 to replicate at the host's core temperature (39°C). The fact that these explants yielded infectious virus at 33°C and not at 39°C confirmed that the CGA-3 had colonized the ganglia, and its lack o...
Quantum effect of electromagnetic potentials on an internal degree of freedom

We describe a new experimental arrangement in which the so-called quantum effect of potentials (known also as the Aharonov-Bohm effect) is "recorded" on an internal degree of freedom.
Identification of an Sp factor-dependent promoter in GCET, a gene expressed at high levels in germinal center B cells

Antigen-stimulated B lymphocytes undergo genetic and phenotypic changes in germinal centers (GCs), including affinity maturation of immunoglobulin (Ig) genes and Ig heavy chain isotype switching. Expression of the Germinal Center Expressed Transcript (GCET) gene is up-regulated in murine GC B cells. The human homolog of GCET, HGAL/GCET2, is an important prognostic marker for staging lymphomas derived from GCs. To identify mechanisms that control cell type-specific transcription of GCET, we localized promoter sequences using S1 nuclease protection and functional assays. Sequences comprising a TATA-less promoter were localized to a short region upstream of multiple mRNA start sites. In functional assays, the promoter is active in cells irrespectively of endogenous GCET gene expression. In vitro binding assays identified a non-consensus binding site for Sp factors near sites of transcriptional initiation. The site binds Spl and Sp3 in nuclear extracts and recombinant Spl in vitro, and is required for full promoter function in transient promoter assays. Activation of the promoter by Spl or Sp3 in Spl/3-deficient cells was largely dependent on the Sp site. Together, these data provide the first analysis of regulatory modules necessary for GCET expression, a model for GC B cell-specific transcription.
Serotonin modulates the electric waveform of the gymnotiform electric fish Brachyhypopomus pinnicaudatus

The gymnotiform electric fish Brachyhypopomus pinnicaudatus communicates with a sexually dimorphic electric waveform, the electric organ discharge (EOD). Males display pronounced circadian rhythms in the amplitude and duration of their EODs. Changes in the social environment influence the magnitudes of these circadian rhythms and also produce more transient responses in the EOD waveforms. Here we show that injections of serotonin produce quick, transient, dose-dependent enhancements of the male EOD characters similar to those induced by encounters with another male. The response to serotonin administered peripherally begins 5-10 min post injection and lasts approximately 3 h. The magnitude of the response to serotonin is tightly associated with the magnitude of the day-to-night swing of the circadian rhythm prior to injection. Taken together these findings suggest that the male's social environment influences his response to serotonin by altering the function of some part of the downstream chain between the serotonin receptors and the ion channels involved in control of the EOD waveform. Although chronic activation of serotonin circuitry is widely known to elicit subordinate behavior, we find that 5-HT initially increases a dominance signal in these fish. These findings are consistent with the emerging view that serotonin facilitates different adaptive responses to acute and chronic social challenge and stress.
The PTSD Stressor Criterion as a Barrier to Malingering: DSM-5 Draft Commentaries

This commentary focuses on the proposed changes to the trauma stressor criterion for PTSD for DSM-5, specifically its likely impact on malingering. PTSD is particularly susceptible to malingering because the diagnosis relies so heavily on a patient’s subjective symptoms. Because the traumatic event that is the trigger of the PTSD syndrome is generally based on objective fact and thus often easily corroborated, this element of the diagnosis is usually more challenging to malinger than subjective reports of symptoms. Therefore, one of the main gateways for limiting the misuse of the PTSD diagnosis in forensic settings is the criterion defining the range of qualifying traumas. Proposed changes to criterion A of PTSD in the draft include modifying the types of qualifying trauma by replacing “threat to physical integrity” with “sexual violation,” and clarifying the modes of exposure by replacing the phrase “confronted with” with two criterion: “learning that the event occurred to a close relative or close friend” and “experiencing repeated or extreme exposure to aversive details of the event.” Each of these changes has the potential to significantly broaden the range of qualifying stressors and consequently expand the potential pool of individuals who might be in a position to malinger the disorder. Given the likelihood that the DSM-5 field trials will be unable to provide information relevant to assessing the impact of making these changes in forensic settings, it would be prudent to resist the inclination to tinker with the wording unless other mechanisms are available to ensure that the wording changes do more good than harm.
Couple Therapy Research and the Practice of Couple Therapy: Can We Talk?

As has been true in every other realm of psychotherapy, couple therapy research generally has had very little impact on the day-to-day practice of couple therapists. To a significant degree, this unfortunate disconnection may be attributable to an overemphasis by researchers in the field on treatment packages and therapeutic methods/techniques. Insufficient attention has been paid to other important sources of influence on treatment outcomes, especially the couple therapist herself/himself. It is argued that effective couple therapy requires a good "fit" between the person of the therapist and her primary theoretical orientation, and that couple therapists may be more influenced by research that addresses process aspects of the therapeutic approaches to which they have their primary theoretical allegiances.
POPULATION CHANGE IN NORTHERN NEW ENGLAND

ABSTRACT A substantial increase in the population growth rate of northern New England is revealed by the 1970 Federal Census. Vermont, New Hampshire, and Maine have experienced relatively low population growth rates since the mid-1800s, or even undergone population losses. Population increases have been greatest in the Burlington, Vermont, area, in southern New Hampshire, and in south coastal Maine. Extensive construction of limited access highways, a surge in second home ownership, an increase in recreational facilities, and the establishment of new plants and offices in northern New England are related to current growth patterns.
The Effect of Children's Spontaneous Cognitive Sets on Discrimination Learning.

Abstract Two experiments investigated the role of children's spontaneous cognitive “sets” in pictorial discrimination learning. Lists were constructed to highlight either perceptual or conceptual similarities among the stimuli. In each experiment age by treatment interactions revealed that in comparison to the behavior of older children (sixth graders), that of younger children (kindergartners) is governed more by the perceptible than by the conceptual attributes of stimuli—data in complete accord with Bruner's view of cognitive development.
Effect of hydrocarbon volatility and adsorption on source-rock pyrolysis

Abstract Petroleum source-rock evaluations by pyrolysis are based on the concept that free hydrocarbons in rock samples are volatilized below 300°C while hydrocarbons cracked from kerogen come off at higher temperatures. The pyrolysis of pure hydrocarbons with different mineral matrices shows that free hydrocarbons containing 16 or more carbon atoms may not be evolved eblow 300°C, but at varying higher temperatures. The extent to which this occurs depends on the hydrocarbon volatility, the mineral matrix and the pyrolysis instrument design. Source-rock parameters which use the P1 (S1) peak may be not be reproducible between instruments if the rock contains appreciable amounts of high molecular weight hydrocarbons.
Recursive complex BSS via generalized eigendecomposition and application in image rejection for BPSK

Under the assumptions of non-Gaussian, non-stationary, or non-white independent sources, linear blind source separation can be formulated as generalized eigenvalue decomposition. Here we provide an elegant method of doing this on-line, instead of waiting for a sufficiently large batch of data. This is done through a recursive generalized eigendecomposition algorithm that tracks the optimal solution that one would obtain using all the data observed. The algorithms proposed in this paper follow the well-known recursive least squares (RLS) algorithm in spirit. We also propose to employ this on-line approach for joint image rejection in separating audio signals with the linear mixing varying with time and in slow fading wireless receivers with successful results.
Rationally Designed Ligands that Inhibit the Aggregation of Large Gold Nanoparticles in Solution

Hexadecanethiol (n-C16), 2,2-dimethylhexadecane-1-thiol (DMC16), and the multidentate thiol-based ligands 2-tetradecylpropane-1,3-dithiol (C16C2), 2-methyl-2-tetradecylpropane-1,3-dithiol (C16C3), and 1,1,1-tris(mercaptomethyl)pentadecane (t-C16) were evaluated for their ability to stabilize large gold nanoparticles (>15 nm) in organic solution. Citrate-stabilized gold nanoparticles (20−50 nm) treated with the ligands were extracted from aqueous solution and dispersed into toluene. The degree of aggregation of the gold nanoparticles was monitored visually and further confirmed by UV−vis spectroscopy and dynamic light scattering (DLS). The bidentate ligands (C16C2 and C16C3) and particularly the tridentate ligand (t-C16) showed enhanced abilities to inhibit the aggregation of large gold nanoparticles in organic solution. For gold nanoparticles modified with these multidentate ligands, bound thiolate (S2p3/2 binding energy of 162 eV) was the predominant sulfur species (>85%) as evaluated by X-ray photoelect...
Detection of exocytosis at individual pancreatic beta cells by amperometry at a chemically modified microelectrode

Abstract Amperometry at a carbon fiber microelectrode modified with a composite of ruthenium oxide and cyanoruthenate was used to monitor chemical secretions of single pancreatic beta cells from rats and humans. When the insulin secretagogues glucose, tolbutamide, and K+ were applied to the cell, a series of randomly occurring current spikes was observed. The current spikes were shown to be due to the detection of chemical substances secreted from the cell. Chromatography showed that the primary secreted substance detected by the electrode was insulin. The current spikes were strongly dependent on external Ca2+, had an average area that was independent of the stimulation method, and had an area distribution which corresponded to the distribution of vesicle sizes in beta cells. It was concluded that the spikes were due to the detection of concentration pulses of insulin secreted by exocytosis.
Discerning resuspended chlorophyll concentrations from ocean color satellite imagery

Ocean color satellite imagery has been used to detect blooms of phytoplankton for decades. A bloom in this sense is defined as a rapid increase in chlorophyll-a concentration from newly synthesized sources (primary production) within the photic zone. Chlorophyll also has the potential to enter the water column from benthic sources as a result of resuspension events. Currently available bio-optical ocean color algorithms estimate the near-surface chlorophyll concentration in the water column but cannot characterize the source. By estimating resuspension, one can isolate the proportion of the total chlorophyll present in the water column that originated from benthic sources. The increase in remote sensing reflectance (Rrs) at 670nm as measured by SeaWiFS appears as a result of an increase in suspended materials, therefore, providing an estimate of resuspension. After examining imagery in locations of variable resuspension along the Texas coast, a strong positive correlation between the Rrs(670) produced by resuspension and the ratio of resuspended chlorophyll to total water column chlorophyll was observed.
Synthesis of D-glycero-D-galacto-heptitol (perseitol), L-glycero-D-galacto-heptitol, and an allenic sugar derivative, from acetylenic precursors.

Abstract Ethynylation of 1,2:3,4-di- O -isopropylidene-α- D -galacto-hexodialdo-1,5-pyranose ( 1 ) gave, in 73% yield, a 3:2 mixture of 7,8-dideoxy-1,2:3,4-di- O -isopropylidene- D - glycero -α- D - galacto -oct-7-ynopyranose ( 2 ) and its L - glycero 6-epimer ( 6 ), both isolated crystalline and further characterized as the corresponding crystalline 6- p -toluenesulfonates ( 3 and 7 ) and 6-acetates ( 4 and 8 ). Reduction of the acetylenes 2 and 6 with lithium aluminum hydride gave the corresponding, crystalline 7-alkenes ( 5 and 9 ) in 75–80% yield; the 6-methanesulfonate ( 10 ) of 9 was also prepared. A minor product from the reaction of 2 or 6 with lithium aluminum hydride was isolated crystalline and characterized as the allenic sugar derivative 11 by n.m.r. and mass spectrometry, by reduction to the 6,7,8-trideoxyoctose derivative 16 , and by ozonolysis to give the aldehyde 1 . Ozonolysis of the alkene 5 followed by borohydride reduction gave the 1,2:3,4-diisopropylidene acetal ( 12 ) of D - glycero -α- D - galacto -heptopyranose, which was deacetonated, and the product reduced with borohydride to give crystalline D - glycero - D - galacto -heptitol (perseitol, 13 ) in 62% yield from 5 . Similar degradation of the L - glycero alkene 9 gave the L - glycero - D - galacto -heptose derivative 14 and, subsequently, the crystalline L - glycero - D - galacto -heptitol ( 15 ) in 55% yield from 9 ; these degradative reactions served to establish the configurations assigned to the original acetylenes 2 and 6 and to the related intermediates.
The structure and thermotropism of thymocyte plasma membranes as revealed by laser-raman spectroscopy.

Abstract 1. 1. Plasma membranes from rabbit thymocytes have been analyzed by laser-Raman spectroscopy over the 800–3000 cm −1 region and the spectra compared with those of endoplasmic reticulum, as well as relevant liposome systems. 2. 2. Evaluation of the Amide I and Amide III regions indicates that thymocyte plasma membranes, but not endoplasmic reticulum, contain appreciable β-structure peptide. This conclusion is supported by infrared spectroscopy. 3. 3. Evaluation of the 2890 cm −1 : 2850 cm −1 intensity ratio of plasma membranes as a function of temperature, using an integration technique, demonstrates a thermotropic lipid transition centered near 23 °C. This transition is less sharp than one observed with egg lecithin in this temperature range. 4. 4. The significance of the thermotropic transition is evaluated in view of the lack of thermotropic lipid-protein segregation detectable by freeze-fracture electron microscopy (Wunderlich, F., Wallach, D.F.H., Speth, V. and Fisher, H. (1973) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 373, 34–43).
Epitaxial growth and characterization of CaVO3 thin films

Epitaxial thin films of CaVO{sub 3} were synthesized on SrTiO{sub 3}, LaAlO{sub 3} and (La{sub 0.27}Sr{sub 0.73})(Al{sub 0.65}Ta{sub 0.35})O{sub 3} substrates by pulsed laser deposition. All CaVO{sub 3} films, independent of epitaxial strain, exhibit metallic and Pauli paramagnetic behavior as CaVO{sub 3} single crystals. X-ray absorption measurements confirmed the 4+ valence state for Vanadium ions. With prolonged air exposure, an increasing amount of V{sup 3+} is detected and is attributed to oxygen loss in the near surface region of the films.
HUNTING BEHAVIOUR OF THE CHEETAH IN THE SERENGETI NATIONAL PARK, TANZANIA

Summary Eighty-nine per cent, of 136 cheetah kills in the Serengeti National Park consisted of Thomson's gazelles, the most abundant and readily available species in the size category (60 kg or less) preferred by the cheetah. Fifty-four per cent, of the Thomson's gazelle kills were subadult; among the adults all age classes were represented. One female cheetah captured 24 Thomson's gazelles in 26 days, a killing rate of 10 kg/day. The actual food intake of this female was about 4 kg/day. The hunting success of cheetah pursuing large subadult and adult Thomson's gazelles was about 50 per cent. The hunting methods–including the various means of approaching prey–are described as are the typical ways of killing and feeding. Twelve per cent, of the cheetah kills were appropriated by lions and hyaenas.
Arctic Ocean Circulation Patterns Revealed by GRACE

AbstractMeasurements of ocean bottom pressure (OBP) anomalies from the satellite mission Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE), complemented by information from two ocean models, are used to investigate the variations and distribution of the Arctic Ocean mass from 2002 through 2011. The forcing and dynamics associated with the observed OBP changes are explored. Major findings are the identification of three primary temporal–spatial modes of OBP variability at monthly-to-interannual time scales with the following characteristics. Mode 1 (50% of the variance) is a wintertime basin-coherent Arctic mass change forced by southerly winds through Fram Strait, and to a lesser extent through Bering Strait. These winds generate northward geostrophic current anomalies that increase the mass in the Arctic Ocean. Mode 2 (20%) reveals a mass change along the Siberian shelves, driven by surface Ekman transport and associated with the Arctic Oscillation. Mode 3 (10%) reveals a mass dipole, with mass decreasing ...
Identification of pollutant gases from an atmospheric mixture using high resolution Dispersive Fourier Transformation Spectroscopy

Dispersive Fourier Transformation Spectroscopy technique allows us to accurately measure the refractive index and absorption coefficient of pollutant gases over a wide range of frequencies from 0.3 - 0.9 Thz. This spectrum can be used to identify and detect a gas in a mixture. In this study, the absorption and refractive index data of carbon monoxide mixed with air is presented. The peaks observed in the data set show similar trends with the dielectric data of atmospheric and carbon monoxide gases measured separately.
Is a general theory of utterance interpretation really possible

How realistic is it to assume that psychologists, linguists, philosophers and others may someday be able to construct a general theory of utterance interpretation? Over the past 50 years, scholars have uncovered a tremendous amount about the processes and products of human language understanding. We have proposed a huge assortment of theories to explain how very specific types of utterances may be interpreted (e.g., syntactically ambiguous expressions, figurative language, pragmatic implicatures), with some of us working hard to articulate more comprehensive theories that could be applicable to all aspects of utterance interpretation. Yet the empirical data reveals many complexities that, on the surface, make some doubt whether a general theory of utterance interpretation is a feasible possibility. This paper describes some of these complexities in the empirical literature, focusing on figurative language use. I go on to argue that language scholars must embrace the diverse ways that people use and understand utterances and suggest concrete steps that we all should take if we are to one day find a more general theory, one which is perhaps tied to how people engage in any intentional action.
Long-term time-lapse multimodal microscopy for tracking cell dynamics in live tissue

High speed intravital microscopy has emerged as an essential tool for studying cellular dynamics in live tissue. A limitation of this technique, however, is that the timescale that a sample can be continuously imaged is limited by practical considerations to several hours. Long term observation of live tissue is of great interest for a variety of research areas. We present methods for observing long term cellular dynamics in live tissue based on three-dimensional registration of time-lapse intravital microscopy images. For these experiments we utilized a custom multimodal microscope that allows simultaneous and co-registered acquisition of optical coherence (OCM) and multiphoton (MPM) microscopy images. OCM allows the structure of a sample to be visualized based on backscattered light while MPM excited fluorescence allows individual cells and cell function to be visualized. The OCM images of tissue structure are used to register data sets taken at different time points. The transformations of the OCM images are applied to MPM images to determine the migration of cell populations. This method of image registration is applied to in vivo tracking of bone-marrow derived GFP-labeled stem cells in mouse skin following bone marrow transplants from GFP donors into species-matched wildtype hosts. The use of three-dimensional image registration of time-lapse microscopy images enables tracking these cells after local cutaneous injury, and for investigating the role of skin stem cells in wound healing.
Analysis of Multiprocessors with Private Cache Memories

This paper presents an approximate analytical model for the performance of multiprocessors with private cache memories and a single shared main memory. The accuracy of the model is compared with simulation results and is found to be very good over a broad range of parameters. The parameters of the model are the size of the multiprocessor, the size and type of the interconnection network, the cache miss-ratio, and the cache block transfer time. The analysis is extended to include several different read/write policies such as write-through, load-through, and buffered write-back. The analytical technique presented is also applicable to the performance of interconnection networks under block transfer mode.