cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Gravitational tidal waves in Titan's upper atmosphere

Abstract Tidal waves driven by Titan's orbital eccentricity through the time-dependent component of Saturn's gravitational potential attain nonlinear, saturation amplitudes ( | T ′ | > 10 K , | u ′ | > 20 m s −1 , and | w ′ | > 5 cm s −1 ) in the upper atmosphere (⩾500 km) due to the approximate exponential growth as the inverse square root of pressure. The gravitational tides, with vertical wavelengths of ∼100–150 km above 500 km altitude, carry energy fluxes sufficient in magnitude to affect the energy balance of the upper atmosphere with heating rates ⩾ 10 −9 erg cm −3 s −1 in the altitude range of 500–900 km.
Effect of molecular architecture on DBS-induced block copolymer gels: A rheological study

Dibenzylidene sorbitol (DBS) is capable of gelling a variety of organic solvents and polymeric materials by forming a rigid, 3-D hydrogen-bonded network. In this work, two poly(siloxane)/poly(propylene oxide) segmented copolymers of equal composition and molecular weight, but different architectures (endblocked vs. pendant), as well as a pure poly(propylene oxide), have been gelled with DBS. We have investigated the dynamic rheological properties of these gels to ascertain the effect of copolymer architecture, PDMS comonomer and DBS concentration on network formation.
Spectral tuning of organic nanocolloids by controlled molecular interactions

The controlled self-assembly of molecules and interactions between them remain a challenge in creating tunable and functional organic nanostructures. One class of molecular systems that has proven useful for incorporating tunable functionality at different length scales is liquid crystals (LCs) due to its ability to inherently self-organize. Here we present a novel approach to utilize the self-assembly of polymerizable liquid crystals to control the molecular aggregation of stable fluorescent chromophores and create a unique class of organic fluorescent nanocolloids. By adjusting the ratio between the dye and LC molecules inside the nanocolloids, we demonstrate the ability to control the molecular interactions and tune the fluorescent emission spectra of nanocolloid populations under single wavelength excitation. The single absorption spectrum and multiple emission spectra are highly desirable and reminiscent of the spectroscopic signature of quantum dots. These novel fluorescent nanocolloids have broad potential applications in fluorescent imaging and biological labeling.
Effect of Antibiotics on Tissue Trace Mineral Concentration and Intestinal Tract Weight of Broiler Chicks

Two experiments were conducted with broiler-type chicks to determine the effect of antibiotics on intestinal weight and kidney, bone, and liver trace mineral concentrations. All antibiotics were in diets at the manufacturers' recommendations. Feed intake of experimental diets (antibiotics or non-treated control) was restricted to 90% of that of an additional group fed the control diet ad libitum. Feed intake, weight gain, and feed efficiency were not affected (P greater than .10) by dietary treatments. Virginiamycin decreased intestinal weight an average of 19% as compared with 14% for bambermycins and oxytetracycline, 6% for Zn bacitracin, and 18% for lincomycin. Except for Zn bacitracin, all antibiotics produced intestinal weights which were lower (P less than .01) than those of controls. Only virginiamycin increased (P less than .01) kidney Mn concentration. Bone Mn concentration was greater (P less than .01) for virginiamycin than bambermycins or oxytetracycline in Experiment 2, and greater (P less than .05) for lincomycin than virginiamycin or Zn bacitracin in Experiment 2. Feeding Zn bacitracin increased (P less than .01) bone Zn concentration whereas feeding virginiamycin caused a decline (P less than .05) in bone Zn concentration in Experiment 1. There were no differences in Cu, Zn, or Fe concentrations in liver or kidney.
Stiefel manifolds and the existence of non-trivial generalizations of Riemannian symmetric spaces from a differentiable viewpoint

Abstract Using Stiefel manifolds (real, complex, and symplectic) as examples, it is shown that (A) ⊊ (B) ∩ (C) ⊊ (C) in a differentiable sense, shere (A) denotes the class of all regular Riemannian k -symmetric spaces ( k ≧2), (B) the class of all pointwise Riemannian k -symmetric spaces ( k ≧2), and (C) the class of reduced Riemannian Σ-spaces.
Antibody Production by Nonimmune Spleen Cells Incubated with RNA from Immunized Mice

RNA isolated from the spleens of B6AF1 mice immunized to sheep red blood cells was incubated with the spleen cells of nonimmunized mice. The number of antibody-forming cells detected by the Jerne plaque technique was significantly higher among the cells incubated with the RNA from immune animals than among cells incubated without RNA, or with RNA from nonimmune animals.
Discontinuous time changes of semiregenerative processes and balayage theorems

If Xt is a Hunt process and T = inf{t>0: (Xt−,Xt)∃KxL,X t− ≠ Xt}, the distribution of X(T) can be determined from a cone of functions calculable from the potential of X and the Levy system of X. The method involves studying the time change Yt of Xt by the inverse of a discontinuous additive functional. We complete Weidenfeld's study of time changing Xt by the inverse of Ct by showing that Yt (restricted to its nonbranch points) is a right process if Xt is a “right semiregenerative process” on \(M \cup \prod = \hat {\rm M}\) where: (1) ¯M is the closed support of Ct, M is the minimal right closed set with closure ¯M, and π=⋆:Ct-Ct}->0. (2) ¯M is homogeneous. (3) Ct is additive on \(\hat M \cup [0]\)
Transient Surface Temperature Response of Liquid Crystal Films

Abstract Various commercially available microencapsulated cholesteric liquid crystal films and coatings were tested to determine their response to rapid heating. The rapid response data are required for the diagnostic devices to be used to measure the spatial energy distribution in lasers and electron beams. These films, which reversibly change color at discrete temperatures, were placed on tapered stainless steel strips that were pulse heated to a predetermined level in 30 μsec by discharging through the steel strip the stored charge from a high-voltage low-inductance capacitor bank. The taper introduced a temperature gradient along the length of the strip with the higher temperature at the narrow end. A high-speed movie camera and time fiducial system recorded the color change movement along the length of the bar as a function of time. The response time is the time required for the material to achieve its event temperature when the ratio of event temperature less initial temperature to substrate tempera...
Morphological structure: Latin and Greek roots and affixes as upper grade code strategies

Some students in the upper elementary grades and high schools may benefit from extended decoding and spelling instruction. These students, because of their age level and reading selections, require strategies going well beyond phonics. For these older readers, including adults, learning about morphological structure may provide the strategies needed to decode and spell multisyllabic words found often in literature and content area texts. In this paper, literature providing a rationale for such instruction is reviewed, and a curriculum and instructional plan is described.
Critical environmental limits for exercising heat-acclimated lean and obese boys

Environmental limits for uncompensable heat stress, above which an imbalance between heat gain and heat loss forces body core temperature upward (i.e., the upper limits of the prescriptive zone), are unknown for children. To determine these limits, 7 lean and 7 obese 9- to 12-year-old heat-acclimated boys performed four randomized trials each on separate days to determine the critical water vapor pressure (P crit) forcing an upward inflection of body core temperature at several ambient temperatures. Subjects walked continuously on a treadmill at 30% maximal aerobic capacity at a constant dry bulb temperature (T db = 34, 36, 38 or 42°C). After a 30-min equilibration period at 9 torr, ambient water vapor pressure increased approximately 1 torr every 5-min until a distinct breakpoint in the core temperature versus time curve was evident. Compared to the lean subjects, obese subjects had significantly lower environmental limits (P < 0.03) in warm environments (P crit, for lean vs. obese, respectively = 32.9 ± 0.7 vs. 30.3 ± 0.8 torr at T db = 34°C; 29.6 ± 0.6 vs. 27.2 ± 0.9 torr at T db = 36°C; 27.8 ± 0.6 vs. 24.7 ± 0.9 torr at T db = 38°C; 25.5 ± 0.7 vs. 24.5 ± 1.5 torr at T db = 42°C). These results suggest that separate critical environmental guidelines should be tailored to lean and obese children exercising in the heat.
Identity Markers and L2 Pronunciation

This is a report of a study of social marking in second language pronunciation. In particular, it tested out Trudgill's (1981) suggestion that sounds that are most likely to undergo sociolinguistic variation, that is, that may become social markers, are those that Labov (1972a, 1972b), calls stereotypes. This study sought to determine whether there were certain aspects of English pronunciation that native Spanish speakers would, at some level of awareness, associate with American English/American identity. The speakers were asked to perform several tasks, including a mimic of an American speaking Spanish with an American accent (following Flege & Hammond, 1982). Among the results, speakers displayed a tacit awareness of English-Spanish sound distinctions (in particular, allophonic differences) in performing the mimic (supporting Flege & Hammond, 1982). Additionally, some of the alterations they were very conscious of held as stereotypes of American English. Support was found for Trudgill's (1981) suggestion.
A new rapid method for isolation of naturally occurring porphyrins and their quantitation after high performance liquid chromatography.

Abstract High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) has been used to separate porphyrin methyl esters isolated from porphyric patients. Fecal porphyrins were esterified directly with boron trifluoride: urinary porphyrins were absorbed on talcum and then treated with boron trifluoride. HPLC permits rapid, efficient, and quantitative detection and identification of porphyrins in complex natural mixtures.
Releasing-addition method for the flame-photometric determination of calcium in thermal waters

Abstract Study of the interferences of silica and sulfate in the flame-photometric determination of calcium in thermal waters has led to the development of a method requiring no prior chemical separations. The interference effects of silica, sulfate, potassium, sodium, aluminum, and phosphate are overcome by an addition technique coupled with the use of magnesium as a releasing agent.
Structural dynamics: Head and neck dynamics in an automobile rollover

The purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of roof deformation and head clearance on the dynamic forces transmitted to the head and neck of a restrained occupant in an automobile rollover. A modified version of the Total Articulated Body three-dimensional model was used. The occupant was modeled using fifteen segments connected by fourteen joints. These segments represented the lower torso, center torso, upper torso, neck, head, right upper leg, right lower leg, right foot, left upper leg, left lower leg, left foot, right upper arm, right lower arm, left upper arm, and left lower arm. The automobile was modeled as primary and secondary vehicle segments. The primary vehicle was modeled by 16 contact planes representing the seat cushion, seat back, floor-board, toe-board, left header, windshield, lower dash, mid-dash, instrument panel, left door, right door, fire-wall, footwell, upper dash, header, and latch. The secondary vehicle simulated the intrusion of the roof into the occupant compartment. A lap belt and a shoulder harness were used to hold the occupant in the driver seat. The components of the vehicle and the ground were represented by planes with specified contacts with body segments. Occupant motions indicated various dynamic contacts with the vehicle interior. Higher forces were generally associated with increased accelerations between the occupant's segments (e.g., head) and the vehicle planes (e.g., roof). Increased roof crush increased the forces transmitted to the head-neck region of the occupant. Increased head clearance for a given roof deformation decreased the forces transmitted to the occupant's head and neck. Without roof crush minimal forces were produced. These simulations indicate that for a restrained non-ejected occupant, there is a critical combination of roof crush and head clearance for a given roll velocity that limits the dynamic forces transmitted to the occupant's head and neck. Beyond this threshold an increase in transmitted forces may lead to injury.
Differential extracellular matrix gene expression by fibroblasts during their proliferative life span in vitro and at senescence

Increasing evidence supports the idea that the finite proliferative life span of normal fibroblasts is a differentiation-like phenomenon. If this were correct, an ordered sequence of differential gene expression should be associated with the in vitro progression of cells from low passage to high passage (senescence). To define the pattern of expression of fibroblast differentiation-associated genes during this in vitro progression, we have determined the temporal pattern of expression of extracellular matrix (ECM) genes in Syrian hamster dermal fibroblasts as a function of passage level and percentage of proliferative life span in vitro. Steady-state mRNA levels were determined by Northern and dot blot analyses of total cellular RNA hybridized with cDNA probes specific for fibronectin, procollagen alpha 1III, and procollagen alpha 1I. Cells were analyzed at 24 hr postconfluence to minimize the presence of actively proliferating cells, and because maximal levels of fibronectin, alpha 1III, and alpha 1I mRNAs were observed 24 hr postconfluence. Unique, multiphasic patterns of expression of each of these ECM components were observed as the cells progressed from low passage to high passage. As the cells reached midhigh passage, fibronectin mRNA levels increased. This midpassage increase in fibronectin was followed by an increase in the level of alpha 1III mRNA as the cells reached the end of their in vitro proliferative life span, and then alpha 1I when the cells entered the postmitotic senescent phase, at which time the level of fibronectin mRNA also declined. A similar overlapping cascade pattern of up-regulation of these genes is seen during development and wound repair. This suggests that as cultured fibroblasts reach the end of their proliferative life span, they reinitiate a gene expression program used in tissue development and repair.
Fat Flies Expanded the Hippo Pathway: A Matter of Size Control

By simultaneously inhibiting cell proliferation while promoting apoptosis, the Hippo signaling pathway provides a robust mechanism to restrict organ size during Drosophila development. Despite impressive progress in revealing the key intracellular components of this growth-regulatory pathway, the nature of the signal that regulates Hippo signaling in vivo has remained elusive. Several studies now implicate the atypical cadherin protein Fat as a cell surface receptor for the Hippo signaling pathway, thus potentially linking the Hippo kinase cascade with the extracellular milieu.
Gauge invariant signals for spontaneous symmetry breaking

Abstract In SU( N ) gauge theory with N > 2, coupled to adjoint scalars, gauge invariant local observables can be defined which distinguish between a symmetric and various different spontaneously broken phases. The usefulness of such order parameters is demonstrated in a Monte Carlo study of the lattice (SU)(3) Higgs model with octet scalars.
Bone Seeking Labels as Markers for Bone Turnover: Effect of Dosing Schedule on Labeling Various Bone Sites in Rats

Urinary excretion of bone labels can be used to monitor bone resorption. Here we investigate the effects of dosing frequency on label incorporation of various sites when bone turnover was perturbed by ovariectomy. We compared tritiated tetracycline (3H-TC) and 45Ca in two studies. Nine-month-old rats were given single or multiple injections of 3H-TC and 45Ca and sacrificed after 7 or 14 days. Six-month-old OVX rats were given 3H-TC and 41Ca tracers 1 or 3 months following ovariectomy (OVX + 1 mo or OVX + 3 mo, when bone turnover was higher or lower, respectively) and sacrificed 1 week, 1 month, 3 months, or 6 months postdose. Twenty-four-hour urine pools over 2–4 consecutive days as well as the proximal tibia, femur midshaft, lumbar vertebrae (L1–L4), and remaining skeleton were analyzed for 3H, 45Ca, and calcium content. Bone turnover as assessed by urinary 3H-TC was greater in OVX + 1 mo compared to OVX + 3 mo rats up to 6 months postdose. 45Ca labeling efficiency (% dose/g Ca) was significantly higher than for 3H and labeling was higher in trabecular-rich than cortical-rich bone. This study affirms that a single administration of either 3H-TC or 45Ca is a useful approach to measuring bone turnover directly. The amount of label incorporation into bone was greater in bone sites that were more metabolically active and in all sites when closer vs farther from OVX.
Census of vertebrate Wnt genes: Isolation and developmental expression of Xenopus Wnt2, Wnt3, Wnt9a, Wnt9b, Wnt10a, and Wnt16

The Wnt family of growth factors regulate many different aspects of embryonic development. Assembly of the complete mouse and human genome sequences, plus expressed sequence tag surveys have established the existence of 19 Wnt genes in mammalian genomes. However, despite the importance of model vertebrates for studies in developmental biology, the complete complement of Wnt genes has not been established for nonmammalian genomes. Using genome sequences for chicken (Gallus gallus), frog (Xenopus tropicalis), and fish (Danio rerio and Tetraodon nigroviridis), we have analyzed gene synteny to identify the orthologues of all 19 human Wnt genes in these species. We find that, in addition to the 19 Wnts observed in humans, chicken contained an additional Wnt gene, Wnt11b, which is orthologous to frog and zebrafish Wnt11 (silberblick). Frog and fish genomes contained orthologues of the 19 mammalian Wnt genes, plus Wnt11b and several duplicated Wnt genes. Specifically, the Xenopus tropicalis genome contained 24 Wnt genes, including additional copies of Wnt7-related genes (Wnt7c) and 3 recent Wnt duplications (Wnt3, Wnt9b, and Wnt11). The Danio rerio genome contained 27 Wnt genes with additional copies of Wnt2, Wnt2b, Wnt4b, Wnt6, Wnt7a, and Wnt8a. The presence of the additional Wnt11 sequence (Wnt11b) in the genomes of all ancestral vertebrates suggests that this gene has been lost during mammalian evolution. Through these studies, we identified the frog orthologues of the previously uncharacterized Wnt2, Wnt3, Wnt9a, Wnt9b, Wnt10a, and Wnt16 genes and their expression has been characterized during early Xenopus development. Developmental Dynamics 236:1249 –1258, 2007. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Motor skill learning in Parkinson's disease

The motor performance of patients with Parkinson's disease is degraded, but it is unclear whether their motor learning (adaptation learning and skill learning) ability is impaired. To assess the ability of these patients to learn motor tasks, we studied nine Parkinson's disease patients and eight age-matched normal (control) subjects who repetitively traced, as rapidly and accurately as possible, irregular geometric patterns with normal and mirror-reversed vision. The outcome was measured by statistical analysis and graphic plotting of values for actual and standardized performance variables and correlation of data from initial and final performance variables with indicators of disease severity. The results showed that, with normal vision, total movement time was reduced in both patients and normal subjects, but movement errors increased with repetition, apparently reflecting a speed-accuracy trade-off and adaptation learning. With mirror-reversed vision, total movement time and movement errors were reduced equally with repetition in both groups. These concomitant improvements in time and accuracy violate the rule of speed-accuracy trade-off and suggest that this behavior reflects true motor skill learning. We conclude that patients with Parkinson's disease do not differ from normal subjects in the processes of motor adaptation and motor skill learning.
Eye muscle sparing by the muscular dystrophies: Lessons to be learned?

The devastating consequences of the various muscular dystrophies are even more obvious when a muscle or muscle group is spared. The study of the exceptional cell or tissue responses may prove to be of considerable value in the analysis of disease mechanisms. The small muscles responsible for eye movements, the extraocular muscles, have functional and morphological characteristics that set them aside from other skeletal muscles. Notably, these muscles are clinically unaffected in Duchenne/Becker, limb-girdle, and congenital muscular dystrophies, pathologies due to a broken mechanical or signaling linkage between the cytoskeleton and the extracellular matrix. Uncovering the strategies used by the extraocular muscles to “naturally” protect themselves in these diseases should contribute to knowledge of both pathogenesis and treatment. We propose that careful investigation of the cellular determinants of extraocular muscle-specific properties may provide insights into how these muscles avoid or adapt to the cascade of events leading to myofiber degeneration in the muscular dystrophies. Microsc. Res. Tech. 48:192–203, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Progression of hair cell ejection and molecular markers of apoptosis in the avian cochlea following gentamicin treatment

Aminoglycoside treatment induces caspase-dependent apoptotic death in inner ear sensory hair cells. The timing of apoptotic signaling in sensory hair cells following systemic aminoglycoside treatment has not been characterized in vivo. We administered a single subcutaneous injection of the aminoglycoside gentamicin (300 mg/kg) to 12-16-day-old chicks and used immunocytochemical techniques to document the following responses in affected hair cells: T-cell restricted intracellular antigen-related protein (TIAR) translocation from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, cytochrome c release from the mitochondria, caspase-3 activation, nuclear condensation, and an orderly progression of hair cell ejection from the proximal end of the basilar papilla. Hair cells in the proximal tip exhibited TIAR translocation from the nucleus and aggregation into punctate granules in the cytoplasm 12 hours after injection and the response progressed distally. Cytochrome c release from the mitochondria into the cytoplasm and caspase-3 activation were observed in affected hair cells immediately prior to and during ejection. Hair cell ejection occurred between 30 and 54 hours after injection, beginning in the proximal tip and progressing distally. Nuclear condensation accompanied ejection while the loss of: 1) membrane integrity; 2) phalloidin labeling of F-actin; and 3) TO-PRO-1 labeling of nuclear contents occurred within 48 hours following ejection. Our results present a timeline of aminoglycoside-induced inner ear sensory hair cell apoptotic death that includes an 18-hour window between the initial apoptotic response and the later stages of programmed death signaling that accompany ejection and a gradual breakdown of hair cells following ejection.
Management of Obstructive Sleep Apnea: Role of Distraction Osteogenesis

Distraction osteogenesis to expand the facial skeleton is an alternative to standard orthognathic surgery for selected patients with obstructive sleep apnea. For children with congenital micrognathia or midface hypoplasia, distraction osteogenesis allows large advancements without the need for bone grafting and with less risk of relapse. For later-onset obstructive sleep apnea, distraction osteogenesis may represent an alternative when acute bone movement is expected to be difficult (scarring from previous surgery or radiation therapy) or when the risk for inferior alveolar nerve damage is unacceptable (patients older than 40 years).
The effect of magnesium and fluoride on bone pyrophosphatase activity.

SummaryThe addition of Mg ions to bone homogenates stimulated pyrophosphatase activity in the absence of F ions, but inhibited pyrophosphatase activity in the presence of F ions. However, femur pyrophosphatase levels were increased in chicks fed diets containing high levels of both Mg and F for 3 or 6 days as compared with chicks fed diets containing identical levels of either element alone.
A TABLE OF VALUES FOR THE FREEMAN-TUKEY SQUARE-ROOT TRANSFORMATION

The presence of heterogeneity of variance in a set of data frequently necessitates a transformation of the raw scores. This is particularly illustrated when raw data are counts of rhe number of events occurring in a fixed exposure ( in space or time or both). Such distributions usually follow a Poisson distribution, and the best variance-stabilizing transformation is dx+ dx+ 1, where x is the observed count (Freeman & Tukey, 1950). The variance of Poisson data so transformed is approximately unity. Mosceller and Bush ( 1954) have presented a table for chis transformation for x berween 0 and 50. The purpose of the present table is to provide a rapid means of obtaining the Freeman-Tukey square-root cransformation for all integers between 0 and 1000. The observed count is x and the transformed values are d< + x + 1. The squares of the transformed values are also given for use in analysis of variance computations.
Can the Brain be Trained? Comparing the Literature on the Use of EEG Biofeedback/Neurofeedback as an Alternative or Complementary Therapy for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

ABSTRACT Psychologists, social workers, and school counselors are increasingly adding neurofeedback (NFT), a controversial alternative or complementary therapy to their treatment plans for patients with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. NFT involves training the patient in self-regulation of brain wave patterns, employing a standard diagnostic tool, the EEG, in an interactive operant conditioning mode not often used by neurologists or psychiatrists. Some NFT therapists claim in their books that they have sufficient expertise to advise parents against the use of Ritalin™ and amphetamines, which are part of the conventional multimodal therapy strongly endorsed in a wide variety of clinical publications. In return, some of the leading conventional physicians and Ph.D. researchers in the field of ADHD have traditionally ignored or disparaged the literature of NFT as being insufficiently scientific and appearing largely in obscure journals or books published outside the mainstream medical presses. Whil...
Microscale analysis of patterning reactions via FTIR imaging: Application to intelligent hydrogel systems

A novel application of FTIR imaging for real-time characterization of patterning polymerization processes with microscale spatial resolution is presented. These methods will enable the microscale analysis of the reactions of polymeric systems with various substrates and devices. Specifically, intelligent hydrogels containing ionic groups (pH responsive) and poly(ethylene glycol) have been micropatterned onto gold surfaces, and the free-radical polymerization reaction has been characterized. It was demonstrated that differences in the reaction rates across a patterned region could be successfully resolved and characterized. This novel characterization method based on FTIR imaging will facilitate the optimization of integration processes of patterned polymeric films leading to enhanced (and reproducible) application of these materials as functional components in a variety of microdevices.
Emergency transvenous pacing in infants.

C'est le traitement employe dans les blocs auriculoventriculaires complets congenitaux pour eviter la mort subite des nourrissons
The Emergence of Sankofa Practice in the United States A Modern History

Sankofa is a small part of the Akan philosophical tradition, yet widespread informal and scholarly interpretation confirms that Sankofa represents a Diasporan phenomenon. This essay is an exploratory, working history of Sankofa practice in the United States that confirms the potential of the Adinkra system as a largely untapped philosophical resource. The widespread practical use of Sankofa among Blacks in the United States substantiates the community’s thirst for culturally relevant philosophies that can be used to characterize diverse elements of Black life. This essay encourages the community to understand the depths of Sankofa and to explore the Adinkra system’s value beyond Sankofa.
Smuggling and the black market for foreign exchange

This paper develops a model of the black market for foreign exchange in which black market currency is demanded and supplied by firms engaged in smuggling. It is demonstrated that quotas or foreign exchange rationing are not necessary to induce the coexistence of legal and black foreign exchange markets. Variants of the model analyze the implications of capital flight, unbalanced trade, quotas, foreign exchange licensing, and economies with more than two goods.
Exact Equations for Tractrix Curves Associated with Vehicle Offtracking

Abstract Vehicle offtracking behavior at low speeds is closely approximated by a geometric entity called a tractrix. This paper presents differential equations for generalized coordinates of a planar multibody vehicle model based on tractrix behavior. The equations are exact, can be used with any type of input path, are valid for forward and backward movements, and are much simpler than previously published formulations used to compute transient offtracking. The differential equations can be integrated using conventional numerical integration algorithms to obtain plots of the low-speed tracking performance of articulated vehicles. The equations were formulated symbolically by a computer program used to analyze the kinematic and dynamic behavior of multibody systems. Example numerical results are plotted.
STUDIES ON THE OXIDATION AND REDUCTION OF IMMUNOLOGICAL SUBSTANCES : I. PNEUMOCOCCUS HEMOTOXIN.

Pneumococcus hemotoxin, an antigenic substance of bacterial origin, is converted by oxidation to a product devoid of hemolytic action. The oxidation product of the hemotoxin may be converted to the original hemolytic substance by reduction, by the anaerobic action of certain bacteria, or by sodium hydrosulfite. The active lysin, or hemotoxin, produced by the reduction of the inactive oxidized extracts is identical with the original, active, reduced hemotoxin; it possesses the same degree of thermolability and is neutralized by the same specific antibody. The inactive products formed by heating the hemotoxin anaerobically cannot be "reactivated" by reducing agents. The immunological significance of these relations will be discussed in a subsequent paper.
Deoxyadenosine metabolism and cytotoxicity in cultured mouse T lymphoma cells: a model for immunodeficiency disease

Abstract The inherited absence of either adenosine deaminase (ADA) or purine nucleoside phosphorylase is associated with severe immunological impairment. We have developed a cell culture model using a mouse T cell lymphoma to simulate ADA deficiency and to study the relationship between purine salvage enzymes and immune function. 2′-deoxyadenosine triphosphate (deoxyATP) levels have been shown to be greatly elevated in erythrocytes of immunodeficient, ADA-deficient patients, suggesting that deoxyadenosine is the potentially toxic substrate in ADA deficiency. Using a potent ADA inhibitor, we have demonstrated that deoxyadenosine is growth-inhibitory and cytotoxic to S49 cells, and that deoxyATP accumulates in these cells. Cell variants, unable to transport or phosphorylate deoxyadenosine, are much less sensitive to deoxyadenosine, indicating that intracellular phosphorylation of deoxyadenosine is required for the lethal effects. We have partially reversed the cytotoxic effects of deoxyadenosine with deoxycytidine in wild-type cells, but we cannot show any reversal in cell lines lacking deoxycytidine kinase. Adenosine (ado) kinase-deficient cells are extremely resistant to deoxyadenosine in the presence of deoxycytidine. This deoxycytidine reversal of deoxyadenosine toxicity is consistent with an inhibition of ribonucleotide reductase by deoxyATP, and we have shown that incubation of S49 cells with deoxyadenosine markedly reduces intracellular levels of deoxyCTP, deoxyGTP and TTP. Kinetics data in wild-type cells and in cell variants are consistent with the presence of two deoxyadenosine-phosphorylating activities — one associated with ado kinase and another associated with deoxycytidine kinase. The S49 cells appear to be a valid model for the simulation of ADA deficiency in cell culture, and from our results, we can suggest administration of deoxycytidine as a pharmacological regimen to circumvent the clinicopathologic symptoms in ADA deficiency.
A “three delays” model for severe sepsis in resource-limited countries

Abstract Purpose The developing world carries the greatest burden of sepsis-related mortality, but success in managing severe sepsis in resource-limited countries (RLCs) remains challenging. A “three delays” model has been developed to describe factors influencing perinatal mortality in developing nations. This model has been validated across different World Health Organization regions and has provided the framework for policymakers to plan targeted interventions. Here, we propose a three delays model for severe sepsis in RLCs. Materials and Methods A literature review was performed using the PubMed, Google Scholar, and Ovid databases. Additional sources were found after review of the reference lists from retrieved articles. Results We propose a three delays model for severe sepsis in adults in RLCs. The model highlights limitations in the 3 basic pillars of sepsis management: (1) sepsis recognition and diagnosis at the time of triage, (2) initial focused resuscitation, and (3) postresuscitation clinical monitoring and reassessment. Conclusions Characterizing the major barriers to effective treatment of severe sepsis in RLCs frames the problem in a language common to global health circles, which may stimulate further research, streamline treatment, and reduce sepsis-related mortality in the developing world.
Identification and Characterization of Two Alternative Splice Variants of Human Interleukin-2

Our previous work showed that alternative splicing is used to make an inhibitory variant of human interleukin (IL)-4. Because of homology between IL-4 and IL-2 proteins and receptors, we tested whether alternative splicing is used to generate similar inhibitory variants of human IL-2. Messenger RNA from peripheral blood mononuclear cells was subjected to reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction using IL-2 exon 1- and exon 4-specific primers. Two amplification products, named IL-2δ2 and IL-2δ3, were found in addition to the native IL-2 product. The IL-2δ2 cDNA sequence was identical to IL-2 cDNA throughout the entire coding region, except exon 2 was omitted by alternative splicing. In IL-2δ3 cDNA, the third exon of IL-2 was omitted by alternative splicing. Unlike IL-2, IL-2δ2 and IL-2δ3 did not stimulate T cell proliferation. However, both inhibited IL-2 costimulation of T cell proliferation, and both inhibited cellular binding of rhIL-2 to high affinity IL-2 receptors. Thus, IL-2 is the second cytokine that uses alternative splicing to generate variants that are competitive inhibitors.
First- and zero-sound velocity and fermi liquid parameter F{ 2 / s } in liquid 3 He determined by a path length modulation technique

We have measured the velocity of first- and zero-sound in liquid3He at 12.6 MHz over the pressure range of 0.6 to 14.5 bar using a path length modulation technique that we have recently developed. From these measurements, the pressure dependent value of the Fermi liquid parameter F2s was calculated and found to be larger at low pressure than previously reported. These new values of F2s indicate that transverse zero-sound is a propagating mode at all pressures. The new values are important for the interpretation of the frequencies of order parameter collective modes in the superfluid phases. The new acoustic technique permits measurements in regimes of very high attenuation with a sensitivity in phase velocity of about 10 ppm achieved by a feedback arrangement. The sound velocity is thus measured continuously throughout the highly attenuating crossover (ωτ ≈ 1) regime, even at the lowest pressures.
The Development of Plastics (Mossman, S. T.; Morris, P. J. T.)

Traces the history of plastics and other synthetic materials from the Victorian ear to post-WW II.
6-Keto Prostaglandin F1α and Thromboxane B2 in Isolated, Buffer-Perfused Lungs from Monocrotaline Pyrrole-treated Rats

Monocrotaline pyrrole (MCTP) causes pulmonary endothelial cell injury and pulmonary hypertension in rats. Damage to endothelial cells in culture has been associated with altered prostacyclin (PGI2) production; therefore, it was of interest to determine if MCTP affected pulmonary PGI2 production. Release of the stable metabolites of PGI2 and thromboxane A2, 6-keto prostaglandin F1α (6-keto PGF1α) and thromboxane B2 (TxB2), respectively, was examined in isolated, buffer-perfused lungs from MCTP-treated rats at times when elevated pulmonary arterial pressure is first observed (day 7) and when the pulmonary hypertensive state has existed for some time (day 14). 6-keto PGF1α release was not affected by MCTP treatment 7 or 14 days after a single intravenous injection of MCTP TxB2 release was also unaffected at day 7, however 14 days after treatment TxB2 release was greater in lungs from MCTP-treated rats compared to controls. The concentration of both 6-keto PGF1α and TxB2 increased when arachidonic acid was in...
The effect of sucrose hydrolysis on the stability of protein therapeutics during accelerated formulation studies

Stability studies of protein therapeutics are often accelerated by storing potential formulations at elevated temperatures where the rates of various chemical and physical degradation pathways are increased. An often overlooked caveat of using these studies is the potential degradation of the formulation components themselves. In this report, we show that the monoclonal antibody MAB001 aggregated at a faster rate when formulated with sucrose compared to samples that contained sorbitol or no excipient during accelerated stability studies following an initial lag phase where the rates of aggregate formation were similar in all formulations. The duration of the lag phase was both pH and temperature dependent and a significant increase of protein glycation was noticed during this time. These observations indicate that the enhanced rate of antibody aggregation in sucrose containing formulations is likely due to protein glycation following sucrose hydrolysis under accelerated conditions. This hypothesis was confirmed by demonstrating that antibody directly glycated with glucose aggregated at a faster rate than nonglycated antibody stored in the identical formulation. These findings question the utility of using accelerated stability data for predicting protein stability in sucrose containing formulations stored at 2–8°C, where no glycation or change in aggregation rate was observed. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association J Pharm Sci 98:4501–4510, 2009
Generalizations of the trust region problem

The trust region problem requires the global minimum of a general quadratic function subject to an ellipsoidal constraint. The development of algorithms for the solution of this problem has found applications in nonlinear and combinatorial optimization. In this paper we generalize the trust region problem by allowing a general quadratic constraint. The main results are a characterization of the global minimizer of the generalized trust region problem, and the development of an algorithm that finds an approximate global minimizer in a finite number of iterations.
Ionic liquids as solvents for in situ dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction of DNA.

Abstract Six ionic liquids (ILs) were applied for the first time as solvents in the extraction and preconcentration of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) using an in situ dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (DLLME) approach. The effect of different IL substituents and functional group on the extraction efficiency of DNA was investigated. The highest extraction efficiencies of DNA were obtained using 1-(1,2-dihydroxypropyl)-3-hexadecylimidazolium bromide (C 16 POHIM-Br) and N , N -didecyl- N -methyl- d -glucaminium bromide [(C 10 ) 2 NMDG-Br]. Extraction efficiencies higher than 97% were obtained using small amounts of IL (0.50 mg) for each extraction. The extraction of DNA from a sample matrix containing metal ions and protein revealed that the metal ions did not interfere with the extraction of DNA and that the co-extraction of protein can be mitigated by performing the extraction under moderately acidic conditions. Data from 31 P NMR spectroscopy suggest that a combination of electrostatic and π–π interactions dominate IL–DNA complexation and that the extraction is concentration dependant.
Training a wireless sensor network

The networks considered in this paper consist of tiny energy-constrained commodity sensors massively deployed, along with one or more sink nodes providing interface to the outside world. Our contribution is to propose a scalable energy-efficient training protocol for nodes that are initially anonymous, asynchronous and unaware of their location. Our training protocol imposes a flexible and intuitive coordinate system onto the deployment area and partitions the anonymous nodes into clusters where data can be gathered from the environment and synthesized under local control. An important by-product of the training protocol is a simple and natural data fusion protocol as well as an energy-efficient protocol for routing data from clusters to the sink node. Being energy-efficient, our training protocol can be run on either a scheduled or ad-hoc basis to provide robustness and dynamic reconfiguration. We also outline a way of making the training protocol secure by using a parameterized variant of frequency hopping.
Abnormal Use of Facial Information in High-Functioning Autism

Altered visual exploration of faces likely contributes to social cognition deficits seen in autism. To investigate the relationship between face gaze and social cognition in autism, we measured both face gaze and how facial regions were actually used during emotion judgments from faces. Compared to IQ-matched healthy controls, nine high-functioning adults with autism failed to make use of information from the eye region of faces, instead relying primarily on information from the mouth. Face gaze accounted for the increased reliance on the mouth, and partially accounted for the deficit in using information from the eyes. These findings provide a novel quantitative assessment of how people with autism utilize information in faces when making social judgments.
Guideline-discordant use of imaging during work-up of newly diagnosed prostate cancer

The authors conclude that there is a high prevalence of both overuse and underuse of guideline-recommended imaging in patients with prostate cancer.
A convex optimization approach to transistor sizing for CMOS circuits

The transistor sizing problem of minimizing the circuit area, subject to the circuit delay being less than a given specification, is formulated as a convex programming problem. An efficient convex programming algorithm is then used to obtain the exact solution. Experimental results on a variety of circuits show that, for a given delay specification this approach is able to produce circuits with significantly smaller area when compared with TILOS. >
Thermal stability testing of Fischer-Tropsch fuel and various blends with Jet A, as well as aromatic blend additives

Fischer-Tropsch (F-T) jet fuel composition differs from petroleum-based, conventional commercial jet fuel because of differences in feedstock and production methodology. Fischer-Tropsch fuel typically has a lower aromatic and sulfur content and consists primarily of iso and normal parafins. The ASTM D3241 specification for Jet Fuel Thermal Oxidation Test (JFTOT) break point testing method was used to test the breakpoint of a baseline conventional Jet A, a commercial grade F-T jet fuel, and various blends of this F-T fuel in Jet A. The testing completed in this report was supported by the NASA Fundamental Aeronautics Subsonics Fixed Wing Project.
Molecular Markers of Early Pancreatic Cancer

Pancreatic cancer is a deadly disease and the fourth most common cause of cancer death in the United States. Since chemotherapy and radiotherapy have thus far largely failed to significantly improve the survival of patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, there is considerable interest in identifying better diagnostic markers of pancreatic neoplasia. Not only could better markers improve the early diagnosis of pancreatic cancer and allow more patients to undergo curative surgical resection, but also could potentially be used for patients at high risk of developing pancreatic cancer to identify precancerous lesions while they are amenable to cure. A wealth of information has recently become available about gene expression, DNA methylation, and proteomics alterations that occur in pancreatic cancers creating hope that better diagnostic markers of pancreatic cancer will be soon forthcoming.
Printed organic transistors for low-cost tagging and sensing applications

Printing is considered an attractive technology for realizing electronic functionality at low cost. Inkjet printing, in particular is very attractive for applications requiring low material consumption and spatially-specific material deposition. We report on inkjet-printed transistors offering performance approaching that of amorphous silicon, fabricated using nanoparticle-based metallization and organic-based semiconductors and dielectrics. The performance of these devices is among the highest reported for fully-printed transistors. We explore the optimization of the various printing parameters to maximize device performance and film properties. We also demonstrate the use of organic devices in arrayed electronic nose gas sensors and biosensors, exploiting the unique spatially-specific material deposition capabilities offered by inkjet printing.