cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Falls in the Nursing Home: A Collaborative Approach

Problem solving using a collaborative approach may reduce the risk of falls in the nursing home. Interventions need to be tailored to the individual's cognitive and physical impairments as well as be feasible in the particular long-term care setting. Polypharmacy, Vitamin D deficiency, delirium, and urinary incontinence are among several risks for falls that are discussed in this article.
Loud target suppression: an innovative approach to reduce excessive sensor collaboration in distributed UGS systems

Effective management of sensor collaboration is crucial to the success of any distributed unattended ground sensor (UGS) system. A successful management scheme must allow nodes to share enough information to form and maintain tracks while minimizing unnecessary or excessive collaboration. Systems developed with the traditional unidirectional or request/response models are typically susceptible to excessive collaboration in the presence of a persistent loud sound source. The work presented in this paper addresses the challenge of suppressing excessive sensor collaboration in the presence of loud targets. The Loud Target Suppression (LTS) algorithm utilizes Voronoi tessellation as a means to allow sensor nodes to autonomously determine alert regions that support track formation with neighboring nodes. By replying only with sensor measurements that fall within the alert regions, the LTS algorithm is able to significantly reduce message quantities without impacting track accuracy. This paper will demonstrate that an alert-based sensor collaboration scheme, employed by Distributed Cluster Management (DCM), greatly reduces sensor collaboration in the presence of loud targets which results in a more scalable system.
Compensation of group delay with tunable slow/fast light form-birefringent metamaterial structures

We demonstrate the compensation of slow light by tunable slow/fast light structure made of form-birefringent metamaterial structures. Employing full compensation, the slow light structure can effectively be made to disappear over a significant frequency range.
Studies of Cachexia in Parasitic Infection

Cachexia and septic shock, syndromes associated with chronic and acute infection, respectively, are mediated by endogenous factors. The search for humoral mediators of cachexia led to the isolation of the cytokine known as cachectin/TNF. A biologic role for cachectin/TNF in cachexia has been identified: it induces a catabolic state in adipose and skeletal muscle cells in vitro, and animals persistently exposed to it in vivo become cachectic. Cachectin/TNF was also discovered to be a primary, essential mediator of septic shock. The acute administration of the recombinant protein causes shock, tissue injury, and derangements of metabolic homeostasis that mimic endotoxemia and septic shock syndrome. Anti-cachectin antibodies protect against the lethal effects of septic shock and cachexia, suggesting that this mediator has a central role as a trigger to the inflammatory and deleterious host responses to infection. Future investigations will undoubtedly be directed towards the effects of inhibiting cachectin/TNF in the treatment of the complications of infectious disease.
A continuous workflow scheduling framework

Traditional workflow management or enactment systems (WfMS) and workflow design processes view the workflow as a one-time interaction with the various data sources, i.e., when a workflow is invoked, its steps are executed once and in-order. The fundamental underlying assumption has been that data sources are passive and all interactions are structured along the request/reply (query) model. Hence, traditional WfMS cannot effectively support business or scientific monitoring applications that require the processing of data streams such as those generated nowadays by sensing devices as well as mobile and web applications.Our hypothesis is that WfMS, both in the scientific and business domains, can be extended to support data stream semantics to enable monitoring applications. This includes the ability to apply flexible bounds on unbounded data streams and the ability to facilitate on-the-fly processing of bounded bundles of data (window semantics). In our previous work we have developed and implemented a Continuous Workflow Model that supports our hypothesis. This implementation of a CONtinuous workFLow ExeCution Engine (CONFLuEnCE) led to the realization that different applications have different performance requirements and hence an integrated workflow scheduling framework is essential. Such a framework is the main contribution of this paper. In particular, we designed and implemented STAFiLOS, a STreAm FLOw Scheduling for Continuous Workflows framework within CONFLuEnCE and evaluated STAFiLOS based on the Linear Road Benchmark.
A micromethod for the assay of insect viruses in primary cultures of insect tissue.

Abstract A micromethod of insect tissue culture was developed which provided sufficient primary cultures for virus assay with considerable economy of time and labor. The microculture system gave reliable, reproducible ID 50 values for preparations of Bombyx mori nuclear polyhedrosis virus when ovarian tissue was used from several different rearings of B. mori .
WorldWideWalks: mapping the 'mixed realities' of physical and virtual space-time

New media 'walk projects' raise critical questions about their 'walkabout' – the acquisition of knowledge through kinesthetic experience and the very different 'flyabout' – an experience, which allows human beings to fly in virtual space. Walking and flying characterise key aspects of actuality and reality. Insofar as the sense of reality begins with the body and its perceptual apparatus, the apparatus that interfaces with the body can both limit and expand the cognitive parameters of that passage. Outside the apparatus, arbitrary borders can shape meaning. For example, when crossing the International Dateline on a jet the traveller ruptures the calendar. Focusing on a series of walk art projects, this paper investigates how the parameters both inside and outside the apparatus shape the viewer?participant's identity.
Reliability of Daniels systems with equal load sharing rule subject to stationary Gaussian dynamic loads

Abstract A method is developed for the reliability analysis of a Daniels system with a large number of brittle fibers of independent identically distributed resistances. The system is subject to a stationary Gaussian white noise load process and responds dynamically to this load. The method is based on estimates of the fraction of fibers failing during response maxima that can be obtained from Slepian models of the response process. Several approximations regarding the evolution of the damage process are used to simplify the analysis. The validity of these approximations is evaluated by simulation studies.
Area and the Intensity-Time Relation in the Fovea

Resume L'AIRE ET LA RELATION INTENSITE-TEMPS DANS LA FOVEA 1. On a fait des experiences pour determiner l'effet de l'aire sur la relation intensite-temps dans la fovea de l'oeil humain. On a employe dix temps differents d'exposition et quatre aires differentes de l'image retinienne. 2. Les resultats montrent que, comme l'aire de l'image retinienne diminue, la relation intensite-temps s'approche de plus pres du type de relation trouve pour la seule cellule visuelle de sens (Hartline, 6). Pour les durees courtes cette relation est It = C; pour les durees plus longues elle est I = Const. Le fait que les resultats de cette experience approximent cette formulation avec la plus petite aire est interprete comme indication que l'excitation du recepteur foveal humain est caracterisee d'une “duree critique.” Les deviations qui se montrent quand on augments l'aire sont considerees dues aux processus de l'action intermediaire.
Characterization of buried SiO2 layers formed by ion implantation of oxygen

Oxygen has been ion implanted (200 keV) into silicon at doses ranging from 2E17/cm2 to 2E18/cm2. The peak oxygen concentration occurs at a depth of 0.5 μm. These doses produce peak oxygen concentrations which are below and above the concentrations necessary to form stoichiometric SiO2. If the oxygen concentration exceeds stoichiometry, a buried SiO2 layer is formed with a thin superficial silicon layer on the surface. This superficial silicon layer has been used as a seed for growing single crystal silicon epi. The resulting Silicon on Insulator (SOI) structure has been characterized by Rutherford backscattering, cross-sectional TEM, AES, optical microscopy, spreading resistance probe, Hall effect and infrared transmission measurements. The effects of dose, substrate temperature during the implant, and subsequent anneal conditions have been examined.
Enhanced synaptic transmission at identified synaptic connections in the cerebral ganglion of Aplysia.

Abstract The identified A-B neuron synaptic connections in the cerebral ganglion of Aplysia exhibited a novel form of enhanced synaptic transmission. A brief high-frequency train of action potentials (2 s, 10–30 Hz) in the presynaptic A neurons produced a long-lasting increase in the amplitude of excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) in B neurons. The increase in synaptic efficacy was termed slow developing potentiation (SDP) since the EPSP amplitude increased slowly with the peak occurring 5 min after the tetanizing train. Peak EPSP amplitudes increased relative to the initial EPSP by an average of250%. SDP decayed as a single exponential with a time constant ofτ = 24min. Th enhanced transmission was neuron specific. Only the connections made by the tetanized A neuron were potentiated. However, potentiation apparently occurred at all the synapses made by the tetanized A neuron. Tetanizing the postsynaptic B neurons neither induced, nor when paired with A neuron tetanization, increased SDP. SDP appears to be primarily due to increased transmitter release by the presynaptic neuron.
Thermal chlorofluorination of propyne and propadiene II

Abstract Propyne and propadiene have been previously reported to readily undergo vapor phase catalyzed chlorofluorination at temperatures to 285 °C to form C3F4Cl4 mixtures that are primarily CFCl2–CF2–CFCl2. Continued fluorination at temperatures up to 485 °C produce the rearranged C3F6Cl2 isomers CF3–CCl2–CF3 and CF2Cl–CFCl–CF3.
Broadband maximum energy array with user imposed spatial and frequency constraints

We consider an optimum broadband equally spaced linear array of R sensors each having L taps based on maximum energy concentration over some desired spatial "look" and frequency regions subject to user imposed spatial and frequency attenuation constraints. This problem is first expressed as a constrained maximization of a generalized Rayleigh ratio where the matrices in the ratio are specified by the spatial and frequency domains and the constraining subspace is specified by the array values, derivative values, and spatial locations. The optimum array weight vector is then obtained as a solution of a transformed computationally tractable unconstrained full-rank lower-dimensional generalized eigenvalue problem. Numerical examples are given to illustrate the usefulness of this approach. >
Adapting Irregular Computations to Large CPU-GPU Clusters in the MADNESS Framework

Graphics Processing Units (GPUs) are becoming the workhorse of scalable computations. MADNESS is a scientific framework used especially for computational chemistry. Most MADNESS applications use operators that involve many small tensor computations, resulting in a less regular organization of computations on GPUs. A single GPU kernel may have to multiply by hundreds of small square matrices (with fixed dimension ranging from 10 to 28). We demonstrate a scalable CPU-GPU implementation of the MADNESS framework over a 500-node partition on the Titan supercomputer. For this hybrid CPU-GPU implementation, we observe up to a 2.3-times speedup compared to an equivalent CPU-only implementation with 16 cores per node. For smaller matrices, we demonstrate a speedup of 2.2-times by using a custom CUDA kernel rather than a cuBLAS-based kernel.
Germination and seedling growth under anaerobic conditions in Echinochloa crus-galli (barnyard grass).

Abstract Although rice has long been recognized to be uniquely adapted for growth in low oxygen environments of flooded rice fields, rice weeds of the Echinochloa crus-galli complex appear to be at least as well specialized for germination and growth under such unusual biological conditions. Seeds of two varieties of E. crus-galli germinate and grow for prolonged periods in a totally oxygen-free environment. E. crus-galli germinates as well as rice (Oryza sativa) under a total nitrogen atmosphere and produces as large a seedling in spite of its much smaller seed size. Like rice, the seedlings of E. crus-galli are unpigmented, the primary leaves do not emerge from the coleoptile and no root growth occurs without oxygen. Of particular interest is the ultrastructure of mitochondria from anaerobically-grown seedlings. Mitochondrial profiles from the primary leaf of seedlings grown continuously in nitrogen are very similar to those grown aerobically. The size and shape of the mitochondria are similar and the cristae are numerous and normal in appearance. This is in sharp contrast to previous studies of other species which have reported that mitochondria were vesiculate and tended to lose their normal fine-structure after similar periods without oxygen. Finally, based on ultrastructure and 14C labeling studies, anaerobically-grown seedlings are highly active metabolically, which may explain, at least for E. crus-galli var. oryzicola, its ability to germinate and emerge from flooded rice fields.
Contact Damage in Plasma‐Sprayed Alumina‐Based Coatings

A study of Hertzian contact damage in plasma-sprayed alumina-based ceramic coatings on steel substrates has been made. Presectioned specimens are used to identify subsurface micromechanical damage processes within the coating and substrate layers as a function of increasing contact load, from both postcontact and in situ observations. Damage occurs principally by cracking in the ceramic coating and plastic deformation in the metal substrate, along with delamination at the coating/substrate interface. Coating thickness, cycling loading (fatigue), and processing history (coating microstructure) are shown to be important factors in the damage patterns and ensuing modes of failure. Indentation stress-strain curves are used to measure macroscopic mechanical responses, to quantify the maximum sustainable contact stresses and to determine the relative roles of coating and substrate in the net deformation.
Lessons From the Neural Bases of Speech and Voice

The premise of this article is that increased understanding of the brain bases for normal speech and voice behavior will provide a sound foundation for developing therapeutic approaches to establis...
Near-iron deficiency-induced remission of gouty arthritis

Objectives. Previous evidence supports a role for iron in the pathogenesis of gout. For example, iron, when added to media containing urate crystals, stimulated oxidative stress with subsequent complement and neutrophil activation. Conversely, iron removal inhibited these responses as well as urate-crystal-induced foot pad inflammation in rats in-vivo. The objective of the present study was to investigate whether or not iron removal may improve the outcome of gouty arthritis in humans as well. Methods. Quantitative phlebotomy was used to remove iron in 12 hyperuricaemic patients with gouty arthritis and maintain their body iron at near-iron deficiency (NID) level (i.e. the lowest body iron store compatible with normal erythropoiesis and therefore absence of anaemia). Results. During maintenance of NID for 28 months, gouty attacks markedly diminished in every patient, from a cumulative amount of 48 and 53 attacks per year before (year –2, –1), to 32, 11 and 7 during induction (year 0) and maintenance (year þ1, þ2) of NID, respectively. During NID, attacks were also more often of milder severity. Conclusions. During a 28-month follow-up, maintenance of NID was found to be safe and beneficial in all patients, with effects ranging from a complete remission to a marked reduction of incidence and severity of gouty attacks.
Differences in Aggressive Behavior and DNA Copy Number Variants Between BALB/cJ and BALB/cByJ Substrains

Some BALB/c substrains exhibit different levels of aggression. We compared aggression levels between male BALB/cJ and BALB/cByJ substrains using the resident intruder paradigm. These substrains were also assessed in other tests of emotionality and information processing including the open field, forced swim, fear conditioning, and prepulse inhibition tests. We also evaluated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) previously reported between these BALB/c substrains. Finally, we compared BALB/cJ and BALB/cByJ mice for genomic deletions or duplications, collectively termed copy number variants (CNVs), to identify candidate genes that might underlie the observed behavioral differences. BALB/cJ mice showed substantially higher aggression levels than BALB/cByJ mice; however, only minor differences in other behaviors were observed. None of the previously reported SNPs were verified. Eleven CNV regions were identified between the two BALB/c substrains. Our findings identify a robust difference in aggressive behavior between BALB/cJ and BALB/cByJ substrains, which could be the result of the identified CNVs.
MicroRNAs Regulate Expression of Oncogenes

Featured Article: Johnson SM, Grosshans H, Shingara J, Byrom M, Jarvis R, Cheng A, Labourier E, et al. RAS is regulated by the let-7 microRNA family. Cell 2005;120:635–47.2 Today, we fully appreciate that microRNAs (miRNAs)3 represent a paradigm shift in our understanding of gene expression and disease, but it was not always this way. miRNAs are small noncoding RNAs belonging to a novel class of regulatory molecules in plants and animals that control the expression of hundreds of target mRNA transcripts. Thousands of known miRNAs regulate gene expression by binding to imperfect complementary sites within the 3′ untranslated regions (UTRs) of their target protein–coding mRNAs and repressing the expression of these genes at the level of mRNA stability and translation (1). Recent progress has revealed that miRNAs are involved in the regulation of most biological functions, including development, life span, and metabolism, and their dysregulation contributes, not surprisingly, to many types of disease, notably cancer (2). For example, certain miRNAs regulate processes important for cell growth, division, differentiation, survival, and migration—all processes that go awry in cancer. In addition, several key miRNA genes known to be amplified, deleted, or misexpressed in cancer (3) act in …
Pond canopy cover: a resource gradient for anuran larvae

SUMMARY 1. The gradient in pond canopy cover strongly influences freshwater species distributions. This study tested the effects of canopy cover on the performance of two species of larval anurans, a canopy cover generalist (Rana sylvatica, the wood frog) and an open-canopy specialist (R. pipiens, the leopard frog), and tested which factors co-varying with canopy cover mediate these effects. 2. A field transplant experiment demonstrated that canopy cover had negative performance effects on both species. However, leopard frogs, which grow faster than wood frogs in open-canopy ponds, were more strongly affected by closed-canopy pond conditions. 3. Closed-canopy ponds had lower temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO), and food nutritional quality as indicated by carbon-to-nitrogen ratio (C : N) analysis of fieldsampled food types, and of gut contents of transplanted larvae. 4. Laboratory experiments demonstrated that higher temperature and food quality but not DO substantially increased larval growth. However, only food quality increased growth rates of leopard frogs more than wood frogs. 5. The strong correlation of growth rates to gut content C : N in the field, and the similarity of growth curves as a function of resource quality in the field and laboratory, strongly suggest that resources are of primary importance in mediating intraspecific, and especially interspecific differences in performance across the canopy cover gradient.
The present and the future of serotonergic drugs

5-HT uptake inhibitors have a definite place in the treatment of mood disorders, although their primary target is uncertain. Mood-, anxiety-, and aggression-regulation are the most likely candidates. 5-HT uptake inhibitors are also effective in Panic Disorder and OCD, where the primary target in PD is probably anxiety and in OCD either anxiety or aggression. It is recommended that 5-HT uptake blockers should be studied in aggression disorders. Furthermore, it is concluded that the range of indications of selective 5-HT uptake blockers can better be described dimensionally than nosologically, leading to a new era of clinical psychopharmacology, described as functional psychopharmacology.
Surface Temperature Changes Following the Six Major Volcanic Episodes between 1780 and 1980

Abstract Examined is the effect on surface temperature of the volcanic eruptions of Asama and Laki in 1783, Tambora in 1815, Coseguina in 1835, Krakatoa in 1883, Santa Maria, Soufriere and Pelee in 1902, and Agung in 1963, using temperature records extending back to 1781. These records include New Haven, Connecticut, in North America; Edinburgh, De Bilt, Copenhagen, Berlin and Vilnius in Northern Europe; Geneva, Basel, Hohen-peissenberg, Vienna and Budapest in Central Europe; the “Central England” data of Manley; and the merged Northern Hemisphere data of Groveman and Landsberg and Jones et al. At New Haven and in Europe there is more evidence of a cooling following eruptions in subtropical and temperate latitudes than in equatorial latitudes (despite the similarity in mean dust-veil index), with a cooling most evident following the Asama and Laki eruptions in Japan and Iceland, and next most evident following the Coseguina eruption in Nicaragua. Following the tremendous Tambora eruption, the eruption wit...
Effects of Lowering Glycemic Index of Dietary Carbohydrate on Plasma Uric Acid Levels: The OmniCarb Randomized Clinical Trial.

Objective The effects of carbohydrates on plasma uric acid levels are a subject of controversy. We determined the individual and combined effects of carbohydrate quality (the glycemic index) and quantity (the proportion of total daily energy [percentage of carbohydrates]) on uric acid levels. Methods We conducted a randomized, crossover trial of 4 different diets in overweight or obese adults without cardiovascular disease (n = 163). Participants consumed each of 4 diets over a 5-week period, each of which was separated by a 2-week washout period. Body weight was kept constant. The 4 diets were high glycemic index (≥65) with high percentage of carbohydrates (58% kcal), low glycemic index (≤45) with low percentage of carbohydrates (40% kcal), low glycemic index with high percentage of carbohydrates, and high glycemic index with low percentage of carbohydrates. Plasma uric acid levels were measured at baseline and after completion of each 5-week period for comparison between the 4 diets. Results Of the 163 study participants, 52% were women and 50% were non-Hispanic African American subjects; their mean age was 52.6 years, and their mean ± SD uric acid level was 4.7 ± 1.2 mg/dl. Reducing the glycemic index lowered uric acid levels when the percentage of carbohydrates was low (−0.24 mg/dl; P < 0.001) or high (−0.17 mg/dl; P < 0.001). Reducing the percentage of carbohydrates marginally increased the uric acid level only when the glycemic index was high (P = 0.05). The combined effect of lowering the glycemic index and increasing the percentage of carbohydrates was −0.27 mg/dl (P < 0.001). This effect was observed even after adjustment for concurrent changes in kidney function, insulin sensitivity, and products of glycolysis. Conclusion Reducing the glycemic index lowers uric acid levels. Future studies should examine whether reducing the glycemic index can prevent gout onset or flares.
Integrating Unmanned Aircraft Systems into the National Airspace System

This article explores the steps that need to be taken in order to integrate unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) into the U.S. National Airspace System (NAS). The authors first consider the issue of whether or not the unmanned aircraft systems community is open and receptive to recommendations regarding safety. The authors report on an incident from 2006, when a Customs and Border Protection (CBP) MQ-9 Predator B crashed. The National Transportation and Safety Board (NTSB) investigated the accident; the board’s final report included a number of recommendations for improving operations of UASs in the NAS. The authors outline the actions taken by the CBP and General Atomics Aeronautical Systems Incorporated (GA-ASI) in response to the NTSB’s Safety Recommendations following the investigation of the crash. The authors contend that the extent to which the NTSB’s recommendations were incorporated will provide insight into the feasibility of incorporating unmanned aircraft systems into the NAS. The authors conducted a mixed method survey using an internet based distribution and return; of the estimated population of just under 100 possible participants, 39 surveys were used for the analysis (43 respondents but 4 were rejected for incompleteness). Some of the results showed an age range of 39 to 59 years; predominantly white male pilots and sensor operators; Federal Aviation Administration certificated pilots 41.0%, Commercial pilots 43.6%, Air Transport pilots 51.3%, flight instructors 30.8%; and 74.4% with instrument ratings. Nearly half (41%) of the respondents with a pilot certificate had acquired their certificate through military experience. A majority (88%) of the respondents agreed that the UAS community was receptive to NTSB safety recommendations. The authors also discussed factors such as the recording of conversations (to support accident investigations), human factors (notably in operator control interfaces and Ground Control System layouts), the cause and resolution of console lockups, pilot training programs, and the development of safety programs (not necessarily NTSB Safety Recommendations).
Holographic entanglement entropy conjecture for general spacetimes

We present a natural generalization of holographic entanglement entropy proposals beyond the scope of $\mathrm{AdS}/\mathrm{CFT}$ by anchoring extremal surfaces to holographic screens. Holographic screens are a natural extension of the AdS boundary to arbitrary spacetimes and are preferred codimension-1 surfaces from the viewpoint of the covariant entropy bound. A broad class of screens have a unique preferred foliation into codimension-2 surfaces called leaves. Our proposal is to find the areas of extremal surfaces anchored to the boundaries of regions in leaves. We show that the properties of holographic screens are sufficient to prove, under generic conditions, that extremal surfaces anchored in this way always lie within a causal region associated with a given leaf. Within this causal region, a maximin construction similar to that of Wall proves that our proposed quantity satisfies standard properties of entanglement entropy like strong subadditivity. We conjecture that our prescription computes entanglement entropies in quantum states that holographically define arbitrary spacetimes, including those in a cosmological setting with no obvious boundary on which to anchor extremal surfaces.
Fracture of Ice under Compression with Constant Speed

This paper investigates the fracture of ice under compression through the movement of a scraper with constant speed. The model used for study consists of a thin layer of ice with constant thickness bounded to a flat surface. There exists an initial interfacial crack of finite length generated by the radio-frequency induction heating at the ice-rail interface at the end of the ice layer. In the analysis, the ice layer is treated as an elastic one-dimensional body of uniform cross section with a fixed boundary at the crack tip. A constant speed is prescribed at the end of the ice layer, generating stress waves in the ice. Fracture of ice occurs at a certain critical time. Three modes of fracture are considered, namely, ice crushing, ice buckling and interfacial crack propagation. All modes of fracture are induced by the dynamic stress in the ice. It is found that the actual mode of fracture is determined by factors such as the length of the initial crack, the ice thickness and the speed of the scraper.
Teaching All Things Evolution

Copyright: © 2013 Lents NH. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. In the United States, the level of public rejection of the principles of evolution by natural selection has remained alarmingly and stubbornly high. A recent poll indicates that only 40% of the US population agrees with the statement that human beings evolved from earlier species of animals. Because these principles form the unifying theme of our entire understanding of biological organisms, processes and molecules, its rejection is actually a rejection of science itself. In the face of such anti-intellectual fervor, it is tempting for biologists to throw our hands up and declare that there is little that we can do to change the minds of those so hardened against scientific realities. Nevertheless, we must reject that temptation because indeed there is much that we can and should do.
Forces between Hydrophobic Solids in Concentrated Aqueous Salt Solution

Much research has focused on the discovery and description of long-ranged forces between hydrophobic solids immersed in water. Here we show that the force between high contact-angle solids in concentrated salt solution (1 M KCl) agrees very well with van der Waals forces calculated from Lifshitz theory for separations greater than 5 nm. The hydrophobic solids are octadecyltrichlorosilane-coated glass, with an advancing contact angle of 108\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}. Thus, in 1 M salt solution, it is unnecessary to invoke the presence of a hydrophobic force at separations greater than 5 nm. Through measurement in salt solution, we avoid the necessity of accounting for large electrostatic forces that frequently occur in pure water and may obscure resolution of other forces.
Combustion Instabilities in Plasma Driven Flame Holders for Afterburners

Conventional flame holders in afterburners cause non-negligible stagnation pressure losses throughout a mission even though the afterburner is only in use for less than a minute at a time. In addition, the hot metal of the flame holder becomes a source of IR radiation that an enemy missile can hone in on throughout the flight. This makes the plasma based Radical Jet Generator (RJG) an attractive alternative, because it is only deployed while the afterburner is in use. The RJG consists of a cavity, which is supplied with a combustible gas mixture that is ignited with a high frequency (HF) spark. Hot combustion products carrying radicals that are generated by partial combustion in the cavity are injected through an orifice into a combustible main flow. There the hot, reacting jet stabilizes the main combustion process. To improve flame holding the jet must penetrate well into the main flow. This can be achieved by accelerating the flow through a small nozzle. Unfortunately, this causes a combustion instability in the cavity, which significantly affects the radical concentration and, hence, the flame holding capability of the jet. Careful examination of the processes in the RJG indicates that when a spark is first originated it creates a partially conducting channel that is convected downstream by the flow. As the spark path grows so does the breakdown voltage until the energy required to form as new, more direct spark path is lower than that for the extended channel. At that instant, a new spark channel is established and the process repeats. Direct observations have shown that each HF spark channel ignites a flame kernel that grows as it propagates downstream. This produces pockets of reactants separated by products, which propagate downstream. Once the velocity in the RJG exceeds the threshold required for the combustion process to become unstable its frequency depends only on the equivalence ratio in the RJG, and not on further changes in the flow velocity or in the frequency of the HF spark. While the flow speed determines the residence time in the reactor, the equivalence ratio affects the ignition delay time and the flame speed. The interplay of these reactant properties affects the frequency of the combustion instabilities. This paper discusses the relative importance of the above mechanisms and points the way to a successful application of a RJG based flame holder.
Studies on mutarotases. IV. Mutarotase in kidneys of saltwater versus freshwater fish.

SummaryThe mutarotase content of kidneys from seven species of freshwater fish was measured and found to be uniformly higher than in nine species of saltwater fish. Kidney levels averaged six times higher whereas other tissues (liver, intestine, spleen, heart, and skeletal muscle) did not differ significantly. Substrate specificity of the fish enzyme (D-glucose, D-galactose, D-xylose, and L-arabinose) was the same as the mammalian enzyme. The KM for enzyme from catfish and toadfish kidney was 12 mM glucose and was significantly less than that for most mammalian kidney enzymes.
General anesthesia combined with epidural anesthesia with general anesthesia for children with congenital dislocation of the hip comparison of anesthesia treatment

Aim To compare general anesthesia with general anesthesia combined with epidural anesthesia for treatment of congenital hip dislocation.Methods The surgical treatment was conducted of congenital dislocation of the hip in children 60 cases,24 males and 36 females,aged 10 months to 8 years old,undergoing elective surgery,who were randomly divided into the general anesthesia group(GA group)and general anesthesia combined with epidural outside the anesthesia group(GE group),30 patients in each group.30 min before surgery they had intramuscular injection of atropine 0.01 mg·kg-1 midazolam 0.1 mg·kg-1.Two groups of children were all drunk and using a simple general anesthesia combined with epidural anesthesia.HR,BP,ECG,SpO2,EtCO2,intravenous and inhalation anesthetic dosage of anesthesia,operation time,anesthesia time of surgery extubation time,time of surgery related to the room,were collected and comparatively analyzed.Results The operation time,anesthesia time,the time of surgery to the room,ECG,SpO2,PetCO2 had no differences by statistical analysis,while HR,BP,intravenous and inhalation anesthetic dosage had statistically significant difference.Conclusion Anesthesia combined with epidural anesthesia can effectively curb the strong stimulus hip osteotomy due to which can maintain intraoperative hemodynamic stability.It is better than the method of general anesthesia,and can be the ideal method of anesthesia for the surgery.
Addressing the inconsistencies in fear of crime research: A meta-analytic review

Abstract Purpose A great deal of research has been conducted on the fear of crime (FOC) to date. Despite this attention, there are a wide range of equivocal results in determining the segment of the population most likely to be afraid. Methods A meta-analysis was conducted using 114 studies in order to gauge a quantitative relationship between FOC and several demographic variables at both the individual (e.g., race, gender) and neighbourhood (i.e., the presence of incivilities, collective efficacy) level. The current analysis resulted in 572 effect sizes. Results The results show that 8 of the 12 selected demographic characteristics significantly predicted FOC. Conclusions While data identifying the most fearful segments of the population are generally robust, a moderator variable analysis revealed several elements in the design of individual studies significantly impact the trends they observe, particularly the way FOC is measured and the phrasing of FOC questionnaires.
Pipette Internal Perfusion: Methods and Applications

The patch-clamp technique has revolutionized the understanding of ion channel physiology (Hamill et al., 1981; Neher and Sakmann, 1976). This technique facilitates the measurement of currents and voltage in cells under voltage-clamp and current-clamp conditions. Cells can be patched in a variety of configurations. Whole-cell currents and voltage can be measured by forming a high resistance seal between the cell membrane and the rim of the glass or quartz patch pipette. In the whole-cell configuration the seal is ruptured to gain access to the cell interior. Resistive and capacitive currents are dissociated by instantaneously changing the voltage between the cell interior and the bath electrode, and changes in current could be recorded using the classical voltage-clamp approach (Hodgkin and Huxley, 1952). Current injections can be used to generate action potentials from excitable cells (Bhatnagar, 1997). In addition, single-channel activity can be recorded from both cell-attached and excised patches (Hamill et al., 1981). For studies on ion channel regulation, it is often necessary to change the composition of solutions across cell membrane or to add drugs and metabolites to the external medium or to the cell interior. A variety of approaches have been adopted to accomplish rapid changes in the composition of fluids on the outside or the inside of cells. These approaches enhance the utility of the patch-clamp technique, which, in combination with perfusion techniques, can be used to address a wider range of questions related to the regulation of ion channels by drugs, metabolites, and second messengers. In
Urine Protein/Creatinine Ratios during Labor: A Prospective Observational Study.

Purpose To evaluate the utility of urine protein/creatinine ratio (uPCR) measurements among healthy parturients at term we performed a prospective cohort study at a community teaching hospital. Methods Serial urine samples were collected. Ninety-three women contributed 284 urine samples. uPCRs were determined. Multiple imputation and paired sampled analysis was performed when appropriate. Results Two-thirds (63/93) of women had at least one measured uPCR ≥ 0.3. One-third (31/93) had a uPCR ≥ 0.3 at admission, including 39.1% (9/23) of women not in labor. Median (IQR) uPCRs increased during labor and after delivery: latent phase/no labor, 0.15 (0.06–0.32); active phase, 0.29 (0.10–0.58); early postpartum, 0.45 (0.18–1.36) (all p 0.3 in the immediate postpartum period (p < 0.01). Women who labored before cesarean delivery had the highest early postpartum uPCRs: median (IQR) 1.16 (0.39–1.80). A negative urine dipstick protein result did not exclude uPCR ≥ 0.3. uPCRs were similar when compared by method of urine collection. Conclusion uPCR ≥ 0.3 is common among healthy women with uncomplicated pregnancies at term. uPCR increases during labor and is not a reliable measure of pathologic proteinuria at term or during the peripartum period.
Recent Advances in Thin-Layer Chromatography of Pesticides

Advances in the applications of thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) for the separation, detection, and qualitative and quantitative determination of pesticides, other agrochemicals, and related compounds are reviewed for the period 1998-2000. Analyses are covered for a variety of samples, such as food, biological, and environmental, and for residues of pesticides of various types, including insecticides, herbicides, and fungicides, belonging to different chemical classes. References on formulation analysis, hydrophobicity studies, and the use of TLC and thin-layer radiochromatography (TLRC) for studies of pesticide metabolism, degradation, uptake, and related studies are also included.
S63845, an MCL-1 Selective BH3 Mimetic: Another Arrow in Our Quiver

A recent study reports a novel small molecule inhibitor of MCL-1 with efficacy in killing MCL-1-dependent cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. With the advent of S63845, the targeting of BCL-2, BCL-XL, and MCL-1 is now possible in vivo, but optimal clinical use is yet to be determined.
Open Reduction and Internal Fixation for Lateral Unicondylar Distal Humeral Fractures.

Overview Introduction Unicondylar distal humeral fractures are uncommon, partially intra-articular fractures (OTA/AO type B1) that are among the most complex fractures to treat 1,2 ; however, most displaced distal humeral fractures, including lateral unicondylar distal humeral fractures 2-5 , can be effectively managed with open reduction and internal fixation. Indications & Contraindications Step 1: Preparation of the Operating Room and the Patient Perform sterile preparation, have the patient brought into the operating room, induce anesthesia, and place the patient in the lateral decubitus or supine position before sterile draping. Step 2: Approach to the Fracture Make a lateral incision, expose the lateral distal part of the humerus, identify the ulnar nerve if necessary, visualize the fracture fragments, and debride the fracture site. Step 3: Reduction of the Fracture Reduce the fracture and fix it temporarily. Step 4: Plate Fixation of the Fracture Determine the plate length; position the plate posterolaterally, posteriorly, or laterally; insert screws; remove provisional Kirschner wires; and obtain intraoperative images. Step 5: Final Radiographic Imaging Make anteroposterior and lateral radiographic images to confirm reduction and adequate anatomic alignment of the elbow and the position of the hardware. Step 6: Closure of the Wound Deflate the tourniquet, irrigate the wound, and apply postoperative dressings. Results The detailed outcome for a cohort of 24 patients who underwent this procedure has been reported elsewhere 6 . Pitfalls & Challenges
Dissociable learning processes in comparative psychology.

Comparative and cognitive psychologists interpret performance in different ways. Animal researchers invoke a dominant construct of associative learning. Human researchers acknowledge humans’ capacity for explicit-declarative cognition. This article offers a way to bridge a divide that defeats productive cross-talk. We show that animals often challenge the associative-learning construct, and that it does not work to try to stretch the associative-learning construct to encompass these performances. This approach thins and impoverishes that important construct. We describe an alternative approach that restrains the construct of associative learning by giving it a clear operational definition. We apply this approach in several comparative domains to show that different task variants change—in concert—the level of awareness, the declarative nature of knowledge, the dimensional breadth of knowledge, and the brain systems that organize learning. These changes reveal dissociable learning processes that a unitary associative construct cannot explain but a neural-systems framework can explain. These changes define the limit of associative learning and the threshold of explicit cognition. The neural-systems framework can broaden empirical horizons in comparative psychology. It can offer animal models of explicit cognition to cognitive researchers and neuroscientists. It can offer simple behavioral paradigms for exploring explicit cognition to developmental researchers. It can enliven the synergy between human and animal research, promising a productive future for both.
Chapter 6 - Sound localization

The auditory system derives locations of sound sources from spatial cues provided by the interaction of sound with the head and external ears. Those cues are analyzed in specific brainstem pathways and then integrated as cortical representation of locations. The principal cues for horizontal localization are interaural time differences (ITDs) and interaural differences in sound level (ILDs). Vertical and front/back localization rely on spectral-shape cues derived from direction-dependent filtering properties of the external ears. The likely first sites of analysis of these cues are the medial superior olive (MSO) for ITDs, lateral superior olive (LSO) for ILDs, and dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN) for spectral-shape cues. Localization in distance is much less accurate than that in horizontal and vertical dimensions, and interpretation of the basic cues is influenced by additional factors, including acoustics of the surroundings and familiarity of source spectra and levels. Listeners are quite sensitive to sound motion, but it remains unclear whether that reflects specific motion detection mechanisms or simply detection of changes in static location. Intact auditory cortex is essential for normal sound localization. Cortical representation of sound locations is highly distributed, with no evidence for point-to-point topography. Spatial representation is strictly contralateral in laboratory animals that have been studied, whereas humans show a prominent right-hemisphere dominance.
Thermal energy harvesting for self-powered smart home sensors

This paper investigates the use of thermoelectric energy harvesting for embedded, self-powered sensor nodes in smart homes. In particular, one such application is self-powered pressure sensing in vacuum insulation panels for buildings. The panels greatly improve heating and cooling energy use, and the thermal difference developed across them could be used to drive a wireless sensor to monitor their pressure level. We first created a model for the available power using historical weather data. Then, we measured the thermoelectric generator's actual power output by combining the generator with a vacuum insulation panel and mounting it inside a window for experiments. Finally, we determine the feasibility of using the established thermal gradient to power a sensor node. We show that thermoelectric energy harvesting could enable a new class of embedded, maintenance-free, self-powered sensors for smart homes.
Native Space: Geographic Strategies to Unsettle Settler Colonialism

Natchee Blu Barnd. Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University Press, 2017. xi and 232 pp., maps, photos, illustrations, bibliography, index. $24.95 paper (ISBN 978-0-87071-902-8).In recent years, settl...
Relaxation in self-gravitating systems

The long timescale evolution of a self-gravitating system is generically driven by two-body encounters. In many cases, the motion of the particles is primarily governed by the mean field potential. When this potential is integrable, particles move on nearly fixed orbits, which can be described in terms of angle-action variables. The mean field potential drives fast orbital motions (angles) whose associated orbits (actions) are adiabatically conserved on short dynamical timescales. The long-term stochastic evolution of the actions is driven by the potential fluctuations around the mean field and in particular by "resonant two-body encounters", for which the angular frequencies of two particles are in resonance. We show that the stochastic gravitational fluctuations acting on the particles can generically be described by a correlated Gaussian noise. Using this approach, the so-called $\eta$-formalism, we derive a diffusion equation for the actions in the test particle limit. We show that in the appropriate limits, this diffusion equation is equivalent to the inhomogeneous Balescu-Lenard and Landau equations. This approach provides a new view of the resonant diffusion processes associated with long-term orbital distortions. Finally, by investigating the example of the Hamiltonian Mean Field Model, we show how the present method generically allows for alternative calculations of the long-term diffusion coefficients in inhomogeneous systems.