cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Autoimmune disease in NZB-Bl mice. II. Autoimmunity and malignant lymphoma.

Malignant lymphoma was found in 4 of 20 NZB/Bl mice (of the 61st generation) selected for laboratory examinations and autopsy at 9 to 11 months of age. The malignant lymphomas were of two histologic types, reticulum cell sarcoma and pleomorphic malignant lymphoma, the latter term being used to designate malignant neoplasms arising in lymphatic tissue, composed of mesenchymal cells of diverse appearance—mainly plasma cells of blast, immature, mature and Russell-body types but also large primitive (stem) cells, reticulum cells, and lymphocytes of large and small size—and frequently associated with gammopathies. One of the reticulum cell sarcomas was transplantable to, and produced lethal disseminated growth in, other NZB/Bl mice. In each example of malignant lymphoma, warm hemagglutinins (to papain-treated mouse red cells) were demonstrable in serum. Autoimmune hemolytic disease and chronic membranous glomerulonephritis, both of common occurrence in NZB/Bl mice of comparable age, were also present. In one instance of pleomorphic malignant lymphoma, hypergammaglobulinemia of unusual quantity and quality drew attention to the possibility of lymphomatous disease. Some evidence was brought forth indicating that in the majority of instances the autoimmune diseases preceded the malignant lymphomas. While the coexistence of autoimmunity and lymphoid neoplasia conceivably reflects nothing more than chance occurrence, other interpretations were considered: the proliferative advantage engendered in immunologically competent cells in autoimmune disease may be a step in the direction of lymphoid neoplasia; or, in some instances autoantibodies may be produced by, or in response to, the neoplastic lymphoid cells.
Enhanced thermotolerance and temperature-induced changes in protein composition in the hyperthermophilic archaeon ES4.

Abstract The hyperthermophilic archaeon ES4, a heterotrophic sulfur reducer isolated from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent, is capable of protecting itself from thermal stress at temperatures above its optimum for growth. The thermotolerance of ES4 was determined by exposing log-phase cells to various lethal high temperatures. When ES4 was shifted from 95 to 102 degrees C, it displayed recovery from an exponential rate of death, followed by transient thermotolerance. When ES4 was shifted directly from 95 to either 105 or 108 degrees C, only exponential death occurred. However, a shift from 95 to 105 degrees C with an intermediate incubation at 102 degrees C also gave ES4 transient thermotolerance to 105 degrees C. The protein composition of ES4 was examined at temperatures ranging from 75 to 102 degrees C by one-dimensional electrophoresis. Two proteins with molecular masses of approximately 90 and 150 kDa significantly decreased in abundance with increasing growth temperature, while a 98-kDa protein, present at very low levels at normal growth temperatures (76 to 99 degrees C), was more abundant at higher temperatures. The enhanced tolerance to hyperthermal conditions after a mild hyperthermal exposure and the increased abundance of the 98-kDa protein at above-optimal temperatures imply that ES4 is capable of a heat shock-like response previously unseen in hyperthermophilic archaea.
Body weight reduction in rats by oral treatment with zinc plus cyclo‐(His‐Pro)

Background and purpose: We have previously shown that treatment with zinc plus cyclo-(His-Pro) (CHP) significantly stimulated synthesis of the insulin degrading enzyme and lowered plasma insulin and blood glucose levels, alongside improving oral glucose tolerance in genetically type 2 diabetic Goto-Kakizaki (G-K) rats and in aged obese Sprague-Dawley (S-D) rats. Thus, we postulated that zinc plus CHP (ZC) treatment might also improve body weight control in these rats. We therefore determined the effects of ZC treatment on body weights in both genetically diabetic, mature G-K rats and non-diabetic, obese S-D rats. Experimental approach: G-K rats aged 1.5–10 months and non-diabetic overweight or obese S-D rats aged 6–18 months were treated with 0–6 mg CHP plus 0–10 mg zinc·L−1 drinking water for 2–4 weeks, and changes in weight, serum leptin and adiponectin levels, food and water intakes were measured. Key results: The optimal dose of CHP (in combination with zinc) to reduce weight and plasma leptin levels and to increase plasma adiponectin levels was close to 0.1 mg·kg−1·day−1, in either mature G-K rats and aged overweight or obese S-D rats. Food and water intake significantly decreased in ZC treated rats in both aged S-D rats and mature G-K rats, but not in young S-D and G-K rats. Conclusions and implications: ZC treatment improved weight control and may be a possible treatment for overweight and obesity.
Organizational analysis of elav gene and functional analysis of ELAV protein of Drosophila melanogaster and Drosophila virilis.

Abstract Drosophila virilis genomic DNA corresponding to the D. melanogaster embryonic lethal abnormal visual system (elav) locus was cloned. DNA sequence analysis of a 3.8-kb genomic piece allowed identification of (i) an open reading frame (ORF) with striking homology to the previously identified D. melanogaster ORF and (ii) conserved sequence elements of possible regulatory relevance within and flanking the second intron. Conceptual translation of the D. virilis ORF predicts a 519-amino-acid-long ribonucleoprotein consensus sequence-type protein. Similar to D. melanogaster ELAV protein, it contains three tandem RNA-binding domains and an alanine/glutamine-rich amino-terminal region. The sequence throughout the RNA-binding domains, comprising the carboxy-terminal 346 amino acids, shows an extraordinary 100% identity at the amino acid level, indicating a strong structural constraint for this functional domain. The amino-terminal region is 36 amino acids longer in D. virilis, and the conservation is 66%. In in vivo functional tests, the D. virilis ORF was indistinguishable from the D. melanogaster ORF. Furthermore, a D. melanogaster ORF encoding an ELAV protein with a 40-amino-acid deletion within the alanine/glutamine-rich region was also able to supply elav function in vivo. Thus, the divergence of the amino-terminal region of the ELAV protein reflects lowered functional constraint rather than species-specific functional specification.
Reducing Stray Light Errors in the Hunter Multipurpose Reflectometer

The use of the Hunter multipurpose reflectometer for color measurement has been limited, particularly at low reflectances, by inaccuracies arising chiefly from stray light in the optical system. A baffle is described whose installation greatly reduces stray light, so that its effect may be ignored above 2 percent reflectance. A method is also described for making corrections for stray light in those cases where its effect cannot be neglected. Application of these two procedures permits the Hunter reflectometer to furnish useful data down to reflectances of 0.1 percent.
Do social historians need social capital

Every so often, a concept in the social sciences emerges from humble beginnings and takes on a life of its own, crossing disciplinary boundaries, spanning disparate geographical contexts and linking analytical concerns in the academy with normative agendas in policy circles. The concept of the moment seems to be social capital. Born of some of the most prolific minds in the sociological profession, social capital has come of age in the hands of political scientists to then be adopted by economists, organizational theorists and most other kinds of social scientists. At the same time, it has left the ivory tower of academic debate by drawing attention from politicians, media pundits, and even international organizations, above all the World Bank.1 This essay is an attempt to make sense of this extraordinary intellectual and political parable and assess whether historians, who have so far largely ignored social capital, should jump on the bandwagon or patiently wait for the parable to run its course. I will first provide a review of the origins and development of the concept of social capital in the social sciences; I will then address the potential of social capital as a category of historical analysis; and finally I will briefly illustrate how I have employed this notion in my research on small-scale industrialization in central and northern Italy. I will show that there are at least two major interpretations of social capital, and that only one of them holds any promise for historians. Even though the challenges and dangers of employing the category of social capital are great, a critical revision of the concept might lead to fruitful interdisciplinary research and to a new appreciation of economic action by historians.
Determination of charge density of anionic polyacrylamide flocculants by NMR and DSC

New methods are suggested for the determination of the charge density of acrylamide/acrylate copolymers.13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy was used to determine the comonomer ratio by comparing the peak intensities of the methine carbon in acrylamide and acrylate monomers. Results were compared with those obtained by conductometric and potentiometric titration and were found to be in good agreement. Differential scanning calorimetry was employed to determine the glass transition temperatures (Tg) of the copolymers. A master curve was established by plottingTg versus charge density of the copolymers previously determined by NMR and conductometric titration. Compositions of poly(acrylamide-co-acrylate) samples can thus be determined by measuring theTg and reading the percent composition directly from the master curve.
Tardigrades of North America: Oreella chugachii, a new species (Heterotardigrada, Echiniscoide, Oreellidae) from Alaska

Abstract A new species of tardigrade in the genus Oreella (Heterotardigrada, Echiniscoide, Oreellidae) is described from Girdwood, Alaska, U.S.A., North America. Oreella chugachii, new species, has single granulation, a short cirri A, and a small primary clava. The pharyngeal tube is long and flexible, eyes may be present, and the eggs have small pointed tips on their projections. In addition, a segment of the 18s rDNA gene is filed with GenBank as part of the description. The discovery in the northern hemisphere of a population of a new species of Oreella, a previously monotypic, Gondwanian genus, expands the biogeography of what is believed to be a foundation group for limno-terrestrial tardigrades.
Understanding multifaceted job satisfaction of retail employees

Purpose – This study aims to examine the multi‐faceted job satisfaction of retail employees. In addition, it seeks to investigate the moderating effect of gender on the relations between proposed antecedents and multifaceted job satisfaction. The seven facets of job satisfaction include satisfaction with supervision, overall job satisfaction, company policy and support, promotion, pay, co‐workers, and customers.Design/methodology/approach – Data for this study constitute a subset of a larger study examining salespeople from both business‐to‐business (B‐T‐B) and retail sales contexts in the USA. A total of 352 usable responses from retail employees were retained. Hypothesized relationships were tested by multiple regression analyses, Chow equality tests, and hierarchical regression analyses.Findings – The study suggests that perceived organizational support, role ambiguity, and emotional exhaustion are the most influential factors for most facets of retail employees' job satisfaction. Role conflict and wor...
Adaptive mesh seismic tomography based on tetrahedral and Voronoi diagrams: Application to Parkfield, California

[1] We have developed an adaptive mesh seismic tomography method based on tetrahedral and Voronoi diagrams to automatically match the inversion mesh to the data distribution. Two different irregular mesh interpolation methods, linear and natural neighbor, are evaluated. A synthetic test shows that the adaptive mesh seismic tomography method recovers the true synthetic model well in both the linear and natural neighbor interpolation cases. Use of more accurate differential data is helpful in removing artifacts in the model that result from the noisier absolute data. Application of the adaptive mesh scheme to Parkfield, California, results in much more uniform sampling of the model (as measured by the derivative weight sum) on the optimized irregular inversion mesh compared to a regular grid. The across-strike cross sections resulting from using either just the absolute data or both the absolute and differential data show a clear velocity contrast at the San Andreas fault in the linear and natural neighbor interpolation cases. The velocity model obtained using natural neighbor interpolation is smoother than that from linear interpolation. Including the differential data in the inversion yields more clustered event locations and removes a velocity reversal to the southwest of the fault, which is likely caused by noise in the absolute data.
Incidence of Radiographic Cam-Type Impingement in Young Patients (<50) after Femoral Neck Fracture Treated with Reduction and Internal Fixation:

Background: Cam-type femoral impingement is caused by structural abnormalities of the hip and is recognized as a cause of degenerative hip arthritis. Identifiable etiologies of this structural abnormality include congenital malformation, pediatric hip disease, and malunion of femoral neck fractures after internal fixation.
An improved method for quantification of very long chain fatty acids in plasma.

Abstract Most peroxisomal disorders can be detected via analysis of very long chain fatty acids (VLCFA) and phytanic acid in plasma or serum. Previous methods utilizing gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) alone are time consuming and are hampered by interference from cholesterol derivatives. We describe here a GLC-mass spectometry method for the simultaneous quantification of VLCFAs and phytanic acid. The method employs single ion monitoring with deuterated internal standards. We studied 38 normal controls and 12 patients with peroxisomal diseases and found complete discrimination between the two groups. Comparison with other methodology is discussed. We believe this to be a practical and accurate method for the quantification of both VLCFAs and phytanic acid in serum or plasma. It should be useful for laboratories involved in the diagnosis of biochemical disorders.
Surface lattice dynamics of La0.65Ca0.35MnO3 across the Curie temperature

Abstract We report a temperature-dependent study of the surface optical phonons of La 0.65 Ca 0.35 MnO 3 films using high-resolution electron-energy-loss spectroscopy. Three surface modes have been observed and correspond to the bulk modes which are associated with the internal vibrations of the MnO 6 octahedron. However, analogous to the high- T c superconducting cuperates, the surface phonons have higher energies than the bulk modes, indicating that the surface and the bulk have significantly different lattice dynamics. The small energy dispersion and large linewidth reflect a short phonon life time. The strong temperature dependence of the linewidth corresponds to coupled-random dynamic lattice distortions. A 2–4 meV shift in the phonon energy across the Curie temperature is associated with a static lattice distortion related to the magnetic phase transition. The temperature dependence of the surface phonon modes are compared with the current understanding of the bulk lattice dynamics, above and below the critical temperature for the structural, electronic, and magnetic phase transitions in the “colossal” magnetoresistance materials.
Inactivation of Lambda Phage Infectivity and Lambda Deoxyribonucleic Acid Transfection by N-Methyl-Isatin β-Thiosemicarbazone–Copper Complexes

Abstract The infectivity of intact lambda phage and transfection by lambda deoxyribonucleic acid were inactivated by exposure to the copper complexes of N-methyl-isatin β-thiosemicarbazone, thiosemicarbazide, and semicarbazide, but not methyl-isatin. No inactivation was observed when these compounds were used in the absence of copper sulfate. This confirms our previous observation that the activity of N-methyl-isatin β-thiosemicarbazone is mediated by its thiosemicarbazone moiety and that the presence of copper is required for action. This represents the first time, to our knowledge, that semicarbazide has been found to possess antiviral activity. It is clear that these compounds act directly on deoxyribonucleic acid; whether the compounds also act on proteins has not been determined.
Social policy and intervention with chemically dependent women and their children

The increase in drug dependency among infants has significant implications for social service providers and must be addressed on the policy level. The policy debates and legislation which have surfaced to date need to be examined more closely and considered in the context of social service needs. This article considers policy options from the framework of social needs and individual needs in relation to the problem of maternal and infant chemical dependency.
Protein kinase C of human erythrocytes phosphorylates bands 4.1 and 4.9.

Abstract Addition of 10 nM 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA) to intact human erythrocytes results in rapid phosphorylation of two cytoskeletal components, bands 4.1 and 4.9. The synthetic diacylglycerol, 1-oleoyl-2-acetylglycerol, shows a similar effect, while the biologically inactive phorbol ester, 4α-phorbol didecanoate, fails to enhance phosphorylation. That TPA and 1-oleoyl-2-acetylglycerol stimulate this phosphorylation suggests that protein kinase C is being activated. In the presence of TPA, bands 4.1 and 4.9 incorporate 1.5 mol Pi/mol protein and 1.2 mol Pi/mol protein, respectively. The pattern and extent of phosphorylation shows that it is not due to cAMP-dependent protein kinases, which also phosphorylate bands 4.1 and 4.9. Ca2+-phospholipid-dependent protein kinase activity is demonstrable in the soluble fraction of erythrocytes, and has been partially purified (2200-fold) from the hemolysate by affinity chromatography (Uchida and Filburn, 1984. J. Biol. Chem. 259, 12311–12314). The affinity purified erythrocyte kinase has a 42 A Stokes' radius and phosphorylates purified bands 4.1 and 4.9 in vitro in a Ca2+- and phospholipid-dependent manner. These results show that human erythrocytes contain protein kinase C, and that band 4.1 and 4.9 are the major endogenous substrates for this kinase.
Closed-form solutions for interfacial edge dislocations in anisotropic bicrystals by the image method

Abstract Exact solutions for interfacial edge dislocations in an anisotropic bicrystal under plane strain are derived in elementary closed-form by the method of image dislocations. The stresses in the two adjoining crystals, which may have dissimilar elastic constants and/or dissimilar material axis orientations, are shown to be given by the sum of three rational functions of first to second order degree polynomials. Numerical results for an interfacial glide edge dislocation in several bicrystals of hexagonal ceramics show complex dependence on the material and orientational inhomogeneities. In particular, the interfacial stresses when plotted against the c-axis orientations of the two crystals are shown to possess extrema, saddle points, and a center of symmetry/antisymmetry.
Tuning of chemoreceptor cells of the second antenna of the American lobster (Homarus americanus) with a comparison of four of its other chemoreceptor organs

1. We determined the spectral tuning properties of 47 chemoreceptor cells of the antenna of Homarus americanus to amino acids and other compounds. Tests with 17 single compounds at 10-4M showed 40 of 47 cells responded best to hydroxyproline, 4 cells to taurine and 3 cells to betaine. Mean tuning breadth (H-metric) doubled with 10 fold increase in concentration. 2. In hydroxyproline-best cells the mean threshold for hydroxyproline (Hyp) was found between 10-7M and 10-8M. An equimolar mixture of the 17 compounds generated a shallower stimulus-response function with thresholds similar to Hyp function (mixture suppression). Hyp-best cells were relatively narrowly tuned, often with arginine or leucine as second best stimuli. 3. Thus, physiologically the second antenna of H. americanus is a major chemoreceptor organ. It is more than any of the 5 chemoreceptor organs studied so far dominated by a single best-cell type (Hyp). Receptor cell composition of antennae resembles that of antennules more than legs or maxillipeds. Hyp-best cells in antennae and lateral antennules have similar tuning spectra. 4. Our cell tuning studies argue for independent receptors for all amino acids tested. We conclude that diversity of receptor cell tuning is created by cell-specific blends of receptors. At the organ level, differences in organ tuning result from different blends of receptor cells.
Criterion-referenced validity of a neuropsychological test battery: Equivalent performance in elderly Hispanics and Non-Hispanic Whites

This study examined the validity of the Spanish and English Neuropsychological Assessment Scales (SENAS) in comparison with clinical diagnosis of normal cognition versus cognitive impairment, not demented (CIND) versus demented in elderly Hispanics and Whites. Relationships between SENAS scales and diagnosis were essentially the same in Hispanics and Whites. Verbal memory measures were most strongly related, with more than 35% of the variance in these measures accounted for by diagnosis independent of effects of education, age, gender, and language. Diagnosis accounted for more than 10% of the variance (19% on average) in 11 of the 17 measures examined in this study. Logistic regressions showed that verbal memory was important both for distinguishing normal from CIND and CIND from demented. Object naming improved discrimination of CIND from demented beyond that of verbal memory alone. These results provide evidence of equivalent validity across Hispanics and Whites.
Improved 3D skeletonization of trabecular bone images derived from in vivo MRI

ABSTRACT Independent of overall bone density, 3D trabecular bone (TB) architecture has been shown to play an important role in conferring strength to the skeleton. Advances in imaging technologies such as micro-computed tomography (CT) and micro-magnetic resonance (MR) now permit in vivo imaging of the 3D trabecular network in the distal extremities. However, various experimental factors preclude a straightforward analysis of the 3D trabecular structure on the basis of these in vivo images. For MRI, these factors include blurring due to patient motion, partial volume effects, and measurement noise. While a variety of techniques have been developed to deal with the problem of patient motion, the second and third issues are inherent limitations of the moda lity. To address these issues, we have developed a series of robust processing steps to be applied to a 3D MR image and leading to a 3D sk eleton that accurately represents the trabecular bone structure. Here we describe the algorithm, provide illustrations of its use with both specimen and in vivo micro-MR images, and discuss the accura cy and quantify the relationship between the original bone structure and the resulting 3D skeleton volume. Keywords: Trabecular bone, skeletonization, digital topological analysis, sinc interpolation
Localization of gene functions in polyoma virus DNA

Abstract Polyoma virus mutants of four functionally distinct groups have been mapped by the marker rescue technique using restriction enzyme fragments of wild-type viral DNA. Nontransforming host-range mutants map in the proximal part of the early region of the viral genome. The same DNA fragment that restores a normal host range also restores normal transforming ability to these mutants. ts-25D, a temperature-sensitive (ts)-a class mutant, maps in the distal part of the early region. ts-3 and ts-1260 map in the proximal and distal parts of the late region, respectively.
Electrically Driven Gyroscopes for Aircraft

GYROSCOPIC instruments are given a place of prominence on the instrument panels of military and commercial aircraft. They are among the “most used” of all the instruments and are necessary for blind flight since they serve as stable references in space when natural objects are not visible. This group consists of a gyro horizon, showing the attitude of the aircraft — that is, whether or not it is in level flight; a directional gyro, which shows departure from course; and a bank and turn indicator, indicating rate of turn.
CDMA signal recovery using bispectral slices

Signal recovery algorithms utilizing bispectral slices were implemented to extract CDMA (code division multiple access) signals from residual noise. It is assumed that any jamming or undesirable interference has been mitigated using signal separation techniques or space time processing algorithms prior to using bispectral slices. This paper proposes a methodology for removing remaining residual contamination using bispectral-based signal recovery techniques. More specifically, this paper uses phase recovery algorithms to recover a binary CDMA sequence embedded in noise. We compare three signal recovery algorithms and we discuss the utility of these techniques in CDMA communication.
A multi-modal system for the retrieval of semantic video events

A framework for event detection is proposed where events, objects, and other semantic concepts are detected from video using trained classifiers. These classifiers are used to automatically annotate video with semantic labels, which in turn are used to search for new, untrained types of events and semantic concepts. The novelty of the approach lies in the: (1) semi-automatic construction of models of events from feature descriptors and (2) integration of content-based and concept-based querying in the search process. Speech retrieval is independently applied and combined results are produced. Results of applying these to the Search benchmark of the NIST TREC Video track 2001 are reported, and the gained experience and future work are discussed.
Photoacoustic endoscopic imaging of the rabbit mediastinum

Like ultrasound endoscopy, photoacoustic endoscopy (PAE) could become a valuable addition to clinical practice due to its deep imaging capability. Results from our recent in vivo transesophageal endoscopic imaging study on rabbits demonstrate the technique’s capability to image major organs in the mediastinal region, such as the lung, trachea, and cardiovascular systems. Here, we present various features from photoacoustic images from the mediastinal region of several rabbits and discuss possible clinical contributions of this technique and directions of future technology development.
Ties that Bind: Cultural Interpretations of Delayed Adulthood in Western Europe and Japan1

Throughout the developed world, young adults hit hard by declining labor market opportunities and rising housing costs have been staying in the natal home. Particularly hard hit are the weak welfare states of southern Europe and Japan, while the social democracies have continued to support the residential independence of young people at very early ages. This article considers the divergent cultural interpretations of this pattern of "delayed departure" in order to show that the same demographic configurations may be coded quite differently.
Effect of polymers on the nanostructure and on the carbonation of calcium silicate hydrates: a scanning transmission X-ray microscopy study

This study investigated the effects of organic polymers (polyethylene glycol and hexadecyltrimethylammonium) on structures of calcium silicate hydrates (C–S–H) which is the major product of Portland cement hydration. Increased surface areas and expansion of layers were observed for all organic polymer modified C–S–H. The results from attenuated total reflectance–Fourier transform infrared (ATR–FTIR) spectroscopic measurements also suggest lowered water contents in the layered structures for the C–S–H samples that are modified by organic polymers. Scanning transmission X-ray microscopy (STXM) results further supports this observation. We also observed difference in the extent of C–S–H carbonation due to the presence of organic polymers. No calcite formed in the presence of HDTMA whereas formation of calcite was observed with C–S–H sample modified with PEG. We suggest that the difference in the carbonation reaction is possibly due to the ease of penetration and diffusion of the CO2. This observation suggests that CO2 reaction strongly depends on the presence of organic polymers and the types of organic polymers incorporated within the C–S–H structure. This is the first comprehensive study using STXM to quantitatively characterize the level of heterogeneity in cementitious materials at high spatial and spectral resolutions. The results from BET, XRD, ATR–FTIR, and STXM measurements are consistent and suggest that C–S–H layer structures are significantly modified due to the presence of organic polymers, and that the chemical composition and structural differences among the organic polymers determine the extent of the changes in the C–S–H nanostructures as well as the extent of carbonation reaction.
Splitting the pie: rent distribution in alliances and networks

This paper addresses the issue of how relational rents, generated through alliances, are distributed to the participating firms. We argue that rent distribution is influenced by factors affecting both jointly generated common benefits and private benefits gained from the alliance relationship. We draw on four perspectives to explain these various effects. The first three, namely the resource dependence perspective, related resources perspective, and structural holes perspective, essentially highlight the private ‘exploitation’ opportunities that a firm's alliance network presents the focal firm. In contrast, the resource development perspective underscores the private ‘exploration’ benefits a firm potentially derives from its alliance network. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Advances in the Field of Antennas and Propagation since World War II: Part I - Antennas

Progress in the quantitative understanding of antennas as circuit elements, transmitters, receivers and scatterers of electromagnetic radiation is reviewed briefly for the period 1945-1961. Advances in the design of selected radiating systems with special properties are indicated. Specific reference is made to the impedance, current distribution, and pattern characteristic of cylindrical dipoles, singly and in arrays. Particular developments touched upon include slot and surface wave antennas, microwave antennas and microwave lenses, super-gain antennas, and very large antennas and arrays for radio astronomy and satellite communication. Frequency-independent "angle" antennas and log-periodic structures are reviewed briefly.
A New Algorithm for Preemptive Scheduling of Trees

An algorithm which schedules forests of n tasks on m identical processors in O(n log m) time, offline, is given. The schedules are optimal with respect to finish time and contain at most n - 2 preemptions, a bound which is realized for all n. Also given is a simpler algorithm which runs in O(nm) time on the same problem and can be adapted to give optimal finish time schedules on-line for independent tasks with release times.
Acceptability of the human papillomavirus vaccine among Latina mothers.

Abstract Study Objective To describe Latina mothers' acceptance of the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine for their daughters and explore their knowledge base regarding HPV-related issues. Design Individual interviews were conducted with a convenience sample of 40 Latina mothers of daughters 7–14 years old, from an urban, pediatric primary care clinic. Preliminary questions were asked regarding HPV knowledge and then information was verbally provided before exploring vaccine acceptance. Results Thirty-one of the Latina mothers had not heard of HPV and 34 were not aware of the connection between HPV and cervical cancer. Thirty-two mothers reported that they would allow their daughters to receive the HPV vaccine. Two overarching themes were identified as reasons for accepting the vaccine. The main theme for vaccine acceptance provided by 26 mothers was “to prevent disease.” The other theme was “to protect” their child. Four mothers were undecided and 4 reported they would not vaccinate their daughter. The two themes identified from this group of mothers include not having sufficient information regarding the vaccine, and that their daughters are too young. Conclusion Acceptance of the HPV vaccine was high in this sample of Latina mothers. The prevention of disease and the protection of their child were the motivating factors for vaccinating their daughters. Reasons for not accepting include lack of information and young age of daughter. The provision of information will be key to ensuring Latina mothers understand the rationale for vaccinating at a young age.
Evaluation of volume phase holographic gratings at cryogenic temperatures

Collaboration between Kaiser Optical Systems, Inc. and the Department of Physics and Astronomy at Johns Hopkins University has resulted in the construction of volume phase holographic (VPH) transmission gratings that were subsequently tested in a cryogenic environment. VPH gratings were built on two popular optical glasses and subjected to temperatures near 100 Kelvin. Test conditions, observations and results are reported. Design considerations for optimizing VPH grating performance in cold environment is discussed.
A new species of Dysmorphococcus from South Africa

Summary A new member of the genus Dysmorphococcus (Phacotaceae: Chlorophyta), D. africana , is described from a collection identified originally as Pedinopera . The new species is papillate with 2 – 4 pyrenoids, many contactile vacuoles and a domelike, equatorial stigma. The original collection was made by M. Pocock from the Zimbabwe region of South Africa. The species grows well on Woods Hole MBL ( p H. 7.2) medium.
Identification of Campylobacter pylori by endoscopic brush cytology

To investigate the value of Papanicolaou-stained endoscopic brush samples in the diagnosis of Campylobacter pylori infection of the upper gastrointestinal tract, 138 brush and biopsy samples from the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum, taken concomitantly, were reviewed retrospectively. In 35 cases, Campylobacter-like organisms (CLOs) were found in both cytology and biopsy samples. In 15 cases, CLOs were seen in biopsy material only, and in 8 cases, CLOs were found in cytology material only. CLOs were found in 49% of the gastric specimens and 33% of the Barrett's esophagus specimens by histologic or cytologic examination or by both methods. CLOs were found by at least one method in 64% of the gastric samples with active gastritis, 40% with borderline gastritis, 15% without gastritis, and in 64% with adenocarcinoma. Cytologic examination of endoscopic brush samples is a valuable technique for the diagnosis of gastric Campylobacter infections and can be performed easily in cytopathology laboratories.
Mitochondrial death protein Nix is induced in cardiac hypertrophy and triggers apoptotic cardiomyopathy.

Loss of cardiomyocytes through programmed cell death is a key event in the development of heart failure, but the inciting molecular mechanisms are largely unknown. We used microarray analysis to identify a genetic program for myocardial apoptosis in Gq-mediated and pressure-overload cardiac hypertrophy. A critical component of this apoptotic program was Nix/Bnip3L. Nix localized to mitochondria and caused release of cytochrome c, activation of caspase-3 and apoptotic cell death, when expressed in HEK293 fibroblasts. A previously undescribed truncated Nix isoform, termed sNix, was not targeted to mitochondria but heterodimerized with Nix and protected against Nix-mediated apoptosis. Forced in vivo myocardial expression of Nix resulted in apoptotic cardiomyopathy and rapid death. Conversely, sNix protected against apoptotic peripartum cardiomyopathy in Gαq-overexpressors. Thus, Nix/Bnip3L is upregulated in myocardial hypertrophy, and is both necessary and sufficient for Gq-mediated apoptosis of cardiomyocytes and resulting hypertrophy decompensation.
Triboelectrification and razorbacks : Geophysical patterns produced in dry grains

Electrostatic interactions between particles can dramatically affect granular flows, creating industrial safety and handling problems [K. N. Palmer, (Chapman and Hall, London, 1973), pp. 388-389]. We present experimental data demonstrating that charging of grains can also cause spontaneous self-assembly that may generate lasting geological patterns under arid conditions. Paradoxically, we find that grains that tribocharge enough to produce small explosions, ejecting grains meters into the air, leave little net charge on grains. Rather, grains charge into strongly heterogeneous polar clusters. These assemble into stereotyped residual structures that resemble geological features, for example, razorbacks observed on Mars ["The Razorback Mystery," July 16, 2004, http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/mer/images.cfm?id=701].
Spectroscopic spectral-domain optical coherence microscopy

The spectroscopic content within optical coherence tomography (OCT) data can provide a wealth of information. Spectroscopic OCT methods are frequently limited by time-frequency trade-offs that limit high spectral and spatial resolution simultaneously. We present spectroscopic spectral-domain optical coherence microscopy performed with a multimodality microscope. Restricting the spatial extent of the signal by using high-numerical-aperture optics makes high-resolution spectroscopic information accessible, facilitated with spectral-domain detection. Simultaneous acquisition of multiphoton microscopy images is used to validate tissue structure and localization of nuclei within individual cells.
Kinetics of I 2 and HI photodissociation with implications in flame diagnostics

This paper investigates the application of iodine (I2) tracer in reactive flows to image the concentration filed by using photodissociation spectroscopy (PDS). The PDS technique first uses a short laser pulse to completely photodissociate iodine-containing species into iodine atoms, and then uses a second laser pulse to image the iodine atoms. Due to the completeness and rapidity of the photodissociation (PD), the concentration of I atoms after PD represents that of the iodine element seeded into the flow, which forms a conserved scalar and can be used to image the concentration field. The feasibility of the PDS technique is evaluated in three steps. First, a multi-level kinetic model was developed to capture the major physics relevant to the PDS technique. Second, controlled experiments were conducted to validate the multi-level kinetic model. Third, the validated model was applied to evaluate the applicable range and accuracy of the PDS technique in representative hydrocarbon flames. The results suggest a simple approach to implement the PDS technique using I2 seeding in flames, which can provide good accuracy across a wide range of mixture fractions and strain rates.
Desktop Security and Usability Trade-Offs: An Evaluation of Password Management Systems

Abstract As the casual and business use of computer systems expands, so do the chances that the security of these systems will be breached. One of the most exploitable elements in the chain of security is the password. This is the most common method of authentication and also one of the most easily broken. Numerous studies have been done on the fitness and memorability of passwords; improved password behavior benefits the security of many systems.
Natural product Celastrol destabilizes tubulin heterodimer and facilitates mitotic cell death triggered by microtubule-targeting anti-cancer drugs.

Background Microtubule drugs are effective anti-cancer agents, primarily due to their ability to induce mitotic arrest and subsequent cell death. However, some cancer cells are intrinsically resistant or acquire a resistance. Lack of apoptosis following mitotic arrest is thought to contribute to drug resistance that limits the efficacy of the microtubule-targeting anti-cancer drugs. Genetic or pharmacological agents that selectively facilitate the apoptosis of mitotic arrested cells present opportunities to strengthen the therapeutic efficacy. Methodology and Principal Findings We report a natural product Celastrol targets tubulin and facilitates mitotic cell death caused by microtubule drugs. First, in a small molecule screening effort, we identify Celastrol as an inhibitor of neutrophil chemotaxis. Subsequent time-lapse imaging analyses reveal that inhibition of microtubule-mediated cellular processes, including cell migration and mitotic chromosome alignment, is the earliest events affected by Celastrol. Disorganization, not depolymerization, of mitotic spindles appears responsible for mitotic defects. Celastrol directly affects the biochemical properties of tubulin heterodimer in vitro and reduces its protein level in vivo. At the cellular level, Celastrol induces a synergistic apoptosis when combined with conventional microtubule-targeting drugs and manifests an efficacy toward Taxol-resistant cancer cells. Finally, by time-lapse imaging and tracking of microtubule drug-treated cells, we show that Celastrol preferentially induces apoptosis of mitotic arrested cells in a caspase-dependent manner. This selective effect is not due to inhibition of general cell survival pathways or mitotic kinases that have been shown to enhance microtubule drug-induced cell death. Conclusions and Significance We provide evidence for new cellular pathways that, when perturbed, selectively induce the apoptosis of mitotic arrested cancer cells, identifying a potential new strategy to enhance the therapeutic efficacy of conventional microtubule-targeting anti-cancer drugs.
Design of shallow dense fluidized beds subject to uneven slumping

A simple analysis is presented which allows a conservative estimate to be made of the flow rate and supply pressure of fluidizing gas required to refluidize an unevenly slumped bed. The solutions for orifice and sintered type distributor plates are presented in simple design charts. Two example problems are presented which show that significant increases in both gas supply pressure and flow rate, compared with those required under normal design conditions, are needed to refluidize an unevenly slumped bed. The analysis presented is particularly applicable to shallow beds.
The Cloth of Field of Gold: Material Culture and Civic Power in Colonial Ibadan

The article focuses on a political controversy which occurred in Ibadan, a city in south-western Nigeria, during 1939. At face value, the contentious issue was a particular design of damask cloth. Ruth Watson suggests that the controversy was actually far more complex and argues that it cannot be understood unless one develops an historical reading of political culture in the city. This reading explores the cultural/symbolic meanings of political practices and how, at certain times, these practices served to generate material forms of civic power.
Stripe correlations of spins and holes in copper oxide superconductors

Abstract Neutron scattering has played a crucial role in elucidating the phase diagram of the prototypical high-tem-perature superconductor La2-xSrxCuO4 (see Figure 1). The commensurate antiferromagnetic order that is present in the undoped compound is destroyed by a hole concentration (given by x) of 0.02 [l]. At higher hole concentrations (x > 0.05), where high-temperature superconductivity occurs, dynamical two-dimensional spin correlations characterized by an incommensurate wave vector (see Figure 2a) have been detected [2–4]. Further studies have clarified the momentum, energy and temperature dependencies of these excitations [5–8]; nevertheless, their underlying nature and the cause of the incommensurability have not been firmly established.
A chelation effect on the pathway between intramolecular hydrodimerization and pinacol coupling.

Depending upon the reaction conditions, the reductive cyclization affords either the pinacol or normal hydrodimerization-type products. This selectivity is highly dependent upon the substitution at the β-position of the enones.
Incorporating evacuation potential into place vulnerability analysis

The purpose of this research is to illustrate a three-component operationalization of the Hazards-of-Place Model (HPM) by integrating urban infrastructure (using the capacity of road networks to facilitate evacuation as an example) to describe place vulnerability. This approach is informed by the HPM first articulated by Cutter (Vulnerability to environmental hazards. Prog Hum Geog. 20:529–39, 1996). The HPM is a conceptual framework through which place vulnerability is defined as a combination of social characteristics (expressed by selected socioeconomic demographics) and geophysical risk (expressed by probabilities of occurrence). Using a geographic information system (GIS), the study models the capacity of road networks to facilitate evacuation and used it as an example of urban infrastructure within which place vulnerability occurs. The output of the model was integrated with a geophysical risk layer and social vulnerability index layer as components for assessing the overall place vulnerability. The...
Theoretical and practical implications of a new definition of the minimal detectable concentration for immunoassays

The minimal detectable concentration (MDC), the smallest analyte concentration an immunoassay can reliably measure, is a fundamental property of an assay. Different interpretations of 'the smallest concentration an immunoassay can reliably measure' have led to different mathematical formulations of the MDC definition. We interpret this concept to mean the smallest analyte concentration the immunoassay may report as greater than the zero dose with high probability, say 0.95. Using Bayes' theorem we have developed a new MDC definition and shown that each of the current definitions approximates some component of the new one. We extend our paradigm for computing the MDC and derive a statistical framework for analyzing uncertainty in small analyte concentrations. We compute for any immunoassay measurement the probability that it exceeds the zero dose, its 95% confidence interval, its coefficient-of-variation (CV) and the probability that it is greater than any previous measurement. We illustrate the framework in a study of theoretical data based on our previous analyses of the Abbott microparticle capture enzyme immunoassay assay (MEIA) for prostate- specific antigen (PSA). The paradigm provides a sounder conceptual and computational approach for measuring reliably low concentrations of biological substances and for defining a positive result for screening and diagnostic tests.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Keratin cross-linking and epidermal transglutaminase. A review with observations on the histochemical and immunochemical localization of the enzyme.

Enzymes known as transglutaminases mediate cross-linking of polypeptide chains by e-(-γ-glutamyl) lysine bonds. Such bonds stabilize structural proteins of many tissues; transglutaminases specific for these tissues have been identified. A calcium- and sulfhydryl-dependent transglutaminase with a molecular weight of 55,000 has been purified from bovine snout epidermis and used to elicit a specific antiserum to the enzyme. Sites of epidermal transglutaminase activity have been localized in the cytoplasm of upper malpighian and granular cells by two complementary methods. When thin-tissue sections were incubated with a fluorescent lysine analog(dansyl cadaverine) and calcium, tissue acceptor sites became fluorescent. Localization was confirmed by fluorescein-conjugated antibody labeling of the enzyme in situ. These observations indicate that epidermal transglutaminase cross-links epidermal proteins during the final stages of keratinization.