cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Immunocytochemical localization of a kallikrein‐like serin protease (Esterase A) in rat salivary glands

Light and electron microscopic (EM) immunocytochemical methods have been used to localize arginine esterase A, a kinin-generating enzyme immunologically similar to tissue kallikrein, in rat salivary glands. Both polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies to arginine esterase A were used in these studies. By means of a polyclonal antiserum, esterase A was found in granular tubules of submandibular glands and in striated ducts of all three major salivary glands, in a distribution similar to that of tissue kallikrein. With recently developed specific monoclonal antibodies to esterease A, this enzyme was localized in the granules of some (but not all) granular convoluted tubule cells (GCT) and along the basal membranes (but not in apical granules) of striated ducts. By an EM immunoperoxidase method, esterase A was localized subcellularly in granules of some GCT cells and along the basal cell membranes of the tubule and duct system. Thus, this enzyme is found in some sites (GCT granules) shared with tissue kallikrein, but in some unique sites, i.e., basal membranes of striated ducts. The polyclonal antibody used in the present study cross-reacted with tissue kallikrein, but when absorbed with kallikrein, it gave the staining pattern characteristic of monoclonal antibody to esterase A.
Abnormal thalamocortical activity in patients with Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS) Type I

Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS) is a neuropathic disease that presents a continuing challenge in terms of pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment. Recent studies of neuropathic pain, in both animals and patients, have established a direct relationship between abnormal thalamic rhythmicity related to Thalamo-cortical Dysrhythmia (TCD) and the occurrence of central pain. Here, this relationship has been examined using magneto-encephalographic (MEG) imaging in CRPS Type I, characterized by the absence of nerve lesions. The study addresses spontaneous MEG activity from 13 awake, adult patients (2 men, 11 women; age 15–62), with CRPS Type I of one extremity (duration range: 3 months to 10 years) and from 13 control subjects. All CRPS I patients demonstrated peaks in power spectrum in the delta (<4 Hz) and/or theta (4–9 Hz) frequency ranges resulting in a characteristically increased spectral power in those ranges when compared to control subjects. The localization of such abnormal activity, implemented using independent component analysis (ICA) of the sensor data, showed delta and/or theta range activity localized to the somatosensory cortex corresponding to the pain localization, and to orbitofrontal–temporal cortices related to the affective pain perception. Indeed, CRPS Type I patients presented abnormal brain activity typical of TCD, which has both diagnostic value indicating a central origin for this ailment and a potential treatment interest involving pharmacological and electrical stimulation therapies.
P-refinement and P-threads

Abstract P-type refinement leads to exponential decay of numerical errors for sufficiently smooth solutions and has been used effectively in turbulence and structural mechanics simulations in the context of spectral and hp finite element discretizations. However, it induces a computational cost of O (P d+1 ) in d dimensions, which is higher than lower-order methods. In this paper, we demonstrate that by employing multi-threading within MPI processes we manage to counter-balance the cost increase associated with P-refinement. This approach reduces effectively the wall clock time, and keeps it essentially constant as the polynomial order is increased while achieving exponential convergence rate. Since the number of threads within MPI processes can be dynamically adjusted through thread library functions, the algorithm can be readily adapted for dynamic P-refinement. The resulting hybrid MPI/threads dual-level parallelism is particularly suitable for modern supercomputers consisting of “symmetric multiprocessor” nodes. We demonstrate this approach in simulations of two three-dimensional fluid dynamics problems.
Relationships of Myers-Briggs Type Indicator Personality Characteristics and Self-Reported Academic Problems and Skill Ratings with Scholastic Aptitude Test Scores:

The relationships of students' Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) scores with their Myers-Briggs Type Indicator characteristics, self-reported academic problems, and self-ratings in 14 skill areas were...
Moxifloxacin Pharmacokinetics/Pharmacodynamics and Optimal Dose and Susceptibility Breakpoint Identification for Treatment of Disseminated Mycobacterium avium Infection

Organisms of the Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex (MAC) have been demonstrated to be susceptible to moxifloxacin. However, clinical data on how to utilize moxifloxacin to treat disseminated MAC are scanty. In addition, there have been no moxifloxacin pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) studies performed for MAC infection. We utilized an in vitro PK/PD model of intracellular MAC to study moxifloxacin PK/PD for disseminated disease. Moxifloxacin doses, based on a serum half-life of 12 h, were administered, and the 0- to 24-h area under the concentration-time curve (AUC(0-24)) to MIC ratios associated with 1.0 log(10) CFU/ml per week kill and 90% of maximal kill (EC(90)) were identified. The AUC(0-24)/MIC ratio associated with 1.0 log(10) CFU/ml kill was 17.12, and that with EC(90) was 391.56 (r(2) = 0.97). Next, the moxifloxacin MIC distribution in 102 clinical isolates of MAC was identified. The median MIC was 1 to 2 mg/liter. Monte Carlo simulations of 10,000 patients with disseminated MAC were performed to determine the probability that daily moxifloxacin doses of 400 and 800 mg/day would achieve or exceed 1.0 log(10) CFU/ml per week kill or EC(90). Doses of 400 and 800 mg/day achieved the AUC(0-24)/MIC ratio of 17.12 in 64% and 92% of patients, respectively. The critical concentration of moxifloxacin against MAC was identified as 0.25 mg/liter in Middlebrook media. The proposed susceptibility breakpoint means that a larger proportion of clinical isolates is resistant to moxifloxacin prior to therapy. For patients infected with susceptible isolates, however, 800 mg a day should be examined for safety and efficacy for disseminated M. avium disease.
The effects of freeze‐and‐thaw cycles on phosphorus availability in highland soils in Turkey

Ongoing global warming may result in colder soil and thawing cycles and will increase the frequency of soil freezing-and-thawing-treated cycles (FTCs) during winter in the cool-temperate and high-latitude regions. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of repeated freeze–thaw cycles on the solubility and adsorption of P in lab and field experiments on Pellustert, Argiustoll, Haplustept, Fluvaquent, and Calciorthid soils, the major soil groups in E Turkey. The results demonstrated that, depending on the soil type, the freeze–thaw cycle could increase the adsorption and desorption of P within a certain temperature range. Repeated freezing and thawing decreased equilibrium P concentration (EPC) and increased P adsorption. EPC and P adsorption were strongly correlated with the number of FTCs. The highest P adsorption and the lowest P desorption was found in Pellustert followed by Argiustoll, Calciorthid, Haplustept, Fluvaquent when refrozen at –10°C for 15 d, then thawed at +2.5°C for 18 h, and 9 times FTC. However, in the field study, the adsorption value was lower than the value obtained from the laboratory condition. It appears that increasing the frequency of freeze–thaw processes depending on increase in temperature that leads to decreased plant-available soil P pools, thus requires more P fertilizer in soil solution to supply adequate P during the plant-growth period.
On the structures of hydrogen-associated defect centers in irradiated high-purity a-SiO2:OH

Electron spin resonance (ESR) studies of γ-irradiated high OH and high OH + OD silica have shown that a weak pair of lines with a 238-Gauss separation is the 29 Si hyperfine structure (hfs) associated with the wellknown 74-Gauss proton doublet. This result supports the models of Vitko and Radtsig for this defect. In addition, the ESR spectrum of the well-known 10.4-Gauss doublet was computer simulated using the same distribution of g values as characterizes the silicon E′ center. It is concluded that both the 74- and 10.4-Gauss doublets are manifestations of E′-type defects associated with protons.
Elastic interaction energy of two spherical precipitates in an anisotropic matrix

Following the difference method of Eshelby, the elastic interaction energy between two spherical precipitates embedded in an infinite matrix of cubic anisotropy is studied as a function of their distance of separation and alignment direction. When the precipitates are positioned along the [100] direction of the matrix phase, the elastic interaction is found to be attractive and often to exhibit a maximum value at an intercenter distance of two to three radii. For the [110] and [111] alignments, the results depend on the sign of the anisotropic factor,H=2C44+C12−C11, of the matrix phase. When it is positive as in Cu and Ni, the interaction is found to be repulsive. In the reverse case, the situation is substantially different; for the [111] alignment with a Mo matrix, the interaction is found to be of an attractive nature.
UNPREDICTABILITY OF CORRELATED RESPONSE TO SELECTION: PLEIOTROPY AND SAMPLING INTERACT.

Given a set of loci that contribute additive genetic variation for a trait being selected, the pleiotropic effects of these loci on a second trait may vary. I simulated selection on genetic systems having different combinations of pleiotropic effects to investigate the variability of correlated responses to selection. The simulation shows that there are many possible combinations of pleiotropic effects that are characterized by the same value of the genetic correlation; the genetic correlation does not uniquely determine a set of pleiotropic effects. Furthermore, for a given value of the genetic correlation, differences in pleiotropic effects have a substantial impact on the variation in correlated responses. Some combinations of pleiotropic effects constrain correlated response to a narrow range of possible values; others allow a wide range, including some correlated responses in a direction opposite the sign of the genetic correlation. The genetic correlation is not a reliable predictor of pleiotropic constraint. Whereas it has been previously established that genetic correlations are not necessarily constraints, the alternative is also true: correlated response can be strictly constrained despite a genetic correlation of zero. Given the frequency of correlated responses in a direction opposite to the one predicted by the genetic correlation, it follows that correlated response is not a reliable predictor of genetic correlation in the base population.
Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill Monitoring Using Airborne Multispectral Infrared Imagery

On April 28, 2010, the Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) Airborne Spectral Photometric Environmental Collection Technology (ASPECT) aircraft was deployed to Gulfport, Mississippi to provide airborne remotely sensed air monitoring and situational awareness data and products in response to the Deepwater Horizon oil spill disaster. The ASPECT aircraft was released from service on August 9, 2010 after having flown over 85 missions that included over 325 hours of flight operation. This paper describes several advanced analysis capabilities specifically developed for the Deepwater Horizon mission to correctly locate, identify, characterize, and quantify surface oil using ASPECT's multispectral infrared data. The data products produced using these advanced analysis capabilities provided the Deepwater Horizon Incident Command with a capability that significantly increased the effectiveness of skimmer vessel oil recovery efforts directed by the U.S. Coast Guard, and were considered by the Incident Command as key situational awareness information.
Space mechanisms needs for future NASA long duration space missions

Future NASA long duration missions will require high performance, reliable, long lived mechanical moving systems. In order to develop these systems, high technology components, such as bearings, gears, seals, lubricants, etc., will need to be utilized. There has been concern in the NASA community that the current technology level in these mechanical component/tribology areas may not be adequate to meet the goals of long duration NASA mission such as Space Exploration Initiative (SEI). To resolve this concern, NASA-Lewis sent a questionnaire to government and industry workers (who have been involved in space mechanism research, design, and implementation) to ask their opinion if the current space mechanisms technology (mechanical components/tribology) is adequate to meet future NASA Mission needs and goals. In addition, a working group consisting of members from each NASA Center, DoD, and DOE was established to study the technology status. The results of the survey and conclusions of the working group are summarized.
A prospective subjective and objective outcome analysis of tension-free vaginal tape.

Aims: The goal of this report is to introduce new investigators to the main concepts and principles underlying clinical trials. Methods: This manuscript summarized the authors’ experiences in clinical trials and specifically addressed issues of phases in clinical trials, options for selecting control groups, the randomization process, selecting various methodologic options for comparing between groups, determining sample size, and determining the applicability of the results of the clinical trial to the general population.
Maternal cocaine alters eupneic ventilation but not gasping of neonatal rats.

Abstract In severe hypoxia, normal eupneic respiration is replaced by gasping. Gasping provides for `autoresuscitation' such that, if air is available, normal breathing returns. As maternal use of cocaine may increase the incidence of the Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS), prenatal exposure to cocaine was hypothesized to result in a failure of gasping in the newborn. Cocaine was administered daily to pregnant rats. In the newborn, no impairment of gasping as a mechanism of autoresuscitation was detected. However, on the first and second days after birth, ventilation in hypoxia was less in newborns having exposure to cocaine than in the control rats. Maternal use of cocaine may retard the development of the ventilatory control system. However, gasping mechanisms are not included in this retardation.
Plasma-materials interactions during RF experiments in tokamaks

Plasma-materials interactions studied in recent ICRF heating and lower hybrid current drive experiments are reviewed. The microscopic processes responsible for impurity generation are discussed. In ICRF experiments, improvements in machine operation and in antenna and feedthrough design have allowed efficient plasma heating at RF powers up to 3 MW. No significant loss of energy from the plasma core due to impurity radiation occurs. Lower hybrid current drive results in the generation and maintenance of hundreds of kiloamperes of plasma current carried by suprathermal electrons. The loss of these electrons and their role in impurity generation are assessed. Methods to avoid this problem are evaluated.
A Gauss-Newton Approach to Solving Generalized Inequalities

Generalized inequalities are systems of the form gx ≤K 0, where g maps between normed linear spaces and “≤K” denotes the partial order induced by the closed convex cone K e.g., K = R+m1 × {0}Rm2. In this paper a Gauss-Newton type algorithm is presented for minimizing the distance function $$\rhox := \mbox{dist}gx,-K := \inf\{\Vert gx + k\Vert{:}\ k\in K\}.$$ The technique globalizes the well-known Newton methods for solving generalized inequalities, and overcomes the difficulties associated with subgradient methods for the global minimization of ρ.
Sex pheromone of fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) - Identification of components critical to attraction in the field

Analyses of extracts of pheromone glands and of volatiles from calling female fall armyworm moths,Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith), revealed the presence of the following compounds: dodecan-1-ol acetate, (Z)-7-dodecen-1-ol acetate, 11-dodecen-1-ol acetate, (Z)-9-tetradecenal, (Z)-9-tetradecen-1-ol acetate, (Z)-11-hexadecenal, and (Z)-11-hexadecen-1-ol acetate. The volatiles emitted by calling females differed from the gland extract in that the two aldehydes were absent. Field tests were conducted with sticky traps baited with rubber septa formulated to release blends with the same component ratios as those emitted by calling females. These tests demonstrated that both (Z)-7-dodecen-1-ol acetate and (Z)-9-tetradecen-1-ol acetate are required for optimum activity and that this blend is a significantly better lure than either virgin females or 25 mg of (Z)-9-dodecen-1-ol acetate in a polyethylene vial, the previously used standard. Addition of the other three acetates found in the volatiles did not significantly increase the effectiveness of the two-component blend as a bait for Pherocon 1C or International Pheromones moth traps.
Cluster Analysis for Verification of Precipitation Fields

Abstract A statistical method referred to as cluster analysis is employed to identify features in forecast and observation fields. These features qualify as natural candidates for events or objects in terms of which verification can be performed. The methodology is introduced and illustrated on synthetic and real quantitative precipitation data. First, it is shown that the method correctly identifies clusters that are in agreement with what most experts might interpret as features or objects in the field. Then, it is shown that the verification of the forecasts can be performed within an event-based framework, with the events identified as the clusters. The number of clusters in a field is interpreted as a measure of scale, and the final “product” of the methodology is an “error surface” representing the error in the forecasts as a function of the number of clusters in the forecast and observation fields. This allows for the examination of forecast error as a function of scale.
An improved method for computing gray-level cooccurrence matrix based texture measures

Abstract This paper describes a machine efficient approach for computing texture measures based on the gray-level cooccurrence matrix. Several measures are discussed relative to the method. The method applied to the cluster shade texture measure is described completely. Several algorithm variations for computing the Cluster Shade texture measure are described and a comparison is made.
Distributing Silent Film Serials: local practices, changing forms, cultural transformation

Distributing Silent Film Serials: local practices, changing forms, cultural transformation RUDMER CANJELS New York, Routledge, 2011 xxii+261 pp., illus., index, bibliography, appendix, $125.00 (har...
Social perception and heterosocial self-efficacy: A multidimensional scaling analysis

This study investigated the hypothesis that differences in self-efficacy in opposite-sex interactions are associated with differences in the cognitive schemata employed in the perception of social situations. Forty-five male undergraduates sorted opposite-sex and same-sex interaction descriptions on the basis of similarity and rated them on several adjective scales. Multidimensional scaling indicated two dimensions of meaning used in sorting each set of situations. For opposite-sex situations, subjects of low and medium heterosocial self-efficacy utilized an intimacy dimension more and a risk of conflict dimension less than did high self-efficacy subjects. Perceived similarities among the same-sex interactions were based to a large degree on the risk of conflict involved for subjects of low and medium heterosocial self-efficacy, but not for the high self-efficacy group. All subject groups also utilized an intensity of feelings dimension. Compared to high efficacy subjects, low and medium efficacy subjects rated the opposite-sex situations as, on the average, more unpleasant, unfamiliar, and risky, and themselves as having less knowledge of how to behave, and experiencing more feelings of discomfort. The results suggest that levels of perceived efficacy in dating-related situations of college men are related to selective attention to different aspects of the meaning of heterosexual interactions, and that these differences also reflect a broader pattern of differences in social cognition. Multidimensional scaling appears to be a useful methodology for examining differences in social cognition as a function of personality differences, and may have useful clinical applications.
Users get routed: traffic correlation on tor by realistic adversaries

We present the first analysis of the popular Tor anonymity network that indicates the security of typical users against reasonably realistic adversaries in the Tor network or in the underlying Internet. Our results show that Tor users are far more susceptible to compromise than indicated by prior work. Specific contributions of the paper include(1)a model of various typical kinds of users,(2)an adversary model that includes Tor network relays, autonomous systems(ASes), Internet exchange points (IXPs), and groups of IXPs drawn from empirical study,(3) metrics that indicate how secure users are over a period of time,(4) the most accurate topological model to date of ASes and IXPs as they relate to Tor usage and network configuration,(5) a novel realistic Tor path simulator (TorPS), and(6)analyses of security making use of all the above. To show that our approach is useful to explore alternatives and not just Tor as currently deployed, we also analyze a published alternative path selection algorithm, Congestion-Aware Tor. We create an empirical model of Tor congestion, identify novel attack vectors, and show that it too is more vulnerable than previously indicated.
Morphological Changes in Soils Produced When Hydrology Is Altered by Ditching

A soil's hydrology (seasonal saturation occurrence) must be estimated in the field to delineate jurisdictional wetlands and to evaluate soil suitability for on-site waste disposal. It is difficult to predict soil hydrology on lands that contain ditches, because the areal extent of hydrologic alteration by an individual ditch is generally unknown. This study evaluated whether morphological changes occurred in soils after a drainage ditch had been installed. Four transects of plots were established parallel to a ditch with plots at distances of 7, 30, 60, and 80 m from the ditch. Each transect contained plots in the following soils: Aquic Paleudults, Aeric Paleaquults, and Typic Paleaquults. Soils within 30 m of the ditch had a significantly (0.10 level) greater volume of Fe masses at depths of 40 to 100 cm than soils further from the ditch. Duration of saturation did not vary significantly with distance from the ditch, bnt within 30 m of the ditch water tables fluctuated more frequently than those in soils further away. Concentrations of Fe(II) in groundwater at a depth of 60 cm were higher at 7 m from the ditch than at 60 m, but redox potentials at a depth of 60 cm were <500 mv for shorter periods of time at 7 m than at greater distances from the ditch. We hypothesized that groundwater flowing into the soils within 30 m of the ditch introduced Fe(II) into the Bt horizons. The Fe(II) oxidized and formed Fe masses as the water table fell. Our results indicate that soil colors can change within 30 yr as a result of ditching. We suggest that the major area of soil influenced by the ditch can be identified by where the Fe masses in the argillic horizons increase as one approaches the ditch.
Comparing point-of-care A1C and random plasma glucose for screening diabetes in migrant farm workers

Abstract Objective To compare point-of-care (POC) glycosylated hemoglobin (A1C) and random plasma glucose (RPG) as a POC screening tool for prediabetes and diabetes in migrant farm workers of eastern North Carolina. Design Prospective, observational, single-center study. Setting Federally qualified community health center in eastern North Carolina, from August to October 2011. Participants Migrant farm workers 18 years or older who resided in a migrant camp in eastern North Carolina. Intervention Diabetes screening using POC A1C and RPG via fingerstick followed by venipuncture A1C and basic metabolic panel in individuals with a positive screening. Main outcome measures Positive predictive value (PPV) of POC A1C and RPG, incidence of positive screening, incidence of confirmed diagnosis, concordance rate of the screening tools, and correlation between POC A1C and laboratory A1C. Results 206 workers participated in the screenings; screening identified 39 individuals with a POC A1C greater than 5.7% and 1 individual with both an RPG of 200 mg/dL or more and a POC A1C greater than 5.7%. Of the 39 individuals found to have a positive screening, 24 presented to Carolina Family Health Centers, Inc., for follow-up venipuncture; however, 1 participant did not have a venipuncture A1C, leaving 23 individuals with complete data. Two participants were diagnosed with diabetes and 17 with prediabetes. POC A1C had a PPV of 82.6%; however, the PPV of RPG could not be calculated due to the number of participants lost to follow-up. POC A1C correlated well with laboratory A1C regardless of time to follow-up. Conclusion POC A1C should be considered for diabetes screening in high-risk populations. If the screening had been performed with RPG alone, 38 individuals would have gone undetected. Early identification of individuals with elevated blood glucose will likely decrease the risk of long-term complications.
Numerical Differentiation of Tracking Data of Human Motion: The Virtual Accelerometer

A method based on the Kalman Filter for deriving whole-body segment accelerations from position tracking data is described. Such a procedure is experimentally calibrated and qualified as a Virtual Accelerometer supplying a resolution of 0.2 m/s 2 and a relative accuracy of better than 10 percent rms within 0-8 Hz bandwidth. Results are finally compared to accelerometer performances reported by previous investigators.
Window management and energy savings

Abstract The potential energy-saving effects of various window management systems are examined. Two categories of window management are considered: (1) seasonal management and (2) daily management. Seasonal management is preferable if energy savings and costs are comparable with those of daily management schemes. Daily management provides greater potential annual savings in most climates, but requires either conscientious users or automated devices. Heating season window management is examined in detail for the case of New York City, and a graphical technique of displaying relative energy savings for the range of management techniques is developed. The case study is repeated for cooling season window management.
Research note: Concept to develop a software-based counter-terrorism campaign decision support tool

In the public policy community, a need exists for a software tool that comprehensively applies leading concepts of counterterrorism (CT) analysis and planning to systematically display, track, operationalize and update on an analyst's computer all the decisions and processes involved in countering an on-going terrorist insurgency facing a targeted adversary. Initially, such a prototype would be employed for analytical and training purposes, with a more advanced version used in a government's actual CT campaign. No such comprehensive software tool exists at present (based on the author's knowledge) to address any of these requirements. This research note, which is of a preliminary nature, is primarily descriptive and does not include a discussion of how such a tool would be operationalized into a software program, since that would involve releasing proprietary intellectual property that is intended for commercial purposes. Hopefully, this preliminary research note will generate interest in a collaborative effort with other researchers and software developers to create and operationalize such a software tool kit.
Sleep laboratory adaptation in normal subjects and depressed patients (“first night effect”)

Abstract The sleep EEG patterns of 21 depressed patients and 15 control subjects are reported in terms of the changes from night 1 to night 2 in the sleep laboratory. On night 2 there were several significant changes for the control subjects: (i) a decrease in the time spent in “awake” and “drowsy”; (ii) an increase in time spent in stage 3; and (iii) a reduction in the latency to the first REM period and first stage 3. There was an increase in the number of rapid eye movement periods on the second night, which was just short of statistical significance. The changes manifested by the depressed patients were in the same direction, though they were less marked than in the controls. The findings support the concept of an increased state of vigilance or arousal on the first laboratory night. They also indicate a frequent tendency to miss the first REM period on the first study night.
Youth Fitness Testing: If the “Horse” is Not Dead, What Should We Do?

Over a decade ago, there was a heated debate regarding the necessity of fitness testing for children (Corbin, Pangrazi, & Welk, 1995; Rowland, 1995). The argument was focused on whether the “horse”...
Agonistic and spacing behaviour in white-footed mice, Peromyscus leucopus

Abstract The agonistic and spacing behaviour of white-footed mice, Peromyscus leucopus, was quantified in the field throughout an entire year to test the hypothesis that mice engage in interference competition for resources such as food, shelter and mates. Rates of aggression and displacement in paired arena tests increased markedly from winter to spring and summer, and declined in autumn, corresponding to the breeding season but not to population density, which remained low. Mice caught for the first time lost significantly more encounters than previously captured mice and the majority of the mice that lost encounters were transients. In spring, residents displaced transients, and mice paired within their home range usually won. Adults usually displaced juveniles, and aggression occurred more often between males than between females. The mean distance from non-pregnant females to the nearest male was negatively correlated with pregnancy rate, suggesting that non-pregnant females were receptive to males. When few receptive females were available, the distances between neighbouring males were low and displacement rates were high, suggesting that males competed for mates. These findings generally support the idea that interference competition is an important component of the lives of these small mammals.
Weights of cyclic codes

Recent results of the author on linear recurring sequences are used to obtain estimates for the weights of code words in general cyclic codes. If the parity-check polynomial of the code has no multiple roots, a refined estimate can be established that contains previous results on irreducible cyclic codes. For certain binary cyclic codes, the exact weight distributions can be determined by the methods of this paper.
Anthropology and anthropologists in the Indian New Deal

The use of anthropological techniques to analyze problems in American society was a product of the late 1920s and the New Deal era. A major stimulus to the development of this “applied anthropology” was a series of projects initiated by John Collier in the Bureau of Indian Affairs beginning in 1935. Four of these experiments, the Applied Anthropology Unit, the Soil Conservation Service experiment on the Navajo reservation, the Technical Cooperation-Bureau of Indian Affairs soil conservation work on other Indian reservations, and the Indian Education, Personality, and Administration Research Project, are the subject of this article.
Prediction and understanding of the north‐south displacement of the heliospheric current sheet

[1] On the basis of Wilcox Solar Observatory observations of the photospheric magnetic field and the potential field-source surface model, we compare the solid angles occupied by the positive source surface field with that of the negative. We develop an algorithm to quantitatively estimate and understand the positive-negative displacement of the heliospheric current sheet (HCS) about Sun's magnetic dipole equator and the north-south displacement of the HCS about the heliographic equator. The north-south HCS displacement predicted using the algorithm quantitatively agrees with that observed by Ulysses and Wind in 1994–1995. The predicted positive-negative and north-south HCS displacement for 362 Carrington rotations between 1976 and 2001 show that in addition to the two long southward HCS displacement intervals that are consistent with earlier observations and statistical results, there are several short north-south HCS displacement intervals in the rising and early declining solar activity phases. All the positive-negative HCS displacements about the Sun's magnetic dipole equator determined for the 25 years can be understood using the positive-negative asymmetry in the characteristics of coronal holes or open field regions between two hemispheres, such as the area, field strength, or the outward expansion factor of the coronal holes. To understand the north-south HCS displacement about the heliographic equator, the effect of the Sun's magnetic dipole tilt angle relative to the Sun's rotation axis must be taken into consideration as well.
Public preferences for rehabilitation versus incarceration of juvenile offenders

While juvenile justice policy in the United States has become more punitive in recent years, it remains unclear whether the public actually favors this response in lieu of more rehabilitation-oriented services. Public opinion polling generally shows that the public favors less punitive responses than policymakers often suppose, but significant questions remain about the accuracy of these perceptions generally, and in how they have been assessed in particular. Data from four states (Illinois, Louisiana, Pennsylvania, and Washington) aimed at assessing public preferences for rehabilitation and incarceration as a response to serious juvenile crime indicated that, for the most part, the public was willing to pay more in taxes for rehabilitation than incarceration.
Characteristics of the Re-Calculated Yohkoh/SXT Temperature Response

The temperature response functions of the Yohkoh/SXT are re-calculated based on the most recent elemental abundances and ionization balance available in the CHIANTI atomic database version 6.0.1. The new standard responses are calculated for three types of abundance; i.e., ‘coronal’, ‘hybrid’, and ‘photospheric’ abundances included in the CHIANTI database, and are available in SolarSoft since 2010. Comparison plots of the new and old response functions and filter ratios are available at the Yohkoh Legacy data Archive ( ). The three new responses generally peak at higher temperatures (at ≈ 10 MK) than the former standard response (at ≈ 5.6 MK) based on Mewe’s spectral model. The new responses with coronal and hybrid abundances have higher peak counts by a factor of 3 and 2, respectively, than those with the photospheric abundances and the former response based on Mewe’s model. The correction of the filter ratios depends on the type of filter and the range of the ratios to be used. In the significant cases, the new filter ratio produces 20 to 30% higher temperatures than the previous calibration. The choice of elemental abundance has a strong influence on the derived temperatures and emission measures, and often produces a variation significantly larger than the statistical and systematic errors considered so far.
Vision-Based Control of a Mobile Base and On-Board Arm

In this paper we present a new methodology to achieve vision-based control using a mobile manipulator to reach a required three-dimensional target position and orientation. Examples of mobile manipulators include standard forklifts and backhoes, which have a fixed manipulator mounted on a mobile platform. The overall objective of this methodology is to apply the nonholonomic degrees of freedom represented by two independently driven wheels together with the holonomic dexterity of the on-board arm in order to bring about a desired positioning objective for the arm. Mobile Camera-Space Manipulation and an extended Kalman filter are implemented to use a minimum number of holonomic and nonholonomic degrees of freedom as required for the end member of the on-board arm to achieve a target position and orientation. We present this vision-based method to control mobile manipulators as an alternative to methods such as visual servoing and calibration (i.e., stereo approaches). This new approach only requires a min...
Social problems in pest management in the tropics.

Use of synthetic organic chemical pesticides introduced after World War II has resulted in a number of health, environmental, and socioeconomic problems discussed here. Both developed and developing countries have been affected. The problems in the developing countries of the tropics came about largely because of an error in transfer of technology. Pesticide technology developed by and for use in the developed countries was exported to countries with cultures and social structures that were not prepared to absorb this technology. Integrated pest management (IPM), an approach that reduces pest damage to tolerable levels through a variety of techniques, including natural enemies, genetically resistant crops, environmental modifications, and, when necessary and appropriate, chemical pesticides, represents an important trend toward rational management of crop pests in the developing countries. However, simply exporting IPM ‘packages’ from developed to developing countries would also be an error in transfer of technology. Each situation must be evaluated individually under actual farming conditions, and the IPM program must be tailored for the particular group of intended beneficiaries. Some of the interrelated social, attitudinal and institutional factors that should be evaluated are discussed.
Central sensitization and cutaneous hyperalgesia

Abstract Injury to the skin results in exaggerated pain both at the site of injury as well as in surrounding undamaged tissues. In this study the general organization of the somatosensory system is briefly reviewed, and then the neural mechanisms that account for hypersensitivity after cutaneous injury are discussed. In brief, exaggerated responsiveness, or sensitization, of primary afferent fibers in the skin account for hyperalgesia at the site of injury, whereas sensitization of spinal projection neurons, in particular spinothalamic and spinomesencephalic neurons, account for hyperalgesia in undamaged tissues surrounding the injury site.
p-Version least squares finite element formulation for axisymmetric incompressible non-Newtonian fluid flow

Abstract The paper presents a p-version least squares finite element formulation (LSFEF) for axisymmetric incompressible non-Newtonian fluid flow. The dimensionless form of the equations describing the fluid motion are cast into a set of first order coupled partial differential equations involving non-Newtonian stresses as auxiliary variables. The pressure, velocities (primary variables) and the stresses (auxiliary variables) are interpolated using equal order, C0 continuity, p-version hierarchical approximation functions. The least squares functional (or error functional) is constructed using the system of coupled first order non-linear partial differential equations (integrated sum of squares of the errors resulting from the individual equations for the entire discretization) without linearization, approximations or assumptions. The minimization of this least squares error functional results in finding a solution vector {δ} for which the partial derivatives of the error functional with respect to the nodal degrees of freedom {δ} becomes zero. This is accomplished by using Newton's method with a line search. The paper presents an implementation of the power law model for non-Newtonian viscosity. Numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the convergence characteristics and the accuracy of the proposed formulation.
Organizational reform and agricultural performance: the case of Bulgarian agriculture, 1960-1985.

Abstract The effects of policies on the organization of agriculture in Bulgaria are examined by means of production functions. Results show that the reforms of the 1970s and 1980s did not produce desired effects on production and productivity. This failure lies both in difficulties associated with implementation of new organizational regimes and in changes in technology. This conclusion rests on estimates of increasing returns to scale, declining rates of disembodied technological change growth and interperiod differences in input coefficients. These results suggest that the ultimate outcome of current reforms in the USSR and Eastern Europe depends on methods of and commitment to their implementation.
Design of microprogrammed control for general purpose processors

This paper reviews some of the major concepts involved in the design of a microprogrammed control for a general purpose data processor. The areas discussed are timing, control store cycle design, bit dimension design and word dimension design. The design considerations are presented from the perspective of a system design engineer concerned with producing a viable product design. Although the concepts are presented in the context of a medium to large scale processor design; they are, for the most part, applicable to the design of any microprogrammed system.
Quality control of resident operative experience: compliance with RRC criteria.

Purpose. Process Capability Analysis (PCA) is a quality control tool that can be applied to how resident cases are allocated. PCA measures how close an output is to its target (Cp) and its location (K) in relation to Cp. For resident cases, the statistics of Cp and K measure variability in case numbers, which is useful in planning how a program meets RRC criteria in operative experience on specialty services. Methods. A review of 6 years of vascular surgery cases (1994–1999) using PG 5 RRC case logs and the departmental quality database as sources was done. PCA was applied to resident case numbers. RRC 1997–1998 National Program Data were used to define quality control limits. The 30th, 50th, and 70th percentiles in vascular procedures served as lower, nominal, and upper control limits, respectively. Results. Cases were grouped into aortic (AO), cerebrovascular (CER), peripheral (PER), and visceral (VSC), to meet RRC definition for major reconstructions. PCA analysis of PG5 RRC submitted data, total cases reported by the graduating residents (n = 20) in their submitted RRC Case logs, and department QA log numbers over 6 years of the period revealed the following mean numbers for AO = 13.7 ± 4.2 (Cp = 0.279, K = +70.5%), CER = 15.6 ± 6.4 (Cp = 0.365, K = +78.6%), PER = 23.1 ± 10.5 (Cp = 0.237, K = +80.1%), VSC = 2.5 ± 1.5 (Cp = 0.189, K = +175.0%), and total = 55.1 ± 20.2 (Cp = 0.305, K = +70.5%). Conclusions. Processes that are in statistical control should have a Cp > 1.0, and a small K: i.e., centered tightly and near the desired nominal limit. By PCA analysis, the vascular surgery service product of PG5 case numbers is not in statistical control, but instead exceeds the defined control limits (RRC 50th percentile levels). The low Cp values demonstrate that specific case numbers may vary from resident to resident. The high positive K percentages imply that more residents have case numbers that meet or exceed RRC 50th percentiles. Sources of potential error and variability may be partially explained by the data of total case volume and resident underreporting. More accurate RRC reporting by residents could account for up to 20% more cases, potentially offsetting individual case allocation differences within a particular resident year.
VARIATION OF SURFACE REACTION PROBABILITY WITH REACTANT ANGLE OF INCIDENCE. A MOLECULAR BEAM STUDY OF THE ASYMMETRY OF STEPPED PLATINUM CRYSTAL SURFACES FOR H-H BOND BREAKING

A molecular beam of H/sub 2/ and D/sub 2/ was used to investigate the angular dependence of the reaction probability for H/sub 2/-D/sub 2/ exchange (H/sub 2/ + D/sub 2/ ..-->.. 2HD) on the Pt(111) and Pt(S ) -(6(111) x (111)) surfaces. On the stepped surface, a marked increase in the production of HD is observed when the beam of reactants strikes the open side of the step structure. The Pt(111) surface exhibits a smooth decrease in HD production from normal incidence to grazing angles.
A versatile recording system for studies of mastication

A versatile instrumentation system for research on the physiology of mastication is described. Tooth contact signals from miniature radio transmitters in dental bridgework are combined with electromyographic data from the muscles of mastication. Flexibility in signal processing utilizing a multi-channel FM tape recorder is emphasized to accommodate the needs of varying research programs.
An immuno-PCR method for detecting Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Ac toxin

The Cry1Ac toxin is an insecticidal protein produced by Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki. Recently, the gene encoding the toxin was genetically transformed into crop plants. A specific and sensitive method for detecting the Cry1Ac toxin would facilitate monitoring for this protein in crop and non-crop plants and also in foods. The purpose of this study was to develop an immuno-PCR technique for detecting this toxin. Immuno-PCR combines the specificity of an ELISA reaction with the sensitivity of assays that use a PCR-amplification step. In our assay, anti-Cry1Ac antibodies were covalently bound to reporter DNA via a linker molecule, succinimidyl-4-[N-maleimidomethyl]-cyclohexane-1-carboxylate (SMCC). Antigen was coated onto the surfaces of polyvinyl chloride microtiter plates or onto streptavidin-coated beads. Each of these solid-surface platforms was tested in immuno-PCR reactions. Both the microtiter plate- and bead-based assays showed a high degree of specificity and sensitivity, with minimum detection limits of 21.6 and 432 ng of toxin, respectively. This sensitive immuno-PCR method could be modified for detecting a variety of other protein toxins.
Towards demonstrating multi-scale free-space optical interconnects for intrachip global communications

The impending saturation of Moore's Law, due to the lack of bandwidth capacity of global metal wires, might be delayed with optical interconnects in a multi-scale architecture combining micro-optical lenses and prisms with a macro-optical curved mirror. Steps taken toward demonstrating multi-scale optical interconnects for intrachip global communications are discussed.
Do infants perceive invariant tempo and rhythm in auditory-visual events?

Abstract Two experiments tested 7-month-old infants' ability to categorize events on the basis of invariant rhythm or tempo. Videotaped auditory-visual events (a hammer striking a surface to create characteristic rhythms and tempos) were presented to infants using an habituation procedure. In Experiment 1, following habituation to events depicting one tempo amid three rhythms, infants showed a significant recovery of visual attention to a change in tempo and rhythm, but not to a change in rhythm alone. In Experiment 2, following habituation to events displaying one rhythm amid three tempos, infants did not show a recovery of visual attention to a change in rhythm and tempo, nor to a change in tempo alone. The pattern of results suggested that 7-month-old infants categorized events on the basis of invariant tempo amid changing rhythms, but did not appear to do so for an invariant rhythm in the context of changing tempos.
Effects of reverse recovery time and stray inductance on reverse bias time of thyristor choppers

This paper derives simple equations to determine the effects of the reverse recovery time and stray inductance on the available reverse bias time of the main thyristor to guarantee the commutation of the main thyristor. These effects are illustrated by an example of a practical chopper circuit.