cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quantum probability and operational statistics

We develop the concept of quantum probability based on ideas of R. Feynman. The general guidelines of quantum probability are translated into rigorous mathematical definitions. We then compare the resulting framework with that of operational statistics. We discuss various relationship between measurements and define quantum stochastic processes. It is shown that quantum probability includes both conventional probability theory and traditional quantum mechanics. Discrete quantum systems, transition amplitudes, and discrete Feynman amplitudes are treated. We close with some examples that illustrate previously defined concepts.
Saudades at the edge of the self and the merits of 'portable families'.

The treatment of a Mexican American patient who was referred due to hallucinations reveals a world of `magic realism' that is far from infrequent in elderly people with a small and dwindling social network — especially if they come from cultures where the boundaries between the inner and the outer world are fuzzy. Respecting these traits allows for the development of treatment approaches that can evolve satisfactorily without disrupting the patient's inscription in this dual world.
The role of toxicologists and poison centers during and after a nuclear power plant emergency.

The events surrounding the nuclear power plant accident in Fukushima, Japan, uncovered a number of questions and issues that need to be addressed in the United States (US) regarding the preparednes...
Performance Characteristics of a Compressor-Driven Metal Hydride Refrigerator

Thermodynamic analyses of compressor-driven metal hydride refrigerators predict a high coefficient of performance. Comparison with the results from a computational model indicates that the coefficient of performance attainable from an actual system operating under transient conditions can indeed be significant. Parametric calculations are given which illustrate the ideal power-efficiency operating characteristics of the system. The computed efficiency approaches the thermodynamic efficiency as the operating power tends to zero.
Overview of the EOS SORCE mission

The NASA Earth Observing Systems’ (EOS) SOlar Radiation and Climate Experiment (SORCE) mission consists of four instruments aboard a small satellite to measure the total solar irradiance (TSI) and solar spectral irradiance from 1 to 2000 nm. Solar irradiance, being the dominant energy source in the Earth's atmosphere, establishes much of the atmosphere's chemistry and dynamics. The SORCE measurements will therefore provide the requisite understanding of one of the primary climate system variables for the NASA EOS program. The SORCE primary science data product will be the TSI and solar spectral irradiance on a 6 hour cadence for a period of 5 years or more. The SORCE science team will study how much the solar irradiance varies, how the solar variability affects the Earth’s atmosphere, and how the magnetic structures on the Sun change its irradiance. The SORCE instruments are the Total Irradiance Monitor (TIM), the Spectral Irradiance Monitor (SIM), the SOLar STellar Irradiance Comparison Experiment (SOLSTICE), and the XUV Photometer System (XPS). The TIM is an active cavity radiometer similar in design to previous cavity radiometers, such as the VIRGO, ACRIM, and ERBS instruments, but with significant improvements in sensor and electrical design. TIM will provide a measurement of TSI directly traceable to SI units with an absolute accuracy of 0.01% and relative accuracy of 0.001% per year. The SIM is a Fery prism spectrometer with an Electrical Substitution Radiometer (ESR) as the reference detector and Si and InGaAs photodiodes as the working detectors. SIM will measure the solar spectral irradiance from 200 nm to 2000 nm with a spectral resolution varying from 0.5 nm to 34 nm, an absolute accuracy of 0.03%, and a relative accuracy of 0.006% per year. The SOLSTICE is an improved version of the UARS SOLSTICE instrument, both being ultraviolet (UV) grating spectrometers with photomultiplier tube detectors. SOLSTICE will measure the solar spectral irradiance from 115 nm to 320 nm with a spectral resolution of 0.1-0.2 nm, an absolute accuracy of 5%, and a relative accuracy of 0.5% per year. The XPS is a set of soft x-ray (XUV) photometers, consisting of Si photodiodes with thin-film filters to select moderate spectral bands. XPS will measure the solar spectral irradiance in the XUV (1-31 nm) and at Lyman-? (121.6 nm) with bandwidths of about 5 nm, an absolute accuracy of 20%, and a relative accuracy of 4% per year. Orbital Sciences Corporation is providing the SORCE satellite, a version of their GALEX spacecraft bus tailored for the SORCE mission. The SORCE satellite is a 3-axis stabilized satellite for pointing the instruments towards the Sun for the primary solar measurements as well as for pointing towards stars for the SOLSTICE in-flight calibrations. The SORCE spacecraft is scheduled for a launch on a Pegasus XL in July 2002 into an orbit with a 645 km altitude and 40° inclination.
Suppression of host-versus-graft response in experimental biliary obstruction.

Evaluation de la reponse lymphoproliferative in vitro a des mitogenes thymo-dependants et thymo-independants et de la reactivite de l'hote contre le greffon, dans le modele de stase biliaire par ligature chez le rat. L'obstruction biliaire perturbe la reponse aux mitogenes T-dependants seulement
Sternocleidomastoid myocutaneous flap

The sternocleidomastoid myocutaneous flap has several applications for reconstruction of defects about the head and neck. It is used for augmentation of facial defects, carotid artery protection, and repair of oral cavity defects. Additional reconstructive efforts suggest the sternocleidomastoid myocutaneous flap can be used for facial reanimation and as an osteomyocutaneous flap incorporating the clavicle for mandibular reconstruction. Reports of unreliable viability and resection of the sternocleidomastoid muscle during neck dissection decreases the applicability of the flap. Twenty-seven sternocleidomastoid flaps were used in 26 patients for head and neck reconstruction. In contrast to the reported 40% to 50% incidence of superficial slough or total flap necrosis, three (11%) flaps developed superficial (cutaneous) slough while two patients developed inclusion cysts. The technique includes elevation of the sternocleidomastoid muscle with the overlying platysma and skin originally described by Owens. The procedure is modified by removing the epithelium on the tunneled portion of the flap. This allows the flap to be used as a one-stage method of reconstruction without sacrificing the additional blood supply from the platysma and overlying dermis.
Trends in smoking before, during, and after pregnancy in ten states.

Abstract Background While trends in smoking prevalence during pregnancy are known, little is known about trends in quitting during pregnancy and resuming smoking after pregnancy. Objectives This study examined the trends in and correlates of quitting during pregnancy and resuming smoking after pregnancy. Methods We used population-based random surveys of recent mothers in ten U.S. states (total of 115,000 women) conducted between 1993 and 1999. Results Although the prevalence of smoking 3 months before pregnancy was stable at around 26%, quitting during pregnancy rose from 37% to 46% between 1993 and 1999. Adjusted for maternal and state characteristics, the odds of quitting during pregnancy increased 51% between 1993 and 1999 (odds ratio [OR]=1.51; 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.08–2.12). Approximately half of the women who quit smoking during pregnancy resumed smoking within 6 months postpartum. Primiparous, privately insured, college-educated women are more likely to quit and least likely to resume smoking after delivery, compared to multiparous, Medicaid-insured, and high school–educated women. Teenaged women are more likely to quit, but also more likely to resume smoking than older women. Conclusions The increase in quit rates during pregnancy is encouraging, but the lack of any change in smoking before pregnancy or in postpartum relapse rates suggests that permanent changes in maternal smoking will require additional focus.
Large-scale logic array computation

For a number of years, we have studied the large-scale fine-grained limit of cellular-logic-array calculations and computers-with particular emphasis on applications to physical simulation. Perhaps the most relevant lessons of this work for the FPGA community have to do with the applicability of virtual-processor techniques to these logic-array computations-and by extension to the design of FPGA's themselves. These techniques allow us to tradeoff speed against size, to balance resources devoted to data storage with those devoted to processing, and to time-share communication resources as we share processors. An application area of particular interest to the FPGA community is in logic emulation, where a virtual processing approach lets us maximize useful processor cycles by having processing hardware follow computational wavefronts through arrays of virtual logic ("temporal pipelining"). This technique is of direct relevance to FPGA design. Our virtual processor approach is embodied in our indefinitely scalable cAM-8 cellular automata (CA) machine. Personal-computer-scale prototypes, designed and built at MIT using 1988 technology, are still about as fast as any conventional computer for most large-scale physical CA applications. Using today's high-bandwidth DRAM'S, machine's with the same number of memory chips could be built that run 100 times faster. Rather than build a new dedicated CA machine processor, it is attractive to instead add appropriate DRAM I/O and data-buffering circuitry to an FPGA design, to create a general-purpose class of FPGA's optimized for large-scale virtualprocessor applications.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Understanding environments: The key to improving social processes and program outcomes

The contributions to this Special Issue illustrate research on several important types of environmental units, including psychiatric and substance abuse treatment programs, neighborhood block groups, and entire communities. They also exemplify alternative methodologies, such as assessing environments by relying on participants' appraisals, external observers' ratings, historical archives, and direct observation. I draw on these contributions and some of my own work to discuss four recurrent issues: (a) how to conceptualize environmental domains and dimensions; (b) how to understand environmental dynamics, that is, the interplay of environmental factors both within one setting and across settings; (c) how to comprehend the processes that link environmental factors to outcomes, especially with respect to the power and evanescence of environmental influence; and (d) how to use information about environments to monitor and improve them. Increased knowledge in these four areas is essential to help fulfill a major aim of community psychology: to understand social processes and improve intervention program outcomes.
The contribution of cloud and radiation anomalies to the 2007 Arctic sea ice extent minimum

[1] Reduced cloudiness and enhanced downwelling radiation are associated with the unprecedented 2007 Arctic sea ice loss. Over the Western Arctic Ocean, total summertime cloud cover estimated from spaceborne radar and lidar data decreased by 16% from 2006 to 2007. The clearer skies led to downwelling shortwave (longwave) radiative fluxes increases of +32 Wm−2 (−4 Wm−2) from 2006 to 2007. Over three months, simple calculations show that these radiation differences alone could enhance surface ice melt by 0.3 m, or warm the surface ocean by 2.4 K, which enhances basal ice melt. Increased air temperatures and decreased relative humidity associated with an anti-cyclonic atmospheric circulation pattern explain the reduced cloudiness. Longer-term observations show that the 2007 cloudiness is anomalous in the recent past, but is not unprecedented. Thus, in a warmer world with thinner ice, natural summertime circulation and cloud variability is an increasingly important control on sea ice extent minima.
Block coding for stationary Gaussian sources with memory under a square-error fidelity criterion

In this paper, we present a new version of the source coding theorem for the block coding of stationary Gaussian sources with memory under a square-error distortion criterion. For both time-discrete and time-continuous Gaussian sources, the average square-error distortion of the optimum block source code of rate R > R ( D ) is shown to decrease at least exponentially in block-length to D , where R ( D ) is the square-error criterion rate distortion function of the stationary Gaussian source with memory. In both cases, the exponent of convergence of average distortion is explicitly derived.
Intermolecular Exchange and Stabilization of Recombinant Human αA- and αB-Crystallin

Abstract Lens α-crystallin subunits αA and αB are differentially expressed and have a 3-to-1 ratio in most mammalian lenses by intermolecular exchange. The biological significance of this composition and the mechanism of exchange are not clear. Preparations of human recombinant αA- and αB-crystallins provide a good system in which to study this phenomenon. Both recombinant αA- and αB-crystallins are folded and aggregated to the size of the native α-crystallin. During incubation together, they undergo an intermolecular exchange as shown by native isoelectric focusing. Circular dichroism measurements indicate that the protein with a 3-to-1 ratio of αA- and αB-crystallins has the same secondary structure but somewhat different tertiary structures after exchange: the near-UV CD increases after exchange. The resulting hybrid aggregate is more stable than the individual homogeneous aggregates: at 62 °C, αB-crystallin is more susceptible to aggregation and displays a greater light scattering than αA-crystallin. This heat-induced aggregation of αB-crystallin, however, was suppressed by intermolecular exchange with αA-crystallin. These phenomena are also observed by fast performance liquid chromatography gel filtration patterns. The protein structure of αB-crystallin is stabilized by intermolecular exchange with αA-crystallin.
Nano crystalline porous silicon as large-area electrode for electrochemical synthesis of polypyrrole

Polypyrrole (pPy) films were electrochemically synthesized over the surface of nano-crystalline porous silicon (pSi), platinum (Pt) and polished silicon (Si) substrates. As evidenced by the SEM pictures and the potential time-transient characteristics the polymerized growth is relatively porous, smooth and faster over pSi substrates in comparison to the Pt and polished Si surfaces. The polymerization charge on pSi substrate is significantly enhanced and the high accessible surface area of nano-pSi/pPy structure resulted in an improved redox performance of pPy. Impedance study revealed no change in the diffusion control process for pSi/pPy and Pt/pPy electrodes whereas an increase in Faradaic resistance for pSi/pPy electrode is noticed. Redox properties of pPy on n- and p-type pSi structures were studied using cyclic voltametry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. FESEM was used to study the surface morphology and to further compliment the electrochemical performance of the electrode.
SOCIOLINGUISTIC VARIATION IN AMERICAN SIGN LANGUAGE. Ceil Lucas, Robert Bayley, and Clayton Valli . Washington, DC: Gallaudet University Press, 2001. Pp. xviii + 238. $55.00 cloth.

This is the seventh volume in the highly acclaimed “Sociolinguistics in Deaf Communities” series published by Gallaudet University Press. This volume is the first major attempt to document and analyze linguistic variation in American Sign Language (ASL). Based on seven years of research spread across the United States, including data collected from seven sites (Staunton, VA; Frederick, MD; Boston, MA; New Orleans, LA; Fremont, CA; Olathe, KS, and Kansas City, MO, together; and Bellingham, WA), Sociolinguistic variation in American Sign Language is a major contribution to the growing literature on the linguistics and sociolinguistics of ASL. It seeks to “provide a comprehensive description of the variables and constraints at work in sign language variation” (p. xv), building on the existing linguistic literature dealing with ASL. It succeeds admirably, if not in providing the final word on these complex issues, then by offering not only fascinating insights into sign language variation but also an empirical database that is unmatched in its depth and breadth in the field.
Differential regulation of actin polymerization following activation of resting T lymphocytes from young and aged mice.

Actin polymerization accompan es receptor-mediated responses and is correlated with motility-related events. In T lymphocytes, there is a lateral redistribution of surface receptors into caps and aggregation of actin-myosin in cytoplasmic subcaps, and these are impaired in T cells from aged individuals. This study documents marked changes in age-related cytoskeletal actin filament function which may account for the reduced motility. Basal levels of filamentous actin (F-actin) are significantly higher in purified G0 T cells from aged C57BL/6 mice, due to a preferential increase in the CD8+ subpopulation. Following activation of the resting T cells with Concanavalin A (Con A), F-actin depolymerized in cells from young mice for 2 min, followed by rapid polymerization, reaching a plateau 200% above resting levels. In cells from 15–17-month-old mice, an attenuated depolymerization phase was seen for 45 sec, followed by little polymerization. No depolymerization or polymerization phases occurred in cells from aged mice. Phorbol 12 myristate 13-acetate (PMA), which activates protein kinase C (PKC), bypassing receptor mediated signals, induced actin polymerization to 57% of the levels of that after Con A stimulation in cells from both young and old animals and partially eliminated the differences in actin filament assembly due to age. Perturbation of the cytoskeleton with cytochalasin E (CE) potentiated proliferation of Con A–stimulated T cells from aged mice but did not completely restore the deficit attributed to immunosenescence. The results show an age-related impairment of cytoskeletal functions and suggest that differences in early signal transduction events contribute to the decrements in surface receptor motility and subsequent proliferation of T lymphocytes from older individuals. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Facies in the Lower Kittanning coal bed, Appalachian Basin (U.S.A.)

Abstract Facies changes in the form of maceral and palynomorphic composition and textures are observed in thin sections and polished sections, both vertically and horizontally in the Lower Kittanning coal bed (Allegheny Formation, Middle Pennsylvanian, Westphalian D) over a large area in western Pennsylvania, U.S.A. The lower half of the coal bed is characterized by abundant well-defined telocollinate and thin-walled lycopod spores which are interbedded with thin layers of mixtures of clearly outlined inertodetrinite and vitrodetrinite. The uppermost layer, in places where the coal is thought to be influenced by marine conditions, is characterized by a densosporerich desmocollinite with abundant inertinite cluster (quasigelifusinite). The transitional layers between the lower half and the uppermost layer are dominated by fine-grained vitrinite with disseminated spores of distinctive shape and size ( Punctatisporites sp. and Schopfites sp.). In many places, a clay- or mineral-rich parting with abundant alginite, fragmented megaspores, and clay-filled microspores are also observed in the transitional layers. Any layer composed of unique plant assemblage (a plant community representing a specific environment in time and space) is termed a phytostrome. The unique association of macerals is termed a lithotype. Five genetic lithotypes are recognized: kittosite, herbosite, klastosite, arborosite, and allosite, representing (1) brackish, (2) transitional, (3) limnic, (4) freshwater arboreous, and (5) reworked peat, respectively. The accumulation of the last phase of the Lower Kittanning coal appears to have been influenced by a transgressive sea.
Stereoselective Glycosylations of a Family of 6-Deoxy-1,2-glycals Generated by Catalytic Alkynol Cycloisomerization

Photolysis of 0.25 equiv of W(CO)6 in the presence of tertiary amines (triethylamine or DABCO) and highly functionalized terminal alkynyl alcohols catalyzes single-step, high-yield cycloisomerization to endocyclic enol ethers. This transformation is general for each diastereomeric 3,4-bissilyl ether of 5-hydroxy-1-hexyne, leading to enantio- and diastereoselective syntheses of each isomer of 6-deoxy-1,2-glycals. Stereoselective glycosylations have also been demonstrated for each glycal diastereomer, and have been applied in the preparation of d-digitoxose-β-4-d-digitoxose glycal.
HONOUR AND CONTRACTS: CONTRADICTIONS IN MILITARY COMMAND

Interrelated conflict and transformation are associated with post World War II U.S. military. Conflicts within the command structure are depicted by military officers in their writings. Transformation, characterised by military sociologists as a process of “civilianisation,” has informed understanding over the past few decades. However, neither the officer‐writers‘ “close‐up” perspective nor, in retrospect, the sociologists’ sanguine formulations effectively interrelate structural transformation and conflicts in command. In this respect, these literatures suggest relevant analogies: officer‐writers reflect existential crisis not unlike many traditional peoples experiencing consequences of externally induced economic change; sociological characterisations of “civilianisation,” like those of “modernisation,” fail to account for adverse and conflictual consequences of such “development”. Both the “crisis in command” and sociological failures to explicate it may be related to political economy's transformation of the military. That is the argument entailed in this article.
Bright light, negative air ions and auditory stimuli produce rapid mood changes in a student population: a placebo-controlled study.

Background. Bright light and high-density negative air ion exposure are efficacious for winter and non-seasonal depression compared with a low-density negative ion placebo. Similarly, auditory stimuli improve mood in clinical populations. This study compared the short-term effects of bright light, an auditory stimulus, and high- and low-density negative ions on mood and alertness in mildly depressed and non-depressed adults.Method. One hundred and eighteen subjects, 69 women and 49 men (mean age±S.D., 19·4±1·7 years), participated once across the year. Subjects were randomly assigned to one of four conditions: bright light (10000 lux; n=29), auditory stimuli (60 dB; n=30), or high-density (4·5×1014 ions/s flow rate; n=29) or low-density (1·7×1011 ions/s; n=30; placebo control) negative ions. Exposure was for 30 min on three consecutive evenings between 1900 and 2100 hours. Mood and alertness assessments, using standardized scales, occurred before, and 15 and 30 min during exposure. The Beck Depression Inventory classified subjects as depressed ([ges ]10; n=35) or non-depressed (<10; n=83).Results. The three active stimuli, but not the low-density placebo, reduced depression, total mood disturbance (a global affect measure) and/or anger within 15–30 min. Neither testing season nor degree of depressive symptoms affected response to stimuli.Conclusions. The auditory stimulus, bright light and high-density ions all produced rapid mood changes – with small to medium effect sizes – in depressed and non-depressed subjects, compared with the low-density placebo, despite equivalent pre-study expectations. Thus, these stimuli improve mood acutely in a student sample, including a subset with depressive symptoms.
Low-dose ionizing radiation: induction of differential intracellular signalling possibly affecting intercellular communication

Given the complexity of the carcinogenic process and the lack of any mechanistic understanding of how ionizing radiation at low-level exposures affects the multistage, multimechanism processes of carcinogenesis, it is imperative that concepts and paradigms be reexamined when extrapolating from high dose to low dose. Any health effect directly linked to low-dose radiation exposure must have molecular/biochemical and biological bases. On the other hand, demonstrating some molecular/biochemical or cellular effect, using surrogate systems for the human being, does not necessarily imply a corresponding health effect. Given the general acceptance of an extrapolated LNT model, our current understanding of carcinogenesis cries out for a resolution of a real problem. How can a low-level acute, or even a chronic, exposure of ionizing radiation bring about all the different mechanisms (mutagenic, cytotoxic, and epigenetic) and genotypic/phenotypic changes needed to convert normal cells to an invasive, malignant cell, given all the protective, repair, and suppressive systems known to exist in the human body? Until recently, the prevailing paradigm that ionizing radiation brings about cancer primarily by DNA damage and its conversion to gene and chromosomal mutations, drove our interpretation of radiation carcinogenesis. Today, our knowledge includes the facts both that epigenetic events play a major role in carcinogenesis and that low-dose radiation can also induce epigenetic events in and between cells in tissues. This challenges any simple extrapolation of the LNT model. Although a recent delineation of "hallmarks" of the cancer process has helped to focus on how ionizing radiation might contribute to the induction of cancers, several other hallmarks, previously ignored--namely, the stem cells in tissues as targets for carcinogenesis and the role of cell-cell communication processes in modulating the radiation effects on the target cell--must be considered, particularly for the adaptive response, bystander effects, and genomic instability phenomena.
Diagnostic peritoneal lavage: a review of indications, technique, and interpretation

Diagnostic peritoneal lavage (DPL) is a highly accurate test for evaluating intraperitoneal hemorrhage or a ruptured hollow viscus, but is performed less frequently today due to the increased use of focused abdominal sonography for trauma (FAST) and helical computed tomography (CT). All three of these exams have advantages and disadvantages and thus each still play unique roles in the evaluation of abdominal trauma. Since DPL is performed less frequently today, a review of its indications, technique, and interpretation is pertinent.
Melanocyte-stimulating hormone and learned appetitive behavior.

Cette etude indique que l'administration de α MSH aux rats les fait retenir une tâche appetitive. Un effet sur la perseveration ou la memoire est implique.
Collision Lifetimes and the Thermodynamics of Real Gases

The perfect gas law p/kT=n=Σini (where ni is in molecules per cm3) is inadequate for describing real gases because of the interactions during collisions. By a simple intuitive argument, these interactions can be taken into account exactly if you know the collision lifetimes. The product of collision rate and lifetime gives the concentration of transient collision complexes, which must be considered in the perfect gas law along with the stable species. As a result, the complete virial expansion is obtained, in both quantal and classical mechanics. The argument leads further to a new form for the partition function which includes the continuum as well as bound states. From this all the thermodynamic functions can be obtained.
Multivariate analysis of micro-Raman spectra of thermoplastic polyurethane blends using principal component analysis and principal component regression.

Probing the specific hydrogen-bonding behavior of thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) blends using vibrational spectroscopies remains the sin qua non for understanding the link between hydrogen-bonding and phase-segregation behavior. However, current literature holds to more traditional univariate approaches when studying the morphologically interesting normal molecular vibrations of TPUs. In the present study, multivariate analysis, including principal component analysis (PCA) and principal component regression (PCR), is used to scrutinize the relevant Raman bands acquired from a binary mixture of analogous TPU copolymer blends. Considering the near identical behavior of selected spectral regions, PCA was capable of isolating linear and nonlinear composition-dependent trends on PC-scores plots. From here, the PC scores, extracted from wavelengths comprising the carbonyl stretching region (1681-1764 cm?1), CH2 deformations (1380-1500 cm?1), aromatic stretch from the hard segment (1617 cm?1), and amide II mixed band (1540 cm?1), were used to explicitly predict the mole fraction of hard segment present in each blend using PCR. Spectral preprocessing, wavelength selection, and variable scaling were major factors in PCR accurately predicting the weight fraction of each copolymer in spite of the clearly evident, blend-specific spectroscopic behavior.
Saturated liquid densities for binary hydrocarbon systems

The extension of the rules proposed by Cailletet and Mathias for the sum of the saturated vapor and liquid densities and by Guggenheim for the difference of these densities enabled the development of a method for the prediction of liquid densities for binary hydrocarbon systems at saturated conditions. The theorem by corresponding states indicated that unique relationships should exist between the reduced temperature and the sum and difference of the reduced saturated liquid density and the reduced saturated vapor density. Density data reported by Kay for the systems n-butane—n-heptane, ethane—n-butane, ethane—n-heptane, and ethane—cyclohexane were used to determine the exponents and the coefficients of the resulting equations. The exponents were found to be functions of two temperature parameters, which take into account both the components and composition of the mixture, while their coefficients have been found to depend only on their exponents. It has been previously shown that critical temperatures of binary hydrocarbon systems can be predicted with the two temperature parameters. In this study it has been found that these two parameters can also be applied to determine the critical densities for these binary hydrocarbon systems. Using these critical properties one can directly obtain the saturated liquid densities of binary systems from the two reduced-density relationship. The method developed in this work reproduces the saturated liquid densities of the four systems within 4.8%. In addition saturated densities have been calculated for the ethylene—n-heptane system and checked the experimental values within 3.2%. Because saturated vapor densities are small compared with the saturated liquid densities for conditions removed from the critical point, the sum and difference of the liquid and vapor densities are approximately the same. Thus this method cannot be used with any reliability to determine the densities of saturated vapors. At present this method can be applied only to hydrocarbon mixtures whose atmospheric dew point does not exceed twice its atmospheric boiling point.
The Diffraction of X-Rays by Argon in the Liquid, Vapor, and Critical Regions

The x-ray diffraction pattern of argon has been obtained for 26 different conditions of pressure and temperature ranging from 0.8 atmos. and 84.35\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K to 51.1 atmos. and 168\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K with a variation in density from 1.401 g/cc to 0.038 g/cc. The intensity in each case is given in electron units. The patterns for argon of high density show sharp maxima while those of low density show much less pronounced maxima or none at all. It is noted that there is considerable small angle scattering in patterns for argon near the saturated vapor curve and at moderate or high pressures and temperatures. Six liquid patterns and one vapor pattern have been analyzed for the atomic distribution. At higher pressure and temperature along the saturated vapor curve, the liquid structure gradually becomes less pronounced, and the structure of liquid and vapor near the critical point are generally similar in nature.
Simple “universal” relation between single-scattering model and Monte Carlo results for electron beam spreading in thin foils

Abstract We have computed the beam spreading diameter, b f , of the exit circle containing all but a fraction f of the electrons transmitted through a thin film using both the single-scattering (SS) model of Goldstein et al. and Monte Carlo (MC) simulation. The two calculations are carried out on an equal footing (i.e. using identical input and introducing no unnecessary assumptions into the SS model). For the relativistic screened Rutherford cross section we find that, over the parameter space of usual interest in electron microprobe analysis, b MC f = g f ( t / λ ) b SS f where for fixed f the scaling function g f depends to a very good approximation only on the ratio of film thickness t to elastic mean-free-path λ. Simple analytic expressions are given for g f ( t /λ) with f = 0.01, 0.10 and 0.50 for the SS model of Goldstein et al. which enable quick and accurate estimation of the Monte Carlo results.
A model of community noise pollution

This paper describes a model of the major causes and effects of noise pollution in urban communities. The model is intended to be a preliminary guide to be used by communities in analyzing their noise problems and by academic institutions in conceptual izing the general problem of community noise pollu tion. The use of the model is illustrated by simu lating a fictitious prototype community using a computer program based on the model, and the simula tion is found to yield results which agree with empirical findings for similar communities: (1) air craft constitute the predominant source of community noise when an airport is nearby (8 miles) and (2) attitudinal factors play as large a role as physical ones in determining the degree to which people are annoyed by noise.
Blockade of the second messenger functions of the glutamate metabotropic receptor is associated with degenerative changes in the retina and brain of immature rodents

Abstract Activation of metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR) by Glu or related mGluR agonists triggers phosphoinositide (PI) hydrolysis, intracellular Ca2+ mobilization and protein kinase C activation. These mGluR agonist-stimulated events are inhibited strongly by 2-amino-3-phosphono- l -propionic acid (L-AP3) and l -aspartate-β-hydroxamate (L-AβH), and much more weakly by D-AP3 and l -serine-O-phosphate (L-SOP). Daily s.c. administration of DL-AP3 subchronically to infant rodents causes the developing retina and optic nerves to degenerate. In the present study, we describe the evolution of the cytopathological reaction in the developing rodent retina following DL-AP3 treatment and show that DL-AP3 can induce similar cytopathological changes in several regions of the immature rodent brain. In addition, we show that the retinotoxic action of DL-AP3 is mimicked by L-AβH but not by L-SOP, and that L-AP3 is a much stronger retinotoxin that D-AP3. These observations suggest a possible mechanistic link between the PI-hydrolysis blocking action and retinotoxic action. Our findings are consistent with the hypothesis that under normal physiological circumstances, the Glu metabotropic receptor through its PI-hydrolysis-linked second messenger functions provides vitally important support for developing neurons, and that disruption of this support can cause widespread neuronal degeneration.
Serial assessment of mitral regurgitation by pulsed Doppler echocardiography in patients undergoing balloon aortic valvuloplasty.

Abstract Mitral regurgitation was serially assessed by pulsed Doppler echocardiography in 144 patients undergoing balloon aortic valvuloplasty for symptomatic aortic stenosis. Regurgitant scores of 0, 1, 2 and 3 were assigned to pulsed Doppler patterns corresponding to no, mild, moderate and severe mitral regurgitation, respectively. Before balloon aortic valvuloplasty, mitral regurgitant score correlated significantly (p Pulsed Doppler findings of mitral regurgitation were present in 102 of the 144 patients. Eighty-eight patients had a score compatible with mild or more severe degrees of mitral regurgitation, and 49 had a score indicative of moderate or severe valvular insufficiency. In the entire group of 144 patients, mitral regurgitant score decreased significantly from 1.1 ± 1.0 to 1.0 ± 1.0 (p This study shows that mitral regurgitation is common in adult patients undergoing balloon aortic valvuloplasty, that it is weakly and inversely correlated with left ventricular ejection fraction, aortic valve area and left ventricular systolic pressure and that its severity decreases after balloon aortic valvuloplasty. A decrease in the severity of mitral regurgitation may be an important mechanism for symptomatic improvement after aortic valvuloplasty.
Prevalence of hemochromatosis-related symptoms among individuals with mutations in the HFE gene.

Objective To determine the prevalence of hemochromatosis-related symptoms in homozygotes for the HFE mutation C282Y compared with controls without HFE mutations identified through a large screening program of subjects attending a health appraisal center. Subjects and Methods Presence of symptoms commonly associated with clinical hemochromatosis was ascertained by self-report on a written questionnaire among C282Y homozygotes and HFE wild-type subjects of white or Hispanic ethnicity identified from screening 41,599 adult subjects between March 1999 and August 2001. A subset of C282Y homozygotes and wild-type subjects identified from 12,756 subjects attending the center in the final year of the study completed a standardized double-blind interview with a physician regarding the presence, duration, and severity of a larger set of symptoms. Prevalence of symptoms among C282Y homozygotes and wild-type controls ascertained by written questionnaire and interview were compared by χ 2 analysis or Fisher exact test. Symptoms among subjects with other combinations of the C282Y and H63D HFE mutations were also assessed by questionnaire. Results The 124 C282Y homozygotes who filled out the written questionnaire and the 17 C282Y homozygotes who completed the physician double-blind interview reported no significantly higher rates of arthritis or joint pain, abdominal pain, arrhythmias, darkening of skin, or other symptoms traditionally associated with hemochromatosis compared with the 22,429 wild-type controls who filled out the written questionnaire and 29 wild-type controls who completed the double-blind interview. The only symptom reported more frequently by C282Y homozygotes was loss of body hair, reported by 5 C282Y/C282Y female subjects compared with 1 wild-type male subject ( P =.02) in the physician interview. Symptoms among subjects with other HFE genotypes were similar to symptoms of wild-type subjects. Conclusions Results of this study indicate that many of the symptoms associated with hemochromatosis are common among HFE wild types and that clinical penetrance of the C282Y/C282Y genotype in regard to these symptoms is low.
C-nociceptor sensitization by isoprostanes is cyclooxygenase dependent.

Abstract Isoprostane E2 (8-iso-PGE) and F2α (8-iso-PGF) sensitize nociceptors and capsaicin-sensitive DRG neurons. In this study we investigated the cyclooxygenase-dependence of isoprostane-induced C-nociceptor sensitization. Systemic pretreatment of rats with ketorolac (1 and 10 mg/kg) abolished 8-iso-PGF sensitization and reduced the effects of 8-iso-PGE. Ibuprofen (30 mg/kg) blocked all sensitizing effects. These data suggest that some algesic properties of isoprostanes are mediated via prostanoid synthesis.
Understanding Practice Issues with American Indians: Listening to Practitioner Voices

There is a dearth of literature on practice with American Indians that adequately translates cultural knowledge, such as the historical and contemporary experiences of this population, into direct skills for practice. The literature insinuates a need for practitioner knowledge of these experiences to provide culturally appropriate services. However, it does not directly address how practitioners, especially non-Indian practitioners, can turn that knowledge into practice skills. The qualitative study reported in this paper contributes to filling this gap in the literature. Analysis of data collected from Indian practitioners uncovers five themes and the skills for their application in culturally respectful practice.
Effect of small changes in temperature on CA1 pyramidal cells from rat hippocampal slices during hypoxia: implications about the mechanism of hypothermic protection against neuronal damage.

Abstract Small reductions in temperature have been shown to improve neurologic recovery after ischemia. We have examined the effect of temperature on biochemical and physiological changes during hypoxia using rat hippocampal slices as a model system. The postsynaptic population spike recorded from the CA1 pyramidal cell region of slices subjected to 7 min of hypoxia with hypothermia (34°C) recovered to 73% of its prehypoxic level; slices subjected to the same period of hypoxia at 37°C did not recover. After 7 min of hypoxia ATP fell to 48% of its prehypoxic concentration at 34°C and 30% at 37°C. Potassium fell to 86% during 7 min of hypoxia with hypothermia, this compares to a fall to 58% at 37°C. The increase in sodium after 7 min of hypoxia was also attenuated by hypothermia (133% vs. 163% of its prehypoxic concentration). When the hypoxic period was shortened to 3 min (37°C) the population spike recovered to 94%. If the temperature was increased to 40°C there was only 7% recovery of the population spike after 3 min of hypoxia. With hyperthermia (40°C), ATP fell to 33% after 3 min of hypoxia, this compares to 81% at normothermia. Potassium fell to 76% after 3 min of hypoxia with hyperthermia, this compares to 91% at 37°C. Sodium concentrations increased with hyperthermia before hypoxia, at 3 min of hypoxia there was no significant difference between the hyperthermic and normothermic tissue; there was a large increase in sodium with hyperthermia after 5 min of hypoxia (209% vs. 146%). We conclude that the improved recovery after hypothermic hypoxia is at least in part due to the attenuated changes in ATP, potassium and sodium during hypoxia and that the worsened recovery with hyperthermia is due to an exacerbation of the change in ATP, potassium and sodium concentrations during hypoxia.
The fate of terrigenous dissolved organic carbon in a river-influenced ocean margin

The mineralization of terrigenous dissolved organic carbon (tDOC) discharged by rivers can impact nutrient and trace metal cycling, biological productivity, net ecosystem metabolism, and air-sea CO2 exchange in ocean margins. However, the extreme heterogeneity of river-influenced ocean margins represents a major challenge for quantitative assessments of tDOC transformations and thereby obscures the role of tDOC in biogeochemical cycles. Here a lignin-based optical proxy for tDOC and a shelf-wide mass balance approach were used to quantitatively assess the fate of tDOC discharged from the Mississippi-Atchafalaya River System (M-ARS) to the Louisiana shelf. The mass balance revealed that ~40% of the tDOC discharged by the M-ARS during March 2009–2010 was mineralized to CO2 on the Louisiana shelf, with two thirds of the mineralization taking place in the mixed layer. A strong seasonality in tDOC mineralization was observed, with mineralization rates severalfold higher during summer than during winter. Independent assessments of specific mineralization processes indicated biomineralization accounted for ~94% of the tDOC mineralization on an annual basis and suggest that photochemical transformations of tDOC enhanced biomineralization by ~50% in the mixed layer. Direct photomineralization accounted for a relatively small fraction (~6%) of the tDOC mineralization on an annual basis. This quantitative assessment directly confirms that ocean margins are major sinks of the tDOC discharged by rivers and indicates that tDOC mineralization rates in the shelf mixed layer are sufficiently large to influence whether the Louisiana shelf is a net sink or source of atmospheric CO2.
Role of the Spleen in Experimental Neonatal Infections and Transplantation

Abstract The spleen is a significant part of an infant's reticuloendothelial system, but there are diverse opinions regarding its function in immune responses. In 1952 King and Schumaker reported a high incidence of fatal bacterial infections in infants following splenectomy. 1 Since then there have been recurrent clinical reports reemphasizing an assumed importance of splenic function for antibacterial defenses in young infants. 2–4 To study special attributes of splenic tissue, as contrasted with other components of the reticuloendothelial pool, a series of experiments related to splenic function have been undertaken over the last several years.
Coping with impending stress: psychophysiological and cognitive correlates of choice

When faced with threat of shock, individuals were allowed to choose to distract themselves by listening to Muzak or to monitor cues predicting shock. Preference for monitoring information or for distraction was investigated concurrently with electrodermal and subjective arousal. Subjects preferred to monitor rather than distract themselves, particularly when shock was avoidable. Even when shock was not avoidable, some preference for information was found. Arousal, physiological and subjective, was consistently higher under monitoring conditions, and this was most pronounced when shock was unavoidable. Higher arousal accompanying information is contrary to the three major theories explaining choice of predictable threat, and the outline of a new hypothesis was proposed to account for these data.
Novel Role of ARF6 in Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor–Induced Signaling and Angiogenesis

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) stimulates endothelial cell (EC) migration and proliferation primarily through the VEGF receptor-2 (VEGFR2). We have shown that VEGF stimulates a Rac1-dependent NAD(P)H oxidase to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) that are involved in VEGFR2 autophosphorylation and angiogenic-related responses in ECs. The small GTPase ARF6 is involved in membrane trafficking and cell motility; however, its roles in VEGF signaling and physiological responses in ECs are unknown. In this study, we show that overexpression of dominant-negative ARF6 [ARF6(T27N)] almost completely inhibits VEGF-induced Rac1 activation, ROS production, and VEGFR2 autophosphorylation in ECs. Fractionation of caveolae/lipid raft membranes demonstrates that ARF6, Rac1, and VEGFR2 are localized in caveolin-enriched fractions basally. VEGF stimulation results in the release of VEGFR2 from caveolae/lipid rafts and caveolin-1 without affecting localization of ARF6, Rac1, or caveolin-1 in these fractions. The egress of VEGFR2 from caveolae/lipid rafts is contemporaneous with the tyrosine phosphorylation of caveolin-1 (Tyr14) and VEGFR2 and with their association with each other. ARF6(T27N) significantly inhibits both VEGF-induced responses. Immunofluorescence studies show that activated VEGFR2 and phosphocaveolin colocalize at focal complexes/adhesions after VEGF stimulation. Both overexpression of ARF6(T27N) and mutant caveolin-1(Y14F), which cannot be phosphorylated, block VEGF-stimulated EC migration and proliferation. Moreover, ARF6 expression is markedly upregulated in association with an increase in capillary density in a mouse hindlimb ischemia model of angiogenesis. Thus, ARF6 is involved in the temporal-spatial organization of caveolae/lipid rafts- and ROS-dependent VEGF signaling in ECs as well as in angiogenesis in vivo.