cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
15 – THE MULTICOMPONENT IDEAL GAS

This chapter discusses the properties of multicomponent gas in detail. A multicomponent gas refers to a mixture of gases. The extensive variables such as U, S, V, and N for multicomponent gas remain same as derived for a single-component ideal gas. The expressions for the multicomponent ideal gas are obtained simply by summing over the expressions for all component gases. These in turn are obtained by considering the expressions for the single-component gas to be those for the i th component and labeling them accordingly.
Fielding Dawson's "Certain Overflow Willingness"

"Call me Fee," he might have said, for he stood like Melville's Ishmael, strange to the overcast dusk of E. 19th Street where he has lived many of his Manhattan years. His head was not thrown back and he was not laughing, as in a photograph he once seemed to like for book jackets. Fielding Dawson was taller and grayer than I had expected; his looming figure seemed almost generative of the side walk's splotchy chiaroscuro. It was misting a little. No one had umbrellas. Instead of the Melville opener (and he is a Melville man), Fielding spoke my name and led me through the wrought iron street gate, up stairs to the loft where he and Barbara live. There was my friend, his wife Barbara, darkly beau tiful in an aroma of simmering borscht, with a bouquet of onions, parsley, and salad greens on the kitchen table before her. It was the beginning of a night I remember as high key, like the reds and cadmiums of Fielding's paintings and collages hung around the room. It had come about because Seymour Krim introduced me to Barbara Dawson some months before, or at least had her look me up when she was on a temporary child-psychology consultant's job in Ala bama. She invited me to visit them in their loft, to meet Fielding, to see their Franz Kline memorabilia the next time I was in New York City. This was it, but not one of those set-up interviews with tape recorder and questions stem ming from the interviewer's having done the usual homework. We had no trouble conversing, Fielding and I; in fact, we were not as thought ful of Barbara as we might have been in our duet for hours over wine and a wonderful dinner and after-dinner drinks until dawn at Max's Kansas City. At the time I had read only two Dawson works: An Emotional Memoir of Franz Kline (Pantheon, 1967) and The Black Mountain Book (Crot?n Press, 1970). At least I had read two, which is more than most Kline devotees could say of the first published book, not to mention the New York literary vigilantes who missed in both works the onslaught of an intrepid newcomer to American letters. The Kline Memoir, now lamentably out of print, is filled with youthful homo sexual anxieties for the late painter and all kinds of sublimated searching for a father figure. It also offers close-up after close-up of Kline: at Black Mountain College (where he taught and where Fielding Dawson was a student from 1949 53), at the old Cedar Bar in Manhattan, in the company of his wife, among his peers of that most exciting period in American painting (the late 50's/early 60's era of Kline, deKooning, Pollock, Tworkov, Guston, Motherwell, et al. ). Further, Memoir is one of those unabashed pieces of writing which are supposed to have died out with Thomas Wolfe (an admitted early influence, still evident in the crescendo passages in Dawson's fiction). There is something indeed intrepid about a writer who dared to refer to himself as a "jeun Telemachus." Perhaps Dawson anticipated a current generation which feels akin to the "jeun Tele
Gudykunst, William B

William B. Gudykunst was born in Manning, Iowa in 1947 and grew up in Glendale, Arizona. His first extended cross-cultural experience came after he completed the M.A. at Arizona State. He served as an intercultural relations specialist in Yokosuka, Japan where he conducted training designed to help U.S. naval personnel and their families adjust to living and working in Japan. After the Navy, he attended the University of Minnesota where he earned a Ph.D. in 1977. Gudykunst was a prolific author and editor of more than 28 books, including Bridging Differences (1998), Cross-Cultural and Intercultural Communication (2003), and Communicating with Strangers: An Approach to Intercultural Communication. Keywords: anxiety; cultural adaptation; communication
Two-component signal transduction systems Structure-function relationships and mechanisms of catalysis

Two-component systems are signal-transducing ATPases that use energy released from ATP hydrolysis to effect responses to changing environmental conditions. The phosphorylated aspartate is contained within another type of protein termed a response regulator, which undergoes a phosphorylation-induced conformational change that serves to elicit a response. The histidine kinase domain is invariably flanked by sequences that are not conserved within the family and supply specific regulatory functions. The essential features are kinase dimerization, nucleotide binding, and histidine phosphorylation. A proton donor would also be expected to facilitate the transfer reaction from acyl phosphates through general acid catalysis. There are two ways in which the kinases modulate the rate of response regulator phosphorylation. First, the rate of histidine phosphorylation controls the availability of phosphodonor. This aspect of kinase function is an inherent feature of the kinase proteins, independent of the regulators. The second mechanism involves protein-protein contacts between the kinases and their cognate regulators that enhance the rate and determine the specificity of regulator phosphorylation. Many histidine kinases function to facilitate the rate of dephosphorylation of their cognate response regulators. Histidine kinases must bind the dephosphorylated form of the regulators and release the phosphorylated form. When the rate of histidine phosphorylation is high, the phosphotransfer reaction would predominate; when the rate of histidine phosphorylation is low, the dephosphorylation reaction would be favored.
Mass spectrometric analyses of the activation products of the third component of complement

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the characterization of C3 molecule and its fragments at the protein level cataloging any posttranslational covalent modifications using mass spectrometric methods. Biological mass spectrometry offers an additional protein chemistry level perspective on the C3 problem and in general to large glycoproteins. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) analyses in a complementary sense along with other protein chemistry techniques provide a comprehensive and definitive evaluation of C3 molecules and the derived fragments. Employing reducing agents such as tributylphosphine (TBP) to generate individual polypeptide chains for mass spectrometric characterization led to an interesting observation concerning one particular disulfide in the C3 molecule formed between αCys 816 and βCys 559 . The use of this reagent in conjunction with mass spectrometric techniques allows a probing of the conformational structure around this particular region in the molecule.
From Magnetic Mines to DNA and Consciousness

Francis Crick. Discoverer of the Genetic Code. By Matt Ridley. Atlas Books (HarperCollins), New York, 2006. 223 pp. $19.95, C$25.95. ISBN 0-06-082333-X. Eminent Lives. In this latest addition to the "Eminent Lives" series, the author offers nonspecialists a concise account of Crick9s life and multi-disciplinary science.
Managing fairness: reward distribution in a self-organized online game player community

Reward distribution is essential to the wellbeing of self-organized online game player communities. This paper adopted a case-study approach to investigate how a particular player community managed fairness in sharing rewards among members. The results found that the community primarily relied on a raid point based auction system for reward distribution. Perceived fairness was managed as various written policies focusing on two dimensions: behavior regulation and resource management. The guiding principles of fairness management were identified and articulated. So was the role of structural features of the game and the community in triggering policy discussion. Finally, the implications for future research was discussed.
The Long Bow or Lucretius, Book IV, Line 817

For some time a title has been revolving in my mind--"In the Region Where Reason Reels." Naturally, I have rejected it as a piece of unbecoming flippancy, but only to have another title spring up to take its place-"In the Land Where Logic Lapses." I knew then that I could not escape the compulsion of dealing with the subject, even though no reader may ever be able to butter any bread with what he reads; he will still have to look up his own law. My text is a little tidbit from one of Mr. Justice Holmes' letters to Harold Laski, who, I hasten to add as a matter of personal privilege, was quite a different kind of Lasky. I have not been able to place my finger on the text, but it went something like this:
The Matching Problem Has No Fully Polynomial Size Linear Programming Relaxation Schemes

Recently, Rothvos established that every linear program (LP) expressing the matching polytope has an exponential number of inequalities (formally, the matching polytope has exponential extension complexity). We generalize this result by deriving strong bounds on the LP inapproximability of the matching problem: for fixed $0 , every $(1 - \varepsilon / n)$ -approximating LP requires an exponential number of inequalities, where $n$ is the number of vertices. This is sharp, given the well-known $\rho $ -approximation of size $O\binom {n}{1/(1 - \rho )}$ provided by the odd-sets of size up to $1/(1 - \rho )$ . Thus, matching is the first problem in $P$ , which does not admit a fully polynomial-size LP relaxation scheme (the LP equivalent of an Fully Polynomial-Time Approximation Scheme), which provides a sharp separation from the polynomial-size LP relaxation scheme obtained, e.g., through constant-sized odd-sets mentioned above. Analyzing the size of LP formulations is equivalent to examining the nonnegative rank of matrices. We study the nonnegative rank through an information–theoretic approach; while it reuses key ideas from Rothvos, the main lower bounding technique is different: we employ the information–theoretic notion of Wyner’s common information used for studying LP formulations. This allows us to analyze the nonnegative rank of perturbations of slack matrices, e.g., the approximations of the matching polytope. It turns out that the high extension complexity for the matching problem stems from the same source of hardness as in the case of the correlation polytope: a direct sum structure.
A Multi-Megajoule Inertial-Inductive Energy Storage System

An inertial-inductive energy storage system is described, made up of modules each storing, nominally, ten megajoules. The energy in each module is stored initially in two counter-rotating flywheels which are arranged inside an air-cored inductor to form a self-excited homopolar generator. The storage inductor is also the primary of an air-cored transformer; the primary circuit is broken by a pressurized SF6 circuit breaker, commutated by a circuit containing a capacitor and a fuse. The function of the fuse is to disconnect the commutating circuit after it has performed its function and thereby minimize the size of the commutating capacitor. The output of the system is taken from the secondary of the transformer, and will be used to drive imploding liners as part of the LINUS program. The rationale of this approach is discussed and the prototype module is described.
Strategies for Engaging Men as Anti-Violence Allies: Implications for Ally Movements

As ally movements become an increasingly prevalent element of social justice efforts, research is needed that illuminates effective strategies to initially engage members of privileged social groups in anti-oppression work. This study presents descriptive findings regarding ally engagement strategies and barriers from a qualitative study of a particular ally movement – male anti-violence against women activism. Twenty-seven men who recently initiated involvement in an organization or event dedicated to ending sexual or domestic violence were interviewed regarding their perceptions of effective approaches to reaching and engaging other men in anti-violence work. Participants viewed tailored engagement strategies that tap into existing social networks, that allow men to see themselves reflected in anti-violence movements, and that help men make personal, emotional connections to the issue of violence as most effective. Implications for engaging men in the project of ending violence against women, and for ally movements more generally are discussed.
Interactions of pseudorabies virus with swine alveolar macrophages: effects of virus infection on cell functions

In order to assess the effect of pseudorabies virus (PRV) infection on the function of swine alveolar macrophages (AM), lung lavage cells were cultured, infected with one of six strains of PRV, and various activities were measured. Activity measurement included viability, phagocytosis of yeast, phagosome-lysosome fusion, phagocytosis of opsonized particles, and superoxide release. AM were infected with 5 x 10(-3) PFU/cell, and the comparative assessment of functions was performed at 18-20 h postinfection. Cell viability in PRV-infected cultures ranged from 79 to 94% of the viability in noninfected cultures. Phagocytosis of yeast was significantly reduced only in the AM cultures infected with the strain S-62. Phagosome-lysosome fusion was depressed in cultures infected with the strains S-62, 4892, 3816, and BUK. The phagocytosis of opsonized sheep red blood cells showed significant differences between noninfected and PRV-infected cultures in all cases except cultures infected with the strain PRV-C. The O2 release after stimulation with opsonized zymosan was significantly reduced in all the PRV-infected cultures. The effect of PRV infection on AM functions that are related to the bacterial activity of such cells suggests that PRV-induced AM dysfunction might have a role in the increased susceptibility of PRV-infected pigs to bacterial pneumonia.
Repression of GCN5 histone acetyltransferase activity via bromodomain-mediated binding and phosphorylation by the Ku-DNA-dependent protein kinase complex.

GCN5, a putative transcriptional adapter in humans and yeast, possesses histone acetyltransferase (HAT) activity which has been linked to GCN5’s role in transcriptional activation in yeast. In this report, we demonstrate a functional interaction between human GCN5 (hGCN5) and the DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) holoenzyme. Yeast two-hybrid screening detected an interaction between the bromodomain of hGCN5 and the p70 subunit of the human Ku heterodimer (p70-p80), which is the DNA-binding component of DNA-PK. Interaction between intact hGCN5 and Ku70 was shown biochemically using recombinant proteins and by coimmunoprecipitation of endogenous proteins following chromatography of HeLa nuclear extracts. We demonstrate that the catalytic subunit of DNA-PK phosphorylates hGCN5 both in vivo and in vitro and, moreover, that the phosphorylation inhibits the HAT activity of hGCN5. These findings suggest a possible regulatory mechanism of HAT activity.
Role of oxygen in growth of carbon nanotubes on SiC

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) grown on SiC are metal-free, well-aligned, and with low structural defects. In this study, CNT formation on SiC is examined in high vacuum (10-5torr) and ultra-high vacuum (10-8torr). Multi-wall carbon nanotubes and graphitic structures are the main products on the SiC surface at 1400-1800°C in 10-5torr. Under ultra-high vacuum, the decomposition rate of SiC is much lower than in high vacuum, indicating that SiC is decomposed by oxidation reaction. Using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), the intensity of the O1s peak at 530.3 eV decreases with increasing take-off angle, indicating that this oxygen species exists on the walls of CNTs. The results show that oxygen with a low pressure not only oxidizes SiC, but also forms a highly thermally stable carbon-oxygen compound, and interacts with the CNTs at high temperatures.
A hybrid framework for resource allocation among multiple agents moving on discrete environments

We consider the problem of controlling a multi-agent system whose agents move across discrete locations. The agents attempt to extract resources from the environment while the environment, which may vary as the system evolves, distributes its resources according to the agents requests. The environment is modeled as a network of discrete nodes. Our ultimate goal is to design the dynamical policies that determine the behavior of agents and nodes, such that the usage of resources in the network is optimized. We propose a hybrid model to describe both agents and nodes. Several components of this model are design variables that may be obtained analytically. We then formulate an optimization problem that may be decomposed into two hierarchical optimization problems: an integer optimization problem that considers the distribution of agents among the nodes of the network; and a convex optimization problem within each node that corresponds to the distribution of resources of each node among its resident agents. We show that the optimization problem within each node is a special case of the formulation that models congestion control algorithms in the internet. We then use available results to solve a portion of the proposed hybrid description for agents and nodes. Moreover, we show that the resulting continuous dynamics are globally asymptotically stable, with their equilibrium point coinciding with the solution of the optimization problem. As a consequence, the proposed continuous dynamics yield an interconnected system that is stable on each possible configuration of agents and nodes. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley and Sons Asia Pte Ltd and Chinese Automatic Control Society
Notch and delta mRNAs in early‐stage and mid‐stage drosophila embryos exhibit complementary patterns of protein‐producing potentials

Notch and Delta proteins generate Notch signaling that specifies cell fates during animal development. There is an intriguing phenomenon in Drosophila embryogenesis that has not received much attention and whose significance to embryogenesis is unknown. Notch and Delta mRNAs expressed in early-stage embryos are shorter than their counterparts in mid-stage embryos. We show here that the difference in sizes is due to mRNA 3' processing at alternate polyadenylation sites. While the early-stage Notch mRNA has a lower protein-producing potential than the mid-stage Notch mRNA, the early-stage Delta mRNA has a higher protein-producing potential than the mid-stage Delta mRNA. Our data can explain the complementary patterns of Notch and Delta protein levels in early- and mid-stage embryos. Our data also raise the possibility that the manner and regulation of Notch signaling change in the course of embryogenesis and that this change is effected by 3' UTR and mRNA 3' processing factors.
Competitive adsorption and thermodynamic incompatibility of mixing of β-casein and gum arabic at the air–water interface

Competitive adsorption of β-casein and gum arabic glycoprotein (GAGP) at the air–water interface has been investigated using a surface radiotracer method. Adsorption isotherms revealed that the binding affinity of GAGP to the air–water interface was about an order of magnitude lower than that of proteins. However, the saturated monolayer coverage for GAGP was about 250 mg m−2 compared to 1–2 mg m−2 for proteins. In competitive adsorption experiments involving simultaneous adsorption of β-casein and GAGP from a bulk mixture, β-casein dynamically displaced GAGP from the interface. At <8% β-casein to GAGP bulk concentration ratio, β-casein effectively inhibited adsorption of GAGP to the air–water interface. However, the ability of β-casein to displace GAGP was greatly reduced when the latter was present as a pre-formed film at the air–water interface. This was due to thermodynamic incompatibility of mixing of β-casein in the GAGP film. The incompatibility parameter, X12, for mixing of β-casein and GAGP at the air–water interface is 0.84; this value was much greater than that for most protein mixtures. The unfavorable free energy of mixing between GAGP and β-casein at the air–water interface was about 1.3 Kcal mol−1 at 25 °C.
Translocated heat injury II

Abstract Translocated heat injury (THI) was quantified by measuring the heat dosage (s at 55 °C challenge heat) necessary to cause injury to a previously nonheated leaf when the opposite leaf was heated 10 s at 70 °C (predisposition heat) in comparison with the heat necessary to cause injury to control leaves. The direct heat equivalent of THI averaged 5·9, 3·2 and 5·7 s at 55 °C for 50% injury to bean, cowpea and cucumber, respectively. This was 0·43, 0·24 and 0·26, respectively, of the dosage causing direct heat injury. The maximum values were 0·88, 1·3 and 1·4, respectively, of the dosage for direct heat injury. When the distal halves of leaves received the predisposition heat and the proximal halves of the same leaves were challenged, the direct heat equivalent of the THI was greater than when opposite leaves were used. THI is inferred from the greater heat dosage necessary to cause injury when a single leaf on a plant with two leaves was heated, in comparison with the heat necessary to cause injury when the leaf on a plant with only one leaf was heated. THI is inferred from the greater heat necessary to cause injury when one of the two twin leaves was heated, in comparison with the injury when both twin leaves were heated, but THI by these last two methods was less than by the first two methods indicated. When the distal half of rust-infested leaves was heated 40 s at 65 °C, the rust was killed up to 15 mm beyond the heated tissue.
Pluriharmonic maps into Kähler symmetric spaces and Sym’s formula

A construction due to Sym and Bobenko recovers constant mean curvature surfaces in euclidean 3-space from their harmonic Gauss maps. We generalize this construction to higher dimensions and codimensions replacing the surface by a complex manifold and the sphere (the target space of the Gauss map) by a Kahler symmetric space of compact type with its standard embedding into the Lie algebra $${\mathfrak{g}}$$ of its transvection group. Thus we obtain a new class of immersed Kahler submanifolds of $${\mathfrak{g}}$$ and we derive their properties.
Wind streaks on Mars: Meteorological control of occurence and mode of formation

Abstract Why do some craters on Mars produce depositional wind streaks, while others produce erosional ones? There is no evidence to suggest that crater morphology or topography plays the determining role. Some craters can form either type of streak at different times of the Martian year, suggesting that the controlling factor is meteorological. We propose that atmospheric stability is the determining factor: a stable atmosphere should lead to blocking of the wind flow by crater rims producing wind shadows over distances comparable to those of observed bright streaks. Such conditions should prevail in a belt about the equator at the time of major dust storms. As the atmosphere becomes more transparent following the end of the dust storms, the rate of surface heating increases and the stability of the atmosphere is reduced. Under such conditions, blocking is not expected. Flow over obstacles results in increased surface stress downwind, conditions which encourage the formation of erosional dark streaks. These ideas are shown to be consistent with the seasons at which erosional and depositional streaks are formed, as well as with their distribution on the planet. Specifically, the scheme explains why craters which have both erosional and depositional streaks occur only within a very restricted latitude belt.
The public cryptography study group

Abstract The Public Cryptography Study Group was created by the American Council on Education in the spring of 1980 to examine concerns expressed by the Director of NSA caused by the rapid growth of interest in cryptology as a means for the protection of data files. Written by a participant in the study, this paper discusses many of the issues that came before the committee, including the danger to security systems produced by inadvertent or malicious disclosure of weak points in the system which would render it ineffective. It concludes by summarizing the recommendations in the final report of the PCSG, and describes the implementation of the voluntary review procedure recently announced by the Director of NSA. The procedures are designed to decrease the danger to public, private and governmental national security, without impeding the growth of nongovernmental research.
16 m.y. of hotspot and nonhotspot volcanism on the Patton-Murray seamount platform, Gulf of Alaska

Age-progressive, linear seamount chains in the northeast Pacific appear to have formed as the Pacific plate passed over a set of stationary hotspots; however, some anomalously young ages and the lack of an “enriched” isotopic signature in basalts from the seamounts do not fit the standard hotspot model. For example, published ages (28–30 Ma) for basalts dredged from the Patton-Murray seamount platform in the Gulf of Alaska are 2–4 m.y. younger than the time when the platform was above the Cobb hotspot. However, the lowermost basalt recovered by ocean drilling on Patton-Murray yielded a 40 Ar- 39 Ar age of 33 Ma. This age exactly coincides with the time when the seamount platform was above the Cobb hotspot, consistent with a stationary, long-lived mantle plume. A 27 Ma alkalic basalt flow recovered 8 m above the 33 Ma basalt is similar in age and composition to the previously dredged basalts, and may be the alkalic capping phase typical of many hotspot volcanoes. A 17 Ma tholeiitic basalt sill recovered 5 m above the 27 Ma basalt was emplaced long after the seamount platform moved away from the hotspot, and may be associated with a period of intraplate extension. Anomalously young phases of volcanism on this and other hotspot seamounts suggest that they can be volcanically rejuvenated by nonhotspot causes, but this rejuvenation does not rule out the hotspot model as an explanation for the initial creation of the seamount platform. The lack of an “enriched” isotopic signature in any of these basalts shows that enriched compositions are not necessary characteristics of plume-related basalts. The isotopic compositions of the lower basalts are slightly more depleted than the 0–9 Ma products of the Cobb hotspot, despite the fact that the hotspot was closer to a spreading ridge at 0–9 Ma. It appears that this hotspot, like several others, has become more enriched with time.
Amphetamine attenuation of tonic immobility in chickens

Contrary to the contention that the duration of tonic immobility may reflect monotonic changes in arousal, different doses of d-amphetamine were shown to differentially antagonize the reaction in chickens. Not only were response durations abbreviated, but amphetamine was also found to diminish overall susceptibility to immobility. The possibility of an amphetamine-induced increase in general activity as an alternative account of immobility attenuation was ruled out in the second experiment. In a third experiment, it was shown that the effect of amphetamine on response duration could be abolished by pretreatment with parachlorophenylalanine.
Neuronal habituation and sensitization in the reticular formation of the rat

Plasticity of reticular formation neuronal responses to repetitive sensory stimulation was studied in locally anesthetized paralyzed rats. Eighty-four percent of neuronal responses studied (n = 80) showed either decrement, increment, or increment followed by decrement in responses to repetitive sensory stimulation. Effects of stimulus parameters on neuronal plasticity were similar to effects reported for plasticity of behavioral and neuronal responses in other organisms. Spontaneous activity usually decreased as a result of stimulus repetition, although exceptions were noted. Latency from stimulus onset to first spike discharge increased during the course of stimulus repetition. Dishabituation was evident for many of the units tested, particularly for strong extra stimuli such as tail pinches. No differential location of neurons within the reticular core with respect to characteristics of plasticity was observed.
Convergence of Generalized MUSCL Schemes

Semidiscrete generalizations of the second order extension of Godunov’s scheme, known as the MUSCL scheme, are constructed, starting with any three point “E” scheme. They are used to approximate scalar conservation laws in one space dimension. For convex conservation laws, each member of a wide class is proven to be a convergent approximation to the correct physical solution. Comparison with another class of high resolution convergent schemes is made.
Claes G. H. Rooth (1928–2011)

Claes G. H. Rooth, professor emeritus at the University of Miami's Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science (RSMAS), died in Falmouth, Mass., on 17 January 2011. Claes's research focused on oceanic and atmospheric dynamics. He was a pioneer in the application of theoretical fluid mechanics to the oceanic and atmospheric sciences, and he played a major role in the development of numerical ocean circulation and coupled climate models. Claes possessed an unusually broad knowledge of oceanic and atmospheric sciences. His research activities included studies of the ventilation of deep ocean basins by convective overturning; studies of intensive air-sea interactions in coastal regions; the use of transient tracers to understand general circulation in the oceans; and the integration of the fields of physical oceanography with those of marine chemistry, biology, and fisheries.
“No Wash” Albumin-Dextran Dilution for Double-Unit Cord Blood Transplantation is Safe with High Rates of Sustained Donor Engraftment

Abstract Washing cord blood (CB) grafts involves product manipulation and may result in cell loss. We investigated double-unit CB transplantation (CBT) using red blood cell (RBC)–depleted units diluted with albumin-dextran in patients with hematologic malignancies. One-hundred thirty-six patients (median age, 43 years; range, 4 to 71; median weight, 69 kilograms (kg); range, 24 to 111) underwent transplantation with a 4/6 to 6/6 HLA-matched graft. Patients ≤ 20 kg were excluded, as they only received washed units. Units were diluted a median of 8 fold to a median volume of 200 mL/unit. The median infused total nucleated cell doses were 2.7 (larger unit) and 2.0 (smaller unit) x 107/kg, respectively, and the median post-thaw recovery was 86%. Units were infused consecutively (median, 45 minutes/unit). While only 17 patients (13%) had no infusion reactions, reactions in the remaining 119 patients were almost exclusively mild-moderate (by CTCAE v4 criteria 12 grade 1, 43 grade 2, 63 grade 3) with only 1 patient ( 20 kg.
Evaluation of the limiting state of materials under an asymmetric multicycle load

The problem of the calculation and prediction of limiting-stress and fatigue-strength diagrams for materials subjected to an asymmetric multicycle loading is addressed. A critical analysis of the applicability of familiar approaches and relationships is given. It is demonstrated that in constructing relationships between the limiting stresses in a cycle, it is expedient to use generalized limiting diagrams, which are invariant with respect to the time to failure. Models of the limiting state are constructed on the basis of the description of the generalized diagram by a cosine power function. A single experiment with a cycle that originates at zero is proposed for identification of the shapes of the limiting surface. Some problems of the limiting-state calculation are solved for a uniaxial and complex stress state.
Norman E. Shumway

Dr. Norman E. Shumway has had the privilege to live through the entire evolution of cardiac surgery. He is an intelligent, imaginative individual who possesses a true pioneering spirit. He has been blessed with the fundamental qualities of leadership and continues to be capable of inspiring greatness from his associates. Through his skill, perseverance, and courage he was able to affect the course of cardiac surgery. Despite the enormous accomplishments that he has achieved, he retains the qualities of humility, humor, and generosity. Dr. Shumway possesses a keen sense of intuition and charming quick wit that he uses to place everyone he meets at ease.
The object standardization challenge

Abstract The real challenge in object standardization is to reconcile diverse views of what an object inherently ‘is’. This is harder than agreeing on definitions of secondary characteristics such as type and inheritance. User interfaces visualize objects as things in two-dimensional space. Programming thinks of objects as active things that communicate with each other, such as editors and print programs. Database leans more toward objects as participants in operations, such as documents and printers. Unifying these, in a kind of wave/particle dualism, is intellectually tempting, but leads to its own anomalies. Such fundamental questions need sorting out before we can converge on object standards spanning these disciplines.
111 HEMODYNAMIC ASSESSMENT OF PULMONARY INSUFFICIENCY AFTER TETRALOGY OF FALLOT REPAIR

Pulmonary insufficiency (PI) has been implicated in the etiology of VPCs and biventricular dysfunction after repair of Tetralogy of Fallot (TF). To assess this, 50 consecutive postop TF patients with clinical PI were evaluated prospectively with branch pulmonary artery (PA) angiography at follow-up catheterization. Group I consisted of 23 pts who cleared contrast from the right heart normally, within 2 beats of injection; Group II consisted of 27 pts who required 3-12 beats to clear the right heart (x=6). Groups did not differ significantly in age at surgery or evaluation, or in residual RV hypertension. They were compared for RV size by M-mode echocardiography using RV/LV diastolic dimension ratio, for RV and LV ejection fractions (EF) by radionuclide ventriculography, and for grade of VPCs on treadmill exercise and/or ambulatory EGG. Findings are summarized below: In this study, prolonged right heart opacification after branch PA injection correlated significantly with RV dilatation, biventricular dysfunction and high grade ventricular ectopy. After TF repair, branch PA angiography provides a useful adjunctive method of assessing the variable impact of pulmonary insufficiency.
USE AND OUTCOMES OF ANTIARRHYTHMIC THERAPY IN PATIENTS WITH ATRIAL FIBRILLATION RECEIVING ORAL ANTICOAGULATION: RESULTS FROM THE ROCKET AF TRIAL

Antiarrhythmic drug (AAD) therapy and oral anticoagulation are mainstays of atrial fibrillation (AF) treatment. We studied the use and outcomes of AADs in patients anticoagulated for stroke prophylaxis. Patients randomized in the ROCKET AF trial (n=14,264) were grouped by AAD use at baseline:
Determining the impact of climate and soil variability on switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) production in the south-eastern USA; a simulation study

Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) is a perennial warm-season grass native to North America. The species is currently being evaluated as a potential feedstock for bioenergy. Growth and yield of switchgrass vary substantially due to weather and soil conditions. The objective of this study was to determine the impact and implications of weather, climate, and soil variability on switchgrass production in the south-eastern USA using a crop simulation model. We simulated switchgrass growth and yield as a function of weather, soil, and crop management with the Agricultural Land Management Alternative with Numerical Assessment Criteria (ALMANAC) model. The model was first evaluated with switchgrass data from five field experiments conducted throughout Alabama. Subsequently, switchgrass growth and yield were simulated for climate and soil conditions representing the Tennessee River Valley region of northern Alabama and Georgia. Based on the simulations, we evaluated switchgrass production potential in this region under different climate and land-use scenarios. Weather data from the 1950s, 1960s, and 1980s were included to account for the climate variability during the twentieth century. The average annual simulated switchgrass yield across the region was significantly (P < 0.05) higher for the 1950s (13 740 kg d.m. ha−1) and the 1980s' climate (14 162 kg d.m. ha−1) than for the 1960s' climate (12 492 kg d.m. ha−1). The annual production potential for the region ranged from 64 977 and 83 915 metric t due to spatial variability in climate and soil conditions. Using results and implementing the approach from this study can help plan switchgrass-based bioenergy systems. © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Death and re-birth of Alabama beer

ABSTRACTThe article provides a historical overview of Alabama beer production to the first state-wide prohibition in 1909. I discuss the legislative processes, including the second state-wide prohibition, the US national prohibition and repeal, and Alabama's return to local option rule for alcohol sales. The article describes the legal changes of the 1992 Brewpub Act that created the re-birth of Alabama breweries/brewpubs in the early 1990s and discusses the recent legislative changes and issues that have encouraged entrepreneurs to enter the Alabama marketplace.
When More Is Less: An Averaging/Summation Analysis of Social Anxiety

Abstract This research explored higher and lower socially anxious individuals' impressions of homogeneous and heterogeneous discussion groups. Based upon an averaging–summation analysis, it was expected that subjects would average their impressions and resultant anxiety in a heterogeneous group. This result was obtained; individuals anticipated experiencing less anxiety in a group composed of 1 faculty and 3 high school students than in a group composed of a single high status discussant. Furthermore, the responses of high and low socially anxious individuals to heterogeneous groups differed. These results suggest that high and low socially anxious individuals may differ in their focus of attention in small groups, resulting in a different weighting of status variables.
Architecture and selectivity in aquaporins: 2.5 a X-ray structure of aquaporin Z

Aquaporins are a family of water and small molecule channels found in organisms ranging from bacteria to animals. One of these channels, the E. coli protein aquaporin Z (AqpZ), has been shown to selectively conduct only water at high rates. We have expressed, purified, crystallized, and solved the X-ray structure of AqpZ. The 2.5 A resolution structure of AqpZ suggests aquaporin selectivity results both from a steric mechanism due to pore size and from specific amino acid substitutions that regulate the preference for a hydrophobic or hydrophilic substrate. This structure provides direct evidence on the molecular mechanisms of specificity between water and glycerol in this family of channels from a single species. It is to our knowledge the first atomic resolution structure of a recombinant aquaporin and so provides a platform for combined genetic, mutational, functional, and structural determinations of the mechanisms of aquaporins and, more generally, the assembly of multimeric membrane proteins.
Fabrication of pseudo-spin-valves and 100 nm sized periodic elements for magnetic memory application

Abstract Co–Cu–Co pseudo spin-valves (PSV’s) and Co–Cu multilayers have been fabricated and studied for the giant magnetoresistance (GMR) effect. Attention is focused on optimizing the low field response. They are deposited on Si (001) wafers without removing the natural silicon-dioxide layer, using S-research sputtering guns in high vacuum. A buffer layer of Cr–Cu was used before depositing the PSVs. Realization magnetic switching at low field for the soft layer and high field for the hard-layer makes the structure suited for MRAM application. The low and high switching fields are typically 100 and 2200 Oe, respectively. The magnetic measurement using SQUID magnetometry and VSM confirms the switching fields in the hysteresis loops of the magnetization. The GMR multilayers have a low switching field of 60 Oe at low temperatures. They are patterned into two-dimensional 100 nm sized periodic dot-array using ultraviolet interferometric lithography. The purpose is to develop processes of fabricating GMR structures over large areas with nanometer feature sizes for high-density memory devices. The coercive field for the patterned structures is enhanced by a factor of four at low temperatures and by a small fraction at higher temperatures. The magnetization remains to be in plane as in un-patterned case.
Magnetic-Current-Loop-Induced Electric Dipole Antenna Based on Substrate Integrated Waveguide Cavity

In this letter, a novel dipole antenna based on substrate integrated waveguides (SIWs) is presented. The dipole antenna radiates through the equivalent magnetic current loops on the top and bottom annular ring slot that is excited by the fundamental mode of the SIW cavity. Therefore, the proposed dipole possesses a vertical polarization perpendicular to the metallic plane. Moreover, thanks to normal electric field, the proposed dipole is less affected by the ground plane size and surrounding metal. The proposed antenna topology provides a very easy way to realize vertical dipole antenna by just using planar circuits and is promising to be used as a fundamental element to realize antenna arrays.
Improving both imaging speed and spatial resolution in MR-guided neurosurgery

A robust near real-time MRI based surgical guidance scheme has been developed and used in neurosurgical procedure performed in our combined 1.5 Tesla MR operating room. Because of the increased susceptibility difference in the area of surgical site during surgery, the preferred real- time imaging technique is a single shot imaging sequence based on the concept of the half acquisition with turbo spin echoes (HASTE). In order to maintain sufficient spatial resolution for visualizing the surgical devices, such as a biopsy needle and catheter, we used focused field of view (FOV) in the phase-encoding (PE) direction coupled with an out-volume signal suppression (OVS) technique. The key concept of the method is to minimize the total number of the required phase encoding steps and the effective echo time (TE) as well as the longest TE for the high spatial encoding step. The concept has been first demonstrated with a phantom experiment, which showed when the water was doped with Gd- DTPA to match the relaxation rates of the brain tissue there was a significant spatial blurring primarily along the phase encoding direction if the conventional HASTE technique, and the new scheme indeed minimized the spatial blur in the resulting image and improved the needle visualization as anticipated. Using the new scheme in a typical MR-guided neurobiopsy procedure, the brain biopsy needle was easily seen against the tissue background with minimal blurring due the inevitable T2 signal decay even when the PE direction was set parallel to the needle axis. This MR based guidance technique has practically allowed neurosurgeons to visualize the biopsy needle and to monitor its insertion with a better certainty at near real-time pace.© (2002) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Human Trafficking Law and Social Structures

Human trafficking has only recently emerged at the forefront of policy reform, even in developed nations. Yet, heightened awareness of the issue has not translated into effective policy as the majority of nations have ineffective antitrafficking practices; many countries have failed to criminalize human trafficking, whereas others do not actively enforce statutes in place. By applying Black’s theory of law, this study offers a preliminary understanding into the variation of global prosecutorial efforts in human trafficking and adequacy of antitrafficking law. To isolate this relationship, the effects of trafficking markets are controlled. As with prior research, the study finds limited support for the theory. The article concludes with a discussion on the implications of the quantity of antitrafficking law and morphology association for policy development.
Field behaviour near a conducting edge embedded in an inhomogeneous anisotropic medium

In this letter we consider the field behaviour in the neighbourhood of a conducting edge embedded in an inhomogeneous anistroptic medium which is described by arbitrary permittivity and permeability tensors. We derive an eigenequation, whose minimum root governs the behaviour of each of the field components in the vicinity of the edge. Numerical examples are given for some typical geometries encountered in waveguiding structures.
Analysis of Discontinuous Galerkin Methods for Multicomponent Reactive Transport Problems

Primal discontinuous Galerkin (DG) methods, including the Oden-Babuska-Baumann version of DG, are formulated for solving multicomponent reactive transport problems in porous media. Using the information of chemical stoichiometry, an efficient approach is proposed for a special case of multicomponent reactive transport without immobile species. A priori error analysis is conducted to establish the convergence of DG methods for multicomponent reactive transport systems, which is optimal in h and nearly optimal in p.
Enhanced single copy integration events in corn via particle bombardment using low quantities of DNA

Transgene copy number is an important criterion for determining the utility of transgenic events. Single copy integration events are highly desirable when the objective is to produce marker free plants through segregation or when it is necessary to introgress different transgenes into commercial cultivars from different transgenic events. In contrast multi-copy events are advocated by several authors for higher expression of the transgene. Till recently, it was thought that employment of the particle gun for transformation results in the production of a high proportion of multi-copy events often with complex integration pattern when compared to Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. However, it has been demonstrated that usage of cassette DNA for bombardment in place of whole plasmids would result in simple insertion pattern of the transgenes. While investigating the effect of varying the cassette DNA amount on stable transformation, the frequency of occurrence of low copy events was observed to increase when lower doses of cassette DNA was employed for bombardment. Large scale experimentation with rigorous statistical analysis performed to verify the above observations employing Helium gun and the Electric discharge gun for gene delivery confirmed the above observations. Helium gun experiments involving production of more than 1,600 corn events consistently yielded single copy events at higher frequencies at lower cassette DNA load (46% at 2.5 ng/shot) as compared to higher cassette DNA load (29% at 25 ng/shot) across 18 independent experiments. Results were nearly identical with the Electric discharge particle gun device where single copy events were recovered at frequencies of 54% at 2.5 ng cassettes DNA per shot as compared to 18% at 25 ng cassette DNA per shot. The transformation frequency declined from 41 to 34% (Helium gun) and from 48 to 31% (Electric discharge gun) with reduction in cassette DNA quantity from 25 to 2.5 ng per shot. This reduction in the transformation frequency is more than compensated by the savings in time and effort involved in the production and screening of events if the desired outcome is single copy events. These results demonstrate the flexibility of the particle gun method for controlling the frequency of production of either low copy or high copy events by altering the quantity of cassette DNA used for bombardment. The transgene expression levels over generations in relation to its integration need further investigations.