cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Thermal annealing effect on spin coherence in ZnO single crystals

The spin coherence time (T2*) in ZnO single crystals at 8.5 K decreases significantly from ∼11.2 ns to ∼2.3 ns after annealing at 500 °C, as indicated by time-resolved Kerr-rotation pump-probe magneto-optical spectroscopy. The annealing-induced spin coherence degradation in ZnO arises neither from crystallinity degradation during the annealing process, as confirmed by x-ray rocking curves; nor from reflection variations of the probe laser beam induced by surface roughness changes during the annealing process, as confirmed by atomic force microscopy. Temperature-dependent Hall-effect studies indicate that decreased mobility and increased shallow-donor concentration in the annealing-induced surface conducting layer on top of the bulk ZnO are most likely to be the reasons for the spin coherence degradation in ZnO during the annealing process.
Shaping a triple-bottom line for nonprofit arts organizations: Micro-, macro-, and meta-policy influences

The literature on the National Endowment for the Arts (NEA) tends to concentrate on the politics of arts funding or on micro-policy development through individual programs. This article aims to reveal the evolution of agency-wide macro-policy that was undertaken by NEA Chairs acting strategically as policy entrepreneurs in adapting policy goals in response to changes in the political and socio-economic context. This process of policy evolution gradually shaped and institutionalized a triple-bottom line for its organizational grantees – financial sustainability, artistic vitality, and recognized public value. Through legitimation processes in which the agency and the arts community cooperated, these values became field standards and best practices, a meta-policy that influenced all nonprofit arts organizations in the USA. Using policy documents, research reports, the memoirs of NEA chairmen, and journalistic coverage, this article investigates how cultural policy at the micro-, macro-, and meta-levels inte...
Performance tests of large thin vacuum windows

Tests of thin composition vacuum windows of the type used for the Tagger in Hall B at the Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility are described. Three different tests have been performed. These include: (1) measurement of the deformation and durability of a window under long term (>8 years) almost continuous vacuum load, (2) measurement of the deformation as a function of flexing of the window as it is cycled between vacuum and atmosphere, and (3) measurement of the relative diffusion rate of gas through a variety of thin window membranes.
A Study of the Energetics of African Easterly Waves Using a Regional Climate Model

Abstract The evolution and spatial distribution of the energetics of African waves are studied. Complete eddy energy equations for an open system are derived for the computation of energy transformations during wave generation and dissipation. It is found that baroclinic overturning is the dominant energy source, although barotropic conversions can be almost equally important when there is concentrated moist convection south of the jet or shallow cumulus convection beneath the jet. The generation of active waves usually results from the nearly in-phase evolution of baroclinic and barotropic conversions, which are associated with significant rainfall over Africa. Significant barotropic instability associated with the horizontal shear is usually induced by concentrated deep convection on the southern flank of the jet. Barotropic conversions associated with the vertical wind shear may attain even greater magnitudes than that associated with the horizontal shear when shallow cumulus convection beneath the jet...
Autologous blood transfusion in pulmonary surgery.

Sixteen patients undergoing thoracic surgery for suspected tuberculous residua of the lungs received a total of 26 units of autologous banked blood. Single units of autologous blood were drawn in routine fashion one week prior to surgery (unit A). When the need for two units of blood was anticipated, a double phlebotomy (Units B and C) was performed using a double plasmapheresis pack followed by the reinfusion of a previously drawn autologous unit (Unit A). When three units were requested for anticipated surgery, two units (Units B and C) were obtained as above and exchanged on day 14 for units (Units D and E) using a double plasmapheresis pack. On day 16, a single unit (Unit F) was obtained in the routine fashion. The net loss of blood to the donors at a single phlebotomy never exceeded one unit of blood, however, one, two or three units of autologous blood were obtained by appropriate exchange for fresh blood, none of the units had been stored in excess of ten days when finally used at the time of surgery. Transfusion of autologous blood avoids the hazards of transmission of serum hepatitis and isoimmunization. It may be the only available source of rare blood or blood for members of religious sects which prohibit the use of homologous blood transfusion.
Fractionation by counter-current distribution of urinary estrogens in normal individuals and in patients with hyper-adrenocorticism.

IN ESTABLISHING the pattern of urinary estrogens which probably originate from the adrenals, it seemed particularly important to determine whether it differed in untreated cases of adrenal hyperplasia and tumor from that in normal women and men. Studies were made on 2 normal women, 1 pregnant woman, 2 normal men, 2 patients with virilizing adrenal tumor and 4 patients (2 males, 2 females) with congenital adrenal hyperplasia before and during cortisone therapy. The present methods of determining urinary estrogens are unsatisfactory because estrone, estradiol-17β and estriol1 have widely different biologic, fluorometric and colorimetric potencies. To study the excretion of urinary estrogens satisfactorily it is necessary to employ fractionation methods. In the present work the counter current distribution technic of Craig and co-workers (1), as adapted to estrogen fractionation by Lewis L. Engel and colleagues (2), was employed. To obtain good separations, however, it was found necessary to make several red...
Activation of protease calpain by oxidized and glycated LDL increases the degradation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase

Oxidation and glycation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) promote vascular injury in diabetes; however, the mechanisms underlying this effect remain poorly defined. The present study was conducted to determine the effects of ‘heavily oxidized’ glycated LDL (HOG-LDL) on endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) function. Exposure of bovine aortic endothelial cells with HOG-LDL reduced eNOS protein levels in a concentration- and time-dependent manner, without altering eNOS mRNA levels. Reduced eNOS protein levels were accompanied by an increase in intracellular Ca2+, augmented production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and induction of Ca2+-dependent calpain activity. Neither eNOS reduction nor any of these other effects were observed in cells exposed to native LDL. Reduction of intracellular Ca2+ levels abolished eNOS reduction by HOG-LDL, as did pharmacological or genetic through calcium channel blockers or calcium chelator BAPTA or inhibition of NAD(P)H oxidase (with apocynin) or inhibition of calpain (calpain 1-specific siRNA). Consistent with these results, HOG-LDL impaired acetylcholine-induced endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation of isolated mouse aortas, and pharmacological inhibition of calpain prevented this effect. HOG-LDL may impair endothelial function by inducing calpain-mediated eNOS degradation in a ROS- and Ca2+-dependent manner.
Acute resistance exercise reduces heart rate complexity and increases QTc interval

Acute resistance exercise (RE) has been shown to reduce cardiac vagal control. Whether this would in turn affect QTc interval (an index of ventricular depolarization/repolarization) or heart rate complexity is not known. Heart rate variability (HRV), heart rate complexity (SampEn), and QT interval (rate corrected using Bazett, Fridericia, Hodges, and Framingham) were measured before and 5 min after an acute RE bout in twelve healthy young men. Normalized high frequency power of HRV (an index of cardiac parasympathetic modulation; HF (nu)), and SampEn were reduced following RE (p < 0.05). Bazett corrected QTc interval increased following RE (p < 0.05). Change in HF (nu) from rest to recovery was correlated with both change in SampEn (r = 0.51, p < 0.05) and change in QTc interval for each method of correction (r = - 0.67 to - 0.70, p < 0.05). Acute RE reduced HF spectral power of HRV and this was related to both reduced heart rate complexity and increased QTc length. Thus, during recovery from acute RE, there is prolongation of depolarization and repolarization of the ventricles concomitant with reduced cardiac irregularity, and this may be related to a reduction in cardiac vagal control.
Neurodevelopmental outcome of post-hemorrhagic ventricular dilatation at 12 and 24 months corrected age with high-threshold therapy.

Abstract Background The management of post-hemorrhagic hydrocephalus remains a discussion. We describe the neurodevelopmental outcome at the corrected age of 12 and 24 months of infants with PHVD treated with high-threshold therapy. Objective To describe, and compare the neurodevelopmental outcome of a cohort of premature infants with grade III or IV intraventricular hemorrhage with or without development of PHVD. Methods Retrospective chart and image review of all IVH grade III and IV infants admitted to the department of Neonatology of the Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands between January 1999 and December 2006. A standardized neurodevelopmental examination was performed at the corrected ages of 12 and 24 months. Results In total, 118 cases with IVH were identified. IVH grade III: n = 63, mean gestational age (GA): 28 weeks (SD 2.3), median birth weight (BW): 1130 g (range 908-1460g); IVH IV: n = 31, mean GA: 28 weeks (SD 2.4), median BW: 1105g (range 925-1230g). Grade III and IV cases developed PHVD in 75% versus 42% respectively. Abnormal outcome in IVH III patients mainly occurred in cases with PHVD (12 months: 47% abnormal, 24 months: 64% abnormal). In the IVH IV cases, outcome was comparable with or without PHVD. Developmental delay was more pronounced at 24 months. Conclusion Mainly IVH III cases developed PHVD. Comparing our results with the literature neurodevelopmental outcome was poorer with our high-threshold therapy.
A theory of the thermodynamic behavior of nonelectrolyte solutions. IV. Application to low molecular weight systems

A study has been made to show that Maron's theory of the thermodynamic behavior of nonelectrolyte solutions is applicable to systems with low molecular weight solutes as well as polymers. In this connection were investigated three systems of varying degrees of complexity, namely: (1)carbon tetrachloride–cyclohexane, (2)acetone–chloroform, and (3)water–ethyl alcohol. The first of these systems yields a small positive interaction parameter μ which is essentially independent of volume fraction v2 but which decreases with temperature T. On the other hand, the system acetone–chloroform gives μ's which are large, negative, and strongly dependent on both T and v2. Similarly the system water–ethyl alcohol yields μ's which vary with both v2 and T, but in this case they are large and positive. The relations deduced for the μ's as a function of T and v2 reproduce very satisfactorily the available thermodynamic data for these systems. A discussion is also given of the significance of the observed interaction parameters.
Electric field control and optical signature of entanglement in quantum dot molecules

The degree of entanglement of an electron with a hole in a vertically coupled self-assembled dot molecule is shown to be tunable by an external electric field. Using atomistic pseudopotential calculations followed by a configuration interaction many-body treatment of correlations, we calculate the electronic states, degree of entanglement, and optical absorption. We offer a way to spectroscopically detect the magnitude of electric field needed to maximize the entanglement.
UN principles on remote sensing an agreement on economic relations

Abstract The agreement on remote sensing principles adopted by the UN General Assembly in late 1986 clarified the legal framework in the international environment. Investment decisions can now be made, and the agreement thus offers an important opportunity for commercial remote sensing. Several issues are still not settled, but there is time for governments to avoid political conflict which could affect international business relations. The creation of Intelsat and Inmarsat offers a model for international cooperation in remote sensing.
Lobular neoplasia on core needle biopsy does not require excision.

BACKGROUND. Lobular neoplasia (LN), encompassing atypical lobular hyperplasia (ALH) and lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS), is often an incidental finding on core needle biopsies (CNBs) performed in instances of radiologic densities and/or calcifications. Because LN is generally considered a risk factor for breast carcinoma, the utility of subsequent excision is controversial. METHODS. The authors' database yielded 98 cases of LCIS and/or ALH. Cases containing LN accompanied by a second lesion mandating excision (eg, radial scar, atypical ductal hyperplasia [ADH]) and those failing to meet strict diagnostic criteria for LN (eg, atypical cells, mitoses, single-cell necrosis) were excluded. Radiographic calcifications were correlated with their histologic counterparts in terms of size, number, and pattern. RESULTS. Ninety-one biopsies were performed for calcifications and 7 were performed for mass lesions. The ages of the patients ranged from 35 to 82 years. Fifty-three patients were followed radiologically without excision, 42 of whom had available clinicoradiologic information. The 45 patients who underwent excision were without disease at follow-up periods ranging from 1 to 8 years. Of these 45 patients, 42 (93%) had biopsy results demonstrating only LN. The remaining 3 patients had biopsies with the following findings: ADH in 1 biopsy, residual LCIS and a separate minute focus of infiltrating lobular carcinoma (clearly an incidental finding) in the second biopsy, and ductal carcinoma in situ admixed with LCIS in the third biopsy (a retrospective examination performed by 2 blinded breast pathologists revealed foci of atypical cells and mitoses). CONCLUSIONS. Excision of LN is unnecessary provided that: 1) careful radiographic-pathologic correlation is performed; and 2) strict histologic criteria are adhered to when making the diagnosis. Close radiologic and clinical follow-up is adequate. Cancer 2008. © 2008 American Cancer Society.
Granular dilatancy and the plasticity of glassy lubricants

This note is concerned with various experimental observations of plastic-flow behavior in presumably glassy states of low-molecular-weight lubricants subject to high shear rates and confining pressures. It is proposed here that the nearly linear relation found between shear stress and presssure can be attributed to shear-induced volume change, qualitatively the same as that associated with Reynolds dilatancy and shear strength in a hypothetical frictionless granular material. Recent computer simulations of the latter lend quantitative support to this hypothesis.
Investigating a high resolution, stream chloride time series from the Biscuit Brook catchment, Catskills, NY

Summary In conjunction with stream discharge, stream chloride (Cl − ) concentration has traditionally offered hydrologists a means to better understand internal catchment processes. Here we examine a 10 year, weekly stream Cl − concentration time series from the Biscuit Brook catchment, NY, United States. Using a two reservoir box model plus a snowmelt component, we replicate daily stream discharge reasonably well (Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency = 0.64) and capture general trends in the stream Cl − concentration ( R 2 = 0.36 during nonfreezing conditions). Additionally, we find that both the observed and modeled stream Cl − concentration time series appear to be 1/ f noise when analyzed spectrally. Differing from previously published explanations of 1/ f noise in other catchments, we propose that 1/ f noise in the Cl − concentration signal of Biscuit Brook may originate from a suite of watershed-scale processes affecting both water content and Cl − mass in the system and occurring at multiple time scales.
Immunology of the gastrointestinal tract: Part I

Summary We have reviewed in this section the clinical aspects of primary immunodeficiency disorders associated with gastrointestinal manifestations, intestinal disease states which predispose to secondary immunodeficiency and primary intestinal disorders which may be the result of an abnormal immunologic response. The immunologic response of the gastrointestinal tract to the external environment or the failure to respond may be an extremely important aspect of the function of this organ system.
Children's Decisions About Substance Use: An Application and Extension of the Theory of Reasoned Action1

This research examines the applicability of Fishbein and Ajzen's (1975) theory of reasoned action (TRA) to intentions to use cigarettes and alcohol among 5th- and 6th-grade students. It also addresses the question of unidimensionality of outcome beliefs and referent norms. Results suggest that the TRA model describes children's decision making well, although the ability of income and race to add to prediction, net of the effects of attitude and perceived norm, are contrary to the theory's prediction. In addition, we find support for multidimensional components of both attitude and norm for both behaviors.
The Inhibition Mechanism of Non-phosphorylated Ser768 in the Regulatory Domain of Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator

The cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) is a member of the ATP-binding cassette transporters but serves as a chloride channel dysfunctional in cystic fibrosis. The activity of CFTR is tightly controlled not only by ATP-driven dimerization of its nucleotide-binding domains but also by phosphorylation of a unique regulatory (R) domain by protein kinase A (PKA). The R domain has multiple excitatory phosphorylation sites, but Ser737 and Ser768 are inhibitory. The underlying mechanism is unclear. Here, sulfhydryl-specific cross-linking strategy was employed to demonstrate that Ser768 or Ser737 could interact with outwardly facing hydrophilic residues of cytoplasmic loop 3 regulating channel gating. Furthermore, mutation of these residues to alanines promoted channel opening by curcumin in an ATP-dependent manner even in the absence of PKA. However, mutation of Ser768 and His950 with different hydrogen bond donors or acceptors clearly changed ATP- and PKA-dependent channel activity no matter whether curcumin was present or not. More importantly, significant activation of a double mutant H950R/S768R needed only ATP. Finally, in vitro and in vivo single channel recordings suggest that Ser768 may form a putative hydrogen bond with His950 of cytoplasmic loop 3 to prevent channel opening by ATP in the non-phosphorylated state and by subsequent cAMP-dependent phosphorylation. These observations support an electron cryomicroscopy-based structural model on which the R domain is closed to cytoplasmic loops regulating channel gating.
Effects of large angular momenta on the fission properties of Pt isotopes

The effects of large angular momenta on the fission properties of Pt isotopes are studied. Fissioning Pt systems were produced in fusion reactions of /sup 16/O+/sup 170/Yb and /sup 32/S+/sup 114,150,,152,154/Sm in the energy range of 0.8--2.0 times the fusion barrier. The sub-barrier fusion-fission cross sections show a strong dependence on the target deformation. A pronounced increase in a simple model calculation in the total kinetic energy release with bombarding energy is accounted for by the increasing contribution of centrifugal energy. The widths of the mass and kinetic energy distributions increase rapidly with the angular momentum of the fissioning system. This effect is not accounted for by simple scission point model calculations.
Ca2+/Calmodulin‐Dependent Transcriptional Activation of δ‐Opioid Receptor Gene Expression Induced by Membrane Depolarization in NG108‐15 Cells

Abstract: Regulation of gene expression is one of the mechanisms by which neuronal activity elicits long-term changes in neuronal phenotype and function. Although activity-dependent induction of immediate-early genes has been extensively studied, much less is known about the late-response genes. We have investigated the activity-dependent regulation of δ-opioid receptor (DOR) mRNA levels in NG108-15 cells. Transsynaptic activation was mimicked by depolarization with 55 mM KCl or veratridine. Both treatments lead to a time-dependent increase of DOR mRNA levels. Ca2+ entry through L-type voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels activated by depolarization appears to be involved, because L-type channel blockers reduced the induction of DOR expression. Ca2+ binding to calmodulin is the next step in the signal transduction pathway, because a calmodulin antagonist, W7, reduced the effect of veratridine. A selective inhibitor of calmodulin kinases (KN-62) and cyclosporin, an inhibitor of calcineurin, also antagonized the depolarization-induced increase in DOR mRNA levels, which indicates that both calcium/calmodulin-dependent enzymes are involved in the activity-dependent induction of DOR gene expression. Induction of DOR gene expression by an activity-dependent increase in intracellular Ca2+ concentration may serve as a feedback regulatory mechanism because activation of DOR leads to hyperpolarization and lower excitability of neurons.
Behavioral Neuroscience: No Easy Path from Genes to Cognition

Two recent studies illustrate the limits of a strictly molecular approach toward understanding learning and memory.
The influence of geomorphology on the role of women at artisanal and small‐scale mine sites

The geologic and geomorphic expressions of a mineral deposit determine its location, size, and accessibility, characteristics which in turn greatly influence the success of artisans mining the deposit. Despite this critical information, which can be garnered through studying the surficial physical expression of a deposit, the geologic and geomorphic sciences have been largely overlooked in artisanal mining-related research. This study demonstrates that a correlation exists between the roles of female miners at artisanal diamond and gold mining sites in western and central Africa and the physical expression of the deposits. Typically, women perform ore processing and ancillary roles at mine sites. On occasion, however, women participate in the extraction process itself. Women were found to participate in the extraction of ore only when a deposit had a thin overburden layer, thus rendering the mineralized ore more accessible. When deposits required a significant degree of manual labour to access the ore due to thick overburden layers, women were typically relegated to other roles. The identification of this link encourages the establishment of an alternative research avenue in which the physical and social sciences merge to better inform policymakers, so that the most appropriate artisanal mining assistance programs can be developed and implemented.
Properties Research on Chiral Liquid Crystalline Polysiloxanes Containing Chiral and Electron Withdrawing Group

A series of new chiral side-chain liquid crystalline polysiloxanes(P0-P7) bearing cyano groups were synthesized with a cholesteric LC monomer and a nematic monomer with cyano units(electron withdrawing). The chemical structures and LC properties of the polymers were measured by spectrum and thermal analysis techniques. The obtained polymers were soluble in many solvents and the specific rotations showed negative values and increased with the increasing content of chiral reagent. P1 showed grained texture of smectic A, P2~P7 showed lined texture of chiral smectic C(SC*). XRD curves of P1~P7 samples showed sharp and strong peaks at low angle, but no sharp peak was seen for P0 sample. The temperatures at which 5% weight loss occurred(Td) were greater than 300oC for all the polymers, which reveals all the polymers were stable. And the Tg values of polymers were all low. The Tg and Ti values are all increased with the increasing chiral contents. All the polymers displayed wide range of liquid crystal phase on heating and cooling cycle.
Reduced vapor pressure equation for hydrocarbons

Abstract The vapor pressure behavior of 33 hydrocarbons, including saturated and unsaturated paraffins, naphthenes and aromatics, was examined using the normalized relationship log PR = α + β T R + γ log TR + δTR5 Two boundary conditions at the critical point, and the fact that the constants γ and δ were found to be linearly related, permit us to express this relationship in terms of β as follows: log PR = − 24 25 β + β T R + + (3.88792 + 2.0224β) log TR − − β 25 TR5 Use of the normal boiling point permitted the establishment of a constant value of β which was used to calculate vapor pressures over the complete range, including the critical point. Comparison with actual values produced average deviations ranging from 0.08 to 2.19% with an overall average deviation of 0.68% (2289 points). This relationship was applied to seven additional hydrocarbons, not included in this study, for which the average deviation was found to be 0.33% (92 points).
Acid gas injection and monitoring at the Zama oil field in Alberta, Canada: A case study in demonstration-scale carbon dioxide sequestration

Abstract The field validation test, conducted in the Zama oil field of northwestern Alberta, Canada, will evaluate the potential for geological sequestration of CO 2 as part of a gas stream that includes high concentrations of H 2 S (20% to 40%). The results of this project will provide insight regarding the impact of H2S, in conjunction with CO 2 , on sink integrity (i.e., seal degradation); monitoring, mitigation, and verification techniques; and enhanced oil recovery success within a carbonate reservoir. Monitoring activities are focused on the near-pinnacle environment, including cap rock integrity, wellbore leakage, and spillpoint breach.
RIBOFLAVIN-MEDIATED DELIVERY OF A MACROMOLECULE INTO CULTURED HUMAN CELLS

Cell surface receptors for the vitamins folic acid and biotin have been previously reported to mediate the endocytosis of vitamin-conjugated macromolecules into cultured cells. To evaluate whether a similar uptake pathway for riboflavin-conjugated macromolecules might exist, riboflavin was covalently linked to bovine serum albumin (BSA) via the vitamin's ribityl side chain, and uptake of the protein by cultured human cells was examined. Whereas unconjugated BSA was not internalized by KB, A549, SK-LU-1 or SK-OV cells, riboflavin-conjugated BSA was readily internalized (>106 molecules/cell). Analysis of the uptake pathway revealed that the riboflavin-BSA conjugate likely docks on cells at a carrier/transport protein that is distinct from the uptake pathway for free riboflavin and then enters via normal membrane cycling. Evidence for this contention is: (i) the internalized conjugate accumulates in endosomal compartments, (ii) uptake into cells is halted at temperatures near 0 degreesC where membrane trafficking is abrogated, (iii) cell association is inhibited by unlabeled riboflavin-BSA, but not by free riboflavin, and (iv) cellular uptake of [3H]riboflavin is only partially inhibited by riboflavin-BSA. Regardless of the pathway of internalization, these data demonstrate that riboflavin conjugation can facilitate protein entry into human cells in culture.
Phosphorescent Platinum Dyads with Cyclometalated Ligands: Synthesis, Characterization, and Photophysical Studies†

The synthesis, characterization, and photophysical properties are reported for a series of (C^N)Pt dyad complexes with cyclometalated ligands (C^N: F = 2-(4′,6′-difluorophenyl)pyridyl, tpy = 2-(4′-methylphenyl)pyridyl, thpy = 2-(2-thienyl)pyridyl, and btp = 2-(2-benzothienyl)pyridyl). The dyads are connected with a bridging ligand, sym-tetraacetylethane (tae), that consists of two 2,4-pentadionate units covalently linked at the 3-position. Stepwise synthesis was applied to obtain both homoleptic and heteroleptic dyads that have been characterized by 1H NMR and elemental analysis. X-ray crystallographic analysis shows a near orthogonal orientation of the two diketonate moieties in the di-tpyPt (84°) and FPt-thpyPt (89°). An investigation of the photophysical properties of the dyads has been carried out. For homodyads, the emission characteristics are governed by the nature of the cyclometalating ligand, allowing the emission to be tuned throughout the visible spectrum. The di-FPt and di-tpyPt dyads show a ...
Is there a constraint on tongue-height features?

Abstract It has been claimed by Chomsky, Halle, and others that there exists a universal constraint prohibiting the assignment of the two tongue-height features [+ low] and [+ high] to a single underlying segment. To support the proposed constraint, its proponents note that the tongue cannot be moved to lower and higher positions simultaneously. It is argued here that an observation concerning the impossibility of certain tongue movements does not provide sufficient evidence to postulate restrictions on underlying representations. What is needed is linguistic evidence, which may be obtained, for example, by evaluating alternative analyses of the same data to determine whether the constraint contributes to or detracts from the formulation of the most highly valued description. On the basis of such an examination - using English data - it is concluded that the proposed constraint prohibiting tautosegmental [+ low, + high] is invalid.
A comparative study of the dry and wet nano-scale electro-machining

Abstract In recent years, a nano-electromachining (nano-EM) process based on a scanning tunneling microscope (STM) platform has been demonstrated. Nano-EM is capable of machining nano-features, under both, liquid dielectric (wet nano-EM) and air dielectric (dry nano-EM) media. The objective of this paper is to present a comparative study between the wet and dry nano-EM processes based on process mechanism, machining performance, consistency and dimensional repeatability of these two processes. The comparison of the two processes has been conducted at near field nano-EM, where the gap between the tool electrode and workpiece is 2 nm and the machining is performed at room temperature and pressure (macroscopically). The major differences in the process mechanism are due to the media at dielectric interface, the breakdown field strength and breakdown characteristics of two dielectrics and therefore, the material removal mechanism. It is reported that the material removal mechanism of wet nano-EM is associated with field emission-assisted avalanche in nano-confined liquid dielectric, whereas, the material removal mechanism in dry nano-EM is associated with field-induced evaporation of material. The differences have also been observed in the machining performance, dimensions of the machined features and repeatability of the nanoscale machined features. The self-tip -sharpening process with the continuation of machining has added several advantages to dry nano-EM over wet nano-EM in terms of dimensions of the nanoscale features, repeatability and machining performance.
Angiotensin-induced thirst: Effects of third ventricle obstruction and periventricular ablation

Abstract The role of periventricular tissue surrounding the anteroventral third ventricle (AV3V) in mediating drinking behavior induced by angiotensin II was investigated in rats Electrolytic lesions which bilaterally destroyed preoptic-hypothalamic periventricular tissue surrounding AV3V abolished drinking responses normally elicited by intracerebral injections of angiotensin. In another experiment, ventricular obstruction in AV3V had no effect on drinking of a palatable sweet milk solution while the drinking responses induced by peripheral versus central administration of angiotensin were dissociated. Drinking normally induced by lateral preoptic injections of angiotensin was no longer observed when AV3V obstruction prevented drug distribution via cerebrospinal fluid circulation to AV3V periventricular tissue; the driniking response induced by subcutaneous injection of angiotensin was enhanced, however, after placement of the ventricular obstruction. These results, coupled with the earlier observation t that AV3V lesions also abolish drinking induced by subcutaneous angiotensin injection, suggest that, after central or peripheral administration, angiotensin acts on AV3V periventricular tissue to arouse drinking. In contrast to centrally injected angiotensin, peripherally administered angiotensin does not contact receptors by entry and spread in cerebrospinal fluid. After peripheral injection angiotensin may contact sensitive AV3V tissue directly from blood, perhaps via the organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis, a highly vascularized circumventricular organ within the AV3V which lacks a blood-brain barrier.
Inherent vs. accidental vs. intentional difficulties in programming

It is the conventional wisdom that some aspects of programming are difficult to learn, and some aspects are error-prone even for experts. Is it possible to separate what is inherently difficult, and therefore most appropriately dealt with through education, versus what is just accidentally difficult, so a new design for a language or development environment might be able to "fix" the problem? And are there aspects that a designer makes difficult "on purpose"? For example, compare recursion, the syntax for switch statements in C, and how unification works in Prolog, respectively. It is not clear that the conventional wisdom on this topic can be trusted. For example, whereas most argue that concurrency is inherently difficult, the creators of the Alice language argue that they have found a way to make it understandable to novices. This talk will explore some HCI research on this topic, and approaches for identifying the differences.
The place of innovativeness in models of the adoption process: an integrative review

Abstract Apparent differences among four major theoretical views (Hirschman; Midgley and Dowling; Foxall; and Goldsmith) of the place of innovativeness in the adoption process are resolved in a preliminary way in terms of selected work from the more extensive, continuing validation research on Kirton's adoption-innovation inventory. To approach the nature of innovativeness in terms of criterion-related validity is shown to be useful in sorting out the relation of innovativeness to other personality constructs and to shift the focus of the work from more ambitious theoretical modeling efforts to work that is concerned with the more modest objective of predicting actual adoption behavior.
Critical social networks

Abstract Critical social ensembles are generated using a decision making model (DMM) consisting of a master equation, with two-state elements at the nodes of a two-dimensional lattice. The dynamics of the DMM undergo phase transitions to either a consensus state or another state composed of apparently statistically independent individuals as shown in an ensemble of calculations. The critical social ensemble is entailed by the network elements nonlinearly interacting through imperfect social imitation on the backbone of a correlation network. An information entropy measure of the difference between coherent and incoherent configurations in the critical social ensemble is constructed. The entropy indicates a greater probability for the formation of either opposing groups or universal consensus above that of random disagreement.
Comparison of hepatic drug metabolizing enzyme activities in several agricultural species.

Abstract 1. 1. Several pathways of drug metabolizing enzyme activity were measured in hepatic fractions of cattle, sheep, goats, chickens, turkeys, ducks, rabbits and rats. The pathways examined included the O -demethylation of p -nitrophenol, microsomal ester hydrolysis of procaine and glucuronidation of p -nitrophenol, and the cytosolic acetylation of sulfamethazine and sulfation of 2-naphthol. 2. 2. For most enzymatic pathways measured, goats were more similar to sheep (wether) than to cattle (steers). The exception was UDP-glucuronyltransferase activity, which was significantly higher for the goat than for any other species studied. 3. 3. Within the avian subset, the chicken and turkey were usually the most similar species. 4. 4. The activities of arylsulfotransferase isozymes III and IV were particularly low for the duck compared to the chicken and turkey. 5. 5. N -acetyltransferase activity was very high for rabbits and very low for sheep and goats.
Differential distribution of WC1+ γδ TCR+ T lymphocyte subsets within lymphoid tissues of the head and respiratory tract and effects of intranasal M. bovis BCG vaccination

Abstract BCG vaccination of neonatal calves induces significant protection against bovine tuberculosis. The enhanced protection observed in neonatal calves may be linked to an enhanced capacity for IFNγ production by innate cells, including WC1+ γδ T cells, which constitute a major population in young cattle. Intranasal BCG vaccination of mice induces high levels of IFNγ in the lungs, which may enhance protection against subsequent challenge with virulent strains of mycobacteria. We used an intranasal BCG vaccination model in calves to study the effect on the distribution of WC1+ γδ T cells expressing two alternate forms of WC1: WC1.1 and WC1.2. These subsets of WC1+ γδ T cells have previously been shown to have a differential capacity for IFNγ secretion. Our results indicate that there is a selective expansion/recruitment of γδ T cells expressing the IFNγ-associated WC1.1 isoform in tissues of the lungs and upper respiratory tract following intranasal BCG vaccination.
Regulation of calcium release by calcium inside the sarcoplasmic reticulum in ventricular myocytes

To study the effects of changes in sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) intraluminal Ca2+ on the Ca2+ release mechanism, we correlated the activity of single cardiac ryanodine receptor (RyR) channels, monitored in planar bilayers, with the properties of spontaneous elementary Ca2+ release events (sparks) in intact ventricular myocytes, monitored by scanning confocal microfluorimetry. Under both normal conditions and Ca2+ overload, induced by elevation of extracellular [Ca2+], Ca2+ sparks represented single populations of events. During Ca2+ overload, the frequency of sparks increased from 0.8 to 3.1 events per second per 100 microm line scanned, and their amplitude increased from 100 nM to 400 nM. The duration of the Ca2+ sparks, however, was not altered. Changes in the properties of Ca2+ sparks were accompanied by only an approximately 30% increase in the SR Ca2+ content, as determined by emptying the intracellular Ca2+ stores using caffeine. When single Ca2+ release channels were incorporated into lipid bilayers and activated by cytoplasmic Ca2+ (approximately 100 nM) and ATP (3 mM), elevation of Ca2+ on the luminal side from 20 microM to 0.2-20 mM resulted in a 1.2-fold to 7-fold increase, respectively, in open probability (Po). This potentiation of Po was due to an increase in mean open time and frequency of events. The relative effect of luminal Ca2+ was greater at low levels of cytoplasmic [Ca2+] than at high levels of cytoplasmic [Ca2+], and no effect of luminal Ca2+ was observed to occur in channels activated by 0.5-50 microM cytoplasmic Ca2+ in the absence of ATP. Our results suggest that SR Ca2+ release channels are modulated by SR intraluminal Ca2+. These alterations in properties of release channels may account for, or contribute to, the mechanism of spontaneous Ca2+ release in cardiac myocytes
A novel method to characterize MOS transistors with mixed gate dielectric technologies

The authors have developed an extraction technique suitable for studying mixed dielectric systems in MOS transistors. The method gives accurate modeling parameters for low-field mobility and surface roughness scattering, and it removes the dependence of gate dielectric capacitance on the results. The technique has been implemented in interpretive BASIC written on a desk-top HP9000 computer, and the program is easily adapted to other automated data acquisition systems since advanced numerical methods are not necessary. A set of I/sub DS/-V/sub GS/ measurements taken at different bulk biases is required, along with the value of effective gate capacitance. The usefulness of this extraction method is demonstrated by application to ONO and pure oxide gate dielectric transistors of differing compositions and thicknesses. The utility of this method lies in the ease of implementation, and the ability to remove the gate dielectric capacitance in extracting accurate modeling parameters. >
Organization of Soybean Seed Protein Genes and Their Flanking Regions

In this paper we review briefly the research which has been carried out in our lab on the organization of soybean seed protein genes. The genes which we have concentrated our efforts on encode the storage proteins glycinin and β-conglycinin, the Kunitz trypsin inhibitor, seed lectin, and an unidentified 15,500 dalton protein. We are investigating these genes in order to understand the molecular events which regulate gene expression during plant development. Our long term objective is to utilize this information to improve crop plants by molecular genetic engineering procedures.
Robust Fault-tolerant Control via Linear Fractional Transformations

This paper presents a linear matrix inequality (LMI) approach to solve the robust fault-tolerant control problem against actuator failures. Using an equivalent transformation, fault effect factors can be put in Linear Fractional Transformation (LFT) form. While the fault effect factor, such as actuator fault, can be estimated accurately and swiftly, the fault-tolerant control (FTC) problem can be solved with a well-recognized design approach called gain-scheduling control theory and a fault-tolerant controller which provided with adaptive function can be designed for better performance of closed-loop system than passive robust fault-tolerant controller. The two-stage Kalman estimator which can estimate fault effect factors is utilized in this paper. The proposed design technique is finally evaluated in the light of a simulation example.
Ultrasonic measurement of solids concentration in an autoclave reactor at high temperature

Abstract An ultrasonic technique was developed to measure the slurry concentration in an autoclave reactor. Preliminary measurements were conducted on slurries consisting of molten FT-200 wax, glass beads, and nitrogen bubbles at a typical Fischer–Tropsch (FT) synthesis temperature of 265 °C. The data show that the velocity and attenuation of the sound are well-defined functions of the solid and gas concentrations in the molten FT-200 wax. The results suggest possibilities for directly measuring solids concentration during operation of a three-phase slurry reactor under the reaction temperature and with molten FT-200 wax.
Unexpected effect in the conduction characteristic of P+SOI resistors when exposed to ESD

Summary form only given. Testing of the energy tolerance of the resistors is discussed. It was found that P+silicon resistors (1300 Omega /square) when used as input electrostatic discharge protection devices exhibit resistances roughly a factor of two higher than room-temperature values for capacitor voltages (human body model), on the order of several times lower at high capacitor voltages due to the intrinsic carrier effect which protects the silicon resistor by causing most of the capacitor energy to be dissipated in the source resistance. >
Towards the Service-Oriented Enterprise

The complexities, costs and brittleness of current information architectures, infrastructures and distributed software have provided impetus to emerging conceptualizations of the Service Oriented Enterprise (SOE)1 and its orientation towards ondemand, proactive computing. Some scholars have even predicted the demise of enterprise computing as we know it today given anticipated SOE capabilities2. The foundations for SOE are rooted in current applications of service oriented architecture (SOA), service oriented infrastructure (SOI), business process and workflow, computing resource virtualization, business semantics, service level agreements, increasing standardization, end-to-end enterprise integration and other areas of applied and theoretical research. The purpose of this minitrack is to investigate this paradigm, review the impact of SOE on business and IT strategy, enterprise systems, organizational structures and individuals; investigate its tenets and evaluate relevant management and technical approaches to architecture, infrastructure, business processes, workflows and strategy.
Therapist education impacts the massage effect on postrace muscle recovery.

MORASKA, A. Therapist Education Impacts the Massage Effect on Postrace Muscle Recovery. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., Vol. 39, No. 1, pp. 34–37, 2007. Purpose: The intention of this study was to assess the effectiveness of massage on muscle recovery as a function of therapist education in participants who completed a 10-km running race. Methods: Race participants were offered a 12- to 15-min massage immediately postevent. Participants were randomly assigned to a student therapist with either 450, 700, or 950 h of didactic training in massage. Muscle soreness was recorded by questionnaire using a 0- to 10-point visual scale at time points immediately before and after massage, and 24 and 48 h postevent. Eight hundred ninety-five subjects were recruited, with 317 subjects returning questionnaires from all time points. Results: Race participants who received massage from student therapists with 950 h of didactic training reported significantly greater improvement in muscle soreness across time compared with those who received massage from therapists with 700 or 450 h of education in massage (P G 0.01). On study entry, there was no difference in muscle soreness (P = 0.99), with a group mean of 4.4 T 0.4; at the 24-h measurement, soreness was 2.4 T 0.6, 3.7 T 0.5, and 3.6 T 0.9 for the 950-, 700-, and 450-h groups, respectively (P G 0.01). Conclusion: Level of therapist training was shown to impact effectiveness of massage as a postrace recovery tool; greater reduction in muscle soreness was achieved by therapists with 950 h of training as opposed to those with 700 or 450 h. Key Words: PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, DELAYED ONSET MUSCLE SORENESS, ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE, FITNESS, EDUCATION
In Situ Raman Spectroscopic Investigation of Stainless Steel Hydrothermal Corrosion

Abstract In situ Raman spectroscopy was used to investigate corrosion of Type 304L stainless steel ([SS] UNS S30403) in airsaturated water at a pressure of 25.2 MPa and temperatures up to 496°C in an optically accessible flow cell. The exposed Type 304L SS coupon also was characterized ex situ with Raman spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. After exposure, nickel(II) iron(III) oxide (NiFe2O4) and alpha chromium(III) oxide hydroxide (α-CrOOH) phases were detected on the coupon surface. The NiFe2O4 phase was first identified after the coupon was heated to 247°C and was observed under all subsequent conditions. Upon heating from 247°C to 326°C, the crystallinity and possibly the thickness of the NiFe2O4 phase increased. The α-CrOOH phase was first identified after the coupon was heated to 326°C and was observed under all subsequent conditions. At least a portion of the α-CrOOH phase probably originated as a corrosion product released from the optical cell and/or flow system. In situ Raman spectra i...