cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The ATP Switch in Apoptosis

As a result of the work outlined above and other studies, a clear-cut distinction between apoptosis and necrosis no longer exists at the biochemical level. The strongest evidence for overlap comes from studies in models of hypoxia showing that over-expression of Bcl2 or its homolog Bcl-xL can block necrosis. The effects of Bcl2 appear largely due to direct effects on mitochondria, including stabilization of membrane potential, preservation of ATP production, prevention of oxidative stress, and enhanced Ca2+ uptake. In addition, Bcl2 may exert similar effects on the ER and the nucleus by regulating Ca2+ and GSH fluxes. If Bcl2 is not linked solely to suppression of apoptosis, what molecular distinctions between apoptosis and necrosis are we left with? A particularly attractive conclusion is that apoptosis requires caspases whereas necrosis does not (Hirsch et al., 1997). This would explain the ATP requirement for apoptosis, because Apaf-1-mediated activation of caspase-9-requires ATP hydrolysis (Li et al., 1997), and oxidation of the caspase active site cysteine would explain why excessive oxidative stress or thiol depletion inhibit apoptosis and lead to necrosis. It should be noted, however, that viral caspase inhibitors (such as the cowpox virus crmA protein) can partially attenuate necrosis that is due to chemical hypoxia (Shimizu et al., 1996a, 1996b). Further work is needed to directly examine the activation status of particular caspases in additional models of necrosis.
Unusual Carcinomas, Including Squamous Variants

This chapter includes nontraditional carcinomas including unusual but interesting squamous carcinoma variants and endocrine tumors. They do occur, although infrequently, so we must be aware of their presence and their appearances, especially in biopsies. The purpose of this chapter is to illustrate these rare cancers to give the reader some pictures with which to compare biopsies of carcinomas that do not look like either typical squamous cell carcinomas or typical adenocarcinomas.
Preoperative Risk Reduction Strategies to Optimize Outcomes

The success of hernia repair is measured by absence of recurrence, appearance of the surgical scar, and perioperative morbidity. Perioperative surgical site occurrence (SSO), defined as infection, seroma, wound ischemia, and dehiscence, increases the risk of recurrent hernia by at least 3-fold. The surgeon should optimize all measures that promote healing, reduce infection, and enhance early postoperative recovery. In the population with ventral hernia, the most common complication in the immediate perioperative period is surgical site infection. This article reviews several preoperative measures that have been reported to decrease SSOs and shorten length of hospital stay.
Potential Treatment of Retinal Diseases with Iron Chelators.

Iron is essential for life, while excess iron can be toxic. Iron generates hydroxyl radical, which is the most reactive free radical, causing oxidative stress. Since iron is absorbed through the diet but not excreted from the body, it accumulates with age in tissues, including the retina, consequently leading to age-related toxicity. This accumulation is further promoted by inflammation. Hereditary diseases such as aceruloplasminemia, Friedreich’s ataxia, pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration, and posterior column ataxia with retinitis pigmentosa involve retinal degeneration associated with iron dysregulation. In addition to hereditary causes, dietary or parenteral iron supplementation has been recently reported to elevate iron levels in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and promote retinal degeneration. Ocular siderosis from intraocular foreign bodies or subretinal hemorrhage can also lead to retinopathy. Evidence from mice and humans suggests that iron toxicity may contribute to age-related macular degeneration pathogenesis. Iron chelators can protect photoreceptors and RPE in various mouse models. The therapeutic potential for iron chelators is under investigation.
“Place” and Health

Social inequalities are major determinants of health inequity. Social determinants of health are linked closely to social positions occupied by different population groups within local, national, and international contexts. One’s social place determines access to life conditions, environments, and resources as well as the capacity to exert control over one’s life, including one’s health. In this chapter, the relationships between classism, class oppression, and marginalization experienced by indigenous populations and manifested in their cumulative health vulnerability are presented. The concept of “place,” its relationship with social determinants of health and global health inequity, and significance in improving population health are explicated. Selected theoretical frameworks are offered to promote the understanding of the social pathways to health vulnerability among indigenous populations worldwide.
Zona Incerta: An Integrative Node for Global Behavioral Modulation

Zona incerta (ZI) is a largely inhibitory subthalamic region connecting with many brain areas. Early studies have suggested involvement of ZI in various functions such as visceral activities, arousal, attention, and locomotion, but the specific roles of different ZI subdomains or cell types have not been well examined. Recent studies combining optogenetics, behavioral assays, neural tracing, and neural activity-recording reveal novel functional roles of ZI depending on specific input–output connectivity patterns. Here, we review these studies and summarize functions of ZI into four categories: sensory integration, behavioral output control, motivational drive, and neural plasticity. In view of these new findings, we propose that ZI serves as an integrative node for global modulation of behaviors and physiological states.
Bond-Order Time Series Analysis for Detecting Reaction Events in Ab Initio Molecular Dynamics Simulations

Ab initio molecular dynamics is able to predict novel reaction mechanisms by directly observing the individual reaction events that occur in simulation trajectories. In this article, we describe an approach for detecting reaction events from simulation trajectories using a physically motivated model based on time series analysis of ab initio bond orders. We found that applying a threshold to the bond order was insufficient for accurate detection, whereas peak finding on the first time derivative resulted in significantly improved accuracy. The model is trained on a reference set of reaction events representing the ideal result given unlimited computing resources. Our study includes two model systems: a heptanylium carbocation that undergoes hydride shifts and an unsaturated iron carbonyl cluster that features CO ligand migration and bridging behavior. The results indicate a high level of promise for this analysis approach to be used in mechanistic analysis of reactive AIMD simulations more generally.
Use Omega Rather than Cronbach’s Alpha for Estimating Reliability. But…

Cronbach’s alpha (α) is a widely-used measure of reliability used to quantify the amount of random measurement error that exists in a sum score or average generated by a multi-item measurement scal...
Between First, Second, and Third Worlds: Olzhas Suleimenov and Soviet Postcolonialism, 1961–1973

Abstract This article investigates the themes of global postwar decolonization, Soviet internationalism, and national identity in the works of the Russophone Kazakh poet Olzhas Suleimenov (b. 1936). Through an analysis of his early autobiographical and historical poems, which commemorate a variety of events ranging from the Second World War and the successes of the Soviet space program to Indian Independence and the American Civil Rights movement, I argue that Suleimenov’s synthesis of postcolonial writing and Soviet anticolonial discourse paved the way for a sophisticated critique of cultural imperialism that coincided with, and also contributed to, the birth of postcolonial literature worldwide.
Preparation and characterization of lutein loaded folate conjugated polymeric nanoparticles.

To prepare and characterise lutein-loaded polylactide-co-glycolide–polyethylene glycol–folate (PLGA-PEG-FOLATE) nanoparticles and evaluate enhanced uptake in SK-N-BE(2) cells. Nanoparticles were pr...
Cosmological evolution of ultralight axionlike scalar fields

We examine the cosmological evolution of ultralight axionlike (ULA) scalar fields with potentials of the form $V(\ensuremath{\phi})={m}^{2}{f}^{2}[1\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{cos}(\ensuremath{\phi}/f){]}^{n}$, with particular emphasis on the deviation in their behavior from the corresponding small--$\ensuremath{\phi}$ power-law approximations to these potentials: $V(\ensuremath{\phi})\ensuremath{\propto}{\ensuremath{\phi}}^{2n}$. We show that in the slow-roll regime, when ${\stackrel{\ifmmode \dot{}\else \textperiodcentered \fi{}}{\ensuremath{\phi}}}^{2}/2\ensuremath{\ll}V(\ensuremath{\phi})$, the full ULA potentials yield a more interesting range of possibilities for quintessence than do the corresponding power law approximations. For rapidly oscillating scalar fields, we derive the equation of state parameter and oscillation frequency for the ULA potentials and show how they deviate from the corresponding power-law values. We derive an analytic expression for the equation of state parameter that better approximates the ULA value than does the pure power-law approximation.
Efficacy, Use, and Usability of the VIP-HANA App for Symptom Self-management in PLWH with HANA Conditions

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of the VIP-HANA application (app) for improving symptom burden in a randomized control trial of 100 people living with HIV (PLWH) who have non-AIDS conditions associated with HIV. The intervention group received the VIP-HANA app which allowed them to report their symptoms every week and receive self-management strategies tailored to their symptoms. The control arm received an app to report their symptoms every week but did not receive any strategies. The results of our study suggest that symptom burden improved in the participants of both study arms. Although these findings do not support the efficacy of VIP-HANA in improving symptom burden in PLWH who have HIV-associated non-AIDS (HANA) conditions, this could be a function of the study design. Findings suggest that PLWH are interested in monitoring their symptoms, which could have implications for the wider use of digital health for patient surveillance.
Stakeholder Perspectives on Engaging With Cerebral Palsy Research Studies After Onset of COVID-19 in the United States.

Abstract Objective To investigate the effect of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on perspectives toward participation in cerebral palsy (CP) research. Design An online survey with questions relating to the comfort levels of research participation was filled out by people who had CP or had a child with CP. Setting The online survey was administered through Research Electronic Data Capture platform. Participants A total of 233 (n=233) individuals with CP (42.5%; n=99) or with a child with CP (57.1%; n=133) consented and at least partially completed the online survey (n=210 complete; n=23 partially complete). All participants resided in the United States. Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures Readiness to participate was analyzed in the context of the time point for research participation during COVID-19 and whether or not the study offered direct benefits to participants. Results Participants were consistently willing to participate sooner in studies that offered direct benefit than in those that did not. Adults responding for themselves had sooner time points for studies without direct benefit compared with parents answering for a child (P=.030). Gross Motor Function Classification System level, but not age or CP type, affected the time point for studies without direct benefit (P=.017). Personal values influenced selected time point for studies without direct benefit (P=.007), whereas environmental factors affected the time point for studies with direct benefit (P=.002). Local COVID-19 incidence rates were not associated with time points for either research type; however, respondents expected precautions to be taken if they chose to participate. Conclusions As the pandemic evolves, researchers should consider the perspectives of potential participants as well as ethical and safety factors when reinitiating in-person CP research.
Planar and three-dimensional damage-free etching of β-Ga2O3 using atomic gallium flux

In situ etching using Ga flux in an ultra-high vacuum environment like molecular beam epitaxy is introduced as a method to make high aspect ratio three-dimensional (3D) structures in β-Ga2O3. Etching of β-Ga2O3 due to excess Ga adatoms on the epilayer surface had been viewed as non-ideal for epitaxial growth especially since it results in plateauing and lowering of the growth rate. In this study, we use this well-known reaction from epitaxial growth to intentionally etch β-Ga2O3. We demonstrate etch rate ranging from 2.9 to 30 nm/min with the highest reported etch rate being only limited by the highest Ga flux used. Patterned in situ etching is also demonstrated and used to study the effect of fin orientation on the sidewall profiles and dopant (Si) segregation on the etched surface. Using in situ Ga etching, we also demonstrate 150 nm wide fins and 200 nm wide nanopillars with high aspect ratio. This etching method could enable future development of highly scaled vertical and lateral 3D devices in β-Ga2O3.
Equations in Canonical Form

This chapter presents the equations in canonical form and discusses the properties of these equations. The virtues range from simple computational convenience to a special suitability for retaining adequate agreement with experiment when the noises are idealized to white noise. It has been shown that canonical equations possess an essential property that is not possessed by other equations; the solutions of the equations do not depend on the coordinate system in which they are chosen to be expressed. It has also been shown that for certain problems, a modified Cauchy procedure, related to the Runge–Kutta procedure, produces faster convergence; but it gives no improvement in example. It has been shown that when the equations have the canonical form and some additional hypotheses are satisfied, a set of approximations closely related to the Cauchy–Maruyama approximations converges faster.
The dynamical history of comet Halley.

The history of the attempts to predict the motion of comet Halley is outlined and the importance of the so-called nongravitational forces acting upon this comet is emphasized. Recent orbital work of the International Halley Watch Astrometry Network is reviewed. Comet Halley’s transverse nongravitational parameter is positive and nearly constant with time suggesting that the comet is in direct rotation without precession of the spin pole. The nongravitational effects are consistent with the vaporization of water ice from the comet’s nucleus and long term integrations suggest that the comet has been in its present orbit for at least 16,000 years and probably much longer.
THE INSTRUCTIBLE PRODUCTION SYSTEM: A RETROSPECTIVE ANALYSIS

In building systems that acquire knowledge from tutorial instruction, progress depends on determining certain functional requirements and ways for them to be met. The Instructible Production System (IPS) project has explored learning by building a series of experimental systems. These systems can be viewed as being designed to explore the satisfaction of some of the requirements, both by basic production system mechanisms and by features explicitly programmed as rules. The explorations have brought out the importance of considering in advance (as part of the kernel design) certain functional components rather than having them be filled in by instruction. The need for the following functional components has been recognized: interaction language organization of procedural elements explanation of system behavior accommodation to new knowledge connection of goals with system capabilities reformulation (mapping) of knowledge evaluation of behavior compilation to achieve efficiency and automaticity Since the experimental systems have varied in their effectiveness, some general conclusions can be drawn about the relative merits of various approaches. Seven such approaches are discussed here, with particular attention to the three whose behavior can be most effectively compared, and which reflect the temporal development of the project.
Pityriasis rosea in children

Summary 1. The etiology, classification, clinical picture, course, distribution of lesions, differential diagnosis, complications, prognosis, and management of pityriasis rosea in children have been discussed. 2. Several case histories of patients, subjects of pityriasis rosea, including a histopathologic section from a patient, have been reported. 3. It is hoped that pediatricians will be more alert to recognize the clinical manifestations of the dermatosis and will guard against producing a dermatitis venenata (therapeutic dermatitis) from the indiscreet use of topical remedies.
Dopamine Axons in Primate Prefrontal Cortex: Specificity of Distribution, Synaptic Targets, and Development

Publisher Summary The substantial specificity in innervation patterns, synaptic targets, and postnatal development exhibited by dopamine (DA) axons may provide insight into the role of these afferents in the functional architecture of the prefrontal cortex (PFC), in both normal and disease states. In addition, abnormalities in DA neurotransmission have been implicated in the pathophysiology of certain disorders, such as schizophrenia, that are associated with disturbances in the cognitive functions subserved by the PFC. The researchers have examined the regional and laminar innervation patterns of DA axons in monkey PFC, their synaptic targets, and their maturational changes during postnatal development. Within the monkey cerebral cortex, the distribution of DA transporter-immunoreactive (DAT-IR) axons differed substantially across cytoarchitectonic regions. In most areas, DAT-labeled axons in the PFC have been distributed in a bilaminar fashion, with the density of labeled axons greatest in the superficial layers (I-IIIa), intermediate in the deep layers (Vb-VI), and very low in the middle layers (IIIb-Va). This apparent specificity of the synaptic targets of DA axons has been further demonstrated by the fact that THpositive terminals do not form synapses with CR-containing dendrites in the superficial cortical layers of monkey PFC, although synaptic contacts between tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive (TH-IR) terminals and GABA-labeled dendrites are clearly present in these layers The synaptic regulation of parvalbumin (PARV) -containing local circuit neurons by DA is particularly interesting, given the potent inhibitory control that these neurons may exert on pyramidal cells. These findings may reflect differences in the subcellular localization of TH and DAT and the different role that these two proteins play in the regulation of DA neurotransmission.
Context-Aware configuration: a study on improving cell phone awareness

As the number of mobile devices we carry grows, the job of managing those devices throughout the day becomes cumbersome. This is especially true for cell phones. Despite the many benefits they provide, cell phones create problems that arise from a mismatch between the user's context and the cell phone's behavior. In large part, the mismatch occurs because owners do not remember to frequently update their cell phone configuration according to the current context. It is desirable for mobile devices to automatically configure themselves based on the context of the environment and user preferences. Given the personal attachment between people and their mobile devices such as cell phones, context-aware automatic configuration may not be the preferred solution for users. We have conducted an in situ experiment to examine the feasibility, effectiveness and people's reactions to such a solution. Our results show that people prefer automatic configuration over configuring their devices by hand, and they are willing to adopt it in real life. The results also suggest that a hybrid, passive-active, context-aware configuration approach is preferred over a purely passive or active one.
Glycine regulation of synaptic NMDA receptors in hippocampal neurons

1. Although glycine has been identified as a required coagonist with glutamate at N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, the understanding of glycine's role in excitatory synaptic neurotransmission...
Routing and wavelength assignment with maximum resource sharing in WDM mesh networks with path-based protection

In this paper, we address the problem of routing and wavelength assignment (RWA) in path-protected WDM mesh networks with the objective of maximizing the sharing chances of wavelength links and optical-electronic-optical regenerators (OEOs) between demands, and hence, minimize the overall network resource needed. Both an integer liner program (ILP) solution and a Tabu search heuristic are proposed and their performance is experimentally evaluated through extensive simulation over different network topologies. Our simulation results confirm an average of 50 % reduction in the number of OEOs compared to that required with the well-known shared-path protection scheme in which only wavelength links are shared among different traffic demands.
Using the Major Field Test-Business as an Assessment Tool and Impetus for Program Improvement: Fifteen Years of Experience at Virginia Military Institute.

We examine the history of VMI’s use of the Major Field Test as an assessment tool for its Department of Economics and Business. Further, we chronicle how the information gathered from a decade and a half of use has shaped the curriculum, faculty composition and policies within the Department. There is evidence that the policies surrounding how and when the Major Field Test is administered influences student performance on the test and that it can be a valuable component of a comprehensive assessment program.
The Renal Aminoacidurias

The normal mechanisms whereby the renal tubules handle amino acids are reviewed as a basis for interpretation of the physiologic causes of the renal aminoacidurias. Under normal circumstances, the renal tubules reabsorb in excess of 93% of the amino acids filtered from the plasma. When the filtered load of amino acids is increased, as by intravenous injection of amino acids, there is an increase in both the amounts reabsorbed and those excreted, but the ability of the renal tubule to respond to an increased filtered load of amino acids is so great that a maximum rate of reabsorption has not been found in the human. However, the tubule does exhibit selectivity with respect to the reabsorption of each of the naturally occurring L-amino acids; furthermore, there is a much greater efficiency of reabsorption of the L as compared to the D isomers of the individual amino acids. The excretion of amino acids is influenced to an important degree by the glomerular filtration rate, as exemplified by studies in pregnant subjects as well as patients with renal disease affecting glomerular filtration. Several renal aminoacidurias of clinical interest are discussed with special reference to their diagnostic and metabolic significance.
Tobacco Control Policies and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome in Developed Nations

This paper estimates the effects of higher cigarette prices and smoke-free policies on the prevalence of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS). Using a panel of developed countries over a 20 year period, we find that higher cigarette prices are associated with reductions in the prevalence of SIDS. However, we find no evidence that smoke-free policies are associated with declines in SIDS.
NAFLD and NASH: important diseases before and after liver transplantation.

Abstract Many subjects with cryptogenic cirrhosis have underlying nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). The natural history of NASH-related cryptogenic cirrhosis after orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) is not well defined. A primarily retrospective study of patients with the clinical histological phenotype of NASH-related cirrhosis undergoing OLT was performed. Data were compared with 2 sets of age- and weight-matched controls with (1) primary biliary cirrhosis or primary sclerosing cholangitis or (2) alcoholic liver disease. After OLT, all patients were managed by a standard immunosuppressive protocol. Liver biopsies were performed at 6 and 12 months after OLT and at 1- to 2-year intervals thereafter, as well as when liver enzyme levels were elevated enough to warrant diagnostic biopsy. Twenty-seven subjects with cryptogenic cirrhosis and a clinical histological phenotype of NASH and 3 patients with a long-standing diagnosis of NASH before OLT were included. The 30-day perioperative mortality was 1 in 30 patients. During a median follow-up of 3.5 ± 2.7 years, 2 additional patients died of sepsis. There was a time-dependent increase in the risk for allograft steatosis that approached 100% by 5 years compared with only an approximately 25% incidence of steatosis in the control groups (P
The automated radiosynthesis of [18F]FP-TZTP

Abstract [ 18 F]FP-TZTP (3-(3-(3-[ 18 F]fluoropropylthio)-1,2,5-thiadiazol-4-yl)-1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-1-methylpyridine) is a muscarinic ligand that displays in vivo selectivity for the M2 subtype. We have developed a one-step radiosynthesis of [ 18 F]FP-TZTP that can be conducted with an automated synthesis unit. A number of hardware and software modifications to a Nuclear Interface C-11 Methylation System provided the equipment for the automated radiosynthesis. The manual synthesis produced [ 18 F]FP-TZTP in a radiochemical yield of 23.4% ± 4.3% (EOS, n=69) with a specific activity of 4377 ± 2011 mCi/μmol (EOB, n=100). The automated synthesis unit provided the product in a radiochemical yield of 18.8% ± 2.4% (EOS, n=25) with a specific activity of 4112 ± 2572 mCi/μmol (EOB, n=25).
Educational Priorities in the Newborn Nursery.

The newborn nursery provides an ideal setting for introducing basic concepts in primary care. The incorporation of the new born (low risk) nursery as a component of a division of ambulatory and community pediatrics presents an opportunity to address many of these issues and provides a focus for mother-child and family-institution bonding. In the University of California, Irvine, Medical Center nursery, management plans of residents and medical students are reviewed by a multidisciplinary team. The team considers the many physiologic adjustment a newborn infant must undergo to adapt successfully to its environment and discusses the impact of psychosocial stress, economic conditions, citizenship status, and environmental concerns on the ability of the parents to provide a supportive environment for their infant. Supervision of direct patient care and administrative responsibility for medical decisions in the nursery are the duties of the child health associate assigned to the nursery and his supervising physician.
Estimation of nonlinear functionals revisited

After an overview of known results concerning estimation of linear and nonlinear functionals of the density for i.i.d. observations and for functionals of a signal observed in the White Gaussian Noise (WGN) with small intensity, we consider similar problems for observation of a Poisson random process. Asymptotically efficient estimates of one time Frechet differentiable functionals are proposed. Bibliography: 10 titles.
Current Status of JPC-exotic Mesons

An exotic meson with JPC = 1−+ has been studied by three groups, in the vicinity of the α2(1320) meson in the decay channel πη. The current status and future prospects of this exotic meson, especially on the new result coming from the data of BNL-E852 Collaboration, are given.
Miniaturized fracture stress tests for thin-walled tubular SiC specimens

Two testing methods have been developed for miniaturized tubular specimens to evaluate the fracture stress of chemically vapor deposited (CVD) SiC coatings in nuclear fuel particles. In the first method hoop stress is applied to a thin-walled tubular specimen by internal pressurization using a polyurethane insert. The second method is a crushing technique, in which tubular specimen is fractured by diametrical compressive loading. Tubular SiC specimens with a wall thickness of about 100 μm and inner diameters of about 0.9 mm (SiC-A) and 1 mm (SiC-B) were extracted from surrogate nuclear fuels and tested using the two test methods. Mean fracture stresses of 239, 263, and 283 MPa were measured for SiC-A and SiC-B by internal pressurization, and SiC-A by diametrical loading, respectively. In addition, size effects in the fracture stress were investigated using tubular alumina specimens with various sizes. A significant size effect was found in the experimental data and was also predicted by the effective area-based scaling method.
Tritiated-thymidine incorporating cells in the peripheral blood of normal and splenectomized rats.

SummaryAortic blood from normal, sham-splenectomized, and splenectomized rats was incubated with tritiated thymidine (2 μc/ml) for 1 hour at 37°C and the labeling incidences for the buffy coat leukocytes determined autoradiographically. It was found that a small percentage of mononuclear cells in the peripheral blood of normal rats were capable of incorporating tritiated-thymidine. Following splenectomy the numbers of these cells increased more than 4-fold for 23 days post-operation. The labeled cell types are described and possible causes for their increase in numbers after splenectomy are discussed.
Ding and Makivic reply

In the reply to the comment on quantum fluctuations in spin 1/2 systems, the authors state that the claim that the fluctuations cause only 20% is erroneous.(AIP)
Examining a Ripple Effect: Do Spouses’ Behavior Changes Predict Each Other’s Weight Loss?

Background. Including spouses in obesity treatment has been found to promote weight loss. We assessed whether spouses' diet and activity changes impacted each other's weight loss when both members attended an active weight loss program (TOGETHER) or only the primary participant attended treatment (ALONE). Methods. Heterosexual couples (N = 132) enrolled in an 18-month randomized controlled weight loss trial were weighed and completed measures of dietary intake and physical activity at baseline and 6 months. We conducted dyadic data analyses using the Actor-Partner Interdependence Model. Results. Participants' weight loss was not predicted by their partners' behavior changes. However, partners' weight loss was predicted by their participants' changes in calorie and fat intake. When partners were coupled with a participant who did not reduce their own calorie and fat intake as much, these partners had higher weight loss when treated in the TOGETHER group but lower weight loss when they were untreated in the ALONE group. There were no reciprocal effects found with physical activity changes. Conclusions. Direct treatment had the greatest impact on participants and partners who were treated. Untreated partners' weight losses were positively impacted by their spouses' dietary changes, suggesting a ripple effect from treated spouses to their untreated partners.
Mental Health Concerns in Williams Syndrome: Intervention Considerations and Illustrations from Case Examples

The refinement of the Williams syndrome phenotype has frequently included the study of behavioral and temperamental features common to individuals with this disorder. Within this line of research, the importance of evaluating incidence of psychopathology has been increasingly recognized, with studies consistently identifying an increased risk for anxiety and attentional disorders in this population. However, there has been little research about the treatment of these difficulties. In this article, we review the literature about mental health in people with Williams syndrome, outline the need for mental health treatment in Williams syndrome that is informed by the cognitive and behavioral phenotype, and highlight issues to consider when designing such interventions based on case examples.
Occurrence of chronic lymphocytic leukemia in patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is the most common leukemia of adults in the western world and constitutes about 33% of all leukemia's. The incidence of CLL increases with age and are more common in older population. Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) on the contrary occurs in both young adults and elderly and is a chronic myeloproliferative disease that originates from abnormal pluripotent stem cells and results in involvement of multiple hematopoietic lineages, but predominantly myeloid and less commonly lymphoid. Association between CLL and myeloid malignancies (CML, acute myeloid leukemia and MDS, myelodysplastic syndrome) is rare. In literature documenting CLL and CML in same patients, occur either simultaneously or CML is preceded by CLL.
Laying hen responses to acute heat stress and carbon dioxide supplementation: I. Blood gas changes and plasma lactate accumulation.

Abstract Exposure to heat stress lowered partial pressure of arterial blood carbon dioxide (paCO2), arterial blood bicarbonate ion (HCO−3), but increased arterial blood pH (pHa) and plasma lactate (LA). Increasing ambient carbon dioxide (CO2) to 1.5% increased paCO2 from hypocapnic levels to normocapnic levels, raised HCO3− lowered pHa and plasma LA to pre-heat stress levels. Following CO2 treatment, respiratory alkalosis conditions returned. It was evident in this study that increasing ambient chamber CO2 to 1.5% was effective in ameliorating acid-base disturbances and reducing elevated levels of plasma LA which normally develops when laying hens are subjected to an acute heat stress exposure.
A quantitative analysis of the retrograde axonal transport of 4 different fluorescent dyes in peripheral sensory and motor neurons and lack of anterograde transport in the corticospinal system

Abstract Many fluorescent dye compounds are transported by axons in retrograde and anterograde directions. In the present study the uptake and retrograde axonal transport of 4 chemically related fluorescent dyes was evaluated in the peripheral nervous system of adult mice. Anterograde transport was studied in the corticospinal tract of adult rats. In addition to confirming the previously reported intra-axonal transport of Rhodamine-B-isothiocyanate, we report the transport of Rhodamine-X-isothiocyanate, Sulforhodamine-101-acid chloride and Lissamine rhodamine-B-sulfonyl chloride. By using the fluorescence intensity of the labeled motor and sensory neurons as well as cell counts of fluorescently labeled motor neurons and percent of labeled dorsal root ganglia (DRG) cells, we were able to quantitate the amount of retrograde transport of a given fluorescent compound. The two dyes with isothiocyanate groups available for conjugation were transported in higher amounts compared to the dyes containing sulfonyl chloride groups. No anterograde transport in the corticospinal system was observed. We conclude that the 4 dyes described are useful for retrograde neuroanatomical tracing experiments. We describe methods for quantifying the amount of retrograde transport by peripheral motor and sensory neurons.
Proof of the Linked-Cluster Expansion in Quantum Statistical Mechanics

In order to go over from a perturbation expansion of the grand partition function (the unlinked-cluster expansion) to an expansion of the thermodynamic potential (the linkedcluster expansion) in powers of the interaction, it is necessary to treat carefully those terms in which creation (or annihilation) operators for the same state occur twice or more. The unlinked- and linked- cluster expansions for a system of fermions are here shown to be equivalent by a direct comparison of the terms which occur in each. The relation between the two expansions is illustrated by the example of a system of fermions interacting only with a single-particle potential. (auth)
Aortocoronary bypass in the diabetic patient

Abstract One hundred twelve patients undergoing aortocoronary bypass—35 with diabetes of adult onset and 77 without diabetes—were studied to determine whether diabetic patients have additional operative risks and greater operative mortality and whether their coronary disease differs from that of nondiabetic patients. Among the diabetic patients there was a greater prevalence of preoperative unstable angina, prior myocardial infarction and class IV functional disability (New York Heart Association criteria). The major coronary arteries angiographically and at operation appeared similar in both groups. The blood flow rates measured in aortocoronary bypass vein grafts were similar in both groups, raising doubt about the presence of microvascular disease in the myocardium of the diabetic patient. Preliminary follow-up results demonstrated relief of anginal symptoms in 76 percent of diabetic and 78 percent of nondiabetic patients. The operative mortality rate of 9 percent in diabetic and 4 percent in nondiabetic patients occurred among the first 40 patients in the series; no patient in either group has died in the immediate postoperative period during the last 18 months of the study. Aortocoronary bypass should be recommended to diabetic patients with symptomatic coronary arteriosclerosis using the same criteria for operability applied to the nondiabetic population.
White Nationalism, Black Interests: Conservative Public Policy and the Black Community

White Nationalism, Black Interests: Conservative Public Policy and the Black Community. By Ronald W. Walters. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 2003. 360p. 26.95 paper.Ronald W. Walters dislikes the direction that race relations have taken in the present-day United States. In his book, he portrays race relations as a war between the radical conservative wing of the Republican Party and blacks. It goes without saying which group has been losing. It is a story told quite starkly with few nuances or nagging caveats—as the title suggests. The reader feels immediately the depth of Walters's anguish, and the strength of his argument builds as he lays out example after example.
Analysis of the Bacterial Luciferase Mobile Loop by Replica-Exchange Molecular Dynamics

Bacterial luciferase contains an extended 29-residue mobile loop. Movements of this loop are governed by binding of either flavin mononucleotide (FMNH2) or polyvalent anions. To understand this process, loop dynamics were investigated using replica-exchange molecular dynamics that yielded conformational ensembles in either the presence or absence of FMNH2. The resulting data were analyzed using clustering and network analysis. We observed the closed conformations that are visited only in the simulations with the ligand. Yet the mobile loop is intrinsically flexible, and FMNH2 binding modifies the relative populations of conformations. This model provides unique information regarding the function of a crystallographically disordered segment of the loop near the binding site. Structures at or near the fringe of this network were compatible with flavin binding or release. Finally, we demonstrate that the crystallographically observed conformation of the mobile loop bound to oxidized flavin was influenced by crystal packing. Thus, our study has revealed what we believe are novel conformations of the mobile loop and additional context for experimentally determined structures.
Simplification of photoelectron spectra of H2 in intense laser fields.

The response of molecular hydrogen to multiphoton excitation with intense short laser pulses is probed using photoelectron spectroscopy. At wavelengths and laser intensities for which molecular Rydberg states are ac Stark shifted into resonance, the small quantum defects of molecular hydrogen and the loss of the ponderomotive energy to the electromagnetic field give rise to very simple photoelectron spectra that coincide with those of excited atomic hydrogen.
PhoB Regulates Motility, Biofilms, and Cyclic di-GMP in Vibrio cholerae

Signaling through the second messenger cyclic di-GMP (c-di-GMP) is central to the life cycle of Vibrio cholerae. However, relatively little is known about the signaling mechanism, including the specific external stimuli that regulate c-di-GMP concentration. Here, we show that the phosphate responsive regulator PhoB regulates an operon, acgAB, which encodes c-di-GMP metabolic enzymes. We show that induction of acgAB by PhoB positively regulates V. cholerae motility in vitro and that PhoB regulates expression of acgAB at late stages during V. cholerae infection in the infant mouse small intestine. These data support a model whereby PhoB becomes activated at a late stage of infection in preparation for dissemination of V. cholerae to the aquatic environment and suggest that the concentration of exogenous phosphate may become limited at late stages of infection.
Testing of ring-stiffened cylindrical shells encased in concrete—Instrumentation and procedures

To achieve greater cost effectiveness in designing tunnel liners for a large transfer system in the California State Water Project, a model study was conducted. The main concern was the ability of a ringstiffened cylindrical shell encased in concrete to resist buckling when subjected to external hydrostatic pressure.
Is an Alternative Globalization Possible

Building on Polanyi’s concept of the “double-movement” through which society defends itself against domination by the self-regulating market, this article sets out some key organizational and ideological hurdles that the contemporary “movement of movements” must surmount to challenge the hegemony of neo-liberal globalization. After outlining neo-liberalism’s failures, it makes an argument for the possibility of “counter-hegemonic globalization,” defined as a globally organized project of transformation aimed at replacing the dominant (hegemonic) global regime with one that maximizes democratic political control and makes the equitable development of human capabilities and environmental stewardship its priorities.
The influence of cultural adaptation and sexual risk behaviors on cervical cytology in a Hispanic population

Objective To determine whether the level of cultural adaptation (acculturation) of Hispanic women is associated with increased sexual risk behaviors and cervical cytological abnormalities. Study Design Hispanic women 18-55 years of age (mean, 30.5 ± 8.32 years) underwent routine Papanicoulaou testing and completed a comprehensive survey (n = 3149). Acculturation (cultural adaptation) was measured using the Short Acculturation Scale for Hispanics. Structural equation modeling was used to test a mediation model. Results Highly acculturated women engaged in a greater number of sexual risk behaviors and were more likely to have an abnormal Papanicoulaou test when compared to less acculturated Hispanic women ( P Conclusion Acculturation is related to sexual risk taking and abnormal cervical cytology. Determination of acculturation level as part of culturally competent health care will aid in tailoring patient communication and counseling on the prevention of cervical cancer among Hispanic women.
Poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide) Blended with Poly (vinylbenzyl chloride)-b-polystyrene for the Formation of Anion Exchange Membranes

A block copolymer of poly(vinylbenzyl chloride)-b-polystyrene (PVBC-b-PS) was synthesized through nitroxide-mediated polymerization, then blended with poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide) (PPO) at different compositions, and solution cast to prepare a series of blend films. Differential scanning calorimetry analysis of the PVBC-b-PS and PVBC-b-PS blended with the PPO showed a single glass transition temperature for each of the compositions examined, suggesting that all components in the blend membranes are compatible. The benzyl chloride groups in the blend films were converted to quaternary ammonium groups by reaction with trimethylamine, and the functionalization reached high conversion as characterized by ion exchange capacity (IEC) measurements. The PPO blend anion exchange membranes (AEMs) show improved mechanical properties compared to the styrenic copolymer, particularly in a hydrated condition. The membranes were subjected to thermal and THF/water annealing procedures to study the effect on memb...
Fractional independent yields of 104Tc and 105Tc from thermal-neutron-induced fission of 235U and of 239Pu

The fractional independent yields of 104Tc and 105Tc were determined by measurement of the intensities of individual γ-rays with Ge(Li) detectors after rapid chemical separation of TcO4− from Mo(VI), following oxidation of lower oxidation states. The values determined for 104Tc and 105Tc, respectively, are: <0.01 (−0.016 ± 0.022 measured) and <0.03 (−0.002 ± 0.32 measured) from thermal-neutron-induced fission of 235U and 0.077 ± 0.012 and 0.264 ± 0.021 from thermal-neutron-induced fission of 239Pu. The small yields from 235U are consistent with most other values that have been reported, and the larger yields from 239Pu are consistent with the yields of antimony isotopes that are approximately complementary to 104Tc and 105Tc. The independent yields of 104Tc and 105Tc are much smaller (>25 and >50 times less, respectively) when formed by thermal-neutron-induced fission of 235U than when formed by thermal-neutron-induced fission of 239Pu. The large differences may be associated with the atomic numbers of the complementary elements (49In and 51Sb) being one less than and one greater than the “magic” atomic number of 50 for tin isotopes, and, therefore, these observations support the postulate that the presence of at least 50 protons in one fission fragment is a necessary condition, though not necessarily a sufficient one, for high yields from low-energy fission reactions.
High-density lipoprotein subclasses in diabetes.

Abstract This cross-sectional study evaluated high-density lipoprotein subclasses measured by a precipitation technique before and after treatment in men and women with types I and II diabetes. Total high-density lipoprotein cholesterol was lower in subjects of both sexes with untreated type I and type II diabetes, the change occurring primarily in subclass 2. Insulin therapy raised total and subclass 2 high-density lipoprotein levels in men and women with type I and type II diabetes, the predominant rise occurring in subclass 2. The improvement was unrelated to metabolic control. Normalization of total and subclass 2 high-density lipoprotein was not achieved in women with type II disease who had higher body weights and triglyceride levels. Treatment with oral hypoglycemic agents did not lower total high-density lipoprotein or subclass 2 levels. It is concluded that (1) therapies affecting high-density lipoprotein produce the preponderant change in subclass 2, (2) insulin therapy increases total and subclass 2 high-density lipoprotein but may not restore levels to normal in the presence of elevated body weight and lipid levels, (3) there is no relation between control of diabetes and changes in total and subclass 2 high-density lipoprotein levels, and (4) treatment with oral hypoglycemic agents does not adversely affect high-density lipoprotein levels.
The dorsal ganglion with anomalous muscles

Either an anomalous extensor indicis proprius muscle or an extensor digitorum brevis manus may coexist with a dorsal wrist ganglion. To assure relief of symptoms, treatment must include division of the fourth dorsal extensor compartment in the case of the former muscle, and excision in the case of the latter.