cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Context-dependent development of sexual ornamentation: implications for a trade-off between current and future breeding efforts

Allocation of resources into the development of sexual displays is determined by a trade-off between the competing demands of current reproduction and self-maintenance. When reproduction overlaps with acquisition of sexual ornamentation, such as in birds with a yearly post-breeding moult, such a trade-off can be expressed in elaboration of sexual traits used in subsequent matings. In turn, selection for elaboration of sexual ornaments should favour resolution of this trade-off through a modification of the ornaments’ development, resulting in variable and life history-dependent development of sexual displays. Here we examined a novel hypothesis that the trade-off between current reproduction and development of sexual ornamentation in the house finch (Carpodacus mexicanus) can be mediated by the shared effects of prolactin – a pituitary hormone that regulates both parental care and moult in this species. We compared developmental variation in sexual ornamentation between breeding, nonbreeding, and juvenile males and examined the relative contribution of residual levels of prolactin and individual condition during moult to the acquisition of sexual ornamentation. Males that invested heavily in parental care entered post-breeding moult in lower condition and later in the season, but their higher plasma prolactin was associated with shorter and more intense moult ultimately resulting in equal or greater elaboration of sexual ornamentation compared with nonparental males. Elaboration of sexual ornamentation of nonparental males that entered moult in greater condition, but with lower prolactin, was produced by longer and earlier moult and by lesser overlap in moult between sexual ornaments. Ornamentation of juvenile males that acquire sexual ornamentation for the first time was closely associated with physiological condition during moult. We discuss the implications of such context-dependent ontogenies of sexual ornamentation and resulting differences in condition-dependence of sexual traits across life history stages on the evolution of female preference for elaborated sexual displays.
A 32x32x32, spatially distributed 3D FFT in four microseconds on Anton

Anton, a massively parallel special-purpose machine for molecular dynamics simulations, performs a 32x32x32 FFT in 3.7 microseconds and a 64x64x64 FFT in 13.3 microseconds on a configuration with 512 nodes---an order of magnitude faster than all other FFT implementations of which we are aware. Achieving this FFT performance requires a coordinated combination of computation and communication techniques that leverage Anton's underlying hardware mechanisms. Most significantly, Anton's communication subsystem provides over 300 gigabits per second of bandwidth per node, message latency in the hundreds of nanoseconds, and support for word-level writes and single-ended communication. In addition, Anton's general-purpose computation system incorporates primitives that support the efficient parallelization of small 1D FFTs. Although Anton was designed specifically for molecular dynamics simulations, a number of the hardware primitives and software implementation techniques described in this paper may also be applicable to the acceleration of FFTs on general-purpose high-performance machines.
Isolated mandibular metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma.

Received from the University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA. * Craniomaxillofacial Research Fellow, Division of Plastic, Reconstructive and Oral-Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Surgery, Presbyterian University Hospital. t Associate Professor of Surgery, Division of Plastic, Reconstructive and Oral-Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Surgery, Presbyterian University Hospital. # Chief Resident of Oral Surgery, Division of Plastic, Reconstructive, and Oral-Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Surgery, Presbyterian University Hospital. Q Associate Professor of Surgery, Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh. Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr Lalikos: Division of Plastic, Reconstructive and Oral-Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, 686 Scaife Hall, 3550 Terrace St, Pittsburgh, PA 1526 I.
Antecedent connector word models for interval type-2 fuzzy logic systems

We investigate ten compensatory operators and SOWA operators in the framework of Mamdani interval type-2 fuzzy logic systems (FLS) so that for the first time the uncertainties originating from descriptive words, connector words and data can be simultaneously modeled. Our investigations show that: 1) for a Mamdani singleton interval type-2 FLS all the ten operators can be implemented and optimized; and 2) for a Mamdani non-singleton interval type-2 FLS the multiplicative compensatory operator that uses the product t-norm and maximum t-conorm, /spl Phi//sub p//sup MCA/, can be implemented and optimized. We apply /spl Phi//sub p//sup MCA/ to chaotic time-series prediction where the observations are corrupted by non-stationary noise. Our experimental results show that by incorporating /spl Phi//sub p//sup MCA/ into a Mamdani interval type-2 FLS it may take less time to train an interval type-2 FLS to achieve a satisfactory performance, and the resulting system is more robust to noise.
Properties of selected S-nitrosothiols compared to nitrosylated WR-1065.

Abstract Whiteside, W. M., Sears, D. N., Young, P. R. and Rubin, D. B. Properties of Selected S-Nitrosothiols Compared to Nitrosylated WR-1065. Radiat. Res. 157, 578–588 (2002). WR-1065 ([N-mercaptoethyl]-1–3-diaminopropane), the active form of the aminothiol drug Ethyol®/Amifostine®, protects against toxicity caused by radiation, chemotherapy and endotoxin. Because WR-1065 and other thiols readily bind nitric oxide (NO), injurious conditions or therapies that induce the production or mobilization of NO could alter the effects of WR-1065. S-Nitrosothiols were prepared from various thiols by a standard method to compare properties and stability. Heteromolecular quantum correlation 2D nuclear magnetic resonance was used to characterize nitrosylated glutathione (GSH) and WR-1065; both S- and N-nitrosothiols were observed, depending on the experimental conditions. Three categories of S-nitrosothiol stability were observed: (1) highly stable, with t1/2 > 8 h, N-acetyl-l-cysteine nitrosothiol (t1/2 15 h) > GSH ...
Comparison of motion correction techniques applied to functional near-infrared spectroscopy data from children

Motion artifacts are the most significant sources of noise in the context of pediatric brain imaging designs and data analyses, especially in applications of functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), in which it can completely affect the quality of the data acquired. Different methods have been developed to correct motion artifacts in fNIRS data, but the relative effectiveness of these methods for data from child and infant subjects (which is often found to be significantly noisier than adult data) remains largely unexplored. The issue is further complicated by the heterogeneity of fNIRS data artifacts. We compared the efficacy of the six most prevalent motion artifact correction techniques with fNIRS data acquired from children participating in a language acquisition task, including wavelet, spline interpolation, principal component analysis, moving average (MA), correlation-based signal improvement, and combination of wavelet and MA. The evaluation of five predefined metrics suggests that the MA and wavelet methods yield the best outcomes. These findings elucidate the varied nature of fNIRS data artifacts and the efficacy of artifact correction methods with pediatric populations, as well as help inform both the theory and practice of optical brain imaging analysis.
Multistep predictive control and adaptation

One of the more exciting recent developments in the use of advanced control methods in chemical process systems has been the application of multistep predictive control methods as wefl as adaptive estimation techniques. Much of the early interest in the application of adaptive control to chemical process systems can be traced back to the articles by Astr0m and Wittenmark and Clarke and Gawthrop. Both of these articles communicated the adaptive control theory in a manner that made it readily available to practicing control engineers with little training and background in advanced control theory. Many applications of these ideas to chemical process control problems were reported in the literature (See e.g. Seborg, Edgar and Shah [3]). However, the general conclusion of much of this work was that the adaptive controllers often did not have the necessary robustness properties to be applied unsupervised in a chemical plant context. Consequently, this theory has not yet had a significant impact in the chemical process industries. Further research has been aimed towards developing more robust approaches to the control and estimation problems. Much of this research effort has concentrated on improving the recursive least squares procedure for parameter estimation and the development of finite horizon linear quadratic controllers based on heuristic arguments.
“Sonata, What Do You Want of Me?”: Teaching Rhetorical Strategies for Writing about Music

This article looks at the application and modification of Gerald Graff and Kathy Birkenstein’s methodology for teaching academic writing (as presented in their text They Say/ I Say: the moves that matter in academic writing ) to the undergraduate music history classroom. The author focuses on the first part of Graff and Birkenstein’s methodology – the art of successfully summarizing and quoting relevant parts of academic discourse as a springboard for one’s own ideas – and suggests that the basic techniques espoused by Graff and Birkenstein can be adapted for use when discussing musical texts (i.e. scores) rather than verbal texts. The author illustrates her ideas with examples from scholarly musicological discourse and shows how she uses these examples along with her modifications of Graff and Birkenstein’s strategies in her own classroom to help her students understand and implement rhetorical strategies that strengthen their discourse and improve their writing skills.
UK doctors awareness and use of specified electronic evidence-based medicine resources

There is an increasing emphasis placed on evidence-based medicine, and the use of relevant resources. The aim of this study is to evaluate UK doctor's awareness and use of specified evidence-based medicine (EBM) electronic resources. Respondents were invited to complete an online questionnaire and 636 were completed. The most frequently used EBM resources available via the National Library for Health were the most established and well-known resources, namely, Medline/PubMed. The top three resources not freely available via the National Library for Health were general non-specialist specific resources. Over three-quarters of the respondents had not heard of the American resources and resources that had only ever been electronic were not widely known or used by the respondents. The introduction of new electronic resources to doctors must involve more than simply promoting the URL/web location. In fact, the development of a comprehensive list of resources highlighting their strengths (and weaknesses) may be ...
Influence of Heating on the Liberation of Certain Amino Acids from Whole Soybeans.

SummaryA study was made on the effect of boiling on the liberation of amino acids by acid and enzymatic hydrolysis using microbiological assay methods.Boiling up to 12 hours did not not affect the release by acid hydrolysis of α-amino nitrogen and of 7 essential amino acids studied.Boiling for 15 minutes caused a slight increase in the release of α-amino nitrogen and amino acids by pancreatic digestion but boiling for 1 hour and longer up to 12 hours resulted in a marked increase. The increase in the enzymatic liberation of amino acids for periods of over one hour was about twice that liberated from raw soybean. Prolonged boiling up to 12 hours with definite browning did not result in a decrease in enzymatic liberation of amino acids from the “overcooked” soybean.
Surface Coating for Flame-Retardant Behavior of Cotton Fabric Using a Continuous Layer-by-Layer Process

Cotton’s exceptional softness, breathability, and absorbency have made it America’s best-selling textile fiber; however, cotton textiles are generally more combustible than their synthetic counterparts. In this study, a continuous layer-by-layer self-assembly technique was used to deposit polymer–clay nanocoatings on cotton fabrics to enhance their flame retardancy. Alternating layers of positively charged branched polyethylenimine (BPEI) with urea and diammonium phosphate and negatively charged clay nanoparticles were continuously applied to the fabrics in a single process without rinsing. The morphology and flame-retardant properties of the coated fabrics were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and a variety of flammability tests. The treated fabrics exhibited improved thermal stability, as evidenced by increased ignition times and lower heat release rates. The results of this study show that flame-retardant nanocoatings can be readily applied to textile fabrics using a continuous pr...
In Memoriam: Robert Cushman Murphy April 29, 1887-March 20, 1973

BoR>1⁄2 in Brooklyn where his father was a secondary school official, Robert Cushman Murphy's family soon moved farther out on Long Island to Mr. Sinai. In a diary "kept for less than one month in July and August 1903, the year before I entered Port Jefferson High School," we find that he was already a naturalist and acquiring an interest in things nautical. A few scattered entries give the flavor: "July 25, arose at half past four and went out after bluefish in Captain Davis' sloop-rigged, flat-bottomed sailboat... July 27. My father's fiftieth birthday. Worked on the chickenhouse all morning, and stayed home in afternoon while the rest of the family went to the Sound beach for a swim . . . Aug. 3. Sawed wood, took a swim, and made a bow of red cedar. Caught a fledgling olive-backed [Parula] warbler... Aug. 8. Cleaned ten flounders in 25 minutes." Bob went through Port Jefferson High School, walking the 3 miles each way to and from home as his daughter comments "in approved great-man's-childhood fashion."
Apical iodide efflux in thyroid.

Abstract Thyroid follicular epithelial cells produce thyroxine (T 4 ) and its physiologically active derivative, 3,3′,5-triiodothyronine (T 3 ), hormones that regulate critical developmental and metabolic functions. In order for the thyroid to form hormone precursor, iodide, the defining element in thyroid hormone, must cross both blood-facing and luminal sides of the follicular epithelium. The pathway for uptake from blood is well understood, but the mechanism(s) that enable iodide to cross the luminally facing apical membrane remain obscure. This chapter considers the physiological properties of several molecularly characterized anion transport proteins, all of which potentially contribute to the overall mechanism of apical iodide efflux.
Chemically Reacting Turbulent Flows

The basic equations governing a turbulent reacting system are presented, starting with the unaveraged/unfiltered partial differential equations (PDEs) and ancillary equations for a gas-phase multicomponent reacting system. These equations describe both laminar flames and turbulent flames where all continuum spatial and temporal scales are fully resolved (direct numerical simulation—DNS). In simulations of practical turbulent combustion systems, it is not feasible to resolve all relevant scales explicitly, and one of two approaches is usually adopted to reduce the dynamic range of scales and to account for influences of turbulent fluctuations at unresolved scales on the resolved scales: Reynolds averaging (Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes—RANS), in which the influences of all turbulent fluctuations with respect to an appropriately defined local mean are modeled, or spatial filtering (large-eddy simulation—LES) in which only the influences of turbulent fluctuations at scales smaller than a prescribed lower limit (the filter scale) are modeled. Probability density functions (PDFs) are a particularly effective approach for modeling chemically reacting turbulent flows with radiative heat transfer; PDF methods are introduced here, and are subsequently used in many of the examples that are discussed in later chapters. The general notion of turbulence–chemistry interactions (TCI) in RANS and in LES is discussed, using the PDF framework. Finally, extensions to accommodate multiphase systems (soot, liquid fuel sprays, and coal) are discussed. Together with the material on radiation and turbulence–radiation interactions (TRI) in the next chapter, this provides the foundation that is needed for the examples that are presented and discussed in subsequent chapters.
A Summary of Factors That Enabled the Epidemic

This chapter describes some of the factors that allowed human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) to continue infecting hemophiliacs until as late as July 1985. These included: ● failure to expeditiously adopt screening procedures for blood and plasma donors
Developed Image Structure

AbstractThe dry covering power of developed silver in a photographic film is dependent on the properties and previous history of its gelatin binder. Physical or chemical treatments of film prior to, during or following, development will denature or soften gelatin, or increasing its swelling capacity in water will generally increase covering power. Conversely treatments which harden gelatin tend to reduce covering power These effects may change covering power by as much as 50 per cent. The drying of a gelaano-silver image is divided into two different periods. The first is characterized by an increase in covering power and by the reversibility of the events causing it. The second period is characterized by a decrease in covering power and its irreversibility. The wet bulb temperature of the drying air and the structural arrangement of the gelatin binder as modified by previous environment affect primarily the irreversible events occurring during the second drying period. Changes in covering power are cause...
Improving Route Lookup Performance Using Network Processor Cache

Earlier research has shown that the route lookup performance of a network processor can be significantly improved by caching ranges of lookup/classification keys rather than individual keys. While the previous work focused specifically on reducing capacity misses, we address two other important aspects - (a) reducing conflict misses and (b) cache consistency during frequent route updates. We propose two techniques to minimize conflict misses that aim to balance the number of cacheable entries mapped to each cache set. They offer different tradeoffs between performance and simplicity while improving the average route lookup time by 76% and 45.2% respectively. To maintain cache consistency during frequent route updates, we propose a selective cache invalidation technique that can limit the degradation in lookup latency to within 10.2%. Our results indicate potentially large improvement in lookup performance for network processors used at Internet edge and motivate further research into caching at the Internet core.
A Bandpass Sampling Receiver for Wide-Bandwidth, Spectrally-Sparse Waveforms for High-Accuracy Range Measurements

Measuring range to millimeter accuracy using microwave wireless systems is challenging due to the need for wide-bandwidth waveforms. This work presents a Sparse Ranging Receiver (SpaRR) that utilizes spectrally-sparse waveforms and bandpass sampling to achieve high range accuracy measurements without the need for expensive wideband digitizers. The accuracy of a ranging system varies inversely with the RMS bandwidth of the waveform, and the optimal ranging waveform is one that concentrates its frequency content at the edges of its bandwidth. The SpaRR utilizes widely separate two-tone waveforms from L to X band to achieve high range accuracy with a low-speed digitizer. The theory, architecture, and signal processing associated with the SpaRR are presented, and measurements are shown demonstrating accuracies on the order of $100~\mu \text {m}$ for tone separations on the order of 2 GHz.
Residuals and Diagnostics for Ordinal Regression Models: A Surrogate Approach

Ordinal outcomes are common in scientific research and everyday practice, and we often rely on regression models to make inference. A long-standing problem with such regression analyses is the lack...
Helping content: a three-part approach to content strategy with nonprofits

Nonprofits must reach a variety of community audiences to sustain their organizations, and these audiences include potential volunteers, donors, and clients. With the increasing availability of open-source, freely available, and inexpensive communication technologies, many nonprofits can now develop a robust web presence that targets a variety of audiences via a variety of channels. In this article, we present a three-part heuristic to help nonprofits better manage digital content. This heuristic is comprised of developing audience awareness and interaction, making use of emerging technologies, and building sustainable partnerships. Using a project designed to help a homeless shelter improve its content strategy, we explore this heuristic and its implications for helping technical and professional communicators improve local nonprofit digital capacities.
Role analysis using the ego-ERGM: A look at environmental interest group coalitions

Abstract Interest groups coordinate to achieve political goals. However, these groups are heterogeneous, and the division of labor within these coalitions varies. We explore the presence of distinct roles in coalitions of environmental interest groups, and analyse which factors predict if an organization takes on a particular role. To model these latent dynamics, we introduce the ego-ERGM. We find that a group's budget, member size, staff size, and degree centrality are influential in distinguishing between three role assignments. These results provide insight into the roles adopted in carrying out coalition tasks. This approach shows promise for understanding a host of networks.
Abstract 16937: Glycemic Response to a Single Food is Influenced by Plasma HgbA1c Concentrations

The utility of glycemic index (GI) values for chronic disease risk management remains controversial. While absolute GI value determinations for individual foods have been shown to vary significantly in individuals with type 1 or type 2 diabetes, there is a dearth of data on the reliability of GI value determinations and potential sources of variability among healthy adults. Our objective was to determine the intra-individual (within an individual) and inter-individual (among individuals) variability in glycemic response to a single food challenge as well as biological factors that potentially mediate this response. GI value for white bread relative to glucose was determined in 63 volunteers free from chronic disease with fasting glucose values 5.7 (57 ± 11 vs. 66 ± 15, p=0.03). These data indicate substantial variability in individual responses to GI value determinations, suggesting that it is unlikely to be good approach to guide food choices in the clinical setting. Additionally, glycemic control, even in healthy individuals, significantly contributes to the variability in glycemic response among individuals.
Prototyping non-developable paper models without gluing tabs

The recently revived interest in thin shell architecture demands an efficient method to quickly prototype non-developable surface models for design evaluation. This paper focus on improving the traditional papercraft technique of approximating smooth surfaces with discretised planar meshes. The necessary step to unfold strips of planar faces often creates many separate pieces. These pieces require tedious manual work in gluing and assembling them together. The addition of gluing tabs also results in an aesthetically unpleasing underside of the surface.This paper proposes a double-shell construction to overcome the challenges of edge jointing and eliminate the need for gluing tabs. A double-shell is created using two sets of unfolded planar strips that were split at different seams. When the two sides are folded and glued back together, the folded connections bridge the seams on another side and vice versa. Spray-on contact adhesive can be globally applied to the underside of each set, thereby speeding up the assembly process.Models of trimmed and untrimmed NURBS surfaces and triangular mesh surfaces are constructed using this method as demonstration. Quantitative and qualitative effect of model size and paper thickness are explored to provide baseline application parameters. As a result, this method allows anyone with a laser or drag knife cutter to rapidly create mesh models that are easy to assemble and aesthetically clean on both sides.
Greenhouse Gas Fluxes from Restored Agricultural Wetlands and Natural Wetlands, Northwestern Indiana

We measured gas fluxes and production efficiency rates of CO2, CH4, and N2O from natural and restored freshwater marshes in northwestern Indiana to evaluate the contribution of restored wetlands to regional greenhouse gas fluxes. Anaerobic soil incubations were used to determine production efficiencies, and static flux chamber measurements were used to measure fluxes during the growing season. Restored wetlands contained less soil organic carbon (1.5 % versus 6.3 %) than natural wetlands yet emitted comparable greenhouse gases in anaerobic incubations. Production efficiency rates, though, were significantly higher in restored wetlands. Mean growing season fluxes from static flux chamber measurements were 10.1 kg CO2-C ha−1 day−1, −0.2 g CH4-C ha−1 day−1, and 0.6 g N2O-N ha−1 day−1 from natural wetlands and 3.8 kg CO2-C ha−1 day−1, 0.1 g CH4-C ha−1 day−1, and 0.4 g N2O-N ha−1 day−1 from restored wetlands and did not differ among the two wetland types. We conclude that the ecological benefits gained from restoring wetlands in the glaciated interior plains outweigh the negative impact of their greenhouse gas contribution.
Construction of Convex Relaxations Using Automated Code Generation Techniques

This paper describes how the automated code generation tool DAEPACK can be used to construct convex relaxations of codes implementing nonconvex functions. Modern deterministic global optimization algorithms involving continuous and/or integer variables often require such convex relaxations. Within the described framework, the user supplies a code implementing the objective and constraints of a nonconvex optimization problem. DAEPACK then analyzes this code and automatically generates a collection of subroutines based upon various symbolic transformations used by automatic convexification algorithms. The methods considered include the convex relaxations of McCormick, αBB of Floudas and coworkers, and the linearization strategy of Tawarmalani and Sahinidis. It should be noted that the user supplied code can be quite complex, including arbitrary nonlinear expressions, subroutines, and iterative loops.
The Physical Environment and Cognitive Development in Child-Care Centers

According to projections given in the Federal Register, 9 out of 10 households in the United States with children under 4 years of age will use some form of day care in the 1980s. The figure of 1.2 million children in day care in 1976 may rise to more than 111/2 million children by 1990. At the beginning of the decade, about 35% of children in day care were in in-home care, over 45% in family day care, and less than 20% in center-based day care (these figures are based on 1978 HEW statistics). If these trends continue, we might expect over 4 million children in in-home care, over 5 million in family day care, and around 21/2 million in more formal child-care centers by the end of the decade.
Association of comorbidity and polypharmacy with skeletal muscle measures in older adults with cancer.

e22029Background: Comorbidity and polypharmacy are common among older adults with cancer, yet their association with Computed Tomography (CT)-based skeletal muscle measures remains uncertain. The p...
Ru(II)-Catalyzed Synthesis of Substituted Furans and Their Conversion to Butenolides

The synthesis of densely functionalized trisubstituted and tetrasubstituted furans via a novel Ru(II)-catalyzed intramolecular cyclization of vinyl diazoesters is reported. The synthetic utility of these furans is further demonstrated through a simple acid-mediated reaction to access highly substituted Δα,β-butenolides.
Pulmonary Cryoablation Zones: More Aggressive Ablation Is Warranted In Vivo.

OBJECTIVE. The objective of our study was to determine the effective cryoablation zone when treating pulmonary tumors in vivo and to create pulmonary-specific ablation maps to guide clinical proced...
Soot differentiation by laser derivatization

Combustion produced soot is highly variable in its composition and nanostructure, both of which are dependent upon combustion conditions. Quantification of high-resolution transmission electron mic...
Revisiting Second Graders’ Robotics with an Understand/Use-Modify-Create (U2MC) Strategy

This study, a sub-study of a National Science Foundation (NSF) funded research project, applies a modified strategy of the U2MC for an eight-week afterschool robotics curriculum to promote upper elementary students’ computational thinking in the second grade. Twenty-one students in second grade participated in a Life on Mars project which lasted for ten days with one class hour per day. They participated in activities learning coding concepts, basics of robotics, as well as exploring life on Mars. Most notably, the study found a significant increase in participants’ computational thinking skills. In addition, participants came to understand basic robotics, including operation, composites, and codes. Implications for future research and robotics curriculum design are discussed in the presentation.
6-Deoxy-d-glucose (d-Quinovose): Lithium Aluminum Hydride Reduction of Methyl 6-Chloro-6-deoxy-α-d-glucopyranoside

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the lithium aluminum hydride reduction of methyl 6-chloro-6-deoxy- α - d -glucopyranoside. Lithium aluminum hydride (3.0 g) is added cautiously to a stirred solution of 7.0 g of methyl 6-chloro-6-deoxy- α - d -glucopyranoside in 350 ml of freshly distilled tetrahydrofuran. The mixture is heated under reflux for 18 hours and then cooled in ice and water while more lithium aluminum hydride is added. The cooled solution is applied to a 20 × 3.5 cm column of 80 g of Fisher cocoanut charcoal, which is then washed successively with 500 ml of water to remove hydrochloric acid and 1500 ml of 5% aqueous ethanol to elute 6-deoxy- d -glucose.
The Chinese World Order in Historical Perspective

I seek to grasp the genealogy of China’s Belt and Road (BRI) in relation both to the imperial Chinese world order and the historical sequence of forms of global domination, i.e., modern imperialism...
Electromagnetic field of ultrarelativistic charge in topologically random nuclear matter

Abstract Electromagnetic field of a fast electric charge in nuclear matter with spatially uniform but random topological charge density is derived. A useful approximation is developed for the relativistic heavy-ion collisions.
Android Malware Detection via (Somewhat) Robust Irreversible Feature Transformations

As the most widely used OS on earth, Android is heavily targeted by malicious hackers. Though much work has been done on detecting Android malware, hackers are becoming increasingly adept at evading ML classifiers. We develop $\textsf {FARM}$ , a Feature transformation based A nd R oid M alware detector. $\textsf {FARM}$ takes well-known features for Android malware detection and introduces three new types of feature transformations that transform these features irreversibly into a new feature domain. We first test $\textsf {FARM}$ on 6 Android classification problems separating goodware and “other malware” from 3 classes of malware: rooting malware, spyware, and banking trojans. We show that $\textsf {FARM}$ beats standard baselines when no attacks occur. Though we cannot guess all possible attacks that an adversary might use, we propose three realistic attacks on $\textsf {FARM}$ and show that $\textsf {FARM}$ is very robust to these attacks in all classification problems. Additionally, $\textsf {FARM}$ has automatically identified two malware samples which were not previously classified as rooting malware by any of the 61 anti-viruses on VirusTotal. These samples were reported to Google’s Android Security Team who subsequently confirmed our findings.
Real world study of influenza vaccination intervention among key population of chronic disease management in Shanghai community

Objective: To analyze the effect of influenza vaccination intervention among key populations of chronic disease management in communities of Shanghai. Methods: A total of 50 787 patients aged ≥60 with diabetes, hypertension and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in Huangpu, Yangpu, Baoshan and Qingpu districts of Shanghai from January 2013 to August 2017 were selected as the intervention group, and 52 268 people from key populations with chronic disease management in Xuhui, Hongkou, Jiading and Fengxian districts were selected as the control group according to the geographical location and economic level. The intervention group accepted follow-up and health education of influenza vaccination via chronic disease outpatient based on information system. The implementation time of the intervention was from September 2017 to January 2018. The basic information and diagnosis information of two groups, and intervention completion of the intervention group were obtained from Shanghai chronic disease management information system and hospital record system. Results: The age of the intervention group and the control group were (76.76±8.33) and (77.97±8.51) years old, respectively (P<0.001); and there were statistical differences in gender, occupational and influenza vaccination rate between the two groups (P<0.001). A total of 28 644 (56.40%) subjects of the intervention group received intervention. There was no significant difference in age composition between finished and unfinished intervention groups (P=0.095), and there was significant difference in gender composition (P=0.044). Before the intervention, the vaccination rate of the intervention group was 0.75% (382 subjects) which was lower than that of the control group with 1.02% (533 subjects) (χ(2)=20.96, P<0.001). After the intervention, the vaccination rate of the intervention group was 1.73% (496 subjects) which was higher than that of the control group with 1.42% (744 subjects) (χ(2)=11.65, P=0.001). Subjects that were male, younger, uptake of influenza vaccine before the intervention, received intervention and professional and technical personnel were more likely to take influenza vaccine, with OR (95%CI) 1.29 (1.13-1.47), 0.97 (0.96-0.98), 260.30 (215.21-314.83), 1.85 (1.61-2.11) and 1.48 (1.10-1.99), respectively. Conclusion: Influenza vaccination intervetion raised the vaccination rate of key population of chronic disease management. Male, younger, those who had been vaccinated before the intervention, who received the intervention, and professional and technical personnel were more likely to be vaccinated.
Meta-Analysis on the Effect of Pasireotide for Prevention of Postoperative Pancreatic Fistula:

BackgroundA randomized controlled trial of routine administration of pasireotide demonstrated decreased incidence of clinically significant postoperative pancreatic fistula (POPF). Recent studies h...
HIV and the tuberculosis “set point”: how HIV impairs alveolar macrophage responses to tuberculosis and sets the stage for progressive disease

As HIV has fueled a global resurgence of tuberculosis over the last several decades, there is a growing awareness that HIV-mediated impairments in both innate and adaptive immunity contribute to the heightened risk of tuberculosis in people with HIV. Since early immune responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) set the stage for subsequent control or progression to active tuberculosis disease, early host–pathogen interactions following Mtb infection can be thought of as establishing a mycobacterial “set point,” which we define as the mycobacterial burden at the point of adaptive immune activation. This early immune response is impaired in the context of HIV coinfection, allowing for a higher mycobacterial set point and greater likelihood of progression to active disease with greater bacterial burden. Alveolar macrophages, as the first cells to encounter Mtb in the lungs, play a critical role in containing Mtb growth and establishing the mycobacterial set point. However, a number of key macrophage functions, ranging from pathogen recognition and uptake to phagocytosis and microbial killing, are blunted in HIV coinfection. To date, research evaluating the effects of HIV on the alveolar macrophage response to Mtb has been relatively limited, particularly with regard to the critical early events that help to dictate the mycobacterial set point. A greater understanding of alveolar macrophage functions impacted by HIV coinfection will improve our understanding of protective immunity to Mtb and may reveal novel pathways amenable to intervention to improve both early immune control of Mtb and clinical outcomes for the millions of people worldwide infected with HIV.
Ab initio kinetics and thermal decomposition mechanism of mononitrobiuret and 1,5-dinitrobiuret.

Mononitrobiuret (MNB) and 1,5-dinitrobiuret (DNB) are tetrazole-free, nitrogen-rich, energetic compounds. For the first time, a comprehensive ab initio kinetics study on the thermal decomposition mechanisms of MNB and DNB is reported here. In particular, the intramolecular interactions of amine H-atom with electronegative nitro O-atom and carbonyl O-atom have been analyzed for biuret, MNB, and DNB at the M06-2X/aug-cc-pVTZ level of theory. The results show that the MNB and DNB molecules are stabilized through six-member-ring moieties via intramolecular H-bonding with interatomic distances between 1.8 and 2.0 A, due to electrostatic as well as polarization and dispersion interactions. Furthermore, it was found that the stable molecules in the solid state have the smallest dipole moment amongst all the conformers in the nitrobiuret series of compounds, thus revealing a simple way for evaluating reactivity of fuel conformers. The potential energy surface for thermal decomposition of MNB was characterized by spin restricted coupled cluster theory at the RCCSD(T)/cc-pV∞ Z//M06-2X/aug-cc-pVTZ level. It was found that the thermal decomposition of MNB is initiated by the elimination of HNCO and HNN(O)OH intermediates. Intramolecular transfer of a H-atom, respectively, from the terminal NH2 group to the adjacent carbonyl O-atom via a six-member-ring transition state eliminates HNCO with an energy barrier of 35 kcal/mol and from the central NH group to the adjacent nitro O-atom eliminates HNN(O)OH with an energy barrier of 34 kcal/mol. Elimination of HNN(O)OH is also the primary process involved in the thermal decomposition of DNB, which processes C2v symmetry. The rate coefficients for the primary decomposition channels for MNB and DNB were quantified as functions of temperature and pressure. In addition, the thermal decomposition of HNN(O)OH was analyzed via Rice–Ramsperger–Kassel–Marcus/multi-well master equation simulations, the results of which reveal the formation of (NO2 + H2O) to be the major decomposition path. Furthermore, we provide fundamental interpretations for the experimental results of Klapotke et al. [Combust. Flame 139, 358–366 (2004)] regarding the thermal stability of MNB and DNB, and their decomposition products. Notably, a fundamental understanding of fuel stability, decomposition mechanism, and key reactions leading to ignition is essential in the design and manipulation of molecular systems for the development of new energetic materials for advanced propulsion applications.
A partial history of self-determination and the politics in the disabled community

Examples of early formal and informal efforts of the disabled community to organize for self-determination are examined and highlighted. The theme of the disabled community organizing for self-determination is investigated through a more contemporary look at the formal establishment of disability-related organizations. The Encyclopedia of Associations: An Unlimited Reference is used to identify disability-related organizations. These disability-related organizations are analyzed using several variables to better comprehend factors behind their formation. © 1997 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd.
Show them what you want them to hear

Aspects of communicating on an international level are discussed. Attention is given to presenting to an international, technical audience; using visuals for attention; making visuals simple but creative; using photographs to project reality; using graphs to depict statistics; and using visual chaining to link key points. It is concluded that the secret to international communication is to say it slowly, keep it simple, and draw a picture. >
Unusual phonon softening in delta-phase plutonium

The phonon density of states and adiabatic sound velocities were measured on fcc-stabilized (242)pu(0.95)Al(0.05). The phonon frequencies and sound velocities decrease considerably (soften) with increasing temperature despite negligible thermal expansion. The frequency softening of the transverse branch along the [111] direction is anomalously large (similar to 30%) and is very sensitive to alloy composition. The large magnitude of the phonon softening is not observed in any other fcc metals and may arise from an unusual temperature dependence of the electronic structure in this narrow 5f-band metal.
Institutionalization of E/sup 4/

Drexel University has adopted the E/sup 4/ experiment (An Enhanced Educational Experience for Engineering Students) as its curriculum for all entering engineering students. Drexel have extended the E/sup 4/ influence by revising the entire undergraduate curriculum using the principles developed and tested in the E/sup 4/ years. The process hasn't been completely smooth, nor is it yet finished, but it is under way. This paper reviews the progress.
Potentially traumatic events and the risk of six physical health conditions in a population-based sample.

BACKGROUND: Potentially traumatic events (PTEs) are common in the population, yet, the impact of total burden and specific types of PTEs on physical health has not been systematically investigated. METHODS: Data were drawn from the Detroit Neighborhood Health Study, a community sample of predominately African Americans living in Detroit, Michigan, interviewed in 2008-2009 (N = 1,547) and in 2009-2010 (N = 1,054). Kaplan-Meier and Cox proportional hazards models were used. RESULTS: Respondents with the highest levels of PTE exposure (8+ events) had an average age of adverse physical health condition diagnosis that was 15 years earlier than respondents with no exposure. There was a monotonic relation between number of PTEs and arthritis risk. Compared to those who reported no lifetime events, respondents with 1-2, 3-4, 5-7, and 8+ traumatic events had 1.06, 1.12, 1.73, and 2.44 times the hazard of arthritis. Assaultive violence (HR = 1.7; 95% CI 1.2-2.3) and other threats to physical integrity (HR = 1.5, 95% CI 1.1-2.1) were particularly strong risk factors for arthritis. CONCLUSIONS: These results provide novel evidence linking PTEs, particularly those involving violence and threat to life, to elevated risk for arthritic conditions. Efforts to prevent or mitigate traumatic event exposures may have a broad range of benefits for health. Language: en
A Deterministic Polynomial Space Construction for eps-nets under any Norm.

We give a deterministic polynomial space construction for nearly optimal eps-nets with respect to any input n-dimensional convex body K and norm |.|. More precisely, our algorithm can build and iterate over an eps-net of K with respect to |.| in time 2^O(n) x (size of the optimal net) using only poly(n)-space. This improves on previous constructions of Alon et al [STOC 2013] which achieve either a 2^O(n) approximation or an n^O(n) approximation of the optimal net size using 2^n space and poly(n)-space respectively. As in their work, our algorithm relies on the mathematically classical approach of building thin lattice coverings of space, which reduces the task of constructing eps-nets to the problem of enumerating lattice points. Our main technical contribution is a deterministic 2^O(n)-time and poly(n)-space construction of thin lattice coverings of space with respect to any convex body, where enumeration in these lattices can be efficiently performed using poly(n)-space. This also yields the first existential construction of poly(n)-space enumerable thin covering lattices for general convex bodies, which we believe is of independent interest. Our construction combines the use of the M-ellipsoid from convex geometry with lattice sparsification and densification techniques. As an application, we give a 2^O(n)(1+1/eps)^n time and poly(n)-space deterministic algorithm for computing a (1+eps)^n approximation to the volume of a general convex body, which nearly matches the lower bounds for volume estimation in the oracle model (the dependence on eps is larger by a factor 2 in the exponent). This improves on the previous results of Dadush and Vempala [PNAS 2013], which gave the above result only for symmetric bodies and achieved a dependence on eps of (1+log^{5/2}(1/eps)/eps^2)^n.
Growth of Polyglycidol in Porous TiO2 Nanoparticle Networks via Initiated Chemical Vapor Deposition: Probing Polymer Confinement Under High Nanoparticle Loading

Initiated chemical vapor deposition (iCVD) enables the uniform growth of polyglycidol (PGL) within mesoporous layers of TiO2 nanoparticle networks. Through the cationic ring opening polymerization of glycidol, conformal deposition of PGL by iCVD results in up to 91% of the available pore space being filled. This yields polymer nanocomposites with high nanoparticle loading of 82 wt% and 54 vol%. The glass transition of the PGL nanocomposite is found to increase significantly by 50 °C–60 °C compared to the bulk PGL polymer. This marked temperature rise has been attributed to significant hydrogen bonding interaction of the oxygen and hydroxyl groups in the polymer with the hydroxyl groups on the surface of the TiO2 nanoparticles. Such interactions under polymer confinement are only possible as a result of the tight integration of the polymer and inorganic materials afforded by the iCVD approach.
Evaluation of in vitro selection regimes for a mitochondrial trait (methomyl resistance) in cms-T maize

Several factors affecting the success of selection in plant populations were examined for their relevance to in vitro selection. Three in vitro selection schemes and two growth assessment procedures were evaluated for effectiveness in selecting for a mitochondrial trait in maize: resistance to the insecticidal compound methomyl. Regenerable maize callus was derived from immature embryos of the three-way hybrid P39/IL766A2 x W182BN containing Texas male sterile cytoplasm (cms-T). Either low, gradually increasing, or high selection pressures were used to grow callus over a period of 3–5 months. There was no significant difference in recovery of resistant plants using these 3 methods. Growth of callus on medium containing methomyl was assessed by increase in fresh weight during the final month of selection or by increase in number of callus pieces over the course of selection. These quantitative measures of growth were unreliable indicators for gain in resistance within the callus population. A procedure for recovery of methomyl resistant and male-fertile cms-T plants is suggested.