cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reflections on the Tenth Anniversary of Mathematics and Democracy

Two independent reflections by early proponents of quantitative literacy connect today's numeracy initiative with its origin in concern about school tests, its impact on students today, and the challenges of democracy. Even as interest in QL grows in many places, evidence of need also grows. Moreover, well-meaning programs with other goals—especially at the K-12 level—often channel education in directions that fail to advance numeracy. Examples show that both students and teachers are enthusiastic when offered QL opportunities, but that individual beliefs and public decisions often belie the goals of QL.
DNA-synthesis in Nuclei Isolated from Regenerating Rat Liver after Whole-body Irradiation

SummaryIncorporation of tritiated thymidine into DNA of nuclei isolated from the regenerating livers of rats given 800 r of whole-body radiation 24 hours after partial hepatectomy has been studied in the presence of a DNA-synthesizing enzyme system. Immediately after irradiation no difference in incorporation was demonstrable between irradiated and non-irradiated liver nuclei. With increasing time after irradiation, up to 24 hours, incorporation became progressively depressed. At 24 hours after irradiation, incorporation was depressed to the same extent after doses of 200 to 3000 r. Incorporation into nuclei of liver from non-hepatectomized rats was unaffected 24 hours after a dose of 800 r.In contrast to the findings with isolated nuclei, DNA extracted from irradiated regenerating liver, 24 hours after a dose of 800 r, incorporated tritiated thymidine to the same extent as did DNA extracted from non-irradiated regenerating liver.Mechanisms by means of which these findings may be explained are discussed.
Effects of Camptothecin Conjugated to a Somatostatin Analog Vector on Growth of Tumor Cell Lines in Culture and Related Tumors in Rodents

Two CPT-SSA conjugates, JF-10-71 and JF-10-81, containing a chemically adjustable release-rate carbamate linker, have been reported previously by us to potently inhibit growth of human neuroblastoma IMR32 cells overexpressing somatostatin receptor type II (SSTR2) but are stable under buffer incubation conditions or in rat plasma. Further experiments now reveal that the conjugates performed well against many additional cell lines, particularly somatostatin receptor containing rat pancreatic CA20948 cells that were actually more sensitive to the conjugates than free camptothecin itself. JF-10-71 and JF-10-81 also were examined for their inhibitory effects on the growth of this and several other tumors transplanted into rats (CA20948) or nude mice. CA20948 tumors, known to overexpress SSTR2 and grown in Lewis rats, were treated, respectively, with nontoxic 400 nmol/kg intraperitoneal (ip) doses of JF-10-71 or JF-10-81. Also, SSTR2-positive human SCLC NCI-H69 tumors transplanted in nude mice were treated in a...
Designing better fitness functions for automated program repair

Evolutionary methods have been used to repair programs automatically, with promising results. However, the fitness function used to achieve these results was based on a few simple test cases and is likely too simplistic for larger programs and more complex bugs. We focus here on two aspects of fitness evaluation: efficiency and precision. Efficiency is an issue because many programs have hundreds of test cases, and it is costly to run each test on every individual in the population. Moreover, the precision of fitness functions based on test cases is limited by the fact that a program either passes a test case, or does not, which leads to a fitness function that can take on only a few distinct values. This paper investigates two approaches to enhancing fitness functions for program repair, incorporating (1) test suite selection to improve efficiency and (2) formal specifications to improve precision. We evaluate test suite selection on 10 programs, improving running time for automated repair by 81%. We evaluate program invariants using the Fitness Distance Correlation (FDC) metric, demonstrating significant improvements and smoother evolution of repairs
Somatosensory evoked potentials in man: Differentiation of spinal pathways responsible for conduction from the forelimb vs hindlimb

This review suggests that a previously unrecognized spinal cord pathway may be of major importance in the conduction of the somatosensory evoked potential (SEP) from the lower limb in Man. The nerve fiber type activated by a “typical” peripheral nerve stimulus used in studying the SEP will activate the posterior tibial nerve or median nerve predominantly at group I threshold. Group I fibers subserve limb proprioception. Therefore the spinal cord pathways subserving limb position sense will be the same pathways activated by a peripheral nerve stimulus used to evoke an SEP. A relatively newly recognized pathway involved with limb position sense from the lower limb is located in the dorsal portion of the lateral funiculus of the spinal cord whereas pathways subserving limb position sense in forelimb involve predominantly the dorsal column pathways. It is suggested that the dorsal columns play no major role in limb position sense from the lower limb in Man and therefore, the dorsal columns play no major role in the conduction of activity from the lower limb involved with the generation of an SEP.
Ultrasound of displaced ulnar collateral ligament tears of the thumb: the Stener lesion revisited.

Purpose To retrospectively characterize the ultrasound appearance of displaced ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) tears that are proven at surgery, and then determine the accuracy of the resulting ultrasound criteria in differentiating displaced from non-displaced UCL tears.
Microbiota, the immune system, black moods and the brain-melancholia updated

There is now abundant evidence that the immune system and the brain have close functional interactions in both directions. This review focuses on the influence of the microbiota (the bacteria resident in the gut) on brain function in major depressive disorder (MDD) and related syndromes. The gut and the central nervous system communicate partly through the autonomic nervous system (ANS), consisting of the sympathetic (i.e., the splanchnic nerves) and the parasympathetic (i.e., the vagus nerve and the sacral parasympathetic pelvic nerves) nervous system. The brain integrates inputs from the digestive tract by a central autonomic network that includes the hypothalamus, limbic system and cerebral cortex with output to the ANS and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal gland (HPA) stress axis (Bonaz, 2013). There are also extensive chemical signaling systems via the blood.
Finite populations; foundation for inference?

The theme of this paper is the extent to which the assumptions of the general linear hypothesis are justified by purposeful random sampling from a finite population. For three elementary models it is found that the square of the sample size divided by the population size must approach zero to insure substantial agreement between the two approaches. Usually, when the asymptotic condition is not fulfilled only symmetry among the random variables remains. But even symmetry is not invariably present; it is lacking for the stratified one‐way classification
Attentional Style and Powerlifting Performance

Summary.-In 1981 Nideffer stated that sport performance could be predicted if attentional demands of the task and the attentional abilities of the athlete were known. A simple closed type skill was chosen (powerlifting) where attentional demands were later suggested to be narrow and internal. Attentional style was assessed bv Pratt and Nideffer's abbreviated Test of Attentional and Inter~ersonal Stvle. 98 subjects volunteered while these powerlifters were participating in the United States Powerlifting Federation's National Collegiate Powerlifting Championships in 1989. Analysis indicated significant differences in attentional style between successful and less successhl powerlifters. Results are discussed in relationship to attentional theory.
Mood induction effects upon goal setting and performance in young children

The purpose of the present investigation was to demonstrate that goal setting varies with happy/sad mood-induced states in young children. In turn, on the basis of current Goal Setting Theory, it was predicted that goal level mediates the child's subsequent performance. Young children were assigned randomly to either happy or sad mood induction states, were asked to set their own goals, and then performed the task. In light of the findings, mood state was manipulated effectively in the children, with the following result: A happy mood state produced a significantly higher goal and superior performance than a sad mood state. However, no strong evidence was provided for the notion that goal setting mediated the impact of mood induction upon performance. The developmental implication of these findings are discussed.
Semileptonic weak and electromagnetic interactions with nuclei: Nuclear current operators through order (v/c)nucleon2☆

Abstract We use a previously developed procedure for generating the multipole operators of the weak and electromagnetic nuclear current from single-nucleon matrix elements. The analysis is extended through O(( v / c ) nucleon 2 ) by including relativistic corrections in the matrix elements. We neglect explicit exchange currents and treat ambiguities arising from the off-mass-shell behavior of the nucleons in a consistent fashion using two alternative methods of calculation. One method equates the energy transfer to the energy difference between single-nucleon states, the other uses the lepton energy loss; our results agree with similar calculations done previously. We also prove a theorem indicating the circumstances under which these ambiguities are absent. In explicit calculations in the A = 6 and A = 12 systems using previously determined nuclear parameters, we find that second-order corrections are small when second-class currents are absent. When second-class currents are included, their effects on β-decay are ambiguous; however in processes involving large momentum transfers (e.g. neutrino scattering), their effects may be large and are insensitive to the treatment of the off-shell behavior of the nucleons.
How Sophistication Affected The 2000 Presidential Vote: Traditional Sophistication Measures Versus Conceptualization

The 2000 Presidential vote is modeled using voter sophistication as a source of heterogeneity. Three measures of sophistication are employed: education, knowledge, and the levels of conceptualization. Interacting them with vote predictors shows little meaningful variation. However, removing the assumption of ordinality from the levels of conceptualization uncovers considerable heterogeneity in the importance of the vote predictors in explaining the vote. Thus, different sophistication measures should not be treated as equivalent, nor combined as if they are equivalent. Few of the issue and candidate components are relevant to those with a less sophisticated understanding of politics. The opposite partisan attachments of the two most sophisticated groups suggest that sophistication’s impact on the vote can be confounded by partisanship.
Bicarbonate plus epinephrine shortens the onset and prolongs the duration of sciatic block using chloroprocaine followed by bupivacaine in sprague-dawley rats.

Background: Chloroprocaine is a fast-acting local anesthetic, whereas bupivacaine is a long-acting one. They have been coadministered with limited success. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of additives on the efficacy of regional blockade using chloroprocaine followed by bupivacaine. Methods: Four groups of Sprague-Dawley rats, 20 each, were administered chloroprocaine followed by bupivacaine to induce sciatic nerve blockade. Group 1 received chloroprocaine with isotonic sodium chloride solution followed by bupivacaine and was used as a control. Group 2 received chloroprocaine with isotonic sodium chloride solution and epinephrine followed by bupivacaine with epinephrine. Group 3 received chloroprocaine with sodium bicarbonate followed by bupivacaine, and group 4 received chloroprocaine with sodium bicarbonate and epinephrine followed by bupivacaine with epinephrine. The time to onset and duration of anesthesia were measured for all 4 groups. Results: The block using chloroprocaine followed by bupivacaine in group 1 had an onset of 2.5 mins (SD, 0.4 mins) and duration of 104 mins (SD, 16 mins). Adding epinephrine to both chloroprocaine and bupivacaine (group 2) did not significantly change the onset (2.8 mins [SD, 1.3 mins]; P = 0.35) or duration (110 mins [SD, 25 mins]; P = 0.23). With group 3, adding bicarbonate to chloroprocaine hastened the onset (1.2 mins [SD, 0.4 mins]; P Conclusions: Sodium bicarbonate plus epinephrine shortens the onset and prolongs the duration of a chloroprocaine-bupivacaine sciatic block in Sprague-Dawley rats.
Associations between Body Satisfaction and Physical Activity in Adolescents: Implications for Programs Aimed at Preventing a Broad Spectrum of Weight-Related Disorders

This study examined associations among body satisfaction and physical and sedentary activities in 4,746 adolescents. Boys with lower body satisfaction reported significantly less physical activity and more TV viewing than boys with higher body satisfaction. In girls, trends were similar, but associations were not statistically significant. Associations were similar among overweight youth. In no instances, were lower levels of body satisfaction significantly associated with higher physical activity levels. These findings suggest that interventions that strive for increased physical activity in youth should avoid strategies that may lead to decreases in body satisfaction. Rather, programs should simultaneously strive to increase physical activity and improve body satisfaction. This type of approach may be effective in preventing obesity while avoiding increasing participants'risk for a low body satisfaction, unhealthy weight control practices, and eating disorders.
AUTOMATED PROCESS PLANNING FOR PRINTED CIRCUIT CARD ASSEMBLY

Printed circuit card assemblies form the core of a vast array of contemporary manufactured products. The technologies for assembling printed circuit cards require a hierarchy of complex decisions for grouping card types and processes, staging components at assembly machines, arranging feeders, and sequencing placement operations. This paper is motivated by the largely unmet needs of industrial process planners for computer aids. Our objective is to develop a framework for the printed circuit card assembly process planning problem and to assess the current state of the research on appropriate models and solution methods. We first provide an overview of the essential elements of printed circuit card terminology, assembly technologies, and assembly system operations. Then we propose a decision hierarchy, survey the published literature, and identify needs for future research.
Techniques for achieving thermal equilibrium in molecular dynamics calculations for solids

We develop techniques for achieving thermal equilibrium in molecular dynamics calculations for solids. Atoms in a Lennard-Jones solid are initially given random velocities and displacements from their equilibrium positions with suitably scaled Maxwellian distributions. A quantitative criterion for thermal equilibrium of the solid is established by using the equipartition of energy theorem. At high temperatures, thermal expansion is studied, and we introduce a method for adjusting the lattice parameter to ensure zero external pressure. The results of molecular dynamics simulations show agreement with experimental data for rare gas and ionic crystals.
Corrigendum: Suppression of the Dirichlet Eigenvalues of a Coated Body

In our paper [SIAM J. Appl. Math., 66 (2006), pp. 1895–1916] there are several mistakes in signs in the statements of Theorems 3 and 6.
Learning the task allocation game

The distributed task allocation problem occurs in domains like web services, the grid, and other distributed systems. In this problem, the system consists of servers and mediators. Servers execute tasks and may differ in their capabilities, e.g. one server may take more time than the other in executing the same task. Mediators act on behalf of users, which can potentially be other mediators, and are responsible for receiving tasks from users and allocating them to servers.This work introduces a new gradient ascent learning algorithm that outperforms state of the art multiagent learners on this problem. We experimentally show that our algorithm converges faster and is less sensitive to tuning parameters than other algorithms. We also provide an informal proof that WPL has the same convergence guarantee as the best known algorithm, GIGA-WoLF. We also show that our algorithm converges in Jordan's and Shapley's games where many other algorithms fail to converge. Finally, we verify the practicality of our algorithm in the distributed task allocation domain, comparing its performance to an optimal global solution.
Globally converging MIMO optimal controller for adaptive manipulation of mobile robots with redundant arms

In this paper, the stability of mobile robots during object manipulation with redundant arms is investigated. A new fast-converging MIMO control algorithm, called the Circles of INitialization (COIN), is introduced to calculate globally optimal postures of redundant manipulators. The algorithm is employed in real-time to prevent mobile robots tip-over during dynamic eccentric manipulation. This is achieved with tip-load measurement by adapting the position of the base relative to the line of action, and recalculating the global joint posture that offsets the risk of toppling. This closed-loop control scheme to maximize the arm's payload and stabilize the robot's posture is applied to serial redundant manipulators with n-joints.
III–V field effect transistors for future ultra-low power applications

This paper summarizes the electrostatics and performance of III–V field effect transistors including thin body planar MOSFETs, 3-D tri-gate MOSFETs, and Tunneling FETs (TFETs). The electrostatics of the III–V devices is shown to improve from thick body planar to thin body planar and then to 3-D tri-gate. Beyond the MOSFET structures, sub-threshold slope (SS) steeper than 60 mV/decade has been demonstrated in III–V TFETs. These III–V devices, especially the 3-D tri-gate MOSFET and TFET, are viable options for future ultra low power applications.
why Executives Won't Talk with Their People

Three years ago Robert Saltonstall, Jr., Associate Vice President for Operations at Harvard University, faced an increasingly common problem in business and institutions today when he severed 68 long-service, wage employees to solve a problem of low productivity in a particular trade group. He did this using relatively conventional and creative techniques. But now three years later, he asked Nona Lyons of the Harvard Graduate School of Education, who is researching the ethical dimensions of executives' decisions, to assist him in evaluating how these employees felt about the process. The employees' loyalty in spite of everything has caused Saltonstall to rethink the ethics of both his decision and its execution. In this article Saltonstall asks and answers many of the questions executives face when challenged to handle work reduction decisions in a more ethical way. And Lyons assists him with commentary on some of the current research on moral decision-making which will help executives to understand why they find some of their decisions to be moral dilemmas. The article challenges executives to think about reorganization decisions in a participative way and suggests seven central issues executives should consider before commencing a participative approach. The article reaches no specific conclusion, but introduces some new ways to think about lay-off decisions and their ethical implications for those affected.
Nonhereditary heterotopic ossification Implications for Injury, Arthropathy, and Aging

Nonhereditary heterotopic ossification (NHHO) usually arises in the setting of trauma, certain arthropathies, or following injury, often in the setting of common age-related conditions. In this article, we discuss the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and clinical findings in periarticular NHHO and the relevance to age-related pathology, as well as the prevention and treatment of NHHO. Except for the precipitating events or clinical conditions in which NHHO occurs, primary etiological mechanisms remain unknown. Many forms of NHHO develop in the context of injury and inflammation, suggesting that the formation of extraskeletal bone may share similar initiating events with ectopic ossification in fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva.
Edge-weighted centroidal Voronoi tessellations

Most existing applications of centroidal Voronoi tessellations (CVTs) lack con- sideration of the length of the cluster boundaries. In this paper we propose a new model and algorithms to produce segmentations which would minimize the total energy — a sum of the classic CVT energy and the weighted length of cluster boundaries. To distin- guish it with the classic CVTs, we call it an Edge-Weighted CVT (EWCVT). The concept of EWCVT is expected to build a mathematical base for all CVT related data classifica- tions with requirement of smoothness of the cluster boundaries. The EWCVT method is easy in implementation, fast in computation, and natural for any number of clusters. AMS subject classifications: 52B55
Jefferson Lab Phenomenology: an Overview

Experiments at Jefferson Lab are pushing the frontiers of our knowledge about the structure and dynamics of nucleons and nuclei. I will review a selection of recent results and discuss their impact on our understanding of hadron structure.
Energy consumption analysis of flow-specific medium access and the role of probabilistic preamble sampling in energy and delay performance

In this paper, we present a novel energy consumption analysis of the flow-specific Cooperative Wireless Sensor Network Medium Access Control (CWS-MAC) protocol utilizing a nine-state radio energy model that includes both steady state and transient state energy consumption behavior. CWS-MAC is a traffic-adaptive, energy-efficient medium access scheme that has been shown in the literature to outperform both traditional contention and non-contention-based approaches by providing medium access service on a per flow basis. We also formally define and quantitatively investigate the technique of probabilistic preamble sampling which provides the ability to trade-off delay performance and energy consumption in the operation of low-power medium access schemes.
Party, constituency, and representation: Votes on abortion in the British House of Commons ∗

To whom do British Members of Parliament respond when votingin the House of Commons? Using a series of votes on abortion,the revealed preferences of MPs are estimated. The resultsindicate that constituency characteristics matter, but theyalso underline the central importance of party. Even whendiscipline is not imposed, the Members of the three largestparties are distinct from one another. Moreover, there is anoteworthy interaction between constituency and party: themore marginal the seat, the more extreme the position. Membersappear to react to electoral threat by reinforcing partisanbona fides with their local party rather than conforming tothe median, recognizing the importance of partisanship forelectoral success and the role of local party resources.
After lithium augmentation: a retrospective follow-up of patients with antidepressant-refractory depression

Abstract There have been no systematic follow-up studies of depressed patients with documented refractoriness to antidepressants treated with lithium augmentation. To assess their longitudinal course, 66 (88%) of an original cohort of 75 such patients were followed in a retrospective, naturalistic design for 29.0 ± SD 15.3 months. At follow-up, 29% had poor, 23% fair, and 48% good outcomes. An acute marked positive response to lithium augmentation predicted a good subsequent course. Acute partial and non-responders had a less benign outcome despite subsequent treatments. These findings indicate that outcomes of patients with documented refractory depression are heterogenous. There is a suggestion that an acute marked response to lithium augmentation is sustained regardless of the duration of taking lithium, but this must be regarded as speculative.
Space Applications of a Minimization Algorithm

A detailed account is given of the application of a minimizationprogram to several design problems. Specifically these applications areconcerned with the design of a curve function generator for a massspectrometer for a proposed Mars probe and the design of autonomousshift registers with linear and nonlinear feedback, used for classificationion of binary sequences and counting tasks for spacecraft scientificdata processing.
Hospital-acquired pressure ulcers and risk of death

Objective: To evaluate the impact of in-hospital pressure ulcer development on mortality among older, high-risk, hospitalized patients up to 1 year post-hospital discharge, after adjusting for baseline patient characteristics, disease severity, hospital complications, and discharge activity level. Design: A prospective, inception, cohort study. Setting: An urban, tertiary, acute care, university teaching hospital. Patients: A total of 286 patients aged 55 or older, expected to be confined to bed or chair for at least 5 days, who were admitted to the hospital without a Stage 2 or greater pressure ulcer. Measurements: The primary outcome measurement was time to death from admission to 1-year post-hospital discharge. Baseline information included demographic, medical, functional, and nutritional variables known to be associated with increased mortality. Measures of global disease severity and co-morbidity included the admitting physician's estimate of illness severity and life expectancy, the acute physiology score of APACHE II, the Co-morbidity Damage Index, and the Medicus Nursing Classification Score. Baseline infections, incident infections, and noninfectious hospital complications were determined. Functional activity level was determined at hospital discharge. Post-discharge vital status was determined by telephone interviews at 3,6,9, and 12 months after discharge and confirmed by death certificate review. Main results: Development of an in-hospital pressure ulcer was associated with greater risk of death at 1 year (59.5% vs 38.2%, P = .02). However, pressure ulcer development did not remain independently associated with decreased survival after adjusting for other predictors of mortality. Predictors of mortality at hospital admission by multivariate Cox regression analysis included weight loss in the 6 months before admission (RR 2.4, CI 1.6, 3.6), physician estimate of life expectancy (RR 2.1, CI 1.7, 2.6), and the Co-morbidity Damage Index (RR 1.1, CI 1.0, 1.2). Multivariate predictors of 1-year mortality at discharge included physician estimate of life expectancy (RR 2.2, CI 1.8,2.6), weight loss in the 6 months before admission (RR 2.2, CI 1.5,3.2), remaining confined to bed or chair (RR 1.9, CI 1.2,3.1), and the total number of hospital complications (RR 1.3, CI 1.2,1.5). Conclusions: Pressure ulcers that develop during acute hospitalization are not associated with reduced 1-year survival among high risk older persons after adjusting for nutritional and functional status, global measures of disease severity and co-morbidity, and noninfectious hospital complications.
Fen Drainage, the Central Government, and Local Interest: Carleton and the Gentlemen of South Holland

In 1591 Julius Caesar, then judge of the High Court of Admiralty, initiated ‘ an important experiment…in the Admiralty court's continuing quest for greater respect and authority’. Despite high expectations on the part of Caesar, however, the experiment, a circuit of the west and southwest of England undertaken ‘in hopes of forcing the local authorities in those regions to submit to the supremacy’ of the Admiralty, was abortive. Caesar, beset by corrupt local officials and profiteering inhabitants, abandoned his circuit when only half completed and after obtaining results far less than he had anticipated. Caesar's failure, according to Lamar Hill, the historian of the ill-fated experiment, was not merely that of one Westminster bureaucrat unable to impose his authority in the provinces.
Neuroendocrine activity of the melanocyte

More than 15 years ago, we have proposed that melanocytes are sensory and regulatory cells with computing capability, which transform external and/or internal signals/energy into organized regulatory network(s) for the maintenance of the cutaneous homeostasis. This concept is substantiated by accumulating evidence that melanocytes produce classical stress neurotransmitters, neuropeptides and hormones, express corresponding receptors and these processes are modified and/or regulated by ultraviolet radiation, biological factors or stress. Examples of the above are catecholamines, serotonin, N-acetyl-serotonin, melatonin, proopiomelanocortin-derived adrenocorticotropic hormone, beta-endorphin or melanocyte-stimulating hormone peptides, corticotropin releasing factor, related urocortins and corticosteroids including cortisol and corticosterone as well as their precursors. Furthermore, their production is not random, but hierarchical and follows the structures of classical neuroendocrine organizations such as hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, serotoninergic, melatoninergic and catecholaminergic systems. An example of an intrinsic but overlooked neuroendocrine activity is production and secretion of melanogenesis intermediates including l-DOPA or its derivatives that could enter circulation and act on distant sites. Such capabilities have defined melanocytes as neuroendocrine cells that not only coordinate cutaneous but also can affect a global homeostasis.
I Stood: Observations of an Emergency Physician.

Abstract [Paganussi PJ: I stood: Observations of an emergency physician. Ann Emerg Med April 1998;31:521-523.]
Perioperative Complications After Vascular Surgery Are Predicted by the Revised Cardiac Risk Index But Are Not Reduced in High-Risk Subsets With Preoperative Revascularization

Background— The Revised Cardiac Risk Index (RCRI) is useful for risk stratifying patients before noncardiac operations. Among patients with documented coronary artery disease who undergo vascular surgery, it is unclear whether preoperative revascularization reduces postoperative cardiac complications in high-risk subsets defined by the RCRI. Methods and Results— The Coronary Artery Revascularization Prophylaxis Trial was a randomized, controlled trial that tested the long-term benefit of a preoperative coronary artery revascularization before elective vascular surgery. Using preoperative baseline characteristics to determine the RCRI, we tested the benefit of preoperative revascularization on death and nonfatal myocardial infarction in patients with multiple risks. Among 462 patients undergoing vascular surgery, there were 72 complications (15.6%) within 30 days postsurgery, including 15 deaths (3.2%) and 57 nonfatal myocardial infarctions (12.3%). The postoperative risk of death and nonfatal myocardial i...
Depth electrographic studies on the caudate nucleus in man

Abstract 1. 1. During wakefulness, spontaneous electrical activity from the caudate nucleus in man was characterized by an alpha-like rhythm interrupted by bursts of slow and sharp waves. Decreased voltage and marked slowing were observed during light sleep. 2. 2. Somatic and visual stimulation evoked long latency complex and multiphasic activity in the caudate nucleus. 3. 3. “Spindles” or “recruiting” at the scalp could not be induced following electrical stimulation of the caudate nucleus. 4. 4. Behavioral effects of caudate stimulation consisted of interference with repetitive movements and production of autonomic responses when high current intensities were employed. These effects are attributed to current spread to the internal capsule and possibly the septal area.
Some communicator correlates of loneliness

Since few studies have examined how communicator characteristics may predispose individuals to loneliness and perpetuate the condition once it has developed, this essay explores the relationships between such characteristics and loneliness. Self‐reported loneliness was hypothesized to be related to assertiveness, Machiavellianism, self‐monitoring, social‐communicative anxiety, conversational involvement, and communicator style. The results suggest that lonely people find communication to be a problematic activity. They are apprehensive and anxious about communication and social situations, report difficulty being responsive to others, have problems with self‐assertion, tend to be nondisclosive, have a constrained and unfriendly style of communication, and evaluate their abilities as communicators negatively. The findings support the value of a communication skills perspective on loneliness.
Method for preparation of ampoules containing microgram quantities of polypeptide hormones for distribution and use as laboratory standards: synthetic human ACTH and beta-MSH.

There are a number of polypeptide hormones, their subunits, and other derivatives that are available in such short supply as to preclude distribution by conventional methods to the many qualified investigators who require them. This report describes a method for preparing sealed ampoules of two such hormones, the utilization of which can provide many qualified investigators with comparable, stable reference compounds for several years and eliminate unnecessary waste and error associated with the distribution and use of bulk quantities of peptide hormone preparations. Sealed ampoules of synthetic human adrenocorticotrophic hormone (αb1−39ACTH) and beta melanocyte-stimulating hormone (βn1−22MSH) were prepared. Each ampoule contains 50 μg of dried and recoverable peptide plus 1 mg of lactose, sealed under dry nitrogen at atmospheric pressure. The respective preparations are fully active, both biologically and radioimmunologically, and are suitable as reference compounds in all types of biologic and radioimmu...
Critical Temperatures of Anisotropic Ising Lattices. II. General Upper Bounds

Rigorous upper bounds to the correlation functions and from there to the susceptibility and magnetization of spin-\textonehalf{} Ising models with general ferromagnetic interactions are obtained in terms of the generating functions for self-avoiding random walks on the corresponding lattice. These results are used to show that the spontaneous magnetization vanishes and the initial susceptibility is finite above a certain temperature ${T}_{0}$ which is thus a bound for the critical temperature ${T}_{c}$. It is hence proved that the mean-field and Bethe approximations yield upper bounds for ${T}_{c}$. Stronger bounds are presented; specifically, for $d$-dimensional isotropic hypercubical lattices, it is shown that $\frac{k{T}_{c}}{2dJ}\ensuremath{\le}1\ensuremath{-}(\frac{1}{2d})\ensuremath{-}(\frac{1}{3{d}^{2}})+O(\frac{1}{{d}^{3}})$ as $d\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\infty}$. For anisotropic hypercubical lattices with interactions ${J}_{i}$ ($i=1, \ensuremath{\cdots}d$), the equality $\frac{k{T}_{c}}{{J}_{1}}=2{[\mathrm{ln}{\ensuremath{\eta}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{lnln}{\ensuremath{\eta}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}+O(1)]}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ is proved for all $d\ensuremath{\ge}2$ in the limit $\ensuremath{\eta}=\frac{({J}_{2}+{J}_{3}+\ensuremath{\cdots}+{J}_{d})}{{J}_{1}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0$.
Separation of particles from ethanol/maize extracts: An inexpensive alternative to centrifugation

Abstract An important aspect of extraction using an organic solvent that is often ignored in many laboratory scale studies is thorough solvent recovery. Although most of the solvent can be recovered with a centrifuge, the solvent left on the ‘dry’ stream must be evaporated. A custom built pilot-scale settling tank was used to separate maize particles from ethanol extracts into water with little dilution of the extract liquid. The larger particles that settled in the first one-fourth of the tank were carried out by a continuous water flow 76 cm below the extract layer. The large particles had 80% higher protein mass fraction than the smaller particles that collected in the bottom of the settling tank downstream from the extract inlet. Water flow was confined to the bottom of the tank and extracted particles were prevented from accumulating in the settling tank with a much lower water/extract flow rate ratio than needed for a smaller settling tank. The mass ratio of entrained extract liquid/settled solids (0.5) was one-half that observed in previous methods using smaller tanks. This is caused by a more stable extract/water interface. The yield from finer, 1 mm meal, was slightly lower than 2 mm meal and increased extract liquid entrainment. Consequently, the 2 mm particle size is the minimum that should be used with this process.
Exhaust Emission Reduction Through Two-Stage Combustion

Abstract Experimental work has demonstrated that the internal combustion engine exhaust emissions can be controlled through a two-stage combustion process, achieved with a relatively simple modification. The engine is fitted with a small prechamber in the normal spark plug hole. This small chamber burns a spark-ignited fuel-rich mixture, which in. turn ignites a fuel-lean mixture in the main chamber with a flame. Overall air-fuel ratios as high as 29:1 were attained, with smooth engine performance and only a 20% power loss. The engine speeds ranged from 1800 to 2800 rpm; the loads varied from 20% to 100% of maximum. The carbon monoxide was reduced by as much as five orders of magnitude, the oxides of nitrogen by 50–75 %, and the hydrocarbons by 40–50 % from levels measured in the basic engine at the same compression ratio and test points.
Extraction of gate dependent source/drain resistance and effective channel length in MOS devices at 77 K

A new extraction technique for obtaining the parasitic source/drain resistance and the effective channel length of an MOS device at 77 K is presented. Unlike previous methods, both parameters are assumed to vary with the gate voltage. This results in positive and physically meaningful results at any temperature. Simulation results show that, in non-LDD devices, the source/drain resistance decreases and the effective channel length increases with gate bias, indicating that the gate dependence of both parameters is inherent to MOS devices. >
Active phased arrays for millimeter wave communications applications

Active two dimensional phased array antennas suitable for communication link applications have been demonstrated at frequencies of 20 and 60 GHz. Wide scan angle capability, circular polarization and fast update rates are supported. These parameters enable links between moving platforms with arbitrary orientation and operation in frequency hopping modes. Candidate applications include satellite communications from moving platforms and intersatellite cross links. The performance of a 96 element receive array at 20 GHz and a 30 element receive array at 60 GHz are presented. Both designs are readily extended to larger arrays depending upon mission requirements and represent the first wide scan arrays based on a multichannel tray module to be demonstrated at these frequencies.
Reduction of pattern dependent distortion on data in an SBS-based slow light fiber element by detuning the channel away from the gain peak

We experimentally study reduction of pattern dependent gain and delay for data through SBS-based slow light element by detuning the channel away from the SBS gain peak. The Q factor increases from 1.3 to 11.2.
Proximate Composition, Lipid Oxidation, and Sensory Characteristics of Fillets from Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss Fed Diets Containing 10% to 30% Lipid

This study was conducted to determine the effects of increasing dietary lipid concentrations on fillet characteristics of post-juvenile rainbow trout. A feeding trial was conducted with fish meal based diets containing 10, 15, 20, 25, or 30% lipid for 24 wk. Menhaden oil was the lipid ingredient. Weight gain was significantly greater in fish fed the 30% lipid diet than in fish fed either 10%, 15% or 20% lipid diets. There were no significant differences in visceral somatic index. Fillet lipid concentration of fish fed the 30% lipid diet (9.2-g lipid/ 100-g fillet) was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than fish fed either the 10% or 15% lipid diets (5.8- and 6.9-g lipid/100-g fillet, respectively). In samples stored for 3 d at 5 C or S wk at -20 C, sensory panelists reported that the cooked fillets from fish fed the 30% lipid diet were “more fishy” than fish fed the 15% lipid diet, and preferred the cooked fillets from the 15% lipid treatment over the 30% lipid treatment. Triangle tests and fillet colorimetry showed no significant differences between fillets from fish fed the 15% and 30% lipid diets at any sampling time point. No significant differences in fillet concentrations of thiobarbituric reactive substances were observed among dietary treatments stored at either 5 C or -20 C. These results suggest that two main effects of feeding a 30% lipid diet (with fish oil as the lipid source) are a higher lipid concentration in the fillet and a “fishier” aroma compared to fillets from fish fed a 15% lipid diet.
Isotropic Lateral Ordering of III-V Quantum Dots Over GaAs (001) By Self-Assembly

Lateral ordering of InGaAs quantum dots over GaAs (001) has been achieved in earlier reports resembling anisotropic pattern. We present in this letter a method of breaking the anisotropy of ordered QDs by changing the growth environment. We do show experimentally that using As2 molecules instead of As4 as a background flux is effective in controlling the diffusion of Ga adatoms in away to make it possible to produce isotropic ordering of InGaAs QDs over GaAs (001). Our results are consistent with reported experimental and theoretical studies on surface structure and diffusion mechanism over GaAs.
PR_b-targeted delivery of tumor necrosis factor-α by polymersomes for the treatment of prostate cancer

Targeted delivery of therapeutics is an active area of research with cancer being an important target because of the necessity for new and better cancer therapies. In this study we design and assess peptide functionalized polymer vesicles, or polymersomes, self assembled from poly(ethylene oxide)-b-poly(butadiene) (PEO-PBD) diblock copolymers for the treatment of prostate cancer. PR_b, a highly effective α5β1 targeting peptide that mimics the cell adhesion binding site in fibronectin, was recently developed in our group, and is here conjugated onto the surface of our polymer vesicles with controlled orientation, ensuring proper and uniform orientation of the targeting peptide at the interface. Polymer vesicles, although often proposed as highly advantageous drug delivery agents, have so far seen limited use as targeted delivery carriers with this study focusing on targeting the polymer vesicles to prostate cancer cells and delivering a therapeutic payload. PR_b-functionalized polymer vesicles are found to effectively internalize within prostate cancer cells after adhering specifically to α5β1 integrins expressed on the surface of prostate cancer cells. Internalization of polymer vesicles was found to be dependent on the surface concentration of PR_b. In addition polymer vesicles encapsulating a model protein therapeutic, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα), were delivered to LNCaP human prostate cancer cellsin vitro. Dramatic improvements in the cytotoxic potential of the delivered TNFα were achieved for PR_b-functionalized polymer vesicles, while polymer vesicles functionalized with the peptide GRGDSP were found to perform no better than non-functionalized polymer vesicles. The potency and specificity of these PR_b-targeted polymersomes show great promise for the targeted delivery of therapeutics.
A prospective study of asthma in a rural community.

Changes in symptoms and pulmonary function among asthmatic subjects in the general population remain poorly characterized. We studied 1,303 white residents aged seven years and older in Lebanon, Conn, a rural community largely unaffected by air pollution or major occupational exposures. These residents were examined in 1972 and again in 1978. There were 73 asthmatic subjects seen in 1972 who were followed. In addition, we identified 278 persons in 1972 who complained of wheezing who were also seen in 1978. Of the original asthmatic subjects, 50 (68 percent) were in remission; and from the original nonasthmatic population, 19 (1.4 percent) new asthmatic subjects were identified. Similarly, the condition of 215 (77 percent) of those who initially complained of wheeze had improved, whereas 56 (4.6 percent) of those initially studied either developed new wheeze or saw their wheezing worsen. When the groups of persons complaining of wheeze and the asthmatic subjects were analyzed for the presence of chronic bronchitis, we found a significant correlation between wheeze and chronic bronchitis in individuals aged 18 years and older (p
Differences between the glacial cycles of Antarctic temperature and greenhouse gases

Abstract. Ice-core measurements have indicated that the atmospheric concentrations of the greenhouse gases CO2 and CH4 show glacial-interglacial variations in step with Antarctic temperature. To obtain more insight into the nature of this relationship for cycles of different frequencies, measured time series of temperature, CO2, and CH4 are reanalysed. The results indicate that the temperature signal consists of a linear superposition of a component related to CO2 with a period of ~100 000 yr and a component related to variations in the obliquity of the Earth's orbital plane with a period of ~41 000 yr. This suggests that either there operate very different feedback mechanisms at the different time scales or that CO2 is not merely a~passive follower and amplifier of the glacial-interglacial variations in Antarctic temperature.
Understanding the Antecedents to the Adoption of CRM Technology by Small Retailers Entrepreneurs vs Owner-managers

Customer relationship management (CRM) technology provides a strategic opportunity to better understand customers. Virtually unexplored is research targeting CRM adoption by small businesses. This ...
Use of Medicare claims data to monitor provider-specific performance among patients with severe chronic illness.

ABSTRACT: This study illustrates that Medicare claims can be used to measure population-based, provider-specific rates of resource inputs, utilization, and Medicare spending. The target populations...
THE SIZE OF THE CELLULOSE MICROFIBRIL

Recently the lateral width of the cellulose microfibril has been estimated as 30 A rather than about 150 to 200 A, by extrapolation of data from model shadowing experiments. The difference was attributed to a layer of metal deposited during shadowing. However, direct photographs of the same microfibrils parallel and perpendicular to the direction of shadowing, of unshadowed portions of microfibrils compared with shadowed portions of the same microfibrils, of silver-stained unshadowed microfibrils, and of unshadowed, unstained segments of microfibrils give no evidence of a layer of metal of this thickness in material shadowed under normal conditions. Furthermore, the evidence for microfibril strands of about 35 A in width from negative-staining experiments is subject to a bias from the form of the filaments and from variable positive adsorption of phosphotungstic acid by cellulose. Consequently, the conclusion that the true lateral width of native cellulose microfibrils is about one-fifth of the presently accepted value is not yet justified by unequivocal direct experimental evidence.