cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Birth Weight Gradient in Parent-Reported Special Healthcare Needs among Children Born Preterm.

Objective To characterize the association of birth weight with parent-reported special healthcare needs (SHCN) and unmet healthcare needs among children born prematurely. Study design We analyzed data from the 2016-2017 National Survey of Children's Health. Prematurity, birth weight, SHCN, and unmet healthcare needs were reported for one child per participating household. We analyzed children age 0-5 years, and classified birthweight among children born preterm as very low birth weight (VLBW, 2500 g). Term-born NBW children were included as a reference group. Results The analysis included 190 VLBW preterm, 688 LBW preterm, 884 NBW preterm, and 15 629 NBW term-born children. Weighted SHCN prevalence was 10%, and 1% had unmet healthcare needs. On multivariable analysis, children born preterm and VLBW had significantly higher odds of SHCN compared with NBW term-born children (OR, 9.8; 95% CI, 4.9-19.6). Preterm LBW and NBW preterm groups had smaller increases in SHCN odds (OR, 2.5 and OR, 1.6, respectively). The odds of unmet healthcare needs did not differ among the 4 study groups. Conclusions Among children under 5 years of age, preterm birth and VLBW are associated with very high likelihood of SHCN, compared with LBW/NBW preterm or NBW term-born children. However, requirements for additional health services in this group were adequately met, according to caregiver report.
When Law Enforcement Pays: Costs and Benefits for Elected Versus Appointed Administrators Engaged in Asset Forfeiture:

The billions of dollars in assets seized by law enforcement each year represent a crucial source of revenue for these organizations, but also raise important constitutional questions and can create...
Experimental and Analytical Investigation of Turbocharger Whirl and Dynamics

The objectives of this investigation were to experimentally and analytically investigate the dynamics of a medium-sized, relatively high-speed ball bearing–supported turbocharger (TC). In order to ...
Alzheimer's Aβ42 and Aβ40 form mixed oligomers with direct molecular interactions.

Formation of Aβ oligomers and fibrils plays a central role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. There are two major forms of Aβ in the brain: Aβ42 and Aβ40. Aβ42 is the major component of the amyloid plaques, but the overall abundance of Aβ40 is several times that of Aβ42. In vitro experiments show that Aβ42 and Aβ40 affect each other's aggregation. In mouse models of Alzheimer's disease, overexpression of Aβ40 has been shown to reduce the plaque pathology, suggesting that Aβ42 and Aβ40 also interact in vivo. Here we address the question of whether Aβ42 and Aβ40 interact with each other in the formation of oligomers using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. When the Aβ42 oligomers were formed using only spin-labeled Aβ42, the dipolar interaction between spin labels that are within 20 A range broadened the EPR spectrum and reduced its amplitude. Oligomers formed with a mixture of spin-labeled Aβ42 and wild-type Aβ42 gave an EPR spectrum with higher amplitude due to weakened spin-spin interactions, suggesting molecular mixing of labeled and wild-type Aβ42. When spin-labeled Aβ42 and wild-type Aβ40 were mixed to form oligomers, the resulting EPR spectrum also showed reduced amplitude, suggesting that wild-type Aβ40 can also form oligomers with spin-labeled Aβ42. Therefore, our results suggest that Aβ42 and Aβ40 form mixed oligomers with direct molecular interactions. Our results point to the importance of investigating Aβ42-Aβ40 interactions in the brain for a complete understanding of Alzheimer's pathogenesis and therapeutic interventions.
Kobe: Guardian of an American Cultural Institution

The presence of Kobe Bryant will forever loom tall in the annals of American basketball. While some describe it as a game, a business, a series of coupled industries, or an American pastime, we argue that basketball serves as a cultural institution. Moreover, this paper positions Kobe Bryant among the standard-bearers of a social institution rather than a game…and argues that Kobe, for fans, admirers, competitors, and the institutional establishment of basketball, he is part of the embodiment of ideals, hopes, aspiration, and goals of a people as they are expressed through American culture. While the formative years of the career of Kobe Bryant may have been fraught with a series of doubts, uncertainties, and indiscretions, he became the embodiment of a cultural identity, an international icon, and a transformational figure both on and off the basketball court. Additionally, by Bryant being memorialized, in the form of formal and informal memorials and the newly renamed, NBA All-Star Game Kobe Bryant MVP, his legacy transcends the immediacy of a game or the year of a season and lends to the contributions to basketball as a cultural institution and to the American ideal.
Dosimetric Comparison of Proton versus Photon Radiosurgery for Treatment of Pituitary Adenoma

Abstract Objectives To compare the dosimetric differences in stereotactic radiosurgery between use of passively scattered protons (PSRS) versus photons (XSRS) for pituitary adenomas. Methods Nine patients with pituitary adenomas were selected among patients receiving single-fraction proton stereotactic radiosurgery (PSRS) between 2016 and 2017. These cases were re-planned with XSRS using volumetric-modulated arc therapy (VMAT) with 2.5mm and 5mm multileaf collimators (2.5XSRS and 5XSRS, respectively). PSRS was planned with a dedicated single scattering stereotactic proton unit delivered via three equally or unequally weighted isocentric fields. XSRS plans were created with optimization to spare organs at risk (OAR). Plans were generated using the original total treatment dose delivered in one fraction. Results Plans were evaluated for clinical target volume dosimetry and estimated clinical toxicity. There was no significant difference in V100%, V95%, V90% or Homogeneity index between treatment modalities. PSRS offered lower maximum dose to OAR (Dmax) and Equivalent Uniform Dose (EUD) compared to 5XSRS and 2.5XSRS, respectively, for critical structures including optic nerve (right, Dmax 4.18, 5.32, 5.41; EUD 3.35, 4.08, 4.20) and hypothalamus (Dmax 1.71, 3.94, 3.77; EUD 0.94, 2.47, 2.39), p Conclusion We demonstrate that neither modality has empirically superior dosimetry and identify potential clinical advantages as well as limitations of each technique. PSRS, 5XSRS and 2.5XSRS demonstrate comparable target volume dosimetry for pituitary adenoma. PSRS compared with XSRS modalities offers modestly decreased maximum dose and EUD to critical proximal structures and decreases risk of radiation induced secondary tumors by more than half.
p21 ubiquitination by SCF-Skp2 and APC/C

5404 Progress through mitosis is controlled by the sequential destruction of key regulators including geminin, mitotic cyclins, Emi-I, securin, Plk-I, and Aurora kinases. One key to understanding the regulation of mitosis is to determine how the right protein is degraded at the right time. Here, we have described the destruction of p21 WAF1, which we found act as an activator following its phosphorylation by cyclinA-CdK2 at the S-G2 boundary. CyclinA-CDK2 phosphorylation of p21 changes the p21 protein into an assembly factor and an activator of cyclin B1-Cdc2 in G2/M progression. However, GSK3 phosphorylation at the Serine 27 and Serine 31 targets the p21 protein for its destruction by ubiquitination through Skp1-Cul1 and F-box protein Skp2. The presence of hyper-phosphorylated p21 protein stabilizes cyclin B1 and cyclin A complexes and delays exit from anaphase. p21 interacts with the APC/C complex, which degrades the F-box protein Skp2 at the mitotic/G1 phase. Thus, hyper-phosphorylated p21 gets degraded by GSK3-SCF, while hypo-phosphorylated p21 protein is degraded through APC/C CdhI.
Prediction of Temperature Due to Heated Discharges

A phenomenological model has been developed for the prediction of subsurface temperature from a given set of surface isotherms due to heated effluent discharge from a thermal-electric power plant. When surface isotherms are obtained from infrared overflight measurements the model can provide estimates of subsurface isotherms. For given categories of surface discharge and lake conditions, exponential equations relating areas and temperatures along the center line of the plume for surface isotherms to areas and center line temperatures for subsurface isotherms are used to predict subsurface temperatures within approx 0.25°C (0.45°F) of the measured temperatures, for depths up to 10 ft below the surface. The data used to calibrate and verify the model are a comprehensive set of triaxial hydrothermal surveys of Lake Michigan, conducted by Argonne National Laboratories. The model is also used to predict subsurface temperatures in Lake Ontario.
Programming SIMPLE for Parallel Portability

The Phase Abstractions formulation of Livermore's SIMPLE computation is described in detail. This new program is of interest for three reasons. First, it enables the Phase Abstractions approach to be easily compared with the many other programming styles illustrated by SIMPLE in the past. Secondly, this program has recently been reported to execute on five diverse MIMD computers, in all cases achieving speedups in excess of 50% of linear. Thirdly, the Phase Abstractions permit easy revisions of the program that enable performance experimentation. Specifically, “array blocks” are compared to “column strips” as a means of array decomposition. Results comparing the two approaches are presented for the Sequent Symmetry, BBN Butterfly, Intel iPSC/2 and NCUBE/7. The results confirm the intuition that blocks are superior.
African mammals, foodwebs, and coexistence

In the 65 million years since a mass extinction led to the demise of dinosaurs, evolution has generated amazingly diverse and complex foodwebs on each continent (1). These foodwebs contain hundreds to thousands of interacting species, each linked to other species either by feeding on them or by being fed on by them. However, it has been difficult to determine consumer diets across seasons, individuals, and space, and especially hard to quantify the strengths of these linkages in all but the simplest foodwebs. These issues have limited the ability of ecologists to understand how foodwebs are structured, how so many interacting species can coexist, and how the patterning and strengths of these linkages determine the stability of foodwebs (2). The use of next-generation sequencing is emerging as a key tool for quantifying, with fine resolution, the diet composition of consumers (3). By using these high-throughput techniques on fecal samples from large African herbivore species to quantify their diets, Kartzinel et al. (4) provide important insights into foodweb structure and coexistence in one of the few remaining terrestrial foodwebs that still has its full complement of large mammals.
Competition for Water

Publisher Summary This chapter explores the issues and considers ways that advances in nanotechnology might help. Water is used in virtually every aspect of human activity, from food production and personal hygiene to economic development and, as such, has deep-seated connections to social, cultural, and religious customs. It may seem there is an abundance of water, especially to anybody living in a developed nation where water flows freely and cleanly from the kitchen tap, but scarcity is already a challenge in many areas of the world. Further, it is predicted to become increasingly worse as the world population grows and climate change affects natural precipitation and evaporation patterns. Indeed, over the next 20 years, the available freshwater resources are likely to dwindle by 30 percent.
Stochastic software testing

This paper presents a method for test case selection that allows a formal approach to testing software. The two main ideas are (1) that testers create stochastic models of software behavior instead of crafting individual test cases and (2) that specific test cases are generated from the stochastic models and applied to the software under test. This paper describes a method for creating a stochastic model in the context of a solved example. We concentrate on Markov models and show how nondMarkovian behavior can be embedded in such models without violating the Markov property.
FREIBURG SCHOOL OF LAW AND ECONOMICS , FREIBURG (L EHRSTUHL -)T RADITION AND THE GENESIS OF NORMS

∗ Abstract: The paper analyzes the parallels and differences between the Freiburg School of Law and Economics represented by the works of Eucken (and Ropke) and the Freiburg (Lehrstuhl-)Tradition represented by the works of Hayek and Vanberg. The parallels are illustrated by making use of the constitutional economics concepts Ordnungspolitik (i.e., order of rules/choices over rules) as well as freedom of privileges and discrimination. The differences, which have received surprisingly little attention, include the following aspects: 1. philosophy of science and epistemology, 2. genesis of norms, and 3. political philosophy. The paper tackles these issues in three steps: The second chapter presents Vanberg's constitutional economics theory with special emphasis on the concepts of citizen sovereignty and normative individualism. The third chapter reviews the ordoliberal concepts of science and the state which are - to a certain degree - elitist and expertocratic, that is, they rely to a considerable degree on intellectual experts (in particular, scientists) and other members of the societal elite. The fourth chapter differentiates two kinds of genesis of norms: an evolutionary one and an elitist-expertocratic one allowing for a differentiation between Eucken's and Ropke's Ordoliberalism(s) on the on the hand and Vanberg's Hayekian- and Buchanan-style constitutional economics approach on the other hand. The paper ends with a summary of the main findings.
A novel frequency-dependent-model for electric conductors

This paper deals with the inclusion of frequency effects (skin effect) in an enhanced transport delay model for electric cables of arbitrary length connected to a PWM-IGBT-Variable Frequency Drive (VFD), to better predict overvoltage peaks in the line during transient. The problem and the importance of predicting peak overvoltages to determine the appropriate insulation to be used in cables is addressed. From the step response of the cable, and using Genetic Algorithms (GA), an impulse function for cables is characterized. The novelty of this characterization is the emulation of an infinite long cable. Such a function is used to predict frequency-dependent voltage and current in longer cables. Simulation and experimental results are provided. Finally, an extension of this model is made for the n-conductor cable.
Introduction to eXtended Finite Element (XFEM) Method.

In the present study the software CrackComput, based on the Xfem and Xcrack libraries has been used for three problems- to experiment on the convergence properties of the method applied to elasto-statics crack problems, comparison of stress intensity factors to simplified analytical results and study of the Brazilian fracture test. All the problems are treated in two dimensions under plane strain assumption and the material is supposed elastic and isotropic. For the first example, comparison for different parameter-enrichment type and radius, degree of polynomial has been performed. Second example convergence of SIF with the L/h ratio has been performed and compared with the analytical solution. Third example is the study of snapback phenomenon.
SU-E-J-47: Comparison of Online Image Registrations of Varian TrueBeam Cone-Beam CT and BrainLab ExacTrac Imaging Systems

Purpose To compare online image registrations of TrueBeam cone-beam CT (CBCT) and BrainLab ExacTrac imaging systems. Methods Tests were performed on a Varian TrueBeam STx linear accelerator (Version 2.0), which is integrated with a BrainLab ExacTrac imaging system (Version 6.0.5). The study was focused on comparing the online image registrations for translational shifts. A Rando head phantom was placed on treatment couch and immobilized with a BrainLab mask. The phantom was shifted by moving the couch translationally for 8 mm with a step size of 1 mm, in vertical, longitudinal, and lateral directions, respectively. At each location, the phantom was imaged with CBCT and ExacTrac x-ray. CBCT images were registered with TrueBeam and ExacTrac online registration algorithms, respectively. And ExacTrac x-ray image registrations were performed. Shifts calculated from different registrations were compared with nominal couch shifts. Results The averages and ranges of absolute differences between couch shifts and calculated phantom shifts obtained from ExacTrac x-ray registration, ExacTrac CBCT registration with default window, ExaxTrac CBCT registration with adjusted window (bone), Truebeam CBCT registration with bone window, and Truebeam CBCT registration with soft tissue window, were: 0.07 (0.02–0.14), 0.14 (0.01–0.35), 0.12 (0.02–0.28), 0.09 (0–0.20), and 0.06 (0–0.10) mm, in vertical direction; 0.06 (0.01–0.12), 0.27 (0.07–0.57), 0.23 (0.02–0.48), 0.04 (0–0.10), and 0.08 (0– 0.20) mm, in longitudinal direction; 0.05 (0.01–0.21), 0.35 (0.14–0.80), 0.25 (0.01–0.56), 0.19 (0–0.40), and 0.20 (0–0.40) mm, in lateral direction. Conclusion The shifts calculated from ExacTrac x-ray and TrueBeam CBCT registrations were close to each other (the differences between were less than 0.40 mm in any direction), and had better agreements with couch shifts than those from ExacTrac CBCT registrations. There were no significant differences between TrueBeam CBCT registrations using different windows. In ExacTrac CBCT registrations, using bone window led to better agreements than using default window.
Is Aggression Justifiable

(1983). Is Aggression Justifiable? Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance: Vol. 54, No. 9, pp. 63-64.
Gradient preserving quantization

Local features are widely used for content-based image retrieval and object recognition. Most feature descriptors are calculated from the gradients of a canonical patch around repeatable keypoints in the image. In this paper, we propose a technique for designing quantization matrices that reduce the mean squared error distortion of the gradient derived from DCT-encoded canonical patches. Experimental results demonstrate that our proposed patch encoder greatly outperforms a JPEG encoder at the same encoding complexity. Moreover, our quantization matrices achieve lower gradient distortion and larger number of feature matches at the same bit-rate.
Implications of the Regional Haze Rule on Renewable and Wind Energy Development on Native American Lands in the West

A study conducted at Northern Arizona University investigated the barriers and opportunities facing Native American tribes in the West when considering development of their renewable energy resources in order to reduce regional haze. This article summarizes some of the findings of that work with special attention to wind energy. Background information is presented concerning the Regional Haze Rule and the Western Regional Air Partnership, and some of the circumstances surrounding development of tribal energy resources. An assessment of tribal energy issues revealed that many Native American tribes are interested in developing their renewable resources. However, this development should occur within the context of maintaining and strengthening their cultural, social, economic and political integrity. Furthermore, it is shown that Native American lands possess an abundant wind resource. A list of potential actions in which tribes may participate prior to or during development of their wind or renewable resources is provided. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evidence for a role of phosphatidyl ethanolamine as a modulator of membrane-membrane contact.

Phosphatidyl ethanolamine (PE) is shown to be effective in producing membrane aggregation. The aggregation of PE and PE/PC (phosphatidyl choline) mixed vesicles was studied as a function of pH and cation composition of the medium. The kinetics and equilibria were studied in stopped-flow rapid mixing experiments, in which PE vesicles prepared at pH 9.2 were “jumped” to pH 7. H+ ions protonate PE− and promote vesicle aggregation in a cooperative fashion. Vesicles containing PC have a decreased tendency to aggregate compared to pure PE vesicles. The apparent rate constant for aggregation was about two orders of magnitude below that for diffusion controlled aggregation and was virtually the same for PE and PE/PC mixed vesicles. A theoretical description of equilibrium for vesicle aggregation is developed in terms of three parameters: the equilibrium constant for the protonation of PE (K A ), the equilibrium constant for aggregation (K eq) and the number of PE molecules in an effective area that the two vesicles must interact in order to aggregate (N eff). These parameters are compared with values and trends expected for electrostatic calculations based on dipolar repulsion and short-range binding, to which hydrogen bonding may contribute. The results are interpreted in a self-consistent fashion to indicate: (i) that PE and PC mix randomly, (ii) that head-to-tail binding occurs between PE(PC) molecules on apposing vesicles, (iii) that electrostatic screening accounts for the decrease inK A as a function of the molar fraction of PC per vesicle, (iv) that the PE must be 90% protonated before aggregation can occur, and (v) that for all the lipid systems we considered, the point at which the extent of dimerization is half maximal is close to the physiological pH, indicating that PE may have a regulatory effect in the aggregation of biological systems.
Sphingolipids, apoptosis, cancer treatments and the ovary: investigating a crime against female fertility.

Abstract Premature ovarian failure and infertility are well-known side-effects observed in young girls and reproductive-age women treated for cancer. Although the need for tumor eradication in these patients is clear, the long-term consequences of chemotherapy and radiation on non-target tissues, such as the ovaries where large numbers of germ cells (oocytes) are also killed off, are substantial. Unfortunately, the mechanism mediating the undesirable toxicity of cancer therapies in the female gonads has only recently been explored. Nevertheless, some important insights into the role of ceramide and sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) as a mediator and suppressor, respectively, of cancer therapy-induced oocyte apoptosis have emerged over the past few years. Such findings are exciting in that a better understanding of the crime — how radiation and chemotherapy kill off this irreplaceable population of innocent cells in the ovaries — may finally allow for the development of novel lipid-based strategies to combat infertility and premature menopause in female cancer patients.
An evaluation of trauma outcomes related to insurance status in patients requiring prehospital helicopter transport

Introduction Disparities in access to medical care and outcomes of medical treatment related to insurance status are documented. However, little attention has been given to the effect of health care funding status on outcomes in trauma patients. Hypothesis/Problem This study evaluated if adult trauma patients who arrived by air transport to a trauma center had different clinical outcomes based on their health insurance status. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was performed of all adult trauma patients arriving by prehospital flight services to a Level I Trauma Center over a 5-year period. Patients were classified as unfunded or funded based on health insurance status. Injury severity scores (ISS) were compared, while the end points evaluated in the study included duration of stay in the intensive care unit (ICU), duration of hospitalization, and mortality. RESULTS: A total of 1,877 adult patients met inclusion criteria for the study, with 14% (n = 259) classified as unfunded and 86% (n = 1,618) classified as funded. Unfunded patients compared to funded patients had a significantly lower average ISS (12.82 vs 15.56; P CONCLUSION: Unfunded health insurance status is associated with worse outcomes following less significant injury. Further investigation of baseline health disparities for identification and early intervention may improve outcomes. Additionally, these findings may have implications for the health systems of other countries that lack universal health care coverage. Gurien LA , Chesire DJ , Koonce SL , Burns JB Jr. An evaluation of trauma outcomes related to insurance status in patients requiring prehospital helicopter transport. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2014;29(6):1-4. Language: en
On the relationship between the quantum Langevin model and the Landauer formula

Abstract We show that, in the weak coupling limit, the main formalism of the phenomenological quantum Langevin model for single electron tunneling in small tunnel junctions is derivable within the framework of the rigorous generalized Landauer formula.
Effect of black plastic mulch and row cover on sweet potato production.

ABSTRACT Effects of black plastic mulch and row covers on the performance of sweet potato production were evaluated. This study was conducted at E.V. Smith Research center, Shorter, Alabama. Treatments were: (1) black plastic mulch (BPM), (2) BPM + white, tinted, slitted plastic (WTSP) row tunnel, (3) BPM + spunbonded polyester (SPE) floating row cover, (4) BPM + clear, slitted plastic (CSP) row tunnel, and (5) bare soil (control). BPM + WTSP and BPM + SPE treatments produced the highest total yields, resulting in 46% and 34% increase over the control. BPM +. WTSP also produced significantly more U.S. #1 grade sweet potato roots as compared with the control. BPM and row covers accelerated vine growth. Results show BPM + WTSP and BPM + SPE to be alternative ways of increasing sweet potato yields.
PREVALENCE OF PLEURAL (PL) OR PERICARDIAL (PERI) EFFUSION (EFF) IN VERY LOW BIRTHWEIGHT (VLBW) NEONATES. 1176

PREVALENCE OF PLEURAL (PL) OR PERICARDIAL (PERI) EFFUSION (EFF) IN VERY LOW BIRTHWEIGHT (VLBW) NEONATES. 1176
THE RELATION OF SERUM ESTERASE TO LIVER DESTRUCTION STUDIES ON FERMENT ACTION. XXIX.

1. Liver tissue showing fatty degeneration obtained from animals poisoned with phosphorus or chloroform contains a decreased amount of esterase. 2. The serum of animals poisoned with phosphorus or chloroform has a high esterase activity. 3. The increased amount of esterase in the serum is not derived from the disintegrating liver cells as the esterase in the blood of the hepatic vein is less than that found elsewhere.
Intramammary Pressures between Milkings in the Lactating Cow

Abstract Intramammary pressures (IMP) were studied between milkings in 11 lactating cows. Continuous recording of IMP after initial cannulation permitted observation of IMP changes in the absence of milk ejection. The data showed a gradual increase in IMP over the entire recording period. In 9 of 11 cows the IMP did not exceed 12 mm Hg at 12 hr after milking. In two cows the IMP was 18 and 22 mm Hg at 12 hr after milking. Continuous recording without repeated cannulation and subsequent milk ejection probably accounted for IMP lower than those reported in other studies.
Tissue atomization by high intensity focused ultrasound

Liquid atomization and fountain formation by focused ultrasound was first published by Wood and Loomis [1]. Since then, the cavitation-wave hypothesis emerged to explain atomization in a fountain, which states atomization arises from a combination of surface capillary waves and the collapse of cavitation bubbles. More recently, high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) has been shown to fractionate tissue through either pulsed-cavitation or millisecond boiling histotripsy therapies; however it is unclear how millimeter-size boiling bubbles or cavitation bubble clouds fractionate tissue into submicron-size fragments. The objective of this work is to test the hypothesis experimentally that atomization and fountain formation occurs similarly in liquids and tissues and results in tissue erosion. A 2-MHz HIFU transducer operating at peak in situ pressures of 50 MPa and -11 MPa (intensity = 14 kW/cm2) was focused at the interface between a liquid or tissue and air. A high-speed camera was used to monitor atomization and fountain formation in water, ethanol, glycerol, bovine liver, and porcine blood clots. The in situ intensity threshold for consistent atomization in one 10-ms pulse increased in the order: ethanol (180 W/cm2) <; blood clot (250 W/cm2) <; water (350 W/cm2) <; liver (6200 W/cm2); glycerol did not atomize. Average jet velocities for the initial spray at the maximum acoustic intensity were similar for all materials and on the order of 20 m/s. The tissue erosion rate of liver approached saturation at around 300 10-ms pulses repeated at 1 Hz, which had an average erosion volume of 25.7±10.9 mm3. While tissue atomization and fountain formation does not completely mimic what is observed in liquids, atomization provides a plausible explanation of how tissue is fractionated in millisecond boiling and possibly even cavitation cloud histotrispy therapies.
Coding for a multiple-access channel*

The channel considered here is a real-number adder. Attention is restricted to the case of two sources using binary signals; hence the channel has a ternary output. The paper treats both the noiseless and noisy situations. For the noiseless case the following results are obtained: several code-construction techniques are presented; a Gilbert-like lower bound is derived; an upper bound which shows linear codes to be markedly inferior to nonlinear codes on this channel is derived. It has previously been shown that, subject to certain constraints, the capacity of this channel using multiple-access signaling is 50% greater than the capacity if the users time-share the channel. The present results show that about half of this increase is achievable with simply implemented coding techniques. For the noisy adder channel we obtain the following results: partial upper bounds on the achievable rate region are derived; codes are constructed by concatenating single-user codes and the codes are constructed for the noiseless channel; the minimum distance of these codes is lower bounded; three decoding procedures are analyzed. These results show how independent additive errors affect the code rates achievable on this channel.
Institutional issues in the study of school mathematics: Curriculum research

Mathematics cannot be treated solely as a logical construction or a matter of psychological interpretation. What is defined as school mathematics is shaped and fashioned by social and historical conditions that have little to do with the meaning of mathematics as a discipline of knowledge. To understand school conditions, the essay considers (1) the social and cultural issues that underlie the patterns of schooling; (2) the assumptions and implications of curriculum languages for teaching mathematics, and (3) the contradictory meaning of change and reform that underlie current efforts to improve instruction.
Emotional behaviors in chronically ill children.

Empathy, emotional responsiveness, depression, aggression, and self-concept in 80 chronically ill and 40 well schoolage children (9–11 years) were examined in a quasiexperimental study. The ill children had either diabetes or asthma. Results suggested a similarity of emotional functioning for empathy, emotional responsiveness, and depression in the ill children. The ill children had significantly higher levels of these behaviors than the well children. The groups of ill children did not significantly differ from each other in these areas. The diabetic and asthmatic children significantly differed in aggression and self-concept. The diabetic children, however, did not differ from the well children in self-concept. The asthmatic children had the lowest self-reported aggression while the diabetic children had the highest. Neither ill group differed from the well children in aggression.
Biological transport in a microfabricated device: active immunochromatography with motorized antibodies

Kinesin motor proteins transduce chemical energy released by adenosine triphosphate hydrolysis into mechanical force and motion along microtubule tracks. Biological cells use kinesin motors to transport intracellular components to specific cellular locations. Our goal is to mimic some aspects of kinesin's cellular function and apply them to an active separation microdevice. Here we report the coupling of cargo-binding domains to recombinant kinesin. Metal- chelating Pluronic surfactants were used to specifically co- immobilize recombinant kinesin motor proteins and two immunoglobulin-(IgG) binding domains of protein A on the surface of polystyrene beads. Monoclonal antibodies, the cargo-binding domains, were indirectly coupled to kinesin on the beads through the IgG-binding domains. These motorized antibodies are capable of specifically binding virtually any cargo (antigens) and transporting them along microtubule tracks to different locations or compartments in an active separation microdevice.
Drug insight: Primary medical therapy of acromegaly.

Currently, surgery is the first-choice therapy for patients with acromegaly; adjuvant therapies include drugs such as somatostatin analogues, dopamine agonists, and a growth-hormone-receptor antagonist. As discussed here, such drugs may sometimes be preferable as primary therapy but there is a pressing need for randomized, controlled trials to establish this. Acromegaly is an insidious disease that, in most cases, is a result of a pituitary adenoma that hypersecretes growth hormone (GH). The goals of therapy are to control excess GH secretion and limit, if not reverse, the long-term medical consequences and risk of premature mortality associated with acromegaly. Surgery is currently the preferred primary therapeutic option because it can lead to rapid reductions in GH levels and prevent mass effects from local tumor growth. Medical therapy is used most often in an adjuvant, secondary role for patients in whom surgery has been unsuccessful. Radiation therapy is most commonly recommended in the setting of failed surgery and lack of adequate control with medical therapy. A role of primary medical therapy for patients de novo has been proposed, particularly with regard to somatostatin analogues. These analogues may control GH levels and reduce tumor volume in up to 50% of subjects, suggesting that they may be efficacious in this context. The use of somatostatin analogues to improve surgical outcome has also been proposed, but there is a lack of randomized trials available to address this issue. Primary medical therapy is well tolerated and further studies are necessary to identify patients who should be targeted for such therapy.
OME: Tool for generating and managing metadata to handle BigData

The next-generation On-line Metadata Editor (OME) is an easy-to-use tool to help document scientific data in a well-structured popular metadata format. In this paper, we discuss the newest tool that Oak Ridge National Laboratory has developed to input, edit, and manage metadata and how it is helping data intensive science centers across many federal agencies to prepare metadata and to make their BigData discoverable.
The Influence of Local Feedbacks and Northward Heat Transport on the Equilibrium Arctic Climate Response to Increased Greenhouse Gas Forcing

AbstractThis study uses coupled climate model experiments to identify the influence of atmospheric physics [Community Atmosphere Model, versions 4 and 5 (CAM4; CAM5)] and ocean model complexity (slab ocean, full-depth ocean) on the equilibrium Arctic climate response to an instantaneous CO2 doubling. In slab ocean model (SOM) experiments using CAM4 and CAM5, local radiative feedbacks, not atmospheric heat flux convergence, are the dominant control on the Arctic surface response to increased greenhouse gas forcing. Equilibrium Arctic surface air temperature warming and amplification are greater in the CAM5 SOM experiment than in the equivalent CAM4 SOM experiment. Larger 2 × CO2 radiative forcing, more positive Arctic surface albedo feedbacks, and less negative Arctic shortwave cloud feedbacks all contribute to greater Arctic surface warming and sea ice loss in CAM5 as compared to CAM4. When CAM4 is coupled to an active full-depth ocean model, Arctic Ocean horizontal heat flux convergence increases in resp...
A subpopulation of nervus terminalis neurons projects to the olfactory mucosa in Xenopus laevis.

Biocytin application to the normal or zinc sulfate-treated nasal cavity of Xenopus laevis was used to trace retrogradely neurons associated with the terminal nerve (TN). Immunocytochemistry was conducted to identify the relationship of gonadotropin-releasing hormone-immunoreactive (GnRH-ir) TN neurons with biocytin-labeled neurons. Neurons that accumulated biocytin were located in olfactory nerve fascicles close to the olfactory mucosa lining the caudal, medial, and rostral walls of the principal cavity. GnRH-ir fibers were observed only in the olfactory nerve fascicle projecting to the rostral edge of the principal cavity. In addition, GnRH-ir fibers did not contact biocytin-labeled TN neurons. We hypothesize that these two classes of neurons represent separate components of the TN. J. Neurosci. Res. 66:8–15, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Mg-like spectrum of Cu xviii

The transition arrays 3p2–3p3d and 3s3d–3p3d were analyzed, and the levels of the 3p3d configurations were derived. This is an extension of the analysis of Cu xviii reported in a paper by Sugar Kaufman [ J. Opt. Soc. Am. B3, 701 ( 1986)].
Birth spacing and infant mortality: evidence for eighteenth and nineteenth century German villages

Data from an historical population in which fertility control was minimal and modern health services were mostly unavailable are used to show that there appears to have been a strong association between previous birth interval length and infant mortality, especially when the previous child survived. Although only imperfect proxies for breast-feeding practices and other potentially confounding factors are available for this population, the results suggest that the association between previous interval length and infant mortality in this population is not solely, or primarily, a function of differences in breast-feeding behaviour or socioeconomic status. Other factors, e.g. maternal depletion or sibling competition, are more likely to explain the observed association.
The theory of planned behavior as related to intention to exercise and exercise behavior.

In a previously reported study we sought to assess the usefulness of the theory of planned behavior in explaining the exercise behavior of 73 adults enrolled in an exercise program over a 5-mo. period. The correlation between scores on Intention to Exercise and Exercise Behavior was moderate and inverse, conflicting with a primary tenet of the Theory of Planned Behavior. In this analysis of the data we sought to explain that finding by partitioning participants into groups based on a median split of their scores on Intention to Exercise and Exercise Behavior. Using the four Intention by Behavior groups as independent variables and scale scores as dependent variables, post hoc tests for Fitness Attitude showed significant differences only when High Intention conflicted with Low Intention, irrespective of Exercise Behavior. Perceived Behavioral Control showed opposite tendencies, i.e., differences were significant when High Behavior conflicted with Low Behavior, irrespective of Intention to Exercise. We conclude that Perceived Behavioral Control defines one's ultimate Exercise Behavior over a 5-mo. period while scores on Fitness Attitude define Intentions to Exercise.
Differential dissolution and electron-beam lithographic sensitivity of poly(methyl methacrylate)

Photolithographic and electron-beam integrated circuit fabrication techniques rely heavily upon differences in polymer resist dissolution (development) rates to produce circuit patterns. We have applied the wide-line NMR, technique, augmented by dynamic nuclear polarization, to the measurement of polymer dissolution rates of poly(methyl methacrylate), (PMMA). At high gamma-ray exposures, we find PMMA to have dissolution rates from 2X to 1000X those of unirradiated material. The highest radiation-enhanced dissolution rates are obtained with carbon tetrachloride-based developer solutions, whereas generally lower enhanced rates are observed with 1:3 acetone or methylethylketone/isopropanol standard developer. E-beam line exposures are developed in PMMA and poly(ethyl methacrylate), PEMA, resists using similar developers for comparison. Using straight CCl4 as a developer, e-beam lines 1-2 μ wide were developed in 3800 A thick PEMA resist at 1 × 10−5 C/cm2 with ≤200 A loss in unexposed resist thickness. The higher differential dissolution with CCl4, a poorer solvent for unirradiated PMMA than acetone or MEK, is explained by decline in polarity of PMMA by radiationinduced decarboxylation.
Immunological localization and quantitation of the androgen-dependent secretory protease of the canine prostate.

We have recently reported on the isolation and characterization of the predominant protein of canine prostatic fluid and the subsequent identification of this protein as a proteolytic enzyme. In this report, we described the preparation and characterization of a rabbit antiserum against this secretory protease which was purified from canine prostatic fluid by preparative sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Specificity of the antiserum has been established by immunoblot analysis and immunoprecipitation of the secretory protease present in canine prostatic fluid and tissue homogenates. The antiserum was used to localize (by immunofluorescence) and quantitate (by single radial immunodiffusion) the secretory protease in prostatic tissue obtained from intact and castrated dogs. These analyses can be summarized as follows: 1) the secretory protease is strictly localized in the apical portions of the columnar epithelial cells in prostates of intact dogs, where it comprises almost 60% of th...
Bromodeoxyuridine mutagenesis in mammalian cells is stimulated by thymidine and suppressed by deoxycytidine.

THE most widely accepted explanation for the mutagenicity of 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BUdR) is that mutations occur as the result of occasional mispairing of the analogue during DNA replication1,2, although the correlation between mutagenesis and the amount of bromouracil (BU) incorporated into DNA has been questioned3,4. We have previously shown that BUdR mutagenesis in Syrian hamster cells (measured by the induction of ouabain-resistant (OBr) or 6-thioguanine-resistant (TGr) mutants) is determined by the concentration of BUdR in the medium rather than the amount of BU in DNA5. This suggested that BUdR nucleotides are involved in BUdR mutagenicity in mammalian cells5 (see also ref. 4). BUdR triphosphate (BUdRTP) inhibits the ribonucleotide reductase-catalysed reduction of cytidine diphosphate to deoxycytidine (CdR) diphosphate6, as does thymidine (TdR) triphosphate (dTTP)7,8. Therefore, we have investigated the effects of CdR and TdR on BUdR mutagenesis, and report here that the former suppresses and the latter stimulates this process.
Phase Diagram of Hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine Crystals at High Pressures and Temperatures

Raman spectroscopy and optical imaging were used to determine the phase boundaries between various hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) polymorphs. Experiments were performed on single crystals at pressures up to 8.0 GPa and temperatures ranging from room temperature to 550 K. Several distinct pressure regions were found in the RDX response at elevated temperatures: (i) melting of α-RDX followed by decomposition, below 2.0 GPa, (ii) decomposition of α-RDX between 2.0 and 2.8 GPa, (iii) irreversible transformation of α- and γ-RDX to e-RDX between 2.8 and 6.0 GPa, and (iv) decomposition of γ-RDX above 6.0 GPa. A triple point between the α-, γ-, and e-RDX was found at 3.7 GPa and 466 K. The α−γ phase transition was confirmed to occur at the same pressure, ∼3.7 GPa, regardless of temperature, in the range of 295−460 K. Furthermore, it was determined that e-RDX (i) has limited chemical stability under the pressure and temperature conditions where it is produced and (ii) decomposes according to the aut...
Scanning Electron Microscope Studies of Turkey Semen

Abstract Turkey spermatozoa were examined morphologically with the aid of a Cambridge Stereoscan electron microscope. Mean dimensions, in micra, of normal spermatozoa were: acrosome, 1.8; nucleus, 9.1; midpiece, 4.8; tail, 61.0; total length, 76.7. The maximum diameter of the head at its widest was 0.8 microns. There was an increase in abnormal spermatozoa in yellowish semen, with coiling being the most prevalent abnormality. The spherical-shaped cells with granular appearance, also present in yellowish semen, were ascertained to be large macrophages. Occasionally, macrophages filled with phagocytized sperm cells were evident. Hens inseminated with yellowish semen had 57.6 percent fertility compared to 92.1 percent for hens inseminated with control semen.
Determination of Cr-Al Hyperfine and Electric Quadrupole Interaction Parameters in Ruby Using Spin-Echo Electron-Nuclear Double Resonance,

Abstract : Electron-spin-echo-electron-nuclear-double-resonance (ENDOR) spectra have been observed in dilute ruby crystal at magnetic fields of 1.7, 3.3, 5.8, and 7.5 kG. Analysis of the data yields the Cr-Al hyperfine and electric quadrupole interaction parameters for 34 Al nuclear neighbors, and shows the Al nuclear quadrupole Hamiltonian must include an asymmetry parameter and a tilt of the principal axis of the electric field gradient away from the direction of the crystal optic axis. The parameters are used to calculate electron-spin-echo behavior, and the comparison with experimentally determined spin-echo modulation data is excellent. Explicit expressions for the double-resonance effect are derived under limiting conditions and show the sinusoidal dependence of the double-resonance amplitude on the time separation of the first two excitation pulses. Various properties of the echo-ENDOR effect and its capability to untangle overlapping resonances are experimentally demonstrated. (Author)
Examining Dance as an Intervention in Parkinson’s Disease: A Systematic Review

Recently, dance has become a therapeutic and rehabilitative intervention for individuals with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Compared with traditional gait training or other rehabilitative interventions, dance appears to be a safe, fun, and an alternative way to achieve functional changes and improvements in mobility, gait, balance, and quality of life. This paper reviews literature regarding dance and PD in terms of enrollment size, dosage and frequency of intervention, class size, comparison or control groups, outcome measures, and effect size. A search was conducted on PubMed, Web of Sciences, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar using the terms “dance” and “Parkinson’s disease.” Ten papers were included in this review: seven of which examined walking speed, nine that included measures of balance, one study that examined upper extremity function, eight studies that measured disability rating, and one study that examined falls. Only five studies had control groups, three of which were active control groups. Various studies have clinical design issues such as inclusion of a control group, outcome measures or the way in which the intervention was administered. Essential outcome measures to include are safety, tolerability, quality of life, and falls. These measures determine information on treatment effects, adverse event rates, and dropout rates.