cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Programming with Proofs: Language-Based Approaches to Totally Correct Software

Tremendous progress has been made in automated and semi-automated verification since the seminal works on program verification. Automated deductive techniques like model checking have been highly successful for many verification tasks (e.g., [17, 18, 13]). Impressive advances continue to be made in static analysis, type systems, and static bug finding (e.g., [21, 12]). These approaches aim to verify code or find bugs in existing systems as automatically as possible, with as little developer help as possible. This has been the aim of the research community for many years, possibly due in part to the bad reputation that continues to plague full program verification. Theorem proving approaches to program verification have continued to make advances, but indeed, they still are generally applied only to the most critical applications (e.g., [7, 5, 16, 11]).
What Is the Correlation between Twitter, Polls and the Popular Vote in the 2012 Presidential Election? (Correction)

This paper contributes to the ongoing discourse on social media and elections, by evaluating Twitter activity during the 2012 United States presidential campaign. We specifically ask: what is the correlation between Twitter, polls and the popular vote? In response to current debates on methods, we evaluated multiple configurations of Election Day Twitter activity. The Twitter activity in our study included a commercial proprietary sentiment analysis, dictionary-based sentiment analysis, and volume of messages analyzed at multiple time periods. We normalized all data by converting values into binary proportions for the two major candidates. Bivariate statistical analysis using a chi-square test provided comparative analysis. Our findings suggest that Twitter data analyzed with sentiment analysis better reflects the popular vote than the volume of messages. For further analysis, we compared the binary proportions of the positive sentiment data. Having a Mean Absolute Error (MAE) of 3.11% and a 1.7% point-bias, the Twitter activity analyzed with the proprietary sentiment analysis was within the same proximity as public opinion polls that accurately reflected the popular vote.
Fundamental Size Limits in Ferroelectricity

Ferroelectric materials feature a spontaneous electric polarization that can be switched from one orientation to another by an electric field. As a result, ferroelectrics are of great interest for data storage applications, but earlier experimental results have implied that they could not be used in devices below a certain critical size because the polarization would disappear. In her Perspective, Spaldin discusses results reported in the same issue by Fong et al. in which x-ray diffraction was used to demonstrate that the critical size is in fact orders of magnitude smaller than expected. The findings are encouraging for device applications and also for theoretical studies that predicted the smaller critical size.
An empirical evaluation of bagging and boosting

An ensemble consists of a set of independently trained classifiers (such as neural networks or decision trees) whose predictions are combined when classifying novel instances. Previous research has shown that an ensemble as a whole is often more accurate than any of the single classifiers in the ensemble. Bagging (Breiman 1996a) and Boosting (Freund & Schapire 1996) are two relatively new but popular methods for producing ensembles. In this paper we evaluate these methods using both neural networks and decision trees as our classification algorithms. Our results clearly show two important facts. The first is that even though Bagging almost always produces a better classifier than any of its individual component classifiers and is relatively impervious to overfitting, it does not generalize any better than a baseline neural-network ensemble method. The second is that Boosting is a powerful technique that can usually produce better ensembles than Bagging; however, it is more susceptible to noise and can quickly overfit a data set.
Law's Allure and the Power of Path-Dependent Legal Ideas

Gordon Silverstein'sLaw's Allure (2009) advances a two-part thesis on the power of legal ideas. The first is that legal precedents establish the ideological baselines on which legislative and bureaucratic policies are developed. Silverstein amply demonstrates the validity of this thesis. The second is that by establishing ideological baselines, legal precedents contribute to a version of path dependency (or the idea that early choices determine long-term developments) that is significantly more constraining than other forms of institutional entrenchment. Put simply, law shackles creativity in politics. This thesis I do not find persuasive, in part because Silverstein offers little evidence for it and in part because a growing body of literature suggests the contrary: the cross-fertilization of ideas from one field to another—law to politics, for instance—contributes to, rather than retards, creative change. Nonetheless, while its broader ambitions are not satisfied, Law's Allure's narrow thesis—that precedent profoundly shapes policy development—is important and worthy of a major book in itself.
West Nile Virus in the United States — A Historical Perspective

Prior to 1999, West Nile virus (WNV) was a bit player in the screenplay of global vector-borne viral diseases. First discovered in the West Nile District of Uganda in 1937, this Culex sp.-transmitted virus was known for causing small human febrile outbreaks in Africa and the Middle East. Prior to 1995, the last major human WNV outbreak was in the 1950s in Israel. The epidemiology and ecology of WNV began to change in the mid-1990s when an epidemic of human encephalitis occurred in Romania. The introduction of WNV into Eastern Europe was readily explained by bird migration between Africa and Europe. The movement of WNV from Africa to Europe could not, however, predict its surprising jump across the Atlantic Ocean to New York City and the surrounding areas of the United States (U.S.). This movement of WNV from the Eastern to Western Hemisphere in 1999, and its subsequent dissemination throughout two continents in less than ten years is widely recognized as one of the most significant events in arbovirology during the last two centuries. This paper documents the early events of the introduction into and the spread of WNV in the Western Hemisphere.
Household demand for home heating

Abstract The provision of home heating services involves choice of both a heating system and a fuel input. The decision is usefully analyzed by comparison of net benefits associated with optimal use of alternative system — fuel combinations which leads to adoption of that alternative with maximum net benefits. Calculation of total benefits involves examination of household demand characteristics for system and fuel inputs which is based on the public nature of consumption of heating services within the household. Costs associated with a particular system — fuel alternative are comprised of the cost of a system which is durable in nature and a fuel input cost. Using individual household data, empirical analysis of system and fuel adoption in newly constructed housing units indicates that fuel price differences and household demand characteristics play major roles in the decision process and that system and fuel choice are not independent. The results suggest that estimates of fuel and system adoption patterns based on aggregate data are incomplete and likely to be misleading in projection of future trends.
Space-based autonomous reconfigurable protocol chip

In this paper, we present an architecture for a reconfigurable protocol chip for space-based applications. We present a model for examining various stimuli for reconfiguration in space, and identify some approaches to operating on the stimuli. In particular, we examine fault tolerant schemes and reconfiguration based on detection of a link layer framing format
Conceptualizing the role of research literacy in advancing societal health

'Research literacy' is proposed as a key concept for advancing societal health. To examine whether improvements in research literacy would affect knowledge of and ethical participation in research, parents of young children received a brief educational intervention designed to enhance their understanding of child research. Results demonstrated that the intervention improved research-related knowledge and increased parents' comfort with their research participation decisions. Moreover, enhanced understanding of child volition increased parents' willingness to enrol their children in research. The proposed research literacy model identifies methods to enhance population knowledge and appreciation of research, strengthening links between scientific advancement and health.
Improved Protocol for Asymmetric, Intramolecular Heteroatom Michael Addition Using Organocatalysis: Enantioselective Syntheses of Homoproline, Pelletierine, and Homopipecolic Acid

An improved protocol for the construction of enantioenriched pyrrolidine, indoline, and piperidine rings using an organocatalyzed, intramolecular heteroatom Michael addition is described. Application to the enantioselective synthesis of homoproline, homopipecolic acid, and pelletierine has been accomplished.
A geometric sequence that accurately describes allowed multiple conductance levels of ion channels: the "three-halves (3/2) rule"

Ion channels can express multiple conductance levels that are not integer multiples of some unitary conductance, and that interconvert among one another. We report here that for 26 different types of multiple conductance channels, all allowed conductance levels can be calculated accurately using the geometric sequence gn = g(o) (3/2)n, where gn is a conductance level and n is an integer > or = 0. We refer to this relationship as the "3/2 Rule," because the value of any term in the sequence of conductances (gn) can be calculated as 3/2 times the value of the preceding term (gn-1). The experimentally determined average value for "3/2" is 1.491 +/- 0.095 (sample size = 37, average +/- SD). We also verify the choice of a 3/2 ratio on the basis of error analysis over the range of ratio values between 1.1 and 2.0. In an independent analysis using Marquardt's algorithm, we further verified the 3/2 ratio and the assignment of specific conductances to specific terms in the geometric sequence. Thus, irrespective of the open time probability, the allowed conductance levels of these channels can be described accurately to within approximately 6%. We anticipate that the "3/2 Rule" will simplify description of multiple conductance channels in a wide variety of biological systems and provide an organizing principle for channel heterogeneity and differential effects of channel blockers.
C-5 substituted 19-norsteroids

Abstract The synthesis of epimeric 5-cyano-17β-hydroxyestron-3-ones and various compounds derived from them are described. The effect of the cyano group on reactions at the C-3 ketone is discussed.
Intracerebral bispecific ligand‐antibody conjugate increases survival of animals bearing endogenously arising brain tumors

Bispecific antibodies capable of simultaneously binding a tumor surface antigen and the T-cell receptor/CD3 complex are capable of inducing polyclonal immune effector cells to destroy targeted tumor cells. Bispecific antibody immunotherapies have shown some promise against tumors of hematopoietic origin such as lymphomas, but use of bispecific antibodies for the treatment of solid tumors has been less fully explored. To test the preclinical potential of bispecific antibody therapy against an endogenously arising solid brain tumor, we have utilized a novel variation of conventional bispecific antibodies, referred to as bispecific ligand-antibody conjugates, to target choroid plexus tumors. The bispecific ligand-antibody conjugate described in this study is a chemical conjugate between an anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody (MAb) and folic acid, the ligand for a high-affinity surface receptor expressed on the surface of choroid plexus tumors. SV11 mice transgenic for SV40 large T antigen and its promoter develop solid choroid plexus tumors in the brain. We demonstrate that choroid plexus tumor cells are susceptible in vitro to cytolysis mediated by cytotoxic T cells in the presence of the bispecific ligand-antibody conjugate in a folate-inhibitable manner. Adoptive immunotherapy studies demonstrate the potential benefits of the bispecific ligand-antibody conjugate in vivo. The bispecific conjugate is capable of retaining adoptively transferred T lymphocytes specifically within tumor tissue for periods of up to at least 1 week. Further, following intracerebro-ventricular injection of bispecific conjugate and splenocytes containing activated cytotoxic T cells, T cells were observed to penetrate to interior regions of the tumor. A single treatment of adoptively delivered activated effectors and bispecific conjugate into the brain ventricles was insufficient to produce significant increases in survival of SV11 mice, but repeated treatment through indwelling cannulas prolonged survival of animals treated with activated effectors and bispecific ligand-antibody conjugate compared to animals treated with activated effectors or saline alone. Our results demonstrate that the SV11 model may be useful for preclinical evaluation and optimization of bispecific ligand-antibody conjugate treatments of solid tumors. Int. J. Cancer 78:470–479, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Structural and functional conservation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis GroEL paralogs suggests that GroEL1 Is a chaperonin.

GroEL is a group I chaperonin that facilitates protein folding and prevents protein aggregation in the bacterial cytosol. Mycobacteria are unusual in encoding two or more copies of GroEL in their genome. While GroEL2 is essential for viability and likely functions as the general housekeeping chaperonin, GroEL1 is dispensable, but its structure and function remain unclear. Here, we present the 2.2-A resolution crystal structure of a 23-kDa fragment of Mycobacterium tuberculosis GroEL1 consisting of an extended apical domain. Our X-ray structure of the GroEL1 apical domain closely resembles those of Escherichia coli GroEL and M. tuberculosis GroEL2, thus highlighting the remarkable structural conservation of bacterial chaperonins. Notably, in our structure, the proposed substrate-binding site of GroEL1 interacts with the N-terminal region of a symmetry-related neighboring GroEL1 molecule. The latter is consistent with the known GroEL apical domain function in substrate binding and is supported by results obtained from using peptide array technology. Taken together, these data show that the apical domains of M. tuberculosis GroEL paralogs are conserved in three-dimensional structure, suggesting that GroEL1, like GroEL2, is a chaperonin.
Sensitivity to ethanol-induced motor incoordination in FAST and SLOW selectively bred mice

Abstract S. L. BOEHM, II, J. C. CRABBE AND T. J. PHILLIPS. Sensitivity to ethanol-induced motor incoordination in FAST and SLOW selectively bred mice. PHARMACOL BIOCHEM BEHAV 66 (2) 241–247, 2000.—Earlier studies using the grid test have indicated a negative genetic correlation between sensitivity to ethanol-induced locomotor stimulation and ethanol-induced motor incoordination in FAST and SLOW mice, lines selectively bred for differential sensitivity to ethanol's stimulant effects. Because different tests of motor coordination may not measure the same behavioral competencies or physiological substrates, the present experiments tested adult ethanol- or saline-exposed FAST and SLOW mice of two replicates (FAST-1, FAST-2, SLOW-1, and SLOW-2) using three additional tests of coordination: a stationary dowel, fixed-speed rotarod, and accelerating rotarod. After ethanol treatment, FAST-1 mice fell from the stationary dowel at shorter latencies than SLOW-1 mice, suggesting that they had relatively greater sensitivity to ethanol. However, brain ethanol concentrations (BrECs) were similar at time of fall, and no differences were found between replicate-2 lines. SLOW-1 mice fell from the fixed-speed rotarod at lower BrECs than FAST-1 mice, suggesting possibly greater sensitivity of the SLOW-1 line. Again, no replicate-2 line differences were found. No significant differences were detected for the accelerating rotarod. These results provide little support for a negative genetic relationship between sensitivity to the stimulant and ataxic effects of ethanol using these measures of motor coordination.
Integrated optical NAND gate

An optical two input NAND gate with a high on/off contrast ratio (<50) is demonstrated. The NAND gate uses different wavelengths of light for the two inputs; this allows both inputs to be incident on the same area of the device.
The Relationship Between Polymorphisms on Chromosome 9p21 and Age of Onset of Coronary Heart Disease in Black and White Women

Aim: Genome-wide association studies have identified variants on chromosome 9p21 that are associated with coronary heart disease (CHD). The relationship between these variants and the age of onset of CHD is less clear. The aim of this study was to examine the allelic frequencies and haplotype structure of eight single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on chromosome 9p21 in ethnically diverse women. We also explored the relationship between 9p21 SNPs and the age of CHD onset. Results: There was considerable interethnic allelic and haplotype diversity across the 9p21 locus with only two SNPs (rs10757274 and rs4977574) in perfect linkage disequilibrium in both races, and only a small proportion of the haplotypes shared between the racial groups. With the exception of rs1333040, whites with at least one copy of the 9p21 SNP risk alleles were found to have CHD from 1.45 (rs10116277) to 4.77 (rs2383206) years earlier than those with the wild-type alleles. Blacks carrying at least one copy of the risk allele (92%)...
The Manila Trench and West Luzon Trough—III. Seismic-refraction measurements☆

Abstract Data from 13 seismic-refraction profiles recorded west of central and northern Luzon in the South China Sea are presented in two schematic structure sections. The eastern edge of the South China Sea Basin has a velocity-structure similar to that of normal oceanic crust, except that the average thickness of the main crustal layer (layer 3) is only about half normal thickness, and the M-discontinuity is shallower than normal by about 2–3 km. The intermediate level West Luzon Trough off central Luzon contains approximately 4 km of sediment with velocities of 2·1 and 2·6 km/sec overlaying a 4·4 km/sec basement layer which presumably constitutes the outer ridge of the trough. Measurements made west of northern Luzon indicate that in physiography and velocity-structure it is similar to the region off central Luzon, except there is no topographic trench along the foot of the island margin. Instead there is a subtle depression in the sea floor with sediments much thicker than are found off central Luzon. This indicates that if a trench is forming in the area, it is being filled contemporaneously with sediments transported from the north. There is an intermediate level sediment-filled depression off North Luzon that is not as well developed as its southern counterpart, but which nevertheless constitutes a major linear feature. The outer ridge consists mainly of material with velocity about 3·6 km/sec and is interpreted as sedimentary. The outer ridge follows the western convex side of the north and central Luzon arc and is broken only by a promontory complex off the coast near the Lingayen Gulf. The ridge may represent the outer non-volcanic component of a double island-arc system, similar to the outer non-volcanic ranges situated along the eastern convex side of the Mindanao Arc.
Glycosphingolipids Internalized via Caveolar-related Endocytosis Rapidly Merge with the Clathrin Pathway in Early Endosomes and Form Microdomains for Recycling

We have previously demonstrated that glycosphingolipids are internalized from the plasma membrane of human skin fibroblasts by a clathrin-independent, caveolar-related mechanism and are subsequently transported to the Golgi apparatus by a process that is dependent on microtubules, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, Rab7, and Rab9. Here we characterized the early steps of intracellular transport of a fluorescent glycosphingolipid analog, BODIPY-lactosylceramide (LacCer), and compared this to fluorescent transferrin (Tfn), a well established marker for the clathrin pathway. Although these two markers were initially internalized into separate vesicles by distinct mechanisms, they became co-localized in early endosomes within 5 min. These results demonstrate that glycosphingolipid-containing vesicles derived from caveolar-related endocytosis fuse with the classical endosomal system. However, in contrast to Tfn, internalization and trafficking of LacCer was independent of Rab5a, a key regulator of transport to early endosomes. By taking advantage of the monomer/excimer properties of the fluorescent lipid analog, we were also able to visualize LacCer segregation into distinct microdomains of high (red emission) and low (green emission) concentrations in the early endosomes of living cells. Interestingly, the high concentration "red" microdomains co-localized with fluorescent Tfn upon exit from early endosomes and passed through Rab11-positive "recycling endosomes" prior to being transported back to the plasma membrane. These results together with our previous studies suggest that glycosphingolipids internalized by caveolar endocytosis are rapidly delivered to early endosomes where they are fractionated into two major pools, one that is transported via late endosomes to the Golgi apparatus and the other that is returned to the plasma membrane via the recycling compartment.
Methotrexate-induced renal failure and ineffectiveness of peritoneal dialysis

Acute renal failure developed in a 47-year-old man during the second course of a high-dose methotrexate sodium (MTX) treatment for chondrosarcoma of the pelvis with pulmonary metastasis. Uninterrupted peritoneal dialysis for seven days had a negligible effect on plasma MTX. Although high-dose leucovorin calcium prevented severe myelosuppression and mucositis, the patient died 12 days after receiving MTX. Renal histological studies showed severe tubulointerstitial damage consistent with MTX toxicity. Better alternatives for removing MTX in patients with renal failure are clearly needed. ( Arch Intern Med 138:1146-1147, 1978)
Risky Behaviors in Yellowstone National Park: The Potential Role of Decision-Making and Justice on Visitors’ Behavior

The National Park Service is entrusted with the difficult task of providing visitor access to popular public lands while ensuring visitor safety. Despite park managers' best efforts to keep the public safe, visitors often ignore educational messages and well-publicized regulations and engage in behaviors that are inherently risky. As a result, visitors to National Parks are injured and killed every year. A theoretical application of the concepts and findings from the fields of decision-making (i.e., theory of reasoned action) and social justice (i.e., relative deprivation, procedural justice) are used to account for why visitors to Yellowstone National Park, one of the most famous parks in the federal system, often engage in behaviors (e.g., approaching wildlife, coming in contact with thermal features) that put their lives at risk. Implications for managers of Yellowstone National Park and other protected natural areas are discussed.
Cytopathic action of myxoviruses on cultivated mammalian cells

Abstract Strains of mumps, parainfluenza 2, and Newcastle disease virus (NDV) induced cytoplasmic inclusion body formation and other cytopathic changes in one or more of the following mammalian cell types: HEP-2, L, dog kidney, guinea pig kidney, and monkey kidney. Influenza strains produced no inclusions, except for suggestive changes seen with influenza B in monkey kidney. Strains of mumps which had not been passed more than seven times in eggs, the parainfluenza 2 virus, and Newcastle viruses of moderate to high virulence for chickens were particularly prone to produce serially transmissible cytopathic changes.
Simulating the all-order strong coupling expansion III: O(N) sigma/loop models

Abstract We reformulate the O ( N ) sigma model as a loop model whose configurations are the all-order strong coupling graphs of the original model. The loop configurations are represented by a pointer list in the computer and a Monte Carlo update scheme is proposed. Sample simulations are reported and the method turns out to be similarly efficient as the reflection cluster method, but it has greater potential for systematic generalization to other lattice field theories. A variant action suggested by the method is also simulated and leads to a rather extreme demonstration of the concept of universality of the scaling or continuum limit.
New phenomena in the Eckhaus instability of thermal Rossby waves

An analytical study on the Eckhaus instability of moderately nonlinear thermal Rossby waves is developed. A solvability condition of the lowest order is derived. The condition not only produces results that agree reasonably well with the earlier Galerkin formulation, but also leads to some new findings that are otherwise difficult to discover by the previous method. Over a wide range of parameters, this paper reports the existence of a branch of the stability limit that corresponds to a pair of disturbances with a finite, rather than an infinitesimal wavenumber modulation. As the Prandtl number tends to a small value, the asymmetry between the two branches of the stability limit becomes very pronounced, which is manifested as a severely distorted stability region
Educating the next generation of spammers

Compelling experiences in introductory courses make a key difference in whether non-majors develop an interest in computer science, possibly even converting them into undergraduate majors or minors. In this paper we advocate integrated hands-on laboratory style activities to provide such pivotal experiences. In the lab activities we describe, students do not engage in programming, yet they learn to think computationally by engaging in computational activities. The course in which these labs are implemented is oriented around three aspects of the the internet's underside: its techno-scientific underpinnings, environmental and energy problems and promise brought on by its rapid growth, and security threats associated with its use. We describe the goals and content of the lab activities, as well as various challenges encountered through their implementation. We also discuss student responses and future directions.
Alone and happy: Personality moderates the effect of happy mood on social approach

Abstract Happy moods are believed to evoke an approach orientation and to broaden one’s potential courses of action. Although positivity is strongly associated with approach, social approach is a more complex behavior because interacting with other individuals can offer either positive or negative consequences. We provide novel experimental evidence that happiness actually reduces social approach among individuals whose happiness might be threatened by social interaction. Specifically, experimentally induced mood interacted with participants’ personality, such that participants who were high in social inhibition (e.g., shyness, rejection sensitivity) sat further away from another individual when in a happy mood. We suggest that happiness may produce a general orientation to approach other individuals except when such approach threatens mood.
Automated kymograph analysis for profiling axonal transport of secretory granules

This paper describes an automated method to profile the velocity patterns of small organelles (BDNF granules) being transported along a selected section of axon of a cultured neuron imaged by time-lapse fluorescence microscopy. Instead of directly detecting the granules as in conventional tracking, the proposed method starts by generating a two-dimensional spatio-temporal map (kymograph) of the granule traffic along an axon segment. Temporal sharpening during the kymograph creation helps to highlight granule movements while suppressing clutter due to stationary granules. A voting algorithm defined over orientation distribution functions is used to refine the locations and velocities of the granules. The refined kymograph is analyzed using an algorithm inspired from the minimum set cover framework to generate multiple motion trajectories of granule transport paths. The proposed method is computationally efficient, robust to significant levels of noise and clutter, and can be used to capture and quantify trends in transport patterns quickly and accurately. When evaluated on a collection of image sequences, the proposed method was found to detect granule movement events with 94% recall rate and 82% precision compared to a time-consuming manual analysis. Further, we present a study to evaluate the efficacy of velocity profiling by analyzing the impact of oxidative stress on granule transport in which the fully automated analysis correctly reproduced the biological conclusion generated by manual analysis.
Moment relations and blur invariant conditions for finite-extent signals in one, two and N -dimensions

The blur invariant features developed by Flusser et al. [Proc. Internat. Conf. of Pattern Recognition, 1996, p. 389; IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Machine Intell. 20(6) (1998) 590; J. Math. Imaging Vision 13 (2000) 101] allow for exact pattern recognition between two continuous, infinite-extent signals related by a shift-invariant, centrosymmetric and energy-preserving filter. This paper addresses the case of discrete, finite-extent signals under these same filter constraints by establishing moment relations using a finite-extent convolution model. These relations demonstrate that the features of Flusser et al., while reporting good results, are not truly invariant to typical, discrete finite-extent signals. Using the established relations it is shown that, for Flusser et al.'s features to be truly invariant, the observed blurry signal must exactly result from the linear convolution of its associated reference signal and the shift-invariant filter--a condition that is likely not met in practice.
No easy way out : A response to warfield

En reponse a l'article de T. A. Warfield sur la compatibilite de la prescience divine et de la liberte humaine (in «Nous», 31, 1, pp. 80-86), l'A. montre que l'argument de Warfield pose probleme du point de vue de la reference au fatalisme logique, d'une part, et du point de vue de l'utilisation deductive du modus tollens et du modus ponens, d'autre part. Sans etablir la verite ou la faussete de la conjonction des premisses de son argument, Warfield ne propose aucune reponse de type ockhamiste ou moliniste a l'incompatibilisme theologique
An extension of the basic Palm measure correspondence

The notion of Palm measure provides a one-to-one correspondence between the distributions of simple, stationary point processes on ℝ with finite intensity and those of stationary sequences of positive random variables with finite mean. Here we extend this result to any stationary random measures on ℝ, using a new notion of spacing measure based on an elementary measure inversion. Our approach is symmetric, in the sense that an iteration of the spacing measure construction leads back to the original distribution. The classical results for point processes arise as simple special cases.
Surface antigens of mammalian cells as genetic markers. II.

A second surface antigen, BL, lethal in the presence of specific antibody and complement has been identified on some human cells and shown to behave as a good genetic marker. It is autosomal, unlinked to the human AL antigen previously described, and unlinked to 15 other human genes. The AL antigen, which is linked to the lactic dehydrogenase A gene, is found on the HeLa, the cultured human fibroblast, and in small amounts on the human lymphocyte. BL occurs on HeLa cells, on cultured human fibroblasts, and on human lymphocytes, but not on human RBCs. Hybrid cells formed by fusion of human and Chinese hamster cells have been prepared containing each of the four possible combinations of these two markers. Highly selective antisera sensitive to each marker separately can be obtained. The use of single-cell plating to demonstrate the presence of the antigens and of hybrid cells containing desired combinations of the markers facilitates study in this system.
Cocaine- and Amphetamine-Regulated Transcript (CART) Peptide: A Vasoactive Role in the Cerebral Circulation:

Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) peptides are known to be involved in the stress response and have been implicated in the regulation of the cardiovascular system. We evaluated the direct vasoactive properties of CART in the cerebral circulation and its potential mechanisms of action. Penetrating cerebral arterioles, isolated from male Sprague-Dawley rats, were cannulated using a concentric micropipette setup, pressurized and perfused. The vascular response to intraluminal and extraluminal CART peptide was characterized. The endothelium dependence of this response was assessed by means of the endothelial light-dye injury model. The nonspecific endothelin receptor antagonist PD-145065, the ETA-specific antagonist BQ-123, the ETB- specific antagonist BQ-788, and the inhibitor of endothelin-converting enzyme phosphoramidon were used to characterize the involvement of the endothelin pathway in the vascular response to CART peptide. Extraluminal and intraluminal application of CART peptide (0.1 nm to 1 lmol/L) evoked a long-lasting dose-dependent constriction of isolated penetrating cerebral arterioles to B80% of resting myogenic tone. Disruption of the endothelium by the endothelial light/dye injury model resulted in the abolition of this response (Po0.05). Extraluminal administration of PD-145065, BQ-123, and phosphoramidon blocked the constriction response to CART peptide (Po0.01). The ETB antagonist, BQ-788, did not alter the constriction response to CART peptide. Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript peptide is a potent vasoconstrictor in the cerebral circulation. Its direct vasoactive properties are endothelium-dependent and are mediated by ETA, not ETB, endothelin receptors.
Polarization of Protons Elastically Scattered from Deuterons.

Abstract The polarization of protons elastically scattered from deuterons has been measured by a double scattering experiment. Partially polarized protons of energy 1.50, 2.02 and 2.52 MeV were obtained by scattering a 4.1 MeV proton beam from carbon and by subsequent energy degradation in suitable foils. The scattering chamber was filled with a mixture of deuterium, helium and xenon, and the proton groups corresponding to elastic scattering from the individual gases were resolved in two symmetrically located semi-conductor detectors. The simultaneous measurement of right-left asymmetries for xenon, helium and deuterium permitted a continuous monitoring of false asymmetries, proton beam polarization and the p-d polarization, respectively. The measurements yield positive polarizations, relatively independent of energy, for p-d scattering at angles (c.m.) between 45° and 120° with maxima of about (8±2)% near 90°, and near zero values at 45° and 120°. These results are consistent with recent n-d polarization experiments of comparable accuracy.
Mycoplasma contamination: a hazard of screening hybridoma supernatants for inhibition of [3H]thymidine incorporation

We have utilized a functional screen, inhibition of proliferation of mitogen activated lymphocytes, in an attempt to obtain monoclonal antibodies to soluble mediators of immune responses and to the receptors for such mediators. We have found that contamination of hybridoma cell lines with certain species of mycoplasma can interfere with such a screen. By consuming thymidine, mycoplasma can either mimic the effect of antibodies that inhibit lymphocyte proliferation or obscure the presence of antibodies that stimulate or enhance proliferation.
Temperature-Dependent de Haas-Van Alphen Parameters in Zinc

The magnetic susceptibility of a single crystal of zinc has been investigated from 4.2\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K to 300\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K in fields up to 25 kilogauss. Traces of the de Haas-van Alphen effect persisted at temperatures as high as 200\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. The period of the characteristic susceptibility oscillations increased with increasing temperature, rising from 6.4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}5}$ ${\mathrm{gauss}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ at 4.2\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K to 12.5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}5}$ ${\mathrm{gauss}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ at 61.2\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. If present interpretations of the de Haas-van Alphen parameters are valid, temperature dependent effective masses, or chemical potential, or both are implied for the pertinent electrons. A rough calculation indicates that temperature dependences of the right order of magnitude might arise from alteration of the overlap of Brillouin zone boundaries by the Fermi surface as a result of anisotropic thermal expansion of the lattice.
Structural factors in cation binding to anionic polysaccharides of connective tissue

Abstract The binding of Co(NH 3 ) 6 +3 to connective tissue acid mucopolysaccharides, heparin and heparin derivatives, and sulfated chitosans was investigated by a spectrophotometric procedure. The order of increasing binding affinities is desulfated chondroitin sulfate A ∼- keratosulfate 3 ) 6 +3 is influenced by local binding factors, electrostatic interaction of neighboring charged groups, and competition with other cations for binding sites. Anticoagulant activity is generally associated with high binding affinity for Co(NH 3 ) 6 +3 . Because anticoagulant activity appears to depend upon molecular weight, correlations with structure are incomplete. The physiologic significance of the data is discussed.
End Processing of MAEAM Pair Potential for BCC Metals

An end processing function of the pair-potential of modified analytical embedded atom method (MAEAM) was suggested for bcc metals. Through fitting the elastic constants, cohesive energy and an equilibrium condition of bcc metal crystals correctly, we changed the pair-potential parameters and the modification term parameter of the multi-body potential. The model calculations fully demonstrate the structure stabilities and the phonon dispersion curves of seven bcc transition metals: Cr, Fe, Mo, Nb, Ta, V and W.
Chorangiomatosis: Evaluation of a placental vascular lesion and related clinical effects

Background: Chorangiomatosis is a unique placental vascular abnormality that can cause growth retardation and even fetal demise in severe cases. In this study we aim to better understand this lesion and the possible clinical implications. Methods and Materials: In this study 170 placentas were evaluated, both grossly and microscopically. The patients’ charts were reviewed and relevant clinical data were extracted. In the histological examination, presence of placental lesions including chorangiomatosis (focal, multifocal and diffuse) and chorangiosis was determined and possible correlation between placental findings and clinical outcomes investigated. Results: Among the 170 placentas examined, 42 cases of multifocal chorangiomatosis (25.6%), 7 cases with diffuse chorangiomatosis (4.26%), and 56 cases of focal chorangiomatosis (34.1%) were identified. We found that there is a significant correlation between multifocal/diffuse chorangiomatosis and adverse clinical outcomes including lower birth weight and N...
Separation of function for classical and ganglion cell photoreceptors with respect to circadian rhythm entrainment and induction of photosomnolence

Abstract Four studies were performed to further clarify the contribution of rod/cone and intrinsically photoreceptive retinal ganglion cells to measures of entrainment, dark preference, light-induced locomotor suppression and photosomnolence. Wild type (WT), retinally degenerate (rd/rd), and melanopsin-less (OPN4−/−) mouse strains were compared. In Experiment 1, mice were exposed to a graded photoperiod in which approximately 0.26 μW/cm2 irradiance diminished to dark over a 6-h interval. This method enabled “phase angle titration,” with individual animals assuming activity onsets according to their sensitivity to light. WT and OPN4−/− animals entrained with identical phase angles (effective irradiance=0.078 μW/cm2), but rd/rd mice required a more intense irradiance (0.161 μW/cm2) and entrainment occurred about 2.5 h earlier. In Experiment 2, all three strains preferred the dark side of a divided light–dark chamber until the irradiance dropped to 0.5 μW/cm2 at which point, rd/rd mice no longer showed a preference. Experiments 3 and 4 determined that WT and rd/rd mice showed equivalent light-induced locomotor suppression, but the response was greatly impaired in OPN4−/− mice. Closer examination of open field locomotion using infrared video-based methods and Any-mazetm software revealed two opposing effects of light. Locomotor suppression was equivalent in WT and rd/rd mice. Responses by OPN4−/− mice varied from being absent (n=17) to normal (similar to WT and rd/rd mice; n=8). Light onset was associated with a significant, but brief, locomotion increase in WT and OPN4−/− mice, but not in rd/rd mice. Any-mazetm analysis supports the view that light-induced locomotor quiescence is followed by behavioral sleep (photosomnolence), a fact that was visually validated from the raw video files. The data show that (a) classical photoreceptors, most likely rods, allow mice to prefer and entrain to very dim light such as found in natural twilight; (b) the presence of melanopsin photopigment enables light-induced locomotor suppression and photosomnolence; (c) light-induced locomotor suppression/photosomnolence is rod/cone mediated in 36% of mice lacking melanopsin, but not in 64% of the same OPN4−/− strain; and (d) light-induced locomotor suppression encompasses an interval of behavioral sleep.
Scar Carcinoma of the Lung: A Historical Perspective

Lung scar carcinoma (SC) was first described by Friedrich in 1939 as a type of lung cancer that originates around peripheral scars in the lung. Scarring in the lung can result from a variety of infections, injuries, and lung diseases. Scars can also be due to repeated episodes of tumor necrosis and healing. SCs are typically found as subpleural adenocarcinomas with retraction or puckering of the overlying pleura. They were considered a histologic curiosity that was promoted for decades until doubts about their existence were raised in the 1980s. Finding type III collagen, type V collagen, and myofibroblasts characteristic of fibrosis in the scars, finally reversed the original SC concept. The presence of type III collagen and extracellular matrix suggested an ongoing fibrosing process secondary to host response to the neoplasm. The high concentration of type III collagen in SC indicates that the fibrous tissue is in an active immature state compared with noneuplastic fibrous tissue, which is mature and contains type I and type V collagen. A recent cohort analysis of data from the PLCO (Prostate, Lung, Colorectal and Ovarian) cancer screening trial demonstrated a correlation between the presence of scar and the development of carcinoma, but the causation of this association has to be determined by future studies. The role of inflammation, infections, and smoking in the development of cancer is discussed in this article. Additional research is necessary to determine if lung scarring detected by imaging requires clinical monitoring in the context of the development of lung cancer when a defined set of risk factors is identified.
Body boundary and stimulus enhancement.

Summary.-The relationship between body boundary and stimulus intensity was investigated by means of lifted weights. Ss with high Barrier scores were hypothesized to judge weights as heavier than those with lower scores. A disrupting variable was introduced into the task to test the second hypothesis that attention contributed to the heightened intensity of stimuli. The first hypothesis was supported. The second hypothesis was not supported as both groups were equally affected by the disrupting variable. A boundary differentiation between self and non-self has been proposed as a construct by a number of theorists (Federn, 1952; Freud, 1955; Lewin, 1935). Fisher and Cleveland (1968) developed a technique of measuring this concept based on the content of Rorschach responses. Responses emphasizing the covering, containing, or protective nature of the periphery of the percept were scored as Barrier responses. Boundary definiteness as measured by the Barrier index correlates with achievement drive, coping, independence of j~~dgment (Fisher & Cleveland, 1968), and a wide range of physiological measures (Fisher, 1963). Fisher ( 1968) explored the relationship of boundary definiteness to the vividness with which stimuli are experienced. Assuming that incoming stimuli would have to move through the boundary, either an increase or decrease in experienced intensity of the stimuli would be expected. Empirical data from several studies (Twente, 1964; Wertheimer & Bachelis, 1966) led to the hypothesis that the presence of definite body boundaries would be directly related to intensification of incoming stimuli. In discussing his results, Fisher (1968) suggested that heightened intensity resulted from "a central attitude or set toward perception of what is 'out there' " (p. 395 ) and from patterns of peripheral activation. An examination of the notion of heightened intensity suggests that some stimuli must be reduced in apparent intensity for others to be increased, creating a heightened figure-ground relationship. If an individual with more definite body boundaries experiences certain stimuli as more intense because he is able to focus his attention on them, he is less likely to have his attention disrupted by other stimuli. In a sense, a more definite body boundary may enhance an individual's ability to filter out the perception of irrelevant attributes in the environment.
Anisotropic residual stress relaxation in cemented carbide composites

Abstract The anisotropic relaxation of differential thermal residual stress in WC-17wt.%(85Co-15Ni) cermets subjected to compressive plastic strain under monotonic and cyclic loading has been studied. Results were obtained via triaxial stress measurements using neutron diffraction. The residual stress in cylindrical specimens loaded uniaxially along the cylinder axis was observed to decrease with increasing plastic strain. Although relaxation occurred both perpendicular and parallel to the loading direction, i.e. radially and axially, it was observed to be greater in the radial direction and this trend was observed to increase with increasing plastic strain. A qualitative model for the observed behavior is proposed.
Should patients with Björk-Shiley valves undergo prophylactic replacement?

Abstract About 85 000 patients have undergone replacement of diseased heart valves with prosthetic Bjork-Shiley convexo-concave (CC) valves. These valves are prone to fracture of the outlet strut, which leads to acute valve failure that is usually fatal. Should patients with these valves undergo prophylactic replacement to avoid fracture? The incidence of strut fracture varies between 0% and 1·5% per year, depending on valve opening angle (60° or 70°), diameter ( The incidence of outlet strut fracture was estimated from the data of three large studies on CC valves, and stratified by opening angle, diameter, and location. A Markov decision analysis model was used to estimate life expectancy for patients undergoing prophylactic valve replacement and for those not undergoing reoperation. Prophylactic valve replacement does not benefit patients with CC valves that have low strut fracture risks (60° aortic valves and For all patients and their doctors facing the difficult decision on whether to replace CC valves, individual estimates of operative mortality risk that take account of both patient-specific and institution-specific factors are essential.