cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A theoretical investigation on the washout of aerosol particles by falling ice crystals

A numerical scheme which determines the collection efficiencies, kernels and washout rates of aerosol particles (APs) by falling columnar and platelike ice crystals is presented. A theoretical model for the removal of micron-size APs by falling columnar ice crystals which incorporates gravitational, inertial, thermophoretic, diffusiophoretic and electrostatic forcing has been formulated (Miller, 1987). This trajectory model which includes computed velocity, temperature and water vapor density fields, was coupled to a flux model which determines the removal of submicron particles due to Brownian diffusion, thermo and diffusio-phoresis as well as electrostatic forcing (Wang, 1985). This combined model indicates collection efficiencies for APs of radii 0.001 to i0.0 ~m for the columnar ice crystal size distribution (Miller and Wang, 1988). A simular study provides AP collection efficiencies by ice crystal plates for the ice crystal plate size distribution (Martin et al., 1980).
Indigenous Psychology: Grounding Science in Culture, Why and How?

My agenda is to ground psychological science in culture by using complex rather than overly simple models of culture and using indigenous categories as criteria of a translation test to determine the adequacy of scientific models of culture. I first explore the compatibility between Chinese indigenous categories and complex models of culture, by casting in the theoretical framework of symmetry and symmetry breaking (Bolender, 2010) a series of translations performed on Fiske's (1991) relational models theory. Next, I show how the dimensional approach to culture, prevalent in mainstream psychology, fails the translation test. Ethical implications of this analysis for cross cultural psychology are discussed.
Maternal and fetal plasma levels of adrenal corticoids in spontaneous vaginal delivery and cesarean section

Abstract Plasma levels of cortisol, cortisone, and corticosterone were determined in 13 normal mothers and newborn infants undergoing spontaneous delivery at term. These values were compared with values from 7 normal patients undergoing elective cesarean section and 6 patients undergoing cesarean section for cephalopelvic disproportion following a period of spontaneous labor. Maternal levels of cortisol and corticosterone were consistently higher than fetal levels, and fetal levels of cortisone were significantly higher than maternal cortisone levels. While plasma levels of cortisol, cortisone, and corticosterone were slightly higher in infants born following spontaneous labor, the differences were not statistically significant.
Interplanetary dust dynamics: III. Dust released from P/Encke: Distribution with respect to the zodiacal cloud

Abstract Numerical simulations of the trajectories of over 200 30-μm-radius dust particles released by Comet P/Encke were designed to study the evolution and redistribution of orbital elements as the dust particles spiral in toward the Sun. The dust assumes Jupiter crossing orbits immediately after release due to radiation pressure, while the comet's orbit remains inside Jupiter's orbital path. By the time the dust particles have spiraled past Jupiter, information on their origin from P/Encke is erased from the distribution in orbital elements. The primary objective of this study is to compare the observed spatial distribution of zodiacal/interplanetary dust with that of the model cloud inside Jupiter's orbit. The observed location of the plane of maximum dust density “symmetry plane” of the zodiacal cloud is compared to a least-square-fit plane of the model cloud. A clear correlation between the two planes is found. The variation of the observed inclination and nodes with heliocentric distance agrees also, at least qualitatively, with that found in the model cloud. The hypothesis that short-period comets may have contributed in a major way to the zodiacal cloud is compatible with these results. The study is directly relevant to, and supports, Whipple's suggestion that Comet P/Encke may have been a major source to the zodiacal cloud.
Evolution and Sex Differences in Preferences for Short-Term Mates: Results from a Policy Capturing Study

Abstract It is important to distinguish between short-term and long-term mating when considering evolutionarily relevant sex differences in mating strategies and preferences. Sex differences in short-term mating preferences were examined in the current study using a policy capturing methodology. College student men ( n = 106) and women ( n = 114) read 50 descriptions of potential short-term mates and rated the desirability of each. Six characteristics were experimentally manipulated within these descriptions: physical attractiveness, financial resources, generosity, sexual experience/interest, current relationship status, and desired level of relationship commitment. Afterward, respondents rated how important each of these characteristics was in their judgments. Results are presented with regard to actual characteristics influencing men's and women's judgments in comparison to self-reported importance of each of the characteristics. We conclude that researchers should exercise caution in interpreting sex differences in mate selection preferences based on direct self-report of the importance of particular mate characteristics.
Potential use of OCT-based microangiography in clinical dermatology.

Background Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a revolutionary imaging technique used commonly in ophthalmology, and on the way to become clinically viable alternative in dermatology due to its capability of acquiring histopathology level details of in vivo tissue, non-invasively. In this study, we demonstrate the capabilities of OCT-based microangiography in detecting high resolution, three-dimensional structural, and microvascular features of in vivo human skin with various conditions. Methods A swept-source OCT system that operates on a central wavelength of 1310 nm with an A-line rate of 100 kHz is used in this study. We apply optical microangiography (OMAG) technique to visualize the structural and microvascular changes in tissue. Results OMAG images provide detailed visualization of functional microvasculature of healthy human skin from cheek and forehead areas, abnormal skin conditions from face, chest and belly. Moreover, OMAG is capable of monitoring the progress of wound healing on human skin from arm, delivering unprecedented detail of microstructural and microvascular information during longitudinal wound healing process. Conclusion The presented results promise the clinical use of OCT angiography, aiming to treat prevalent cutaneous diseases, by detecting blood perfusion, and structural changes within human skin, in vivo.
The Mass Media and Presidential Popularity Presidential Broadcasting and News in the Nixon Administration

During the first three years of the Nixon administration, the President's popularity in the Gallup Poll was found to be related both to the content of daily press coverage of the President and to the number of times he appeared on television. These findings support the argument that studying the mass media provides an important means of examining the exercise of presidential power. While further research is necessary to determine the impact of presidential media appearances on his popularity, this study is the latest in a number showing the impact of the daily news on the President's fortunes in the polls.
The European Union and occupied Palestinian territories: state-building without a state

Against the plethora of studies on both the Israeli–Palestinian conflict and the roles played by the USA in particular and the international community in general in the resolution of this conflict,...
Asynchronous Operation of A. C. Synchronous Machines The Linear Equivalent Circuit

An equivalent circuit is derived for analyzing the behavior of a linear synchronous machine operating asynchronously. It permits the calculation of all torques and all voltage and current harmonics for any slip with respect to a given stator fundamental frequency input. Relationships to previously reported equations or to supporting analyses are given.
Vortex glass is a metal: Unified theory of the magnetic-field and disorder-tuned Bose metals

We consider the disordered quantum rotor model in the presence of a magnetic field. We analyze the transport properties in the vicinity of the multicritical point between the superconductor, phase glass, and paramagnetic phases. We find that the magnetic field leaves metallic transport of bosons in the glassy phase intact. In the vicinity of the superconductivity\char21{}to\char21{}Bose metal transition, the resistitivy turns on as $(H\ensuremath{-}{H}_{c}{)}^{2}$ with ${H}_{c}$. This functional form is in excellent agreement with the experimentally observed turn-on of the resistivity in the metallic state in $\mathrm{MoGe}$\char22{}namely, $R\ensuremath{\approx}{R}_{c}(H\ensuremath{-}{H}_{c}{)}^{\ensuremath{\mu}}$, $1l\ensuremath{\mu}l3$. The metallic state is also shown to presist in three spatial dimensions. As the phase glass in $d=3$ is identical to the vortex glass, we conclude that the vortex glass is, in actuality, a metal rather than a superconductor at $T=0$. Our analysis unifies recent experiments on vortex glass systems in which the linear resistivity remained nonzero below the putative vortex glass transition and experiments on thin films in which a metallic phase has been observed to disrupt the direct transition from a superconductor to an insulator.
Autoantibodies to an altered IgG in human breast cancer

Recent studies have shown that antibody in the serum of patients with carcinoma of the breast reacts with two distinct antigens obtained from breast cancer tissue. Hence, there are two antibodies. The first antibody reacts against the Fc fragment of immunoglobulin and is also found in the sera of patients with benign breast disease and certain inflammatory lesions and, therefore, does not seem to have any significant meaning for the patient with carcinoma of the breast. The second antibody is directed against the Fab fragment of human immunoglobulin that is found in breast cancer tissue. Recent experiments have shown that in immunodiffusion tests, this autoantibody reacts not with normal IgG(Fab), but rather with heat-aggregated IgG(Fab). It is thought that tumor-associated antibodies react with antigens on the tumor cell surface. Intracellular enzymes then proceed to fragment the attached antibody, leaving the Fab fragments attached on the cell surface. With intact immunosurveillance, the host appreciates this altered immunoglobulin (Fab). It is suggested that the autoantibody then formed against this fragment reacts with the fragment attached to the tumor cell, thereby allowing the tumor cell to be destroyed. Clinical data supporting this hypothesis are derived from the fact that 9 patients having this autoantibody to the Fab fragment are alive at 1 year after their carcinoma of the breast.
Population decline in the Delta caribou herd with reference to other Alaskan herds

After growing continuously for nearly 15 years, the Delta caribou herd began to decline in 1989. Most other Interior Alaskan herds also began declining. In the Delta herd, and in other herds, the declines were caused primarily by high summer mortality of calves and increased natural mortality of adult females. Other minor causes included increased winter mortality of calves, and reduced parturition rates of 3-year-old and older females. The decline in the Delta herd also coincided with increased wolf (Canis lupus) numbers, winters with deeper than normal snow, and warm summers. Mean body weight of annual samples of 10-month-old female calves was consistently low during the decline. Except in some of the smallest Interior Alaskan herds, we conclude that evidence for population regulation in Alaskan caribou is weak, and that herds are likely to fluctuate within a wide range of densities due to complex interactions of predation and weather. Unless wolf numbers are influenced by man, the size of a caribou herd in a given year is likely to be largely a function of its size during the previous population low and the number of years of favorable weather in the interim.
Semiclassical theory of two-photon absorption: Absorption and level shifts in a model system

Numerical calculations of level shifts and power-broadening linewidths for double-photon absorption in truncated rigid-rotor models are presented. This work demonstrates the feasibility of a previously suggested calculational method. It is shown that level shifts in double-photon absorption deduced from three-state models are misleading since other states dipole-coupled to states directly involved in the transition make important contributions to the shifts.
Effect of methyl methacrylate on isolated atria and interaction with isoproterenol, atropine and calcium chloride.

Abstract 1. 1. Spontaneous rate and contractile force of isolated rat and rabbit atria suspended in a tissue bath were recorded before and after drugs. Methyl methacrylate monomer (MMA) alone both decreased force and increased rate dose-dependently. 2. 2. Concentrations of calcium chloride or isoproterenol that alone increased both rate and force of rat atrial contraction were fully and only partially able, respectively, to restore force to normal after MMA. 3. 3. Atropine prevented changes in rat atrial function from low-effective doses of MMA, but not higher ones; it also failed to prevent the reduction of contractile force by a calcium channel blocker, verapamil. 4. 4. There are similarities but also differences between actions of MMA and verapamil on rat atria.
Nuclear insecurity in the Post‐Soviet States

. Dr. William C. Potter is the Director of the Program for Nonproliferation Studies at the Monterey Institute of International Studies. This essay is his prepared testimony submitted to the Subcommittee on International Security, International Organizations, and Human Rights of the U.S. House of Representatives Committee on Foreign Affairs on June 27, 1994. Thank you very much Mr. Chairman and members of the committee for the opportunity to present testimony on the subject "Internat ional Organized Crime and Nuclear Security.” My remarks focus specifically on the possible diversion of fissile material in the former Soviet Union and its export abroad. In my testimony before this committee last September, I was able to report that most of the sensationalist accounts of black market activities involving nuclear materials of NIS origin had not been substantiated. There was no hard evidence, for example, that nuclear weapons, nuclear weapon components, or significant quantities of weapons-grade fissile material had been smuggled out of the successor states. Although I believe that those earlier evaluations remain essentially correct, I doubt if that will remain the case much longer. My growing pessimism is due to: (1) credible reports--for the first time--that weapons-grade plutonium may have been smuggled out of Russia; (2) evidence of serious deficiencies in the national safeguards system in Russia and the other successor states which possess nuclear assets; and (3) growing pressures in Russia to subordinate the objective of stringent export controls to those of hard currency exports and personal profit.
Developmental stability, heterozygosity, and fitness in two introduced fire ants ( Solenopsis invicta and S. richteri ) and their hybrid

Developmental stability, heterozygosity, and fitness in two introduced fire ants ( Solenopsis invicta and S. richteri ) and their hybrid
PV1 Is a Key Structural Component for the Formation of the Stomatal and Fenestral Diaphragms

PV1 is an endothelial-specific integral membrane glycoprotein associated with the stomatal diaphragms of caveolae, transendothelial channels, and vesiculo-vacuolar organelles and the diaphragms of endothelial fenestrae. Multiple PV1 homodimers are found within each stomatal and fenestral diaphragm. We investigated the function of PV1 within these diaphragms and their regulation and found that treatment of endothelial cells in culture with phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) led to upregulation of PV1. This correlated with de novo formation of stomatal diaphragms of caveolae and transendothelial channels as well as fenestrae upon PMA treatment. The newly formed diaphragms could be labeled with anti-PV1 antibodies. The upregulation of PV1 and formation of stomatal and fenestral diaphragms by PMA was endothelium specific and was the highest in microvascular endothelial cells compared with their large vessel counterparts. By using a siRNA approach, PV1 mRNA silencing prevented the de novo formation of the diaphragms of caveolae as well as fenestrae and transendothelial channels. Overexpression of PV1 in endothelial cells as well as in cell types that do not harbor caveolar diaphragms in situ induced de novo formation of caveolar stomatal diaphragms. Lastly, PV1 upregulation by PMA required the activation of Erk1/2 MAP kinase pathway and was protein kinase C independent. Taken together, these data show that PV1 is a key structural component, necessary for the biogenesis of the stomatal and fenestral diaphragms.
Cellular activation of the self-quenched fluorescent reporter probe in tumor microenvironment.

Abstract The effect of intralysosomal proteolysis of near-infrared fluorescent (NIRF) self-quenched macromolecular probe (PGC-Cy5.5) has been previously reported and used for tumor imaging. Here we demonstrate that proteolysis can be detected noninvasively in vivo at the cellular level. A codetection of GFP fluorescence (using two-photon excitation) and NIRF was performed in tumor-bearing animals injected with PGC-Cy5.5. In vivo microscopy of tumor cells in subdermal tissue layers (up to 160 μm) showed a strong Cy5.5 dequenching effect in GFP-negative cells. This observation was corroborated by flow cytometry, sorting, and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis of tumor-isolated cells. Both GFP-positive (81% total) and GFP-negative (19% total) populations contained Cy5.5-positive cells. The GFP-negative cells were confirmed to be host mouse cells by the absence of rat cathepsin mRNA signal. The subfraction of GFPnegative cells (2.5-3.0%) had seven times higher NIRF intensity than the majority of GFP-positive or GFPnegative cells (372 and 55 AU, respectively). Highly NIRF-positive, FP-negative cells were CD45-and MAC3-positive. Our results indicate that: 1) intracellular proteolysis can be imaged in vivo at the cellular level using cathepsin-sensitive probes; 2) tumor-recruited cells of hematopoetic origin participate most actively in uptake and degradation of long-circulating macromolecular probes.
Formation and stability of AsH bonds in H-implanted GaAs

The chemical bonding and isochronal annealing of H implanted into GaAs at 80 K has been investigated by infrared absorption measurements. Based upon the frequency shift when deuterium is substituted for H, and an equivalent band formation in InAs, assignment of a new band at 2029 cm−1 is made to AsH centers. Bonding of H at interstitial As of an As-vacancy pair which anneals between 150 and 250 K is suggested as the structure for the defect. A previously reported absorption band at 1834 cm−1 assigned to GaH centers in H-implanted GaAs increases in intensity when H is released from AsH centers.
Coefficient of Restitution Testing: Explicit Finite Element Modeling and Experiments

Particle based modeling approaches, such as the discrete element method (DEM) approach, require the definition of accurate contact (collision) models. An essential parameter within these models is the coefficient of restitution (e), which defines the ratio of post-collision to pre-collision relative velocity during the collision of two materials. In this study, e of various steel-material combinations is predicted through both physical experiments and explicit finite element modeling of a falling sphere colliding with a stationary plate, and examined against a theoretical formulation of e. Experiments are performed on various sphere materials including steel, brass, chrome steel, tungsten carbide, aluminum, polybutadiene, and nitinol 60, Experimental results for metals colliding with steel, match what is predicted by theory, as they show a decreasing trend in e with increasing impact velocities. Additional experimental results for polybutadiene rubber show no velocity dependence, remaining constant across the impact velocities examined; this matches with theory. Modeling results, obtained via the explicit finite element method (FEM) approach, are compared against experimental results for verification. Current explicit FEM results show very good quantitative agreement with experimental results for various materials (brass, steel, tungsten carbide, and chrome steel) impacting steel, but do not display the proper decreasing trend in e for increasing impact velocity, over the range of impact velocities examined (∼2 m/s–3.2 m/s). However, for simulations at impact velocities above this range, a decrease in e is witnessed. Current and future work focuses on refining the models to correctly display this qualitative trend within the current range of experimental impact velocities, as well as performing experiments on a wider range of impact velocities.© 2010 ASME
Requirement for Brn-3.0 in differentiation and survival of sensory and motor neurons.

SPECIFIC families of transcription factors mediate events in the sequential maturation of distinct neuronal phenotypes. Members of one such family, the class IV POU domain transcription factor Brn-3.0, and two highly related factors Brn-3.1 and Brn-3.2, are differentially expressed in the developing and mature mamma-lian nervous system1–11. The expression pattern of Brn-3.0 sug-gested that it has an important role in the development of sensory ganglia, as well as red nucleus, inferior olive, and nucleus ambiguus. Analysis of mice null for the Brn-3.0 locus shows that Brn-3.0 is required for the survival of subpopulations of proprioceptive, mechanoreceptive and nociceptive sensory neu-rons, where deletion of the gene affects neurotrophin and neuro-trophin-receptor gene expression. Deletion of Brn-3.0 also alters either differentiation, migration or survival of specific central neuronal populations.
STRUCTURAL CHANGES IN CELLULOSE DURING PAPERMAKING AND RECYCLING

Recent advances in understanding the structure of cellulose are used as the basis for analyzing the structural changes that occur in pulp fibers during papermaking, particularly in the drying stage. These changes are responsible for the degradation of papermaking properties, and they must be reversed during recycling if the maximum papermaking potential of the virgin fibers is to be recovered. A number of studies have assessed the structural transformations that can occur in cellulosic fibers upon exposure to elevated temperatures. The researchers have invariably observed that the changes occur at the secondary and tertiary levels of structure, the levels that can have significant effects on the properties of fibers. In addition, some studies have focused specifically on the structural effects of recycling; clear correlations of structural change with changes in paper characteristics have been reported. The results of the various studies point to directions for further investigations into enhancing the recovery of papermaking value from recycled fibers.
Sounds of War: Music in the United States during World War II Annegret Fauser. New York: Oxford University Press, 2013.

Sounds of War: Music in the United States during World War II Annegret Fauser. New York: Oxford University Press, 2013.World War II was an unprecedented example of total war. Everyone is familiar with the mobilization effort that brought homemakers onto the bomb assembly line and drew children into scrap metal drives. The efforts of serious musicians are less well-known and Annegret Fauser's detailed and well-researched account permanently document their contributions.Although the motion picture industry was early seen as a natural adjunct of the war effort, Fauser discovered that even though government and military officials thought music important, composers and musicians needed to articulate the ways they might contribute. She located surveys conducted by such organizations as the League of Composers to solicit ideas for war time roles. Although some respondents expressed concern over the potential for nationalism to usurp art, most wanted to contribute their skills.A tradition of military bands meant that instrumentalists sometimes found a place awaiting them. Outstanding string players, pianists, and vocalists also had a chance of getting assigned to orchestras, such as the US Marine Band Symphony Orchestra. While bands might perform to bolster morale in training camps and at bases, orchestras, with programs featuring classical music and famous soloists, performed more publicly in concert seasons that were often broadcast.One sponsor of such broadcasts was the Office of War Information which utilized them in programs incorporating political messages broadcast to Axis countries. However, the musical recordings and broadcasts were themselves seen as a way of proving that Americans had we 11-developed appreciation for music, countering Nazi propaganda that the United States was a cultural wilderness. For this reason, the Office of War Information also targeted Allied countries, as well as parts of Africa, and other non-Wes tern nations. Because radio broadcasts were not always viable, record libraries of the Office of War Information own pressings, as well as donated recordings were assembled and sent overseas.Even the US State Department established programs to employ music in international relations, looking beyond the war, to develop long-term allegiances founded on music. Other countries had a history of exploiting music in cultural politics, but not until World War II did the United States government begin funding musical activities to compete for public opinion. According to Fauser, Latin America was a particular focus because of the strong German and Italian influence in the region. …
Sine-Gordon theory and the classical two-dimensional x-y model

From known results, at the level of perturbation theory, the quantum sine-Gordon (SG) field theory is shown to be isomorphic to the zero-field, low-temperature limit of the classical two-dimensional x-y model. The solitons of the SG theory are suggested to correspond to the vortices in the x-y model. (AIP)
Mucopolysaccharidoses: Etiology, Classification, Deformities Unique to Each Type, Treatment Modalities and Indications for Surgical Intervention

The mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS) represent a subset of rare skeletal dysplasia disorders; however, with improved medical therapies, treatment is becoming increasingly common in the world of spinal deformity. Cervical stenosis, with and without instability, thoracolumbar kyphosis, and scoliosis are commonly manifested in these disorders. This review discusses the treatment of the spinal deformities associated with these skeletal dysplasias. Because patients with MPS may have difficult airways and restrictive pulmonary disease, appropriate anesthetic evaluation is mandatory before embarking on surgical treatment. Although modern segmental instrumentation is preferred when treating deformity in these patients, hypoplastic spinal elements often make surgical fixation difficult. Young patients with severe, progressive deformity may be amenable to treatment with traditional delay tactics and growth-sparing techniques.
Unusual resistance of peptidyl transferase to protein extraction procedures

Peptidyl transferase, the ribosomal activity responsible for catalysis of peptide bond formation, is resistant to vigorous procedures that are conventionally employed to remove proteins from protein-nucleic acid complexes. When the "fragment reaction" was used as a model assay for peptide bond formation, Escherichia coli ribosomes or 50S subunits retained 20 to 40 percent activity after extensive treatment with proteinase K and SDS, but lost activity after extraction with phenol or exposure to EDTA. Ribosomes from the thermophilic eubacterium Thermus aquaticus remained more than 80 percent active after treatment with proteinase K and SDS, which was followed by vigorous extraction with phenol. This activity is attributable to peptidyl transferase, as judged by specific inhibition by the peptidyl transferase-specific antibiotics chloramphenicol and carbomycin. In contrast, activity is abolished by treatment with ribonuclease T1. These findings support the possibility that 23S ribosomal RNA participates in the peptidyl transferase function.
Appearance of electrocardiographic initial U-wave inversion dependent on pressure-induced early diastolic impairment in patients with hypertension.

Background ECG U-wave inversion can be classified as initial and terminal U inversion according to the phasic relationship to positive U-wave deflection. Initial U inversion is occasionally observed in hypertensive patients while terminal U inversion frequently appears during severe myocardial ischemia. Hypothesis The genesis of initial U inversion may be related to pressure-induced diastolic dysfunction. Methods In order to clarify the genesis of initial U-wave inversion we studied 11 consecutive hypertensive patients with both initial U inversion and impaired left ventricular early relaxation who were evaluated using Doppler echocardiography. Results The U inversion disappeared during acute pressure lowering by sublingual administration of nitroglycerin. The U inversion also disappeared and relaxation improved significantly after chronic blood pressure lowering. Initial U inversion reappeared during a cold pressor test. Conclusion The appearance of initial U inversion was dependent on the pressure-induced impaired left ventricular early relaxation in hypertensive patients. Copyright © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The unmet need for philanthropic funding of early career cardiovascular investigators.

Philanthropic donations have funded scientific investigations of cardiovascular disease for much of human history, and the patrons who enabled them are indirectly responsible for major breakthroughs in the field. Today, however, the lion’s share of funding for cardiovascular research in Western countries comes from the government, professional agencies, and industry. Rapid budget cuts at these traditional sources of financial support are having a devastating impact on the cardiovascular research infrastructure by slashing funding for investigators. A particularly unfortunate consequence is the discouraging effect this is having on early career investigators, who are the life-blood of future breakthroughs in the field, leading to the potential loss of an entire generation of researchers. Here, we summarize the challenges faced by emerging cardiovascular investigators, make a case for the unmet need for appropriately targeted philanthropic support for cardiovascular research, and provide a roadmap for solving the funding shortfall for these investigators.
Communicating with a global aphasic

Abstract The author describes a functional approach to communication used very successfully with one global aphasic and the circumstances that led to that approach. Through the use of video tape of the subject during an occupational therapy session, the author identified the subject's spontaneous nonverbal behaviors that served as cues for the therapist and their ensuing interactions. The interactions observed on the video tape and a followup study led the author to conclude that much of what the global aphasic is trying to communicate may be ignored or overlooked because the message being sent is alien to our expectations.
Primate Model for Testing Periodontal Treatment Procedures: II. Production of Contralaterally Similar Lesions

Experimental periodontal pockets were produced bilaterally in four Rhesus monkeys. The pockets were analyzed histometrically and the resultant data were subjected to statistical analysis. There were but few significant differences between pockets on contralateral tooth surfaces, and in each case, the magnitudes of the observed differences were so small as to be of no biological significance. The use of this model system for future studies on periodontal treatment was discussed. It was shown that by utilizing only two monkeys, the model system can discern treatment effects on the measurable parameters of as little as 0.3 mm.
C1q/TNF-related Protein-12 (CTRP12), a Novel Adipokine That Improves Insulin Sensitivity and Glycemic Control in Mouse Models of Obesity and Diabetes

Despite the prevalence of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus, their underlying mechanisms remain incompletely understood. Many secreted endocrine factors and the intertissue cross-talk they mediate are known to be dysregulated in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Here, we describe CTRP12, a novel adipokine with anti-diabetic actions. The mRNA and circulating levels of CTRP12 were decreased in a mouse model of obesity, but its expression in adipocytes was increased by the anti-diabetic drug rosiglitazone. A modest rise in circulating levels of CTRP12 by recombinant protein administration was sufficient to lower blood glucose in wild-type, leptin-deficient ob/ob, and diet-induced obese mice. A short term elevation of serum CTRP12 by adenovirus-mediated expression improved glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity, normalized hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia, and lowered postprandial insulin resistance in obese and diabetic mice. CTRP12 improves insulin sensitivity in part by enhancing insulin signaling in the liver and adipose tissue. Further, CTRP12 also acts in an insulin-independent manner; in cultured hepatocytes and adipocytes, CTRP12 directly activated the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway to suppress gluconeogenesis and promote glucose uptake, respectively. Collectively, these data establish CTRP12 as a novel metabolic regulator linking adipose tissue to whole body glucose homeostasis through insulin-dependent and independent mechanisms.
Effects of nitric oxide on stimulated release of norepinephrine from female rat hypothalamic slices

Norepinephrine (NE) is an important neurotransmitter involved in ovarian steroid hormone regulation of female reproductive function in rats. Nitric oxide (NO) has also been suggested to be an essential mediator of gonadotropin-releasing hormone release and of lordosis behavior of female rats. These studies used a superfusion system to investigate the hypothesis that NO regulates [3H]NE release in the preoptic area (POA) and hypothalamus (HYP), brain regions that mediate ovarian steroid effects on reproductive function. The NO synthase inhibitors N-nitro-L-arginine and NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester did not modify either basal or N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-stimulated NE release in either brain region of ovariectomized, hormone-treated or control animals. The NO precursor L-arginine (L-Arg) reduced NMDA-stimulated NE release in POA but had no effect on KCl- or electrically-stimulated release. L-Arg did not influence basal or evoked release of [3H]NE from HYP slices. Sodium nitroprusside (SNP), a NO-generating compound, blocked the release of NE in response to NMDA stimulation but not in response to KCl or electrical stimulation. Thus, SNP is probably reducing NE release by acting as an NMDA antagonist rather than via NO production. There was a tendency for administration of both estrogen and progesterone to ovariectomized females to facilitate NMDA-stimulated NE release, particularly in the POA. Our data suggest that NO does not mediate basal or NMDA-stimulated NE release in rat POA and HYP. Therefore, NO regulation of lordosis behavior and gonadotropin release in female rats is probably not exerted at the level of NE release.
Do oblique views add value in the diagnosis of spondylolysis in adolescents

Background: Anteroposterior, lateral, and right and left oblique lumbar spine radiographs are often a standard part of the evaluation of children who are clinically suspected of having spondylolysis. Recent concerns regarding radiation exposure and costs have brought the value of oblique radiographs into question. The purpose of the present study was to determine the diagnostic value of oblique views in the diagnosis of spondylolysis. Methods: Radiographs of fifty adolescents with L5 spondylolysis without spondylolisthesis and fifty controls were retrospectively reviewed. All controls were confirmed not to have spondylolysis on the basis of computed tomographic scanning, magnetic resonance imaging, or bone scanning. Anteroposterior, lateral, and right and left oblique radiographs of the lumbar spine were arranged into two sets of slides: one showing four views (anteroposterior, lateral, right oblique, and left oblique) and one showing two views (anteroposterior and lateral only). The slides were randomly presented to four pediatric spine surgeons for diagnosis, with four-view slides being presented first, followed by two-view slides. The slides for twenty random patients were later reanalyzed in order to calculate of intra-rater agreement. A power analysis demonstrated that this study was adequately powered. Inter-rater and intra-rater agreement were assessed on the basis of the percentage of overall agreement and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs). PCXMC software was used to generate effective radiation doses. Study charges were determined from radiology billing data. Results: There was no significant difference in sensitivity and specificity between four-view and two-view radiographs in the diagnosis of spondylolysis. The sensitivity was 0.59 for two-view studies and 0.53 for four-view studies (p = 0.33). The specificity was 0.96 for two-view studies and 0.94 for four-view studies (p = 0.60). Inter-rater agreement, intra-rater agreement, and agreement with gold-standard ICC values were in the moderate range and also demonstrated no significant differences. Percent overall agreement was 78% for four-view studies and 82% for two-view studies. The radiation effective dose was 1.26 mSv for four-view studies and 0.72 mSv for two-view studies (difference, 0.54 mSv). The charge for four-view studies was $145 more than that for two-view studies. Conclusions: There is no difference in sensitivity and specificity between four-view and two-view studies. Although oblique views have long been considered standard practice by some, our data could not identify a diagnostic benefit that might outweigh the additional cost and radiation exposure. Level of Evidence: Diagnostic Level I. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Regulation of fatty acid synthesis and Δ9-desaturation in senescence of human fibroblasts

Abstract Aims Normal human cells in culture progressively lose their capacity for replication, ending in an irreversible arrested state known as replicative senescence. Senescence has been functionally associated to the process of organismal ageing and is also considered a major tumor-suppressing mechanism. Although a great deal of knowledge has uncovered many of the molecular aspects of senescence, little is known about the regulation of lipid synthesis, particularly the biosynthesis and Δ9-desaturation of fatty acids, during the senescence process. Main methods By using immunoblotting and metabolic radiolabeling, we determined the senescence-associated changes in major lipogenic pathways. Key findings The levels of fatty acid synthase and stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 and, consequently, the formation of monounsaturated fatty acids, were notably decreased in senescent cells when compared to proliferating (young) fibroblasts. Moreover, we detected a reduction in the de novo synthesis of phospholipids with a concomitant increase in the formation of cholesterol in senescent cells compared to young fibroblasts. Finally, it was found that exogenous fatty acids were preferentially incorporated into the triacylglycerol pool of senescent cells. Significance This set of observations is the first demonstration of a profound modification in lipid metabolism, particularly fatty acid biosynthesis and desaturation, caused by the senescence process and contributes to the increasing body of evidence linking de novo lipogenesis with cellular proliferation.
In vitro flow experiments for determination of optimal geometry of total cavopulmonary connection for surgical repair of children with functional single ventricle

Objectives. This study sought to evaluate the effect of offsetting cavopulmonary connections at varying pulmonary flow ratios to determine the optimal geometry of the connection. Background. Previous investigators have demonstrated energy conservation within the streamlined contours of the total cavopulmonary connection compared with that of the atriopulmonary connection. However, their surgical design of connecting the two cavae directly opposite each other may result in high energy losses. Others have introduced a unidirectional connection with some advantages but with concerns about the formation of arteriovenous malformation in the lung excluded from hepatic venous return. Thus, an optimal surgical design has not been determined. Methods. In the present models, the caval connections were offset through a range of 0.0 to 2.0 diameters by 0.5 superior cava diameter increments. Flow ratios were fixed for superior and inferior cavae and varied for right and left pulmonary arteries as 70:30, 60:40, 50:50, 40:60 and 30:70 to stimulate varying lung resistance. Pressure measurements and flow visualization were done at steady flows of 2, 4 and 6 liters/min to simulate rest and exercise. Results. Our data show that the energy losses at the 0.0diameter offset were double the losses of the 1.0 and 1.5 diameters, which had minimal energy losses. This result was attributable to chaotic patterns seen on flow visualization in the 0.0-diameter offset. Energy savings were more evident at the 50:50 right/left pulmonary artery ratio. Energy losses increased with increased total flow rates. Conclusions. The results strongly suggest the incorporation of caval offsets in future total cavopulmonary connections.
p47phox contributes to albuminuria and kidney fibrosis in mice

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have an important pathogenic role in the development of many diseases, including kidney disease. Major ROS generators in the glomerulus of the kidney are the p47 phox -containing NAPDH oxidases NOX1 and NOX2. The cytosolic p47 phox subunit is a key regulator of the assembly and function of NOX1 and NOX2 and its expression and phosphorylation are upregulated in the course of renal injury, and have been shown to exacerbate diabetic nephropathy. However, its role in nondiabetic-mediated glomerular injury is unclear. To address this, we subjected p47 phox -null mice to either adriamycin-mediated or partial renal ablation–mediated glomerular injury. Deletion of p47 phox protected the mice from albuminuria and glomerulosclerosis in both injury models. Integrin α1–null mice develop more severe glomerulosclerosis compared with wild-type mice in response to glomerular injury mainly due to increased production of ROS. Interestingly, the protective effects of p47 phox knockout were more profound in p47 phox /integrin α1 double knockout mice. In vitro analysis of primary mesangial cells showed that deletion of p47 phox led to reduced basal levels of superoxide and collagen IV production. Thus, p47 phox -dependent NADPH oxidases are a major glomerular source of ROS, contribute to kidney injury, and are potential targets for antioxidant therapy in fibrotic disease.
Applying the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning: Student Perceptions, Behaviours and Success Online and Face-to-Face.

This study compares student perceptions, learning behaviours and success in online and face-to-face versions of a Principles of Microeconomics course. It follows a Scholarship of Teaching and Learning (SoTL) approach by using a cycle of empirical analysis, reflection and action to improve the learning experience for students. The online course design involves 58 interactive narrated online modules, interactive online quizzes and biweekly online meetings with the instructor via video and voice-over-IP technology. Findings indicate that schedule flexibility motivates students to choose the online course format. Students in both learning environments felt they had high-quality communication with the instructor, while online students indicated limited peer-to-peer communication. Online students report studying more at home than face-to-face students, but not enough to compensate for the time face-to-face students spend in class. Reflecting on the findings, the authors suggest actions to improve the online cou...
Flux creep in lead-indium alloys

The voltage-current characteristics of a cylindrical sample of lead-indium alloy Pb83In17 were investigated in the presence of a longitudinally applied magnetic field. The flux creep voltage is dependent upon the applied magnetic field and independent of the sample temperature.
Teaching Social Work Students the Breadth of Gay and Lesbian Identity Development

ABSTRACT The purpose of this paper is twofold: (1) to review and analyze the literature on the development of a gay or lesbian identity; and (2) to discuss how an analysis of this literature can be incorporated into all areas of the social work curriculum. An integrated approach is introduced to help social work educators present the interacting biological, psychological, biopsychological, and sociological variables that contribute to the development of a sexual identity. This approach can assist educators in articulating the complexity, and interdependence of variables, which give rise to sexual expression and sexual identity over time and across developmental stages.
Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein phosphorylation is not altered by amygdaloid kindling.

Abstract Kindling is a process in which episodic electrical stimulation permanently increases seizure susceptibility. One mechanism to account for a change in seizure susceptibility is some alteration in signal transduction, possibly at the level of second messenger systems. In this study, male Long-Evans rats were kindled in the amygdala, and Ca 2+ /calmodulin (Ca 2+ /CaM)-dependent protein phosphorylation was assessed at the site of the primary kindled focus using one- and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. In vitro phosphorylation of membrane and cytosol fractions in the presence or absence of Ca 2+ /CaM did not differentiate kindled from nonkindled amygdaloid tissue. These results suggest that changes in Ca 2+ /CaM-dependent phosphorylation are not related to the mechanism(s) underlying the establishment of an amygdaloid kindled focus.
An American perspective on the implications for business and health care of the Nordic welfare model

With the emergence of a global economy, it is imperative that faculty have an increased understanding of variables or factors affecting the welfare and health care systems of different countries. In addition, they must become knowledgeable about how the European Union plays a part in the evolution of these systems and be aware of the business implications of them. This paper discusses and highlights how two countries, Sweden and Denmark, are dealing with these challenges. Based on two professors' travel experiences, personal reflections are shared and contrasted with similar issues in the United States. The paper should be applicable for both business and health care professionals in academia.
A study of internal waves in a wind tunnel

The combined use of a stratified flow wind tunnel and of periodic sampling methods in low Reynolds number flows allows the recovery of the instantaneous dynamics of internal waves. Several detailed examples are given of the thermal structure of large propagating and breaking internal waves and Kelvin-Hemholtz waves. Preliminary measurements of the stability of finite waves as a function of Richardson number are also reported.