cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
How Black Candidates Affect Voter Turnout

Both Black and White voter turnout increases 2–3 percentage points with each Black Democrat on the ballot. Given the groups' representations in the population, the White response is numerically greater. Whites of both parties are less likely to vote for their parties' candidate when s/he is Black. The turnout findings are not explained away by voter, election, or politician characteristics. However, the fact that there is no turnout response to Black Republicans suggests that a perception of Blacks' ideology may be a factor.
The domestication of ortho-quinone methides.

ConspectusAn ortho-quinone methide (o-QM) is a highly reactive chemical motif harnessed by nature for a variety of purposes. Given its extraordinary reactivity and biological importance, it is surprising how few applications within organic synthesis exist. We speculate that their widespread use has been slowed by the complications that surround the preparation of their precursors, the harsh generation methods, and the omission of this stratagem from computer databases due to its ephemeral nature.About a decade ago, we discovered a mild anionic triggering procedure to generate transitory o-QMs at low temperature from readily available salicylaldehydes, particularly OBoc derivatives. This novel reaction cascade included both the o-QM formation and the subsequent consumption reaction. The overall transformation was initiated by the addition of the organometallic reagent, usually a Grignard reagent, which resulted in the formation of a benzyloxy alkoxide. Boc migration from the neighboring phenol produced a m...
Elliptic genera, transgression and loop space Chern-Simons forms

Connections in vector bundles play a very important role in differential geometry. The famous Chern–Weil theory relates connections to the theory of characteristic classes, which provides a geometric way to understand characteristic classes and therefore play a fundamental role in global differential geometry. Let ∇ be a connection on an n-dimensional real or complex vector bundle E → M , where M is a compact smooth manifold. The basic
RESISTIVITY-DRIVEN STATE CHANGES IN VERTICALLY STRATIFIED ACCRETION DISKS

We investigate the effect of shear viscosity, {nu}, and Ohmic resistivity, {eta}, on the magnetorotational instability (MRI) in vertically stratified accretion disks through a series of local simulations with the Athena code. First, we use a series of unstratified simulations to calibrate physical dissipation as a function of resolution and background field strength; the effect of the magnetic Prandtl number, P{sub m} = {nu}/{eta}, on the turbulence is captured by {approx}32 grid zones per disk scale height, H. In agreement with previous results, our stratified disk calculations are characterized by a subthermal, predominately toroidal magnetic field that produces MRI-driven turbulence for |z| {approx}< 2H. Above |z| {approx} 2H, the magnetic pressure dominates and the field is buoyantly unstable. Large-scale radial and toroidal fields are also generated near the mid-plane and subsequently rise through the disk. The polarity of this mean field switches on a roughly 10 orbit period in a process that is well modeled by an {alpha}-{Omega} dynamo. Turbulent stress increases with P{sub m} but with a shallower dependence compared to unstratified simulations. For sufficiently large resistivity, {eta} {approx} c{sub s} H/1000, where c{sub s} is the sound speed, MRI turbulence within 2H of the mid-plane undergoes periods ofmore » resistive decay followed by regrowth. This regrowth is caused by amplification of the toroidal field via the dynamo. This process results in large amplitude variability in the stress on 10-100 orbital timescales, which may have relevance for partially ionized disks that are observed to have high- and low-accretion states.« less
Game theoretic controller synthesis for multi-robot motion planning Part I : Trajectory based algorithms

We consider a class of multi-robot motion plan- ning problems where each robot is associated with multiple objectives and decoupled task specifications. The problems are formulated as an open-loop non-cooperative differential game. A distributed anytime algorithm is proposed to compute a Nash equilibrium of the game. The following properties are proven: (i) the algorithm asymptotically converges to the set of Nash equilibrium; (ii) for scalar cost functionals, the price of stability equals one; (iii) for the worst case, the computational complexity and communication cost are linear in the robot number. I. INTRODUCTION Robotic motion planning is a fundamental problem where a control sequence is found to steer a robot from the initial state to the goal set, while enforcing the environmental rules. It is well-known that the problem is computationally challenging (23). The situation is even worse for multi- robot motion planning since the computational complexity exponentially grows as the robot number. For multi-robot motion planning, non-cooperative game theoretic controller synthesis is interesting in two aspects: descriptive and perspective. From the descriptive point of view, Nash equilibrium is desirable in inherently competitive scenarios. More specifically, Nash equilibrium characterizes the stable scenarios among inherently self-interested players where none can benefit from unilateral deviations. From the perspective point of view, non-cooperative game theoretic learning holds the promise of providing computationally efficient algorithms for multi-robot controllers where the robots are assumed to be self-interested. Although Nash equilibrium may not be socially optimal, game theoretic approaches remain useful when the computational efficiency dominates. There have been limited results on rigorous analysis of game theoretic controller synthesis for multi-robot motion planning. The paper (19) tackles multi-robot motion planning in the framework of feedback differential games. However, it lacks of the rigorous analysis of the algorithm's convergence and computational complexity. In addition, static game the- ory has been used to synthesize distributed control schemes
An Integrative Theory of Numerical Development

Understanding of numerical development is growing rapidly, but the volume and diversity of findings can make it difficult to perceive any coherence in the process. The integrative theory of numerical development posits that a coherent theme does exist—progressive broadening of the set of numbers whose magnitudes can be accurately represented—and that this theme unifies numerical development from infancy to adulthood. From this perspective, development of numerical representations involves four major acquisitions: (a) representing magnitudes of nonsymbolic numbers increasingly precisely, (b) linking nonsymbolic to symbolic numerical representations, (c) extending understanding to increasingly large whole numbers, and (d) extending understanding to all rational numbers. Thus, the mental number line expands rightward to encompass larger whole numbers, leftward to encompass negatives, and interstitially to include fractions and decimals.
MAGNETIC ACCRETION AND PHOTOPOLARIMETRIC VARIABILITY IN CLASSICAL T TAURI STARS

We employ a Monte Carlo radiation transfer code to investigate the multiwavelength photopolarimetric variability arising from a spotted T Tauri star surrounded by a dusty circumstellar disk. Our aim is to assess the ability of the magnetic accretion model to explain the observed photopolarimetric variability of classical T Tauri stars and to identify potentially useful observational diagnostics of T Tauri star/disk/spot parameters. We model a range of spot sizes, spot latitudes, inner disk truncation radii, and system inclination angles, as well as multiple disk and spot geometries. We find that the amplitude, morphology, and wavelength-dependence of the photopolarimetric variability predicted by our models are generally consistent with existing observations; a flared disk geometry is required to reproduce the largest observed polarization levels and variations. Our models can further explain stochastic polarimetric variability if unsteady accretion is invoked, in which case irregular (but correlated) photometric variability is predicted, in agreement with observations. We find that variability in percent polarization is by itself an unreliable diagnostic, because certain system geometries do not produce any variability in linear polarization (contrary to the commonly held notion that hot spots will necessarily produce periodic polarimetric variability). Observations of variability in polarization position angle, however, could provide useful constraints on system inclination. The observation of wavelength-dependent polarization position angles, attributed by some to interstellar effects, is naturally explained by our models. Certain system geometries yield peculiar photometric light curve morphologies, the observation of which could also serve to constrain system inclination. We do not find useful diagnostics of disk truncation radius, nor do we find significant differences when we model the spots as rings. We also investigate the reliability of modeling spot parameters via analytic fits to multiband photometric variations. We find that commonly used analytic models consistently recover input model parameters but that inferred spot temperatures are more sensitive to uncertainties in the photometric data than previous modeling would suggest.
Substitutional nickel impurities in diamond: Decoherence-free subspaces for quantum information processing

The electronic and magnetic properties of a neutral substitutional nickel (Ni0s) impurity in diamond are studied using density functional theory in the generalized gradient approximation. The spin-one ground state consists of two electrons with parallel spins, one located on the nickel ion in a 3d9 configuration and the other distributed among the nearest-neighbor carbons. The exchange interaction between these spins is due to p-d hybridization and is controllable with compressive hydrostatic or uniaxial strain, and for sufficient strain the antiparallel spin configuration becomes the ground state. Hence, the Ni impurity forms a controllable two-electron exchange-coupled system that should be a robust qubit for solid-state quantum information processing.
Sensitivity Derivatives for Plasma Discharge Simulations

The problem of applying sensitivity analysis to plasma discharge simulations is considered. A fluid model of a low-pressure radio frequency helium discharge is used to demonstrate how sensitivity derivatives can be computed for an unsteady periodic solution. The derivations of forward mode direct differentiation and the reverse mode adjoint method are presented. Good agreement is shown between sensitivity derivatives computed by these methods and those computed by finite differences. It is then demonstrated how sensitivity derivatives can be used as part of a design cycle to increase or decrease a given cost function. Finally, it is demonstrated how sensitivity derivatives can be used to compute error bounds for a given cost function.
Extended use of the intrauterine device: a literature review and recommendations for clinical practice.

There are multiple advantages to "extended use" of the intrauterine device (IUD) use beyond the manufacturer-approved time period, including prolongation of contraceptive and non-contraceptive benefits. We performed a literature review of studies that have reported pregnancy outcomes associated with extended use of IUDs, including copper IUDs and the levonorgestrel intrauterine system (LNG-IUS). Among parous women who are at least 25 years old at the time of IUD insertion, there is good evidence to support extended use of the following devices: the TCu380A and the TCu220 for 12 years, the Multiload Cu-375 for 10 years, the frameless GyneFix® (330 mm²) for 9 years, the levonorgestrel intrauterine system 52 mg (Mirena®) for 7 years and the Multiload Cu-250 for 4 years. Women who are at least 35 years old at the time of insertion of a TCu380A IUD can continue use until menopause with a negligible risk of pregnancy. We found no data to support use of the LNG-IUS 13.5 mg (Skyla®) beyond 3 years. When counseling about extended IUD use, clinicians should consider patient characteristics and preferences, as well as country- and community-specific factors. Future research is necessary to determine the risk of pregnancy associated with extended use of the copper IUD and the LNG-IUS among nulliparous women and women less than 25 years old at the time of IUD insertion. More data are needed on the potential effect of overweight and obesity on the long-term efficacy of the LNG-IUS.
Tactical Conflict Detection in Terminal Airspace

Air traffic systems have long relied on automated short-term conflict prediction algorithms to warn controllers of impending conflicts (losses of separation). The complexity of terminal airspace has proven difficult for such systems as it often leads to excessive false alerts. Thus, the legacy system, called Conflict Alert, which provides short-term alerts in both en-route and terminal airspace currently, is often inhibited or degraded in areas where frequent false alerts occur, even though the alerts are provided only when an aircraft is in dangerous proximity of other aircraft. This research investigates how a minimal level of flight intent information may be used to improve short-term conflict detection in terminal airspace such that it can be used by the controller to maintain legal aircraft separation. The flight intent information includes a site-specific nominal arrival route and inferred altitude clearances in addition to the flight plan that includes the RNAV (Area Navigation) departure route. A new tactical conflict detection algorithm is proposed, which uses a single analytic trajectory, determined by the flight intent and the current state information of the aircraft, and includes a complex set of current, dynamic separation standards for terminal airspace to define losses of separation. The new algorithm is compared with an algorithm that imitates a known en-route algorithm and another that imitates Conflict Alert by analysis of false-alert rate and alert lead time with recent real-world data of arrival and departure operations and a large set of operational error cases from Dallas/Fort Worth TRACON (Terminal Radar Approach Control). The new algorithm yielded a false-alert rate of two per hour and an average alert lead time of 38 seconds.
Constraining four neutrino mass patterns from neutrinoless double beta decay

All existing data on neutrino oscillations (including those from the LSND experiment) imply a four neutrino scheme with six different allowed mass patterns. Some of the latter are shown to be disfavored by using a conservative upper bound on the ββ0ν nuclear decay rate, if neutrinos are assumed to be Majorana particles. Comparisons are also made with restrictions from tritium β-decay and cosmology.
Stock recommendation of an analyst who trades on own account

This paper analyzes how to provide information acquisition and truthful reporting incentives to a financial analyst who privately trades on own account. The analysis exploits the observation that for a given report, the analyst's reward scheme essentially provides him with a portfolio endowment traded in the market. For every signal, the analyst makes the report that corresponds to the portfolio endowment with maximum market value, given security prices. The principal cannot make the analyst strictly prefer to report the true signal: the analyst is truthful only when indifferent between the two reports. The analyst's information acquisition incentive is driven only by private portfolio considerations: he acquires information only if he will be holding a large enough position in the stock he covers. The paper also presents a general "separation of the optimal report from private information" result and illustrates that performance based reward schemes can fail to induce any information revelation when the analyst privately trades.
The CLEO III RICH Detector

CLEO III upgrade was completed with the integration of Ring Imaging CHerenkov(RICH) detector for charged particle identification. The design of this cylindrical detector consists of LiF' crystal radiators and multi-wire proportional chamber photon detectors coupled through a N2 filled expansion gap. Early performance on K/π separation is presnted.
Better late than never: A study of late entrants in household electrical equipment

For the most part, studies on timing of entry have attempted to determine the advantages that early entrants may be able to develop and hold over subsequent entrants. Given that a large number of firms attempt to enter at a much later stage in the development of the market, it is particularly surprising that little research has attempted to examine the differences in the ability of late movers to penetrate the market. In this paper, we focus exclusively on late movers and examine the extent to which their early success can be tied to existing market conditions, their resource strengths, and their strategic positioning. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modulation of base-specific mutation and recombination rates enables functional adaptation within the context of the genetic code.

The persistence of life requires populations to adapt at a rate commensurate with the dynamics of their environment. Successful populations that inhabit highly variable environments have evolved mechanisms to increase the likelihood of successful adaptation. We introduce a 64 × 64 matrix to quantify base-specific mutation potential, analyzing four different replicative systems, error-prone PCR, mouse antibodies, a nematode, and Drosophila. Mutational tendencies are correlated with the structural evolution of proteins. In systems under strong selective pressure, mutational biases are shown to favor the adaptive search of space, either by base mutation or by recombination. Such adaptability is discussed within the context of the genetic code at the levels of replication and codon usage.
Seismic wave extrapolation using lowrank symbol approximation

ABSTRACT We consider the problem of constructing a wave extrapolation operator in a variable and possibly anisotropic medium. Our construction involves Fourier transforms in space combined with the help of a lowrank approximation of the space‐wavenumber wave‐propagator matrix. A lowrank approximation implies selecting a small set of representative spatial locations and a small set of representative wavenumbers. We present a mathematical derivation of this method, a description of the lowrank approximation algorithm and numerical examples that confirm the validity of the proposed approach. Wave extrapolation using lowrank approximation can be applied to seismic imaging by reverse‐time migration in 3D heterogeneous isotropic or anisotropic media.
Abstract state machines capture parallel algorithms: Correction and extension

We consider parallel algorithms working in sequential global time, for example, circuits or parallel random access machines (PRAMs). Parallel abstract state machines (parallel ASMs) are such parallel algorithms, and the parallel ASM thesis asserts that every parallel algorithm is behaviorally equivalent to a parallel ASM. In an earlier article, we axiomatized parallel algorithms, proved the ASM thesis, and proved that every parallel ASM satisfies the axioms. It turned out that we were too timid in formulating the axioms; they did not allow a parallel algorithm to create components on the fly. This restriction did not hinder us from proving that the usual parallel models, like circuits or PRAMs or even alternating Turing machines, satisfy the postulates. But it resulted in an error in our attempt to prove that parallel ASMs always satisfy the postulates. To correct the error, we liberalize our axioms and allow on-the-fly creation of new parallel components. We believe that the improved axioms accurately express what parallel algorithms ought to be. We prove the parallel thesis for the new, corrected notion of parallel algorithms, and we check that parallel ASMs satisfy the new axioms.
A shape design system using volumetric implicit PDEs

Solid modeling based on partial differential equations (PDEs) can potentially unify both geometric constraints and functional requirements within a single design framework to model real-world objects via its explicit, direct integration with parametric geometry. In contrast, implicit functions indirectly define geometric objects as the level-set of underlying scalar fields. To maximize the modeling potential of PDE-based methodology, in this paper we tightly couple PDEs with volumetric implicit functions in order to achieve interactive, intuitive shape representation, manipulation, and deformation. In particular, the unified approach can reconstruct the PDE geometry of arbitrary topology from scattered data points or a set of sketch curves. We make use of elliptic PDEs for boundary value problems to define the volumetric implicit function. The proposed implicit PDE model has the capability to reconstruct a complete solid model from partial information and facilitates the direct manipulation of underlying volumetric datasets via sketch curves and iso-surface sculpting, deformation of arbitrary interior regions, as well as a set of CSG operations inside the working space. The prototype system that we have developed allows designers to interactively sketch the curve outlines of the object, define intensity values and gradient directions, and specify interpolatory points in the 3D working space. The governing implicit PDE treats these constraints as generalized boundary conditions to determine the unknown scalar intensity values over the entire working space. The implicit shape is reconstructed with specified intensity value accordingly and can be deformed using a set of sculpting toolkits. We use the finite-difference discretization and variational interpolating approach with the localized iterative solver for the numerical integration of our PDEs in order to accommodate the diversity of generalized boundary and additional constraints.
Orbital Orientations of Exoplanets: HAT-P-4b is Prograde and HAT-P-14b is Retrograde

We present observations of the Rossiter-McLaughlin effect for two exoplanetary systems, revealing the orientations of their orbits relative to the rotation axes of their parent stars. HAT-P-4b is prograde, with a sky-projected spin-orbit angle of λ = –4.9 ± 11.9 deg. In contrast, HAT-P-14b is retrograde, with λ = 189.1 ± 5.1 deg. These results conform with a previously noted pattern among the stellar hosts of close-in giant planets: hotter stars have a wide range of obliquities and cooler stars have low obliquities. This, in turn, suggests that three-body dynamics and tidal dissipation are responsible for the short-period orbits of many exoplanets. In addition, our data revealed a third body in the HAT-P-4 system, which could be a second planet or a companion star.
Linear choosability of sparse graphs

A linear coloring is a proper coloring such that each pair of color classes induces a union of disjoint paths. We study the linear list chromatic number, denoted lc"@?(G), of sparse graphs. The maximum average degree of a graph G, denoted mad(G), is the maximum of the average degrees of all subgraphs of G. It is clear that any graph G with maximum degree @D(G) satisfies lc"@?(G)>[email protected][email protected](G)/[email protected]?+1. In this paper, we prove the following results: (1) if mad(G) =3, then lc"@?(G)[email protected][email protected](G)/[email protected]?+1, and we give an infinite family of examples to show that this result is best possible; (2) if mad(G) =9, then lc"@?(G)@[email protected][email protected](G)/[email protected]?+2, and we give an infinite family of examples to show that the bound on mad(G) cannot be increased in general; (3) if G is planar and has girth at least 5, then lc"@?(G)@[email protected][email protected](G)/[email protected]?+4.
Calibration of the paediatric index of mortality in UK paediatric intensive care units

Aim—To test a paediatric intensive care mortality prediction model for UK use. Method—Prospective collection of data from consecutive admissions to five UK paediatric intensive care units (PICUs), representing a broad cross section of paediatric intensive care activity. A total of 7253 admissions were analysed using tests of the discrimination and calibration of the logistic regression equation. Results—The model discriminated and calibrated well. The area under the ROC plot was 0.84 (95% CI 0.819 to 0.853). The standardised mortality ratio was 0.87 (95% CI 0.81 to 0.94). There was remarkable concordance in the performance of the paediatric index of mortality (PIM) within each PICU,and in the performance of the PICUs as assessed by PIM. Variation in the proportion of admissions that were ventilated or transported from another hospital did not aVect the results. Conclusion—We recommend that UK PICUs use PIM for their routine audit needs. PIM is not aVected by the standard of therapy after admission to PICU, the information needed to calculate PIM is easy to collect, and the model is free. (Arch Dis Child 2001;84:125‐128)
MEASURING THE LOCATION OF PRODUCTION IN A WORLD OF INTANGIBLE PRODUCTIVE ASSETS, FDI, AND INTRAFIRM TRADE

As production comes to depend more on intangible productive assets, the location of production by multinational firms becomes increasingly ambiguous. The reason is that, within the firm, these assets have no clear geographical location, but only a nominal location determined by the firm's tax or legal strategies. The effects of these location ambiguities, and the resulting distortions for tax reasons of the location of production, are described. It is estimated that for U.S. firms' affiliates in a few tax havens alone, the exaggeration of value added in those locations amounted, in 2005, to about 4 percent of worldwide affiliate sales, and the exaggeration of sales to about 10 percent of worldwide affiliate sales. Some possibilities for estimating the location of production that could supersede the present dependence on accounting measures distorted by tax-saving policies are described.
On the geometry of differential privacy

We consider the noise complexity of differentially private mechanisms in the setting where the user asks d linear queries f:Rn -> R non-adaptively. Here, the database is represented by a vector in R and proximity between databases is measured in the l1-metric. We show that the noise complexity is determined by two geometric parameters associated with the set of queries. We use this connection to give tight upper and lower bounds on the noise complexity for any d ≤ n. We show that for d random linear queries of sensitivity 1, it is necessary and sufficient to add l2-error Θ(min d√d/e,d√(log (n/d))/e) to achieve e-differential privacy. Assuming the truth of a deep conjecture from convex geometry, known as the Hyperplane conjecture, we can extend our results to arbitrary linear queries giving nearly matching upper and lower bounds.Our bound translates to error $O(min d/e,√(d log(n/d)/e)) per answer. The best previous upper bound (Laplacian mechanism) gives a bound of O(min (d/e,√n/e)) per answer, while the best known lower bound was Ω(√d/e).In contrast, our lower bound is strong enough to separate the concept of differential privacy from the notion of approximate differential privacy where an upper bound of O(√{d}/e) can be achieved.
High-Temperature Erosion Resistance of Coatings for Gas Turbine

This paper reports on an experimental investigation conducted to study the ash particle rebound characteristics and the associated erosion behavior of superalloys and aluminide coatings subjected to gas-particle flows at elevated temperature. A three-component LDV system was used to measure the restitution parameters of 15 micron mean diameter coal-ash particles impacting some widely used superalloys and coatings at different angles. The presented results show the variation of the particle restitution ratios with the impingement angle for the coated and uncoated superalloys. The erosion behaviors of INCO-738, MAR 246 and X40 superalloys and protective coatings C, N, RT22 and RT22B also have been investigated experimentally at h high temperature using a specially designed erosion tunnel. The erosion results show the effect of velocity, temperature and the impact angle on the erosion rate (weight loss per unit weight of particles). Based on the experimental results of the particle mass effect on both weight losses and erosion rates, the coating lives have been estimated for different particle concentrations.
Additive Interactive Regression Models: Circumvention of the Curse of Dimensionality

This paper considers series estimators of additive interactive regression (AIR) models. AIR models are nonparametric regression models that generalize additive regression models by allowing interactions between different regressor variables. They place more restrictions on the regression function, however, than do fully nonparametric regression models. By doing so, they attempt to circumvent the curse of dimensionality that afflicts the estimation of fully non-parametric regression models.In this paper, we present a finite sample bound and asymptotic rate of convergence results for the mean average squared error of series estimators that show that AIR models do circumvent the curse of dimensionality. A lower bound on the rate of convergence of these estimators is shown to depend on the order of the AIR model and the smoothness of the regression function, but not on the dimension of the regressor vector. Series estimators with fixed and data-dependent truncation parameters are considered.
Blow-up in finite time for the dyadic model of the Navier-Stokes equations

We study the dyadic model of the Navier-Stokes equations introduced by Katz and Pavlovic. They showed a finite time blow-up in the ca se where the dissipation degreeis less than 1/4. In this paper we prove the existence of weak solutions for all �, energy inequality for every weak solution with nonnegative initial data starting from any time, local regularity for � > 1/3, and global regularity for � � 1/2. In addition, we prove a finite time blow-up in the case where � < 1/3. It is remarkable that the model with � = 1/3 enjoys the same estimates on the nonlinear term as the 4D Navier-Stokes equations. Finally, we discuss a weak global attractor, which coincides with a maximal bounded invariant set for alland becomes a strong global attractor for � � 1/2.
A general approach to input-output pseudolinearization for nonlinear systems

A nonlinear system is said to be input-output pseudolinearized if its family of linearizations about constant operating points has input-output behavior that is independent of the particular operating point. The problem of constructing static state feedback laws that achieve input-output pseudolinearization for a general class of nonlinear systems is considered. A generalization of the well-known structure algorithm to the case of parameterized families of linear systems plays an important role.
Electrical Properties and Cation Valencies in Mn3O4

The electrical conductivity and thermopower of Mn3O4 were measured in the temperature range 920° to 1530°C. Electrical conduction in cubic Mn3O4 is explained by the small polaron hopping of electron holes between Mn4+ and Mn3+ on octahedral sites. The concentrations of Mn4+ and Mn3+ are governed by the disproportionation equilibrium 2Mnoct3+⇄Mnoct4++ Mnoct2+. This model also explains the electrical behavior of NiMn2O4 and CuMn2O4.
Active negative-index metamaterial powered by an electron beam

An active negative index metamaterial that derives its gain from an electron beam is introduced. The metamaterial consists of a stack of equidistant parallel metal plates perforated by a periodic array of holes shaped as complementary split-ring resonators. It is shown that this structure supports a negative-index transverse magnetic electromagnetic mode that can resonantly interact with a relativistic electron beam. Such a metamaterial can be used as a coherent radiation source or a particle accelerator.
SRS browser: A visual interface to the sequence retrieval system

This paper presents a novel approach to the visual exploration and navigation of complex association networks of biological data sets, e.g., published papers, gene or protein information. The generic approach was implemented in the SRS Browser as an alternative visual interface to the highly used Sequence Retrieval System (SRS) [1]. SRS supports keyword-based search of about 400 biomedical databases. While the SRS presents search results as rank-ordered lists of matching entities, the SRS Browser displays entities and their relations for interactive exploration. A formal usability study was conducted to examine the SRS Browser interface’s capabilities to support knowledge discovery and management.
Toward a theory of the entrepreneurial process

This paper models the entrepreneurial process as both creation and discovery composed of an iterative two-step process where entrepreneurs create social networks based on subjective expectations about the future effectiveness of those networks, and then choose the innovation to pursue and map a search process to discover how to bring the innovation to fruition. Critical to this process is the mix of strong ties and weak ties that make up social networks and the ability to carry forward the social capital embodied in such networks. The tendency of long-existing entrepreneurs to be less innovative can be explained using this model.
Cervical cancer and HPV vaccination: Knowledge and attitudes of adult women in Lusaka, Zambia.

Of the estimated 525,000 new cases of cervical cancer and 275,000 deaths from cervical cancer in 2008, over 85% were in developing countries. Cervical cancer accounts for over 2.7 million years of life lost among women between the ages of 25 and 64 worldwide, 2.4 million of which occur in resource poor countries. Over 20% of the annual deaths from cervical cancer occur in countries in sub-Saharan Africa, such as Zambia, where it is the most common cause of cancer death among women [1]. Of the women in developing countries who die of cervical cancer, fewer than 5% have ever had a screening exam for the disease.
Q-Learning and Enhanced Policy Iteration in Discounted Dynamic Programming

We consider the classical finite-state discounted Markovian decision problem, and we introduce a new policy iteration-like algorithm for finding the optimal state costs or Q-factors. The main difference is in the policy evaluation phase: instead of solving a linear system of equations, our algorithm requires solving an optimal stopping problem. The solution of this problem may be inexact, with a finite number of value iterations, in the spirit of modified policy iteration. The stopping problem structure is incorporated into the standard Q-learning algorithm to obtain a new method that is intermediate between policy iteration and Q-learning/value iteration. Thanks to its special contraction properties, our method overcomes some of the traditional convergence difficulties of modified policy iteration and admits asynchronous deterministic and stochastic iterative implementations, with lower overhead and/or more reliable convergence over existing Q-learning schemes. Furthermore, for large-scale problems, where linear basis function approximations and simulation-based temporal difference implementations are used, our algorithm addresses effectively the inherent difficulties of approximate policy iteration due to inadequate exploration of the state and control spaces.
Control Theories in Sociology

AbstractSociologists use negative feedback loop systems to explain identity processes, interpersonal behavior, crowd behavior, organizational behavior, social relationships, and the behavior of political systems. Control system models help us to understand how actors enact social roles with enough stability to preserve institutional arrangements, while still demonstrating remarkable creativity in unusual circumstances. These theories take us away from an oversocialized view of the actor, without relegating us to exclusive reliance on grounded theory. They provide a foundation for several generative theories of adaptive, goal-seeking behavior on the part of social actors and institutions. This chapter begins by tracing the history of control theorizing in sociology, then describes several contemporary theories that rely on control imagery, reviews the empirical support for these theories, describes some of their significant points of overlap and departure, and examines some of the key tested and untested i...
Practical Aspects of Modern and Future Permanent Magnets

The mandate to reduce greenhouse gases will require highly efficient electric machines for both power generation and traction motor applications. Although permanent magnet electric machines utilizing Nd2Fe14B-based magnets provide obvious power-to-weight advantages over induction machines, the limited availability and high price of the rare earth (RE) metals make these machines less favorable. Of particular concern is the cost and supply criticality of Dy, a key RE element that is required to improve the high-temperature performance of Nd-based magnetic alloys for use in generators and traction motors. Alternatives to RE-based alloys do exist, but they currently lack the energy density necessary to replace Nd-based magnets. Many of these compounds have been known for decades, but serious interest in their development waned once compounds based on RE elements were discovered. In this review, intrinsic and extrinsic materials factors that impact the optimization of both existing and potential future permane...
[3 + 2] Annulation of allylic silanes in acyclic stereocontrol: Total synthesis of (9S)-dihydroerythronolide A

The [3 + 2] annulation reactions of allylic silanes can be utilized to achieve acyclic stereocontrol. This method was employed as a key step in an enantioselective total synthesis of (9S)-dihydroerythronolide A. The key annulation reaction served to establish most of the stereochemistry of the target, including the two tetrasubstituted carbon stereocenters. The symmetry of the target molecule allowed it to be disconnected into two equally sized fragments, both of which were generated from the same annulation reaction. The two fragments were coupled using a tin(II)-mediated chelation-controlled aldol reaction of an α-benzyloxy ethyl ketone. This convergent total synthesis of (9S)-dihydroerythronolide A was accomplished with the longest linear sequence of 29 steps and in 5.4% overall yield.
Canonical formulation and conserved charges of double field theory

We provide the canonical formulation of double field theory. It is shown that this dynamics is subject to primary and secondary constraints. The Poisson bracket algebra of secondary constraints is shown to close on-shell according to the C-bracket. A systematic way of writing boundary integrals in doubled geometry is given. By including appropriate boundary terms in the double field theory Hamiltonian, expressions for conserved energy and momentum of an asymptotically flat doubled space-time are obtained and applied to a number of solutions.
Two open universes connected by a wormhole: exact solutions

Abstract In this paper, I present a space–time of two open universes connected by a Lorentzian wormhole. The space–time has the following features: (1) it can exactly solve the Einstein equations; (2) the weak energy condition is satisfied everywhere; (3) it has a topology of R 2 × T g ( g ≥2); (4) it has no event horizons.
Incidence and treatment of abnormal postpartum ovarian function in dairy cows

The objectives of this study were to determine 1) the incidence of abnormal postpartum ovarian function in a large dairy herd in North Central Florida and 2) the effectiveness of gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH) in treating this condition. The study was conducted from April 1988 to June 1989. The internal genitalia of the cows were initially examined per rectum (Day 0) between 19 and 29 (23 +/- 0.25) d after calving and again 14 d later (Day 14) for evidence of uterine involution and ovarian activity. The presence of a palpable corpus luteum (CL) and retrospective determination of plasma progesterone (P4) concentrations > 1 ng/ml were the criteria used to assess ovarian activity. Cows possessing a palpable CL and P4 concentrations > 1 ng/ml on Day 0 were determined to be cycling normally. A total of 1356 cows was used in this study. On Day 0, two groups were formed: Group 1 consisted of normal, cyclic cows, Group 2 of noncyclic cows. On Day 0, alternate cows in Group 2 were treated with GnRH (100 microg i.m). On Day 14, the previously nontreated cows in Group 2 were further divided into two groups, forming Group 3, nontreated cows and Group 4, cows treated with GnRH at this time. Group 5 was comprised of cows from Group 2 that did not respond to treatment with GnRH on Day 0; these cows were treated on Day 14 with GnRH (100 microg i.m). Group 6 was comprised of nontreated cows from Group 2 that responded spontaneously (presence of a CL) by Day 14. Reproductive parameters evaluated were the percentage of cows pregnant within 180 d after calving and at the end of the study, the number of days open and the number of services per conception. Data were statistically analyzed using Chi square and survival analysis. The results of this study indicate that the incidence of abnormal postpartum ovarian function in this herd was 30.2% and that the nontreated cows experienced more days open and required more services per conception than the treated cows, those that were cycling normally on the initial examination, and those that responded spontaneously by Day 14.
A creep bending analysis of plates by the finite element method

Abstract The finite element method of structural analysis is applied to the nonlinear problem of stationary creep bending of thin plates. The finite element formulation is derived from a variational theorem analogous to the theorem of stationary potential energy and results in a set of simultaneous nonlinear algebraic equations which are solved using the Newton-Raphson method. Two fully conforming refined plate elements, a six degree of freedom annular element and an eighteen degree of freedom triangular element are adapted for use in the solution of stationary creep problems. Examples considered are simply supported circular plates under a uniform load and a point load and a uniformly loaded simply supported square plate.
Comparison of Free-Flight Experimental Results with Theory on the Nonlinear Aerodynamic Effects of Bluntness for Slender Cones at Mach Number 17

Free-flight tests of 12.5° half-angle cones with bluntness ratios (nose radius to base radius) from 0 to 0.5 have been conducted at Mach numbers 17 to 18. Conventional wind-tunnel tests were also conducted on 10° half-angle cones with bluntness ratios from 0 to 0.25 at Mach 10.6. Results from both of these tests are compared to recent theoretical calculations as well as to existing theories and data. The results show that the strong dependence of initial momentcurve slope on nose bluntness known to occur for Mach numbers near 10 is found to be even more pronounced at M = 17. This effect is accurately predicted by recent theoretical calculations using method of characteristics both at zero angle of attack and angles up to 5°. Other theoretical results are also shown which give good agreement, including Ericsson's theory based on the embedded Newtonian flow concept and Clay and Walchner's empirical correlation. The present paper shows, in addition, that strong nonlinearities in the pitching moment occur with angle of attack which tend to decrease stability with increasing angle for small nose bluntness and increase stability with increasing angle for large nose bluntness. Experimental results and some comparisons with theory are also presented for normal force and center-of-pressure location.
High-speed low-power Darlington ECL circuit

Presents an ECL circuit with a Darlington configured dynamic current source and active-pull-down emitter-follower stage for low-power high-speed gate array application. The dynamic current source provides a large dynamic current during the switching transient to improve the power delay of the logic stage (current switch). A novel self-biasing scheme for the dynamic current source and the active-pull-down transistor with no additional devices and power in the biasing circuit is described. Based on a 0.8- mu m double-poly self-aligned bipolar technology at a power consumption of 1 mW/gate, the circuit offers 28% improvement in the loaded (FI/FO=3, C/sub L/=0.3 pF) delay and 42% improvement in the load driving capability compared with the conventional ECL circuit. The design and scaling considerations of the circuit are discussed. >
One- and Two-Phase Nozzle Flows

A time-dependent technique, in conjunction with the boundary-fitted coordinates system, is applied to solve a gas-only one-phase flow and a fully-coupled, gas-particle two-phase flow inside nozzles with small throat radii of curvature, steep wall gradients, and submerged configurations. The emphasis of the study has been placed on one- and two-phase flow in the transonic region. Various particle sizes and particle mass fractions have been investigated in the two-phase flow. The salient features associated with the two-phase nozzle flow compared with those of the one-phase flow are illustrated through the calculations of the JPL nozzle, the Titan III solid rocket motor, and the submerged nozzle configuration found in the Inertial Upper Stage (IUS) solid rocket motor.
Vector-like fields, messenger mixing and the Higgs mass in gauge mediation

In order to generate, in the context of gauge mediation, a Higgs mass around 126 GeV that avoids the little hierarchy problem, we explore a set of models where the messengers are directly coupled to new vector-like fields at the TeV scale in addition to the usual low energy degrees of freedom. We find that in this context, stop masses lighter than 2 TeV and large A-terms are generated, thereby improving issues of fine tuning.
Neuromuscular diseases of AIDS.

Neuromuscular diseases are common in acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Although the clinical incidence of peripheral neuropathy has not been systematically studied, various reports suggest that up to 40% of AIDS patients have clinical symptoms. Biopsy and autopsy studies have shown an inflammatory neuropathy with a variable component of demyelination and axonal loss. Evidence of direct involvement by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is scant. Immunosuppression followed by cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection appears to be a direct cause of polyradiculoneuropathy and perhaps other forms of peripheral neuropathy in AIDS. The clinical incidence of myopathy in AIDS is less clear, and clinically less appreciated than the neuropathy. Scattered reports have identified an inflammatory myopathy that does not appear to be due to direct HIV infection, but could be mediated by another human retrovirus. HIV seropositive patients being treated with antiviral drugs develop a unique set of neuromuscular diseas...