cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of Substituted Benzotriazoles on the Electrochemical Behavior of Copper in H2SO4

Abstract Rates of anodic dissolution of copper as well as hydrogen evolution in H2SO4 containing substituted benzotriazoles have been examined. The aromatic ring-substituted benzotriazoles studied were: 5-NH2, 5-NO2. 5-CH3, 5-Cl, 5-C00H, a mixture of 4-C00H and 5-COOH, and the unsubstituted benzotriazole (BTA). The anodic polarization results indicate that BTA-NH2, BTA-COOH and BTA-Cl inhibit copper electrodissolution by surface blockage, with the bare copper surface oxidizing to Cu(II) as the uninhibited metal. In the presence of the other benzotriazoles, copper apparently oxidizes to Cu(I) by forming slightly soluble organo-Cu(I) complexes as the oxidation product. As reported previously by others, copper electrooxidizes to cuprous chloride complexes in the presence of chloride ions (0.1M). None of the benzotriazoles had any effect on the anodic dissolution of copper in the acidic chloride solutions below zero volts vs SCE. On the other hand, at higher potentials where a current plateau was obtained, as...
Fast and stable numerical method for boundary-layer flow with massive blowing

T structure of a laminar boundary layer with massive blowing is greatly complicated in view of the viscidinviscid interactions. These interactions result in larger deflection of incident flow and also a significant alteration in the major flow variables including pressure distribution. To date various analytical models have been developed for the prediction of the flowfield. More recently, numerical studies based on the laminar boundary-layer approximation have been developed for the prediction of a boundary-layer flow structure with a prescribed pressure gradient. Methods adopted in the numerical investigation include backward shooting, Libby, Nachtsheim and Green, Liu and Nachtscheim, and matrix method Garrett, Smith, and Perkins. Although it has been shown by Liu and Nachtsheim that the backward shooting technique is stable, its computing timeis long and increases as injection rates increase. Therefore, from an economic point of view, it is highly desirable to devise another stable and yet fast numerical scheme. With this motivation, the authors tried the matrix method resulting from various finite differencing. However, for differential equations with large parasitic eigenvalues such as massive blowing problem, most differencing schemes result in a matrix with large condition number and therefore is unstable. It is the purpose of the present study to propose a fast, stable, and easy to code matrix method of which the number of nodes and rate of convergence (and therefore the computing time) are independent of injection rate.
Critical Number Policies for Inventory Models with Periodic Data

We consider an infinite-horizon in problem with stochastic demands where the data vary periodically. Karlin Karlin, S. 1960a. Dynamic inventory policy with varying stochastic demands. Management Sci.6 231-258; Karlin, S. 1960b. Optimal policy for dynamic inventory process with stochastic demands subject to seasonal variations. J. SIAM8 611-629. shows that a periodic critical-number policy is optimal and presents an algorithm for computing the critical numbers, assuming discounted costs. Here we develop an alternative, conceptually simpler approach to these problems. The results include a proof of the optimality of such policies for the average-cost case, and a qualitative description of the behavior of the optimal policy as "smoothing" fluctuations in the data.
Predator biodiversity increases the survivorship of juvenile predators

When predator biodiversity strengthens herbivore suppression, the pattern generally is attributed to interspecific complementarity. However, the relaxation of intraspecific interference within diverse communities has received less attention as an underlying factor, and most experiments to date span much less than one predator generation. Here, working with a community of aphid predators, we compared the survivorship of juvenile predators embedded within diverse versus single-species communities of adult predators. We found that greater predator diversity improved juvenile survivorship for three of four predator taxa (the lady beetles Hippodamia convergens and Coccinella septempunctata, and the bug Nabis alternatus; but not the small bug Geocoris bullatus), whereas survivorship was relatively low when juveniles foraged among only conspecific adults. When aphid densities differed they were lowest for the diverse treatment, and so resource availability could not explain differences in juvenile survivorship. Instead, feeding trials indicated that cannibalism generally posed a greater risk to juveniles than did intraguild predation (with Geocoris again the exception). Our results suggest that the dilution of intraspecific interference may play an important, and perhaps underappreciated, role in shaping predator diversity effects. Furthermore, relatively strong cannibalism but weak intraguild predation has the potential to project diversity effects forward into subsequent generations.
Abdominal ultrasound in patients with acute right upper quadrant pain

Ultrasonography was performed as the first imaging procedure in 100 patients who presented with acute right upper quadrant pain suggestive of cholecystitis or cholelithiasis. In the final analysis 46 patients were found to have gallbladder disease (40 patients with cholelithiasis, 5 with acalculous cholecystitis, and 1 with a cholesterol polyp in the gallbladder). In 22 of 54 patients with a normal gallbladder, other abdominal disease was found. The error rate for ultrasound was 5%, and in 4 patients ultrasound was not the suitable procedure for the diagnosis. In 91 patients the ultrasonographic diagnosis was correct.
Modeling of the temperature sensitivity of the apatite (U–Th)/He thermochronometer

Apatite (U–Th)/He apparent ages will generally reflect residence for extended periods at temperatures where helium is neither quantitatively retained nor lost by diffusion. To characterize the response of apatite He ages to thermal histories involving partial He retention, we explored solutions to the He production–diffusion equation. Under thermally static conditions, the analytical solution to this equation, coupled with published diffusivity data, demonstrates that the zone of partial He retention extends from about ∼40°C to ∼85°C. This zone lies at temperatures ∼35°C cooler than the analogous fission track partial annealing zone. He ages within the partial retention zone ultimately achieve a balance between He production and loss, yielding a steady state age. Both the ultimate age and the time it takes to achieve this age are temperature dependent. For example, an apatite held at 75°C equilibrates to an age of ∼2 Ma after ∼17 Myr, regardless of whether equilibrium is approached from a higher or a lower initial He age. For representative dynamic thermal histories, we evaluated apatite He ages using a numerical solution to the ingrowth–diffusion equation. The results illustrate the sensitivity of He ages to various geologic histories and are useful for understanding He age–elevation relationships and for testing time–temperature paths derived from apatite fission track length distributions. In addition, although He diffuses rapidly from apatite at shallow crustal temperatures, modeling of ambient temperature fluctuations indicates that He ages are nearly unaffected by surficial processes.
An abstract spectral approximation theorem from the theory of semigroups

We show that spectral approximations converge for a broad class of partial differential equations. In particular, if the governing differential operator generates a strongly continuous linear contraction semigroup in a Hilbert space and the approximating subspaces satisfy a certain invariance condition with respect to the differential operator, then the standard spectral approximation scheme, as well as a slight modification thereof, converges in the Hilbert space norm.
Expression of Estrogen Receptor α mRNA and Protein Variants in Human Endometrial Carcinoma

Abstract Breast cancer tissue has been shown to contain alternatively spliced estrogen receptor α (ER-α) mRNA variants, which have altered biological activities compared to the full-length ER-α. The development of endometrial cancer, as well as drug resistance in breast cancer patients undergoing tamoxifen therapy, may represent altered ER-α function secondary to specific exon deletions. While the literature is replete with ER mRNA variant data, little information is available regarding the presence and function of endometrial ER variant proteins. We evaluated the presence of human ER-α mRNA and protein variants in six premenopausal, six postmenopausal, and six endometrial carcinoma samples. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, DNA hybridization, and sequencing techniques identified exon 4, exon 5, and exon 7 mRNA splice variants in all patients as well as MCF-7 and Ishikawa cell lines. Presence of translated proteins for full-length ER-α, as well as splice variants, was investigated by Western blot analysis using antibodies directed against the N-terminus, hinge region, and C-terminus portions of the ER. These experiments confirmed the presence of immunopositive protein bands of approximately 64–66 kDa in all patients corresponding to wild-type ER-α. A protein band migrating at 41 kDa, consistent with an exon 5 splice variant, was only seen in endometrial adenocarcinoma samples. Premenopausal and postmenopausal endometrial samples did not contain detectable amounts of ER splice variant protein. Human ER-α mRNA variants are present in all human endometrial samples, but detectable levels of variant proteins are only observed in patients with endometrial adenocarcinoma.
Spatial Development Processes with Renewal in a Growing City

Optimal spatial development processes with renewal in a growing city are studied by solving a long-term planning problem of urban land use in a monocentric city. Spatial development processes are c...
Umbilical vessel catheterization: Indications, management, and evaluation of the technique

The over-all complication rate of umbilical venous catheterization was twice that of umbilical arterial catheterization. The incidence of pathologic changes at necropsy associated with venous catheterization was fourfold that of arterial. Arterial catheter complications increased with increasing duration of catheterization while no such relationship was found for the venous route. Although the ease in placement of a venous catheter has resulted in its common use, we feel that the greater complication rate should result in reserving venous catheterization to those instances when use of the arterial route has proved impossible and an indwelling catheter is clearly needed.
Clinical outcomes following cervical laminoplasty for 204 patients with cervical spondylotic myelopathy.

Abstract Wang MY, Shah S, Green BA. Clinical outcomes following cervical laminoplasty for 204 patients with cervical spondylotic myelopathy. Background Laminoplasty is a well-recognized technique for decompressing the cervical spine in cases of spondylotic myelopathy and ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament. This technique, originally popularized in Asia, is becoming more widespread, but to date there have been few reports of clinical series from North American centers. Methods Retrospectively we reviewed (1986-2001) 204 cases of open door laminoplasty. All patients presented with symptoms and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings consistent with myelopathy secondary to multisegmental cervical stenosis with spondylosis and underwent decompression from C3 to C7. Improvement in myelopathy was assessed with the Nurick Score. Results Average age was 63 years (range 36 to 92). Follow-up averaged 16 months. Postoperatively, Nurick scores improved by 1 point in 78 patients, 2 points in 37 patients, 3 points in 7 patients, and 4 points in 5 patients; 74 patients experienced no improvement, and 3 patients deteriorated by one point. There was no statistical difference in myelopathy outcomes when comparing patients older and younger than 75 years of age. In two patients there was radiographic progression of kyphosis, but in no case was subsequent fusion required. Six patients without neck pain preoperatively developed new intractable neck pain after surgery. Conclusions Open door expansile laminoplasty is a safe and effective method for treating cervical spondolytic myelopathy. Laminoplasty is thus an alternative to anterior surgery that can be accomplished quickly with minimal blood loss, minimizing risks in elderly patients.
Support Platform and Communications to Manage Cooperative AUV Operations

For the testing of control and communications algorithms in cooperative behavior, a fleet of autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) is under development by the University of Idaho. This paper discusses one piece of the puzzle in this fleet: the communications module to manage multiple agents. The communications system provides multiple modes of operation. Different communications mediums to and from the vehicle support these modes of operation. The tools supplied by the different modes of operation assist the researchers in developing communications, control algorithms, and valuable hardware systems.
Structure, energies, vibrational spectra and reactions of the boron-silicon cluster molecules B2Si, BSi2 and B2Si2

Boron–silicon clusters are produced in various semiconductor-related processes. The exact structure and properties of these clusters are of great practical interest. No previous theoretical studies of these neutral clusters were found, and few experimental studies. The molecules B2Si, BSi2 and B2Si2 tend to form rings as the lowest energy isomers. These rings all have strong π bonding interactions. For each of the formulas there are also energetically low-lying excited electronic states and structural isomers. Standard heats of formation are obtained theoretically. These can be compared to experiment for BSi and BSi2. The B3LYP method gives results in good agreement with experiment for these molecules. From theoretical heats of formation it is predicted that formation of B2Si2 from the smaller clusters will be thermodynamically favoured.
Is Politics Changing the Arena? Observations and Suggestions on Democratic Rule

Matt Leighninger's The Next Form of Demo cracy provides several good insights into how public policy is currently being formed in the United States, what new approaches have been tried, and where these experiments could eventually lead. One of the biggest advantages of this accessible book is that the author is able to draw from personal experience rather than writing another solely academi cally driven work that bases its findings on purely theoretical grounds. Over the last 12 years, Leighnin ger, executive director of the Deliberative Democracy Consortium and senior associate at the Study Circles Resource Center, has been involved in many citizen involvement efforts throughout the United States. This background gives him a large pool of experience on which he profitably draws as he analyzes trends and initiatives of democratic governance.
Application of photon echoes to electronic relaxation in molecular crystals

Abstract The possibility of using photon echoes to elucidate the pathways of intramolecular electronic relaxation in molecular crystals is discussed.
Design and Implementation of a Resource Manager in a Distributed Database System

This paper describes a system called Trends for managing IT resources in a production server environment. The objective of Trends is to reduce operational costs associated with unplanned outages, unbalanced utilization of resources, and inconsistent service delivery. The Trends resource manager balances utilization of multiple resources such as processor and disk space, manages growth to extend resource lifetimes, and factors in variability to improve temporal stability of balancing solutions. The methodology applies to systems in which workload has a strong affinity to databases, files, or applications that can be selectively placed on one or more nodes in a distributed system. Studies in a production environment demonstrate that balancing solutions remain stable for as long as the 9–12 months covered by our data. This work takes place in the context of the Lotus Notes distributed database system, and is based on analysis and data from a production server farm hosting over 20,000 databases.
Robotic Sacrocolpopexy: How Does It Compare with Other Prolapse Repair Techniques?

Abdominal sacrocolpopexy has been shown to have the highest, most durable success rates among techniques for apical pelvic organ prolapse repair. Recently, there has been increased application of minimally invasive techniques, such as laparoscopic and robotic approaches, to performing a sacrocolpopexy. We report an overview of the literature in order to compare between robotic sacrocolpopexy and other surgical techniques for the repair of apical pelvic organ prolapse. Our review will include a discussion of operative techniques, anatomic and subjective success rates, costs, and complications.
A First Language: The Early Stages

For many years, Roger Brown and his colleagues have studied the developing language of pre-school children--the language that ultimately will permit them to understand themselves and the world around them. This longitudinal research project records the conversational performances of three children, studying both semantic and grammatical aspects of their language development. These core findings are related to recent work in psychology and linguistics--and especially to studies of the acquisition of languages other than English, including Finnish, German, Korean, and Samoan. Roger Brown has written the most exhaustive and searching analysis yet undertaken of the early stages of grammatical constructions and the meanings they convey. The five stages of linguistic development Brown establishes are measured not by chronological age-since children vary greatly in the speed at which their speech develops--but by mean length of utterance. This volume treats the first two stages. Stage I is the threshold of syntax, when children begin to combine words to make sentences. These sentences, Brown shows, are always limited to the same small set of semantic relations: nomination, recurrence, disappearance, attribution, possession, agency, and a few others. Stage II is concerned with the modulations of basic structural meanings--modulations for number, time, aspect, specificity--through the gradual acquisition of grammatical morphemes such as inflections, prepositions, articles, and case markers. Fourteen morphemes are studied in depth and it is shown that the order of their acquisition is almost identical across children and is predicted by their relative semantic and grammaticalcomplexity. It is, ultimately, the intent of this work to focus on the nature and development of knowledge: knowledge concerning grammar and the meanings coded by grammar; knowledge inferred from performance, from sentences and the settings in which they are spoken, and from signs of comprehension or incomprehension of sentences.
Detection of Fresh and Fossil Pollen with Fluorochromes

IN recent years fluorescence microscopy has proved useful in bacterial identification and other clinical diagnostic procedures including the fluorescent antibody technique. Various fluorochromes have also been used in identifying soil bacteria1 or distinguishing them from soil humus2. Richards and Miller3 and Richards et al.4 reported that staining the tubercle organism with auramine O markedly enhanced its visualization, made possible the observation of large fields at low magnification, and thus increased the possibility of obtaining positive diagnoses. Some of these uses and others have been reviewed by Perner5. During examination of foliar penetration and movement of fluorescent dyes by fluorescence microscopy6–12 we observed that pollen grains entangled in the trichomes of Prosopis juliflora (mesquite) fluoresced brilliantly. The use of acridine orange in enhancing morphological detail of fresh pollen grains was afterwards described by Ratcliffe et al.13. The question at once arose as to whether fossil pollen in soil and sediment samples would respond in the same fashion.
MGB2 The Utilization And Costs of Prescription Drugs in A Texas Medicaid Managed Care Pilot Program

The state of Texas established a Medicaid Managed Care Pilot Program in Bexar County on September 1, 1996 for clients previously in a Fee-For-Service (FFS) plan. Clients selected either a health maintenance organization (HMO) or a “gatekeeper” physician through a primary care case management (PCCM) plan. OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated the changes in prescription utilization and costs when FFS clients entered into either an HMO or PCCM health care delivery model. METHODS: Prescription drug claims were analyzed for Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) clients eligible for both a pre-implementation period (December 1, 1995–May 31, 1996) and a post-implementation period (December 1, 1996–May 31, 1997). A total of 59,377 HMO clients and 67,451 PCCM clients were studied. Three control sites were selected consisting of Medicaid clients in FFS, HMO, and PCCM plans for both study periods in other geographical locations across the state. Changes in the utilization and costs of prescriptions per month were measured for each client between the pre-and post-implementation periods. RESULTS: One-way analysis of variance showed that the mean change in monthly prescription costs per client was highest between periods for clients in the PCCM experimental group ($4.61, s.d. =$44.63), followed by HMO clients in the experimental group ($2.10, s.d. =$26.21). These cost increases were significantly higher than those in the HMO ($0.68, s.d. =$34.91), PCCM ($1.44, s.d. =$42.40), and FFS ($1.05, s.d. = 21.86) control groups (p < 0.001). The percent of prescriptions dispensed as generics increased across periods in all groups, except for the PCCM experimental group. CONCLUSION: Prescription drug costs may increase when FFS Medicaid clients enter an HMO or PCCM health care delivery plan.
Cardiovascular Hemodynamic Effects of Amrinone and Dopamine in the Gravid Baboon

Amrinone, a bipyridine derivative, has both vasodilating and positive inotropic properties. The cardiovascular effects of amrinone and dopamine were evaluated in eight acutely instrumented normotensive gravid baboons anesthetized with Ketamine. Amrinone was compared with dopamine, both infused systemically in random sequence and two randomly varying concentrations (8 or 40 μg/kg/min). Dopamine at 40 μg/kg/min produced a significant increase in mean arterial pressure, systemic vascular resistance, and left ventricular stroke work index. Amrinone at 40 μg/kg/min resulted in a significant increase in both heart rate and cardiac output, while significantly decreasing systemic vascular resistance. Other cardiac parameters were not significantly altered. We conclude that, in the gravid baboon, intravenous dopamine elicited the expected cardiovascular changes noted above, while amrinone proved to be an effective vasodilating agent that increases cardiac output without significantly altering left ventricular work.
Tissue necrosis factor α and targeting its receptor in ischaemic heart disease

The successful evolution of humans has included a highly complex and interwoven series of pathways that govern the balances of lipid storage and mobilisation, thrombosis and thrombolysis, and inflammation and immunity.1 Atherosclerotic heart disease in many respects represents an ‘abundance of success’ in storing fat, mounting an inflammatory response to oxidised lipids, and producing a prothrombotic response to inflammation and endothelial abnormalities. The culmination of ischaemic heart disease, an acute myocardial infarction (AMI), produces a much larger secondary inflammatory wave in response to tissue injury, and this wave can produce additional myocardial injury and mechanical dysfunction.2 Separately, it is known that states of chronic inflammation, even those remote from the cardiovascular system such as rheumatologic disorders, result in an increased risk of atherosclerotic heart disease and myocardial infarction. It follows, therefore, that potent anti-inflammatory therapies may be of benefit in the setting of AMI. Cytokines, the so-called ‘hormones of inflammation’, are proteins produced by inflammatory cells to invoke a response in other nearby and remote cells. Tissue necrosis factor α (TNFα), an acute phase cytokine, is produced by macrophages and lymphocytes and stimulates the vascular endothelium to produce cellular adhesion molecules. These adhesion molecules, such as platelet–endothelial cell adhesion molecule and endothelial–leucocyte adhesion molecule, cause reactive cells (platelets and leucocytes) to bind to the endothelium and to each other. Platelets also have surface receptors for TNF, and their stimulation theoretically may promote platelet activation, CD40L release, and aggregation.3 ,4 In cardiovascular medicine, elevated concentrations of TNFα have been demonstrated in worsening ischaemic heart disease, AMI, and decompensated heart failure, and persistently elevated values are predictive of recurrent myocardial infarction.5 Etanercept is a biopharmaceutical agent developed for …
A simple estimate of funneling-assisted charge collection

Funneling is qualitatively discussed in detail, and a quantitative analysis is given for the total (time-integrated) collected charge. It is shown that, for an n/sup +//p junction, the total collected charge Q/sub T/ is given by QT=(1+ mu /sub n// mu /sub p/) Q/sub D/+2Q/sub diff/, where Q/sub D/ is the charge initially liberated in the depletion region and Q/sub diff/ is charge collected by diffusion. This equation does not apply to very short ion tracks or to devices having a thin epilayer. A numerical example is presented, and a comparison is made with PISCES results. >
Cura religionis or Two Kingdoms: The late Luther on religion and the state in the lectures on genesis

In 1996, Bernhard Lohse wondered if the Luther presented by some would recognize the Luther described by others. Trying to recognize the “political” Luther would be especially difficult. On the one hand, Thomas Muntzer was but the first in a long line of polemicists, journalists, politicians, and scholars who have accused Luther of releasing the sword of secular authority from all control and thereby opening up centuries of authoritarian subjugation. On the other hand, Peter Frarin argued in 1566 that Protestantism equaled sedition, rebellion, and the subversion of civil order. In the criticism of Luther for being either too conservative or too liberal, one thing remained fairly constant: the source of Luther's major shortcoming—his theology of the Two Kingdoms.
Using distance sampling and hierarchical models to improve estimates of Dall's sheep abundance

Management of large mammal populations has often been based on aerial minimum count surveys that are uncorrected for incomplete detection and lack estimates of precision. These limitations can be particularly problematic for Dall's sheep (Ovis dalli dalli) due to the high cost of surveys and variation in detection probability across time and space. The limitations of these methods have been recognized for some time, but previously proposed alternatives for sheep surveys proved to be too costly and logistically unfeasible in most circumstances (Udevitz et al. 2006). We assessed the potential for a combination of distance sampling surveys and a hierarchical modeling approach to provide a more efficient means for estimating Dall's sheep abundance by conducting aerial contour transect surveys over all sheep habitat in Gates of the Arctic National Park and Preserve (GAAR), Alaska in 2009 and 2010. We estimated the population of Dall's sheep was 8,412 (95% CI: 6,517-11,090) and 10,072 (95% CI: 8,081-12,520) in 2009 and 2010, respectively. Abundance within the Itkillik Preserve area within GAAR was 1,898 (95% CI: 1,421-2,578) and 1,854 (95% CI: 1,342- 2,488) in 2009 and 2010, respectively. Estimates of lamb abundance in 2010 were more than double those of 2009 after correcting for detection bias related to group size, suggesting that the apparent estimate of lambs in the population may be biased in some years depending on the degree of aggregation. Overall, the contour transect surveys were feasible logistically, cost 70-80% less than minimum count surveys, and produced precise estimates of abundance, indicating that the application of these methods could be used effectively to increase the statistical rigor and spatial extent of Dall's sheep abundance surveys throughout Alaska. These methods could be used to improve the assessment of long-term trends in populations and productivity and provide valuable information for harvest management at both local and landscape scales at reduced costs in comparison to traditional minimum count surveys. 2011 The Wildlife Society.
Novel nucleotide‐binding sites in ATP‐sensitive potassium channels formed at gating interfaces

The coupling of cell metabolism to membrane electrical activity is a vital process that regulates insulin secretion, cardiac and neuronal excitability and the responses of cells to ischemia. ATP-sensitive potassium channels (KATP; Kir6.x) are a major part of this metabolic–electrical coupling system and translate metabolic signals such as the ATP:ADP ratio to changes in the open or closed state (gate) of the channel. The localization of the nucleotide-binding site (NBS) on Kir6.x channels and how nucleotide binding gates these KATP channels remain unclear. Here, we use fluorescent nucleotide binding to purified Kir6.x proteins to define the peptide segments forming the NBS on Kir6.x channels and show that unique N- and C-terminal interactions from adjacent subunits are required for high-affinity nucleotide binding. The short N- and C-terminal segments comprising the novel intermolecular NBS are next to helices that likely move with channel opening/closing, suggesting a lock-and-key model for ligand gating.
Detection of a brown planthopper resistance gene bph4 at the same chromosomal position of Bph3 using two different genetic backgrounds of rice

The brown planthopper (BPH) resistance gene bph4 has previously been assigned on the short arm of rice chromosome 6. However, the map position of the gene could not be determined. To detect the bph4 locus, 15 polymorphic simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers covering genetic distance of 0.0–63.4 cM on chromosome 6 were used to survey 15 BPH resistant (R) and susceptible (S) individuals from each of the 95 and 78 F2 populations derived from crosses of TN1/Babawee and Babawee/KDML105, respectively. One SSR marker, RM586, was associated with the R and S from the F2 populations. Additional markers surrounding the RM586 locus were examined to define the location of bph4. From the genetic linkage map and QTL analysis of 95 and 78 F2 individuals, the bph4 locus was mapped at the same chromosomal region of Bph3 between two flanking markers RM589 and RM586. Markers linked to the resistance gene explained 58.8–70.1% of the phenotypic variations and can be used for marker-assisted selection in BPH-resistant breeding programs. In addition, our experiment provides evidence that a recessive gene could behave as a dominant gene under different genetic backgrounds.
A review of the mammalian unfolded protein response

Proteins requiring post-translational modifications such as N-linked glycosylation are processed in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). A diverse array of cellular stresses can lead to dysfunction of the ER and ultimately to an imbalance between protein-folding capacity and protein-folding load. Cells monitor protein folding by an inbuilt quality control system involving both the ER and the Golgi apparatus. Unfolded or misfolded proteins are tagged for degradation via ER-associated degradation (ERAD) or sent back through the folding cycle. Continued accumulation of incorrectly folded proteins can also trigger the unfolded protein response (UPR). In mammalian cells, UPR is a complex signaling program mediated by three ER transmembrane receptors: activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6), inositol requiring kinase 1 (IRE1) and double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase (PKR)-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK). UPR performs three functions, adaptation, alarm, and apoptosis. During adaptation, the UPR tries to reestablish folding homeostasis by inducing the expression of chaperones that enhance protein folding. Simultaneously, global translation is attenuated to reduce the ER folding load while the degradation rate of unfolded proteins is increased. If these steps fail, the UPR induces a cellular alarm and mitochondrial mediated apoptosis program. UPR malfunctions have been associated with a wide range of disease states including tumor progression, diabetes, as well as immune and inflammatory disorders. This review describes recent advances in understanding the molecular structure of UPR in mammalian cells, its functional role in cellular stress, and its pathophysiology.
Inclusion bodies in tick-borne diseases diagnosed in patients from northern Wisconsin.

Clinical Vignette Case 1 A 65-year-old man from northern Wisconsin, presented to the clinic with complaints of fever, chills, myalgias and severe fatigue. He lived on a farm and frequently visited the woods for hiking. On examination he was found to be febrile without hepatosplenomegaly or lymphadenopathy. His hemoglobin was 8 g/dL, white count was 2.8 with 1100 neutrophils, and the platelet count was 55,000/mm3. A peripheral smear was ordered.
Estrogen-induced plasticity from cells to circuits: predictions for cognitive function

Controversy regarding estrogen action in the brain remains at the forefront of basic, translational and clinical science for women's health. Here, I provide an integrative analysis of estrogen-inducible plasticity and posit it as a strategy for predicting cognitive domains affected by estrogen in addition to sources of variability. Estrogen enhancement of plasticity is evidenced by increases in neurogenesis, neural network connectivity and synaptic transmission. In parallel, estrogen increases glucose transport, aerobic glycolysis and mitochondrial function to provide the ATP necessary to sustain increased energetic demand. The pattern of plasticity predicts that estrogen would preferentially affect cognitive tasks of greater complexity, temporal demand and associative challenge. Thus, estrogen deprivation should be associated with decrements in these functions. Estrogen regulation of plasticity and bioenergetics provides a framework for predicting estrogen-dependent cognitive functions while also identifying sources of variability and potential biomarkers for identifying women appropriate for hormone therapy.
A SYSTEMS ANALYSIS OF CRIME CONTROL STRATEGIES

Comparisons were made between 92 male prisoners over the age of 50 and 539 younger male prisoners at Utah State Prison, and between groups of first and muhiply incarcerated ot Utah and younger inmates. The older prisoners committed more crimes against persons, fewer property crimes, were older at first arrest, and were less socially deviant, impulsive, and hostile. The first incarcerated older inmates were found to have more often engaged in crimes of violence. were less involved in a criminal way of life, and were the best adjusted of all the groups. The multiply incarcerated older inmates were found to resemble the younger inmates in terms of a criminal way of life and were not different from their younger counterparts in their adjustment.
LABORATORY STUDIES ON THE IRRADIATION OF SOLID ETHANE ANALOG ICES AND IMPLICATIONS TO TITAN'S CHEMISTRY

Pure ethane ices (C2H6) were irradiated at 10, 30, and 50 K under contamination-free, ultrahigh vacuum conditions with energetic electrons generated in the track of galactic cosmic-ray (GCR) particles to simulate the interaction of GCRs with ethane ices in the outer solar system. The chemical processing of the samples was monitored by a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer and a quadrupole mass spectrometer during the irradiation phase and subsequent warm-up phases on line and in situ in order to extract qualitative (products) and quantitative (rate constants and yields) information on the newly synthesized molecules. Six hydrocarbons, methane (CH4), acetylene (C2H2), ethylene (C2H4), and the ethyl radical (C2H5), together with n-butane (C4H10) and butene (C4H8), were found to form at the radiation dose reaching 1.4 eV per molecule. The column densities of these species were quantified in the irradiated ices at each temperature, permitting us to elucidate the temperature and phase-dependent production rates of individual molecules. A kinetic reaction scheme was developed to fit column densities of those species produced during irradiation of amorphous/crystalline ethane held at 10, 30, or 50 K. In general, the yield of the newly formed molecules dropped consistently for all species as the temperature was raised from 10 K to 50 K. Second, the yield in the amorphous samples was found to be systematically higher than in the crystalline samples at constant temperature. A closer look at the branching ratios indicates that ethane decomposes predominantly to ethylene and molecular hydrogen, which may compete with the formation ofn-butane inside the ethane matrix. Among the higher molecular products, n-butane dominates. Of particular relevance to the atmosphere of Saturn’s moon Titan is the radiation-induced methane production from ethane—an alternative source of replenishing methane into the atmosphere. Finally, we discuss to what extent the n-butane could be the source of “higher organics” on Titan’s surface thus resembling a crucial sink of condensed ethane molecules.
Type I Diabetes Leads to Tissue-Specific DNA Hypomethylation in Male Rats

Numerous perturbations of methyl group and homocysteine metabolism have been documented as an outcome of diabetes. It has also been observed that there is a transition from hypo- to hyperhomocysteinemia in diabetes, often concurrent with the development of nephropathy. The objective of this study was to characterize the temporal changes in methyl group and homocysteine metabolism in the liver and kidney and to determine the impact these alterations have on DNA methylation in type 1 diabetic rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were injected with streptozotocin (60 mg/kg body weight) to induce diabetes and samples were collected at 2, 4, and 8 wk. At 8 wk, hepatic and renal betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferase activities were greater in diabetic rats, whereas methionine synthase activity was lower in diabetic rat liver and kidney did not differ. Cystathionine beta-synthase abundance was greater in the liver but less in the kidney of diabetic rats. Both hepatic and renal glycine N-methyltransferase (GNMT) activity and abundance were greater in diabetic rats; however, changes in renal activity and/or abundance were present only at 2 and 4 wk, whereas hepatic GNMT was induced at all time points. Most importantly, we have shown that genomic DNA was hypomethylated in the liver, but not the kidney, in diabetic rats. These results suggest that diabetes-induced perturbations of methyl group and homocysteine metabolism lead to functional methyl deficiency, resulting in the hypomethylation of DNA in a tissue-specific fashion.
Effects of Appropriate and Inappropriate Attire on Attributions of Personal Dispositions

To test the hypothesis that an inappropriately dressed interviewee would receive more extreme and more confident trait ratings than an appropriately dressed interviewee, subjects viewed a videotape...
Use of Complementary Health Approaches Among Children Aged 4–17 Years in the United States: National Health Interview Survey, 2007–2012

Objective—This report presents national estimates of the use of complementary health approaches among children aged 4–17 years in the United States. Selected modalities are compared for 2007 and 2012 to examine changes over time. Methods—Data from the 2007 and 2012 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) were analyzed for this report. The combined sample included 17,321 interviews with knowledgeable adults about children aged 4–17 years. Point estimates and estimates of their variances were calculated using SUDAAN software to account for the complex sampling design of NHIS. Differences between percentages were evaluated using two-sided significance tests at the 0.05 level. Results—The use of complementary health approaches among children did not change significantly since 2007 (from 12.0% in 2007 to 11.6% in 2012). However, one approach, the use of traditional healers, showed a statistically significant decrease in use, from 1.1% in 2007 to 0.1% in 2012. No other significant decreases were identified. An increase in the use of yoga was observed during this period (from 2.3% in 2007 to 3.1% in 2012). Nonvitamin, nonmineral dietary supplements; chiropractic or osteopathic manipulation; and yoga, tai chi, or qi gong were the most commonly used complementary health approaches in both 2007 and 2012. Also consistent between 2007 and 2012 was that complementary health approaches were most frequently used for back or neck pain, head or chest cold, anxiety or stress, and other musculoskeletal conditions.
The Kadison–Singer Problem in mathematics and engineering

We will see that the famous intractible 1959 Kadison–Singer Problem in C*-algebras is equivalent to fundamental open problems in a dozen different areas of research in mathematics and engineering. This work gives all these areas common ground on which to interact as well as explaining why each area has volumes of literature on their respective problems without a satisfactory resolution.
Exploring the impact of social communication on the innovation potential of epistemic communities

As the science enterprise becomes increasingly complex and interdisciplinary, implementing policies that foster collective creativity for science-based innovation emerges as a critical issue. In this paper, we investigate the impact of socio-communication strategies on innovation capacity based on experiments using a general-purpose agent-based computational model that aims to study dynamic processes of collective creativity in scientific communities. Experimental results indicate that under low communication frequency, openness and receptivity lead to higher variety. On the contrary, variety decreases with increasing receptivity under high communication frequency. Additionally, balance theory leads to higher levels of knowledge diffusion efficiency.
Relationships between Deficits in Tissue Mass and Transcriptional Programs after Partial Hepatectomy in Mice

Liver regeneration after two-thirds partial hepatectomy (2/3 PH) results in synchronized proliferation of hepatocytes and rapid restoration of liver mass. Understanding the mechanisms that regulate this process has both biological and clinical importance. Using cDNA microarray analysis, we investigated whether gene activation after 2/3 PH is specifically related to liver growth and hepatocyte proliferation. We generated gene expression profiles at 4, 12, 20, and 30 hours after 2/3 PH and compared them with profiles obtained at the same time points after 1/3 PH, a procedure that causes minimal DNA replication. Surprisingly, a significant number of genes whose expression is altered after 2/3 PH are similarly up- or down-regulated after 1/3 PH, particularly at 4 hours. We identified a number of genes and transcription factors that are more highly expressed ("preferential expression") after 2/3 PH and show that a shift in transcriptional programs in the regenerating liver occurs between 4 and 12 hours after 2/3 PH, a time at which the decision to replicate appears to be made. These results show that the liver responds to PH with massive changes of gene expression, even in the absence of DNA replication. We suggest that the changes in gene expression during the first 4 to 6 hours after 2/3 PH may induce chromatin remodeling and facilitate the binding of new sets of transcription factors required for DNA replication.
Antioxidant activity in fruits and leaves of blackberry, raspberry and strawberry varies with cultivar and developmental stage

Fruits and leaves from different cultivars of thornless blackberry (Rubus sp.), red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.), black raspberry (Rubus occidentalis L.), and strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa D.) plants were analyzed for total antioxidant capacity (oxygen radical absorbance capacity, ORAC) and total phenolic content. In addition, fruits were analyzed for total anthocyanin content. Blackberries and strawberries had the highest ORAC values during the green stages, whereas red raspberries had the highest ORAC activity at the ripe stage. Total anthocyanin content increased with maturity for all three species of fruits. Compared with fruits, leaves were found to have higher ORAC values. In fruits, ORAC values ranged from 7.8 to 33.7 μmol of Trolox equivalents (TE)/g of fresh berries (35.0−162.1 μmol of TE/g of dry matter), whereas in leaves, ORAC values ranged from 69.7 to 182.2 μmol of TE/g of fresh leaves (205.0−728.8 μmol of TE/g of dry matter). As the leaves become older, the ORAC values and total phenolic c...
Snowcover mapping with the Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer

In alpine areas where rugged topography inhibits snow mapping from the ground, remote sensing data allows us to acquire snowmelt model input data that would typically be unavailable. In this research, Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) data were collected over Mammoth Mountain in the Sierra Nevada, California. Both snow covered area and snow grain size are important inputs for spatially-distributed snowmelt, models and for models that require spatial estimates of snow albedo. Spectral mixture analysis was used to derive the fraction of snow covered area in each AVIRIS image pixel. When compared with snowcover estimates from concurrent aerial photographs, this mapping technique was found to be accurate even for snowcover in partially shadowed and vegetated areas. Snow grain size was mapped using an inversion model that relates an ice absorption feature centered at 1.03 /spl mu/m to an optically-equivalent grain size. The magnitude of both the depth and area of this ice absorption feature are sensitive to snow grain size; the area calculation has been found to be insensitive to signal noise. Image analysis using a digital elevation model of the study area has shown that grain size estimates ace independent of topographic illumination effects so this method is particularly useful in topographically complex regions. To validate the inversion algorithm, snow samples from Mammoth Mountain were collected over a wide range of slopes, aspects, and elevations. These samples were analyzed to determine grain size, density and dust concentrations. These results show that grain sizes retrieved from the AVIRIS image data closely correspond to those of the snow samples. Snowpack density and dust concentrations do not appear to have had any effect on the image data estimates. The combination of aerial photographs, ground reflectance measurements, snow samples, and AVIRIS data have provided us with a validation for both the snow covered area and grain size mapping techniques. >
Variable coherence tomography for measuring the pair correlation function

We describe a scattering experiment using quasi-monochromatic light with variable spatial coherence for determining the pair correlation function of a quasi-homogeneous medium. The tomographic technique is implemented by recording the intensity scattered in one direction.