cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Carbon-oxygen and related RX bond cleavages mediated by (silox)3Ti and other Group 4 derivatives (silox = tBu3SiO)

Abstract Halogen atom abstractions by (silox)3Ti (1) from CCl4, ClRh(PPh3)3, Br2 and I2 produced (silox)3TiCl (2), (silox)3TiBr (3) and (silox)3TiI (4), respectively. Treatment of 1 with MeI afforded a 1:1 mixture of 4 and (silox)3TiMe (5), regardless of [MeI], implicating a rough I abstraction rate constant of ka 2×107 M−1s−1. A rationalization of the formation of (silox)3TiCH2CH2Ti(silox)3 (7) from 1 and C2H4 is presented. Na/Hg reduction of (silox)2TiCl2 (9) generated [(silox)2Ti]2(μ-Cl)2 (10) (μeff = 0.75 μB/Ti at 300.6 K). Quenching of 10 with CCl4 and C6h4O2 produced 9 and [( silox ) 2 TiCl ] 2 -( m :η 1 ,η 1 -p- OC 6 H 4 O (11), respectively. Upon treatment of 10 with RCCR (REt, Ph) or C2H4, disproportionation to 9 and (silox)2 TiCRCRCRCR (REt (12); Ph (13)), also prepared via Na/Hg reduction of 9 in the presence of alkyne, or (silox)2 TiCR 2 (CH 2 ) 2 CH 2 (14) occurred. According to 1H NMR spectroscopy, exposure of 12 to C2H4 gave 14, and 10 catalytically hydrogenated Me2CCH2. Addition of THF to 1 yielded (silox)3TiOCH2(CH2)2CH2Ti(silox)3 (17) via metallaradical ring-opening, while inclusion of ≈ 10 equiv. of HSnPh3 provided a mixture of 17 and (silox)3TiOnBu (19). Addition of PhCH2MgCl to (silox)3MCl (MTi (2); Zr (22)) and (silox)2TiCl2 (9) produced (silox)3MCH2Ph (MTi (21); Zr (23)) and (silox)2Ti(CH2Ph)2 (24), respectively, but (silox)2Zr(CH2Ph)2 (26) was synthesized from addition of (silox)H to Zr(CH2Ph)4. While 21 and 23 were photolytically inactive, photolysis of 24 in THF produced dibenzyl and [(silox)2 TiOCH 2 (CH 2 ) 2 CH 2 ]n (27, n = 2 (tentative)), while related photolysis of 26 afforded [(silox)2 ZrOCH 2 (CH 2 ) 2 C H2]2 (2821) and dibenzyl. Mass spectral analysis on dibenzyl derived from a 26:(silox)2Zr(CD2Ph)2 (26-d4) mixture showed that benzyl scrambling occurred. (Silox)2Zr(CH2-m-tolyl)2 (36) was prepared from Zr(CH2-m-tolyl)4 and H(silox). Crossover, i.e., detection of (silox)2Zr(CH2Ph)(CH2-m-tolyl) (38), occurred when a mixture of (silox)2Zr(CH2Ph)2 (26) and (silox)2Zr(CH2-m-tolyl)2 (36) was photolyzed, showing that benzyl scrambling, presumably via PhCH2, preceded THF scission. The mechanisms of THF ring-opening by 1 and, plausibly, (silox)2ZrCH2Ph (32), are discussed.
Flow visualization through spacer filled channels by computational fluid dynamics I. ☆: Pressure drop and shear rate calculations for flat sheet geometry

Abstract Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations were carried out for fluid flow through rectangular channels filled with several commercially available spacers for membrane modules. Simulation results were compared with literature experimental data. Excellent agreement was found between the experimentally determined dependence of the total drag coefficient on the Reynolds number and the CFD simulations in this work. Analysis of the flow structure through spacer filled channels revealed that bulk of the fluid does not change direction at each mesh as suggested previously in the literature, but that the bulk fluid flows parallel to the spacer filaments. The pressure drop through the channel was found to be largely governed by a loss of fluid momentum caused due to an almost abrupt change in the direction of the velocity vectors across a thin transition plane corresponding to the plane of intersection of the spacer filaments. It was observed that spacers with equal filament diameters usually result in a higher pressure drop across the channel and such symmetric spacers also result in a more uniform shear rate at the top and bottom faces of the test cell. Asymmetric spacers (spacers with unequal filament diameters) resulted in lower pressure drop and also induced unequal shear rate on the top and bottom faces of the test cell. Such unequal shear rates at the top and bottom faces would be expected to have an adverse impact on the membrane module performance because of different mass transfer characteristics for adjacent membrane leaves. It was found that a higher overall bulk turbulent flow would not necessarily result in higher shear rates at the top and bottom faces.
A Self‐Healing Poly(Dimethyl Siloxane) Elastomer

Self-healing functionality is imparted to a poly(dimethyl siloxane) (PDMS) elastomer. This new material is produced by the incorporation of a microencapsulated PDMS resin and a microencapsulated crosslinker into the PDMS matrix. A protocol based on the recovery of tear strength is introduced to assess the healing efficiency for these compliant polymers. While most PDMS elastomers possess some ability to re-mend through surface cohesion, the mechanism is generally insufficient to produce significant recovery of initial material strength under ambient conditions. Self-healing PDMS specimens, however, routinely recover between 70–100 % of the original tear strength. Moreover, the addition of microcapsules increases the tear strength of the PDMS. The effect of microcapsule concentration on healing efficiency is also investigated.
Verrucous carcinoma of skin. Epithelioma cuniculatum plantare

Eight patients had plantar growths that were usually irregularly shaped, sharply outlined, verrucous, and several centimeters in greatest dimension. Clinical diagnoses included viral wart, deep mycosis, pyogenic granuloma, amelanotic melanoma, basal cell carcinoma, and eccrine poroma. The median age of the patients, and duration of the growth, were 52 and 16 years, respectively. Therapeutic modalities other than total excision were ineffective. The tumor, derived from surface epidermis, was composed of masses of pale-staining benign-appearing prickle cells, deeply invaginated by thick, compact, partially parakeratotic horn. Several lesions have recurred; amputation was required in one patient. This distinctive entity, apparently not described in the American literature, has been reported from Europe under such titles as epithelioma cuniculatum and papillomatosis cutis carcinoides. We believe that it is best interpreted as a form of verrucous carcinoma, the first cutaneous tumor--as opposed to lesions of mucous membranes and mucocutaneous junctions--to be so classified.
Insulin-response Element-binding Protein 1 A NOVEL Akt SUBSTRATE INVOLVED IN TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTION OF INSULIN

Although the cis-acting elements that mediate the actions of insulin on gene transcription have been defined for a significant number of genes, the transcription factors responsible for the transactivation of these target sequences remain unknown. In this report, we identified a novel transcription factor that binds and transactivates the insulin-response elements of the insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-3 and other insulin responsive genes. This factor is a target of insulin signal transduction downstream of the phosphatidylinositol 3′-kinase/protein kinase B (Akt) pathway. Akt phosphorylates this factor in vivo and in vitro. Changes in expression level, phosphorylation, and nuclear translocation modulate the transactivation effects of the factor, and its expression is decreased in conditions of diabetes and insulin deficiency. Identification of a novel target of Akt that appears to mediate signals specific for insulin action should provide further insight into the mechanism of insulin action at the genomic level.
Novel use of Eudragit NE 30D/Eudragit L 30D-55 blends as functional coating materials in time-delayed drug release applications.

Abstract The objectives of this study were to evaluate the mechanical and thermal properties of films prepared from Eudragit® NE 30D/Eudragit® L 30D-55 blends and to examine the dissolution behavior of beads coated with the polymer blends up to 120% weight gain. Eudragit® NE 30D and L 30D-55 dispersions were blended at 50:50, 67:33, 75:25, and 80:20 ratios. Cast films were evaluated by texture analysis and differential scanning calorimetry. Increasing Eudragit® NE 30D concentration increased miscibility, softness, and decreased stiffness of the films. At 80:20 ratio, the polymer blend was completely miscible whereby Eudragit® L 30D-55 was molecularly distributed in the mixture. This was confirmed by SEM analysis. The surface morphology of films and beads was evaluated before and after dissolution by scanning electron microscopy. SEM analysis demonstrated that the size of the pores formed after the dissolution of Eudragit® L 30D-55 at pH 6.8 was dependent on the miscibility of the Eudragit® blend. The implications of this effect were apparent in dissolution studies. For the 75:25 and 80:20 blends, a linear increase in lag time up to 7 h was observed with an increase in coat weight gain from 15 to 120%. At 60% weight gain, the 80:20 blend delayed drug release by approximately 7 h whereas the less miscible 75:25 blend delayed drug release by only 3.5 h. A lag time could therefore be controlled by manipulating both the theoretical weight gain of the beads and the concentration of Eudragit® NE 30D in the blend.
Optical Beam Phase Conjugation By Four-Wave Mixing In A Waveguide

Theory and experiments are reviewed which suggest that optical-beam phase conjugation by four-wave mixing in a waveguide has the following advantages over four-wave mixing of unguided waves: (1 ) pump power requirements are reduced; (2) the pump beams can contain many transverse modes, both outside and inside the waveguide; (3) pump beam alignment is not critical; (4) the image-wave, being conjugated, can serve simultaneously as its own pump beam; (5) many frequencies can be conjugated simultaneously without intermixing of signals; and (6) frequency- and angle-response characteristics of the conjugator as an optical filter are extended. Frequency depen-dent resonances in the phase-conjugate signal may be employed in spectroscopy of small samples.
A microcosm study of nitrogen utilization in the Great Salt Lake, Utah

Microcosms were used to study the effects of two inorganic nitrogen sources (ammonia and nitrate) and two organic nitrogen sources (urea and glutamic acid) on the growth of algae and bacteria found in the Great Salt Lake, Utah. Ammonia, nitrate and urea stimulated bacterial growth indirectly through increased algal production of unknown organic substances. Glutamic acid, representing readily available organic carbon and nitrogen, stimulated the bacteria directly. No nitrification was observed in the microcosms although nitrite was found when the microcosms were supplemented with nitrate. Lake sediment contained a number of anaerobic bacteria producing hydrogen sulfide, methane and other gases. Production of these gases was stimulated in the columns with high algal and bacterial activity.
Self-ratings of memory dysfunction: Different findings in depression and amnesia

An 18-item self-rating test of memory functions was administered to two patient groups: seven patients with amnesia resulting from Korsakoff's syndrome and six other amnesic patients. These results were compared to results obtained previously for depressed psychiatric inpatients (n = 19) and depressed inpatients prescribed electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) (n = 35). The latter group was tested both before and 1 week after completion of the course of ECT. One pattern of memory self-ratings was reported by the two groups of depressed patients. These two groups reported an approximately equivalent level of impairment across all test items. A different pattern of memory self-ratings was reported by the two groups of amnesic patients and by the group tested after ECT. These patients reported considerably more impairment on some items than others, such that performance was not equivalent across test items. Finally, the patients with Korsakoff's syndrome underestimated their memory problems, reporting a less severe impairment than the other amnesic patients. The results show that the memory problems experienced in depression and in amnesia are distinguishable with self-assessment techniques. In addition, the similarity between memory self-ratings reported by patients after ECT and by amnesic patients supports the idea that memory complaints after ECT reflect primarily the experience of amnesia. Self-rating forms like the one described here may have useful application to many diagnostic groups where questions arise about the nature of reported memory problems.
Behavior decrements and brain catecholamine changes in rats exposed to hypobaric hypoxia.

The behavior of rats trained on an avoidance schedule was used to assess performance decrements at altitude. After adequate baseline behavior of 95±5% avoidance on three consecutive days was attained, the rats were subjected to hypobaric hypoxia (23,000 feet) for two or four hours prior to an experimental session. Performance in this environment was disrupted in that the animals responded primarily to the shock rather than an auditory or visual cue. Brain norepinephrine levels were reduced about 20% in untrained and performing rats at altitude. Inhibition of monoamine oxidase with tranylcypromine, 0.5 mg/kg, prevented the reduction in norepinephrine in untrained rats at altitude and increased the levels above normal in performing rats at altitude but did not improve the performance. The data suggest that alterations in the behavior of performing rats at altitude are not related to absolute levels of norepinephrine.
Perception of coarticulatory nasalization by speakers of English and Thai: Evidence for partial compensation

The conditions under which listeners do and do not compensate for coarticulatory vowel nasalization were examined through a series of experiments of listeners' perception of naturally produced American English oral and nasal vowels spliced into three contexts: oral (C_C), nasal (N_N), and isolation. Two perceptual paradigms, a rating task in which listeners judged the relative nasality of stimulus pairs and a 4IAX discrimination task in which listeners judged vowel similarity, were used with two listener groups, native English speakers and native Thai speakers. Thai and English speakers were chosen because their languages differ in the temporal extent of anticipatory vowel nasalization. Listeners' responses were highly context dependent. For both perceptual paradigms and both language groups, listeners were less accurate at judging vowels in nasal than in non-nasal (oral or isolation) contexts; nasal vowels in nasal contexts were the most difficult to judge. Response patterns were generally consistent with the hypothesis that, given an appropriate and detectable nasal consonant context, listeners compensate for contextual vowel nasalization and attribute the acoustic effects of the nasal context to their coarticulatory source. However, the results also indicated that listeners do not hear nasal vowels in nasal contexts as oral; listeners retained some sensitivity to vowel nasalization in all contexts, indicating partial compensation for coarticulatory vowel nasalization. Moreover, there were small but systematic differences between the native Thai- and native English-speaking groups. These differences are as expected if perceptual compensation is partial and the extent of compensation is linked to patterns of coarticulatory nasalization in the listeners' native language.
Method for signal processing with transfer function coefficients dependent only on timing

A signal processing technique is presented in which the coefficients of the transfer function depend only on timing, and are independent of element values or even element value ratios. Filters implemented using this technique are fully programmable, can be made with only analogue gates and delay elements, and are suitable for integration using m.o.s. technology.
Preferential synthesis of yeast mitochondrial DNA in α factor-arrested cells

Abstract α factor is a diffusible substance produced by S. cerevisiae cells of the α mating type which inhibits cell division (1) and the initiation of nuclear DNA synthesis (2) in cells of the a mating type. In this report, it is shown that mitochondrial DNA synthesis continues at a normal rate in a cells for at least 6 hours in the presence of α factor, resulting in a 5-fold increase in the amount of mitochondrial DNA per cell. The continued synthesis of mitochondrial DNA in the absence of nuclear DNA synthesis allows specific labeling of yeast mitochondrial DNA.
CP Violation Studies in B Mesons

The four general purpose detectors on the Tevatron (CDF, D0) and LHC (Atlas, CMS) hadron colliders continue to make important measurements in the field of CP violation (CPV) in B hadron physics. The CDF collaboration presents new results in direct CPV of charmless B decays, providing world-leading measurements in b baryon decays, and finding evidence for non zero CPV in the decay Bs 0 → K − π + . The D0 Collaboration presents measurements of the semileptonic mixing asymmetries in B 0 and Bs 0 mesons, with the former having a precision exceeding the previous world average. All four experiments perform time-dependent angular analysis of the decay Bs 0 → J /ψϕ enabling the extraction of the lifetime difference ΔΓs and the CPV phase ϕs J /ψϕ . In all cases, the results obtained are consistent with each other, and with the standard model predictions.
Soot in the stratosphere: The impact of current and HSCT aircraft emissions

The emission of soot from existing and proposed aircraft and the contribution of this soot to concentrations observed in the troposphere and stratosphere are discussed. The implications of these emissions for issues in stratospheric physics and chemistry are examined. It is argued that, since soot concentrations in the stratosphere exceed those measured in the cleanest regions of the troposphere, it is possible that current aircraft emissions are the dominant source of stratospheric soot. A simple emission/dispersion model is presented that yields an estimate of aircraft contributions which is in agreement with the observations. The soot concentration is found to be too low to cause any detectable direct optical effects. It is estimated that emissions from the proposed fleet of high-speed civil transport stratospheric aircraft will lead to an increase in concentration of soot in the stratosphere by a factor of two or three.
The Vickrey-Clarke-Groves “Pivotal Mechanism” as an Alternative to Voting for Organizational Control

Organizations with multiple stakeholders typically make decisions by following the will of the majority of some subset of stakeholders that are entitled to vote. This Article examines an alternative decision-making mechanism — the “pivotal” mechanism developed by Vickrey, Groves and Clarke. Unlike voting, the pivotal mechanism produces efficient outcomes in the presence of heterogeneous voter preferences. Moreover, the mechanism allows control rights to be allocated more widely, reducing the costs of opportunism when a controlling class of stakeholders has interests adverse to another class. These benefits come with costs. The pivotal mechanism’s efficiency diminishes in the presence of collusion between voters and requires the creation of “pools” that disperse revenues created by the mechanism. The mechanism is therefore most attractive when the costs of heterogeneity are large and the risks of collusion are small. As a result, I propose the development of a legal basis for the pivotal mechanism as a menu option for organizational decision-making.
Multi-probe Two-Dimensional Mapping of Off-State Degradation in DeNMOS Transistors: How and Why Interface Damage Predicts Gate Dielectric Breakdown

Through a combination of measurements techniques, we show that the generation of both interface and bulk traps during off-state stress in drain extended NMOS transistors are driven by the same physical mechanism and as such have similar time and voltage dependencies. We also show that the peak interface damage location (obtained from charge pumping measurement) along with asymmetric percolation model successfully interpret the observed Weibull slope of dielectric breakdown during off-state stress. Our analysis suggests the intriguing possibility of replacing time consuming off-state TDDB measurements by simple charge pumping analysis.
Internet-based evaluation system for a pharmacy practice residency.

At least two surgical residency programs have replaced a paper-based evaluation system with an Internet-based system to document and evaluate residents’ competencies, resulting in greater efficiency, improved compliance, and added convenience for faculty.[1][1],[2][2] Hoping to achieve similar
A high-speed eight-channel optoelectronic integrated receiver array comprising GaInAs p-i-n PD's and AlInAs/GaInAs HEMTs

The successful fabrication of an eight-channel optoelectronic integrated receiver array on an InP substrate, which comprises eighty elements including GaInAs p-i-n photodiodes (PDs) and AlInAs/GaInAs HEMTs, is reported. An average bandwidth of 1.2 GHz with a standard deviation of 190 MHz over the whole channel was obtained. An average responsivity was 546 V/W with a standard deviation of only 19.2 V/W. A crosstalk was less than -30 dB at frequencies between 3 and 900 MHz and as small as -28 dB even at 1 GHz. The yield of chips available for 1.0 Gb/s operation was as high as 62.5% over 2-in-diameter wafer. >
The role of CAE tools in engineering technology

The CAE (computer-aided engineering) tools course that is required for all entering students in manufacturing and plastics engineering technology at Western Washington University is described. The course content and development considerations are discussed. All students entering the manufacturing and plastics engineering technology programs are required to complete a basic CAD (computer-aided design)/solids modeling course and an introductory CAE tools course. Interdisciplinary projects are used within the department to teach the students about simultaneous or concurrent engineering. >
An Economic Ranking of the US Presidents, 1789–2009: A Data-Based Approach

How relatively good or bad were the economic performances of our past presidents? The answers to this question remain unclear. Most evaluations of presidential performance cloud the issue with partisan bias and subjective judgments or mix economics together with other policy areas. To address these shortcomings, this article uses new data from the Measuring Worth Project to calculate the relative economic rankings of the United States presidents who served from 1789 until 2009. It analyzes up to 220 years of data on economic growth, unemployment, inflation, government debt, balance of payments, income inequality, currency strength, interest rates, and stock market returns to estimate an economic grade point average for each president. Then, these estimates are used to test for correlations with other variables to generate hypotheses regarding the conditions for superior and inferior economic performance.
Residency Selection Criteria: What Medical Students Perceive as Important.

Background: Little is known about medical students’ perceptions of which criteria are important in residency selection. Student knowledge of this process may affect their education and their ability to obtain the residency of their choice. Objective: To determine the perceived importance among medical students of various selection criteria for residency. Design, Setting and Participants: Medical students at three institutions were asked to rate the importance of various residency selection criteria using a web-based survey instrument. Main Outcome Measures: Sixteen residency selection criteria were included in the survey. Results: The overall response rate was 49.2%. Criteria perceived as extremely important by the majority of students were the interview (80.6%), grades in third and fourth year courses in their chosen specialty (73.3%), letters of recommendation excluding the Dean’s letter (65.3%), and grades in third and fourth year clerkships (55.9%). USMLE Step 1 score (46.7%) was viewed as extremely important by many students. Moderately important: grades in fourth year electives not in their chosen specialty (57.3%), medical school’s reputation (50.5%), number of honor grades (49.0%), USMLE Step 2 score (42.3%), and Dean’s letter (41.1%). Mildly/not important: grades in the first and second years (56.8%), academic awards (55.2%), extracurricular activities (52.6%), research (50.9%), class rank (49.3%), and AOA (46.5%). Students in the clinical years of training were more likely to place importance on honors grades (p=0.04) and AOA (p=0.009) and were less likely to place importance on grades in fourth year electives not in their chosen specialty (p<0.0001), scores on USMLE Step 1 (p=0.0003), USMLE Step 2 (p<0.0001), and Dean’s letter (p<0.0001). Conclusions: Misperceptions about which criteria are important in residency selection are common among medical students. Many overestimate the importance of subjective criteria while undervaluing objective criteria.
A Retrospective Population-Based Comparison of HER2 Immunohistochemistry and Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization in Breast Carcinomas: Impact of 2007 American Society of Clinical Oncology/ College of American Pathologists Criteria

Context.—In 2007 the American Society of Clinical Oncology/College of American Pathologists made new recommendations for HER2 testing and redefined HER2 positivity. Objective.—To analyze results from simultaneous HER2 testing with immunohistochemistry and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) in 2590 invasive breast carcinomas between 2002 and 2010, using 2 scoring systems. Design.—Cases from between 2002 and 2006 were scored by using original US Food and Drug Administration criteria (N = 1138) and those from between 2007 and 2010 were evaluated according to American Society of Clinical Oncology/College of American Pathologists criteria (N = 1452). Concordance between testing methods and clinicopathologic associations were determined. Results.—Overall concordance between immunohistochemistry/FISH in the 9-year period was 96.2% (κ = 0.82), and positive concordance was lower. After 2007, the proportion of HER2/neu-positive and HER2/neu-negative cases was not significantly changed when using immunohistoc...
Mechanisms of E3 Modulation of Immune and Inflammatory Responses

Adenoviruses contain genes that have evolved to control the host immune and inflammatory responses; however, it is not clear whether these genes function primarily to facilitate survival of the virus during acute infection or during its persistent phase. These issues have assumed greater importance as the use of adenoviruses as vectors for gene therapy has been expanded. This review will focus on the mechanism of immune evasion mediated by the proteins encoded within the early region 3 (E3) transcription region, which affect the functions of a number of cell surface receptors including Fas, intracellular cell signaling events involving NF-κB, and the secretion of pro-inflammatory molecules such as chemokines. The successful use of E3 genes in facilitating allogeneic transplantation and in preventing autoimmune diabetes in several transgenic mouse models will also be described.
Studies on Blood and Meat Spots in the Hen’s Egg,2. Some Chemical and Histological Characteristics of Blood and Meat Spots

ABSTRACT THE results reported in Part 1 (Helbacka and Swanson, 1958) of this series indicated that meat spot pigment was closely associated with shell pigment in the hen’s egg. It seemed desirable to pursue this investigation further in order to identify the pigment of colored meat spots which is responsible for their fluorescent property and to study certain chemical and histological characteristics of blood and meat spots. EXPERIMENTAL In vitro studies. Nalbandov and Card (1944) have described the apparent transformation of blood spots into meat spots under the influence of a change in pH and high environmental temperatures. These in vitro studies were repeated to determine whether or not such a transformation resulted in meat spots having fluorescent properties. Artificial buffers with pH values ranging from 5.4 to 9.2 (gradations of 0.4) were made up according to Hodgman (1950). Ten ml. of blood from a White Rock hen were drawn and . . .
Abstract isomorphisms of simple algebraic groups split by quadratic extensions

Abstract Abstract isomorphisms of a big subgroup of an anisotropic absolutely almost simple algebraic group split by a separable quadratic extension of the base field with big subgroups of other semi-simple algebraic groups are shown to have a standard decomposition into a field isomorphism, a special isogeny of algebraic groups and a radial isomorphism.
Sexual Abuse and Sexual Risk Behavior: Beyond the Impact of Psychiatric Problems

Objective This study examined the association between sexual abuse (SA) and sex risk in girls and boys placed in alternative and therapeutic school settings while controlling for psychiatric problems. Method Adolescents were recruited from alternative and therapeutic schools. Youth completed audio computer-assisted self-interviews assessing childhood abuse, sexual behaviors, sexual attitudes, and psychiatric symptoms. Results Of the 162 youth with available data, 23% reported a moderate or severe SA history. After controlling for gender and the presence of a psychiatric diagnosis, youth with a SA history were significantly more likely to have engaged in sex, had sex in the last 90 days, and engaged in unprotected sex. Adolescents with a history of SA also endorsed fewer advantages of using condoms. Conclusions SA is uniquely associated with sexual behavior and attitudes even when adjusting for the presence of a psychiatric diagnosis. These data have implications for interventions for those with SA histories.
Model of a contact lens and tear layer at static equilibrium

In this paper, we study the static stability of a spherical cap lens and a tear layer. The contact angle of the tear meniscus with the cornea and contact lens may have a range of values due to capillary effect hysteresis. As the lens is in static equilibrium all the forces and moments sum to zero. Capillary effect hysteresis is found to be a beneficial effect aiding the stability of the lens. The forces acting on the lens are its weight, force due to hydrostatic and atmospheric pressures and surface tension on the periphery of the lens due to the tear meniscus. The fixed parameters in the model are weight of the lens, coefficient of surface tension, magnitude of gravitational acceleration, density of the tear liquid and physical parameters of the lens such as the diameter and base curve radius. The adjustable parameters in the model are contact angles of the tear meniscus with the cornea and contact lens respectively and the position of the lens on the cornea. Numerical experiments suggest that there exists a range of values for the adjustable parameters that lead to physically reasonable solutions, for lens position; extent of overlap of the lower lid on the lens; pressure due to the lid on the lens; and the thickness of tear layer between the lens and the cornea.
Models That Combine Time-Series and Cross-Section Data

In the previous chapter we considered models that can be used when the economic structure generating the data are thought to vary from observation to observation. Such situations arise naturally in the context of time series data, where structural changes can occur over time, but random coefficient models have also been found useful when using cross-sectional data and individual decision making units are thought to respond differently to changes in independent variables. It is not surprising then, that with the growing availability of time-series of cross-section data, specialized models have developed that allow for possible changes in the economic structure generating the data.
Factors Associated with Emergency Food Recipient's Information Search

Data from a survey of emergency food recipients conducted in a northwestern state were used to identify factors associated with recipient's information search behavior when they sought emergency food help. Results from logistic and general linear multiple regressions indicated that age, phone possession, family income, and household size influenced the use of interpersonal communication as information sources. Age, number of years in residence, television possession, food box usage food stamp usage, and working status affected the use of free-food-distributing agencies as information sources. The choice of other information sources differed by gender, life satisfaction status, food stamp usage family income, education, and household size. The use of media as information sources was affected by food box usage, education, life satisfaction status, and household size. Recipients who had more information sources were those who used more food boxes and food stamps, females, and those who had no telephones at home.
Circular Justification and Explanation in Aristotle

Abstract Aristotle’s account of epistēmē is foundationalist. In contrast, the web of dialectical argumentation that constitutes justification for scientific principles is coherentist. Aristotle’s account of explanation is structurally parallel to the argument for a foundationalist account of justification. He accepts the first argument but his coherentist accounts of justification indicate that he would not accept the second. Where is the disanalogy? For Aristotle, the intelligibility of a demonstrative premise is the cause of the intelligibility of a demonstrated conclusion and causation is asymmetric. Within the Posterior Analytics itself, Aristotle does not account for this, but elsewhere he develops the resources for doing so: the cause is what acts on a substrate to actualize a potential in that substrate, resulting in the effect. On the other hand, it may well happen that two propositions entail each other, in which case one may as well justify the one on the basis of the other as vice versa.
Review of consumption trends and public policies promoting woody biomass as an energy feedstock in the U.S.

A review of the four main wood energy sectors in the U.S. was conducted to explore historic trends and the impact of alternative energy prices and public policies on wood energy consumption. High oil prices have triggered the adoption of government regulation and financial incentives to promote greater use of wood energy over the last four decades. However, the amount of wood energy consumed in the U.S. industrial sector was driven mainly by the output of the pulp and paper products industry and not by energy prices or any particular public policy incentive. Residential consumption of wood energy was positively correlated with competing energy prices. Public policies seem to have had a greater impact on wood energy consumption in the electric power sector and over the last four decades have concentrated on promoting biopower with a recent shift to liquid cellulosic biofuels. High oil prices and a series of public policies such as tax credits, loans, grants, and renewable energy standards have resulted in higher consumption of wood energy from 2004 to 2009 in the residential, electric power and commercial sectors by an estimated 5, 2, and less than 1 percent annually, respectively. The impact of new federal programs such as the Biomass Crop Assistance Program remains to be observed. Continuation of public incentives and preferential regulations for renewable energy appears to be necessary for a steady increase in U.S. wood energy consumption.
Performance of honeybees in analogues of the rodent radial maze

The performance of individual honeybees pretrained to forage at a laboratory window was studied in three rudimentary analogues of the radial maze designed for the study of short-term spatial memory in rats. A linear arrangement of three targets was used in Experiment 1, a triangular arrangement of three targets in Experiment 2, and a rectangular arrangement of four targets in Experiment 3, with reward only for the first response to each of the targets presented on any given trial. Several systematic patterns of responding were observed, with no indication that the choices made by the animals were influenced by memory of targets recently visited.
The BEACHES Study: health effects and exposures from non-point source microbial contaminants in subtropical recreational marine waters

Background Microbial water-quality indicators, in high concentrations in sewage, are used to determine whether water is safe for recreational purposes. Recently, the use of these indicators to regulate recreational water bodies, particularly in sub/tropical recreational marine waters without known sources of sewage, has been questioned. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the risk to humans from exposure to subtropical recreational marine waters with no known point source, and the possible relationship between microbe densities and reported symptoms in human subjects with random-exposure assignment and intensive individual microbial monitoring in this environment. Methods A total of 1303 adult regular bathers were randomly assigned to bather and non-bather groups, with subsequent follow-up for reported illness, in conjunction with extensive environmental sampling of indicator organisms (enterococci). Results Bathers were 1.76 times more likely to report gastrointestinal illness [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.94–3.30; P = 0.07]; 4.46 times more likely to report acute febrile respiratory illness (95% CI 0.99–20.90; P = 0.051) and 5.91 times more likely to report a skin illness (95% CI 2.76–12.63; P < 0.0001) relative to non-bathers. Evidence of a dose–response relationship was found between skin illnesses and increasing enterococci exposure among bathers [1.46 times (95% CI 0.97–2.21; P = 0.07) per increasing log10 unit of enterococci exposure], but not for gastrointestinal or respiratory illnesses. Conclusions This study indicated that bathers may be at increased risk of several illnesses relative to non-bathers, even in the absence of any known source of domestic sewage impacting the recreational marine waters. There was no dose–response relationship between gastroenteritis and increasing exposure to enterococci, even though many current water-monitoring standards use gastroenteritis as the major outcome illness.
Efficacy of Topical Treatments for Chrysaora chinensis Species: A Human Model in Comparison with an In Vitro Model

Objectives This study sought to create a model for testing topical treatment of jellyfish stings. It sought to determine which treatments 1) stimulate/inhibit nematocyst discharge; 2) decrease pain; and 3) decrease skin inflammation; it also sought to discover whether there is a clinical correlation between stimulated nematocyst discharge observed in vitro to the pain and erythema experienced by humans stung by a particular species of jellyfish, C chinensis. Methods Chrysaora chinensis stung 96 human subjects, who were then treated with isopropyl alcohol, hot water, acetic acid, papain meat tenderizer, lidocaine, or sodium bicarbonate. Pain and erythema were measured. In a separate experiment, nematocysts were examined microscopically after exposure to the same topical treatments used in the human experiment. Results Forearms treated with papain showed decreased mean pain over the first 30 minutes after being stung, relative to placebo, although only by a small amount. The other topical treatments tested did not reach statistical significance. Sodium bicarbonate may reduce erythema after 30 minutes of treatment; sodium bicarbonate and papain may reduce erythema at 60 minutes. The other topical treatments tested did not reach statistical significance. Nematocyst discharge in vitro occurred when tentacles of C chinensis were exposed to acetic acid or isopropyl alcohol. Sodium bicarbonate, papain, heated water, and lidocaine did not induce nematocyst discharge. Conclusions Papain-containing meat tenderizer used as a topical treatment for C chinensis stings may decrease pain. Although there is published experimental support for the concept that in vitro nematocyst discharge correlates with in vivo human pain perception, no definitive randomized controlled trial, including ours, has yet provided incontrovertible evidence of this assertion. Despite this study's limitations, it presents a viable basis for future human studies looking at the efficacy of topical treatments for jellyfish stings.
Impact of Total Lymph Node Count on Staging and Survival After Neoadjuvant Chemoradiation Therapy for Rectal Cancer

Current guidelines recommend that a minimum of 12 lymph nodes (LNs) be dissected to accurately stage rectal cancer patients. Neoadjuvant chemoradiation therapy (CRT) decreases the number of LNs retrieved at surgery. The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of the number of LNs dissected on overall survival (OS) for localized rectal cancer patients treated with neoadjuvant CRT. Treatment data were obtained on all patients treated for rectal cancer (2000–2013) in the National Oncology Data Alliance™, a proprietary database of merged tumor registries. Eligible patients were treated with neoadjuvant CRT followed by surgery and had complete data on number of positive LNs, number of LNs examined, and treatment dates (n = 4565). Hazard ratios for OS decreased sequentially with increasing number of LNs examined until a maximum benefit was achieved with examination of eight LNs. On multivariate analysis, age, sex, race, marital status, grade, ypT stage, ypN stage, type of surgery, margin status, presence of pathologically confirmed metastasis at surgery, and number of LNs examined were significant predictors of OS. Examination of eight or more LNs in rectal cancer patients treated with neoadjuvant CRT resulted in accurate staging and assignment into prognostic groups with an ensuing improvement in OS by stage. This study suggests that eight LNs is the threshold for an adequate lymph node dissection after neoadjuvant CRT.
Arteriosclerosis risk in women and the role of oral contraceptive progestins.

Recent studies are reviewed to develop a perspective on the risk of arteriosclerotic heart disease occurring in women using various oral contraceptive (OC) formulations and postmenopausal estrogens. Evidence is provided in support of the following points: 1) arteriosclerosis risk increases in women after age 40 at a rate parallel to that in men; 2) arteriosclerosis risk is related to small changes in lipoprotein concentration specifically LDL HDL and a subfraction of HDL HDL2; 3) OC formations alter LDL HDL and HDL2 concentrations in relation to the relative biologic effects (potency) of the estrogen and progestin components of the OC and/or the associated androgenic effect of the progestin component with estrogen producing putatively favorable changes and progestin unfavorable changes; and 4) arteriosclerosis and myocardial infarction (MI) risk in young women using OCs is associated with increasing progestin potency while postmenopausal women experience a reduced MI-related mortality and all-cause mortality the latter attributable in part to an increase in HDL cholesterol concentrations. As far as clinical implications go it is presently advisable to screen all subjects for hypercholesterolemia as a general measure particularly those subjects who are contemplating the use of OCs. This national mandate is important in light of the data from the Lipid Research Clinics Coronary Primary Prevention Trial. This 10-year study showed that a 1% reduction in cholesterol yielded a 2% reduction in coronary risk. Therefore small changes in a patients lipid profile can have major ramifications later in life. OCs should be used with circumspection by women with existing cardiovascular disease risk factors and should be selected so as to minimize potentially adverse effects on lipoprotein physiology. (authors modified)
When Life Mattered: The Politics of the Real in Video Games’ Reappropriation of History, Myth, and Ritual

Games borrow ceaselessly from the past to constitute themselves. This locates the medium at the heart of our contemporary obsession with how to engage the past and the “real.” In tethering digital ...
After Dodd-Frank Ideas and the Post-Enactment Politics of Financial Reform in the United States

The financial crisis of 2008 raised the politics of regulation to a new level of practical and scholarly attention. We find that recent reforms in U.S. financial markets hinge on intellectual resou...
Dibenamine blockade of epinephrine and glucagon hyperkalemias.

SummaryIn cats the hyperkalemic response to epinephrine or to glucagon was blockaded by dibenamine, but dibenamine had little effect on the hyperglycemic response to epinephrine or to glucagon. The results suggest a selective action of dibenamine on potassium metabolism in the liver.
Laboratory, Glasshouse, and Field Studies of Artificially Selected Carbaryl Resistance in Metaseiulus occidentalis

Laboratory and glasshouse tests were conducted to assess the vigor and reproductive compatibilities of two laboratory-selected carbaryl resistant strains of a predatory mite, Metaseiulus occidentalis (Nesbitt). Traits evaluated included development time, fecundity, sex ratio, mating compatibilities and competition, diapause, persistence of the carbaryl resistance characteristic, and the capability to control spider mite populations under carbaryl sprayed and unsprayed conditions. The resistant strains did not differ significantly from the susceptible strains tested in the absence of carbaryl treatment. The resistant strains were released in almond orchards where they survived arbaryl applications, controlled spider mite populations, and overwintered. This is believed to be the first time that the field effectiveness of a biological control agent has been improved through artificial selection.
Impact of electrolyte composition on the reactivity of a redox active polymer studied through surface interrogation and ion-sensitive scanning electrochemical microscopy

Elucidating the impact of interactions between the electrolyte and electroactive species in redox active polymers is key to designing better-performing electrodes for electrochemical energy storage and conversion. Here, we present on the improvement of the electrochemical activity of poly(para-nitrostyrene) (PNS) in solution and as a film by exploiting the ionic interactions between reduced PNS and K+, which showed increased reactivity when compared to tetrabutylammonium (TBA+)- and Li+-containing electrolytes. While cyclic voltammetry enabled the study of the effects of cations on the electrochemical reversibility and the reduction potential of PNS, scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) provided new tools to probe the ionic and redox reactivity of this system. Using an ion-sensitive Hg SECM tip allowed to probe the ingress of ions into PNS redox active films, while surface interrogation SECM (SI-SECM) measured the specific kinetics of PNS and a solution phase mediator in the presence of the tested electrolytes. SI-SECM measurements illustrated that the interrogation kinetics of PNS in the presence of K+ compared to TBA+ and Li+ are greatly enhanced under the same surface concentration of adsorbed radical anion, exhibiting up to a 40-fold change in redox kinetics. We foresee using this new application of SECM methods for elucidating optimal interactions that enhance polymer reactivity for applications in redox flow batteries.
Who do you trust? Presidential delegation in executive orders

How do presidents decide to delegate? Research on unilateral powers has (often informally) assumed that executive orders start and end with the president, but as in all principal-agent relationships, executives rely on subordinates to carry out their directives. Political scientists have explored when and why Congress delegates to the president, but such action often necessitates a response from the White House; namely, the president delegates to the bureaucracy the authority delegated to him by Congress. Bureaucrats may in turn have a wide degree of latitude when implementing the president’s orders. I argue that presidents must make strategic decisions in choosing to whom to delegate, much in the same way that Congress makes certain calculations in deciding whether to delegate to the executive branch.