cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Directional Ordering and Dynamics in Dusty Plasmas

We use molecular dynamics (MD) simulation methods to investigate dusty plasma crystal structure, with the grains subject to a spherically symmetric Debye-Hueckel potential, a uni-directional external potential and an asymmetric wake potential. The structure is studied as a function of Mach number and magnitude of the wake as well as the strength of the rf input power, using parameters from a self-consistent dust-sheath model.
Leptomeningeal failure of retinoblastoma.

Leptomeningeal (LM) failure of retinoblastoma (Rb) has not previously been reported. Upon review of our institutional experience of external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) for Rb, we found three LM failures. We sought to better define the clinical parameters of this type of recurrence. All children with LM failure had Reese-Ellsworth stage Vb eyes. Otherwise, no variables were significantly associated with LM failure. We theorize that this phenomenon is a function of the late-stage eyes for which EBRT is being reserved in the modern era. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2015;62:533–535. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Bilateral control of hindlimb scratching in the spinal turtle: contralateral spinal circuitry contributes to the normal ipsilateral motor pattern of fictive rostral scratching

In a spinal turtle, unilateral stimulation in the rostral scratch receptive field elicited rhythmic fictive rostral scratching in ipsilateral hindlimb motor neurons; contralateral hip motor activity was also rhythmic and out-of-phase with ipsilateral hip motor activity. When left and right rostral scratch receptive fields were stimulated simultaneously, bilateral rhythmic fictive rostral scratching was produced; left hindlimb scratching was out-of-phase with right hindlimb scratching. Thus, spinal circuits coordinate interlimb phase during bilateral fictive scratching. We examined the contributions of contralateral spinal circuitry to the normal pattern of right hindlimb fictive rostral scratching by removing the left halves of the D7 segment and the hindlimb enlargement (D8-S2 segments). After left- hemicord removal, stimulation in the right rostral scratch receptive field usually elicited a variation of rostral scratching with rhythmic right hip flexor activity and no right hip extensor activity; thus, right hip flexor rhythm generation does not require left hindlimb enlargement circuitry. Normal right hindlimb rostral scratching with rhythmic alternation between hip flexor and extensor activities was rarely observed; thus, contralateral spinal circuitry contributes to the production of normal ipsilateral fictive rostral scratching. After left-hemicord removal, stimulation in the left rostral scratch receptive field elicited rhythmic right hip extensor activity; thus, contralateral spinal circuitry can generate a hip extensor rhythm during ipsilateral rostral scratch receptive field stimulation. Our observations and those of Berkowitz and Stein (1994a,b) support the concept that an ipsilateral hindlimb9s normal rostral scratch motor pattern is generated by a modular central pattern generator that is bilaterally distributed in the spinal cord.
Studies on the bioluminescence of Renilla reniformis. I. Requirements for luminescence in extracts and characteristics of the system.

Abstract A method is described for the preparation of luminescent extracts from the sea pansy, Renilla reniformis. Light production requires the presence of Renilla luciferase, an adenine-containing nucleotide (either ATP, ADP, or AMP), Renilla luciferin, and oxygen. The reaction is specific for adenine-containing nucleotides and Renilla luciferin. The luminescent reaction was shown to involve a nucleotide-dependent oxidation of Renilla luciferin. Various factors that affect the system were studied. These include the effect of pH, enzyme concentration, temperature, inhibitors, nucleotide concentration, and luciferin concentration. The evidence presented indicates that ATP is involved indirectly in this system by functioning as a generating system for ADP and AMP via an ATPase reaction.
Parameters identification of induction machines based on frequency response and optimization techniques

This paper presents an alternative methodology to identify the electrical and mechanical parameters of an induction machine, based on frequency response and multi-objective optimization techniques. The proposed methodology is validated by simulation results using MatLab/Simulink environment.
The webbing reef: a tool used in the study of juvenile red snapper (Lutjanus campechanus)

The primary purpose for requiring shrimp trawlers to use bycatch reduction gear in the U.S. Gulf of Mexico is to reduce the incidental capture and mortality of juvenile red snapper (Lutjanus campechanus). Developing effective bycatch reduction devices (BRDs) for this purpose requires a good understanding of juvenile snapper behavior and their reaction to different trawl components, which is being accomplished through diver observations on shrimp trawls and with trawl attached cameras. Early BRD development was dependent on chance encounters with juvenile snapper, but that changed in the mid-1990s with the invention of the trawlable webbing reef. The webbing reef proved to be ideally suited for attracting and concentrating juvenile red snapper for BRD studies, and its design was perfected to the point that it is now a simple, easily deployed, self-anchoring system. From habitat studies, we learned that we could selectively attract either age-0 or age-1 snapper by adjusting reef height and applied this in the design of the latest webbing reef. In the process of studying BRD escapement and site fidelity, we determined that juvenile red snapper have homing capabilities. Young snapper were observed residing at a webbing reef for almost four months, and displaced snapper were able to return to their original habitat from a distance of almost 2 km. Our study on spatial and temporal recruitment patterns indicates greater recruitment and longer residence time on reefs off Mississippi than off Alabama or Florida. A major factor affecting recruitment off Mississippi in 2001 was the occurrence of hypoxia which caused the loss of all red snapper and most of the invertebrates on and around the reefs. While the webbing reef has been an invaluable tool for increasing our knowledge of juvenile red snapper, its use is not limited to snapper studies. The webbing reef attracts and provides habitat for other species of fish, invertebrates and plants and, because of its simplicity and portability, can be used for long or short term projects in almost any marine environment.
An on-chip, attofarad interconnect charge-based capacitance measurement (CBCM) technique

In this paper, a sensitive and simple technique for parasitic interconnect capacitance measurement with 0.0l fF or 10 aF sensitivity is presented. This on-chip technique is based upon an efficient test structure design. No reference capacitor is needed. The measurement itself is also simple; only a DC current meter is required. We have applied this technique to extract various interconnect geometry capacitances, including the capacitance of a single Metal 2 over Metal 1 crossing, for an industrial double metal process.
Seasonal and interannual variation in Santa Barbara Basin water temperatures observed in sediment trap foraminiferal Mg/Ca

[1] We have generated a Santa Barbara Basin sediment trap Mg/Ca record to evaluate culture-based calibration equations for the temperate/subpolar planktonic foraminiferal species Globigerina bulloides and Neogloboquadrina pachyderma (dextral). G. bulloides and N. pachyderma Mg/Ca are significantly correlated with seasonal variations in temperature of the near-surface and subthermocline depths, respectively. The average deviation between Mg-based and δ18O -based temperature estimates is ±0.6°C for G. bulloides and ±0.8°C for N. pachyderma. Differences between Mg-derived temperatures and instrumental temperatures may be due to cleaning methods, environmental factors such as seasonal variations in foraminiferal depth habitats, or possible secondary effects on Mg/Ca. Core-top Mg/Ca of both G. bulloides and N. pachyderma is in excellent agreement with average values from the sediment trap, lending strong support for the interpretation of downcore Mg/Ca from these species as annual average near-surface and thermoclinal temperatures.
THE VECTORCARDIOGRAM IN PULMONARY STENOSIS. CORRELATION WITH THE HEMODYNAMIC STATE IN PATIENTS WITH AND WITHOUT VENTRICULAR SEPTAL DEFECT.

Abstract In 33 patients with pulmonary stenosis (PS) and intact ventricular septum and 45 patients having PS with ventricular septal defect (VSD) vectorcardiograms recorded by the cube system showed four types of variant loops, which were defined by their configuration, direction of rotation, and measurement of direction of selected instantaneous vectors in the mid-portion of the QRS complex. In PS with peak pressure ratios less than 1.0 and PS with VSD with arterial oxygen saturations at rest between 90 to 100 per cent, Type I variant loop was dominant; types III and IV did not occur. Counterclockwise-inscribed horizontal loops were seen in these groups only, but not with severer forms of these defects. The direction of the 0.03 sec. QRS vectors, as projected on the horizontal plane, separated this mild group from PS with peak pressure ratios greater than one and also mild forms of PS with VSD from those having arterial oxygen saturations less than 75 per cent. PS with peak pressure ratios of 1.0 and PS with VSD with arterial oxygen saturations between 75–89 per cent showed dominant right-ward and anterior forces reflected largely by Type n loops. The 0.03 and 0.035 sec. vectors as well as maximal QRS vectors in the horizontal plane overlapped the same QRS measurements in patients with milder and more severe forms of these disorders. Thus, no specific measurement identified this hemodynamic category. The PS group with peak pressure ratios greater than 1.0 and PS with VSD with severe arterial oxygen desaturation showed mainly Types III and IV loops. Type I loops never occurred. Maximal horizontal plane vectors of these groups were found in a small range and were all oriented more rightward and superiorly than anteriorly. The 0.03 and 0.035 sec. vectors in the horizontal plane were located to the right of 100 ° and were easily distinguished from the corresponding measurements in the milder forms of this disease. The vectorcardiogram derived by the cube reference system, when compared to hemodynamic parameters obtained at rest during cardiac catheterization, is capable of separating mild forms of PS and PS with VSD from the severe forms of these defects. It is not capable of characterizing the largest group of patients with these disorders in whom right ventricular pressure is equal to systemic pressure, or arterial desaturation ranges from 89 to 100 per cent.
Organohalogen Pollutants and Human Health

During the past century, a vast number of organic chemicals have been manufactured and used all over the world in industrial, agricultural, public health, and several other applications. The organohalogens were ubiquitous in the environmental media and biota and enter humans through multiple pathways, including direct skin contact, breathing (occupational exposures), drinking water, and through food. Chlorinated compounds include polychlorinated -biphenyls (PCBs), -dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), -dibenzofurans (PCDFs), -naphthalanes (PCNs), and chlorinated pesticides (DDT, hexachlorobenzene, chlordane compounds, and hexachlorocyclohexanes). Exposure to these organohalogens is known to cause reproductive, neurotoxic, immunotoxic, endocrine disruption, behavioral abnormalities, and carcinogenic effects in wildlife and in humans. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and perfluorinated chemicals (PFCs) are considered as emerging new environmental pollutants. Human exposure to these chemicals are direct and intimate. Based on PBDE and PFC use, their recalcitrant property, bioaccumulation, and biomagnification potential, it can be predicted that the environmental contamination as well as human exposure to these compounds will continue to increase for several decades in both developed and developing countries. Chlorinated compounds were the global environmental problems of the past century and we know how to deal with these chemical pollutants, whereas brominated and fluorinated compounds, their global environmental contamination, and health effects are of concern for the twenty-first century.
Light-Matter Interactions on the Femtosecond Time Scale

The subject of electromagnetism in the presence of matter is both extensively studied and rich in diverse phenomena. It spans such topics as the quantization of the electromagnetic field to the semiclassical treatment of light-matter interactions to the derivation of the Fresnel reflectivity formulas. Interest in femtosecond optics is rooted in nonlinear optical phenomena and in the complex electron and lattice dynamics that occur in a material following intense ultrashort-pulse irradiation. The experiments we discuss in this paper are concerned mainly with the latter and lie at the intersection between femtosecond optics and materials science.
Asset Pricing in a Neoclassical Model with Limited Participation

In this paper, I show that habit formation is perhaps not what it is commonly perceived to be: an extension of preference specification for the representative agent. Rather, it captures a dynamic interaction between aggregate financial income and aggregate labor income. I also show that existing specifications of consumption habit can be extended to incorporate a stochastic shock, which is interpreted as the labor income shock. As a result of these two innovations, I show that a habit formation model can explain the equity premium, equity volatility, and risk free rate puzzles simultaneously, and provide an equilibrium justification for the predictability of equity and bond returns by dividend/pride ration and term spreads - all in terms of observable sample moments of aggregate dividend income and labor income growth rates and reasonable values of risk aversion coefficient and the subjective discount rate.To substantiate these claims, I present an extension of the Breeden-Lucas CCAPM by incorporating a particular form of heterogeneity assumption and a particular form of limited participation assumption. The resulting model features a richer technological specification (from the perspective of a production economy) or a richer standard assumptions of constant relative risk aversion, complete markets, and frictionless trading from the perspective of the marginal investor.
Rezension zu: Waltraud Ernst (Hg.): Geschlecht und Innovation. Gender-Mainstreaming im Techno-Wissenschaftsbetrieb. Berlin u.a.: LIT Verlag 2010.

Die Technowissenschaften haben Frauen als potentielle Arbeitskrafte noch immer nicht adaquat erkannt – trotz Fachkraftemangel. In dem von Waltraud Ernst herausgegebenen Sammelband werden die Bemuhungen und Strategien fur die Herstellung von Chancengleichheit erortert, mit dem Ziel einer Uberwindung von Geschlechterhierarchien in den grundsatzlich innovationsbesetzten Berufsfeldern der Technik- und Naturwissenschaften. Der Band enthalt uberaus interessante, teilweise einzigartige Einblicke, wie die Zusammenhange von Technik und Geschlecht in den unterschiedlichen Forschungsbereichen entworfen und diskutiert werden und wie die Verwirklichung von Gleichberechtigung als soziale Innovation angestrebt wird.
Midazolam and Atropine Alter Theta Oscillations in the Hippocampal CA1 Region by Modulating Both the Somatic and Distal Dendritic Dipoles

Theta (4-12 Hz) oscillations in the hippocampus play an important role in learning and memory. They are altered by a wide variety of drugs that impair memory, and these effects may underlie or contribute to drug-induced amnesia. However, the network mechanisms linking drug actions with changes in memory formation remain poorly defined. Here, we used a multisite linear electrode array to measure local field potentials simultaneously across the CA1 layers of the hippocampus during active exploration, and employed current source density analysis and computational modeling to investigate how midazolam and atropine-two amnestic drugs that are used clinically and experimentally-change the relative timing and strength of the drivers of θ-oscillations. We found that two dipoles are present, with active inputs that are centered at the soma and the distal apical dendrite and passive return pathways that overlap in the mid-apical dendrite. Both drugs shifted the position of the phase reversal in the local field potential that occurred in the mid-apical dendritic region, but in opposite directions, by changing the strength of the dendritic pole, without altering the somatic pole or relative timing. Computational modeling showed that this constellation of changes, as well as an additional effect on a variably present mid-apical pole, could be produced by simultaneous changes in the active somatic and distal dendritic inputs. These network-level changes, produced by two amnestic drugs that target different types of receptors, may thus serve as a common basis for impaired memory encoding.
Mechanisms of neuroprotection by estrogen.

Over the past decade our recognition that estrogens function as important neurotrophic and neuroprotective factors has grown rapidly. Accumulating evidence from basic science studies demonstrates that estrogens exert profound protective actions against various forms of neurodegenerative diseases and injury. Although a thorough understanding of the mechanisms underlying the protective effect of estrogens is far from complete, significant progress has been achieved through the use of in vivo as well as in vitro models. Here we review the results from our laboratory demonstrating that low physiological levels of estradiol therapy exert powerful protection against ischemic stroke-like injury. Using an animal model of cerebrovascular stroke and in vitro explant cultures, we have begun to decipher under what circumstances 17β-estradiol protects against neuronal death and to uncover its mechanisms of action. In addition, we will review recent work demonstrating that estradiol may additionally enhance the ability of the adult brain to undergo repair by influencing the production of new neurons under neuropathological conditions, as well as by promoting an anti-inflammatory response. As we uncover the important protective roles of ovarian steroid hormones in brain disease and injury, we increasingly appreaciate that the mechanisms by which estrogens achieve these effects are diverse and complex.
Estimation of hominoid phylogeny from a DNA hybridization data set.

Analysis of the expanded data set of Sibley and Ahlquist (1987) on primate phylogeny using a maximum likelihood mixed model analysis of variance method shows that there is significant evidence for resolving theHomo-Pan-Gorilla trifurcation in favor of aHomo-Pan clade. The resulting tree is close to that estimated by Sibley and Ahlquist (1984). The mixed model can be used to test a number of hypotheses about the existence of components of variance and the linearity of the relationship between branch length and expected distance. No evidence is found that there is a variance component for extract, or for the individual from which the extract was taken. A variance component for experiment does seem to exist, presumably arising as a result of error of measurement of the common standard from which all values in the same experiment were substracted. There is significant evidence that the relationship between total branch length between species and their expected distances is nonlinear, or else that the measurement error on larger distances is greater than on smaller ones. Allowing for the nonlinearity might cause one to infer the time of distant common ancestors as less remote than the measured hybridization values would imply if used directly.
Theoretical analysis of a simple yet efficient portable magnetic separator design for separation of magnetic nano/micro-carriers from human blood flow

A technology that could physically remove substances from the blood such as biological, chemical, or radiological toxins could dramatically improve treatment of disease. One method in development proposes to use magnetic-polymer spheres to selectively bind toxins and remove them by magnetic filtration. Although magnetic filtration is a developed technology, the clinical boundary conditions described here require a new filter design. We investigated the removal of toxin-bound magnetic carriers from the blood stream using 2-D FEMLAB simulations. The magnetic separator consisted of a permanent magnet with parallel ferromagnetic prisms on the faces and in contact with a straight tube carrying the magnetic-polymer spheres in suspension. We varied the following parameters: blood flow velocity, the size, and number of ferromagnetic prisms, and the ferromagnetic material in both prisms and magnets. The capture efficiency reached maximum values when the depth of the prisms equaled the diameter of the tubing and the saturation magnetization of the prism material equaled twice that of the magnet. With this design a piece of 2 mm (diameter) tube carrying the fluid resulted in 95% capture of 2.0 μm magnetic-polymer spheres at 10 cm/s flow velocity.
Characterization of nitrogen oxide fluxes from soil of a fallow field in the central piedmont of North Carolina

Abstract NO x emissions from soils may contribute to the formation of 0 3 in rural areas, especially when there is substantial emissions of natural hydrocarbons from surrounding vegetation, such as in the southeastern United States. Soil NO, flux measurements were made from 6 June 1992 to 7 July 1992 in the central Piedmont region of North Carolina (Southeast Oxidants and Nitrogen Intensive Analysis site, SONIA) in an effort to determine the role of natural emissions of NO, on rural atmospheric photochemistry. The overall average NO and N0 2 emission rates, using a dynamic chamber technique, were found to be 1.79 ± 1.37 ng-N m −2 s −1 (range: 0.13 to 6.67 ng-N m − s −1 ') and -1.07 ± 0.87 ng-N m −2 s −1 (range: -6.71 to 3.16ng-Nm −2 s −1 respectively. Over 85% of the N0 2 flux measurements were negative indicating net deposition to the soil surface. No negative NO flux rates were observed. NO flux was correlated with soil temperature. There was a positive correlation between NO concentration near the soil surface (∼50 cm) and NO flux ( r =0.35). The NO compensation point (1.12 ppbv) was estimated from the relationship between NO emission rate and ambient NO concentrations measured at 10 m. Both positive and negative vertical gradients of NO concentration between 10 m and soil surface were detected. The positive vertical gradients are indicative of NO transport to the site from polluted air masses. A significant negative correlation between NO flux and ambient 03 concentration ( r =0.66), however, supports the hypothesis that soil emissions of NO contribute to local production of 03 in rural areas.
Aquaculture in estuaries: Feast or famine?

Living resources in estuarine systems have been so intensively harvested that many fisheries are severely depleted at a time when demand for these resources is rising. In addition, multiple use demands on estuaries often conflict, leaving unresolved management questions. With the movement of the population to the coastal regions, conflicts among uses and users of estuarine resources are increasing. Aquaculture offers one means to reconcile the conflicting demands for use of the estuarine resource. Yet, the nation has few, if any new policy or management approaches to address these conflicts. Management on the level of the watershed is one effective tool that should be more effectively used. Involvement of the full range of stakeholders or user groups in policy setting and management options has brought remarkable success in a small number of cases where this approach has been used. The nation will need to develop other tools and approaches if estuaries are to be restored and protected as protected as planned in federal, regional, and state laws and initiatives.
Effect of microbial films on settlement of bryozoan larvae (Bugula simplex, B. stolonifera and B. turrita)

The influence of microbial films on larval settlement was studied for sympatric species of cellularioid cheilostome bryozoans (Bugula simplex, B. stolonifera, and B. turrita). Settlement experiments were conducted in the laboratory in 1981 with and without a choice of filmed or unfilmed substrates. When given a choice of substrates, the larvae of all three bryozoan species significantly preferred the filmed substrate. When not given a choice of substrates, both B. simplex and B. turrita larvae tended not to settle on the unfilmed substrate, while the filmed and unfilmed substrates were equally attractive to B. stolonifera. Microbial films enhanced the settlement of all three species.
The surface-coil NMR receiver in the presence of homogeneous B1 excitation

Abstract The signal intensity and inherent spatial localization in a single-pulse steady-state experiment using a circular surface receiver coil in the presence of a homogeneous rf excitation magnetic field (B1) is examined theoretically by computer simulation assuming zero interaction between the transmission-coil and the surface-coil radiofrequency circuits. The theoretical analysis is verified by NMR experiments employing appropriate “phantom” samples with the surface coil orthogonal to the transmitter coil to minimize interaction between the two. Under slow pulse repetition conditions the signal intensity of the homogeneous B1 transmission-surface-coil reception experiment is essentially the same as that obtained in the single-coil configuration surface-coil experiment and is independent of the orientation of the homogeneous B1 with respect to the surface coil. A significant consequence of this result is that the optimum performance of multiple-pulse sequences which require specific flip angles over the whole sample should be attained while retaining the spatially restrictive sensitivity profile of the surface coil. The homogeneous B1 transmission-surface-coil reception sensitive volume penetrates deeper into the sample than the surface-coil single-coil configuration sensitive volume, and therefore may be a more appropriate shape for in vivo NMR spectroscopy. The homogeneous B1 transmission actually induces more xy magnetization than surface-coil transmission does, but differences in signal phase from different regions of the sample result in an incoherent addition when the signal from all parts of the sample are summed together. In imaging experiments, each volume element of the sample is uniquely characterized by its Larmor frequency and phase, thus, signal reduction due to phase differences is absent.
Reaction Mechanism of Selective Catalytic Reduction of NO with NH3 over Fe-ZSM-5 Catalyst

Fe-exchanged ZSM-5 has been found previously to be much more active than commercial vanadia-based catalysts for selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NO to N2 with NH3. The NO reduction mechanism is studied in this work using combined in situ FTIR (to observe surface-adsorbed species) and online mass spectrometry (to analyze reaction products). NH3 adsorbs quickly on Fe-ZSM-5 to generate NH4+ ions, and the catalyst is quite active in oxidizing NO to NO2 by O2. The temperature-programmed surface reaction (TPSR) from 100 to 400°C shows that the reactivities of NH4+ with NO and NO2 decrease in the order NO+NO2 (1 : 1 ratio, producing N2)>NO2 (producing N2+N2O)⪢NO (producing N2), with the same total NOx concentration for the three cases. This trend is also observed in their reactivities at 200°C. It is concluded that both NO and NO2 are involved in the reaction with NH4+ ions to form N2. Also, the reactivity of NH4+ ions with NO+O2 on Fe-ZSM-5 is much higher than that on H-ZSM-5, but the two catalysts show the same activity for the reaction between NH4+ and NO+NO2. This suggests that NOx reduction probably takes place on the Bronsted acid sites and that the role of Fe3+ irons is to oxidize NO to NO2 by O2. A possible reaction mechanism for NO reduction involves the reaction between one NO2 molecule and two neighboring NH4+ ions to form an active intermediate NO2(NH4+)2, which subsequently reacts with another NO to produce N2 and H2O. The intermediate has been detected by FTIR with a band near 1602 cm−1.
Intercellular bridges between oocytes in the chicken ovary

Fine structural analysis of the functional (left) ovary of the newly-hatched chick reveals the presence of true intercellular bridges between developing oocytes in the early stages of the meiotic prophase. These structures are characterized by: 1) cytoplasmic continuity between the participating oocytes, 2) a dense, fibrillar material beneath the lateral limiting membrane and 3) numerous cellular organelles within their confines. In addition, microtubular elements, parallel to the long axis of the bridge, are routinely observed. This latter finding suggests that intercellular bridges originate through incomplete cytokinesis of mitotically active oogonia and that the dense material beneath the limiting membrane may represent the cortical microfilaments associated with the “contractile ring”. Functionally, these structures may serve as channels for transfer of nutrients and organelles between oocytes although the possibility that certain oocytes function as nurse cells, in the sense that these cells exist in invertebrate ovaries, seems unlikely. In addition, intercellular bridges may be responsible for both restriction of oogonial mitoses and meiotic synchrony.
Query-based coordinated multiple views with Feature Similarity Space for visual analysis of MRI repositories

It is a laborious process to quantify relationship patterns within a feature-rich archive. For example, understanding the degree of neuroanatomical similarity between the scanned subjects of a Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) repository is a nontrivial task. In this work we present a Coordinated Multiple View (CMV) system for visually analyzing collections of feature-rich datasets. A query-based user interface operates on a feature-respective data scheme, and is geared towards domain experts that are non-specialists in informatics and analytics. We employ multi-dimensional scaling (MDS) to project feature surface representations into three-dimensions, where proximity in location is proportional to the feature similarity. Through query feedback and environment navigation, the user groups clusters that exhibit probable trends across feature and attribute. The system provides supervised classification methods for determining attribute classes within the user selected groups. Finally, using visual or analytical feature-wise exploration the user determines intra-group feature commonality.
Conveying a sense of community along Bolsa Avenue: Little Saigon as a model of ethnic commercial belts.

In the past ethnic enclaves have functioned as homogeneous residential areas providing support and comfort to newly arrived immigrants. A new form of urban village is increasingly serving commuting immigrants who live in integrated residential neighbourhoods. Little Saigon a Vietnamese commercial belt in Southern California serves as a model of this emerging form. Participant observation and interviews with users of Little Saigon and other ethnic commercial belts in Southern California reveal that these areas provide users with places where they can experience the sense of community previously provided by ethnic ghettos. (EXCERPT) (SUMMARY IN FRE AND SPA)
An approach for parallel and adaptive screening of discrete compounds followed by reaction optimization using an automated chemistry workstation

The challenge of finding appropriate reagents, catalysts, or cocatalysts for chemical reactions is typically met with a strategy of surveying broadly to identify a good starting point (i.e., a hit) from which an in-depth optimization can be performed. We have developed an approach for experiment planning that enables this two-tiered strategy to be implemented on an automated chemistry workstation. One experiment-planning module (Parascreen) for screening discrete substances to identify hits is linked to a second module (Multidirectional search, MDS) for optimization of each hit compound. The screening module has been constructed through modification of an experiment-planning module for performing grid searches. Each candidate is examined over a range of concentrations. Two levels of decision-making are performed. (1) Local evaluation: Yield-versus-time data from a given reaction are examined in a pattern-matching procedure to assess whether monitoring should be continued or terminated. (2) Global evaluation: When a user-defined threshold (e.g., yield) is reached, the candidate is flagged as a hit; any experiments at higher concentration of the same candidate are deleted. Each of the hit compounds is subjected to identification of refined conditions by means of an MDS optimization. Each module alone enables parallel adaptive experimentation. Several issues for automated use of two different modules in succession have been addressed. This two-tiered approach of breadth-first screening followed by in-depth optimization of hits enables autonomous experimentation using an automated chemistry workstation.
Clusterin expression by astrocytes is influenced by transforming growth factor β1 and heterotypic cell interactions

Abstract This study characterizes the effect of transforming growth factor (TGF) βl on clusterin expression in rat brain cells. 24 h after an acute unilateral intracerebroventricular infusion of TGF-β1, clusterin mRNA prevalence was increased in astrocytes that contained immunoreactive (IR) glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). TGF-β1 selectively induced clusterin mRNA in astrocytes, as no clusterin mRNA was detected in neurons, oligodendrocytes, or microglia. TGF-β1 induced a bilateral increase in clusterin mRNA per astrocyte. Astrocyte hypertrophy (GFAP-IR area) was only increased on the ipsilateral side. In pure astrocyte cultures, TGF-β1 (200 pM) decreased clusterin mRNA levels and the rate of clusterin RNA transcription. However, in cultures of astrocytes that contained microglia and oligodendrocytes (mixed glia cultures), TGF-β1 caused a dose-dependent increase in astrocytic clusterin mRNA levels. The astrocytes that responded to TGF-β1 included two GFAP-IR subtypes, type 1 and 2. TGF-β1 increased clusterin protein in the conditioned medium from cultured glia, in either monotypic or mixed glial cultures. Thus, TGF-β1 and heterotypic cell interactions influence clusterin expression by astrocytes and may be important to the role of clusterin in multiple sclerosis, AIDS, and Alzheimer's disease.
A note on permeability changes in geologic material due to stress

Stress produces dramatic changes in fluid permeability of geologic materials. An increase of nearly threefold occurred in granite at high stress, an increase of 20 percent in sandstone, and a hundredfold decrease in compacted sand. Permeability of sand and sandstone did not follow the effective stress law. Flow along joints was very sensitive to effected stress changes, a fourfold change being caused by as little as 1.0 MPa.
Access Flow: A Protection Model which Integrates Access Control and Information Flow

Past work concerning operating system protection has focused on two notions: access control and information flow. Access control or protection matrix based protection systems control the ways in which users may manipulate objects. Information flow or security class based systems control the flow of information between users. Although it has been noted that both notions are essential to real protection systems, no previous work has compared the two notions, or developed a protection model that integrates those notions. This paper compares and contrasts access control and information flow and supports the assertion that both notious are essential to real protection systems. It is argued that the military classification model of information flow poorly models reality, and a new information flow model based on the controlled sharing of secrets is introduced. A protection model that integrates access control and information flow is then developed and formally defined, and some example applications of this model are described.
The [V−C═C−V] Divacancy and the Interstitial Defect in Diamond: Vibrational Properties

We describe a particularly stable isolated divacancy [V—C═C—V] in diamond, in which the two vacant sites are separated by two bonded carbons. Its structure, vibrational properties, and stability are described by using Density Functional Theory (DFT). We validated the calculated C═C stretching frequencies for eleven molecules. The isolated divacancy [V—C═C—V] is found to be very stable and is separated by a high barrier of 5 eV from the divacancy of two missing adjacent carbons, V2. The predicted characteristic C═C stretching frequency of the isolated divacancy [V—C═C—V] is 1607 cm−1, close to Raman bands at 1620−1630 cm−1 observed in various nanodiamonds, offering an alternative interpretation for the assignment of this vibrational band. We conclude that the alternative interpretation based on the CC stretching mode of an interstitial defect can be ruled out. Our accurate and validated vibrational calculations offer further evidence that the vibrational structure of the 3H optical center in diamonds shoul...
Human papillomavirus-associated anogenital neoplasia and other solid tumors in human immunodeficiency virus-infected individuals.

The incidence and variety of solid tumors reported among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals are increasing. Among the most common of these tumors are anogenital malignant and premalignant tumors associated with human papillomavirus infection. Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia i
Rate and process of societal change in semitropical settings: The ancient Maya and the living Balinese

Abstract Anthropological archaeology provides the best window into how ancient societies coped with environmental exigencies and to what degree society itself may have been responsible for environmental change. By examining two pathways to social complexity—one based on technological breakthroughs (technotasking) and the other on highly organized labor management (labortasking)—early statecraft is assessed. Both the ancient Maya and the present-day Balinese are examined as case studies of the labortasking trajectory. The significance of past social organizational systems for assessing the immediate future is suggested.
Crimes Against Humanity in Iraq: The Case Against Iran

Sectarian violence in Iraq has decreased significantly, but a lack of justice for the victims could rekindle pas- sions. Particularly grave are those violations of human rights and humanitarian law committed by Shia militias sponsored by Iran. This paper finds that there is significant evidence supporting Iranian culpability as an accessory for facilitating, aiding and assisting Shia death squads in their commission of crimes against humanity in Iraq. However, there is insuffi- cient data to determine if Iran exercised the level of control necessary to demonstrate state liability. These are facts that should be determined. To increase the chances of justice and long-term reconciliation, the United Nations Security Coun- cil should act now and refer Iran to the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court for investigation of these alleged crimes.
ALTERNATIVE IMAGES FOR PUBLIC POLICY: FAMILY STRUCTURE VERSUS FAMILIES STRUGGLING.

A constrast is drawn between public policy and programmatic implementations of policy. The argument is made that conservatives possess a coherent and thoughtful family policy, whereas progressives are devoid of such a policy. Lacking any “high moral ground” progressives find themselves on the defensive when proposing specific programs. Consequently guidelines for a progressive policy for families is proposed, along with examples of programs that might derive from it.
Internal Dynamics in a DNA Triple Helix Probed by 1H-15N-NMR Spectroscopy

Abstract The amino group of adenine plays a key role in maintaining DNA triple helical structures, being the only functional group in DNA that is involved in both Watson-Crick and Hoogsteen hydrogen bonds. In the present work we have probed the internal dynamics of the adenine amino group in the intramolecular YRY triple helix formed by the 31-mer DNA oligonucleotide d(AGAGAGAACCCCTTCTCTCTTTTTCTCTCTT). The DNA triple helix was specifically labeled with 15 N at the amino group of the adenine in the fifth position. The rotation rate of the labeled amino group was measured as a function of temperature using 1 H- 15 N heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy. The results indicate that, in the DNA triple helix, the rotation of the adenine amino group is greatly slowed relative to that in a DNA double helix. The temperature dependence of the rotation rate suggests a large entropic contribution to this effect, which may originate from different hydration patterns of the adenine amino group in the two structures.
Penile tumescence monitoring during morning naps to assess male erectile functioning: An initial study of healthy men of varied ages

Whether sleep erections occurred during morning naps (preceded by modest sleep deprivation) in healthy men whose ages were representative of clients in sexual health clinics was assessed. Subjects (N = 30) reduced their normal sleep time to increase the likelihood that they would experience rapid eye movement (REM) sleep [closely associated with nocturnal penile tumescence (NPT)]. They then reported to an outpatient psychophysiological laboratory for an early morning nap, during which sleep and penile tumescence measures were recorded continuously. All subjects were able to sleep during at least 1 of their 2 recording sessions, 24 (80%) experienced REM sleep, and 22 (73%) experienced tumescence episodes consistent with previous NPT studies. The magnitude of these erections could reduce concerns about the presence of organic pathology, and obviate the need for an NPT study. Results suggest that monitoring tumescence during naps may be useful as an inexpensive and convenient screening approach in the assessment of male erectile functioning.
Regional differences in cell generation time in growing rat tibiae.

Abstract Dividing cells of the bone series were studied in autoradiograms of tibiae from young rats injected with 3H-thymidine at 6 days of age and sacrificed at intervals thereafter. Generation time was shortest in the metaphysis, longest in the periosteum, and intermediate in the endosteum. With increasing generation time the duration of S was stable, while the length of G2 + M increased slightly. The greatest change was an increase in the G1 phase of the cell cycle.
How the discovery of accidental childhood poisoning contributed to the development of environmentalism in the United States.

The change in values that underlay the rise of the environmental movement in the second third of the twentieth century grew in part out of shifts in perceptions.2 One of the most important shifts was seeing danger in the environment from toxins based on artificial chemicals. These toxins were not the usual poisons. Instead, they came into the environment without any particular human agent. This paper traces one of the major origins of this shift in perception. In 1986, sociologist Robert S. Broadhead reported that he had detected a change in the meaning of the term, poison, in the middle of the twentieth century. Originally, he noted, "poison was associated with deadly substances found in nature-toxic plants, insects or snake venom-or human concoctions invented for villainy or suicide. But, since the 1950s, poison has come tobe defined as virtuallyany substance or material, however innocent."3
Facial aesthetic preferences among Asian women: are all oriental Asians the same?

Oriental Asians have specific aesthetic priorities. However, a common perception is that expectations from cosmetic surgery are similar. The possibility of different beauty criteria between seemingly similar appearing oriental Asians is not recognized. This investigation aimed to identify where a difference in aesthetic values exists between various oriental Asians. The study was based on a survey regarding facial aesthetics conducted with two selected groups: 50 Korean and 50 Japanese women. Preferences regarding the periorbital region, nose, lip features, and overall harmony of the face were surveyed. Significant differences in preferred beauty features were identified, especially with regard to the periorbital region. Although a supratarsal crease was found to be desirable in both groups, Koreans preferred a larger fold paralleling the lid margin, with elimination of the epicanthal fold. Japanese women desired thinner lips, with more delicate facial features. The results demonstrate that there is a difference between oriental Asian aesthetic values. Plastic surgeons should be sensitive to different ethnic concepts of beauty and appreciate a range of values rather than assume that all Asians simply prefer “occidentalization.”
On the future of Monte Carlo simulation for nuclear logs

The oil and oil well logging companies have long been innovators in many technologies that are used in oil well logging. This includes the development and use of radiation detection equipment in the harsh environment of oil wells. It also certainly includes the use of Monte Carlo simulation in the study, optimum design, and calculation of corrections and correction factors for the inverse logging problem. This latter area is the subject of this paper. Past milestones in this area are discussed along with those of the present and future work. The perspective is from the viewpoint of the authors.
Taphonomic analysis, associational integrity, and depositional history of the Fetterman Mammoth, eastern Wyoming, U.S.A.

The Fetterman Mammoth locality, eastern Wyoming, U.S.A., produced the remains of a single subadult mammoth and a small lithic assemblage. This paper employs a fine-grained taphonomic approach to investigate the events responsible for the deposit's creation. No cultural modifications were noted on any of the specimens. Long axis orientations plotted against a reconstruction of the depositional surface suggest limited postdepositional movement of individual disarticulated elements. Weathering patterns based on in situ upside and downside positioning document two discrete episodes of sedimentation. These results suggest that the mammoth remains and the cultural assemblage may be separated by at least one depositional event and, as such, their association is considered equivocal. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.