cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Neoliberalism, Globalisation, and Latin American Higher Education

Our intent in this chapter is to explore the changing political and economic context for state-supported higher education in Argentina and Mexico. In particular, we examine each country’s pre-eminent public university in the light of challenges and opportunities that we associate with globalisation. From our perspective, globalisation represents a historical reality that imposes itself upon societies, but that also may be influenced by institutions and governments seeking to shape global processes for their own ends. Consequently, we are interested in the ways in which globalisation is shaping UNAM and UBA, as well as how these institutions may play a role in advancing their own respective country’s global endeavours. Additionally, we contend that processes associated with globalisation largely are defined by neoliberal economic perspectives, and consequently, we are concerned about the ways in which such views are limiting the ability of Latin American countries to develop and support their public universities in accordance with their respective social contracts.
Minimal SOC: Intermittency in growth and evolution

In this paper we consider the dynamics of extended nonequilibrium systems. An example is the dynamics of interfaces when these are pushed or dragged in a noisy medium1–6. Here we discuss the limit where this motion is sufficiently slow to allow the development of long range correlations in the dynamics 7–9. This then imposes novel long range correlations also in the static snapshots of the interface10,11. The scaling of the interface profile appears to be closer to the experimentally observed ones1,2 than that of the KPZ equation3. Furthermore, we will see that the dynamics leading to long range correlations also imply intermittency. The emerging dynamics with bursts on all scales is called self organized criticality7, and is suggested to characterize phenomena ranging from plate tectonics with earthquakes to the punctuated dynamics of evolving life12,13.
Co-Localization of DNA i-Motif-Forming Sequences and 5-Hydroxymethyl-cytosines in Human Embryonic Stem Cells

G-quadruplexes (G4s) and i-motifs (iMs) are tetraplex DNA structures. Sequences capable of forming G4/iMs are abundant near the transcription start sites (TSS) of several genes. G4/iMs affect gene expression in vitro. Depending on the gene, the presence of G4/iMs can enhance or suppress expression, making it challenging to discern the underlying mechanism by which they operate. Factors affecting G4/iM structures can provide additional insight into their mechanism of regulation. One such factor is epigenetic modification. The 5-hydroxymethylated cytosines (5hmCs) are epigenetic modifications that occur abundantly in human embryonic stem cells (hESC). The 5hmCs, like G4/iMs, are known to participate in gene regulation and are also enriched near the TSS. We investigated genomic co-localization to assess the possibility that these two elements may play an interdependent role in regulating genes in hESC. Our results indicate that amongst 15,760 G4/iM-forming locations, only 15% have 5hmCs associated with them. A detailed analysis of G4/iM-forming locations enriched in 5hmC indicates that most of these locations are in genes that are associated with cell differentiation, proliferation, apoptosis and embryogenesis. The library generated from our analysis is an important resource for investigators exploring the interdependence of these DNA features in regulating expression of selected genes in hESC.
The Wisconsin Concept: A Unique Approach to Blind Rehabilitation:

This article describes the Milwaukee Area Technical College, established in 1979 by the State of Wisconsin to train visually impaired adults. In addition to the skills taught in most traditional re...
Neurologic complications of immune checkpoint inhibitors

Introduction: Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) are associated with a wide spectrum of neurologic immune-related adverse events (irAEs) including meningo-encephalitis, myasthenia gravis and various neuropathies. Although relatively rare, they often present significant diagnostic complexity and may be under-recognized. Permanent neurologic deficits and/or fatality have been described but improvement is noted in most cases with ICI discontinuation and immunosuppressive therapy.Areas covered: This review highlights the most frequently reported ICI-associated neurologic toxicities with a particular focus on those that may be more severe and/or fatal. Data from case series and pharmacovigilance studies is leveraged to provide an overview of associated clinical features, expected outcomes and appropriate management. Various immunobiologic triggers have been proposed to explain why certain patients might develop neurologic irAEs and are also briefly discussed.Expert opinion: All providers who care for patients with cancer should be made aware of common neurologic irAEs and able to recognize when prompt evaluation and consultation with appropriate specialists are indicated. Symptoms suggestive of encephalitis, myasthenia-gravis or an acute polyradiculopathy such as Guillain-Barre Syndrome (GBS) in patients exposed to these agents warrant immediate attention with a low threshold for hospitalization to expedite work-up and monitor for severe and/or life-threatening manifestations.
The effect of loading direction on the fracture behaviors of cortical bone at a dynamic loading rate

Abstract In this study, the dynamic cracking processes in porcine cortical bone were visualized in real-time using the high-speed synchrotron X-ray phase-contrast imaging (PCI) technique in three osteon orientations: in-plane transverse, out-of-plane transverse and in-plane longitudinal. The dynamic flexural loading applied on the pre-notched bone specimens was introduced by a modified Kolsky compression bar. High-speed X-ray images of the entire loading events were documented with a high-speed camera. Three-dimensional X-ray micro-computed tomography was conducted to examine the intact microstructures and obtain the basic material properties of the bone material used for mechanical characterizations. The onset location, where crack initiated, and the subsequent direction, along which the incipient crack propagated, were measured quantitatively using the high-speed X-ray images and the latter was found dependent on the osteon direction significantly. The crack propagation velocities were dependent on crack extension over the entire crack path significantly for all the three directions while the initial velocity for in-plane longitudinal direction was lower than the other two directions. Straight-through crack paths were observed for in-plane longitudinal specimens while the cracks were deflected and twisted in the in-plane transverse direction. For out-of-plane transverse direction, the cracks follow paths with tortuosity fall in between the other two directions, showing a mixed mode of fractures of the former two extreme cases. The toughening mechanisms, visualized by the high-speed X-ray images, and the corresponding fracture toughness, evaluated in terms of fracture initiation toughness and crack growth resistance curve (R-curve), were also found significantly different among the three osteon directions, suggesting an overall transition from brittle to ductile-like fracture behaviors at the dynamic displacement rate (5.4 m/s) as the osteon orientation varies from in-plane longitudinal to out-of-plane transverse, and to in-plane transverse eventually.
Preferred stock issuance in the restaurant industry and financial distress

The purpose of this study is to offer insights into why restaurant firms issue preferred stock despite the disadvantage of using preferred stock as compared to debt. This disadvantage is due to the...
Optimizing Patient Access to Tafamidis for Transthyretin Amyloid Cardiomyopathy in a Medically Underserved Community

Introduction Tafamidis has been shown to lower all-cause mortality and cardiovascular hospitalizations for transthyretin amyloid cardiomyopathy (ATTR-CM). With an annual retail cost of $225,000.00, it is the most expensive cardiovascular drug launched in the U.S and access is limited in underserved areas. Alternative funding sources (AFS) exist; however, effective and efficient navigation of these resources remains an issue. Establishing a streamlined process to improve accessibility is essential to the treatment of ATTR-CM in medically underserved areas. This analysis aimed to establish a clinical pharmacy pathway to overcome insurance and financial barriers to therapy. Methods This is a retrospective study of 10 consecutive tafamidis prescriptions. We identified steps taken by the clinical pharmacist to establish a consistent, effective, and efficient process for acquiring tafamidis. Final out of pocket patient costs were compared with insurance co-pays to establish direct patient cost savings. Time from prescription issue to initiation of therapy was compared for those acquired through AFS versus solely pharmacy insurance. Results Key steps of the clinical pharmacy pathway are summarized in Figure 1. All issued prescriptions were filled. Three prescriptions were obtained through insurance benefits only, at an average co-pay of $17/month. Seven were obtained through AFS for zero out of pocket costs and an average monthly patient savings of $1,700/month. This amounted to a total of $143,052.00 saved annually. Median time to therapy initiation was 26 versus 16 days for those with and without AFS respectfully. Conclusion In a community hospital outpatient clinic, we were able to obtain tafamidis in ten consecutive instances by leveraging a process for insurance approval and alternative funding sources without a clinically significant delay in therapy initiation. The success of this process illustrates the importance of a clinical pharmacist facilitating collaboration between funding sources, insurance companies, and patients to optimize access to novel therapies.
Polarized radiation transfer in neutron star surface layers

The study of polarized radiation transfer in the highly-magnetized surface locales of neutron stars is of great interest to the understanding of accreting X-ray pulsars, rotation-powered pulsars and magnetars. This paper explores scattering transport in the classical magnetic Thomson domain that is of broad applicability to these neutron star classes. The development of a Monte Carlo simulation for the polarized radiative transfer is detailed: it employs an electric field vector formalism to enable a breadth of utility in relating linear, circular and elliptical polarizations. The simulation can be applied to any neutron star surface locale, and is adaptable to accretion column and magnetospheric problems. Validation of the code for both intensity and Stokes parameter determination is illustrated in a variety of ways. Representative results for emergent polarization signals from surface layers are presented for both polar and equatorial magnetic locales, exhibiting contrasting signatures between the two regions. There is also a strong dependence of these characteristics on the ratio of the frequency of a photon to the cyclotron frequency. Polarization signatures for high opacity domains are presented, highlighting compact analytic approximations for the Stokes parameters and anisotropy relative to the local field direction for an extended range of frequencies. These are very useful in defining injection conditions deep in the simulation slab geometries, expediting the generation of emission signals from highly opaque stellar atmospheres. The results are interpreted throughout using the polarization characteristics of the magnetic Thomson differential cross section.
Design and Stability Analysis of a Shared Mobility Market.

In recent years, we have witnessed a remarkable surge of usage in shared vehicles in our cities. Shared mobility offers a future of no congestion in busy city roads with increasing populations of travelers, passengers, and drivers. Given the behavioral decision-making of travelers and the shared vehicles' operators, however, the question is "how can we ensure a socially-acceptable assignment between travelers and vehicles?" In other words, how can we design a shared mobility system that assigns each traveler to the "right" vehicle? In this paper, we design a shared mobility market consisted of travelers and vehicles in a transportation network. We formulate a linear programming problem and derive the optimal assignment between travelers and vehicles. In addition, we provide the necessary and sufficient conditions for the stable traveler-vehicle profit allocation. Our goal is twofold: maximize the social welfare of all travelers with the optimal assignment while ensuring the feasibility and stability of the traveler-vehicle profit allocation while respecting the decision-making of both the travelers and the vehicles' operators.
Downregulation of SUV39H1 and CITED2 Exerts Additive Effect on Promoting Adipogenic Commitment of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells

Human adipogenesis is the process through which uncommitted human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) differentiate into adipocytes. Through a siRNA-based high-throughput screen that identifies adipogenic regulators whose expression knockdown leads to enhanced adipogenic differentiation of hMSCs, two new regulators, SUV39H1, a histone methyltransferase that catalyzes H3K9Me3, and CITED2, a CBP/p300-interacting transactivator with Glu/Asp-rich carboxy-terminal domain 2 were uncovered. Both SUV39H1 and CITED2 are normally downregulated during adipogenic differentiation of hMSCs. Further expression knockdown induced by siSUV39H1 or siCITED2 at the adipogenic initiation stage significantly enhanced adipogenic differentiation of hMSCs as compared with siControl treatment, with siSUV39H1 acting by both accelerating fat accumulation in individual adipocytes and increasing the total number of committed adipocytes, whereas siCITED2 acting predominantly by increasing the total number of committed adipocytes. In addition, both siSUV39H1 and siCITED2 were able to redirect hMSCs to undergo adipogenic differentiation in the presence of osteogenic inducing media, which normally only induces osteogenic differentiation of hMSCs in the absence of siSUV39H1 or siCITED2. Interestingly, simultaneous knockdown of both SUV39H1 and CITED2 resulted in even greater levels of adipogenic differentiation of hMSCs and expression of CEBPα and PPARγ, two master regulators of adipogenesis, as compared with those elicited by single gene knockdown. Furthermore, the effects of co-knockdown were equivalent to the additive effect of individual gene knockdown. Taken together, this study demonstrates that SUV39H1 and CITED2 are both negative regulators of human adipogenesis, and downregulation of both genes exerts an additive effect on promoting adipogenic differentiation of hMSCs through augmented commitment.
Single-cell manifold-preserving feature selection for detecting rare cell populations

A key challenge in studying organisms and diseases is to detect rare molecular programs and rare cell populations that drive development, differentiation and transformation. Molecular features, such as genes and proteins, defining rare cell populations are often unknown and are difficult to detect from unenriched single-cell data using conventional dimensionality reduction and clustering-based approaches. Here, we propose an unsupervised approach, SCMER (‘single-cell manifold-preserving feature selection’), which selects a compact set of molecular features with definitive meanings that preserve the manifold of the data. We apply SCMER in the context of hematopoiesis, lymphogenesis, tumorigenesis and drug resistance and response. We find that SCMER can identify non-redundant features that sensitively delineate both common cell lineages and rare cellular states. SCMER can be used for discovering molecular features in a high-dimensional dataset, designing targeted, cost-effective assays for clinical applications and facilitating multi-modality integration. A manifold-preserving feature selection method was developed for single-cell data analysis, which selects non-redundant features to help detect rare cell populations, design follow-up studies and create targeted panels.
Acute coronary syndrome caused by myocardial bridging.

Abstract Myocardial bridging (MB) is a phenomenon that occurs when coronary arteries course through myocardial tissue rather than, as is normal, on the surface of the myocardium. Although often asymptomatic, contraction of the myocardium in the presence of a myocardial bridge can sometimes occlude the lumen of coronary arteries that penetrate the myocardium, resulting in symptoms, signs, and electrocardiographic changes indistinguishable from those associated with acute coronary syndromes (ACS) caused by intraluminal narrowing of coronary arteries or coronary artery plaque rupture. In this monograph, we present the case of a 45-year-old man who presented to the emergency department with typical chest pain accompanied by electrocardiographic changes consistent with acute occlusion of the left anterior descending artery. During percutaneous coronary intervention, fluoroscopically–obtained cine image loops revealed evidence of dynamic coronary artery narrowing due to myocardial bridging. There was no evidence of static coronary artery occlusion. Myocardial bridging is typically managed medically when symptomatic, although refractory cases may ultimately require invasive or surgical intervention. Given that emergency physicians are frequently the first providers to evaluate patients with acute coronary syndromes, myocardial bridging as an etiology for ACS is a clinical entity of which emergency physicians should be aware.
Nuclear ULK1 promotes cell death in response to oxidative stress through PARP1

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) may cause cellular damage and oxidative stress-induced cell death. Autophagy, an evolutionarily conserved intracellular catabolic process, is executed by autophagy (ATG) proteins, including the autophagy initiation kinase Unc-51-like kinase (ULK1)/ATG1. Although autophagy has been implicated to have both cytoprotective and cytotoxic roles in the response to ROS, the role of individual ATG proteins, including ULK1, remains poorly characterized. In this study, we demonstrate that ULK1 sensitizes cells to necrotic cell death induced by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Moreover, we demonstrate that ULK1 localizes to the nucleus and regulates the activity of the DNA damage repair protein poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1) in a kinase-dependent manner. By enhancing PARP1 activity, ULK1 contributes to ATP depletion and death of H2O2-treated cells. Our study provides the first evidence of an autophagy-independent prodeath role for nuclear ULK1 in response to ROS-induced damage. On the basis of our data, we propose that the subcellular distribution of ULK1 has an important role in deciding whether a cell lives or dies on exposure to adverse environmental or intracellular conditions.
The Future of Private Rights of Action in Antitrust: A Conference Introduction

It is my pleasure to introduce the 2004 conference that the Institute for Consumer Antitrust Studies (“Institute”) sponsored with the Loyola Consumer Law Review on The Future of Private Rights of Action in Antitrust. The conference marks the beginning of the celebration of the Institute’s tenth anniversary and its mission to promote a consumer-friendly competitive economy. I will discuss briefly the history of the Institute, the key issues in the current debate over the future of private rights of action under the competition laws of the United States and its trading partners, and the conference that took place on February 20, 2004, analyzing these cutting edge issues.
Events and Trends in Text Streams

"Text streams--collections of documents or messages that are generated and observed over time--are ubiquitous. Our research and development are targeted at developing algorithms to find and characterize changes in topic within text streams. To date, this research has demonstrated the ability to detect and describe 1) short duration, atypical events and 2) the emergence of longer-term shifts in topical content. This technology has been applied to predefined temporally ordered document collections but is also suitable for application to near-real-time textual data streams."
Chalcogen incorporation in Cu(InGa)(SeS)/sub 2/ coevaporated thin films

Thin films of Cu(InGa)(SeS)/sub 2/ have been deposited by elemental coevaporation. Characterization of the relative incorporation of S and Se in the film as a function of the S/(S+Se) content in the vapor shows that S is preferentially incorporated in a Cu-rich film, whereas Se is preferentially incorporated into a Cu-poor film. In most cases, a film with a single phase can not be deposited. Cu-rich films have a CuS layer on top of a chalcopyrite layer. Many Cu-poor films have a layered chalcopyrite structure with a composition that approximates the vapor composition on the bottom, and a composition richer in Se at the surface. Mechanisms for this vertically segregated behavior are discussed with respect to relative S and Se incorporation.
Extended Cesàro operators on mixed norm spaces

We define an extended Cesaro operator Tg with holomorphic symbol g in the unit ball B of C n as T g (f)(z) = ∫ 1 0 f(tz)R g (tz)dt/t, f ∈ H(B), z ∈ B, where R g (z) = Σ n j=1 z j ∂ f /∂ zj is the radial derivative of g. In this paper we characterize those g for which T g is bounded (or compact) on the mixed norm space H p,q (ω).
Realist Environment, Liberal Process, and Domestic-Level Variables

This article examines the deductive basis upon which domestic-level theorizing may be combined with liberal and realist systemic-level theory in order to account for international outcomes. It is particularly concerned with whether existing systemic theory can incorporate domestic-level variables in a causally consistent rather than ad hoc manner. In addressing such a concern, it confronts the widely held assumption in the IR theory literature that liberalism is more accommodating of domestic-level variables and their potential causal impact than is realism. When the deductive logic of systemic liberal and realist theory is examined, however, it becomes clear that domestic-level variables can be consistently causal in systemic realist theory, but are accorded little causal weight in systemic liberal theory. The article concludes that realism is actually more accommodating of domestic-level variables and theorizing than is liberalism. Given the common misconceptions within the field regarding the relationship between systemic theories and domestic-level theorizing, issues of theoretical causal compatibility must be considered if domestic-level variables are going to be incorporated in a rigorous rather than ad hoc manner.
Milking the Information: Resources on Herbal Lactation Aids

This article provides information for the layperson on herbs commonly used as galactagogues (lactation aids), their effectiveness, and risks according to existing scientific literature. In addition, resources for further research on herbal lactation aids are listed.
Neurosurgical Techniques for Disruption of the Blood–Brain Barrier for Glioblastoma Treatment

The blood–brain barrier remains a main hurdle to drug delivery to the brain. The prognosis of glioblastoma remains grim despite current multimodal medical management. We review neurosurgical technologies that disrupt the blood–brain barrier (BBB). We will review superselective intra-arterial mannitol infusion, focused ultrasound, laser interstitial thermotherapy, and non-thermal irreversible electroporation (NTIRE). These technologies can lead to transient BBB and blood–brain tumor barrier disruption and allow for the potential of more effective local drug delivery. Animal studies and preliminary clinical trials show promise for achieving this goal.
Acoustic Cues to Place of Articulation and the McGurk Effect: The Role of Release Bursts, Aspiration, and Formant Transitions

The McGurk effect demonstrates that the perceived place of articulation of an auditory consonant (such as /bi/) can be influenced by the simultaneous presentation of a videotape of a talker saying ...
Measures and mismeasures of the applied mechanics literature

Abstract A 1975 study of the archival literature of applied mechanics showed it to be following a classic growth pattern for a scientific field. The present study, with ten years' additional data, tests some extrapolations of the 1975 data and finds them wanting. How such well-behaved data can prove unreliable for forecasting is explored.
Validation of a lower radiation computed tomography enterography imaging protocol to detect Crohn's disease in the small bowel

Background: The purpose was to validate a lower radiation dose computed tomography enterography (CTE) imaging protocol to detect the presence of Crohn's disease (CD) in the small bowel using two different reference standards and to identify a prediction model based on CTE signs for the presence of active CD. Methods: This retrospective study included patients with known or suspected CD who underwent CTE between January and October 2006 according to a lower radiation dose protocol. Two gastrointestinal radiologists blindly and independently classified each CTE as being active or inactive. Reference standards included ileocolonoscopy ± biopsy and a comprehensive clinical reference standard (retrospectively created by a gastroenterologist, also including history, physical, follow-up course, and subsequent endoscopy, imaging, or surgery). Logistic regression was used to identify CTE findings that predicted the presence of active CD based on the combined clinical reference standard. Results: In all, 137 patients underwent CTE and ileocolonoscopy. Using an endoscopic reference standard, the sensitivity of CTE to detect active CD for the two readers was 81% and 89%, respectively. Using the clinical reference standard, the sensitivity of CTE to detect active CD was 89% and 98%, respectively. For both readers the sensitivity of CTE increased by 8%–9% when using the comprehensive reference standard. Multivariate analysis showed that a combination of mural thickness and hyperenhancement best predicted active CD (area under the curve [AUC] = 0.92–0.93, P < 0.0001). Conclusions: Lower radiation dose CTE exams are sensitive for the detection of active small bowel CD. The combination of mural thickness and hyperenhancement are the best radiologic predictors of active CD. (Inflamm Bowel Dis 2011;)
Long‐term vascular access via the inferior vena cava

A prospective evaluation of long-term venous access catheters placed via the inferior vena cava was performed to determine their efficacy as well as short- and long-term morbidity. From June 1987 to May 1989, 31 catheters were placed in 26 patients, for a total of 3,503 catheter use days. All catheters were placed via an infraumbilical approach when the more conventional supraumbilical route was technically difficult, dangerous, or impossible to be used. There were a total of 14 complications in 12 episodes (one in every 701 catheter use days), six episodes of catheter occlusion or vessel thrombosis (one in every 583 catheter use days), one catheter malfunction, one episode of cuff erosion through the skin, and one catheter that migrated through the inferior vena cava into the retroperitoneum. These results compared favorably with our experience with long-term catheters of a similar type placed via a supraumbilical approach into the superior vena cava. We conclude that the infraumbilical route for long-term central venous access is safe and technically easy and should be strongly considered in patients in whom venous access via the supraumbilical approach will be technically difficult or have a high likelihood of failure.
Rational design of mixed ionic and electronic conducting perovskite oxides for solid oxide fuel cell anode materials: A case study for doped SrTiO3

The effect of p- and n-type dopants on ionic and electronic conductivity of SrTiO3 based perovskites were investigated both computationally and experimentally. Specifically, we performed density functional theory (DFT) calculations of Na- and La-doped SrTiO3 and Na- and Nb-doped SrTiO3 systems. Constrained ab initio thermodynamic calculations were used to evaluate the phase stability and reducibility of doped SrTiO3 under both oxidizing and reducing synthesis conditions, as well as under anodic solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) conditions. The density of states (DOS) of these materials was analyzed to study the effects of p- and n-doping on the electronic conductivity. Furthermore, Na- and La-doped SrTiO3 and Na- and Nb-doped SrTiO3 samples were experimentally prepared and the conductivity was measured to confirm our computational predictions. The experimental observations are in very good agreement with the theoretical predictions that doping n-doped SrTiO3 with small amounts of p-type dopants promotes both the ionic and electronic conductivity of the material. This doping strategy is valid independent of p- and n-doping site and permits the synthesis of perovskite based mixed ionic/electronic conductors.
Families' Experiences and Occupations Following the Diagnosis of Autism

The unrelenting and persistent behaviors often demonstrated by children with autism, together with the uncertainty surrounding diagnosis and intervention options, pose a significant threat to the occupations of the family system. The purpose of this study was to explicate the experiences of living everyday life following the diagnosis of autism. Seven families were interviewed and using grounded theory methodology the research team investigated family experiences following a diagnosis of autism. Results informed the development of the preliminary Family Experience and Occupation Following the Diagnosis of Autism Model that explicitly framed family experience, the element of family occupation, and factors that mediate both experiences and occupation. By looking at family occupations from the time of diagnosis of a child, this work transcends the individual. It captures the co-constructed interplay of doing as families organize and seek ways to maintain everyday family functions.
RESONATING WHISKERS TELL A TOUCHY TALE

![Figure][1] Anyone who has watched a rat explore an object or environment knows that whiskers play a vital role in the inspection process. Unlike our hairs, whiskers are capable of discriminating between surfaces that differ ever so slightly in texture. With such finely tuned sensory
Synaptic displacement in intracentral neurons of Clarke's nucleus following axotomy in the cat.

Abstract The dorsal spinocerebellar tract was severed unilaterally in 12 cats which were killed at 4, 15, 35, and 90 days. Clarke's neurons of L3 segment were studied by electron microscopy for chromatolytic, synaptic, and glial changes. Some large neurons of Clarke's nucleus were chromatolyzed by 4 days, and all large cells by 15 days. Small cells of Clarke's nucleus remained unchanged. At 35 and 90 days chromatolytic cells were all reduced in size. These atrophic cells were characterized by pale Nissl bodies, dark dendrites, synapses with pale matrix, and giant synaptic terminals. Synaptic changes were noted on chromatolyzed neurons by 4 days. The first signs of synaptic changes were reductions in the number of synaptic complexes, widening of synaptic clefts, and the appearance of cisternae under postsynaptic membrane of giant synapses. Occasional boutons with pale matrix and decreased numbers of synaptic vesicles were noted. There was a moderate increase in the astrocytic processes on the neuronal surface membrane. Some of these processes were inserted into the widened synaptic clefts. Some synapses remained unchanged. At 15 days the synaptic changes were similar but now occurred on all large cells. The synaptic matrix was less dense and the number of vesicles was less in the separated boutons. At 90 days all boutons, except giant synapses on the base of proximal dendrites, were small and some were arranged in dense patches. Some synapses were pale, and others were unchanged. The patchy distribution of numerous small boutons on the atrophic Clarke's neurons is considered to be due to collateral sprouting and formations of new terminals. These findings have implications in relation to spinal shock and recovery from it.
IR Spectrum of the H5O2+ Cation in the Context of Proton Disolvates L−H+−L

The H(5)O(2)(+) ion has been studied in chlorocarbon, benzene, and weakly coordinating anion environments to bridge the gap between the gas-phase and traditional condensed-phase investigations. Symmetrical cations of the type [H(5)O(2)(+) x 4Solv] are formed via H-bonding with the terminal O-H groups. In the infrared spectrum, the nu(s)OH and nu(as)OH vibrations behave in a manner similar to those of common water molecules: the stronger is the H-bonding interaction with the surroundings, the lower is the frequency shift. A consistent pattern of IR bands from the central O-H(+)-O group is identified, regardless of the strength of the interaction of H(5)O(2)(+) with its environment. Three intense bands develop: a (860-995 cm-1), b (1045-1101 cm(-1)), and c (1672-1700 cm(-1)), as well as two weak bands, d ( approximately 1300 cm(-1)) and e ( approximately 1400-1500 cm(-1)). These fingerprint bands are highly characteristic for vibrations of O-H-O group irrespective of formal charge. They are seen in symmetrical proton disolvates of the type L-H(+)-L, where L is an O-atom donor (alcohol, ether, ketone, phosphate, etc.), and in [A-H-A](-) acid salts (A(-) = oxyanion). The commonality is equivalency of the two O-atoms, a short O...O distance (ca. 2.40 Angstrom), and a flat-bottomed potential well for the bridging proton, that is, a short, strong, low-barrier H-bond. Assignments for bands a-e are suggested in an attempt to resolve inconsistencies between experimental and calculated data.
Correlation of [18F]-2-fluoro-deoxy-D-glucose positron emission tomography standard uptake values with the cellular composition of stage I nonsmall cell lung cancer

BACKGROUND: The aim of the current study was to determine whether the [18F]-2-fluoro-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) standardized uptake value (SUV) in patients with a new diagnosis of stage I lung cancer correlates with a specific cellular component in the primary tumor. METHODS: This study was Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act compliant and approved by our Institutional Review Board with a waiver of informed consent. Forty patients with stage I nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) who underwent FDG-PET imaging at the time of diagnosis followed by surgical resection were retrospectively identified. Histologic sections of the primary tumor were reviewed by a pathologist without any clinical data and scored according to the percentage of each cellular component (tumor cells, normal stroma, inflammatory cells, necrosis, fibrosis, and other). Each component was compared with maximal (SUVmax) and mean (SUVmean) SUVs using Pearson correlation coefficient analysis. RESULTS: The mean SUVmax and SUVmean values for 40 stage I NSCLC tumors were 8.8 and 5.4, respectively. The mean histologic composition of tumor specimens in order of frequency was as follows: tumor cells (38.9%), fibrosis (30.8%), inflammatory cells (14.8%), normal stroma (5.2%), necrosis (5.8%), and other components (4.5%); however, there was considerable variation noted among individual tumors. There was no statistically significant correlation between SUVmax (r = .19; P = .24) or SUVmean (r = .017; P = .29) and the proportion of tumor cells in the tumor mass or any other cellular components. CONCLUSIONS: The cellular composition of stage I NSCLC appears to be highly variable, with no correlation noted between a specific tumor cellular component and FDG activity. Cancer 2010. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
Biochemistry of the sphingolipids. XIV. Inositol lipids of flaxseed

A study has been made of the inositol-containing lipids of flaxseed phosphatides. Solvent fractionation procedures have been developed for the preparation of an inositol lipid fraction from the oil-free phosphatide. By countercurrent extraction, the inositol lipid fraction was separated into a crude phosphatidyl inositol fraction and a second fraction containing long-chain base nitrogen. The phosphatidyl inositol was shown to exist as a mixed magnesium-calcium salt and evidence is presented that nitrogenous impurities (mainly phosphatidylethanolamine) may be bound to phosphatidyl inositol through a chelated salt linkage. The long-chain base fraction was shown to contain phosphatidyl inositol and two phytoglycolipids, one similar to that from corn and soybean; the other of a novel type in which the oligosaccharide portion contains galactose, arabinose and fucose. The long-chain base in flax phosphatides was shown to be dehydrophytosphingosine. It was suggested that phytoglycolipid may exist in a loose complex with phosphatidyl inositol (possibly as a chelated magnesium and/or calcium salt).
Reactions of mer-Mo(H)(CO)(NO)(PMePh2)3 with Ethylene, Propylene, and Styrene That Bear on Alternating CO/Olefin Coupling Chemistry

The tris(diphenylmethyl)phosphine molybdenum complex mer-Mo(Cl)(CO)(NO)(PMePh2)3 (2), prepared by the reaction of 4 equiv of PMePh2 with trans-Mo(ClAlCl3)(NO)(CO)4 (1), undergoes a metathesis reaction with LiBH4 to afford the hydrido nitrosyl complex mer-Mo(H)(CO)(NO)(PMePh2)3 (3). The reactions of several olefins (ethylene, propylene, styrene) with 3 have been examined, and these studies have uncovered interesting stoichiometric coupling reactions involving hydride, CO, olefin, acyl, and alkyl ligands which bear on alternating CO/olefin oligomerization chemistry. Reaction of 3 with C2H4 (50 °C, 50 psi, 48 h) results in the loss of a PMePh2 ligand and incorporation of 3 equiv of C2H4 to give trans-Mo{CH2CH2C(O)CH2CH3}(C2H4)(NO)(PMePh2)2 (4) in good isolated yield. A slower reaction is observed between 3 and propylene with incorporation of only one olefin in the metal coordination sphere, giving isomeric mer-Mo{η2-C(O)CH2CH2CH3}(NO)(PMePh2)3 (5) and mer-Mo{η2-C(O)CH(CH3)2}(NO)(PMePh2)3 (6). Treatment of so...
HOW FAR CAN RECENT STUDIES ON THE OVARIAN FOLLICULAR SUBSTANCE BE APPLIED TO THE HUMAN? A BRIEF DISCUSSION OF THE THERAPEUTIC ASPECTS OF THE PROBLEM*

In 1923 Loeb made the statement that “while the evidence concerning the maturing follicles as the cause of the changes in the first phase of the sexual cycle is not as definite as the evidence relating to the significance of the corpus luteum in the second phase, still, as it stands at present, the evidence points very strongly to the conclusion that the maturing follicles orthe follicles nearing the stage of maturation dominate the first phase in the same way as the corpus luteum dominates the second phase.” The interesting series of studies published during the past few years seem to have almost completely reversed the view enunciated by Loeb, for certainly the recent trend has been to stress the role of the follicular fluid and to minimize that of the corpus luteum.
Specifying a Model of State Policy Innovation

How should policy innovations undertaken by states be modeled? Frances Stokes Berry and William D. Berry presented an event history analysis of the determinants of lottery adoptions by state governments in the June 1990 issue of this Review. Howard Front argues that the way Berry and Berry tested for interaction among variables is invalid on the grounds that what they take to be empirical results are only artifacts of the model specification. In response, the Berrys elaborate their original model and add alternative specifications.
Detection of Differential Item Functioning in Multiple Groups.

Detection of differential item functioning (DIF) is most often done between two groups of examinees under item response theory. It is sometimes important, however, to determine whether DIF is present in more than two groups. In this article we present a method for detection of DIF in multiple groups. The method is closely related to Lard's chi-square for comparing vectors of item parameters estimated in two groups. An example using real data is provided.
Ion-implanted GaAs/AlGaAs heterojunction FET's grown by MOCVD

The successful fabrication of an ion-implanted GaAs/AlGaAs heterojunction FET device is discussed. Half-micrometer gate-length FET devices are fabricated by ion implantation into GaAs/AlGa heterostructures grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) on 3-in-diameter GaAs substrates. The FET device exhibits a maximum extrinsic transconductance of 280 mS/mm with reduced transconductance variation over 2 V of gate bias. Excellent microwave performance is achieved with an f/sub t/ of 40 GHz, which is comparable to results obtained from 0.25- mu m gate GaAs MESFETs. The effects of ion implantation on the heterojunction and corresponding device characteristics are also discussed. >
Elevated CSF dynorphin A [1–8] in Tourette's syndrome

Abstract A recent neuropathological study has reported decreased levels of dynorphin A immunoreactivity in striato-pallidal fibers in the brain of a patient with severe Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome (TS). This observation, taken with the neuroanatomic distribution of dynorphin and its broad range of motor and behavioral effects, has led to speculation concerning its role in the pathobiology of TS. We report on the presence of elevated concentrations of dynorphin A [1–8] in the CSF of 7 TS patients, aged 20 to 45 years. The increase in CSF dynorphin was found to be associated with the severity of the obsessive compulsive symptoms but not with tic severity in these patients. Although CSF studies lack the precision necessary to address questions of selective involvement of neuronal systems in specific CNS locations, these findings suggest that endogenous opioids are involved in the pathobiology of TS and related disorders. Tourette's syndrome (TS) is a chronic neuropsychiatric disorder of childhood onset that is characterized by multiple motor and phonic tics that wax and wane in severity and an array of behavioral problems including some forms of obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) (1). Once thought to be a rare condition, the prevalence of TS is now estimated to be on case per 1, 000 boys and one case per 10, 000 girls, and milder variants of the syndrome are likely to occur in a sizeable percentage of the population (2). Although the etiology of TS remains unknown, the vertical transmission of TS within families follows a pattern consistent with an autosomal dominant form of inheritance (3, 4). Neurobiologic and pharmacological data have implicated central monoaminergic and neuropeptidergic systems in the pathophysiology of TS, and basal ganglia structures remain the prime candidates as the neuroanatomical origin for TS and related conditions (1). Endogenous opioids, including dynorphin and met-enkephalin are concentrated in structures of the basal ganglia (5), are known to interact with central dopaminergic neurons (6, 7), and may play an important role in the control of motor functions (8). Post-mortem brain studies have directly implicated opioids in the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease (9), Huntington's disease (10), and most recently in TS (11). The neuropathological study of Haber et al. (11) reported decreased levels of dynorphin A [1–17] immunoreactivity in striatal fibers projecting to the globus pallidus in the brain of a patient with severe TS. This observation, taken with the neuroanatomic distribution of dynorphin and its broad range of motor and behavioral effects, has led to speculation concerning its role in the pathobiology of TS. Additional evidence supporting the role of endogenous opioids comes from reports of dramatic, but poorly documented, effects of opiate antagonists in the treatment of TS patients (12, 13).
Synthesis, Characterization, and Adsorption Studies of Nanocrystalline Aluminum Oxide and a Bimetallic Nanocrystalline Aluminum Oxide/Magnesium Oxide

Nanocrystals of Al2O3 and Al2O3/MgO have been produced by a modified aerogel synthesis involving the corresponding aluminum tri-tert-butoxide, magnesium methoxide, toluene, methanol, ethanol, and water. The resulting oxides are in the form of powders having crystallites of about 2 nm or less in dimension. These crystallites have been studied by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Brunauer−Emmet−Teller (BET) methods, and were found to possess high surface areas and pore volumes (800 m2/g for Al2O3 and 790 m2/g for Al2O3/MgO, compared to 450 m2/g for MgO). As seen with other metal oxides, once they are produced as nanoparticles, their reactivity is greatly enhanced on a per unit surface area basis. This is thought to be due to morphological differences, whereas larger crystallites have only a small percentage of reactive sites on the surface, smaller crystallites possess much higher surface concentration of such sites per unit surface area. Elemental analysis, X-ray diffraction, and infrared spectro...
Close encounters of the pathogenic kind

Abstract Bacterial Infection: Close Encounters at the Host Pathogen Interface (Current Topics in Microbiology & Immunology) edited by P.K. Vogt and M.J. Mahan Springer, 1997. DM198.00 hbk (vi+169 pages) ISBN 3 540 63260 3
A Data Programming CS1 Course

This paper reports on our experience teaching introductory programming by means of real-world data analysis. We have found that students can be motivated to learn programming and computer science concepts in order to analyze DNA, predict the outcome of elections, detect fraudulent data, suggest friends in a social network, determine the authorship of documents, and more. The approach is more than just a collection of "nifty assignments"; rather, it affects the choice of topics and pedagogy.This paper describes how our approach has been used at four diverse colleges and universities to teach CS majors and non-majors alike. It outlines the types of assignments, which are based on problems from science, engineering, business, and the humanities. Finally, it offers advice for anyone trying to integrate the approach into their own institution.
Modeling of Transistor's Tracking Behavior in Compact Models

We present a novel method to model the tracking behavior of semiconductor transistors undergoing across-chip variations in a compact Monte Carlo model for SPICE simulations and show an enablement of simultaneous 𝑁(𝑁−1)/2 tracking relations among 𝑁 transistors on a chip at any poly density, any gate pitch, and any physical location for the first time. At smaller separations, our modeled tracking relation versus physical location reduces to Pelgrom's characterization on device's distance-dependent mismatch. Our method is very compact, since we do not use a matrix or a set of eigen solutions to represent correlations among 𝑁 transistors.
The binding site for UCH-L3 on ubiquitin: mutagenesis and NMR studies on the complex between ubiquitin and UCH-L3.

Abstract The ubiquitin fold is a versatile and widely used targeting signal that is added post-translationally to a variety of proteins. Covalent attachment of one or more ubiquitin domains results in localization of the target protein to the proteasome, the nucleus, the cytoskeleton or the endocytotic machinery. Recognition of the ubiquitin domain by a variety of enzymes and receptors is vital to the targeting function of ubiquitin. Several parallel pathways exist and these must be able to distinguish among ubiquitin, several different types of polymeric ubiquitin, and the various ubiquitin-like domains. Here we report the first molecular description of the binding site on ubiquitin for ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase L3 (UCH-L3). The site on ubiquitin was experimentally determined using solution NMR, and site-directed mutagenesis. The site on UCH-L3 was modeled based on X-ray crystallography, multiple sequence alignments, and computer-aided docking . Basic residues located on ubiquitin (K6, K11, R72, and R74) are postulated to contact acidic residues on UCH-L3 (E10, E14, D33, E219). These putative interactions are testable and fully explain the selectivity of ubiquitin domain binding to this enzyme.