cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Capacity limits and matching properties of integrated capacitors

Theoretical limits for the capacitance density of integrated capacitors with combined lateral and vertical field components are derived. These limits are used to investigate the efficiency of various capacitive structures such as lateral flux and quasifractal capacitors. This study leads to two new capacitor structures with high lateral-field efficiencies. These new capacitors demonstrate larger capacities, superior matching properties, tighter tolerances, and higher self-resonance frequencies than the standard horizontal parallel plate and previously reported lateral-field capacitors, while maintaining comparable quality factors. These superior qualities are verified by simulation and experimental results.
Dynamics of Changes in Self-Efficacy and Locus of Control Expectancies in the Behavioral and Drug Treatment of Severe Migraine

Modification of expectancies (headache self-efficacy and headache locus of control) is thought to be central to the success of psychological treatments for migraine. The purpose of this study is to examine expectancy changes with various combinations of Behavioral Migraine Management and migraine drug therapies. Frequent migraine sufferers who failed to respond to 5 weeks of optimized acute migraine drug therapy were randomized to a 2 (Behavioral Migraine Management+, Behavioral Migraine Management−) × 2 (β-blocker, placebo) treatment design. Mixed models for repeated measures analyses (N = 176) revealed large increases in headache self-efficacy and internal headache locus of control and large decreases in chance headache locus of control with Behavioral Migraine Management+ that were maintained over a 12-month evaluation period. Chance headache locus of control and socioeconomic status moderated changes in headache self-efficacy with Behavioral Migraine Management+. The “deficiency” hypothesis best explained how patient characteristics influenced changes in of headache self-efficacy with Behavioral Migraine Management.
Causal Attributions and Parental Attitudes toward Children with Disabilities in the United States and Pakistan

Researchers investigated the relationship between parental attributions for children's disabilities and the quality of parent-child relationships, in both U.S. and Pakistani families. Parents of children with disabilities identified potential causes of the disability and rated their parent-child relationships. Factor analysis of the causal attributions resulted in 7 factors which became the subscales used to predict parent-child relationships. Findings indicate (a) Pakistani parents rated their relationships more negatively, (b) parents who rated “Something I Did” as an influential cause rated their parent-child relationships more negatively, and (c) parents who rated “Parent's Age” as an influential cause rated their parent-child relationships more positively. More important, parent education potentially could decrease self-blame and improve the parent-child relationship for the parents and the children.
Diet, microbes, and host genetics : the perfect storm in inflammatory bowel diseases

The incidence of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), as well as other inflammatory conditions, has dramatically increased over the past half century. While many studies have shown that IBD exhibits a genetic component via genome-wide association studies, genetic drift alone cannot account for this increase, and other factors, such as those found in the environment must play a role, suggesting a “multiple hit” phenomenon that precipitates disease. One major environmental factor, dietary intake, has shifted to a high fat, high carbohydrate Western-type diet in developing nations, nearly in direct correlation with the increasing incidence of IBD. Recent evidence suggests that specific changes in dietary intake have led to a shift in the composite human gut microbiota, resulting in the emergence of pathobionts that can thrive under specific conditions. In the genetically susceptible host, the emerging pathobionts can lead to increasing incidence and severity of IBD and other inflammatory disorders. Since the gut microbiota is plastic and responds to dietary modulations, the use of probiotics, prebiotics, and/or dietary alterations are all intriguing complementary therapeutic approaches to alleviate IBD symptoms. However, the interactions are complex and it is unlikely that a one-size-fits all approach can be utilized across all populations affected by IBD. Exploration into and thoroughly understanding the interactions between host and microbes, primarily in the genetically susceptible host, will help define strategies that can be tailored to an individual as we move towards an era of personalized medicine to treat IBD.
Image registration using hierarchical B-splines

Hierarchical B-splines have been widely used for shape modeling since their discovery by Forsey and Bartels. We present an application of this concept, in the form of free-form deformation, to image registration by matching two images at increasing levels of detail. Results using MRI brain data are presented that demonstrate high degrees of matching while unnecessary distortions are avoided. We compare our results with the nonlinear ICP (iterative closest point) algorithm (used for landmark-based registration) and optical flow (used for intensity-based registration).
Teaching without a Textbook: Strategies to Focus Learning on Fundamental Concepts and Scientific Process

Note from the EditorTextbooks are ubiquitous. They are available for almost every conceivable subdiscipline of biology, and few of us would consider teaching a course without using a textbook. Over...
Co-existence of psoriasis and melanoma in a large urban academic centre population: a cross-sectional retrospective study.

Background Psoriasis has been linked to increased malignancy risk, particularly lympho-haematopoietic and non-melanoma skin cancers; however, its association with cutaneous melanoma remains unclear. Objective The aim of this study was to determine if there is an association between melanoma and psoriasis in a large, urban academic population through an electronic medical record database. Methods We searched our institution's electronic medical record database (EDW-Electronic Data Warehouse) from 1/2001 to 11/2013. Subjects were identified by ICD-9 codes. Melanoma diagnosis was included only if documented at least 1 month after the psoriasis diagnosis was documented. Odds ratio (OR) was obtained for association between cutaneous melanoma and psoriasis. The OR was then adjusted for phototherapy and age. To minimize detection bias, we also obtained the OR for association between cutaneous melanoma and atopic dermatitis. Results We identified 10 947 patients with psoriasis, 64 of whom had a subsequent diagnosis of cutaneous melanoma. We detected a significant association between melanoma and psoriasis (OR = 1.77; 95%CI 1.38–2.26; P < 0.0001; total n = 1 525 252). After adjusting for phototherapy and age, a statistically significant association between melanoma and psoriasis remained detectable (OR = 1.9; 95%CI 1.55–2.55; P < 0.0001 and OR = 1.64; 95%CI 1.17–2.26; P = 0.003 respectively). The OR for melanoma with atopic dermatitis in the same patient database showed a statistically significant inverse association between the two diseases (OR = 0.35; 95%CI 0.16–0.73; P = 0.005). Conclusion Our findings show a statistically significant association between psoriasis and melanoma. After adjusting the OR for phototherapy and age, a statistically significant association remained. Further investigations exploring these associations are warranted in order to establish the relative risk for melanoma in psoriasis patients.
Multiheterodyne Characterization of Excess Phase Noise in Atmospheric Transfer of a Femtosecond-Laser Frequency Comb

We report an experimental investigation on remote transfer of a femtosecond-laser frequency comb through an open atmospheric link. Optical multiheterodyne is used to measure the excess phase noise and the frequency stability of the transferred comb. The dispersion of air is found to have a minimal impact on the multiheterodyne signal, and the effectiveness of the technique to characterize the behaviors of comb lines under the influence of turbulence is theoretically analyzed. Large phase modulation due to the index fluctuation of the air over a 60-m transmission link is found to cause a significant linewidth broadening. Under low-wind conditions, a fractional frequency stability in the order of 10-14 has been achieved over several minutes with a 1-s averaging time. A comparison of this work with previous tests based on continuous wave (CW) lasers indicates that pulsed lasers can work as well as CW lasers for remote transfer of optical frequency references through the atmosphere.
Are oral-maxillofacial surgery patients given proper postoperative instructions for disposal of blood-soaked gauze packs?

Purpose Although there are Occupational Safety and Health Administration guidelines for the proper disposal of hazardous waste in the dental office, there are no guidelines for patients regarding the disposal of the gauze packs that are usually placed after tooth extraction or other dental surgery. Thus there is the possibility of cross contamination by patients with undiagnosed blood-transmitted viral diseases. The purpose of this study was to determine what, if any, instructions are given by oral and maxillofacial surgeons (OMSs) and if such instructions are adequate. Materials and Methods A 5-question survey was sent electronically to 375 randomly selected OMSs, and there was a 17% response. They were asked whether they provided written and verbal postoperative instructions, whether these included instructions about gauze pack disposal, and whether they gave special instructions to patients with known viral diseases such as hepatitis or human immunodeficiency virus infection. Results All respondents indicated that they provided both written and verbal postoperative instructions. However, only 1 respondent’s instructions indicated how to dispose of the gauze pack, and only 1 gave special instructions to patients with known viral infections. Conclusions There is a need for OMSs to provide specific instructions to all patients about the proper disposal of blood-soaked sponges to avoid potential cross contamination.
CpG oligodeoxynucleotides stimulate protective innate immunity against pulmonary Klebsiella infection

Bacterial pneumonia is a leading cause of mortality in the United States. Innate immune responses, including type-1 cytokine production, are critical to the effective clearance of bacterial pathogens from the lung. Synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) containing unmethylated CpG dinucleotide motifs (CpG ODN), which mimic the effects of bacterial DNA, have been shown to enhance type-1 cytokine responses during infection due to intracellular pathogens, resulting in enhanced microbial clearance. The role of CpG ODN in modulating protective innate immunity against extracellular pathogens is unknown. Using a murine model of Gram-negative pneumonia, we found that CpG ODN administration stimulated protective immunity against Klebsiella pneumoniae. Specifically, intratracheal (i.t.) administration of CpG ODN (30 μg) 48 h before i.t. K. pneumoniae challenge resulted in increased survival, compared with animals pretreated with control ODN or saline. Pretreatment with CpG ODN resulted in enhanced bacterial clearance in lung and blood, and higher numbers of pulmonary neutrophils, NKT cells, γδ-T cells, and activated NK1.1+ cells and γδ-T lymphocytes during infection. Furthermore, pretreatment with CpG ODN enhanced the production of TNF-α, and type-1 cytokines, including IL-12, IFN-γ, and the IFN-γ-dependent ELR− CXC chemokines IFN-γ-inducible protein-10 and monokine induced by IFN-γ in response to Klebsiella challenge, compared with control mice. These findings indicate that i.t. administration of CpG ODN can stimulate multiple components of innate immunity in the lung, and may form the basis for novel therapies directed at enhancing protective immune responses to severe bacterial infections of the lung.
Analysis of somatic retrotransposition in human cancers

Background Close to half of the human genome is derived from transposable elements (TEs), and some TE families continue to generate new insertions through RNA-mediated mechanisms. Due to its mutagenic potential, such retrotransposition is normally suppressed by epigenetic and post-transcriptional mechanisms. However, the epigenetic and regulatory disruptions commonly observed in cancers may allow for TE activation, and a few examples have been reported in lung and colon cancer previously.
AXOPLASMIC TRANSPORT OF CHOLINE ACETYLTRANSFERASE ACTIVITY IN MICE: EFFECT OF AGE AND NEUROTOMY

—We studied the axoplasmic transport of choline acetyltransferase (CAT) activity in sciatic nerves of normal mice of various ages. For at least 3 days after unilateral ligation of sciatic nerves of 6 and 30-week-old mice, the CAT activity in the ligated nerve increased as a linear function of time and the increase was confined to the 3 mm length of nerve immediately proximal to the ligature. The rate of increase of CAT activity in the ligated nerves of the 30-week-old mice was only 45 ± 6% that of the 6-week-old mice, whereas the CAT activity of non-ligated sciatic nerves of the older mice was 87 ± 6% more than that of the younger mice (n = 18, P < 0·001). The average velocity of axoplasmic transport of CAT activity was five times greater in the younger mice (1·5 ± 0·2 mm/day vs 0·3 ± 0·1 mm/day, n = 6, P < 0·01). Even greater differences were observed between still younger and older animals: the av velocity of axoplasmic transport of 2-week-old mice (3·5 ± 0·2 mm/day) was 17·5 times greater than that of 36-week-old mice (0·2 ± 0·1 mm/day). We also studied the axoplasmic transport of CAT activity in 6-week-old mice after unilateral section of the sciatic nerve. For at least 3 months after the operation, there were no differences between the sectioned nerves and the intact contralateral nerves with respect to the increase in CAT activity immediately proximal to a ligature placed at various times after neurotomy and one day before sacrifice. On the other hand, there was a reduction in the CAT activity of more proximal segments of the sectioned nerves. The reduction of CAT activity was maximal (52 ± 3%) 3 weeks after the operation when the maximum increase (2·5-fold) in the av velocity of axoplasmic transport of CAT activity was recorded (n = 6, P < 0·001). The inclusion of purified (100-fold) mouse brain CAT activity in the assays for the CAT activity of nerve segments demonstrated that the differences in content and rate of transport were not due to the presence of activators or inhibitors of CAT activity. These differences probably reflect physiologic changes in the axoplasmic transport of cholinergic neurons during development and regeneration.
The psychobiological regulation of social cooperation.

Dynamic interactions between multiple factors underlie alcoholism, including recently described neuroregulatory influences (pages 654–657).
Pharmacological Agents as Tools in Psychiatric Research

We thought we might approach this problem by exploring the effects of pharmacologically active agents as tools in modifying behavior in the different disease states, in the hope that this might resolve questions of psychoses as either a continuum or as separate and distinct disorders. Secondly - examine these findings in regard to current theories of psychoses.
Review of recent developments: Location problems

Recent developments for several location problems are surveyed. These include: graph theoretic and combinatorial formulations of the simple plant location problem, the NP-hardness of some p-center problems, worst-case bounds for several polynomial-time heuristics for some p-center problems, and a general solution to a class of one facility network problems with convex cost functions.
Effect of compaction on binder performance in copper heap leaching

Heap leaching efficiency is reduced by poor solution flow characteristics (channeling and ponding), which result from compaction and fines migration. Agglomeration of the ore can prevent compaction and immobilize fines, but copper leaching requires an acid-resistant binder to stabilize the agglomerates. Until now, there has not been a satisfactory way to evaluate whether a binder was effective, other than squeezing a handful to see if it “feels right.” Procedures have been developed to quantitatively determine whether a binder produces agglomerates that can withstand compaction in an acidic solution, and have identified several binders that will provide sufficiently compaction-resistant agglomerates for copper heap leaching.
Parallel Algorithms for Molecular-Dynamics Simulations of Coulombic Systems

In molecular-dynamics simulations for the long-range Coulomb interaction, a great deal of effort is devoted to reducing the computational complexity of the usual N2 operations in the direct calculation. For bulk systems, we have designed a parallel algorithm based on the domain-decomposition strategy for the Ewald summation. The performance of the algorithm is evaluated on the in-house iPSC/860 system. We find that this algorithm reduces the computational complexity to O(N). For a 64,000-particle plasma in three dimension, the execution time on an 8-node system is 27.4 sec per MD time step. The interprocessor communication is a small fraction of the total execution time. We find linear speedups and a parallel efficiency of 0.85. For comparison, parallel algorithms are also designed for the Fast Multipole Method (FMM) - a divide and conquer scheme in which the system is divided into cubic subdomains and interactions between distant charged regions are calculated with a truncated multipole expansion. The performance of the FMM on Touchstone Delta machine is discussed.
Index-matched measurements of the effect of cartilaginous rings on tracheobronchial flow

We present a comparison of the flow characteristics in an idealized smooth trachea model and a second model which has a roughness simulating cartilaginous rings. We use refractive index-matched particle image velocimetry (PIV) to measure the velocity field in a two-generation model of the trachea and main bronchi. The flow rate has a trachea-based Reynolds number Re=2800, which is comparable to a resting state. Our results show considerable differences between both cases, the most important of which is the size and magnitude of recirculation zones at the inlet of both bronchi. The smooth case shows a larger separation bubble at the bronchi entrance, which may retain aerosols and have different effects on particles of different sizes. Furthermore, the smooth case displays a higher vorticity along the bottom walls of the bronchi, while a higher vorticity is seen along the trachea walls in the ׳ringed׳ model. These findings suggest that modeling the trachea and main bronchi as smooth tubes may not be justified, since the flow conditions in lower generations will be affected by these differences.
PREDATION BY FREE-RANGING BIRDS ON PARTIAL CORAL SNAKE MIMICS: THE IMPORTANCE OF RING WIDTH AND COLOR.

Many of the venomous New World coral snakes (Micrurus and Micruroides) have a distinctive pattern of red, black, and yellow rings (Campbell and Lamar 1989; Savage and Slowinski 1992), which typically appear in the sequence red-yellow-black-yellow (the "tricolor monad" of Savage and Slowinski 1992) repeated multiple times on each snake. Relatively harmless coexisting snakes in several different genera have a similar appearance, and most recent investigations have concluded that these are cases of Batesian mimicry (Greene and McDiarmid 1981; Pough 1988a; Campbell and Lamar 1989; Savage and Slowinski 1992). Though it is clear that a precise mimic of a dangerous or unpalatable model often gains protection from predation (see Waldbauer 1988 for a review), the gradual evolution of mimicry requires that partial mimics gain some fitness benefit from even a poor resemblance to model species (Fisher 1958; Sheppard 1959). There is evidence that partial mimics gain limited protection from predation in some insect systems (e.g., Morrell and Turner 1970; Pilecki and O'Donald 1971; Shideler 1973). A large number of Neotropical snakes have some elements of the coral snake pattern (Pough 1988b), but there is very little information on the protective effects of partial mimics, largely due to the extreme difficulty of observing predation events in the field. Brodie (1993, following Madsen 1987) pioneered the use of plasticine replicas of coral snakes to gather data on rates of predation by free-ranging birds in the natural habitat of coral snakes. The soft plasticine retains the imprint of any attempted predation, which can be used to identify the predator as bird, mammal, etc. (Brodie 1993). Using this method, Brodie (1993) showed for the first time that the coral snake pattern reduces the rate of avian predation for replicas of both true coral snakes and coral snake mimics. Here we extend Brodie's (1993) method to determine bird attack rates on partial coral snake mimics that have color and pattern combinations not found in any living snake. The coloration of coral snakes includes a number of elements that can vary independently: ring color, ring width, and order of the arrangement of the rings. There is no historical infor-
Fire Ants: Attraction of Workers to Queen Secretions

Workers of Solenopsis invicta Buren and S. geminata (F.) were attracted to areas (squares of grid) of blotter paper to which queens of their species had been confined. The attraction persisted for at least 72 h. Workers of S. invicta were more strongly attracted to squares previously occupied by the mother queen than to those previously occupied by foreign queens. Workers of S. invicta were strongly attracted to squares previously occupied by queens of S. geminata , but workers of S. geminata were poorly attracted to squares previously occupied by queens of S. invicta. The responsible secretion(s) were obtained in organic solution.
Use and abuse of the dextrose tolerance test.

The dextrose tolerance test is commonly misinterpreted as an index of the ability to oxidize carbohydrate. This misinterpretation and the fact that the test dose of sugar is usually administered by the oral route render the test practically worthless. Actually, the test is chiefly an index of the efficiency of blood sugar regulation by the liver, under the influence of various endocrine glands. Thus interpreted and done intravenously, it can yield useful information.
A Quasilinear Implicit Riemann Solver for the Time-Dependent Pn Equations

An implicit Riemann solver for the one- and two-dimensional time-dependent spherical harmonics approximation (P n ) to the linear transport equation is presented. This spatial discretization scheme is based on cell-averaged quantities and uses a monotonicity-preserving high resolution method to achieve second-order accuracy (away from extreme points in the solution). Such a spatial scheme requires a nonlinear method of reconstructing the slope within a spatial cell. We have devised a means of creating an implicit (in time) method without the necessity of a nonlinear solver. This is done by computing a time step using a first-order scheme and then, based on that solution, reconstructing the slope in each cell, an implementation that we justify by analyzing the model equation for the method. This quasilinear approach produces smaller errors in less time than both a first-order scheme and a method that solves the full nonlinear system using a Newton-Krylov method.
REGULATION OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS: ROLE OF NAD+ AND SUGAR PHOSPHATES IN LYSED RABBIT RETICULOCYTES

This chapter describes the regulation of protein synthesis and role of NAD + and sugar phosphates in lysed rabbit reticulocytes. NAD + , NAD + , analogs, glucose-6-phosphate, fructose-6-phosphate, fructose-1,6-diphosphate, and cAMP have been shown to stimulate and/or inhibit protein synthesis in lysed rabbit reticulocytes. NAD + and NAD + analogs can replace the energy requirements for CP/CPK and PEP/PK in cell-free synthesizing systems of lysed rabbit reticulocytes. NAD + at 160 μM stimulates the initiation step of the protein synthetic process as determined by the transfer of formyl-methionine from f[ 35 S]Met-tRNA met into polypeptide and the accumulation of methionyl-valine in the presence of pactamycin. The effect of NAD + on protein synthesis is closely correlated with the activation of glycolysis. Activation of glycolysis by NAD + generates ATP, thereby maintaining a high energy charge. The conversion of glycolytic intermediates to lactate may trigger a signal that stimulates the initiation of protein synthesis. The addition of hexose phosphates and NAD + stimulates protein synthesis to a greater extent than that observed with NAD + alone. Fructose-6-phosphate prevents the formation of a protein synthesis inhibitor induced by double-stranded RNA.
Knowledge, Attitudes Toward Corporations, and Belief in a Just World as Correlates of Tort Reform Attitudes

Recent legislation in tort law has resulted in such changes as states capping punitive and non-economic damages as well as abolishing the collateral source rule and joint and several liability. The purpose of the present research is to examine attitudes toward changes in tort law. We asked American adults about their attitudes toward the civil justice system and its players, experiences in the civil justice system, and belief in a just world. We found that a more negative attitude toward litigation and juries, higher belief in a just world, and a more positive attitude toward corporations and doctors predicted a more positive view of recent changes in tort legislation.
A Multiple Imputation Framework for Massive Multivariate Data of Different Variable Types: A Monte-Carlo Technique

The purpose of this chapter is to build theoretical, algorithmic, and implementation-based components of a unified, general-purpose multiple imputation framework for intensive multivariate data sets that are collected via increasingly popular real-time data capture methods . Such data typically include all major types of variables that are incomplete due to planned missingness designs, which have been developed to reduce respondent burden and lower the cost associated with data collection. The imputation approach presented herein complements the methods available for incomplete data analysis via richer and more flexible modeling procedures, and can easily generalize to a variety of research areas that involve internet studies and processes that are designed to collect continuous streams of real-time data. Planned missingness designs are highly useful and will likely increase in popularity in the future. For this reason, the proposed multiple imputation framework represents an important and refined addition to the existing methods, and has potential to advance scientific knowledge and research in a meaningful way. Capability of accommodating many incomplete variables of different distributional nature, types, and dependence structures could be a contributing factor for better comprehending the operational characteristics of today’s massive data trends. It offers promising potential for building enhanced statistical computing infrastructure for education and research in the sense of providing principled, useful, general, and flexible set of computational tools for handling incomplete data.
Verification, Validation, and Accreditation

“All models are wrong; but some are useful.” This adage by the statistician George Box contains the rationale for verification, validation, and accreditation (VV&A) (Box, 1979). Together, they are meant to answer the question of whether a model is useful (for a given purpose). In this chapter, we define and discuss the terms and the practice of VV&A as it has applied to combat models and to models of unconventional conflict. In the process, we develop a prescription for its application.
Isolation and Identification of the Follicular Microbiome: Implications for Acne Research

Our understanding of the microbiome and the role of Propionibacterium acnes in skin homeostasis and acne pathogenesis is evolving. Multiple methods for sampling and identifying the skin's microbiome exist, and understanding the differences between the abilities of various methods to characterize the microbial landscape is warranted. This study compared the microbial diversity of samples obtained from the cheeks of 20 volunteers, collected by surface swab, pore strips, and cyanoacrylate glue follicular biopsy, all sequenced with 16S rRNA sequencing (V1–V3) and whole-genome metagenomic sequencing. The sequencing method of choice influenced the detection of microbial profiles as whole-genome sequencing captured more species diversity, including viruses, compared with 16S sequencing. The relative abundance of bacterial or fungal species and overall diversity did not differ between sampling methods. However, the viral composition of the skin's surface is unique compared with the follicle, suggesting distinct viral niches within the skin. P. acnes bacteria, ribotypes, and bacteriophages were identified equally by all sampling methods indicating that the sampling method, whether for the skin's surface or follicle, does not impact P. acnes-related characterization and that all may be equally useful for acne-related research studies.
Characteristics of Two Self-Powered Glucose Biosensors

Here, we describe the characterization of a self-powered glucose biosensor that is capable of generating electrical power from the biochemical energy stored in glucose to serve as the primary source of power for microelectronic devices. One self-powered glucose biosensor is based on multi-walled carbon nanotubes modified with pyroquinoline quinone glucose dehydrogenase (PQQ-GDH) and laccase at the bioanode and biocathode, respectively, whereas the other employed bilirubin oxidase at the biocathode. The self-power glucose biosensor employing the bilirubin oxidase biocathode operated at physiological condition and produced an enhanced peak power and current densities as compared with the self-powered glucose biosensor comprising of PQQ-GDH bioanode and laccase biocathode. The self-powered glucose biosensor employing bilirubin oxidase produced an average open circuit voltage of 0.480 V and delivered an average short circuit current density of 0.64 mA/cm2 with a peak power density of 0.089 mW/cm2. In addition, this self-powered glucose biosensor exhibited a linear dynamic range of 0.5–35 mM with a sensitivity of 12.221 Hz/mM $\cdot $ cm2. The use of bilirubin oxidase as the biocathodic enzyme makes it a viable candidate as a potential power source for in vivo applications.
THE INTERPROFESSIONAL TAX ALTERCATION

The paper presents an historical summary of the major issues and events which led to the development of the practice of taxation by accountants in the United States. This development was marked by tremendous conflict between the legal and accounting professions.
Scaling the formal synthesis of supervisory control software for multiple robot systems

In this work we demonstrate a new approach for formally synthesizing control software for a set of cooperating ground robots. Existing discrete event system theory is applied to efficiently generate a set of modular supervisory controllers that are guaranteed to meet a given set of logical specifications (safety and nonblockingness). A subsequent synthesis step then chooses from the set of legal behaviors allowed by the modular supervisors. The efficiency of this planning step is improved through a novel combination of hierarchy and decomposition. Specifically, a global plan is generated off-line based on a formal abstraction of the full controlled system's behavior, while a local plan with a receding horizon is generated on-line based on an unabstracted model of the controlled system's behavior. The unabstracted model is built “on-the-fly” and only the portion of the model needed for the current local plan is stored at any given moment. This work also explains how the supervisory-level of control interacts with the robot-level algorithms that control each robot's heading and velocity. Finally, we present simulation results for a set of illustrative examples.
Collective action problems and conflicting obligations

Enormous harms, such as climate change, often occur as the result of large numbers of individuals acting separately. In collective action problems, an individual has so little chance of making a difference to these harms that changing their behavior has insignificant expected utility. Even so, it is intuitive that individuals in many collective action problems should not be parts of groups that cause these great harms. This paper gives an account of when we do and do not have obligations to change our behavior in collective action problems. It also addresses a question insufficiently explored in the literature on this topic: when obligations arising out of collective action problems conflict with other obligations, what should we do? The paper explains how to adjudicate conflicts involving two collective action problems and conflicts involving collective action problems and other sorts of obligations.
Lysyl Oxidase and Lysyl Oxidase-Like Enzymes

Lysyl oxidase (LOX) and its four congeners, lysyl oxidase-like 1 (LOXL1), -2, -3, and -4, have received much investigative attention in recent years. LOX itself, is the prototypic form of these amine oxidase enzymes. LOX has long been considered to function exclusively as the enzyme that oxidizes peptidyl lysine in its collagen and elastin substrates, thereby initiating formation of the covalent cross-linkages that stabilize these fibrous proteins. This view has been greatly expanded in light of the revelations that LOX can function both as an anti-oncogenic agent and as an enhancer of malignancy in selected cancerous conditions. Evidence is also accumulating that points to the roles of specific LOXL members of this family in disease and in biological homeostasis. This chapter reviews structural and catalytic properties as well as the roles in biology of these amine oxidases and presents a computer-generated predicted 3D protein structure of LOX.
The safety of live attenuated influenza vaccine in children and adolescents 2 through 17 years of age: A Vaccine Safety Datalink study.

Purpose To evaluate the safety of live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) in children 2 through 17 years of age. Methods The study was conducted in 6 large integrated health care organizations participating in the Vaccine Safety Datalink (VSD). Trivalent LAIV safety was assessed in children who received LAIV between September 1, 2003 and March 31, 2013. Eighteen pre-specified adverse event groups were studied, including allergic, autoimmune, neurologic, respiratory, and infectious conditions. Incident rate ratios (IRRs) were calculated for each adverse event, using self-controlled case series analyses. For adverse events with a statistically significant increase in risk, or an IRR > 2.0 regardless of statistical significance, manual medical record review was performed to confirm case status. Results During the study period, 396 173 children received 590 018 doses of LAIV. For 13 adverse event groups, there was no significant increased risk of adverse events following LAIV. Five adverse event groups (anaphylaxis, syncope, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, adverse effect of drug, and respiratory failure) met criteria for manual medical record review. After review to confirm cases, 2 adverse event groups remained significantly associated with LAIV: anaphylaxis and syncope. One confirmed case of anaphylaxis was observed following LAIV, a rate of 1.7 per million LAIV doses. Five confirmed cases of syncope were observed, a rate of 8.5 per million doses. Conclusions In a study of trivalent LAIV safety in a large cohort of children, few serious adverse events were detected. Anaphylaxis and syncope occurred following LAIV, although rarely. These data provide reassurance regarding continued LAIV use.
Assessing a Novel Method to Reduce Anesthesia Machine Contamination: A Prospective, Observational Trial

Background. Anesthesia machines are known reservoirs of bacterial species, potentially contributing to healthcare associated infections (HAIs). An inexpensive, disposable, nonpermeable, transparent anesthesia machine wrap (AMW) may reduce microbial contamination of the anesthesia machine. This study quantified the density and diversity of bacterial species found on anesthesia machines after terminal cleaning and between cases during actual anesthesia care to assess the impact of the AMW. We hypothesized reduced bioburden with the use of the AMW. Methods. In a prospective, experimental research design, the AMW was used in 11 surgical cases (intervention group) and not used in 11 control surgical cases. Cases were consecutively assigned to general surgical operating rooms. Seven frequently touched and difficult to disinfect “hot spots” were cultured on each machine preceding and following each case. The density and diversity of cultured colony forming units (CFUs) between the covered and uncovered machines were compared using Wilcoxon signed-rank test and Student’s t-tests. Results. There was a statistically significant reduction in CFU density and diversity when the AMW was employed. Conclusion. The protective effect of the AMW during regular anesthetic care provides a reliable and low-cost method to minimize the transmission of pathogens across patients and potentially reduces HAIs.
Stress, Cytokines and Depressive Illness

Data suggest that stress, a well-known precipitant of psychiatric disorders, can activate the inflammatory response and thereby may contribute to the development of depression. Indeed, data demonstrate that depressed patients exhibit increased markers of inflammation, and inflammatory processes have been found to interact with multiple pathways relevant to the pathophysiology of depression, including neurotransmitter metabolism, neuroendocrine function, synaptic plasticity, and neurocircuitry. Moreover, administration or blockade of inflammatory cytokines has been shown to, respectively, exacerbate or ameliorate depressive symptoms. These findings indicate an important link between stress, cytokines, and depression that may have novel implications for treatment and prevention of depressive disorders.
Advanced high-strength steel tailor welded blanks (AHSS-TWBs)

Abstract: The automotive industries are continually searching for ways to reduce manufacturing costs while preserving (and improving) vehicle safety and fuel efficiency. Tailor welded blanks (TWBs), sheet metals fabricated from combinations of lightweight materials such as advanced high-strength steels (AHSS), offer an attractive solution and are the subject of intensive research and development. Types, characteristics and fabrication methods of AHSS-TWBs are discussed in this chapter. Formability of TWBs depends upon thermal behaviors during welding and the microstructural properties of component materials. Common test methods to assess TWBs are microhardness measurements across the weld seam, tensile tests, limit dome height tests and microstructural analyses.
Care of the Adolescent

Perhaps no time in life is more exciting, challenging, and frustrating to deal with than adolescence. The true test of a physician’s mettle often comes in caring for this group of patients. Acceleration in growth coupled with perturbations of hormones lead to many changes. Lack of predictability in patient care, mercurial swings in compliance, and emotional upheavals are associated with this life stage. Adolescent health care necessitates a critical blending of the clinical acumen of the family physician with his “bedside manner” and medical personality. Despite these difficulties, care of teenagers can be among the most deeply satisfying aspects of a family doctor’s practice.
Contributions of monocytes to nervous system disorders

Monocytes are a class of leukocytes derived from progenitors in the bone marrow and are prevalent in the blood stream. Although the main function of monocytes is to provide innate immune defenses against infection and injury, their contributions to the central nervous system (CNS) disorders are increasingly recognized. In this review article, we summarize the molecular and physiological properties of monocytes in relation to other myeloid cells. Primarily, we discuss how monocytes (or leukocytes) may affect neuronal function in diseases that are characterized by dysregulated innate immunity and cognitive dysfunction. Under these pathological conditions, monocytes and monocyte-derived cells (1) fail to remove neurotoxic products from CNS, (2) interact with astrocytes at the periphery-brain interfaces to alter synapse development and plasticity, or (3) infiltrate into the CNS to exacerbate neuroinflammation. Through these cellular mechanisms, we speculate that monocytes and other peripheral immune cells may affect brain functioning and contribute to behavioral and cognitive deficits. Better understanding of neuroimmune interactions will help the development of strategies to ameliorate neuronal and cognitive dysfunction associated with dysregulated innate immunity.
The History of Psoriatic Arthritis (PsA): From Moll and Wright to Pathway-Specific Therapy.

Psoriatic arthritis is a distinct disorder, separate from rheumatoid arthritis, and first recognized in a thirteenth century Saxon skeleton. It was, however, the monumental work of Verna Wright in the 1950s that led to the acceptance by the American Rheumatism Association (now American College of Rheumatology) in 1964 as a distinct entity. Wright’s work provided the framework for a better understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms operating on this condition, and eventually led to the development of targeted therapy that has proven to be more effective and safe than conventional therapy. Pathogenesis of psoriatic arthritis has been better delineated in recent years, as well as the use of biological therapy. Recent findings are discussed in detail. Historical aspects of psoriatic arthritis, recent developments in pathogenesis, and therapy are discussed, and the contributions of Verna Wright to our understanding of the disorder are presented.
1358-P: Early CGM Initiation in New-Onset Type 1 Diabetes Patients

A minority of children and adolescents with T1D meet HbA1c targets as recommended in the ADA guidelines. We have previously shown that in our clinic there is a sharp inflection point in HbA1c trajectory starting between 5 and 6 months of diagnosis with a rise in HbA1c from 7.0 ± 1.5% at 5 months post-diagnosis to 8.0 ± 1.7% at 12 months post-diagnosis. Given the benefits of CGM and improved CGM technology, we started a clinical program to initiate CGM therapy within the first month of diabetes diagnosis aimed at decreasing the rise in HbA1c that occurs over the first year of diagnosis. Since initiating this program in August 2018, 20 youth with T1D were started on the Dexcom G6 CGM system within the first month of diagnosis (average time to start is 8.5 ± 1.3 days post-diagnosis, 3 declined CGM initiation). The average age at T1D onset was 10.1 ± 0.8 years and 50% presented in DKA. Mean HbA1c at diagnosis was 12.0 ± 4.0%. In this cohort, 45% were male, 50% non-Hispanic white, 85% had private insurance, and 85% spoke English as the primary language. A majority of clinic patients used the mobile phone as their CGM receiver (73%) and all of these individuals used the Share feature. A majority of clinic patients (75%) have had at least 2 follow-up visits. By the second follow-up visit (46.1 ± 3.9 days since CGM start), patients were wearing the CGM on average of 94.5 ± 5.9% of the days over the last 2 weeks. Of the 20 individuals initially started on CGM, 3 were no longer using it at the time of their most recent visit. Two of the individuals had issues with insurance coverage and the third had issues with the transmitter. The incidence of hypoglycemia was low (2.2 ± 0.7%) and the patients had a time in range (TIR, glucose 70 - 180 mg/dL) of 71.1 ± 4.6%. In our cohort, patients continued to use CGM with a high percent of wear time. Although we do not have a control or comparison group, our population had a low incidence of hypoglycemia and high percentage of TIR. These data suggest that CGM can be successfully started within 2 weeks of T1D diagnosis with potential benefits on glucose control. Disclosure P. Prahalad: None. D. Scheinker: Advisory Panel; Self; Carta Healthcare. K.K. Hood: Consultant; Self; Lilly Diabetes. Research Support; Self; Dexcom, Inc. Speaker9s Bureau; Self; Johnson & Johnson Diabetes Institute. B.A. Buckingham: Advisory Panel; Self; ConvaTec Inc., Novo Nordisk Inc., Profusa, Inc. Consultant; Self; Medtronic MiniMed, Inc. Research Support; Self; Beta Bionics, ConvaTec Inc., Dexcom, Inc., Insulet Corporation, Medtronic MiniMed, Inc., Tandem Diabetes Care. Other Relationship; Self; Insulet Corporation, Tandem Diabetes Care. D.M. Wilson: Advisory Panel; Self; Tolerion, Inc. Research Support; Self; Beta Bionics, Dexcom, Inc., Medtronic. A. Chmielewski: None. B.P. Conrad: None. E. Geels: None. J. Leverenz: None. K. Peterson: None. D.M. Maahs: Advisory Panel; Self; Novo Nordisk Inc. Consultant; Self; Abbott, Sanofi. Research Support; Self; Dexcom, Inc., Tandem Diabetes Care.
Confessions of a Teaching Malcontent: Learning to Like What You Do

My experiences in the classroom have not always been as positive as they are today. My early teaching was informed by erroneous beliefs about what being a college professor entailed and how I was supposed to teach as one. The result was many years of unsatisfying teaching experiences which left me mentally and physically drained and my students relatively uninspired. Then I came to embrace an entirely different perspective on teaching, one that recognized the unfair expectations I had adopted for myself and my students. Doing so allowed me to embrace and enjoy teaching in a way I had previously thought impossible.
Examination of spatial accessibility at micro- and macro-levels using the enhanced two-step floating catchment area (E2SFCA) method

Floating catchment area (FCA) metrics are a family of measures used to quantify spatial accessibility. Spatial accessibility fuses the concepts of accessibility and availability to describe the rel...