cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Robot algorithms for localization of multiple emission sources

The problem of time-varying, multisource localization using robotic swarms has received relatively little attention when compared to single-source localization. It involves distinct challenges regarding how to partition the robots during search to ensure that all sources are located in minimal time, how to avoid obstacles and other robots, and how to proceed after each source is found. Unfortunately, no common set of validation problems and reference algorithms has evolved, and there are no general theoretical foundations that guarantee progress, convergence, and termination. This article surveys the current multisource literature from the viewpoint of these central questions.
Development of a Causal Model of Processes Determining Job Performance

6. M. Morales, The function of general and spe cific abilities in the validity of the Air Force Officer Qualifying Test, unpublished master's thesis, St. Mary's University of Texas, San Antonio (1991). 7. M.J. Ree, J.A. Earles, and M. Teachout, Gen era/ Cognitive Ability Predicts Job Performance, AL TR-1991-0057 (Armstrong Laboratory, Brooks AFB, TX, 1991). 8. N. Stewart, A.G.C.T. scores of Army person nel grouped by occupation, Occupations, 26, 1-37 (1947). It is interesting to note that job hierarchies are not new and that Deuteronomy 29:9 presents a list with managers and overseers at the top and hew ers of wood at the bottom. A.R. Jensen noted that even relatively mundane tasks such as cooking rely on intelligence: Army cooks who could successfully make jelly rolls had higher scores on g-loaded tests than those who could not; Straight Talk About Men tal Tests (Free Press, New York, 1981). 9. R.J. Sternberg, Death, taxes, and bad intelli gence tests, Intelligence, 15, 257-269 (1991). There are a few people who want competency tests, which are even more content specific than typical aptitude tests. The rationale for competency tests has been dispelled by G.V. Barrett and R.L. Depinet, A re consideration of testing for competence rather than for intelligence, American Psychologist, 46, 1012? 1024(1991). 10. R. Cattell, Intelligence: Its Structure, Growth and Action (Elsevier Science Publishing, New York, 1987). This is a revised version of Cattell's Abilities: Their Structure, Growth and Action, published in 1971. In this revision, he elucidates the investment theory and his concepts of fluid and crystallized in telligence. Note the significant change in the title from the original.
Absence of Lamellar Bodies with Accumulation of Dense Bodies Characterizes a Novel Form of Congenital Surfactant Defect

Two female sibling full-term newborns developed respiratory distress shortly after birth, which progressed to respiratory failure. Tracheal lavage demonstrated presence of surfactant protein A (SP-A), but little surfactant protein B (SP-B), without aberrant surfactant protein C (SP-C). On a lung biopsy performed in both infants, prominent type II pneumocyte hyperplasia was evident. Through ultrastructural examination an absence of normally formed lamellar bodies was determined, with numerous irregular electron dense bodies within the type II pneumocytes. These electron dense bodies could also be identified in the alveolar spaces and alveolar macrophages. No alveolar tubular myelin was present. Abnormally high immunoreactivity for surfactant proteins SP-A, proSP-B, SP-B, and proSP-C was demonstrated by light microscopy. Presence of incompletely processed immunopositive proSP-B, but not proSP-C was observed in the alveolar lumina. No mutations in either the SP-B or SP-C gene were identified by sequence analysis of amplified cDNA. We conclude that these siblings exhibit an inherited surfactant deficiency characterized by abnormal accumulations of surfactant proteins within the pneumocytes. This abnormal accumulation may be due to a primary secretory defect, a defect in surfactant phospholipids, or an abnormal interaction between the phospholipids and surfactant proteins.
Vibrational disequilibrium in a low-pressure Na-Catalyzed CON2O Flame

Abstract A high-resolution emission spectrum of a low-pressure Ar-diluted CO + N2O → CO2 + N2 flame catalyzed by Na metal vapor has been obtained and examined for vibrational disequilibrium. Emission in the 1900-2400 cm−1 spectral region, which includes the fundamental and “hot” bands of CO, CO2(ν3), and N2O(ν3), was recorded with high resolution and the CO emission was analyzed in detail to determine vibrational and rotational temperatures which were found to be unequal, Tv = 2050°K and TR = 1100°K. An examination of vib-vib and vib-trans energy transfer mechanisms results in the conclusion that an excess of 14% of the chemical energy is preferentially deposited in the resonantly-coupled N2, CO, CO2 (ν3), and N2O(ν3) vibrational modes. It is further observed that CO vibrational levels for ν > 4 are excessively populated, presumably due to quenching of Na*(3p) by CO; the flame is accompanied by intense Na D-line chemiluminescence.
Government publications and primary resources for historical research: a selective bibliography

Purpose – ‐‐ The purpose of this paper is to identify, describe and locate primary resources using government publications and non‐government publications.Design/methodology/approach ‐‐ This paper examines primary resources for historical research particularly in federal government publications distributed through the Federal Depository Library Program.Findings ‐‐ The paper finds that government publications provide a rich source of primary research materials for post‐secondary research in disciplines such as history, geography, ethnography, education and agriculture.Originality/value ‐‐ Searching for primary historical resources in small‐ to medium‐sized academic libraries can often yield a limited field of resources. Federal government publications distributed through the Government Printing Office are freely available via selective and regional Federal Depository Libraries. This work seeks to identify tools appropriate for higher education primary historical research.
Inference engine greediness: subsumption and suboptimality

Abstract Greedy inference engines find solutions without a complete enumeration of all solutions. Instead, greedy algorithms search only a portion of the rule set in order to generate a solution. As a result, using greedy algorithms results in some unique system verification and quality concerns. This paper focuses on mitigating the impact of those concerns. In particular, rule orderings are established so that better solutions can be found first and those rules that would never be examined by greedy inference engines can be identified. The primary results are driven by rule specificity. A rule is more specific than some other rule when the conditions in one rule are a subset of the conditions in another rule. If the least specific rule is ordered first and it is true, then greedy algorithms will never get to the more specific rule, even if they are true. Since the more specific rules generally also have the greatest return this results in the `wrong' ordering—the rule with the least return will be found. As a result, this paper focuses on generating orderings that will likely lead to higher returns.
Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis in an infant

Abstract An unusual case of xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis (XGP) in an infant is presented,Findings on magnetic resonance imaging, computerized tomography, ultrasound, and intravenous urography in our patient are contrasted with others reported in the literature. Absent were such commonly seen findings as nonfunctioning kidney, hydronephrosis, urinary calculi, and calcifications.
Intraluminal antibiotic regimen for patients undergoing transrectal needle biopsy of prostate

Abstract Twenty-five consecutive patients who had an abnormal prostate examination were subjected to transrectal biopsy of the prostate gland. The day prior to biopsy the patients were started on a modification of the Nichols-Condon bowel preparation utilizing only neomycin and erythromycin base. Although none of the patients became febrile, 3 patients had a positive post-biopsy blood culture (2 anaerobic and 1 aerobic). None of the 24 patients with a negative pre-biopsy urine culture had a positive post-biopsy culture. This regimen effectively reduces the reported incidence of both fever (95% confidence limit of 0 to 13.7% for the true proportion) and bacteremia (95% confidence limit of 2.6 to 31.2 %for the true proportion).
An evaluation of root ZX and elements diagnostic apex locators

The purpose of this study was to compare the accuracy of the Root ZX and Elements Diagnostic electronic apex locators under clinical conditions. Thirty-six teeth planned for extraction were used. Each tooth was decoronated, coronally flared with Orifice Shapers, and irrigated with 2.6% sodium hypochlorite. Working lengths were measured with K-files using both electronic apex locators. The files were cemented at the last measured working length and the teeth were extracted. The apical 4-mm of each canal were exposed and photographed under 15x and 30x magnification. Images of each apex were projected and the distance from the file tip to the minor diameter was determined. The mean distances from the file tip to the minor diameter were 0.346 mm for the Elements Diagnostic and 0.410-mm for the Root ZX beyond the minor constriction. In locating the minor constriction the Root ZX was accurate 75% of the time to +/-0.5 mm, 83.3% +/-0.75 mm, and 88.9% to +/-1 mm. The Elements Diagnostic was accurate 75% of the time to +/-0.5 mm, 88.9% to +/-0.75 mm, and 91.7% to +/-1 mm. There was no statistically significant difference between the accuracy of the two electronic apex locators in locating the minor diameter (p < 0.05).
Density-functional formulation of the generalized pseudopotential theory. III. Transition-metal interatomic potentials

The first-principles, density-functional version of the generalized pseudopotential theory (GPT) developed in papers I and II of this series [Phys. Rev. B 16, 2537 (1977); 26, 1754 (1982)] for empty- and filled-d-band metals is here extended to pure transition metals with partially filled d bands. The present focus is on a rigorous, real-space expansion of the bulk total energy in terms of widely transferable, structure-independent interatomic potentials, including both central-force pair interactions and angular-force triplet and quadruplet interactions. To accomplish this expansion, a specialized set of starting equations is derived from the basic local-density formalism for a pure metal, including refined expansions for the exchange-correlation terms and a simplified yet accurate representation of the cohesive energy. The parent pseudo-Green's-function formalism of the GPT is then used to develop these equations in a plane-wave, localized-d-state basis. In this basis, the cohesive energy divides quite naturally into a large volume component and a smaller structural component.The volume component,which includes all one-ion intra-atomic energy contributions, already gives a good description of the cohesion in lowest order. The structural component is expanded in terms of weak interatomic matrix elements and gives rise to a multi-ion series which establishes the interatomic potentials. Special attention is focused on the dominant d-electron contributions to this series and complete formal results for the two-ion, three-ion, and four-ion d-state potentials (${v}_{2}^{d}$, ${v}_{3}^{d}$, and ${v}_{4}^{d}$) are derived. In addition, a simplified model is used to demonstrate that while ${v}_{3}^{d}$ can be of comparable importance to ${v}_{2}^{d}$, ${v}_{4}^{d}$ is inherently small and the series is rapidly convergent beyond three-ion interactions. Analytic model forms are also derived for ${v}_{2}^{d}$ and ${v}_{3}^{d}$ in the case of canonical d bands. In this limit, ${v}_{2}^{d}$ is purely attractive and varies with interatomic distance as ${r}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}10}$, while ${v}_{3}^{d}$ is weak and attractive for almost empty or filled d bands and maximum in strength and repulsive for half-filled d bands. Full first-principles expressions are then developed for the total two-ion and three-ion potentials and implemented for all 20 3d and 4d transition metals. The first-principles potentials qualitatively display all of the trends predicted by the model results, but they also reflect additional effects, including long-range hybridization tails which must be suitably screened in real-space calculations. Finally, illustrative application of the first-principles potentials is made to the calculation of the [100] phonon spectrum for V and Cr, where the importance of three-ion angular forces is explicitly demonstrated.
Pythagorean-hodograph space curves

We investigate the properties of polynomial space curvesr(t)={x(t), y(t), z(t)} whose hodographs (derivatives) satisfy the Pythagorean conditionx′2(t)+y′2(t)+z′2(t)≡σ2(t) for some real polynomial σ(t). The algebraic structure of thecomplete set of regular Pythagorean-hodograph curves in ℝ3 is inherently more complicated than that of the corresponding set in ℝ2. We derive a characterization for allcubic Pythagoreanhodograph space curves, in terms of constraints on the Bezier control polygon, and show that such curves correspond geometrically to a family of non-circular helices. Pythagorean-hodograph space curves of higher degree exhibit greater shape flexibility (the quintics, for example, satisfy the general first-order Hermite interpolation problem in ℝ3), but they have no “simple” all-encompassing characterization. We focus on asubset of these higher-order curves that admits a straightforward constructive representation. As distinct from polynomial space curves in general, Pythagorean-hodograph space curves have the following attractive attributes: (i) the arc length of any segment can be determined exactly without numerical quadrature; and (ii) thecanal surfaces based on such curves as spines have precise rational parameterizations.
On the geometry and Laplacian of a graph

Abstract Let G be a simple graph on n vertices, and let L be the Laplacian matrix of G. We point out some connections between the geometric properties of G and the spectrum of L. The multiplicities and eigenspaces as well as the eigenvalues of L are of geometric interest. Some historical information and relations of L to other matrices associated with G are also described.
Rural and Remote Food Environments and Obesity

Within most developed countries, rural residents are more likely to be obese and overweight compared to their urban counterparts. Studies of specific rural communities have found that the limited availability of healthy foods in the community and home as well as individual characteristics and preferences contribute to poor diet and overweight. The rural food environment is varied and may be affected by climate, regional and cultural preferences, transportation access, and remoteness among other factors. Given this diversity and the vulnerabilities of rural residents, who are more likely to have low-income, substandard housing or low educational attainment compared to their urban counterparts, policy and programmatic interventions should target specific needs and communities. This review will describe the rural community, home, and individual food environments and what is known about their roles in healthy eating.
Engineering for redesign

Abstract Domain swapping continues to be the most successful area of protein engineering. Complementary structural and functional information is now beginning to emerge from studies that aim to redesign dehydrogenases, proteases and metal-binding sites. One important conclusion from this work is that residues that do not contact the substrates can be important determinants of substrate specificity. These studies suggest an intriguing possibility: new enzymes may be more successfully engineered by selecting first for catalysis, then optimizing substrate binding, instead of attempting to adapt binding sites for catalysis.
Application of the coastal and marine ecological classification standard using satellite-derived and modeled data products for pelagic habitats in the Northern Gulf of Mexico

Abstract The expansive and dynamic nature of the ocean's water column may limit the feasibility of the frequent in situ sampling that would be necessary to monitor these habitats and produce region-wide map products with any regularity. Alternatives to in situ sampling such as remote sensing and classification offer a means of routinely characterizing the environmental forcing functions that shape and determine habitat suitability and distribution. Four products derived from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS)-aqua satellite (chlorophyll concentration, salinity, sea-surface temperature, and euphotic depth) and a hydrodynamic modeled product for bottom to surface temperature differences (Δ t ) were evaluated to assess the utility of these products as proxies for in situ measurements. MODIS images covering the northern Gulf of Mexico were obtained for a 5-year time period (January 2005 – December 2009; 300 total images) and processed through Automated Processing System. The products were used to classify surface waters in three regions of the northern Gulf of Mexico using subcomponents and modifiers from the Coastal and Marine Ecological Classification Standard (CMECS) Water Column Component (WC) to determine if CMECS categories could be affectively used to categorize the products into meaningful management units. Products were assessed for each month over the five year period. Sea-surface temperature and salinity were classified into CMECS WC temperature and salinity subcomponent categories, respectively. Three modifiers from the WC were also used for the pelagic classification: water column stability, productivity, and turbidity. Δ t was used to assign classification for water column stability; surface chlorophyll was used to determine phytoplankton productivity; and euphotic depth was used to indicate the level of turbidity. Statistical analyses of the products compared to the Gulf States Marine Fisheries Commission's Southeast Area Monitoring and Assessment Program in situ data indicated that the MODIS and hydrodynamic modeling products were consistently different from the in situ data; however, we believe the potential is strong for use of these standard products to enhance water column information. Use of the CMECS WC with appropriate modifiers captures all the significant pelagic environmental parameters which influence habitat and species distributions. Of the parameters evaluated, the sea-surface salinity and temperature, as expected, were most useful for making comparisons. Further research incorporating different types of data is necessary to explore the full potential of this approach. Specifically, resource managers would like to see the incorporation of sediment and bathymetry data. We believe addition of these data layers would result in more robust habitat maps and provide an innovative tool for resource managers.
Nonemployment stigma as rational herding: A field experiment

Abstract Long spells of unemployment are known to reduce the likelihood of re-employment, but it is difficult to discern the reasons for this observation. Using an experimental method that controls for search intensity and possible discouragement of job applicants, I document that job market opportunities for the nonemployed diminish rapidly over time. In this experiment, duration dependence is solely due to firm perceptions. Why do firms view long spells of nonemployment as negative signals? Rational herding is one important factor. Managers believe that unemployed applicants were previously interviewed, and if the applicants were productive, they would have been hired.
Estimation of Q-Factor For Spectral Whitening

Estimation of the Q-factor is discussed along with applications using synthetic and real data sets. An intrinsic damping operator is used to introduce different methods for estimating the Q-factor. These methods have for their basis constant Q-factor panels, and a Q-filter operator determined by the Wiener filtering approach. In addition to the Q-panel a quantitative symmetry search in the crosscorrelation function is applied to determine Q. In the cast of the Wiener Qfilter operator the log-amplitude spectra are used to determine the value of Q. Synthetic and real data examples indicate that Q can be estimated from shot and common-mid-point data gathers. In addition to determining Q, a Q-correction is introduced to whiten the data before stacking for greater resolution. The increase in resolution is demonstrated on data before and after stack.
Cholecystokinin blocks some effects of kainic acid in CA3 region of hippocampal slices.

Abstract We investigated the relationship between the effects of cholecystokinin (CCK) and kainic acid (KA) in the CA3 region of hippocampal slices from rats. As has been reported previously, KA in nanomolar concentrations caused spontaneous epileptiform discharges (bursts) and an excitatory shift of the input/output (I/O) curve. CCK octapeptide (100–200 nM) applied alone had no effect on spontaneous activity or I/O curves. Pretreatment of slices with sulfated CCK blocked the effect of KA on synaptic transmission, but had no effect on KA-induced bursting. Pretreatment with nonsulfated CCK had no effect.
Tip-enhanced probe design for nanometrology

Scanning near-field optical microscopy (SNOM) employs many different forms of optical probes to achieve sub-diffraction limited imaging. The first commonly used probes utilized optical fibers pulled or etched to a small end diameter. This technique has successfully demonstrated spatial optical resolution better than 100 nm. These original near-field probes utilized a coating of aluminum on the sidewalls to achieve field confinement. The fabrication process had problems with irreproducible coatings (leading to blockage or leakage of light), insensitive scanning surface interaction mechanisms, or taper issues leading to low throughput. To overcome these issues, a probe design which involved illumination of sharp metals with optimal polarization was developed to achieve higher topographic and optical spatial resolution. This technique has been termed tip enhanced near-field scanning optical microscopy (TENOM). Although this technique overcomes many of the issues with using fibers, it introduces other issues. This work will cover how one overcome some of the issues with metal probes as well as presenting show our latest results.
Refraction of water waves by islands and shoals with circular bottom-contours

The bending of water waves by islands and shoals with circular bottom-contours is Investigated from an analytical standpoint to obtain a precise determination of resulting wave-patterns and wave-heights. SNELL'S law of refraction is assumed, and FERMAT'S law or the principle of least time therefore applies. Application of FERMAT'S law and of the established relation between wave-velocity and depth of water enables determinations of lines orthogonal to tho wave crests for various types of contour gradients. Five different cases are discussed. It is shown that for certain contour gradients, islands have no shore protected from high waves. A shoal is characterized by the dividing of a single crest Into two crests. Height variation along refracted crests at considerable distances beyond an island is shown to bo critically dependent upon contour gradient.
Water Resource Implications of Midwest Agroecosystems

Agriculture contributes to nonpoint-source pollution of the nation's water resources through leaching and runoff of crop nutrients, pesticides, and animal wastes, and through soil erosion from cropland. Development of effective solutions to water quality problems resulting from agricultural activities requires input of information synthesized from many disciplines, and courdination and integration of various scientific and technical programs. This article describes a program for synthesizing information resulting from USDA USEPA and USGS projects into evaluations of the regional impact of existing and innovative agroecosystems on surfacewater and groundwater quality
Evaluation of Work-Related Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

Objectives: Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is common in the industrial setting but there are still some advocates who argue that CTS is not a work related problem. There are also controversies about the proper way to establish the diagnosis and whether screening for CTS in the industrial setting is warranted. Methods: A comprehensive literature review. Results: The literature does demonstrate that the prevalence of CTS in the industrial setting is significantly higher than in the general population. Numerous epidemiologic studies have identified independent risk factors, which include repetitiveness of work, forceful exertions, mechanical stress, posture, and vibration as well as several personal co-factors. The strength of these associations are discussed. The diagnostic criteria for establishing work-related CTS are discussed as well as the effectiveness of various screening methods that are commonly used in the workplace. The sensitivity and specificity of nerve conduction studies to establish or confirm the diagnosis of CTS is presented along with normative data for the industrial worker. Conclusions: CTS has both work-related and personal risk factors. The diagnosis is best established using a combination of history, symptom distribution and confirmation using the relative latency of median sensory testing using normative data. Screening for CTS in the industrial setting has questionable benefit.
Effect of ambient oxygen on organic phosphate concentrations in erythrocytes of the chick embryo.

Abstract Remarkable quantitative and qualitative changes occur in the erythrocytic organic phosphates of the developing chicken. We examined the influence of continuous incubation under hyperoxia (70% oxegyn) on this pattern in the 10–21 day embryo. Hyperoxia had no influence on adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) levels on or before day 14. After day 14, hyperoxia attenuated the fall in ATP and eliminated the transient rise in 2,3-DPG concentrations observed in control embryos. Acute exposure of day 17 embryos to 70% oxygen resulted in similar changes; switching day 17 hyperoxic embryos to 21% oxygen showed the reverse. Acute exposure of day 11 or day 13 embryos to hypoxia (15% oxygen) resulted in a decline in ATP and an increase in 2,3-DPG levels. The ATP and 2,3-DPG concentrations were thus influenced by ambient oxygen although not uniformly throughout embryonic development. Oxygen dissociation curves of erythrocyte suspensions from day 18 embryos showed a lower oxygen affinity for hyperoxic embryos than for controls. The organic phosphate analyses and oxygen binding results are consistent with the hypothesis that the chick embryo is relatively hypoxic during the last third of embryonic development. The results also suggest that late in development, erythrocytes of control embryos respond to the oxygen limitation in a manner that facilitates oxygen uptake by the blood at the shell.
Outer magnetospheric fluctuations and pulsar timing noise

The Cheng, Ho, and Ruderman (1986) outer-magnetosphere gap model was used to investigate the stability of Crab-type outer magnetosphere gaps for pulsars having the parameter (Omega-square B) similar to that of the Crab pulsar. The Lamb, Pines, and Shaham (1978) fluctuating magnetosphere noise model was applied to the Crab pulsar to examine the type of the equation of state that best describes the structure of the neutron star. The noise model was also applied to other pulsars, and the theoretical results were compared with observational data. The results of the comparison are consistent with the stiff equation of state, as suggested by the vortex creep model of the neutron star interior. The timing-noise observations also contribute to the evidence for the existence of superfluid in the core of the neutron star.
Pretransplant elevations of interleukin-12 and interleukin-10 are associated with acute rejection after renal transplantation

Abstract Background: Methods for predicting patients at higher risk for rejection before transplantation may help improve outcomes. We hypothesized that pretransplant elevations of serum interleukin-12 (IL-12), a pro-inflammatory cytokine, would predict acute rejection, while pretransplant interleukin-10 (IL-10), an immunoregulatory cytokine, would be down-regulated in patients subsequently experiencing acute rejection. Materials and Methods: 30 patients experiencing acute rejection after cadaveric renal allograft transplantation and a control group of 30 patients, undergoing the same procedure but without the occurrence of rejection, were identified. Serum samples taken before transplantation from each patient were then analyzed quantitatively for IL-12 and IL-10 using ELISA assays. Statistical comparisons between the rejection and non-rejection groups were then made. Results: The mean pretransplant serum IL-12 level was higher in patients who subsequently underwent acute rejection versus those who did not (197 vs. 81.2 pcg/ml, respectively, p = 0.003, Mann-Whitney), as was the mean pretransplant serum IL-10 level (500 vs. 332 pcg/ml, respectively, p = 0.023, Mann-Whitney). Conclusions: Pretransplant elevations of IL-12 and, unexpectedly, IL-10 are associated with acute rejection after cadaveric renal transplantation and may be useful in predicting which patients are at increased immunological risk at the time of transplantation. Further study of pretransplant risk factors is indicated.
Addressing the inadequacies of the current healthcare model with a universal healthcare system in the United States.

Despite the immense amount of resources available in the United States, more than 46 million U.S. citizens remain uninsured. The United States has the means and the resources to provide universal health care. However, before initiating remedial steps, problems associated with the current healthcare system must be analyzed. The healthcare dilemma can be resolved by changing patient behavior, provider performance, reducing unnecessary costs, and better allocation of resources. These changes will necessitate deviations from the current model and, to be successful, should be made step by step and gradually.
Bilateral sequential lung and simultaneous pancreas transplant: a new approach for the recipient with cystic fibrosis.

Abstract Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an inherited disorder that presents in childhood as a multisystem disease. Pulmonary failure and pancreatic insufficiency, including CF related diabetes (CFRD) and exocrine insufficiency, are common complications of this disease. In this report we review the first three simultaneous lung and pancreas transplantations in CF patients with diabetes. Methods All three CF patients presented for evaluation for lung transplantation and had pancreatic insufficiency requiring enzyme supplementation and CFRD requiring insulin. All were severely malnourished and required nutritional supplementation. Surgical technique In each case, the allografts were procured from a single cadaveric donor. Bilateral lung transplantation was performed first using two separate thoracic incisions. The pancreas transplant was performed with systemic venous drainage and enteric exocrine drainage. Results The pancreas allografts all functioned normally with normoglycemia independent of insulin. As a result of the enteric drainage of the pancreas allograft, supplemental pancreatic enzymes were no longer required. Despite several complications detailed in the manuscript, all three remain independent of supplemental oxygen, insulin and pancreatic enzyme replacement at 4, 6 and 14 months of follow-up. Conclusion Simultaneous lung and pancreas transplantation in patients with CF can be performed successfully and provides the advantages of normoglycemia and improves nutrition for patients requiring lung transplantation.
Electrophysiological spatiotemporal dynamics during implicit visual threat processing

Numerous studies have found evidence for corticolimbic theta band electroencephalographic (EEG) oscillations in the neural processing of visual stimuli perceived as threatening. However, varying temporal and topographical patterns have emerged, possibly due to varying arousal levels of the stimuli. In addition, recent studies suggest neural oscillations in delta, theta, alpha, and beta-band frequencies play a functional role in information processing in the brain. This study implemented a data-driven PCA based analysis investigating the spatiotemporal dynamics of electroencephalographic delta, theta, alpha, and beta-band frequencies during an implicit visual threat processing task. While controlling for the arousal dimension (the intensity of emotional activation), we found several spatial and temporal differences for threatening compared to nonthreatening visual images. We detected an early posterior increase in theta power followed by a later frontal increase in theta power, greatest for the threatening condition. There was also a consistent left lateralized beta desynchronization for the threatening condition. Our results provide support for a dynamic corticolimbic network, with theta and beta band activity indexing processes pivotal in visual threat processing.
Hyponatremia in hospitalized cancer patients and its impact on clinical outcomes.

Background Hyponatremia is the most common electrolyte abnormality in clinical practice, yet little is known about its frequency in patients with cancer or its impact on their clinical outcomes. Study Design Retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data. Setting & Participants Patients with cancer admitted to the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center in 2006 for 3 months. Predictor Serum sodium levels categorized as eunatremia (serum sodium, 135-147 mEq/L) and mild (134-130 mEq/L), moderate (129-120 mEq/L), and severe ( Outcomes (1) Length of hospital stay and (2) 90-day mortality. Results In 4,702 admissions in 3,357 patients with cancer, hyponatremia (serum sodium P P P = 0.01). 283 (8.4%) deaths occurred during 90 days, and in the multivariate model, the respective HRs for 90-day mortality for mild, moderate, and severe hyponatremia were 2.04 (95% CI, 1.42-2.91; P P P = 0.04). These findings were consistent when analyses were repeated with sodium levels in tertiles. Limitations Observational study, retrospective, inability to adjust for all comorbid conditions. Conclusion Hyponatremia in patients with cancer is associated with longer hospital stay and higher mortality. Whether long-term correction of hyponatremia would improve these outcomes remains to be determined.
A review of the population dynamics of mule deer and black‐tailed deer Odocoileus hemionus in North America

Mule deer and black-tailed deer Odocoileus hemionus have exhibited marked population fluctuations throughout their range over the past century. The relative contributions of predation, forage availability and weather to observed population changes remain unclear and controversial. We reviewed 48 studies on Odocoileus hemionus survival and predation from the past 30 years and quantified age-specific vital rates, population growth rates (λ) and causes of mortality. We also evaluated the effect of environmental variables on variation in vital rates and the contribution of age-specific survival to population growth. Age-specific survival (ϕ) was the most frequently studied population parameter. Odocoileus hemionus have lower and more variable fawn survival than other ungulate species (ϕsummer = 0.44, CV = 0.42; ϕannual = 0.29, CV = 0.67). Adult female survival conversely appeared to be high and stable throughout the geographical range of the species (ϕannual = 0.84, CV = 0.06). Observed low fawn survival appears to be compensated for by high fecundity rates. Predation was the primary proximate cause of mortality for all age classes, and was an important source of summer fawn mortality and of mortality in multi-prey, multi-predator systems. However, predator removal studies suggest that predation is compensatory, particularly at high deer densities, and that nutrition and weather shape population dynamics. We propose three models to explain local population dynamics of Odocoileus hemionus: (i) populations are limited by forage availability and weather; (ii) adult females are limited by forage availability, fawns are limited by forage availability and predation, and population growth is constrained by fecundity and fawn predation; and (iii) large changes in the abundance of predators or alternative prey change predation risk and destabilize population dynamics. Future research should be focused on: the effects of age-specific survival on population growth; possible interactions between predation, forage availability and weather; and the importance of multiple predator and prey species in shaping the population dynamics of Odocoileus hemionus.
Diamagnetic capture mode magnetophoretic microseparator for blood cells

This paper presents the characterization of a continuous diamagnetic capture (DMC) mode magnetophoretic microseparator for separating red and white blood cells from diluted whole blood based on their native magnetic properties. The DMC microseparator separated the blood cells using a high-gradient magnetic separation (HGMS) method without the use of additives such as magnetic beads. The microseparator was fabricated using microfabrication technology, enabling the integration of microscale magnetic flux concentrators in an aqueous microenvironment. Experimental results show that the DMC microseparator can continuously separate out 89.7% of red blood cells (RBCs) from diluted whole blood within 5 min using an external magnetic flux of 0.2 T from a permanent magnet. Monitoring white blood cells (WBCs) probed with a fluorescence dye show that 72.7% of WBCs were separated out within 10 min in the DMC microseparator using a 0.2 T external applied magnetic flux. Consequently, the DMC microseparator may facilitate the separation of WBCs from whole blood in applications such as a genetic sample preparation and blood borne disease detection. [1574].
Towards a model of implicit feedback for Web search

This research investigated several important issues in using implicit feedback techniques to assist searchers with difficulties in formulating effective search strategies. It focused on examining the relationship between types of behavioral evidence that can be captured from Web searches and searchers' interests. A carefully crafted observation study was conducted to capture, examine, and elucidate the analytical processes and work practices of human analysts when they simulated the role of an implicit feedback system by trying to infer searchers' interests from behavioral traces. Findings provided rare insight into the complexities and nuances in using behavioral evidence for implicit feedback and led to the proposal of an implicit feedback model for Web search that bridged previous studies on behavioral evidence and implicit feedback measures. A new level of analysis termed an analytical lens emerged from the data and provides a road map for future research on this topic. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. This work was completed at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill.
Introduction to the Special Issue: Economic, Health, and Mental Health Disparities Among Ethnic Minority Children and Families

ing in poverty, with three out of five poor children being white (8.4 million). However, more than a third of African American (4.2 million) and Hispanic (3.8 million) children are poor (Children’s Defense Fund, 2000). American Indian children constitute another large proportion of the children living in poverty (Willis, 2000a). The NICHD report (2000) states that, in 1996, African American and Hispanic children had a poverty rate four times that of white children and that children from these minority groups who lived in female-headed households were five times more likely to live in poverty than children in two-parent families. The report goes on to state that low-income minority children face great problems in a variety of areas, such as low birthweight, contagious diseases, and childhood injury, all serving to contribute to higher risks for developmental delays and other problems, including death (p. 23). Data about racial and ethnic health disparities from the NICHD report (2000) and Surgeon General’s Report on Mental Health: Culture, Race, and Ethnicity (2001) suggest that six of the ten leading causes of death are behaviorally based—substance abuse, HIV/AIDS, violence, accidents, and diet— making it important for psychologists to focus some of their energies on prevention and early intervention. In this issue, Bachanas et al. address two such behaviorally based disorders. This group described minority adolescents from impoverished environments who are at risk for contracting HIV and at risk for substance abuse. The authors stated, “Teens Journal of Pediatric Psychology, Vol. 27, No. 4, 2002, pp. 309–314
Development of Thin-Junction Detector

Two methods to produce a thin-junction sensor are reported here. The first method consists of a regular boron implantation with energies of 2 keV (dose of 1 times 1015/cm2) and 5 keV (dose of 1 times 1014/cm2) into silicon directly, and 10 keV (1 X 1014/cm2), 45 keV (1 times 1015/cm2) into Si through a thin oxide layer (500 A and 1000 A respectively) to form a junction. An aluminum layer was coated in the same vacuum system after back-sputtering to remove oxide on top of the implanted silicon substrate. This method may have the following advantages: 1) it may improve the soft X-ray radiation hardness of the device because there is no oxide layer on the junction; 2) it substantially attenuates the incident visible light; and 3) it allows detection of low energy X-ray down to 300 eV. The second method consists of a low energy of 2 keV and dose of 1 times 1015/cm2 boron implantation into the bare silicon followed by laser annealing that activates boron with minimal diffusion, to retain the ultra thin-junction. The laser annealing method was compared with control wafers. Two of the control wafers were implanted by boron with the same energy and dose as that of the laser annealed wafer. One of them was annealed using high temperature of 1000degC and time of 30 minutes thermal annealing. The other was annealed using our regular annealing temperature of 700degC and with longer annealing time of 17 hours. The remaining control wafer was implanted by boron with higher energy of 45 keV and dose of 1 times 1015/cm2 (our standard boron implantation energy and dose) and annealed using regular (700degC, 30 min) thermal annealing.
Preparing General Education Teachers for Inclusive Settings: A Constructivist Teacher Education Program:

Current efforts to reform special education are contingent upon preparing general education teachers at the preservice level for inclusive classroom settings. In this article, we describe the development, implementation, and evaluation of innovative preservice teacher education program in elementary education in the Inclusive Early Childhood Education Unit at The University of Tennessee. This program possesses several distinctive features: a three-phase training model; alternative approaches to instructional delivery, curricula, and assessment; local school mentoring; and extensive field-based experiences. Program outcomes from mentoring teachers, school administrators, and students were collected to assess the impact of the program.
Impacts of simulated shifting cultivation on deforestation and the carbon stocks of the forests of central Africa

Research on shifting cultivation in the tropics has focused primarily on the issues of agricultural productivity and soil degradation. Few have attempted to quantify its impact on forest losses and the carbon cycle in the context of the global change debate. A simulation, which incorporated historic and projected rural population growth, was conducted to investigate the impacts of shifting cultivation on deforestation and the carbon stocks of the humid tropical forests of central Africa. The study demonstrated that in 1950, the central African forest region subjected to shifting cultivation was composed of 92% forest (including primary and secondary forests) and that in 1990 the forest cover had been reduced to 80% of the total simulated land area. The results of the simulation showed that with the current level of technology and consumptive habitats, shifting cultivation under projected rates of rural population growth would increase the annual rate of deforestation to 1.3%, converting 94% of the land area into cropland, fallow and secondary forests by 2050. At that time, only 40% of the potential above-ground biomass carbon (i.e., assuming all the simulated area is occupied by dense forests) will remain, compared to 85 and 74% in 1950 and 1990, respectively. The simulation suggests that there is a need for alternatives to shifting cultivation such as integration of cultivation intensification, fallow management and agroforestry if population pressure on the tropical forests of central Africa is to be alleviated. This preliminary regional study shows that modeling could provide an important tool to explore alternative scenarios of land use and to assist decision makers with forest management.
In-group Questions and Out-group Answers: Crowdsourcing Daily Living Advice for Individuals with Autism

Difficulty in navigating daily life can lead to frustration and decrease independence for people with autism. While they turn to online autism communities for information and advice for coping with everyday challenges, these communities may present only a limited perspective because of their in-group nature. Obtaining support from out-group sources beyond the in-group community may prove valuable in dealing with challenging situations such as public anxiety and workplace conflicts. In this paper, we explore the value of supplementary out-group support from crowdsourced responders added to in-group support from a community of members. We find that out-group sources provide relatively rapid, concise responses with direct and structured information, socially appropriate coping strategies without compromising emotional value. Using an autism community as a motivating example, we conclude by providing design implications for combining in-group and out-group resources that may enhance the question-and-answer experience.
DELIRIUM IN THE TERMINALLY ILL

PREVALENCE OF DELIRIUM Delirium is a common and often serious medical complication in the patient with advanced illness. Cognitive disorders, and delirium in particular, have enormous relevance to symptom control and palliative care. Delirium is highly prevalent in cancer and AIDS patients with advanced disease, particularly in the last weeks of life, with prevalence rates ranging from 25% to 85%.14,20,26,41,4*~48,54~60 Delirium is one of the most common mental disorders encountered in general hospital practice. Knight and FolsteinM estimated that 33% of hospitalized medically ill patients have serious cognitive impairments. Massie and co-workersM found delirium in 25% of 334 hospitalized cancer patients seen in psychiatric consultation and in 85% (11 of 13) of terminal cancer patients. Pereira and co-~orkers~~ found the prevalence of cognitive impairment in cancer inpatients to be 44%, and just before death, the prevalence rose to 62.1%. Delirium also occurs in up to 51% of postoperative patients.46,81 The incidence of delirium is currently increasing because of the growing numbers of older adults who are particularly s~sceptible.~~ Studies of older adult patients
Skin temperature modifies the impact of hypohydration on aerobic performance.

This study determined the effects of hypohydration on aerobic performance in compensable [evaporative cooling requirement (Ereq) < maximal evaporative cooling (Emax)] conditions of 10°C [7°C wet bu...