cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Problems with stirred immunity measurements in a reverberation chamber: Corrections to DO-160G section 20.6

When DO-160G, Environmental Conditions and Test Procedures for Airborne Equipment [1], Section 20.6, was modified in 2010 to simplify electromagnetic susceptibility measurements in a reverberation chamber and switch from a stepped paddle (mode-stepped or mode-tuned) to a continuously moving paddle (mode-stirred), an error was introduced which overestimates the test level by approximately 1.4 to 3 dB, and possibly more (the error should increase with exposure frequency). We offer a possible explanation for the cause of the error, and suggest several possible ways to give a more accurate estimate of the exposure field.
Perioperative Challenges During Cerebrovascular Surgery

Cerebrovascular surgery accounts for a significant proportion of neurosurgical interventions. This chapter focuses on the most common and challenging: aneurysm repair, arterio-venous malformation (AVM) resection, and cerebrovascular bypass surgery.
A parallel-process model of on-line inference processing

This paper presents a new model of on-line inference processes during text understanding. The model, called ATLAST, integrates inference processing at the lexical, syntactic, and pragmatic levels of understanding, and is consistent with the results of controlled psychological experiments. ATLAST interprets input text through the interaction of independent but communicating inference processes running in parallel. The focus of this paper is on the initial computer implementation of the ATLAST model, and some observations and issues which arise from that implementation.
Predicting the load capacity of wood composite I-beams using the tensor polynomial strenght theory

The tensor polynomial strength theory for anisotropic materials was coupled with finite-element analyses to predict the ultimate load capacity of several wood-composite I-beams. Small-specimen tests with the constituent materials provided elastic constants for the finite-element computations and ultimate strengths for development of strength tensors.
Preparedness and Mutuality Affect Quality of Life for Patients With Mechanical Circulatory Support and Their Caregivers

Background: Clinical and US regulatory guidelines for patients with mechanical circulatory support (MCS) require the identification of a caregiver to assist with MCS care. There is limited understa...
Time-strain separability in medium-amplitude oscillatory shear

We derive and study equations for the weakly nonlinear medium-amplitude oscillatory shear (MAOS) response of materials exhibiting time-strain separability. Results apply to constitutive models with arbitrary linear memory function m(s) and for both viscoelastic liquids and viscoelastic solids. The derived equations serve as a reference to identify which models are time-strain separable (TSS) and which may appear separable but are not, in the weakly nonlinear limit. More importantly, we study how the linear viscoelastic (LVE) relaxation spectrum, H(τ), affects the frequency dependence of the TSS MAOS material functions. Continuous relaxation spectra are considered that are associated with analytical functions (log-normal and asymmetric Lorentzian distributions), fractional mechanical models (Maxwell and Zener), and molecular theories (Rouse and Doi-Edwards). TSS MAOS signatures reveal much more than just the perturbation parameter A in the shear damping function small-strain expansion, h(γ)=1+Aγ2+Oγ4. Specifically, the distribution of terminal relaxation times is significantly more apparent in the TSS MAOS functions than their LVE counterparts. We theoretically show that this occurs because TSS MAOS material functions are sensitive to higher-order moments of the relaxation spectrum, which leads to the definition of MAOS liquids. We also show the first examples of MAOS signatures that differ from the liquid-like terminal MAOS behavior predicted by the fourth-order fluid expansion. This occurs when higher moments of the relaxation spectrum are not finite. The famous corotational Maxwell model is a subset of our results here, for which A = −1/6, and any LVE relaxation spectrum could be used.
Review of the aquatic Hemiptera from Cephalonia, with a checklist for the Ionian Islands, Greece (Heteroptera: Gerromorpha, Nepomorpha, Leptopodomorpha).

Eleven species of aquatic true bugs (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) are newly recorded for Cephalonia Island (Greece)-Gerromorpha: Hydrometra stagnorum (Linnaeus, 1758), Microvelia pygmaea (Dufour, 1833), Velia mariae Tamanini, 1971, Gerris argentatus Schummel, 1832, G. costae (Herrich-Schaffer, 1850), G. lacustris (Linnaeus, 1758); Nepomorpha: Corixa affinis Leach, 1817, Anisops crinitus Brooks, 1951, A. sardeus Herrich-Schaffer, 1849, Notonecta maculata Fabricius, 1794, Plea minutissima Leach, 1817-where only a few species have been recorded. The most notable records are: Anisops crinitus, which in Europe was known only from the island of Corfu (Greece) and Spain (until recently under the name A. marazanofi Poisson, 1966), and Velia mariae, whose distribution is still poorly known. Velia rivulorum (Fabricius, 1775), V. currens (Fabricius, 1794), and Anisops canariensis Nouahlier, 1893 (currently A. debilis canariensis), from old literature records, are excluded from the fauna of the Ionian Islands. Similarly, N. glauca glauca Linnaeus, 1758 is excluded from the fauna of Cephalonia and Corfu. The first record of Hydrometra gracilenta Horvath, 1899 from Corfu and for the Ionian Islands is provided. Microvelia pygmaea and Gerris maculatus Tamanini, 1946 are newly recorded for Lefkada Island. An annotated list of the Gerromorpha, Nepomorpha, and Leptopodomorpha of the Ionian Islands also is given.
An investigation of enzymatic creatinine interference in a patient receiving dopamine and dobutamine.

Abstract Background A laboratory investigation was initiated after a renal failure patient had a 2.18 mg/dL decrease in serum creatinine , which was not explained through medical intervention. The investigation revealed specimens providing questionably low results had been collected from a peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC) line. Methods Patient specimens and serum pools were analyzed by the Siemens Vista enzymatic creatinine measurement procedure. A simulation of the patient's infusion protocol examined potential PICC line carryover and specimen collection technique. Results A simultaneously collected specimen set, arterial line and PICC line, yielded a difference of 1.86 mg/dL. Infusion and collection simulation studies suggested the most likely scenario was the infusion pump was not shut off while the specimen collection occurred and contaminated the specimen. Conclusion Providers should be aware of erroneously low creatinine results when administering catecholamine drugs and collecting specimens through the same catheter. The mechanism of specimen contamination is consistent with a siphoning effect from one lumen to the other during collection with the infusion pumps still running.
Radiation treatment planning with embedded dose escalation

Heterogeneous target doses are a common by-product from attempts to improve normal tissue sparing in radiosurgery treatment planning. These regions of escalated dose within the target may increase tumor control probability (TCP). Purposely embedding hot spots within tumors during optimization may also increase the TCP. This study discusses and compares five optimization approaches that not only eliminate homogeneity constraints, but also maximize heterogeneity and internal dose escalation. Co-planar volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) plans were produced for virtual spherical targets with 2–8 cm diameters, minimum target dose objectives of 25 Gy, and objectives to minimize normal tissue dose. Five other sets of plans were produced with additional target dose objectives: 1) minimum dose-volume histogram (DVH) objective on 10% of the target 2) minimum dose objective on a sub-structure within the target, and 3–5) minimum generalized equivalent uniform dose (gEUD) objectives assuming three different volume-effect parameters. Plans were normalized to provide equivalent maximum OAR dose and were compared in terms of target D0.1 cc, ratio of V12.5 Gy to PTV volume (R50%), monitor units per 5 Gy fraction (MU), and mean multi-leaf collimator (MLC) segment size. All planning approaches were also applied to a clinical patient dataset and compared. Mean ± standard deviation metrics achievable using the baseline and experimental approaches 1–5) included D0.1 cc: 27.7 ± 0.8, 64.6 ± 10.5, 56.5 ± 10.3, 48.9 ± 5.7, 44.8 ± 5.0, and 37.4 ± 4.5 Gy. R50%: 4.64 ± 3.27, 5.15 ± 2.32, 4.83 ± 2.64, 4.42 ± 1.83, 4.45 ± 1.88, and 4.21 ± 1.75. MU: 795 ± 27, 1988 ± 222, 1766 ± 259, 1612 ± 112, 1524 ± 90, and 1362 ± 146. MLC segment size: 4.7 ± 1.6, 2.3 ± 0.7, 2.6 ± 0.8, 2.7 ± 0.7, 2.7 ± 0.8, and 2.8 ± 0.8 cm. The DVH-based approach provided the highest embedded doses for all target diameters and patient example with modest increases in R50%, achieved by decreasing MLC segment size while increasing MU. These results suggest that embedding doses > 220% of tumor margin dose is feasible, potentially improving TCP for solid tumors.
On the Capacity of Leaky Private Information Retrieval

Private information retrieval (PIR) allows users to retrieve data from databases without revealing the identity of that data. An extensive body of works has investigated efficient schemes to achieve computational and information-theoretic privacy. The latter guarantees that no information is revealed to the databases, irrespective of their computational power. Although information-theoretic PIR (IT-PIR) provides a strong privacy guarantee, it can be too taxing for certain applications. In this paper, we initiate the study of leaky private information retrieval (L-PIR), where a bounded amount of privacy leakage is allowed and measured through a parameter ϵ. The classical IT-PIR formulation is obtained by setting ϵ = 0, and for ϵ > 0, we explore the opportunities offered for reducing the download cost. We derive new upper and lower bounds on the download cost of L-PIR for any arbitrary ϵ, any number of messages K, and for N = 2 databases.
Increased mTOR activity and metabolic efficiency in mouse and human cells containing the African-centric tumor-predisposing p53 variant Pro47Ser

Abstract The Pro47Ser variant of p53 exists in African-descent populations, and is associated with increased cancer risk in humans and mice. This variant, hereafter S47, shows altered regulation of the cystine importer Slc7a11, and S47 cells possess increased cysteine and glutathione (GSH) accumulation compared to cells with wild type p53. In this study we show that mice containing the S47 variant have increased mTOR activity, increased oxidative metabolism, larger size, and improved metabolic efficiency. Mechanistically, we show that there is increased association between mTOR and its positive regulator Rheb in S47 cells, due to altered redox state of GAPDH, which normally binds and sequesters Rheb. Compounds that decrease glutathione in S47 cells normalize GAPDH-Rheb complex formation and mTOR activity. The enhanced metabolic efficiency may have been selected for in early Africa, making the S47 variant one of a growing number of cancer-predisposing genetic variants that possesses other positive, potentially selectable attributes.
Poll Worker Decision Making at the American Ballot Box: Part of Special Symposium on Election Sciences

Street-level bureaucrats set the terms for policy implementation and often operate under limited oversight. In American elections, poll workers are the street-level bureaucrats tasked with implemen...
Accountability, Eugenics, and Reproductive Justice

This analysis contributes to an online symposium on Dov Fox’s book BIRTH RIGHTS AND WRONGS: HOW MEDICINE AND TECHNOLOGY ARE CHANGING REPRODUCTION AND THE LAW. Using eugenics and reproductive justice as points of departure, this review highlights both strengths and weaknesses in Fox’s approach.
Proteomic profiling identifies key differences between inter-stage infants with single ventricle heart disease and healthy controls.

Despite significant morbidity among infants with single ventricle heart disease (SVHD), clinical monitoring is limited by poor understanding of the underlying pathobiology. Proteomics can identify novel biomarkers and important pathways in complex disease. No prior study has evaluated whether the proteome of SVHD infants differs from healthy controls, how it shifts after stage 2 palliation, or whether differences can predict post-operative outcomes. We present a prospective cohort study of cardiovascular proteomic phenotyping in infants with SVHD undergoing stage 2 palliation. Twenty-nine pre-stage-2 SVHD infants and 25 healthy controls were enrolled. Outcomes included postoperative hypoxemia and endotracheal intubation time. Serum samples were drawn pre-operatively (systemic and pulmonary vein) and at 24 hours postoperation. Targeted cardiovascular proteomic analysis included 184 proteins. Partial least squares discriminant analysis distinguished cases from controls (Accuracy = 0.98, R2 = 0.93, Q2 = 0.81) with decreased inflammatory mediators and increased modulators of vascular tone. Partial least squares discriminant analysis also distinguished cases pre-operation vs. post-operation (Accuracy=0.98, R2=0.99, Q2 = 0.92) with postoperative increase in both inflammatory and vascular tone mediators. Pre-operation pulmonary vein tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (1.8x-fold, p=1.6 × 10−4) and nidogen-1 (1.5x-fold, p=1.7 × 10−4) were higher in subjects with longer endotracheal intubation time. Postoperation matrix metalloproteinase 7 levels were higher in subjects with greater postoperative hypoxemia (1.5x-fold, P= 1.97 × 10−5). Proteomic analysis identifies significant changes among SVHD infants pre- and post-stage 2, and healthy controls. Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1, nidogen-1, and matrix metalloproteinase 7 levels are higher in SVHD cases with greater morbidity suggesting an important role for regulation of extracellular matrix production. Proteomic profiling may identify high-risk SVHD infants.
Thermometry of Solid-State Laser Refrigeration Using NV− Centers in Nanodiamonds

Cooling of solid-state quantum emitters is crucial in quantum network applications. We present electron-spin-resonance-based thermometry of NV− center quantum emitters in nanodiamonds, cooled via laser refrigeration of their Yb3+:NaYF4 substrate.
Teaser Bulls - "Ring 'em up":

Teaser bulls may be surgically created by penopexy in the ventral perineal region utilizing a 3 inch brass bull nose ring. The technique reported here is a modification of a similar method utilizing a bull ring developed by Dr. Bill Frazee, Coffeyville, KS and utilized in Kentucky by Drs. Jim Crouch, Glasgow, KY and Patty Scharko, University of Kentucky Extension Veterinarian, Lexington, KY. These practitioners place bulls in lateral recumbency, either in range situations with chemical restraint or on a tilt table.
Assessing College Students' Perceptions of and Intentions to Use a Mobile App for Mental Health.

Background: College students face high rates of depression, anxiety, and suicide. Therefore, the focus of this study was to examine college students' intention to use a mental health app provided b...
Early adaptation in a microbial community is dominated by mutualism-enhancing mutations

Evolutionary dynamics in ecological communities are often repeatable, but how species interactions affect the distribution of evolutionary outcomes at different levels of biological organization is unclear. Here, we use barcode lineage tracking to experimentally address this gap in a facultatively mutualistic community formed by the alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We find that interactions with the alga alter the magnitude but not the sign of the fitness effects of adaptive mutations in yeast, changing the distribution of mutants contending for fixation. In the presence of alga, most contending mutants reinforce the mutualism and make evolution more repeatable at the community level. Thus, ecological interactions not only alter the trajectory of evolution but also dictate its repeatability at multiple levels of biological organization. One-sentence summaryThe mutualistic interaction between two species drives evolution to increase both species yields.
Synthesis and properties of symmetric glycerol-derived 1,2,3-triethers and 1,3-diether-2-ketones for CO2 absorption

Abstract Five compounds bearing glycerol skeletons: 1,3-diethoxypropan-2-one ([E, K, E]), 2,5,9,12-tetraoxatridecan-7-one ([ME, K, ME]), 1,3-bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)propan-2-one ([F, K, F]), 7-(2-methoxyethoxy)-2,5,9,12-tetraoxatridecane ([ME, ME, ME]) and 2-(2-methoxyethoxy)-1,3-bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)propane ([F, ME, F]) – were synthesized from epichlorohydrin at molar scales with high regioselectivity. Density and viscosity were measured over a temperature range of 293.15 to 353.15 K. Henry’s constants for CO2 were obtained under moderate pressures (2 to 10 atm) at 303.15, 318.15, 333.15 and 348.15 K. Comparison of CO2 affinity with dimethyl ethers of polyethylene glycol (DMPEG) and ionic liquids (ILs) indicated that [ME, ME, ME] and [F, ME, F] are excellent candidates as novel physical solvents for CO2 capture. DFT calculations were performed to understand the structure–property-performance relationships for the CO2 absorption mechanism. All five compounds were miscible with most common solvents except hexanes and water. In addition to gas absorption applications, these compounds might also find use as general purpose green solvents.
Influence of backfill type on the load-bearing performance of GRS bridge abutments

The influence of backfill type and material properties on the performance of field-scale GRS abutment models is investigated. Two alternative types of backfill as recommended in the FHWA guidelines...
Sulfuric acid emissions from light duty vehicles

Systems used by the Office of Mobile Source Air Pollution Control of EPA to measure and analyze automotive sulfuric acid emissions are discussed. This system involved mixing the entire vehicle exhaust with dilution air in a dilution tunnel. Sulfuric acid samples are collected by passing a small portion of the dilute exhaust through Fluoropore filters. The sulfuric acid content of the filters is determined by an automated barium chloranilate method. Test results from a number of advanced prototype vehicles including two stratified charge cars, a Dresser carburetor vehicle, three dual catalyst cars, and a 3-way catalyst car are described.
Categorical Representation of Evolving Structure of an Ontology for Clinical Fungus

With increasing popularity of using ontologies, many industrial and clinical applications have employed ontologies as their conceptual backbone. Ontologies try to capture knowledge from a domain of interest and when the knowledge changes, the definitions will be altered. We study change management in the FungalWeb Ontology, which is the result of integrating numerous biological databases and web accessible textual resources. The fungal taxonomy is currently unstable and evolves over time. This evolution can be seen in both nomenclature and the taxonomic structure. In an experiment we have focused on changes in medical species of fungus which can potentially alter the related disease name and description in an integrated clinical system. In order to address certain aspects of representation of changes in an ontology driven clinical application we propose a methodology based on category theory as a mathematical notation, which is independent of a specific choice of ontology language and any particular implementation.
Lincoln's Forgotten Ally: Judge Advocate General Joseph Holt of Kentucky

Review of: "Lincoln's Forgotten Ally: Judge Advocate General Joseph Holt of Kentucky," by Elizabeth D. Leonard.
Boundary tracking in 3D binary images to produce rhombic faces for a dodecahedral model

An algorithm is presented for tracking boundaries in three-dimensional (3D) binary images based on rhombic dodecahedral voxels. The algorithm produces a list of all the rhombic voxel faces in such a boundary.
9 GHz bandwidth InP-based integrated PIN-HBT photoreceiver

An integrated photoreceiver using an InAlAs/InGaAs HBT-based transimpedance amplifier has been fabricated and characterized. The p-i-n photodiode is fabricated using the base, collector and subcollector layers of the HBT. Discrete 5 /spl mu/m/spl times/5 /spl mu/m emitter area transistors demonstrated f/sub T/ and f/sub max/ of 57 GHz and 123 GHz, at collector currents of 10 mA and 7 mA, respectively. An amplifier with a feedback resistance of 550 /spl Omega/ demonstrated an effective transimpedance bandwidth of 14 GHz and a gain of 46 dB/spl Omega/, corresponding to a very high transimpedance-bandwidth product of 2.8 THz/spl Omega/. The integrated photoreceiver measured -3 dB bandwidth is 9.5 GHz, which to the best of our knowledge is the highest reported till date for a PIN-HBT monolithically integrated photoreceiver.
Unique presentation of blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm: a single-center experience and literature review

Blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm (BPDCN) is a rare and highly aggressive hematological malignancy derived from precursors of plasmacytoid dendritic cells. Very few cases of BPDCN have been described with lack of skin manifestations at the time of diagnosis. Here we report two rare non-cutaneous presentations of BPDCN without obvious skin lesions at our institution and also the literature review. Our first patient had a unique presentation of BPDCN confined to the sinonasal region with central nervous system involvement. The second patient we report is also atypical with regard to widespread disease that uncharacteristically spared the skin and bone marrow. BPDCN is a rare hematological malignancy involving immature plasmacytoid dendritic cells. It poses a diagnostic challenge requiring multidisciplinary approach to manage this disease. It is important to identify effective therapies for both cutaneous and non-cutaneous presentations of BPDCN, since most cases are uniformly fatal with conventional chemotherapy alone. High-dose induction therapy based on acute myeloid leukemia (AML) or acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) regimens, to achieve complete remission followed by allo-hematopoietic stem cell transplantation from related or unrelated donors is recommended to improve long-term survival in these patients. Larger scale studies are warranted to understand the pathophysiology of the disease and the important prognostic indicators for optimal management. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simple physical interpretation of a neutrino radiation solution in general relativity

We present a detailed study of an exact neutrino radiation solution that we have previously derived. We show that, after a coordinate transformation, the solution has a simple physical interpretation. The solution represents neutrino radiation propagating on, but not otherwise influencing, a static gravitational field.
Effects of a poloidal divertor separatrix on resistive magnetohydrodynamic instabilities in a tokamak

A computer code package has been developed to simulate the linear and nonlinear evolution of long‐wavelength resistive magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) instabilities in a four‐node poloidal divertor tokamak (e.g., Wisconsin Tokapole II [Nucl. Fusion 19, 1509 (1979)]). Distinguishing features of this package include the use of a full set of three‐dimensional (3‐D) nonlinear resistive MHD equations and the inclusion of the divertor separatrix and the plasma outside the divertor separatrix in the computational domain. The present numerical results suggest that the plasma current outside the divertor separatrix tends to linearly stabilize the resistive MHD instability dominated by the m=2, n=1 mode, and, to a lesser extent, that dominated by the m=1, n=1 mode. (Here, m and n are poloidal and toroidal mode numbers, respectively.) However, the nonlinear evolution of the m=1, n=1 dominant instability is not significantly affected by the divertor configuration; the m=1, n=1 island is shown to reconnect totally by develo...
Laminar and turbulent flow in the mammalian aorta: Reynolds number

Laminar to turbulent flow transition in the mammalian aorta is generally characterized by Reynolds number. When dimensional analysis is applied to obtain the Reynolds number in allometric form, it is found that this number is not invariant of body weight but is approximately proportional to body length dimensions. This implies that flow in the aorta of large mammals is turbulent and laminar in smaller mammals during most of ventricular ejection. Since Reynolds number is defined for steady flow through rigid tubes, it may not reflect the actual fluid behavior of pulsatile flow in compliant vessels such as the aorta. In addition, turbulence is frequency dependent. The larger compliance of the aorta and the slower heart rate in larger mammals and the shorter entrance length and higher heart rate in smaller mammals lead to equal prevalence of turbulence. The consequence is that the aortic flow waveforms remain similar in all mammals.
Realist-Constructivism and Morality

The argument that realism and constructivism can and should be combined is certainly correct; the difficulty lies in how to accomplish the goal. Barkin lays out some preliminary issues that relate to this combination to clear the theoretical minefield of some obvious objections. One of the more important contributions that he makes in this regard is to highlight the relationship between realism and ethics. Barkin is clearly concerned with resurrecting morality as a central component of IR theorizing, noting that the goal of his discussion of liberalism is “to rehabilitate the normative approach to international relations from which both Moravcsik and Wendt are striving to distance themselves” (Barkin 2003:332). In considering the relationship between realism and morality more fully, Barkin confirms that such considerations are entirely consistent with, if not deeply embedded in, classical realist thought. However, although Barkin reassures us that the realist-constructivist combination will allow us to effectively deal with morality in international relations, he never tells us how it will do so. His analysis suggests that realism and constructivism can simply be layered on top of one another, as if their only differences are epistemological misunderstandings. Yet, realism is the study of what limits human social practices, whereas constructivism is the study of what releases them. This difference is ontological, and the fact that Barkin has not addressed such a fundamental point is clear in his treatment of constructivism. His concern with power and morality leads him to rely so extensively on classical realism in his realist-constructivist combination that ultimately it is not clear whether constructivism is contributing anything …
Fiscal Expenditure Policy and Non-Oil Economic Growth: Evidence from GCC Countries

Through the use of a multivariate cointegration and error-correction model, this study investigates the short- and long-run relationship over the past two decades between fiscal expenditure policy and non-oil real GDP growth in member countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC). Despite the important role of the government, the empirical results do not strongly support that increases in fiscal expenditures tend to slow or accelerate non-oil real growth in these countries. However, the breakdown into current and capital expenditures is useful for assessing the effects of each spending category on short- and long-run non-oil real GDP growth.
Multipotent human cells expand indefinitely

Our ability to dissect out the mechanisms of stem cell self-renewal and differentiation is enhanced by in vitro models for differentiation down multiple lineages. This is one of the primary reasons that embryonic stem cells are so important. But as debate rages regarding use of human embryonic stem
Biological and Molecular Characteristics of Human Herpesvirus 7: In Vitro Growth Optimization and Development of a Syncytia Inhibition Test

Two isolates of human herpesvirus 7 (HHV-7) were recovered from phytohemagglutinin-activated peripheral blood mononuclear cells of a patient with chronic fatigue syndrome and of a healthy blood donor. A genetic polymorphism between the two isolates was detected by Southern blot analysis using a novel HHV-7 genomic clone (pVL8) as a probe. We developed optimized conditions for the in vitro propagation of HHV-7 by using enriched populations of activated CD4+ T lymphocytes derived from normal peripheral blood, resulting in the production of high-titered extracellular virus (> 10(6) cell culture infectious doses/ml). Bona fide syncytia formation was documented both in normal CD4+ T lymphocytes and in the Sup-T1 CD4+ T-cell line following infection with high-titered HHV-7. To identify neutralizing antibodies to HHV-7, a syncytia-inhibition test was developed. Variable titers of syncytia-neutralizing antibodies were detected in all the human sera tested, thus confirming the high prevalence of HHV-7 in the human population.
Rhetorical transformation of evidence in criminal trials: Creating grounds for legal judgment

The numerous rhetorical practices used by lawyers in courtroom argument can be categorized according to three types of effects they may have on the structure of a case. This simplification of discourse in the courtroom shows how the body of evidence in a case is organized for judgment by jurors. Within this framework the trial becomes an elegant communication system centered around the rhetorical construction of “legal facts.”
Wavelength exchange: a novel function for optical networks

Theory shows that with a suitable choice of the wavelengths of two pumps, and two signals about the zero-dispersion wavelength of a fiber, simultaneous unit conversion efficiency from one signal to the other, and vice versa, can be obtained. We have demonstrated near-complete wavelength exchange between two signal wavelengths, with two 200 mW pumps at 1544.94 and 1551.06 nm, in a 1-km-long highly-nonlinear dispersion-shifted fiber. This novel optical phenomenon may provide new functionality for optical networks.
Effect of optical-cavity length on laser photon statistics

The question of how the light output of a laser and its fluctuations depend on the optical-cavity length at a given frequency is investigated theoretically for a laser oscillating in a single Gaussian mode. The treatment is quantum mechanical, and is based on the Scully-Lamb laser model, except that a perturbation expansion is used and possible cooperative atomic effects are included. It is shown, with the help of some reasonable approximations, that the probability distribution of the photon-occupation number can be cast into a form that is similar to the Scully-Lamb formula, but with coefficients that depend on cavity length in a more complicated way. Curves are presented that illustrate the behavi\`or and should lend themselves to experimental test.
The effect of medial versus lateral rectus muscle surgery on distance-near incomitance

Purpose For strabismus with distance-near incomitance (unequal distance and near deviations), it is customary to select lateral or medial rectus muscle surgery based on whether the deviation is greater at distance or near. The purpose of this study is to examine how this choice between medial and lateral rectus muscle surgery affects distance-near incomitance. Methods Preoperative and postoperative distance and near deviations were obtained from a retrospective review of medical records of consecutive patients who underwent bilateral medial or lateral rectus muscle recessions or resections between January 1, 2000, and June 30, 2007. Results A total of 626 procedures were identified. After exclusions, initial procedures included 267 medial rectus muscle recessions that produced an average of 9% more exoshift at near and 159 lateral rectus muscle recessions that produced an average of 34% more esoshift at distance. A larger preoperative distance-near incomitance is associated with a greater reduction in distance-near incomitance with surgery, irrespective of which muscles undergo surgery. Recessions for consecutive deviations and resections for residual deviations exhibited a similar pattern. Conclusions Esotropia tends to be greater at near and exotropia greater at distance fixation. The apparent greater effect of medial rectus muscle surgery on near deviation and lateral rectus muscle surgery on distance deviation is probably an artifact of this difference in preoperative characteristics. Whether a deviation is greater with distance or near fixation may not be a major consideration in choosing between medial or lateral rectus muscle surgery.
IDENTIFICATION OF PFIESTERIA PISCICIDA (DINOPHYCEAE) AND PFIESTERIA-LIKE ORGANISMS USING INTERNAL TRANSCRIBED SPACER-SPECIFIC PCR ASSAYS1

The putative harmful algal bloom dinoflagellate, Pfiesteria piscicida (Steidinger et Burkholder), frequently co-occurs with other morphologically similar species collectively known as Pfiesteria -like organisms (PLOs). This study specifically evaluated whether unique sequences in the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions, ITS1 and ITS2, could be used to develop PCR assays capable of detecting PLOs in natural assemblages. ITS regions were selected because they are more variable than the flanking small subunit or large subunit rRNA genes and more likely to contain species-specific sequences. Sequencing of the ITS regions revealed unique oligonucleotide primer binding sites for Pfiesteria piscicida , Pfiesteria shumwayae (Glasgow et Burkholder), Florida “Lucy” species, two cryptoperidiniopsoid species, “H/V14” and “PLO21,” and the estuarine mixotroph, Karlodinium micrum (Leadbetter et Dodge). These PCR assays had a minimum sensitivity of 100 cells in a 100-mL sample (1 cell·mL � 1 ) and were successfully used to detect PLOs in the St. Johns River system in Florida, USA. DNA purification and aspects of PCR assay development, PCR optimization, PCR assay controls, and collection of field samples are discussed.
Adolescent reward system perseveration due to nicotine: studies with methylphenidate.

Previous data suggests adolescent nicotine exposure permanently disrupts reward systems. Behavioral pharmacological methods were used to assess the effects of adolescent nicotine exposure on methylphenidate (MPD) sensitivity and reward from adolescence to adulthood. For experiment one, testing was performed on adult mice exposed to nicotine (0.3 and 3.0 mg/kg, SC, M-F, b.i.d.) or saline during adolescence (PND 25-57). After a 28-day drug-free, time-off period, the locomotor effects (30 min, 30 cm traveled) of MPD (5, 10, 20, and 40 mg/kg, IP) were measured. Thereafter, mice underwent condition-place-preference testing (CPP). MPD (20 mg/kg) was paired with the subject's non-preferred side and saline with the preferred side. Conditioning sessions were conducted for 8 days with a drug-free post-test on the day following the final conditioning session. A second experiment was conducted to determine if adolescent mice respond differently to MPD compared to adult mice. The study compared adolescent mice (PND 25-46) to adult mice (PND 77-98) using identical MPD testing procedures as in experiment one. Adult subjects exposed to nicotine during adolescence behaved remarkably similar to adolescent subjects receiving only MPD. Both nicotine exposed subjects and naive adolescents exhibited increased response to MPD's motor activating effects and a decreased response to MPD's rewarding effects. Taken together it appears that adolescent nicotine exposure retards the development of reward systems, thus, maintaining an adolescent state indefinitely, which could result in increased vulnerability to substance abuse problems throughout adulthood.
CSPAD-140k: A versatile detector for LCLS experiments

Abstract The CSPAD-140k is a 140 kilopixel detector based on the Cornell-SLAC hybrid Pixel Array Detector (CSPAD) platform, developed around the CSPAD ASIC. Room temperature operation, 14 bit on chip digitization with a purely digital data interface, and scaling modularity are some important characteristics that make this platform an effective choice for designing detector variants optimized for a range of experiments and applications. The CSPAD-140k has an active area of approximately 4×4 cm2 and four ASICs, bundled in a small, inexpensive and easy-to-deploy package. Due to its versatility it has already been used successfully in several experiments at the CXI, XPP and XCS instruments at LCLS. This work also describes problems faced by scaling from a prototype system to a full size X-ray camera and presents the current status on the improvements achieved.
Motivation for self-administration of LSD.

The reason for self-administration of LSD and the resulting subjective changes in 34 patients hospitalized following ingestion of LSD were studied. Only two patients were primarily interested in its reputed beneficial effects. Although 13 patients reported such effects, the authors were unable to document any objective improvement. Seven patients reported that they felt worse after LSD and experienced increased anxiety or depression. Fourteen reported no change.
Effect of hydrogenation catalyst activity on adsorption and surface reaction rates

Dynamic studies of the hydrogenation of α-methyl styrene in a three-phase slurry reactor showed that catalyst reduction temperature appreciably affects individual values of adsorption equilibrium constants, adsorption rate coefficients and surface reaction rate coefficients. Measurements were made in a well-stirred slurry reactor with Pd/Al2O3 catalyst particles at 22, 38 and 50°C. Increasing the temperature for reducing, in hydrogen, PdCl2 to Pd from 250 to 420 to 510°C decreased the palladium dispersion, and caused a reduction in equilibrium adsorption, adsorption rate and surface reaction rate coefficients. The heat of adsorption and the activation energy for surface reaction, 3.8 and 10 kcal/mole, respectively, were constant with reduction temperature. The relative magnitudes of metal dispersion at the three catalyst reduction temperatures were estimated from equilibrium adsorption coefficients, and found to agree with an experimental study by Boitiaux et al. (1983a).
Coronary-prone behavior : components of the Type A pattern and hostility

Traditional and nontraditional risk factors for coronary heart disease (CHD) are discussed with special attention devoted to the Type A behavior pattern (TABP). Positive and negative epidemiological evidence bearing on the risk factors status of global TABP is reviewed. Results of the review suggest that component scoring of the multidimensional global TABP in attempts to uncover "toxic" components, particularly Potential for Hostility, is a profitable research strategy. Similarly, evidence is presented that suggests merit in component scoring of hostility, also a multidimensional construct. To explicate more fully the nature of Potential for Hostility and its categories, correlations between the SI-derived ratings and ratings of established dimensions of individual differences based on the five-factor taxonomic model of personality from subsamples of the MRFIT and WCGS studies are presented. Total Potential for Hostility and especially the Style of interaction category show highly significant relations to Low Agreeableness or Antagonism. High ratings of Potential for Hostility identify individuals who can be described as uncooperative, antagonistic, rude, disagreeable, unsympathetic, callous, and the like. Implications of the evolving concept of coronary-prone behavior, as distinguished from TABP, are briefly considered.
First Report of the Pink Hibiscus Mealybug, Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), in South Carolina

This paper reports the first detection of pink hibiscus mealybug (PHM), Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), in South Carolina. The first observation of M. hirsutus was a small isolated infestation of three potted hibiscus plants, Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. (Malvaceae), about 60 cm in height. The infestation was detected by the author in September 2009 at a residential property in Little River, Horry County, SC. The author was alerted by the homeowner’s inquiries about mealybug control on tropical hibiscus. The infested terminals and leaves were distorted and showed the characteristic ‘bunchy-top’ deformation as described by Kairo et al. (2000). Numerous secondand third-instar nymphs and young adult females were harbored within the deformed terminals. No ovipositing female mealybugs were observed, suggesting that the infestation was in its initial stage of establishment. No sign of parasitism or predation was observed. Samples were collected from the infested plants and specimens were identified as M. hirsutus by the author based on morphological characteristics (Miller 1999, 2005). The identification was subsequently confirmed by Glenn D. Landau (USDA-APHIS, Columbia, SC) and Gregory A. Evans (USDA-APHIS, Beltsville, MD). Voucher specimens are deposited at the Clemson University Arthropod Collection and with USDA-APHIS (Beltsville, MD). The infested plants were destroyed by a plant health inspector from Clemson University Department of Plant Industry (DPI) the day after the initial detection. The infested plants were purchased by the homeowner at a local home improvement store about one month before the detection. Trace-back conducted by DPI determined that the infested plants originated from a nursery in Homestead, FL. The infestation at Little River is being eradicated (NAPIS 2010). The detection of M. hirsutus in SC may have significant economic implications for the agriculture in the state. To date, no quarantine or other regulatory activities against M. hirsutus have been imposed by DPI and USDA-APHIS in SC.
A novel gene oriented in a head-to-head configuration with the human histidyl-tRNA synthetase HRS gene encodes an mRNA that predicts a polypeptide homologous to HRS

Abstract The human histidyl-tRNA synthetase (HRS) gene encodes an enzyme that catalyzes the esterification of histidine to its cognate tRNA as an early step in protein biosynthesis. Previous reports have described a bidirectional promoter element which coordinates the transcription of both HRS and an unknown mRNA whose gene is oriented in a head-to-head configuration with HRS. We have isolated and characterized a human genomic DNA clone that encodes portions of these oppositely transcribed mRNAs and a putatively full-length cDNA clone (HO3) corresponding to the gene mapping immediately 5′ of HRS. The largest open reading frame within HO3 (1518 bp) shares approximately 75% nucleotide sequence identity with human HRS (1527 bp) and predicts a polypeptide with extensive amino acid sequence homology with the HRS protein (72%). Moreover, amino acid sequence motifs characteristic of class II aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are conserved within HO3. Despite their similarity, HRS and HO3 have divergent amino-terminal domains which correspond to the first two exons of each gene. RNA blot analysis revealed that HRS (2.0 kb) and HO3 (2.5 kb) exhibit distinct patterns of steady-state mRNA expression among multiple human tissues.
Critical incidents and assistance-seeking behaviors of White mental health practitioners: A transtheoretical framework for understanding multicultural counseling competency

An exploratory qualitative analysis of the critical incidents and assistance-seeking behaviors of White mental health psychologists and professional counselors was performed in an effort to examine a theoretical supposition presented within a Person(al)-as-Profession(al) transtheoretical framework (P-A-P). A concurrent nested strategy was used in which both quantitative and qualitative data were collected simultaneously (Creswell, 2003). In this nested strategy, qualitative data was embedded in a predominant (quantitative) method of analysis from an earlier study (see Middleton et al., 2005). Critical incidents categorized as informal (i.e., personal) experiences were cited more often than those characterized as formal (i.e., professional) experiences as influencing the professional perspectives of White mental health practitioners regarding multicultural diversity. Implications for the counseling and psychology professions are discussed.
Quantum percolation in cuprate high-temperature superconductors

Although it is now generally acknowledged that electron–phonon interactions cause cuprate superconductivity with Tc values ≈100 K, the complexities of atomic arrangements in these marginally stable multilayer materials have frustrated both experimental analysis and theoretical modeling of the remarkably rich data obtained both by angle-resolved photoemission (ARPES) and high-resolution, large-area scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). Here, we analyze the theoretical background in terms of our original (1989) model of dopant-assisted quantum percolation (DAQP), as developed further in some two dozen articles, and apply these ideas to recent STM data. We conclude that despite all of the many difficulties, with improved data analysis it may yet be possible to identify quantum percolative paths.
Cranial pseudotumour in haemophilia.

Summary. Intracranial pseudotumour has rarely been reported in haemophilia. We present the fourth case describing this complication.
UTILIZING SONOGRAPHY TO FOLLOW FETAL GROWTH

Prior to the widespread availability of ultrasonography, fetal growth was assessed by historical dating (last menstrual period), serial fundal height measures, and comparison with the actual size of the neonate at birth. Based on these observations, infants were classified as small-for-gestational-age (SGA), appropriate-for-gestational-age (AGA), and large-for-gestational-age (LGA). Although these categories were very broad and nonspecific, clinicians discovered a significant increase in perinatal morbidity and mortality for infants born either large or small for their respective menstrual age. 1,6,17,26,35,43 Obstetric ultrasonography has enhanced the ability to detect growth abnormalities, thus directing more intensive antepartum care with an improvement in perinatal outcome. Routine ultrasound used for dating prior to 20 weeks' gestation provides an extremely accurate gestational age (±7 days) and allows more confident diagnoses of growth abnormalities should they occur. Previous articles in this issue have dealt with routine obstetric ultrasound and gestational dating. This article reviews ultrasonography in the diagnosis of fetal growth abnormalities.
Effects of feed intake and sodium bicarbonate on milk production and concentrations of hormones and metabolites in plasma of cows

Eight Holstein cows were used to investigate the effects of DM intake and sodium bicarbonate on lactational performance and concentrations of hormones and metabolites in plasma. Cows were fed a diet with or without 1.0% sodium bicarbonate (dry matter basis) in a switchback design. Four cows were fed ad libitum and four cows were fed approximately 80% of their recommended nutrient requirements by restriction of DM intake throughout the three 21-d periods. Supplementing the diet with sodium bicarbonate increased DM intake of cows fed ad libitum. There was a feed intake by sodium bicarbonate interaction for production of 4% FCM. This interaction may be explained by the difference in DM intake of cows fed ad libitum or restricted amounts of feed and supplemented with sodium bicarbonate. Cows fed restricted amounts of feed had lower milk, milk fat, milk protein, milk SNF, and milk energy yields. Restriction of feed intake increased plasma concentrations of somatotropin and nonesterified fatty acids but decreased concentrations of insulin, triidothyronine, thyroxine, glucagon, and prolactin. In contrast, feeding supplemental sodium bicarbonate did not affect concentrations of hormones or metabolites in plasma at either feed intake.