cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Summarizing machine translation text: An English-Arabic case study

Machine Translation (MT) which has been championed as an effective technology for knowledge transfer from English to languages with less digital content. An example of such efforts is the automatic translation of English Wikipedia to languages with smaller collections, such as Arabic. However, MT quality is still far from ideal for many of the languages and text genres. While translating a document, many sentences are poorly translated which can provide an incorrect text, and confuse the reader. Moreover, some of these sentences are not as informative and could be summarized to make a more cohesive document. Thus, for tasks in which complete translation is not mandatory, MT can be effective if the system can provide an informative subset of the content with higher translation quality. For this scenario, text summarization can provide effective support for MT by keeping only the most important and informative parts of a given document to translate. In this work, we demonstrate a framework of MT and text su...
The heterogeneous hydrolysis of NO2 in laboratory systems and in outdoor and indoor atmospheres: An integrated mechanism

The heterogeneous reaction of NO2 with water on the surface of laboratory systems has been known for decades to generate HONO, a major source of OH that drives the formation of ozone and other air pollutants in urban areas and possibly in snowpacks. Previous studies have shown that the reaction is first order in NO2 and in water vapor, and the formation of a complex between NO2 and water at the air–water interface has been hypothesized as being the key step in the mechanism. We report data from long path FTIR studies in borosilicate glass reaction chambers of the loss of gaseous NO2 and the formation of the products HONO, NO and N2O. Further FTIR studies were carried out to measure species generated on the surface during the reaction, including HNO3, N2O4 and NO2+. We propose a new reaction mechanism in which we hypothesize that the symmetric form of the NO2 dimer, N2O4, is taken up on the surface and isomerizes to the asymmetric form, ONONO2. The latter autoionizes to NO+NO3−, and it is this intermediate that reacts with water to generate HONO and surface-adsorbed HNO3. Nitric oxide is then generated by secondary reactions of HONO on the highly acidic surface. This new mechanism is discussed in the context of our experimental data and those of previous studies, as well as the chemistry of such intermediates as NO+ and NO2+ that is known to occur in solution. Implications for the formation of HONO both outdoors and indoors in real and simulated polluted atmospheres, as well as on airborne particles and in snowpacks, are discussed. A key aspect of this chemistry is that in the atmospheric boundary layer where human exposure occurs and many measurements of HONO and related atmospheric constituents such as ozone are made, a major substrate for this heterogeneous chemistry is the surface of buildings, roads, soils, vegetation and other materials. This area of reactions in thin films on surfaces (SURFACE = Surfaces, Urban and Remote: Films As a Chemical Environment) has received relatively little attention compared to reactions in the gas and liquid phases, but in fact may be quite important in the chemistry of the boundary layer in urban areas.
Approaching the ergodic capacity with lattice coding

It is known that lattice coding can achieve the capacity of the additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel. This paper addresses the performance of lattice codes in the ergodic fading channel. Using nested lattice codes and ambiguity decoding, we show that the rates achieved by lattice coding and decoding are within a constant gap of the capacity of the ergodic channel at moderate and high signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR), and within a gap that decreases quadratically with the SNR for the low SNR regime.
The value of combined ambulatory cassette-EEG and video monitoring in the differential diagnosis of intractable seizures.

Abstract Objective : To evaluate the ability of combined ambulatory cassette-EEG and video monitoring (ACV) to establish a diagnosis in patients with attacks of unknown nature and its impact on their treatment. Methods : We evaluated ACV in 125 consecutive patients with attacks of unknown nature. Most had intractable attacks suspected of being non-epileptic. Antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) were discontinued or reduced at the start of the procedure. The median duration of monitoring was 3 days (range 1–10). The ACV results and patient records were reviewed, and patients were called for additional follow-up when feasible. Results : Attacks were recorded in 101 patients. They were epileptic in 20 patients, psychogenic in 60, both in 3, and of unknown nature in 18 (usually subjective episodes). The study resulted in AED discontinuation at discharge in 46 patients with recorded psychogenic seizures and 6 with recorded attacks of unknown nature. Three-quarters of patients followed up were free of attacks or improved. Conclusions : ACV was effective in providing a diagnosis in two-thirds of patients. If psychogenic seizures are suspected in patients on AEDs, ACV may provide the diagnosis and may help exclude epilepsy, without the need for standard EEG-CCTV, which can then be reserved for patients undergoing presurgical evaluation.
Graphene NanoFlakes with Large Spin

We investigate, using benzenoid graph theory and first-principles calculations, the magnetic properties of arbitrarily shaped finite graphene fragments to which we refer as graphene nanoflakes (GNFs). We demonstrate that the spin of a GNF depends on its shape due to topological frustration of the π-bonds. For example, a zigzag-edged triangular GNF has a nonzero net spin, resembling an artificial ferrimagnetic atom, with the spin value scaling with its linear size. In general, the principle of topological frustration can be used to introduce large net spin and interesting spin distributions in graphene. These results suggest an avenue to nanoscale spintronics through the sculpting of graphene fragments.
Donald Wayne Bailey 1926–2010

The development of entire fields of science has often beensignificantly modified and advanced by the breakthroughideas of individuals with exceptional vision and foresight.Those withthe capacitytotranslate theiroriginalinsightsintonovel workable tools provide a starting point for dozens andeven hundreds of scientists to exploit areas that had notpreviously been accessible to investigation. This eventuallyresults in speedy and broad advances that yield quantitativeand qualitative leaps in general knowledge.Donald Wayne Bailey was one of those men whoseforesight and originality of thought profoundly influencedand changed the study of mouse genetics for decades. Aftercompleting high school at the age of 17, Don enlisted in theUS Army and saw combat in France during World War II.Following his return to the United States in 1946, heentered the University of California in Berkeley, where heobtained a Ph.D. in genetics; he then spent 4.5 years as apostdoctoral fellow at The Jackson Laboratory. Afterholding subsequent positions at the University of Kansas,the National Institutes of Health, and the University ofCalifornia at San Francisco, he returned to The JacksonLaboratory as a staff scientist. He subsequently becamesenior staff scientist and served 2 years as the interimdirector.To properly evaluate Dr. Bailey’s contribution, we haveto refer back to the not-so-distant past before the genomicsequence was established, before single nucleotide poly-morphisms (SNP), and before microsatellite markers, whenthe search for linkage depended on a very limited numberof physiological mutations and on biochemical markers,each of which required a different method for genotyping.The mapping had been laborious and expensive even forsingle-gene mutations with very large effects, and thequantitative trait loci (QTL) had been entirely beyond thereach of any analysis.The development of the recombinant inbred (RI) strains(Bailey 1971) was the most significant breakthrough in thatsituation, and it is widely recognized as being Don Bailey’sfirst major contribution. The advantages of the RI strainsquickly became obvious: a permanent population with afixed pattern of segregated genes helped avoid the breedingof mapping crosses for each linkage experiment separately;the permanent and cumulative genotype data of the RI setsobviated the need for genotyping of linkage crosses in each
Interpretation of the anomalous electron-capture to positron decay ratio inNa22

The impact of second-forbidden corrections is studied in order to relate the epsilon/..beta../sup +/ ratio, the spectral shape factor, and the ..beta..-..gamma.. directional correlation measurements in /sup 22/Na decay.
Cardiovascular disease research activity in the Middle East: a bibliometric analysis

Objectives:The Middle East has a high prevalence of noncommunicable chronic diseases. The objective of this article was to quantify the research activity in cardiovascular disease (CVD) in the Midd...
Expanding the repertoire of bioethics: what next?

Singh's approach is an important contribution to the bioethics literature because its focus on individual decision-making and the analysis of interviews with parents making decisions for their chil...
Opportunistic Infections in Patients with AIDS: Clues to the Epidemiology of AIDS and the Relative Virulence of Pathogens

The frequency of nine reactivating or opportunistic infections and Kaposi's sarcoma among patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) was reviewed. The diagnoses of 87 patients reported from the Colorado AIDS registry and 359 others from literature reports were abstracted, and data were placed in one of 11 categories on the basis of the risk group of the patient. Pneumocystis carinii infection was significantly commoner among blood or blood-product recipients than among natives of the tropics (P < .001). Tuberculosis and toxoplasmosis each were significantly commoner among natives of the tropics than natives of developed countries (P < .001), whereas disseminated Mycobacterium avium-Mycobacterium intracellulare infections were present more often in the latter group. Among natives of the tropics treated in developed countries, cytomegaloviral infection was diagnosed significantly less often (22%) than among persons from developed countries in whom sexual transmission was presumed (47%; P = .0005). These data suggest that the pattern of infections manifested in AIDS could provide clues about transmission and that there may be a hierarchy of reactivation of latent infections in which populations with exposure to multiple agents manifest these preferentially to Pneumocystis carinii.
Parietal contributions to visual working memory depend on task difficulty

The nature of parietal contributions to working memory (WM) remain poorly understood but of considerable interest. We previously reported that posterior parietal damage selectively impaired WM probed by recognition (Berryhill & Olson, 2008a). Recent studies provided support using a neuromodulatory technique, transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) applied to the right parietal cortex (P4). These studies confirmed parietal involvement in WM because parietal tDCS altered WM performance: anodal current tDCS improved performance in a change detection task, and cathodal current) tDCS impaired performance on a sequential presentation task. In Experiment 1, we applied cathodal and anodal tDCS to the right parietal cortex and tested participants on both previously used WM tasks. When the WM task was difficult, parietal stimulation (anodal or cathodal) improved WM performance selectively in participants with high WM capacity. In the low WM capacity group, parietal stimulation (anodal or cathodal) impaired WM performance. These nearly equal and opposite effects were only observed when the WM task was challenging, as in the change detection task. Experiment 2 probed the interplay of WM task difficulty and WM capacity in a parametric manner by varying set size in the WM change detection task. Here, the effect of parietal stimulation (anodal or cathodal) on the high WM capacity group followed a linear function as WM task difficulty increased with set size. These findings provide evidence that parietal involvement in WM performance depends on both WM capacity and WM task demands. We discuss these findings in terms of alternative WM strategies employed by low and high WM capacity individuals. We speculate that low WM capacity individuals do not recruit the posterior parietal lobe for WM tasks as efficiently as high WM capacity individuals. Consequently, tDCS provides greater benefit to individuals with high WM capacity.
Cross-Cutting Influences of Environmental Protest and Legislation

This research examines the influence of types of protest activities, Congressional hearings and political characteristics on environmental legislation enacted from 1961–1990. We find that rates of environmental protest rise with increases in the amount of previous institutional activities, but extra-institutional activities do not raise the overall rate of protest. Protest has no direct effect on the passage of legislation, but institutional protest activities significantly raise the rate of Congressional hearings on the environment. When comparing all environmental laws to those designated as having a major impact, we find both similarities and differences. For example, prior legislative activity decreases both rates, but increases in criteria air pollutants and partisan characteristics of Congress significantly affect only the rates of major environmental legislation.
The Serine/Threonine Phosphatase PP5 Interacts with CDC16 and CDC27, Two Tetratricopeptide Repeat-containing Subunits of the Anaphase-promoting Complex

The evolutionarily conserved multisubunit complex known as the cyclosome or anaphase-promoting complex is involved in catalyzing the ubiquitination of diverse substrates in M phase, allowing their destruction by the 26 S proteasome and the completion of mitosis. Three of the eight subunits of the anaphase-promoting complex (CDC16, CDC23, and CDC27) have been shown to be phosphorylated in M phase, and their phosphorylation is required for the anaphase-promoting complex to be active as a ubiquitin ligase. Several subunits of the anaphase-promoting complex contain tetratricopeptide repeats, a protein motif involved in protein/protein interactions. PP5 is a serine/threonine phosphatase that also contains four copies of the tetratricopeptide repeats motif. Here we show by a combination of two-hybrid analysis and in vitro binding that PP5 interacts with CDC16 and CDC27, two subunits of the anaphase-promoting complex. Only the NH2-terminal domain of PP5, containing all four tetratricopeptide repeats, is required for this physical interaction. Deletion analysis suggests that the site of binding to PP5 is localized to the COOH-terminal block of tetratricopeptide repeats in CDC16 and CDC27. In addition, indirect immunofluorescence showed that PP5 localizes to the mitotic spindle apparatus. The direct interaction of PP5 with CDC16 and CDC27, as well as its overlapping spindle localization in mitosis, suggests that PP5 may be involved in the regulation of the activity of the anaphase-promoting complex.
Stereovision-based 3D planar surface estimation for wall-climbing robots

Finding traversable paths using computer vision is one of the most important components of an intelligent mobile robot system. For a wall climbing robot that operates in an urban environment, it is essential to automatically detect surface types and orientations for switching between moving and climbing, and for applying different adhesive forces both to save energy and ensure its own safety. This paper presents a novel segmentation-based stereovision approach in order to rapidly obtain accurate 3D estimations of urban scenes with largely textureless areas and sharp depth changes. The new approach takes advantage of the fact that many man-made objects in an urban setting consist of planar surfaces. Our approach has three main components: extraction of natural (planar) matching primitives, stereo matching via three-step algorithm (global match, local match and plane fitting), and plane merging and parameter refinement. Experimental results are provided for real indoor scenes.
Comparison of four simple methods for estimating sexual dimorphism in fossils.

Estimating sexual dimorphism in skeletal and dental features of fossil species is difficult when the sex of individuals cannot be reliably determined. Several different methods of estimating dimorphism in this situation have been suggested: extrapolation from coefficients of variation, division of a sample about the mean or median into two subsamples which are then treated as males and females, and finite mixture analysis (specifically for estimating the maximum dimorphism that could be present in a unimodal distribution). The accuracy of none of these methods has been thoroughly investigated and compared in a controlled manner. Such analysis is necessary because the accuracy of all methods is potentially affected by fluctuations in either sample size, sex ratio, or the magnitude of intrasexual variability. Computer modeling experiments show that the mean method is the least sensitive to fluctuations in these parameters and generally provides the best estimates of dimorphism. However, no method can accurately estimate low to moderate levels of dimorphism, particularly if intrasexual variability is high and sex ratios are skewed. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Duplex perception: Some initial findings concerning its neural basis

Abstract Duplex perception is the simultaneous perception of a speech syllable and of a nonspeech “chirp” and occurs when a single formant transition and the remainder (the “base”) of a synthetic syllable are presented to different ears. The current study found a slight but nonsignificant advantage for correct labeling of the fused syllable when the chirp was presented to the left ear. This advantage was amplified in the performance of a “split-brain” subject. A subject with a left pontine lesion performed at chance level when the chirp was presented to her left ear. These findings suggest that some, if not complete, ipsilateral suppression does occur in the dichotic fusion procedure, and that identification of the fused syllable is maximal when the left hemisphere fully processes the linguistic characteristics of the base (through contralateral presentation), and at least minimally processes the frequency transition information of the chirp (through ipsilateral presentation).
On the Existence of Markov Partitions for Zd Actions

The theory of higher-dimensional shifts of finite type is still largely an open area of investigation. Recent years have seen much activity, but fundamental questions remain unanswered. In this paper we consider the following basic question. Given a shift of finite type (SFT), under what topological mixing conditions are we guaranteed the existence of Bernoulli (or even $K$ , mixing, or weakly mixing) invariant measures?
Menarche in athletes: a synthesis and hypothesis.

The determinants of the timing of menarche are many, and it is difficult to isolate a single factor which may delay or accelerate this maturational event. Menarche, on average, occurs later in athletes, including ballet dancers, than in the general population. With few exceptions, the data are consistent across several countries. Swimmers are an exception to the tendency towards later menarche in athletes. In all samples of swimmers surveyed but one, menarche tends to approximate the average for the general population. The menarcheal data are consistent with other indices of biological maturity status, i.e., skeletal age and secondary sex character development. The data dealing with the effects of intensive physical training on menarche are reviewed and given the number of factors involved, it is difficult to implicate training as a factor which specifically delays menarche. A two-part hypothesis for the apparent maturity delay in athletes is thus suggested. The hypothesis combines biological selective factors (i.e., physique and skill) and social factors. Family size and composition, however, must receive more consideration. Family size influences the timing of menarche and such a trend is apparent in data for several groups of athletes.
No Difference in Short-Term Temporal Distribution of Trapping Effort on Hoop-Net Capture Efficiency for Freshwater Turtles

Abstract We investigated the influence of trapping duration on freshwater turtle captures using baited hoop-nets. We trapped 9 ponds in the Lower Rio Grande Valley and 6 ponds in the Lost Pines ecoregion areas of Texas in the summer of 2010 using high-intensity, short-duration trapping (40 traps/1 day) and low-intensity, longer-duration trapping (10 traps/4 days). We found that the number of captures was not different between sampling schemes. However, the mean capture rate was twice as high after the first day of low-intensity trapping. This study showed that researchers seeking to maximize captures per-unit-effort (CPUE) should focus on the least time-intensive, labor-intensive, and expensive way to complete the trapping effort, rather than short-term temporal distribution of trapping effort.
Open architecture television for motion-compensated coding

Open Architecture Television centers on the development of digital image representations that allow video to be displayed at resolutions and frame rates that do not necessarily match the numerical parameters of the camera. We begin an investigation of frame-rate conversion in the reconstruction of motion-compensated image sequences, and suggest a simple change in the generation of the motion vectors which enhances the quality of the images produced.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Structural Basis of Transcription Initiation: An RNA Polymerase Holoenzyme-DNA Complex

The crystal structure of Thermus aquaticus RNA polymerase holoenzyme (α2ββ′ωσA) complexed with a fork-junction promoter DNA fragment has been determined by fitting high-resolution x-ray structures of individual components into a 6.5-angstrom resolution map. The DNA lies across one face of the holoenzyme, completely outside the RNA polymerase active site channel. All sequence-specific contacts with core promoter elements are mediated by the σ subunit. A universally conserved tryptophan is ideally positioned to stack on the exposed face of the base pair at the upstream edge of the transcription bubble. Universally conserved basic residues of the σ subunit provide critical contacts with the DNA phosphate backbone and play a role in directing the melted DNA template strand into the RNA polymerase active site. The structure explains how holoenzyme recognizes promoters containing variably spaced –10 and –35 elements and provides the basis for models of the closed and open promoter complexes.
A 3-query non-adaptive PCP with perfect completeness

We study a very basic open problem regarding the PCP characterization of NP, namely, the power of PCPs with 3 non-adaptive queries and perfect completeness. The lowest soundness known till now for such a PCP is 6/8 + /spl epsi/ given by a construction of Hastad (1997). However, Zwick (1998) shows that a 3-query non-adaptive PCP with perfect completeness cannot achieve soundness below 5/8. In this paper, we construct a 3-query non-adaptive PCP with perfect completeness and soundness 20/27 + /spl epsi/, which improves upon the previous best soundness of 6/8 + /spl epsi/. A standard reduction from PCPs to constraint satisfaction problems (CSPs) implies that it is NP-hard to tell if a Boolean CSP on 3-variables has a satisfying assignment or no assignment satisfies more than 20/27 + /spl epsi/ fraction of the constraints. Our construction uses "biased long codes" introduced by Dinur and Safra (2002). We develop new 3-query tests to check consistency between such codes. These tests are analyzed by extending Hastad's Fourier methods (1997) to the biased case.
Microcrystalline Germanium Carbide: A New, Almost Direct Gap, Thin Film Material for Photovoltaic Energy Conversion

We report on the growth and electrical and optical properties of micro- and poly- crystalline Ge1−x Cxfilms. This is a new material which does not exist in nature. The films were grown using ECR plasma techniques under conditions of low pressure and high power from a mixture of germane, methane and hydrogen. The bandgap of the material could be varied from that of c-Ge (∼0.7 eV) to almost 1.15 eV by changing the methane/germane ratio. X ray diffraction and Raman measurements indicated good crystallinity in the film. The optical absorption spectrum of the film resembles that of c-Ge, with a near direct bandgap, implying that as C is added, both the central and the L valley in the conduction band move up simultaneously, while maintaining a small (∼0.15 eV) separation between the two. The Hall mobility was measured to be 70 cm2/V-sec. The films were doped n- type using phosphine, and p- type using diborane. P-n junctions with good rectification characteristics were fabricated. Because of its excellent optical absorption, this material may be suitable for photovoltaic applications, particularly for tandem junction cells. We have also observed that grain size can be controlled using H etching, and have observed distinct changes in optical properties related to quantum size effects in c-Ge films.
Making Mojos: How iPads Are Enhancing Mobile Journalism Education

Journalism students can no longer focus on being just writers or photographers or videographers. They must leave college with a multitude of media skills to have the greatest potential for career s...
Motivation to Control Prejudice Predicts Categorization of Multiracials

Multiracial individuals often do not easily fit into existing racial categories. Perceivers may adopt a novel racial category to categorize multiracial targets, but their willingness to do so may depend on their motivations. We investigated whether perceivers' levels of internal motivation to control prejudice (IMS) and external motivation to control prejudice (EMS) predicted their likelihood of categorizing Black-White multiracial faces as Multiracial. Across four studies, IMS positively predicted perceivers' categorizations of multiracial faces as Multiracial. The association between IMS and Multiracial categorizations was strongest when faces were most racially ambiguous. Explicit prejudice, implicit prejudice, and interracial contact were ruled out as explanations for the relationship between IMS and Multiracial categorizations. EMS may be negatively associated with the use of the Multiracial category. Therefore, perceivers' motivations to control prejudice have important implications for racial categorization processes.
Pictorial recognition of objects employing affine invariance in the frequency domain

Describes an efficient approach to pose invariant pictorial object recognition employing spectral signatures of image patches that correspond to object surfaces which are roughly planar. Based on singular value decomposition (SVD), the affine transform is decomposed into slant, tilt, swing, scale, and 2D translation. Unlike previous log-polar representations which were not invariant to slant, our log-log sampling configuration in the frequency domain yields complete affine invariance. The images are preprocessed by a novel model-based segmentation scheme that detects and segments objects that are affine-similar to members of a model set of basic geometric shapes. The segmented objects are then recognized by their signatures using multidimensional indexing in a pictorial dataset represented in the frequency domain. Experimental results with a dataset of 26 models show 100 percent recognition rates in a wide range of 3D pose parameters and imaging degradations: 0-360/spl deg/ swing and tilt, 0-82/spl deg/ of slant, more than three octaves in scale change, window-limited translation, high noise levels (0 dB), and significantly reduced resolution (1:5).
Ochrobactrum anthropi misidentified as Shewanella putrefaciens.

Nonfermentative, gram-negative bacilli that are uncommonly isolated may be quite difficult to identify to the species level (herein, bacteria are described as fermentative or nonfermentative with regard to their ability to ferment glucose). In our laboratory, we use the Microscan Walkaway-96 system
A Compiler Framework for Recovery Code Generation in General Speculative Optimizations

A general framework that integrates both control and data speculation using alias profiling and/or compiler heuristic rules has shown to improve SPEC2000 performance on Itanium systems. However, speculative optimizations require check instructions and recovery code to ensure correct execution when speculation fails at runtime. How to generate check instructions and their associated recovery code efficiently and effectively is an issue yet to be well studied. Also, it is very important that the recovery code generated in the earlier phases integrate gracefully in the later optimization phases. At the very least, it should not hinder later optimizations, thus, ensuring overall performance improvement. This paper proposes a framework that uses an if-block structure to facilitate check instructions and recovery code generation for general speculative optimizations. It allows speculative instructions and their recovery code generated in the early compiler optimization phases to be integrated effectively with the subsequent optimization phases. It also allows multi-level speculation for multi-level pointers and multi-level expression trees to be handled with no additional complexity. The proposed recovery code generation framework has been implemented in the Open Research Compiler (ORC).
Top 10 unsolved information visualization problems

The top 10 unsolved problems list described in this article is a revised and extended version of information visualization problems. These problems are not necessarily imposed by technical barriers, rather, they are problems that might hinder the growth of information visualization as a field. The first three problems highlight issues from a user-centered perspective. The fifth, sixth, and seventh problems are technical challenges in nature. The last three are the ones that need tackling at the disciplinary level. The author broadly defines information visualization as visual representations of the semantics, or meaning, of information. In contrast to scientific visualization, information visualization typically deals with nonnumeric, nonspatial, and high-dimensional data.
Alcohol and Drug Use by College Males as a Function of Family Alcoholism History

Family history of alcoholism increases the risk for development of alcoholism in male offspring. The present questionnaire study examined self-reported alcohol and drug use in 744 college males as a function of DSM-IllR alcohol dependence diagnoses in first- and/ or second-degree biological relatives. Substance use was most prevalent and most frequent in students with both first- and second-degree alcohol-dependent family members, was intermediate in students with only first-degree affected relatives, and was least in students with no affected relatives. Students with both first- and second-degree alcohol-dependent relatives reported: more alcohol, marijuana, sedative, and cocaine ingestion; a younger age at first alcohol intoxication and first marijuana use; experience with less commonly used drugs; and more personal substance-related problems as well as more family mental health care. These data have significant prevention implications for targeting at-risk youth.
The Mechanisms of Virulence Regulation by Small Noncoding RNAs in Low GC Gram-Positive Pathogens

The discovery of small noncoding regulatory RNAs (sRNAs) in bacteria has grown tremendously recently, giving new insights into gene regulation. The implementation of computational analysis and RNA sequencing has provided new tools to discover and analyze potential sRNAs. Small regulatory RNAs that act by base-pairing to target mRNAs have been found to be ubiquitous and are the most abundant class of post-transcriptional regulators in bacteria. The majority of sRNA studies has been limited to E. coli and other gram-negative bacteria. However, examples of sRNAs in gram-positive bacteria are still plentiful although the detailed gene regulation mechanisms behind them are not as well understood. Strict virulence control is critical for a pathogen's survival and many sRNAs have been found to be involved in that process. This review outlines the targets and currently known mechanisms of trans-acting sRNAs involved in virulence regulation in various gram-positive pathogens. In addition, their shared characteristics such as CU interaction motifs, the role of Hfq, and involvement in two-component regulators, riboswitches, quorum sensing, or toxin/antitoxin systems are described.
Partial breast irradiation (PBI) concurrent with adjuvant dose-dense doxorubicin and dyclophosphamide (ddAC) chemotherapy in early-stage breast cancer: Preliminary safety results from a feasibility trial

10675 Background: Adjuvant anthracycline-based chemotherapy regimens and radiation therapy as part of breast conservation therapy (BCT) are given sequentially to avoid excessive skin toxicity. PBI ...
Preventing violence in context: the importance of culture for implementing systemic change

OBJECTIVE: To address the complexity of violence in the homes, schools, and neighborhoods of individuals, we need to shift our level of analysis from individuals to collectives and we need to direct research to prevention efforts. Thus, we argue for an ecological approach that emphasizes the influence of the collective systems (e.g., culture) and focuses on the interconnectedness between individual health and collective well-being. Key Points: Research on violence prevention has found strong evidence to suggest the importance of the family, peers, school, and neighborhood systems in reducing violent behaviors among children and adolescents (see Huston & Bentley, 2010 for a review). However, the impact of the cultural system is, in comparison, lesser known. As such, we need a theoretical framework that emphasizes culture as an important mechanism for change. In this paper, we will first briefly identify gaps in Bronfenbrenner's (1979, 1994) ecological systems theory, one of the most widely used frameworks to understand violence in context. Next, we will describe a community-based ecological approach (Kelly, 1968; Trickett, Kelly, & Vincent, 1983) and illustrate how such an approach with an emphasis on the cultural system builds upon and expands Bronfenbrenner's model of contextual influences on violence prevention. CONCLUSION: Finally, we will provide a few examples of prevention that are consistent with the community-based ecological approach. Language: en
The secretory immune system, a brief review.

Knowledge of the so-called secretory antibody system has accumulated rapidly over the past 4 years since Tomasi et al. [1] postulated a unique role for IgA in the external secretions. However, many earlier studies beginning with those of Besredka [2] in 1919 had suggested the existence of local immunity distinct from serum antibody. Among the most convincing of the early experiments were those of Burrows and his associates [3, 4] in the late 1940s demonstrating a lack of correlation between serum antibody and resistance to orogastric challenge with live Vibrio cholerae organisms in guinea pigs. They were able to show that resistance to oral challenge was correlated with intestinal antibacterial activity. Following the original description of IgA as a serum immunoglobulin by Heremans and his associates [5] in 1959, it was demonstrated by Hanson [6] in 1961 to be the most abundant immunoglobulin in human colostrum. In 1963, Tomasi and Zigelbaum [7] reported the predominance of IgA in various external secretions and postulated the selective secretion of IgA into these fluids by virtue of a unique transport site on the IgA molecule. In 1965 [1] Tomasi's group isolated IgA from colostrum and parotid saliva and showed that it sedimented in the ultracen-
Comparison of bleeding times performed on the arm and the leg.

The standardized bleeding time (SBT) is used to assess hemostatic function in patients suspected of having coagulation disorders. Because injury to the arm or the presence of intravascular cannulae often preclude the determination of SBTs on the upper extremity, the authors compared the SBT on the arm with the bleeding time on the leg to ascertain the efficacy of the lower extremity for this test. Thirty healthy volunteers were enrolled in the study. Bleeding times were performed on the forearm and on the medial aspect of the calf. The subjects then ingested 650 mg of aspirin, and the tests were repeated two hours later on the contralateral extremities. The mean preaspirin SBT (5.6 ±1.7 minutes did not differ significantly from the mean bleeding time on the leg (5.8 ± 2.3 minutes) ( P > 0.50), nor was there a significant difference between the mean postaspirin bleeding time on the arm (10.2 ± 4.3 minutes) and that on the leg (9.9 ± 3.7 minutes) ( P > 0.50). On the basis of this study, the authors conclude that the arm and leg are equally reliable sites for determining bleeding times in normal persons and are equally sensitive for detection of aspirin-induced prolongation of bleeding.
Abstract 389: MMP12 and myeloid cell populations influence establishment of tumor metastases in the steatotic liver microenvironment

Introduction: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), encompassing steatosis and progression to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) are liver disorders of increasing clinical significance. Studies in our lab have shown that hepatic steatosis establishes a permissive microenvironment for metastatic tumor seeding and tumor progression in the liver. To understand the molecular factors influencing the initial survival and growth of tumors in the steatotic liver microenvironment, we adopted a candidate approach and performed microarray analysis to compare RNA from normal vs steatotic liver samples in mice. MMP12 (macrophage metalloelastase) was identified as an important proteinase associated with the microenvironments of hepatic steatosis and steatohepatitis. MMP12 can influence immune-mediated injury response by processing latent TNF alpha and regulating neutrophil infiltration, cytokine release as well as macrophage recruitment. We hypothesize that increased MMP12 levels in the steatotic liver contribute to a more permissive microenvironment for primary tumor growth and establishment of metastases by alteration of inflammatory cell populations. Results: Realtime qPCR anlaysis verified a significant increase in MMP12 expression in murine steatotic livers compared to normal control livers. In a splenic injection model, hepatic metastases in steatotic MMP12 deficient livers were significantly reduced as compared to hepatic metastases in steatotic wildtype livers. Flow cytometric analysis demonstrated an alteration in the level of Gr-1 positive inflammatory cell populations in the steatotic livers of both wildtype and MMP12 deficient livers when compared to normal nonsteatotic livers. Although no significant changes were observed in the percentage of F4/80 positive macrophage population, using immunohistochemistry we did observe accumulation of F4/80 positive macrophages into crown-like structures within steatotic MMP12 deficient livers. To determine whether the inflammatory cells in the liver microenvironment were contributing to survival of tumor cells, we performed an in vitro co-culture assay of syngeneic MC38 tumor cells with either CD90.2 cells (pan T cells) or CD11b cells (macrophages/monocytes). Fewer numbers MC38 cells were present 3 days after co-culture with CD11b cells from MMP12 deficient mice, which was corroborated with decreased luciferase measurements from MC38-luc tagged cells. Conclusions: These results suggest a role for MMP12 in mediating the inflammatory response accompanying tumor establishment in the steatotic liver microenvironment. The molecular mechanisms by which MMP12 influences a decrease in metastatic tumor burden in the setting of fatty liver disease are currently being investigated. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 389. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-389
Investigation of the Different Carbonate Phases and Their Formation Kinetics during Mg(OH)2 Slurry Carbonation

Carbon mineralization is recognized as one of the safest and most permanent methods for storing anthropogenic CO2. Combining CO2 capture and storage eliminates energy-intensive sorbent regeneration and uncertainties associated with geological sequestration of CO2. Carbonation of Mg(OH)2 in a gas–solid system has been investigated, but both the reaction kinetics and the overall conversion were limited. Derived from silicate minerals or industrial wastes, a Mg(OH)2 slurry can react with dissolved CO2 to form a variety of magnesium carbonate phases with differing amounts of hydroxide and crystallized H2O incorporated within the carbonate crystal. In this study, slurry-phase Mg(OH)2 carbonation was investigated at moderate temperatures and CO2 pressures (up to 200 °C and 15 atm). Mg(OH)2 carbonation in the slurry phase involved heterogeneous dissolution of Mg(OH)2 and CO2, in addition to homogeneous precipitation of magnesium carbonates. The reaction conditions responsible for hydrated and anhydrous carbonate...
Prediction of Transverse Injection of a Sonic Jet in Supersonic Crossflow

Navier-Stokes predictions of mixing by a sonic jet injected into a Mach 1.98 crosso w are presented. The injection is transverse, typical of a jet in crosso w (JICF) problem. Both air and helium injection into crosso w air are studied. A two-equation turbulence model by Wilcox (1998) is used. The steady predictions resolve the complicated shock and vortical structures in the o w, including the barrel shock and Mach disk and the counter-rotating vortex pair that dominates mixing in the wake. The results are in good agreement with Rayleigh scattering measurements by Gruber et al. (1996).
What does it mean to follow? An exploration of a followership profile in hospitality and tourism

ABSTRACTAlthough leadership has received considerable attention from many scholars, much less research has focused on those who follow leaders; yet, followers contribute much to the success of an organization. This study explored the followership profiles of stakeholders in hospitality and tourism education. The findings summarize the followership dimensions of a sample of hospitality students, educators, and industry professionals. For each of the five followership dimensions the mean scores for industry professionals were rated higher when compared with students and educators, with courage to participate in transformation being the highest rated among all three groups. Implications for hospitality education are presented.
Summary on Image Watermarking Technology

Start with Digital Watermarking system model,summary and analysis the essence of many digital watermarking methods.Includ-ing the space domain digital watermarking algorithm such as the LSB algorithm,and the Patchwork algorithms,frequency domain digital watermarking algorithm such as DCT,DFT,DWT and their derivatives.There are digital watermarking algorithm based on the vector machines and digital watermarking algorithm based on frequency-hopping technology.At last point out the various features of the algo-rithm and its application.
Nanoparticles and direct immunosuppression

Targeting the immune system with nanomaterials is an intensely active area of research. Specifically, the capability to induce immunosuppression is a promising complement for drug delivery and regenerative medicine therapies. Many novel strategies for immunosuppression rely on nanoparticles as delivery vehicles for small-molecule immunosuppressive compounds. As a consequence, efforts in understanding the mechanisms in which nanoparticles directly interact with the immune system have been overshadowed. The immunological activity of nanoparticles is dependent on the physiochemical properties of the nanoparticles and its subsequent cellular internalization. As the underlying factors for these reactions are elucidated, more nanoparticles may be engineered and evaluated for inducing immunosuppression and complementing immunosuppressive drugs. This review will briefly summarize the state-of-the-art and developments in understanding how nanoparticles induce immunosuppressive responses, compare the inherent properties of nanomaterials which induce these immunological reactions, and comment on the potential for using nanomaterials to modulate and control the immune system.
Sensor Resource Management: Intelligent Multi-objective Modularized Optimization Methodology and Models

The importance of the optimal Sensor Resource Management (SRM) problem is growing. The number of Radar, EO/IR, Overhead Persistent InfraRed (OPIR), and other sensors with best capabilities, is limited in the stressing tasking environment relative to sensing needs. Sensor assets differ significantly in number, location, and capability over time. To determine on which object a sensor should collect measurements during the next observation period k, the known algorithms favor the object with the expected measurements that would result in the largest gain in relative information. We propose a new tasking paradigm OPTIMA for sensors that goes beyond information gain. It includes Sensor Resource Analyzer, and the Sensor Tasking Algorithm (Tasker). The Tasker maintains timing constraints, resolution, and geometric differences between sensors, relative to the tasking requirements on track quality and the measurements of object characterization quality. The Tasker does this using the computational intelligence approach of multi-objective optimization, which involves evolutionary methods.
Learning Individualized Facial Expressions in an Avatar with PSO and Tabu Search.

This paper describes a method for automatically imitating a particular facial expression in an avatar through a hybrid Particle Swarm Optimization – Tabu Search algorithm. The muscular structures of the facial expressions are measured by Ekman and Friesen’s Facial Action Coding System (FACS). Using a neutral expression as a reference, the minute movements of the Action Units, used in FACS, are automatically tracked and mapped onto the avatar using a hybrid method. The hybrid algorithm is composed of Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm and Tabu Search. Distinguishable features portrayed on the avatar ensure a personalized, realistic imitation of the facial expressions. To evaluate the feasibility of using PSO-TS in this approach, a fundamental proof-of-concept test is employed on the system using the OGRE avatar. Results are described and
Low-frequency dynamics of aqueous alkali chloride solutions as probed by terahertz spectroscopy

Terahertz (far infrared) spectroscopy provides a useful tool for probing both ionic motions in solution and the effect of ionic solutes on the dynamics of the solvent. In this study, we calculate terahertz spectra of aqueous alkali chloride solutions using classical but novel (the water model includes three-body interactions, the ion parameterization is non-standard, and the dipole surface is polarizable) molecular dynamics simulations. The calculated spectra compare reasonably well to experimental spectra. Decomposition of the calculated spectra is used to gain a deeper understanding of the physical phenomena underlying the spectra and the connection to, for instance, the vibrational density of states for the ions. The decomposed results are also used to explain many of the cation-dependent trends observed in the experimental spectra.