cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Part 6. Pressure Measurements for the Range 1 kPa to 100 μPa

The measurement of pressure between 1 kPa and 100μPa is complicated by the fact that the nature of the gas transport mechanism undergoes a distinct change within this range. The description of gas flow in rarefied gaseous systems is usually divided into three parts, with the division specified by the range in value of the ratio of the molecular mean free path to the characteristic dimension of the channel through which the gas passes. In the upper pressure range, for example at 1 kPa where the mean free path for all gases is less than 20 μm at 298 K, the characteristics of the flow are dominated by intermolecular collisions. Viscosity and thermal conductivity of the gases are independent of pressure; other properties such as temperature, density and flow velocity show small variation within a distance of one mean free path; therefore, the flow is hydrodynamical and viscous. In the low pressure range, for example at 100 μPa where the mean free path is of the order of 200 m at 298 K, the gas flow is characterized by molecular free flight, and transport is determined by gas-wall interactions. Discontinuities in temperature and variations in molecular flux may occur within the gas at a distance of one mean free path, and the flow is free-molecular flow. The transition from viscous to molecular flow at intermediate pressures is characterized by the influence of both types of collisions. No general derivations of flow equations are constructed from first principles for this transition range, and description is semi-empirical.
CHAPTER 3 – VIRAL ANTIGENS

Publisher Summary This chapter presents the analysis of viral antigens. Many of the virion surface proteins that interact with antibody and result in neutralization of the virus are glycoproteins. After budding, these glycoproteins are located in an exposed position and their high correlation as neutralization antigens may simply reflect their location. The neutralization antigens of three non-budding virus families are not glycoproteins. Many viruses have envelopes derived from host cell membranes, and all viruses are intimately related to host cell membranes during adsorption, penetration, and replication. Virus infections can lead to profound changes on the cell membrane as well as the basic physiology and behavior of the cell, and its relationship to its environment. Most viral infections result in cell membrane alterations that can be detected as the appearance of new antigens.
Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty: Does Multilevel Surgery Increase Risk?

Objectives(1) Determine the rate of postoperative complications, reoperation, readmission, and death after uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (UPPP) for sleep apnea through multi-institutional clinical data...
Activated Platelets Induce Endothelial Cell Activation via an Interleukin-1β Pathway in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Objective—Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is associated with the premature development of cardiovascular disease. The platelet–endothelium interaction is important in the pathogenesis of cardiov...
A new method for statistical detection of directional and stabilizing mating preference

Lay Summary Quantifying mating preferences is essential to understand how sexual selection shapes both mating systems and sexual dimorphisms. We present a new method for detecting and quantifying both stabilizing and directional mating preferences and demonstrate the experimental and statistical advantages of this method over previous approaches. We illustrate the method using data from a mate choice experiment in which female sand crickets were provided a choice of 2 males. Both directional and stabilizing preference are identified for components of the male call song.
Risk Reduction in Terrorism Cases: Sentencing and the Post-Conviction Environment

This article explores existing underpinnings in the United States criminal justice system for post-conviction risk reduction measures in terrorism cases. The purpose of these measures is to reduce the risk of future criminality by those already convicted of violent extremist offenses, thereby protecting public safety while also benefiting individuals and communities. Specifically, integrating specialized risk and needs assessments into terrorism cases at sentencing and during the corrections process constitutes one possible risk reduction measure. When administered to individuals convicted of providing material support or other terrorism-related offenses, rigorous evaluations can supply courts with information significant for sentencing and, when appropriate, structuring individualized rehabilitation approaches. In addition to assessment tools, rehabilitation and reintegration programs constitute potential risk reduction measures. Risk reduction programs would supplement and enhance, not replace, existing correctional methods including incarceration and supervised release. The District of Minnesota federal court is pioneering a program of disengagement and deradicalization for terrorism defendants, and other courts likely will develop similar approaches. However, appropriate judicial bodies have yet to adopt proactive roles in developing national policy guidance in this area. This article aims to further the discussion of reducing recidivism risk in terrorism cases by clarifying the legal and technical issues that would require resolution as prerequisites for the consideration and potential development of post-conviction programming.
International Engagement to Enhance Global Food Security: An Example in the Republic of Kosova

Since 2011, personnel at Iowa State University (ISU) have been engaged with the southeastern European country of the Republic of Kosova (more commonly known as Kosovo). The purpose of this engagement has been to empower Kosovars to transform their agricultural sector so that this newly independent country can reduce its reliance on food imports and develop into a food secure nation. Activities conducted under terms of the international memorandum of cooperation and understanding between ISU and the University of Prishtina (UP) are described in this report. Accomplishments resulting from this partnership include: 1) guest lectures by ISU faculty to UP veterinary students, 2) teaching of workshops and courses by ISU faculty to a global population of students enrolled in UP’s International Summer University 2-week educational program, 3) on-farm consultations with Kosovo dairy farmers, 4) establishment of relationships with livestock-oriented associations in Kosovo, and 5) birth of the first-ever bovine embryo transfer calf in Kosovo. These and other on-going activities are heightening awareness of the need to improve agricultural productivity in Kosovo, particularly in the dairy sector, to stop the flow of euros out of the country for purchase of food that could and should be produced within Kosovo.
A First Course in Analysis

This rigorous textbook is intended for a year-long analysis or advanced calculus course for advanced undergraduate or beginning graduate students. Starting with detailed, slow-paced proofs that allow students to acquire facility in reading and writing proofs, it clearly and concisely explains the basics of differentiation and integration of functions of one and several variables, and covers the theorems of Green, Gauss, and Stokes. Minimal prerequisites are assumed, and relevant linear algebra topics are reviewed right before they are needed, making the material accessible to students from diverse backgrounds. Abstract topics are preceded by concrete examples to facilitate understanding, for example, before introducing differential forms, the text examines low-dimensional examples. The meaning and importance of results are thoroughly discussed, and numerous exercises of varying difficulty give students ample opportunity to test and improve their knowledge of this difficult yet vital subject.
Is Nano Always Better? Static and Dynamic Fracture Study of Particulate Polymer Composites

In this work, the role of nano- versus micro-filler particle size-scale on static and dynamic fracture behaviors of silica-filled epoxy is examined. Particulate composites of epoxy matrix are studied under quasi-static and stress-wave loading conditions. Mode-I crack initiation and crack growth behaviors are examined using 2D digital image correlation method and high-speed photography in symmetrically impacted specimens. The measured displacement fields are analyzed using 2D crack-tip fields for dynamically propagating cracks in brittle solids to extract stress intensity factor histories (K I d ) and crack velocity histories (V). The quasi-static fracture tests show enhanced fracture toughness for nanocomposites relative to micro-particle filled ones. On the other hand, the dynamic crack-initiation toughness is consistently higher for micro-particle filled composites relative to the nano-filler counterparts. The crack velocities in nanocomposites are significantly higher than that observed in micro-filler cases. Also, the post-mortem analyses of fracture surfaces reveal greater surface ruggedness for nanocomposites under quasi-static conditions. However, the opposite is evident under dynamic loading conditions. The qualitative and quantitative fractographic measurements correlate well with the measured fracture parameters for both quasi-static and dynamic fracture tests.
Using penny auctions to introduce non-CS majors to modeling and simulation: faculty poster

Computation has become an accepted technique for scientists, mathematicians, economists, and others to learn about complex phenomena that might otherwise be impractical or impossible to study. Computational science uses modeling to create a simplified view of the phenomenon being studied and simulation to see how the phenomenon will behave over time under given conditions [1]. Computational science is used for pharmaceutical development, weather forecasting, predicting the behavior of the stock market, studying disasters like the oil spill that occurred in the summer of 2010, and many other things. A number of colleges and universities have majors in computational science [2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8].
FASTBUS Review 1984

The first year of work with the FASTBUS Specification DOE/ER-0189 for modular high speed data acquisition and control systems is reviewed. FASTBUS system components such as crates, power supplies, modules, and diagnostic tools available from research laboratories and industry in North America and Japan are summarized. New developments and future plans for applications and products are highlighted. European progress on FASTBUS and review of software activities are presented in other papers at this Conference. Relevant background information may be found in the FASTBUS status report presented at the 1983 Nuclear Science Symposium.
Interface moment dynamics and its contribution to spin-transfer torque switching process in magnetic tunnel junctions

A practical problem for memory applications involving perpendicularly magnetized magnetic tunnel junctions is the reliability of switching characteristics at high-bias voltage. Often it has been observed that at high bias, additional error processes are present that cause a decrease in switching probability upon further increase of bias voltage. We identify the main cause of such error-rise process through examination of switching statistics as a function of bias voltage and applied field, and the junction switching dynamics in real time. These experiments show a coincidental onset of error rise and the presence of a low-frequency microwave emission well below that dictated by the anisotropy field. We show that in a few-macrospin coupled numerical model, this is consistent with an interface region with concentrated perpendicular anisotropy, and where the magnetic moment has limited exchange coupling to the rest of the layers. These results point to the important role high-frequency interface magnetic moment dynamics play in determining the switching characteristics of these tunnel junction devices.
Complications of Hemodialysis Catheter Bloodstream Infections: Impact of Infecting Organism.

Background: Catheter-related bloodstream infections ­(CRBSI) are associated with a high burden of morbidity and mortality, but the impact of infecting organism on clinical outcomes has been poorly studied. Methods: This retrospective analysis of a prospective vascular access database from a large academic dialysis center investigated whether the organism type affected the clinical presentation or complications of CRBSI. Results: Among 339 patients with suspected CRBSI, an alternate source of infection was identified in 50 (15%). Of 289 patients with CRBSI, 249 grew a single organism and 40 were polymicrobial. Fever and/or rigors were presenting signs in ≥90% of patients with Staphylococcus aureus or Gram-negative CRBSI, but only 61% of Staphylococcus epidermidis infections (p < 0.001). Hospitalization occurred in 67% of patients with S. aureus CRBSI versus 34% of those with S. epidermidis and 40% of those with a Gram-negative bacteria (p < 0.001). Admission to the intensive care unit was required in 14, 9, and 2% (p = 0.06); metastatic infection occurred in 10, 4, and 4% (p = 0.42); and median length of stay among patients admitted to the hospital was 4, 4, and 5.5 days (p = 0.60), respectively. Death due to CRBSI occurred in only 1% of patients with CRBSI. Conclusion: CRBSI is confirmed in 85% of catheter-dependent hemodialysis patients in whom it is suspected. S. epidermidis CRBSI tends to present with atypical symptoms. S. aureus CRBSI is more likely to require hospitalization or intensive care admission. Metastatic infection is relatively uncommon, and death due to CRBSI is rare.
2-(4-Chloro­phenyl)-4,4-bis­(methyl­sulfanyl)-1,3-buta­diene-1,1-dicarbo­nitrile

The title complex, C14H11ClN2S2, is an example of a push–pull buta­diene. Typical π-electron delocalization along the buta­diene moiety, influenced by the donor and acceptor groups, is observed.
Neuroprogesterone signals through Src kinase within RP3V neurons to induce the luteinizing hormone surge in female rats

ABSTRACT Neural circuits in female rats are exposed to estradiol and sequential progesterone to regulate the luteinizing hormone (LH) surge and thus ovulation. Estradiol induces progesterone receptors (PGRs) in rostral periventricular region of the third ventricle (RP3V) kisspeptin neurons, and positive feedback estradiol concentrations induce neuroprogesterone (neuroP) synthesis in hypothalamic astrocytes that signal to PGRs expressed in kisspeptin neurons to trigger the LH surge. We tested the hypothesis that neuroP-PGR signals through Src family kinase (Src) to trigger the LH surge. As in vitro, PGR and Src are co-expressed in RP3V neurons. Estradiol treatment increased the number of PGR immunopositive cells and PGR and Src colocalization. Infusion of the Src inhibitor (PP2) into the RP3V, attenuated the LH surge measured by ELISA in trunk blood collected 53 hours post-EB injection. While PP2 reduced the LH surge in 50 μg EB treated ovariectomized/adrenalectomized (ovx/adx) rats, activation of either PGR or Src in 2μg EB primed animals significantly elevated LH concentrations compared with DMSO treated ovx/adx rats. These results support the importance of Src in the estradiol and neuroP triggering of the LH surge.
Smooth Summaries of Persistence Diagrams and Texture Classification

Topological data analysis (TDA) is a rising field in the intersection of mathematics, statistics, and computer science/data science. Persistent homology is one of the most commonly used tools in TDA, in part because it can be easily visualized in the form of a persistence diagram. However, performing machine learning algorithms directly on persistence diagrams is a challenging task, and so a number of summaries have been proposed which transform persistence diagrams into vectors or functions. Many of these summaries fall into the persistence curve framework developed by Chung and Lawson. We extend this framework and introduce new class of smooth persistence curves which we call Gaussian persistence curves. We investigate the statistical properties of Gaussian persistence curves and apply them to texture datasets: UIUCTex and KTH. Our classification results on these texture datasets perform competitively with the current state-of-arts methods in TDA.
Review of Wolfgang Baer’s Book: Conscious Action Theory - An Introduction to the Event-Oriented World View

Wolfgang Baer’s project consists of nothing less than adducing from first principles a model of consciousness that reconciles subjective experiences with biophysical processes inherent in brain function (Baer 2020). His model, Conscious Action Theory (CAT) argues that unification of the subjective and objective can only be achieved by accepting the observer’s existence as the foundational premise underlying all scientific inquiry. Starting from this premise it becomes possible to abandon object-oriented epistemologies that view subjective experience as epiphenomena of physical processes, and to develop a truly event-oriented ontology in which the first-person observer is a physical system that has always contained its own mental experience. Baer asserts that mind, brain, and world can be unified only when physics evolves to encompass both the causes and subjective feelings of experiences. His book transcends mere philosophical speculation by proposing the expansion of contemporary quantum physics to implement these unifying concepts.
Toward silicon-proven detailed routing for analog and mixed-signal circuits

Detailed routing is an intricate and tedious procedure in design automation and has become a crucial step for advanced node enablement. Compared with its advances in digital design, detailed routing for analog/mixed-signal (AMS) integrated circuits (ICs) is still heavily manual. In AMS designs, the sensitive net coupling issues and analog-specific constraints make detailed routing even more challenging. This work presents a novel and efficient detailed routing framework for automated AMS layout synthesis considering industrial design rules as well as analog-specific geometric and electrical constraints. Experimental results demonstrate the efficiency and effectiveness of our approach in optimizing circuit performance while satisfying the specified constraints. Post-layout simulations further prove that our detailed routing results can achieve sign-off quality.
Angiotensin II biphasically regulates cell differentiation in human iPSC-derived kidney organoids.

This study demonstrates angiotensin II exertion of biphasic effects on cell differentiation through distinct mediatory roles of angiotensin II type 1 receptor and type 2 receptor in human induced p...
Microcystin mcyA and mcyE Gene Abundances Are Not Appropriate Indicators of Microcystin Concentrations in Lakes

Cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms (cyanoHABs) are a primary source of water quality degradation in eutrophic lakes. The occurrence of cyanoHABs is ubiquitous and expected to increase with current climate and land use change scenarios. However, it is currently unknown what environmental parameters are important for indicating the presence of cyanoHAB toxins making them difficult to predict or even monitor on time-scales relevant to protecting public health. Using qPCR, we aimed to quantify genes within the microcystin operon (mcy) to determine which cyanobacterial taxa, and what percentage of the total cyanobacterial community, were responsible for microcystin production in four eutrophic lakes. We targeted Microcystis-16S, mcyA, and Microcystis, Planktothrix, and Anabaena-specific mcyE genes. We also measured microcystins and several biological, chemical, and physical parameters—such as temperature, lake stability, nutrients, pigments and cyanobacterial community composition (CCC)—to search for possible correlations to gene copy abundance and MC production. All four lakes contained Microcystis-mcyE genes and high percentages of toxic Microcystis, suggesting Microcystis was the dominant microcystin producer. However, all genes were highly variable temporally, and in few cases, correlated with increased temperature and nutrients as the summer progressed. Interestingly, toxin gene abundances (and biomass indicators) were anti-correlated with microcystin in all lakes except the largest lake, Lake Mendota. Similarly, gene abundance and microcystins differentially correlated to CCC in all lakes. Thus, we conclude that the presence of microcystin genes are not a useful tool for eliciting an ecological role for toxins in the environment, nor are microcystin genes (e.g. DNA) a good indicator of toxins in the environment.
Estimation of Chaotic Dynamic Systems with Control Variables

In this paper we develop some nonparametric models for chaotic dynamic systems with control variables. The theory of chaotic dynamic systems suggests that complicated or apparently stochastic phenomenon can be explained through a simple nonlinear model. There is physically a large class of nonlinear systems with input or control variables. An important task in many practical situations is to create reasonable techniques for modeling chaotic dynamic systems on the basis of data without any assumptions about the structure of the system. In recent years, various parametric methods have been developed for estimation of chaotic systems. The purpose of this paper is to survey selectively some results in the area of nonlinear system estimation and to present one application of kernel nonparametric techniques to real data set
The Very Theory of Transgression: Bataille, 'Lingchi', and Surrealism

The author attempts to understand the theory of transgression through photographs of an execution which were published in Georges Bataille's book, Tears of Eros.
Resonances in low-energy electron scattering from HCNH +

The energies and autoionization widths of resonances in the collision of low-energy electrons from HCNH{sup +} involved in dissociative recombination have been derived from electron-scattering calculations using the complex Kohn variational method. No low-lying resonance state that crosses the ground state of HCNH{sup +} in the Franck-Condon region was found. One state, having predominantly valence character, was found to lie close in energy to the HCNH{sup +} ion ground state, but remained below the ion ground state for all geometries. The presence of avoided crossings between the resonance states is described and the effects of these crossings on the properties of the resonances are discussed. When C-H and N-H bonds are stretched, there is no significant difference in the shape of the potential-energy surfaces.
Shop Floor Control When Tacit Worker Knowledge is Important

We investigate a shop where the workers and supervisors have tacit knowledge of how to operate efficiently and where efficiency is important to providing capacity to meet demand. This tacit knowledge includes setup dependencies between products as well as which worker or machine is best suited for a particular product. We discuss a real-world shop where this is the case. Management expects workers and supervisors to use their knowledge to schedule efficiently by monitoring their performance based on standards. The question that we explore is how management should control for due date performance in light of the discretion given to the workers and supervisors to sequence jobs on the basis of efficiency. We explore management control of due date performance through the use of order review and release (ORR) and management expediting. We find that although ORR is quite effective at reducing work-in-process (WIP) inventories, it may foster very late deliveries in a shop such as this. In fact, under such conditions, deftly executed expediting with no ORR at all can be far more effective at supporting all deliveries. Even improving ORR into a hybrid by actively updating path efficiencies (observed from supervisor/worker scheduling) did not support a change to this conclusion. Conversely, when conditions are created where tacit knowledge plays a reduced role or utilization is decreased, ORR delivers in a timely manner. The interaction between utilization, WIP levels, and worker knowledge all help dictate the appropriate control methodology.
Characterization and localization of the rabbit ocular calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-receptor component protein (RCP).

PURPOSE. To determine whether the calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) receptor component protein (RCP), a novel signal transduction molecule, is required for CGRP signaling in the eye and to determine potential ocular sites of CGRP action. METHODS. The cDNA for the rabbit ocular RCP homologue was cloned using a combination of reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE). Function of the rabbit ocular RCP was assessed using a sensitive oocyte-based assay, which utilizes the protein kinase A (PKA)-sensitive cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) as a sensor of cAMP formation. RCP expression in the rabbit eye was localized using immunohistochemistry. RESULTS. A 2063-bp cDNA for the rabbit ocular RCP was cloned and sequenced. Expression of the rabbit RCP cDNA confers CGRP responsiveness in a sensitive oocyte-based assay. Antisense oligonucleotides made to the ocular RCP abolishes CGRP responsiveness of ciliary body and iris mRNA in the oocyte‐CFTR assay. Localization of RCP protein in the rabbit eye using immunohistochemistry demonstrated RCP immunoreactivity in the ciliary body and iris blood vessels, as well as in layers of the ciliary epithelium. CONCLUSIONS. The rabbit ocular RCP appears to be required for signal transduction at ocular CGRP receptors and is localized to sites previously reported to bind CGRP, which affect intraocular pressure and neurogenic inflammation. (Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2000;41:1159 ‐1167)
Spatial Filtering: Concentration or Dispersion of NCREIF Institutional Investment

Investors seeking to construct a portfolio of real estate properties wrestle with the trade-off between the benefits of wide-area spatial diversification versus the benefits of efficient management...
Best Practices for the Acquisition of COTS-Based Systems: Lessons Learned from the Space System Domain

The incorporation of Commercial Off-the-Shelf (COTS) software into software-intensive systems brings promises of significantly reduced cost and schedule, and improved reliability and maintainability, by using “proven” software. However, Air Force Space and Missile Systems Center (SMC) and National Reconnaissance Office (NRO) programs often find that the reality is very different!
Giant magnetic dipole states in /sup 208/Pb observed in the /sup 207/Pb + n reaction

High-resolution neutron transmission and elastic-scattering measurements on $^{207}\mathrm{Pb}$ have revealed a concentration of $p$-wave strength in $^{208}\mathrm{Pb}$ which is mainly accounted for by ${J}^{\ensuremath{\pi}}={1}^{+}$ resonances. The sum of the ground-state radiative widths for these resonances is $\ensuremath{\Sigma}{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{\ensuremath{\gamma}0}=7.2$ eV which agrees well with a one-particle-one-hole theoretical prediction which locates a fragment of the giant $M1$ resonance at 7.50 MeV with ${\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{\ensuremath{\gamma}0}=9.3$ eV.
Heaviside enriched extended stochastic FEM for problems with uncertain material interfaces

This paper is concerned with the modeling of heterogeneous materials with uncertain inclusion geometry. The eXtended stochastic finite element method (X-SFEM) is a recently proposed approach for modeling stochastic partial differential equations defined on random domains. The X-SFEM combines the deterministic eXtended finite element method (XFEM) with a polynomial chaos expansion (PCE) in the stochastic domain. The X-SFEM has been studied for random inclusion problems with a $$C^0$$C0-continuous solution at the inclusion interface. This work proposes a new formulation of the X-SFEM using the Heaviside enrichment for modeling problems with either continuous or discontinuous solutions at the uncertain inclusion interface. The Heaviside enrichment formulation employs multiple enrichment levels for each material subdomain which allows more complex inclusion geometry to be accurately modeled. A PCE is applied in the stochastic domain, and a random level set function implicitly defines the uncertain interface geometry. The Heaviside enrichment leads to a discontinuous solution in the spatial and stochastic domains. Adjusting the support of the stochastic approximation according to the active stochastic subdomain for each degree of freedom is proposed. Numerical examples for heat diffusion and linear elasticity are studied to illustrate convergence and accuracy of the scheme under spatial and stochastic refinements. In addition to problems with discontinuous solutions, the Heaviside enrichment is applicable to problems with $$C^0$$C0-continuous solutions by enforcing continuity at the interface. A higher convergence rate is achieved using the proposed Heaviside enriched X-SFEM for $$C^0$$C0-continuous problems when compared to using a $$C^0$$C0-continuous enrichment.
Mutagenicity of Some Lipsticks and Their Dyes

Twenty-four lipsticks of various shades and colors were tested for mutagencitiy with the histidine-requiring tester strain Salmonella typhimurium TA98. Nine lipsticks were mutagenic without microsomal (S-9) activation. Dose-response effects were observed. Eight colorants listed as ingredients of the mutagenic lipsticsk were tested with and without S-9. Drug and Cosmetic (D&C) Orange No. 17, a monoazo dye with two nitro groups, was highly mutagenic in the absence of S-9. The mutagenic effect was decreased or lost in the presence of S-9 prepared from livers of male noninbred Sprague-Dawley rats given a single injection of Aroclor 1254. Eight lipsticsk matched for ingredients other than dyes were tested. Two containing D&C Orange No. 17 were directly mutagenic. The mutagenic effect was decreased by the presence of S-9. Only D&C Orange No. 17 was sufficiently mutagenic without microsomal activation to account for the mutagenicity observed in these lipsticks. Lipsticks containing D&C Orange No. 17 and those labeled with the words "may contain" D&C Orange No. 17 should be suspected of being mutagenic for S. typhimurium TA98. This dye and 2,4-dinitrosaniline, which may also be present, are potential health hazards. Assessment of their carcinogenicity awaits evaluation of results obtained by appropriate testing in animals.
The effect of contralateral stimulation on cochlear resonance and damping in the mustached bat: the role of the medial efferent system

Abstract In the unanesthetized mustached bat, stimulation of the ear with an acoustic transient produces damped oscillations which are evident in the cochlear microphonic potential. In this report we demonstrate how the decay time of these oscillations is affected by broadband noise presented to the contralateral ear (CLN). In the absence of CLN, the mean decay time was 1.94 ± 0.23 ms, but during the presentation of CLN the decay time consistently decreased. The changes were finely graded, the higher the CLN, the greater the change. The effect could be maintained at a constant level for extended periods of time and this was evident when the CLN exceeded 40 dB SPL. The latency of the reflex for 64 dB noise was about 11 ms and near maximum changes occurred within 15 ms of CLN onset. Sectioning medial efferent nerve fibers in the floor of the fourth ventricle or the administration of a single dose of gentamicin eliminated changes produced by CLN. The prominence of CM responses to damped oscillations and the robust changes in response to CLN make the mustached bat an excellent model for studying the influence of the medial efferent system on cochlear mechanics.
Induction of eosinophilic enteritis and eosinophilia in rats by vitamin E and selenium deficiency.

Abstract Eosinophilic enteritis and eosinophilia, in addition to muscular dystrophy and occasionally liver necrosis, were experimentally induced in male Sprague-Dawley rats with a vitamin E- and selenium-deficient diet (basal diet) for 9 weeks. Cecum and ileum were affected more frequently and severely than other segments of the gastrointestinal tract. Eosinophils were multifocally or diffusely distributed in the intestinal wall but were most severe in the muscular layer and in the submucosa. Eosinophils were also present in stomach, liver with massive hepatocellular necrosis, and skeletal muscle with marked myonecrosis. Eosinophilic enteritis and eosinophilia were not observed in rats fed the basal diet supplemented with either vitamin E (100 or 200 ppm) or selenium (0.1 or 1.0 ppm). Eosinophilic enteritis, eosinophilia, and muscular dystrophy regressed when vitamin E- and selenium-deficient rats were subsequently fed either the vitamin E- or selenium-supplemented diet for 4–5 weeks. These findings suggest that vitamin E and selenium deficiency may play a role in the development of a diffuse type of eosinophilic enteritis and eosinophilia.
Structures and enthalpies of methyl- and dimethyl-1,3-dioxa-2,4-diazetidine, CH3HN2O2 and (CH3)2N2O2. High-level calculations

Abstract As a follow-up to a study of dioxadiazetidine, N 2 H 2 O 2 , as a potential high energy density material, we determined optimized geometries, vibrational frequencies, and enthalpies of formation and combustion of its organic derivatives 2-methyl-1,3-dioxa-2,4-diazetidine and 2,4-dimethyl-1,3-dioxa-2,4-diazetidine, both of which would exist as cis and trans isomers. As a fundamental measure of the reactivity of the two compounds, the proton affinities of both isomers were also determined. Gaussian -2, Gaussian -3, and two complete basis set methods were used.
A Prospective Examination of Symptoms of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Victims of Nonsexual Assault

Symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) were examined prospectively in 84 non-sexual assault victims (53 women, 31 men) beginning shortly after the assault (mean = 18.68 days) and continuing weekly for 3 months. At the initial assessment, 71% of the women and 50% of the men met symptom criteria for PTSD. The incidence of PTSD decreased to 42% of the women and 32% of the men by the fourth assessment, and at the final assessment, 21% of the women but none of the men remained with PTSD. An examination of specific PTSD symptoms indicated that many subjects who were not diagnosed with PTSD at the final assessment retained significant symptoms of PTSD, particularly reexperiencing and arousal symptoms. The severity of PTSD did decrease significantly over the course of the study, but only in those groups who were not diagnosed with the disorder at the final assessment. Women who were diagnosed with PTSD at the final assessment did not show a significant decrease in symptom severity over the course of the...
Understanding Classrooms through Social Network Analysis: A Primer for Social Network Analysis in Education Research

Social interactions between students are a major and underexplored part of undergraduate education. Understanding how learning relationships form in undergraduate classrooms, as well as the impacts these relationships have on learning outcomes, can inform educators in unique ways and improve educational reform. Social network analysis (SNA) provides the necessary tool kit for investigating questions involving relational data. We introduce basic concepts in SNA, along with methods for data collection, data processing, and data analysis, using a previously collected example study on an undergraduate biology classroom as a tutorial. We conduct descriptive analyses of the structure of the network of costudying relationships. We explore generative processes that create observed study networks between students and also test for an association between network position and success on exams. We also cover practical issues, such as the unique aspects of human subjects review for network studies. Our aims are to convince readers that using SNA in classroom environments allows rich and informative analyses to take place and to provide some initial tools for doing so, in the process inspiring future educational studies incorporating relational data.
A century of general relativity: Astrophysics and cosmology

One hundred years after its birth, general relativity has become a highly successful physical theory in the sense that it has passed a large number of experimental and observational tests and finds extensive application to a wide variety of cosmic phenomena. It remains an active area of research as new tests are on the way, epitomized by the exciting prospect of detecting gravitational waves from merging black holes. General relativity is the essential foundation of the standard model of cosmology and underlies our description of the black holes and neutron stars that are ultimately responsible for the most powerful and dramatic cosmic sources. Its interface with physics on the smallest and largest scales will continue to provide fertile areas of investigation in its next century.
The modified-bead stretched sample method: Development and application to MALDI-MS imaging of protein localization in the spinal cord

Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI) has been used to create spatial distribution maps from lipids, peptides, and proteins in a variety of biological tissues. MALDI-MSI often involves trade-offs between the extent of analyte extraction and desired spatial resolution, compromises that can adversely affect detectability. For example, increasing the extraction time can lead to unwanted analyte spatial redistribution. With the stretched sample method (SSM), the extraction period can be extended, resulting in reduced analyte redistribution while suppressing detection of cationic salt adducts. The SSM involves thaw-mounting a thin tissue section onto a substrate of small glass beads embedded in Parafilm M and then stretching the membrane to fragment the tissue into thousands of bead-sized pieces. Here, we applied the SSM method to MALDI-MSI using rat spinal cord as a model. We used surface-modified beads coated with trypsin or chymotrypsin in order to facilitate controlled digestion and detection of proteins. The enzymatic reactions were maintained by repeatedly condensing water on the stretched sample surface. As a result, new peptides formed by tryptic or chymotryptic protein digestion were detected and identified using a combination of MALDI-MSI and offline liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometric analysis. Localization of these peptides indicated the distribution of their proteins of origin, including myelin basic protein, actin beta, and tubulin alpha chain. Additionally, we used uncoated beads to create distribution maps of many endogenous lipids and small peptides. The extension of the SSM using modified beads resulted in the creation of mosaic bead surfaces where adjacent beads were coated with different enzymes or other reactive chemicals, permitting investigation of the distributions of a wider range of analytes in biological samples within a single experiment.
Gender and Intimate Partner Violence in the United States: Confronting the Controversies

This paper comments on the Langhinrichsen-Rohling article (2010), which reviews five major controversies present in the field of partner violence research and in which the author describes a new typology of mutually-violent couples. Strengths of the original article are discussed, including the author’s incorporation of existing data into a new typology, her focus on context in examining relationship violence, and her reasoned argument for studying the behavior of both male and female aggressors. Limitations associated with the scope and explicit predictions of Langhinrichsen-Rohling’s new typology are also covered in this commentary. Finally, the need for improved treatments for partner violence is discussed.
IL-6 Stimulates Intestinal Epithelial Proliferation and Repair after Injury

IL-6 is a pleiotropic cytokine often associated with inflammation. Inhibition of this pathway has led to successful treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, but one unforeseen potential complication of anti-IL-6 therapy is bowel perforation. Within the intestine, IL-6 has been shown to prevent epithelial apoptosis during prolonged inflammation. The role of IL-6 in the intestine during an initial inflammatory insult is unknown. Here, we evaluate the role of IL-6 at the onset of an inflammatory injury. Using two murine models of bowel injury - wound by biopsy and bacterial triggered colitis - we demonstrated that IL-6 is induced soon after injury by multiple cell types including intraepithelial lymphocytes. Inhibition of IL-6 resulted in impaired wound healing due to decreased epithelial proliferation. Using intestinal tissue obtained from patients who underwent surgical resection of the colon due to traumatic perforation, we observed cells with detectable IL-6 within the area of perforation and not at distant sites. Our data demonstrate the important role of IL-6 produced in part by intraepithelial lymphocytes at the onset of an inflammatory injury for epithelial proliferation and wound repair.
The role of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in patients with laparoscopic cholecystectomies

Abstract Background & Aims: The best clinical strategy for using endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) with laparoscopic cholecystectomy is unknown. The aim of this study is to use decision analysis to assess four different approaches to using ERCP in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Methods: Decision trees were designed for four clinical strategies: (1) preoperative ERCP, with sphincterotomy for choledocholithiasis; (2) selective preoperative ERCP for patients at high risk for choledocholithiasis, choledocholithiasis found at surgery treated by postoperative ERCP; (3) no preoperative ERCP, choledocholithiasis detected intraoperatively treated by postoperative ERCP; and (4) no preoperative ERCP, choledocholithiasis detected intraoperatively treated with open common bile duct exploration. Using decision analysis with literature-derived data, the impact on outcome parameters was calculated. Results: Postoperative ERCP resulted in the lowest cost, procedure numbers, and hospital and back-to-work days. With high preoperative likelihood of choledocholithiasis, selective preoperative ERCP was probably a clinically equivalent strategy. Sensitivity analysis supported these conclusions when the probabilities and utilities were varied over a wide range. The open operative approach to choledocholithiasis was only favored if ERCP had 7 days. Conclusions: This study suggests that performing ERCP after laparoscopic cholecystectomy minimizes costs and morbidity; however, when choledocholithiasis is likely, selective preoperative ERCP may be a clinically equivalent strategy.
Very recent analogs of volcanogenic Archean sequences

Sediment samples from the top of Loihi seamount, southeast of the island of Hawaii, were examined by neutron activation analysis and X-ray fluorescence. The 0.062-mm fraction is sand-size grit consisting of olivine, opaque magnetic material, and basaltic glass. The lack of alteration products, such as palagonite or smectite, and the absence of seawater rare-earth-element signature for the amorphous iron hydroxide indicate minimal interaction with seawater. The elemental composition (including the rare-elements) suggests that the combination of the grit and amorphous iron hydroxide is a sedimentary analog of early Archean amphibolite-iron oxide fades.
Patterns of self-selected smoking cessation attempts and relapse by menstrual phase

Clinical studies are emerging which suggest that sex hormones may play a role in quit attempts and relapse. The present study aim is to determine if menstrual phase plays a role on a second self-selected quit attempt and subsequent relapse during a twenty-six week follow-up. Participants (n=138) were 29.7+/-6.5 years old and smoked 16.1+/-4.8 cigarettes per day. Participants were more likely to self-select a second quit date during the Follicular (F) phase (59.4%) than Luteal (L) phase (40.6%, p=0.033) and were also more likely to relapse during the F phase than the L phase (59.7% vs. 40.3%, p=0.043, respectively). Those who self-selected to quit in the L phase experienced a significantly longer time to relapse than those who chose the F phase (median of 3 days vs. 2 days, respectively; Hazard Ratio=1.599, p-value=0.014). This confirms previous work suggesting quit dates in the F phase are associated with worse smoking cessation outcomes. Additional research is needed to investigate how this relationship may vary with the use of pharmacotherapy.
Boundary regularity of domains satisfying a wedge condition

Certain geometrical properties of Jordan domains arise in the study of boundary behavior of Riemann maps. The property investigated here is the following wedge condition: there is a fixed wedge such that for each boundary point of the domain the wedge can be moved rigidly to have its vertex at the boundary point and its interior in the domain. Geometrical consequences of this property include that the boundary is rectifiable and has bounded arc length-interior distance ratio. It follows from work of Pommerenke that the domain is a Smirnov domain and that the derivative of a conformal mapping of the unit disk onto the domain satisfies the Muckenhoupt A condition.
Interaction of Wool with Metal Cations

A survey was carried out with the aid of X-ray fluorescence and atomic absorption spectroscopy on binding of various metal cations to wool from aqueous media. The results show that wool removes at a rapid rate a number of toxic and industrial metals. These include mercury, cadmium, zinc, antimony, bismuth, tin, lead, silver, platinum, palladium, and uranium cations. Because of its insolubility, wool facilitates anion and cation uptake analysis and is, therefore, a versatile model for protein-metal interaction studies.
LEIGH'S DISEASE: BIOCHEMICAL NATURE OF THE INHIBITOR

Only one biochemical factor has been common to all untreated and autopsy-proven patients with Leigh's disease; i.e., an inhibitor to the phosphotransferase responsible for the synthesis of cerebral thiamine triphosphate. The presence of such an inhibitor in urine is not unique to patients, but has also been found in all obligate heterozygous carriers of the disorder (Pediatrics 51, 709, 1973).
Analyzing n-player impartial games

Combinatorial game theory is the study of two player perfect information games. While work has been done in the past on expanding this field to include n-player games we present a unique method which guarantees a single winner. Specifically our goal is to derive a function which, given an n-player game, is able to determine the winning player (assuming all n players play optimally). Once this is accomplished we use this function in analyzing a certain family of three player subtraction games along with a complete analysis of three player, three row Chomp. Furthermore we make use of our new function in producing alternative proofs to various well known two player Chomp games. Finally the paper presents a possible method of analyzing a two player game where one of the players plays a completely random game. As it turns out this slight twist to the rules of combinatorial game theory produces rather interesting results and is certainly worth the time to study further.