cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Digital to Analog: Exploring Digital Processes of Making

This focus this paper is the translation of a digital information model that defines an object's surface properties and its connection to that which is real or physical. This research, while early in its investigation, seeks to explore architecture and digital design as a material process. The direct connection to output devices such as computer-numerically controlled routers provide a unique opportunity for controlled variation and serial differentiation and seeks to exploit mass customization rather than standardization. Through a series of studies the process from design to machine file to finish product is explored. This connection to digitally driven fabrication equipment creates within the design process an opportunity to realize ones designs both digitally and materially.
Synthesis of barbiturate-based methionine aminopeptidase-1 inhibitors

The syntheses of a new class of barbiturate-based inhibitors for human and Escherichia Coli methionine aminopeptidase-1 (MetAP-1) are described. Some of the synthesized inhibitors show selective inhibition of the human enzyme with high potency.
Coordination of Outsourced Operations to Minimize Weighted Flow Time and Capacity Booking Costs

A set of manufacturers outsources certain operations to a single third party following the announcement of a booking price for each available day of production. Knowing these costs, manufacturers book available production days in a first-come-first-serve order to optimize their individual cost. The cost for each manufacturer consists of booking and work-in-progress costs, as expressed by the weighted flow time. When window booking is completed, the third party identifies a schedule that minimizes the total cost incurred by all manufacturers. This coordination reduces the total cost but may result in higher costs for a subset of manufacturers. For this reason, the third party devises a savings sharing scheme with which the monetary benefit for each manufacturer is greater. In this article we present algorithms for the problem considered, as well as savings-sharing schemes that make coordination a better alternative for all parties. The highlight of our experiments is that the costs of the production chain can be reduced by an average of 32% if one-third of the members let the third party cover their increased work-in-progress cost in exchange for 38%--53% of the total savings.
Organocatalytic hydroacylation of unactivated alkenes.

Aldehyde umpolung, the inversion of the electrophilicity of the carbonyl group into a nucleophile, has its origins in Wohler and Liebig’s 1832 paper describing the cyanide catalyzed benzoin reaction.1 One hundred years later, Ukai demonstrated the same transformation using thiazolium precatalysts in the presence of base. 2 In 1958, Breslow first proposed the currently accepted mechanism of this transformation, building on Lapworth’s mechanism for the cyanide catalyzed benzoin.3 In 1974, Stetter showed that Michael acceptors may also be used as electrophiles for the acyl anion equivalent. 4 With the advent of N-heterocyclic carbenes, there has been a huge upsurge in reactivity associated with these systems, with chiral catalysts, novel reactions, new modes of reactivity and their applications to synthesis all making an appearance.5
Reduction of Flow-Measurement Uncertainties in Laser Velocimeters with Nonorthogonal Channels

An analysis of certain geometrical limitations inherent in the application of laser velocimeters with nonorthogonal channels has led to the development of advanced LDA-calibration and data-acquisition techniques that minimize systematic and statistical errors, respectively. The data-acquisition technique optimizes the number of velocity samples collected from three velocimeter channels as a function of local turbulence intensity, vector direction, and prescribed confidence interval. Linear velocity surveys and streamline traces measured in a turbulent flowfield with a three-dimensional laser velocimeter are presented and the validity and accuracy of the theoretical analysis are discussed.
Green Chemistry: Principles and Practice

Green Chemistry is a relatively new emerging field that strives to work at the molecular level to achieve sustainability. The field has received widespread interest in the past decade due to its ability to harness chemical innovation to meet environmental and economic goals simultaneously. Green Chemistry has a framework of a cohesive set of Twelve Principles, which have been systematically surveyed in this critical review. This article covers the concepts of design and the scientific philosophy of Green Chemistry with a set of illustrative examples. Future trends in Green Chemistry are discussed with the challenge of using the Principles as a cohesive design system (93 references).
EMERGENCE, ORGANIZATIONAL TRANSFORMATIONS, AND DECLINE OF THE PIQUETERO MOVEMENT: A COMPARATIVE INSTITUTIONAL EXPLANATION

This paper offers an institutional explanation for the growth, organizational transformations, and decline of the piquetero social movement in Argentina, developed from a comparative perspective based on Latin America. I analyze which institutional arrangements, political actors, and configurations of power contributed to the success and decline of the piqueteros. Applying the basic principles of the rational choice approach, I find that the success, decline, and transformation of the organizational structures of the piquetero movement were mainly produced by a political cycle of deep political division within the ruling party (the Peronist party). Other socio-economic explanatory factors were the over-regulated Argentine labor market, and the exogenous impact of the Argentine economic crisis through relatively high unemployment rates.
An Application of Octant Analysis to Turbulent and Transitional Flow Data

A technique called “octant analysis” was used to examine the eddy structure of turbulent and transitional heated boundary layers on flat and curved surfaces. The intent was to identify important physical processes that play a role in boundary layer transition on flat and concave surfaces. Octant processsing involves the partitioning of flow signals into octants based on the instantaneous signs of the fluctuating temperature, t′, streamwise velocity, u′, and cross-stream velocity, v′. Each octant is associated with a particular eddy motion. For example, u′ 0, t′>0 is associated with an ejection or “burst” of warm fluid away from a heated wall. Within each octant, the contribution to various quantities of interest (such as the turbulent shear stress, −u′v′ , or the turbulent heat flux, v′t′ ) can be computed. By comparing and contrasting the relative contributions from each octant, the importance of particular types of motion can be determined. If the data within each octant are further segregated based on the magnitudes of the fluctuating components so that minor events are eliminated, the relative importance of particular types of motion to the events that are important can also be discussed. In fully developed, turbulent boundary layers along flat plates, trends previously reported in the literature were confirmed. A fundamental difference was observed in the octant distribution between the transitional and fully turbulent boundary layers, however, showing incomplete mixing and a lesser importance of small scales in the transitional boundary layer. Such observations were true on both flat and concave walls. The differences are attributed to incomplete development of the turbulent kinetic energy cascade in transitional flows. The findings have potential application to modeling, suggesting the utility of incorporating multiple length scales in transition models.
Secure Scan: A Design-for-Test Architecture for Crypto Chips

Scan-based design for test (DFT) is a powerful testing scheme, but it can be used to retrieve the secrets stored in a crypto chip, thus compromising its security. On one hand, sacrificing the security for testability by using a traditional scan-based DFT restricts its use in privacy sensitive applications. On the other hand, sacrificing the testability for security by abandoning the scan-based DFT hurts the product quality. The security of a crypto chip comes from the small secret key stored in a few registers, and the testability of a crypto chip comes from the data path and control path implementing the crypto algorithm. Based on this key observation, the authors propose a novel scan DFT architecture called secure scan that maintains the high test quality of traditional scan DFT without compromising the security. They used a hardware implementation of the advanced encryption standard to show that the traditional scan DFT scheme can compromise the secret key. They then showed that by using secure-scan DFT, neither the secret key nor the testability of the AES implementation is compromised
Catalytic enantioselective Diels--Alder reactions: methods, mechanistic fundamentals, pathways, and applications.

One hundred years after the birth of Kurt Alder and seventy-five years after the discovery of his famous reaction, one of the most important and fascinating transformations in chemistry, research on that process continues to surprise, excite, delight, and inform the chemical community. This article is based on presentations given first at the University of Cologne, Germany (Kurt Alder lecture, 1992), then at the Roger Adams Award Symposium (1993), and later at the Burgenstock Conference of 2001, and describes research by our group on the development and understanding of enantioselective versions of the Diels-Alder reactions. The elements of this review include (1) development of new chiral Lewis acid catalysts for highly enantioselective (>25:1) [4+2] cycloadditions; (2) the fine mechanistic details and pre-transition-state assemblies of these reactions; (3) the fundamental understanding of catalytic activity and enantioselectivity for highly enantioselective Diels-Alder processes; and (4) applications to the synthesis of complex molecules. The range and power of the Diels-Alder reaction have steadily increased over seven decades. The end of this remarkable development is not in sight, a high compliment to this field of Science and to its great inventor.
The Wages of Sinistrality: Handedness, Brain Structure and Human Capital Accumulation

Roughly 12 percent of humans are left-handed, with somewhat higher rates among males than females (Vuoksimaa, Koskenvuoa, Rosea, and Kaprio 2009). For much of history, left-handedness was viewed with deep suspicion. During the Middle Ages, left-handed writers were thought to be possessed by the Devil, generating the modern sense of the word sinister from sinistra, the Latin word for left. The English word left itself comes from the Old English lyft, meaning idle, weak, or useless. The French word for left, gauche, also means clumsy or awkward. Similarly negative connotations of the word left are found in numerous languages, including German, Italian, Russian, and Mandarin (Coren 1992). Superstitions about left-handedness take numerous forms (Perelle and Ehrman 2005). In many Middle Eastern countries, food and drink should be taken with the right hand and bodily functions performed with the left. Hindu tradition forbids the left hand from performing many of the central religious rituals. Left-handedness suggested to Eskimos that the individual was a sorcerer and to colonial Americans that the individual might be a witch. The Jewish scholar Maimonides listed left-handedness among the 100 blemishes that disqualified someone from being a Jewish priest.
Nanoscale Heat Conduction Across Metal-Dielectric Interfaces

We report a theoretical study of heat conduction across metal-dielectric interfaces in devices and structures of practical interest. At cryogenic temperatures, the thermal interface resistance between electrodes and a substrate is responsible for substantial reduction in the maximum permissible peak power in Josephson junctions. The thermal interface resistance is much smaller at elevated temperatures but it still plays a critical role in nanoscale devices and structures, especially nanolaminates that consist of alternating metal and dielectric layers. A theoretical model is developed to elucidate the impact of spatial nonequilibrium between electrons and phonons on heat conduction across nanolaminates. The diffuse mismatch model is found to provide reasonable estimates of the intrinsic thermal interface resistance near room temperature as well as at cryogenic temperatures.
The Milky Way in Molecular Clouds: A New Complete CO Survey

New large-scale CO surveys of the first and second Galactic quadrants and the nearby molecular cloud complexes in Orion and Taurus, obtained with the CfA 1.2 m telescope, have been combined with 31 other surveys obtained over the past two decades with that instrument and a similar telescope on Cerro Tololo in Chile, to produce a new composite CO survey of the entire Milky Way. The survey consists of 488,000 spectra that Nyquist or beamwidth ( °) sample the entire Galactic plane over a strip 4°-10° wide in latitude, and beamwidth or ° sample nearly all large local clouds at higher latitudes. Compared with the previous composite CO survey of Dame et al. (1987), the new survey has 16 times more spectra, up to 3.4 times higher angular resolution, and up to 10 times higher sensitivity per unit solid angle. Each of the component surveys was integrated individually using clipping or moment masking to produce composite spatial and longitude-velocity maps of the Galaxy that display nearly all of the statistically significant emission in each survey but little noise. The composite maps provide detailed information on individual molecular clouds, suggest relationships between clouds and regions widely separated on the sky, and clearly display the main structural features of the molecular Galaxy. In addition, since the gas, dust, and Population I objects associated with molecular clouds contribute to the Galactic emission in every major wavelength band, the precise kinematic information provided by the present survey will form the foundation for many large-scale Galactic studies. A map of molecular column density predicted from complete and unbiased far-infrared and 21 cm surveys of the Galaxy was used both to determine the completeness of the present survey and to extrapolate it to the entire sky at |b| 5°), X shows little systematic variation with latitude from a mean value of (1.8 ± 0.3) × 1020 cm-2 K-1 km-1 s. Given the large sky area and large quantity of CO data analyzed, we conclude that this is the most reliable measurement to date of the mean X value in the solar neighborhood.
A Cu(I)-Catalyzed C-H α-Amination of Esters. Direct Synthesis of Hydantoins

This paper describes a novel intermolecular α-amination process of esters using CuCl as catalyst and di-tert-butyldiaziridinone as nitrogen source. A variety of hydantoins can be formed effectively under mild reaction conditions.
In-Plane Vibration Modes of Arbitrarily Thick Disks

The three-dimensional vibration of an arbitrarily thick annular disk is investigated for two classes of boundary conditions: all surfaces traction-free, and allfree except for the clamped inner radius. These two models represent limiting cases of such common engineering components as automotive and aircraft disk brakes, for which existing models focus on out-of-plane bending vibration. For a disk of significant thickness, vibration modes in which motion occurs within the disk's equilibrium plane can play a substantial role in setting its dynamic response. Laboratory experiments demonstrate that in-plane modes exist at frequencies comparable to those of out-of-plane bending even for thickness-to-diameter ratios as small as 10 -1 . The equations for three-dimensional motion are discretized through the Ritz technique, yielding natural frequencies and mode shapes for coupled axial, radial, and circumferential deformations. This treatment is applicable to disks of arbitrary dimension, and encompasses classical models for plates, bars, cylinders, rings, and shells. The solutions so obtained converge in the limiting cases to the values expected from the classical theories, and to ones that account for shear deformation and rotary inertia. The three-dimensional model demonstrates that for geometries within the technologically-important range, the natural frequencies of certain in- and out-of-plane modes can be close to one another, or even identically repeated.
A Total Synthesis of Norhalichondrin B

The halichondrin family of marine polyethers, first defined by the isolation and structure elucidation of norhalichondrin A by Uemura and co-workers in 1985, now numbers ~ 15 compounds.[1] The structures of the halichondrins, as exemplified by norhalichondrin B (Figure 1) are characterized by a 53–55 carbon backbone that is defined by two domains: the spiroketal containing C31-C53/55 region and a C1-C30 macrolactone that also contains a 2,6,9-trioxatricyclo[3.3.2.03,7]decane. The structures, in conjunction with impressive levels of cytotoxicity, have attracted significant scientific attention[2,3] highlighted by the total syntheses of halichondrin B and norhalichondrin B by Kishi in 1992,[3,5] and the current efforts of Eisai Pharmaceuticals to establish E7389,[6] a truncated analog of the macrolactone, as an anti-cancer therapeutic. In this communication we describe our studies that have culminated in the total synthesis of norhalichondrin B.
Genetics and Genetic Testing in Congenital Heart Disease

Congenital heart defects (CHDs) are structural abnormalities of the heart and great vessels that are present from birth. The presence or absence of extracardiac anomalies has historically been used to identify patients with possible monogenic, chromosomal, or teratogenic CHD causes. These distinctions remain clinically relevant, but it is increasingly clear that nonsyndromic CHDs can also be genetic. This article discusses key morphologic, molecular, and signaling mechanisms relevant to heart development, summarizes overall progress in molecular genetic analyses of CHDs, and provides current recommendations for clinical application of genetic testing.
Iterated regret minimization: A new solution concept

Abstract For some well-known games, such as the Travelerʼs Dilemma or the Centipede Game, traditional game-theoretic solution concepts—most notably Nash equilibrium—predict outcomes that are not consistent with empirical observations. We introduce a new solution concept, iterated regret minimization, that exhibits the same qualitative behavior as that observed in experiments in many games of interest, including Travelerʼs Dilemma, the Centipede Game, Nash bargaining, and Bertrand competition. As the name suggests, iterated regret minimization involves the iterated deletion of strategies that do not minimize regret.
A SYSTEM OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS FOR THE AIRY PROCESS

The Airy process is characterized by its $m$-dimensional distribution functions. For $m=1$ it is known that this distribution function is expressible in terms of a solution to Painleve II. We show that each finite-dimensional distribution function is expressible in terms of a solution to a system of differential equations.
Measuring shapes of galaxy images – II. Morphology of 2MASS galaxies

We study a sample of 112 galaxies of various Hubble types imaged in the Two Micron All Sky Survey (2MASS) in the near-infrared (NIR; 1–2 μm) J, H and Ks bands. The sample contains (optically classified) 32 ellipticals, 16 lenticulars and 64 spirals acquired from the 2MASS Extended Source Catalogue (XSC). We use a set of non-parametric shape measures constructed from the Minkowski functionals (MFs) for galaxy shape analysis. We use ellipticity (e) and orientation angle (Φ) as shape diagnostics. With these parameters as functions of area within the isophotal contour, we note that the NIR elliptical galaxies with e > 0.2 show a trend of being centrally spherical and increasingly flattened towards the edge, a trend similar to images in optical wavelengths. The highly flattened elliptical galaxies show strong change in ellipticity between the centre and the edge. The lenticular galaxies show morphological properties resembling either ellipticals or disc galaxies. Our analysis shows that almost half of the spiral galaxies appear to have bar-like features while the rest are likely to be non-barred. Our results also indicate that almost one-third of spiral galaxies have optically hidden bars. The isophotal twist noted in the orientations of elliptical galaxies decreases with the flattening of these galaxies, indicating that twist and flattening are also anticorrelated in the NIR, as found in optical wavelengths. The orientations of NIR lenticular and spiral galaxies show a wide range of twists.
Learning, the Forward Premium Puzzle and Market Efficiency

The Forward Premium Puzzle is widely considered to indicate inefficiency in the foreign exchange market. This paper proposes a resolution of the puzzle using recursive least squares learning. Risk-neutral agents learn the unknown parameters, underlying the exchange rate generation process, using constant-gain recursive least squares. Simulations using plausible model parameter values replicate the anomaly along with other observed empirical features of the forward and spot exchange rate data. Estimates of parameter values from data support the model assumptions and justify the use of constant-gain learning. The conclusion is that the puzzle is not necessarily a reflection of inefficiency.
Capacity region of the deterministic multi-pair bi-directional relay network

In this paper we study the capacity region of the multi-pair bidirectional (or two-way) wireless relay network, in which a relay node facilitates the communication between multiple pairs of users. This network is a generalization of the well known bidirectional relay channel, where we have only one pair of users. We examine this problem in the context of the deterministic channel interaction model, which eliminates the channel noise and allows us to focus on the interaction between signals. We characterize the capacity region of this network when the relay is operating at either full-duplex mode or half-duplex mode (with non adaptive listen-transmit scheduling). In both cases we show that the cut-set upper bound is tight and, quite interestingly, the capacity region is achieved by a simple equation-forwarding strategy.
Density evolution for asymmetric memoryless channels

Density evolution (DE) is one of the most powerful analytical tools for low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes and graph codes with message passing decoding algorithms. With channel symmetry as one of its fundamental assumptions, density evolution has been widely and successfully applied to different channels, including binary erasure channels (BECs), binary symmetric channels (BSCs), binary additive white Gaussian noise (BiAWGN) channels, etc. This paper generalizes density evolution for asymmetric memoryless channels, which in turn broadens the applications to general memoryless channels, e.g., z-channels, composite white Gaussian noise channels, etc. The central theorem underpinning this generalization is the convergence to perfect projection for any fixed-size supporting tree. A new iterative formula of the same complexity is then presented and the necessary theorems for the performance concentration theorems are developed. Several properties of the new density evolution method are explored, including stability results for general asymmetric memoryless channels. Simulations, code optimizations, and possible new applications suggested by this new density evolution method are also provided. This result is also used to prove the typicality of linear LDPC codes among the coset code ensemble when the minimum check node degree is sufficiently large. It is shown that the convergence to perfect projection is essential to the belief propagation (BP) algorithm even when only symmetric channels are considered. Hence, the proof of the convergence to perfect projection serves also as a completion of the theory of classical density evolution for symmetric memoryless channels.
A Mechanism for the High Rate of Sea Ice Thinning in the Arctic Ocean

Submarine measurements of sea ice draft show that the ice has thinned in some parts of the Arctic Ocean at a remarkably high rate over the past few decades. The spatial pattern indicates that the thinning was a strong function of ice thickness, with the greatest thinning occurring where the ice was initially thickest. A similar relationship between sea ice thinning and the initial thickness is reproduced individually by three global climate models in response to increased levels of carbon dioxide in the models’ atmosphere. All three models have weak trends in their surface winds and one model lacks ice dynamics altogether, implying that trends in the atmosphere or ice circulation are not necessary to produce a relatively high rate of thinning over the central Arctic or a thickness change that increases with the initial thickness. A general theory is developed to describe the thinning of sea ice subjected to climate perturbations, and it is found that the leading component of the thickness dependence of the thinning is due to the basic thermodynamics of sea ice. When perturbed, sea ice returns to its equilibrium thickness by adjusting its growth rate. The growth‐thickness relationship is stabilizing and hence can be reckoned as a negative feedback. The feedback is stronger for thinner ice, which is known to adjust more quickly to perturbations than thicker ice. In addition, thinner ice need not thin much to increase its growth rate a great deal, thereby establishing a new equilibrium with relatively little change in thickness. In contrast, thicker ice must thin much more. An analysis of a series of models, with physics ranging from very simple to highly complex, indicates that this growth‐thickness feedback is the key to explaining the models’ relatively high rate of thinning in the central Arctic compared to thinner ice in the subpolar seas.
Classical initial conditions for ultrarelativistic heavy ion collisions

Abstract We construct an analytical expression for the distribution of gluons in the state immediately following a heavy ion collision in the quasi-classical limit of QCD given by the McLerran–Venugopalan model. The resulting gluon number distribution function includes the effects of all multiple rescatterings of gluons with the nucleons of both colliding nuclei. The typical transverse momentum k ⊥ of the produced gluons is shown to be of the order of the saturation scale of the nuclei Q s , as predicted by Mueller. We analyze the properties of the obtained distribution and demonstrate that due to multiple rescatterings it remains finite (up to logarithms of k ⊥ ) in the soft transverse momentum limit of k ⊥ ⪡Q s , unlike the usual perturbative initial conditions given by collinear factorization. We calculate the total number of produced gluons and show that it is proportional to the total number of gluons inside the nuclear wave function before the collision with the proportionality coefficient c≈2 ln 2 .
Taylor Rules and the Deutschmark-Dollar Real Exchange Rate

We explore the link between an interest rate rule for monetary policy and the behavior of the real exchange rate. The interest rate rule, in conjunction with some standard assumptions, implies that the deviation of the real exchange rate from its steady state depends on the present value of a weighted sum of inflation and output gap differentials. The weights are functions of the parameters of the interest rate rule. An initial look at German data yields some support for the model.
EMPIRICAL CONSTRAINTS ON CONVECTIVE CORE OVERSHOOT

In stellar evolution calculations, the local pressure scale height is often used to empirically constrain the amount of convective core overshoot. However, this method brings unsatisfactory results for low- mass stars ("1.1¨1.2 for which have very small cores or no convective core at all. Follow- M _ Z \ Z _ ), ing Roxburghs integral constraint, we implemented an upper limit of overshoot within the conventional method of a parameterization to remove an overly large overshoot eUect on low-mass stars. The erron- eously large eUect of core overshoot due to the failure of a parameterization can be eUectively corrected by limiting the amount of overshoot to "15% of the core radius; 15% of the core radius would be a proper limit of overshoot, which can be implemented in a stellar evolution code for intermediate- to low-mass stars. The temperature structure of the overshoot region does not play a crucial role in stellar evolution since this transition region is very thin.
Impurities and defects in photovoltaic Si devices: A review

The performance of commercial photovoltaic Si devices is strongly controlled by the impurities and defects present in the substrates. A well-designed solar cell processing sequence can mitigate their effects to yield high efficiency devices. Such a process-design requires a comprehensive knowledge of the properties of defects, impurities, and impurity-defect interactions that can occur during device processing. This paper reviews the recent understanding of the impurity and defect issues in Si-photovoltaics.
How Green Was My Valley? An Examination of Tournament Theory as a Governance Mechanism in Silicon Valley Law Firms

The tournament model is a widely used mechanism to control opportunistic behavior by associates in law firms. However, this mechanism can only operate in certain economic (and social) circumstances. When those circumstances do not exist, the model breaks down, and with it the ability to control opportunism in the absence of some alternative mechanism. Prior research has not investigated whether the utilization of a tournament model prevents the opportunistic behaviors identified as grabbing, leaving, and shirking. In order to test the limits of the tournament model, it is necessary to find particular historical moments when the economic environment radically challenges assumptions/premises of the model. The dot-com bubble in Silicon Valley provides precisely such a time and place. This article demonstrates limits to the applicability of tournament theory. Those limits are to be found in the economic environment in circumstances in which: (1) exogenous reward structures offer many multiples of internal rewards; (2) demonstrably high short-term rewards outside the firm starkly contrast with the delayed longterm rewards inside the firm; (3) the managerial strata reduce their emphasis on long-term recruiting of potential partners in favor of short-term productivity by young associates; and (4) firms develop departmental leverage ratios in excess of their capacity to monitor, mentor, and train recruits.
Outcome following resection for patients with primary mediastinal nonseminomatous germ-cell tumors and rising serum tumor markers post-chemotherapy

Abstract Background To assess the outcome of surgical resection in patients with primary mediastinal nonseminomatous germ-cell tumors (PMNSGCT) with rising serum tumor markers (STM) following standard platinum-based chemotherapy. Patients and methods A total of 158 consecutive patients with PMNSGCT who received platinum-based chemotherapy followed by complete surgical extirpation of residual disease at Indiana University from 1982 to 2007 were retrospectively reviewed. Thirty-five of these 158 patients had rising STM at time of resection. Results Thirty-five patients (34 males and 1 female) comprise the basis of this report. Three patients had rising human chorionic gonadotropin, and the remaining 32 patients had rising alpha-fetoprotein at the time of thoracic surgery. Twenty-four of the 35 (69%) pathologically demonstrated viable germ-cell tumor, while 8 patients had teratoma and 3 patients had necrosis only at time of resection, despite the presence of rising STM. Twenty-seven patients normalized their tumor markers postoperatively. Twenty-one of 35 died, 5 were lost to follow-up, and 9 are alive. Of the nine patients alive, seven are continuously disease free with median follow-up of 64 months (range 25–220 months). Conclusion The presence of rising STM doesn’t preclude successful therapy with surgical resection, especially if carried out by experienced thoracic surgical oncologists.
A Surprise-Quiz View of Learning in Economic Experiments

Abstract We use experimental data to investigate what subjects have learned after participating in an economic experiment for many periods. At the end of our experiments subjects are given another experiment to perform which functions like a surprise quiz since they had not been informed about its existence before. The results of this surprise-quiz round, along with the time-series of their responses before the quiz, allow us to judge what they have learned. We find that depending on the manner in which subjects are paid, they attempt to learn different aspects of the experimental task and perform differently. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Numbers: C91, D83.
The Lasso Problem and Uniqueness

The lasso is a popular tool for sparse linear regression, especially for problems in which the number of variables p exceeds the number of observations n. But when p > n, the lasso criterion is not strictly convex, and hence it may not have a unique minimum. An important question is: when is the lasso solution well-defined (unique)? We review results from the literature, which show that if the predictor variables are drawn from a continuous probability distribution, then there is a unique lasso solution with probability one, regardless of the sizes of n and p. We also show that this result extends easily to l1 penalized minimization problems over a wide range of loss functions. A second important question is: how can we manage the case of non-uniqueness in lasso solutions? In light of the aforementioned result, this case really only arises when some of the predictor variables are discrete, or when some post-processing has been performed on continuous predictor measurements. Though we certainly cannot claim to provide a complete answer to such a broad question, we do present progress towards understanding some aspects of non- uniqueness. First, we extend the LARS algorithm for computing the lasso solution path to cover the non-unique case, so that this path algorithm works for any predictor matrix. Next, we derive a simple method for computing the component-wise uncertainty in lasso solutions of any given problem instance, based on linear programming. Finally, we review results from the literature on some of the unifying properties of lasso solutions, and also point out particular forms of solutions that have distinctive properties.
All-moving active aerodynamic surface research

The structural and aerodynamic characteristics of a new class of active flight control surface are presented. This new type of surface uses a symmetric, subsonic aerodynamic shell which is supported at the quarter-chord by a main spar and actively pitched by an adaptive torque-plate. The structural mechanics of the torque-plate and several actuator elements are detailed, including newly invented interdigitated electrode (IDE) and constrained directionally attached piezoelectric (CDAP) elements. Laminated plate models demonstrate that both generate similar deflections with comparable torsional stiffness. An experimental torque-plate specimen constructed from PSI-5A-S2 piezoceramic shows high torsional deflections and stiffness as well as excellent correlation with theory. The constrained torque-plate was integrated into a 12.5 cm span *5 cm chord adaptive missile fin which was designed for Mach 0.6 flight under standard conditions. The specimen showed static pitch deflections up to +or-8.1 degrees and dynamic deflections of +or-19 degrees at resonance. The active surface was also wind tunnel tested up to 40 m s-1 and demonstrated invariant pitch deflections as a function of airspeed, a steady break frequency of 50 Hz, no flutter, buffet or divergence tendencies and steady lift coefficient changes up to +or-0.51.
Selection of a family planning method: a Philippine example

3445 women (para 1 or more) visiting family planning clinics in the Republic of the Philippines and accepting a form of contraception during April-June 1970 were chosen (1 out of 10) from 34866 new clients for that period and studied from data provided through the National Family Planning Record-Keeping System in the Republic of the Philippines to reveal sources of information of family planning reasons for accepting a birth control method actual and ideal family size interval since last pregnancy and relationship of educational level to method chosen. 53% chose the pill 19.8% the IUD 16.8% rhythm and 10.4% other methods. 2/3 received information from persons in the medical fields and their choice of contraceptive followed the overall distribution. Field workers providing contraceptive information had a decrease in pill and IUD acceptors. When women received information from neighbors using family planning a higher proportion accepted IUDs. Proportion of pill acceptors followed the overall distribution and proportion of acceptance of rhythm and "other methods" was considerably lower. Husband as source of information led to "other method" category as choice (such as condom coitus interruptis coitus reservotus). Interest in family planning was due primarily to "enough children" (45%) and economic reasons (21%). No consistent pattern was shown between the stated reason for interest in family planning and method selected. As the number of children in the family increased the proportion of women choosing IUD increased. This pattern was reversed for the pill. The interval since last pregnancy effected method choice more reliable methods chosen within 1 year of last pregnancy. Method choice was age related with numbers of pill acceptors greatest in 20-24 age group IUD greatest in the 30-34 year age group. Acceptors of rhythm increased with age although there was a high proportion of acceptors under 20 years. Years married affected choice acceptors of 2 most effective methods decreasing with years married. The study suggests that women near the end of the child-bearing years were less likely to select one of the more effective methods. Educational level of the mother and occupation of the father did not influence the selection of a given method with any consistency.
SYNTHESIS AND STRUCTURE OF THE GLUTATHIONE CONJUGATE OF CHLOROACETALDEHYDE

ABSTRACT A synthesis and the structure of the title compound are presented. The sodium salt of N-BOC glutathione dimethyl ester was S-alkylated with chloroacetaldehyde. Following a protection/deprotection sequence, condensation of the aldehyde moiety with the nitrogen of the cysteine residue and subsequent dehydration produced a glutathione derivative that contains a 2,3-dihydro-4H-1,4-thiazine ring.
Synthesis and biological evaluations of sulfanyltriazoles as novel HIV-1 non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors

A novel sulfanyltriazole was discovered as an HIV-1 non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor via HTS using a cell-based assay. Chemical modifications and molecular modeling studies were carried out to establish its SAR and understand its interactions with the enzyme. These modifications led to the identification of sulfanyltriazoles with low nanomolar potency for inhibiting HIV-1 replication and promising activities against selected NNRTI resistant mutants. These novel and potent sulfanyltriazoles could serve as advanced leads for further optimization.
Translating Nature's Library: The Bryostatins and Function-Oriented Synthesis

We review in part our computational, design, synthesis, and biological studies on a remarkable class of compounds and their designed analogs that have led to preclinical candidates for the treatment of cancer, a first-in-class approach to Alzheimer's disease, and a promising strategy to eradicate HIV/AIDS. Because these leads target, in part, protein kinase C (PKC) isozymes, they have therapeutic potential even beyond this striking set of therapeutic indications. This program has given rise to new synthetic methodology and represents an increasingly important direction of synthesis focused on achieving function through synthesis-informed design (function-oriented synthesis).
Shock Processing of Interstellar Dust and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Supernova Remnant N132D

We observed the oxygen-rich Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) supernova remnant N132D (SNR 0525-69.6), using all instruments on board the Spitzer Space Telescope, IRS, IRAC, and MIPS (Infrared Spectrograph, Infrared Array Camera, and Multiband Imaging Photometer for Spitzer). The 5-40 μm IRS spectra toward the southeastern shell of the remnant show a steeply rising continuum with [Ne III] and [O IV], as well as PAH emission. We also present the spectrum of a fast moving ejecta knot, previously detected at optical wavelengths, which is dominated by strong [Ne III] and [O IV] emission lines. We interpret the continuum as thermal emission from swept-up, shock-heated dust grains in the expanding shell of N132D, which is clearly visible in the MIPS 24 μm image. A 15-20 μm emission hump appears superposed on the dust continuum, and we attribute this to PAH C–C–C bending modes. We also detect the well-known 11.3 μm PAH C–H bending feature, and find the integrated strength of the 15-20 μm hump about a factor of 7 stronger than the 11.3 μm band in the shell of the remnant. IRAC 3-9 μm images do not show clear evidence of large-scale, shell-like emission from the remnant, partly due to confusion with the ambient ISM material. However, we identified several knots of shocked interstellar gas based on their distinct infrared colors. We discuss the bright infrared continuum and the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon features with respect to dust processing in young supernova remnants.
Ground-based, Near-infrared Exospectroscopy. II. Tentative Detection of Emission From the Extremely Hot Jupiter WASP-12b

We report the tentative detection of the near-infrared emission of the hot Jupiter WASP-12b with the low-resolution prism on Infrared Telescope Facility/SpeX. We find a K – H contrast color of 0.137% ± 0.054%, corresponding to a blackbody of temperature 2400+1500 – 500 K and consistent with previous, photometric observations. We also revisit WASP-12b's energy budget on the basis of secondary eclipse observations: the dayside luminosity is a relatively poorly constrained (2.0-4.3) × 1030 erg s–1, but this still allows us to predict a day/night effective temperature contrast of 200-1000 K (assuming AB = 0). Thus, we conclude that WASP-12b probably does not have both a low albedo and low recirculation efficiency. Our results show the promise and pitfalls of using single-slit spectrographs for characterization of extrasolar planet atmospheres, and we suggest future observing techniques and instruments which could lead to further progress. Limiting systematic effects include the use of too narrow a slit on one night—which observers could avoid in the future—and chromatic slit losses (resulting from the variable size of the seeing disk) and variations in telluric transparency—which observers cannot control. Single-slit observations of the type we present remain the best option for obtaining λ > 1.7 μm spectra of transiting exoplanets in the brightest systems. Further and more precise spectroscopy is needed to better understand the atmospheric chemistry, structure, and energetics of this, and other, intensely irradiated planet.
Does the Mortality Decline Promote Economic Growth

This paper analyzes qualitatively and quantitatively the effects of declining mortality rates on fertility, education and economic growth. The analysis demonstrates that if individuals are prudent in the face of uncertainty about child survival, a decline in an exogenous mortality rate reduces precautionary demand for children and increases parental investment in each child. Once mortality is endogenized, population growth becomes a hump-shaped function of income per capita. At low levels of income population growth rises as income per capita rises leading to a Malthusian steady-state equilibrium, whereas at high levels of income population growth declines leading to a sustained growth steady-state equilibrium.
Cooperative Nanoparticles for Tumor Detection and Photothermally Triggered Drug Delivery

[*] Prof. M. J. Sailor, J.-H. Park Materials Science and Engineering Program Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California, San Diego 9500 Gilman, La Jolla, CA 92093 (USA) E-mail: msailor@ucsd.edu Prof. S. N. Bhatia, G. von Maltzahn Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139 (USA)
A Concise and Highly Enantioselective Total Synthesis of (+)‐anti‐ and (−)‐syn‐Mefloquine Hydrochloride: Definitive Absolute Stereochemical Assignment of the Mefloquines

A concise asymmetric (>99:1 e.r.) total synthesis of (+)-anti- and (-)-syn-mefloquine hydrochloride from a common intermediate is described. The key asymmetric transformation is a Sharpless dihydroxylation of an olefin that is accessed in three steps from commercially available materials. The Sharpless-derived diol is converted into either a trans or cis epoxide, and these are subsequently converted into (+)-anti- and (-)-syn-mefloquine, respectively. The synthetic (+)-anti- and (-)-syn-mefloquine samples were derivatized with (S)-(+)-mandelic acid tert-butyldimethylsilyl ether, and a crystal structure of each derivative was obtained. These are the first X-ray structures for mefloquine derivatives that were obtained by coupling to a known chiral, nonracemic compound, and provide definitive confirmation of the absolute stereochemistry of (+)-anti- as well as (-)-syn-mefloquine.
Minor withanolides of Physalis longifolia: structure and cytotoxicity.

This is the publisher's version, also available electronically from https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/cpb/60/10/60_c12-00305/_article.
Structural and functional analysis of pantocin A: an antibiotic from Pantoea agglomerans discovered by heterologous expression of cloned genes.

Structural and functional analysis of pantocin A : An antibiotic from Pantoea agglomerans discovered by heterologous expression of cloned genes