cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Probabilistic matrix inspection and group scheduling

Consider an event organizer who is trying to schedule a group meeting. Availability of agents is unknown to the organizer a priori, but the organizer may have probability estimates on availability of each agent for each date/time option. The organizer can ask an agent to reveal her availability, but it causes inconvenience for the agent, and thus the organizer wishes to find an agreeable outcome at a minimum number of such queries. Motivated by this example, we study the Probabilistic Matrix Inspection problem in which we are given a matrix of Bernoulli random variables that are mutually independent, and the objective is to determine whether the matrix contains a column consisting only of 1's. We are allowed to inspect an arbitrary entry at unit cost, which reveals the realization of the entry, and we wish to find an inspection policy whose expected number of inspections is minimum. We first show that an intuitive greedy algorithm exists for 1-row and 1-column matrices, and we generalize this to design an algorithm that finds an optimal policy in polynomial time for the general case.
Characterization of the roles of STAT1 and STAT3 signal transduction pathways in mammalian lens development.

Purpose IGF-1 and PDGF are implicated in regulating lens proliferation and/or providing spatial cues that restrict lens proliferation to germinative and transition zones of the lens. However, very little is known about how IGF-1- or PDGF-induced signals are transduced and coupled to gene transcription in lens cells. Therefore, we examined whether these growth factors mediate their effects in the lens through the evolutionarily conserved JAK/STAT signal transduction pathway and if STAT signaling is essential for mammalian lens development. Methods Expression of STAT1 and STAT3 was analyzed in mouse lens and lens epithelial cells by RT-PCR and western blot analysis. Activation of the STAT signaling pathway was examined by a combination of gel-shift, super-shift, and western blotting assays. Regulation of lens proliferation and gene transcription by STAT pathways was assessed by 3H-Thymidine incorporation or RT-PCR assays with lens explants treated or untreated with Genistein or the JAK2 and STAT3 inhibitor, AG-490. Mice with targeted deletion of STAT3 in the lens were generated by Cre/lox recombination and STAT1-/-, STAT3-/- deficient as well as normal lenses were characterized by histology. Results We show that PDGF and IGF1 induce proliferation in 1AMLE6 lens cells and couple their extracellular signals to gene transcription, in part through activation of STAT3 and to a lesser extent STAT1 signal transduction pathways. We further show that targeted deletion of STAT3 in E10.5 lens does not produce overt developmental lens defects. STAT1 knockout mice also exhibit a normal lens phenotype. Conclusions Our results showing that deletion of either STAT1 or STAT3 does not affect the normal development of the lens is surprising in view of the fact that STAT pathways are activated in developing chick or mouse lens and inappropriate activation of STAT1 pathway in the lens by ectopic lens expression of IFN? inhibits lens differentiation and induces cataract in transgenic mice. Our data thus suggest that although STAT-signaling pathways may contribute to activation of gene transcription in the lens, it may not be essential for normal lens development or STAT proteins may be functionally redundant during lens development. However, because several growth factors and cytokines present in the lens activate STATs in mouse lens explants and 1AMLE6 lens epithelial cells, it may well be that this evolutionarily conserved signaling pathway is under stringent control in the mammalian lens. Whereas deficiency in any particular STAT pathway can be compensated for by any of the functionally redundant STAT proteins induced by a wide array of growth factors in the lens, chronic or prolonged activation of a particular STAT protein may perturb homeostatic balance in STAT-dependent growth factor signaling, culminating in pathologic lens changes.
The Transformation of Random Variables

In this chapter we consider the problems that arise when a random variable X is transformed to a new random variable Y through some functional relationship y = h(x). We shall restrict our attention to cases where y is a single-valued function of x. The usual problem is, given the density function of X, to find the density function of Y = h (X). In a more general setting, we may have a set of random variables X 1 ,X 2 ,...,X n related to another set Y 1 ,Y 2 ,...,Y m through the m known single-valued functions. $$ {y_i} = h({x_1},{x_2},....,{x_n})\quad, \quad i = 1,2,...,m $$ Some simple problems of this type have already been encountered. In particular the case where a random variable Y is a linear function of a random variable X or of a set X1, X2,..., X n has been treated in some special cases. One of the most interesting results that has been obtained thus far is that a linear combination of jointly normal random variables is a normal random variable.
The Pediatric Hospital Medicine Service: Models, Protocols, and Challenges

Care of hospitalized patients often requires diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. Often, these procedures are best done using sedation and analgesia. It is the responsibility of the pediatric hospitalist to either perform or arrange for these procedures. It is also the responsibility of the pediatric hospitalist to guarantee that any sedation or analgesia needed to perform these procedures is delivered in the safest and most effective way possible. Pediatric hospitalists can either arrange for appropriately trained staff to deliver sedation or obtain the necessary skills to perform the sedations themselves.
The Road to Inequality: How the Federal Highway Program Polarized America and Undermined Cities

The Road to Inequality shows how policies that shape geographic space change our politics, focusing on the effects of the largest public works project in American history: the federal highway system. For decades, federally subsidized highways have selectively facilitated migration into fast-growing suburbs, producing an increasingly non-urban Republican electorate. This book examines the highway programs' policy origins at the national level and traces how these intersected with local politics and interests to facilitate complex, mutually-reinforcing processes that have shaped America's growing urban-suburban divide and, with it, the politics of metropolitan public investment. As Americans have become more polarized on urban-suburban lines, attitudes towards transportation policy - a once quintessentially 'local' and non-partisan policy area - are now themselves driven by partisanship, endangering investments in metropolitan programs that provide access to opportunity for millions of Americans.
Simulation and Experimental Measurement of Liquid Crystal Polymer Orientation During Injection Molding

Liquid crystal polymers (LCP’s) comprise a class of materials that derive desirable, but anisotropic, engineering properties from long-range molecular ordering. The ability to model the polymer texture is essential to the design of manufacturing processes for isotropic material production. Previous efforts to model LCP directionality have been primarily restricted to structured grids and simple geometries that demonstrate the underlying theory, but fall short of simulating realistic manufacturing geometries. In this investigation, a practical methodology is proposed to simulate the director field in full-scale melt-processing domains and wide-angle x-ray scattering (WAXS) is used to experimentally validate modeling results. It is shown that the model generates good agreement with experimental measurements of both the orientation state and degree of order.
Updating and optimizing error parton distribution function sets in the Hessian approach

We discuss how to apply the Hessian method (i) to predict the impact of a new data set (or sets) on the parton distribution functions (PDFs) and their errors, by producing an updated best-fit PDF and error PDF sets, such as the CTEQ-TEA PDFs; (ii) to predict directly the effect of a new data set on the PDF errors of any other set of observables, without the need to recalculate using the new error PDFs; and (iii) to transform the original set into a reduced set of error PDFs which is optimized for a specific set of observables to reproduce the PDF-induced uncertainties to any specified precision. We present a software package, ePump (Error PDF Updating Method Package), that can be used to update or optimize a set of PDFs, including the best-fit PDF set and Hessian eigenvector pairs of PDF sets (i.e., error PDFs), and to update any other set of observables. We demonstrate the potential of the program by presenting selected phenomenological applications relevant to the Large Hadron Collider. Special care is given to discuss the assumptions made and the limitations of this theoretical framework compared to a treatment by the full global-analysis program.
A spatial model of forest dynamics

Effects of spatial processes on temperate deciduous forest structure and dynamics were investigated with a spatial simulator derived from a forest gap model. The multi-species neighborhood model accounted for competitive interactions and endogenous disturbance in the form of small canopy gaps. Simulated and actual spatial pattern of old-growth stands were compared. The 400 yr simulations produced a pattern scale (0.07–0.2 ha patches) similar to that of an actual stand; simulated pattern intensity was greater than actual intensity, however. Distances to nearest neighbor were somewhat similar for trees in the simulated and actual stands; yet the frequency distributions of distance to nearest neighbor values differed substantially. The simulated stand patterns were generally less random than the actual patterns. Spatial pattern changed markedly during the course of simulated succession. Pattern approached a random dispersion in early succession. Intensity peaked at mid-succession (ca. 150 yr) with a hyperdispersed overstory and a strongly clumped understory. Pattern intensity diminished in late succession as a mixed size structure developed. Old-growth patch size was greater than the neighborhood (or gap) size, suggesting the gap-sized areas do not behave independently.
Patient-reported pain and other symptoms as prognostic factors for overall survival (OS) in a phase III clinical trial of patients with advanced breast cancer.

1068 Background: The safety and efficacy of gemcitabine plus paclitaxel versus paclitaxel in advanced breast cancer after anthracycline-based adjuvant therapy has been reported previously (Albain e...
Elemental and Spectroscopic Characterization of Low-Temperature (350°C) Lignocellulosic- and Manure-Based Designer Biochars and Their Use as Soil Amendments

Abstract Biochar has multifunctional properties capable of improving the fertility of degraded soils, acting as a sorbent for organic pollutants, and aid in heavy metal sequestration in mine spoils. Biochars are produced using lignocellulosic- and manure-based feedstocks that are pyrolyzed at temperatures ranging from 300 to 1100°C. Thus, the physiochemical characteristics of biochars are dependent on the parent feedstock, blends, and pyrolysis temperature preferences. Manure-based biochars commonly have an alkaline pH and contain higher concentrations of elements than lignocellulosic-based biochars. Biochars produced at low pyrolysis temperatures (
Counselors' Knowledge and Attitudes of the Recovery Paradigm

Counselors generally subscribe to a wellness or holistic paradigm; however, the recovery paradigm, with collaborative strategies and unique treatment planning, is a directed approach of mental health services that can allow counselors to help in the recovery process. Thus, the purpose of this quantitative study was to understand what factors contribute to counselors’ knowledge and attitudes of the recovery paradigm. Surveys were used to examine whether professional counselors’ years of experience, gender, professional setting, and licensure status correlate to their knowledge and attitudes as measured by the 4 subscales of the recovery knowledge inventory. The results of a multivariate multiple regression were not significant. However, the results of this study align with previous research outcomes indicating a need for counselors’ continued education and training on the recovery paradigm, which can impact consumers’ achievement of recovery goals through counselors’ improved knowledge and attitudes.
Imaging Intussusception in Children's Hospitals in the United States: Trends, Outcomes, and Costs.

Abstract Objective To describe imaging utilization, outcomes, and cost in the management of intussusception between 2010 and 2017 in pediatric hospitals in the United States. Methods All children (under 18 years of age) with a primary diagnosis of intussusception in a large administrative database were identified. Demographics, imaging, and costs were described. Results There were 17,032 children (63.3% boys, 36.7% girls, mean age: 3.2 years) that had 20,655 hospital encounters for intussusception, and 88.5% were 3 days: $5,342; use of CT ($4,168 versus $943 in patients without a CT), and surgery ($4,434 versus $860 without surgery). Conclusion The management of intussusception is mainly nonsurgical, most frequently involving imaging with ultrasound and fluoroscopy, and resulting in excellent outcomes in the great majority of the cases. Despite playing a central role for diagnosis and management, imaging only represents a fraction of total cost.
Novel Production of Magnetite Particles via Thermochemical Processing of Digestate From Manure and Food Waste

Sustainable management of food waste has become a global priority because of the significant environmental impacts associated with conventional disposal methods, including landfilling. Thermochemical processing is a food-waste-to-energy conversion technology in which food waste materials are converted to biofuel in a reduced O 2 environment at elevated temperatures. Another conversion technology is anaerobic digestion, in which microorganisms digest biodegradable material, producing biofuel and solid byproducts “digestate.” We measured the physical properties of “biochar” produced by combining these approaches: digestate was used as feedstock for a commercial-scale thermochemical processing system. Magnetite (Fe 3 O 4 ) particles were produced during the food-waste-to-energy conversion process. This was particularly unexpected because none of the input materials were ferromagnetic, and no specific Fe precursors were introduced in the process. The Fe 3 O 4 was identified through a combination of X-ray fluorescence and dc magnetometry. Zero-field cooled magnetization-temperature curves reveal a Verwey transition at ~125 K across samples prepared under various conditions. Room temperature magnetization-field loops show a Langevin-like curve, technical saturation, and coercive fields of H C = 98-130 Oe across various samples. Clear Verwey transition, room temperature hysteresis, and an irreversibility temperature well above room temperature indicate that particles are multidomain. We attribute the presence of Fe 3 O 4 to the relatively high concentration of Fe naturally present in the solid digestate and the operating parameters of the thermochemical conversion process. High surface area magnetic biochar has a variety of potential applications, including the adsorption of heavy metals, wastewater treatment, supercapacitors, and conductive polymer composites.
Carcinoid tumors of the rectum

Rectal carcinoids are slow-growing, potentially malignant neoplasms. They develop in the submucosa and are found most often in the anterior wall of the middle third of the rectum. The diagnosis is usually made in older patients and the occurrence is generally at an earlier age in women than in men. There are no histologic criteria by which to recognize the malignant and potentially malignant tumors. The size of the tumor is closely related to its malignant potentiality; 78 per cent of those larger than 2.0 cm. were associated with metastasis while only 8.0 per cent of the smaller lesions were malignant. Tumor invasion of the muscularis propria was noted in 78 per cent of the malignant cases and in a much smaller percentage of the benign cases. The actual incidence of invasion cannot be determined from the available data. A significant number of cases coexisted with other gastro-intestinal neoplasms and with peptic ulcers.
Risk Premia, Asset Price Bubbles, and Monetary Policy

We develop a dynamic general equilibrium asset pricing model with heterogeneous beliefs to study the effects of monetary policy on prices, risk premia, asset price bubbles, and financial stability. Bubble risk premia arise from an interaction between disagreements among investors and dynamic trading constraints. Under a non-accommodative monetary policy, liquidity adjusted risk and bubble risk premia increase. We propose a new framework for monetary policy with respect to bubbles. What matters for policy is the trading constrained fraction/mass of agents that disagree about fundamentals (i.e. optimists/pessimists). Accommodative policy can lead to a larger fraction of trading constrained agents that disagree, larger bubbles, and increased systemic risk. An implication of our results is that accommodative monetary policy in response to the ongoing Covid-19 crisis does not increase systemic risk due to asset price bubbles, as long as the policy keeps inflation under control.
Kommerell's Diverticulum With a Twist: A Case of Recurrent Wheeze in an 8-Year-Old Boy.

Kommerell’s diverticulum is a rare, congenital aortic arch anomaly, usually associated with other vascular abnormalities. When present with a concurrent right-sided aortic arch and an aberrant subc...
Strategies to identify hepatitis C virus infection in patients receiving anticancer therapy: a cross-sectional study.

Optimal hepatitis C virus (HCV) screening strategies for cancer patients have not been established. We compared the performance of selective HCV screening strategies. We surveyed patients presenting for first systemic anticancer therapy during 2013–2014 for HCV risk factors. We estimated the prevalence of positivity for HCV antibody (anti-HCV) and examined factors associated with anti-HCV status using Fisher’s exact test or Student’s t test. Sensitivity was calculated for screening patients born during 1945–1965, patients with ≥ 1 other risk factor, or both cohorts (“combined screening”). We enrolled 2122 participants. Median age was 59 years (range, 18–91); 1138 participants were women. Race/ethnicity distribution was white non-Hispanic, 76% (n = 1616); Hispanic, 11% (n = 233); black non-Hispanic, 8% (n = 160); Asian, 4% (n = 78); and other, 2% (n = 35). Primary cancer distribution was non-liver solid tumor, 78% (n = 1664); hematologic cancer, 20% (n = 422); and liver cancer, 1% (n = 28). Prevalence of anti-HCV was 1.93% (95% CI, 1.39%–2.61%). Over 28% of patients with detectable HCV RNA were unaware of infection. Factors significantly associated with anti-HCV positivity included less than a bachelor’s degree, birth in 1945–1965, chronic liver disease, injection drug use, and blood transfusion or organ transplant before 1992. A total of 1315 participants (62%), including 39 of 41 with anti-HCV, reported ≥ 1 risk factor. Sensitivity was 80% (95% CI, 65–91%) for birth-cohort-based, 68% (95% CI, 52–82%) for other-risk-factor-based, and 95% (95% 83–99%) for combined screening. Combined screening still missed 5% of patients with anti-HCV. These findings favor universal HCV screening to identify all HCV-infected cancer patients.
Locating the MB2 canal in relation to MB1 in Maxillary First Molars using CBCT imaging

The aim of this study is to determine the location of MB2 in maxillary first molars in relation to the MB1 using the cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) imaging. In this retrospective study, electronic health records' system was utilised to identify patients who acquired CBCT for the maxillary first molar as an imaging adjunct to their endodontic treatment. Data were evaluated, and statistical analysis was performed. For the initial treatment cases, the distance from MB1 to MB2 was 2.06 ± 0.52 mm. This did not change significantly for cases that were being retreated. Statistically significant differences were observed between the distances from MB1 to MB2 in males vs. female teeth with males demonstrating longer distances as compared to females. Variations in anatomy exist between patients but this study established some guidelines for clinicians to locate the MB2 canal orifices. This could potentially help with treating these teeth with minimal failure rates.
Momentary Analysis of Tinnitus: Considering the Patient

Ecological momentary assessment is a valuable research technique meant to capture real-time data and contextualize disease. While more common in neuropsychiatric research, this methodology is exceptionally fit for tinnitus. Tinnitus has been shown to be affected by many patient-level and environment-specific factors. From an individual's baseline anxiety to the level of ambient noise in their environment, the level of bother experienced by those with tinnitus can vary widely. Only assessing tinnitus within a clinical environment can distort the true impact of the disease. Ecological data can minimize bias while generating an individualistic picture of the burden being experienced by the patient. Individual data can also compliment new research methods rooted in precision medicine, providing clearer, better-suited treatments for each patient on the tinnitus spectrum.
Electron-impact ionization of Li +

Electron-impact ionization cross sections for ${\mathrm{Li}}^{+}$ are calculated using the $R$ matrix with pseudostates method and time-dependent close-coupling theory. The largest $R$-matrix calculation includes 11 spectroscopic states from the configurations ${1s}^{2},$ $1s2l,$ and $1s3l;$ an additional 56 pseudostates from the configurations $1s\mathrm{n\ifmmode \bar{}\else \={}\fi{}}l$ with $\mathrm{n\ifmmode \bar{}\else \={}\fi{}}=4--10$ and $l=0--3;$ and enough continuum orbitals to adequately describe incident energies up to 175 eV. The largest time-dependent close-coupling calculations involved 16 partial differential equations on a $300\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}300$ point radial lattice. The nonperturbative $R$ matrix with pseudostate and time-dependent close-coupling calculations, as well as perturbative distorted-wave calculations, are in good agreement with the crossed-beams experimental measurements of Lineberger et al. [Phys. Rev. 141, 151 (1966)], but are slightly above the Peart and Dolder [J. Phys. B 2, 872 (1968)] and M\"uller et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 63, 758 (1989)] measurements.
Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation in Rhode Island during the COVID-19 Pandemic

The COVID-19 pandemic has transformed the practice of medicine. We interviewed Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (PM&R) specialist physicians providing rehabilitation services throughout Rhode Island to organize a narrative assessing the pandemic's impact on the state's rehabilitation community and the responses of its leaders. Almost half of rehabilitation providers needed to suspend their services during the initial peak of the pandemic. Most experienced reductions in the size of their practices, as well as personnel issues that contributed to burnout. All physicians used telemedicine to connect with patients. Many reported issues with accessing personal protective equipment and providing clinical opportunities for trainees. Inpatient rehabilitation policies and practices helped to maintain access for COVID-positive and negative patients, yet challenges were faced when configuring physical space to abide by CDC social distancing guidelines and providing care without patient visitors. Despite setbacks, the pandemic outlined opportunities for improvement of healthcare organization and delivery.
Identification of Two Novel Pathovars of Pantoea stewartii subsp. indologenes Affecting Allium sp. and Millets

Pantoea stewartii subsp. indologenes is a causative agent of leafspot of foxtail millet and pearl millet; however, novel strains were recently identified that are pathogenic on onion. We phenotypic...
Impact of a Resiliency Training to Support the Mental Well-being of Front-line Workers: Brief Report of a Quasi-experimental Study of the Community Resiliency Model.

BACKGROUND: Front-line workers (FLW) are at risk for secondary traumatic stress, burnout, and related psychiatric sequelae: depression, anxiety, suicidality, posttraumatic stress disorder, and sleep and substance use disorders. FLW are in need of self-care programs to support their mental health. METHODS: Quasi-experimental study to assess the impact of a simple mental well-being and emotional regulation training, the Community Resiliency Model (CRM), using a convenience sample of FLW. Baseline scores of mental well-being and stress measures were compared with follow-up scores at 3 time points. Outcomes were psychological wellness (World Health Organization-5 Well-being Index); resilience (Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale-10); traumatic stress (Secondary Traumatic Stress Scale); physical symptoms (Somatic Symptom Scale-8). RESULTS: Of the 104 participants who enrolled and attended the CRM training, 73 (70.2%) completed at least 1 posttest. Well-being scores increased at 1 year with a small-moderate effect size (Cohen d=0.32). Resilience scores increased with a small-moderate effect size by 1 year (Cohen d=0.36). Secondary traumatic stress scores declined, with the largest effect at 1 week (Cohen d=0.49). Somatic symptoms decreased at each posttest, with the largest change occurring from baseline to 1 week (d=0.39). Participants reported an awareness of body sensations helped them when overwhelmed as a means of calming themselves. CONCLUSIONS: After a 3-hour CRM training, participants reported improved mental well-being and decreased secondary traumatic stress and somatic symptoms. This simple body awareness intervention may be a good resource during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Molecular and cellular events linking variants in the histone demethylase KDM5C to the intellectual disability disorder Claes-Jensen syndrome

The widespread availability of genetic testing for those with neurodevelopmental disorders has highlighted the importance of many genes necessary for the proper development and function of the nervous system. One gene found to be genetically altered in the X-linked intellectual disability disorder Claes-Jensen syndrome is KDM5C, which encodes a histone demethylase that regulates transcription by altering chromatin. While the genetic link between KDM5C and cognitive (dys)function is clear, how KDM5C functions to control transcriptional programs within neurons to impact their growth and activity remains the subject of ongoing research. Here, we review our current knowledge of Claes-Jensen syndrome and discuss important new data using model organisms that have revealed the importance of KDM5C in regulating aspects of neuronal development and function. Continued research into the molecular and cellular activities regulated by KDM5C is expected to provide critical etiological insights into Claes-Jensen syndrome and highlight potential targets for developing therapies to improve the quality of life of those affected.
Development and Validation of a Deep Learning Strategy for Automated View Classification of Pediatric Focused Assessment With Sonography for Trauma.

Objective Pediatric focused assessment with sonography for trauma (FAST) is a sequence of ultrasound views rapidly performed by clinicians to diagnose hemorrhage. A technical limitation of FAST is the lack of expertise to consistently acquire all required views. We sought to develop an accurate deep learning view classifier using a large heterogeneous dataset of clinician-performed pediatric FAST. Methods We developed and conducted a retrospective cohort analysis of a deep learning view classifier on real-world FAST studies performed on injured children less than 18 years old in two pediatric emergency departments by 30 different clinicians. FAST was randomly distributed to training, validation, and test datasets, 70:20:10; each child was represented in only one dataset. The primary outcome was view classifier accuracy for video clips and still frames. Results There were 699 FAST studies, representing 4925 video clips and 1,062,612 still frames, performed by 30 different clinicians. The overall classification accuracy was 97.8% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 96.0-99.0) for video clips and 93.4% (95% CI: 93.3-93.6) for still frames. Per view still frames were classified with an accuracy: 96.0% (95% CI: 95.9-96.1) cardiac, 99.8% (95% CI: 99.8-99.8) pleural, 95.2% (95% CI: 95.0-95.3) abdominal upper quadrants, and 95.9% (95% CI: 95.8-96.0) suprapubic. Conclusion A deep learning classifier can accurately predict pediatric FAST views. Accurate view classification is important for quality assurance and feasibility of a multi-stage deep learning FAST model to enhance the evaluation of injured children.
Central nervous system vasculitis and pediatric stroke

This paper reviews the spectrum of vasculitides that affect the brain, specifically focusing on primary angiitis of the central nervous system (CNS) and how they relate to stroke in the pediatric population. CNS vasculitis accounts for a substantial portion of pediatric stroke. The extent and severity of the stroke is variable. Hemiparesis and encephalopathy occur commonly, but are not specific to CNS vasculitis. The non-specific presentation and results of investigations make diagnosis difficult. Lack of controlled treatment trials complicates the management. Blood inflammatory markers, cerebrospinal fluid analysis, multiple imaging techniques including conventional angiography, and brain biopsy form the routine workup. Therapeutic modalities including anti-platelet agents, corticosteroids, cyclophosphamide, and other immunomodulatory agents have been used with the vertical line on the right is cutting into the text apparent success, but the evidence is mostly anecdotal.
Synthesis of Virus Deoxyribonucleic Acid During Abortive Infection of Simian Cells by Human Adenoviruses

Rapp, Fred (Baylor University College of Medicine, Houston, Tex.), Lawrence A. Feldman, and Manley Mandel. Synthesis of virus deoxyribonucleic acid during abortive infection of simian cells by human adenoviruses. J. Bacteriol. 92:931–936. 1966.—Inoculation of green monkey kidney cells (GMK) with adenovirus types 2 or 12, under conditions where neither infectious virus was synthesized, resulted in an increase in the uptake of H3-thymidine into deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Extraction of the DNA from infected cells, followed by identification by isopycnic analysis in CsCl gradients, revealed the presence of virus DNA. Cells infected with adenovirus type 2 yielded DNA giving bands with peak densities of 1.699 g/ml [GMK DNA with 40 moles% guanine + cytosine (GC)] and 1.714 g/ml (adenovirus type 2 DNA with 55 moles% GC). Cells infected with adenovirus type 12 also yielded the GMK DNA and a band at 1.706 g/ml (adenovirus type 12 DNA with 47 moles% GC). The rate of synthesis of adenovirus type 2 DNA in KB cells (productive cycle) and in GMK cells infected only with adenovirus (nonproductive cycle) or with adenovirus and simian virus 40 (adeno-productive cycle) was not significantly different.
Mutual Benefits at All Levels of Life

Genetic and Cultural Evolution of Cooperation . Peter Hammerstein, Ed. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 2003. 499 pp. $45, £29.95. ISBN 0-262-08326-4. In this volume, which grew out of a Dahlem Workshop, researchers from a wide range of fields--including biology, anthropology, economics, mathematics, political science, primatology, and psychology--discuss the origins, evolution, and cultural mechanisms of cooperation.
Are Better Sleepers More Engaged Workers? A Self‐regulatory Approach to Sleep Hygiene and Work Engagement

Previous research has emphasized facets of both the organizational environment and individual differences as predictors of work engagement. This study explored sleep hygiene as another important behavioural factor that may be related to work engagement. With a sample of 328 adult workers, we tested a multiple mediator model in which sleep hygiene predicts work engagement through one's appraisals of resource depletion stemming from demands (psychological strain) and general self-regulatory capacity (self-control). Results indicated that individuals who frequently engaged in poor sleep hygiene behaviours had lower self-regulatory capacity, experienced higher subjective depletion and were less engaged at work. Additionally, the path from poor sleep hygiene to decreased work engagement was attributed to perceptions of personal resources that are needed to exert self-regulatory energy at work. This is consistent with current self-regulatory theories suggesting that individuals have a limited amount of resources to allocate to demands and that the depletion of these resources can lead to stress and lower self-regulatory functioning in response to other demands. Specifically, poor sleep hygiene results in the loss of self-regulatory resources needed to be engaged in work tasks by impairing the after-work recovery process. Practical and research implications regarding sleep hygiene interventions for well-being and productivity improvement are discussed.
Clinical and neuropsychological correlates of impaired awareness of deficits in Alzheimer disease and Parkinson disease: a comparative study.

OBJECTIVE: To compare patients with Alzheimer disease (AD) and Parkinson disease (PD) with regard to their awareness of cognitive, emotional/social interaction, self-care, and motor-related neurologic deficits. BACKGROUND: Unawareness of deficits, a clinically important symptom, is found in AD. It has been hypothesized to be associated with disruption of frontal-subcortical circuits but has been little studied in other neurodegenerative disorders. Because PD has a different anatomic-pathologic substrate, a comparison of impairment of awareness in AD and PD may shed light on the neural basis of this phenomenon. METHOD: Impairment of awareness was measured as the difference between patient self-report and caregiver ratings of patient abilities on questionnaires tapping cognitive, emotional/social interaction, self-care, and motor function. These "discrepancy scores" were then compared between the two diagnostic groups and examined in relation to selected neuropsychological test data. RESULTS: In general, both AD and PD patients rate themselves as being less impaired than do their caregivers. The two diagnostic groups, AD and PD, differ significantly, however, on awareness discrepancy measures in the cognitive domain. In their ratings of patient cognitive skills, AD caregivers rate patients as significantly more impaired than patients rate themselves, whereas PD caregivers and patients do not differ significantly on these ratings. Impaired awareness in PD but not in AD is associated with poorer overall cognitive function and performance on tests measuring memory, attention, and constructional ability. CONCLUSIONS: Both AD and PD patients display impaired awareness of deficits in multiple domains, including motor-related neurologic function. Parkinson disease patients with comparatively intact cognitive function display relatively preserved awareness of motor and other deficits.
Contextual Studies: Methodology

This article is reproduced from the previous edition, volume 4, pp. 2705–2709, © 2001, Elsevier Ltd., with revisions made by the Editor.
Dedicated and Programmable Digital Signal Processors

This chapter contains sections titled: A Low-Power Chipset for a Portable Multimedia I/O Terminal A Portable Real-Time Video Decoder for Wireless Communication Low Power Design of Memory Intensive Functions A 16b Low-Power Digital Signal Processor A 1.8V 36mW DSP for the Half-Rate Speech CODEC Design of a 1-V Programmable DSP for Wireless Communication Stage-Skip Pipeline: A Low Power Processor Architecture Using a Decoded Instruction Buffer
Remarks on domain-wall Fermions

Issues of chiral symmetry permeate theoretical physics. Our understanding of pionic interactions revolves around spontaneous symmetry breaking and approximately conserved axial currents. The standard model itself is truly chiral, with the weak gauge bosons only coupling to one helicity state of the fundamental fermions. In the context of unification, chiral symmetry provides a mechanism for protecting fermion masses, possibly explaining how a theory at a much higher scale can avoid large renormalizations of the light particle masses. Extending this mechanism to bosons provides one of the more compelling motivations for super-symmetry.
Reaction of Chick Embryo Cells Infected with Leukosis Strain MC29 Virus with Fluorescein-Labeled Antibody

Immune serum was prepared in the rabbit with BAI strain A leukosis virus isolated by centrifugal fractionation from the plasma of chickens with myeloblastic leukemia and further purified on a potassium tartrate gradient. Antibody to group-specific antigen was demonstrated in the serum by immunoelectrophoresis and immunodiffusion. Fluorescein-conjugated serum was used unabsorbed and absorbed with chick cells for study of acetone-fixed chick embryo cells uninfected or infected with strain MC29 avian leukosis virus. With unabsorbed serum, large numbers of cytoplasmic particles stained in a few cells within 2 hr after exposure to virus, and the cell number increased greatly in 24 hr. Absorption of the serum abolished the early reaction. Staining with absorbed serum was delayed until about 14 hr after culture exposure to virus, but essentially all cells were stained within 72 hr at the time when all cells were morphologically altered. Differences between the responses to unabsorbed and absorbed serum suggested cytoplasmic formation or concentration of chick tissue antigen similar to that incorporated in leukosis virus particles. The characteristics of staining with absorbed serum were similar to those observed by others in analogous studies with avian tumor viruses.
Professional Responses to Government-Endorsed Premarital Counseling

This paper presents preliminary findings about the manner in which public policies that promote premarital counseling impact professionals who conduct premarital counseling. The purpose of this paper is to describe findings from a survey of premarital counseling providers in a state in which the government endorses premarital counseling. A total of 194 premarital counseling providers described their responses to their state government's endorsement of premarital counseling. Results indicated that a majority of providers held a favorable opinion of this policy, although a number of providers held either unfavorable opinions of the policy or were uncertain about the policy's effectiveness. Implications for practice and future research are discussed.
Modeling a Slider-Crank Mechanism With Joint Wear

The paper presents a study on the prediction of wear for systems in which progressive wear affects the operating conditions responsible for the wear. A simple slidercrank mechanism with wear occurring at one of the joints is used to facilitate the study. For the mentioned mechanism, the joint reaction force responsible for the wear is, itself, affected by the progression of wear. It is postulated that the system dynamics and the wear are coupled and evolved simultaneously. The study involves integrating a dynamic model of the slider-crank mechanism (with an imperfect joint) into a wear prediction procedure. The prediction procedure builds upon a widely used iterative wear scheme. The accuracy of the predictions is validated using results from an actual slider-crank mechanism.
Sensitivity analysis of traction drive motor cooling

Electric motor cooling affects the power capability of electric motors, which has direct impacts on power density and cost. In this paper we present a sensitivity study of factors associated with electric motor thermal management specific to electrified vehicle propulsion applications. Thermal models of two electric motor configurations were developed and validated against available test data. Once confidence was established in the thermal models, a sensitivity analysis was performed over a range of thermal management control factors. These factors included heat transfer coefficients, cooling locations, material orthotropic thermal conductivity properties, heat distributions, and interface contact resistances. The work helps prioritize future research efforts to improve motor thermal management.
Monitoring and Control in Vapor phase Epitaxy

Monitoring and control in epitaxy based on chemical vapor deposition is a challenge created by growth conditions that often preclude more common sensors like thermocouples and mass spectrometry. We report results of experiments to measure and control temperature and flux by non-invasive optical sensing. We have developed a temperature control system with precision and accuracy better that 5°C. Satisfactory control of flux poses difficulties that will require innovative solutions before a useful control system can be developed.
A study of the semi-annual density variation in the upper atmosphere from 1958 to 1966, based on satellite drag analysis

Abstract The semi-annual variation has been isolated in the drag data of six artificial satellites with perigee heights ranging from 250 to 658 km in the interval from 1958 through 1966 by suppression of all other known types of upper atmosphere variation with the help of empirical formulas. Although the shape of the curve is somewhat variable from year to year, the semi-annual oscillation is a very stable feature and can be followed without any major change in phase throughout the 8 yr covered by the observations. The temperature curves obtained from each of the six satellites are strictly in phase and show the same amplitude, irrespective of perigee height; peculiarities of the variation, such as an unusually broad minimum or a late maximum, are easily recognizable in each of the individual satellite curves. This shows that the semi-annual variation is worldwide and that the observed density variations are the result of temperature variations at essentially the same atmospheric level as those arising from the solar-activity effect. All previously known features of the semi-annual variation, such as the systematic inequality in the maxima and minima and the proportionality between the amplitude of the temperature variation and the 10.7-cm solar flux, are confirmed.
Phospholipid transfer activity of microsomal triacylglycerol transfer protein is sufficient for the assembly and secretion of apolipoprotein B lipoproteins.

Human microsomal triacylglycerol transfer protein (hMTP) is essential for apolipoprotein B (apoB)-lipoprotein assembly and secretion and is known to transfer triacylglycerols, cholesterol esters, and phospholipids. To understand the relative importance of each lipid transfer activity, we compared the ability of hMTP and its Drosophila ortholog (dMTP) to assemble apoB lipoproteins and to transfer various lipids. apoB48 secretion was induced when co-expressed with either hMTP or dMTP in COS cells, and oleic acid supplementation further augmented secretion without altering particle density. C-terminal epitope-tagged dMTP (dMTP-FLAG) facilitated the secretion of apoB polypeptides in the range of apoB48 to apoB72 but was ∼50% as efficient as hMTP-FLAG. Comparison of lipid transfer activities revealed that although phospholipid transfer was similar in both orthologs, dMTP was unable to transfer neutral lipids. We conclude that the phospholipid transfer activity of MTP is sufficient for the assembly and secretion of primordial apoB lipoproteins and may represent its earliest function evolved for the mobilization of lipid in invertebrates. Identification of MTP inhibitors, which selectively affect transfer of a specific lipid class, may have therapeutic potential.
Histrionic Managers Wreak Havoc in the Workplace: Identifying the Phenomenon

Histrionic thinking and behavior derive more from emotion than from reason, creating a condition that causes problems for both those who display this emotional style and those they interact with. When histrionic people “manage” others in the workplace, a destructive dynamic often supervenes as employee and manager pursue the goals of work, frequently at cross purposes. In a naturalistic study, three incidents from my experience with histrionic managers are described and the underlying phenomenon of the histrionic manager is identified. This phenomenon is postulated to be universal, which is to say that managers with a histrionic style will be found wherever work is done.
Effects of drain-fill cycling on chlorpyrifos mineralization in wetland sediment-water microcosms.

Abstract Constructed treatment wetlands are efficient at retaining a range of pesticides, however the ultimate fate of many of these compound is not well understood. This study evaluated the effect of drain-fill cycling on the mineralization of chlorpyrifos, a commonly used organophosphate insecticide, in wetland sediment–water microcosms. Monitoring of the fate of 14 C ring-labeled chlorpyrifos showed that drain-fill cycling resulted in significantly lower mineralization rates relative to permanently flooded conditions. The reduction in mineralization was linked to enhanced partitioning of the pesticide to the sediment phase, which could potentially inhibit chlorpyrifos hydrolysis and mineralization. Over the nearly two-month experiment, less than 2.5% of the added compound was mineralized. While rates of mineralization in this experiment were higher than those reported for other soils and sediments, their low magnitude underscores how persistent chlorpyrifos and its metabolites are in aquatic environments, and suggests that management strategies and ecological risk assessment should focus more on ultimate mineralization rather than the simple disappearance of the parent compound.
Luminescence in deformed MgO, CaO and SrO

Abstract Plastic deformation in the alkaline-earth oxides results in optical absorption bands, the most pronounced of which occur at 5–7 eV in MgO, 4–6 and ∼5–8 eV in CaO, and 4–1 and ∼5–0 eV in SrO. Excitation in these energy regions generates luminescence bands, with peaks at 2–9 (violet), 2–6 (blue), and 2–3 (green) eV in MgO, CaO and SrO, respectively. The temperature- and anisotropy-dependence of the emission spectra gives clear indications that multi-bands are involved. The visible emission provides a convenient means of observing slip systems without artificial decoration techniques. Correlation between emission intensity pattern and dislocation etch-pit density has been demonstrated in MgO. The luminescence effect permits an instantaneous and clear observation of gross imperfections as they are being formed in a solid, either on the surface or in the bulk. Dynamic studies of dislocation interaction can be made. By monitoring the emission intensity as a function of stress and strain, it was found t...
Rethinking Mechanistic Explanation

Abstract Philosophers of science typically associate the causal‐mechanical view of scientific explanation with the work of Railton and Salmon. In this paper I shall argue that the defects of this view arise from an inadequate analysis of the concept of mechanism. I contrast Salmon’s account of mechanisms in terms of the causal nexus with my own account of mechanisms, in which mechanisms are viewed as complex systems. After describing these two concepts of mechanism, I show how the complex‐systems approach avoids certain objections to Salmon’s account of causal‐mechanical explanation. I conclude by discussing how mechanistic explanations can provide understanding by unification.