cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Gender and citation impact in management research

Abstract This study investigates the extent to which a gender gap exists in the citation rates of management researchers. Based on a cross-sectional sample of 26,783 publications and 65,436 authorships, we illuminate possible differences in women’s and men’s average citation impact per paper, adjusting for covariation attributable to geographical setting, institutional reputation, self-citations, collaborative patterns and journal prestige. We find a marginal difference in citation impact in favor of women management scholars. Women are also slightly more likely than men to author articles among the top-10% most cited in their field. Yet given the sensitivity of our results to uncertainties in the data, these variations should not be overgeneralized. In the large picture, differences in citation rates appear to be a negligible factor in the reproduction of gender inequalities in management research.
An Alaska case study: Cost estimates for integrating renewable technologies

Adding renewable energy to a grid, especially high penetration in a remote microgrid, requires grid integration to maintain stability and maximize the economic benefit of the new energy source. This analysis of integration technologies in Alaska shows a statistically significant increase of around $27/kW in the total integration cost per percent increase in wind energy penetration. This is an initial estimate based on twenty-four pre-project cost estimates and designs submitted to the State of Alaska Renewable Energy Fund grant program between 2008 and 2015. For integration systems incorporating thermal or electrical storage, the average control integration cost is around 66% of the total cost and storage is 34%. Trends that are being used to integrate higher penetrations of renewable energy in grids include demand-side management, excess generation to heat, energy storage with grid-forming inverters, and advanced control systems.
The Structures and Spectra of Molybdoezyme Active Sites and Their Models

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews those well understood structural and spectroscopic parameters that are at present or may in the future be relevant to the process of structural and mechanistic elucidation of the molybdenum sites in enzymes. The molybdenum sites at present are found to be of two fundamentally different types. By far, the greatest amount of structural information about enzymic Mo sites has been provided by the techniques of electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy and X-ray absorption spectroscopy, including especially the analysis of extended X-ray absorption fine structure. X-ray absorption spectroscopy is likely to assume a central position in future structural study of Mo enzymes and is applicable to biometallic molecules. Although only one bond or grouping in any given complex may be similar to that of the enzyme, a dissection of the Mo enzyme site as guided by the properties of these compounds can bring insight into the nature of that site and the teleonomy of its choice by the enzyme.
Quantitation of Orotic Acid in Urine Using Isotope Dilution-Selected Ion Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry

The measurement of urinary orotic acid excretion is an important test for establishing a diagnosis of hereditary orotic aciduria, a genetic defect of pyrimidine biosynthesis. Measurement of secondary urinary orotic acid elevation is also an important clinical test for the differential diagnosis of hyperammonemia due to some of the primary disorders of the urea cycle including ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) deficiency, and the hyperornithinemia-hyperammonemia-homocitrullinemia (HHH) syndrome. Low levels of orotic acid are observed in carbamylphosphate synthetase (CPS) defects. This method utilizes a stable-isotope labeled internal standard (1, 3-(15)N-orotic acid), which is added to the standards, controls, and patient samples prior to extraction. Interference from urea is removed by incubation of samples with urease and the orotic acid is derivatized by trimethylsilylation. Quantitation is made against an eight-point standard curve using specific selected ions from both the labeled and unlabeled orotic acid.
Thresholds: Revisit the Strings Versus Clouds Debate for the Internet Architecture, Part II: QoS, Control, Management, and TCP

The clouds (IP) versus strings (connection-oriented) debate over the Internet architecture is reexamined. Controllability and observability are shown to be the key to the performance (QoS) of the networks. The clouds architecture treats the network as a black box, making it uncontrollable and unobservables in contrast, the strings architecture was designed to be a controllable and observable structure. In network management, the need for centralized management and control to obtain efficiency and optimal performance argues for strings architecture. Finally, TCP is shown to be unscalable in performance because of its poor observability and controllability.
Imago Relationship Therapy Alignment With Marriage and Family Common Factors

Marriage and family common factors are used to understand the curative elements in marriage and family therapy (MFT) models of treatment. Sprenkle, Davis, and Blow identified four common factors of...
Radiograph Interpretation Discrepancies in a Community Hospital Emergency Department.

Author(s): Tranovich, Michael J.; Gooch, Christopher M.; Dougherty, Joseph M. | Abstract: Introduction: In many hospitals, off-hours emergency department (ED) radiographs are not read by a radiologist until the following morning and are instead interpreted by the emergency physician (EP) at the time of service. Studies have found conflicting results regarding the radiographic interpretation discrepancies between EPs and trained radiologists. The aim of this study was to identify the number of radiologic interpretation discrepancies between EPs and radiologists in a community ED setting.Methods: Using a pre-existing logbook of radiologic discrepancies as well as our institution’s picture archiving and communication system, all off-hours interpretation discrepancies between January 2012 and January 2015 were reviewed and recorded in a de-identified fashion. We recorded the type of radiograph obtained for each patient. Discrepancy grades were recorded based on a pre-existing 1-4 scale defined in the institution’s protocol logbook as Grade 1 (no further action needed); Grade 2 (call to the patient or pharmacy); Grade 3 (return to ED for further treatment, e.g., fracture not splinted); Grade 4 (return to ED for serious risk, e.g., pneumothorax, bowel obstruction). We also recorded the total number of radiographs formally interpreted by EPs during the prescribed time-frame to determine overall agreement between EPs and radiologists.Results: There were 1044 discrepancies out of 16,111 EP reads, indicating 93.5% agreement. Patients averaged 48.4 ± 25.0 years of age and 53.3% were female; 25.1% were over-calls by EPs. The majority of discrepancies were minor with 75.8% Grade 1 and 22.3% Grade 2. Only 1.7% were Grade 3, which required return to the ED for further treatment. A small number of discrepancies, 0.2%, were Grade 4. Grade 4 discrepancies accounted for two of the 16,111 total reads, equivalent to 0.01%. A slight disagreement in finding between EP and radiologist accounted for 8.3% of discrepancies.Conclusion:Results suggest that plain radiographic studies can be interpreted by EPs with a very low incidence of clinically significant discrepancies when compared to the radiologist interpretation. Due to rare though significant discrepancies, radiologist interpretation should be performed when available. Further studies are needed to determine the generalizability of this study to EDs with differing volume, patient population, acuity, and physician training.
Kinetic basis of metformin-MPP interactions with organic cation transporter OCT2

Organic cation transporter 2 (OCT2) clears the blood of cationic drugs. Efforts to understand OCT2 selectivity as a means to predict the potential of new molecular entities (NMEs) to produce unwant...
The good, the bad, and the ugly: hyperprogression in cancer patients following immune checkpoint therapy

Immune checkpoint blockade therapy can elicit robust and durable responses in a variety of cancer types. While many patients do not respond, recent reports highlight a distinct group of patients whose tumors undergo rapid growth, leading to progressive disease and poor outcome. In this perspective, we synthesize and summarize some important issues surrounding hyperprogression, defining characteristics, prognostic implications, and controversies.
Levodopa-induced dyskinesia in dementia with Lewy bodies and Parkinson disease with dementia

Objective To investigate the frequency of levodopa-induced dyskinesia in dementia with Lewy bodies (DLBs) and Parkinson disease with dementia (PDD) and compare these frequencies with patients with incident Parkinson disease (PD) through a population-based cohort study. Methods We identified all patients with DLB, PDD, and PD without dementia in a 1991–2010 population-based parkinsonism-incident cohort, in Olmsted County, Minnesota. We abstracted information about levodopa-induced dyskinesia. We compared patients with DLB and PDD with dyskinesia with patients with PD from the same cohort. Results Levodopa use and dyskinesia data were available for 141/143 (98.6%) patients with a diagnosis of either DLB or PDD; 87 (61.7%), treated with levodopa. Dyskinesia was documented in 12.6% (8 DLB and 3 PDD) of levodopa-treated patients. Among these patients, median parkinsonism diagnosis age was 74 years (range: 64–80 years); 63.6%, male. The median interval from levodopa initiation to dyskinesia onset was 2 years (range: 3 months–4 years); the median daily levodopa dosage was 600 mg (range: 50–1,600 mg). Dyskinesia severity led to levodopa adjustments in 5 patients, and all improved. Patients with dyskinesia were diagnosed with parkinsonism at a significantly younger age compared with patients without dyskinesia (p Conclusions The dyskinesia risk for levodopa-treated patients with DLB or PDD was substantially less than for levodopa-treated patients with PD.
Postpartum weight retention in women with polycystic ovary syndrome.

Abstract Background Among women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), there is a higher prevalence of cardiometabolic risk factors compared to women without PCOS. Postpartum weight retention has been shown to contribute to these risks in the general population, but little is known about postpartum weight retention among women with PCOS. Objective(s): To compare postpartum weight retention and peripartum weight trends between women with PCOS and controls Study Design Data on live, full-term singleton deliveries from January 1, 2014-2019 in women with and without PCOS were abstracted from the electronic medical record. Weights during the pregestational period, pregnancy, and up to 12 months postpartum were collected. The primary outcome was likelihood of high postpartum weight retention five or more kilograms (kg) above pregestational weight at 12 months postpartum. Secondary outcomes included the prevalence of high weight retention at other postpartum time points (six weeks, three months, six months), absolute postpartum weight retention, gestational weight gain, and excess weight gain above Institute of Medicine (IOM) guidelines for weight gain in pregnancy. Results A total of 6333 women had the requisite weight information (pregestational, peak pregnancy, and at least one postpartum weight), including 429 (5.5%) with PCOS. After adjusting for age, pregestational body mass index (BMI), race, gestational diabetes, and parity, women with PCOS were less likely to be high weight retainers at 6 weeks postpartum (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 0.71, p = 0.02). There was no difference in postpartum weight retention between groups at three, six, and 12 months postpartum. Overall, the prevalence of high weight retainers at 12 months postpartum was high in both groups (22.7% in PCOS versus 29.2% in controls, p = 0.13), and there was no difference in absolute weight retention (1.69 kg in PCOS versus 2.05 kg in controls, p = 0.25). Although women with PCOS had a higher pregestational BMI, they had lower gestational weight gain (median 12.7 kg) compared to controls (median 13.5 kg, p = 0.01). These findings were driven by the group with obesity. The percentage of women who surpassed IOM guidelines for gestational weight gain based on BMI category was similar between groups (43.4% in PCOS versus 47.3% in controls, p = 0.12). Overall, 18.5% of women with PCOS and 23.4% of controls had a higher BMI category at 12 months postpartum compared to before pregnancy. Conclusions Women with PCOS had lower gestational weight gain and lower likelihood of high weight retention at six weeks postpartum but similar weight retention at 12 months when compared to controls. Overall, the large proportion of women with high postpartum weight retention highlights the importance of the peripartum time period for weight management, particularly in this high-risk group predisposed to obesity and cardiometabolic disease.
Sleep and memory.

Generally sleep is considered a time of amnesia. It is not uncommon for an individual to experience 8 h of sleep and have no memory for events during that time. Similarly, a substantial proportion of the population has no memory for dreams that occurred during the night, despite the fact that the literature on awakening during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep clearly shows that individuals normally have four to six “dream experiences” a night. Research on this issue seems to indicate that the lack of memory cannot be explained by the organisms’ inability to perceive stimuli. The data indicate that although perceptual thresholds are elevated, organisms can clearly perceive stimuli, and, in fact, can discriminate between them during sleep. The amnesia also cannot be explained by a defect in long-term memory, as studies have indicated that stimuli put into the memory during wakefulness are more efficiently retrieved after a sleep period than after a comparable period of wakefulness. The most likely explanation for the amnestic property of sleep seems to be the inability of organisms to transfer information from short-term memory to long-term memory during sleep. There are several sources of evidence to support this hypothesis. First, the probability of remembering a stimulus given during wakefulness is related to the proximity of sleep onset to the stimulus. Generally, information put into the system within 5 min of sleep onset is lost from memory. Secondly, disorders of excessive daytime somnolence which cause individuals to have frequent microsleeps are often associated with complaints of memory problems. When these patients are kept fully alert, or if their condition is reversed, they show perfectly normal memory functioning. Finally, anterograde amnesia is often associated with drugs that produce sleepiness. A good example of such a class of drugs is the benzodiazepines. The effect of benzodiazepines on anterograde amnesia is dose dependent and related to their hypnotic activity. Generally, when the drug produces sleep onset within 5 min of the stimulus it is likely to produce amnesia for the event. In summary, the process of memory consolidation is inhibited during sleep. This factor must be considered in all studies evaluating the direct effect of benzodiazepines on memory processes.
The role of empathic nursing telephone interventions with advanced cancer patients: A qualitative study.

Abstract Purpose Effective symptom management and provider-patient communication are critical components of quality palliative cancer care. Studies suggest nurse-telephone-interventions are feasible, acceptable and may improve the provision and satisfaction with care. However, little is known about what specific elements of nurse-telephone-interventions are most beneficial. The study's purpose was to describe the nature and key elements of therapeutic calls made by nurses to advanced cancer patients to understand what may have previously contributed to improvement in patients who received the intervention. Methods As part of a larger study on methylphenidate and/or a nurse-telephone-intervention for fatigue in advanced cancer patients from a tertiary hospital, nurse calls were made to 95 patients. This qualitative descriptive study used thematic analysis of transcribed telephone calls between nurses and advanced cancer patients. Results The overarching theme of these calls was supporting patients with empathy. Empathy in these conversations included nurses' efforts to understand patients' experiences, nurses communicating their understanding back to patients and nurses taking action in response to their understanding of patients’ experiences. While humor and validation were used to communicate empathy, problem solving and providing support constituted the content of empathic communication. Conclusions This study illustrates a nurse-telephone-interventions that embraced multiple components of clinical empathy. Nurse-telephone-interventions are feasible and acceptable with diverse, advanced cancer patients. The growing evidence base underscoring the numerous benefits of medical empathy may serve as a basis for adopting simple, feasible and accessible approaches such as empathic nurse-telephone-interventions in both research and clinical practice.
Postoperative COVID-19 Pneumonia following Resection of a Large Thoracic Chondrosarcoma

Case. A 57-year-old man presenting with two months of insidious shoulder pain was found to have a large thoracic chondrosarcoma invading the spinal canal. The patient’s orthopedic oncologist organized an interdisciplinary team including interventional radiology, thoracic surgery, neurosurgery, and plastic surgery. This allowed safe, en bloc tumor resection. The patient’s postoperative course was complicated by COVID-19 pneumonia, which was rapidly identified and medically managed with full recovery. Conclusion. Postoperative COVID-19 pneumonia can present insidiously and mimic other postoperative complications. Early identification and testing can promote rapid isolation, proper personal protective equipment use, and guide outcome-improving treatments.
Genetic load has potential in large populations but is realized in small inbred populations.

Populations with higher genetic diversity and larger effective sizes have greater evolutionary capacity (i.e., adaptive potential) to respond to ecological stressors. We are interested in how the variation captured in protein-coding genes fluctuates relative to overall genomic diversity and whether smaller populations suffer greater costs due to their genetic load of deleterious mutations compared with larger populations. We analyzed individual whole-genome sequences (N = 74) from three different populations of Montezuma quail (Cyrtonyx montezumae), a small ground-dwelling bird that is sustainably harvested in some portions of its range but is of conservation concern elsewhere. Our historical demographic results indicate that Montezuma quail populations in the United States exhibit low levels of genomic diversity due in large part to long-term declines in effective population sizes over nearly a million years. The smaller and more isolated Texas population is significantly more inbred than the large Arizona and the intermediate-sized New Mexico populations we surveyed. The Texas gene pool has a significantly smaller proportion of strongly deleterious variants segregating in the population compared with the larger Arizona gene pool. Our results demonstrate that even in small populations, highly deleterious mutations are effectively purged and/or lost due to drift. However, we find that in small populations the realized genetic load is elevated because of inbreeding coupled with a higher frequency of slightly deleterious mutations that are manifested in homozygotes. Overall, our study illustrates how population genomics can be used to proactively assess both neutral and functional aspects of contemporary genetic diversity in a conservation framework while simultaneously considering deeper demographic histories.
Stability, and electronic and optical properties of ternary nitride phases of MgSnN2: A first-principles study

Abstract We have studied the disordered rocksalt, orthorhombic, and disordered wurtzite phases of the ternary nitride semiconductor MgSnN2 by first-principles methods using density functional theory (DFT) and beyond. The results imply that MgSnN2 is mechanically and dynamically stable in all three phases. However, pCOHP analysis suggests that the disordered rocksalt structure has antibonding states below the Fermi level between −5 eV and −2 eV, as compared to the bonding states in the other two phases, indicative of its thermodynamic metastability. Computed lattice constant and electronic band-gap values of 4.56 A and 2.69 eV for MgSnN2 in the disordered rocksalt structure compare well with experimentally reported values of 4.48 A and 2.3 eV, respectively. Furthermore, band gaps were computed for MgSnN2-xOx (x = 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0) to elucidate the role of possible oxygen impurities. Band-gap bowing is suggested to occur upon alloying with oxygen. Of the three phases, the disordered rocksalt structure shows the lowest charge carrier effective masses. Moreover, the absorption coefficient and reflectivity of this phase make it promising for use as the absorber layer of tandem solar cells in the higher energy region of the visible portion of the solar spectrum. The other two phases, disordered wurtzite and orthorhombic, might be utilized as the window layer of solar cells owing to their larger band-gap values of 4.36 eV and 4.86 eV, respectively.
Measurement Indicators of Age-Friendly Communities: Findings from the AARP Age-Friendly Community Survey.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Cities and counties worldwide have adopted the concept of "age-friendly communities." These communities aspire to promote older adults' well-being by providing a safe, affordable built environment and a social environment that encourages their participation. A major limitation in this field is the lack of valid and reliable measures that capture the complex dimensionality and dynamic nature of the aging-environment interface. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS This study uses data from the AARP 2016 Age-Friendly Community Surveys (N=3,652 adults ages 65 and older). The survey includes 62 indicators of age-friendliness, e g., outdoor spaces, transportation, housing, social participation, and community and health services. We randomly split the sample into two equal subsamples for confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and structural equation modeling (SEM). RESULTS CFA results indicated that both the five-factor model and the second-order factor model adequately fit the data. In the SEM five-factor model, outdoor space (β=.134; p=.017), social participation (β=.307; p<.001), and community and health services (β=-.149; p=.008) were associated with self-rated health, the outcome of interest. The path coefficients of housing and transportation were not significant. In the second-order factor model, people who lived in more age-friendly communities reported better self-rated health (β=.295; p<.001). DISCUSSION AND IMPLICATIONS Our findings show that the Age-Friendly Community Survey measures demonstrate reliability and concurrent validity. To promote older adults' well-being, practitioners, policymakers, and researchers should focus on improving their built and social environments. They can use these measures for short- and long-term planning, monitoring, and evaluating age-friendly community initiatives.
Eating-related pathology at the intersection of gender identity and expression, sexual orientation, and weight status: An intersectional Multilevel Analysis of Individual Heterogeneity and Discriminatory Accuracy (MAIHDA) of the Growing Up Today Study cohorts.

Abstract The objective of this study was to investigate how gender identity, the overwhelmingly prioritized dimension of social identity/position in eating-related pathology research, intersects with gender expression, sexual orientation, and weight status to structure the social patterning of eating disorders and disordered eating behaviors among young people in the U.S. Data were drawn from the 2010/2011 Growing Up Today Study (GUTS; N = 11,090–13,307). We conducted an intersectional Multilevel Analysis of Individual Heterogeneity and Discriminatory Accuracy (MAIHDA) by nesting participants within social strata defined by intersecting gender identity, gender expression, sexual orientation, and weight status categories in a series of multilevel logistic models for four outcomes (past-year purging, overeating, and binge eating; lifetime eating disorder diagnosis). To illustrate the advantages of intersectional MAIHDA, we compared the results to those from unitary and conventional intersectional analyses. The intersectional MAIHDA revealed a complex social patterning of eating-related pathology characterized by heterogeneity and outcome-specificity. Several multiply marginalized strata (e.g., those including gender nonconforming, sexual minority, and/or larger-bodied girls/women) had disproportionately elevated prevalence, although all estimates were driven by additive effects. Notably, these patterns were obscured within the unitary and conventional intersectional analyses. Future epidemiologic research on eating-related pathology should continue to adopt an intersectional approach through the use of appropriate methodologies.
Virtual empathy

We tested if going online displaces face-to-face time and negatively impacts empathy.Internet usage, face-to-face time, and empathy were measured in 1390 young adults.Going online had little impact upon empathy and improved face-to-face time.Video gaming reduced empathy in both sexes but did not reduce face-to-face time.Virtual empathy was positively correlated with, but lower than, real-world empathy. People can show empathic responses to others online, but at the same time empathy has been declining in young people since technology-based communication has become prevalent. Displacement of face-to-face time by online activities would be expected to negatively impact empathic skills. Since there is little direct empirical research on this topic, the present study sought to determine the nature of the relationship between Internet usage and empathy. More than 1000 young adults completed an anonymous online questionnaire that asked about daily media usage, real-world empathy, virtual empathy, social support and demographic information. The results showed that, in general, going online had very small negative impacts upon cognitive and affective real-world empathy and actually improved time spent in face-to-face communication. Video gaming reduced real-world empathy in both females and males but did not reduce face-to-face time. Also, virtual empathy was positively correlated with real-world empathy, although virtual empathy scores were lower than real-world empathy scores for both sexes. Finally, both real-world empathy and virtual empathy are positively related to social support but real-world empathy demonstrated a 5-6 times stronger relationship. The findings show that spending time online does not displace face-to-face time nor reduce real-world empathy, and suggest that perhaps the lack of nonverbal cues in the online world contributes to overall lower levels of virtual empathy compared to the real world. The negative effects of being online upon empathy appear to be due to specific activities such as video gaming rather than total quantity of online time.
Characterization of enzyme-complex formation by analysis of nuclear magnetic resonance line shapes.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the characterization of enzyme–complex formation by analysis of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) line shapes. A general approach involving the analysis of NMR line shapes for obtaining chemical exchange rates is described here. The analysis requires measuring changes in line widths and peak positions as a function of ligand concentration from a simple one-dimensional spectrum. The chapter illustrates the description of the general approach with a simple kinetic scheme, followed by the description of a specific example using results from 31 P NMR of the enzyme phosphoglucomutase. A cyclic scheme for binding of a substrate analog to the mono- and di-Cd 2+ complexes of the phospho form of the enzyme is readily characterized with this method. In this system, two magnetic nuclei undergo exchange because of binding—namely, the 31 P nucleus of the ligand and that of the phosphoenzyme. Hence, additional constraints are involved; the spectral characteristics of two sets of exchange sites must be consistent with the same association–dissociation rate constants.
From Research to Application: Utilizing Research Findings in Negotiation Training Programs

This article discusses a project that uses research findings in negotiation training programs. Results from more than 100 published articles were organized by thematic categories and summarized in the form of twelve narrative statements. The narratives were used by trainees in applied exercises that featured three simulated professional roles: analyst, strategist, and designer of simulations. Three workshops were conducted, two with United Nations' diplomats and one with students in a university graduate program. Results showed that all participants were positive about the usefulness of the narratives, the ease of execution of the roles, and the case exercises. However, the analyst and strategist roles were easier to execute than the designer role. The graduate students in the longer university workshop produced better group products (in each role) than did the diplomats in the shorter sessions. Participants from both types of sessions indicated that the experience had substantial long-term impact on their subsequent professional work. The article concludes with a discussion of some of the innovative aspects of the project, some lessons learned, and next steps to be taken.
Breaking the Ong-Schnorr-Shamir Signature Scheme for Quadratic Number Fields

Recently Ong, Schnorr, and Shamir [OSS1, OSS2] have presented new public key signature schemes based on quadratic equations. We will refer to these as the OSS schemes. The security of the schemes rest in part on the difficulty of finding solutions to $$ X^2 - KY^2 \equiv M(mod{\mathbf{ }}n), $$ (1) where n is the product of two large rational primes. In the original OSS scheme [OSS1], K, M, X, and Y were to be rational integers. However, when this version succumbed to an attack by Pollard [PS,S1], a new version was introduced [OSS2], where M, X, and Y were to be quadratic integers, i. e. elements of the ring \( Z[\sqrt d ] \). In this paper we will show that the OSS system in \( Z[\sqrt d ] \) is also breakable The method by which we do this is to reduce the problem of solving the congruence over the ring \( Z[\sqrt d ] \) to the problem of solving the congruence over the integers, for which we can use Pollard’s algorithm.
Simpler-to-Describe Cases are Often More Difficult to Prove: A Possible Explanation

In many areas of mathematics, simpler-to-describe cases are often more difficult to prove. In this paper, we provide examples of such
Fundamentals of dynamic decentralized optimization in autonomic computing systems

We consider the fundamentals of a mathematical framework for decentralized optimization and dynamic optimal control in autonomic computing systems that provide self-* properties. In particular, we first study conditions under which decentralized optimization can provide the same quality of solution as centralized optimization. After establishing such equivalence results under mild technical conditions, we exploit our mathematical framework to investigate the dynamic control properties of decentralized optimization including the communication between hierarchical levels. We then study the dynamic case when the parameters and input to the system changes, and how the additional dynamics can cause behavior which deviates from the static case, including complicated behavior such as phase transitions, chaos and instability.
Effect of Prospective Payment System on Acute Care Delivery in a Hospital Setting

With the enactment of Medicare, Title XVIII and Medicaid, Title XIX signed into law in 1965, two federal and federal/state funded programs free of cost to recipients, several factors, moral hazard and supplier induced demand, resulted in increased cost of health care services. Challenged with the task of implementing cost containment strategies, congress permitted power to the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) to implement the Prospective Payment System (PPS). The principal objective of this paper is to identify the effect of the PPS, on acute care delivery in a hospital setting in the United States. Two research questions guiding this work were: What is the effect of PPS on acute care delivery in a hospital setting in the United States, and what is the effect of PPS on quality of care delivered? Key words: Medicare, Medicaid, prospective payment system, health care financing, healthcare economics, demand, supply
The Neoconservative Revolution: Introduction: American Jews in an Age of Conservatism

Why would I choose to write about American Jewish conservatism? Is there really much to say? As far back as most of us can remember, the vast majority of American Jews have been associated with liberalism, not conservatism. They have consistently supported public assistance for the poor and civil rights for the rejected. Second only to African-Americans, they have been the strongest supporters of the Democratic Party at all levels of government. From the 1930s until the start of the Cold War, a small but influential number joined the American Communist Party or were sympathetic to what they took to be its goals. For many, the far left was simply the farthest end of the liberal political spectrum. But that was then. It is not Jewish liberals who have been making the news in recent years. It is Jewish conservatives with important positions in the administration of President George W. Bush. The Pentagon's Paul Wolfowitz and Douglas Feith; the National Security Council's Elliott Abrams; and Richard Perle, formerly of the Defense Policy Board, can be distinguished from moderate WASP conservatives not only by their ethnicity, but also by their militancy. Rather than descending from many generations of conservatives, they are mostly relatively new to the movement – and they have transformed it. Unlike traditional conservatives, they have proudly come to be called neoconservatives (or neocons).
S-ADENOSYLMETHIONINE IN THE BIOSYNTHESIS OF BACTERIAL FATTY ACIDS

O'Leary, William M. (Cornell University Medical College, New York, N.Y.). S-adenosylmethionine in the biosynthesis of bacterial fatty acids. J. Bacteriol. 84:967-972. 1962.-The fatty-acid contents of a wild strain of Aerobacter aerogenes and of three auxotrophic mutants were determined by the use of gas-liquid chromatography. All strains studied exhibited essentially identical fatty-acid spectra. This organism was shown to contain large amounts of a C(17) cyclopropane fatty acid, and it is suggested that it may be a convenient natural source of this compound. By use of the auxotrophic mutants which have varying requirements for exogenous sources of methionine and S-adenosylmethionine, it was shown by means of radioisotope tracer techniques that S-adenosylmethionine functions in this organism as a donor of a one-carbon unit that is used to form the ring structure in the biosynthesis of cyclopropane fatty acids.
Insights into the mechanism of copper-tolerance in Fibroporia radiculosa: The biosynthesis of oxalate

Abstract Copper is currently used as the key component in wood preservatives despite the known tolerance of many brown-rot Basidiomycetes. Copper-tolerant fungi, like Fibroporia radiculosa , produce and accumulate high levels of oxalate when exposed to copper. To gain insight into the mechanism of oxalate production, four F . radiculosa isolates decaying untreated and 1.2% ammoniacal copper citrate-treated wood were evaluated for the differential expression of citrate synthase, isocitrate lyase, glyoxylate dehydrogenase, a succinate/fumarate antiporter, and a copper resistance-associated ATPase pump. Samples were analyzed at 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks for oxalate production and gene expression. ATPase pump expression increased in the presence of copper when initial oxalate concentrations were low, suggesting it functions in helping the fungus adapt to the copper-rich environment by pumping toxic copper ions out of the cell. A connection in expression levels between citrate synthase, the succinate/fumarate antiporter isocitrate lyase, and glyoxylate dehydrogenase for the four isolates was found suggesting the production of oxalate originates in the mitochondrial TCA cycle via citrate synthase, shunts to the glyoxysomal glyoxylate cycle via the succinate/fumarate antiporter, moves through a portion of the glyoxylate cycle (isocitrate lyase), and ultimately is made in the cytoplasm (gyloxylate dehydrogenase).
Evolutionary Influences in Arboviral Disease

Arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) generally require horizontal transmission by arthropod vectors among vertebrate hosts for their natural maintenance. This requirement for alternate replication in disparate hosts places unusual evolutionary constraints on these viruses, which have probably limited the evolution of arboviruses to only a few families of RNA viruses (Togaviridae, Flaviviridae, Bunyaviridae, Rhabdoviridae, Reoviridae, and Orthomyxoviridae) and a single DNA virus. Phylogenetic studies have suggested the dominance of purifying selection in the evolution of arboviruses, consistent with constraints imposed by differing replication environments and requirements in arthropod and vertebrate hosts. Molecular genetic studies of alphaviruses and flaviviruses have also identified several mutations that effect differentially the replication in vertebrate and mosquito cells, consistent with the view that arboviruses must adopt compromise fitness characteristics for each host. More recently, evidence of positive selection has also been obtained from these studies. However, experimental model systems employing arthropod and vertebrate cell cultures have yielded conflicting conclusions on the effect of alternating host infections, with host specialization inconsistently resulting in fitness gains or losses in the bypassed host cells. Further studies using in vivo systems to study experimental arbovirus evolution are critical to understanding and predicting disease emergence, which often results from virus adaptation to new vectors or amplification hosts. Reverse genetic technologies that are now available for most arbovirus groups should be exploited to test assumptions and hypotheses derived from retrospective phylogenetic approaches.
Separate Classification of Student Loan Debt in Chapter 13

The separate classification of student loan debt in chapter 13 bankruptcy plans is an "outside-the-box" treatment that may enable consumer debtors to give preferential treatment to student loan debt. Separate classification creates a possible conflict between sections 1322(b)(1) and (b)(5) of the Bankruptcy Code, and the article explores this problem.
1,2,3‐Triphenylcyclopropenium Bromide

1,2,3-Triphenylcyclopropenium Bromide product: 1,2,3-Triphenylcyclopropenium bromide Keywords: cyclization, free radical-carbenoid/nitrenoid; benzene; benzene
Temperature-programmed desorption/decomposition with simultaneous DRIFTS analysis: adsorbed pyridine on sulfated ZrO2 and Pt-promoted sulfated ZrO2

Abstract The thermal stability and reactivity of adsorbed pyridine on sulfated zirconia and Pt/sulfated zirconia were studied by temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) coupled with infrared spectroscopic and mass spectrometric analyses. Adsorption of pyridine on sulfated zirconia produced two types of adsorbed species: a pyridinium ion on the Bronsted acid site (Pyr-B) giving rise to infrared bands at 1638, 1611, 1486, and 1540 cm −1 and a covalently bound species on Lewis acid sites (Pyr-L), giving characteristic bands at 1486 and 1445 cm −1 at the same rate, accompanied by the desorption of sulfates to produce gaseous SO 3 . TPD studies showed that Pyr-L nearly completely decomposed to CO 2 at 773–823 K, whereas more than 60% Pyr-B remained on the surface in the same temperature range, indicating that Pyr-B possesses higher thermal stability than Pyr-L. The addition of Pt to sulfated zirconia lowers the decomposition temperature of sulfate as SO 2 . The study shows that that temperature-programmed desorption/decomposition with simultaneous infrared spectroscopic and mass spectrometric analyses is an effective approach for identifying the structure of the adsorbed species leading to decomposed products. TPD of adsorbed pyridine is not a reliable approach for measuring acid strength of the acid/base catalysts.
Infiltration of fiber preforms by a binary alloy: Part I. Theory

During infiltration of a fiber preform by a binary hypoeutectic alloy, solid metal can form in the composite because of cooling at the fibers or at the mold wall. Contrary to the case of an unalloyed matrix, temperature, composition, and fraction solid may vary in the composite. This results in macrosegregation and microstructural heterogeneity within the composite casting. It is shown that solid metal that forms because of cooling at the fibers grows gradually behind the infiltration front, while the local temperature increases. Metal superheat, when present, serves to progressively remelt solid metal in the composite during infiltration and increases compositional and microstructural heterogeneity within the composite. General expressions are derived to describe heat, mass, and fluid flow during the infiltration process. In the case of unidirectional adiabatic infiltration driven by a constant applied pressure, a similarity method can be used to reduce the mathematical complexity of the problem. Numerical solution of the resulting equations then allows us to predict temperature, fraction solid, and composition profiles within the composite. With the further assumption of negligible thermal conduction, the problem lends itself to an analytical solution. The analysis is performed for the case of unidirectional adiabatic infiltration under constant applied pressure of 24 vol pct δ-alumina preforms by Al-4.5 wt pct Cu. Results indicate that there is significant latitude for control of macro-segregation and microstructure within cast fiber-reinforced alloys.
Single-nanopore investigations with ion conductance microscopy.

A three-electrode scanning ion conductance microscope (SICM) was used to investigate the local current–voltage properties of a single nanopore. In this experimental configuration, the response measured is a function of changes in the resistances involved in the pathways of ion migration. Single-nanopore membranes utilized in this study were prepared with an epoxy painting procedure to isolate a single nanopore from a track-etch multipore membrane. Current–voltage responses measured with the SICM probe in the vicinity of a single nanopore were investigated in detail and agreed well with equivalent circuit models proposed in this study. With this modified SICM, the current–voltage responses characterized for the case of a single cylindrical pore and a single conical pore exhibit distinct conductance properties that originate from the geometry of nanopores.
Practical considerations in the interview and evaluation of sexual offenders.

SUMMARY The evaluation and assessment of sexual offenders is different than any other type of evaluation, and most clinicians are not properly trained to interview this population. This article addresses the clinical and ethical issues particular to the interview, assessment, and evaluation of these types of offenders. It offers both practical information regarding the interview itself, along with an overview of classification systems, paraphilias, and assessment techniques used with this population. In addition, issues related to risk assessment and risk management are also addressed, and an introduction to the use of actuarial risk assessment instruments is provided.
Corrosion-Fatigue (Circumferential) Cracking in Cr-Mo Low Alloy Boiler Tube Steels: Part 1—Initiation and Propagation

The metallurgical mechanism responsible for the initiation and propagation of circumferentially oriented, fireside cracks on waterwall boiler tubes was investigated. The materials studied were Cr-Mo low alloy steels in the as-received and post-service (exhibited cracking) condition. It was determined that cracks were initiated by a corrosion/fatigue interactive mechanism at the fireside tube surface. The corrosion mechanism is sulfidation while the material fatigue degradation occurs due to thermal stress cycles. Crack propagation occurs by an environmentally assisted thermal fatigue crack propagation mechanism.
Review: Staphylococcus aureus and MRSA in cystic fibrosis

Abstract Background Staphylococcus aureus ( S. aureus ) is one of the earliest bacteria detected in infants and children with cystic fibrosis (CF). The rise of methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA) in the last 10years has caused a lot of attention to this organism. Results The aim of this review is to provide a general overview of methicillin sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) and MRSA, discuss special aspects of S. aureus in cystic fibrosis, and to review treatment concepts. Microbiology of the organism will be reviewed along with data regarding the epidemiology of both MSSA and MRSA. Antibiotic treatments both in regards to acute management and eradication of MSSA and MRSA will be reviewed. Prophylaxis of MSSA in CF remains controversial. Treatment with anti-staphylococcal agents reduces the infection rate with MSSA but may lead to a higher rate of infection with P. aeruginosa . In regards to MRSA, there is a paucity of clinical data regarding approaches to eradication. Conclusions To advance the care of CF patients, controlled clinical trials are urgently needed to find the optimal approach to treating CF patients who are infected with either MSSA or MRSA.
Measurement of parent behavior during interactions with their infants.

Abstract Measurement of parent-infant interactive behaviors continues to be a methodological challenge. As part of a larger study ( N - 351), situationally and developmentally appropriate items from Ainsworth's Maternal-Care Rating Scales (Ainsworth, 1976) were used to code mothers' and fathers' interactions with their infants during videotaped, structured situations in the home at 1, 6, and 12 months. To reduce the number of variables, principal axis factor analysis with Varimax rotation revealed two factors for both parents at each time period: at 1 month, kinesthetic interaction and sensory stimulation from seven items; at 6 months, quality of interactive behaviors and quantity of facilitative interaction from 13 items; and at 12 months, responsiveness to infant and developmental facilitation from 9 items. These factors offer descriptive measures and indicators of maternal and paternal behaviors during interaction with their infants.