cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
First report of the perfect stage of powdery mildew of sugar beet in North Dakota caused by Erysiphe polygoni.

Powdery mildew caused by Erysiphe polygoni was widespread on sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) in North Dakota during 2006. This disease is generally not prevalent in the state because of the application of fungicides, which also have efficacy against powdery mildew, for control of Cercospora leaf spot caused by Cercospora beticola. Because Cercospora leaf spot pressure was low in 2006, fewer fungicide applications were made in the state, thus allowing for more observations of powdery mildew. Leaf samples from four fields near Amenia, Minto, Prosper, and St. Thomas, ND were collected in mid-September to look for the perfect stage of E. polygoni, since this has recently been observed in Idaho, Colorado, Montana, and Nebraska (1–3). Only the leaves collected from the field near Amenia had visible immature (yellow and brown) globose ascomata; ascomata were not observed on the leaves collected in the other fields. Additional leaves were collected from the field near Amenia in early October; these leaves had immature...
Effect of Duration of Fasting on Postmolt Laying Hen Performance

Two experiments were conducted to examine the effects of varying length of feed withdrawal on postmolt laying hen performance. Commercial laying hens (65 wk of age) were fed continuously or fasted for 4 or 10 days in Experiment 1 and fed continuously or fasted for 4, 7, or 14 days in Experiment 2. Egg production performance was evaluated for 35 wk of production following initiation of fasting. Hen-day egg production (Weeks 1 to 35) and egg weight (Weeks 5 to 35) did not differ between treatments in Experiment 1; however, in Experiment 2, egg production was depressed for the 14-day fasted hens compared with the fed hens. Lower egg weight also occurred for the 14-day fasted hens compared with the fed, 4-, or 7-day fasted hens in Experiment 2. Egg yield (grams of egg per hen per day) for Weeks 5 to 35 was lower for fed hens versus the 4- or 10-day fasted groups in Experiment 1, but no treatment differences occurred in Experiment 2. Feed efficiency (grams of egg per gram of feed) for Weeks 5 to 13 was not affected by length of fasting in Experiment 1, but feed efficiency of hens fasted for 14 days was lower (P less than .05) than that of hens on other treatments in Experiment 2. Egg specific gravity was highest for hens fasted for 10 or 14 days and was lowest for fed hens, with egg specific gravity for hens fasted for 4 or 7 days being intermediate (P less than or equal to .05). The results indicated that fasting periods of less than 10 days may yield satisfactory egg production and egg weight but that eggshell quality may be enhanced by using fasting periods of 10 days or longer.
MATRIX PROTEINS ASSOCIATED WITH BONE CALCIFICATION ARE PRESENT IN HUMAN VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS GROWN IN VITRO

Atherosclerotic lesions are composed of cellular elements that have migrated from the vessel lumen and wall to form the cellular component of the developing plaque. The cellular elements are influenced by various growth-regulatory molecules, cytokines, chemoattractants, and vasoregulatory molecules that regulate the synthesis of the extracellular matrix composing the plaque. Because vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) constitute the major cellular elements of the atherosclerotic plaque and are thought to be responsible for the extracellular matrix that becomes calcified in mature plaques, immunostaining for collagenous and noncollagenous proteins typically associated with bone matrix was conducted on VSMC grownin vitro. VSMC obtained from human aorta were grown in chambers on glass slides and immunostained for procollagen type I, bone sialoprotein, osteonectin, osteocalcin, osteopontin, decorin, and biglycan. VSMC demonstrated an intense staining for procollagen type I, and a moderately intense staining for the noncollagenous proteins, bone sialoprotein and osteonectin, two proteins closely associated with bone mineralization. Minimal immunostaining was noted for osteocalcin, osteopontin, decorin, and biglycan. The presence in VSMC of collagenous and noncollagenous proteins associated with bone mineralization suggest that the smooth muscle cells in the developing atherosclerotic plaque play an important role in the deposition of the extracellular matrix involved in calcification of developing lesions.
COMPLICATIONS OF ANTERIOR CERVICAL DISCECTOMY AND FUSION USING RECOMBINANT HUMAN BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEIN-2

The use of bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2) in spinal fusion has increased dramatically since an FDA approval for its use in anterior lumbar fusion with the LT cage. There are several reports of its use in transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion, posterolateral fusion, and anterior cervical fusion. Reports on adverse effects of rhBMP-2 when used in spinal fusion are scarce in literature. An Institutional Review Board approved retrospective study was conducted in patients undergoing anterior spinal fusion and instrumentation following diskectomy at a single center. Forty-six consecutive patients were included. Twenty-two patients treated with rhBMP-2 and PEEK cages were compared to 24 in whom allograft spacers and demineralized bone matrix was used. Patients filled out Cervical Oswestry Scores, VAS for arm pain, neck pain, and had radiographs preoperatively as well at every follow up visit. Radiographic examination following surgery revealed end plate resorption in all patients in whom rhBMP-2 was used. This was followed by a period of new bone formation commencing at 6 weeks. In contrast, allograft patients showed a progressive blurring of end plate-allograft junction. Dysphagia was a common complication and it was significantly more frequent and more severe in patients in whom rhBMP-2 was used. Post operative swelling anterior to the vertebral body on lateral cervical spine X-ray was significantly larger in the rhBMP-2 group when measured from 1 to 6 weeks after which it was similar. These effects are possibly due to an early inflammatory response to rhBMP-2 and were observed to be dose related. With the parameters we used, there was no significant difference in the clinical outcome of patients in the two groups at 2 years. The cost of implants in patients treated with rhBMP-2 and PEEK spacers was more than three times the cost of allograft spacers and demineralized bone matrix in 1, 2, and 3-level cases. Despite providing consistently good fusion rates, we have abandoned using rhBMP-2 and PEEK cages for anterior cervical fusion, due to the side effects, high cost, and the availability of a suitable alternative.
Early decrease in surface expression of HLA-DQ predicts the development of infection in trauma patients

The behaviour of human leucocyte antigen-DR (HLA-DR) following injury has been extensively studied. However, the behaviour of other class II antigens following trauma has not been characterized as well, despite evidence that HLA-DQ genotype influences the response to several bacterial antigens. Our study attempts to characterize and analyse the behaviour of HLA-DQ after trauma in patients with and without infection. Twenty-five patients were studied following major injury. Fifteen of the 25 patients developed infection (men = 11, women = 4); 10 patients developed no infection (men = 9, women = 1). The mean age was 34 ± 12 years for patients with no infection and 52 ± 20 years for those with infection. Monocyte HLA-DQ surface expression was determined using FITC-labelled antibodies and flow cytometry. Expression was compared with a control population of 11 healthy volunteers. The percentage of monocytes expressing HLA-DQ following trauma was reduced in patients with infection and in those without infection, but returned to normal (days 8–14) only in those patients who did not develop infection. Monocyte HLA-DQ mean channel fluorescence was reduced on day 1, but quickly returned to normal in those patients who subsequently developed infection. Stimulated with lipopolysaccharide, the initial samples of 13 patients who developed infection showed that surface expression on these monocytes could be elevated into the normal range. We conclude that HLA-DQ is an additional early marker of outcome that may not function merely as an immune suppressor. The maintained ability of HLA-DQ to present self-antigens may be important in the initial stages of the host response to injury.
A 360° single‐axis tilt stage for the high‐voltage electron microscope

A new type of specimen stage that permits more than 180 degrees of tilting about the axis of a side-entry rod has been developed for a high-voltage electron microscope (HVEM). Roughly cylindrical specimens, with radial dimensions of less than a few micrometers, that can be mounted on the tip of a microneedle or micropipette are applicable. For glass micropipettes, the energy of the 1-MeV beam of the HVEM is sufficient to image specimens through both walls. The stage employs a spindle mechanism that holds these needles or micropipettes coaxial with the tilt axis, allowing the specimen to be rotated without restriction. This arrangement, along with the cylindrical form of the specimen, is an important development for single-axis tomography, because it permits a complete 180 degrees set of projections to be recorded. The angular accuracy of the stage was demonstrated to be within +/- 0.20 degrees, with a cumulative error of less than 1.0 degrees over a 180 degrees span. The new stage was tested using puffball spores mounted on a micropipette. A 180 degrees tilt series was recorded and processed to yield a tomographic three-dimensional reconstruction which was displayed both as a cross-sectional view perpendicular to the tilt axis, and as a shaded surface viewed from different directions. The same computations were repeated using subsets of the tilt series to assess the effect of various amounts of missing information. Visual inspection of a selected cross-section from these reconstructions indicated that limiting the angular range to 160 degrees produced results nearly as good as the full data set. Limiting the range to 140 degrees, however, produced a noticeable geometric distortion, which became increasingly severe with ranges of 120 degrees and 100 degrees.
Clinical significance of morphologic subdivision in diffuse large cell lymphoma

Although diffuse large cell lymphomas can be morphologically divided into large cell (DLC) and immunoblastic (IBL) subtypes, the clinical significance of this subdivision remains controversial. The initial diagnostic materials from 85 patients with recorded diagnoses of diffuse large cell lymphoma who were treated at Stanford between 1975 and 1986 with cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin (Adriamycin; Adria Laboratories, Columbus, OH), vincristine, and prednisone (CHOP); methotrexate, bleomycin, doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, vincristine, and dexamethasone (M-BACOD); or methotrexate, doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, vincristine, prednisone, and bleomycin (MACOP-B) chemotherapy were retrospectively reviewed by a panel of hematopathologists and classified according to morphologic criteria of the Working Formulation. Based on the criterion of agreement of two of three observers, 60 patients were classified as having DLC, 19 as having IBL, and the lymphomas in 6 patients could not be additionally classified. No significant differences in complete response (CR) rate, freedom from disease progression (FFP), or overall survival were found between the DLC and IBL groups. There was also no significant difference in prognosis between DLC cases additionally subclassified as large cleaved cell (16 patients) and those with large non-cleaved cell (36 patients). Although IBL is considered to be a high-grade lymphoma, the authors concluded that it does not differ significantly in prognosis from DLC lymphoma and, therefore, does not justify a modified treatment selection based on IBL morphologic type alone. Definitive evaluation of the prognostic significance of morphologic subdivision may require a larger cohort of uniformly treated patients.
Abstract PR01: H-RasG12V overexpression in the central nervous system leads to expansion of oligodendrocyte precursor cells and neural crest cells

Somatic mutations in Ras proto-oncogenes have been found in a large number of different cancers. In addition, germline mutations in the H-Ras gene have been shown to be the causative genetic alteration underlying Costello Syndrome (CS). Costello Syndrome belongs to the large group of Ras/MAPK pathway diseases commonly termed Rasopathies. CS patients exhibit craniofacial and cardiac abnormalities, mental retardation and are prone to develop cancers including neural crest derived neoplasias. Since Costello Syndrome is a rare disease, the effects of H-RasG12V expression on the development of the central nervous system remain largely uncharacterized. Towards this goal, we have established a zebrafish model suitable for live imaging and cost-effective drug screening. Using the Gal4/UAS system we have enforced expression of H-RasG12V in the central nervous system starting at early neurulation stages. H-RasG12V expressing embryos develop hyperplasia of the forebrain and the spinal cord and show an outgrowth in the dorsal tail region around 3 days post fertilization (dpf). In situ hybridisation revealed an increase in oligodendrocyte precursor cells, similar to what has been reported for zebrafish neurofibromin 1 mutants. In addition, cells expressing the neural crest markers Sox10 and FoxD3 accumulate lateral to the neural tube and notochord. Time-lapse imaging revealed that H-RasG12V expressing cells indeed migrate out of the spinal cord. This migration was ectopic, occuring several hours after normal neural crest migration. Furthermore, coinciding with the accumulation of neural crest like cells around the neural tube, the intersomitic vasculature hyperbranches to form new blood vessels towards domains of H-RasG12V expressing cells. Taking advantage of the early onset and obvious phenotypes in our H-RasG12V overexpression model we performed a pilot drug screen to identify potential therapeutic compounds for Costello Syndrome. We found the Mek1/Mek2 inhibitor PD98059 successfully inhibited hyperplasia of the forebrain and the spinal cord, with normal numbers of oligodendrocyte precursor cells and neural crest cells. Thus, this zebrafish model will be a valuable tool to further investigate the mechanisms underlying CNS- abnormalities of Costello Syndrome patients, including the formation of neural crest derived neoplasias and will be useful to identify therapies against this disease. This abstract is also presented as Poster A3. Citation Format: Martin Distel, David Traver. H-RasG12V overexpression in the central nervous system leads to expansion of oligodendrocyte precursor cells and neural crest cells. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Pediatric Cancer at the Crossroads: Translating Discovery into Improved Outcomes; Nov 3-6, 2013; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;74(20 Suppl):Abstract nr PR01.
Maximal violations of a Bell inequality by entangled spin-coherent states

We study the violation of the Bell-Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt (Bell-CHSH) inequality for two-spin systems, of arbitrary spins ${j}_{1}$ and ${j}_{2}$, prepared in an entanglement of spin-coherent states of each of the spins. We show that the Bell-CHSH inequality is quite robustly violated for a wide range of values of the parameters that specify the spin-coherent states, and, for a particular choice of these parameters, maximal violations are obtained. That is, the violations can reach the Tsirelson bound, $2\sqrt{2}$, for any choices of the spins.
The Role of the Cut‐off Energy in Tests of the X‐Ray Threshold Theory

It is shown that the cut-off energy ξ in the Mahan-Noziere-de Dominieis (MND) theory of X-ray absorption thresholds, ϵ2(ω) = A2[(hω - ET)/ξ]−α, is constrained by existing data to be almost implausible small for Li: ξ < 0.5 eV. If ξ is significantly smaller, ξ < 0.08 eV, then inelastic scattering experiments designed to convert the rounded Li threshold into a peaked edge may not be sucessful and may not test the MND theory. Mahan, Nozieres und de Dominieis (MND) sagten fur Rontgenstrahlenabsorption das Gesetz ϵ2(ω) = A2[(hω - ET)/ξ]−α voraus. Die Experimente ergeben ξ < 0,5 eV wahrend die Theorie ξ ≧ 6 eV zeigt. Fur ξ < 0,2 eV sind die Energieverlustexperimente in Bezug auf die MND-Theorie ohne Aussage.
Viral Organization of Human Proteins

Although maps of intracellular interactions are increasingly well characterized, little is known about large-scale maps of host-pathogen protein interactions. The investigation of host-pathogen interactions can reveal features of pathogenesis and provide a foundation for the development of drugs and disease prevention strategies. A compilation of experimentally verified interactions between HIV-1 and human proteins and a set of HIV-dependency factors (HDF) allowed insights into the topology and intricate interplay between viral and host proteins on a large scale. We found that targeted and HDF proteins appear predominantly in rich-clubs, groups of human proteins that are strongly intertwined among each other. These assemblies of proteins may serve as an infection gateway, allowing the virus to take control of the human host by reaching protein pathways and diversified cellular functions in a pronounced and focused way. Particular transcription factors and protein kinases facilitate indirect interactions between HDFs and viral proteins. Discerning the entanglement of directly targeted and indirectly interacting proteins may uncover molecular and functional sites that can provide novel perspectives on the progression of HIV infection and highlight new avenues to fight this virus.
A new species of Eutarsopolipus (Acari: Podapolipidae) from Pterostichus luctuosus Dejean (Coleoptera: Carabidae) from Michigan, U.S.A.

Abstract Eutarsopolipus shpeleyi n. sp. (Acari: Podapolipidae) is described from the carabid beetle, Pterostichus luctuosus Dejean (Carabidae), from Michigan, U.S.A. and compared with E. pterostichi, E. vernalis, E. inermis, E. diunculosus and E. fischeri in the pterostichi group of Eutarsopolipus. This is the third record of Eutarsopolipus and the first record of Eutarsopolipus in the pterostichi group from the carabid genus Pterostichus in North America.
Multiresidue confirmation of β-agonists in bovine retina and liver using LC-ES/MS/MS

Abstract Misuse of numerous β-agonist drugs for their growth promoting effects in livestock production requires significant regulatory enforcement activities worldwide. The proof of illegal drug use needed for regulatory action usually requires the high degree of specificity derived from mass spectrometric analysis of suspect tissues and body fluids. In this paper, we describe a multiresidue screening method for confirmation of nine β-agonist compounds in bovine liver and retina. A wide range of analyte structures was selected in order to demonstrate applicability to other chemically related β-agonists for which standards are not currently available. The class-specific method, which is based on mixed mode cation exchange/reverse phase solid phase extraction, reverse phase gradient LC separation using a cyanopropyl-silica phase, and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) in the multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode, yields high analyte recoveries at the target level of 1 ppb (ng/g). In addition, acquisition of multiple MRM transitions for each analyte permits simultaneous confirmation of β-agonists at the level of 1 ppb in liver and retina by using intensity ratios between fragment ions and protonated molecules. Estimated values for the limit of quantification (LOQ) for individual β-agonists were 0.08–0.3 ppb in liver and 0.02–0.5 in retina; the estimated limits of confirmation, using accepted criteria from international regulatory agencies, were 0.25–0.8 ppb in liver and 0.1–1 ppb in retina. This method should be useful in supporting regulatory enforcement programs that monitor β-agonist misuse.
Connecting Practice and Research: A Social Work Paradigm of Working Collaboratively with Underserved Populations

The need to publish in academia is motivated by the drive to survive in an environment of educators even though the individual's foundation has been or may still be as a social work practitioner. T...
Texture analysis of critical current density in Bi2Sr2CaCu2Ox tapes

Abstract Ag-clad Bi 2 Sr 2 CaCu 2 O x tapes were fabricated by a powder-in-tube process. Transport critical current density ( J c ) data were obtained at 4.2 K. X-ray diffraction data were used to quantify the texture of each superconductor core. The J c and texture data were related by a geometric model based on J c anisotropy within individual grains. The model, which fit the data well, is applicable to strongly linked superconductors only.
The Viscosity and Thermal Conductivity Coefficients of Dilute Neon, Krypton, and Xenon

The viscosity and thermal conductivity coefficients of dilute argon, krypton, and xenon are reviewed and tables of recommended values presented. The tables were generated using the appropriate kinetic theory expressions with the m‐6–8 potential. The temperature range covers from about one‐half critical temperature to 2000 K for each gas. A general estimate of the accuracy is one percent increasing to one and three‐quarters percent for temperatures above 1000 K.
Using neural networks for forecasting volatility of S&P 500 Index futures prices

Abstract The ability to forecast the volatility of the markets is critical to analysts. Among the large array of approaches available for forecasting volatility, neural networks are gaining in popularity. We present a primer for using neural networks for financial forecasting. We compare volatility forecasts from neural networks with implied volatility from S&P 500 Index futures options using the Barone-Adesi and Whaley (BAW) American futures options pricing model. Forecasts from neural networks outperform implied volatility forecasts and are not found to be significantly different from realized volatility. Implied volatility forecasts are found to be significantly different from realized volatility in two of three forecast horizons.
Nissan U.K.: A worker's paradox?

Europe's lean manufacturing model muy be u benchmark for its compefitors, but it should not be one in its treatment of employees, m he major Japanese 1 automobile companies have now established a successful beachhead in Europe, located in the United Kingdom. As they have in North America, these Japanese transplants are exemplifying high levels of technology transfer, combined with learning and adaptation that results in globally competitive new hybrid manueacturing organizations. These new organizations combine, in highly creative ways, subsystems of the Fordist and lean systems, with diverse national and European innovations. In many ways, the Japanese lean system unfroze the traditional Fordist manufacturing paradigm, resulting in not one dominant lean system but mzlny creative and continuously evolving hybrid spinoffs as diverse as the geographic sources from which they emerge. Nissan Motor Manufacturing (IJK) Limited, or NMUK, is one exemplar of these emerging new hybrid systems, demonstrating high levels of organizational learning and adaptation as well as sociotechnical problems and paradoxes. Europe’s automobile industry in the early 1990s was no better prepared for the Japanese transplants than was Detroit‘s Big Three in the early 1980s. However. because of the Japanese learning experience with their transplants’ lean system in North America, they are more readily adapting and developing new Japanese-European hybrids, which are already setting new quality and productivity standards. Still, the quality of work life shows little improvement. As is now widely recognized, the term “lean production system” was coined by the MIT study team in their landmark book, 73eM~~hirze 7’bat Changed 72~ World (1990). A more recent study by Martin Kenney and Richard Florida (1993) documents the remarkable breadth of the Japanese lean system’s transfer and adaptation within North America and its major role in the continuing global industrial diffusion and transformation. Unlike the MIT study, however, Kenney and Florida provide a more balanced view of both the system’s strengths as an innovative, mediated organization and the considerable social and technical tensions and contradictions experienced by the North American transplants. Like the American research findings, the early studies of the lean system hybrids developing in the U.K. tend to be highly divergent in many of their findings. In his 1987 book me Road to Nissan. Peter Wickens, NMUK’s director of personnel and information systems, presents an understandably corporate view of the company’s practices. Conversely, Garrdhan and Stewart (1992) focus on NMUK’s less favorable labor and community relations practices and experiences. The purpose of this article is to provide a more balanced analysis of the emergence of the Japanese lean system as a hybrid in the United Kingdom along with the paradoxes it raises. We will analyze the case of Nissan in the 1J.K. as an example of technology transfer and organizational adaptation and learning, as well as the comparative stakeholder outcomes.
Information Technology Skill Management Strategies for Implementing New Technologies: A Case of Service-Oriented Architecture

Managing human resources and skills for information technology (IT) presents a challenging task for executives, more so when new ITs are involved. Lack of familiarity with the technology, the learning curve associated with its incorporation, and the relative paucity of skilled personnel serve to alter the strategies for management of human resources and skills. This paper presents a system dynamics approach for examining alternative strategies for skill management and supporting decisions during the implementation of service-oriented architecture (SOA) in an organization. For projects involving SOA, the initial planning and implementation of the underlying architecture entail higher costs and slower delivery of initial SOA applications. The use of appropriate IT human resource management strategies for SOA projects is critical for successful SOA implementation. The complexity associated with the fluctuating demand for IT skills, coupled with the need for highly skilled senior architects and professional developers in SOA projects, as well as inevitable delays in skill acquisition, makes this a challenging task. This paper examines the impact of alternative staffing strategies under various environmental conditions and provides guidance for staffing decisions. Using a design science methodology, it employs system dynamics as a vehicle for allowing human resource managers to examine the impact of alternative staffing strategies under a variety of environmental conditions.
Thermal infrared reflectance of dry plant materials: 2.5–20.0 μm

Abstract Thermal infrared reflectance spectra were measured for suites of plant materials from seven species. All of the spectra have low overall reflectance (0.0–6.0%). Dry plant materials generally yield spectra characterized by lignin and holocellulose spectral features, denoted by reflectance increases in the 4.0–5.5 μm region, at 6.4 μm, and between 10.0 and 14.0 μm.
Solution-Liquid-Solid Growth of Crystalline III-V Semiconductors: An Analogy to Vapor-Liquid-Solid Growth

Until now, micrometer-scale or larger crystals of the III-V semiconductors have not been grown at low temperatures for lack of suitable crystallization mechanisms for highly covalent nonmolecular solids. A solution-liquid-solid mechanism for the growth of InP, InAs, and GaAs is described that uses simple, low-temperature (≤203°C), solution-phase reactions. The materials are produced as polycrystalline fibers or near-single-crystal whiskers having widths of 10 to 150 nanometers and lengths of up to several micrometers. This mechanism shows that processes analogous to vapor-liquid-solid growth can operate at low temperatures; similar synthesis routes for other covalent solids may be possible.
Serum IgA levels and antinuclear antibody formation in mice.

SummaryAged A/J mice, an autoimmune strain, develop increasing levels of serum IgA compared to aged DBA/1J mice, a nonautoimmune strain.Adult thymectomy did not affect IgA levels in A/J and DBA/1J mice but accelerated anti-DNP antibody formation in A/J mice. These results can be explained by spontaneous loss of suppressor T cells which prevent the formation of anti-DNP antibodies in A/J mice.Experiments involving thymectomized, irradiated mice reconstituted with irradiated thymus and bone marrow from donors of varying ages suggested that there are intrinsic changes and thymic epithelium function with age. Bone marrow cells from aged donors were not as effective in restoring IgA levels and suppressing anti-DNP antibody as those from young donors.Thymic epithelium from aged donors was not as effective as that from young donors in suppressing the formation of anti-DNP antibodies.The authors express their appreciation to Mrs. Jane Lyons, Tom Cable, and Mrs. Peggy Cook for technical assistance; to Mrs. Mona My...
Slow steady transport by mixed ionic-electronic conductors: Electrochemical oxygenation of La 2 CuO 4+x and La 2 NiO 4+x

Mixed ionic-electronic conductors have both ionic and electronic charge carriers, whose relative importance for electrical transport depends upon the boundary conditions imposed on the charge carriers by the electrodes. Timely examples are ${\mathrm{La}}_{2}{\mathrm{CuO}}_{4+x}$ and ${\mathrm{La}}_{2}{\mathrm{NiO}}_{4+x}.$ When these systems are oxygenated electrochemically, oxygen enters as ${\mathrm{O}}^{2\ensuremath{-}}$ at one electrode and ``holes'' enter at the other electrode. For slow steady transport, the electric field, rather than being uniform, varies linearly across a cylindrical sample. For pairs of electrodes that pass only holes or only ${\mathrm{O}}^{2\ensuremath{-}}$ ions, the electric field is uniform, but the steady-state conductivity is not that due to pure conduction by the charge carrier; it is enhanced by diffusion of that charge carrier. The short-time, or ac, conductivity is independent of the electrodes and is the sum of the individual charge-carrier conductivities.
Reverse scaffolding: a constructivist design architecture for mathematics learning with educational technology

In the context of a design-based research effort to develop a technology-enabled constructivist algebra unit, a new activity architecture emerged that steps students through discovery levels. As they build a virtual model of a problem situation, students figure out technical principles for assuring the model's fidelity to the situation. These construction heuristics, we find, are precisely the conceptual foundations of algebra, such as tinkering with the model to assure that the variable quantity is of consistent size throughout the model. We articulated these principles as situated intermediary learning objectives (SILOs). At each interaction level, the student discovers a SILO, and then the technology takes over by automatizing that SILO, thus freeing the student for further discovery. We call this architecture reverse scaffolding, because the cultural mediator thus relieves learners from performing what they know to do, not from what they do not know to do. In a quasi-experimental evaluation study (Grades 4 & 9; n=40), reverse-scaffolding students outperformed direct-scaffolding students, for whom the technical features were pre-automatized. We speculate on the architecture's generalizability.
Uptake of alpha-aminoisobutyric acid and phosphate by membrane vesicles derived from growing and quiescent fibroblasts.

Membrane vesicles derived principally from the plasma membrane and endoplasmic reticulum of mouse 3T3 cells transformed by Simian virus 40 take up α-aminoisobutyric acid (AIB) and phosphate (Pi). When NaCl is added simultaneously with AIB or Pi, uptake rises two- to three-times above the equilibrium uptake value found in the absence of NaCl. The ability to accumulate AIB or Pi over the control value, in the presence of a Na+ gradient, is almost lost in membrane vesicles derived from benzpyrene-transformed 3T3 cells (BP3T3) arrested in the G1 phase of the cell cycle by serum starvation. When added to the membranes with NaCl and the uptake substrate, a combination of fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and epidermal growth factor (EGF) restores the ability of the membranes to accumulate AIB and Pi over the control value.
Short-term weight cycling in aging female rats increases rate of weight gain but not body fat content.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the effects of short-term repeated weight cycling (WC) above and below the baseline (BL) body weight (BW) on body weight regulation, feeding efficiency, and fat content in old female Wistar rats when dietary fat content was kept constant. DESIGN: Completely randomized. ANIMALS AND METHODS: Female Wistar rats, 11 months old at the beginning of the study, were randomly divided into six groups (12 per group) after a group of rats (BL) was sacrificed for baseline data collection: the high fat gain (HFG) group gained weight to 20% above the BL weight with a high fat diet (HF) and returned to BL level by food restriction (50% of ad-libitum amount) for five cycles; the high fat loss (HFL) group lost weight to 20% below the BL weight by food restriction (50% of ad-libitum amount) and regained to BL level by ad-libitum feeding for four cycles; the high fat ad-libitum (HFA) and low fat ad-libitum (LFA) groups were fed HF and low fat (LF) diet, respectively, ad-libitum for the entire study; the high fat restricted (HFR group) and low fat restricted rats (LFR group) were fed the HF and LF diet, respectively, in restricted amounts to maintain BW at BL level. RESULTS: A trend of increased rates of weight gain and feeding efficiencies from the first to last cycles for both WC groups was observed, and significant increases was observed between cycles 4 and 5. The rate of weight gain and feeding efficiency of HFL was significantly higher than that of the HFG group for all cycles (P<0.05). The rates of weight loss were significantly decreasing with each successive cycle for HFG, but were unchanged for HFL. Percentage of body fat was not modified permanently from BL to sacrifice for both HFG and HFL groups. The body fat of HFA was higher than that of the other groups (P<0.01), while the body fat of LFA was significantly higher than that of the LFR, BL and HFL groups (P<0.01), but was similar to that of the HFG and HFR groups. The body fat of WC groups and HFR were similar to each other. The percentage of internal fat (retroperitoneal+omental) were similar for the WC groups. The percentage of internal fat of the HFG, HFR and LFA groups were similar, but were significantly higher than that of the BL and LFR groups (P<0.05). The percentage of internal fat of HFA was significantly higher than that of the rest of the groups (P<0.01). CONCLUSION: Short-term WC did not affect body fat content in these animals, but since weight gain became easier and weight loss became more difficult for animals in the HFG group, repeated WC may promote obesity in these rats.
Present and Accounted for: Improving Student Attendance Through Family and Community Involvement

Reducing student absenteeism and truancy is a goal of many schools across the country. Surprisingly little research focuses on what schools can do to increase and sustain students' daily attendance...
Disclosure Incentives and Effects on Cost of Capital around the World

Prior research predicts that firms reliant on external financing are more likely to undertake a higher level of disclosure, and a higher disclosure level should, in turn, lead to a lower cost of external financing. This paper tests these predictions outside the United States where alternative legal and financial systems could mitigate the effectiveness of such disclosures and, comprehensively, examines both disclosure incentives and disclosure consequences on cost of capital for a common set of firms. Using a sample from 34 countries, we find that firms in industries with greater external financing needs have higher voluntary disclosure levels, and that an expanded disclosure policy for these firms leads to a lower cost of both debt and equity capital. Crosscountry differences in legal and financial systems affect observed disclosure levels in predicted ways. However, a surprising result in the study is that voluntary disclosure incentives appear to operate independently of country‐level factors, which su...
Detection of complex atrial arrhythmias in resting ECG

Existing computerized methods of rhythm analysis are far from satisfactory for detecting complex atrial arrhythmias (CAAs) in surface ECG. Previously the authors reported a method to detect P waves. Now they describe a contextual analysis to exclude spurious waves and to improve detection of CCAs. ECGs (n=567) with sinus rhythm and CAAs (fibrillation, flutter, AV block & dissociation and junctional rhythms) were analyzed. Median QRST was subtracted from the raw data and atrial waves were detected and measured (duration, PR and PP intervals). The context of the blocked atrial waves was examined using their measurements and the spurious waves were excluded. Rhythm analysis was performed using the overall context of the P waves and QRS complexes. The resulting accuracies for detecting CAAs were better than those obtained without the contextual analysis. >
Exercise training and the stress response in rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson

Plasma levels of catecholamines, cortisol, and glucose were monitored in rainbow trout during a 6-week forced swimming exercise programme. Compared to resting non-exercised controls, resting trained fish had lower levels of epinephrine, norephinephrine, cortisol, and glucose during the last 3 weeks of training. Initially, trained fish that were swimming had higher levels of epinephrine than resting trained fish. After 2 weeks of exercise, swimming did not significantly elevate epinephrine levels in trained fish. Glucose levels were consistently greater in swimming fish than in resting fish. At the end of the training period, exercised trout had lower (15–20%) oxygen consumption rates while resting or swimming than unexercised fish. After a 5-month forced swimming exercise programme plasma levels of catecholamines and glucose were monitored in trained and untrained cannulated rainbow trout after 2 min of mild agitation. Trained fish showed an immediate (within 1 min) increase in the levels of epinephrine, but not norepinephrine and a delayed (within 15 min) increase in the levels of plasma glucose. Epinephrine levels returned to pre-stress levels within 15 min. Untrained fish had no significant increase in the plasma levels of norepinephrine, epinephrine, or glucose.
The Base Hydrolysis of Trans -Dibromobis(Ethylenediamine)-Chromium(III) Cation

A considerable amount of kinetic and mechanistic data has been reported for the base hydrolysis of cis- and trans-dihalobis(ethylenediamine)-cobalt(III) cations.1 On the other hand, the only chromium(III) analogs which have been studied are cis- and trans-dichlorobis(ethylenediamine)-chromium(III) cations.2 The present study was undertaken to gain additional base hydrolysis data for dihalobis(ethylenediamine)chromium(III) complexes, which will permit a more meaningful comparison with their cobalt(III) analogs.
The role of 7, 12 DMBA and three hormones in 7, 12 DMBA-induced rat mammary cancer: Three hypotheses

Abstract The investigation of the role of hormones in the development of hormone-dependent cancers is an interesting and important area of cancer research. A popular mode of examining this area is through experiments with rat or mouse mammary cancer induced by the potent carcinogen, 7, 12 dimethyl (∝)benzanthracene (7, 12 DMBA). This paper looks at the action of three specific hormones — estrogen, progesterone and prolactin — in the 7, 12 DMBA-induced mammary cancers. Three hypothesis for their action are examined: 1) the hormone as a carcinogen, 2) the hormone as a regulator of neoplasia, and 3) the hormone as both an initiator and a regulator of neoplasia. Although the third hypothesis is probably the least popular among researchers, it will be suggested that it is the most comprehensive and the most complete in that it accounts for evidence giving rise to the first two hypotheses by incorporating both of them. The base of this third hypothesis as presented here is the structural homologies between steric hormones and 7, 12 DMBA. It is suggested that these homologies allow 7, 12 DMBA to interfere with normal hormonal action, and that this interference results in the development of these rat mammary tumors.
A System for the Classification of Child Molesters: Reliability and Application

Although descriptive studies have demonstrated that child molesters are heterogeneous on numerous variables (Knight, Rosenberg, & Schneider, 1985), no classification systems have been constructed that divide child molesters into reliable, cohesive subgroups. This critical gap in our knowledge hampers the efficacy of clinical decisions about the treatment, management, and disposition of these offenders. The child molester typology presented here has been developed to fulfill the need for a clearly operationalized, reliable, valid system to address the problem of the manifest diversity of these offenders. This typology is the product of a research program that has integrated both deductive/rational and inductive/empirical strategies for generating and testing taxonomic systems (Knight, 1988; Knight & Prentky, in press). We present here the criteria for applying this system and the interrater reliability coefficients for assigning a sample of committed offenders to these proposed types.
Remembering: Functional Organization of the Declarative Memory System

How do brain systems support our subjective experience of recollection and our senses of familiarity and novelty? A new functional imaging study concludes that each of these functions is accomplished by a distinct component of the medial temporal lobe, shedding new light on the functional organization of this memory system.
Comparing Iraq to Vietnam Recognition, Recall, and the Nature of Cohort Effects

Cross-section samples in five states were asked in December 2004 and July 2005 whether the Iraq war is more like the Vietnam War or more like World War II. The Vietnam analogy was chosen disproportionately by those who were alive during that war, though the choice was not limited to exposure to the Vietnam period during what have been called the "critical years" of adolescence and early adulthood. The distinction between two forms of remembering, recall and recognition, helps situate the results with regard to past research on cohort effects on collective memory. Evidence is also presented against interpreting the present effect as related to the biological and social correlates of aging. Other results are included on the relations of analogy choice to partisan identification, gender, education, race, and region.
Dual-Grid Finite-Difference Frequency-Domain Method for Modeling Chiral Medium

A dual-grid finite-difference frequency-domain (DG-FDFD) method is introduced to solve for scattering of electromagnetic waves from bianisotropic objects. The formulations are based on a dual-grid scheme in which a traditional Yee grid and a transverse Yee grid are combined to achieve coupling of electric and magnetic fields that is imposed by the bianisotropy. Thus the underlying grid naturally supports the presented formulations. Introduction of a dual-grid scheme doubles the number of electromagnetic field components to be solved, which in turn implies increased time and memory of the computational resources for solution of the resulting matrix equation. As a remedy to this problem, an efficient iterative solution technique is presented that effectively reduces the solution time and memory. The presented formulations can solve problems including bianisotropic objects. The validity of the formulations is verified by calculating bistatic radar cross-sections of three-dimensional chiral objects. The results are compared with those obtained from analytical and other numerical solutions.
Hydrogenolysis of adsorbed methylthiolate on the Pt(111) surface

:::~l.i~~~~~~:~:~~l:~~::::::!:::::~.:.:.~:!::.:.:.::~:~~:~~~~.~~~~~ A combination of temperature programmed reaction experiments and fluorescence yield near edge spectroscopy (FYNES) has been used to characterize hydrogen induced C-S bond activation in adsorbed methylthiolate on the Pt(ll1) surface. The low temperature methane peak observed at 310 K during temperature programmed decomposition of methanethiol clearly involves reaction with adsorbed hydrogen since deuterium incorporation is observed in the presence of coadsorbed deuterium. Some multiple deuteration is observed suggesting that a mixture of carbon containing species may be involved in the hydrogenolysis process. In situ FYNES above the carbon K edge has been used to characterize the kinetics of this hydrogenolysis process in more detail. Transient FYNES measurements were used to characterize changes in the total carbon concentration during the hydrogenolysis reaction. In situ temperature programmed reaction experiments performed in 0.02 Torr of hydrogen clearly indicate that hydrogenolysis begins near 290 K and all carbon containing species are removed by 360 K. In situ isothermal kinetic studies indicate that the hydrogenolysis reaction is first order in adsorbed thiolate coverage and approximately half order in hydrogen pressure. The apparent activation energy for the hydrogenolysis reaction is 18 kcal/mol in the presence of 0.02 Torr of gaseous hydrogen. This activation energy represents a lower bound for the hydrogenolysis activation energy since the apparent heat includes the heat of adsorption for hydrogen. These direct kinetic measurements of this hydrogenolysis reaction under reactive gaseous environments highlight the role that in situ methods can play in characterizing surface reaction processes.
Development of a Radioactive Protein A-Based Assay for Analysis of Surface Protein Expression in Gram-Positive Bacteria

This paper describes an immunochemical method which uses radioactive protein A for the detection and analysis of streptococcal M6 protein epitopes on the surface of recombinant Streptococcus gordonii. With this assay, recombinant S. gordonii cells expressing a portion of the M6 protein on their surfaces show a 75-fold increase in bound radioactivity over cells of the control S. gordonii parental strain. Furthermore, use of the assay to monitor the amount of M6 protein present on the surface of the S. gordonii recombinant during growth in culture demonstrated that expression is highest at late log phase, with the protein being sloughed off during stationary phase. This simple assay allows analysis of surface protein without any protein purification or sophisticated instrumentation. As such, it should be broadly applicable to following the expression of most surface-accessible bacterial proteins.
Barbero-Immirzi field in canonical formalism of pure gravity

The Barbero-Immirzi (BI) parameter is promoted to a field and a canonical analysis is performed when it is coupled with a Nieh-Yan topological invariant. It is shown that, in the effective theory, the BI field is a canonical pseudoscalar minimally coupled with gravity. This framework is argued to be more natural than the one of the usual Holst action. Potential consequences in relation with inflation and the quantum theory are briefly discussed.
Phenylketonuria in an American Negro Infant

Phenylketonuria occurs in approximately one out of ev ery 100,000 American Negro births.This report of a Negro child with the disease care fully outlines her diagnosis, treatment, and physical and mental progress. Emphasized also is the need for even more widespread screening programs.