cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Correlating brain metabolism with stereotypic and locomotor behavior.

Many studies have shown that developmental cocaine exposure alters brain function and behavior; the present study examined the relationship between brain metabolism and behavioral responses to drug challenge. SKF 82958, a selective D1 dopamine agonist, was administered to preweaning cocaine-exposed (50 mg/kg/day) rats and controls at 60 days of age. Deoxyglucose was administered 30 min later, during the peak behavioral response, to measure brain functional activity Pearson product-moment correlations of behavior (locomotor activity and Stereotypic behavior) with rates of glucose metabolism in components of the nigrostriatal and mesolimbic circuits were analyzed. The analysis revealed that under saline-challenge conditions in control animals, rates of metabolism in mesolimbic regions are positively correlated to rates of locomotor activity, whereas in cocaine-treated rats, these correlations were absent. Following SKF challenge, a different pattern was seen; locomotor activity or Stereotypic behavior was not correlated with mesolimbic or nigrostriatal metabolism, respectively,in controls but was positively correlatedin cocaine-treatedrats. Therefore, cocaine exposure during development enhances the coupling of metabolism in components of the mesolimbic and nigrostriatal dopamine systems with the behavioral output associated with these systems under drug-challenge conditions. This may be due to loss of inhibitory influences within the mesolimbic and nigrostriatal systems. Thus, the correlation of behavior and cerebral glucose metabolism provides a unique way of examining the effect of developmental cocaine exposure.
Boronate-Based Fluorescent Probes for Imaging Cellular Hydrogen Peroxide

The syntheses, properties, and biological applications of the Peroxysensor family, a new class of fluorescent probes for hydrogen peroxide, are presented. These reagents utilize a boronate deprotection mechanism to provide high selectivity and optical dynamic range for detecting H2O2 in aqueous solution over similar reactive oxygen species (ROS) including superoxide, nitric oxide, tert-butyl hydroperoxide, hypochlorite, singlet oxygen, ozone, and hydroxyl radical. Peroxyresorufin-1 (PR1), Peroxyfluor-1 (PF1), and Peroxyxanthone-1 (PX1) are first-generation probes that respond to H2O2 by an increase in red, green, and blue fluorescence, respectively. The boronate dyes are cell-permeable and can detect micromolar changes in H2O2 concentrations in living cells, including hippocampal neurons, using confocal microscopy and two-photon microscopy. The unique combination of ROS selectivity, membrane permeability, and a range of available excitation/emission colors establishes the potential value of PR1, PF1, PX1,...
Characterization of dopamine release in the rat medial prefrontal cortex as assessed by in vivo microdialysis: comparison to the striatum.

Abstract Using the technique of perfusion microdialysis combined with a small-bore liquid chromatography system we have measured the basal and drug-induced fluxes of extracellular dopamine in the medial prefrontal cortex of chloral hydrate-anesthetized rats and have compared our findings in the cortex to that observed in the striatum. The results were as follows. (1) At a flow rate of 2 μ1/min, the basal level of dopamine in the medial prefrontal cortex was 0.28 ±0.1 ( n = 32) fmol/μl perfusate, which was nearly an order of magnitude less than that obtained from the striatum. (2) alpha-Methyl-para-tyrosine (150 mg/kg, i.v.) significantly decreased the extracellular levels of striatal and cortical dopamine. The magnitude and duration of the responses were similar in both regions. (3) Local perfusion with 30 mM K + had a more profound effect on dopamine release in the striatum than in the medial prefrontal cortex. The K + -induced release in both regions was significantly attenuated in the absence of Ca 2+ . (4) The anxiogenic beta carboline FG 7142 (15 mg/kg, i.p.) enhanced the release of cortical dopamine by about 50% while it was without an effect in the striatum. (5) Amphetamine (1 mg/kg, i.v.) significantly elevated, while reserpine (5 mg/kg, i.p.) rapidly attenuated, the dopamine level in the medial prefrontal cortex. These studies demonstrate that perfusion microdialysis, in conjunction with small-bore liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection, can be used to measure the basal release of dopamine in the rat medial prefrontal cortex and that the dopamine release process in this region, as has been shown in the striatum, is sensitive to stimulation conditions and pharmacological manipulations. The significance of variations in the pharmacological responsiveness of the dopamine released in the medial prefrontal cortex and striatum is discussed.
A new method for estimation of coronary artery dimensions in angiograms

A novel approach is presented for the measurement of the severity of coronary obstructions from coronary angiograms. The proposed approach exploits the characteristics of the signals involved. A model of the film density of the densitometric profiles of lines crossing the vessel is developed and used to estimate the diameter and cross-sectional area at each point along the vessel. The model accounts for the structure of the vessel and background, as well as the distortions introduced by the imaging system. The algorithms are tested on synthetic data, on X-rays of contrast-medium-filled cylindrical phantoms, and on real coronary angiograms. The algorithms are shown to have better performance than current methods. >
The demolition of downtown low-income residential buildings: A discriminant analysis

Abstract The research undertaken in this study was concerned with identifying a set of reliable criteria that will indicate those low-income residential buildings in downtown Seattle which are particularly vulnerable to demolition. These criteria could then be used as an early warning system for city staff and housing advocates to anticipate the imminent demolition of low-income housing. Discriminant analysis, a multivariate statistical technique, was used to establish the credibility of these criteria as indicators of demolition as well as their relative contribution to the classification process. The results indicate that discriminant analysis is useful in differentiating between demolished and standing buildings and that the resulting discriminant function can be used for the purpose of classifying and thus prioritizing other buildings not in the sample.
Status and ecology of Sotalia fluviatilis in the Cayos Miskito Reserve, Nicaragua

In March through May of 1996-1998, we conducted research in the Cayos Miskito Reserve, Nicaragua, to assess the status, ecology, and distribution of Sotalia juviatilis, a dolphin known from southern Brazil to Honduras. Aerial and boat surveys of lagoons, inlets, and coastal areas were conducted and observational information collected on Sotalia activity, behavior, and other factors relating to its ecology. During boat surveys 183 groups (536 individuals) were sighted (for areas with Sotalia, mean overall density = 0.604 individuals/km2, coastal areas = 0.647/km2, inlets = 0.578/km2, and lagoons = 0.486/km2). Overall, based on all sightings, mean group size was 3.01 (SD = 1.79, range 1-15) and varied among years (2 = 4.20 in 1996, 2.58 in 1997, and 3.39 in 1998), but not for different months. We estimate That 49 Sotalia inhabited the portions of the Reserve we studied. Sightings of Sotalia groups were non-random (nearest-neighbor analysis); clumping of sightings indicates that some areas were preferred. In both Pahara inlet and Wauhta lagoon, sightings were more frequent after 1200 than in the morning. In coastal areas Sotalia were sighted most often within 100 m of shore (54.0%), less often from 101 to 200 m (39.1%), and infrequently from 201 to 300 m (6.8%). Seldom were animals observed in more than 5 m of water, and usually it was considerably shallower (k, <2 m). Feeding was the predominant of five recorded activities (ie., traveling, feeding, socializing, resting, and other), based on time of group sighting (70.3%) and during instantaneous sampling (56.3%). Resource distribution appears to be an important factor influencing Sotalia distribution in the Reserve.
The Exchange Relationship between Mentors and Protégés: The Development of a Framework

Abstract A model for examining mentoring relationships which encompasses both mentor and protege perspectives is proposed. The model focuses on the exchange of behaviors exhibited by both partners in the mentoring relationship. Developing a framework of the exchange between the mentor and protege is important for a number of reasons including the identification of why some relationships become true mentoring relationships and others do not, the development of training and counseling to evaluate and assist individuals in mentoring relationships, and the development of a process to provide guidance to corporations wishing to incorporate mentoring programs.
Dexamethasone differentially alters naltrexone effects on vasopressin and oxytocin release during tail electroshock

Abstract The origin of endogenous opioid peptides that inhibit release of vasopressin (VP) and oxytocin (OT) into the bloodstream after tail electroshock was investigated. We hypothesized that endogenous opioid peptides derived from the anterior pituitary reduced secretion of VP and OT during this stimulus. To test this hypothesis, dexamethasone (DEX) was used to preferentially suppress release of endorphins with ACTH from the anterior pituitary. We evaluated the effects of an opiate receptor antagonist, naltrexone, on the rise in plasma [VP] and [OT] after tail electroshock in male Sprague-Dawley rats given DEX either chronically or acutely before the shock. In the chronic study rats were injected SC daily with saline (3.2 ml/kg) or DEX (0.2 mg/kg) for 17 days. In the short term study, rats were injected IP with saline (5 ml/kg) or DEX (0.5 mg/kg) the day before and again 105 min prior to tail electroshock. Thirty min (chronic study) or 90 min (acute study) after saline or DEX was given on the last day, rats were injected SC with saline (1 ml/kg) or naltrexone (1 mg/kg). Fifteen min later, animals received tail electroshock (41 V, 30 sec) and were decapitated 15 sec after shock was completed. Control animals were treated similarly but not shocked. Amounts of VP and OT in plasma and the neurointermediate lobe were quantified by RIA. [VP] and [OT] were elevated in plasma of all rats given tail electroshock. Greater increases ( p P
Resuscitation of the extremely preterm infant: A perspective from the social model of disability

The imminent birth of an extremely premature infant presents parents and health care professionals with difficult decisions regarding how aggressively to provide treatment for the infant. These dilemmas exist because extremely premature infants are at risk for disabilities such as cerebral palsy, blindness, and other neurological disorders. Technology has facilitated improved survival rates, but outcomes are uncertain and cannot be reliably predicted. The essential questions with the birth of an extremely preterm infant are: should the infant be resuscitated, and who makes the decision to resuscitate? This paper will explore resuscitation decisions for the extremely preterm infant within the social model of disability.
Feasibility of Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy Through an Inframammary Incision for a Nipple-Sparing Mastectomy

Background Nipple-sparing mastectomy (NSM) via an inframammary (IM) incision has been described for selected patients with breast cancer. However, the application of sentinel lymph node (SLN) mapping via an IM incision for NSM has yet to be reported. The objective of this study is to determine the technical feasibility of performing SLN through an IM incision without making an axillary counterincision.
Derivation of an integral equation for transonic flows

It is noted that the nonlinear partial differential equation for the perturbation velocity potential and boundary conditions describing steady inviscid compressible transonic flow past a thin two-dimensional airfoil can be transformed into a singular integrodifferential equation and that differentiation of the latter yields an integral equation. Two forms of this integral equation currently exist: one for the singularity that is enclosed in an infinitely long strip of vanishing thickness and the other for the singularity that is enclosed in a vanishing circle. In the present article, a more general integral equation is derived by enclosing the singularity in a vanishing rectangular cavity of arbitrary aspect ratio. The two existing forms of this equation are deduced as special cases distinguished by the respective values for the aspect ratio (infinity for the first form and unity for the second).
Errors in the certification of neonatal death

Objective: To examine the precision of the perinatal death certificate (PDC) and ascertain the possible sources of error in the certification of neonatal deaths. Methods: The ‘Main’ and ‘Other’ causes of death recorded on the PDC were obtained from the Registry of Births, Deaths and Marriages and compared with those from a clinicopathological summary (CPS) completed after all pending laboratory results and/or autopsy information were available. Results: There were 179 neonatal deaths during the 7 year period under review. The PDC and CPS main causes of death were concordant in 103 of 179 infants (58%) and discordant in the remaining 76 infants (42%). The PDC main cause of death was incorrectly classified in 61 of 76 infants (80%) with discordant findings and was incompletely classified in the remaining 15 infants (20%). The following discordancies were recorded for the 61 infants with an incorrect classification: (i) transposition of the ‘Main’ and ‘Other’ causes of death, resulting in a sequencing discordancy in 14 infants (23%); (ii) recording a non-pathological condition as the main cause of death in 40 infants (66%); and (iii) recording an incorrect pathological condition as the main cause of death in seven infants (11%). Eight of the 61 (13%) incorrect classifications and four of the 15 (27%) incomplete classifications were associated with laboratory and/or autopsy data being unavailable when the PDC was completed. Conclusions: The concordancy between the PDC and CPS would have increased from 58 to 91% if the ‘Main’ and ‘Other’ causes of death had been sequenced correctly, if the main cause of death had been ascribed to a pathological disease rather than a non-pathological condition and if corrective information from pending laboratory tests and/or autopsy examination had been made available to the Registry of Births, Deaths and Marriages.
Schleiermacher and the Reformation: A Question of Doctrinal Development

The month of December 1816 found Schleiermacher thinking about too many things at once and not at all in the best of health. To his friend Gass, who seemed to have no trouble combining scholarship with administration, he sent a plea for help: I have long been bent upon making just some superficial patristic and scholastic studies, in order to gather a few handy quotations for my dogmatics; and I never got around to it. I would be very much obliged if you would write me somewhat more exactly how you have gone about it and on what [passages] you have chiefly relied.'
The Metabolic Rift and Marine Ecology: An Analysis of the Ocean Crisis Within Capitalist Production

This article develops a theoretical foundation for understanding the human influence on the oceans and the resulting oceanic crisis as it relates to the depletion of fish stock and the expansion of...
THE POTENTIAL FOR SHORT-RUN SHIFTING OF A CORPORATE PROFITS TAX

Can the owners of a firm shift a corporate profits tax to consumers? Not in the short run if the tax is stated as a proportion of profits and the firm is a profit maximizer. But what if the firm wishes to pursue a strategy other than profit maximization, say revenue maximization subject to a profit constraint? Under such a condition the firm's reaction to a tax or tax increase might be a price rise that captures part of the foregone profits. We show that firms which operate at a point on their demand curve that differs from profit maximization have an incentive to raise price in response to the tax – and that high cost firms have a greater incentive to raise price than do low cost firms. Our empirical analysis of the US beer industry confirms this finding, and sheds light on the Krzyzaniak–Musgrave analysis of the 1960s which suggested that the corporation income tax produced significant short-run shifting.
Complex I and Its Involvement in Redox Homeostasis and Carbon and Nitrogen Metabolism in Rhodobacter capsulatus

A transposon mutant of Rhodobacter capsulatus, strain Mal7, that was incapable of photoautotrophic and chemoautotrophic growth and could not grow photoheterotrophically in the absence of an exogenous electron acceptor was isolated. The phenotype of strain Mal7 suggested that the mutation was in some gene(s) not previously shown to be involved in CO(2) fixation control. The site of transposition in strain Mal7 was identified and shown to be in the gene nuoF, which encodes one of the 14 subunits for NADH ubiquinone-oxidoreductase, or complex I. To confirm the role of complex I and nuoF for CO(2)-dependent growth, a site-directed nuoF mutant was constructed (strain SBC1) in wild-type strain SB1003. The complex I-deficient strains Mal7 and SBC1 exhibited identical phenotypes, and the pattern of CO(2) fixation control through the Calvin-Benson-Bassham pathway was the same for both strains. It addition, it was shown that electron transport through complex I led to differential control of the two major cbb operons of this organism. Complex I was further shown to be linked to the control of nitrogen metabolism during anaerobic photosynthetic growth of R. capsulatus.
Quality of life in referred patients presenting to a specialty clinic for osteopathic manipulative treatment.

Previous research has found that patients of osteopathic physicians tend to report poorer general health perceptions than persons in the general population or than patients of allopathic physicians. Quality of life and level of healthcare satisfaction in patients referred to a specialty clinic for osteopathic manipulative treatment (OMT) at a college of osteopathic medicine were measured in 1997. Data from the Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short Form (SF-36) were used to compute standardized scores in the following eight health scales: physical functioning, role limitations because of physical problems, bodily pain, general health perceptions, vitality, social functioning, role limitations because of emotional problems, and mental health. There were 185 patients who returned the survey (mean response rate, 90%), including 22 new and 163 established patients. Patients reported poorer health than the general population on all eight scales (P < .001). Patients frequently reported poorer quality of life than referents with hypertension, congestive heart failure, type 2 diabetes mellitus, recent acute myocardial infarction, or clinical depression. More than 97% of established patients were satisfied or very satisfied with the healthcare received at the clinic. This study suggests that referred patients presenting to osteopathic physicians for OMT may have poorer quality of life than is generally recognized when relying only on traditional diagnostic approaches. Early detection and treatment of musculoskeletal conditions may be important factors in preventing chronicity and its impact on quality of life.
Reaction Kinetics of Immobilized-Cell Denitrification. II: Experimental Study

Laboratory experiments were conducted to characterize the performance of an immobilized-cell denitrification process treating nitrate-contaminated groundwater and to provide supporting data for the validation of a quasi-steady state model based on half-order reaction kinetics. The treatment process consists of laboratory-scale, plug-flow reactors packed with biocatalyst particles. Pseudomonas denitrificans (American Type Culture Collection 13867), a heterotrophic denitrifier, was cultured and immobilized in calcium alginate particles. Ethanol was used as the source of organic carbon. Thirty concentration profiles were obtained at four levels of nitrate concentration and at three ranges of flow rate. An analysis of the nitrate and nitrite concentration profiles suggested that a half-order reaction rate model could be used to describe the reduction of both nitrate and nitrite. The half-order reaction rate constants for nitrate and nitrite reduction were dependent on the age of the biocatalyst particles and ...
Listening to Their Voices: Middle Schoolers' Perspectives of Life in Middle School.

This article examines middle schoolers’ perspectives on their lives in middle school. Fifteen middle school students from three middle schools in the Southeast region of the United States participated in a basic qualitative study using focus groups at their schools where they were asked the central question, “If you could change one thing at your middle school, what would it be?” Findings show that students’ desire caring teachers, students want active classrooms, and students’ technology use impacts attitudes towards learning. Implications are that middle-school learning can increase relevance by teachers demonstrating care for students as individuals; structuring opportunities for students to interact with them and each other around real-world problems; and incorporating technology into learning in ways adolescents already use it. Keywords: Middle School Experience, Student Voice, Perspectives on Teaching and Learning, Technology Use, Basic Qualitative Study “Bringing student voice front and center can nudge us toward education owned, at least in part, by those it claims to serve.” (Doda & Knowles, 2008, p. 32) The United States Census Bureau reported that in 2007, over three million students dropped out of school. This number translates to approximately seven thousand students dropping out of school every day with 1.2 million students per year failing to graduate from high school (U.S. Census Bureau, 2009). This disengagement from organized schooling will lead to poorer earning potential and life outcomes. Not surprisingly, students who drop out of school can expect to earn about $260,000 less during their lifetime than those with a high school diploma (Alliance for Excellent Education, 2009). These startling statistics lead us to question how we, as educators, can keep students engaged in our school systems. One approach to keeping adolescents engaged in their education is to include them in decision-making. Cook-Sather (2002) claims that secondary students desire to be active participants in the learning process. Students need to feel that they are not only a part of the school community, but that they also are competent individuals who are in control of their learning. Therefore, students need opportunities to make decisions about their learning and to work toward those goals. Students who are involved in decisionmaking processes in the classroom, co-create educational goals with their teachers, and who work collaboratively with their teachers to reach these goals are more likely to achieve academically (Certo, Cauley, & Chafin, 2003). The problem addressed by this study is that students’ levels of achievement may be determined by the relationships they have with their teachers and how students feel about their schools overall (Cassidy & Bates, 2005; Ding & Hall, 2007; Knesting &
VARIABLE RETURNS TO SCALE AND REGIONAL RESOURCE ALLOCATION UNDER UNCERTAINTY

. This paper investigates the resource allocational implications of intra-industrial externalities, i.e., variable returns to scale (VRS), in a two-region general equilibrium model of production under uncertainty. It is shown that most standard results concerning changes in the goods price ratio with constant returns to scale (CRS) under uncertainty generalize to VRS. In contrast, standard results concerning changes in factor endowments extend from CRS to decreasing returns to scale, but not to all permissible levels of increasing returns to scale. Thus, such theorems as factor price equalization and Rybczynski do not generalize to all real-world levels of VRS.
Wardens' Views on the Wisdom of Supermax Prisons

Super-maximum security prisons have proliferated nationally, reflecting a belief among policy makers and corrections officials that such high-cost housing is effective. Yet little is known about the precise goals of “supermax” prisons, whether these goals are achieved, what unintended effects supermaxes may have, and, more generally, whether they represent a wise investment. State correctional data systems do not readily allow for assessment of these issues. The authors of this study therefore administered surveys to state prison wardens—a population uniquely situated to provide insight about supermaxes—to address existing gaps in knowledge and to inform research and policy debates. The authors discuss the study's findings and implications.
Exact and approximate sampling by systematic stochastic search

We introduce adaptive sequential rejection sampling, an algorithm for generating exact samples from high-dimensional, discrete distributions, building on ideas from classical AI search. Just as systematic search algorithms like A* recursively build complete solutions from partial solutions, sequential rejection sampling recursively builds exact samples over high-dimensional spaces from exact samples over lower-dimensional subspaces. Our algorithm recovers widely-used particle filters as an approximate variant without adaptation, and a randomized version of depth first search with backtracking when applied to deterministic problems. In this paper, we present the mathematical and algorithmic underpinnings of our approach and measure its behavior on undirected and directed graphical models, obtaining exact and approximate samples in a range of situations.
Maximum Permissible EB Acceleration Voltage for SEM-Based Inspection Before Electrical Characterization of Advanced MOS

The electron beam based inspection instruments such as the review-SEM are widely used to analyze defects during manufacturing and failure analysis of scaled devices. Nano-probers used for scaled device analysis also employs SEM for probe guidance. However, electron beam (EB) induced damages are increasing with the scaling. A higher SEM resolution induces device damage. To avoid the damage, the acceleration voltage should be lower. Several generations of scaled devices from 350nm to 65nm were examined, and critical EB acceleration voltage that induced device degradation was quantitatively evaluated. The determination mechanism of permissible electron beam acceleration voltage is clarified.
A reciprocity theorem for electromagnetic fields with general time dependence

A reciprocity theorem for electromagnetic fields with general time dependence has been derived in the time domain, and thus the result is applicable to fields whose time dependences are not Fourier transformable functions. The region to which the theorem applies may consist of dissipative, dispersive, nonhomogeneous, and anisotropic (but nongyrotropic) media, and all these properties may extend to infinity. Based on this theorem a variational expression which provides an approximation for calculating scattered fields has been obtained. The meaning of the approximation for the fields as arbitrary functions of time is discussed, together with three types of practical detecting systems, namely, square law, full-wave bridge, and single diode. For the latter two types, it is found that the variational expression yields an upper bound to the signal at the output of the detector.
Membrane Topology of the ZntB Efflux System of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium

The membrane topology of the ZntB Zn 2+ transport protein of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium was determined by constructing deletion derivatives of the protein and genetically fusing them to blaM or lacZ cassettes. The enzymatic activities of the hybrid proteins indicate that ZntB is a bitopic integral membrane protein consisting largely of two independent domains. The first 266 amino acids form a large, highly charged domain within the cytoplasm, while the remaining 61 residues form a small membrane domain containing two membrane-spanning segments. The overall orientation towards the cytoplasm is consistent with the ability of ZntB to facilitate zinc efflux.
Positive and negative regulation of the myeloid dendritic cell lineage.

Recent advances have revealed that dendritic cells (DCs) are not a single cell type, but a system of cells that are phenotypically and function- ally diverse. DC subtypes stemming from the my- eloid and lymphoid lineages promote a diversity of immune responses ranging from the stimulation of naive T and B cell responses to the down-regulation of T cell responses. Although differences in antigen handling are linked to DC developmental stages in the myeloid DC lineage, the particular type of immune response elicited may be determined by a specific DC subtype. This review summarizes key regulatory mechanisms controlling the develop- ment of myeloid lineage DCs from multipotent progenitors. Emphasis is placed on describing a highly orchestrated series of proliferative, apop- totic, and developmental events involving granulo- cyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, trans- forming growth factor b, and the tumor necrosis factor a, CD95, and bcl-2 protein families. J. Leukoc. Biol. 66: 209-216; 1999.
Cerebellar Projections to the Prefrontal Cortex of the Primate

The cerebellum is known to project via the thalamus to multiple motor areas of the cerebral cortex. In this study, we examined the extent and anatomical organization of cerebellar input to multiple regions of prefrontal cortex. We first used conventional retrograde tracers to map the origin of thalamic projections to five prefrontal regions: medial area 9 (9m), lateral area 9 (9l), dorsal area 46 (46d), ventral area 46, and lateral area 12. Only areas 46d, 9m, and 9l received substantial input from thalamic regions included within the zone of termination of cerebellar efferents. This suggested that these cortical areas were the target of cerebellar output. We tested this possibility using retrograde transneuronal transport of the McIntyre-B strain of herpes simplex virus type 1 from areas of prefrontal cortex. Neurons labeled by retrograde transneuronal transport of virus were found in the dentate nucleus only after injections into areas 46d, 9m, and 9l. The precise location of labeled neurons in the dentate varied with the prefrontal area injected. In addition, the dentate neurons labeled after virus injections into prefrontal areas were located in regions spatially separate from those labeled after virus injections into motor areas of the cerebral cortex. Our observations indicate that the cerebellum influences several areas of prefrontal cortex via the thalamus. Furthermore, separate output channels exist in the dentate to influence motor and cognitive operations. These results provide an anatomical substrate for the cerebellum to be involved in cognitive functions such as planning, working memory, and rule-based learning.
Membrane estrogen receptor-α levels predict estrogen-induced ERK1/2 activation in MCF-7 cells

We examined the participation of a membrane form of estrogen receptor (mER)-α in the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (extracellular signal-regulated kinase [ERK]1 and ERK2) related to cell growth responses in MCF-7 cells. We immunopanned and subsequently separated MCF-7 cells (using fluorescence-activated cell sorting) into mER-α-enriched (mERhigh) and mER-α-depleted (mERlow) populations. We then measured the expression levels of mER-α on the surface of these separated cell populations by immunocytochemical analysis and by a quantitative 96-well plate immunoassay that distinguished between mER-α and intracellular ER-α. Western analysis was used to determine colocalized estrogen receptor (ER)-α and caveolins in membrane subfractions. The levels of activated ERK1 and ERK2 were determined using a fixed cell-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay developed in our laboratory. Immunocytochemical studies revealed punctate ER-α antibody staining of the surface of nonpermeabilized mERhigh cells, whereas the majority of mERlow cells exhibited little or no staining. Western analysis demonstrated that mERhigh cells expressed caveolin-1 and caveolin-2, and that ER-α was contained in the same gradient-separated membrane fractions. The quantitative immunoassay for ER-α detected a significant difference in mER-α levels between mERhigh and mERlow cells when cells were grown at a sufficiently low cell density, but equivalent levels of total ER-α (membrane plus intracellular receptors). These two separated cell subpopulations also exhibited different kinetics of ERK1/2 activation with 1 pmol/l 17β-estradiol (E2), as well as different patterns of E2 dose-dependent responsiveness. The maximal kinase activation was achieved after 10 min versus 6 min in mERhigh versus mERlow cells, respectively. After a decline in the level of phosphorylated ERKs, a reactivation was seen at 60 min in mERhigh cells but not in mERlow cells. Both 1A and 2B protein phosphatases participated in dephosphorylation of ERKs, as demonstrated by efficient reversal of ERK1/2 inactivation with okadaic acid and cyclosporin A. Our results suggest that the levels of mER-α play a role in the temporal coordination of phosphorylation/dephosphorylation events for the ERKs in breast cancer cells, and that these signaling differences can be correlated to previously demonstrated differences in E2-induced cell proliferation outcomes in these cell types.
Time-Resolved Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Study of Photoionization of Tyrosine Anion in Aqueous Solution

— Photoionization of the amino acid tyrosine in basic water was studied by time-resolved electron paramagnetic resonance (TREPR) at X-band (9.5 GHz). Photoionization of deprotonated tyrosine leads to a spin-polarized emissive/absorptive chemically induced dynamic electron polarization (CIDEP) spectrum produced by the radical pair mechanism, with the tyrosyl radical in emission and the solvated electron in absorption, which implies a triplet precursor. The exchange interaction, J, is found to be negative for this radical pair. The triplet photoionization channel is determined to be monophotonic. The singlet channel of photoionization of deprotonated tyrosine is seen only upon addition of the electron acceptor 2-bro-mo-2-methylpropionic acid (BMPA) to the sample. The singlet channel is isolated by performing TREPR on a sample containing tyrosine, BMPA and a triplet quencher (2,4-hexadienoic acid). This channel is also found to be monophotonic.
Dynamic co-scheduling of distributed computation and replication

We are interested in developing the infrastructural tools that allow a distributed data intensive computing environment to be shared by a group of collaborating but geographically separated researchers in an interactive manner, as opposed to a batch mode of operation. However, without advanced reservation, it is difficult to assure a certain level of performance on a large number of shared and heterogeneous servers. To achieve scalable parallel speedups in this scenario, we must closely integrate the management of computation and runtime data movement. In this paper, we first define the canonical scheduling problem for datasets distributed with k-way replication in the wide area. We then develop a dynamic co-scheduling algorithm that integrates the scheduling of computation and data movement. Using time-varying visualization as the driving application, we demonstrate that our co-scheduling approach improves not only application performance but also server utilization at a very reasonable cost.
Phase I Study of Panobinostat (LBH589) and Letrozole in Postmenopausal Metastatic Breast Cancer Patients.

Abstract Introduction Histone deacetylase inhibitors have been found to restore sensitivity to the estrogen receptor in endocrine-resistant and triple-negative breast cancer cell lines. We decided to test panobinostat, a pan-histone deacetylase inhibitor, because of preclinical data, combined with letrozole in a phase I study. Patients and Methods We enrolled patients with metastatic breast cancer to determine the safety and tumor response using Response Evaluation Criteria In Solid Tumors. Dose level 1 was panobinostat 20 mg orally 3 times weekly with oral letrozole 2.5 mg daily. Dose level 2 was panobinostat 30 mg orally 3 times weekly, with the same dose of letrozole. Results A total of 12 patients (6 at each dose level) were enrolled, and 43 cycles of treatment were given. Of the 6 patients at dose level 1, 1 experienced dose-limiting toxicity (20-mg dose level; an increase in creatinine). At the 30-mg dose level, 3 of 6 patients experienced dose-limiting toxicity, 1 each of grade 3 thrombocytopenia with bleeding, grade 4 thrombocytopenia, and grade 3 diarrhea. The maximum tolerated dose was 20 mg. Of the 12 patients, 2 experienced a partial response, and 5 had stable disease. The most common severe adverse event was thrombocytopenia, occurring in 4 of 12 patients. Conclusion The recommended phase II starting dose is panobinostat 20 mg orally 3 times weekly (eg, Monday, Wednesday, Friday) and oral letrozole 2.5 mg daily. This dose should be escalated to 30 mg orally 3 times weekly if no grade 3 toxicity has developed, because the partial responses occurred in patients receiving the 30-mg dose.
Cellular Cytotoxicity and Serum Inhibition in Normal Mice Following Transfer of Syngeneic Tumor-Sensitized Cells

Investigations were performed to elucidate changes in normal syngeneic recipients after they received tumor-sensitized cells. Transfer of regional or nonregional lymph node cells or spleen cells from tumor-bearing inbred C3HeB/FeJ mice to normal syngeneic recipients caused the recipients to produced bone marrow, which mediated in vitro cytolysis of immunizing tumor target cells. This finding was not entirely limited to transfer of lymphoid cells. The transfer of myeloid cells, granulocytes, and cultured macrophages from tumor-bearing mice also produced cytotoxic cells. The extent of cytotoxicity following cell transfer was related to the duration of tumor growth in cell donors, to the degree of cytotoxicity, and to the number of cells transferred. Both the iv and ip routes were equally effective. Treatment of cells before transfer with trypsin or pronase, mitomycin C, or sublethal irradiation failed to prevent development of cytotoxicity in cells of the recipient, whereas freeze-thawing abolished this event. Serum from the cell recipient could inhibit the cytotoxicity demonstrated by lymphoid cells derived from the recipient or from a tumor-bearing animal. The findings indicate that "information" transferred to normal animals not previously exposed to a tumor results in production of tumor-specific cytotoxic cells in these animals.
Microbial carbon use efficiency: accounting for population, community, and ecosystem-scale controls over the fate of metabolized organic matter

Microbial carbon use efficiency (CUE) is a critical regulator of soil organic matter dynamics and terrestrial carbon fluxes, with strong implications for soil biogeochemistry models. While ecologists increasingly appreciate the importance of CUE, its core concepts remain ambiguous: terminology is inconsistent and confusing, methods capture variable temporal and spatial scales, and the significance of many fundamental drivers remains inconclusive. Here we outline the processes underlying microbial efficiency and propose a conceptual framework that structures the definition of CUE according to increasingly broad temporal and spatial drivers where (1) CUE P reflects population-scale carbon use efficiency of microbes governed by species-specific metabolic and thermodynamic constraints, (2) CUE C defines community-scale microbial efficiency as gross biomass production per unit substrate taken up over short time scales, largely excluding recycling of microbial necromass and exudates, and (3) CUE E reflects the ecosystem-scale efficiency of net microbial biomass production (growth) per unit substrate taken up as iterative breakdown and recycling of microbial products occurs. CUEE integrates all internal and extracellular constraints on CUE and hence embodies an ecosystem perspective that fully captures all drivers of microbial biomass synthesis and decay. These three definitions are distinct yet complementary, capturing the capacity for carbon storage in microbial biomass across different ecological scales. By unifying the existing concepts and terminology underlying microbial efficiency, our framework enhances data interpretation and theoretical advances.
Health Care Providers Discussions of Tobacco Use, Advice to Quit and Patient Satisfaction at College Health Centres

The prevalence of cigarette smoking among young people is a cause for concern. College health care providers (HCPs) can provide evidence-based interventions but frequently do not, in part, because of concerns that tobacco interventions might alienate their young patients. Six hundred and eighty-four college student patients were interviewed as they exited a college health centre. The patients were asked about smoking status, about discussions with their provider regarding tobacco and to rate their satisfaction with the visit. Of the students who smoked, 48.6% reported the HCP discussed tobacco use and 38.6% reported that the HCP provided advice to quit. Mean ranked satisfaction was significantly higher among students who received tobacco discussions and/or advice to quit. This study should encourage college providers to intervene with smoking college students without fear that this will alienate patients.
An Evidence-Based Approach to Defining Fetal Macrosomia.

Objective This study aims to determine the risk of adverse outcomes associated with the current diagnostic criteria for fetal macrosomia. Study Design We evaluated three techniques for characterizing birth weight as a predictor of shoulder dystocia or third- or fourth-degree laceration in 79,879 vaginal deliveries. First, we compared deliveries with birth weights above or below 4,500 g. We then performed logistic regression using birth weight as a continuous predictor, both with and without fractional polynomial transformation. Finally, we calculated the number of cesarean sections required to prevent one incident of the interrogated outcomes (number needed to treat [NNT]). Results Rates of adverse intrapartum outcomes increase incrementally with increasing birth weight and are predicted most accurately with logistic regression following fractional polynomial transformation. The NNT for third- or fourth-degree laceration dropped from 14.3 (95% confidence interval [CI], 13.9–14.7) at a birth weight of 3,500 g to 6.4 (95% CI, 6.1–6.8) at 4,500 g and, for shoulder dystocia, from 54.9 (95% CI, 51.5–58.6) at 3,500 g to 5.6 (95% CI, 5.2–6.0) at 4,500 g. Conclusion The conventional distinction between “normal” and “macrosomic” does not reflect the incremental effect of increasing birth weight on the risk of obstetric morbidity. Outcomes analysis can inform fetal growth standards to better reflect relevant thresholds of risk.
Assay of Thyrotropic Hormone on Day-Old Chicks

Of the several methods employed in assays of thyrotropic hormone that utilizing the structure and weight responses of the thyroids of guinea pigs is the most commonly used.12 Day-old white leghorn chicks have been found not only to respond more sensitively than guinea pigs but also to give a relatively greater weight increase and to exhibit a more uniform thyroid structure.The preparation used was a partially purified alkaline extract of beef anterior pituitary.3 Although a response is elicited by a single dose in 24 hours, 5 daily injections were found to give a maximal reaction. Further division of doses into 2 a day for 5 days gave a somewhat greater response.One hundred and seventy-five injected chicks and 36 uninjected controls furnish the basis for the assay curve. Each sample of extract was tested on 5 chicks. At autopsy the thyroids, dissected under a binocular microscope, were weighed and body weight and sex recorded. The total dose was divided into 5 daily subcutaneous injections. It was found a...
PEER RELATIONS AND BEHAVIORS OF ADOPTIVE CHILDREN IN RESIDENTIAL TREATMENT

This study explored the peer relationships and behaviors of 17 adoptive children in a residential treatment center. Compared to a group of 17 nonadoptive children, the youngsters tended to be rejected more by peers and to be perceived as having greater attentional difficulties by child-care workers.
Muscle-specific regulation of the heme biosynthetic enzyme 5'-aminolevulinate synthase.

The induction of 5'-aminolevulinate synthase (ALV synthase) activity in adult muscle by overload occurs in the absence of proportional changes in its mRNA content. Complete interpretation of these ...
Osteoclastogenic Differentiation of Macrophages in the Development of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms

Objective—Arterial calcification is common and contributes to the pathogenesis of occlusive vascular disease. Similar to the dynamics of bone, it is a tightly controlled process that maintains a balance between osteogenesis and osteolysis. However, whether calcium homeostasis plays a role in the development of aneurysms has not been explored. We hypothesized that macrophages differentiate into osteoclasts in aneurysmal arteries and that protease byproducts contribute to aneurysm pathophysiology. Approach and Results—We performed histological and immunohistochemical analyses and showed that macrophages positive for several osteoclast markers, including tartrate acid phosphatase, occur in great numbers in the human aneurysmal aorta, but very few occur in the human stenotic aorta and none in the nondiseased human aorta. Moreover, in situ zymography showed elevated protease activity in these cells compared with undifferentiated macrophages. Tumor necrosis factor-α and calcium phosphate stimulated this osteocl...
The Effects of Various Salts, Temperature, and the Alkaloids Veratridine and Batrachotoxin on the Uptake of [3H] Dopamine into Synaptosomes from Rat Striatum

Synaptosomes prepared from rat corpus striatum concentrated dopamine nearly 200-fold over the medium within 2 min. The uptake of [3H]dopamine was proportional to the concentration of Na+ between 35 and 154 mM. The optimal concentration of K+ was 3.9 mM; below or above this concentration uptake was inhibited. The uptake process was saturable, with an apparent Km of 0.13 µM for [3H]dopamine at physiological concentrations of Na+ and K+. Reduced concentrations of Na+ or K+ lowered the Vmax but had no effect on the apparent Km for [3H]dopamine, whereas elevated concentrations of K+ increased the apparent Km for [3H]dopamine without affecting the Vmax. Synaptosomal uptake decreased with decreasing temperature and showed a sharp break in the Arrhenius plot at 30°. The Q10 was 1.7 above and 4.5 below 30°. Both veratridine and batrachotoxin inhibited [3H]dopamine uptake into striatal synaptosomes, and tetrodotoxin partially prevented the inhibition. The inhibition occurred in striatal synaptosomes prepared from reserpinized as well as nonreserpinized rats. These results suggest that the inhibition of uptake by veratridine and batrachotoxin is caused by increased Na+ permeability of the synaptosomal membrane. The results of this study are consistent with the hypothesis that ions are cotransported with dopamine across the synaptosomal membrane.