cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interleukin-6 Induces G1Arrest through Induction of p27Kip1, a Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor, and Neuron-like Morphology in LNCaP Prostate Tumor Cells

Abstract Prostate carcinoma cells express high levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-6 receptor. In this study, we examined the effect of IL-6 on LNCaP human prostate carcinoma cells. IL-6 induces G1growth arrest of LNCaP. Following IL-6 treatment of LNCaP, Western blot analysis showed that the protein levels of cyclin-dependent kinase-2 (CDK2), CDK4, and CDK6 were decreased, while accumulation of CDK inhibitor p27Kip1was rapidly and markedly induced.In vitrokinase assays revealed that the CDK-associated histone H1 and CDK4- and CDK6-associated pRb kinase activities were significantly inhibited in IL-6-treated LNCaP. Further, a significant amount of p27Kip1was co-precipitated with CDK2, CDK4 and CDK6, as detected in immunoprecipitation experiments. Thus, IL-6-induced G1arrest appears to be due to the accumulation of p27Kip1. In addition, IL-6-treated LNCaP cells induced neuron-like morphological changes. Since neuroendocrine differentiation is observed in most prostate carcinomas, these findings raise the possibility that IL-6 may be involved in neuroendocrine differentiationin vivo.
Nanophase diamond films produced by laser deposition

Films of nanophase diamond can be prepared in vacuum by the laser ablation of graphite at intensities in excess of 10 11 W cm -2 . A variety of structural morphologies can result that depend upon the kinetic energies and charge states employed. The most promising is a nanophase diamond that we originally termed `amorphic diamond.' It is composed of nanometer scale nodules of sp 3 bonded carbon. The high energy of condensation from the laser plasma source provides both for the chemical bonding of such films to a wide variety of substrates and for low values of residual compressive stress, 0.6 - 0.8 GPa. This paper reports the solution of a lingering problem with the hardness of nanophase diamond. The packing density of nodules in the finished ceramic depends upon process variables and so hardness can fluctuate. With critical control at the point of ablation, films are produced that are too hard to measure. In this work, raw data produced with an advanced nanoindentation technique was analyzed with the conventional procedure and a hardness value of 125 GPa was obtained. Exceeding the hardness of natural diamond this value was so large as to raise concern for the validity of the conventional model used to interpret data. To avoid model dependent interpretation, a differential loading pressure, independent of depth, was used to give a lower limit on the hardness directly from the raw data. Comparable values of this lower limit, near 75 GPa have been measured on crystalline diamond prepared by CVD and on nanophase diamond deposited by our laser plasma method. The combination of hardness and resiliency together with a coefficient of friction near 0.1, seems to make nanophase diamond an attractive coating for use in current industrial applications.
Modified Response Elaboration Training: A systematic extension with replications

Background: Response Elaboration Training (RET; Kearns, 1985) has been found to consistently result in increased production of content in discourse with persons with aphasia. Positive treatment effects have been reported for persons representing a variety of aphasia types and severities. RET was modified for application with persons with acquired apraxia of speech and aphasia and positive outcomes were also associated with the modified treatment (Wambaugh & Martinez, 2000). Although RET has received systematic study, its stimulus generalisation effects are not well understood. Aims: This investigation was designed to measure the stimulus generalisation effects of modified RET (M-RET) in a variety of conditions as well as to further study the effects of M-RET applied to a personal recount condition. Methods & Procedures: Multiple baseline designs (across behaviours and participants) were utilised to examine treatment effects. Treatment was applied sequentially to picture sets and a personal recount conditi...
NoCMsg: A Scalable Message-Passing Abstraction for Network-on-Chips

The number of cores of contemporary processors is constantly increasing and thus continues to deliver ever higher peak performance (following Moore’s transistor law). Yet high core counts present a challenge to hardware and software alike. Following this trend, the network-on-chip (NoC) topology has changed from buses over rings and fully connected meshes to 2D meshes. This work contributes NoCMsg, a low-level message-passing abstraction over NoCs, which is specifically designed for large core counts in 2D meshes. NoCMsg ensures deadlock-free messaging for wormhole Manhattan-path routing over the NoC via a polling-based message abstraction and non--flow-controlled communication for selective communication patterns. Experimental results on the TilePro hardware platform show that NoCMsg can significantly reduce communication times by up to 86p for single packet messages and up to 40p for larger messages compared to other NoC-based message approaches. On the TilePro platform, NoCMsg outperforms shared memory abstractions by up to 93p as core counts and interprocess communication increase. Results for fully pipelined double-precision numerical codes show speedups of up to 64p for message passing over shared memory at 32 cores. Overall, we observe that shared memory scales up to about 16 cores on this platform, whereas message passing performs well beyond that threshold. These results generalize to similar NoC-based platforms.
Ageism: A prejudice touching both young and old

Prejudice and discrimination can be both subtle and blatant. It offends and affects both young and old. If our goal as teacher or caregiver is to guide children to grow up in a world that celebrates diversity and strives to reduce and eventually eliminate destructive forces such as racism and sexism, then we must analyze our homes and clssrooms through a wide-angled lens that allows us to see the presence of ageism and its manifestations. In a society that seems to be increasingly segregated by age, we have a tremendous responsibility to examine ways in which we endorse and teach values regarding the worth and dignity of each human being. We must begin to direct the experiences children have toward the development of positive attitudes toward all people including the elderly.
The dissociation energy of AsO from gaseous equilibrium measurements

Abstract The gaseous exchange reaction As + SnO = AsO + Sn was studied by mass spectrometry (1408–1487 K), yielding the dissociation energy D 0 0 (AsO) = 4.92 ± 0.08 eV. This agrees closely with a spectroscopic result from the B state of AsO, corroborating the interpretation of the band spectra. Reanalysis of the ground-state vibrational levels yields a similar value of D 0 0 (AsO).
Studies on oral transmission of Potomac horse fever.

Eight normal ponies placed in direct contact with ponies experimentally infected with Ehrlichia risticii for 30 to 90 days did not develop signs of Potomac horse fever. They also did not seroconvert, and they remained susceptible to IV infection. One of 8 ponies that were force fed fresh feces from infected ponies while in direct contact with ponies experimentally infected with E. risticii developed Potomac horse fever and seroconverted. The other 7 remained asymptomatic, did not seroconvert, and were susceptible to IV infection. Six of 9 ponies inoculated with E. risticii via nasogastric intubation and oral drench developed Potomac horse fever and serocon verted. The other 3 remained asymptomatic and did not seroconvert. One of these latter ponies and 2 normal ponies that were inoculated via oral drench only developed Potomac horse fever and seroconverted. The high fever, maximum clinical score for decreased feed intake, depressed mental attitude, decreased borborygmal sounds, severity of diarrhea, and the length of illness of the orally infected ponies was not significantly different from those of IV infected control ponies, although the signs occurred significantly later (P < .05).
Inelastic collisions without use of target states

A theoretical approach to collision-induced energy transfer is presented that allows the direct calculation of the translational energy distribution of the separating fragments. The energy spectrum can be calculated with high or low resolution and the target states are not explicitly used. The formulation is directly derived from the wavepacket picture of time-dependent scattering and the approach is in principle exact. As a demonstrative example a semiclassical implementation, using gaussian wavepackets, is applied to collinear atom-diatom scattering.
Spectroscopic and Electronic Structure Description of the Reduced Binuclear Non-Heme Iron Active Site in Ribonucleotide Reductase from E. coli: Comparison to Reduced Δ9 Desaturase and Electronic Structure Contributions to Differences in O2 Reactivity

Ribonucleotide reductase (RR) catalyzes the first committed and rate-determining step in DNA biosynthesis, the reduction of ribonucleotides to deoxyribonucleotides. FeII binding to the binuclear no...
Liver grafts from selected older donors do not have significantly more ischaemia reperfusion injury.

Background There is a general concern that aged organs are more susceptible to ischaemia. In the light of recent proposals to change the liver allocation system by expanding regional sharing, it is feared that increased cold ischaemia time of grafts from older donors may reduce graft survival. The aim of this study was to correlate donor age and the patterns of ischaemia reperfusion injury and synthetic function early after liver transplantation.
The Properties and Uses of Refractory Metals and their Alloys

This paper reviews the problems that have limited the applications of refractory metals and their alloys. It also presents examples from recent work that has been done to overcome these problems. The work discussed concerns the refractory metals niobium, tantalum, molybdenum, and tungsten and alloys based on these elements. Recent results on intermetallic compounds that contain a refractory metal and composites that are made of refractory metals and their intermetallics are also presented.
BRIEF REPORT: Screening Items to Identify Patients with Limited Health Literacy Skills

BACKGROUND: Patients with limited literacy skills are routinely encountered in clinical practice, but they are not always identified by clinicians.
Spectral Density Sum Rules, Current Algebra, and Zero-Mass Extrapolations

The new spectral sum rule $\ensuremath{\int}{0}^{\ensuremath{\infty}}{{\ensuremath{\rho}}_{\ensuremath{\pi}}}^{(0)}({\ensuremath{\mu}}^{2})d{\ensuremath{\mu}}^{2}=\ensuremath{\int}{0}^{\ensuremath{\infty}}\frac{{{\ensuremath{\rho}}_{\ensuremath{\pi}}}^{(1)}({\ensuremath{\mu}}^{2})}{{\ensuremath{\mu}}^{2}}d{\ensuremath{\mu}}^{2}$ is derived under the assumption that there exists a unique limit in which all masses are zero for the ${A}_{1\ensuremath{\rho}\ensuremath{\pi}}$ and $\ensuremath{\rho}\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{\pi}$ decay amplitudes. In this sum rule, ${{\ensuremath{\rho}}_{\ensuremath{\pi}}}^{(0)}({\ensuremath{\mu}}^{2)}$ is the pseudoscalar spectral function and ${{\ensuremath{\rho}}_{\ensuremath{\pi}}}^{(1)}({\ensuremath{\mu}}^{2})$ is the axial-vector spectral function, both of which occur in the K\"all\'en-Lehmann representation of the propagator of the $\ensuremath{\pi}$-type axial-vector current. An experimental test of this sum rule is proposed. The equivalent sum rule for $K$-type axial-vector currents is derived from considerations of the $\ensuremath{\varphi}\mathrm{KK}$ amplitude, and applications of these sum rules in conjunction with the first Weinberg sum rules are discussed. In particular, it is found that $\frac{{f}_{K}}{{f}_{\ensuremath{\pi}}}=1$ for the pion and kaon decay amplitudes.
Perturbations of Granulocyte Counts Induced by Procedural, Chemical and Physiological Events Occurring during Filtration Leukapheresis in Rats

. During filtration leukapheresis a factor(s) is produced, released or extracted into rat blood which causes a transient granulocytosis in pheresed animals and in recipients of homologous plasma from these animals. To identify which factors contribute to this granulocytosis, the procedural steps involved in filtration leukapheresis as well as a number of chemical agents which are potentially extracted from of produced by the procedure, were tested for their ability to stimulate granulocytosis. Procedural steps tested included the depth of anesthesia, effect of the anticoagulant and possible interactions of blood cells with the plastic tubing in the system (sham-pheresis). Chemical agents tested included common mediators of inflammation and proteinases released by polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs), extracts of nylon fibers and Tygon tubing, nylon monomers and solvents used in the manufacture of nylon, oxidized and decomplemented plasma and lysates of PMNs or microorganisms. Our findings demonstrate that several of these agents contribute to the granulocytosis seen during filtration leukapheresis of rats.
Phonological vs sensory contributions to age effects in naming: An electrophysiological study

Background: A common complaint among the healthy ageing population is the increased frequency of word‐finding problems. The Transmission Deficit Hypothesis (TDH; Burke, MacKay, Worthley, & Wade, 1991) proposes that word retrieval difficulties in healthy ageing are due to a selective failure in the transmission of available semantic/syntactic information to the phonological system, as opposed to generalised slowing. This study examined the relative timing of sensory processing and substages in phonological retrieval, in healthy young and old adults, using event‐related potential (ERP) measures. Aims: To examine the effects of age on retrieval of segmental and syllabic information within phonological processing, and to consider whether age‐related changes in phonological processing are a result of relatively early (sensory: visual) delays or to true stage‐specific phonological processing delays. Methods & Procedures: A total of 16 healthy young and 16 healthy old adults performed an implicit picture‐naming ...
Evaluation of a commercial enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay for detection of antibodies against the H5 subtype of Influenza A virus in waterfowl

The ID Screen Influenza H5 Antibody Competition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was tested for the detection of antibodies to the H5 subtype of influenza A (IA) virus in waterfowl. Assays were conducted with sera obtained from Mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) and Pekin Ducks (Anas platyrhynchos domestica), experimentally infected with eight low pathogenic (LP) and nine highly pathogenic (HP) H5N1 IA viral strains. Three incubation periods (1, 4 and 18 hours) and two dilutions (1:2 and 1:5) were tested. All serum samples from LP H5-infected birds tested positive; however, improved detection rates were observed for viruses belonging to the HP H5N1 clade 2.2.1 as compared with those belonging to clade 2.1.3.
Interactions of the α-Spectrin N-terminal Region with β-Spectrin: IMPLICATIONS FOR THE SPECTRIN TETRAMERIZATION REACTION *

Spectrin of the erythrocyte membrane skeleton is composed of alpha- and beta-spectrin, which associate to form heterodimers and tetramers. It has been suggested that a fractional domain (helix C) in the amino-terminal region of alpha-spectrin (Nalpha region) bundles with another fractional domain in the carboxyl-terminal region of beta-spectrin (Cbeta region) to yield a triple alpha-helical bundle and that this helical bundling is largely responsible for tetramer formation. However, there are certain objections to assigning a preeminent role to this helical bundling in the tetramerization reactions. We prepared several recombinant peptides of alpha-spectrin fragments spanning only the Nalpha region (lacking the dimer nucleation site) and quantitatively studied their interaction with beta-spectrin. We found that a majority of the interactions were localized, as expected, in the Nalpha-helix C region but that there was also some contribution from the nonhomologous region. More importantly, the temperature and ionic strength dependence of this interaction in our model peptides was different from that in intact spectrin. We suggest that, although the regions involving the putative helical bundling in alpha- and beta-spectrin undoubtedly play a significant role in tetramerization, regions distal to the Nalpha-helix C region in spectrin are also involved in tetramer formation. Structural flexibility and lateral interactions may play a role in spectrin tetramerization.
Semilinear integrodifferential equations in Banach space

Such equations have physical application; for example, they arise in problems concerned with heat flow in materials with memory. Linear versions of (1.2) are treated in [6], [ll], [24], [25], and [26] ; the nonlinear version is analysed in [14], [15], and [20] ; similar equations are also treated by [12] and [13]. If we replace u,(x, t) by u,,(x, t) we obtain an equation arising in the theory of viscoelasticity [4] and [5]. There is a growing recent literature concerning Volterra equations in abstract spaces. In [lo] Friedman and Shinbrot study a linear version of (1.1); they investigate the existence, boundedness and asymptotic behavior of solutions. R. Miller [23] associates a linear semigroup with solutions and he obtains information concerning the continuous dependence of solutions on initial data. Barbu [l] considers Volterra equations in Hilbert space; Crandall, Londen, and Nohel [2] and Crandall and Nohel [3] apply the theory of multivalued accretive operators to study such equations; Webb in [36] studies a version with A 3 0 and examines the semilinear equation in [33] and [34]. F or other related work the reader is referred to [7], [8], [30], [31], [32]. In this study we are motivated to apply the techniques of the theory of abstract quasi-linear equations of parabolic type found in Friedman [9] and Sobolevskii [29] to the class of semi-
Carbon mineralization in two ultisols amended with different sources and particle sizes of pyrolyzed biochar.

Biochar produced during pyrolysis has the potential to enhance soil fertility and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The influence of biochar properties (e.g., particle size) on both short- and long-term carbon (C) mineralization of biochar remains unclear. There is minimal information on the potential effects of biochar particle sizes on their breakdowns by soil microorganism, so it is unknown if the particle size of biochar influences C mineralization rate and/or stability in soils. In order to evaluate the effect of different sources (BS) and particle sizes (BF) of biochar on C loss and/or stability in soils, an incubation study on C mineralization of different biochar sources and particle sizes was established using two soils (ST): Norfolk soil (fine loamy, kaolinitic, thermic, typic Kandiudults) and Coxville soil (fine loamy kaolinitic, thermic, Paleaquults). In separate incubation vessels, these soils were amended with one of two manure-based biochars (poultry litters, PL; swine solids, SS) or one of two lignocellulosic-based biochars (switchgrass, SG; pine chips, PC) which were processed into two particle sizes (dust, 2 mm). The amount of CO2 evolved varied significantly between soils (p≤0.0001); particle sizes (p≤0.0001) and the interactions of biochar source (p≤0.001) and forms of biochars (p≤0.0001) with soil types. Averaged across soils and sources of biochar, CO2-C evolved from dust-sized biochar (281 mg kg(-1)) was significantly higher than pellet-sized biochar (226 mg kg(-1)). Coxville soils with SS biochar produced the greatest average CO2-C of 428 mg kg(-1) and Norfolk soils with PC had the lowest CO2-C production (93 mg kg(-1)). Measured rates of carbon mineralization also varied with soils and sources of biochar (Norfolk: PL>SS>SG≥PC; Coxville: PC>SG>SS>PL). The average net CO2-C evolved from the Coxville soils (385 mg kg(-1)) was about threefold more than the CO2-C evolved from the Norfolk soils (123 mg kg(-1)). Our results suggest different particle sizes and sources of biochar as well as soil type influence biochar stability.
Occupational and Environmental Disease

Excerpt To the editor: The American Lung Association's report (1) on taking the occupational history is a useful reminder of the importance of occupational and environmental illness to the practici...
THE OPERATIVE TECHNIQUE OF FRESH OSTEOCHONDRAL ALLOGRAFTING OF THE KNEE

Abstract In recent years there has been a burst of interest in the repair of articular cartilage defects. Fresh osteochondral (shell)allografting is one of several experimental procedures designed to repair full-thickness defects in young adults. This article describes the procedures used at our institution and contrasts these with the procedures at the two other centers, Mount Sinai Hospital in Toronto, Canada, and Resurgens, the clinic for Reconstructive Orthopaedic Surgery in Atlanta, Georgia, that have extensive experience with this operation.
Relationship between root elongation rate and diameter and duration of growth of lateral roots of maize

The objective of this work was to describe the relationship between elongation rate and diameter of maize roots and to estimate the length and growth duration of lateral roots of maize. Diameters and elongation rates of roots were measuredin situ on plants grown 5 weeks in small rhizotrons under greenhouse conditions. At the end of the experimental period the roots were harvested and diameters of axile and lateral roots were measured. The frequency distribution of diameters of harvested roots was bimodal with a minimum at 0.6 mm; 97% of axile roots were larger than this value and 98% of the lateral roots were smaller. Root elongation per day increased as diameter increased but the slope of the relationship with lateral roots was about 2.5 times that with axile roots when separate linear regressions were fitted to the two populations. The length of lateral roots found on axillary roots between the base and about 30 cm from the apex was approximately 2.2 cm. All of the data was consistent with the hypothesis that the lateral roots grew for about 2.5 days and then ceased growing. The axillary roots continued to grow throughout the experimental period at a rate of about 3 cm day−1.
Physical studies of chloroacetaldehyde labelled fluorescent DNA.

Abstract The reaction of chloroacetaldehyde with denatured DNA produces a fluorescent DNA where both the adenine and cytosine bases are modified. The rate of modification of DNA by chloroacetaldehyde was measured using the absorption spectrum shift. The depolarization and quantum yield of native DNA and denatured DNA were investigated as a function of temperature. The melting points and the renaturation rates of a series of derivative DNA's were investigated. The melting point was decreased by 1.3°C for each base modified per 100 base pairs corresponding to a 2.8 Kcal destabilizing free energy per mismatched base pair. The renaturation rate of the derivative DNA is reduced by a factor 2 when the melting temperature is lowered by 13°C.
A logic of time, chance, and action for representing plans

Abstract This paper integrates logical and probabilistic approaches to the representation of planning problems by developing a first-order logic of time, chance, and action. We start by making explicit and precise commonsense notions about time, chance, and action central to the planning problem. We then develop a logic, the semantics of which incorporates these intuitive properties. The logical language integrates both modal and probabilistic constructs and allows quantification over time points, probability values, and domain individuals. Probability is treated as a sentential operator in the language, so it can be arbitrarily nested and combined with other logical operators. The language can represent the chance that facts hold and events occur at various times. It can represent the chance that actions and other events affect the future. The model of action distinguishes between action feasibility, executability, and effects. We present a proof theory for the logic and show how the logic can be used to describe actions in such a way that the action descriptions can be composed to infer properties of plans via the proof theory.
Molecular, biochemical, and cellular pharmacology of pemetrexed

Pemetrexed is a new-generation antifolate that in its higher polyglutamyl forms is a potent, direct inhibitor of thymidylate synthase and, to a lesser extent, glycinamide ribonucleotide transformylase. Activity of the drug may be partially preserved under conditions in which cells are highly resistant to other thymidylate synthase inhibitors, possibly because of premetrexed's secondary inhibitory effects on purine synthesis. Pemetrexed inhibition of dihydrofolate reductase is not of pharmacologic importance. Pemetrexed has high affinity for the reduced folate carrier and folate receptor and is among the most potent substrates for folylpolyglutamate synthetase. These properties result in rapid accumulation of the free drug in cells with the rapid formation of high levels of the active polyglutamyl congeners. Pemetrexed activity is modulated by natural folates within cells that compete for polyglutamation at the level of folylpolyglutamate synthetase. Cells resistant to methotrexate because of impaired transport via the reduced folate carrier may retain partial sensitivity to pemetrexed. This is due to concurrent diminished transport of physiologic reduced folates and contraction of the cellular folate pool, thereby relaxing the usual level of suppression of pemetrexed polyglutamation. The risk of pemetrexed toxicity is increased when cellular folates are suboptimal. This is best monitored by assessment of blood homocysteine levels, and can be diminished by the coadministration of folic acid.
Oxidative Stress in Critical Care: Is Antioxidant Supplementation Beneficial?

Abstract Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are constantly produced in human beings under normal circumstances. Antioxidant systems help defend the body against ROS but may be overwhelmed during periods of oxidative stress, which can cause lipid peroxidation, damage to DNA, and cell death. Critical illness, such as sepsis or adult respiratory distress syndrome, can drastically increase the production of ROS and lead to oxidative stress. Sources of oxidative stress during critical illness include activation of the phagocytic cells of the immune system (the respiratory burst), the production of nitric oxide by the vascular endothelium, the release of iron and copper ions and metalloproteins, and the vascular damage caused by ischemia reperfusion. Only indirect measurements of ROS are available, but the presence of oxidative stress in critical illness is supported by clinical studies. In general, serum antioxidant vitamin concentrations seem to decrease and measures of oxidative stress seem to increase in critically ill populations. Oxidative stress has been associated with sepsis, shock, a need for mechanical ventilation, organ dysfunction, acute respiratory distress syndrome, disseminated intravascular coagulation, surgery, and the presence of an acute-phase response. In addition, higher levels of oxidative stress seem to occur in patients with more notable injuries. Dietary supplementation with antioxidant vitamins seems to be the logical answer to decreasing serum antioxidant concentrations, but antioxidants may have adverse effects. The benefit of supplementing antioxidants in critically ill populations has not been shown and requires further study. J Am Diet Assoc. 1998; 98: 1001–1008 .
Biochemical Markers of Bone Modeling and Remodeling in Juvenile Racehorses at Varying Mineral Intakes

In this study, blood-borne biochemical markers were used to track comparative rates of bone turnover in horses fed differing amounts of Ca, P and Mg. Bone turnover was tracked by serum osteocalcin; bone resorption by the carboxyterminal telopeptide of type I collagen (ICTP); and bone formation by the carboxyterminal propeptide of type I procollagen (PICP). Twenty-one longyearling Quarter Horses were blocked by gender and age, randomly assigned to one of four diets and subjected to 128 d of race training. The study was conducted in 32-d periods, each consisting of 28 d of race training followed by a 4-d fecal and urine collection, or a 4-d rest period. Blood samples were taken weekly during the training period. Serum and plasma samples were analyzed for biochemical markers of bone activity using RIA procedures. Onset of training resulted in elevated blood concentrations of ICTP, PICP and osteocalcin. Concentrations of ICTP and PICP were greater during the first 64 d of training, indicating increased bone activity during the first half of the training period. Horses with the greatest intake of minerals exhibited greater concentrations of PICP (bone formation marker) and lesser concentrations of ICTP (bone breakdown marker). Further, ICTP, PICP and osteocalcin concentrations decreased dramatically following 4-d of confinement and relative inactivity. Therefore it appears that feeding minerals at levels greater than current NRC recommendations provided a protective effect on the developing skeleton of the young racehorse. Additionally, the biochemical markers used in this study were sensitive enough to track daily changes in bone activity resulting from daily changes in stress to the skeleton.
Primary granule release from human neutrophils is potentiated by soluble fibrinogen through a mechanism depending on multiple intracellular signaling pathways.

N-Formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP) is a potent activator of neutrophil degranulation. The intracellular signaling mechanisms involved in the potentiating effect of fibrinogen on fMLP-in...
Allosteric transformation of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate) oxidase induced by phagocytosis in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes.

We used sensitive isotopic and fluorometric assay procedures to investigate reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate) [NAD(P)H]oxidation in a particulate fraction derived from normal and chronic granulomatous disease leukocytes. Granules isolated from normal resting cells showed allosteric kinetics with regard to oxidation of either NADH or NADPH, so that no enzyme activity was observed at physiological concentrations of substrate. If the granules were isolated from cells that had previously phagocytized zymosan, normal hyperbolic kinetics were obtained, so that activity could now be observed at low levels of substrate. The activity towards NADPH was always substantially greater than that towards NADH at any given concentration of substrate. This alteration in kinetics with phagocytosis was not observed with the other granule enzymes, acid phosphatase or β-glucuronidase, and thus appeared to be specific for the reduced pyridine nucleotide oxidase(s). In contrast, granules isolated from cells of patients with chronic granulomatous disease showed allosteric kinetics regardless of whether they were obtained from resting or phagocytizing cells, so that NADPH oxidation was not measurable at physiological concentrations of substrate. This defect in the oxidation of NADPH by granules isolated from phagocytizing chronic granulomatous disease cells was observed over the pH range of 4.0 to 7.0. These data suggest that initiation of the respiratory burst by pahgocytosis normally requires an allosteric transformation in a reduced pyridine nucleotide oxidase, which in turn allows expression of enzymatic activity at physiological concentrations of substrate. The defect in chronic granulomatous disease appears to lie in an inability to achieve this transformation, and the enzyme remains in the inactive, allosteric form.
Evolving Techniques in the Treatment of Liver Colorectal Metastases: Role of Laparoscopy, Radiofrequency Ablation, Microwave Coagulation, Hepatic Arterial Chemotherapy, Indications and Contraindications for Resection, Role of Transplantation, and Timing of Chemotherapy

The management of patients who have hepatic metastases from CRC has become increasingly complex as the number of modalities that is available to treat these tumors has increased. Surgical resection remains the mainstay of treatment, when possible, and may become an option in an increasing proportion of patients that has advanced disease and previously were considered unresectable when treated with a combination of neoadjuvant systemic or hepatic arterial chemotherapy. The role of microwave coagulation and RFA can be considered only complementary to surgical resection at this point, but they may represent the best option in highly selected patients, such as those who are at high risk for extrahepatic recurrence or who are poor surgical candidates.
The Electrophoretic Velocity of Human Red Cells, of Their Ghosts and Mechanically Produced Fragments, and of Certain Lipid Complexes

Ghosts prepared in CO2-saturated water from unwashed human red cells can be fragmented mechanically, but ghosts from thrice washed cells cannot. If the ghosts are prepared by freezing and thawing, this difference is not observed. The electrophoretic velocity varies also with the way in which the ghosts are prepared. The pH-mobility dependence of washed red cells flatten off to a plateau at pH 9, and the electrophoretic velocity is zero at about pH 2. Ghosts prepared by freezing and thawing have almost the same pH-mobility dependence, but if the ghosts are prepared in CO2-saturated hyptonic saline, the mobility at pH 9.4 is 0.75 times that of washed cells. Fragments of ghosts of unwashed red cells have a smaller mobility than that of the red cells. Trypsin reduces the mobility of washed red cells and of ghosts. Sols of lipid complexes (lecithin, cephalin, and lipositol), at varying pH's, have a mobility 1.2 times that of the washed red cell. The pH-mobility relation is otherwise similar. These complexes can be coated with dextran and trypsin.
Subjective Expected Utility Theory with Costly Actions

Abstract This paper explores alternative axiomatizations of subjective expected utility theory for decision makers with direct preferences over actions; including a general subjective expected utility representation with action-dependent utility, and separately additive representations. In the context of the state-space formulation of agency theory, the results of this paper constitute axiomatic foundations of the agent's behavior.
Cloning and Sequencing of a Candida albicans Catalase Gene and Effects of Disruption of This Gene

Catalase plays a key role as an antioxidant, protecting aerobic organisms from the toxic effects of hydrogen peroxide, and in some cases has been postulated to be a virulence factor. To help elucidate the function of catalase in Candida albicans, a single C. albicans-derived catalase gene, designated CAT1, was isolated and cloned. Degenerate PCR primers based on highly conserved areas of other fungal catalase genes were used to amplify a 411-bp product from genomic DNA of C. albicans ATCC 10261. By using this product as a probe, catalase clones were isolated from genomic libraries of C. albicans. Nucleotide sequence analysis revealed an open reading frame encoding a protein of 487 amino acid residues. Construction of a CAT1-deficient mutant was achieved by using the Ura-blaster technique for sequential disruption of multiple alleles by integrative transformation using URA3 as a selectable marker. Resulting mutants exhibited normal morphology and comparable growth rates of both yeast and mycelial forms. Enzymatic analysis revealed an abundance of catalase in the wild-type strain but decreasing catalase activity in heterozygous mutants and no detectable catalase in a homozygous null mutant. In vitro assays showed the mutant strains to be more sensitive to damage by both neutrophils and concentrations of exogenous peroxide that were sublethal for the parental strain. Compared to the parental strain, the homozygous null mutant strain was far less virulent for mice in an intravenous infection model of disseminated candidiasis. Definitive linkage of CAT1 with virulence would require restoration of activity by reintroduction of the gene into mutants. However, initial results in mice, taken together with the enhanced susceptibility of catalase-deficient hyphae to damage by human neutrophils, suggest that catalase may enhance the pathogenicity of C. albicans.
Left Atrial Appendage Occlusion Addresses the Tremendous Unmet Needs of Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation That Persist Despite Recent Advances in Anticoagulation Therapy

Oral anticoagulation is the standard of care for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation but falls short of providing an adequate solution to this common threat when considered from both efficacy and safety perspectives. Anticoagulation-associated treatment deficits include major and minor bleeding, refusal of anticoagulation based on anticoagulation risk, lack of medication adherence, personal and physician preference, and a persistent risk of ischemic stroke and major adverse cardiovascular events despite use. The challenges of contemporary anticoagulation management are highlighted in a recent large national assessment of warfarin therapy use involving 138 319 patients and 2 683 674 international normalized ratio results with reported mean time in therapeutic range of only 53.7%.1 Even in the setting of optimal management without clinically relevant major bleeds, emerging data regarding long-term risk of cerebral microbleeds prompt the need to explore risk and benefits of long-term anticoagulation use in patients with atrial fibrillation.2,3 Response by Ezekowitz and Kent on p 1524 Among atrial fibrillation patients who experience a stroke, the large majority are felt to originate from left atrial appendage (LAA) thromboembolism.4,5 Accordingly, despite the lack of randomized data, LAA ligation is a frequent adjunct to cardiac surgery in patients with atrial fibrillation. Minimally invasive transcatheter occlusion systems are now available and minimize the invasive nature of open and thorascopic surgical approaches. The long-term outcomes from multiple trials using the Watchman LAA occlusion system (Boston Scientific, Natick, MA) have demonstrated that endocardial left atrial appendage closure provides similar protection against stroke, systemic embolism, and cardiovascular mortality as warfarin, and by extension provides proof of concept of LAA closure. LAA closure is an upfront treatment without the bleeding risks inherent to lifelong anticoagulation. As such, with long-term efficacy similar to anticoagulation without the need for chronic drug dependence, percutaneous transcatheter …
THE INFLUENCE OF GEOLOGY ON THE EXPANSIVE POTENTIAL OF SOIL PROFILES

A survey of 446 brick-veneer, single-family homes in College Station, Beaumont, San Antonio, and Waco, Texas shows that the geology of the home site greatly influences the expansive potential of a soil profile. Effective plasticity index is used as a measure of a soil's shrink-swell potential; however, the assumptions upon which the effective plasticity index is based represent a simplistic approach to the problem. In College Station, the geological conditions provided subsurface wetting fronts which greatly enhanced the shrink-swell activity at low values of effective plasticity index. In Beaumont, San Antonio, and Waco, the depth of the active zone is important in controlling the expansive potential of the soil profile. The water table fixes the active zone at about 3 ft in Beaumont. Soils below this depth do not experience changes in moisture content and thus do not contribute to soil expansion. In the San Antonio study area, the active zone corresponds to the thickness of an expansive clay soil overlying a non-expansive limestone. At the Waco site, a relationship between expansive potential and plasticity index shows a positive but nonlinear relationship. It is suggested that effective plasticity index alone does not adequately define the expansive potential of a soil profile and that a thorough consideration of soil stratigraphy and depth of the active zone is necessary to predict the expansive potential of a soil profile. (Author)
Biomedical applications of collagen

Collagen is regarded as one of the most useful biomaterials. The excellent biocompatibility and safety due to its biological characteristics, such as biodegradability and weak antigenecity, made collagen the primary resource in medical applications. The main applications of collagen as drug delivery systems are collagen shields in ophthalmology, sponges for burns/wounds, mini-pellets and tablets for protein delivery, gel formulation in combination with liposomes for sustained drug delivery, as controlling material for transdermal delivery, and nanoparticles for gene delivery and basic matrices for cell culture systems. It was also used for tissue engineering including skin replacement, bone substitutes, and artificial blood vessels and valves. This article reviews biomedical applications of collagen including the collagen film, which we have developed as a matrix system for evaluation of tissue calcification and for the embedding of a single cell suspension for tumorigenic study. The advantages and disadvantages of each system are also discussed.
Psychology Careers Material: Selected Resources:

This article provides a bibliography of published journal articles on careers for psychology majors. It includes references on employment and job satisfaction among psychology baccalaureates and those with graduate degrees in psychology.
The Mongol invasions and the Aegean world (1241–61)

This article examines the decisive role played by the Mongols in the political history of the Aegean region in the thirteenth century. The Mongol invasions of 1241–44 were the key turning point in the struggle for hegemony in the region. It was these invasions that allowed the Empire of Nicaea to rapidly expand its power at the expense of its Mongol-ravaged rivals: Bulgaria, the Seljuq Sultanate of Rum, and the Latin Empire of Constantinople and thus assert itself as the preeminent power in the region, leading to the reconquest of Constantinople in 1261.
Web-based Rapid Machining in Distributed Manufacturing Environment

In the area of discrete part machining, companies in job shop operations are challenged frequently by the variety of products in small batch sizes. These challenges become even more critical with the manufacturing decentralization and out-sourcing, where design offices and machining shop floors may not be co-located. To remain competitive in a global market, collaborative manufacturing is the norm for such companies. The objective of this research is to develop a framework named Wise-ShopFloor as well as the enabling technologies for collaborative manufacturing in a decentralized environment. Particularly, this paper presents our latest development on web-based rapid machining. Once a product design is given, its process plan and NC codes are generated by using a distributed process planning (DPP) system. The NC codes are then used for remote machining through a standard web browser and a Java GUI interface running inside of the browser. In this paper, the focus is given to the concept, architecture and prototype implementation of the enabling technology. A case study of a test part machining on a 5-axis milling machine is also completed for testing and validation. It is expected that the developed baseline technology can be applied to design verification through rapid machining and real part production in distributed manufacturing environment.
A fragile X mosaic male with a cryptic full mutation detected in epithelium but not in blood.

Individuals with developmental delay who are found to have only fragile X premutations present an interpretive dilemma. The presence of the premutation could be an unrelated coincidence, or it could be a sign of mosaicism involving a full mutation in other tissues. To investigate three cases of this type, buccal epithelium was collected on cytology brushes for Southern blot analysis. In one notable case, the blood specimen of a boy with developmental delay was found to have a premutation of 0.1 extra kb, which was shown by PCR to be an allele of 60 {+-} 3 repeats. There was no trace of a full mutation. Mosaicism was investigated as an explanation for his developmental delay, although the condition was confounded by prematurity and other factors. The cheek epithelium DNA was found to contain the premutation, plus a methylated full mutation with expansions of 0.9 and 1.5 extra kb. The three populations were nearly equal in frequency but the 1.5 kb expansion was the most prominent. Regardless of whether this patient has clinical signs of fragile X syndrome, he illustrates that there can be gross tissue-specific differences in molecular subpopulations in mosaic individuals. Because brain and epithelium are more closely relatedmore » embryonically than are brain and blood, cryptic full mutations in affected individuals may be evident in epithelial cells while being absent or difficult to detect in blood. This phenomenon may explain some typical cases of the fragile X phenotype associated with premutations or near-normal DNA findings. 21 refs., 1 fig., 1 tab.« less
Sustainability and Innovation: Frameworks, Concepts, and Tools for Product and Strategy Redesign

This technical note introduces the concepts and terms entrepreneurial innovators use in addressing sustainability. It explores the evolution of such terms as sustainable development, environmental justice, earth systems engineering, sustainable science, the Natural Step framework, industrial ecology, and biomimicry. It also explores how paradigms are created and replaced.
Ancestral state reconstruction by comparative analysis of a GRN kernel operating in echinoderms

Diverse sampling of organisms across the five major classes in the phylum Echinodermata is beginning to reveal much about the structure and function of gene regulatory networks (GRNs) in development and evolution. Sea urchins are the most studied clade within this phylum, and recent work suggests there has been dramatic rewiring at the top of the skeletogenic GRN along the lineage leading to extant members of the euechinoid sea urchins. Such rewiring likely accounts for some of the observed developmental differences between the two major subclasses of sea urchins—cidaroids and euechinoids. To address effects of topmost rewiring on downstream GRN events, we cloned four downstream regulatory genes within the skeletogenic GRN and surveyed their spatiotemporal expression patterns in the cidaroid Eucidaris tribuloides. We performed phylogenetic analyses with homologs from other non-vertebrate deuterostomes and characterized their spatiotemporal expression by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and whole-mount in situ hybridization (WMISH). Our data suggest the erg–hex–tgif subcircuit, a putative GRN kernel, exhibits a mesoderm-specific expression pattern early in Eucidaris development that is directly downstream of the initial mesodermal GRN circuitry. Comparative analysis of the expression of this subcircuit in four echinoderm taxa allowed robust ancestral state reconstruction, supporting hypotheses that its ancestral function was to stabilize the mesodermal regulatory state and that it has been co-opted and deployed as a unit in mesodermal subdomains in distantly diverged echinoderms. Importantly, our study supports the notion that GRN kernels exhibit structural and functional modularity, locking down and stabilizing clade-specific, embryonic regulatory states.