cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Neutral C19-steroids and steroid sulfates in human pregnancy: VII. Plasma testosterone in maternal peripheral blood and in cord venous blood after administration of testosterone enanthate to the mother

Abstract 20 normal primipara at term received testosterone enanthate and estradiol valerate (Deladumone OB R ) intramuscularly for lactation suppression. The injections were given at various stages of labor, thus the time intervals between administration of the drug and blood sampling at delivery varied from 12 to 655 minutes. Although unconjugated plasma testosterone (measured by competitive binding assay) increased more than 20 fold in maternal blood, no such increase was observed in cord venous blood of the female and male newborns. This was confirmed in a patient undergoing elective cesarean section and in pooled plasma from 6 additional normal cases. Testosterone enanthate was not detectable in this pool, nor in 12 individual samples. After injection of the drug, cord plasma androstenedione was found to be slightly elevated in one case and normal in the six others studied. It is concluded from these studies that at term a time-limited, but large increase of maternal plasma testosterone does not cause an increase in fetal testosterone. A conversion to androstenedione within the fetus is ruled out as a possible factor to explain these findings. Withholding of testosterone by the sex steroid binding protein of maternal blood and in particular, aromatization of testosterone to estradiol and estrone in the placenta may be the controlling factors.
Failure analysis and modeling of a VAXcluster system

The authors discuss the results of a measurement-based analysis of real error data collected from a DEC VAXcluster multicomputer system. In addition to evaluating basic system dependability characteristics, such as error and failure distributions and hazard rates for both individual machines and the VAXcluster, they develop reward models to analyze the impact of failures on the system as a whole. The results show that more than 46% of all failures were due to errors in shared resources. This is despite the fact that these errors have a recovery probability greater than 0.99. The hazard rate calculations show that not only errors but also failures occur in bursts. Approximately 40% of all failures occur in bursts and involve multiple machines. This result indicates that correlated failures are significant. Analysis of rewards shows that software errors have the lowest reward (0.05 versus 0.74 for disk errors). The expected reward rate (reliability measure) of the VAXcluster drops to 0.5 in 18 hours for the 7-out-of-7 model and in 80 days for the 3-out-of-7 model. The VAXcluster system availability is evaluated to be 0.993 250 days of operation. >
Global Cultures and Architecture Education: The Case of the India Initiative

How is architectural education enriched by the seemingly peripheral voices of diverse globalcultures? How does the process of creating design propositions within unfamiliar cultures and sites unknown encourage students to question their own assumptions and methods? In order to explore these questions, a research project methodology was created to shift the normative architecture studio pedagogical structure, content and location to specifically examine transformations in student learning. Several theoretical concepts support this work, including spatial dislocation, experiential learning and the bodily senses, reflection, and constructed knowledge. University of Virginia Professors Phoebe Crisman and Peter Waldman establishedthe India Initiative as an interdisciplinary research and teaching program to study environments constructedby the diverse cultures of India and develop sustainable strategies for future development. A complex mix of religions, ethnicities, languages, geographies, arts and architecture, India is a crucial location for the contemporary study of architecture and urban sustainability. India is the world's largest democracy with a burgeoning population experiencing massive rural to urban migration and growing economic disparity. Widespread environmental degradation and natural resource depletion plague the country. Nevertheless,there is much to be learned from a close study of effective practices that have emerged from a combination of necessity and ingenuity in the Indian built environment. Each year of the five-year study will focus on one of Hindu elements or panchabhuta: earth, water, air, fire and ether. From the enduring village to the emergent megacity, and across scales from city to the architectural detail, the research seeks a deep and synthetic understanding of sustainable approaches to infrastructure systems, landscapes and architecture. The long-term research goal is a study of the intertwined aspects of environmental design and social equity. This paper formulates findings from the first year of the India Initiative.
Fairy Tale Films: Visions of Ambiguity

Reviewed Medium: book Year: 2010 Pages: 270 Publisher: Utah State University Press ISBN: 978-0-87421-781-0 (soft cover). Prices: $24.95(soft cover).
Hax-1 is required for Rac1-Cortactin interaction and ovarian carcinoma cell migration.

Hax-1 is a multifunctional protein, which is involved in diverse cellular signaling pathways including tumor cell survival and migration. We have shown previously that cell migration stimulated by the oncogenic G protein, G13, requires Hax-1 for the formation of a functional complex involving Gα13, Rac1, and cortactin. However, the role of Hax-1 in cancer cell migration or its role in Rac1-cortactin complex formation, which is known to be required for such migration remains to be characterized. Results focused on resolving the role of Hax-1 in ovarian cancer pathophysiology indicate that Hax-1 is overexpressed in ovarian cancer cells and the silencing of Hax-1 inhibits lysophosphatidic acid (LPA)- or fetal bovine serum-stimulated migration of these cells. In addition, silencing of Hax-1 greatly reduces Rac1-cortactin interaction and their colocalization in SKOV3 cells. Mapping the structural domains of Hax-1 indicates that it interacts with cortactin via domains spanning amino acids 1 to 56 (Hax-D1) and amino acids 113 to 168 (Hax-D3). Much weaker interaction with cortactin was also observed with the region of Hax-1 spanning amino acids 169 – 224 (Hax-D4). Similar mapping of Hax-1 domains involved in Rac1 interaction indicates that it associates with Rac1 via two primary domains spanning amino acids 57 to 112 (Hax-D2) and 169 to 224 (Hax-D4). Furthermore, expression of either of these domains inhibits LPA-mediated migration of SKOV3 cells, possibly through their ability to exert competitive inhibition on endogenous Hax-1-Rac1 and/or Hax-1-cortactin interaction. More significantly, expression of Hax-D4 drastically reduces Rac1-cortactin colocalization in SKOV3 cells along with an attenuation of LPA-stimulated migration. Thus our results presented here describe for the first time that Hax-1 interaction is required for the association between Rac1 and cortactin and that these multiple interactions are required for the LPA-stimulated migration of SKOV3 ovarian cancer cells.
Metallothionein differentially affects the host response to Listeria infection both with and without an additional stress from cold-restraint.

Acute stress alters anti-bacterial defenses, but the neuroimmunological mechanisms underlying this association are not yet well understood. Metallothionein (MT), a cysteine-rich protein, is a stress response protein that is induced by a variety of chemical, biological, and psychological stressors, and MT has been shown to influence immune activities. We investigated MT’s role in the management of anti-bacterial responses that occur during stress, using a C57BL/6 (B6) strain that has targeted disruptions of the Mt1 and Mt2 genes (B6-MTKO), and a B6 strain that has additional copies of Mt (B6-MTTGN). The well-characterized listeriosis model was used to examine immune mechanisms that are altered by a 1-h stress treatment (cold-restraint, CR) administered just prior to bacterial infection. Intriguingly, MT gene doses both greater and lower than that of wild-type (WT) B6 mice were associated with improved host defenses against Listeria monocytogenes (LM). This augmented protection was diminished by CR stress in the MTKO mice, but transgenic mice with additional MT copies had no CR stress-induced increase in their listerial burden. During the transition from innate to adaptive immunity, on day 3 after infection, oxidative burst and apoptosis were assessed by flow cytometric methods, and cytokine transcription was measured by real-time quantitative PCR. MT gene expression and CR-stress affected the expression of IL-6 and TNFα. Additionally, these genetic and environmental modulations altered the generation of ROS responses as well as the number of apoptotic cells in livers and spleens. Although the level of MT altered the listerial response, MT expression was equally elevated by listerial infection with or without CR stress. These results indicate the ability of MT to regulate immune response mechanisms and demonstrate that increased amounts of MT can eliminate the immunosuppression induced by CR.
SEARCH FOR ANOMALOUS KINEMATICS IN ${\rm t{\bar t}}$ DILEPTON EVENTS AT CDF II

We report on a search for anomalous kinematics of dilepton events in collisions at using 193.5 pb-1 of data collected with the CDF II detector. We developed a new a priori technique designed to isolate the subset in a data sample revealing the largest deviation from Standard Model expectations and to quantify the significance of this departure. In the four-variable space considered, no particular subset shows a significant discrepancy and we find that the probability to obtain a data sample less consistent with the Standard Model than what is observed is 1.0–4.5%.
Diagnostic accuracy of point-of-care ultrasound for catheter-related thrombosis in children

Compared with consultative US performed by the radiology department, point-of-care US performed by non-radiology physicians can accurately diagnose deep venous thrombosis in adults. In preparation for a multicenter randomized controlled trial, we determined the accuracy of point-of-care US in diagnosing central venous catheter-related thrombosis in critically ill children. Children <18 years old with a central venous catheter who were admitted to the intensive care unit were enrolled. Consultative and point-of-care compression ultrasounds with Doppler were done on the vein where the catheter was inserted within 24 h after insertion. Repeat US was obtained within 24 h of removal of the catheter. All images were centrally, blindly and independently adjudicated for thrombosis by a team of pediatric radiologists. Chance-corrected agreement between readings was calculated. From 84 children, 152 pairs of consultative and point-of-care ultrasounds were analyzed. A total of 38 (25.0%) consultative and 17 (11.2%) point-of-care ultrasounds were positive for thrombosis. The chance-corrected agreement between consultative and point-of-care ultrasounds was 0.17 (standard error: 0.07; P = 0.008). With consultative US as a reference, the sensitivity of point-of-care US was 28.1% (95% confidence interval: 13.7%-46.7%) with a specificity of 91.8% (95% confidence interval: 84.4%-96.4%). A catheter in the subclavian vein was associated with discordant readings (adjusted odds ratio: 4.00; 95% confidence interval: 1.45-13.94). Point-of-care US, when performed by non-radiology physicians and centrally adjudicated by pediatric radiologists in the setting of a multicenter randomized controlled trial, may not accurately diagnose catheter-related thrombosis in critically ill children.
Ovulo-computer: application of image processing and recognition to mucus ferning patterns

An approach to automatic prediction and detection of ovulation is described. It is based on the application of image processing techniques to the cervical mucus fern test, a popular clinical diagnostic method. The sequence of histogram equalization, filtering, edge detection, binarization, labeling, thinning, Hough transform, and automatic pattern recognition in a feature space is applied to microscopic images of the ferning patterns. This method permits decisions to be made based on quantitative data instead of the subjective evaluations that are presently used. >
Transient transfection protects PC6-3 cells from apoptosis induced by nerve growth factor deprivation

Abstract Some mammalian neurons undergo apoptosis after neurotrophin deprivation. We studied neuronally differentiated PC6-3 pheochromocytoma cells, which are highly dependent on nerve growth factor for survival. We found that transient transfection with green fluorescent protein or β-galactosidase protected cells from apoptosis induced by nerve growth factor deprivation. Individual transfection reagent components did not produce increased viability of nerve growth factor-deprived cells. This apparent neuroprotective effect from transient transfection was specific to neurotrophin deprivation, as cells treated with H 2 O 2 or staurosporine were not protected. To determine the mechanism of neuroprotection after transfection, the transfection status of identified groups of cells was assessed both before and after nerve growth factor deprivation. The results were consistent with a model whereby cells that are transfected but not yet expressing the transfected protein are relatively protected from nerve growth factor deprivation. We suggest that apoptosis induced by neurotrophin deprivation may interact with processes of transient transfection and expression of foreign genes in neuronal cells. Not only should these interactions be considered in transient transfection studies of neurotrophin-deprived neurons, but also their elucidation could lead to novel methods for achieving neuroprotection.
Neuronal Mechanisms Underlying Stereopsis: How Do Simple Cells in the Visual Cortex Encode Binocular Disparity?

Binocular neurons in the visual cortex are thought to form the neural substrate for stereoscopic depth perception. How are the receptive fields of these binocular neurons organized to encode the retinal position disparities that arise from binocular parallax? The conventional notion is that the two receptive fields of a binocular neuron have identical shapes, but are spatially offset from the point of retinal correspondence (zero disparity). We consider an alternative disparity-encoding scheme, in which the two receptive fields may differ in shape (or phase), but are centered at corresponding retinal locations. Using a reverse-correlation technique to obtain detailed spatiotemporal receptive-field maps, we provide support for the latter scheme. Specifically, we show that receptive-field profiles for the left and right eyes are matched for cells that are tuned to horizontal orientations of image contours. However, for neurons tuned to vertical orientations, the left and right receptive fields are predominantly dissimilar in shape. These results show that the striate cortex possesses a specialized mechanism for processing vertical contours, which carry the horizontal-disparity information needed for stereopsis. Thus, in a major modification to the traditional notion of the neural basis of stereopsis, we propose that binocular simple cells encode horizontal disparities in terms of phase at multiple spatial scales. Implications of this scheme are discussed with respect to the size-disparity correlation observed in psychophysical studies.
The analysis and comparison of start-up demonstration tests

Two new start-up demonstration tests are introduced as alternatives to a previously studied one. The first test is based on total successes and total failures (TSTF) while the second is based on consecutive successes and consecutive failures (CSCF). The probabilistic analysis of these tests in the independent and identically distributed case uses a Markov chain approach to avoid the complexities of the probability generating function approach. We discuss advantages of these new tests in certain situations. Practical guidance on choosing tests, estimation, and comparisons of the various criteria are studied. The Markov chain approach can be easily extended and generalized to study the probabilistic analysis of the non-i.i.d. case.
Clinical and Path ophysiologic Aspects of Aminoglycoside Nephrotoxicity

Aminoglycoside antibiotics continue to be a mainstay of therapy in the clinical management of gram negative infections, but a major factor in the clinical use of aminoglycosides is their nephrotoxicity. With gram negative organisms accounting for the majority of hospital acquired infections, the occurrence of aminoglycoside induced acute renal failure has become commonplace. Presently at least 10% of all cases of acute renal failure can be attributed to these antibiotics. This article will cover the renal handling of the aminoglycosides, the pathogenetic mechanisms of nephrotoxicity, and the clinical aspects of aminoglycoside induced acute renal failure with particular emphasis on recent data which have increased our understanding of the interaction of aminoglycosides with the renal tubular cell and the effects of this interaction on cellular function and integrity.
Rupture Mechanism of a Liquid Film

The rupture mechanism of edge-supported liquid films appears to involve the viscous and drag energies as well as previously postulated kinetic and surface energies. Although details are obscure, the mechanism appears to involve a liquid-gathering process at the free edge, followed by fragmentation of this thickened edge into drops whose radii are approximately 50 times the film's original thickness.
On permanent effects of transitory phenomena in a simple growth model

Abstract It is demonstrated that, because of learning-by-doing in the production process, transitory phenomena, such as market disequilibrium, can permanently affect long-run production techniques and the steady-state path of capital accumulation.
Effect of Heating Rate on Thermally Formed Myosin, Fibrinogen and Albumin Gels

Myosin, fibrinogen and albumin gels were formed by heating in pH 6.0 phosphate buffer at three heating rates. Turbidity (A660nm) and solubility were monitored along with gel strength, as measured with an annular pump. Myosin and fibrinogen suspensions became turbid and solubility decreased as temperatures preceding the development of gel strength. Linearly increasing heating rates of 12°C/hr and 50°C/hr produced the strongest myosin and fibrinogen gels at 70°C, whereas albumin gels formed at 95°C by heating at 12°C/hr or constant heating for 20 min did not differ in strength.
Creep behavior and microstructural stability of Al-Cu-Mg-Ag and Al-Cu-Li-Mg-Ag alloys

To assist in the development of a high speed civil aircraft by NASA and airframe manufacturers, the University of Virginia (UVA) has been examining the creep behavior of several candidate aluminum alloys. Under stresses and temperatures predicted to be experienced when cruising at Mach 2.0, measured creep strains of alloys C415, C416 and ML377 fall far below those of alloy 2618 (CM.001) which is currently in use on the supersonic Concorde. Microstructural evolution in the vicinity of the grain boundaries of these alloys has been examined directly in the transmission electron microscope and by fracturing crept specimens at cryogenic temperatures to expose grain facets. Variation in number density and size of grain boundary precipitates as the severity of creep conditions increases is related to creep behavior.
Air hydrate inclusions in fresh ice core

One of the characteristic features of polar glacier ice is the abundance of air bubbles1–3. With increasing depth from the surface of the ice sheet, the size of the bubbles generally decreases in response to the change of overburden pressure. Below a certain depth, the bubbles start to shrink faster than expected and finally become invisible. Although not visible to the naked eye, unit mass of the bubble-free (clear) ice includes almost the same volume of air as unit mass of bubbly ice4,5. It is hypothesized that the air exists in the ice structure probably in the form of clathrate hydrates as suggested by Miller6,7 but until now the location of the air has been unknown. Direct observations of air hydrate inclusions were carried out for the first time in fresh ice cores from Dye-3, Greenland. When the ice structure surrounding air hydrate was melted, an explosive transition occurred releasing a gas bubble into the melt cavity.
Elastic Strips: A Framework for Motion Generation in Human Environments

Robotic applications are expanding into dynamic, unstructured, and populated environments. Mechanisms specifically designed to address the challenges arising in these environments, such as humanoid robots, exhibit high kinematic complexity. This creates the need for new algorithmic approaches to motion generation, capable of performing task execution and real-time obstacle avoidance in high-dimensional configuration spaces. The elastic strip framework presented in this paper enables the execution of a previously planned motion in a dynamic environment for robots with many degrees of freedom. To modify a motion in reaction to changes in the environment, real-time obstacle avoidance is combined with desired posture behavior. The modification of a motion can be performed in a task-consistent manner, leaving task execution unaffected by obstacle avoidance and posture behavior. The elastic strip framework also encompasses methods to suspend task behavior when its execution becomes inconsistent with other const...
Once-weekly liposomal amphotericin B as Candida prophylaxis in very low birth weight premature infants: a prospective, randomized, open-label, placebo-controlled pilot study.

Abstract Objective: This study was conducted to evaluate once-weekly liposomal amphotericin B (L-AmB) for Candida prophylaxis in very low birth weight (VLBW) neonates. Methods: This prospective, randomized, open-label, placebo-controlled study included neonates who were Candida colonization by 6 weeks' postnatal age; secondary end points included development of invasive candidiasis and occurrence of treatment-related adverse events. Safety variables included renal and hepatic function tests, incidence of grade III–IV intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) and necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), and mortality. Results: Forty subjects were enrolled and randomized to receive L-AmB (12 males, 8 females; 50% white) or placebo (12 males, 8 females; 35% white). Subjects were evenly distributed by gestational age, age at enrollment, birth weight, race, and sex. Consent was withdrawn after completion of study treatment in 1 subject (L-AmB); 1 subject in each study arm died during the study; and 3 subjects were transferred back to their referring institutions (1 L-AmB, 2 placebo). Thus, 17 subjects in each arm completed all study procedures, although all 40 subjects were evaluable. Colonization before administration of study drug was noted in 4 L-AmB subjects (20%) and 1 placebo subject (5%); 1 (5%) and 3 (15%) subjects in the respective groups developed colonization while receiving study drug. No L-AmB subjects and 1 placebo subject developed candidiasis. One subject in each group died; these deaths were not considered related to study drug or fungal infection. There were no clinical differences between groups in the incidence of grade III–IV IVH, NEC, hypokalemia, nephrotoxicity, need for platelet or packed red blood cell transfusion, or mortality. Conclusions: L-AmB 5 mg/kg once weekly was generally well tolerated in these VLBW infants. The data did not allow evaluation of efficacy. A larger, multicenter, randomized clinical trial of L-AmB for Candida prophylaxis that is appropriately powered is warranted.
Alkaline degradation of glucose: effect of initial concentration of reactants

The alkaline degradation of d-glucose in aqueous Ca(OH)2 at 100°C resulted in a complex mixture of more than 50 compounds, including parasaccharinic acid, that were identified by GLC-MS. The effect of reactant concentrations on the alkaline reaction products was studied by varying the concentration of glucose (1.8–100%, w/w). Under the different reactant concentrations the same saccharinic acids were produced, which is also true when no water was added to the reaction mixture. The increase of glucose concentration favored the formation of C6 acids (2-C-methylpentonic, hexametasaccharinic, and isosaccharinic acids) and decreased the formation of <C6 acids (glycolic, lactic, glyceric, 2-C-methylglyceric, deoxytetronic, and deoxypentonic acids). The identification of parasaccharinic acid provides further support for the existence of the glucose-3,4-enediol.
Additional evidence on bonus plans and income management

Abstract We extend Healy (1985) by examining the relation between discretionary accruals and bonus plan bounds for a sample of 102 firms for the 1980–1990 period. Contrary to Healy, we find that when earnings before discretionary accruals fall below the lower bound, managers select income- increasing discretionary accruals (and vice versa). We believe that our results are more consistent with the income smoothing hypothesis than with Healy's bonus hypothesis. However, mechanical selection bias in portfolio formation cannot be entirely ruled out as an alternative explanation for our results.
Jasmonic acid-dependent increases in the level of specific polypeptides in soybean suspension cultures and seedlings

Adding 2–30 μM jasmonic acid (JA) to photomixotrophic suspension cultures of soybean increased the level of several soluble polypeptides isolated by SDS-PAGE. The major polypeptides affected by JA treatment were at Mr 31,200 (p31) and Mr 39,000. Spraying leaves of soybean seedlings with 10–50 μM JA also increased the level of several soluble polypeptides including p31. The use of Con A affinity chromatography demonstrated that p31 was a glycoprotein and that JA increased the level of three other glycoproteins at Mr 22,000, 33,000, and 52,000. The JA treatment did not alter the growth or morphology of the seedlings. JA at 2–30 μM did not significantly inhibit the growth of the cultured cells and did not significantly alter the chlorophyll concentration. However, JA at concentrations above 30 μM inhibited growth and chlorophyll levels in cultured cells. The suspension cultured cells could provide a reliable bioassay for jasmonic acid.
A Study of the Role of the Postnatal Testes in Determining the Ontogeny of Gonadotropin Secretion in the Male Rhesus Monkey (Macaca mulatto)

To further examine the role of the testes in determining the ontogeny of gonadotropin secretion in the male rhesus monkey, the time courses of circulating LH and FSH concentrations were determined using established RIAs in daytime and nighttime blood samples collected at weekly intervals from birth until 4 yr of age in intact animals (n = 7) and in males orchidectomized at approximately 1 week of age (n = 6). Estimates of plasma androgen (A) concentrations were obtained on nonchromatographed samples with a RIA that reacts with testosterone and other androgens. Plasma PRL concentrations were also determined by RIA, and body weight was monitored at weekly intervals. Testicular volumes were measured at weekly intervals after 1.8 yr of age in five animals. In intact animals, mean daytime plasma A concentrations during the first 3 months of infantile development ranged from 1-6 ng/ml. Daytime plasma A concentrations then declined to reach 0.5-1 ng/ml by 9 months of age, where they were maintained usually until...
The Impact of Manager's Job Characteristics and Performance on Satisfaction, Involvement, and Intrinsic Motivation

This study explores the empirical relationships among three types of job attitudes and the relationship of job performance and job design characteristics to these attitudes. Questionnaires were completed by 126 managers of a retail grocery chain. The results of a factor analysis indicated that higher order need satisfaction, job involvement, and intrinsic motivation attitudes are distinct and independent of each other. These three job attitudes were found to be related to job performance, design, and behavior.
Orthoptic Treatment in Patients with Inertia of A ccommodation

A retrospective analysis of the records of 14 patients diagnosed as having inertia of accommodation has been completed. The patients were most likely to report blurred near vision, facility of accommodation problems, headaches and asthenopia. In addition to a sluggish accommodative system, the accommodative amplitudes were slightly less than expected for the patient's age, the near point of convergence slightly extended and the fusional vergences slightly reduced. With orthoptic training, the facility and amplitude of accommodation and the recovery finding for the near positive fusional vergence were found to have improved significantly. Most patients (90%) obtained some relief with treatment, and 30% achieved a total alleviation of the difficulties. The condition and current state of treatment of inertia of accommodation are briefly discussed.
Cobalt tetramethoxyphenyl porphyrin—emission Mossbauer spectroscopy and O2 reduction electrochemical studies

Abstract Cobalt tetramethoxyphenyl porphyrin (Co-TMPP) on a high area carbon support after thermal treatment at 450–900°C has been found to be an effective catalyst for O2 reduction in alkaline electrolytes. The effect of the heat treatment at 850°C on this catalyst has been examine with emission Mossbauer spectroscopy using Co-57 enriched Co-TMPP. The spectra indicate the presence of cobaltous oxides with no evidence of Co-N4 centers or any other form of cobalt. The metal-free complex H2TMPP, given similar thermal treatment on a mineral-free carbon support does not show catalytic activity beyond that of the carbon support, thus confirming the importance of the transition metal to the catalysis.
Pathological grief: two Victorian case studies.

Despite 75 years of investigation, the concept of pathological grief remains tenuous and controversial. The author turns to the stories of two nineteenth century women, one real and the other fictitious, to examine the syndrome of grief gone awry. He concludes that pathological grief may be best viewed on a continuum of psychopathology, the expression of which depends upon the interaction between the personality of the patient, the nature of the lost relationship, and the circumstances of its loss.
The high resolution mass spectra of α,β‐unsaturated and α‐chloromercuri‐α,β‐unsaturated steroidal ketones

The high resolution mass spectra (500 eV) of some α,β-unsaturated steroidal ketones have been studied and compared with the spectra of the corresponding α-chloromercuri ketones. In the latter, the carbon-mercury bond frequently remains intact at the expense of the fission of two carbon-carbon bonds. The abundance of mercury-containing ions allows the use of the mercury atom fingerprint in confirming ring B fragmentation of the steroid nucleus at C(6)–C(7) and C(9)–C(10) for 5α-androst-1-ene-3,17-dione, 1,4-androstadiene-3,17-dione and their 2-chloromercuri derivatives; and at C(7)–C(8) and C(9)–C(10) for 1,4,6-androstatriene-3,17-dione, 1,4,6-androstarien-17 β-ol-3-one and their 2-chloromercuri derivatives. 2-Chloromercuri-1,4,6-androstatriene-3,17-dione and 2-chloromercuri-1,4,6-androstatrien-17 β-ol-3-one also give an abundant ion as the result of ring C fragmentation at C(8)–C(14) and C(11)–C(12), the chloromercuri group being replaced by a hydrogen atom. This ring C cleavage gives the only recognizable distinctive fragmentation ion for 1,4,6-pregnatriene-3,20-dione and 2-chloromercuri-1,4,6-pregnatriene-3,20-dione. For most of the mercurated steroids, the low resolution mass spectra (70 eV) are reported. In these spectra, the fragmentation patterns are similar to those obtained using the higher ionization energy employed for the high resolution spectra.
Longitudinal migration in America, 1780–1840: A study of revolutionary war pension records

The author reports on an effort to obtain data on longitudinal migration in America prior to 1850 from the records reports and files generated by application for and payment of the general service pensions granted to revolutionary war veterns beginning in 1818 (ANNOTATION)
In-situ Observed Pore Formation During Solidification of Aluminium

Incidental porosity formation during pure aluminium solidification was visualized in real-time with an X-ray radioscopic facility. The dynamic growth process of a 10-mm pore is observed. Its growth is divided into two sequential stages. In the first stage, the radius of the pore increased very fast, with time to the power of 0.52. In the second stage, the growth slowed as the pore radius changed with time to the power of 0.25. Theoretical analysis of the pore growth based on the present observation shows that, in the initial stage, the growth is primarily controlled by a hydrogen diffusion mechanism; and in the second stage, growth is controlled primarily by volume shrinkage during solidification.
Sexual Communication Between Breeding Male and Female Cotton-Top Tamarins (Saguinus oedipus), and its Relationship to Infant Care

Male cotton-top tamarins have been shown to be responsive to female scent cues of ovulation, and are known to actively participate in infant care during the time when their mates are fertile. We measured urinary androgen levels and glucocorticoids in seven father tamarins for the first month following the birth of infants to determine 1) whether male tamarins showed an androgen response to their mate's postpartum ovulation, 2) when androgens rise relative to ovulation, 3) whether there is a glucocorticoid response, and 4) whether males alter their parenting behavior during their mate's receptive period. All of the males showed a significant increase in urinary androgens prior to the female's postpartum LH peak, which indicated ovulation. The hormonal increase, which included estradiol, occurred 3-7 days prior to the female's LH peak at a time that coincided with the female's follicular period. Corticosterone levels also peaked during that time, but did not correlate with androgen changes. Fathers did not alter their daily infant-carrying patterns relative to the androgen increase or at the time of the mate's LH peak. We conclude that male cotton-top tamarins experience an increase in androgens that coincides with their mate's postpartum ovulation, which ensures optimal fertility. However, this sexual communication does not alter father-infant interactions, which already occur at a high rate in this species.
Cotranscription of the wild-type chloroplast atpE gene encoding the CF1/CF0 epsilon subunit with the 3' half of the rps7 gene in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and characterization of frameshift mutations in atpE.

We have characterized two independently isolated point mutants in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, ac-u-a-1-15 and FUD 17, mapping to the chloroplast ac-u-a locus which corresponds to the atpE gene. Both mutants have a single A: T base pair deletion in a sequence of 6 A:T base pairs at nucleotide positions 102 to 107. This causes a frameshift, altering the coding sequence for the next 8 amino acids and creating a termination codon at amino acid position 44, 98 amino acids from the C-terminus of the protein. Assembly of the ATP synthase is impaired in the mutants; less than 5% of the wild-type level of alpha and beta subunits and no gamma or epsilon subunits are associated with thylakoid membranes of the mutants. The genes encoding the beta and epsilon subunits of the chloroplast ATP synthase from C. reinhardtii are not cotranscribed, in contrast to all other photosynthetic organisms examined to date. Four transcripts, of approximately 1.7, 2.9, 3.3 and 7.0 × 103 nucleotides (nt), are found for the atpE gene. S1 nuclease mapping of the 1.7 × 103 nt transcript shows that the atpE gene message is preceded by a leader of about 1250 nt. DNA sequence analysis of this region revealed a 159 by open reading frame corresponding to the 3′ half of the rps7 gene, encoding the S7 protein of the small subunit of the chloroplast ribosome. Only the 5′ portion of this gene is located in the opposite unique sequence region of the C. reinhardtii chloroplast genome where the rps7 gene was previously mapped by heterologous hybridization.
Race, Class, and Schooling: Multicultural Families Doing the Hard Work of Home Literacy in America's Inner City

Drawing on a larger ethnographic study, this article documents (a) how and for what purposes literacy is used in 3 culturally diverse families of low socioeconomic status and (b) what various cultural, socioeconomic, and environmental factors shape the families' literacy practices in their home milieus in an urban context. Data analysis revealed that the families use literacy in both 1st and 2nd languages for a variety of purposes—helping with schoolwork, self-improvement, leisure and everyday living, and advocating for improved school practices. These literacy practices, however, are seriously constrained by various out-of-school factors, such as school–home literacy fracturing, declining neighborhood and school culture, different forms of racism, and family and neighborhood social class statuses. Findings suggest that there is a need to broaden existing efforts to improve minority literacy education within classrooms and schools to address the “limit situations” outside of school that affect students' l...
Influence of aeration on hydrogen cyanide biosynthesis by Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Batch cultures ofPseudomonas aeruginosa were able to produce only low levels of cyanide during logarithmic growth with adequate aeration. The reduction of aeration caused a rapid increase in the ability of such cultures to produce hydrogen cyanide. The immediacy and the magnitude of this response depended on the oxygen level, with a concentration of 4% in the aeration gas giving optimal results. The reestablishment of normal aeration resulted in a cessation of the increase of the culture's cyanogenic capacity. This effect appeared to be a combination of inactivation of the hydrogen cyanide synthase and repression of synthesis of this enzyme.
Manipulating the mediator: Modulation of the alternative complement pathway C3 convertase in health, disease and therapy

The complement network is increasingly recognized as an important triage system that is able to differentiate between healthy host cells, microbial intruders, cellular debris and immune complexes, and tailor its actions accordingly. At the center of this triage mechanism is the alternative pathway C3 convertase (C3bBb), a potent enzymatic protein complex capable of rapidly converting the inert yet abundant component C3 into powerful effector fragments (C3a and C3b), thereby amplifying the initial response on unprotected surfaces and inducing a variety of effector functions. A fascinating molecular mechanism of convertase assembly and intrinsic regulation, as well as the interplay with a panel of cell surface-bound and soluble inhibitors are essential for directing complement attack to intruders and protecting healthy host cells. While efficiently keeping immune surveillance and homeostasis on track, the reliance on an intricate cascade of interaction and conversion steps also renders the C3 convertase vulnerable to derail. On the one hand, tissue damage, accumulation of debris, or polymorphisms in complement genes may unfavorably shift the balance between activation and regulation, thereby contributing to a variety of clinical conditions. On the other hand, pathogens developed powerful evasion strategies to avoid complement attack by targeting the convertase. Finally, we increasingly challenge our bodies with foreign materials such as biomaterial implants or drug delivery vehicles that may induce adverse effects that are at least partially caused by complement activation and amplification via the alternative pathway. The involvement of the C3 convertase in a range of pathological conditions put this complex into the spotlight of complement-targeted drug discovery efforts. Fortunately, the physiological regulation and microbial evasion approaches provide a rich source of inspiration for the development of powerful treatment options. This review provides insight into the current knowledge about the molecular mechanisms that drive C3 convertase activity, reveals common and divergent strategies of convertase inhibition employed by host and pathogens, and how this inhibitory arsenal can be tapped for developing therapeutic options to treat complement-related diseases.
A Speed-Setting Transducer

THE DEMAND for better control in modern complex electric power systems calls for better load- and frequency-control equipment. One such supplementary device is the Woodward rapid load control auxiliary, as used on hydraulic turbine governors.
Maintaining "Synk" in Detroit: Two Case Studies in the Remix Aesthetic

Advances in audio-visual remixing technologies have produced a significant, largely unintended, consequence: audiences at EDM performances are dancing less—if at all. Instead, utilizing digital mobile devices, audiences have increasingly become interactive media producers within an environment encouraged by savvy, former DJs. Drawing from the fields of EDM studies, sound studies and film studies, I outline the historical arc of the remix aesthetic by comparing and contrasting recent work by two long-time EDM artists from the Detroit-Windsor region, Jeff Mills and Richie Hawtin. These two artists were central to the global proliferation of EDM culture during its mass-communication phase. However, in an era of heightened media convergence what scholars have traditionally understood as EDM has irreparably changed. Mills and Hawtin have much to contribute to this apparent impasse. Keywords : EDM, film studies, film sound, remix aesthetic, soundscape, media convergence, Jeff Mills, Richie Hawtin, Plastikman
Evidence on the time of chromosome pairing from the preleptotene spiral stage in Lilium longiflorum “Croft”

A period of chromosome spiralization and contraction was observed between premeiotic interphase and leptotene in Lilium longiflorum “Croft”. There was variation in the extent of preleptotene spiralization and contraction of chromosomes among microsporocytes, anthers and buds. The chromosomes sometimes contracted sufficiently to be visible as separate entities. It could then be determined that the chromosomes were single and entirely separate; synapsis and crossing-over had not yet occurred. Furthermore there was no evidence of alignment or association of homologues during the preleptotene contraction period; the chromosomes appeared to be distributed at random. The chromosomes subsequently elongated into the leptotene stage. Wherever they were visible separately the chromosomes were single in early leptotene. These observations support the classical view that synapsis of homologous chromosomes takes place during zygotene, followed by crossing-over at pachytene.
A new full-rate full-diversity STBC for 2 TX with low complexity ML decoding

A new construction of a full-diversity full-rate space-time block code (FDFR-STBC) is presented in this paper. The design is for 2 transmit antennas and 2 time slots. The code outperforms the previous FDFR-STBC codes in [3], [4], [5], [6] for 1 receive antenna. We reduce the decoding complexity by exploiting the algebraic structure of the code and using the hybrid maximum-likelihood interference cancellation (HMLIC) decoding algorithm and show that it achieves optimum ML performance. Finally, we study the performance of our proposed code over 2 times 2 multi-input multi-output (MIMO) channels and show that it outperforms the Alamouti code for all signal-to-noise ratios (SNR).
Optical inspection: introduction by the feature editor

This 15 Nov. 1988 issue of Applied Optics features papers on the use of optoelectronic systems in the inspection of manufactured products and materials processing.
Hydrogen Migration in the Phenylethen-2-yl Radical

The migration of hydrogen in the phenylethen-2-yl radical is investigated by determining optimal geometries and barrier and reaction energies using several quantum mechanical methods. Rate coefficients and equilibrium constants are obtained using the calculated data and RRKM theory. Theoretical methods compared include PM3, MP2, B3-LYP, CASPT2, and G2MP2. The applicability of these methods and comparisons with two others, G2M and CBS-RAD proposed to improve treatment of radicals, are discussed. The results obtained at the most reliable level of theory produce reaction rates sufficiently fast for these reactions to play a role in high-temperature aromatic chemistry.
A supramolecular assembly of side-by-side polyimidazole tripod coils stabilized by π–π stacking and unique boric acid templated hydrogen bonding interactions

The self assembly of (bis(1-methyl-imidazol-2-yl)methyl)(1-methyl-4-nitroimidazol-2-yl)methyl)amine and boric acid results in a supramolecular structure containing bundled antiparallel imidazole-boric acid helices and boric acid filled one-dimensional channels.
Using soil sensing technology to examine interactions and controls between ectomycorrhizal growth and environmental factors on soil CO2 dynamics

Soils play a critical role in the global carbon cycle, yet the biophysical factors regulating soil CO2 dynamics remain unclear. We combined high-frequency in situ observations of fine roots and ectomycorrhizal (EM) fungi with data from multiple soil sensor arrays to examine the biophysical interactions influencing soil CO2 production for one year in a mixed conifer forest. Using structural equation modeling we constructed a hypothesized model to test for causal interactions among environmental factors, biotic factors, and soil CO2 dynamics throughout the soil profile. According to our model, seasonal variation in CO2 production was significantly influenced by EM rhizomorph production, soil temperature, and soil moisture. Fine root production, on the other hand, did not appear to significantly influence soil CO2 production. The relationship between EM rhizomorph production and soil CO2 production was also supported by a zero temporal lag between these two measurements in a cross-correlation analysis. In contrast, CO2 production increased before fine root production suggesting that these two measurements were decoupled in time. Results from this study highlight the need to better understand differences in carbon allocation between plant roots and EM fungi to improve our predictions of soil carbon dynamics under global climate change.
How geography shapes National Identities

Geography is an intrinsic part of national identities, and the contributions to this journal have reflected this throughout its existence. In this essay, we discuss how geography has shaped National Identities in particular ways. Several of the journal's articles have examined how would-be nationalists form a geographical image of the prospective nation in order to make it real or how they have turned various landscape elements into national icons. Other articles have specifically examined the vital role of geographical scale in mediating between national conceptions, subnational movements, supranational ideas, and globalization. Finally we look at those essays that specifically focus on the role of maps in constructing, displaying, and propagandizing national identity.
Treatment of endocrine disorders in the neuroscience intensive care unit.

This review discusses concepts and treatments associated with the most clinically relevant areas of acute endocrine dysfunction amongst patients with common diseases in neuroscience intensive care units (Neuro ICUs). We highlight the following points: