cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of magnetite nanoparticles with ferric iron recovered from acid mine drainage: Implications for environmental engineering

The synthesis of magnetite nanoparticles has been the focus of numerous recent research efforts, with emerging focus on environmental applications. In previous research, reagent-grade chemicals have been used as the iron source in magnetite nanoparticle synthesis, which presents an economic challenge to the application of this technology in areas such as water and wastewater treatment. It is known that acid mine drainage (AMD) from the Mid Appalachian coal fields is low in pH and high in dissolved metals, of which iron is most abundant. In this study, ferric iron recovered from AMD via an oxidation-selective precipitation process was used as feed stock to synthesize magnetite nanoparticles by coprecipitation of ferric and ferrous iron at the pH 9.5 under an inert atmosphere. Based on X-ray diffraction analysis, the iron oxide phase in the black precipitate was magnetite. Through scanning and transmission electron microscopic studies, it was demonstrated that most of the magnetite particles ranged from 10 to 15 nm and were spheroidical or cubic in shape. Thus, the synthesis of magnetite nanoparticles with the iron recovered from AMD was technically feasible. Consequently, the need for low-cost raw feed stocks for nanoparticle manufacturing was addressed, providing additional opportunities for future application of magnetite nanoparticles in environmental engineering.
Sexual aggression: a second look at the offended female.

A replication of earlier studies of male sex aggression conducted during the mid-1950s basically finds little modification in incidence and frequency. Approximately 50% of a sample of university women report being victims of sexual aggression during the academic year. Major changes from the earlier research appear to be focused around the nature of the pair relationships and the characteristics of the offended females.
Radioimmunoassay of 16α-hydroxyestrone in human urine

Abstract A radioimmunoassay for the quantitation of the sum of free, glucuronidated and urine is described. The method is reliable and accurate. Using this method, urinary excretion of 16α-hydroxyestrone was determined in normal men, premenopausal women, and postmenopausal women. The values were compared to the urinary excretion of estrone and estradiol. In two women, the urinary excretion of the three estrogens was measured in daily samples throughout a normal menstrual cycle. We conclude that 16α-hydroxyestrone is a quantitatively important urinary estrogen. Inclusion of the measurement of 16α-hydroxyestrone should yield a more accurate assessment of estrogen metabolism.
Absence of stress-induced and compensatory adrenal hypertrophy in dogs with hypothalamic lesions.

introduction IT HAS long been known that unilateral adrenalectomy is followed by compensatory hypertrophy of the remaining adrenal, and that this response is abolished by hypophysectomy (MacKay and MacKay, 1926; Collip, Selye and Thomson, 1933; Shumacker and Firor, 1934). It has been postulated that removal of one adrenal decreases the circulating level of adrenal corticoids, and that this lowered blood corticoid level leads to an increase in ACTH production. The increased ACTH production, in turn, results in contralateral adrenal hypertrophy. Since certain hypothalamic lesions block the acute release of ACTH in response to a variety of stresses (Hume, 1953; Hume and Wittenstein, 1950; Porter, 1953; McCann, 1952). it was decided to investigate the effect of hypothalamic lesions on the development of compensatory hypertrophy after unilateral adrenalectomy. materials and methods Adult mongrel dogs of both sexes weighing 10 to 14 kg. were used throughout. All females were in diestrus when used.
XXXIII. Non-Newtonian mechanics, the mass of a moving body

(1912). XXXIII. Non-Newtonian mechanics, the mass of a moving body. The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science: Vol. 23, No. 135, pp. 375-380.
Implications of Colorado river (Texas, USA) freshwater inflow to benthic ecosystem dynamics: A modeling study

Abstract Estuaries are defined by mixing of freshwater from rivers and saltwater from seas. Water resource development can reduce river flows to the coast, but it is difficult to predict effects on estuaries. The Lavaca-Colorado Estuary is a major estuarine system along the Texas coast that provides major economic benefit to the region by supporting a variety of agricultural, residential, industrial, and recreational functions. New water projects could divert freshwater from Matagorda Bay. So, what environmental effects could result from further changes to inflow patterns in the Matagorda Bay system? To answer this question, a bioenergetic model, calibrated using a long-term dataset of benthic biomass, was run to investigate dynamics of macrobenthic biomass related to salinity regimes in the estuary. The model simulation results were interpreted to assess the role of freshwater inflow in controlling benthic productivity. Simulations, based on calibrated parameters (1988–1999), were run for a long-term period from 1988 to 2005. The model performance was found to be promising with the best percent root mean square (RMS) difference being 63% and worst being 92%. Sensitivity tests for the benthic responses to changes in salinity show that, in general, when salinity increased with decreasing nutrient concentrations, deposit feeder biomass increased while suspension feeder biomass decreased. Estuary-wide comparison predicts that reducing freshwater inflow may cause the upper and lower bay communities to respond in different ways. Reduced inflow to Lavaca Bay would result in decreasing benthic biomass; whereas, in Matagorda Bay, biomass would increase. Also, functional diversity would decrease in both bays with decreasing inflow. These effects are probably due to the benthic community acclimating to different salinity regimes, or more (or less) salt tolerant species populating the area. It is concluded that freshwater inflow plays an important role in maintaining the observed character of estuarine productivity through the combined effects of the frequency, duration, timing, and magnitude of inflow, particularly during droughts or low-flow periods.
Coagulase production, mannitol fermentation, penicillinase elaboration, and phage typability of Staphylococcus aureus reverted from L-phase variants.

Certain properties of Staphylococcus aureus which had reverted from L-phase variants were studied. L-phase variants of an S. aureus (phage group III) that produces coagulase, ferments mannitol, and elaborates penicillinase were induced by cycloserine, vancomycin, and methicillin. Reverted strains were obtained from L-phase variants after many passages on antibiotic-free agar. Upon reversion, none of the revertants possessed all of the original characteristics of the parent S. aureus. Of the 22 strains studied, 11 failed to produce coagulase, the other 11 did not ferment mannitol, 16 did not elaborate penicillinase, and 15 were untypable. After passages in the laboratory for two years, all 22 strains were positive for production of coagulase, 11 were positive for fermentation of mannitol, 9 were positive for elaboration of penicillinase, and 16 were susceptible to group III phages. Thus, organisms which had reverted from the L-phase did not behave the same as their parent organism though some of the lost characteristics might return after many passages.
Conformational flexibilities in malformin A

The linked-atom-least-squares (LALS) technique has been applied to generate exactly cyclized and stereochemically satisfactory conformations of the cyclic pentapeptide, malformin A, which contains an intramolecular disulfide bridge across a D-Cys—D-Cys linkage. Consistent with theoretical, ir, and x-ray evidence from studies on analogs of the LKiysteinyl—L-cysteine disulfide, it is shown that the peptide bond across the SS bridge in malformin A can retain a cis configuration. The two all-trans structures proposed earlier by A.E. Tonelli [(1978) Biopolymers 17, 1175–1179] from solution nmr data have also been analyzed. Both P-(χs ∼ 90°) and M-(χs ∼ −90°)-type helicity of the SS bridge are found to be accessible in both the trans and the cis models in which the respective conformations of the homodetic rings are essentially preserved. The details of six different conformational states and their relative energies have been evaluated and compared. Our findings, which suggest that a variety of conformational states are accessible to malformin A, are compatible with other published results from solution studies. On the basis of hydrogen-bonding interactions, a model is proposed to explain how malformin A might be inactivated specifically by L-Hyp, and not by L-Pro or other amino acids, as has been observed from in vivo investigations [Buckhout, T.J. & Curtis, R.W. (1976) Nature260, 435–436]
Development of an Alternative Process for the Manufacture of a Key Starting Material for Cefovecin Sodium

A process has been developed for the use of trimethylphosphite for the formation of the six-membered 3,6-dihydro-2H-[1,3]thiazine ring in the cephem architecture by an intramolecular Horner−Emmons−...
Female anglers in a predominantly male sport: Portrayals in five popular fishing-related magazines:

Kim Bain-Moore galvanized public interest as the first female competitor in the 2009 Bassmaster Classic fishing tournament. To examine the extent to which women were depicted by the fishing media during and after this watershed event, as well as how they were portrayed, we analyzed the content of five for-profit, fishing-related magazines from 2009–2012. Female anglers were numerically underrepresented relative to a national estimate of participation in the USA (27%); they were depicted on just 10% of covers and in 9% and 6% of fishing and ‘hero’ images, respectively. Women authored only 1% of feature articles and were often sexualized, noted for physical beauty, or portrayed as obstacles to fishing for men. More positive portrayals included women as experts on fishing or ecology, competent anglers, or valued fishing partners to men. However, the last reinforces fishing as a male-centric activity, particularly when there were virtually no instances of women fishing alone or with other women. Further, the ...
Follicular arrangements in hamster adrenomedullary cells: Light and electron microscopic study†

Light and electron microscopic studies of the adrenal medulla of golden hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) indicates that the chromaffin cells are arranged in hitherto undescribed irregular follicles surrounded by thin-walled blood vessels. Each follicle is generally one cell thick with a lumen of variable size and shape, which contains finely granulated materials, nerve endings and chromaffin cell processes. Chromaffin cells are polarized; basal regions, containing the nuclei, about on the follicular cavity, and the apical areas are in close proximity to blood vessels. In the central portion of the organ, follicles contain only adrenaline cells while at the periphery “mixed follicles” occur which have both adrenaline and noradrenaline cell types. Occasional follicles with only noradrenaline cells are found in this area also. These findings have been compared with previous observations. The possible function of the follicular cavities has been discussed briefly.
Genetic and light intensity effects on the activity and emigratory behavior of the house fly, Musca domestica (L.).

The emigratory behavior and locomotor activity of yellow-eyed (y/y), wildtype (+/+), and heterozygous (+/y) house flies was examined at 8 fc (86 lx) and 1600 fc (17,223 lx) light intenstities. At 8 fc, emigration rate and activity of the y/y flies was similar to that of the +/+ and +/y flies. However, at 1600 fc, the y/y flies emigrated at twice the rate and showed an activity of about one-third that of the other genotypes. The behavior of the +/+ and +/y flies remained similar regardless of the experimental design or light intensity. The excessive neural stimulation by high-intensity light resulting from reduced shielding pigments led to behavioral modifications in the visual and tactile responses of the y/y flies.
Paired-associate learning with compound responses

Summary Three alternative hypotheses for extending Estes' and Bower's all-or-none learning model to cover the case where S learns two response components concurrently to a nonsense syllable stimulus were tested. Sixty college students each received two six-item lists under each of three schedules of one or two practice trials and two tests. In each list, each of the six combinations of the color adjectives “red,” “green,” and “blue” and the form nouns “circle” and “triangle” was randomly designated as a “correct” response compound for one syllable. The main analysis consisted in computing the probability of a correct response component, conditional on an incorrect response on the other component of that compound. Since these conditional probabilities were consistently above chance, conditioning of the compound as a unit was refuted. However, the finding that the probability of a correct response component was higher when the other component of that item was correct than when the latter was incorrect disputed the hypothesis that the response components are conditioned independently of each other. The data supported the hypothesis that the rate of conditioning of the noun component depends on whether the adjective component is conditioned.
Reduced reproductive success of hatchery fish from a supplementation program for naturalized steelhead in a Minnesota tributary to Lake Superior

Reduced reproductive success of hatchery fish spawning in the natural environment will reduce the ability of stocking programs to enhance wild populations. We used DNA-based parentage assignment to compare the reproductive success of wild fish and first-generation hatchery fish from a smolt stocking program that used broodstock from within the naturalized steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss population in a Minnesota tributary to Lake Superior. The reproductive success of hatchery females was significantly lower than that of wild females (approximately 60%) in all three study years; however, the reproductive success of hatchery males was only significantly lower in one year. Higher reproductive success of wild fish was attributed to greater probability of success (i.e., having at least one offspring) and not differences in numbers of offspring among successful parents. Generalized linear models indicated that run timing was associated with probability of success although this did not explain differences between hatchery and wild fish. Despite runs that extended 7–9 weeks, most successful adults arrived in the first three weeks of the run (85–98% of all successful females, 98–100% of successful males). The early part of the run corresponded to periods of high flow, which likely increased access to quality spawning and rearing habitat higher upstream in the system. Relationships between fish length and reproductive success were inconsistent. Managers may minimize potential environmental and genetic contributors to reduced performance by hatchery fish, but continued reliance on hatchery supplementation may hinder achievement of the long-term goal of a fishery supported largely by naturally reproducing populations.
The Role of Drug Markets and Gangs in Local Homicide Rates

The presence of ongoing enterprises, sustained by a purpose and life beyond those of the current participants, distinguishes drug- and gang-related homicides. Without these enterprises that are sus...
Design and implementation issues for distributed CCA framework interoperability

Component frameworks, including those that support the Common Component Architecture (CCA), represent a promising approach to addressing the challenge of building and deploying high-performance scientific applications in Grid environments, one that is being realized, for example, in our LegionCCA and XCAT-C++ frameworks. The next step beyond building independent individual frameworks is making them interoperate. Component-based applications should be able to transparently span multiple disjoint component frameworks with low overhead as compared with the same applications running within a single framework. Interoperable frameworks enable applications to take advantage of more resources, and to better match constituent parts to the underlying resources that best support them. The CCA specification does not prescribe a wire format for inter-component calls in distributed frameworks, thereby promoting considerable flexibility and customization for the framework developer. This approach thus requires an additional specific strategy outside of the CCA to support interoperability between distributed frameworks. Mandating one common wire format, however, risks choosing the wrong format. We discuss in detail five underlying component framework interoperability requirements, and three general approaches to addressing them. We then discuss how the approaches can be applied to meet the requirements, and address the advantages, issues, and implications of doing so. This effectively defines a design space for framework interoperability approaches. We then address the communication interoperability in detail via a single multi-protocol communication library called Proteus, and discuss how we have incorporated it into two distinct distributed framework implementations of the CCA specification: LegionCCA and XCAT-C++. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An Extended and Improved Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) Period of Record

Abstract The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Climatic Data Center has served as the archive of the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) data from the F-8, F-10, F-11, F-13, F-14, and F-15 platforms covering the period from July 1987 to the present. Passive microwave satellite measurements from SSM/I have been used to generate climate products in support of national and international programs. The SSM/I temperature data record (TDR) and sensor data record (SDR) datasets have been reprocessed and stored as network Common Data Form (netCDF) 3-hourly files. In addition to reformatting the data, a normalized anomaly (z score) for each footprint temperature value was calculated by subtracting each radiance value with the corresponding monthly 1° grid climatological mean and dividing it by the associated climatological standard deviation. Threshold checks were also used to detect radiance, temporal, and geolocation values that were outside the ...
Flow Control on a Thick Airfoil Using Suction Compared to Blowing

The effects of steady slot suction as a means of controlling separation on a blunt elliptical airfoil were investigated and compared to the effects of steady blowing applied to the same airfoil previously investigated. Slots whose width approaches 1% of the chord and are located downstream of the natural separation location generate the highest lift for a given dimensionless mass-flow coefficient C_Q. This holds true whether the flow separates near the leading edge due to high incidence or near the trailing edge due to the bluntness of the airfoil and is contrary to the observations made when blowing was used. Lift generated by suction through a moderately wide slot located downstream of the natural separation line depends only on C_Q, but if the slot is located upstream of the separation line it depends on Reynolds number as well. Contrary to separation control by blowing no deleterious effects were observed at low levels of suction regardless of the suction-slot location. Adding a wedge to the blunt trailing edge of this airfoil enhances the effectiveness of suction, whereas making blowing less effective at low momentum inputs thus increasing the gap between these two approaches to flow separation.
Mechanisms of floc destruction during anaerobic and aerobic digestion and the effect on conditioning and dewatering of biosolids.

Abstract Laboratory anaerobic and aerobic digestion studies were conducted using waste activated sludges from two municipal wastewater treatment plants in order to gain insight into the mechanisms of floc destruction that account for changes in sludge conditioning and dewatering properties when sludges undergo anaerobic and aerobic digestion. Batch digestion studies were conducted at 20°C and the dewatering properties, solution biopolymer concentration and conditioning dose requirements measured. The data indicated that release of biopolymer from sludges occurred under both anaerobic and aerobic conditions but that the release was much greater under anaerobic conditions. In particular, the release of protein into solution was 4–5 times higher under anaerobic than under aerobic conditions. Both the dewatering rate, as characterized by the specific resistance to filtration and the amount of polymer conditioning chemicals required was found to depend directly on the amount of biopolymer (protein+polysaccharide) in solution. Little difference in dewatering properties and conditioning doses was seen between the two activated sludges from different plants. Differences in the cations released between anaerobic and aerobic digestion suggest that the digestion mechanisms differ for the two types of processes. Enyzme activity data showed that during aerobic digestion, polysaccharide degradation activity decreased to near zero and this was consistent with the accumulation of polysaccharides in aerobic digesters.
Ranking by inversion: A note on C.L. Dodgson

Abstract A discussion is given of three pamphlets on elections and committees by C. L. Dodgson (Lewis Carroll) written between 1873 and 1876. It is argued that Dodgson's work on cycles anticipates a stochastic model proposed by Thompson and Remage in 1964 and includes ideas that are basic to maximum likelihood estimation.
Geographic variation in indigo bunting song (Passerina cyanea)

Abstract An analysis of songs from a population of Indigo Buntings in New York revealed a high degree of similarity with songs described by Shiovitz & Thompson (1970) from Michigan and Kentucky. Ninety-two per cent of all song figures present among New York birds had precise morphological counterparts in the repertoires of Michigan birds. This degree of geographic constancy is especially interesting since the normal details of adult song are learned in this species.
CD40 and its viral mimic, LMP1: similar means to different ends.

CD40 is an important regulator of diverse aspects of the immune response including the T-cell-dependent humoral immune response, the development of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and inflammation. Latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1), a protein encoded by Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV), appears to mimic CD40 in multiple ways. CD40 and LMP1 bind similar sets of cellular signalling proteins and activate overlapping signalling pathways. Despite many similarities shared between CD40 and LMP1, they also differ substantively. In this review, we will compare and contrast the signalling mediated by CD40 and LMP1.
Alcohol use and hepatitis C

Excess alcohol consumption can worsen the course and outcome of chronic hepatitis C. It is important to distinguish between alcohol abuse, which must be treated on its own merits, and the effect of alcohol use on progression, severity, and treatment of hepatitis C. Most studies on the effects of alcohol on hepatitis C have focused on patients with high levels of daily alcohol intake. Indeed, the adverse effects of light and moderate amounts of alcohol intake on hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection have not been clearly shown, and only limited studies have been performed. Sex differences exist in the effect of alcohol on fibrosis as well as on the severity of hepatitis C. Alcohol use has been reported to be associated with lower responses to therapy and, in some studies, higher HCV RNA levels and increased HCV quasi-species. Few studies address the treatment of hepatitis C in the alcoholic individual or determine the effect of continued light or moderate alcohol use on the outcome of treatment response. In summary, many critical questions remain regarding the interactions between alcohol and hepatitis C. Currently, the evidence from the literature shows that heavy alcohol intake worsens the outcome of HCV infection. The literature is inadequate to provide definitive recommendations regarding the effect of light to moderate alcohol use in patients with hepatitis C.
Evidence for a role of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors in L-arginine-induced attenuation of morphine antinociception

Twice daily injections of L-arginine (50, 100 or 200 mg/kg, i.p.) for 4 days dose-dependently, decreased morphine antinociception in male Swiss-Webster mice as measured by the tail-flick test. To determine the possible role of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor in the action of L-arginine, the effects of MK-801, a noncompetitive antagonist of the NMDA receptor and of LY 235959, a competitive antagonist of the NMDA receptor on L-arginine-induced attenuation of morphine antinociception were determined. MK-801 (0.01-0.10 mg/kg, i.p.) or LY 235959 (1.0-4.0 mg/kg, i.p.) given 10 min before each injection of L-arginine (200 mg/kg, i.p.) reversed the action of the letter in a dose-dependent manner on morphine antinociception. It is concluded that NMDA receptors are involved in the action of L-arginine in attenuating morphine antinociception.
Different uses of chromatic signals in patients with congenital and acquired colour vision deficiencies.

Chromatic signals can be used to generate perceived colour and also to detect spatially structured objects defined only by chromatic differences. These two attributes have previously been investigated in dichromats and cerebral achromatopsic patients using a new colour vision test developed at City University that makes possible the isolation of pure chromatic signals (Barbur et al. Proc. R. Soc. LondonB 258, 327–334, 19941). We have investigated acquired colour vision changes in a 69-year-old patient, after conventional colour vision tests gave ambiguous results. His ability to detect an object using chromatic signals was impaired more than his ability to detect a colour change, and this impairment was greater in the right eye than in the left eye. This dissociation suggests parallel pathways may be involved in the two pracesses of coding chromatic signals. Recent neurological testing on the same patient has incicated the onset of multiple sclerosis. Our much earlier finding based on colour vision testing may therefore have useful diagnostic implications.
THE ROLE OF COHERENCE OF EVIDENCE IN THE NON-DYNAMIC MODEL OF CONFIRMATION

This paper examines the role of coherence of evidence in what I call the non-dynamic model of confirmation. It appears that other things being equal, a higher degree of coherence among pieces of evidence raises to a higher degree the probability of the proposition they support. I argue against this view on the basis of three related observations. First, we should be able to assess the impact of coherence on any hypothesis of interest the evidence supports. Second, the impact of coherence among the pieces of evidence can be different on different hypotheses of interest they support. Third, when we assess the impact of coherence on a hypothesis of interest, other conditions that should be held equal for a fair assessment include the degrees of individual support which the propositions directly supported by the respective pieces of evidence provide for the hypothesis. Once we take these points into consideration, the impression that coherence of evidence plays a positive role in confirmation dissipates. In some cases it can be shown that other things being equal, a higher degree of coherence among the pieces of evidence reduces the degree of confirmation for the hypothesis they support.
Shear force regulates matrix metalloproteinase activity in human saphenous vein organ culture

Abstract Background. Development of vein graft intimal hyperplasia has been related both to shear force and to the activity of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Little data are available regarding the effects of shear on MMP expression and activity. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship among shear force, metalloproteinase activity, and intimal thickening in human saphenous vein segments maintained in organ culture. Materials and methods. Segments of human saphenous vein were cultured under static conditions, or perfused under low-flow and high-flow conditions in a perfusion apparatus for 7 days. Metalloproteinase levels and activities were measured using ELISA and substrate gel zymography, respectively. Intimal thickening was determined by morphometric analysis. Results were compared with control vein tissue, which was not subjected to organ culture, using a one-way ANOVA. Results. A 13% increase in proteolytic activity was noted on substrate gel zymography at 68–72 kDa in high-flow vein tissue. The protein content of MMP-2, MMP-9, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1), and TIMP-2 was increased in high-flow vein tissue by 21%, 126%, more than 100-fold, and 86%, respectively. In culture media bathing the outside of the vein, TIMP-2 was increased in high-flow specimens, while TIMP-1 was inversely related to flow rate. Intimal thickening was directly related to flow rates, and was progressively increased in the low-flow and high-flow groups by 3-fold and 4-fold, respectively. Conclusions. Metalloproteinase levels in human saphenous vein cultures are related to shear force. MMP levels and activity correlate with the degree of intimal thickening. This model may provide a valuable tool for the analysis of physical forces and their influence on intimal thickening in human saphenous vein.
Sodium-24 as an indicator of the blood supply of bone.

MANY cases of fractures of the neck of the femur are complicated by death of the femoral head. Similarly, a large number of cases of necrosis of the femoral head follows on traumatic dislocation of the hips. The earlier this important complication can be diagnosed the better can treatment be planned.
A comparison of dietary atherogenicities, energy balance, and physical activity levels of male and female college students

Abstract The purpose of this study was to compare the differences in selected nutrient intakes, dietary atherogenicities, energy balance, and specific physical activity (SPA) as defined between 1.4 and 7.5 Kcal/kg/hr levels between male and female college students. A total of 122 (50 males and 72 females) completed their three-day dietary records. In addition, 89 (36 males and 53 females) of the 122 collected one-day physical activity journals along with one-day dietary records. The mean gram fiber intake was slightly higher for males than those of females, but females had higher values than males when expressed as fiber g/1000Kcal and % dietary goal for fiber. The male had higher fat and cholesterol intakes than did the female, this was probably due to higher intakes of meat for males. Our findings of higher consumption of fat, cholesterol and sugar, lower fiber intakes, and higher atherogenic scores of diets such as Hegsted score and cholesterol index in males than in females, would place our male students at a higher risk for cardiovascular diseases. Most students participated in SPA at a light or moderate level (1.4–3.0 or 3.1–5.3 Kcal/kg/hr, respectively). Few students spent time at severe activity (5.4–7.4 Kcal/kg/hr) or very severe activity (7.5 or over Kcal/kg/hr). The male expended on the average more energy (612 Kcal/day) than did the female (348 Kcal/day). We found that 25% of the 89 students were in positive energy balance, whereas 75% were in negative energy balance. Between genders, males had higher energy needs for daily basal metabolic rate (BMR), all physical activities, specific dynamic action (SDA) of food, total energy expenditure (TEE), and total energy intakes than females in both positive and negative energy balance categories. This may reflect gender differences, since males generally have more lean body mass, higher energy needs for all activities, and greater caloric intakes than females. Both genders with positive energy balance had decreased energy needs for BMR, all physical activities, SDA, and TEE, whereas they had increased energy, cholesterol and saturated fat intakes, and higher Hegsted score and cholesterol index than those of their counterparts with negative energy balance. These may lead students with positive energy balance to a greater risk of cardiovascular diseases than students with negative energy balance.
Electron transfer photooxygenation of 3,5-cycloheptadienones and related compounds

Abstract 3,5-Cycloheptadienones undergo electron transfer to photoexcited DCA in oxygen-free CH3CN solution to give triplet products which arise via back electron transfer form Initially formed radical ion pairs. Photooxygenation of 2,2,7,7-tetramethyl-3,5-cycloheptadienone ( 1 ) and the derived methyl ether ( 4 ) under electron-transfer conditions results in unusual hydroperoxide-derived products. The related alcohol ( 3 ) gives a product strongly suggestive of intramolecular capture by an OH group of a diene radical cation.
Classical statistics as a theory of incentives

Abstract The use of likelihood-ratio contracts in principal-agent situations is common. They are known to be optimal for the principal in complete-information situations, although they do not take explicit account of the strategic interaction between principal and agent. This paper extends the comparison between Bayesian-Nash equilibrium and likelihood-ratio contracts to incomplete-information environments. It is shown that likelihood-ratio contracts may be equilibrium contracts when the principal is ignorant of the agent's costs, but that they typically are not when the agent has private information about the effects of his action.
Severity of alcohol withdrawal symptoms depends on developmental stage of Long-Evans rats.

Abstract To investigate alcohol dependency and the potential role of age of initial alcohol consumption, Long–Evans (LE) rats were fed an ethanol-containing liquid diet starting at postnatal (P) ages (days): P23–27 (juvenile), P35–45 (adolescent) or P65–97 (young adult). Severity of subsequent withdrawal symptoms was dependent on age when consumption began and on duration of alcohol consumption. Frequency of withdrawal seizures was highest for rats starting consumption as juveniles, intermediate for adolescents and lowest for adults. Normalized to body weight, alcohol consumption was significantly higher for adolescent and juvenile rats than for adults. Sprague–Dawley rats that began alcohol consumption as adolescents (P35) had a level of alcohol consumption identical to that of the adolescent LE rats but showed much lower frequency of withdrawal seizures when tested after 2, 3 and 5 weeks of alcohol consumption. Based on several indicators, the capacity of the juveniles to metabolize ethanol is equal to or exceeds that of adults. Recoveries from a single dose of ethanol (2.5 g ethanol/kg body weight) were faster for juvenile LE rats than adults. The rate of decline in blood ethanol concentration was identical for juvenile and adult rats while the corrected ethanol elimination rate was higher for juveniles. The primary isozyme of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) in rat liver, ADH-3, had a similar Km and higher activity in liver preparations from juveniles. In conclusion, LE rats beginning alcohol consumption as juveniles or adolescents develop a severe alcohol withdrawal syndrome that may not be attributed entirely to higher levels of consumption and was not explained by any obvious deficiencies in metabolism.
Two Arguments Against Lying

Kant and Sidgwick are at opposite extremes on whether we may tell paternalistic lies. I trace the extremism to their views about ethical concepts. Sidgwick thinks fundamental ethical concepts must be precise. Common Sense morality says we may tell paternalistic lies to children but not to sane adults. Because the distinction between a child and an adult is imprecise, Sidgwick thinks this principle cannot be fundamental, and must be based on the (precise) principle of utility, which often mandates paternalistic lies to adults. Kant thinks that ethical concepts are ideals of reason, which do not fit the world precisely because the world is imperfect. We lie to children and the insane because they are irrational, but no one is perfectly rational. We must treat all persons with the respect due to rational agents, so the pressure of the theory is toward not lying to anyone. Decisions about where to draw the line must be made pragmatically and to some extent arbitrary. But fear of this is not a good reason to abandon ethical ideals for utilitarianism.
Performance Evaluation of Asphalt Overlays on Broken and Seated Concrete Pavements

Evaluating the effectiveness of breaking and seating concrete pavements prior to asphalt overlay is a subject of great importance for pavement rehabilitation. A number of studies reported that breaking and seating delayed reflection cracking, but some indicated that, after 4 to 5 years, the cracking of the asphalt overlays on broken and seated sections increased and was about the same as in the other sections. Structural analysis of these pavements confirmed a significant loss of structural support. A controlled experimental project in Ohio investigated the effectiveness of breaking and seating jointed reinforced concrete pavements before asphalt overlay. Four miles of in-service composite pavements carrying heavy traffic were rehabilitated by milling the original asphalt layer, breaking and seating the concrete slabs, and constructing new asphalt overlays. Four more miles of the same sections were constructed in the same way except for breaking and seating. After 2 1/2 years of study, the results confirm the previous findings regarding the effectiveness of breaking and seating in delaying reflection cracks and reduction in structural capacity, increase in surface deflection, and loss of flexural strength. This study indicates that the type of breaking equipment used and the extent of breaking are the most significant factors affecting the performance of these pavements.
Preparation of composite fluoropolymers with enhanced dewetting using fluorinated silsesquioxanes as drop-in modifiers

Composite fluoropolymers were prepared by solvent blending fluorinated POSS (F-POSS) with perfluorocyclobutyl (PFCB) aryl ether polymers. The semifluorinated PFCB aryl ether polymers were shown to be hydrophobic, but demonstrated complete wetting by hydrocarbon-based liquids. Upon the incorporation of F-POSS as a drop-in modifier at low weight percent loadings, the composite fluoropolymer spin cast films exhibited increased water in addition to hydrocarbon repellency as determined by contact angle analysis. Composite film surface characterization included SEM and AFM analyses which showed excellent F-POSS dispersion and increased surface roughness. Thermal properties of the blended films were analysed using DSC and this demonstrated that the incorporation of F-POSS did not affect the bulk matrix properties inherent of PFCB aryl ether polymers. This work demonstrated that optimized F-POSS PFCB aryl ether polymer blend formulations have potential use as hydro- and oleophobic materials for seals, fibers, and coatings.
The Design and Implementation of a Bare PC Email Server

This paper presents the architecture, design and implementation of an email server that runs on a bare PC without an operating system or hard-disk. In addition to providing standard services offered by conventional email servers, the bare PC email server incorporates several unique features leveraging the absence of an operating system. For example, it implements novel algorithms for optimal multi-tasking, provides streamlined processing of messages enabling highly efficient integration of the SMTP and POP3 servers, and minimizes traditional software and protocol overhead. Additionally, it eliminates process overhead due to an operating system, offers enhanced security since the server is not vulnerable to attacks that target operating system flaws, and has a smaller code size. The complete server can be booted from removable media such as a USB drive. The bare PC email server demonstrates the ability of a self-contained, self-executing, complex software application to directly control the underlying PC hardware.
A generalized, likelihood-free method for posterior estimation

Recent advancements in Bayesian modeling have allowed for likelihood-free posterior estimation. Such estimation techniques are crucial to the understanding of simulation-based models, whose likelihood functions may be difficult or even impossible to derive. However, current approaches are limited by their dependence on sufficient statistics and/or tolerance thresholds. In this article, we provide a new approach that requires no summary statistics, error terms, or thresholds and is generalizable to all models in psychology that can be simulated. We use our algorithm to fit a variety of cognitive models with known likelihood functions to ensure the accuracy of our approach. We then apply our method to two real-world examples to illustrate the types of complex problems our method solves. In the first example, we fit an error-correcting criterion model of signal detection, whose criterion dynamically adjusts after every trial. We then fit two models of choice response time to experimental data: the linear ballistic accumulator model, which has a known likelihood, and the leaky competing accumulator model, whose likelihood is intractable. The estimated posterior distributions of the two models allow for direct parameter interpretation and model comparison by means of conventional Bayesian statistics—a feat that was not previously possible.
A mandibular impression technique for displaceable tissue

Abstract An analysis of the finished impression is made to see if the four fundamental requirements of an acceptable impression have been met. 1.1. Areal Coverage.—All the denture-bearing area possible within the limits of tissue tolerance has been covered, not the residual ridge alone, but the most important aeras of the buccal shelf and retromolar pad as well. 2.2. Periphery.—A compound peripheral border has been meticulously established, section by section, within the limits of tissue tolerance. 3.3. Valve Seal Without Interference With Functional Movements.—By establishing a periphery which harmonizes with the anatomic and physiologic landmarks surrounding the denture, provision has been made not only for valve seal, but also for maximum lateral stability. 4.4. Accurate Adaptation to the Tissues Without Injurious Displacement.—A carefully muscle-trimmed periphery insures contact with, but nonimpingement on the border tissues. A final wash material, as soft as, or softer than, the tissues being registered, provides for accurate adaptation without injurious displacement and for equitable distribution of stress. This, plus the fact that a cast metal base is used, further insures that the soft tissues will be more accurately reproduced in the finished denture, with better tissue and denture base adaptation resulting.
When medical evidence alone is simply not enough

the alacrity of tax accountants armed with enumerated spreadsheets, authors Messing and colleaguesdemonstrate that US urologists (at least from 1997-2004) have not come to terms with the use of prophylactic,single-dose, immediate, intravesical chemotherapy after transurethral surgery for nonmuscle-invasive (superfi-cial) bladder cancer.
Expansion and fracture of AISI 1045 steel explosive-filled cylinders

Le comportement de p' expansion et de la fracture des cylindres-explosifs-remplis charges par trois explosifs a puissance differente est etudie. Les cylindres testes sont en acier AISI 1045 soumis a deux types de traitement thermique. Une technique de la photographie est utilisee et des parametres de la fracture dynamique sont obtenus. On discute la caracteristique de fracture et la distribution de dimension des fragments en fonction de la microstructure des materiaux et de la force appliquee
Asymptotic Eigenvalue Density of Noise Covariance Matrices

The asymptotic eigenvalues are derived for the true noise covariance matrix (CM) and the noise sample covariance matrix (SCM) for a line array with equidistant sensors in an isotropic noise field. In this case, the CM in the frequency domain is a symmetric Toeplitz sinc matrix which has at most two distinct eigenvalues in the asymptotic limit of an infinite number of sensors. Interestingly, for line arrays with interelement spacing less than half a wavelength, the CM turns out to be rank deficient. The asymptotic eigenvalue density of the SCM is derived using random matrix theory (RMT) for all ratios of the interelement spacing to the wavelength. When the CM has two distinct eigenvalues, the eigenvalue density of the SCM separates into two distinct lobes as the number of snapshots is increased. These lobes are centered at the two distinct eigenvalues of the CM. The asymptotic results agree well with analytic solutions and simulations for arrays with a small number of sensors.
Cooptation Through Conflation: Spiritual Materialism is Not the Same as Spirituality 1

Spirituality as embodied in the so‐called New Age and described by Rindfleish (2005) is a complex phenomenon subject to all sorts of problematization. Here, I problematize the arguments advanced by Rindfleish and perhaps supported by others as a misconstrual and mis‐situating of the phenomenon. Many take spirituality and conflate it with spiritual materialism. This can be seen in the “consumption” of spiritual meanings and practices with a materialistic propensity such as within the self‐care paradigm Rindfleish applies to the New Age writers she considers. Moreover, to consider the Eastern practices present in the New Age without drawing on the former directly is to disconnect light rays from their source. Drawing on this view, I resituate “New Age” spirituality where I think it is situated, namely in the larger context of a global paradigmatic shift in consciousness which may involve consumption but which is not consumption.
Mismatched filters for Frank polyphase codes via sidelobe inversion

A computationally efficient mismatched filter for Frank polyphase codes is proposed. It is based on an efficiently constructed matched filter followed by one or more stages of a sidelobe inversion (SLI) filter. This sidelobe inversion filter inherits the computationally efficient structure used for the matched filter. With the addition of few extra multipliers, a significant increase in the main lobe to peak sidelobe ratio is achieved. The proposed filter is area and power efficient, as well. The total delay is more than that of the length-optimal mismatched filter, but is of no significant consequence in most applications.
Changes in Circulating Leptin Levels During Acute Stress and Associations with Craving in Abstinent Smokers: A Preliminary Investigation

Summary Recent research suggests a role for the appetite hormone leptin in cigarette smoking. This study examined patterns of change in leptin in response to stress and associations with craving during the initial phase of a quit attempt. Thirty-six smokers (average age ± SEM, 33.4 ± 2.4) interested in smoking cessation set a quit day and were required to be abstinent for 24 h. After, they completed a laboratory session including public speaking and cognitive challenges, and attended 4 weekly post-cessation assessments. Blood samples and self-report measures were collected throughout the laboratory session. The results indicated that leptin levels significantly increased following exposure to acute stress. We also found positive correlations between leptin and craving for cigarettes. No differences were observed in leptin levels between smokers who maintained abstinence for 4 weeks and those who relapsed during this period. These findings suggest that leptin levels may change in response to stress and that leptin could be a useful marker of craving for smoking.