cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Association of psychosocial stress and temporomandibular disorders in the adolescent population

Objectives Research has shown an increasing number of adolescent patients who present with somatization of pain disorders. The importance of assessing a patient's psychological and behavioral status in diagnosing temporomandibular disorder (TMD) has been explored in adults; however, its application in adolescents is unclear. The objectives of this study are to determine the association between psychosocial stress and TMD among adolescents and to further investigate the type of psychosocial stress that has the highest impact on this population. Methods This is a prospective study targeting patients aged 10-19 years old who visit the oral medicine clinics at the University of Pennsylvania Health System. The study was approved by the University of Pennsylvania Institutional Review Board. All patients with complaints of jaw pain, headache, and/or earache were assessed using the same TMD evaluation form, including a validated psychosocial questionnaire, the modified 4-item Patient Health Questionnaire for anxiety and depression (PHQ-4), in the electronic medical record system. The information in the initial TMD evaluation form and relevant demographic information, such as age and sex, were used in statistical analysis, including chi-square tests, to identify trends within populations. Results To date, 30 patients (18 females, 12 males) aged 10-19 years have enrolled and participated in the study. On the basis of preliminary data analysis, patients who had a formal diagnosis of depression or anxiety or who had a moderate or severe score on the PHQ-4 (categorized as normal, mild, moderate, or severe) had moderate or severe myofascial pain upon clinical examination (69.1%; P Conclusions There is a statistically significant association between psychosocial stress and TMD symptoms in adolescents. Depression and anxiety had the highest impact on the severity of temporomandibular joint myofascial pain, with headache being the most frequent coexisting pain condition.
Studies of binding by 2-imidazolines to human serum albumin and alpha1-acid glycoprotein by high-performance affinity chromatography.

Abstract 2-Imidazoline drugs are used in a variety of applications, such as the treatment of hypertension and opioid withdrawal. It is known these drugs bind to serum proteins and have significant variations within this class of compounds in the overall level of this binding. However, little specific information is available on the interactions of these compounds with the two major transport proteins for many drugs, human serum albumin (HSA) and alpha1-acid glycoprotein (AGP). This study examined binding by 2-imidazolines to these proteins by using 25 mm × 2.1 mm i.d. high-performance affinity microcolumns that contained HSA or AGP. The drugs that were examined were antazoline, clonidine, dexmedetomidine, lofexidine, moxonidine, phentolamine, and tizanidine, which represented a wide range of structures and pharmaceutical applications. The major metabolite of lofexidine, N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-(2,6-dichlorophenoxy) propenamide (LADP), was also examined. All these 2-imidazolines were found to have weak-to-moderate binding to HSA, with global affinities that ranged from 1.62 × 102 to 1.07 × 104 M−1 at pH 7.4 and 37 °C. These compounds had stronger binding with AGP, with global affinities constants ranging from 3.80 × 102 to 1.85 × 104 M−1. No stereoselectivity was observed by HSA for the enantiomers of dexmedetomidine, lofexidine, or LADP. However, AGP did show some stereoselectivity for lofexidine and LADP but not for dexmedetomidine. These results provide a better understanding of interactions of 2-imidazoline with HSA vs AGP in the circulation and of how this binding can change between drugs within this class of compounds.
The Effectiveness of a Proactive, Three-Level Strategy to Identify People With Prediabetes in a Large Workforce With Employer-Sponsored Health Insurance.

OBJECTIVE Rates of diagnosis of prediabetes and uptake of the National Diabetes Prevention Program (NDPP) are low. We evaluated a proactive three-level strategy to identify individuals with prediabetes in a population with employer-sponsored health insurance. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We studied 64,131 insured employees, dependents, and retirees ≥18 years of age without diagnosed diabetes, 19,397 (30%) of whom were estimated to have prediabetes. Individuals with prediabetes were identified by: 1) searching claims diagnoses and previously performed HbA1c test results; 2) risk-stratifying people 40–64 years of age without diabetes, prediabetes, or documented normal HbA1c to identify individuals at higher risk and encourage them to be tested; and 3) using a media campaign to encourage employees not otherwise targeted to self-screen and, if at higher risk, to be tested. RESULTS Using claims and laboratory data, 11% of the population was identified as having prediabetes. Of those 40–64 years of age, 25% were identified as being at higher risk, and 27% of them were tested or diagnosed within 1 year. Of employees exposed to the media campaign, 14% were tested or diagnosed within 1 year. Individuals with prediabetes were older, heavier, and more likely to have hypertension and dyslipidemia. Testing and diagnosis were associated with receiving medical care and provider outreach. A total of 8,129 individuals, or 42% of those with prediabetes, were identified. CONCLUSIONS Analysis of existing health insurance data facilitated the identification of individuals with prediabetes. Better identification of people with prediabetes is a first step in increasing uptake of the NDPP.
Exploring functions of and recollections with photos in the age of smartphone cameras

People often report taking photos to aid memory. Two mixed-method surveys were used to investigate participants’ reasons for taking photos, focusing specifically on memory-related reasons, which we...
Assessing the Development of Design Thinking: From Training to Organizational Application

Increasingly organizations are turning to off-site design thinking professional development programs as a way to grow design competencies in their workforce. This paper has two main goals (1) to develop an initial assessment tool that helps identify how well organizations support employees’ continued learning and application of design thinking. (2) To describe a process for constructing design thinking assessment tools. The assessment created is informed by an exploration of existing design thinking Executive Education programs and tested in a large organization committed to using design thinking.
White Party, White Government: Race, Class, and U.S. Politics

White Party, White Government examines the centuries-old impact of systemic racism on the U.S. political system. The text assesses the development by elite and other whites of a racialized capitalistic system, grounded early in slavery and land theft, and its intertwining with a distinctive political system whose fundamentals were laid down in the founding decades. From these years through the Civil War and Reconstruction, to the 1920s, the 1930s Roosevelt era, the 1960s Johnson era, through to the Ronald Reagan, George H.W. Bush, and Barack Obama presidencies, Feagin exploring the effects of ongoing demographic changes on the present and future of the U.S. political system.
Validity and reliability of the Patient-Reported Arthralgia Inventory: validation of a newly-developed survey instrument to measure arthralgia.

BACKGROUND: There is a need for a survey instrument to measure arthralgia (joint pain) that has been psychometrically validated in the context of existing reference instruments. We developed the 16-item Patient-Reported Arthralgia Inventory (PRAI) to measure arthralgia severity in 16 joints, in the context of a longitudinal cohort study to assess aromatase inhibitor-associated arthralgia in breast cancer survivors and arthralgia in postmenopausal women without breast cancer. We sought to evaluate the reliability and validity of the PRAI instrument in these populations, as well as to examine the relationship of patient-reported morning stiffness and arthralgia. METHODS: We administered the PRAI on paper in 294 women (94 initiating aromatase inhibitor therapy and 200 postmenopausal women without breast cancer) at weeks 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, and 52, as well as once in 36 women who had taken but were no longer taking aromatase inhibitor therapy. RESULTS: Cronbach's alpha was 0.9 for internal consistency of the PRAI. Intraclass correlation coefficients of test-retest reliability were in the range of 0.87-0.96 over repeated PRAI administrations; arthralgia severity was higher in the non-cancer group at baseline than at subsequent assessments. Women with joint comorbidities tended to have higher PRAI scores than those without (estimated difference in mean scores: -0.3, 95% confidence interval [CI] -0.5, -0.2; P<0.001). The PRAI was highly correlated with the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Endocrine Subscale item "I have pain in my joints" (reference instrument; Spearman r range: 0.76-0.82). Greater arthralgia severity on the PRAI was also related to decreased physical function (r=-0.47, 95% CI -0.55, -0.37; P<0.001), higher pain interference (r=0.65, 95% CI 0.57-0.72; P<0.001), less active performance status (estimated difference in location (-0.6, 95% CI -0.9, -0.4; P<0.001), and increased morning stiffness duration (r=0.62, 95% CI 0.54-0.69; P<0.0001). CONCLUSION: We conclude that the psychometric properties of the PRAI are satisfactory for measuring arthralgia severity.
An Analytic Method for the Design of Two-Dimensional Asymmetric Nozzles

An analytic method is presented for the design of two-dimensional asymmetric curved nozzles. Such nozzles may be used to continuously vary the Mach Number by relative translation of one contour with respect to the other. The continuity equation and the condition of irrotationality for steady compressible flow are given in curvilinear coordinates with stream function and velocity potential as independent variables. Using Bernoulli's equation for isentropic gas and a suitably chosen analytic velocity distribution along the initial expansion contour, which is specified in terms of its curvature, a set of partial differential equations is obtained. These equations are solved by expanding the dependent variables—velocity q, flow direction 6, and curvilinear coordinates (x, y) of a streamline—in powers of the stream function. This solution determines the nozzle contours for any constant value of the stream function as well as all flow characteristics in the subsonic region and the supersonic expansion region of the nozzle. From the general solution and the boundary conditions at the sonic line it follows that the curvature of the contour must be zero at the throat. After the patching Mach line is calculated numerically the recompression contour can be determined to complete the nozzle calculations. These equations show that the Mach Number gradient must go to zero at the design Mach wave. This requirement implies continuous wall curvature at the corners of the recompression region. The variation of Mach Number by relative translation of fixed contours of the asymmetric type is then discussed. An iteration method is derived for this purpose which should converge very rapidly as compared to the iteration required by the characteristics method of design.
Microfluidic single cell sorting and trapping using dual spiral channels

The recent research and development of microfluidic systems for biological and chemical analysis has enabled interfacing and analyzing single or small population of biological cells. In this thesis, we describe a passive microfluidic device with dual spiral geometry for the separation and single cell trapping from a heterogeneous mixture. The device makes use of two spirals to sort and trap cells. Cells flowing in the primary channel experience centrifugal acceleration as they travel along the spiral. A combination of Dean drag force and inertial lift force acting on the cells in the primary channel, cause them to migrate towards the outer wall. The outer wall is lined with traps to capture single cells that have laterally migrated due to centrifugal force. A local suction force is created at each trap by the use of the secondary spiral channel to provide an additional lateral force to assist in cell trapping. The microfabricated devices were tested with polystyrene microbeads, glass microbeads and adult rat hippocampal stem cells at various microfluidic conditions. Using the proposed technology, an average trapping efficiency of >50% was achieved. Besides providing a high trapping efficiency, this unique dualspiral configuration has the potential to facilitate single-cell studies by providing a convenient way to load /unload agent and regent solutions through the secondary channel and to create a concentration gradient of factors in both the primary and secondary channels.
Analysis of Variance

In this chapter we cover the case where we wish to compare the means from several groups, where “several” is defined as more than two. The method we use in this case is called an Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), which is a well-known and widely-used statistical procedure.
Laser radar cross-section estimation from high-resolution image data

A methodology for the estimation of ladar cross sections from high-resolution image data of geometrically complex targets is presented. Coherent CO2 laser radar was used to generate high-resolution amplitude imagery of a UC-8 Buffalo test aircraft at a range of 1.3 km at nine different aspect angles. The average target ladar cross section was synthesized from these data and calculated to be σT = 15.4 dBsm, which is similar to the expected microwave radar cross sections. The aspect angle dependence of the cross section shows pronounced peaks at nose on and broadside, which are also in agreement with radar results. Strong variations in both the mean amplitude and the statistical distributions of amplitude with the aspect angle have also been observed. The relative mix of diffuse and specular returns causes significant deviations from a simple Lambertian or Swerling II target, especially at broadside where large normal surfaces are present.
The role of extensively delocalized π-electrons in electrical conductivity, non-linear optical properties and physical properties of polymers

Abstract Advanced magnetic resonance techniques, including electron nuclear double resonance (ENDOR) and electron spin echo (ESE) spectroscopies, have been employed to investigate π-electron delocalization (both static and dynamic) and charge transfer effects (both intra- and intermolecular) in a variety of polyacetylene and heteroatomic ladder polymers. The consequences of these measurements for electrical conductivity, non-linear optical activity, and physical properties such as solubility are discussed.
A Multi-Tasking Laboratory Data Acquisition System under TSX-Plus

A laboratory data acquisition software package is presented which runs on a distributed system of several LSI-11 workstations coupled together by an ethernet network. Incorporating existing PDP-11 software such as Fermilab's RTMULTI, the system offers an effective solution to expansion limitations of the LSI-11 without a major modification of existing software.
Biomechanics of larval morphology affect swimming: insights from the sand dollars Dendraster excentricus.

Synopsis Most planktonic larvae of marine invertebrates are denser than sea water, and rely on swimming to locate food, navigate advective currents, and avoid predators. Therefore, swimming behaviors play important roles in larval survival and dispersal. Larval bodies are often complex and highly variable across developmental stages and environmental conditions. These complex morphologies reflect compromises among multiple evolutionary pressures, including maintaining the ability to swim. Here, I highlight metrics of swimming performance, their relationships with morphology, and the roles of behavior in modulating larval swimming within biomechanical limits. Sand dollars have a representative larval morphology using long ciliated projections for swimming and feeding. Observed larval sand dollars fell within a narrow range of key morphological parameters that maximized their abilities to maintain directed upward movement over the most diverse flow fields, outperforming hypothetical alternatives in a numerical model. Ontogenetic changes in larval morphology also led to different vertical movements in simulated flow fields, implying stage-dependent vertical distributions and lateral transport. These model outcomes suggest a tight coupling between larval morphology and swimming. Environmental stressors, such as changes in temperature and pH, can therefore affect larval swimming through short-term behavioral adjustments and long-term changes in morphology. Larval sand dollars reared under elevated pCO2 conditions had significantly different morphology, but not swimming speeds or trajectories. Geometric morphometric analysis showed a pH-dependent, size-mediated change in shape, suggesting a coordinated morphological adjustment to maintain swimming performance under acidified conditions. Quantification of the biomechanics and behavioral aspects of swimming improves predictions of larval survival and dispersal under present-day and future environmental conditions.
Thermochemistry of molecular complexes. 5. Molecular complexes of I2 with ethylbenzenes andn-alkylbenzenes

The enthalpies of formation and equilibrium constants are reported for molecular complexes of I2 with five ethylbenzene and ninen-alkylbenzene donor molecules in CCl4. The wavelength of maximum absorbance for each complex is also reported. For ethylbenzene donor molecules, the formation enthalpy and equilibrium constant for the complexes depend strongly on the number of ethyl groups attached to the benzene ring, but only weakly on the position of the groups. For then-alkylbenzene donor molecules, both the formation enthalpy and equilibrium constant for complex formation are indenpendent of the length of the alkyl chain. These results are consistent with previous observations on weak complexes of I2 with substituted benzene donors.
A DNR perspective on mathematics curriculum and instruction. Part II: with reference to teacher’s knowledge base

Two questions are on the mind of many mathematics educators; namely: What is the mathematics that we should teach in school? and how should we teach it? This is the second in a series of two papers addressing these fundamental questions. The first paper (Harel, 2008a) focuses on the first question and this paper on the second. Collectively, the two papers articulate a pedagogical stance oriented within a theoretical framework called DNR-based instruction in mathematics. The relation of this paper to the topic of this Special Issue is that it defines the concept of teacher’s knowledge base and illustrates with authentic teaching episodes an approach to its development with mathematics teachers. This approach is entailed from DNR’s premises, concepts, and instructional principles, which are also discussed in this paper.
TICKET-UWM: a coupled kinetic, equilibrium, and transport screening model for metals in lakes.

The tableau input coupled kinetic equilibrium transport-unit world model (TICKET-UWM) has been developed as a screening model for assessing potential environmental risks associated with the release of metals into lakes. The model is based on a fully implicit, one-step solution algorithm that allows for simultaneous consideration of dissolved and particulate phase transport; metal complexation to organic matter and inorganic ligands; precipitation of metal hydroxides, carbonates, and sulfides; competitive interactions of metals and major cations with biotic ligands; a simplified description of biogeochemical cycling of organic carbon and sulfur; and dissolution kinetics for metal powders, massives, and other solid forms. Application of TICKET-UWM to a generalized lake in the Sudbury area of the Canadian Shield is presented to demonstrate the overall cycling of metals in lakes and the nonlinear effects of chemical speciation on metal responses. In addition, the model is used to calculate critical loads for metals, with acute toxicity of Daphnia magna as the final endpoint. Model results show that the critical loads for Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn varied from 2.5 to 39.0 g metal/m2-year and were found to be one or more orders of magnitude higher than comparable loads for pesticides (lindane, 4,4′-DDT) and several polyaromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) compounds. In sensitivity calculations, critical metal-loading rates were found to vary significantly as a function of the hydraulic detention time, water hardness, and metal dissolution kinetic rates. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2011; 30:1278–1287. © 2011 SETAC
Inflammatory and neoplastic diseases of the vulva

Abstract Inflammatory and neoplastic diseases of the vulva include a wide range of entities common to skin of other parts of the body as well as some specific to the vulva. The vulva is broadly defined to include the labia majora and minora, clitoris, and vaginal vestibule.
TREK-1 Regulation by Nitric Oxide and cGMP-dependent Protein Kinase AN ESSENTIAL ROLE IN SMOOTH MUSCLE INHIBITORY NEUROTRANSMISSION

Potassium channels activated by membrane stretch may contribute to maintenance of relaxation of smooth muscle cells in visceral hollow organs. Previous work has identified K(+) channels in murine colon that are activated by stretch and further regulated by NO-dependent mechanisms. We have screened murine gastrointestinal, vascular, bladder, and uterine smooth muscles for the expression of TREK and TRAAK mRNA. Although TREK-1 was expressed in many of these smooth muscles, TREK-2 was expressed only in murine antrum and pulmonary artery. TRAAK was not expressed in any smooth muscle cells tested. Whole cell currents from TREK-1 expressed in mammalian COS cells were activated by stretch, and single channel recordings showed that the stretch-dependent conductance was due to 90 pS channels. Sodium nitroprusside (10(-6) or 10(-5) m) and 8-Br-cGMP (10(-4) or 10(-3) m) increased TREK-1 currents in perforated whole cell and single channel recordings. Mutation of the PKG consensus sequence at serine 351 blocked the stimulatory effects of sodium nitroprusside and 8-Br-cGMP on open probability without affecting the inhibitory effects of 8-Br-cAMP. TREK-1 encodes a component of the stretch-activated K(+) conductance in smooth muscles and may contribute to nitrergic inhibition of gastrointestinal muscles.
A Direct Test for Changing Trend

We consider tests for changing trend that do not require prior knowledge about the location of the changepoint. The limiting distribution is derived from the functional central limit theorem and the critical value from the hitting probability of a Brownian bridge. Applying a test sensitive to the alternative of trend stationarity with structural breaks, we find that for real gross national product, real per capita gross national product, and real wages before World War II the hypothesis of trend stationarity is rejected.
Osmium-labeled polynucleotides. Incorporation of additional heavy atoms (mercury) via ligand substitution reactions

Abstract The reaction of osmium tetroxide with biological materials, particularly nucleic acids, has considerable utility in electron microscopy and X-ray crystallography. This heavymetal label introduces an electrophilic center which may serve as a means of attachment of nucleophiles. Nucleophilic ligand substitution reactions have been exploited as a means of adding more heavy metals (mercury) onto the osmium label. Furthermore, the technique is quite general and could be used to modify the osmium label with, for example, fluorescent groups. The nucleophilic exchange reactions have also been studied using 1H nmr spectroscopy with a representative heterocyclic osmate ester derivative, the bis(pyridine) osmate ester derivative of TMP. These studies have defined the nature of the ligands which lead to stable osmium labels.
Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptors: receptor specificity versus functional redundancy.

Abstract Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is a bioactive sphingolipid that has recently been shown to bind cell surface S1P receptors (previously called endothelial differentiation gene (Edg) receptors), which are members of the G-protein-coupled family of receptors. Signaling via S1P is a complex process, as cells usually express a number of these receptors on their surfaces. Many of the S1P receptors share common G-proteins, invoking the question of how these receptors are specific in their actions. This review describes the coupling pathways of S1P receptors, and highlights the in vitro and in vivo evidence for the “uniqueness” of each receptor in activating downstream signaling pathways, taking the effect of S1P on migration as an example.
Pars compacta of the substantia nigra modulates motor activity but is not involved importantly in regulating food and water intake

Precise, bilateral radio-frequency lesions of pars compacta of the substantia nigra in rats resulted in the immediate and sustained appearance of hyperactivity, but such lesions did not produce significant alterations in food or water intake. These behavioral effects were correlated with considerable, histochemically assessed loss of dopamine terminals in the caudate-putamen complex, but dopamine innervation in nucleus accumbens and other forebrain areas was only slightly affected. The magnitude of motor activity increase was positively correlated with the degree of pars compacta involvement. Animals with lesions in the median raphe and adjacent reticular formation also displayed chronic hyperactivity. In contrast to rats receiving discrete radio-frequency lesions of pars compacta, animals with bilateral mesencephalic ablations produced by 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA, 8 micrograms/4 microliters or 4 micrograms/2 microliters in combination with desipramine pretreatment) displayed poverty of movement. Furthermore, significant, dose-dependent decrements in food and water intake were seen after 6-OHDA. The nonselective component of such lesions was frequently large and irregular in shape. Occasional ablations produced by this neurotoxin, however, appeared more selective in that damage was confined primarily to pars compacta. Nonetheless, the best correlate of aphagia and adipsia associated with 6-OHDA treatment was lesion size, regardless of the extent of pars compacta or other nigral involvement. We conclude that aphagia and adipsia concomitant to 6-OHDA lesions of the substantia nigra results from the incidental destruction of extra-nigral systems. Virtually complete, but precise, lesions of pars compacta do not produce aphagia and adipsia. While our results are consistent with the notion that the substantia nigra serves an important role in the regulation of motor activity, they provide no support for the conjecture that it is importantly involved in mediating ingestive behaviors.
Coverage Problem for Sensors Embedded in Temperature Sensitive Environments

The coverage and connectivity problem in sensor networks has received significant attention of the research community in the recent years. In this paper, we study this problem for sensors deployed in temperature sensitive environments. This paper is motivated by the issues encountered during deployment of bio-sensors in a human/animal body. Radio transmitters during operation dissipate energy and raise the temperature of its surroundings. A temperature sensitive environment like the human body can tolerate such increase in temperature only up to a certain threshold value, beyond which serious injury may occur. To avoid such injuries, the sensor placement must be carried out in a way that ensures the surrounding temperature to remain within the threshold. Using a thermal model for heat distribution from multiple heat sources (radio transmitters), we observed that if the sensor nodes are placed sufficiently apart from each other, then the temperature of the surrounding area does not exceed the threshold. This minimum separation distance constraint gives rise to a new version of the sensor coverage problem that has not been studied earlier. We prove that both the optimization version and the feasibility version of the new problem are NP-complete. We further show that an epsiv-approximation algorithm for the problem cannot exist unless P = NP. We provide two heuristic solutions for the problem and evaluate the efficacy of these solutions by comparing their performances against the optimal solution. The simulation results show that our heuristic solutions almost always find near optimal solution in a fraction of the time needed to find the optimal solution. Finally, an algorithm for forming a connected sensor network with minimum transmission power in such a scenario is provided.
P-Glycoprotein is not present in mitochondrial membranes

Recent reports have indicated the presence of P-glycoprotein in crude mitochondrial membrane fractions, leading to the assumption that P-glycoprotein is present in mitochondrial membranes, and may be involved in transport across these membranes. To determine the validity of this claim, two cell lines overexpressing endogenous P-glycoprotein were investigated. Using various centrifugation steps, mitochondria were purified from these cells and analyzed by Western blot reaction with the anti-P-glycoprotein antibody C219 and organelle-specific antibodies. While P-glycoprotein is present in crude mitochondrial fractions, these fractions are contaminated with plasma membranes. Further purification of the mitochondria to remove plasma membranes revealed that P-glycoprotein is not expressed in mitochondria of the KB-V1 (vinblastine-resistant KB-3-1 cells) or MCF-7(ADR) (adriamycin-resistant MCF-7 cells) cell lines. To further substantiate these findings, we used confocal microscopy and the anti-P-glycoprotein antibody 17F9. This demonstrated that in intact cells, P-glycoprotein is not present in mitochondria and is primarily localized to the plasma membrane. These findings are consistent with the role of P-glycoprotein in conferring multidrug resistance by decreasing cellular drug accumulation. Therefore, contrary to previous speculation, P-glycoprotein does not confer cellular protection by residing in mitochondrial membranes.
Lost in Computerl and: Functional Model-Enhanced Training and Interface Designs

Recent research suggests that the key to effective interaction with complex systems like computers is possessing a good mental model of the system. Studies have shown that when novices are provided models and metaphors for a system, they have less difficulty learning operating procedures, recalling procedures, and devising procedural shortcuts. However, two important criticisms of these studies are: (1) they focus more on the means used to communicate a system model (e.g., metaphor) than the type of conceptual Information being communicated (e.g., functional model), and (2) their subjects have all been bright, young college students. The present research examined the effectiveness of functional model-enhanced training for a group more representative of the growing population of older, out-of-school computer users: secretaries aged 21 to 62. Text editing performance was significantly better for secretaries who received functional model-enhanced training and/or provided functional model descriptions of the ...
Alien Science, Indigenous Thought and Foreign Religion: Reconsidering the Reception of Darwinism in Japan

Beginning in 1877, the American zoologist, Edward S. Morse (1837–1925), initiated a series of lectures on Darwin and his theory at the Tokyo Imperial University. As a former student of Louis Agassi...
Unidirectional fluxes of na+, cl−1 and water in fingerling channel catfish, ictalurus punctatus

Abstract 1. 1. The influx of Na+ and Cl−(as 22Na+ and 36Cl−1) was measured in fingerling channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) and was found to be equivalent in a 7–8 g fish to about 20 and 40%, respectively, each day of their total body Na or Cl. In the smallest fish (l g), the rate of flux was 3–4 times as great as in larger (15g) ones. 2. 2. Unidirectional flux of water (as efflux of 3H-water) was very rapid, equivalent to about 3 times the total body water each hour. 3. 3. Drinking was relatively small equivalent to about 2.5% of the body weight each day (6% at pH 5) and so contributed little to the above fluxes, which presumably mainly occurred across the gills and possibly the skin. 4. 4. Influx of Na+ was reduced when the Ca2+ concentration was increased from 0.1 to 3 mM. Changes of pH between 8.3 and 5 and the presence of 0.01 mM A13+ such as may result from “acid rain” did not change Na influx. 5. 5. Efflux of Na+ was increased when the pH was decreased from 7.3 to 5, but neither Ca2+ (3 mM) nor Al3+ (0.01 mM at a pH of 5) had a significant effect. 6. 6. The unidirectional flux of water was reduced by 0.01 mM Al3+ at pH 5, but it was unchanged by a pH of 5 alone or 3 mM Ca2+.
Intern call schedules and their relationship to sleep, operating room participation, stress, and satisfaction

Abstract Background: The ideal resident call schedule remains unknown. This study assessed the impact of different call schedules on intern performance and education. Methods: A year-long, prospective, observational study of first-year residents in a surgery training program was performed with use of intern sleep/operative logs and questionnaires, and faculty questionnaires. Results: Compared with interns taking call every third or fourth night (and cross-covering a separate service), interns taking call every other night reported the greatest amount of fatigue and stress, the lowest satisfaction, and the fewest operative cases. Errors in patient care were not different between schedules. Multivariate analysis revealed that operative participation was inversely related to frequency of night call and level of fatigue post call, stress was related to fatigue while off call and service census, and overall satisfaction was associated with infrequency of call and operative cases performed. Faculty reported more errors by interns cross-covering other services and less operating room participation by interns taking call every other night. Conclusions: No single resident schedule optimally balances patient care and resident education and satisfaction. All 3 patterns of call studied are acceptable; specific decisions regarding the allocation of house staff manpower should be flexible and dependent on individual service and educational needs. (Surgery 1999;126:337-42.)
Phytochrome Control of Growth Cessation and Initiation of Cold Acclimation in Selected Woody Plants

Short day enhancement of cold acclimation in twigs of Cornus (red-osier dogwood), Weigela, and Pyracantha (firethorn) was studied using dark interruptions with red or with red-far red radiation. Hardiness was estimated by freezing stem tissues to preselected temperatures and evaluating injury electrolytically. Dark-period interruptions with red radiation suppressed cold acclimation in Cornus and Weigela. When red light was followed by far red light, suppression was relieved. No radiation control of acclimation was found with Pyracantha. The short day enhancement of cold acclimation in Cornus and Weigela appears to be phytochrome-mediated.
Earlier diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and more counseling.

Excerpt If physicians do not decide when and how tests for the detection of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are to be used, others will quickly do so. Examples are the compulsory premarital HIV ...
Impact of Large Scale Integration on Aerospace Computers

The continued development of Large Scale Integration (LSI) presages the advent of a fourth generation of computers, and is causing an upheaval at all levels of computer technology?both technical and managerial. Today's computers use integrated circuit components containing at most ten gates per component; however, LSI is introducing hundreds of gates per component and will eventually evolve into thousands of gates per component. To the aerospace planner, this technological breakthrough of LSI means tremendous reductions in cost, size, weight, and power consumption of logic components, together with increased speed and reliability. However, for the aerospace planner to successfully implement aerospace computers with LSI, the computer designers and managers must reorient their methodology and goals. A multitude of new design and cost considerations must be carefully scrutinized, and out of this must come the new techniques that will permit effective incorporation of LSI in aerospace computers. Higher speed, a smaller system, greater reliability, and lower cost stem from the physical structure (more gates per component with no increase in component size) of the LSI component. These inherent features of LSI, together with multiprocessor system organization, point to future aerospace computers with capabilities equal to today's best ground base systems.
Treatment of venous thromboembolism: guidelines translated for the clinician

Venous thromboembolism is a major cause of morbidity and mortality affecting over 2 million people in the United States each year. The American College of Chest Physicians (ACCP) published their first consensus statement on antithrombotic therapy in 1986, and the most recent guidelines from the ACCP on this topic were released in 2008. We aim to summarize the most recent ACCP guidelines on therapy for venous thromboembolism with practical application and interpretation for the practicing physician. We will briefly review the rating system used in the guidelines for the level of evidence and the strength of the recommendation. We will then discuss the recommendations for initial anticoagulant therapies including low molecular weight heparin, unfractionated heparin, and fondaparinux for patients with both deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE). A discussion of the guidelines on duration of anticoagulant therapy with a vitamin K antagonist is also included. In addition, we will address the use of thrombolytic therapy and inferior vena cava filter placement for DVT and PE. Prevention of postphlebitic syndrome is discussed as well. We will conclude with a brief discussion of future directions including several novel therapeutic anticoagulants.
Preparation and Properties of SiO Antireflection Coatings for GaAs Injection Lasers with External Resonators

SiO antireflection coatings for GaAs injection lasers, discussing single layer quarter-wave coatings for loss minimization and bandwidth maximization
Wideband NLO organic external modulators

Wideband modulators based on nonlinear optical (NLO) organic polymers are reviewed with particular attention given to the material properties, design guidelines, fabrication, and performance. Improvements in the efficiency of NLO polymers make it possible to significantly improve the performance of electrooptic devices. Major parameters to be considered for wideband modulator design include characteristic impedance, microwave and optical losses, and RF drive power as related to switching voltage efficiency.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Motor Deficits and Hyperactivity in Dyt1 Knockdown Mice

Abstract The DYT1 gene containing a trinucleotide deletion (ΔGAG) is linked to early-onset dystonia, a neurological movement disorder of involuntary muscle contractions. To understand DYT1 's contribution to dystonia, we produced and analyzed Dyt1 knockdown (KD) mice that expressed a reduced level of torsinA protein encoded by Dyt1 . Knockdown mice exhibited deficits in motor control and a decreased trend in dopamine with a significant reduction in 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid. These alterations are similar to those displayed by previously reported Dyt1 ΔGAG knockin heterozygous mice, suggesting that the partial loss of torsinA function contributes to the pathology of the disease.
Proton and Carbon - 13 NMR Assignments for Fluorinated and Nonfluorinated Aromatic Ketimines

Abstract The 1H and 13C NMR spectra of three aromatic ketimines with varying degrees of fluoro substitution have been extensively studied using one and two dimensional techniques. COSY experiments were conducted to identify the protons on each of the aromatic groups, HETCORR experiments were then utilized to identify the corresponding carbon atoms, and then the order of the carbon atoms was established by long-range HETCORR (HRTCORRLR) results. These studies have allowed rigorous assignments to be made for most of the carbon and hydrogen atoms present in these compounds. Fluorine splittings were very helpful in the analyses. In the course of this study, the NMR absorbances (1H and 13C) of related aldimines have also been assigned. This constitutes the first report on the assignments of 1H and 13C absorbances for ketimines. The observed spectral properties suggest that the structure of aromatic ketimines is one in which the aromatic rings are in three different planes. Two of the aromatic rings, the N-subs...
The influence of surface treatment on heating effectiveness of ceramic vessels

Abstract Tests were carried out on miniature ceramic vessels to ascertain the influence of various traditional surface treatments on heating effectiveness (the rate at which a vessel, placed over a heat source, raises the temperature of water). The principal findings are (1) interior and exterior surface treatments do markedly affect heating effectiveness; indeed, there is an inverse relationship between surface permeability (as measured by initial absorption tests) and heating effectiveness, (2) impermeable interior surfaces, which the potter or pot user can create by application of resin or other gunk, produce excellent heating effectiveness, and (3) once the interior surface is made impermeable, exterior surface treatments have no appreciable influence on heating effectiveness.
The Magnetic Storm of May 14, 1878, Observed in North America

NOTICING in NATURE (vol. xviii. p. 617, and vol. xix. pp. 148, 173, 220) references to the “magnetic storm” of May 14, 1878, I have had prepared by Mr. C. A. Schott, the assistant having direction of our magnetic observatory at Madison, Wisconsin, the inclosed memoranda relative to observations made at that point, as an item of interest to your readers, illustrating the general character and almost simultaneous action of that great magnetic disturbance.
PROPERTIES OF THE K MATRIX IN NUCLEAR-REACTION THEORY.

We derive expressions for the $K$ matrix for the general case where the Hamiltonian is separated as $H={H}_{0}+V$, and ${H}_{0}$ can have discrete as well as continuum states. It is shown that the correct handling of the bound states in the continuum eliminates one of the correction terms proposed by Tobocman and Nagarajan. In addition, some of the properties of the $K$ matrix evaluated at complex energies are discussed.
Spatially and Temporally-Resolved Multi-Parameter Interferometric Rayleigh Scattering

A novel approach to simultaneously measure the translational temperature, bulk velocity, and density in gases by collecting, referencing, and analyzing nanosecond time-scale Rayleigh scattered light from molecules is described. A narrow-band pulsed laser source is used to probe two largely separated measurement locations, one of which is used for reference. The elastically scattered photons containing information from both measurement locations are collected at the same time and analyzed spectrally using a planar Fabry - Perot interferometer. A practical means of referencing the measurement of velocity using the laser frequency, and the density and temperature using the information from the reference measurement location maintained at constant properties is described. To demonstrate the technique single-shot spectra of elastic scattered light are obtained in a near zero velocity H2-air Hencken burner flame and simultaneously in an N2-filled gas cell. A simplified Gaussian distribution model to the scattered light spectra is used to obtain the flame properties. Corrections to this model are applied at lower gas temperatures when the simplified Gaussian approximation is no longer suitable. The near-zero measured velocity as a function of the measured flame temperature, and a comparison of the measured flame density and temperature with the perfect gas law are presented.
Ultrasonic Extraction of Insecticides in Soil. I. Comparison of Extraction Methods and Solvent Systems Over Three Time Intervals

The ultrasonic extraction of heptachlor epoxide and dieldrin from a sandy loam soil 1 day, 1 month, and 2 months after treatment was studied using 6 solvent systems and was compared with blender and roller-extraction methods. The solvents used were benzene, acetonitrile, hexane-acetone, hexane-isopropanol, benzene-isopropanol. and benzene-methanol. Statistical analyses of the data showed that the 3 main effects, methods, solvents, and intervals, and their interactions all were significant at the 1% level. The roller was the best method for I day after treatment while for the last 2 intervals there were essentially no significant differences between the 3 methods. Benzene was the poorest solvent overall, while benzenemethanol was significantly better than the next best solvents, hexane-acetone and hexane-isopropanol. There was a sharp overall decrease in recovery from 1 day after to 1 and 2 months after treatment, which fact was attributed to strong adsorption by the dry soil particles. This study shows that the ultrasonic method warrants further investigation as a soil-extraction technique.
Economic Impact of Harvesting Corn Stover under Time Constraint: The Case of North Dakota

This study examines the impact of stochastic harvest field time on profit maximizing potential of corn cob/stover collection in North Dakota. Three harvest options are analyzed using mathematical programming models. Our findings show that under the first corn grain only harvest option, farmers are able to complete harvesting corn grain and achieve maximum net income in a fairly short amount of time with existing combine technology. However, under the second simultaneous corn grain and cob (one-pass) harvest option, farmers generate lower net income compared to the net income of the first option. This is due to the slowdown in combine harvest capacity as a consequence of harvesting corn cobs. Under the third option of separate corn grain and stover (two-pass) harvest option, time allocation is the main challenge and our evidence shows that with limited harvest field time available, farmers find it optimal to allocate most of their time harvesting grain and then proceed to harvest and bale stover if time permits at the end of harvest season. The overall findings suggest is that it would be more economically efficient to allow a firm that is specialized in collecting biomass feedstock to participate in cob/stover harvest business.