cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modelling of fluid expulsion and deformation behaviour of dewatering sediments

A finite element model is developed for modelling coupled fluid expulsion/deformation behaviour of dewatering sediments subjected to external loadings under isothermal conditions. The non-linear deformation behaviour of the sediment (soil) skeleton is based on the force equilibrium equation in which the constitutive relationship of stress and strain is implemented by the modified Cam-Clay model in soil plasticity. The fluid flow behaviour in the model is described by the generalized porous media flow equation. The model allows temporal and spatial variations of porosity and permeability. The fluid viscosity and density are assumed to be temperature-dependent. The model also allows the development of single and multiple faults, depending upon the material (sediment and fluid) properties, loading and boundary conditions. Procedures are implemented for (1) updating the material properties such as porosity, permeability, fluid density and viscosity and (2) the development of faults which allow the formation of high-permeability conduits for fluid flow. The solution algorithm for displacements of the sediments and the excess pore (fluid) pressure is based on a residual load technique to handle the non-linear (elastic-plastic) deformation behaviour of the sediment skeleton. The model can be applied to one- and two-dimensional problems. Examples of a plane strain saturated sediment layer subjected to stepwise horizontal tractions versus time are given.
Intra- and Extracellular Dehydration-Induced Thirst-Related Behavior in an Amphibian

The behavioral response to dehydration is critical to an animal's survival. Because of their permeable skin, amphibians are particularly sensitive to dehydrating conditions. We tested the hypothesis that different forms of dehydration induce water absorption response (WR) behavior in the desert spadefoot toad, Scaphiopus couchii. First, we determined the behavioral response to intracellular dehydration by treating fully hydrated toads with increasing concentrations of hypertonic solutions of NaCl or sucrose via intraperitoneal injection (i.p.). Animals that were treated to induce intracellular dehydration with either solute exhibited a significant increase in WR behavior compared to vehicle-treated controls. To distinguish that the response was a result of an increased osmotic gradient between the intra- and extracellular compartments, we treated fully hydrated animals i.p. with urea, which freely passes into the intracellular compartment and increases overall animal osmolarity. Urea treatment did not induce WR behavior. To determine the response to extracellular dehydration, the blood volume of fully hydrated toads was reduced via cardiac puncture, and the WR behavior was measured. Animals who had a reduction in blood volume exhibited a significant increase in WR behavior compared to sham-punctured controls. Our results are the first to demonstrate that multiple forms of dehydration can induce thirst-related behavior in amphibians.
Modified infratemporal fossa approach via lateral transantral maxillotomy: a microsurgical model.

Abstract BACKGROUND Lateral approaches have traditionally been used to gain access to lesions of the infratemporal fossa (ITF). However, dysfunction of the facial nerve secondary to its translocation, conductive hearing loss, and dental malocclusion because of mandibular head resection or dislocation are significant limitations associated with some of these approaches. Although facial nerve translocation and extended maxillotomy approaches avoid some of these drawbacks, they are invasive and require extensive osteotomies and facial incisions. To avoid these potential complications and maintain an extranasal/extraoral exposure, we studied the use of a lateral and posterior extension of an anterior transmaxillary approach to the cavernous sinus. METHODS The study was performed on 12 cadaver specimens and two dry skulls. An initial nasolabial fold incision, followed by an en bloc osteotomy of the anterior and lateral maxilla provides a window into the medial ITF. After osteotomy of the pterygoid plate and the posterior maxillary wall, the floor of the middle fossa is exposed to reveal the mandibular and maxillary divisions of the trigeminal nerve exiting their respective foramina. The floor of the middle fossa is then drilled postero-medial to the foramen ovale to gain access to the course of the C3-C4 portion of the petrous carotid artery and the eustachian tube. The upper two-thirds of the clivus and the pituitary gland are accessed after drilling of the floor of the sella turcica and form the posterior limit of this exposure. RESULTS The technique offers a trajectory to the medial ITF and skull base that does not necessitate palatal splitting or opening of the nasopharynx. The anterior route avoids temporomandibular joint disruption, and spares the lacrimal apparatus and all branches of the facial nerve. In addition, the reflected pterygoid muscle can be used as a vascularized flap for closure of the skull base defect. CONCLUSION The approach may be an alternative less invasive approach to the ITF and may be suitable for ITF lesions that have minimal lateral or intracranial extension.
An intrastriatal brain-derived neurotrophic factor infusion restores striatal gene expression in Bdnf heterozygous mice

Reduction in the amount of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in corticostriatal afferents is thought to contribute to the vulnerability of medium spiny striatal neurons in Huntington’s disease. In young Bdnf heterozygous (+/−) mice, striatal medium spiny neurons (MSNs) express less preprodynorphin (PPD), preproenkephalin (PPE), and D3 receptor mRNA than wildtype mice. Further, in aged Bdnf +/− mice, opioid, trkB receptor, and glutamic acid decarboxylase gene expression, and the number of dendritic spines on MSNs are more affected than in wildtype or younger Bdnf +/− mice. In this study, the possibility that intrastriatal infusions of BDNF would elevate gene expression in the striatum of Bdnf +/− mice was investigated. Wildtype and Bdnf +/− mice received a single, bilateral microinjection of BDNF or PBS into the dorsal striatum. Mice were killed 24 h later and semi-quantitative in situ hybridization histochemical analysis confirmed that PPD, PPE, and D3 receptor mRNA was less in the caudate-putamen (CPu) and nucleus accumbens (NAc) core of Bdnf +/− mice than in wildtype mice. A BDNF infusion increased PPD mRNA in the CPu and NAc core of wildtype mice and restored PPD mRNA levels in the NAc core of Bdnf +/− mice. BDNF also restored the gene expression of PPE in the CPu of Bdnf +/− mice to wildtype levels; however, PPE mRNA in the NAc did not differ among groups. Furthermore, BDNF increased D3 receptor mRNA in the NAc core of wildtype and Bdnf +/− mice. These results demonstrate that exogenous BDNF restores striatal opioid and D3R gene expression in mice with genetically reduced levels of endogenous BDNF.
On the effects of deployment imprecision on underwater sensor connectivity

In designing an underwater acoustic sensor network, the main bottleneck a field designer faces is the acoustic communications range of the sensors. Since communications is done at relatively high frequencies, as compared with frequencies emitted by underwater vehicles, these higher frequencies are attenuated more rapidly by the medium. Therefore, at a minimum, sensors must be deployed within communications range of each other. Unfortunately, human or mechanical error and physical aspects of the medium may lead to sensors being deployed imprecisely, causing a lack of connectivity between sensors. To mitigate such situations, this paper proposes a stochastic approach, the Effective Communications Range Calculator, for determining an effective communications range with which to design underwater sensor fields to meet the connectivity specifications of the field designer.
Evaluation of Pharmacokinetics of Bioreducible Gene Delivery Vectors by Real-time PCR

Purpose To investigate pharmacokinetics of reversibly stabilized DNA nanoparticles (rSDN) using a single-step lysis RT-PCR.
Elimination Scoring: An Empirical Evaluation.

The purpose of this paper was to provide an empirical test of the hypothesis that elimination scores are more reliable and valid than classical corrected for-guessing scores or weighted-choice scores. The evidence presented supports the hypothesized superiority of elimination scoring.
Cesarean section: Medical benefits and costs

Cesarean section rates have risen dramatically in the U.S. over the past 20 years. Although infant mortality has declined during the same period, there is little evidence that more frequent cesarean surgery is the cause. Cesareans save lives or benefit health in certain circumstances, but the incidence of those indications has not increased. Cesarean section also has risks, the most significant for the infant being iatrogenic prematurity or respiratory disease. Maternal mortality is 2-4 times higher and morbidity is 5-10 times higher after a cesarean compared to vaginal birth. The four indications responsible for most of the rise in cesarean rates--previous cesarean, dystocia, breech presentation, and fetal distress--are those conferring the least clear-cut benefit. Demographically, women who are most likely to experience pregnancy complications, low birth weight births, or infant mortality are least likely to have a cesarean. Social, economic, and other factors seem to have a greater influence on the decision to perform a cesarean than does expected medical benefit. The development of neonatal intensive care, expanded access to prenatal care, and greater availability of abortion and family planning have contributed more to falling infant mortality. It has been estimated that approximately half the cesareans currently performed in the U.S. are medically unnecessary, resulting in considerable avoidable maternal mortality and morbidity, and a cost of over $1 billion each year.
Dangerousness and the Death Penalty: an Examination of Juvenile Homicides in Kentucky

As in several other states, Kentucky passed legislation to get tough with juveniles and battle a rising tide of delinquency and violent crime. The necessity of this policy was unquestioned. This analysis examines national juvenile crime statistics and data on juvenile homicides in Kentucky. It uses the Barnett scale to examine whether juvenile murderers were more deliberate, random, or vicious killers over time. The results of the study do not support the get tough movement or the continued availability of the death penalty for juveniles in Kentucky.
Properties of portland cement-silica fume pastes I. Porosity and surface properties

Abstract Properties such as porosity, pore-size distribution, surface area and drying shrinkage are determined for silica fume-portland cement blends (0–30% silica fume) cured from 1 to 180 days at w/ (c+sf) of 0.25 and 0.45. Porosity was measured by helium, mercury and water techniques. It is shown that in paste blends a discontinuous pore structure is formed after as little as seven days of curing due to reaction of Ca(OH) 2 with silica fume. The pores are not so large as those in mortars owing to the lack of interface effects. Total porosities of the blends can only be measured by a water technique, whereas for plain cement pastes other techniques are applicable.
Expression, purification and characterization of a functional carbohydrate-binding module from Streptomyces sp. SirexAA-E.

Abstract Streptomyces sp. SirexAA-E (ActE) has been identified as a highly cellulolytic actinobacterium capable of deconstructing lignocellulosic biomass. SirexAA-E CAZymes most frequently contain a carbohydrate-binding module from family 2a (CBM2a). The DNA encoding the CBM2a from gene locus SACTE_0237, the most abundantly expressed cellulase from SirexAA-E, was cloned into an Escherichia coli expression vector and expressed as a C-terminal fusion protein to GFP. The GFP-CBM2a fusion protein was purified from insoluble inclusion bodies and refolded. The solubilized protein was separated by size-exclusion chromatography into high molecular weight GFP-CBM2a multimers and monomeric GFP-CBM2a. Only the monomeric CBM2a protein was found to have high relative affinity (partition coefficient of 0.62 ± 0.04 L/g) to cellulose. Binding of monomeric CBM2a prepared in this manner exhibits fully reversible, high affinity binding to cellulose.
Promoting Active Learning of Ethical Issues in Marketing Communications Using Debates.

Expectations from the business world and business school accreditation bodies to create learning outcomes that enhance students' understanding of ethical concepts call for marketing educators to integrate ethics into their pedagogy. This paper summarizes a debate activity used in an undergraduate marketing communications course. Debates engage students in active learning, forcing them to go beyond absorbing information about ethical issues. They must take a position on a particular marketing practice and defend it. The result is a deeper understanding of ethical issues in marketing communications and stronger analytical and communication skills.
Design and study of photomultiplier pulse-shaping amplifier powered by the current flowing through a voltage divider

Abstract A new version of Photomultiplier Tube (PMT) pulse amplifier, entirely powered by the current flowing through the base voltage divider, was designed and tested. This amplifier was designed for application in the JLAB G0 Experiment E00-006 as a part of high voltage base for XP2262 Photonis PMT. According to JLAB G0 experiment requirement, these PMT's operate with plastic scintillators at high counting rate (about MHz). Tests in JLAB experimental Hall C indicate that low energy gamma background cause up to 0.1 mA of PMT average anode current (without amplifier). At this radiation condition, PMT gain decreases by 50% within about 1 month of operation. The amplifier needs to reduce PMT anode current and to shape PMT anode pulse prior to sending it through a long cable line (more then 400 ft of RG-213 and RG-58 coax cables). Shaping of the PMT output pulse helps to reduce attenuation effect of the long cable line without significant reduction of timing accuracy. The results of this study of designed amplifier and PMT plus amplifier system are presented.
Abnormalities of axon growth in human olfactory mucosa.

Objectives/Hypothesis: Random biopsies of the human adult olfactory mucosa often demonstrate degenerative changes in the olfactory epithelium (OE) in both dysosmic and normosmic patients and, consequently, have limited diagnostic usefulness. However, detailed analysis of the subepithelial tissue with specific attention to the fascicles of the olfactory nerve and abnormalities of axonal growth may improve the correlation of histopathology with sensory function. Study Design: Retrospective review of human OE biopsies. Methods: Mucosal biopsies from the olfactory area obtained from 27 subjects were examined by light and electron microscopy, with particular attention to the olfactory nerve fascicles; results were correlated with clinical status. Immunohistochemical analysis was used to characterize the extent of axonal depletion, relative maturity of the parent population, and aberrant axonal growth. Results: As expected, there are areas of respiratory metaplasia and neuronal depletion in normosmic as well as dysosmic patients. The degree of axon degeneration within the fascicles correlates better with individual olfactory status. Immature neurons predominate, and re-entrant neuromas develop in patients with olfactory loss caused by disconnection from the olfactory bulb. Individuals with olfactory loss caused by epithelial damage as with chronic rhinosinusitis display evidence of nerve fascicle degeneration and intraepithelial neuromas. Conclusion: The status of olfactory axons provides useful information on the overall condition of the olfactory periphery and improves the diagnostic usefulness of mucosal biopsies. In addition to an assessment of the epithelium per se, the fascicles of the olfactory nerve need to be characterized for a complete analysis of the olfactory mucosa.
Outline of orthopaedics, 13th edition: John Crawford Adams and David L. Hamblen. Edinburgh, Churchill Livingstone, 2001, 461 pp., $39.95

Abstract Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic and Related surgery, Vol 18, No 6 (July-August), 2002: pp 680–680
Experimental removal of intraspecific competitors - effects on water relations and productivity of a desert bunchgrass, Hilaria rigida.

Intraspecific competition in the C4 bunchgrass Hilaria rigida was examined on a Sonoran Desert site in southeastern California. Potential competition within monospecific stands was experimentally altered by removal of the aboveground portions of all plants within a 1.5 m radius of a monitored plant. Compared with unaltered plots, altered plots had less negative soil water potentials during periods of soil drying. Leaf blades on monitored plants of altered plots remained green longer and had greater stomatal conductances than those on monitored plants on unaltered plots. Production of new culms was twice as great on altered plots. Greater root biomass and root length were observed in altered plots, and root extension into soil areas formerly occupied by roots of neighboring plants occurred within one year after treatment. The results indicate that removal of the aboveground biomass of neighboring plants reduces the competition for limited available soil water in this desert environment.
Effect of galactose on energy and phospholipid metabolism in the chick brain.

Abstract Male chicks fed a diet containing 40% galactose develop seizures within 48 hr. The incorporation of 32 P i , injected intracranially, was less rapid in the brain phospholipids of galactose-fed chicks than corresponding controls; however, no decrease in the total amount of phospholipid phosphate was observed. Analysis of adenine nucleotides and carbohydrate metabolites revealed significant decreases in ATP, phosphocreatine, glucose, glucose-6-P, fructose diphosphate, 3-P-glycerate, α-glycerol-P, and lactate concentration. Increased concentrations were observed for AMP, P i , galactose, and galactose-P in galactose-toxic chicks as compared with controls, whereas glycogen and glucose-1-P were virtually unaffected by the galactose diet.
Gestational Exposure to Loud Noise Alters the Development and Postnatal Responsiveness of Humoral and Cellular Components of the Immune System in Offspring

Gestational exposure of the female to environmental toxins can alter immune function in the offspring. We have recently shown that prenatal maternal stress, that is, stress applied to or induced in the female during pregnancy, can also alter the development of humoral immunocompetence in the offspring and their hormonal and immunologic responses to postnatal stress. This report presents data from two experiments on the effects of prenatal exposure to loud noise-prenatal sound stress (PSS)-on the development and responsiveness of in vitro and in vivo humoral and cellular immune function in the offspring. Pregnant rats were exposed daily from Day 15 to Day 21 of gestation to an inescapable loud noise (an 85- to 90-decibel fire alarm bell) delivered randomly for 1 hr. In developing offspring, PSS produced age-dependent and mitogen-specific alterations in lymphoproliferative activity and reduced immunoglobulin G levels at Postnatal Day 21. Antibody titers to herpes simplex virus type 1 were also reduced. Exposure to loud noise before or after infection produced an additional reduction in titers in these offspring. Arthus skin reaction (AR) to old tuberculin was reduced by PSS. Combined prenatal/postnatal sound stress further reduced this response and the AR to bovine serum albumin (BSA). Delayed hypersensitivity reaction to BSA was reduced in PSS offspring; postnatal sound stress enhanced the reaction to both antigens, but only in males. Antibody titers to BSA were increased by PSS; adjuvant-induced inflammation was attenuated by postnatal sound stress. These data suggest that in utero exposure to loud noise, which can occur in the workplace, is toxic to the developing immune system.
Individual tree growth response to variable-density thinning in coastal Pacific Northwest forests.

We examined 5-year basal area growth of nearly 2600 trees in stem-mapped plots at five locations differing in site characteristics, species composition, and management history on the Olympic Peninsula in Western Washington, USA. Our objectives were to determine if internal edges, the boundaries within the stand between components of the variable-density thinning, influenced individual tree growth, and whether incorporation of individual tree local competition indices in growth prediction models could account for treatment and edge effects. Treatment significantly affected tree growth at all sites, with trees in the thinned matrix displaying on average over 25% greater basal area growth than trees in unthinned patches. Proximity to canopy gaps created as part of the variable-density thinning increased basal area growth of trees in the thinned matrix by nearly 11%. In addition, growth of trees close to skid trails was 11% greater than trees located away from the trails. Past thinning history, and its effect on initial stocking rate, appeared to affect the magnitude of the edge effects. Blocks that had received earlier commercial thinnings, and thus had lower stocking at the onset of the study, displayed lower growth responses than previously unthinned blocks. Including local competition indices in the models generally reduced growth prediction error; however, the indices examined did not fully account for treatment or edge effects. Our results suggest that not accounting for internal edges in spatially complex stands could result in errors in projected growth of trees, although these edge effects are highly variable. Failure to account for the effects of internal edges could affect not just estimates of future stand yield, but also projections of future stand structure.
The Impact of Varying Gender Composition on Group Brainstorming Performance in a GSS Environment

Abstract The gender literature reports that varying the gender composition of a group differentially affects group performance and attitudes. In gender- imbalanced groups, perceived power and status differences often create problems for those in token or minority positions, contributing to impaired group functioning. In theory, however, interventions may be introduced to achieve a more equitable group process. This laboratory study examined the extent to which group gender composition affected group brainstorming performance in a group support system (GSS) environment. As an intervention, GSS computer support technology provides participant content anonymity and parallel participant communication, which have been shown to enhance group process and outcomes. The findings of this study indicate that gender composition did not affect group brainstorming performance. The findings are important, since they suggest that use of the GSS technology might empower individuals in groups who might otherwise have been disadvantaged because of the nature of the group composition.
Introducing resident doctors to complexity in ambulatory medicine

Objectives Medical education instructional methods typically imply one ‘best’ management approach. Our objectives were to develop and evaluate an intervention to enhance residents’ appreciation for the diversity of acceptable approaches when managing complex patients. Methods A total of 124 internal medicine residents enrolled in a randomised, crossover trial. Residents completed four web-based modules in ambulatory medicine during continuity clinic. For each module we developed three ‘complex cases’. Cases were intended to be complex (numerous variables, including psychosocial and economic barriers) and to suggest multiple acceptable management strategies. Several experienced faculty members described how they would manage each case. Residents reviewed each case, answered the same questions, and compared their responses with expert responses. Participants were randomly assigned to complete two modules with, and two modules without complex cases. Results A total of 76 residents completed 279 complex cases. Residents agreed that complex cases enhanced their appreciation for the diversity of ‘correct’ options (mean ± standard error of the mean 4.6 ± 0.2 [1 = strongly disagree, 6 = strongly agree]; P < 0.001). Mean preference score was neutral (3.4 ± 0.2 [1 = strongly favour no cases, 6 = strongly favour cases]; P = 0.72). Knowledge post-test scores were similar between modules with (76.0 ± 0.9) and without (77.8 ± 0.9) complex cases (95% confidence interval for difference − 4.0 to 0.3; P = 0.09). Resident comments suggested that lack of time and cognitive overload impeded learning. Conclusions Residents felt complex cases made a valuable contribution to their learning, although preference was neutral and knowledge scores were not affected. Methods to facilitate trainee comfort in managing medically complex patients should be further explored.
Abnormalities of retinal metabolism in diabetes or experimental galactosemia. VI. Comparison of retinal and cerebral cortex metabolism, and effects of antioxidant therapy

Metabolic abnormalities observed in retina and in cerebral cortex were compared in diabetic rats and experimentally galactosemic rats. Diabetes or experimental galactosemia of 2 months duration significantly increased oxidative stress in retina, as shown by elevation of retinal thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and subnormal activities of antioxidant defense enzymes, but had no such effect in the cerebral cortex. Activities of sodium potassium adenosine triphosphatase [(Na,K)-ATPase] and calcium ATPase became subnormal in retina as well as in cerebral cortex. In contrast, protein kinase C (PKC) activity was elevated in retina but not in cerebral cortex in the same hyperglycemic rats. Dietary supplementation with an antioxidant mixture (containing ascorbic acid, Trolox, alpha-tocopherol acetate, N-acetyl cysteine, beta-carotene, and selenium) prevented the diabetes-induced and galactosemia-induced elevation of retinal oxidative stress, the elevation of retinal PKC activity and the decrease of retinal ATPases. In cerebral cortex, administration of the antioxidant diet also prevented the diabetes-induced decreases in (Na,K)-ATPase and calcium ATPases, but had no effect on TBARS and activities of PKC and antioxidant-defense enzymes. The results indicate that retina and cerebral cortex differ distinctly in their response to elevation of tissue hexose, and that cerebral cortex is more resistant than retina to diabetes-induced oxidative stress. The greater resistance to oxidative stress in cerebral cortex, as compared to retina, is consistent with the resistance of cerebral cortex to microvascular disease in diabetes, and with a hypothesis that oxidative stress contributes to microvascular disease in diabetes. Dietary supplementation with these antioxidants offers a means to inhibit multiple hyperglycemia-induced retinal metabolic abnormalities.
Kinetics of cadmium-induced hepatic and renal metallothionein synthesis in the mouse.

Abstract Rates of hepatic and renal metallothionein synthesis were estimated by measuring the incorporation of [ 3 H]cysteine into metallothionein prepared from mice at various times following a single intraperitioneal injection of cadmium acetate (2 mg of Cd/kg). Tissue metallothionein concentrations were measured indirectly as a function of the total cadmium-binding capacity of the isolated metallothionein. Maximal incorporation of [ 3 H]cysteine into hepatic metallothionein occurred 6–12 hr following cadmium exposure, while renal metallothionein synthesis was maximal after 3 hr. Incorporation of [ 3 H]cysteine into metallothionein as well as metallothionein concentrations was greater in the liver than in the kidney. It is concluded that the liver is the primary site of cadmium-induced metallothionein synthesis.
Growth strains in thermally grown Al2O3 scales studied using synchrotron radiation

The strains in alumina thin films growing on high-temperature alloys at 1,000−1,100°C and during cooling have been successfully measured in-situ using a novel x-ray technique, exploiting synchrotron radiation at the Advanced Photon Source at Argonne National Laboratory. This paper summarizes results obtained from model alloys, with or without the presence of a reactive element, such as Zr, Hf, and Y, to show the importance of the dynamic nature of the stress evolution process and the effects of alloy composition on the generation and relaxation of these stresses.
Theorems on symmetries and flux conservation in radiative transfer using the matrix operator theory.

The matrix operator approach to radiative transfer is shown to be a very powerful technique in establishing symmetry relations for multiple scattering in inhomogeneous atmospheres. Symmetries are derived for the reflection and transmission operators using only the symmetry of the phase function. These results will mean large savings in computer time and storage for performing calculations for realistic planetary atmospheres using this method. The results have also been extended to establish a condition on the reflection matrix of a boundary in order to preserve reciprocity. Finally energy conservation is rigorously proven for conservative scattering in inhomogeneous atmospheres.
Qualitative and quantitative analyses of sialic acid in the human trabecular meshwork

By using colloidal iron and polycationic ferritin at low pH (1·8 and 1·9, respectively) as electron histochemical stains, we localized sialic acid moieties in the trabecular meshwork of normal human eyes. The markers were distributed continuously over the entire surface of the trabecular cells, but were localized linearly as well as randomly in the basal lamina. Within the beams, the markers were located irregularly in the collagen core, but were absent from the elastic tissue and from the 100 nm banded structures in the cortical zone. Pretreatment of the tissue with neuraminidase abolished this staining which indicates that sialated moieties are present in the stained structures. Biochemical analysis with the lectin Limax flavus agglutinin revealed that the major sialated polypeptides in individual samples of human trabecular meshwork migrated at apparent molecular weights of 56, 75, 95, 128, 140, 180 and 220 kDa under reducing conditions. The fractions at approximate molecular weights of 180 and 220 kDa include the sialoglycoproteins thrombospondin and fibronectin, respectively. The total content of sialic acid in the human trabecular meshwork (patient age range, 27–57 yr) was 3·6 ± 0·6 μmol g−1 wet weight, as determined by a colorimetric assay. We conclude that significant quantities of sialic acid are present in the normal human trabecular meshwork as neuraminidase-sensitive α-ketosidically linked terminal residues of the polypeptides.
Translation of glucose-regulated protein 78/immunoglobulin heavy-chain binding protein mRNA is increased in poliovirus-infected cells at a time when cap-dependent translation of cellular mRNAs is inhibited.

Abstract All cellular cytoplasmic mRNAs carry a 7-methylguanylate cap attached to their 5' ends. This cap structure is recognized by cap-binding proteins that then direct the binding of ribosomal subunits to this 5'-end complex. Poliovirus, a plus-stranded RNA virus, interferes with this cellular translation process by proteolytically inactivating the cap-binding protein complex. Subsequently the viral mRNA can be translated by an initiation process in which ribosomes bind internally to the mRNA [Pelletier, J. & Sonenberg, N. (1988) Nature (London) 334, 320-325], obviating cap-dependent translation. At least one cellular mRNA, encoding a heat shock-like protein, glucose-regulated protein 78/immunoglobulin heavy-chain binding protein, has been discovered to be translated at an increased rate in poliovirus-infected cells at a time when the translation of other cellular mRNAs is inhibited. The glucose-regulated protein 78/immunoglobulin heavy-chain binding protein mRNA thus exemplifies a cellular mRNA that is translated at a specifically enhanced rate by an as-yet-unresolved cap-independent initiation process in cells when the cap-binding protein complex is not functional.
Nocturnin, a deadenylase in Xenopus laevis retina: a mechanism for posttranscriptional control of circadian-related mRNA.

Abstract Background: Different types of regulation are utilized to produce a robust circadian clock, including regulation at the transcriptional, posttranscriptional, and translational levels. A screen for rhythmic messages that may be involved in such circadian control identified nocturnin , a novel gene that displays high-amplitude circadian expression in the Xenopus laevis retina, with peak mRNA levels in the early night. Expression of nocturnin mRNA is confined to the clock-containing photoreceptor cell layer within the retina. Results: In these studies, we show that nocturnin removes the poly(A) tail from a synthetic RNA substrate in a process known as deadenylation. Nocturnin nuclease activity is magnesium dependent, as the addition of EDTA or mutation of the residue predicted to bind magnesium disrupts deadenylation. Substrate preference studies show that nocturnin is an exonuclease that specifically degrades the 3′ poly(A) tail. While nocturnin is rhythmically expressed in the cytoplasm of the retinal photoreceptor cells, the only other described vertebrate deadenylase, PARN, is constitutively present in most retinal cells, including the photoreceptors. Conclusions: The distinct spatial and temporal expression of nocturnin and PARN suggests that there may be specific mRNA targets of each deadenylase. Since deadenylation regulates mRNA decay and/or translational silencing, we propose that nocturnin deadenylates clock-related transcripts in a novel mechanism for posttranscriptional regulation in the circadian clock or its outputs.
Antidepressant and anxiolytic effects of selective 5-HT6 receptor agonists in rats.

Rationale Although selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) produce clinical therapeutic effects on depression and anxiety through augmentation of serotonergic neurotransmission, there is little known about the potential contributions of the 5-HT6 receptor in the treatment of mood disorders.
Molar volumes in fluoride crystals and glasses

In CaF2·rRF3 (R = rare earth or Y), r is a solid solution parameter; the CaF2 fluorite structure is maintained at 0 < r < 0.7. The process allows a maximum of two volume constants. It is shown from the linear dependence of the crystal volume on r that the process constants are the partial molal volumes of CaF2 and RF3. In CaF2·rcRF3 compounds, rc is a stoichiometry parameter for melt-congruency behavior; the RF3 tysonite structure (hexagonal) is maintained. In the range 2 < rc < 4, rc depends uniquely on R. Only one volume constant - the molar volume of RF3 in the compound - is allowed by the process. In fluoride-glass formation, the process constant is the gram-anion volume.
Sublinear upper bounds for stochastic programs with recourse

Separable sublinear functions are used to provide upper bounds on the recourse function of a stochastic program. The resulting problem's objective involves the inf-convolution of convex functions. A dual of this problem is formulated to obtain an implementable procedure to calculate the bound. Function evaluations for the resulting convex program only require a small number of single integrations in contrast with previous upper bounds that require a number of function evaluations that grows exponentially in the number of random variables. The sublinear bound can often be used when other suggested upper bounds are intractable. Computational results indicate that the sublinear approximation provides good, efficient bounds on the stochastic program objective value.
Question-and-answer passwords: an empirical evaluation

Abstract This paper evaluates two question-and-answer password techniques and suggests the use of either cognitive or associative passwords as methods to create passwords that are simultaneously memorable and difficult to guess. Both of these mechanisms involve a dialogue between a user and a system, where a user answers a rotating set of cues or questions. A set of brief responses replaces a single password. The findings of an empirical investigation, focusing on memorability and ease-of-guessing of both cognitive and associative passwords, are reported. These findings show similar results for both types of passwords with no clear advantage to either. They also suggest that both cognitive and associative passwords were easily recalled by users, while they were difficult for others to guess, even by others who were socially close to the users.
Characterization of laryngopharyngeal reflux in patients with premalignant or early carcinomas of the larynx.

BACKGROUND An association between laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) and laryngeal carcinoma has been suggested, but remains unproven. The current pilot study was performed to determine the incidence of LPR among patients with early laryngeal carcinomas or dysplasia and to examine the associations between levels of LPR and histologic stage, smoking status, the symptom of heartburn, and body position during reflux episodes. METHODS Behavioral and 24 hour pH monitoring data were prospectively acquired and analyzed for 40 previously untreated adults with dysplasia, T1or T2 laryngeal carcinomas. RESULTS Eighty-five percent of patients had LPR. No significant association was shown between the level of LPR and histologic stage or smoking status. Heartburn did not predict LPR. The incidence of LPR in the upright body position was 91%, compared with 9% in the supine position, among patients with LPR. CONCLUSIONS When compared to available normative data, the current findings show a high incidence of LPR in patients with premalignant and early laryngeal cancer. These findings highlight the need for a matched-control study evaluating LPR as a potential predisposing factor for laryngeal carcinoma. Cancer 2003;97:1010–4. © 2003 American Cancer Society. DOI 10.1002/cncr.11158
Development of an immunoassay for diagnosis of exposure to toxic organophosphorus compounds.

Currently, diagnosis of exposure to toxic low-molecular-weight compounds is effected by the use of chromatographic techniques. Such an approach is limited by the need for expensive equipment and sample clean-up before carrying out the analysis. To overcome those drawbacks, we have been involved in the development of an immunoassay for diagnosis of exposure to toxic organophosphorus compounds such as pinacolylmethyl phosphonofluoridate (soman), which is a chemical warfare agent. Prior estimates suggested that it is necessary to be able to detect soman at a concentration below 2.5 × 10−7 M. Using four previously developed monoclonal antibodies, an enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA) was used to optimize assay conditions and identify the antibody with the highest apparent affinity. The minimum required assay time was 2.0–2.5 h with no loss in sensitivity. To determine the specificity of the highest affinity antibody, a competitive inhibition enzyme immunoassay (CIEIA) was performed with six structural analogs of soman. The IC50 values for these analogues were 5 × 10−7 M for 4-nitrophenylpinacolylmethylphosphonate, 8 × 10−7 M for dipinacolylmethylphosphonate, 2 × 10−6 M for diisopropylmethylphosphonate, 3 × 10−5 M for 4-nitrophenylmethyl(phenylphosphinate) and 6.5 × 10−5 M for 4-nitrophenylethyl(phenyl)phosphinate. 4-Nitrophenyl-di(n-butyl)phosphinate did not inhibit binding. Those inhibitors with branched alkyl side-chains, similar to the soman molecule, were effective inhibitors. Compounds, which contained predominately aromatic groups, were poor inhibitors. We are continuing to probe the binding specificity of the monoclonal antibody to determine its utility in further assay development. Our present results suggest that the antibody chosen may have the appropriate specificity and affinity for immunodiagnosis of exposure to soman. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High pressure studies of luminescent phenomena

Abstract Pressure has proved to be a powerful tool for studying luminescent processes. In general, pressure effects can be explained by assuming that pressure couples most strongly to the totally symmetric mode of the system. In this paper we describe two studies where remarkably strong coupling to a non-totally symmetric mode is observed. The first of these involves the relative occupation of Jahn-Teller split states in indium-doped alkali halides as a function of temperature and pressure and relates the steady state intensities observed to the lifetimes. The second study concerns phononassisted emission from alkali halides doped with Cu + or Ag + . The steady state configuration coordinate parameters are used to predict the change of lifetime with pressure.
Isolated cervical recurrence of squamous cell carcinoma in the previously treated neck.

Abstract Purpose: Our study goal was to identify clinical factors associated with, and that might predict, treatment outcome for patients with an isolated cervical recurrence of squamous cell carcinoma in the previously treated neck (ICR-PTN). Materials and Methods: We reviewed all patients with noncutaneous head and neck squamous cell carcinoma treated at our tertiary care center between 1987 and 1997, and identified 17 patients (2%) who later developed an isolated recurrence in a previously treated neck. These patients made up our study group, and their charts were thoroughly reviewed. Outcome of salvage therapy (surgery, radiation, or combined therapy) for these patients was compared with pooled clinicopathologic data using the Fisher exact test (one tail). Results: Fifteen such ICR-PTN patients consented to salvage therapy. Six patients were without disease at last follow-up, and 3 were successfully palliated. A statistically significant association between the side of ICR-PTN relative to the primary tumor and outcome of salvage therapy (P =.026) was noted, with ipsilateral neck recurrence being a favorable prognostic factor. Trends that did not meet the standard for statistical significance were observed between a better outcome of salvage therapy and the following parameters: age of less than 60, nonsurgical initial treatment of the neck, and lack of a history of a recurrence before they developed the ICR-PTN. Conclusions: The current study showed that only the side of the ICR-PTN relative to the primary site is associated with outcome of salvage therapy. Based on our findings and a review of the literature, we have developed a summary of factors that might predict which patients with an ICR-PTN are most likely to benefit from aggressive salvage therapy. (Am J Otolaryngol 2000;21:360-365. Copyright © 2000 by W.B. Saunders Company)
Inhibition of the dephosphorylation of HMG CoA reductase by its substrates.

Summary In hepatic microsomes HMG CoA and NADPH inhibit the in vitro dephosphorylation and activation of the enzyme, HMG CoA reductase, in situ in the hepatic microsome. This inhibition occurs with both cytosolic phosphatases and potato acid phosphatase, indicating that HMG CoA and NADPH block the dephosphorylation of microsomal HMG CoA reductase through an interaction with HMG CoA reductase and not with the phosphatases. Neither HMG CoA nor NADPH inhibits the dephosphorylation of paranitrophenol phosphate, indicating the selective protection of HMG CoA reductase from dephosphorylation. The inactivation of HMG CoA reductase by Mg ++ and ATP is not affected by HMG CoA and NADPH, indicating that HMG CoA and NADPH specifically inhibit only the dephosphorylation of HMG CoA reductase and do not affect the phosphorylation of this enzyme.
Destruction of Ascorbic Acid in the Rumen of the Dairy Cow.

Dutcher and coworkers,1 Hart, Steenbock and Ellis,2 and Hess, Unger and Supplee3 presented evidence to show that the diet of a dairy cow influenced the antiscorbutic potency of the milk produced. Using guinea pigs to test the antiscorbutic potency of the ration which was fed and to assay the milk which was produced, each of these groups of workers found that milk obtained from cows on a vitamin-rich ration was definitely superior in antiscorbutic value to the milk derived from cows on a vitamin-poor diet. These findings, though widely accepted, were disputed by Hughes and coworkers,4 who concluded from a series of experiments that the ration received by cows had no influence on the antiscorbutic property of their milk.Since the development of chemical methods for the quantitative determination of the antiscorbutic factor, which was shown to be ascorbic acid, differences of opinion have arisen concerning the factors which have the greatest influence on the amount of vitamin C in milk. It is now generally a...
Hydricities of d6 Metal Hydride Complexes in Water

Hydricities of d6 metal hydride complexes in water have been calculated from redox properties and acidities (cobalt and rhodium) or by equilibration with carbon dioxide/formate ion (ruthenium).
Fine-Scale Detection of Estuarine Water Quality with Managed Freshwater Releases

Freshwater pulses to subtropical estuaries often occur on time scales less than 1 week. In particular, introduction of low-level pulses are potentially important during the dry season (November–April) when freshwater is scarce. Determining potential ecological benefits of pulses requires an innovative method of data acquisition at the appropriate spatial and temporal scales. The South Florida Water Management District conducted a pilot study to assess changes in water column attributes with pulse releases to the Caloosahatchee River Estuary (CRE) from January to April 2012. An average inflow of 450 cfs was targeted for a series of freshwater pulses. This study utilized an onboard, flow-through system to record surface water temperature, salinity (S), pH, dissolved oxygen, turbidity, and in situ chlorophyll a (in situ CHL) at 5 s intervals along the 42-km length of the estuary. On each of seven research cruises, the vessel stopped at multiple stations to conduct vertical water column profiles. Salinity increased throughout the CRE as inflow decreased during the study period. Simple correlation and partial least squares regression were used to determine that the downstream locations of the S = 10 isohaline and the maximum CHL concentration (in situ CHLmax) were positively related to inflow. While the in situ CHLmax was located 12–20 km downstream on five of the cruises, it was only a few kilometer from the estuary head on the first (1/12) and last (4/11) dates. It is possible that two circumstances related to freshwater inflow accounted for this pattern. First, water column stratification before January could have stimulated remineralization and primary production. Second, inflow ceased as water temperature increased to 26.0 °C by April to promote algal growth. Further study of the relationships among inflow, water level, flushing time, and CHL is warranted. Future efforts will examine the range of wet season discharge by incorporating a sensor for colored dissolved organic matter to fully connect inflow, salinity, submarine light, and phytoplankton attributes in the CRE.
GROWTH OF A SOLID FROM A LINE HEAT SINK IN A BINARY ALLOY

This paper presents a numerical study on the growth of a solid from a line heat sink immersed in a binary alloy. The numerical model takes into account macroscopically the existence of a mushy zone separating the solid region from the liquid region. This zone consists of a mixture of liquid and dendrites. Interesting results shed light on the dependence of the thickness and the temperature of the mushy zone on several important dimensionless groups representing the physical parameters of the problem. It is found that the effect of some of these groups on the solidification process is significant and difficult to predict a priori. The mushy zone disappears when the values of the problem parameters are outside certain ranges.