cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Brief massive spasm of distal esophagus greatly increasing gastric herniation, documented cineradiographically in a patient with lower esophageal ring.

Summary Fortuitous recording was obtained during cinefluorography of massive distal esophageal contraction with increase in gastric herniation in a patient with a "lower esophageal ring" and dysphagia. As far as we can determine, esophageal contraction of such proportions has not previously been described. The cinefluorographic technique permitted recognition of the event and its analysis.
BrainImplantable Biomimetic Electronics as Neural Prostheses to Restore Lost Cognitive Function

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction The System: Hippocampus General Strategy and System Requirements Proof of Concept: Replacement of CA3 Region of Hippocampal Slice with Biomimetic Device Experimental Characterization of Nonlinear Properties of the Hippocampal Trisynaptic Pathway Nonlinear Dynamic Modeling of CA3 Input/Output Properties Microcircuitry Implementation of CA3 Input/Output Model Conformal, Multisite Electrode Array Interface System Integration: Restoration of Hippocampal Trisynaptic Circuit Dynamics with CA3 Prosthesis Acknowledgments References ]]>
The Relationship Between Prosecutorial Misconduct and Wrongful Convictions: Shaping Remedies for a Broken System

Prosecutorial misconduct is one of the leading causes, or contributing causes, of wrongful convictions. This paper contends that prosecutorial misconduct is not chiefly the result of isolated instances of unprincipled choices or the failure of character on the part of some prosecutors. Rather, prosecutorial misconduct is largely the result of three institutional conditions: vague ethics rules that provide ambiguous guidance to prosecutors; vast discretionary authority with little or no transparency; and inadequate remedies for prosecutor misconduct. These three conditions create perverse incentives for prosecutors to engage in, rather than refrain from, prosecutorial misconduct. In order to reduce the number of wrongful convictions, it is essential to understand the institutional conditions that facilitate prosecutorial misconduct. This paper identifies and analyzes these institutional conditions and makes modest, concrete proposals to reduce the incidence of prosecutorial misconduct. The ultimate purpose of the proposals is to prevent wrongful convictions and not to impose unnecessary obligations or unrealistic expectations on prosecutors.
Abnormal Uterine Bleeding Associated with Hormonal Contraception

Millions of women in the United States use some type of hormonal contraception: combination oral contraceptive pills (OCPs), progestin-only pills, medroxyprogesterone acetate injections, or subdermal levonorgestrel implants. Abnormal uterine bleeding is a common but rarely dangerous side effect of hormonal contraception. It is, however, a major cause for the discontinuation of hormonal contraception and the resultant occurrence of unplanned pregnancy. The evaluation of abnormal uterine bleeding in women who are using hormonal contraception includes an assessment of compliance, a thorough history and complete physical examination to exclude organic causes of bleeding, and a targeted laboratory evaluation. Pregnancy and the misuse of OCPs are frequent causes of abnormal uterine bleeding. Bleeding is common during the first three months of OCP use; counseling and reassurance are adequate during this time period. If bleeding persists beyond three months, it can be treated with supplemental estrogen and/or a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). Other options are to change to an OCP with a higher estrogen content or to a different formulation (i.e., a low-dose OCP containing a different progestin). Management strategies for women with abnormal uterine bleeding who are using progestin-only contraceptive methods include counseling and reassurance, as well as the administration of supplemental estrogen and/or an NSAID during bleeding episodes.
Alcohol and bone

It is well known that the prolonged use of excess alcohol causes a multiplicity of abnormal clinical, biochemical and electrophysiological changes that are associated with diseases of the liver, neuromuscular system, heart and brain. It is less well appreciated that the long-term use of excess alcohol also effect bone and may play an important role in the causation of extensive bone loss, and osteoporosis.
A review of impending small satellite formation flying missions

Small satellites, like popular nanosatellite platforms called CubeSats, are suitable for formation flying missions because of their modular nature and low cost. This paper presents a review of thirty-nine missions, using multiple small satellites, in various stages of development. These missions are categorized based on their mission type, mission status, number of satellites, leading organization, funding source, and requirement for constellation or formation flying. We conclude that Earth science related missions are the most popular, while most multi-satellite missions only require a constellation. Although six missions aim to demonstrate formation flying capability in space using two to three small satellites, there are currently only two formation flying missions planning to use four or more small satellites.
Feasibility of Parasites for Biological Control of Liriomyza trifolii (Diptera: Agromyzidae) on Commercially Grown Chrysanthemum

Control of Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess) in commercially grown chrysanthemums in greenhouse trials was evaluated using three strategies: pesticide application two times per week (grower); an insect growth regulator (IGR) application; and biological control (BC) with no chemical applications until late in the crop. In the BC and IGR greenhouses, considerable migration of natural parasite fauna ( Diglyphus spp.) occurred, but Chrysacham parksi Crawford, which was released, failed to become established. Populations of adult L. trifolii were highest in the BC greenhouse, followed by the IGR and grower greenhouses, although percentage of parasitism exceeded 95% in the IGR and BC greenhouses. Parasitism increased, moving from the top to bottom strata of the chrysanthemum plant. Potential of parasites and IGR applications for control of L. trifolii on commercially grown chrysanthemums is discussed.
Transforming the study of plants and people: A reflection on 35 years of The New York Botanical Garden Institute of Economic Botany

The creation of the NYBG Institute of Economic Botany (IEB) was intended to help revitalize the field of economic botany and ethnobotany, through the work of a multidisciplinary staff who would study important issues of great human concern. Early staff appointments included anthropologists and ecologists, who utilized perspectives from the social and natural sciences that, when combined with NYBG staff trained in systematic botany, economic botany and ethnobotany, have been effective in changing research approaches to the study of the relationships between plants, people and culture. IEB staff activities include research projects, teaching in graduate and undergraduate programs, mentoring students, publishing the results of scientific research and outreach to the public as well as communities in areas where its programs operate. Thirty-five years after the creation of the IEB, the fields of economic botany and ethnobotany have greater preeminence as scientific disciplines and classes in these topics have grown from only a handful at universities in the 1980s to over 70 today. Several dozen graduates of the IEB’s Ph.D. programs now teach or carry out research at many major institutions around the world, as well as in the private sector; it is this next generation who will continue and expand studies of this field.
Thinking of Chinese directors′professionalization in hospital

Hospital directors′professionalization is not only the inevitable requirement of modern hospital management,but also an important approach to promoting the hospital health development. By analyzing the development situation and related features of directors' professionalization from international to domestic hospitals, this article discusses the necessity of implementing director's professionalization in hospitals, and proposes several enlightenments based on foreign experience.
Role of Autoantibody Tests in the Diagnostic Evaluation of Neuropsychiatric Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Neuropsychiatric Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (NPSLE) can be defined as a significant and unequivical change in the baseline neurologic and psychiatric function identified by history and physical examination. NPSLE can involve the centralnervous system and/or the peripheral.autonomic nervous system. This article reviews the clinical manifestations, pathology, and immunopathogenesis of NPSLE. The use and importance of diagnostic procedures including autoantibody assays in the evaluation of NPSLE are discussed.
Mandatory Financial Education as Prerequisite to Personal Insolvency Relief: The North American Experience

This chapter from a forthcoming volume on prevention of overindebtedness explores mandatory financial education in consumer bankruptcy. Requiring individual debtors to undergo such counseling or education as a prerequisite to discharge relief is a seemingly sound idea in a vain search for compelling theoretical and empirical support. The North American experience provides neither. Canada since 1992 and the United States since 2005 have both required individual debtors to receive financial management counseling or training pre-discharge, even though available evidence of the causes of consumer bankruptcy and evaluations of the education provided strongly suggest that this mandate is not filling a real need. Sound theory and reliable evidence strongly suggest that it is unjustified to mandate financial management training for those seeking relief from personal financial distress, which results most often from unforeseen accidents of life, not lack of basic financial knowledge or mismanagement. The ultimate question is whether the significant costs of mandating financial education are justified by its limited and likely illusory benefits.
Searching for Equity in Education

Growing up in Queens in New York City, I attended P.S. 23, P.S. 20, and Flushing High School where, year after year, I found that school was the best place to be. There was much to learn from mostly excellent teachers from kindergarten through high school. In a high school of about four-thousand students with multiple school shifts, there was always something interesting going on. There also were some inherent contradictions. “Keep learning and be creative,” were messages at school. Society told girls: “Become a teacher, nurse, or secretary.” I planned to become a good teacher, as directed.
Automated optimization of decoder hyper-parameters for online LVCSR

In this paper, we explore the usage of automated hyper-parameter optimization techniques with scalarization of multiple objectives to find decoder hyper-parameters suitable for a given acoustic and language model for an LVCSR task. We compare manual optimization, random sampling, tree of Parzen estimators, Bayesian Optimization, and genetic algorithm to find a technique that yields better performance than manual optimization in a comparable number of hyper-parameter evaluations. We focus on a scalar combination of word error rate (WER), log of real time factor (logRTF), and peak memory usage, formulated using the augmented Tchebyscheff function(ATF), as the objective function for the automated techniques. For this task, with a constraint on the maximum number of objective evaluations, we find that the best automated optimization technique: Bayesian Optimization outperforms manual optimization by 8% in terms of ATF. We find that memory usage was not a very useful distinguishing factor between different hyper-parameter settings, with trade-offs occurring between RTF and WER a majority of the time. We also try to perform optimization of WER with a hard constraint on the real time factor of 0.1. In this case, performing constrained Bayesian Optimization yields a model that provides an improvement of 2.7% over the best model obtained from manual optimization with 60% the number of evaluations.
Expression profiling reveals a set of seven genes that may be required for lymph node metastasis in lung and breast cancer

4296 Studies suggest that although cancer cells can potentially invade the blood vessels to gain access to the general circulation, the lymphatics are typically used for the initial spread of solid tumors. To identify membrane-bound or secreted proteins required for metastasis in lymphatic tissue, we first performed two separate microarray analyses using Affymetrix U133A chips whereby expression values of a pool of normal lymph node tissue (n=4) were compared to either 1) four non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell lines, or 2), three metastatic lymph nodes derived from breast cancer patients. Separate lists of the 35 most highly overexpressed genes were generated for each cancer type. Each list contained 20 tissue-specific genes and 15 potential cancer-specific genes. Seven genes were common to both lists (p
Beispiel für eine Vorlesung

Als Beispiel fur eine Peer Instruction-Einheit soll eine 90-Minuten-Vorlesung uber die Newton’schen Gesetze vorgestellt werden. Die in der Einheit zu behandelten vier Kernbegriffe sind:
Kinetics of Supersaturated Solution with Restricted Size of Precipitates in the Presence of Dimer Adsorption/Emission and Monomer-Monomer Agglomeration

Kinetics of supersaturated solutions with restricted size of precipitating particles is considered using the microscopic theory which includes monomer–monomer agglomeration (MMA) and dimer adsorption/emission (DAE). It is shown that the system passes, during its evolution from initial to final state, through four consecutive stages. In stage I and stage III, the scaled size distribution of particles changes quickly with increasing time while in stage II and stage IV it is almost independent of time. It is argued that during stage II the system, at any rates of MMA and DAE, is in a regime similar to the asymptotic regime provided by the classical Lifshitz-Slyouzov-Wagner (LSW) theory where no restrictions on the size of the particles are imposed and MMA and DAE are not considered. Extrapolating the time dependence of mean radius R of particles, obtained in range II, to large times provides the power law R ∼ t1/ν where ν depends on the rates of MMA and DAE and changes from ν = 2 when MMA and DAE are absen...
The Case of Teacher Tracking at Leon Middle School

Derrick Lindsey, a Black teacher at Leon Middle School, has high aspirations for his career in education and hopes to become an outstanding teacher and transformative educator. He is enthusiastic a...
A wave-bending structure at Ka-band using 3D-printed metamaterial

Three-dimensional printing technologies enable metamaterials of complex structures with arbitrary inhomogeneity. In this work, a 90° wave-bending structure at the Ka-band (26.5–40 GHz) based on 3D-printed metamaterials is designed, fabricated, and measured. The wave-bending effect is realized through a spatial distribution of varied effective dielectric constants. Based on the effective medium theory, different effective dielectric constants are accomplished by special, 3D-printable unit cells, which allow different ratios of dielectric to air at the unit cell level. In contrast to traditional, metallic-structure-included metamaterial designs, the reported wave-bending structure here is all dielectric and implemented by the polymer-jetting technique, which features rapid, low-cost, and convenient prototyping. Both simulation and experiment results demonstrate the effectiveness of the wave-bending structure.
Domains of psychosocial disability and mental disorders

Objectives This study examined relations between comprehensive domains of psychosocial disability and mental disorders to determine (1) whether differential patterns of associations exist between psychosocial disability dimensions and commonly diagnosed mental disorders and (2) whether these relations differ between self-reported and interviewer-rated psychosocial disability domains. Method Self-reported and interviewer-rated psychosocial functioning measures and an interviewer-rated diagnostic assessment tool were administered to 181 psychiatric outpatients. Results Internalizing disorders showed the strongest and most pervasive associations with psychosocial impairment across both self-reported and interviewer-rated measures, followed by thought disorder; externalizing showed the weakest associations. More specifically, logistic regression analyses indicated that lower well-being factor score significantly increased the odds of distress-disorder diagnoses, and poor basic functioning increased the odds of PTSD. Conclusions Results clearly showed differences in the magnitude of associations between three dimensions of psychosocial-disability and commonly diagnosed disorders, and that these differences were similar regardless of rater type.
Monomolecular Films and Membrane Structure

The liquid condensed and liquid expanded physical states in an insoluble monomolecular film at the air-water interface and the gel and liquid crystelline states in fully hydrated bilayers are discussed and compared. It is postulated that, under reasonable restraints, the monolayer may be regarded as an adequate model membrane system. The interfacial behavior of a number of fatty acid spin-label and fluorescent probes are then outlined both for pure and mixed monomolecular films. As in bilayers and membranes these probes exhibit perturbation and immiscibility phenomena which should be taken into account when investigating membrane structure. While the perturbations of any individual probe may be small, they appear to be significant where bilayer profiles are concerned.
Swap errors in spatial working memory are guesses

In typical visual working memory tasks, participants report the color of a previously studied item at some probed location. Alternatively, in some recent studies, a color is probed and participants must report the item’s location. There is a surprising difference between these tasks: in location reports participants almost never guess randomly as they do when reporting color, but often incorrectly report the locations of non-probed items. This finding has been taken as evidence for feature binding errors in memory, and evidence against discrete capacity models, which predict that pure guessing should occur. We test an alternative possibility: that non-target responses are guesses, but intelligent ones. In particular, when asked to report the location of an item for which participants have no memory, they may guess near locations where they know something was presented. Here we present false-probe trials in which a color is probed that was not actually studied, and find that the responses, which are necessarily guesses, are nonetheless centered around studied locations. Moreover, we find that the confidence ratings for non-target responses are low, and similar to confidence for uniformly distributed guesses. In a second experiment, we find that manipulating the retention interval, which is known to affect guess rates, changes the rate of these low-confidence non-target responses. These results suggest that the tendency to report locations of non-probed items reflects a good guessing strategy; not something fundamental about how features and objects are represented in working memory.
Placement of Highly Available Virtual Network Functions Through Local Rerouting

The recent development of network function virtualization decouples network functions from dedicated hardware. Thus, virtual network functions (VNFs) can be distributed onto shared and virtualized platforms held by multiple data centers in various network locations. The architecture of the distributed VNFs interconnected by virtual links is denoted as the Service Function Chain (SFC). SFC has the potential to significantly reduce the opening and operating cost of the network services while improving the flexibility. However, the availability of SFC on chained up data centers is always inferior to that of network functions running on a single data center because the failure in any data center on the chain may affect its availability. To improve the availabilities of SFCs, in this paper we propose a local rerouting strategy to bypass the failed data centers on SFCs using locally rerouted paths (LRPs). Furthermore, we formulate an optimization model to minimize the maximum load on links while deploying SFCs and LRPs into the network. Thus, we reduce the potential risk of congested links caused by the local rerouting strategy. We then propose a randomized rounding approximation algorithm to solve the optimization problem, preserving the competitive ratio of O(logn) for the model. We also propose a fast heuristic algorithm to improve the efficiency. Our extensive simulation results show that the proposed algorithms can provide highly available SFCs with more balanced link load.
The Ice Particle and Aggregate Simulator (IPAS). Part I: Extracting Dimensional Properties of Ice–Ice Aggregates for Microphysical Parameterization

AbstractAggregation, the process by which two or more ice particles attach to each other, is typically observed in clouds that span a range of temperatures and is influenced by the crystal shape (h...
Mark Thoma Recommends “Learning and Expectations in Macroeconomics” by George Evans and Seppo Honkapohja

Is it reasonable to assume expectations are formed rationally? In order to form rational expectations, people must know all of the equations describing the economy as well as the statistical properties of the shocks. In addition, they must use this knowledge to produce the best possible forecasts of how the economy will evolve over time. But how do people obtain the required information? Is it possible to use standard econometric methods to learn enough about the economy to produce rational expectations?
Racial Disparities in Outcomes Among Asians With Gastric Cancer in the USA.

Background/aim We aimed to evaluate disparities in presentation and treatment of gastric cancer (GC), including time between diagnosis and treatment, based on race, focusing on Japanese patients within the USA. Patients and methods The National Cancer Database was queried for patients diagnosed with GC between 2004-2013. Clinical and treatment variables were summarized by race (White, non-Japanese Asian, Japanese). The association between race and overall survival (OS) was evaluated using the log-rank test. Results A total of 79,481 patients were included. Japanese patients received surgery the earliest after diagnosis in all stages. Regarding radiotherapy, white patients had the shortest waiting time followed by Asian and Japanese patients. Asian patients had better OS at both 3 and 5 years of follow-up. White patients were associated with the lowest OS. Conclusion Japanese and Asian GC patients have better OS compared to White patients. Moreover, there were disparities in time to both GC diagnosis and treatment, with Japanese patients being sooner diagnosed and surgically treated, which may ultimately impact patient experience.
Multi-mode Autonomous Communication Systems

In this paper, we study the problem of designing resource allocation algorithms for communication systems equipped with multiple different communication hardwares. We consider a point-to-multipoint scenario, in which communication occurs between an access point and a series of agents. Both the agents and the access point are equipped with multiple hardware (e.g., VHF, UHF, and mmWave antennas). Under this multi-mode setting, we aim to jointly optimize the power allocation along with the mode selection such that the rate requirements of the agents are satisfied. We pose this resource allocation problem under a stochastic optimization framework, and show that the problem exhibits null duality gap. To obtain the optimal solution to the problem, we resort to a primal-dual algorithm, which can be run in an online fashion. Numerical results show that agents employing the proposed algorithm are capable of adapting their transmission mode in complex environments.
Tax rate design and support for mileage user-fees

Abstract Road mileage user-fees (MUFs) remain an unpopular financing option to replace fuel taxes at the state level despite being viewed favorably by some policy experts and policymakers. We investigate the extent to which tax-rate design can be used to boost support to the point where policymakers might feel comfortable moving ahead with replacing their fuel taxes with MUFs. Using data from four experimental surveys, we show that while tax-rate design can be used to increase public support for MUFs, the effect is likely too small to convince policymakers to adopt MUFs.
30 – PROBLEM AREAS FOR THE MARKET

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the problem areas of the market. The sources of market failure can be grouped into four categories, namely, externalities, public goods, poor information, and monopoly. When externalities are present, the market may fail to confront decision makers with the proper incentives. Because the decision makers are not forced to consider external cost, they may find it advantageous to undertake an economic activity even though it generates a net loss to the community. When external benefits are present, the decision makers may fail to undertake economic action that would generate a net social gain. When external costs originate from the activities of a business firm, the firm's cost curve would understate the social cost of producing the good. If production of the good generates external costs, under competitive conditions, the price of the product would be too low and the output would be too large relative to the ideal requirements of economic efficiency. External costs result from the failure or inability of a society to establish private property rights. Established private property rights enable owners to prohibit others from using or abusing their property. Communal property rights result in overutilization because most of the cost of overutilization is imposed on others. When external benefits are present, the market demand curve would understate the social gains from conducting the activity. The consumption and production of goods that generate external benefits would tend to be less than the socially ideal amount.
Methodological Reinforcements: Investigating Work Through Trace Data and Text

In this article, we present a study of scientific discovery through trace data. Using data produced from (1) scientists’ interactions on computer systems and (2) meeting transcripts generated from weekly project meetings, we analyzed the interactions and conversations of scientists surrounding a scientific discovery to determine whether trace data could provide markers for the discovery. The results describe the process of interacting with computer tools and disseminating results and highlight such markers. This study shows trace data, and advanced computational techniques are useful mechanisms for identifying work trajectories and, in some cases, provide context to work behaviors.
The Importance of Pilot Studies for Gamified Research: Pre-Testing Gamettes to Study Supply Chain Decisions

Games and game-like methodologies are increasingly used as research environments, especially to conduct experiments to study decision-making. This growing trend in conducting gamified experiments is suggestive of the need for pilot studies and pre-testing the underlying games as well as experimental design. In this paper, we present an example of conducting a pilot study using Gamettes, a game-based methodology for collecting rich behavioral data on human decisions. Our results shed light on the efficacy of our experiment, how Gamettes' players interact with it in the way it is designed, and help identify issues that could bias the experiment and lead to a failed study. They further confirm the importance of conducting and reporting such pilot studies in gamified research.
Effect of Workload After ACL Reconstruction on Rerupture Rates in NBA Players.

Background:Rupture of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is a common and potentially career-altering injury sustained by players in the National Basketball Association (NBA). Strategies have been...
A Contextual Bi-armed Bandit Approach for MPTCP Path Management in Heterogeneous LTE and WiFi Edge Networks

Multi-homed mobile devices are capable of aggregating traffic transmissions over heterogeneous networks. MultiPath TCP (MPTCP) is an evolution of TCP that allows the simultaneous use of multiple interfaces for a single connection. Despite the success of MPTCP, its deployment can be enhanced by controlling which network interface to be used as an initial path during the connectivity setup. In this paper, we proposed an online MPTCP path manager based on the contextual bandit algorithm to help choose the optimal primary path connection that maximizes throughput and minimizes delay and packet loss. The contextual bandit path manager deals with the rapid changes of multiple transmission paths in heterogeneous networks. The output of this algorithm introduces an adaptive policy to the path manager whenever the MPTCP connection is attempted based on the last hop wireless signals characteristics. Our experiments run over a real dataset of WiFi/LTE networks using NS3 implementation of MPTCP, enhanced to better support MPTCP path management control. We analyzed MPTCP’s throughput and latency metrics in various network conditions and found that the performance of the contextual bandit MPTCP path manager improved compared to the baselines used in our evaluation experiments. Utilizing edge computing technology, this model can be implemented in a mobile edge computing server to dodge MPTCP path management issues by communicating to the mobile equipment the best path for the given radio conditions. Our evaluation demonstrates that leveraging adaptive contextawareness improves the utilization of multiple network interfaces.
Index of Suspicion in the Nursery

A 21-day-old male infant presents to a pediatrician's office because he has passed no stools for 14 days. He also has a history of progressive loss of appetite, excessive fussiness, and vomiting, with about three episodes occurring yesterday. The child is admitted to the hospital for further evaluation and management of failure to thrive, constipation, and dehydration. The infant had been born at 39 weeks’ gestation to a 39-year-old mother who had late prenatal care and gave birth via spontaneous vaginal delivery. Apgar scores were 9 and 9 at 1 and 5 minutes, respectively. The birthweight was 3,280 g (25th percentile), length was 52 cm (75th percentile), and head circumference was 35 cm (50th percentile). The infant experienced progressively greater emesis during the first 48 hours after birth. It resolved after changing to a lactose-free formula. Meconium was passed at 4 hours after birth. The infant's admission weight is 3.16 kg (<3rd percentile), length is 54 cm (50th percentile), and head circumference is 37.5 cm (50th percentile). His temperature is 96.4°F (35.8°C), pulse is 145 beats/min, respiratory rate is 20 breaths/min, and blood pressure is 82/40 mm Hg. He is small for age and appears emaciated and mildly dehydrated. His head is normocephalic, with a flat anterior fontanelle. Cardiovascular and respiratory examination findings are within normal limits. The abdomen is slightly protuberant but soft and without hepatosplenomegaly. He has normal male genitalia with bilateral palpable testes, his spine is normal to palpation, and his extremities exhibit full range of motion. He is fairly easy to arouse from sleep with painful stimulation and has a fair cry, but he immediately falls back to sleep. Pupils are equal and react to light; fundi are benign, with sharp disks and normal-appearing vessels. Facial movement is symmetric. Tongue is in the midline. Overall tone …
Large Individual Bilateral Differences in Tibial Torsion Impact Accurate Contralateral Templating and the Evaluation of Rotational Malalignment.

OBJECTIVE To determine individual bilateral differences (IBDs) in tibial torsion in a diverse population. METHODS Computed tomography scans of uninjured bilateral tibiae were used to determine tibial torsion and IBDs in torsion using 4 measurement methods. Age, sex, and self-identified race/ethnicity were also recorded for each subject. Mean tibial torsion and IBDs in torsion were compared in the overall cohort and when stratified by sex and race/ethnicity. Simple and multiple linear regression models were used to correlate demographic variables with tibial torsion and IBDs in torsion. RESULTS One hundred ninety-five patients were evaluated. The mean tibial torsion was 27.5 ± 8.3 degrees (range -3 to 47.5 degrees). The mean IBD in torsion was 5.3 ± 4.0 degrees (range 0-23.5 degrees, P < 0.001). 12.3% of patients had IBDs in torsion of ≥10 degrees. In the regression analysis, patients who identified as White had greater average torsion by 4.4 degrees compared with Hispanic/Latinx patients (P = 0.001), whereas age and sex were not significantly associated with absolute torsion. Demographics were not associated with significant differences in IBDs in torsion. CONCLUSIONS Tibial torsion varies considerably and individual side-to-side differences are common. Race/ethnicity was associated with differences in the magnitude of tibial torsion, but no factors were associated with bilateral differences in torsion. The results of this study may be clinically significant in the context of using the uninjured contralateral limb to help establish rotational alignment during medullary nail stabilization of diaphyseal tibia fractures. In addition, these findings should be considered in the evaluation of tibia rotational malalignment. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Prognostic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Virtual Equipment System: Face Mask and Voodoo Doll for User Privacy and Self-Expression Options in Virtual Reality

Current trends in immersive technologies suggest an increase in capturing user’s data to drive interactions and avatar representations. With growing numbers of data types being collected, users need an easy way to view and control their privacy settings. In this demo, we present a method for users to adjust options related to privacy settings, user data collection, and self-expression through the use of 3D user interface metaphors such as a mask and a voodoo doll.
Zelen design clinical trials: why, when, and how.

Background In 1979, Marvin Zelen proposed a new design for randomized clinical trials intended to facilitate clinicians' and patients' participation. The defining innovation of Zelen's proposal was random assignment of treatment prior to patient or participant consent. Following randomization, a participant would receive information and asked to consent to the assigned treatment. Methods This narrative review examined recent examples of Zelen design trials evaluating clinical and public health interventions. Results Zelen designs have often been applied to questions regarding real-world treatment or intervention effects under conditions of incomplete adherence. Examples include evaluating outreach or engagement interventions (especially for stigmatized conditions), evaluating treatments for which benefit may vary according to participant motivation, and situations when assignment to a control or usual care condition might prompt a disappointment effect. Specific practical considerations determine whether a Zelen design is scientifically appropriate or practicable. Zelen design trials usually depend on identifying participants automatically from existing records rather than by advertising, referral, or active recruitment. Assessments of baseline or prognostic characteristics usually depend on available records data rather than research-specific assessments. Because investigators must consider how exposure to treatments or interventions might bias ascertainment of outcomes, assessment of outcomes from routinely created records is often necessary. A Zelen design requires a waiver of the usual requirement for informed consent prior to random assignment of treatment. The Revised Common Rule includes specific criteria for such a waiver, and those criteria are most often met for evaluation of a low-risk and potentially beneficial intervention added to usual care. Investigators and Institutional Review Boards must also consider whether the scientific or public health benefit of a Zelen design trial outweighs the autonomy interests of potential participants. Analysis of Zelen trials compares outcomes according to original assignment, regardless of any refusal to accept or participate in the assigned treatment. Conclusions A Zelen design trial assesses the real-world consequences of a specific strategy to prompt or promote uptake of a specific treatment. While such trials are poorly suited to address explanatory or efficacy questions, they are often preferred for addressing pragmatic or policy questions.
Amós, deshumanización y comunidades desplazadas.

No abstract available. Revista latinoamericana de teologia, Vol. 31, No. 93, 2014: 283-306.
Discovering factors influencing examiner agreement for periodontal measures.

Slate EH, Hill EG. Discovering factors influencing examiner agreement for periodontal measures. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2012; 40 (Suppl. 1): 21–27. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons A/S Abstract – Objectives: Calibration studies are routinely performed to establish examiner reliability in clinical periodontal research. In these studies, each periodontal site is assessed in duplicate, enabling point and interval estimation of agreement measures. We show how these data can be used additionally to discover subgroups among the periodontal sites according to degree of agreement with true periodontal status and to identify factors associated with examiner bias. Methods: A Bayesian hierarchical model is developed that, for all examiners, links the examiner’s recorded measurement with the site’s true periodontal status, allowing for site-specific examiner effects on the recorded measurement. These site-specific examiner effects are modeled as arising from a Dirichlet process mixture, which yields a small number (relative to the number of sites) of distinct effects for each examiner. Hence, sites that share the same examiner effect form a subgroup for which that examiner exhibits consistent bias relative to truth. We fit this model to data from a pilot calibration study for probed pocket depth measurements and use the results to explore examiner-specific groupings of sites according to degree of agreement with true pocket depth. The discovered group assignments were then associated with characteristics of the site. Results: The Bayesian hierarchical modeling revealed that periodontal sites were grouped according to bias into three, two, and two subgroups, respectively, for each of the three study examiners. The magnitude of the bias was associated with tooth position and true depth of the pocket. Conclusions: Our Bayesian hierarchical model enhances the utility of data obtained from calibration studies for periodontal pocket depth by facilitating discovery of subgroups of sites according to examiner bias. The results indicate that targeting specific tooth locations and pocket depths during examiner training, uniquely for each examiner, may reduce bias in periodontal pocket depth measurements, thereby enhancing the quality of oral epidemiologic research.
Fuel Consumption Modeling of Hybrid Vehicles in PERE

The new EPA emissions inventory model, MOVES (MOtor Vehicle Emissions Simulator) models fuel consumption of the on-road fleet in its first draft (2004 version). Future versions will model criteria pollutants. MOVES is designed to combine fleet, activity, and second by second emission rate inputs to produce regional, or national fuel consumption rates. It is primarily a data driven model but for some of the future projections, data is not available. It is necessary to design a model, which can fill these "holes" and future emissions rates in MOVES. The Physical Emissions Rate Estimator (PERE) takes vehicle and drive cycle inputs and simply distributes the energy required to follow the trace to the various components (internal combustion engine, electrical motor, fuel cell, etc). The model is validated to the certification fuel economy of the Honda Insight, Honda Civic, Honda FCX, Toyota Prius (2001, and 2004). It is also compared to a small subset of second by second data. While the model is capable of providing second by second output, it is not explicitly designed to be accurate to that level of detail. The cycle fuel economy is calculated to within 10% for most cases. In order to quantify modal fuel rates for MOVES from certain hybrids, it is recommended to shift the time-alignment of the data to a load-following pattern.
Effect of comorbidity on short-term outcomes and cost of care after head and neck cancer surgery in the elderly

Background With increased life expectancy, there is growing awareness of the effect of comorbidity on physiologic reserves in elderly patients. Data in the area of head and neck cancer surgery is lacking. Methods Retrospective data from 61,740 elderly patients who underwent a head and neck cancer ablative surgery from 2001 to 2010 using the Nationwide Inpatient Sample were analyzed to examine associations between comorbidity and in-hospital mortality, postoperative complications, length of hospitalization, and hospital-related costs. Results Advanced comorbidity was present in 18% of elderly patients, who were more likely to experience acute medical complications (odds ratio [OR], 3.7; p < .001), in-hospital death (OR, 3.6; p < .001), increased length of hospitalization (mean, 2.2 days; p < .001), and hospital-related costs (mean, $6874; p < .001). Conclusion Advanced comorbidity in elderly surgical patients with head and neck cancer is associated with increased mortality, morbidity, length of hospitalization, and hospital-related costs. This increased utilization of health care resources may pose challenges to health care reform efforts as the population ages. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 37: 685–693, 2015
Genetic mapping in yeast.

Publisher Summary This chapter describes genetic mapping in yeast. Different mapping studies have established the location of many genes along the arms of the 17 chromosomes. The current maps define the location of approximately 175 genes and have a total length of more than 3000 centimorgans. The 17 linkage groups vary considerably in genetic length—that is, from about 20 centimorgans for chromosomes I and XIV to greater than 300 centimorgans for chromosomes IV and VII. This variation in genetic lengths corresponds well to the size distributions calculated from studies on the physical separation of chromosomes by centrifugation through sucrose gradients. Examination of the various fractions of the gradient by electron microscopy confirms the separation of DNA molecules according to their contour length. Studies employing these techniques seem to be the most promising approach to physical confirmation of the chromosome number obtained by genetic investigations. This chapter is devoted to genetic mapping in Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; however, the principles and techniques are generally applicable to investigations with other yeasts.
Energy-efficient NoC with variable channel width

Although Network-on-Chip (NoC) has become a popular solution for multicore system, its power consumption is still a concern for power-constrained design. We propose a NoC with variable channel width to achieve better energy-efficiency for NoC traffics in real systems. Based on the observation that short control messages account for a significant portion of NoC traffic, we use wide channel (128-bit) to transmit long data messages while dynamically split it into 2 narrower channels (64-bit) for short messages and shut down the unused channel to save energy. With workloads from PARSEC 2.1 benchmark suits, our proposed approach reduces NoC power consumption by up to 25%. More power saving can be achieved as injection rate increases under synthetic traffics. Besides, our method has no impact on performance and its induced area overhead is negligible.
Managing Associations Between Different Chromosomes

Genes present on different chromosomes can be coordinately expressed through a transcription regulatory factor that brings them together in a region of active transcription in the nucleus.
Children of the Blood

Children of the Blood. Bernard Juillerat. Nora Scott, trans. Oxford, England: Berg Publishing, 1996. 620 pp.
Mentoring practices in radiologic science education.

BACKGROUND Mentoring in health science education programs has gained popularity over the past 20 years and is associated with increased self-confidence and self-esteem and decreased stress and anxiety. OBJECTIVE To determine the extent of mentoring practices within the radiologic sciences. METHODS An online survey was administered to 125 radiography programs in the southeastern United States accredited by the Joint Review Committee on Education in Radiologic Technology. RESULTS Of the 36 respondents, only 22% had formal mentoring programs. The majority believed their mentoring program had a positive effect on student retention and was somewhat successful. CONCLUSION Future research involving a larger population of radiologic science programs would be beneficial.
Cannabinoid inhibition of adenylate cyclase: Relative activity of constituents and metabolites of marihuana

delta 9Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) has been shown to inhibit the activity of adenylate cyclase in the N18TG2 clone of murine neuroblastoma cells. The concentration of delta 9THC exhibiting half-maximal inhibition was 500 nM. delta 8Tetrahydrocannabinol was less active, and cannabinol was only partially active. Cannabidiol, cannabigerol, cannabichromene, olivetol and compounds having a reduced length of the C3 alkyl side chain were inactive. The metabolites of delta 8THC and delta 9THC hydroxylated at the C11 position were more potent than the parent drugs. However, hydroxylation at the C8 position of the terpenoid ring resulted in loss of activity. Compounds hydroxylated along the C3 alkyl side chain were equally efficacious but less potent than delta 9THC. These findings are compared to the pharmacology of cannabinoids reported for psychological effects in humans and behavioral effects in a variety of animal models.
Identification and study of Utah pseudo-isolate populations-prospects for gene identification.

Isolate populations of varied types have proven powerful for gene identification for rare Mendelian disorders, and continue to show such promise for more complex phenotypes. Existing isolate populations are limited in the phenotypes available for study, and new population isolates are unlikely to arise. We utilize genealogical data available for the state of Utah, dating back to its European founders, to retrospectively define and examine pseudo-isolate subpopulations. These pseudo-isolate populations are defined by selection of a set of “founders” from the genealogical data, and then limitation of “immigration” by censoring of matings and offspring that do not match the isolate population design. A wide variety of pseudo isolate and other study designs are possible by varying the number and type of founders and the extent of immigration allowed. We present several different example Birth-Country pseudo-isolate populations defined within the Utah Population Database (UPDB). We utilize linked cancer phenotype data available for the Utah population to show the utility of this pseudo-isolate approach for identification of more genetically homogeneous prostate cancer pedigrees for predisposition gene identification. In conclusion, we present a unique approach to retrospective “creation” of isolate populations using existing genealogical data. We use the UPDB to exhibit the utility of this approach for the highly heterogeneous Utah population, and suggest the approach is feasible for any population for which high quality genealogy and phenotype data are available. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.