cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Writing a Competitive Individual National Research Service Award (F31) Application

The National Institutes of Health (NIH) are committed to increasing the number of PhD-prepared persons to meet the demand for well-trained behavioral, biological, and biobehavioral scientists. The Ruth L. Kirschstein National Research Service Award (NRSA) individual Predoctoral Fellowship (F31) program provides financial support for full-time PhD students who are committed to research careers in scientific health-related fields relevant to the NIH. This article provides guidance for PhD nursing students who are preparing an individual NRSA application with emphasis on those being submitted to the National Institute of Nursing Research. The advantages of receiving this award are described along with the steps to complete the application. After careful self- and environmental assessments, the task of writing begins in close collaboration with research mentors. Essential components of NRSA applications are described along with strategies for making applications competitive and, ultimately, successful.
Alcohol‐Preferring and Nonpreferring Rats Display Different Levels of Neurofilament Proteins in the Ventral Tegmental Area

Previously, different levels of neurofilaments (NF) in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) have been identified in Sprague-Dawley rats treated chronically with morphine or cocaine and in drug-naive Lewis and Fischer 344, inbred strains that differ behaviorally in several ways, including alcohol, opiate, and cocaine preferences. These findings led us to examine whether rat lines that have been selectively bred for a difference in alcohol preference, the alcohol-preferring (P) and nonpreferring (NP) rats, also express different levels of NFs in the VTA. We found by use of back phosphorylation and immunolabeling procedures that the VTA of the P rat contains 20-50% lower levels of the three major types of NF proteins--NF-200, NF-160, and NF-68--compared with the VTA of the NP rat. No strain difference in NF levels was seen in the substantia nigra (which like the VTA is a major dopaminergic nucleus in brain), locus coeruleus (which is a major noradrenergic nucleus in brain), or spinal cord (which is enriched in NF proteins). In contrast to NFs, no P-NP line differences were found in VTA levels of tyrosine hydroxylase, which is also regulated by chronic morphine and cocaine treatments in Sprague-Dawley rats and shows prominent Lewis-Fischer strain differences, specifically in this brain region. The results provide additional support for the possibility that levels of NFs in the VTA may be related to preference for alcohol and other drugs of abuse.
Antimelanoma Activity of CTL Generated from Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells After Stimulation with Autologous Dendritic Cells Pulsed with Melanoma gp100 Peptide G209-2M Is Correlated to TCR Avidity

Anchor residue-modified peptides derived from tumor-associated Ag have demonstrated success in engendering immune responses in clinical studies. However, tumor regression does not always correlate with immune responses. One hypothesis to explain this is that CTL resulting from such immunization approaches are variable in antitumor potency. In the present study, we evaluated this hypothesis by characterizing the activity of tumor-associated Ag-specific CTL. We chose an anchor residue-modified peptide from gp100, G209-2M, and used peptide-pulsed dendritic cells to generate CTL from PBMC of HLA-A2 + normal donors. The specificities and avidities of the resulting CTL were evaluated. The results demonstrate that CTL generated by G209-2M can be classified into three categories: G209-2M-specific CTL which are cytotoxic only to G209-2M-pulsed targets; peptide-specific CTL which recognize both G209 and G209-2M peptides but not melanomas; and melanoma-reactive CTL which recognize peptide-pulsed targets as well as HLA-A2 + gp100 + melanomas. CTL that kill only peptide-pulsed targets require a higher peptide concentration to mediate target lysis, whereas CTL that lyse melanomas need a lower peptide concentration. Increasing peptide density on melanomas by loading exogenous G209 peptide enhances their sensitivity to peptide-specific CTL. High avidity CTL clones also demonstrate potent antimelanoma activity in melanoma model in nude mice. Injection of G209 peptide around transplanted tumors significantly enhances the antitumor activity of low avidity CTL. These results suggest that peptide stimulation causes expansion of T cell populations with a range of avidities. Successful immunotherapy may require selective expansion of the higher-avidity CTL and intratumor injection of the peptide may enhance the effect of peptide vaccines.
Polyphase Precambrian deformation and stratigraphic relations, central to southeastern Adirondack Mountains, New York: A reinterpretation: Summary

INTRODUCTION This paper represents a preliminary attempt to synthesize studies that were begun in 1962 and continued for 14 of the 17 intervening years. Walton (Walton and de Waard, 1963), assisted in part by the writer, mapped part of the Paradox Lake quadrangle included in the present synthesis. Detailed field investigations I have made in that quadrangle since Walton9s work have resulted in a new interpretation of the structure and stratigraphy. The enormity and complexity of the structure mandate the collection of more data to augment the already large body of data for adjacent parts of the Newcomb, Thirteenth Lake, Schroon Lake, Paradox Lake, North Creek, and Bolton Landing quadrangles (Fig. 1) before a final synthesis is possible. Also included in the present synthesis in my interpretation of Geraghty9s (1973) work in the northeast quadrant of the North Creek quadrangle. Balk (1932) conducted a classic study of the Newcomb quadrangle and obtained extensive structural data. Balk9s conclusions have been extended by subdividing rock units that he lumped and by measuring minor folds in relation to modern thoughts on polyphase folding in the region.
Administrative Writing: Bringing Context to Pedagogy.

To understand how context affects language use, students can analyze the relationship between the power dynamics in an organization and the linguistic politeness strategies in memos written to subordinates. Although this assignment offers a viable approach to understanding how power influences language, students should recognize that multiple variables can affect actual language use. They can also scrutinize the responsibility they implicitly assume when they perpetuate—or perhaps attempt to change—an organization's communication style.
Geology and geochemistry of early arc-volcanic rocks from Guam

The island of Guam is located at the southern end of the Mariana fore-arc and was the site of early arc volcanism between 43 and 32 m.y. ago. Two volcanic units were erupted during the early evolution of Guam: the late middle Eocene Facpi Formation and the late Eocene to early Oligocene Alutom Formation. The Facpi Formation is composed largely of interbedded boninite series pillow lavas, pillow breccias, and dikes, although arc tholeiite series rocks cap the formation in some areas. The Alutom Formation is composed of interbedded volcanic breccias, tuffaceous sandstones, lava flows, and sills, calc-alkaline, arc tholeiite, and boninite series compositions are all found in the Alutom formation. Primitive boninite series rocks are relatively high in SiO 2 , MgO, and Ni and low in A1 2 O 3 and TiO 2 contents compared to basaltic rocks from the arc tholeiite series. Additionally, they have low Ti/Zr ratios and high K/Zr, Rb/Zr, and Ba/Zr ratios. Although no calc-alkaline basalts are found in the early arc formations of Guam, basalts with chemical characteristics transitional between boninite and tholeiite series rocks may be genetically linked to the calc-alkaline series. Among the analyzed samples here are a few with anomalously high Y and rare-earth element (REE) contents. Chemical variation in the boninite series can be explained by early fractionation of olivine and clinopyroxene followed by plagioclase, clinopyroxene, and orthopyroxene. The arc tholeiite series chemical trends can be explained by early olivine fractionation followed by plagioclase, clinopyroxene, orthopyroxene, and magnetite. The composition of the least silicic calc-alkaline series andesite can be modeled by fractional crystallization of olivine, clinopyroxene, plagioclase, and magnetite from a transitional basalt. Derivation of more silicic calc-alkaline series rocks requires magma mixing or crustal assimilation in addition to crystal fractionation involving hornblende. All basalts from the early volcanic series of Guam were erupted in an arc setting. The boninite series magmas were produced by hydrous partial melting of depleted mantle at relatively shallow levels, whereas the arc tholeiite and calc-alkaline series magmas were generated by partial melting of less depleted mantle at deeper levels. We suggest that because the calc-alkaline series parent basalts most likely were richer in incompatible high field-strength (HFS) elements and SiO 2 than were the tholeiitic parents, they were generated by lower degrees of melting.
Psychrobacter arcticus 273-4 Uses Resource Efficiency and Molecular Motion Adaptations for Subzero Temperature Growth

Permafrost soils are extreme environments that exert low-temperature, desiccation, and starvation stress on bacteria over thousands to millions of years. To understand how Psychrobacter arcticus 273-4 survived for >20,000 years in permafrost, transcriptome analysis was performed during growth at 22°C, 17°C, 0°C, and −6°C using a mixed-effects analysis of variance model. Genes for transcription, translation, energy production, and most biosynthetic pathways were downregulated at low temperatures. Evidence of isozyme exchange was detected over temperature for d-alanyl-d-alanine carboxypeptidases (dac1 and dac2), DEAD-box RNA helicases (csdA and Psyc_0943), and energy-efficient substrate incorporation pathways for ammonium and acetate. Specific functions were compensated by upregulation of genes at low temperature, including genes for the biosynthesis of proline, tryptophan, and methionine. RNases and peptidases were generally upregulated at low temperatures. Changes in energy metabolism, amino acid metabolism, and RNase gene expression were consistent with induction of a resource efficiency response. In contrast to results observed for other psychrophiles and mesophiles, only clpB and hsp33 were upregulated at low temperature, and there was no upregulation of other chaperones and peptidyl-prolyl isomerases. relA, csdA, and dac2 knockout mutants grew more slowly at low temperature, but a dac1 mutant grew more slowly at 17°C. The combined data suggest that the basal biological machinery, including translation, transcription, and energy metabolism, is well adapted to function across the growth range of P. arcticus from −6°C to 22°C, and temperature compensation by gene expression was employed to address specific challenges to low-temperature growth.
Enhanced Aggregation of Derivatized Tolan Surfactants through Donor-Acceptor Interactions at the Air-Water Interface and in Langmuir-Blodgett Films

Control of aggregation behavior of derivatized surfactants by moderately polar functional groups as well as the role of charge-transfer interactions governing photophysical phenomena was studied using surfactants incorporating the diphenylacetylene (tolan) chromophore (TFAs) modified with either a sulfone or an ether group (sTA or oTA, respectively). H aggregation is prevalent in these systems as monitored by the spectral shifts of absorption and emission. Packing of surfactants and aggregation were found to be strongly influenced by the presence of bivalent metal cations, Cd 2+ , in the subphase, as demonstrated by molecular area and chain orientation measurements. The nature of the aggregates formed from sTA surfactants is directly affected by complexation of the acid headgroup; in contrast, the associated oTA chromophore aggregation is unaffected by subphase modifications, despite the altered packing of surfactant chains. The photophysical behavior of aggregated TFAs in monolayer systems was followed at the air-water interface as well as with supported films on quartz, and conclusions can be made of the surfactant arrangements’ stability. A unique mixed aggregate was formed when both the ether- and sulfone-derivatized TFAs were incorporated into a single phosphatidylcholine molecule (mixed PC) and deposited as an LB film. This monolayer exhibits additional enhancement in aggregation properties attributed to donor-acceptor interactions between the tolan chromophores that are distinct from a statistically mixed LB sample prepared from a mixture of TFAs. The current results are viewed in terms of general principles governing aggregation for a family of chromophorederivatized surfactants in LB film.
A Cost-Efficient L1–L2 Multicore Interconnect: Performance, Power, and Area Considerations

Processor manufacturers use advances in manufacturing technologies to increase the number of cores on chip in order to scale performance in a cost-efficient manner. As the number of cores scales up, not all cores can be directly connected to the main memory and there is a need for hierarchy, for example, by arranging them in clusters that share L2 caches. This paper focuses on designing cost-efficient L1-L2 interconnects. We discuss performance and power- and area-consumption considerations for a real processor designed in 45-nm technology. We explain the architectures and heuristics developed, including a smart floorplan with instance flips to address interconnect latency, customized decentralized arbitration schemes tailored per transaction type, and heterogeneous Vt device assignment to reduce overall power consumption, taking into account the expected switching factors. These and other methods worked together to achieve high throughput in a power-efficient interconnect that consumes less than 3% of the compute cluster area.
Methyl Mercury Increases Intracellular Ca2+ and Inositol Phosphate Levels in Cultured Cerebellar Granule Neurons

In an effort to explain the previously observed methyl mercury (MeHg)-induced stimulation of protein phosphorylation in cerebellar granule neuron cultures, the effect of MeHg on protein kinase activities in cell-free assays and on second messenger systems in cultured neurons has been examined. Using cell-free assays for several protein kinases, no stimulation of enzyme activity was found at any concentration of MeHg tested. After 24 h exposure, 1-5 microM MeHg was found to have no significant effect on neuronal cyclic AMP levels. In contrast, intracellular levels of Ca2+ and rates of 45Ca2+ uptake were elevated 2.2-fold and 3.6-fold, respectively, by 5 microM MeHg. These effects were not observed with mercuric chloride, triethyllead, or lead acetate. Measurement of inositol phosphate production in granule cell cultures revealed a sensitive, pretoxic effect of MeHg with twofold stimulation following 30-min exposure to 5 microM MeHg and 1.6-fold after 24-h exposure to 3 microM MeHg. Detection of inositol phosphate production after 30 min of MeHg was largely neuron-specific. These results suggest that second messenger-mediated activation of select protein kinase enzymes may be the mechanism underlying MeHg-induced stimulation of protein phosphorylation in cerebellar neuronal culture. In addition, these findings indicate a specific interference with neuronal signal transduction and suggest a basis for the selective neurotoxic action of this agent.
Voltage-gated sodium channel genes hscp and hDSC1 of Heliothis virescens F. genomic organization

We report the genomic sequence of hscp, a sodium channel alpha subunit gene for Heliothis virescens. A 32-kb genomic clone and six independent RT-PCR products covering almost the entire coding region of the gene, contained thirty-one deduced exons with a translation of 1695 residues. Overall amino acid similarity to the para locus of Drosophila melanogaster was 86%. The transcription of the gene was complex. Alternate splicing was evident for five optional exons and a pair of mutually exclusive exons. A number of alternatively spliced mRNA revealed a deduced translation product that included only the first homology domain. We also report the first partial sequence for hDSC1, a presumed orthologous of the DSC1 sodium channel alpha subunit gene of D. melanogaster.
A Theoretical Analysis of Cross-Cultural Research in Cognitive Development: Piaget's Conservation Task

Cross-cultural studies of the conservation of continuous quantities are reviewed and the conservation task is analyzed into three essential components. A theoretical framework is presented for interpreting cross-cultural studies of conservation, and the applicability of such a framework to existing empirical results is demonstrated. The importance of this and similar cross-cultural analyses to a theoretical understanding of the development of cognitive processes is discussed.
Grape Consumption Supports Immunity in Animals and Humans

All nutrients play a role in maintaining the immune system and providing substrate for the response. gammadelta T cells, on the other hand, seem to have a unique response to certain dietary bioactive components found in the plant family. Although the identification of those components is not well known yet, members of the proanthocyanidin family and the anthocyanin family of compounds are candidates. Because grapes and grape products contain both of these types of compounds, I hypothesized that grapes may help maintain or support the immune response, specifically the gammadelta T cell. Data from intact animal studies show that immune function is supported by grape products. In humans, relatively little research has been conducted using the food as an intervention; however, a study currently in progress showed that Concord grape juice supported circulating gammadelta T cells and maintained immune function, whereas participants receiving the placebo juice had changes associated with reduced immunity. After an overview of immunity, this paper will focus on reviewing the literature on grapes and other food products made from grapes and their potential for interaction with the gammadelta T cell in whole-body systems.
Absence of band-gap surface states on clean amorphous silicon

Abstract Photoemission studies have been made of the clean and oxidized amorphous Si surface at hv = 10·2, 21·2 and 40·8 eV. For the clean surface, no emission from surface states in the band gap is found and exposure to small amounts of oxygen results in no preferential decreases in emission near the valence band edge. We place an upper limit of 4 × 1013 surface states/cm2 in the gap and conclude that any residual states in the gap are not intrinsic to the amorphous Si vacuum interface. A small amount of oxygen induces a broad valence band peak 2 to 5 eV below the valence band maximum; this we associated with a SiOx structure. Furthermore, we find that exposure to 108 L oxygen produces valence band structure similar but not identical to SiO2 and a depletion of the SiOx emission.
Control design of switched LPV systems using multiple parameter-dependent Lyapunov functions

For a linear parameter-varying (LPV) plant with a large parameter variation region, it is often conservative to design a single LPV controller over the entire parameter space. This paper studies the control design of switched LPV systems using multiple parameter-dependent Lyapunov functions to improve performance and enhance design flexibility. Two autonomous switching logics, hysteresis switching and switching with average dwell time, are discussed. The control synthesis conditions for both switching logics are formulated, which are generally non-convex but can be convexified under certain conditions. The proposed switched LPV control schemes are applied to a magnetic bearing problem to demonstrate its advantages over existing LPV control approach.
Importance of Early-Season Nitrogen Rate and Placement to Russet Burbank Potatoes

Early-season nitrogen (N) is necessary for optimal potato vegetative growth and creating an optimal growing condition for high yields; however, on sandy soils it also increases the risk of losing fertilizer N through leaching. This 3-year field experiment evaluated whether a smaller amount of N placed near the plant roots could provide the benefits associated with higher rates of early N applications that were less well placed. Two rates of N applied at emergence (40 or 80 kg N ha−1) were spot-placed (5 to 7 cm around each plant), banded along the row, or broadcast applied, and compared to no N or where all of the in-season N was applied at tuberization. All plots except the zero N controls received a total of 170 kg ha−1 of in-season N. Where emergence N was spot-applied in some years, tuber numbers were reduced compared to where the N was broadcast, and in these situations, resulted in increased tuber size and higher yields of prime-sized tubers (U.S. No. 1, 170 to 370 g). Where differences existed, results from banded treatments were intermediate between those from the spot and broadcast treatments. However, in spite of apparent N placement effects likely associated with having a higher concentration of N near the plant roots early in the season, no differences were evident between the two rates of emergence N within a given placement. In this experiment, total yields were not affected by rate or placement of emergence N. Overall, this experiment provides support for the concept of placing early-season N near the plant roots, and band applications along the row may be a grower-manageable alternative for achieving this goal.
HIV and AIDS

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a lymphotropic retrovirus that infects a subset of cells within the immune system. As HIV infection progresses, the ability of the immune system to detect and suppress a variety of conditions such as cancer and infections is impaired. Here, we present a case of B-cell lymphoma as the initial presentation of HIV infection as well as a case of histoplasmosis secondary to HIV infection presenting as a colonic mass.
May 1, 1954: New York Brings Back Turf Racing

The article describes the first horse race run on a grass (or turf) course in New York State after many decades of racing exclusively on dirt courses.
River-Basin Water Management in the U.S.: A Regulatory Anticommons

Many demands are currently made on the United States’ limited water resources, including use for irrigation, recreation, hydropower, municipal use, and instream maintenance. This large set of demands poses a problem because supply is essentially stagnant. Looking forward, this situation of water resource scarcity is only projected to worsen as climate change effects and continued population growth are added to the mix. Given this acute state of affairs, I conduct an assessment of river-basin water regulation in the United States in the hopes of shedding light on whether the current approach is adequate to changing circumstances, or if reform is needed. Using small scale hydropower permitting as the context, this paper argues that reform is essential because river-basin water regulation in the United States today is subject to a decentralized and inefficient management style termed a “regulatory anticommons.” Solutions to the anticommons problem are suggested, including structural, organizational, and legislative-based regulatory reform.
Superconductivity in Thin Films of UBe13

Films of the heavy fermion compound UBe13 have been prepared by dc sputtering from a compound target. The transition temperatures of 3000 A thick films deposited onto single-crystal sapphire substrates approach those of bulk material. Temperature dependences of the parallel and perpendicualar critical fileds of UBe13 were determined resistively. The ratio Hc11/Hc⊥ was found to be 1.25, a value which suggests the partial rather than complete of the films. This result implies that the pairing configuration in UBe13, at least near the surface, cannot be pure triplet, or any other pure state with L≠0.
An essential nutrient for the mosquito Culex pipiens associated with certain animal-derived phospholipids.

New hatched larvae of Culex pipiens L. (Diptera: Culicidae) develop to the adult state in a sterile synthetic dietary medium with cholesterol as the only lipid nutrient, but emergent adults are weak and nearly all become trapped at the medium surface. Supplementation of basal medium with 30–60 mg/100 ml of human or bovine plasma beta-lipoprotein Cohn fraction III-0, or 2–4 mg/100 ml of various phospholipids, favors the production of strong adults, many of which are able to fly and survive thereafter for long periods. Of several phospholipids tested, crude animal and egg lecithins, and purified phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine (ex-ovolecithin and ex-bovine brain cephalin, respectively) contain flight activity factor. Purified sphingomyelin (ex-bovine brain), crude vegetable lecithin, refined soy lecithin, synthetic L or DL-dipalmitoyl lecithin and synthetic DL-dipalmitoyl cephalin had no flight factor. All phospholipids and lipoproteins tested slightly increased the rate of development to pupation. In excess of 4 mg/100 ml, all phospholipids were detrimental to larval development. These findings indicate that another lipid nutrient is required in addition to cholesterol, possibly a vertebrate fat-soluble growth factor occurring as a contaminant in various lipid preparations of animal origin, but more probably a sub-molecular component of certain animal phospholipids.
Ideology and Privatization: Casting a Partisan Light on Regulatory Choices

Economic policymaking in Latin America at the end of the twentieth century seemed to confirm the expectations of the literature on globalization, which emphasizes how increasing capital mobility reduced the influence of domestic politics on economic policy outcomes. This effect was exacerbated by the 1980s Debt Crisis, which pushed regional governments of different partisan orientations - including both right-wing market liberals and former populists who had promoted nationalization - to pursue market-oriented policies in the 1980s and 1990s. However, even when financial constraints pushed politicians toward policy convergence, partisanship continued to shape policy making. Using electricity privatization as an example, we show that the regulatory content of privatization varied according to the identity of privatizers. The regulatory choices made at the time of privatization were largely driven by the ideological legacies of the privatizing administrations, the distributive effects on their constituencies, and the identity of the experts they relied on for technical advice.
Application of EPON Technology in Smart Substation Condition Monitoring and Video Surveillance Systems

Ethernet passive optical netw ork( EPON) is a new technology for optical fiber accessing netw ork,w hich has characteristics of low cost,high bandw idth,little electromagnetic interference,strong scalability,strong compatibility and so on. The condition monitoring and video surveillance system in smart substation have a feature of large data,but low realtime requirements. The condition monitoring and video surveillance system in substation are constructed w ith using EPON can effectively solve the problem of exports' bandw idth allocation w ithout using sw itches,and also can save the netw ork construction investment and life-cycle maintenance costs, w hich is effective new netw ork scheme for the condition monitoring and video surveillance system in smart substation. This paper analyzed the feasibility of the application of EPON technology in monitoring and video surveillance system in smart substation,and designed the construction scheme of EPON netw ork for 220 k V smart substation,w hich can provide a new scheme for the data transmission in monitoring and video surveillance system in smart substation.
Using Kinetic Network Models To Probe Non-Native Salt-Bridge Effects on α-Helix Folding.

Salt–bridge interactions play an important role in stabilizing many protein structures, and have been shown to be designable features for protein design. In this work, we study the effects of non-native salt bridges on the folding of a soluble alanine-based peptide (Fs peptide) using extensive all-atom molecular dynamics simulations performed on the Folding@home distributed computing platform. Using Markov State Models, we show how non-native salt-bridges affect the folding kinetics of Fs peptide by perturbing specific conformational states. Furthermore, we present methods for the automatic detection and analysis of such states. These results provide insight into helix folding mechanisms and useful information to guide simulation-based computational protein design.
Cardiac transplantation in patients with refractory ventricular arrhythmias.

Cardiac transplantation has become the standard modality of treatment for selected patients with end-stage heart disease who are not candidates for alternative surgical procedure and who remain symptomatic in spite of maximal medical treatment. The majority of patients undergo cardiac transplantation because of refractory heart failure. Patients considered for cardiac transplantation typically have New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional Class IV congestive heart failure and an anticipated survival of less than 1 year without cardiac transplantation.1,2 While life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias are present in the majority of patients with end-stage cardiac disease and may contribute to their poor prognosis,3–5 arrhythmias are rarely the sole reason for transplantation. The exact number of patients who have undergone cardiac transplantation with the primary indication for the procedure being refractory ventricular arrhythmias is unknown. No data have been collected in this regard by either the Registry of the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation or by the United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS). It has, however, been estimated by UNOS that less than 1% of the total cardiac transplants in adult recipients may have been performed because of refractory ventricular arrhythmias.6 In our own experience (over a 13-year period with almost 400 cardiac transplants) only three patients have been transplanted because of inability to control life-threatening arrhythmias in the absence of end-stage heart failure. According to the guidelines established at the Bethesda Conference on Cardiac Transplantation,1 which have been adopted by UNOS,6 patients with refractory ventricular arrhythmias and no symptoms of congestive heart failure should be considered for cardiac transplantation only in the event of either:
Identity and the Transition to Motherhood: Navigating Existing, Temporary, and Anticipatory Identities

Over the past two decades, there has been extensive research across diverse disciplines exploring the treatment of pregnant women in the work context (Gatrell in Human Relations 1–24, 2013). One of the most significant challenges women experience during pregnancy relates to their ability to manage their evolving sense of self as work and motherhood intersect—often for the first time. Pregnant working women are undergoing an identity transition that relates to three distinct, and often conflicting, identities: their existing professional identity, their emerging mothering identity, and their temporary pregnancy identity. In this book chapter, we engage an identity based perspective to explore this transitional period of pregnancy for working women and how women engage in identity work as they manage the tension between who they are, who they want to be, and who their organizations want them to be. When women are able to successfully navigate this identity transition and establish a strong vision of their future self as a working mother, they are more likely to stay engaged and committed to their professions and be more satisfied at work and at home.
Certification of NIST SRM 1961: 30 μm Diameter Polystyrene Spheres.

This report describes the certification of SRM 1961, an NIST Standard Reference Material for particle diameter. It consists of an aqueous suspension of monosize 30 μm diameter polystyrene spheres. The primary technique used optical microscopy; it gave a mean diameter value [Formula: see text] and a standard deviation of the size distribution σD = 0.21 μm. Over 2000 spheres were measured. The supporting technique used electron microscopy, which yielded [Formula: see text]. Ninety spheres were measured.
Kant’s Solution to the Euthyphro Dilemma

Are our actions morally good because we approve of them or are they good independently of our approval? Are we projecting moral values onto the world or do we detect values that are already there? For many these questions don’t state a real alternative but a secular variant of the Euthyphro dilemma: If our actions are good because we approve of them moral goodness appears to be arbitrary. If they are good independently of our approval, it is unclear how we come to know their moral quality and how moral knowledge can be motivating. None of these options seems attractive; the source of moral goodness unclear. Despite the growing literature on Kant’s moral epistemology and moral epistemology the question remains open what Kant’s answer to this apparent dilemma is. The Kantian view I attempt to lay out in this paper is supposed to dissolve the secular version of the Euthyphro dilemma. In responding to this dilemma we need to get clear about the source or the origin of our moral knowledge: Voluntary approval or mind-independent moral facts? Projectivism or detectivism? Construction or given? I believe that all these ways of articulating the problem turn out, on closer inspection, to be false alternatives.
Economics at the Antitrust Division 2015–2016: Household Appliances, Oil Field Services, and Airport Slots

This article provides an overview of economic analysis in three prominent merger investigations and litigations: Electrolux’s proposed acquisition of General Electric’s appliance division, Halliburton’s bid for Baker Hughes, and United Airline’s attempt to acquire additional airport slots at Newark Liberty International Airport. In each, the parties abandoned their proposed transaction after the Division had filed suit to block the acquisition. While we cannot recount all the analyses underpinning these outcomes, we hope to provide some insights into the challenges of enforcing antitrust law and the way in which economic analysis in particular is used to address those challenges.
II. Studies on patients with pernicious anemia treated with massive doses of liver extract

Abstract 1.1. Fifteen cases of pernicious anemia were treated with single or repeated massive doses of liver extract, with or without transfusion. 2.2. Data are presented on the effects on reticulocytes, red cells, hemoglobin, white cells, blood sugar, and blood pressure. 3.3. The reticulocytes responded promptly in the complicated as well as in the uncomplicated cases. 4.4. Two cases showed no reticulocyte response; one because of a previous reticulocyte peak and the other because of the high level of the red cells at the time of treatment. 5.5. The magnitude of the reticulocyte response seemed to depend on the initial level of the red cells and the presence or absence of complications. 6.6. Within the limits of the dosage used, the size of the dose seemed to bear no relationship to the promptness of the reticulocyte response, the height of the reticulocyte peak or the duration of increased reticulocyte activity. 7.7. Transfusion seemed to have no effect on the promptness, magnitude or duration of the reticulocyte response. 8.8. From the type of the reticulocyte response it was impossible to predict the subsequent course of the red cells. 9.9. The increase in red cells bore no relationship to the size of the dose given nor to the original level of the red cells, but did seem to be influenced by the presence of complications. 10.10. The course of the hemoglobin in general paralleled that of the red cells. 11.11. Increase in white cells was noted in several cases, with or without shift to the left. Increases in some cases were associated with decrease in lymphocytes and increase in polynuclears. In one instance there occurred a shift to the left with no increase in the total number of leucocytes. 12.12. The occurrence of a leucocytosis, with or without shift to the left, could not be regarded as a favorable prognostic sign. 13.13. Those cases that had the lowest initial leucocyte counts ran the most favorable course. 14.14. The administration of 30 to 50 vials of liver extract was without significant effect on blood sugar or blood pressure.
The achilles' heel of QBF

In recent years we have seen significant progress in the area of Boolean satisfiability (SAT) solving and its applications. As a new challenge, the community is now moving to investigate whether similar advances can be made in the use of Quantified Boolean Formulas (QBF). QBF provides a natural framework for capturing problem solving and planning in multi-agent settings. However, contrarily to single-agent planning, which can be effectively formulated as SAT, we show that a QBF approach to planning in a multi-agent setting leads to significant unexpected computational difficulties. We identify as a key difficulty of the QBF approach the fact that QBF solvers often end up exploring a much larger search space than the natural search space of the original problem. This is in contrast to the experience with SAT approaches. We also show how one can alleviate these problems by introducing two special QBF formulations and a new QBF solution strategy. We present experiments that show the effectiveness of our approach in terms of a significant improvement in performance compared to earlier work in this area. Our work also provides a general methodology for formulating adversarial scenarios in QBF.
The life-span trajectory of visual perception of 3D objects

Deriving a 3D structural representation of an object from its 2D input is one of the great challenges for the visual system and yet, this type of representation is critical for the successful recognition of and interaction with objects. Perhaps reflecting the importance of this computation, infants have some sensitivity to 3D structural information, and this sensitivity is, at least, partially preserved in the elderly population. To map precisely the life-span trajectory of this key visual computation, in a series of experiments, we compared the performance of observers from ages 4 to 86 years on displays of objects that either obey or violate possible 3D structure. The major findings indicate that the ability to derive fine-grained 3D object representations emerges after a prolonged developmental trajectory and is contingent on the explicit processing of depth information even in late childhood. In contrast, the sensitivity to object 3D structure remains stable even through late adulthood despite the overall reduction in perceptual competence. Together, these results uncover the developmental process of an important perceptual skill, revealing that the initial, coarse sensitivity to 3D information is refined, automatized and retained over the lifespan.
ATP catabolism by tissue nonspecific alkaline phosphatase contributes to development of ARDS in influenza-infected mice

Influenza A viruses are highly contagious respiratory pathogens that are responsible for significant morbidity and mortality worldwide on an annual basis. We have shown previously that influenza infection of mice leads to increased ATP and adenosine accumulation in the airway lumen. Moreover, we demonstrated that A1-adenosine receptor activation contributes significantly to influenza-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). However, we found that development of ARDS in influenza-infected mice does not require catabolism of ATP to adenosine by ecto-5'-nucleotidase (CD73). Hence, we hypothesized that increased adenosine generation in response to infection is mediated by tissue nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP), which is a low-affinity, high-capacity enzyme that catabolizes nucleotides in a nonspecific manner. In the current study, we found that whole lung and BALF TNAP expression and alkaline phosphatase enzymatic activity increased as early as 2 days postinfection (dpi) of C57BL/6 mice with 10,000 pfu/mouse of influenza A/WSN/33 (H1N1). Treatment at 2 and 4 dpi with a highly specific quinolinyl-benzenesulfonamide TNAP inhibitor (TNAPi) significantly reduced whole lung alkaline phosphatase activity at 6 dpi but did not alter TNAP gene or protein expression. TNAPi treatment attenuated hypoxemia, lung dysfunction, histopathology, and pulmonary edema at 6 dpi without impacting viral replication or BALF adenosine. Treatment also improved epithelial barrier function and attenuated cellular and humoral immune responses to influenza infection. These data indicate that TNAP inhibition can attenuate influenza-induced ARDS by reducing inflammation and fluid accumulation within the lung. They also further emphasize the importance of adenosine generation for development of ARDS in influenza-infected mice.
Effect of Accelerated Infliximab Induction on Short- and Long-term Outcomes of Acute Severe Ulcerative Colitis: A Retrospective Multicenter Study and Meta-analysis

Background & Aims In patients with acute severe ulcerative colitis (ASUC), standard infliximab induction therapy has modest efficacy. There are limited data on the short-term or long-term efficacy of accelerated infliximab induction therapy for these patients. Methods In a retrospective study, we collected data from 213 patients with steroid refractory ASUC who received infliximab rescue therapy at 3 centers, from 2005 through 2017. Patients were classified that received standard therapy (5mg/kg infliximab at weeks 0, 2, and 6) or accelerated therapy (>5mg/kg infliximab at shorter intervals). The primary outcome was colectomy in-hospital and at 3, 6, 12, and 24 months. Multivariable regression models were adjusted for relevant confounders. We also performed a meta-analysis of published effects of standard vs accelerated infliximab treatment of ASUC. Results In the retrospective analysis, 81 patients received accelerated infliximab therapy and 132 received standard infliximab therapy. There were no differences in characteristics between the groups, including levels of C-reactive protein or albumin. Similar proportions of patients in each group underwent in-hospital colectomy (9% receiving accelerated therapy vs 8% receiving standard therapy; adjusted odds ratio, 1.35; 95% CI, 0.38–4.82). There was no significant difference between groups in proportions that underwent colectomy at 3, 6, 12, or 24 months (P > .20 for all comparisons). Among those in the accelerated group, an initial dose of 10 mg/kg was associated with a lower rate of colectomy compared to patients who initially received 5 mg/kg followed by subsequent doses of 5mg/kg or higher. Our systematic review identified 7 studies (181 patients receiving accelerated infliximab and 436 receiving standard infliximab) and found no significant differences in short- or long-term outcomes. Conclusion In a retrospective study and meta-analysis, we found no association between accelerated infliximab induction therapy and lower rates of colectomy in patients with ASUC, compared to standard induction therapy. However, confounding by disease severity cannot be excluded. Randomized trials are warranted to compare these treatment strategies.
Information Technology for Automated Manufacturing Enterprises: Recent Developments and Current Research Issues

Information technology has played an important role in the continuing efforts of industries worldwide to make their manufacturing systems, processes, and overall enterprises more agile and productive. It is important that researchers and practitioners working in areas related to flexible manufacturing systems (FMS) address the ramifications of these emerging information technologies and their impact on manufacturing system development and operations. In view of these developments, we see a need to strategically describe both the potential of the leading information technologies for the FMS research community and their future trend. Enterprise information technology is having a major impact on all manufacturing organizations, large or small. It especially has had an impact on the system applications for coordinating the complex array of manufacturing data, business decisions, work flows, and processes, which have become increasingly important for today’s enterprises to maintain their competitive edge. From that standpoint, information technology has played an important role in the effort to make organizations more integrated and productive. With the capability of computer software, hardware, and communications growing rapidly, the technological bottleneck gradually has shifted toward enterprise integration and interorganizational coordination. We identify the following agenda for research in the targeted areas:
Small Birdcage Resonator for Low Temperature NMR Experiments

We describe a compact birdcage resonator for low temperature NMR experiments in the frequency range 250–500 MHz. The resonator is completely shielded and thermally isolated from the sample cell, permitting the application of high-power NMR pulses with minimal sample heating. It is fabricated from Kapton-copper laminate using printed-circuit techniques to form the required array of inductive and capacitive elements.
Wastewater Critical Infrastructure Security and Protection

The use of Early Warning Systems (EWS) in wastewater utilities is not as prevalent as in the drinking water industry. One of the main reasons is the perception that the wastewater is already contaminated. The drinking water and wastewater industry share a common interest in security; however, the security and EWS are more advanced in the drinking water sector. This advancement is partially due to the perception that a contamination event would have a more direct impact on a water supply system than on a wastewater system. In addition, the Federal government has invested more resources and mandated more actions within the drinking water industry. Critical issues addressed in this chapter are the development and deployment of EWS to protect wastewater utilities from chemical, biological, and radiological (CBR) contamination events. Currently, technology does not exist to measure individual CBR contaminants with a single sensor and only a limited number of sensors can be used to detect CBRs in wastewater. The early detection of a CBR event provides a greater chance for the treatment plant operator to respond expeditiously; therefore, the CBR monitoring location is as important as identifying which contaminants or surrogate parameters to monitor.
Invasion waves and pinning in the Kirkpatrick-Barton model of evolutionary range dynamics.

The Kirkpatrick–Barton model, well known to invasion biologists, is a pair of reaction–diffusion equations for the joint evolution of population density and the mean of a quantitative trait as functions of space and time. Here we prove the existence of two classes of coherent structures, namely “bounded trait mean differential” traveling waves and localized stationary solutions, using geometric singular perturbation theory. We also give numerical examples of these (when they appear to be stable) and of “unbounded trait mean differential” solutions. Further, we provide numerical evidence of bistability and hysteresis for this system, modeling an initially confined population that colonizes new territory when some biotic or abiotic conditions change, and remains in its enlarged range even when conditions change back. Our analytical and numerical results indicate that the dynamics of this system are more complicated than previously recognized, and help make sense of evolutionary range dynamics predicted by other models that build upon it and sometimes challenge its predictions.