cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparison of enzymatic (E-Mill) and conventional dry-grind corn processes using a granular starch hydrolyzing enzyme.

ABSTRACT A new low temperature liquefaction and saccharification enzyme STARGEN 001 (Genencor International, Palo Alto, CA) with high granular starch hydrolyzing activity was used in enzymatic dry-grind corn process to improve recovery of germ and pericarp fiber before fermentation. Enzymatic dry-grind corn process was compared with conventional dry-grind corn process using STARGEN 001 with same process parameters of dry solid content, pH, temperature, enzyme and yeast usage, and time. Sugar, ethanol, glycerol and organic acid profiles, fermentation rate, ethanol and coproducts yields were investigated. Final ethanol concentration of enzymatic dry-grind corn process was 15.5 ± 0.2% (v/v), which was 9.2% higher than conventional process. Fermentation rate was also higher for enzymatic dry-grind corn process. Ethanol yields of enzymatic and conventional dry-grind corn processes were 0.395 ± 0.006 and 0.417 ± 0.002 L/kg (2.65 ± 0.04 and 2.80 ± 0.01 gal/bu), respectively. Three additional coproducts, germ 8.0...
Cloning of the BssHII restriction-modification system in Escherichia coli: BssHII methyltransferase contains circularly permuted cytosine-5 methyltransferase motifs

BssHII restriction endonuclease cleaves 5'-GCGCGC-3' on double-stranded DNA between the first and second bases to generate a four base 5'overhang. BssHII restriction endonuclease was purified from the native Bacillus stearothermophilus H3 cells and its N-terminal amino acid sequence was determined. Degenerate PCR primers were used to amplify the first 20 codons of the BssHII restriction endonuclease gene. The BssHII restriction endonuclease gene (bssHIIR) and the cognate BssHII methyltransferase gene (bssHIIM) were cloned in Escherichia coli by amplification of Bacillus stearothermophilus genomic DNA using PCR and inverse PCR. BssHII methyltransferase (M.BssHII) contains all 10 conserved cytosine-5 methyltransferase motifs, but motifs IX and X precede motifs I-VIII. Thus, the conserved motifs of M. BssHII are circularly permuted relative to the motif organizations of other cytosine-5 methyltransferases. M.BssHII and the non-cognate multi-specific phiBssHII methyltransferase, M.phiBss HII [Schumann,J. et al . (1995) Gene, 157, 103-104] share 34% identity in amino acid sequences from motifs I-VIII, and 40% identity in motifs IX-X. A conserved arginine is located upstream of a TV dipeptide in the N-terminus of M.BssHII that may be responsible for the recognition of the guanine 5' of the target cytosine. The BssHII restriction endonuclease gene was expressed in E.coli via a T7 expression vector.
Do highly divergent loci reside in genomic regions affecting reproductive isolation? A test using next-generation sequence data in Timema stick insects

Genetic divergence during speciation with gene flow is heterogeneous across the genome, with some regions exhibiting stronger differentiation than others. Exceptionally differentiated regions are often assumed to experience reduced introgression, i.e., reduced flow of alleles from one population into another because such regions are affected by divergent selection or cause reproductive isolation. In contrast, the remainder of the genome can be homogenized by high introgression. Although many studies have documented variation across the genome in genetic differentiation, there are few tests of this hypothesis that explicitly quantify introgression. Here, we provide such a test using 38,304 SNPs in populations of Timema cristinae stick insects. We quantify whether loci that are highly divergent between geographically separated (‘allopatric’) populations exhibit unusual patterns of introgression in admixed populations. To the extent this is true, highly divergent loci between allopatric populations contribute to reproductive isolation in admixed populations. As predicted, we find a substantial association between locus-specific divergence between allopatric populations and locus-specific introgression in admixed populations. However, many loci depart from this relationship, sometimes strongly so. We also report evidence for selection against foreign alleles due to local adaptation. Loci that are strongly differentiated between allopatric populations sometimes contribute to reproductive isolation in admixed populations. However, geographic variation in selection and local adaptation, in aspects of genetic architecture (such as organization of genes, recombination rate variation, number and effect size of variants contributing to adaptation, etc.), and in stochastic evolutionary processes such as drift can cause strong differentiation of loci that do not always contribute to reproductive isolation. The results have implications for the theory of ‘genomic islands of speciation’.
Price Competition in a Channel Structure with a Common Retailer

In recent studies of channel competition, it has been found that channel intermediaries reduce the intensity of direct competition between manufacturers. The underlying channel structure in most studies consists of two manufacturers and two retailers each of whom sells only one manufacturer's product exclusively. This paper adds to this growing literature of channel competition by analyzing a channel structure with two competing manufacturers and one intermediary a common retailer that sells both manufacturers' products. Unlike some exclusive dealers or retail outlets of a manufacturer, however, a common retailer is often a powerful player in the market. This paper studies three noncooperative games of different power structures between the two manufacturers and the retailer, i.e., two Stackelberg and one Nash games. It is shown that some of the results depend critically on the form of the demand function. With a linear demand function, a manufacturer is better off by maintaining exclusive dealers while a retailer has an incentive to deal with several producers. All channel members as well as consumers are better off when no one dominates the market. The common retailer benefits more than the manufacturers do from a symmetric decrease in the manufacturing cost. As products are less differentiated, all channel members' prices and profits increase: a counterintuitive result. When the demand function is nonlinear, however, an exclusive dealer channel provides higher profits to all than a common retailer channel given a power structure. As products are more differentiated, a manufacturer's profit decreases when a common retailer is used, but increases when an exclusive dealer is used. These results underscore the importance of choosing a correct demand function for a channel decision.
Fluoroscopic Sentinel Events in Neuroendovascular Procedures: How to Screen, Prevent, and Address Occurrence

SUMMARY: Radiation-induced skin injury during fluoroscopic procedures has been recently addressed by The Joint Commission, which defined prolonged fluoroscopy resulting in a cumulative peak skin dose of ≥15 Gy to a single field as a sentinel event (FSE). Neuroendovascular procedures can be associated with a high radiation skin dose and present risks such as potential FSEs. Managing these risks is the responsibility of the interventional neuroradiologist. In this review, we discuss hospital policies needed for screening and preventing FSEs, methods for minimizing radiation-induced skin injury, and actions necessary to address potential FSEs once they have occurred.
Neural network classification: a Bayesian interpretation

The relationship between minimizing a mean squared error and finding the optimal Bayesian classifier is reviewed. This provides a theoretical interpretation for the process by which neural networks are used in classification. A number of confidence measures are proposed to evaluate the performance of the neural network classifier within a statistical framework. >
What philosophy can offer to information science: the example of medical expert systems

Abstract The objective of this article is to begin recovering an account of knowledge organisation that is based on the cumulative contributions philosophers have made to this topic throughout history, and to provide an account that is immediately useful to information scientists who face the problems of information organisation. For the purpose of this exercise, I treat the terms ‘knowledge’ and ‘information’ as synonyms; both ‘knowledge organisation’ and ‘information organisation’ are understood in this special sense to entail the activity of organising concepts. Accordingly, I argue that hierarchical concept organisations are most usefully conceived of as dynamic and openended systems; I also detail the difference the argument makes to the construction and management of concept organisations for use in medical expert systems.
blaCMY-2-Positive IncA/C Plasmids from Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica Are a Distinct Component of a Larger Lineage of Plasmids

Call, D.R., R.S. Singer, D. Meng, S.L. Broschat, L.H. Orfe, J.M. Anderson, D.R. Herndon, L.S. Kappmeyer, J.B. Daniels, and T.E. Besser, ���BlaCMY-2 positive Inc A/C plasmids from Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica are a distinct component of a larger lineage of plasmids,�� published online in Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Nov. 2009; in print: Vol. 54, No. 2, 590-596, Feb. 2010. doi: 10.1128/AAC.00055-09.
Joint Analysis of Time-Evolving Binary Matrices and Associated Documents

We consider problems for which one has incomplete binary matrices that evolve with time (e.g., the votes of legislators on particular legislation, with each year characterized by a different such matrix). An objective of such analysis is to infer structure and inter-relationships underlying the matrices, here defined by latent features associated with each axis of the matrix. In addition, it is assumed that documents are available for the entities associated with at least one of the matrix axes. By jointly analyzing the matrices and documents, one may be used to inform the other within the analysis, and the model offers the opportunity to predict matrix values (e.g., votes) based only on an associated document (e.g., legislation). The research presented here merges two areas of machine-learning that have previously been investigated separately: incomplete-matrix analysis and topic modeling. The analysis is performed from a Bayesian perspective, with efficient inference constituted via Gibbs sampling. The framework is demonstrated by considering all voting data and available documents (legislation) during the 220-year lifetime of the United States Senate and House of Representatives.
The Other Side of the Subsidized Muse: Indirect Aid Revisited

Indirect aid to the arts is an area of state support in which there has been considerable recent innovation and experimentation. This paper focuses on examples of tax-based indirect aid schemes drawn from a wide variety of national contexts and tax regimes. These examples are considered in the light of six propositions about the applicability and desirability of tax-based indirect aid mechanisms. Finally, these observations are set in the context of the broader discussion concerning the primary and ancillary functions of tax law. The paper concludes with a plea for a more coordinated approach to the study of tax-based incentives to facilitate further comparative research and suggests which research questions might be of most interest.
Glutamine regulates Caco-2 cell tight junction proteins

Intestinal epithelial tight junction (TJ) barrier dysfunction may lead to inflammation and mucosal injury. Glutamine (GLN) plays a role in maintenance of intestinal barrier function in various animal models and critically ill humans. Recent evidence from intestinal cell monolayers indicates that GLN maintains transepithelial resistance and decreases permeability. The mechanisms of these effects remain undefined. We hypothesized that GLN affects proteins involved in the intercellular junctional complex. GLN availability was controlled in Caco-2 monolayers by addition to the medium and treatment with methionine sulfoximine (MSO) to inhibit glutamine synthetase (GS). Expression of TJ proteins, claudin-1, occludin, and zonula occluden (ZO)-1 was measured by immunoblotting. Localization of TJ proteins was evaluated by immunofluorescence light microscopy. Structure of TJ was determined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Deprivation of GLN decreased claudin-1, occludin, and ZO-1 protein expression and caused a disappearance of perijunctional claudin-1 and a reduction of occludin but had no effect on ZO-1. TEM revealed that MSO-treated cells in the absence of GLN formed irregular junctional complexes between the apical lateral margins of adjoining cells. These findings indicate that TJ protein expression and cellular localization in Caco-2 cell monolayers rely on GLN. This mechanism may similarly relate to GLN-mediated modulation of intestinal barrier function in stressed animals and humans.
Performance of a Woodframe Structure during Full-Scale Shake-Table Tests: Drift, Damage, and Effect of Partition Wall

The dynamic performance of a woodframe structure is examined through the qualitative correlation between the transient interstory drift and the observed damage following a series of full-scale shake-table tests. The structure was subjected to simulated Northridge earthquake ground motions scaled to seismic hazard levels of 50, 10, 2, and 1% exceedance in 50 years. Added mass was used in an effort to examine the qualitative correlation of the observed performance with the performance tabulated in FEMA 2000. The structure was repaired to the extent possible between each test. The structure was tested at three different structural/nonstructural stages: (1) oriented strand board (OSB) only; (2) gypsum wall board (GWB) and OSB; and (3) OSB, GWB, and a nonstructural interior partition wall, in order to determine the effect of each component and to qualitatively determine its effect on overall damage to the system. It was determined that qualitative damage descriptions were not significantly different from those given in FEMA 2000. It was also found that the percent torsion increased with increasing peak ground acceleration. The effect of GWB on structural response and damage was as expected, but the partition wall behaved differently than expected. Specifically, the partition wall sustained very little damage even though it had full load transfer at the top plate.
Smithsonian Institution Secretary, Charles Doolittle Walcott

Ellis Yochelson, 2001, Kent State University Press, Kent, Ohio, 589 p. (Hardcover, $55.00) ISBN: 0-87338-680-9. Charles Doolittle Walcott (1850–1927) was director of the U.S. Geological Survey from 1894 to 1907, and director of the Smithsonian Institution from 1907 until his death in 1927. He was instrumental in the founding of the National Museum of American Art and heavily involved with the early days of aeronautical research. But in the geoscience community, he is probably best remembered for discovering the fossil invertebrates of the Burgess Shale. In Smithsonian Institution Secretary, Charles Doolittle Walcott, Ellis Yochelson has completed a two-volume biography of Walcott. In this second volume, Yochelson picks up Walcott's story in 1907, the year that he left the U. S. Geological Survey and became director of the Smithsonian. Drawing heavily on Walcott's diary, Yochelson provides a detailed, nearly day-by-day description of Walcott's life, as he administered the Smithonsian, served as president of the National Academy of Sciences and later the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and was a founding member of the National Research Council. Even though Walcott ran the Smithsonian and hobnobbed with Presidents, perhaps the most interesting aspect of his life was an undying devotion to fossils and field geology. Well into his 70s, Walcott went to the Canadian Rockies every summer to collect fossils; measure, describe, and correlate rock sequences; take panoramic photographs; and fish for trout. During these trips, Walcott (as described by Yochelson) became the classic field geologist, the kind who never lets a little bad weather or run-away horses, or even advancing age, keep him from his passion. It is impossible not to admire a figure so committed to the rocks that nothing—not administrative duties, a world war, family tragedies—got in the way. This must have been a man of ceaseless motion. …
The Apocalypse as a Rhetorical Device in the Influenza Virus Gain-of-Function Debate

The views expressed in this article do not necessarily reflect the views of the journal or of ASM. > Abuse of words has been the great instrument of sophistry and chicanery, of party, faction, and division of society. > > -John AdamsHumans are notoriously poor at assessing future benefits and risks. Consider nuclear power, which was born from a program to develop a weapon of mass destruction. When nuclear power was developed for commercial purposes, the risk was thought to be minimal and no one anticipated the disasters at Three Mile Island, Chernobyl, and Fukushima. On the other hand, no one initially anticipated the benefits of radioactive nucleotides and radiation in medicine, archeological dating, smoke detectors, and sterilization of food and medical devices. In the mid-1970s, scientists fretted that recombinant DNA technology would unleash a plague of new infectious diseases and convened a conference at Asilomar that put in place a self-enforced moratorium until the process was better understood (1). Four decades later, no superbugs have appeared from recombinant DNA technology, and society is reaping the rewards of the molecular biology revolution in new drugs, DNA identification, personal genomics, and pest-resistant plants. In the late 1990s, many worried about the Y2K computer bug, which it was feared would cripple computer systems and associated infrastructure such as banking, but the new millennium came and went without a ripple. Today we have falling rates of vaccine acceptance because of widely believed yet discredited associations between …
Network locality: Local knowledge and politics in a network culture

The theory of network locality suggests that location continues to matter in a globalized and networked culture. But the conditions under which location produces local knowledge and politics are changing. With the ubiquity of digital networks, the physical location of bodies is coupled with the accessibility of located information. This article explores a theoretical framework for the global reorientation of local politics.
On the Optimal Mix of Private and Common Property

A broad range of intellectual perspectives may be brought to bear on any important social institution. To this general rule, the institution of private property is no exception. The desirability of private property has been endlessly debated across the disciplines: philosophical, historical, economic, and legal. Yet there is very little consensus over its proper social role and limitations. Is it possible to find a unique solution to questions of property and private ownership, good for all resources and for all times? The famous defense of private property that is found in chapter 5 of John Locke's Second Treatise of Government answers this question in the affirmative, for Locke writes as though all property was given to mankind in common, and then seeks to find the quickest and most expeditious way to convert all common property into private property. His implicit, but undefended, assumption is that common forms of property are both undesirable and unstable, while private forms of ownership are always just the opposite. Yet his preferred method for moving from a commons to a regime of private property—the unilateral decision to appropriate by each actor—is one that has been frequently condemned as a sop to unbridled egotism, even though it is subject to two constraints: the first against waste, and the second requiring the appropria-tor to leave “enough, and as good” for others.
Seismic analysis of multiply supported secondary systems with dynamic interaction effects

For a proper response spectrum analysis of a secondary system with multiple supports, the seismic inputs are required to be defined in terms of the auto and cross floor response spectra. If no feed-back or interaction effect from the secondary system to its supporting primary structure is suspected, these inputs can be developed by a direct analysis of the supporting structure alone. However, sometimes the effect of the interaction on the secondary system response can be quite significant. Herein, a method is developed to incorporate the feed-back effect, through proper modification of the interaction-free floor spectrum inputs. The interaction coefficients are used to effect such modifications in different floor spectral quantities. A procedure for the calculation of the interaction coefficients is proposed. The modified floor spectra when used as inputs to the secondary system do introduce the interaction effect in the secondary system response. A successful application of this method is demonstrated by numerical examples of secondary systems with three different secondary-to-primary system mass ratios.
EVIDENCE FOR POST-CLEAVAGE FERTILIZATION AMONG MOSAICS IN HABROBRACON JUGLANDIS

Habrobracon females homozygous for the mutant ebony produce about 5% mosaic progeny among fertilized eggs. The present experiment demonstrates by means of a test-cross method that in the production of these mosaics only one pronucleus is involved, and that this nucleus cleaves before union of one of its daughter nuclei with the sperm nucleus.
Oscillatory Character of Reissner-Nordstrom Metric for an Ideal Charged Wormhole

A transformation is presented to remove coordinate ("pseudo") singularities from metrics of a certain class, a special case of which is the transformation of Kruskal, extending the Schwarzschild metric beyond its pseudosingularity. The transformation is applied to the Reissner-Nordstr\"om metric, which describes a concentration of charge and mass in general relativity. On an initial surface this metric shows the same general behavior as the Schwarzschild metric, describing a "wormhole," or bridge, between two asymptotically flat spaces, but with electric flux flowing through the wormhole. It is found that the region of minimum radius, the so-called "throat" of the wormhole, begins to contract, but reaches a minimum and re-expands after a finite proper time, rather than pinching off as in the Schwarzschild-Kruskal case: the raduis of the throat pulsates periodically in time, "cushioned" by Maxwell pressure of the electric field through the throat. The motion of charged particles in this metric is investigated, and it is shown that no particle can hit the geometric singularity at $r=0$; (1) quite in general, provided only that the mass of the test particle exceeds the value associated in general relativity with its charge, and (2) in particular when the test particle has no charge at all, but (3) such collisions are not avoided when the throat itself is not endowed with any electric flux.
Writing for the Bulletin of the Association of Engineering Geologists

The Association of Engineering Geologists has grown from the original California Association of Engineering Geologists, founded on June 19, 1960, to an international association of over 3,000 members. The Bulletin of the Association of Engineering Geologists, first published in 1964, has also grown in stature; however, its size and format have effectively remained unchanged. The Board of Directors, on October 25, 1980, authorized a major change in the size and format of the Bulletin to an 8½ × 11 inch, two column format starting with Volume XVIII, Number 1, 1981. This new size has increased the opportunity for authors to publish significant works related to engineering geology. Any society publication must count on the membership to provide a significant amount of the manuscripts published. With the new format and increased authorship opportunities comes the need to standardize the editorial mechanics for the Bulletin. A standardized typing style greatly reduces the lag time from submission, through review, to printing. The author is responsible for the technical and literary quality of his or her manuscript. The editor is responsible for the general management of the Bulletin and is not to be expected to be a technical English teacher. A selected group of Association members has been asked to serve on the Editorial Review Board and to act as technical reviewers in a quality control capacity. The responsibilities of each partner in the publication process of the Bulletin of the Association of Engineering Geologists are significant components in the successful production of the Bulletin.
Hot Flashes in Patients with Hypogonadism and Low Serum Gonadotropin Levels

ABSTRACT Objective To augment the number of cases in the literature describing patients with hot flashes due to hypopituitarism or hypothalamic hypogonadism. Methods We reviewed medical records for hot flashes in our patients with low sex hormone levels and low or inappropriately normal gonadotropin levels, and we inquired about hot flashes in new patients with these hormone patterns. A comprehensive literature review on this subject was also completed. Results In our medical records, we found 14 patients with hot flashes, low sex hormone levels, and low or inappropriately normal gonadotropin levels. In this group of patients, 10 had hypopituitarism and 6 had hypothalamic hypogonadism; 2 patients had both conditions. Hormone replacement therapy successfully relieved or substantially decreased the hot flashes in all 8 patients treated. A review of the literature revealed 17 patients with hot flashes and hypopituitarism and another 5 patients with hypothalamic hypogonadism. Conclusion Hot flashes as a manifestation of low sex hormone levels and associated with low or inappropriately normal gonadotropin levels occur in patients with hypopituitarism and hypothalamic hypogonadism. Sex hormone replacement therapy alleviates the symptoms. (Endocr Pract. 2003;9:119-123)
The inguinal hernia, hydrocele and undescended testicle problem in infants and children.

(1957). The Inguinal Hernia, Hydrocele and Undescended Testicle Problem in Infants and Children. Postgraduate Medicine: Vol. 22, No. 2, pp. 122-131.
Importance of substance use and violence in psychosocial syndemics among women with and at-risk for HIV

Women in the US continue to be affected by HIV through heterosexual contact. Sexual risk behaviors among women have been associated with a syndemic, or a mutually reinforcing set of conditions, including childhood sexual abuse (CSA), depression, substance use, violence, and financial hardship. Baseline data from a cohort of women with and at-risk for HIV (N = 620; 52% HIV+) were analyzed with Poisson regression to assess evidence for additive, independent and interactive effects among syndemic conditions in relation to reported sexual risk behaviors (e.g., unprotected and transactional sex) over the past 6 months, controlling for age and HIV status. The number of syndemic conditions was incrementally associated with more types of sexual risk behaviors. For example, women with all five syndemic conditions reported 72% more types of risk behaviors over 6 months, as compared to women without any syndemic conditions. Compared to women with no syndemic conditions, women with three syndemic conditions reported 34% more and women with one syndemic condition reported 13% more types of risk behaviors. Endorsing substance use in the past 6 months, reporting CSA, and experiencing violence as an adult were independently associated with 49%, 12%, and 8% more types of risk behaviors, respectively compared to women without these conditions. Endorsing both substance use and violence was associated with 27% more types of risk behaviors. These associations were not moderated by HIV status. Understanding specific relationships and interactions are needed to more effectively prioritize limited resources in addressing the psychosocial syndemic associated with sexual risk behavior among women with and at-risk for HIV. Our results identify interrelated psychosocial factors that could be targeted by intervention studies aiming to reduce high-risk sex in this population.
Study on the relation between IgA1 and hepatocyte growth factor with gastric mucosa injury in children with Hench-Schnlein purpura

Objective To investigate the expression of IgA1 and hepatocyte growth factor( HGF) in gastric mucosa of children with Hench-Schnlein purpura( HSP) and its effect on the gastric mucosa injury of HSP,and to provide a new foundation for clinical diagnosis. Methods Twenty gastric mucosa specimens of HSP children with persistent or recurrent abdominal pain were collected( HSP group). IgA1 and HGF protein expressions in gastric mucosa of HSP group,non-HSP gastritis group( n = 10) and control group( n = 4) were detected with immunohistochemistry method. Results ①In HSP group,IgA,IgA1 protein expressed in the surface mucous cells of gastric mucosa,mesenchymal cells,inflammatory cells of lamina propria,they( 0. 61 ± 0. 02,0. 58 ± 0. 05) were significantly higher than the non-HSP gastritis group( 0. 55 ± 0. 04,0. 38 ± 0. 03) and the control group( 0. 14 ± 0. 03,0. 13 ± 0. 05),meanwhile IgA1 / IgA( 0. 94 ± 0. 02) was also higher than that in non-HSP gastritis group( 0. 69 ± 0. 06)( P 0. 01); ②HGF protein expressed in tubular gland cells of lamina propria,it( 0. 50 ± 0. 01) was also higher than that in non-HSP gastritis group( 0. 39 ± 0. 08) and the control group( 0. 16 ± 0. 03)( P 0. 01). ③The expression of IgA1 in gastric mucosa was positively correlated with the expression of HGF( r = 0. 892,P 0. 01). Conclusion ①IgA,IgA1 and HGF were expressed on gastric mucosa of HSP,and the expressions of IgA1 and HGF were positively correlated. Prompting aberrant glycosylation of IgA1 deposited is the main reason causing pathological damage,and HGF may play an antagonistic role to IgA1. ② IgA1 and HGF may be the new pathological indicators for diagnosis in no-rash HSP children.
Subunit composition of the zinc proteins alpha- and beta-lipovitellin from chicken.

Chicken α- and β-lipovitellin are derived from parent vitellogenin proteins and contain four subunits (125, 80, 40, and 30 kDa) and two subunits (125 and 30 kDa), respectively. Metal analyses demonstrate both are zinc proteins containing 2.1 ± 0.2 mol of zinc/275 kDa per α-lipovitellin and 1.4 ± 0.2 mol of zinc/155 kDa per β-lipovitellin, respectively. The subunits of β-lipovitellin, Lv 1 (MW 125 kDa) and Lv 2 (MW 30 kDa), are separated by gel exclusion chromatography in the presence of zwittergent 3–16. Zinc elutes with Lv 1, suggesting that this subunit binds zinc in the absence of Lv 2. The subunits of α- and β-lipovitellin were separated by SDS-PAGE, digested with trypsin, and mapped by reverse-phase HPLC. The peptide maps of the 125-kDa subunits from α- and β-lipovitellin are essentially identical. Similar results are obtained for the 30-kDa subunits of both lipovitellins. The sequences of five and four peptides of the 125-kDa subunit of α- and β-Lv, respectively, and two peptides of the 30-kDa subunit of α- and β-lipovitellin were determined and match those predicted from the gene for vitellogenin II, Vtg II. Comparison of the amino acid composition of the 125- and 30-kDa subunits of α- and β-lipovitellin support the conclusion that they originate from the same gene. The sequences of peptides from the 80- and 40-kDa subunits of α-lipovitellin have not been found in the NCBI nonredundant data bank. The 27-amino acid N-terminal sequence of the 40-kDa protein is 56% similar to the last third of the Lv 1-coding region of the Vtg II gene, suggesting it may come from an analogous region of the Vtg I gene. We propose a scheme for the precursor—product relationship of Vtg I.
A SURVEY OF THE PEACE ECONOMICS LITERATURE

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the compact survey of the main elements of thought in the literature on peace economics. The literature on peace economics is disorganized, appearing in diverse journals and books without adhering to any semblance of organization. To understand the operation of the world economy and most national economies, peaceful production and exchange ways of generating income and utility need to be complemented by appropriative-type ways and efforts. These efforts, associated with military expenditures, weaponry accumulation, and conflict that can lead to physical violence, are designed to secure resources of others or to defend against loss of resources to others. An explicit treatment of security as a variable addresses Hirshleifer's defense against invasion or appropriation by another nation (behaving unit) of one's resources. It less adequately addresses Hirshleifer's appropriative efforts to acquire resources, as acquisition and accumulation of power and other noneconomic commodities tend to loom much larger in governing such efforts. General conceptual frameworks need to be simplified and modified through the injection of assumptions, sometimes very strong, to yield magnitudes and directions of change of variables useful for projecting behavior, attacking problems, and identifying appropriate policies.
Dichromatic Polynomial of Product Digraphs

Abstract A k-colouring of a digraph D = ( V , A ) is a partition of V ( D ) into k acyclic sets. The minimum integer k for which there exists a k-colouring of D is the dichromatic number χ d ( D ) of the digraph D. In this paper, we obtain dichromatic polynomial of product digraphs.
The Influence of Celebrity Chefs on Restaurant Customers’ Behavior

ABSTRACTCelebrity chefs have been a ubiquitous marketing tool utilized in the food service industry. This study investigates the impact of restaurant attributes on customers’ willingness to pay (WT...
Bone Marrow Transplantation vs. High-Dose Cytorabine-Based Consolidation Chemotherapy for Acute Myelogenous Leukemia: A Long-Term Follow-Up Study of Quality-of-Life Measures of Survivors

Thirty patients previously treated for acute leukemia were studied on the average of 5–6.5 years postdiagnosis in regard to issues of quality of life. Of these 30, 11 were treated with bone marrow transplantation, 19 were treated with conventional chemotherapy. Overall, significant differences were not found between the two groups in regard to evidence of depression symptoms, multifocal psychiatric symptomatology, or on any subscale of a test evaluating problems and rehabilitation needs of cancer patients. A step-wise regression was done, controlling for baseline covariates that included type of medical treatment, months since diagnosis, type of induction chemotherapy protocol, sex of patient, and age of patient. Significant differences in quality of life were not found between the treatment groups
Total Proctocolectomy with End Ileostomy

Total proctocolectomy with end ileostomy is performed in cases of ulcerative or Crohn’s colitis refractory to medical management or for familial polyposis syndromes, when sphincter preservation is not desired or not feasible. This chapter describes indications, essential steps, variations, and complications of this procedure. It provides a detailed template operative note for the procedure.
Mutual brokerage and women’s participation in nineteenth-century Anglo-American abolitionist movements

AbstractThe following article traces the tactical co-development as a process within ‘mutual brokerage’ between Anglo-American abolitionists. In the case of the Anglo-American abolitionist network of the early nineteenth century, the co-production of so-called ‘world conventions’ brought together an international network of abolitionist actors tied to one another through previous fora for discussion and debate. Mutual brokerage is perhaps most clearly seen within the example of female abolitionists during the nineteenth-century abolition campaigns. Women brought to the Anglo-American abolitionism the co-development of tactics through writings, planning, meetings, speeches, and petition writing. The article argues for a dialogical account regarding the spread of ideas and a reexamination of the role of brokerage within tactical diffusion. The writings and in-person debate about the ethical and moral concerns of the movement were channels through which ideas flowed. Instead of a one-directional flow with br...
Confusion Points in Principles of Financial Accounting and Clinical Approaches to Clearing Them

‘Principles of financial accounting’ is generally the first accounting class that is required of all business majors, not to mention accounting majors. However, often found is that significant percentage of those who passed the class still don’t have clear knowledge of even the basics of the class. This has become a more serious issue for accounting majors, because some accounting majors graduated without having clear knowledge of the basics of accounting that they should have learned from this class and faced the consequences of it after graduation. From the teaching experiences of the author, this study found the most common confusion points in the class, which have caused the issue, and presented clinical approaches to the confusion points that have been proven significantly effective clearing them.
TLR7-Mediated Lupus Nephritis Is Independent of Type I IFN Signaling

Systemic lupus erythematosus is an autoimmune disease characterized by increased type I IFNs, autoantibodies, and inflammatory-mediated multiorgan damage. TLR7 activation is an important contributor to systemic lupus erythematosus pathogenesis, but the mechanisms by which type I IFNs participate in TLR7-driven pathologic conditions remain uncertain. In this study, we examined the requirement for type I IFNs in TLR7-stimulated lupus nephritis. Lupus-prone NZM2328, INZM (which lack a functional type I IFN receptor), and NZM2328 IL-1β −/− mice were treated at 10 wk of age on the right ear with R848 (TLR7 agonist) or control (DMSO). Autoantibody production and proteinuria were assessed throughout treatment. Multiorgan inflammation was assessed at the time of decline in health. Renal infiltrates and mRNA expression were also examined after 14 d of treatment. Both NZM2328 and INZM mice exhibited a decline in survival after 3–4 wk of R848 but not vehicle treatment. Development of splenomegaly and liver inflammation were dependent on type I IFN. Interestingly, autoantibody production, early renal infiltration of dendritic cells, upregulation of IL-1β, and lupus nephritis occurred independent of type I IFN signaling. Development of TLR7-driven lupus nephritis was not abolished by the deletion of IL-1β. Thus, although IFN-α is sufficient to induce nephritis acceleration, our data emphasize a critical role for IFN-independent signaling in TLR7-mediated lupus nephritis. Further, despite upregulation of IL-1β after TLR7 stimulation, deletion of IL-1β is not sufficient to reduce lupus nephritis development in this model.
Different standards and standard differences: Contemporary citizenship and immigration debates

Basing social differentiation upon ascriptive characteristics is neither new nor novel. People vary. Societies differentiate people. They classify some of their variation. Most societies make distinctions of gender and age: "males" are not the same as "females" and "the young" are not the same as "the elderly." In many societies, the common classifications of criminality, mental health, race, sexuality, and intelligence have produced standard groups of "murderers," "madmen," "blacks," "lesbians," and "idiots." 1 But not all human variation is significant in all cultures. Nor does the mere existence of difference necessarily imply its broader import. "For reasons of convenience, power, or moral judgment, we select from among a myriad of traits and then sort people, objects and situations into categories which we then treat as real."2 Classificatory processes reflect unique cultural mappings of distinct political landscapes and constitute particularistic social categories. Discrete meanings and consequences are then associated with these categories.
Inter-robot transfer learning for perceptual classification

We introduce the novel problem of inter-robot transfer learning for perceptual classification of objects, where multiple heterogeneous robots communicate and transfer learned object models consisting of a fusion of multiple object properties. Unlike traditional transfer learning, there can be severe differences in the data distributions, resulting from differences in sensing, sensory processing, or even representations, that each robot uses to learn. Furthermore, only some properties may overlap between the two robots. We show that in such cases, the abstraction of raw sensory data into an intermediate representation can be used not only to aid learning, but also the transfer of knowledge. Further, we utilize statistical metrics, learned during an interactive process where the robots jointly explore the environment, to determine which underlying properties are shared between the robots. We demonstrate results in a visual classification task where objects are represented via a combination of properties derived from different modalities: color, texture, shape, and size. Using our methods, two heterogeneous robots utilizing different sensors and representations are able to successfully transfer support vector machine (SVM) classifiers among each other, resulting in speedups during learning.
REVERSIBLE FERTILITY CONTROL

Except for brief coverage of the current status of birth control methods, most of the article deals with the type of reversible fertility control agents that will be needed during the next decade or two, notably in lesser developed countries. Special mention is made of chemical approaches to abortion, ovulation inhibitors and other hormonal agents, intrauterine devices, sterilization techniques and male contraceptives. The prospects for reaching the required goals are fairly dim unless major changes in public and governmental attitudes towards contraceptive research are instituted. Attention is particularly drawn to some of the operational problems associated with the development of new fertility control approaches in the female and in the male.
Geospatial multi-criteria analysis for identifying high priority clean energy investment opportunities: A case study on land-use conflict in Bangladesh

Abstract Bangladesh is a globally important emerging economy with rapidly increasing energy demand. The Bangladeshi government's primary capacity expansion plan is to install 13.3 GW of new coal by 2021, including the 1.3 GW Rampal coal power plant to be developed in the Sundarbans. Inadequate geospatial and economic information on clean energy investment opportunities are often a significant barrier for policy makers. Our study helps fill this gap by applying a new method to assess energy investment opportunities, with focus on understanding land-use conflicts, particularly important in this context as Bangladesh is constrained on land for agriculture, human settlements, and ecological preservation. By extending a geospatial multi-criteria analysis model (MapRE) we analyze the cost of various renewable energy generation technologies based on resource availability and key siting criteria such as proximity to transmission and exclusion from steep slopes, dense settlements or ecologically sensitive areas. We find there is more utility-scale solar potential than previously estimated, which can be developed at lower costs than coal power and with minimal cropland tradeoff. We also find significant potential for decentralized roof-top solar in commercial and residential areas. Even with a conservative land use program that reserves maximum land for agriculture and human settlement, there is more renewable energy capacity than needed to support Bangladeshi growth. This study provides critical and timely information for capacity expansion planning in South Asia and demonstrates the use of geospatial models to support decision-making in data-limited contexts.
COMPARISON OF IMPLANT DENSITY IN THE MANAGEMENT OF LENKE 1B AND 1C ADOLESCENT IDIOPATHIC SCOLIOSIS.

Objective To compare radiographic and surgical outcomes of Lenke 1B and 1C patterns. Methods One hundred twenty patients with Lenke 1B and 1C scoliosis were grouped according to implant density as follows: low density (LD) of ≤1.4 and high density (HD) of >1.4. Matched subgroups (30 patients each) based on age, curve magnitude, and body mass index (BMI) were analyzed. Radiographic parameters were evaluated before operation, immediately after operation (ipo), and at 2 years' follow-up. SRS-30 was administered before operation and at 2 years' follow-up. Results The major curves of the LD (n = 82) and HD groups (n=38) were respectively 59.1° and 65.6° before operation (p <.001), 26.3° and 22.9° ipo (p =.05), and 29.9° and 19.8° at 2 years' follow-up (p <.001). No significant differences in postoperative trunk shift and coronal balance were found (p =.69 and p =.74, respectively). The HD group had higher blood loss (p =.02), number of implants (p <.001), levels fused (p =.002), and surgical time (p <.001). The HD group had a higher prevalence of hypokyphosis from before operation to follow-up (p <.001). No significant differences were observed in the SRS-30 scores before operation and at 2 years' follow-up. The matched groups had similar preoperative major curves (p =.56), ages (p =.75), and BMIs (p =.61). Significantly longer surgical time (p =.009), higher density (p <.001), and better correction (p =.0001) were found in the HD group at 2 years' follow-up. No significant differences were found in the SRS-30 scores before operation and at 2 years' follow-up. Conclusion LD constructs included fewer segments fused, lower intraoperative estimated surgical blood loss, and shorter operation time, and potentially decreasing complication risks due to fewer implants. Level of evidence III, Retrospective Cohort Study.
Fertility Preservation in Patients with Disorders (Differences) of Sex Development

Disorders of sex development (DSD) often lead to infertility or sterility because of abnormal gonadal development or prophylactic gonadectomy, yet fertility preservation has rarely been considered for these patients. While infertility or sterility is a risk, fertility preservation represents a complicated decision-making consideration for parents of children with DSD, who may make decisions before a child is mature enough to participate in that process. Optimal timing of fertility preservation, potential for germ cell or gonadal tissue cryopreservation, and attitudes toward fertility preservation among those with DSD and their family members are emerging areas of research and require further study.
Maternal behavior and child competence

Changes in maternal behavior associated with changes in the age of the child, and the relation^ips among maternal behavior, child conpetence and family social status, were the focus of this research. The subjects were 52 Iowa mothers and their 3-year-old first-born children who participated at Yr 1 and Yr 2 in the NC-158 regional longitudinal project (A Study of Parenting Beliefs in Rural and Urban Populations). The Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-Revised assessed the child's cognitive (receptive verbal) competence. Holling^ead's Four Factor Index of Social Position was used as an indicator of social status. Observations of maternal affective and directive behavior occurring in a video-recorded mother-child problem-solving situation were assessed using the Parent-Child Interaction Code (Positive Affect, Negative Affect, Low Directiveness, Medium Directiveness, Hig^ Directiveness, and Off-task Behavior). Inter-observer agreement on the behavioral code was high (c= .94). Inter-individual differences in maternal behaviors were relatively stable from Yr 1 to Yr 2, however mean levels of maternal affective and directive behaviors changed across time. By Yr 2 mothers interacted with their children In a more positive and less directive manner. Observed Negative Affect was negatively associated with child competence at Yr 1. Medium Directiveness was positively associated with child competence at Yr 2. Cross-lagged regression analyses Indicated that, with the exception of Medium Directiveness, neither the causal influence fron child competence to