cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hypnosis, mental hygiene and the dentist-hypnotist: a psychiatric discussion of the potentialities and dangers of hypnosis when utilized during dental practice

Hypnosis has tremendous potentialities in dentistry. Misconceptions about the ef­ fects which it is hoped can be attained through its use,1 however, seem part of the cultural superstition of today. These misconceptions have been intensified by the “Bridey M urphy” hysteria,2 and by the charlatanism and quackery to which that story has given rise. Some dentisthypnotists, along with many other people, unfortunately have become hypnosis-reincarnation conscious. Hypnosis is a useful and helpful addi­ tion to the armamentarium of the den­ tist,3 but if it is to be utilized certain un­ avoidable responsibilities must be as­ sumed.4 According to the 1955 report5 of the Psychological Medicine Group Committee of the British Medical Asso­ ciation, hypnosis
The cephalic vein in microsurgery

A working knowledge of the venous anatomy is seldom emphasized but is an essential element in all microvascular procedures. The cephalic vein has been chosen here to serve as a model, since it is an important source for both afferent and efferent flow for flap transfers as well as in limb replantations. The better known, lower extremity superficial veins, especially as a source for long vein grafts, are not necessarily the best option. The cephalic vein represents the most versatile of the large superficial veins of the upper extremity and has numerous roles in microsurgery other than as a viable alternative for vein grafts. © 1993 Wiley-Liss Inc.
The price of democracy: sovereign risk ratings, bond spreads and political business cycles in developing countries

Abstract This study examines the proposition that political business cycle theory is relevant to private foreign lenders to developing countries. We find that: credit rating agencies downgrade developing country ratings more often in election years, and do so by approximately one rating level; bond spreads are higher in the 60 days before an election compared to spreads in the 60 days after an election; spreads trend significantly downward in the 60 days before an election, but then flatten out in the 60 days after an election. Agencies and bondholders view elections negatively, increasing the cost of capital to developing democracies.
Palladium-catalyzed acylation of a 1,2-disubstituted 3-indolylzinc chloride

Abstract 3-Acylindoles were prepared by pallladium catalyzed coupling of an acid sensitive 1,2-disubstituted 3-indolylzinc chloride with a number of acid chlorides to give the corresponding ketones in 33–74% yields.
From manufacturing scheduling to supply chain coordination: the control of complexity and uncertainty

With time-based competition and rapid advancements in technology, effective manufacturing scheduling and supply chain coordination are critical to quickly respond to changing market conditions. These problems, however, are difficult in view of inherent complexity and various uncertainties involved. In this paper, decomposition and coordination based on Lagrangian relaxation are identified as an effective way to control complexity and uncertainties. A manufacturing scheduling problem is first formulated within the job shop context with uncertain order arrivals, processing times, due dates, and part priorities. A solution methodology that combines Lagrangian relaxation, stochastic dynamic programming, and heuristics is developed. Method improvements to effectively solve large problems are highlighted. A decentralized supply chain model is then established. By relaxing cross-member constraints, the model is decomposed into member-wise subproblems, and a nested optimization structure is established. Coordination is performed through the iterative updating of cross-member prices without accessing other member's private information or intruding their decision-making authorities, either with or without a coordinator. Two examples are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the method. Finally, future prospects are discussed.
The effects of complex wrist and forearm posture on wrist range of motion.

Previous research on wrist functionality has focused almost entirely on range of motion (ROM) in 2 or 3 isolated planes (flexion/extension, radial/ulnar deviation, and forearm pronation/supination), without investigating the potential effects of complex wrist/forearm posture on ROM. A quantitative analysis of these effects on wrist ROM was performed. ROM was measured in one plane using both a manual method and an electrogoniometer while the participant maintained a fixed, secondary wrist and forearm posture. The study revealed that combinations of wrist/forearm postures have significant effects on wrist ROM; the largest effects are those of wrist flexion/extension on radial deviation ROM. The study also found that, consistent with previous research, wrist deviation measurements obtained with an electrogoniometer were significantly different from those obtained manually. Biomechanical theories for the results obtained are discussed. This research could be used to enhance ergonomic evaluation techniques by ...
The Voice in the Text: Poe's ‘Some Words with a Mummy”

L'inaccessibilite de l'original dans la representation ecrite: la voix de la perte dans le conte de P.
A Study of the Vertical Motion of Supernova Remnant Bubbles in the Interstellar Medium Drawn from the Results of Three-Dimensional MHD Simulations

In order to determine the circumstances under which isolated SNRs are capable of rising into and enriching the thick disk and Galactic halo, simulations of supernova remnants are performed with the FLASH magnetohydrodynamic code. We performed simulations in which the interstellar magnetic field is parallel to or perpendicular to the Galactic plane, as well as a simulation without a magnetic field. The ambient gas density distribution and gravitational potential are based on observations of our Galaxy. We evolve the remnants to ages of roughly 107 yr. For our simulation without a magnetic field, we compare the evolution of the hot bubble's velocity to the velocity evolution calculated from the buoyant and drag accelerations. We found surprisingly small vertical velocities for the hot gas, from which we estimated the drag coefficient to be 10 for the nonmagnetic simulation. Although we found little buoyant motion of the hot gas during the remnant's lifetime, we found rapid vertical motion of the associated cool dense gas near the end of the remnants life. This motion deformed the remnant into a mushroom-cloud structure similar to those found in previous simulations. The simulation in which we have a 4 μG magnetic field parallel to the Galactic midplane shows a dramatically elongated bubble parallel to the magnetic field. The magnetic field pins the supernova remnant, preventing it from rising. In the simulation with the 4 μG magnetic field perpendicular to the midplane, the hot bubble rises more, indicating that having the magnetic field in the same direction as the gravitational force enhances the rise of the bubble.
Chronic Renal Artery Occlusion: Nephrectomy Versus Revascularization

Renal artery occlusion (RA-OCC) represents the final expression of anatomically progressive atherosclerotic renovascular occlusive disease. When a highgrade stenosis progresses to occlusion, the event may be clinically silent or previously controlled hypertension may worsen and serum creatinine levels may elevate.1 Given that as much as 35% of mild contralateral renal artery atherosclerotic lesions progress to sigChronic renal artery occlusion: Nephrectomy versus revascularization
Sensitivity of Cooperative Target Geolocalization to Orbit Coordination

*This paper investigates the sensitivity of target geolocalization by a team of two UA to orbit coordination. Using an uncertain, deterministic target model, a non-dimensional optimality criterion based on the Cramer Rao Lower Bound of the geolocalization problem is defined. Assuming a minimum allowable stand-off distance between the UA and the target, the optimal sensing configuration is specific by two parameters, allowing for a general sensitivity study using parameter sweeps of the deviation from the optimal values of the range of the UA to the target and their transverse separation in a polar coordinate system fixed on the target. Although the optimal tracking configuration is straightforward to calculate, orbit coordination to maintain this configuration is often infeasible given limitations on UA dynamics, motion of the target vehicle, and background wind, thus strategies that trade angular separation for standoff distance must be used. The sensitivity analysis of the optimal configuration is extended to orbit coordination over a finite time horizon for static and constant-velocity target models. Three orbit coordination strategies – one that maintains the specified angular separation while allowing range to the target to vary, one that maintains the optimal range while allowing angular separation to vary, and one that allows both angular separation and range to vary – are compared against an ideal strategy that maintains the optimal configuration for all time. The sensitivity analysis performed here shows that different orbit coordination strategies should be applied in different sensor regimes. However, policies that maintain the optimal standoff distance while allowing the angular separation to vary are more robust over the entire set of possible sensor characteristics than approaches that maintain optimal angular separation at the expense of relative range.
Orbital stability of planets in binary systems: A new look at old results

About half of all known stellar systems with Sun-like stars consist of two or more stars, significantly affecting the orbital stability of any planet in these systems. This observational evidence has prompted a large array of theoretical research, including the derivation of mathematically stringent criteria for the orbital stability of planets in stellar binary systems, valid for the “coplanar circular restricted three-body problem”. In the following, we use these criteria to explore the validity of results from previous theoretical studies.
The size of spanning disks for polygonal curves

Abstract. For each integer n ≥ 0 , there is a closed, unknotted, polygonal curve K n in R 3 having less than 10n+9 edges, with the property that any piecewise-linear triangulated disk spanning the curve contains at least 2 n-1 triangles.
A fractal analysis of foreign exchange markets

Long memory in foreign exchange markets is examined for the post-Bretton Woods period using Lo's [1991] modified rescaled range (R/S). Conventional R/S techniques are presented for comparison. Unlike conventional techniques, Lo's analysis is robust to short-term dependence and conditional heteroskedasticity. Significant long memory and fractal structure are conclusively demonstrated for all 22 countries studied, indicating that traditional econometric methods are inadequate for analyzing foreign exchange markets. However, short-term dependence and conditional heteroskedasticity are also present, making it difficult to describe the nature of the long memory process or processes in foreign exchange markets. The average nonperiodic cycle ranges from 7 months for Canada and the United Kingdom, to approximately 20 months for Austria, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Japan, Malaysia, Netherlands, Sweden, and Switzerland. No support is found for the efficient market hypothesis. Results broadly agree with those provided by less sophisticated, less robust R/S methodologies and suggest the possibility that traditional technical analysis should be able to achieve systematic positive returns.
Nucleophilic attack on 4,6-dimethoxy-2-pyrones; discovery of a remarkably facile rearrangement of the pyrones

Abstract During the course of mechanistic investigations of nucleophilic attach on 4,6-dimethoxy-2-pyrones, a rapid scrambling reaction has been found between 4,6-dimethoxy-3-methyl-2-pyrone and the corresponding 5-methyl isomer.
Mean Velocity and Decay Characteristics of the Near and Far-Wake of a Compressor Rotor Blade of Moderate Loading

This paper reports the experimental study of the three-dimensional characteristics of the mean velocity in the wake of a moderately loaded compressor rotor blade. The measurements were taken with a three-sensor hot-wire probe rotating with the rotor. The wake was surveyed at several radial and axial stations. The loading was found to have substantial effect and this was reflected not only in the axial and tangential components, but also in the radial component. The radial velocities were found to be high very near the trailing-edge and this exhibits the characteristics prevalent in a trailing vortex system. The static pressures across the wake were measured using a direction insensitive spherical head static-stagnation pressure probe. The static pressure was found to be higher inside the wake. These and other measurements are reported and correlated in this paper.
Metastable Diacetylene Reactions as Routes to Large Hydrocarbons in Titan's Atmosphere

Abstract Recent experimental data on the relative rates of metastable diacetylene (C4H2*) reactions are used to estimate the potential effects of their inclusion into the photochemical model of the atmosphere of Titan. It is demonstrated that the reactions of C4H2* have the potential for successfully competing with free radical routes to formation of larger hydrocarbon species in Titan's atmosphere, especially at altitudes below about 200 km. At an altitude of 105 km, the net production rate of larger hydrocarbons from C4H2*, C4H, and C2H is estimated to be in the ratio 90:30:1.
The resource drag

Between 1995 and 2001, Jeffrey Sachs and Andrew Warner published a series of influential empirical studies examining mining and energy’s role in economic growth. Their principal finding was that economies heavily dependent on extractive activity in 1971 grew more slowly than comparable non-extractive economies over the next 19 years. This result has been deemed ‘the resource curse’. The result is generally robust across differing country samples and across extended sample periods. Many have sought to explain the phenomenon, but without unified success. Sachs and Warner suggest that crowding out of a sector or activity with production externalities is the most likely explanation. This paper demonstrates that the relatively slower growth in mineral and energy economies may simply reflect a resource drag whereby optimally managed per capita resource production does not grow substantially over time and hence introduces a drag on the measured growth of per capita economic output. If the resource curse is indeed only a resource drag, this has implications for trade and industrial policies implemented on the presumption that there are growth-reducing market failures associated with mineral and energy production.
Government finance in a common currency area

Abstract European integration in 1992 may require greater exchange rate coordination thatn currently exists. The Delors report goes as far as to recommend the eventual adoption of a single currency. However, the formation of a common currency area raises fears that independent fiscal policies may produce inferior outcomes. This paper shows that lack of cooperation in fiscal policy leads to too little inflation, too high taxes, and too much government spending. (JEL F33)
RECOMBINATION CLUMPING FACTOR DURING COSMIC REIONIZATION

We discuss the role of recombinations in the intergalactic medium, and the related concept of the clumping factor, during cosmic reionization. The clumping factor is, in general, a local quantity that depends on both the local overdensity and the scale below which the baryon density field can be assumed smooth. That scale, called the filtering scale, depends on over-density and local thermal history. We present a method for building a self-consistent analytical model of inhomogeneous reionization, assuming the linear growth rate of the density fluctuation, which simultaneously accounts for these effects. We show that taking into account the local clumping factor introduces significant corrections to the total recombination rate, compared to the model with a globally uniform clumping factor.
Use of relativistic effective core potentials in the calculation of total electron-impact ionization cross-sections

The binary-encounter-Bethe (BEB) model of Kim and Rudd for total ionization cross-sections by electron impact is re-examined when the target is an atom with principal quantum number n⩾3, or a molecule consisting of one or more atoms with n⩾3. It is shown that the use of relativistic effective core potential (RECP) for heavy atoms removes the need for the empirical scaling used previously. BEB cross-sections of Ar, Kr, Xe, Cl, Br, I, and WF6 calculated using RECP are found to be in good agreement with available experimental data, especially in the low-energy region.
Histopathologic analysis of chromosome aneuploidy in ductal carcinoma in situ

Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections from 28 cases of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS; 12 with co-existing invasive neoplasm) were analyzed for numerical alterations of chromosomes 7, 8, 16, and 17 by performing fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) using centromeric (alpha-satellite) probes. Based on signal counts in 200 to 300 nuclei, each hybridization was classified as disomic (copy loss in v 2 of 33, P = .02). In morphologically heterogeneous lesions, higher-grade foci were characterized by chromosome copy gain relative to corresponding lower-grade areas in 17 of 22 (77%) hybridizations. These results show the presence of multiple (at least 3) distinct chromosome aneuploidy patterns in DCIS, in keeping with divergent mechanisms of genetic alteration. Degree of chromosomal instability, moreover, may correlate with progression of DCIS to invasive growth, implying that genetic instability is a parameter that impacts the likelihood of early breast carcinoma progression.
RECHARGEABLE ZINC BATTERIES

Abstract This article reviews the current status of the research and development programs, in the USA, on rechargeable zinc batteries. The review is confined to systems that are now under development. These are the zinc-bromine, zinc-chlorine, zinc-ferricyanide and zinc-nickel oxide systems. Most of the electrochemical problems with these batteries are due to the zinc electrode. Recent advances in zinc batteries include the use of additives and modified charging methods. Recent work by the author and others on the mechanism of the zinc electrodes in acid electrolytes is discussed and the mechanistic aspects of the effect of additives and charging methods is also reviewed.
A Neumann Type Maximum Principle for the Laplace Operator on Compact Riemannian Manifolds

In this paper we present a Neumann type maximum principle for the Laplace operator on compact Riemannian manifolds. A key point is the simple geometric nature of the constant in the a priori estimate of this maximum principle. In particular, this maximum principle can be applied to manifolds with Ricci curvature bounded from below and diameter bounded from above to yield a maximum estimate without dependence on a positive lower bound for the volume.
THE VOID PHENOMENON EXPLAINED

We use high-resolution N-body simulations, combined with a halo occupation model of galaxy bias, to investigate voids in the galaxy distribution. Our goal is to address the "void phenomenon" of Peebles, which presents the observed dearth of faint galaxies in voids as a challenge to current cosmology. In our model, galaxy luminosity is determined only as a function of dark matter halo mass. With this simple assumption, we demonstrate that large, empty voids of ~15 h –1 Mpc in diameter are expected even for galaxies seven magnitudes fainter than L *. The predictions of our model are in excellent agreement with several statistical measures: (i) the luminosity function of galaxies in underdense regions, (ii) nearest-neighbor statistics of dwarf galaxies, and (iii) the void probability function of faint galaxies. In the transition between filaments and voids in the dark matter, the halo mass function changes abruptly, causing the maximum galaxy luminosity to decrease by ~5 magnitudes over a range of ~ 1 h –1 Mpc. Thus, the boundary between filaments and voids in the galaxy distribution is nearly as sharp for dwarfs as for ~L * objects. These results support a picture in which galaxy formation is driven predominantly by the mass of the host dark matter halo, and is nearly independent of the larger-scale halo environment. Further, they demonstrate that ΛCDM, combined with a straightforward bias model, naturally predicts the existence of the void phenomenon.
Synthesis of (1Z, 3Z)-1, 4-dibromobutadiene, (1Z, 3Z)-1-bromo-4-lithiobutadiene and (1Z, 3Z)-1, 4-dilithiobutadiene; structure of (1Z, 3Z)-(η5-C5H5)Fe(CO)2CH=CHCH=CHBr

Abstract An expedient synthesis of previously unknown (1 Z , 3 Z )-1, 4-dibromobutadiene is reported. When this dibromide is treated with s- or t-butyllithium, (1 Z , 3 Z )-1-bromo-4-lithio-butadiene is generated. Treatment of the dibromide with four equivalents of t-butyllithium gives (1 Z , 3 Z )-dilithiobutadiene. Reaction of (1 Z , 3 Z )-1-bromo-4-lithiobutadiene with (η 5 -C 5 H 5 )Fe(CO) 2 I gives (1 Z , 3 Z )-(η 5 -C 5 H 5 )Fe-(CO) 2 CH=CHCH=CHBr. X-ray crystallographic analysis of this latter compound establishes the geometry about the bromobutadiene ligand.
Bubble Dynamics on a Heated Surface

In this work, we study steady and oscillatory thermocapillary and natural convective flows generated by a bubble on a heated solid surface. The interaction between gas and vapor bubbles with the surrounding fluid is of interest for both space and ground-based processing. A combined numerical-experimental approach is adopted here. The temperature field is visualized using Mach-Zehnder and/or Wollaston Prism Interferometry and the flow field is observed by a laser sheet flow visualization technique. A finite element numerical model is developed which solves the transient two-dimensional continuity, momentum, and energy equations and includes the effects of temperature-dependent surface tension and bubble surface deformation. Below the critical Marangoni number, the steady state low-g and 1-g temperature and velocity fields predicted by the finite element model are in excellent agreement with both the visualization experiments in our laboratory and recently published experimental results in the literature. Above the critical Marangoni number, the model predicts an oscillatory flow which is also closely confirmed by experiments. It is shown that the dynamics of the oscillatory flow are directly controlled by the thermal and hydrodynamic interactions brought about by combined natural and thermocapillary convection. Therefore, as numerical simulations show, there are considerable differences between the 1-g and low-g temperature and flow fields at both low and high Marangoni numbers. This has serious implications for both materials processing and fluid management in space.
Simulation of Stellar Objects in SDSS Color Space

We present a simulation of the spatial, luminosity and spectral distributions of four types of stellar objects. We simulate (1) Galactic stars, based on a Galactic structure model, a stellar population synthesis model, stellar isochrones, and stellar spectral libraries; (2) white dwarfs, based on model atmospheres, the observed luminosity function, mass distribution, and Galactic distribution of white dwarfs; (3) quasars, based on their observed luminosity function and its evolution, and models of emission and absorption spectra of quasars; and (4) compact emission-line galaxies, based on the observed distribution of their spectral properties and sizes. The results are presented in the color system of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS), with realistic photometric error and Galactic extinction. The simulated colors of stars and quasars are compared with observations in the SDSS system and show good agreement. The stellar simulation can be used as a tool to analyze star counts and constrain models of Galactic structure, as well as to identify stars with unusual colors. The simulation can also be used to establish the quasar target selection algorithm for the SDSS.
Intramolecular cycloaddition reactions of oximes with vinyl sulfones

Abstract The reaction of oximes with vinyl sulfones containing a π-bond produce cycloadducts which are derived from an intramolecular dipolar cycloaddition of a transient nitrone.
The deformation complex for differential graded Hopf algebras

Abstract Let H be a differential graded Hopf algebra (d.g.h.a.) over a field k . This paper gives an explicit construction of a triple cochain complex that defines the Hochschild-Cartier cohomology of H . A certain truncation of this complex is the appropriate setting for deforming H as an H ( q )-structure. The direct limit of all such truncations is the appropriate setting for deforming H as a strongly homotopy associative structure. Sign complications are systematically controlled. The connection between rational perturbation theory and the deformation theory of certain free commutative differential graded algebras is clarified.
Masses of Nix and Hydra

A four-body orbit solution for the Pluto system yields GM values of 870.3 ± 3.7, 101.4 ± 2.8, 0.039 ± 0.034, and 0.021 ± 0.042 km3 s−2 for Pluto, Charon, Nix, and Hydra, respectively. Assuming a Charon-like density of 1.63 gm cm−3, the implied diameters for Nix and Hydra are 88 and 72 km, leading to visual geometric albedos of 0.08 and 0.18, respectively, though with considerable uncertainty. The eccentricity of Charon's orbit has a significant nonzero value; however, the 0.030 ± 0.009 deg yr−1 rate at which the line of apsides precesses is insufficient to explain the difference in the longitude of periapsis seen in the orbits fitted to the 1992-1993 and 2002-2003 data sets. The mean orbital periods for Hydra, Nix, and Charon are in the ratios of 6.064 ± 0.006 : 3.991 ± 0.007 : 1, but we have not identified any resonant arguments that would indicate the existence of a mean motion resonance between any pairs of satellites.
Quantum channels that preserve entanglement

Let M and N be full matrix algebras. A unital completely positive (UCP) map \({\phi:M\to N}\) is said to preserve entanglement if its inflation \({\phi\otimes {\rm id}_N : M\otimes N\to N\otimes N}\) has the following property: for every maximally entangled pure state ρ of \({N\otimes N}\), \({\rho\circ(\phi\otimes {\rm id}_N)}\) is an entangled state of \({M\otimes N}\) . We show that there is a dichotomy in that every UCP map that is not entanglement breaking in the sense of Horodecki–Shor–Ruskai must preserve entanglement, and that entanglement preserving maps of every possible rank exist in abundance. We also show that with probability 1, all UCP maps of relatively small rank preserve entanglement, but that this is not so for UCP maps of maximum rank.
Sequential Anomaly Detection in the Presence of Noise and Limited Feedback

This paper describes a methodology for detecting anomalies from sequentially observed and potentially noisy data. The proposed approach consists of two main elements: 1) filtering, or assigning a belief or likelihood to each successive measurement based upon our ability to predict it from previous noisy observations and 2) hedging, or flagging potential anomalies by comparing the current belief against a time-varying and data-adaptive threshold. The threshold is adjusted based on the available feedback from an end user. Our algorithms, which combine universal prediction with recent work on online convex programming, do not require computing posterior distributions given all current observations and involve simple primal-dual parameter updates. At the heart of the proposed approach lie exponential-family models which can be used in a wide variety of contexts and applications, and which yield methods that achieve sublinear per-round regret against both static and slowly varying product distributions with marginals drawn from the same exponential family. Moreover, the regret against static distributions coincides with the minimax value of the corresponding online strongly convex game. We also prove bounds on the number of mistakes made during the hedging step relative to the best offline choice of the threshold with access to all estimated beliefs and feedback signals. We validate the theory on synthetic data drawn from a time-varying distribution over binary vectors of high dimensionality, as well as on the Enron email dataset.
Direct simulations of turbulent flow using finite-difference schemes

A high-order accurate finite-difference approach is presented for calculating incompressible turbulent flow. The methods used include a kinetic energy conserving central difference scheme and an upwind difference scheme. The methods are evaluated in test cases for the evolution of small-amplitude disturbances and fully developed turbulent channel flow. It is suggested that the finite-difference approach can be applied to complex geometries more easilty than highly accurate spectral methods. It is concluded that the upwind scheme is a good candidate for direct simulations of turbulent flows over complex geometries.
Minimizing forced outage risk in generator bidding

Competition in power markets has exposed the participating companies to physical and financial uncertainties. A random outage after acceptance of bids by the ISO forces a generator to buy power from the real-time hourly spot market and sell to the ISO at the set day-ahead market-clearing price, incurring losses if the real-time hourly spot market is expensive. This paper assesses the financial risk of the generators using risk profiles and VaRs. A risk minimization module is developed which derives optimum bidding strategies of the generator company such that the estimated total earning is maximized keeping the Value at Risk (VaR) below a tolerable limit.
Ultrasensitive measuring devices

Abstract Both dc and rf Superconducting QUantum Interference Devices (SQUIDs) are widely used as ultrasensitive detectors of magnetic flux. Present research is focussed largely on thin-film dc SQUIDs fabricated with photolithographic techniques. The current status of this field is briefly reviewed. The impact of dc SQUIDs with improved sensitivity on noise thermometry and gravitational wave antennas is discussed.
Lossy compression of exponential and laplacian sources using expansion coding

A general method of source coding is proposed in this paper, which enables one to reduce the problem of compressing an analog (continuous-valued) source to a set of much simpler problems, compressing discrete sources. Specifically, the focus is on lossy compression of exponential and Laplace sources, which are represented as set of discrete variables through a finite alphabet expansion. Due to the decomposability property of such sources, the resulting random variables post expansion are independent and discrete. Thus, these variables can be considered as independent discrete source coding problems, and the original problem is reduced to coding over these sources with a total distortion constraint. Any feasible solution to this resulting optimization problem corresponds to an achievable rate distortion pair of the original continuous-valued source compression problem. Although finding the optimal solution for a given distortion is not a tractable task, we show that, via a heuristic choice, our expansion coding scheme still presents a good performance in the low distortion regime. Further, by adopting low-complexity codes designed for discrete source coding, the total coding complexity can be reduced for practical implementations.
Theory and simulation of quasilinear transport from external magnetic field perturbations in a DIII-D plasma

The linear response profiles for the 3D perturbed magnetic fields, currents, ion velocities, plasma density, pressures, and electric potential from low-n external resonant magnetic field perturbations (RMPs) are obtained from the collisional two-fluid M3D-C1 code [N. M. Ferraro and S. C. Jardin, J. Comput. Phys. 228, 7742 (2009)]. A newly developed post-processing RMPtran code computes the resulting quasilinear E×B and magnetic (J×B) radial transport flows with respect to the unperturbed flux surfaces in all channels. RMPtran simulations focus on ion (center of mass) particle and transient non-ambipolar current flows, as well as the toroidal angular momentum flow. The paper attempts to delineate the RMP transport mechanisms that might be responsible for the RMP density pump-out seen in DIII-D [M. A. Mahdavi and J. L. Luxon, Fusion Sci. Technol. 48, 2 (2005)]. Experimentally, the starting high toroidal rotation does not brake to a significantly lower rotation after the pump-out suggesting that convective and E×B transport mechanisms dominate. The direct J×B torque from the transient non-ambipolar radial current expected to accelerate plasma rotation is shown to cancel much of the Maxwell stress J×B torque expected to brake the plasma rotation. The dominant E×B Reynolds stress accelerates rotation at the top of the pedestal while braking rotation further down the pedestal.
Simulations of oligomeric intermediates in prion diseases.

We extend our previous stochastic cellular automata-based model for two-dimensional (areal) aggregation of prion proteins on neuronal surfaces. The new anisotropic model allows us to simulate both strong β-sheet and weaker attachment bonds between proteins. Constraining binding directions allows us to generate aggregate structures with the hexagonal lattice symmetry found in recently observed in vitro experiments. We argue that these constraints on rules may correspond to underlying steric constraints on the aggregation process. We find that monomer-dominated growth of the areal aggregate is too slow to account for some observed doubling-time-to-incubation-time ratios inferred from data, and so consider aggregation dominated by relatively stable but noninfectious oligomeric intermediates. We compare a kinetic theory analysis of oligomeric aggregation to spatially explicit simulations of the process. We find that with suitable rules for misfolding of oligomers, possibly due to water exclusion by the surrounding aggregate, the resulting oligomeric aggregation model maps onto our previous monomer aggregation model. Therefore it can produce some of the same attractive features for the description of prion incubation time data. We propose experiments to test the oligomeric aggregation model.
Competitive location in the plane

Two questions in competitive environment are presented in the literature. One question deals with finding the best location for new facilities in order to attract the most buying power away from existing facilities. The second question is how to find the best location for the defending facilities, so that a future competitor will be able to capture the least buying power. In this paper, we study the second problem for the case of a large number of customers spread independently and uniformly over a given regionA⊆ℝ2 and a large number of original facilities. We show that, under these conditions, a very simple solution, the “honeycomb” heuristic, is almost surely guaranteed to be within 2.5 percent from optimality. This is the case for any number of facilities contemplated by the competitor.
Quasi-ballistic thermal transport from nanoscale interfaces observed using ultrafast coherent soft x-ray beams

Heat dissipation from a nanoscale hot-spot is expected to be non-diffusive when a hot-spot is smaller than the phonon mean free path of the substrate. Our technique of observing diffraction of coherent soft x-ray pulses allows for very high resolution (~pm) of thermally-induced surface distortion, as well as femtosecond time resolution of dynamics. We successfully model our experimental results with a diffusive transport model that is modified to include an additional boundary resistance. These results confirm the importance of considering ballistic transport away from a nanoscale heat source, and identify a means of correctly accounting for this ballistic transport.
Communication About ADHD and Its Treatment During Pediatric Asthma Visits

The objectives of the study were to examine provider-family communication about attention deficit disorder during pediatric asthma visits. Children with asthma, aged 8 through 16 and their parents were recruited at five pediatric practices. All medical visits were audio-taped. There were 296 asthmatic children enrolled into the study and 67 of them also had attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). ADHD communication elements suggested by national guidelines were discussed infrequently. Providers were more likely to discuss, educate, and ask one or more questions about ADHD medications if the visit was non-asthma related. Providers included child input into the ADHD treatment regimen during 3 % of visits and they included parent input during 4.5 % of visits. Only one child and three parents asked questions about ADHD. Providers may neglect essential aspects of good ADHD management and communication in children who have ADHD plus another chronic condition such as asthma. Providers should set appropriate treatment expectations, establish target symptoms, and encourage children and parents to ask questions so mutual decision-making can occur.
The dynamics of quintessence, the quintessence of dynamics

Quintessence theories for cosmic acceleration imbue dark energy with a non-trivial dynamics that offers hope in distinguishing the physical origin of this component. We review quintessence models with an emphasis on the dynamics and discuss classifications of the different physical behaviors. The pros and cons of various parameterizations are examined as well as the extension from scalar fields to other modifications of the Friedmann expansion equation. New results on the ability of cosmological data to distinguish among and between thawing and freezing fields are presented.
The Langmuir's paradox: Can the ion acoustic instability at the sheath edge thermalize the ions too?

Summary form only given. Recently a theoretical prediction was that in single-species plasmas, ion-ion collisional friction is enhanced by the ion acoustic instability. The theory predicted that the instability will not only enhance the thermalization of the electrons, but will also, near the sheath-edge, thermalize the non-Maxwellian tail of the ion velocity distribution function (IVDF), caused by charge exchange in the presheath. The theory also predicted that this instability disappears through collisional damping as neutral pressure of the plasma increases. This experiment aims to verify this theory by measuring the IVDFs near the sheath edge in a multi-dipole chamber discharge in Argon and Xenon gas for a variety of neutral pressures and electron temperatures. The threshold parameters of the phenomenon are explored. The IVDFs are determined by Laser-Induced Florescence, the electron temperature is measured by a Langmuir probe and the plasma potential towards the boundary is measured by an emissive probe.
Science Icebreaker Activities: An Example from Gravitational Wave Astronomy

At the beginning of a class, workshop, or meeting, an icebreaker activity is often used to help loosen up the group and get everyone talking. When used as a precursor to group learning, the icebreaker fosters communication so later activities function more smoothly. Science-based icebreaker activities serve the purpose of a traditional icebreaker, while also introducing science content to the audience. The content of the icebreaker may or may not be related to the topic of the upcoming class or meeting. Either way, the activity provides a way to get people talking while the participants simultaneously learn something new and interesting.
Modeling the commute mode share of transit using continuous accessibility to jobs

This paper presents the results of an accessibility-based model of aggregate commute mode share, focusing on the share of transit relative to auto. It demonstrates the use of continuous accessibility – calculated continuously in time, rather than at a single of a few departure times – for the evaluation of transit systems. These accessibility calculations are accomplished using only publicly-available data sources. A binomial logic model is estimated which predicts the likelihood that a commuter will choose transit rather than auto for a commute trip based on aggregate characteristics of the surrounding area. Variables in this model include demographic factors as well as detailed accessibility calculations for both transit and auto. The mode achieves a ρ2 value of 0.597, and analysis of the results suggests that continuous accessibility of transit systems may be a valuable tool for use in modeling and forecasting.
Synthesis of methyl α-l-vancosaminide

Abstract The synthesis of methyl α- l -vancosaminide from di- O -acetyl- l -rhamnal is described. The allylic alcohol methyl 2,3,6-trideoxy-3- C -methyl-α- l - threo -hex-2-enopyranoside was prepared from the glycal, 1,5-anhydro-1,2,6-trideoxy-3- C -methyl- l - ribo -hex-1-enitol, and converted to its N , N -dimethylisourea derivative. The cis amino alcohol functionality in vancosamine was introduced by the electrophilic cyclization of the isourea, followed by hydrolysis of the resulting oxazoline.
Large-Eddy Simulation of Langmuir Turbulence in Pure Wind Seas

Abstract The scaling of turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) and its vertical component (VKE) in the upper ocean boundary layer, forced by realistic wind stress and surface waves including the effects of Langmuir circulations, is investigated using large-eddy simulations (LESs). The interaction of waves and turbulence is modeled by the Craik–Leibovich vortex force. Horizontally uniform surface stress τ0 and Stokes drift profiles uS(z) are specified from the 10-m wind speed U10 and the surface wave age CP/U10, where CP is the spectral peak phase speed, using an empirical surface wave spectra and an associated wave age–dependent neutral drag coefficient CD. Wave-breaking effects are not otherwise included. Mixed layer depths HML vary from 30 to 120 m, with 0.6 ≤ CP/U10 ≤ 1.2 and 8 m s−1 < U10 < 70 m s−1, thereby addressing most possible oceanic conditions where TKE production is dominated by wind and wave forcing. The mixed layer–averaged “bulk” VKE 〈w2〉/u*2 is equally sensitive to the nondimensional Stokes e-fol...
A Linear Perturbation Theory of Inhomogeneous Reionization

We develop an analytic approach to study inhomogeneous reionization on large scales by solving the equations of ionization balance and radiative transfer to first order in perturbations. Given the spatial distribution and spectrum of the ionizing sources, our formalism can be used to predict the large scale power spectra of fluctuations in the abundances of HII, HI and radiation. Our approach avoids common approximations/assumptions in existing analytic methods – for instance, we do not assume a specific ionization topology from the outset; nor do we make a step-function bubblelike approximation to the HII distribution. Applying our formalism to sources biased according to the Press-Schechter prescription, we find: 1. reionization always proceeds “inside–out”, with dense regions more highly ionized, at least on large scales; 2. on sufficiently large scales, HII, HI and radiation exhibits a scale independent bias relative to dark matter; 3. the bias is suppressed on scales comparable to or smaller than the mean free path of the ionizing photons; 4. if the ionizing source spectrum is sufficiently soft, the HII bias closely tracks the source bias for most of the reionization process but drops precipitously after percolation; 5. if the ionizing source spectrum is sufficiently hard, the HII bias drops in a more steady fashion throughout the reionization process. The tools developed here will be useful for interpreting future 21 cm, CMB and Lyman-alpha forest observations, both to learn about the reionization astrophysics (such as the hardness of the source spectrum and therefore the nature of the ionizing sources) and to possibly extract interesting cosmological information.
Is plagioclase removal responsible for the negative Eu anomaly in the source regions of mare basalts

The nearly ubiquitous presence of a negative Eu anomaly in the mare basalts has been suggested to indicate prior separation and flotation of plagioclase from the basalt source region during its crystallization from a lunar magma ocean (LMO). Are there any mare basalts derived from a mantle source which did not experience prior plagioclase separation? Crystal chemical rationale for REE substitution in pyroxene suggests that the combination of REE size and charge, M2 site characteristics of pyroxene, fO2, magma chemistry, and temperature may account for the negative Eu anomaly in the source region of some types of primitive, low TiO2 mare basalts. This origin for the negative Eu anomaly does not preclude the possibility of the LMO as many mare basalts still require prior plagioclase crystallization and separation and/or hybridization involving a KREEP component.
The Host Galaxies of Three Radio-loud Quasars: 3C 48, 3C 345, and B2 1425+267*

Observations with the Wide-Field/Planetary Camera-2 of the Hubble Space Telescope are presented for three radio-loud quasars: 3C 48 (z = 0.367), B2 1425+267 (z = 0.366), and 3C 345 (z = 0.594). All three quasars have luminous (~4 ? L*) galaxies as hosts, which are either elliptical (B2 1425+267 and 3C345) or interacting (3C 48), and all hosts are 0.5-1.0 mag bluer in V-I than other galaxies with the same overall morphology at redshifts similar to those of the quasars. The host of 3C 48 has many H II regions and a very extended tidal tail. All nine of the radio-loud quasars studied here and in a previous paper by Bahcall et al. either have bright elliptical hosts or occur in interacting systems. There is a robust correlation between the radio emission of the quasar and the luminosity of host galaxy; the radio-loud quasars reside in galaxies that are on average ~1 mag brighter than hosts of the radio-quiet quasars.
CONSTRAINING INTERMEDIATE-MASS BLACK HOLES IN GLOBULAR CLUSTERS

Decades after the first predictions of intermediate-mass black holes (IMBHs) in globular clusters (GCs) there is still no unambiguous observational evidence for their existence. The most promising signatures for IMBHs are found in the cores of GCs, where the evidence now comes from the stellar velocity distribution, the surface density profile, and, for very deep observations, the mass-segregation profile near the cluster center. However, interpretation of the data, and, in particular, constraints on central IMBH masses, require the use of detailed cluster dynamical models. Here we present results from Monte Carlo cluster simulations of GCs that harbor IMBHs. As an example of application, we compare velocity dispersion, surface brightness and mass-segregation profiles with observations of the GC M10, and constrain the mass of a possible central IMBH in this cluster. We find that, although M10 does not seem to possess a cuspy surface density profile, the presence of an IMBH with a mass up to 0.75% of the total cluster mass, corresponding to about 600 M ☉, cannot be excluded. This is also in agreement with the surface brightness profile, although we find it to be less constraining, as it is dominated by the light of giants, causing it to fluctuate significantly. We also find that the mass-segregation profile cannot be used to discriminate between models with and without IMBH. The reason is that M10 is not yet dynamically evolved enough for the quenching of mass segregation to take effect. Finally, detecting a velocity dispersion cusp in clusters with central densities as low as in M10 is extremely challenging, and has to rely on only 20-40 bright stars. It is only when stars with masses down to 0.3 M ☉ are included that the velocity cusp is sampled close enough to the IMBH for a significant increase above the core velocity dispersion to become detectable.