cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ID: 116: ADNIBISTRATION OF SPHINGOSINE KINASE 1 INHIBITOR POST-BLEOMYCIN CHALLENGE ATTENUATES BLEOMYCIN-INDUCED PULMONARY FIBROSIS IN MICE: ROLE OF YAP1

Rationale We have earlier reported that sphingosine kinase 1 (SphK1) is up-regulated in lung tissues from idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) patients and SphK1/sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) signaling axis plays a key role in bleomycin- and radiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice. Further, SphK1 mRNA levels in PBMCs from IPF patients directly and significantly correlated with pulmonary function outcomes and overall survival. In this study, we investigated the effect of administration of PF-543, a specific SphK1 inhibitor, 7 days post-bleomycin (BLM) challenge on the development of pulmonary fibrosis in mice. Objectives To determine the efficacy of PF-543 in attenuating pulmonary fibrosis in mice post BLM challenge. Methods SphK1 inhibitor PF-543 (5 mg/kg body weight, i.p.; twice a week) was administered to control and BLM (1.5 U/kg, intratracheal) challenged mice on day 7 post BLM challenge, and development of pulmonary fibrosis was determined on day 21 by Mason-Trichrome staining of lung tissues, total collagen, fibronectin and α-SMA protein levels in lung tissues. In vitro, the effect of PF-543 on TGF-β (5 ng/ml) induced Yap1 activation, and differentiation, contraction, and proliferation of human lung fibroblast were assessed. Results Administration of PF-543 to BLM treated mice on day 7 post challenge, dramatically inhibited BLM-induced lung injury, and attenuated collagen deposition and expression of fibronectin, α-SMA and TGF-β in lung tissues on day 21 post-BLM challenge. In vitro, PF-543 inhibited TGF-β induced differentiation, contraction and proliferation of human lung fibroblasts, as well as blocked TGF-β induced expression and nuclear translocation of YAP, a transcriptional co-factor involved in pulmonary fibrosis. Additionally, siRNA knockdown of YAP1 inhibited TGF-β induced fibroblast differentiation. Conclusion These studies demonstrate ability of SphK1 inhibitor, PF-543 to ameliorate BLM-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice when administered on day 7 after BLM challenge. Also, PF-543 blocked YAP1 activation, a co-transcriptional factor involved in pulmonary fibrosis development. Thus, PF-543 may serve as a potential therapeutic drug in treating pulmonary fibrosis. This work was supported by P01 HL098050 (VN).
Spousal Bargaining Over Care for Elderly Parents in China: Imbalances in Sex Ratios Influence the Allocation of Support.

AbstractUsing a unique Chinese survey of parents and adult children, this paper examines how married children negotiate with their spouses for time devoted to caring for their own parents. Applying a collective bargaining framework, I show that the sex ratio at marriage shifts household bargaining in favour of the husband’s parents when women are less scarce, or against his parents when women are scarcer. Such changing dynamics in the family may potentially reverse the current preference for sons in China, implying that those with sons, rather than daughters, may be increasingly in need of state support.
A factor analysis of some cardiovascular-respiratory variables and tests.

(1947). A Factor Analysis of Some Cardiovascular-Respiratory Variables and Tests. Research Quarterly. American Association for Health, Physical Education and Recreation: Vol. 18, No. 2, pp. 109-122.
Spatial distribution of the net Burgers vector density in a deformed single crystal

Abstract A two-dimensional deformation field on an indented single crystal, where the only non-zero lattice rotation occurs in the plane of deformation and only three effective in-plane slip systems are activated, is investigated both experimentally and numerically. Electron Backscatter Diffraction (EBSD) is utilized to probe the lattice rotation field on the sample. The lattice rotation field is utilized to calculate the two non-zero components of Nye's dislocation density tensor, which serves as a link between plastic and elastic deformation states. The enhanced accuracy of EBSD enabled measurements of the net Burgers vector density, and a new quantity β, which monitors the activity of slip systems in the deformed zone. The β-field is compared to the slip system activity obtained by analytical solution and also by crystal plasticity simulations. A qualitative comparison of the three methods confirms that the β-field obtained experimentally agrees with the slip system activity obtained analytically and by numerical methods.
Constraints on aluminum and scandium substitution mechanisms in forsterite, periclase, and larnite: High-resolution NMR

The incorporation of incompatible Al in forsterite is particularly interesting due to its relevance in Al olivine-spinel geobarometry techniques as well as the proposed influence of Al on upper mantle diffusion and water storage capacity. However, determining the site preference and substitution mechanisms of aluminum in forsterite presents considerable challenge, because the incompatibility of Al in the olivine structure results in correspondingly low Al concentrations. In this work we use solid state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) to directly observe Al coordination in synthetic samples from which we can constrain site preferences. We investigate Al in MgO and clinoenstatite to confirm that the forsterite spectra do not contain contributions from these impurity phases. To better interpret our results we used the independent component analysis (ICA) algorithm, SIMPLISMA, which accurately deconvoluted complex NMR line shapes, separating spectral components from known impurities and enabling the identification of unknown spectral components that in some cases we can assign to substituting Al. We additionally investigate Al in larnite, which has a tetrahedral environment similar to that of forsterite and that presents an another ICA test case, and investigate Sc in forsterite and periclase to add context to our Al observations. Our 27 Al and 45 Sc MAS NMR spectra place new constraints on the site preferences of Al in synthetic forsterite, clinoenstatite, periclase, and larnite as well as Sc in forsterite and periclase. In forsterite, we identified Al in the tetrahedral site and at least three distinct octahedral environments. The overall ratio of contents of AlO 4 to AlO 6 is about 1:3; the excess of the latter suggesting that at least two substitution mechanisms are necessary for Al 3+ incorporation. In some cases the estimated species abundance for observed features are as low as 70 μg/g Al 3+ , but were readily detected by NMR. Also in forsterite, we identified Sc in a single MgO 6 environment. In larnite (also known as belite or C 2 S in cement chemist notation), a single, ordered tetrahedral Al species is detected. In enstatite samples, primarily composed of clinoenstatite, 27 Al NMR spectra look very similar to previous observations of orthoenstatite, likely indicating a similar coupled AlO 6 and AlO 4 substitution. In periclase, Al is observed in an undistorted MgO 6 site with cubic or nearly cubic point symmetry, in addition to a lower symmetry, sixfold-coordinated site. This work provides new insight into incompatible element substitutions mechanism in minerals, in forsterite’s case indicating complex behavior involving multiple species despite compositional simplicity.
Diagnostic Error in Surgery and Surgical Services

Surgical diagnostic errors are clinically and financially costly. Efforts to identify, monitor, and reduce the rates of these errors are urgently needed. Diagnostic error may involve various types of overlapping missed opportunities to make a correct and timely diagnosis; a diagnosis may be missed completely, the wrong one may be provided, or diagnosis may be delayed, all of which can lead to harm. Reliable surgical diagnosis and decision-making requires the full participation and engagement of many team members including the patient and their family. More research is needed to identify better metrics to measure and identify these errors. Hospitals and healthcare delivery systems need to significantly reenvision the surgical diagnostic process to achieve higher levels of reliability, patient centeredness, and better financial values.
Contextualizing the History of Psychiatry/Psychology and Psychoanalysis

As part of my aim to contribute to the contextualization of the history of psychiatry, I include the following. Most of these are global (Eastern and Western) histories, with excellent references on national histories, as well as social, cultural/intellectual, military, political, and diplomatic histories, and so on.
The simulation and data visualization potential of Microsoft's XNA

Data visualization and simulation visualization is a well studied and ever changing field. Video game engines provide much of what is required for visualization, and also have extra functionality that can be harnessed for simulation. The problem that we are addressing is, can XNA expedite visualization development and also support nontrivial simulations. We intend to address this problem by observing if XNA can be used to create simple visualization, and then incrementally move toward difficult simulations and visualization problems. We intend to show that Microsoft's XNA game engine can create visualizations quickly and run simulations.
Diabetes and Orientation and Mobility Training: An Added Challenge.

This article explores issues related to working with visually impaired clients with diabetes, such as the effects of insulin, hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia, the timing of training, complications t...
WORD OF MOUTH OPPORTUNITY: WHY RECOMMENDATION LIKELIHOOD OVERESTIMATES POSITIVE WORD OF MOUTH

Researchers and practitioners alike rely extensively on recommendation likelihood measures to understand customer loyalty and, more explicitly, expected positive word-of-mouth (PWOM). Yet previous ...
Draft genome sequence of the moderately halophilic bacterium Halobacillus sp. BBL2006.

Abstract We present the draft genome sequence of Halobacillus sp. BBL2006, a moderately halophilic, gram positive bacterium isolated from a sulfidic salt spring in Big Bone Lick State Park, Boone County, Kentucky. The genome of Halobacillus sp. BBL2006 was 3,988,138 bp in length with a GC content of 41.6%. Genome analysis identified 4331 open reading frames including genes for antibiotic resistance and tolerance to heavy metals. The draft genome was deposited at DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank (DNA Databank of Japan/European Molecular Biology Laboratory/Genbank) (JRNX00000000).
T cell receptors: adhesion and signaling.

Publisher Summary Antigen recognition by T cells is determined by the antigen-specific T cell receptor (TcR), expressed on the surface of the T cell. This chapter focuses on T cell surface molecules involved in T cell adhesion, activation, and migration. These molecules function as receptors and a number of their ligands have been identified. CD4 and CD8 are nonpolymorphic cell surface glycoproteins expressed on subsets of thymocytes and mature peripheral T cells. Both CD4 and CD8 have been cloned and the predicted protein sequence demonstrates significant homology to immunoglobulin. The CD4 molecule exists as a monomer of 435 amino acids. It is a transmembrane protein with a cytoplasmic domain of 38 amino acids. The observation that the surface expression of CD4 and CD8 correlated not with the function but with the major histocompability complex (MHC) recognition or restriction by the T cell led to the proposal that CD4 and CD8 interacted with nonpolymorphic determinants of MHC class II and class I molecules, respectively. Adhesion alone is not the only function demonstrated for CD4 and CD8. CD4 appears to exert its greatest effect in T cell activation when recognizing MHC class II molecules in concert with recognition by the TcR of MHC class II molecules. Likewise, CD8 is most effective when interacting with MHC class I molecules in association with a TcR interacting with MHC class I molecules.
Intrinsic threshold versus shock scattering histotripsy treatment of clots in vitro

Catheter-directed thrombolytics are the frontline therapy for iliofemoral deep vein thrombosis. We have demonstrated that histotripsy can enhance the efficacy of the thrombolytic recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) through the mechanical activity of bubble clouds. Depending on the histotripsy pulse duration, bubble activity can be initiated via shock wave scattering or exceeding the peak negative pressure of the intrinsic cavitation threshold. In this study, the thrombolytic efficacy and bubble activity of shock scattering and intrinsic threshold histotripsy were compared. The mass loss was assessed of retracted human whole blood clots exposed to rt-PA (0 or 2.68 μg/mL) and histotripsy pulses of 1 (intrinsic threshold) or 5 (shock scattering) cycles duration. During the histotripsy exposure, bubble cloud emissions were captured on a linear array and processed to form passive acoustic images. The combination of rt-PA and histotripsy was more efficacious than rt-PA alone at 25 MPa peak negative pressure for single-cycle pulses, and 20 MPa peak negative pressure for five-cycle pulses. The degree of thrombolytic efficacy correlated with bubble cloud emissions within the clot. Overall, these results indicate that rt-PA and shock scattering or intrinsic threshold histotripsy is a promising combination thrombolytic therapy. Catheter-directed thrombolytics are the frontline therapy for iliofemoral deep vein thrombosis. We have demonstrated that histotripsy can enhance the efficacy of the thrombolytic recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) through the mechanical activity of bubble clouds. Depending on the histotripsy pulse duration, bubble activity can be initiated via shock wave scattering or exceeding the peak negative pressure of the intrinsic cavitation threshold. In this study, the thrombolytic efficacy and bubble activity of shock scattering and intrinsic threshold histotripsy were compared. The mass loss was assessed of retracted human whole blood clots exposed to rt-PA (0 or 2.68 μg/mL) and histotripsy pulses of 1 (intrinsic threshold) or 5 (shock scattering) cycles duration. During the histotripsy exposure, bubble cloud emissions were captured on a linear array and processed to form passive acoustic images. The combination of rt-PA and histotripsy was more efficacious than rt-PA alone at 25 MPa peak negative...
“Your Gender is Valid”: Microaffirmations in the Romantic Relationships of Transgender Individuals

Microaffirmations are small, interpersonal interactions that communicate validation for an identity. The present study focuses on transgender microaffirmations received from romantic partners. Part...
Let's have more Russian babies. How anti-immigrant sentiment shapes family leave policy in Russia

Abstract This paper builds on scholarship of welfare chauvinism in Europe to present evidence of the relationship between xenophobia and family leave policies in contemporary Russia. I argue that popular anti-immigrant moods pressure government into providing more generous family benefits to Russian families while proposing restrictions to migrants. Findings are based on elite interviews, as well as content analysis of mass media, policy documents, public speeches, and party manifestos. I show that xenophobia is widespread in Russia among the public and policymakers alike, and find that xenophobia is embraced by policymakers to guide decisions regarding the allocation of social benefits.
Tourette’s disorder in children and adolescents

Tourette’s disorder (TD) is one of the five American Psychiatric Association’s 2013 Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) classifications of tic disorders. Eponymously linked with the noted 19th century French physician, Gilles de la Tourette [1857–1904], this disorder is identified in 0.3% to 0.7% of the population. It is characterized as a familial neuropsychiatric condition with multiple motor tics and vocal tics (one or more) present for more than 1 year with varying severity. The underlying pathophysiology involves dysfunctional activity of the basal ganglia and circuitry of the frontal cortex as well as dorsolateral striatum deficits. Contributory factors include genetic features interacting with milieu influences. A number of comorbid disorders are seen including obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Concepts of management are considered including behavioral therapy and pharmacologic approaches with alpha-adrenoceptor agonists, atypical antipsychotics (AAs), haloperidol, pimozide and others. Other management includes botulinum injections and deep brain stimulation in adults.
Penetration Testing of the Amazon Echo Digital Voice Assistant Using a Denial-of-Service Attack

With so much time spent on innovating Internet of Things (IoT) devices, it is believed that not enough time is spent on developing security standards of these devices. Many consumers are especially concerned about the security and privacy of IoT devices. The purpose of this paper is to test an Amazon Echo’s vulnerability against a Denial-of-Service (DoS) attack. Using a test wireless network, and assuming that a cyber-criminal already has access to your home network, we monitored the network traffic of the Amazon Echo while it is under a DoS attack. We then used one instance of Kali Linux to perform the attacks on the device, while another instance of Kali was used to monitor the network during the attack. The attackable to cause the device to crash and disconnect from the network. We were also able to analyze the network traffic using Wireshark and show where the network packets were dropping during the attack. We found that initiating a Denial-of-Service attack on an Amazon Echo device could be a fairly easy task. In this paper, we pointed out that if an attacker has the knowledge and ability to gain access to a home network, it can be quite easy to obtain information about the connected devices, using free and relatively simple penetration tools within Kali Linux. Also, proceed to render attacked devices useless by knocking them off the home network.
Reconfiguring Organizational Commitments: Boundary Crossing in Civic Groups

Scholarship on boundary crossing in organizations typically focuses on endogenous strategic decisions to broaden audiences and resource pools, rarely capturing exogenous shocks that initiate the process. Yet, rapid social change can also drive organizations to cross boundaries. Boundary crossing or adopting the issues, causes, and claims of other groups can lead organizations to reconfigure, returning to core questions determined during their founding about the problems they seek to address and who belongs in the group. In doing so, organizational trajectories change, producing lasting transformations or leading to disbanding. This study uses multi-sited participant observation and interviewing to examine the influence of Black Lives Matter on two social movement organizations, analyzing the internal organizational processes that determined and defined boundary crossing and the divergent outcomes for the participating organizations. This study is one of the first to depict the internal experience of interacting across movement boundaries.
Deep Learning Methods for Anatomical Landmark Detection in Video Capsule Endoscopy Images.

Video capsule endoscope (VCE) is an emerging technology that allows examination of the entire gastrointestinal (GI) tract with minimal invasion. While traditional endoscopywith biopsy procedures are the gold standard for diagnosis of most GI diseases, they are limited by how far the scope can be advanced in the tract and are also invasive. VCE allows gastroenterologists to investigate GI tract abnormalities in detail with visualization of all parts of the GI tract. It captures continuous real time images as it is propelled in the GI tract by gut motility. Even though VCE allows for thorough examination, reviewing and analyzing up to eight hours of images (compiled as videos) is tedious and not cost effective. In order to pave way for automation of VCE-based GI disease diagnosis, detecting the location of the capsule would allow for a more focused analysis as well as abnormality detection in each region of the GI tract. In this paper, we compared four deep Convolutional Neural Network models for feature extraction and detection of the anatomical part within the GI tract captured by VCE images. Our results showed that VGG-Net has superior performance with the highest average accuracy, precision, recall and, F1-score compared to other state of the art architectures: GoogLeNet, AlexNet and, ResNet.
Survey of DRPC'S:

The goal of the committee was to help establish guidelines for uniform calculations of basic reproductive indices that might aid the dairy industry move toward one standard method of reporting reproductive performance.
Domestic Amplifiers of External Shocks: Growth Accelerations and Reversals in Emerging Market and Developing Economies

External conditions have been found to influence the tendency of emerging market and developing economies to experience episodes of growth accelerations and reversals. In this paper we study the role of domestic policies and other structural attributes in amplifying or mitigating the effect that shifts in external conditions have on growth patterns in emerging market and developing economies over the past five decades. We find that these economies can enhance the growth impulse from external conditions by strengthening their institutional frameworks and adopting a policy mix that protects trade integration; permits exchange rate flexibility; and ensures that vulnerabilities stemming from high current account deficits and external debt, as well as high public debt, are contained.
Developing a Novel, At-Home Procedure Curriculum for Fourth-Year Medical Students in Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic provided our institution a unique opportunity to develop a new procedural curriculum for our fourth-year, emergency medicine-bound medical students. A significant portion of our ED's fourth-year elective has traditionally been centered in our simulation center, using high-fidelity simulation models to practice important emergency medicine procedures. Due to the pandemic, the simulation center was unavailable for our use, and this new curriculum was created in an effort to fill this gap in procedural education.
Transformations of Ti-5Al-5V-5Cr-3Mo powder due to reuse in laser powder bed fusion: A surface analytical approach

Abstract Reactive Ti-5Al-5 V-5Cr-3Mo (Ti5553) alloy feedstock powder is used in laser powder-bed fusion (LPBF). Due to the large quantity of powder necessary for LPBF, powder is reused numerous times under oxidizing environments. Transformations to the powder’s native surface oxide may impact the LPBF process and lead to deviations from expected behavior of printed parts. Here, we present a multimodal characterization of new and reused powder by combining X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of focused ion beam (FIB)-prepared cross sections of individual powder particles to understand how the surface oxide composition changes, grows, and becomes hydroxylated and hydrated due to reuse. We show that the native oxide film of Ti5553 powder is a hydroxylated mixed oxide composed of TiO2 and Al2O3 that grows from 5.6 +/- 0.7 nm to 8.3 +/- 1.1 nm due to reuse. Al oxide regions of the surface oxide become more hydroxylated during reuse in comparison to Ti oxide regions. This indicates that an outer oxide of pure TiO2 may enhance recyclability of Ti5553 powder while the presence of Al oxides may decrease recyclability. Further characterization of surface transformations due to recyclability may eliminate unnecessary variation in LPBF.
Deep Learning Method for Martian Atmosphere Reconstruction

The reconstruction of atmospheric properties encountered during Mars entry trajectories is a crucial element of postflight mission analysis. This paper proposes a deep learning architecture using a...
Light Therapy for QoL/Depression in AYA With Cancer: A Randomized Trial.

Objective Secondary outcomes from a published feasibility and acceptability trial were examined to explore the effect of bright white light (BWL) on quality of life (QoL) and depressive symptoms compared to dim red light (DRL) control in adolescents and young adults (AYAs) receiving cancer-directed therapy. Methods Fifty-one AYAs (12-22 years, 51% male) newly diagnosed with cancer were randomized to receive 8 weeks of BWL (n = 26) or DRL (n = 25). The CDI-2 (total score, negative mood/physical symptoms, interpersonal problems, ineffectiveness, and negative self-esteem) and parent- and self-report PedsQL (total score and subscales of physical, emotional, social, and school QoL) were completed at multiple timepoints. Results BWL produced improvements in self-reported total depression (d = -.64; 95% confidence interval [CI] = -1.26, -0.01), negative self-esteem (d = -.80; 95% CI = -1.43, -.14), negative mood/physical symptoms (d = -.73; 95% CI = -1.36, -0.08), ineffectiveness (d = -.43; 95% CI = -1.04, .19), total self-reported QoL (d = .41; 95% CI = -.16, .96), emotional (d = .78; 95% CI = .19, 1.37), school functioning (d = .48; 95% CI = -.09, 1.04), and parent-reported school functioning (d = .66; 95% CI = 0.02, 1.33). BWL reported a greater rate of improvement than DRL for total depression (β = .49, p Conclusions BWL improved QoL and depressive symptoms for AYAs with cancer. These findings will inform larger randomized controlled trials.
Differences in COVID-19 Risk by Race and County-Level Social Determinants of Health Among Veterans

COVID-19 disparities by area-level social determinants of health (SDH) may be impacting U.S. Veterans. This retrospective analysis utilized COVID-19 data from the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA)s EHR and geographically linked county-level data from 18 area-based socioeconomic measures. The risk of testing positive with Veterans county-level SDHs adjusting for demographics, comorbidities, and facility characteristics was calculated using generalized linear models. We found an exposure-response relationship whereby individual COVID-19 infection risk increased with each increasing quartile of adverse county-level SDH such as the percentage of residents in a county without a college degree, eligible for Medicaid, and living in crowded housing.
Comparing Reliability of ICD-10-Based COVID-19 Comorbidity Data to Manual Chart Review, a Retrospective Cross-Sectional Study

BACKGROUND International Statistical Classification of Disease and Related Health Problems, 10th Revision codes (ICD-10) are used to characterize cohort comorbidities. Recent literature does not demonstrate standardized extraction methods. OBJECTIVE Compare COVID-19 cohort manual-chart-review and ICD-10-based comorbidity data; characterize the accuracy of different methods of extracting ICD-10-code-based comorbidity, including the temporal accuracy with respect to critical time points such as day of admission. METHODS Design: Retrospective cross-sectional study. MEASUREMENTS ICD-10-based-data performance characteristics relative to manual-chart-review. RESULTS Discharge billing diagnoses had a sensitivity of 0.82 (95% Confidence Interval [CI]: 0.79-0.85; comorbidity range 0.35-0.96). The past medical history table had a sensitivity of 0.72 (95% CI: 0.69-0.76; range 0.44-0.87). The active problem list had a sensitivity of 0.67 (95% CI: 0.63-0.71; range 0.47-0.71). On day of admission, the active problem list had a sensitivity of 0.58 (95% CI: 0.54-0.63; range 0.30-0.68) and past medical history table had a sensitivity of 0.48 (95% CI: 0.43-0.53; range 0.30-0.56). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE ICD-10-based comorbidity data performance varies depending on comorbidity, data source, and time of retrieval; there are notable opportunities for improvement. Future researchers should clearly outline comorbidity data source and validate against manual-chart-review. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
DNAzyme-Functionalized Gold Nanoparticles for Biosensing

Recent progress in using DNAzyme-functionalized gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) for biosensing is summarized in this chapter. A variety of methods, including those for attaching DNA on AuNPs, detecting metal ions and small molecules by DNAzyme-functionalized AuNPs, and intracellular applications of DNAzyme-functionalized AuNPs are discussed. DNAzyme-functionalized AuNPs will increasingly play more important roles in biosensing and many other multidisciplinary applications. This chapter covers the recent advancement in biosensing applications of DNAzyme-functionalized gold nanoparticles, including the detection of metal ions, small molecules, and intracellular imaging.
Oral Histories in Meteoritics and Planetary Science – XV: John Wood

Abstract– John Wood (Fig. 1) was trained in Geology at Virginia Tech and M.I.T. To fulfill a minor subject requirement at M.I.T., he studied astronomy at Harvard, taking courses with Fred Whipple and others. Disappointed at how little was known in the 1950s about the origin of the earth, he seized an opportunity to study a set of thin sections of stony meteorites, on the understanding that these might shed light on the topic. This study became his Ph.D. thesis. He recognized that chondrites form a metamorphic sequence, and that idea proved surprisingly hard to sell. After brief service in the Army and a year at Cambridge University, John served for 3 years as a research associate with Ed Anders at the University of Chicago. He then returned to the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory in Cambridge, Massachusetts, where he spent the remainder of his career. At Chicago, he investigated the formation of the Widmanstatten structure, and found that the process informs us of the cooling rates of iron meteorites. Back in Cambridge, he collaborated with W. R. Van Schmus on a chondrite classification that incorporates metamorphic grade, and published on metal grains in chondrites, before becoming absorbed by preparations for the return of lunar samples by the Apollo astronauts. His group’s work on Apollo samples helped to establish the character of the lunar crust, and the need for a magma ocean to form it. Wood served as President of the Meteoritical Society in 1971–72 and received the Leonard Medal in 1978. Figure 1. John Wood. Download figure to PowerPoint
Symbolic Regression of Implicit Equations

Traditional Symbolic Regression applications are a form of supervised learning, where a label y is provided for every \(\vec{x}\) and an explicit symbolic relationship of the form \(y = f(\vec{x})\) is sought. This chapter explores the use of symbolic regression to perform unsupervised learning by searching for implicit relationships of the form \(f(\vec{x}, y) = 0\). Implicit relationships are more general and more expressive than explicit equations in that they can also represent closed surfaces, as well as continuous and discontinuous multi-dimensional manifolds. However, searching these types of equations is particularly challenging because an error metric is difficult to define. We studied several direct and indirect techniques, and present a successful method based on implicit derivatives. Our experiments identified implicit relationships found in a variety of datasets, such as equations of circles, elliptic curves, spheres, equations of motion, and energy manifolds.
Contrast nephropathy following computed tomography angiography of the chest for pulmonary embolism in the emergency department.

Summary. Objective: To estimate the frequency of contrast nephropathy after computed tomography angiography (CTA) to rule out pulmonary embolism (PE) in the emergency department (ED) setting. Methods: We prospectively followed patients undergoing CTA for PE, while in the ED, for 45 days. Patients who refused follow-up or were receiving hemodialysis were excluded. Severe renal failure was defined as an increase in creatinine ≥ 3.0 mg dL−1 or a need for hemodialysis within the follow-up period. Patients were also followed for laboratory-defined contrast nephropathy, defined as an increase in creatinine of > 0.5 mg dL−1 or > 25%, within seven days following CTA. Results: A total of 1224 patients were followed, and 354 [29%, 95% confidence interval (CI): 26–32%] patients had paired (preCTA and post-CTA) creatinine measurements. None developed renal failure (0/1224; 0%, CI: 0–0.3%). 44 patients developed laboratory-defined contrast nephropathy, corresponding to an overall frequency of 4% (44/1224; CI: 3–5%) and 12% (44/354; 95% CI: 9–16%) among those with paired creatinine measurements. Conclusions: Following CTA for PE, the incidence of severe renal failure was very low, but the incidence of laboratory-defined contrast nephropathy (4% overall and 12% of those with paired measurements) was higher than expected.
Nicotine‐induced neuroprotection against N‐methyl‐d‐aspartic acid or β‐amyloid peptide occur through independent mechanisms distinguished by pro‐inflammatory cytokines

Nicotine, the causative agent of addiction to tobacco, can also be a neuroprotectant. Nicotine-induced neuroprotection against different toxins is imparted through pharmacologically distinct neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) where protection against chronic N-methyl-d-aspartic acid (NMDA) exposure is through nAChRα7 but protection against the toxic peptide of amyloid precursor protein, Aβ25−35, is through nAChRα4β2. The inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) is also neuroprotective, however, in the presence of nicotine, neuroprotection against NMDA is abolished. The specificity of nicotine–TNFα antagonism was further refined using a mouse transgenic dominant negative of nAChRα7 in which nicotine failed to induce neuroprotection against NMDA and antagonism of TNFα was absent. However, nicotine-mediated neuroprotection against Aβ25−35 was unaffected and, therefore, did not require the expression of functional nAChRα7s. The mechanism of TNFα-mediated neuroprotection and antagonism by nicotine was independent of caspase 8 activation or nuclear factor kappa B translocation in neurons but C6-ceramide addition to neuronal cultures subsequently exposed to NMDA mimicked the neuroprotective effect of TNFα and, like TNFα, it was antagonized by cotreatment with nicotine. Therefore, the neuroprotective effects of nicotine against differing toxic assaults requires distinct nAChR subtypes and proceeds through intracellular pathways that overlap with similarly different mechanisms initiated by pro-inflammatory cytokines. These results provide insight into how nicotine imparts neuroprotection and modulates inflammatory responses.
The Legal Profession in Medieval England: A History of Regulation

This article examines the history of the regulation of the English legal profession in medieval England. Two interrelated reasons make this a worthwhile endeavor: both the legal profession and its initial regulation emerged during this period. The primary objectives of this article are to identify and study the important legislation from the mid-thirteenth century to the end of the fifteenth century regulating the admission of lawyers to practice and the conduct of practicing lawyers. Critical regulations were adopted during this period. In addition, judges used their inherent power to control the admission of lawyers and sanction their misconduct. In studying this medieval regulation, this article discusses the problems and forces that led to the enactment of the various statutes and ordinances and identifies their objectives, analyzes the meaning and effect of these regulations, and attempts to appraise their historical and current significance. In addition to the historical interest in these matters, studying medieval regulation of the legal profession offers an important opportunity to discover the extent to which this initial regulation and the concerns that prompted it are similar to modern regulation and concerns regarding lawyers.Before turning to an examination of the medieval regulation, this article provides some historical background regarding the origins and emergence of the English legal profession and the general climate of opinion in the latter half of the thirteenth century.
In War's Wake: War, Recruitment Systems, and Democracy

War is an exogenous shock – allowing opportunities for vast changes in the political landscape or solidifying changes underway. War played a significant role as a catalyst that moved France (and then other countries in Europe) toward citizen armies in the nineteenth century. This was an important military change, but it also proved important for democracy. The citizen army as a recruitment practice in democracies both reflected democratic principles and was supportive of democratic practices. War, however, was also important in pushing the United States (joined by Britain and other European states) toward a vast privatization of military and security services in the 1990s, something that is increasingly affecting policy options in the western world. These changes are far less supportive of democratic practices in the United States and may lay permissive conditions for undemocratic policies in states more broadly. In each of these change episodes, war not only served as a catalyst but also as a screening device. The perception that the new citizen army contributed to French victory in the Napoleonic Wars strengthened the belief that citizen armies were more effective and aided their spread, and the perception that privatized military force has been effective has similarly made it an attractive solution to short-handed militaries around the globe.
Steps to a science of biosemiotics

In this essay, I argue that we ultimately need to re-ground biosemiotic theory on natural science principles and abandon the analogy with human level semiotics, except as this provides clues for guiding analysis. But, to overcome the implicit dualism still firmly entrenched in the biological sciences requires a third approach that is neither phenomenologically motivated nor based on a code analogy. This approach must preserve the centrality of the concept of interpretation (that is ubiquitous in the phenomenological domain) and yet base it in biophysics and mathematical information theory. To accomplish this, we must undertake a thorough re-examination of information theory to determine how it can be extended to deal with issues of real reference and functional significance. I argue below that this requires showing how the concept of entropy (as it is differently defined in thermodynamics and in the information sciences) can be used to explain the relationship between information, meaning and work. Additi...
Prospects for electro-optic polymer devices

Compared to lithium niobate, poled electro-optic polymers have many potential advantages for active optical waveguide devices. These include the ability to spin cast optical waveguides on a variety of substrates, low materials cost, the ability to fabricate layered structures with buried electrodes, compatibility with a number of lithographic and etching techniques to form channel waveguides, low temperature processing, and the potential to integrate active EO polymer waveguide devices with electronic components. The key questions that must be answered to assess the viability of electro-optic polymer device technology are: (1) Can high performance devices such as phase modulators, amplitude modulators, and directional coupler switches be made? (2) If these devices can be made, can they last for years at elevated use temperatures and can they tolerate the temperature excursions typically encountered in packaging and electronics fabrication? (3) Can they be integrated with other optical components and with electronic components? (4) Can they be fabricated, integrated, and packaged at low cost?. >
Metaphor and Persuasive Communication: A Multifunctional Approach

Metaphors are pervasive in both mass communication and interpersonal exchanges and can play an important role in persuasion. Metaphor serves multiple functions in persuasive communication, and the effect of metaphor on persuasion is potentially mediated by multiple psychological process mechanisms. Nevertheless, we propose that past and future research in this area can be organized or grouped into three simple categories. First, metaphorical statements can activate information that is directly applied to the communication topic and thereby influence attitudes toward the communication topic. Second, metaphorical language may influence impressions of the communication source and thereby impact attitudes toward the communication topic. Third, metaphors may affect attitudes toward the communication topic by influencing the direction or amount of elaboration that takes place when recipients process literal statements contained in the communication. A review of past research is organized into these three categories, and proposals for future research in each category are introduced. It is concluded that future research within each of these domains should focus on two related questions: under what conditions does metaphor elicit a given psychological process in the receiver (e.g., attribute mapping, valence transfer), and under what conditions will a given process result in an increase versus decrease in persuasion?
Spectrophotometric determination of procaine in procaine penicillin. G.

In a search for a rapid method for the determination of procaine in procaine penicillin G a spectrophotometric method was developed. A series of lots analyzed by the spectrophotometric method and by the chloroform extraction-titrimetric method shows comparable results. Measurements were made on a Beckman spectrophotometer at 290 mμ.
Situating Organizations in Politics: A Diachronic View of Control— Resistance Dialectics

Organization scholars have long been interested in both collective action and the complexities revealed through dialectical analysis. A diachronic view provides one means of intertwining these conc...
PS1-65: Relationships Matter! Modeling Segregation and Social Networks to Evaluate Prevention Services for STDs

Background/AimsEach year there are nearly 19 million new sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). STDs cost the U.S. health care system nearly $16 billion each year and incidence rates of STDs have not decreased in recent years. There are very large disparities in the prevalence rates among different races/ethnicities and age groups. We developed a simulation model to assess the potential impact and limitations of screening strategies to prevent the transmission of STDs as a first step in understanding the range of options to curb STD incidence, disparities and costs.MethodsWe analyzed the health impact (HI) measured in undiscounted Quality Adjusted Life Years saved QALYs and cost-effectiveness (CE) of separately screening for Chlamydia, gonorrhea and syphilis when offered to the target populations recommended by the USPSTF. We conducted our analysis using an Agent Based Model (ABM) in order to integrate the status of individuals with how they interact with each other. To our knowledge, no previous analysis of screening for these STDs has been conducted using an ABM. An unprecedented contribution of this project is a joint endogeneity of disease transmission, endogenous segregation and relationship dynamics along socioeconomic status (SES). We designed a model structure that allows realistic social networks to emerge based in part on data from well-constructed surveys including the National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG), U.S. Census 2000, the Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP), the National Survey of Sexual Health and Behavior (NSSHB) and the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Other parameters for the model were obtained from a structured literature search. The agents exhibit assortative behaviors along SES attributes in search of sexual partners and neighborhoods.ResultsChlamydia: HI= 17,000, CE=$27,000/QALY saved. Gonorrhea: HI=8,000, CE=$36,000/QALY saved. Syphilis: HI=5,000, CE=$130/QALY saved.DiscussionPrevention strategies recommended by the USPSTF are cost-effective. These results provide a direct comparison within a common framework. The ABM framework is general enough to understand the effect of other interventions and other issues, like obesity, substance abuse, teenage pregnancies and other social pathologies, where our environment plays a significant role.
Differential induction of nerve growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor mRNA in neonatal and aged rat brain

Stimulation of glucocorticoid or beta-adrenergic receptors (BAR) has been shown to increase nerve growth factor (NGF) biosynthesis in adult rat brain. Little is known about the role of these receptors in the regulation of NGF expression in neonatal and aged brain. We have examined the effect of the synthetic glucocorticoid dexamethasone (DEX) and the BAR agonist clenbuterol (CLE) on the levels of NGF mRNA in neonatal (8 day old), adult (3 month old) and aged (24 month old) rats. By 3 h, DEX (0.5 mg/kg, s.c.) evoked a comparable increase in NGF mRNA in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus in both 8-day and 3-month-old rats. In contrast, CLE (10 mg/kg, i.p.) failed to change NGF mRNA levels in neonatal rats, while increasing (2-3-fold) NGF mRNA levels in the cerebral cortex of adult rats. In 24-month-old rats, both DEX and CLE elicited only a modest increase in NGF mRNA. This increase was, however, anatomically and temporally similar to that observed in adult animals. The weak effect of DEX or CLE was not related to a down-regulation of receptor function because both DEX and CLE were able to elicit a comparable increase in the mRNA levels for basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF2) in neonatal, adult and aged rat brain. Our data demonstrate that induction of NGF expression by neurotransmitter/hormone receptor activation varies throughout life and suggest that pharmacological agents might be useful tools to enhance trophic support in aging.
Procedural memory effects in categorization: Evidence for multiple systems or task complexity?

According to an influential multiple-systems model of category learning, an implicit procedural system governs the learning of information-integration category structures, whereas a rule-based system governs the learning of explicit rule-based categories. Support for this idea has come in part from demonstrations that motor interference, in the form of inconsistent mapping between response location and category labels, results in observed deficits, but only for learning information-integration category structures. In this article, we argue that this response location manipulation results in a potentially more cognitively complex task in which the feedback is difficult to interpret. In one experiment, we attempted to attenuate the cognitive complexity by providing more information in the feedback, and demonstrated that this eliminates the observed performance deficit for information-integration category structures. In a second experiment, we demonstrated similar interference of the inconsistent mapping manipulation in a rule-based category structure. We claim that task complexity, and not separate systems, might be the source of the original dissociation between performance on rule-based and information-integration tasks.
Corticosteroid therapy for lymphomas and chronic lymphocytic leukemia.

Corticosteroids were administered to 137 patients with lymphoma or chronic lymphocytic leukemia for a total of 188 courses. Although no complete responses were seen, two thirds of the patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia, lymphosarcoma and Hodgkin's disease and one third of reticulum-cell sarcoma patients obtained objective benefit. Good responses were noted in 44% of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia, 42% of those with lymphosarcoma, 28% with Hodgkin's disease and 18% of reticulum-cell sarcoma patients. The responses included definite tumor shrinkage in all disease categories. Responsiveness was well maintained during successive treatments. Corticosteroid therapy was particularly useful in the presence of hematologic depression that precluded the use of other chemotherapeutic agents. Brevity of unmaintained remissions (median 3 months) and a significant rise in the incidence of fungal infections found at autopsy were definite disadvantages.