cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Teaching of Biology to Pre-College Students

One of the peculiarities about our modern system of education is its prolific use of terms. Particularly, it is true in the Sciences that special fields are budded from the general fields for many years and then begin to rejoin as the area of separation is investigated and no actual borderline is found. Cooperation among College Science departments is essential when Zoology, Botany, Entomology, Bacteriology, Physiology and other departments all contribute to the training of Biologists for high school teaching.
New Polydiacetylenes with Visible Chromophoric Side Groups

In the interest of obtaining crystalline polydiacetylene with absorption at longer wavelengths, new derivatives of 2,4-hexadiyne with planar, visible absorbing aromatic chromophores have been designed, synthesized, and thermally polymerized. The resulting polymers have a red shifted maximum with absorption extending to the infrared. Their Raman spectra show the usual polydiacetylene ene-yne structure, and X-ray powder diffraction reveals that the new polymers are crystalline.
Dynamic changes of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in retinitis pigmentosa

Objective To compare the expression changes of mRNA and protein in brain-derived neurotrophic factorBDNFof retinal degeneration rd mouse and normal C57BL mouse,and further to discuss the effect of BDNF in the development and degeneration of retina.Methods The age of mouse were less than postnatal four weeks in the study.Ten mouse From rd group and normal C57BL group were used at each timepoint respectively.After death,mouse eyeballs were extracted immediately and retina was taken out by microsurgery.The mRNA and protein of BDNF contents in retina at different times were analyzed by RT-PCR and Western blotting.Results The mRNA of BDNF contents expressed in rd group was more than that in C57BL groupWhen PN=0 week,2 weeks,3 weeks,4 weeks,P=0.000,but protein of BDNF contents expressed in rd group was less than that in C57BL groupWhen PN=0 week,1 week,2 weeks,3 weeks,4 weeks,P=0.000.Conclusion BDNF can protect the retinal photoreceptor cells in retinal pigmentosa.
An investigation on environmental hygiene and health hazard levels in rural area of Dongxing City

[Objective]To understand the health hazard levels in rural environment in Dongxing City,objectively evaluate the sanitary situation in rural area,and provide basis and support for developing policies and measures.[Methods]By using a stratified random sampling method,20 villages from 3 towns were collected as the surveillance points,and 5 households in each village were investigated.[Results]75.0% of villages have formulated the sanitary administration plan,55.0% have got environmental managing regulation,and 20.0% had full time hygiene keepers.The hygiene quality levels in household yards,inner-house and kitchen were not very good.The poultry sheds was found in the surrounding of 90.0% rural family houses.55.0% of households piled up the domestic garbage at random,and both of burning rates of domestic garbage and industrial waste were 75.0%.The reuse rate of breeding waste was 69.23%.There were 11 230 t wastewater in everyday,which domestic sewage,industrial sewage and breeding sewage accounted for 70.59%,3.53% and 25.88%,respectively.The treatment rate of industrial sewage and domestic sewage was 50.0% and 5.0% respectively.The rate of sanitary toilet was 76.96%,and the rate of tap water in rural area was 87.59%.[Conclusion]The random garbage stacking is common in rural area in Dongxing City,the sewage treatment rate is low,and public health facilities construction is not perfect,which indicates that the environmental health needs to be improved.
Discussion on the Modernized Living Mode of Chinese Operas and Their Direction of Research

Nowadays,with the development of China's economy,Chinese culture industry is growing up very quickly.There appear many indications of resuscitation and rejuvenation in all kinds of culture fields.However,as the treasure of Chinese traditional culture,Chinese operas have hardly been able to get involved in the great forthcoming development.People with breadth of vision rushed around crying for help and gave a series of prescriptions for vitalizing Chinese operas.Some suggested that we should untie the Chinese opera and let it be hack to people.Huabin Zhou,a professor in Communication University of China suggested that we should put opera,drama,movie and TV play all together,which he named "Greater Opera".In this way,many fresh research and development space may be injected into the Chinese opera.This article mainly analyzes the living environment of operas in the contemporary era, hoping that researchers on opera theory will face up to this situation.Otherwise,operas might become collections in The Palace Museum.
The discussion about the community based methadone maintenance for heroin abusers in mianyang

Objective:Discuss how to develop the community based methadone maintenance for heroin abusers.Methods:Descriptively analyse the measures,the effect,the troubles and the countermeasures.Results:We took many measures to control the epidemic of AIDS and improve the family and social functions of heroin abusers,and one year maintenance probability was 78.50%,so we received many awards.Conclusion:We received remarkable achievement about the community based methadone maintenance for heroin abusers,but we should strengthen post-intervention of the heroin abusers who received therapy.
Altered expression and localization of the tight junction protein ZO-1 after common bile duct ligation

Hepatocyte tight junctions form the intercellular barrier between bile and blood. Cholestasis due to common bile duct ligation (CBDL) results in structural changes in the tight junction (TJ) and an overt paracellular leak, although the molecular basis for these alterations is undefined. Using the epithelial isoform of the TJ protein ZO-1 (ZO-1 alpha +) as a marker for molecular changes in hepatocyte TJs, we investigated the effects of CBDL on ZO-1 alpha + immunofluorescence (IF) localization and on ZO-1 alpha + mRNA and protein expression over 2 wk of CBDL. ZO-1 alpha + IF staining was altered after 2 days of CBDL and appeared to accumulate in pericanalicular regions after 7 and 9 days. Quantitative immunoblotting and ribonuclease protection revealed a marked increase in hepatic ZO-1 alpha + protein expression and ZO-1 alpha + mRNA levels, respectively. In contrast to changes in ZO-1 alpha + IF, which occurred throughout the lobule, and changes in mRNA and protein expression, which were maximal after 9 days of ligation, the maximal hepatocyte proliferation occurred within 2 days after CBDL and was confined to periportal regions. CBDL results in altered hepatic localization and increased expression of the TJ protein ZO-1 alpha + and appears to represent a specific response by hepatocytes to pathological junction injury independent of cell proliferation.
MR imaging features of tumors of the ankle and foot

MR imaging is a useful technique in the work-up of neoplasms of the foot and ankle. Certain MR imaging traits may confer a specific diagnosis. For instance, the presence of fat in a homogeneous lesion would indicate a lipoma, while an intraarticular, poorly defined mass with low signal intensity on all pulse sequences is suspicious for pigmented villonodular synovitis. Most neoplasms, however, have no specific trademark MR features. In these cases, MR imaging is useful in imparting information that can assist in treatment and prognosis once a histologic diagnosis is made. For instance, MR imaging may help ascertain the presence and degree of bone marrow involvement, invasion of adjacent anatomical structures, and size of the lesion. MR imaging is an essential and effective modality for the preoperative staging of neoplasms of the foot and ankle.
Neuroprotection: Pharmacological Approaches

The development of therapeutic strategies to treat, prevent, or arrest the progression of a particular neurodegenerative disorder is generally based on our level of understanding of the proposed pathogenic mechanisms involved. With respect to Alzheimer’s disease (AD), proposed pharmacological interventions are, in fact, based on the mechanisms thought to underlie the etiology of the disease. These include increased amyloid beta burden, excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, and the loss of trophic support, to name a few. Here, we review some of the major cellular and molecular mechanisms that have been implicated in the development of AD and describe the pharmacological interventions that have been proposed, developed, and implemented to reduce neuronal dysfunction and death associated with the disease.
An Evaluation of Doubly Asymptotic Boundaries for Transient Elastodynamics

The integral equation for the three-dimensional transient dynamics of an isotropic elastic medium has been known for about a century, and numerical methods for solving the equation have been under development for about a quarter-century. However, utilization of the integral equation in the development of non-reflecting computational boundaries has been impeded by the complexity of the integral operators and the unacceptable demands on computational resources. The state of development for anisotropic and layered media is much further behind
Repeat Borderline or Negative Platelet Factor-4 ELISA May Yield Positive Results in Patients with Clinical Suspicion of Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia.

Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is mediated by antibodies to heparin-platelet factor 4 (PF4) complexes which lead to platelet activation and aggregation with or without thrombosis. HIT diagnosis relies on clinical and serologic grounds. Although the detection of PF4 antibodies alone is not diagnostic of HIT without thrombocytopenia (relative or absolute) and/or thrombosis, a negative result does not exclude the diagnosis. Thus, it is expected that initially negative ELISAs may turn positive on repeat testing. We reviewed all PF4 ELISA (GTI Diagnostics, Waukesha, WI) assay reports generated at our institution from January 2003 to May 2005 in search of patients who had more than one test performed in this time-period. Of 1,128 tests performed, 181 (16%) were positive, 95 (8%) were borderline, and 852 (76%) were negative. Borderline results were considered those with an OD405 between 0.3 and 0.4 (cutoff value for positive) or two times that of the negative control of each run. No patients were evaluated using the serotonin-release assay. Nine of 70 patients (13%) with initially negative or borderline ELISAs had a positive result upon repeat testing from 2 to 63 days later (Table). All were inpatients, and 6 of 9 were from surgical specialties, mostly cardiac (5 of 6). Five of 8 patients (62.5%) with an initial positive PF4 ELISA result had either a negative or a borderline subsequent test from 7 to 225 days later (Table). The mean platelet count of the patients that had a nondiagnostic ELISA followed by a positive result was 98 x 109/L (N = 9) at the time of the initial test compared with 137 x 109/L at subsequent testing (p = 0.43 by paired Student’s t test). Of note, 2 patients had a normal platelet count when the ELISA result was positive. None had evidence of thrombosis. Borderline test results tended to be repeated sooner (mean of 16 days) than negative ones (mean of 21 days). We suspect that this difference reflects the clinicians’ high index of suspicion for HIT. Our findings suggest that in patients with a high pre-test probability for HIT (status post cardiac surgery with thrombocytopenia), there should be a low threshold for repeating an initial negative or borderline ELISA assay, thereby increasing detection and minimizing complications from this potentially fatal, yet common clinical entity.
Electric Vehicle Batteries: Li-ion and Beyond, Challenges and Advancements

Batteries are key to developing affordable Electric Vehicle (EV). However, EVs have not yet come on par with gasoline vehicles in many areas such as price, driving range, and recharge time. Many research areas are actively seeking to improve the current market dominant lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) as well as find alternatives to LIBs. This review will look at current status of LIBs, a few alternatives, and collective challenges and advancements associated with these batteries.
Patterns of elective lobectomy for lung cancer.

Abstract Background Lobectomy is the recommended treatment for early-stage lung cancer. Little is known about variations of access to health service areas and hospital types for lobectomy overall and according to specific surgical techniques, such as the video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS). Methods The New York Statewide Planning and Research Cooperative System (2007-2012) was queried for lung cancer patients who underwent elective lobectomy. Hospitals were defined as nearest high-volume hospital (nHVH, reference), distant HVH (dHVH), close or distant low-volume hospital (cLVH or dLVH) using lobectomy volume and travel burden by the distance to nHVH. Results Utilization of hospitals within patients' health service areas ranged between 44% and 82% for three different geographic units. Approximately 26%, 34%, 31%, and 9% of the 9099 lobectomies were performed in nHVH, dHVH, cLVH, and dLVH, respectively. Patients in nHVH were older and more likely to have private insurance. Patients in dHVH were treated more with VATS and by higher volume surgeons, opposite of what observed in cLVH and dLVH. The use of dHVH was associated with more comorbidities and higher income. The use of dLVH was higher in Hispanics and non-Hispanic blacks than that in non-Hispanic whites. The odds of adverse postoperative events were higher in cLVH and dLVH but lower for patients treated with VATS and by high-volume surgeons. Conclusions Multiple factors likely resulted in differences in patterns of elective lobectomy among lung cancer patients. These variations should be taken into account when accessing and planning specialized health care delivery services.
Archytas marmoratus (Diptera: Tachinidae) survival in diapausing and nondiapausing strains of Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Archytas marmoratus (Townsend) was reared on four strains of corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie). One strain did not diapause or entered a weak diapause. A portion of the other three strains ent...
Experimental Evolution of Diverse Strains as a Method for the Determination of Biochemical Mechanisms of Action for Novel Pyrrolizidinone Antibiotics.

The continuing rise of multidrug resistant pathogens has made it clear that in the absence of new antibiotics we are moving toward a “postantibiotic” world, in which even routine infections will become increasingly untreatable. There is a clear need for the development of new antibiotics with truly novel mechanisms of action to combat multidrug resistant pathogens. Experimental evolution to resistance can be a useful tactic for the characterization of the biochemical mechanism of action for antibiotics of interest. Herein, we demonstrate that the use of a diverse panel of strains with well-annotated reference genomes improves the success of using experimental evolution to characterize the mechanism of action of a novel pyrrolizidinone antibiotic analog. Importantly, we used experimental evolution under conditions that favor strongly polymorphic populations to adapt a panel of three substantially different Gram-positive species (lab strain Bacillus subtilis and clinical strains methicillin-resistant Staphy...
Nanoscale Accumulated Body Si nMOSFETs

Narrow- and short-channel inversion-mode nMOSFETs with an accumulated body are experimentally demonstrated down to ${W} \times {L} = \textsf {17}$ -nm $\times37$ -nm scale. Accumulation of holes on the p-type body is achieved by applying a negative bias on an independently controlled p+ polysilicon side-gate structure surrounding the FET body. Affecting the channel from two sides, electrical characteristics of the transistor can be modified, especially the threshold voltage ( ${V} _{T}$ ). ${V} _{T}$ sensitivity to the side-gate bias ( ${V} _{\textsf {side}}$ ) shows a strong dependence on the device width for ${W} nm, exponentially increasing to above 1 V/V for ${W} = \textsf {17}$ nm. This sensitivity is significantly larger than what is predicted by 3-D Technology Computer Aided Design simulations. The devices exhibit very low leakage, good subthreshold slope, and improved drain-induced barrier lowering with the accumulation of the body.
Geometric Constructions Using Hinged Mirrors.

has raged without resolution or respite for years, with nearly any position having its proponents and detractors. However, in all these exchanges I have yet to hear the suggestion that the teaching of geometric constructions be replaced by something better, for a number of possible reasons. Most of the constructions we teach are ac tually quite useful. They give the secondary school student, starved for a Piagetian concrete-operational experience, something tangible. The constructions offer an op portunity for problem solving if properly presented. Probably most significant, how ever, is the simple fact that they are in herently interesting, as an extensive litera ture on the problems attests. A Brief History Of course, constructions have an interest ing history in the development of math ematics, which is fully reported (see the Bibliography). A brief reminder is in order in light of the constructions by mirrors that follow.
ERROR AND SCIENTIFIC REASONING: AN EXPERIMENTAL INQUIRY

This paper will describe in detail one approach to understanding an important—and little-studied-aspect of the psychology of science: how the possibility of error affects scientific reasoning. Campbell (In Press) has summarized most of the major psychological attempts to understand science. The approach used here will fall under the general rubric of cognitive psychology of science.
Apneic oxygenation to prevent oxyhemoglobin desaturation during rapid sequence intubation in a pediatric emergency department.

Abstract Background Apneic oxygenation is the delivery of oxygen to the nasopharynx during intubation. It may mitigate the risk of oxyhemoglobin desaturation but has not been well-studied in children. Methods We conducted a retrospective, observational study of patients undergoing rapid sequence intubation (RSI) in a pediatric emergency department. We compared patients who received apneic oxygenation, delivered via simple nasal cannula at age-specific flow rates, to patients who did not receive apneic oxygenation. The main outcome was occurrence of oxyhemoglobin desaturation during RSI, defined as oxyhemoglobin saturation dropping to Results Data were collected for 305 of 323 patients who underwent RSI over a 49 month period. Oxyhemoglobin desaturation occurred for 50 patients when apneic oxygenation was used (22%, 95% CI 17% to 28%) and 11 patients without apneic oxygenation (14%, 95% CI 7% to 24%; p > 0.05). There was no difference in the median duration of desaturation or depth of desaturation for the apneic oxygenation group (52 s, 71%) compared to the group without apneic oxygenation (65 s, 79%; p > 0.05). Controlling for covariates, apneic oxygenation was not associated with a lower risk of oxyhemoglobin desaturation, time to desaturation, or depth/duration of desaturation episodes. Conclusions In an observational, video-based study of pediatric patients, apneic oxygenation was not associated with a lower risk of oxyhemoglobin desaturation during RSI.
Mental Health Service Use and Perceived Unmet Needs for Mental Health Care in Asian Americans.

Using data from the Asian American Quality of Life (AAQoL, n = 2609) survey, logistic regression models of mental health service use and perceived unmet needs were estimated with background variables, ethnicity, and mental health status. More than 44% of the participants were categorized as having mental distress (Kessler 6 [K6] ≥ 6) and 6.1% as having serious mental illness (SMI, K6 ≥ 13). About 23% had used services (mental health specialist, general doctor, and/or religious leader) for their emotional concerns during the past year, and about 7% reported that there was a time that they needed mental health care but could not get it. In the multivariate analyses, the presence of mental distress and SMI increased the odds of using any service and having perceived unmet needs. Those who had used services exhibited higher odds of reporting unmet needs, calling concerns about the quality of services and user satisfaction.
Evaluating Patient Navigation to Improve First Appointment No-show Rates in Uninsured Patients with Diabetes.

Free clinics increase access to care, however, patients frequently miss appointments. The purpose of this quality improvement project was to determine if providing patient navigation affects first ...
Emerging simulation challenge: an approach to simulate of sustainable development of higher education institutions

Despite importance higher education institution sustainable development paradigm and many publications in this area, there are at least two real problems that are restricted successful implementation of this paradigm: a) complexity the subject domain and b) lack of a methodological base to reuse some interesting already created models together with future models. This paper introduces an approach to reduce the subject domain complexity by substituting it with a set of abstract infrastructure formalized systems. Within this approach, the models' reusability problem can be reduced by using a simulation umbrella as a united methodological base of the paradigm implementation. To Illustrate how the proposed approach works the paper includes a simulation case-study associated with a USA young fast-growing higher education institution.
Biceps femoris and rump fat as additional ultrasound measurements for predicting retail product and trimmable fat in beef carcasses

One hundred ninety-eight steers of Angus and Hereford breeding were evaluated ultrasonically for fat thickness over the 12-13th rib (UFAT), fat thickness over the rump (URUMP), 12-13th longissimus muscle area (UREA), and depth of the biceps femoris (UROUND) before slaughter. Carcass measurements associated with the USDA yield grade were also obtained. Carcasses were fabricated into closely trimmed (.32 cm fat), boneless subprimals. Regression procedures were used to predict weight and the percentages of retail product and trimmable fat. Final weight (FINALWT) accounted for most of the variation when predicting kilograms of retail product and trimmable fat, with R 2 values of.836 and.435, respectively. As single predictors URUMP and UFAT accounted for most of the variation when predicting the percentages of retail product and trimmable fat with R 2 values of.244 and .220, respectively. Adding URUMP to equations that included FINALWT, UREA, and UFAT increased R 2 values for percentage of retail product from.175 to .318 and for weight of retail product from.847 to.865, whereas the addition of UROUND did not appreciably increase R 2 values for the same models. Adding URUMP and UROUND to the model of FINALWT, UREA, and UFAT to predict kilograms and the percentage of trimmable fat increased R 2 values from .530 to.610 and from.254 to.360, respectively. Models using live-animal measurements to predict weight and the percentage of retail product gave R 2 values equal to models using the actual measurements found in the USDA Yield Grade equation.
PHYSIOLOGIC ADAPTION OF MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTILE STRENGTH AS DETERMINED BY DIRECT CHANGES IN MYOCARDIAL METABOLISM INDEPENDENT OF HEMODYNAMIC LOADING

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the physiologic adaption of myocardial contractile strength as determined by direct changes in myocardial metabolism independent of hemodynamic loading. Intuitively, it would seem that changes in myocardial metabolism should have a primary determinant role in the normal regulation of heart performance. However, the prevailing concept is just the opposite holding that hemodynamic factors that alter ventricular wall tension or workload (Frank–Starling law) determine and regulate contractility and that a change in myocardial metabolism is a passive consequence of altered workload, which in turn regulates coronary blood flow (CBF). This ignores the frequently confirmed opposite finding that (1) direct changes in CBF and O2 delivery rate that changes MVO2 causes a directionally related change in contractility, which is independent of the load and (2) contrary to Starling's law the diastolic size gets smaller or unchanged in exercise.
Friction stir gradient alloying: A novel solid-state high throughput screening technique for high entropy alloys

Abstract Selecting an optimal high entropy alloy (HEA) from the copious compositional space of multi-principal HEAs remains a substantial challenge. To accelerate the exploration process to obtain the most desirable composition and microstructure, a novel solid-state gradient alloying method for high throughput compositional screening technique was developed. This prototype technique consists of a tapered section of a pure alloying element retrofitted in the base alloy groove created via milling. Subsequent friction stir processing of the assembled region resulted in a continuous increase in alloy content of the additional element. In the present study, this method was applied on a recently-developed transformation induced plasticity- (TRIP) based HEAs, where the effect of gradient variations of Cu on the phases (e-hcp and γ-fcc) and the mechanical property response of the base Fe40Mn20Co20Cr15Si5 (at. %) (CS-HEA) were studied. The base material is e-dominant CS-HEA, which by addition of Cu shifts towards a mixture of e + γ phases. Further addition along the alloying path transforms the whole microstructure into a supersaturated γ phase that rejects extra Cu. Apart from phase fraction, grain size refinement was observed with increased Cu content. The impact of evolution to mechanical properties was correlated via microhardness and nanoindentation tests. The Young’s modulus values of completely e-dominated base material increased from ∼154 GPa to ∼224 GPa for a completely γ microstructure.
A novel heat shock protein inhibitor KU757 with efficacy in lenvatinib-resistant follicular thyroid cancer cells overcomes up-regulated glycolysis in drug-resistant cells in vitro

Abstract Background Patients with advanced differentiated thyroid cancer develop resistance to lenvatinib treatment from metabolic dysregulation. Heat shock protein 90 is a molecular chaperone that plays an important role in glycolysis and metabolic pathway regulation. We hypothesize that lenvatinib-resistant differentiated thyroid cancer cells will have an increased dependency on glycolysis and that a novel C-terminal heat shock protein 90 inhibitor (KU757) can effectively treat lenvatinib-resistant cells by targeting glycolysis. Methods Inhibitory concentration 50 values of thyroid cancer cells were determined by CellTiter-Glo assay (Promega Corp, Madison, WI). Glycolysis was measured through Seahorse experiments. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and Western blot evaluated glycolytic pathway genes/proteins. Exosomes were isolated/validated by nanoparticle tracking analysis and Western blot. Differentially expressed long non-coding ribonucleic acids in exosomes and cells were evaluated using quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Results Extracellular acidification rate demonstrated >2-fold upregulation of glycolysis in lenvatinib-resistant cells versus parent cells and was downregulated after KU757 treatment. Lenvatinib-resistant cells showed increased expression of the glycolytic genes lactic acid dehydrogenase, pyruvate kinase M1/2, and hexokinase 2. KU757 treatment resulted in downregulation of these genes and proteins. Several long non-coding ribonucleic acids associated with glycolysis were significantly upregulated in WRO-lenvatinib–resistant cells and exosomes and downregulated after KU757 treatment. Conclusion Lenvatinib resistance leads to increased glycolysis, and KU757 effectively treats lenvatinib-resistant cells and overcomes this increased glycolysis by targeting key glycolytic genes, proteins, and long non-coding ribonucleic acids.
Mutation Of MLH3 Endonuclease Motif Reveals Integration Between Crossover Pathways In Mammalian Meiosis

SUMMARY The MLH1-MLH3 complex is essential for crossing over in mammalian meiosis. We generated a mutation in mouse MLH3 that disrupts its conserved endonuclease domain and show that it disrupts crossing over in a manner distinct from the null, but also results in male infertility. ABSTRACT During meiotic prophase I, double strand breaks (DSBs) initiate homologous recombination leading to non-crossovers (NCOs) and crossovers (COs). In mouse, 10% of DSBs are designated to become COs, primarily through a pathway dependent on the MLH1-MLH3 heterodimer (MutLγ). Mlh3 contains an endonuclease domain that is critical for resolving COs in yeast. We generated a mouse Mlh3DN allele harboring a mutation within this conserved domain that is predicted to generate a protein that is catalytically inert. Mlh3DN/DN males, like fully null Mlh3−/− males, have no spermatozoa and are infertile, yet spermatocytes have normal DSBs and undergo normal synapsis events in early prophase I. Unlike Mlh3−/− males, however, mutation of the endonuclease domain within MLH3 permits normal loading and frequency of MutLγ in pachynema. However, DSB repair and CO designation factors persist in Mlh3DN/DN males, indicating a temporal delay in repair events. While Mlh3DN/DN spermatocytes retain only 22% of wildtype chiasmata counts, this frequency is greater than observed in Mlh3−/− males (10%), suggesting that the allele may be partially functional or that other pathways can generate COs from these MutLγ-defined repair intermediates in Mlh3DN/DN males, with evidence favoring the latter option. Double mutant mice that are homozygous for the Mlh3DN/DN mutation along with a null allele of Mus81, show losses in chiasmata approaching levels observed in Mlh3−/− males, suggesting that the MUS81-EME1-regulated crossover pathway accounts for some of the increased residual chiasmata observed in the Mlh3DN/DN spermatocytes. These results demonstrate that an intact MLH3 endonuclease domain is essential for most COs in mammalian meiosis, and that an endonuclease-impaired MutLγ retains the ability to facilitate the recruitment of other repair pathways, including MUS81 -EME1.
Natural circular dichroism in the surface plasmon resonance and interband transition of noble metal nanocrystals induced by surface magnetism

Abstract Circular dichroism is typically used in the visible and ultraviolet wavelength range to study the structure of chiral substances which lacks inversion symmetry. When a magnetic dipole moment interferes the electric dipole transition, circular dichroism arises from achiral substances even in the absence of an applied magnetic field. Here, the experimental observation of natural circular dichroism in the surface plasmon resonances and interband transitions of spherical gold, silver, and copper nanocrystals in solution is presented. The anomalous circular dichroism is qualitatively explained by spin-orbit coupling and exchange interaction that occur through local magnetic moments from surface defects. The s-d and d-d exchange interactions occur between spins of adatoms and the conduction and d-band electrons. Dipolar and quadrupolar plasmon modes showed opposite sign of ellipticity (dipoles: −, quadrupoles: +), manifesting the conservation of orbital angular momentum and indicating the nature of an orbital excitation in the magnetoplasmon. The plasmon-mode dependent ellipticity was consistently observed at anisotropic nanocrystals including triangles, octahedra, decahedra, nanorods, and core-shell nanoparticles regardless of chirality and polarity of adsorbate molecules. Interband transitions in gold nanocrystals of small size showed a sign reversal to negative ellipticity, and thus the surface has magnetic moments of d-electrons opposite to the core.
In Memory of Judge Charles W. Joiner

The Hon. Charles W. Joiner of Michigan - legal educator, bar association leader, and federal judge - died March 10, 2017, at age 101. His career, characterized by integrity, boundless energy, and imagination, spanned the breadth of the legal profession.
Interleukin-6 mediates neutrophil mobilization from bone marrow in pulmonary hypertension.

Myeloid cells, such as neutrophils, are produced in the bone marrow in high quantities and are important in the pathogenesis of vascular diseases such as pulmonary hypertension (PH). Although neutrophil recruitment into sites of inflammation has been well studied, the mechanisms of neutrophil egress from the bone marrow are not well understood. Using computational flow cytometry, we observed increased neutrophils in the lungs of patients and mice with PH. Moreover, we found elevated levels of IL-6 in the blood and lungs of patients and mice with PH. We observed that transgenic mice overexpressing Il-6 in the lungs displayed elevated neutrophil egress from the bone marrow and exaggerated neutrophil recruitment to the lungs, resulting in exacerbated pulmonary vascular remodeling, and dysfunctional hemodynamics. Mechanistically, we found that IL-6-induced neutrophil egress from the bone marrow was dependent on interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF-4)-mediated CX3CR1 expression in neutrophils. Consequently, Cx3cr1 genetic deficiency in hematopoietic cells in Il-6-transgenic mice significantly reduced neutrophil egress from bone marrow and decreased neutrophil counts in the lungs, thus ameliorating pulmonary remodeling and hemodynamics. In summary, these findings define a novel mechanism of IL-6-induced neutrophil egress from the bone marrow and reveal a new therapeutic target to curtail neutrophil-mediated inflammation in pulmonary vascular disease.
Changes in Subjective Motivation and Effort During Sleep Restriction Moderate Interindividual Differences in Attentional Performance in Healthy Young Men

Purpose The effects of sleep restriction on subjective alertness, motivation, and effort vary among individuals and may explain interindividual differences in attention during sleep restriction. We investigated whether individuals with a greater decrease in subjective alertness or motivation, or a greater increase in subjective effort (versus other participants), demonstrated poorer attention when sleep restricted. Participants and methods Fifteen healthy men (M±SD, 22.3±2.8 years) completed a study with three nights of 10-hour time in bed (baseline), five nights of 5-hour time in bed (sleep restriction), and two nights of 10-hour time in bed (recovery). Participants completed a 10-minute psychomotor vigilance task (PVT) of sustained attention and rated alertness, motivation, and effort every two hours during wake (range: 3-9 administrations on a given day). Analyses examined performance across the study (first two days excluded) moderated by per-participant change in subjective alertness, motivation, or effort from baseline to sleep restriction. For significant interactions, we investigated the effect of study day2 (day*day) on the outcome at low (mean-1 SD) and high (mean+1 SD) levels of the moderator (N = 15, all analyses). Results False starts increased across sleep restriction in participants who reported lower (mean-1 SD) but not preserved (mean+1 SD) motivation during sleep restriction. Lapses increased across sleep restriction regardless of change in subjective motivation, with a more pronounced increase in participants who reported lower versus preserved motivation. Lapses increased across sleep restriction in participants who reported higher (mean+1 SD) but not preserved (mean-1 SD) effort during sleep restriction. Change in subjective alertness did not moderate the effects of sleep restriction on attention. Conclusion Vigilance declines during sleep restriction regardless of change in subjective alertness or motivation, but individuals with reduced motivation exhibit poorer inhibition. Individuals with preserved subjective alertness still perform poorly during sleep restriction, while those reporting additional effort demonstrate impaired vigilance.
How President Trump’s War on Science Undermines Cost-Benefit Analysis of Climate Policies

This Article discusses the Trump Administration’s main actions to undermine the role of science in public policy and the consequences for cost-benefit analysis involving climate change policies. It analyzes the specific attacks on science and their impact on relevant policies, namely, the rollbacks of the Clean Water Rule, the pesticides ban, the Clean Air Act, and the Clean Power Plan, as well as modification of the National Environmental Policy Act and regulations promoting fuel efficiency, and the flexibilization of environmental enforcement during the COVID-19 pandemic. All of these deregulatory cases were also illustrative of at least one modality of an attack on science. It concludes by examining the negative impact of the war on science and related unreasoned policymaking that transcends domestic borders.
Adverse birth outcomes associated with household air pollution from unclean cooking fuels in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review.

Abstract Approximately 3.8 billion people in low- and middle-income countries use unclean fuels as a source of primary cooking fuel as well as for heating. For pregnant women, the toxic chemicals produced by combustion of unclean fuels not only affect women's health directly, but particulate matter and carbon monoxide are absorbed in maternal blood and cross the placental barrier impairing fetal tissue growth. PRISMA 2009 guidelines were used for this systematic review. The inclusion criteria were quantitative, peer reviewed journal articles published within a date range of May 1, 2013–June 12, 2021 examining birth outcomes related to household air pollution from type of cooking fuel in low- and middle-income countries. The quality of available evidence was evaluated using the Office of Health Assessment and Translation (OHAT) risk of bias rating tool. Of the 553 studies screened, 23 satisfied the inclusion criteria. Of the studies that met the inclusion criteria, 14 were cross-sectional, 5 cohort, 1 case-control and 3 randomized control trials conducted across 15 different countries. A range of birth outcomes are reported across studies including birthweight (19), small for gestational age (6), spontaneous abortion (3), preterm birth (6), stillbirth (7) and neonatal mortality (6). The reviewed studies presented evidence for an increased risk of low birth weight (LBW), preterm birth (PTB), small for gestational age (SGA), stillbirth, neonatal mortality and reduction in birthweight with solid fuel and kerosene use compared to cleaner fuels like gas and LPG. Systematically reviewing the evidence and risk of bias ratings illuminated several gaps in the current literature related to exposure assessment, outcome measurement and adequacy of adjustment for confounding.
The Patient’s Perspective

Before an insanity trial begins, or, more generally, before any criminal trial commences, a preliminary issue must be addressed: Is the defendant competent to stand trial? To introduce this issue and its historical background, let us consider the English ritual and question that precedes a trial and a problematic, albeit rare, response. When the accused is asked the question, “How doth thou plea, ‘guilty’ or ‘not guilty’?” what happens if the accused fails to answer?
Distance-based goal-ordering heuristics for Graphplan

We will discuss the shortcomings of known variable and value ordering strategies for Graphplan's backward search phase, and propose a novel strategy that is based on a notion of the difficulty of achieving the corresponding subgoal. The difficulty of achievement is quantified in terms of the structure of the planning graph itself-specifically, the earliest level of the planning-graph at which that subgoal appears. We will present empirical results showing the surprising effectiveness of this simple heuristic on benchmark problems. We will end by contrasting the way distance-based heuristics are used in Graphplan and state-search planners like UNPOP, HSP and HSP-R.
The Laws of Cinematic Hospitality: A Response to Andrew Murphie

Andrew Murphie \'Is Philosophy Ever Enough?\' _Film-Philosophy_, Deleuze Special Issue vol. 5 no. 38, November 2001
Representing Medical Protocols for Organizational Simulation: An Information-Processing Approach

Organizational simulations have been used in business, manufacturing, and engineering design tasks to gain insight into organizational process bottlenecks, and to improve the quality and efficiency of processes within these industries. As market pressures demand increased efficiencies within the health care industry, organizational simulation techniques could provide similar insight into the design of better medical care processes, or protocols, in medical organizations. To simulate the process of medical care within a specific organization however, requires models that can represent (1) unpredictable patient responses to care, (2) the flexibility needed to adapt to different patients, and (3) different preferences of health care professionals and the implicit preferences contained within the protocol. Using previous work on simulation in the Virtual Design Team (VDT), and an example protocol drawn from an existing protocol in bone marrow transplantation, we describe extensions to the VDT information-processing representation that will allow us to simulate the performance characteristics of a medical protocol used within a medical organization. Our representational extensions capture the uncertainty of medical care for patients, the activity flexibility within the organization, and the preferences of health care professionals that will make information-processing organizational simulations in the medical domain possible. We believe our representation will provide a robust simulation “tool box” that can be used to investigate the performance of specific medical protocols within different hospital settings, and explore organizational theory within the health care industry.
Characterization and immobilization of E. coli (ATCC-26) Beta-galactosidase.

The β-galactosidase from Escherichia coli ATTCC-26 was partially purified and characterized. It was found to be comparable to galactosidases from other E. coli strains in stability, pH and temperature maxima, and activity requirements, but it had a more favorable ratio of activity toward lactose versus synthetic substrates. The galactosidase was immobilized on porous glass beads by three covalent bonding methods. Kinetic data for the free and bound enzymes were determined using natural and synthetic substrates. Activity characteristics of the free and immobilized enzymes were comparable, however, the bound forms were less stable to heat.
Competition Policy in the Global Economy: An On-Line Case Book

This on-line casebook examines the fields of international antitrust and international trade law. In general, it examines how the United States and other jurisdictions regulate competition among firms which do business abroad. This will include how competition policy regulates individuals and firms located outside the United States in their competition with United States firms as well as the rules governing United States firms. These materials are intended for use in a U.S. style law school class or seminar and designed to provide the base knowledge necessary to engage in sophisticated research in the field and to produce a research based paper of 20-25 pages in length. By necessity, these materials are in English and have primarily a United States focus. The value of an on-line casebook in this field goes beyond the merely the cost savings and convenience. It is also an opportunity for a collaborative exercise that will allow for the creation of a more in-depth and creative set of materials that can be done in traditional hard cover format. Use of the casebook for educational purposes with attribution is available on a royalty-free basis under a Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 United States License. For all other uses please contact Professor Waller at the Institute for Consumer Antitrust Studies at Loyola University Chicago School of Law. I therefore invite any competition law teacher or scholar to submit additional chapters on other competition law topics or jurisdictions not covered in these materials for inclusion in future iterations of these materials. Materials must be original or accompanied with proof of permission/license to use for this purpose and be in English and in either Word or Word Perfect. Submission of materials constitutes your permission to include the material in future editions of the on-line casebook for educational purposes with attribution available on a royalty-free basis under a Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 United States License. Submission of materials also constitutes permission to edit the submitted material for style, content, and compatibility with the existing text, although every reasonable effort will be made to allow you to review edited material before posting on-line. I look forward to working with the global competition law and policy community to make this the most effective and interesting teaching tool possible.
Calcipotriene Toxicosis in a dog successfully treated with Pamidronate Disodium

Objective: To describe a case report of hypercalcemia following ingestion of calcipotriene, and successful treatment of hypercalcemia with pamidronate disodium as an adjuvant therapeutic agent. Case summary: A 3-year-old spayed female Boxer dog presented with polyuria, polydipsia, vomiting, lethargy and anorexia 4 days after ingesting 100 g of a topical antipsoriatic (0.005% calcipotriene). Severe hypercalcemia and moderate hyperphosphatemia were present on a serum biochemical profile. Treatment was initiated with salinea diuresis, furosemideb, dexamethasone sodium phosphatec, and cimetidined. A single dose of pamidronate disodiume was administered on the first day of hospitalization. Ionized and total calcium levels normalized within 24 hours and there was immediate clinical improvement. Serum calcium concentration and renal values were monitored for 3 weeks and remained within normal limits. Unique information provided: Pamidronate disodium, used in combination with other calciuretic agents, was a safe and effective adjuvant therapeutic agent in the management of hypercalcemia due to calcipotriene toxicosis.
Differential expression of sclerostin in the calvaria of young and adult mice

transected and bridged by autogenous vein in thirty rats. Small osmotic pumps were placed just proximal to the anastomoses. Groups of ten rats were assigned to receive saline solution, b-FGF (2,000 U/ml), or FK-506 (0.5 mg/kg/d) via the osmotic pumps for four weeks. Sciatic nerve regeneration was evaluated by sensory function, walking track analysis, electrophysiologic studies, and light microscopic evaluation.
A STUDY OF THE ACIDOSIS, BLOOD UREA, AND PLASMA CHLORIDES IN URANIUM NEPHRITIS IN THE DOG, AND OF THE PROTECTIVE ACTION OF SODIUM BICARBONATE

1. The presence of an acidosis in dogs with experimental uranium nephritis is demonstrable by the Van Slyke-Stillman-Cullen method and that of Marriott. It is detected more readily by the former method. 2. This acidosis is associated with increase in the blood urea and plasma chlorides and with the appearance of albumin and casts in the urine. 3. The oral administration of sodium bicarbonate diminishes the acidosis, the increase in plasma chlorides, the amount of albumin and casts in the urine, and, to a lesser degree, the increase in the blood urea following the administration of uranium. It also diminishes the severity of the changes produced by uranium in the kidneys. 4. The oral administration of sodium bicarbonate to normal dogs raises the carbon dioxide content of the plasma as determined by the. Van Slyke-Stillman-Cullen method.