cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Psychological re-evaluations: A survey of practices and perceptions of school psychologists

Abstract The practice of psychologically re-evaluating students receiving special education services has been mandated by P.L. 94–142 and further operationalized by state departments of education. Intuitively, such a requirement appears sound, for psychologists occasionally make mistakes, children change over time, and efficacy of special education services is variable. Yet given the other mandated practices, such as yearly IEP updates, and the fact that many school psychologists spend a majority of their time testing, we wondered how important three-year psychological re-evaluations are considered by school psychologists. In the present study 40 psychologists across four states were surveyed concerning their perceptions and practices regarding re-evaluations. The psychologists' responses to a 16-item questionnaire indicated that re-evaluations comprised a substantial portion of their evaluations, involved a considerable amount of time, and were perceived as an important check on a child's diagnosis and placement. Re-evaluations and initial evaluations were described as involving nearly identical tests and related activities.
Effects of active transport inhibitors on K movements in Acanthamoeba sp

Abstract The effects of known inhibitors of active cation transport were investigated on K permeability and content of Acanthamoeba sp. The inhibitors could be divided into three types: ( a ) hypothermia (5°C) caused a shift in the equilibrium of cell K from the exchangeable to the nonexchangeable fraction, with little or no net loss of cell K; ( b ) hypertonicity and CO 2 caused a net loss of cell K from the exchangeable fraction to the environment; and ( c ) He and 2,4-DNP caused a combination of these two effects. All of the inhibitors caused a specific reduction of the transfer coefficient for K entry relative to that for K efflux. It was concluded that this amoeba possessed an active transport mechanism to maintain cell K against a concentration gradient, but not to extrude cell Na under the conditions tested. Ouabain, the classical active cation transport inhibitor, had no effect on this type of K transport. It was suggested that Ouabain is a specific inhibitor of active Na transport and active K transport when it is coupled to Na transport, but does not inhibit active K transport when it is independent of Na.
Self-Assessment, Preparation and Response Time on a Computerized Oral Proficiency Test.

Two studies investigated technical aspects of a computer-mediated test, the Computerized Oral proficiency Instrument (COPI), particularly in contrast to a similar tape-mediated test, the Simulated Oral proficiency Interview (SOPI). The first study investigated how examinees used self-assessment to choose an appropriate starting level on the COPI. The second study looked at examinees’ planning and response time on the COPI, and the factors that affected their use of time. Fifty-five university students took the COPI and SOPI in one of three languages: Arabic, Chinese, or Spanish. Results show that the majority of examinees (92%) were able to use the self-assessment instrument to select test tasks at appropriate difficulty levels. However, the COPI starting level (which was based on examinees’ self-assessment) might have been problematic for a small proportion (8%) of the examinees who appeared to choose tasks that were too difficult for them. As for planning and response time on the COPI, different amounts...
Highly purified mRNA for myosin heavy chain: Size and polyadenylic acid content

Summary The polyadenylic acid segment of highly purified preparations of myosin heavy chain mRNA consists of about 170 nucleotides-about 2.92% of the intact mRNA. The molecular weight of the mRNA is calculated from these values as 2.05 × 106. This is in good agreement with the value of 2.23 × 106 obtained by formamide-gel electrophoresis. These values are 10–20% higher than the estimated minimum size of the mRNA suggesting that some “non-translatable” segment(s) may be present. No apparent correlation was observed between the sizes of mRNAs present in muscle polysomes of different sizes and their poly(A) contents.
Benzodiazepine misadventure in acute alcohol withdrawal: the transition from delirium tremens to ICU delirium.

To the Editor: In the May issue of the Journal of Anesthesia, Demuro et al. [1] describe a case series of patients receiving dexmedetomidine for alcohol withdrawal. The authors highlight that benzodiazepines may be associated with hemodynamic instability and respiratory depression. An additional complication, intensive care unit (ICU) delirium, may be an underdescribed complication of benzodiazepines in alcohol withdrawal. While not studied in alcohol withdrawal, analysis has shown an association of lorazepam use with the transition to delirium in mechanically ventilated patients, and a higher incidence of delirium with midazolam compared with dexmedetomidine [2, 3]. We recently encountered a case of severe alcohol withdrawal transitioning to ICU delirium following extensive benzodiazepine exposure. We are curious if the authors have any data regarding benzodiazepine requirements or ICU delirium assessment before/after dexmedetomidine initiation. A 38-year-old woman with past medical history of hepatitis C and alcohol abuse presented to the emergency department with pruritus and visual hallucinations after several days of abstaining from alcohol. During the first 8 h of admission, she received 31 mg of intravenous lorazepam with minimal improvement in symptoms. She was transferred to the ICU, where she was intubated and given escalating doses of continuous infusion benzodiazepines with intermittent propofol (Fig. 1). In spite of this intense regimen, the patient remained agitated and conscious enough to exit her ICU bed and stand unassisted with the endotracheal tube (ET) in place. On day 5, adjunctive phenobarbital and clonidine were added. On day 8, it was believed that the patient’s withdrawal syndrome had improved and she was transitioned to scheduled lorazepam bolus doses. However, over the next 3 days she was unable to be liberated from mechanical ventilation due to fluctuating mental status and agitation despite the addition of haloperidol. The patient was positive for ICU delirium as assessed by the confusion assessment method for the ICU (CAM-ICU). In an effort to manage the delirium and agitation, a dexmedetomidine infusion was started on day 11 at 0.2 lg/kg/h and titrated to a dose of 1.0 lg/kg/h. Over the next 24 h, the patient’s agitation improved and she was extubated on day 12. Dexmedetomidine was weaned off after 34 h, and she was transferred to the general medicine floor the following day without further need for any benzodiazepine doses. At the time of discharge from the ICU, the patient had received a total of 183.5 mg intravenous lorazepam, 24 mg oral lorazepam, and 1,221 mg intravenous midazolam. This case illustrates the potential complications of benzodiazepines in severe alcohol withdrawal. We witnessed a patient transition from severe alcohol withdrawal, to delirium tremens, and finally to ICU delirium following M. T. Johnson (&) College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois-Chicago, 833 S. Wood St, 164 Pharm [M/C 886], Chicago, IL 60612, USA e-mail: mtj1636@uic.edu
The efficacy of intensive biopsychosocial teaching programs for residents: a review of the literature and guidelines for teaching.

Objective: To review research evaluations of intensive biopsychosocial training programs for nonpsychiatry residents, and determine whether this research showed sufficient rigor and consistent beneficial impact to allow initial research-based teaching guidelines. Data sources: An English-language literature search used MEDLINE (1966–93), Psychological Abstracts (1967–93), and Educational Resource Information Clearinghouse (1966–93) as well as bibliographic reviews from prominent peer-reviewed articles and consultation with an expert. Study selection: From among several hundred articles about biopsychosocial training, only 12 studies met the selection criteria: at least 100 contact hours of training for nonpsychiatry residents and an evaluation of efficacy. Data extraction: The three authors independently assessed these 12 studies and made a consensus decision based on explicit criteria. Successful and unsuccessful programs were distinguished from among those classified as quasi-experimental or experimental to identify programs of sufficient rigor to meet the study objective; success was defined as learning beyond knowledge and residents’ acceptance of teaching. Data synthesis: Four successful quasi-experimental or experimental programs showed the following uniquely beneficial features: 1) protected time for residents; 2) teaching that was required, structured, multidimensional, and balanced between learner-centered and teacher-centered approaches; 3) teaching methods that used normal as well as psychosocially disturbed patients, nonpsychiatrist teachers, and special teaching techniques; and 4) inclusion in the curriculum of interviewing, interpersonal skills, doctor-patient relationship, and patient education. Two unsuccessful quasi-experimental or experimental programs were unidimensional and unstructured, and used predominant or isolated teacher-centered approaches. Features found in both successful and unsuccessful programs were experiential teaching, psychiatrist and other mental health professional teachers, use of disturbed patients, training to manage patients’ psychosocial problems, teaching directed toward knowledge acquisition, teaching about treatment, and university affiliation. Conclusions: Four rigorously studied, successful programs showed a common pattern of intensive biopsychosocial teaching that produced, in aggregate, improvement in residents’ knowledge, attitudes, skills, and self-awareness. Although there is need for more definitive research, these data are sufficiently compelling and consistent to provide initial, research-based teaching guidelines.
Multi-Cultural Research: Developing a Participative Methodology for Cross-Cultural Psychology

Abstract Since truly culture-free research is impossible, greater attention should be paid to the nature of collaborative processes among researchers in cross-cultural psychology. Participative methodology should be examined through appropriate research, and methodologies to ensure equal participation should be developed accordingly. It is suggested that the nature of the collaborative process be reported in research publications as a standard methodology section. A short questionnaire on researchers reactions to these suggestions and on current collaborative processes is presented. II est impossible, on le sait, de separer la recherche de la culture: il faudrait done analyser plus attentivement les processus de la collaboration entre chercheurs dans le domaine de la psychologic inter-culturelle. La methodologie de la participation devrait ětre examinee par des recherches appropriees, et des methodologies assurant une participation egale devraient ětre develop-pees en consequence. La nature du processus d...
Results of testing short wavelength HgCdTe hybrid focal plane arrays for earth remote sensing applications

The NASA Imaging Spectrometer program has the objective to develop the next generation of earth remote sensing systems. One part of the program is concerned with the production of advanced short-wavelength mercury cadmium telluride (HgCdTe) hybrid focal plane arrays (FPAs). These arrays are needed for several instruments, including the Shuttle Imaging Spectrometer (SIS), which requires a mosaic of six 64 x 64-element arrays with a cutoff wavelength of 2.5 microns. A device description is provided and the test results are considered. The Airborne Imaging Spectrometer (AIS) is discussed, taking into account an instrument description, focal plane requirements, and AIS results.
Proceedings of the First International Conference on Toxicogenomics Integrated with Environmental Sciences (TIES-2007)

The First International Conference on Toxicogenomics Integrated with Environmental Sciences (TIES-2007) was held at the North Carolina State University McKimmon Center in Raleigh, North Carolina on October 25th and 26th, 2007. Based on the presentations at the conference and the commitment or interest of the presenters to contribute a manuscript of their research, we compiled this collection of articles as proceedings of the conference and an in-depth topical review of the utility of bioinformatics in the fields of toxicogenomics and environmental genomics.
Community-Based Juvenile Reentry Services: The Effects of Service Dosage on Juvenile and Adult Recidivism.

In this study the authors examined the influence of length of participation in a community-based reentry program on the odds of reconviction in the juvenile and adult criminal justice systems. A structured telephone survey of reentry program alumni was conducted with 75 transition-age (18–25 year-old) young men. Binary logistic regression analysis revealed that increased length of participation in reentry services decreased the likelihood of new convictions in the juvenile system, but not in the adult system. Lower education attainment, unemployment and older age were all associated with the odds of new convictions in the adult criminal justice system. Implications for reentry services include extended service length and a focus on educational and vocational opportunities.
K, Rb, Cs, Sr and Ba Contents and Sr Isotope Ratios of Ocean Floor Basalts

Reliable analyses of K, Rb and Cs in dredge basalts require samples which show no petrographic evidence of alteration minerals and which have H 2 O + contents less than 0.7 %. Very fresh glass samples usually have H 2 O + levels of 0.1 to 0.2 %, and this probably represents the primary level of H 2 O in most submarine basalt magmas. A dredge haul containing both basalt and andesite was studied for major element and trace element variations. The major elements were consistent with a differentiation model involving crystallization of plagioclase, olivine, clinopyroxene and titanomagnetite. This differentiation had little effect on Sr concentration and on K/Rb and K/Cs ratios; these parameters are thus especially useful in studying mantle chemistry and partial melting processes. Twenty-eight unaltered dredge basalts were analysed, with K/Rb ratios varying from 360 to 1350. K contents of most samples, after correction for high level (shallow) differentiation processes, fall in the range 500 to 1200 parts/10 6 . A comparison of unaltered basalts from ‘fast-spreading ridges’ and ‘slowspreading ridges’ shows that K, Rb, Cs and Sr contents and K/Rb, K/Cs and Rb/Sr ratios are identical for both environments, while Ba contents and 87 Sr/ 86 Sr ratios may be significantly different. Thus mantle chemistry appears to be largely decoupled from the dynamic processes of plate movement. It is shown that submarine ridge basalts have lower 87 Sr/ 86 Sr ratios than the basalts of the oceanic islands, suggesting an early depletion of parts of the mantle in the dispersed elements. Average values for 15 samples from 11 different ridge localities: K = 1160 parts/10 6 ; Rb = 1.11 parts/ 10 6 ; Cs = 0.016 parts/10 6 ; Sr = 135 parts/10 6 ; Ba = 10 parts/10 6 ; K/Rb = 1060; K/Cs = 70000; Rb/Sr = 0.0082; 87 Sr/ 86 Sr = 0.70265.
In Vitro Studies of Pituitary-Median Eminence Unit

The release of LH and FSH by male rat pituitary glands (P) or pituitary-median eminence (P-ME) units was studied in flasks and in a superfusion system. The amounts of both hormones secreted into the medium from P-ME units were higher than those from P alone. When the incubations were carried out in the presence of dopamine at a concentration of 2.5 μg/ml, there was no change in LH and FSH release by P, but the release of LH from P-ME unit was reduced. The inhibiting effect of dopamine was also observed in the superfusion of P-ME unit. Dopamine at a lower concentration of 0.25 μg/ml, did not alter the release of LH. The effect of dopamine was not blocked by estradiol at a concentration of 1 μg/ml medium. (Endocrinology 93: 492, 1973)
Observations of tropical precipitating clouds ranging from shallow to deep convective systems

[1] Regional and temporal variability in a broad spectrum of tropical precipitation systems is investigated in conjunction with the large-scale environment. The analysis utilizes four storm categories (Shallow, Cumulus Congestus, Deep Stratiform, and Deep Convective) determined from Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) measurements. Deep Stratiform and Deep Convective systems are found to be clearly correlated with large-scale circulation deduced from a reanalysis data set, and are modulated by a distinct seasonal cycle over land. The Shallow category is practically the only component of tropical oceanic rainfall for cold sea surfaces, while it gives way to deeper systems as SST exceeds 28–29°C. The cloud horizontal scale of organized rainfall systems tends to be increasingly extensive relative to the raining portion as the system becomes larger. The present results are discussed in light of existing relevant studies.
Numerical consistency and spurious boundary layer in the projection method

Abstract In this work, the controversial issue regarding the boundary condition for the Laplace equation has been addressed. It turned out to be that the velocity field can be superimposed by a gradient of the Helmholtz potential part that satisfies the Neumann type boundary condition and a correction term. By this representation it follows that the physical variables (u,P) are independent of the flux imposed along the computational boundary at each fractional step. Provided that, the same flux distribution is imposed at each time step along the computational boundary in the decoupled case. Furthermore, for each fractional component, the Helmholtz term generates pseudo-boundary layers, in opposite sign, along the computational boundary, to accommodate the imposed flux. The summation of both component annihilates the pseudo-boundary layer. A failure to comply with the restriction that the same flux distribution should be imposed at each time step may result in inconsistency of the solution. For a flux that is slowly varying over time, this type of inconsistency may lower the order of the scheme accuracy, while for a rapid variation over time the solution is inconsistent. The rapid variation in time is related to the initial stage of the decoupled problem with a given flux along the computational boundary. For such a case an educated guess is required for the initial velocity-potential, to prevent an inconsistent solution at an early stage of the solution.
Algorithm for Processing Raw Mass Spectrometric Data to Identify and Quantitate Complex Lipid Molecular Species in Mixtures by Data-Dependent Scanning and Fragment Ion Database Searching

We developed the Lipid Qualitative/Quantitative Analysis (LipidQA) software platform to identify and quantitate complex lipid molecular species in biological mixtures. LipidQA can process raw electronic data files from the TSQ-7000 triple stage quadrupole and LTQ linear ion trap mass spectrometers from Thermo-Finnigan and the Q-TOF hybrid quadrupole/time-of-flight instrument from Waters-Micromass and could readily be modified to accommodate data from others. The program processes multiple spectra in a few seconds and includes a deisotoping algorithm that increases the accuracy of structural identification and quantitation. Identification is achieved by comparing MS2 spectra obtained in a data-dependent manner to a library of reference spectra of complex lipids that we have acquired or constructed from established fragmentation rules. The current form of the algorithm can process data acquired in negative or positive ion mode for glycerophospholipid species of all major head-group classes.
SYSTEMIC AND NONSYSTEMIC DIAGNOSTIC PROCESSES: AN EMPIRICAL COMPARISON

This study concerned the extent to which systemic and nonsystemic clinicians differ in their diagnostic processes. Experienced therapists, identified either with a family systems or a psychodynamic orientation, viewed a stimulus film of a family session and individual interviews with each parent and identified patient. Subjects listed “clinically relevant factors” and formulated hypotheses. Content analyses showed that the systemic clinicians, in contrast to the nonsystemic ones, identified as relevant a greater number of different subsystems, more triads, and fewer monads. Whereas they formulated more functional and fewer temporal hypotheses, almost no explicitly circular hypotheses were developed by either group of therapists.
Food intake at age 8. 1. Energy, macro- and micronutrients.

The food energy, macro-, and micronutrient intake of 78 boys and 63 girls aged 8 years who have been studied since birth is reported. Nutrient intake was calculated from 4 day weighed records using the CSIRONET data bank based on British tables of food composition. The mean values for daily intake for girls and boys, respectively, for energy (MJ), protein, fat, carbohydrate and fibre (g) were 7.4 and 6.5; 64 and 57; 71 and 62; 232 and 206; and 15 and 12 g. Half trie food energy came from carbohydrate, divided equally between starch and simple sugars, 15% from protein, and 35% from fat. This comprised 41 % saturated (S), 33% mono- and 16% polyunsaturated (P). The mean P: S ratio for girls was 0.46, and 0.41 for boys. Overall sweets and soft drinks contributed 4–5% to energy intake, with large individual differences. Mineral and vitamin intakes were satisfactory in relation to theoretical optimal population needs. Vitamin and/or mineral supplements were taken by 8.5% of the sample. These results are discussed in relation to the Nutritional Guidelines.
Generic modeling of complexity for motion-compensated wavelet video decoders

Motion-compensated wavelet video coders have been shown to exhibit good coding efficiency over a large range of bit-rates, in addition to providing spatial and temporal scalability. While the rate-distortion performance provided by these coders is well understood, their complexity scalability behavior is not well studied. In this paper, we first analyze the complexity of such wavelet video coders, and determine what the critical components are and how they vary depending on the transmission bit-rates. Subsequently, we construct generic complexity models for the critical components of the scalable wavelet video decoders; such that optimal rate, distortion and complexity bitstreams can be created that fulfill not only various network constraints, but also resource constraints such as memory and power. The generic complexity metrics are independent of the hardware architecture and implementation details of the decoders and capture both the time varying video content characteristics and the corresponding encoding parameters. The generic complexity measures can be converted into real platform specific complexity measures like execution time with limited overhead at runtime. Preliminary results show that the proposed models can predict the complexity of the various components of wavelet video decoders with high accuracy.
Drug Recalls and Court Actions: A Comparison of Research-Intensive and Nonresearch-Intensive Pharmaceutical Firms

AbstractThe rate and volume of product recalls of the large, research-intensive (RI) pharmaceutical firms (23 firms that account for at least two-thirds of United States drug sales and 80% of research and development expenditures) was compared to that of the remaining, generally nonresearch-intensive (NRI) firms. Data were compiled on all drug recalls occurring between 1970 and 1978 (including over-the-counter products, Class I, II, and III recalls, and citations for failure to file NDAs) by combining the data used as the basis for three previous studies. Analysis of these data indicated that, while larger (RI) firms have a higher number of recalls per firm, the relative amount of material recalled as a percent of material produced is actually less than that of smaller (NRI) firms. When all firms are dichotomized as RI or NRI, the NRI firms had 1.5 times more of their product recalled; accounted for 86% of all recalls; had a seven-fold greater rate of involuntary recalls (22% of their total); and accounte...
Light- and Carbon-Signaling Pathways. Modeling Circuits of Interactions

Here, we report the systematic exploration and modeling of interactions between light and sugar signaling. The data set analyzed explores the interactions of sugar (sucrose) with distinct light qualities (white, blue, red, and far-red) used at different fluence rates (low or high) in etiolated seedlings and mature green plants. Boolean logic was used to model the effect of these carbon/light interactions on three target genes involved in nitrogen assimilation: asparagine synthetase (ASN1 and ASN2) and glutamine synthetase (GLN2). This analysis enabled us to assess the effects of carbon on light-induced genes (GLN2/ASN2) versus light-repressed genes (ASN1) in this pathway. New interactions between carbon and blue-light signaling were discovered, and further connections between red/far-red light and carbon were modeled. Overall, light was able to override carbon as a major regulator of ASN1 and GLN2 in etiolated seedlings. By contrast, carbon overrides light as the major regulator of GLN2 and ASN2 in light-grown plants. Specific examples include the following: Carbon attenuated the blue-light induction of GLN2 in etiolated seedlings and also attenuated the white-, blue-, and red-light induction of GLN2 and ASN2 in light-grown plants. By contrast, carbon potentiated far-red-light induction of GLN2 and ASN2 in light-grown plants. Depending on the fluence rate of far-red light, carbon either attenuated or potentiated light repression of ASN1 in light-grown plants. These studies indicate the interaction of carbon with blue, red, and far-red-light signaling and set the stage for further investigation into modeling this complex web of interacting pathways using systems biology approaches.
BIE fracture mechanics analysis: 25 years of developments

The purpose of this paper is to provide a selective review of the unique properties of the boundary integral equation (BIE) method for problems in fracture mechanics. The paper draws on the extensive literature that has been developed over the past twenty-five years. Fracture mechanics problems have provided one of the most important applications of BIE formulations in solid mechanics and is one of the principal areas of application of the methods. In particular, the paper will focus on the role played by the Somigliana stress identity in providing unique algorithms and numerical results for fracture mechanics analysis not available to the finite element method.
Studying the effect of material parameters on cell performance of tubular-shaped PEM fuel cell

A full three-dimensional, non-isothermal computational fluid dynamics model of a tubular-shaped proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell has been developed. This comprehensive model accounts for the major transport phenomena in a PEM fuel cell: convective and diffusive heat and mass transfer, electrode kinetics, transport and phase change mechanism of water, and potential fields. The model is shown to be able to understand the many interacting, complex electrochemical, and transport phenomena that cannot be studied experimentally. In addition to the new feature of tubular-shaped geometry of PEM fuel cell, this model is used to study the effects of several material parameters on fuel cell performance. Detailed analyses of the temperature distribution inside the tubular cell under various material properties have been conducted and examined. The analysis helped identifying critical parameters and shed insight into the physical mechanisms leading to a fuel cell performance and durability under various material conditions.
The excitation of giant resonances in electron and proton scattering

Abstract Microscopic model calculations are presented for various multipole states in 40Ca. A resonance-like structure largely due to dipole and quadropole states is predicted in the giant dipole and quadrupole states is predicted in the giant dipole region with qualitatively the same features observed in electron and proton scattering. The calculated cross-section are in good agreement with those obtained from simple phenomenological collective models, and the available scattering experimental data.
Computational Architecture for Image Processing on a Small Unmanned Ground Vehicle

Man-portable Unmanned Ground Vehicles (UGVs) have been fielded on the battlefield with limited computing power. This limitation constrains their use primarily to teleoperation control mode for clearing areas and bomb defusing. In order to extend their capability to include the reconnaissance and surveillance missions of dismounted soldiers, a separate processing payload is desired. This paper presents a processing architecture and the design details on the payload module that enables the PackBot to perform sophisticated, real-time image processing algorithms using data collected from its onboard imaging sensors including LADAR, IMU, visible, IR, stereo, and the Ladybug spherical cameras. The entire payload is constructed from currently available Commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) components including an Intel multi-core CPU and a Nvidia GPU. The result of this work enables a small UGV to perform computationally expensive image processing tasks that once were only feasible on a large workstation.
In search of vigilance: The problem of iatrogenically created psychological phenomena.

To what extent are identified psychological processes created in laboratories? The present work addresses this issue with reference to one particular realm of behavior: vigilance. Specifically, I argue that the classic vigilance decrement function can be viewed more realistically and advantageously as an "invigilant" increment function. Rather than characterizing the transient decrease in detection capability that is evident on exposure to enforced monitoring as a diminishment in capacity, it may be more usefully seen as an appropriate scaling by the designated observer to adapt to the nonoptimal circumstances that he or she is forced to endure. This proposition emphasizes the dynamic response characteristics of the observer and locates the origin of the phenomenon and the onus for practical improvements in the design of operational displays with designers rather than apportioning blame for performance decrements to the operator. This perspective reinforces the recognition of a crucial presence of the necessary but often unrecognized external arbiter in the vigilance paradigm and the extrinsically imposed imperative to sustain attention. Explicit recognition of this fact also helps explain the stress involved with extended vigils. In identifying the traditional vigilance decrement as a form of iatrogenic disease, I argue that modern design of work systems should alleviate the need for either the acute or the chronic expressions of such enforced human monitoring activity. It is possible that the case of vigilance is itself representative of a modern propensity to create new psychological phenomena in the face of human exposure to modern, evolving technical environments.
FROM RETRIBUTION TO “DESERT”The Evolution of Criminal Punishment

Does current disenchantment with rehabilitation and the movement toward determinate sentencing signal a return to “retribution”? To the contrary, a close analysis of the program and philosophy of determinate sentencing reveals a fundamental break with the retributive tradition of punishment according to generic categories of conduct. In an evolutionary development that can be traced through the classical and positivist reform movements. punishment has gradually shifted from a focus upon vengeonce and expiation toward individualized consideration of factors relevant to fairness. The thrust of the new movement toward regularizing the assessment of factors in aggravation or mitigation, with particular emphasis on harm and culpability, must be viewed in an evolutionary perspective.
An infrared spectroscopic based method to measure membrane permeance in liposomes

A new method for studying membrane permeance in liposomes is described. The method uses liposomes fabricated to contain IR probe molecules with CN moieties in combination with attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy. The liposomes are adsorbed on a TiO2 coated ATR crystal and remain intact to flowing aqueous solutions. A change in permeance is determined by monitoring the time dependent decrease in the intensity of a band due to CN groups. It is shown that the transport of the probe molecule depends on the size of the probe molecule and the structure of the liposome membrane. A much clearer molecular understanding of membrane permeance is obtained when the information derived from transport of the probe molecules is combined with the membrane packing arrangement determined from the infrared bands due to the lipids.
Simulation of chromized coating processing and microstructure

Abstract Processing-microstructure relationships of chromized coatings were studied with the help of a model system in which an electrodeposition technique was used to deposit chromium on the top of a Fe-0.2%C substrate instead of using a conventional pack-cementation method. Diffusion studies were conducted at a chromizing temperature of 1000 °C and the effect of cooling rates and heat-treatment times were studied. It was found that a chromized microstructure is predominantly caused by slow cooling. The thermal cycle above the eutectoid temperature is important in controlling the coating microstructure. Voids typically formed in the chromized coatings are not due to the Kirkendall effect or halide activators. However, a vacancy-interstitial interaction might explain their formation.
Did Australopiths Climb Trees

What was the lifestyle of early members of the human lineage, such as Australopithecus afarensis ? All fossil australopith skeletons display a mix of humanlike and apelike characteristics, but their lower limb features leave little doubt that these early members of our lineage walked on two legs. However, this mixture is more difficult to interpret for the upper limb. Some investigators see the apelike upper-limb characteristics as an indication that an ability to climb trees continued to have survival value ( 1 – 4 ). Others suggest that these features were simply retentions from an ancestral condition ( 5 – 7 ). On page 514 of this issue, Green and Alemseged ( 8 ) weigh in on this debate with an analysis of the shoulder bones of a juvenile australopith who lived around 3.3 million years ago.
The ultrastructural effects of the I and S loci upon black-red melanin differentiation in the fowl

Abstract The dominant white and silver mutants of the fowl were examined ultrastructurally and histochemically because of their unique effects upon black-red melanin differentiation—dominant white bleaches eumelanin, silver whitens pheomelanin. Both eumelanin- and pheomelanin-producing melanocytes were studied in birds of the dominant white, silver, and standard genotypes. Eumelanocytes and pheomelanocytes of all three genotypes possessed tyrosinase as revealed by DOPA incubation tests. This shows that the white areas of the two mutants are not due to the absence of a competent pigment cell system. Standard and silver eumelanocytes were melanogenically very active, exhibiting a high concentration of melanosomes. Dominant white eumelanocytes, however, possessed only a threshold number (one-half standard) of irregularly shaped, partially melanized melanosomes. Pheomelanocytes of all three genotypes were melanogenically quiescent during early development containing only a threshold number (one-half eumelanocyte) of unmelanized premelanosomes. Eumelanocytes of all three genotypes possessed dendrites that were capable of transferring melanosomes into keratinocytes. Dominant white melanocytes transferred fewer because less melanosomes were available. Transferred pheomelanosomes of the standard and dominant white hackles were solidly melanized and frequently of a compound nature. Silver pheomelanosomes, however, were only slightly melanized although compound premelanosomes were frequently observed. Standard pheomelanocytes were sulfhydryl positive, and silver pheomelanocytes were sulfhydryl negative as revealed by histochemical tests. This relates sulfhydryl groups to pheomelanin deposition. Based on the results, a model of melanogenesis is proposed which suggests that three differences exist between eumelanin formation and pheomelanin synthesis.
Correlated physiological and ultrastructural studies on specialised muscles. Ia. Neuromuscular physiology of the levator of the eyestalk of Podophthalmus vigil (Weber)

The eyestalk levator muscle of the crab Podophthalmus vigil has been found to contain two kinds of fiber, pink and white, in separate bundles. Neuromuscular preparations were made of the whole muscle, as well as of white and pink portions separately, and biophysical properties of individual fibers examined. It was found that in extreme cases the fibers have markedly different properties. Some pink fibers were developing tension at normal levels of membrane potential and this was rapidly relaxed by hyperpolarizing pulses. They contracted slowly, but sustained tetani indefinitely. By contrast, some white fibers had quick contraction times, but fatigued extremely rapidly. Evidence was found for four axons: two “fast” excitatory, one “slow” and one inhibitory. It was concluded that a subtle interplay of different neuromuscular properties and different properties of individual muscle fibers, but especially the latter, are both of significance in determining the functioning of the muscle in relation to its role as an organ for minute, precise length changes.
Identification of shiitake genotypes by multilocus enzyme electrophoresis: Catalog of lines

Starch gel electrophoresis of allozymes extracted from mycelium grown in submerged culture was used to identify and catalog lines ofLentinula edodes. Variability at 11 multiallelic loci was used to separate 91 lines collected from worldwide sources into 35 genotypic clases. Genotypic class 2 was the largest, with 18 lines; 18 other genotypic classes contained more than one line; and 16 genotypic classes contained only one line each. Three hybrids, with potential commercial value, were produced by crossing single-spore-derived monokaryons of different genotypes. Each of the three hybrids could be differentiated from the above 35 classes based on their multilocus allelic combinations. Multilocus enzyme analysis should aid the description, registration, and licensing of improved shiitake cultivars.
A sparse matrix finite element technique for iterative structural optimization

Abstract A sparse matrix symbolic factorization technique for iterative structural optimization is developed for repeatedly solving matrix finite element equations of the form Kz = f and eigenvalue problems of the form Ky = λMy where K and M are symmetric, positive definite, sparse matrices. The objective is to develop an iterative technique for arbitrary sparse matrices, so that there is no need for selecting the best node numbering sequence for minimizing the bandwidth of the global stiffness matrix. A preprocessing step is used to define pointer arrays that will be used in each structural reanalysis to construct the global stiffness matrix from element stiffness matrices, reorder the array containing the nonzero entries in the lower triangular part of the global stiffness matrix, and numerically factor a symmetric permutation of that matrix. Efficient methods of finding solutions of matrix finite element equations and eigenvalue problems for iterative structural optimization are shown to be feasible, utilizing sparse matrix symbolic factorization techniques and the subspace iteration method. The method is tested in plate deflection and column buckling problems and applied to several shape optimization problems.
Of Culture and Multiverse: Renouncing “the Universal Truth” in Health

Abstract Western man [sic] has created chaos by denying the part of his self that integrates while enshrining the parts that fragment experience. These examinations of man's [sic] psyche have also convinced me that the natural act of thinking is greatly modified by culture. Western man [sic] uses only a small fraction of his mental capabilities, there are many different and legitimate ways of thinking; we in the West value one of these ways above all others–the one we call “logic,” a linear system that has been with us since Socrates. (Hall, 1976, p.9)
Long-term effects of cochlear implants in children.

Abstract Objective: Since 1987, when the use of multichannel cochlear implants was initiated in children, candidacy has expanded; many thousands of children have received these devices, and results have revealed a wide range of performance. However, few long-term studies exist on a large population of these children. There have been concerns expressed that cochlear implant function might degrade over time, that devices and electrodes might migrate and extrude in the growing child, or that there might even be a deleterious effect of long-term stimulation of the cochlear nerve. The purpose of this study was to explore the long-term effects of implantation as a function of performance over time, reimplantation, and educational factors. Study Design and Setting: We studied 81 children who received implants at a major academic medical center and were followed for 5 to 13 years. Results: Results revealed significant gains in speech perception, use of oral language, and ability to function in a mainstream environment. There was no decrease in performance over time and no significant incidence of device or electrode migration or extrusion, and device failure did not cause a deterioration in long-term outcome. Conclusions: Multichannel cochlear implants in children provide perception, linguistic, and educational advantages, which are not adversely affected by long-term electrical stimulation. (Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2002;126:505-11.)
The Yeh-Stratton Criterion for Composite Materials:

A new criterion for composite failure is proposed based on the Yeh Stratton (Y-S) criterion which is proven to work well for isotropic materials. Since the Y-S criterion requires three yield strengths from simple tension, compression, and torsion tests, the Y-S criterion can be applicable for ductile materials as well as brittle materials with different strengths in tension and compression. Like many other theories of anisotropic materials which were developed from those of isotropic materials, the Y-S criterion is now generalized in this paper to examine the failure of composite materials. One unique feature of the Y-S criterion is in its ability to change its format depending upon what types of stresses are applied and what types of material strengths are considered. Thus, it is shown that the entire closed failure surface by the Y-S criterion is composed of piecewise surfaces. When a material is in compression as an example, the compressive strength should be the dominant critical strength, not the ten...
Development of an in Situ Isolated Porcine Liver Perfusion Model for Tightly Controlled Physiologic and Pharmacologic Studies

Several types of isolated perfused porcine liver models have been proposed for the study of hepatic assist, preservation injury, and specific physiologic or pharmacologic mechanisms. The development of a more general in situ isolated perfused model applicable to a broad range of studies is presented. This model eliminates or minimizes the shortcomings of previous models including ischemic injury prior to perfusion, limited range of vascular pressures and flows, nonphysiologic sources of portal and hepatic artery perfusion, and coupling of the liver to uncontrolled whole-body homeostatic mechanisms. Essentially the model as presented can be described as an autologous transplanted liver without preservation or ischemic injury, functioning within an adrenalectomized, cardiac output and temperature-controlled animal. Independent control of the dual hepatic vascular supply is maintained with pulsatile perfusion of the hepatic artery from the left atrium and nonpulsatile perfusion of the portal vein via the por...
PARSING THE FAMILIALITY OF OPPOSITIONAL DEFIANT DISORDER FROM THAT OF CONDUCT DISORDER: A FAMILIAL RISK ANALYSIS

Background Family risk analysis can provide an improved understanding of the association between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), attending to the comorbidity with conduct disorder (CD).
Poor social skills are a vulnerability factor in the development of psychosocial problems

This 2-wave panel stady sought to test a social skills deficit vulnerability model of psychosocial problems. According to this model, poor social skills are thought to make people vulnerable to psychosocial problerns pursuant to the experience of stressful life events. This model was tested in a sample of 118 students who were moving at least 200 miles away from their home town and making the transition to their first semester of college. At the end of their high school career, parlicipants completed measures of social skills and the following psychosocial problems: depression, loneliness, and social anxiety. Toward the end of their first semester of college, they again completed measures of the psychosocial problems and a measure of stressful life events. Results indicated that lower social skills scores at T1 were predictive of a worsening of psychosocial problems over the course of the study. Furthermore, social skills interacted with stressful life events to predict changes in depression and loncliness. In each case, those with lower social skills at T1 appeared more vulnerable to the development of psychosocial problems by T2 than those with better social skills at T1.
Transmission phase gratings for EUV interferometry

The performance of the recently developed EUV phase-shifting point diffraction interferometer (PS/PDI) depends heavily on the characteristics of the grating beamsplitter used in the implementation. Ideally, such a grating should provide throughput of better than 25% and diffraction efficiency, defined as the ratio of the first-diffracted-order power to the zero-order power, variable in the range from approximately 10 to 500. The optimal method for achieving these goals is by way of a phase grating. Also, PS/PDI system implementation issues favor the use of transmission gratings over reflection gratings. Here, the design, fabrication, and characterization of a recently developed transmission phase grating developed for use in EUV interferometry is described.
Tardigrades of the Canopy: Doryphoribius elleneddiei nov. sp. (Eutardigrada, Parachela, Hypsibiidae), a New Species from Eastern Kansas, U.S.A.

A new species of the genus Doryphoribius of the phylum Tardigrada is described from eastern Kansas. Doryphoribius elleneddiei nov. sp. is a modest tardigrade (200–400 µm) without eyes but with three macroplacoids, polygonal tubercles on the cuticle, sixteen rows of dorso-lateral gibbosities and an additional gibbosity on legs IV. The species was recovered from moss habitat found in the canopy of walnut, cottonwood, and elm trees substrates more than 6 meters (20 feet) above the ground.