cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Low-temperature tolerance of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus: effects of environmental and dietary factors

This study was conducted (1) to evaluate the effects of photoperiod (fixed vs. decreasing light), fish size (136 vs. 220 mm), dissolved ions (hardness and salinity) and diet (menhaden oil vs. coconut oil-based) on the tolerance (survival) of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, to low temperatures (decreased by approximately 0.5 °C per day) and (2) to evaluate the effect of dietary fatty acid composition on selected physiological characteristics of Nile tilapia exposed to decreasing temperatures. Size significantly affected mortality, with smaller fish being less tolerant to low temperatures than larger fish. Results were equivocal in the photoperiod, dissolved ion and dietary lipid experiments, and were dependent on the method of data analysis employed. Diet significantly affected plasma osmolarity, with higher values in fish fed the menhaden-based diet. Haematocrit, serum glucose, sodium and cortisol concentrations, serum and splenic lysozyme activities, lymphocyte count and hepatosomatic index were not affected by diet. Haematocrit, white cell count and serum glucose and sodium concentrations were significantly affected by temperature, but serum and splenic lysozyme content, hepatosomatic index, and serum cortisol concentrations were not. The results of this series of experiments indicate that altering the environment or diet has little effect on the ability of Nile tilapia to survive low temperatures.
Quantum Dot Bioconjugates for Ultrasensitive Nonisotopic Detection

Highly luminescent semiconductor quantum dots (zinc sulfide-capped cadmium selenide) have been covalently coupled to biomolecules for use in ultrasensitive biological detection. In comparison with organic dyes such as rhodamine, this class of luminescent labels is 20 times as bright, 100 times as stable against photobleaching, and one-third as wide in spectral linewidth. These nanometer-sized conjugates are water-soluble and biocompatible. Quantum dots that were labeled with the protein transferrin underwent receptor-mediated endocytosis in cultured HeLa cells, and those dots that were labeled with immunomolecules recognized specific antibodies or antigens.
On Validating a Relationship Between Constructs

An obtained relationship between two empirical variables may mean that (a) they both reflect the same theoretical construct or that (b) they reflect different constructs which are related. It is suggested that the demonstration of shifting, nonmonotonic, and/or asymmetric relationships provides evidence for rejecting hypothesis (a). Demonstrating that the variables are differentially related to a third variable, factor analysis, corrections for attenuation, and a multitrait-multimethod approach appear to be limited ways of generating information useful for choosing between hypotheses (a) and (b).
A MINLP Model for Global Optimization of Plug-In Hybrid Vehicle Design and Allocation to Minimize Life Cycle Greenhouse Gas Emissions

Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) have potential to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the U.S. light-duty vehicle fleet. GHG emissions from PHEVs and other vehicles depend on both vehicle design and driver behavior. We pose a twice-differentiable, factorable mixed-integer nonlinear programming model utilizing vehicle physics simulation, battery degradation data, and U.S. driving data to determine optimal vehicle design and allocation for minimizing lifecycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The resulting nonconvex optimization problem is solved using a convexification-based branch-and-reduce algorithm, which achieves global solutions. In contrast, a randomized multistart approach with local search algorithms finds global solutions in 59% of trials for the two-vehicle case and 18% of trials for the three-vehicle case. Results indicate that minimum GHG emissions is achieved with a mix of PHEVs sized for around 35 miles of electric travel. Larger battery packs allow longer travel on electric power, but additional battery production and weight result in higher GHG emissions, unless significant grid decarbonization is achieved. PHEVs offer a nearly 50% reduction in life cycle GHG emissions relative to equivalent conventional vehicles and about 5% improvement over ordinary hybrid electric vehicles. Optimal allocation of different vehicles to different drivers turns out to be of second order importance for minimizing net life cycle GHGs.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
The hydrodynamic stability of rapidly evaporating liquids at reduced pressure

The hydrodynamic stability of a pure liquid undergoing steady rapid evaporation at reduced pressure is examined using linear stability analysis. Results show that the rapidly evaporating liquid is unstable to local variations in evaporation rate, local surface depressions being produced by the force exerted on the surface by the rapidly departing vapour and sustained liquid flows being driven by the resultant shear exerted on the liquid surface by the vapour. The coupling of this ‘differential vapour recoil’ mechanism to the Marangoni effect is investigated and the importance of inertial heat transfer, fluid inertia and viscous dissipation at the interface to system stability is resolved.
PRENATAL COCAINE EXPOSURE AND CHILDHOOD PSYCHOPATHOLOGY: A Developmental Analysis

A rising number of children exposed to cocaine in utero are substantially vulnerable to mortality and morbidity expressed in a variety of physical, cognitive, emotional, motor, and social problems. Research on developmental outcomes in such children is reviewed and the interaction of prenatal and postnatal environmental factors, with a focus on the parent-child-environment transactional system, is discussed. Related societal and treatment issues are highlighted.
Kinetics of sharp intergranular corrosion fissures in AA7178

During service in structural aircraft applications, AA7178 has been found to develop sharp intergranular corrosion (IGC) fissures, a special form of attack. A new laboratory approach to quantify the kinetics of sharp IGC fissure growth was developed in this work. Sharp IGC fissures, similar to those formed in service, grew in samples that were given an electrochemical pre-treatment and then exposed in a humid environment. The time for the first sharp IGC fissure to penetrate the thin sample was determined by visual observation of the back side of the sample. The depth of the sharp IGC fissure was determined by serial sectioning. The kinetics measured by this approach did not represent the fastest rates, but rather the rates of long sharp IGC fissures. Relative humidity had no measurable effect on fissure kinetics, indicating that there was little connection of the local sharp IGC fissure region with the outside environment. AA7178 in the as-received and T7 conditions exhibited slower sharp IGC fissure rates than in the T6 condition. The sharp IGC fissures were found to be filled with corrosion products, which possibly exert a stress that could play an important role in driving fissure growth. It is suggested that the sharp IGC fissure could be a form of SCC.
Clinical correlates of desire for treatment for current alcohol dependence among patients with a primary psychiatric disorder

Background and Objectives: Rates of treatment-seeking for alcohol use disorders are notably low. To elucidate the clinical correlates of treatment-seeking for alcoholism, this study compared patients with current alcohol dependence and a primary psychiatric diagnosis who endorsed a desire for alcoholism treatment to patients who refused treatment or who were unsure.Method: A total of 131 (54 females) psychiatric outpatients with current alcohol dependence completed an intake assessment at a large hospital-based psychiatric clinic and at the end of the intake were asked whether they would like to receive treatment for alcohol problems.Results: Compared with alcohol-dependent patients who refused treatment for alcoholism or who were unsure (n = 46), patients who expressed a desire for treatment (n = 85) were older, were more likely to be female, reported higher levels of social impairments, and were more likely to endorse the following alcohol dependence symptoms: (i) multiple unsuccessful efforts or persis...
The Nature of the People Renewing Teacher Education as a Shared Responsibility Within Colleges and Schools of Education

Since 1986, the National Network for Educational Renewal (NNER) has attempted to persuade 41 institutions of higher education (IHEs) in partnership with schools to build collaborative networks among education faculty in colleges, schools, and departments of education (CSDEs) and to put into practice a new order of things leading to improvement in schooling and the renewal of teacher education. In an effort to describe the level of participation of special education in the commitment to the NNER agenda, we conducted a survey of the 28 NNER member IHEs who had departments or units of special education within their CSDEs. The chairs of departments of special education or their equivalent were asked to rate how well the NNER agenda and the new order of things was being accepted and carried out at their institution. IHEs were surveyed in four areas: the degree to which special education faculty are viewed as true (parity) partners within and across elementary and secondary education departments; the degree to ...
A 15-Year-Old Boy With Snoring and Molar Tooth Sign

A 15-year-old boy presented for evaluation of snoring and sleep-disordered breathing. The parents noted that the patient snored every night and that he had episodes when he stopped breathing, ending with gasping for air. He had no history of sleep walking, night terrors, tongue biting, or seizures. The patient had two healthy siblings, but he had a history of intellectual disability and developmental delay. The patient had a history of adenotonsillectomy.
Enhancement of CO2/N2 selectivity in a metal-organic framework by cavity modification

Post-synthesis modification of a MOF by replacing coordinated solvent molecules with highly polar ligands leads to considerable enhancement of CO2/N2 selectivity.
Nonhemolytic antigen loss from red blood cells requires cooperative binding of multiple antibodies recognizing different epitopes

Transfusion of crossmatch-incompatible red blood cells (RBCs) can result in antibody-mediated hemolysis. However, in some patients, crossmatch-incompatible RBCs lose the incompatible antigen from their surface, and then circulate normally ("antigen loss"). Although antigen loss has been reported in the settings of autoimmune hemolytic anemia and transfusion of crossmatch-incompatible RBCs, mechanistic understanding of this phenomenon is limited. Using an in vivo murine model of antigen loss, we report that, unlike polyclonal antisera, monoclonal antibodies did not induce antigen loss. However, the combination of 2 monoclonal antibodies that recognized separate epitopes on the same antigen induced antigen loss. This was not due to an increased number of Fc domains bound to the cell surface, because antigen loss still occurred when combining intact monoclonal IgG and F(ab')2 fragments recognizing different epitopes. Together, these data lead to the hypothesis that antigen-antibody crosslinking is required for nonhemolytic antigen loss to occur.
Printing Methods and Materials for Large-Area Electronic Devices

Two digital printing methods for the fabrication of active matrix thin-film transistor (AM-TFT) backplanes for displays are described. A process using printed resists layers, referred to as digital lithography, was used to fabricate arrays of hydrogenated amorphous silicon TFTs. TFTs were also fabricated using a combination of digital lithography to pattern metals and inkjet printing to pattern and deposit a polymeric semiconducting layer. The relative performance of amorphous silicon and polymer TFTs were evaluated. The utility of digital lithographic processing was demonstrated by the fabrication of prototype reflective displays using electrophoretic media.
Comments on the filtered backprojection algorithm, range conditions, and the pseudoinverse solution

The authors analyze the processing of an inconsistent data function by the FBP algorithm (in its continuous form). Specifically, they demonstrate that an image reconstructed using the FBP algorithm can be represented as the sum of a pseudoinverse solution and a residual image generated from an inconsistent component of the measured data. This reveals that, when the original data function is in the range of the Radon transform, the image reconstructed using the FBP algorithm corresponds to the pseudoinverse solution. When the data function is inconsistent, the authors demonstrate that the FBP algorithm makes use of a nonorthogonal projection of the data function to the range of the Radon transform.
Constitutional Issues in Cross-Gender Searches and Visual Observation of Nude Inmates by Opposite-Sex Officers: A Battle Between and Within the Sexes

Prison litigation concerning the issues of cross-gender searches and visual observation of nude inmates in prisons and jails by opposite-sex officers involves alleged violations of several constitutional rights. Additionally, claims of two competing interest groups, prison employees and inmates, are in conflict. In 1987, the U.S. Supreme Court in Turner v. Safley established standards for reviewing alleged violations of inmates' constitutional rights, a ruling that clarified issues somewhat. However, the recent Ninth Circuit case of Jordan v. Gardner (1993) rejected Turner standards and inserted a twist in the direction courts were taking. The Religious Freedom Restoration Act of 1993 may further complicate the three issues of incidental observation of unclothed inmates by opposite-sex officers, cross-gender routine strip searches/body cavity searches, and cross-gender pat searches/clothed body searches.
Intraoperative optical coherence tomography: past, present, and future

To provide an overview of the current state of intraoperative optical coherence tomography (OCT). Literature review of studies pertaining to intraoperative OCT examining both the technology aspects of the imaging platform and the current evidence for patient care. Over the last several years, there have been significant advances in integrative technology for intraoperative OCT. This has resulted in the development of multiple microscope-integrated systems and a rapidly expanding field of image-guided surgical care. Multiple studies have demonstrated the potential role for intraoperative OCT in facilitating surgeon understanding of the surgical environment, tissue configuration, and overall changes to anatomy. In fact, the PIONEER and DISCOVER studies, both demonstrated a potential significant percentage of cases that intraoperative OCT alters surgical decision-making in both anterior and posterior segment surgery. Current areas of exploration and development include OCT-compatible instrumentation, automated tracking, intraoperative OCT software platforms, and surgeon feedback/visualization platforms. Intraoperative OCT is an emerging technology that holds promise for enhancing the surgical care of both anterior segment and posterior segment conditions. Hurdles remain for adoption and widespread utilization, including cost, optimized feedback platforms, and more definitive value for individualized surgical care with image guidance.
Cell-Cell Interactions Regulate Dendritic Cell-Dependent HIV-1 Production in CD4+ T Lymphocytes

We investigated the role of blood dendritic cells (DC) in transmission of HIV-1 from infected to uninfected CD4+ T cells, and the accessory molecules involved. DC promoted transmission from infected to uninfected CD4+ cells, but blood DC themselves were not infectable. DC-mediated transmission was blocked by mAb to CD4 and MHC class II, but strongly increased by mAb to CD40 on DC or CD28 on T cells. The DC-dependent infection was inhibitable by anti-CD80 and a soluble fusion protein of the CD80 ligand, CTLA4; soluble CTLA4Ig also blocked infection augmented by crosslinking CD40. We also demonstrated that mAb to CD40 up-regulate the expression of CTLA4 ligands CD80 and B70/B7-2 (CD86) on DC. These data suggest that the dialog between CD40-CD40 ligand (CD40L) and CD28-CD80 counter-receptors on DC and T cells may be linked to HIV infection in vivo.
The anatomy and physiology of the repugnatorial glands of Pachydesmus crassicutus (Diplopoda)

The repugnatorial gland apparatus of Pachydesmus crassicutus (Wood) (Polydesmidae; Diplopoda) is a two-part structure—gland and chamber—separated by a closing mechanism which consists of a tongue and tongue muscle. The chamber cells probably secrete an enzyme through fine canals in the intima, while oval cytoplasmic inclusions in the gland cells are believed to produce a cyanoglucoside. It is postulated that the water-clear exudate oozes from the orifices on the notal projections of the diplosegments by pressure due to the reaction of the cyanoglucoside and enzyme in the chamber. Increased pressure in the chamber could be produced by projection of the tongue into the chamber. The substrate (cyanoglucoside) is probably stored in the chamber until acted upon by the enzyme which is released by nervous stimulation of the chamber cells.
The differential impacts of episodic, chronic, and cumulative physical bullying and cyberbullying: The effects of victimization on the school experiences, social support, and mental health of rural adolescents

Few studies have examined the impacts of past, current, and chronic physical bullying and cyberbullying on youth, especially in rural settings. This study augments this scant literature by exploring the school experiences, social support, and mental health outcomes for rural, middle school youth. The participants for this 2-year longitudinal study were 3,127 youth from 28 middle schools. Participants were classified as nonvictims, past victims (i.e., victimized during Year 1 but not Year 2), current victims (i.e., victimized during Year 2 but not Year 1), and chronic victims (i.e., victimized during both Year 1 and Year 2). Findings illustrated that chronic victimization resulted in the lowest levels of school satisfaction, social support, future optimism, and self-esteem. Chronic victims also reported the highest levels of school hassles, perceived discrimination, peer rejection, anxiety, depression, and externalizing behaviors. In terms of episodic victimization, current year victimization was associated with worse outcomes than past year victimization. Implications and limitations were discussed.
The Genus Plusinia (Lepidoptera, Thyatiridae)

In 1936, I wrote[1][1] of the Thyatiridae: “The most serious omission is probably Plusinia , which is represented by the female type in the British Museum, and Mimopsestis ( Spilobasis ), also, I believe, represented only by the type. If they are Thyatirids at all they should show light on the origin of the whole group when studied.” [1]: #fn-1
Export Orientation: Pathway or Artifact?

This study investigates the theoretical and empirical claims made for “export-oriented industrialization,” a development policy often promoted for a wide range of societies undertaking industrialization. Using Balassa's (1981) macroeconomic and policy data for thirty-four societies, we reexamine prominent explanations of the importance of export orientation. We demonstrate that spatial autocorrelation dominates Balassa's empirical results and conclude that regional variables play an important role in explaining revealed comparative advantage. These results may help to explain why international funding agencies' push to promote export-oriented industrialization strategies across the board has not been uniformly successful. We speculate briefly about the implications of this finding.
Surgical Management of Renovascular Hypertension in Older Patients

In hypertensive patients over 50 years of age, the high prevalence of renovascular hypertension (31 per cent), the low operative risk for its correction (1 to 2 per cent), and the frequency of benefit from operation (80 to 87 per cent) support an aggressive attitude toward screening and management. Diastolic hypertension greater than 105 mm Hg in the older patient warrants investigation. If such a patient has advanced atherosclerosis with evidence of significant cardiac disease or cerebrovascular disease, the indications for operative management of renovascular hypertension correlated with the severity of hypertension, difficulty of control, and imminence of renal function deterioration. If complicating risk factors are not severe, any patient with diastolic hypertension greater than 105 mm Hg is considered an appropriate operative candidate. In contrast, when risk factors are severe, operative management is undertaken only when hypertension is difficult to control or deterioration of renal function is thought to be secondary to the renal artery stenosis. In these patients the risk of operation is obviously greater and the long term benefits are more limited. Nevertheless, based on our experience, we feel the risk of poorly controlled hypertension or impending renal failure is even higher and justifies operative intervention. Hypertension accelerates the progress of atherosclerosis, and halting or slowing the unrelenting course of atherosclerosis is worthwhile objective if this can be done without unnecessary risk.
Current status of twice-exceptional students: A look at legislation and policy in the United States

ABSTRACTEducational legislation and policy can lead to effective educational practices, especially for student populations that have had equal access to education addressing their needs, such as students with disabilities and gifted students. This study was an examination of state legislation and policy related to twice-exceptional learners in the United States. Forty-two administrators from state departments of education completed questionnaires, and 131 state policy and legislation documents were reviewed to reveal mention of twice-exceptional learners. Results indicate the (a) lack of state legislation and policy related to twice-exceptional students; (b) need for collaboration among general, gifted, and special education professionals; (c) importance of specific definitions and characteristics for twice-exceptionality; and (d) existence of models for initiatives related to twice exceptionality. The researchers intend for these results to lead educators to advocate for the inclusion of twice-exceptiona...
Acid Modification for n-Pentane Isomerization Catalyst at Low Temperature

The non-noble metal catalyst for n-pentane isomerization at low temperature was prepared by acid modification.The results show that n-pentane isomerization conforms to the representatively bifunctional catalytic reaction mechanism,at the condition of same amount metal,activity and selectivity of catalyst are appreciably increased,optimal reaction temperature drops from 300 to 250 ℃ by acid modification.Prepared Ni-F/HM catalyst achieves superior reaction activity under the condition that the mass fraction of nickel and fluorine is 4% and 5% respectively,the specific surface area of catalyst is 327.63 m~2/g,all the specific orifice volume is 0.238 2 mL/g,plane orifice radius is 1.088 4 nm.Under the reaction conditions of 250 ℃,2.0 MPa 1.0 h~(-1),H_2/hydrocarbon molar ration 4.0,n-pentane conversion rate is 70.49%,isopentane yield is 68.27%,isopentane selectivity is 96.85%,liquid yield is 97.78%,it is superior to the application effect of the same isomerization catalyst at home.
Observation of Pharmaceutical Care to Improve Healing Efficacy of Children’s Diarrhea

Objective To improve the rational use of drugs in children with diarrhea in children,and explore ideas and methods of pharmaceutical care in community.Methods Experimental Study on 60 cases of fever in children with diarrhea in children with selected from the clinic,to guide with the guardians,monitoring and guidance on the use of medication.A control group of 60 cases were followed up,two groups of treatment compliance of medication,treatment,medication correctly use questionnaire testing and treatment satisfaction questionnaire results were treated statistically.Results The experimental group and the control group of medication compliance rate had significant difference(P0.05),diarrhea recovery treatment was statistically significant difference(P0.05),drug test group and control group in the correct use of treatment satisfaction questionnaire score,the difference was statistically significant(P0.05).Conclusion Pharmaceutical care can improve the effect of community children diarrhea,shorten the course of treatment of diarrhea in children.
Upfront Therapy for Myeloma: Tailoring Therapy across the Disease Spectrum.

Overview:The treatment of multiple myeloma is evolving rapidly. Despite the number of regimens and combinations available, there is lack of data from phase III trials demonstrating superiority of o...
Role of Metabolic Intermediates in the Inhibition of Salmonella typhimurium and Salmonella enteritidis by Veillonella.

A Veillonella sp. was isolated from the cecal contents of adult chickens. The Veillonella was grown on an agar medium supplemented with 200 mM of lactate, pyruvate, fumarate, or succinate and adjusted to a pH of 6.7, 6.5, 6.3, 6.1, 5.9, or 5.7. No metabolites were added to the control media, but it was adjusted to the same pH levels as the supplemented media. The agar medium on which the Veillonella was grown was overlaid with fresh agar medium. Cultures of Salmonella typhimurium or Salmonella enteritidis were spread on the surface of the agar overlay, and the plates were incubated at 37°C for 14-18 h. Veillonella did not inhibit the growth of either salmonellae on any of the control or pyruvate medium. Veillonella did inhibit the growth of both salmonellae on lactate medium that had been adjusted to pH 6.3, 6.1, or 5.9 and on succinate medium that had been adjusted to pH 5.7. Veillonella also inhibited the growth of S. typhimurium on fumarate medium that had been adjusted to pH 6.7, 6.5, 6.3, 6.1, or 5.9; and it inhibited the growth of S. enteritidis on fumarate medium that had been adjusted to pH 6.7, 6.5, 6.3, or 6.1. Inhibition on lactate agar was correlated with the production of acetate and propionate by Veillonella and residual lactate in the medium; inhibition on fumarate agar was correlated with the production of propionate and lactate by Veillonella ; and inhibition on succinate agar was correlated to the production of propionate at low pH levels. The findings indicate that anaerobic bacteria that produce these metabolic intermediates and anaerobic bacteria that can convert the intermediates to volatile fatty acids may be important components of probiotic cultures that can be provided to chicks to reduce colonization by salmonellae.
Integration Beyond Components and Models: Research Challenges and Directions

Recent research in embedded and cyber-physical systems has developed theories and tools for integration of heterogeneous components and models. These efforts, although important, are insufficient for high-quality and error-free systems integration since inconsistencies between system elements may stem from factors not directly represented in models (e.g., analysis tools and expert disagreements). Therefore, we need to broaden our perspective on integration, and devise approaches in three novel directions of integration: modeling methods, data sets, and humans. This paper summarizes the latest advances, and discusses those directions and associated challenges in integration for cyber-physical systems.
The Conventional Route, Joining Global Capitalism: Track 1 — Brazil

Formulating a strategy of development requires looking back over the trails Third World countries have already trod in their quest to accumulate capital. The real choices in the current global political economy are quite limited. One is to join the lane of traffic headed for capitalist development. (Tracks 1 and 2 distinguish the different conditions traversed by this outward-bound lane.) A second is to leave the mainstream, join the incoming traffic and aim for another destination. Third is to weave through the congestion, exploring an alternative passage, forcing an opening to the other end of the tunnel. Each route is a risky venture.
Mechanically Flexible Interconnects With Contact Tip for Rematable Heterogeneous System Integration

A wafer-level, batch-fabricated, mechanically flexible interconnect (MFI) with a contact tip has been developed for rematable heterogeneous system integration. The contact tip, which exhibits a truncated-cone profile, enhances the scrubbing capability while maintaining the tip lifetime by avoiding tip plastic deformation. Electrical and mechanical characterization has been conducted on various testbeds to verify the performance of the assembled chip links with MFIs. The results indicate that a single MFI has an average electrical resistance of 103.21 $\text{m}\Omega $ and up to 1 A current carrying capability, and can be successfully assembled on nonplanar surfaces with up to 45- $\mu \text{m}$ surface variation.
Rapid Quantitative Analysis of Forest Biomass Using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and Partial Least Squares Regression

Fourier transform infrared reflectance (FTIR) spectroscopy has been used to predict properties of forest logging residue, a very heterogeneous feedstock material. Properties studied included the chemical composition, thermal reactivity, and energy content. The ability to rapidly determine these properties is vital in the optimization of conversion technologies for the successful commercialization of biobased products. Partial least squares regression of first derivative treated FTIR spectra had good correlations with the conventionally measured properties. For the chemical composition, constructed models generally did a better job of predicting the extractives and lignin content than the carbohydrates. In predicting the thermochemical properties, models for volatile matter and fixed carbon performed very well (i.e., > 0.80, RPD > 2.0). The effect of reducing the wavenumber range to the fingerprint region for PLS modeling and the relationship between the chemical composition and higher heating value of logging residue were also explored. This study is new and different in that it is the first to use FTIR spectroscopy to quantitatively analyze forest logging residue, an abundant resource that can be used as a feedstock in the emerging low carbon economy. Furthermore, it provides a complete and systematic characterization of this heterogeneous raw material.
Clonotypic B Cells Circulate in Hodgkin’s Lymphoma (HL).

Reed-Sternberg (RS) cells, the hallmark of HL, are clonal B lineage cells generally characterized by their co-expression of CD15 and CD30. RS cells also occasionally express the plasma cell (PC) cell surface antigen CD138 (syndecan-1), and we thus hypothesized that RS may represent aberrant PC differentiation. We found that RS cells from the L428 HL cell line exhibited an expression profile similar to normal PC and those from multiple myeloma (MM): high expression of the PC transcription factor Blimp-1 and low expression of the germinal center B cell markers Pax-5 and Bcl-6. We recently demonstrated that CD138 + MM PC, like their normal counterparts, have limited replicative potential; rather, self-renewing CD138 neg clonotypic B cells appear to be responsible for the initiation and maintenance of MM, giving rise to the differentiated CD138 + MM PC (Matsui et al Blood103: 2332–2336, 2004). To determine if RS cells similarly were differentiated progeny of rare HL cancer stem cells, we studied HL cell lines (L428, KM-H2) and found that each line contained a small ( + CD20 + CD27 + ) and in addition possessed most of the clonogenic capacity of the HL cell lines; this suggested that RS cells, similar to the neoplastic PC in MM, are not the cells responsible for the growth and maintenance of HL. Using Aldefluor, a fluorescent aldehyde that is a substrate for aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH), we previously showed that ALDH is highly expressed in both normal and MM stem cells. The clonogenic subpopulation within the HL cell lines also expressed high ALDH activity, while the predominant RS cells exhibited low ALDH activity. To determine if clonotypic memory B cells were similarly present in HL patients, CD19 + cells were isolated from the marrow or blood of 5 HL patients. The bulk CD19 + cells, as well as those that were ALDH low , isolated from the HL patients were a mixture of non-clonal naive and memory B cells. However, the ALDH high CD19 + cells were a highly enriched population of immunoglobulin (Ig) light chain-restricted CD27 + memory B cells that represented 0.7 to 3% of the circulating CD19 + cells, in 4/5 patients (none with evidence of marrow involvement) studied. These ALDH high CD19 + cells also displayed clonal Ig gene rearrangement by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification. In two of these patients, CD15 + CD30 + RS cells were isolated from a fresh diagnostic lymph node and contained the same clonal Ig gene rearrangement as the circulating ALDH high CD19 + B cells. Thus, clonotypic memory B cells can be found in both HL cell lines and patients. These data suggest that these clonotypic memory B cells circulate in relatively high numbers even in early stage patients, and may represent the HL stem cells. Our results also suggest that therapies, such as rituximab, that target these putative HL stem cells may have clinical activity in HL patients.
Verification of a Practical Hardware Security Architecture Through Static Information Flow Analysis

Hardware-based mechanisms for software isolation are becoming increasingly popular, but implementing these mechanisms correctly has proved difficult, undermining the root of security. This work introduces an effective way to formally verify important properties of such hardware security mechanisms. In our approach, hardware is developed using a lightweight security-typed hardware description language (HDL) that performs static information flow analysis. We show the practicality of our approach by implementing and verifying a simplified but realistic multi-core prototype of the ARM TrustZone architecture. To make the security-typed HDL expressive enough to verify a realistic processor, we develop new type system features. Our experiments suggest that information flow analysis is efficient, and programmer effort is modest. We also show that information flow constraints are an effective way to detect hardware vulnerabilities, including several found in commercial processors.
On the influence of post-LGM ice shelf loss and grounding zone sedimentation on West Antarctic ice sheet stability

Abstract The Whales Deep Basin in eastern Ross Sea was occupied by the paleo-Bindschadler Ice Stream during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). Previous studies showed that megascale glacial lineations (MSGLs) extend to the continental shelf edge. In a landward direction, these lineations are buried by an overlapping stack of backstepped grounding zone wedges (GZWs). The constraints require that the West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS) grounded at least seven times within 60 km of the shelf edge but the morphological relationships in the Whales Deep Basin cannot be used to uniquely reveal the magnitudes of either grounding line and/or calving front retreat and re-advance between the successive groundings. Here we show a new regional transect of cores from the basin which demonstrates that there were no major back and forth oscillations of either the grounding line or calving front during the overall retreat of grounded and floating ice. Instead, the new sedimentologic data show that a small ice shelf formed as the grounding line retreated from the shelf edge and backstepped over the outer continental shelf. An event bed records breakup of the ice shelf that covered the outer shelf. The stratal relationships indicate that the ice-shelf collapse occurred during the fourth grounding and that the grounding line remained on the outer continental shelf for three additional groundings. We infer that accelerated ice stream flow (due to loss of buttressing) increased sediment flux to the grounding line and thinned the WAIS at the grounding line. Following the seventh grounding, thinning contributed to an abrupt 200 km retreat of the grounding line to the middle continental shelf and a large ice shelf re-formed over the middle continental shelf. A series of small-scale moraine ridges formed as the grounding line shifted south towards Roosevelt Island. The facies relationships on the middle continental shelf indicate that the calving front then shifted abruptly to its modern position. The ground-truth of the seafloor geomorphology presented here is important because it is a necessary framework for constraining retreat chronology for a central part of the WAIS that was not influenced by East Antarctic Ice Sheet overflow.
Personalized medicine in a dish: the growing possibility of neuropsychiatric disease drug discovery tailored to patient genetic variants using stem cells.

The mechanistic links between patient genotype and the phenotypic changes associated with neuropsychiatric disease have been difficult to establish, owing in part to the lack of live brain tissue from clinical cases. In fact, for many brain disorders, it remains unclear whether disease progression reflects developmental aberrations during neural differentiation or activity-dependent perturbations in mature neurons. Fortunately, the ability to reprogram cells from patients and healthy controls into human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) (1) has conferred the ability to generate a nearly limitless source of genetically matched human neural cells with which to model neuropsychiatric disease across a variety of neural cell fates. Already, hiPSC-based models have provided molecular and cellular insights into disease mechanisms underlying far-ranging brain disorders from autism spectrum disorder (2) to schizophrenia (3), Alzheimer’s disease (4), Parkinson’s disease (5), and even zika-virus induced microcephaly (6). These models are being increasingly applied to drug screening, successfully identifying compounds to enhance neural proliferation (7), modulators of lithium signaling (8) and inhibitors of zika virus infection (9). While many of these early screens have been conducted on neural progenitor cells (NPCs), screening has recently been extended to stem cell-derived neurons and astrocytes (10-12).
A randomized clinical trial to evaluate the efficacy of contingency management for treatment of waterpipe tobacco addiction.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Unlike cigarette smoking cessation, waterpipe tobacco smoking cessation is relatively understudied. The objective of this randomized clinical trial was to examine the efficacy of contingency management (CM) for promoting initial waterpipe smoking abstinence. METHODS The study used a two-group, repeated measures design. Participants attended 10 visits (two visits per week, on Mondays and Thursdays) across 5 weeks. Thirty-nine adult waterpipe tobacco users who did not smoke cigarettes and were not planning on quitting waterpipe tobacco smoking were randomly assigned to either the contingent (n = 19) or non-contingent (n = 20) groups. Contingent group received monetary rewards based on negative salivary cotinine results. Earning rewards started at $14 and increased by $.50 with each subsequent negative sample for a maximum $192.50. Non-contingent group earned rewards independent of salivary cotinine results. Prolonged abstinence was defined as having negative salivary cotinine results for eight or more visits (two lapses were allowed); and 7-day point prevalence was defined as having negative salivary cotinine results at visit 9 and 10 (final week). RESULTS The prolonged abstinence rate in the contingent and non-contingent groups were 42.1% and 5.0%, respectively, (p = .008). The 7-day point prevalence in the contingent and non-contingent were 47.4% and 5.0%, respectively, (p = .003). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Rewards contingent on biochemically verified abstinence promote initial waterpipe tobacco cessation. This is useful information for consideration in future cessation programs for waterpipe smokers. SCIENTIFIC SIGNIFICANCE CM strategy may have potential benefit in addressing waterpipe tobacco smoking in non-treatment seeking adults. (Am J Addict 2018;27:202-209).
Improving Breast MR Wait Times: A Model for Transitioning Newly Implemented Diagnostic Imaging Procedures into Routine Clinical Operation.

Abstract Purpose The purpose of this quality improvement (QI) initiative was to increase patient access to breast MR while maintaining diagnostic image quality. Methods Institutional review board approval was waived for this HIPAA-compliant QI initiative, which was conducted from December 2014 through March 2016. Breast MR wait times, scheduling grids, and staffing models were reviewed to identify root causes of elevated wait times. Breast MR wait times were tracked on a biweekly basis as root causes were identified and action plans were implemented. Patient recall rates for repeat MR imaging were tracked. A retrospective analysis of image quality was performed in a randomly selected sample (20 per month; total: 320 examinations). Wait time and image quality data were analyzed with statistical process control charts and logistic regression. Results In all, 798 breast MR examinations were performed during the study period. Monthly volume increased from 23 in December 2014 to 50 in March 2016 (range: 23-64). Wait time for a routine breast MRI fell from 101 days before implementation to 5 days at study completion. The technical recall rate was 0.5% (4 of 798); no recall was performed for a technologist-related error or scan quality concern. The proportion of examinations with minor (31% [99 of 320]) or major (3% [9 of 320]) image quality impairments did not significantly change during the study period ( P = .69-.70). Conclusion A specialized MR examination was transitioned into routine clinical operation while maintaining image quality. This model may be useful for transitioning other specialized diagnostic imaging examinations into routine clinical practice.
Factors Limiting Productivity of Freshwater Ecosystems

In considering environmental factors potentially limiting microbial productivity in fresh water, the spectrum of physical, chemical, and resulting biological properties distinguishing individual ecosystems must be realized and identified. The physical individuality of an aquatic ecosystem is a product of its geological origin and its geophysical (climatic and morphological) conditioning. Specific geochemical events, such as tectonic activity, volcanism, and weathering, have profound impacts on shaping the chemical environment (Hutchinson, 1957; Golterman, 1975a). Biological activity, particularly the redox transformations of growth-limiting elements, additionally modifies the chemical environment (Golterman, 1975a; Wetzel, 1975). Interactions of the general processes outlined above are largely responsible for shaping the biotic environment, including constraints on its productivity and diversity.
The EPIGRAM computer program for analyzing mortality and population data sets.

Abstract EPIGRAM is a computer program designed to improve access to State-level underlying cause mortality data. The program produces results for population, deaths, death rate, age-adjusted death rate, years of potential life lost (YPLL), YPLL rate, and confidence intervals. Results can be compared variously among age groups, counties, causes of death, races, regions, and years. The program's menu-driven interface facilitates the selection or modification of analysis parameters. Current selections are retained so the user can modify one parameter at a time. Based on the parameters that the user selects, the program produces a series of tables, one for each instance of a particular parameter. Each output table has columns for male, female, and both sexes combined, and an indefinite number of user-defined rows for age groups, causes of death, counties, races, regions, or years. EPIGRAM has major advantages over other methods for analyzing mortality and population data. The program uses relatively small amounts of memory and disk space, executes rapidly, is flexible, can be used by inexperienced computer users, provides online help screens and tutorials, and runs under DOS or UNIX without modification. The program currently is used to analyze mortality and population data for Texas. Although it is not currently available for distribution, support is being sought for its evaluation and possible implementation in State health departments to analyze data for other States, or other data sets, such as hospital discharge data or cancer incidence data.
Optical Properties of Donor-Type Graphite Intercalation Compounds

Pristine graphite is a highly anisotropic semimetal exhibiting weakly overlapping conduction and valence bands with approximate mirror symmetry. These π bands exhibit small basal plane electronic masses. In the lowest order of approximation (rigid band model [1]) the electrical properties of donor- and acceptor-type graphite intercalation compounds (GICs) [2,3] are determined by shifting the Fermi level up (donors) or down (acceptors) in the rigid π band, consistent with the charge transferred between the carbon and intercalate layers. The rigid band model, however, does not address the effects which might arise from the new c-axis periodicity (stage index), in-plane zone folding [4] of the π band associated with the intercalate layer superlattice (if one exists), or the intercalate-derived states themselves. Considerable progress has been made in our ability to account for these effects, and this has come from the interplay of energy band theory and many diverse experimental probes.
Neural Models of Seeing and Thinking

Air Force Office of Scientific Research (F49620-01-1-0397); Office of Naval Research (N00014-01-1-0624)
Accessing crystal-crystal interaction forces with oriented nanocrystal atomic force microscopy probes.

Biominerals serve as critical structures of living systems and play important roles in biochemical processes. Understanding their crystallization mechanisms is therefore central to many areas of biology, biogeoscience, and biochemistry. Some biominerals, such as bone and dentin, are hierarchical nanocomposite structures constructed by sequential addition of individual oriented nanocrystals. The driving forces that enable this oriented assembly are still poorly understood, with advances in understanding limited in part by the availability of techniques that can precisely measure the delicate interactions between nanocrystals as a function of their separation distance and mutual orientation. Here, we provide a comprehensive protocol for (i) fabricating oriented single-nanocrystal atomic force microscopy (AFM) probes using focused ion beam (FIB) milling and (ii) performing oriented nanocrystal interaction force measurements using dynamic force spectroscopy (DFS)-based AFM and environmental transmission electron microscopy (ETEM)–AFM techniques. We illustrate how to fabricate oriented nanocrystal force probes using commercial bulk crystals or nano/microcrystals of calcite, zinc oxide, and rutile. The typical protocol for fabricating one AFM crystal probe takes 2–3 h. In addition, we illustrate how to quantify the direction-specific interaction forces for a given pair of interacting oriented nanocrystal faces. The methods are fully transferrable to other minerals of interest, such as the apatites constituting bone minerals. This allows researchers across many fields to measure and understand particle-based crystallization processes. This protocol describes focused ion beam–milling approaches for fabricating oriented single-nanocrystal atomic force microscopy probes, as well as how to measure direction-specific interaction forces between nanocrystals in solution and in vacuum.