cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Preventing Premature Deindustrialization in Sub-Saharan Africa: The Importance of the Road Transportation Sector

Since independence in the early 1960s the countries of sub-Saharan Africa have generally viewed industrialization as an essential ingredient of economic development. Indeed, most of the world’s advanced nations are often grouped as the “industrial economies” and the progression from agriculture-based economies to manufacturing and service-based ones has been seen as key to development strategy. However, there is a growing literature that suggest that this path is no longer one that can necessarily be followed. Indeed, there is strong evidence that for many countries deindustrialization is actually the problem. Infrastructure will need to play an even great role if the region is to successfully industrialize and meet its development targets. Of course roads form only a part of transportation infrastructure in African countries --albeit the most important part, as road transport accounts for 85% of the region’s passenger and freight and is the only form of access to most rural communities where 65% of the population live. For the region to develop it must continue on its path of economic and political reform, but at the same time it must look at improving its basic infrastructure, especially good roads and find new means for increased mobility for the majority. Improved road infrastructure is vital if Africa is to escape the scourge of deindustrialization. This paper examines the phenomenon of deindustrialization and see how improved road transport might roll back that decline.
Land Use and Seasonal Effects on Urban Stormwater Runoff Microorganism Concentrations

Stormwater samples collected from storm sewers draining small municipal separate storm sewer systems shown to be free of cross connections within an urban watershed dominated by a single land use were analyzed fo r pathogens (Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus) and indicator organisms (total coliforms, fecal coliforms, fecal streptococci, enterococci, and E. coli). The samples were collected from three land-use designations (high-density residential, low-density residential, and landscaped commercial) in all four seasons. Flow -weighted samples were collected using automatic samplers connected to flow meters. Rain gauges in the drainage basin recorded the event while the flow meter recorded flow velo city, water level, pH, dissolved oxygen, conductivity, and temperature of the runoff. The concentrations of microorganisms in the stormwater runoff were found to be similar to, but less variable than, those reported in the National P ollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) database (Pitt et al., 2003a). Organism concentrations from high-density residential areas were higher than those associated with low density residential and landscaped commercial areas. Concentrations of orga nisms were significantly affected by the season during which the samples were collected. The lowest concentrations were observed during winter. The results will help watershed managers target BMPs or treatments to land uses having higher runoff loads having greater impact on lowering the total load to a receiving water.
Novel Cyclorotor Pitching Mechanism for Operation at Curtate and Prolate Advance Ratios

A cyclorotor is a horizontal axis propeller capable of producing thrust in or extracting energy from a fluid. The ability to vary the direction and magnitude of thrust, operate more quietly and at higher advance ratios than traditional rotors makes them attractive for a wide range of aircraft applications. Moreover, recent research has enabled cyclorotors to exceed the efficiency of traditional rotors in hovering conditions. However, until the present work, no mechanism existed to achieve the blade pitching kinematics necessary for efficient flight at high curtate and prolate advance ratios. A novel cyclorotor pitching control mechanism was designed and constructed to actuate cyclic pitching schedules for operation at curtate and prolate advance ratios, i.e. hovering and cruise flight conditions. This mechanism employs a four degree of freedom three dimensional cam larger than the rotor radius. The position of the cam is altered to enable pitch variations to account for changes in advance ratio, as well as alter the pitching schedule, to vary the magnitude and direction of thrust. Preliminary testing demonstrated the ability to produce pitching schedules for advance ratios from 0 to 0.85. Operating challenges resulting from improper blade mass distribution and cam bearing geometry were identified and corrected.
Self-Organized Bursts of Coherent Stimulated Raman Scattering and Hot Electron Transport in Speckled Laser Plasma Media

Nonlinear electron trapping physics governs the onset and saturation of stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) in laser beams with many speckles. Hot electrons from intense speckles, produced during SRS daughter electron-plasma-wave bowing and filamentation, seed and enhance the growth of SRS in neighboring speckles by reducing Landau damping. Trapping-induced nonlinearity and speckle interaction through transport of hot electrons and back- and sidescattered SRS waves enable the system of speckles to self-organize and exhibit coherent, sub-ps SRS bursts with more than 100% instantaneous reflectivity, consistent with a SRS transverse coherence width much larger than a speckle width.
An analysis on two methods of placing abdominal cavity drainage tube during radical resection of cervical carcinoma

Objective:It is to investigate the significance of placing transvaginal abdominal cavity drainage tube during radical resection of cervical carcinoma.Methods:Sixty cases with cervical cancer undergoing radical hysterectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy were enrolled.The cases were divided into two groups:group A and group B,each thirty cases.Group A were placed abdominal cavity drainage tubes in abdominal wall;group B were placed transvaginal abdominal cavity drainage tubes.Group A will be compared with group B in Febrile duration,the time of extubating abdominal cavity drainage tube,the length of vaginal of three months after surgery and lymph retention cyst.Results:Group B is significantly superior to group A in febrile duration,the number of fever after operation,the time of extubating the abdominal cavity drainage tube,lymph retention cyst and the length of vaginal of three months after operation(P0.05).It is no significantly different between the two groups in the number of fever after operation(P0.05).Conclusion:Placement of transvaginal abdominal cavity drainage tube has some advantages,such as fewer complications,less wound pain and longer vaginal,which is especially important for young women with cervical cancer.
Latina Youth, Education, and Citizenship: A Feminist Transnational Analysis

AbstractThis article explores adolescent Latinas’ citizenship identities in school from a feminist transnational perspective. Data were drawn from qualitative research studies on Latina youths’ educational experiences and from a qualitative project conducted by the author. Cultural citizenship theories were used to analyze the data. The analysis revealed that adolescent Latinas experience their citizenship identities’ being-made through two strategies: (i) stereotypical images and (ii) language ideologies. The analysis also revealed that Latina youth self-make their citizenship identities through three strategies: (i) embracing education, (ii) cultural practices, and (iii) new citizenship identities in transnational spaces. Analyses suggest the need for more transnational approaches in educational research and practice on citizenship education. A feminist transnational approach highlights how discourses and images on Latinas, Latina/o immigration, and citizens materialize in school and provide the conditi...
Equations of Motion for a Small Body Orbiter

This chapter considers the basic equations of motion for a spacecraft or particle relative to a small body. Several forms of the equations are derived, each with their own special applications.
Managing Threats to Web Databases and Cyber Systems

This chapter provides an overview of some of the cyber threats information systems as well as data management systems and then discusses potential solutions and challenges. The threats include access control violations, unauthorized intrusions and inference and aggregation. Solutions include role-based access control, data mining techniques and security constraint processing.
Variations in Radiographic Procedure Use for Medicare Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis.

Objective In 2013, the American College of Rheumatology published its Choosing Wisely list, which identified 2 radiographic procedures (peripheral joint magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] and dual x-ray absorptiometry [DXA] scans) that were at risk for overuse. Methods We performed a retrospective cross-sectional cohort study to measure the use of peripheral joint MRI, peripheral joint radiographs, and DXA scans in a national cohort of Medicare patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) during 2008–2009, before the start of the Choosing Wisely campaign. Diagnoses were identified via International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, codes; utilization was calculated using Current Procedural Terminology codes. Utilization was analyzed at the individual level and at the regional level (by hospital referral region [HRR]). Results There were 8,051 patients with RA who were included: 81% were women, and the mean age was 76 years. Over a 2-year period, the mean number of peripheral joint MRIs per beneficiary was 0.3 (median 0 [range 0–50]), peripheral joint radiographs per beneficiary was 2.6 (median 1 [range 0–33]), and DXA scans per beneficiary was 0.7 (median 0 [range 0–11]). Only 6.8% of patients received >1 peripheral joint MRI, and 6% of HRRs had a mean number of peripheral joint MRIs >1. Conclusion There is variation in the use of peripheral joint MRI, peripheral joint radiographs, and DXA scans among Medicare patients with RA, although only a small number of HRRs have consistently high utilization. Although we cannot judge the appropriateness of each procedure, variation in use across regions signals the need for investigations to examine potential overutilization.
Alveolar soft part sarcoma in children and young adults: A report of 69 cases.

Background Alveolar soft part sarcoma (ASPS) is a rare mesenchymal tumor characterized by ASPL-TFE3 translocation. Apart from complete surgical resection, there is no standard management strategy. Procedure The clinical data of 69 children and young adults less than 30 years old with ASPS diagnosed from 1980-2014 were retrospectively collected from four major institutions. Results Median age at diagnosis was 17 years (range: 1.5-30). Forty-four (64%) were female. Median follow-up was 46 months (range: 1-409). Most common primary sites were limbs (58%) and trunk (24%). ASPL-TFE3 translocation was present in all 26 patients tested. IRS postsurgical staging was I in 19 (28%), II in 7 (10%), III in 5 (7%), and IV in 38 (55%) patients. The 5-year event-free survival (EFS) and overall survival (OS) were 38% and 72%, respectively. The 5-year EFS and OS were 80% and 87%, respectively, for the 31 patients with localized tumors (IRS-I-II-III), and 7% and 61%, respectively, for the 38 patients with metastatic tumors (IRS-IV). Of 11 IRS-IV patients who received targeted therapy upfront, two had partial response, six had stable disease, and three had progressive disease. Median time to progression for IRS-IV patients was 12 months for those treated with targeted therapy, 7 months for cytotoxic chemotherapy (N = 15), and 4 months for observation only (N = 6). Conclusion Localized ASPS has a good prognosis after gross total resection. ASPS is resistant to cytotoxic chemotherapy. Although there are no curative therapies for patients with metastatic disease, prolonged disease stabilization may be achieved with targeted therapies.
Detection of an avian lineage influenza A(H7N2) virus in air and surface samples at a New York City feline quarantine facility.

BACKGROUND In December 2016, an outbreak of low pathogenicity avian influenza (LPAI) A(H7N2) occurred in cats at a New York City animal shelter and quickly spread to other shelters in New York and Pennsylvania. The A(H7N2) virus also spread to an attending veterinarian. In response, 500 cats were transferred from these shelters to a temporary quarantine facility for continued monitoring and treatment. OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to assess the occupational risk of A(H7N2) exposure among emergency response workers at the feline quarantine facility. METHODS Aerosol and surface samples were collected from inside and outside the isolation zones of the quarantine facility. Samples were screened for A(H7N2) by quantitative RT-PCR and analyzed in embryonated chicken eggs for infectious virus. RESULTS H7N2 virus was detected by RT-PCR in 28 of 29 aerosol samples collected in the high-risk isolation (hot) zone with 70.9% on particles with aerodynamic diameters >4 μm, 27.7% in 1-4 μm, and 1.4% in <1 μm. Seventeen of 22 surface samples from the high-risk isolation zone were also H7N2 positive with an average M1 copy number of 1.3 × 103 . Passage of aerosol and surface samples in eggs confirmed that infectious virus was present throughout the high-risk zones in the quarantine facility. CONCLUSIONS By measuring particle size, distribution, and infectivity, our study suggests that the A(H7N2) virus had the potential to spread by airborne transmission and/or direct contact with viral-laden fomites. These results warranted continued A(H7N2) surveillance and transmission-based precautions during the treatment and care of infected cats.
On Motivational Interviewing for Oral Health Promotion: State of the Field and Future Directions:

Knowledge Transfer Statement: Behavior is important in dental disease etiology, so behavioral interventions are needed for prevention and treatment. Motivational interviewing has been proposed as a potentially useful behavioral intervention for oral health promotion, but results from published studies are mixed. Furthermore, this literature is immature; basic efficacy research and innovative applications are still needed. Although likely not as a stand-alone intervention, motivational interviewing may hold promise for dental public health.
Sonographic Confirmation of Intracapsular and Extracapsular Breast Implant Rupture

Breast implant ruptures are a recognized complication associated with both cosmetic augmentation and breast reconstruction. After a breast implant has been placed, a fibrous capsule forms around th...
CRITICAL MOLECULAR EVENTS AND GENE REGULATION IN CARCINOGENESIS, DIFFERENTIATION AND AGING.

The development of cell culture systems and transformation in vitro of rodent and human cells has made it possible to probe into cellular and molecular events and regulatory mechanisms which underlie carcinogenesis differentiation and aging.
Benchmarking the ATM algorithm on the BBOB 2009 noiseless function testbed

In deep learning and physical science problems, there is a growing need for better optimization methods capable of working in very high dimensional settings. Though the use of approximated Hessians and co-variance matrices can accelerate the optimization process, these methods do not always scale well to high dimensional settings. In an attempt to meet these needs, in this paper, we propose an optimization method, called Adaptive Two Mode (ATM), that does not use any DxD objects, but rather relies on the interplay of isotropic and directional search modes. It can adapt to different optimization problems, by the use of an online parameter tuning scheme, that allocates more resources to better performing versions of the algorithm. To test the performance of this method, the Adaptive Two Mode algorithm was benchmarked on the noiseless BBOB-2009 testbed. Our results show that it is capable of solving 23/24 of the functions in 2D and can solve higher dimensional problems that do not require many changes in the direction of the search. However, it underperforms on problems in which the function to be minimized changes rapidly in non-separable directions, yet mildly in others.
Does the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Modification Improve the Fistula Rate in Furlow Double-Opposing Z-Plasty?

Purpose Oronasal fistulas (ONFs) have been the most common complication of primary cleft palatoplasty. The present study evaluated the incidence of ONFs after primary standard Furlow and modified Furlow palatoplasty and a buccal fat pad flap (BFPF) as a viable tissue layer to facilitate wound healing. Patients and Methods A retrospective cohort study was conducted. The data from all the patients who had met the criteria for primary palatoplasty from 2003 to 2016 and had undergone surgery by a single surgeon were retrospectively reviewed from an established cleft databank. An initial group of patients (2003 to 2007; standard Furlow palatoplasty) and a subsequent group (2008 to 2016; modified Furlow palatoplasty), all of whom had received the BFPF, were evaluated. The primary outcome variable was the development of palatal fistula. An additional outcome predictor included single versus staged palatoplasty. A χ2 analysis using a 1-tailed Fisher exact test was used, with statistical significance established at P ≤ .05 to determine the difference in ONF development using different operative techniques. Results A total of 49 patients had undergone standard Furlow palatoplasty, with an ONF rate of 22.4%. Of the 49 patients, 28 had had isolated cleft palate (ICP; 6 ONFs), 12 had had unilateral cleft lip/palate (UCLP; 2 ONFs), 9 had had bilateral cleft lip/palate (BCLP; 3 ONFs). A total of 65 patients had undergone modified Furlow palatoplasty with a BFPF, with a total ONF rate of 3%. Of the 65 patients, 40 had had ICP (1 ONF), 18 had had UCLP, and 7 had had BCLP (1 ONF). This difference in the ONF rate was statistically significant (P = .0015). The staged repairs resulted in an ONF rate (22.6%) that was significantly greater (P = .029) than the rate with nonstaged repairs (7.1%). The occurrence of ONFs tended to be greater in the patients with BCLP, syndromic patients, after staged repairs, and patients with wide cleft defects. Conclusions A reduced ONF rate appeared to be associated with the modified Furlow palatoplasty and single-stage palatoplasty. Among the cleft types, BCLP showed a tendency to an increased postoperative ONF rate.
Does gender have a significant relationship with social courage? Test of dual sequentially mediated pathways

Abstract No widespread theoretical framework exists to study courage, and researchers must turn to lay theory to identify relationships that can develop more sophisticated theoretical integrations. We test the lay theory that men are more courageous than women. Three studies show that gender does not have a significant direct effect with an important dimension of courage, social courage; however, gender has dual sequentially mediated indirect effects with social courage that jointly produce an overall null effect. One indirect effect is through femininity and prosocial tendencies, whereas the other is through masculinity and risk taking. These results support that (a) the lay theory that men are more courageous than women is false– at least regarding social courage, (b) gender does have indirect relationships with social courage, (c) and contexts relevant to two central features of courage, prosocial tendencies and risk taking, may alter the social courage behaviors of feminine or masculine individuals.
Early Identification of Delirium in Intensive Care Unit Patients: Improving the Quality of Care.

BACKGROUND Delirium has long-term consequences for intensive care unit patients. The project site, an urban academic hospital, did not previously use a validated delirium screening tool, and patients commonly received sedative medications to treat agitation. OBJECTIVE To minimize the risk of delirium by implementing the Confusion Assessment Method for the Intensive Care Unit (CAM-ICU) as the standard-of-care delirium assessment tool in the intensive care unit and by decreasing use of high-risk medications (ie, opioids and benzodiazepines). METHODS An observational pretest-posttest design was used to analyze deidentified patient data from electronic health records. The evidence-based practice intervention focused on educating nurses on high-risk medications and CAM-ICU implementation. Control charts, χ2 tests, and mixed regression models were used to evaluate the effectiveness of the intervention in reducing delirium risk by decreasing use of high-risk medications. RESULTS High-risk medication use significantly decreased after intervention among patients at low risk for delirium (before intervention, 7.37%; after intervention, 3.92%; P < .001) and at high risk for delirium (before intervention, 4.73%; after intervention, 2.99%; P < .001). Hospital stays were significantly shorter in patients at low risk than at high risk for delirium (P < .001) but increased by a mean of 0.13 days with each additional high-risk medication used (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS The variation of high-risk medication use was significantly controlled with the implementation of CAM-ICU and education. Nurses felt that hands-on training with the CAM-ICU increased their comfort in identifying patients at risk for delirium. Future work will focus on assessment accuracy.
Feasibility of Videophone-Assisted Neuropsychological Testing For Intensive Care Unit Survivors.

Background Most hospitals lack neuropsychologists, and this lack has hampered the conduct of large-scale, multicenter clinical trials to evaluate the effect of interventions on long-term cognition in patients in intensive care units (ICUs). Objective To evaluate the feasibility of videophone-assisted neuropsychological testing administered by using an inexpensive high-definition web camera and a laptop. Methods This prospective, single-center observational study, conducted at a tertiary care academic hospital, included ICU survivors aged 18 years or older. Participants were seated in a quiet room with a proctor who provided neuropsychological testing forms and addressed technical difficulties. The neuropsychological rater was in a room 100 yd (90 m) from the participant. Skype was used for videoconferencing via a wireless connection. After the testing session was completed, participants completed surveys. Results In April 2017, 10 ICU survivors (median age, 63 years; range, 51-73 years) were enrolled. All indicated that "Videophone-assisted neuropsychological testing is reasonable to use in research studies." When asked "What made the videophone-assisted cognitive testing difficult?" 1 participant (10%) reported occasionally becoming frustrated with the testing because the wireless internet speed was slower than usual and reduced the resolution of visual stimuli. Three participants (30%) reported difficulty with the line orientation task because the lines were "shaky" and the images were "hard to see." Conclusion Videophone-assisted neuropsychological testing is feasible for evaluating cognition in multicenter studies of ICU patients. Feedback provided will be used to refine this telemedicine approach to neuropsychological testing.
An American Perspective

In order to maintain the United States’ status as a world power, America must continue to be the leader in technology, science, and space. In spite of seemingly urgent priorities, daily pressures, and Earthly challenges that face the American people, the United States should remain committed to space exploration. Space activities inspire children to pursue academic excellence, and space-based technologies fuel invention and innovation, and provide many other tangible benefits. These benefits include improved health and medical knowledge, improved cyber-security and safety systems, clean energy, and several other spin-offs which contribute to an overall improved quality of life in society. It would be interesting to see what our life on Earth would be like had the Americans and other nations not pursued a trip to the Moon in the 1960s (Fig. 11.1).
Glutathione Deficiency in HIV-1-Infected Children with Short Stature

Objective This study was aimed to determine if glutathione (GSH) deficiency occurs in children with HIV infection and whether GSH deficiency is associated with HIV-related short stature. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study with two age-matched comparison groups in an inner city hospital-based pediatric AIDS/HIV outpatient clinic. Ten perinatally HIV-infected children aged 6 to 49 months with short stature (height–age percentile ≤5) were studied together with age-matched 10 HIV-infected children with normal height and 10 HIV-seronegative children with normal height. Total erythrocyte GSH (GSH and GSH disulfide) levels were determined by a modification of the 5,5′-dithiobis-2-nitrobenzoic acid glutathione disulfide reductase method. Other measures included complete blood counts, lymphocyte subset analysis, plasma albumin, cholesterol, vitamins A and E, and determination of HIV disease stage. Discussion Erythrocyte GSH levels were lower in HIV-infected children with short stature (mean ± standard deviation [SD]: 0.639 µmol/mL ± 0.189) compared with HIV-infected children with normal height (mean ± SD: 0.860 µmol/mL ± 0.358; p Conclusion These results demonstrate a GSH deficiency in HIV-infected children with short stature and support the hypothesis that GSH balance is important in growth among HIV-infected children.
A Profitability Analysis of Investment of Apricot Growing in Turkey

This study was conducted to analyze profitability of apricot investment in Malatya province of Turkey. In this study, the data were collected through face-to-face interviews with 159 farmers from the districts of Central, Akcadag and Darende at the Malatya province in the production year of 2012–2013. Data obtained have been shown in the tables issued by the use of percentage and index calculations. Net Present Value (NPV), Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR) and Internal Rate of Return (IRR) were calculated for investment analysis. 5%, 9% and 10% discount rates were selected to calculate NPV, BCR and IRR. The NPV were found to be positive 56,411.97 $, 21,530.48 $ and 16,450.37 $, respectively. BCR was found bigger than 1, it was calculated 5.21, 3.95 and 2.84, respectively. IRR was found 16%. The sensitivity analysis has been made for increase cost and decrease income for all coditations apricot investment was found profitable. However, growers must evaluate circumstances to determine if the lower price usually paid by wholesalers and supermarkets is sufficient to cover production and handling costs and can be get a profit.
The Creation and Validation of Active Cooperative Behavior Scales for Nurses.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE General conflict management instruments are employed in healthcare settings despite their lack of focus on active and cooperative behaviors which are linked to positive outcomes. The purpose of this study is to create and validate active cooperative behavior scales for nurses. METHODS Two convenience samples were collected via an online panel and a public registry of nurses to create and validate the new scales using factor analysis, and hierarchical regression in a nursing/healthcare sample. RESULTS The newly created active cooperative behavior scales (ACBS) showed acceptable internal consistency and explained more variance on job satisfaction than a commonly used compromising subscale. CONCLUSIONS The ACBS can assist currently practicing nurses and hospitals in identifying easily implementable behaviors, active listening, appropriate assertiveness, and brainstorming, that lead to effective conflict management.
Feasibility of Launching User Spoofing

We provide a brief overview of identity-based spoofing attack, and its impact to the wireless and sensor networks in this chapter.
Tomoko Akami, Japan’s News Propaganda and Reuters’ News Empire in Northeast Asia, 1870–1934

In her 2002 book, Internationalizing the Pacific: The United States, Japan and the Institute of Pacific Relations, 1919–1945, Tomoko Akami considered the interplay between official and non-official...
Beam induced transient vacuum instability in H/sup -/ beam

When high current beam is transported through a vacuum channel, vacuum instability can develop due to desorption caused by ion/electron bombardment of the walls. In case of pulsed beam one can have situation when stability conditions are satisfied in average, while violated during the pulse. This effect can cause additional losses for H/sup -/ beams due to stripping on the tail of the pulse. Expression for instability threshold is derived and estimations are done for the SNS MEBT beam parameters.
Mental Illness and the Media

This entry examines the depiction of mental illness in mass media, noting issues of concern, research findings, and areas where more investigation is needed. Keywords: communication; mental health; stigma
How the United States Should Respond to the Eti Dilemma

Congress responded in 2000 to the World Trade Organization (WTO) decision that the Foreign Sales Corporation (FSC) legislation constituted an illegal export subsidy by repealing FSC and enacting a new export subsidy called the Extraterritorial Income Exclusion Act of 2000 (ETI). ETI borrowed many features of FSC, but it avoided those features of FSC that the WTO had specifically cited as objectionable. Not surprisingly, the WTO again rejected the U.S. attempt at subsidizing exports in a broad-gauged opinion that evaluated the legality of ETI by reference to its substance rather than its form.In responding to the WTO decision, Congress has four options.(1) It can do nothing and simply allow the United States to remain in violation of its international trade agreements.(2) The most attractive option, from a public policy perspective, would be to support free trade by repealing the ETI provisions without any replacement.(3) A third option, which is not really a practical option at all, would be to develop some revised version of ETI that would subsidize exports without violating the WTO agreements. The game of disguising a trade subsidy as a normal part of the tax code, however, is no longer winnable.(4) The fourth option is to repeal ETI as part of a plan to repeal or radically modify the corporate income tax. These radical proposals are disproportionate and inappropriate responses to the ETI problem and would be bad tax policy as well.The case for adopting option 2 depends on the strength of the case for free trade. I set forth that case below. The article contends that the United States policy over the past half-century of fostering free trade has enriched Americans and strengthened the U.S. economy. It also argues that export subsidies do not produce a net increase in jobs or economic activity in the exporting country even ignoring the likelihood that they would provoke retaliatory measures. In brief, free trade makes America richer, and export subsidies make it poorer.
Charge-Independent R-Matrix Analysis of the Four-Nucleon System

In recent years, a number of measurements have been directed specifically at observing the properties of reactions in the four-nucleon system expected to be similar on the basis of charge independence of nuclear forces. An appropriate phenomenological framework for analyzing this system is the charge-independent (CI) R-matrix formalism since it accounts explicitly for resonance behavior and for charge differences in the external field, while preserving the approximate internal symmetry of charge independence. We have been conducting such an analysis at Los Alamos for the past few years. It is a comprehensive attempt to account for all types of measurements for all possible reactions in the four-nucleon system up to excitation energies of ∿30 MeV. Here we describe briefly the current status of aspects of the work that relate particularly to questions of charge independence.
Managing asthma during pregnancy

Purpose Pregnant women with asthma have many concerns about their respiratory health, as well as the health of their baby. A woman's respiratory system experiences many physiological changes during pregnancy and when a diagnosis of asthma is present, the clinical effect of pregnancy on asthma is variable. Regardless of disease years, when asthma patients become pregnant, both patients and healthcare providers want to know how pregnancy affects asthma and how asthma may affect pregnancy outcomes. This article will review how to optimally manage asthma during pregnancy using an evidence-based approach that recognizes the patient's changing needs. Data sources Literature collected from sources identified through searches of PubMed and CINAHL covering the periods from 1996 to 2012. Conclusion With the implementation of evidence-based management and treatment, pregnant patients who have asthma can be positioned to better control their symptoms and avoid unwanted complications that may affect the health of their baby. Implications for practice Pregnant patients with asthma may be cared for in a variety of healthcare settings ranging from primary care to specialty care to the emergency department. Consequently, it is imperative that healthcare providers across the array of clinical venues be proficient on how to optimize the asthma outcomes of their pregnant patients.
New Measurements of the Solar Disk-Center Spectral Intensity in the Near IR from 645 Nm to 1070 Nm

At the high-altitude station on Terskol Peak (central Caucasus, 3100 m) by the Main Astronomical Observatory of the National Academy of Sciences of the Ukraine in 1992, spectral measurements of the solar disk-center intensity for the near IR region were performed. These measurements are a continuation of the solar absolute spectral energy distribution investigation programme. Data published earlier (Burlov-Vasiljev, Gurtovenko, and Matvejev, 1995a) are expanded now in the long-wave spectral region up to 1070 nm. The measurements were made with the specialized solar telescope SEF-1. The method of comparison of the solar disk-center brightness with the brightness of the calibrated region of a standard ribbon tungsten lamp was used. The atmospheric extinction was taken into account with Bouger’s ‘long’ method accompanied by the parallel-independent control of atmospheric stability. The uncertainty of the absolute solar disk-center intensity values is estimated to be 2% in regions free from the strong telluric absorption of atmosphere oxygen and water vapour. In these regions an additional reduction was carried out, which was derived from the synthetic atmospheric absorption spectra computed on the basis of the molecular parameter data and the standard model of the Earth’s atmosphere. The 1-nm integrals of the disk-center radiance in the wavelength range λλ650–1070 nm, which are established on 5-day measurements in March-October 1992, are given. With the help of the solar disk-darkening coefficients, the solar flux values at 1 AU are available. The measured 1-nm integrals were used for the high-resolution solar spectral atlas calibration in order to locate the solar continuum in absolute units. A comparison is made of the data obtained with the data by Neckel and Labs (1984) and data of some other authors.
A novel methodology for the establishment of neuroblastoma cell lines from metastatic marrow: Expression of surface markers, neurofilaments, MDR-1 and myc proteins

Abstract A methodology for rapid isolation of neuroblastoma (NB) cells from marrow with metastatic NB cells was developed using a cocktail of five antibodies and magnetic microspheres coated with secondary antibodies. Cells bound to microspheres were released by brief exposure to chymopapain, followed by repeated culture of released cells in serum supplemented DMEM medium and selection for adherent cells. Using this methodology, over 35 primary cell lines were obtained free of contaminating normal cells. Detailed analyses of over 14 cell lines revealed gross differences in cell phenotype, size, morphology development of neurite processes, and doubling time (40h–80 h). All cell lines expressed the 145 kDa neurofilament (NF) and a few expressed the 200 kDa NF, with very little or no expression of the 68 kDa NF. DNA analyses revealed 80% near diploid cell lines. High expression of the MDR-1 protein was detected in 6/22 of the cell lines tested.
Regulatory Requirements and Practices Governing Slurry Injection of Drilling Wastes

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the Regulatory Compendium, including the collection and organization of the pertinent information, and the findings and trends relative to the regulations and practices governing slurry injection in the United States. The Regulatory Compendium provides a comprehensive compilation of the regulatory approaches to injection processes used to dispose of drilling wastes, particularly slurry injection. The regulation of slurry injection and other injection technologies varies greatly by state. Independent of regulatory considerations, slurry injection may not be the preferred option of most practicing independent oil and gas operators, because of the costs involved in reconstituting the drill cuttings into a true slurry texture. Other, less expensive injection technologies, including one-time-event subfracture injection and annular injection of drilling pit fluids, seem more favored. Moreover, these practices appear more appealing to the regulatory agencies. Proper design and management of annular injection are critical to ensure that the fluids are contained in the receiving zone.
Optimal motion planning of autonomous vehicles in three dimensional terrains

A method is presented for optimally planning the motions of autonomous vehicles, considering vehicle dynamics, terrain topography, obstacles, and surface mobility. The terrain is represented by a smooth cubic B patch, and the geometric path consists of a two dimensional B spline curve mapped to the three-dimensional surface. The path is optimized with a parameter optimization procedure, using motion time as the cost function. The optimal motion time along the path is computed by transforming the constraints between the vehicle and ground to limits on vehicle speeds. The optimal speeds which minimize motion time are then obtained below the velocity limits, using the maximum acceleration of deceleration at all times. Examples are presented which demonstrate the method for a simple dynamic model of a vehicle moving on mountainous terrain. >
High‐energy observations of stellar flares: comparison with the sun

This paper reviews recent observations of flaring activity on flare stars of the UV Ceti type, concentrating on X‐ray and radio data in comparison with possible solar analogs. Although detailed differences exist, we conclude that similar mechanisms may work for both cases. Extending the analogy, we estimate the hard X‐ray and γ‐ray fluxes expected from typical stellar flares. In the solar case, these radiations give information about accelerated particles in the flare region. Hard X‐ray observations of stellar flares may be possible, eventually, but the predicted γ‐ray fluxes are prohibitively weak.
Bed rest, then rehab

Muscle wasting is a hallmark of human aging. Although aging is inescapable, there is tremendous opportunity to forestall disease and disability associated with muscle atrophy. Tanner and colleagues provide new insights into accelerated muscle wasting with age by investigating how aging alters the
A Philosophical Approach to Foundations of Science

Foundational research focuses on the theory, but theories are to be related also to other theories, experiments, facts in their domains, data, and to their uses in applications, whether of prediction, control, or explanation. A theory is to be identified through its class of models, but not so narrowly as to disallow these roles. The language of science is to be studied separately, with special reference to the relations listed above, and to the consequent need for resources other than for theoretical description. Peculiar to the foundational level are questions of completeness (specifically in the representation of measurement), and of interpretation (a topic beset with confusions of truth and evidence, and with inappropriate metalinguistic abstraction).
Cd2GeAs4: A new ternary phase in the Cd1bGe1bAs system

The new compound Cd2GeAs4 has been prepared by annealing quenched ingots, by crystallization of seeded (but not unseeded) melts, and by vapor transport from a CdGeAs2 source. The melting point found by heating annealed samples is 630°C. The structure determined by single-crystal x-ray analysis is orthorhombic, with space group Pnma, cell parameters a = 7.182(4), b = 7.420(1), c = 12.671(3), and z = 4. In this structure, the Cd and Ge atoms are coordinated tetrahedrally by the As atoms. There are three nonequivalent As atoms: As(2) is a normal As−3 ion, while As(1) and As(3) form a molecular cluster As(1)1bAs(3)1bAs(1). The chemical formula can be expressed as Cd22+Ge4+As(1)2−2As(2)−3As(3)−1. The As1bAs bonding in various compounds is discussed.
A High-Performance Resonant Gate-Drive Circuit for MOSFETs and IGBTs

This paper presents a high-performance resonant gate-drive circuit for MOSFETs and IGBTs, which has high efficiency, fast switching capability, high robustness, and simple topology and control scheme. The proposed gate-drive circuit recycles the gate energy through a resonant inductor. The resonant inductor is precharged before resonance to achieve fast switching. After resonance, the circuit feeds back the remaining energy stored in the inductor. Power loss of the resonant gate-drive circuit is analyzed, and a design procedure to minimize the power loss by optimizing the inductor and precharge time is presented. Experimental results are shown to verify the effectiveness of the proposed circuit. Compared to conventional gate drivers, the proposed circuit reduces the power loss by 80%.
Judgments of UCS intensity and diminution of the unconditioned GSR.

Perceptions of UCS intensity associated with UCR diminution in a classical conditioning situation were investigated using a procedure in which S matched the loudness of a tone of variable intensity to that of a white noise UCS. Changes in the subjective loudness of the UCS paralleling the changes in UCR magnitude observed with CS-UCS pairings were found.
Ornithine decarboxylase in bovine corpora lutea

The ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity in cytosol and in dispersed cells of bovine corpora lutea was characterized in detail. The enzyme activity was maximal at an assay temperature of 38 C and was linear with respect to both duration of incubation and the amount of cytosol protein or cell number added. The pH optima for the enzyme was rather broad, i.e. 7.2 to 8.5. The apparent Km for ornithine (140-280 micro M) was similar for cytosol and cell ODC. Thiol compounds were required for the maximal enzyme activity and there was an absolute requirement for pyridoxal phosphate as a cofactor, with an apparent Km of 15 micro M. There was a modest competitive inhibition of ODC activity by the end products of ornithine catabolism. Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), prostaglandin (PG)E1, PGF2 alpha and cyclic nucleotides had no direct effect on ODC activity. There was no consistent response of ODC in cells and tissues slices pretreated with hCG and PGs. Only the corpus luteum part of bovine ovary of pregnancy contained ODC and this enzyme activity was unchanged throughout pregnancy.
The cutaneous manifestations of HIV infection

Dermatologic disease is extremely common and varied in HIV-infected patients. While some cutaneous findings are nearly exclusive to HIV-seropositive individuals, many are found in the general population. However, HIV-infected individuals often have an increased prevalence or severity, atypical presentations, or difficulty with treatment of the disease. Immune reconstitution with HAART significantly reduces the prevalence of many dermatologic diseases, but also has associated cutaneous side effects. Correct and early diagnosis of skin disease in HIV-infected individuals allows for early management and improved quality of life. Because dermatologic manifestations may be the first clue of HIV infection, offering HIV testing to affected individuals can lead to early diagnosis and treatment of HIV infection and, ideally, a decrease in disease progression and transmission.
Practice-related changes in lumbar loading during rapid voluntary pulls made while standing.

Abstract Objective. To determine if five days of practice on a novel dynamic, multi-joint pulling task resulted in lower magnitudes of lumbar loading or a more consistent relationship between pulling force and lumbar loading. Design. A repeated measures design compared how practice influenced the magnitude of lumbar torque and the correlations between lumbar torque and pulling force. Background. Previous studies suggest that practice can decrease the magnitude of lumbar loading on simple manual material handling tasks, but it is unknown whether practice reduces lumbar loading for more complex tasks. Neither is it known whether the consistency of lumbar loading increases with practice. Methods. Ten healthy adults practiced impulse-like horizontal pulls to targets equaling 20%, 40% and 80% of their estimated maximal dynamic pulling force over 5 days. Movements were unrestrained, other than keeping the feet flat on the ground. We used a four-segment, sagittal plane inverse dynamics model to compute lumbar, hip, knee, and ankle torques on days 1 and 5 from ground reaction forces and moments, pulling forces, and kinematics. Results. An analysis of variance showed significant practice-related changes in lumbar torque at the time of peak pulling force (lumbar torque peakPF ). The lumbar torque peakPF decreased for the 20% pulls, did not change for the 40% pulls, and increased for the 80% pulls. Two subjects showed a significant decrease in lumbar torque peakPF for all three force levels. Coefficients of determination between pulling force and lumbar torque ( r 2 PF,LT : a measure of the consistency of the relationship between these two variables) were significantly higher on day 5 than day 1. Conclusions. Practice on a novel pulling task changed the magnitude of lumbar torques and increased their correlation with pulling force, suggesting that subjects learned strategies that improve motor control of lumbar torques. Relevance The study showed that the magnitude and consistency of lumbar loading changed spontaneously as subjects practiced a novel multijoint pulling task. Such changes may decrease the risk of low-back injury.
Leading Students to Investigate Diffusion as a Model of Brine Shrimp Movement

Integrating experimental biology laboratory exercises with mathematical modeling can be an effective tool to enhance mathematical relevance for biologists and to emphasize biological realism for mathematicians. This paper describes a lab project designed for and tested in an undergraduate biomathematics course. In the lab, students follow and track the paths of individual brine shrimp confined in shallow salt water in a Petri dish. Students investigate the question, “Is the movement well characterized as a 2-dimensional random walk?” Through open, but directed discussions, students derive the corresponding partial differential equation, gain an understanding of the solution behavior, and model brine shrimp dispersal under the experimental conditions developed in class. Students use data they collect to estimate a diffusion coefficient, and perform additional experiments of their own design tracking shrimp migration for model validation. We present our teaching philosophy, lecture notes, instructional and lab procedures, and the results of our class-tested experiments so that others can implement this exercise in their classes. Our own experience has led us to appreciate the pedagogical value of allowing students and faculty to grapple with open-ended questions, imperfect data, and the various issues of modeling biological phenomena.