cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The lifetime and effective quenching cross section of the 62P32 state of thallium

The lifetime of the 62P32 metastable state of thallium has been measured at 15 different thallium densities and temperatures in the after-glow of a pulsed r-f discharge. The effective self-quenching cross section for the 62P32-62P12 transition is 5·4±0·5 x 10-16 cm2, and the diffusion cross section for the 62P32 state is 100±30 x 10-16 cm2.
Locality Conscious Processor Allocation and Scheduling for Mixed Parallel Applications

Complex applications can often be viewed as a collection of coarse-grained data-parallel application components with precedence constraints. It has been shown that combining task and data parallelism (mixed parallelism) can be an effective execution paradigm for these applications. In this paper, we present an algorithm to compute the appropriate mix of task and data parallelism based on the scalability characteristics of the tasks as well as the inter-task data communication costs, such that the parallel completion time (makespan) is minimized. The algorithm iteratively reduces the makespan by increasing the degree of data parallelism of tasks on the critical path that have good scalability and a low degree of potential task parallelism. Data communication costs along the critical path are minimized by exploiting parallel transfer mechanisms and use of a locality conscious backfill scheduler. Evaluation using benchmark task graphs derived from real applications as well as synthetic graphs shows that our algorithm consistently performs better than previous scheduling schemes.
Regularized fieldmap estimation in MRI

In fast MR imaging with long readout times, such as echo-planar imaging (EPI) and spiral scans, it is important to correct for the effects of field inhomogeneity to reduce image distortion and blurring. Such corrections require an accurate field map, a map of the off-resonance frequency at each voxel. Standard fieldmap estimation methods yield noisy fieldmaps, particularly in image regions having low spin density. This paper describes regularized methods for fieldmap estimation. These methods exploit the fact that fieldmaps are smooth functions. Efficient convergent algorithms are given even though the problem is highly nonlinear. Results show that the proposed regularized methods significantly improve the quality of fieldmap estimates relative to conventional unregularized methods.
Genome-wide association studies in pharmacogenomics: untapped potential for translation

Despite large public investments in genome-wide association studies of common human diseases, so far, few gene discoveries have led to applications for clinical medicine or public health. Genome-wide association studies in the context of clinical trials of drug safety and efficacy may be quicker to yield clinical applications. Certain methodological concerns, such as selection bias and confounding, may be mitigated when genome-wide association studies are conducted within clinical trials, in which randomization of exposure, prospective evaluation of outcome and careful definition of phenotype are incorporated by design.
Large-Scale Identification, Mapping, and Genotyping of Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms in the Human Genome

Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are the most frequent type of variation in the human genome, and they provide powerful tools for a variety of medical genetic studies. In a large-scale survey for SNPs, 2.3 megabases of human genomic DNA was examined by a combination of gel-based sequencing and high-density variation-detection DNA chips. A total of 3241 candidate SNPs were identified. A genetic map was constructed showing the location of 2227 of these SNPs. Prototype genotyping chips were developed that allow simultaneous genotyping of 500 SNPs. The results provide a characterization of human diversity at the nucleotide level and demonstrate the feasibility of large-scale identification of human SNPs.
Asymptotic expansions and analytic dynamic equations

Time scales have been introduced in order to unify the theories of differential and difference equations and in order to extend these cases to many other so-called dynamic equations. In this paper we consider a linear dynamic equation on a time scale together with a perturbed equation. We show that, if certain exponential dichotomy conditions are satisfied, then for any solution of the perturbed equation there exists a solution of the unperturbed equation that asymptotically differs from the solution of the perturbed equation no more than the order of the perturbation term. In order to show this perturbation theorem, we use many properties of the exponential function on time scales and derive several bounds for certain monomials that appear in the dynamic version of Taylor's formula.
An investigative laboratory course in human physiology using computer technology and collaborative writing

FitzPatrick, Kathleen A. An investigative laboratory course in human physiology using computer technology and collaborative writing. Active investigative student-directed experiences in laboratory ...
Study of 18-cm long single-sided AC-coupled silicon microstrip detectors

The SSC GEM silicon Central Tracker design incorporated 18-cm long single-sided AC-coupled silicon microstrip ladders. Compared to the 12-cm long ladders considered in the preliminary stages of the tracker design, the 18-cm long ladders have the advantage of reduced cost, channel count and overall power consumption, and led to a simplified tracker assembly. However, such long ships also present the challenge of maintaining satisfactory performance. The increased capacitance and series resistance contribute to lower signal-to-noise ratios, longer time walk, higher power consumption per channel and increased probability of crosstalk to neighboring channels. In this paper, an accurate method to calculate the geometric capacitance of the AC-coupled microstrips is presented and the calculated results are compared with measurements, SPICE simulations are performed to predict the noise, the extent of interstrip capacitive coupling and the dispersion of the detector signal due to the finite series resistance of the metal strips and the long length of the detector. The influence of the preamplifier current and the shaping time on the signal and noise levels is also presented. The study concludes that the 18-cm long ladders can successfully satisfy the performance goals of the GEM silicon Central Tracker. >
Efflux of Depsipeptide FK228 (FR901228, NSC-630176) Is Mediated by P-Glycoprotein and Multidrug Resistance-Associated Protein 1

Depsipeptide FK228 [( E )-(1 S ,4 S ,10 S ,21 R )-7[( Z )-ethylideno]-4,21-diisopropyl-2-oxa-12,13-dithia-5,8,20,23-tetraazabicyclo[8,7,6]-tricos-16-ene-3,6,9,22-pentanone], a novel histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor, previously was reported to be a P-glycoprotein (Pgp) substrate. We now expand the investigation to demonstrate that FK228 is a substrate for Pgp and multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 (MRP1). Transport of FK228 across the Caco-2 cell monolayer in apical to basolateral (AP→BL) and basolateral to apical (BL→AP) directions in the absence and presence of Pgp and MRP inhibitors were investigated. An in vitro uptake study in human red blood cells (RBCs) and a cytotoxicity assay in MRP1(-) HL60 and MRP1(+) HL60Adr cells were conducted to show that FK228 is an MRP1 substrate. An FK228-resistant cell line (HCT15R) was developed from HCT15 colon carcinoma and characterized using a 70-oligomer cDNA microarray, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, Western blot analysis, histone acetyltransferase (HAT) and HDAC activity assays, and cytotoxicity assays. FK228 showed a nearly unidirectional flux across the Caco-2 cell monolayer, with the BL→AP apparent permeability coefficient ( P app ) 32 times that of AP→BL without apparent saturation. Pgp inhibition decreased the BL→AP P app and increased the AP→BL P app . RBC showed a concentration-dependent uptake and saturable efflux of FK228. HL60Adr cells were 4-fold more resistant to FK228 than HL60 cells, and the resistance was reversed by MRP inhibition. Up-regulation of Pgp, but not changes of MRPs or HAT/HDAC enzymatic activities, was the major mechanism for the acquired FK228 resistance. These studies demonstrate that FK228 is a substrate for Pgp and MRP1, and reversible Pgp up-regulation is predominantly involved in FK228 resistance in vitro.
CGLXTouch: A multi-user multi-touch approach for ultra-high-resolution collaborative workspaces

This paper presents an approach for empowering collaborative workspaces through ultra-high resolution tiled display environments concurrently interfaced with multiple multi-touch devices. Multi-touch table devices are supported along with portable multi-touch tablet and phone devices, which can be added to and removed from the system on the fly. Events from these devices are tagged with a device identifier and are synchronized with the distributed display environment, enabling multi-user support. As many portable devices are not equipped to render content directly, a remotely scene is streamed in. The presented approach scales for large numbers of devices, providing access to a multitude of hands-on techniques for collaborative data analysis.
Tidal interactions in a region of large bottom slope near northwest Africa during JOINT-1

Abstract At an array of current meters and temperature sensors 400 m deep over the continental shelf, strong motions were observed at frequencies in the semidiurnal tidal band and it its first overtide. These motions are probably due to the bottom slope, which is slightly less steep than the characteristic slope of internal waves at the overtide frequency. The tidal currents are strongest in the longshore direction while the overtide currents are strongest in the up-down slope direction. Analysis shows the motions to be parts of large coherent structures within the water column; the tidal structure is composed of baroclinic and barotropic components while the overtide structure is baroclinic. The observations are consistent with the idea of generation of the baroclinic motions in both frequency bands by the action of the barotropic tide over the sloping bottom, but the mechanism of interaction is poorly understood.
The application of depletion curves for parameterization of subgrid variability of snow

Parameterization of subgrid-scale variability in snow accumulation and melt is important for improvements in distributed snowmelt modelling. We have taken the approach of using depletion curves that relate fractional snowcovered area to element-average snow water equivalent to parameterize the effect of snowpack heterogeneity within a physically based mass and energy balance snowpack model. Comparisons of parameterization outputs with distributed model outputs and observations show performance comparable to the distributed model and reasonable performance relative to observations for time series modelling of snow water equivalent and snow-covered area. Examination of the relationship between the shapes of the depletion curves and parametric distributions shows that the shapes of dimensionless depletion curves depend primarily on the coefficient of variation and to a lesser extent on the shape of the snow distribution function. The methods presented here are a generalization of several previously used methods to estimate depletion curve shapes. Comparison of several years of observed depletion curves from the study basin show that the shapes of the depletion curves change little from year to year. Copyright  2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On predicting user intent

Recent advances in computing capability and approaches have underlined the need for user support in task execution. This is especially evident in dynamic, real-time systems where decision making is critical and errors are costly. Environments such as air traffic control centers leave little time for human operators to make critical decisions. Operators must contend with a significant amount of information to be parsed and considered before a decision is made. The main outcome of working in such an environment is cognitive overload, which leads to a significant error rate in decision making. Although intelligent and fully automated systems can be built to execute simple tasks, such complex tasks as monitoring air traffic are still mostly designated for human users. How then can we alleviate cognitive overload of human operators in time-critical and demanding systems? Many in the human-computer interaction community have concentrated on looking for a solution to relieving cognitive overload through the application of user interface engineering conventions. These methods are expressed as rules which, when followed, are said to result in user interfaces that have high usability. However, regardless of the user interface, the operator must still make decisions and perform all of the tasks himself. This paper presents an outline for creating an intelligent agent to assist the user. The role of the agent is to attempt to predict the user’s intent. The agent can then act on its perceptions with the goal of accelerating the task’s completion and easing the cognitive load of the user by manipulating the user interface.
Ethical support for surfactant, positive pressure, and oxygenation randomized trial (SUPPORT).

From the Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine and the Division of Neonatology, Rainbow Babies and Children’s Hospital/University Hospitals Case Medical Center; and the Rainbow Center for Pediatric Ethics, Rainbow Babies & Children’s Hospital/University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio Randomized Trial (SUPPORT). The randomized study involved 23 major academic centers (including the institution in which I am employed) and was designed to determine the appropriate range of oxygen saturation in extremely preterm infants. This was done by using 2 target ranges of oxygen saturation (low, 85%-89%, and high, 91%-95%). According to Public Citizen’s letter to Department of Health and Human Services Secretary Kathleen Sebelius, the vulnerable infants were subject to “highly unethical” (page 1) and “indefensible” (page 11) research. Parents were deceived into enrolling their infants via “egregious” (page 3) deficiencies in the informed consent process. The letter closes by demanding a “formal apology” (page 11) to all 1316 patients who were enrolled in the study. Public Citizen has grossly distorted what was “known” about treating premature infants at the time of the study. Unfortunately, the use of oxygen in neonatology has a long and tragic history. As early as 1900, oxygen was recommended for premature infants during episodes of cyanosis. Early incubators were flooded with oxygen even though it was recognized that there was no “convincing evidence that an increased oxygen content of arterial blood is beneficial or necessarily of importance.” Additionally, there was no way at this time to quickly and noninvasively measure the baby’s oxygen levels or saturation. By the 1950s, it was recognized that too much oxygen led to blindness in the form of retrolental fibroplasia. Indeed, this was the cause of famous preemie Stevie Wonder’s blindness. After this discovery, oxygen use was restricted and the outcome was disastrous– death and cerebral palsy rates sharply increased. Later calculations estimated that for every infant who kept his sight, 16 infants died. In the following decades, the field of neonatology saw remarkable progress. The discovery of surfactant and widespread adoption of antenatal corticosteroids, better nutrition, gentler ventilators, and care provided by specially
ADVANCED FAILURE MODES AND EFFECTS ANALYSIS USING BEHAVIOR MODELING

This paper presents a systematic method applicable at the early stages of design to enhance life-cycle quality of ownership: Advanced Failure Modes and Effect Analysis (AFMEA). The proposed method uses behavior modeling to simulate device operations and helps identify failure and customer dissatisfaction modes beyond component failures. The behavior model reasons about conditions that cause departures from normal operation and provides a framework for analyzing the consequences of failures. The paper shows how Advanced FMEA applies readily to the early stages of design and captures failure modes normally missed by conventional FMEA. The result is a systematic method capable of capturing a wider range of failure modes and effects early in the design cycle. An automatic ice maker from a domestic refrigerator serves as an illustrative example.
Atypical Acute Hemorrhagic Leukoencephalitis (Hurst’s disease) Presenting with Focal Hemorrhagic Brainstem Lesion

Acute hemorrhagic leukoencephalitis (AHL; Hurst’s disease) is a rare, severe, inflammatory CNS disease that is typically diffuse, multifocal and associated with petechial hemorrhage. The objective of this study is to report the clinical, radiologic, and pathologic findings in a fatal AHL case with focal brainstem involvement and gross hemorrhage. Patient evaluation in a tertiary neurointensive care unit with serial brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and neuropathological examination on autopsy were performed. The patient presented with mild, then rapidly worsening, brainstem impairment to a locked-in syndrome. Brain MRI demonstrated an isolated gadolinium enhancing brainstem lesion that enlarged dramatically over weeks and was associated with gross hemorrhage and necrosis. The patient died despite aggressive treatment with intravenous corticosteroids and plasma exchange. Autopsy demonstrated the isolated severe necrotic lesion consistent with AHL. AHL may present as a solitary brainstem lesion with gross hemorrhage and should be considered in patients with isolated enhancing brainstem lesions. AHL may be fatal even despite early, aggressive immunomodulatory therapy.
Akt-phosphorylated PIKE-A inhibits UNC5B-induced apoptosis in cancer cell lines in a P53-dependent manner

UNC5B acts as a tumor suppressor, and it induces apoptosis in the absence of its cognate ligand netrins. UNC5B is a direct transcriptional target of p53 upon UV stimulation. Here we show that Akt phosphorylates PIKE-A and regulates its association with UNC5B and inhibits UNC5B-provoked apoptosis in a p53-dependent manner. PIKE-A GTPase binds active Akt and stimulates its kinase activity in a guanine-nucleotide-dependent way. Akt feeds back and phosphorylates PIKE-A on Ser-472 and subsequently enhances its stimulatory effect on Akt kinase activity. Akt activity is significantly reduced in PIKE -/- Mouse Embryonic Fibroblast (MEF) cells as compared to wild-type cells. PIKE-A directly interacts with UNC5B, which is regulated by netrin-1-activated Akt. Overexpression of PIKE-A diminishes UNC5B expression through down-regulation of p53. Knocking down PIKE-A stabilizes p53, increases UNC5B, and escalates UV-triggered apoptosis. Depletion of Akt abrogates PIKE-A's inhibitory effect on both p53 and UNC5B. Hence our findings support the notion that Akt--phosphorylated PIKE-A inhibits UNC5B-elicited apoptosis and reduces its expression level through inactivation of p53.
Prolonged Intake of Coenzyme Q10 Impairs Cognitive Functions in Mice

Coenzyme Q(10) (CoQ(10)) is widely consumed as a dietary supplement to enhance bioenergetic capacity and to ameliorate the debilitative effects of the aging process or certain pathological conditions. Our main purpose in this study was to determine whether CoQ(10) intake does indeed attenuate the age-associated losses in motor, sensory, and cognitive functions or decrease the rate of mortality in mice. Mice were fed a control nonpurified diet or that diet containing 0.68 mg/g (low dosage) or 2.6 mg/g (high dosage) CoQ(10), starting at 4 mo of age, and were tested for sensory, motor, and cognitive function at 7, 15, and 25 mo of age. Amounts of the ubiquinols CoQ(9)H(2) and CoQ(10)H(2) measured in a parallel study were augmented in the cerebral cortex but not in any other region of the brain. Intake of the low-CoQ(10) diet did not affect age-associated decrements in muscle strength, balance, coordinated running, or learning/memory, whereas intake at the higher amount increased spontaneous activity, worsened the age-related losses in acuity to auditory and shock stimuli, and impaired the spatial learning/memory of old mice. The CoQ(10) diets did not affect survivorship of mice through 25 mo of age. Our results suggest that prolonged intake of CoQ(10) in low amounts has no discernable impact on cognitive and motor functions whereas intake at higher amounts exacerbates cognitive and sensory impairments encountered in old mice. These findings do not support the notion that CoQ(10) is a fitness-enhancing or an "antiaging" substance under normal physiological conditions.
Restoration of miR-101 suppresses lung tumorigenesis through inhibition of DNMT3a-dependent DNA methylation.

The deregulation of miR-101 and DNMT3a has been implicated in the pathogenesis of multiple tumor types, but whether and how miR-101 silencing and DNMT3a overexpression contribute to lung tumorigenesis remain elusive. Here we show that miR-101 downregulation associates with DNMT3a overexpression in lung cancer cell lines and patient tissues. Ectopic miR-101 expression remarkably abrogated the DNMT3a 3′-UTR luciferase activity corresponding to the miR-101 binding site and caused an attenuated expression of endogenous DNMT3a, which led to a reduction of global DNA methylation and the re-expression of tumor suppressor CDH1 via its promoter DNA hypomethylation. Functionally, restoration of miR-101 expression suppressed lung cancer cell clonability and migration, which recapitulated the DNMT3a knockdown effects. Interestingly, miR-101 synergized with decitabine to downregulate DNMT3a and to reduce DNA methylation. Importantly, ectopic miR-101 expression was sufficient to trigger in vivo lung tumor regression and the blockage of metastasis. Consistent with these phenotypes, examination of xenograft tumors disclosed an increase of miR-101, a decrease of DNMT3a and the subsequent DNA demethylation. These findings support that the loss or suppression of miR-101 function accelerates lung tumorigenesis through DNMT3a-dependent DNA methylation, and suggest that miR-101-DNMT3a axis may have therapeutic value in treating refractory lung cancer.
Poloxamer 407-induced atherogenesis in the C57BL/6 mouse

Poloxamer 407 (P-407) induces hyperlipidemia in the rat. It was the purpose of this investigation to determine if chronic P-407 administration would produce atherogenic arterial lesions in the C57BL:6 mouse, a strain reported to be susceptible to hyperlipidemia-induced atherosclerotic plaque formation. One injection (i.p.) of P-407 (0.5g:kg) produced hypercholesterolemia in the mouse that peaked at 24 h and returned to control levels by 96 h following treatment. Four groups of mice were maintained: (1) saline injected (C); (2) P-407-injected (0.5g:kg every 3rd day) (P); (3) P-407 injected plus cholic acid in the diet (PC); and (4) mice fed a high cholesterol (CHOL) diet containing cholic acid (HF). Mice from each group were sacrificed following 90, 145, 200, or 300 days of treatment. Plasma lipid concentrations, hepatic CHOL concentrations (145 and 300 day), and aortic atherogenic lesion areas were measured. Plasma CHOL and triglyceride remained at control levels throughout the 300 days in the C group. CHOL of the HF animals plateaued at approximately 225 mg:dl. P-407 produced CHOL concentrations of 600 mg:dl in P mice and 1000‐1500 mg:dl in PC animals. There was no lesion formation in C mice. However, by 90 days lesions were present in the three other groups. Size of the lesions progressed through day 300 with the largest lesions (184.33 27.99 m 2 10 3 ) being present in the PC mice. HF and P animals had lesions of 70.50 11.35 and 43.33 7.88 m 2 10 3 , respectively. This study provides an animal model where atherogenesis has been produced with hyperlipidemia induced using a chemical agent. © 1998 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd.
Residual Stresses in Heat-Straightened Steel Members

Various forms of heat straightening have been used by fabricators and erectors for many years. However, it has only been in the last 15 years that heat-straightening procedures have begun to be quantified in engineering terms. There has been a general lack of information on the type and distribution of residual stresses that occur in heat-straightened rolled shapes. The purpose of this paper is to report on an experimental study in which residual stresses were measured in heat-straightened plates and rolled shapes. Residual stress patterns were measured for members in which various heat-straightening parameters were varied. It was found that the most reliable data should be obtained from tests on damaged members that have been completely heat straightened. The residual stresses in heat-straightened plates were fairly consistent, having maximum compression stresses of about 159 MPa (20 ksi) at the edges and tension stresses of about one-half that value at the center of the plate. Residual stresses in heat-...
Porno? Chic! How pornography changed the world and made it a better place

Is sex dangerous? What happens as a culture becomes sexualized? What are the side-effects of a porn-saturated culture? Cultural sexualization and pornography are often viewed within a framework tha...
AVIAN RESPONSE TO NUTRIENT ENRICHMENT IN AN OLIGOTROPHIC WETLAND, THE FLORIDA EVERGLADES

Abstract We studied the effects of nutrient enrichment on the bird community in an oligotrophic wetland, the Florida Everglades. Among the non-wading birds surveyed in 1996 and 1997, Boat-tailed Grackles (Quiscalus major) and Common Moorhens (Gallinula chloropus) were consistently more abundant in enriched sites, whereas Common Yellowthroats (Geothlypis trichas) were consistently more abundant in unenriched sites. The abundance of Red-winged Blackbird (Agelaius phoeniceus) was not significantly different between enriched and unenriched sites. Among wading birds, Wood Storks (Mycteria americana) and Great Egrets (Ardea alba) were significantly more abundant in enriched than unenriched areas in a dry year, 1991. Great Egrets and all wading species combined were significantly more abundant in enriched than unenriched areas in the wet year, 1995. Great Blue Herons (Ardea herodias) and White Ibises (Eudocimus albus) did not differ in abundance between enriched and unenriched areas in the dry or wet year. A sig...
Mate Recognition, Species Boundaries and the Fallacy of “SpeciesRecognition”

If speciation is typically a process of allopatric divergence following vicariance or dispersal, then a priori, we might expect that individuals of separate lineages typically will retain the ability to "recognize mates" across species boundaries, especially if some components of mate recognition experience strong stabilizing selection. Confusion results from an over-reliance on the importance of reproductive compatibility, as emphasized by proponents of the Biological Species Concept, in contrast to other characters indicative of phylogenetic history. Lack of divergence in premating courtship implies nothing about the nature of species boundaries; rather, it is best viewed as the retention of a plesiomorphic genomic compatibility, not a violation of species boundaries. Until evolutionary biologists recognize that mate recognition systems need not diverge for the attainment of lineage status, misdirected debate will continue. Only by accepting the observation that heterospecifics need not differ in mate recognition systems will additional examples be documented.
The Wisdom of Minority: Unsupervised Slot Filling Validation based on Multi-dimensional Truth-Finding

Information Extraction using multiple information sources and systems is beneficial due to multisource/system consolidation and challenging due to the resulting inconsistency and redundancy. We integrate IE and truth-finding research and present a novel unsupervised multi-dimensional truth finding framework which incorporates signals from multiple sources, multiple systems and multiple pieces of evidence by knowledge graph construction through multi-layer deep linguistic analysis. Experiments on the case study of Slot Filling Validation demonstrate that our approach can find truths accurately (9.4% higher F-score than supervised methods) and efficiently (finding 90% truths with only one half the cost of a baseline without credibility estimation).
NeuroPeptide Y [13-36]

NPY [13-36] is the first agonist reported to act preferentially at NPY Y2 receptors. Subsequently, it has been demonstrated to affect several other NPY receptors. NPY [13-36] has been used experimentally to investigate various physiological effects of NPY, especially Y2-mediated actions such as transmitter release. This agent is used experimentally and has no current clinical uses.
Effects of hypoxia and hypercapnia on whole body release and clearance of choline

We have recently demonstrated an increase in arterial blood choline (Ch) concentration in normocapnic hypoxia and apnea. This could be due to enhanced release of free Ch from tissues, to decreased Ch clearance, or both. The present investigations was undertaken to determine the individual contributions of these processes to the whole body balance of Ch, using an intravenous infusion of tracer quantities of [2H4]Ch to assess the bidirectional flux between the central pool and peripheral pools. Rats were subjected to normocapnic hypoxia or hypercapnia; release and clearance of Ch were calculated using a simple model. Hypoxia caused an increase in Ch production and a decrease in Ch clearance. At severe levels of hypoxia, Ch clearance was essentially zero. Hypoxia was attended by progressive acidosis that was related to the magnitude of the hypoxic challenge. To determine the possible effects of acidosis per se on the variables measured, respiratory acidosis with normoxia was provoked by controlled administration of CO2. Under these conditions, parallel decreases in Ch production and Ch clearance were observed.
Extracellular Heme Uptake and the Challenges of Bacterial Cell Membranes

In bacteria, the fine balance of maintaining adequate iron levels while preventing the deleterious effects of excess iron has led to the evolution of sophisticated cellular mechanisms to obtain, store, and regulate iron. Iron uptake provides a significant challenge given its limited bioavailability and need to be transported across the bacterial cell wall and membranes. Pathogenic bacteria have circumvented the iron-availability issue by utilizing the hosts' heme-containing proteins as a source of iron. Once internalized, iron is liberated from the porphyrin enzymatically for cellular processes within the bacterial cell. Heme, a lipophilic and toxic molecule, poses a significant challenge in terms of transport given its chemical reactivity. As such, pathogenic bacteria have evolved sophisticated membrane transporters to coordinate, sequester, and transport heme. Recent advances in the biochemical and structural characterization of the membrane-bound heme transport proteins are discussed in the context of ligand coordination, protein–protein interaction, and heme transfer.
Social Responsibility, Ethics, and Marketing Strategy: Closing the Gap between Concept and Application:

The authors review the concepts of social responsibility and business ethics as well as some of the reasons why their adoption by marketing practitioners has been somewhat limited. An approach is d...
Differential excretion of cobalt-containing products following administration of CO60-labelled vit. B12 to rats.

Summary1) The excretion pattern of radioactive substance following parenteral administration of 0.25 μg of Cobalt60-labelled Vit. B12 to the young rat has been studied. 2) Urinary excretion of radioactivity reaches a maximum during the first 8 hours after labelled Vit. B12 administration, then rapidly declines; fecal excretion rises progressively through the 3rd day. Moreover, administration of a large dose of unlabelled Vit. B12 subsequent to radioactive B12 significantly increases urinary but not fecal excretion of radioactivity. From this differential excretion pattern, it is inferred that labelled vitamin is altered prior to its excretion into the intestinal tract. 3) The fecal route is the major excretory pathway for radioactivity resultant from parenteral introduction of Co60-labelled Vit. B12; after the 1st 8 hours, the ratio of radioactivity excreted for a 10-day period via fecal and urinary pathway is 7:1, respectively. 4) Sex does not appear to influence excretion of Co60-tagged products. Simila...
Effective Human to Human Communication of Information Provided by an Unmanned Vehicle

Much of the research on unmanned-vehicles (UVs) focuses on technology or interface design. This study however, investigated how to best support effective communication between the operator monitoring a UV and the Soldier in the field using that information to complete a mission. Several questions arise: Does the operator need to be co-located with Soldiers in the field or can he or she be in a more secure rearward location? Does the team need the capability to transmit visual images or is radio communication adequate? Is information from one type of UV better than others? Do real time mapping and tracking technologies increase situation awareness (SA)? To begin to answer these questions, military teams conducted rescue missions using the video game Raven Shield as a simulated battlefield. The analysis of performance data, self reports, and observations provide some valuable insight to these questions.
Mechanism design for Data Replica Placement (DRP) problem in strategic settings

ABSTRACTThis article addresses the problem of Data Replica Placement, an important technique used in storage-capable distributed networks to improve system availability, reliability, and fault-tolerance. The study focuses on the Data Replica Placement problem in strategic settings inspired by practical market-based data replication applications, such as content delivery networks. Multiple self-interested players with private preferences own data objects for replication. Players compete for storage space among replication servers for placing replicas with the objective to optimize their own profits. Using mechanism design approach, the authors consider the problem as a sequential composition of knapsack auctions and design an algorithmic mechanism DRPMECH to aggregate players’ preferences and approximate a social efficient allocation for the problem. This work analyzes both the economic and computational properties of DRPMECH, validates the properties using experiments, and compares its performance against...
Systems thinking and complexity: considerations for health promoting schools

The health promoting schools concept reflects a comprehensive and integrated philosophy to improving student and personnel health and well-being. Conceptualized as a configuration of interacting, interdependent parts connected through a web of relationships that form a whole greater than the sum of its parts, school health promotion initiatives often target several levels (e.g. individual, professional, procedural and policy) simultaneously. Health promoting initiatives, such as those operationalized under the whole school approach, include several interconnected components that are coordinated to improve health outcomes in complex settings. These complex systems interventions are embedded in intricate arrangements of physical, biological, ecological, social, political and organizational relationships. Systems thinking and characteristics of complex adaptive systems are introduced in this article to provide a perspective that emphasizes the patterns of inter-relationships associated with the nonlinear, dynamic and adaptive nature of complex hierarchical systems. Four systems thinking areas: knowledge, networks, models and organizing are explored as a means to further manage the complex nature of the development and sustainability of health promoting schools. Applying systems thinking and insights about complex adaptive systems can illuminate how to address challenges found in settings with both complicated (i.e. multi-level and multisite) and complex aspects (i.e. synergistic processes and emergent outcomes).
The Research Progress and Applications of Superabsorbent Polymers

This paper summed up the history,recent situation,prospect and application of the superabsorbent polymers,and expounded the classification,structure features,water-absorbing principles and the synthetic methods as well.
Ultrafine Iridium Oxide Nanorods Synthesized by Molten Salt Method toward Electrocatalytic Oxygen and Hydrogen Evolution Reactions

Abstract Ultrafine iridium oxide nanorods (IrO2 NRs) were successfully synthesized using a molten salt method at 650 °C. The structural and morphological characterizations of these IrO2 NRs were carried out by powder X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy and electron microscopic techniques. Compared to commercial IrO2 nanoparticles (IrO2 NPs) and previous reports, these IrO2 NRs show enhanced electrocatalytic activity to oxygen and hydrogen evolution reactions by passing either N2 or O2 gas in a 0.5 M KOH electrolyte before electrochemical measurements, including cyclic voltammetry, chronoamperometry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Specifically, the current densities from the as-synthesized IrO2 NRs and commercial IrO2 NPs were measured in 0.5 M KOH electrolyte to be 70 and 58 (OER, deaerated, at 0.6 V versus Ag/AgCl), 71 and 61 (OER, O2, from −0.10 to 1.0 V versus Ag/AgCl at 50 mV/s), and 25 and 14 (HER, deaerated, at −1.4 V versus Ag/AgCl) mA/cm2, respectively. These results are comparable with, and in most cases, higher than reported data in the literature. Therefore, the current study reports not only a novel synthetic process for IrO2 but also a high efficient IrO2 nanostructure, and it is expected that these IrO2 NRs can serve as a benchmark in the development of active OER and HER (photo)electrocatalysts for various applications.
ELECTRONIC STATES OF MOLECULES

A wide range of molecular sizes and shapes has led to the development of numerous special techniques adapted to specific types of molecules, but in one form or another most methods employ the molecular–orbital approach with the linear combination of atomic orbitals approximation. They may therefore be regarded as variants of the Roothaan procedure for solving the Hartree–Fock equations. This chapter discusses some of the methods such as molecule H 2 + , which consists of two protons and a single electron; symmetry considerations for H 2 + ; diatomic and linear molecules; hybrid orbitals; and the π-electron approximation. The Hamiltonian of the hydrogen molecule ion is invariant under the transformations of the symmetry group. The addition of an electron to H 2 + to form H 2 , as in the analogous atomic case, requires consideration of effects because of electron repulsion and the Pauli principle.
Rhodium-Catalyzed Enantioselective Intramolecular Hydroacylation of Trisubstituted Alkenes.

We report the first examples of transition metal-catalyzed enantioselective alkene hydroacylations with 1,1,2-trisubstituted alkenes. DFT and mechanistic studies are consistent with a reaction pathway for these rhodium-catalyzed processes including intramolecular alkene hydroacylation and -epimerization to generate highly enantioenriched, polycyclic architectures. This reaction sequence enables the hydroacylation of 2-(cyclohex-1-en-1-yl)benzaldehydes to form hexahydro-9H-fluoren-9-ones in moderate to high yields (68-91%) with high enantioselectivities (up to 99% ee) and diastereoselectivities (typically >20:1).
Case Report Demonstrating the Safe and Effective Means of Expanding the Donor Pool With Livers Recovered From Brain-Dead Donors After Ethylene Glycol Toxicity.

The growing disparity between organ supply and demand has become the greatest hurdle facing transplant professionals and life-saving transplants. Because the organ shortage has become the rate-limiting step to effective transplants, it is critical for the transplant community to identify viable mechanisms to expand the donor pool and use every available allograft. Although using kidneys from deceased donors whose demise was secondary to ethylene glycol (EG) toxicity requires great deliberation and precise timing as described by Barbas et al [5], using hepatic allografts in this setting involves far less risk. The following is a discussion of a 61-year-old male who was diagnosed with end-stage liver disease secondary to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and ultimately underwent a life-saving transplant with a liver recovered from a donor with EG-induced brain death and allocated nationally due to trepidation by local and regional centers to use the liver from a donor after EG toxicity.
Electric field-driven point defect pile-up near ZnO polar surfaces

Abstract Electric fields in near-surface space charge regions influence the spatial distribution of charged defects, with implications for the efficiency of photocatalysts and gas sensors. Through isotopic oxygen diffusion experiments on both Zn-terminated ZnO (0001) and O-terminated ZnO (000 1 ¯ ), the present work better delineates the quantitative relationship of defect pile-up to the degree and direction of near-surface band bending, the rate of defect injection, and the temperature. The two terminations exhibit dramatic differences in behavior from each other, especially in the temperature dependence. The results suggest that the amount of fixed charge at the surface directly affects the injected flux.
Basic Fracture Reduction Principles

Although often perceived of as simply “straightening out the bone,” fracture reduction is a complex task that should always include a thorough knowledge of the injury and the best means to realign the fragments before being undertaken. These general principles will assist with the reduction of fractures and dislocations, with specifics written throughout this text for each anatomic location.
Analysis of NUMA effects in modern multicore systems for the design of high-performance data transfer applications

To capitalize on multicore power, modern high-speed data transfer applications usually adopt multi-threaded design and aggregate multiple network interfaces. However, NUMA introduces another dimension of complexity to these applications. In this paper, we undertook comprehensive experiment on real systems to illustrate the importance of NUMA-awareness to applications with intensive memory accesses and network I/Os. Instead of simply attributing the NUMA effect to the physical layout, we provide an in-depth analysis of underlying interactions inside hardware devices. We profile the system performance by monitoring relevant hardware counters, and reveal how the NUMA penalty occurs during prefetch and cache synchronization processes. Consequently, we implement a thread mapping module in a bulk data transfer software, BBCP, as a practical example of enabling NUMA-awareness. The enhanced application is then evaluated on our high-performance testbed with storage area networks(SAN). Our experimental results show that the proposed NUMA optimizations can significantly improve BBCPs performance in memory-based tests with various contention levels and realistic data transfers involving SAN-based storage. Comprehensive tests over modern hosts to show the importance of NUMA-awareness.A first-order analysis on the NUMA effect of the-state-of-the-art high-end systems.Detailed study shows how NUMA effects get amplified in multicore hardware.Exemplify the specific benefits of NUMA-awareness with modern real-world applications.
Enabling Collaboration in Learning Computer Programing Inclusive of Children with Vision Impairments

We investigate how technology can support collaborative learning by children with mixed-visual abilities. Responding to a growing need for tools inclusive of children with vision impairments (VI) for the teaching of computer programing to novice learners, we explore Torino -- a physical programing language for teaching programing constructs and computational thinking to children age 7-11. We draw insights from 12 learning sessions with Torino that involved five pairs of children with vision ranging from blindness to full-sight. Our findings show how sense-making of the technology, collaboration, and learning were enabled through an interplay of system design, programing tasks and social interactions, and how this differed between the pairs. The paper contributes insights on the role of touch, audio and visual representations in designs inclusive of people with VI, and discusses the importance and opportunities provided through the 'social' in negotiations of accessibility, for learning, and for self-perceptions of ability and self-esteem.
Locally Low-Rank tensor regularization for high-resolution quantitative dynamic MRI

Quantitative dynamic MRI acquisitions have the potential to diagnose diffuse diseases in conjunction with functional abnormalities. However, their resolutions are limited due to the long acquisition time. Such datasets are multi-dimensional, exhibiting interactions between ≥ 4 dimensions, which cannot be easily identified using sparsity or low-rank matrix methods. Hence, low-rank tensors are a natural fit to model such data. But in the presence of multitude of different tissue types in the field-of-view, it is difficult to find an appropriate value of tensor rank, which avoids under-or over-regularization. In this work, we propose a locally low-rank tensor regularization approach to enable high-resolution quantitative dynamic MRI. We show this approach successfully enables dynamic T i mapping at high spatio-temporal resolutions.
The Impact of Molecularly Targeted Therapy in Multi-Modality Therapy

The development of a large number of targeted agents has introduced tremendous opportunities as well as challenges to the field of oncology. Although most agents show limited single drug potential for the cure of common solid neoplasms, they can prolong patient survival in selected tumor types and, most importantly, enhance the existing therapies for a variety of cancers. Improvements have been achieved in the treatment of hematological malignancies, colorectal cancer, renal cancer, lung cancer, head and neck cancer, breast cancer, and liver cancer. Because these agents do not cause side effects similar to those of cytotoxic drugs and radiation therapy, their combination with current conventional chemotherapy and radiotherapy is usually feasible. How to best combine these new agents with radiation and chemotherapy requires intensive and persistent efforts from both clinicians and research scientists.
Cytopathology of Cutaneous Tumors

Cytopathology is the study of morphologic cellular features based upon microscopic anatomy. In addition, the cytologic findings of cells reflect functional differentiation (cytoplasm) and cellular activity (nuclear findings). Understanding the cellular details of neoplasms has significant diagnostic utility. The cytologic features of the most common skin tumors are presented in this chapter.
Equity and the Seventh Amendment

This Article reconsiders the scope of the jury trial right under the Seventh Amendment. It argues that a more historically sound and judicially administrable test can be formulated. The jury trial right should be presumed, with three categorical equitable exceptions: suits in equity’s exclusive jurisdiction (e.g., trust law), suits for equitable remedies (e.g., injunction), and suits that make use of equitable case-aggregating devices (e.g., class actions). This argument has implications for the scope of the jury trial right and for the scope of equity in American law.