cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Endocrine and neuroendocrine regulation of fathering behavior in birds.

Abstract This article is part of a Special Issue "Parental Care". Although paternal care is generally rare among vertebrates, care of eggs and young by male birds is extremely common and may take on a variety of forms across species. Thus, birds provide ample opportunities for investigating both the evolution of and the proximate mechanisms underpinning diverse aspects of fathering behavior. However, significant gaps remain in our understanding of the endocrine and neuroendocrine influences on paternal care in this vertebrate group. In this review, I focus on proximate mechanisms of paternal care in birds. I place an emphasis on specific hormones that vary predictably and/or unpredictably during the parental phase in both captive and wild birds: prolactin and progesterone are generally assumed to enhance paternal care, whereas testosterone and corticosterone are commonly—though not always correctly—assumed to inhibit paternal care. In addition, because endocrine secretions are not the sole mechanistic influence on paternal behavior, I also explore potential roles for certain neuropeptide systems (specifically the oxytocin–vasopressin nonapeptides and gonadotropin inhibitory hormone) and social and experiential factors in influencing paternal behavior in birds. Ultimately, mechanistic control of fathering behavior in birds is complex, and I suggest specific avenues for future research with the goal of narrowing gaps in our understanding of this complexity. Such avenues include (1) experimental studies that carefully consider not only endocrine and neuroendocrine mechanisms of paternal behavior, but also the ecology, phylogenetic history, and social context of focal species; (2) investigations that focus on individual variation in both hormonal and behavioral responses during the parental phase; (3) studies that investigate mechanisms of maternal and paternal care independently, rather than assuming that the mechanistic foundations of care are similar between the sexes; (4) expansion of work on interactions of the neuroendocrine system and fathering behavior to a wider array of paternal behaviors and taxa (e.g., currently, studies of the interactions of testosterone and paternal care largely focus on songbirds, whereas studies of the interactions of corticosterone, prolactin, and paternal care in times of stress focus primarily on seabirds); and (5) more deliberate study of exceptions to commonly held assumptions about hormone–paternal behavior interactions (such as the prevailing assumptions that elevations in androgens and glucocorticoids are universally disruptive to paternal care). Ultimately, investigations that take an intentionally integrative approach to understanding the social, evolutionary, and physiological influences on fathering behavior will make great strides toward refining our understanding of the complex nature by which paternal behavior in birds is regulated.
Is there a profession of engineering

This article examines three common arguments for the claim that engineering is not a profession: 1) that engineering lacks an ideal internal to its practice; 2) that engineering’s ideal, whether internal or not, is merely technical; and 3) that engineering lacks the social arrangements characteristic of a true profession. All three arguments are shown to rely on one or another definition of profession, each of which is inadequate. An alternative to these definition is offered. It has at least two advantages. On the one hand, it emphasizes the importance of professional community, the role of occupation in defining profession, the centrality of a moral ideal, and the necessity for morally binding standards (beyond ordinary morality). On the other hand, the alternative definition is in part independent both of moral theory and sociology. This article concludes by considering what light the alternative definition can throw on the professional status of engineers serving the Nazis.
Resonance in photoperiodic regulation of larval diapause in Ostrinia nubilalis

Abstract Nanda-Hamner experimental photoperiodic regimes (Xh dark-8h light, in which X was from 8 to 88 h) were employed to demonstrate circadian resonance in the induction of larval diapause in Ostrinia nubilalis. Measured in terms of per cent incidence of diapause, manifestation of circadian resonance was shown to be dependent upon ambient temperature; resonance was not apparent at a rearing temperature of 30°C, was equivocally detected at 25°C, but strongly manifested at both 19 and 22°C. The period of the circadian resonance was 24 h at each temperature, demonstrating temperature compensation. Circadian resonance was also demonstrated between duration of the scotophase of the rearing regime and the number of days of long days (8 h dark-16 h light, 30°C) required to terminate diapause. Such resonance was detected when the temperature of the rearing regime was either 19 or 22°C, but not at 25°C. The implications of resonance in photoperiodic determination of apparent initial intensity of diapause is discussed briefly.
The Prospect Rock thrust: western limit of the Taconian accretionary prism in the northern Green Mountain anticlinorium, Vermont

This paper presents evidence for an early Taconian, west-directed fault in northern Vermont, the Prospect Rock thrust, which represents the trace of the contact between the Taconian oceanic accreti...
Performance analysis of a novel architecture to integrate heterogeneous wireless systems

Current wireless world witnesses multiple heterogeneous systems such as Bluetooth, IEEE 802.11, UMTS, and satellite networks. These systems are envisioned to coordinate with each other to provide ubiquitous communications to mobile users. A novel architecture, Architecture for ubiquitous Mobile Communications (AMC), is introduced in this paper that integrates these heterogeneous wireless systems. AMC eliminates the need for direct Service Level Agreements (SLAs) among service providers by using a third party, Network Inter-operating Agent (NIA). Instead of developing a new architecture, AMC extends the existing infrastructure to integrate heterogeneous wireless systems. It uses IP as the inter-connection protocol to provide transparency to the heterogeneities of individual systems. Third-party-based authentication and billing algorithms are designed for AMC. New handoff management protocols are also designed to support seamless vertical handoffs between different wireless systems in AMC. Performance analysis is carried out to determine the latency associated with vertical handoffs and the load on the NIA that arises because of these vertical handoffs. Toward this, a network deployment scenario that consists of three types of wireless systems: WLAN, 3G, and satellite networks is considered. Moreover, the number of SLAs required in AMC is also determined for a given number of network operators. It is also shown that by using hierarchical structure, AMC can realize the integration of heterogeneous wireless systems around the globe.
COMPUTER SIMULATION OF GRAIN GROWTH USING A CONTINUUM FIELD MODEL

The kinetics of grain growth in two-dimensions (2-D) were investigated by computer simulations based on a continuum diffuse-interface field model. In this model, a polycrystalline microstructure is described by many orientation field variables whose temporal and spatial evolutions can be obtained by solving the time-dependent Ginzburg-Landau (TDGL) equations. It is found that the time dependence of average grain radius R¯ follows the kinetic law: R¯mt −R¯m0 = kt with m = 2.0 in the scaling regime, in agreement with most of the previous simulation and theoretical results obtained using sharp-interface models. It is shown that the Louat's function provides a reasonable fit to the grain size distribution obtained from the simulation. In contrast to the general belief that 4- and 5-sided grains transform to 3-sided before their disappearance in 2-D grain growth, we found ample evidence that 4-sided and 5-sided grains may directly evolve to a region of disordered material, whose size is on the order of the grain boundary thickness and whose boundaries with neighbours are not well defined, and then disappear. The dependencies of grain growth kinetics on the computational cell size, the discretizing grid size, grain boundary width, as well as the number of field variables were critically examined.
Insights into Effective Sport Psychology Consulting

Abstract This article discusses ways in which consultant characteristics and styles interact to influence intervention effectiveness in applied sport psychology. In particular, it is designed to provide therapists, counselors and psychologists with consulting guidelines that research and experience suggest are important for successfully implementing educationally-based mental skills training programs for athletes. Areas discussed include: (1) gaining entry and connecting with athletes; (2) identifying program objectives; (3) identifying specific strategies to achieve program objectives; (4) scheduling mental skills training; and (5) evaluating program effectiveness. It is emphasized that effective sport psychological consulting is a dynamic process including a collaborative relationship between the athlete, coach and sport psychologist.
Hepatitis B immunization in postpartum women.

Abstract Objective: To investigate the acceptance and efficacy of hepatitis B immunization in women during the postpartum period. Study Design: A group of 157 consecutive women who were delivered of neonates between 1994 and 1999 under the care of a private, full-time faculty-based practice of obstetrics and gynecology participated in the study. All patients were screened for hepatitis B surface antigen and antibody during their pregnancy. Susceptible patients eligible for hepatitis B immunization were offered the vaccine in the immediate postpartum period. The planned vaccine administration was a series of 3 intramuscular injections, with the second injection given 4 weeks later and the third given 6 months after the initial injection. Rescreening for hepatitis B surface antibody titers was performed at a visit after the last injection. Response to the immunization series was evaluated according to rate of acceptance, compliance, and achievement of seroprotection. Results: Thirteen (8%) patients had been immunized previously and had antibodies, whereas 8 (5%) patients had serologic evidence of a previous infection. Of the 136 patients eligible for the study, 113 (83%) agreed to participate, 16 (12%) declined, and 7 (5%) moved away from New York right after delivery. Of the 113 participants, 104 (92%) patients received at least 2 vaccine injections, with 80 (71%) completing 3 injections. Among patients who had postvaccinal antibody titers, 66 of 69 (96%) of the group that received 3 injections and 9 (75%) of 12 of the group that received 2 injections were found to have antibodies. Conclusion: Hepatitis B immunization in the postpartum period is feasible and effective.(Am J Obstet Gynecol 2001;185:355-58.)
The residents' perspective in tourism research: a review and synthesis.

Abstract This article aims to present a research history highlighting the role of residents within tourism systems. It has detailed demographic, economic, environmental, political and socio-cultural impacts on a resident population. It is argued that residents and their stakeholder groups are critical components in successful tourism systems. It is further argued that ongoing investigation of residents and stakeholder groups within diverse tourism environments is essential to our understanding of the complexity of tourism systems.
Classification algorithm of ovarian tissue based on co-registered ultrasound and photoacoustic tomography

Human ovarian tissue features extracted from photoacoustic spectra data, beam envelopes and co-registered ultrasound and photoacoustic images are used to characterize cancerous vs. normal processes using a support vector machine (SVM) classifier. The centers of suspicious tumor areas are estimated from the Gaussian fitting of the mean Radon transforms of the photoacoustic image along 0 and 90 degrees. Normalized power spectra are calculated using the Fourier transform of the photoacoustic beamformed data across these suspicious areas, where the spectral slope and 0-MHz intercepts are extracted. Image statistics, envelope histogram fitting and maximum output of 6 composite filters of cancerous or normal patterns along with other previously used features are calculated to compose a total of 17 features. These features are extracted from 169 datasets of 19 ex vivo ovaries. Half of the cancerous and normal datasets are randomly chosen to train a SVM classifier with polynomial kernel and the remainder is used for testing. With 50 times data resampling, the SVM classifier, for the training group, gives 100% sensitivity and 100% specificity. For the testing group, it gives 89.68± 6.37% sensitivity and 93.16± 3.70% specificity. These results are superior to those obtained earlier by our group using features extracted from photoacoustic raw data or image statistics only.
Intestinal Solubilization of Particle-Associated Organic and Inorganic Mercury as a Measure of Bioavailability to Benthic Invertebrates

The bioavailability of particle-associated inorganic mercury (HgI) and monomethylmercury (MMHg) was evaluated in vitro using digestive fluid of the deposit feeding lugworm, Arenicola marina. Digestive fluid, removed from the midgut of the polychaete, was incubated with contaminated sediment, and the proportion of HgI or MMHg solubilized by the digestive fluid was determined. Digestive fluid was found to be a more effective solvent than seawater in solubilizing particle-associated HgI and MMHg. A greater percentage of MMHg than HgI was solubilized from most sediments, suggesting that sediment-associated MMHg is generally more readily available from sediment for biological uptake. The proportion of MMHg released from the sediment was inversely correlated with sediment organic matter content, decreasing exponentially with increasing organic matter content of the sediment. The results for HgI were equivocal. MMHg bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) from previous studies showed a similar trend with organic content ...
Amino acid residues that modulate the properties of tyrosine YZ and the manganese cluster in the water oxidizing complex of photosystem II

The catalytic site for photosynthetic water oxidation is embedded in a protein matrix consisting of nearly 30 different polypeptides. Residues from several of these polypeptides modulate the properties of the tetrameric Mn cluster and the redox-active tyrosine residue, Y(Z), that are located at the catalytic site. However, most or all of the residues that interact directly with Y(Z) and the Mn cluster appear to be contributed by the D1 polypeptide. This review summarizes our knowledge of the environments of Y(Z) and the Mn cluster as obtained from the introduction of site-directed, deletion, and other mutations into the photosystem II polypeptides of the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 and the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii.
Microscopic and macroscopic quantum models of high Tc (YBCO) superconductors

Abstract The notion of observing quantum effects on a macroscopic scale at high temperatures has been the motivation for the study of high Tc superconductors. Models of microscopic and macroscopic quantum behavior of superconducting YBCO systems are here presented. The notion of entropy and the forward direction of time is discussed.
Renormalization group treatment of two interacting magnetic impurities in a metal

Abstract We consider two resonant level impurities, each of which hybridizes with, an attractive interaction with, an electron band (in such a way as to mimic the Kondo effect). They interact with each other via a hopping matrix element and an interaction between the localized fermions (so as to resemble the RKKY interaction between the impurities). We obtain the momentum space RG equations for the model, which are discussed in terms of Ward cancellations. Expressions for the static and dynamic susceptibilities in uniform and staggered fields are obtained. No anomalies are found, probably as a result of the broken spin-rotational invariance of the model.
Sector Choice: How Fair Trade Entrepreneurs Choose Between Nonprofit and For-Profit Forms

This article advances scholarship on the institutional choice literature by examining how, when both options are available, entrepreneurs choose between establishing for-profit and nonprofit organi...
Effect of glycocyamine and betaine on creatine phosphate levels in muscle of adrenalectomized rats

Abstract Adrenalectomized, adult, female rats with a negative water-tolerance test for functional adrenal tissue and supplemented with NaCl were used in a study of muscle phosphate fractions and creatine values. Adrenalectomy decreases the creatine phosphate (CrP) levels in skeletal but not in heart muscle. The administration of glycocyamine and betaine raises the CrP level in skeletal but not in heart muscle of adrenalectomized rats. There is no effect on the levels of the other phosphate fractions or creatine in either case.
Dispersive approaches for three-particle final state interaction

In this work, we present different representations of the Khuri-Treiman equation and discuss advantages and disadvantages of each representation. In particular we focus on the inversion technique proposed by Pasquier, which, even though developed a long time ago, has not been used in modern analyses of data on three particle decays. We apply the method to a toy model and compare the sensitivity of this and alternative solution methods to the left-hand cut contribution. We also discuss the meaning and applicability of Watson’s theorem when three particles in final states are involved.
Backscattered electron imaging and energy-dispersive X-ray studies of water-treed polymeric insulation

The backscattered-electron imaging mode in a scanning electron microscope has been used to detect and image water trees in electrically stressed cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE) insulation. The location and distribution of inorganic contaminants, such as Cu or Cl, within the water-treed regions of the insulation were revealed using backscattered-electron imaging. Energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy and mapping were subsequently used to ascertain the chemical nature of the contaminants. Contaminants were only detected by EDX inside the treed areas delineated by the backscattered-electron images. A careful comparison of backscattered-electron and optical images of thin microtomed XLPE samples did not show any contaminant penetration beyond the visible-treed region. Results from a variety of service-aged and laboratory-stressed samples are presented, as well as a preliminary attempt to extend backscattered-electron imaging to optically opaque ethylene-propylene-rubber insulation. >
Prediction of Acoustic Scattering in the Time Domain Using a Moving Equivalent Source Method

A new and ecient numerical method to solve acoustic scattering in the time domain is presented in the present paper. Equivalent sources are embedded within a scattering surface and their strengths are determined as a function of time by the pressure-gradient boundary condition on a scattering surface. Once the strengths are determined, the equivalent sources are used to predict the scattered pressure. Linear shape functions are used to discretize the strength of the equivalent sources in time and singular value decomposition is used to find the least-squares solution and to overcome potential numerical instabilities. The predictions are found to be in excellent agreement with the exact solutions for sound from a point monopole source and band-passed broadband sound. The method works well even at the irregular frequencies at which internal resonance modes occur. Finally, the method is used to predict the scattering of sound from a moving source. It is shown that the method has the capability to capture aperiodic characteristics very well.
Continuity and the Costs of Care for Chronic Disease

Importance Better continuity of care is expected to improve patient outcomes and reduce health care costs, but patterns of use, costs, and clinical complications associated with the current patterns of care continuity have not been quantified. Objective To measure the association between care continuity, costs, and rates of hospitalizations, emergency department visits, and complications for Medicare beneficiaries with chronic disease. Design, Setting, and Participants Retrospective cohort study of insurance claims data for a 5% sample of Medicare beneficiaries experiencing a 12-month episode of care for congestive heart failure (CHF, n = 53 488), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD, n = 76 520), or type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM, n = 166 654) in 2008 and 2009. Main Outcomes and Measures Hospitalizations, emergency department visits, complications, and costs of care associated with the Bice-Boxerman continuity of care (COC) index, a measure of the outpatient COC related to conditions of interest. Results The mean (SD) COC index was 0.55 (0.31) for CHF, 0.60 (0.34) for COPD, and 0.50 (0.32) for DM. After multivariable adjustment, higher levels of continuity were associated with lower odds of inpatient hospitalization (odds ratios for a 0.1-unit increase in COC were 0.94 [95% CI, 0.93-0.95] for CHF, 0.95 [0.94-0.96] for COPD, and 0.95 [0.95-0.96] for DM), lower odds of emergency department visits (0.92 [0.91-0.92] for CHF, 0.93 [0.92-0.93] for COPD, and 0.94 [0.93-0.94] for DM), and lower odds of complications (odds ratio range, 0.92-0.96 across the 3 complication types and 3 conditions; all P Conclusions and Relevance Modest differences in care continuity for Medicare beneficiaries are associated with sizable differences in costs, use, and complications.
Radio frequency pulse application for heating uniformity in postharvest codling moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) control of fresh apples (Malus domestica Borkh.)

A radio frequency (RF) treatment, with a pulse mode to increase heating uniformity, was examined as a potential quarantine treatment against fifth instars of the codling moth, Cydia pomonella L. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), in apples, Malus sylvestris L. var. domestica (Borkh.) Mansf., intended for export to Japan. Apples were exposed in water baths to 27.12- MHz RF energy at 12 kW with a pulse mode of 30 s-on/30 s-off for different durations. The temperature uniformity was determined by measurements at 12 sites evenly spaced at two depths in the fruit. The most promising expo- sure time was 29 min. The efficacy of the treatment with the pulse mode was examined against the codling moth larvae by using exposures between 27 and 30 min and up to 30 min of holding time in bath after treatment. The treatment that killed all larvae with the least amount of energy was the 29-min exposure with 50-min holding time. This treatment was appraised for fruit quality in "Delicious" apples. Some injury was observed when treated fruits were removed from 1C storage after 30 days. When these fruits were held at 25C for 1 week, all were too damaged to evaluate for fruit quality. Although pulse mode increased heating uniformity in the fruit, the thermal
STUDIES ON TUBERCLE BACILLUS-MONOCYTE RELATIONSHIP III. CONDITIONS AFFECTING THE ACTION OF SERUM AND CELLS. MODIFICATION OF BACILLI IN AN IMMUNE SYSTEM

Studies of the relationship of protective serum factor to cellular resistance and to tuberculin skin sensitivity have demonstrated that protective serum factor may exist independently of a high level of cellular resistance, and that both protective factor and cellular resistance may be demonstrable without a concomitant hypersensitivity of the delayed type. The experiments with absorbed sera and the globulin fraction of immune serum indicated no specific association of protective serum factor with antibody globulin. The protective factor in immune serum was found to be thermostable and non-dialyzable. In vitro exposure of virulent tubercle bacilli to the immune serum from BCG-immunized animals failed to alter the bacterial capacity for destruction of monocytes and for intracellular proliferation. In vitro cultivation of normal and immune monocytes in normal or immune serum was not effective in changing the native susceptibility or resistance of these cells. Effective manifestation of resistance to virulent tubercle bacilli by immune monocytes was found to require the continuous presence of immune serum. The intracellular passage of virulent tubercle bacilli in an immune system (immune monocytes cultivated in immune serum) resulted in a decreased bacterial potential for destruction of normal monocytes when these were cultivated in the presence of immune serum.
Particle size analysis and structure of chromium hydrous oxide sols in the size range of less than 0.5 μm

Particle size measurements of chromium hydrous oxide sols using electron microscopy and light scattering techniques were in excellent agreement. Comparison was based on the most probable diameter and width of the distribution. The normal, lognormal, and zero-order logarithmic density functions provided good first-order approximations to the particle size measurements. The chromium hydrous sols were less than 0.5 μm in size. A closed wet cell specimen holder in an electron microscope was developed to observe, in situ, the chromium hydrous oxide sols. The colloidal particles had a uniform spherical shape with a narrow size distribution. Observation of the particle formation process in the closed wet cell qualitatively supports the mechanism that basic polymeric sulfates act as embryos in the formation of these particles.
A Checklist for Trauma and Emergency Anesthesia

Death from traumatic injury is the leading cause of death in children and adults younger than 45 years of age. For adults older than 45 years of age, trauma is the third leading cause of death, the primary causes being cardiovascular events and malignancies. Despite this huge burden, the Anesthesiology Residency Review Committee of the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education has as a requirement that residents in anesthesiology programs only manage 20 trauma cases during their residency. The requirement does not define what constitutes “trauma” and does not specify the educational objective for their experience providing care to patients who have sustained trauma. Once they finish training, anesthesiologists will be involved in the management of patients who have sustained traumatic injuries. If they work in a rural area, they may not be challenged with the kind of penetrating injuries common in an urban level I trauma center. However, trauma is ubiquitous, and rural medical centers see severe trauma from motor vehicle crashes, from farming or manufacturing mishaps, and from natural accidents. Because residency may impart limited training in management of trauma, we propose that anesthesiologists use a standardized “trauma and emergency checklist” to facilitate the care they provide these patients and (hopefully) improve outcomes. Checklists have been shown to decrease patient morbidity and mortality by assuring that the health care provider does not overlook some important aspect of care. Checklists are used when preparing an anesthetic workstation at the beginning of the day. The algorithms promulgated by the Advanced Trauma Life Support and Advanced Cardiac Life Support courses are checklists. Even trauma surgeons in the military, who have a great deal of experience in managing patients who sustain blast injury, use checklists. Military surgeons use checklists to manage trauma for the same reason that anesthesiologists use checklists when checking an anesthesia workstation, or that an airline pilot uses a checklist before every takeoff and landing. The checklist assures that critical steps are not missed. Checklists are easy. Missing critical steps can be deadly. Checklists have been shown to decrease inpatient complications and death. 1 Standardized checklists can be especially useful during emergencies. 2,3 A trauma and emergency anesthesia checklist can serve as a template of care for the initial phase of operative anesthesia, as well as resuscitation. The goal of this manuscript is not to provide a definitive checklist. The definitive checklist, if it ever exists, should be created, and vetted, by a learned society within the trauma anesthesiology community. Our goal for this manuscript is to initiate a discussion about what should be on a trauma anesthesia checklist, providing a nidus for a definitive document (Fig. 1).
Effects of dairy consumption on SIRT1 and mitochondrial biogenesis in adipocytes and muscle cells

Background: Recent data from this laboratory suggest that components of dairy foods may serve as activators of SIRT1 (Silent Information Regulator Transcript 1), and thereby participate in regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism. In this study, an ex-vivo/in-vitro approach was used to examine the integrated effects of dairy diets on SIRT1 activation in two key target tissues (adipose and muscle tissue). Methods: Serum from overweight and obese subjects fed low or high dairy diets for 28 days was added to culture medium (similar to conditioned media) to treat cultured adipocytes and muscle cells for 48 hours. Results: Treatment with high dairy group conditioned media resulted in 40% increased SIRT1 gene expression in both tissues (p < 0.01) and 13% increased enzyme activity in adipose tissue compared to baseline. This was associated with increased gene expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator 1 alpha (PGC-1a), nuclear respiratory factor 1 (NRF1), cytochrome oxidase c subunit 7 (Cox 7), NADH dehydrogenase and uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) in adipocytes as well as uncoupling protein 3 (UCP3), NRF1 and Cox 7 in muscle cells (p < 0.05). Further, direct incubation of physiological concentrations of leucine and its metabolites a-Ketoisocaproic acid (KIC) and b-hydroxy-methylbuteric acid (HMB) with recombinant human SIRT1 enzyme resulted in 30 to 50% increase of SIRT1 activity (p < 0.05).
How to solve it automatically: selection among problem-solving methods

The choice of an appropriate problem-solving method, from available methods, is a crucial skill for experts in many areas. We describe a technique for the automatic selection among methods, which is based on a statistical analysis of their past performances. We formalize the statistical problem involved in selecting an efficient problem-solving method, derive a solution to this problem, and describe a method-selection algorithm. The algorithm not only chooses among available methods, but also decides when to abandon the chosen method, if it proves to take too much time. We give empirical results on the use of this technique in selecting among search engines in the PRODIGY planning system.
Feeding value of glycerol as a replacement for corn grain in rations fed to lactating dairy cows.

Growth of the corn ethanol industry has created a need for alternatives to corn for lactating dairy cows. Concurrent expansion in soydiesel production is expected to increase availability and promote favorable pricing for glycerol, a primary co-product material. The objective of this study was to determine the feeding value of glycerol as a replacement for corn in diets fed to lactating dairy cattle. Sixty lactating Holstein cows housed in individual tie stalls were fed a base diet consisting of corn silage, legume forages, corn grain, soyhulls, roasted soybeans, and protein supplements. After a 2-wk acclimation period, cows were fed diets containing 0, 5, 10, or 15% refined glycerol for 56 d. Cows were milked twice daily and weekly milk samples were collected. Milk production was 36.3, 37.2, 37.9, and 36.2 ± 1.6 kg/d and feed intake was 23.8, 24.6, 24.8, and 24.0 ± 0.7 kg/d for 0, 5, 10, and 15% glycerol treatments, respectively, and did not differ except for a modest reduction in feed intake during the first 7 d of the trial for 15% glycerol (treatment × time effect). Milk composition was not altered by glycerol feeding except that milk urea nitrogen was decreased from 12.5 ± 0.4 to 10.2 ± 0.4 mg/dL with glycerol addition. Cows fed diets containing 10 and 15% glycerol gained more weight than those fed rations containing 0 or 5% glycerol but body condition scores did not differ with glycerol feeding. The data indicate that glycerol is a suitable replacement for corn grain in diets for lactating dairy cattle and that it may be included in rations to a level of at least 15% of dry matter without adverse effects on milk production or milk composition.
An Examination of Interracial Contact: The Influence of Cross-Race Interpersonal Efficacy and Affect Regulation

The ability of employees to interact cooperatively and collaboratively is the fulcrum of competitive advantage for organizations operating in pluralistic environments. Contact theory suggests several conditions under which effective interpersonal relationships across racial, ethnic, and cultural groups may occur: Research examining the contact hypothesis has been mixed. The explanation of this inconsistency in the research generally centers on procedural rather than cognitive aspects of the interactions. This article discusses the contact hypothesis with respect to social cognitive functioning of interaction participants. We propose that positive outcomes from application of the contact hypothesis may be influenced by the individual employees’ level of cross-race interpersonal efficacy and affect regulation. An investi gation of the influence of cross-race interpersonal efficacy and affect regu lation may lead to a more developed theoretical understanding of the variance currently associated with the application of the contact hypothesis.
La selva como espacio de abusos múltiples. Una lectura ecocrítica de dos novelas mexicanas

The American jungle appears in the literature since the earliest narrations of the discoverers and chroniclers of the so called New World, playing an important role in the European imagination of the earthly Paradise. Although this “heavenly” image persists until the 20 th century, there is a demystifying tendency in the contemporary literature that includes the rainforest. In Balun Canan (1957) by Rosario Castellanos and in Leaving Tabasco (1999) by Carmen Boullosa, the spaces described by others as utopian appear as areas of social and cultural exclusion and revealing serious environmental problems. This paper offers a reading of the two novels from the ecocritical perspective, which includes the analysis of the human problems in connection with those of the nature. The discussion of the conflicts revealed by the protagonists of both texts allows valuing the works of Castellanos and Boullosa as a testimony of the social dilemmas that are inseparable from the environmental problems given that both are caused by the same type of power.
Availability of “Drugs in Pregnancy” electives in pharmacy schools

Abstract Objectives Practicing pharmacists frequently encounter questions with regard to the use of drugs in pregnancy or in women planning to become pregnant. A survey was developed to examine and describe the type and extent of curricular integration of this content in schools and colleges of pharmacy. Methods A 19-item electronic questionnaire was developed and distributed via multiple list-servs to obtain a response from each Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education–accredited school of pharmacy (96 schools at time of survey administration). For those schools that offered this course, 14 additional questions targeted course design and structure. Results Of 81 school responses, 10 schools of pharmacy (12.3%) offered a "Drugs in Pregnancy" course and four schools were developing or considering this course. In schools without specific courses, 93% of respondents stated this material was incorporated into other courses, with 59% indicating that the approach was insufficient. Conclusion As pharmacists are consulted about medication use in pregnancy, it is imperative that students are informed about appropriate resources and educated to provide accurate responses. The ability to share curricular models of the incorporation of "Drugs in Pregnancy" courses may encourage assessment of curricular mapping of this content by other schools and colleges of pharmacy.
Predicted and measured daily creatinine production in CAPD: identifying noncompliance.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the ratio of measured creatinine (Cr) production to predicted creatinine production as an index of noncompliance in patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). DESIGN A cross-sectional analysis. PATIENTS One hundred and twenty-one patients on CAPD. MEASUREMENTS We have calculated Cr production from measured Cr outputs in 24-hour collections of urine and dialysate. Predicted Cr productions were calculated from standard tables. Weekly KT/V urea and weekly Cr clearances were determined from the same 24-hour urine and dialysate collections. Lean body mass (LBM) was calculated from the Cr production. Serum albumin concentration was measured. RESULTS The ratio of measured/predicted Cr production correlated positively and significantly with weekly KT/V urea, the protein equivalent of nitrogen appearance (PNA), weekly Cr clearance, and LBM. There was a decline in serum albumin concentration at ratios greater than 1.24, supporting the opinions of previous authors who have suggested that ratios greater than 1.24 are highly suggestive of noncompliance with the dialysis prescription. Defining noncompliance as a ratio greater than 1.24 implied that at least 5% of the female and 17% of the male patients were noncompliant. CONCLUSIONS Declining serum albumin concentrations at higher ratios of measured/predicted Cr production support the opinion that this is an index of noncompliance. However, not all noncompliant patients necessarily have a ratio greater than 1.24. Weekly KT/V urea, weekly Ccr and LBM are all artifactually increased by "washout effects" if all exchanges are done only or mainly on the collection day.
Developmental Tasks of Adolescence in Relation to the Family

This chapter spells out the overall psychosocial tasks the adolescent must engage in to achieve adult societal and psychological status. Most of the chapter is devoted to the topic of the parent-adolescent separation process, which forms an essential knowledge base for the human service professional attempting to help troubled adolescents and their families. This individuation process is viewed from a temporal, life stage perspective, and it is studied in terms of how it is played out in two-parent families, under the special circumstances of divorce, in single-parent families, in stepfamilies, and in relations marred by violence. Finally, in keeping with a system theory perspective, sibling relations are briefly discussed.
The optic nerve head in glaucoma: role of astrocytes in tissue remodeling

Primary open angle glaucoma is a common eye disease characterized by loss of the axons of the retinal ganglion cells leading to progressive loss of vision. The site of damage to the axons is at the level of the lamina cribrosa in the optic nerve head. The mechanism of axonal loss is unknown but elevated intraocular pressure and age are the most common factors associated with the disease. Previous studies in human glaucoma and in experimental glaucoma in monkeys have established a relationship between chronic elevation of intraocular pressure and remodeling of the optic nerve head tissues known clinically as cupping of the optic disc. This review focuses on the astrocytes, the major cell type in the optic nerve head. Astrocytes participate actively in the remodeling of neural tissues during development and in disease. In glaucomatous optic neuropathy, astrocytes play a major role in the remodeling of the extracellular matrix of the optic nerve head, synthesize growth factors and other cellular mediators that may affect directly, or indirectly, the axons of the retinal ganglion cells. Due to the architecture of the lamina cribrosa, formed by the cells and the fibroelastic extracellular matrix, astrocytes may respond to changes in intraocular pressure in glaucoma, leading to some of the detrimental events that underlie axonal loss and retinal ganglion cell degeneration.
Facile 'One-Pot' Preparation of Reversible, Disulfide-Containing Shell Cross-Linked Micelles from a RAFT-Synthesized, pH-Responsive Triblock Copolymer in Water at Room Temperature

A pH-responsive triblock copolymer, α-methoxy poly(ethylene oxide)-b-poly(N-(3-aminopropyl) methacrylamide)-β-poly(2-(diisopropylamino)ethyl methacrylate) (mPEO-PAPMA-PDPAEMA), was synthesized via aqueous RAFT polymerization. This triblock copolymer dissolves in aqueous solution at low pH (<5.0) due to protonation of primary amine residues on the PAPMA block and tertiary amine residues on the PDPAEMA block. Above pH 6.0, the copolymer unimers self-assemble into micelles consisting of PDPAEMA cores, PAPMA shells, and mPEO coronas. Dynamic light scattering studies indicated a hydrodynamic diameter of 92 nm at pH 9.0. A bifunctional, reversible cross-linker, dimethyl 3,3′-dithiobispropionimidate (DTBP), was used to cross-link the micelles. The ‘one-pot’ formation of shell cross-linked (SCL) micelles was accomplished at room temperature in water by mixing the triblock copolymers and DTBP at pH 3.0, and slowly increasing the solution pH to 9.0 leading to the simultaneous formation of micelles and cross-linking. These SCL micelles are readily cleaved by the addition of the reducing agent, dithiothreitol, and can be re-cross-linked simply by exposure to air. Such SCL micelles have potential as nanocarriers for controlled release of therapeutic and diagnostic agents because the in situ cleavage of the disulfide linkages would not only allow release of bioactive agents, but also permit renal clearance of the resulting unimeric components.
Neuroembolization of metastatic Merkel cell cancer to the face for treatment of Kasabach–Merritt syndrome

Kasabach–Merritt syndrome is defined as a consumptive thrombocytopenia in the presence of a highly vascular tumor. Multiple treatment options, including transarterial embolization, have been described. We demonstrate that transarterial embolization is a viable option in the treatment of a rapidly progressive and debilitating Merkel cell tumor metastasizing to the head and neck presenting with Kasabach–Merritt syndrome.
Phylogeny of the Perognathus longimembris species group based on mitochondrial cytochrome-b : How many species?

The Perognathus longimembris species group currently consists of 3 species and approximately 23 subspecies. Members of this species group have been of considerable interest to biologists in both physiological and ecological studies, and several members are threatened with extinction. No one has yet attempted a phylogenetic study including several populations from each of these 3 species to test the monophyly of these taxa and to elucidate the relationships among the species and subspecies. Mitochondrial DNA sequences from the cytochrome-b gene were used to assess the genetic variation among these species and to make a 1st approximation of the number of species that should be recognized taxonomically in this species group. Results indicate that the Arizona pocket mouse, P. amplus, and the San Joaquin pocket mouse, P. inornatus, are monophyletic entities, and should remain as single polytypic species, whereas the little pocket mouse, P. longimembris, is paraphyletic in the maximum-likelihood and maximum-parsimony phylogenies, suggesting that it might best be split into 2 polytypic species.
Increased stress right ventricular activity on dual isotope perfusion SPECT: a sign of multivessel and/or left main coronary artery disease.

Abstract OBJECTIVES This study sought to determine the anatomic and physiologic correlates of increased right ventricular (RV) activity on exercise single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) perfusion imaging in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). BACKGROUND Because SPECT perfusion imaging delineates relative myocardial blood flow, patients with global left ventricular (LV) hypoperfusion but normal RV perfusion may have increased relative RV tracer uptake as an indicator of multivessel CAD. METHODS Rest thallium-201 and exercise 99m Tc-sestamibi or 99m Tc-tetrofosmin SPECT perfusion images were analyzed for peak RV and LV activity (RV:LV index) in 315 patients, including 240 patients with documented CAD, 39 patients with no significant CAD on arteriography, and a “normalcy” group of 36 patients with a low pre- and posttest probability of CAD. RESULTS Resting RV:LV perfusion index ranged from 0.32 to 0.34 in each group, increasing to 0.36 with exercise in control and normalcy groups. CAD patients with the highest exercise RV:LV were those with severe left main CAD (or “left main equivalent”), with a lesser degree of proximal right CAD (0.51, n = 14, p 0.42 with a exercise:rest ratio >1.2 was present in 93% patients with this pattern of CAD, but was absent in 97% of the normalcy group, 92% of patients without significant angiographic CAD, and 100% of patients with proximal right CAD tighter than stenoses in the left system. CONCLUSIONS Increased RV:LV activity exercise may occur in patients with acute RV strain, but is otherwise an indicator of exercise-induced RV:LV perfusion imbalance associated with severe CAD, particularly high-grade left main with less severe proximal right CAD.
Soviet Psychology in English: Translations of Books

The English-speaking reader was given an opportunity — apparently not utilized too effectively — to familiarize himself early with the germinal ideas of research on what Pavlov first called the "so-called psychical processes" (Pavlov, I.P., Scientific study of so-called psychical processes of higher animals. Science, 1906, 24, 613-619, published in the U.S.A.; Lancet, 1906, 84,2,911-915, published in Great Britain), and what he later (1923, in Russian) referred to as "higher nervous activity (behavior)." The term "behavior" was used, in parenthesis, by Pavlov himself, and does not represent our interpretation or addition.
Influence of the Inner-Shell Architecture on Quantum Yield and Blinking Dynamics in Core/Multishell Quantum Dots.

Choosing the composition of a shell for QDs is not trivial, as both the band-edge energy offset and interfacial lattice mismatch influence the final optical properties. One way to balance these competing effects is by forming multishells and/or gradient-alloy shells. However, this introduces multiple interfaces, and their relative effects on quantum yield and blinking are not yet fully understood. Here, we undertake a systematic, comparative study of the addition of inner shells of a single component versus gradient-alloy shells of cadmium/zinc chalogenides onto CdSe cores, and then capping with a thin ZnS outer shell to form various core/multishell configurations. We show that architecture of the inner shell between the CdSe core and the outer ZnS shell significantly influences both the quantum yield and blinking dynamics, but that these effects are not correlated-a high ensemble quantum yield doesn't necessarily equate to reduced blinking. Two mathematical models have been proposed to describe the blinking dynamics-the more common power-law model and a more recent multiexponential model. By binning the same data with 1 and 20 ms resolution, we show that the on times can be better described by the multiexponential model, whereas the off times can be better described by the power-law model. We discuss physical mechanisms that might explain this behavior and how it can be affected by the inner-shell architecture.