cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bioavailability of Zinc in Coagulated Soy Protein (Tofu) to Rats and Effect of Dietary Calcium at a Constant Phytate:Zinc Ratio

An assay was conducted with young albino rats to compare the bioavailability of zinc contained in calcium- and in magnesium-precipitated tofu to zinc supplied as the carbonate in egg white diets. Relative availability of zinc from both tofu preparations was 51% as measured by weight gain and 36-39% for log micrograms tibia zinc accumulation. In a separate experiment with zinc supplied at 9 mg/kg in all diets, the effect of increasing dietary calcium on weight gain and tibia zinc accumulation was tested. Performance of tofu-fed rats relative to zinc carbonate-fed rats at 0.4, 0.7 and 1.2% calcium was, respectively: 92, 67 and 48% for weight gain, and 70, 58 and 61 for tibia zinc content.
THE INTERACTION IN VITRO OF MYCOPLASMA PULMONIS WITH MOUSE PERITONEAL MACROPHAGES AND L-CELLS

Methods have been devised for establishing infection in vitro of mouse macrophages and fibroblasts with Mycoplasma pulmonis. The mycoplasmas attached to the cells and under appropriate cultural conditions grew into a lawn of microorganisms covering most of the cell surface. The mycoplasmas grew abundantly on fibroblasts cultured in minimal essential medium containing 20% fetal calf serum; supplementation of this medium with heart infusion broth was necessary to obtain similar growth on macrophages. The infection of these cells appeared to be essentially an extracellular process; only rarely were partially degraded mycoplasmas seen with phagocytic vacuoles. The addition to heavily infected macrophage cultures of low concentrations of anti-mycoplasma antibody stimulated rapid, massive phagocytosis of the surface microorganisms. In sharp contrast, the same antiserum had no discernable effect on the mycoplasma-fibroblast relationship. The antibody effect in the macrophage system was apparently a direct opsonic one rather than an indirect result of microbial killing, since the mycoplasmas in macrophage or fibroblast cultures incorporated labelled thymidine into DNA after the addition of antiserum to the medium. The phagocytic event and the subsequent fate of the mycoplasmas were studied in detail after the addition of antibody to the macrophage cultures. Phase-contrast cinemicrophotography revealed membrane ruffles surrounding the surface mycoplasmas and disappearance from view of the organisms; 10–30 min later translucent grapelike clusters were seen in large phagocytic vacuoles. On electronmicroscopic study the surface mycoplasmas were surrounded by pincers-like projections of the macrophage. Numerous mycoplasmas were seen in phagocytic vacuoles; in the early minutes after the addition of antibody the intracellular mycoplasmas appeared normal, but within 2 hr they appeared partially degraded with a central electron-lucent area and electron-opaque deposits at the microbial cell margin. 24 hr after the addition of antiserum, digestion of the mycoplasmas was nearly complete; the cells appeared normal except for large residual bodies composed of amorphous moderately dense material and increased lipid deposits. Degradation of mycoplasmas within macrophages was also studied using infected cultures in which the mycoplasmas, but not the macrophages, had incorporated tritiated thymidine into DNA. The appearance of large amounts of acid-soluble radiolabel after phagocytosis stimulated by antibody confirmed the degradation of the intracellular mycoplasmas.
Egg Production and Reproduction in Yearling Hens that Lacked the Normal Rest Period Associated with the First Annual Molt

ABSTRACT BY THE use of trap-nests it is possible to discover some hens that lay almost continuously through two consecutive laying years. Ordinarily most birds bred for high fecundity will stop laying in the fall and undergo an annual molt. This period of non-production generally averages from 8 to 10 weeks during which marked physical changes occur in plumage and a completely new set of feathers develop in the different feather tracts. When laying is resumed a general improvement in external egg qualities such as shell thickness and density as well as shell pigment is observed. This study includes birds that failed to stop laying for as long as 30 days between the first and the second laying years. In most cases this cessation in egg production was only for a few days and in some cases it did not occur at all. In this particular strain of Rhode Island Reds, . . .
A mixed methods study of food safety knowledge, practices and beliefs in Hispanic families with young children.

Children are at a higher risk for foodborne illness. The objective of this study was to explore food safety knowledge, beliefs and practices among Hispanic families with young children (≤10 years of age) living within a Midwestern state. A convergent mixed methods design collected qualitative and quantitative data in parallel. Food safety knowledge surveys were administered (n = 90) prior to exploration of beliefs and practices among six focus groups (n = 52) conducted by bilingual interpreters in community sites in five cities/towns. Descriptive statistics determined knowledge scores and thematic coding unveiled beliefs and practices. Data sets were merged to assess concordance. Participants were female (96%), 35.7 (±7.6) years of age, from Mexico (69%), with the majority having a low education level. Food safety knowledge was low (56% ± 11). Focus group themes were: Ethnic dishes popular, Relating food to illness, Fresh food in home country, Food safety practices, and Face to face learning. Mixed method analysis revealed high self confidence in preparing food safely with low safe food handling knowledge and the presence of some cultural beliefs. On-site Spanish classes and materials were preferred venues for food safety education. Bilingual food safety messaging targeting common ethnic foods and cultural beliefs and practices is indicated to lower the risk of foodborne illness in Hispanic families with young children.
Unified medical Language System term occurrences in clinical notes: A large-scale corpus analysis

Objective To characterise empirical instances of Unified Medical Language System (UMLS) Metathesaurus term strings in a large clinical corpus, and to illustrate what types of term characteristics are generalisable across data sources. Design Based on the occurrences of UMLS terms in a 51 million document corpus of Mayo Clinic clinical notes, this study computes statistics about the terms’ string attributes, source terminologies, semantic types and syntactic categories. Term occurrences in 2010 i2b2/VA text were also mapped; eight example filters were designed from the Mayo-based statistics and applied to i2b2/VA data. Results For the corpus analysis, negligible numbers of mapped terms in the Mayo corpus had over six words or 55 characters. Of source terminologies in the UMLS, the Consumer Health Vocabulary and Systematized Nomenclature of MedicinedClinical Terms (SNOMED-CT) had the best coverage in Mayo clinical notes at 106426 and 94788 unique terms, respectively. Of 15 semantic groups in the UMLS, seven groups accounted for 92.08% of term occurrences in Mayo data. Syntactically, over 90% of matched terms were in noun phrases. For the crossinstitutional analysis, using five example filters on i2b2/ VA data reduces the actual lexicon to 19.13% of the size of the UMLS and only sees a 2% reduction in matched terms. Conclusion The corpus statistics presented here are instructive for building lexicons from the UMLS. Features intrinsic to Metathesaurus terms (well formedness, length and language) generalise easily across clinical institutions, but term frequencies should be adapted with caution. The semantic groups of mapped terms may differ slightly from institution to institution, but they differ greatly when moving to the biomedical literature domain.
Kalico: a smartphone application for health-smart menu selection within a budget

Smartphone apps are increasingly in use for personalized and preventive health and wellness management. Many preventive and manageable health conditions such as obesity, diabetes, and hypertension can be addressed through proper smartphone-based dietary interventions. Our research aims at developing a smartphone-based dietary software that helps users select a healthy eat-out menu item within a budget. To this end, our contribution in this research is three-fold: first, we identify gaps in existing smartphone apps; second, we elicit requirements for a smartphone-based dietary intervention app; third, following the elicited requirements, we design and develop an android app.
Adaptive Receive Processing of Spatially Modulated Physical Radar Emissions

Inspired by the fixational movements of the human eye, fast-time spatial modulation was recently demonstrated as a particular physically realizable form of a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) radar emission. The attendant coupling of the delay and angle dimensions has been shown to provide a modest improvement in spatial separation, even when using non-adaptive pulse compression and beamforming. Here this continuous emission paradigm is appropriately discretized and a joint delay-angle adaptive filtering strategy is developed that exploits the physical waveform-diverse emission structure to realize significant enhancement in target separability.
Party Evolutions in Moral Intuitions: A Text-Analysis of US Political Party Platforms from 1856-2008

The theory of political realignments has been debated since its conception. The prevailing perspective is that critical political realignments generally do not occur in the way they were initially described. Rather, it seems more likely that if political realignments occur, they tend to be more gradual, secular realignments akin to issue evolution where parties slowly change their positions on issues over time. The focus of this analysis is on examining how each party’s moral intuitions change, as determined by a textual analysis of the Democratic and Republican party’s platforms from 1856-2008. The data suggest that, in general, the usage of words related to each of 5 moral intuitions move together over time for both parties. However, in 1896 and 1932, the Democratic and Republican parties diverge in their emphasis on harm, fairness, and authority-related moral intuitions. Furthermore, it appears that the clearest instance of party evolution in their moral intuitions occurred between 1896 and 1932, suggesting a fundamental shift in both party’s views of the federal government’s role in promoting individual welfare.
Normative Societal Theory

When we began this methodological journey, we first acknowledged that modern society has made great progress in societal knowledge (science and technology) but less progress in societal wisdom (politics and ethics). As in societal knowledge, we assumed that progress in societal wisdom could be facilitated by proper methodology in the social sciences. In contrast to the physical and biological sciences with a “value-free” methodology, the social sciences needed a “value-loaded” methodology. Moreover, a value-loaded methodology might yield empirically grounded understanding about universal human values.
Obesity Stigmatization and the Importance of the Research of A.J. Stunkard

Obese individuals face weight-based stigmatization and discrimination in virtually all areas of life. These stigmatizing experiences can lead to detrimental psychological, physical, and societal consequences and may further perpetuate the increasing prevalence of obesity. A. J. Stunkard was one of the first medical professionals to identify and address the serious ramifications of obesity stigmatization on both individual and societal levels. Throughout the last half-century, Stunkard contributed numerous findings and publications to the field of obesity stigmatization. His work laid the foundation and direction for important areas of current research, such as the cultural influences on weight bias, stigmatization among healthcare professionals, weight stigma among children, and the internalization of weight bias by obese individuals. His contributions have had an important influence on the current directions of these fields.
Drug–resin drug interactions in patients with delayed gastric emptying: What is optimal time window for drug administration?

Most drug-drug interactions involve overlap or competition in drug metabolic pathways. However, there are medications, typically resins, whose function is to bind injurious substances such as bile acids or potassium within the digestive tract. The objective of this article is to review the functions of the stomach and the kinetics of emptying of different food forms or formulations to make recommendations on timing of medication administration in order to avoid intragastric drug interactions. Based on the profiles and kinetics of emptying of liquid nutrients and homogenized solids, a window of 3 h between administration of a resin drug and another 'target' medication would be expected to allow a median of 80% of medications with particle size <1 mm to empty from the stomach and, hence, avoid potential interaction such as binding of the 'target' medication within the stomach.
Role of Azimuthal Flow Fluctuations on Flow Dynamics and Global Flame Response of Axisymmetric Swirling Flames

Recent studies have clearly shown the important role of swirl fluctuations in the response of premixed flames to flow oscillations. An important implication of this mechanism is that the axial location of the swirler plays a key role in the phase between the acoustic flow excitation source, and the resulting axial vorticity fluctuation at the flame. Similar to the previously well recognized role of azimuthal vorticity fluctuations, these swirl fluctuations are vortical and convect at the mean flow velocity, unlike the acoustic flow fluctuations. However, there is a fundamental difference between axial and azimuthal vorticity disturbances in terms of the flow oscillations they induce on the flame. Specifically, azimuthal vorticity disturbances excite radial and axial flow disturbances, while axial vorticity oscillations only
Corporate Social Performance, Stakeholder Satisfaction, and Generalizability Theory

Corporate social performance research implies that, ideally, organizational researchers can measure fairly accurately when a company ‘does good’ and strives for a better society. However, in a post-Enlightenment world in which moral language seems to have lost much of its substance (Maclntyre, 1984), we cannot, in fact, presume that ‘good’ corporate behavior is self-evident. Instead, researchers must continuously keep a critical attitude toward many so-called ‘good’ organizational policies, such as those related to affirmative action and work/life balance, for instance. Organizational activities or values are rarely absolutely or generally ‘good’, but instead the virtue of particular actions can only be evaluated in particular contexts by particular stakeholder groups (Maclntyre, 1988). This goes to the importance of an organization’s ability to incorporate feedback from stakeholders, as stressed in Chapter 3.
SU-F-I-52: An Approach to Estimate Noise in Patient Image by Computing the Minimal Difference in Neighborhoods

Purpose: To quantitatively evaluate and compare the accuracy of two advanced methods that can estimate the level of noise per voxel in patient images. These noise estimation methods show promises in: 1) assuring the performance of imaging systems and algorithms, 2) guiding image processing tasks for clinical and research applications, i.e. by optimization of the parameters, and 3) quantifying patient image quality and assisting image quality improvements. Methods: We conducted an experiment of 34 repeated MRI scans (TrueFISP sequence) of a swine head in order to obtain a ground truth noise dataset. Two published noise estimation methods were implemented in this study: 1) Minimal Difference in Neighborhoods (MDiN) and 2) high-pass MDiN. Noise estimation accuracies of two methods were quantitatively measured using the ground truth data and patient MRI images with added Rician noise. Results: The experimental results with both swine head images and patient images showed that the MDiN method is more accurate. The high-pass MDiN method is slightly less but still sufficiently accurate. The MDiN method could be obtained within a 90% accuracy when tested on the ground-truth dataset. Conclusion: We verified the performance of two efficient methods to automatically estimate per voxel noise levels in patient images. Our results suggest that these methods could be confidently used to assist and guide clinical and research applications that require such noise information. Senior Author Dr. Deshan Yang received research funding form ViewRay and Varian.
Gene Delivery into Cells and Tissues

Abstract There are significant engineering challenges in translating gene and nucleic acid delivery from cell and animal models into the clinic. Off-target effects and inefficient delivery to the proper intracellular compartment of the targeted cells are major obstacles to success. Systemic delivery of any viral or nonviral vector requires an appreciation of the adverse physiological barriers that exist in vivo and incorporation of well-designed vector components that limit nonspecific uptake and accelerated clearance. In addition, the genetic engineer should consider the design criteria related to cell-specific action. For example, cell-surface recognition can increase the therapeutic index of a DNA- or RNA-based medication. Finally, one must consider the mechanism of cellular internalization, and investigators should attempt to target pathways and incorporate vector functionalities that will mediate trafficking to the subcellular compartment that is optimal for activity of the nucleic acid cargo. This chapter discusses key aspects of biodistribution and cellular uptake of nanoparticulate vectors and vehicles. It also surveys current strategies for engineering effective viral and nonviral packaging systems, systems for both targeted, systemic delivery and controlled, local release of nucleic acids or genes from engineered scaffolds, and strategies for directing the intracellular trafficking of vehicle contents to the nucleus or cytoplasm of target cells. The chapter concludes with the current clinical state of gene delivery for tissue engineering.
Use of long acting bronchodilators and inhaled corticosteroids within 30-days of discharge in older adults hospitalized for AECOPD

Background: Long acting bronchodilators (LABD) and inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) are recommended at discharge for patients hospitalized with acute exacerbation of COPD (AECOPD). We hypothesized that use of these medications after hospitalization in older adults is low. Methods: We analyzed data from 5% Medicare beneficiaries who were hospitalized with primary discharge diagnosis of AECOPD (ICD-9 code 491.21) or primary discharge diagnosis for respiratory failure (ICD-9 code 518.xx and 799.1) with secondary diagnosis for AECOPD in 2011. We examined the prescription filled within first 30-days of discharge for long acting bronchodilators (LABA or LAMA) or ICS. Only the first hospitalization was analyzed and 30-day readmission rates were determined in those with and without a prescription for LABD and/or ICS. T-test and chi-square are used as appropriate. A p-value Results: In 2011, 4,055 patients were discharged after hospitalization for AECOPD. Of these, 1,899(46.8%) filled a prescription for a LABD and/or ICS within 30 days. LABA +ICS was most commonly prescribed (58.0%); followed by LAMA alone (49.0%). Factors associated with use of LABD/ICS were younger age and discharge from a for-profit hospital. Patients who filled a prescription for any LABD/ICS had a lower 30 day readmission rate compared to those who did not fill a prescription for these medications (18.2% versus 21.9%, p Conclusion: LABD and ICS are underutilized in patients after hospitalization with AECOPD. Efforts to reduce early readmission should incorporate care bundle to prescribe these medications at discharge.
Cybersecurity Awareness in the Power Grid

We report on a series of interviews and observations conducted with control room dispatchers in a bulk electrical system. These dispatchers must react quickly to incidents as they happen in order to ensure the reliability and safe operation of the power grid. They do not have the time to evaluate incidents for signs of cyber-attack as part of their initial response. Cyber-attack detection involves multiple personnel from a variety of roles at both local and regional levels. Smart grid technology will improve detection and defense capabilities of the future grid, however, the current infrastructure remains a mixture of old and new equipment which will continue to operate for some time. Thus, research still needs to focus on strategies for the detection of malicious activity on current infrastructure as well as protection and remediation.
Deep space optical link ARQ performance analysis

Substantial advancements have been made toward the use of optical communications for deep space exploration missions, promising a much higher volume of data to be communicated in comparison with present-day Radio Frequency (RF) based systems. One or more ground-based optical terminals are assumed to communicate with the spacecraft. Both short-term and long-term link outages will arise due to weather at the ground station(s), space platform pointing stability, and other effects. To mitigate these outages, an Automatic Repeat Query (ARQ) retransmission method is assumed, together with a reliable back channel for acknowledgement traffic. Specifically, the Licklider Transmission Protocol (LTP) is used, which is a component of the Disruption-Tolerant Networking (DTN) protocol suite that is well suited for high bandwidth-delay product links subject to disruptions. We provide an analysis of envisioned deep space mission scenarios and quantify buffering, latency and throughput performance, using a simulation in which long-term weather effects are modeled with a Gilbert-Elliot Markov chain, short-term outages occur as a Bernoulli process, and scheduled outages arising from geometric visibility or operational constraints are represented. We find that both short- and long-term effects impact throughput, but long-term weather effects dominate buffer sizing and overflow losses as well as latency performance.
Use of Simulation With Standardized Patients in AAC Pre-Service Training: Potentiating Practical Learning

In this article, a brief overview of simulation is presented as a way to contextualize discussion of its application to pre-service clinical skill learning in augmentative and alternative communica...
Analysis of Actual Versus Projected Medical Claims Under the First Year of ACA-Mandated Coverage.

For the individual market, 2014 was the first year Affordable Care Act medical claims experience data were available to set 2016 rates. Accessing Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services rate dat...
Leadership for Chicano/Latino Education and the Politics of Change

The purpose of this article is twofold. First, I situate a discussion on Leadership for Chicano/Latino education that is grounded in a history of resistance and activism among these same communities generally, and in particular acknowledging the contributions of Chicana feminist scholarship. Second, I discuss how the topic of Leadership for Chicano/Latino education is mired by a broader political climate that must be acknowledged in scholarly analyses of education and leadership, as well as the pedagogical approaches applied in leadership preparation. This discussion includes the argument that Leadership for Chicano/Latino education must go beyond a pedagogy and epistemology of supervivencia (survivance)—one’s singular ability to endure and thrive in systems of oppression (see Galvan, 2014)—if we are to prepare transformative leaders equipped to traverse a political climate overwhelmed by anti-Chicano/Latino sentiments and a diminishing investment in public and higher education.
Structural characterization of a putative chitin synthase gene in Phytophthora spp. and analysis of its transcriptional activity during pathogenesis on potato and soybean plants

Although chitin is a major component of the fungal cell wall, in oomycetes (fungal-like organisms), this compound has only been found in very little amounts, mostly in the cell wall of members of the genera Achlya and Saprolegnia. In the oomycetes Phytophthora infestans and P. sojae the presence of chitin has not been demonstrated; however, the gene putatively encoding chitin synthase (CHS), the enzyme that synthesizes chitin, is present in their genomes. The evolutionary significance of the CHS gene in P. infestans and P. sojae genomes is not fully understood and, therefore, further studies are warranted. We have cloned and characterized the putative CHS genes from two Phytophthora spp. and multiple isolates of P. infestans and P. sojae and analyzed their phylogenetic relationships. We also conducted CHS inhibition assays and measured CHS transcriptional activity in Phytophthora spp. during infection of susceptible plants. Results of our investigations suggest that CHS contains all the motifs that are typical in CHS genes of fungal origin and is expressed, at least at the mRNA level, during in vitro and in planta growth. In infected tissues, the highest levels of expression occurred in the first 12 h post inoculation. In addition, results from our inhibition experiments appear to suggest that CHS activity is important for P. infestans normal vegetative growth. Because of the considerable variation in expression during infection when compared to basal expression observed in in vitro cultures of non-sporulating mycelium, we hypothesize that CHS may have a meaningful role in Phytophthora pathogenicity.
Sensory Tests that Predict Consumer Acceptance

As noted by Garber, Hyatt, and Starr (2002), high sensory and taste ratings do not directly translate into the purchase, consumption, or market success of a product. Indeed, there often appears to be a reasonable gap between such tests and market success (Foley 1994). Segmentation differences, consumer suggestibility, and measurement relevance all limit the value of sensory tests to brand managers and marketers. They also unfortunately compromise the tremendous potential value that sensory researchers can have to a firm and to a product’s ultimate market success. Building on Garber et al (2002), measurement methods and analysis can be modified to more directly take factors in to account that might influence the purchase, consumption, and market success of a product. The focus will be on accounting for segmentation differences, consumer suggestibility, and measurement relevance.
Aerosol-assisted chemical vapor deposition of WS2 from the single source precursor WS(S2)(S2CNEt2)2

WS(S2)(S2CNEt2)2 has been successfully employed in the aerosol-assisted chemical vapor deposition of WS2 at temperatures above 350 °C. This precursor was found to decompose primarily through the loss of H2S, CS2, and SCNEt. The WS2 deposits were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction. The deposits exhibited plate-like structures growing vertically from the substrate.
Pain in Birds: The Anatomical and Physiological Basis

This article reviews the current understanding of the anatomy and physiology of pain in birds, with consideration of some of its differences from mammalian pain. From transduction to transmission, modulation, projection, and perception, birds possess the neurologic components necessary to respond to painful stimuli and they likely perceive pain in a manner similar to mammals. This article also describes the current understating of opioid receptors, inflammatory mediators, and additional factors in the modulation of pain in avian species.
Influence of recycled aggregates on the mechanical and tribological behavior of concrete

Abstract The objective of this study is to evaluate the performance of a current concrete using recycled aggregate. Physical and mechanical tests of characterization were conducted on the aggregates to better understand the effects of absorptions. An experimental program to test fresh concrete was conducted regarding the workability and tribology for different substitutions of recycled aggregates with a constant and variable W/C ratio. Mechanical strength tests were also performed. The results on aggregates clearly show a lower density for recycled aggregates which is reflected in the fresh concrete according to the substitution. The rate of porosity is important, reaching 17% with an uptake of 7%, greater than that of the natural gravel. The mechanical tests confirm low wear resistance. With a W/L constant, the drop in workability is significantly dependent on the content of the % recycled, while the mechanical strength decreases only slightly. In terms of tribology, yield interface friction (τ) increases with the percentage of recycled aggregate and the viscous constant (η) of 100% recycled, reaching twice that of natural concrete. The test with constant workability and a W/C ratio variable causes a fall in compressive strength values approaching 25%. A third formulation dosed in adjuvant, with workability and constant volume of dough gives resistance values ​​comparable to that of the reference concrete with a yield interface equivalent to that of the reference concrete and a slightly higher viscous constant.
The Black-White Disparity in Sexually Transmitted Diseases During Pregnancy: How Do Racial Segregation and Income Inequality Matter?

BACKGROUND We investigate the roles of residential racial segregation and income inequality for the black-white disparity in acquiring sexually transmitted diseases (STD) during pregnancy in a multilevel framework. METHODS The analytic sample consisted of non-Hispanic white (n = 79,271) and non-Hispanic black (n = 17,669) mothers from 2012 population birth data from Pennsylvania. We used the 2009 to 2013 American Community Survey for neighborhood characteristics of mothers; we used multilevel models. RESULTS First, neighborhood-level factors are important for understanding this disparity because racial segregation and income inequality are significantly associated with acquiring STD during pregnancy, regardless of race. Second, racial segregation moderates the relationships between race/ethnicity and the acquisition of STD during pregnancy. White mothers are more vulnerable to neighborhood segregation than black mothers, and black mothers are less likely to acquire STD during pregnancy than white mothers if they reside with co-ethnics. Third, mothers residing in the most socioeconomically disadvantaged neighborhoods-as indicated by both absolute and relative measures of income inequality-have the highest odds of acquiring STD during pregnancy, regardless of race. CONCLUSIONS Neighborhood-level segregation and income inequality are important for understanding the acquisition of STDs during pregnancy. Our findings have important implications for future research and for place-specific prevention and intervention to reduce the racial disparity in STD during pregnancy.
Screening for Resistance Against the Sugarbeet Root Maggot, Tetanops myopaeformis (Diptera: Ulidiidae), Using a Greenhouse Bioassay.

The sugarbeet root maggot, Tetanops myopaeformis (von Roder) (Diptera: Ulidiidae), is a major pest of sugar beet Beta vulgaris L. (Carophyllales: Amaranthaceae)in the United States and Canada. Larval feeding on roots can reduce both stand and yield. Current management practices are heavily reliant on chemical control. However, the carbamate and organophosphate insecticides that are commonly used against T. myopaeformis are being phased out of use. Host plant resistance against this pest shows promise, but difficulties with maintaining T. myopaeformis in culture have largely limited such studies to the field. A primary objective of this study was to develop protocols for rearing a laboratory colony of T. myopaeformis that would expedite assays aimed at screening for host plant resistance. Third (final) instar larvae were collected from the field and reared to the adult stage. These laboratory-reared adults laid eggs and ultimately produced a second generation of third-instar larvae in the lab. Adult flies reared from field-collected larvae were used to examine the modality of resistance of a known resistant variety by performing no-choice and paired-choice experiments alongside a susceptible variety in the greenhouse. Paired-choice tests showed no difference in oviposition rates between the two varieties, whereas no-choice tests showed significantly greater feeding damage and abundance of larvae on the susceptible variety. For the resistant variety examined here, we observed evidence of antibiosis, not antixenosis, as the putative modality of resistance. Our laboratory and greenhouse protocols can be used to expedite the process of developing varieties with resistance to this key pest of sugar beet.
Early Childhood Education and Care: Legislative and Advocacy Efforts

The focus of the current chapter is early childhood education and care, including a special examination of the role of research in relation to advocacy. Our focus encompasses the prenatal period through age 8. The topics of early childhood education and care have received intensive advocacy efforts over the past 20 years as investments and programs have grown extensively, due to these efforts and programs in states and at the federal level.
Management of the Infected Total Knee Replacement by Two-Stage Reimplantation

Infection following total knee arthroplasty can be a devastating complication resulting in a loss of knee motion and function and even in amputation. The incidence of knee infection following total knee arthroplasty has been reported to be from 2% in patients with osteoarthritis and 3% in patients with rheumatoid arthritis [1,2].
Debris, diatoms, and dolphins: tracking child engagement at a public science festival

Visitors to public science festivals have a tremendous amount of free choice to decide how to navigate through the festival, as well as when, where, and how long to stop at an exhibit. This study e...
Marx’s Method of Successive Abstractions and his Analysis of Modes of Production:

This is the first of two articles that investigate Marx’s method of successive abstractions, an approach that merges dialectical sensibilities with scientific procedures. This first article explain...
Diet quality and hearing loss among middle-older aged adults in the USA: Findings from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

Objective:To examine the associations between overall diet quality and hearing function among middle–older aged adults in the USA.Design:Cross-sectional analysis. Diet quality was examined using the Mediterranean Diet Score (MDS), using data from a single 24 h dietary recall. Hearing function was objectively measured by audiometry assessments and hearing loss, including high- and low-frequency hearing loss, was defined as pure-tone averages at specific ranges of hearing frequencies >25 dB. Weighted logistic regression analyses were performed to examine the associations of MDS (scored 0–9, categorized at the median as ≤3 or >3) with hearing loss and high- and low-frequency hearing loss.Setting:National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys 2000–2006 and 2009–2012.Participants:Adults aged ≥50 years (n 1639) with valid dietary and audiometry assessments.Results:After adjusting for potential confounders, a non-significant trend for a protective association of higher MDS was observed for hearing loss (OR = 0·78; 95 % CI 0·49, 1·23). A significant inverse association was observed for high-frequency hearing loss (OR = 0·64; 95 % CI 0·43, 0·95). No association was found for low-frequency hearing loss among women; however, higher MDS was significantly associated with higher odds of low-frequency hearing loss among men (OR = 2·63; 95 % CI 1·39, 4·95).Conclusions:Among middle–older aged adults, adherence to a Mediterranean-style diet was inversely associated with hearing loss, including those at high hearing frequencies, among older adults. However, a detrimental association was observed at low hearing frequencies among men. Future investigations with a longitudinal design are needed to clarify the associations between diet quality and hearing loss.
Comparison of the anticancer effect of free and HPMA copolymer-bound adriamycin in human ovarian carcinoma cells.

Purpose. To study peculiarities and the mechanism of the anticancer effect of free and HPMA copolymer-bound ADR in sensitive and resistant human ovarian carcinoma cells.
Low Testosterone Is Associated With Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH) and Severity of NASH Fibrosis in Men With NAFLD.

With rising prevalence of obesity and diabetes, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is now a leading cause of chronic liver disease. One-third of obese or diabetic men have subnormal free and bioavailable testosterone concentrations.1 Several studies have further shown low testosterone to be associated with imaging-confirmed NAFLD in men,2 although it is unknown whether low testosterone confers increased risk of more clinically relevant manifestations of NAFLD, including nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and NASH fibrosis. We therefore aimed to evaluate the association of testosterone with histologic features of NAFLD among a representative cohort of men from the multicenter NASH Clinical Research Network (NASH CRN).
Using professionalism to improve student outcomes in a computer science senior capstone course

Starting in AY 2010, the faculty in Shippensburg University's computer science department changed the way it evaluated students' performance in the senior capstone course. We had long included a professionalism grade as part of the final grade, but we continued to see some students exhibit unprofessional behavior. We also noticed that those students who behaved unprofessionally were not able to complete this yearlong project. In AY 2010, the final grade was defined as the product of the quality of a student's deliverables and a student's professionalism. The quality grade started at 0% and increased over the semester as students submitted deliverables. The professionalism grade started at 100% and could only decrease over the semester. We designed this new grade calculation to model a professional reputation and to encourage students to stay focused on their projects and pursue them with a consistent effort. Indications from AY 2010 and AY 2011 are that this change to the syllabus has a very positive impact on student outcomes, including a drop in the number of students failing to complete the course and strong approval from our Industrial Advisory Council.
Keeping PAPs down: Implementation of a Nurse-Led Pulmonary Artery Pressure Monitoring Program to Reduce Heart Failure Readmissions

Background Heart Failure (HF) continues to be one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in the United States. Even with guideline directed medical therapy, readmission rates for heart failure remain high and are now associated with CMS financial penalties. The CHAMPION study, a randomized trial of an implanted pulmonary artery pressure monitoring device (CardioMEMSTM) which monitored, identified, and transmitted PAP changes to investigators, demonstrating a significant 48% reduction in hospital readmission rates. Despite the success of this device in a clinical trial setting, monitoring and management of daily transmissions can be challenging and resource intense. With physician and nurse practitioner oversight, we developed a nurse-led, protocolized PAP monitoring and management program at the Medical University of South Carolina (MUSC). After the CardioMEMsTM device is implanted, patients go through three monitoring phases during which their PAP thresholds are determined, and a diuretic plan is formulated. The dedicated CardioMEMsTM RN monitors PAPs according to the protocol and consults Advance Practice Nurses as needed (i.e. renal insufficiently, electrolyte imbalance, etc.). CardioMEMsTM team meetings to discuss specific cases and/or revise thresholds are held weekly and routinely include an attending physician. Purpose The aim of this study was to analyze the impact of a nurse-led PAP monitoring device implantation program in hospital admission rates at MUSC. Methods A retrospective chart review of patients who underwent CardioMEMSTMimplantation since the nursing lead protocol was instituted (January 2015) and had at least one year of follow-up. Patients were also included if they received a durable ventricular assist device, cardiac transplant or died within the first year post-implant. In keeping with product labeling, all patients had at least one hospital admission in the setting of HF within one year prior to implantation and New York Heart Failure Class III HF symptoms. A McNemar's test was utilized to compare hospitalizations rates in the year before and after implant. Results Twenty-four patients received a PAP monitoring device during the study period. Eighteen of the 24 patients were not admitted during the year following transplantation (p Conclusion Our nurse-led PAP monitoring program was effective in minimizing hospital admissions among NYHA class III HF patients and CardioMEMSTMdevice. These data support the key role of nurses HF management and optimizing resource utilization. As HF admissions continue to grow, nurse-led PAP monitoring programs are a successful and cost-effective intervention that may be implemented in both metropolitan and rural settings. Nurses play a key role in improving HF management and reducing the financial burden of hospitalizations to both patients and institutions alike.
A Low-Loss Compact Reflected Wave Canceller for SiC Motor Drives

The overvoltage caused by reflected wave phenomenon in motor drives becomes worse with the application of SiC devices due to the significantly higher $dv/dt$ compared with that of Si devices. This letter presents a low-loss and compact active reflected wave canceller (ARWC) to suppress the overvoltage at the motor terminal. The proposed ARWC circuit uses low current devices to break the rising and falling edges of the pulsewidth modulation voltage waveforms to two steps, whereas the second step cancels the first step reflection. In addition, the ARWC circuit does not require an additional dc power supply that allows the ARWC self-sustained. The experimental results on one phase 6 kVA application with and without proposed ARWC are provided and compared to verify the validity of proposed method.
Comparison of multichannel and single-channel wrist-based devices with polysomnography to measure sleep in children and adolescents

Study Objectives:To compare sleep parameters produced by the Fitbit Charge 3 (Fitbit) and Actigraph GT9X accelerometer (Actigraph) to polysomnography in children and adolescents.Methods:Participant...
Heat hardening in a pair of Anolis lizards: constraints, dynamics and ecological consequences.

Heat tolerance plasticity is predicted to be an important buffer against global warming. Nonetheless, basal heat tolerance often correlates negatively with tolerance plasticity ("Trade-off Hypothesis"), a constraint that could limit plasticity benefits. We tested the trade-off hypothesis at the individual level with respect to heat hardening in two lizard species, Anolis carolinensis and A. sagrei Heat hardening is a rapid increase in heat tolerance after heat shock that is rarely measured in reptiles but is generally considered a first line of physiological defense against heat. We also employed a biophysical model of operative habitat temperatures to estimate the performance consequences of hardening under ecologically relevant conditions. Anolis carolinensis hardened by two hours post heat shock and maintained hardening for several hours. However, A. sagrei did not harden. Biophysical models showed that hardening in A. carolinensis reduces their overheating risk in the field. Therefore, while not all lizards heat harden, hardening has benefits for species that can. We initially found a negative relationship between basal tolerance and hardening within both species, consistent with the trade-off hypothesis. However, permutation analyses showed that the apparent trade-offs could not be differentiated from statistical artifact. We found the same result when we re-analyzed published data supporting the trade-off hypothesis in another lizard species. Our results show that false positives may be common when testing the trade-off hypothesis. Statistical approaches that account for this are critical to ensure that the hypothesis, which has broad implications for thermal adaptation and responses to warming, is assessed appropriately.
Entrepreneurship in Minority Areas: The Roles of Broadband Availability and Financial Constraints

This empirical study uses a panel dataset to investigate the links among entrepreneurship, broadband, and local financial markets in focusing on minority areas. This topic is of particular value to policy makers because entrepreneurship is crucial for economic growth. I therefore examine how broadband infrastructure (internet connectivity) and local financial markets affect the establishment of new businesses in the United States. The results show that broadband infrastructure facilitates entrepreneurship, both across the nation and in areas with a high proportion of minorities. The supply of local financial capital, as measured by banks per capita, also leads to more new establishments. That association is stronger in areas with many black residents and much weaker in Hispanic areas. Broadband moderates the impact of access to local banks; greater broadband availability in an area lessens the importance of local banking availability in facilitating new business formation. These results may help policymakers further understand the importance of local broadband infrastructure and which regional factors facilitate entrepreneurship.
Cooperation in Indefinite Games: Evidence from Red Queen Games

We test whether the length of an indefinite horizon, or that the horizon is indefinite as opposed to finite, affects cooperation in repeated 3x3 Red Queen Games. With our participant population, and our experimental program and procedures, the length of the indefinite horizon significantly affects cooperation in the Prisoner's Dilemma. However, it does not significantly affect cooperation in the Red Queen Game. Nor does the indefiniteness of the horizon significantly affect cooperation in this latter game. Our results highlight the importance of learning in indefinite games with even slightly larger strategy spaces than the Prisoner's Dilemma.