cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Electrokinetic Potential of Milk Fat1: II. Relation to Dairy Processes

The formation of a maximum cream layer on bottled milk is a matter of much commercial importance as is well known. The advent of commercial pasteurization introduced many problems connected with the effect of heat on the creaming ability of milk. It is generally recognized that the usual pasteurizing temperatures of market milk are not detrimental to creaming, but they represent the upper limits before reduction of creaming occurs. Babcock and Russell (1) in 1896, and Farrington and Russell (2) in 1899, were among the first to recognize this fact. Dahlberg and Marquardt (3) (4) have presented an excellent review of work in this field. The work of several investigators, and in particular Troy and Sharp (5), has shown that clustering of fat globules is essential to rapid and exhaustive creaming. The failure of fat globules to cluster in milk which has been heated above a certain point results in a reduction in the cream volume. It remains to be shown what factors are important in promoting or preventing clustering. Palmer and Anderson (6) have shown that addition of milk albumin which increased the viscosity of the milk plasma accelerated creaming, while the addition of casein inhibited creaming. Rahn (7) suggests that this is caused by the heat inactivation of the sticky colloidal layer surrounding the fat globule. Sirks (8) found no apparent relation between creaming and the electrokinetic potential of the fat. In contrast to this, Dahlberg and Marquardt (3) have offered an explanation embracing an alteration in the magnitude of the charge on the particles. Numerous attempts by Hammer (9), Troy and Sharp (5), and others to promote clustering by altering the zeta potential through additions of electrolytes have been effective.
Dietary Fiber and Lipid Metabolism: An Update

The origins of the current interest in the role of dietary fiber in lipid metabolism came from a large body of epidemiological data that appeared in the early 1970s. These data compared the incidence of diseases common in the Western world with their incidence in native African populations.1–3 The extremely high consumption of dietary fiber in the African populations studied was suggested as a possible explanation for their decreased susceptibility to“Western”-type diseases. A great deal of discussion has ensued concerning the validity of these arguments as well as possible mechanisms for the involvement of dietary fiber in individual disease processes.4–7
Efficient and Selective Extraction of 99mTcO4– from Aqueous Media Using Hydrophobic Deep Eutectic Solvents

Extraction of trace pertechnetate (99mTcO4–) from aqueous media using hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents (DESs) is reported for the first time. The hydrophobic DESs studied comprise a 1:2 molar rat...
GaP/Si Heterojunction Solar Cells Grown by Molecular Beam Epitaxy

Maintaining Si bulk lifetime during epitaxial growth of III-V materials on Si is critical for achieving high performance Si-based solar cell devices. In this work, we demonstrate two different approaches in which were able to preserve the Si bulk lifetime during the epitaxial growth by a molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) system, by using SiN x as a coating layer and a phosphorous-rich region as a gettering sink. In order to investigate the solar cell performance, using these two approaches, different MBE grown GaP/Si heterojunction solar cells with different structures were designed, grown, and fabricated. We show that by introducing a phosphorous (P)-rich region (n+Si) between the GaP and Si layers, the efficiency $(\eta)$ can be significantly increased. The solar cell, fabricated using the phosphorous-rich region, with p-a-Si/a-Si/Si/n+Si/GaP structure shows an open-circuit voltage (Voc) of 617 mV, FF of 64%, and $\mathrm{n}$ of 13.1%.
Domain Separation in Density Functional Theory

Research within density functional theory (DFT) has led to a large set of conceptual and computational methodologies to explore and understand the electronic structure of molecules and solids. Among the most commonly employed techniques in DFT are those of hybrid functionals, which are capable of producing accurate results for diverse properties, with notable exceptions. However, other techniques have been proposed to address limitations in the application of conventional hybrid functional techniques, especially to cases where a single reference is insufficient to achieve a proper description of the system of interest. In this paper we consider several previous developments in the field for the combination of local and nonlocal potentials and show that they can be formalized within the constrained-search Levy formalism, offering routes and ideas for the development of (nontraditional) density functionals, especially for treating strongly correlated regions of a molecule. The proposed formalism is centered around the idea of decomposing into domains the differential volume elements that are present in the definition of the electronic repulsion operator, which is contained in the electronic Hamiltonian, but this can also be applied to other operators as well. We show that the domain decomposition leads to a formulation that allows for the combination of different theories: DFT, correlated wave function theory, and Hartree-Fock, among others. This combination could accelerate the computation of electronic properties and allow for explicit inclusion, at the wave function level, of correlation effects, as in configuration-interaction theory. Our discussion covers both single- and multideterminantal methods. We demonstrate the approach through a simple application to the electronic structure of the methane and ethylene molecules, in which nonlocal exchange is applied to a given set of atoms, or domains, with the remaining atoms modeled with the local density approximation.
What Canada Can Teach Us About Addressing Childhood Poverty.

In 2017, 18% of children in the United States were living below the federal poverty level.1 Studies have documented the myriad negative impacts poverty has on child outcomes, with many lasting into adulthood. Because of its impact on early brain development, poverty in early childhood is particularly toxic, leading to lack of school readiness, poor educational outcomes, poor health, and intergenerational poverty.2 A number of questions have been raised about these impacts. Is it income poverty itself or associated covariates, such as low parental education, poor prenatal care, and parental mental health and substance use, that cause these outcomes? How important is growing up in a poor neighborhood versus growing up in a poor family? How early and how long does the child have to experience poverty for the negative effects to be seen? In this month’s issue of Pediatrics , Roos et al3 from the University of Manitoba have taken advantage of the linkable de-identified data available in Canada to answer some of these important questions. This includes census data and … Address correspondence to Benard P. Dreyer, MD, Department of Pediatrics, New York University School of Medicine, 462 1st Ave, NBV 8E-11, New York, NY 10016. E-mail: bpd1{at}nyulangone.org
Monitoring drug induced changes in cardiomyocyte contractility with second harmonic generation (SHG) microscopy

The cost of taking a drug to market can exceed $2 billion dollars. The escalating cost of drug discovery is a major motivating factor for seeking new methods to predict the safety and efficacy of new compounds as early as possible in the drug development process to avoid drug attrition during late phases of clinical trials or even the withdrawal of approved drugs. Cardiotoxicity accounts for nearly 30% of US post-marketing drug withdrawal and remains a major concern to the point where the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is focused on in vitro cardiotoxicity screening to minimize cardiac risks associated with drugs. A technique that can directly quantify interactions between drugs and cardiomyocytes without the interference from exogenous genetic or chemical labels would be highly beneficial for directly screening these new drugs. Our group has previously shown that second harmonic generation (SHG) signals generated from myosin filaments in cardiomyocytes can be used as a robust label-free optical technique for recording cell shortening dynamics at high spatial and temporal resolution due to the ability of the myosin rod domains in heart muscle cells to emit the frequency-doubled light. The dynamics is recorded without adding any fluorescent labels that may otherwise affect and modify the natural cell contractility of the cell. In this study, we investigated the use of SHG microscopy for measuring drug-induced changes in cardiac cell contractility and discuss its feasibility as a tool for screening drugs and evaluating cardiotoxicity.
Impact of the Leakage Inductance on the Reflected Wave Phenomenon in MMC based Motor Drives

With a growing number of silicon carbide (SiC) devices used in the modular multilevel converter (MMC) based medium voltage motor drive systems, the reflected wave phenomenon (RWP) under high dv/dt needs to be studied. In this paper, the voltage reflection in the MMC based motor drives is analyzed with a focus on the impact of the leakage inductance of the arm inductors. A seven-level MMC built with 1.7 kV SiC MOSFETs is modeled and simulated. The simulation results show that the leakage inductance of the arm inductors helps reduce the dv/dt at the MMC output but increases the voltage stress on the arm inductor windings and the load. A simple method is proposed to mitigate dv/dt and voltage overshoots applied to the machine windings. Presented simulation and experimental results validate the proposed method.
Tying up the threads

Physics and Chemistry of the Upper Atmosphere . By M. H. Rees. Cambridge University Press: 1989. Pp.289. Hbk £40, $80; pbk £15, $27.95.
Soil Taxonomic Systems Used in the Great Lakes Coastal Zone

Genetic soil horizons are important role in describing and classifying soils. A soil horizon is a layer that lies more or less parallel to the land surface that results from the interplay of the soil-forming factors described in the previous chapter.
Visualization Laboratory at University of Notre Dame

Abstract This article introduces the Visualization Laboratory at the Department of Computer Science & Engineering, the University of Notre Dame, including the lab’s overview, current research directions, facilities, and international collaborations.
Limits on Arcminute-Scale Cosmic Microwave Background Anisotropy at 28.5 GHz

We have used the Berkeley-Illinois-Maryland Association (BIMA) millimeter array outfitted with sensitive centimeter-wave receivers to search for cosmic microwave background (CMB) anisotropies on arcminute scales. The interferometer was placed in a compact configuration that produces high brightness sensitivity, while providing discrimination against point sources. Operating at a frequency of 28.5 GHz, the FWHM primary beam of the instrument is approximately 6'.6. We have made sensitive images of seven fields, four of which where chosen specifically to have low infrared dust contrast and to be free of bright radio sources. Additional observations with the Owens Valley Radio Observatory (OVRO) millimeter array were used to assist in the location and removal of radio point sources. Applying a Bayesian analysis to the raw visibility data, we place limits on CMB anisotropy flat-band power of Q(sub flat) = 5.6(sub -5.6)(exp 3.0) microK and Q(sub flat) < 14.1 microK at 68% and 95% confidence, respectively. The sensitivity of this experiment to flat-band power peaks at a multipole of I = 5470, which corresponds to an angular scale of approximately 2'. The most likely value of Q(sub flat) is similar to the level of the expected secondary anisotropies.
Child Sexual Abuse, Academic Functioning and Educational Outcomes in Emerging Adulthood.

In many parts of the world, emerging adults, aged 18 to 25 years old, require education beyond high school to transition to a stable, secure adulthood. Child abuse, trauma, victimization, and adver...
Erratum: A 34-Year-Old Male Intravenous Drug User with a Third Episode of Tricuspid Valve Endocarditis Treated with Repeat Valve Surgery

BACKGROUND Intravenous drug use is an epidemic in the United States. One of the complications of intravenous drug use can be infective endocarditis. The treatment for this disease is a combination of intravenous antibiotics, cardiac surgery consultation, and multidisciplinary psychiatric care. Despite surgical intervention, recurrence of disease is common. In the setting of recurrent infective endocarditis in the setting of intravenous drug use, the ethics of redo cardiac surgery has not been well-established. CASE REPORT A 34-year-old man with history of intravenous drug use presented on 3 separate occasions with infective endocarditis resulting in 3 tricuspid valve surgeries within fewer than 7 months. He said he had not injected drugs since before his first operation, he was considered to have a strong social support system, and he completed his postoperative antibiotic regimens each time. However, prior to his last operation, the patient had a urine drug screen positive for opiates without recorded prescribed opioids. Pathology reports from the 3 intraoperative specimens showed different pathogens each time. An extensive interprofessional discussion ensued. CONCLUSIONS Infective endocarditis in the setting of intravenous drug use and its treatments continue to be a point of ethical and medical discussion for all professionals involved with the care of these patients. This case could be used as an example of individualized decision-making, with rigorous ethical and medical discussion factoring into each decision for cardiac surgery. The ongoing treatment for patients with recurrent endocarditis in the setting of intravenous drug use requires more research and guidelines to help medical professionals better care for this patient population.
Differential paraventricular nucleus activation and behavioral responses to social isolation in prairie voles following environmental enrichment with and without physical exercise.

Social stressors produce neurobiological and emotional consequences in social species. Environmental interventions, such as environmental enrichment and exercise, may modulate physiological and behavioral stress responses. The present study investigated the benefits of environmental enrichment and exercise against social stress in the socially monogamous prairie vole. Female prairie voles remained paired with a sibling (control) or were isolated from a sibling for 4 weeks. The isolated groups were separated into isolated sedentary, isolated with environmental enrichment, and isolated with both enrichment and exercise conditions. Behaviors related to depression, anxiety, and sociality were investigated using the forced swim test (FST), elevated plus maze (EPM), and a social crowding stressor (SCS), respectively. cFos expression was evaluated in stress-related circuitry following the SCS. Both enrichment and enrichment with exercise protected against depression-relevant behaviors in the FST and social behavioral disruptions in the SCS, but only enrichment with exercise protected against anxiety-related behaviors in the EPM and altered cFos expression in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus in isolated prairie voles. Enrichment may alleviate emotion-related and social behaviors, however physical exercise may be an important component of environmental strategies for protecting against anxiety-related behaviors and reducing neural activation as a function of social stress.
Plasma Evolution in Plasma Wakefield Accelerators

An integral part of plasma wakefield acceleration (PWFA) is producing, monitoring, and controlling a plasma source. Understanding the temporal evolution of plasma parameters allows for constraints on experimental lifetime and initial conditions. Recombination factors for low temperature (kBT less than the ionization energy), singly-ionized Argon and Hydrogen plasmas (nominal PWFA plasma sources) are investigated to develop a model of plasma decay. Due to the high density of the plasma sources collisional recombination and ionization dominates radiative processes, and the problem of modelling plasma decay simplifies to finding the recombination coefficients for these plasma sources. This recombination coefficient is presented as a function of plasma temperature to determine plasma decay for a variety of initial plasma conditions. Additionally, plasma temperature is modelled from the ponderomotive force of the ionizing laser pulse. Results are utilized for designing optimal PWFA experiments.
A Moveable Feast: An Introduction to Mobile DNA

DNA has two critical functions: to provide the cell with the information necessary for macromolecular synthesis and to transmit that information to progeny cells. Genome sequence stability is important for both these functions. Indeed, cells devote significant resources to various DNA repair processes that maintain genome structure and repair alterations that can arise from DNA synthesis errors and assaults from both endogenous and exogenous sources. DNA sequence variation, however, provides the substrate for adaptation, selection, and evolution.
Psychological Stress and the Autonomic Nervous System

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the response of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) to psychological stress. Autonomic responses to psychological stress prepare the body for fight or flight. The general response to both physical and psychological stress is the activation of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) with inhibition of the parasympathetic nervous system (PSNS). When stress becomes severe or uncontrolled, adrenomedullary release of epinephrine (EPI) ensues. As stress increases further, corticotropin-releasing factor not only activates the SNS but leads to the release of adrenocorticotropic hormone and adrenocortical steroids. Sympathetic nervous stimulation to the muscles activates vasoconstriction and increases peripheral vascular resistance. Activation of the skin sympathetic pathway can precipitate a “cold sweat” or perspiration and flushing of the skin. Autonomic responses to stress frequently lead to medical care. Feelings of warmth and cold, palpitations, tachycardia, nausea, abdominal pain, diarrhea, and constipation can all be the consequences of autonomic stress responses.
The illusion of "optimal" platelet inhibition.

Real knowledge is to know the extent of one's ignorance .—Confucius ([1][1]) Having the ability to measure whether and how much a drug is able to influence platelet function ex vivo has led to some remarkable contributions to cardiovascular medicine over the last several decades. For example,
A Review of: “ Medical Statistics at a Glance , Third Edition, by A. Petrie and C. Sabin”

This book consists of 46 chapters, each of which is about two pages long. The topics are further clarified on the last page of each chapter through explanatory tables, examples, and/or summaries. T...
Differential Scanning Calorimetry and Differential Thermal Analysis

The importance of thermal analysis methods in thermal and material science has proved awesome. Differential thermal analysis (DTA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) have had a great impact on material science by enabling the measurement of a great number of physical and chemical properties. These techniques have allowed elucidation of endothermic and exothermic processes at temperatures ranging from very low (−120°C) to high (DSC 600°C and DTA 1800°C).1–6 Some of the physical properties measured by these thermal analytical methods include melting transitions, crystallization temperatures, enthalpy of fusion and crystallization, specific heat capacity, liquid crystal transitions, vaporization, sublimation, solid–solid transitions, thermal conductivity and the glass transition temperature.7–14 Chemical properties monitored by DSC and DTA are dehydration, decomposition, oxidative reactions, solid state reactions, chemisorption, combustion, polymerization, curing and catalyzed reactions.15–19 In DTA, the temperature difference between the substance and a reference material is measured as a function of temperature, while the substance and reference material are subjected to a controlled temperature program.20 In DSC, the difference in energy input into a substance and a reference material is measured as a function of temperature, while the substance and reference material are subjected to a controlled temperature program.21 Two modes, power compensation DSC and heat flux DSC, can be distinguished, depending on which method of measurement is used.22,23 The following is a review of DSC and DTA and their role in thermal science. The root of thermal analysis is the determination of heat and temperature. Heat is a macroscopic quantity and has its origin in molecular motion.24 DTA measures the temperature difference between a sensitive reactive material and an inert reference as a function of time and temperature. DTA measurements provide information about transition temperatures as well as kinetic time-based phenomena and thermodynamic properties. DSC is a step above DTA in that it measures quantitative heats of reaction and transitions. Both thermal methods can differentiate first order thermodynamic changes like fusion, and second order thermodynamic changes like a glass transition temperature, Tg. This chapter will focus mainly on fundamentals, instrumentation and applications of DSC.
Is ALOHA causing power law delays

Renewed interest in ALOHA-based Medium Access Control (MAC) protocols stems from their proposed applications to wireless ad hoc and sensor networks that require distributed and low complexity channel access algorithms. In this paper, unlike in the traditional work that focused on mean value (throughput) and stability analysis, we study the distributional properties of packet transmission delays over an ALOHA channel. We discover a new phenomenon showing that a basic finite population ALOHA model with variable size (exponential) packets is characterized by power law transmission delays, possibly even resulting in zero throughput. This power law effect might be diminished, or perhaps eliminated, by reducing the variability of packets. However, we show that even a slotted (synchronized) ALOHA with packets of constant size can exhibit power law delays when the number of active users is random. From an engineering perspective, our results imply that the variability of packet sizes and number of active users need to be taken into consideration when designing robust MAC protocols, especially for ad-hoc/sensor networks where other factors, such as link failures and mobility, might further compound the problem.
An analysis of chipping in brittle materials

The chipping process in a brittle material subjected to a uniformly applied edge load has been investi- gated. The present analysis extends earlier work by recognizing that as the chip is formed it may bend and change the loading at the crack tip. This geometry change introduces a nonlinear effect and has significant influence on the phenomenon. The nonlinear effect was demonstrated by incorporating it into an analytical model for a crack propagating along an interface parallel to the free surface. A finite-element analysis was then conducted to examine the crack trajectory formed in a homogeneous material. This numerical analysis showed that the crack reaches a maximum depth, and then deviates back to the free surface to form a spall. The form of this trajectory results from the additional bending moment acting at the crack tip induced by the bending of the chip and the consequent displacement of the applied load. The length of the spall was found to be approximately proportional to the square root of O Ed 5=2 =KIC ,w here K I C is the fracture toughness of the material, O E is the appropriate modulus of the material, and d is the depth over which the edge load is applied.
Optimizing irregular computations on SIMD machines: a case study

Data-parallel computations with regular structure fixed data size and predictable control patterns can be implemented efficiently on SIMD architectures. However many large applications have irregular structure, either data sets that vary in size as the computation progresses or control structures that select different subsets of the processors at each stage of the computation. In this paper we describe a stochastic biology simulation and some of the methods we used to improve its performance on the MasPar MP-1104. We present a simple model for evaluating the performance of a data parallel application and use the model to improve the performance of the simulator. >
Miniaturization Technologies for Molecular Diagnostics

Background: Molecular diagnostics devices are becoming smaller. With the advancement of miniaturization technologies, microchip-based systems will soon be available for genetic testing. The purpose of this review is to highlight the underlying principles in miniaturization, the strategies being developed for bioanalysis, and the potential impact on the practice of this rapidly growing medical discipline. Approach: The author discusses DNA microchips and their practical importation into the clinical laboratory, based on his background in medical device and microchip design and development. His discussion is supported by a body of literature covering both biomedical and electrical engineering and more recent publications in the field of molecular genetics and pathology. Content: This review is descriptive and intended to outline the technologic and methodologic approaches to the creation of an integrated genetic analysis instrument based on miniature components. The review draws on published scientific evaluations of these devices without regard to the companies involved in their development. Summary: The intent of this review is that the reader will better understand the variety of technical approaches toward the miniaturization of molecular genetic testing for the clinical laboratory. With insight into the principles underlying the operation of these chips and the integrated systems, the end user can better evaluate the value to the field in terms of making molecular genetics testing simpler, faster, and less expensive.
Measurement of 2H2O by IR absorbance in doubly labeled H2O studies of energy expenditure

The energy expenditure of animals in their natural surroundings can be determined by measuring the turnover in body water of isotopes of oxygen and hydrogen. We evaluated the use of infrared spectrophotometry for measuring 2H2O in small (20-microliters) water samples also labeled with 18O. For 2H2O over the enrichment range of 0.1-1 atom%, there was a linear relationship between infrared absorbance and 2H2O enrichment. 2H2O enrichments could be measured with a precision and accuracy of less than or equal to 1%, using this relationship. The presence of 18O in water samples in enrichments of up to 1 atom% had no significant effect on measurement of 2H2O by infrared absorbance. We measured the simultaneous turnover rates of 2H2O and 3H in mice and turtles also labeled with 18O. Our results validated the use of infrared absorbance in doubly labeled water measures of energy expenditure and indicated that the fractionation factors in vivo for 2H2O and 3H do not differ.
Chemotherapy for advanced gastric or gastroesophageal cancer: defining the contributions of docetaxel.

Despite continuing decline in its incidence, gastric cancer remains the fourth most commonly diagnosed malignancy and is the second leading cause of cancer death around the world. There are > 50% of patients who develop metastatic cancer, which in the majority is beyond cure and, despite many advances that have been achieved in the management of gastric cancer over the past 15 years, patient prognosis remains very poor. The need for the development of more effective therapies that are likely to further improve survival time cannot be overemphasised. A number of new active classes of agents have been identified and these include camptothecins, taxanes, platinols and oral fluoropyrimidines. This review explicitly focuses on the development of docetaxel in the treatment of advanced gastric or gastroesophageal cancer. Docetaxel, a potent taxane, is active as a single agent and in combination with other active agents. Most importantly, the final results of a pivotal randomised Phase III trial have demonstrated...
Activated carbons for the removal of nitric oxide

A potentially new application for activated carbons is the low-temperature (<250°C) treatment of flue gases from stationary sources for NOx reduction. This study focuses on identifying the physical and chemical properties of activated carbons which relate to the selective catalytic reduction of NO while using NH3 as a reductant. The chemical properties of activated carbons, such as surface oxides and mineral matter, appear to play a more important role in NO reduction than their physical properties, such as BET surface area and pore structure. Less basic, or more acidic, activated carbons with a high concentration of surface oxides and lower mineral matter contents are found to be better catalysts for NO reduction. The presence of sulfur in the activated carbon does not seem to affect the activity. Activated carbon is also found to be very selective for NO reduction in the presence of NH3.
A One-Dimensional Optimization Algorithm and Its Convergence Rate under the Wiener Measure

In this paper we describe an adaptive algorithm for approximating the global minimum of a continuous function on the unit interval, motivated by viewing the function as a sample path of a Wiener process. It operates by choosing the next observation point to maximize the probability that the objective function has a value at that point lower than an adaptively chosen threshold. The error converges to zero for any continuous function. Under the Wiener measure, the error converges to zero at rate e?n?n, where {?n} (a parameter of the algorithm) is a positive sequence converging to zero at an arbitrarily slow rate.
Measuring attitudes toward euthanasia.

The development of a measure assessing attitudes toward euthanasia is presented, where data gathered from over 400 young adults yielded a thirty item Likert scale with high internal consistency and test-retest reliability. Additionally, the discriminant validity of the scale was found in comparisons of those with death-related versus non-death-related experiences.
Defense as a service cloud for Cyber-Physical Systems

Modernizing our critical infrastructure often involves upgrades with Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) to enhance efficiency, safety and reliability. New security and resilience requirements and challenges arise given the mission- and time-critical nature of CPS applications. These applications are always targeted by sophisticated persistent attacks exploiting potential cyber-physical integration vulnerabilities. In this paper, we present CyPhyCARD (Cooperative Autonomous Resilient Defense “CARD” platform for Cyber Physical Systems) as a resilient and secure defense cloud. The foundation of CyPhyCARD is our Cell-Oriented Architecture (COA) that enables distributed, dynamically configurable, and runtime-programmable platforms. COA comprises composable intrinsically resilient, active components termed “Cells” that dynamically manage heterogeneous resources and executable software code variants to execute CyPhyCARD defense missions. CyPhyCARD uses our generic Evolutionary Sensory system (EvoSense) to circulate context-driven, functionally customizable sensors and effectors through the target of defense. EvoSense provides cooperative autonomous control and sharing amongst interconnected defense service providers (CyPhyCARD) and/or their target of defense to enhance attack detection and deterrence. Further, CyPhyCARD uses our ChameleonSoft system to secure its infrastructure of cells. ChameleonSoft is a multidimensional software diversity system that autonomously induces runtime confusion and diffusion thereby, in effect, encrypting the spatiotemporal software behavior and realizing a moving target defense. Both EvoSense and ChameleonSoft are built using the COA. CyPhyCARD is designed to increase the cost for the attacker at all times through persistently asymmetric operations achieved, in part, using a moving target defense construction and automated recovery provided by ChameleonSoft; rabid global attack detection and mitigation through EvoSense; and Operation resilience in presence of attacks using attack containment and honeypots defense missions. We demonstrate, using an attack scenario, how our proposed solution reacts to threats targeting CyPhyCARD and/or its target of defense systems.
Turbulent heat transfer in a circular tube with variable circumferential heat flux

Abstract An analysis for hydrodynamically and thermally fully developed heat transfer in a circular tube with variable circumferential heat flux is presented. The results allow prediction of temperature variations when the tube is heated uniformly in the axial direction and non-uniformly around its perimeter. A surprising conclusion is that the effects of circumferential heat flux variation in turbulent flow are sometimes more pronounced than in laminar flow. An example shows the striking importance of these effects.
The Spectral Function of a Composite from Reflectance Data.

Abstract In the Bergman–Milton spectral representation for the effective dielectric constant of a composite all relevant geometric information is captured in a spectral function that is independent of material properties. We present numerical simulations of the reflectance of a model two component composite, where both components have temperature-dependant dielectric resonances, and show that the spectral function can be extracted from the data. The same spectral function is obtained from simulation data corresponding to different temperatures but the resolution depends on the width of the resonance line and is greatest at low-temperatures.
Eddy Current Characterization of Metal Foams

Cellular materials are characterized by their relative density, pore shape and orientation, the average cell size, and the degree of pore interconnectivity which all depend upon the method and conditions used for processing. This has created an interest in non-invasive sensor techniques to characterize the foam structure. Multifrequency electrical impedance measurements were performed using an eddy current technique on open cell aluminum foam with systematically varied relative densities and pore sizes. The impedance was dominated at all frequencies by the amount of metal contained within a probed volume of foam and the tortuosity of the current path. At low frequency, the impedance data were found to be relatively insensitive to pore size variations enabling an independent measure of the relative density. At high frequency, the data indicated a strong dependence on the cell size.
Computation in the philosophy curriculum

Computer-assisted instruction in philosophy has been successful in both supplementary and primary teaching applications. The programs used in computer-assisted instruction in philosophy are sophisticated, have proved to be acceptable over a long term, and embody aspects of fundamental research and knowledge in philosophy. The computer-assisted instruction effort in college-level philosophy has not been, nor is it likely to be, dominated by the simpler test-and-branch methods made possible by courseware authoring systems. The efforts in philosophy described in this paper provide a sound basis for forming expectations of how computers will affect college teaching in the future.
The radio astronomy explorer satellite, a low-frequency observatory.

The RAE-1 is the first spacecraft designed exclusively for radio astronomical studies. It is a small, but relatively complex, observatory including two 229-meter antennas, several radiometer systems covering a frequency range of 0.2 to 9.2 MHz, and a variety of supporting experiments such as antenna impedance probes and TV cameras to monitor antenna shape. Since its launch in July, 1968, RAE-1 has sent back some 10 billion data bits per year on measurements of long-wavelength radio phenomena in the magnetosphere, the solar corona, and the Galaxy. In this paper we describe the design, calibration, and performance of the RAE-1 experiments in detail.
Influenza vaccine-related information needs of US primary care physicians

Abstract Objective To explore influenza-related information needs of primary care providers, given expanded influenza vaccine recommendations and new influenza vaccine products. Methods A cross-sectional, mailed survey of a national sample of primary care physicians (family physicians, general internists, pediatricians), conducted in July–October 2010. The overall response rate was 70%. Results Among respondents who offer immunizations, almost all expected to provide injectable influenza vaccine for the 2010–11 influenza season, while only pediatricians planned wide use of intranasal vaccine. The information needs most frequently rated as high priority were subpopulations to prioritize if vaccine supply is limited and use of a higher dose formulation for the elderly. Most physicians who do not currently use intranasal vaccine rated that topic as a low priority. Conclusion Primary care providers have a number of high-priority information needs related to influenza vaccination. However, the limited interest of family physicians and internists in receiving more information about intranasal vaccine may impede efforts to expand its use among healthy adults.
Comparing Orlando leisure travellers to travellers to other Florida destinations.

This paper measures the impacts of demographic and distance variables on household leisure travel to Orlando, Florida, and to other destinations in Florida. The paper examines travel to Florida from other states for rest and relaxation, sightseeing, outdoor recreation, and entertainment. We find significant differences between households with Orlando as the destination and households with other Florida destinations. The results are based on individual household data from the 1995 American Travel Survey (ATS) conducted by the US Department of Transportation's Bureau of Transportation Statistics.
Development of a physical model for simultaneous diffusion/bioconversion of methotrexate dialkyl esters: A potential parallel/sequential metabolic scheme☆

Abstract A physical model has been developed which accommodates simultaneous diffusion/parallel-sequential bioconversion process through hairless mouse skin. The model includes both tape-stripped and full-thickness skin to describe the diffusion/bioconversion of methotrexate (MTX) dialkyl esters, in which a potential parallel/sequential esterase metabolic scheme is operative. Simulations are also included to illustrate the behavior of MTX dialkyl esters with the simultaneous diffusion/bioconversion parameters in which the metabolism stops at the level of MTX monoalkyl esters.
THE BASTARD BOOK OF ARISTOTLE'S PHYSICS

Philosophers who would do history of philosophy (which they must do in order not to impoverish themselves and the discipline they serve) must also occasionally do some philology. The meaning of the text interacts with the language in which it is spoken, and it is informed by it. One need not be a Whorfean to appreciate that there is no text without contexts, and one of the most important of these contexts is the language itself. To what extent the philologist must also become a palaeographer is a question seldom raised even among those who call themselves philologists. Taking our texts not only in written form, but in printed regularity, we tend to focus on the type of expression rather than the token, treating the latter as incidental, irrelevant and uninteresting. I want here to tell a tale of a text with attention to some palaeographic dimensions, hoping to open questions about their philological and philosophical worth. The palaeography may itself be superficial or amateurish, but if the point is well taken at this level, someone more expert may be able to unfold a richer tale.
Building better passwords using probabilistic techniques

Password creation policies attempt to help users generate strong passwords but are generally not very effective and tend to frustrate users. The most popular policies are rule based which have been shown to have clear limitations. In this paper we consider a new approach that we term analyze-modify that ensures strong user passwords while maintaining usability. In our approach we develop a software system called AMP that first analyzes whether a user proposed password is weak or strong by estimating the probability of the password being cracked. AMP then modifies the password slightly (to maintain usability) if it is weak to create a strengthened password. We are able to estimate the strength of the password appropriately since we use a probabilistic password cracking system and associated probabilistic context-free grammar to model a realistic distribution of user passwords. In our experiments we were able to distinguish strong passwords from weak ones with an error rate of 1.43%. In one of a series of experiments, our analyze-modify system was able to strengthen a set of weak passwords, of which 53% could be easily cracked to a set of strong passwords of which only 0.27% could be cracked with only a slight modification to the passwords. In our work, we also show how to compute and use various entropy measures from the grammar and show that our system remains effective with continued use through a dynamic updating capability.
Synergism in binary mixtures of surfactants. 6. Interfacial tension reduction efficiency at the liquid/hydrophobic solid interface

Abstract The nonideal solution treatment of molecular interactions in binary mixtures of surfactants has been extended to the liquid/hydrophobic solid interface. This permits the calculation of βLS, a parameter related to the molecular interactions between the two surfactants in the mixed monolayer at that interface. Equations have been derived from the conditions under which synergism in interfacial tension reduction efficiency will exist at that interface and for various properties of the liquid phase at the point of maximum synergism. Experimental data needed are the surface tension at the liquid/air interface and the contact angle at the liquid/solid interface, as a function of the total mixed surfactant concentration in the liquid phase. Mixtures of anionic surfactants with cationic, zwitterionic, and nonionic surfactants on Teflon, Parafilm, and polyethylene substrates were investigated. In all cases studied, there was a consistency between synergism (or its absence) at the liquid/hydrophobic solid and at the liquid/air interface. Attractive interaction between the two surfactants in the mixture decreased with change in the nature of the interface in the order: aqueous/air > aqueous/Teflon > aqueous/polyethylene. The average area per surfactant molecule at the interface increased in that same order.
A parameter scaling concept for estimating field-scale hydraulic functions of layered soils

Predicting flow and transport in unsaturated porous media is often hampered by limited data and the uncertainties in constitutive property information at the appropriate spatial scales. Some studies have used inverse flow modeling for parameter estimation to overcome these limitations. However, determination of the soil hydraulic parameters of layered soils remains a challenge since inverting for too many parameters can lead to the nonuniqueness of parameter values. Here we propose a parameter scaling method that reduces the number of parameters to be estimated. First, parameter scaling factors are determined using local-scale parameter values. After assigning scaling factors to the corresponding soil textures in the field, the reference hydraulic parameter values at the field scale can be estimated through inverse modeling of well-designed field experiments. Finally, parameters for individual textures are obtained through inverse scaling of the reference values. The number of unknown variables is reduced...
Developing a core platform for the tissue engineering of vital organs

The field of tissue engineering was last reviewed in this journal in 1993 by Mooney and Vacanti’ (“Tissue Engineering Using Cells and Synthetic Polymers”), with particular emphasis on the in vivo culture of liver, cartilage, bone, uroepithelial, and intestinal tissues. At that time, our experiments were designed to show the potential applicability of a tissue-engineering approach to a wide range of clinical surgical problems and to weigh the relative advantages of diKerent approaches to tissue engincering. These early experiments assessed whether to culture autologous versus allogenic donor tissues, whether to use such naturally occurring biomaterials as collagen or to develop synthetic materials to use as support structures for tissue culture, and whether to culture transplantable tissues in vitro before transplantation or to culture new tissue in viva with the aid of signaling factors and neovasculature marshaled from the host.‘J In a short time, the field of tissue engineering has undergone explosive development, and now is yielding practical clinical results. Versatile, cost-effective, engineered skin replacements are commercialI). available, and several cartilage replacement devices are in the clinical trial stage.“.” As the field continues to mature and new microfabrication technologies emerge, the possibility of whole-organ fabrication becomes more credible. Our team, now part of the Center for the Integration of Medicine and Innovative Technology laboratories at Massachusetts General Hospital (Boston, MA), has evolved into a highly integrated multidisciplinary network of complementary projects.
Density-gradient centrifugation of mouse liver mitochondria with H2O/D2O gradients

The use of density gradients constructed with mixtures of H 2 O and D 2 O for sedimentation studies of mouse liver mitochondria is described. A major advantage of the technique is the avoidance of a solute gradient and the possibility of membrane damage. Distribution patterns of mouse liver mitochondria enzymes confirm the evidence for biochemical heterogeneity observed with sucrose gradients.
Nhatrangins A and B, aplysiatoxin-related metabolites from the marine cyanobacterium Lyngbya majuscula from Vietnam

Two polyketide metabolites, nhatrangins A (1) and B (2), were isolated from a Vietnamese collection of Lyngbya majuscula. These compounds are related to the aplysiatoxin series of metabolites, which have also been isolated from this species of marine cyanobacterium. The use of 900 MHz cryoprobe NMR allowed the elucidation of the 2D structure of 1 from approximately 0.3 mg of compound. LC-MS analysis was utilized to direct the isolation of additional material as well as the isolation of 2. Conformational analysis was completed using J-based coupling constant analysis and selective NOE experiments.
An electrochemically regenerative hydrogen—chlorine energy storage system for electric utilities

Abstract Electrolysis of HCl and storage of hydrogen and chlorine is proposed as a means for energy storage for the electric utility industry. An economic evaluation is presented which shows that the system has a clear advantage over the hydrogen—air storage system and is comparable in cost to gas turbines. The system is flexible, allowing both energy storage and hydrogen production for industrial purposes, and lends itself easily to scale-up. Assuming that the R&D goals of this new system are met, it will compete successfully with all other electric energy storage devices presently considered.