cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
VISUALIZATION FROM INTRAOPERATIVE SWEPT-SOURCE MICROSCOPE-INTEGRATED OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY IN VITRECTOMY FOR COMPLICATIONS OF PROLIFERATIVE DIABETIC RETINOPATHY.

Purpose To evaluate the use of live volumetric (4D) intraoperative swept-source microscope-integrated optical coherence tomography in vitrectomy for proliferative diabetic retinopathy complications. Methods In this prospective study, we analyzed a subgroup of patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy complications who required vitrectomy and who were imaged by the research swept-source microscope-integrated optical coherence tomography system. In near real time, images were displayed in stereo heads-up display facilitating intraoperative surgeon feedback. Postoperative review included scoring image quality, identifying different diabetic retinopathy-associated pathologies and reviewing the intraoperatively documented surgeon feedback. Results Twenty eyes were included. Indications for vitrectomy were tractional retinal detachment (16 eyes), combined tractional-rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (2 eyes), and vitreous hemorrhage (2 eyes). Useful, good-quality 2D (B-scans) and 4D images were obtained in 16/20 eyes (80%). In these eyes, multiple diabetic retinopathy complications could be imaged. Swept-source microscope-integrated optical coherence tomography provided surgical guidance, e.g., in identifying dissection planes under fibrovascular membranes, and in determining residual membranes and traction that would benefit from additional peeling. In 4/20 eyes (20%), acceptable images were captured, but they were not useful due to high tractional retinal detachment elevation which was challenging for imaging. Conclusion Swept-source microscope-integrated optical coherence tomography can provide important guidance during surgery for proliferative diabetic retinopathy complications through intraoperative identification of different complications and facilitation of intraoperative decision making.
Neuropathological Insights Into the Link Between Type 2 Diabetes and Dementia

Abstract Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is recognized as being associated with pathological changes in the aged human brain, but the precise nature, extent, and underlying mechanisms involved in these changes are incompletely understood. Research groups have reported an increased risk for cognitive impairment and all-cause dementia, and vascular dementia in particular, but also clinical Alzheimer's disease (AD) among persons with T2D compared with those without it. In line with the clinical data and the fact that the most common cause of dementia is mixed pathology, two leading hypotheses that may explain how T2D contributes to dementia relate to cerebrovascular disease (CVD) and AD neuropathological changes (ADNC). Published data have shed light on these two hypotheses. On the one hand, clinicopathological studies have consistently demonstrated that T2D is associated with brain infarcts, especially small subcortical cerebral infarcts, which supports a role for CVD in relating T2D to dementia. On the other hand, the scientific literature to date does not clearly support a link between T2D and ADNC, which argues against a role for AD. This dissociation underscores emerging themes: the imprecision of clinical diagnoses, the impact of CVD on aging, and the importance of considering treatable conditions such as T2D in patients with cognitive impairment. Furthermore, other T2D-associated changes in the brain, even unrelated to AD or CVD, are possible mechanisms, and further research is needed.
Physicians as Operational Leaders: Cost, Curriculum, Technology, and Organizational Challenges

Reforming healthcare has been a priority in the United States for many years. A major part of that reform has been an expansion in the role and duties of physicians to include more management and leadership within the organization. This type of reform requires innovative changes in health science education programs. Traditionally, physician leaders were vice-presidents of medical affairs, chief medical officers, chief physicians, or head doctors. They served in advisory roles with limited responsibility and no financial authority and were unable to establish policies and make changes that systematically affected the administration and delivery of services within the organization. Out of necessity, the role of the physician leader has changed to include the following components: leading change efforts, managing care teams, integrating knowledge and resources to solve situational problems, fostering a team approach to service delivery, working collaboratively rather than individually, distributing knowledge, and working to improve operations and patient outcomes. This manuscript describes physician leadership and its goals, models of leadership, potential for cost reduction, information technology use, curricula, and organizational challenges in physician leadership programs. Additionally, the perceptions of physicians are examined following their participation in a six-month in-house leadership development program.
Temperature Sensing by Thermal TRP Channels: Thermodynamic Basis and Molecular Insights

All organisms need to sense temperature in order to survive and adapt. But how they detect and perceive temperature remains poorly understood. Recent discoveries of thermal Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) ion channels have shed light on the problem and unravel molecular entities for temperature detection and transduction in mammals. Thermal TRP channels belong to the large family of transient receptor potential channels. They are directly activated by heat or cold in physiologically relevant temperature ranges, and the activation is exquisitely sensitive to temperature changes. Thermodynamically, this strong temperature dependence of thermal channels occurs due to large enthalpy and entropy changes associated with channel opening. Thus understanding how the channel proteins obtain their exceptionally large energetics is central toward determining functional mechanisms of thermal TRP channels. The purpose of this chapter is to provide a comprehensive review on critical issues and challenges facing the problem, with emphases on underlying biophysical and molecular mechanisms.
Current Priorities in the Research of Circulating Pre-Endothelial Cells

The papers presented at the International Workshop “Novel Angiogenic Mechanisms” strongly support a role in adult angiogenesis played by circulating cells of various types, in different settings and circumstances (ischemic limbs, retina, heart, bone marrow). The main themes that currently dominate this research field are, among others, the origin of these cells, their phenotypic modulation in vivo and in vitro, their transformation into endothelial cells (EC) and the mechanisms of their contribution to neovessels formation. The workshop illustrated the domain’s general lines of investigation and development, for short and medium term. While it is not our intention to summarize here the contributions of the participants, their opinions are cited below, when considered appropriate.
Definition of Modeling vs. Programming Languages

Modeling languages (like UML and SysML) are those used in model-based specification of software-intensive systems. Like programming languages, they are defined using their syntax and semantics. However, both kinds of languages are defined by different communities, and in response to different requirements, which makes their methodologies and tools different. In this paper, we highlight the main differences between the definition methodologies of modeling and programming languages. We also discuss the impact of these differences on language tool support. We illustrate our ideas using examples from known programming and modeling languages. We also present a case study, where we analyze the definition of a new modeling language called the Ontology Modeling Language (OML). We highlight the requirements that have driven OML definition and explain how they are different from those driving typical programming languages. Finally, we discuss how these differences are being abstracted away using new language definition tools.
Perceptions from CEO faces as Predictors of CEO Pay and Organizational Performance

This paper investigates the relationships between CEO compensation, organizational performance, and naive perceptions of the CEO’s leadership and personality. We find that naive perceptions of lead...
Air Velocity, Air Temperature, Fiber Vibration and Fiber Diameter Measurements on a Practical Melt Blowing Die:

Numerous measurements were taken during the operation of a practical melt blowing slot die. On-line measurements were taken of the mean velocity and temperature of the air jets. Also, on-line measu...
Reducing Exposure to Opioid and Benzodiazepine Medications for Pediatric Cardiac Intensive Care Patients: A Quality Improvement Project

Objectives To evaluate the effect of implementation of a comfort algorithm on infusion rates of opioids and benzodiazepines in postneonatal postoperative pediatric cardiac surgery patients. Design A quality improvement project, using statistical process control methodology. Setting Twenty-five-bed tertiary care pediatric cardiac ICU in an urban academic Children's hospital. Patients Postoperative pediatric cardiac surgery patients. Interventions Implementation of a guided comfort medication algorithm which consisted of key components; a low dose opioid continuous infusion, judicious use of frequent as needed opioids, initiation of dexmedetomidine infusion postoperatively, and minimal use of benzodiazepines. Measurements and main results Among the baseline group admitted over the 18 month period prior to comfort algorithm implementation, 58 of 116 intubated patients (50%) received a continuous opioid infusion, compared with 30 of 41 (73%) for the implementation group over the 9-month period following implementation. Following algorithm implementation, opioid infusion rates were decreased and benzodiazepine infusions were nearly eliminated. Dexmedetomidine use and infusion rates did not change. Although mean duration of sedative drug infusions did not change with implementation, the frequency of high outliers was diminished. Duration of mechanical ventilation, length of ICU stay (outcome measures), and the frequency of unplanned extubation (balancing measure) were not affected by implementation. Conclusions Implementation of a pediatric comfort algorithm reduced opioid and benzodiazepine dosing, without compromising safety for postoperative pediatric cardiac surgical patients.
Light-induced shape morphing of thin films

Abstract Shape transformation of thin two-dimensional sheets into three-dimensional structures using light is of great interest for remotely controlled fabrication, surface modulation, and actuation. Over the last few decades, significant efforts have been made to develop material systems incorporating photochemical or photothermal elements to drive deformation in response to illumination. However, the full extent of the interplay between chemistry, optics, and mechanics in these materials is poorly understood. In this review, we introduce principles of shape morphing in these systems by considering the underlying physics of photoinduced stresses and how these have been used in recent literature. In addition, we provide a critical overview of the important design characteristics of both photochemical and photothermal system and offer our view on the open opportunities and challenges in this rapidly growing field.
Regenerative Potential Across Species: An Eco-Evo-Devo Perspective

Abstract Life is inherently regenerative. However, in humans and many other animal species development imposes epigenetic constraints on cellular plasticity and proliferative potency that limit somatic regenerative capacity. Such constraints can be surmised to have evolved as adaptations or tradeoffs that increased organismal fitness. A major goal of regenerative biology is to identify the limiting constraints that can be clinically targeted by regenerative medicine. Here I review the fundamental problems and processes of tissue repair and regeneration that pertain to all eukaryotic organisms, then discuss the evolution of somatic regenerative potential in animals in relation to constraints imposed by ecology, development of structural and functional complexity, epigenetics, and metabolism. Within this context I address the question of why regenerative capacity is generally more limited in amniotes than in fish and amphibians. This survey identifies some key constraints limiting mammalian regenerative capacity that might be productively targeted by regenerative medicine.
A di-iron protein recruited as an Fe[II] and oxygen sensor for bacterial chemotaxis functions by stabilizing an iron-peroxy species.

Many bacteria contain cytoplasmic chemoreceptors that lack sensor domains. Here, we demonstrate that such cytoplasmic receptors found in 8 different bacterial and archaeal phyla genetically couple to metalloproteins related to β-lactamases and nitric oxide reductases. We show that this oxygen-binding di-iron protein (ODP) acts as a sensor for chemotactic responses to both iron and oxygen in the human pathogen Treponema denticola ( Td ). The ODP di-iron site binds oxygen at high affinity to reversibly form an unusually stable μ-peroxo adduct. Crystal structures of ODP from Td and the thermophile Thermotoga maritima ( Tm ) in the Fe[III] 2 -O 2 2− , Zn[II], and apo states display differences in subunit association, conformation, and metal coordination that indicate potential mechanisms for sensing. In reconstituted systems, iron-peroxo ODP destabilizes the phosphorylated form of the receptor-coupled histidine kinase CheA, thereby providing a biochemical link between oxygen sensing and chemotaxis in diverse prokaryotes, including anaerobes of ancient origin.
Pulmonary Hypertension by the Method of Paul Wood

A physiological approach to the analysis of hemodynamic data in pulmonary hypertension (PH) has the advantage of reducing the large number (well over 100) of potential causal illnesses into four simple mechanisms. A fifth condition is composed of mixtures of the four basic mechanisms. This approach was beautifully described by Paul Wood, the great cardiologist whose name is given to the units of pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR), Wood units. This approach uses well understood physiological contributions to pulmonary vascular pressure. It is powerful, the major uncertainty being in determination of the magnitude of each mechanism in patients that have mixed PH of several causes. It also makes sense of the occasionally awkward clustering of conditions in the clinical classification of the World Symposium, which omits pulmonary vasoconstriction, hyperkinetic states, and the highly prevalent condition of "mixed" PH. This method of analysis is described and demonstrated, much as Wood did in his writings. The method is useful in the office, the ICU, and in consultation. A basic message from this approach is that correct assessment requires measurement of each of the three major inputs, pulmonary arterial pressure (Ppa), pulmonary artery wedge pressure (Pwedge) and cardiac output (CO). Some cases also need left ventricular end diastolic pressure (LVEDP). Other data contributing to analysis will be discussed in each condition. A key to avoiding mistakes is to always remember that PH is simply an elevation in pressure and is not inherently diagnostic of cause.
The Impact of Zoning and Built Environment Characteristics on Transit, Biking, and Walking

This study furthers existing research on the link between the built environment and travel behavior, particularly mode choice (auto, transit, biking, walking). While researchers have studied built ...
Introduction: The Case of the Missing Films

This introductory chapter surveys the current status of film noir in both popular and academic discourses in order to situate the book’s critical intervention. It begins by showing how popular culture/media have flattened the varied and variegated body of films that make up the noir canon into a single and unified aesthetic, one marked by a small handful of stereotypical signifiers (chiaroscuro lighting, venetian blinds, hard-boiled men, femme fatale figures, etc.). I then argue that a similar flattening can be seen in much of the scholarly and critical discourse on noir, which has been dominated by a tendency toward generalization and totalization, a quest to identify the defining characteristics of noir. Reviewing the history of noir criticism and theory, including revisionist takes that argue that noir did not actually exist, I suggest that much of the existing criticism illustrates a pattern of thinking that Ludwig Wittgenstein has called “a craving for generality.”
Costs and Healthcare Resource Utilization Associated with Hospital Admissions of Patients with Metastatic or Nonmetastatic Prostate Cancer.

Background Limited published information exists that compares the costs of metastatic prostate cancer with nonmetastatic prostate cancer. Although most research has focused on the costs of metastatic prostate cancer, delaying metastases in patients with nonmetastatic prostate cancer can reduce or delay healthcare resource utilization and any associated expenditures. Objective To compare the costs and healthcare resource utilization of patients with metastatic or nonmetastatic prostate cancer who were receiving care in an inpatient or an outpatient hospital setting. Methods Claims from between June 2010 and September 2016 of patients with metastatic or nonmetastatic prostate cancer were retrospectively identified from the Premier Healthcare Database. Patients with a primary diagnosis of malignant neoplasm of the prostate in the inpatient or outpatient setting during the study period were included. Admissions were categorized as metastatic or nonmetastatic prostate cancer based on the presence or absence of an International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) and/or ICD-10-CM code for metastatic prostate cancer on discharge. Patients with a secondary diagnosis of distant skeletal, lymph node, or visceral metastasis or who received ≥1 treatments indicative of bone metastasis on the same admission were considered to have metastatic prostate cancer. Results The study included prostate cancer admissions totaling 78,667 inpatient (4576 with metastatic disease) and 874,366 outpatient (71,545 with metastatic disease) admissions. Among the metastatic prostate cancer inpatient admissions, 72.6% of the patients were aged ≥65 years (mean age, 72 years for metastatic disease vs 63 years for nonmetastatic disease) and approximately 77.5% of these patients had bone metastases. The mean total cost per inpatient admission was $12,324 (standard deviation [SD], $13,506) for metastatic prostate cancer versus $10,987 (SD, $6912) for nonmetastatic disease. The mean total cost per outpatient admission was $1627 (SD, $6182) for metastatic versus $909 (SD, $3458) for nonmetastatic prostate cancer. Conclusions The results of this study demonstrate the increased economic burden associated with hospital admissions, particularly inpatient admissions, for patients with metastases compared with patients without metastases. In addition to the clinical burden on patients, these findings further highlight the importance of implementing treatment strategies that can delay progression to metastatic prostate cancer and subsequent increases in healthcare resource utilization and cost.
Cell‐type specific knockout of peptidylglycine α‐amidating monooxygenase reveals specific behavioral roles in excitatory forebrain neurons and cardiomyocytes

Neuropeptides and peptide hormones play a crucial role in integrating the many factors that affect physiologic and cognitive processes. The potency of many of these peptides requires an amidated amino acid at the C-terminus; a single enzyme, peptidylglycine α-amidating monooxygenase (PAM), catalyzes this modification. Anxiety-like behavior is known to be altered in mice with a single functional Pam allele (Pam+/- ) and in mice unable to express Pam in excitatory forebrain neurons (PamEmx1-cKO/cKO ) or in cardiomyocytes (PamMyh6-cKO/cKO ). Examination of PAM-positive and glutamic acid decarboxylase 67 (GAD)-positive cells in the amygdala of PamEmx1-cKO/cKO mice demonstrated the absence of PAM in pyramidal neurons and its continued presence in GAD-positive interneurons, suggestive of altered excitatory/inhibitory balance. Additional behavioral tests were used to search for functional alterations in these cell-type specific knockout mice. PamEmx1-cKO/cKO mice exhibited a less focused search pattern for the Barnes Maze escape hole than control or PamMyh6-cKO/cKO mice. While wildtype mice favor interacting with novel objects as opposed to familiar objects, both PamEmx1-cKO/cKO and PamMyh6-cKO/cKO mice exhibited significantly less interest in the novel object. Since PAM levels in the central nervous system of PamMyh6-cKO/cKO mice are unaltered, the behavioral effect observed in these mice may reflect their inability to produce atrial granules and the resulting reduction in serum levels of atrial natriuretic peptide. In the sociability test, male mice of all three genotypes spent more time with same-sex stranger mice; while control females showed no preference for stranger mice, female PamEmx1-cKO/cKO mice showed preference for same-sex stranger mice in all trials.
Comparison of Opioids Prescribed for Patients at Risk for Opioid Misuse Before and After Publication of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s Opioid Prescribing Guidelines

Importance It is not known whether decreases in Schedule II (high abuse potential) vs Schedule IV (lower abuse potential) opioid prescriptions overall and among high-risk patients followed publication of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) opioid prescribing guideline on March 15, 2016. Objectives To compare the odds of new Schedule II opioid (codeine, hydrocodone, oxycodone) prescriptions vs Schedule IV opioid (tramadol) prescriptions in the 18-month periods before and after the CDC guideline release to determine whether new prescriptions for Schedule II opioids decreased relative to new prescriptions for tramadol and to assess whether patients with benzodiazepine prescriptions or those with depression, anxiety, or substance use disorders had a greater decrease in receipt of Schedule II vs Schedule IV opioids. Design, Setting, and Participants Cross-sectional study of Optum’s deidentified Integrated Claims-Clinical data set for 5 million US adults 18 months before and 18 months after March 15, 2016. Eligible patients were 18 years or older, free of HIV and cancer diagnoses, and had a noncancer painful condition. Patients received new prescriptions for codeine, hydrocodone, oxycodone, or tramadol. Data were analyzed from September 5, 2014, to September 14, 2017. Exposure The CDC opioid prescribing guideline published on March 15, 2016. Main Outcomes and Measures The odds of prescriptions for each Schedule II opioid vs tramadol after guideline publication. Results Data from 279 435 patients were included in the study. The mean (SD) age of patients was 52.9 (16.5) years; 61% were female and 79.4% were White. The prevalence of new prescriptions for each drug before and after guideline publication was as follows: codeine, 7.1% vs 7.0%; hydrocodone, 47.4% vs 45.6%; oxycodone, 22.4% vs 24.0%; and tramadol, 23.0% vs 23.4%. Overall, the odds of being prescribed hydrocodone or oxycodone vs tramadol significantly decreased after guideline publication (odds ratios, 0.95; 95% CI, 0.91-0.98 and 0.86; 95% CI, 0.82-0.90, respectively). Odds of being prescribed a Schedule II opioid vs tramadol after vs before guideline publication were similar in patients with and without benzodiazepine comedication or psychiatric disorders. Conclusions and Relevance In the 18 months after compared with the 18 months before publication of the CDC prescribing guideline, a 14% decrease in oxycodone prescriptions was observed relative to tramadol. Little change in prescriptions of other Schedule II opioids was observed. Schedule II opioids continue to be prescribed to high-risk patients 18 months after publication of the CDC guideline.
Assessing Cost Effectiveness of Digital Development Projects

There is scant data on the effectiveness of different digital development projects that seek to connect and serve underserved communities. This stymies data-driven decision-making: absence of comparative cost-effectiveness analysis hampers key funding decisions by grant-making organizations and local governments in developing country environments, and can impact right-sizing of funding opportunities to project needs. This remains as true of demand-side initiatives that seek to deploy digital skills training, or supply-side initiatives using a myriad of technologies to connect the unconnected. This paper makes headway on this problem by providing costs, reach, and simple metrics of cost-effectiveness in the form of cost/beneficiary/year incurred by different digital development projects. Using a first-of-its-kind dataset hand collected through in-depth interviews conducted with project practitioners, we report on the costs and reach across different demand- and supply-side initiatives seeking to connect the unconnected. Our contribution is unique, in that it seeks to collect and compare different connectivity initiatives across a range of domains: education, health, and agriculture; as well as standalone grassroots connectivity initiatives in the form of community networks and small scale rural ISP deployments. The contribution of this paper is two-fold: first, we report on original costs and reach data on several projects through in-depth interviews, providing costs for a field where even order of magnitude estimates are hard to procure. Second, as changes to underlying assumptions can widely vary cost-effectiveness estimates, and these assumptions are rarely discussed in the literature for their relative strengths and weaknesses, this paper seeks to also report on a meta- analysis of cost effectiveness measures as used in various literatures in development and healthcare particularly, and use those learnings for developing cost effectiveness measures for digital development initiatives. We report costs of projects in terms of fixed and operational costs, as well as development, management, and implementation costs in different development domains. We then provide purchasing-power-parity and real-dollar estimates of completed and ongoing projects by per beneficiary and per year costs. In instances where revenue estimates are available, we compute return on investment and time to break even using different discounting assumptions. We additionally conduct sensitivity analysis on our assumptions for discount rates for ongoing projects. A key finding in collection of this dataset has been that 2/3rd of the projects that we study do not have a revenue model, when both supply-side and demand-side projects are taken together for analysis.
Book Review: Translating Texts: An Introductory Coursebook on Translation and Text Formation, Edited by Brian James Baer and Christopher D. Mellinger

Translating Texts: An Introductory Coursebook on Translation and Text Formation is a versatile textbook addressed primarily towards translation students and novice translators, providing a strong f...
Predicting One’s Turn With Both Body and Mind: Anticipatory Speech Postures During Dyadic Conversation

In natural conversation, turns are handed off quickly, with the mean downtime commonly ranging from 7 to 423 ms. To achieve this, speakers plan their upcoming speech as their partner's turn unfolds, holding the audible utterance in abeyance until socially appropriate. The role played by prediction is debated, with some researchers claiming that speakers predict upcoming speech opportunities, and others claiming that speakers wait for detection of turn-final cues. The dynamics of articulatory triggering may speak to this debate. It is often assumed that the prepared utterance is held in a response buffer and then initiated all at once. This assumption is consistent with standard phonetic models in which articulatory actions must follow tightly prescribed patterns of coordination. This assumption has recently been challenged by single-word production experiments in which participants partly positioned their articulators to anticipate upcoming utterances, long before starting the acoustic response. The present study considered whether similar anticipatory postures arise when speakers in conversation await their next opportunity to speak. We analyzed a pre-existing audiovisual database of dyads engaging in unstructured conversation. Video motion tracking was used to determine speakers' lip areas over time. When utterance-initial syllables began with labial consonants or included rounded vowels, speakers produced distinctly smaller lip areas (compared to other utterances), prior to audible speech. This effect was moderated by the number of words in the upcoming utterance; postures arose up to 3,000 ms before acoustic onset for short utterances of 1-3 words. We discuss the implications for models of conversation and phonetic control.
A Bayesian group sequential schema for ordinal endpoints

The ordinal endpoint is prevalent in clinical studies. For example, for the COVID-19, the most common endpoint used was 7-point ordinal scales. Another example is in phase II cancer studies, efficacy is often assessed as an ordinal variable based on a level of response of solid tumors with four categories: complete response, partial response, stable disease, and progression, though often a dichotomized approach is used in practices. However, there lack of designs for the ordinal endpoint despite Whitehead et al. (1993, 2017), Jaki et al. (2003) to list a few. In this paper, we propose a generic group sequential schema based on Bayesian methods for ordinal endpoints, including three methods, the proportional-odds-model (PO)-based, non-proportional-odds-model (NPO)-based, and PO/NPO switch-model-based designs, which makes our proposed methods generic to be able to deal with various scenarios. We conducted extensive simulations to demonstrate the desirable performances of the proposed method and an R package BayesOrdDesign has also been developed.
A Rare Case of Primary Pulmonary Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma and the Diagnostic Challenges on Cytology

Adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) is a malignancy that typically arises in the salivary gland, yet can occur in other anatomic sites, including the lung. Primary pulmonary ACC is rare and comprises approximately 0.04-0.2 percent of all lung cancers. These tumors have the potential to recur and metastasize and are refractory to chemotherapy and radiation. Though histopathologic features are identical to ACC seen in the salivary glands on tissue biopsy, diagnosis on cytology specimens is challenging, as cytopathologic features of this entity have not been collectively described due to its low incidence and limited reports of the disease. We report a case of primary pulmonary ACC in a 43-year-old female that was missed on cytology, but was recognized on subsequent transbronchial biopsy. The biopsy revealed a neoplasm with cribriform architecture composed of round myoepithelial cells with inconspicuous nucleoli (see Figures 3 and 4). When correlating with the cytology specimen, the rare clusters of monomorphic, round cells with hyperchromatic nuclei, small nucleoli, and increased nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio (see Figures 1 and 2) were supportive of ACC, based on findings described from other reported cases. A small amount of homogenous, eosinophilic hyaline material was also associated with the neoplastic cells (see arrows in Figure 1). This case emphasizes the need to continue documenting cases of primary pulmonary ACC to expand the medical literature and increase awareness of this rare neoplasm in order to allow for accurate identification in cytologic specimens, especially when tissue biopsy is not obtained.
The Effects of Exogenously Induced Hyperglucagonemia in Insulin-Treated Diabetics

A recent report that the continuous intravenous infusion of glucagon failed to worsen hyperglycemia in two insulin-treated juvenile diabetics has raised doubts as to the importance of hyperglucagonemia in insulin-treated diabetics. To reexamine this, six juvenile type patients receiving a constant 28 to 50 U/day dose of regular insulin in five doses (before each of four meals and at 1:30 a. m.) were given glucagon subcutaneously for one or two days at 4-hour intervals (four patients) or 2-hour intervals (two patients), raising their mean plasma glucagon levels to an average of 590 ± 15 pg/ml. Mean plasma glucose concentration, measured at 2-hour intervals around the clock, rose from 231 ± 17 mg/dl on the control day to 285 ± 19 pg/ml (p <0.01) during glucagon administration. Glucose excretion rose significantly above the control value of 42 ± 7 gms per 24 hours to 145 ± 23 gms (p <0.01) and the excretion of urea nitrogen and ketones also increased significantly during glucagon administration (p <0.05; p <0.01, respectively). These data indicate that exogenous hyperglucagonemia can cause metabolic deterioration in insulin-treated diabetics.
Large Maximal Cliques Enumeration in Large Sparse Graphs

Identifying communities in social networks is a problem of great interest. One popular type of community is where every member of the community knows all others, which can be viewed as a clique in the graph representing the social network. In several real life situations, nding small cliques may not be interesting as they are large in number and low in information content. Hence, in this paper, we propose a variant of maximal clique enumeration problem where we try to enumerate only large maximal cliques. We describe a novel preprocessing technique to reduce the graph size before enumerating the large maximal cliques. This is of great practical interest since enumerating maximal cliques is a computationally hard problem and the execution time increases rapidly with the input size. We also present a new maximal clique enumeration algorithm SELMaC2, which exploits the constraint on minimum size of the desired maximal cliques. We present experimental results on several real life social networks. Our results show that the preprocessing methods achieve signican t reduction in the graph size. Also our algorithm has fewer intermediate steps and is faster than the competing algorithms adapted from the literature by incorporating the minimum size criterion. Our results also show the scalability of our approach.
Fast equilibrium computation for infinitely repeated games

It is known that an equilibrium of an infinitely repeated two-player game (with limit average payoffs) can be computed in polynomial time, as follows: according to the folk theorem, we compute minimax strategies for both players to calculate the punishment values, and subsequently find a mixture over outcomes that exceeds these punishment values. However, for very large games, even computing minimax strategies can be prohibitive. In this paper, we propose an algorithmic framework for computing equilibria of repeated games that does not require linear programming and that does not necessarily need to inspect all payoffs of the game. This algorithm necessarily sometimes fails to compute an equilibrium, but we mathematically demonstrate that most of the time it succeeds quickly on uniformly random games, and experimentally demonstrate this for other classes of games. This also holds for games with more than two players, for which no efficient general algorithms are known.
Tissue engineering scaffolds for cell substrate mechanical interaction studies

A mechanical test and analysis system was developed to examine synthetic hydrogel matrix mechanical effects on cancer cells. Specifically, a stage apparatus was designed for studying the bulk mechanical properties of various hydrogel samples and their contributions to cancer cell phenotypic expression. The confined mechanical compression system was implemented for use with a commercial mechanical tester. Utilizing a “waterfall” design methodology, hardware suitable for the task was designed and built. Preliminary testing of the equipment was performed using formulations of 2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate with varying concentrations of methacrylic acid monomers. An overview of the equipment design and representative preliminary data gathered during process prove-out is presented. The measurement of storage and loss moduli with the system is discussed.
A Simple Model of Interest Rate Term Structure for the Classroom

Without much technical expertise, a yield curve model is presented that is very dynamic and can be easily programmed in Excel for classroom presentation or for assignments. By using the output of the model to have students find embedded rates within the yield curve, a discussion of how bond traders speculate on interest rates emerges very easily. Further, the model output can also be used for numerous exercises including the pricing of strips or for evaluating the positions of an entire bond portfolio. Within the exercises, the dynamic nature of the model can be exploited to provide sensitivity analysis.
Studies of in vitro transmural potentials in relation to intestinal absorption: III. K+ inhibition of Na+-dependent transmural potential of rat small intestine

Abstract The transmural potential difference (PD) measured in vitro with paired everted jejunal and ileal sacs of rat small intestine is strongly influenced by the concentration of Na + and by the presence and concentration of actively transported sugars. Changes in PD, ΔPD, following the addition of certain sugars have been assumed to reflect changes in the rate of Na + entry. Double reciprocal plots, 1/ΔPD vs. 1/[sugar], are suggestive of saturation phenomena interpretable in terms of a ternary interaction of Na + , sugar and a mobile carrier in the brush border membrane. Reasoning along these lines, comparison of the kinetics observed with Tris + , a non-penetrating ion, and with K + , a penetrating ion, suggest that K + is a competitive inhibitor for Na + interaction with the sugar carrier. The dissociation constants for the various equilibria which may be assumed to occur in a system containing carrier, Na + or K + and sugar have been evaluated by extrapolation from plotted values and by computer iterative analysis. The effect of K + replacement of Na + with rat preparations differs somewhat from the effect with rabbit ileum reported by others although, in both, PD and short-circuit current measurements rise in response to increases in Na + and/or sugar concentrations. The need is thus indicated for consideration of two kinetic models: one in which there is a high degree of interaction between the ion-binding and sugar-binding sites of the carrier, a model which appears to be appropriate for the rat, and another in which interaction between these sites is minimal, a model which appears to fit the data for the rabbit.
GeoFilter: Geometric Selection of Mesh Filter Parameters

When designing a lowpass filter to eliminate noise in a triangle mesh, the cutoff frequency is typically chosen by a cumbersome trial-and-error process. Therefore, it is important to provide a guideline in selectingfilter frequencies. Here, we explore the relation between the frequencies in a mesh filter and the geometric measures of user-selected features. In addition, by combining previously proposed implicit and explicit formulations, we develop a second order filter that can act as lowpass, bandpass, highpass, notch, and band exaggeration/reduction filters. The proposed GeoFilter framework allows the user to choose the frequencies for that filter based on the physical size of a blob (ellipsoid) automatically fit to a user-selected feature in the mesh. For example, the size of a bump in a noisy pattern can be used as a cutoff frequency in a lowpass filter, while the size of a nose may be used to smoothen a face or to exaggerate its features as in a caricature.
Overview of EO-1, the first 120 days

The first 120 days of the EO-1 mission, constituting the accelerated mission, far exceeded the goal of acquiring sufficient data to insure meeting minimal EO-1 validation requirements. The strategy of using Southern Hemisphere test sites during the Northern Hemisphere winter solstice has left EO-1 with a rich legacy of data for a large variety of ecosystems under varying conditions.
Effects of a ketogenic diet on auditory gating in DBA/2 mice: A proof-of-concept study

Although the ketogenic diet has shown promise in a pilot study and case report in schizophrenia, its effects in animal models of hypothesized disease mechanisms are unknown. This study examined effects of treatment with the ketogenic diet on hippocampal P20/N40 gating in DBA/2 mice, a translational endophenotype that mirrors inhibitory deficits in P50 sensory gating in schizophrenia patients. As expected, the diet increased blood ketone levels. Animals with the highest ketone levels showed the lowest P20/N40 gating ratios. These preliminary results suggest that the ketogenic diet may effectively target sensory gating deficits and is a promising area for additional research in schizophrenia.
Altered skeletal pattern of gene expression in response to spaceflight and hindlimb elevation

Spaceflight leads to osteopenia, in part by inhibiting bone formation. Using an animal model (hindlimb elevation) that simulates the weightlessness of spaceflight, we and others showed a reversible inhibition of bone formation and bone mineralization. In this study, we have measured the mRNA levels of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), IGF-I receptor (IGF-IR), alkaline phosphatase, and osteocalcin in the tibiae of rats flown aboard National Aeronautics and Space Administration Shuttle Flight STS-54 and compared the results with those obtained from their ground-based controls and from the bones of hindlimb-elevated animals. Spaceflight and hindlimb elevation transiently increase the mRNA levels for IGF-I, IGF-IR, and alkaline phosphatase but decrease the mRNA levels for osteocalcin. The changes in osteocalcin and alkaline phosphatase mRNA levels are consistent with a shift toward decreased maturation, whereas the rise in IGF-I and IGF-IR mRNA levels may indicate a compensatory response to the fall in bone formation. We conclude that skeletal unloading during spaceflight or hindlimb elevation resets the pattern of gene expression in the osteoblast, giving it a less mature profile.
Consumer Choice as the Best Way to Recenter the Mission of Competition Law

This article will (1) define the consumer choice approach to competition law or antitrust law and show how it differs from other approaches; (2) discuss the types of situations where a consumer choice focus is likely to make a difference in enforcement outcomes, producing better results than the other paradigms; (3) show that another important advantage of using the consumer choice approach would be to nudge decisions in the right direction; and (4) offer a brief overview of implementation issues. This is a chapter of a forthcoming ASCOLA book, and is a condensation and update of Neil W. Averitt & Robert H. Lande, 'Using The "Consumer Choice" Approach to Antitrust Law', Antitrust Law Vol. 74, 2007, available at http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1121459
Infusing Multicultural Education into the Curriculum: Preparing Pre-Service Teachers to Address Homophobia in K-12 Schools.

This article discusses the role multicultural education can play in addressing homophobia in K-12 schools. The author explores the lack of multiculturalism courses in undergraduate teacher education programs. To address the lack of multiculturalism courses, three instructional activities are offered that faculty in teacher education programs can implement as effective methods for preparing pre-service teachers to address homophobia.
Human papillomavirus vaccines to prevent cervical cancer.

Worldwide about 500 000 new cases of cervical cancer are diagnosed each year - 80% in developing countries - resulting in more than 250 000 deaths. Inadequately treated symptoms (especially pain) also result in profound suffering. When discovered early surgery can be curative and recent data have shown the survival benefit of combined radiation and chemotherapy. In metastatic or recurrent disease however current management options produce only a limited benefit. Unfortunately patients in many countries are unable to take advantage of therapeutic advances. In the developed world screening for pre-cancerous abnormalities or early stage cervical cancers has been a major public-health success and the overall incidence of the disease has been substantially reduced over the past several decades. Meanwhile screening for cervical cancer is far more problematic in the developing world. (excerpt)
When Aspiration Meets Opportunity: Examining Transitional Experiences of African American Males in College Readiness Programs

The lack of postsecondary success for African American males has garnered significant attention from academic scholars and public policy leaders. While this scholarship provides a strong portrait on issues related to African American males, there are still significant gaps to be addressed. Most notably, current research tends to focus on students entering four-year institutions and rarely presents student narratives about their educational experiences. The purpose of this study is to explore the experiences of African American males in various stages of transition from high school to their local community college. Students discuss three main areas—encouragement for their postsecondary aspirations, assistance with navigating multiple pathways to access, and persisting through stereotypes and perceived barriers. Discussion connects findings with theoretical frameworks to enhance our understanding of the experiences of this traditionally marginalized population.
60GHz Mobile Imaging Radar

Mobile computing is undergoing a significant shift. Where traditional mobile networks revolved around users and their movements, new networks often center around autonomous mobile agents. These include semi-autonomous drones on military missions, vacuum robots search for dirt at home, intelligent cars that deliver us to work, and first responder robots that find and rescue victims in disasters. A critical challenge limiting these autonomous devices is the lack of accurate sensing systems, e.g. a mobile imaging system that captures the position, shape and surface material of nearby objects. These devices often require high levels of accuracy, and operate under tight constraints: in low-light conditions or moving at moderate speeds. These constraints dramatically reduce the set of possible solutions, eliminating traditional imaging systems that rely on visible light or specialized hardware. In this paper, we present early results in our efforts to design and evaluate a digital imaging radar system using reflections from 60GHz wireless beams. By using user mobility to emulate a virtual antenna array with large aperture, we build virtual antennas with large aperture and high precision. We describe details of our design, including mechanisms for object detection, object imaging, and controlling precision. Our experiments on a real 60GHz testbed show that we can achieve high precision (~1 cm) imaging with as little user movement as half a meter, as well as added potential for using loss profiles to infer the surface material on detected objects.