cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Construction of a pluton: Evidence from an exposed cross section of the Searchlight pluton, Eldorado Mountains, Nevada

A top-to-bottom cross section of the Searchlight pluton is exposed in a large tilt block in the Colorado River extensional corridor of southern Nevada. Hornblende barometry and geologic relations indicate that the pluton was about 10 km thick, extending from approximately 3 to 13 km depth. The pluton is stratified with about 2 km of fine-grained quartz monzonite below the roof, 2 km of granite in the center, and 6 km of coarser, more mafic quartz monzonite at the bottom. The lower unit has a pronounced magmatic foliation that was subhorizontal prior to tilting. Contacts between the units are gradational over a few centimeters to about 20 m. Geometry, field relations, and elemental and isotopic data suggest that the three units mark the terminal stages of evolution of magma that filled a very thick magma chamber. The upper unit formed as a solidification front that migrated downward from the roof, and the middle unit granite and the lower unit represent complementary segregated melt and crystal-rich cumulate. Thus, the dominant part of the pluton appears to have solidified in monotonic fashion from more or less uniform magma that was compositionally similar to the upper unit. The basal quartz monzonite and the lower part of the granite enclose widely scattered, synplutonic hornblende gabbro and diorite pods that range from centimeter to kilometer scale. These rocks are commonly fine grained and formed as quenched mafic melts. They are isotopically distinct from the main sequence and represent discrete injections into the magma chamber. The mafic magmas were contaminated by, but did not strongly affect, the main-sequence magma. The Nd and Sr isotopic compositions of the main-sequence magma are intermediate between those of regional crust and enriched mantle-derived basalts like those represented by the mafic pods. This suggests that the principal magma was a hybrid with about 60% mantle component, and thus the pluton represents both addition to and internal reorganization of the crust
Real Time Spectroscopic Ellipsometry Studies of the Solid Phase Crystallization of Amorphous Silicon

We have introduced real time spectroscopic ellipsometry (RTSE) for characterization of the solid phase crystallization (SPC) of intrinsic and n-type amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) thin films. RTSE has several advantages in the study and design of SPC processes for thin film transistor and solar cell fabrication. These include the capability of obtaining (i) calibration data that yield the near surface temperature of the film during processing, (ii) the volume fraction of the crystalline Si component of the film continuously versus time during SPC, and (iii) a measurement of the grain size and quality of the final polycrystalline Si film. For the thin layers studied here (~150-1000 A), we demonstrate excellent fitting of the SPC dynamics to the Avrami-Johnson-Mehl theory for random nucleation and two-dimensional crystallite growth. For a-Si:H n-layers, the crystallization time over the range from 565 to 645°C appears to be weakly activated with an energy of 0.6 eV.
Individual versus group application of cognitive-behavioral self-control procedures with children **

The role of the treatment context in cognitive-behavioral self-control training with children was investigated by comparing individual treatment, group treatment, and nonspecific group treatment (control) conditions. Thirty teacher-referred children (grades 3–5) participated in 12 sessions with practice on psychoeducational tasks, interpersonal play situations, and personal problem areas. Children in the individual and group treatment conditions received verbal self-instructional training via modeling with a response-cost contingency for errors and social and self-reward for correct performance and behavior. Results indicated some improvements for all conditions, yet only the individual and group cognitive-behavioral treatment conditions evidenced improvements on blind teacher ratings of self-control at posttreatment and perspective taking at follow-up.
Central Injection of the Stable Somatostatin Analog ODT8-SST Induces a Somatostatin2 Receptor-Mediated Orexigenic Effect: Role of Neuropeptide Y and Opioid Signaling Pathways in Rats

Somatostatin and octreotide injected into the brain have been reported to modulate food intake. However, little is known regarding the underlying mechanisms. The stable oligosomatostatin analog, des-AA1,2,4,5,12,13-[DTrp8]-somatostatin (ODT8-SST), like somatostatin, binds to all five somatostatin receptors (sst1–5). We characterized the effects of ODT8-SST injected intracerebroventricularly (icv) on food consumption and related mechanisms of action in freely fed rats. ODT8-SST (0.3 and 1 μg per rat, icv) injected during the light or dark phase induced an early onset (within 1 h) and long-lasting (4 h) increase in food intake in nonfasted rats. By contrast, ip injection (0.3–3 mg/kg) or icv injection of selective sst1 or sst4 agonists (1 μg per rat) had no effect. The 2 h food intake response during the light phase was blocked by icv injection of a sst2 antagonist, the neuropeptide Y (NPY) Y1 receptor antagonist, BIBP-3226, and ip injection of the μ-opioid receptor antagonist, naloxone, and not associated with changes in plasma ghrelin levels. ODT8-SST (1 μg per rat, icv) stimulated gastric emptying of a solid meal which was also blocked by naloxone. The increased food intake was accompanied by a sustained increase in respiratory quotient, energy expenditure, and drinking as well as μ-opioid receptor-independent grooming behavior and hyperthermia, while ambulatory movements were not altered after ODT8-SST (1 μg per rat, icv). These data show that ODT8-SST acts primarily through brain sst2 receptors to induce a long-lasting orexigenic effect that involves the activation of Y1 and opiate-receptors, accompanied by enhanced gastric transit and energy expenditure suggesting a modulation of NPYergic and opioidergic orexigenic systems by brain sst2 receptors.
Perioperative complications of robot-assisted partial nephrectomy

The incidence of renal cell carcinoma continues to increase with utilization of diagnostic abdominal imaging with migration towards a proportionally greater detection of small renal masses (SRM). Robot-assisted partial nephrectomy (RAPN) has become an attractive minimally invasive treatment modality for SRM's due to the technical advantages and shortened learning curve compared to laparoscopic partial nephrectomy (LPN) while preserving comparable perioperative outcomes. With advances in ablative approaches for stage I renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and controversy surrounding the role of extirpative surgery for SRM's, systematic understanding of the complications associated with RAPN has become even more imperative. This review aims to summarize and evaluate the contemporary literature, compile reported intraoperative complications, describe conventional and nephron-sparing surgery (NSS) specific postoperative complications, and assess factors associated with an increased likelihood for perioperative complications following RAPN.
Parameterization of the porous-material model for sand with different levels of water saturation

Abstract The experimental results for the mechanical response of sand (at different levels of saturation with water) under shock-loading conditions generated by researchers at Cavendish [Bragov AM, Lomunov AK, Sergeichev IV, Tsembelis K, Proud WG. The determination of physicomechanical properties of soft soils from medium to high strain rates, November 2005, in preparation; Chapman DJ, Tsembelis K, Proud WG. The behavior of water saturated sand under shock-loading. In: Proceedings of the 2006 SEM annual conference and exposition on experimental and applied mechanics, vol. 2, 2006.p.834–40] are used to parameterize our recently developed material model for sand [Grujicic M, Pandurangan B, Cheeseman B. The effect of degree of saturation of sand on detonation phenomena associated with shallow-buried and ground-laid mines. J Shock Vib 2006;13:41–61]. The model was incorporated into a general-purpose non-linear dynamics simulation program to carry out a number of simulation analyses pertaining to the detonation of a landmine buried in sand and to the interactions of the detonation products, mine fragments and sand ejecta with various targets. A comparison of the computed results with their experimental counterparts revealed a somewhat improved agreement with the experimental results in the case of the present model as compared to the agreement between the widely used porous-material/compaction model for sand and the experiments.
Comparison of efficacy aerosolized and oral Vit. E therapy in sheep subjected to burn and smoke inhalation

Abstract Introduction. α-Tocopherol (Vit. E) plays a pivotal role in clinical settings associated with oxidative stress. In patients suffering from burn and smoke inhalation injury, a decrease in Vit. E plasma level is typically linked with increased mortality rates. Previously we have shown that oral administration of α-tocopherol ameliorates the acute lung injury in sheep with burn and smoke inhalation injury. However, thermal injury often associates with ileus. In the present study we tested the effect of aerosolized Vit. E nebulized into the airway. Method. Sixteen adult ewes, weighing ∼33 kg, were operatively instrumented for chronic study. The sheep were randomly allocated to groups (a) noninjured, nontreated, (b) injured, nontreated, (c) injured, nebulized with Vit. E, and (d) injured, orally administered with Vit. E. The sheep were subjected to a third-degree flame burn (40% of total body surface) and smoke inhalation (cotton smoke). All groups were placed on the ventilator and resuscitated similarly. Results. Pulmonary dysfunction in injured nontreated group was associated with significant depletion of both α- and γ-tocopherol. Compared with injured controls, the Vit. E nebulization group had lung tissue Vit. E levels which were significantly increased (∗ P 2 /FiO 2 ratio at 48 h postinjury (Control, 93 ± 15.9; Oral Vit. E, 232 ± 31.8; Nebulized, 305 ± 30.9), and pulmonary microvascular permeability index (Control, 27.53 ± 10.29; Oral Vit. E 14.30 ± 4.85; Nebulized, 8.68 ± 2.218) in these animals. Conclusions. The role of Vit. E on pulmonary antioxidant defense system has been known. Previously there was no effective technique to administer Vit. E directly into the injured organ. We think that aerosolized Vit. E nebulization will be a good treatment strategy for patients with smoke inhalation and burn.
Pushed to the margins: Adivasi peoples in Bangladesh and the case of Kalpana Chakma

Abstract This article examines how, in rhetoric and practice, the post‐colonial politics of Bangladesh have come together in intricate and problematic ways that render the Adivasi invisible in society, and how this state‐sponsored narrative has become the regulatory mechanism for keeping the Adivasi at the margin of the state. It analyses the problematics of being an Adivasi in a nation‐state that reifies itself as Bengali and Muslim with reference to the Chakmas of the Chittagong Hill Tracts and, in particular, to the disappearance of the Adivasi human rights activist Kalpana Chakma.
Ethical issues in child psychopharmacology research and practice: emphasis on preschoolers

Psychoactive drug prescription for preschoolers has increased over the past decade and has been a controversial topic for those who prescribe, regulate, and research the use of psychotropics in this population. Children and adolescents are deemed vulnerable populations, at risk of being harmed by unethical or suboptimal practice and research and are in need of special protection. Historically, preschoolers have been therapeutic and research “orphans,” excluded from pharmacological studies so that the evidence base for their treatment has to be extrapolated from other ages. Within the past few decades, several ethical principles guiding pediatric psychopharmacological research have been developed. The same principles could effectively guide the treatment of these patients. Further studies are needed to elucidate the safety and effectiveness of psychotropics, and sound ethical guidelines for their involvement in psychiatric research are needed. This article reviews some challenges facing mental health care providers involved in prescribing or researching the use of psychoactive drugs in preschoolers. Some of these challenges are general to medical treatment and research with children, and others are particular to child psychopharmacological treatment and research.
Another look at "superstitions" in pigeons

Pigeons were exposed to fixed-time schedules of food delivery. The “ superstitious” behaviors observed were stable within subjects but differed markedly across subjects. These results are consistent with Skinner’s (1948) study but not with the data reported by Staddon and Simmelhag (1971) or Timberlake and Lucas (1985). However, our study was not an adequate test of Skinner’s hypothesis concerning the development of the various behaviors observed. Tests of his view are proposed.
Serotonin is found in myelinated axons of the dorsolateral funiculus in monkeys.

Abstract Physiological measurements suggest that the inhibition of primate spinothalamic tract cells by serotonin is mediated by myelinated axons. Previous morphologic studies emphasize that most serotonin-containing axons in the spinal cord are unmyelinated. Accordingly, the possibility that some serotonin-containing axons in the primate dorsolateral funiculus of the spinal cord are myelinated was investigated. Macaque monkeys were given l -tryptophan and the monoamine oxidase inhibitor, nialamide, intraperitoneally 1 h prior to sacrifice to increase axonal stores of serotonin. The animals were perfused (0.05 or 0.5% glutaraldehyde, 4% paraformaldehyde), and transverse sections of the thoracic cord were reacted with antibody against serotonin and then prepared for electron microscopy. Many of the immunostained axons in the dorsolateral funiculus included fine, myelinated fibers with diameters of 0.7–2.2 μm. Unmyelinated serotonin-containing axons were also observed. The observation of myelinated serotonin-containing axons in the white matter of the monkey dorsolateral funiculus contradicts the view that the descending serotoninergic projection consists entirely of unmyelinated fibers, particularly since the conduction velocity of the fine fibers would be too slow to account for the earliest latency of descending inhibition following stimulation in the brainstem. The presence of myelinated serotoninergic axons presumably accounts for the latencies reported for the inhibition of primate spinothalamic cells following stimulation of the periaqueductal gray, an inhibition that can be blocked with serotonin antagonists and that is associated with the release of serotonin in the dorsal horn.
Pendeo Epitaxy Of 3C-SiC on Si Substrates

Pendeo Epitaxy is a type of Lateral Epitaxial Overgrowth (LEO) that instead of using a dielectric buffer layer, uses an etched substrate to grow laterally without an interface layer. We report the first successful growth of 3C-SiC on Si using Pendeo epitaxy. Rectangular stripes of 3C-SiC on (100) Si substrates were fabricated, along both the [110] and [100] directions. Pendeo epi was only observed for columns parallel to [001], indicating a preferred growth facet for Pendeo epi of 3C-SiC on Si. SEM and TEM investigations were performed to assess the material quality of the Pendeo 3C-SiC material. Films were grown for 60 min at 1310°C and film coalescence was achieved without evidence of voids where the growth fronts joined. TEM data indicate not only the growth of vertical and lateral 3C-SiC on the 3C-SiC seed layer but direct nucleation of 3C-SiC on the exposed Si columns side wall and trench bottom, despite the lack of a carbonization procedure. The quality of the Pendeo 3C-SiC film appears to be of high quality indicating that Pendeo epi of 3C-SiC on low-cost, large-diameter Si substrates may prove to be a cost effective way to grow device-grade SiC layers on Si substrates for device applications.
Polynomial interpolated taylor series method for parameter identification of nonlinear dynamic system

This research work is in the area of structural health monitoring and structural damage mitigation. It addresses and advances the technique in parameter identification of structures with significant nonlinear response dynamics. The method integrates a nonlinear hybrid parameter multibody dynamic system (HPMBS) modeling technique with a parameter identification scheme based on a polynomial interpolated Taylor series methodology. This work advances the model based structural health monitoring technique, by providing a tool to accurately estimate damaged structure parameters through significant nonlinear damage. The significant nonlinear damage implied includes effects from loose bolted joints, dry frictional damping, large articulated motions, etc. Note that currently most damage detection algorithms in structures are based on finding changed stiffness parameters and generally do not address other parameters such as mass, length, damping, and joint gaps. This work is the extension of damage detection practice from linear structure to nonlinear structures in civil and aerospace applications. To experimentally validate the developed methodology, we have built a nonlinear HPMBS structure. This structure is used as a test bed to fine-tune the modeling and parameter identification algorithms. It can be used to simulate bolted joints in aircraft wings, expansion joints of bridges, or the interlocking structures in a space frame also. The developed technique has the ability to identify unique damages, such as systematic isolated and noise-induced damage in group members and isolated elements. Using this approach, not just the damage parameters, such as Young's modulus, are identified, but other structural parameters, such as distributed mass, damping, and friction coefficients, can also be identified.
Stock loan valuation under a regime-switching model with mean-reverting and finite maturity

Stock loans are business contracts between borrowers and lenders in which the borrower uses shares of stock as collateral for the loan. Since the value of the collateral is subject to wide and frequent price swings, valuing such a transaction behaves more like an option pricing problem than a debt valuation problem. This paper will list, prove, and analyze formulas for stock loan valuation with finite horizon under various stock models, including classical geometric Brownian motion, mean-reverting, and two-state regime-switching with both mean-reverting and geometric Brownian motion states. Numerical examples are reported to illustrate the results.
A Multivariate Model of Achievement in Geometry

ABSTRACTPrevious studies have shown that several key variables influence student achievement in geometry, but no research has been conducted to determine how these variables interact. A model of achievement in geometry was tested on a sample of 102 high school students. Structural equation modeling was used to test hypothesized relationships among variables linked to successful problem solving in geometry. These variables, including motivation, achievement emotions, pictorial representation, and categorization skills, were examined for their influence on geometry achievement. Results indicated that the model fit well. Achievement emotions, specifically boredom and enjoyment, had a significant influence on student motivation. Student motivation influenced students’ use of pictorial representations and achievement. Pictorial representation also directly influenced achievement. Categorization skills had a significant influence on pictorial representations and student achievement. The implications of these fi...
Primary breast cancer phenotypes associated with propensity for central nervous system metastases

BACKGROUND. There is anecdotal evidence that the incidence of central nervous system (CNS) metastases in breast cancer patients is increasing. It is unclear whether specific tumor biological properties or the use of systemic therapies influence this risk. METHODS. Using a database of 10,782 patients, 2685 patients were identified who experienced recurrence distantly. Clinical and biological features were analyzed in 2 ways: 1) patients who ever had versus those who never had CNS metastases, and 2) CNS metastases as the first site of recurrence versus those who had other sites. Correlations of survival after CNS metastasis with clinical and biologic features were also analyzed. RESULTS. In the ever versus never analysis, CNS metastases were significantly associated with younger age, premenopausal status, infiltrating ductal carcinoma histology (IDC), estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) negativity, low Bcl-2, high S-phase, aneuploidy, and altered p53. Tumor size, lymph node status, and use of adjuvant systemic therapy played little role. HER-2 overexpression was not associated with an increased risk in these patients (none of whom were treated with trastuzumab) (P = .91). However, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) overexpression was associated with increased risk (P = .02). A multivariate analysis revealed ER negativity (odds ratio [OR] 2.8, P<.001), IDC histology (OR 2.5, P = .02), and young age (P<.001) as independent factors for CNS metastases. The clinical and biologic profiles of primary tumors with CNS metastases at first recurrence did not differ from those with CNS metastases after recurrence to other sites, except for HER-2 status. HER-2-positive tumors were not more likely to undergo recurrence initially in the CNS (P = .04). The median survival after CNS metastases was 5.5 months and HER-2-positive patients had a shorter survival. CONCLUSIONS. Younger patients with hormone receptor-negative, highly proliferative, genomically unstable, and p53-altered tumors were at increased relative risk for CNS metastases. HER-2 expression and adjuvant systemic therapies did not increase this risk. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Planetary transits and tidal evolution

Transiting planets are generally close enough to their host stars that tides may govern their orbital and thermal evolution. We present calculations of the tidal evolution of recently discovered transiting planets and discuss their implications. The tidal heating that accompanies this orbital evolution can be so great that it controls the planet's physical properties and may explain the large radii observed in several cases, including, for example, TrES-4. Also, since a planet's transit probability depends on its orbit, it evolves due to tides. Current values depend sensitively on the physical properties of the star and planet, as well as on the system's age. As a result, tidal effects may introduce observational biases in transit surveys, which may already be evident in current observations. Transiting planets tend to be younger than non-transiting planets, an indication that tidal evolution may have destroyed many close-in planets. Also the distribution of the masses of transiting planets may constrain the orbital inclinations of non-transiting planets.
Contrast-induced nephropathy in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage.

Introduction Patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) frequently undergo multiple angiographic studies within a 48-h period. We sought to evaluate the impact of these repeated contrast loads on renal function.
The changing roles of neurons in the cortical subplate.

Neurons may serve different functions over the course of an organism’s life. Recent evidence suggests that cortical subplate neurons including those that reside in the white matter may perform longitudinal multi-tasking at different stages of development. These cells play a key role in early cortical development in coordinating thalamocortical reciprocal innervation. At later stages of development, they become integrated within the cortical microcircuitry. This type of longitudinal multi-tasking can enhance the capacity for information processing by populations of cells serving different functions over the lifespan. Subplate cells are initially derived when cells from the ventricular zone underlying the cortex migrate to the cortical preplate that is subsequently split by the differentiating neurons of the cortical plate with some neurons locating in the marginal zone and others settling below in the subplate (SP). While the cortical plate neurons form most of the cortical layers (layers 2-6), the marginal zone neurons form layer 1 and the SP neurons become interstitial cells of the white matter as well as forming a compact sublayer along the bottom of layer 6. After serving as transient innervation targets for thalamocortical axons, most of these cells die and layer 4 neurons become innervated by thalamic axons. However, 10-20% survives, remaining into adulthood along the bottom of layer 6 and as a scattered population of interstitial neurons in the white matter. Surviving subplate cells’ axons project throughout the overlying laminae, reaching layer 1 and issuing axon collaterals within white matter and in lower layer 6. This suggests that they participate in local synaptic networks, as well. Moreover, they receive excitatory and inhibitory synaptic inputs, potentially monitoring outputs from axon collaterals of cortical efferents, from cortical afferents and/or from each other. We explore our understanding of the functional connectivity of these cells at different stages of development.
Long-Term bereavement from suicide, homicide, accidents, and natural deaths

Abstract Previous research has indicated that short-term, bereavement from suicide is different from bereavement from other causes of death, at least in part because of diminished social support. To see if the same was true of long-term bereavement, college students who had been bereaved longer than 2 years (M = 5. 75 years) from suicide or homicide were matched on age, gender, and recency of the bereavement to students who were bereaved from accidental death, natural anticipated death, or natural unanticipated death. All students completed three social support questionnaires, and other questionnaires measuring impact, recovery, and current mood. Contrary to expectations, there were no differences between groups, except that those bereaved from accidents were more likely than others to feel as though the death were not real. Apparently, over time the bereavement experience for those whose loved one died by suicide becomes similar to bereavement from other causes of death.
Child developmental impact of Pittsburgh’s Early Childhood Initiative (ECI) in high-risk communities: first-phase authentic evaluation research

Abstract The national debate surrounding the issue of school failure has renewed interest in the quality, efficacy, and outcomes of early childhood intervention programs that can promote early school success for children at developmental risk. Moreover, researchers and policymakers report the need to document developmentally-appropriate models for assessing and evaluating early childhood outcomes. We report on the first-phase results of Pittsburgh’s early childhood initiative (ECI). ECI is a privately-funded effort by a consortium composed of the business, corporate, foundation, and community sectors to implement high-quality early care and education options for children in high-risk neighborhoods. The overarching objective of ECI is to ensure early school success for high-risk children. Our Scaling Progress in Early Childhood Settings (SPECS) Evaluation Team implemented an authentic assessment and program evaluation strategy and an enhanced “constructed comparison group” statistical model to conduct longitudinal research on the child developmental impact of the ECI model. First-phase results on 155 high-risk children indicate that those who participated in high-quality ECI programs for the longest periods of time demonstrated patterns of progress that exceeded maturational expectations. Weekly collaborative consultation to teachers and caregivers by consultants about program quality using the National Association for the Education of Young Children (NAEYC) standards as “best practice” benchmarks seemed to be associated with initial enhanced child outcomes and the particular impact of the ECI model.
Animals in science: some areas revisited

Abstract Science is a human activity, and as such, it is not value-free. Not only do subjective views permeate all types of science, they also prevail in many moral debates concerning how animals are used for primarily anthropocentric ends, even when formal philosophical argument is put forth. Four issues are addressed that demand closer attention by those who are seriously engaged in the collection, interpretation, and explanation of behavioural data. (1) It is important to recognize that an animal's point of view is actually an animal's point of view from a human's point of view. (2) Attempts to quantify pain and suffering in animals are fraught with difficulties, and despite the best intentions, do not eliminate human responsibilities. (3) Appeals to science to resolve difficult questions concerning animal suffering must be combined with other factors including common sense and moral and ethical commitments. (4) When in doubt, err on the side of the animals. Those who study animal behaviour and behavioural ecology need to be particularly aware of problems of animal welfare for these types of research involve field observations, studies of captive animals, and experiments. In addition, findings from cognitive ethological investigations are used to inform and motivate discussion of human moral and ethical obligations to animals.
Real-time optical fuel-to-air ratio sensor for gas turbine combustors

The measurement of the temporal distribution of fuel in gas turbine combustors is important in considering pollution, combustion efficiency and combustor dynamics and acoustics. Much of the previous work in measuring fuel distributions in gas turbine combustors has focused on the spatial aspect of the distribution. The temporal aspect however, has often been overlooked, even though it is just as important. In part, this is due to the challenges of applying real-time diagnostic techniques in a high pressure and high temperature environment. A simple and low-cost instrument that non-intrusively measures the real-time fuel-to-air ratio (FAR) in a gas turbine combustor has been developed. The device uses a dual wavelength laser absorption technique to measure the concentration of most hydrocarbon fuels such as jet fuel, methane, propane, etc. The device can be configured to use fiber optics to measure the local FAR inside a high pressure test rig without the need for windows. Alternatively, the device can readily be used in test rigs that have existing windows without modifications. An initial application of this instrument was to obtain time-resolved measurements of the FAR in the premixer of a lean premixed prevaporized (LPP) combustor at inlet air pressures and temperatures as high as 17 atm at 800 K, with liquid JP-8 as the fuel. Results will be presented that quantitatively show the transient nature of the local FAR inside a LPP gas turbine combustor at actual operating conditions. The high speed (kHz) time resolution of this device, combined with a rugged fiber optic delivery system, should enable the realization of a flight capable active-feedback and control system for the abatement of noise and pollutant emissions in the future. Other applications that require an in-situ and time-resolved measurement of fuel vapor concentrations should also find this device to be of use.
The development and SAR of pyrrolidine carboxamide 11beta-HSD1 inhibitors.

Abstract The design and development of a series of highly selective pyrrolidine carboxamide 11β-HSD1 inhibitors are described. These compounds including PF-877423 demonstrated potent in vitro activity against both human and mouse 11β-HSD1 enzymes. In an in vivo assay, PF-877423 inhibited the conversion of cortisone to cortisol. Structure guided optimization effort yielded potent and stable 11β-HSD1 selective inhibitor 42.
Structured video and the construction of space

AbstractImage sequences can now be synthesized by compositing elements - objects, backgrounds, people -frompre-existing sourceimages. What are the rules that govern the placement of these elements in their new frames? If geometric projection is assumed togovern the composition, there is some freedom to move the elements about, but the range of placements is quite limited. Further-more, projective geometry is not perceptually ideal —think of the distortions seen at the edges of wide angle photographs. Thesedistortions are not found in perspective paintings: painters modify the portrayal of certain objects to make them perceptually cor-rect. This paper first reviews projective geometry in the context of image compositing and then introduces perceptually based com-position. Its basis in human vision is analyzed and its application to image compositing discussed.Keywords: structured video, image compostion, visual perception, perspective.1. Structured Video and SpaceIn traditional video the frame is indivisible and the sequence —
Half-antibody functionalized lipid-polymer hybrid nanoparticles for targeted drug delivery to carcinoembryonic antigen presenting pancreatic cancer cells.

Current chemotherapy regimens against pancreatic cancer are met with little success as poor tumor vascularization significantly limits the delivery of oncological drugs. High-dose targeted drug delivery, through which a drug delivery vehicle releases a large payload upon tumor localization, is thus a promising alternative strategy against this lethal disease. Herein, we synthesize anti-carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) half-antibody conjugated lipid−polymer hybrid nanoparticles and characterize their ligand conjugation yields, physicochemical properties, and targeting ability against pancreatic cancer cells. Under the same drug loading, the half-antibody targeted nanoparticles show enhanced cancer killing effect compared to the corresponding nontargeted nanoparticles.
Asymmetrical multi-lane multi-phase motor drives

Asymmetrical multi-lane multi-phase motor drives are introduced in this paper. There are two conventional symmetrical drive systems for multi-phase motors. First one is modular phase multi-lane drive with single-phase inverters and second one is single-lane multi-leg inverter. While first one has high level of fault-tolerance, second one is a cost-effective solution. New class of drive systems, asymmetrical multi-lane drives, is proposed that provide a complete spectrum of solution for different application. Five-phase motors will be used as an example to explain and clarify this new class of drive systems. Advantages and disadvantages of feasible five-phase asymmetrical designs are discussed and compared with symmetrical drives. Experimental test results are presented for a two-lane asymmetrical drive and compared with a conventional symmetrical drive.
Sex differences in the relation of depressive symptoms, hostility, and anger expression to indices of glucose metabolism in nondiabetic adults

This study examined the relation of depressive symptomatology, hostility, and anger expression to indices of glucose metabolism and tested whether gender moderates these associations in a sample of 135 healthy, nondiabetic adults (75 men, 60 women). The severity of depressive symptoms, hostility, and anger expression was positively associated with estimated insulin resistance (IR) and insulin in women but not in men. Anger expression was positively associated with glucose in women only. A summary score of depressive symptoms, hostility, and anger expression was positively associated with estimated IR, insulin, and glucose in women but not in men. Hence, in women, IR and elevated levels of fasting insulin and glucose may be one pathophysiological mechanism mediating the increased risk of cardiovascular disease and Type 2 diabetes associated with these psychological attributes.
Multicystic Encephalopathy: Review of Eight Cases with Etiologic Considerations

Multicystic encephalomalacia (MCE) is a rare lesion that arises during the perinatal period. Although hypoxic-ischemic insults may be responsible for this lesion, recent evidence suggests that herpesviruses may represent another etiologic agent. To elucidate the pathogenesis of MCE, eight cases collected over a 34-year period were evaluated for destructive lesions in gray and white matter. Immunocytochemical methods, in situ hybridization and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methodology were employed to search for herpes simplex viruses types 1 and 2 (HSV1 and HSV2), cytomegalovirus (CMV), varicella zoster virus (VZV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and JC variant of papovavirus (JCV). Review of the clinical histories revealed that there had been a complicated labor and delivery in 6/7 cases. Neuropathological lesions consisted of extensive tissue destruction, neuronal loss and gliosis in hemispheric white matter, cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, thalamus, cerebellum and brainstem tegmentum. Only one case showed evidence of latent HSV infection by PCR. CMV, VZV, JCV and EBV were not detected. Arteriopathy was noted in one case. The widespread nature of the lesions and their association with perinatal ischemia suggest that severe hypoxia may be the more common etiology of MCE. Term infants appear especially susceptible to this type of cerebral damage.
GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM THEORY WITH IMPERFECT COMPETITION

Abstract. This survey is organized as follows. I. Introduction. II. The main issues. III. Negishi's model. IV. Objective demand in the Cournot-Nash framework. V. Objective demand in the Bertrand-Nash framework. VI. The assumption of quasi-concavity of the profit functions. VII. Compromises between the conjectural and the objective approach. VIII. Insights into the notion of perfect competition. IX. Conclusion.
Addressing Developmental Needs of Pregnant Adolescents

To appropriately meet the needs of pregnant adolescents, health care providers must evaluate the cognitive and psychosocial development of these clients. Differences in early, middle, and late adolescents who are pregnant are described. The impact of adolescent stages on accomplishing the developmental tasks of pregnancy are discussed. Nursing implications for assessment, communication techniques, teaching strategies, and family interventions are presented. A case study is included.
GABA-ergic horizontal cells in the teleost retina

Abstract Horizontal cells of the vertebrate retina are interneurons which receive input from photoreceptors, process and transmit such information forward to the bipolar-amacrine-ganglion cell chain and backward to photoreceptors. In the goldfish retina, there are four types of horizontal cells (H1, H2, H3 and RH) which receive input predominantly from red-, green-, blue-sensitive cones and rods respectively. Our results show that only type H1 horizontal cells in this retina are GABA-ergic: (a) H1 horizontal cells, but not H2, H3, or RH cells, possess a high-affinity mechanism for GABA uptake. (b) This uptake is influenced by light stimulation and is inhibited by the absence of Na + or Ca ++ in the medium. (c) 3 H-GABA taken up by H1 horizontal cells can be released by appropriate light stimulation or by a Ca ++ -dependent, K + -stimulated depolarization of the retina. (d) Isolated axon terminals of cone horizontal cells synthesize GABA and contain high L-glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) activities. (e) GAD has been localized by immunocytochemistry in H1 horizontal cells but not in H2, H3 or RH cells. (f) The retina of another teleost, the channel catfish, contains only two types of photoreceptors: rods and red-sensitive cones. In this retina, 3 H-GABA is taken up by all cone horizontal cells, and bicuculline methochloride decreases the frequency response of cones to a field of light. Taken together, our results show that in the teleost retina: (a) Horizontal cells receiving input predominantly from red-sensitive cones are GABA-ergic. (b) A function of the negative feedback from horizontal cells to photoreceptors is to improve the frequency response of the retina. (c) Horizontal cells which make synaptic contacts with different types of photoreceptors do not use the same neurotransmitter.
Effects of Internet behavioral counseling on weight loss in adults at risk for type 2 diabetes: a randomized trial.

ContextWeight loss programs on the Internet appear promising for short-term weight loss but have not been studied for weight loss in individuals at risk of type 2 diabetes; thus, the longer-term efficacy is unknown.ObjectiveTo compare the effects of an Internet weight loss program alone vs with the addition of behavioral counseling via e-mail provided for 1 year to individuals at risk of type 2 diabetes.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsA single-center randomized controlled trial conducted from September 2001 to September 2002 in Providence, RI, of 92 overweight adults whose mean (SD) age was 48.5 (9.4) years and body mass index, 33.1 (3.8).InterventionsParticipants were randomized to a basic Internet (n = 46) or to an Internet plus behavioral e-counseling program (n = 46). Both groups received 1 face-to-face counseling session and the same core Internet programs and were instructed to submit weekly weights. Participants in e-counseling submitted calorie and exercise information and received weekly e-mail behavioral counseling and feedback from a counselor.Main Outcome MeasuresMeasured weight and waist circumference at 0 and 12 months.ResultsIntent-to-treat analyses showed the behavioral e-counseling group lost more mean (SD) weight at 12 months than the basic Internet group (−4.4 [6.2] vs −2.0 [5.7] kg; P = .04), and had greater decreases in percentage of initial body weight (4.8% vs 2.2%; P = .03), body mass index (−1.6 [2.2] vs −0.8 [2.1]; P = .03), and waist circumference (−7.2 [7.5] vs −4.4 [5.7] cm; P = .05).ConclusionAdding e-mail counseling to a basic Internet weight loss intervention program significantly improved weight loss in adults at risk of diabetes.
Analysis of estrogen receptor interaction with tertiary-structured estrogen responsive elements

An initial crucial step in estrogen activation of gene expression is the interaction of the estrogen receptor with a specific nucleotide sequence [estrogen responsive element (ERE)]. Previously, we found that the estrogen receptor binds preferentially and with high affinity to the lower strand of the rat prolactin imperfect ERE which contains tertiary structure (Lannigan DA and Notides AC, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86: 863-867, 1989). Using perfect and imperfect EREs from the upstream region of the chicken vitellogenin II gene, we have now extended our findings and have determined that the estrogen receptor preferentially interacts with either perfect or imperfect EREs which contain tertiary structure. A similar structure is present in a synthetic 42 bp oligonucleotide corresponding to the lower strand of a perfect ERE with flanking sequences from the rat prolactin ERE. Moreover, deviations from the ERE consensus sequence decrease the binding of the estrogen receptor to the tertiary-structured ERE. We also have determined that ERE flanking sequences contribute to the affinity of the receptor for the tertiary-structured ERE. Furthermore, ERE flanking sequences can influence the types of interactions that the estrogen receptor makes with the tertiary-structured ERE.
Low polarization optical system design

Polarization-sensitive optical systems include those requiring very accurate irradiance measurements and those where polarization is the intended measurement. Low-polarization optical system design is the process of minimizing system polarization introduced by surface geometry, thin film coatings and birefringent elements, and measuring system components to verify polarization performance. The complicated, multi-step, iterative low polarization optical system design process requires initial system design, witness sample fabrication and measurement, reverse engineering of fabricated coatings and coating redesign, end-to-end system polarization aberration analysis, and system measurement and calibration. Most of this process will be spent iterating between design and measurement phases until a final design is reached that can be fabricated and calibrated to perform within the desired system tolerances. This work discusses low polarization optical system design using a three-mirror off-axis camera as an example.
Membrane Charge and Curvature Determine Interaction with Acyl-CoA Binding Protein (ACBP) and Fatty Acyl-CoA Targeting †

Although acyl-CoA binding protein (ACBP) stimulates utilization of long-chain fatty acyl-CoA by a variety of membrane-bound enzymes, it is not known whether ACBP directly interacts with membranes. To test this hypothesis, mouse recombinant (mr) ACBP was engineered to contain the native mouse ACBP amino acid sequence expressed as a fusion protein at high levels (>150 mg/L) in Escherichia coli. Purification and cleavage of the fusion tag resulted in mrACBP identical to native ACBP as shown by mass (10000.5 Da) and amino acid sequence (peptide mapping after proteolysis) determined by matrix-assisted laser desorption time of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectroscopy. The mrACBP was functionally active as shown by binding of cis-parinaroyl-CoA with high affinity, Kd = 12 ± 2 nM, at a single binding site, stimulating oleoyl-CoA utilization by microsomal glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase 3.2-fold and protecting oleoyl-CoA from microsomal acyl-CoA hydrolase. Direct interaction of mrACBP with membranes was demonstra...
Spectral properties of the anterior segment of primates

Purpose To determine the age related spectral properties of the anterior segment such as transmission and fluorescence and relate those changes to aging mechanisms and retinal imaging Methods A simple method has been developed to determine the optical properties of the anterior segment of the intact eye. This consists of a probe which is inserted into the posterior sclera and detects light passing through the anterior segment. The probe is connected to a CCD spectrophotometer via a fiber optic bundle. Using this the absorptive properties of primate cadaver eyes were determined Results A young primate anterior segment has a maximum absorption of 365 nm due to the beta-glucoside of 3-hydroxykynurenine (3-HKG) in the lens. This has a small transmission window to the retina centered at 320 nm, which closes up at around puberty. There is also a steep increase in transmission at wavelengths longer than 400 nm. With aging there is an increase in absorption throughout the visible (up to 550 nm)such that by the 6th decade only 20% of blue light is transmitted to the retina compared to the young primate eye. The increase in absorption is paralleled by an increase in fluorescence. Conclusion Yellowing of the lens seems to be related to reactions of 3-HKG. The window of transmission at 320 nm in the young primate may explain the early increased rate of production of lipofuscin in the retina. The rate of lenticular yellowing is similar to the rate of lipofuscin formation in the retina from 20-70 years, suggesting that the amount of light absorbed by lipofuscin is constant over that span. The role of age related lenticular changes in retinal imaging will be discussed.