cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Competing Speech Perception in Middle Age

Purpose This research forum article summarizes research from our laboratory that assessed middle-aged adults' ability to understand speech in the presence of competing talkers. Method The performance of middle-aged adults on laboratory-based speech understanding tasks was compared to that of younger and older adults. Results Decline in the ability to understand speech in complex listening environments can be demonstrated in midlife. The specific auditory and cognitive contributors to these problems have yet to be established. Conclusion There is evidence that the ability to understand a target speech message in the presence of competing speech messages changes relatively early in the aging process. The nature and impact of these changes warrant further investigation.
PENETRATIVE CONVECTION WITHIN THE ANELASTIC APPROXIMATION

We present a method for studying penetrative convection within the anelastic approximation. This method is then applied to two-dimensional numerical simulations of a convective region bounded below by a stable (radiative) region. Descending plumes penetrate into the stable layer, exciting gravity waves with a spectrum of frequencies limited by the "Brunt-Vaisala" frequency. The depth of penetration depends sensitively on the "stiffness" of the boundary between the unstable and stable layers (quantified by S) and on the vigor of convection. We find scaling relations between the penetrative depth (Δ) and S, spanning 3 orders of magnitude in S. The reference state in these models is allowed to evolve; the convective region tends toward adiabaticity, and for low values of S, the stable region can be altered considerably (an extended superadiabatic region is developed). For high values of S, the stable region is left essentially unchanged.
Conversion of acetylene reduction rates to nitrogen fixation rates in natural populations of blue-green algae.

Abstract Twelve experiments are reported on naturally occurring groups of N2-fixing blue-green algae in which reduction of acetylene and 15N2 were determined simultaneously. Simple averaging of the C 2 H 2 N 2 reduction rates yielded a conversion factor of 4.4. Linear and log transform regression analyses yielded values of 4.8 and 4.2, respectively. Reports estimating nitrogen inputs based on acetylene reduction determinations are evaluated.
Case management: A rich history of coordinating care to control costs

Although case management is perceived by many to be a relatively new concept, it has a rich history dating back to 1863 in the United States. Nursing was a forerunner in the development and implementation of case management systems, which have been used for more than a hundred years to coordinate fragmented services and control costs.
Malaria prophylaxis in travellers: the current position.

Malaria prevention is a main challenge for physicians, nurses, health officers and tour operators. The attack rate of malaria in travellers is 1–10/10,000 departures, and the case fatality rate of imported malaria is around 0.5/100. Travellers should be informed about the risk they are going to take, how to protect against mosquito bites, about the antimalarials they will have to take and about what to do when a malaria breakthrough should occur.
Bisphosphonate therapy for the treatment of skeletal complications in patients with prostate cancer

Osseous metastases and osteoporotic fractures are a serious problem in patients with prostate cancer. As androgen-deprivation therapy is being used earlier in the course of the disease, the risk of osteoporosis and insufficiency fractures is increasing. In this review, the contribution of androgen-deprivation therapy to osteoporosis and bone metastases will be discussed. The role of bisphosphonates in treating osteoporosis and bone metastases will also be reviewed. The review will conclude with a discussion of the toxicities associated with bisphosphonate use.
Effects of Brief Mindfulness Instructions on Reactions to Body Image Stimuli Among Female Smokers: An Experimental Study

Introduction: Recent research has shown that body image stimuli increase negative affect and smoking urges among female smokers. Mindfulness (paying attention to present-moment experience with an attitude of nonjudgmental acceptance) may be a useful technique to minimize the influence of body dissatisfaction on negative affect, smoking urges, and smoking behavior.
Extent of the housing shortage in the united states†: Its economic and social effects; resources available in dealing with it

Has America gone over lo lower housing standards under pressure of house shorlage? And what iuill be lhe social consequences if lower standards prevail?
A DiscontinuoushpFinite Element Method for Diffusion Problems

We present an extension of the discontinuous Galerkin method which is applicable to the numerical solution of diffusion problems. The method involves a weak imposition of continuity conditions on the solution values and on fluxes across interelement boundaries. Within each element, arbitrary spectral approximations can be constructed with different orderspin each element. We demonstrate that the method is elementwise conservative, a property uncharacteristic of high-order finite elements.For clarity, we focus on a model class of linear second-order boundary value problems, and we developpriorierror estimates, convergence proofs, and stability estimates. The results of numerical experiments onh- andp-convergence rates for representative two-dimensional problems suggest that the method is robust and capable of delivering exponential rates of convergence.
Electron microscopic autoradiography of DNA synthesis in cells infected with vaccinia virus.

Abstract Electron microscopic autoradiography was carried out on HeLa and Hep 2 cells that were infected with vaccinia virus. Tritiated thymidine was added to the cultures 3 hr after the virus, and the cells were fixed 30–60 min after exposure to tritiated thymidine. Reacted grains occurred over cytoplasmic foci containing fibrillar material that was clearly demarcated from the rest of the cytoplasm but was not bounded by membrane. Most of the foci were devoid of recognizable viral particles and were thought to be cytoplasmic sites of viral DNA synthesis.
COMPARISON BETWEEN PUPPIES AND ADULT DOGS FOLLOWING INFUSION OF DIGOXIN

The purpose of this experiment was to determine if 3-5 week old Puppies, compared to adult dogs, require proportionately larger doses of digitalis. Digoxin 5 μg/kg body Weight/minute (min) was infused until a strain gauge arch on the left ventricle reached a 30% increase in the force of contraction. At that time serum and myocardial specimens were taken to measure digoxin levels by radiomimmunoassay. Puppies reached 30% increase in force at 23.4(SEM 1.3) min compared to 23.0(SEM 2.7) min in the adult dogs. Correspondingly the total amount of digoxin infused was not different between puppies and adult dogs, 117.0(SEM 6.5) versus 115.0(SEM 13.3)μg of digoxin/kg body weight. There was no significant difference in the serum and myocardial digoxin values between puppies and adult dogs. In other dogs digoxin was infused until digitalis toxicity was produced. Puppies required significantly greater amounts of digoxin before toxicity ensued. Puppies averaged 53.5(SEM 1.3) min infusion of digoxin before reaching toxicity; whereas adult dogs became toxic at 29.0(SEM 2.3) min. These experiments confirm that puppies tolerate proportionately larger doses of digitalis without becoming toxic; however the relatively larger dose of digitalis usually given to the young animal may not be necessary for an equivalent inotropic response.
Comparison of novel computer detectors and human performance for spike detection in intracranial EEG

Abstract Objective Interictal spikes in intracranial EEG (iEEG) may correlate with epileptogenic cortex, but review of interictal iEEG is labor intensive. Accurate automated spike detectors are necessary for understanding the role of spikes in epileptogenesis. Methods The sensitivity, accuracy and reproducibility of three automated iEEG spike detectors were compared against two human EEG readers using iEEG segments from eight patients. A consensus set of detections was generated for detector calibration. Spike verification was calculated after both human EEG readers independently reviewed all detections. Results Humans and two of the three automated detectors demonstrated comparable accuracy. In four patients, automated spike detection sensitivity was >70% and accuracy was >50%. In the remaining four patients, EEG background morphology resulted in poorer performance. Blinded human verification accuracy was 76.7±6.6% for computer-detected spikes, and 84.5±4.1% for human-detected spikes. Conclusions Automated iEEG spike detectors perform comparably to humans, but sensitivity and accuracy are patient dependent. Humans verified the majority of computer-detected spikes. Significance In some patients automated detectors may be used for mapping spike occurrences in epileptic networks. This may reveal associations between spike distribution, seizure onset, and pathology.
The structure of Saturn's rings: Implications from the Voyager stellar occultation

A 100-m resolution has been obtained in the radial direction, across the entire Saturn ring system, in Voyager 2 photopolarimeter observations of Delta Scorpii as it was occulted by the rings. An automatic search with finite Fourier transforms located 13 density waves excited by resonances with Saturn's satellites. Although strong density waves can be easily located, no waves have been identified which have predicted torques/surface mass density values lower than 4 x 10 to the 16th cu cm/sec-squared. This suggests a limit of less than 100 waves to be found in the Saturn rings. Total ring mass is estimated as 5 x 10 to the -8th of the mass of Saturn. The power spectrum for the rings shows no dominant individual wavelengths. The majority of ring structures and most variance in ring optical depth are not explainable by currently entertained physical mechanisms.
Aircraft icing at low temperatures in Tropical Storm Chantal (2001)

[1] Recent in situ measurements of water vapor, meteorological properties, and cloud particles provide evidence for large slushy ice particles at −40°C in an intense tropical updraft. During a flight through Tropical Storm Chantal (20 Aug. 2001), the NASA DC-8 aircraft encountered strong convection, high humidities, high particle concentrations, and plugged probe inlets. This paper addresses the question of whether these observations can be explained with our current understanding of cloud microphysical processes. The microphysical evolution of particles in the updraft is simulated with a model to demonstrate that millimeter-sized slushy ice particles can exist at environmental temperatures below the ice homogeneous nucleation temperature. Supercooled liquid droplets are inferred to exist at higher temperatures in the updraft, below the DC-8 altitude.
Strategy choice and change in programming

Abstract This research studied looping or iterative choice and change, especially between the "while-do" and "repeat-until" looping constructs in the PASCAL programming language. The empirical results from the first experiment, in which subjects were free to choose between the two looping alternatives, indicated that most PASCAL programmers are quite sensitive to the nature of the problems being solved and adaptable in choosing appropriate looping strategies. Another two experiments were performed in which subjects were either forced or induced to use one of the two looping strategies. These two experiments indicated that subjects are quite tenacious in using the appropriate strategy and their performance deteriorates when they are forced to use a different strategy.
Extension of the Polar Coronal Hole Boundary into Interplanetary space

White-light measurements made by the Mk III Mauna Loa K-coronameter and the SOHO LASCO C2 and C3 coronagraphs, extending from 1.15 to 30 Ro, have been combined to show that the boundaries of polar coronal holes, as determined by measurements of path-integrated density, extend approximately radially into interplanetery space.
The effect of age on somatostatin suppression of basal, growth hormone (GH)-releasing factor-stimulated, and dibutyryl adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate-stimulated GH release from rat pituitary cells in monolayer culture.

To test the hypothesis that relative resistance of the somatotroph to somatostatin (SRIF) contributes to elevated circulating levels of GH in the newborn rat, we examined the effects of SRIF (0.1, 0.33, and 1 nM) on basal, human pancreatic GH-releasing factor-40 (hpGRF-40; 1 nM)-stimulated, and (Bu)2cAMP (0.5 mM)-stimulated GH release from pituitary cells of 2-day-old, 15-day-old, and adult Sprague-Dawley rats in monolayer culture. The effect of SRIF oh basal GH release varied markedly with age. SRIF, in the doses studied, did not inhibit basal GH release (nanograms of GH per 106 cells/3 h) from pituitary cultures of 2-day-old rats. In those of 15-day-old rats, only the two higher doses of SRIF (0.33 and 1 nM) suppressed GH release. By contrast, in pituitary cell cultures of adult male and female rats, all doses of SRIF significantly inhibited basal GH release (P < 0.001). Similarly, the degree of SRIF suppression of both hpGRF- 40- and (Bu)2cAMP-stimulated GH release differed among the age groups. In pit...
A Plant Location Guide for the Unsure: Approximation Algorithms for Min-Max Location Problems

This paper studies an extension of the k-median problem under uncertain demand. We are given an n-vertex metric space (V, d) and m client sets \documentclass{aastex} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{bm} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{pifont} \usepackage{stmaryrd} \usepackage{textcomp} \usepackage{portland,xspace} \usepackage{amsmath,amsxtra} \pagestyle{empty} \DeclareMathSizes{10}{9}{7}{6} \begin{document} $\{S_i \subseteq V\}_{i = 1}^m$ \end{document}. The goal is to open a set of k facilities F such that the worst-case connection cost over all the client sets is minimized, i.e., \documentclass{aastex} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{bm} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{pifont} \usepackage{stmaryrd} \usepackage{textcomp} \usepackage{portland,xspace} \usepackage{amsmath,amsxtra} \pagestyle{empty} \DeclareMathSizes{10}{9}{7}{6} \begin{document} $$\min_{F \subseteq V, \,|F| = k}\max_{i \in [m]}\left \{\sum_{j \in S_i} d...
Validation and Designation of Quantitative Trait Loci for Seed Protein, Seed Oil, and Seed Weight from Two Soybean Populations

In soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.], there is limited and inconsistent information on the confirmation of previously reported QTL. The objectives of this study were to: (i) confirm previously reported QTL for seed protein, seed oil, and seed weight in an independent population of PI97100 × 'Coker 237' with the same RFLP markers and (ii) verify previously reported QTL in an independent population of 'Young' × PI416937 for the same seed traits using SSR markers mapped in the same region as the original RFLP markers. Each population consisted of 176 F 24 lines and was grown in randomized complete block trials in two or three different environments. Single-factor analysis of variance was used to verify the QTL that had significant (P ≤ 0.01) associations. In the PI97100 × Coker 237 population, two (cqProt-001 and cqProt-002) of four previously described QTL for seed protein, two (cqOil-001 and cqOil-002) of three QTL for oil content, and none of three QTL for seed weight were confirmed in the independent population. In the Young × PI416937 population, none of the three previously reported QTL for protein was confirmed. One (cqOil-003) of three QTL for oil content and two (cqSd wt-001 and cqSd wt-002) of three QTL for seed weight were verified. The unconfirmed QTL may have been false positive or they may have been specific for the sample of lines used in the original populations. These results confirm the necessity of validating QTL in parallel populations before utilizing them in a plant improvement program.
Genetic and Environmental Impacts on Litter Size and Early Infant Survival in Three Species of Callitrichids

Callitrichids are unusual among anthropoid primates in that they can deliver one to four offspring per litter in captivity. Factors underlying intraspecific variation in litter size are unclear. Data from the Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU) Marmoset Research Center provided an opportunity to investigate determinants of variation in (1) average litter size at birth and (2) average litter size surviving to 2 weeks of age in Saguinus fuscicollis, S. oedipus, and Callithrix jacchus. The objectives were to (1) investigate the impact of parity, husbandry, origin (wild or captive), and subspecific hybridization on phenotypic variance in litter size and (2) to estimate the heritability of litter size at birth and at 14 days. Husbandry changes were the only significant covariate and increased litter size at birth in C. jacchus only. Heritability estimates for average litter size at birth were significant only in S. fuscicollis (h2 = 0.306). Heritability of average litter size at 2 weeks of age was not significantly greater than zero. Estimates of genetic variability were relatively high, however both traits had very high levels of residual variance. The results suggest that litter size is a malleable trait that may respond to environmental factors.
Special Report: An Overview of Research in the Teaching of College Economics

About 460 studies of economic education at the college level have been made during the past seven years. Since this is twice the number of all previous studies of the teaching of college economics, it is clear that there is a growing interest in how we teach the college courses and how effective we are. The author of this special report suggests ways of categorizing those studies, and indicates the percentage of all studies falling in each category. This might help other researchers to note the areas in which the need for additional work is greatest.
Local Effects of Pregnancy on Connexin Proteins That Mediate Ca2+-Associated Uterine Endothelial NO Synthesis

Uterine artery adaptations during gestation facilitate increases in uterine blood flow and fetal growth. Hypothesis: local expression and distribution of uterine artery connexins play roles in mediating in vivo gestational eNOS activation and NO production. We established an ovine model restricting pregnancy to a single uterine horn and measured uterine blood flow, uterine artery shear stress, connexins 37/43, and P 635 eNOS protein levels in uterine artery and systemic artery (omental and renal) endothelium and connexins in vascular smooth muscle. Uterine blood flow and shear stress were locally (unilaterally) and substantially elevated by gestation. During pregnancy, uterine artery endothelial gap junction proteins connexins 37/43 were locally regulated in the gravid horn and elevated 10.3- and 25.6-fold; uterine artery endothelial P 635 eNOS and total eNOS were elevated 3.3- and 2.9-fold; whereas uterine artery vascular smooth muscle connexins 37/43 were locally elevated 12.5- and 5.9-fold, respectively. Less pronounced changes were observed in systemic vasculature except for significant pregnancy-associated increases in omental artery vascular smooth muscle connexin 43 and omental artery endothelial P 635 eNOS and total eNOS. Gap junction blockade using connexin 43, but not connexin 37–specific Gap peptides, abrogated uterine artery endothelial ATP-induced Ca 2+ -mediated NO production. Thus, uterine artery endothelial connexin 43, but not connexin 37, regulates Ca 2+ -mediated NO production required for the vasodilation to accommodate increases in uterine blood flow and shear stress during healthy pregnancies.
Personal Metrics for Practice — How'm I Doing?

Time-limited certification is now a reality for all boards recognized by the American Board of Medical Specialties. Dr. Richard Baron asks, What if I used this process to benchmark and improve the quality of the care I give?
942 CONGENITAL CARDIOGENIC SHOCK AS A RESULT OF PERINATAL ASPHYXIA

Effective treatment of cardiogenic shock (CS) as a result of severe perinatal asphyxia (PA) in preterm infants is dependent on its early recognition and differentiation from RDS. Four preterm infants weighing 1240-2300 g., G.A. 32-34 wks., who had abnormal fetal heart rate pattern and acidosis, developed CS shortly after birth. All were severely depressed at birth and required prolonged resuscitation. ECG, heart rate (HR) and variability, aortic pressure (ABP), right atrial pressure (RAP), core and toe-skin temperatures, arterial blood gases, glucose, calcium, and lactic acid (LA) were measured in all. Respiratory failure requiring assisted ventilation, tachycardia, decreased HR variability, hypotension, elevated RAP, decreased toe and core temperatures, markedly elevated LA and alveolo-arterial oxygen gradients were noted in each shortly after birth. Initial chest radiographs revealed cardiomegaly and diffuse alveolar and interstitial edema. One infant improved spontaneously while 3 infants required iso-proterenol infusion in the first 6 hours. One infant died of persistent CS while 2 infants responded dramatically showing reversal of abnormal findings listed above, enabling discontinuation of assisted ventilation within 24 hours. This data suggests that severe PA may result in myocardial dysfunction leading to CS in preterm infants. Although presentation of CS resembles HMD, it can be differentiated by chest X-rays, elevated RAP and markedly elevated LA. Early use of isoproterenol can reverse severe heart failure leading to rapid recovery.
TU-EE-A4-02: Some Issues With Image Intensity Uniformity Test Performed On 3T MRI Scanners

Purpose: To investigate why Image Intensity Uniformity (IIU) tests performed on commercial 3T MRI systems according to the ACR MR Accreditation Program (MRAP) instructions are subject to frequent failures. Method and Materials: The phantom scanning instructions for ACR MRAP tests specify that a dedicated phantom (ACR phantom) must be used to assess the MRIscanners performance. As a part of required test, an assessment of IIU is performed by measuring the Percent Image Uniformity (PIU) according to the specified formula. The data used in calculation of PIU must be acquired for a rigidly defined scanning protocols, and the process of data collection is also precisely specified. For the 3T MRIscanner to pass the test, the measured PIU must be equal or greater than 82%. PIU tests were performed using the same ACR phantom on five different 3T MR scanners from two different vendors, following the ACR MRAP acquisition and measurement protocol exactly. The scanners tested were installed in routine clinical settings and all head coils, available on site, were tested independently. In addition, if scanner offered multiple gradient performance modes, all modes were tested. Finally, effects of image post‐processing routines, designed to improve the image uniformity and installed on the scanners were investigated as well. Results: A vast majority of PIU tests using non‐postprocessed images failed (more than 95%). All tests that used postprocessed images passed. Upon closer investigation, the likely cause of failures was linked to RF properties of the ACR phantom. Conclusion: The IIU test needs to be carefully reassessed to ensure that it provides a meaningful characterization of MRI scanner's performance, and is not hampered by the limitations imposed by the electromagnetic physics of scanning at 127 MHz, the resonant RF frequency of 3T MRI systems.
962-122 Very Early Noninvasive Imaging of Acute Myocardial Infarcts with Tc-99m-Glucarate

Tc-99m glucarate (TG) has been reported to concentrate in the necrotic myocardial tissues. This study compared TG uptake with the standard methods for the detection of myocardial necrosis in persistently occluded nonreperfused (NR) and reperfused (RP) infarcts, and also assessed how quickly infarcts can be identified by external gamma imaging. Experimental infarcts (MI) were produced by occlusion of LAD coronary artery in 12 rabbits and 4 dogs. LAD territory was reperfused at 3H in all dogs, and at 40 min in 6 rabbits. The remaining 6 rabbits had NR infarcts. Area at risk was assessed by TI-201 (0.5–1.0 mCi) scintigraphy, followed byTG (10 15 mCi) and In-111 antimyosin (AM, 250–600 μCi). Scintigraphic visualization of MI was possible as early as 5 min in RP and 30 min in NR rabbits after TG administration. AM uptake was observed in the RP-MI within 1–3 H; no AM uptake was visualized in NR rabbits. TG target/background uptake ratios in the MI center was 28 in RP rabbits (%ID/g, 0.11 ± 0.01, P = 0.0001), and 12 in NR rabbits (0.064 ± 0.005: P = 0.0001). The corresponding AM ratios were 14: 1 and 2.4: 1, respectively. Blood clearance T½, of TG was 36 min (TV½α = 6, β = 133 min). In canine RP-MI model, unequivocal visualization of the necrotic coronary territory was possible within 4–10 min after iv. TG. There was a direct correlation between TG and AM uptake (r = 0.97, P = 0.0001, n = 314). TI-201 distribution was inversely related to TG (r = -0.79, p = 0.0001) and AM (r = -0.77, P = 0.0001) distribution. Preliminary clinical phase I trial with TG shows encouraging results in both RP and NR infarcts similar to the above experimental studies
Employee benefits communication: proposing a PR-HR cooperative approach

Abstract Management and administration of employee benefits rightfully fall under the purview of the organization's human resource department. So, too, has responsibility for benefits communication, though HR managers may lack the training, time and experience needed to administer a formal communication effort. The researchers use data from two surveys to show the criticality of benefits to recruiting, retention and motivation of quality employees, the prevalence of particular communication approaches and channels, the perceived effectiveness of those channels, and employees’ media preferences in regard to benefits communication. The researchers conclude that public relations managers need to take a much more active role in benefits communication programs.
Increase in Renin Release after Sinoaortic Denervation and Cervical Vagotomy in Anesthetized Dogs (II)

ConclusionsStudies were done to clarify the mechanism whereby sinoaortic denervation and cervical vagotomy increase plasma renin activity (PRA). Dogs were subjected to renal denervation and some of them to adrenalectomy as well. Seven to ten days later, sinoaortic denervation and vagotomy were done under pentobarbital anesthesia. In intact animals, mean PRA increased after sinoaortic denervation and increased further after cervical vagotomy. In dogs with the kidneys denervated, PRA increased after sinoaortic denervation. Cervical vagotomy in these animals caused a further slight, but not statistically significant, increase in mean PRA. In adrenalectomized dogs with the kidneys denervated, PRA did not change after sinoaortic denervation and cervical vagotomy. These results suggest that the increase in PRA after sinoaortic denervation probably results both from increased sympathetic discharge to the kidneys and from catecholamines released from the adrenal medulla, whereas the increase in PRA after cervical...
A computer method for the automatic reduction of spectroscopic data.

A computer program, written in Fortran IV and for use with an associated spectral comparator, has been developed at The Naval Research Laboratory for the purpose of automatically reducing spectroscopic data. A Datex digitalizing magnetic tape recorder in conjunction with a modified Jarrell-Ash microphotometer allows the reading of spectral information from a photographic plate at the rate of twenty-five data pairs per second. Spectra of local interest analyzed by this method are (1) absorption, (2) emission, (3) plasma type, obtained from time-resolved spectroscopic techniques, and (4) solar echellegrams obtained from rocket probings of the upper atmosphere. Markedly useful features of the program are its capabilities of (a) recognizing spectral peaks from a background of variable density, (b) obtaining absolute values for the radiance or irradiance. An essential characteristic of the method is the saving of significant amounts of time in the reduction of photographic spectroscopic data.
Physical Sciences: Sunspots and Planets

MOST current literature on solar activity assumes that the planets do not affect it, and that conditions internal to the Sun are primarily responsible for the solar cycle. Bigg1, however, has shown that the period of Mercury's orbit appears in the sunspot data, and that the influence of Mercury depends on the phases of Venus, Earth, and Jupiter. These four are the “tidal planets”; their relative tidal heights raised on the Sun are Mercury 1.15 + 0.65, Venus 2.17 ± 0.04, Earth 1.00 ± 0.05, and Jupiter 2.28 ± 0.32. The ranges of values are due to the orbit eccentricities. No other planet raises a solar tide greater than 2% of the Earth's contribution. Here I discuss the relationships between planetary tides on the Sun and number of sunspots. The effects attributed to Mercury have been neglected because of their very short period of about 3 months compared with the period of the Sunspot cycle, which averages about 11.1 yr.
Expectation Value Fluctuations in the Unitary Ensemble

The random matrix hypothesis is used to derive the expectation value fluctuations for systems which violate time-reversal symmetry. A general expression is derived for the even moments of a complex direction cosine in an $N$-dimensional unitary space. It is shown that the second and third moments about the mean of the gyromagnetic ratio for the unitary case are obtained from those for the orthogonal ensemble by replacing the dimension $N$ by $2N$ in the case of large dimension.
Cognitive and AI models of reasoning

Although relatively few in number, cognitive neuroscience studies of reasoning have two general implications for cognitive theories of deduction. First, an important distinction among these theories is whether they focus on the effect of personally relevant content on the processes and representations underlying deductive reasoning. Evidence is reviewed indicating that there is a neuroanatomical basis for both content-independent and content-dependent theories of deduction. Clinical and neuroimaging studies appear to show that content-independent reasoning is mediated by the left hemisphere, whereas content-dependent reasoning is mediated by regions in the right hemisphere and the bilateral ventromedial frontal cortex. In normal subjects, reasoning is likely to be based on contributions from both hemispheres. Second, clinical evidence indicates that the visuospatial processes used in deductive reasoning are mediated by the posterior areas of the left hemisphere, and that verbal and visuospatial reasoning representations overlap at the neuroanatomical level. This finding weighs against the claims of mental-model theory that deduction involves a significant nonverbal component. Further investigation, particularly with contemporary neuroimaging methods, is needed to test these preliminary conclusions.
Lightweight, pollution-attack resistant multicast authentication scheme

Authentication is an important security measure for multicast applications, providing receivers with confidence that the packets they receive are valid. Simply signing every multicast packet with a digital signature incurs high overhead; therefore, a scheme such as signature amortization helps reduce this overhead. To tolerate packet loss, erasure codes are employed to enhance signature amortization. However, the use of erasure codes introduces pollution attack, an attack in which the adversary injects packets to disrupt the erasure decoding procedure and consequently denies the authentication service to the receiver. Unfortunately, current solutions to pollution attack are computationally intensive and inefficient. To cope with this problem, we propose a new lightweight, pollution-attack resistant multicast authentication scheme (PARM), which generates evidence that receivers can validate on a fast, per-packet basis. This approach effectively resists pollution attacks and has better performance than previously proposed solutions.
Teaching microprogramming: a firmware laboratory

Many computer science departments are entering into what might be termed 3rd generation teaching of computer science. The first generation of computer science teaching was done in primarily an open shop, hands-on environment. The machines were slow, the operating systems were simple or nonexistent, and debugging quite often depended on reading the state of the machine when it died. One author, for example, fondly recalls his experience on a drum memory machine that used paper tape/flexowriter I/O. The machine had a speaker attached to the accumulator register so that one could hear his program run! It was possible to process very few student programs per day.
Small Mammal Inventories in the East and West Usambara Mountains, Tanzania. 1. Study Areas, Methodologies, and General Results

Abstract The Eastern Arc Mountains of southeastern Kenya and Tanzania hold a rich and unique biodiversity. The most celebrated of these mountains are the East and West Usambaras. Although these massifs have been the subjects of biological study for over a century, little is known about the shrews, bats, and rodents occurring in the montane forests. Using pitfall buckets, small mammal traps, and mist-nets, between 1991 and 1993, we surveyed the small mammals in the Amani area in the East Usambara and Ambangulu area in the West Usambara to document the natural history of the local fauna. These surveys were conducted during the dry season annually between early July and early September. In this chapter, we outline the study sites, methodologies, capture rates, and other trapping details. A total of 18,563 sample-nights was accrued over the three-year study, and on these two massifs, we documented 12 crocidurine shrew, one macroscelidid elephant shrew, 19 bat, and 14 rodent species. Species accumulation curve...
Projectile-impact-location determination: an acoustic triangulation method

A unique method of determining the impact position of a projectile has been developed which is based on the measurement of acoustic waves generated by the impact of the projectile on a target screen and incorporates three microphones positioned at the screen corners. By detecting and measuring the differences in arrival times of the airborne sound wave at three points, the impact location can be found. A closed form solution to the nonlinear equations expressing the impact location in terms of the differences in arrival times of the sound waves has been found. The technique has been applied to golf balls striking a screen of dimensions 2.5 m by 3.0 m, with an accuracy of position measurement of . The system has been demonstrated over a wide range of projectile velocities from as little as up to speeds of over .
Testing the relative importance of contemporaneous offenses: The impacts of fear of sexual assault versus fear of physical harm among men and women

Abstract Purpose The current study tests the shadow of sexual assault hypothesis and extends recent research by examining whether the fear of physical harm or the fear of sexual assault has a greater impact on fear of other crimes. Methods To determine the unique interaction between gender and fear, we conduct separate analyses among men and women. Results While fear of physical harm and fear of sexual intrusion are both predictive of fear of home invasion, robbery, and murder, fear of physical harm has a significantly greater impact across all types of fear (e.g., home invasion, robbery, murder). Conclusions Despite previous empirical evidence that suggests fear operates differently among men and women, our findings suggest that fear of physical harm – rather than fear of sexual intrusion – is a more robust predictor of fear of crime among both men and women.
High expression of AURKA and AURKB is associated with unfavorable cytogenetic abnormalities and high white blood cell count in patients with acute myeloid leukemia.

Abstract In the present study, we analyzed AURKA and AURKB gene expression in 70 acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients. There was no difference between leukemic samples and bone marrow mononuclear cells (BMMCs, n = 8) or CD34 + progenitors ( n = 10) from healthy donors. High white blood cells (WBC) counts were observed in the AURKA + and AURKB + groups, but no significant differences regarding age, gender, platelet counts or frequency of FLT3-ITD mutations. AURKA , but not AURKB , expression was independently associated with high WBC counts (OR: 3.15, 95%CI 1.07–9.24, p = 0.03). Moreover, the majority of cases that overexpressed AURKA and AURKB presented unfavorable cytogenetic abnormalities ( p AURKA/B and cytogenetics findings in AML, which may be relevant to new therapeutic approaches, based on Aurora kinase inhibitors.
A sweep and translate algorithm for computing voxelized 3D Minkowski sums on the GPU

Computing the Minkowski sum of two arbitrary polyhedra in R^3 is difficult because of high combinatorial complexity. We present an algorithm for directly computing a voxelization of the Minkowski sum of two closed watertight input polyhedra for applications such as path planning that do not require a boundary representation as output. We introduce a new decomposition formula for computing the Minkowski sum and prove its correctness. We describe an efficient Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) implementation of the algorithm using stencil shadow volumes to create a solid voxelization of the Minkowski sum.
Chemokine-induced trafficking of T cells into the meninges through the brain "gates"

pathways (PTPN6, SLC3A2, VAV3, DDR1) and modulators of oxidative stress (MT1A, HMOX1, SLC30A1) were also significantly affected by the CBD treatment. The microarray results were confirmed using qPCR on selected gene targets. Immunoblotting demonstrated that CBD reduces IL-17 by decreasing STAT3 phosphorylation and increasing that of STAT5. In conclusion, our observations increase our understanding of the mechanisms of the anti-inflammatory activities of CBD.
A literature synthesis of health promotion research in salons and barbershops

Context: Barbershops and beauty salons are located in all communities and frequented by diverse groups of people, making them key settings for addressing health disparities. No studies have reviewed the growing body of literature describing studies promoting health in these settings. This review summarized the literature related to promoting health within barbershops and beauty salons to inform future approaches that target diverse populations in similar settings. Evidence acquisition: We identified and reviewed published research articles describing formative research, recruitment, and health-related interventions set in beauty salons and barbershops. PubMed and other secondary search engines were searched in 2010 and again in 2013 for English-language papers indexed from 1990 through August 2013. The search yielded 113 articles, 71 of which were formerly reviewed, and 54 were eligible for inclusion. Evidence synthesis: Included articles were categorized as formative research (n¼27); recruitment (n¼7); or intervention (n¼20). Formative research studies showed that owners, barbers/stylists, and their customers were willing participants, clarifying the feasibility of promoting health in these settings. Recruitment studies demonstrated that salon/shop owners will join research studies and can enroll customers. Among intervention studies, level of stylist/barber involvement was categorized. More than 73.3% of intervention studies demonstrated statistically significant results, targeted mostly racial/ethnic minority groups and focused on a variety of health topics. Conclusions: Barbershops and beauty salons are promising settings for reaching populations most at risk for health disparities. Although these results are encouraging, more rigorous research and evaluation of future salon- and barbershop-based interventions are needed. (Am J Prev Med 2014;47(1):77–85) & 2014 American Journal of Preventive Medicine
Flt3 ligand as a vaccine adjuvant in association with HER-2/neu peptide-based vaccines in patients with HER-2/neu-overexpressing cancers.

Dendritic cells (DCs) are potent antigen-presenting cells and have shown promise to function as “natural” vaccine adjuvants. Currently, most cancer vaccine trials using DCs generate autologous DCs ex vivo for each patient. Systemic treatment with Flt3 ligand (FL) results in a marked increase of DCs in tissues such as spleen and lymph nodes in mice and in the peripheral blood and skin of humans. In light of these observations, we questioned whether FL could be used systemically as a vaccine adjuvant to stimulate DC mobilization in vivo, circumventing the need to generate DCs ex vivo. Ten patients with HER-2/neu–overexpressing cancer were enrolled in a phase 1 study to receive a HER-2/neu peptide-based vaccine targeting the intracellular domain of the HER-2/neu protein. All patients received 20 μg/kg FL per day subcutaneously for 14 days. Five patients received the HER-2/neu peptide-based vaccine alone on day 7 of the 14-day cycle, and 5 patients received the vaccine admixed with 150 μg granulocyte macrophage–colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) on day 7 of the FL cycle. T-cell proliferative responses to HER-2/neu peptides and intracellular domain protein suggest that vaccine regimens including FL as an adjuvant were not effective in eliciting a significant HER-2/neu protein-specific T-cell proliferative response. However, including FL as a vaccine adjuvant was effective in boosting the precursor frequency of interferon-γ–secreting HER-2/neu–specific T cells. The small sample size of each group, however, did not allow a statistically significant comparison of immune responses between the FL alone and FL with GM-CSF arms. Finally, vaccine regimens including FL as a vaccine adjuvant were associated with the development of apparent autoimmune phenomena in some patients.
Stability constants for the formation of lead chloride complexes as a function of temperature and ionic strength.

Abstract The stability constants for the formation of lead (Pb2+) with chloride Pb 2 + + n Cl - ↔ PbCl n 2 - n β n ( n = 1 , 2 , 3 ) have been determined using a spectrophotometric method in NaClO4 solutions as a function of ionic strength (0–6 m) and temperature (15–45 °C). The results have been fitted to the equations: log β 1 ∗ = log β 1 + 0.21 I - 8.61 I 0.5 / ( 1 + 1.2 I 0.5 ) + 1927.40 [ I 0.5 / ( 1 + 1.2 I 0.5 ) ] / T log β 2 ∗ = log β 2 + 0.32 I - 4.67 I 0.5 ( 1 + 1.2 I 0.5 ) + 594.54 [ I 0.5 / ( 1 + 1.2 I 0.5 ) ] / T log β 3 ∗ = log β 3 + 0.40 I - 2.68 I 0.5 ( 1 + 1.2 I 0.5 ) - 43.98 [ I 0.5 / ( 1 + 1.2 I 0.5 ) ] / T with standard errors of 0.05, 0.04 and 0.06, respectively. The thermodynamic values of log β1, log β2 and log β3 at 25.0 °C and the enthalpies of formation of PbCl+, PbCl 2 0 and PbCl 3 - are in good agreement with literature values. We have combined our results with the earlier work of [Seward, T.M., 1984. The formation of lead (II) chloride complexes to 300 °C: a spectrophotometric study. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 48, 121–134.] Seward (1984) to yield thermodynamic constants that are valid from 15 to 300 °C: log β 1 = 44.82 + 0.031 T - 21.21 log T log β 2 = 61.42 + 0.046 T - 29.51 log T log β 3 = 107.97 + 0.071 T - 51.46 log T with standard errors of 0.05, 0.08 and 0.10, respectively.
Low-energy differential scattering of electrons and positrons from noble gases

Calculations of cross sections for electron (${\mathit{e}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$) and positron (${\mathit{e}}^{+}$) scattering from ground-state He, Ne, Ar, Kr, and Xe at projectile energies below the lowest inelastic thresholds are presented. The main focus in the present work is on the differential cross sections, since angular distributions depend sensitively on the choice of interaction potentials used in the calculations. A part of the interaction potential used in the calculations includes a parameter-free correlation-polarization potential which is (a) based on physical ideas of what a correlation-polarization potential should be, (b) different for various target gases, and (c) distinct for electron and positron scattering. The present calculations of differential cross sections predict the locations of the principal maxima and minima with good accuracy and the shapes of the calculated differential cross-section curves compare quite well with available experimental cross sections.
Rosacea: new and emerging treatments.

Rosacea is a chronic inflammatory skin condition that negatively impacts patients’ quality of life. We sought to review important aspects of the pathogenesis of rosacea and the role of new treatment options in its management. New, emerging treatments show promise; however, quality randomized controlled trials for many of these drugs are lacking. Brimonidine tartrate is an effective newly approved treatment for erythematotelangiectatic rosacea. Topical oxymetazoline has potential for the treatment of erythematotelangiectatic rosacea, with efficacy described in case reports and randomized controlled trials currently underway. Both oral and topical ivermectin have been studied for the treatment of papulopustular rosacea, both showing benefit; however, only topical ivermectin 1 % cream has been studied in randomized controlled trials. As our understanding of the etiology of rosacea continues to evolve, so will our options for therapeutic interventions. Further studies need to be performed to assess the long-term safety and efficacy of these treatments.
Family pictures: growing up with a brother with X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency.

Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) is a rare syndrome of profoundly impaired immunity, most often X-linked (XSCID). In past generations male infants with XSCID succumbed to infections during the first year of life, but prompt diagnosis and bone marrow transplantation currently make survival possible for over 80%. This treatment typically requires hospitalization for several months; thus, the burden on the family is considerable. We assessed the psychological impact on sibs of boys with XSCID. Forty adult sibs from families studied by J.M.P. were interviewed by J.H.F., and rating scales developed. The majority expressed distress over prolonged maternal absence during the affected child's hospitalization; 67% believed the mother had unsuccessfully mourned son(s) who died of XSCID. Half of the sibs reported that communication in the family about XSCID had been poor. Families with a spontaneous mutation were significantly more likely to report separation issues (P = 0.05), perhaps due to stronger maternal guilt. Family communication was significantly related to parental mourning (P = 0.001) and to survivor guilt (P = 0.05). Difficulties for daughters included desire to repair the mother's loss of her own child, as well as attempts to undo feelings of being flawed, by heightened wishes to bear a healthy son. In light of these findings we suggest: 1) bone marrow transplantation and the period of isolation places great stress on the family; parents need help balancing needs of well sibs with needs of the affected son; 2) parents need help with mourning the loss of a son so family secrets will not prevail; and 3) sibs, both bone marrow donors and non-donors, face psychological risks and need support.