cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The use of laser capture microscopy in proteomics research--a review.

The sequencing of the human genome began with much fanfare in 1990 with the start of the Human Genome Project. Major portions of that program have been completed since the interim draft of the human sequence was published in 2001 [1]. Scientists now turn their attention to an even more complex and arduous task, characterizing the human ‘proteome’. The term proteome was coined to describe all the proteins present in a cell, tissue, or an organism [2]. The human genome consists of roughly three billion base pairs of deoxyribonucleic acid, encoding about 30,000 genes. By means of alternative splicing of messenger RNA, these genes are thought to encode over 100,000 proteins. Yet this number only hints at the complexity of the human proteome, for each protein is modified posttranslationally, is expressed in differing amounts in different tissues under different conditions, and interacts in broad networks with other proteins to regulate the physiology of the cell and the organism overall. Thus, characterizing all these proteins and deducing their role, which is the goal of the science of ‘proteomics’, will require a number of new and innovative tools [3]. The study of proteins is not new. In fact, the field of biochemistry was built on the study of proteins functioning as enzymes. Tools from that era are constantly being adapted to further our understanding of proteins during the ‘proteomic’ era. The tools can be used alone or in combination with one another to separate, purify, and ultimately identify proteins. For instance, twodimensional gel electrophoresis (2DE) can separate a complex mixture of proteins into its constituent proteins based on their size and charge. From 3000 to 10,000 proteins can be separated into spots on a gel depending on the sensitivity of the spot detection method that is used [4]. Mass spectrometry can be used to further characterize the separated proteins, even identify specific proteins sequences based on the mass spectrum produced. Newer techniques such as surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (SELDI TOF MS) are building on older technologies to create high-throughput methods to characterize proteins in serum or in a cell [5]. A new technology that is increasingly being employed in proteomics research is laser capture microscopy.
Effects of Cutrine-Plus® algaecide and predators on wood frog (Lithobates sylvaticus) tadpole survival and growth

Copper contamination is increasing in many aquatic ecosystems. One mode by which copper can be introduced into aquatic ecosystems is as an algaecide, such as Cutrine-Plus®. Using a mesocosm experiment, we examined the effects of Cutrine-Plus® on wood frog (Lithobates sylvaticus) tadpoles. In addition, we examined how the presence of a nonnative predator the Western mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis) may interact with exposure to Cutrine-Plus®. Exposure to our low and high Cutrine-Plus® treatments had a strong negative effect on the wood frog tadpoles, and survivorship was greatly decreased in the low treatment, and no tadpoles survived in the high treatment. Additionally, the tadpoles that survived the low treatment were significantly smaller than those in the control treatment. Mosquitofish had no effect on the survivorship or growth of wood frog tadpoles, and mosquitofish presence did not have a significant interaction with the Cutrine-Plus® treatments. Cutrine-Plus® clearly had a negative effect on wood frog tadpoles at the concentrations used in our experiment, which were at and below the label-recommended dosages, suggesting that the use of Cutrine-Plus® in natural ponds may have negative consequences for wood frog populations and possibly other amphibians.
Formation of Nanocrystalline Titanium Dioxide in Perfluorinated Ionomer Membrane

The formation of crystalline titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles in Nafion membrane structure was investigated. The X-ray powder diffraction and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM) results show that these nanoparticles are pure anatase TiO2. The TEM results also show that the crystalline TiO2 nanoparticles are ellipse in shape, with an estimated average aspect ratio (long axis/short axis) of 1.4. The average size of the TiO2 nanoparticles, which is independent of the loading of titanium, is similar to the estimated dimensions of the hydrophilic cavities in Nafion membrane in terms of the ion cluster model. However, there is no evidence for any TiO2 nanoparticles in the proposed channels that connect the hydrophilic cavities. The fact that the TiO2 nanoparticles are distributed homogeneously throughout the Nafion membrane structure suggests that the nanoparticles-embedded membrane still maintains a certain degree of porosity. The properties and potential applications of the Nafion-supp...
Families living with HIV

Abstract Given the historical emergence of the AIDS epidemic first among gay men in the developed world, HIV interventions have primarily focused on individuals rather than families. Typically not part of traditional family structures, HIV-positive gay men in Europe and the US lived primarily in societies providing essential infrastructure for survival needs that highly value individual justice and freedom. Interventions were thus designed to focus on at-risk individuals with programmes that were age and gender segregated. As the epidemic has unfolded, the early focus on individuals has become inadequate: families live with HIV, not just individuals. Families’ structure, economy, migration patterns, and developmental life cycles are affected by HIV, and these changes radiate throughout the community creating parallel stresses. Family-based, intergenerational models of detection, prevention and treatment services offer enhanced opportunities for effective interventions and suggest very different interventi...
Precision in Career Motivation Assessment: Testing the Subjective Science Attitude Change Measures

The Subjective Science Attitude Change Measures (SSACM; Stake & Mares, 2001) represent a collection of useful self-report tools for assessing change in high school students' science attitudes as a function of a given motivational intervention. Despite the survey's utility, little work has been done to examine this tool among other samples (i.e., college students) or to test the psychometric properties and overall construct validity of SSACM scores. Participants (N ¼ 1,368) consisted of undergraduate students enrolled in biology, chemistry, and physics laboratory classes. Analysis of the SSACM's factor structure using exploratory structural equation modeling indicated support for a bifactor structure consisting of one general science motivation factor and three specific factors labeled intrinsic science interest, science career identity, and science self-efficacy. This model outper- formed alternative bifactor and specific two- and three-factor models. Results largely yielded evidence of concurrent validity, as three of the four scale scores were significant positive predictors of relevant outcomes over and above the contribution of gender, parental occupation type, and mastery motivation. Implications for science career counseling and assessment are discussed.
SPONTANEOUS AUTOIMMUNITY IN MICE: ANTIBODIES TO NUCLEOPROTEIN IN STRAIN A-J.

An antibody to nucleoprotein, which appears to be an autoantibody, occurs in the γ-globulin fraction of serum from mice of the A/J strain. This antibody combines with nucleoprotein of several species but not with calf thymus DNA. The frequency of its occurrence increases with age and is greater in females. Serums that contain the antibody produce typical lupus erythematosus cells in vitro.
The role of basic helix-loop-helix genes in vertebrate retinogenesis.

The developing eye is a favorite model for the study of pattern formation and cell fate determination. Retinal neuron development, in particular, is an approachable system to study molecular and cellular aspects of cell determination and differentiation. Basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors are important regulators of retinal neurogenesis. Proneural bHLH genes have highly defined expression in the developing retina that are influenced by pattern formation and cell specification pathways. Each retinal cell class has unique bHLH requirements, implying that these genes regulate neuronal identity and function. Therefore, proneural genes represent a molecular focal point through which epithelial cells are transformed into a precise neural network. In this review, we focus on the bHLH factor Ath5, an important regulator of retinal ganglion cell development, and discuss factors that regulate its expression in the retina and the target genes through which it may confer specific neuronal properties.
NMR study of water molecule dynamics in ferroelectric Rochelle salt

Abstract The molecular dynamics of H 2 O groups in Rochelle salt has been studied by proton spin-lattice relaxation time ( T 1ϱ ) measurements in the rotating frame as well as deuteron T 1 measurements in the region from 170–323°K. The NMR correlation times obtained from the T 1ϱ minimum are by three orders of magnitude longer than the dielectric ones. This and the absence of any “ferroelectric” contribution to the relaxation rates demonstrates that the H 2 O molecules are not the main ferroelectric dipoles in the structure.
Mapping the cytokine profile of painful bladder syndrome/interstitial cystitis in human bladder and urine specimens

Purpose This study investigated the cytokine profile in bladder tissue and urine of painful bladder syndrome/interstitial cystitis (PBS/IC) patients.
Approach Versus Avoidance Goals: Differences in Seff-Evaluation and Well-Being

Proceeding from a model of feature-positive goal monitoring, two studies tested hypothesized associations between approach goals and positive self-evaluations and between avoidance goals and negative self-evaluations. The existence of feature-positive searches in goal monitoring was expected to bias self-evaluations toward perceiving success for approach goals and failure for avoidance goals. Study 1 established the existence of a relationship between goal framing and global self-evaluations, or psychological well being, subjects with more avoidance goals evaluated themselves more negatively on measures of self-steem, optimism, and depression. Study 2 confirmed the causal role of goal framing in this relationship, for self perceptions of success and satisfaction differed as a function of manipulated approach versus avoidance goals.
Reconsidering the Social Security Notch and retirement: Wealth and incentive effects

Using the Health and Retirement Study, we show that studies using the Social Security Notch cannot separately identify the effects of retirement wealth and forward-looking incentives on retirement because the Notch natural experiment changed both factors in offsetting ways.
The alveolar-arterial difference for O2 and CO2 in an infinite alveolus lung model

Abstract An infinite-alveolus model of the lung is developed with a continuous distribution of local alveolar ventilation and local perfusion. In this model we treat only linear distributions of these two variables. First approximations to the exact analytic expressions are derived for the alveolar-arterial partial pressure difference for both oxygen and carbon dioxide, that is, the A-a P O 2 and the A-a P CO 2 differences.
Spectroscopic investigation of U(VI) sorption at the calcite-water interface

The interaction of U(VI) species with the calcite surface in pre-equilibrated calcite suspensions at pH 7.4 and 8.3 and P(CO2) = 10−3.5 bar was characterized in situ using extended X-ray absorption spectroscopy (EXAFS) and luminescence spectroscopies. Results indicate that uranyl triscarbonate-like adsorption complexes dominate at U(VI) solution concentrations <500 μM, whereas the formation of U(VI) hydroxide and carbonato precipitates is observed at higher concentrations, consistent with isotherm data and aqueous speciation calculations. The EXAFS data indicate weak splitting in the equatorial O shell of the U(VI) adsorption complexes, which may indicate that the adsorption complexes are bound in an inner-sphere fashion at the calcite surface, although no Ca backscattering could be positively identified. The luminescence data indicate the presence of at least two adsorption complexes that change proportion with U(VI) loading. One species, dominating at low-surface coverage, is the uranyl triscarbonate complex. A second species is observed at higher surface loadings with a luminescence spectrum that is intermediate between the triscarbonate species found at the lowest loadings and uranyl incorporated into bulk polycrystalline calcite. The combined EXAFS and luminescence data indicate that the U(VI) adsorption complexes forming at the calcite surface are triscarbonate-like complexes, with a change in interaction with calcite surface sites as the surface loading increases, and the formation of U(VI) hydroxide/carbonato precipitates at high concentrations. Consequently, multiple uranyl species are likely to exist at the calcite surface during interaction of U(VI)-containing waters in the near-surface environment. Furthermore, complex sorption/desorption behavior and kinetics may be associated with differing stabilities of sorbed U(VI) species in calcite-containing materials.
Community as Laboratory: Reflections From Rochester, New York, in Celebration of the Dedication of the Robert J. Haggerty Child Health Services Research Laboratories

The dedication of the Robert J. Haggerty Child Health Services Research Laboratories at the University of Rochester (New York) Medical Center in October 2004 provided an opportunity to reflect on the current state of child health services research. Dr Haggerty had a grand vision for using the community in which children live as a laboratory for studying the varied medical, psychosocial, and behavioral morbidities that affect them. He believed that the diverse problems faced by children were best studied by a multidisciplinary team, including both academic and community pediatricians, epidemiologists, sociologists, policy makers, and community leaders. Research done in the community involving front-line providers allows investigation into the most challenging and relevant problems faced by children. To this end, Dr Haggerty made collaboration and cooperation between the community and the academic medical center a priority during his tenure at Rochester. His vision of community as laboratory continues through the child health services research emanating from the Haggerty Laboratories. Nevertheless, many barriers remain that need to be overcome for the sake of improving the lives of children in the United States and throughout the world.
Resolution enhancement by interpixel interference elimination

This paper proposes a multiframe resolution enhancement algorithm by iteratively estimating and eliminating interpixel interference from neighboring pixels. The rationale is based on the observation that resolution reduction is caused by low-pass filtering nature of the image acquisition device as well as the digital zooming procedure. Both introduce interference between neighboring pixels. At a given location, the interpixel interference is from an integral effect of several low-pass filtering processes, each determined by one of its neighboring pixels. We propose using a Gaussian mixture to model the probability of the integral interpixel interference. The Gaussian mixture is determined by both the local image constraints and the local variation indicator (LVI). Local image constraints come from the image derivative priors, which evaluate the similarity between the current pixel and its neighborhood. A larger image derivative prior implies more interference. We use differences between the current pixel and its neighboring pixels as the image derivative priors. The LVI shows the reliability of the neighboring pixels. The LVI is obtained from both the temporal variation and the spatial variation. Neighboring pixels with larger LVIs are considered less reliable; hence, they provide less information for inferring the interpixel interference. Also, we show from the frequency domain representation that interpixel interference can actually be related to high-frequency loss. By estimating and compensating the missing high-frequency details iteratively, we can recover images with higher resolution. Experimental evaluation on varying inputs, including faces, synthetic text subjects, as well as license plates, validates the algorithm.
Morphological and cytochemical studies of synapses formed in culture between isolated rat superior cervical ganglion neurons.

Neurons from the superior cervical ganglia (SCG) of perinatal rats were mechanically dissociated and established in culture by a method modified from that of Bray ('70). The neurons attached to the collagen substrate with some degree of reaggregation, and their rapidly growing processes soon formed an interconnecting network. Light and electron microscope examination showed that the morphology of the cultured cells resembled that of the SCG principal cell; neither satellite cells nor the small intensely fluorescent interneurons were observed. After six to seven days in culture, synapses were seen on both the principal cell somata and on their processes. After aldehyde fixation, the synapses contained clear, pleiomorphic vesicles; after KMnO4 fixation a variable number of the vesicles contained dense cores. After reserpine treatment and KMnO4 fixation the synaptic vesicles of the cultured networks contained few dense cores. Similarly treated cultured networks showed an increase in the number of synaptic vesicles with dense cores if incubated with dihydroxyphenylalanine prior to fixation, but a suppression of this increase in the presence of a specific inhibitor of dopamine B-hydroxylase, FLA 63. The morphology of synapses in the cultured networks was compared to that of endings in the intact rat SCG and iris in vivo, both before and after treatment with norepinephrine and 5-hydroxydopamine. The vesicles in the synaptic endings in cultures were found to resemble those of the adrenergic endings of the rat iris, and to be similar to those seen within neuronal processes in the rat SCG. Our findings indicate that adrenergic synapses are formed between isolated SCG principal neurons in culture, and thus support recent evidence that such synapses occur in the intact rat SCG. The absence of other tissues which could receive innervation, and of ensheathing satellite cells, may provide a possible explanation for their frequency in the culture situation.
Formation of double cubanes [Sn7(NR)8] in the reactions of pyridyl and pyrimidinyl amines with Sn(NMe2)2: A synthetic and theoretical study

In contrast to the reactions of Sn(NMe2)2 with unfunctionalized primary amines (RNH2), which yield the simple imido SnII cubanes [SnNR]4, the reactions of 2-pyridyl or 2-pyrimidinyl amines give the mixed-oxidation-state SnII/SnIV double cubanes [Sn7(NR)8]. In addition to [Sn7{2-N(5-Mepy)}8]·2thf (1·2thf) (py = pyridine) and [Sn7{2-N(pm)}8]·0.33thf (2·0.33thf) (pm = pyrimidine), which were communicated previously, the syntheses and structures of the new complexes [Sn7{2-N(4-Mepm)}8]·2thf (3·2thf), [Sn7{2-N(4,6-Me2pm)}8]·4thf (4·4thf), [Sn7{2-N(4-Me-6-MeO-pm)}8] (5), and [Sn7{2-N(4-MeO-6-MeO-pm)}8] (6) are reported. Model DFT calculations on the reactions of Sn(NMe2)2 with 2-pmNH2 or PhNH2, producing the cubanes [Sn{2-N(pm)}]4 and [SnNPh]4 (respectively), and the corresponding double cubanes [Sn7{2-N(pm)}8] and [Sn7(NPh)8], show that the presence of intramolecular Sn···N bonding which spans the cubane halves of the complexes is crucial to the formation of the double-cubane structure.
Theoretical basis for nursing diagnosis in mental health nursing.

(1984). Theoretical Basis for Nursing Diagnosis in Mental Health Nursing. Issues in Mental Health Nursing: Vol. 6, No. 1-2, pp. 53-71.
Gel filtered fossil and fresh gelatins.

Abstract 1. 1. Amino acid analyses have been made of fractions obtained by Sephadex gel filtration of fresh and Pleistocene fossil gelatins. Their similarities support the idea that the protein in these fossils is little-altered collagen and not an aggregate of peptide fragments. 2. 2. The total gelatins have the amino acid ratios characteristic of collagen but fractions made up of the shorter peptides may exhibit ratios that are different. 3. 3. Gelatins made at temperatures up to 120°C have consisted entirely of peptides but prolonged heating at 140°C has produced large amounts of free amino acids. 4. 4. A few observations have been made on the stability of heated collagen as an indication of the history of protein-containing vertebrate fossils.
A white lesion of the buccal mucosa

A A ss-year-old woman visited an emergency clinic (Department of Diagnostic Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh) with a five -day history of dental pain. Her medical history included hypertension that was controlled with a calcium channel blocker, type 2 diabetes that was controlled with glyburide and an allergy to penicillin. The patient reported that her mandibular left second molar had been restored several years earlier. Within the previous week, however, she had begun to experience increasingly intense, throbbing pain and pain when chewing with that tooth. In an effort to relieve the discomfort, the patient took 200-milligram ibuprofen tablets every few hours, which provided only minimal relief. Several days later, she sought treatment. The extraoral examination revealed no facial swelling.
The effect of electrical shock and warning on cooperation in a non-zero-sum game:

It has been generally accepted that if both players in a two-person game have a means of retaliation they will use it to their mutual detriment (Deutsch and Krauss, 1960; Komorita, Shepesh, and Braver, 1968). The present authors suggest that the loss of points incurred by the use of the "gate" (Deutsch and Krauss, 1960) and the point reduction used as threat (Komorita, Shepesh, and Braver, 1968) have important differences from the "real life" situation to which they are usually generalized. It is believed that point reduction makes the game more complex and puts the emphasis on competition (Kelly, 1965). In "real life" punishment is not in the same mode or currency as the "game" being played. This experiment therefore tests the effect of punishment outside the point structure (electric shock) on the amount of cooperation between players. In an attempt to make the results even more generalizable to "real life" situations, the effect of being able to warn the other individual of one's readiness to punish is also studied. Two rival hypotheses are possible concerning the effect of warning on the number of electrical shocks given. One hypothesis, coming from animal social behavior suggests that a warning signal serves the function of reducing the amount of actual physical combat occurring within a group. Failure to learn these warning signals has been repeatedly used as an explanation for the increased aggression shown in the isolate-reared and the zoo-reared animals. An alternate hypothesis which comes from the human literature suggest that repeated warnings will cause the subject to actually go through with the threatened electrical shock as a means of saving face by remaining "true to his word". To investigate these questions, we used a version of the Prisoner's Dilemma game.
Behavior of a nonlinear resonator driven at subharmonic frequencies

We have experimentally investigated the behavior of a driven nonlinear electrical resonator over a large region of its control parameter space. If one regards the various responses of the resonator as different ``phases'' and constructs a ``phase diagram'' in the system control parameter space, many intriguing regularities become apparent. At drive frequencies far below the system's resonant frequency, there exists a series of regions which are bounded by contours that mark the successive bifurcations in a period-doubling route to chaos. There are geometrical regularities in the size and location of these regions, and we suggest empirical scaling laws to describe these features. The appearance of period doubling and chaos in nonlinear systems that are driven far below resonance can have considerable practical significance and, in the empirical observations that are given in this paper, are a step in understanding the global parameter-space behavior of nonlinear systems.
Do protons block Na+ channels by binding to a site outside the pore?

In a detailed structural model of the Na+ channel which has evolved over the past decade, the selectivity of the channel for cations1,2, the voltage-dependence of channel block by protons3 and other small cations2, and block by tetrodotoxin (TTX)4,5 all depend on the presence of a negatively charged site inside the channel that is part of a constriction called the ‘selectivity filter’. Much of the detail inherent in the model arises from Woodhull's quantitative desciption of the voltage dependence of Na+ channel block by protons3, in which the apparent relief of block observed at positive potentials occurs because the blocking site is located inside the sodium channel ∼25% of the way through the membrane voltage drop. I report here that proton block of skeletal muscle Na+ channels, determined from tail currents, is voltage-independent, and that the apparent voltage-dependent block of peak Na+ currents is instead an effect of low pH on channel kinetics. These results suggest that the proton binding site lies effectively outside the membrane field and thus at or outside the channel mouth. As a consequence, present models of the channel interior will need to be re-examined and substantially modified.
The Interaction Between Age and List Length in Free Recall

Using the "delayed-recall" procedure developed by Shiffrin (1970), the effects of list length on encoding, storage, and retrieval processes in different aged subjects were assessed. The length of a list interpolated in the retention interval did not interact with age, while an interaction was found between age and the length of list being recalled. Age differences in the probability of recall decreased as the length of the list being recalled increased. This interaction was replicated in a second experiment with immediate recall. This interaction seems most compatible with the hypothesis that older persons use less spontaneous organization during list learning. List length primarily disrupts the ability of younger subjects to develop adequate organizational plans (2.e., longer lists are more difficult to organize), and because older subjects are organizing less, they are less affected by the increases in list length.
Erigeron salmonensis (Asteraceae), a rare new species from Idaho

Erigeron salmonensis, a diploid (n=9) species known only from one location in the Salmon River canyon of Idaho, is described and illustrated. The species appears to be most closely related toE. arenarioides, an endemic of northern Utah.Erigeron salmonensis differs in its long, naked, eglandular peduncles; longer leaves; smaller heads with fewer phyllaries; and longer, fewer ray florets. Federal Endangered or Threatened status may be warranted if additional populations are not discovered.
A Unified Theory Of Radiation From Relativistic Charged Particles In Crystals

We present a comprehensive, quantum mechanical treatment of the spontaneous radiation emitted by a relativistic charged particle traversing a crystal in the systematic reflections geometry. Unlike previous models, this one includes the full three-dimensional periodicity of the crystal potential and is valid for all regimes of particle motion. The emission frequencies are shown to be determined by a combination of two mechanisms: momentum transfer to the lattice and interband or intraband transitions in the potential that is perpendicular to the plane of the channel. Those frequencies that rely on momentum transfer are determined by the period of the potential either in the atomic planes that define the channel or perpendicular to them. Both mechanisms are shown to be important in describing the spectrum of the emitted radiation.© (1984) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Stimulation of cell elongation in teleost rod photoreceptors by distinct protein kinase inhibitors.

: The rod photoreceptors of teleost retinas elongate in the light. To characterize the role of protein kinases in elongation, pharmacological studies were carried out with rod fragments consisting of the motile inner segment and photosensory outer segment (RIS-ROS). Isolated RIS-ROS were cultured in the presence of membrane-permeant inhibitors that exhibit selective activity toward specific serine/threonine protein kinases. We report that three distinct classes of protein kinase inhibitors stimulated elongation in darkness: (1) cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA)-selective inhibitors (H-89 and KT5720), (2) a protein kinase C (PKC)-selective inhibitor (GF 109203X) that affects most PKC isoforms, and (3) a kinase inhibitor (H-85) that does not affect PKC and PKA in vitro. Other kinase inhibitors tested neither stimulated elongation in darkness nor inhibited light-induced elongation; these include the myosin light chain kinase inhibitors ML-7 and ML-9, the calcium-calmodulin kinase II inhibitor KN-62, and inhibitors or activators of diacylglycerol-dependent PKCs (sphingosine, calphostin C, chelerythrine, and phorbol esters). The myosin light chain kinase inhibitors as well as the PKA and PKC inhibitors H-89 and GF 109203X all enhanced light-induced elongation. These observations suggest that light-induced RIS-ROS elongation is inhibited by both PKA and an unidentified kinase or kinases, possibly a diacylglycerol-independent form of PKC.
The Role of Human-Automation Consensus in Multiple Unmanned Vehicle Scheduling

Objective: This study examined the impact of increasing automation replanning rates on operator performance and workload when supervising a decentralized network of heterogeneous unmanned vehicles. Background: Futuristic unmanned vehicles systems will invert the operator-to-vehicle ratio so that one operator can control multiple dissimilar vehicles connected through a decentralized network. Significant human-automation collaboration will be needed because of automation brittleness, but such collaboration could cause high workload. Method: Three increasing levels of replanning were tested on an existing multiple unmanned vehicle simulation environment that leverages decentralized algorithms for vehicle routing and task allocation in conjunction with human supervision. Results: Rapid replanning can cause high operator workload, ultimately resulting in poorer overall system performance. Poor performance was associated with a lack of operator consensus for when to accept the automation’s suggested prompts for...
Inflammation & autoimmunity in human ageing: Dendritic cells take a center stage

Dendritic cells (DCs) play an important role in both immunological tolerance and immunity as well as in pro- and anti-inflammatory responses. Upon uptake of apoptotic cells and apoptotic bodies, DCs degrade self antigens from them and induce anti-inflammatory response and T regulatory (Treg) cells resulting in the maintenance of tolerance to self antigens. Ageing is characterized by progressive immunodeficiency, inflammation, and autoimmunity. In this paper we will review the role of DCs in inflammation and autoimmunity in human ageing and will highlight the observations that DCs from aged humans display impairment in their capacity to uptake apoptotic cells, and paradoxically induce proinflammatory response and increased reactivity to self antigen (DNA). DNA from aged is hypomethylated and hypomethylation is associated with increased immunogenecity of self DNA.
Inactivation of T4D Bacteriophage by Antiserum Against Bacteriophage Dihydrofolate Reductase

Antiserum was prepared against highly purified T4D bacteriophage-induced dihydrofolate reductase (DFR). This serum not only inactivated the enzyme but also inactivated all strains of T4D examined. T6 was inactivated to a lesser extent, and T2L, T2H, and T5 were unaffected by the antiserum. The phage-killing power of the serum could be blocked by prior incubation with partially purified T4D dfr obtained from host cells unable to make phage structural proteins. These observations confirm earlier results that the phage dfr is a structural component of the phage particle, and they offer new evidence on the manner in which this enzyme in incorporated into the tail structure.
Simulating the dynamics and interactions of flexible fibers in Stokes flows

The dynamics of slender filaments or fibers suspended in Stokesian fluids are fundamental to understanding many flows arising in physics, biology and engineering. Such filaments can have aspect ratios of length to radius ranging from a few tens to several thousands. Full discretizations of such 3D flows are very costly. Instead, we employ a nonlocal slender body theory that yields an integral equation, along the filament centerline, relating the force exerted on the body to the filament velocity. This hydrodynamical description takes into account the effect of the filament on the fluid, and is extended to capture the interaction of multiple filaments as mediated by the intervening fluid. We consider filaments that are inextensible and elastic. Replacing the force in the slender body integral equation by an explicit expression that uses Euler-Bernoulli theory to model bending and tensile forces yields an integral expression for the velocity of the filament centerlines, coupled to auxiliary integro-differential equations for the filament tensions. Based on a regularized version of these slender body equations that is asymptotically equivalent to the original formulation, we construct a numerical method which uses a combination of finite differences, implicit time-stepping to avoid severe stability constraints, and special quadrature methods for nearly singular integrals. We present simulations of single flexible filaments, as well as multiple interacting filaments, evolving in a background shear flow. These simulations show shear induced buckling and relaxation of the filaments, leading to the storage and release of elastic energy. These dynamics are responsible for the development of positive first normal stress differences, commonly associated with visco-elastic fluids that are suspensions of microscopic elastic fibers.
Blueprint for an International Lender of Last Resort

Abstract This paper proposes a low cost alternative to the large bailout packages that the International Monetary Fund (IMF) has organized to address financial crises. The IMF would act as a lender of last resort. Faced with an unsustainable debt burden, a government would declare default. It would announce negotiations to restructure its debt at a sustainable level and a minimum restructured value of the debt. During the restructuring period, the IMF would provide a cash support bid at a discount to the government's minimum offer. The IMF floor would guarantee liquidity and create a functioning market in the defaulted debt. The proposal would remedy market failure, preclude panic and contagion, and facilitate an orderly debt restructuring. This would be achieved without substantial official funds. Lenders would be forced to bear the risks they undertake thereby reducing moral hazard and future instability.
Change detection in time series data using wavelet footprints

In this paper, we propose a novel approach to address the problem of change detection in time series data. Our approach is based on wavelet footprints proposed originally by the signal processing community for signal compression. We, however, exploit the properties of footprints to capture discontinuities in a signal. We show that transforming data using footprints generates nonzero coefficients only at the change points. Exploiting this property, we propose a change detection query processing scheme which employs footprint-transformed data to identify change points, their amplitudes, and degrees of change efficiently and accurately. Our analytical and empirical results show that our approach outperforms the best known change detection approach in terms of both performance and accuracy. Furthermore, unlike the state of the art approaches, our query response time is independent of the number of change points and the user-defined change threshold.
Summary of Interesting Articles

### Study Hypothesis Previous studies suggest a heritable component in the pathogenesis of stroke, a major cause of disability and death, but the precise genetic architecture predisposing to stroke is not well understood. The authors hypothesized that meta-analyzing genome-wide association data from multiple community-based cohorts might unravel common genetic variants that increase susceptibility to stroke in the general population. ### How Was the Hypothesis Tested? Genome-wide association data from 4 cohort studies (Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study [ARIC], Rotterdam study, Cardiovascular Health Study [CHS], and Framingham study; total n=19 602) were meta-analyzed. The initial analysis was restricted to non-Hispanic white participants. Genotyping in the individual cohorts was performed using genome-wide gene chips from Affymetrix or Illumina, and genotype data were imputed to the 2.5 million autosomal single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the HapMap CEU panel. Participants, free of stroke at the time of blood drawn for DNA extraction, were followed prospectively for incident stroke. Within each cohort, time-to-event (incident stroke) was calculated for each SNPs using Cox-proportional hazard models assuming an additive genetic model and primarily adjusting for age and sex. Cohort-specific results were meta-analyzed using inverse-variance weighting. A total of 2 194 468 SNPs passed all quality control …
Self-Processes and Behavioral Problems

The capacity for self-reflection is one of the most fundamental human attributes. Although there is evidence that other primates can recognize themselves in a mirror (Gallup, 1977), the ability to think consciously about oneself in abstract terms is a uniquely human characteristic. Much of our behavior may be performed “mindlessly,” without conscious consideration of its implications for oneself (Langer, 1978), but many behaviors that we consider uniquely human require the ability to hold ourselves as the object of our thoughts. Without the ability to think consciously about ourselves, we could not contemplate alternative courses of action, consider the impact of our behaviors upon other people, ponder the “meaning” of our actions and lives, systematically plan for the future, or purposefully attempt to better ourselves. Each of these actions requires the capacity to consciously self-reflect.
Perspectives on main-chain hydrogen bonded supramolecular polymers

Supramolecular polymers are assembled from monomeric units held together by reversible non-covalent interactions. These supramolecular materials display polymeric properties and may soon have important industrial applications. This mini review focuses on the advances in main-chain supramolecular polymers whose assembly is guided primarily by hydrogen bonding interactions. The design constraints of these new systems discussed include assembly motifs, the strength and directionality of the non-covalent interactions, association versus reversibility, and environmental effects on the degree of polymerization. Selected literature examples including Meijer's ureidopyrimidinone system are used to highlight the challenges and potential of these supramolecular polymeric materials. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
The Employment Effect in Retail Trade of California's 1988 Minimum Wage Increase

In this article, we study the labor-market effect of California's 1988 minimum wage increase in the retail trade industry. Two different approaches to evaluating the minimum wage effects suggest that the textbook economic analysis of minimum wages pertains; employment growth in California's low-wage retail trade sector appears to have been tempered by the minimum wage increase.
Evaluation of real-time infrared intraoperative cholangiography in a porcine model

Intraoperative cholangiograms (IOCs) may increase cost, surgical time, and radiation exposure of staff and patients. The authors introduce the application of passive infrared imaging to intraoperative cholangiography as a feasible alternative to traditional fluoroscopic IOCs. A porcine model was used in which the gallbladder, cystic duct, common bile duct (CBD), and duodenum were exposed and an 18-gauge angiocatheter was inserted into the cystic duct. Infrared emission was detected using a digital infrared camera positioned 30 to 60 cm above the abdomen. Infrared images were taken in real time (∼1/s) during infusion of room-temperature saline. A thermoplastic polymer stone then was inserted into the CBD. Once the artificial stone was placed, room-temperature saline was again injected. A standard single-shot renograffin IOC was obtained to confirm the obstruction. The experiment was concluded by creation of a lateral 2-mm CBD injury immediately proximal to the duodenum followed by infusion of room-temperature saline. Six pigs were used in this study. Baseline infrared imaging was able to capture a visible temperature decrease, outlining the lumen of the CBD. With injection of room-temperature saline, a decrease in temperature was visualized as a dark area representing flow from the CBD to the duodenum. After placement of the synthetic stone, real-time infrared images displayed slowing of the injected bolus by the obstruction. The obstruction was correlated with fluoroscopic IOCs. Finally, after partial transection of the CBD, the infrared camera visualized saline flowing from the site of injury out into the peritoneal cavity. The CBD anatomy, obstruction, and injury can be clearly visualized with an infrared camera. Intraoperative infrared imaging is an emerging method already being used in several surgical fields. Ultimately, the integration of infrared and laparoscopic technology will be necessary to make infrared technology important in laparoscopic cholecystectomy.
Efficacy of a Protocol to Distinguish Risk of Serious Bacterial Infection in the Outpatient Evaluation of Febrile Young Infants

A study of 534 febrile infants ages 4 to 8 weeks evaluated for sepsis assessed the efficacy of the Milwaukee Protocol (MP) for selecting patients at low risk for serious bacterial infection (SBI) who might benefit from outpatient management. Two groups were compared: 1) Infants with uncompromised presentation (UP) who met all MP criteria received ceftriaxone 50 mg/kg and were discharged, then reevaluated within 24 hours. 2) Infants with compromised presentation (CP) who did not meet MP criteria were hospitalized for antibiotic therapy pending culture results. Of 391 CP patients, 23 (5.9%) had SBI; of 143 UP patients, 1 (0.7%) had SBI (P < .02). The MP criteria had a sensitivity of 96% and a 99% negative predictive value for distinguishing SBI outcome. The only UP patient with SBI was afebrile and had a negative repeat blood culture after 24 hours, and recovered with no complications. Managing UP infants as outpatients avoided 48 to 72 hours of hospitalization, decreasing health-care costs by an estimated total of $465,170.
Caching strategies in on-demand routing protocols for wireless ad hoc networks

An on-demand routing protocol for wireless and hoc networks is one that searches for and attempts to discover a route to some destination node only when a sending node originates a data packet addressed to that node. In order to avoid the need for such a route discovery to be performed before each data packet is sent, such routing protocols must cache routes previously discovered. This paper presents an analysis of the effects of different design choices for this caching in on-demand routing protocols in wireless ad hoc networks, dividing the problem into choices of cache structure, cache capacity, and cache timeout. Our analysis is based on the Dynamic Source Routing protocol (DSR), which operates entirely on-demand. Using detailed simulations of wireless ad hoc networks of 50 mobile nodes, we studied a large number of different caching algorithms that utilize a range of design choices, and simulated each cache primarily over a set of 50 different movement scenarios drawn from 5 different types of mobility models. We also define a set of new mobility metrics that allow accurate characterization of the relative difficulty that a given movement scenario presents to an ad hoc network routing protocol, and we analyze each mobility metric's ability to predict the actual difficulty in terms of routing overhead experienced by the routing protocol across the scenarios in our study.
Emergence of blue emission with decreasing film thickness and grain size for ZnO grown via thermal oxidation of Zn-metal films

We have investigated the photoluminescence properties of ZnO grown on sapphire substrates via the thermal oxidation of Zn-metal films at various temperatures and thicknesses. X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectra indicate that the resulting films possess a polycrystalline hexagonal wurtzite structure without preferred orientation. For films having a thickness of 200 nm, crystal grain size was observed to decrease with increasing annealing temperature up to 600°C, and then increase at higher temperatures. Thicker films demonstrated a modest increase in grain size as temperature increased from 300°C to 1200°C. The influence of film thickness on the optical properties was investigated using room temperature photoluminescence (PL). Specifically, PL spectra indicate four emission bands: excitonic ultraviolet, blue, and deep-level green and yellow emission. The strongest UV emission and narrowest full width at half maximum (0.09 eV) was observed for films having a thickness of 200 nm and annealed at low temperature (300°C). As film thickness decreased, we observed the emergence of blue emission. The emergence of blue emission when depletion width grows relative to the bulk suggests that the origin of the blue emission is related to the negatively charged Zinc interstitials found within the deletion region near the interface.
Editorial Response: Assaulting a Physiological Response

Should fever ever be suppressed? Fever is not a disease, nor is it necessarily an enemy. Fever is a physiological response to disease-one that many investigators believe to be an important defense mechanism. This belief is supported by numerous studies that were conducted during the second half of this century and demonstrated the beneficial effects of fever and/or its endogenous mediators on the outcome of a broad range of infectious diseases [1]. This belief is also consistent with the widespread distribution of the fever response within the animal kingdom, a finding intimating that fever has persevered throughout some 400,000,000 years of the evolutionary process [2]. Nevertheless, the gathering evidence that some of the endogenous mediators of the febrile response (namely, IL-1 and TNF-a) contribute to the pathophysiology of bacterial sepsis [3-10] and, perhaps, to the disability associated with a variety of other infectious diseases [3, 11-19] cannot be ignored. Unfortunately, although inhibitors of these mediators have been used with good effect in a variety of experimental infections, such therapy has not yet been shown to be beneficial in human infections [20].