cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Shape design sensitivity analysis of viscoplastic structures

Abstract Design sensitivity analysis of nonlinear viscoplastic structures is developed in the continuum form starting from Hamilton's principle. Constitutive models based on internal variable theory are incorporated in response analysis. Such models are described by a set of first order nonlinear differential equations with respect to time and some of them allow development of the yield surface. The direct variation method is employed to obtain the sensitivity of the response. Discretization of the analysis and sensitivity equations, and computer implementation aspects are discussed. The discretized equations are implemented into a computer program and two numerical examples are solved to demonstrate the theory. In the numerical examples, only material nonlinearity under quasi-static loading history is considered and the explicit integration method is employed to integrate the constitutive equations and their design variations. The accuracy and efficiency of the developed sensitivity analysis are compared with the central finite difference method. Cyclic loading and loading rate effects are studied and discussed to show the general applicability of the developed sensitivity formulation.
Management of epilepsy

Can quality of care be improved? In the past 15 years, 16 reviews on new discoveries in epilepsy and on various aspects of its diagnosis and management, and 273 articles in which the keyword “epilepsy” appears, have been published in Archives of Disease in Childhood . So why another review article on management—are things moving so fast? One of these articles1 mentioned four areas of advances in epilepsy: (1) diagnostic precision; (2) drug therapy;2 (3) neuroimaging; and (4) “greater awareness of the central importance of patient and family perceptions of the condition with efforts to provide a ‘model of care’”. This last aspect is the most difficult to evaluate and translate into practice, and has received much less attention than discoveries in genetics,3 brain imaging, epilepsy surgery, and electrophysiology, but it can make a large difference in the impact of the disease on the child and his or her family. It is probably the most important aspect of management for the majority of children with epilepsy, who have no other handicap than occasional seizures, but whose family life, psychological wellbeing, and school progress can suffer greatly from an otherwise often benign condition with good prognosis. This review will show how this new knowledge can change the perception of the disease and its overall burden if they are integrated at all levels of care (box 1). ### Box 1: Summary of new data relevant for clinical practice Progress in genetics of epilepsy
An empirical comparison of sales forecasting models

Abstract There has been a veritable industry of forecasting models in recent decades, spurred partly by planners' search for certainty and partly by the data crunching capabilities of computers. In this article, Sanjay-kumar Rao test two families of models on some common data sets to see how they compare. He examines how well the models fit the data and how reliable they are as forecasting tools.
The inhibitory effect of barbituric acid on glucose- and tolbutamide-stimulated insulin secretion in the rat.

The effects of barbituric acid (BA) on glycemic homeostasis in rats were investigated. Pretreatment with 200 mg/kg of BA attenuated tolbutamide-induced hypoglycemia and hyperinsulinemia. The same pretreatment reduced glucose tolerance without reducing serum insulin concentrations. However, evaluation of insulinogenic indices demonstrated differences in pancreatic insulin secretory activities. Intraperitoneally administered BA produced an initial hyperglycemia which was attributed to stress-related factors since the response was abolished by adrenalectomy. BA attenuation of tolbutamide-induced hypoglycemia was not blocked by adrenalectomy, which suggests an extra-adrenal site of action for BA. This extra-adrenal site of action appears to be the pancreatic β cell. Structural similarities between BA and other agents known to influence pancreatic insulin secretory activity suggest a possible competition for reactive binding sites on or within the pancreatic β cell.
Gaming and Interactive Visualization Education Module to Help Understand Geometric Tolerancing

In engineering disciplines, visualization can provide an essential mode to facilitate student understanding of important and abstract concepts. Learning through a medium that combines course materials with game characteristics can be a powerful tool for education. This approach is expected to improve student willingness to learn, which will in turn increase the interests of high school and undergraduate students towards engineering as a future career. In this paper, three teaching modules based on the Gaming and Interactive Visualization for Education (GIVE) in three universities will be described in detail with enhanced game characteristics. Also, using the newly developed assessment tools, the evaluation data from the students who have experienced the GIVE system will be analyzed. More specifically, the three modules are designed and illustrated in this paper for the Flight Mechanics, Introduction to Electrical Engineering, and Design and Manufacturing. The following game characteristics have been considered and implemented in the modules: progressively balanced goal, feedback, time sensitive scoring, adaptive scoring, meaningful visual presentation, emotional involvement, avoiding guess, constitutive rule, operational rule, background, challenges, and rewards. Along with the course module development and implementation, the outcomes have been assessed using our evaluation system. The results have been analyzed and suggestions have been given for future work.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Effects of shear stress on nitric oxide and matrix protein gene expression in human osteoarthritic chondrocytes in vitro

Mechanical loading alters articular cartilage metabolism. However, mechanisms underlying intracellular signaling and communication between cells in response to mechanical stresses remain enigmatic. This study tested the hypothesis that shear stress-induced nitric oxide (NO) production participates in the regulation of matrix protein gene expression. The data presented here demonstrate that exposure of human osteoarthritic chondrocytes to a continuously applied shear stress (1.64 Pa) upregulated NO synthase gene expression and increased NO release by 1.8-, 2.4-, and 3.5-fold at 2, 6, and 24 h, respectively. Exposure of chondrocytes to a short duration of shear stress for 2 h resulted in the release of accumulation of NO in the culture medium. Exposure of chondrocytes to shear stress for 2, 6, and 24 h inhibited type II collagen mRNA signal levels by 27%, 18% and 20% after a constant post-shear incubation period of 24 h. Aggrecan mRNA signal levels were inhibited by 30%, 32% and 41% under identical conditions. Addition of an NO antagonist increased type II collagen mRNA signal levels by an average of 1.8-fold (137% of the un-sheared control) and reestablished the aggrecan mRNA signal levels by an average of 1.4-fold after shear stress (92% of the un-sheared control) (ANOVA p < 0.05). These data support the hypothesis that shear stress-induced NO release may influence the development of degenerative joint diseases by inhibiting matrix macromolecule synthesis.
ELIAS: An Efficient Storage Underlay for Mobile Peer-to-Peer Systems

Our physical environment is a natural storage where we can store and share information. For instance, a stop sign is a piece of information implanted in a particular location. In this paper, we propose a storage underlay platform called “ELIAS” (Every Location Is A Storage) for a mobile peer-to-peer system. ELIAS enables user applications to transparently save/retrieve data items to/from a location without concerning with low-level detailed implementation. The underlying platform chooses appropriate mobile nodes to store/retrieve data items. We discuss an efficient implementation of ELIAS, and present a detailed analytical model that is validated by simulation. Finally, we show results of sensitivity analysis on a variety of factors that impact the performance of ELIAS.
Separation of Lanthanide Series Elements in Marine Fe-Mn Crusts by Ion-Exchange Chromatography and Determination by ICP/AES

Abstract A method is described for the separation of lanthanide series elements (REE) from major matrix components of deep-sea ferromanganese crusts using cation-exchange chromatography. The samples are digested in concentrated mineral acids, evaporated to near dryness, and redissolved in 0.5 N HCI. Solutions are passed through Bio-Rad AG50W-X8 strong cation-exchange resin in the H+ form. Major (Fe and Mn) and minor constituents (Al, Co, Cu, Ni, Ca, and Mg) are eluted with 1.7 or 2.0 N HCl; the REE are then eluted from the resin with 4.0 or 6.0 N HCl. Only Ba is not separated and coelutes from the resin with the REE. The method quantitatively separates the lanthanides from most matrix constituents and greatly facilitates their rapid sequential analysis by ICP/AES. The method has been shown to yield accurate and precise analyses of ferromanganese minerals for their REE content in the U.S. Geological Survey standard Fe-Mn nodule A-l and has been applied to Fe-Mn crusts from our collection.
Current cartographic products of the Western nations

Abstract This article surveys the government mapping agencies of the western nations: Australia, New Zealand, Canada, and the western European countries. It describes major maps series, national atlases, and related products. Where appropriate, commercial map publishers are also noted. A list of official mapping agencies is appended.
Human Motion Change Detection by Hierarchical Gaussian Process Dynamical Model with Particle Filter

Human motion change detection is a challenging taskfor a surveillance sensor system. Major challenges includecomplex scenes with a large amount of targets and confusors,and complex motion behaviors of different human objects.Human motion change detection and understandinghave been intensively studied over the past decades. In thispaper, we present a Hierarchical Gaussian Process DynamicalModel (HGPDM) integrated with particle filter trackerfor humanmotion change detection. Firstly, the high dimensionalhuman motion trajectory training data is projected tothe low dimensional latent space with a two-layer hierarchy.The latent space at the leaf node in bottom layer representsa typical humanmotion trajectory, while the root node in theupper layer controls the interaction and switching amongleaf nodes. The trained HGPDM will then be used to classifytest object trajectories which are captured by the particlefilter tracker. If the motion trajectory is different fromthe motion in the previous frame, the root node will transferthe motion trajectory to the corresponding leaf node. Inaddition, HGPDM can be used to predict the next motionstate, and provide Gaussian process dynamical samples forthe particle filter framework. The experiment results indicatethat our framework can accurately track and detect thehuman motion changes despite of complex motion and occlusion.In addition, the sampling in the hierarchical latentspace has greatly improved the efficiency of the particle filterframework.
Fracture behavior in nylon 6 fibers

Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) techniques are used to determine the number of free radicals produced during deformation leading to fracture of nylon 6 fibers. A reaction rate molecular model is proposed to explain some of the deformation and bond rupture behavior leading to fracture. High-strength polymer fibers are assumed to consist of a sandwich structure of disordered and ordered regions along the fiber axis. In the disordered or critical flaw regions, tie chains connecting the ordered or crystalline block regions are assumed to have a statistical distribution in length. These chains are, therefore, subjected to different stresses. The effective length distribution was determined by EPR. The probability of bond rupture was assumed to be controlled by reaction-rate theory with a stress-aided activation energy and behavior of various loadings determined by numerical techniques. The model is successfully correlated with experimental stress, strain, and bond rupture results for creep, constant rate loadings, cyclic stress, stress relaxation and step strain tests at room temperature.
Amorphous Silicon Carbonitride Fibers Drawn from Alkoxide Modified Ceraset

We show that the rheology of a silazane-based precursor for a silicon carbonitride ceramic can be radically altered by reacting it with an alkoxide precursor. This modified precursor can be drawn into fibers by a simple process. The fiber-friendly rheology of the modified precursor is ascribed to the creation of linear polymer chains by a reaction between silazanes and alkoxides. The ceramic fibers made by this process have excellent mechanical properties, reaching tensile strengths of 2.8 GPa. Their structure is amorphous.
Estimating the reliability of Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) flash X-ray (FXR) machine

At Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), our flash X-ray accelerator (FXR) is used on multi-million dollar hydrodynamic experiments. Because of the importance of the radiographs, FXR must be ultra-reliable. Flash linear accelerators that can generate a 3 kA beam at 18 MeV are very complex. They have thousands, if not millions, of critical components that could prevent the machine from performing correctly. For the last five years, we have quantified and are tracking component failures. From this data, we have determined that the reliability of the high-voltage gas-switches that initiate the pulses, which drive the accelerator cells, dominates the statistics. The failure mode is a single-switch pre-fire that reduces the energy of the beam and degrades the X-ray spot-size. The unfortunate result is a lower resolution radiograph.
Interference in Learning Internal Models of Inverse Dynamics in Humans

Experiments were performed to reveal some of the computational properties of the human motor memory system. We show that as humans practice reaching movements while interacting with a novel mechanical environment, they learn an internal model of the inverse dynamics of that environment. Subjects show recall of this model at testing sessions 24 hours after the initial practice. The representation of the internal model in memory is such that there is interference when there is an attempt to learn a new inverse dynamics map immediately after an anticorrelated mapping was learned. We suggest that this interference is an indication that the same computational elements used to encode the first inverse dynamics map are being used to learn the second mapping. We predict that this leads to a forgetting of the initially learned skill.
Insights into the active site of the cytochrome P-450 haemoprotein family-a unifying concept based on structural considerations

1. Cytochromes P-450CAM of Pseudomonas putida and P-450LM-2 of rabbit liver, and to a lesser extent also adrenocortical mitochondrial cytochromes P-45011β and P-450SCC, were investigated by active site-targeted reagents and by immunochemical techniques. The results of these studies and of the alignment of the amino acid sequences of cytochromes P-450CAM and of phenobarbital-induced rat-liver P-450LM support the following conclusions.2. Cytochrome P-450 haemoproteins follow a common architectural design, most readily apparent in the surroundings of the haem group. Sequence homology and associated folding leads to immunochemical similarities revealed by radioimmune assay.3. The haem domain is partially exposed on the surface of the protein. This part appears to be tightly structured from several distinct portions of the polypeptide chain which carry the haem catalytic site and the substrate binding site, respectively.4. After photocovalent labelling with substrate- or inhibitor-derived arylazido reagents, a...
Disaster and Decentralization

The role of decentralized government in disaster management is well recognized among international donors and policy makers. However, there has been no rigorous attempt to address this issue. This paper studies the effect of fiscal and political decentralization on the death toll and the number of people affected by disasters for up to 46 developing and transitional economies from 1974 to 2004. The results are found to be significant and robust only at the lowest tier of government (e.g. Municipality). Elected government at the lowest level is found to increase the number of death and affected people while at the state level the effect is not significant. The effect of fiscal decentralization alone is negative, though the results are mostly insignificant. However, when fiscal decentralization is accompanied by political decentralization, it significantly reduces the number of total dead and affected people for the lowest tier of the government. Fiscal responsibility makes elected government more responsive to the needs of the vulnerable people.
Midlife personality and risk of Alzheimer disease and distress: A 38-year follow-up.

Objective: To study the association between midlife neuroticism and extraversion and development of late-life dementia and long-standing distress in a sample of women followed for 38 years. Methods: A population-based sample of 800 women, aged 38 to 54 years, was examined in 1968, with subsequent examinations in 1974, 1980, 1992, 2000, and 2005. Neuroticism and extraversion were assessed using the Eysenck Personality Inventory at baseline. Distress was measured according to a standardized question at each study wave. Dementia was diagnosed according to DSM-III-R criteria based on information from neuropsychiatric examinations, informant interviews, hospital records, and registry data. Results: During the 38-year follow-up, 153 women developed dementia; Alzheimer disease (AD) dementia was diagnosed in 104 of these. A higher degree of neuroticism in midlife was associated with increased risk of AD dementia and long-standing distress over 38 years. The association between neuroticism and AD dementia diminished after adjusting for long-standing distress. Extraversion was associated with a lower degree of long-standing distress, but had no impact on AD dementia. When the 2 personality dimensions were combined, high neuroticism/low extraversion showed the highest risk of AD dementia. Conclusions: Our study suggests that midlife neuroticism is associated with increased risk of AD dementia, and that distress mediates this association. The results have clinical implications because a group of women at risk of AD dementia is identified.
6.002x Circuits and Electronics MITx on edX Course Report - 2012 Fall

This report describes 6.002x: Circuits and Electronics, one of the first 11 courses offered by MITx on edX, a platform for delivering massive open online courses (MOOCs). 6.002x is designed as a first course within an undergraduate electrical engineering or electrical engineering and computer science curriculum. This report describes the course structure, in terms of the number of basic e-text, auto-graded problems, and video components. Following a methodology established for analysis of the first 17 HarvardX and MITx courses (Ho et al, HarvardX and MITx: The first year of open online courses), course registrants are described in terms of viewed, explored, and certified sub-populations, together with demographics. The diversity of student activity in the course, and the persistence of student interactions with the courseware, are addressed. The report concludes with descriptions of special features in 6.002x, including the integration of a circuit simulation for online laboratories.
Ablation of 5-lipoxygenase mitigates pancreatic lesion development.

Abstract Background Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), which continues to have a dismal prognosis, is associated with a pronounced fibroinflammatory response. Inflammation in vivo can be mediated by 5-lipoxygenase (5LO), an enzyme that converts omega-6 fatty acids (FA) to eicosanoids, including leukotriene B4 (LTB4). We have previously shown that diets rich in omega-6 FA increase pancreatic lesions and mast cell infiltration in EL-Kras mice. In this study, we evaluated the role of 5LO in generating higher levels of LTB4 from human cells and in mediating lesion development and mast cell infiltration in EL-Kras mice. Materials and methods Human pancreatic ductal epithelial and cancer cells were treated with omega-6 FA in vitro . EL-Kras mice lacking 5LO (EL-Kras/5LO −/− ) mice were generated and fed standard chow or omega-6 FA diets. Pancreatic lesion frequency and mast cell infiltration were compared with EL-Kras/5LO +/+ mice. Human PDAC tumors were evaluated for 5LO expression and mast cells. Results Human pancreatic ductal epithelial and pancreatic cancer cells treated with omega-6 FA generated increased LTB4 levels in vitro . EL-Kras/5LO −/− mice developed fewer pancreatic lesions and had decreased mast cell infiltration when compared with EL-Kras/5LO +/+ mice. Human PDAC tumors with increased 5LO expression demonstrate increased mast cell infiltration. Additionally, diets rich in omega-6 FA failed to increase pancreatic lesion development and mast cell infiltration in EL-Kras/5LO −/− mice. Conclusions The expansion of mutant Kras-induced lesions via omega-6 FA is dependent on 5LO, and 5LO functions downstream of mutant Kras to mediate inflammation, suggesting that 5LO may be a potential chemopreventive and therapeutic target in pancreatic cancer.
Bulk current injection testing of close proximity cable current return, 1 kHz to 1 MHz

This paper presents the results of an experiment examining the percentage of current that returns on adjacent wires or through a surrounding cable shield rather than through a shared conducting chassis. Simulation and measurement data are compared from 1 kHz – 1 MHz for seven common cable configurations. The phenomenon is important to understand, because minimizing the return current path is vital in developing systems with low radiated emissions.
Inability of Incipient Solenopsis invicta (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Colonies to Establish in a Plot with a High Density of Solenopsis (Diplorhoptrum) Colonies

Although the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta Buren, has spread across the southern United States, its population varies widely from one area to another. Earlier research has demonstrated that queens that land in areas with a native ant population suffer high levels of predation, but it has been assumed that once the first workers are present, the colonies vulnerability rapidly decreases. Recent laboratory studies, reported elsewhere, demonstrated that several native ant colonies were able to raid and destroy small S. invicta colonies. One of these native species was Solenopsis (Diplorhoptrum) molesta. We report here that small colonies of S. invicta were unable to establish in plots with the thief ant, Solenopsis molesta (Say), but were able to establish in an identical plot with no S. molesta. These results suggest that high density of at least one species of native ant can eliminate or at least reduce the establishment of small colonies of S. invicta that may have started to develop after the escape of the founding queen.
Milton's Arianism Again Considered

SINCE 1825, when Bishop Sumner issued the first edition of John Milton's De Doctrina Christiana, the Arianism of that treatise has become an all but unanimously accepted fact. Although reviewers of Sumner's two quarto volumes divided in praising or lamenting Milton's tenets on the Trinity, they united in pronouncing them unorthodox and Arian; 1 and later scholars have generally accepted this nineteenth-century verdict. In 1959, consequently, students of Milton were surprised when William B. Hunter, Jr., under the title "Milton's Arianism Reconsidered," 2 devoted some twenty-five pages to the argument that "we may assert positively that Milton was not an Arian" even though "modern judges are unanimous in branding him one." And more recently, Roland M. Frye,3 praising Mr. Hunter's work, has gone on to state that "Milton could never be convicted, before a fair and competent theological court, of trinitarian heresy in Paradise Lost." With these assertions of the orthodoxy of Milton and his epic I cannot agree; and at the cost of controversy with two close friends, I must argue I) that Mr. Hunter is wrong in believing that Milton's view of the Son accords with that stated in the
When Earth's freezer door is left ajar

The expected response of the Earth's cryosphere to global warming is a critical open research area in which model certainty is still unsatisfactory On the other hand, past climate history can teach us quite a bit. If one had returned from a vacation to find that the freezer door was left partially open and ice had collected in it, one would have learned an important climate lesson: ice does not form when conditions are merely cold, but when there is a supply of warm, moist air to a sufficiently cold environment. While it is good practice to close one's freezer door and not experience this climate lesson personally, numerous observations and model results demonstrate that the large ice sheets that developed during past ice ages grew when the climate was relatively warm, and therefore moist. One must conclude that statements such as “…glaciers grow when climate is cold, not warm and moist” [Rahmstorf, 2002] contradicts a large body of scientific evidence, observations, and dynamical arguments. We now understand that the ocean also plays an important role in this feedback due to the role of sea ice in glacial dynamics.
Ecological and Evolutionary Limits to Species Geographic Ranges

The study of geographic ranges and their limits necessarily draws on diverse areas of organismal biology, ecology, microand macroevolution, genetics, and paleobiology (Gaston 2003, 2009; Holt and Barfield 2011). Understanding range limits requires the integration of theoretical, analytical, and empirical approaches, and this integration is equally relevant to paleontological, contemporary, and future timescales. “Ecology and Evolutionary Limits to Species Geographic Ranges” was therefore a “natural” theme for the 2010 Vice Presidential Symposium of the American Society of Naturalists, clearly meeting the Society’s stated goal of “enhance[ing] the conceptual unification of the biological sciences.” A fundamental goal of ecology is to understand the distribution and abundance of organisms (Elton 1930; Andrewartha and Birch 1954). This goal leads naturally to the study of species geographic range limits. There is no clearer setting in which to examine the determinants of distribution—a species is present on one side of the boundary but absent on other. Explanations of range limits therefore must consider ecological causes: the diverse abiotic and biotic factors that could limit distribution. Another fundamental perspective on range limits is historical. The history and geography of species origins explain why certain clades are found in some parts of the world but not others (Wallace 1876; Darwin 1859; Lomolino et al. 2006). Dispersal limitation and barriers to movement (e.g., mountain ranges, oceans) are the simplest explanations for why taxa are absent from seemingly suitable habitat. Such explanations are confirmed by wellknown examples of vicariance events (e.g., Knowlton and Weigt 1998) and (as if by experiment) by species invasions over the last several centuries, which were facilitated by
The Watershed as A Conceptual Framework for the Study of Environmental and Human Health

The watershed provides a physical basis for establishing linkages between aquatic contaminants, environmental health and human health. Current attempts to establish such linkages are limited by environmental and epidemiological constraints. Environmental limitations include difficulties in characterizing the temporal and spatial dynamics of agricultural runoff, in fully understanding the degradation and metabolism of these compounds in the environment, and in understanding complex mixtures. Epidemiological limitations include difficulties associated with the organization of risk factor data and uncertainty about which measurable endpoints are most appropriate for an agricultural setting. Nevertheless, it is our contention that an adoption of the watershed concept can alleviate some of these difficulties. From an environmental perspective, the watershed concept helps identify differences in land use and application of agrichemicals at a level of resolution relevant to human health outcomes. From an epidemiological perspective, the watershed concept places data into a construct with environmental relevance. In this perspectives paper, we discuss how the watershed can provide a conceptual framework for studies in environmental and human health.
Upcoming Diagnostic and Therapeutic Developments in Classical Hodgkin's Lymphoma

With improvements in therapy, increasing dose intensity, early recognition of toxicity, and enhanced supportive care, current outcomes in patients with classical Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL) may be superior to disease-free and overall survival (OS) predicted by existing prognostic models, including the International Prognostic Score (IPS). The addition of biologic markers to recognized clinical prognostic factors, including those of the IPS, may to improve patient risk stratification and guide therapy in the future. However, the identification of these markers has been problematic due to the lack of large, confirmatory prospective trials, reproducibility and feasibility of the assays, and failure to improve upon already recognized clinical risk factors. One biomarker in particular, CD68, present on tumor infiltrating macrophages and detectable by immunohistochemical staining, is significantly associated with both shortened progression-free and disease-specific survivals in patients with HL at diagnosis and at relapse. In addition, less than 5% CD68+ cells correlates with a 100% disease-specific survival in patients with early-stage HL. CD68 represents just one of the many prognostic markers that could eventually be used to risk-stratify therapy. In addition, biologic markers may not only serve as prognostic markers, but also as therapeutic targets in HL. This review examines current data using the IPS to determine patient outcome, discuss several potential biologic prognostic markers, and summarize new therapies that are currently in clinical development in HL.
WAIS-R scatter with psychiatric inpatients: I Intrasubtest scatter

Intrasubtest scatter values for eight WAIS-R subtests were estimated for a sample of 150 psychiatric inpatients and compared with those reported for a comparable portion of the WAIS-R standardization group by Kaplan, Fein, Morris, and Delis in 1991, using the normal deviate (z) test. The standardization group's intrasubtest scatter was significantly greater than those reported for the psychiatric inpatients on all subtests except Arithmetic and Information. These results suggested that, contrary to expectation, limited intrasubtest scatter may characterize WAIS-R protocols of psychiatric inpatients, while the presence of scatter may characterize normal WAIS-R performance.
Mixing of Carbon Black with Rubber. II. Mechanism of Carbon Black Incorporation

Abstract The present study leads to postulating the following mechanism for carbon black incorporation. During the first stage of incorporation, carbon black agglomerates become encapsulated by the...
Adjustable-Voltage-Ratio Magneto-Electric Transformer

This paper presents a novel adjustable-voltage-ratio (AVR) transformer made using magneto-electric materials. Given a fixed-amplitude alternating current voltage input, the AVR transformer can output an ac voltage whose amplitude can be adjusted continuously from zero volts to the maximum value determined by the design. The core(s) of the AVR transformer are laminated and made of bonded layers of Metglas foils and lead zirconate titanate (PZT) sheets. By adjusting the voltage applied on the PZT sheets of the core, the magnetic reluctance of the core can be altered to control the magnetic flux in the core by utilizing the converse magneto-electric (CME) effect. Thus, the voltages inducted by the time-changing magnetic fluxes can be controlled. This novel concept provides a new solution to electric power control and conversion.
Fe3O4-LiMo3Se3 Nanoparticle Clusters as Superparamagnetic Nanocompasses

A scaleable chemical approach to functional nanoscale analogues of the magnetic compasses in magnetotactic bacteria is described. LiMo3Se3-Fe3O4 nanowire−nanoparticle composites were synthesized by a reaction of 3-iodopropionic acid treated LiMo3Se3 nanowire bundles with oleic acid-stabilized Fe3O4 nanoparticles of 2.8, 5.3, and 12.5 nm size in tetrahydrofuran. Transmission electron micrographs show that the composite consists of Fe3O4 nanoparticles attached to the surfaces of the 4−6 nm thick nanowire bundles. UV/vis spectra reveal absorptions from the nanowire (506 nm) and magnetite components (280−450 nm), and IR spectra show characteristic bands for the propionic acid linkers and for the residual oleic acid ligands on the magnetite particles. In the presence of excess oleic acid, the nanocomposites undergo rapid disassembly, suggesting that Fe3O4 nanoparticles are bonded to nanowires via carboxylate groups from the linkers. Ultrasonication of a dispersion of the composite in THF produces individual Li...
"Its All Made Up" — Why We Should Stop Building Representations Based on Interpretive Models and Focus on Experimental Evidence Instead

At present, the distinction between interpretive and observational assertions is not made strongly in biomedical informatics knowledge representation (KR) research. In this position paper, we draw from examples in a small number of biomedical domains to advocate the importance of developing systems based primarily on scientific evidence rather than interpretations. As an explanatory methodology, we base this argument primarily on a worked example from a cancer biology study and previous work in knowledge engineering. We emphasize how interpretative models that form the basis of scientific theories are themselves created to fit, explain and predict experimental data. Within an empiricallydriven field such as biomedicine, scientists typically use a rich, intuitive understanding of experimental methodology directly in their work and developing methods to incorporate that expertise into informatics systems remains a challenging but important goal.
Institutional Ownership and Corporate Social Responsibility: The Moderating Effect of Geographic Proximity

This paper investigates the impact of the ownership by institutional investors who are geographically close (local) and have long-term investment horizons (long-term) on corporate social responsibility (CSR) activities. Using a panel data of S&P 500 firms over the period between 1995 and 2009, we show a differential relation between corporate social performance (CSP) and long-term institutional investors that varies in geographic proximity to the firms they invest in. Specifically, long-term institutional ownership that is geographically proximate (local) is associated with higher corporate social performance, especially CSR strengths, while non-local long-term institutional ownership is not associated with CSR strengths. The positive relation between local long-term institutional ownership and CSP is more pronounced in firms where the dealing of soft information, which is hard to quantify, is necessary. The results are robust to various tests and are consistent with the Stakeholder Salience Theory premises, as local long-term institutional owners are stakeholders with high salience.
Validating the Made-From-Scratch Versus Traditional Style Approach for Improving the Nutritional Quality of Heart Start Menus

The current policy environment calls for enhanced child care nutrition standards. Child care menus provide an opportunity to expose children to healthy foods and flavor variety. The current study compared 2 sets of 5-week cycle menus to investigate differences in nutrient content and vegetable variety achieved by transitioning from traditional style menus to made-from-scratch menus. Menus were provided by a San Diego–based nonprofit agency producing food for 29 Head Start facilities. Mann-Whitney U tests were used to compare differences in nutrients and vegetable subgroup offerings between menus. Made-from-scratch menus improved the fat profile of child care menus, with reductions in transfat (P ≤ .01) and calories from saturated fat (P = .01) and increases in essential fatty acids (ω-3, P < .01; ω-6, P < .01). Furthermore, made-from-scratch menus improved the fiber (from 6.8 ± 2.0 to 9.5 ± 2.1 g P < .001) and potassium (from 1202.8 ± 141.7 to 1446.5 ± 144.7 mg, P < .001) content in the context of dietary...
Law and Economic Change During the Short Twentieth Century

At the beginning of the short twentieth century heavy, blue-collar industry dominated the physical economy. Railroads were the dominant form of continental transportation; the ocean liner (for passengers) and the freighter (for cargo) the only available form of interconational transportation. Radio was the new, wonderful, transformative industry, and national consumer brands were beginning their domination of the grocery store’s growing cornucopia. At the end of the century, service industries dominate the economy. Were there any notion of the physical economy, it would probably focus on multiple kinds of imported consumer goods. Continental transportation of goods is dominated by interstate trucking; that of passengers, by airplanes. The ocean liner has changed into a floating hotel called the cruise ship; intercontinental passengers travel by air and goods in large steel boxes on truly ungainly looking, specially designed container ships. The Internet qualifies as the new, wonderful, transformative industry, and produce from Latin America has begun to dominate the grocery store’s still expanding bounty. Looked at in a more schematic way, the story is the same. During years that witnessed an amazing growth in the administrative apparatus of all levels of government, there simultaneously occurred three large-scale changes, three of those developments that somehow define eras. First, the middle class expanded to include a portion of the working class as part of a dominating consumer culture. Second, the imperial Northeastern manufacturing economy, the colonial Southern agricultural economy, and the colonial Western agricultural and natural resources economy all declined while simultaneously a lighter manufacturing economy in the South and West grew, as did a service economy throughout the country.
Competition of hydrophobic steroids with sodium dodecyl sulfate, dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide, or dodecyl β-D-maltoside for the dodecane/water interface.

The surface tension lowering abilities of insoluble steroids, progesterone and testosterone, were examined at the dodecane/water interface in the presence and absence of surfactants, sodium dodecyl sulfate, dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide, and dodecyl maltoside. In the absence of these surfactants, the steroids significantly lowered the interfacial tension while exhibiting no activity at the air/water and air/dodecane surfaces. Further, in mixtures of surfactants and steroids, significant enhancement of interfacial tension lowering was observed. At a sufficiently high concentration of surfactant, no further lowering of tension was observed in the presence of the steroids. The synergistic effects on interfacial tension of steroids and surfactants were characterized by the free energy of transfer to the interface of each solute based on a two-dimensional solution equation of state. Assuming no significant interaction between the steroids and the surfactants in the interface, predictions of interfacial tens...
A note on the transient stage of the random dispersal of logistic populations

The transient stage of the random dispersal of logistic populations is investigated, using a Sturm-Liouville series leading to an infinite system of non-linear integral equations. These equations are then solved via a successive approximation scheme. R. A. Fisher's (steady-state) velocity of advance paradox is discussed. An illustrative example is worked to the second order of approximation.
Adsorption of Pentachlorophenol from Aqueous Solution onto Powdered Activated Carbon

In spite of different pH and temperature in the aqueous solution,40 mg/L PAC is enough for the 1 mg/L PCP aqueous solution.Adsorption equilibrium will finish within 1 h,and 92% PCP from aqueous solution will be removed.The adsorption diffusion model deduced from the theory is not only suitable for other adsorbents,also better than normal first-order adsorption model.The absorption law of low concentration of PCP absorbed by PAC is accord with Radke-Prausnitz formula.When the quantity of PAC is more than 40 mg/L,the adsorption effect doesn't become better or even bad..When the temperature is changed from 10 ℃ to 30 ℃,the adsorption capacity will increase,while it will decrease when the temperature is changed from 30 ℃ to 50 ℃.The residual PCP in the aqueous solution is exponential to pH.The adsorption mechanism is the results of the PCP π-π interaction and static repulsive force is the most important force to adsorb PCP from the aqueous solution.
Algorithm of Friend Recommendation in Online Social Networks Based on Local Random Walk

Online social networks(OSNs) have become popular,which provide users with a new communication and information sharing Internet platform.In OSNs,Recommending friends to registered users is a crucial task.On the one hand,OSNs often recommend friends for users based on local-based features of the social graph(i.e.based on the number of common friends that tho users share).This method considers only pathways of lenght 2 between users and does not exploit all different length paths of the network and other information.On the other hand,there are global-based approaches of friend recommendation in OSNs which detect all pathway structures of the network.But its computation cost is quite high for large scale OSNs.In this paper,we propose a new approach of friend recommendation in OSNs which traverses all the paths of limited length through randomwalk based on "small world" hypothesis.This new method provides users with both fast and accurate friend recommendation in OSNs.To demonstrate practical applicability of the new aproach,we use two real world datasets to evaluate our novel approach.Experimental results showed the approach can significantly improve the accruracy of friend recommendation in OSNs.
Right ventricular response to pulsatile load is associated with early right heart failure and mortality after left ventricular assist device.

Background Right ventricular (RV) adaptation to afterload is crucial for patients undergoing continuous-flow left ventricular assist device (cf-LVAD) implantation. We hypothesized that stratifying patients by RV pulsatile load, using pulmonary arterial compliance (PAC), and RV response to load, using the ratio of central venous to pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (CVP:PCWP), would identify patients at high risk for early right heart failure (RHF) and 6-month mortality after cf-LVAD. Methods During the period from January 2008 to June 2014, we identified 151 patients at our center with complete hemodynamics prior to cf-LVAD. Pulsatile load was estimated using PAC indexed to body surface area (BSA), according to the formula: indexed PAC (PACi) = [SV / (PA systolic – PA diastolic )] / BSA, where SV is stroke volume and PA is pulmonary artery. Patients were divided into 4 hemodynamic groups by PACi and CVP:PCWP. RHF was defined as the need for unplanned RVAD, inotropic support ≥14 days or death due to RHF within 14 days. Risk factors for RHF and 6-month mortality were examined using logistic regression and Cox proportional hazards modeling. Results Sixty-one patients (40.4%) developed RHF and 34 patients (22.5%) died within 6 months. Patients with RHF had lower PACi (0.92 vs 1.17 ml/mm Hg/m 2 , p=0.008) and higher CVP:PCWP (0.48 vs 0.37, p=0.001). Higher PACi was associated with reduced risk of RHF (adjusted odds ratio [adj-OR] 0.61, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.39 to 0.94, p=0.025) and low PACi with increased risk of 6-month mortality (adjusted hazard ratio [adj-HR] 3.18, 95% CI 1.40 to 7.25, p=0.006). Compared to patients with low load (high PACi) and adequate right heart response to load (low CVP:PCWP), patients with low PACi and high CVP:PCWP had an increased risk of RHF (OR 4.74, 95% CI 1.23 to 18.24, p=0.02) and 6-month mortality (HR 8.68, 95% CI 2.79 to 26.99, p Conclusions A hemodynamic profile combining RV pulsatile load and response to load identifies patients at high risk for RHF and 6-month mortality after cf-LVAD.
Prophylactic Screening for Venous Thromboembolism in Neurosurgical Patients

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is very common in hospitalized neurosurgical patients. Neurosurgical patients are frequently non-mobile, particularly in the immediate postoperative phase, and so are at high risk for VTE. Neurosurgical patients may also be at high risk because of hypercoagulability in the context of the postoperative state, stroke, or neoplasm. Mechanical and pharmacologic thromboprophylaxis, indicated in virtually all neurosurgical patients, is discussed in a separate chapter. Given the high risk of VTE in patients with neurosurgical diseases, early recognition of VTE signs and symptoms is essential. This chapter reviews clinical and diagnostic testing parameters for VTE identification in neurosurgical patients, the risk of VTE in neurosurgical patients, and the controversy about VTE screening in clinically asymptomatic neurosurgical patients.
Evaluation Capacity Building in the Context of Military Psychological Health Utilizing Preskill and Boyle’s Multidisciplinary Model

The need for evaluation capacity building (ECB) in military psychological health is apparent in light of the proliferation of newly developed, yet untested programs coupled with the lack of internal evaluation expertise. This study addresses these deficiencies by utilizing Preskill and Boyle’s multidisciplinary ECB model within a post-traumatic stress disorder treatment program. This model outlines a theoretical framework, offers practical strategies, and emphasizes both context and culture, which are paramount in military health-care settings. This study found that the model provides a highly applicable ECB framework that includes ways to identify ECB objectives, tailor activities, and understand outcomes. While there was high utilization of ECB activities by program staff, there was misaligned evaluative thinking, which ultimately truncated sustainable evaluation practice. Based on this research, evaluators can better understand how to provide an ECB intervention in a complex cultural and political envi...