cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Exploiting the Heterogeneity of Cross-Linked Photopolymers To Create High-Tg Polymers from Polymerizations Performed at Ambient Conditions

There has been a significant debate related to whether a material with a high glass transition temperature can be obtained from a polymerization performed at a significantly lower temperature (e.g., ambient temperature). To investigate this issue and understand the factors that play a role in determining the relationship between glass transition temperature (Tg) and cure temperature (Tcure), three model systems with different degrees of heterogeneities were studied: triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA), diethylene glycol dimethacrylate (DEGDMA) (more heterogeneous), and styrene−divinylbenzene copolymer (St-co-DVB) (more homogeneous). These systems were photopolymerized in a temperature cell while simultaneously monitoring the sample temperature with the Tcure varying from 25 to 95 °C. The polymerization rate and final double-bond conversion were monitored using near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy. The Tg of the exact sample cured within the NIR was subsequently measured using dynamic mechanical analys...
Karyotypic and clinical findings in a consecutive series of children with acute lymphocytic leukemia.

Abstract Detailed karyotypic findings and clinical data on 70 consecutive newly diagnosed children with acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), primarily from Indiana, are presented. These children fall into five karyotypic groups: (a) normal chromosomes; (b) hyperdiploid I, with chromosome numbers greater than 50, frequently with multiple copies of the same chromosome, and often lacking a consistent abnormal clone; (c) hyperdiploid II, with karyotypes having 47–49 chromosomes and usually with all of the karyotypically abnormal cells identical; (d) pseudodiploids, with either translocations or deletions of specific chromosomes; and (e) hypodiploids. Because few of this series of children have expired or relapsed, patients in the karyotypic groups have been considered in relation to those clinical factors that have been found to be of prognostic significance by the Children's Cancer Study Group. Age, white blood cell count, and platelet count were significantly different in patients among the five karyotypic groups. A significantly greater number of pseudodiploid patients had white blood cell counts greater than 50,000 × 10 6 / L and were not in the infant age group, as has been the case for other series. Specifically, the 4;11 translocation was associated with a higher risk of early death compared with other patients. Among those with normal karyotypes, platelet levels of greater than 100 × 10 9 / L occurred more frequently than among those with abnormal karyotypes.
The special section on professional communication in Russia: an American perspective

Enormous changes that have taken place in the last few years in Russia have revealed a need for Russian technical communicators to refocus their expertise and skills in order to enter the global marketplace successfully and competitively. Rather than dwell on the familiar differences between Americans and Russians, Cold War adversaries, a common ground exists and is growing. We share a mutual interest in the successful entry of Russian technical communicators in the global marketplace. We also share an understanding that technology is central to civilization as we know it, and that the masters of technology have a substantial influence on all activities that they touch; a belief that technology has had a major beneficial effect on the peoples of the world, but that with such power comes the potential for large, serious, and potentially devastating influences; the idea that the embrace of technology is a good cultural fit with cultures formed from revolutions, for technology in the later part of this century has come to be synonymous with rapid change, and cultures with revolutionary heritage welcome change; the notion that technological breakthroughs have profound influences on the nature of work, liberating the traditional intensive physical nature of labor to the emergence of a knowledge worker; and the belief that the global marketplace forces the need for clear and rapid communication across borders, as well as among cultures. If we can agree on these technical communications issues, then we have a firm foundation for building a gateway to communication in the global market. >
Evaluation of an automated method to assist with error detection in the ACCORD central laboratory

Background Errors in clinical laboratory data are rare but their potential high cost both in terms of harm to the subject as well as diluted statistical power results in a significant workload for experts, who must review large volumes of data in the search for these errors.Purpose The current research objective is to develop and evaluate a method to assist in detecting potential errors in laboratory data for an interventional clinical trial, such as Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes, where treatment effects may be influenced by errors in the data.Methods Utilizing data from a clinical trial investigating the effect of intensive glycemic control on major cardiovascular disease events, we constructed an algorithm that conducts probabilistic error detection called a ‘Bayesian network’. Using a synthetic error model, errors were introduced into a testing dataset, and the Bayesian network’s performance in identifying those errors was compared to laboratory experts. For each laboratory result w...
A PTAS Mechanism for Provisioning and Allocation of Heterogeneous Cloud Resources

Cloud providers provision their heterogeneous resources such as CPUs, memory, and storage in the form of virtual machine (VM) instances which are then allocated to the users. One of the major challenges faced by the cloud providers is to allocate and provision these resources such that their profit is maximized, and the resources are utilized efficiently. Recently, cloud providers have introduced auction-based models which allow users to submit bids for their requested VMs. We address the problem of autonomic VM provisioning and allocation for the auction-based model considering multiple types of resources by designing an approximation mechanism. In addition, the mechanism determines the payment the users have to pay for using the allocated resources. This problem is computationally intractable, and our proposed mechanism is by far the strongest approximation result that can be achieved for this problem. We show that the proposed approximation mechanism is a polynomial-time approximation scheme (PTAS). Furthermore, our proposed mechanism drives the system into an equilibrium in which the users do not have incentives to manipulate the system by untruthfully reporting their VM bundle requests and valuations. We perform extensive experiments using real workload traces in order to investigate the performance of the proposed mechanism.
Elements of ecology and evolution

Ecological stoichiometry (ES) is the study of the balanceof energy and multiple chemical elements in ecologicalinteractions (Sterner and Elser 2002). This field hasmany roots, but most proximally it has emerged fromstudies of trophic interactions in freshwater planktonand focused primarily on the ratio of carbon tophosphorus (C:P) in the freshwater cladoceran Daphniaand that of their phytoplankton food. Two impor-tant findings emerged from these seminal studies some15 years ago: first, the observation that release of keynutrients like nitrogen (N) and P depended, in apredictable manner, on C:N:P ratios in the zooplanktonconsumer relative to that in its phytoplankton food witheffects on phytoplankton nutrient limitation (Elser et al.1988, Sterner et al. 1992) and, second, the discovery thatof direct elemental limitation, N or P, of consumergrowth due to high C:nutrient ratio in its food (Hessen1992, Urabe and Watanabe 1992, Sterner 1993). Thesetwo observations can be considered two sides of thesame stoichiometric coin and we now appreciate thatconsumers (and especially herbivores and detritivores)frequently have to dispose of excess C from their diets,causing reduced efficiency of growth at the organismsallevel and reduced trophic transfer efficiency at theecosystem level. The validity of these principles hasbeen experimentally verified in an increasing numberof studies. From this small pelagic, freshwater realm,the concept of ecological stoichiometry has expandedto other organisms, other ecosystems, from genes andcells to ecosystems and global regulation of elementalcycles. These developments, at least up until 2001, arereviewed by Sterner and Elser (2002). In this collectionof papers the authors demonstrate the very newestapplications and horizons for stoichiometric theoryand investigation, pointing towards ways that ESmight be more fully elaborated at different levels oforganization and used to understand new questions andproblems.Some words on the process leading up to thiscollection of papers is in order, since they have evolvedin quite an unusual way: in the academic year 2003
Acute renal failure in newborn infants

The clinical course and follow-up of 14 neonates who developed acute renal failure are reported. Renal failure in these patients was secondary to major perinatal disorders, e.g., hyaline membrane disease, pneumonia, hemorrhage, or sepsis. Thirteen patients had hypoxia and nine were in shock when renal failure developed. Five patients died during the acute stage of renal failure. Of nine survivors, five patients sustained residual renal damage.
Expansion of layouts of complete binary trees into grids

Let Th be the complete binary tree of height h. Let M be the infinite grid graph with vertex set Z2, where two vertices (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) of M are adjacent if and only if |x1-x2| + |y1-y2|= 1. Suppose that T is a tree which is a subdivision of Th and is also isomorphic to a subgraph of M. Motivated by issues in optimal VLSI design, we show that the point expansion ratio n(T)/n(Th) = n(T)/(2h+1 - 1) is bounded below by 1.122 for h sufficiently large. That is, we give bounds on how many vertices of degree 2 must be inserted along the edges of Th in order that the resulting tree can be laid out in the grid. Concerning the constructive end of VLSI design, suppose that T is a tree which is a subdivision of Th and is also isomorphic to a subgraph of the n × n grid graph. Define the expansion ratio of such a layout to be n2/n(Th)=n2/(2h+1 - 1). We show constructively that the minimum possible expansion ratio over all layouts of Th is bounded above by 1.4656 for sufficiently large h. That is, we give efficient layouts of complete binary trees into square grids, making improvements upon the previous work of others. We also give bounds for the point expansion and expansion problems for layouts of Th into extended grids, i.e. grids with added diagonals.
Electrical behaviour in a line of anterior pituitary cells (GH cells) and the influence of the hypothalamic peptide, thyrotrophin releasing factor

Anterior pituitary cells of the GH line, which secrete prolactin spontaneously, showed spontaneous action potential activity. Thyrotrophin releasing factor, which increases secretion in these cells, caused a prompt increase of action potential frequency. Potassium, another secretagogue, depolarized the cells and sometimes initiated a burst of action potentials at the onset of this effect. The action potentials persisted in tetrodotoxin-containing and Na-free media, but were suppressed by the Ca-channel blocker, methoxyverapamil. Moreover, elevating the extracellular Ca2+ concentration increased the amplitude of the action potentials. These action potentials therefore have a prominent Ca component. This endows them with a particular interest since secretory activity of these cells is known to be dependent on extracellular Ca2+. Ba2+, which can substitute for Ca2+ in maintaining secretion, also substituted for Ca2+ in the maintenance of the action potentials. In addition, Ba2+ prolonged action potentials remarkably: tetraethylammonium was less effective in this regard. The several parallels between known secretory behaviour and electrical phenomena encourage the view that analysis of electrical activity in anterior pituitary cells may provide useful clues to events involved in stimulus-secretion coupling and in the secretory control exerted by the brain.
Crustal modification during subduction-zone magmatism: Evidence from the southern Salar de Uyuni region (20°-22°S), central Andes

Late Cenozoic volcanic rocks erupted in the southern Salar de Uyuni region of the central Andes provide evidence for recent modification of both the lower and upper continental crust during subduction-zone magmatism. At a given SiO 2 content, K 2 O and related incompatible trace element concentrations increase eastward in basaltic andesite samples and are associated with increasing Sr isotopic ratios and decreasing Sr concentrations. These data favor a model in which basaltic andesite magmas are contaminated by lower continental crust that becomes increasingly more mafic toward the active volcanic front because of relatively recent intrusion and hybridization by primary basaltic magmas. Compositions of andesitic lavas continue the geochemical trends established by the basaltic andesite samples except that Sr isotopic ratios of lavas erupted at the arc front are constant to slightly decreasing with increasing SiO 2 contents. Assimilation of upper-crustal rocks that also vary in composition across the strike of the arc is the most plausible mechanism to produce the distinct Sr isotopic trends of the andesitic lavas. At the volcanic front, the magmas producing the andesitic lavas assimilated rocks within the Quaternary volcanic and plutonic complex of the Andean arc itself. Toward the east, the magmas assimilated basement rocks that become progressively older with distance from the volcanic front because of diminishing modification by late Cenozoic arc magmatism. Thus, the across-arc geochemical trends in the southern Salar de Uyuni region are consequences of spatial variations in the composition of the lower and upper continental crust, and these variations appear to be linked to the subduction process itself.
Charge density distribution in acrolein, butadiene and vinylamine unimportance of dipolar resonance structures in determining the ground state charge distribution

Abstract The charge distributions in acrolein, butadiene and vinylamine have been calculated from 6–31G ** wave functions. A comparison of the distributions at the vinyl group for the planar and 90° rotated forms indicated no significant charge shift. A comparison between butadiene and the other compounds again indicated no significant differences. It is concluded that the dipolar structures do not contribute significantly to the ground state structures, but rather they might best be considered as indicators of the easiest mode of charge polarization in the presence of an attacking reagent.
Effect of water and electrolyte restriction on pathologic changes in kidney of jaundiced rats.

Summary and conclusionsSevere depletion of water or electrolytes or both appears to increase the incidence and severity of renal lesions associated with jaundice produced by occlusion of the bile duct in rats. The renal lesions under these conditions may vary greatly in extent and severity but usually do not appear sufficient to produce either significant or fatal renal insufficiency. They usually consist of vacuolation of the tubules, especially proximal convoluted tubules, with a few casts and dilated tubules. Necrosis of tubules occasionally occurs. The renal lesions in this study infrequently closely resembled those of hemoglobinuric nephrosis. The casts, however, appeared to be mostly bile-stained casts. Rarely the lesion was extensive enough to cause severe renal damage.The renal lesions seen in bile nephrosis then may be due in part to or may be superimposed on those due to severe electrolyte and water depletion or other causes of renal tubular degeneration.
Relating Gestures and Speech: An analysis of students' conceptions about geological sedimentary processes

Advances in cognitive science and educational research indicate that a significant part of spatial cognition is facilitated by gesture (e.g. giving directions, or describing objects or landscape features). We aligned the analysis of gestures with conceptual metaphor theory to probe the use of mental image schemas as a source of concept representations for students' learning of sedimentary processes. A hermeneutical approach enabled us to access student meaning-making from students' verbal reports and gestures about four core geological ideas that involve sea-level change and sediment deposition. The study included 25 students from three US universities. Participants were enrolled in upper-level undergraduate courses on sedimentology and stratigraphy. We used semi-structured interviews for data collection. Our gesture coding focused on three types of gestures: deictic, iconic, and metaphoric. From analysis of video recorded interviews, we interpreted image schemas in gestures and verbal reports. Results su...
Impact of emotional approach coping and hope on PTSD and depression symptoms in a trauma exposed sample of Veterans receiving outpatient VA mental health care services

Abstract The present investigation evaluates the relationship between coping style, dispositional hope, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression symptom severity in a trauma-exposed Veteran sample. Specifically, we evaluated the adaptive value of emotional avoidant and approach coping strategies and perceptions of hope in a sample of 209 trauma-exposed Veterans receiving outpatient mental health care at a VA facility. Participants completed a life events questionnaire and inventories assessing coping, dispositional hope, and PTSD and depression symptom severity. Hierarchical regression analyses were conducted controlling for relevant demographic variables. Greater levels of emotional avoidance and lower levels of emotional expression were significantly associated with increased PTSD and depression symptom severity. Dispositional hope was positively associated with depression symptoms only and perceptions of hope moderated the association between emotional avoidance coping and depression sym...
Metabolic detoxication as a mechanism of methoprene resistance in Culex pipiens pipiens

Abstract Susceptible and methoprene-resistant larvae of Culex pipiens pipiens were compared for metabolism of radiolabeled methoprene in vivo . Thin-layer chromatography showed that increased detoxication became a factor in the intense resistance developed in 30 generations of selection whereas it was not a factor in the lower-level resistance in earlier generations. Highly resistant larvae contained 11% less methoprene as a proportion of their total absorbed radioactivity and produced 40% more total polar conjugates than susceptible larvae. Methoprene was not degraded by either strain in vitro . Esterase activities against malathion and Hyalophora cecropia juvenile hormone were reduced 74 and 19%, respectively, in homogenates of the resistant larvae whereas α-naphthyl esters were hydrolyzed at a slightly reduced rate. No microsomal oxidase activity was detected in vitro using the aldrin epoxidase assay.
Cost discrepancies for common acute care surgery diagnoses in Ohio: Influences of hospital characteristics on charge and payment differences

Background Charge and payment discrepancies exist between hospitals, although such variation is understood incompletely. We hypothesized that hospital characteristics may account for such differences. Methods The 2011 Medicare Inpatient Prospective Payment System for Ohio hospitals was queried for discharge diagnoses of gastrointestinal bleed (GIB), GI obstruction (GIO), and laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC). Analyses were performed to assess the association of hospital variables with charges and payments. Results For all three diagnoses, urban hospitals had greater median charges than rural hospitals; payments were not significantly different. Consequently, urban centers had lesser cost to charge ratios than rural centers for GIB, GIO, and LC: 0.29 versus 0.32 (P = .004), 0.27 versus 0.47 (P = .0007), and 0.26 versus 0.40 (P = .04), respectively. Centers with the greatest bed size had higher median charges and payments. Other discrepancies for all three diagnoses were greater payments at verified Level 1 centers and major teaching institutions (P value range Conclusion Hospital characteristics are associated with differences in charges and payments for acute care surgery diagnoses. Further study should investigate whether these cost discrepancies are associated with outcomes.
Measurement and Validation of Module Coupling Attributes

Module coupling is an important criterion for evaluating the quality of a software design. While the benefits of reduced module coupling are widely agreed upon, it has been difficult to measure coupling and thus understand it empirically. This study argues the definition of coupling, defines a set of coupling metrics based on the measurement of connections of a module within its running environment, and validates the set using principal component analysis. In an empirical study, the results indicate that these coupling metrics capture three distinct attributes of module coupling. These three attributes represent sources of variation not accounted for in the set of metric primitives and are appropriate for evaluating the coupling complexity of software. This study provides a set of validated measurements of the coupling complexity of software and a new way to evaluate module coupling measurements.
Team emotional intelligence, team interactions, and gender in medical students during a psychiatry clerkship

This study examined the relationship between team emotional intelligence, quality of team interactions, and gender. Psychiatry clerkship students participating in Team-Based Learning (TBL, n = 484) or no TBL (control, n = 265) completed the Workgroup Emotional Intelligence Profile (WEIP-S) and the Team Performance Scale (TPS). Significant correlations (p < 0.01) existed between quality of team interactions (i.e., TPS) and team emotional intelligence (i.e., WEIP-S) subscales, but not gender. Control and TBL groups experienced significant increases in WEIP-S subscales pre to post (p < 0.01, η 2 = .08), with the TBL group experiencing significantly higher gains in three of four subscales. Control group scored higher on TPS. A significant relationship exists between team emotional intelligence and quality of team interactions. Gender was unrelated to TPS or WEIP-S subscales. TBL group experienced higher gains in WEIP-S subscales while the control group experienced slightly higher TPS scores. Results suggest implications for medical educators who use TBL.
Explorer 34 magnetic field measurements near the tail current sheet and auroral activity

Explorer 34 (Imp 4) 2.56 s magnetic data obtained during 131 traversals of the tail current sheet are presented, along with the simultaneous 2.5 min auroral electrojet indices AE and AL. The normal magnetic field satellite crossing times and positions are tabulated for these 131 crossings. Normal magnetic field is defined in the center of the sheet: it is the vector magnetic field at the time of field minimum during the crossing. It is remarkable that the only normal components too large in magnitude to be classified as fine structure occur near the time of onset of an AE event. Cases are discussed where the normal component, defined near the plasma sheet edges, has the opposite sign compared to the normal component defined at the sheet center. For quiet times, the current sheet may be only about 1000 km thick within a 3 earth-radii plasma sheet, and may carry some 10-15% of the total tail current.
Water chemical ionization mass spectrometry of aldehydes, ketones, esters, and carboxylic acids

Chemical ionization mass spectrometry (CI) of aliphatic and aromatic carbonyl compounds using water as the reagent gas provides intense pseudomolecular ions and class-specific fragmentation patterns that can be used to identify aliphatic aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, and esters. The length of ester acyl and alkyl groups can easily be determined on the basis of loss of alcohols from the protonated parent. Water CI provides for an approximately 200:1 selectivity of carbonyl species over alkanes. No reagent ions are detected above 55 amu, allowing species as small as acetone, propanal, acetic acid, and methyl formate to be identified. When deuterated water was used as the reagent, only the carboxylic acids and β-diketones showed significant H/D exchange. The use of water CI to identify carbonyl compounds in a wastewater from the supercritical water extraction of lignite coal, in lemon oil, and in whiskey volatiles is discussed.
The molecular biology of the sphingolipid hydrolases

Our understanding of the sphingolipidoses has improved as a result of the investigation of molecular mechanisms causing clinical heterogeneity. This knowledge, derived from both the protein and gene structures, should bring therapy for these inherited disorders closer to a realistic possibility.
"I reflect to improve my design": investigating the role and process of reflection in creative design

Reflection is an integral part of the creative design process. However, reflection is often considered as an enigmatic, un-orderly, and irregular process, leading to a lack of support from existing design and creativity support tools. Through a contextual inquiry (N=12) of designers' reflection practice, we found that reflection is predominantly a systematic, intentional, and repeatedly practiced activity. We also found that artifacts play an imperative role in supporting reflective process. We offer guidelines for the design of better reflection support tools.
THYROIDAL IODINE HETEROGENEITY: "LAST COME, FIRST SERVED" SYSTEM OF IODINE TURNOVER.

Rats were given 125I-labeled iodine of constant specific activity in the diet over a 22- to 30-day course. Though the thyroid iodine achieved only about one half the specific activity of the diet, this 125I could be considered to represent “old” iodine in the gland. A single dose of 131I was given then which formed “new” thyroidal iodine. Further significant thyroid iodine uptake was blocked by propylthiouracil started several hours after the 131I dose. Thyroid iodine disposal was followed by serial measurement of blood PB131I/PB125I ratios or of the chromatographically separated thyroid iodinated amino acids. The ratio of 131I/125 I in all the iodinated amino acids and blood PBI fell with time, indicating that the 131I tracer did not mix uniformly with the 125I-labeled iodine and was disposed of first by the thyroid. The thyroid thus degrades or secretes recently formed organic iodine before it does the older, and essentially handles iodine in a “last come, first served” manner. (Endocrinology 74: 973, 1964)
Magnetic fields induced by electrochemical reactions: Aluminum alloy corrosion sensing by SQUID magnetometry on a macroscopic scale

Corrosion of aluminum alloy AA 2024 at room temperature was studied in NaCl solutions by a SQUID magnetometer operating in liquid helium. Macroscopic electronic current flow along an asymmetric U-shaped sample was indicated by distinctive magnetic field images with a spatial resolution of the order of 1 mm. It was concluded that the macroscopic current originated from a corrosion potential gradient within the sample because of its asymmetric geometry; this current was negligible on an equipotential (symmetric) sample. Electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance measurement demonstrated that oxygen plays a significant part in this corrosion process, allowing control of corrosion activity of AA 2024 by changing the oxygen content in the solution. The asymmetric sample was magnetically sensitive to corrosion: the higher corrosion rate with increased oxygen concentration resulted in higher magnetic activity. By contrast, the sample that was a system of single sections did not produce a magnetic field that re...
Photovoltaics from soluble small molecules

Solution-processable small molecules have attractive features for application in photovoltaic cells. They offer the facile processing associated with polymers, yet are easier to synthesize and purify, are monodisperse, and typically show higher charge carrier mobilities. Recent progress in solution-processable small molecule blends has yielded photovoltaic cells with efficiencies exceeding 1%. This article reviews progress in this nascent field and discusses the requirements imposed by the need for charge separation within an interpenetrating network, energy level tuning for light absorption and voltage output, and processing techniques to achieve phase separation on excitonic length scales. Design criteria for next-generation materials are provided.
Mitogen-stimulated lymphocytes release biologically active corticotropin

We demonstrate that mitogen-activated lymphocytes release a biologically active form of ACTH that stimulates the in vitro release of corticosterone from cocultured rat adrenal cells. Neither nonstimulated lymphocytes nor the addition of mitogens alone to adrenal cell cultures had an effect. The steroidogenic activity could be neutralized by rabbit anti-ACTH serum, but not by a nonimmune serum. Both Concanavalin-A- and lipopolysaccharide-stimulated lymphocytes secrete an ACTH-like molecule with an antigenic specificity identical to pituitary-derived ACTH. Further, the amount of measurable immunoreactive ACTH was far lower than the amount of exogenously added ACTH required to evoke such a vigorous glucocorticoid response, suggesting that local deposition of the hormone results in a higher effective ACTH concentration. In addition, lymphocytes physically isolated from adrenal cells by a semipermeable membrane could stimulate steroidogenesis by 48 h, which corresponds to the rise in ACTH detected by RIA. Thes...
DENSITY, CROWDING, AND SATISFACTION WITH THE RESIDENTIAL ENVIRONMENT *

The relationships between a set of measures of various components of environmental density and perceived crowding are examined in a data set from a sample of residents of a large metropolitan area. While there are meaningful patterns observed among the correlations, the primary finding is the weakness of the relationships between density and crowding. The implications of the weak relationship between objective and subjective measures intended to measure components of the quality of life, of which the present findings are an example, are discussed; the usefulness of subjective measures may lie primarily in their capacity to define what aspects of society should be monitored and included in a system of social accounting.
Impact of a Faculty Development Program in Addiction Psychology.

ABSTRACT The Faculty Development Programs (FDP) were intended to increase substance abuse education in mainstream professional training programs by attracting and educating core faculty to teach about addictions. Five psychology faculty in the PhD program at the University of New Mexico participated in the only FDP funded within the discipline of psychology. Although none had a primary focus or expertise in substance use disorders prior to the FDP, all four of the Assistant Professors became addiction researchers. During the 5 years prior to FDP, 11% of their publications had focused on addictions, a figure not significantly different from other psychology department faculty. This figure rose to 43% during the 5 FDP years, and 70% during the 5 years after FDP. The number of addiction courses taught in the department of psychology rose from 5, to 11, to 22 during these same three 5-year periods. Graduate theses and dissertations on addiction topics also rose from 1.1 per year prior to FDP (all chaired by t...
The determination of sample size in treatment-control comparisons for chronic disease studies in which drop-out or non-adherence is a problem

ing the common features from the foregoing illustrations the following model evolves : 1. Two groups are to be compared. For conciseness of notation, in this paper, they shall be referred to as control (C) and treated (T), although certainly any situation involving two groups will apply. 2. The outcome or endpoint variable consists of two event states, e.g. deathsurvival. 3. For each member of the control group there is the same unknown probability that the event of interest will occur during one unit of time (frequently 1 yr). 4. A proportionate change in the probability of such events is specified for the second group (treated) relative to the first group (control) is hypothesized. 5. A length of time, denoted by L time units, is specified for the study. The Determination of Sample Size in Treatment-Control 1. Notation 1. Let PC be the probability in a specified time period. an individual in the control group has an event 235 2. Let d be the hypothesized proportionate change from the control to the treated group per unit of time. d is positive if the change is an increase and negative if it is a decrease. 3. Let P, be the probability an individual in the treated group has an event in the specified time period. Then PT = PC + d e PC=PC (1 + d) and e.g. if PC = 0.10, d= -0.50, then P,=O.lO-0.50 x 0.10=0.05. The basic format for analysis is the familiar two by two table.
Head and neck dog bites in children

Objectives 1) Demonstrate patterns of dog bite injury to the head and neck in children. 2) Identify treatment outcomes of dog bite injuries to the head and neck. Study Design Case series with chart review. Subjects and Methods Children aged 0 to 19 years, treated for head and neck dog bites at our tertiary care children's hospital (1999-2007), were included. Demographics, dog breed and ownership, seasonal incidence, wound location, characteristics, management, and complications were recorded. Results Eighty-four children, aged 10 months to 19 years (mean, 6.19 years) underwent primary repair of head and neck dog bite injuries. The cheek (34%) and lips (21%) were involved most commonly. Average wound length was 7.15 cm. Dog bite incidence peaked during summer months. Infection occurred in 10.7 percent. Pulsed dye laser was used to improve cosmesis. Conclusions Children are vulnerable to head and neck dog bite injuries. Wound healing is excellent despite a contaminated wound. Infections occur infrequently. Pulsed dye laser improves cosmesis.
Glia as mediators of steroid hormone action on the nervous system: An overview.

This special issue on steroids and glia represents the intersection of two emerging themes in the neurosciences: (a) Glia actively modulate and participate in brain function throughout life, and (b) glia are sensitive to steroid hormones. This overview begins by reviewing some of the basic principles of steroid hormone action on the brain and introducing the various glia that inhabit the peripheral and central nervous system. A prominent theme among the articles that follow is that glia may be direct targets for steroid hormones since they possess steroid receptors and the promoter region of glial-specific genes such as glutamine synthetase contain hormone-responsive elements. The articles in this special issue discuss evidence that glia may mediate steroid action on the nervous system in the context of (a) steroid metabolism, which may control the hormonal microenvironment of neurons both in the normal and injured brain; (b) brain development including sexual differentiation; (c) synaptic plasticity which may underlie the cyclic release of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone in the female rodent brain; (d) neural repair and aging; and (e) brain immune function. Another theme among these articles is that glia influence neurons via specific secreted and cell-surface molecules, and that steroids affect this mode of communication by altering the level of glial production of these signaling molecules and/or the sensitivity of neurons to such signals. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Neurobiol 40: 434–445, 1999
Moderating effect of capital intensity on the relationship between leverage and financial distress in the U.S. restaurant industry

Abstract During the recent and ongoing economic turmoil, countless businesses have been facing financial distress and many have filed for bankruptcy. This issue is especially critical for the restaurant industry due to restaurants’ sensitivity to economic fluctuations. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to examine the financial distress issue in the U.S. restaurant industry. In particular, the study examines a moderating effect of capital intensity on the relationship between a firm's leverage and degree of financial distress. The dataset includes publicly traded U.S. restaurant firms during the period 1990–2008. The study measures the degree of financial distress by modified Z-scores, and findings suggest a positive moderating effect of capital intensity on the relationship between leverage and financial distress.
An Engineering Model for Single-Event Effects and Soft Error Rates in Bulk CMOS

This paper describes a simple methodology for simulating single-event effects, including soft error rates, of bulk complementary metal-oxide semiconductor integrated circuits. The induced currents due to ion strikes are derived from the basic carrier transport equations and then used in simple SPICE simulations. The 3-D equations were reduced to a 1-D problem. This method is much less expensive than 3-D TCAD for predicting single-event effects, especially when several types of circuits or several critical circuit paths must be investigated. The upset conditions for two SRAMs are simulated, and the results compare well with experiments. A simple method for predicting the soft error rate is also described, including a method for calculating the dimensions of the sensitive volumes for a given circuit.
Sensing nanonewton level forces by visually tracking structural deformations

When assembling MEMS devices or manipulating biological cells it is often beneficial to have information about the force that is being applied to these objects. This force information is difficult to measure at these scales. We demonstrate a method to reliably measure nanonewton scale forces applied to a micro scale cantilever beam using a computer vision approach. A template matching algorithm is used to estimate the beam deflection to sub-pixel resolution in order to determine the force applied to the beam. The template, in addition to containing information about the geometry of the beam, contains information about the elastic properties of the beam. Minimizing the error between this elastic template and the actual image by means of numerical optimization techniques, we are able to measure forces to within /spl plusmn/3 nN. In addition, we also discuss how this method can be generalized to measure forces in elastic configurations other than a simple cantilever beam using a micro-tweezer as an example. This provides the opportunity for this method to be used with specially designed micromanipulators to provide force as well as vision feedback for micromanipulation tasks.
Truncation error bounds for limit periodic continued fractions

Many special functions of mathematical physics have representations in the form of limit k-periodic continued fractions f= K (1/b n), where limn→ ∞ b n = b or lim n→ ∞ b kn +i = β i where k is a positive integer and 0 ≤ i ≤ k — 1. For computation of such functions by continued fractions, one needs sharp bounds for the truncation error \( \left| {f - {f_n}} \right|\) resulting when the value f is replaced by the nth approximate f n. In this paper we present bounds for limit 4-periodic continued fractions K(1/bn). Some of these bounds are shown to be “best” relative to limited given information.
Intracranial pressure and cardiopulmonary variables during isoflurane or sevoflurane anesthesia at various minimum alveolar concentration multiples in normocapnic dogs

Objective—To compare effects of isoflurane and sevoflurane on intracranial pressure and cardiovascular variables at 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 times the minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) in mechanically ventilated normocapnic dogs. Animals—6 healthy male Beagles. Procedures—The individual MAC was determined for each agent with an electrical stimulus. After a minimum of 1 week, anesthetic induction by use of a mask with one of the inhalation anesthetics selected randomly was followed by mechanical ventilation and instrumentation for measurement of intracranial pressure and cardiovascular variables. Heart rate; systolic, mean, and diastolic arterial blood pressures; central venous pressure; mean pulmonary arterial pressure; pulmonary artery occlusion pressure; cardiac output; intracranial pressure (ICP); core body temperature; end-tidal inhalation anesthetic and carbon dioxide concentration; and arterial blood gas values were measured after attaining equilibrium at 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 MAC of each inhalation anesthe...
Boring Meetings Suck: Get More Out of Your Meetings, or Get Out of More Meetings

A review of John Petz's Boring Meetings Suck: Get More Out of Your Meetings, or Get Out of More Meetings.
Follow-up of Nutritional and Metabolic Problems After Bariatric Surgery

Over the next several years, the number of patients who will have had bariatric surgery for morbid obesity will reach close to a million. Several well-described nutritional problems such as B12 and iron deficiency will be noted in these patients. Many of these patients will be lost to the original surgeon and will now be in the care of the “other physicians.” These and other mineral and vitamin problems will need to be screened and treated. If these problems are left undiagnosed, severe and irreparable problems can result. Early problems, such as vomiting and dumping syndrome, will be easily recognized and treated, but other long-term problems, such as changes in bone metabolism, will need to be monitored. Again, if some of these long-term problems are not addressed in a timely fashion, then eventual treatment becomes much more difficult. This commentary will cover the common as well newer problems that are now developing in the patient who has had bariatric surgery. Patients who have undergone bariatric surgery require medical follow-up for reasons that are often determined by the type of surgical procedure performed. The majority of this review will deal with patients who have had the standard Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, which is a primarily restrictive procedure with a mild component of noncaloric malabsorption. At the end of this report, a short section will be devoted to the problems associated with the malabsorptive procedures.
THE MALE PERINEAL SLING: COMPARISON OF SLING MATERIALS

ABSTRACTPurpose:: Urinary incontinence continues to be a significant problem for patients after radical prostatectomy. The male perineal sling is emerging as a safe and effective treatment option for postprostatectomy stress urinary incontinence. We compare the efficacy of porcine dermal collagen and silicone mesh as the sling material.Materials and Methods:: Of 36 patients with postprostatectomy stress urinary incontinence a porcine dermal collagen sling was placed in 20 and a silicone mesh sling was placed in 16. The sling was placed at the bulbar urethra and secured to 3 titanium bone screws anchored into the medial aspect of bilateral inferior pubic rami.Results:: Results at 12 months were compared. In the dermis group 9 (56%) patients were cured of incontinence (no pads daily), 5 (31%) had significant improvement (decrease of 50% or more in pads daily) and 2 (13%) had no change in symptoms. In the silicone mesh group 14 (87%) patients were cured of incontinence and 2 (13%) were significantly improved...
pRb-mediated control of epithelial cell proliferation and Indian Hedgehog expression in mouse intestinal development

Self-renewal of the epithelium of the small intestine is a highly regulated process involving cell proliferation and differentiation of stem cells or progenitor cells located at the bottom of the crypt, ending ultimately with extrusion of the terminally differentiated cells at the tip of villus. Here, we utilized the Cre/loxP system to investigate the function of the retinoblastoma protein, pRb in intestinal epithelium. pRb null mice displayed a profoundly altered development of the intestine with increased proliferation and abnormal expression of differentiation markers. Loss of pRb induces cell hyperproliferation in the proliferative region (crypt) as well as in the differentiated zone (villi). The absence of pRb further results in an increase in the population of enterocytes, goblet, enteroendocrine and Paneth cells. In addition, differentiated enteroendocrine cells failed to exit the cell cycle in the absence of pRb. These proliferative changes were accompanied by increased expression of Indian hedgehog and activation of hedgehog signals, a known pathway for intestinal epithelial cell proliferation. Our studies have revealed a unique function of pRb in intestine development which is critical for controlling not only the proliferation of a stem cell or progenitor cell population but that of terminally differentiated cells as well.
How to settle an estate

This paper considers the equitable division of a set of assets, all or some of which are indivisible, among two beneficiaries, simultaneously using several methods of valuing the assets. The problem arises when a fiduciary is required to distribute the assets-of a trust or estate, or to divide the property in a divorce or in dissolution of a partnership-in which the assets have separate market values and tax bases. In other variations of this problem, the beneficiaries are presumed also to possess an infinitely divisible asset, such as cash, or some of the assets may be liquidated. Models for combining consideration of subjective values for the assets in addition to the objective market values are considered. Computational methods for these problems are discussed and illustrated.
Observation on the epidemiology, genetics and pathogenesis of deafness in children and lower mammals

Medical records of 1222 profoundly deaf people have been ascertained through the histories of students at the Clarke Schools for the Deaf, Northampton, Massachusetts. The data includes over 90% of all pupils at the school since its foundation in 1867.About one-fifth of the children suffered from profound illness or trauma which clearly resulted in their hearing loss. These events have characteristics in common which make them recognizable in retrospect. Over-fourths of the deaf lacked a significant recorded history that could be clearly related to their deafness.Genetic analyses of those cases of deafness without history of disease suggest that most are due to the action of a variety of genes acting in a simple mendelian manner. However, a significant number of cases result from factors such as undetected disease of complex genetic variation in thyroid function.Among the cases of deafness resulting from dominant genes a clearly identifiable group has associated absence of normal body pigmentation. Depigme...
Why People Waive Their Miranda Rights: The Power of Innocence

In a laboratory experiment, 72 participants who were guilty or innocent of a mock theft were apprehended for investigation. Motivated to avoid prosecution and trial, they were confronted by a neutral, sympathetic, or hostile male “detective” who sought a waiver of their Miranda rights. Later, 72 other participants watched videotapes of these sessions and answered questions about the detective and suspect. Strikingly, results showed that although the detective’s demeanor had no effect, participants who were truly innocent were significantly more likely to sign a waiver than those who were guilty. Naively believing in the power of their innocence to set them free, most waived their rights even in the hostile detective condition, where the risk of interrogation was apparent. The conceptual and policy implications of these results are