cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On the evaluation of one‐sided evidence

We examine predictions and judgments of confidence based on one-sided evidence. Some subjects saw arguments for only one side of a legal dispute while other subjects (called ‘jurors’) saw arguments for both sides. Subjects predicted the number of jurors who favored the plaintiff in each case. Subjects who saw only one side made predictions that were biased in favor of that side. Furthermore, they were more confident but generally less accurate than subjects who saw both sides. The results indicate that people do not compensate sufficiently for missing information even when it is painfully obvious that the information available to them is incomplete. A simple manipulation that required subjects to evaluate the relative strength of the opponent’s side greatly reduced the tendency to underweigh missing evidence.
Conditioning of Self-Reinforcing Responses: An Analogue to Self-Confidence Training

Sixty Ss guessed words flashed on a screen. No stimuli were actually presented. When Ss thought their response was correct, they asked for a token (reward) from E. SR-positive Ss were encouraged and SR-negative Ss were discouraged for judging their responses as accurate. After training, rate of “I am correct” responses was 58% in the former and 0.2% in the latter group. On a subsequent learning task, generalization of these responses was tested. Ss learned to a low criterion; half were asked to take tokens when thinking they were correct, half were on extinction. SR-positive Ss reinforced themselves more often than SR-negative Ss. Accuracy of performance did not significantly differ among the groups.
Intensive multimodality treatment for children with newly diagnosed CNS atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor

Purpose Atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor (ATRT) of the CNS is a highly malignant neoplasm primarily affecting young children, with a historic median survival ranging from 6 to 11 months. Based on a previous pilot series, a prospective multi-institutional trial was conducted for patients with newly diagnosed CNS ATRT. Patients and Methods Treatment was divided into five phases: preirradiation, chemoradiation, consolidation, maintenance, and continuation therapy. Intrathecal chemotherapy was administered, alternating intralumbar and intraventricular routes. Radiation therapy (RT) was prescribed, either focal (54 Gy) or craniospinal (36 Gy, plus primary boost), depending on age and extent of disease at diagnosis. Results Between 2004 and 2006, 25 patients were enrolled; 20 were eligible for evaluation. Median age at diagnosis was 26 months (range, 2.4 months to 19.5 years). Gross total resection of the primary tumor was achieved in 11 patients. Fourteen patients had M0 disease at diagnosis, one patient had M...
Prediction of lower developmental performances of healthy neonates by neonatal EEG-sleep measures

Previous neurophysiologic studies from our laboratory have demonstrated altered EEG-sleep behavior at conceptional term ages in healthy preterm infant compared with a term cohort. Developmental assessments at 12 and 24 months of age of 16 children in each cohort were compared using MANOVA. Differences were detected on MANOVA between each cohort on Bayley mental and motor performance scores, while social skills (Vineland) and temperament (Carey) were similar. Healthy preterm infants had lower scores at 12 months of age (P < .0001) and 24 months (P < .04) than term infants before adjustment for prematurity. No group differences were observed after adjustment. For the combined cohort of 32 healthy neonates, specific neonatal EEG-sleep measures were included as predictor variables in regression analyses with Bayley mental scores as outcome variables. Lower Bayley mental scores at 12 and 24 months were associated with higher spectral EEG correlations, lower spectral EEG energies in the beta frequency ranges, fewer arousals per minute, lower rapid eye movements per minute, and shorter sleep latencies from awake state to active sleep. Significant associations were observed before adjustment for prematurity at both 12 and 24 months, and after adjustment at 12 months of age for lower spectral beta EEG energies. Lower socioeconomic class also correlated with lower developmental scores. Even in the absence of major neonatal illnesses, brain adaptation to prematurity influences later developmental outcome. Adjustment for "age equivalency" may be required up to at least 24 months of age even in a healthy preterm population.
Potential To Use Waste Tires as Supplemental Fuel in Pulp and Paper Mill Boilers, Cement Kilns and in Road Pavement

Abstract The objective of this paper is to evaluate the recycling potential of waste tires as an energy source and for use in road pavement. North Carolina, U.S.A., is used as a case study. Scrap tires may be burned for supplemental fuel in pulp and paper mill boilers and cement kilns. Five pulp and paper mill boilers in North Carolina could consume over 90% of the 6 million tires generated annually in the state. Cement kilns located within 400 km of North Carolina population centers could consume about 6.6 million tires annually. Based on the quantity of pavement laid in North Carolina, nonproprietary and proprietary versions of asphalt rubber concrete have the potential to consume 1.8 and 7.2 million tires, respectively. Rubber modified asphalt concrete has the potential to consume up to 16.5 million tires. However, technological and economic limitations suggest that large scale implementation is unlikely for the short term. Environmental considerations pertaining to each alternative are discussed. Estimates of this nature are critical as planning regions formulate solid waste management plans which include recycling.
Computational modeling of deformation bands in granular media. II. Numerical simulations

Development of accurate mathematical models of geomaterial behavior requires a more fundamental understanding of the localization phenomena; in particular, the important factors responsible for the inception and development of localized deformation. The objective of this paper is to implement and test the mathematical formulations presented in a companion paper to better understand the different failure processes in granular media, specifically the formation of deformation bands in geomaterials. Our approach revolves around the use of classical bifurcation theory combined with advanced constitutive modeling and state-of-the-art computation to capture the end members of the failures modes described in the companion paper, namely, simple shear, pure compaction, and pure dilation bands, as well as the combination modes described in the geological framework. The paper revisits the notion of the critical hardening modulus as it applies to the entire range of failure modes, elucidates the role of the third stress invariant and finite deformation effects on the localization properties, and describes some useful properties of the constitutive and algorithmic tangent operators as they relate to the capture of the onset of deformation bands in geomaterials.
Optimal scaling of multicommodity flows in wireless ad hoc networks: Beyond the Gupta-Kumar barrier

We establish a tight max-flow min-cut theorem for multicommodity routing in random geometric graphs. We show that, as the number of nodes in the network n tends to infinity, the maximum concurrent flow (MCF) and the minimum cut-capacity scale as Theta(n2r3(n)/k) for a random choice of k ges Theta(n) source-destination pairs, where r(n) is the communication range in the network. We exploit the fact, that the MCF in a random geometric graph equals the interference-free capacity of an ad-hoc network under the protocol model, to derive scaling laws for interference-constrained network capacity. We generalize all existing results reported to date by showing that the per-commodity capacity of the network scales as Theta(1/r(n)k) for the single-packet reception model suggested by Gupta and Kumar, and as Theta(nr(n)/k) for the multiple-packet reception model suggested by others. More importantly, we show that, if the nodes in the network are capable of multiple-packet transmission and reception, then it is feasible to achieve the optimal scaling of Theta(n2r3(n)/k), despite the presence of interference. This result provides an improvement of Theta(nr2(n)) over the highest achieved capacity reported to date. In stark contrast to the conventional wisdom that has evolved from the Gupta-Kumar results, our results show that the capacity of ad-hoc networks can actually increase with n while the communication range tends to zero!
Diffusion-Weighted MRI in Transient Global Amnesia Precipitated by Cerebral Angiography

Background Transient global amnesia is a well-described complication of cerebral angiography. Speculation about the pathophysiology exists but is as yet unsubstantiated. Diffusion-weighted MRI is a new imaging technique that is very sensitive in detecting acute ischemia. Its use in the evaluation of transient amnesia precipitated by cerebral angiography has not previously been reported. Case Description A 44-year-old man underwent posterior circulation cerebral angiography for the investigation of episodic vertigo. Shortly after completion of the procedure, he was noted to have symptoms of transient global amnesia. Diffusion-weighted MRI at 6 and 44 hours after the procedure demonstrated increased signal in the right hippocampus and other areas within the posterior circulation bilaterally consistent with ischemia from emboli. Abnormalities on conventional MRI images performed at the same time points were noted only in retrospect. A follow-up MRI at 2 months was normal. Conclusions Ischemia from cerebral e...
Tides in the Sea of Okhotsk

Eight major tidal constituents in the Sea of Okhotsk have been investigated using a numerical solution of tidal equations on a 59 space grid. The tides are dominated by the diurnal constituents. Diurnal tidal currents are enhanced in Shelikhov Bay and Penzhinskaya Guba, at Kashevarov Bank, in proximity to the Kuril Islands and at a few smaller locations. The major energy sink for diurnal tides (over 60% of the total energy) is Shelikhov Bay and Penzhinskaya Guba. The major portion of semidiurnal tide energy is dissipated in the northwestern region of the Sea of Okhotsk and in Shelikhov Bay and Penzhinskaya Guba. Nonlinear interactions of diurnal currents are investigated through K1 and O1 constituent behavior over Kashevarov Bank. These interactions generate residual circulation of the order of 10 cm s 21, major oscillations at semidiurnal and fortnightly periods (13.66 days), and higher harmonics of basic tidal periods. The M2 tidal current, caused by the nonlinear interaction of the diurnal constituents over Kashevarov Bank, constitutes approximately a half of the total M2 tide current there. The fortnightly current, through nonlinear interactions, also influences basic diurnal tidal currents by inducing fortnightly variations in the amplitude of these currents.
Technique for improved safety in the endoscopic management of subglottic stenosis.

Abstract Objective To identify a safe approach to airway management during the endoscopic balloon dilation of subglottic stenosis Background Subglottic stenosis is an abnormal narrowing of the upper airway commonly managed by endoscopic technique performed on an unsecured airway. Methods Review of surgical treatment of subglottic stenosis cases by the senior author. Technique Following steroid injection and radial cuts performed either under jet anesthesia or mask ventilation with brief periods of apnea, a small endotracheal tube may be passed beyond the narrowing to permit adjacent balloon dilation with the airway secured. Conclusions We introduce an endoscopic subglottic balloon dilation technique done with a secured airway.
Filling the need for new antiarrhythmic drugs to prevent shocks from implantable cardioverter defibrillators.

The implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) has had an enormous impact on the treatment of patients with life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias. It has been shown not only to be effective in reducing mortality in patients who have survived a potentially life-threatening ventricular arrhythmia
Carcinoma in situ of the breast.

The combination of mammography with biopsy of lesions suspicious either radiographically or on physical examination has afforded greater insight as to the frequency and significance of carcinoma in situ. The characteristics of lobular and intraductal carcinomas are discussed, and a question is raised whether chronic cystic mastitis should be considered as a pre-malignant, pre-in situ carcinoma.
Comparison of Oxygen Reservoir Tube Length and Imposed Work of Breathing with the Universal Portable Anesthesia Complete

ABSTRACT The Universal Portable Anesthesia Complete is supplied with a 12-inch oxygen reservoir. Previous work suggested that using a longer (greater-volume) reservoir results in a greater inspired oxygen concentration. This study assessed the work of breathing imposed by lengths of reservoir tubing (18, 30, and 48 inches) during simulated spontaneous breathing of an adult anesthetized with isoflurane. Peak negative pressure (PNP) was used as a surrogate of imposed work. There were no clinically significant differences between the PNP with the supplied reservoir tubing and the three lengths of 22-mm corrugated tubing. The PNP ranged between −1.5 and −1.7 cm H2O for the anesthetized condition and between −4.3 and −4.7 cm H2O for the condition modeling emergence from general anesthesia. The morphologic features of the pressure-volume curves corroborated these findings and revealed that little imposed work was attributable to the length of reservoir tubing. These findings should help future investigators see...
Economy, efficiency, and the evolution of pollen tube growth rates.

PREMISE Pollen tube growth rate (PTGR) is an important aspect of male gametophyte performance because of its central role in the fertilization process. Theory suggests that under intense competition, PTGRs should evolve to be faster, especially if PTGR accurately reflects gametophyte quality. Oddly, we know remarkably little about how effectively the work of tube construction is translated to elongation (growth and growth rate). Here we test the prediction that pollen tubes grow equally efficiently by comparing the scaling of wall production rate (WPR) to PTGR in three water lilies that flower concurrently: Nymphaea odorata, Nuphar advena and Brasenia schreberi. METHODS Single-donor pollinations on flower or carpel pairs were fixed just after pollen germination (time A) and 45 min later (time B). Mean PTGR was calculated as the average increase in tube length over that growth period. Tube circumferences (C) and wall thicknesses (W) were measured at time B. For each donor, WPR = mean (C × W) × mean PTGR. KEY RESULTS Within species, pollen tubes maintained a constant WPR to PTGR ratio, but species had significantly different ratios. N. odorata and N. advena had similar PTGRs, but for any given PTGR, they had the lowest and highest WPRs, respectively. CONCLUSIONS We showed that growth rate efficiencies evolved by changes in the volume of wall material used for growth and in how that material was partitioned between lateral and length dimensions. The economics of pollen tube growth are determined by tube design, which is consequent on trade-offs between efficient growth and other pollen tube functions.
Documenting Penicillin Allergy: The Impact of Inconsistency.

Background Allergy documentation is frequently inconsistent and incomplete. The impact of this variability on subsequent treatment is not well described. Objective To determine how allergy documentation affects subsequent antibiotic choice. Design Retrospective, cohort study. Participants 232,616 adult patients seen by 199 primary care providers (PCPs) between January 1, 2009 and January 1, 2014 at an academic medical system. Main Measures Inter-physician variation in beta-lactam allergy documentation; antibiotic treatment following beta-lactam allergy documentation. Key Results 15.6% of patients had a reported beta-lactam allergy. Of those patients, 39.8% had a specific allergen identified and 22.7% had allergic reaction characteristics documented. Variation between PCPs was greater than would be expected by chance (all p<0.001) in the percentage of their patients with a documented beta-lactam allergy (7.9% to 24.8%), identification of a specific allergen (e.g. amoxicillin as opposed to “penicillins”) (24.0% to 58.2%) and documentation of the reaction characteristics (5.4% to 51.9%). After beta-lactam allergy documentation, patients were less likely to receive penicillins (Relative Risk [RR] 0.16 [95% Confidence Interval: 0.15–0.17]) and cephalosporins (RR 0.28 [95% CI 0.27–0.30]) and more likely to receive fluoroquinolones (RR 1.5 [95% CI 1.5–1.6]), clindamycin (RR 3.8 [95% CI 3.6–4.0]) and vancomycin (RR 5.0 [95% CI 4.3–5.8]). Among patients with beta-lactam allergy, rechallenge was more likely when a specific allergen was identified (RR 1.6 [95% CI 1.5–1.8]) and when reaction characteristics were documented (RR 2.0 [95% CI 1.8–2.2]). Conclusions Provider documentation of beta-lactam allergy is highly variable, and details of the allergy are infrequently documented. Classification of a patient as beta-lactam allergic and incomplete documentation regarding the details of the allergy lead to beta-lactam avoidance and use of other antimicrobial agents, behaviors that may adversely impact care quality and cost.
Image compression for a small satellite: lessons learned

A software system for lossless compression of images was developed for a micro satellite with limited RAM memory. Valuable lessons learned during the development of the software are presented, along with some implications for computer science education. The results of the software implementation are also presented.
Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

Among emerging medical diagnostic imaging modalities, positron emission tomography, often abbreviated to its acronym “PET”, belongs in the category of nuclear medicine. Indeed, the image forming variable in PET is the distribution in the structure under study of a radionuclide administered systemically in the form of a selected radiopharmaceutical prior to the imaging procedure. Yet a number of specific features endow PET with a distinct identity within the broader category of nuclear medicine imaging.
Ligand Residence Times and Exit Pathways Obtained in Silico without Biasing Forces

Kinetics, in addition to thermodynamics, can be an important tool in drug design. The mean residence time that a ligand spends bound to its binding pocket has been shown to be more predictive for efficacy than the binding free energy. In addition, differences in binding kinetics can also be leveraged in designing selective ligands for substrates with different lifetimes in the cell. However, while free energies can be obtained using end-point methods such as free energy perturbation, kinetic information is sensitive to details of the (un)binding pathway, specifically the probability of the transition state. Using a recently developed enhanced sampling method for molecular dynamics (WExplore) it is possible to efficiently obtain residence times that agree with those determined experimentally, as well as determine the structural details of the transition state that govern binding kinetics. The method is based on unbiased trajectory segments, and is amenable both to the generation of Markov State Models and network visualization techniques that together can show the ensemble of binding and unbinding pathways, and allow for the calculation of the entropy of the transition state ensemble.
A SWOT analysis of big data

ABSTRACTThis is the decade of data analytics and big data, but not everyone agrees with the definition of big data. Some researchers see it as the future of data analysis, while others consider it as hype and foresee its demise in the near future. No matter how it is defined, big data for the time being is having its glory moment. The most important distinguishing factor about big data is the analysis of vast amounts of data. The authors investigate big data and provide an analysis of this fast-growing topic.
Vernacular (Hu)manism in Ben Okri’s The Famished Road

Rooted in the nation of Okri’s birth, Nigeria, Ben Okri’s Booker Prize-winning novel The Famished Road (1991) enacts an imagined return to origins for Okri, what the character Azaro might call a “homecoming” (Famished 28). Pietro Deandrea suggests, further, that the “Nigerian urban ghetto” in which Famished Road is set is based on Lagos, the city where Okri spent his youth (48). However, the narrative tunnels backward in time not only toward Okri’s own beginnings (he was born in 1959), but also that of independent Nigeria (born in 1960). Situated in a moment preceding the corruption within the nation’s internal leadership, its civil war (the Biafran War of 1967–70), and border disputes, the narrative unfolds at the dawning of the nation’s independence. If the nation is one prominent issue within Famished Road, however, it is one that must be viewed alongside the corresponding salience of human being. These dual points of particularity and universality constitute a crucial conceptual ambit treated by the narrative, one to which Okri himself has nodded: “…[O]ne may be writing about Nigeria, but that terrain may be the place in which one can best see very strong universal concerns” (“Ben Okri” Ross 337). What follows will explore this landscape.
Experimental Study of Microstructure and Mechanical Property of Cu30Zn6Al Alloy

This work focused on the synthesis, and microstructural and mechanical characterizations of copper-30 %zinc-6 %aluminum (Cu30Zn6Al) alloy. The alloy was first synthesized using an induction furnace, then homogenized for different durations, and heated and quenched using one-step and two-step methods. Optical microscope and scanning electron microscope were employed for the microstructure characterization. Microhardness testing was performed to obtain the Vickers hardness of the alloy after the quenching processes. The increase of homogenization duration from 2 to 12 h increases the average grain size from about 50 μm to about 100 μm when the samples were homogenized at 500 °C. The microhardness of the alloy varied in the range of about 40 HV to about 75 HV after experiencing the quenching processes.
Live loading system design for steam drum manway doors: Part II

The design and function of steam drum manway doors present difficult sealing applications for plant personnel. This article, which is published in two instalments, addresses these challenges – focusing in particular on live loading system design for steam drum manway doors.
Wireless charge recovery system for implanted electroencephalography applications in mice

Recording electroencephalography (EEG) in multiple mice within one cage is needed not only to allow high throughput testing, but to also maintain normal social and behavioral cues when studying sleep, memory and psychiatric disorders. This work proposes a concept and a blueprint of implementation of a low-power, untethered, fully integrated, implantable system suitable for EEG applications. The system employs two primary components of i) wireless powering through Helmholtz coil around the cage and ii) charge recovery logic (CRL) instead of traditional static CMOS for EEG processing. CRL presents lower power consumption, especially in the low-frequency range typical of EEG. The presented system uses charge recovery principles for the analog circuits as well, enabling improved power savings with respect to existing solutions. Finite element method simulations, or FEM, shows the feasibility of power transmission over a inductive wireless link, designed with the Helmholtz coil over the cage. The roadmap for implementation is described in the system implementation blueprint, identifying the individual building blocks that have been shown to be functional, and shown to be inter-operable with simulations in this work.
An update on multiple sclerosis in children: diagnosis, therapies, and prospects for the future

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Multiple sclerosis (MS), a chronic demyelinating disease of the central nervous system, is increasingly being recognized in children and adolescents. Pediatric MS follows a relapsing-remitting course at onset, with a risk for early cognitive impairment.Areas covered: In this review, we discuss the clinical features of acute demyelinating syndromes in children and risk factors that increase the likelihood of a diagnosis of MS. We also address the application of diagnostic criteria for MS in children, immunological features, therapeutic options and psychosocial considerations for children and adolescents with MS.Expert commentary: Collaborative multicenter clinical trials and research efforts are key to the advancement in understanding the pathophysiology and therapeutic strategies for multiple sclerosis across the lifespan.
Genetic Adaptation of C. elegans to Environment Changes I: Multigenerational Analysis of the Transcriptome

Abrupt environment changes can elicit an array of genetic effects. However, many of these effects can be overlooked by functional genomic studies conducted in static laboratory conditions. We studied the transcriptomic responses of Caenorhabditis elegans under single generation exposures to drastically different culturing conditions. In our experimental scheme, P0 worms were maintained on terrestrial environments (agar plates), F1 in aquatic cultures, and F2 back to terrestrial environments. The laboratory N2 strain and the wild isolate AB1 strain were utilized to examine how the genotype contributes to the transcriptome dynamics. Significant variations were found in the gene expressions between the "domesticated" laboratory strain and the wild isolate in the different environments. The results showed that 20%-27% of the transcriptional responses to the environment changes were transmitted to the subsequent generation. In aquatic conditions, the domesticated strain showed differential gene expression particularly for the genes functioning in the reproductive system and the cuticle development. In accordance with the transcriptomic responses, phenotypic abnormalities were detected in the germline and cuticle of the domesticated strain. Further studies showed that distinct groups of genes are exclusively expressed under specific environmental conditions, and many of these genes previously lacked supporting biochemical evidence.
Someone like me: How does peer parity influence participation of women on stack overflow?

Stack Overflow is a learning community for software developers to share and solve programming problems with each other. However, women are often deterred from contributing questions or answers. Research external to programming communities suggest the presence of peers can increase activity from underrepresented users in unfamiliar spaces. To investigate the concept of peer parity, we studied how women participate on Stack Overflow and if the presence of more women on a thread enhanced their activity. We found that women who encountered other women were more likely to engage sooner than those who did not. We discuss how these findings can support women in programming communities through peer mentorship and increase engagement.
Unsupervised Anomaly Detection for Digital Radio Frequency Transmissions

We present a novel method of unsupervised anomaly detection using long-short-term memory mixture density networks (LSTM-MDN), applied to timeseries data of digital radio transmissions. The modern radio frequency (RF) environment is a dynamic and ever-changing complex milieu of signals, environmental effects, unintentional interference, and intentional jamming. A consequence of this complex mix is that RF receivers must become better and better at rejecting anomalous signals in order to recover the transmitted information. However, it is not always possible to know a priori what constitutes a valid signal and what constitutes an anomaly (intentional or otherwise), especially with the adoption of cognitive radio techniques. We show that an LSTM-MDN model is able to rapidly learn the training set and produce probability distribution functions for the expected signal as a function of time. We then demonstrate that the negative log likelihood of an incoming test transmission, conditioned on the training set, provides a metric that allows anomalous signals to be detected and labeled. We demonstrate this method for eight popular modulations and for three different anomaly types. By applying unsupervised learning in the temporal domain, we report a fully-generalizable anomaly detection method that may be applied to signals for which the transmission parameters may be unknown or obscured.
Behavioral Counseling for Skin Cancer Prevention: Evidence Report and Systematic Review for the US Preventive Services Task Force.

Importance Exposure to UV radiation, especially in childhood, increases skin cancer risk. Objective To systematically review the evidence on the benefits and harms of behavioral counseling for skin cancer prevention to inform the US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF). Data Sources Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, MEDLINE, and PubMed were searched for studies published from January 2009 to March 31, 2016, for skin cancer prevention and from August 2005 to March 31, 2016, for skin self-examination. Surveillance in targeted publications was conducted through February 14, 2018. Studies included in previous USPSTF reports were reevaluated for inclusion. Study Selection Fair- and good-quality studies of primary care–relevant behavioral interventions focused on improving skin cancer outcomes, intermediate outcomes, or skin cancer prevention and self-examination behaviors. Data Extraction and Synthesis Two investigators independently reviewed abstracts and full-text articles and extracted data into evidence tables. Results were qualitatively summarized but not pooled because of heterogeneity of measures. Main Outcomes and Measures Skin cancer, sunburn, precursor skin lesions, sun protection behaviors, and any harms from interventions. Results Twenty-one trials in 27 publications were included (N = 20 561). No studies assessed skin cancer outcomes in pediatric populations; 1 adult trial (n = 1356) promoting skin self-examination found no significant difference in participants diagnosed with melanoma in the intervention group vs the control group at 12-month follow-up (0 vs 1 diagnosis). There was no consistent improvement in prevention of sunburn for children (3 trials [n = 2508]) or adults (6 trials [n = 3959]). There were small to moderate increases in sun protection behavior in pediatric populations (6 trials [n = 4252]) and adults (12 trials [n = 13 099]) and small increases in skin self-examination in adults (11 trials [n = 7771]; odds ratios, 1.16-2.6). One of 3 trials of indoor tanning found an intervention effect; an appearance-focused intervention (n = 430) resulted in a smaller increase in mean indoor tanning sessions at 6 months in the intervention group vs the control group. Harms were rarely reported: 1 trial of skin self-examination (n = 1356) found an increase in skin procedures in the intervention group vs the control group at 6 months (8.0% vs 3.6%,P Conclusions and Relevance Behavioral interventions can increase sun protection behavior, but there is no consistent evidence that interventions are associated with a reduction in the frequency of sunburn in children or adults and minimal evidence on skin cancer outcomes. Intervention can increase skin self-examination in adults but may lead to increased skin procedures without detecting additional atypical nevi or skin cancers.
Residential Care for Normal and Deviant Children

Residential care of infants deprived of a normal family—and associated problems such as adoption and fostering—have been the concern of religious leaders, lawmakers, kings, and emperors for thousands of years.
Principles and Safety of Microwave Ablation

Microwave ablation (MWA) is a form of thermal ablation that uses electromagnetic waves to establish a microwave near-field where direct tissue heating occurs by a phenomenon called dielectric heating. MWA does not rely on electric current and is not subject to the limitations that electric current imposes. The shape of the MW near-field is determined by MW frequency and antenna design whereas the amount of energy deposited into the near-field and the final ablation size is determined by the power and duration of ablation as well as the type of tissue being targeted. MWA does not appear to be as sensitive to “thermal sink” as current-dependent thermal ablation modalities due to higher temperatures and shorter ablation times. The user should be familiar with manufacturer recommendations for ablation settings for the MWA equipment that they have selected. The user should also be aware of significant differences in safety precautions between MWA and RFA when using MWA equipment. When used appropriately, MWA can provide exceptional complete ablation rates with minimal morbidity for a wide range of primary and metastatic lesions.
Interactions Between Cognitive Space and Motor Activity

Extensive signal processing occurs in sensory systems before perception of object positions. Normally this processing is cognitively opaque, inaccessible to experience or behavioral experiment. Several experimental techniques, however, allow analysis of relationships between unconscious processing and subsequent conscious perception and action. In the induced Roelofs effect, a visual target’s perceived position is biased by a large static frame that is offset from the center, an effect that appears in perceptual judgment but not in immediate motor activity. Delayed judgment and delayed pointing both show the effect. All four of these results are due to the frame capturing the straight-ahead, a bias that disappears after stimulus offset. The subject, however, is unaware of the bias, believing the straight-ahead (which affects orientation judgments) to remain accurate. Thus an unconscious bias changes conscious behavior. In a further experiment, inattentional blindness prevents perception of the frame. Nonetheless, the induced Roelofs effect appears. This phenomenon requires two dissociable and sequential unconscious steps, processing the frame and biasing the straight-ahead, before conscious responses are altered.
Neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) as a predictive biomarker for response to high dose interleukin 2 (HDIL-2) in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC).

e16087Background: Immunotherapy with HDIL-2 results in long-term survival in some mRCC patients but has significant toxicities. Biomarkers predicting response to therapy are needed to better select...
Sexual Orientation, Relationships with Parents, Stress, and Depressive Symptoms among Adults

Disparities in depressive symptoms as a function of sexual orientation have been well documented, but less is known about their origins. This study examines whether, even in adulthood, less favorab...
Therapeutic Role of a Cysteine Precursor, OTC, in Ischemic Stroke Is Mediated by Improved Proteostasis in Mice

Oxidative stress aggravates brain injury following ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). We previously showed that ubiquilin-1 (Ubqln1), a ubiquitin-like protein, improves proteostasis and protects brains against oxidative stress and I/R-induced brain injury. Here, we demonstrate that a small molecule compound, L-2-oxothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid (OTC) that functions as a precursor of cysteine, upregulated Ubqln1 and protected cells against oxygen-glucose deprivation–induced cell death in neuronal cultures. Further, the administration of OTC either at 1 h prior to ischemia or 3 h after the reperfusion significantly reduced brain infarct injury and improved behavioral outcomes in a stroke model. Administration of OTC also increased glutathione (GSH) level and decreased superoxide production, oxidized protein, and neuroinflammation levels in the penumbral cortex after I/R in the stroke mice. Furthermore, I/R reduced both Ubqln1 and the glutathione S-transferase protein levels, whereas OTC treatment restored both protein levels, which was associated with reduced ubiquitin-conjugated protein level. Interestingly, in the Ubqln1 knockout (KO) mice, OTC treatment showed reduced neuroprotection and increased ubiquitin-conjugated protein level when compared to the similarly treated non-KO mice following I/R, suggesting that OTC-medicated neuroprotection is, at least partially, Ubqln1-dependent. Thus, OTC is a potential therapeutic agent for stroke and possibly for other neurological disorders and its neuroprotection involves enhanced proteostasis.
Effect of Biological Activities on Selenium Removal by Continuous-Flow Reactors Packed with Alum-Impregnated Activated Alumina

AbstractSe(VI) and Se(IV) are the two major species of selenium in water. They are toxic to aquatic lives and human beings at high levels. Biological reduction of Se(VI) is a two-stage process, fir...
The investigation of an infectious diarrhea epidemic caused by norovirus in a rural middle school

Objective To investigate an infectious diarrhea epidemic caused by norovirus in a rural middle school,find the characteristics of infectious diarrhea caused by norovirus,make better countermeasures to control the same epidemic situation.Method Made a epidemiological investigation at the scene of diarrhea students,collected suspicious food,vomit,feces,water and so on for testing.Results The first case occurred on September 5,2009,the epidemic situation lasting 7 days,attack rate of 1.28％(76/5965),43.42％ of grade three high school students.Through etiology detecting,the nucleic acid of norovirus was positive.Conclusion The diarrhea epidemic in this school was caused by the contamination of water with norovirus. Key words: Norovirus; Infectious diarrhea; Investigation report
Covalent Adaptable Network and Self-Healing Materials: Current Trends and Future Prospects in Sustainability

This work estimates that if the growth of polymer production continues at its current rate of 5% each year, the current annual production of 395 million tons of plastic will exceed 1000 million tons by 2039. Only 9% of the plastics that are currently produced are recycled while most of these materials end up in landfills or leak into oceans, thus creating severe environmental challenges. Covalent adaptable networks (CANs) materials can play a significant role in reducing the burden posed by plastics materials on the environment because CANs are reusable and recyclable. This review is focused on recent research related to CANs of polycarbonates, polyesters, polyamides, polyurethanes, and polyurea. In particular, trends in self-healing CANs systems, the market value of these materials, as well as mechanistic insights regarding polycarbonates, polyesters, polyamides, polyurethanes, and polyurea are highlighted in this review. Finally, the challenges and outlook for CANs are described herein.
An improved observable for the forward-backward asymmetry in B → K ∗ ℓ + ℓ − and B s → ϕ ℓ + ℓ −

We study the decay B → K∗l+l−in the QCD factorization approach and propose a new integrated observable whose dependence on the form factors is almost negligible, consequently the non-perturbative error is significantly reduced and indeed its overall theoretical error is dominated by perturbative scale uncertainties. The new observable we propose is the ratio between the integrated forward-backward asymmetry (FBA) in the [4, 6] GeV2 and [1, 4] GeV2 dilepton invariant mass bins. This new observable is particularly interesting because, when compared to the location of the zero of the FBA spectrum, it is experimentally easier to measure and its theoretical uncertainties are almost as small; moreover it displays a very strong dependence on the phase of the Wilson coefficient C10 that is otherwise only accessible through complicated CP violating asymmetries. We illustrate the new physics sensitivity of this observable within the context of few extensions of the Standard Model (SM), namely the SM with four generations (SM4), an MSSM with non-vanishing source of flavor changing neutral currents in the down squark sector and a Z′ model with tree level flavor changing couplings.
Demand for Essential Nonambulatory Neurosurgical Care Decreased While Acuity of Care Increased During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Surge.

BACKGROUND: In times of health resource reallocation, capacities must remain able to meet a continued demand for essential, nonambulatory neurosurgical acute care. This study sought to characterize the demand for and provision of neurosurgical acute care during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. METHODS: This single-center cross-sectional observational analysis compared nonambulatory neurosurgical consult encounters during the peri-surge period (March 9 to May 31, 2020) with those during an analogous period in 2019. Outcomes included consult volume, distribution of problem types, disease severity, and rate of acute operative intervention. RESULTS: A total of 1494 neurosurgical consults were analyzed. Amidst the pandemic surge, 583 consults were seen, which was 6.4 standard deviations below the mean among analogous 2016-2019 periods (mean 873; standard deviation 45, P = 0.001). Between 2019 and 2020, the proportion of degenerative spine consults decreased in favor of spinal trauma (25.6% vs. 34% and 51.9% vs. 41.4%, P = 0.088). Among aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage cases, poor-grade (Hunt and Hess grades 4-5) presentations were more common (30% vs. 14.8%, P = 0.086). A greater proportion of pandemic era consults resulted in acute operative management, with an unchanged absolute frequency of acutely operative consults (123/583 [21.1%] vs. 120/911 [13.2%], P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Neurosurgical consult volume during the pandemic surge hit a 5-year institutional low. Amidst vast reallocation of health care resources, demand for high-acuity nonambulatory neurosurgical care continued and proportionally increased for greater-acuity pathologies. In our continued current pandemic as well as any future situations of mass health resource reallocation, neurosurgical acute care capacities must be preserved.
Dentate nucleus signal intensity changes on T1-weighted MRI after repeated administrations of linear and macrocyclic gadolinium-based contrast agents: a pediatric intraindividual case-control study.

BackgroundAn association between consecutive administrations of macrocyclic gadolinium-based contrast agent (mcGBCA) gadobutrol and linear (L)-GBCA gadopentetate dimeglumine and gadolinium retentio...
Evaluation and Characterization of Tendon Routing Methods for Soft, Flexible Foam Robots

Tendon-actuated flexible foam robots have proven manipulation and locomotion capabilities while remaining soft and human-safe. However, the compliant nature of foam makes tendon integration a challenging design and fabrication problem. This can be seen by the variety of approaches used by researchers to date. Existing foam robots externally route tendons using textile skins or shallowly embedded eyelets. To expand upon this, we present a method for internally routing tendons through a novel casting process. We fabricated simple foam "finger" actuators using each of the fabrication strategies in order to compare these tendon routing methods. We then measured the actuation requirements, trajectories, and repeatability of each method. Using this data, we evaluate and characterize each tendon routing strategy in order to inform future tendon-actuated foam robot designs. Ultimately, tendon placement strategies determine the achievable poses and actuation force required. In addition to these physical properties, we present other design aspects for consideration such as repairability, reconfigurability, fabrication difficulty, and overall design complexity. By presenting these qualities we hope to provide future foam robot designers guidelines to consider when choosing a tendon routing method.
Monitoring the implementation and scale-up of a life-saving intervention for preterm and small babies: Facility-based Kangaroo Mother Care.

Background Kangaroo mother care (KMC) is an evidence-based intervention with large protective effects on neonatal mortality and morbidity, especially among small babies. Despite the available evidence, KMC adoption, implementation and scale-up has lagged. The purpose of this paper is to inform current and future KMC implementation by identifying achievements and challenges in countries that are in the process of scaling up KMC. Methods We collected and analyzed information to track the status of facility-based KMC in countries identified by the KMC Acceleration Partnership. We assessed the status of the scale-up in six priority countries (Ethiopia, Malawi, Nigeria and Rwanda in Africa, and Bangladesh and India in Asia) for three periods: 2014 and prior, 2015-2017 and 2017-2019 across six strategic areas: national policy, country implementation, research, knowledge management, monitoring and evaluation and advocacy. We collected information through in-depth interviews with key participants, quantitative data extraction from the Demographic Health Survey and secondary data extraction from policies, briefs, program reports and other documents. Results Progress in terms of national policy and advocacy appeared to occur quite quickly and evenly across the six priority countries, despite being at different stages during the first assessment. In the areas of country implementation support and research, progress occurred more slowly and results were more variable across countries. It was noted that the number of health facilities offering KMC services increased in all six priority countries, but coverage of KMC was difficult to estimate, demonstrating the ongoing challenges in the area of monitoring and evaluation despite progress made in integrating KMC indicators into national health information systems in five countries. Among the six priority countries - Malawi and Bangladesh had fully achieved at least four the first time six conditions were introduced. Conclusions We documented notable achievements in the dimensions of policy and country implementation across the six countries, which were likely driven by government engagement to prioritize newborn care services and the promotion of KMC as a core intervention for small babies. We noted challenges in critical areas such as ambulatory KMC, follow-up, and monitoring and evaluation. Addressing these gaps while securing funding to allocate human resources adequately, promoting acceptance of KMC for demand creation and facilitating the use of data for decision making will be vital to ensure effective coverage at scale.
Compaction coefficient of wooden briquettes used as renewable fuel.

This paper aims to analyze two types of wooden briquettes made from different raw material, in order to determine the compactness of the wood used, namely their compaction coefficient. This factor is a new feature of briquettes that defines more precisely the quality of them. The density of raw material and briquettes causes the compaction coefficient, namely the ratio between them. Relevance of research and scientific innovation results from the fact that European standard of wooden briquettes states the density as the main physical characteristic and does not take into account of raw material characteristics from which the briquettes are made (for example, a denser wood species will produce a more dense briquette, but not always exist high density materials). Previous researches about other features of wooden briquettes (as the compression strength could be) and the similarity with the other similar coefficient of wooden composites are two strong points of resolution. In this way, all results are reflected in the definition and presentation of method for determining the coefficient of compaction, in laboratory tests, concerning the obtaining and testing of various briquettes, analyze and compare their features and the establishment of different influences on the compaction coefficient of other features of briquettes, such as compressive strength. The compaction coefficient can be considered a new property of wooden briquettes, which will better characterize the quality and compactness of briquettes.