cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Use of Coifman intervallic wavelets in 2-D and 3-D scattering problems

The method of moments (MOM) has been used to solve antenna and scattering problems for several decades, due both to its flexibility in handling complex geometric structures and to its numerical accuracy. However, for electrically large problems, the MOM often becomes incapable of achieving solutions due to its requirements for vast amounts of local memory and processor cycles. To overcome this difficulty, orthonormal wavelets have been introduced, which create very sparse moment matrices that can be evaluated by iterative techniques. Nevertheless, the traditional orthonormal wavelets have demonstrated several limitations. The use of intervallic wavelets is presented; they form an orthonormal basis and preserve the same multi-resolution analysis as other unbounded wavelets. In contrast to periodic wavelets, endpoint values are not restricted if the unknown function is expanded in terms of intervallic wavelets. Very sparse impedance matrices have been obtained with this method. Zero elements of the matrices are identified directly, without using a truncation scheme with an artificially established threshold. The majority of matrix elements are evaluated directly, without performing numerical integration procedures such as Gaussian quadrature. The construction of intervallic wavelets is presented. Numerical examples of 2-D and 3-D scattering problems are discussed, and the relative error of this method is studied analytically.
Brain death in children: Characteristics common carotid arterial velocity patterns measured with pulsed Doppler ultrasound+

The clinical criteria for brain death in children remain controversial. An accepted confirmatory test for brain death is the documented absence of intracranial blood flow, the most common methods being arteriography and radionuclide cerebral angiography. We correlated the common carotid arterial blood velocity patterns measured by pulsed Doppler ultrasound in 32 brain-dead infants and children with results of their clinical examinations and, whenever possible, with radionuclide cerebral anglography. A distinct, characteristic carotid arterial blood velocity waveform indicating absent cerebral blood flow appeared in 19 of the 23 brain-dead patients 4 months of age or older. The velocity patterns of the other four older children were similar, but not identical, to the characteristic waveform. The remaining nine brain-dead patients were infants 4 months of age or younger. These infants had velocity waveforms different from those of healthy infants, but also were fotally different from the characteristic brain death pattern of older children. No patient had the characteristic brain death waveform without being clinically brain dead. Measurement of carotid arterial blood velocity with pulsed Doppler ultrasound is a repeatable, noninvasive, portable test useful for confirmation of brain death in children.
Nitric oxide/cyclic GMP pathway attenuates ATP-evoked intracellular calcium increase in supporting cells of the guinea pig cochlea.

We demonstrate here that nitric oxide (NO) attenuates ATP-evoked calcium transients in Deiters' and Hensen's cells, "supporting" (nonsensory) cells of the guinea pig cochlea, by means of activation of soluble guanylyl cyclase and protein kinase G. The enzymatic activities associated with the nitric oxide/cGMP/protein kinase G pathway had previously been demonstrated to be present in Deiters' and Hensen's cells. We now isolate these cells and measure changes in intracellular free calcium by using the calcium indicator fluo-3. In Deiters' cells, calcium increased rapidly in response to the application of ATP. The increase was attenuated when the pathway was stimulated by NO donors (diethylamine NONOate or sodium nitroprusside) or the cyclic GMP analog, 8-bromo-cyclic GMP. When the activation of the pathway was blocked by the additional presence of inhibitors of soluble guanylyl cyclase (LY83583) or protein kinase G (Rp-8-bromo-cyclic GMP or KT5823), the response to ATP was restored. The reactions also occurred in calcium-free media. Hensen's cells responded similarly. These results provide evidence that intracellular calcium is regulated by the NO/cGMP/protein kinase G pathway in the inner ear.
Benzo(a)pyrene, but not 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, alters cell proliferation and c-myc and growth factor expression in human placental choriocarcinoma JEG-3 cells.

Abstract This study compared the effects of benzo( a )pyrene (BaP) and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo- p -dioxin (TCDD), two aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) agonists, on proliferation and gene expression in the human placental choriocarcinoma JEG-3 cell line. BaP significantly inhibited [ 3 H]thymidine incorporation, whereas no effect of TCDD was observed over a 7 day period. TCDD and BaP both showed induction of cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1), whereas only BaP caused a significant loss of EGFRs. Exposure to 10 μM BaP significantly increased the steady state mRNA level of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, while the c-myc mRNA levels were decreased by 61%. In contrast, TCDD showed no changes in mRNA levels for TGF-β1 and c-myc. Thus, although both compounds induce CYP1A1, only BaP inhibits cell proliferation which is correlated with disruption of expression of significant regulators of trophoblast growth.
The Asian Pursuit of Trinitarian Theology in a Multireligious Context

Does the Christian theology of the Trinity in an Asian context mesh with a “life horizon” of religious pluralism? Like an endeavor of the Asian face of Christology, several Asian scholars have attempted to construct an Asian conceptualization of the Trinity with respect to spirituality, wisdom, and minjung in a life horizon of world religions. This writing introduces an Asian theology of the Trinity and constructs a theology of the Trinity from an Asian irregular perspective.
Increased Backbone Mobility in β-Barrel Enhances Entropy Gain Driving Binding of N-TIMP-1 to MMP-3

Abstract The high-affinity inhibition of stromelysin 1 (MMP-3) by tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 1 (TIMP-1) helps control tissue remodeling and tumor development. The interaction of N-TIMP-1 with the catalytic domain of MMP-3 has been investigated by titration calorimetry and 15 N NMR. Their unfavorable enthalpy of binding of +6.5 kcal mol −1 is unusual among protein–protein associations, deviates from structure-based prediction, and is compensated by a net entropy increase providing at least 18 kcal mol −1 of favorable free energy of binding at a 1 M reference state. The small heat capacity of binding agrees well with the heat capacity predicted from 65% of the surface buried on binding being polar, and suggests that the hydrophobic effect can account for only part of the entropy of binding. Using NMR, binding-induced changes in the backbone of N-TIMP-1 were checked as one possible source of conformational entropy changes. MMP binding slightly increases rigidity in some contact sites in TIMP-1 but increases mobility remotely in the otherwise rigid β-barrel core of N-TIMP-1, increasing 15 N relaxation evidence of pico- to nanosecond and micro- to millisecond fluctuations of β-strands A–F. Residual dipolar couplings suggest dynamic deviations from X-ray coordinates of the complex. These suggest that the β-barrel has small backbone conformational fluctuations, while segments of strands βB, βE and βF might experience fluctuations only in their backbone environment. This is a distinctive example of affinity between two well-structured proteins being enhanced by increased conformational entropy in the reservoir of a folding core.
A rapid mild esterification method

Abstract The well known method for the formation of carboxylate esters by the reactions of alkyl halides with metal salts of Carboxylates (where M includes Ag, pb, and alkali metals) is not a generally useful synthetic method1. Several improvements have increased the utility of this method2–5.Chief among them is the use of ammonium salts rather than metal salts. Moreover, amines and quaternary ammonium salts in catalytic amouts also increase the rate of the reactions, i.e., at room temparature or below except when highly active alkyl halides are employed.
BENZODIAZEPINE Ro 15-1788: ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL EVIDENCE FOR PARTIAL AGONIST ACTIVITY

Abstract The effects of diazepam and Ro 15-1788 were assessed upon responses of mouse spinal cord (SC) neurons in cell culture to the amino acid neurotransmitters 4-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and S-glutamic acid. Diazepam (100 nM) enhanced GABA responses by 65 ± 3% (113 cells), while Ro 15-1788 (100 nM) failed to alter GABA responses but reduced their enhancement by diazepam. Higher Ro 15-1788 concentrations (1 μM or 10 μM) enhanced GABA responses to a moderate extent, while blocking further enhancement of GABA by diazepam. Neither diazepam nor Ro 15-1788 affected glutamate responses or resting membrane potential or conductance of spinal cord neurons. These results provide electrophysiological support for partial agonist, rather than pure antagonist, activity of Ro 15-1788.
Nitric Oxide, Oxygen, and Superoxide Formation and Consumption in Macrophages and Colonic Epithelial Cells

Knowledge of the rates at which macrophages and epithelial cells synthesize NO is critical for predicting the concentrations of NO and other reactive nitrogen species in colonic crypts during inflammation, and elucidating the linkage between inflammatory bowel disease, NO, and cancer. Macrophage-like RAW264.7 cells, primary bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM), and HCT116 colonic epithelial cells were subjected to simulated inflammatory conditions, and rates of formation and consumption were determined for NO, O(2), and O(2)(-). Production rates of NO were determined in either of two ways: continuous monitoring of NO concentrations in a closed chamber with corrections for autoxidation, or NO(2)(-) accumulation measurements in an open system with corrections for diffusional losses of NO. The results obtained using the two methods were in excellent agreement. Rates of NO synthesis (2.3 +/- 0.6 pmol s(-1) 10(6) cells(-1)), NO consumption (1.3 +/- 0.3 s(-1)), and O(2) consumption (59 +/- 17 pmol s(-1) 10(6) cells(-1) when NO is negligible) for activated BMDM were indistinguishable from those of activated RAW264.7 cells. NO production rates calculated from NO(2)(-) accumulation data for HCT116 cells infected with Helicobacter cinaedi (3.9 +/- 0.1 pmol s(-1) 10(6) cells(-1)) were somewhat greater than those of RAW264.7 macrophages infected under similar conditions (2.6 +/- 0.1 pmol s(-1) 10(6) cells(-1)). Thus, RAW264.7 cells have NO kinetics nearly identical to those of primary macrophages, and stimulated epithelial cells are capable of synthesizing NO at rates comparable to those of macrophages. Using these cellular kinetic parameters, simulations of NO diffusion and reaction in a colonic crypt during inflammation predict maximum NO concentrations of about 0.2 microM at the base of a crypt.
Effects of supraspinal orphanin FQ/nociceptin.

The first reported behavioral action of the endogenous ligand for the "orphan" opioid receptor was a seemingly paradoxical increased sensitivity to nociception (i.e. hyperalgesia) after supraspinal injection into the cerebral ventricles of mice. In the continuing absence of an appropriate in vivo receptor antagonist, studies attempting to define the role of orphanin FQ/nociceptin (OFQ/N) in pain modulation and other behaviors have also featured central injection of peptide. This article reviews the findings of such studies. There appears to be concordance around the observation of anti-opioid actions of supraspinally injected OFQ/N, whereas the observations of hyperalgesia and/or analgesia are much less clear. A portion of the discrepant data may be explained in terms of methodological issues, stress-induced analgesia accompanying experimental protocols, and genotypic variation among subjects. Clarification of OFQ/N's role in nociception, as with other putative biologic functions, will probably depend upon the availability of a selective receptor antagonist.
Inhibitory conductance changes at synapses in the lamprey brainstem.

Although the conductance and kinetic behavior of inhibitory synaptic channels have been studied in a number of nerve and muscle cells, there has been little if any detailed study of such channels at synapses in the vertebrate central nervous system or of the relation of such channels to natural synaptic events. In the experiments reported here, current noise measurements were used to obtain such information at synapses on Muller cells in the lamprey brainstem. Application of glycine to the cells activated synaptic channels with large conductances and relaxation time constants (70 picosiemens and 33 milliseconds, respectively, at 3 degrees to 10 degrees C). Spontaneous inhibitory synaptic currents had a mean conductance of 107 nanosiemens and decayed with the same time constant. In addition, the glycine responses and the spontaneous currents had the same reversal potential and both were abolished by strychnine. These results support the idea that glycine is the natural inhibitory transmitter at these synapses and suggest that one quantum of transmitter activates about 1500 elementary conductance channels.
Lattice protein folding with two and four‐body statistical potentials

The cooperative folding of proteins implies a description by multibody potentials. Such multibody potentials can be generalized from common two-body statistical potentials through a relation to probability distributions of residue clusters via the Boltzmann condition. In this exploratory study, we compare a four-body statistical potential, defined by the Delaunay tessellation of protein structures, to the Miyazawa–Jernigan (MJ) potential for protein structure prediction, using a lattice chain growth algorithm. We use the four-body potential as a discriminatory function for conformational ensembles generated with the MJ potential and examine performance on a set of 22 proteins of 30–76 residues in length. We find that the four-body potential yields comparable results to the two-body MJ potential, namely, an average coordinate root-mean-square deviation (cRMSD) value of 8 A for the lowest energy configurations of all-α proteins, and somewhat poorer cRMSD values for other protein classes. For both two and four-body potentials, superpositions of some predicted and native structures show a rough overall agreement. Formulating the four-body potential using larger data sets and direct, but costly, generation of conformational ensembles with multibody potentials may offer further improvements. Proteins 2001;43:161–174. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
THE POLLINATION BIOLOGY OF TILIA

A B S T R A C T An anthecological study of Tilia in the Great Plains and New England was undertaken for both native and introduced species. The floral bracts are postulated as being at least as important in pollinator attraction as they are in fruit dispersal. A characteristic sweet odor is always present, but becomes stronger at dusk. Flowers are protandrous with anthers opening for the first time late in the afternoon and releasing pollen abundantly for about 24 hr. Initial nectar production coincides with stigma receptivity which begins late in the afternoon, but on the second day a flower is open. Sixty-six species of insects in 29 families were collected. Bees and flies are the most common diurnal visitors and moths are the primary nocturnal visitors. Samples of pollen taken from the insects indicate a relatively high constancy. Experimental tests show that Tilia is not apomictic or self compatible. Anemophily plays a secondary role to entomophily in pollination. Nocturnal pollinators are slighly less effective than diurnal pollinators in effecting fruit set. Although nocturnal pollinators are favored by the syndrome of floral characteristics, it is concluded that Tilia is a generalist in regard to pollination. It is proposed that the lack of clear morphological differences between Tilia species leads to pol
Production of the Crayfish Cambarus Bartonii (Fabricius, 1798) (Decapoda, Cambaridae) in an Acidic Appalachian Stream (U.S.a.)

The growth rate and annual production of the crayfish Cambarus bartonii were estimated in Crouch Run, a 3rd-order stream that drains a high-elevation catchment in West Virginia and which has been acidified because of acidic precipitation. Production of C. bartonii in Crouch Run was 525.8 mg AFDW m- 2 yr -1 and was less than that for C. bartonii in Upper Ball Creek, a high-elevation circumneutral stream in North Carolina (961.0 mg AFDW m -2 yr -1 , Huryn & Wallace, 1987). This difference seemed to be related to differences in the biomass of C. bartonii between the streams, because the P/B ratio for C. bartonii in Crouch Run was 7.4 compared with 5.8 in Upper Ball Creek.
Institutional potential of housing cooperatives for low-income households: The case of India

Abstract I analyze the institutional potential of housing cooperatives to fulfill housing objectives of low-income households, using three Indian cities (Mumbai, Chennai, and New Delhi) as empirical basis. I propose that there are two dimensions affecting the potential: (i) internal organizational features of the cooperative and (ii) external institutional context. At the organizational level, although cooperatives have certain inherent benefits for low-income households, they face collective action problems that need to be overcome. Potential benefits vary with the form of cooperatives. At the institutional level, evolution of cooperatives is set in both the local housing market and the local institutional framework. The institutional framework could help or hinder in realizing the potential benefits in a given housing market by lowering or raising transaction costs of formation and functioning of cooperatives. In India, the national institutional context promoted cooperatives as a means for low-income households. However, these households have benefited to different degrees in the three cities. While cooperatives have been most effective in Mumbai, they have been less effective in Chennai and New Delhi. The comparative examination holds three lessons for housing policy. The first lesson is that both local housing market and institutional framework have influenced the form and functioning of housing cooperatives. The second lesson is that minimal state controls aid cooperatives to perform multifarious functions. The third lesson is that development of an institutional structure supporting cooperatives lowers the transaction costs of their formation and functioning, which is to the benefit of low-income households.
Flexible and disposable immunosensors based on layer-by-layer self-assembled carbon nanotubes and biomolecules

Abstract A low-cost, flexible, and disposable immunosensor is presented in this paper. The single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) and biomolecules are self-assembled between two micro-patterned electrodes. The immuno-chip acts as a platform of a horseradish peroxidase (HRP) labeled sandwiched Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay (ELISA). The pH change induced by the biochemical reactions influences the electrical conductance of SWNT. A detection resolution of 0.4 ng/ml (2.5 pM) for normal rabbit immunoglobulin G (IgG) is demonstrated. The new fabrication technique and the HRP labeled detection protocol can be extended to the recognition of other antigens for critical applications to clinical diagnosis, food toxin detection, and environment monitoring.
Endo-selective quenching of hexahydropyrrolo[2,3-b]indole-based N-acyliminium ions.

Radical decarboxylation of l-tryptophan-derived (2S,3aR,8aS)-8-arylsulfonyl-1,2-di(methoxycarbonyl)-1,2,3,3a,8,8a-hexahydro-2H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]indoles 8 and 9 in the presence of diphenyl diselenide results in the endo-selective formation of (2R,3aR,8aS)-8-arylsulfonyl-1-methoxycarbonyl-2-phenylselenyl-1,2,3,3a,8,8a-hexahydro-2H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]indoles 10 and 11. These selenides, in conjunction with Lewis acids, serves as precursors to the corresponding N-acyl iminium ions, which undego selective endo-face quenching by allyltributylstannane, allyltrimethylsilane, propargyltrimethylsilane, and trimethylsilylcyanide. Stereochemical assignments rest on NMR data and crystallographic studies. The endo-selective nature of these reactions is interpreted in terms of minimization of allylic strain at the transition state for nucleophilic attack on the N-acyl iminum ion.
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation in Critically Ill Neurologic-Neurosurgical Patients

OBJECTIVES To establish the rate of successful cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and to study outcome predictors in patients who experienced in-hospital cardiac arrest after being admitted to the neurologic-neurosurgical intensive care unit (ICU) with a primary neurologic diagnosis. PATIENTS AND METHODS We identified patients admitted to the neurologic-neurosurgical ICU between 1994 and 2001 who experienced in-hospital cardiac arrest and received CPR. Functional outcome was assessed using the modified Rankin scale. RESULTS During the study period, 38 consecutive patients experienced in-hospital cardiac arrest and received CPR. The median age of the patients was 65 years (range, 16–81 years), and the mean interval from admission to CPR was 12 days (range, 3 hours to 47 days). Acute intracranial disease was present in 32 patients (84%). Twenty-one patients (55%) were in the ICU at the time of the cardiac arrest; cardiac arrests in the wards occurred at a mean interval of 9 days (range, 1–45 days) after ICU discharge. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation achieved return of spontaneous circulation in 23 patients (61%). Seven patients (18%) were discharged from the hospital, 5 of whom later achieved a modified Rankin scale score of 2 or lower. Cardiac arrest after a deteriorating clinical course resulted in uniformly fatal outcomes. Duration of CPR shorter than 5 minutes and CPR in the ICU were associated with survival and good functional recovery. CONCLUSIONS Cardiopulmonary resuscitation is a worthwhile procedure in severely ill neurologic-neurosurgical patients, regardless of the patient's age. However, the outcome after CPR appears much worse in patients with a prior deteriorating clinical course.
Diffusion-layer structure in reverse osmosis channel flow

Abstract Salt concentration profiles in brine adjacent to the membrane during reverse osmosis were measured with electrical conductivity microprobes for fully-developed two-dimensional channel flow in a closed-return water tunnel. Cellulose acetate membranes were employed with solutions of NH4NO3, NaNO3, NaCl, Na2SO4 and MgSO4, at hydrostatic pressures from 10 to 40 atm and with Reynolds numbers from 137 to 1365. The excess concentration was found to vary exponentially with distance normal to the membrane. An integral technique, developed on the basis of an exponential-profile assumption, was found to provide reasonable agreement between theoretical and experimental concentration profiles. This integral theory gives good values for the wall concentration and can be applied relatively quickly in design calculations.
A comparison of carotenoid content and total antioxidant activity in catsup from several commercial sources in the United States.

Samples of catsup from 13 commercial sources, representing at least 10 U.S. manufacturers, were analyzed for carotenoid content, antioxidant activity, and percentage solids. The solids content of these catsup brand samples varied from 26.31 to 38.06% solids. The lycopene content ranged from 59.42 to 183.36 μg, and total carotenoids were as high as 216.6 μg/g fresh weight, respectively. In addition, both hydrophilic and lipophilic antioxidant activities were measured using the Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) assay. These measurements of samples of the various catsup brands ranged from 176.5 to 356.8 total TEAC units. Keywords: Tomato; catsup; lycopene; carotenoid; Trolox equivalent antioxidant activity; solids
Dynamics of ambulatory surgery centers and hospitals market entry

In this article, we investigate the diversity of healthcare delivery organizations by comparing the market determinants of hospitals entry rates with those of ambulatory surgery centers (ASCs). Unlike hospitals, ASCs is one of the growing populations of specialized healthcare delivery organizations. There are reasons to believe that firm entry patterns differ within growing organizational populations since these markets are characterized by different levels of organizational legitimacy, technological uncertainty, and information asymmetry. We compare the entry patterns of firms in a mature population of hospitals to those of firms within a growing population of ASCs. By using patient-level datasets from the state of Florida, we break down our explanatory variables by facility type (ASC vs. hospital) and utilize negative binomial regression models to evaluate the impact of niche density on ASC and hospital entry. Our results indicate that ASCs entry rates is higher in markets with overlapping ASCs while ho...
Determinants of dental care utilization for diverse ethnic and age groups.

Dental services utilization in the past 12 months was compared across population-based samples of African-American, Navajo, Lakota, Hispanic, and White adults participating in the WHO International Collaborative Study of Oral Health Outcomes (ICS-II) at USA research locations. Bivariate results revealed that ethnic minority groups in both age cohorts reported significantly fewer dental visits in the past 12 months compared with White adults. When dentate status was controlled for, age cohort differences were not significant in Baltimore (African-American and White) and San Antonio (Hispanic and White) research locations. In contrast, older Native Americans (65-74 years) reported visiting the dentist significantly less often compared with their middle-aged (35-44 years) counterparts. Multivariate results indicated that generalizable variables were associated with dental contact in every ICS-II USA ethnic group (i.e., dentate, usual source of dental care, oral pain). Among the diverse ethnic groups, other determinants presented a varied pattern of risk factors for underutilizing dental care. Information on ethnic-specific risk factors can be used to design culturally appropriate and acceptable oral health promotion programs. Generalizable risk factors across ethnic groups inform oral health policy-makers about changing national priorities for promoting oral health.
Small angle neutron scattering of partially segregated polymer blends

Abstract Small angle neutron scattering (SANS) has been used extensively to investigate the conformation of macromolecules. However, the scattered intensity has been found to be extremely sensitive to the segregation of the isotopic labelled species. The segregation has resulted in enormous increases in both the radius of gyration and the molecular weight. A theoretical treatment based on the Zernicke-Prins equation with a modified pair correlation function has been developed in this work; the size and the degree of segregation can be calculated from the scattering data using the equations obtained herein.
Eye banking: 1944 to the present.

Through the efforts of Dr. Townley Paton, eye banks were founded in New York in the early 1940s. Since that time there has been steady growth in both the supply of and demand for donor material. A number of factors have contributed to the success of eye banks in the U.S.A., including improvements in eye banking techniques and administration, increase in corneal surgery, legislation facilitating corneal donations, and growing confidence of patients and ophthalmologists in the success of corneal tissue transplantation.
Transhepatic vascular access for diagnostic and interventional procedures: Techniques, outcome, and complications

Early or multiple cardiac catheterizations may result in occlusion of the femoral veins prohibiting their use. The internal jugular or sub-clavian approach may be an appropriate alternative. However, these approaches may not be suitable in patients with surgical interruption of the superior vena cava. In other patients, they may not allow easy access to certain areas of the heart. The transhepatic approach is an important alternative route for performing cardiac catheterization and interventions. Depending on the planned procedure, it may be the preferred route to perform the cardiac catheterization even in the presence of patent femoral veins. The indications, technical details and potential complications of this approach are discussed.
An Improved Algorithm for Activated Protein C Resistance and Factor V Leiden Screening

Objectives: To evaluate the performance of a Russell viper venom–based activated protein C resistance (APCR) screening test relative to DNA analysis for the factor V Leiden mutation. Methods: We evaluated the concordance between Pefakit APCR screening results and DNA analysis for 435 patients homozygous (n = 11), heterozygous (n = 310), or wild-type (n =114) for the G1691A allele. Results: Using receiver operating characteristic analysis, we found that a cutoff of 1.89 for the APCR ratio yields a sensitivity and specificity of 99.1%. In patients with discrepant genotype-phenotype correlation, their APCR may provide a more clinically relevant result. Conclusions: We compared several strategies for employing reflex testing and found that performing initial APCR screening followed by confirmatory molecular analysis on a subset of cases in the borderline regions between the diagnostic groups can reduce unnecessary testing by approximately 80% without compromising diagnostic accuracy.
Schizophrenia, violence, and case management: being supportive and overwhelmed

Objective: The aim of this study is to understand the experiences of case managers as they delivered care to women who were diagnosed with schizophrenia and live with histories of violence. Methods: Interpretive phenomenology. Results: Providers valued their relationships with women, yet felt overwhelmed and frustrated with aspects of the case management role. Case managers at times blamed women for the violence in their lives and lacked clarity with regard to their role assisting women in recovery. Conclusions: The violence and poverty that is common for these women is a key factor that increased providers' alienation and confusion as to their role in the provision of care. The educational and supportive needs of case managers must be addressed to uphold recovery-oriented services. Language: en
The psychology of whistleblowing

Whistleblowing, its antecedents, and its aftermath are complex and varied phenomena. Motivational factors in the perception of alleged misconduct and in the response to such allegations by the accused and the institution are examined. Understanding the psychological processes that underlie some of the surprising behavior surrounding whistleblowing will enable those who perceive wrongdoing, as well as the professional societies and work organizations which voice their concern, to better respond to apparent wrongdoing, while preserving the reputation and mental health of all parties to such cases.
Mouse uterine glands during the delayed and induced implantation periods.

Mouse uterine glandular epithelium during the lactationally delayed implantation period and after estradiol induction of implantation was investigated using light and electron microscopy. During the delayed implantation period the lumen of this simple tubular gland is narrowed. The glandular epithelial cells have a well developed Golgi complex lateral to the nucleus, and numerous cisternae of smooth and rough endoplasmic reticula (RER) and many electron lucent apical vesicles of sizes up to 0.2 μm in diameter near the luminal border. The basal region contains lipid droplets and dispersed, irregular cisternae of RER. Twenty-four hours after the administration of 17β-estradiol the glandular lumina become dilated but the luminal content does not stain with azure B. Ultrastructurally the glandular cells are not remarkably different from those seen during the delay period. However, by 48 hours after estradiol administration the glandular lumina are not only dilated but filled with material which stains intensely with azure B and is ultrastructurally dense and homogeneous. The apical region of the glandular cells contains granules up to 0.4 μm in diameter composed of electron dense material similar in density to that seen in the glandular lumen. In addition, the Golgi complex has assumed a position apical to the nucleus, and the basal RER has an increased number and more orderly arrangement of cisternae. The changes seen in the uterine glands after the induction of implantation during the delay period are apparently indicative of increased secretory activity of the glandular epithelia. However, the contribution of the glands to the changes in uterine fluid composition has yet to be established.
Asynchronous fiber-optic delta-sigma modulator

A novel photonic analog-to-digital converter (ADC) based on asynchronous delta-sigma modulation technique (ADSM) has been investigated and demonstrated. The ADSM architecture utilizes photonic leaky integrators, inverted bistable quantizer and positive corrective feedback suitable for non-interferometric optical implementation. The principles of the proposed 2nd -order ADSM are modeled and simulated mathematically. A prototype fiber-optic ADSM is constructed, producing acceptable NRZ type binary output for frequencies in the MHz range. For an input of 2 MHz and sampling rate of 10.8 MHz, the prototype achieves SNR of 39.8 dB, SFDR of 21.2 dB and ENOB of 6 in the 5.4 MHz bandwidth of interest.
Cyclodextrins for desorption and solubilization of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene and its metabolites from soil.

Heptakis-2,6-di-O-methyl-β-cyclodextrin (DMβCD) and hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPβCD) (1% w/w solutions) were investigated for their ability to desorb 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), 4-amino-2,6-dinitrotoluene (4-ADNT), and 2,4-diamino-4-nitrotoluene (2,4-DANT) from two artificially contaminated soils (an organic rich topsoil and an illite shale). The DMβCD (which is highly surface active) was more effective than HPβCD (negligible surface activity) for desorption of the three nitroaromatic compounds (NACs) from the two soils. The efficiency of both CDs for NAC removal from topsoil decreased with increasing amino substitution (i.e. TNT > 4-ADNT > 2,4-DANT), whereas for illite the efficiency generally decreased with increasing nitro substitution (i.e. TNT < 4-ADNT. 2,4-DANT). In general, the NAC removal efficiency increased with decreases in the sorption capacity constant (Kds). The two CDs were also assessed for their ability to remove TNT from a highly contaminated topsoil (5265 mg/kg) obtained from a for...
Does social media users’ commenting behavior differ by their local community tie? A computer–assisted linguistic analysis approach

This study is an exploratory attempt to use automatic linguistic analysis for understanding social media users’ news commenting behavior. The study addresses geographically–based dynamics in human–computer interaction, namely, users’ tie to a geographic community. Specifically, the study reveals that commenting behavior differs between users of different levels of local community tie. Comments by local users, those with higher level of local community tie, exhibit different linguistic patterns in comparison to national users who are less involved in local community. The linguistic differences are reflected in the use of pronouns, personal pronouns, social words, swear words, anxiety words and anger words. We argue that identification of the difference is crucial in the practice of mining social media conversations for public opinion.
Relative importance of isometric and isokinetic lifting strengths in estimating maximum lifting capabilities

This paper compares the suitability of isokinetic lifting strengths with the suitability of isometric lifting strengths for estimating the maximum lifting capabilities of individuals for either frequent or infrequent tasks. The results of two independent studies indicate that isokinetic lifting strengths are better suited for estimating maximum lifting capabilities. The two devices for measuring isokinetic strengths, CYBEX and Mini-Gym, are also compared.
Particle counts of wound tumor virus during its peak concentration in leafhoppers.

Abstract In previous work, relative infectivities of extracts of leafhoppers were determined at intervals after their acquisition of wound-tumor virus by feeding on plants for 1 day. The infectivity time curve of the insect extracts increased for 30 days at 27° and then declined. In the present research the absolute concentrations of virions in such extracts were determined in the peak region of the above curve by a particle-counting technique. The absolute virus concentration also reached a peak at 30 days, and the close similarity of the relative and absolute curves permitted equating one with the other at the peak. This made it possible to convert curves of relative infectivities in the earlier work to curves of approximate absolute virus concentrations. Specifically, a curve has been derived relating the absolute concentration of wound tumor virus injected into leafhoppers to the concentration of virus soluble antigen which develops in them later. Also, a curve has been derived which shows the approximate average number of virions per infected leafhopper between day 6 and day 40 after acquisition of virus by feeding. At days 6, 30, and 40, the average number of extractable virions per infected leafhopper is approximately 106.6, 109.26, and 108.7, respectively. The minimum infective dose by injection of leafhoppers is about 102.6 virions.
POLYMERIZATION IN SOLID SOLUTIONS OF ACRYLAMIDE IN PROPIONAMIDE

It has previously been shown that the polymer formed in solid-state polymerization of acrylamide is amorphous in spite of the fact that the reaction takes place within a crystalline solid. The stage at which it becomes amorphous is not known at present. Work with dilute solid solutions of acrylamide in propionamide suggests that this occurs after the addition of, at most, a very few monomer units.
The Function of Self-Harm Behavior in a Forensic Population

This article examines the functions of self-injurious behavior (SIB) in forensic populations. The cases of four individual offenders who have engaged in SIB are presented. These cases depict the four main functions of self-harm behaviors including (a) suicidal intent, (b) manipulation of the environment, (c) emotion regulation, and (d) a response to psychotic delusions or hallucinations. Assessment and treatment implications are discussed.
CO2 Laser Modification of Mohs' Surgery

A variation of Mohs' surgery using the CO2 laser is described. The modification combines the best features of the fresh-and fixed-tissue techniques and eliminates their disadvantages.
Scattering of N2 from Ni(111)

A cold (T rot <10 K ) beam of N 2 with an initial translational energy of 0.40 eV strikes an Ni(111) surface at surface temperatures from 300 to 873 K at several incident angles from 15 to 60°. The rotational energy and angular distributions of the scattered molecules are probed using (2+1) resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization. Molecules scattered in the specular direction have mean rotational energies that are independent of surface temperature, whereas those scattered at angles far from the specular show a dependence on surface temperature, caused likely by multiple collisions with the surface before escape. A rotational rainbow, seen in systems such as CO‐Ni(111) and N 2 ‐Ag(111), is not seen in this system. For molecules that scatter close to the specular direction, approximately 10% of the initial translational energy is converted into rotational energy of the scattered N 2 . For surface temperatures above room temperature, the angular distributions indicate that molecules that scatter into low-J states also tend to exit in a broad peak (10‐20° FWHM ) near the specular, and this peak is broadened with increasing incident angle. The molecules that scatter into high-J states have a much broader distribution, indicating that they are trapped rotationally during the initial collision and suVer multiple collisions before leaving the surface. © 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Structure of the Gene for Type I Hexokinase from Rat

Abstract Based on presumed analogy with the previously characterized gene encoding the Type II isozyme of rat hexokinase (Printz, R. L., Koch, S., Potter, L. R., O'Dougherty, R. M., Tiesinga, J. J., Moritz, S., and Granner, D. K., J. Biol. Chem. 268, 5209–5219, 1993), the locations of splice sites in the gene encoding the rat Type I isozyme of hexokinase have been determined by PCR amplification of intronic DNA. Sequences at the splice sites conform to the consensus sequence, with GT and AG being found at 5′ and 3′ ends of the introns, respectively. Sizes of exons 1 and 2 were determined directly while others were estimated based on identified splice sites and the previously determined cDNA sequence. These exon sizes were confirmed by PCR amplification, which gave products having sizes consistent with those of introns and exons predicted to be within the amplified sequence. Thus, it is unlikely that the gene encoding the Type I isozyme contains any introns not having analogs in the gene for Type II hexokinase. The deduced structure for the rat Type I hexokinase gene is therefore identical to that for the rat Type II isozyme, and spans over 51 kb. Six tandem repeat sequences of (AC/GT) n have been identified in the 5′ flanking region and in introns 10, 11, 12, and 16; this is an unusually high frequency of tandem repeat sequences.
Optimal approximation-interpolation sampling systems: relation to wavelets and image coding

In this paper, we present closed form expressions for filters in multidimensional interpolation and approximation sampling systems matched to the input random field or image class in the mean squared sense. We then present expression for the mean squared error between the reconstructed and the input field. For the approximation sampling system we use this expression to show that the optimal antialiasing and reconstruction filters are spectral factors or an ideal brickwall-type of a filter. Finally, we give examples of filters matched to an image class generated using a spearable AR model and a quincunx sampling lattice and compare their performance with that of some standard interpolators.
Immunity to transplantable nitrosourea-induced neurogenic tumors. I. Potentiation of tumor immunity with Corynebacterium parvum.

An effective method was sought to immunize rats against the growth of intracerebrally (IC) injected T9 tumor, a gliosarcoma cell line. Rats which were immunized with either 106 T9 cells mixed with 0.14 mg C. parvum , or 107 irradiated T9 cells showed tumor immunity to intradermal (ID) transplantation. However, to obtain tumor immunity to an IC challenge of T9 cells, rats initially had to reject an ID challenge of T9 cells. After sequential rejections of ID challenges of as many as 107 cells, a high degree of immunity was obtained, allowing rejection of up to 5 × 106 T9 cells injected IC. Spleen cells from highly immunized rats mixed with T9 cells at a ratio of 1:25 (tumor: spleen) destroyed T9 tumor cells in a Winn test. Normal spleen cells had no effect on tumor growth. We conclude that: 1) T9 cells are moderately immunogenic, 2) an effective method of immunization of CDF rats against ID transplanted T9 cells is 106 T9 cells with 0.14 mg C. parvum or 107 irradiated T9 cells, 3) a higher degree of tumor immunity is necessary to reach the brain than is needed to reach the periphery, and 4) spleen cells of highly immunized rats are cytotoxic to T9 tumor cells.
Diphenylhydantoin intoxication associated with hyperglycemia.

A case is reported in which elevated levels of blood sugar were apparently the resultof excessive administration of diphenylhydantoin.
Test of the Gravitational Inverse-Square Law at Laboratory Distances

The inverse-square distance dependence of the gravitational force has been tested over a range of approximately 2 to 5 cm, by use of a test mass suspended from a torsion balance to probe the gravitational field inside a mass tube. The result supports an inverse-square law. Assuming a force deviating from inverse square by a factor [$1+\ensuremath{\epsilon} \mathrm{ln}\ensuremath{\gamma}$ (cm)] it is found that $\ensuremath{\epsilon}=(1\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}7)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}5}$.
Sodium cellulosates–preparation from various alkoxides and reactivity toward 2‐chloroethyldiethylamine

Sodium cellulosates were prepared by reacting premercerized cotton fabrics with sodium salts of selected alcohols. The degree of conversion to the cellulosate was related to the Taft polar substituent constant, σ*, of the alkoxide R group. Increase in size of the R group in the alkanol series did not decrease the degree of cellulosate formation. The extent of reaction of the cellulosates with 2-chloroethylidiethylamine in tertiary butanol to form diethylaminoethyl cellulose (DEAE-cotton) did not increase with the sodium ion content of the starting cellulosate substrate.
Identification of novel variants of trkC mRNA transcripts in brain of African green monkeys

Abstract The distinct biological effects of neurotrophins are mediated in part through their binding to the high-affinity neurotrophin receptors represented by the Trk family of receptor tyrosine kinases. Using the technique of reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), we cloned several partial cDNAs encodingtrkA,trkB, andtrkC from fetal brains of African green monkeys. Southern analysis of PCR products showed that the ventral tegmental area of adult monkey and ventral midbrains of fetal monkeys of E59, E81, E91, and E150 days of gestation expressed all threetrkgene transcripts, whereas onlytrkB andtrkC mRNAs were detectable in the adult substanta nigra. The nucleotide sequences of the cloned monkeytrkcDNAs are highly homologous to their human counterparts, and we detected a splice variant oftrkC that has recently been described in humans, but not in rodents. Moreover, sequencing oftrkC cDNAs derived from four fetal monkey midbrains revealed two novel variants with single nucleotide substitution. A missense mutation (A A _ T to A G _ T) was identified in the codon corresponding to codon 361 of the deduced human TrkC sequence, converting an encoded Asn to Ser. The second variant involves a silent transition at the third nucleotide of the codon Gly 362 (GG C _ to GG A _ ). Furthermore, three of the four potential alleles involving these twotrkC variants were detected in these monkeys, indicating that a segregation of multipletrkC alleles occurs in a geographically contained population of feral monkeys.