cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Control of MW-Scale High-Frequency “SiC+Si” Multilevel ANPC Inverter in Pump-Back Test for Aircraft Hybrid-Electric Propulsion Applications

High-power-density high-speed electric motors for aircraft hybrid-electric propulsion (HEP) applications require high fundamental output frequency from power inverters. Conventional silicon (Si)-based megawatt (MW)-scale power inverters typically have low switching frequency that is not sufficient to meet the dynamic and harmonic requirements for such applications. An MW-scale medium-voltage three-level active neutral-point-clamped (ANPC) inverter based on a hybrid utilization of silicon carbide (SiC) and Si power devices (i.e., “SiC+Si”) has been developed for high-speed HEP drive applications, which has a rated output frequency of 1.4 kHz at 1-MW active power. To evaluate the power capability and efficiency of this ANPC inverter in the laboratory, power pump-back tests need to be carried out. In this article, control methods for single- and three-phase inverter pump-back tests have been developed to evaluate the performance of such high-frequency propulsion drives. The implementation and experimental results are presented to verify the efficacy of the control methods and the performance of the MW-scale “SiC+Si” ANPC inverters.
Understanding the uptake of prevention of mother-to-child transmission services among adolescent girls in Sub-Saharan Africa: a review of literature

Despite high pregnancy rates and HIV incidence among adolescents, their uptake of prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission (PMTCT) services is not well characterized. This paper describes cur...
Rapid identification of a novel phosphodiesterase 7B tracer for receptor occupancy studies using LC─MS/MS.

Abstract Phosphodiesterase 7B (PDE7B) inhibition has been considered as a therapeutic target for the treatment of several neurological disorders. Currently, there are no radio-labeled tracers available to determine receptor occupancy (RO) of this target. Developing such a tracer could greatly facilitate the identification of viable PDE7B inhibitors. In the current study, a liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC─MS/MS) method was utilized to evaluate the brain distribution of unlabeled tracer candidates following intravenous micro-dosing. This novel approach resulted in an accelerated identification of a potential novel RO tracer for PDE7B. The identified molecule, Compound 30, showed reasonable target-tissue specificity (striatum/cerebellum ratio of 2.2) and suitable uptake (0.25% of the injected dose/g brain tissue) as demonstrated in rats dosed with the unlabeled compound. Compound 30 was subsequently labeled with tritium (3H). In vitro characterization of 3H-Compound 30 demonstrated that this compound possessed a high target affinity with a subnanomolar Kd (0.8 nM) and a Bmax of 58 fmol/mg of protein using rat brain homogenate. Intravenous microdosing of 3H-Compound 30 showed preferential binding in the rat striatum, consistent with the mRNA distribution of PDE7B. In vitro displacement study with other structurally distinct PDE7B target-specific inhibitors using rat brain homogenate indicated that 3H-Compound 30 is an ideal tracer for Ki analysis. This is the first report of a preclinical tracer for PDE7B. With further characterization, Compound 30 may ultimately show the appropriate properties required to be further developed as a PDE7B PET ligand for clinical studies.
Meaning-making and chronic illness: understanding through narratives

Abstract Meaning-making has been shown to be a core process for patients adjusting to a chronic illness, and narratives have become an important lens through which to study how individuals make meaning, or make sense, of illness. These narratives give voice to the lived experience of chronic illness and its many effects on health and vitality, daily life, and sense of self. This chapter reviews the research on meaning-making processes in the context of inflammatory bowel disease. It first examines the disruptive effects of chronic illness, focusing on biographical disruption, loss of self, and temporal dimensions of meaning. Then, it turns to the reconstruction of meaning through illness narratives, exploring both individual and social processes. The study of meaning-making through illness narratives has many potential benefits to health care initiatives as well as to patients themselves.
Special Considerations in Pediatrics: “[A] child is not a little adult…”

Pediatrics is a primary care specialty. Those who practice adult medicine exclusively generally only see their patients when a health issue arises; the pediatrician has the responsibility to protect the child against disease, to monitor the child for the possibility of a problem—specifically in regard to growth and development—as well as to care for the child in the event of illness. This means the doctors have the opportunity to see their patients when they are healthy and happy as well as when they are ill. In order to do their job, pediatricians must collaborate with the parents. This can be a pleasure or occasionally difficult when parents react poorly to the advice they receive. The pediatric exam challenges the doctor to relate to the child at all levels of their maturity. On occasion, the pediatrician is called upon to deliver unexpected news to the family. Not all unexpected news is a tragedy, but all unexpected news does involve challenges to the family not previously considered. It is the role of the pediatrician to help the family cope with those challenges. The pediatrician and the family are together responsible for protecting the child’s health as well as maximizing the child’s potential. Sometimes these responsibilities can be a challenge to the doctor due to the family’s social situations, finances, and misinformation.
Lessons for the Kurds from the Zapatistas: Globalization from Below within Domestic Movements

The purpose of this paper is to build a comparative case study to explore the question of why some social movements stay local and others go global. The cases in point are the PKK-led Kurdish movement in Turkey and the EZLN movement in Mexico. In explaining the relative success of the latter versus the relative failure of the former, the paper seeks to make connections with the globalization literature in general and the transnational social movement literature in particular. With that regards, the sovereignty of the traditional nation-state, whether it is diminishing or not, is examined as well in terms of the ability to control the borders of domestic social movements where globalization tends to empower transnational solidarity groups vis-a-vis the nation-state. Particularly, the paper focuses on the ability of social movements to market their causes in international arena which, in some cases, paralyzes the nation-state to practice autonomous policies over domestic affairs. Overall, this paper finds that the key differences between the two movements were the idea of armed struggle, communication skills of the leadership, location of the struggle, domestic support for the movement and the ability of the nation-state to manage the conflict. Such differences tend to answer why some social movements are more successful to market their causes as a just cause within ‘global civil society’ and why others are ostracized from transnational solidarity groups and stay local.
Suboptimal Control of a Rack and Pinion Based Wave Energy Converter Power Take-off System

In this paper, an effective control method of using a rack and pinion type power take-off system is discussed, and the performance of the whole system is analyzed. The bidirectional motion of the pinion is converted into unidirectional motion by applying the ratcheting method. This increases the overall efficiency of the system. A wave energy converter containing a buoy and a mechanical motion rectifier (MMR) based rack and pinion mechanism are designed and simulated in MATLAB Simulink environment. This system consists of a buoy that is semi-submerged into the water. The ocean waves exert force on the submerged buoy. The up and down movement of the buoy is then converted into unidirectional rotation by rack and pinion mechanism. Through a gearbox, this rotational motion drives the generator to produce electricity. The control strategy keeps the generator's velocity and waves excitation force in resonance. Time-domain system analysis is applied for solving the equation of motion that describes the relationship between the buoy motion and hydrodynamic forces with regular waves. The simulation results for the regular ocean waves are presented and compared with another state-of-the-art power take-off system.
Effect of Cryotherapy on Muscle Strength and Balance on the Ankle Joint in Patients with Stroke

Purpose: This study investigated the effects of cryotherapy on the ankle joint muscle strength and balance ability in stroke patients with ankle joint muscles. Methods: In this study, 20 patients with chronic stroke were recruited from a rehabilitation hospital. The patients were divided into two groups: a cryotherapy group (10 patients) and a control group (10 patients). The cryotherapy group performed sit-to-stand training for 15 minutes and then cryotherapy for the minutes. In the control group, after sit-to-stand training for 15 minutes, blocked cryotherapy was provided for three minutes. In both groups, the interventions were provided five times a week for three weeks. The strength of the ankle joint muscles was measured before and after the training using the Biodex systems 3. The static balance ability was measured us ing balancia software, and the dynamic balance ability was measured by performing the sit-to-stand test (FTSST) five times. Results: After the training periods, the cryotherapy group showed significant improvement in the ankle dorsiflexor strength, ankle plan tarflexor strength, weight distribution of the affected side, and FTSST compared to the control group (p<0.05). Conclusion: Based on these results, cryotherapy could be considered an effective method to improve the strength of ankle joint muscles. Cryotherapy improves muscle strength as it increases the motor neuron excitability. Therefore, cryotherapy may be considered to improve the strength of the ankle joint muscles of stroke patients.
O papel do Napne no processo social de estudantes público da educação especial em um campus do IFES

Atraves deste estudo, objetivamos apresentar as acoes desenvolvidas pelo Napne voltadas a inclusao dos estudantes publico da educacao especial em um Campus do Instituto Federal de Educacao do Espirito Santo (IFES). Na realizacao deste estudo, utilizamos como inspiracao teorica a Sociologia Figuracional, elaborada pelo Sociologo Alemao Norbert Elias pautado nos conceitos de figuracao, interdependencias e processos sociais. Para coleta de dados, utilizamos atas de reunioes, estudo de documentos e relatorios institucionais. Nossas principais constatacoes nos dao conta de que o Ifes, com base na legislacao nacional, sobre educacao especial, instituiu documentos norteadores de suas politicas educacionais as quais sao executadas por uma comissao de servidores voluntarios. A Comissao tem executado atividades como: promocao de eventos, visitas tecnicas, acompanhamento aos discentes e docentes. No entanto, sao necessarios rompimentos de barreiras para uma efetivacao dessas politicas: a barreira atitudinal e a financeira.
Creative Learning in Education

Creative learning in schools represents a specific form of learning that involves creative expression in the context of academic learning. Opportunities for students to engage in creative learning can range from smaller scale curricular experiences that benefit their own and others’ learning to larger scale initiatives that can make positive and lasting contributions to the learning and lives of people in and beyond the walls of classrooms and schools. In this way, efforts aimed at supporting creative learning represent an important form of positive education. The purpose of this chapter is to introduce and discuss the co-constitutive factors involved in creative learning. The chapter opens by clarifying the nature of creative learning and then discusses interrelated roles played by students, teachers, academic subject matter, uncertainty, and context in creative learning. The chapter closes by outlining future directions for research on creative learning and positive education.
Quantitative Policy Analysis and Public Health Policy: A Macro and a Micro View

This article considers three examples of the use of quantitative policy analysis in setting public health policy: (1) benefit:cost and cost-effectiveness studies of influenza immunization and their role in achieving Medicare reimbursement for influenza immunization; (2) the 1993 World Bank World Development Report, which compared the burden of various health problems in different regions of the world and the cost-effectiveness of interventions for these problems, recommending a core set of public health and primary care services as being the most cost-effective; and (3) the role of the Agency for Health Care Policy and Research and how it might change if health care reform legislation such as President Clinton's original proposal were to be enacted. Finally, I describe the use of quantitative policy analysis to guide policy in one government agency--the Centers for Disease control and Prevention (CDC).
Therasense -less: How the Federal Circuit Let Policy Overtake Precedent in Therasense, Inc. v. Becton, Dickinson & Co.

On May 25, 2011, in Therasense, Inc. v. Becton, Dickinson & Co., the en banc U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit fundamentally restructured the patent law doctrine of inequitable conduct. The court did so by holding that both intent and materiality are required for successfully claiming the defense, and that materiality must be proven by a but-for test, thereby limiting the scope of conduct covered by the doctrine. Although in making this change the court may have helped to curb the over usage of inequitable conduct, it did so by contradicting Supreme Court precedent. Thus, this Comment argues that the Therasense court overstepped its bounds and, in its attempt to limit the doctrine, may have unduly narrowed this equitable defense.
Sequential Monte Carlo for mobility management in wireless cellular networks

We consider the application of sequential Monte Carlo (SMC) methodology to the problem of joint mobility tracking and soft handoff detection in cellular wireless communication networks based on the pilot signal strength measurements. The dynamics of the system under consideration are described by a nonlinear state-space model. Mobility tracking involves an on-line estimation of the location and velocity of the mobile, whereas handoff detection involves an on-line prediction of the pilot signal strength at future time instant. The optimal solution to both problems is prohibitively complex due to the nonlinear nature of the system. The sequential Monte Carlo (SMC) methods are therefore employed to track the probabilistic dynamics of the system and to make the corresponding estimates and predictions.
Microscopic Theory of Resonant Soft-X-Ray Scattering in Materials with Charge Order: The Example of Charge Stripes in High-Temperature Cuprate Superconductors

We present a microscopic theory of resonant soft-x-ray scattering that accounts for the delocalized character of valence electrons. Unlike past approaches based on local form factors, our functional determinant method treats realistic band structures. This method builds upon earlier theoretical work in mesoscopic physics and accounts for excitonic effects as well as the orthogonality catastrophe arising from interaction between the core hole and the valence band electrons. We show that the two-peak structure observed near the O K edge of stripe-ordered La1.875Ba0.125CuO4 is due to dynamical nesting within the canonical cuprate band structure. Our results provide evidence for reasonably well-defined, high-energy quasiparticles in cuprates and establish resonant soft-x-ray scattering as a bulk-sensitive probe of the electron quasiparticles.
Drug Infusion Systems

Drug infusion systems are being extensively used in hospitals as well as in home therapies. Device-based drug delivery systems are used in a wide range of pharmacological therapy and can be classified as injection–infusion systems, transdermal patch-based systems, and inhalation systems. These devices range in complexity from simple manual gravity drippers to fully automated sophisticated complete infusion systems. Contributions of engineering, basic sciences, and technological advancements have significantly improved drug administration in patients and have significantly eliminated medication errors due to users. This article focuses on the injection–infusion systems, reviews basic types and operational principles of these systems, and presents recent developments and advancements. Keywords: drug infusion systems; infusion pumps; advanced control techniques
Constructing primate phylogenies: A search for testable hypotheses with maximum empirical content

It is argued in this paper that the most plausible hypothesis of primate relationships is one which recognizes the origin of the Strepsirhini from Paromomyiformes, and the derivation of the Haplorhini (sensu Pocock, 1918 ) from the Strepsirhini. A primitive member of the Paromomyiformes (sensu Szalay, 1973 ) gave rise to the ancestor of the strepsirhines, a form which was probably not unlike the ancestral adapid. Sometime in the Paleocene the tarsiiform ancestor evolved from some unknown adapid, whereas the anthropoid common ancestor originated from a tarsiiform primate. The latter probably shared such diagnostic soft anatomical features with Tarsius as a hairy nose, enlarged promontory artery, and the complex of fetal membrane-placental characters recently elucidated by Luckett, 1974a , Luckett, 1974b ). The paper examines a recently proposed hypothesis of primate phylogenetic relationships, which maintains the independent origin of tarsiiform and lemuriform primates from the archaic paromomyiforms and the evolution of the anthropoids from bona fide lemuriforms. In light of some recent advances in theoretical biosystematics and the pertinent evidence from living and fossil species it is suggested that these conclusions are only possible if (1) evidence from the living species, especially developmental patterns, is largely ignored, (2) mixed criteria of phylogenetic inference are employed, and (3) of the fossil record, only the dental evidence is evaluated (and that mistakenly) and the cranial and posteranial morphology are not considered.
Fluid phase equilibrium and volumetric properties from the Chain-of-Rotators group contribution equation of state

Abstract A new group contribution equation of state, the Chain-of-Rotators Group Contribution (CORGC) equation, has been developed recently for the calculation of vapor—liquid phase equilibrium and volumetric properties of paraffins, naphthenes, aromatics, olefins, light gases and their mixtures. Comparisons of CORGC calculations with data are presented here for pure fluid and mixture vapor—liquid coexistence properties. Predictions of the equation for systems not included in the original data base are also shown for pure fluid vapor pressures and mixture vaporization equilibrium ratios.
The Supreme Court and Group Conflict: Thoughts on Seeing Burke Put Through the Mill.

In the fashion of fellow Young Burkes who are challenging liberal folkways in areas from civil-military relations' to free speech,2 Albert Mavrinac offers here a prescription for Supreme Court supervision of group conflict in America. At the outset, it is fitting to pay tribute to his intellectual fortitude. To embrace Lucifer, Lochner v. New York, and, in the same article, to condemn St. Joan, Brown v. Board of Education (in the latter case virtually in the midst of the beatification ceremonies), and to strike this stance in the presence of a constitutional law fraternity strong in its liberal piety-this is indeed a profile in academic courage. I take it that my assignment as commentator in this REViEw is to discuss what there is besides courage to support his revisionist credo. My initial reaction was that Mavrinac had written an interesting essay about wisdom for legislators: it hardly seemed possible that an analysis of judicial standards should lack discussion of the integrity of the judicial process itself and focus so sharply on extra-court considerations. Having persuaded myself that a consistent theory of judicial review must lie in the interstices of the argument, I re-read it. At that juncture, it seemed to me that the proper answer to make was the following three-point outline, from which any political scientist could weigh the contentions and select a position in keeping with his own constitutional outlook. First, Lochner was eventually discredited and Brown enunciated because of a clear national consensus in our era as to the role of the federal judiciary in passing upon state legislation. This consensus holds that state legislators should be left fairly free to regulate the terms of economic conflict, according to a standard of public interest arrived at in the political process. However, state action imposing legal discrimination against minority groups on the basis of race, even if imposed by a majoritarian political process, is not entitled to respect by the federal courts. (It should be noted that no similar national consensus exists as to the role of the federal judiciary in cases of state civil liberty limitations.) Second, Mavrinac's argument boils down to the belief that, in order to allow conflicting groups to fight "their own" battles to a truce in private wars, "government" should not "intervene" prematurely. This would have the effect, in situations such as those in Lochner and Brown, of having the court thwart local
Sexual and nonsexual boundaries in professional relationships: principles and teaching guidelines

Healthy professional relationships require that certain boundaries be maintained, especially if there is a power differential between the parties (e.g., physician – patient; faculty – student). Boundary violations can be generally divided into three types: sexual harassment (e.g., requests for dating, sexual innuendo, gender discrimination), sexual misconduct or exploitation (i.e., intimacy between professional and either patient or student), and nonsexual dual relationships (e.g., exchanging personal gifts, excessive disclosure, seeing students as patients while in a teaching role). Medical students may be victimized by faculty or residents who violate appropriate boundaries. They are also at risk for being potential offenders in the future. Both students and residents need to learn about risks and preventive measures in a way that is appropriate for their level of training. Both didactic teaching and discussion of relevant case vignettes can aid in this process.
Multiple Scattering of Protons and Deuterons by Thick Foils

Protons and deuterons from the Triangle Universities Nuclear Laboratory (TUNL) tandem Van de Graaff of energies 3.0, 4.0, and 5.0 MeV were scattered from foils of Al, Ni, Mo2, and Ta having thicknesses of 6.14 to 47 mg/cm2. Multiple scattering angular distributions were measured using a position-sensitive detector to collect data at nine different angles simultaneously. Gaussian curves were fitted to the central points of the distributions and the ?1/e angles thus derived are presented graphically. The data points are compared with calculations using a common method of determining multiple scattering angles. An empirical correction for extending this method into the low energy and thick foil region considered here is suggested.
Parent-assisted friendship training for children with autism spectrum disorders: effects of psychotropic medication.

Twenty-five 6 to 13-year-old children with autism spectrum disorders, who were high functioning, were given 12 weeks of parent-assisted children’s friendship training. Thirteen were prescribed various psychotropic medications by physicians in the community prior to treatment (medicated) while 12 were not (unmedicated). Two parent-rated and three teacher-rated social measures served as outcome variables. Results revealed that unmedicated subjects had greater positive change on three of these five measures when compared to children in the medicated group. It was hypothesized that being prescribed psychotropic medication was a marker for refractory psychosocial treatment response by children with autism spectrum disorders.
PROTEIN AND AMINO ACID COMPOSITION OF THE OBLIGATE HALOPHILE APHANOTHECE HALOPHYTICA (CYANOPHYTA)1

Total protein was determined for cells of Aphanothece halophytica Fremy harvested during early log, mid-log and linear growth phases in media containing 1, 2, and 3 M NaCl. Cells grown in medium containing 1 M NaCl showed a progressive increase in protein content up to a maximum of 76% of dry weight (linear phase). Total protein also increased in cells grown in 2 M NaCl. medium (56.5–72.0%). Cells grown in 3 M NaCl medium showed a progressive decrease in total protein (59.9–43%). Although amounts of protein varied, the percentages of the respective amino acids of hydrolyzed bulk protein were consistent to within 1% for linear phase cells grown in 1, 2, and 3 M NaCl cultures. Percentages of acidic amino acids were 2.3–2.6 times greater than those of the basic amino acids. The amino acid composition of phycocyanin was similar to that of bulk protein. Free amino acids varied with both age of the culture and the concentration of NaCl. The high quantity and quality of the protein observed suggest that A. halophytica might be a useful food organism.
How effective is the monetary policy

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide logical and empirical explanations as to why monetary policy is ineffective with respect to affecting mortgage rates, and thus investment and aggregate demand.Design/methodology/approach – Logical and empirical evidence is provided in support of the hypothesis that changes in the money supply have no significant impact on interest rates in general, and particularly on mortgage rates. This empirical analysis is based on a simple regression of changes in mortgage rates on changes in the money supply, and covers the 1990‐2004 period.Findings – Support was found for our hypothesis that changes in money supply have no significant impact on interest rates.Research limitations/implications – The conclusion of this paper should be incorporated in all macroeconomics textbooks. Lack of such analyses may leave a confusing or misleading impression about economic theories in the mind of economics students.Practical implications – One should not rely on monetary policy ...
Retispatha subsumed in Calamus (Arecaceae)

Based on research in progress and previously published, Retispatha is placed in synonymy under Calamus . The new combination Calamus dumetosus (Dransfield) Henderson & Floda is made.
Prediction of carbon nanotube growth success by the analysis of carbon–catalyst binary phase diagrams

Abstract The growth of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) was attempted using a vapor-phase CVD method, and a wide variety of transition metals, in the form of metallocenes and chlorides, were used as potential growth catalysts. Well-aligned mats of multi-walled carbon nanotubes were observed in samples catalyzed with iron, nickel, and cobalt. Nanotube lengths could be varied between 3 μm and 3 mm, and diameters ranged from 20 nm to 60 nm. X-ray diffraction, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and Mossbauer spectroscopy were used to determine the compositions of the nanotube products. None of the other elements studied, consisting of Cr, Mn, Zn, Cd, Ti, Zr, La, Cu, V, and Gd, were able to successfully catalyze the growth of CNTs. A study was performed of the respective metal–carbon binary phase diagrams to understand why the catalytic ability of different elements varied. Successful catalysts had carbon solubility limits of 0.5 wt.% to 1.5 wt.% carbon, followed closely by nanotube growth through graphite precipitation. Unsuccessful catalysts were found to have either nearly zero carbon solubility, or to form numerous intermediate carbides, making it difficult for the diffusion required for graphite precipitation to occur. These findings were then used to look for other potential CNT catalysts by examining the phase diagrams of a wide variety of metals.
Cytochrome c' of Methylococcus capsulatus Bath.

Cytochrome c′ was isolated from the obligate methylotroph Methylococcus capsulatus Bath. The native and subunit molecular masses of the cytochrome were 34.9 kDa and 16.2 kDa, respectively, with an isoelectric pH of 7.0. The amino acid composition and N-terminal amino acid sequence were consistent with identification of the protein as a cytochrome c′. The electron paramagnetic resonance spectrum of the monoheme cytochrome indicated the presence of a high spin, S= 5/2, heme center that is diagnostic of cytochromes c′. The optical absorption spectra of ferric or ferrous cytochrome c′ were also characteristic of cytochromes c′. The ferrocytochrome bound carbon monoxide and nitric oxide, but not isocyanide, cyanide, or azide. Changes in physical properties due to binding of CO or NO to some other c′-type cytochromes have been interpreted as an indication of dimer dissociation. In the case of cytochrome c′ from M. capsulatus Bath, analytical ultracentrifugation of the ferricytochrome, the ferrocytochrome, and the ferrocytochrome–CO complex indicate that the changes induced by binding of CO are conformational and are not consistent with dimer dissociation. EPR spectra show that cytochrome c′ was reduced in the presence of hydroxylamine only when in a complex with cytochrome P-460. The value of the midpoint potential, Em 7.0 was –205 mV for cytochrome c′ from M. capsulatus Bath, which is well below the range of values reported for other cytochromes c′. The values of midpoint potentials for cytochrome P-460 (Em 7.0=–300 mV to –380 mV) and cytochrome c555 (Em 7.0=+175 mV to +195 mV) are less than and greater than, respectively, the value for cytochrome c′ and suggest the possibility that the latter may function as an electron shuttle between cytochrome P-460 and cytochrome c555.
Cranial fistulae: venous occlusion, the road to cure and misery.

Dural and pial fistulae can be associated with complex pathology on the venous side. In the two cases presented by Gonzalez et al. in this issue of WORLD NEUROSURGERY, venous thrombosis after treatment of fistula resulted in significant complications. The questions that arise are why this occurred and whether this complication be avoided. In both cases large venous pouches with significant venous ectasia were found, both were managed via state-of-the-art techniques. Sudden stasis in these large venous pouches with propagation of clot is the likely mechanism involved, but other factors could be at play. Undiagnosed hypercoagulable states could potentially contribute to such complications (2, 3).
RTI 113, a 3-phenyltropane analog, produces long-lasting cocaine-like discriminative stimulus effects in rats and squirrel monkeys.

The 3-phenyltropane analog, 3β-(4-chlorophenyl)tropane-2β-carboxylic acid phenyl ester hydrochloride (RTI 113), has been shown to decrease cocaine self-administration in rats, squirrel monkeys and rhesus monkeys. Consequently, it has been proposed as a potential agonist pharmacotherapy for cocaine dependence. However, the time course of the discriminative stimulus effects of RTI 113 has not been determined. The present study was designed to compare the time course of the discriminative stimulus effects of RTI 113 with that of cocaine in rats and squirrel monkeys. Tests were conducted using a drug discrimination procedure in which rats and squirrel monkeys were trained to discriminate 10 and 0.3 mg/kg cocaine from saline, respectively. RTI 113 substituted for cocaine in both species. The time course of the discriminative stimulus effects of RTI 113 was approximately five times longer compared to that of cocaine. RTI 113 is a 3-phenyltropane analog that has long acting cocaine-like discriminative stimulus effects in both rats and squirrel monkeys. These results, combined with those indicating that RTI 113 decreases cocaine self-administration, suggest that RTI 113, or analogs of RTI 113, may be useful tools for developing potential agonist therapies for cocaine dependence.
Combined Pharmacotherapies for the Management of Alcoholism: Rationale and Evidence to Date

Pharmacotherapies for alcohol use disorders (AUDs) have limited efficacy. One approach to improving treatment outcomes for AUDs is to combine pharmacotherapies that have shown some efficacy as individual agents. The rationale for combining medications rests on the following principles: a combination of medications can target more than one neurotransmitter system that is dysfunctional in AUDs, can target different drinking behaviors (i.e., positive and negative reinforcement), can treat co-morbid psychiatric and medical disorders, and can minimize side effects, improving adherence to treatment by using lower doses of each drug in combination. Combined pharmacotherapy strategies may produce additive or even synergistic effects to decrease alcohol craving and consumption. Here, we reviewed the literature investigating the effect on alcohol-related outcomes of combinations of medications that have shown efficacy as single agents to reduce drinking in animal studies and clinical trials. We focused on 17 clinical studies investigating the combination of medications in AUDs, 11 of which were randomized, double-blind, and placebo-controlled. Ten of the 11 studies showed the combination to be superior to placebo, but only three showed an advantage of the combination compared with the single agent. Overall, these studies used diverse methodologies, assessments of severity, outcome measures, and adjunctive psychosocial treatments. Limitations of the current published studies and possible future directions for new combinations are discussed.
Risk factors for sudden cardiac death in post-menopausal women.

Objectives The aim of this study was to estimate the annual incidence rate of sudden cardiac death (SCD) and to identify risk factors for SCD in post-menopausal women. Background With the aging U.S. population, post-menopausal women now have the greatest population burden of cardiovascular disease including SCD. Methods We examined 161,808 women who participated in the Women's Health Initiative clinical trials and observational study. The women were recruited at 40 clinical sites across the United States, enrolled between 1993 and 1998, and followed until August 2009. Our primary endpoint is incident SCD, defined as death occurring within 1 h of symptom onset or within 1 h after the participant was last seen without symptoms and death that occurred in the absence of a potentially lethal non-coronary disease process. Results Four hundred eighteen women experienced adjudicated SCD. The incidence rate of SCD was 2.4/10,000 women/year (95% confidence interval: 2.2 to 2.7). We identified the following independent risk factors for SCD: older age, African-American race, tobacco use, higher pulse, higher waist-to-hip ratio, elevated white blood cell count, history of heart failure, diabetes, history of myocardial infarction, previous carotid artery disease, and hypertension. Population-attributable fractions were greatest for hypertension, waist-to-hip ratio, and myocardial infarction. Conclusions Besides traditional risk factors for coronary heart disease, risk factors for sudden cardiac death in post-menopausal women include African-American race, higher pulse, higher waist-to-hip ratio, elevated white blood cell count, and heart failure. Nearly one-half of women who experienced sudden cardiac death had no previous diagnosis of coronary heart disease.
CMP for Copper TSV Applications

Through-silicon via (TSV) 3-D packaging and integration present many new opportunities and challenges for metals CMP applications. For front-side TSV polishing, challenges include the removal of large amounts of copper overburden, dishing control during copper clearing steps, and removal of large amounts of barrier metal and dielectric layers while still maintaining control over topography and defectivity. Additionally, the choice of barrier material can have significant impact on polishing in terms of the mechanical reliability regarding adhesion between the barrier metal and underlying dielectric layers. This paper will address many of these challenges with an emphasis on innovative technologies for superior process and endpoint controls, such as real-time profile control for thick copper films up to 6µm or more in thickness and automatic endpoint controls for barrier removal and dielectric stopping. The paper will also discuss some salient challenges for back-side TSV polishing, including the handling and polishing of bonded wafer pairs and strategies to minimize handling and polishing damage to the potentially fragile thinned device wafer. Additionally, the development of slurries with highly tunable copper-to-dielectric selectivity will be critical for enabling a wide range of final topographies, depending on requirements for subsequent bonding steps.
Effect of tilt angle on soiling of photovoltaic modules

Soiling on PV modules is known to reduce PV system performance, mainly in dry arid climatic conditions. Cleaning with water or other means may become an expensive solution to the problem. For the highest annual energy production from a fixed tilt PV system, the modules are typically installed at tilt angle close to latitude angle of the system's location. Soiling loss is an interplay between terrain of the installation, tilt angle, rain frequency and rain intensity. For un-cleaned arrays in certain dusty locations, it would be better to optimize the tilt angle for maximizing transmitted radiation to the cells by adjusting the tilt angle slightly higher which would in turn minimize the soiling loss. In this work, we have developed an inexpensive soiling station which evaluates soiling loss at different tilt angles (0°, 5°, 10°, 15°, 20°, 23°, 30°, 33°, 40°). For Mesa, Arizona (a hot-dry climate), the 0° tilt angle showed a 2.02% loss whereas 23° and 33° showed soiling loss close to 1% during the first three months of 2011.
Influence of Cooling Rate on Glass Transition Temperature of Sucrose Solutions and Rice Starch Gel

: The study's objectives were to determine the influence of cooling rate through the primary zone of freezing on Tg in sucrose solutions and rice starch gels. The influence of cooling rate, water content, and annealing on Tg were evaluated. Results indicated that the observed Tg values for sucrose solutions were lower after rapid cooling (70% solids: rapid cooling −66.7°C; slow cooling −64.6 °C; 30% solids: rapid cooling −34.6 °C; slow cooling −33.3 °C). The Tg values of annealed samples are higher than the Tg of both rapidly and slowly cooled samples (70%: −44.2 °C; 30%: −32.7 °C). The Tg of the rice starch gel was −9.0 °C after rapid cooling and −7.5 °C after slow cooling.
Clinical evaluation of ovarian tumor antigen NB/70K: monoclonal antibody assays for distinguishing ovarian cancer from other gynecologic disease

Abstract Circulating human ovarian tumor antigen NB/70K levels were assessed with four monoclonal antibody radioimmunoassays. A total of 844 blood samples from patients with ovarian cancer and gynecologic control subjects was evaluated to determine the specificity of each of the four assays for ovarian cancer. It was determined that the mean and percent positivity for patients with ovarian cancer were significantly higher than those values for all control groups. When clinical parameters of the patients with ovarian cancer were examined, it was found that NB/70K appeared to be elevated in patients with all of the pathologic types of early stage, low-grade epithelial ovarian cancers studied. One of the four radioimmunoassays (the NB12123 assay) was capable of detecting elevated blood NB/70K levels in >50% of patients with early stage ovarian malignancies. The NB12123 assay was also able to detect NB/70K in the blood of 45% (9 of 20) of patients with stage I, well-differentiated ovarian cancer. These results indicate that NB/70K may be a useful marker for the early detection of localized tumors as well as for monitoring patients with ovarian cancer, as has been demonstrated previously. In addition, NB/70K appears to be a marker for all stages, grades, and pathologic types of human ovarian epithelial tumors.
Non-Axiomatizability of the Amalgamation Class of Modular Lattice Varieties

We prove that if v is the variety generated by a finite modular lattice, then v is not an elementary class. We also consider the same question for the variety generated by N5.
Small-scale spatial distribution ofmeiofauna on a mud- and sandflat

Spatial distribution of meiofauna at minimum and maximum populationdensities on a sand- and mudflat in North Inlet, South Carolina, was determined. Using four core sizes ranging in area from 0.3 to 32.0 cm2, plots of Green's Index of Dispersion vs. area sampled usually showed maximum aggregation at 3–5 cm2. Nematodes were slightly patchy at the 5 cm2 scale. The degree of aggregation of harpacticoid copepods was influenced primarily by dispersion patterns of the dominant species. Differences among species spatial distributions were detected. Naupliar and adult distribution was very similar on the mudflat but not on the sandflat. Gastrotrichs were patchy on a smaller scale (3–5 cm2) than had been previously known for this site. The primary patch-generating mechanism was thought to be heterogeneously distributed resources (probably food). Macrofauna and their structures (tubes, etc.), inter-specific competition and social (breeding) behavior were also possible causes. Dispersion patterns of some taxa (e.g. gastrotrichs, mudflat copepods) changed seasonally, presumably due to changes in population density or in the spatial distribution of resources. There were no consistent differences between degree of aggregation on the sandflat vs. the mudflat, two distinctly different meiofaunal habitats.
The syndrome of hydromicrocephaly

Summary In a study of 142 pediatric neurologic cases, 13 cases of hydromicrocephaly were encountered. All presented dilated ventricles and early closure of the anterior fontanel. Frequent findings were spasticity, mental deterioration, and defective vision. The cases resemble one another so closely that it appears proper to group them in a single syndrome under the name hydromicrocephaly.
Experimentally determined dissolution kinetics of Na-rich borosilicate glass at far from equilibrium conditions: Implications for Transition State Theory

Abstract The dissolution kinetics of five chemically complex and five chemically simple sodium silicate glass compositions (Na–Si±Al±B) were determined over a range of solution saturation values by varying the flow-through rates (1–100 mL/d) in a dynamic single-pass flow-through (SPFT) apparatus. The chemically complex borosilicate glasses are representative of prospective hosts for radioactive waste disposal and are characterized by relatively high molar Si/(Si + Al) and Na/(Al + B) ratios (>0.7 and >1.0, respectively). Analysis by X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) indicates that the fraction of ivB to iiiB (N4) varies from 0.66 to 0.70. Despite large differences in bulk chemistry, values of δ29Si peak shift determined by MAS-NMR varies only by about 7 ppm (δ29Si = −94 to −87 ppm), indicating small differences in polymerization state for the glasses. Forward rates of reaction measured in dynamic experiments converge (average log10 rate [40 °C, pH 9] = −1.87 ± 0.79 [g/(m2 d)]) at high values of flow-rate (q) to sample surface area (S). Dissolution rates are independent of total Free Energy of Hydration (FEH) and this model appears to overestimate the impact of excess Na on chemical durability. For borosilicate glass compositions in which molar Na > Al + B, further addition of Na appears to stabilize the glass structure with respect to hydrolysis and dissolution. Compared to other borosilicate and aluminosilicate glasses, the glass specimens from this study dissolve at nearly the same rate (0–∼56×) as the more polymerized glasses, such as vitreous reedmergnerite (NaBSi3O8), albite, and silica. Dissolution of glass follows the order: boroaluminosilicate glass > vitreous reedmergnerite > vitreous albite > silica glass, which is roughly the same order of increasingly negative 29Si chemical shifts. The chemical shift of 29Si is a measure of the extent of bond overlap between Si and O and correlates with the forward rate of reaction. Thus, dissolution appears to be rate-limited by rupture of the Si–O bond, which is consistent with the tenants of Transition State Theory (TST). Therefore, dissolution at far from equilibrium conditions is dependent upon the speed of the rate-controlling elementary reaction and not on the sum of the free energies of hydration of the constituents of boroaluminosilicate glass.
Effect of Polymer Ligand Molecular Weight on Polymer-Coated Nanoparticle Location in Block Copolymers

Gold nanoparticles (Au−PS) coated with an areal chain density Σ of end-attached polystyrene (PS) chains of different molecular weights (Mn) are added to a lamellar diblock copolymer of poly(styrene-b-2-vinylpyridine) (PS-b-P2VP) to determine the critical areal chain density ΣC below which the Au−PS nanoparticles adsorb to the PS-b-P2VP interface. Gold nanoparticles coated by thiol end functional polystyrene homopolymers (PS−SH) with Mn ranging from 1.5 to 13 kg/mol are synthesized with various areal densities of PS−SH chains on the nanoparticle surface. The particles are incorporated into a PS-b-P2VP diblock copolymer with Mn = 196 kg/mol. The P2VP block has a more favorable interaction with a bare gold particle surface than does the PS block, and this interaction becomes important as the coverage of gold particles by PS−SH decreases, leading to adsorption of the Au−PS to the interface below a critical areal chain density ΣC. ΣC decreases from 3.1 to 0.9 chains/nm2 as the Mn of PS−SH chains increases from...
Role of Aquaporin Water Channels in Kidney and Lung

Several aquaporin-type water channels are expressed in mammalian kidney and lung: AQP1 in lung microvessels and kidney proximal tubule, thin descending limb of Henle, and vasa recta; AQP2 in apical membrane of collecting duct epithelium; AQP3 and AQP4 in basolateral membranes of airway and collecting duct epithelium; and AQP5 in alveolar epithelium. Novel quantitative fluorescence methods demonstrated very high water permeabilities of the alveolar epithelial and endothelial barriers, and moderately high water permeability across distal airways. In the kidney, water permeability is high in proximal tubule and thin descending limb of Henle, and regulated by vasopressin in collecting duct. The author's laboratory has studied the role of aquaporins in organ physiology using transgenic knockout mice lacking specific aquaporins. AQP1 null mice are mildly growth-retarded, manifest a severe urinary concentrating defect, and have reduced water permeability between airspace and capillary compartments. AQP4 null mice appear normal grossly except for a mild defect in maximum urinary concentrating ability. AQP2-deficient humans have hereditary non-X-linked nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI). In transfected mammalian cells, many NDI-causing AQP2 mutants are retained in the endoplasmic reticulum. The author's laboratory has found that "chemical chaperones," that is, small compounds that promote protein folding in vitro, are able to correct defective AQP2 trafficking in cell culture models. The transgenic mouse and mammalian cell models are thus beginning to provide clues about the role of aquaporins in normal physiology and disease.