cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Clay Mineral Stability and Formation During Weathering

Clay minerals undergo significant changes when exposed to weathering agents. Some of these changes were revealed by studying a sequence of samples collected from weathering profiles developed on shales. Illite and chlorite are modified by the development of expandable layers within the illite and chlorite structures. The suggested mechanism of alteration of chlorite is the oxidation and removal of octahedral iron. Chemical analyses indicate that interlayer potassium is removed from illites. Removal of potassium may be accomplished by an exchange reaction between potassium ions and hydronium ions in the environment. The origin of underclays is controversial. In an attempt to shed some light on this subject, three shale-underelay profiles were studied. The changes in clay minerals from shales to underelays are very similar to those in weathered shale profiles. This similarity lends support to the theory that some underelays are products of weathering.
Detection of Loxosceles species venom in dermal lesions: a comparison of 4 venom recovery methods.

Abstract Study Objective: Loxosceles species spider envenomations may produce necrotic, disfiguring dermal inflammatory lesions resembling neutrophilic dermatoses. With definitive treatment options lacking, clinicians are reluctant to obtain invasive biopsy specimens for diagnostic analysis. We compared less invasive venom collection methods and determined the time limit after inoculation for feasible venom recovery in an animal model. Methods: Nine New Zealand rabbits were randomized to 1 of 3 groups (n=3). Groups 1 and 2 were inoculated intradermally with 3 μg of L reclusa venom at 5 inoculation sites per rabbit. Albumin (3 μg) was injected intradermally in each rabbit as a negative control. Hair (group 1) and aspirate samples (group 2) were collected (1 time per site) over a 1-week period after inoculation. Group 3 was inoculated with 3 μg of Loxosceles species venom on 1 flank and 3 μg of albumin on the opposite flank. Daily serum specimens were collected over a 7-day period. On day 7, dermal punch biopsy specimens were taken from the venom and control inoculation sites. Hair, aspirate, biopsy, and serum specimens were assayed for venom by using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. A generalized linear model was fit with the generalized estimating equation method to estimate the mean differences between groups. Results: Venom was detected in hair, aspirate, and biopsy specimens on all days of the study period. Hair samples yielded venom recovery on day 1 (median 0.062 ng/100 μL; mean difference 0.054 ng/100 μL; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.048 to 0.059) through day 7 (median 0.020 ng/100 μL; mean difference 0.020 ng/100 μL; 95% CI 0.013 to 0.027). Aspirates were positive for venom recovery on day 1 (median 0.275 ng/100 μL; mean difference 0.231 ng/100 μL; 95% CI 0.192 to 0.271) through day 7 (median 0.0 ng/100 μL; mean difference 0.032 ng/100 μL; 95% CI −0.18 to 0.078). The highest venom yield was from the biopsy specimens (median 1.75 ng/100 μL; mean difference 0.041 ng/100 μL; 95% CI 0.033 to 0.027). Venom was undetectable in all serum samples. Conclusion: Loxosceles species venom is detectable in hair, aspirate, and dermal biopsy specimens at least 7 days after venom inoculation and undetectable in serum by using the rabbit model. [Krywko DM, Gomez HF. Detection of Loxosceles species venom in dermal lesions: a comparison of 4 venom recovery methods. Ann Emerg Med. May 2002;39:475-480.]
Simulating Multifunctional Structures

Electronic devices, sensors, and electromechanical systems are now reaching nanoscale dimensions at which they contain only hundreds of millions to billions of atoms. Developments in materials simulation, driven by algorithmic advances and rapid increases in computer power, now allow systems of tens of millions of atoms to be routinely simulated, while systems of billions of atoms can be simulated on the largest super-computers ( 1 ). This is leading to new capabilities in interfacial engineering design, development of nanostructures with prescribed properties, tuning of functionality under typical or extreme conditions, and prototyping of nanostructures in silico.
Rubberized concrete: A green structural material with enhanced energy-dissipation capability

Abstract This study presents rubberized concrete composite as a new structural material aiming for an enhanced energy dissipation capability and thus improved seismic performance by mixing recycled rubber crumb with concrete. While rubberized concrete is not new, this study represents the first investigation on damping and dynamic (including seismic) behaviors of rubberized concrete for its potential application as structural material. Small-scale column models were fabricated using rubberized concrete with different proportions of rubber crumb to evaluate the structural dynamic performance, including free vibration tests to identify damping ratios and seismic shaking table tests to investigate the structural responses to earthquake ground motion. Meanwhile, rubberized concrete cylinders were tested to evaluate compressive strength and modulus of elasticity. It was observed that the damping coefficient of the rubberized concrete increased by 62% compared with normal concrete and, as a result, the seismic response acceleration of the structure decreased by 27%. However the concrete suffered from reduction in compressive strength as rubber crumb was added. It was found that adding silica fume to rubberized concrete improved the bonding between the rubber and cement and thus the concrete strength. Overall, this study demonstrated the potential of using the environmentally-friendly rubberized concrete as structural material to enhance dynamic performance and reduce seismic response of concrete structures.
Zinc in the eye.

Zinc has long been recognized as an essential constituent of various tissues. Many clinical conditions and dietary factors reduce the absorption or the biological availability of zinc, and lead to zinc deficiency which produces structural and functional alterations in many organ systems. The highest concentration of this trace element in the human body is measured in the eye, particularly in the pigment-containing components. The deficiency of zinc has a dramatic effect on ocular development especially when it occurs during early prenatal period. Zinc is required for the structure and activity of many ocular metalloenzymes. Although the exact mechanism of its molecular and cellular functions are largely unknown the essentiality of this element in the component of the eye, including the retina, choroid, cornea and lens, is well established; it is also well known that zinc deficiency causes functional impairments in various parts of the eye. Zinc related toxicities have been shown in human and animal eyes.
Where has all the copper gone: The stocks and flows project, part 1

The quantitative assessment of stocks and flows of materials throughout the technological cycle, from resource extraction to final disposal, can inform resource policy, environmental science, and waste management. This paper describes the technological cycle of copper based on work by the Stocks and Flows Project of the Yale Center for Industrial Ecology. Of copper produced in the 20th century, as much as 85% remains in use today. The recycling rate, while high, leaves nearly as much in waste destined for disposal (e.g., over 40% in the United States). The copper in production wastes currently approaches the quantity in post-consumer wastes, but the latter will dwarf the former over time as large in-use stocks reach end of life.
Impact of Heavy Vehicles on Freeway Operating Characteristics Under Congested Conditions

The significant impact of heavy vehicles (HVs) on freeway operations has been identified since the first edition of the Highway Capacity Manual (HCM). The HCM 2010 used passenger car equivalent (PCE) values and percentages of trucks, buses, and recreational vehicles to account for the effect of HVs on roadway performance. Unfortunately, the PCE values in the HCM 2010 relied on a limited field database and simulation runs that were calibrated for steady-flow traffic conditions, although the effect of HVs on traffic flow could reasonably have been expected to have varied with traffic conditions. Few studies have been conducted with extensive field data to examine impacts on traffic characteristics by HV presence under congested and forced-flow conditions. This paper presents such an effort by using urban freeway data containing 1.2 million individual vehicle observations. The results indicated a significant difference in lagging-leading behavior between vehicle pairs related to HV presence. Passenger car an...
A re-examination of the impact of credit ratings and economic factors on state bond yields

In this article we re-examine the impact of credit ratings and economic factors on state bond yields using a two-step model. In the first step, we adopt an ordered probit technique to obtain consistent estimates of state bond default risk. In the second step, we estimate state bond risk premiums using a regression analysis with a categorized risk variable obtained from the first step. Similar to Terza (1987) and Hsiao (1983), the model involves a categorized ordinal explanatory (rating) variable. However, our two-step model deals with a case where category thresholds are unknown and dependent on economic factors. The model provides consistent estimates for the effects of ratings and economic factors on state bond yields. Contrary to previous findings, we find that state bond yields are mainly affected by fundamental economic variables.
Rod--cone interaction in human scotopic vision--IV. Cones stimulated by contrast flashes influence rod threshold.

Abstract A 10 msec test flash (Ft) was presented to the parafoveal retina under conditions where it was detected by rods alone. The influence of a 10msec variable wavelength annular flash (Fa) on Ft threshold was determined at intervals where the Fa preceded (positive intervals) or followed (negative intervals) the Ft onset. Data were analyzed according to a number of procedures including action spectra. At several intervals (from −50 to + 100 msec), the scotopic (rod) illuminance of the Fa determined its influence on Ft threshold independent of Fa wavelength. These data are consistent with rod-cone independence. However, at intervals less than −100 msec or greater than +150 msec, the wavelength of the Fa as well as its scotopic illuminance determined its influence on Ft threshold. These latter data must show rod-cone interaction. A tentative explanation is given for previous related studies as well as the present results.
Preschool children's conceptions of moral and social rules.

SMETANA, JUDITH G. Preschool Children's Conceptions of Moral and Social Rules. CHILD DEVELOPMENT, 1981, 52, 13883-1336. This study examined preschool children's conceptions of moral and social-conventional rules. 44 children between the ages of 2-6 and 4-9 were divided into 2 groups of 21 and 23 children according to age (X = 3-3, 4-2). Children made judgments concerning the seriousness, rule contingency, rule relativism, and amount of deserved punishment for 10 (depicted) moral and conventional preschool transgressions. Analyses of variance with age and sex as between-group factors and domain as the within-group factor indicated that, constant across both sexes and the ages studied, children evaluated moral transgressions as more serious offenses and as more deserving of punishment than conventional transgressions. Moreover, moral events were less likely than conventional events to be regarded as contingent on the presence of a rule and relative to the social context. Test-retest reliability of the ratings of the seriousness of transgressions was .66 over a 2-3 week period. The findings were discussed in relation to the developmental differentiation model and the distinct conceptual domain approach.
Exploring the statistical and clinical impact of two interim analyses on the Phase II design with option for direct assignment

Abstract Purpose The primary goal of Phase II clinical trials is to understand better a treatment's safety and efficacy to inform a Phase III go/no-go decision. Many Phase II designs have been proposed, incorporating randomization, interim analyses, adaptation, and patient selection. The Phase II design with an option for direct assignment (i.e. stop randomization and assign all patients to the experimental arm based on a single interim analysis (IA) at 50% accrual) was recently proposed [An et al., 2012]. We discuss this design in the context of existing designs, and extend it from a single-IA to a two-IA design. Methods We compared the statistical properties and clinical relevance of the direct assignment design with two IA (DAD-2) versus a balanced randomized design with two IA (BRD-2) and a direct assignment design with one IA (DAD-1), over a range of response rate ratios (2.0–3.0). Results The DAD-2 has minimal loss in power ( Conclusion In the spectrum of Phase II designs, the direct assignment design, especially with two IA, provides a middle ground with desirable statistical properties and likely appeal to both clinicians and patients.
Spatio-temporal provenance: Identifying location information from unstructured text

Spatio-temporal attributes represent two aspects of physical presence - space and time - which are integral to human activities. Space-time markers of an entity in conjunction with correlation with other networks such as movements in social network, the road/transportation network encodes a wealth of provenance information. With the advent of mobile computing and cheap and improved location estimation techniques, encoding such information has become commonplace. In this paper, we will focus on deriving such location provenance information from unstructured text generated by social media. As social media such as Facebook and Twitter are integrated with mobile devices, information generated by individuals in these networks gets tagged with spatial markers. We can classify such markers into explicit and implicit tags, where explicit tags encode the spatial data explicitly by providing the accurate location attributes. On the other hand, a lot of social network data may not encode such information explicitly. Our hypothesis in this paper is that the unstructured textual data contains implicit spatial markers at a fine granularity. We develop algorithms to support this hypothesis and evaluate these algorithms on data from FourSquare to show that the spatial category information can be identified with an accuracy of over 80%.
Revisiting the uncanny valley theory: Developing and validating an alternative to the Godspeed indices

Mori (1970) proposed a hypothetical graph describing a nonlinear relation between a character's degree of human likeness and the emotional response of the human perceiver. However, the index construction of these variables could result in their strong correlation, thus preventing rated characters from being plotted accurately. Phase 1 of this study tested the indices of the Godspeed questionnaire as measures of humanlike characters. The results indicate significant and strong correlations among the relevant indices (Bartneck, Kulic, Croft, & Zoghbi, 2009). Phase 2 of this study developed alternative indices with nonsignificant correlations (p>.05) between the proposed y-axis eeriness and x-axis perceived humanness (r=.02). The new humanness and eeriness indices facilitate plotting relations among rated characters of varying human likeness.
Piezoelectric Resonance Shifting Using Tunable Nonlinear Stiffness

Piezoelectric cantilever devices for energy harvesting purposes have typically been tuned by manipulating beam dimensions or by placement of a tip mass. While these techniques do lend themselves well to designing a highly tuned resonance, the design is fixed and causes each system to be unique to a specific driving frequency. In this work, we demonstrate the design of a nonlinear tuning technique via a variable external, attractive magnetic force. With this design, the resonance of the piezoelectric energy harvester is able to be tuned with the adjustment of a slider mechanism. The magnetic design uses the well of attraction principle in order to create a varying nonlinear stiffness, which shifts the resonance of the coupled piezoelectric beam. The significance of this work is the design of a piezoelectric energy harvesting system with a variable resonance frequency that can be adjusted for changes in the driving frequencies over a wide range without the replacement of any system components; thus, extending the usefulness of these vibration energy harvesting devices over a larger frequency span.
Resveratrol inhibits pancreatic cancer cell proliferation through transcriptional induction of macrophage inhibitory cytokine-1.

Introduction Resveratrol is a phenolic compound found in grape skins, mulberries, and certain nuts that has been shown to have antitumorigenic and anti-inflammatory properties. Macrophage inhibitory cytokine (MIC-1) is a member of the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) superfamily that has been shown to have antitumorigenic activity and is up-regulated in resveratrol-treated cancer cells. Resveratrol inhibits proliferation of human pancreatic cancer cells; however, the exact mechanism of action is not known. In this study, we investigated the role of MIC-1 in resveratrol-induced growth inhibition of human pancreatic cancer cell lines. Methods and results Proliferation assays conducted with resveratrol-treated human pancreatic cancer cell lines (CD18 and S2-013) at 24, 48, and 72 h revealed inhibition of cell proliferation compared to controls. Using oligonucleotide microarray analysis, we identified marked up-regulation of MIC-1 gene expression in resveratrol-treated human pancreatic cancer S2-013 cells. Real-time RT-PCR performed in CD18 and S2-013 cells treated with resveratrol (0-100 μm) for 24 h confirmed concentration and time-dependent up-regulation of expression of one particular gene, MIC-1. Both cell lines pretreated with actinomycin D (a transcriptional inhibitor) and then resveratrol had reduced up-regulation of MIC-1 gene expression compared to those treated with resveratrol alone. Finally, resveratrol-induced growth inhibition was abolished in CD18 cells transfected with MIC-1 short interfering RNA. Conclusions Resveratrol up-regulates MIC-1 gene expression in part at the transcriptional level in pancreatic cancer cells. Furthermore, MIC-1 appears to play a key role in resveratrol-induced growth inhibition in these cells.
Innovations in pediatric laryngotracheal reconstruction

Abstract Techniques for the reconstruction of pediatric subglottic and tracheal stenoses continue to undergo modification and refinement. The modified Rethi procedure of anterior laryngotracheal division and posterior cricoidotomy may be supplemented by unilateral or bilateral division of the cricoid cartilage for increased expansion of the subglottic lumen. The resulting four-quadrant division of the cricoid cartilage can be used in conjunction with the placement of cartilaginous grafts and stenting techniques common to laryngotracheal reconstruction (LTR). From October 1, 1986, to January 10, 1990, 31 four-quadrant division procedures were performed in 29 patients. Overall, decannulation has been achieved in 22 of 29 patients (76%). Another technique in LTR is the use of endotracheal tube stenting, resulting in singlestage LTR. The endotracheal tube supports the surgically expanded lumen for a period of intubation, followed by extubation. On extubation, the patient is effectively decannulated because the tracheostomy site is closed during the reconstructive procedure. From January 1, 1985, to July 31, 1990, 36 single-stage LTRs were performed in 35 patients. Overall successful results have been achieved in 30 of 35 (86%) of single-stage LTR patients.
Effects of syntax on running memory span d for connected discourse

Running memory span (RMS) was tested during pauses placed at word boundaries in connected discourse. RMS for the seven words previous to test pauses was superior when all seven fell into the same clause, as opposed to when only the last four words were from the immediate clause. The results gave some support to a hypothesis made about syntactic structure in immediate memory, and their relation to previous findings on speech segmentation in listening was discussed.
Alternative N-Terminal Regions of Drosophila Myosin Heavy Chain Tune Muscle Kinetics for Optimal Power Output

We assessed the influence of alternative versions of a region near the N-terminus of Drosophila myosin heavy chain on muscle mechanical properties. Previously, we exchanged N-terminal regions (encoded by alternative exon 3s) between an embryonic (EMB) isoform and the indirect flight muscle isoform (IFI) of myosin, and demonstrated that it influences solution ATPase rates and in vitro actin sliding velocity. Because each myosin is expressed in Drosophila indirect flight muscle, in the absence of other myosin isoforms, this allows for muscle mechanical and whole organism locomotion assays. We found that exchanging the flight muscle specific exon 3 region into the embryonic isoform (EMB-3b) increased maximum power generation (Pmax) and optimal frequency of power generation (fmax) threefold and twofold compared to fibers expressing EMB, whereas exchanging the embryonic exon 3 region into the flight muscle isoform (IFI-3a) decreased Pmax and fmax to ∼80% of IFI fiber values. Drosophila expressing IFI-3a exhibited a reduced wing beat frequency compared to flies expressing IFI, which optimized power generation from their kinetically slowed flight muscle. However, the slower wing beat frequency resulted in a substantial loss of aerodynamic power as manifest in decreased flight performance of IFI-3a compared to IFI. Thus the N-terminal region is important in tuning myosin kinetics to match muscle speed for optimal locomotory performance.
The role of respiratory donor enzymes in Campylobacter jejuni host colonization and physiology

The human pathogen Campylobacter jejuni utilizes oxidative phosphorylation to meet all of its energy demands. The genome sequence of this bacterium encodes a number of respiratory enzymes in a branched electron transport chain that predicts the utilization of a number of electron transport chain donor and acceptor molecules. Three of these electron donor enzymes: hydrogenase, formate dehydrogenase, and 2-oxoglutarate:acceptor oxidoreductase (OOR), oxidize hydrogen, formate and α-ketoglutarate as electron donors, respectively. Mutations were created in these donor enzymes to isolate mutants in hydrogenase (HydB::CM), formate dehydrogenase (Fdh::CM), and OOR (OorB::CM), as well as a strain with insertions in both hydrogenase and formate dehydrogenase (Hyd::Fdh). These mutants are deficient in their respective enzyme activities and do not reduce the components of the electron transport chain when provided with their respective substrates. The presence of either hydrogen or formate in the media stimulated the growth of wild type (WT) C. jejuni (but not the associated mutant strains) and at least one of these alternative substrates is required for growth of the OOR mutant strain OorB::CM. Finally, the importance of hydrogenase, formate dehydrogenase and OOR as well as the complex I of C. jejuni are elucidated by chicken colonization assays, where the double mutant Hyd::Fdh, OorB::CM and nuo mutants are severely impaired in host colonization.
An Agent Based Optimization Approach to Manufacturing Process Planning

Many optimization problems, such as manufacturing process planning optimization, are difficult problems due to the large number of potential configurations (process sequences) and associated (process) parameters. In addition, the search space is highly discontinuous and multi-modal. This paper introduces an agent based optimization algorithm that combines stochastic optimization techniques with knowledge based search. The motivation is that such a merging takes advantage of the benefits of stochastic optimization and accelerates the search process using domain knowledge. The result of applying this algorithm to computerized manufacturing process models is presented.
Relapse Resilience: A Process Model of Addiction and Recovery

Three phases exist in addressing substance use and dependence: prevention, treatment, and recovery. Recovery is perhaps the most essential stage on the continuum of substance dependence, yet it has failed to receive adequate attention in the literature. This article introduces a relapse resilient systemic Process Model of Addiction and Recovery for recovery. Case examples illustrate the use of a systemic approach in recovering individuals.
Towards sequence-based DNA flexibility analysis

In this poster, we present an extension to our freely available KINARI-Web server to identify rigid and flexible regions of nucleic acids and protein-nucleic acid complexes contained in the Protein Data Bank (PDB). The goal is to explore the effect of DNA and RNA on the rigidity and stability of these structures. We also propose an approach for determining DNA rigidity based solely on sequence. Currently, only the rigidity of DNA molecules whose structures have been deposited in the PDB (approx.
The Hidden Cost of Worker Turnover: A Case Study in the In-Bond Industry in Mexico

Although Mexico's in-bond assembly (maquiladora) industry is one of the few sectors of the Mexican economy that continues to prosper, worker turnover has become a significant and growing threat to its vibrancy. Maquiladoras , or twin plants, are cooperative arrangements whereby Mexican labor, about 75 percent female, (Holden 1984) assembles components which are transported from the United States. Raw materials are cut or formed into recognizable parts in the U.S. and shipped "in-bond" into Mexico without paying Mexican duties. The asembled products are returned to the U.S. under special, favorable tariff arrangements. Employee turnover, "the cessation of membership in an organization by an individual who received monetary compensation by that organization" (Mobley 1982:10), has always been a feature of the maquiladora labor force. However, turnover rates have been rising consistently over the last four years. They have gone from a monthly average of about 4.3 percent in 1982, to 4.8 percent in 1983, to 7.6 percent in 1984, to 8.1 percent in 1985 (Alderete 1985). Turnover rates in selected plants have reached as high as 15 to 20 percent a month (Moffett 1984). This compares with an average U.S. monthly manufacturing turnover rate of between 1 and 2 percent (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics 1980).
Complex karyotype in a low grade phyllodes tumor of the breast

Abstract Cytogenetic analysis of a phyllodes tumor of low grade malignancy disclosed the karyotype 52∼55,XX, −1,+5,+7,+9,+10,+11,-15,+18,−19,+20,der(21)t(1;21)(p13;q22),+mar1×2∼4,+mar2[cp18]/46,XX [2] . This study shows that a complex chromosome karyotype can be found in low-grade phyllodes tumors and is not necessarily a sign of extreme malignancy of these neoplasms.
Before Disaster Strikes

Abstract From "El Nino," hurricanes, and ice storms, to tornadoes and flash flooding, the recent onslaught of natural disasters prompted our agency to formulate an "Emergency Preparedness Plan for Foodservice Operations." Sequential steps in its design were as follows: Identification of an internal "Preparedness Team;" Performing a hazard analysis of food preparation, storage, and serving areas, in the context of the entire building and community; Meeting of team on a regular basis, to construct objectives and timelines; Identification and partnering with local, state, and federal food and disaster relief agencies; Meeting of internal team with partners to draft the plan; Present draft plan to administration and entire foodservice team for feedback; Revise plan if indicated; Identify funding sources for emergency equipment, supplies, and food specified in the plan and budget accordingly; Procure supplies; Meeting with administration to develop policies regarding and procedures addressing disaster preparedness; Train all staff and volunteers on the plan, policies, and procedures, both initially and at six-month intervals; Meeting of internal "Preparedness Team" bimonthly and with partners twice per year, to assess the efficacy of the plan in an ongoing manner.
Specification of the anteroposterior neural axis through synergistic interaction of the Wnt signaling cascade with noggin and follistatin.

Embryological data and the activities of the neural-inducing factorsnogginandfollistatinare consistent with the hypothesis that the nervous system is initially induced with an anterior character, with subsequent signals imparting posterior pattern. We report thatXwnt3ais a candidate for involvement in anteroposterior neural patterning, as it synergizes with the neural-inducing factorsnogginandfollistatinto increase the expression of posterior neural genes. Furthermore we show that β-catenin, an intracellular protein implicated in the Wnt signal transduction cascade, mimics the activity ofXwnt3a.These data suggest that the generation of pattern within the vertebrate nervous system may rely on synergism between a Wnt signaling pathway and multiple neural-inducing factors.
C-Acylation of Tertiary Enolates via Dithioesters

Abstract The acylation of unsymmetrical ketones to β-ketoesters at a tertiary enolate center can be selectively achieved by way of the stable β-dithioketoesters (eg, 2). These undergo one-step or sequential conversion to the β-ketoesters using Hg0-BF3.
Shedding (killer) light on tumors.

g PHOTODYNAMIC THERAPY Photodynamic therapy (PDT) uses nontoxic photosensitizers that on exposure to light of a specific wavelength become toxic to targeted tissues.1 The excited photosensitizer produces reactive oxygen species that destroy tissues that have taken up the photosensitizers, including porphyrins, chlorophylls, and dyes.2 Dougherty et al3 were pioneers in using PDT for cutaneous and subcutaneous cancers. Dougherty, et al also pioneered the use of fiber optic cables to deliver laser light directly to the site of tumors.
Prednisone increases very low density lipoprotein and high density lipoprotein in healthy men

To determine the effect of corticosteroids on lipoprotein metabolism in healthy subjects, we measured lipoprotein lipid and apoprotein levels in eight normolipidemic healthy men before, during, and after administration of oral prednisone 0.35 mg/kg/d. After 14 days of prednisone, there was a significant increase in levels (mg/dL) of very low density lipoprotein-triglyceride (VLDL-TG) (51 +/- 9 v 92 +/- 11, P less than .01), very low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (VLDL-C) (19 +/- 2 v 28 +/- 3, P less than .01), high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) (39 +/- 1 v 50 +/- 4, P less than .05), apolipoprotein (apo) AI (124 +/- 7 v 147 +/- 8, P less than .01), and apo E (3.1 +/- 0.4 v 4.1 +/- 0.4, P less than .01). In addition, the activity of lipoprotein lipase but not hepatic lipase in postheparin plasma also was higher after prednisone treatment. All values returned to baseline within 2 weeks after discontinuation of prednisone. Short-term administration of corticosteroids has a consistent effect on the metabolism of both VLDL and HDL.
Executive and emotional dysfunction in Machado-Joseph disease

Machado-Joseph disease (MJD) is an autosomal dominant spinocerebellar ataxia. Few studies have examined the neuropsychological and neurobehavioral profiles of patients with MJD. In this study, six individuals with MJD were given a battery of neuropsychological tests. Relative impairments on timed verbal attention tasks and verbal fluency (Stroop, Oral Symbol Digit Modalities, and Controlled Oral Word Association Test) were found. Other executive impairments also were seen on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, independent of motor dysfunction severity. Moderate- to severe levels of depressive symptoms were endorsed by four of the six patients, and caregivers observed increased apathy in the patients. Impaired executive and emotional functioning in MJD does not appear to be related to ataxia severity. These patients did not meet the criteria for dementia. General cognitive abilities, language, list learning, story recall, and untimed tasks of attention were within normal limits. Impaired executive abilities and emotional functioning in MJD patients is consistent with disruption of frontal-subcortical systems.
Alginate composition effects on a neural stem cell-seeded scaffold.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of alginate composition on the neurotrophic factor release, viability, and proliferation of encapsulated neural stem cells (NSCs), as well as on the mechanical stability of the scaffold itself. Four compositions were tested: a high guluronic acid (68%) and a high mannuronic acid (54%) content alginate, with or without a poly-L-lysine (PLL) coating layer. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to quantify the release of brain-derived neurotrophic factor, glial-derived neurotrophic factor, and nerve growth factor from the encapsulated cells. All three factors were detected from encapsulated cells only when a high L-guluronic acid alginate without PLL was used. Additionally, capsules with this composition remained intact more frequently when exposed to solutions of low osmolarity, potentially indicating superior mechanical stability. Alginate beads with a PLL-coated, high D-mannuronic acid composition were the most prone to breakage in the osmotic pressure test, and were too fragile for histology and proliferation assays after 1 week in vitro. NSCs survived and proliferated in the three remaining alginate compositions similarly over the 21-day study course irrespective of scaffold condition. NSC-seeded alginate beads with a high L-guluronic acid, non-PLL-coated composition may be useful in the repair of injured nervous tissue, where the mechanism is the secretion of neuroprotective factors. We verify the neuroprotective effects of medium conditioned by NSC-seeded alginate beads on the serum withdrawal–mediated death of PC-12 cells here.
THE RATIO OF SYSTOLIC TIME INTERVALS OF LEFT VENTRICLE IN NORMAL CHILDREN-ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC STUDY

Current techniques utilize data derived from the aortic valve (AV) to determine the ratio between the pre-ejection (PEP) and ejection period (EP) of left ventricle (LV) in children. Mitral valve (MV), septum (S) and posterior LV wall (LVW) motion, can also be obtained and may be of value in the measurement of systolic time intervals (STI) by echograms (E). Thus, we studied a group of 40 normal school children by E to establish normal standards for PEP/EP for 4 reference points at MV, AV, S and LVW. PEP was measured from the onset of Q wave of the EKG to: 1-coaptation of MV (MPEP), 2-to the opening point of AV (APEP), 3-to the onset of systolic posterior excursion of S (SPEP) and 4-to the onset of anterior systolic motion of LVW (LVWPEP). EP was measured for: 1-total coaptation time of MV (MEP), 2-seperated interval of AV (AEP), 3-from the onset to the point of maximum systolic posterior excursion of S (SEP) and 4-similar to S for LVW anterior motion (LVWEP). PEP/EP ratios were computed for several cardiac cycles and averaged. Results of mean and standard error of mean were: MPEP/MEP 0.154±0.005, APEP/AEP 0.275±0.012, SPEP/SEP 0.304±0.009 and LVWPEP/LVWEP 0.390±0.011. Our study establishes normal standards for ratios of STI of 4 different reference points of LV in children which do not appear to be interchangable as they reflect different intracardiac events. (Sponsor: Eli Gold)
High Yield Multiwall Carbon Nanotube Synthesis in Supercritical Fluids

Multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) with outer diameters of 10−50 nm and wall thicknesses of 5−20 nm were synthesized in supercritical toluene at temperatures ranging from 600 to 645 °C at 8.3 MPa. Nanotube formation was catalyzed by metallocenes such as cobaltocene, nickelocene, and ferrocene or cobalt or iron nanocrystals; toluene served as both the solvent and the carbon source for nanotube growth. Supplemental carbon sources, either hexane or ethanol (∼30 vol %), increased the yield of the carbon nanotubes relative to pure toluene, and catalytic amounts of water (0.75 vol %) minimized the formation of carbon filaments and amorphous carbon. Cobaltocene, with ethanol as a supplemental carbon source, gave the highest percentage of nanotubes in the product (∼70%) and the highest conversion of toluene to MWNTs (∼4%). The MWNTs tended to exhibit bamboo morphology and appear to grow by a folded-growth mechanism with graphitic sheets wrapped around the seed metal particles. Cobaltocene was also found to cataly...
Elastic bridging for modeling fatigue crack propagation in a fiber-reinforced titanium matrix composite

A model based upon linear elastic bridging and fiber crack tip shielding is proposed for predicting fatigue crack growth in a SCS-6/Ti-6-4 composite. The model is characterized by the fiber/matrix debond length rather than the fiber/matrix interfacial frictional shear strength used in most current fatigue models. Finite elements combined with fracture mechanics are applied for computing the local stress intensity. The local stress intensity in the matrix is then utilized to predict crack growth in the composite via comparison to monolithic fatigue crack propagation data for a similar Ti-6-4 matrix material. 19 refs.
Inner models in the region of a Woodin limit of Woodin cardinals

Abstract We extend the construction of Mitchell and Steel (Fine Structure and Iteration Trees, Lecture Notes in Logic, vol. 3, Springer, Berlin, 1994) to produce iterable fine structure models which may contain Woodin limits of Woodin cardinals, and more. The precise level reached is that of a cardinal which is both a Woodin cardinal and a limit of cardinals strong past it.
Epitaxial growth and properties of semiconducting ScN

Epitaxial growth of ScN has been investigated in the temperature range 750–1150 °C, using the reaction of ammonia with the volatile scandium halides produced by the reaction of HCl, HBr or HI with Sc metal. The optimum temperature range for epitaxial growth of ScN on α-Al2O3 was found to be 850–930 °C. The linear thermal expansion coefficient of ScN was measured to be 8.1 × 10−6/°C, a relatively good match to α-Al2O3. Mass spectrometric studies suggest that the vapor species formed by the reaction of HCl with Sc metal is ScCl2, and that this reacts further with NH3, which is only 5–10% decomposed at 950 °C, to form ScN. As-grown ScN is n-type with electron concentrations in the range 1020–1021 cm−3, and halogen or hydrogen appears to be the principal donor. Doping with C and Si during growth did not give p-type material, nor did post-growth annealing in Mg and Zn vapor. The Hall mobility of ScN is 150 cm2 V −1sec−1 at 300 °K for an electron concentration of 1 × 1020 cm−3, and exhibits a T−1.85 dependence between 300 °K and 77 °K. The optical energy gap of ScN is 2.1 eV at 300 °K.
Interactions of massless spinors in two dimensions

Abstract The interaction of massless spinors with massive vector mesons ( m 0 > 0) in two dimensions is investigated. (We call this model the vector meson model .) Two definitions of the current are considered, and operator solutions employing auxiliary free fields are constructed. However, the presentation is heuristic in part, and the problem of positive definiteness of the theory is left open. The limit m 0 → ∞ is easily obtained; it yields the Thirring model. (This fact was expected on the basis of unpublished thesis of Wraith.) Some complications are indicated in connection with the limit m 0 → 0, to the Schwinger model.
The respiratory response of guinea pigs to aerosols I. Histamine aerosol control study

Abstract Characterization of the respiratory response of the guinea pig exposed to an aerosol of histamine dihydrochloride is described as a positive control for future animal exposure studies. Dynamic lung compliance exhibited a progressive decrease during a 10-min exposure to an aerosol mass concentration of 885 μg/m 3 ; a few guinea pigs responded to a lower concentration of 565 μg/m 3 and exhibited the same progressive decrease in compliance. This observation is consistent with the hypothesis that a fraction of the guinea pig population is hypersensitive. Comparisons are made with findings of other investigators. These results are used as an index of sensitivity of our biological preparation in the analysis of our data on pulmonary functional response of guinea pigs to sulfate compounds in atmospheric aerosols.
Site-directed gene repair of the dystrophin gene mediated by PNA–ssODNs

Permanent correction of gene defects is an appealing approach to the treatment of genetic disorders. The use of single-stranded oligodeoxynucleotides (ssODNs) has been demonstrated to induce single-point mutations in the dystrophin gene and to restore dystrophin expression in the skeletal muscle of models of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). Here we show that ssODNs made of peptide nucleic acids (PNA–ssODNs) can achieve gene repair frequencies more than 10-fold higher than those obtained using an older generation of targeting oligonucleotides. Correction was demonstrated in muscles cells isolated from mdx 5cv mice and was stably inherited over time. Direct intramuscular injection of PNA –s sODNs targeting the mdx 5cv mutation resulted in a significant increase in dystrophin-positive fibers when compared with muscles that received the ssODNs designed to correct the dystrophin gene but made of unmodified bases. Correction was demonstrated at both the mRNA and the DNA levels using quantitative PCR and was confirmed by direct sequencing of amplification products. Analysis at the protein level demonstrated expression of fulllength dystrophin in vitro as well as in vivo. These results demonstrate that oligonucleotides promoting strand invasion in the DNA double helix can significantly enhance gene repair frequencies of the dystrophin gene. The use of PNA–ssODNs has important implications in terms of both efficacy and duration of the repair process in muscles and may have a role in advancing the treatment of DMD.
FPGA-based Control System for Miniature Robots

Resource-constrained miniature robots require small but high-performance onboard processing unit and re-configurable electrical hardware to carry out different missions. The advances in Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) technology offer a system on programmable chip (SoPC) solution to this demand. This paper describes the technical achievement in developing FPGA-based control system which utilizes the hardware/software re-configurable feature of the advanced FPGA device to achieve the goal. We have implemented the hardware module inside the FPGA chip to generate PWM output and to count quadrate encoder pulses, which are the basic building blocks to drive DC motors. Software is developed to implement PID control algorithm using the PWM-Encoder module and on-chip processor. The functional correctness of the closed-loop control system is verified by the experimental tests. The performance analysis shows that the hardware module occupies less FPGA space and the power dissipation is very much comparable to other design alternatives of similar caliber. The preliminary results demonstrate that the PWM-Encoder module, in the form of user Intellectual Property (IP), can be duplicated and re-configured to control as many motors as needed. The success gives us a confidence boost to continue our effort to build user IP library for robotics applications which will benefit the robotics community by providing development tools and FPGA building blocks to satisfy the demand for an extremely flexible, high-performance, onboard computing unit.
A Keratinocyte Growth Factor Receptor-derived Peptide Antagonist Identifies Part of the Ligand Binding Site*

Keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) is a fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family member that acts specifically on cells of epithelial origin. Its receptor (KGFR) is a membrane-spanning tyrosine kinase, which also binds acidic FGF (aFGF) with equally high affinity, and basic FGF (bFGF) with much lower affinity. The KGFR is encoded by the bek/FGFR-2 gene, whose alternative transcript specifies a receptor with high affinity for aFGF and bFGF, but no detectable binding of KGF. The only structural difference between these two receptors is a 49-amino acid segment in the extracellular domain that is determined by single alternative exons. We report that a synthetic peptide (NH2-His199...Tyr223-COOH) corresponding to part of the predicted sequence of the KGFR alternative exon blocks KGF mitogenic activity and the interaction between KGF and its receptor. The peptide also blocks the interaction between KGF and a neutralizing monoclonal antibody raised against this growth factor. These results demonstrate that the peptide binds directly and specifically to KGF and argue that this region of the receptor constitutes part or all of the KGF binding site.
Interoperability Issues for Underground Utilities A Case Study of the NASA Langley Research Center

Interoperability issues arise when utility managers want to use both geographical information systems (GIS) and computer-aided design and drafting (CADD) for asset management. During summer 2003, the author evaluated the interoperability of CADD and GIS using a case study of the complex subsurface utility systems at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s (NASA) Langley Research Center in Hampton, Virginia. The evaluation included testing the CADD and GIS models and interviewing potential users and developers of the data. The evaluation concluded that the facility’s current approach to using spatial data should be modified with the result that the CADD and GIS are considered an integrated and interoperable system: The GIS supports the spatial analysis and the CADD supports the spatial model. Other issues include the choice of software, the accuracy of the spatial model, and various best management practices for spatial model development from legacy data.
Problem Solving, Planning, and Innovation. Part I. Test of the Program Planning Model

This longitudinal research compares the Program Planning Model (PPM) with a conventional (non-PPM) planning model in the context of creating 14 new child care programs in local Texas communities. The programs planned according to the PPM are found to have more efficient services and greater community acceptance during their first year of implementation than the programs that were developed with the conventional planning process. Due to the absence of random assignments, it is not demonstrated that these results are due to planning processes alone. However, evidence is presented that suggests the PPM projects outperformed the non-PPM projects because implementation success correlates with five key dimensions of planning behavior. Implementation success increases with: (1) participation of citizens, experts, and community interest groups; (2) involvement of a policy board representing partisan interests; (3) greater and more equal distribution of planning team effort; (4) process consultation in early plann...
Sandia National Laboratories California Waste Management Program Annual Report April 2011.

The annual program report provides detailed information about all aspects of the Sandia National Laboratories, California (SNL/CA) Waste Management Program. It functions as supporting documentation to the SNL/CA Environmental Management System Program Manual. This annual program report describes the activities undertaken during the past year, and activities planned in future years to implement the Waste Management (WM) Program, one of six programs that supports environmental management at SNL/CA.