cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Anisosmotic cell volume regulation: A comparative view

A variety of organisms and cell types spanning the five taxonomic kingdoms are exposed, either naturally or through experimental means, to osmotic stresses. A common physiological response to these challenges is maintenance of cell volume through changes in the concentration of intracellular inorganic and organic solutes, collectively termed osmolytes. Research on the mechanisms by which the concentration of these solutes is regulated has proceeded along several experimental lines. Extensive studies on osmotically activated ion transport pathways have been carried out in vertebrate cells and tissues. Much of our knowledge on organic osmolytes has come from investigations on invertebrates, bacteria, and protists. The relative simplicity of bacterial genetics has provided a powerful and elegant tool to explore the modifications of gene expression during volume regulation. An implication of this diverse experimental approach is that phylogenetically divergent organisms employ uniquely adapted mechanisms of cell volume regulation. Given the probability that changes in extracellular osmolality were physiological stresses faced by the earliest organisms, it is more likely that cell volume regulation proceeds by highly conserved physiological processes. We review volume regulation from a comparative perspective, drawing examples from all five taxonomic kingdoms. Specifically, we discuss the role of inorganic and organic solutes in volume maintenance and the mechanisms by which the concentrations of these osmolytes are regulated. In addition, the processes that may transduce volume perturbations into regulatory responses, such as stretch activation of ion channels, intracellular signaling, and genomic regulation, are discussed. Throughout this review we emphasize areas we feel are important for future research.
Treating heart failure on dialysis: Finally getting some evidence

Failing of the heart and kidneys concurrently is a common clinical situation. Heart failure (HF) causing renal failure through various mechanisms has been labeled as the “cardiorenal syndrome,” and the opposite (i.e., kidney failure causing HF) has been recently referred to as the “renocardiac
SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND COMMUTE CHARACTERISTICS OF DRIVERS IN ELECTRONIC TOLL COLLECTION AND VARIABLE PRICING PROGRAMS

This work studies the relationship between drivers' socioeconomic and commute characteristics and their willingness to alter their travel time in order to obtain a toll discount, among drivers crossing 2 bridges with time-of-day variable tolls in Lee County, Florida. Only drivers with specific electronic toll collection (ETC) accounts were eligible for the variable pricing toll discount; accordingly, the propensity for drivers to acquire ETC was also examined. Significant differences in characteristics were found among 4 groups of drivers: 1) all bridge travelers; 2) bridge travelers with ETC; 3) bridge travelers eligible for the variable toll; and 4) bridge travelers who altered their travel behavior due to the pricing program. Awareness of such differences may prove beneficial when estimating the potential impact on traffic congestion of a proposed ETC installation and/or a variable pricing program.
A Short History of American Liberalism

This paper provides an overview of the history of American liberalism. Its focus is on constitutional documents, laws, and speeches rather than books written by intellectuals, because that is where the clearest statements of liberalism, surprisingly, are found. The paper provides more excerpts from documents in the early colonial period than from later periods, because this is necessary to defend the hypothesis that liberalism in the United States was substantially home grown.
A bound on the complexity of the jsj decomposition of 3-manifolds with boundary

We show approximately that the number of components in the JSJ decomposition of a compact, orientable, irreducible 3-manifold with incompressible boundary is bounded by a function of the Heegaard genus and the Euler characteristic of the boundary. This extends a result of Scharlemann and Schultens on closed, orientable, irreducible 3-manifolds. Using Scharlemann and Schulten's measure I (V) of complexity for a Seifert fibre space V, we show that the complexity of certain Seifert fibred components of the JSJ decomposition is also bounded by a function of the Heegaard genus and Euler characteristic of the boundary of the 3-manifold.
THE BREAKDOWN OF TRIMORPHIC INCOMPATIBILITY IN OXALIS SECTION CORNICULATAE

Among the most complex outcrossing systems in flowering plants are those in which floral heteromorphism is associated with a physiological incompatibility system. Such heteromorphic incompatibility systems can arise only as a result of strong selective pressures exerted over a long period of time. There is excellent evidence that when the selective pressures regulating the maintenance of these systems are relaxed or altered in their direction, the integrated syndrome of morphological and physiological traits characteristic of heteromorphic incompatibility may rapidly break down, usually in the direction of increased inbreeding. There are several evolutionary routes which the breakdown of heteromorphic incompatibility may follow. The diverse breeding systems of the American representatives of Oxalis section Corniculatae (Oxalidaceae) are most probably derived from an ancestral trimorphic incompatibility system. This paper presents a study of the breeding systems of several members of this group and briefly discusses the genetic and ecological circumstances leading to the development of these derivative systems. Oxalis section Corniculatae recently has been the subject of a taxonomic monograph by Eiten (1963), whose nomenclature will be followed here. As circumscribed by Eiten, the section contains 14 species of caulescent, non-bulbous, yellowor orangeflowered herbs with trifoliate leaves. Members of this section occur mostly in North and South America and the Greater Antilles, but two species are believed to have a natural amphi-Pacific range in North America and eastern Asia. TRISTYLOUS INCOMPATIBILITY AS AN ANCESTRAL CONDITION
Introduction and motivation: theta functions in one variable

The central character in our story is the analytic function ϑ(z, τ) in 2 variables defined by where z є ℂ and τ є H, the upper half plane Im τ > 0. It is immediate that the series converges absolutely and uniformly on compact sets; in fact, if then hence, if no is chosen so that then the inequality shows that the series converges and that too very rapidly.
Prevention of refractoriness and HLA-alloimmunization using filtered blood products.

Depletion of leukocytes from all blood products may decrease the incidence of alloimmunization to HLA antigens present on the white cells and thus delay the onset of refractoriness to random donor platelet support. In order to test this hypothesis, 54 patients with hematologic malignancy or marrow aplasia were entered on a prospective randomized trial using cotton-wool filtration as a method of leukocyte depletion of red cell and platelet concentrates. Forty patients were considered evaluable; 20 patients received filtered products and 20 patients in the control group received standard unfiltered products. The filter was 99% efficient in removal of leukocytes (average number of WBC/platelet product, 6 X 10(6)). Platelet loss by this technique was 8%. Alloimmunization was assessed by detection of de novo formed lymphocytotoxic and platelet specific antibodies by microcytotoxicity test, Staph A protein radioimmunoassay, and solid phase red cell adherence test. In the group receiving filtered products, three of 20 (15%) patients developed lymphocytotoxic antibodies while ten of 20 (50%) patients in the control group developed cytotoxic antibodies (P = .01 by actuarial methods). Platelet antibodies were detected in seven of ten alloimmunized patients in the control group and three of three patients in the study group. Clinical evidence of refractoriness was seen in three of 20 patients in the filtered group and ten of 20 in the control group (P = .01 by actuarial methods). The cost of filtration was a fraction of the cost of a plateletpheresis product. Filtration appears to be an effective and economical method for reducing alloimmunization and clinical refractoriness to random donor platelets in patient receiving long-term transfusion support.
A Generalized Load Model for Transient Stability Analysis of Power System

Along with the building-up of UHV items in steps,the eastern receiving system of nationwide interconnected power grid becomes typical generalized load system;besides,with the application of smart microgrid and new energy there will be more and more regional generalized load systems.To characterize new features of generalized load system,a practicable model suitable to the transient stability analysis of generalized load system is proposed.In the proposed model,the dynamic characteristics of equivalent load is characterized in real-time mode by power fluctuation of inter-regional tie line and voltage variation at key nodes,and the dynamic characteristics of equivalent generator is characterized by dynamic load and the voltage of tie line bus voltage with the highest sensitivity.Results from experiments and simulation on PSASP and Matlab platforms show that the proposed model can reflect the dynamic responses and it is convenient to obtain parameters of the proposed model,besides,the proposed model possesses good versatility.
Validation and Banding of the ItchyQuant: A Self-Report Itch Severity Scale.

Because of the significant emotional and psychosocial impact of chronic pruritus, it is important to accurately assess and measure itch severity. This study aims to validate and apply clinically meaningful bands to the ItchyQuant, an illustrated self-report numeric rating scale (NRS) for itch severity. A total of 76 adults with chronic pruritus were recruited. Participants rated their itch on the ItchyQuant, on a traditional 11-point NRS, and with verbal categorizations (no, mild, moderate, or severe). There was a significant, high correlation between the ItchyQuant and NRS (>0.92, P P = 0.0015. Significantly more patients found the ItchyQuant easier to use (45.8%) than the NRS (20.8%) or had no preference (33.3%), P = 0.008. The set of clinically meaningful bands with the highest weighted kappa coefficient of agreement (κ = 0.69) was as follows: 0 (no itch), 1–3 (mild itch), 4–7 (moderate itch), 8–10 (severe itch). The ItchyQuant is a clinically meaningful measure of itch severity, demonstrating face and concurrent validity, that many patients prefer and find easier to use when compared with a traditional NRS. We suggest that the ItchyQuant can be added to the existing armamentarium of itch severity scales. We plan to investigate the ItchyQuant further in cognitively challenged populations.
High performance SPECT camera design

SPECT is primarily used in the clinic for cardiac applications like myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI). However, for SPECT, sensitivity is impaired due to the need for collimation. System resolution is poor as well (FWHM~1cm). New SPECT camera designs have emerged with improved sensitivity over the standard gamma cameras currently used in the clinic for estimating myocardial perfusion. Most of them focus on a region around the heart. The UFC design from GE or the multi-pinhole design by Funk et al use stationary pinholes configurations. The advantages of pin-hole designs are that there are no moving parts reducing long-term servicing costs. We propose a novel design to improve resolution and/or sensitivity over the flat-detector multi-pinhole designs by using curved detectors fitted to pin-holes. This will obtain improved resolution over that of a flat-detector attached to the same pin-hole due to increased magnification. We can then trade-off sensitivity versus resolution to get increased sensitivity for similar resolution as the flat-detector (by increasing the hole diameter). We derived expressions for average resolution for paraboloid, conical, and spherical detectors. We simulated the resolution and sensitivity improvement for examples cases for paraboloid, conical and spherical detectors for a stationary configuration of pinholes focused in a region in the object space, designed for cardiac application. For a paraboloid design, for cardiac SPECT application, the estimated sensitivity improvement over a multi-pin-hole system by Funk et al, was 48-85% for similar resolution. For a conical design, the improvement was 40-75%. The sensitivity improvement of the curved detector system over the clinical systems currently used in the clinic for cardiac imaging (using LEHR parallel collimation) was a factor of 7.4 to 9.3 for paraboloid (and 7 to 9 times for conical), with resolutions close to that of LEHR parallel collimation in the region of interest. Further there are tunable surface-parameters (such as height) if application calls for greater sensitivity and/or resolution, without changing the compactness (base-diameter) of the design. Finally, the performance of the paraboloid and conical design was better than the spherical design for this application, which suggests there may exist an optimum surface of the curved detector yielding the best improvement of resolution and/or sensitivity.
Validity of BMI-based body fat equations in men and women: A 4-compartment model comparison

Nickerson, BS, Esco, MR, Bishop, PA, Fedewa, MV, Snarr, RL, Kliszczewicz, BM, and Park, K-S. Validity of BMI-based body fat equations in men and women: a 4-compartment model comparison. J Strength Cond Res 32(1): 121-129, 2018-The purpose of this study was to compare body mass index (BMI)-based body fat percentage (BF%) equations and skinfolds with a 4-compartment (4C) model in men and women. One hundred thirty adults (63 women and 67 men) volunteered to participate (age = 23 ± 5 years). BMI was calculated as weight (kg) divided by height squared (m). BF% was predicted with the BMI-based equations of Jackson et al. (BMIJA), Deurenberg et al. (BMIDE), Gallagher et al. (BMIGA), Zanovec et al. (BMIZA), Womersley and Durnin (BMIWO), and from 7-site skinfolds using the generalized skinfold equation of Jackson et al. (SF7JP). The 4C model BF% was the criterion and derived from underwater weighing for body volume, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry for bone mineral content, and bioimpedance spectroscopy for total body water. The constant error (CE) was not significantly different for BMIZA compared with the 4C model (p = 0.74, CE = -0.2%). However, BMIJA, BMIDE, BMIGA, and BMIWO produced significantly higher mean values than the 4C model (all p < 0.001, CEs = 1.8-3.2%), whereas SF7JP was significantly lower (p < 0.001, CE = -4.8%). The standard error of estimate ranged from 3.4 (SF7JP) to 6.4% (BMIJA) while the total error varied from 6.0 (SF7JP) to 7.3% (BMIJA). The 95% limits of agreement were the smallest for SF7JP (±7.2%) and widest for BMIJA (±13.5%). Although the BMI-based equations produced similar group mean values as the 4C model, SF7JP produced the smallest individual errors. Therefore, SF7JP is recommended over the BMI-based equations, but practitioners should consider the associated CE.
Farnesyltransferase-Mediated Delivery of a Covalent Inhibitor Overcomes Alternative Prenylation to Mislocalize K-Ras

Mutationally activated Ras is one of the most common oncogenic drivers found across all malignancies, and its selective inhibition has long been a goal in both pharma and academia. One of the oldest and most validated methods to inhibit overactive Ras signaling is by interfering with its post-translational processing and subsequent cellular localization. Previous attempts to target Ras processing led to the development of farnesyltransferase inhibitors, which can inhibit H-Ras localization but not K-Ras due to its ability to bypass farnesyltransterase inhibition through alternative prenylation by geranylgeranyltransferase. Here, we present the creation of a neo-substrate for farnesyltransferase that prevents the alternative prenlation by geranylgeranyltransferase and mislocalizes oncogenic K-Ras in cells.
Abstract P129: Building Capacity with Opinion Leaders to Implement the VA Hospital-to-Home Initiative: CHF QUERI

Objectives: Reducing readmission rates for heart failure (HF) patients is the primary goal of the Department of Veteran Affairs and its' Chronic Heart Failure (CHF) QUERI. It is also the goal of Ho...
A model-theoretic counterpart of loop formulas

In an important recent paper, Lin and Zhao introduced the concept of a loop formula, and showed that the answer sets for a logic program are exactly the models of Clark's completion of the program that satisfy the loop formulas. Just as supported sets are a model-theoretic account of completion, "externally supported" sets, defined in this paper, are a model-theoretic counterpart of loop formulas. This reformulation of loop formulas shows that they are related to assumption sets (Sacca and Zaniolo) and to unfounded sets (Van Gelder, Ross and Schlipf; Leone, Rullo and Scarcello), invented many years earlier. Other contributions of this paper includes a simplification of the definition of a loop, extending it to programs with classical negation and infinite programs, and a generalization of the definition of a loop formula.
Some Observations on the Growth and Development of Sweet Potato (Ipomoea Batatas)

SummaryFour Ipomoea batatas cultivars were observed to develop measurable storage roots at the 6-to 8-leaf stage approximately 3 weeks from planting. The increase in sweet potato storage root weight followed a linear growth pattern with time. It was seen that the attainment of the highest vegetative growth weight preceded the largest storage root weight increase by several weeks, and this time interval was dependent upon the cultivar and the condition of growth. A high degree of correlation existed in each year between the development of the tops and the storage root weight.
A Mega-Ampere Spherical Tokamak Design for Beta-Limit and Confinement Studies

Recent favorable results on START have caused renewed interest in low aspect ratio tokamaks. To design an economical next-step spherical tokamak to study confinement scaling and high beta plasmas, we have developed a transport scaling and device optimization code. This code OPT, benchmarked against START, includes 10 empirical confinement scaling laws and essential tokamak physics such as stability limits. Parameters are optimized separately for each scaling law and physics goal. Using OPT we find for R/a=1.2 to 2.0 one can achieve {beta}{sub N}=5 and [{beta}]=30% with just two neutral beams (P{sub NB} =0.75 MA, and R{sub 0}>=0.6 m. In contrast, if one insists on using the nominal device parameters, I{sub p}=1 MA and R{sub 0}=0.8 m, with each scaling law, achieving {beta}{sub N}=5 requires typically P{sub NB}>=7.5 MW. 8 refs., 2 figs., 3 tabs.
Left Ventricular Motion and Shape Analysis Using Multiple Imaging Modalities

An image understanding system is discussed that will analyze cardiac dysfunction found by combining information from multiple, noninvasive imaging modality studies. The system is a model for intelligent multimodality image understanding in general, but is applied to a very specific problem: detection and rating of left ventricular (LV) aneurysms. Key features of the system are: 1) its ability to handle and quantify uncertain or partial image-derived information in a concise way using probabilistic evidential reasoning, 2) its ability to fuse pertient relative information from independent diagnostic images of the same patient to achieve an algorithm-assembled, consensus, quantitative opinion of cardiac shape and motion, and finally 3) to arrive at a decision level set of numbers that quantify and localize left ventricular aneurysm formation for each patient. The availability of data such as described in 3) will enable more precise prognostic or diagnostic risk classification for patients, making therapy alternatives more rational. Because of the subjective probabilistic reasoning strategy (based on the principle of maximum entropy) the final quantitative results will carry not only the system’s assessment of a particular patient’s heart, but also the degree of confidence that the automated analysis system has in the result it presents. This confidence is increased when similar LV motion and shape is perceived by the multiple imaging modalities.
PROCESSING EQUIPMENT | Tumblers and Massagers

Tumblers and massagers provide the mechanical action that is important to producing sectioned and formed meat products. This mechanical action is responsible for producing the protein exudate that binds pieces together during cooking, as well as improving the migration of ingredients, which improves the water-holding capacity of the meat. Various factors determine the level of mechanical action that is applied, such as the aggressiveness and the length of the treatment and the temperature of the meat. The aggressiveness is largely determined by the design of the equipment, but the length of the treatment and meat temperature are also important.
Prevalence of seismic rate anomalies preceding volcanic eruptions in Alaska

Seismic rate increases often precede eruptions at volcanoes worldwide. However, many eruptions occur without such precursors, limiting their usefulness for forecasting in some cases. Additionally, identifying seismic rate increases near volcanoes with high levels of background seismicity is non-trivial and many periods of elevated seismicity occur without ensuing eruptions. Although these issues are commonly known, efforts to quantify them are limited. In this study, we consistently apply a common statistical tool, the -statistic, to seismically monitored eruptions in Alaska of various styles to determine the overall prevalence of seismic rate anomalies immediately preceding eruptions. We find that 6 out of 14 (43%) Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) ≥2 eruptions have statistically significant precursory seismic rate increases. Of these 6 eruptions, 4 of them occur at volcanoes with relatively felsic compositions, repose periods greater than 10 years, and VEI ≥ 3. Overall, our results confirm that seismic rate increases are common prior to larger eruptions at long dormant, ‘closed-system’ volcanoes, but uncommon preceding smaller eruptions at more frequently active, ‘open-system’ volcanoes with more mafic magmas. We also explore the rate of other anomalies not precursory to eruptions and investigate their origins. Some of these non-eruptive anomalies can be explained by aftershocks of regional seismic events, magmatic activity that did not lead to eruption, or unrest at other nearby volcanoes within our search radius. Some open-system volcanoes have high non-eruptive anomaly rates and low pre-eruptive anomaly rates and are thus not amenable to forecasting with this method. In this study, we find that 26% of anomalies lead to eruption, while 74% do not. With continued calibration at more volcanoes, the statistical tool that we apply may be used more broadly to analyze future periods of seismic unrest at other volcanoes, properly placing such episodes into the context of the long-term background rate. These results and this tool may be useful for informing future eruption forecasts around the world.
Embedded Active Elements in 3D Printed Structures for the Design of RF Circuits

This paper presents a simple, low-cost fabrication technique of RF components with embedded chips using additive manufacturing (3D printing). Three different approaches of embedding actives using 3D printing are discussed: (a) face-up, (b) face-down, and (c) use of flip chip. For the demonstration, tunable circuits using varactor diodes are designed and fabricated. Tunable microwave components such as a T-line resonator, a split ring resonator, and a patch antenna are demonstrated using the face-up embedded active process. Key advantages of this process are: (i) low temperature processing, (ii) use of wire -and ribbon-bonds can be avoided, and (iii) simple to implement. Embedded actives and passives using 3D printing provides a new approach to fabricating system on package (SoP) and system in package (SiP) having high functional density and better electrical performance.
A latent class analysis of the co-occurrence of sexual violence, substance use, and mental health in youth

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to understand co-occurrence of sexual violence, substance use, and mental health in youth and see if there are differences in experiences among sexual identities, races, and genders. Methods: The 2017 Youth Risk Behavior Survey sampled 14,638 high school students. Latent class analysis was used to understand the relationship between incidence of sexual violence, substance use, and depression and suicidality in a nationally representative sample. The model controlled for demographic and bullying covariates. Results: A four-class solution provided optimal fit. Classes were low risk (51.8%); low violence, frequent substance use, and high depression and suicidal ideation (29.7%); experienced violence and moderate mental health issues(5.1%); and some violence, high substance use, and high depression and suicidal ideation (13.4%). Youth who identified as sexual minority youth were almost 2.5-5 times more likely to be in the three higher risk classes than their heterosexual peers. Those who identified as "I don't know" were almost 3 times more likely to be in the three higher risk classes than heterosexual youth. Multiracial youth had higher likelihood of being in the three riskier classes compared to Caucasian youth. Females were 2.5 and 3 times more likely to be in the low violence and some violence classes compared to males. Conclusion: The study's finding distinct classes of co-occurring behavioral and mental health outcomes fill gaps in the current literature and informs practitioners that LGB youth and bi/multiracial youth were at an elevated risk of co-occurring victimization, substance use, and mental health problems.
Comment to “More than ten years of Lusi: A review of facts, coincidences, and past and future studies” by Miller and Mazzini (2018): Taking the trigger debate above ground

Abstract Since erupting in 2006, the “Lapindo” mudflow (or “Lusi,” as it is known by scientists) has released a constant flow of mud that has devastated communities and environments in East Java's Sidoarjo regency. The mudflow also has spawned countless formal and informal scientific reports that dispute what initiated the eruption: drilling for gas or a distant earthquake. A 2018 special issue in Marine and Petroleum Geology by the “Lusi Lab” is devoted entirely to the mudflow, which includes an article by Miller and Mazzini (2018) that presents one perspective of the current status of the trigger debate. This discussion article draws attention to a series of inaccuracies and misrepresentations within Miller and Mazzini’s (2018) article. These concerns include (1) the promotion of erroneous drilling and geological data, (2) the inaccurate and unprofessional characterization of scientists who posit opposing interpretations of drilling and geological data, (3) the use of deceptive rhetoric, (4) the dissemination of misleading and unsubstantiated claims about unnamed stakeholders, and (5) the lack of knowledge of – and sensitivity toward – social contexts. After providing an overview of these issues, this article focuses on items (3), (4) and (5), which tend to be overlooked in ongoing geological discussions on the disaster, but have a significant impact on the production, circulation, and reception of geoscience in both professional and non-professional arenas. This commentary on Miller and Mazzini (2018) does not challenge the credibility or integrity of the authors or any scientist associated with the Lusi Lab, but rather argues for a version of geoscience that stays above ground by being conscientious to the social dynamics that impact, and are impacted by, scientific inquiry. Without the appropriate care and scholarly caution, even the most neutral scientist's work can be perceived as compromised to both scholarly and non-scholarly audiences.
Silencing of miR490-3p by H. pylori activates DARPP-32 and induces resistance to gefitinib.

Abstract Infection with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is the main risk factor for gastric carcinogenesis. In this study, we investigated the expression, molecular functions, and downstream effectors of miR490–3p in gastric cancer. We used in vitro and in vivo models to investigate the role of H. pylori in regulating miR490–3p, DARPP-32-dependent functions, and therapeutic resistance. Human and mouse neoplastic gastric lesions demonstrated a negative correlation between DARPP-32 and miR490–3p expression (R = −0.58, P
Impact of Battery Degradation on Market Participation of Utility-Scale Batteries: Case Studies

The recent decrease in battery manufacturing costs stimulates the market participation of utility-scale battery energy storage systems (BESSs). However, battery degradation remains a major concern for BESS owners while determining their BESS investment and operation strategies. This paper studies the impact of battery degradation on BESS's operation and revenue/cost in real-time energy, reserve, and pay as performance regulation markets. Comparative case studies are performed on two optimization frameworks which model the participation of a price-maker BESS in energy and ancillary services markets with and without considering battery degradation cost. A synthetic test system built upon real-world data is adopted in the case studies. Analyses reveal that degradation cost plays an important role in the scheduling of BESSs and should not be neglected. Several potential enhancements to the optimization frameworks are discussed based on the performed analyses.
Myoelectric control and neuromusculoskeletal modeling: Complementary technologies for rehabilitation robotics

Abstract Stroke and spinal cord injury (SCI) are a leading cause of disability in the United States, and researchers have pursued using robotic devices to aid rehabilitation efforts for resulting upper-extremity impairments. To date, however, robotic rehabilitation of the upper limb has produced only limited improvement in functional outcomes compared to traditional therapy. This paper explores the potential of myoelectric control and neuromusculoskeletal modeling for robotic rehabilitation using the current state of the art of each individual field as evidence. Continuing advances in the fields of myoelectric control and neuromusculoskeletal modeling offer opportunities for further improvements of rehabilitation robot control strategies. Specifically, personalized neuromusculoskeletal models driven by a subject's electromyography signals may provide accurate predictions of the subject's muscle forces and joint moments, which, when used to design novel control strategies, could yield new approaches to robotic therapy for stroke and SCI that surpass the efficacy of traditional therapy.
Evaluation of Immune Response and Disease Status in SLE Patients Following SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate seroreactivity and disease flares after COVID-19 vaccination in a multi-ethnic/racial cohort of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). METHODS: 90 SLE patients and 20 healthy controls receiving a complete COVID-19 vaccine regimen were included. IgG seroreactivity to the SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor-binding domain (RBD) and SARS-CoV-2 microneutralization were used to evaluate B cell responses; IFN-I³ production to assess T cell responses was measured by ELISpot. Disease activity was measured by the hybrid SLE disease activity index (SLEDAI) and flares were assigned by the SELENA/SLEDAI flare index. RESULTS: Overall, fully vaccinated SLE patients produced significantly lower IgG antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 spike RBD than controls. Twenty-six SLE patients (28.8%) generated an IgG response below that of the lowest control (<100 units/ml). In logistic regression analyses, the use of any immunosuppressant or prednisone and a normal anti-dsDNA level prior to vaccination associated with decreased vaccine responses. IgG seroreactivity to the SARS-CoV-2 Spike RBD strongly correlated with the SARS-CoV-2 microneutralization titers and antigen-specific IFN-I³ production determined by ELISpot. In a subset of patients with poor antibody responses, IFN-I³ production was likewise diminished. Pre-/post-vaccination SLEDAI scores were similar. Only 11.4% of patients had a post-vaccination flare; 1.3% were severe. CONCLUSION: In a multi-ethnic/racial study of SLE patients 29% had a low response to the COVID-19 vaccine which was associated with being on immunosuppression. Reassuringly, disease flares were rare. While minimal protective levels remain unknown, these data suggest protocol development is needed to assess efficacy of booster vaccination.
Linking Foster Family Characteristics and Mental Health Symptoms of Youth in Care.

Youth in foster care are disproportionately at risk for developing internalizing and externalizing problems (Lawrence et al., 2006); however, a history of maltreatment prior to foster care placement does not automatically result in poor mental health outcomes. Among non-foster care youth, the quality of family interactions has been related to adjustment outcomes, such that low family cohesion and high family conflict is associated with poor mental health symptoms (Caples & Barrera, 2006). While little is known about these constructs in foster care placements, they may help explain the variance in internalizing and externalizing problems for youth in foster care. The present study aimed to examine whether characteristics of the foster care environment (i.e., conflict, cohesion) across various placement types (i.e., traditional foster homes, group-care settings) could help explain the link between previous maltreatment exposure and mental health problems. The sample included 178 youth in foster care (Mage = 15.18, SD = 1.76) and their foster caregivers living in the Midwest. Youth participants completed self-report measures about prior maltreatment history, current family environment characteristics, and youth internalizing symptoms. Foster caregivers completed measures on current family environment and youth externalizing symptoms. Results indicated that caregiver report, but not youth report, of family cohesion was negatively associated with youth report of internalizing problems. When examining the indirect effects, youth report of family conflict partially accounted for the link between youth self-report of maltreatment and internalizing symptoms (B = 0.106, 95% CI = 0.026–0.186). Caregiver report of family conflict fully accounted for the association between youth self-report of maltreatment and caregiver report of youths’ externalizing symptoms (B = 0.108, 95% CI = 0.005–0.211). Findings highlight the importance of utilizing multiple informants when measuring foster family environment and suggest that family conflict is particularly salient for the mental health of youth in foster care.
Anti-epileptic medications

Abstract Side Effects of Drugs Annual is an annual publication including the most recently published adverse effects (AEs) and toxicities associated with antiepileptic medications. The series supplements the contents of Meyler's Side Effects of Drugs: The International Encyclopedia of Adverse Drug Reactions and Interactions. This is a review of current literature published between January, 2020 and December, 2020, including any publications regarding the antiepileptic agents clobazam, clonazepam, clorazepate, diazepam, lorazepam, phenobarbital, primidone, tiagabine, vigabatrin, gabapentin, pregabalin, valproic acid, carbamazepine, cenobamate, eslicarbazepine acetate, lacosamide, lamotrigine, oxcarbazepine, phenytoin, zonisamide, perampanel, topiramate, brivaracetam, cannabidiol, ethosuximide, ezogabine, felbamate, fenfluramine, levetiracetam, rufinamide, and stiripentol. Emphasis was placed on reporting of new AEs or unique presentations of previously known AEs.
Information dissemination-diffusion and marine protected area approval in the Philippines

Abstract This article examined fishers' support for marine protected areas (MPAs) resulting from information dissemination (i.e., government-to-citizen communication) and diffusion (i.e., citizen-to-citizen communication) processes on coastal policy. We surveyed fishers ( N = 505) in three municipalities (i.e., Oslob, Santander, Samboan) in Southern Cebu, Philippines. Two independent variables were examined. The first was municipality, where different local governance arrangements influence coastal policy communication. Second, a K-means cluster analysis identified segments of fishers based on whether and how they were informed about coastal policies in their municipality. The dependent variables were: (a) the perceived effect of the MPAs on fishers' livelihoods, (b) approval of specific MPA policies, and (c) general approval of the MPAs. Two-way ANOVAs resulted in significant interaction effects between the independent variables and highlighted the combined influence of local governance and information dissemination/diffusion on fishers' approval of MPAs. Fishers informed through information dissemination reported a significantly higher approval of their MPA(s) than did fishers informed through information diffusion or those who were not exposed to government-initiated communication. The influence of information dissemination on MPA approval may justify the time and resources required to engage fishers through direct communication. The cluster analysis helped reveal citizen-to-citizen dynamics that impact the effectiveness of coastal policy communications.
A comparison of concept identification in human learning and network learning with the generalized delta rule

The generalized delta rule (which is also known as error back-propagation) is a significant advance over previous procedures for network learning. In this paper, we compare network learning using the generalized delta rule to human learning on two concept identification tasks: • Relative ease of concept identification • Generalizing from incomplete data
Inhibition of Mitosis by Chloramphenicol in Phytohemagglutinin Stimulated Lymphocytes

1. When lymphocytes from human peripheral blood are treated with phytohemagglutinin, they undergo transformation to blast cells and then divide. 2. When chloramphenicol was added to the culture at the beginning of the experiment, mitosis was delayed but blast transformation was not affected. 3. CAP suppressed mitosis less markedly when added to the culture at 24 and 48 hours and more markedly when added daily. 4. Mitotic index was suppressed in two patients who had aplastic anemia due to CAP, in a manner similar to that observed in presumably normal people. 5. Possible reasons for this drug effect on cell division are discussed.
Hospitals and Health: Psychosocial Aspects

In the United States, increasingly, strong market and financial pressures are interacting with traditionally dominant institutional forces to shape the behavior of hospitals, particularly those that operate as nonprofit organizations. This situation contrasts with that of many other developed nations where hospitals and health care organizations are operated largely under public auspices. Escalating demands for greater efficiency, cost containment, and higher quality, together with counterpressures to maintain local autonomy and professional control, has resulted in both new organizational practices and organizational forms. This article describes the social forces affecting hospitals and other health care organizations, and the changes that these organizations have experienced as they attempt to accommodate potentially conflicting environmental demands.
Comparison of emission indexes within a turbine combustor operated on diesel fuel or methanol

The emission index (grams of species per kilogram of fuel) field within a regenerative turbine combustor has been mapped using a water-cooled sampling probe. The probe employed a choked orifice to simultaneously determine the local temperature. Derived from measurements are: air-fuel ratio, combustion efficiency, average fuel velocity, and fuel distribution factor. Methods of averaging the discrete data are developed. A comparison of the data obtained when the combustor was operated on each of two fuels revealed that the use of methanol leads to lower nitric oxide but higher carbon monoxide emission than does the use of diesel fuel.
Magnetic properties of MnRh thin films grown on MgO single-crystal substrates

As well known, MnX alloys of about an equiatomic composition such as MnAl, MnBi and MnGa exhibit unique magnetism, in particular possess very high magnetic anisotropy constant K, suitable for permanent magnets and spintoronics applications[1]. It is known that bulk MnRh exhibits para-magnetism at around 300 K and anti-ferromagnetism at lower temperature at around 77 K [2]. However, little study of the magnetic properties in MnRh thin films has been reported [2, 3]. In the present study, MnRh thin films are prepared on MgO single-crystal substrates with different orientations under similar experimental conditions. The effects of substrate orientation on the structure and the magnetic properties are investigated.
Molecular cloning of a histidine-rich Ca2+-binding protein of sarcoplasmic reticulum that contains highly conserved repeated elements

We reported previously the purification of a 165-kDa muscle-specific protein identified by virtue of its ability to bind 125I-labeled low density lipoprotein with high affinity after sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (Hoffmann, S. L., Brown, M. S., Lee, E., Pathak, R. K., Anderson, R. G. W., and Goldstein, J. J. (1989) J. Biol. Chem. 264, 8260-8270). The protein is located in the lumen of the sarcoplasmic reticulum, where it has no access to plasma lipoproteins. It binds to 45Ca2+ on nitrocellulose blots and stains metachromatically blue with Stains-all, a cationic dye that stains Ca2+-binding proteins. In the current paper, we have isolated a full-length rabbit cDNA clone for the 165-kDa protein. The deduced amino acid sequence reveals a 852-amino acid protein with the following structural features: 1) an NH2-terminal 27-residue putative signal sequence; 2) a highly repetitive region containing nine nearly identical tandem repeats of 29 residues, each consisting of a histidine-rich sequence HRHRGH, a stretch of 10-11 acidic amino acids, and a sequence containing 2 serines and a threonine in a negatively charged context; 3) a 13-residue stretch of polyglutamic acid; and 4) a COOH-terminal cluster of 14 closely spaced cysteine residues with the repeating pattern of Cys-X-X-Cys suggestive of a heavy metal binding domain. Histidine, aspartic acid, and glutamic acid accounted, respectively, for 13, 12, and 19% of the amino acids. The protein does not share any significant sequence homology with the cell surface low density lipoprotein receptor. Stretches of acidic amino acids are a feature of two other luminal sarcoplasmic reticulum proteins, suggesting that these may be a general feature of luminal sarcoplasmic reticulum proteins. We suggest that the histidine-rich Ca2+-binding protein described in the current study be designated HCP. The role of HCP in Ca2+ homeostasis in the sarcoplasmic reticulum of skeletal and cardiac muscle remains to be determined.
Morphology-Independent Virulence of Candida Species during Polymicrobial Intra-abdominal Infections with Staphylococcus aureus

ABSTRACT Intra-abdominal polymicrobial infections cause significant morbidity and mortality. An experimental mouse model of Candida albicans-Staphylococcus aureus intra-abdominal infection (IAI) results in 100% mortality by 48 to 72 h postinoculation, while monomicrobial infections are avirulent. Mortality is associated with robust local and systemic inflammation without a requirement for C. albicans morphogenesis. However, the contribution of virulence factors coregulated during the yeast-to-hypha transition is unknown. This also raised the question of whether other Candida species that are unable to form hyphae are as virulent as C. albicans during polymicrobial IAI. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the ability of non-albicans Candida (NAC) species with various morphologies and C. albicans transcription factor mutants (efg1/efg1 and cph1/cph1) to induce synergistic mortality and the accompanying inflammation. Results showed that S. aureus coinoculated with C. krusei or C. tropicalis was highly lethal, similar to C. albicans, while S. aureus-C. dubliniensis, S. aureus-C. parapsilosis, and S. aureus-C. glabrata coinoculations resulted in little to no mortality. Local and systemic interleukin-6 (IL-6) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) levels were significantly elevated during symptomatic and/or lethal coinfections, and hypothermia strongly correlated with mortality. Coinoculation with C. albicans strains deficient in the transcription factor Efg1 but not Cph1 reversed the lethal outcome. These results support previous findings and demonstrate that select Candida species, without reference to any morphological requirement, induce synergistic mortality, with IL-6 and PGE2 acting as key inflammatory factors. Mechanistically, signaling pathways controlled by Efg1 are critical for the ability of C. albicans to induce mortality from an intra-abdominal polymicrobial infection.
ATLAS FEI4 ASIC

The ATLAS FE-I4 ASIC is a novel pixel detector readout chip designed in a CMOS 130 nm feature size process. The chip is able to cope with high hit rate and withstand the harsh radiation environment in close proximity to the interaction point at LHC. FE-I4 will find its first application with ATLAS IBL, an additional innermost pixel layer scheduled for installation in 2013, but is also suited for the intermediate radii pixel layers for future upgrades. In this paper, the modular design concept of FE-I4 is introduced and its readout architecture, analog performance and radiation hardness are discussed. After the successful development of the first full-scale prototype version of the chip in 2010, the production version for IBL (FE-I4B) has recently become available. Here, we review the main design choices for FE-I4B and present first testing results.
The ‘worthy’ patient: rethinking the ‘hidden curriculum’ in medical education

This paper examines how physicians determine the quality and quantity of time to devote to each patient, and how these decisions are taught to physicians-in-training as part of the ‘hidden curriculum’ in medical education. The notion of moral economy is used to analyze how judgments of patient worth come to guide and influence interactions among physicians and physicians-in-training and patients, and how these interactions impact medical care. However, this paper also questions the notion of the hidden curriculum as a static or reified concept. Instead, the paper uses participant narratives to show how physicians-in-training are not simply passive recipients of the hidden curriculum but also actively resist judging patients based on perceptions of worth, even as they learn to operate within a moral economy of care.