cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A light transport model for mitigating multipath interference in Time-of-flight sensors

Continuous-wave Time-of-flight (TOF) range imaging has become a commercially viable technology with many applications in computer vision and graphics. However, the depth images obtained from TOF cameras contain scene dependent errors due to multipath interference (MPI). Specifically, MPI occurs when multiple optical reflections return to a single spatial location on the imaging sensor. Many prior approaches to rectifying MPI rely on sparsity in optical reflections, which is an extreme simplification. In this paper, we correct MPI by combining the standard measurements from a TOF camera with information from direct and global light transport. We report results on both simulated experiments and physical experiments (using the Kinect sensor). Our results, evaluated against ground truth, demonstrate a quantitative improvement in depth accuracy.
Proliferation of prostate cancer cells in the bone marrow predicts recurrence in patients with localized prostate cancer.

Background Reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) amplification of prostate specific antigen (PSA) mRNA has been used to detect the presence of prostate cancer cells in the peripheral blood and bone marrow of patients with clinically localized disease. Some studies have demonstrated a correlation between detection of PSA-mRNA and disease recurrence. However, many RT-PCR-positive patients remain disease-free. We propose that phenotypic characterization of individual micrometastatic cells may provide more prognostic information than mere detection of such cells. Methods We studied 58 patients undergoing radical prostatectomy for clinically localized disease whose bone marrow had been found to contain PSA-mRNA by RT-PCR. Immunohistochemical detection and phenotypic characterization of micrometastatic cells was performed using a two-color technique: cytokeratin antibody for detection and the MIB-1 antibody for proliferation. The clinical endpoint was disease recurrence. Results One or more micrometastatic cells were proliferating in 36.2% of the patients; the disease-free survival rate was 76.2% in this group. In contrast, in the patients with non-proliferating cells, 97.3% remained disease-free (P = 0.025). Multivariate analysis demonstrated that the presence of proliferating cells was the only preoperative variable that correlated with disease-free survival (P = 0.05). Conclusions Determination of the phenotype of individual micrometastatic cells can contribute prognostic information above and beyond the mere determination of their presence or absence. Phenotypic characterization of individual micrometastatic cells may ultimately be used to select patients for systemic therapy given either alone or in combination with local therapy. Prostate 49:235–242, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Propaganda, Politics and Violence in Cambodia: Democratic Transition Under United Nations Peace-Keeping

Throughout its history, public administration has used a number of different perspectives for analyzing the discipline's theory and practice, and both mainstream and alternative lenses have produced valuable insights and prescriptions. At the same time, an individual way of looking at PA can be misleading. Alone, a solitary lens can miss critical aspects and often gives only part of the picture. Public Administration in Perspective has been specifically crafted to give new life to public administration theory and practice by helping readers view the discipline through a variety of perspectives. Designed for the capstone course in public administration programs, as well as a fresh approach for courses in PA theory and organizational theory, this unique book provides a culminating experience--bringing together what has been learned in previous MPA courses without simply rehashing old content. It offers a comprehensive guide to eleven major approaches to PA, and synthesizes them to deepen our understanding of the discipline. Each chapter in Part I describes the key features of the selected perspective--history, content, and proponents--and discusses the strengths and weaknesses related to PA theory and practice. Part II synthesizes the various perpectives, with specific implications for PA management and practice. Part III concludes with a complete overview, identifying ways in which readers can think more creatively and productively about PA, putting the perspectives themselves into perspective.
Black Intellectuals, Black Cognition, and a Black Aesthetic

Preface The Reality of Black Intellectuals From an African to a Black Identity Black Cognition The Modernity and Postmodernity Deceptions Developing a Black Aesthetic The Black Cognition Imperative Selected Bibliography Index
Intracavity laser absorption spectroscopy of platinum sulfide in the near infrared

Author Institution: Department of Chemistry, Southern Illinois University, Edwardsville, IL 62026-1652; Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, St Louis, MO 63121-4499
Processing small delicate biological specimens for scanning electron microscopy

SUMMARY To overcome the problems of collecting and handling delicate cells while dehydrating them for scanning electron microscopy, a method is suggested whereby cells are collected on solvent resistant Millipore filters. The schedule used for successfully processing a wide range of algae, protozoa and some other organisms is outlined as is the construction of a simple carrier to hold the filter in the critical point drying apparatus.
Analysis of 3D random chopped fiber reinforced composites using FEM and random sequential adsorption

The overall elastic properties of fiber reinforced composite are of primary importance for practical applications. In order to obtain the overall elastic properties, a homogenization procedure based on continuum micro-mechanics is usually applied to a representative volume element (RVE) representative of the whole composite. In this study, we first employ a modified random sequential adsorption algorithm to generate the complex geometry of a random fiber composite. Second, we investigate the effect of the interaction between two over-crossing fibers on the overall elastic properties of the composite. Third, we evaluate the overall elastic material properties of the composite using the finite element method for continuum micro-mechanical analysis.
Electronic spectroscopy of zero-dimensional systems

We have measured the thermodynamic properties of dispersionless electronic systems. We observe structure in the capacitance of quantum dots reflecting the discrete energy levels of electrons confined in all three spatial dimensions. The spacings of the observed structure and the systematic variation with the degree of confinement are consistent with quantum-size effects.
Long-term outcomes and modes of death of patients treated with nonthoracotomy implantable defibrillators

Long-term outcomes of all patients who underwent nonthoracotomy implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) implantation at our institution from April 1991 to October 1994 were studied using the intention-to-treat analysis. Of 94 consecutive patients, 81 underwent nonthoracotomy ICD implantation and 13 underwent thoracotomy (for concomitant surgery in 11 and unavailability of nonthoracotomy leads in 2). Six of 81 patients had a high defibrillation threshold, 4 subsequently underwent thoracotomy, and 2 were treated with amiodarone. Surgical mortality was 0%. The duration of follow-up was 20 +/- 13 months, and was > 12 months in 74% of 67 living patients. Actuarial survival rates at 1 and 2 years were, respectively, 98% and 94% for sudden death and 91% and 83% for total mortality. Deaths during long-term follow-up were mostly due to nonsudden cardiac or noncardiac deaths. Two-year mortality rates were 12% and 25% in patients with ejection fraction > or = 30% and < 30%, respectively. Thus, instances of sudden death and surgical mortality are very few in patients with nonthoracotomy ICDs. Deaths during long-term follow-up are mostly due to nonsudden cardiac and noncardiac deaths. Therefore, ICD therapy may have greater impact on survival in patients with lower risks of nonsudden cardiac and cardiac death (e.g., younger patients with minimal heart disease) than in patients with severe cardiac or noncardiac disease. Prospective studies are needed to address this question.
Recent Divorce Trend in Iran

There has recently emerged an unprecedented increase in number and rate of divorces in Iran—where strong cultural-religious traditions and legal prescriptions and proscriptions have largely mandated early, lifelong marriages, precluding divorce save in exceptional circumstances. This article examines recent divorce trends, along with demographic and social changes that are evolving in Iranian society. Family remains a very strong institution in Iran. However, some aspects of family, including marital dissolution, are changing rapidly, no longer protected by the strong tradition of family morality rooted in social contracts between large extended families. Instead, there has emerged a “developmental idealism,” demonstrated in a strongly secular move toward individualism and self-actualization, in effect altering wide-ranging behaviors including later marriage and fewer children but also earlier and more frequent marital dissolution. Changes in these realms, and in educational and career goals and behaviors...
ADHD Symptomatology and Risky Health, Driving, and Financial Behaviors in College The Mediating Role of Sensation Seeking and Effortful Control

OBJECTIVE: To examine the extent to which effortful control (EC) and sensation seeking (SS) tendencies explain the association between the severity of ADHD symptoms and risky behaviors. METHOD: Participants included 555 college students (66% females) who completed self-report measures assessing their ADHD symptoms, EC abilities, SS tendencies, and risky health (e.g., substance use) and driving/financial behaviors (e.g., misuse of credit cards). RESULTS: Severity of college students' ADHD symptoms, EC abilities, and SS tendencies were related to all risky behaviors. Multiple mediational analyses further indicated that students' SS tendencies significantly mediated the association between ADHD symptoms and the risky health factor but not the risky driving/financial factor. EC, however, significantly mediated the association between ADHD symptoms and both the risky health and driving/financial factors. CONCLUSION: The current study provides initial data showing potentially different mechanisms that explain the link between college students' severity of ADHD symptoms and risky behaviors. Language: en
Improved hydrothermal stability of niobia-supported Pd catalysts

Abstract Aqueous-phase reactions at elevated temperatures can cause significant loss of surface area in oxide supports. Addition of a second component can help improve the hydrothermal stability of the support and retain a more open, porous structure. Here we show that small amounts of silica (5 wt%) help improve the activity and stability of Pd/niobia–silica catalysts used for pentanoic acid formation from γ-valerolactone. At the end of the run, the Pd/Nb–Si oxide catalysts showed significantly higher activity than catalysts where the Pd was deposited on commercial niobia (HY-340). Loss of surface area occurred for all of the catalysts; however, surface area loss occurred to lesser extents for the Pd/Nb–Si oxide catalysts. In these samples, the regions that contained more silica retained their porous structure and maintained smaller Pd crystallite sizes after reaction while those areas with depleted silica content transformed into crystalline niobia along with significant metal particle growth. We conclude that addition of silica to niobia not only improves the stability of the support but also helps retain smaller crystallite sizes for the Pd phase, resulting in improved catalytic performance in the bi-functional aqueous-phase conversion of γ-valerolactone into pentanoic acid.
Operative resection of primary carcinoid neoplasms in patients with liver metastases yields significantly better survival.

Background It is unclear whether there is a benefit to resection of primary gastrointestinal carcinoid neoplasm with hepatic metastases. We investigated whether primary tumor resection in this setting led to a significant difference in outcomes. Methods A retrospective review of patients with abdominal carcinoid neoplasms between 1995 and 2006 was performed. Data collected on patients with proven carcinoid liver metastases at initial diagnosis included whether the primary neoplasm was resected, time to progression of liver metastases, and status at last follow-up. Progression-free survival and survival were calculated by the method of Kaplan-Meier and compared by the log-rank test. Results There were 84 patients, 60 of whom had their primary neoplasm resected. The resected group had a greater median progression-free survival of 56 months, compared with 25 months for the primary nonresected group (P < .001). Median survival time for the resected group was longer at 159 months, compared with 47 months for the nonresected group (P < .001). Conclusions Resection of the primary neoplasm is associated with better progression-free survival and overall survival in patients with abdominal carcinoid neoplasms. Therefore, localization and resection of the primary neoplasm should be considered, even among patients in whom the primary neoplasm is asymptomatic.
Subharmonic resonance in the non-linear Mathieu equation

Abstract In this paper, we present an O (e) perturbation method that utilizes Lie transform perturbation theory and elliptic functions to investigate subharmonic resonances in the non-linear Mathieu equation x +(δ+e cos ωt) x+αx 3 =0. It is assumed that the parametric perturbation, e cos ωt , is small and that the coefficient of the non-linear term, α, is positive but not necessarily small. We derive analytic expressions for features (width and location of equilibria) of resonance bands in a Poincare section of action-angle space that are associated with 2m : 1 subharmonic periodic solutions. In contrast to previous perturbation treatments of this problem, the unperturbed system is non-linear and the transformation to action-angle variables involves elliptic functions. We are, therefore, not restricted to a neighborhood of the origin in our investigation. The Hamiltonian structure of the unperturbed vector field, an integrable vector field, provides us with a framework for developing an analysis of the perturbed orbit structure. The methodolgy revolves around employing Lie transform perturbation theory for constructing the so-called “resonance Kamiltonian”, Kr, whose level curves correspond to invariant curves of a Poincare map for the non-linear Mathieu equation. Explicit knowledge of Kr enables us to derive analytic expressions for the resonance bands in a Poincare section of action-angle space that are associated with 2m : 1 subharmonic periodic solutions. Predictions of the perturbation method are compared to results obtained by direct numerical integration of the non-linear Mathieu equation. The integrable nature of the unperturbed (e=0) non-linear Mathieu equation is preserved under the perturbation method. Consequently, the method is unable to predict the appearance of chaos.
Phase variations in a fluctuation-based processor

ABSTRACT Fluctuations are always present in underwater sound propagation, and are generally viewed as a complicationin signal detection and identification. However, in some cases where the signals fluctuate less than the noise, it ispossible to take advantage of the different magnitudes of fluctuations of signal and noise to improve detection.agstaffs Jntegration silencing rocessor (WISPR) is an example of such a processor. The original version of theWISPR processor utilized power values derived from complex pressures in a given frequency bin, but ignored thephases of these complex pressures. An improved processor that takes advantage of the phase as well as the amplitudeis described below. Its performance is verified using measured data, where detection has been accomplished by a marginof 4 decibels. Simulations using synthetic data show that the new processor can be effective for signal-to-noise ratiosgreater than -20 decibels.KEY WORDS: Fluctuations, fluctuation sensitive, detection, ambient noise, phase fluctuations,WISPR, signal tonoise ratio, hydrophone array, submerged source, random noise.
Will the Muslim Brotherhood Succeed Where Osama Failed

Just as the Arab Spring blossomed, the al-Qaeda-led era of terrorism came to an end with the killing of Osama Bin Laden in his Pakistani lair by American special forces. We asked two of the most contentious experts on all things Islamic—Ayaan Hirsi Ali and Tariq Ramadan—to assess the meaning of these historic moments on the future. Amr Moussa, the leading candidate for Egypt's presidency, and Ehud Barak, Israel's defense minister, also offer their views. Two top former intelligence agents from MI6 and the CIA look at the next turn of events—the Saudi counter-revolution.
Efficiency in packed column supercritical fluid chromatography using a modified mobile phase

Large density differentials across small particle packed columns failed to produce losses in chromatographic efficiency. The mobile phase consisted of carbon dioxide modified with methanol. The largest density differential across the column involved an outlet density below 0.2 g/ cm3 while the density at the inlet was simultaneously above 0.9 g/cm3. Absolute efficiencies were similar to those found using the same particle size in reversed-phase liquid chromatography and were very near theoretically predicted values. In related experiments, two cases were found where low outlet pressures or densities caused degraded peak shapes. Experimental conditions were compared to vapor-liquid equilibria data. Poor peak shapes were likely caused by the mobile phase separating into two phases and/or solubility problems.
Bactericidal activity of lomefloxacin SC 47111 (NY-198) and ciprofloxacin against selected pathogens

Abstract The bactericidal activity of lomefloxacin and ciprofloxacin against selected pathogens was compared using kill-kinetic methods to assess inhibitory (1 × MIC) and suprainhibitory (4 × MIC) concentrations. Five strains each of the following microorganisms were studied: Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae , and Pseudomonas aeruginosa . We found that lomefloxacin was 8- to 16-fold less active than ciprofloxacin as measured by MICs. However, the bactericidal activities of both lomefloxacin and ciprofloxacin were comparable when concentrations × MIC and 4 × MIC were tested. For many of the isolates tested, such concentrations would be achieved clinically. The low MICs seen for the Gramnegative bacilli did not correlate with killing ability for either drug: concentrations 8–16 × MIC were needed for 99.9% killing of the final inoculum. Although higher concentrations of lomefloxacin are needed for inhibitory and bactericidal activity, the improved pharmacokinetics of lomefloxacin may result in this agent being comparable to ciprofloxacin.
HYPNOTICALLY-INDUCED "ANOSMIA" TO AMMONIA.

Abstract The procedure to demonstrate anosmia by the inhalation of ammonia is discussed. Deeply hypnotized Ss who are not knowledgeable of the relevant facts of physiology may fail to respond to ammonia fumes when it is suggested that they have no sense of smell (anosmia). However, persons who, in fact, are anosmic do respond to ammonia fumes because they are a powerful stimulus to the pain fibers in the nasal mucosa. This procedure illustrates that the crucial factor in the response of the hypnotized S is not the actual facts of anatomy and physiology, but the S's concept of them.
Carbon stocks and changes on Pacific Northwest national forests and the role of disturbance, management, and growth

Abstract The National Forest System (NFS) of the United States plays an important role in the carbon cycle because these lands make up a large proportion of the forested land in the country and commonly store more wood per unit area than other forest ownerships. In addition to sustaining natural resources, these lands are managed for multiple objectives that do not always align with maximizing carbon (C) sequestration. The objectives of this study were to determine C stocks and flux in measured pools on Pacific Northwest Region NFS lands and the major ecological drivers of C flux. We compiled tree, dead wood, and understory vegetation data from 11,435 systematically-placed inventory plots and estimated growth, mortality, decay, removals, and disturbance events based on two full measurements spanning 1993–2007. The area of NFS-administered lands increased by 0.3% during this period and the area in formally-designated protected status increased by 0.7%. There was 1293 Tg C (±11.2 Tg standard error) in non-soil C stocks at the first measurement, which increased by 45 ± 2.2 Tg (3.4%), with 59% of the increase in the live tree pool and the remainder in the dead tree pools. C stocks followed broad regional patterns in productivity while C flux varied at local scales. Fires affected
Nonsynonymous variants and fatty liver disease

Fat accumulation in the liver is a common trait that may progress to severe liver disease. A new study identifies common and rare nonsynonymous variants in PNPLA3 that are associated with hepatic triglyceride content and that may explain some of the population differences in prevalence.
Attenuation of pain reactivity by caudate nucleus stimulation in monkeys.

Abstract The effect of caudate nucleus stimulation on reactivity to painful was investigated in Macaca speciosa monkeys chronically implanted with electrodes in the right caudate nucleus. The force with which subjects escaped from electrocutaneous leg shock was used as a measure of pain reactivity and was decreased by caudate stimulation. Escape thresholds and latencies were not influenced by the brain stimulation. Decreased escape force was obtained only when 50 msec trains of caudate stimulation preceded 20 msec trains of leg shock by 0–100 msec. Pain reactivity was not affected if brain stimulation followed leg shock or if leg shock followed brain stimulation by more than 100 msec. Intershock response distributions indicated that direct motor inhibition was not responsible for the depression of escape force, and the effectiveness of a restricted range of caudate-leg stimulation intervals ruled out generalized effects on arousal. The results indicate that the effect of caudate stimulation is to reduce the affective components of pain elicited by noxious electrocutaneous stimuli. The time course of this caudate effect parallels that previously reported for the caudate-induced depression of evoked activity in the non-specific somatosensory projections of the reticular formation and thalamus.
The plumbotectonic model for Pb isotopic systematics among major terrestrial reservoirs - A case for bi-directional transport

Abstract Version IV of plumbotectonics expands and refines the original model of Doe and Zartman (1979) and Zartman and Doe (1981) for explaining Pb (Sr, and Nd) isotopic systematics among major terrestrial reservoirs. A case for bi-directional transport among reservoirs is based on the observed isotopic compositions for different tectonic settings, and finds a rationale in the kinetics of plate tectonics. Chemical fractionation and radioactive decay create isotopic differences during periods of isolation of one reservoir from another, whereas dynamic processes allowing mixing between reservoirs tend to reduce these differences. Observed isotopic characteristics reflect a balance between these opposing tendencies and provide constraints on the extent and timing of fractionation and mixing processes. Plumbotectonics does not require interaction with a lower mantle or core reservoir over most of the Earth's lifetime, and, in fact, achieves a material balance consistent with no such exchange of material. Important evidence of the amount and timing of crustal recycling, and of the residence times of mantle heterogeneities lies in the coupled 207 Pb 204 Pb- 206 Pb 204 Pb systematics. We believe that examination of the published data base fully supports our contention of significant bi-directional transport of material among terrestrial reservoirs. Plumbotectonics allows us to explore many aspects of reservoir interaction, and to identify parameters that provide meaningful constraints on mantle-crust differentiation. We put forth a compromise fit to many of the model variables in version IV, which can serve as a reference for future work.
Direct Numerical Simulation of Flow Past Elliptic Cylinders

Flow over elliptic cylinders can be considered prototypical of flow over a range of bluff bodies since the geometry allows one to study the effect of both thickness and angle-of-attack on the flow field. Therefore, a careful study of this flow should provide valuable insight into the phenomenon of unsteady separation and the structure of bluff body wakes. With this in mind, a spectral collocation technique has been developed to simulate the full three-dimensional incompressible flow over elliptic cylinders and, unlike spectral element and spectral multidomain techniques, here the flow is solved in a single domain. The equations are discretized on a body-fitted elliptic cylindrical grid and properties of the metric associated with this coordinate system are used to solve the governing equations in an efficient manner. Key issues including the inflow and outflow boundary conditions and time-discretization are discussed in detail with the hope that this will facilitate future simulations of similar flows. Finally, we present results of two- and three-dimensional simulations for a range of flow and geometric parameters. The results are compared with available experimental data and it is found that important quantities like Strouhal numbers and drag coefficients match well with established values.
Guanidinium 2-(myristoylsulfanyl)ethane­sulfonate

In the title compound, CH6N3+·C16H31O4S2− [systematic name: guanidinium 2-(tetra­deca­noylsulfan­yl)ethane­sulfon­ate], each 2-(myristoyl­thio)­ethane­sulfonate ion displays hydrogen bonding to three guanidinium counter-ions, which themselves display hydrogen bonding to two symmetry-related 2-(myristoylthio)ethanesulfonate ions. Thus each cation forms six N—H⋯O bonds to neighboring anions, thereby self-assembling an extended ladder-type network. The average hydrogen-bond donor–acceptor distance is 2.931 (5) A. The alkyl chains form the rungs of a ladder with hydrogen-bonding inter­actions forming the side rails.
Density functional theory examination of Pd(111) and Pd(100) under NO oxidation conditions

We have used density functional theory calculations combined with a thermodynamic analysis to investigate the composition and structure of Pd(100) and Pd(111) surfaces for NO oxidation over a wide range of temperatures and pressures. Results indicate that unlike the case for CO oxidation, the bulk oxide is the thermodynamically favored phase over large regions in the phase diagram for both surfaces of palladium. At the conditions for NO oxidation in the ${\text{NO}}_{x}$ storage reduction cycle, the surface is expected to be the clean PdO(101) surface, although kinetic limitations may exist.
Phonon focusing at surfaces

Through stationary-phase asymptotic analysis of the elastic Green's function for a semi-infinite anisotropic elastic solid, we calculate the focusing of surface phonons. We present results for surface-phonon focusing on the (100), (110), and (111) surfaces of NaCl, Ge, and Cu. In addition we present results showing that pseudosurface waves will also be focused.
Endoplasmic reticulum stress as a novel neuronal mediator in Alzheimer's disease.

AbstractAlzheimer’s disease (AD) is one of the most common types of progressive dementias. The typical neuropathological changes in AD include extracellular senile plaques, intracellular neurofibrillary tangles, and loss of neurons. The pathogenetic mechanism of this disease is not comprehensively understood yet. Recently, endoplasmic reticulum stress (ER stress) has been considered as a potential event involved in AD development. Some AD-related factors, such as misfolded protein and Ca2+ depletion, could disrupt the homeostasis of ER lumen. In AD, the aggregated amyloid-beta peptide (Abeta) could induce ER stress in an assembly dependent way. The presenilin has been identified as a Ca2+ channel. Mutations of presenilin could change the balance of Ca2+ in ER lumen and thus disrupts the ER homeostasis. Furthermore, the ER stress could lead to cellular disorders like inflammation. Through activating the expression of inflammatory factors, ER stress triggers inflammatory response in AD pathology. Herein, we...
Utilizing public aquariums and molecular identification techniques to address the larviculture potential of Pacific blue tangs ( Paracanthurus hepatus ), semicircle angelfish ( Pomacanthus semicirculatus ), and bannerfish ( Heniochus sp.)

Limitations in our understanding of aquaculture strategies necessary for cultivating many desirable species of marine ornamental fishes have impeded examining their commercial production. Currently, only a small fraction of species have been captive bred. Recent research efforts have focused on evaluating the rearing potential of marine fish eggs and larvae collected at public aquariums. However, as exhibits contain multiple species, accurate identification is crucial for determining species-specific larval rearing protocols. In this study, marine fish eggs and larvae were collected at four public display aquariums and were preserved for genetic identification prior to and during larviculture trials. During the project, numerous marine fish species were identified (n = 14) and three desirable species displayed traits conducive to captive breeding. Pomacanthus semicirculatus was identified using molecular techniques prior to metamorphosis and verified morphologically once grown. This species was also reared through the larval phase and into the juvenile (or nursery) phase. However, two species (Paracanthurus hepatus and Heniochus sp.) did not reach metamorphosis and observations made during larviculture would not have been attributed to those particular species without the use of molecular identification techniques.
Effects of Compliance Outcome and Basis of Power on the Powerholder-Target Relationship

To determine the effects of compliance outcome and basis of power on the powerholder-target relationship, 108 undergraduates each read six scenarios in which a powerholder influenced a target by using a different one of the French and Raven (1959) bases of social power. Compliance resulted either in all positive, all negative, or else unknown outcomes for the target across the six influence attempts. Although an expected interaction between type of outcome and power base was not found, main effects were obtained for each. Specifically, subjects perceived greater possibility for future use of power, less surveillance necessary, more attraction to powerholder by target and more private acceptance by target following positive rather than negative outcomes, with unknown outcomes in-between. Main effects for power base on these aspects of the powerholder-target relationship were primarily accounted for by coercive power, with this mean significantly lower than those of the other bases. Attributions of causalit...
Estimating U.S. consumer preferences for meat with a flexible utility function

Abstract Direct and indirect translog utility functions provide budget share equations which are both flexible and consistent with the theory of utility maximization. These forms are attractive for modelling consumer behavior. Because of their flexibility they are ideal for testing hypotheses such as additivity of preferences. In this paper we use the translog methodology to analyze U.S. consumption of the four principal categories of meat-fish, beef, poultry, and pork. We decisively reject the hypothesis of additivity. However, further testing for partial additivity reveals that (beef) and (fish, poultry, pork) are additively separable subgroups of meat.
Spectral analysis of signals exhibiting nonstationary stochastic time-shifts

Signals generated or processed by physical systems are often subject to nonstationary stochastic time-shifts. This effect, also known as phase noise, has traditionally been analyzed using mathematical techniques applicable only to stationary processes. In this letter, we present a spectral analysis of signals experiencing stochastic time-shifts, with the fundamental assumption that the ratio between time-shift and time vanishes as time tends to infinity.
Solvent Extraction of the Nitrate Salts of K+, Ag+ TI+ and Pb2+ Using Di(2-Ethylhexyl) phosphoric Acid and Dicyclohexano-18-Crown-6 in Toluene

Abstract A solvent extraction system is used to determine metal distribution coefficient, D n+, values between water and toluene for the nitrate salts of K+M, Ag+, T1+, and Pb2+ using, both individually and together, the organic soluble complexing agents HDEHP and DC18C6 (Figure 1). Synergistic solvent extraction effects.are found for all of the metals examined. The extraction of Pb2+ is much greater than that of the monovalent cations. The extraction of K+ increases either as the equilibration temperature decreases or as the equilibrated aqueous pH increases. The extraction of Ag+ increases in a regular fashion until the initial concentration of DC18C6 in the toluene reaches the initial concentration of HDEHP+in the toluene. Beyond this point, no appreciable increase in Ag+ extraction is observed with increased initial DC18C6 concentration.
Naive beliefs in “sophisticated” subjects: misconceptions about trajectories of objects ☆

Abstract University students were asked to solve simple problems about the trajectories of falling objects. A majority of the students revealed a variety of misconceptions about motion. However, the few basic patterns of responses produced by the subjects suggest considerable commonality in the types of naive physical “laws” people develop on the basis of everyday experience with the world.
L-type voltage-gated calcium channel blockade with isradipine as a therapeutic strategy for Alzheimer's disease

There is strong evidence that intracellular calcium dysregulation plays an important pathological role in Alzheimer's disease, and specifically that beta amyloid may induce increases in intracellular calcium and lead to neuronal cell dysfunction and death. Here we investigated the feasibility of modifying Alzheimer's pathology with the L-type voltage-gated calcium channel blockers verapamil, diltiazem, isradipine and nimodipine. All four compounds protected MC65 neuroblastoma cells from amyloid beta protein precursor C-terminal fragment (APP CTF)-induced neurotoxicity. Isradipine was the most potent blocker, preventing APP CTF neurotoxicity at nanomolar concentrations. Intracellular beta amyloid expression was associated with increased expression of Cav 1.2 calcium channels and increased intracellular calcium influx from the extracellular space. Despite the cytoprotection afforded by calcium channel blockers, amyloid beta oligomer formation was not suppressed. The mechanism of cell death in MC65 cells is appeared to be caspase-3 independent. With the goal of determining if there is sufficient experimental support to move forward with animal trials of isradipine, we determined its bioavailability in the triple transgenic mouse model of AD. Subcutaneous implantation of carrier-bound isradipine (3 μg/g/day) for 60 days resulted in nanomolar concentrations in both the plasma and brain. Taken together, our in vitro results support the theory that calcium blockers exert protective effects downstream of the effects of beta amyloid. Isradipine's neuroprotective effect at concentrations that are clinically relevant and achievable in vitro and in vivo suggests that this particular calcium blocking agent may have therapeutic value in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
Culture-positive sepsis in neonatal camelids: 21 cases.

Background:There is limited literature on neonatal bacterial sepsis in New World (NW) camelids. Hypothesis:Bacterial culture-positive crias have clinical differences based on the specific bacterial genera isolated. Animals:Bacterial culture-positive NW camelid crias <21 days of age from 1990 to 2005 were included. Methods:Historic physical examination and cliniopathologic data were retrieved from medical records as were the identity and antibiograms of bacterial isolates. Cases were categorized by outcome (survival versus nonsurvival) and type of sepsis (gram-negative or gram-positive). Kruskal-Wallis and chi-square testing were used to evaluate differences between groups. Results:Twenty-one crias met the inclusion criteria. Median age was 2 days. Failure of passive transfer was common. There were few differences identified on the basis of outcome or type of sepsis. Crias without gastrointestinal or central nervous system involvement survived in greater numbers. Forty-six percent of isolates were gram-positive. The most common isolates were the following: Escherichia coli, Enterococcus spp., Listeria monocytogenes, and Citrobacter spp. Overall survival was 67% (14/21). Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Crias with sepsis do not appear to present with major biochemical, hematologic, or blood gas abnormalities, potentially complicating diagnosis. Affected crias may not have localizing signs at presentation and are not usually febrile, although hypothermia, tachypnea, and tachycardia are relatively common. Total protein concentration was not a substitute for immunoglobulin G measurement in septic crias in this study. Familiarity with the clinical presentation and common pathogens isolated should improve early recognition and treatment and ultimately outcome of crias with sepsis.
Low recognition of childhood overweight and disease risk among Native-American caregivers.

ADAMS, ALEXANDRA K., RACHEL A. QUINN, AND RONALD J. PRINCE. Low recognition of childhood overweight and disease risk among Native-American caregivers. Obes Res. 2005;13:146–152. Objectives: Pediatric obesity is a significant and increasing problem in Native-American communities. The aim of this study was to determine whether parents and other caregivers from three Wisconsin tribes recognized overweight children. We also assessed caregiver attributes associated with levels of concern for risk of future overweight and chronic disease. Research Methods and Procedures: Data were obtained from child health screenings and caregiver surveys. Participants included 366 kindergarten-through-second grade child–caregiver dyads. Children’s BMI percentiles were calculated and compared with caregiver responses. We assessed the relationships between predictors of caregiver concern for health risk factors and recognition of overweight. Results: Twenty-six percent of children were overweight (95th percentile), and 19% were at risk for being overweight (85th to 95th percentile) using Centers for Disease Control standards. Caregivers recognized only 15.1% of overweight children. Factors predictive of child overweight recognition included a child BMI 99th percentile and grandmother as caregiver. Overall, caregivers were more concerned about diabetes and cardiovascular disease than obesity. Parents with diabetes and heart disease were more concerned than others about risk for these diseases; however, only diabetic parents made a connection between child weight status and future risk of obesity-related disease. Child sex, child age, and parental education level were not significant predictors for caregiver recognition of an overweight child. Discussion: Most caregivers did not recognize overweight children or associate excess weight with increased risk of disease. When designing community interventions, it is crucial to incorporate caregivers’ attitudes and beliefs regarding childhood overweight and risk of future disease.
Physical and chemical erosion studies of lithiated ATJ graphite

Abstract Lithium evaporation treatments for ATJ graphite tiles in the National Spherical Torus Experiment (NSTX) have shown dramatic improvements in plasma performance increasing the viability of lithium as Plasma Facing Component (PFC) material. In order to understand the complex system of lithiated ATJ graphite, studies of physical and chemical erosion of plain and lithiated ATJ graphite are conducted in the Ion Surface Interaction Experiment (IIAX) facility. Since lithium is known to sputter also as ions, the ionization fraction was measured and found to be 30 ± 6% for a 2000 eV Li ion beam sputtering of lithiated graphite. For chemical erosion measurements, a new facility was developed wherein the target is irradiated with deuterium plasma and the resulting erosion products are detected using a residual gas analyzer. The initial results from this ongoing work are presented here. It is shown qualitatively that lithium treatments suppress the chemical erosion of ATJ graphite.
An investigation of cost differences between public sales and private placements of debt

Abstract We examine the cost differences between public sales and private placements of debt for a sample of public utility issues. The lowest cost method depends on a firm's transaction costs which comprise flotation costs, agency costs, and the costs of searching the market. Our findings suggest that firms minimize the cost of issuing securities by selecting the market providing the lowest transaction costs.
Role of Phosphatidic Acid in High Temperature Tolerance in Maize

Maize (Zea mays L.) germplasm exhibits large genetic variations in tolerance to high tempera- ture (HT) stress under fi eld conditions, but the mechanisms underling this variation are largely unknown. Based on many years of fi eld observa- tion, maize inbred line B76 consistently displays better tolerance to HT than B106. Heat waves during growing season cause leaf fi ring in devel- oping leaves and tassel blasting in B106 but not in B76. The difference in HT tolerance between the two inbred lines was confi rmed in growth chambers under controlled conditions. The two inbred lines showed similar level in the induction of heat shock proteins and a maize chloroplast protein synthesis elongation factor (EF-Tu), two mechanisms known to involve in HT tolerance in maize. A drastic decrease in photosynthetic system II (PSII) quantum effi ciency occurred at 34 to 35°C in B106; in B76, it occurred at a much higher temperature (>38°C). Cell membranes of B76 appeared to be more stable under HT than those of B106 based on electrolyte leak- age analysis. Lipid profi les of young develop- ing leaves by lipidomics showed that, among all lipids detected, only phosphatidic acid (PA) exhibited signifi cant higher level in B76 than in B106 under both normal and HT stressed condi- tions (p < 0.02). Moreover, PA was the only lipid that was signifi cantly increased by HT treatment (p < 0.05). Our results suggest that membrane thermostability is essential to HT tolerance and that PA may play an important role in imparting membrane thermostability, and, hence, HT tol- erance in maize.
SULFUR AND THE TOXICITY OF THE RED ALGA CERAMIUM RUBRUM TO BACILLUS SUBTILIS1,2

SUMMARY Crystalline sulfur has been isolated from the red seaweed Ceramium rubrum and shown to be responsible for the toxicity of this alga to the growth of Bacillus subtilis. This alga was unusual in that it contained a much higher free sulfur content than other red and brown algae tested.
PSYCHOLOGY OF SCIENTIST: XXX. CREDIBILITY OF PSYCHOLOGISTS: AN EMPIRICAL STUDY

In order to evaluate the effects of bias among psychologists, two virtually identical abstracts of presumably empirical research in the area of astrology were prepared, one with positive findings and the other with negative findings. The data collected by mail from a random selection of professional psychologists indicated that those Ss receiving the negative abstract rated the study as better designed, more valid, and as having more adequate conclusions than those receiving the positive abstract. The many emotionally charged spontaneous comments included with the responses suggests that strong affective reactions are involved, as well as prejudgments.
A comparison of the structure of hamster pancreatic insulin and the insulin extracted from a transplantable hamster islet-cell carcinoma

Insulin has been isolated from pancreases of the Syrian hamster and from a transplantable islet-cell tumor of the hamster. Acid/ethanol extraction, ether precipitation, ion exchange and gel filtration chromatography gave preparations of suitable purity for structural studies. Using trypsin cleavage, automatic Edman degradation and manual Edman degradation, a complete sequence of the pancreatic insulin B chain was determined. By automatic Edman degradation, the amino-terminal 10 residues of the pancreatic A chain were assigned and the sequence of carboxy-terminal eleven residues could be deduced by homology to other mammalian and avian insulins. The sequence assigned to hamster insulin A chain is identical to that of the rat, mouse and spiny mouse. The sequence of hamster insulin B chain is identical to rabbit and spiny mouse B chain. In terms of protein evolution, hamster insulin thus appears to occupy an intermediate position between rabbit and rat insulins. Amino acid composition, tryptic peptide composition and partial sequence analysis of the hamster tumor insulin showed no differences from hamster pancreatic insulin.
Synthesis and structural characterization of [PhE(BNMe2)2]2 (E = P or As): Six‐Membered P2B4 and As2B4 Rings with Unusual Structures

The reaction of either Li2PPh or Li2AsPh with the diborane(4) derivative B2(NMe2)2Br2 affords the compounds [PhP(BNMe2)2]2 (1) or [PhAs(BNMe2)2]2 (2) in good yield. Both 1 and 2 have cyclic structures featuring non-planar P2B4 or As2B4 six-membered rings which have chair configurations. Although all four borons in each ring have planar coordination, the two phosphorus or arsenic centers have different degrees of pyramidalization. Bond distances within the rings indicate that the BB, BP or BAs bonds are single, whereas the exo-BN bond lengths are consistent with significant π-bonding. The ring structures of 1 and 2 are in sharp contrast to the related boron-nitrogen species (t-BuN)2N4Me4 which has a nido-N2B4 framework. The attempted synthesis of the nitrogen analogue of 1 or 2 by using a similar approach did not result in the isolation of [PhN(BNMe2)2]2, instead the tetramino diborane(4) species [B(NMe2)NHPh]2 (3), which has a structure similar to other tetramine diborane(4) compounds, was isolated. Synthese und strukturelle Charakterisierung von [PhE(BNMe2)2]2 (E = P oder As): Sechszahlige P2B4- und As2B4-Ringe mit ungewohnlichen Strukturen Die Reaktion von Li2PPh oder Li2AsPh mit dem Diboran(4)-Derivat B2(NMe2)2Br2 ergibt die Verbindungen [PhP(BNMe2)2]2 (1) bzw. [PhAs(BNMe2)2]2 (2) in guten Ausbeuten. 1 und 2 haben zyklische Strukturen aus nichtplanaren sechszahligen P2B4- bzw. As2B4-Ringen mit Sesselkonfiguration. Obwohl alle vier Boratome in den Ringen planare Koordination haben, sind die zwei Phosphor- bzw. Arsen-Zentren in unterschiedlichem Grad pyramidal. Die Bindungslangen BB, BP bzw BAs in den Ringen zeigen, das es Einfachbindungen sind, wahrend die exo-BN-Bindungslangen mit einem deutlichen π-Bindungsanteil vereinbar sind. Die Ringstrukturen von 1 und 2 stehen im scharfen Gegensatz zu den entsprechenden Bor—Stickstoff-Verbindungen (t-BuN)2B4Me4, die ein nido-N2B4-Gerust haben. Versuche zur Synthese der Stickstoffanalogen auf gleichem Wege fuhrten nicht zu [PhN(BNMe2)2]2 sondern zu dem Tetramindiboran(4) [B(NMe2)NHPh]2 (3), dessen Struktur denen anderer Tetramindiboran(4)-Verbindungen entspricht.