cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Preliminary Results From a Heavily Instrumented Engine Ice Crystal Icing Test in a Ground Based Altitude Test Facility

Preliminary results from the heavily instrumented ALF502R-5 engine test conducted in the NASA Glenn Research Center Propulsion Systems Laboratory are discussed. The effects of ice crystal icing on a full scale engine is examined and documented. This same model engine, serial number LF01, was used during the inaugural icing test in the Propulsion Systems Laboratory facility. The uncommanded reduction of thrust (rollback) events experienced by this engine in flight were simulated in the facility. Limited instrumentation was used to detect icing on the LF01 engine. Metal temperatures on the exit guide vanes and outer shroud and the load measurement were the only indicators of ice formation. The current study features a similar engine, serial number LF11, which is instrumented to characterize the cloud entering the engine, detect/ characterize ice accretion, and visualize the ice accretion in the region of interest. Data were acquired at key LF01 test points and additional points that explored: icing threshold regions, low altitude, high altitude, spinner heat effects, and the influence of varying the facility and engine parameters. For each condition of interest, data were obtained from some selected variations of ice particle median volumetric diameter, total water content, fan speed, and ambient temperature. For several cases the NASA in-house engine icing risk assessment code was used to find conditions that would lead to a rollback event. This study further helped NASA develop necessary icing diagnostic instrumentation, expand the capabilities of the Propulsion Systems Laboratory, and generate a dataset that will be used to develop and validate in-house icing prediction and risk mitigation computational tools. The ice accretion on the outer shroud region was acquired by internal video cameras. The heavily instrumented engine showed good repeatability of icing responses when compared to the key LF01 test points and during day-to-day operation. Other noticeable observations are presented.
Cardiovascular and metabolic effects of exercise: the strong case for conditioning.

Regular exercise lowers certain risk factors for coronary artery disease, such as endogenous lipemia and elevated blood pressure, and enhances myocardial function and coronary blood flow. These effects may be mediated in part by altered hormone secretion; they are important as protective mechanisms in long-term prevention of heart disease.
Lateral Line Morphology and Development and Implications for the Ontogeny of Flow Sensing in Fishes

This chapter considers the morphological diversity of lateral line canals and neuromast receptor organs among fishes and how the pattern and timing of lateral line development can inform an understanding of the ontogeny of flow sensing. The morphology (and presumably the function) of the lateral line system changes considerably as a fish develops. Morphogenesis of the lateral line system starts before hatch and continues through the larval and juvenile stages, and thus, may take up to several months to complete during which fish size increases considerably. The appropriate course and timing of the development are critical for the development of feeding, swimming, and predator avoidance behaviors, and the ability to orient to environmental flows, which all ensure survival of young fishes. It is predicted that lateral line function, and thus flow sensing, is affected by a combination of both ontogenetic changes in the morphology of the lateral line system and the nature of the changing hydrodynamic regime in which a developing fish lives. Several aspects of lateral line development are predicted to have important effects on the functional ontogeny of the system: (1) increase in neuromast number, (2) changes in the relative number of superficial and canal neuromasts (CN), (3) changes in neuromast morphology (size, shape, hair cell number), and (4) variation in the pattern and timing of canal development.
Language Planning and the Medium-of-Instruction Conundrum in Africa

This chapter focuses on the issue of the medium of instruction, especially mother tongue education, understood as education through the medium of an African language, for it has been at the heart of the language question in the African continent. The chapter contrasts Western and African perspectives to and notes the double standards in the debate around the issue of mother tongue education. From a Western perspective, the very concept of mother tongue education must be abandoned because it is essentialist. On the other hand, however, mother tongue education is the norm in many Western countries. Following Walter (The Handbook of Educational Linguistics. Wiley-Blackwell, 2010), as well as citing the existence of strong empirical evidence supporting mother tongue education, the chapter argues that the debate around mother tongue education “should not be subordinated to issues of political sensitivity, technical difficulties, economic limitations, societal tensions, and the established practice and inertia of national educational systems.” Rather, applied linguists, in Africa in particular, have a responsibility to refocus the debate, with the intent of exploring how African mother tongues and former colonial languages can coexist productively in the continent’s educational systems, as the proposed Prestige Planning (see Chap. 7) framework suggests.
Electrochemical Capture and Release of Carbon Dioxide Using a Disulfide-Thiocarbonate Redox Cycle.

We describe a new electrochemical cycle that enables capture and release of carbon dioxide. The capture agent is benzylthiolate (RS–), generated electrochemically by reduction of benzyldisulfide (RSSR). Reaction of RS– with CO2 produces a terminal, sulfur-bound monothiocarbonate, RSCO2–, which acts as the CO2 carrier species, much the same as a carbamate serves as the CO2 carrier for amine-based capture strategies. Oxidation of the thiocarbonate releases CO2 and regenerates RSSR. The newly reported S-benzylthiocarbonate (IUPAC name benzylsulfanylformate) is characterized by 1H and 13C NMR, FTIR, and electrochemical analysis. The capture–release cycle is studied in the ionic liquid 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (BMP TFSI) and dimethylformamide. Quantum chemical calculations give a binding energy of CO2 to benzyl thiolate of −66.3 kJ mol–1, consistent with the experimental observation of formation of a stable CO2 adduct. The data described here represent the first report of...
Math Instruction for Children with Special Needs

Students with learning disabilities in math (denoted MD) display difficulties in developing conceptual understanding of number, in computation, and in formulating correct strategies for solving problems. Often, these students have concomitant reading difficulty, which severely limits their understanding of text-based problems. While explicit instruction of basic computation skills remains important, a greater emphasis is placed on the ability to solve problems, especially as a growing number of students with MD are included in general education classrooms. This article summarizes a small sample and brief descriptions of instructional interventions that hold promise for educating students with MD.
Application of Excitation Cross-Section Measurements to Optical Plasma Diagnostics

Abstract Natural and human-produced plasmas cover a vast parameter space with a rich array of properties that bear on science and engineering problems spanning many disciplines. A property common to all plasmas is their glow, in which information about plasma conditions is encoded. Photon emission, for many plasma conditions, results primarily from electron-impact excitation, and the emission spectrum thus contains embedded information about the distribution (often nonequilibrium) of electron energies in the plasma. With knowledge of the magnitudes and energy dependence of the optical emission cross sections for various emission lines, it is possible to use measurements of the plasma glow to extract the energy distribution of the plasma electrons. In this chapter we discuss the fundamental principles of electron-impact excitation of atoms (mainly illustrated with argon) and experimental results that are relevant to plasma applications. Plasma emission models which link the cross sections to the observable plasma glow measurements are described. With the aid of a radiation model that includes the excitation cross sections of ground-state and metastable argon atoms, the observed plasma spectra enable the characterization of nonequilibrium electron energy distributions. Individual features of the energy dependence of the cross sections for exciting the various radiating levels are exploited to develop diagnostics to address anomalous distributions of high-energy electrons (i.e., distributions with either an excess or reduced number of high-energy electrons) that can occur in different types of plasmas. Because electron collisions also govern other important plasma mechanisms, such as ionization and electron-driven chemistry, noninvasive optical diagnostic tools to measure energy distributions are of great interest.
Growing Discomfort With Comfort Care for Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome: Why We Should Still Defer to Parental Wishes

Care for neonates with hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) has been transformed since the first Norwood procedure was performed in 1979. Prior to that time, comfort care was the standard of care...
Concept of operations for test cost analytics in complex manufacturing environments

Manufacturing cost (assembly, test, and rework) necessarily comprises a significant portion of overall system cost in complex engineering and manufacturing environments. Test cost alone can represent 30% of overall cost. Recognizing that both business growth and competitive advantage increase with reduced cost, a question becomes how to organize systems, processes, and personnel effectively to reduce cost. This paper describes the concept of operations used to organize one analytics group in the Engineering Systems Test directorate of Raytheon Missile Systems specifically to achieve the goal of reducing test cost for its complex high-mix low-volume manufacturing environment. The group has been in operation for over 18 months, and the paper provides a concrete example of how organizations can consider deploying analytic resources to achieve specific goals. This paper — and the group and applications it describes — represents one point on a spectrum of possibilities for organizations to increase their test-related analytics bandwidth, and the paper includes enough detail so the approach can be appropriately scrutinized as a model.
Experimental Study of White Heat Line Formation in Burned Bone Using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy

In anthropological analysis of burned bone, the presence of a white heat line (WHL) aids in determining a bone’s physical condition prior to burning, distinguishing between those burned fleshed or wet versus dry, making this thermal signature an important source of information regarding the relative timing of burning. While the relationship between WHLs and a bone’s physical condition has been studied, there is a lack of research concerning WHL chemical composition. The present study assessed the composition of WHLs that form on burned bone using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), including the effects of soft tissue and retention of bone’s organic material on a WHL’s development and appearance. Experimental remains consisted of isolated bones from pig (Sus scrofa), sheep (Ovis aries), white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), and elk (Cervus elaphus) in five physical conditions: fleshed, defleshed/very wet, partially wet, dry, and dry/soaked. Chemical composition was analyzed using spectral peak heights of the carbonate (CO3) ν3 (1415 cm-1), phosphate (PO4) ν3 (1035 cm-1), and amide I (1660 cm-1) vibrational bands. WHLs formed on 8 of 16 bones burned fleshed (50%) compared to 8 of 27 defleshed/very wet (29.6%). The partially wet, dry, and dry/soaked sample groups did not develop a WHL. Results indicate WHLs that formed on fleshed bone contained an increased amount of CO3, PO4, and amide I versus unburned controls. In contrast, WHLs that formed on defleshed/very wet bone contained decreased amounts. Additional research is needed to explore the exact mechanisms causing the formation of WHLs and their physical appearance.
ImageJ Macro for Counting Stationary vs. Moving Items in Videos

In microfluidic devices, it is often necessary to determine whether cells or particles are stationary or moving. Here we outline the development of an ImageJ macro that can be used to analyze a video of moving, fluorescently labeled particles or cells, and determine which objects are stationary and which objects are moving at each point in time, providing information on the percentage of cells moving as well as their median radius.
Abortion training in US obstetrics and gynecology residency programs.

Background Nearly 15 years ago, 51% of US obstetrics and gynecology residency training program directors reported that abortion training was routine, 39% reported training was optional, and 10% did not have training. The status of abortion training now is unknown. Objective We sought to determine the current status of abortion training in obstetrics and gynecology residency programs. Study Design Through surveying program directors of US obstetrics and gynecology residency training programs, we conducted a cross-sectional study on the availability and characteristics of abortion training. Training was defined as routine if included in residents’ schedules with individuals permitted to opt out, optional as not in the residents’ schedules but available for individuals to arrange, and not available. Findings were compared between types of programs using bivariate analyses. Results In all, 190 residency program directors (79%) responded. A total of 64% reported routine training with dedicated time, 31% optional, and 5% not available. Routine, scheduled training was correlated with higher median numbers of uterine evacuation procedures. While the majority believed their graduates to be competent in first-trimester aspiration (71%), medication abortion (66%), and induction termination (67%), only 22% thought graduates were competent in dilation and evacuation. Abortion procedures varied by clinical indication, with some programs limiting cases to pregnancy complication, fetal anomaly, or demise. Conclusion Abortion training in obstetrics and gynecology residency training programs has increased since 2004, yet many programs graduate residents without sufficient training to provide abortions for any indication, as well as dilation and evacuation. Professional training standards and support for family planning training have coincided with improved training, but there are still barriers to understand and overcome.
The relationship between crime victimization, corruption, and public attitudes of Mexico’s armed forces

ABSTRACTThis paper studies the relationship between self-reported crime victimization, perceptions of corruption, and attitudes of Mexico’s armed forces. We find that perceptions of corruption alon...
Sym-Philosophizing in an Ethics Class

When I returned from Herbert Spiegelberg’s Workshop in Phenomenology in the summer of 1967, I was quite upset about my experiences. I had not gotten at all what I had expected to get. To be sure, I had a pocketful of techniques, impressions of some pleasant associations, visions of the St. Louis arch. But I did not have any essences, and I had no clear idea of how I was ever going to get any. It was not long before I began to wonder about the whole idea of sym-philosophizing as working together to grasp immutable essences on which everyone would agree. It was this Platonic conception of philosophizing that I finally concluded had been at the basis of the Workshop and that I now found it incumbent on me to reject. If there was to be sym-philosophizing at all, it must have a goal other than this.
Clarithromycin vs penicillin in the treatment of streptococcal pharyngitis.

Background Streptococcal pharyngitis, caused by group A beta-hemolytic streptococci (GABHS), is among the most common infections seen by primary care physicians. Because the illness can result in rheumatic fever, early eradication of infection is important. Penicillin has been the standard treatment for GABHS pharyngitis for over four decades, but reports of bacteriologic failure with this drug in recent years have led to trials of alternative antimicrobials. Methods In this investigator-blind, randomized multicenter trial (30 centers), oral clarithromycin, 250 mg twice daily, or oral penicillin VK, 250 mg three times daily, was given to outpatients > or = 12 years old with GABHS pharyngitis as documented by positive cultures for Streptococcus pyogenes and positive rapid immunoassay tests. The clinical and bacteriologic efficacy of clarithromycin was compared with that of penicillin in the 356 evaluable patients. Safety analysis was performed in all patients who had received at least one dose of the study drug (N = 453). Results Overall, clinical outcomes were comparable in the two groups. However, more clarithromycin-treated patients than penicillin-treated patients had resolution of sore throat (94% vs 86%, P = .014) and disappearance of pharyngeal erythema and exudate (89% vs 82%, P = .05). Bacteriologic cure rates were higher in clarithromycin-treated patients (95% vs 87%, P = .009). No serious adverse events were observed in either group. Conclusions This study suggests that clarithromycin twice daily is as effective and as well tolerated as penicillin in the treatment of streptococcal pharyngitis.
The Neurochemistry of Sleep and Wakefulness

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the neurotransmitter and neu­romodulator systems that, when altered, causes disorders of sleep. Sleep occurs as two states, rapid eye movement (REM) and non-rapid eye movement (NREM), and these states are as dis­tinct from each other as each one is from wakefulness. NREM sleep and REM sleep oscillate with an ultradian frequency. Alternations between sleep and wakefulness are modulated by the circadian system and by homeostatic processes that regulate recovery from sleep restriction and deprivation. The neurochemical bases of homeo­static mechanisms that regulates sleep remains to be discovered. All placental, terrestrial mammals have sleep states and traits that are similar to those of humans. Therefore, animal mod­els are useful for providing insights into the neuro­chemical and neurophysiological mechanisms that generate sleep and wakefulness. Neural systems that are able to generate sleep are now recognized to play a role in the loss of wakefulness caused by anesthetic drugs and recent advances concerning shared neurochemical regulation of sleep and anesthesia are selectively reviewed.
Seasonal and Annual Source Appointment of Carbonaceous Ultrafine Particulate Matter (PM0.1) in Polluted California Cities

Samples of ultrafine particle matter mass (PM0.1) were collected over 12 months at three cities in California: Los Angeles, East Oakland, San Pablo, and over six months at Fresno. Molecular markers adjusted for volatility and reactivity were used to calculate PM0.1 source contributions. Wood burning was a significant source of PM0.1 organic carbon (OC) during the winter months in northern California (17-47%) but made smaller contributions in other months (0-8%) and was minor in all seasons in Los Angeles (0-5%), except December (17%) during holiday celebrations. Meat cooking was the largest source of PM0.1 OC across all sites (13-29%), followed by gasoline combustion (7-21%). Motor oil and diesel fuel combustion made smaller contributions to PM0.1 OC (3-10% and 3-7%, respectively). Unresolved sources accounted for 22-56% of the PM0.1 OC. The lack of a clear seasonal profile for this unresolved OC suggests that it may be a primary source rather than secondary organic aerosol (SOA). PM0.1 elemental carbon (EC) was dominated by diesel fuel combustion with less than 15% contribution from other sources. All sources besides wood smoke exhibited relatively constant seasonal source contributions to PM0.1 OC reflecting approximately constant emissions over the annual cycle. Annual-average source contributions to PM0.1 OC calculated with traditional molecular markers were similar to the source contributions calculated with the modified molecular markers that account for volatility and reactivity.
Fitter with Twitter: Understanding Personal Health and Fitness Activity in Social Media

With the growing interest in how online sedentary activity can mediate offline health practices, we present a study of social media activity related to personal health and fitness. We aim to identify the type of content and motivations for sharing health-related activity in social media outlets. To this end, we performed a qualitative analysis of Twitter posts, as well as an extensive set of interviews with experienced users who post messages on Twitter about exercise, diet, and weight loss activities. The qualitative analysis exposes varying levels of activity actualization and message sentiment. The interviews help us reason about the users practices and motivations for posting activity related to the pursuit and maintenance of volitional health behaviors. Our findings extend existing theoretical frameworks and can inform the design of technology that uses social media to help initiate and maintain challenging activities like exercise and diet.
Ever Use of E-Cigarettes Among Adults in the United States: A Cross-Sectional Study of Sociodemographic Factors:

E-cigarette use among adolescents is well-documented, but less is known about adult users of e-cigarettes. The purpose of this study was to examine associations between sociodemographic factors and e-cigarette use in a nationally representative sample of adults in the United States. Cross-sectional data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) for years 2015-2016 were analyzed to assess e-cigarette use among 5989 adults aged ≥18 years. Multivariable logistic regression was conducted to examine associations between the sociodemographic exposures of age, sex, race, marital status, education level, employment status, and poverty-income ratio and the outcome of e-cigarette use. The weighted prevalence of ever use of e-cigarettes was 20%. Compared with adults aged ≥55 years, odds of e-cigarette use were 4.77 times (95% confidence interval [CI] = 3.63-6.27) higher among ages 18 to 34 years and 2.16 times (95% CI = 1.49-3.14) higher among ages 35 to 54 years. Higher odds of e-cigarette use were observed among widowed/divorced/separated participants compared with those who were married/living with a partner, among participants with less than high school (odds ratio [OR] = 1.47; 95% CI = 1.08-2.00) or high school/general educational development (GED) education (OR=1.41; 95% CI = 1.12-1.77) compared with those with college degrees/some college, and among those with incomes below the poverty level (OR=1.31; 95% CI = 1.01-1.69) compared with above the poverty level. For non-smokers of conventional cigarettes, higher odds of e-cigarette use were observed among males compared with females, Mexican Americans/Other Hispanics compared with non-Hispanic whites, and non-working participants compared with those who were working. Overall findings indicate that individuals who are widowed/divorced/separated, individuals with lower education, and with incomes below the poverty level are likely to report ever use of e-cigarettes. As increasing evidence demonstrates negative health consequences, e-cigarette initiation may ultimately contribute to additional smoking-related health inequalities even among non-smokers of conventional cigarettes.
The Archival Politics of the Postcolonial Writer's Collection: A Case Study in Literary Value and Amos Tutuola

This essay takes as its starting point the problem posed by the increasing number of literary archives of the papers of “postcolonial writers” that have been acquired by American and European academic institutions. After registering the ethical problems posed by this trend, I argue that the existence of such archives represents an opportunity for postcolonial studies to interrogate its own archival politics in relation to constructions of literary value. Using the Amos Tutuola Collection (located at the Harry Ransom Center at the University of Texas at Austin) as a case study, I demonstrate that while this archive’s form makes certain claims for its value, a study of the author’s letters, manuscripts, and documents contained therein suggests that alternative values are latent within it. I discuss how these values differ from those typically sought by postcolonial critics, and conclude by considering how a hypothetical digitized Tutuola collection might allow for the realization of new values. Inquiry into forms of value — and not simply the identification of existing ‘literary’ ones — is, I suggest, an important aspect of the continued relevance of writers’ collections to postcolonial studies.
Running the Light: Nucleotide Metabolism Drives Bypass of Senescence in Cancer

Senescence is engaged in response to oncogenes to suppress proliferation. Cancers rewire metabolism to facilitate proliferation; however, it is not well appreciated how this enables senescence bypass. Recent work by Buj et al. demonstrates that loss of the tumor suppressor p16 engages a mTORC1-dependent increase in nucleotide pools to override senescence.
The Role of Nutrition in Injury Prevention Among Ballet Dancers

Ballet creates a unique set of nutritional requirements for optimal performance. This chapter presents the nutritional status of ballet dancers including the prevalence of low body weight and low energy intake. The interaction of amenorrhea, low body weight, restricted energy intake and risk for bone injuries is explored. A nutrition prescription to support the physical demands of training and performance while preventing injuries is provided. Finally, a plan is presented for ballet schools and companies to promote balanced diets and normal weight as well as to help dancers avoid eating disorders and delayed puberty caused by extensive dancing and inadequate nutrition.
Transient Performance Study of High-Specific-Power Motor Integrated with Phase Change Material for Transportation Electrification

The transportation electrification applications are demanding high-power-density and high-efficiency motors. One way to reduce the motor size further is to utilize the motor short-peak-operation transient capability and to design motor on its transient performance customized to the mission profile. Adding more motor heat capacity, such as phase change material (PCM), can extend motor short-peak-operation allowable time. This paper presents two novel ways to integrate PCM into an MW high-specific-power motor. The impacts of the PCM thermal-physical properties and the PCM integration methods are discussed and compared.
Dog and owner characteristics predict training success

Teaching owners how to train their dogs is an important part of maintaining the health and safety of dogs and people. Yet we do not know what behavioral characteristics of dogs and their owners are relevant to dog training or if owner cognitive abilities play a role in training success. The aim of this study is to determine which characteristics of both dogs and owners predict success in completing the American Kennel Club Canine Good Citizen training program. Before the first session of a dog training course, owners completed surveys evaluating the behavior and cognition of their dog and themselves. Additionally, we collected the dogs' initial training levels via behavioral tasks. We then examined what factors predicted whether the dogs passed the Canine Good Citizen test after the class ended. In terms of dog characteristics, we found that, while dog age, sex and neuter status did not predict success, owner-rated levels of disobedience did predict completion of the program. In terms of owner characteristics, owners who scored higher on cognitive measures were more likely to have their dogs complete the program. Finally, dog-owner characteristics such as the time spent training predicted success. Thus, characteristics of the dogs, owners, and how they interact seem to predict training success. These findings suggest that there are some owner, dog, and dog-owner characteristics that can facilitate or hinder dog training.
Efficient primal heuristic updates for the blocking job shop problem

Abstract The blocking job shop problem is a variant of the classical job shop problem, where a job continues to block a machine after being serviced, until the downstream machine needed by the job becomes available. Many real world problems have been modeled as blocking job shop problems, and local search heuristics have been shown to produce good quality solutions. Existing literature shows that the computational complexity of these local search algorithms is very high, severely limiting their practical performance. In this work, we present new theoretical results for blocking job shop and show how these results can be used to significantly improve the computational efficiency of existing local search procedures. We empirically evaluate the proposed algorithm updates on existing benchmarks. The results demonstrate that our approach outperforms the current state-of-the-art, by consistently matching or improving previous best known results, usually within a fraction of the time reported for blocking job shop benchmarks. Due to the efficiency in neighborhood computations, our approach scales up to larger size problems than have been considered in prior studies. In particular, for the first time for blocking job shop, we show results for the 100 x 20 instances in Taillard’s benchmark.
The emergence of a voluntary sector and philanthropy in Vietnam: Functions, legal regulation and prospects for the future

A significant number and wide range of Vietnamese non-profit and voluntary organisations have developed since Vietnam embarked on a programme of economic reform in late 1986. Philanthropy has begun to grow as well, albeit more slowly. The non-profit and voluntary sector and the state, each face important challenges as development of the sector accelerates. The state has sought both to encourage growth of non-profit, voluntary and philanthropic institutions, but also to control the pace and directions of that growth. Those dual aims are reflected in the state's regulation of the sector since the mid-1980s. This article provides detailed information on the development of the non-profit sector in Vietnam. It examines some common problems many of the new non-profits and voluntary organisations face and discusses the rapidly changing environment for philanthropy in Vietnam. The article also reviews the developing legal environment for non-profits and philanthropy, compares the situation in Vietnam to other countries in transition, and situates the functions of the non-profit sector in Vietnam in the context of the emerging scholarly literature on functions and models of the non-profit sector and government/non-profit relations.
The Impact of Early-Life Exposures on Women's Reproductive Health in Adulthood.

To review the effects of early-life, preconception, and prior-generation exposures on reproductive health in women. Women’s early-life factors can affect reproductive health by contributing to health status or exposure level on entering pregnancy. Alternately, they can have permanent effects, regardless of later-life experience. Nutrition, social class, parental smoking, other adverse childhood experiences, environmental pollutants, infectious agents, and racism and discrimination all affect reproductive health, even if experienced in childhood or in utero. Possible transgenerational effects are now being investigated through three- or more-generation studies. These effects occur with mechanisms that may include direct exposure, behavioral, endocrine, inflammatory, and epigenetic pathways. Pregnancy is increasingly understood in a life course perspective, but rigorously testing hypotheses on early-life effects is still difficult. In order to improve the health outcomes of all women, we need to expand our toolkit of methods and theory.
Association of healthy lifestyle and all-cause mortality according to medication burden.

Background Healthy lifestyle is associated with reduced all-cause mortality, but it is not known whether this association persists for individuals with high medication burden. We examined the association between healthy lifestyle behaviors and all-cause mortality across different degrees of polypharmacy. Methods This was a secondary analysis of 20,417 adults aged ≥45 years from the Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) cohort study. The primary exposure was healthy lifestyle (adherence to Mediterranean diet, physical activity, smoking abstinence, sedentary behavior avoidance, and composite healthy behavior score [HBS]). The primary outcome was all-cause mortality. Strata of medication burden were based on the number of medications taken (no polypharmacy: 0-4, polypharmacy: 5-9, hyperpolypharmacy: ≥10). We used Cox proportional hazards regression models to examine the association between healthy lifestyle behaviors and mortality within each medication burden stratum and examined for interactions with age. Results The healthiest category of each lifestyle behavior, except sedentary behavior avoidance among the hyperpolypharmacy group, was associated with lower all-cause mortality (hazard ratio [HR]) regardless of medication burden: Mediterranean diet (no polypharmacy: HR 0.77, polypharmacy: HR 0.78, hyperpolypharmacy: HR 0.85), physical activity (no polypharmacy: HR 0.87, polypharmacy: HR 0.82, hyperpolypharmacy: HR 0.79), smoking abstinence (no polypharmacy: HR 0.40, polypharmacy: HR 0.45, hyperpolypharmacy: HR 0.52), and sedentary behavior avoidance (no polypharmacy: HR 0.88, polypharmacy: HR 0.86, hyperpolypharmacy: HR 0.95). Higher HBS was inversely associated with all-cause mortality within each medication burden stratum (no polypharmacy: HR 0.52, polypharmacy: HR 0.55, hyperpolypharmacy: HR 0.69). Although there was an interaction with age among those with no polypharmacy and those with polypharmacy, point estimates for HBS followed a graded pattern whereby higher HBS was incrementally associated with improved mortality across all age strata. Conclusion Greater adherence to a healthy lifestyle was associated with lower all-cause mortality irrespective of medication burden and age.
Remote or Removed: Predicting Successful Engagement with Online Learning during COVID-19

Using data from a spring 2020 survey of nearly 10,000 parents of elementary school parents in one large southeastern public school district, the authors investigate predictors of elementary school ...
The intrinsic value of bioblendstocks: Prenol as a case study

Abstract Decarbonizing the transportation sector is likely to require both electrification and increased incorporation of biofuels and/or bioblendstocks. While the social and environmental benefits of bioblendstocks are well understood, their real value for the fuel producers has not been established. This work considers prenol as a bioblendstock case study to identify sources of intrinsic value to fuel blenders by studying the properties of binary mixtures with gasoline components. The considered refinery blendstocks were samples of full range naphthas from the distillation, fluidized catalytic cracking, isomerization, alkylation, and reforming units. Octane numbers, Reid vapor pressure, distillation curves, and sulfur content were evaluated. Our results indicate the need for adjusting the formulation of the base fuel, depending on the interplay among the properties of the bioblendstock and those of the base fuel. Prenol increased research octane number (RON) and octane sensitivity (OS) of the base fuel, by up to 25 and 10 octane numbers, respectively. Additionally, 10 vol% prenol reduced RVP up to 2.2 psi, for the more volatile blendstock. Thus, considering prenol as a low volatility, RON/OS boosting bioblendstock, the composition of the preferred base fuel was proposed as containing reduced olefins and aromatics, and increase light fractions. The potential impact of this new gasoline formulation on refining processes and products gives rise to direct sources of value to the refiners, such as exporting products to the chemicals market, increasing the value of intermediate refinery streams, decreasing operating severity of certain refinery units, and broadening of the product suite.
Fundamental Aspects of Erosion of Cohesive Soils

This paper presents new and correct data on the critical shear stresses required to initiate erosion as a degree of dispersion as influenced by ion exchange. Data on the relationship between water uptake and critical shear stresses are also reported to support the fact that the mechanism causing erosion is due to the local swelling developed in clays.
Investigating the efficacy of endothal as a chemical thinner of red 'Delicious' apple

SummaryThe aquatic herbicide, endothal (7, oxabicyclo (2,2,1) heptane-2-3 dicarboxylic acid), was examined for its effectiveness as a blossom thinner of spur red ‘Delicious’ at the Grove Research Station in southern Tasmania. Endothal was applied as a single application at 80% bloom at a range of concentrations from 0.75 ml l−1 to 3.0 ml l−1. These chemical treatments were compared with an unthinned control and a hand thinned treatment. Crop load was reduced linearly with increasing concentrations of endothal. The increase in fruit weight and size corresponded to the level of thinning achieved. Leaf damage was proportional to the concentration applied. Endothal had a flattening effect on the fruit. There was minimal effect on pip numbers. Fruit firmness and soluble solids were improved by most endothal treatments. Return bloom was increased by the higher concentrations of endothal which achieved greater thinning. Endothal shows distinct promise as a blossom thinner of red ‘Delicious’. More work is needed ...
Chlamydia pneumoniae and Chlamydia trachomatis.

Recent taxonomic analysis using the 16S and 23S rRNA genes have found that the order Chlamydiales contains at least four distinct groups at the family level and that within the order Chlamydiaceae are two distinct lineages. Chlamydiae also share a group-specific lipopolysaccharide (LPS) antigen and utilize host adenosine triphosphate for the synthesis of chlamydial protein. Beatty and coworkers demonstrated that the addition of 0.2 ng/ml of IFN-γ inhibited intracellular growth of Chlamydia trachomatis in HeLa cells by induction of the indoleamine 2,3- dioxygenase, leading to a persistent state. The development of large aberrant reticulate body (RB) forms combined with the absence of elementary bodies (EBs) was characteristic of persistent C. trachomatis infection. C. pneumoniae is a common human respiratory pathogen, affecting all ages with a worldwide distribution. While C. pneumoniae appears to be clearly associated with asthma exacerbations, it has also been hypothesized to have a role in asthma pathogenesis. The presence of anti-C. pneumoniae immunoglobulin (Ig)A antibodies or IgG titer has been correlated, but not consistently, with markers of asthma severity and/or wheezing. It has been hypothesized that an inadequate or delayed clearance of the pathogen may lead to the establishment of a latent or persistent infection, which fuels a low-grade chronic immune response that causes tissue damage. Recognition of chlamydial antigens by the cytosolic NOD1 receptor appeared to be of limited biological significance in a mouse study using C. trachomatis and C. muridarum, which could be explained by insufficient peptidoglycan (PGN) production by Chlamydia.
Learning through a Multicultural Prism: New Modes of Inquiry

(1990). Learning through a Multicultural Prism: New Modes of Inquiry. The Clearing House: A Journal of Educational Strategies, Issues and Ideas: Vol. 63, Cultural Diversity, pp. 310-313.
On-Line Performance Monitoring Using OMIS

This paper presents the motivation of development and functionality of a tool for on-line performance monitoring developed using an independently operating monitoring facility built according to OMIS requirements. The tool is based on previously developed one for off-line performance analysis. The monitoring facility's operation has been modified by adding a request distributor as an intermediate layer for handling user's requests. The request distributor and the monitoring facility communicate using two-directional asynchronous communication built on top of Sun RPC.
Family Dynamics and Swiss Parties on the Rise: Exploring Party Support in a Changing Electoral Context

Do family members steer each other toward new and rising political parties? This article shows that the family—traditionally viewed as a bulwark for electoral stability over time—is an important locus for dynamic interpersonal persuasion. Swiss household panel data are used to unpack influence among mothers, fathers, and children with respect to support for radical right and green parties. Parents urge their offspring to support these rising parties, spouses influence each other, and—importantly—young people convince their parents. Comparing intrafamily influence for rising parties with parallel dynamics for their main electoral rivals reveals patterns that distinguish rising from stagnant parties. Most notably, direct influence between young people and their fathers exists for rising parties but not for stable or declining ones. Finally, interpersonal persuasion can be enhanced when family members’ interest in politics is high, when family members live together, and during election years.
Requirement for Cell Division for Initiation of Transcription of Rous Sarcoma Virus RNA

Stationary chicken embryo fibroblasts exposed to Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) did not synthesize virus RNA until after division of the infected cells. Initiation of RNA transcription after cell division resulted in transcription of the entire viral genome and was followed shortly thereafter by appearance of progeny virus. Addition of colchicine to RSV-infected stationary chicken embryo fibroblasts resulted in inhibition of cell division and a 24-h delay in the appearance of virus RNA. RSV-infected chicken embryo fibroblasts made stationary 10 to 15 cell generations after infection continued to produce an amount of progeny virus similar to that produced in dividing RSV-infected cells. Teh virus produced from cells made stationary after virus production had begun contained RNA synthesized in stationary cells. Therefore, division of the RSV-infected chicken embryo fibroblast is required for the initiation of transcription of virus RNA, but it is not required for the maintenance of transcription of virus RNA.
Acute intravenous administration of potassium chloride to furosemide pretreated dogs

Twelve male mongrel dogs were used for this study; six were untreated (control) and six were given intravenous furosemide (1 mg/kg) daily for seven consecutive days before each study. Each animal received intravenous KC1 0.8, 1.6 or 3.2 mMol/kg/hr for one hour, but only one dose for each study and at least seven days were allowed between studies. The animals were given thiopentone for tracheal intubation and mechanically ventilated, maintaining a\(Pa_{CO_2 } \) of 4.0 to 4.5 kPa (30–35 torr) and anaesthetized with nitrous oxide-oxygen and halothane.
Comparing linkage disequilibrium-based methods for fine mapping quantitative trait loci

Recently, a method for fine mapping quantitative trait loci (QTL) using linkage disequilibrium was proposed to map QTL by modeling covariance between individuals, due to identical-by-descent (IBD) QTL alleles, on the basis of the similarity of their marker haplotypes under an assumed population history. In the work presented here, the advantage of using marker haplotype information for fine mapping QTL was studied by comparing the IBD-based method with 10 markers to regression on a single marker, a pair of markers, or a two-locus haplotype under alternative population histories. When 10 markers were genotyped, the IBD-based method estimated the position of the QTL more accurately than did single-marker regression in all populations. When 20 markers were genotyped for regression, as single-marker methods do not require knowledge of haplotypes, the mapping accuracy of regression in all populations was similar to or greater than that of the IBD-based method using 10 markers. Thus for populations similar to those simulated here, the IBD-based method is comparable to single-marker regression analysis for fine mapping QTL.
The self-concept, identity, and alienation from self

T HE BEGINNINGS Of neurotic development are generally at t r ibuted to disturbances of childhood growth, disturbances which affect the formation and organization of the self. T h e various psychoanalytic theories differ in their emphasis on the factors involved in the child, in its environment, or in the relationship between the two. T h e thesis presented in this paper is that ~haracteristic developmental changes of the self occur during the maturat ive growth of the young child, along with and parallel to neurot ic developmen~ I believe that these two processes intertwine and mutual ly modify each other in certain definable ways. While a holistic theory of neurosis may satisfactorily explain the driving forces, the motivational processes, and the form of the neurotic personality, the explanation of many part icular aspects can best be found in modifying influences of this early self-development. I have previously tried to point out that different conceptions of the self among the various analytic schools derive from functional principles. 1 Now it has become evident that consideration of the growing self must also take into account certain differences with the adult. In the adult the self we deal with at any specific moment represents the confluence of two dimensions of experience. First is the historical or longitudinal, with the newborn infant and the mature adult at the two extremes. Second is the dimension of immediate experience in the here-and-now, the horizontal, with the internal and the external world as the two limits. T h e infant has Iess of an experienced past to the extent that he is young; this gradually changes as he grows chronologically with more lived experience to influence him. T h e infant's inner world first predominates in importance over the outer one. This changes as his awareness of the external world grows through the maturat ion of sensory and intellectual capacities, and as his communicative and symbolizing abilities develop. Because these formative processes are more active in the child, it is possible to distinguish more easily the various aspects of the self. As Piaget, Gesell, and others have shown, the infant begins to become aware of himself as a bounded entity, an experiencing "I," very early. As we consider this early awareness of self, several components may be differentiated. I do not conceive of these as actual organic entities, bu t ra ther as more or less organized aspects or functions of the total unitary organism in process. I t is simply convenient to make these distinctions in order to bet ter clarify
Cyanogenesis in the proteaceae

Abstract Living material from 155 species of Proteaceae were tested for cyanogenesis, and 44 species were found to be cyanogenic. The cyanogenic glycosides dhurrin and/or proteacin were identified in eight species.