cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Russia's conquest and pacification of the Caucasus: Relocation becomes a pogrom in the post‐Crimean War period

“The history of Russia is the history of a nation that colonized itself.” Russia's greatest historian has affirmed that the expansion of Russian rule, particularly its method, is of fundamental significance in understanding the course of Russian history, and the establishment of Russian power in the Caucasus has attracted as much scholarly attention as any other region where Russian imperialism spread in the last two centuries. Russia's finest literary figures, scholars of the most divergent bent, Russian participants in the conquest and, of course, native inhabitants themselves have examined geographic, political, military and economic, as well as cultural and other factors that would explain how the many non-Slavic peoples of this strategically critical region were incorporated into the tsarist empire. From such a literature a lengthy list of quite diverse tactics are testimony to the deep concern Russian leaders had about integrating its divergent societies in the Caucasus into the Russian empire. The tsarist ideal was stated in the simplest language when Nicholas I endorsed a report in 1833 that would force the native inhabitants of the Caucasus to “speak, think, and feel Russian.” Not surprisingly, one of the striking qualities of the tsarist, Soviet and, to a great degree, Western literature is that it often focuses, as does this essay, on the frustrations Great Russians experienced while attempting to conquer, pacify and assimilate the multi-ethnic peoples of the Caucasus within the Russian-dominated empire. In addition, while charting the demographic vagaries of the Caucasus most scholars have concentrated on the creeping in-migrations of Cossacks and others from the internal Russian provinces and on the relocation of mountain tribesmen (gortsy) from their inaccessible villages (auly) to valley floors where watchful Russians could “civilize” them. What is strikingly absent from such literature, part of what this essay attempts to provide, is an examination of the policy considerations that led to such decisions, particularly in the post-Crimean War period.
Multipliers and essential norm on the Drury-Arveson space

It is well known that for multipliers f of the Drury-Arveson space H 2 n , ∥f∥ ∞ does not dominate the operator norm of M f . We show that in general ∥f∥ ∞ does not even dominate the essential norm of M f . A consequence of this is that there exist multipliers f of H 2 n for which M f fails to be essentially hyponormal; i.e., if K is any compact, self-adjoint operator, then the inequality M* f M f - M f M* f + K ≥ 0 does not hold.
The effects of density on jail assaults

Jail populations in the United States grew at a rate of almost 10 percent a year 1978 and 1987. May operate beyond their rated capacities, often holding offenders for other jurisdictions. Such increases in jail populations raise questions about the potential for increased violence as jails become crowded. This study focused on inmate-on-inmate and inmate-on-staff assaults in the living units of a 1,400-bed men's pretrial detention facility. Assault rates were examined for various living areas and by types of assault, density, racial composition, and age. Findings show that the locaton of the assaults, based on inmate classification, was more important than density alone, or “crowding.” Neither age nor racial composition was significantly related to assaults in this jail. Good classification, adequate staffing, and better supervision methods appear more likely to reduce assaults in jails than efforts aimed only to reduce crowding.
Applications of UV-Raman spectroscopy and high-resolution X-ray diffraction to microelectronic materials and devices

Raman spectroscopy (RS) and high-resolution X-ray diffraction (HRXRD) are two powerful non-destructive techniques commonly used to characterize micro-electronic materials and device structures. In the case of visible Raman spectroscopy, the technique is severely limited in both lateral and depth resolution in applications to rapidly shrinking ULSI device structures. The UV micro-Raman technique can greatly enhance the spatial resolution by taking advantage of the shorter wavelength and much smaller optical penetration depth (<10 nm in Si at 325 nm versus 400 nm in the visible). We present UV micro-Raman mapping of stress and crystallinity in shallow trench isolated (STI) CMOS devices. Additionally, we show how UV micro-Raman and HRXRD techniques are used to characterize strain, composition, and relaxation in ultra-thin strained Si channels on SiGe buffers.
Isolation stress increases tyrosine hydroxylase mRNA in the locus coeruleus and midbrain and decreases proenkephalin mRNA in the striatum and nucleus accumbens

Isolation of adult animals represents a form of psychological stress from which the animals cannot escape. In order to assess the effect of this stressor on neurochemical substrates in the brain, we assessed behavior and measured tyrosine hydroxylase and proenkephalin mRNA levels in selected brain areas by in situ hybridization histochemistry. Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) mRNA levels in the locus coeruleus (LC) were significantly and progressively increased by 18, 42 and 68% after 7, 14 or 28 days of isolation, respectively. TH mRNA in the midbrain was transiently increased by isolation. Levels were significantly elevated by 34 and 48% above group-housed controls in the ventral tegmentum and the substantia nigra, respectively, after 14 days of isolation. In the forebrain, proenkephalin (PE) mRNA levels were found to be transiently decreased by 29% in the anterior and medial aspects of the caudate-putamen and the nucleus accumbens after 7 or 14 days of isolation stress, but the levels returned toward control levels after 28 days of isolation. Behavioral tests indicate that isolated animals progressively became more aggressive with duration of stress and showed a small but significant decrease in locomotor activity. The results demonstrate that a physically noninvasive stressor such as isolation of adult male rats can produce significant alterations in brain neurochemistry. The neurochemical responses observed may represent a brain mechanism designed to help the organism adapt to or protect from the deleterious effects of chronic psychological stress.
Simian Virus 40 Large T Antigen Binds to Topoisomerase I

Binding of simian virus 40 (SV40) large T antigen to human and calf thymus topoisomerase I (topo I) was readily detected by using modified enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and immunoblots. In addition to WT T antigen, binding could also be readily demonstrated with T antigen fragments from the amino-terminal region as well as with fragments missing this region, but much less so with small t antigen or with human p53. Antibody-blocking experiments showed that a monoclonal antibody that binds to the N-terminal region and several antibodies that recognize the central region of T antigen interfere with the binding to topo I. Our data are consistent with the existence of two separate topo I-binding regions in T antigen, one mapping within residues 82 to 246 and an apparently weaker one present after residue 246. By comparing the binding of T antigen to topo I with that of T antigen to DNA polymerase alpha or RPA, a single-stranded DNA-binding protein, it was determined that the T antigen-topo I interaction is much stronger and that the binding sites for topo I and DNA polymerase overlap, whereas the one for RPA differs. Several unwinding-defective mutants of T antigen were partially defective in their binding to topo I, suggesting that the binding to topo I is required for unwinding circular DNA. Finally, immunoprecipitation experiments demonstrated that T antigen can interact with DNA-bound topo I, indicating that such an interaction may take place during SV40 DNA replication.
Cancer in an incarcerated population.

BACKGROUND The challenge posed to prison health systems in the U.S. by an immense incarcerated population is significant. However, the patterns of presentation and associated mortality of cancer among the incarcerated population is unknown. METHODS An historical cohort of cancers diagnosed among inmates of the Texas Department of Criminal Justice over the course of 20 years who were followed at the University of Texas Medical Branch in Galveston, Texas was identified. There were 1807 inmates who were diagnosed with cancer. Two cohorts were chosen for comparison: a random sample of 179,757 patients from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) registry, and an age-matched, gender-matched, race-matched SEER population comprised of 6124 patients (MSEER). Disease sites and associated mortality of the inmate cancer patients were determined and compared with SEER cohorts. RESULTS A marked rise in cancer diagnoses among inmates paralleled the rise in the inmate population. The leading cancers were lung carcinoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), and carcinomas of the oral cavity and pharynx. Among women, cervical carcinoma was the most common. Lung carcinoma, NHL, and hepatic carcinoma accounted for more cancer deaths among inmates than in the SEER cohort (P < 0.0001 for all comparisons). Lung carcinoma, hepatic carcinoma, and NHL were significantly more common in the inmate cohort than in the MSEER cohort (P < 0.001 for all comparisons). The median survival was inferior in the inmate cohort (21 mos) compared with the SEER cohort (55 mos) and the MSEER cohort (54 mos) (P < 0.0001 for both comparisons). CONCLUSIONS Cancers with unique epidemiology and high associated mortality have emerged among the incarcerated. This has significant implications for prison health systems. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Schoolopoly: Not a game of chance

This paper examines some of the factors that interfere with student success in the inner city. Drawing on experiences from a one year leave from the university, during which she taught in an inner city junior high school in the Los Angeles Unified School District, the author argues that these schools are structured to increase the possibility of student failure.
Measurement of mitochondrial DNA synthesis in vivo using a stable isotope-mass spectrometric technique

We describe here a new stable isotope-mass spectrometric technique for measuring mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) synthesis. Growing (2–4 mo old) and weight-stable (8–10 mo old) Sprague-Dawley rats were p...
The Role of Purpose, Approach-Avoidance, Self-Efficacy, Intolerance of Uncertainty, and Locus of Control in Undergraduates' Source Selection

The primary objective of this research study poster is to explore differences in sources selected by undergraduate students in relation to two factors: 1) purpose of search, and 2) scores on the Problem-Solving Inventory (PSI) based on sources undergraduate students select for both courserelated and everyday-life information-seeking purposes. Also considered are differences in self-efficacy, intolerance of uncertainty, and external locus of control scores reliant upon sources selected initially during a search process. Two main research questions were the focus of this study. First, what types of information sources do undergraduates tend to use first during an everyday-life or course-related search, and is context important? Second, do certain user characteristics influence the selection of the first source selected during information searches? A series of chi square and one tailed t tests were performed to examine these research questions in depth. The overarching goal of this research is to use these results to better understand and structure information services for undergraduates.
Radiation of a line source by a half-plane located at the interface between isorefractive media

In 1902, MacDonald obtained an exact solution to the boundary-value problem of radiation of a line source parallel to the edge of a metallic half-plane, as an infinite series of circular cylindrical wave functions. That solution is herein extended to the case of a half-plane located at the planar interface separating two media that are isorefractive to each other. The case of a plane wave incident on the same structure was recently solved exactly and in closed form (P.L.E. Uslenghi, USNC-URSI National Radio Science Meeting, Boulder, CO, January 2014; P.L.E. Uslenghi, IEEE Antennas Wireless Propag. Lett., vol. 13, 2014).
Distributional 234,238U, 226Ra, 210Pb and 210Po in soil

Abstract A soil profile from 0 to 90 cm was collected in an undisturbeded area of Cape Cod, Massachusetts. Five centimeter increments of the profile were analyzed for 234,238 U, 226 Ra, 210 Pb and 210 Po. The factors affecting the activity distribution of these naturally-occurring radionuclides are discussed for this particular soil type.
Effect of Chemical Additives on Yolk-Contaminated Liquid Egg White

Abstract THE origin of the concept that chemical additives will improve the functional performance of yolk-contaminated egg white is vague. Koudele and Heinsohn (1960) credited Kothe (1953) with the discovery of a chemical additive to partially overcome the adverse effects of yolk contamination in egg white. The patent by Kothe (1953) concerned the use of a variety of ester-type organic chemicals, of which triethyl citrate was mentioned. It is conceivable that when an earlier patent, authored by Mink (1939) concerning the use of various anionic surface active compounds to improve the performance of egg white, was granted, chemical additives may have been used to improve yolk-contaminated egg white. However, specific effects on yolk-contaminated egg white were not mentioned in either of these patients or in other patents which concerned the use of chemical additives in egg whites (Littlefield, 1939; Werbin, 1952; Finucane and Mitchell, 1954; Jensen and Hale, 1954; Schaffer, 1956;…
Proximity in group inverses of M-matrices and inverses of diagonally dominant M-matrices

In this paper we connect, generalize, and broaden properties of matrices related to (i) the triangular inequality for mean first passage times in finite homogeneous ergodic Markov chains, (ii) the triangle inequality for proximities in Laplacian matrices of undirected weighted graphs, and (iii) the Metzler property of the column entrywise diagonal dominance of inverses of diagonally dominant M-matrices.
Noble gases in the Allende and Abee meteorites and a gas-rich mineral fraction: investigation by stepwise heating

Abstract Noble gases in three meteoritic samples were examined by stepwise heating, in an attempt to relate peaks in the outgassing curves to specific minerals: NeKrXe in Allende (C3V) and an Allende residue insoluble in HF-HCl, and Xe in Abee (E4). In Allende, chromite and carbon contain most of the trapped Ne ( 20 Ne/ 22 Ne ≈ 8.7) and anomalous Xe enriched in light and heavy isotopes, and release it at ~850°C (bulk meteorite) or 1000°C (residue). Mineral Q, containing most of the trapped Ar, Kr, Xe as well as some Ne ( 20 Ne/ 22 Ne ≈ 10.4), releases its gases mainly between 1200 and 1600°C, well above the release temperatures of organic polymers (300–500°) or amorphous carbon (800–1000°). The high noble-gas release temperature, ready solubility in oxidizing acids, and correlation with acid-soluble Fe and Cr all point to an inorganic rather than carbonaceous nature of Q. All the radiogenic 129 Xe is contained in HCl, HF-soluble minerals, and is distributed as follows over the peaks in the release curve: Attend 1000° (75%), 1300° (25%); Abee (data of Hohenberg and Reynolds, 1969) ~850° (15%), 1100° (60%), 1300° (25%). No conclusive identifications of host phases can yet be given; possible candidates are troilite and silicates for Allende, and djerfisherite, troilite and silicates for Abee. Mineral Q strongly absorbs air xenon, and releases some of it only at 800–1000°C. Dilution by air Xe from Q and other minerals may explain why temperature fractions from bulk meteorites often contain less 124–130 Xe for a given enrichment in heavy isotopes than does xenon from etched chromitecarbon samples, although chromite-carbon is the source of the anomalous xenon in either case. Air xenon contamination thus is an important source of error in the derivation of fission xenon spectra.
Contractile characteristics of skeletal muscles depleted of phosphocreatine.

The contractile characteristics of skeletal muscle were evaluated after phosphocreatine depletion was accomplished by feeding weanling female rats a ground Chow diet containing 1% of β-guanidinopropionic acid for 10 weeks. Except for a slight decrease in initial strength and a 30% decrease in wet weight, phosphocreatine depleted plantaris muscles exhibited no abnormalities. By contrast, phosphocreatine depleted soleus muscles exhibited several significant abnormalities. In an isometric twitch, the rise time was prolonged from 57±6 ms (mean±S.D.) for 6 control rats to 87±6 for 6 phosphocreatine depleted rats, the amplitude was decreased from 264±11 g per g wet weight of muscle to 163±9, and the half-relaxation time was prolonged from 61±6 ms to 85±8. In addition the maximum velocity of shortening was reduced from 3 to 2 muscle lengths per second, the maximum isometric tension was reached at a lower frequency of synchronous stimulation (30 versus 50 Hz), the initial strength was reduced from 1,065±76 g per g wet weight of muscle to 752±69, and the isometric endurance was increased from 340±16 s to 973±95. The molecular basis for these effects of phosphocreatine depletion on the contractile characteristics of soleus muscles remains to be elucidated.
Induction of physical dependence of ethanol in rhesus monkeys using an oral acceptance technique

Abstract Symptoms of physical dependence such as extreme tremor and hyper-reflexia were observed in 3 female rhesus monkeys that had orally accepted doses of ethanol mixed with a totally liquid diet. These symptoms were associated with declines in blood ethanol levels following previously elevated concentrations and were manifest despite the use of a nutritionally adequate, high protein diet. In addition, ethanol elimination rates increased significantly during the ethanol administration period indicating the development of metabolic tolerance.
Repeat uterine artery embolization following poor results.

It was the objective of this study to assess the efficacy of repeat uterine artery embolization following lack of symptom relief from initial procedure. We performed a retrospective chart review of patients undergoing embolization for symptomatic uterine myomata between 1994 and 2007. Success was defined based upon responses to symptom-relief questionnaires. Patients who reported no relief or worsening of symptoms were offered repeat embolization as well as surgical intervention. Patients who elected to undergo repeat embolization were evaluated for success following the procedure. During the study period, 1058 patients underwent initial bilateral uterine artery embolization. Forty-two (3.97%) patients reported unsuccessful symptom relief. Thirty-nine patients who reported poor results underwent a second bilateral embolization. Thirty-four of these patients completed symptom-assessment questionnaires; thirty-two patients (94.1%) reported symptom relief lasting at least six months post-procedure. The vast ...
A Successive Linear Optimization Approach to the Dynamic Traffic Assignment Problem

A dynamic model for the optimal control of traffic flow over a network is considered. The model, which treats congestion explicitly in the flow equations, gives rise to nonlinear, nonconvex mathematical programming problems. It has been shown for a piecewise linear version of this model that a global optimum is contained in the set of optimal solutions of a certain linear program. This paper presents a sufficient condition for optimality which implies that a global optimum can be obtained by successively optimizing at most N + 1 objective functions for the linear program, where N is the number of time periods in the planning horizon. Computational results are reported to indicate the efficiency of this approach.
Glucose Sensing Using Near-Infrared Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy: Gold Surfaces, 10-Day Stability, and Improved Accuracy

This research presents the achievement of significant milestones toward the development of a minimally invasive, continuously monitoring, glucose-sensing platform based on the optical quantitation of glucose in interstitial fluid. We expand our initial successes in the measurement of glucose by surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), demonstrating substantial improvements not only in the quality and optical properties of the substrate system itself but also in the robustness of the measurement methodology and the amenability of the technique to compact, diode laser-based instrumentation. Herein, we compare the long-term stability of gold to silver film over nanosphere (AuFON, AgFON) substrates functionalized with a partitioning self-assembled monolayer (SAM) using both electrochemical and SERS measurements. AuFONs were found to be stable for a period of at least 11 days. The switch to AuFONs not only provides a more stable surface for SAM formation but also yields better chemometric results, with improv...
Spatial Analyses of the 2011 Joplin Tornado Mortality: Deaths by Interpolated Damage Zones and Location of Victims

On 22 May2011,a massivetornadotore througha denselypopulatedsectionof Joplin, Missouri, killing162 people. The EF5 tornado was the deadliest single tornado to occur in the United States since modern record keeping began in 1950, surpassing the tornado of 8 June 1953, which claimed 116 lives in Flint, Michigan. The Joplintornadodeathtoll wasalsofar higherthantheaverageannualnumberofdeathscausedby tornadoesin the United States between 2000 and 2011. This study analyzed Joplin deaths by damage zone and place of death. Tabular data collected primarily from secondary sources revealed the number of deaths and death rates differ significantly by zone of destruction. The central zone (labeled as ‘‘catastrophic’’) had the most deaths, with the number decreasing systematically in both directions from the center of that zone. The results of this study further show that more people died in nonresidential buildings in Joplin than is usual in a U.S. tornadoevent, callinginto questionhow well such structuresprotect occupants.Finally, the lack of basements in residential and other structures most likely contributed greatly to the high death toll, although the degree remains uncertain. Several recommendations are offered to reduce future U.S. tornado fatalities.
The Effects of Hue and Intensity on Visual Attraction of Adult Tabanus Nigrovittatus (Diptera: Tabanidae)

The visual attraction of adult Tabanus nigrovittatus to various hues and intensities was studied in a Spartina salt marsh in Essex Co., Massachusetts, USA, using 2-dimensional sticky panels. Collections consisted mainly of host-seeking parous females (98%); the remainder were nulliparous females and males. Parous females were strongly attracted to blue and moderately attracted to black and red, all of which have low reflectance from 400 to 800 nm. Yellow, yellow-green, and white were consistently unattractive. Attraction to white panels, with and without UV reflection, and aluminum foil varied inversely with the amount of UV reflected. Increasing or decreasing intensity of hues increased attraction of flies, a result of increased contrast with the background.
'Like a thief in the night': the selectivity of degeneration in Parkinson's disease.

The specificity by which neurological degenerative disorders can ravage one population of neurons, and yet leave the adjacent groups of cells undamaged, far exceeds the capability of even the smartest laser-guided bomb. The mechanism for this extraordinary specificity has long fascinated neurologists, but real progress has often come only with the development of chemical markers for specific subsets of neurons that degenerate in particular diseases. In the absence of such markers, the first attempts to identify the specific neurons whose loss results in the symptoms of Parkinson's disease were largely unsuccessful. Lewy, for example, described the intracellular inclusion that bears his name in degenerating neurons in the basal forebrain, but never focused upon the substantia nigra as playing a special role in the disease (Lewy, 1913). It was only by carefully studying the fate of neurons bearing a chemical marker, neuromelanin (which is a non-enzymatic condensation product of catecholamine metabolism; Graham, 1979), that Foix and Nicolesco were first able to identify the loss of neurons in the pars compacta of the substantia nigra as critical in Parkinson's disease (Foix and Nicolesco, 1925). Their discovery was based upon the examination of brains from patients dying with post-encephalitic Parkinson's disease in the great pandemic that swept Europe and the United States after World War I, but in fact most of their classic book was devoted to the description of the pattern …
Chemical ligation of oligodeoxyribonucleotides on circular DNA templates

We report the use of small circular DNA as a triplex-directing template for the highly efficient chemical ligation of oligodeoxyribonucleotides (ODNs) using cyanogen bromide (BrCN). These investigations compared the use of a linear homopyrimidine DNA template (17mer) and a circular pyrimidine-rich DNA template (44mer) for directing the chemical ligation of two homopurine ODNs (6mer + 11mer). The effects of substrate/template ratio, buffer, salt, ionic strength, pH and temperature have been examined in the BrCN activated ligation reactions. The optimal yield of 51% for ligation on the linear template was at pH 6.0, 200 mM MgCl2, 4 degreesC. In contrast, near quantitative ligation on the circular template occurred at higher pH, higher temperature, and showed less dependence on Mg2+concentration (97% yield, pH 7.5, 200 mM MgCl2, 25 degreesC). The relative observed rate of the ligation reaction was a minimum of 35 times faster on the circular DNA template relative to the linear template at pH 7.5, 200 mM MgCl2, 4 degreesC. These investigations reveal that chemical ligation of short ODNs on circularized DNA templates through triplex formation is a highly efficient process over a broad range of conditions.
The effect of intermittent positive-pressure breathing on airway resistance in normal and asthmatic children.

Abstract The airway resistance of 20 children with chronic asthma and 8 normal children was measured before and after intermittent positive-pressure breathing (IPPB) and nebulizer treatments. There was a significant increase in airway resistance in both groups of children following IPPB. No significant increase in resistance was found following the nebulizer treatment. It is concluded that the delivery of air under pressure to the airway can act as an irritant, especially in individuals with asthma.
968-28 Sexual Dimorphism of Myointimal Proliferation After Balloon Injury of Rat Carotid Artery is Estrogen Dependent

Atherosclerotic vascular disease progresses more slowly in females with functional ovaries than in males. Balloon injury of the rodent carotid artery is widely used as a model for the early injury phase of atherosclerosis. The current study tested whether female Sprague-Dawley rats (SD) have a reduced (compared to males) vascular growth response to balloon injury and whether this response is estrogen dependent. 10 wk old ♂ and ♀ SD rats were either gonadectomized or studied intact. Gonadectomized rats of both sexes were implanted with (1) 15 mm (empty), (2) 10 mm (filled with 17-β estradiol [E]) or (3) 15 mm (filled with testosterone [T]) silastic capsules 3 days before balloon injury of the carotid artery. Two wks later, rats were perfused with 10% formalin at 120 mmHg and carotid arteries were fixed and subjected to morphometric analysis. Intima/media ratios (I/M%) expressed as degree of myointimal proliferative response to vascular injury were (means ± SEM): ♂ + E +T I/M% 132 ± 6 (11) 132 ± 12 (6) 65 ± 11 (6) * 117 ± 19 (7) ♀ +E +T I/M% 82 ± 10 (11) # 133 ± 25 (6) * 38 ± 8 (5) *# 123 ± 29 (5) * p l 0.05 compared to their respective intact controls # p l 0.05 compared to their respective male groups Conclusion These data indicate that the gender difference in myointimal proliferation after vascular injury is estrogen dependent. These findings have direct implications for the prevention and treatment of vascular disease in human subjects.
Event reporting: the value of a nonpunitive approach.

This article will discuss why patient safety has been so hard to achieve due to long standing beliefs that when errors occur individuals must be blamed or punished. It will offer suggestions as to how a culture of learning can be advanced by fostering a different approach to medical errors and how r
The role of muscle development in the transition to endothermy in nestling bank swallows,Riparia riparia

We examined the transition from ectothermy to endothermy in nestling bank swallows (Riparia riparia) by measuring the peak metabolic response to cold (PMR) in groups of nestlings. Additionally aerobic capacity, as assessed by citrate synthase activity (CS), and contractile function, as assessed by myofibrillar ATPase activity (mATPase) were measured in the pectoralis and mixed leg muscles during development. During the first 65% of their growth (from 2–12 g) bank swallows do not increase their metabolic rate in response to cold (Fig. 1). Between 12 and 16 g the PMR increased from 4 to more than 10 ml O2 (g·h)−1. Citrate synthase activity increased throughout development, starting at ∼20 μmoles (min·g fresh mass)−1 in both tissues and increasing to 150 and 50 μmoles (min·g)−1 in the pectoralis and leg muscles, respectively (Fig. 5). The augmented aerobic capacity combined with large increases in muscle mass undoubtedly contributes to the improved thermoregulatory abilities of older nestlings. However, muscle mass and aerobic capacity increase continuously and do not show the sharp transition noted in PMR. In the leg muscle mATPase activity is constant throughout growth, but in the pectoralis muscle it undergoes an abrupt increase from ∼0.5 μmoles (min·mg myofibrillar protein)−1 in animals weighing less than 12 g to ∼0.9 μmoles (min·mg)−1 in nestlings weighing more than 15 g (Fig. 6). The similar pattern of development of PMR and mATPase suggests a critical role for muscle development in the transition to endothermy in this species.
Kinetics of a Model Nucleoside (Guanosine) Release from Biodegradable Poly(dl-lactide-co-glycolide) Microspheres: A Delivery System for Long-Term Intraocular Delivery

The objective of this study was to prepare poly(dl-lactide-co-glycolide)(PLGA) microspheres containing guanosine as a model drug for intraocular administration. Microspheres were prepared by solvent evaporation technique using o/w emulsion system. The influence of composition and molecular weight of PLGA, drug loading efficiency, microsphere size, and in vitro and in vivo release rates were determined. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and FTIR studies were conducted to examine the guanosine–polymer interaction. In vitro release studies indicated that the permeant release from microspheres exhibits an initial burst followed by slow first-order kinetics. Ascending molecular weights of the polymers generated progressively slower release rates. Three different sizes of microspheres were prepared. The release continued for 7 days with a maximum of 70% of the content released within that time period. DSC and FTIR studies showed no polymer–guanosine interaction. A novel microdialysis technique was used to...
Its Past Fixing

In a recent article in this journal, ' Peter Forrest seeks to reconcile free acts with iron laws. The key to effecting this reconciliation is the allowing of backward causation, which is explicated through a concept of 'fixity'. In this note, I wish to examine this explication and to argue that it does not answer to Forrest's purposes. We may begin with the following quotation, which provides some necessary background:
Recruitment patterns of continental shelf benthos off North Carolina, USA: effects of sediment enrichment and impact on community structure

Recruitment acts as a template against which all subsequent ecological interactions operate. We address factors determining patterns of recruitment, and how these patterns relate to adult infaunal community structure on the continental shelf of North Carolina, USA. During spring and summer, algal and inorganic-nutrient enhancement of trays containing defaunated sediment can enhance recruitment of infauna. Capitellid and opheliid polychaetes were 2 to 90 times more abundant in algal treatments, and 5 times more abundant in nutrient trays, compared to unenriched trays during spring and summer, respectively. Distance from the hardbottom habitat had little effect on recruitment into trays of defaunated sediment during spring and summer, but recruitment of many taxa was higher at 10 than at 75 m from the escarpment during autumn. Infaunal densities in ambient substrate were similar to those in control trays for most taxa during the spring, but showed nearly the opposite pattern in the autumn, with many major infaunal groups being more abundant at 75 vs. 10 m in ambient sediment. This suggests that post-settlement processes are important in structuring the benthos in this system. Our results suggest that densities of recruiting infauna respond to detrital and nutrient enhancement of the sediment on the scale of a meter or less. Dislodged macroalgae from adjacent hardbottom areas may be critical in determining infaunal recruitment patterns. Results are equivocal as to whether recruitment structures these infaunal communities. Post-recruitment predation by predatory fish that come off the hardbottom escarpments to forage in the sand flats may be more important in late summer and autumn. Experiments that are deployed at different times and over multiple spatial scales are needed to determine what factors are important in maintaining complex systems.
Measurement of the 2 P 3 2 2 − 2 S 1 2 2 Fine-Structure Interval in Atomic Hydrogen

A separated-microwave-oscillatory-field technique has been used in conjunction with a fast atomic-hydrogen beam to measure the $2^{2}P_{\frac{3}{2}}\ensuremath{-}2^{2}S_{\frac{1}{2}}$ fine-structure interval in atomic hydrogen. The value obtained for the $2^{2}P_{\frac{3}{2}}\ensuremath{-}2^{2}S_{\frac{1}{2}}$ fine-structure interval is 9911.117(41) MHz.
Process Management and Technological Innovation: A Longitudinal Study of the Photography and Paint Industries:

This research explores the impact of process management activities on technological innovation. Drawing on research in organizational evolution and learning, we suggest that as these practices reduce variance in organizational routines and influence the selection of innovations, they enhance incremental innovation at the expense of exploratory innovation. We tested our hypotheses in a 20-year longitudinal study of patenting activity and ISO 9000 quality program certifications in the paint and photography industries. In both industries, the extent of process management activities in a firm was associated with an increase in both exploitative innovations that built on existing firm knowledge and an increase in exploitation's share of total innovations. Our results suggest that exploitation crowds out exploration. We extend existing empirical research by capturing how process management activities influence the extent to which innovations build on existing firm knowledge. We suggest that these widely adopted...
Structure of a new crystal form of human Hsp70 ATPase domain.

Hsp70 proteins are highly conserved proteins induced by heat shock and other stress conditions. An ATP-binding domain of human Hsp70 protein has been crystallized in two major morphological forms at pH 7.0 in the presence of PEG 8000 and CaCl2. Both crystal forms belong to the orthorhombic space group P212121, but show no resemblance in unit-cell parameters. Analysis of the crystal structures for both forms shows a 1–2 A shift of one of the subdomains of the protein. This conformational change could reflect a `natural' flexibility of the protein which might be relevant to ATP binding and may facilitate the interaction of other proteins with Hsp70 protein.
Catecholaminergic fiber sprouting in granuloprival coeruleo-cerebellar cultures

Neonatal mouse coeruleo-cerebellar explants exposed to cytosine arabinoside to destroy granule cell precursors demonstrated sprouting of catecholaminergic fibers after 15 days in vitro. Levels of dopamine in granuloprival coeruleo-cerebellar cultures were more than twice those of control cultures. As granuloprival cerebellar cultures also demonstrate Purkinje cell axon collateral sprouting, the granuloprival coeruleo-cerebellar system, in which there is sprouting of two different neuronal groups, may provide a model to investigate the nature and specificity of the signal or signals that induce axonal sprouting.
Evaluation of advanced cardiac life support in a community teaching hospital by use of actual cardiac arrests

Objective: To determine the retention of Advanced Cardiac Life Support training of internalmedicine residents as a function of the time since successfully completing ACLS training. Design: Prospective, consecutive sample of patients who underwent a cardiopulmonaryresuscitation effort directed by physicians who successfully completed ACLS. Setting: Eastern community teaching hospital. Patients: 180 consecutive patients over the age of 18 years who sustained a cardiopulmonaryarrest and whose resuscitation efforts were directed by physicians who successfully completed ACLS. Forty-five additional resuscitative efforts hospital wide were led by non-ACLS-trained physicians during the study period. Outcome measures: Correctness of the diagnosis of rhythms and treatment of the rhythms diagnosed were assessed, as per ACLS protocols in effect at the time of the study, in 1991. Intervention: None. Results: Chi-squares were used for analysis. Seventy-six of the resuscitative efforts were run bymedical residents with a 13.2% error rate. The error rate in the first 6 months after ACLS completion among residents was 5.1%, as compared with 21.6% in the next 6 months ( p =0.033), with no impact on actual survival rate. During the study period, error rates among other groups were 8.8% in Emergency Department physicians and 17.8% among non-ACLS-trained physicians. Conclusions: The error rate found was lower than in previous studies evaluating retention of ACLS education. It is important to have regular updates in ACLS to ensure proper protocol use.
Impact of risperidone versus haloperidol on activities of daily living in the treatment of refractory schizophrenia.

Abstract Risperidone has been shown to improve verbal working memory, executive functioning, attention, reaction time, and verbal learning, which, in turn, have been associated with improved functional outcomes. We tested whether risperidone was associated with greater improvements than haloperidol in activities of daily living (ADLs) among persons having treatment-refractory schizophrenia. In a double-blind, controlled trial of fixed and flexible doses of haloperidol and risperidone, changes in ADLs were operationally monitored on a behavior therapy unit of a state hospital. While no differential effects were noted between risperidone and haloperidol in ADLS, these self-care skills significantly improved as subjects spent longer times on the behavior therapy unit. Working memory and verbal learning did correlate with improvements in ADLs, independent of drug condition. The contingencies of reinforcement and specific training programs on the behavior therapy unit may have been prepotent for the learning of ADLs, obscuring any differential impact of risperidone. Moreover, ADLs may be governed more by “procedural” learning than by working memory or verbal learning, with the former not differentially influenced by typical verus atypical antipsychotics. Copyright 2002, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.
Rethinking the Nineteenth-Century Employment Contract, Again

Legal historians have turned with renewed energy in recent years to the project of fleshing out the myriad rules by which the common law of the free labor employment contract structured social relations in nineteenth-century America. Of course, labor relations have always been prominent in the literature. The German sociological tradition has long taught us to see in the legal protection of property rights a source of coercive power over the working classes. And for decades now, historians have studied the great nineteenth-century labor conspiracy cases, which generated leading cases and opinions by judges such as Shaw and Holmes. But there is a new wrinkle in recent accounts of nineteenth-century labor law. Much of the law of property, contract, and tort bears a relatively self-evident (though still too infrequently remarked on) relation to the relative bargaining power of the parties to an employment contract. Property rules, along with a whole host of attendant tort doctrines such as nuisance and trespass, allocate resources among parties. As Robert Hale observed long ago, property rules set the coercive power of A to exclude B from those resources that belong to A, whether A be a prospective employee excluding an employer from the employee's labor power, or an employer excluding a would-be employee from the means of production. In similar fashion, rules of contract and tort that define the weapons that parties may deploy in competition or bargaining also shape the relative bargaining power of social actors. Thus, doctrines of duress, fraud, unconscionability, and adequacy of consideration, and the law of labor conspiracies and competition all create immutable background rules (or sometimes inalienable entitlements) that have considerable impact on bargaining power. In Halean language, we might say that the law of duress, for example, coercively precludes the strong from forcing the weak to consent to a particular deal, or that the doctrine of fraud coercively precludes the slick from outfoxing the dupes.
Low risk of hepatitis B virus recurrence after withdrawal of long-term hepatitis B immunoglobulin in patients receiving maintenance nucleos(t)ide analogue therapy.

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) recurrence rates of 0-16% had been reported in patients maintained on nucleoside analogues (NA) after hepatitis B immunoglobulin (HBIG) discontinuation after orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT). However, follow-up in most studies was short. We aimed to determine the long-term risk of HBV recurrence using this strategy. All HBV patients who received 7 doses of intravenous HBIG after OLT, with no HBV recurrence while receiving HBIG, and who eventually discontinued HBIG and were maintained on NA, were included. HBV recurrence was defined as HBsAg-positive or HBV DNA 5 log copies/mL on 2 consecutive occasions. Twenty-one patients met the inclusion criteria. Immediate post-OLT prophylaxis was combination HBIG and NA in 15 patients, whereas 6 patients received HBIG monotherapy for 62-109 months before NA was added. HBIG was discontinued a median of 26 (range, 0.2-121) months after OLT. Median follow-up post-HBIG discontinuation was 40 (range, 5-51) months. Only 1 patient, who had 12 months of HBIG and was noncompliant to NA therapy, had HBV recurrence, 34 months after HBIG discontinuation. One patient had HBV DNA of 3.3 log copies/mL 47 and 48 months after HBIG discontinuation but remained HBsAg-negative. Lamivudine-resistant mutations were detected in both patients. Probability of HBV recurrence was 0% and 9% at 2 and 4 years after HBIG discontinuation. Three patients had 1-2 episodes of transiently detectable HBV DNA. All were HBV DNA and HBsAg negative on repeated tests over a period of 2-36 months. Maintenance therapy with NA after discontinuation of long-term HBIG therapy is associated with a low risk of HBV recurrence after OLT in compliant HBV patients. Liver Transpl 13:374-381, 2007. © 2007 AASLD.
Directed Fabrication of Ceramic Nanostructures on Fragile Substrates Using Soft-electron Beam Lithography (soft-eBL)

We demonstrate the use of a facile nanopatterning scheme known as soft electron beam lithography (soft-eBL) to fabricate and site specifically position a variety of functional ceramic nanostructures onto two fragile substrates: a 75-nm-thick electron-transparent silicon nitride membrane and suspended microhotplates with embedded heaters. The patterned nanostructures on nitride membranes can be readily probed with a variety of characterization tools without any postfabrication sample preparation, allowing observation of the nanostructures in near-pristine condition. We demonstrate this by characterizing the structural, chemical, and optical properties of several ceramic nanostructures patterned on membranes using electron microscopy and surface scanning probe tools such as atomic force microscopy and near- field scanning optical microscopy. We further demonstrate that such nanostructures, upon integration with microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) microhotplate platforms, can function as gas-sensing elements; we evaluate their sensing performance at micromoles per mole target analyte concentration levels.
Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering from Polyimide Model Compounds on Functionalized Metal Surfaces. Part II: Phthalic Anhydride/meta-Aminothiophenol/Silver

Abstract The interphase between a polyimide and a metal substrate was modeled by depositing phthalic anhydride (PA) onto a silver substrate pretreated with meta-aminothiophenol (m-ATP) and then curing in a mixture of acetic anhydride and pyridine or triethylamine. Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) and reflection-absorption infrared spectroscopy (RAIR) were used to determine the molecular structure of the interphase. It was found that m-ATP was adsorbed dissociatively onto silver substrates through the thiol groups. The tilt angle for m-ATP molecules adsorbed on silver substrates was determined using RAIR to be approximately 39°. However, there was no preferred rotational angle of the adsorbed APDS molecules about the molecular axes. When PA was deposited onto m-ATP pretreated silver substrates, anhydride groups of PA reacted with amino groups of m-ATP to form amic acids. When PA/m-ATP/Ag samples were chemically cured in acetic anhydride and pyridine or triethylamine, isoimide was the predominant pr...
Bendamustine-Associated Hemolytic Anemia:

Objective:To report a case of probable bendamustine-related hemolytic anemia.Case Summary:A 64-year-old white female had recently received treatment with bendamustine for stage III follicular lymphoma. After her fourth cycle, she was admitted to an outside facility with severe right upper quadrant pain across her back and findings consistent with obstructive jaundice. She was found to have pancytopenia and elevations in total bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, and transaminase levels. A bone marrow biopsy showed no evidence of lymphoma and presence of megakaryocytes on 2 occasions. Upon transfer to West Virginia University Hospitals, her haptoglobin was found to be undetectable, total bilirubin 10.3 mg/dL (unconjugated bilirubin 4.9 mg/dL), reticulocyte count 21.4% (reticulocyte index ≥2%), alkaline phosphatase 1125 U/L, and lactate dehydrogenase 421 U/L. The peripheral smear showed evidence of spherocytes and very rare schistocytes. Based on these findings, the woman was diagnosed with hemolytic anemia sec...