cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Generalized dynamic covers for linear systems with applications to deterministic identification and realization problems

Several deterministic identification problems, with partial realization being a special case, are unified in the framework of the mathematical problem "generalized dynamic covers." An algorithm to find such a minimal dynamic cover as well as a uniqueness criterion is given, which yields several identifiability results. This problem also includes the "observer" and the "exact model matching" problems, as well as the problem of finding "minimal inverses for linear systems with arbitrary initial states." It is shown that the problem of finding minimal realizations from a transfer function matrix can also be solved in this framework.
The maximum step wise fault detection, and artificial intelligence

For a system designed for stepwise maximum fault diagnosis, an algorithm is given to write down the requirements of fault diagnosis in terms of a complete set of axioms. The concept of artificial intelligence is studied and applied to the problem of fault diagnosis of the system. If the system has been designed for t/sub 0/ fault diagnosis without repair and if, after t/sub 0/ faults, the nonfaulty units of the system can diagnose t/sub 1/ additional faults where t/sub 1/ >
Abstract 118: Use of Computational Fluid Dynamics Studies in Predicting Aneurysmal Degeneration of Acute Type B Aortic Dissections

Objectives: While uncomplicated acute type B aortic dissections are often medically managed with good outcomes, a subset develop subacute or chronic aneurysmal dilatation. We hypothesize that computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations may be useful in identifying patients at risk for this complication. Methods: Patients with acute type B dissection complicated by rapidly expanding aortic aneurysms (N=7) were compared to patients with stable aortic diameters (N=7). Three dimensional patient-specific dissection geometries were generated from CTA and used in CFD simulations of pulsatile blood flow. Hemodynamic parameters including false lumen flow and wall shear stress were compared. Results: Patients with rapid aneurysmal degeneration had a growth rate of 5.3 ± 2.7 mm/month compared to those with stable aortic diameters who had rates of 0.2 ± 0.02 mm/month. Groups did not differ in initial aortic diameter (36.1±2.9 vs 34.4±3.6 mm, P=0.122) or false lumen size (22.6±2.9 vs 20.2±4.5 mm, P=0.224). In patients with rapidly expanding aneurysms, a greater percentage of total flow passed through the false lumen (78.3±9.3 vs 56.3±11.8%, P=0.016). The time averaged wall shear stress on the aortic wall was also significantly higher (12.6±3.7 vs 7.4±2.8 Pa, P=0.028, see Figure). Conclusions: Hemodynamic parameters derived from CFD simulations of acute type B aortic dissections were significantly different in dissections complicated by aneurysm formation. Thus, CFD may assist in predicting which patients may benefit from early stent grafting. ![][1] [1]: /embed/graphic-1.gif
Cladegroups, Category Not Recognized by ICZN

The following names were proposed as “cladegroups,” a category not recognized under the ICZN, hence not available.
Striking the Proper Balance: Redress Under Section 13(B) of the FTC Act

Since 1981, the FTC has attacked fraud systematically, successfully using the authority under Section 13(b) to obtain a permanent injunction “in proper cases” to freeze assets ex parte and to force disgorgement of ill-gotten gains. More recently, the Commission has asserted the authority to obtain redress routinely, including cases in which established national firms allegedly lack substantiation for their advertising claims. FTC efforts to obtain redress under 13(b) must confront other legislation passed in the 1970s, in particular, Section 19, which limits monetary relief to conduct a reasonable person would know is dishonest or fraudulent. Both injunction and redress authority were included as separate provisions in a bill that passed the Senate in 1971. Although an amended Section 13 was enacted in 1973, and Section 19 was enacted two years later, the inescapable inference from their common origin and the entire legislative history is that Congress did not intend to give the Commission blanket authority to obtain redress. Nevertheless, we argue that the use of 13(b) against fraud respects the carefully constructed congressional grant of authority to the Commission in part because fraud meets the knowledge test of Section 19. Moreover, using Section 19 alone would require three separate actions to attack a fraud successfully -- a preliminary injunction to freeze assets, an administrative action to determine liability, and then another, independent district court action to seek redress. As Congress itself recognized, district courts may be reluctant to grant preliminary relief when they cannot assure an expeditious resolution of the matter. Accordingly, we argue that fraud cases are “proper” under Section 13(b), but routine use of Section 13(b) to seek redress would read “proper” out of the statute.
The scalping forehead flap revisited.

Because of its location, color, texture, thickness, and rich blood supply, the skin of the forehead remains the major source of flaps for the reconstruction of major defects of the nose. This article details the technique and application of the scalping forehead flap, which has been used by the senior author for almost 40 years.
A Phylogeographic Assessment of the Malagasy Giant Chameleons (Furcifer verrucosus and Furcifer oustaleti)

The Malagasy giant chameleons (Furcifer oustaleti and Furcifer verrucosus) are sister species that are both broadly distributed in Madagascar, and also endemic to the island. These species are also morphologically similar and, because of this, have been frequently misidentified in the field. Previous studies have suggested that cryptic species are nested within this chameleon group, and two subspecies have been described in F. verrucosus. In this study, we utilized a phylogeographic approach to assess genetic diversification within these chameleons. This was accomplished by (1) identifying clades within each species supported by both mitochondrial and nuclear DNA, (2) assessing divergence times between clades, and (3) testing for niche divergence or conservatism. We found that both F. oustaleti and F. verrucosus could be readily identified based on genetic data, and within each species, there are two well-supported clades. However, divergence times are not contemporary and spatial patterns are not congruent. Diversification within F. verrucosus occurred during the Plio-Pleistocene, and there is evidence for niche divergence between a southwestern and southeastern clade, in a region of Madagascar that shows no obvious landscape barriers to dispersal. Diversification in F. oustaleti occurred earlier in the Pliocene or Miocene, and niche conservatism is supported with two genetically distinct clades separated at the Sofia River in northwestern Madagascar. Divergence within F. verrucosus is most consistent with patterns expected from ecologically mediated speciation, whereas divergence in F. oustaleti most strongly matches the patterns expected from the riverine barrier hypothesis.
Extreme Weather Exposure and Support for Climate Change Adaptation

Policy efforts to address climate change are increasingly focused on adaptation, which commonly understood as adjustments in human systems to moderate the harm or exploit beneficial opportunities related to actual or expected climate impacts. In this paper we examine individual-level determinants of support for climate change-related adaptation policies. We focus in particular on whether individuals’ exposure to extreme weather events is associated with their support for climate adaptation policies. Using novel public opinion data on support for a range of adaptation policies, coupled with high resolution geographic data on extreme weather events, we find that individuals experiencing recent extreme weather activity are more likely to support climate change adaptation policy in general, but that the relationship is not consistent across specific adaptation policies, and diminishes with time. The data also provide some support that adaptation measures are less politically polarized than general concerns about climate change.
Case 3: Penile Swelling in a 5-year-old Boy

1. Caitlin Drumm, MD* 2. Matthew E. Gaffigan, MD* 3. Kevin S. Koehler, MD* 4. John E. Alex, MD* 1. *Department of Pediatrics and Department of Emergency Medicine, Naval Medical Center Portsmouth, Portsmouth, VA. A 5-year-old boy presents to the emergency department with a few-hours' history of penile swelling, pain with urination, and weak urine stream. He has no history of fever, penile discharge, or urinary tract infection. He was playing outdoors before the onset of symptoms and has a history of a rash consistent with chigger bites. The boy has no prior history of penile swelling. He has normal vital signs and appears somewhat uncomfortable but in no acute distress. Physical examination reveals edema of the penile glans and shaft and erythematous papules scattered over the scrotum and lower abdomen (Fig 1). He also appears to have dried blood at the urethral meatus. With these physical examination findings, clinicians in the emergency department are …
Pre-eclampsia in American Indians/Alaska Natives and Whites: The Significance of Body Mass Index.

Introduction The prevalence of pre-eclampsia, a major cause of maternal morbidity, varies by race, being greater in African Americans, and lower in Asians and Hispanics than in White women. Little is known about its prevalence in American Indians/Alaska Natives (AI/ANs). We estimated pre-eclampsia risk in AI/ANs compared to Whites, with consideration of the potential effect of obesity, a major risk factor for pre-eclampsia, and a condition disproportionately affecting AI/AN women. Methods This retrospective cohort study of linked birth-hospital discharge data from Washington State (2003–2013) included all AI/AN women and a sample of White first-time mothers with singleton deliveries. Logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratio (OR) and 95 % confidence intervals (CI) for pre-eclampsia risk in AI/ANs compared to Whites, first controlling for several important risk factors, and subsequently with additional adjustment for pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI). Results AI/ANs had an increased risk of pre-eclampsia compared to Whites after controlling for all covariates except BMI (OR 1.17, 95 % CI 1.06–1.29). After further adjustment for BMI, the racial disparity in pre-eclampsia risk was greatly attenuated (OR 1.05, 95 % CI 0.95–1.16). Discussion This population-based study suggests that any increased risk in AI/ANs relative to Whites may be at least partly due to differences in BMI.
Bibliographic instruction for graduate art history students

Given the complexity and diversity of resources in art history, the research student needs a thorough and systematic programme to guide him through the range of information sources from catalogues and indexes to esoteric and elusive art works and individuals. Such a programme is described in detail and also a survey made of the literature on bibliographic instruction in art history. Special thanks are extended to Phillip Heagy for bibliographic assistance and manuscript preparation and to Sue Ramage for manuscript review.
Circadian clock regulation of mRNA translation through eukaryotic elongation factor eEF-2

The circadian clock has a profound effect on gene regulation, controlling rhythmic transcript accumulation for up to half of expressed genes in eukaryotes. Evidence also exists for clock control of mRNA translation, but the extent and mechanisms for this regulation are not known. In Neurospora crassa, the circadian clock generates daily rhythms in the activation of conserved mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways when cells are grown in constant conditions, including rhythmic activation of the well-characterized p38 osmosensing (OS) MAPK pathway. Rhythmic phosphorylation of the MAPK OS-2 (P-OS-2) leads to temporal control of downstream targets of OS-2. We show that osmotic stress in N. crassa induced the phosphorylation of a eukaryotic elongation factor-2 (eEF-2) kinase, radiation sensitivity complementing kinase-2 (RCK-2), and that RCK-2 is necessary for high-level phosphorylation of eEF-2, a key regulator of translation elongation. The levels of phosphorylated RCK-2 and phosphorylated eEF-2 cycle in abundance in wild-type cells but not in cells deleted for OS-2 or the core clock component FREQUENCY (FRQ). Translation extracts from cells grown in constant conditions show decreased translational activity in the late subjective morning, coincident with the peak in eEF-2 phosphorylation, and rhythmic translation of glutathione S-transferase (GST-3) from constitutive mRNA levels in vivo is dependent on circadian regulation of eEF-2 activity. In contrast, rhythms in phosphorylated eEF-2 levels are not necessary for rhythms in accumulation of the clock protein FRQ, indicating that clock control of eEF-2 activity promotes rhythmic translation of specific mRNAs.
Abstract SY19-01: Therapeutic network re-wiring of the DNA damage response can be used to enhance tumor killing by cytotoxic chemotherapy

Dynamic re-wiring of signaling networks is a prominent mechanism responsible for the development of resistance to many molecular-targeted anti-cancer agents. Here we show how this same dynamic re-wiring process can be used therapeutically to enhance the response of tumors to cytotoxic anti-cancer agents. Using cell lines and murine tumor models of triple-negative breast cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, and head and neck cancer, we show that chronic inhibition of EGFR and/or FGFR driver oncogenes dramatically enhances cell death in response to topoisomerase inhibitors and platinum DNA crosslinking drugs. In marked contrast, no such sensitization is observed when the growth factor receptor inhibitors are co-administered with the cytotoxic agents. The molecular mechanism responsible for this time-dependent growth factor inhibitor-induced tumor cell sensitization was explored using a systems biology-based model of DNA damage signaling in which protein kinase activities, substrate phosphorylation, and phosphoprotein-binding events for multiple signaling pathways were quantitatively measured at densely sampled points in time, and mathematically correlated with tumor cell responses including cell cycle arrest, cytokine production, autophagy, and apoptosis. This analysis revealed that sustained EGFR/FGFR suppression unmasks an apoptotic network involving Caspase-8 that is normally suppressed by oncogene addiction, resulting in an enhanced apoptotic response to equivalent amounts of DNA damage. This discovery demonstrates that the timing interval between administration of different drugs in combination chemotherapy can have profound effects on the tumor response through the dynamic re-wiring of cell signaling pathways in real time. Finally, we take advantage of this dynamic re-wiring process by developing tumor-targeted time-staggered release nanoparticles that deliver EGFR inhibitors at early times followed by the delayed release of doxorubicin. We show that these nanoparticles cause dramatic regression of murine NSCLC and TNBC tumor xenografts in vivo, substantiating the utility of therapeutic network re-wiring for anti-cancer therapy in the clinic. Citation Format: Michael J. Lee, Yogesh Dayma, Anne-Margriet Heijinks, Stephen W. Morton, Erik C. Dreaden, Paula T. Hammond, Michael B. Yaffe. Therapeutic network re-wiring of the DNA damage response can be used to enhance tumor killing by cytotoxic chemotherapy. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr SY19-01. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-SY19-01
Three-nucleon interaction in heavy-ion collisions at intermediate energies

The effect of a three-nucleon ($3N$) interaction is studied for the production of high energy protons in heavy-ion collisions in the incident energy range of 44 to $400\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}A\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{MeV}$. The $3N$ interaction is incorporated into the antisymmetrized molecular dynamics transport model of Ono [A. Ono, Phys. Rev. C 59, 853 (1999)] as a $3N$ collision term, following a diagram of three consecutive binary collisions. For the theoretical $^{40}\mathrm{Ar}+^{51}\mathrm{V}$ reaction studies, no contribution from the $3N$ collisions is observed for high energy proton production at the incident energy of $44A\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{MeV}$. However when the incident energy increases, the contribution increases gradually. At $200A\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{MeV}$ and above, the contribution is observed as distinctly harder energy slopes in the proton energy spectra. The model is applied to the available Bevalac data for $^{40}\mathrm{Ar}+^{40}\mathrm{Ca}$ at $42,92$, and $137\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}A\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{MeV}$. The experimental proton energy spectra are reasonably well reproduced at angles $\ensuremath{\theta}\ensuremath{\ge}{70}^{\ensuremath{\circ}}$ for all three incident energies, showing negligible $3N$ contributions at $42A\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{MeV}$ and significant contributions at $137A\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{MeV}$ at the large laboratory angles. Good agreement at these large angles, where the $3N$ collision is a major mechanism to produce such protons, strongly indicates for the first time the importance of the $3N$ interaction in intermediate heavy ion reactions in a full transport calculation. The possible relation between the $3N$ collision term and the short range and the tensor interactions is suggested.
Pentagons in triangle-free graphs

Abstract For all n ≥ 9 , we show that the only triangle-free graphs on n vertices maximizing the number 5-cycles are balanced blow-ups of a 5-cycle. This completely resolves a conjecture by Erdős, and extends results by Grzesik and Hatami, Hladký, Kral’, Norin and Razborov, where they independently showed this same result for large n and for all n divisible by 5.
Use of Analog Functional Analysis in Assessing the Function of Mealtime Behavior Problems

Some children exhibit disruptive and self-injurious behavior during mealtime, limiting the positive interaction between caregiver and child, and decreasing the probability of a nutritionally adequate intake. Research has demonstrated the utility offunctional analysis (i.e., identifying controlling variables of problem behavior) for the development of effective non-aversive interventions for a variety of behavior problems. This study applied the methodology of an analog experimental (functional) analysis of behavior to the specific interaction between parents and children exhibiting food refusal and related mealtime behavior problems. Analog conditions resembling feeding situations were constructed to identify the variables maintaining the mealtime behavior problems exhibited by three children. For two of the children, the primary function of food refusal was escape from food presentation and mealtime demands. For the third child, contingent access to toys and attention were the most important maintaining variables. These analog results were highly consistent with other forms offunctional assessment data, including interviews, questionnaires, and direct observations (i.e., A-B-C). The study provides the first demonstration of the feasibility, and concurrent validity, of conducting an analog functional analysis of mealtime behaviors, and doing so in the home environment where meals naturally Feeding problems in children are common, O'Brien, Repp, Williams, & Christophersen, affecting typically developing children, as well 1991; Palmer, Thompson, & Linscheid, 1975; as children with developmental disabilities Riordan, Iwata, Wohl, & Finney, 1980). The and medical conditions. It is estimated that etiology of feeding problems varies across chil 25% to 35% of children exhibit some form of dren, with influences from both organic and feeding problem, and about one-third of chil- nonorganic factors. The topography of associ dren with disabilities and 80% of individuals ated problematic behavior also varies. Some with severe and profound mental retardation children may totally refuse all food or be exhibit problematic feeding behaviors that highly selective; others may exhibit disruptive can have a negative effect on their physical, Qr self_injurious behaviors during mealtime. social, and educational development (Lin- Qne issue ,inking these chi,dren together is scheid, 1992; Maloney & Ruedisueli, 1993; . , . , . , , . , , . 7 the danger associated with mealtime behavior
Pediatric deep neck space infections: a medical and surgical perspective.

Pediatric deep neck space infections (DNSI) are common in children. If unrecognized, DNSIs can rapidly progress with the potential for developing serious complications. Children fair better than their adult counterparts in the face of complications such as mediastinitis, but early recognition and aggressive management is key to prevent mortality and limit morbidity. Knowledge of the anatomy related to the deep neck spaces helps in anticipating and managing the potential complications. In this article, we review the clinical presentation, complications, and management in pediatric DNSI from the point of view of the pediatric infectious disease physician and the otolaryngologist. We discuss the best management based on current available evidence and the experience of the authors.
Security Threats to Computer Networks

In February, 2002, the Internet security watch group CERT Coordination Center first disclosed to the global audience that global networks, including the Internet, phone systems, and the electrical power grid, are vulnerable to attack because of weakness in programming in a small but key network component. The component, an Abstract Syntax Notation One, or ASN.1, is a communication protocol used widely in the Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP).
The Prevention Research Centers Healthy Aging Research Network

BACKGROUND: The Prevention Research Centers Healthy Aging Research Network (PRC-HAN), funded by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC's) Healthy Aging program, was created in 2001 to help develop partnerships and create a research agenda that promotes healthy aging. The nine universities that participate in the network use their expertise in aging research to collaborate with their communities and other partners to develop and implement health promotion interventions for older adults at the individual, organizational, environmental, and policy levels. CONTEXT: The population of older adults in the United States is growing rapidly; approximately 20% of Americans will be aged 65 years or older by 2030. The health and economic impact of an aging society compel the CDC and the public health community to place increased emphasis on preventing unnecessary disease, disability, and injury among older Americans. METHODS: The PRC-HAN has a broad research agenda that addresses health-promoting skills and behaviors, disease and syndrome topics, and knowledge domains. The network chose physical activity for older adults as its initial focus for research and has initiated two networkwide projects: a comprehensive, multisite survey that collected information on the capacity, content, and accessibility of physical activity programs for older adults and a peer-reviewed publication that describes the role of public health in promoting physical activity among older adults. In addition to participating in the core research area, each network member works independently with its community committee on PRC-HAN activities. CONSEQUENCES: As a result, the network is 1) expanding prevention research for older adults and their communities; 2) promoting the translation and dissemination of findings to key stakeholders; 3) strengthening PRC-HAN capacity through partnerships and expanded funding; and 4) stimulating the adoption of policies and programs by engaging policymakers, planners, and practitioners. In 2003, the PRC-HAN initiated an internal evaluation to better define the network's contributions to healthy aging, formalize internal processes, and better equip itself to serve as a model for other PRC thematic networks. The PRC-HAN is conducting a pilot evaluation for eventual inclusion in the PRC national evaluation. INTERPRETATION: The PRC-HAN has established itself as an effective research network to promote healthy aging. It has developed trust and mutual respect among participants, forged strong ties to local communities, and shown the ability to combine its expertise in healthy aging with that of partners in national, state, and local organizations. Language: en
COMMUNICATION WITH SUBMICRON STRUCTURES: PERSPECTIVES IN THE APPLICATION OF BIOMOLECULES TO COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY

That demands on computer technology keep several steps ahead of the hardware is proverbial. The needs of the scientific and engineering communities for numerical modeling and image processing have stimulated an exponential growth in processor speeds and memory capacities. This growth has been sustained by advances in device physics since the early 1950’s. The major portion of these advances may be attributed to a steady decrease in circuit dimensions. The limits to miniaturization in a semiconductor-based technology are now in sight. The breakdown of transport laws in bulk semiconductor samples with dimensions below 0.1 micron precludes use of conventional materials and structures for devices at and below the 0.1 micron scale. In order to sustain further progress, circuit technology must turn to alternative materials.
Microbiology of the built environment

The built environment comprises all structures built by humans, including our homes, workplaces, schools and vehicles. As in any ecosystem on Earth, microorganisms have been found in every part of the built environment that has been studied. They exist in the air, on surfaces and on building materials, usually dispersed by humans, animals and outdoor sources. Those microbial communities and their metabolites have been implied to cause (or exacerbate) and prevent (or mitigate) human disease. In this Review, we outline the history of the field of microbiology of the built environment and discuss recent insights that have been gained into microbial ecology, adaptation and evolution of this ecosystem. Finally, we consider the implications of this research, specifically, how it is changing the types of materials we use in buildings and how our built environments affect human health.
The Quality of Family Relationships, Diabetes Self-Care, and Health Outcomes in Older Adults

The purpose of the study was to investigate the relationship between family support, diabetes self-care, and health outcomes in older, community-dwelling adults. Using the theoretical framework of the Self-Care of Chronic Illness Theory and a cross-sectional design, 60 participants completed questionnaires related to diabetes self-care activities of the individual, supportive and nonsupportive diabetes behaviors of the family, and the quality of family relations. Participants indicated that diabetes self-care behaviors were performed frequently, with exercise reported as the least-performed behavior. Multiple regression analyses revealed that the quality of family relations as measured by the Family Relationship Index contributed significantly (26.0%) to the variability in A1C levels (R2 = 0.260, F(1, 40) = 14.037, P = 0.001). Neither family supportive behavior nor the quality of family relations contributed to diabetes self-care. It is recommended that health care providers include family members to assess diabetes family support and family relationships in the care of older adults with diabetes.
Fowl cholera and acute heart rupture in a backyard turkey

Pasteurella multocida is the causative agent of fowl cholera, an economically important disease of commercial and backyard poultry. Turkeys are particularly susceptible to fowl cholera; both backya...
Hermaphroditism promotes mate diversity in flowering plants.

PREMISE Genetically diverse sibships are thought to increase parental fitness through a reduction in the intensity of sib competition, and through increased opportunities for seedling establishment in spatially or temporally heterogeneous environments. Nearly all research on mate diversity in flowering plants has focused on the number of fathers siring seeds within a fruit or on a maternal plant. Yet as hermaphrodites, plants can also accrue mate diversity by siring offspring on several pollen recipients in a population. Here we explore whether mate composition overlaps between the dual sex functions, and discuss the implications for plant reproductive success. METHODS We established an experimental population of 49 Mimulus ringens (monkeyflower) plants, each trimmed to a single flower. Following pollination by wild bees, we quantified mate composition for each flower through both paternal and maternal function. Parentage was successfully assigned to 240 progeny, 98% of the sampled seeds. RESULTS Comparison of mate composition between male and female function revealed high mate diversity, with almost no outcross mates shared between the two sexual functions of the same flower. CONCLUSIONS Dual sex roles contribute to a near doubling of mate diversity in our experimental population of Mimulus ringens. This finding may help explain the maintenance of hermaphroditism under conditions that would otherwise favor the evolution of separate sexes.
Improving cardiology fellow education of right heart catheterization using a simulation based curriculum

Background Medical procedures are traditionally taught informally at patients' bedside through observation and practice using the adage "see one, do one, teach one." This lack of formalized training can cause trainees to be unprepared to perform procedures independently. Simulation based education (SBE) increases competence, reduces complications, and decreases costs. We developed, implemented, and evaluated the efficacy of a right heart catheterization (RHC) SBE curriculum. Methods The RHC curriculum consisted of a pretest, video didactics, deliberate practice, and a posttest. Pre-and posttest skills examinations consisted of a dichotomous 43-item checklist on RHC skills and a 14-item hemodynamic waveform quiz. We enrolled two groups of fellows: 6 first-year, novice cardiology fellows at Northwestern University in their first month of training, and 11 second- and third-year fellows who had completed traditional required, level I training in RHC. We trained the first-year fellows at the beginning of the 2018-2019 year using the SBE curriculum and compared them to the traditionally-trained cardiology fellows who did not complete SBE. Results The SBE-trained fellows significantly improved RHC skills, hemodynamic knowledge, and confidence from pre- to posttesting. SBE-trained fellows performed similarly to traditionally-trained fellows on simulated RHC skills checklists (88.4% correct vs. 89.2%, p = .84), hemodynamic quizzes (94.0% correct vs. 86.4%, p = .12), and confidence (79.4 vs. 85.9 out of 100, p = .15) despite less clinical experience. Conclusions A SBE curriculum for RHC allowed novice cardiology fellows to achieve level I skills and knowledge at the beginning of fellowship and can train cardiology fellows before patient contact.
Comparison of Female Athlete Triad (Triad) and Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (RED-S): a Review of Low Energy Availability, Multidisciplinary Awareness, Screening Tools and Education

This paper aims to review low energy availability (low EA), compare the Female Athlete Triad (Triad) and Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (RED-S) screening tools and eating disorder/disordered eating questionnaires, and discuss multidisciplinary awareness, education, and treatment strategies. It provides an overview on the current state of the Triad and RED-S and assists clinicians with an overview of options for screening tools for their practice. Triad Consensus Panel Screening Questions, Preparticipation Physical Exam (PPE), and Periodic Health Exam (PHE) share overlapping questions from the Triad Consensus Panel Screening Questions. The Low Energy Availability in Females Questionnaire (LEAF-Q) is used in complement with eating disorder/disordered eating questionnaires (Table 2). It is important to screen athletes for low EA during the PPE. If concerned for low EA, referral to healthcare professional and registered dietician is warranted. Education for athletes, coaches, and multidisciplinary providers is needed to increase awareness of low EA.
Nanoscale Complementary Vacuum Field Emission Transistor

Nanoscale vacuum channel transistors based on field emission have gained attention recently, and device demonstrations using various material systems have been reported. Whereas solid-state electro...
Concurrent TP53 Mutation and Deletion in Refractory Low-grade Follicular Lymphoma.

Clinical Practice Points • Follicular lymphoma (FL) of low histologic grade (grade 1-2) is considered to be a clinically indolent disease. However, patients with FL can present in a heterogeneous manner and exhibit variably clinical behavior, and this heterogeneity is associated with underlying molecular and cytogenetic changes. • Understanding the prognostic factors of patients with FL early in the disease course will improve an individualized approach and guide personalized therapy. • We report a case of low-grade FL with high-risk clinical features that were not captured by its low-grade histologic features, immunophenotypic profile, and a low proliferation index as assessed by Ki67. Immunohistochemistry revealed overexpression of p53 that led to further discovery of concurrent TP53 mutation and 17p deletion in the lymphoma cells. • The presence of TP53 abnormalities in low-grade FL in the absence of morphological transformation is not well-studied. This case highlights the need for molecular and cytogenetic characterization of low-grade FLs beyond morphology-based grading and assessment of proliferation rate.
Detection of Water Ice in the Lunar Regolith via Microwave Radiometry

Recent lunar observations have concluded that significant water ice deposits may exists in the regolith, especially in the permanently shadowed regions near the lunar poles. Detection and utilization of these reserves is very important to sustain the continuous human presence on the Moon. This paper, using analytical models and numerical simulations, demonstrates that wideband microwave radiometers are promising instruments for exploring underground water ice deposits on the Moon as their brightness temperature spectra are highly sensitive to water presence in the regolith.
The Integration, Perceptions, and Implementation of Legislative Advocacy Within U.S Colleges and Schools of Pharmacy.

Objective. To assess: 1) current practices of colleges and schools of pharmacy pertaining to teaching legislative advocacy, 2) engagement of staff, faculty, postgraduates, students, and administrators at colleges and schools of pharmacy in legislative advocacy partnerships and activities, and 3) future goals for legislative advocacy involvement by academic pharmacy institutions. Methods. An electronic survey was distributed to Deans of colleges and schools of pharmacy across the U.S. via a list of emails from the American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy. Respondents completed 53 questions to identify involvement, barriers, and relative importance related to legislative advocacy. Responses were evaluated using descriptive statistics. Results. The survey accrued responses from 48 of 143 (33%) colleges and schools of pharmacy. Of the respondents, 16% required a course on advocacy and approximately 50% offered an advocacy elective. A majority of institutions highly ranked (> 7 on a scale of 1-10) their institution’s involvement and importance of legislative advocacy in external collaboration (involvement: 58.8%; importance: 75.8%). A majority of institutions highly ranked the importance of faculty, staff, and postgraduate roles in advocacy (60%); however, involvement was not ranked as strongly (42.3%). Fifty percent of institutions plan to expand involvement in legislative advocacy. Conclusion. Colleges and schools of pharmacy in the U.S. highly ranked the importance of legislative advocacy; many feel their involvement is strong with plans to expand. Moving forward, curricula and resource allocation should be reviewed to diminish the dissonance between importance and implementation of legislative advocacy components.
Regulation of Scallop Myosin by Calcium

Scallop subfragment 1 (S1)† is an unregulated molecule; it differs from heavy meromyosin (HMM) and myosin in that it has no “off” state, although it contains the full complement of light chains and the triggering calcium binding site. S1 differs from myosin by lacking the head-rod junction and being single-headed. The contribution of the head-rod junction was evaluated by studying single-headed myosin. Isolated single-headed myosins show some regulation; their actin activated ATPase is stimulated about 3-fold by calcium. However, in contrast to HMM and myosin, the calcium dependence of ATPase activation of single-headed myosin is non-cooperative. The single ATP turnover rate of single-headed myosin in the absence of calcium is less than 30 seconds (our experimental resolution) compared to the approximately 5 minute turnover rate of myosin. HMM and myosin exhibit several cooperative features not shown by S1. Calcium binding becomes cooperative in the presence of nucleotide analogues in HMM and myosin, but not in S1. Nucleotide analogues are bound cooperatively by myosin and HMM in the absence of calcium; the introduction of calcium to the system reduces the affinity and abolishes the cooperative binding of nucleotide in the double headed molecules. Conversely, S1 shows normal binding curves for nucleotide analogues both in the presence and absence of calcium. Therefore, there is direct communication between the calcium binding sites and nucleotide binding sites in regulated molecules that is mediated by interaction between the two heads.
Genetic Identity Coefficients

Genetic identity coefficients are powerful theoretical tools for genetic analysis. Geneticists have devised these indices to measure the degree of inbreeding of a single individual and the degree of relatedness of a pair of relatives. Since the degree of inbreeding of a single individual can be summarized by the relationship between his or her parents, we will focus on identity coefficients for relative pairs. These coefficients pertain to a generic autosomal locus and depend only on the relevant pedigree connecting two relatives and not on any phenotypes observed in the pedigree. In Chapter 6 we will investigate the applications of identity coefficients. Readers desiring motivation for the combinatorial problems attacked here may want to glance at Chapter 6 first.
Zero-field splittings of iron complexes of transferrins.

Abstract The zero-field splittings in Fe(III) ions specifically bound to human transferrin, human and bovine lactoferrin, and hen conalbumin (ovotransferrin) have been measured by studying the temperature dependence of the signal amplitudes near g' = 4.3. In each case, the zero-field splitting was in the range 1.5 to 1.8°K and the associated spin Hamiltonian parameter D was in the range of 0.10 cm-1 to 0.11 cm-1. When nitrilotriacetate was substituted for the bicarbonate ordinarily occupying the anion-binding site of transferrin, the zero-field splitting increased to 3.2°K. Whether this is due to a change in geometry or a change in ligands at the metalbinding site is not yet clear.
Distributed-mass micromachined gyroscopes for enhanced mode-decoupling

A novel micromachined z-axis gyroscope with multidirectional drive-mode is presented. The design concept aims to relax mode-matching requirement, eliminate effects of directional residual stresses, and completely decouple the drive and sense modes. The proposed approach is based on denning multiple drive-mode oscillators, distributed symmetrically around the center of a supporting frame. Quadrature error and zero-rate-output are minimized, since the instability and drift is suppressed, due to the enhanced decoupling of multidirectional linear drive-mode and the torsional sense-mode. By designing each drive-mode oscillator with incrementally spaced resonance frequencies, a constant total Coriolis torque is achieved over a wide range of driving frequencies, leading to relaxed mode-matching requirements; and thus, robustness and reduced sensitivity to structural and thermal parameter fluctuations are achieved. Bulk-micromachined prototypes have been fabricated in a one-mask SOI-based process, and experimentally characterized.
Mandatory Demand as a Policy Instrument: The Case of the Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS) Biofuel Program

The U.S. Congress established the Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS) program, which mandates a certain volume of biofuel consumption from 2006-2022, in an effort to enhance U.S. energy security, reduce transportation-related GHG emissions, and stimulate rural economic development. In this Paper, we assess the RFS from the viewpoint of industrial policy and provide the first empirical study addressing whether the RFS is an effective policy instrument to incentivize the development of the nascent biofuels industry. Our analysis focuses on data associated with the first-generation bioethanol industry and suggests that the RFS contributes to increasing economies of scale and improving the competition level among existing firms. More specifically, our empirical analysis suggests that: (1) the RFS has a positive significant effect on the capacity of first-generation bioethanol plants; and (2) the RFS positively affects the survival rate of first-generation bioethanol plants.
Social Anxiety and Gaze Aversion: Manipulating Eye Contact in a Social Interaction

Introduction Introduction: The function of gaze aversion for those with higher social anxiety remains unknown. We hypothesized that it serves an anxiety-reduction mechanism. Method: Participants completed a self-report packet and a social interaction with another participant. Partway through interaction, participants were told to increase or decrease their eye contact, or continue as before. Results: Participants higher in social anxiety who were told to decrease their eye contact reported the highest state anxiety, the greatest decrease in positive affect, and were least liked by their partners. Discussion: If gaze aversion is employed as an anxietyreduction mechanism, it is an ineffective strategy.
Decoding and mapping of right hand motor imagery tasks using EEG source imaging

Current EEG based brain computer interface (BCI) systems have achieved successful control in up to 3 dimensions; however, the current sensor-based paradigm is not well suited for many rehabilitative and recreational applications that require motor imagination (MI) tasks of fine motor movements to be recognized. Therefore there is a great need to find complex MI tasks that are intuitive for BCI users to perform and that can be classified with high accuracy. In this paper we present our results on classifying four MI tasks of the right hand, flexion, extension, supination and pronation using a novel EEG source imaging approach. Using this approach we were able to improve the four-class classification of the four tasks by nearly 10% as compared to traditional sensor-based techniques.
Wideband modem design based on multirate filter banks

A new approach for the architecture of an all digital wideband modem is presented. The key feature of this approach is a lower processing rate than the Nyquist rate (the input sampling rate) and even the symbol rate. Due to the freedom in choosing the processing rate, the designer is able to arbitrarily select and use digital components, independent of the speed of the integrated circuit technology. This architecture is particularly suited for high data rates with applications to giga-bit/second satellite channels, multiple access, optical links and interactive cable-TV.
Intermolecular Forces, Adhesion, and the Elastic Foundation

A model for the elastic contact between a rigid sphere and an ideal elastic foundation with adhesion has been developed. The model was derived by integrating the full Lennard-Jones potential to arrive at a closed-form equilibrium condition that balances surface energy with strain energy. It was found that the separation height is not a function of the penetration. Using this energy criterion for separation of contact in an elastic foundation, a model for the force displacement relationship was then developed. In this derivation there exists a tensile zone of deformation along the perimeter of the contact. The model also reveals a number of unique aspects of the adhesive contact, including: the maximum adhesion occurs when the apex of the sphere is tangent to the plane of the undeformed surface, the maximum adhesion force $$ F_{\text{adh}} = - 2\pi R\Updelta \gamma $$ , and the contact area is linearly dependent on penetration. The ability to fit high fidelity indentation data from finite-element analysis and molecular dynamics simulation for thin films was demonstrated. Additionally, experiments were performed on thin films (~40 μm) of PDMS using a custom-built microtribometer with in situ optical interferometry that enabled simultaneous measurements of contact area, penetration depths, externally applied force, and the detailed measurements of the free-surface deformations, which include the predicted tensile zone along the perimeter of contact.
Professionalism Online: How Malaysiakini Challenges Authoritarianism

This article focuses on the online news service Malaysiakini and describes the specific mechanisms by which it uses the ideology of independent journalism to challenge authoritarianism. It takes an ethnographic approach and analyzes how journalists at Malaysiakini conceive of “independent journalism” and how this understanding is related to broader questions of democracy and social change. Malaysian journalists are not only restricted by the law but also by structures of ownership in which mainstream news organizations are linked to the ruling Barisan Nasional coalition. Like Malaysia's proliferating blogging community, Malaysiakini has taken advantage of an unlikely loophole in the law that promises a “no-censorship” policy for the Internet. Yet unlike Malaysia's bloggers, Malaysiakini functions as a traditional news provider, and it is the norms and values of journalistic professionalism rather than the medium of the Internet that make Malaysiakini so threatening to government authorities. The author ar...
Why does the Secchi disk disappear? An imaging perspective

The widely-used Secchi disk method is re-examined from the modulation transfer aspect. Namely, by assuming a volume scattering function and applying small angle scattering approximation, we show that the Secchi depth and horizontal visibility can be determined using the water modulation transfer function and the corresponding spatial frequencies associated with the disk. A basic equation of Secchi disk is reached that is comparable to the radiative transfer approach, in that the Secchi depth is inversely proportional to the attenuation coefficient (c). With typical values for parameters applied, we demonstrate that the modulation transfer technique produces a horizontal visibility range of about 4.8/c, which is inline with previous studies. The improvement lies in the fact that the current approach correctly addresses the response of all spatial frequencies according to the modeled optical transfer function of the water. In terms of Secchi disk theory, the current approach helps to understand the effect of disk size as well as the role of scattering on the Secchi disk depth. The approach presented provides an understanding of Secchi disk disappearance by showing that as the disk is moved away from the observer, the spatial frequencies corresponding to the disk size increase, while the modulation transfer dampens contrast at an increased rate.