cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Impact of Cross-Domain Attention Residue and Buffing Effect of a Family Supportive Supervisor

Research on attention residue, or thoughts about one task persisting while performing another task, has predominantly focused on switching from one work task to another work task and its effect on ...
Learning-through-Survey in Inflation Expectations

When surveys rely on repeat participants, this raises the possibility that survey participation may affect future responses, perhaps by prompting information acquisition between survey waves. We show that these "learning-through-survey" effects are large for household inflation expectations. Repeat survey participants generally have lower inflation expectations and uncertainty, particularly if their initial uncertainty was high. Consequently, repeat participants may be more informed, and not be representative of the broader population. This has important implications: for example, inflation expectations of new participants are more influenced by oil prices, and estimates of the elasticity of intertemporal substitution are lower for new participants.
Amyotrophe Lateralsklerose

Die Symptome der amyotrophen Lateralsklerose (ALS) werden uberwiegend verursacht durch die erkrankungstypische Degeneration des 1. und 2. motorischen Neurons. Weitere Systeme des zentralen Nervensystems (ZNS) sind ebenfalls betroffen, wie das autonome, sensorische und sensible System. Bei der ALS existiert bislang kein kurativer Therapieansatz. Daher kommt der symptomatischen Therapie fur die Verbesserung der Lebensqualitat, zur Pravention von Komplikationen und damit auch zur Prognoseverbesserung eine besondere Bedeutung zu. Etwa ein Drittel der ALS-Patienten klagen schon zu Beginn der Erkrankung uber Veranderung des Sprech- und Schluckvermogens, verbunden mit Sialorrho. Gelegentlich treten pathologisches Lachen und Weinen auf, die ohne entsprechende innere Regung ablaufen und als pseudobulbare Symptome gelten. Die pathophysiologischen Zusammenhange, die zu dieser pseudobulbaren Affektstorung fuhren, sind bislang nicht ausreichend geklart. In der Regel wird heute fur die bulbaren und pseudobulbaren Symptome eine interdisziplinare Betreuung angeraten. Fur die bulbaren ALS-Symptome kann eine leichte Verlangsamung der Progredienz durch Riluzol erreicht werden. Die Ubersicht fasst die wesentlichen Erkenntnisse zur Epidemiologie und Pathophysiologie der die Lebensqualitat und Prognose von ALS-Patienten stark beeintrachtigenden bulbaren und der pseudobulbaren Symptome zusammen. Die dargestellten symptomatischen Behandlungsmoglichkeiten berucksichtigen speziell pragmatische Aspekte in der ambulanten Therapie.
Film on Electric Fields Under Thunderstorms

E. Magaziner was invited to present a film based on measurements of the intensity of the electric field at several points at the ground within the area of the Kennedy Space Center in Florida, USA, while thunderstorms were overhead.
Antrum Mucosal Protein-18 Peptide Targets Tight Junctions to Protect and Heal Barrier Structure and Function in Models of Inflammatory Bowel Disease.

BACKGROUND A peptide derived from Antrum Mucosal Protein (AMP)-18 (gastrokine-1) reduces the extent of mucosal erosions and clinical severity in mice with dextran sulfate sodium-induced colonic injury. This study set out to determine if AMP peptide was also therapeutic for immune- and cytokine-mediated mouse models of intestinal injury and inflammatory bowel diseases by enhancing and stabilizing tight junctions. METHODS Therapeutic effects of AMP peptide were examined in interleukin-10-deficient and a T-cell adoptive transfer models of colitis in immunodeficient recombinase activating gene-1 knock-out (RAG-1-/-) mice. Mechanisms by which AMP peptide enhances barrier function and structure were studied ex vivo using intestine and colon from mice given lipopolysaccharide and in AMP-18-deficient mice given dextran sulfate sodium. RESULTS In interleukin-10-deficient mice given piroxicam, AMP peptide enhanced recovery after weight loss, protected against colon shortening and segmental dilation, and reduced the colitis activity score. In the T-cell transfer model, treatment with the peptide protected against colon shortening. In mice given lipopolysaccharide in vivo to induce gut injury, AMP peptide prevented the onset of, and reversed established intestinal hyperpermeability by targeting TJ proteins and perijunctional actin. AMP-18-deficient mice challenged with dextran sulfate sodium exhibited increased mortality, developed erosions in the colon, and had lower levels of ZO-1 in TJs than heterozygous littermates or wild-type mice. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that AMP-18/peptide may serve a protective role against injury along the gastrointestinal mucosal barrier, and recommend further development of AMP peptide as a novel agent to treat patients with inflammatory bowel disease.
Chapter 3 Picosecond Photoconductivity: High-Speed Measurements of Devices and Materials

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the concept of subpicosecond optical technology and high-speed photoconducting materials that generates and measures extremely fast electrical pulses. Many materials are used for picosecond photoconductors. The key properties of semiconductor materials can be divided into the intrinsic, impurity-dominated, radiation-damaged, polycrystalline, and amorphous semiconductors. The chapter also discusses the applications of ultrafast optoelectronics for the generation and measurement of ultrafast electrical transients, including microwave, millimeter wave, and far-infrared generation and detection. The speed of response of conventional electronic devices is currently limited to approximately 5 ps. Optoelectronics, however, has a capability of making measurements with time resolution below one picosecond. In this range, the most important applications are the characterization of the properties of materials. Because optoelectronics gives jitter-free phase coherent measurements, the frequency response can be directly deduced from the temporal response. For characterization of materials, optoelectronics provides measurements over an extremely broad range of frequencies from direct current to submillimeter waves.
Cross-talk between growth factor and purinergic signalling regulates Schwann cell proliferation.

Abstract Axons provide multiple mitogenic signals to Schwann cells (SCs), yet at an appropriate stage of development, SCs stop dividing despite the mitogenic action of axolemma and growth factors. This implies that the effect of mitogens on cell proliferation may be context-dependent, having different effects on cell proliferation depending upon other signals in the extracellular environment. Recent research has shown that the effects of adenosine on SC proliferation depend upon the growth factor environment, and that the extracellular signal-regulated kinase/mitogen-activated protein kinase (ERK/MAPK) signalling pathway is an important point of integration between purinergic and growth factor signalling. In the absence of growth factors, adenosine is mitogenic and associated with stimulation of the ERK/MAPK pathway in SCs. However, in the presence of growth factors (platelet-derived growth factor or neuregulin), adenosine has the opposite effect, inhibiting proliferation and ERK/MAPK activation. Together these findings suggest a mechanism by which increased neural impulse activity could modulate growth factor signalling to both positively and negatively regulate SC proliferation before the onset of myelination.
Surgical treatment of myelomeningocele.

An unfortunate tendency has arisen among many pediatricians, general physicians, and even neurologists, to regard (1) the indications for surgical treatment of myelomeningocele, and (2) the timing of this surgical treatment as one and the same problem. These are, in the opinion of the undersigned, who receives many inquiries in this area, two entirely different problems, of which separate decisions should be reached. Certain statements which have been misinterpreted and misquoted widely have been made and other claims implied by surgeons, pediatricians, and orthopedists. This Commentary is an attempt to answer questions from a number of different sources and clarify, if possible, at least the position of one neurosurgical clinic with a large experience in the management of spina bifida.
A General Method for Copper‐Catalyzed Arylation of Acidic Arene C‐H Bonds. Preparation of 2‐Chloro‐5‐(3‐Methylphenyl)‐Thiophene

1-Iodo-3-methylbenzene 2-Chlorothiophene Lithium t-butoxide 1,10-Phenanthroline Copper(I) iodide Ttrahydro-1,3-dimethyl-2(1H)-pyrimidinone 2-Chloro-5-(3-methylphenyl)-thiophene Keywords: Copper catalyst; Arylation; Acidic arene; C-H bonds; Copper iodide; Ligand; Mechanism; Acid-base reaction; Waste disposal
Nail stem cells.

Summary Our knowledge on stem cells of the hair follicle has increased exponentially after the bulge was characterized as the stem cell niche two decades ago. In contrast, little is known about stem cells in the nail unit. Whereas hair follicles are plentiful and easy to access, the human body has only twenty nails and they are rarely biopsied. Therefore, examining fetal material offers unique advantages. In the following mini-review, our current knowledge on nail stem cells is summarized and analogies to the hair follicle stem cells are drawn.
Unexplained elevated maternal serum α-fetoprotein levels and perinatal outcome in an urban clinic population

Abstract Objective: Our purpose was to determine whether obstetric patients with unexplained elevated maternal serum a-fetoprotein levels from an indigent clinic population are at increased risk for adverse perinatal outcome compared with similar patients with normal values. Study Design: Perinatal outcomes from inner-city obstetric patients with unexplained elevated maternal serum α-fetoprotein levels (> 2.0 multiples of the median) were compared with patients from the same clinic with normal values. The frequency of adverse outcomes in the two groups was subjected to x 2 analysis. Results: Adverse perinatal outcomes occurred in 33 of 57 (58%) of the subjects with unexplained elevated maternal serum α-fetoprotein levels compared with 163 of 719 (23%) patients with normal values ( p p p 20 weeks ( p p Conclusion: In contrast to a previous report, we found that unexplained elevated maternal serum a-fetoprotein levels confer an increased risk of adverse perinatal outcome in an urban clinic population over and above the already increased risk related to socioeconomic status.
Protective practices in high-voltage transmission

THE BONNEVILLE POWER Administration has adopted 345 kv for transmitting large blocks of power in the Pacific Northwest. The high initial investment required to transmit power at the higher voltages dictates the necessity for closely engineered practices. Revisions in practices that have resulted in lower costs for the 230-kv grid will be adopted for the 345-kv circuits and include: (1) reduced insulation levels, (2) high-speed automatic switching, (3) reduced lightning arrester levels, (4) elimination of provision for continuous overhead ground wire, (5) use of large single-phase autotransformer banks, and (6) elimination of spare single-phase transformers.
A phase I evaluation of inactivated influenza A/H5N1 vaccine administered by the intradermal or the intramuscular route.

Abstract In a phase I clinical trial, one hundred healthy young adults were randomized to receive two doses 28 days apart of an inactivated, subvirion vaccine containing 15 or 45 μg of influenza A/H5N1 hemagglutinin (HA) by the intramuscular (IM) route, or 3 or 9 μg of H5 HA by the intradermal(ID) route. Seventy-seven subjects received a third dose. All regimens were safe and well tolerated. Antibody responses after two or three doses were low (≤20% or ≤38%, respectively) and similar in groups given 3 or 9 μg ID or 15 μg IM, and were significantly lower than those given 45 μg IM. Higher dosages of H5 HA and/or inclusion of adjuvant will be required to enhance immunogenicity by the ID route.
Estrogen Content of the Blood at Four-Hour Intervals.∗:

SummaryThe estrogenic hormone content of the blood of women was determined at 4-hour intervals during the course of one day in 5 instances. A significant diurnal rise was noted once, a minor increase in 3 cases, and a constant level was found in one case.
Prevalence and correlates of drug use and DSM-IV drug dependence in the United States: results of the National Longitudinal Alcohol Epidemiologic Survey

This study presents updated estimates of the prevalence and examines the correlates of drug use and dependence in a representative sample of the U.S. population. The prevalence of lifetime drug use was 15.6%, with 4.9% of the respondents reporting drug use during the past 12 months. Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of drug dependence were estimated at 2.9% and 0.8%, respectively. Men were significantly more likely to use drugs than women, and drug use and dependence were much more common among cohorts born after World War II. The data indicated that rates of dependence among women were quickly approaching the rates among men in the younger cohorts. Members of the youngest cohort, between the ages of 18 and 24 years at the time of the interview, were more likely to use drugs, to become dependent, and to persist in dependence compared to the older cohorts, including Cohort 2 who experienced adolescence at the height of widespread introduction of illicit drugs among youth in the mid-1960s. The demographic correlates of first use, onset of dependence, and persistence of dependence varied as a function of the stage of progression. Implications of these findings are discussed in terms of changes over time in drugs of choice and dependence liability and vulnerability among recent drug users.
The role of apoptosis in the development and function of T lymphocytes

Apoptosis plays an essential role in T cell biology. Thymocytes expressing nonfunctional or autoreactive TCRs are eliminated by apoptosis during development. Apoptosis also leads to the deletion of expanded effector T cells during immune responses. The dysregulation of apoptosis in the immune system results in autoimmunity, tumorogenesis and immunodeficiency. Two major pathways lead to apoptosis: the intrinsic cell death pathway controlled by Bcl-2 family members and the extrinsic cell death pathway controlled by death receptor signaling. These two pathways work together to regulate T lymphocyte development and function.
Physician awareness of alcohol use disorders among older patients

OBJECTIVES: To determine primary care physicians’ awareness of, and screening practices for, alcohol use disorders (AUDs) among older patients.
Optimization of combination therapy of arsenic trioxide and fractionated radiotherapy for malignant glioma

Purpose: The primary objective was to optimize the combined treatment regimen using arsenic trioxide (ATO) and fractionated radiotherapy for the treatment of malignant glioma. Methods and Materials: Nude mice with human glioma xenograft tumors were treated with fractionated local tumor radiation of 250 cGy/fraction/day and 5 mg/kg ATO for 5–10 days. Results: Time course experiments demonstrated that maximal tumor growth delay occurred when ATO was administered between 0 and 4 h after radiation. The combination treatment of ATO and radiation synergistically inhibited tumor growth and produced a tumor growth delay time of 13.2 days, compared with 1.4 days and 6.5 days for ATO and radiation alone ( p p Conclusions: The combined use of fractionated radiation and ATO is effective for the treatment of glioma xenograft tumors. ATO was most effective when administered 0–4 h after radiation without pretreatment with ATO. These results have important implications for the optimization of treatment regimen using ATO and fractionated radiotherapy for the treatment of brain tumors.
Renewal approximations for the departure processes of batch systems

In this paper we consider three standard batch arrival/service systems and develop renewal process approximations for the inter-departure time squared coefficient of variations. The systems considered are: (i) batch arrival with individual service; (ii) batching for setup reduction for a single server system; and (iii) batch processing. The random version of the batch arrival with individual service case naturally results from random branching of individuals following a batch service process. This case is also developed with the intent of improving the modeling results for downstream workstations following a batch service process.
Periodically correlated sequences of less than full rank

In this paper we begin with the Wold decomposition for PC sequences and show how the rank of a PC sequence is simply defined as the number of non zero innovations that occur in a period. We then give simple examples of sequences of less than full rank and discuss prediction based on finite and infinite pasts.
A magnetoelastic strange attractor

Abstract Experimental evidence is presented for chaotic type non-periodic motions of a deterministic magnetoelastic oscillator. These motions are analogous to solutions in non-linear dynamic systems possessing what have been called “strange attractors”. In the experiments described below a ferromagnetic beam buckled between two magnets undergoes forced oscillations. Although the applied force is sinusoidal, nevertheless bounded, non-periodic, apparently chaotic motions result due to jumps between two or three stable equilibrium positions. A frequency analysis of the motion shows a broad spectrum of frequencies below the driving frequency. Also the distribution of zero crossing times shows a broad spectrum of times greater than the forcing period. The driving amplitude and frequency parameters required for these non-periodic motions are determined experimentally. A continuum model based on linear elastic and non-linear magnetic forces is developed and it is shown that this can be reduced to a single degree of freedom oscillator which exhibits chaotic solutions very similar to those observed experimentally. Thus, both experimental and theoretical evidence for the existence of a strange attractor in a deterministic dynamical system is presented.
Resource-aware model predictive control of spatially distributed processes using event-triggered communication

This work focuses on the design of a resource-aware model predictive control (MPC) system for spatially distributed processes with low-order dynamics and a limited number of output measurements. A reduced-order model that captures the dominant process dynamics is initially obtained and used to design a Lyapunov-based output feedback MPC. A finite-dimensional state observer is included in the sensors to generate estimates of the slow states of the infinite-dimensional systems which are broadcast over the network to update the states of the reduced-order model used in the MPC controller at each sampling time. Precise conditions that guarantee closed-loop stability under plant-model mismatch are derived and used to devise an event-triggered sensor-controller communication strategy that minimizes network utilization without jeopardizing closed-loop stability. The key idea is to monitor the model estimation error at each sampling time and suspend communication when the prescribed stability bounds obtained based on a forecast of the future evolution of the Lyapunov function are satisfied. At times when the model estimation error fails to satisfy the projected bound on the evolution of the Lyapunov function, the sensors are prompted to proactively transmit the observer-generated state estimates to update the model states and avert instability. Finally, the design and implementation of the proposed event-triggered MPC are illustrated using a diffusion-reaction process example.
SU‐GG‐T‐482: Effects of Normal Lung Delineation Using PTV Vs. GTV On NTCP and Vx for Lung Cancer Cases Planned with and Without Tissue Inhomogeneity Correction

Purpose: There is no clear consensus as to how to define normal lung volume; clinicians subtract either PTV or GTV from total lung volume. This study quantifies the dosimetric and biological differences between these definitions for radiotherapy planning with and without inhomogeneity corrections. Method and Materials: In this study, ten lungcancer patient cases with prescription doses (PD) 50–70Gy (average 62Gy) were evaluated. Dosimetric plans were generated using XIO‐CMS software. Complex (4–6 fields) 3D conformal radiation therapy plans with and without tissue heterogeneity corrections were compared. NTCPs were computed for three scenarios; respiratory pneumonitis (RP) endpoint of SWOG grade ⩾2RP (TD50=30.8Gy, n=0.99, m=0.37; NTCP1), SWOG ⩾1RP (TD50=28Gy, n=0.87, m=0.18; NTCP2), and radiographic & symptomatic pneumonitis (TD50=21.9Gy, n=0.8, m=0.37; NTCP3). Normal lung for NTCP was defined in two ways: [(left lung + right lung) − PTV], and [(left lung + right lung) − GTV]. Volume (Vx) of normal lung receiving 5Gy (V5), 13Gy (V13), 20Gy (V20) and 30Gy (V30) were also investigated. Results: For inhomogeneity non‐corrected plans: average PTV dose coverage was 97% (92.1–101.7%) of PD; with −PTV definition, average V5=41.3% (24.3–70.2%), V13=26.4% (15.9–36.8%), V20=22.2% (13.1–32.4%), V30=18.3% (10.9–27.8%), NTCP1=6.5% (2–16.5%), NTCP2=1.3% (0.01–8.6%), NTCP3=23.3% (6.7–51.2%); and with −GTV definition, average V5=43.2% (25.6–71.3%), V13=28.7% (17.9–39.2%), V20=24.7% (15.1–34.9%), V30=21% (13–30.5%), NTCP1=8.8% (2.6–20.7%), NTCP2=3.5% (0.02–16.3%), NTCP3=31% (9.7–60.8%). For inhomogeneity corrected plans: average PTV dose coverage was 99.6% (93.1–107.6%); with −PTV definition, average V5=43.7% (25.3–74%), V13=27.9% (17–42.7%), V20=23.2% (14.7–33.7%) and V30=19% (11.2–28.5%), NTCP1=7.8% (2.2–19.9%), NTCP2=2.5% (0.01–14.1%), NTCP3=27.9% (7.4–58.2%); and with −GTV definition, average V5=45.5% (26.5–75%), V13=30.2% (19.5–44.5%), V20=25.7% (16.1–36.1%), V30=21.7% (13.6–31.1%), NTCP1=10.7% (2.8–24.9%), NTCP2=6% (0.03–24.9%), NTCP3=36.5% (10.7–67.8%). Discussion and Conclusion: Results revealed that for heterogeneity non‐corrected plans, relative increase (with respect to −PTV definition) of Vxs were 4.7%, 8.9%, 11.3%, 14.7%, and NTCPs were 32.6%, 193.4%, 32.8%; and similar increases were observed for heterogeneity corrected plans.
U.S. consumer preference and willingness-to-pay for domestic corn-fed beef versus international grass-fed beef measured through an experimental auction

Experimental auction procedures were used to measure Chicago and San Francisco consumers' willingness-to-pay for beef flavor from domestic, corn-fed beef versus Argentine, grass-fed beef. Based on taste panel rankings and bid differentials between paired steak samples, consumers were grouped into one of three beef-preference categories: corn-fed beef preferring, grass-fed beef preferring, and indifferent. A multinomial logit model and regression analysis were used to identify consumers who prefer a particular flavor of beef. On average, consumers were willing to pay a 30.6% premium for corn-fed beef. Sixty-two percent of the participants were willing to pay an average premium of $1.61 more per pound for the corn-fed beef, 23% of the consumers were willing to pay a premium of $1.36 more per pound for the grass-fed beef, only 15% of the consumers were indifferent. The results have important implications for country-of-origin labeling of beef products, as well as niche marketing of corn-fed and grass-fed beef. [EconLit citations: L110, L660, Q130]. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Weekly and seasonal variation in sexual behaviors among adolescent women with sexually transmitted diseases.

Purpose: The objective of this research is to describe aspects of the organization of adolescent sexual behavior in order to understand factors associated with risk for sexually transmitted diseases (STD). Methods: Subjects were 82 females (ages 16–19 years, 77% African-American) participating in a larger STD study. Subjects completed diaries for each coital event, recording date of event, partner initials, condom use, and use of drugs or alcohol before intercourse. Partner change was defined as any event for which the sex partner initials differed from those listed for the most recent previous coital event. Results: The 82 subjects recorded 1265 coital events; the average span of the records was 10 weeks. Intercourse was least likely on Sundays (154 of 1265,12.2%) and most common on Friday and Saturday (221 of 1265 for each day; 17.5%). The proportion of coital events associated with drugs or alcohol increased from Sunday to Saturday, although the proportion of coital events in which a condom was used did not vary significantly. Intercourse was most common in spring and summer, and least frequent in winter. Conclusions: These data indicate substantial temporal organization of adolescent sexual behaviors that may be related to risk of sexually transmitted diseases. Some STD-preventive interventions may be most effective when targeted to higher risk times.
On the diversity of equity markets

Abstract This is a study of the diversity of the distribution of capital in an equity market composed of stocks represented by continuous semimartingales. It is shown that for such a market, diversity is not a natural state and some mechanism such as dividend payments is needed to maintain it. Entropy is introduced as a measure of diversity and is used to study the compatibility of market diversity with capital market equilibrium. It is shown that dividend payments must be available to recycle capital from larger companies to smaller companies in order to maintain market diversity under conditions of capital market equilibrium.
Endoscopic mucosal resection for gastric neoplasms

The safety and long-term outcomes of endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) in the treatment of patients with superficial gastric cancer has been extensively reported. In an era of minimally invasive surgery, treatment of superficial gastric cancer using limited resection of mucosa and submucosa is highly desirable because it avoids surgery and the associated postoperative morbidity and mortality. More importantly, EMR, when used in patients who meet strict criteria for curative intent, has been associated with long-term survival rates equal to, if not better than, those afforded by surgery. We describe the indications for, the evaluation of, and the various techniques of gastric EMR. We also discuss the management of associated complications and long-term clinical outcomes.
An inflammatory pathway links atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk to neural activity evoked by the cognitive regulation of emotion.

Background Cognitive reappraisal is a form of emotion regulation that alters emotional responding by changing the meaning of emotional stimuli. Reappraisal engages regions of the prefrontal cortex that support multiple functions, including visceral control functions implicated in regulating the immune system. Immune activity plays a role in the preclinical pathophysiology of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD), an inflammatory condition that is highly comorbid with affective disorders characterized by problems with emotion regulation. Here, we tested whether prefrontal engagement by reappraisal would be associated with atherosclerotic CVD risk and whether this association would be mediated by inflammatory activity. Methods Community volunteers ( n = 157; 30–54 years of age; 80 women) without DSM-IV Axis-1 psychiatric diagnoses or cardiovascular or immune disorders performed a functional neuroimaging task involving the reappraisal of negative emotional stimuli. Carotid artery intima-media thickness and inter-adventitial diameter were measured by ultrasonography and used as markers of preclinical atherosclerosis. Also measured were circulating levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), an inflammatory cytokine linked to CVD risk and prefrontal neural activity. Results Greater reappraisal-related engagement of the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex was associated with greater preclinical atherosclerosis and IL-6. Moreover, IL-6 mediated the association of dorsal anterior cingulate cortex engagement with preclinical atherosclerosis. These results were independent of age, sex, race, smoking status, and other known CVD risk factors. Conclusions The cognitive regulation of emotion might relate to CVD risk through a pathway involving the functional interplay between the anterior cingulate region of the prefrontal cortex and inflammatory activity.
Partially crystalline systems in lyophilization: II. Withstanding collapse at high primary drying temperatures and impact on protein activity recovery.

ABSTRACT: In an accompanying article we have described the construction of the water-rich sections of raffinose–glycine–water and trehalose–glycine–water state diagrams. In this study, we use the information obtained from the state diagrams to identify the minimum weight fraction of the crystalline component in glycine–carbohydrate systems necessary to withstand collapse at high primary drying temperatures. We also determine the impact of primary drying, substantially above T g ′ , on the recovery of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity. Ambient and variable temperature X-ray powder diffractometry and differential scanning calorimetry were used to characterize the frozen and freeze-dried systems. Aqueous solutions with glycine to carbohydrate (raffinose pentahydrate or trehalose dihydrate) weight ratios ranging from 0.2 to 2.0 were freeze dried. The protein formulations contained 20 mM citrate buffer (pH 6.0) and LDH (20 μg/mL). A glycine to anhydrous raffinose weight ratio ≥1.18 and a glycine to anhydrous trehalose weight ratio ≥1.56 were necessary to withstand macroscopic collapse in the system, when the primary drying was carried out at a product temperature at least 10°C above the T g ′ . The recovery of LDH activity was almost complete in the reconstituted lyophile whether the primary drying was carried out above T g ′ (−10°C) or below T g ′ (−32°C). Thus, by judiciously combining crystalline and amorphous components, it was possible to primary dry at temperatures substantially above the T g ′ .
Step-Stare Detection Of Moving Targets

Abstract. Performance in area step-stare detection is measured primarily by the sensitivity and revisit time. The various steps of the detection process are modeled by simple equations, resulting in approximations for the performance figures of a sensor as a function of the design parameters. A second more difficult problem is to arrive at the basic sensor design parameters given the performance figures of detectable target size and required revisit time. The procedure outlined for doing this is to consider the footprint size as a parametric variable. A family of sensor designs described by simple formulas is the result. A trade-off study can then be used to arrive at the optimum footprint size and optimum design. This process must be repeated for each of the candidate wavebands with a final trade-off selection between these optimum designs.
Biocontrol of plant disease : a (Gram-) positive perspective

Biological control offers an environmentally friendly alternative to the use of pesticides for controlling plant diseases. Unfortunately, growers continue to use chemical control over biological agents, and lack of knowledge often contributes to the downfall of a biocontrol agent. Knowledge of the biological environment in which the agent will be used and of how to produce a stable formulation are both critical to successful biocontrol. Certain Gram-positive bacteria have a natural formulation advantage over their Gram-negative counterparts: the spore. Although the Gram-positive bacteria have not been as well represented in the biocontrol literature, their spore-forming abilities and historical industrial uses bode well for biocontrol success. Here we describe several systems utilizing Gram-positive biocontrol agents that have been researched in depth and provide models for the future of biocontrol.
Conductivity and Dielectric Relaxation in Concentrated Aqueous Lithium Chloride Solutions

This paper describes a study of the recently recognized phenomenon of conductivity relaxation in liquid electrolytes as it is observed in the system LiCl+water. Advantage has been taken of the supercooling ability of 6–20m solutions in this system to reduce solution temperatures to the vicinity of −100°C and thereby to increase the relaxation time characteristic of the conductance process sufficiently to permit its study with conventional ac conductance bridges operating in the frequency range 0.2–2 000 kHz. Extensive data are presented for four solutions in the concentration range 8.3–11.9m. When the frequency‐dependent conductance and capacitance data are analyzed in the dielectric modulus notation developed by Macedo, Bose, and Litovitz, mean relaxation times for conductance are obtained which have a non‐Arrhenius temperature dependence identical to that of the dc conductivity. Earlier studies of dielectric relaxation in these solutions, carried out at room temperature and gigahertz frequencies, are re...
Critical cavity sizes in dual-ion bombarded 304 ss part II: Theoretical

Abstract The rate theory of irradiated metals, as developed by Bullough and Brailsford, is used to characterize the microstructure of a material in which gas-filled cavities exist. The growth dynamics of one such cavity is then carefully analyzed. The critical radius concept discussed by Hayns and Russell has been refined in terms of the “blocking point” of Lifschitz and Slyozov; this permits a detailed tracing of the transition from equilibrium bubble growth to the displacement-limited case. Use of Van der Waals equation of state for helium gas in the cavity has a surprisingly large effect on the dynamics of smaller cavities. Comparison is made between the theoretical blocking point radius and the experimental values of critical radius in stainless steel based on the helium inventory method. Good agreement is found below 650°C, but high temperatures lead to serious disagreements.
Current understanding of delayed anticonvulsant hypersensitivity reactions.

Hypersensitivity syndrome (HSS) reactions are one of the most feared idiosyncratic drug reactions and are most common with exposure to antiepileptic drugs (AEDs), sulfonamides, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, corticosteroids, and allopurinol. HSS is associated with chemotoxic and T-cell–mediated inflammatory injuries in barrier tissue systems that contain cytochrome oxidases (e.g., skin, mucosa, liver, and lungs) and can be seen as a derangement in the defense system against xenobiotics—bioactive foreign molecules. The mechanisms for anticonvulsant HSS are incompletely understood but involve genetic susceptibility, with accumulation of AEDs and oxidized metabolites causing major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and non–MHC–dependent clonal activation of T cells and subsequent cytokine/chemokine production in T cells, keratinocytes, and other target cells. This review discusses the classification and possible mechanisms for anticonvulsant HSS.
The Fateev-Zamolodchikov model: an exact calculation for spin N = 4

Abstract A Bethe ansatz study of the Fateev-Zamolodchikov model is undertaken for the spin N = 4 system. A complete decoupling of the Bethe equations allows a closed explicit expression for the ground state energy even for a finite lattice. A central charge is extracted by a straightforward expansion.
Acidity of exogenous metal ion in the activation of calcineurin.

The pH dependent activation of calcineurin by exogenous metal ion was studied over the pH range from 6.5 to 9.0 in increments of 0.5 pH units. Calcineurin activated by Co2+, Ni2+, or Mg2+ was characterized and compared to the pH dependency of the Mn2+-activated enzyme (Martin, B.L., and Graves, D.J. (1986) J. Biol. Chem. 261, 14545–14550). The pH dependency of the kinetic parameters varied with metal ion and subsequent analysis yielded estimates for the pKa values for the enzyme-metal ion and the enzyme-metal ion-substrate complexes with each of the exogenous metal ions characterized. The evaluated pKas for enzyme-metal ion (EM) complexes showed an inverse relationship with the pKas of the M2+-H2O complex. In contrast, variation of the pKas for the enzyme-metal ion-substrate (EMS) complexes showed no trend. These data support the hypothesis that exogenous metal ion functions to facilitate a proton transfer before the turnover of substrate with the acidity of the exogenous metal ion as a primary determinant of its participation.
Pyrometric Temperature Measurement in Concentrated Sunlight With Emissivity Determination

Pyrometers are commonly used for high temperature measurement, but their accuracy is often limited by uncertainty in the surface emissivity. Radiation heating introduces additional errors due to the extra light reflected off the measured surface. While many types of specialized equipment have been developed for these measurements, this work presents a method for measuring high temperatures using single color pyrometers when the surface emissivity is unknown. It is particularly useful for correcting errors due to reflected light in solar heating applications. The method requires two pyrometers and is most helpful for improving measurement accuracy of low cost commercial instruments. The temperature measurements of two pyrometers operating at different wavelengths are analyzed across a range of sample temperatures to find the surface emissivity values at each wavelength that minimize the difference in temperature measurements between pyrometers. These are taken as the surface emissivity values, and the initial temperature measurements are corrected using the calculated emissivity values to obtain improved estimates of the surface temperature. When applied to temperature data from a solar furnace, the method significantly decreased the difference in the temperature measurements of two single color pyrometers. Simulated temperature data with both random noise and systematic errors are used to demonstrate that the method successfully converges to surface emissivity values and reduces temperature measurement errors even when subjected to significant errors in the model inputs. This method provides a potential low cost solution for pyrometric temperature measurement of solar-heated objects. It is also useful for temperature measurement of objects with unknown emissivity.
Testicular development and testosterone concentrations in the testis and plasma of young male shrews (Suncus murinus)

Abstract Testicular development and testosterone concentrations in the peripheral plasma and testes of young, adult, and castrated male musk shrews ( Suncus murinus ) were examined. Fifty immature, 24 adult, and eight castrated males were used. Immature males ranged from 5–45 days of age. Plasma and testis homogenates were assayed for testosterone by radioimmunoassay. Testes were examined histologically for spermatogenic development. Plasma testosterone concentrations increased gradually from Day 5 to Day 24, then rapidly to Day 30. There was a sharp decrease between Day 30 and 33, then a gradual increase to Day 45. Testis testosterone concentrations followed the same pattern, except that on Day 5, the concentration was significantly higher than on Day 10. Adult males had higher testis testosterone and lower plasma testosterone concentrations than Day 45 males. Castrated males had barely detectable plasma testosterone levels. Testis weights increased linearly with age, except for a slight decrease between Day 30 and 33. Spermatogenic development was already initiated by Day 5. Cap-phase spermatids were present on Day 23, acrosome-phase spermatids on Day 30, and mature spermatozoa on Day 31. Epididymal sperm were present by Day 45.
Sensitivity of the Moment of Inertia of Neutron Stars to the Equation of State of Neutron-Rich Matter

The sensitivity of the stellar moment of inertia to the neutron-star matter equation of state is examined using accurately calibrated relativistic mean-field models. We probe this sensitivity by tuning both the density dependence of the symmetry energy and the high-density component of the equation of state, properties that are at present poorly constrained by existing laboratory data. Particularly attractive is the study of the fraction of the moment of inertia contained in the solid crust. Analytic treatments of the crustal moment of inertia reveal a high sensitivity to the transition pressure at the core-crust interface. This may suggest the existence of a strong correlation between the density dependence of the symmetry energy and the crustal moment of inertia. However, no correlation was found. We conclude that constraining the density dependence of the symmetry energy - through, for example, the measurement of the neutron skin thickness in {sup 208}Pb - will place no significant bound on either the transition pressure or the crustal moment of inertia.
"Shattering" transition in fragmentation.

For particles undergoing fragmentation with a rate a(y)\ensuremath{\sim}${\mathrm{y}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\beta}}+1}$, where y is the particle size, a cascading process occurs when \ensuremath{\beta}l1 in which smaller particles break up at increasingly rapid rates, resulting in mass being lost to a phase of ``zero''-size particles. The cascading of the breakup rate, or ``shattering,'' produces a fractal dust, similar to a Cantor dust, with dimension 0${\mathrm{D}}_{\mathrm{f}}$1, and is analogous to, but opposite from, the process of gelation found in aggregating systems.
Sex affects the initial strength but not the extinction of poison-based taste aversions in deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus bairdi).

An examination of the effect of sex upon taste-aversion learning in deer mice ( Peromyscus maniculatus bairdi ) found that (a) sex has no apparent effect upon either the acquisition or the extinction of a LiCl-induced aversion to sucrose solution if the animals are tested while fluid deprived, but that (b) if the animals are tested under nondeprived conditions, males exhibit a greater initial aversion than females but both sexes seem to extinguish their aversions at similar rates. These findings differ from those previously reported for laboratory rats, in which it has been found that sex affects the extinction but not the acquisition of poison-induced taste aversions. It was suggested that either (a) sex interacts with taste-aversion learning via different mechanisms in deer mice and in rats, or (b) the apparent differences in extinction rates reported for rats might conceivably reflect differences in initial aversion strength which were undetected due to the use of high doses of toxin.
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF ELECTRON DENSE DEPOSITS IN MILD LUPUS NEPHRITIS

The prognostic significance of mild proliferative lupus nephritis (focal or pure mesangial proliferation) has remained unclear because previous reports have failed to correlate changes on both light (LM) and electron (EM) microscopy with the clinical course. Twenty-one pts with SLE and a mild proliferative lesion on LM of the initial renal biopsy (RBx) were studied. In 11 cases either no electron dense deposits (6 pts) or deposits limited to the mesangial region alone (5 pts) were seen on EM. All 11 pts have had a good clinical outcome (mean followup 35 mo.) with normal BP and improved or normal renal function. Proteinuria increased in one pt to 0.6 Gm/d and in another pt to 5.0 Gm/d. A 2nd RBx in the latter pt revealed a membranous lesion with subepithelial deposits. In the remaining 10 pts abundant subendothelial electron dense deposits were present by EM on the initial RBx. Five of these pts have been stable or improved clinically (mean followup 30 mo.). However, the other 5 pts have all deteriorated clinically with increased proteinuria, reduced renal function, and significant HBP (mean followup 35 mo.). A second RBx in 4 of these pts revealed severe proliferative changes with persistence of subendothelial deposits. Three of these pts have died and one is on hemodialysis. These data indicate 1) progression and clinical deterioration was seen only in pts with persistent subendothelial deposits; and 2) the location of electron dense deposits by EM was of greater significance than the degree of proliferation by LM.
The Literary Afterlife of the Korean War

Within the United States, the Korean War has never attracted the memory culture that other twentieth-century wars do. Korea is remembered only for not being remembered, as the “forgotten war.” And yet, as commentators continue to characterize the war on terror as an unparalleled era marked by permanent war, literary authors are returning to Korea to tell a different story. Many of these authors trace the rhetorical and material origin of the war on terror back to 1945, when the United States established a military government in Korea, and 1950, when the war began in earnest. It was Korea, they remind us, that provided the rationale for building a permanent standing military and a global network of more than seven hundred military installations around the world. Those mining this history include some of the most acclaimed American novelists writing today: Ha Jin in War Trash (2004), Philip Roth in Indignation (2008), Chang-rae Lee in The Surrendered (2010), and Toni Morrison in Home (2012). In considering the literary afterlife of the Korean War, I begin with an analysis of the biopolitical logic of defense that arose after World War II during a time of American global ascendancy and heightened anticommunism. Second, I discuss the understanding of the Korean War as “forgotten,” an idea first introduced in 1951 but more recently taken up by memory studies scholars, before advancing an alternative narrative theory of the Korean War. And finally, I consider the twenty-first-century literary return of the Korean War through readings of Jin’s War Trash and Morrison’s Home. These novels advance counternarratives of the Korean War. Refusing the bracketed, three-year history of the war, they instead reveal the basis of an enduring warfare state in Korea and locate the war on terror in this legacy.
What Makes a Beam Shaping Problem Difficult

The authors have discussed the three factors that they believe are the most important in determining the difficulty of a beam shaping problem: scaling, smoothness, and coherence. The arguments have been almost completely based on considering how these factors influence beam shaping lenses that were designed using geometrical optics. However, they believe that these factors control the difficulty of beam shaping problems even if one does not base ones design strategy on geometrical optics. For example, they have shown that a lens designed using geometrical optics will not work well unless {beta} is large. However, they have also shown that if {beta} is small the uncertainty principle shows that it is impossible to do a good job of beam shaping no matter how one designs ones lens.
Relation of Composition to Viscosity of Enamel Glasses

The changes in the viscosities of a series of enamel glasses which were produced by varying the CaF2, Fe2O3, TiO2, CO3O4, NiO, MnO2, FeSO4, and NiSO4 contents were examined over a range of temperatures which corresponded approximately to normal firing temperatures. Similar studies on the variations in viscosity produced by blending selected hard and soft frits are reported. Summary Calcium fluoride is a most effective reagent for modifying the viscosity of ground-coat enamel. The first few additions
On Bowen's hypothesis

Abstract The magnitude of rainfall anomaly and, as connecting links, the population of secondary particles and their space distribution were used in a re-examination of Bowen's hypothesis. On the basis of the mechanism of coagulation, the peaks of rainfall activity were shown to be correlated with specific meteoric activity. The time lag was 40–66 days. Rainfall data for the period from 1880 to 1950 and all available visual and radio echo observations of sporadic meteors and meteor showers wore used in the analysis.