cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparison of aminocyclopyrachlor to standard herbicides for basal stem treatment of Eucalyptus benthamii

Eucalyptus species are grown for fiber, fuel, and other uses on more than 17.8 million ha worldwide, yet some species are considered invasive and may have adverse environmental or social impacts outside their native range. Aminocyclopyrachlor (AMCP) and standard applications of imazapyr and triclopyr herbicides were compared for eucalyptus control using a basal stem application method. At 6 and 12 mo after treatment (MAT), basal stem applications using 5% (vol/vol) AMCP (120 g ae L−1) in methylated soybean oil (MSO) resulted in 97% to 99% eucalyptus crown reduction and generally provided greater control across all diameter classes than standard treatments of 28% imazapyr (240 g ae L−1) or 75% triclopyr ester (480 g ae L−1). AMCP at 5% was as effective as 40% vol/vol. Increases in stem live height at 24 MAT suggest that the effect of triclopyr ester basal stem treatment may be impermanent. AMCP treated trees did not have regrowth by 24 MAT.
Negative Halo Effects in Parent Ratings of ADHD, ODD, and CD

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD), and Conduct Disorder (CD) are highly comorbid, with symptoms that share some similarities. The evidence-based diagnostic process for these disorders includes ratings from adults in the child’s life to assess behavior across settings, so it is important to understand how these raters think about potentially overlapping symptoms. Researchers have identified negative halo effects in ratings of ADHD and ODD symptoms, but ratings of CD have not been examined in these prior studies. Thus, the current study extended past research to examine negative halo effects in parent ratings of the predominantly hyperactive-impulsive presentation of ADHD (i.e., ADHD/HI), ODD, and CD. Parent participants read one of four vignettes that portrayed an 11-year-old boy displaying symptoms of ADHD/HI, ODD, CD, or typical development, and then completed a disruptive behavior scale. The general trend we found was that the presence of a relatively more severe disorder (i.e., CD) artificially inflated ratings of - or showed a negative halo effect for - the relatively less severe disorder (i.e., ADHD/HI), but with some nuance as discussed in the paper. These findings explain and validate how important it is that clinicians conduct evidence-based psychological assessments to decrease the chance of misdiagnosis.
A Pilot Observational Study Comparing Wet Bulb Globe Temperature (WBGT) Parameter Measurements Between Three Commercial Kitchen Configurations

Line cooks in commercial restaurants work intense, high-stress shifts during near sources of heat, rendering them vulnerable to heat stress and occupational injury. However, there is a dearth of literature on heat stress among this population. This study investigated three common commercial kitchen configurations—zone, island, and assembly—to determine which design experiences the highest temperatures and if temperatures were in excess of recommended levels. A total of 11 restaurants were sampled for temperature using a Wet Bulb Globe Thermometer (WBGT). Descriptive statistics indicated that, on average, zone configurations are hotter than other kitchens and could pose a risk of heat stress; however, a Kruskal-Wallis test of significance revealed that this distinction was not statistically significant. Two measurements for zone kitchens were borderline significant, suggesting that future studies with greater statistical power would find significant differences between the kitchen types and further illuminate the risk of heat stress.
Automated Verification of Concurrent Search Structures

Abstract Search structures support the fundamental data storage primitives on key-value pairs: insert a pair, delete by key, search by key, and update the value associated with a key. Concurrent se...
Imaging the Symptomatic Breast in the Pediatric, Young, Pregnant, Lactating, and Transgender Patient

Breast Imagers are regularly requested to perform imaging exams for women outside the typical cohort of patients in their 40s and older age groups. It is important for referring providers to know what imaging exam to order, what to expect, and how to follow up such patients. This chapter discusses the role of imaging in the management of breast symptoms in the teenage, the pregnant, the lactating women, and the transgender population and special challenges in diagnosing young women with breast cancer. During pregnancy and lactation, physiologic changes induced by pregnancy and lactation-associated hormonal changes pose a unique challenge in both the clinical assessment and in the differential diagnosis of imaging findings. There is increased susceptibility to infections during lactation. Pregnancy-associated breast cancer is the most invasive cancer affecting pregnant women, and delayed diagnosis may result in cancer being at a more advanced stage. Some of the benign tumors encountered during pregnancy and lactation exhibit characteristics different than in the nonpregnant patient due to hormonal influence, and some benign entities such as galactoceles and lactating adenomas are unique in late pregnancy and during lactation. Nipple discharge can also pose unique diagnostic challenges as does pregnancy and lactational changes in accessory breast tissue. A majority of breast cancers occur in women over 50 years age group, but it affects younger women as well. Nearly 11% of all new breast cancer cases in the United States are diagnosed in premenopausal patients under 45 years of age. Breast cancer is still the most common cancer in women younger than 35 years.
A cost-aware logical framework

We present \textbf{calf}, a \textbf{c}ost-\textbf{a}ware \textbf{l}ogical \textbf{f}ramework for studying quantitative aspects of functional programs. Taking inspiration from recent work that reconstructs traditional aspects of programming languages in terms of a modal account of \emph{phase distinctions}, we argue that the cost structure of programs motivates a phase distinction between \emph{intension} and \emph{extension}. Armed with this technology, we contribute a synthetic account of cost structure as a computational effect in which cost-aware programs enjoy an internal noninterference property: input/output behavior cannot depend on cost. As a full-spectrum dependent type theory, \textbf{calf} presents a unified language for programming and specification of both cost and behavior that can be integrated smoothly with existing mathematical libraries available in type theoretic proof assistants. We evaluate \textbf{calf} as a general framework for cost analysis by implementing two fundamental techniques for algorithm analysis: the \emph{method of recurrence relations} and \emph{physicist's method for amortized analysis}. We deploy these techniques on a variety of case studies: we prove a tight, closed bound for Euclid's algorithm, verify the amortized complexity of batched queues, and derive tight, closed bounds for the sequential and \emph{parallel} complexity of merge sort, all fully mechanized in the Agda proof assistant. Lastly we substantiate the soundness of quantitative reasoning in \textbf{calf} by means of a model construction.
No Honor in Genocide: A Case Study of Street Renaming and Community Organizing in the Wake of National Decolonization Efforts

The United States hosts countless streets, structures, and cities named after colonial and military leaders. Although many of these white historical figures, like Robert E. Lee, were revered in their own eras, modern history now acknowledges their involvement in immoral acts such as slavery and genocide. As they recognize that individuals responsible for such traumatic events should no longer be honored, the citizens of many towns and cities across the nation are attempting to rename their public properties. These efforts, however, rarely prove straightforward; the process of renaming a single road, for example, requires a thorough understanding of city ordinances and codes, coordination between various government entities, strong public support, and collaboration between multiple community stakeholders. This case study highlights and examines such critical components of the renaming of a road in the City of Spokane, Washington. Named after a mid-1800s U.S. military leader who contributed to the genocide of Native Americans and the slaughter of hundreds of their horses, Fort George Wright Drive had served as a mile-long arterial in Spokane for more than 34 years. Although both local Native Americans and other Spokane community members had attempted several times since the 1990s to change the name of the road, their efforts did not finally lead to success until December of 2020. This report also elucidates how Tribal community activism remains uniquely tied to Native culture. Tribal members from the surrounding reservations and Natives living in the City utilized Tribal art, oral history, as well as Tribal songs to advocate for change. These Indigenous songs have been passed down for the 168 years since the hanging of Tribal warriors by Colonel Wright in 1858. To change the name of the road, Natives and white allies also took more tangible actions: projecting messages on buildings, writing letters, organizing meetings, coordinating teach-ins, and staging rallies/marches. This study documents how extensive organizing between the Spokane Tribe, other local Tribes, the Spokane City Council, the Spokane City Plan Commission, and community activists ultimately led to the renaming of Fort George Wright Drive to “Whistalks Way.” Whis-talks was the daughter of Chief Polatkin and wife of Qualchan. She rode alongside her husband into battle and carried the medicine eagle feather staff into the U.S. military post to parley. The Spokane Tribe selected Whis-talks, later adapted to “Whistalks” without the hyphen, to not only honor women warriors of the battlefields of the 1800s, but to also honor the Spokane Tribal women of our families today. With this new name, the Spokane Tribe honors the female warriors who daily fight to protect and preserve our culture, our lifeways, our families, our lands, our environment, and our Tribe. Further, this report will illustrate the critical role that timing of elections and nationwide events can play in such efforts, particularly when coinciding with nationwide events.
Research on similarity matching for multiple granularities time-series data

Because of the appropriate algorithm of measuring multiple granularities time-series is few, this article advanced a similarity matching algorithm for multiple granularities time-series, which based on the ideal of time calibrator and hypothesis test. It firstly expounded the definition of multiple granularities time-series, and proposed a sample of distance; secondly, it put forward the similarity matching algorithm of multiple granularities time-series; finally, the experimental result proved that the algorithm can effectively reflect the time-series of multiple granularities.
Airfoil and Bridge Deck Flutter Derivatives

The writers compare the flutter phenomena of the suspension bridge and the airfoil and employ a free-oscillation experimental method to measure model bridge flutter coefficients analogous to airfoil flutter coefficients. They employ the airfoil as a check on the experimental method, both as a theoretical backdrop and to test out the nature of aerodynamic oscillatory forces under exponentially modified motion. A short catalogue of bridge deck flutter coefficients is then experimentally obtained and presented covering a range of bridge deck forms. Detailed results are described to account for a number of phenomena observed in the wind tunnel and in the field.
CSF signaling in physiology and behavior.

Publisher Summary Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) has traditionally been considered as a drainage system for the brain. Recent work provides compelling evidence that the CSF provides a route of communication for signals. There are several aspects of existing evidence for CSF signaling that are particularly impressive. These include anatomical evidence of terminals contacting the CSF (GnRH system); observations of higher concentrations of signal in CSF than in plasma, which are contrary to the sink hypothesis (melatonin system); and a correlation between behavior and CSF levels in cases where a correlation between behavior and blood levels is absent (CSF-GnRH and sex behavior). In addition, the ability of encapsulated tissue to restore function proves that CSF-borne signals are sufficient in at least one system, the circadian system, even though identity of the signal remains unknown. Finally, it is speculated that communication via CSF signaling, may be particularly well suited to the coordination of global functions of the brain that occur over a relatively slower time course than that seen in synaptic communication. Hence, in addition to providing a route of communication for signals mediating sleep, circadian rhythms, and sexual behavior, the CSF may also be a conduit for signals controlling additional slow global functions of the central nervous system (CNS), such as mood, hunger, and nociceptive/antinociceptive mechanisms.
Political Journalism in the Fall of the Villèle Ministry, 1827–1828: A Preview of Revolution

Journalism was an important element in the destruction of the comte de de Villele’s six-year reign of reaction. Animosity to this regime was not confined to the liberal press alone, but was shared by the Quotidienne and the Journal des Debats. In 1827, Villele was served by only two major papers, the Gazette de France and the official Moniteur. Although it was the combined attack of liberal and royalist “defection” papers which helped crush the Ministry, the Debats probably exercised a greater influence in the victory than any other paper.
Nonlinear robust switching controllers for nonlinear uncertain systems

A nonlinear robust control-system design framework predicated on a hierarchical stability-based switching controller architecture is developed. Specifically, using equilibria-dependent Lyapunov functions a hierarchical nonlinear robust control strategy is developed that robustly stabilizes a given nonlinear system over a prescribed range of system uncertainty by robustly stabilizing a collection of nonlinear controlled uncertain subsystems.
Metaphor in Chemistry: An Examination of Chemical Metaphor

The function of metaphor in science has been labeled as decorative, persuasive, heuristic, instrumental, facilitating or obstructing. It has sometimes been regarded as inspiring, provoking, perverting or destroying rational thought. Metaphor’s positive role has been noted by philosophers, historians of chemistry, and science education researchers. It has been hailed as a descriptive and explanatory device that stimulates and shapes concept development. I discuss how metaphor functions in science generally, then refine this idea through an examination metaphor’s role in chemical thinking in three contexts: the history and philosophy of chemistry, laboratory research practice, and chemical education. I aim to show how metaphor is already operative in the chemist’s use of the concept of chemical element and that this understanding characterizes chemical thinking in general. The chapter concludes with a discussion of a specifically chemical understanding of metaphor.
Noun-modifier order as a consequence of VSO order

Abstract Whereas the modifier-noun sequence originates in an SOV system, the noun-modifier sequence arises in a system that possesses VSO as either a predominant or an optional order. This hypothesis satisfactorily explains the development of the noun-phrase order in several language families surveyed here.
Some antecedents of felonious and delinquent behavior 1 , 2

(1973). Some antecedents of felonious and delinquent behavior, Journal of Clinical Child Psychology: Vol. 2, Violence against Childern, pp. 35-37.
Induced differentiation affords neuroblastoma cells protection from hypoxic injury

Abstract Background/purpose Neuroblastoma (NB) tumors uniquely exhibit heterogeneous cellular differentiation. Advanced histologic differentiation portends favorable clinical outcome, and differentiation therapy with retinoic acid has shown promise clinically. Although cellular hypoxia is a common feature of solid tumors, how this influences differentiation in NB is not known. The authors' hypothesis contends that induced differentiation may alter the susceptibility of NB cells to hypoxic injury. Methods Human NB cells (SH-SY5Y) were subjected to a self-generated diffusion gradient of oxygen and nutrient deprivation in an in vitro "sandwich" model as previously established. Differentiation was induced by the addition of either all-trans-retinoic acid (RA; 5 μmol/L) or the phorbol ester 12-0-tetradeconoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA; 16 nmol/L). Cellular survival is quantified as the viable cell border width, the viability of which is confirmed by substrate adherence, MTT assay, and trypan blue exclusion. Differentiation and proliferation were evaluated by tyrosine hydroxylase and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) immunocytochemistry, respectively. Results Addition of RA or TPA improved NB cell survival under conditions of hypoxia/metabolite deprivation (8.4 ± 0.3 mm v 4.8 ± 0.2 mm; RA v control at 24 hours, P Conclusions Pharmacologic differentiation protects NB cells from hypoxia and metabolite deprivation in vitro. Hypoxic conditions do not induce differentiation. Although clinical differentiation therapy may well limit cell proliferation, it also may afford resistance against hypoxia-induced injury and death, antiangiogenesis therapy notwithstanding.
Software Review : XCALIBRE™ Marginal Maximum-Likelihood Estimation Program, Windows™ Version 1. 10:

In this, the first software review for Applied Psychological Measurement, XCALIBRE™, a marginal maxi mum-likelihood estimation (MMLE) program for computing item and trait (θ) parameters for the two-pa rameter logistic (2PLM) and the three-parameter logistic (3PLM) item response theory (IRT) models, is evaluated. The criteria used to evaluate this program were established, in part, by the Editor for Software Reviews, Richard Luecht, as well as by us. We identified criteria that should be satisfied to produce a computer program that is useful to both researchers and practitioners using IRT. The criteria are discussed throughout this paper and are also presented, more succinctly, in the Appendix. The review is divided into five sections: program description, program interface and performance, output, documentation, and our evaluative conclusion.
Follow-up methods and the apparent success of entropion surgery.

Purpose: To determine if follow-up methods affect the apparent success rate of the surgical repair of involutional entropion. Methods : A review of articles published in English between 1939 and 1997, and a review of a series of 112 patients who underwent entropion repair with a combination of a tarsal strip procedure, a partial pretarsal orbiculectomy, and creation of an eyelid crease. Results: Only ten of 104 published reports contained information on the method by which follow-up data were attained. The apparent success rate of surgery in the case series declined in proportion to the effort made to detect unsuccessful cases. Long-term follow-up office examinations revealed cases of residual postoperative entropion that had not been detected by spontaneous patient complaints or by telephone interviews. Conclusion: Future reports on the results of entropion repair should include long-term follow-up that includes physical examination with testing to provoke latent entropion.
The socioecology of the black mangabey (Cercocebus aterrimus) near Lake Tumba, Zaire.

Socioecological data were gathered in a two-year study of black mangabey monkeys in a secondary forest on the west bank of Lake Tumba, Zaire. The mangabeys of the study area lived in multi-male, multi-female groups numbering between 14 and 19 individuals. They were completely arboreal, fed mostly on fruit and nuts, and frequently were associated with other species of arboreal monkeys. Their predators were human hunters and the crowned hawk-eagle. The primary vocalizations of black mangabeys were analyzed and their social contexts compared with those of closely related gray-cheeked mangabeys, to which they were found to be very similar.
Maximal limits on the information throughput of spatial light modulators.

Spatial light modulators are optimized to operate with light of one polarization entering the device at normal incidence. Most optical processors, however, require light to enter at other angles, some far from normal incidence and with varying (angle-dependent) polarization. We discuss the implications of the limited field of view of spatial light modulators for optical processing and propose a solution to this problem.
Oral peptidoglycan−polysaccharide stimulates systemic immunocompetency in germ-free mice

Germ-free and conventional mice were fed sterile peptidoglycan-polysaccharide polymers to determine whether intestinal bacterial cell wall products influence systemic immunity. Germ-free mice fed saline had significantly less footpad swelling after challenge with sheep erythrocytes than conventional mice. Feeding peptidoglycan-polysaccharide polymers to germ-free mice restored their deficient cellular immune response to conventional levels. Feeding peptidoglycan-polysaccharide did not alter anti-erythrocyte antibody production in germ-free mice. Spontaneous in vitr o proliferation of unfractionated splenocytes taken from germ-free mice fed peptidoglycan-polysaccharide polymers was enhanced compared with proliferation of splenocytes from germ-free mice fed human serum albumin. In vitro conconavalin A stimulation of unfractionated splenocytes obtained from germ-free mice fed cell wall polymers resulted in a significant decrease in proliferation relative to that seen for germ-free mice fed human serum albumin. Respective proliferation results were abrogated when splenocytes were fractionated by removal of plastic-adherent cells. These results suggest that luminal peptidoglycan-polysaccharide polymers are important in the functional development of systemic cellular immunity, and that plastic-adherent splenocytes regulate this response. Keywords - Germ free, Peptidoglycan, Delayed-type hypersensitivity, Splenocyte proliferation, Immunoregulation.
Incapacitating Pelvic Congestion Syndrome in a Patient With a History of May–Thurner Syndrome and Left Ovarian Vein Embolization

Background The aim of this article is to report a rare case of unresolved incapacitating pelvic congestion syndrome (PCS) in a patient with a history of May–Thurner syndrome previously treated with stenting and left ovarian vein embolization. Additionally, this article highlights the role of pelvic venography in patients with PCS and reviews the coexistence. Methods A 32-year-old woman was referred to us for the evaluation of recurrent pelvic pain and dyspareunia requiring analgesics. Initially, she developed left lower-extremity deep vein thrombosis a few months after her first pregnancy. On further workup, she was diagnosed with May–Thurner syndrome and underwent left common iliac and left external iliac vein stenting. Furthermore, left ovarian vein coil embolization was performed for symptoms suggesting PCS at the same outside facility. The patient was referred to us for persistent pelvic pain approximately 1 year after she underwent left ovarian vein coil embolization. A diagnosis of incompletely resolved PCS was considered. Results Iliocaval venogram demonstrated patent left common iliac and external iliac venous stents in situ. Subsequent right ovarian venogram revealed a patent, but grossly dilated, right ovarian vein with retrograde flow and cross-pelvic collaterals confirming grade III PCS. Right ovarian vein coil embolization was performed, with excellent patient outcome. Conclusion In the setting of a combined diagnosis of PCS and May–Thurner syndrome, persistent incapacitating PCS after initial iliac stenting should be followed with a complete pelvic venous evaluation including ovarian and left renal venography to rule out residual pelvic congestion secondary to any coexisting ovarian vein incompetencies or nutcracker syndrome.
Urease in jack-bean (Canavalia ensiformis (L.) DC) seeds is a cytosolic protein

Urease (EC 3.5.1.5) is abundantly present in the seeds of many species of Leguminosae. There is at present conflicting information in the literature about its subcellular location and status as a glycoprotein. We have made a study of the subcellular location of urease in jack-bean cotyledons using an immunocytochemical approach; in addition, we studied the biosynthesis and glycoprotein nature of the enzyme using several biochemical approaches. All the results are in agreement with the interpretation that the seed urease is not a glycoprotein, is synthesized on free polysomes, and is present in the cytosol of the storage parenchyma cells.
Usability of a Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease Education Module in an African American, Diabetic Sample With Physical, Visual, and Cognitive Impairment

Objective: Develop an accessible education module and test whether presence of diabetes complicationsandfunctionalimpairmentsdifferentiallyimpactedinterventionusability. Method: 30AfricanAmericanswith type 2 diabetes completed 1 of 4 (90-min) group education classes. Preintervention measuresincluded medical history, Medical Outcomes Study Short Form8, Telephone Interview for CognitiveStatus, and Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease Knowledge Test. For outcomes comparisons, patientswere categorized according to functional impairment (physical; physical cognitive or physical visual; physical cognitive visual) and number of diabetes complications (01, 23, 46). Outcomemeasures were knowledge test change scores and patient ratings of satisfaction and accessibility of classand materials. Results: Education resulted in increased mean knowledge scores, from 6.6 to 11.3 ( p .001), with signi cant learning found for participants in all functional impairment categories and with03 complications. Patient ratings of accessibility and satisfaction were high (4243 of 45), with minorareas identi ed for improvement among persons with excess complications (46) and impairment(physical cognitive visual). Conclusion: The diabetes education module demonstrated accessibilityand effectiveness. It may be particularly useful in treating high-risk, diabetic adults with existingcomplications, functional impairment, or disability.Keywords: diabetes, African Americans, disability, education, cognition
Behavior problems in children of parents with anxiety disorders.

Abstract The Child Behavior Checklist was obtained on 42 children whose parents were given DSM-III diagnoses of agoraphobia with panic attacks, panic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, and a group of mixed phobics. Although preliminary, results suggest that avoidance in agoraphobia may be a key variable associated with child maladjustment. Some possible mechanisms of familial transmission are discussed, with emphasis placed on modeling, the family structure, and the severity of disorder.
The First Oil well in Kansas in 1860

Shortly after the discovery of oil at Titusville, Pennsylvania in 1859 several shallow wells in search of petroleum were drilled in Miami County, Kansas near Paola. In 1860 George W. Brown (Fig. 1), editor of the Herald of Freedom newspaper in Lawrence, formed a company to investigate the possibilities of oil in Kansas (Miner, 1976, 1987). Tar springs in eastern Kansas (e.g. Wea Creek, Beaver Creek, Won-Zop-Peach, Dales, Honeywell; Swallow and Hawn, 1865; Cutler, 1883) provided direct evidence of the presence of oil. Swallow (1866) noted some twenty places in the county where oil seeped from the ground along the Wea, Middle, Marais des Cygnes, and Sugar creeks.
“Cuz They Care About the People Who Goes There”: The Multiple Roles of a Community-Based Youth Center in Providing “Youth (Comm)Unity” for Low-Income Chinese American Youth

This article will explore the role of “CYC,” a community-based youth center, in providing a sense of what I call “Youth (Comm)Unity” for Chinese American youth from low-income immigrant families. W...
Livestock Husbandry, Pastoralisms, and Territoriality: The West African Record

Abstract Evidence for livestock found in West African Holocene sites are considered in relation to patterns of settlement distribution in the context of changing climatic circumstances. The development of livestock husbandry appears to coincide with the advent of a drier Middle Holocene climatic, followed by a relatively fast expansion all over West Africa. Pastoral–nomadic strategies developed in the northern Saharan part are hardly distinguishable from Late Stone Age settlement–subsistence traditions, while genuine agro-pastoral systems emerged in the south, along the Sahara–Sahel margins. In all the cases, stone tumuli burials, rock art stations, and intermittent or permanent settlements were used as de facto territorial markers, effective signposts of West African Collector, herder, and peasant territoriality.
Quantitative Imaging Biomarkers: The Application of Advanced Image Processing and Analysis to Clinical and Preclinical Decision Making

The importance of medical imaging for clinical decision making has been steadily increasing over the last four decades. Recently, there has also been an emphasis on medical imaging for preclinical decision making, i.e., for use in pharamaceutical and medical device development. There is also a drive towards quantification of imaging findings by using quantitative imaging biomarkers, which can improve sensitivity, specificity, accuracy and reproducibility of imaged characteristics used for diagnostic and therapeutic decisions. An important component of the discovery, characterization, validation and application of quantitative imaging biomarkers is the extraction of information and meaning from images through image processing and subsequent analysis. However, many advanced image processing and analysis methods are not applied directly to questions of clinical interest, i.e., for diagnostic and therapeutic decision making, which is a consideration that should be closely linked to the development of such algorithms. This article is meant to address these concerns. First, quantitative imaging biomarkers are introduced by providing definitions and concepts. Then, potential applications of advanced image processing and analysis to areas of quantitative imaging biomarker research are described; specifically, research into osteoarthritis (OA), Alzheimer's disease (AD) and cancer is presented. Then, challenges in quantitative imaging biomarker research are discussed. Finally, a conceptual framework for integrating clinical and preclinical considerations into the development of quantitative imaging biomarkers and their computer-assisted methods of extraction is presented.
Phase coherence in YBCO-Pb SQUIDs: Direct experimental determination of the symmetry of the pairing state in high temperature superconductors

Abstract We describe an experiment designed to determine the symmetry of the pairing state in the cuprate superconductors. By studying the magnetic flux modulation of a dc SQUID formed by connecting tunnel junctions on the orthogonal faces of a YBCO single crystal with the conventional superconductor Pb, we can measure the spatial anisotropy of the phase of the order parameter. Preliminary results are complicated by SQUID asymmetries, but show evidence for a phase shift of π that is predicted for the dx2−y2 pairing state.
Hyperthermic responses to central injections of some peptide and non-peptide opioids in the guinea-pig

The intracerebroventricular administration of prototype nonpeptide opioid receptor (mu, kappa, and sigma) agonists, morphine, ketocyclazocine, and N-allyl normetazocine and an agonist at both kappa and sigma receptors, pentazocine, was found to induce hyperthermia in guinea pigs. The similar administration of peptide opioids like beta endorphin, methionine endkephalin, leucine endkephaline, and several of their synthetic analogues was also found to cause hyperthermia. Only the liver-like transport system of the three anion transport systems (iodide, hippurate, and liver-like) present in the choroid plexus was determined to be important to the central inactivation of beta-endorphin and two synthetic analogues. Prostaglandins and norepinephrine (NE) as well as cAMP were not involved in peptide and nonpeptide opioid-induced hyperthermia. Naloxone-sensitive receptors were found to be involved in the induction of hyperthermia by morphine and beta-endorphin, while hyperthermic responses to ketocyclazocine, N-allyl normetazocine, pentazocine, Met-enkephalin, Leu-enkephalin, and two of the synthetic analogues were not antagonized by nalozone. The lack of antagonism of naloxone on pyrogen, arachidonic acid, PGE2, dibutyryl cAMP, and NE-induced hyperthermia shows that endogenous opioid peptides are not likely to be central mediators of the hyperthermia induced by these agents.
Archival Sources on the Yemeni Arabs in Urban Ethiopia: The Dessie Municipality

During the summer of 1998 I undertook a preliminary survey of archival materials relating to the Yemeni Arab residents of Dessie kept in the town's municipality. Until 1969, when the Arab immigrants in the entire country were subjected to a state-orchestrated public call for their expulsion—a call which manifested itself in a wave of anti-Arab demonstrations triggered by a bomb explosion on an aircraft belonging to the national carrier at Frankfurt Airport in which the Syrian Front for the Liberation of Eritrea was implicated—Dessie was the home of a large, relatively prosperous, and conspicuous Yemeni community, whose members were concentrated in several distinct quarters, one of which is still popularly known as Arab Ganda. The other areas are Sharf Tara, Taqa Tara, and Mugad, near the main daily market of Arada.The archive of the Municipality (or Town Council) of Dessie, capital of South Wallo administrative zone in northern Ethiopia, is perhaps unique among other town archives in the country, including that of the capital, Addis Ababa, in terms of the care and sense of duty that the office has shown towards preserving materials pertaining to expatriate residents. Until recently, the vast majority of these had been of Yemeni and Hadrami origin, although there were also some Hijazis and Libyans, and a significant number of non-Arabs: Italians, Greeks, Americans, Englishmen, Indians, and Czechs/Slovaks.I consulted all but two of the existing registers entitled Yawuch Agar Zegoch Mazgab (Register of Foreign Nationals), which seem more likely to have been misplaced than lost altogether, perhaps during the move of the Municipality to its present premises.
Urban Areas in the Transformation of the South: A Review of Modern History

Since the 1940s, the southern US has been transformed from a region of backward agriculture, low-wage industries located in small towns and rural areas, and unrelenting racial segregation into a modern society and economy. In 1950, there were no metropolitan areas in the South with a population of one million or more, but 18 had populations in excess of one million in 2000. The populations of the Atlanta, Dallas-Fort Worth, Houston, and Miami metropolitan areas grew to over 4 millions. Population growth in the 18 largest metropolitan areas accounts for 63% of the total population growth in the South from 1950 to 2000. The transformation of the South is, to a sizable extent, a transformation to an urbanized society. This paper documents this urbanization by examining population and employment growth in those 18 metropolitan areas.
Prevention of neonatal tolerance by a plasmid encoding granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor.

A plasmid DNA vaccine encoding the circumsporozoite protein of malaria (pCSP) induces protective immunity in adult mice but persistent tolerance when administered to neonates. In an effort to improve antigen presenting cell (APC) function in newborns, we co-administered pCSP with a plasmid encoding granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (pGMCSF). This combination of plasmids prevented the development of neonatal tolerance, instead eliciting a primary IgG anti-CSP immune response. Mice primed as neonates and boosted as adults mounted anamnestic responses characterized by high serum antibody titers, cytotoxic T-cell activity and antigen-specific interferon gamma (IFNγ) production. Neonatal administration of pGMCSF accelerated the maturation of local dendritic cells, suggesting that APC function plays a key role in determining whether tolerance or immunity results from neonatal exposure to antigen.
Equivalence problems for deterministic context-free languages and monadic recursion schemes

The equivalence problem for deterministic context-free languages is shown to be decidable if and only if the strong equivalence problem for monadic recursion schemes is decidable.
Neuroimaging Genetics and Epigenetics in Brain and Behavioral Nosology

Significant progress has been made in the past several decades linking neuroimaging phenotypes to genetic and epigenetic information. Such findings are helping elucidate ways in which genetic varia...
The Experiential Incompatibility of Mindfulness and Flow Absorption

Mindfulness and flow are both beneficial states of mind, but are they difficult to experience simultaneously? After all, flow involves losing self-awareness within an activity, and mindfulness invo...
Estimation of affine asset pricing models using the empirical characteristic function

Abstract The known functional form of the conditional characteristic function (CCF) of discretely sampled observations from an affine diffusion is used to develop computationally tractable and asymptotically efficient estimators of the parameters of affine diffusions, and of asset pricing models in which the state vectors follow affine diffusions. Both ‘time-domain’ estimators, based on Fourier inversion of the CCF, and ‘frequency-domain’ estimators, based directly on the CCF, are constructed. A method-of-moments estimator based on the CCF is shown to approximate the efficiency of maximum likelihood for affine diffusion and asset pricing models.
On geometric acoustics in random, locally anisotropic media

When considering spatially inhomogeneous media with smooth variability, it is natural to admit local anisotropy – a non-spherical indicatrix – in place of a more restrictive assumption of isotropy. On that basis, ray dynamics and the eikonal equation that govern geometric optics (and geometric acoustics) in inhomogeneous media are formulated to take into account the dependence of local propagation velocity on the direction of the ray. All the equations reduce to classical forms when anisotropy vanishes.
Ligand-transporter interaction in the AcrB multidrug efflux pump determined by fluorescence polarization assay

The AcrB of Escherichia coli pumps out a wide range of compounds, including most of the currently available antibiotics, and contributes significantly to the serious problem of multi-drug resistance of pathogenic bacteria. Quantitative analysis of drug efflux by this pump requires the measurement of the affinity of ligands. Yet there has been no success in determining these values. We introduce here an approach of steady-state fluorescence polarization to study the interactions between four different ligands and the purified AcrB transporter in a detergent environment. Our assays indicate that the transporter binds these drugs with KD values ranging from 5.5 to 74.1 μM.
[2-14C] 5-fluorouracil metabolism to [14CO2]

The rate of 14CO2 production from 2-14C-5-FU was measured in rats bearing the Novikoff ascites hepatoma. Tracer amounts were injected and 14CO2 collected over a 6-hour period. As the tumor cells proliferated the rate of 2-14C-5-FU oxidation decreased markedly over the approximately 12± 2 days between implantation of tumor cells and death. On the day of innoculation of tumor cells, oxidation proceeded nearly linearly until almost 50% of the injected 2-14C-5-FU was converted to 14CO2 in about 4 hours. With time after tumor innoculation, the rate of 14CO2 collection declined; ten days after innoculation only about 27% was oxidized by 4 hours, and at the terminal stage it declined to about 18% over 4 hours. Calculated from the time curves, the time oxidation of 25% of the injected trace dose increased from 88± 27 min to 195± 42 min after ten days, to 300 ± 59 min at the moribund state after 12 ± 2 days. Similar decreases in oxidation rate of 5-FU were observed during growth of a solid implanted mammary carcinoma and for two other 2-14C-labelled pyrimidines, uracil and thymine injected in trace quantities. By comparing cancer subjects with themselves at different time-intervals from the onset of the disease and treatment, it might be possible to guage treatment dosages in the progress of the disease.
A rejoinder to Jrène Rahm’s “Stories of learning, identity, navigations and boundary crossings in STEM in non-dominant communities: new imaginaries for research and action”

This article presents my rejoinder to Jrene Rahm’s response to my article “STEM learning research through a funds of knowledge lens.” I focus on four themes that emerged from my reading of her commentary: the importance of the histories of youth of immigrant origin; her comments on globality; the theoretical lens that she brings to my research; and the methodological issues she discusses. I highlight Rahm’s humanizing component and the need to understand the complexity of immigration. What are we doing in our global settings to build on the diversity of experiences and backgrounds among the youth as a resource towards STEM learning?
Dynamin assembles into spirals under physiological salt conditions upon the addition of GDP and gamma-phosphate analogues

Dynamin is a 100-kDa GTPase that is believed to be involved in the constriction of clathrin-coated pits and the fission of clathrin-coated vesicles during receptor-mediated endocytosis and during membrane retrieval in nerve termini. It has been shown that purified dynamin incubated under low salt conditions forms rings and spirals that, in dimension and appearance, resemble the dense material occasionally observed at the necks of coated pits. In this report we show that purified dynamin forms spirals under physiological salt conditions when incubated with GDP and γ-phosphate analogues (beryllium and aluminum fluoride) or when dialyzed into guanosine 5′-3-O-(thio)triphosphate. Moreover, spirals still form when dynamin is proteolyzed to either a predominant ∼90-kDa species, lacking the C terminus, or to two smaller fragments, a ∼55-kDa species originating from the N-terminal half of the protein and a ∼30-kDa species lacking both the N and C termini. This work indicates that the addition of GDP and γ-phosphate analogues arrests dynamin in a GTP or transition state that markedly stabilizes the spiral conformation under physiological ionic strength conditions and thereby suggests that dynamin in the absence of a receptor is capable of assembly into spirals at the necks of coated pits prior to vesicle fission.
Focal hypoxia of the obstructed rabbit bladder wall correlates with intermediate decompensation.

Aims We showed that partial obstruction of the rabbit bladder outlet caused decreases in detrusor blood flow that were directly proportional to the level of decompensation present. Bladder decompensation is characterized by decreases in detrusor contractility, mitochondrial function, and sarco/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase (SERCA) activity in obstructed rabbits. The current study was designed to create bladder decompensation and to relate its characteristic dysfunctions to the presence or absence of hypoxia in the obstructed rabbit bladder wall. Tissue hypoxia was visualized immunohistochemically after administration of a hypoxia probe in vivo. Methods Twelve New Zealand White rabbits were separated into two groups. The rabbits in group 1 received sham operations; the rabbits in group 2 received partial outlet obstructions by standard methods. Four weeks after surgery, each rabbit received an intraperitoneal injection of aqueous Hypoxyprobe-1, which forms protein adducts in cells having O2 concentrations less than 14 μM. Two hours after injection, the rabbit was anesthetized and the bladder exposed through a midline incision. One full-thickness bladder strip was cut and immediately placed in fixative for immunohistochemical recognition and visualization of Hypoxyprobe-1–protein adducts. The remaining bladder was then excised, and three additional strips were cut for contractility studies. The remainder of the bladder was frozen for biochemical and slot-blot analyses. Results Bladder weight was increased fourfold after obstruction, and significant contractile and biochemical dysfunctions were observed that indicated an intermediate level of decompensation. Immunohistochemical visualization revealed focal areas of moderate to severe hypoxia in the detrusor smooth muscle (SM) and subserosal regions of these bladders. No hypoxia was observed in the obstructed bladder mucosa, consistent with the absence of biochemical dysfunction in this compartment, or in unobstructed bladders. Slot-blot analyses confirmed the presence of significant Hypoxyprobe-1–protein adducts in the detrusor of the obstructed bladder, whereas none were present in the control bladder detrusors. Conclusions Partial outlet obstruction of rabbit bladders resulted in focal areas of moderate to severe hypoxia in the detrusor SM and subserosal regions concomitant with increased bladder mass, decreased contractile function, and selective metabolic dysfunctions of the SM consistent with an intermediate stage of decompensation. The metabolic characteristics of the normoxic mucosa were normal a were those of unobstructed bladders. Neurourol. Urodynam. 22:156–163, 2003. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
6-alkoxy-3,4-dihydro-2h-pyrans from substituted α,β-unsaturated esters

Abstract Cycloaddition reactions of substituted α,β-unsaturated esters with various electronich olefins lead to 6-alkoxy-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyrans.
Sex-associated differences in survival of patients undergoing resection for lung cancer.

Abstract Background . The increasing incidence of lung cancer among women prompted us to assess whether sex-associated differences exist in the presentation and survival of patients who undergo major lung resection for lung cancer. Methods . We performed a retrospective review of patients who had major lung resection for lung cancer from January 1980 to June 1998. Results . There were 265 men and 186 women. Women were younger (60.7 ± 0.8 versus 63.6 ± 0.6 years; p = 0.005). Adenocarcinoma was more common among women (48% versus 40%; p = 0.001). Pathologic stages for men were: I=43%, II=26%, IIIA=25%, IIIB or IV=6%, and for women: I=52%, II=20%, IIIA=22%, IIIB or IV=6% ( p = 0.146). Median survival was better for women (41.8 versus 26.9 months; p = 0.006). This was due both to a difference in stage at presentation and to a better median survival rate for adenocarcinoma compared with squamous cell cancer. The data suggest an association between sex and survival, although this failed to reach statistical significance. Sex influenced survival with a relative risk for women of 0.67 (95% confidence interval 0.35 to 1.29; p = 0.231 adjusted for stage, cell type, age, and spirometry). Conclusions . There are sex-associated differences in the presentation and possibly in the survival of patients with lung cancer. This finding has possible implications regarding the selection of patients for therapy and for the design of randomized therapeutic trials.
Thermomechanical processing of beta titanium alloys—an overview

Thermomechanical processing (TMP) is associated with two major requirements: (i) to produce usable shapes through primary working (ingot breakdown) and secondary mill operations (hot rolling or forging) and (ii) to optimize mechanical properties through microstructure control during the different stages of the thermomechanical process. This paper reviews the thermomechanical processing of beta titanium alloys in general and high temperature deformation mechanisms, microstructure control during TMP, and final mechanical properties in particular.