cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Genetics of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and associated metabolic disorders

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common chronic liver disease in the world. Whereas insulin resistance and obesity are considered major risk factors for the development and progression of NAFLD, the genetic underpinnings remain to be established. Before 2008, numerous candidate gene studies, based on prior knowledge of the pathophysiology of fatty liver, published numerous papers with conflicting results. In 2008, Romeo et al. published the first genome wide association study (GWAS), reporting the strongest genetic signal for fatty liver (PNPLA3, patatin-like phospholipase domain containing 3; rs738409). Most of the candidate genes and GWAS associations, however, have not been replicated and, therefore, its significance remains undetermined. Moreover, the associations between candidate genes and metabolic traits have yielded mixed results. This review summarizes the current understanding of genetic epidemiology of NAFLD and associated metabolic traits, namely, insulin resistance, adiposity and lipid disorders.
Flexure of the Lithosphere and Continental Margin Basins

Abstract The accumulation of sediments at an Atlantic-type continental margin constitutes a load on the lithosphere which simply sags due to its weight. Studies of the geometry of deformation suggests the lithosphere will respond to these loads either by local loading of an Airy-type crust or flexural loading of a strong rigid crust. Sediment loading models of either type cannot, however, explain the substantial thicknesses of shallow-water sediments observed in commercial boreholes from Atlantic-type margins. Other factors such as thermal contraction, gravitational outflow of crustal material or deep crustal metamorphism may contribute to the subsidence. We have used biostratigraphic data from commercial boreholes from the Gulf of Lion and the East Coast U.S.A. to quantitatively determine the contribution of sediment loading to the subsidence. From these data we determined sea-floor and basement depths for sequential time intervals during margin development. Using the sediment loading models the sediment layers at each margin were progressively “backstripped” and the depth basement would have been without the sediment load calculated. The computed basement depths indicate there is a recognizable component of the subsidence of these margins which is caused by processes other than adjustments to the weight of the sediment. The nature of this subsidence is discussed and comparisons are made with that which would be expected from thermal-contraction models.
Polyglutamylation, an Important Element in Methotrexate Cytotoxicity and Selectivity in Tumor versus Murine Granulocytic Progenitor Cells in Vitro

Methotrexate (MTX) cytotoxicity was assessed by clonogenic assay in agar with granulocytic progenitor cells from mouse bone marrow and in the Ehrlich ascites tumor, the K562 human chronic myelogenous leukemia, and the P388 murine leukemia. After a 2-hr exposure to MTX, the concentrations necessary to produce 50% inhibition of colony formation were 100, 25, 1.2, and 0.25 microM, respectively. This was inversely related to the ability of the tumor cells to accumulate MTX polyglutamyl derivatives and consistent with the observation that no polyglutamyl derivatives were observed in granulocytic progenitor cells after a 2-hr exposure to 5 micron MTX. Continuous exposure to glycine (200 microM)-adenosine (100 microM)-thymidine (10 microM) (GAT), along with MTX, protected cells from MTX cytotoxicity by circumventing the requirement for tetrahydrofolate cofactors. However, while the presence of GAT during a 2-hr exposure to 5 microM MTX is sufficient to protect granulocyte progenitor cells from MTX cytotoxicity, the presence of GAT, even after MTX is removed, is required to protect tumor cells. Indeed, if, after a 2-hr exposure of tumor cells to MTX and GAT, both MTX and GAT are removed before plating in agar, cytotoxicity to tumor cells was expressed. This sustained antitumor effect of MTX correlates with the rapid build-up of polyglutamyl derivatives that are retained in the cell even after extracellular and intracellular monoglutamate is eliminated. This is in contrast to granulocytic progenitor cells which appear to be susceptible to the drug only during the period of exposure to the monoglutamate under these conditions. The data strongly suggest that the marked differences in the accumulation of MTX polyglutamyl derivatives between the tumor cells studied and the murine bone marrow granulocytic progenitor cells are an important element in MTX selectivity.
Comparison of Large Scale Features in Zero and Adverse Pressure Gradient Turbulent Boundary Layers

This paper presents a detailed description of a scanning 3D flow visualization technique which was used to compare and contrast the large scale features in a zero pressure gradient (ZPG) turbulent boundary layer with those in two adverse pressure gradient (APG) turbulent boundary layers. Ramps were installed in a wind tunnel to produce an adverse pressure gradient on the wind tunnel wall. The boundary layer flow was seeded with smoke from a reservoir that was drawn into the tunnel. A high-repetition-rate laser formed into a light sheet was scanned in the wall-normal direction through the boundary layer. The 2D images were captured using a high-speed camera and reconstructed into a nearly instantaneous 3D flow visualization volume of the intensity of the smoke in the turbulent boundary layer. Static pressure measurements and 2D particle image velocimetry (PIV) were taken to characterize the flow with and without the ramps. Observations about the boundary layer structures were made by investigating the flow visualization volumes, the power spectral density of the images, the features from binary image slice, and conditionally averaged volumes around a structure. In general, the ZPG structures were larger and spaced farther apart compared to the APG cases. The structures in the APG cases were more elongated in the streamwise direction and occurred at a steeper angle from horizontal compared to the ZPG case.
The Grasshopper (Orthoptera: Acrididae) Fauna of Sand Dunes Along the Little Ohoopee River, Emanuel County, Georgia, USA

Abstract Vegetated inland sand dunes occupy thousands of square kilometers on the Coastal Plain of the southeastern United States. Many of these dunes are found along rivers where during glacial times, west winds deposited sand from dry river bottoms onto eastern banks. One such dune system, known as the Ohoopee Dunes, is found along the Ohoopee and Little Ohoopee Rivers in eastern Georgia. Because the grasshopper fauna of these dunes had not been well documented, a faunal survey was initiated. Collections focused on sand dunes along the Little Ohoopee River. Twenty-two species of grasshoppers were collected in the scrub-like habitat of the dunes. Comparison of the fauna of this scrub habitat to scrub habitat in Florida revealed two different faunas. Eight species found in the dunes are typically restricted to sandy soils in the southeastern United States. Of these, several rare species including Melanoplus bispinosus, M. quercicola, (both new state records for Georgia), M. carnegiei, and M. stegocercus, ...
Scalable and Robust Aggregation Techniques for Extracting Statistical Information in Sensor Networks

Wireless sensor networks have stringent constraints on system resources and data aggregation techniques are critically important. However, accurate data aggregation is difficult due to the variation of sensor readings and due to the frequent communication failures. To address these difficulties, we propose a scalable and robust data aggregation algorithm. The novelty of our work includes two aspects. First, our algorithm exploits the mixture model and the Expectation Maximization (EM) algorithm for parameter estimation. Hence, it captures the effects of aggregation over different scales while keeping the communication cost low. Second, our algorithm exploits loss-tolerant multi-path routing schemes. Hence, it obtains accurate statistical information even in the presence of high link and node failure rates. We demonstrate that our techniques reduce communication cost while retaining the precious statistical information otherwise neglected by other aggregation techniques. Our evaluation shows the proposed techniques are robust against link and node failures, and perform consistently well.
Membrane lymphotoxin is required for resistance to Theiler's virus infection

Lymphotoxin (LT) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) are important in immune system development and function. LT consists of soluble LT-alpha(3), which binds to TNF-R1 and TNF-R2, and membrane LT-alpha(1)beta(2), which binds to LT-beta-R. We investigated the role of LT and TNF in disease induced by Daniel's (DA) strain of Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) since the immune response is believed to be important in both resistance to DA infection as well as mediation of virus-induced demyelination. DA persisted and induced inflammatory demyelination in LT-alpha(-/-) (but not TNF(-/-)) weanling mice of a normally resistant haplotype (C57BL/6), suggesting that LT, but not TNF, is critical for resistance to DA infection. This activity of LT depends on membrane LT-alpha(1)beta(2) and not soluble LT-alpha(3), since DA virus persisted and induced inflammatory demyelination in LT-beta-R(-/-), but not TNF-R1(-/-) or TNF-R2(-/-), mice. The LT-alpha(-/-) and LT-beta-R(-/-) mice failed to mount a virus-specific cytotoxic T cell response. Treatment of weanling C57BL/6 mice with LT-beta-R-Ig, which blocks membrane LT activity, failed to increase susceptibility, suggesting that the LT effect is related to its action on immune system development which is fixed by 3 weeks of age. Our data suggest that membrane LT is important in resistance to DA infection (possibly through interference with CD8+ T cell development and function). There was relatively little demyelination associated with inflammation in LT-alpha(-/-) and LT-beta-R(-/-) mice compared to susceptible SJL mice, suggesting the possibility that LT plays a role in mediating demyelination.
A comparison of C/B ratios from studies using receiver operating characteristic curve analysis

In receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis, the optimal cutoff value for a diagnostic test can be found on the ROC curve where the slope of the curve is equal to (C/B) x (1-p[D])/p[D], where p[D] is the disease prevalence and C/B is the ratio of net costs of treating nondiseased individuals to net benefits of treating diseased individuals. We conducted a structured review of the medical literature to examine C/B ratios found in ROC curve analysis. Only two studies were found in which a C/B ratio was explicitly calculated; in another 11 studies, a C/B ratio was based on a so-called holistic estimate, an all-encompassing educated estimate of the relative costs and benefits relevant to the clinical situation. The C/B ratios ranged from 0.0025 (tuberculosis screening) to 2.7 (teeth restoration for carious lesions). Clinical scenarios that are directly life threatening but curable had C/B ratios of less than 0.05. This analysis led us to construct a table of ordered C/B ratios that may be used by investigators to approximate C/B ratios for other clinical situations in order to establish cutpoints for new diagnostic tests.
Desire and Attachment: Finding Union with God

There are many aspects of religion that appear to be inseparable from it, such as leaders and prophets, guidelines or rules passed down both verbally and in written form, and ceremony and ritual. I could also include disagreement, intolerance, and war in this list. Throughout the ages people have fought in the name of religion and blood is continually being shed even today in the name of somebody’s God. As society progresses, it is my hope as well as the hope of many others that humanity transcends these differences and finds peace. In the following essay I will examine two religions that, although they offer different ends, share similarities in their equally difficult methods for achieving those ends. With a more comprehensive understanding of these religions and their similarities, I believe that we can increase our level of empathy towards each other, ultimately leading to a more peaceful world.
17β-Estradiol: a novel hormone for improving immune and cardiovascular responses following trauma-hemorrhage

Estradiol (i.e., estrogen or E2) is a female sex steroid, which plays an essential role in female reproductive physiology. However, several lines of evidence indicate that in addition to its role in reproductive physiology, E2 is critical for main- taining many other organ functions in stress con- ditions. These include immune, cardiovascular, and neuronal functions, as well as regulation of skin, bone, and lipid metabolism. Studies have ex- amined the role of E2 as an adjunct in post-trauma responses, and this article will review whether E2 as an adjunct to fluid resuscitation following trau- ma-hemorrhage plays any role in improving/restor- ing immune and cardiovascular functions. J. Leu- koc. Biol. 83: 000-000; 2008.
Egg of Mansonia dyari Described and Compared with Egg of Mansonia titillans (Diptera: Culicidae)

The egg of Mansonia dyari Belkin, Heinemann, & Page is described with the aid of scanning electron micrographs. Its structure is compared with that of Mansonia titillans &Walker&. Eggs of the two species differ discernibly with respect to the surface structure of the anterior tube. There are also differences in the size and number per unit area of the outer chorionic tubercles along the length of the egg.
Neurocardiogenic syncope: latest pharmacological therapies

Neurocardiogenic syncope is a neurally mediated disorder and is a common cause of syncope. The goal of treatment is to prevent recurrences with the aim of improving quality of life and reducing morbidity. Reassurance, in some cases, may suffice. In others, augmenting central blood volume by increasing fluid and/or salt intake is effective. The role of non-pharmacological physical manoeuvres is increasingly recognised, given the increasing clinical trial data supporting their efficacy. This review summarises the clinical evidence for a variety of pharmacological agents. Of these, midodrine appears to have yielded the most consistent favourable outcome. Its use, however, should be reserved for patients with recurrent and refractory syncope.
Justice in Transnational Governance

The small portion of philosophical work on global distributive justice that directly discusses particular agents, institutions or practices in global politics tends to focus on a narrow range of the existing set. The emphasis is chiefly on bilateral diplomacy or intergovernmental organisations, to the neglect of a variety of more recent forms of transnational governance, many of which incorporate non-state actors, have more limited membership, involve informal and dynamic structures, employ cooperative and reflexive methods for ensuring compliance, and operate largely out of the public eye. This article considers how philosophers should conceive of distributive justice in relation to these neglected sites of transnational governance, using the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) as an illustration.
A low profile single dipole antenna radiating circularly polarized waves

A low profile single dipole antenna that can generate circularly polarized (CP) radiation patterns is proposed in this paper. The CP patterns and low profile configuration are achieved using a specially designed artificial ground plane: a thin grounded slab loaded with periodic rectangular patches. The artificial ground plane exhibits in-phase reflection coefficients with polarization-dependent feature. The radiation mechanism of the antenna is described, and experimental results verify the antenna concept.
A height increment equation for young ponderosa pine plantations using precipitation and soil factors

A height increment equation was used to determine the effects of site quality and competing herbaceous vegetation on the development of ponderosa pine seedlings (Pinus ponderosa var. scopulorum Engelm.). Study areas were established in 36 plantations across northwest and west-central Montana on Champion International Corporation’s timberland (currently owned by Plum Creek Timber Company). Site quality indices used in the equation were available water index (available water capacity multiplied by the natural logarithm of annual precipitation) and site index (SI) of the previous stand. Three-year height increment was modeled as a function of tree size, vigor, and competition by using available water index (AWI) and SI separately as site quality indicators in the same equation form. Comparison of the two equations suggest that soil factors in combination with precipitation data may be a useful alternative to traditional tree-based site quality indices in predicting height increment of young stands where site index is not known or is poorly estimated. Published by Elsevier Science B.V.
A LARGE-SCALE, MULTISPECIES STATUS ASSESSMENT: ANADROMOUS SALMONIDS IN THE COLUMBIA RIVER BASIN

Twelve salmonid evolutionarily significant units (ESUs) throughout the Columbia River Basin are currently listed as threatened or endangered under the Endangered Species Act; these ESUs are affected differentially by a variety of human activities. We present a standardized quantitative status and risk assessment for 152 listed salmonid stocks in these ESUs and 24 nonlisted stocks. Using data from 1980–2000, which represents a time of stable conditions in the Columbia River hydropower system and a period of ocean conditions generally regarded as poor for Columbia Basin salmonids, we estimated the status of these stocks under two different assumptions: that hatchery-reared spawners were not reproducing during the period of the censuses, or that hatchery-reared spawners were reproducing and thus that reproduction from hatchery inputs was masking population trends. We repeated the analyses using a longer time period containing both “good” and “bad” ocean conditions (1965–2000) as a first step toward determini...
Early postnatal alcohol exposure that produces high blood alcohol levels impairs development of spatial navigation learning

Artificial rearing procedures were used to expose groups of rats to alcohol during Postnatal Days 4 to 10. A 6.6-g/kg daily dose of ethanol was given either in a condensed fashion to induce cyclic daily blood alcohol concentrations (BACs) with high peaks or in a uniform fashion to induce stable, moderate daily BACs. Control groups included a gastrostomized, artificially reared group not exposed to alcohol and a suckle group. All artificially reared pups were fostered back to a dam on Postnatal Day 12. Beginning on Postnatal Day 19, the rats were tested daily in the Morris maze spatial navigation task. All measures of spatial navigation performance indicated that the group given the condensed alcohol exposure was significantly impaired in acquisition of spatial navigation. The group given uniform alcohol exposure differed only mildly from the control groups. The impairment of place learning of the condensed alcohol group suggests that the development of the hippocampal formation may have been impaired, consistent with findings that the neuromorphology of the hippocampus is significantly affected by condensed early postnatal alcohol exposure.
Silicon Oxidation Studies: A Review of Recent Studies on Thin Film Silicon Dioxide Formation

The formation of thin SiO2 films via thermal oxidation on single crystal Si substrates has been found to depend on the method of Si cleaning, impurities on the Si surface, the Si crystal orientation, film stress, and the availability of electrons at the Si surface. Recent studies on these topics are recounted along with a framework for understanding. No fully acceptable model for thin SiO2 formation yet exists, but recent studies lead in new directions towards this goal.
Use of X-ray Crystal Structure in the Study of Asymmetric Catalysis

A considerable number of efficient asymmetric hydrogenation catalysts based on complexes of rhodium and a chiral bisphosphine have been reported. These are highly effective only on enamide precursors of α-amino acids or other closely related systems capable of chelating with the metal. Examination of x-ray crystal structures of the metal complexes has indicated that all these diverse structures may be working by a common mechanism.
Social Studies for Social Responsibility

The article for this column of Social Justice Perspectives is written by Jamie Campbell Naidoo and Miriam E. Sweeney. They stretch the boundaries of social education by integrating Library and Information Science to address international social justice issues. Library studies are often untapped by social educators, although our most critical issues are addressed in both fields. Normal 0 false false false EN-US JA X-NONE /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-ansi-language:EN-US; mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}
Cetuximab, intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT), and twice-weekly gemcitabine for pancreatic adenocarcinoma

14056 Background: Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is over expressed in pancreatic cancer. Cetuximab is an EGFR-antagonist which has synergy with gemcitabine (gem) and radiation. Gem is a po...
Modern Watch Company: An instructional resource for presenting and learning actual, normal, and standard costing systems, and variable and fixed overhead variance analysis

Abstract This paper presents an instructional resource that requires students to progress through three distinct costing approaches applied to a common data set: actual costing, normal costing, and standard costing. The resource is designed to allow students to better understand variable and fixed overhead variance analyses – in particular, the fixed overhead production volume variance. Students can complete the instructional resource either individually or in teams. The requirements of the resource give students the chance to defend a keep/drop decision by management, compare and contrast alternative costing systems, discuss some nuances across the costing systems, calculate variable overhead spending and efficiency variances as well as fixed overhead spending and production volume variances (along with a written memo to management explaining these variances), and discuss why predetermined overhead rates can make interim financial statements more reliable. Students perceived this resource as an effective learning tool that was easy to understand and that facilitated their understanding of costing systems, fixed overhead variance analysis, and the importance of predetermined overhead rates.
The new left in Spain: Some aspects to consider

This paper addresses the current situation of the left in Spain (excluding traditional social democracy) and its future prospects. Since the so-called 15-M movement of May 2011 and the subsequent creation of Podemos (‘We Can’), there has been a perceived possibility of the overcoming the neoliberal offensive and the so-called regime of 1978, the political structure of the last decades. However, it is argued here that the rise of this ‘new left’ does not necessarily imply a strengthening of the subject of transformation, the labour movement, nor the political framework for achieving social rights in the future.
Optimization of passive cooling control thresholds with GenOpt and EnergyPlus

Passive cooling strategies (e.g. shading, natural ventilation, use of thermal mass) can effectively reduce a building's cooling load during hot summer weather. Such techniques have been well-studied, with the provision that precedent work assumes operable shading devices, windows, and vents are operated according to pre-determined schedules or setpoints. This work, in contrast, investigates numerical optimization of the setpoints themselves.Among space types most useful for studying passive cooling are unconditioned zones such as sunspaces, because they can easily overheat on sunny days and because heat loss pathways in the forms of wind, cool night air, cold night skies, ground contact, and precipitation can sum to a sizable proportion of the cooling load in temperate climates. At the same time, the transition of a given path between heat gain and loss may be undetectable to an occupant, causing manual controls to be ineffective and mechanical controls to be of interest.Here, GenOpt was used to manage optimizations of shading and natural ventilation control thresholds, as well as auxiliary optimizations of shading type, material, and position; vent area; and thermal mass quantities, within a field-validated EnergyPlus sunspace model. Results predicted that controls operated according to optimized setpoints should maintain peak indoor temperatures 8--10°C (14--18°F) below outside air temperatures during the hottest August afternoons of the sunspace's native American Pacific Northwest climate. In addition, optimization data established clear priorities among field configurations to be tested, showing the potential to simplify subsequent field validation greatly.
Printing high-quality tunable porous silicon microcavities and gradient index optics

Porous silicon (PSi) became a material of interest in the early 1990’s with its ability to emit visible light. Since that time, PSi has demonstrated potential beyond light emission and gained an identity as a versatile optical material because of its inherent refractive index modulation capabilities achieved by either porosity variation or porosity infiltration. Porosity variation produces high-quality optical superlattices (e.g. microcavities), which feature optical resonances that control the light-matter interaction of light-emitters located inside the cavity and can simultaneously be tuned by pore infiltration. However, all such attempts with PSi monolithic microcavities have been fundamentally limited to emitters integrated into the porous network. Hybrid microcavities could extend the scope of compatible emitters, but grafting fragile, freestanding PSi films without damage has been an obstacle to realizing high-quality structures. Here, we demonstrate that PSi photonic components, when coupled with a modified transfer-printing technique, enable the formation of high-quality hybrid microcavities that are compatible with all forms of external emitters. Further, we provide a means to utilize PSi’s refractive index modulation capabilities in the hybrid microcavity, allowing us to both globally tune and spatially modulate the resonant mode of the resulting structure.
The Composite Source Model for Broadband Simulations of Strong Ground Motions

My goal is to generate synthetic strong ground motions that are sufficiently realistic to be useful for engineering applications. The composite source model (CSM) uses a kinematic source model for rupture on a finite fault. This source is propagated to the station using a flat‐layered velocity model, scattering, and attenuation that can be measured from independent seismological observations. A key objective is to reproduce the wave propagation within the constraints of the measured velocity and Q structure. This article summarizes the CSM as implemented for the Southern California Earthquake Center (SCEC) Broadband Platform validation exercise (Goulet et al. , 2015). The CSM was first described by Yu (1994) and Zeng et al. (1994). Motivated by Frankel (1991), the model describes the source slip function as a superposition of overlapping circular subevents of random sizes, located randomly on the fault. Multiple source realizations naturally result in different seismograms. Zeng and Anderson (1996) and Zeng and Chen (2001) demonstrated that it is possible to find a specific realization of the CSM that reproduces the low‐frequency accelerograms in Northridge and Chi‐Chi earthquakes and that the slip functions resemble the slip function determined by other methods. Additional applications of the model include Khattri et al. (1994), Yu et al. (1995), Anderson and Yu (1996), and Su, Anderson, Ni, et al. (1998), Su, Anderson, Zeng (1998), and Hartzell et al. (2011). Variations of the original model have been proposed (e.g., Zeng et al. , 1991, 1995). For simplicity, the current implementation is close to the basic version, although some aspects of the Broadband platform implementation have not been described elsewhere. For this reason, this article gives a brief summary of the model on the Broadband Platform. ### Representation Theorem The theoretical basis for understanding ground motion from a finite fault is the representation theorem (e.g., …
On the Destiny Consciousness of Guan Hanqing's Drama

In the Drama of the Yuan Dynasty,Guan Hanqing is a prolific writer.His dramas directly reflect the reality.They have strong realism.However,his extant eighteen plays are also full of destiny consciousnesses.The forms of destiny consciousness are divided into three types: believe in God,days trillion,retribution.Destiny consciousness in Guan Hanqing's dramas plays the role in three aspects: Guan Hanqing's creative ideal can be realized;to promote the plot development and reduce the tragic consciousness;to cater to the tastes of the audience and enhance masses foundation.
Treatment of pediatric hyperkalemia with sodium polystyrene sulfonate

To describe the safety and efficacy of sodium polystyrene sulfonate (SPS) in pediatric patients with acute hyperkalemia. A retrospective chart review of all patients less than 18 years of age administered SPS for acute hyperkalemia at Texas Children’s Hospital between 2011 and 2014. Our cohort consisted of 156 patients (mean age 6.8 ± 6.1 years). The peak mean potassium concentration observed was 6.5 ± 0.77 mmol/l prior to administration of SPS. The mean SPS dose was 0.64 ± 0.32 g/kg. The majority (91 %) of the SPS doses were given orally. The nadir mean potassium concentration in the 48 h post-SPS was 4.7 ± 1.2 mEq/l, which occurred at 16.7 ± 14.7 h post-dose. In the 48 h following SPS administration, 68 (43 %) patients required at least one additional intervention after SPS dose. Patients who required an additional intervention after initial SPS dose differed significantly in weight, baseline serum potassium, and were more likely to have received SPS treatment via the rectal route. A gastrointestinal adverse event was documented in 24 (15 %) patients. SPS was used effectively and safely in the majority of patients in this report. However, it may not be appropriate as a first single-line agent in patients with severe acute hyperkalemia who require a greater than 25 % reduction in serum potassium levels or those at a high risk for cardiac arrhythmias.
Inferior mesenteric artery aneurysms

Two patients were treated for asymptomatic aneurysms of the inferior mesenteric artery during reconstructive operation for infrarenal aortic disease. These lesions were discovered incidentally during arteriographic study in one case and during operation in the second case. Including these two patients, the number of reported inferior mesenteric artery aneurysms now totals 13. The etiology, manifestations, and treatment of the currently reported aneurysms are compared with eight previously published cases in which detailed clinical data were presented. Although the natural history of these rare aneurysms remains undefined, operative intervention appears appropriate for all mycotic lesions and certain other aneurysms, such as those in patients undergoing aortic operation.
The interrelationship between ECF volume and ECF anion composition in the regulation of sodium excretion.

1. The interrelationship between extracellular fluid volume and extracellular anion composition as determinants of sodium excretion was studied in thirty-four dogs. In six, hypovolaemia, hypochloraemia and hyperbicarbonataemia were induced by the administration of ethacrynic acid and a low chloride diet. Isotonic sodium bicarbonate was then infused resulting in a progressive increase in sodium excretion. After 3 h while continuing the sodium bicarbonate infusion, an infusion of hydrochloric acid was given in order to return extracellular anion composition towards normal. This resulted in a prompt fall in sodium excretion without a change in GFR. 2. Ten studies were performed to determine whether this hydrochloric acid-induced enhancement of sodium conservation depends upon the presence of volume depletion and sodium avidity or whether it could also be demonstrated under circumstances of volume expansion. In these studies, hypervolaemia, hypochloraemia, hyperbicarbonataemia and a brisk natriuresis were induced by infusing isotonic sodium bicarbonate into normal dogs. The addition of hydrochloric acid returned anion composition to normal and, as before, resulted in a prompt suppression of sodium excretion despite continued sodium loading and enhanced glomerular filtration. 3. Results obtained from three related protocols (six animals each) confirmed that hypochloraemia and hyperbicarbonataemia were the necessary prerequisite conditions for this effect of hydrochloric acid in volume expanded animals. We interpret these findings as evidence that the response of the kidney to changes in extracellular fluid volume may be significantly affected by changes in the extracellular concentration of physiologic anions.
Unmasking Administrative Evil

(1999). Unmasking Administrative Evil. Administrative Theory & Praxis: Vol. 21, No. 3, pp. 377-384.
Neurocognitive Sequelae in African American and Caucasian Children with MS

Psychologists at the University of Alabama, Birmingham, examined neurocognitive differences between African American (AA) and Caucasian (CA) patients with pediatric-onset multiple sclerosis (POMS).
The challenge of hospital-related thrombosis.

In this issue of Blood , Heit et al provide epidemiologic data that the near-universal provision of prophylaxis for venous thromboembolism (VTE) to patients in acute care hospitals has not significantly reduced its overall incidence. 1
The France of the little-middles: a suburban housing development in greater Paris

Focusing on a neighbourhood outside Paris, this book attempts to problematise the overly simplistic lore that the neighbourhood has deteriorated with the arrival of foreigners, referred to by earli...
Pollution Control for Urban Water Supply Systems

The protection and prevention of contamination of an urban water supply system is a complex process which can be as simple as fencing off and preventing access to the contributing water catchment and as complicated as adding slow acting disinfectants in the treated water to protect it from contamination while it is being delivered through the distribution system. There are many other control strategies in fighting the contamination of water in an urban water supply, forming the multiple barrier system within that supply system.
Perceived Diet and Exercise Behaviors Among Social Network Members With Personal Lifestyle Habits of Public Housing Residents

Our objective was to characterize the relationship between public housing residents' diet/exercise habits with similar behaviors among their social network. We conducted a cross-sectional survey of randomly selected households in Baltimore, Maryland, from August 2014 to August 2015. Adult heads of household completed questions on diet, exercise, and perceived habits among network members. Our dependent variables were high added sugar intake (≥39.9 teaspoons/day), high fruit/vegetable intake (≥6.1 servings/day), and being physically active (≥moderately activity). Our network exposures were proportion of members perceived to daily consume (1) sugar-sweetened beverages, (2) sweets, (3) fruits, and (4) vegetables, as well as to weekly exercise (1) vigorously or (2) moderately. We used multivariate logistic regression to examine associations between habits with relevant network exposures. Our sample included 266 adults with mean age of 44.5 years, 86.1% women and 95.5% African American. We found a statistically significant association between study participants' high daily intake of added sugar with perceived network exposure to daily sugar-sweetened beverages (odds ratio [OR] = 1.10, 95% confidence interval [CI] [1.02, 1.20]) and daily sweets (OR = 1.10, 95% CI [1.02, 1.20]). Greater network exposure to weekly vigorous exercise was significantly associated with personally being physically active (OR = 1.15, 95% CI [1.04, 1.28]), but not network exposure to weekly moderate exercise. Among public housing residents, associations exist between individuals' and perceived networks' lifestyle habits of high added sugar foods consumption and vigorous exercise, which may hold promise for future social network interventions.
Effects of patient navigation on satisfaction with cancer care: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Patient navigation (PN) is a model of healthcare coordination designed to reduce barriers to achieving optimal health outcomes. Systematic reviews evaluating whether PN is associated with higher patient satisfaction with cancer care are lacking. We conducted a systematic review to synthesize evidence of comparative studies evaluating the effectiveness of PN programs to improve satisfaction with cancer-related care. We included studies reported in English that: (1) evaluated a PN intervention designed to increase satisfaction with cancer care; and (2) involved a randomized controlled trial (RCT) or non-RCT approach. Standardized forms were used to abstract data from studies. These data were evaluated for methodological quality, summarized qualitatively, and synthesized under a random effects model. The initial search yielded 831 citations. Nine met inclusion criteria. Five had adequate data (1 RCT and 4 non-RCTs) to include in the meta-analysis. Methodological quality of included studies ranged from weak to strong, with half rated as weak. Findings of the RCTs showed a statistically significant increase in satisfaction with cancer care involving PN (standardized mean difference (SMD) = 2.30; 95% confidence interval 1.79, 2.80, p < 0.001). Pooled results from non-RCTs showed no significant association between PN and satisfaction with cancer-related care (standardized mean difference = 0.39; 95% confidence interval − 0.02, 0.80, p = 0.06). Although PN has been widely implemented to improve cancer care, high-quality studies are needed to characterize the relationship between PN and satisfaction with cancer-related care.
Bayesian Latent Class Analysis Tutorial

This article is a how-to guide on Bayesian computation using Gibbs sampling, demonstrated in the context of Latent Class Analysis (LCA). It is written for students in quantitative psychology or related fields who have a working knowledge of Bayes Theorem and conditional probability and have experience in writing computer programs in the statistical language R . The overall goals are to provide an accessible and self-contained tutorial, along with a practical computation tool. We begin with how Bayesian computation is typically described in academic articles. Technical difficulties are addressed by a hypothetical, worked-out example. We show how Bayesian computation can be broken down into a series of simpler calculations, which can then be assembled together to complete a computationally more complex model. The details are described much more explicitly than what is typically available in elementary introductions to Bayesian modeling so that readers are not overwhelmed by the mathematics. Moreover, the provided computer program shows how Bayesian LCA can be implemented with relative ease. The computer program is then applied in a large, real-world data set and explained line-by-line. We outline the general steps in how to extend these considerations to other methodological applications. We conclude with suggestions for further readings.
Adaptation of Human Lymphocytes to Radiation or Chemical Mutagens: Differences in Cytogenetic Repair

It is now known that the production of DNA damage by a variety of insults from ultraviolet light, alkylating agents, heat, or oxidizing agents can induce a series of responses that are often related to the repair of the initial damage (see Boothman et al. 1989). One type of induced repair, which was first found in Escherichia coli, has been called the adaptive reponse (Samson and Cairns 1977). In these experiments with bacteria, and in later experiments with mammalian cells (Samson and Schwartz 1980, 1983), it was found that cells that had been pre-exposed to low levels of alkylating agents became less susceptible to the damaging effects of higher doses of the same or other alkylating agents. Adaptation after low-level exposures has also been found to occur in the plant Vicia faba exposed to chemical clastogens (Rieger et al. 1982) and in E. coli exposed to hydrogen peroxide (Demple and Halbrook 1983). The adaptation after exposure to alkylating agents was related to the induction of an alkyltransferase (Karran et al. 1979; Olsson and Lindahl 1980). Ionizing radiation, however, brings about its damage mainly by the induction of chromosome aberrations, which are the result of DNA double-strand breaks (Wolff 1972, 1978; Evans 1977; Morgan et al. 1988) that can be induced directly by the X-rays or indirectly by the conversion of X-ray-induced single-strand breaks to double-strand breaks by endogenous single-strand nucleases (Natarajan et al. 1980). Thus, with ionizing radiation, any repair mechanism would be independent of the induction of an alkyltransferase.
Threshold for discretely self-similar satellite drop formation from a retracting liquid cone

We acknowledge helpful discussions with John Lister and Peter Walls and support from the National Science Foundation under Grant No. 1351466. A.B. was supported by the ENS Paris-Saclay internship program. (1351466 - National Science Foundation; ENS Paris-Saclay internship program)
Racial/ethnic differences in mental health treatment among a national sample of pregnant women with mental health and/or substance use disorders in the United States.

Abstract Objective To examine racial/ethnic differences in the receipt of mental health treatment among pregnant women with mental health (i.e., depression and serious psychological distress) and/or substance use disorders. Method Secondary analysis of data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health was conducted. The sample consisted of 1232 pregnant women with mental health/substance use disorders. Results Black/African American (Adjusted Odds Ratio [AOR]: 0.36, 95% Confidence Interval [CI]: 0.17–0.75), other non-Hispanic (AOR: 0.24, 95% CI: 0.11–0.52), and Hispanic (AOR: 0.42, 95% CI: 0.22–0.81) pregnant women had significantly lower odds of mental health treatment receipt compared to Whites, even when controlling for age, education, marital status, number of children, employment status, income, health insurance, county urbanicity, self-rated health status, type of mental health condition, and time. There were no racial/ethnic differences by mental health and/or substance use disorders. Among pregnant women who perceived unmet mental health treatment need (N = 299), a greater proportion of White compared to Non-White pregnant women perceived cost as an obstacle to access treatment (62.1% vs. 35.6%, p = .001); however, the two groups did not differ in other perceived barriers to mental health treatment (i.e., opposition to treatment, stigma, time/transportation limitation, and not knowing where to go). Conclusions Strategies are needed to increase access to mental health treatment among racial/ethnic minority women who are pregnant and have mental health/substance use disorders. Further studies are required to understand racial/ethnic differences in the perceived barriers to mental health treatment.
Transient Metastability and Selective Decay for the Coherent Zonal Structures in Plasma Drift Wave Turbulence

The emergence of persistent zonal structures is studied in freely decaying plasma flows. The plasma turbulence with drift waves can be described qualitatively by the modified Hasegawa–Mima (MHM) model, which is shown to create enhanced zonal jets and more physically relevant features compared with the original Charney–Hasegawa–Mima model. We analyze the generation and stability of the zonal state in the MHM model following the strategy of the selective decay principle. The selective decay and metastable states are defined as critical points of the enstrophy at constant energy. The critical points are first shown to be invariant solutions to the MHM equation with a special emphasis on the zonal modes, but the metastable states consist of a zonal state plus drift waves with a specific smaller wavenumber. Further, it is found with full mathematical rigor that any initial state will converge to some critical point solution at the long-time limit under proper dissipation forms, while the zonal states are the only stable ones. The selective decay process of the solutions can be characterized by the transient visits to several metastable states, then the final convergence to a purely zonal state. The selective decay and metastability properties are confirmed by numerical simulations with distinct initial structures. One highlight in both theory and numerics is the tendency of Landau damping to destabilize the selective decay process.
Machine Learning Algorithms Can Use Wearable Sensor Data to Accurately Predict Six-Week Patient-Reported Outcome Scores Following Joint Replacement in a Prospective Trial.

Abstract Background Tracking patient-generated health data (PGHD) following total joint arthroplasty (TJA) may enable data-driven early intervention to improve clinical results. We aim to demonstrate the feasibility of combining machine learning (ML) with PGHD in TJA to predict patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs). Methods Twenty-two TJA patients were recruited for this pilot study. Three activity trackers collected 35 features from 4 weeks before to 6 weeks following surgery. PROMs were collected at both endpoints (Hip and Knee Disability and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score, Knee Osteoarthritis Outcome Score, and Veterans RAND 12-Item Health Survey Physical Component Score). We used ML to identify features with the highest correlation with PROMs. The algorithm trained on a subset of patients and used 3 feature sets (A, B, and C) to group the rest into one of the 3 PROM clusters. Results Fifteen patients completed the study and collected 3 million data points. Three sets of features with the highest R2 values relative to PROMs were selected (A, B and C). Data collected through the 11th day had the highest predictive value. The ML algorithm grouped patients into 3 clusters predictive of 6-week PROM results, yielding total sum of squares values ranging from 3.86 (A) to 1.86 (C). Conclusion This small but critical proof-of-concept study demonstrates that ML can be used in combination with PGHD to predict 6-week PROM data as early as 11 days following TJA surgery. Further study is needed to confirm these findings and their clinical value.