cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Thermal performance of composite slabs with profiled steel decking exposed to fire effects

Abstract This paper presents a systematic investigation of the influence of various parameters on the thermal performance of composite floor slabs with profiled steel decking exposed to fire effects. The investigation uses a detailed finite-element modeling approach that represents the concrete slab with solid elements and the steel decking with shell elements. After validating the modeling approach against experimental data, a parametric study is conducted to investigate the influence of thermal boundary conditions, thermal properties of concrete, and slab geometry on the temperature distribution within composite slabs. The results show that the fire resistance of composite slabs, according to the thermal insulation criterion, is generally governed by the maximum temperature occurring at the unexposed surface of the slab, rather than the average temperature. The emissivity of steel has a significant influence on the temperature distribution in composite slabs. A new temperature-dependent emissivity is proposed for the steel decking to give a better prediction of temperatures in the slab. The moisture content of the concrete has a significant influence on the temperature distribution, with an increment of 1% in moisture content leading to an increase in the fire resistance of about 5 min. The height of the upper continuous portion of the slab is found to be the key geometrical factor influencing heat transfer through the slab, particularly for the thin portion of the slab. Heat transfer through the thick portion of the slab is also significantly affected by the height of the rib and the width at the top of the rib.
CT colonography: over two decades from discovery to practice

Since the introduction of CT colonography (CTC) in the mid-1990s, there have been continuous advancements in the examination technique and advanced visualization software for interpretation. This review will cover the origins of CTC as a natural extension of abdominal CT imaging, and discuss the evolution of CTC through the subsequent clinical phases of feasibility, validation, and implementation.
A Semi-passive Planar Manipulandum for Upper-Extremity Rehabilitation

Robotic rehabilitation is a promising approach to treat individuals with neurological or orthopedic disorders. However, despite significant advancements in the field of rehabilitation robotics, this technology has found limited traction in clinical practice. A key reason for this issue is that most robots are expensive, bulky, and not scalable for in-home rehabilitation. Here, we introduce a semi-passive rehabilitation robot (SepaRRo) that uses controllable passive actuators (i.e., brakes) to provide controllable resistances at the end-effector over a large workspace in a manner that is cost-effective and safe for in-home use. We also validated the device through theoretical analyses, hardware experiments, and human subject experiments. We found that by including kinematic redundancies in the robot’s linkages, the device was able to provide controllable resistances to purely resist the movement of the end-effector, or to gently steer (i.e., perturb) its motion away from the intended path. When testing these capabilities on human subjects, we found that many of the upper-extremity muscles could be selectively targeted based on the forcefield prescribed to the user. These results indicate that SepaRRo could serve as a low-cost therapeutic tool for upper-extremity rehabilitation; however, further testing is required to evaluate its therapeutic benefits in patient population.
Selection of Tau Pairs

The first step of the analysis is the selection of high quality di-tau candidates that can be used for Z cross section measurement and Higgs searches
Bergmeister’s Papilla

The presence of glial tissue on the optic nerve head constitutes the condition commonly known as Bergmeister’s papilla, also known as an epipapillary veil. The glial tissue often fills in the optic cup such that the cup is obliterated. The nasal disc appears to be more involved with the glial tissue than is the temporal disc.
Factors that contribute to help-seeking among homeless, trauma-exposed youth: A social-ecological perspective

Abstract Homeless youth are at great risk of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) during homelessness. The social-ecological framework provides a lens to examine the multifaceted characteristics that promote various types of help-seeking among homeless youth with high trauma exposure. The present study uses baseline data from homeless youth interviewed in a longitudinal study to examine utilization of physical health, vocational, and mental health services among this population. The study explores the following research question: What social-ecological factors are associated with physical health, vocational, and mental health help-seeking among homeless youth with PTSS? Homeless youth, aged 13 to 26, who used drop-in services at collaborating sites were recruited and interviewed. Youth participants with PTSS were included in this study. Logistic regression models were conducted to analyze individual, family/peer, and community contextual factors in relation to three types of service utilization (i.e., physical health, vocational, and mental health services). Among individual factors, duration of homelessness was associated with increased physical and mental health service utilization, injection drug-use was linked to decreased mental health services, and race/ethnicity was associated with increased help-seeking across all three service types. For family/peer level factors, foster care involvement was linked to increased mental health help-seeking and social support from street-based peers was associated with greater vocational service utilization. Among community-level factors, youth who reported receiving social support from community-based providers were more likely to seek out mental health services. Implications of the findings are discussed.
Animal Models of Addiction

Abstract Animal models of drug addiction have provided crucial insights into the associative learning, functional neuroanatomical, and cellular mechanisms of substance use disorders. Historically, procedures focused on acquisition and maintenance of consummatory and motivated behaviors, as well as conditioned responses, that are associated with drug exposure, voluntary drug taking, and drug withdrawal. More recent efforts aimed to capture cardinal features of drug addiction, including the escalation of consummatory and motivated behaviors, the development of compulsive drug taking despite negative consequences, and increased reactivity to relapse triggers (environmental stimuli, stress, and small amounts of drug). This technical review provides a description of several addiction-related constructs and a critical analysis of various behavioral procedures used to probe the neurobiological underpinnings of drug addiction.
Connectivity between Pacific halibut Hippoglossus stenolepis residing in the Salish Sea and the offshore population, demonstrated by pop-up archival tagging

Abstract Fisheries for Pacific halibut (Hippoglossus stenolepis) in the US Pacific Northwest support a variety of harvest sectors including some that are restricted to coastal offshore waters and others confined to the inland waters of the Salish Sea. Such restrictions have generated interest in the degree to which the Salish Sea represents an extension of the offshore population versus its potential to support an isolated stock. Here, twelve female Pacific halibut were tagged during boreal summer with pop-up archival transmitting (PAT) tags that were programmed to report during either the subsequent winter spawning period or late-spring feeding period. High-resolution depth data failed to produce evidence of spawning within the Salish Sea, while depth-temperature profiles were consistent with the departure of migrants between October and January. Final positions and at-liberty longitude estimates suggest that ~60% of the tagged fish departed the Salish Sea, with confirmed migrations to Canada and Alaska. The recapture in the southern Salish Sea of one fish whose tag had reported earlier from offshore Canadian waters demonstrated the occurrence of cyclic migrations. Evaluation of likely maturity status suggests that local demographics reflect either the cumulative effects of spawning migrations in which some emigrants remain offshore after departing the system, or some combination of enhanced growth or delayed maturity. These findings confirm that the Salish Sea does not represent a functionally-independent stock, but suggest that inshore waters may play a unique role by receiving recruits, rearing individuals to maturity, and exporting spawners to the offshore stock components, while retaining a proportion of site-faithful individuals with cyclic seasonal connectivity with offshore spawning groups.
Half full or half empty: The effects of top managers’ dispositional optimism on strategic decision-making and firm performance

This study explores the effects of top managers’ dispositional optimism on firm behavior and performance, and more specifically, the relationship between top managers’ optimism and firm problem recognition, firm problem solving actions and firm performance. To test these hypotheses, surveys and other data from a strategy simulation game were analyzed. Results indicate that top managers’ optimism positively influences problem recognition and problem solving actions, but unexpectedly, negatively influences firm performance.
Comparative Visualizations through Parameterization and Variability

Comparative visualizations and the comparison tasks they support constitute a crucial part of visual data analysis on complex data sets. Existing approaches are ad hoc and often require significant effort to produce comparative visualizations, which is impractical especially in cases where visualizations have to be amended in response to changes in the underlying data. We show that the combination of parameterized visualizations and variations yields an effective model for comparative visualizations. Our approach supports data exploration and automatic visualization updates when the underlying data changes. We provide a prototype implementation and demonstrate that our approach covers most of existing comparative visualizations.
Never Tell Me the Odds: The Stingy Odds for Leicester City to Win the English Premier League

The crowning of Leicester City FC as English Premier League champions in 2016 is arguably the biggest upset in the history of professional sports. The pre-season odds posted for LCFC to win the EPL were 5,000:1, worse than finding Elvis alive. In our model, they win just once per 70,000 simulations; thus, bettors could expect a return of just 0.071 of the stake when betting on Leicester City. This is similar to the expected return of betting on all of the long-shots in our simulations; however, the expected value of bets on favorites averages 0.864. We find that the betting market is segmented for favorites and long-shots; while the market for favorites resembles a normal betting market, the market for long-shots is like a lottery.
Constructing the “New” Arctic: The Future of the Circumpolar North in a Changing Global Order

Like all spatially delimited regions in international society, the Arctic is socially constructed. Political and economic considerations play prominent roles as determinants of the region’s boundaries, the identity of those states regarded as Arctic states, and the nature of the interactions between the Arctic and the outside world. From this perspective the recent history of the Arctic divides into two distinct periods: the late 1980s through 2007 and 2007 to the present. As the cold war faded, the Arctic became a peripheral region of declining importance in global political calculations. No one challenged the dominance of the eight Arctic states in regional affairs, and the Arctic Council focused on regional concerns relating to environmental protection and sustainable development. Today, by contrast, the ‘new’ Arctic is a focus of intense global interest, largely because climate change is proceeding more rapidly in this region than anywhere else on Earth with global consequences and because the increasing accessibility of the Arctic’s natural resources has generated enhanced interest on the part of outside actors. As a result, Arctic issues have merged into global issues, making the region a prominent arena for the interplay of geopolitical forces. Cooperative arrangements established during the first period (e.g. the Arctic Council) may require adjustment to operate effectively in the ‘new’ Arctic. Treated as a case study, the Arctic story provides an illuminating lens through which to analyze the forces that shape thinking about the nature of regions in international society and the role of cooperative arrangements at the regional level.
Impact of Neoadjuvant Durvalumab with or without Tremelimumab on CD8+ Tumor Lymphocyte Density, Safety, and Efficacy in Patients with Oropharynx Cancer: CIAO Trial Results.

Purpose: In oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPC), high CD8+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte (CD8+TIL) density confers improved prognosis. We compared neoadjuvant durvalumab (PD-L1 inhibitor) with durvalumab + tremelimumab (CTLA-4 inhibitor) in terms of impact on CD8+TIL density, safety, and efficacy in patients with OPC. Patients and Methods: Patients with newly diagnosed stage II–IVA OPC or locoregionally recurrent OPC amenable to resection were included. Patients were randomized to two cycles of durvalumab or durvalumab + tremelimumab before surgery. The primary endpoint was change between baseline and resection specimen in CD8+TIL density between arms. Secondary endpoints included safety, response rate per RECIST, major pathologic response (MPR; ≤10% viable tumor cells) rate, and patient-reported outcomes. Results: Of 28 eligible patients (14/arm), 20 (71%) had newly diagnosed OPC, and 24 (86%) were p16-positive. The posttreatment to pretreatment median CD8+TIL density ratio was 1.31 for durvalumab and 1.15 for combination treatment (P = 0.97; 95% CI: −1.07–2.28). In each group, 6 patients (43%, 95% CI: 17.66–71.14) had a response. Eight patients (29%) had a MPR at the primary tumor and/or nodal metastases. Neither baseline CD8+TIL density nor PD-L1 expression level correlated with overall response, but a trend toward greater CD8+TIL change in patients with a MPR was seen (P = 0.059; 95% CI: −0.33–3.46). Four patients (14%) had grade ≥3 adverse events. At median follow-up time of 15.79 months, all patients were alive, and one had an additional recurrence. Conclusions: Durvalumab + tremelimumab did not increase CD8+TIL density more than durvalumab alone did. The observed safety and activity support further investigation of neoadjuvant checkpoint inhibitor for OPC.
Real-Time Indoor Localization for Smartphones Using Tensor-Generative Adversarial Nets

High-accuracy location awareness in indoor environments is fundamentally important for mobile computing and mobile social networks. However, accurate radio frequency (RF) fingerprint-based localization is challenging due to real-time response requirements, limited RF fingerprint samples, and limited device storage. In this article, we propose a tensor generative adversarial net (Tensor-GAN) scheme for real-time indoor localization, which achieves improvements in terms of localization accuracy and storage consumption. First, with verification on real-world fingerprint data set, we model RF fingerprints as a 3-D low-tubal-rank tensor to effectively capture the multidimensional latent structures. Second, we propose a novel Tensor-GAN that is a three-player game among a regressor, a generator, and a discriminator. We design a tensor completion algorithm for the tubal-sampling pattern as the generator that produces new RF fingerprints as training samples, and the regressor estimates locations for RF fingerprints. Finally, on real-world fingerprint data set, we show that the proposed Tensor-GAN scheme improves localization accuracy from 0.42 m (state-of-the-art methods kNN, DeepFi, and AutoEncoder) to 0.19 m for 80% of 1639 random testing points. Moreover, we implement a prototype Tensor-GAN that is downloaded as an Android smartphone App, which has a relatively small memory footprint, i.e., 57 KB.
Porous Tungsten Oxide: Recent Advances in Design, Synthesis and Applications.

Tungsten oxide (WO3 ) has received ever more attention and has been highly researched over the last decade due to its being a low-cost transition metal semiconductor with tunable, yet widely stable, band gaps. This minireview briefly highlights the challenges in the design and synthesis of porous WO3 including methods, precursors, solvent effects, crystal phases, and surface activities of the porous WO3 base material. These topics are explored while also drawing a connection of how the morphology and crystal phase affect the band gap. The shifts in band gap not only impact the optical properties of tungsten but also allow tuning to operate on different energy levels, which makes WO3 highly desirable in many applications such as supercapacitors, batteries, solar cells, catalysts, sensors, smart windows, and bioapplications.
Moving Target Defense based on Switched Supervisory Control: A New Technique for Mitigating Sensor Deception Attacks

Abstract In this paper, we introduce a new notion of switched supervisory control in the context of discrete event systems. We assume a single event-driven system (plant) controlled by a set of supervisors, where each pair plant/supervisor generates a different event-driven system. A switching mechanism coordinates which plant/supervisor is active at a given time. We investigate the problem of synthesizing a set of supervisors and a switching mechanism such that safety, liveness and maximal permissiveness specifications are satisfied. Sufficient and necessary conditions to solve this problem are presented. Second, a direct application of this new switched supervisory control theory is provided in the context of cyber-security. Namely, this new framework is used as basis for a Moving Target Defense paradigm. Again, sufficient and necessary conditions to solve this problem are presented.
Beyond the List: Bioagent-Agnostic Signatures Could Enable a More Flexible and Resilient Biodefense Posture Than an Approach Based on Priority Agent Lists Alone

As of 2021, the biothreat policy and research communities organize their efforts around lists of priority agents, which elides consideration of novel pathogens and biotoxins. For example, the Select Agents and Toxins list is composed of agents that historic biological warfare programs had weaponized or that have previously caused great harm during natural outbreaks. Similarly, lists of priority agents promulgated by the World Health Organization and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases are composed of previously known pathogens and biotoxins. To fill this gap, we argue that the research/scientific and biodefense/biosecurity communities should categorize agents based on how they impact their hosts to augment current list-based paradigms. Specifically, we propose integrating the results of multi-omics studies to identify bioagent-agnostic signatures (BASs) of disease—namely, patterns of biomarkers that accurately and reproducibly predict the impacts of infection or intoxication without prior knowledge of the causative agent. Here, we highlight three pathways that investigators might exploit as sources of signals to construct BASs and their applicability to this framework. The research community will need to forge robust interdisciplinary teams to surmount substantial experimental, technical, and data analytic challenges that stand in the way of our long-term vision. However, if successful, our functionality-based BAS model could present a means to more effectively surveil for and treat known and novel agents alike.
The deglacial transition on the southeastern Alaska Margin: Meltwater input, sea level rise, marine productivity, and sedimentary anoxia

[1] Oxygen isotope data from planktonic and benthic foraminifera, on a high-resolution age model (44 14C dates spanning 17,400 years), document deglacial environmental change on the southeast Alaska margin (59°33.32′N, 144°9.21′W, 682 m water depth). Surface freshening (i.e., δ18O reduction of 0.8‰) began at 16,650 ± 170 cal years B.P. during an interval of ice proximal sedimentation, likely due to freshwater input from melting glaciers. A sharp transition to laminated hemipelagic sediments constrains retreat of regional outlet glaciers onto land circa 14,790 ± 380 cal years B.P. Abrupt warming and/or freshening of the surface ocean (i.e., additional δ18O reduction of 0.9‰) coincides with the Bolling Interstade of northern Europe and Greenland. Cooling and/or higher salinities returned during the Allerod interval, coincident with the Antarctic Cold Reversal, and continue until 11,740 ± 200 cal years B.P., when onset of warming coincides with the end of the Younger Dryas. An abrupt 1‰ reduction in benthic δ18O at 14,250 ± 290 cal years B.P. likely reflects a decrease in bottom water salinity driven by deep mixing of glacial meltwater, a regional megaflood event, or brine formation associated with sea ice. Two laminated opal-rich intervals record discrete episodes of high productivity during the last deglaciation. These events, precisely dated here at 14,790 ± 380 to 12,990 ± 190 cal years B.P. and 11,160 ± 130 to 10,750 ± 220 cal years B.P., likely correlate to similar features observed elsewhere on the margins of the North Pacific and are coeval with episodes of rapid sea level rise. Remobilization of iron from newly inundated continental shelves may have helped to fuel these episodes of elevated primary productivity and sedimentary anoxia.
Ultrastructure studies of the contraction-relaxation cycle of glycerinated rabbit psoas muscle: I. The ultrastructure of glycerinated fibers contracted by treatment with ATP

Studies of ultrastructural changes of glycerinated rabbit psoas muscle during contraction induced by ATP have shown that the sarcomere patterns of striated muscle seen in electron micrographs can be directly correlated with the physiological state of the tissue at the time of fixation. The relationships of band and sarcomere lengths of rigid control fibers agree well with those upon which the postulated sliding model is based. This is not true for tissue fixed during contraction. Sarcomeres fixed during ATP-induced contraction are characterized by the appearance of contraction bands at the A—I-boundary of sarcomeres with patent I-bands. The contraction band formation usually is accompanied by a slight decrease in thick filament length with no increase in filament diameter. In fibers which were held at extended length during glycerination, the ATP-contracted sarcomeres often have thin filaments which are shorter than those of rigid controls; and the contraction bands usually are extremely dense. Some of these sarcomeres which are rather short still have wide H-bands. Thus, although filament sliding usually accompanies contraction when the fibers contract from rest length, the contraction can occur with no sliding in connection with shortening of stretched muscle fibers with a narrow zone of filament overlap. Contraction band formation, on the other hand, is a feature which clearly distinguishes fibers fixed during contraction from those which have not been contracted.
Towards Robust Computation on Encrypted Data

Encryption schemes that support computation on encrypted data are useful in constructing efficient and intuitively simple cryptographic protocols. However, the approach was previously limited to stand-alone and/or honest-but-curious security. In this work, we apply recent results on "non-malleable homomorphic encryption" to construct new protocols with Universally Composable security against active corruption, for certain interesting tasks. Also, we use our techniques to develop non-malleable homomorphic encryption that can handle homomorphic operations involving more than one ciphertext.
cDNA cloning of porcine transforming growth factor-beta 1 mRNAs. Evidence for alternate splicing and polyadenylation.

Abstract Most eukaryotic cells encode principally a 2.5-kilobase (kb) transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta 1 mRNA. However, we have found two major TGF-beta 1 RNA species, 3.5 and 2.5 kb long, in porcine tissues. The 3.5-kb species has a longer 3'-untranslated sequence generated by the selection of an alternate polyadenylation site. There is a 117-nucleotide sequence within this unique 3' region, which is similar to the PRE-1 repetitive sequence of unknown function, reported earlier in the porcine genome. We have also cloned and characterized an alternately spliced mRNA species specific for the TGF-beta 1 gene, in which exons IV and V of the corresponding human TGF-beta 1 gene are deleted. The nucleotide sequence of this cDNA clone predicts a putative precursor protein of 256 amino acids; the N-terminal 211 amino acids of this putative protein are identical to the TGF-beta 1 precursor protein (exons I, II, and III of the human TGF-beta 1 gene), but the C-terminal 45 amino acids are distinct, due to a frameshift in the translation of exons VI and VII. In addition we provide data for the existence of other mRNA species generated in a tissue-specific manner either by alternate splicing or by heterogeneous 5' leader sequences.
Culture in Crises? Exploring the Role of Political Culture in Perceptions of Resolve

What explains the ability of states to signal their resolve to use force effectively in some crises and not others? Why are some threats to use force perceived as credible by target states, while others are not? A body of scholarship in international relations has attempted to answer these questions by highlighting the importance of domestic political processes in crisis bargaining and arguing that features specific to democracies serve to make their threats more effective. To date, these arguments have focused heavily on activities within the sending states and specifically the mechanisms by which credible information is generated. Conspicuously absent in the literature, however, is any discussion of the target state and how much the leaders of those states need to understand about the political processes of foreign countries for domestic political mechanisms to increase threat credibility. Drawing on literature from comparative politics and cognitive psychology, I develop an argument that underlines the importance of target state perceptions during crises and in doing so set limits on the conditions under which domestic political mechanisms effectively signal resolve. The variety of political systems in the world, this paper contends, create distinctive political cultures that act as crucial intervening variables in the processing of information. These political cultures predispose leaders to privilege some events, actions, and pieces of information over others according to their importance in those leaders’ own political environments. Where these environments differ, the selective nature of this information processing gives rise to important misperceptions that render it difficult for states to communicate through the medium of their domestic political systems. This theory is developed and tested against alternative explanations through a case study analysis of the Falklands War. The findings of this project reveal that the institutional mechanisms posited to increase the credibility of threats fail to operate as expected at the international level, suggesting a need to reconsider how and when domestic politics matter to the outcomes of international crises.
Earthquakes as beacons of stress change

Aftershocks occurring on faults in the far-field of a large earthquake rupture can generally be accounted for by changes in static stress on these faults caused by the rupture1,2. This implies that faults interact, and that the timing of an earthquake can be affected by previous nearby ruptures3,4,5,6. Here we explore the potential of small earthquakes to act as ‘beacons’ for the mechanical state of the crust. We investigate the static-stress changes resulting from the 1992 Landers earthquake in southern California which occurred in an area of high seismic activity stemming from many faults. We first gauge the response of the regional seismicity to the Landers event with a new technique, and then apply the same method to the inverse problem of determining the slip distribution on the main rupture from the seismicity. Assuming justifiable parameters, we derive credible matches to slip profiles obtained directly from the Landers mainshock7,8. Our results provide a way to monitor mechanical conditions in the upper crust, and to investigate processes leading to fault failure.
Do Dirac monopoles admit a Lagrangian

The rumor persists that Dirac’s monopole does not admit a Lagrangian. We prove this conjecture for any C4 Lagrangian under the most commonly discussed choice for the equations of motion of the monopole.
Consequences of seasonal variation in reservoir water level for predatory fishes: linking visual foraging and prey densities

In reservoirs, seasonal drawdown can alter the physical environment and may influence predatory fish performance. We investigated the performance of lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) in a western r...
Nitrate Reductase and Soluble Cytochrome c in Spirillum itersonii

The addition of nitrate to cultures of Spirillum itersonii incubated under low aeration produced a diauxic growth pattern in which the second exponential phase was preceded by the appearance of nitrite in the medium. The organism also grew anaerobically in the presence of nitrate. Nitrate reductase activity could be demonstrated in cell-free extracts by use of reduced methyl viologen as the electron donor. The enzyme was located in the supernatant fraction after centrifugation of extracts for 2 hr at 40,000 × g, and it sedimented as a single peak when centrifuged in a sucrose gradient. Nitrate reductase activity was found in cells grown with low aeration without nitrate, but was increased about twofold by addition of nitrate. Enzyme activity was negligible in cells grown with high aeration. The proportion of soluble cytochrome c was increased two- to threefold in cells grown with nitrate. The specific activities of nitrate reductase and soluble cytochrome c rose when nitrate or nitrite was added to cell suspensions incubated with low aeration; nitrite was more effective than nitrate during the early stages of incubation. A nitrate reductase-negative mutant synthesized increased amounts of soluble cytochrome c in response to nitrate or to nitrite in the cell suspension system. It is concluded that enhanced synthesis of soluble cytochrome c does not require the presence of a functional nitrate reductase.
Full inclusion and students with autism.

The concept of “full inclusion” is that students with special needs can and should be educated in the same settings as their normally developing peers with appropriate support services, rather than being placed in special education classrooms or schools. According to advocates the benefits of full inclusion are increased expectations by teachers, behavioral modeling of normally developing peers, more learning, and greater selfesteem. Although the notion of full inclusion has appeal, especially for parents concerned about their children's rights, there is very little empirical evidence for this approach, especially as it relates to children with autism. This manuscript addresses the literature on full inclusion and its applicability for students with autism. Although the goals and values underlying full inclusion are laudable, neither the research literature nor thoughtful analysis of the nature of autism supports elimination of smaller, highly structured learning environments for some students with autism.
The Unique Role of Logic in the Development of Heidegger's Dialogue with Kant

L'A. analyse l'interpretation heideggerienne de la philosophie transcendantale de Kant (« Kant et le probleme de la metaphysique »)
Perceived everyday discrimination and psychological distress: does social support matter?

Objectives. We investigate the association between perceived everyday discrimination and psychological distress among urban African-American women with young children (under 6 years) living in low-income neighborhoods. Specifically, we examine whether instrumental and emotional social support moderates the association between perceived everyday discrimination and psychological distress. Design. The data come from the Detroit Dental Health Project, a two-stage area probability sample representative of low-income African-American children in the city of Detroit. The analysis focuses on 969 female caregivers of young children. A series of hierarchical regression analyses were performed to examine the role of social support in the link between perceived everyday discrimination and psychological distress, with appropriate adjustments for the complex sample design. Results. Both moderate and high frequency levels of discrimination were associated with higher levels of psychological distress after controlling fo...
A Fascination with Sugars

We now recognize that a large number of membrane and soluble proteins contain covalently linked oligosaccharides that exhibit a vast array of structures and participate in a wide variety of biological processes. Nowhere is this better illustrated than the mannose 6-phosphate (Man-6-P) recognition system that mediates the trafficking of newly synthesized acid hydrolases to lysosomes in higher eukaryotes. The Asn-linked high-mannose oligosaccharides of these hydrolases facilitate folding of the nascent proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum via interaction with lectin-type chaperones and after phosphorylation in the Golgi, function as ligands for binding to Man-6-P receptors, a critical step in their transport to lysosomes. Failure to synthesize the Man-6-P recognition marker results in a serious lysosomal storage disease, one of a growing number of genetic conditions, termed congenital disorders of glycosylation, that result from faulty glycan biosynthesis.
Protective effects of blueberry- and strawberry diets on neuronal stress following exposure to 56Fe particles

Abstract Particles of high energy and charge (HZE particles), which are abundant outside the magnetic field of the Earth, have been shown to disrupt the functioning of neuronal communication in critical regions of the brain. Previous studies with HZE particles, have shown that irradiation produces enhanced indices of oxidative stress and inflammation as well as altered neuronal function that are similar to those seen in aging. Feeding animals antioxidant-rich berry diets, specifically blueberries and strawberries, countered the deleterious effects of irradiation by reducing oxidative stress and inflammation, thereby improving neuronal signaling. In the current study, we examined the effects of exposure to 56Fe particles in critical regions of brain involved in cognitive function, both 36 h and 30 days post irradiation. We also studied the effects of antioxidant-rich berry diets, specifically a 2% blueberry or strawberry diet, fed for 8 weeks prior to radiation as well as 30 days post irradiation. 56Fe exposure caused significant differential, neurochemical changes in critical regions of the brain, such as hippocampus, striatum, frontal cortex, and cerebellum, through increased inflammation, and increased oxidative stress protein markers. 56Fe exposure altered the autophagy markers, and antioxidant-rich berry diets significantly reduced the accumulation of p62 in hippocampus, a scaffold protein that co-localizes with ubiquitinated protein at the 30 days post irradiation time-point. Exposure to 56Fe particles increased the accumulation of disease-related proteins such as PHF-tau in the hippocampus of animals fed the control diet, but not in the irradiated animals fed the blueberry diet. These results indicate the potential protective effects of antioxidant-rich berry diets on neuronal functioning following exposure to HZE particles.
Mesomorphism of Homologous Series

Abstract Problems associated with the molecular interpretation of mesomorphic behavior within a given or between different homologous series and possible effects of impurities on mesomorphic properties are considered. The temperatures and enthalpies of phase transitions were determined for the first twenty cholesteryl esters and compared with the results of corresponding thiocholesteryl esters. The investigated Compounds had a purity of 99 mole percent or better. With two exceptions, the thiocholesterols exhibited higher clearing temperatures, but generally lower heats of clearing. Smectic phases were observed for choleateryl octanoate and higher members, while for thiocholesterol these phases started with the heptanoate. The study of ω-phenyl cholesteryl esters (first 8 members) showed that all members exhibit cholesteric mesophases except the acetate. The values of heats of clearing lie on two well separated curves, one for odd and the other one for even values of chain length. The corresponding ω-pheny...
Asymmetric sensitivity of CEO cash compensation to stock returns: A discussion

Abstract Leone, Wu, and Zimmerman [Leone, A., Wu, J., Zimmerman, J., 2005. Asymmetric sensitivity of CEO cash compensation to stock returns. Journal of Accounting and Economics, forthcoming] find that cash compensation (salary and bonus) is more sensitive to price decreases than to price increases. The authors interpret this result as consistent with Boards of Directors exercising discretion to reduce costly ex post settling up in cash compensation. I discuss potential alternative explanations. Specifically, the design of bonus contracts and the placement of the upper bound, and the effect of the Internal Revenue Code Section 162 (m) that limits the deductibility of cash compensation over one million dollars. I also link their results to the managerial power and rent extraction perspective.
Keats the letter‐writer: Epistolary poetics

(1982). Keats the letter‐writer: Epistolary poetics. Romanticism Past and Present: Vol. 6, New Approaches to Romanticism, pp. 43-61.
The Mouse Lymphoma Assay

In this paper, the current status of the protocol for the Mouse Lymphoma Assay is discussed. A brief history describes the events leading to current protocol recommendations. Areas for further development such as cytotoxicity, 24-h treatments, acceptability criteria and statistical analysis are also considered. Recent guidelines are reviewed, and consensus issues from the Mouse Lymphoma workgroup assembled as part of the International Workshop on Genotoxicity Test Procedures (IWGTP) are included. There are two versions of the assay - soft agar and microwell - and both will be discussed. For assay procedures, the emphasis will be on a typical microwell protocol but an attempt will be made to highlight protocol variations between laboratories and between the microwell and agar versions of the assay.
Far-ultraviolet background observations at high galactic latitude. II - Diffuse emission

A single spectrum, of extremely long integration time, is used to place stringent new limits on the diffuse far-UV background in the 500-1200 A region. This spectrum, obtained in the vicinity of the North Galactic Pole with the Voyager 2 UV spectrometer, can be explained solely on the basis of resonant scattering from interplanetary H I and He I. Limits on any additional sources of sky background radiation corresponding to 100-200 photons/sq cm per sec/sr per A for continuum emission and 6000 photons/sq cm per sec/sr for line emission are demonstrated. Comparisons of these upper limits with existing measurements and various potential source mechanisms are discussed. The first detection of resonantly scattered interplanetary H I Ly-gamma (973 A) emission is reported.
Parameter Estimation Based on Doppler Frequency Shifts

An acoustic source generates an amplitude-modulated tone, with Doppler variations due to the relative motion between source andreceiver. A method is presented for real-time estimation of tone restfrequency and minimal distance between source and receiver, usingdigital signal processing techniques. The algorithm presented herewas implemented using a Texas Instruments TMS32010 processor.
Natural History of Venous Thromboembolism

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) originates in systemic venous thrombosis and has different etiological mechanisms and natural history from arterial thrombosis. VTE typically originates as deep venous thrombosis in a lower extremity, where it may give rise to acute symptoms “upstream” from the obstructed vein, result in pulmonary embolism, and/or cause chronic venous obstruction. Pulmonary embolism may result in acute respiratory symptoms, cardiovascular collapse and, uncommonly, may also cause chronic disease.
The Effect of Dexamethasone on Parathyroid Hormone Stimulation of Adenylate Cyclase in ROS 17/2.8 Cells*

Treatment of ROS 17/2.8 osteosarcoina-derived cells with dexamethasone potentiates the PTH stimulation of adenylate cyclase in these cells, yielding a detectable response t o as little as 10 pm PTH. Isoproterenol stimulation was also enhanced. The dexamethasone effect is first apparent at 12 h and increases with time of treatment. The apparent EC50 for dexamethasone is 3 nm. Hydrocortisone and corticosterone act similarly to dexamethasone, but require 30-fold higher concentrations. Dexamethasone treatment produces no change in high affinity phosphodiesterase activity. Glucocorticoid-potentiating effects are much more pronounced in whole cells than in broken cells and do not influence forskolin stimulation. Particulate fractions of dexamethasone-treated cells have higher adenylate cyclase specific activity, but are stimulated by guanyl-5′-yl imi-dodiphosphate to the same extent as control cells. These findings suggest that the glucocorticoids potentiate hormone responsiveness through promotion of hormone r...
Geometrical shape discrimination by “Saimiri sciureus”

Squirrel monkeys, saimiri sciureus, which had been previously trained on visual acuity determination, were presented with six different pairs of geometric shapes. One of each pair was slightly different from the other member. Four animals in two apparatuses and tested by two different experimenters differentiated the two members of each pair 90% correct or better. In this differentiation they all demonstrated both effective learning sets and learning set reversal.
Effects of urease inhibitors on denitrification in soil

Abstract The effects of 14 urease inhibitors on denitrification of nitrate in soil were studied by determining the effects of 1, 10, and 50 μg g‐1 soil of each inhibitor on the amounts of nitrate lost and the amounts of nitrite, N2O, and N2 produced when samples of soil were incubated anaerobically after treatment with nitrate or with nitrate and mannitol. The inhibitors used were catechol, hydroquinone, 1,4‐benzoquinone, 2,5‐dichloro‐l,4‐benzoquinone, 2,6‐dichloro‐l,4‐benzoquinone, 2,5‐dimethyl‐l,4‐benzoquinone, 2,6‐dimethyl‐1,4‐benzoquinone, sodium‐4‐chloromercuribenzoate, phenylphosphorodiamidate, phosphoric triamide, N‐phenylphosphoric triamide, N‐(diaminophosphinyl)benzeneacetamide, N‐(diamino‐phosphinyl)benzamide, and 4‐fluoro‐N‐(diaminophosphinyl)benzamide. None of the urease inhibitors studied had a significant effect on denitrification when applied at the rate of 1 or 10 μg g‐1 soil. Three of the inhibitors (2,5‐dimethyl‐l,4‐benzoquinone, 2,6‐dimethyl‐1,4‐benzoquinone and N‐phenylphosphoric triam...
Bright and dark optical solitons with time-dependent coefficients in a non-Kerr law media

Abstract This paper obtains the 1-soliton solution of the nonlinear Schrodinger’s equations that governs the propagation of solitons through optical fibers. The study is conducted in presence of perturbation terms with non-Kerr law nonlinearity. The perturbation terms that are considered are third order dispersion, self-steepening and nonlinear dispersion. Both bright and dark soliton solutions are obtained.
Oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane at short contact times: species and temperature profiles within and after the catalyst

Abstract We have examined species and temperature profiles for oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane within and after Pt and Pt–Sn catalysts both with and without hydrogen addition. We investigated the roles of oxidative and non-oxidative chemistry as well as the roles of heterogeneous and homogeneous chemistry. For Pt, considerable ethane was consumed after the 10 mm catalyst and significant oxygen breakthrough occurred. Without hydrogen addition, approximately half of the ethane chemistry occurred after the Pt catalyst, and with hydrogen addition, almost all of the ethane chemistry occurred after the Pt catalyst. For Pt–Sn, most of the ethane and almost all of the oxygen were consumed within the 10 mm catalyst. The front face of the Pt–Sn catalyst was 150–200°C hotter than Pt, and the back face of the Pt–Sn catalyst was 100°C hotter than Pt. By varying the length of the catalyst from 1 to 10 mm , we observed no appreciable change in the reactant conversions or effluent product distributions versus length. We conclude that the catalyst consumes ethane or hydrogen in heterogeneous combustion reactions. The heat from these reactions then drives the endothermic dehydrogenation of ethane to ethylene, with homogeneous chemistry playing a significant role in ethylene production. Since the addition of tin is unlikely to improve the activity of the Pt catalyst, we suggest that the primary role of tin is to prevent ethane decomposition to carbon on the catalyst surface, which would ultimately lead to CO and CO 2 . This implies that the Pt–Sn catalyst would have more platinum sites free for O 2 adsorption, which in turn leads to more hydrogen oxidation on the Pt–Sn surface, a higher catalyst temperature, and less CO and CO 2 production.
Alternative pathway of complement activation in full term and premature infants.

Summary: Classical and alternative pathway complement levels were measured in the cord blood sera of 60 newly born infants, with weights ranging from 1200–4165 g. The impact of maternal illness and infant illness on the complement levels was also evaluated. The mean values for CH50, C3, C4, PH50, factor B, and properdin were all significantly less than normal adult levels (P < 0.0001). AH of the above determinations were significantly correlated with one another except for the relationship between properdin and factor B. CH50, PHS0, C4, and properdin levels were significantly correlated with birth weight although there was much residual scatter. Neither maternal illness nor mild to moderate illness in the newborn altered the birth weight-complement relationships. Severe infant illness did significantly alter the relationship between birth weight and complement. However, the impact of this variable on the birth weight-complement relationships was not consistent among the various components. These inconsistencies and the small sample size preclude drawing any strong conclusions about severe illness and complement levels. Speculation: The alternative pathway activation sequence appears to be deficient to the same degree as the classical pathway activation sequence. This suggests that the entire serum complement system develops as a single unit. Severe illness in very low birth weight babies may be associated with abnormalities in serum complement levels greater than would be expected from the low birth weight alone.