cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Elbow function after repair of the distal biceps brachii tendon with a two-incision approach.

A modified Boyd-Anderson 2-incision approach is commonly used to repair the distal biceps tendon after avulsion from the radial tuberosity. Using suture anchors for fixation instead of a bone trough simplifies the procedure. This retrospective study enrolled 32 patients who underwent surgical repair of the distal biceps tendon with a 2-incision approach and 2 suture anchors. The mean postoperative follow-up was 42 months. Elbow strength, endurance, and range of motion for flexion, pronation, and supination were measured for each arm. For each strength and endurance measurement, the mean for the involved arm was at least 95% of that for the uninvolved arms. The largest flexion, pronation, and supination deficits for an injured arm, as compared with the uninjured arm, were 9°, 15°, and 16°, respectively. A 2-incision approach for distal biceps tendon repair with suture anchor fixation can restore elbow function and satisfy patients.
Updated repeat orbit interferometry package released

RO1_PAC V2.3, a Repeat Orbit Interferometry package that allows topographic and surface change researchers to apply Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) methods, is now freely available to the community InSAR is the synthesis of conventional SAR and interferometry techniques that have been developed over several decades in radio astronomy and radar remote sensing. In recent years, it has opened entirely new application areas for radar in the Earth system sciences, including topographic mapping and geodesy. RO1_PAC, developed primarily to work with European Remote Sensing (ERS) satellite radar data, currently supports ERS-1, ERS-2, and Japanese Earth Resources Satellite (JERS) radar data, and is configurable to work with “strip-mode” data from all existing satellite radar instruments. The first release of RO1_ PAC (V1.0) was made quietly in 2000, and roughly 30 groups in the academic and research community currently use it.
Increased thrombogenesis and embolus formation in mice lacking glycoprotein V.

The glycoprotein (GP) Ib-V-IX complex plays a critical role in initiating platelet adhesion to von Willebrand factor (vWF) at the site of vascular injury. The complex also forms a high-affinity binding site for thrombin. Using an intravital microscopy mouse model, it was previously established that vWF plays a critical role in mediating platelet adhesion and thrombus formation following mesenteric arteriolar injury induced by ferric chloride. Further characterization of this model showed that these thrombotic events were also thrombin dependent. Using this vWF- and thrombin-dependent model, this study shows that GP V gene deficiency significantly accelerates both platelet adhesion and thrombus formation in mice following arteriolar injury. The time required for vessel occlusion in GP V–deficient (GP V−/−) mice was significantly shorter than that in wild-type mice. Interestingly, large emboli were also produced in GP V−/− mice, but not in wild-type mice, causing frequent downstream occlusion. However, when the 2 genotypes were compared in the in vitro perfusion chamber where thrombin was inhibited by heparin, no significant differences were found in either initial single-platelet adhesion or thrombus volume. These results demonstrate that GP V−/− mice have accelerated thrombus growth in response to vascular injury and suggest that this is caused by enhanced thrombin-induced platelet activation rather than enhanced binding of GPIb-V-IX to vWF. Absence of GP V also compromises thrombus stability.
A grid system and a microsyringe for single cell recording

The designs of two instruments are presented which have proven to be useful in single cell and chemical injection studies performed in awake monkeys. The first is a plastic grid that acts as a guide to produce parallel penetrations with either a microelectrode or microsyringe. The second is a syringe for injecting microliter quantities of a solution that also allows recording of neuronal activity.
Knowledge and Empire: The Social Sciences and United States Imperial Expansion

This paper focuses on the relationship between the social sciences in the U.S. and the formation of empire. I argue that the peculiar way the U.S. has established a global presence during the 20th century—by establishing a commercial empire rather than territorially-based colonies—has generated on the part of state and corporation an unusual interest in the knowledge produced by social scientists. It has also generated an unusual willingness on their part to subsidize the production of that knowledge. Not only have government and corporation considered the social sciences essential to the project of managing empire. At each major stage in the reorganization of that empire state and capital have underwritten a massive reorganization in the production of social science knowledge.
Stress changes in intervertebral discs of the cervical spine due to partial discectomies and fusion

Spine discectomy and fusion is a widely used surgical procedure to correct irreversible degenerative diseases and injuries to the intervertebral disk. The surgical procedure involves the removal of the damage disk material, the decortication of the fusion site, and the placement of the bone graft. Fusion is believed to generate additional stresses in the neighboring disks, which can subsequently lead to new disk degeneration and re-operation. The autologous bone has proven to be the best material for the fusion. However, the autologous bone has three major disadvantages: the high rate of donor site morbidity, the limited and sometimes poor quality of the amounts of bone available, and the extra operative time needed for harvest. For these reasons this study is undertaken to estimate the optimum amount of bone graft needed for a discectomy and correlate it to the change in stress in adjacent levels. A detailed and validated 3D finite element model of the complete human cervical spine (C1-T1) was altered to simulate segmental full and partial discectomies. One full fusion (bone graft occupies about 90% of the vertebral body) and seven partial fusions (bone graft occupies about 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 65%, and 75% of the vertebral body) were simulated at each of the four mid- and lower single levels of the cervical spine and the relationship between the change in stresses in the adjacent levels and the bone graft size (area) was studied. The changes in stress were compared with the previously obtained results of the unfused models. The fused and unfused models were preloaded with a 73.6 N compressive force representing the weight of the head and with a 1.5 Nm physiological moment in flexion, extension, lateral bending, and axial rotation. More than 132 cases were analyzed. The results showed that the necessary amount of bone graft needed for discectomy depends on the cervical disk level to be fused and varies between 30% and 75% of the disk area. The results also suggested that there is a threshold size of the bone graft area, before and/or after which, the long-term effects of the change in stresses in adjacent disks are biomechanically consequential.
Turning a One Campus One Book Event Into a Web 2.0 Experience: The First Two Years

This article offers a case study on the One Campus One Book (OCOB) program started and held at Dakota State University in Madison, South Dakota. The program was started as a way to promote reading, critical thinking, and discussion across the campus. Web 2.0 technologies were implemented as a main component of the program as a means to engage with students. Two years of the program are presented within this article including problems, successes, and suggestions for holding a campus- wide book club.
Children's interpersonal behaviors and the teacher-child relationship.

Relations between kindergartners' (N = 199; M age = 5 years 6 months) behavioral orientations and features of their 1st-grade teacher-child relationships (i.e., conflict, closeness, dependency) were examined longitudinally. Early behavioral orientations predicted teacher-child relationship quality in that (a) unique associations emerged between children's early antisocial behavior and features of their 1st-grade teacher-child relationships (i.e., negative relation with closeness, positive relation with conflict and dependency) and between asocial behavior and teacher-child dependency, and (b) prosocial behavior was correlated with but not uniquely related to any feature of children's 1st-grade teacher-child relationships. In addition, specific features of the teacher-child relationship (e.g., conflict) predicted changes in children's behavioral adjustment (e.g., decreasing prosocial behavior).
Effects of the Flipped Classroom Model on Student Performance for Advanced Placement High School Chemistry Students

This mixed-methods study investigated the effects of the flipped classroom on academic performance of high school advanced placement chemistry students. Student perceptions about the approach were also studied. The control group consisted of students from the 2011–2012 academic year, in which traditional teaching methods were used. The treatment group consisted of students from the 2012–2013 academic year, in which the flipped classroom approach was used. Identical assessments were administered and analyzed through both descriptive statistics and independent t tests. A statistically significant difference was found on all assessments with the flipped class students performing higher on average. In addition, most students had a favorable perception about the flipped classroom noting the ability to pause, rewind, and review lectures, as well as increased individualized learning and increased teacher availability. This contribution is part of a special issue on teaching introductory chemistry in the context ...
Insect extramitochondrial glycerophosphate dehydrogenase II. Enzymic properties and amino acid composition of the enzyme from honeybee (Apis mellifera) thoraces

Several enzymic properties of crystalline honeybee (Apis mellifera) thoracic glycerophosphate dehydrogenase (L-glycerol-3-phosphate:DPN+ oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.1.8) were determined. The apparent Michaelis constant for dihydroxyacetone phosphate is 0.33 mM; there is no increase in activity with substrate concn. above 0.5 mM. The bee enzyme has a broad pH optimum around pH 6.6, while the rabbits-muscle enzyme has a sharp optimum at pH 7.7. The bee enzyme is stable for 15 min at 21° from pH 4.8 to 9.9. The temperature coefficient, Q10, for the bee enzyme is 1.7 in the range from 21° 36°. The enzyme is stable for 5 min at 55° and completely inactivated at 61°. The bee enzyme shows the same relative reactivity with 2 DPN+ analogues as does the rabbit enzyme. The bee enzyme is inhibited by a low concentration of p-mercuribenzoate (PCMB), is less sensitive to N-ethylmaleimide, and is not inhibited by 1 mM iodoacetate. Glutathione does not activate the enzyme. The amino acid composition of the bee enzyme is quite different from the previously reported composition of the rabbits-muscle enzyme. The minimum molecular weight of the bee enzyme based on 1 tryptophan residue is 32 700. Since the molecular weight determined on a Sephadex G-200 column is around 67 000, the amino acid composition indicates a mol. wt. of 65 400.
Activity recorded from the propodite dactylopodite organ of Pachygrapsus crassipes at rest and at constant speeds of movement.

Abstract 1. 1. Neither range fractionation nor differential position sensitivity was observed in the unidirectional movement fibers of Pachygrapsus crassipes. 2. 2. Skip discharge was exhibited by all unidirectional movement fibers in P. crassipes. 3. 3. Load did not alter the frequency of skip discharge. 4. 4. A type of range fractionation could be induced in unidirectional movement fibers by fatiguing the preparation, and skip discharge persisted in the fatigued preparation. 5. 5. A small fraction of position fibers, previously undescribed, exhibited skip discharge. These fibers exhibited skip discharge both at rest and while moving.
Perturbative expansion in the Galilean-invariant spin-1/2 Chern-Simons field theory

A Galilean Chern-Simons field theory is formulated for the case of two interacting spin-1/2 fields of distinct masses M and M{sup {prime}}. A method for the construction of states containing N particles of mass M and N{sup {prime}} particles of mass M{sup {prime}} is given which is subsequently used to display equivalence to the spin-1/2 Aharonov-Bohm effect in the N=N{sup {prime}}=1 sector of the model. The latter is then studied in perturbation theory to determine whether there are divergences in the fourth order (one-loop) diagram. It is found that the contribution of that order is finite (and vanishing) for the case of parallel spin projections while the antiparallel case displays divergences which are known to characterize the spin-0 case in field theory as well as in quantum mechanics. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}
The Politics of Difference: Statehood and Toleration in a Multicultural World

The author identifies four possible attitudes of tolerance toward groups with different ways of life: resignation, indifference, curiosity and enthusiasm. He explores the potential for these attitudes and concludes by discussing the role of boundaries within communities in modernism and postmodernism. The author is not going to focus on toleration of eccentric or dissident individuals in civil society; he is interested in individual rights primarily when they are exercised in common—in the course of voluntary association or religious worship or cultural elaboration—or when they are claimed by groups on behalf of their members.
Food preferences in daily life: Cognitive, affective and social predictors

Based on prior research showing that a food cognition model employing the evaluative dimensions of pleasure/taste, health and convenience could significantly predict preferences for a representative list of hypothetical meals, the present study demonstrates that the model can effectively predict preferences for recent meals actually consumed. A total of 269 males (N = 122) and females (N = 147), ranging in age from 14 to 83 years, each evaluated three of their recent meals. Regression analysis yielded significant results very similar to those obtained for the hypothetical meals. Substantial differences were also found between the evaluations of morning, midday and evening meals: the health and convenience criteria are most heavily weighted for morning meals, whereas general “liking” is most heavily weighted for midday and evening meals. Additional results showed that the predictive ability of the model can be marginally improved by including a cost factor. Newly designed measures of the idiosyncratic mean...
Nutrient losses in runoff from conventional and no-till pearl millet on pre-wetted Ultisols fertilized with broiler litter

Abstract In the Southeastern Coastal Plain (USA) farmers with access to irrigation commonly water in herbicides following their preemergence application to improve efficacy of the herbicide. This practice increases near surface soil water content and may promote increased runoff during subsequent storm events. The objective of our study was to determine differences in P and N runoff from conventional tillage (CT) and no tillage (NT) systems when herbicides were watered into loamy sand Ultisols fertilized with broiler litter. Simulated rain with variable intensity was applied for 70 min with runoff samples collected every 5 min and analyzed for total P and N, PO 4 3− , NH 4 + and NO 3 − . Results indicated the no-tillage treatment lost significantly more PO 4 3− and NH 4 + than the conventional tillage treatment. However, total P and N and NO 3 − runoff losses were significantly less in the no-tillage treatment. The proportion of total P and N leached through NT residues was 5.6% and 22% of the P and N applied as broiler litter, and the proportion of total P and N in runoff was 0.8% and 1.2% of the P and N applied in broiler litter. Overall 3.4 times more N and 2.7 more P were lost in runoff from the CT treatments than for the NT treatments. Reduced tillage was found to reduce N and P losses when combined with watering-in of surface applied broiler litter.
Overnight pulse oximetry for evaluation of sleep apnea among children with trisomy 21.

Study Objectives:For children with trisomy 21, polysomnography at age 4 to assess obstructive sleep disordered breathing (OSDB) is the standard of care. Oximetry alone has been used to screen for d...
Tumors skew endothelial cells to disrupt NK cell, T-cell and macrophage functions

Introduction Patients and mice with solid tumors, such as Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC), have defects in functions of immune effector cells. Endothelial cells, a component of the tumor vasculature, are potential regulators of immune cell functions. Therefore, these studies examined the impact of exposure to LLC tumor on the ability of endothelial cells to modulate immune cell functions.
Developmental relationship between cytotoxic α/β T cell receptor‐positive intraepithelial lymphocytes and Peyer's patch lymphocytes

Following intraduodenal priming of mice with reovirus, precursor cytotoxic T lymphocytes (pCTL) rapidly appear in intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL) and Peyer's patches. These cells express CTL activity after secondary in vitro stimulation with reovirus-infected cells. Adoptive transfer of Peyer's patch lymphocytes from normal BALB/c mice into reovirus-infected CB.17 severe combined immunodeficiency mice results in the infection-dependent appearance of large numbers of both CD8+Thy-1+ and CD8-Thy-1+, IEL that express the alpha/beta T cell receptor (TcR). Phenotypic and functional characterization of IEL derived from conventionally reared, reovirus-infected mice also points to extensive similarities in the pCTL derived from Peyer's patches and IEL. As in the Peyer's patches, pCTL are persistent in the IEL compartment for up to 4 weeks after infection. A large percentage of IEL that are recovered from reovirus-primed mice after in vitro culture are CD8+Thy-1+ cells that express alpha/beta TcR. Furthermore, depletion experiments demonstrate that the CD8+Thy-1+ population mediates the virus-specific CTL activity. Using limiting dilution analyses, it was estimated that 7 days after intraduodenal infection the average frequency of virus-specific pCTL was 197/10(6) CD8+Thy-1+ IEL and 190/10(6) CD8+Thy-1+ Peyer's patch lymphocytes. Taken together, these observations provide evidence that specific cellular immunity to reovirus in IEL is mediated at least in part, by conventional cytotoxic T lymphocytes and that these cells are functionally and phenotypically similar to the pCTL derived from the Peyer's patches.
Using Needs Assessment Data to Design a Graduate Instructional Development Program.

The role and function of corporate education and training is substantively different than that of public education. Therefore, the roles of corporate educators and trainers are different from the roles of public school educators. These differences have created a demand for preparation programs that are designed specifically to meet the needs of corporate trainers and designers. Preparation programs in instructional design and technology have attempted to meet that demand. In order to design such a program, the needs (or competencies) of corporate trainers and designers must be clarified. The needs assessment and curriculum design processes used to design a graduate instructional technology program to educate trainers and instructional developers for work in the corporate environment are described.
Cost analysis of shared oocyte in vitro fertilization

Objective : To estimate the cost per woman delivered of a shared oocyte in an in vitro fertilization (IVF) program, and to compare these costs with those of a routine IVF program. Methods : The cost of 23 shared oocyte cycles was analyzed retrospectively and compared with the cost of routine IVF. Results : The cost per woman delivered in the shared oocyte program was approximately $22,000, compared with $66,000 in the routine IVF program. Conclusion : Shared IVF is a very cost-effective program and offers donors and recipients an otherwise unavailable opportunity.
Depletion of cAMP-response Element-binding Protein/ATF1 Inhibits Adipogenic Conversion of 3T3-L1 Cells Ectopically Expressing CCAAT/Enhancer-binding Protein (C/EBP) α, C/EBP β, or PPARγ2

The differentiation of preadipocytes to adipocytes is orchestrated by the expression of the "master adipogenic regulators," CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP) beta, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma), and C/EBP alpha. In addition, activation of the cAMP-response element-binding protein (CREB) is necessary and sufficient to promote adipogenic conversion and prevent apoptosis of mature adipocytes. In this report we used small interfering RNA to deplete CREB and the closely related factor ATF1 to explore the ability of the master adipogenic regulators to promote adipogenesis in the absence of CREB and probe the function of CREB in late stages of adipogenesis. Loss of CREB/ATF1 blocked adipogenic conversion of 3T3-L1 cells in culture or 3T3-F442A cells implanted into athymic mice. Loss of CREB/ATF1 prevented the expression of PPARgamma, C/EBP alpha, and adiponectin and inhibited the loss of Pref-1. Loss of CREB/ATF1 inhibited adipogenic conversion even in cells ectopically expressing C/EBP alpha, C/EBP beta, or PPARgamma2 individually. CREB/ATF1 depletion did not attenuate lipid accumulation in cells expressing both PPARgamma2 and C/EBP alpha, but adiponectin expression was severely diminished. Conversely ectopic expression of constitutively active CREB overcame the blockade of adipogenesis due to depletion of C/EBP beta but not due to loss of PPARgamma2 or C/EBP alpha. Depletion of CREB/ATF1 did not suppress the expression of C/EBP beta as we had previously observed using dominant negative forms of CREB. Finally results are presented showing that CREB promotes PPARgamma2 gene transcription. The results indicate that CREB and ATF1 play a central role in adipogenesis because expression of individual master adipogenic regulators is unable to compensate for their loss. The data also indicate that CREB not only functions during the initiation of adipogenic conversion but also at later stages.
Spectral absorption of solid CO2 from the ultraviolet to the far-infrared

Abstract The absorption coefficient k of solid CO2 has been measured in the wavelength range from λ=170 nm in the ultraviolet to 333 μm in the far-infrared, except for the strong bands where k>5000 m−1. This was accomplished by measuring the transmission of clear samples of solid CO2 grown in equilibrium at 150 K in a chamber whose path length was set between 1.6 and 108 mm. The transmission was measured using both a grating monochromator (λ 1.2 μm). Resolving powers ( λ Δλ ) of greater than 5000 were required to measure the narrowest absorption lines in the infrared. The far-infrared lattice-absorption lines are very broad and relatively weak at 150 K compared to lower temperatures. The absorption coefficients in the weakly absorbing “windows” between the strong infrared absorption bands are ≤1 m−1, the minimum level which could be measured accurately in this experiment. No absorption was measurable from the near ultraviolet, throughout the visible, to 1.4 μm, except for a few narrow lines at λ>1 μm.
Interacting atoms under strong quantum confinement

We calculate the energy-level shifts of a tightly confined trapped alkali-metal atom in the presence of a second trapped atom. A complete microscopic description of the interaction energy between the two atoms is used. This allows us to study tightly confined atoms near a Feshbach resonance and to evaluate the usefulness of the regularized $\ensuremath{\delta}$-function potential approximation. We present results for sodium and cesium when confined in a spherically symmetric harmonic optical trap. Possible implications of the level shifts and collisional decoherence for quantum computing with atomic systems are given.
A robotics-based automated assay for inorganic and organic phosphates.

Phosphate analyses are fundamental to a broad range of biochemical applications involving inorganic phosphate and organic phosphoesters such as phospholipids, phosphorylated proteins, and nucleic acids. A practical automated method utilizing robotics is described in this report. Five colorimetric methods of phosphate analyses based on formation of a phosphomolybdate complex and compatible with the automated assay were tested, and the fundamental chemistry is discussed. The relative sensitivities are malachite green > crystal violet > quinaldine red > ascorbate reduction > antimony-modified ascorbate reduction, although only a fourfold improvement was observed in going from the modified ascorbate procedure to malachite green. Malachite green was selected to optimize the assay because this dye provided the highest sensitivity. However, where color stability and low blanks are more important than sensitivity, the ascorbate reduction and quinaldine red methods were found to be better choices than malachite green. Automation using a robotic liquid-handling system substantially reduces the labor required to process large arrays of samples. The result is a sensitive, nonradioactive assay of inorganic phosphate with high throughput. A digestion step in an acid-resistant 96-well plate was developed to extend the assay to phosphate esters. The robotic-based assay was demonstrated with inorganic phosphate and a common phospholipid, phosphatidylcholine.
Vignettes of the History of Epidemiology: Three Firsts by Janet Elizabeth Lane-Claypon

In 1912, Janet Elizabeth Lane-Claypon, a British medical scientist 35 years of age who had already contributed substantial research findings in the fields of reproductive physiology and the bacteriology and biochemistry of milk, reported the results of a retrospective cohort study of weight gain during the first year of life among 204 infants fed boiled cows' milk compared with 300 infants fed human breast milk. The results of her investigation revealed that, up to the age of 208 days, breastfed infants gained more weight than infants fed boiled cows' milk. After that time period, weight gain was equal in the two groups. Lane-Claypon described, discussed, and analyzed her data for the possibility that her findings were due to sampling variation or confounding, and she used Student's t test to evaluate observed differences in weight gain in small subsets of the study population. As far as is known, this was the first use of the retrospective (historical) cohort design and the t test in an epidemiologic study.
Polymer-based Capacitive Micromachined Ultrasonic Transducers (CMUT) for Micro Surgical Imaging Applications

The design, simulation, and fabrication results for a first generation polymer CMUT are presented. Baseline ANSYS and MATLAB simulations show that the use of a silicon nitride membrane should increase the transmission signal by 28% and the receiver sensitivity by 33%, when compared to a conventional poly silicon membrane. Simulations with a polymer membrane showed a maximum membrane deflection increase up to 67%, at approximately 6.5 MHz, when compared to nitride. Furthermore, the optimal mechanical impendence coupling frequency was lowered to 3.7 MHz for the polymer. These simulations give design guidelines for a CMUT based on geometric parameters such as membrane length and thickness. A CMUT array was then designed and fabricated with a target DC actuation voltage of less than 50V. Also, results showed potential operation of the CMUT up to 10 MHz using a low temperature fabrication process that still results in durable operation
Signaling Networks in Biology

Signal transduction in cells has been an area of intense study for many years. However, until recently, the focus was on interactions between individual components rather than on the global behavior of the cell signaling networks. New experimental technologies, such as protein and DNA microarrays, high-throughput screening instrumentation, and diverse compound libraries, allow for many interactions to be examined simultaneously. Along with new experimental methods, quantitative models with mathematical methods, such as deterministic, stochastic, and statistical analyses and graph theory, have been useful in the mapping and analysis of intracellular signaling networks. Here we describe current experimental and computational approaches that are used to develop a global understanding of the complex behavior of intracellular signaling networks. We also discuss important applications of signaling network analysis, including the discovery of new drug targets, the identification of the signaling components responsible for the side (off-target) effects of drugs, and the development of combination therapies.
Current issues in forensic science higher education.

An assessment of the forensic sciences, published in 1999 by the National Institute of Justice (NIJ), described the educational and training needs of the forensic science community as “immense” [1]. This immense need has developed over the last two decades by the unprecedented demand of the criminal justice system for crime laboratory services due in large part to the implementation of forensic DNA testing. As a result of this demand, local, state, and federal government resources have been allocated to expand laboratory services, although the availability of individuals with the requisite skills and education to fill new positions is severely limited. To try and meet this need, undergraduate and graduate forensic science programs have developed at an unparalleled rate over the last decade in both the USA and abroad. An examination of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences website (www.aafs.org) reveals over 100 forensic science programs leading to a bachelor’s degree in the USA with 30 such programs listed from other countries. In addition, over 50 programs leading to a master’s degree in forensic science or a related discipline in the USA alone are listed. Considering that the vast majority of these programs did not exist a decade ago is cause for optimism about the future of forensic science. At the same time, however, this rapid growth is cause for concern about the quality of many of these programs. Do we need forensic science academic programs?
An interview with trevor wishart

Trevor Wishart (see Figures 1 and 2) has carved a distinct niche as a composer, author, educator, vocal improviser, software designer, and practitioner of sonic art and digital music creation. Born in 1946 in Leeds, England, Mr. Wishart studied at Oxford, the University of Nottingham, and the University of York, where he earned his doctorate in composition in 1973. He became involved in the early stages of electronic music, which he has actively researched and developed ever since, creating an impressive body of works that have been commissioned by l’Institut de Recherche et Coordination Acoustique/Musique (IRCAM), the Paris Biennale, and the BBC Promenade Concerts. (See Table 1.) He has also been awarded prizes such as the Giga-Herz Grand Prize at Zentrum fur Kunst und Medientechnologie (ZKM), the Golden Nica at the Linz Ars Electronica, the Gaudeamus Award, and the Euphonie d’Or at the Bourges Festival. Mr. Wishart is also known for his works involving the human voice, including improvisations using extended vocal techniques, as well as his musical theater pieces. Specializing in sound metamorphosis, he is a principal contributor to the Composers’ Desktop Project (CDP), a set of software tools for multifaceted sound transformation. Mr. Wishart has developed and maintained Sound Loom, a user interface for CDP, since 2000. Further contributions include his books On Sonic Art and Audible Design, as well as his Sounds Fun books of educational games, which have been translated into Japanese. (See Table 2.) Mr. Wishart has held residencies in Australia, Canada, Holland, Germany, and the United States, and at the Universities of York, Cambridge, and Birmingham. He is an honorary Visiting Professor at the University of York. I first met Trevor Wishart in June 2003 while attending a summer program in Electronic Music at the Centre de Creation Musicale, Iannis Xenakis (CCMIX), in Paris. I was struck by his knowledge of
Inclusive Fitness Theory from Darwin to Hamilton

ONE of the central dogmas of modern behavioral ecology is that blood kinship plays a critical role in understanding the evolution of social behavior, particularly of costly social behavior such as altruism and cooperation. But it was not always so, and what I would like to do in this Perspectives is provide some historical context that led up to William Hamilton's seminal work developing inclusive fitness theory. The story begins, not surprisingly, with Charles Darwin. The worker bees that sacrifice themselves to protect their hives—the ultimate example of animal altruism—were deeply troubling to Darwin. If increased reproduction is the currency of natural selection, then altruists should disappear—and fast. But they did not disappear, and Darwin was so puzzled by this that he spoke of altruism as a problem that he feared was “one special difficulty, which at first appeared to me to be insuperable, and actually fatal to the whole theory” (Darwin 1859, p. 236). Eventually, however, Darwin came up with an explanation. Since sterile worker bees were helping their blood relatives—especially the queen—Darwin hypothesized that natural selection might favor altruism at the level of blood kin. In a section of On the Origin of Species entitled “Objections to the theory of natural selection and instinct: neuter and sterile insects,” Darwin proposes that the problem of natural selection producing sterile castes that often risk their lives to protect others “disappears when it is remembered that selection may be applied to the family, as well as the individual and may thus gain the desired end” (Darwin 1859, p. 204). Blood kinship, and interactions among relatives, it turned out, was the key to solving Darwin's problems with both social insect sterility and altruism. One hundred and four years later, biologist William Hamilton would formalize Darwin's idea, but the path from Darwin to Hamilton was not smooth (Dugatkin 2006). That fact that it was not is not surprising. The nature of altruism makes it all too easy to drift from a scientific to a political, philosophical, and even a religious approach to this subject. Studying the structure of an atom is not personal, and neither is studying, for example, night vision in mammals. Studying altruism can be personal, however, because we all want to understand the origins of goodness. And it certainly was personal for the next two figures in the story of blood kinship and altruism—Thomas Henry Huxley and Peter Kropotkin (Woodcock and Avakumovic 1950; Desmond 1994).
Correlates of State Enactment of Elementary School Physical Education Laws

Objective To describe variation in U.S. state elementary school physical education (PE) policies and to assess associations between state PE policy enactment and education funding, academic achievement, sociodemographic disadvantage, and political characteristics.
Checking architectural outputs instruction-by-instruction on acceleration platforms

Simulation-based verification is an integral part of a modern microprocessor's design effort. Commonly, several checking techniques are deployed alongside the simulator to detect and localize each functional bug manifestation. Among these, a widespread technique entails comparing a microprocessor design's outputs with a golden model at the architectural granularity, instruction-by-instruction. However, due to exponential growth in design complexity, the performance of software-based simulation falls far short of achieving an acceptable level of coverage, which typically requires billions of simulation cycles. Hence, verification engineers rely on simulation acceleration platforms. Unfortunately, the intrinsic characteristics of these platforms make the adoption of the checking solutions mentioned above a challenging goal: for instance, the lockstep execution of a software checker together with the design's simulation is no longer feasible. To address this challenge we propose an innovative solution for instruction-by-instruction (IBI) checking tailored to acceleration platforms. We provide novel design techniques to decouple event tracing from checking by including specialized tracing logic and by adding a post-simulation checking phase. Note that simulation performance in acceleration platforms degrades when increasing the number of signals that are traced; hence, it is imperative to generate a compact summary of the information required for checking, collecting and tracing only a few bits of information per cycle.
Ionization-excitation of H- and He by Compton scattering

We report calculations for exclusive ionization-excitation Compton cross sections, both total and differential in energy transfer, for n = 3-5 of the negative hydrogen ion and the helium atom. We find that, unlike the cross section for n = 1 and 2, the exclusive cross sections for n≥3 are not very sensitive to atomic parameters such as geometric size and electron correlation. We discuss differences and similarities of the cross sections when different initial-state wavefunctions are used, and compare with the Compton cross section for collision of a photon with a free electron. Our calculations have been carried out for photon energies from 6 to 60 keV.
Sox2 Up-regulation and Glial Cell Proliferation Following Degeneration of Spiral Ganglion Neurons in the Adult Mouse Inner Ear

In the present study, glial cell responses to spiral ganglion neuron (SGN) degeneration were evaluated using a murine model of auditory neuropathy. Ouabain, a well-known Na,K-ATPase inhibitor, has been shown to induce SGN degeneration while sparing hair cell function. In addition to selectively removing type I SGNs, ouabain leads to hyperplasia and hypertrophy of glia-like cells in the injured auditory nerves. As the transcription factor Sox2 is predominantly expressed in proliferating and undifferentiated neural precursors during neurogenesis, we sought to examine Sox2 expression patterns following SGN injury by ouabain. Real-time RT-PCR and Western blot analyses of cochlea indicated a significant increase in Sox2 expression by 3 days post-treatment with ouabain. Cells incorporating bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) and expressing Sox2 were counted in the auditory nerves of control and ouabain-treated ears. The glial phenotype of Sox2+ cells was identified by two neural glial markers: S100 and Sox10. The number of Sox2+ glial cells significantly increased at 3 days post-treatment and reached its maximum level at 7 days post-treatment. Similarly, the number of BrdU+ cells increased at 3 and 7 days post-treatment in the injured nerves. Quantitative analysis with dual-immunostaining procedures indicated that about 70% of BrdU+ cells in the injured nerves were Sox2+ glial cells. These results demonstrate that up-regulation of Sox2 expression is associated with increased cell proliferation in the auditory nerve after injury.
Understanding and Modeling Preflashover Compartment Fires

The evolution of preflashover compartment fire modeling is discussed. Early understanding of fire development in enclosures came largely from observing full scale experiments, and the need for modeling arose due to the high costs of running such large experiments. First, experimental modeling techniques were tried, and eventually mathematical models were developed. The discussion begins with Ingberg's severity equivalent presented in 1928. The history of preflashover compartment fire modeling is carried to the present time. At present, there is considerable emphasis on developing mathematical enclosure fire models. Three types of mathematical room fire models exist. These are the probabilistic, modular, and differential field equation models. Three of the modular models (the IITRI RFIRES Code, the Harvard Computer Fire Code, and the UDRI DACFIR Code) are compared in order to present the techniques currently employed.
The role of electron photoemission in the `photoconductivity' of semiconducting polymers

We present the excitation profile of the transient and steady-state photoconductivity of poly(phenylene vinylene) and its soluble derivatives over a wide spectral range up to hm ¼ 6:2 eV. An apparent increase in the ‘photoconductivity’ at hm > 3–4 eV arises from external current generated by electron photoemission (PE). After quenching the PE by adding a gas mixture of CO2 þ SF6 (90%:10%) into the sample chamber, the bulk photoconductivity is nearly independent of photon energy in all polymers studied. The single threshold for photoconductivity is spectrally close to the onset of p–p � absorption, a behavior that is inconsistent with a large exciton binding energy. 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
An approach for risk assessment and mitigation in cognitive radio technologies

Though research in the vulnerabilities of cognitive radio exists, few explore the threat vectors against both the cognitive engine and the underlying SDR infrastructure within which it operates. Presenting a risk assessment methodology, this paper takes such a holistic approach and then further contributes to the research area by offering three misuse cases that portray how the vulnerabilities discussed could be exploited. Specifically, these cases visualise the risk environment based on a denial of service, an advanced persistent threat, and an insider threat and will allow for security practitioners to anticipate how their organisations may be impacted. Finally, suggested techniques for mitigation of these risks are discussed. As with all emerging technologies, there are a number of unknown conditions or influences that will shape the eventual realisation of its maturity. Risk management is the best mechanism to address those unknowns.
Waist-to-height ratio is correlated with height in US children and adolescents aged 2–18 years

The waist-to-height ratio is an anthropometric measure of central adiposity that has emerged as a significant predictor of cardiovascular disease risk factors in children and adolescents. However, the simple waist-to-height ratio retains residual correlation with height, which could cause the measure to over- or under-adjust for the effect of height at certain ages. We investigated the dependence of waist-to-height ratio on height in the representative US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2004. We stratified 11 270 subjects aged 2-18 years by age and sex. There was considerable residual correlation between height and the waist-to-height ratio, ranging from -0.29 to 0.36. Thus, simply dividing waist circumference by height (WC/Ht1) might not be appropriate to "adjust for height" during periods of growth. We fitted a log-log regression of waist circumference on height to determine which exponent for height ensures that the log of the ratio is uncorrelated with the log of height, which we call the optimal exponent for WC/Ht(p). This optimal power for height in the age- and sex-specific waist-to-height ratio varies from 0.5 to 2.0, with similar patterns for males and females. The value peaks at age 8, and is close to 1 at age 18. Future research should investigate how this affects relationships between central adiposity and cardiovascular disease risk factors across these ages, and how using a power other than 1 might reduce bias and improve precision.
Comments on 'A note on the performance of ENET II' by P. Gburzynski and P. Rudnicki

The original authors (see ibid., vol.7, no.3, p.424 (1989)) describe some results from a simulation study of ENET II and Ethernet. ENET II is a method, proposed by the commenter (Comput. Networks ISDN Syst., vol.9, no.3, p.209-14, Mar. 1985), to implement several variants of well-known collisions-resolution protocols in an asynchronous environment in a manner upwardly compatible with Ethernet. The original authors concluded that the ENET II protocol is inferior to the standard Ethernet. The commenter compares the assumptions in the simulation whose results were expressed in the original paper to their assumptions and makes several points about the analysis they described. The thrust of the comment is not to negate the results but to make the reader aware of the subtle differences in the representation of the results that make it difficult to conclude that ENET II is either inferior or superior to Ethernet. >
Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Spectroscopy in Condensed Media

Coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy (CARS), a relatively new but extremely powerful technique, has been used to obtain Raman spectra with high efficiency. The first observation of the CARS process was reported by Maker and Terhune in 1965 [1]. Since these initial experiments, many investigations demonstrating the application of CARS in solids, liquids and gases have been reported. Publications describing CARS investigations are appearing at an ever increasing rate and the technique has been successfully applied to such diversified studies as combustion diagnostics, biological systems, low frequency Raman modes and excited state vibrational spectroscopy.
Sample Selection Bias and Heckman Models in Strategic Management Research

The use of Heckman models by strategy scholars to resolve sample selection bias has increased by more than 700 percent over the last decade, yet significant inconsistencies exist in how strategy sc...
Transfer Line Surge

Cryogenic liquids now flow through transfer lines which have been designed for many uses ranging from brain surgery to fueling rockets. Whether these transfer lines take the form of surgical cryoprobes or pipelines the size of water mains, they usually have in common one undesirable operating characteristic: a period of surging flow and pressure during cooldown. The magnitudes of some observed surge peaks are sufficient to concern users or designers of transfer lines, couplings, flow instruments, and vents. This paper presents an experimental and theoretical study of transfer line cooldown surging.
Effect of 1(—)-Tyrosine on Liver Glycogen of the Normal Rat.

Conclusion1(—)-Tyrosine when fed to rats starved 48 hours produces an increase in liver glycogen. This is in marked contrast to the result obtained when dl-tyrosine is fed. The urine from rats fed 1(—)-tyrosine caused a reduction of ammonium phosphomolybdate. Under similar experimental conditions dl-tyrosine caused no such reduction.
Optical Flow Techniques for Wind-Velocity Sensing on a Small Unmanned Aircraft System

Nomenclature Comp = Number of computations Iij = Pixel intensity at index ij Im1 = First image Im2 = Second image lim = Physical length of image axis Ndisph = Number of pixels of possible displacement horizontally Ndisph = Number of pixels of possible displacement vertically Nh = Number of horizontal pixels in image Nv = Number of vertical pixels in image S = Correlation Similarity Factor Vres = Sensor velocity resolution Δt = Time between images
The Question of Privacy

Claims for exemption from human rights standards that are made in the name of the preservation of one’s privacy are a powerful inhibitor of religious women’s rights. The qualities of gender and of religious practice that create such a specialized “conversation within a conversation” in terms of relativism are also at play in matters of privacy. Often, religion is said to belong to what is most private in the lives of individuals and communities. It is literally a sacred area, where governmental and other regulations must not tread. Equally private, and therefore unregulable, are the home and the family. Religious women in some communities are thus doubly removed from the public, and from guarantees of rights protection afforded in the public sphere, while rights infringements perpetuated in the family in the name of religion become doubly beyond the reach of state protection.