cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
What kinds of injuries do OSHA inspections prevent

Abstract Objective OSHA's enforcement program is one of the major public efforts to protect American workers. We examine both the scope of injury prevention that inspections can contribute and the types of standards that contribute the most. Methods We linked Pennsylvania Department of Labor and Industry files for lost-time injuries and employment to calculate injury rates for 1998-2005 for all single-establishment manufacturing firms. We linked these to OSHA inspection records. Results Inspections with penalties did affect injury types unrelated to standards as well as those related. We also found again that citations for violations of the standard requiring personal protective equipment had the largest impact on preventing injuries. Impact on Industry Programs requiring protective equipment use deserve added attention from consultants and inspectors. In addition, some inspections spur managers to undertake safety measures that go beyond compliance with standards.
Study of Merrill-Crowe processing. Part II: Regression analysis of plant operating data

Abstract The recovery of precious metals from alkaline cyanide solution is accomplished effectively utilizing the well-established Merrill-Crowe process. Plant data from three silver operations were analyzed in terms of zinc efficiency, and mathematical models were generated with multiple regression techniques. Projections of the mathematical model are in good agreement with actual plant performance. The results of the regression analysis showed that the silver concentration in the feed is the dominant operating variable in determining zinc efficiency in Merrill-Crowe processing, and this is especially true for operations with low-pregnant grades. Pregnant grade and flow rate are the two operating variables which are beneficial to zinc efficiency. Increases in sodium cyanide concentration and zinc addition result in reduced zinc efficiency. Finally, the mathematical models indicate that modest economic improvement in Merrill-Crowe processing can be realized with relatively minor modifications to the circuits.
Quantitative comparison of the inhibitory effects of GW5638 and tamoxifen on angiogenesis in the cornea pocket assay

GW5638 is a novel tissue-selective estrogen receptor (ER) modulator. Structurally, it is a derivative of tamoxifen that is known for its inhibitory effects on angiogenesis in an ER-independent manner. Therefore, it is possible that GW5638 has the same effects as tamoxifen on angiogenesis. To test this hypothesis, we used the rat cornea pocket assay and developed a new method that could precisely determine the total projected area of microvessels induced by basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) in the cornea. Animals in the study were treated with corn oil (control group), tamoxifen, or GW5638. After treatment, we observed that both GW5638 and tamoxifen could inhibit angiogenesis in the cornea (P<0.05) and that the inhibitory effects were not mediated by blocking functions of estrogen. Meanwhile, GW5638 had minimal effects on the body weight of animals whereas tamoxifen significantly reduced the body weight. Based on these observations, we concluded that GW5638 was as effective as tamoxifen in antiangiogenic treatment but less toxic than tamoxifen.
Triangular and quadrilateral surface mesh quality optimization using local parametrization

A procedure is presented to improve the quality of surface meshes while maintaining the essential characteristics of the discrete surface. The surface characteristics are preserved by repositioning mesh vertices in a series of element-based local parametric spaces such that the vertices remain on the original discrete surface. The movement of the mesh vertices is driven by a non-linear numerical optimization process. Two optimization approaches are described, one which improves the quality of elements as much as possible and the other which improves element quality but also keeps the new mesh as close as possible to the original mesh.
Alopecia Associated with Fluconazole Therapy

Objective: To describe the association between fluconazole and reversible alopecia. Design: A retrospective survey of 1) patients enrolled in NIAID Mycoses Study Group [MSG] protocols involving the...
Ionization equilibrium and partition functions of high-temperature weakly non-ideal Flibe gas

A model for the ionization equilibrium of weakly non-ideal Flibe plasma is presented in terms of a set of coupled non-linear Saha equations supplemented by electro-neutrality and conservation of nuclei. Non-ideality effects have been taken into account in terms of lowering of the ionization potentials and truncated partition functions. A simple formulation and solution strategy of the Saha equations for the single element case has been extended for application to the case of plasma mixtures and has been used to calculate the composition of partially ionized Flibe plasma over a wide range of temperatures and densities. A criterion for the validity of the assumption of local thermodynamic equilibrium is presented and applied to the result. Effects of non-ideality corrections and approximating the partition function to the statistical weight of the ground state have been quantified and presented.
Calbindin D28K interacts with Ran-binding protein M: identification of interacting domains by NMR spectroscopy.

Abstract Calbindin D28K is an EF-hand containing protein that plays a vital role in neurological function. We now show that calcium-loaded calbindin D28K interacts with Ran-binding protein M, a protein known to play a role in microtubule function. Using NMR methods, we show that a peptide, LASIKNR, derived from Ran-binding protein M, interacts with several regions of the calcium-loaded protein including the amino terminus and two other regions that exhibit conformational exchange on the NMR timescale. We suggest that the interaction between calbindin D28K and Ran-binding protein M may be important in calbindin D28K function.
Efficiency and Managerial Performance in FBS College Football To the Employment and Succession Decisions, Which Matters the Most, Coaching or Recruiting?

This article develops a model of managerial efficiency for National Collegiate Athletic Association’s top division college football coaches. The derived efficiency measures are then linked to the hiring and firing process. The work concludes with an evaluation of the effect of head coach succession on team performance. This study evaluates coaching efficiency in terms of both use of talent and recruiting talent. The constructed efficiency rankings are used to evaluate hiring and firing decisions and determine the degree that each type of efficiency plays in these decisions. Last, the efficiency of the market is assessed by evaluating whether universities are making a good choice and are able on average to improve performance when replacing an underperforming coach. The empirical results indicate that both constructs of efficiency matter. Coaches who exhibit high level of both types of efficiencies regularly move up to the most lucrative jobs. Replacement of poor performing coach is most often a wise decision.
Probing redox photocatalysis of trapped electrons and holes on single Sb-doped titania nanorod surfaces.

We used a fluorogenic reaction to study in conjunction the photocatalytic properties for both active sites (trapped photogenerated electrons and holes) on individual Sb-doped TiO2 nanorods with single-molecule fluorescence microscopy. It was found that active sites around trapped holes show higher activity, stronger binding ability, and a different dissociation mechanism for the same substrate and product molecules in comparison with the active sites around trapped electrons. These differences could be elucidated by a model involving the charged microenvironments around the active sites.
YIELD OF GENETIC TESTING AMONG PATIENTS WITH HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY DIAGNOSED AFTER 65 YEARS OF AGE

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a disease of profound phenotypic and genotypic heterogeneity. While HCM-associated mutations are identified usually in patients diagnosed at younger age, the yield of genetic testing and phenotype of patients diagnosed with HCM after 65 years of age (late-
Refining efficiency and capability of top-down synthesis of nanocrystalline materials

Severe plastic deformation (SPD) has been employed in recent years as a top-down method for the synthesis of nanocrystalline materials. In this paper, data reported for various severe plastic deformation processes, including high pressure torsion (HPT), equal channel angular pressing (ECAP), ball milling (BM), and accumulative roll bonding (ARB), are analyzed in terms of: (a) the minimum grain size obtainable by SPD processing, (b) the capability and feasibility of individual processing techniques, and (c) refining efficiency in terms of grain size decrease as a function of induced strain.
The trend towards minimally invasive surgery (MIS) for endometrial cancer: an ACS-NSQIP evaluation of surgical outcomes.

Abstract Objective Our objective was to evaluate the surgical trend towards increased MIS in the management of endometrial cancer in regard to improvements in patient outcomes. Methods Using the American College of Surgeons–National Surgical Quality Improvement Project's database, patients who underwent hysterectomy for endometrial cancer from 2006–2010 were identified and categorized into exploratory laparotomy (XLAP) or MIS. Comparative analyses were performed and stratified by year of surgery to evaluate demographics, surgical outcomes, and 30-day surgical morbidity. Results A total of 2076 patients (1269 XLAP and 807 MIS) underwent hysterectomy for endometrial cancer between 2006 and 2010. Longer operative times were seen in MIS compared to XLAP (192 vs. 148min; p Conclusions Despite increases in operative times, MIS for the treatment of endometrial cancer significantly reduces perioperative complications and hospital stay. Considering the improvements in patient outcomes and the potential savings to the health care system, MIS should be the preferred route for the surgical treatment of this disease when feasible.
Use of frequency-derivative information in two-dimensional electromagnetic scattering problems

The use of frequency-derivation information incorporated with model-based parameter estimation (MBPE) to predict the scattering from conducting and dielectric two-dimensional tragets over a frequency band is summarised. Instead of computing a method of moment solution using a point-by-point approach, a rational function model is used to approximate the current as a function of frequency. The model coefficients are computed using frequency-derivative information at one frequency within the band to improve efficiency of conventional moment method approaches. Results show that the model based approach gives excellent results over a limited frequency band, and is much more efficient than the converntional point-by-point approach.
Hypermobility: features and differential incidence between the sexes

Six hundred sixty individuals from a music school were studied to determine the frequency of incidence and the nature of their hypermobility. They were interviewed and examined for the 5 recognized features of hypermobility (laxity of the thumbs, fingers, elbows, spine, and knees). The incidence of hypermobility, according to the number of joints involved, followed an empiric geometric law. Approximately 27% of the individuals had 1 lax joint, whereas only 3% possessed all 5 features. Specific features were present at different frequencies in the 2 sexes. The ratio of the occurrence of 2 features in women compared with the occurrence in men was 2:1. Ratios for the occurrence of 3, 4, and 5 features were 4:1, 8:1, and 3:1, respectively. Thus, hypermobility was a predominantly female characteristic. Joint laxity declined with age, although not to a statistically significant degree. In men, the decline started when they were in their mid-twenties; however, in women, joint laxity continued through the mid-forties.
Function and structure of complex II of the respiratory chain

▪ Abstract Complex II is the only membrane-bound component of the Krebs cycle and in addition functions as a member of the electron transport chain in mitochondria and in many bacteria. A recent X-ray structural solution of members of the complex II family of proteins has provided important insights into their function. One feature of the complex II structures is a linear electron transport chain that extends from the flavin and iron-sulfur redox cofactors in the membrane extrinsic domain to the quinone and b heme cofactors in the membrane domain. Exciting recent developments in relation to disease in humans and the formation of reactive oxygen species by complex II point to its overall importance in cellular physiology.
Ultrasonic backscatter imaging by shear-wave-induced echo phase encoding of target locations

We present a novel method for ultrasound backscatter image formation wherein lateral resolution of the target is obtained by using traveling shear waves to encode the lateral position of targets in the phase of the received echo. We demonstrate that the phase modulation as a function of shear wavenumber can be expressed in terms of a Fourier transform of the lateral component of the target echogenicity. The inverse transform, obtained by measurements of the phase modulation over a range of shear wave spatial frequencies, yields the lateral scatterer distribution. Range data are recovered from time of flight as in conventional ultrasound, yielding a B-mode- like image. In contrast to conventional ultrasound imaging, where mechanical or electronic focusing is used and lateral resolution is determined by aperture size and wavelength, we demonstrate that lateral resolution using the proposed method is independent of the properties of the aperture. Lateral resolution of the target is achieved using a stationary, unfocused, single-element transducer. We present simulated images of targets of uniform and non-uniform shear modulus. Compounding for speckle reduction is demonstrated. Finally, we demonstrate image formation with an unfocused transducer in gelatin phantoms of uniform shear modulus.
A review of excision repair cross-complementation group 1 in colorectal cancer

Abstract Oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy is the standard of care in patients with high-risk stage II and stage III colorectal cancer as well as in patients with advanced disease. Unfortunately, a large proportion of patients offered oxaliplatin fail to benefit from it. In the era of personalized treatment, there are strong efforts to identify biomarkers that will predict efficacy to oxaliplatin-based treatments. Excision repair cross-complementation group 1 (ERCC1) is a key element in the nucleotide excision repair (NER) pathway, which is responsible for repairing DNA adducts induced by platinum compounds. ERCC1 has recently been shown to be closely associated with outcome in patients with non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC): both high ERCC1 protein and gene expression are associated with resistance to cisplatin-based chemotherapy and better outcome without treatment. Therefore, ERCC1 has the potential to be used as a strong candidate biomarker, both predictive and prognostic, for colorectal cancer. This review will focus on the preclinical and clinical evidences supporting ERCC1 as a major molecule in oxaliplatin resistance. In addition, the important technologies used to assess ERCC1 gene and protein expression will be highlighted.
Non-iterative Estimation with Perturbed Gaussian Markov Processes

We develop an approach for estimation with Gaussian Markov processes that imposes a smoothness prior while allowing for discontinuities. Instead of propagating information laterally between neighboring nodes in a graph, we study the posterior distribution of the hidden nodes as a whole—how it is perturbed by invoking discontinuities, or weakening the edges, in the graph. We show that the resulting computation amounts to feed-forward fan-in operations reminiscent of V1 neurons. Moreover, using suitable matrix preconditioners, the incurred matrix inverse and determinant can be approximated, without iteration, in the same computational style. Simulation results illustrate the merits of this approach.
Optimum arm geometry for ductile modular connectors

A cast modular connector (MC) has been developed for use as an energy dissipating detail in seismic-resistant bolted steel moment frames. The MC relies on a series of variable section elements (arms) to minimize plastic strain demand and a stiff end region joined by a base to virtually eliminate bolt prying forces and provide a hysteresis characteristic absent of degradation. The MC was developed through a comprehensive program that included heavy industry partner involvement, analytical research, and experimental verification. This paper describes the portion of the analytical research focused on establishing the optimum geometry for the energy-dissipating arm elements. Key parameters were evaluated through parametric studies using nonlinear (material and geometry) finite element analysis and supported by basic theoretical models. The outcome was a set of optimum geometric ratios covering width reduction, length to thickness, aspect ratio, and fillet radius. A MC prototype was cast on the basis of these recommendations. These prototypes were tested under monotonic and cyclic loading and exhibited remarkable ductility, far exceeding qualifying rotational capacities.
Growth study of surfactant-mediated relaxed SiGe graded layers for 1.55-μm photodetector applications

Abstract A systematic study of Sb sufactant-mediated relaxed SiGe graded layers has been performed. The results have been compared with those of relaxed SiGe layers grown at high temperatures, showing that the Sb-mediated SiGe graded layers have been significantly improved both in surface smoothness and in threading dislocation density. We have investigated the grading rate dependence on the resulting threading dislocation density and surface smoothness of as-grown Si 0.5 Ge 0.5 buffer layer samples. With the use of Sb surfactant mediation, we have also fabricated high-quality Ge photo diodes, showing very low leaky current at the reverse bias at 1 V.
Polyaniline Nanocomposites with Negative Permittivity

In this review, the fundamentals of negative permittivity are critically discussed. Current research on polyaniline and its nanocomposites with negative permittivity are presented in detail. The reasons why these unique materials show negative permittivity are analyzed. This knowledge will be useful for future metacomposite design and manufacturing. These polymeric materials with neg- ative permittivity are envisioned to create next-generation left-hand media for cloaking, subwavelength imaging, stealth, and invisibil- ity applications. V C 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 130: 2238-2244, 2013
On simulating a die toss with coin flips

In this paper a general method for the generation of discrete uniform random deviates from random binary digits is examined. A measure of efficiency is developed and an improvement on the fundamental technique is also explored.
Laminin and type IV collagen isoform substitutions occur in temporally and spatially distinct patterns in developing kidney glomerular basement membranes

Kidney glomerular basement membranes (GBMs) undergo laminin and type IV collagen isoform substitutions during glomerular development, which are believed to be required for maturation of the filtration barrier. Specifically, GBMs of earliest glomeruli contain laminin α1β1γ1 and collagen α1α2α1(IV), whereas mature glomeruli contain laminin α5β2γ1 and collagen α3α4α5(IV). Here, we used confocal microscopy to simultaneously evaluate expression of different laminin and collagen IV isoforms in newborn mouse GBMs. Our results show loss of laminin α1 from GBMs in early capillary loop stages and continuous linear deposition of laminin bearing the α5 chain thereafter. In contrast, collagen α1α2α1(IV) persisted in linear patterns into late capillary loop stages, when collagen α3α4α5(IV) first appeared in discontinuous, non-linear patterns. This patchy pattern for collagen α3α4α5(IV) continued into maturing glomeruli where there were lengths of linear, laminin α5-positive GBM entirely lacking either isoform of collagen IV. Relative abundance of laminin and collagen IV mRNAs in newborn and 5-week-old mouse kidneys also differed, with those encoding laminin α1, α5, β1, β2, and γ1, and collagen α1(IV) and α2(IV) chains all significantly declining at 5 weeks, but α3(IV) and α4(IV) were significantly upregulated. We conclude that different biosynthetic mechanisms control laminin and type IV collagen expression in developing glomeruli.
An Agenda of GST in Geography Education for the Future

Recent advances in geospatial technologies (GST), wide availability of geospatial data, and a growing interest in the use of GST in education call for a comprehensive model for teaching and learning with GST. We propose a curricular model that can serve as a guide for integral geography education with GST, where spatial abilities and geospatial integrative skills constitute the two key pillars. Learning opportunities for students to acquire spatial concepts knowledge and to practice higher-level cognitive processes with GST must be critical components of this new approach. Instructional and assessment practices using GST should be designed in a way that can facilitate spatial thinking and geographic inquiry. Focusing on students’ understanding of concepts, ability to utilize a variety of tools of representations, and practice of problem solving through spatial analysis and reasoning in an authentic context can be an effective strategy. A challenge is preparing teachers who are capable of designing and implementing GST-supported inquiry-based instruction and authentic assessment. More research that focus on knowledge, skills, and dispositions related to teaching with GST should shed light on this matter.
Complete exchange and broadcast algorithms for meshes

Two complete exchange algorithms for meshes are given. The modified quadrant exchange algorithm is based on the quadrant exchange algorithm and it is well suited for square meshes with a power of two rows and columns. The store-and-forward complete exchange algorithm is suitable for meshes of arbitrary size. A pipelined broadcast algorithm for meshes is also presented. This new algorithm, called the double hop broadcast, can broadcast long messages at slightly lower cost than the edge-disjoint fence algorithm because it uses routing trees of lower height. This shows that there is still room for improvement in the design of pipelined broadcast algorithms for meshes. >
Benchmarking: success producer or failure preventer?

Research on benchmarking has been extensive. It has not addressed the issue of how benchmarking impacts the capabilities or performance of firms. Benchmarking efforts may lead to either failure preventing or success producing capabilities. As firm capabilities evolve over time, it is critical to understand when benchmarking discoveries and eventual process changes, become success producers. A failure preventer may result from a firm using benchmarking practises to ‘stay in the game’ or status quo, merely maintaining their existence and resulting in efficiency as opposed to effectiveness. In this study, we relate research on operational strategy, capabilities, and firm performance to extend Varadarajan’s research in the context of benchmarking in order to specifically identify when benchmarking is a success producer, leading to capabilities that result in a sustainable, competitive advantage. We develop a conceptual framework to demonstrate these linkages.
Mortality benefits of different hemodialysis access types are age dependent

Objective Risk of death in dialysis patients is lowest with arteriovenous fistulas (AVFs), followed by arteriovenous grafts (AVGs) and then intravenous hemodialysis catheters (HCs). Our aim was to analyze the effects of age at hemodialysis initiation on mortality across different access types. Methods All patients ≥18 years in the United States Renal Data System between the years 2006 and 2010 were analyzed. Spline modeling and risk-adjusted Cox proportional hazard models were used to analyze the effect of age on mortality for first dialysis access with AVF vs AVG vs HC. Results The study analyzed 507,791 patients (63.4 ± 0.02 years; 56.5% male; 40.9% mortality; follow-up, 1.57 ± 1.36 years). Increasing age was a significant predictor of overall mortality (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 1.03; P P P P 89 years, but AVG was superior to HC for patients 49 to 89 years of age (aHR, 0.811; P P Conclusions AVF is superior to AVG and HC regardless of the patient's age, including in octogenarians. In contrast, the mortality benefit of AVG over HC may not apply to younger (18-48 years) or older (>89 years) age groups. All patients 18 to 48 years should receive AVF for dialysis access whenever possible.
Improving Patient Records

Records of good quality make for clear clinical thinking, give valuable instruction, and ensure better patient care.
Representativeness in the Market for Bets on National Football League Games

In laboratory experiments the representativeness heuristic has been shown to affect participants' judgments. Finding representativeness in a real-world economic market would indicate that even decision makers who are highly experienced and motivated use the heuristic, and would, in addition, violate the efficient market hypotheses, i.e. the theory that market prices fully reflect all available information. Testing for representativeness in the market for bets on National Football Leagues games avoids complications that make tests of representativeness in a stock market difficult to interpret. Evidence for representativeness in the NFL betting market is found in a data set from an earlier study which failed to test for representativeness, and in the 1976– 9 market. Representativeness does not appear to exist in the contemporary market, however, perhaps because with the advent of the personal computer the market depends less on purely human judgment.
Dynamic cardiomyoplasty--a possible alternative treatment of congestive heart failure.

Approximately two million or more Americans suffer from congestive heart failure and over 400,000 new cases of congestive heart failure (CHF) are diagnosed every year in the United States.’ More importantly, because the prevalence of CHF increases with age, the magnitude of the problem over the next several decades will increase as the population of the United States ages.2 Survival in patients with terminal heart failure is dismal. Little has changed from the survival statistics reported in the Framingham Stud? (Figs 1 and 2). Despite technological advances in medicine and surgery, there are limited options for patients with end-stage heart disease. Cardiac transplantation has proven to prolong survival, but less than 1% of CHF patients undergo cardiac transplantation.‘,’ This is related to donor availability and contraindications to cardiac transplantation. Unfortunately, donor availability is a major factor in cardiac transplantation. A significant number of patients die while awaiting cardiac transplantation. Average life expectancy for these patients is 30 to 60 days.“~7 The option of medical therapy in patients with end-stage cardiac disease has had a significant impact on improvement of symptoms and probably exercise tolerance. However, the impact on survival is
Social Security and Medicare in the black.

In his News & Analysis story, “U.S. shutdown ends, but not budget anxiety” (25 October, p. [410][1]), J. Mervis writes, “Hunter Rawlings, president of the…Association of American Universities,…says one major impediment to increased science spending is the continued growth of so-called entitlement programs, such as Social Security and Medicare.” Social Security is paid for by a tax dedicated to Social Security. Medicare Parts A and B are also paid for by a tax dedicated to Medicare. Although future problems loom, to date both programs have run in the black through the course of their history ([ 1 ][2]). In other words, neither Social Security nor Parts A and B of Medicare have contributed a penny toward the current U. S. deficit. On the contrary, the discretionary side of the budget has borrowed heavily from them. 1. [↵][3] Social Security Administration, Annual Statistical Supplement to the Social Security Bulletin, 2012 (February, 2013); [www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/statcomps/supplement/2012/index.html][4]. [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.342.6157.410 [2]: #ref-1 [3]: #xref-ref-1-1 "View reference 1 in text" [4]: http://www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/statcomps/supplement/2012/index.html
ON THE ADAPTIVE NATURE OF BERGMANN SIZE CLINES: A REPLY TO MOUSSEAU, PARTRIDGE AND COYNE

MCCABE, J., AND L. PARTRIDGE. In press. Joint regulation of cell number and cell size in the Drosophila wing. Genet. Res. Camb. McNAB, B. K. 1971. On the ecological significance of Bergmann's rule. Ecology 52:845-854. PARTRIDGE, L., AND K. FOWLER. 1993. Direct and correlated responses to selection on thorax length in Drosophila melanogaster. Evolution 47:213-226. PARTRIDGE L., AND V. FRENCH. 1996. Why do ectotherms get big in the cold? Pp. 265-292 in I. A. Johnston and A. Bennett, eds. Animals and temperature. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge. PARTRIDGE, L., B. BARRIE, K. FOWLER, AND V. FRENCH. 1994a. Evolution and development of body size and cell size in Drosophila melanogaster in response to temperature. Evolution 48: 1269-1276. . 1994b. Thermal evolution of preadult life history traits in Drosophila melanogaster. J. Evol. Biol. 7:645-663. PATERSON, J. D. 1988. Bergmann's rule is invalid: A reply to V. Geist. Can. J. Zool. 68:1610-1612. PREVOSTI, A. 1955. Geographical variability in quantitative traits in populations of Drosophila subobscura. Cold Spr. Harb. Symp. Quant. Biol. 20:294-299. RALLS, K., AND P. H. HARVEY. 1985. Geographic variation in size and sexual dimorphism of North American weasels. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 25:119-167. RAY, C. 1960. The application of Bergmann's and Allen's rules to the poikilotherms. J. Morphol. 106:85-108. ROBERTSON, F W. 1959. Studies in quantitative inheritance. XII. Cell size and number in relation to genetic and environmental variation of body size in Drosophila. Genetics 44:869-896. ROFF, D. A. 1992. The evolution of life histories. Chapman and Hall, London. SCHEINER, S. M., AND R. F LYMAN. 1989. The genetics of phenotypic plasticity. I. Heritability. J. Evol. Biol. 2:95-107. . 1991. The genetics of phenotypic plasticity. II. Response to selection. J. Evol. Biol. 4:23-50. SCHEINER, S. M., R. L. CAPLAN, AND R. F LYMAN. 1991. The genetics of phenotypic plasticity. III. Genetic correlations and fluctuating asymmetries. J. Evol. Biol. 4:51-68. SCHEMSKE, D. W. 1978. Evolution of reproductive characteristics in Impatiens (Balsaminaceae): The significance of cleistogamy and chasmogamy. Ecology 59:596-613. SCHLICHTING, C. D. 1986. The evolution of phenotypic plasticity in plants. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 17:667-693. SCHULTZ, J. 1988. Plant responses induced by herbivores. Trends. Ecol. Evol. 3:45-49. SPITZE, K. 1992. Predator-mediated plasticity of prey life history and morphology: Chaoborus americanus predation on Daphnia pulex. Am. Nat. 139:229-247. STALKER, H. D., AND H. L. CARSON. 1947. Morphological variation in natural populations of Drosophila robusta Sturtevant. Evolution 1:237-248. . 1948. An altitudinal transect of Drosophila robusta Sturtevant. Evolution 2:295-305. STEARNS, S. C. 1992. The evolution of life histories. Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford. VAN VOORHIES, W. A. 1996. Bergmann size clines: A simple explanation for their occurrence in ectotherms. Evolution 50:12591264. YAMPOLSKY, L. Y., AND S. M. SCHEINER. 1996. Why larger offspring at lower temperatures? A demographic approach. Am. Nat. 147:86-100.
Determination of perchlorate in drinking water by Ion chromatography

Objective:To develop an assay for determination of perchlorate in drinking water by ion chromatography(IC).Methods: The method was based on the ion chromatographic separation under the condition of isocratic eluent with 0 mmol/L~40 mmol/L KOH at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min by using of the IonPAC AS23 analytical column and suppressed conductivity detector.Results:It was showed that this method had a good relativity(r=0.9998) and a good analytic precision(RSD 2.15%~5.99%).The average recoveries were 87.9%~101%,and the detection limit were 3.0 μg/L.Conclusion:Its advantages are simple operation,quickness,high sensitivity and precise results.This developed method was fast,sensitive,and accurate,it can be applied for the analysis of water samples.
Relationship of habitat with mosquito fauna and activity rhythm in the lower reaches of Ertix River on the no.Kazakhstan border

Objective To investigate the mosquito species composition and activity rhythm in the lower reaches of Ertix River on the Sino. Kazakhstan border and their relationship with the habitat. Methods The species, density, seasonal rhythm, and circadian rhythm of mosquitoes in different habitats were investigated by human.baited net traps. Biting cycles were determined through biting indices. Results Eight species of four genera of mosquitoes were found in the lower reaches of Ertix River on the Sino.Kazakhstan border. Aedes vexans was the predominant species, with a proportion between 82.22% and 96.09% among all captured mosquitoes in different habitats. The seasonal activity of Ae. vexans started in mid.April, ended in early September, and reached the peak between mid.June and late July. The circadian rhythm of activity was in a double.peak pattern, with the morning peak appearing at 1-2 h after sunrise and the evening peak at 1 h after sunset; the evening peak was higher than the morning peak. The biting circadian rhythm was dawn type; biting activity started around sunset and ended after sunrise. The biting circadian rhythm was also double.peaked; the morning peak appeared at 1 h before sunrise, and the evening peak appeared at 1 h after sunset. The species diversity index ranged from 0.1912 to 0.7227, indicating that mosquito species were not abundant in the lower reaches of Ertix River on the Sino.Kazakhstan border. The habitat had significant impacts on the species distribution and number of mosquitoes. The numbers of Ae. vexans, Anopheles messeae, and Culex modestus in riparian forest were significantly higher than those in saline regions. Biting of Ae. vexans was the severest in riparian forest. However, seasonal activity, circadian activity, and biting cycle were similar for Ae. vexans in different habitats. Conclusion The habitat has a significant impact on the population size of Ae. vexans. In integrated prevention and control of Ae. vexans, special focus should be placed on microhabitats where mosquitoes propagate.
The National Proposals

At the outset, it is useful to remind ourselves why the fifteen Member States of the European Union should be holding an Intergovernmental Conference (IGC) in 1996. The reason is quite simple, they are meeting to examine the functioning of the Treaty on European Union (popularly known as the Maastricht Treaty), which came into being in November 1993. Thus, at this point, it is equally useful to re-examine the main tenets of this agreement as laid down in the Treaty’s preamble.
The Case of the Contaminated Icon; or, Allan Pinkerton’s Dangerous Detective Doubles

In the 1902 Dirne novel, fesse fames Foiled; or, Pinkerton’s Best Play, Jesse and Frank James, the famous outlaw brothers, are hiding behind a rock when a group of six Pinker ton operatives ride by on horses. The James boys decide to stay hidden rather than to open fire unsuccessfully in the darkness. Their discussion reveals much about the fictionalized Pinkertons and outlaws that were often paired in the Dirne novels: ’I heard that fellow Lindsay’s voice, so we didn’t kill him,’ muttered Frank, after they were at a safe distance. ‘And I recognized West and that fellow Ray,’ answered Jesse. ‘They’re hard to kill, curse them!’ ‘Exactly what they think of us, I reckon,’ chuckled Frank.
The impact pulse and restoration curves: Going beyond mitigation and stabilization

Abstract Mitigation measures proposed as a response to the carbon and climate problem represent only the first half of a complete solution. Proactively repairing the damage through restoration represents the remaining half, which must entail the capture and storage of trillions of tons of carbon dioxide (CO2). Given that the time required for natural processes to restore the concentration of atmospheric CO2 to its baseline level is on the order of centuries, timely removal must involve carbon dioxide removal (CDR) geoengineering. Idealized impact and restoration scenarios, which build upon earlier conceptions of stabilization wedges, are proposed as conceptual tools with which to frame policy responses. These scenarios suggest that climate policy must weigh tradeoffs between nearer-term mitigation measures and longer-term CDR interventions. The tradeoffs depend on whether we wish to minimize the magnitude (peak CO2 concentration) or duration (time to reach pre-industrial CO2 levels) of the impact. Generalizing beyond the specific example of climate change, more rigorous consideration of technology-dependent impact and restoration scenarios can help provide a much-needed reality check for both environmental alarmism and technological optimism. This check is important as humanity transitions from the unintentional Anthropocene to the intentional Anthropocene over the course of this century. The prospect of the intentional Anthropocene also raises important ethical questions about the human-nature relationship.
Female-Biased Delayed Dispersal and Helping in American Crows

ABsTRACr.-Observation of a resident population of Western American Crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos hesperis) over five years revealed a social structure that deviates from that of a majority of cooperative breeders, including other corvids. Breeding density was unusually high (0.8 pairs/ha). Core areas occupied by pairs and families were small, overlapped extensively with those of neighbors, and were not defended against conspecifics. A nonbreeding flock was resident on the study site. Juvenile dispersal patterns were highly variable; individuals dispersed at various ages after two months postfledging. They either joined the nonbreeding flock or left the study area. Some individuals delayed dispersal for one or more years, while some returned home after extended absences. As yearlings, more females than males were resident in their natal core area during the breeding season. Most, but not all of those at home served as helpers. More females than males assisted their parents in breeding. The female bias in dispersal and helping is unusual. It suggests that the costs and benefits associated with these behaviors differ between the sexes, and may be different from those postulated for many other cooperative breeders. Received 28 January 1991, accepted 13 January 1992.
Identifying factors associated with deterrence of risky appearance-management behaviours

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study was to explore viewpoints on factors that could prevent engagement in risky appearance-management behaviours (AMBs). A convenience sample of 92 undergraduate women completed a questionnaire that contained a measure of AMBs and four open-ended questions. Participants identified individual, social, and cultural factors underlying their non-engagement in risky behaviours. They also compensated for not practicing risky behaviours. Factors internal to an individual (e.g. low self-esteem) and external to an individual (e.g. media exposure) were identified as possible inducements to risky behaviours. Findings provide information useful for incorporation into strategies designed to deter risky AMBs with young adults.
The Power of National Courts in Interpreting Domestic and EU Law: The Indeterminacy of Choice

This chapter analyzes the range of choices available to courts. Presented in the dichotomy of the universal and the particular, the process of adjudication encounters the same obstacles or issues that a judge would face in supposedly dealing within a single system of values. The emergence of the global consciousness, and in our case the European legal consciousness, enables judges to be progressive actors in domestic and regional politics. The problem of presenting the choice between domestic and universal values highlights the tension that brings us to the core of the problem of any legal system, the indeterminacy debate. It is not difficult to note that despite centrifugal forces of integration, EU legal system is as indeterminate and contradictory as any domestic legal systems. Judges need a paradigm that transcends a simple dichotomy between universal values and particular domestic traditions, a normative theory that empowers the judge to be a progressive actor.
How to examine the P600 using language theory: what are the syntactic processes reflected in this component

This article discusses an Event Related Potential known as the P600 with the aim of understanding the syntactic processes elicited by this component. The P600 is found in cases of syntactic violations, ambiguous sentences and in cases of long-distance dependencies. I show that a fine-grained understanding of the syntactic operations involved in the conditions in which the P600 appears can help determining the syntactic processes (and sub -processes) that modulate this component.
Clinical and Psychosocial Factors Associated With Suicidal Ideation in Adolescents With Type 1 Diabetes

Abstract Purpose This study delineates clinical and psychosocial characteristics of adolescents with type 1 diabetes and suicidal ideation (SI) and reports clinical and psychosocial outcomes after mental health intervention (safety assessment and brief in-clinic intervention). Methods Adolescents aged 13–17 years with type 1 diabetes completed the Children's Depression Inventory (CDI) from January 2011 to 2012. Youth with significant depressive symptoms and/or SI endorsement underwent mental health intervention. Two control subjects were matched to each adolescent endorsing SI and compared using t-tests to assess clinical and psychosocial variables. Trajectory of depressive symptoms and outcomes for case subjects were observed through January 2013. Results Twenty-seven percent (127/473) exhibited moderate to high risk for depression based on CDI scores and 38 (8%) endorsed SI. Adolescents who endorsed SI were more likely to have higher CDI scores and public insurance when compared with youth who denied SI. There was no difference in glycemic control, measured by hemoglobin A1c, between case and control groups. During the year after intervention, 28 participants who initially endorsed SI underwent repeat assessment; mean CDI scores declined by 10.57 (standard deviation: 6.92) points and 78% no longer endorsed SI. Conclusions Given the potential lethality of insulin when taken in intentional overdose, the need for consistent identification of suicidality is an important feature of depression screening. Study findings indicate statistically significant differences in depressive symptoms and insurance status, when comparing adolescents who endorsed SI to those who denied. Improvement in depressive symptoms and SI endorsement occurred after integrating brief mental health intervention into diabetes visits.
Procedures for Rodents

Abstract Gnotobiotic technology requires meticulous care and attention to detail. Absolute asepsis and maintenance of barrier function are essential for success and are the basis for successful standard operating procedures. In this chapter we describe procedures of the Hooper laboratory, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; the UAB Gnotobiotic Facility, University of Alabama at Birmingham; and the Center for Comparative Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine. Previously published procedures of the Germ-Free Mouse Core, University of Michigan (Vowles et al., 2016), are also briefly discussed where appropriate. Our purpose is not to provide a comprehensive catalog of all possible procedure variations, but rather to provide a solid foundation for procedural aspects of operating a gnotobiotic facility. Procedures for the use of current isolator equipment, sterilization of supplies, microbiological monitoring, and derivation of germfree mice, while similar in fundamental principles, differ among facilities with respect to equipment type, research needs, available resources, scope (single investigator vs. group of investigators vs. core facility), and risk tolerance, and creative new approaches to common problems are developed frequently. In few cases, if any, there is a universal “Right Way”; the standard that matters is the ability to maintain gnotobiotic animals with an acceptably low incidence of contamination.
Ion Mobility Spectrometry-Mass Spectrometry Coupled with Gas-Phase Hydrogen/Deuterium Exchange for Metabolomics Analyses

Ion mobility spectrometry-mass spectrometry (IMS-MS) in combination with gas-phase hydrogen/deuterium exchange (HDX) and collision-induced dissociation (CID) is evaluated as an analytical method for small-molecule standard and mixture characterization. Experiments show that compound ions exhibit unique HDX reactivities that can be used to distinguish different species. Additionally, it is shown that gas-phase HDX kinetics can be exploited to provide even further distinguishing capabilities by using different partial pressures of reagent gas. The relative HDX reactivity of a wide variety of molecules is discussed in light of the various molecular structures. Additionally, hydrogen accessibility scoring (HAS) and HDX kinetics modeling of candidate (in silico) ion structures is utilized to estimate the relative ion conformer populations giving rise to specific HDX behavior. These data interpretation methods are discussed with a focus on developing predictive tools for HDX behavior. Finally, an example is provided in which ion mobility information is supplemented with HDX reactivity data to aid identification efforts of compounds in a metabolite extract. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
The Environmental Aspect of Developing Indiana Oil Shale

Abstract Indiana oil shale deposits contain as much energy as Indiana coal. New technologies make it possible for developers to provide a finished product at prices competitive with natural petroleum products. The environmental consequences of producing oil shale differ considerably from traditional oil production. This paper discusses the potential impacts, available data and necessary research for developing oil shale in Indiana. We review the extent of potential of the resource, the information available about land, water, and air in the resource area and develop several technologically based scenarios of impact. We then propose base line and regulatory monitoring programs as well as applied research programs necessary to develop oil shale in Indiana in as environmentally clean manner as possible. Finally, we will speculate on the probability that oil shale will be developed, and if so, under what conditions.
Fecal calprotectin in management of Clostridium difficile infection: a longitudinal study.

Background: Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is characterized by a relevant intestinal neutrophil infiltrate. So far, role of fecal calprotectin in CDI, has been investigated only in few studi...