cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lessons Learned from IPCC’s Underestimation of Climate Change Impacts About the Need for a Precautionary Climate Change Science

Several recent studies reveal that the International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the organization created by the international community to synthesize the peer-reviewed climate change science to provide governments with objective, scientific understanding of climate change, its natural, political and economic impacts and risks, and possible response options has been underestimating likely climate change impacts. Analysis of the causes of IPCC’s failure to identify the likely worst climate change impacts attributes the IPCCs underestimation of climate change impacts to: (a) the “consensus” methods of IPCC processes and, (b) that the relevant sciences follow epistemic norms designed to prevent false positive conclusions about cause and effect. This chapter argues that given the enormous potential harms from climate change, a precautionary science that allows scientists to identify all scientifically plausible harms is required by ethics and international legal principles.
Seeding is not always necessary to restore native early successional plant communities

Restoration of native early successional plant communities in the eastern United States is a conservation priority because of declining populations of associated plants and wildlife. Restoration typically involves seeding native species and is often fraught with problems including weedy competition, expensive seed, and slow establishment. Pairing seed bank response with strategic herbicide applications may be an alternative approach for restoring these plant communities. We compared early successional plant communities established by seeding (SD) paired with selective herbicide use to natural revegetation (NR) from the seed bank paired with selective herbicide use at 18 locations that were previously row‐crop or tall fescue (Schedonorus arundinaceus) fields in Tennessee, Alabama, and Kentucky, the United States. We did not detect differences in species diversity and richness, coverage of non‐native grasses and forbs, or number and coverage of native flowering forbs by season between NR and SD treatments at tall fescue or fallow crop sites. Species evenness was greatest in NR and coverage of native‐warm‐season grasses in SD. Species richness and coverage of native forbs were least in untreated tall fescue units (CNTL). More flexibility to use herbicides with NR reduced coverage of sericea lespedeza (Lespedeza cuneata) in NR units compared to SD units at tall fescue sites. NR was 3.7 times cheaper than seeding. Land managers should consider using an NR approach to establish native early successional plant communities.
Post-traumatic Arthritis of the Proximal Femur

Symptomatic posttraumatic arthritis (PTOA) is a ubiquitous clinical challenge. While the initial injury contributes substantially toward the development of PTOA, the resultant abnormal joint morphology and load-bearing accounts for continued long-term damage. There are a multitude of initial interventions during the index injury and surgical treatment that may lessen the development of long-term PTOA. In the patient developing symptomatic PTOA, a variety of treatment options exist including nonoperative, minimally invasive arthroscopic techniques, osteochondral modalities, arthroplasty, and arthrodesis.
Meta-analysis of age and actigraphy-assessed sleep characteristics across the lifespan

Study objectives Sleep quantity and continuity vary across the lifespan. Actigraphy is a reliable and widely used behavioral measure of sleep in research and personal health monitoring. This meta-analysis provides a novel examination of whether age (in years) is associated with actigraphy-assessed sleep across the lifespan. Methods A systematic search of PubMed, Embase.com, Cochrane CENTRAL, and PsycINFO using "actigraphy" and "sleep" terms provided 7079 titles/abstracts; studies of individuals with known psychiatric or medical comorbidities were excluded. Ninety-one articles (N = 23 365) provided data for six meta-analyses examining sleep duration (k = 89), sleep efficiency (k = 58), bedtime (k = 19) and waketime (k = 9) for individuals ages 6-21, and bedtime (k = 7) and waketime (k = 7) for individuals ages 22 and older. Results At older ages, sleep duration was shorter (r = -0.12) and sleep efficiency was lower (r = -0.05). Older age was associated with later bedtime (r = 0.37) and wake-up time (r = 0.24) from ages 6-21, whereas older age was associated with earlier bedtime (r = -0.66) and wake-up time (r = -0.59) for ages 22 and above. The strength of these associations was modified by study continent, but not by any other moderator. Conclusions Age was negatively associated with actigraphy-assessed sleep duration and efficiency, but the effects were small in magnitude. On the other hand, large associations were observed between age and sleep timing, despite a smaller literature and the absence of analyzable data for ages 30-60. Changes in sleep timing, rather than changes in sleep duration or continuity, may better characterize the effects of age on human sleep.
On Eliminating Heavy Rare-Earth PM Elements for High Power Density Traction Application Motors

A high performance Interior Permanent Magnet (IPM) machine utilizing heavy rare-earth elements is considered the workhorse for many applications especially traction applications. Dysprosium (Dy) is one of the heavy rare-earth elements used in higher Permanent Magnet (PM) grades and its inclusion is critical to eliminate/minimize the risk of permanent demagnetization. On the other hand, Dy is one of the key elements that are subject to price volatility as well as sustainability concerns. Therefore, this paper aims to propose an IPM machine design for traction applications based on Nissan Leaf 2012 electric motor using a blend of magnet types that eliminate the use of Dy (can be thought of as hybrid magnets) to reduce the overall PM cost while maintaining comparable electromagnetic performance. Most importantly, this paper's objective is to provide a topology for the transportation sector using PM materials that addresses sustainability concerns. This paper will present the electromagnetic performance evaluation of the proposed design using Two-Dimensional Finite Element Analysis (2D-FEA). Comparison of key performance metrics including torque vs. current angle, efficiency map, risk of demagnetization, and comprehensive comparison to the baseline design will also be presented. In addition, rotor mechanical analysis as well as cost analysis are included.
Multi-trial free recall dynamics in preschool children and young adults

This study explored temporal-contextual memory search by examining recall dynamics in preschool children and young adults. Participants viewed a series of pictures and were asked to recall them in ...
Meta Sequence Learning for Generating Adequate Question-Answer Pairs

Creating multiple-choice questions to assess reading comprehension of a given article involves generating question-answer pairs (QAPs) on the main points of the document. We present a learning scheme to generate adequate QAPs via meta-sequence representations of sentences. A meta sequence is a sequence of vectors comprising semantic and syntactic tags. In particular, we devise a scheme called MetaQA to learn meta sequences from training data to form pairs of a meta sequence for a declarative sentence (MD) and a corresponding interrogative sentence (MIs). On a given declarative sentence, a trained MetaQA model converts it to a meta sequence, finds a matched MD, and uses the corresponding MIs and the input sentence to generate QAPs. We implement MetaQA for the English language using semantic-role labeling, part-of-speech tagging, and named-entity recognition, and show that trained on a small dataset, MetaQA generates efficiently over the official SAT practice reading tests a large number of syntactically and semantically correct QAPs with over 97\% accuracy.
A Publishing Studies Online Academic Database: In-progress Research Project

There is a problem with textbooks in publishing studies. This academic discipline misses the boat in terms of opportunity to use today’s technologies to engage students in effective learning experiences with tools requiring and encouraging something beyond reading. Students want to try their hands at acquisitions planning, budgeting, book layout and design, marketing strategies, sales pitches, negotiating, and so on. In other academic disciplines, there are remarkably clever and useful online databases from which a professor can download a variety of teaching and learning tools. These include reading materials, photos, audio, video, interactive exercises, analytics, and graphs-charts-tables with “what if? functions built in. Such databases aggregate materials from established book publishers (textbook, reference and trade book publishers); also from trade magazines, blogs, and podcasts. This research project aims to build a publishing studies database, available by subscription from a major academic publisher, reflecting publishing practices worldwide.
Prescient R-D optimized packet dependency management for low-latency video streaming

An improved, prescient, scheme to deliver preencoded video streams at very low latency is presented. We dynamically manage the prediction dependency for a group of packets using a rate-distortion (R-D) optimization framework that adapts to the channel, so that the expected end-to-end distortion is minimized under a given rate constraint. In our system, the R-D characteristics of each prediction mode are precomputed at compression time and stored in an R-D preamble along with the multiple compressed versions of the stream. The distortion in the preamble is estimated using an accurate loss-distortion model, and the optimal prediction modes are computed with an iterative descent algorithm. Complexity is reduced at streaming time by using the preamble to compute the optimal modes instead of actually compressing the video. Experiments demonstrate that the proposed prescient scheme provides significant performance gains over simple intra-insertion, and consistent bitrate savings compared to the greedy scheme.
Estimation of Discrete Time Duration Models with Grouped Data

Dynamic discrete choice panel data models have received a great deal of attention. In those models, the dynamics is usually handled by including the lagged outcome as an explanatory variable. In this paper we consider an alternative model in which the dynamics is handled by using the duration in the current state as a covariate. We propose estimators that allow for group specific effect in parametric and semiparametric versions of the model. The proposed method is illustrated by an empirical analysis of child mortality allowing for family specific effects.
Sub-Surface Carbon Dioxide Reaction in Anodes

Formation of carbon dust in electrolysis is linked to reaction of the anodes with carbon dioxide. The general understanding is that the reaction takes place inside the anodes, below the bath surface and rather more toward the sides of the anodes than the bottom. Given this, a relevant question is the relative importance of transport through the anode compared to its intrinsic reactivity. To provide quantitative answers, a transport-reaction model has been developed. The key finding is that the extent of reaction is insensitive to the permeability. This is because the reaction produces two moles of CO for every mole of CO2 consumed, so that there is a net flow away from the reaction locale. Consequently, fresh reactant must be supplied by diffusion rather than convection. Since these two processes are governed by different material properties, this finding opens the possibility of new approaches to optimization of anode structure.
1688: The First Modern Revolution – By Steve Pincus

This study of the Glorious Revolution is an exhaustively researched and extremely well‐written volume that is likely to set the standard against which other accounts of the period are measured. Ste...
Part segmentation for object recognition

Addresses the problem of segmenting objects into parts using stereo images. There are three components in the part segmentation process: surface segmentation, region grouping, and volumetric models recovery/segmentation. The surface segmentation process segments the image into a set of regions such that each region represents a surface smooth in depth. The region grouping process merges the segmented regions into meaningful parts. Finally the process of volumetric model recovery/segmentation phase recovers the part model and segments that part into smaller parts if necessary. Since multi-shape models have been used to drive the part segmentation process, one can capture more geometric properties of the object and the application domain of the approach is broader than that of the previous approaches. >
The Relationship of Training and Experience Variables to Teachers' Skill in Judging the Effectiveness of ITV Programs.

In efforts to assure instructional effectiveness, producers have done much to obtain professional judgment of instructional television programs, but little to determine the value of such judgment. The instructional technology community gives considerable lip service to the importance of measuring the effects of instruction on the learner population; yet, with few exceptions, producers continue to rely on teacher judgment to determine whether learners will learn what the programs teach. In usual practice, teacher evaluation is used rather than learner validation in the development and selec
Identification of Aerosols

Publisher Summary Aerosols may be defined as dispersions in gas of particles of matter that are larger than single molecules yet small enough to remain dispersed for a significant time. This chapter discusses the methodology of measuring properties of aerosols from which an insight into their nature may be obtained. The properties of aerosols may be separated into two classes: first, properties of the substances of which they are composed; second, properties derived from their existence in the dispersed state—that is, properties of their interiors and properties of their surfaces. The major emphasis is upon those aerosols found in the free atmosphere. However, it is worthwhile to mention techniques that have been used to date only synthetic aerosols or under conditions of high concentration or confined flow, in the hope of stimulating further investigation of these techniques. Furthermore, it seems worthwhile to review the current state of knowledge, to suggest new applications, and to indicate areas susceptible to further development.
A quality-assured hierarchical model for solution development and delivery management

There are five issues with current software development process practice that hinder the delivery of useful, quality products: limited scope of the development process; linearity in models; process emphasis; project-level management; and the treatment and practice of quality and metrics separately (for the most part) from the development models. To address the issue of the scope of the conventional development process, which covers only the requirement phase through the production phase, we expand the conventional models to include two additional processes: business opportunity at the front end and market acceptance and penetration at the back end. These are collectively called solution development and delivery. The term solution is used to reflect goal-driven development, and the separation between development and delivery reflects reality. In response to the issue of linearity in models, we introduce a hierarchical model for solution development and delivery management, which is pulled up from the linear models, essentially goal-driven and indicator-based. The hierarchical model is mappable to the structural, functional and cross-functional development organization.
Curriculum-Based Measurement of English Reading with Bilingual Hispanic Students: A Validation Study with Second-Grade Students

This study investigated the reliability, validity, and sensitivity of curriculum-based measurement (CBM) reading in English with bilingual Hispanic students. For 10 weeks, 50 second-grade bilingual...
Learned Helplessness in Children: Perception of Control and Causal Attributions

The concept of learned helplessness is reviewed and its applicability to children critically evaluated. The development of helplessness is seen to be a function of the perception of uncontrollability and the nature of the causal attributions generated to explain the experienced lack of control. With children, uncontrollability has been operationalized primarily as the experience of failure. A review of selected studies from the developmental literature relevant to the perception of uncontrollability, to the experience of failure and to causal attribution indicates that in each instance cognitive-developmental factors tend to render the child relatively resistant to the development of helplessness. To the extent that young children experience the cognitively mediated phenomenon known as learned helplessness, the factors underlying it would seem to be different from those operative in adults. In order to be applied productively to young children, helplessness theory will require further revision along cogni...
The impact of reduced immunosuppression on graft outcomes in elderly renal transplant recipients

Optimal immunosuppression (IS) for elderly kidney transplant recipients is unknown. We conducted a retrospective cohort study of recipients aged 60 yr or older to examine the impact of reduced IS on graft outcomes. Group 1 patients (n = 101) were initiated on mycophenolate mofetil 2 g/d and tacrolimus, target level 10-12 ng/mL; Group 2 patients (n = 88) with 1 g/d and 8-10 ng/mL, respectively. Dose adjustments were made as required. The groups were comparable except for diabetes, end-stage renal disease duration, and induction. Mycophenolate mofetil dose was reduced in 62% and 38% of the patients, respectively (p < 0.01). Patients were followed for 23.8 +/- 14.2 and 21.3 +/- 11.8 months post-transplant (p = 0.2). Twenty-seven cases in Group 1 (26.7%) and eight in Group 2 (9.1%) lost their grafts (p = 0.01); 19 (18.8%) and 7 (8.0%) cases in each group because of death, respectively (p = 0.09). Sixteen patients in Group 1 (15.8%) and 18 in Group 2 (20.5%) experienced acute rejection (p = 0.36). Patients in Group 2 had a lower risk of graft loss compared with those in Group 1 [adjusted hazard ratio (HR): 0.27, p = 0.006, 95% CI: 0.11-0.69]. There were no significant differences between the groups regarding graft function, BK virus nephropathy, and CMV infection. Our results suggest that reduction in overall IS in this group was associated with improved graft and patient survival.
Predictors of maternal role competence by risk status.

One hundred seventeen men whose partners had experienced a low-risk pregnancy (LRM) and 61 men whose partners had been hospitalized during pregnancy for an obstetrical risk (HRM) were studied to determine whether they differed in paternal role competence from the time of their partners' early postpartal hospitalization to 1, 4, and 8 months after birth. No differences were found between LRM and HRM in paternal role competence, and their trajectory of paternal competence did not differ. During the 1-month and 8-month postpartal period, paternal competence increased from 76.07 to 77.14 for HRM and from 77.21 to 78.29 for LRM. From 15% to 34% of the variance in paternal competence was explained among HRM, and from 41% to 44% was explained among LRM. Anxiety was the major predictor of paternal role competence for HRM, and sense of mastery and depression were major predictors for LRM.
A proposed mechanism for nonexponential chemical exchange

Abstract A model for nonexponential chemical exchange that depends explicitly on the overlap of vibrational normal modes in the two exchange configurations is proposed. Density matrix equations for the exchange process are presented and lineshapes for a choice of the determining parameters are obtained.
CD4+ memory T cells are the predominant population of HIV-1-infected lymphocytes in neonates and children.

Background : CD4+ memory T cells express CD45RO and are the principal viral reservoir in HIV-infected adults. In infants and children, CD45R0 T cells comprise the minority of the CD4+ T-cell population. The majority of blood CD4+ T cells are naive, expressing CD45RA. Objective : To determine the developmental stage at which pediatric CD4+ T cells become susceptible to HIV-1 infection in vivo by determining which T-cell population harbors HIV-1 proviral DNA. Design : A prospective, cross-sectional analysis of peripheral blood CD8+ T cells, CD45RA, or CD45RO CD4+ T cells obtained from 10 HIV-infected neonates and children were analysed for provirus. Methods : Semi-quantitative polymerase chain reaction methods were used to detect HIV-1 proviral DNA within purified lymphocyte populations selected using immunoaffinity magnetic microspheres. Results : CD8+ T cells harbored no detectable HIV-1, indicating that infection of common thymocytes does not contribute to the population of infected blood T cells. In five children and two of the five neonates, the CD4+ CD45RO memory T lymphocytes contained 10-100-fold greater numbers of infected cells than the CD4+ CD45RA naive T-cell population. Three neonates, who exhibited rapid disease progression, demonstrated high proviral levels in their CD4+ CD45RA T cells. The normal age-related predominance of CD4+ CD45RA T cells was preserved independent of CD4+ T-cell attrition. Conclusions : The majority of HIV-1-infected blood CD4+ T cells in infants and children are restricted to the small population of terminally differentiated CD4+ CD45RO memory T cells. Neonates with rapid CD4+ T-cell attrition display high levels of provirus in their CD4+ CD45RA T-cell population.
Carbaryl washoff from soybean plants.

Both the efficacy and fate of most foliar-applied pesticides may be affected by weather variables, especially rain. A multiple-intensity rainfall simulator was used to determine the effects of rainfall intensity and amount on concentrations of carbaryl (Sevin® XLS Plus) washed from soybean plants. Two hours after carbaryl was applied at 1.12 kg/ha, 25 mm of rain was applied at intensities of 13.0, 27.4, 53.8, or 105.1 mm/h. About 67% of the carbaryl on the plants was washed off by 25 mm of rain. Rainfall intensity affected carbaryl concentrations in washoff; higher concentrations occurred at lower intensities. Even though the experimental conditions were designed for “worst-case” conditions, washoff patterns suggested improved carbaryl rainfastness when compared to carbaryl (formulated as a wettable powder) washoff from cotton plants in earlier studies. Rainfall amount had a greater effect on carbaryl concentrations in washoff than rainfall intensity.
Factors Associated with Success in Treating Chronic Drunk Drivers: The Turning Point Program.

ABSTRACT This study seeks to help increase the effectiveness of chronic drunk driver treatment by examining a program with typical failure rates, and identifying what factors are associated with client success. Using the 1,665 male and female clients who were released from the program during its first 4.25 years of operation, we investigate this question in two stages. First, we extract six factors from the independent variables. Second, using the factor scores in a logistic regression analysis, we identify the characteristics that are associated with client rearrest. The results indicate that socio-economic status, criminality, and time at risk predict client success following treatment. More importantly perhaps, we find that staff prognosis, maturity, child abuse, family history of alcohol abuse, and the number of prior DUIs do not consistently predict success. The implications of these findings are discussed.
Mid-IR volumetric Bragg grating based on LiF color center crystals

Currently, a majority of Volumetric Bragg gratings (VBG) use photorefractive glasses with a transmission band between 0.3 and 2.7 μm. We have proposed and realized VBGs for mid-IR spectral range based on LiF color center crystals (LiF:CC). γ-irradiated LiF:CC crystals feature strong absorption bands in the visible and near-IR spectral range, where selective color center photo-bleaching allows for the LiF refractive index modification. The absence of active absorption in LiF:CCs at wavelengths longer than 1.3 μm results in a VBG that is stable under mid-IR irradiation. Our calculations predict that ~60% diffraction efficiency over 1-6 μm spectral range could be realized in ~1 cm long VBG. To verify this calculation, we fabricated periodic structures in LiF:CC crystals with 24 and 12 μm spacings by CCs photo-bleaching using femtosecond Ti:sapphire laser pulses. Periodic structures exhibit diffraction in multiple orders in the Raman-Nath regime at 0.532, 0.632, and 1.56 μm. The first order diffraction efficiencies were stronger for a visible radiation due to a bigger refractive index variations and additional amplitude modulation. The demonstrated diffraction at 1.56 μm is a clear manifestation of a phase grating in LiF and serves as a proof of feasibility of these LiF:CC crystals for mid-IR VBG applications.
Frequency dependence of relaxation rates and nuclear overhauser effects. Coupled nuclei with gyromagnetic ratios of opposite sign

Nuclei characterized by negative gyromagnetic ratios (y) are quite common and easily studied by contemporary nuclear magnetic resonance techniques. Some nuclei which possess negative gyromagnetic ratios are important isotopes of nitrogen, silicon, tin, and cadmium. Likewise, spin systems containing one nucleus with a positive gyromagnetic ratio coupled to another nucleus with a negative gyromagnetic ratio are commonly realized in practice. Indeed, such couplings have made possible the study of these nuclei by providing a mechanism for various methods of signal enhancement. Although the spin dynamics and allied concepts such as nuclear Overhauser effects are well documented in such coupled spin systems, a subtle feature concerning the frequency dependence of these effects is not commonly recognized. In this note, expressions valid for a simple system composed of two coupled, spinl/2 nuclei characterized by oppositely signed gyromagnetic ratios will be presented and discussed. For a spin system composed of two spinl/2 nuclei of oppositely signed gyromagnetic ratios, the following zerotb order Hamiltonian and matching energy level diagram pertains:
Obesity's match

The world's first fat tax is in place. Ironically, it is enviably healthy Denmark that is leading the way. What's their motivation, asks Marion Nestle
Alterations in erythrocyte membrane fluidity by phenylhydrazine-induced peroxidation of lipids.

Abstract The addition of phenylhydrazine (.05 – 0.5 mM) to hemoglobin-free human erythrocyte membranes results in the peroxidation of endogenous phospholipids as measured by the thiobarbaturic acid reaction. The incorporation of 1,6-diphenyl-1,3-5-hexatriene into these membranes revealed a decrease in bulk lipid fluidity. Additionally, the fluorescence intensity of 1-anilino-8-naphthalene sulfonate was decreased and red-shifted after phenylhydrazine treatment of the membranes. The results obtained are consistent with the view that changes in the physical state of plasma membranes subsequent to the peroxidation of membrane lipids may be a determinant of the mechanical properties of drug-treated as well as aging cells.
Antiarrhythmic activity of 1-(DI-2,6-xylymethoxy)-3-(isopropylamino) propanol-2-hydrochloride (BS-7977-D) in the dog heart lung preparation

Abstract The effect of various doses of 1-(di-2,6-xylylmethoxyl)-3-(isopropylamino) propanol-2-hydrochloride (BS-7977-D) on the epinephrine-induced and ouabain-induced ventricular tachycardia (VT) was investigated in the dog heart-lung preparation (HLP). Pretreatment of the HLP with 0.5 and 1.0 mg dose of the drug prevented the development of ventricular fibrillation (VF) induced by halothane-epinephrine combination. However, only 1.0 mg dose of BS-7977-D was effective againts VT produced by halothane-epinephrine administration followed by an increase in the aortic pressure. BS-7977-D did not reduce the positive inotropic and chronotropic effect of epinephrine in these experiments. Infusion of BS-7977-D after the development of VT following toxic doses of ouabain produced a temporary suppression of the arrhythmia. Administration of BS-7977-D after the reappearance of VT resulted in cardiac arrest. When the HLP was pretreated with 4.0 mg of the drug, even large doses of ouabain failed to induce either VT of VF but produced complete cardiac arrest. It is concluded that BS-7977-D is a potent antiarrhythmic agent, devoid of beta adrenoreceptor blocking activity.
Proof theory for linear lattices

Abstract We make a study of lattices representable by commuting equivalence relations, which we call linear lattices. We develop a proof theory for implications valid in linear lattices, which differs from classical proof theories in that its deductions transform representative graphs rather than well-formed formulas. Using graphtheoretic arguments, we establish a duality theorem and a normal form theorem for this proof theory.
Parallel Operation of Turbo-Compressors in a Common System

Nuclear reactors which are designed for power production have their heat removed by some cooling fluid which may be a liquid or a gas. Since the apparent success of the British power reactors there has been a growth of interest in gas-cooled reactors in this country.Copyright © 1960 by ASME
Intercalation of KCl into layered neptunyl and plutonyl iodates

Abstract The hydrothermal reaction of Np(IV) or Pu(IV) with KIO 4 and CsCl at 180°C for 1 day results in the formation of NpO 2 (IO 3 ) 2 ·0.5KCl·3.25H 2 O ( 1 ) or PuO 2 (IO 3 ) 2 ·0.5KCl·2.5H 2 O ( 2 ). The neutral layers in compounds 1 and 2 are isostructural with NpO 2 (IO 3 ) 2 ·H 2 O and PuO 2 (IO 3 ) 2 ·H 2 O, respectively. The Np and Pu centers are found in distorted pentagonal bipyramidal [ An O 7 ] environments that are formed from the ligation of NpO 2 2+ or PuO 2 2+ cations by iodate anions. There are two crystallographically unique pyramidal iodate anions in 1 and 2 . One of these anions utilizes all three oxygen atoms to simultaneously bridge three neptunyl or plutonyl units. The second anion only bridges two actinyl units and has a terminal oxo atom. The bridging of the actinyl cations by iodate anions creates neutral ∞ 2 [ An O 2 (IO 3 ) 3 ] ( An =Np, Pu) sheets that are separated by K + cations, Cl − anions, and water molecules. Crystallographic data (203 K, Mo K α, λ =0.71073): 1 , monoclinic, space group C 2/ c , a =21.537(5) A, b =11.670(3) A, c =7.315(2) A, β =93.033(4)°, Z =4, R ( F )=5.43% for 136 parameters with 1309 reflections with I >2 σ ( I ); 2 , monoclinic, space group C 2/ c , a =21.570(4) A, b =11.656(2) A, c =7.348(2) A, β =94.00(3), Z =4, R ( F )=4.92% for 148 parameters with 1317 reflections with I >2 σ ( I ).
Effects of graded doses of propofol for anesthesia induction on cardiovascular parameters and intraocular pressures in normal dogs.

Abstract Objective To determine the effects of graded doses of propofol on cardiovascular parameters and intraocular pressures (IOP) in normal dogs. Study design Prospective, randomized, modified Latin square, cross-over experimental study. Animals Eleven adult random-source dogs weighing 20.2 ± 5.7 kg. Methods There were three treatment groups: propofol 8 mg kg −1 intravenous (IV) until loss of jaw tone (Group P), propofol until loss of jaw tone +20% (Group P20), and propofol until loss of jaw tone +50% (Group P50). Atracurium 0.1 mg kg −1 IV was administered in all treatments immediately after the propofol. All dogs received the three treatments in a randomized order, with at least a one week interval between treatments. Direct arterial blood pressure and IOP by applanation tonometry were obtained at baseline, after 5 minutes of pre-oxygenation (before induction), before, and after intubation. Blood gas samples were obtained at baseline, after pre-oxygenation, and before intubation. Results There was no significant difference in IOP readings at any time point among groups. The IOP was significantly higher before intubation versus before induction in all three groups. There was a significantly smaller change in systolic, mean (MAP), and diastolic (DAP) arterial pressures in the P50 group compared with the P group after intubation. There was a significantly smaller change in MAP and DAP in the P50 group compared with the P20 group after intubation. The increase in CO 2 from before induction to before intubation was significantly greater in the P50 group than in the P or P20 groups. Conclusions and clinical relevance Graded doses of propofol did not affect the increase in IOP observed with propofol induction in normal dogs. Higher doses of propofol are of no apparent additional benefit in animals who cannot tolerate an abrupt increase in IOP but may be of benefit in dogs who cannot tolerate an abrupt increase in blood pressure accompanying orotracheal intubation.
Multiplexed adaptive two-wave mixing wavelength demodulation of fiber Bragg grating sensor for monitoring both dynamic and quasi-static drifts

A multiplexed 4-channel version of two-wave mixing (TWM) wavelength demodulator using InP:Fe photorefractive crystal (PRC) in the C-band (1530-1570nm) is demonstrated. The system can be used as a wavelength demodulator for use with Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) sensors to monitor both dynamic strains and quasi-static strains. In this configuration, the FBG is illuminated with a broadband source, and any strain in the FBG is encoded as a wavelength shift of the light reflected by the FBG. The reflected light from the FBG is spilt into two unbalanced paths and both beams (pump and signal) mix in the PRC. Any wavelength shift of the reflected light results in an equivalent phase shift between the pump and signal beams as they travel unbalanced path lengths. Since TWM is an adaptive process, the two interfering beams are naturally in quadrature and remain in quadrature even in the presence of large quasi-static strains. In this paper, the demonstrated 4-channel TWM wavelength demodulator is able to demodulate dynamic strains from four FBG sensors simultaneously in the presence of quasi-static drifts. And with the aid of a spectrum analyzer, the quasi-static shifts caused by static strains or temperature changes are obtained by monitoring the spectral shift of the transmitted light through the FBG sensors.
Successful treatment of two refractory venous stasis ulcers treated with a novel poly-N-acetyl glucosamine-derived membrane

Standard of care for venous leg ulcers (VLUs) consists of the application of compression bandages or stockings and of local moist wound care. While the majority of patients heal with the above mentioned treatments some ulcers become refractory to treatment causing significant disability and costs. The authors present the observation made on two patients with VLUs who had failed to respond to a comprehensive state of the art wound care approach for 11 and 3 years respectively. Both patients were treated with a poly-N-acetyl glucosamine-derived membrane (pGlcNAc) (Talymed, Marine Polymer Technologies, Danvers, Massachusetts, USA) in addition to compression bandaging. Both patients healed within 6 weeks of the first application of pG1cNAc. The authors present two cases of VLUs that had been considered non-healable that were successfully treated in a very short period of time with the application of a novel technology.
Intrinsic point defects in aluminum antimonide

Calculations within density functional theory on the basis of the local density approximation are carried out to study the properties of intrinsic point defects in aluminum antimonide. Special care is taken to address finite-size effects, band gap error, and symmetry reduction in the defect structures. The correction of the band gap is based on a set of $GW$ calculations. The most important defects are identified to be the aluminum interstitial ${\mathrm{Al}}_{i,\mathrm{Al}}^{1+}$, the antimony antisites ${\mathrm{Sb}}_{\mathrm{Al}}^{0}$ and ${\mathrm{Sb}}_{\mathrm{Al}}^{1+}$, and the aluminum vacancy ${V}_{\mathrm{Al}}^{3\ensuremath{-}}$. The intrinsic defect and charge carrier concentrations in the impurity-free material are calculated by self-consistently solving the charge neutrality equation. The impurity-free material is found to be $n$-type conducting at finite temperatures.
Two proglumide analogues are equipotent antagonists of the inhibition of food intake by CCK-8

Abstract The reduction in food intake produced by exogenous CCK-8 (8 μg·kg −1 , IP) in 18 hr food-deprived rats was significantly reversed by either of two proglumide analogues at doses of 0.44 and 4.4 μM·kg −1 . The two glutamic acid derivatives tested were CR-1409 [N-(3,4-dichlorobenzoyl)-L-glutamic acid-1-di-n-pentylamide], effective at doses of 0.2 and 2.0 mg·kg −1 , IP, and PGDPA [N-(phenoxyacetyl)-L-glutamic acid-1-di-n-propylamide], effective at the equimolar doses of 0.16 and 1.6 mg·kg −1 , IP, as well as at 16 mg·kg −1 (44 μM·kg −1 ). By comparison, proglumide reversed the inhibition of food intake by CCK-8 at 160 mg·kg −1 (470 μM·kg −1 ), but not at 16 mg·kg −1 (47 μM·kg −1 ). At the 0.44 μM·kg −1 dose which antagonized CCK-8-induced satiety, neither PGDPA nor CR-1409 reduced the inhibition of food intake induced by bombesin, supporting the behavioral specificity of these CCK antagonists. Previous in vitro studies have shown that CR-1409 was approximately 4000-fold more potent than proglumide and PGDPA was 100-fold more potent than proglumide as antagonists of CCK-8-induced amylase secretion and binding in pancreatic acinar cells. Here, we found no potency difference between PGDPA and CR-1409; each was more than 1000-fold more potent than proglumide as an antagonist of the inhibition of food intake produced by CCK-8. This nonparallelism between the potencies of these antagonists at CCK receptors located upon pancreatic acinar cells and at CCK receptors involved in CCK-8-induced satiety suggests that the two receptor populations differ pharmacologically.
Effect of respiratory muscle training on GLUT-4 in the sheep diaphragm.

. Purpose: Endurance exercise training is associated with enhanced glucose uptake and hence improvement in carbohydrate metabolism. Glucose transport (GLUT) membrane proteins are regulated by a variety of physiological stimuli, including exercise. In limb muscle, both acute exercise and endurance training enhance the expression of the skeletal muscle transporter, GLUT-4. The purpose of this study is to determine whether chronic loading enhances GLUT-4 expression in the diaphragm. Methods: The effect of chronic inspiratory flow resistive (IFR) loading on diaphragm GLUT-4 was studied in a model of respiratory muscle endurance training in sheep. IFR loads (resistance 50-100 cm H 2 O.L -1 .s -1 ) were maintained for 3 h.d -1 , 5-6 d.wk -1 for 3 wk. Loading was adjusted so that PaO 2 was >60 Torr and PaCO 2 <45 Torr in room air. Six untrained sheep were used as controls. GLUT-4 protein and mRNA were analyzed by Western and Northern analysis respectively. Results: GLUT-4 protein levels were two-fold greater in trained animals when compared with controls (P < 0.01). GLUT-4 mRNA levels in the trained muscles was not significantly different from controls. Conclusions: We conclude that in the sheep diaphragm, chronic IFR loading increases GLUT-4 protein levels. This increase may be one of the mechanisms contributing to the improved respiratory muscle endurance previously demonstrated in this animal model of respiratory muscle training.
Performance evaluation of polycrystalline HgI2 photoconductors for radiation therapy imaging.

Purpose: Electronic portal imaging devices based on megavoltage (MV), active matrix, flat-panel imagers (AMFPIs) are presently regarded as the gold standard in portal imaging for external beam radiation therapy. These devices, employing indirect detection of incident radiation by means of a metal plate plus phosphor screen combination, offer a quantum efficiency of only ∼ 2 % at 6 MV, leading to a detective quantum efficiency (DQE) of only ∼ 1 % . In order to significantly improve the DQE performance of MV AMFPIs, a strategy based on the development of direct detectionimagers incorporating thick films of polycrystalline mercuric iodide ( HgI 2 ) photoconductor was undertaken and is reported. Methods: Two MV AMFPI prototypes, one incorporating an ∼ 300 μ m thick HgI 2 layer created through physical vapor deposition(PVD) and a second incorporating an ∼ 460 μ m thick HgI 2 layer created through screen-printing of particle-in-binder (PIB) material, were quantitatively evaluated using a 6 MV photon beam. The reported measurements include empirical determination of x-ray sensitivity, lag, modulation transfer function(MTF), noise power spectrum, and DQE. Results: For both prototypes, MTF and DQE results were found to be consistent with theoretical expectations and the MTFs were also found to be higher than that measured from a conventional MV AMFPI. In addition, the DQE results exhibit input-quantum-limited behavior, even at extremely low doses. Compared to PVD, the PIB prototype exhibits much lower dark current, slightly higher lag, and similar DQE. Finally, the challenges associated with this approach, as well as strategies for achieving considerably higher DQE through thicker HgI 2 layers, are discussed. Conclusions: The DQE of each of the prototypes is found to be comparable to that of conventional MV AMFPIs, commensurate with the modest photoconductor thicknesses of these early samples. It is anticipated that thicker layers of HgI 2 based on PIB deposition can provide higher DQE while maintaining good material properties.
The low-speed non-isothermal wall jet

Abstract This study uses similarity techniques to predict the form of the temperature profile development in a 2-dimensional non-isothermal wall jet. Experimental data completes and confirms the analysis. The temperature profile is characterized by its max. value and its thickness. An expression for the rate of convective heat transfer between a wall jet and a wall was obtained by experiment only. Comparing the dimensionless velocity and temperature profiles provides insight into the fluid dynamics of wall jet flow. Also discussed are implications of the slotted inlet ventilation system to heat losses by conduction through building walls.
Narrowing of the homogeneous two-photon absorption line width in two-level dipolar system

We study narrowing of nonlinear two photon absorption line shape in system with non-zero permanent dipole moment difference between the ground- and excited state. The temperature-induced broadening of one photon absorption (1PA) and two photon absorption (2PA) line shapes is modeled by subjecting the resonance transition frequency to random fluctuations of varying amplitude and by solving numerically the corresponding two-level density matrix equation of motion. We show that under conditions, when 1PA and 2PA transitions are both far from saturation, the 2PA homogeneous line width may be as much as 25% narrower than the corresponding 1PA line width. This offers novel possibilities for reducing the temperature-induced dephasing in quantum computing, quantum memory and other applications based on coherent multi-photon interactions.
Argon ion laser-induced BaS B1Σ+-A1Σ+, A′1Π, a3Π, and X1Σ+ fluorescence spectra: Analysis of A ∼ A′, A ∼ a, and A′ ∼ a perturbations

Abstract The 333.6-, 351.1-, and 363.8-nm lines of a cw argon ion laser are found to coincide with the BaS B1Σ+-X1Σ+ (12, 0) R(17), (6, 0) P(35), and (3, 0) R(125) transitions, respectively. Fluorescence transitions from the laser-prepared upper levels terminating in X1Σ+ v = 0–28, A1Σ+ v = 1–3, A′1Π v = 1–13, and a3Π1 v = 3–12 are assigned. These results are combined with a previous analysis of the extensively perturbed BaS A1Σ+-X1Σ+ system [R. F. Barrow, W. G. Burton, and P. A. Jones, Trans. Farad. Soc.67, 902–906 (1971)]. Every observed perturbation of the BaS A1Σ+ state is electronically and vibrationally assigned. The levels a3Π0 v = 10–13, a3Π1 v = 12–14, a3Π2 v = 15, and A′1Π v = 10–13 are sampled via their perturbations of A1Σ+ v = 0–2. Although the mutual interactions of the a3Π, A′1Π, and A1Σ+ states approach Hund's case (c) limit, a complete deperturbation is performed from a case (a) starting point. Of the five lowest energy electronic states of BaS, only b3Σ+ remains uncharacterized. Principal deperturbed molecular constants are (in cm−1, 1σ uncertainties in parentheses): T e ω e ω e x e B e × 10 2 α e × 10 4 R e ( A ) A 1 Σ + 14 498.6(1) 287.7(1) 1.15(5) 9.365(5) 5.0(10) 2.633 A′ 1 Π 12 095(6) 258.9(5) 0.7 8.21(5) 3.6(5) 2.813 a 3 Π i 11 835(6) 259.6(5) 0.7 8.21 3.6 2.813 X 1 Σ + 0 379.50(4) 0.91(1) 10.334(1) 3.4(2) 2.507 and AΠ = −186 cm−1.
ACQUISITION OF ENGLISH STRUCTURES: A CASE STUDY OF AN ADULT NATIVE SPEAKER OF ARABIC IN AN ENGLISH‐SPEAKING ENVIRONMENT

Little is known about second language acquisition by adults in a natural (non-classroom) setting. The longitudinal case study reported in this paper provides some information about the early stages through which the adult subject of this study progressed in acquiring English and about the factors affecting her language development. Comparison with the developmental sequence in first language acquisition reveals a striking similarity. This suggests a similarity in underlying processes of adult and child learning. The differences in rate of acquisition may be accounted for in terms of exposure, need, and factors inhibiting practice.
Flowering influences adventitious root formation in chrysanthemum cuttings

Abstract Root formation in chrysanthemum ( Dendranthemum grandiflora (Ramat.) Kitamura) cuttings was reduced as flowers developed on stock plants. This effect was shown for all ten cultivars evaluated in this study. Not all cultivars were affected equally by the presence of flower buds on cuttings. There was no relationship ( r 2 = 0.06) between root formation in vegetative cuttings and the ability for a cultivar to root from flowering cuttings. IBA (1 mM) could partially overcome the negative effect of flowering on root formation, but cuttings taken after the flower buds had fully opened failed to root even after auxin treatment. Removing buds from cuttings or continually removing flower buds during stock plant growth reduced rooting compared to cuttings with flower buds intact. Furthermore, cuttings taken from the top three nodes of the stock plant containing flower buds rooted comparably to cuttings taken from the lower stem section that contained only vegetative buds. The negative influence of flowering on root formation appears to be due to the photoperiodic induction of the flowering stimulus rather than a direct competition for resources between flowers and developing roots.