cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The prognostic and staging value of lymph node dissection in the treatment of invasive bladder cancer

Lymph node dissection conducted during radical cystectomy is essential for tumor staging in patients with invasive bladder cancer. It might also provide therapeutic benefits for these patients and is, therefore, considered an important part of surgical management. In this Review, the authors discuss standard and extended lymph node dissection in patients with bladder cancer. Regional lymph node dissection (LND) at the time of radical cystectomy is an essential component of the surgical management of invasive bladder cancer and might provide diagnostic and therapeutic benefits for both node-negative and node-positive patients. The benefits obtained in pathologically node-negative patients might result from more complete resection of undetected micrometastases or from a more meticulous surgical technique. Advanced nodal disease also seems to be amenable to thorough surgical resection in a subpopulation of patients with bladder cancer. Despite the growing body of evidence to support the role of a more extended LND, no guidelines regarding the optimal boundaries of LND have been established. An increased number of resected nodes and wider LND boundaries have been associated with improved local disease control and prolonged survival. Additionally, mapping series indicate that the common iliac and presacral nodal regions are more frequently involved with tumor metastases than previously recognized. Efforts to limit any unnecessary dissection in patients at low risk for metastases—a tailored approach—has been proposed, but remains unproven. From the available evidence, the most reliable diagnostic and therapeutic approach to LND includes the routine extended LND in all patients undergoing cystectomy with curative intent.
The histology of seeded PTFE grafts in humans.

To define the histology of PTFE femoral-popliteal grafts seeded with enzymatically-derived endothelium, we examined light level and selected scanning electron micrographs of 20 graft biopsies. Thirteen grafts were chronically occluded and the midgraft samples had a thin lining of fibrin with scattered erythrocytes and leukocytes. One anastomotic sample showed a similar pattern, while three others had neointimal fibrous hyperplasia. Six of the seven remaining midgraft samples demonstrated confluent endothelial healing over parts of the flow surface. The cells were commonly distributed along one side of the graft as viewed in cross-section. Distribution patterns were not improved by changing from a single inoculum with two graft rotation-incubation periods to a sequential inoculation separated by a graft rotation. Circumferential distribution was achieved in one instance in which inoculation was characterized by a relatively high cell density. No luminal endothelium was seen when inoculation cell densities were very low. Smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts were not seen in the subendothelial “inner capsules” of the midgrafts. We conclude that endothelialization occurs in a high proportion of seeded PTFE grafts in humans, that the donor vein surface area should measure at least 5.25% of the inoculated graft surface, that further modifications in the seeding technique will be required to achieve consistent circumferential endothelial distribution, that suben-dothelial smooth muscle cell invasion is uncommon in the midgraft, but that anastomotic neointimal fibrous hyperplasia probably contributed to some graft failures.
Recouping and rethinking the effects of summer vacation on reading achievement

Vacations may have detrimental effects on maths and spelling performance, but the findings for reading are less conclusive. The purpose of this study was to analyse the effects of summer vacation on early literacy skills of young children. Participants included rising first and second-graders, most of whom were at-risk, struggling readers. No evidence of summer setback was evident for this sample of children; in fact, gains in reading (or, recoupment of any losses) were more common in children performing at lower levels than for those with higher scores at the end of the school year. Our outcomes are different from those reported by other researchers. We explain this with attention to the content of our comparisons, the grade levels investigated and measures used to assess performance, and discuss implications for future research based on our findings.
Uniformity and Softness of Kenaf Fibers for Textile Products

To incorporate kenaf fibers into textiles, it is important to establish uniformity of fibers extracted from the base to the tip of the plant. Bast fiber quality depends on both physical (crystallin...
A phantom for imaging biological fluids by ultrasound and CT scanning

Abstract The construction of a phantom for comparative imaging of biological fluids by ultrasonic and computerized tomographic scanning is described. The phantom incorporates a tissue-equivalent gel closely resembling human liver tissue as imaged by these two modalities.
Luteinizing hormone releasing hormone containing synapses in the diagonal band and preoptic area of the Guinea pig

Light microscopic immunocytochemical processing of the region of the ventral diagonal band of Broca (vertical limb) and the medial preoptic area of the guinea pig for LHRH revealed complex axonal bundles. The axons were of several different shapes and widths and showed varicosities of varying form. When such tissue was embedded and processed for electron microscopic localization of immunoreaction product, numerous LHRH-positive synapses were seen. The synapses were made by large varicosities. They were all axodendritic and showed a well-defined synaptic cleft, as well as a clustering of immunoreactive large granules and immunonegative small, clear vesicles. Postsynaptic densities were either very small or absent. These data show that LHRH is present in direct synapses within the CNS and is, therefore, in a position to be released and act as a neurotransmitter/neuromodulator as well as a neurohormone.
Viewing online searching within a learning paradigm

In this research, we investigate whether one can model online searching as a learning paradigm. We examined the searching characteristics of 41 participants engaged in 246 searching tasks. We classified the searching tasks according to Anderson and Krathwohl's Taxonomy, an updated version of Bloom's taxonomy. Anderson and Krathwohl is a six level categorization of cognitive learning. Research results show that Applying takes the most searching effort as measured by queries per session and specific topics searched per sessions. The categories of Remembering and Understanding, which are lower-order learning levels, exhibit searching characteristics similar to the higher order categories of Evaluating and Creating. It seems that searchers rely primarily on their internal knowledge and use searching primarily as fact checking and verification when engaged in Evaluating and Creating. Implications are that the commonly held notions of Web searchers having simple information goals may not be correct. We discuss the implications for Web searching, including designing interfaces to support exploration and alternate views.
New far-infrared hydrazine laser lines and their frequencies

We have discovered 74 far-infrared laser lines pumped by regular and sequence lines of a cw CO2 laser. The wavelengths range from 49.2 to 708.3 μm. These new lines are to our knowledge the shortest-wavelength far-infrared lines yet observed lasing in hydrazine. Frequency, pump offset, and relative polarization were measured for most of these new lines.
Detection of the Abnormal Isoform of the Prion Protein Associated With Chronic Wasting Disease in the Optic Pathways of the Brain and Retina of Rocky Mountain Elk (Cervus elaphus nelsoni)

Eyes and nuclei of the visual pathways in the brain were examined in 30 Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus nelsoni) representing 3 genotypes of the prion protein gene PRNP (codon 132: MM, ML, or LL). Tissues were examined for the presence of the abnormal isoform of the prion protein associated with chronic wasting disease (PrP CWD ). Nuclei and axonal tracts from a single section of brain stem at the level of the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve were scored for intensity and distribution of PrP CWD immunoreactivity and degree of spongiform degeneration. This obex scoring ranged from 0 (elk with no PrP CWD in the brain stem) to 10 (representing elk in terminal stage of disease). PrP CWD was detected in the retina of 16 of 18 (89%) elk with an obex score of > 7. PrP CWD was not detected in the retina of the 3 chronic wasting disease–negative elk and 9 elk with an obex score of < 6. PrP CWD was found in the nuclei of the visual pathways in the brain before it was found in the retina. Within the retina, PrP CWD was first found in the inner plexiform layer, followed by the outer plexiform layer. Intracytoplasmic accumulation of PrP CWD was found in a few neurons in the ganglion cell layer in the PRNP 132ML elk but was a prominent feature in the PRNP 132LL elk. Small aggregates of PrP CWD were present on the inner surface of the outer limiting membrane in PRNP 132LL elk but not in PRNP 132MM or 132ML elk. This study demonstrates PrP CWD accumulation in nuclei of the visual pathways of the brain, followed by PrP CWD in the retina.
Vogue: a novel variable order-gap state machine for modeling sequences

In this thesis we present VOGUE, a new state machine that combines two separate techniques for modeling complex patterns in sequential data: data mining and data modeling. VOGUE relies on a novel Variable-Gap Sequence miner (VGS), to mine frequent patterns with different lengths and gaps between elements. It then uses these mined sequences to build the state machine. Moreover, we propose two variations of VOGUE: C-VOGUE that tends to decrease even further the state space complexity of VOGUE by pruning frequent sequences that are artifacts of other primary frequent sequences; and K-VOGUE that allows for sequences to form the same frequent pattern even if they do not have an exact match of elements in all the positions. However, the different elements have to share similar characteristics. We apply VOGUE to the task of protein sequence classification on real data from the PROSITE and SCOP protein families. We show that VOGUEs classification sensitivity outperforms that of higher-order Hidden Markov Models and of HMMER, a state-of-the-art method for protein classification, by decreasing the state space complexity and improving the accuracy and coverage.
Phonons and phase transitions in zirconia

The martensitic-austenitic phase transition in zirconia was investigated as a function of temperature and pressure using Raman and IR spectroscopy. The frequencies and symmetries of the phonon modes corresponding to the monoclinic (M), C (4 molecules per unit cell) structure were identified at 300 K and 1 atm. The temperatureinduced transition to the tetragonal (TI), D structure (2 molecules per unit cell) showed thermal hysteresis (1225 1425 K). The corresponding pressure-induced transition at room temperature showed a pressure hysteresis (3.4 3.95 GPa). However, the structural transition was to a different tetragonal modification (TII) with D2h or C4v symmetry with 4 molecules per unit cell.
“Point–Counterpoint: Can You Hear Me? A Therapist Listens”: A Case Study

This article explores the experiential psychotherapeutic process between two people: client and therapist. Ethnic, cultural, racial, socioeconomic, and religious diversity is seen through the clinical social worker’s biopsychosocial lenses with a psychoanalytic foundation and social context. Focus is on the transformational potential within the client–therapist relationship via the art of listening and the concomitant struggle toward deepening meaning, clarity of biographical narrative, and, thus, life-enhancing trajectories. Levels of therapeutic listening are noted and explored.
Hibernating without oxygen: physiological adaptations of the painted turtle

Many freshwater turtles in temperate climates may experience winter periods trapped under ice unable to breathe, in anoxic mud, or in water depleted of O2. To survive, these animals must not only retain function while anoxic, but they must do so for extended periods of time. Two general physiological adaptive responses appear to underlie this capacity for long-term survival. The first is a coordinated depression of metabolic processes within the cells, both the glycolytic pathway that produces ATP and the cellular processes, such as ion pumping, that consume ATP. As a result, both the rate of substrate depletion and the rate of lactic acid production are slowed greatly. The second is an exploitation of the extensive buffering capacity of the turtle's shell and skeleton to neutralize the large amount of lactic acid that eventually accumulates. Two separate shell mechanisms are involved: release of carbonate buffers from the shell and uptake of lactic acid into the shell where it is buffered and sequestered. Together, the metabolic and buffering mechanisms permit animals to survive for 3–4 months at 3 °C with no O2 and with circulating lactate levels of 150 mmol l−1 or more.
Relative Solubility Trends in Transition-Metal Alloys

The prediction of terminal solubilities for a given metal solute and solvent is a formidable problem, and it remains a major unsolved question in metallurgy. In this paper we describe the relative solubilities of the transition metals in one another. After discussing the problem of defining an appropriate measure of solubility for the transition-metal alloys which have any intermediate phases, we present a map of relative solubilities for the transition metals. From this map, we delineate the trend which occurs. Both the Engel-Brewer theory and d-band transition-metal alloy theory are consistent with this trend.
X-ray diffraction analysis and source apportionment of Denver aerosol

Abstract Continuous sampling of airborne particulate matter at Commerce City in northeast metropolitan Denver was carried out for 3-1/2 days in late January 1982.The resulting low-volume and dichotomous filter samples were analyzed by X-ray powder diffraction, X-ray transmission and optical polarizing microscopy. Major species identified in the coarse fraction include quartz, clays, two varieties of feldspar (one, potassiumrich) and muscovite. Carbonaceous matter occurs primarily in the fine fraction where 52.9 % was observed in the dichotomous sample. Artifact sodium nitrate was observed deep within the fine fraction filter substrate of the dichotomous sample. A least squares effective variance source apportionment was applied to both sample sets yielding the following mass-weighted average source contributions: soil material, 47 %; salt aerosol from street standing, 5 %; normal vehicular combustion, 4 %; and local diesel emissions, 20.5 %. Also observed was 2.6 % nitrate of undefined source and approximately 1 % receptor mass, each from adjacent flour mill activities and a nearby coal-fired power plant.
Use of beta-blockers and effects on heart rate and blood pressure post-acute coronary syndromes: are we on target

Background β-Blockers have been shown to benefit patients after myocardial infarction by decreasing mortality, sudden cardiac death, and reinfarction. Although β-blockers are recommended for all patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS) without contraindications, a target heart rate (HR) is recommended only for patients with unstable angina/non ST-elevation myocardial infarction. A contemporary series documenting trends in β-blocker usage and achieved HR and blood pressures (BP) is not available. The study objectives were to monitor trends in HR and BP in relation to β-blocker use in a contemporary series of patients with ACS. Methods In this observational study, 300 consecutive patients with proven ACS had HR and BP values collected hourly from admission until hospital discharge and averaged at multiple intervals throughout hospital stay. Data on baseline demographic characteristics, β-blocker doses, and titration schedules, procedures performed, cardiac regimens, concurrent medical issues, and contraindications to therapy were collected. Results Only 5.3% achieved an average HR of 50 to 60 beat/min throughout the hospital stay. Overall, the average HR was 74 beat/min and average BP was 115/64 mm Hg. Admission daily doses of metoprolol averaged 58 mg compared to discharge daily doses of 88 mg; only 52% of patients had dosage increases. Conclusions Although effective levels of BP were maintained during hospitalization for an ACS, target HRs were generally not achieved. Future studies are needed to determine the relationship between treatment objectives and clinical outcomes in the present era of ACS management.
Adaptive learning using higher-order statistics

The classification of random and deterministic signals is considered. A cumulant-based classifier is derived, which is insensitive to additive Gaussian noise and can classify non-minimum phase signals. A computationally efficient implementation structure is proposed, which avoids the explicit computation of cumulants. Its performance analysis is discussed. Adaptive training algorithms for the classifier are also derived, using gradient methods to minimize cumulant-based criteria. Gaussian noise insensitivity is preserved. The authors prove global convergence, irrespective of the initial conditions, and illustrate the tracking capabilities with simulations. >
What We Owe to Each Other

Introduction Reasons and Values Reasons Values Well-Being Right and Wrong Wrongness and Reasons The Structure of Contractualism Responsibility Promises Relativism Appendix: Williams on Internal and External Reasons Notes Bibliography Index
The Nucleation and Evolution of Riedel Shear Zones as Deformation Bands in Porous Sandstone

Abstract The term Riedel shear zone refers to a geometric fracture pattern commonly associated with strike–slip fault systems. Using field mapping and three-dimensional digital modeling, the progressive temporal evolution of natural Riedel shear zones within exposures of the Jurassic Navajo Sandstone is interpreted from the spatial evolution of small-scale, incipient Proto-Riedel Zones (PRZs) to more completely developed systems. PRZs nucleate as a tabular zone of localized shearing marked by en echelon deformation bands, each of which is no more than a few mm wide and tens of cm long. These initial deformation bands have an opposite (antithetic) sense of slip with respect to the zone, and are oriented at an acute angle of 55–85° to the trend of the zone. With increasing strain, deformation bands and sedimentary markers become sheared through granular flow across the zone and assume a sigmoidal form. Subsequent bands develop as conjugate shear fractures within the strain-hardened axis of the PRZ. These antithetic driven systems are not directly linked to pre-existing or external structural elements and are not compatible with traditional synthetic driven models of Riedel shear zones.
OPEN CONTROL — Der Standard für PC-basierende Automatisierungstechnik

Der Industrie-PC gewinnt in der Steuerungstechnik zunehmend an Bedeutung. Maschinen- und Anlagenbauer konnen sich schon heute ihre Automatisierungslosungen aus den Hard- und Softwarekomponenten unterschiedlicher Hersteller selber zusammenstellen. Damit eroffnet sich ihnen neue Moglichkeiten, herstellerunabhanige und damit kostengunstige Automatisierungslosungen zu realisieren. Damit in solchen offenen Losungen keine Schnittstellenprobleme auftreten und sich so die Engineeringkosten erhohen., defmiert die Open Control-Nutzergruppe die CALL Interfaces. Die CALL Interfaces stellen sowohl wahrend der Entwurfsphase als auch wahrend der Laufzeit einer Automatisierungslosung den einheitlichen Hersteller sicher. Zusatzlich sichert CALL den Zugriff auf dezentral angeordnete Komponenten uber ein Feldbus-System wie INTERBUS oder andere.
Beargrass (Xerophyllum tenax) on the Olympic Peninsula, Washington: Autecology and Population Status

We studied the autecology and population status of beargrass (Xerophyllum tenax (Pursh) Nutt.) on the Olympic Peninsula of Washington State, focusing in the Olympic National Forest (ONF). Objectives were to: (1) define and describe beargrass habitat types in the ONF through an exploratory field study, and (2) determine whether beargrass populations in the ONF have declined where the species was historically present. We found three distinct beargrass habitat types in on the ONF: western low elevation, eastern low elevation, and high elevation habitats. These habitat types significantly differ in elevation, slope, topographic moisture, vegetation cover, successional stage, and litter layer thickness. We suggest environmental conditions of these habitat types may be attributed to the glacial and cultural history of the Olympic Peninsula. Beargrass cover in previously established plots on the southeastern Olympic Peninsula declined over the past 17 years, perhaps due to harvesting for the floral industry and ...
Library Research Skills: Need Some? A report on professional development opportunities and my experiences at the Institute of Research Design in Librarianship

Between June 15 and June 27, 2014, 21 scholars in the inaugural cohort of the Institute of Research Design in Librarianship (IRDL) completed a nine-day research design boot camp at Loyola Marymount University’s William H. Hannon Library. The author of this paper was selected as one of the 21 attendees. This paper reports on his experiences at the institute, framing the institute with a short review on library-practitioner research and the various professional development opportunities available to librarians wishing to improve their understanding of research methods and designs. The review situates IRDL in the list of continuing education opportunities available to librarians who seek training in research methods and research design. The review section also looks at some of the key documents relating to the development of IRDL and the research culture the institute instills in its participants. This article was written independently of the institute, so views and opinions expressed here are the author’s own views as a participant, and do not represent those of the IRDL or its staff.
Graphical and numerical diagnostic tools to assess suitability of multiple imputations and imputation models

Multiple imputation has become a popular approach for analyzing incomplete data. Many software packages are available to multiply impute the missing values and to analyze the resulting completed data sets. However, diagnostic tools to check the validity of the imputations are limited, and the majority of the currently available methods need considerable knowledge of the imputation model. In many practical settings, however, the imputer and the analyst may be different individuals or from different organizations, and the analyst model may or may not be congenial to the model used by the imputer. This article develops and evaluates a set of graphical and numerical diagnostic tools for two practical purposes: (i) for an analyst to determine whether the imputations are reasonable under his/her model assumptions without actually knowing the imputation model assumptions; and (ii) for an imputer to fine tune the imputation model by checking the key characteristics of the observed and imputed values. The tools are based on the numerical and graphical comparisons of the distributions of the observed and imputed values conditional on the propensity of response. The methodology is illustrated using simulated data sets created under a variety of scenarios. The examples focus on continuous and binary variables, but the principles can be used to extend methods for other types of variables. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Anti-Catalase Activity of Sulfanilamide and Related Compounds. VI. Further Studies on Sulfonhydroxamides

SummaryP-Caproylaminobenzenesulfonhydroxamide produces bacteriostasis of pneumococci in blood without the lag characteristic of sulfanilamide. The activity is only about one-eighth of the corresponding bacteriostatic power in broth. That the immediate nature of the effect is due to the hydroxamide group was demonstrated by the use of p-toluenesulfonhydroxamide in which the potentially active p-amino group is absent. The effect of the hydroxamide group is transient in nature. A second period of bacteriostatic activity manifested by p-caproylaminobenzenesulfonhydrox-amide is probably due to the free amino group formed by deacylation of the caproylamino group.
Abstract 3922: Lef-1 is differentially expressed in endometrial cancer and appears to target cyclin D1 in endometrial tissue

Objectives: The molecular pathways involving endometrial carcinogenesis and gland formation are currently unclear. We have previously reported on the involvement of Lymphoid Enhancing Factor-1 (Lef-1), a transcription factor, in the development and maintenance of glands within the mouse uterus. We have also demonstrated the overexpression of Lef-1 within human cancer samples. Cyclin D1, a downstream target of Lef-1, has been shown to be over-expressed in a myriad of human cancers. We hypothesize that Lef-1 is differentially expressed in human endometrial cancers and that cyclin D1 is regulated by Lef-1 in gland formation and cancer. Methods: Using Lef-1 knock out (KO) mice and wild type (WT) controls we characterized the expression of cyclin D1 within the endometrial glands of the developing mouse endometrium. Using Western blot analysis and real time PCR, we also characterized and identified Lef-1 expression in different human endometrial cancer samples. Using both normal and cancerous human endometrial tissue samples, we immunostained for Lef-1 and cyclin D1 protein. Results: Lef-1 expression is increased in certain subtypes of human endometrial cancer. In WT mice, cyclin D1 is localized to the developing gland bud by day 7, as compared to the KO mice, which express no cyclin D1 during this day. There appears to be cyclin D1 immunostaining within the same Lef-1 expressing cells within human endometrial cancers. Conclusions: Lef-1 is overexpressed in specific subtypes of human endometrial cancer. Cyclin D1 appears to be present during endometrial gland formation within the mouse uterus and present within certain human endometrial cancer cells that express Lef-1. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3922.
Novel phosphotransferase system genes revealed by bacterial genome analysis: the complete complement of pts genes in mycoplasma genitalium.

The complete sequence of the Mycoplasma genitalium chromosome has recently been determined. We here report analyses of the genes encoding proteins of the phosphoenolpyruvatersugar phosphotransferas...
Whose Life Counts Biopolitics and the “Bright Line” of Chloropicrin Mitigation in California’s Strawberry Industry

In the context of the mandated phaseout of methyl bromide, California’s strawberry industry has increased its use of chloropicrin, another soil fumigant that has long been on the market. However, due to its 2010 designation as a toxic air contaminant, the US Environmental Protection Agency and California’s Department of Pesticide Regulation have developed enhanced application protocols to mitigate exposures of the chemical to bystanders, nearby residents, and farmworkers. The central feature of these mitigation technologies are enhanced buffer zones between treated fields and nearby buildings. Not only do buffer zones inherently privilege neighbors over farmworkers, but the determinations of the size of these buffer zones are also based on acceptable threshold levels and probabilities that allow significant exposures to those they are designed to protect. Moreover, these protocols require human monitors to detect sensory irritation. While the science and technology studies literature is highly useful for ...
Age, Deposition and Biotic Effects of the Cretaceous/Tertiary Boundary Event at Mimbral, NE Mexico

The Mimbral outcrop in northeastern Mexico represents nearly continuous sedimentation across the Cretaceous/ Tertiary (K/T) transition. The K/T boundary is present in a 4 cm clay layer and 3 mm red layer above the top of a channel-fill deposit. The 60 m wide and 3 m high channel-fill deposit is of latest Maastrichtian age (A. mayaroensis Zone). It consists of faunally, lithologically and mineralogically distinct units that appear to represent a series of gravity flows related to the latest Maastrichtian sealevel lowstand. The biotic effects of the K/T boundary event were not catastrophic for planktic foraminiferal faunas at Mimbral, NE Mexico. Although 2/3 of the species disappeared at or below the K/T boundary, the effect on the overall foraminiferal population was small (< 17%) because only rare, already endangered taxa disappeared
Uterine blood flow in young and aged rabbits.

SummaryUterine blood flow rate in 15 aged does average 18.6 ml/100 g tissue/min, and this was significantly lower than the average rate of 37.8 ml/100 g tissue/min in 20 younger does. It is concluded that reduced uterine blood flow rate is one component of the aging uterus which may decrease reproductive performance in aged rabbits.
A nonparametric approach to detecting the difference of survival medians

ABSTRACTSome nonparametric methods have been proposed to compare survival medians. Most of them are based on the asymptotic null distribution to estimate the p-value. However, for small to moderate sample sizes, those tests may have inflated Type I error rate, which makes their application limited. In this article, we proposed a new nonparametric test that uses bootstrap to estimate the sample mean and variance of the median. Through comprehensive simulation, we show that the proposed approach can control Type I error rates well. A real data application is used to illustrate the use of the new test.
Proteome-wide covalent ligand discovery in native biological systems

Small molecules are powerful tools for investigating protein function and can serve as leads for new therapeutics. Most human proteins, however, lack small-molecule ligands, and entire protein classes are considered 'undruggable'. Fragment-based ligand discovery can identify small-molecule probes for proteins that have proven difficult to target using high-throughput screening of complex compound libraries. Although reversibly binding ligands are commonly pursued, covalent fragments provide an alternative route to small-molecule probes, including those that can access regions of proteins that are difficult to target through binding affinity alone. Here we report a quantitative analysis of cysteine-reactive small-molecule fragments screened against thousands of proteins in human proteomes and cells. Covalent ligands were identified for >700 cysteines found in both druggable proteins and proteins deficient in chemical probes, including transcription factors, adaptor/scaffolding proteins, and uncharacterized proteins. Among the atypical ligand-protein interactions discovered were compounds that react preferentially with pro- (inactive) caspases. We used these ligands to distinguish extrinsic apoptosis pathways in human cell lines versus primary human T cells, showing that the former is largely mediated by caspase-8 while the latter depends on both caspase-8 and -10. Fragment-based covalent ligand discovery provides a greatly expanded portrait of the ligandable proteome and furnishes compounds that can illuminate protein functions in native biological systems.
Techniques used in high-scoring and low-scoring 'Roche' vaults performed by elite male gymnasts.

The 16 highest-scored Roche vaults (G1) performed during the 2000 Olympic Games were compared with those receiving the 16 lowest-scores (G2). A 16-mm motion picture camera operating at 100 Hz recorded the vaults during the competition. The results of t tests (p < .05) indicated G1, compared to G2, had (a) shorter time of board support, greater normalised average upward vertical force and backward horizontal force exerted by the board, greater change in the vertical velocity while on the board, and greater vertical velocity at board take-off, (b) comparable linear and angular motions in pre-flight, (c) smaller backward horizontal impulse exerted by the horse, smaller loss of the horizontal velocity while on the horse, and greater horizontal and vertical velocities at horse take-off, (d) greater height and larger horizontal distance of post-flight, (e) higher body mass centre at knee release, and (f) higher mass centre, greater normalised moment of inertia, and smaller vertical velocity at mat touchdown. Therefore, gymnasts and coaches should focus on sprinting the approach; blocking and pushing-off the take-off board rapidly and vigorously; departing the board with a large vertical velocity; exerting large downward vertical force and small forward horizontal force from the hand-stand position while on the horse; departing the horse with large horizontal and vertical velocities; and completing the majority of the double salto forward near the peak of trajectory and releasing the knees above the top of the horse to prepare for a controlled landing.
Master sintering curve and its application in sintering of electronic ceramics

Abstract: The ability to optimize and tailor the properties of an electroceramic is one of the most challenging capabilities that an electroceramist must develop. Due to the fact that such a strong link exists between the microstructure of an electroceramic and its macroscopic electrical properties, significant efforts need to be made to control the factors and parameters that influence the characteristics of the microstructure. This chapter discusses the construction, utilization, and implementation of master sintering curves as specifically applied to electroceramics. The findings presented here demonstrate that a systematic approach to design, predict and control sintering of electroceramic systems is possible through the implementation of the master sintering curve.
Conscious Sedation Versus General Anesthesia for the Treatment of Cerebral Aneurysms with Flow Diversion: A Matched Cohort Study.

Introduction Flow diversion has become a popular treatment option for a variety of cerebral aneurysms. We sought to compare conscious sedation and general anesthesia for flow diverter placement in a matched cohort study. Methods Patients who underwent flow diverter placement under conscious sedation were matched on the basis of age, sex, American Society of Anesthesiologists classification, aneurysm location, and aneurysm size to patients who received general anesthesia. Results Seventy patients undergoing flow diverter placement under conscious sedation were matched to 70 patients using general anesthesia. There were no statistically significant differences in gender, age, pretreatment modified Rankin Scale scores, or American Society of Anesthesiologists class. Aneurysms were located primarily in the internal carotid artery (87.1%) and posterior circulation (11.4%). Maximal aneurysm diameter and history of aneurysm rupture did not differ between the 2 groups. Duration of flow diverter placement was significantly longer in the general anesthesia group. The number of flow diverters placed was also higher in the general anesthesia group. Complete occlusion was achieved in 75% of aneurysms treated under conscious sedation and 82.4% under general anesthesia. Good functional outcome at last follow-up was recorded in 97.1% of cases of conscious sedation and 96.8% of cases of general anesthesia. The rate of thromboembolic and hemorrhagic neurologic complications was comparable between both groups. Conclusions Placement of a flow diverter can be safely performed under conscious sedation and is associated with reduced procedure length. The ideal candidate is cooperative, requires an intervention that is not too complex, and has an experienced operator performing the intervention.
Intensive intervention and cognitive impairment: Are lifestyle changes enough for a good brain?

The Look AHEAD (Action for Health in Diabetes) study examined how a lifestyle intervention (diet and exercise), compared to diabetes support and education, may help to improve function in a population at high risk for cognitive decline—people with excess weight or obesity and type 2 diabetes.1 Lifestyle is a complex construct that includes behaviors such as cognitive and social engagement as well as diet choices and exercise. There is no clear consensus regarding the nature of the ideal choices and who gets to benefit by adhering. Much data regarding lifestyle come from observational studies, which by design cannot absolutely prove causation and might not motivate behavioral change. There are no proven pharmacologic interventions that prevent or treat cognitive decline, though modifiable risk factors might account for a substantial proportion of the risk for cognitive decline.2
Techapalooza: technology showcase for retention and recruitment of millenials into computing degree programs

The need to recruit and retain students in computing fields is widely recognized. This paper describes a recruitment and retention event designed by the faculty of a Midwestern university to address the needs of Millenial university students. The program was designed showcase the work of existing technology students and faculty. Since 2013, the faculty has hosted three such events. This paper addresses the decision making and planning of the event, as well as the outcomes.
Writing Groups as Models for Peer Mentorship among Female Faculty in Political Science

Women are underrepresented among political science faculty and leave academic careers at far greater rates than their male colleagues. Women’s lower research productivity is one reason for the declining number of women in advanced academic ranks. Mentoring can provide necessary advice and feedback to encourage scholarly production, but research shows that female scholars face challenges in traditional mentoring arrangements. We propose that peer mentoring can provide a missing link by supporting research productivity. Using a case study of an existing peer-mentoring group, we document how writing groups can provide flexible mechanisms for peer mentoring that circumvent the obstacles women face with mentoring and complement existing mentoring relationships. We discuss the structure of this group—as well as a survey-based assessment of it—to demonstrate how this approach can be readily adopted by other women in the profession who seek to expand their network of mentors to include peers in their subfield.
Nation in the Universe

The multiple political valences in Afro-Futurism illuminate the symbiosis between the theme of alienation and speculative modes of belonging pertinent to centuries of white racial domination. I offer a historically grounded interpretation of this Filipino American hip hop aesthetic that could be dismissed as merely whimsical or weird. To do so, I observe DJ Qbert and Invisibl Skratch Piklz's record scratches, communicative practices, and visual worlds, and suggest that they are part of a larger African American decolonial cultural repertoire. I also interpret Hopie's music videos “Space Case” and “Solar Systems” as continuing (and refining) Afro-Filipino Futurism, shown with her fascination with superhuman and intergalactic consciousness.
Measuring the Relationship between State Environmental Justice Action and Air Pollution Inequality, 1990–2009

Over 20 years have passed since Executive Order 12898 put environmental justice (EJ) issues on the policy agenda. Since this time, EJ has technically remained a policy priority at all levels of government. However, despite this apparent commitment to EJ, research has shown over the decades after the passage of the Executive Order, we still see persistent trends in inequality of air pollution exposure by race. This begs the question: are EJ policies actually working to create environmentally just outcomes? This article seeks to evaluate this question by examining the impact of state EJ policies on disproportionate exposure to air pollution, with the goal of understanding what types of state actions, if any, are associated with decreases in pollution inequality.eiie‡ 1990â€“2009 a¹´aeœŸe—´a›½a®¶cŽ¯a¢ƒae­£a¹‰eiŒaS¨a’Œc©oae°”ae±iaeŸ“a¸ a¹³c­‰a¹‹e—´cs„a…³c³» e‡ac¬¬ 12898 a ·eiŒae”?a‘½a»¤a°†cŽ¯a¢ƒae­£a¹‰i¼ˆenvironmental justice, EJi¼‰e®®e¢˜co³a…¥ae”?c­–e®®e¢˜a Ža·²e?‡aŽ»ao†20a¤sa¹´a€‚e‡aae­¤, cŽ¯a¢ƒae­£a¹‰a¸€c›´ae˜¯a „co§ae”?aoœcs„ae”?c­–e‡ c‚¹a€‚c„¶e€Œ, a°½c®iae”?aoœei¨e ¢a¸Sae‰?e¯ocŽ¯a¢ƒae­£a¹‰, a½†c ”c©¶a ‘cŽ°, aœ¨eiŒae”?a‘½a»¤e¢ a¸ƒcs„a‡ a a¹´a Ž, a „c§ ae— e ¢a¸´cs„c©oae°”ae±iaeŸ“a¸ a¹³c­‰a¾ c„¶a­˜aœ¨aeŒ c»­cs„e¶‹aS?a€‚e?™a¸ c¦ a¼•aooa ‘e—®i¼scŽ¯a¢ƒae­£a¹‰ae”?c­–cœŸcs„aœ¨aˆ›e€ cŽ¯a¢ƒae­£a¹‰cs„c»“aežœa —i¼Ÿa¸oa›žc­”e?™a¸€e—®e¢˜, aeœ¬ae–‡ae£€eaŒao†a›½a®¶cŽ¯a¢ƒae­£a¹‰ae”?c­–a¯¹a¸ a ‡eiic©oae°”ae±iaeŸ“ao§c”Ÿcs„a½±a“ , c›®cs„ae˜¯a¸oao†c †e§£a›½a®¶aœ¨a‡ a°‘ae±iaeŸ“a¸ a¹³c­‰a¸Scs„eiŒaS¨aeœ‰a“aao›, a¦‚aežœaeœ‰cs„e¯ a€‚Medir La RelaciA³n Entre La AcciA³n De AplicaciA³n De Justicia Del Estado y La Desigualdad De La PoluciA³n Del Aire, 1990â€“2009 MAis de 20 aA±os han pasado desde que la orden ejecutiva 12898 metiA³ los temas de la justicia ambiental (EJ) en la agenda polA­tica. Desde entonces la justicia ambiental ha permanecido tA©cnicamente una prioridad polA­tica en todos los niveles del gobierno. Sin embargo, a pesar de su compromiso aparente con la EJ, la investigaciA³n ha mostrado, a travA©s de las tres dA©cadas despuA©s de la aprobaciA³n de la Orden Ejecutiva, que todavA­a vemos tendencias persistentes en la desigualdad en la exposiciA³n a la poluciA³n del aire de acuerdo con la raza. Esto hace inevitable la siguiente pregunta: Â?Las polA­ticas de justicia ambiental funcionan de verdad para crear resultados ambientalmente justos? Este documento busca evaluar esta pregunta al examinar el impacto de las polA­ticas de justicia ambiental en la exposiciA³n desproporcionada, con el objetivo de comprender quA© tipo de acciones del estado, si las hubiera, estAin asociadas con las reducciones de desigualdad de la poluciA³n.
The Pet Attitude Scale

It was the intention of the authors that this chapter be a resource of test and measures for the reader. The name of the Pet Attitude Scale (PAS) (Templer, Salter, Dickey, Baldwin, & Veleber, 1981), apparently the first published scale that measures human–animal bonding, reflects the fact that it was developed three decades ago. If it were constructed today, it would be more appropriately called the Companion Animal Attitude Scale. The word “pet” often implies subordinate status. The literature cited by Templer et al. (1981) also reflects the era in which it was written. For one thing, the quantity of literature cited was rather sparse. Since that time the literature on human–animal relationships has increased greatly. Second, the literature cited pertains to the benefits to the psychological and physical health of humans. Thirty years ago there was much less emphasis on animal welfare.
Searching for significance among drug lords and death squads: the covert netherworld as invisible incubator for illicit commerce

In a search for appropriate theory, this essay inserts drug trafficking, the world’s largest illicit economic activity, within a wider analytical frame called the ‘covert netherworld.’ Through the convergence of three factors—covert operations, illicit commerce, and social milieu—such netherworlds can form at regional, national, and international levels, thereby transforming social margins of crime and illicit commerce into potent sources of political change. By deftly playing upon this netherworld’s politics and illicit commerce along the Burma-Thai borderlands, a regional ‘drug lord’ amassed sufficient local power to dominate the global heroin trade for over a decade and simultaneously sustain an ethnic revolt for nearly 15 years. In the Philippines, the illicit traffic in synthetic drugs developed a parallel power to influence the character of national politics, compromising three presidential administrations and shaping the moral economy of political life. For the past 40 years in Afghanistan, an illicit commodity, opium, has shaped the fate of military intervention by the world’s sole superpower, allowing it an initial success and later contributing to its ongoing failure. Through the sum of these cases, the essay concludes that the covert netherworld can serve as invisible incubator for a range of extralegal activities and has thereby attained sufficient autonomy to be treated as a significant factor in international politics.
The risky business of water resources management: assessment of the public’s risk perception of Oregon’s water resources

The premise of this study was to assess the Oregon public’s risk perception concerning Oregon’s water resources. The state has a long-held reputation of having an overabundance of water; however, w...
Thesaurus: quantifying phosphopeptide positional isomers.

Proteins can be phosphorylated at neighboring sites resulting in different functional states, and studying the regulation of these sites has been challenging. Here we present Thesaurus, a search engine that detects and quantifies phosphopeptide positional isomers from parallel reaction monitoring and data-independent acquisition mass spectrometry experiments. We apply Thesaurus to analyze phosphorylation events in the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway and show neighboring sites with distinct regulation. The search engine Thesaurus detects and quantifies phosphopeptide positional isomers from data-independent acquisition and parallel reaction monitoring mass spectrometry data, enabling studies of how neighboring phosphosites are regulated.
Influences of executive function, language comprehension, and fluency on young children’s reading comprehension:

The purpose of this study was to examine the extent to which children’s executive function predicted their reading comprehension performance. Participants were approximately 18,000 kindergartners i...
Online Stochastic Gradient Descent with Arbitrary Initialization Solves Non-smooth, Non-convex Phase Retrieval.

Author(s): Tan, Yan Shuo; Vershynin, Roman | Abstract: In recent literature, a general two step procedure has been formulated for solving the problem of phase retrieval. First, a spectral technique is used to obtain a constant-error initial estimate, following which, the estimate is refined to arbitrary precision by first-order optimization of a non-convex loss function. Numerical experiments, however, seem to suggest that simply running the iterative schemes from a random initialization may also lead to convergence, albeit at the cost of slightly higher sample complexity. In this paper, we prove that, in fact, constant step size online stochastic gradient descent (SGD) converges from arbitrary initializations for the non-smooth, non-convex amplitude squared loss objective. In this setting, online SGD is also equivalent to the randomized Kaczmarz algorithm from numerical analysis. Our analysis can easily be generalized to other single index models. It also makes use of new ideas from stochastic process theory, including the notion of a summary state space, which we believe will be of use for the broader field of non-convex optimization.
Genetic Underpinnings of Musculoskeletal Pain During Treatment With Aromatase Inhibitors for Breast Cancer: A Biological Pathway Analysis.

Background:Musculoskeletal pain (MSKP) is the most reported symptom during treatment with aromatase inhibitors (AIs) for breast cancer. The mechanisms underlying MSKP are multidimensional and not w...