cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Motivation For A Combined Data Flow-Control Flow Processor

Data flow sequencing and the directed graph program representation provide two important tools for the development of computer architectures which can exploit problem parallelism. Classical (control flow) architectures deal efficiently with other problems such as serial sequences and data storage which are not handled as well by a data flow architecture. A hybrid architecture which incorporates features of a data flow architecture along with features of a control flow architecture has the potential of becoming an effective parallel architecture for a wide class of problems.© (1982) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Atypical lobular hyperplasia as a unilateral predictor of breast cancer risk: a retrospective cohort study.

Summary Background Clinical decisions about atypical lobular hyperplasia are based on the belief that later invasive breast-cancer risk is equal in both breasts. We aimed to show laterality and subsequent risk implications of invasive breast cancer in women with atypical lobular hyperplasia. Methods We did a retrospective cohort study of 252 women who had undergone 261 benign surgical biopsies that showed atypical lobular hyperplasia from 1950 to 1985, as part of the Nashville Breast Studies. Primary outcomes were development of invasive breast cancer and laterality of cancer compared with side of the biopsied breast. Findings 50 (20%) of 252 women treated by biopsy only developed invasive breast cancer. Relative risk of breast cancer in women with atypical lobular hyperplasia was 3·1 (95% CI 2·3–4·3, p Interpretation Invasive carcinoma after atypical lobular hyperplasia is about three times more likely to arise in the breast diagnosed with atypical lobular hyperplasia than in the opposite breast without these initial findings. Our findings suggest a model of premalignancy for atypical lobular hyperplasia intermediate between a local precursor and a generalised risk for both breasts.
Rbm19 is a nucleolar protein expressed in crypt/progenitor cells of the intestinal epithelium.

Intestinal development and homeostasis rely on the coordination of proliferation and differentiation of the epithelium. To better understand this process, we are studying Rbm19, a gene expressed in the gut epithelium that is essential for intestinal morphogenesis and differentiation in the zebrafish (Development 130, 3917). Here we analyzed the expression of Rbm19 in several biological contexts that feature proliferation/differentiation cell fate decisions. In the undifferentiated embryonic gut tube, Rbm19 is expressed throughout the epithelium, but then becomes localized to the crypts of Lieberkuhn of the adult intestine. Consistent with its expression in adult crypt/progenitor cells, expression is widespread in human colorectal carcinomas and dividing Caco-2 cells. Its expression in Caco-2 cells recapitulates the in vivo pattern, declining when the cells undergo confluence-induced arrest and differentiation. Rbm19 protein localizes to the nucleolus during interphase and to the perichromosomal sheath during mitosis, in accordance with the pattern described for other nucleolar proteins implicated in ribosome biogenesis. Interestingly, the loss of nucleolar rbm19, nucleolin/C23, and nucleophosmin/B23 in confluent Caco-2 cells did not signify loss of nucleoli as detected by electron microscopy. Taken together, these data point to the nucleolus as a possible locus for regulating the proliferation/differentiation cell fate decision in the intestinal epithelium.
RESPONSE OF AN EARTH DAM TO SPATIALLY VARYING EARTHQUAKE GROUND MOTION

The stochastic response of the Santa Felicia earth dam, in southern California, to spatially varying earthquake ground motion (SVEGM) is analyzed. An SVEGM model that accounts for both incoherence and propagation of seismic waves is used, the results are compared with those for various simplified excitations, and the sensitivity of the responses to coherency models proposed by different researchers is investigated. A 3D inhomogeneous finite-element model is used to represent the dam. Finite element-based random vibration analysis is performed and the statistical moments of Cartesian displacement, stress, and strain responses are computed. Statistical moments of the maximum shear stress are computed using Monte Carlo simulation that utilizes results from the random vibration analysis. The results indicate that the stress response of stiff material near the base of the dam can be significantly increased due to SVEGM, and that the increase is sensitive to the low-frequency variation of ground motion coherency.
Choosing a software cost estimation model for your organization: a case study

Abstract In the last decade or so, many software cost estimation models have been developed. These differ substantially from each other, particularly with respect to the inputs required and their outputs. For a software manager, the problem of selecting a particular model, or a combination of models that can be applied to an individual organization, is not all trivial. This paper describes our efforts to solve this problem for two organizations who had collected data on past development efforts. Statistical correlations between the actual and the estimated efforts calculated by using different cost estimation models were obtained. Regression analysis revealed that the cost model that is used by the organizations is not ideal for their environment. Statistical tests show that the results obtained are indeed statistically significant. The methodology used to perform the case study is applied to predict the development effort for a project, and the result is quite impressive.
The Harvard Medical School Cambridge Integrated Clerkship: challenges of longitudinal integrated training

R ecently, in the world of medical education, much attention has been given to longitudinal integrated models of clinical training. Such models are designed to remedy the discontinuity inherent in traditional specialty-specific, randomlysequenced block rotations. These new programs feature continuities of patient care, curriculum and supervision. Students learn the cross-disciplinary skills of doctoring by engaging in close, longitudinal relationships with patients and teachers.
The potential impacts of biomass feedstock production on water resource availability.

Biofuels are a major topic of global interest and technology development. Whereas bioenergy crop production is highly dependent on water, bioenergy development requires effective allocation and management of water. The objectives of this investigation were to assess the bioenergy production relative to the impacts on water resource related factors: (1) climate and weather impact on water supplies for biomass production; (2) water use for major bioenergy crop production; and (3) potential alternatives to improve water supplies for bioenergy. Shifts to alternative bioenergy crops with greater water demand may produce unintended consequences for both water resources and energy feedstocks. Sugarcane and corn require 458 and 2036 m 3 water/m 3 ethanol produced, respectively. The water requirements for corn grain production to meet the US-DOE Billion-Ton Vision may increase approximately 6-fold from 8.6 to 50.1 km 3 . Furthermore, climate change is impacting water resources throughout the world. In the western US, runoff from snowmelt is occurring earlier altering the timing of water availability. Weather extremes, both drought and flooding, have occurred more frequently over the last 30 years than the previous 100 years. All of these weather events impact bioenergy crop production. These events may be partially mitigated by alternative water management systems that offer potential for more effective water use and conservation. A few potential alternatives include controlled drainage and new next-generation livestock waste treatment systems. Controlled drainage can increase water available to plants and simultaneously improve water quality. New livestock waste treatments systems offer the potential to utilize treated wastewater to produce bioenergy crops. New technologies for cellulosic biomass conversion via thermochemical conversion offer the potential for using more diverse feedstocks with dramatically reduced water requirements. The development of bioenergy feedstocks in the US and throughout the world should carefully consider water resource limitations and their critical connections to ecosystem integrity and sustainability of human food. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Measuring High-Frequency Humidity, Temperature and Radio Refractive Index in the Surface Layer

Abstract Three different instrument systems are compared in their ability to either directly or indirectly measure humidity, temperature, and refractive-index fluctuations. Each system consists of a basic instrument—a Lyman-α hygrometer, an infrared absorption hygrometer or a radio refractometer—configured with its own fine-wire resistance thermometer. All measurements were obtained at a height of 5.2 m in the atmospheric surface layer. We present time series from these instruments, power spectra of humidity, temperature, and radio refractive index, as well as temperature-humidity cospectra, phase spectra, and coherence spectra. The temperature and humidity are either very well correlated or anticorrelated. The temperature-humidity cospectra have the inertial subrange power law up to wavenumbers where instrumental effects interfere. The refractive-index structure parameters calculated from the humidity and temperature fluctuations measured by the Lyman-α and its fine wire agree substantially with the stru...
The utility and limitations of intraoperative near-infrared indocyanine green videoangiography in aneurysm surgery.

Objective To analyze the clip repositioning rate and the correlation between indocyanine green (ICG) videoangiography and conventional postoperative digital subtraction angiography for completeness of aneurysm occlusion and parent and branching vessel compromise. Methods This retrospective study included 112 patients with 126 aneurysms who underwent microsurgical clipping and ICG videoangiography during aneurysm surgery at a single center from January 2008 to June 2013. Age, gender, aneurysm size, location, and rupture status were included in the model for analysis. Results In 10 patients (8%), ICG videoangiography resulted in clip repositioning during surgery. Discordance between ICG videoangiography and postoperative angiography was observed in 5 patients (4%). There was no significant difference of ICG videoangiography–postoperative angiography discordance between ruptured and unruptured aneurysms ( P = 0.56). On multivariate analysis, patient age, gender, aneurysm size, and rupture status did not reach significance. Ophthalmic internal carotid artery aneurysms were more likely to have discordance compared with all other aneurysms ( P = 0.04; odds ratio, 10.8; confidence interval, 1.5–75.94). Conclusions ICG videoangiography is a very useful modality for intraoperative assessment of the adequacy of aneurysmal obliteration and patency of parent and perforating vessels. However, ICG videoangiography is not absolutely reliable as a stand-alone method during clipping of ophthalmic artery aneurysms and can be complemented with intraoperative digital subtraction angiography. ICG videoangiography can be used either as an alternative or as a complementary technique to intraoperative digital subtraction angiography during aneurysm surgery.
Dinuclear Copper(II) Complexes Incorporating a New Septadentate Polyimidazole Ligand.

The dinuclear copper(II) complexes [Cu2(tmihpn)(prz)](ClO4)2·2CH3CN (6) and [Cu2(tmihpn)(O2CCH3)](ClO4)2·CH3CN (7) were prepared, where tmihpn is the deprotonated form of N,N,N‘,N‘-tetrakis[(1-methylimidazol-2-yl)methyl]-1,3-diaminopropan-2-ol and prz is the pyrazolate anion. The crystal structures of 6 and 7 were determined and revealed that both complexes contain bridging alkoxide ligands as well as bridging pyrazolate and acetate ions, respectively. Crystal data: compound 6, triclinic, P1, a = 18.089(2) A, b = 22.948(3) A, c = 9.597(2) A, α = 93.37(2)°, β = 94.49(2)°, γ = 81.69(2)°, V = 3925.1 A3, Z = 4; compound 7, triclinic, P1, a = 12.417(2) A, b = 15.012(3) A, c = 10.699(2) A, α = 104.76(2)°, β = 102.63(2)°, γ = 99.44(2)°, V = 1830.1 A3, Z = 2. In compound 6, the coordination geometry around both copper centers resembles a distorted square pyramid, while the stereochemistry around the copper centers in 7 is best described as trigonal bipyramidal. Both complexes display well-resolved isotropicall...
Rapid microdetermination of carbon and hydrogen. A new universal combustion tube filling

Abstract A universal filling, consisting of silver tungstate, zirconium dioxide and magnesium oxide, is described. It acts as an absorbent for all interfering substances, and accurate analyses are obtained with any type of organic compound. Combustions are carried out at a temperature of 850 °C for a period of 12 minutes.
The effect of ganglion blocking agents in congestive heart failure

Abstract Autonomic blocking agents, tetraethylammonium bromide and hexamethonium iodide, were demonstrated to lower the venous pressure simultaneously with arterial pressure and to increase vital capacity in patients with congestive heart failure. Following the administration of these agents, significant clinical improvement was observed with a reduction in the degree of dyspnea and orthopnea. The duration of the improved status as evaluated clinically varied from one to several days, those with milder degrees of congestive failure experiencing longer benefits. Measurements of skin temperature and digital blood flow revealed that the usual increase noted in nonfailure patients was absent in most patients with congestive failure. The reduction of venous and arterial pressures without evidence of increased cutaneous or digital flow suggests that a redistribution of blood volume has occurred by the release of vasoconstrictor reflexes probably in splanchnic or muscular areas. The release of neurogenic reflexes increasing the arteriolar and venular tone will reduce the work load of the left ventricle and decrease the elevated venous filling pressures of the right heart. The use of autonomic blockade as a method of treatment for pulmonary congestion has been shown to be effective.
Indirect Interaction of Solid-State Qubits via Two-Dimensional Electron Gas

We propose a mechanism of long-range coherent coupling between nuclear spin qubits in semiconductor-heterojunction quantum information processing devices. The coupling is via localized donor electrons which interact with the two-dimensional electron gas. An effective interaction Hamiltonian is derived and the coupling strength is evaluated. We also discuss mechanisms of decoherence and consider gate control of the interaction between qubits. The resulting quantum computing scheme retains all the control and measurement aspects of earlier approaches, but allows qubit spacing at distances of the order of 100 nm, attainable with the present-day semiconductor device technologies.
SENP1 and SENP2 affect spatial and temporal control of sumoylation in mitosis

Sumoylation of centromere, kinetochore, and other mitotic chromosome-associated proteins is essential for chromosome segregation. The mechanisms regulating spatial and temporal sumoylation of proteins in mitosis, however, are not well understood. Here we show that the small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO)–specific isopeptidases SENP1 and SENP2 are targeted to kinetochores in mitosis. SENP2 targeting occurs through a mechanism dependent on the Nup107-160 subcomplex of the nuclear pore complex and is modulated through interactions with karyopherin α. Overexpression of SENP2, but not other SUMO-specific isopeptidases, causes a defect in chromosome congression that depends on its precise kinetochore targeting. By altering SENP1 kinetochore associations, however, this effect on chromosome congression could be phenocopied. In contrast, RNA interference–mediated knockdown of SENP1 delays sister chromatid separation at metaphase, whereas SENP2 knockdown produces no detectable phenotypes. Our findings indicate that chromosome segregation depends on precise spatial and temporal control of sumoylation in mitosis and that SENP1 and SENP2 are important mediators of this control.
Bust without boom.

Just like injectables oral contraceptives (OCs) including progestin-only “minipill” and “morning-after” pill regimens have experienced a bust without a boom. Fear of political and religious backlash over emergency contraceptives containing estrogen and progestin prompted large companies not to market these regimens. Another major factor in the bust phase of OC use and acceptance has been a small coterie of English and American epidemiologists focused on the adverse effects of Ocs including risks of thrombotic events heart attacks and strokes. The media played a crucial role in the bust phase of these OCs. In the UK the alleged increase of cancer risk with pill use which leaked before publication in London newspapers resulted in 50000 additional unintended pregnancies. Nevertheless there is no doubt that boom-and-bust cycles will continue simply because many of the actors in this drama have too great a vested interest to desist. Groups involved in this field must recognize the hazards that come with the territory and be proactive anticipatory and well armed with facts--and get good with media access. Drug companies should think on a long-term basis the potential effects of leaving the field as they have done or shooting down competitive innovations.
Embryonic stem cell differentiation: emergence of a new era in biology and medicine

The discovery of mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells >20 years ago represented a major advance in biology and experimental medicine, as it enabled the routine manipulation of the mouse genome. Along with the capacity to induce genetic modifications, ES cells provided the basis for establishing an in vitro model of early mammalian development and represented a putative new source of differentiated cell types for cell replacement therapy. While ES cells have been used extensively for creating mouse mutants for more than a decade, their application as a model for developmental biology has been limited and their use in cell replacement therapy remains a goal for many in the field. Recent advances in our understanding of ES cell differentiation, detailed in this review, have provided new insights essential for establishing ES cell-based developmental models and for the generation of clinically relevant populations for cell therapy.
Is low and slow the way to go? Metronomic therapy in the treatment of pediatric brain tumors.

211 ISSN 2045-0907 10.2217/CNS.13.14 © 2013 Future Medicine Ltd CNS Oncol. (2013) 2(3), 211–213 Metronomic chemotherapy refers to the use of repetitive, low-dose, often orally administered chemotherapy given frequently (often daily or weekly) without long breaks between cycles of treatment. This dosing strategy gained favor when studies in animal models demonstrated that mice with tumor xenografts could be successfully treated with low repetitive doses of chemotherapeutics, even when the tumor was resistant to the same chemotherapeutic when administered in high intermittent doses [1,2]. This strategy has a number of potential benefits, including better tolerability and outpatient/home administration, coupled with less systemic toxicity and neuro toxicity. The mechanism of action in metronomic therapy is not fully elucidated, but a primary effect is on tumor angiogenesis. Anti angiogenic therapy can inhibit neovascularization, thereby disrupting the primary tumor’s blood supply, and preventing tumor progression and metastasis. Under the typical dose-intense chemotherapy regimens, there is a prolonged period between cycles of chemotherapy, offering a window of opportunity for the tumor to resume endothelial proliferation. Other mechanisms outside of anti angiogenesis have also been proposed. Enhanced anti-tumor immunity via down regulation of regulatory T cells has been demon strated in vitro using chemo therapies commonly utilized in metronomic schedules [3] and in vivo in glioma models using metronomic chemotherapy [4]. Induction of tumor dormancy, the state of either cell cycle arrest, or balance of cell proliferation and apoptosis, has also been theorized as a mechanism of action [5]. One added potential mechanism of action is the ability of the metronomic chemotherapeutic(s) to saturate repair enzymes that diminish the utility of chemo therapy. This rationale is proposed for the use of low-dose temozolomide in the treatment of glioblastoma with nonmethylated (i.e., active O-methylguanine methyltransferase). It is believed that low-dose temozolomide overwhelms the capacity of this DNA repair enzyme [6]. Application of metronomic dosing in the clinic for children with brain tumors has demonstrated some encouraging
Inverse halftoning and kernel estimation for error diffusion

Two different approaches in the inverse halftoning of error-diffused images are considered. The first approach uses linear filtering and statistical smoothing that reconstructs a gray-scale image from a given error-diffused image. The second approach can be viewed as a projection operation, where one assumes the error diffusion kernel is known, and finds a gray-scale image that will be halftoned into the same binary image. Two projection algorithms, viz., minimum mean square error (MMSE) projection and maximum a posteriori probability (MAP) projection, that differ on the way an inverse quantization step is performed, are developed. Among the filtering and the two projection algorithms, MAP projection provides the best performance for inverse halftoning. Using techniques from adaptive signal processing, we suggest a method for estimating the error diffusion kernel from the given halftone. This means that the projection algorithms can be applied in the inverse halftoning of any error-diffused image without requiring any a priori information on the error diffusion kernel. It is shown that the kernel estimation algorithm combined with MAP projection provide the same performance in inverse halftoning compared to the case where the error diffusion kernel is known. >
The effects of higher levels of immersion on procedure memorization performance and implications for educational virtual environments

Researchers have proposed that immersion could have advantages for tasks involving abstract mental activities, such as conceptual learning; however, there are few empirical results that support this idea. We hypothesized that higher levels of immersion would benefit such tasks if the mental activity could be mapped to objects or locations in a 3D environment. To investigate this hypothesis, we performed an experiment in which participants memorized procedures in a virtual environment and then attempted to recall those procedures. We aimed to understand the effects of three components of immersion on performance. The results demonstrate that a matched software field of view (SFOV), a higher physical field of view (FOV), and a higher field of regard (FOR) all contributed to more effective memorization. The best performance was achieved with a matched SFOV and either a high FOV or a high FOR, or both. In addition, our experiment demonstrated that memorization in a virtual environment could be transferred to the real world. The results suggest that, for procedure memorization tasks, increasing the level of immersion even to moderate levels, such as those found in head mounted displays (HMDs) and display walls, can improve performance significantly compared to lower levels of immersion. Hypothesizing that the performance improvements provided by higher levels of immersion can be attributed to enhanced spatial cues, we discuss the values and limitations of supplementing conceptual information with spatial information in educational VR.
The Local Scripts from Nature to Culture

The emergence of local alphabets in archaic Greece, different from one another in the shapes of only few letters, is usually seen as accidental. Observing the use of local alphabets outside their area of origin especially, this article argues that they were consciously created so as to be recognizable from one another and closely associated with perceived ethnic boundaries within the Greek world. The use of the local alphabets should be observed in conjunction with the use of dialects, which appear to have functioned in a similar way.
Resources for Supporting the APA Publication Style

Hospital library users often use library resources for doing research for scholarly and professional writing projects. Citations and format style for academic papers and publications must often conform to the “APA style,” found in the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association. This publication manual is among the pantheon of standard publication manuals on library reference shelves, including the American Medical Association Manual of Style, Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals (Vancouver style), The Chicago Manual of Style, and Turabian's “Manual for Writers.” The APA style is prominently used in social sciences and many nursing and allied health publications. Hospital librarians may be asked for advice on formatting manuscripts and citations, and should know more about the APA style, supporting resources, and where to turn for authoritative information on its rules.
Two-way graph partitioning by principal components

The problem of partitioning the vertex set of an edge-weighted undirected graph into two parts of specified sizes so that the sum of the weights on edges joining vertices in different parts is minimum is addressed. This problem is NP-hard, and has several important applications in VLSI layout. An approach based on principal components analysis is proposed to develop several heuristics for the above two-way graph-partitioning problem. These heuristics generate partitions directly from a couple of eigenvectors of a certain matrix derived from the connection matrix of a graph. Lower bounds on the cost of an optimal partition are derived. Some experimental results and a comparison of the computation time of the heuristics are shown. >
A comparative study of a new GPS reduced-surface-wave antenna

A new global positioning system (GPS) antenna design based on the reduced-surface-wave (RSW) microstrip antenna concept is introduced. In addition to retaining the advantages common to microstrip antennas, these new GPS antennas will be shown to provide comparable performance to the most commonly used GPS antennas, including choke-ring designs. The reduced horizon and backside levels, and good circular polarization characteristics indicate that this new antenna design is ideal for high-precision GPS applications.
Insights into root development from Arabidopsis root mutants

The root provides a useful system for the analysis of plant organ formation. Mutations that affect root development and physiology have been identified in Arabidopsis thaliana. Affected processes include embryonic root formation, cell expansion, cell differentiation and response to environmental stimuli. Analysis of these mutations is providing insight into fundamental questions of plant development.
Reanalysis of Heintzichthys gouldii (Newberry), an aspinothoracid arthrodire (Placodermi) from the Famennian of northern Ohio, with a review of brachythoracid systematics

Heintzichthys gouldii is redescribed based on new material from the Interstate 71 Paleontological Salvage Project (Cleveland Museum of Natural History. 196C67) . Phylogenetic analysis of brachythoracid arthrodires clearly shows the monophyly of Camuropiscidae and the aspinothoracid arthrodires . Heintzzihhys gouldii and GorgonicMys clarki are removed from Dinichthyidae and placed within aspinothoracid arthrodires . The remaining members in the family Dinichthyidae are united salely by plesiomorphic characters . A number of putative synapomorphies for the eubrachythoracid arthrodires are questioned; however. the validity of this taxon is supported by three synapomorphies .
BRICS: opportunities to improve road safety

Brazil, the Russian Federation, India, China and South Africa – the countries known as BRICS – are currently undergoing a deep epidemiological transition that is mainly driven by rapid economic growth and technological change. The changes being observed in the distribution of the burden of diseases and injuries – such as recent increases in the incidence of road traffic injuries – are matters of concern. BRICS may need stronger institutional capacity to address such changes in a timely way. In this paper, we present data on road traffic injuries in BRICS and illustrate the enormous challenge that these countries currently face in reducing the incidence of such injuries. There is an urgent need to improve road safety indicators in every country constituting BRICS. It is imperative for BRICS to invest in system-wide road safety interventions and reduce the mortality and morbidity from road traffic injuries.
End-to-end detection of compression of traffic flows by intermediaries

Routers or nodes on the Internet sometimes apply link-layer or IP-level compression on traffic flows with no knowledge of the end-hosts. If the end-host applications are aware of the compression already provided by an intermediary, they can save time and resources by not applying compression themselves. The benefits from these savings are even greater in mobile applications. We present a probing technique to detect the compression of traffic flows by intermediaries. Our technique is non-intrusive and robust to cross traffic. It is entirely end-to-end, requiring neither changes to nor information from intermediate nodes. We present two different but similar approaches based on how cooperative the end-hosts are. Our proposed technique only uses packet inter-arrival times for detection. It does not require synchronized clocks at the sender and receiver. Simulations and Internet experiments were used to evaluate our approach. Our findings demonstrate an accurate detection of compression applied to traffic flows by intermediaries.
Use of a Hooked Cutting Device Compared With Scissors for the Emergency Exposure of Critically Ill and Injured Patients

Introduction The initial assessment of critical patients includes prompt identification of life-threatening conditions. Any device or technique that can aid in this process may ultimately save lives. This study examined whether clothing could be removed faster with the use of a hooked cutting device as compared with the commonly-used heavy-duty, blunt-tipped, serrated scissors. Methods This study took place in an urban academic emergency department of a Level-1 trauma center. Human patient simulator mannequins were clothed in identical shirts and pants. The time required for clinical personnel to expose the patient using each device was measured. Each of the 50 participants was queried regarding their tactile comfort using each device. Results The mean time for shirt removal using scissors was 83 seconds (SD = 55 seconds; 95% CI, 68-99). The mean time for shirt removal using the hook device was 28 seconds (SD = 21 seconds; 95% CI, 22-34). The mean time for pants removal using scissors was 69 seconds (SD = 40 seconds; 95% CI, 56-73). The mean time for pants removal using the hook device was 19 seconds (SD=15 seconds; 95% CI, 15-23). Conclusions The hooked device was 69% faster at removing clothing than traditionally-used scissors. Though simple in concept, these implications can be life saving, particularly in conditions of uncontrolled, life-threatening external hemorrhage. Tang N , Levy M , Harrow J , Bingham N . Use of a Hooked Cutting Device Compared With Scissors for the Emergency Exposure of Critically Ill and Injured Patients. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2013;28(6):1-4 .
OC12.05: Visualization and measurement of the cisterna magna and maximal posterior fossa translucency for spina bifida screening at 11–13 weeks gestation

Methods: We retrospectively assessed the 2D and/or 3D dates from the pregnancies undergoing routine ultrasound examination at 11–13 weeks’ gestation during 2009–2010, as part of screening for chromosomal abnormalities. Our targets of evaluation consisted in: spine aspect, cranium and intracranial anatomy of choroids plexus, thalamic angle, cerebellum aspect and antero-posterior measurement of the fourth ventricle in the mid-sagital view of the fetal face, recently described (2009) as intracranial translucency (IT). Results: All the 1749 fetuses without NTD presented measurable IT with median values at 11–13+6 weeks between 1.39 and 2.62 mm. From the cases diagnosed with open spina bifida, 2 underwent 11–13+6 scan in our clinic and both cases presented abnormal early neurosonogram: in one case we found abnormalities in cranium shape, choroids plexus, IT and aspect of the cerebellum; in the second case the only detectable sign was IT not detectable/measurable. Both of them resulted in sacral spina bifida and none presented abnormalities in the first trimester spine evaluation. Measurement of the IT is reproducible and in 95% of cases the difference between two consecutive measurements by the same or two sonographers is <5%; and second, the measurements of the FMF angle obtained by 3D and 2D ultrasound are similar. Conclusions: The mid-sagittal view of the face as routinely used in screening for chromosomal defects could offer an important diagnostic marker for the detection of CNS anomalies in the very early pregnancy.
Enzyme Replacement for Lysosomal Diseases

Following the demonstration of the nature of the enzymatic defects in the sphingolipid storage disorders in the mid-1960s, consideration was directed to the development of therapy for patients with these conditions. High on the list of possibilities was enzyme supplementation or replacement. Many years of arduous investigation and the development of novel protein targeting strategies were required to bring this concept to fruition. Enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) was eventually shown to be extraordinarily effective for patients with Gaucher disease, the most prevalent metabolic storage disorder of humans. Demonstration of the benefit of ERT in this disorder led to the extension of this approach to the treatment of other lysosomal storage disorders. This review presents the current status and anticipated developments in this field.
FIRE EFFECTS ON RESPROUTING OF SHRUBS IN HEADWATERS OF SOUTHEASTERN LONGLEAF PINE SAVANNAS

Woody plants in fire-frequented ecosystems commonly resprout from underground organs after fires. Responses to variation in characteristics of fire regimes may be a function of plant physiological status or fire intensity. Although these hypotheses have been explored for trees in southeastern longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) savannas, responses of other life forms and stages have not been studied. We examined effects of fire season and frequency, geography, habitat, and underground organ morphology on resprouting of shrubs. In 1994, we located replicated sites, each containing two habitats, upslope savannas and downslope seepages, in Louisiana and Florida. Each site, which contained quadrats located along transects within a 30 × 60 m plot, was burned either during the dormant or growing season and then reburned similarly two years later. Maximum fire temperatures were measured, and densities of shrub stems were censused in quadrats before and after fires. Shrubs collectively resprouted more following dorma...
Kinetic modeling and design of colloidal lock and key assembly.

We investigate the kinetics of colloidal lock and key particle assembly by modeling transitions between free, non-specifically and specifically (dumbbells) bound pairs to enable the rapid formation of specific pairs. We expand on a model introduced in a previous publication (Colon-Melendez et al., 2015) to account for the shape complementarity between the lock and the key particle. Specifically we develop a theory to predict free energy differences between specific and non-specific states based on the interaction potential between arbitrary surfaces and apply this to the interaction of a spherical key particle with the concave dimple surface. Our results show that a lock particle dimple slightly wider than the key particle radius results in optimal binding, but also show escape rates much smaller than those observed in experimental measurements described in the paper cited above. We assess the possible sources of error in experiments and in analysis, including spatial and temporal resolution of the confocal microscopy method used to measure kinetic coefficients, the polydispersity of the lock dimple size, and the sedimentation of the particles in a quasi-two-dimensional layer. We find that the largest sources of variation are in the limited temporal resolution of the experiments, which we account for in our theory, and in the quasi-two-dimensional nature of the experiment that leads to misidentification of non-specific pairs as specific ones. Accounting for these sources of variation results in very good quantitative agreement with experimental data.
Will Molasses or Conditioning Increase Consumption of Spotted Knapweed by Sheep

The spread of the invasive, Eurasian spotted knapweed (Centaurea maculosa Lam.) across the northwestern United States would be reduced if livestock regularly consumed it. We determined if white-face yearling ewes (n = 36) conditioned for 12 days to fresh-cut spotted knapweed, with or without molasses, would increase their use of it during a 5-day field trial and/or a 4-day drylot trial. Ewes were assigned to one of three treatments: ewes not conditioned to spotted knapweed or molasses (NC), ewes conditioned to spotted knapweed (SK), or ewes conditioned to spotted knapweed sprayed with liquid beet molasses (SKM). During conditioning, all groups consumed high amounts of their feed. Nonconditioned ewes (NC) consumed less than ewes conditioned to spotted knapweed (SK, SKM), indicating spotted knapweed did not inhibit initial consumption. In the field, SKM ewes spent more time grazing spotted knapweed and other forbs than SK ewes. In a drylot, time spent eating and intake of spotted knapweed and bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.) varied through time. Conditioning yearling ewes to spotted knapweed, with or without molasses, did not increase consumption of this invasive plant, possibly because sheep inherently graze spotted knapweed only to a certain extent, or we did not use enough spotted knapweed during conditioning.
On demand dynamic educational lab configuration and use

Funding to support courses in Information Technology rarely is sufficient to provide a separate laboratory for every course. By utilizing an on-demand dynamic educational lab configuration technique, a single laboratory can be dynamically configured between classes, thereby extending the existing equipment and expanding the options of more diverse courses with no additional expenditures. This paper will address how the use of older computer hardware can be used to develop a dynamically configurable laboratory, which can be changed on demand, many times in a singular day to support academic or student needs.
Abstract 518: Vascular Smooth Muscle Na/Ca exchanger-1 (NCX1) Regulates Basal Blood Pressure and Angiotensin II-induced Hypertension

We have reported that vascular smooth muscle (VSM)-specific NCX1 overexpression exaggerated blood pressure (BP) elevation induced by acute Angiotensin II (Ang II) injection. Here, we aimed to study if altered VSM NCX1 expression affects chronic Ang II infusion-induced hypertension. Adult wild type (WT) and transgenic mice that express either ∼7 fold higher (TG) or ∼90% lower (KO) VSM NCX1 protein were used. Mice of each genotype were randomly divided into vehicle and Ang II groups, to which physiological saline or 400 ng/kg/min Ang II in saline were given, respectively, by a subcutaneously embedded minipump. Three weeks later, BP was measured by intra-carotid artery catheter under 1.5% isoflurane anesthesia. Of the three vehicle groups, NCX TG mice had higher (108 ± 2 mm Hg, n = 7, P n = 8, P n = 5). Ang II treatment caused BP elevation to a significantly greater extent in TG (∼18 ± 2%, n = 7, P n = 4), but had negligible effect on KO mice (∼6 ± 4%, n = 6, P > 0.05). NCX1 protein expression was upregulated by Ang II treatment in TG and WT (∼2 fold), but not KO, mouse aorta. We then investigated vasoconstriction in isolated, pressurized mesenteric small arteries. Basal myogenic tone (MT, 70 mm Hg) was augmented in TG (23 ± 2% of passive diameter, PD, n = 5, P n = 8), compared to WT arteries (17 ± 2%, n = 5). Myogenic reactivity (MR) and vasoconstriction induced by phenyleprine (PE) were enhanced in TG and reduced in KO arteries. Ang II treatment potentiated MR/MT but not PE-induced vasoconstriction. We conclude that: 1) Under physiological conditions, in small resistance arteries that have tone, VSM NCX1 primarily mediates Ca 2+ entry which contributes to the maintenance of vascular tone; and 2) The level of VSM NCX1 expression (function), arterial contraction, and BP are highly correlated under both physiological and certain hypertension conditions (e.g., salt-, Ang II-induced animal hypertension and human pulmonary hypertension). This indicates that NCX1 plays a critical role in the long-term control of arterial contractility and basal BP, and also might play an important role in most, if not all, forms of hypertension.
Matched trauma: The role of parents' and children's shared history of childhood domestic violence exposure in parents' report of children's trauma-related symptomatology.

ABSTRACTParents’ childhood experiences of trauma may influence their reports of their children’s behavior, and this may be particularly true when children are also traumatized. The present study proposed and tested a matched trauma hypothesis, positing that compared to parents without a childhood history of witnessing domestic violence (DV), parents with a childhood history of witnessing DV may report their children’s trauma-related symptomatology differently following children’s exposure to DV. Of 137 included parents (M age = 32 years; 93% mothers), 81 reported witnessing childhood DV (matched group), whereas 56 reported no childhood DV exposure (nonmatched comparison group). All parents reported on their 3- to 6-year-old children’s dissociation and posttraumatic stress symptoms following children’s DV exposure. An analysis of covariance controlling for parental life stress, dissociation symptoms, and other childhood traumatic events revealed that parents who witnessed childhood DV reported significantl...
Axisymmetric Shearing of Sand-Steel Interfaces under Axial and Torsional Loading

Interfaces of soils with man-made materials play a major role in geotechnical systems, from deep and shallow foundations to landfills and retaining walls. Accordingly, it is of paramount importance to understand the behavior of interfaces involving different construction and natural materials. For soil-man made material surface interfaces, a linear increase in strength occurs with increasing surface roughness until the interface shear strength reaches that of the soil. Any subsequent increases in surface roughness result in no additional change of observed system interface strength. In this paper a series of laboratory axisymmetric interface shear tests involving axial and torsional loading are presented. This study involves interface shear tests between Cone Penetration Test (CPT) friction sleeves with different roughnesses and different sands. CPT sleeves with surface roughness ranging from that of the conventional smooth sleeve to those with texture elements of 1 mm in height are tested with sub-rounded and sub-angular medium sized sands. This laboratory study is part of an effort to improve soil characterization and pile design by means of the CPT that utilizes multi-sleeve modules. The next generation system expands the use of friction sleeves with different roughnesses to include response measurement under both axial and torsional loading.
Intervention Assessment in an Indian Health Service Pharmacy

Abstract Objective To document and evaluate pharmacists' interventions in a setting that has complete and immediate access to patient information. Design Descriptive report evaluating self-reported interventions made by pharmacists during the conduct of routine dispensing activities. The data collection period was from February 15 to April 1, 1994. Setting Ambulatory care facility offering medical and dental care to high school residents, Native Americans, and Alaska Natives in Northwestern Oregon. Main Outcome Measures Intervention rate per 100 new prescriptions dispensed. Each intervention was evaluated with regard to the information used to initiate it, when during the dispensing process it was initiated, and the intervention type. Outside evaluators determined the clinical significance of the interventions, including potential adverse health consequences, the likelihood of their occurrence, and the level of medical care that would have been required to treat the problem. Results Of 2,535 orders screened, 104 interventions (4.1%) were collected; 71% of these occurred during chart screening. Pharmacists most often used the medication order itself (60.6%) to detect prescribing problems, followed by other records in the patient's chart (29.8%). Outside evaluators identified 47.1% of the 104 interventions as clinically significant. The most common adverse health consequence prevented was inadequate control of the patient's condition. Outside evaluators also found that the most common level of corrective care that would have been needed if the intervention had not occurred, was a scheduled physician office visit (59.2%). Conclusion This information suggests that pharmacists who have access to patient information may intervene at higher rates and that more of their interventions may be deemed clinically significant. However, larger, double-blinded, case-controlled studies are needed to definitively draw these conclusions.
Effect of Plant Synergistic Calcium with Different Methods on the Quality of Grape Kyoho

In order to promote the application of plant synergistic calcium,taking the synergistic calcium developed by Agricultural Chemical Technology Institute of Northwestern University as experiment medicament,the effect of different methods was studied by using the self-developed synergistic calcium on grape Kyoho for three consecutive years.The results showed that the leaves of grapes turned green quickly,its thickness and area increased,and present dark blue gloss in finally.Spyin plant synergistic calcium got good results at the stage of leaf-expansion 10 days before flower,the end of full bloom respectively and at the second and third expanding period.Fruit setting rate increased by 30.7% and 32.3%,the fruit cracking rate reduced 78% and 80%,the VC content were 15.24 and 16.24 times than control,the total sugar increased 12.5%and 8.9%,the total acid decreased 33.5%and 37.8%,and soluble solids increased 15.7%and 17.0%.
Developments in Parametric VSAR Moving Target Detection and Location

This paper gives some research developments in the moving target detection and location based on parametric velocity synthetic aperture radar(VSAR). At first, the parametric statistical signal model is established for VSAR sampling vector, by decomposing it into target, Doppler-distributed clutter and noise. Second, the adaptive implementation of optimum processing is presented to improve the target detection performance in non-homogenous clutter background. Third, the limited performance of model parameters estimation and target location is analyzed based on the maximum likelihood methods and Cramer-Rao bound. Fourth, the possible performance improvements are discussed based on multi-look processing. Finally, the numerical experiments are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the parametric VSAR in moving target detection and location.