cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Microstructural control during sintering of β′′-alumina compositions through ceramic processing modification.

The exaggerated grain growth during high temperature (1585° – 1600°C) sintering of Li2O-stabilized β″-alumina compositions is essentially a process or very rapid growth of stabilized 3″ nuclei to large dimensions (>100 µm) while the matrix remains extremely fine-grained (< 3 µm). The final grain size is therefore inversely proportional to the cube root of the volume fraction originally occupied by these nuclei~1 Such a relationship was reported by Cutler in the case of seeded alpha alumina powders and more recently by Lacour and Paulus3 in the case of barrium-hexaferrite. The occurrence of an exaggerated grain growth during sintering of ceramics has been shown to depend on the flux-growth mechanism wherein a film or channel of liquid phase surrounds the growing nuclei. The growth of nuclei to large dimensions takes place by the solution of surrounding fine grains in the liquid and their precipitation on the growing crystal surface. While Cooy4 and Stuijts5 reported accidental impurities as the cause of liquid phase formation, Lacour and Paulus3 showed that local inhomogenities can also give rise to a liquid phase responsible for the flux growth.
Chapter 2 Judgment Analysis: Procedures

Publisher Summary This chapter highlights judgment analysis (JA). It describes the steps necessary to apply JA and provide guidelines for making the numerous decisions required for a successful application. JA is also known as “policy capturing,” and is a research method that has been used in hundreds of studies of judgment and decision making including studies of multiple cue probability learning, interpersonal learning, conflict, and expert judgment. It has been found useful as an aid to judgment, particularly in cases involving conflict about technical and political issues. The goal of JA is to describe, quantitatively, the relations between someone's judgment and the information, or “cues,” used to make that judgment. JA has also often been used to study judgment on unfamiliar tasks. For judgment analysis, as for all formal analytic methods, proper formulation of the problem is critical to success of the analysis. Designing the judgment task includes (1) defining the judgment of interest, (2) identifying the cues, (3) describing the context for judgment, (4) defining the distributions of the cue values, and (5) defining relations among the cues.
THE DETERMINATION OF GRAVITATIONAL POTENTIAL DIFFERENCES FROM SATELLITE-TO-SATELLITE TRACKING

A new, rigorous model is developed for the difference of gravitational potential between two close earth-orbiting satellites in terms of measured range-rates, velocities and velocity differ- ences, and specific forces. It is particularly suited to regional geopotential determination from a satellite-to-satellite tracking mission. Based on energy considerations, the model specifically ac- counts for the time variability of the potential in inertial space, principally due to earth's rotation. Analysis shows the latter to be a significant ( 1m 2 /s 2 ) effect that overshadows by many orders of magnitude other time dependencies caused by solar and lunar tidal potentials. Also, variations in earth rotation with respect to terrestrial and celestial coordinate frames are inconsequential. Results of simulations contrast the new model to the simplified linear model (relating potential difference to range-rate) and delineate accuracy requirements in velocity vector measurements needed to supple- ment the range-rate measurements. The numerical analysis is oriented toward the scheduled Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) mission and shows that an accuracy in the velocity difference vector of 2 10 5 m/s would be commensurate within the model to the anticipated accuracy of 10 6 m/s in range-rate.
The molecular characterization of the major polar tube protein gene from Encephalitozoon hellem, a microsporidian parasite of humans.

The microsporidia are obligate intracellular protozoan parasites of increasing importance as human pathogens, which are characterized by a small resistant spore with a single polar filament that coils around the sporoplasm. When stimulated, the polar filament rapidly everts out of the spore to form a hollow polar tube through which the sporoplasm passes, thus serving as a unique mechanism of transmission. A genomic library of the human microsporidium Encephalitozoon hellem was screened using a polyclonal rabbit antibody (anti-PTP Eh55) produced to the major HPLC purified polar tube protein (PTP) of E. hellem. This antibody localized to intrasporal polar filaments and extrasporal polar tubes of E. hellem by immunogold electron microscopy confirming the polar tube specificity of the antibody. A total of 14 anti-PTP Eh55 reactive genomic clones were identified and purified. A PTP gene was identified consisting of 1362 bp coding for 453 amino acids. The N-terminus of the translated protein consists of a putative N-terminal signal sequence of 22 amino acids, which when cleaved results in a mature protein of 431 amino acids with a predicted molecular mass of 43 kDa. The protein has a high proline content (14.6%) and contains a central domain of six alternating tandem repeats of 20 amino acids. After ligation of the gene into a glutathione S-transferase (GST) expression vector, a fusion protein was produced that reacted by immunoblotting with the polar tube specific anti-PTP Eh55. The gene was present as a single copy in the genome and there was no homology with other known genes. As the polar tube is a critical structure for the transmission of this organism to a new host cell, further study of PTPs may lead to the development of new therapeutic strategies and diagnostic tests.
Proinflammatory cytokines modulates expression of novel isoforms of PM/Scl-75 transcripts through alternative splicing: Pathogenic role in enhancing autoantigen immunogenicity in idiopathic inflammatory myositis

Abstract Rationale In polymyositis-scleroderma (PM/Scl) overlap syndrome, autoantibodies to PM/Scl complex, a RNA exosome, have been frequently detected. Components of the RNA exosome include known autoantigens in patients with polymyositis, scleroderma or PM/Scl overlap syndrome, such as PM/Scl-75/Rrp45p and Rrp46p, etc. We showed that the upregulation of Rrp46p, a broadly immunogenic tumor antigen, is associated with its immunogenicity. We hypothesized that the proinflammatory cytokines interferon-γ (INF-γ), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), whose expressions are often elevated in pathogenic muscle cells in patients with polymyositis, promote upregulation of autoantigens by post-transcriptional mechanisms in which a critical alternative splicing factor/splicing factor 2 (ASF/SF2) plays an important role. Methods To test this hypothesis, we stimulated differentiated mouse myotubes C2C12 with proinflammatory cytokines, and examined the expression of mRNA transcripts for autoantigens PM/Scl-75 by semi-quantitative PCR, and the expression of ASF/SF2 by Western blot. Results (1) Three alternatively spliced isoforms of PM/Scl-75 were identified through database mining. (2) Proinflammatory cytokines stimulate the expression of some alternatively-spliced isoforms of PM/Scl-75 while suppresssing others maximally at 6-24 hours. (3) Proinflammatory cytokines suppressed the expression of the ASF/SF2 maximally at 6 hours Conclusions We have demonstrated that proinflammatory cytokines can modulate expression of PM/Scl-75, by upregulation or downregulation of its isoforms through transcriptional and RNA splicing mechanisms that may be mediated through modulating ASF/SF2 expression. Alterations in the expression of different isoforms of autoantigens with various protein structures may result in generation of untolerized novel antigenic epitopes and changes in immunogenicity of autoantigens, which further leads to the loss of tolerance to these self-antigens.
Dietary Selenite Modifies Glutathione Metabolism and 7,12-Dimethylbenz(a)anthracene Conjugation in Rats

The present studies determined the impact of dietary selenite on glutathione homeostasis in liver and mammary tissue and its relationship to biliary excretion of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) conjugates. In Experiment 1, liver and mammary tissue concentration of reduced glutathione (GSH) and activities of gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase (GCS), glutathione reductase (GR) and glutathione S-transferases (GST) were positively correlated with tissue selenium concentration in female rats fed semipurified diets supplemented with sodium selenite (0.05 to 4 mg Se/kg). The magnitude of the response was dependent upon total selenite intake and the tissue examined. Glutathione peroxidase activity did not correlate with tissue GSH concentration. Because both selenite and BHT have been reported to elevate liver GSH, Experiment 2 compared these agents (4 mg Se/kg and 6 g/kg BHT/kg, respectively) on the biliary excretion of DMBA metabolites. Five major biliary DMBA conjugates, three GSH and two beta-glucuronide, were identified. Dietary addition of selenite or BHT enhanced the excretion of these DMBA conjugates by over 100% during the 15-h collection period. These investigations suggest that dietary selenium can alter the concentration of GSH and the activities of three glutathione-dependent enzymes in mammary and liver, accounting for part of the expanded biliary excretion of DMBA conjugates. Enhanced biliary loss of DMBA conjugates likely relates to the reported depression in DMBA binding to mammary cell DNA and the inhibition of DMBA carcinogenesis caused by dietary selenite.
Extended Kalman Filter and System Identification

The Kalman filtering process has been designed to estimate the state vector in a linear model. If the model turns out to be nonlinear, a linearization procedure is usually performed in deriving the filtering equations. We will consider a real-time linear Taylor approximation of the system function at the previous state estimate and that of the observation function at the corresponding predicted position. The Kalman filter so obtained will be called the extended Kalman filter. This idea to handle a nonlinear model is quite natural, and the filtering procedure is fairly simple and efficient. Furthermore, it has found many important real-time applications. One such application is adaptive system identification which we will also discuss briefly in this chapter. Finally, by improving the linearization procedure of the extended Kalman filtering algorithm, we will introduce a modified extended Kalman filtering scheme which has a parallel computational structure. We then give two numerical examples to demonstrate the advantage of the modified Kalman filter over the standard one in both state estimation and system parameter identification.
SOLAR WIND THERMAL ELECTRON DISTRIBUTIONS

Solar wind thermal electron distributions exhibit distinctive trends which suggest Coulomb collisions and geometric expansion in the interplanetary magnetic field play keys roles in electron transport. We introduce a simple numerical model incorporating these mechanisms, discuss the ramifications of model results, and assess the validity of the model in terms of ISEE-3 and Ulysses observations. Although the model duplicates the shape of the electron distributions, and explains certain other observational features, observed gradients in total electron temperature indicate the importance of additional heating mechanisms. 5 refs., 7 figs.
On Designing Constructed Markets in Valuation Surveys

In this paper I consider some of the methodological issues involvedin designing valid contingent valuation (CV) scenarios. I identifythe several parts of these scenarios and the design issues particularto those parts. Although my principal example is the scenario I andothers used in the Exxon Valdez oil spill study of the naturalresource damages to Prince William Sound, Alaska, I generalize toother types of CV scenarios.
Teaching in the Spirit of Liberal Education.

As a student teacher, I have a special interest in the reading class. Many of the students whom 1 will be teaching in the future may have reading problems, and working in a reading class has shown me different ways of approaching their problems. But even if my future students are not problem readers, the reading classcentered around individual attention and individual pacing-can and should be incorporated into almost any classroom. In a society of crowds and numbers, individualized education in the classroom is more of a need than ever.
Cool-Water Carbonates, SEPM Special Publication No. 56

Doesn't field work on modern carbonates mean scuba diving on spectacular coral reefs in gin-clear water teeming with brightly colored fish? Not if you are one of the researchers that Jonathan Clarke of the Western Mining Corporation Ltd., in Preston, Victoria, Australia, assembled at a workshop in Geelong, Victoria, in January 1995. Their field work involves research cruises in high-latitude oceans, where mal de mer and chilling winds are constant companions. Many braved 10-m seas in modest-sized research vessels to sample shelves stripped of fine sediments by storm waves whose effects can reach to depths exceeding 200 m. Noel James of Queen's University in Kingston, Ontario, carefully lays the groundwork for the book in a paper titled, “The Cool-Water Carbonate Depositional Realm,” which will assuredly become a standard reading assignment in advanced undergraduate-and graduate-level courses in carbonate sedimentology. James skillfully shows how cool-water carbonates are part of the greater carbonate depositional spectrum. By expanding recognition of the possible range of carbonate environments, sedimentologists expand their ability to understand and interpret ancient carbonates, particularly Paleozoic limestones that often show striking similarities to modern cool-water sediments. James' paper is followed by nine papers on modern cool-water carbonates, seven on Tertiary environments, and seven examples from Mesozoic and Paleozoic limestones
A freestanding ambulatory surgical unit: A success or failure?

Abstract The concept of a freestanding ambulatory surgical center was to provide the patient with a more cost-effective, safe, and convenient service. A study of 5,369 surgical patients treated at the Northeast Louisiana Surgical Center, Inc., in Monroe, Louisiana, was carried out to determine whether these objectives had been met. The finding was that a freestanding ambulatory surgical center was more cost effective than either a hospital ambulatory unit or an in-hospital service. The infection rate was 0.06%, and the hospital transfer rate was 0.04%. The concept of a freestanding ambulatory surgical center has fulfilled the expectations of safety, convenience, and cost effectiveness for the patients.
Zappers - Retail VAT Fraud

Zappers skim cash sales at retail. Zappers are add-on programs used by merchants with electronic cash registers (ECRs) or point-of-sale (POS) systems. Zappers are smart and selective. They do not skim all sales, and they never skim credit card transactions. Although they are present in every jurisdiction, Zappers appear to be most widely used in developed economies that combine high levels of cash sales with high rates of consumption tax. Sweden, for example, has a cash-intensive economy, one of the world’s highest VAT rates (25%), and also reports that 70% of the ECRs in the country are either “… constructed for manipulation or have had software installed that allow sales to be manipulated (Zappers)…” Tax losses in the EU can be estimated at approximately $23 billion per year in the restaurant sector alone. Germany tops the list followed by the UK, France, Italy and then Spain. Country Revenue Loss (in millions) Country Revenue Loss (in millions) Austria 508.7 Latvia 58.4 Belgium 600.5 Lithuania 100.1 Bulgaria 45.9 Luxembourg 79.2 Cyprus 33.4 Malta 16.7 Czech Republic 404.5 Netherlands 1,042.5 Denmark 316.9 Poland 1,030.0 Estonia 41.7 Portugal 362.8 Finland 296.0 Romania 417.0 France [3] 3,294.3 Slovakia 183.5 Germany [1] 4,503.6 Slovenia 87.6 Greece 529.6 Spain [5] 2,160.1 Hungary 304.4 Sweden 529.6 Ireland 291.9 United Kingdom [2] 3,448.6 Italy [4] 2,806.4 TOTAL 23,593.9 This is not the only marketplace where the tax/technology intersection is problematical. On a far larger scale MTIC (missing trader intra-community) fraud is also a technology driven theft of public revenue by criminals. These frauds include the well known carousel frauds in cell phones and computer chips, MTIC fraud in CO2 permits, the yet to be fully investigated VoIP MTIC, as well as MTIC in the electricity and gas exchanges. Tax authorities are fighting back all along the technology front. There are intensive traditional audits as well as concerted efforts to blunt the effectiveness of the fraud with technology. But, if there is one distinguishing characteristic of Zapper enforcement efforts it is that here the authorities are embracing technology-based solutions. This effort to fight technology-with-technology has produced a measure of success as well as helped develop strategic partnerships around solutions. Cooperation is evident.
Public Perceptions of Doctors of Chiropractic: Results of a National Survey and Examination of Variation According to Respondents' Likelihood to Use Chiropractic, Experience With Chiropractic, and Chiropractic Supply in Local Health Care Markets.

Abstract Objectives The purpose of this study was to determine whether general perceptions of doctors of chiropractic (DCs) varied according to likeliness to use chiropractic care, whether particular demographic characteristics were associated with chiropractic care use, and whether perception of DCs varied according to the per-capita supply of DCs in local health care markets. Methods We performed a secondary analysis of results from a 26-item nationally representative survey of 5422 members of The Gallup Panel that was conducted in the spring of 2015 (response rate, 29%) that sought to elicit the perceptions and use of DCs by US adults. We compared survey responses across: (1) respondents who had different likelihoods to use DCs for treatment of neck or back pain and (2) respondents who had different experiences using DCs. We linked respondents' zip codes to hospital referral regions for which we had the per-capita supply of DCs. Using the χ2 test, we examined relationships between likeliness to use a DC, experience using a DC, respondent demographic variables, perceptions of DCs, and the per-capita supply of DCs in the local health care market. Results Most (61.4%) respondents believed that chiropractic care was effective at treating neck and back pain, 52.6% thought DCs were trustworthy, and 24.2% thought chiropractic care was dangerous; however, as respondents' likelihood to use a DC increased, perceptions of effectiveness and trustworthiness increased, and perceptions of danger decreased. Of all 5422 survey respondents, 744 or 13.7% indicated that they had seen a DC within the last 12 months. As one moved from distant to more recent experience using a DC, respondents were more likely to be female, married, white, and employed; those who had a distant history of using a DC were older and more likely to be retired than the other groups. A higher per-capita supply of DCs was associated with higher utilization rates and showed a more favorable regard for DCs. Conclusions US adults often use chiropractic care, generally regard DCs favorably, and largely perceive that chiropractic care is safe. Where there is a higher per-capita supply of DCs in the local health care market, utilization and positive perceptions of chiropractic are higher.
New applications of the interferometric strain/displacement gage

The Interferometric Strain/Displacement Gage (ISDG) is an established laser-based technique that measures the relative displacement between two gage points on a specimen surface. The gage points are reflective markers illuminated with a low-power He-Ne laser to form interference patterns that are monitored with a computer-controlled system. Features of the technique are short gage length (50 - 300 {mu}m) and no mechanical contact. Two new applications of the ISDG are described in this paper. The first is the measurement of strain on metal microspecimens that are 3 mm long with cross-sections typically 0.3 mm square. Details of the test procedure and results from 52 tests conducted as part of an ASTM-sponsored cross-comparison test are summarized. The second is strain measurement on 3.5 {mu}m thick polysilicon film specimens; this capability has enabled measurement of the Young`s Modulus and the tensile strength of this material which is used in microelectromechanical systems (MEMS). 9 refs., 12 figs., 2 tabs.
Pharmacokinetics of the sequential metabolites of loteprednol etabonate in rats

Pharmacokinetics, metabolism and excretion of two sequential inactive metabolites of the soft corticosteroid loteprednol etabonate (LE), Delta1-cortienic acid etabonate (AE) and Delta1-cortienic acid (A), have been investigated in rats. Pharmacokinetic studies (two-compartment model, 10 mg kg(-1) intra-venous bolus of AE or A) found the elimination of both AE (t(1/2)(beta), 12.46 +/- 1.18 min; CL total, 101.94 +/- 5.80 mL min(-1) kg(-1); and K el, 0.24 +/- 0.02 min(-1)) and A (t(1/2)(beta), 14.62 +/- 0.46 min; CL total, 53.80 +/- 1.40 mL min(-1) kg(-1); and K el, 0.18 +/- 0.02 min(-1)) to be significantly faster than that previously determined for the parent LE (t(1/2)(beta), 43.41 +/- 7.58 min; CL total, 67.40 +/- 11.60 mL min(-1) kg(-1); and K el, 0.071 +/- 0.024 min(-1)). For metabolism and excretion evaluations, 1 and 10 mg kg(-1) of either AE or A were intravenously administered, and the urine and bile were collected. AE and A rapidly reached their peak concentrations in the bile and urine, and most of them were eliminated within one hour. Total cumulative excretions at 4 h after 1 and 10 mg kg(-1) injections were 85.51 +/- 3.38% and 67.50 +/- 2.67% for AE, and 71.90 +/- 3.72% and 37.73 +/- 2.69% for A in bile; and 4.84 +/- 1.87% and 13.85 +/- 3.27% for AE, and 24.28 +/- 8.44% and 22.35 +/- 1.12% for A in urine, respectively. After AE administration, the excretion of AE was > 90%, and A was < 10% in all cases, indicating that the elimination of AE was much faster than its metabolism (to A). In a manner similar to that seen for LE, dose-dependent elimination was observed both in AE and A. These results suggested that both AE and A were ideal leads for the design of soft steroids based on the inactive metabolite approach.
Footprints in cyberspace: towards a theory of mergers in network industries

Suggests this analysis’ principal objective is to demonstrate that recent merger activity in US Bell operating companies can foster increased incentives for out‐of‐region entry. Reveals that the local telephone industry can serve to enhance competition by fostering more pronounced incentives for out‐of‐region entry.
THEORETICAL INVESTIGATIONS OF ZINTL ANIONS ANALOGOUS TO OZONE

Structural features of several species based on Sb3 as a nuclear unit are investigated by ab initio analysis. In particular, the applicability of the Zintl−Klemm−Busmann (ZKB) principle on alkali−antimony clusters of the form A3Sb3 and A4Sb3+ (A = Na, K, Rb) is examined, which have been detected by mass spectrometric measurements. It is shown that basic properties pertaining to geometry, bonding, and stability of these 18 valence electron units display a clear analogy to the respective features of the isoelectronic ozone molecule. We conclude that A3Sb3 represents a case in which the ZKB principle, so far almost exclusively applied to solids and liquids, is valid for the gaseous phase as well. An extension of the ZKB principle, which according to its traditional meaning involves transfer of charge, to spin-transfer processes is proposed. Possible experimental tests regarding the geometries of the species investigated are pointed out.
Needle sharing among southern Thai drug injectors

Aim: To examine factors associated with needle sharing among injecting drug users (IDU) in southern Thailand. Design: Using a cross-sectional survey 272 active IDU were interviewed about their socio-economic background needle sharing and drug use patterns at six drug-treatment clinics in southern Thailand. Findings: Ninety-one per cent of IDU gave a past history of ever sharing injecting equipment: of these 23% currently injected but did not share and 68% still shared. Only 5% of participants knew that bleaching needles could reduce HIV transmission risks. Recent needle sharing was correlated with number of IDU friends (OR 12.23; CI 5.24–28.51) engaging in illegal jobs (OR 2.74; CI 1.13– 6.67) being unable to use new needles at all times (OR 2.89; CI 1.17–7.14) and believing that cleaning contaminated shared needles with at least plain water could reduce HIV transmission (OR 3.32; CI 1.16–6.68). Conclusions: Our data suggest that AIDS prevention efforts should focus on approaches to reduce needle sharing. Needle exchange programs HIV counseling and testing and bleach distribution may reduce levels of needle-sharing risks. (authors)
Effects of Water Stress and Hardening on the Internal Water Relations and Osmotic Constituents of Cotton Leaves

Experiments were designed to test the hypothesis that the internal water relations of leaves are altered when cotton plants (Gossypium hirsutum L.‘Acala SJ-2′) are conditioned by several cycles of water stress. Preliminary experiments suggested that plants so conditioned are less sensitive to water deficits and that the change might be partly explained by an accumulation of solutes or by structural alterations attendant on development under conditions of water stress. Leaves of preconditioned plants maintained turgor to lower values of water potential than did leaves of well-watered plants. Accompanying this change was a lower osmotic potential at any given leaf water content in preconditioned plants. Tissue analysis of several osmotically active solutes indicated that soluble sugars and malate accumulate to about the same levels (dry-weight basis) in both conditioned and unconditioned plants exposed to stress. These accumulations could not account for the turgor change. Analysis of the data on relative water content indicated that the leaves of conditioned plants had less water per unit dry weight than did leaves of controls. This change accounts for a substantial fraction of the difference between the osmotic potential of conditioned and control plants. The results of a simple model suggest that structural changes may play a significant role in explaining differences in the responses of conditioned and control plants to water stress.
Using touch screen audio-CASI to obtain data on sensitive topics

This paper describes a new interview data collection system that uses a laptop personal computer equipped with a touch-sensitive video monitor. The touch-screen-based audio computer-assisted self-interviewing system, or touch screen audio-CASI, enhances the ease of use of conventional audio CASI systems while simultaneously providing the privacy of self-administered questionnaires. We describe touch screen audio-CASI design features and operational characteristics. In addition, we present data from a recent clinic-based experiment indicating that the touch audio-CASI system is stable, robust, and suitable for administering relatively long and complex questionnaires on sensitive topics, including drug use and sexual behaviors associated with HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases.
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy in Depressed Primary Care Patients with Co-Occurring Problematic Alcohol Use: Effect of Telephone-Administered vs. Face-to-Face Treatment—A Secondary Analysis

This secondary analysis of a larger study compared adherence to telephone-administered cognitive-behavioral therapy (T-CBT) vs. face-to-face CBT and depression outcomes in depressed primary care patients with co-occurring problematic alcohol use. To our knowledge, T-CBT has never been directly compared to face-to-face CBT in such a sample of primary care patients. Participants were randomized in a 1:1 ratio to face-to-face CBT or T-CBT for depression. Participants receiving T-CBT (n = 50) and face-to-face CBT (n = 53) were compared at baseline, end of treatment (week 18), and three-month and six-month follow-ups. Face-to-face CBT and T-CBT groups did not significantly differ in age, sex, ethnicity, marital status, educational level, severity of depression, antidepressant use, and total score on the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test. Face-to-face CBT and T-CBT groups were similar on all treatment adherence outcomes and depression outcomes at all time points. T-CBT and face-to-face CBT had similar treatment adherence and efficacy for the treatment of depression in depressed primary care patients with co-occurring problematic alcohol use. When targeting patients who might have difficulties in accessing care, primary care clinicians may consider both types of CBT delivery when treating depression in patients with co-occurring problematic alcohol use.
Induced trajectories and approximate inertial manifolds for the Ginzburg-Landau partial differential equations

Abstract This paper studies the long-time behavior of solutions to the Ginzburg-Landau partial differential equation. We explicitly produce four approximate inertial manifolds and associate with each manifold a thin neighborhood into which the orbits enter with an exponential speed and in a finite time. These neighborhoods localize the universal attractor. We consider the space-periodic case; however, with slight modifications, the construction carries over to Dirichlet and Neumann boundary conditions.
A proposed modular imaging system for photoelectron and electron probe microscopy with aberration correction, and for mirror microscopy and low-energy electron microscopy

Abstract The design of an electron microscope is proposed which introduces a hyperbolic electron mirror to provide simultaneous correction of spherical and chromatic aberration. The beam-separating system is of novel design. The instrument is modular, and can be configured to be a photoelectron microscope (PEM, also called a photoelectron emission microscope, PEEM), an electron probe, or a transmission electron microscope (TEM), all with aberration correction. By substituting a high-voltage PEM-type specimen stage for the hyperbolic mirror, the instrument becomes a mirror electron microscope (MEM) or a low-energy electron microscope (LEEM).
Fracture flow simulation using a finite-difference lattice Boltzmann method

We present numerical computations for single phase flow through three-dimensional digitized rock fractures under varied simulated confining pressures appropriate to midcrustal depths. The computations are performed using a finite difference, lattice Boltzmann method and thus simulate Navier-Stokes flow. The digitized fracture data sets come from profiled elevations taken on tensile induced fractures in Harcourt granite. Numerical predictions of fracture permeability are compared with laboratory measurements performed on the same fractures. Use of the finite difference lattice Boltzmann method allows computation on nonuniform grid spacing, enabling accurate resolution across the aperture width without extensive refinement in the other two directions.
Synchronizing a database to improve freshness

In this paper we study how to refresh a local copy of an autonomous data source to maintain the copy up-to-date. As the size of the data grows, it becomes more difficult to maintain the copy \ fresh, “making it crucial to synchronize the copy effectively. We define two freshness metrics, change models of the underlying data, and synchronization policies. We analytically study how effective the various policies are. We also experimentally verify our analysis, based on data collected from 270 web sites for more than 4 months, and we show that our new policy improves the \ freshness” very significantly compared to current policies in use.
Modulation of photoinduced electron-transfer reactivity by intramolecular folding

Rates of electron transfer (ET) between molecule-based donors (D) and acceptors (A) are known to depend strongly on DA separation distance, for both Franck-Condon (solvent reorganization) and electronic (orbital overlap) reasons.' Distances are often fixed, therefore, by linking D and A (covalently) with molecular bridges.2 If the bridge structure is flexible, however, a range of distances can still r e ~ u l t . ~ Recently we reported on ET from a photoexcited donor (Re(C0)3(bpy)(py)+ (bpy is 2,2'-bipyridine, py is pyridine)) to an electron acceptor (nitrobenzene, NB), where the two are connected by a flexible crown ether-based link (see assembly l).4 The initial experiments were
Managerial and Quality Constraints in SDI

As the largest technical project ever undertaken, the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), popularly known as ``Star Wars, presents qualitatively as well as quantitatively new problems in engineering and research management. The previous record of quality, reliability, innovation lead times, data handling and related decision making in projects of a similar nature suggests new and probably insurmountable difficulties in the management of development, in the resultant quality and reliability of any deployed system; and in the organization of the technical and scientific resources of the United States.
Coulomb excitation of states in the even-mass ruthenium nuclei with 16O and 4He ions

Abstract Ions of 16O with energies of 42 to 49 MeV and 10 MeV 4He ions have been used to Coulomb excited states in 98, 100, 102, 104Ru. The second 2′+ and 4+ states in 104Ru, 102Ru and 98Ru are nearly degenerate. The cascade γ-rays from the decay of the 2′+ and 4+ states to the first 2+ state have energies of 535.4 and 530.6 keV in 104Ru and 628.1 and 631.6 keV in 102Ru. The values obtained for the ratio B(E2, 4 → 2)/B(E2, 2 → 0) are 1.27±0.14, 1.37±0.27 and 1.17±0.22 for 100Ru, 102Ru and 104Ru, respectively. For 104Ru, the branching ratio of cascade to cross-over transitions from the decay of the 2′+ state is 1.7±0.2, and the ratio B(E2, 2′ → 2)/B(E2, 2 → 0) is 0.66±0.11. The angular distribution of the γ-rays from the 2′ → 2 transitionin 104Ru has been obtained with an accuracy sufficient to establish the magnitude and sign of δ. The value obtained for δ ≡ δ ≡ 〈2∥ M ( E 2)∥2′〉/〈2∥ M ( M 1)∥2′〉 is −(8.5−1.5+2.5). The B(M1, 2′ → 2) for 104Ru is (3.4−1.3+1.5) × 10−4 in units of ( e h /2Mc )2. A state at 983 keV in 104Ru is interpreted to be the result of double E2 excitation of a 0+ excited state. The E2 transition between the excited 0′+ state and the first 2+ state is 5.0±0.6 times smaller than the vibrational-model prediction.
Effect of strain localization on frictional behavior of sheared granular materials

[1] We performed laboratory experiments to investigate shear localization and the evolution of frictional behavior as a function of shear strain. Experiments were conducted on water-saturated layers, 0.3–1 cm thick, of Caesar till, a granular material analogous to fault gouge. We used the double-direct shear configuration at normal stresses ranging from 0.5 to 5 MPa and shearing velocities of 10–100 μm/s. Shear localization was assessed via strain markers and two proxies: (1) macroscopic layer dilation in response to perturbations in shear stress and (2) rate/state friction response to shear velocity perturbations. In creep mode experiments, at constant shear stress, we monitored dilation for perturbations in shear stress. In standard friction tests, we measured the coefficient of friction during perturbations in macroscopic strain rate. We find evidence of strain localization beginning at shear strain γ ≈ 0.15 and continuing until γ ≈ 1. Analysis of strain markers supports interpretations based on the proxies for localization and shows that strain is localized in zones of finite thickness. We also investigate symmetry of the friction response to step changes in imposed slip velocity and find that the behavior is symmetric. Our results favor the Ruina law for friction state evolution in which slip is the fundamental variable rather than the Dieterich law. The critical slip distance for friction evolution, Dc, is ∼140 μm. The Dieterich state evolution law requires different values of Dc for velocity increases/decreases, 100 μm versus 175 μm, respectively, and would imply strain localization/delocalization associated with shear in a finite zone.
An analytic environment for systemic risk — Risk modeling support for financial policy makers

Systemic risk in the U.S. financial system has drawn the attention of leaders in government and business alike. The abundance of systemic risk measures and risk models has added to the complex task of understanding, discussing, and acting on the implications of that risk. Tools that assist decision makers to interpret risk measures, and recognize their underlying assumptions may lead to deeper understanding and more effective discussion. This paper describes some initial considerations for building an integrated modeling and analysis environment to aid in assessing complex financial data. The modeling environment is engineered to support execution of quantitative models including agent based and network models against equivalent scenarios of economic conditions. The environment provides tools to compare and visualize model outputs, and to allow decision makers to maintain traceability from model outputs back to their underlying assumptions. This capability may facilitate the operation of a modeling forum where disparate teams of analysts can collaborate to provide insights into the nation's exposure to systemic financial risk.
Fiber-type-related differences in the enzymes of a proposed substrate cycle

A substrate cycle between citric acid cycle (CAC) intermediates isocitrate and 2-oxoglutarate, involving NAD+- and NADP+-linked isocitrate dehydrogenase (NAD-IDH and NADP-IDH, respectively) and mitochondrial transhydrogenase (H+-Thase), has recently been proposed. This cycle has been hypothesized to enhance mitochondrial respiratory control by increasing the sensitivity of NAD-IDH to its modulators and allowing for enhanced increases in flux through this step of the CAC during periods of increased ATP demand. The activities of the enzymes comprising the substrate cycle: NAD-IDH, forward and reverse NADP-IDH, and forward and reverse H+-Thase, along with the activity of a marker of mitochondrial content, citrate synthase (CS) were measured in mitochondria isolated from rabbit Type I and Type IIb muscles and in whole muscle homogenates, representing the various fiber types, from rats. In isolated rabbit muscle mitochondria, NAD-IDH had significantly higher (1.6 x ) activity in white muscle while forward NADP-IDH, forward and reverse H+-Thase, and CS all had significantly higher (1.2-1.6 x ) activities in red muscle. There was no difference in reverse NADP-IDH between fiber types. Similarly, in rat whole muscle enzyme activities normalized to CS, NAD-IDH had significantly higher activity in fast-twitch glycolytic (FG) fibers, while forward NADP-IDH and forward H+-Thase had significantly higher activities in slow-twitch oxidative (SO) fibers. These results suggest that differences in the activities of the substrate cycle enzymes between skeletal muscle fiber types could contribute to differences in respiratory control due to differential cycling rates and/or loci of control.
Figuring Out How To Be a Teacher in a High-Stakes Context: A Case Study of First-Year Teachers’ Conceptual and Practical Development

High-stakes education reforms across the United States and the globe continue to alter the landscape of teaching and teacher education. One key but understudied aspect of this reform process is the experiences of first-year teachers, particularly those who participated in these high-stakes education systems as students and as a teachers-in-training. This article employs Holland, Lachicotte, Skinner, and Cain’s conception of figured worlds to understand how such reforms affected two first-year teachers’ conceptions of themselves as educators and what it is they were to teach their students. It concludes with suggestions for teacher–educators and mentors to help novice and preservice teachers succeed in these high-stakes contexts so that they can work toward becoming educators who attend to their students’ individual needs and teach them how to be active and reflective citizens.
Nucleon emission from the interface of two colliding heavy ions

Abstract Energy and angular distributions of nucleons emitted in the early stages of intermediate energy heavy ion reactions are calculated. It is assumed that these nucleons originate in a hot region which is created near the contact point of touching spheres. Since the emission occurs during the very early stages of the reaction this model is applicable for both fusion and strongly damped collisions. Contributions from central to peripheral collisions are included. The model has been used for the study of the reaction 197 Au + 16 O and the results compare well with experiment.
Ebonics and the politics of English

In 1996 the Oakland Unified School District passed a resolution declaring Ebonics to be the primary language of the African-American students in its schools. The resolution further declared Ebonics to be a language in its own right, not a dialect of English. In the face of massive national opposition to the Oakland Ebonics resolution, this radical, separatist move shifted to a conservative, assimilationist one: Oakland retracted its declaration of linguistic independence and reaffirmed the traditional pedagogical goal of teaching students standard English. But the Oakland Ebonics controversy reminds us that, although the English of former British colonies has come into its own in the literary, cultural, and political scene, to the point where we speak of world Englishes, the English varieties of what may be regarded as internal colonies - inner cities and the socially disenfranchised - continues to be stigmatized by speakers of more esteemed varieties. Anyway what was the use of my having come from Oakland. It was not natural to have come from there . . . there is no there there. Gertrude Stein, Everybody's Autobiography, 1937
Molecular pathogenesis of AML: Translating insights to the clinic

Specific combinations of mutations, including FLT3 and IDH1/IDH2/TET2, frequently co-occur in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and are associated with poor prognosis. These mutation combinations can be modeled in mice to provide a more genetically accurate model of AML. Within these models, stem cells may be different depending on how experiments are conducted and based on context. No one mutation can turn on a gene; rather the perfect storm of the right genes in the right cell is necessary to produce AML. Furthermore, this understanding is therapeutically relevant. Rapid and accurate targeted DNA sequencing will identify mutations of prognostic and therapeutic significance and will guide treatment choices in the future.
Virtual pathology: a new paradigm for interpretation of computed tomographic colonography

ABSTRACT Computed tomographic colonography (CTC or virtual colonoscopy) is a new technique for imaging the colon for thedetection of colorectal neoplasm. Early clinical assessment of this procedure has shown that the performance of this test isacceptable for colorectal screening examinations. The current version of CTC utilizes an interactive combination of axial,reformatted 2D and 3D images (from an endoluminal perspective) that are generated in real time.Navigating the colorectum within the virtual endoscopy (VE) metaphor is tedious. To alleviate this problem and freethe radiologist to concentrate on diagnosis, a two pass approach has been adopted. In the first pass, the colon issemiautomatically navigated and its midline is recorded. Then in a second pass, the radiologist moves the view point (virtualendoscope tip) along this midline. This second pass alone takes from 15 to 40 minutes per scan.Additional volume rendered displays have been developed which show longer segments of the colon in formatsanalogous to views which may be seen at autopsy. These include a technique called planar virtual pathology" (PVP) whichuses image planes of the two longitudinal transcolonic sections as cut planes within isometric volume rendered images.Scenes are rendered with rays passing orthogonally through these planes from both sides. Each of the four resulting imagesdepicts approximately one half of the inner surface of a 1 2 cm bowel segment. Interpretation is performed by viewing thesecolon segments at approximately 8 cm intervals. In this way, the entire colon can be rapidly examined with a minimum ofnavigational input from the radiologist.Other virtual pathology views have also been developed. These include cylindrical virtual pathology (CVP) andmercator virtual pathology (MVP). CVP views are formed by casting rays perpendicular to a straight line whichapproximates a segment of the colon midline. These views are analogous to the result of splitting a segment of excised colonand opening it to expose its inner surface. Interpretation can be performed interactively or by viewing a series of pre-computed CVP views as described for PVP above. With MVP, views are generated by casting rays from a single viewpointin all directions. The resulting view is a panoramic image. Interpretation of CVP is performed interactively in a mannersimilar to that of VE.Conclusion: A new display mode, referred to as virtual pathology (VP) has been developed which enables theradiologist to interpret long segments of the colon at one time. This new display metaphor has great promise in reducinginterpretation time for CT Colonography.Keywords: colon cancer screening, helical computed tomography, virtual endoscopy, virtual pathology, virtualcolonoscopy, curved sectioning, CT Colonography, multiplanar reformattingPart
The architect’s signature: The social production of a residential landscape at Monte Viudo, Chachapoyas, Peru

Abstract The Chachapoyas region of northern Peru was home to one of the most elaborate, but little studied, traditions of residential architecture in the prehispanic Andes. This paper examines the ways in which individual and group decision-making, social and political circumstances, and physical environments articulated to shape the material features of circular stone houses at the settlement site of Monte Viudo. In particular, it emphasizes the process of house construction and the role of human agency. Data is based on excavation of seven residential buildings, combined with mapping and recording of features of all structures at Monte Viudo. Taking advantage of the site’s excellent preservation, special attention is paid to the material attributes of residential buildings as a source of information complementary to spatial organization.