cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Model laser damage precursors for high quality optical materials

Surface damage is known to occur at fluences well below the intrinsic limit of the fused silica. A native surface precursor can absorb sub band-gap light and initiate a process which leads to catastrophic damage many micrometers deep with prominent fracture networks. Previously, the absorption front model of damage initiation has been proposed to explain how this nano-scale absorption can lead to macro-scale damage. However, model precursor systems designed to study initiation experimentally have not been able to clearly reproduce these damage events. In our study, we create artificial absorbers on fused silica substrates to investigate precursor properties critical for native surface damage initiation. Thin optically absorbing films of different materials were deposited on silica surfaces and then damage tested and characterized. We demonstrated that strong interfacial adhesion strength between absorbers and silica is crucial for the launch of an absorption front and subsequent damage initiation. Simulations using the absorption-front model are performed and agree qualitatively with experimental results.
Affective Dependent Measures: the Use of a Response Integrity Scale To Enhance the Validity of Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Research

This paper discusses some unique problems associated with affective dependent measures in comparative studies. The importance of situational factors is presented, together with methods for maximizing the validity of affective measures in research and evaluation studies (where their validity can ordinarily be much greater than when they are used for clinical and personnel purposes). The use of a brief response integrity (RI) scale (in the context of the variables being assessed) is recommended to assess differential magnitude of the social desirability response style when groups are to be compared. The meaning and validity of group differences on affective criteria can be better understood when viewed in relation to the pattern of group means on the RI scale. Data from a research study are given which illustrate the usefulness of the ancillary RI scale.
Venus mapping delayed by Magellan problem

The start of full-scale radar mapping of Venus by NASA's Magellan spacecraft has been delayed until at least September 15 while a task force of mission personnel investigates the cause of two communication losses with the spacecraft during its first week in orbit. The task force, headed by Frank McKinney of the Martin-Marietta spacecraft operations division, convened August 28 at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, Calif., to review possible causes of the signal losses experienced by Magellan. “The investigation group is looking at all possible causes, including both software and hardware,” said JPL spokesman Jim Doyle.
Differences in Cu-Transport by Hepatocytes and Fibroblasts

The liver rapidly and preferentially takes up Cu when administered orally or intravenously. Both kinetic and thermodynamic contributions may be involved. Kinetic factors are expected to determine the relative rates of Cu-transport by different cell-types. Thermodynamic factors may help determine the amounts of copper accumulated at steady-state. Kinetic studies with hepatocytes suggestgd that albumin-Cu was not directly available for Cu-uptake. Histidine increased Cu-uptake1 from media which also contained albumin.l Apparently, the His2Cu complex which forms when histidine is in excess delivers Cu to a transport protein, and Cu is transported as the free ion. Cu-transport by fibroblasts is reported here as an example of Cu-transport by an extrahepatic cell type which is relevant to Cu-metabolism and Menkes disease.
A Critique of the Ruling Elite Model

A great many people seem to believe that “they” run things: the old families, the bankers, the City Hall machine, or the party boss behind the scene. This kind of view evidently has a powerful and many-sided appeal. It is simple, compelling, dramatic, “realistic.” It gives one standing as an inside-dopester. For individuals with a strong strain of frustrated idealism, it has just the right touch of hard-boiled cynicism. Finally, the hypothesis has one very great advantage over many alternative explanations: It can be cast in a form that makes it virtually impossible to disprove.Consider the last point for a moment. There is a type of quasi-metaphysical theory made up of what might be called an infinite regress of explanations. The ruling elite model can be interpreted in this way. If the overt leaders of a community do not appear to constitute a ruling elite, then the theory can be saved by arguing that behind the overt leaders there is a set of covert leaders who do. If subsequent evidence shows that this covert group does not make a ruling elite, then the theory can be saved by arguing that behind the first covert group there is another, and so on.
Metabolic penumbra in intracerebral hemorrhage.

See related article, pages 1638–1643. In the past decade there has been considerable scientific discussion about the metabolic state of the tissue surrounding a brain hemorrhage. The scientific discussion has focused mostly on the question of whether brain ischemia is present in this “penumbral tissue,” which has great clinical relevance because the presence of ischemia would drive clinical treatment considerations such as blood pressure management and surgery.1 Ischemia has classically been considered to be the deprivation of oxygen to tissue caused by arterial occlusion, with a resulting increase in oxygen extraction fraction (OEF) followed by local tissue acidosis and eventually cell death. This model of ischemia has been used to define tissue at risk and is a core principal used for ischemic stroke. The exact PET thresholds that define ischemia2 have been proposed and are presently being used in research settings. In an important study, Zazulia et al3 reported that the tissue immediately surrounding a brain hemorrhage did not exhibit classical ischemia as defined by PET OEF, and that small reductions in cerebral blood flow did not elicit much change in cerebral blood flow.4 This implies that ischemia is not present in the perihematomal tissue. PET OEF imaging in traumatic hemorrhage similarly shows no increase in OEF …
An agent architecture for supporting individualized services in Internet applications

This paper presents the agent architecture of an Internet application development tool called Distributed Interactive Web-site Builder (DIWB). Together with the component object model and a layering framework, the agent architecture can be used to build Internet applications that support individualized services. The DIWB can construct pages dynamically at runtime and can be easily customized for individual users. The architecture consists of two cooperating agents that compose pages at runtime using components and data stored in various databases (agencies). The page agent composes a page by retrieving page definition and requesting the component agent to construct individual components. The component agent retrieves user preferences, and page component definitions from the databases and returns the results to the page agent.
Improving forest type discrimination with mixed lifeform classes using fuzzy classification thresholds informed by field observations

This paper presents a three-stage methodology to mitigate uncertainty in forest lifeform classification using a case study in the mixed hardwood–conifer forest of Massachusetts, USA. First, two fuzzy membership surfaces representing the proportion of conifer and hardwood lifeform dominance were created using a supervised multilayer perceptron neural network algorithm. Second, an index of lifeform membership was generated using a ratio of the membership surfaces of conifer and hardwood forest. Lastly, this index was thresholded using field measurements of forest lifeform proportion to delineate pure conifer, mixed conifer–hardwood, and pure hardwood categories. This methodology produced a map of forest lifeform with 94% overall accuracy (kappa 0.88 for hardwood, 0.97 for conifer, and 0.97 for mixed), an improvement of 10% over a map generated using a top-down method using mixed forest training sites. Per-class accuracies increased approximately 5% for both the pure hardwood class, 26% for the pure conifer ...
Simple quantitative detection of mitochondrial superoxide production in live cells

Experiments with isolated mitochondria have established that these organelles are pivotal intracellular sources of superoxide in a variety of pathophysiological conditions. Recently, a novel fluoroprobe MitoSOX Red was introduced for selective detection of superoxide in the mitochondria of live cells and was validated with confocal microscopy. Here we show approximately 3-7 fold dose- and time-dependent increase in mitochondrial superoxide production (measured by MitoSOX using flow cytometry and confocal microscopy) in rat cardiac derived H9c2 myocytes and/or in human coronary artery endothelial cells triggered by Antimycin A, Paraquat, Doxorubicin or high glucose. These results establish a novel, quantitative method for simple detection of mitochondrial superoxide generation simultaneously in a large population of live cells by flow cytometry. This method can also be adapted for immune cell studies with mixed population of T or B cells or their subsets to analyze mitochondrial superoxide levels using multiple labeled surface markers in individual populations.
Spectrophone measurements of the absorption of visible light by aerosols in the atmosphere

Simultaneous in situ measurements of the absorption and scattering by aerosols were made in ambient room air and in air with large amounts of added aerosols, such as cigarette smoke. For room aerosols, the extinction contribution due to absorption was typically one half that from scattering. The absorption measurements were made with an acoustically resonant spectrophone powered with a 0.5-W argon laser.
The Impact of Regulatory and Audit Environment on Managers' Discretionary Accounting Choices: The Case of SFAS No. 106

This paper studies the impact of a firm's regulatory and audit environment on managers' discretion in choosing from the set of actuarial choices available under Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 106. Data disclosed by 500 firms under SFAS No. 106 during the period 1993–96 is used for the tests. Correlation, portfolio, and fixedeffects regression analyses are conducted on this data. The results show that the magnitude of the discretionary component of the postretirement benefit obligation is negatively associated with the extent of the external regulations and auditor quality. Tests on the market response to the disclosed postretirement benefit obligation show that the market values only the nondiscretionary component of the obligation. This research provides evidence that federal regulation and independent audits serve as useful watchdogs of the public interest. Proper financial disclosures also lead to increased transparency and market efficiency in detecting and correcting for the effects ...
A Study of the Returns Behavior of Small Capitalization REITs

We analyze the daily returns on 63 real estate investment trusts (REITs) that comprise five US Small Cap REIT indices, and test for weak-form efficiency by estimating the Hurst exponent and fractal dimension. Fourteen of the 63 firms (or roughly 22% of the firms studied) fail to exhibit weak-form efficiency, based on Classical Rescaled Range Analysis. Two additional self-affine fractal analysis techniques (Roughness-Length and Variogram analyses) provide some support for this finding. In particular, it is found that a majority of the series for which weak-form efficiency is rejected are anti-persistent, with estimated Hurst exponents below 0.50.These results are further confirmed by Lo’s (1991) modified rescaled range analysis, which reveals significant memory at long lags. Overall, the results suggest inefficient pricing for a significant subset of REITs, with important implications for trading and for the modeling of REIT returns. .Some aspects of their returns behavior warrant further study.
Computer Architecture and Multi Time-Scale Implementations for Smart Grid in a Room Simulator

Abstract This paper describes how to utilize physics-based unified modeling of complex electric power systems in order to design a multi-layered interactive Smart Grid in a Room Simulator (SGRS). In this simulator, the dynamic response of a given interconnected grid is simulated and assessed as a family of interfaced sub-processes jointly evolving at different time-scales. Compared to state-of-the-art simulators, advantages of the SGRS are that it is scalable to large systems since it uses distributed computing and that it allows for privacy of different components since one object does not need to know the models or methods of another object. Standardized and transportable objects representing physical components at various degrees of temporal, spatial, and functional granularity are constructed by different users and added to the SGRS platform for future use by all. This allows users to simulate and assess the effect of the technology of interest to them, which makes the SGRS effective in supporting the deployment of new technologies with well-understood effects. Examples on the SRGS are described for simulating market-driven sub-processes and the fast dynamics sub-processes in response to market actions and/or to sudden hard-to-predict disturbances.
Progress on Estimation of Energy Levels for Multi-Electron Atoms

A new base problem for the calculation of lower bounds to the energy levels of multi-electron atoms is presented in this paper. The effective field method is used to produce a central field approximation whose energy levels are lower bounds to those of the full Hamiltonian. In contrast to previous calculations with the effective field method, the lower bound Hamiltonian given here is explicitly resolvable, rather than only numerically solvable. This is accomplished by employing the Hulthen potential, and results in a base problem which is suitable as the starting point for the method of intermediate problems to improve the lower bounds. Lower bounds for the ground states of the neutral atoms with three to thirty electrons are presented.
Brazil: Dealing with International Shocks

On January 15, 1999, the Brazilian central bank, in the face of massive speculative attacks on the Brazilian real, decided to let the real float. In the foreign exchange markets, the real fell sharply. The Brazilian economy appeared to be entering a severe recession. The Brazilian financial crisis represented another fallen domino in the global contagion that had started in the summer of 1997 in Thailand. This case describes the set of macroeconomic policies known as the Real Plan that the Brazilian government had implemented since 1993, its impact on the Brazilian economy, and the impact of global contagion on Brazil. It was written as an exam case for the first-year economics course in Darden. It may be used in a course on open economy macroeconomics and international finance.
Nonlinear waves in electromigration dispersion in a capillary

Abstract We construct exact solutions to an unusual nonlinear advection–diffusion equation arising in the study of Taylor–Aris (also known as shear) dispersion due to electroosmotic flow during electromigration in a capillary. An exact reduction to a Darboux equation is found under a traveling-wave ansatz. The equilibria of this ordinary differential equation are analyzed, showing that their stability is determined solely by the (dimensionless) wave speed without regard to any (dimensionless) physical parameters. Integral curves, connecting the appropriate equilibria of the Darboux equation that governs traveling waves, are constructed, which in turn are shown to be asymmetric kink solutions (i.e., non-Taylor shocks). Furthermore, it is shown that the governing Darboux equation exhibits bistability, which leads to two coexisting non-negative kink solutions for (dimensionless) wave speeds greater than unity. Finally, we give some remarks on other types of traveling-wave solutions and a discussion of some approximations of the governing partial differential equation of electromigration dispersion.
Three Strains of Poliomyelitis Virus Isolated from Feces During the 1939 Buffalo and Detroit Epidemics

The production of typical changes in the central nervous system of Macacus rhesus monkeys is the only accepted bacteriological method for the detection and identification of the virus of poliomyelitis. Many controversial statements regarding the regularity and ease with which the virus may be transferred and maintained in these animals have appeared since 1909 when the disease was first transmitted to monkeys by Landsteiner and Popper.' During the 1939 epidemics in Buffalo and Detroit we undertook the isolation of several strains
The Effect of Body Fluids on Polynucleotide-lnduced Fibroblast Interferon and Virus-Induced Leukocyte Interferon

SummaryThe effects of five human body fluids on human fibroblast interferon (MSF-IC) and human leukocyte interferon (WBC-NDV) are reported. After 24 hr at body temperature, WBC-NDV is significantly more stable than MSF-IC in cerebrospinal fluid, saliva, and serum. After 4 hr at 37°, leukocyte interferon is significantly more stable in urine and appears more stable in bile. These findings may be useful in the choice of an exogenous human interferon for clinical studies.This work was supported in part by Grant No. 05-041-012 from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and by Public Health Service Grant No. TO1 AI00466 from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases.
Research on the detection of encapsulation efficiency in protein-loaded liposomes

Objective To establish the method for the determination of encapsulation efficiency(EE%)in protein-loaded liposomes.Methods The liposomes loading bovine serum albumin(BSA) was prepared as model protein using the modified reverse-phase evaporation method.The mean particle-size was 5.129 μm.The centrifuge-reference method was used for the first time in which empty liposomes were as the reference to eliminate the ingredient′s influence.Additionally,gel filtration,ultracentrifugation,ultrafiltration and dialysis were used to compare the drug EE%.Results The mean recovery was 101.7%,RSD was 2.32%(n=5).The linear range was good in 1.02-1 507.5 mg·L-1.The mean EE% was 69.74%,RSD was 1.34%.But other four methods were lower or higher than the true value.Conclusions The new established method is suitable and accurate,which can be developed for the determination of the drug EE% of the protein-loaded liposomes.
Gamma-Ray Pulsar Light Curves as Probes of Magnetospheric Structure

The large number of gamma-ray pulsars discovered by the Fermi Gamma-Ray Space Telescope since its launch in 2008 dwarfs the handful that were previously known. The variety of observed light curves makes possible a tomography of both the ensemble-averaged field structure and the high-energy emission regions of a pulsar magnetosphere. Fitting the gamma-ray pulsar light curves with model magnetospheres and emission models has revealed that most of the high-energy emission, and the particles acceleration, takes place near or beyond the light cylinder, near the current sheet. As pulsar magnetosphere models become more sophisticated, it is possible to probe magnetic field structure and emission that are self-consistently determined. Light curve modeling will continue to be a powerful tool for constraining the pulsar magnetosphere physics.
An autoradiographic analysis of the development of the chick trigeminal ganglion.

The avian trigeminal ganglion, which is embryonically derived from the neural crest and epidermal placodes, consists of two topographically segregated classes of immature neurons, large and small, during the second week of incubation, and two neuronal cell types, dark and light, interspersed throughout the mature ganglion. In order to establish the times of terminal mitosis of trigeminal sensory neurons, embryos were treated with [ 3 H]thymidine during the first week of incubation and their ganglia fixed on embryonic day 11. The embryonically large, distal, placodal-derived neurons are generated between days 2 and 5, while the small, proximal, neural crest-derived neurons are formed mostly between days 4 and 7. By comparing the locations of labeled cells in ganglia treated with isotope but fixed on day 18 of incubation with their 11-day counterparts, we have proved that there are no morphogenetic rearrangements of neurons during the final week of incubation. Thus, no unique relationship exists between the two neuron types in the mature ganglion and the two cell classes in the immature trigeminal. Therefore, both the light and the dark neurons in the mature trigeminal ganglion arise from neural crest as well as placodal primordia.
Fitting Age-Period-Cohort Models Using the Intrinsic Estimator: Assumptions and Misapplications

We thank Demography’s editorial office for the opportunity to respond to te Grotenhuis et al.’s commentary regarding the methods used and the results presented in our earlier paper (Masters et al. 2014). In this response, we briefly reply to three general themes raised in the commentary: (1) the presentation and discussion of APC results, (2) the fitting of full APC models to data for which a simpler model holds, and (3) the variation in the estimated age, period, and cohort coefficients produced by the intrinsic estimator (IE) (i.e., the “non-uniqueness property” of the IE, as referred to by Pelzer et al. (2015)).
Measurement of optical phase with subpicosecond resolution by time domain Interferometry

A new technique which determines the complete electric field of ultrashort optical pulses has been experimentally demonstrated. This general technique improves over previous cross-correlation1 and (interferometric) autocorrelation2 techniques in that it determines uniquely and completely the field's phase as well as its amplitude. The technique imposes no requirements on the pulse to be measured and only needs a synchronous probe pulse short enough to resolve all structure of interest.
John Cage’s living theatre

When asked by David Shapiro whether he considered himself ‘as antitheatrical the way Jasper Johns is sometimes called antitheatrical’, John Cage responded emphatically:
“Making Cancer History” at M.D. Anderson Hospital

Cancer chemotherapy and BCG. In the late 1950s and the early 1960s, the Department of Medicine (DM) at The University of Texas MD Anderson Hospital, Houston, TX (later MD Anderson Hospital Comprehensive Cancer Center, MDACCC) struggled to establish that tumor-specific immunotherapy may become a (or: the) major treatment modality for cancer.
Multiple postoperative complications: Making sense of the trajectories.

Background Many studies have evaluated predictors of postoperative complications, yet little is known about the development of multiple complications. The goal of this study was to assess complication timing in cascades of multiple complications and the risk of future complications given a patient's first complication. Methods This study includes 30-day, postoperative complications from the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program for all patients who underwent major inpatient and outpatient operative procedures from 2005–2013. The timing and sequencing of complications were evaluated using χ 2 analysis and pairwise comparisons. Results More severe postoperative complications (cardiac arrest or myocardial infarction, renal insufficiency or failure, stroke, intubation, septic shock, coma) had the greatest impact on the risk for developing further complications, increasing the relative risk of developing future, specific, severe complications by more than 40-fold. These more severe complications occur within a few days of other complications (whether as a preceding factor or an outcome), while less severe complications, such as surgical site infection and urinary tract infection, are linked less tightly to complication cascades. Conclusion This analysis highlights both the risk for secondary complications after an initial complication and when those future complications are likely to occur. Physicians can use this information to target interventions to prevent high-risk complications.
Signal Processing Robotics Using Signals Generated by a Human Head: From Pioneering Works to EEG-Based Emulation of Digital Circuits

This plenary keynote paper describes some pioneering steps in robot evolution, regarding human-robot communication using signals generated by a human head: speech, EEG, and EOG signals. The work was done in 1980’s Yugoslavia. Some of the experiments were significantly ahead of time: the 1988 robot control with human EEG was the only such experiment carried out in the 20th century; in the 21st century this research area is increasingly popular. The paper also presents a current research in a new direction in signal processing robotics, the EEG emulation of digital circuits for robot control.
Satellite bulk tropospheric temperatures as a metric for climate sensitivity

We identify and remove the main natural perturbations (e.g. volcanic activity, ENSOs) from the global mean lower tropospheric temperatures (T LT ) over January 1979 - June 2017 to estimate the underlying, potentially human-forced trend. The unaltered value is +0.155 K dec−1 while the adjusted trend is +0.096 K dec−1, related primarily to the removal of volcanic cooling in the early part of the record. This is essentially the same value we determined in 1994 (+0.09 K dec−1, Christy and McNider, 1994) using only 15 years of data. If the warming rate of +0.096 K dec−1 represents the net T LT response to increasing greenhouse radiative forcings, this implies that the T LT tropospheric transient climate response (ΔT LT at the time CO2 doubles) is +1.10 ± 0.26 K which is about half of the average of the IPCC AR5 climate models of 2.31 ± 0.20 K. Assuming that the net remaining unknown internal and external natural forcing over this period is near zero, the mismatch since 1979 between observations and CMIP-5 model values suggests that excessive sensitivity to enhanced radiative forcing in the models can be appreciable. The tropical region is mainly responsible for this discrepancy suggesting processes that are the likely sources of the extra sensitivity are (a) the parameterized hydrology of the deep atmosphere, (b) the parameterized heat-partitioning at the oceanatmosphere interface and/or (c) unknown natural variations.
Mitigating the Curse of Correlation in Security Games by Entropy Maximization

In Stackelberg security games, a defender seeks to randomly allocate limited security resources to protect critical targets from an attack. In this paper, we study a fundamental, yet underexplored, phenomenon in security games, which we term the Curse of Correlation (CoC). Specifically, we observe that there are inevitable correlations among the protection status of different targets. Such correlation is a crucial concern, especially in spatio-temporal domains like conservation area patrolling, where attackers can surveil patrollers at certain areas and then infer their patrolling routes using such correlations. To mitigate this issue, we propose to design entropy-maximizing defending strategies for spatio-temporal security games, which frequently suffer from CoC. We prove that the problem is #P-hard in general. However, it admits efficient algorithms in well-motivated special settings.
Ultralow Noise Optical Frequency Combs

The invention of optical frequency combs (OFCs) based on femtosecond (fs) mode-locked lasers has merged laser based spectroscopy with fs-laser technology. OFCs have triggered quantum leaps of advancement in photonics, physics, astronomy, and engineering, while also lending themselves to applications in medical and environmental fields. The key feature of OFCs is their ultrahigh frequency and time resolution. In this review, we introduce the concept behind OFCs and their sources, with a focus on stability and phase-noise performance. We conclude with a discussion of recent progress of a monolithic OFC, which provides ultralow free-running phase noise and an unprecedented frequency stability of 1 part in ${10^{19}}$ at a 1 s gate time.
Computation-Assisted Nanopore Detection of Thorium Ions.

Thorium is a well-known radioactive and chemically toxic contaminant in the environment. The continuous exposure to thorium may cause an increased risk of developing lung and liver diseases as well as lung, pancreas, and bone cancer. Due to its use in nuclear industry and other industrial applications, thorium may be accidentally released to the environment from its mining and processing plants. In this work, we developed a rapid, real-time, and label-free nanopore sensor for Th4+ detection by using an aspartic acid containing peptide as a chelating agent and tuning the electrolyte solution pH to control the net charges of the peptide ligand and its metal ion complex. The method is highly sensitive with a detection limit of 0.45 nM. Furthermore, the sensor is selective: other metal ions (e.g., UO22+, Pb2+, Cu2+, Ni2+, Hg2+, Zn2+, As3+, Mg2+, and Ca2+) with concentrations of up to 3 orders of magnitude greater than that of Th4+ would not interfere with Th4+detection. In addition, simulated water samples we...
Passivity and Nonhuman Absorption in Julieta Campos's "Celina o los gatos"

This article examines how Cuban-Mexican writer Julieta Campos reevaluates passivity as a transformative force in feminism. Unlike contemporaneous authors such as Rosario Castellanos who define feminism as productive activity, I argue that in her book of short stories, Celina o los gatos (1968), Campos takes an inverse trajectory, deploying nonhuman material passivity in order to unravel the logic of the self-actualized liberal subject. Rather than articulate feminism as empowerment—directed toward reform and positivity—Campos imagines withdrawal, silence, and motionlessness as non-normative ways to resist pre-scribed purpose. In the titular story of her book of short stories, “Celina o los gatos,” Campos imagines depression as an affective mode that figures the Mexican bourgeois housewife. The gendered construction of the pet—a sentimental and non-utilitarian accessory that inhabits the domestic space—is used to invoke the commonplace that the housewife is a similarly domesticated creature. While on the one hand, the housewife’s negative feelings of depressive domesticity manifest themselves as inaction and withdrawal, I argue that Campos reconfigures passive negativity into a critique of the productivity mandated by traditional femininity as well as by the Women’s Liberation movement
Theory of communication networks

Communication networks have become ubiquitous today. The Internet, the global computer communication network that interconnects millions of computers, has become an indispensable part of our everyday life. This chapter discusses theoretical and algorithmic underpinnings of distributed communication networks, focusing mainly on themes motivated by the Internet. The Internet is a distributed wide area communication network that connects a variety of end systems or hosts by a network of communication links and packet switches (e.g., routers). A packet switch takes a packet arriving on one of its incoming communication links and forwards that packet on one of its outgoing communication links. From the sending host to the receiving host, the sequence of communication links and packet switches is known as a route or a path through the network. Throughout we will use the term node to denote a host (processor) or a packet switch. The Internet is a complex system, but fortunately it has a layered architecture which is extremely helpful in understanding and analyzing its functionality. This is called as the network protocol stack and is organized as follows. The understanding of different layers of the stack allows us to tie the theoretical and algorithmic results that will be discussed to specific functions and protocols in the Internet. Application Layer: The application layer is closest to the end user. This layer interacts with software applications that implement a communicating component. The layered architecture allows one to create a variety of distributed application protocols running over multiple hosts. The application in one host uses the protocol to exchange packets of data with the application in another host. Some examples of application layer implementations include Telnet, File Transfer Protocol (FTP), Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP), and the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP). An application architecture determines how a network application is structured over the various hosts. The traditional application architecture paradigm has been the client-server paradigm. In a client-server architecture, there is an always-on host, called the server, which
The Copper Metallome in Eukaryotic Cells

Copper is an element that is both essential and toxic. It is a required micronutrient for energy production in aerobic eukaryotes, from unicellular yeast to plants and mammals. Copper is also required for the acquisition and systemic distribution of the essential metal iron, and so copper deficiency results in iron deficiency. Copper enzymes have been identified that explain the wide variety of symptoms suffered by copper deficient subjects. The cloning of the genes encoding transport proteins responsible for copper-related Menkes and Wilson diseases inspired and coincided with the discovery of copper chaperones that stimulated the copper homeostasis field. Copper continues to be implicated in new array of proteins, notably those involved in a variety of neurodegenerative diseases. Here we will describe the cadre of important historical copper proteins and survey the major metallochaperones and transporters responsible for mobilization and sequestration of copper in yeast, mammals and plants.
EIS/GWM — An Integrated Automated Computer Platform for Regional Multimedia Environmental Audits

In this age of global budgetary constraints, environmental audits at the regulatory level must become efficient, effective and bold. EIS/GWM-“Environmental Impact System / Geomedia Waste Contaminant Migration” is an innovative PC computer platform that integrates data bases and contaminant migration simulation models, and offers an efficient way to establish an intelligent information system to perform a variety of remediation and health exposure studies and regulatory audits.
Use of local intrinsic muscle flaps for diabetic foot and ankle reconstruction: a systematic review

Objective: To assess the outcomes of local intrinsic muscle flaps specifically in the surgical reconstruction of foot and ankle wounds in patients with diabetes. Method: A systematic review of the ...
Reciprocity Under Trust-Based Management Control: An Experimental Test

Trust-based control systems may be preferable to traditional, agency-based control systems in certain organizational settings. But for trust-based control to be beneficial, employees must honor the trust placed in them and reciprocate by taking the action desired by the firm. We conduct three experiments to investigate the determinants (i.e., feelings of obligation and concerns over fairness) of employees' reciprocity in a dyadic agency relationship. We find that feelings of obligation have prevailing effects on employees' reciprocal behavior. In the first two experiments, the employee's decision to reciprocate is not affected by payoff inequities which favor the firm. Rather, the employee exhibits a strong preference for reciprocity that leaves the firm better off than the employee. However, in the third experiment, concerns for fairness come into play when reciprocity produces payoffs that appear overly disadvantageous for the employee. Thus, employees' reciprocity is bounded at a level such that the employee perceives that a fair share of the payoffs is received. Our findings provide useful insights into understanding how different social norms work in tandem to affect employees' reciprocal behavior. Such understanding is important for designing effective management control systems in practice.
Children's and parents' views on hospital contact isolation: A qualitative study to highlight children's perspectives.

Background:To date, there has been a paucity of studies conducted on the experiences of children under hospital contact isolation precautions. Furthermore, the studies that have examined children’s...
Development of new criteria for evaluating the effectiveness of Zn-rich primers in protecting Al-Mg alloys

Abstract One inorganic and three organic Zn-rich primers (ZRPs) without a pretreatment or a topcoat were evaluated on highly sensitized aluminum alloy 5456-H116 in 0.6 M NaCl for their ability to suppress intergranular corrosion (IGC) and intergranular stress corrosion cracking (IG-SCC) based on the achievement and maintenance of protective potentials under simulated galvanic coupling conditions. These evaluations utilized a combination of existing criteria (e.g., the need to establish an intermediate cathodic potential) and additional new criteria based on fast anodic response and low polarizability. Ethyl silicate, epoxy, epoxy polyamide, and polyurethane resins were considered. Accelerated electrochemical cycle testing in full 0.6 M NaCl immersion demonstrated that anodic charge usage in the candidate ZRPs had a greater dependence on the pore resistance than on theoretical anodic charge capacity. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy modeling of cycle testing data demonstrated that the ZRPs with low pore resistance also had the fastest anodic response time. Galvanostatic pulse testing demonstrated that the ZRPs with the highest anodic charge usage and low pore resistance were also the least polarizable. These analyses propose relevant metrics to evaluate the effectiveness of Zn-rich primers in a complex challenge heretofore not considered: suppressing IGC/IG-SCC on highly sensitized 5456-H116 in aggressive alternate immersion environments.
Bridging Privacy, Face, and Heteronormativity: Stories of Coming Out

This study focuses on the performativity and subversion of privacy and face in sexual minorities’ recollections of interpersonal interactions related to coming out. Drawing upon communication priva...
Coding Practices and Recommendations of Spring Security for Enterprise Applications

Spring security is tremendously popular among practitioners for its ease of use to secure enterprise applications. In this paper, we study the application framework misconfiguration vulnerabilities in the light of Spring security, which is relatively understudied in the existing literature. Towards that goal, we identify 6 types of security anti-patterns and 4 insecure vulnerable defaults by conducting a measurement-based approach on 28 Spring applications. Our analysis shows that security risks associated with the identified security anti-patterns and insecure defaults can leave the enterprise application vulnerable to a wide range of high-risk attacks. To prevent these high-risk attacks, we also provide recommendations for practitioners. Consequently, our study has contributed one update to the official Spring security documentation while other security issues identified in this study are being considered for future major releases by Spring security community.
Advancing Accessible Communities

Communities must be made accessible for people with disabilities and for people seeking to age in place. Property, land use, real estate, housing, and zoning professionals must learn the requirements of our disability laws, and they must work with urban planners and disability rights professionals to make our communities safe and easy to navigate for everyone. This article explores the need for advancing accessibility while highlighting some of the key difficulties in achieving greater success. The article includes discussion of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), the Fair Housing Act (FHA), and the Rehabilitation Act (RHA).
Debt Crises: For Whom the Bell Tolls

What a country has done in the past, and what other countries are doing in the present, can feedback for good or for ill in debt markets. We develop a simple model of sovereign bond markets with global investors and endogenous information acquisition about fundamental default probabilities. This model displays hysteresis and contagion in sovereign bond spreads. Small fundamental shocks in one country can induce investors to acquire information, generating price volatility and increased risk premia. These changes may also induce investors to rebalance their portfolio, generating market segmentation and information acquisition in seemingly unrelated economies. Information regimes may persist over time, requiring large improvements in fundamentals to return to more stable bond spread conditions.Institutional subscribers to the NBER working paper series, and residents of developing countries may download this paper without additional charge at www.nber.org.
Characteristics of Lagrangian transportation in a tropical deep convective process during TWP-ICE

High resolution mesoscale model WRFV3.4.1 is used to simulate the deep convective process during TWP-ICE.Simulation data from the forth nested domain outputted every five minutes is employed to analyze the characteristics of an updraft mass flux profile and the trajectories of convective transportation with the FLEXPART Lagrangian dispersion model.Analyses of Lagrangian characteristics of hydrometeor transportation and mass flux vertical variation show that around the top of conditional instability,some hydrometeor has been detrained from the deep convective system.Convective hydrometeor is conveyed by steering current from the deep convective system to their downstream.However,influenced by low level wind disturbance,some hydrometeor is also conveyed to upstream.The largest distance over which the hydrometeor is transported from the deep convective system to the downstream is about200~300 km.About 10%~20%of the hydrometeor has an important influence on the anvil area50~150 km downward from the deep convective system,of which the time scale is 4~6 hours.
Facial Expression Recognition and Analysis Techniques

Facial Expression Recognition has emerged as a promising and active field of research in machine learning, pattern recognition and computer vision. Recognition of facial features in digital image processing continues to be a challenging task in the highly dynamic environment, although different techniques have been implemented for providing an enhanced and efficient way to extract these features from the images. In this survey paper the techniques and approaches used in FER have been discussed at length, various methods applied at each stage have been further explained. The components applied to each method, accuracy levels obtained and their benefits have been discussed .There are three steps in FER which include Feature detection, Feature extraction and Feature classification. A comparison of different approaches has been compiled to ascertain the accuracy and preference over other approaches.
National Estimates of Prevalence, Time-Trend, and Correlates of Smoking in US People Living with HIV (NHANES 1999-2016).

Objective Approximately one in four deaths among people living with HIV (PLWH) in the United States can be attributed to cigarette smoking. Using a nationally representative sample of PLWH, this study examines the prevalence, time-trends, and correlates of current cigarette smoking among PLWH compared to people without HIV. Design Secondary analysis of population-based cross-sectional biobehavioral survey. Methods Data were pooled from the 1999-2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). All adults (20-59 years) who self-reported their smoking status and were tested for HIV (HIV+ = 152; HIV- = 26 305) were included in the analysis. Prevalence with 95% confidence interval (95% CI), trend analysis by year and group (HIV+/HIV-), and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed with the complex survey design adjustments. Results Overall, 47.0% of PLWH were current smokers compared to 25.5% of those without HIV. From 1999 to 2016, the decline in smoking in PLWH was comparable to those without HIV (10.7% vs. 8.0%). PLWH smokers were more likely than PLWH nonsmokers to be substance users (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 17.52; 95% CI = 2.04 to 27.8). Compared to smokers without HIV, PLWH smokers were more likely to be older (1.10; 1.06 to 1.14), males (7.96; 2.50 to 25.40), non-Hispanic Black (10.45; 4.13 to 26.45), with depression (Patient Health Questionnaire-9 sum score ≥5) (3.79; 1.22 to 11.79), and less likely to be gay (0.02; 0.00 to 0.07). Conclusion Cigarette smoking among PLWH is a major public health problem in the United States. Targeted and tailored smoking cessation interventions that incorporate assessment and treatment of depression and co-occurring substance use are critical for PLWH, especially among those who are disproportionately affected by smoking and HIV (sexual minority). Implications This study offers important research implications in four areas:1. The decline in smoking among PLWH over 18 years has been modest, and half of PLWH are still smokers.2. More resources and efforts should be allocated to reduce cigarette smoking among PLWH.3. There is a critical need to develop and test culturally tailored smoking cessation interventions for minority subgroups who are most impacted by HIV infection and smoking (non-Hispanic Blacks and men who have sex with men)4. Smoking cessation interventions designed for PLWH should incorporate assessment and treatment of depression and substance use.
Activation of H2 with Manganese(I)-Phosphido Complexes

Metal-ligand cooperativity (MLC) predominantly occurs across transition-metal amido moieties. In contrast, there are few reports of activation of H2 or substrate across metal–phosphido linkages, and all of the first-row metal examples use N-heterocyclic phosphido donors. In this report, we highlight a discovery of the first MLC dihydrogen activation with first-row transition metal M-PR2 (R = alkyl or aryl) complexes using dinuclear Mn(I)-bisphosphido complexes. In addition, we demonstrate that oxidative addition of P–Cl bond leads to the same Mn(I)-bisphosphido complexes at elevated temperatures, enabling a simple and versatile strategy for in-situ reduction of phosphine chlorides to phosphine using dihydrogen, a process that appears general having success with both diaryl- and dialkyl-phosphines.
Recent Advances in ADMET Polycondensation Chemistry

The sections in this article are Introduction Functionalized Polyethylenes Linear Ethylene/Vinyl Ether Copolymers Linear Ethylene/Acrylic Acid Copolymers Phosphonic Acid-Functionalized Polyethylenes Functional Polymers and Materials via ADMET “Latent Reactive” Polycarbosilane and Polycarbosiloxane Elastomers Conjugated Polymers via ADMET Exotic Polymer Structures Hyperbranched Architectures via ADMET Supramolecular Graft Copolymers Daisy-Chain Polymers Summary and Outlook Keywords: olefin metathesis; polyolefin; acyclic diene metathesis; conjugated polymers; elastomers; supramolecular polymers