cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bone and Blood Vessels: The Hard and the Soft of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Niches

Osteoblasts are important regulators of myelopoiesis and lymphopoiesis, producing several necessary soluble and membrane-associated factors. In addition, they may play important roles, along with other mesenchymal populations, in constructing an environment that is suitable for development of sinusoidal niches capable of supporting hematopoietic stem cells.
Characterization of a factor that can prevent random transcription of cloned rDNA and its probable relationship to poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase

Abstract A factor which eliminated nonspecific transcription of cloned rat rDNA was extensively purified from rat mammary adenocarcinoma ascites cells by successive fractionations on DEAE-Sephadex and heparin-Sepharose columns. The fractions containing RNA polymerase I (HS-B) and fractions eluting thereafter (HS-C) from the heparin-Sepharose column were pooled separately. Addition of HS-C to HS-B prevented random transcription of rDNA and yielded an accurate rDNA transcript with negligible non-specific transcription. The factor was essentially homogeneous and corresponded to Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase with respect to molecular weight, dependence on DNA for its activity and its ability to undergo auto ADP-ribosylation. The total amount of protein in the transcription assay was approximately 2 micrograms, which indicates a high degree of purity of all the factors required for specific transcription of rDNA.
Importance of Venous Congestion for Worsening of Renal Function in Advanced Decompensated Heart Failure

Objectives To determine whether venous congestion, rather than impairment of cardiac output, is primarily associated with the development of worsening renal function (WRF) in patients with advanced decompensated heart failure (ADHF). Background Reduced cardiac output is traditionally believed to be the main determinant of WRF in patients with ADHF. Methods A total of 145 consecutive patients admitted with ADHF treated with intensive medical therapy guided by pulmonary artery catheter were studied. We defined WRF as an increase of serum creatinine >/=0.3 mg/dl during hospitalization. Results In the study cohort (age 57 +/- 14 years, cardiac index 1.9 +/- 0.6 l/min/m(2), left ventricular ejection fraction 20 +/- 8%, serum creatinine 1.7 +/- 0.9 mg/dl), 58 patients (40%) developed WRF. Patients who developed WRF had a greater central venous pressure (CVP) on admission (18 +/- 7 mm Hg vs. 12 +/- 6 mm Hg, p Conclusions Venous congestion is the most important hemodynamic factor driving WRF in decompensated patients with advanced heart failure.
Clues from the resilient

The genetics approach to uncovering the causes of disease has focused mainly on finding the underlying primary mutations, with diseased individuals playing the leading role in this discovery. But as health care begins to focus more on preventive therapies, an emphasis on understanding how individuals remain healthy—“resilient” to disease—may provide insights into disease pathogenesis and new treatments. This view underlies “The Resilience Project” ([www.resilienceproject.me][1]), an effort to search broadly for these apparently healthy people (see the photo). There are, indeed, individuals whose genetics indicate exceptionally high risk of disease, yet they never show any signs of the disorder. What are the genetic and environmental factors that buffer disease for them? How can such information be gathered and harnessed most efficiently and effectively? [1]: http://www.resilienceproject.me
Laser chemical vapour deposition: materials, modelling, and process control

AbstractLaser chemical vapour deposition (LCVD) is a new manufacturing process that holds great potential for the production of small and complex metal and ceramic parts. Recent research significant to LCVD is reviewed, summarising the general state of knowledge in the field, and discussing important challenges that remain. The basics of the LCVD process and the various deposition techniques, including: photolytic versus pyrolytic deposition and fibre growth versus direct writing methods, are considered. A comprehensive table of materials deposited with LCVD is presented, sorted geometrically into fibres, dots, and lines. The application of heat transfer and chemical kinetic models to the LCVD process as a means for predicting deposit properties is described. The deposition process is considered with respect to efforts to increase deposition rates and to control deposit shapes. Modern process control techniques for measuring deposition temperature and growth rate are also discussed. Finally, a survey of m...
The Automation of Serials Control with SC350

There are many automated serials control systems on the market today. SC350 is OCLC's entry. SC350 is an efficient and cost-effective way to handle serials in any type of library. The system is divided into modules, such as prediction, check-in, claiming routing, etc. Each module is clearly defined and easy to master. No system is flawless, however, and this includes SC350. Problems exist with the manual, but these are manageable. OCLC has shown a willingess to work with users in enhancing and correcting the SC350 software. Overall, the advantages in uslng SC350 for serials control far outnumber the disadvantages.
Optimal buffer inventories for multistage production systems with failures

Recently, several procedures have been developed to solve the problem of optimal location and sizing for buffer inventories in a serial production system that is subject to random variations in the magnitude or timing of stage failures, repair times, and demands for finished goods. To handle production systems of realistic complexity, we have developed a simplified mathematical model and an efficient solution procedure based on dynamic programming. The solution procedure has been implemented in a portable, public-domain computer program which can also be applied to nonserial systems with diverging branches. We illustrate the procedure using a hypothetical diverging-branch system with 15 stages.
Aerosol problems in clean technologies for microelectronics

Abstract Aerosol research priorities as related to contamination control in themicroelectronics industry are outlined, based largely on the National Science Foundation Workshop of November 1990 and the author's contribution to that workshop.
Direct connectivity between upstream and downstream promotes rapid response of lower coastal‐plain rivers to land‐use change

[1] Low-relief fluvial systems that originate in the lower coastal plain and discharge into estuaries are common along passive margins. These watersheds are thought to be disconnected from their termini by floodplains, which buffer the sediment-routing system by sequestration. Here, we present a detailed study of the Newport River, a typical lower coastal-plain system, which reveals high connectivity between watershed and delta. Connectivity is measured as the time lag between initiation of a silviculture operation, which increased landscape erosion, and when the sediment appeared at the bay-head delta. The time lag, measured from aerial photographs and sedimentation rates calculated from 210Pb- and 137Cs-activities in cores from the watershed and delta, is <3 years. Most lower coastal-plain rivers are steeper and have less floodplain accommodation available for storage than their larger counterparts that originate landward of the fall line, which promotes higher connectivity between upstream and downstream.
Oscillations of a neutrally buoyant sphere in a stratified fluid

Abstract The problem considered is the motion of a sphere in a stably stratified fluid. The sphere is assumed to be displaced from its neutrally buoyant position, held fixed while the fluid comes to rest, and then released and allowed to oscillate freely. The motion of the sphere subsequent to release is the subject of this paper. Assuming that the motion of the sphere can be described by a linear theory, the motion of the sphere is calculated. The analytic solution compares favourably with experimental data.
Effects of contact area and stress on the volumetric wear of ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene

Abstract The effects of contact area and contact stress on the wear of ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (PE) articulating with a polished surface of cobalt–chromium alloy were evaluated using a pin-on-disk apparatus implementing bi-directional movement. Within a relevant range of contact stresses, volumetric wear rate increased with increasing contact area. Volumetric wear was found to be independent of normal load within this range. Mechanistic issues related to these findings are discussed.
Is more discussion about levels of analysis really necessary?When is such discussion sufficient?

This article begins by showing why most of the recommendations made in the three previous articles about the original GLOBE study are necessary given the authors' viable and insightful theoretical interests. It then demonstrates that the recommendations made in these articles, although necessary to follow, are not sufficient to allow the authors to conclude what they want to say. This article reveals what is missing, and why, and then adds several more recommendations. All of these recommendations are summarized with a checklist that itemizes what a researcher interested in a multiple levels of analysis theory needs to consider when focusing on bivariate correlations or multiple regression. This checklist is used to show which items are and are not included in the original article by Dickson [Dickson, M.W. (2006-this issue). Systematic variation in organizationally-shared cognitive prototypes of effective leadership based on organizational form. The Leadership Quarterly 17, 487−505]. The design of the GLOBE study is then examined, with the conclusion that it satisfies all of the items in the checklist. These same issues arise regardless of whether one prefers η2, ICC(1), ICC(2), rwg, or multi-level modeling (for example, structural equation modeling or hierarchical linear modeling) to analyze multi-level data such as that represented by the GLOBE study.
Malone antegrade continent enema: an alternative to resection in severe defecation disorders.

Purpose:This study was designed to evaluate patient self-reported outcome of the Malone antegrade continent enema at a single institution in patients suffering from severe defecatory disorders.Methods:A total of 18 patients (15 females; median age, 31 (range, 12-63) years) underwent a Malone antegra
The free energy of the crystal-melt interface from the radial distribution function—further calculations

Abstract A model of the crystal-melt interface is proposed which specifically accounts for a reduced liquid entropy in the region of the interface. Based on this model, the interfacial free energies of Ag, Al, Na, and Li are calculated, and the values thus determined are in excellent agreement with experimental values.
Conformation of a bulge-containing oligomer from a hot-spot sequence by NMR and energy minimization.

Two-dimensional nmr data on a bulge-containing oligodeoxyribonucleotide, 5'dGATGGGCAG.dCTGACCCATC, and a regular oligomer of similar sequence, 5'dGATGGCAG.dCTGCCATC, are presented. The nonexchangeable protons are assigned from sequential nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy (NOESY) connectivities. The two-dimensional NOE (NOESY) and correlated (COSY) spectra of the bulge-containing oligomer are compared to those of the perfect 8-mer. Experimental proton-proton distances are determined from NOESY spectra acquired with mixing times of 100, 150, and 200 ms, using comparable distances in the B-DNA region of the molecule as a calibration. With this approach, measured distances do not depend systematically on mixing time. Energy minimization techniques are used to calculate a three-dimensional structure for the bulge-containing oligomer in agreement with the nmr data. The helix is of the B family, with the extra adenine stacked into the helix, and the helix axis is bent by 20 degrees.
SUBCELLULAR PHOSPHOLIPID MATURATION IN RABBIT LUNG

Total protein, total phospholipids (PL) and phosphatidyl choline (PC) were measured in crude homogenate (CH), lamellar body (LB), mitochondrial (MT), and microsomal (MC) fractions of lung from the 28 and 30 day gestation fetus and adult Albino New Zealand rabbits. Gas chromatography of the fatty acid methylesters (FAME) of the PC in LB and MC was also done. Total PL in LB increased 4-5 fold from 28 to 30 da gestation, but did not increase in MT or MC. PC (% of total PL) increased in LB from 60% at 28 days gestation to 84% at 30 days gestation, but did not increase in MT or MC. Gas chromatography of FAME in LB revealed a decrease in C14:0 from 7% at 28 days to 3.5% in adult, an increase of C16:0 from 54% to 58% and a decrease of C16:l from 12.4% to 6.5%. FAME in MC revealed a decrease of C16:0 from 40.2% at 28 days to 35.7% in the adult, a decrease of C18:l from 25.2% to 18.1%, and an increase of C18:2 from 9.7% to 14.7%. Other trends were evident. This data supports the hypotheses that LB is the major storage organelle for PC at all gestations, increasing with maturity, and that maturational changes in fatty acids of PC also occurs.
Generational and age-based differences in attitudes towards jury service.

Analysis of surveys of jurors, potential jurors, and the general public show significant differences in attitudes towards jury service by the age of the respondent. This study analyzes the degree to which these differences are the result of generational effects, in which younger citizens are likely to continue in their beliefs about jury service as they age, and the degree to which they are a result of a respondent's life circumstances-income, employment status, or family status-and are thus not likely to be carried with jurors as they age. The article shows that, while there are differences in confidence in the courts by age group, younger jurors are more confident in their own abilities to serve well as jurors but more skeptical of the court as a whole; most differences in attitudes towards jury service are linked to life-cycle phenomena. As such, courts should work to provide assistance to particular age groups within the jury pool, including child care and appropriate compensation, if they are to attract jurors who are representative by age of the general public.
Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid impairment of early host resistance against Listeria monocytogenes infection is independent of neutrophil infiltration and function

The primary objective of this study was to determine whether the n-3 PUFA-mediated changes in host response to a Listeria monocytogenes infection (e.g., cytokine production and bacterial clearance) were dependent upon neutrophils. Balb/c mice were fed one of two semi-purified diets that contained either 0 or 41 g of n-3 PUFA/kg. After 4 week, mice were injected with a neutrophil-depleting (RB6-8C5) or isotype-control antibody 24 h prior to infection. Bacterial clearance from the liver and spleen at 3 days post-challenge was measured and the concentration of five pro-inflammatory cytokines in sera 24 h post-infection were determined using a novel protein multiplexing kit. We found that neutrophil depletion impaired bacterial clearance independent of the effect of n-3 PUFA. Interestingly, we observed a rather complex interaction between neutrophil-depletion and n-3 PUFA intake on in vivo pro-inflammatory cytokine production. For example, neutrophil depletion elevated circulating IL-6 and MCP-1 (2- to 5-fold; p<0.05) in n-3 PUFA-fed mice, but less so or not at all in mice fed the control diet. In summary, our data suggest that n-3 PUFA-mediated reduction of host resistance to L. monocytogenes is independent of neutrophil activity.
Inhibition of human prostatic epithelial cell replication by cAMP and selected analogs

Abstract The inhibition of human prostatic epithelial cell (MA-160) replication by cAMP and certain analogs was explored in tissue cultures. When untreated fetal bovine serum was used to supplement the culture medium, cyclic AMP (cAMP) markedly inhibited cell growth. The inhibition was reversed by equimolar concentrations of uridine. Inhibition by 8-methyl-thio-cAMP (MES) was somewhat less effective and was not reversed by uridine. After heat treatment of the fetal bovine serum, which inactivated the cAMP phosphodiesterases, cAMP became less effective in cell growth inhibition, whereas the activity of MES remained unaltered. Dibutyryl cAMP (db-cAMP) had no effect on cell growth, however, when combined with the phosphodiesterase inhibitor, 1-methyl-3-isobutylxanthine (MIX), significant retardation of cell replication was observed. Cells treated for 24 h with 0.5 mM MES took up and incorporated significantly less [3H]TdR and [3H]uridine than control cells. Treatment of cells with 0.5 mM cAMP for 24 h, on the other hand, resulted in both substantially increased [3H]TdR uptake and increased [3H]uridine incorporation into RNA. The effects of similar treatment with db-cAMP plus MIX closely paralleled those of MES with marked inhibition of the uptake and incorporation of both thymidine and uridine.
The beginnings of expertise for ballads

To study the beginning stages of expertise, 14 students, who were inexperienced with ballads, heard and recalled a series of 5 ballads over the course of 5 weeks. Compared with their first recall of the first ballad, their first recall of the fifth ballad had one and a half times as many words, two times as many rhyming words, and three times as much line structure evident in the written recall protocols. Compared with novices, the 14 beginning experts more often filled in blank spaces in novel ballads with words of the correct number of syllables and more often chose the original stanza of a novel ballad that was paired with a changed version of the stanza. The beginning experts were also able to compose, in 20 min, ballads about two thirds as long as the 10-stanza ballads they learned. Thirty characteristics were identified in the set of the five learned ballads. The ballads composed by the beginning experts used over half of these. The beginning experts also explicitly stated about one quarter of these 30 characteristics, but there was no statistical relationship between the characteristics used and the characteristics stated. Memory expertise is viewed as a pervasive aspect of cognition in which people make use of a variety of regularities in the material to be learned.
Equations of motion for the variable mass flow-variable exhaust velocity rocket

An equation of motion for a one dimensional rocket is derived as a function of the mass flow rate into the acceleration chamber and the velocity distribution along the chamber, thereby including the transient flow changes in the chamber. The derivation of the mass density requires the introduction of the special time coordinate. The equation of motion is derived from both classical force and momentum approaches and is shown to be consistent with the standard equation expressed in terms of flow parameters at the exit to the acceleration chamber.
Evaluating the two-source energy balance model using local thermal and surface flux observations in a strongly advective irrigated agricultural area

Abstract Application and validation of many thermal remote sensing-based energy balance models involve the use of local meteorological inputs of incoming solar radiation, wind speed and air temperature as well as accurate land surface temperature (LST), vegetation cover and surface flux measurements. For operational applications at large scales, such local information is not routinely available. In addition, the uncertainty in LST estimates can be several degrees due to sensor calibration issues, atmospheric effects and spatial variations in surface emissivity. Time differencing techniques using multi-temporal thermal remote sensing observations have been developed to reduce errors associated with deriving the surface-air temperature gradient, particularly in complex landscapes. The Dual-Temperature-Difference (DTD) method addresses these issues by utilizing the Two-Source Energy Balance (TSEB) model of Norman et al. (1995) [1] , and is a relatively simple scheme requiring meteorological input from standard synoptic weather station networks or mesoscale modeling. A comparison of the TSEB and DTD schemes is performed using LST and flux observations from eddy covariance (EC) flux towers and large weighing lysimeters (LYs) in irrigated cotton fields collected during BEAREX08, a large-scale field experiment conducted in the semi-arid climate of the Texas High Plains as described by Evett et al. (2012) [2] . Model output of the energy fluxes (i.e., net radiation, soil heat flux, sensible and latent heat flux) generated with DTD and TSEB using local and remote meteorological observations are compared with EC and LY observations. The DTD method is found to be significantly more robust in flux estimation compared to the TSEB using the remote meteorological observations. However, discrepancies between model and measured fluxes are also found to be significantly affected by the local inputs of LST and vegetation cover and the representativeness of the remote sensing observations with the local flux measurement footprint.
Catalytic Atom Recombination on ZrB2/SiC and HfB2/SiC Ultrahigh-Temperature Ceramic Composites

Results are presented of an experimental investigation into the efficiency of zirconium diboride/silicon carbide and hafnium diboride/silicon carbide ultrahigh-temperature ceramic composites for catalyzing the surface recombination of dissociated oxygen and nitrogen at moderate surface temperatures. Experiments were conducted with a diffusion-tube side-arm reactor, together with laser-induced fluorescence species detection diagnostics. Experiments reveal recombination coefficients in the range between silica glasses and oxidized metals, as well as evidence of environment-induced surface modification.
Contexts and Debates Fascinating futurism: The historiographical politics of an historical avant-garde

The Italian futurist movement and its founder, F.T. Marinetti, have stimulated a vast historiography. Why has futurism fascinated so many and how, in particular, have the futurism-fascism and Marinetti-futurism relationships been conceived? To answer such questions, this article surveys nearly five decades of scholarship on futurism. It shows how futurism's fascist trajectory has polarised it and led scholars to a wide variety of positions. Some scholars limit themselves to the ‘heroic years’ up to 1916; others focus on ‘second futurism’ after 1915 without much reference to Marinetti; and still others treat futurism's ‘multiplicity’ using a centre-periphery model with Marinetti at the centre. Similarly, some insist on futurism's continuously ‘revolutionary’ character, others limit that claim, and still others deny it altogether. It is argued that recent biographical work on Marinetti has helped to clarify how one ought to approach and resolve these differences, but that scholarship on futurism nonetheless...
Olfaction: underwater 'sniffing' by semi-aquatic mammals.

Terrestrial species that forage underwater face challenges because their body parts and senses are adapted for land — for example, it is widely held that mammals cannot use olfaction underwater because it is impossible for them to inspire air (sniff) to convey odorants to the olfactory epithelium1,2,3,4,5. Here I describe a mechanism for underwater sniffing used by the semi-aquatic star-nosed mole (Condylura cristata) and water shrew (Sorex palustris). While underwater, both species exhale air bubbles onto objects or scent trails and then re-inspire the bubbles to carry the smell back through the nose. This newly described behaviour provides a mechanism for mammalian olfaction underwater.
AVAILABLE ENERGY CONVERSION AND UTILIZATION IN THE UNITED STATES

The manner is which energy resources are consumed is examined, and attention is focused on those processes that consume a significant quantity of energy and do so least efficiently. The performance of a large number of energy conversion and utilization systems is investigated and the energy flows in the U.S. are illustrated from an available energy viewpoint. An available energy flow diagram showing the available energy supply by fuel type as well as the available energy requirements and losses in each of the four sectors (utility, residential and commercial, transportation, industrial) is presented. The available energy flow diagram shows a much bleaker picture of the U.S. energy utilization than do energy flow diagrams. The available energy flow diagram (which shows a thermodynamically truer performance picture than the energy flow diagram) points out the residential, commercial and transportation sectors as being substantially poorer in performance.
From despair to care: A journey of the old and the young at Hope Meadows

Abstract Using interpretive ethnographic methods, we examine how living at Hope Meadows benefits both foster children and senior citizens. We (re)tell the stories of some of the residents focusing on the everyday and special signs of care that were given and received. It is these signs of care that serve as the foundation for meaningful relationships between the seniors and the children. We identify social capital and story telling as key elements that contribute to the construction and maintenance of this caring community. Through these mutual caring relationships, the old and the young help each other journey from despair to care.
Morphogenesis of the primitive gut tube is generated by Rho/ROCK/myosin II-mediated endoderm rearrangements.

During digestive organogenesis, the primitive gut tube (PGT) undergoes dramatic elongation and forms a lumen lined by a single-layer of epithelium. In Xenopus, endoderm cells in the core of the PGT rearrange during gut elongation, but the morphogenetic mechanisms controlling their reorganization are undetermined. Here, we define the dynamic changes in endoderm cell shape, polarity, and tissue architecture that underlie Xenopus gut morphogenesis. Gut endoderm cells intercalate radially, between their anterior and posterior neighbors, transforming the nearly solid endoderm core into a single layer of epithelium while concomitantly eliciting “radially convergent” extension within the gut walls. Inhibition of Rho/ROCK/Myosin II activity prevents endoderm rearrangements and consequently perturbs both gut elongation and digestive epithelial morphogenesis. Our results suggest that the cellular and molecular events driving tissue elongation in the PGT are mechanistically analogous to those that function during gastrulation, but occur within a novel cylindrical geometry to generate an epithelial-lined tube. Developmental Dynamics 238:3111–3125, 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Bivariate stereological unfolding procedure for randomly oriented chopped fibers or whiskers

Abstract The microstructural characterization of randomly oriented, polydisperse chopped fiber or whisker composites is considered. A method of unfolding fiber length distributions from the distribution of section sizes created on a polished sectioning is derived, and a general equation relating two-dimensional and three-dimensional distributions is presented. The univariate unfolding of length distributions is shown to be applicable to bivariate length–diameter unfolding problems through an iterative application of the univariate technique. This stereological unfolding procedure has been applied to a discontinuously reinforced titanium alloy matrix composite for the estimation of the three-dimensional bivariate size and shape distribution of TiB whiskers.
A Model for Attenuation and Scattering in the Earth’s Crust

The mechanisms contributing to the attenuation of earthquake ground motion in the distance range of 10 to 200 km are studied with the aid of laboratory data, coda waves, Rg attenuation, strong motion attenuation measurements in the northeast United States and Canada, and theoretical models. The frequency range 1 10 Hz has been studied. The relative contributions to attenuation of anelasticity of crustal rocks (constant Q), fluid flow and scattering are evaluated. Scattering is found to be strong with an albedo B 0 = 0.8 0.9 and a scattering extinction length of 17 32 km. The albedo is defined as the ratio of the total extinction length to the scattering extinction length. The Rg results indicate that Q increases with depth in the upper kilometer or two of the crust, at least in New England. Coda Q appears to be equivalent to intrinsic (anelastic) Q and indicates that this Q increases with frequency as Q = Q 0 f n , where n is in the range of 0.2 0.9. The intrinsic attenuation in the crust can be explained by a high constant Q ( 500 ≤ Q 0 (2000) and a frequency dependent mechanism most likely due to fluid effects in rocks and cracks. A fluid-flow attenuation model gives a frequency dependence (Q ≃Q 0 f0.5) similar to those determined from the analysis of coda waves of regional seismograms. Q is low near the surface and high in the body of the crust.
Gender differences in adolescents' identity development in the domain of sex role concepts

This study presents descriptive analysis of gender differences in the content of adolescents' responses on a measure of identity development in the domain of sex role concepts. Subjects included 66 white, middle-class, high school seniors. Responses on the sex roles section of the Ego Identity Interview were coded to reflect Block's (1973) theory of the stages of development of sex role concepts with a particular focus on the stages of “conformity” and “conscientiousness.” Only one gender difference emerged. Male adolescents, as compared to female adolescents, more frequently expressed conformity level responses to questions regarding acceptance of non-traditional behavior for men and women. Discussion focused on adolescents' perceptions of peer and parental influences on their development of sex role concepts.
Macroporous Polyacrylamide/Poly(ethylene glycol) Matrixes as Stationary Phases in Capillary Electrochromatography

A one-step method is described for in situ preparation of macroporous polymeric matrixes to be used as stationary phases for capillary electrochromatography. The monomers (acrylamide, bisacrylamide, and acrylic or vinylsulfonic acid), including hydrophobic ligands (C4, C6, or C12), and poly(ethylene glycol) have been polymerized in formamide (or N-methylformamide) aqueous solutions inside the capillary. The capillary wall had been activated first by a bifunctional reagent, to couple covalently the resulting gel inside the fused-silica tubing. Thus, no frit is necessary to keep the stationary phase in place. High efficiencies were obtained for a mixture of alkyl phenones (up to 398 000 plates/m). Good separations are achieved in less than 5 min. The migration time reproducibility is better than 1% (RSD) from run to run and 2.5% from day to day. The gel is stable up to at least 50% acetonitrile used as a mobile phase. On-column UV and fluorescence detection can readily be employed. Applications to peptides ...
Effect of Prismatic Skylight on the Power Consumption and Air-Conditioning Loads

The use of Prismatic Skylights and its effects as a passive Energy Conservation Strategy in “Residential” and “Big Box Commercial Buildings” in hot and humid climate has been evaluated throughout this project. The potential benefits of using skylights reside in the fact that it reduces electrical lighting necessities but at the same time it contributes to an upsurge of the Cooling Loads of the conditioned space. Acknowledging the impact of skylights is fundamental to elaborate an optimized design of a building’s energy efficient mechanical system. To reach a sound conclusion, the evaluated buildings were modeled and their performance was simulated using the Department of Energy Simulation Program “Energy Plus”. To be able to compare the Energy Conservation Measure case (Using Skylights) with the Base Line (No Skylights), a photometric sensor was modeled to ensure that both cases sourced the same amount of light visible in the electromagnetic spectrum. Considering the Heating, Cooling and lighting energy consumption as variables, the variance between the ECM and the Base line for the residential case was 5% more energy consumption with skylights. For the Big Box Commercial Building there was a 5% deduction in energy consumption in the ECM case using 5% roof area covered with skylights. The results obtained from this investigation reveal a very promising effect in the implementation of skylights in “Big Box Commercial Buildings”, but not so optimistic in the case of “Residential Buildings” for hot and humid climate as shown by the simulation and monitoring data from the experimental case.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Policy Attention in State and Nation: Is Anyone Listening to the Laboratories of Democracy?

Do patterns of policy attention at the state level influence agenda setting in Washington over the short term? We examine this question by first developing a series of hypotheses about such linkages. We test these conjectures with a data set pooling measures of policy attention at the national and state levels for several years and several policy areas. We find little evidence that changes in state policy agendas in the aggregate influence national patterns of policy attention.
Hydrogen storage in metal-organic frameworks by bridged hydrogen spillover

The possible utilization of hydrogen as the energy source for fuel-cell vehicles is limited by the lack of a viable hydrogen storage system. Metal−organic frameworks (MOFs) belong to a new class of microporous materials that have recently been shown to be potential candidates for hydrogen storage; however, no significant hydrogen storage capacity has been achieved in MOFs at ambient temperature. Here we report substantially increased hydrogen storage capacities of modified MOFs by using a simple technique that causes and facilitates hydrogen spillover. Thus, the storage of 4 wt % is achieved at room temperature and 100 atm for the modified IRMOF-8. The adsorption is reversible, and the rates are fast. That has made MOFs truly promising for hydrogen storage application.
A fundamental relationship between force waveform and the sound radiated from a power press during blanking or piercing

A relationship between the equivalent continuous noise level Leq received near a machine structure and the derivatives of its transient excitation history has been derived from fundamental principles. Data from a multi-parameter study of power press tooling has been used to test this relationship, which is shown to be in essential agreement (95% confidence interval) with the regression line prepared from the data. The results indicate that the effects of tooling changes on Leq can be evaluated separately from the effects of structural changes, and that changes in Leq brought about by tooling changes can be estimated without knowledge of the vibration and acoustic properties of the structure and enclosure.
Clinical applications of free temporoparietal flaps in hand reconstruction.

Vascularized temporoparietal fascia can be used to cover deficits up to 14.0 × 12.0 cm in the hand or fingers. The tissue is thin, pliable, and has a smooth gliding surface advantageous to tendon function. Through scalp incisions, with meticulous yet straightforward dissection, this fascia can be isolated as a vascular island based on the superficial temporal artery system. Vessels are large and the anatomy is constant. Technique and clinical applications are discussed in detail.
Psychological Needs and Values Underlying Left-Right Political Orientation: Cross-National Evidence from Eastern and Western Europe

According to previous research conducted mainly in the United States, psychological needs pertaining to the management of uncertainty and threat predict right-wing conservatism, operationally defined in terms of resistance to change and acceptance of inequality. In this study, we analyze data from 19 countries included in the European Social Survey (ESS) to assess two sets of hypotheses: (1) that traditionalism (an aspect of resistance to change) and acceptance of inequality would be positively associated with right (versus left) orientation, and (2) that rule-following (an aspect of the need for order), high need for security, and low need for openness to experience would be associated with right (versus left) orientation, adjusting for quadratic effects associated with ideological extremity. In addition, we determine the extent to which the pattern of relations among needs, values, and political orientation was similar in Eastern and Western European contexts. Results from regression and structural equation models indicate that traditionalism and, to a lesser extent, rule-following predict right-wing conservatism in both regions, whereas acceptance of inequality predicts right-wing orientation in the West only. Although openness to experience was associated with preferences for greater equality in both regions, it was associated with left-wing orientation in Western Europe and right-wing orientation in Eastern Europe. Needs for security, conversely, were associated with right-wing orientation in Western Europe and left-wing orientation in Eastern Europe. Thus, we find evidence of both universal and context-specific effects in our analysis of the cognitive and motivational antecedents of left-right political orientation.
EVALUATION OF VILLOUS PATTERNS IN TUMORS OF THE COLON AND RECTUM.

After concluding this report of their comprehensive investigation, the authors made these further observations: Villous patterns can be found in adenomas, villous adenomas, papillomas, papillary adenocarcinomas and many neoplasms of the colon and rectum. Villous patterns were observed in 45 per cent of adenomas in their series, usually occurring in large tumors, in the older age group, and associated with greater frequency when there was cellular atypia. Pedunculated forms may occur and, to make a diagnosis, microscopic as well as macroscopic criteria are essential. In villous adenomas there is a high incidence of malignant transformation and frequently these lesions are associated with separate benign or malignant tumors of the colon and rectum. In its pure form, villous papilloma is a tumor that is relatively rare and it behaves, essentially, like a villous adenoma. A negative biopsy does not exclude the possibility that malignant change may exist in another portion of a villous adenoma.
Mathematical and computer modelling reports: A mathematical model for predicting the geographic spread of new infectious agents

A mathematical model for the temporal and geographic spread of an epidemic in a network of populations is presented. The model is formulated on a continuous state space in discrete time for an infectious disease that confers immunity following infection. The model allows for a general distribution of both the latent and infectious periods. An epidemic threshold theorem is given along with methods for finding the final attack rate when a single closed population is modeled. The model is first applied to analyzing the spread of influenza in single, closed populations in England and Wales and Greater London for the years 1958-1973. Then the model is used to predict the spread of Hong Kong influenza in 1968-1969 among 52 of the world's major cities. The prediction for the whole network of cities is based on air-transport data and on the estimated parameters from the ascending limb of the reported epidemic curve in Hong Kong, the first city to experience a major influenza epidemic in 1968. Finally, extensions and future uses of a model for temporal-geographic spread of infectious agents is discussed.
Modern approaches to the analysis of disinfection by-products in drinking water

The discovery and study of disinfection by-products (DBPs) of health and regulatory concern in drinking water have often been hampered by the lack of appropriate analytical methods, but, with the new tools and expertise now available to the drinking water industry, there is an opportunity to plug a major gap in our knowledge of the nature and identity of these chemicals. The challenge is that less than half of the halogenated by-products resulting from the chlorination of drinking water have been identified, and even less is known about those produced in waters treated with ozone, chloramines or chlorine dioxide. For the DBPs that have been identified, very little or no occurrence data exist for the unregulated chemicals to document how often a particular DBP is formed and in what quantity. The elucidation of the nature and identity of these by-products is hindered by two complicating factors. The first is the inherent aqueous solubility of many of these compounds, which renders their efficient extraction from water difficult to achieve. The second is the lack of established identity of specific potential by-products, which complicates targeted analytical approaches. This paper reviews existing and new methodologies that attempt to overcome some of these challenges.
Chronic kidney disease at presentation is not an independent risk factor for AIDS-defining events or death in HIV-infected persons

Studies have documented an association between chronic kidney disease (CKD) and increased risk of end-stage renal disease (ESRD), death and comorbidities, including cardiovascular disease and metabolic syndrome, in the general population. However, there is little data on the relationship between CKD and ADE (AIDS defining event), and to our knowledge, no studies have analyzed death as a competing risk for ADE among HIV-infected persons. An observational cohort study was performed to determine the incidence and risks for developing an ADE or death among HIV-infected persons with and without CKD from 1998 – 2005. CKD was defined as an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) less than 60 ml/min/1.73 m2 using the CKD-Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) equation. Log rank test and Cox regression which determined time to development of ADE and/or death as combined and separate outcomes, and competing risk models for ADE versus mortality, were performed. Among the 2,127 persons that contributed to the 5,824 person years of follow-up: 22% were female, 34% African-American, 38% on HAART, and 3% had CKD at baseline. ADE occurred in 227 (11%) persons and there were 80 (4%) deaths. CKD was not significantly associated with ADE/death (HR 1.3, 95% CIs: 0.5, 3.2), ADE (HR 1.0, 95% CIs: 0.4, 3.1), or death (HR 1.6, 95% CIs: 0.4, 3.1). Competing risk analyses confirmed no statistically significant associations between CKD and these outcomes. CKD was uncommon in HIV-infected persons presenting for care in this racially diverse cohort, and was not independently associated with risk of developing an ADE or dying during follow-up.
Toward a landscape approach in seagrass beds: using macroalgal accumulation to address questions of scale

An experimental investigation of drift macroalgal accumulation in seagrass beds was conducted to determine if the relationship between passively dispersed plant structure and the spatial arrangement of rooted macrophytes differed when examined across two spatial scales. Experiments were performed from December 1992 to April 1993 at four different sites in Tampa Bay, Florida, utilizing artificial seagrass units (ASUs) of uniform shoot length and density but with different areal dimensions [1 m2 (S) versus 4 m2 (L)]. Drift macroalgae were also collected from 1 m×1 m plots of natural seagrass at each of the experimental sites from November 1990 to May 1992 to determine the relationship between macroalgal abundance and structural characteristics of natural seagrass. Disproportionately higher amounts of macroalgae were captured in L compared to S plots suggesting that macroalgal accumulation does not scale up directly with the areal dimensions of ASU patches. Higher amounts of algae recovered in L plots is in accordance with patterns expected if algae accumulate in zones of attenuated water flow. Neither seagrass shoot density nor blade length could adequately describe the patterns of algal accumulation. These combined results suggest that explanations for trapping/retention of passively dispersed particles should extend beyond traditional measures of vegetation complexity.
A Pollution Reduction Methodology for Chemical Process Simulators

A pollution minimization methodology was developed for chemical process design using computer simulation. It is based on a pollution balance that at steady state is used to define a pollution index with units of mass of pollution per mass of products. The pollution balance has been modified by weighing the mass flowrate of each pollutant by its potential environmental impact score. This converts the mass balance into an environmental impact balance. This balance defines an impact index with units of environmental impact per mass of products. The impact index measures the potential environmental effects of process wastes. Three different schemes for chemical ranking were considered: (i) no ranking, (ii) simple ranking from 0 to 3, and (iii) ranking by a scientifically derived measure of human health and environmental effects. Use of the methodology is illustrated with two examples from the production of (i) methyl ethyl ketone and (ii) synthetic ammonia.
Exposure time for space-borne ir spatial interferometer.

A mathematical analysis is performed to determine the relationship between the signal-to-noise ratio and the exposure time for an orbiting IR heterodyne spatial interferometer. The analysis includes consideration of the transformation of the interferogram to obtain the source angular intensity distribution so that the signal-to-noise ratio pertains to the angular distribution rather than to the interferogram. The analysis is applied to a number of known IR sources. The results presented show that an interferometer with a 30-m baseline using half-meter telescopes should be able to image a source such as IRC + 30219 with a signal-to-noise ratio of 10 in a total exposure time of less than an hour.
Understanding Tow Tank Measurements of Total Drag for Long Thin Circular Cylinders

Both the experimental measurements and numerical computations tell us that thin circular cylinders own turbulent boundary layer (TBL) characteristics which are dissimilar from planar geometries once the TBL thickness (δ) exceeds the cylinder radius. But the exceedingly long cylinders that serve as acoustic array systems have resorted to tow tank measurements due to the experimental complexities of axial sag or the required simplifications for efficient predictions. One key measurement in the tow tank experiments is the total drag, where the respective average tangential coefficients have been assessed relative to various scaled cylinder lengths, such as the length-based Reynolds number. We now know that the skin friction whose axial summation provides the total drag is governed by the radius-based Reynolds number as well. Herein, we revisit the many tow tank experiments to isolate the measurement discrepancies attributed to these two distinct Reynolds numbers. Once separated, these measurements provide a vital answer to the transformation of the TBL spatial growth to a temporal one (no additional net δ growth). This final stage is readily identifiable by a streamwise constant skin friction as given by near-wall flow homogeneity. This understanding lends subsequent evaluation of the TBL momentum thickness at the cylinder trailing edge. The present process involves applying several semiempirical expressions formed from the experimental and numerical evidence that supply the spatially evolving TBL characteristics along thin cylinders. Besides gaining an enhanced understanding of the TBL behavior, these semiempirical expressions are further clarified to form a final set that are helpful for design engineers of tow array devices in the military and oceanographic communities.