cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Simultaneous Comparisons of Multiple Treatments to Two (or More) Control

Abstract : Dunnett (1955) developed a procedure comparing m treatments to one control with an exact overall type I error of alpha when all sampling distributions as normal. Sometimes it is desirable to compare m treatments to K > or = 2 controls. In particular, it is often desired to compare m treatments with two controls. For instance, several new treatments (e.g., pain relievers) could be compared to two standard treatments (e.g., Aspirin and Tylenol). Alternatively, a standard treatment could be very expensive, difficult to apply and/or have bad side effects, making it useful to compare each new treatment to both standard treatment and not treatment (Placebo). Dunnett's method is expanded here to give comparisons of mean values for m treatments to mean values for K > or = 2 controls at an exact overall type I error of a alpha when all sampling distributions are normal. Tabled values needed to make exact simultaneous comparisons at alpha =.05 are given for K=2. An application is made to an illustrative example for the literature.
AN ANALYSIS OF STUDENTS' PERCEPTIONS OF THE VALUE AND EFFICACY OF INSTRUCTORS' AUDITORY AND TEXT-BASED FEEDBACK MODALITIES ACROSS MULTIPLE CONCEPTUAL LEVELS

This article used work from the writing assessment literature to develop a framework for assessing the impact and perceived value of written, audio, and combined written and audio feedback strategies across four global and 22 discrete dimensions of feedback. Using a quasi-experimental research design, students at three U.S. universities were provided with text-based, audio-based, and a combination of text- and audio-based feedback over the course of a semester. A survey asking students to indicate their feedback preferences was administered and analyzed using multiple statistical techniques. The findings indicated that students preferred a combination of feedback modalities; however, selective delivery strategies may be preferable at various levels.
Identifying Mind-wandering behind the Wheel

Driver distraction is a significant source of traffic-related crashes. External distraction has been the basis of much research and legislation. However, the influence of internal distraction, or mind-wandering (Smallwood, Fishman, & Schooler, 2007), on driver performance has not been as closely studied. The current study used self-report method of mental states in a simulated driving task to investigate the influence of mind-wandering on driving behavior and performance. Participants performed a car-following task in a low-traffic simulated driving environment, and were asked to press a button mounted on the steering wheel any time they found themselves "zoning out". For analysis, driving performance data and oculomotor scanning data were binned into one-second intervals and submitted to cluster analysis. Results indicated a cluster mapping onto a time window from roughly 16 seconds prior to a button-press report of mind-wandering until roughly 3 seconds after the report, implying that mind-wandering episodes were detected about 16 seconds after they began. Comparison of performance within and without the mind-wandering intervals indicated that mind-wandering caused horizontal narrowing of drivers' visual scanning, consistent with the influence of other forms of internal distraction e.g., (Recarte & Nunes, 2000). Keywords: Driver distraction; Language: en
Serum activin A does not predict ectopic pregnancy as a single measurement test, alone or as part of a multi-marker panel including progesterone and hCG.

Abstract Background To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of activin A alone or in a multi-marker panel for the prediction of ectopic pregnancy (EP). Methods A retrospective analysis was performed on a cohort of 289 women who presented to the emergency department (ED) with vaginal bleeding and/or abdominal pain/cramping and were diagnosed with EP, spontaneous abortion, or viable intrauterine pregnancy. Serum progesterone, hCG, and activin A concentrations were measured on the samples obtained in the ED. Statistical analysis was performed to determine the clinical utility of these biomarkers as single measurement and as a multi-marker panel test for ectopic pregnancy. Women ≥ 18 y with vaginal bleeding or abdominal pain/cramping. Results Progesterone ( Conclusion Serum activin A cannot be used as a single measurement or in a multi-marker panel with progesterone and hCG to predict EP.
Substance Abusers: Role of Personal and Professional Role Traits in Caregivers' Causal Attributions

Substance abuse continues to be a major health problem compounded by caregivers' negative attitudes toward these patients. We investigated attributions 55 primary care physicians and 315 senior medical students make toward substance abusers. Half of both groups expressed negative causal attributions, with women slightly less negative than men. Mental models based on LISREL regression coefficients showed that higher negative attributions by both physicians and students were related to their increased authoritarianism and depressed mood. Medical students choosing careers in primary care specialties, including psychiatry, expressed a less negative attributional style toward substance abusers than those students entering nonprimary careers. Health professional educators may find that using attribution theory to redefine successful outcomes in management of substance abuse can result in better attitudes for caregivers.
Transformative Professional Development: A Model for Urban Science Education Reform

This study presents a model of Transformative Professional Development (TPD) for use in sustained, collaborative, professional development of teachers in urban middle school science. TPD focuses on urban science teacher change and is responsive to school climate, teacher needs, and teacher beliefs with the intention of promoting change in practice. In this study, TPD was used to meet the needs of individual teachers and the collective needs of schools in reform efforts. The experiences of the eight teachers engaged in this process of professional growth, including their changes in practices and beliefs, provide the focus of this paper. Findings in this study revealed that through the use of TPD, participants in this study improved science teaching effectiveness and began to transform their negative school climate and create positive classroom learning environments.
An explicit level set approach for generalized shape optimization of fluids with the lattice Boltzmann method

This study is concerned with a generalized shape optimization approach for finding the geometry of fluidic devices and obstacles immersed in flows. Our approach is based on a level set representation of the fluid-solid interface and a hydrodynamic lattice Boltzmann method to predict the flow field. We present an explicit level set method that does not involve the solution of the Hamilton-Jacobi equation and allows using standard nonlinear programming methods. In contrast to previous works, the boundary conditions along the fluid-structure interface are enforced by second-order accurate interpolation schemes, overcoming shortcomings of flow penalization methods and Brinkman formulations frequently used in topology optimization. To ensure smooth boundaries and mesh-independent results, we introduce a simple, computationally inexpensive filtering method to regularize the level set field. Furthermore, we define box constraints for the design variables that guarantee a continuous evolution of the boundaries. The features of the proposed method are studied by two numeric examples of two-dimensional steady-state flow problems.
Uniqueness in the Cauchy problem for characteristic operators of Fuchsian type

where each P/(x, t, D,, D,) is a homogeneous operator of orderj with smooth coefficients. We assume that the characteristic roots of P, satisfy Calderon’s conditions: the roots have constant multiplicity, real roots are simple and never become nonreal, and nonreal roots are at most double. For noncharacteristic operators with smooth coefficients, these conditions are sufficient for uniqueness of solutions vanishing for t 0. Our results include uniqueness for these operators, as well 374 0022.0396/80/120374-19$02.00/O
The A/P axis in echinoderm ontogeny and evolution: evidence from fossils and molecules

Even though echinoderms are members of the Bilateria, the location of their anterior/posterior axis has remained enigmatic. Here we propose a novel solution to the problem employing three lines of evidence: the expression of a posterior class Hox gene in the coeloms of the nascent adult body plan within the larva; the anatomy of certain early fossil echinoderms; and finally the relation between endoskeletal plate morphology and the associated coelomic tissues. All three lines of evidence converge on the same answer, namely that the location of the adult mouth is anterior, and the anterior/posterior axis runs from the mouth through the adult coelomic compartments. This axis then orients the animal such that there is but a single plane of symmetry dividing the animal into left and right halves. We tentatively hypothesize that this plane of symmetry is positioned along the dorsal/ventral axis. These axis identifications lead to the conclusion that the five ambulacra are not primary body axes, but instead are outgrowths from the central anterior/posterior axis. These identifications also shed insight into several other evolutionary mysteries of various echinoderm clades such as the independent evolution of bilateral symmetry in irregular echinoids, but do not elucidate the underlying mechanisms of the adult coelomic architecture.
Heat as a Factor in the Penetration of Cloth Ballistic Panels by 0.22 Caliber Projectiles

This report explores the possibility that heat plays a role in the penetration of cloth ballistic panels by 0.22 caliber projectiles. We postulate that heat is generated by friction between the sur...
A Language Independent Shallow-Parser Compiler

We present a rule--based shallow--parser compiler, which allows to generate a robust shallow-parser for any language, even in the absence of training data, by resorting to a very limited number of rules which aim at identifying constituent boundaries. We contrast our approach to other approaches used for shallow--parsing (i.e. finite-state and probabilistic methods). We present an evaluation of our tool for English (Penn Treebank) and for French (newspaper corpus "LeMonde") for several tasks (NP-chunking & "deeper" parsing).
Compatible Ionic liquid‐cellulases system for hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass

Ionic liquids (ILs) have been increasingly recognized as novel solvents for dissolution and pretreatment of cellulose. However, cellulases are inactivated in the presence of ILs, even when present at low concentrations. To more fully exploit the benefits of ILs it is critical to develop a compatible IL-cellulases system in which the IL is able to effectively solubilize and activate the lignocellulosic biomass, and the cellulases possess high stability and activity. In this study, we investigated the stability and activity of a commercially available cellulases mixture in the presence of different concentrations of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate ([Emim][OAc]). A mixture of cellulases and β-glucosidase (Celluclast1.5L, from Trichoderma reesei, and Novozyme188, from Aspergillus niger, respectively) retained 77% and 65% of its original activity after being pre-incubated in 15% and 20% (w/v) IL solutions, respectively, at 50°C for 3 h. The cellulases mixture also retained high activity in 15% [Emim][OAc] to hydrolyze Avicel, a model substrate for cellulose analysis, with conversion efficiency of approximately 91%. Notably, the presence of different amounts of yellow poplar lignin did not interfere significantly with the enzymatic hydrolysis of Avicel. Using this IL-cellulase system (15% [Emim][OAc]), the saccharification of yellow poplar biomass was also significantly improved (33%) compared to the untreated control (3%) during the first hour of enzymatic hydrolysis. Together, these findings provide compelling evidence that [Emim][OAc] was compatible with the cellulase mixture, and this compatible IL-cellulases system is promising for efficient activation and hydrolysis of native biomass to produce biofuels and co-products from the individual biomass components.
Measurement of Petroleum Fuel Contamination in Water by Solid-Phase Microextraction with Direct Raman Spectroscopic Detection:

A method is described for determining petroleum fuel contamination in water based on solid-phase microextraction and Raman spectroscopy (SPME/Raman). In this method, contaminants are extracted from aqueous solutions into a solid phase and then detected directly by using spontaneous Raman spectroscopy. The solid phase consists of a small volume (~20 μL) of poly(dimethylsiloxane) that has an optical window in the 830-1600 cm-1 Raman shift region. This region is suitable for determining both aromatic and aliphatic fuel components. Four
The Effect of Thrombospondin on Oral Squamous Carcinoma Cell Invasion of Collagen

Background: Thrombospondin (TSP), a cell matrix protein, and transforming growth factor s (TGF-s), a growth regulatory protein, play roles in tumor progression. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of TSP and TGF-s on tumor cell invasion. Materials and methods: Tumor cell invasion assays were performed using a modified Boyden chamber apparatus with collagen-coated membranes. The KB oral carcinoma cell line was studied in serum-free media. Invasion was measured as the summation of the number of cells in five representative low-power fields (X 100) traversing the collagen barrier after a 3-hour incubation period. The effects of antibodies against TSP, TGF-s and the cysteineserine-valine-threonine-cysteine-glycine (CSVTCG)-specific TSP receptor were also evaluated. Results: TSP caused a dose-dependent stimulation of tumor cell invasion. Antibodies against TSP, its CSVTCG-specific receptor, and TGF-s inhibited TSP-promoted invasion by 50% to 71%. Conclusions: TSP and its CSVTCG-specific receptor promote KB cell invasion of collagen through the production and/or activation of TGF-s.
Indications for heart valve replacement

Proper evaluation of the patient with valvular heart disease begins with a thorough history and physical examination. Today, sophisticated noninvasive tests--especially echocardiography with color flow Doppler imaging--complement the information gained at cardiac catheterization. Information previously available only through cardiac catheterization can now be obtained from these noninvasive techniques. Serial evaluations can be performed, which are important in managing lesions of borderline hemodynamic significance and in avoiding subclinical deterioration of left ventricular contractility. Improvements in surgical expertise and intraoperative myocardial preservation allow postoperative improvement for patients with aortic stenosis and aortic insufficiency despite the presence of left ventricular systolic dysfunction. Many traditional indicators of a poor operative result in aortic insufficiency appear less reliable today. Consequently, these indicators should never be viewed in isolation or be given preeminence over clinical judgment. The long-term results following aortic valvuloplasty have been disappointing. However, mitral valvuloplasty--for technically suitable types of mitral stenosis--is an attractive alternative to surgery. Echocardiography may be helpful in selecting patients best suited for this technique. The timing of valve replacement in mitral insufficiency is made difficult by the altered loading conditions which can mask underlying contractile dysfunction. In this regard, the use of end-systolic measurements (e.g., end-systolic stress-volume ratio) more accurately characterized left ventricular contractility. When mitral insufficiency patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction require surgery, valve repair appears superior to traditional mitral valve replacement. With valve repair, the postoperative left ventricular ejection fraction is usually higher, as left ventricular contractile reserve is better maintained.
Information Technology: Management Effectiveness and Guest Services

This article investigates the prospects for improvements in management effectiveness given the rapidly changing developments in new information technolo gies. One of the principal problems facing managers in the future will be how to ensure service quality with fewer managers. The view offered here is that information technology, despite large reductions in the number of managers, can lead to the creation of new types of organizational structures that will, in turn, lead to more effective management while still ensuring service quality.
Hierarchical probabilistic interaction modeling for multiple gene expression replicates

Microarray technology allows for the collection of multiple replicates of gene expression time course data for hundreds of genes at a handful of time points. Developing hypotheses about a gene transcriptional network, based on time course gene expression data is an important and very challenging problem. In many situations there are similarities which suggest a hierarchical structure between the replicates. This paper develops posterior probabilities for network features based on multiple hierarchical replications. Through Bayesian inference, in conjunction with the Metropolis-Hastings algorithm and model averaging, a hierarchical multiple replicate algorithm is applied to seven sets of simulated data and to a set of Arabidopsis thaliana gene expression data. The models of the simulated data suggest high posterior probabilities for pairs of genes which have at least moderate signal partial correlation. For the Arabidopsis model, many of the highest posterior probability edges agree with the literature.
Control of rotating stall in a low-speed axial flow compressor using pulsed air injection: modeling, simulations, and experimental validation

Previous results in the use of pulsed air injection for active control of rotating stall have suggested that air injectors have the effect of shifting the steady state compressor characteristic. In this paper we analyze the effect of a compressor characteristic actuation scheme for the three state Moore Greitzer compression system model. It is shown that closed loop feedback based on the square magnitude of the first rotating stall mode can be used to decrease the hysteresis region associated with the transition from unstalled to stalled and back to unstalled operation. The compressor characteristic shifting idea is then applied to a higher fidelity distributed model in which the characteristic shifting has phase content in addition to the magnitude content captured by the three state model. The optimal phasing of the air injection relative to the sensed position of the stall cell is determined via simulation and the results found to agree with those obtained via an experimental parametric study on the Caltech low-speed axial flow compressor.
Sphingosine-1-phosphate modulates growth and adhesion of ovarian cancer cells

Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is a bioactive lipid molecule. It stimulates the growth of some cells, but inhibits the growth of others. In this study, we describe the detection of sub-μM to μM concentrations of S1P in the ascitic fluids of patients with ovarian cancer. In ovarian cancer cells cultured in vitro, S1P exhibited a dual effect on growth and/or survival. S1P (10 μM) induced cell death when cells were in suspension but stimulated cell growth when cells were attached. The calcium-dependent induction of cell death by S1P is apparently associated with its inhibitory effect on cell attachment and cell adhesion. S1P (10–30 μM) also induced calcium-dependent cell-cell aggregation.
Truck automation operational concept alternatives

This paper defines a comprehensive range of operational concepts for automating the driving of heavy trucks. These concepts are defined in terms of the amount of driving functionality that is transferred from the driver to the automated system and the roadway conditions in which the trucks would operate. With the minimum amount of automation (providing only safety warnings to drivers) it should be feasible and safe to operate in any roadway environment, but with the maximum use of automation operations must be restricted to simplified and protected driving environments to keep the complexity of the automation challenges tractable. This systematic classification of operational concept alternatives is intended to help stakeholders who are interested in truck automation to focus on specific alternatives.
Macrolide antibiotics in the ribosome exit tunnel: species-specific binding and action

Macrolide antibiotics bind in the nascent peptide exit tunnel of the ribosome and inhibit protein synthesis. The majority of information on the principles of binding and action of these antibiotics comes from studies that employed model organisms. However, there is a growing understanding that the binding of macrolides to their target, as well as the mode of inhibition of translation, can be strongly influenced by variations in ribosome structure between bacterial species. Awareness of the existence of species-specific differences in drug action and appreciation of the extent of these differences can stimulate future work on developing better macrolide drugs. In this review, representative cases illustrating the organism-specific binding and action of macrolide antibiotics, as well as species-specific mechanisms of resistance are analyzed.
The Effects of Tides and Oscillatory Winds on the Subtidal Inner-Shelf Cross-Shelf Circulation

A two-dimensional numerical model is used to investigate the effects of tidal forcing and oscillatory winds on the subtidal cross-shelf circulation on the inner shelf. Bottom topography and initial stratification are representative of the South and Middle Atlantic Bights along the U.S. east coast. Results from simulations forced by upwelling winds and no tides are consistent with previous studies of inner-shelf circulation. The inclusion of tidal forcing leads to increased mixing, larger eddy viscosity coefficients, and reduced stratification over the shallow regions, effectively reducing the wind efficiency to drive cross-shelf currents on the inner shelf. Tidally averaged cross-shelf currents are weaker compared to when no tides are considered. There is an increase in the width of the region of surface wind-driven transport divergence, which changes the crossshelf location where upwelling occurs. Lagrangian analyses indicate that tidal forcing substantially reduces the transport of offshore waters toward the coast and increases the residence time over the inner shelf by up to 70%. Fluctuating winds with zero mean lead to a rectification of the cross-shelf flow on the inner shelf, resulting in net upwelling. The rectification occurs because the cross-shelf transport is nonzero during upwelling wind forcing (since dense water is brought to the inner shelf maintaining the stratification), but is approximately zero during downwelling winds (since surface water is forced under near-bottom water, destroying the stratification). The rectification is more clearly observed when stratification is strong, when tidal forcing is weak or absent, and when the wind fluctuates at low frequency.
Generalized efficiency bounds in distributed resource allocation

Game theory is emerging as a popular tool for distributed control of multiagent systems. To take advantage of these game theoretic tools, the interactions of the autonomous agents must be designed within a game-theoretic environment. A central component of this game-theoretic design is the assignment of a local utility function to each agent. One promising approach to utility design is assigning each agent a utility function according to the agent's Shapley value. This method frequently results in games that possess many desirable features, such as the existence of pure Nash equilibria with near-optimal efficiency. In this paper, we explore the relationship between the Shapley value utility design and the resulting efficiency of both pure Nash equilibria and coarse correlated equilibria. To study this relationship, we introduce a simple class of resource allocation problems. Within this class, we derive an explicit relationship between the structure of the resource allocation problem and the efficiency of the resulting equilibria. Lastly, we derive a bicriteria bound for this class of resource allocation problems-a bound on the value of the optimal allocation relative to the value of an equilibrium allocation with additional agents.
Response by the Parasitic Crustacean Argulus japonicus to Host Chemical Cues

ABSTRACT Argulus japonicus. an ectoparasite of fishes, displayed greater activity when exposed to a treatment of water conditioned by carp than when exposed to a control treatment of unconditioned water. Treatment order had no significant effect. Argulus can thus respond to host chemical cues in the absence of cues detectable by other sensory modes.
Argus: An L-band array for detection of astronomical transients

"Argus" is a concept for an L-band radio telescope that is designed primarily for the detection of wideband pulses associated with naturally occurring transients, as well narrowband signals that might indicate technological sources. Argus achieves an instantaneous FOV covering most of the visible sky using an array consisting of large numbers of low-gain antennas. In the Argus architecture, the output of each antenna is individually digitized, and all subsequent processing occurs in the digital domain so as not to prematurely limit the FOV. This paper reports on a development project with the goal of implementing a small prototype Argus system. Our system uses a novel array signal processing architecture which facilitates flexible scaling in terms of number of antennas and processed bandwidth, and also supports the addition of special, user-defined features on-the-fly, as changes to software or firmware.
Patterns of reading performance in acute stroke: A descriptive analysis

One of the main sources of information regarding the underlying processes involved in both normal and impaired reading has been the study of reading deficits that occur as a result of brain damage. However, patterns of reading deficits found acutely after brain injury have been little explored. The observed patterns of performance in chronic stroke patients might reflect reorganization of the cognitive processes underlying reading or development of compensatory strategies that are not normally used to read. Method: 112 acute left hemisphere stroke patients were administered a task of oral reading of words and pseudowords within 1–2 days of hospital admission; performance was examined for error rate and type, and compared to that on tasks involving visual lexical decision, visual/auditory comprehension, and naming. Results: Several distinct patterns of performance were identified. Although similarities were found between the patterns of reading performance observed acutely and the classical acquired dyslexias generally identified more chronically, some notable differences were observed. Of interest was the finding that no patient produced any pure semantic errors in reading, despite finding such errors in comprehension and naming.
Selenium regulates cell cycle progression in epithelial cells via selenoprotein W expression

AACR Annual Meeting-- Apr 12-16, 2008; San Diego, CA 2595 Selenium (Se) is an essential trace nutrient expressed in 25 human selenoproteins and is a potent chemopreventive when added to animal diets, however, the mechanisms are not known. Many Se compounds at 5-50 µM inhibit cell proliferation and induce apoptosis in cultured cancer cells. However, those concentrations cannot be achieved in plasma without systemic toxicity. The highest sustained plasma concentration of small molecular weight Se in rats fed toxic levels of Se was about 120 nM. We therefore studied the effects of Se provided to cultured cells at concentrations in the physiologically relevant range of 11 to 126 nM . Our results point to selenoprotein W (SEPW1), an 87 amino acid selenocysteine-containing protein of unknown function, as the putative active form of Se in cancer prevention in epithelial cells.. In MCF-10A (mammary) and in pRNS1-1 (prostate) epithelial cells, SEPW1 was the only gene on Affymetrix HG-U133 Plus 2.0 microarrays up-regulated by both 100 nM selenite and high-Se serum, responding to both a specific form of Se and a physiologic form. Se disproportionately affected expression of genes associated with mitosis, cell cycle, chromosome segregation and microtubule-based movement. Treatment of MCF-10A or RWPE-1 (prostate epithelial) cells with SEPW1 siRNA arrested cells in G0/G1, suggesting SEPW1 is required for cell cycle entry or progression to S-phase. Growth of RWPE-1 cells in Se-deficient medium also caused cells to accumulate in G0/G1, showing the effect of SEPW1 knockdown was specific to Se. SEPW1 siRNA treatment of RWPE-1 cells blocked microtubule aster formation induced by taxol and up-regulated genes associated with stathmin microtubule depolymerization, suggesting SEPW1 may regulate microtubule dynamics. The active site selenocysteine in SEPW1 is in a thioredoxin fold with a nearby Cys residue and tightly binds glutathione at another Cys, suggesting it may glutathiolate or deglutathiolate other proteins. Because SEPW1 knockouts are embryonic lethal and its homologs seem to be the most widely distributed family of selenoproteins in Nature, we hypothesize that SEPW1 plays an essential role in cell division, and this accounts for Se’s protective effect against cancer. We speculate that SEPW1 may transduce and integrate hydrogen peroxide signaling from cell surface receptors into specific, functional oxidative modifications (intramolecular cystine disulfides and intermolecular glutathione disulfides) in cell cycle regulatory proteins. USDA Projects 5306-51530-009-00D and 1235-52530-003-00 and NCMHD Grant P60 MD00222 and NCI Grant P30 CA93373 supported this research.
Apparent metabolizable energy of seeds in greater prairie-chickens

Abstract The apparent metabolizable energy (AME) of ten different seeds, and three commercial feeds was determined for greater prairie-chickens (Tympanuchus cupido pinnatus) under simulated winter conditions. Seeds rated extremely poor potential energy sources for wintering greater prairie-chickens included buckbrush and Blackwell switchgrass (AME 3002 kcal/kg DM). The birds exhibited excellent AME's on several commercial diets (AME >2800 kcal/kg DM), but did not eat wheat grass-cuttings (Triticum sp.).
Explicit Simulations of the Intertropical Convergence Zone

Abstract The intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) is one of the most important components of the global circulation. In order to understand the dynamical processes that regulate its formation, latitudinal preference, and structure, explicit two-dimensional numerical modeling of convection on an equatorial beta plane was conducted with a nonhydrostatic cloud-system-resolving model. The model was forced by energy fluxes associated with constant sea surface temperature (SST) and by horizontally homogeneous radiative cooling. Two distinct patterns were identified for the spatial distribution of convective activity in the Tropics. The first was characteristic of enhanced off-equator convection, namely, a double ITCZ-like morphology (one more salient than the other) straddling the equator during the early period of the integration. The second featured enhanced equatorial convection, namely, a single ITCZ-like morphology on the equator during the later quasi-equilibrium period. Diagnostic analysis and two addit...
ROLE OF CENTRAL PATHWAYS AND CRANIAL NERVES IN CEREBRAL CHOLINERGIC VASODILATATION

Publisher Summary A role of neural cholinergic mechanisms in the control of cerebral blood flow (CBF) has been proposed. This idea is supported by the significant increase in CBF and dilatation of pial vessels induced by the direct application of cholinergic agonists to the cerebral cortex; the blockade by atropine of the cerebral vasodilatation associated with low arterial pressure; and the blockade by atropine and enhancement by physostigmine of the hyperemia both of spontaneous cortical arousal and of hypercapnia. These cholinergic effects are not caused by a metabolic or electrical activation of the brain, as cholinergic agonists produce increases of CBF after neuronal electrical activity has been eliminated pharmacologically; the CBF increase induced by physostigmine is not associated with an increase in cerebral O2 consumption. Ascending central pathways originating in the brain stem are involved in the cholinergic cerebrovascular responses. The electrical stimulation of brain stem structures produce increases in CBF that are not explained by the occurrence of blood pressure changes or cortical arousal. The involvement of the brain stem in CBF control is also supported by the blockade of the cerebral vasodilatation of hypercapnia following high decerebration. Theis chapter presents some of the experiments that evaluate the contribution of central versus peripheral routes for cholinergic vasodilator influences on cerebral blood vessels.
Applications of Fuzzy Clustering to Biomedical Signal Processing and Dynamic System Identification

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Methods Results Conclusion and Discussion This chapter contains sections titled: Acknowledgments References
Collaborative Total Synthesis: Routes to (±)-Hippolachnin A Enabled by Quadricyclane Cycloaddition and Late-Stage C–H Oxidation

Described herein are synthetic efforts toward the synthesis of hippolachnin A. Two independently devised routes from the Brown and Wood groups allowed for the synthesis of hippolachnin A from the unusual starting material, quadricyclane, by harnessing the power of late-stage C–H oxidation. Collaborative union of the best features of the two routes allowed for preparation of the molecule with improved efficiency.
Rupture triggering process of Wenchuan earthquake seismogenic faults

The 2008 Wenchuan earthquake ruptured several faults simultaneously,such as the Beichuan,Pengguan,and Xiaoyudong faults,in a very complicated process.Previous studies however,have not fully addressed the issue of rupture sequence of these faults.This paper calculates the Coulomb failure stress changes on fault planes induced by preceding fault ruptures of various scenarios to test the rupture sequence.Results show that the earthquake started at the Hongkou segment of the southern part of the Beichuan fault,followed by the Longmenshan Town-Qingping segment of the northern Beichuan fault and the Pengguan fault,and the Xiaoyudong fault was triggered the last.
Fluency of Online Reviews

With the growth of ecommerce and social networking, consumers can access detailed product information and user online reviews about a product of interest as cues to judgments. While cognitively processing such rich information, people experience meta-cognitive feelings of subjective ease or fluency. Fluency affects judgment using a direct path wherein fluency influences preference judgments while mediated by naive theories people hold about the role of fluency. Fluency affects judgment indirectly, by influencing intuitive versus deliberate processing of information content of reviews. An experiment is proposed to examine the effect of online review fluency on judgments.
Patient Controlled Encryption: Patient Privacy in Electronic Medical Records

We explore the challenge of preserving patients’ privacy in electronic health record systems. We argue that security in such systems should be enforced via encryption as well as access control. Furthermore, we argue for approaches that enable patients to generate and store encryption keys, so that the patients’ privacy is protected should the host data center be compromised. The standard argument against such an approach is that encryption would interfere with the functionality of the system. However, we show that we can build an eﬃcient system that allows patients both to share partial access rights with others, and to perform searches over their records. We formalize the requirements of a Patient Controlled Encryption scheme, and give several instantiations, based on existing cryptographic primitives and protocols, each achieving a diﬀerent set of properties.
Identification of resistance to the Ga1-m gametophyte factor in maize

Due to maize’s wind-driven pollination, non-target pollen contamination is problematic for producers and breeders. Maize gametophyte factors, specifically gametophyte factor 1 (ga1), have long been used to produce selectively pollinating phenotypes. The use of these factors is a cornerstone of commercial popcorn production, and they are used for a large range of other purposes, including preventing contamination by genetically modified pollen in organic production. However this system is at great risk from another allele at the ga1 locus, Ga1-m, which overcomes the selectively pollinating phenotypes. To further complicate this problem, the risk posed by this allele has been under-assessed. Here we reinterpret the key study on Ga1-s and report genetic resistance to the Ga1-m allele in maize lines that carry dominant gametophyte factors. We identified genetic resistance to the allele segregating in lines derived from four landraces, showed the resistance is heritable, and that it acts in full-strength and attenuated versions. Additionally, we have suggested the validity of evolutionary-based inquiry into our plant genetic resources, and provided some validation of this effort. Our results provide the first report of effective genetic resistance to pollination by the Ga1-m allele, providing an option to continue the use of genetic barriers to non-target pollination. A source of resistance to the Ga1-m allele allows research to be conducted about the allele itself, allowing for research into the possible existence of multiple versions of the allele and their distributions. We anticipate our research will be a starting point for identification of additional sources of resistance to the Ga1-m allele, specifically in popcorn production, where it is most immediately needed to prevent pollen contamination, as well as the eventual localization and mapping of the resistance alleles. We also believe the suggestion of evolutionary-based inquiry into plant genetic resources will provide a highly effective method for identification of specific traits, but will need more extensive validation.
The Distinctiveness of Religion in American Law: Rethinking Religion Clause Jurisprudence

In recent decades, religion's traditional distinctiveness under the First Amendment has been challenged by courts and scholars. As America grows more secular and as religious and nonreligious convictions are increasingly seen as interchangeable, many have questioned whether special treatment is still fair. In its recent decisions, the Supreme Court has made clear that religion will continue to be treated differently, but we lack a persuasive account of religion's uniqueness that can justify this difference. This book aims to develop such an account. Drawing on founding era thought illumined by theology, philosophy of religion, and comparative religion, it describes what is at stake in our tradition of religious freedom in a way that can be appreciated by the religious and nonreligious alike. From this account, it develops a new framework for religion clause decision making and explains the implications of this framework for current controversies regarding protections for religious conscience.
Trust, empathy, social identity, and contribution of knowledge within patient online communities

Objectives: With the development of internet technology, more and more people utilize patient online communities (POC) to seek useful health information and empathetic support. POCs are a unique type of virtual communityies and have attracted increasing research interest. Although there are critical factors for developing and maintaining a successful POC, few studies examine the influence of trust, empathy, and social identity on members' contribution of information and knowledge within the POC context. We aim to examine how trust and social identity influence empathy, which in turn motivates individuals to contribute knowledge within POC and how social identity also directly affects POC members' knowledge contribution. Design: This study examines the impacts of trust and social identity on knowledge contribution through the mediation effect of empathy. The direct relationship between social identity and knowledge contribution is also studiedincluded in this model. Measurements: An online survey was conducted in three health related online communities. A confirmatory factor analysis was perrformedperformed and a structural equation modeling was constructed toconstructed to test the proposed model. Results: Results indicate that trust and the development of a sense of social identity within the community are necessary antecedents to the development of empathy, which in turn influences members' willingness to contribute personal knowledge and experience. or information. Social Social identity also directly motivates members' to contribute knowledge. In contrast to other studies that have emphasized threthe importance of providing tools that make information seeking more efficient, the fFindings of our study highlight the importance of trust, empathy and a sense of group cohesiveness within online health settings that motivzatemotivates members to contribute knowledge and support to other participants in the POC.
'I don’t engage': online communication and social media use among New Zealand journalists

Social media, comment threads, and other means of online communication are important to journalists’ work processes, but expand their workload and pose challenges to their professional identity. Th...
EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF THE EVOLUTIONARY SIGNIFICANCE OF SEXUAL REPRODUCTION. VI. A GREENHOUSE TEST OF THE SIB-COMPETITION HYPOTHESES.

This study tests the hypothesis that competition among groups of sexual and asexual siblings generates an advantage for sexual females. Individual tillers of Anthoxanthum odoratum were planted singly, among other siblings from the same family, and among groups of sexual and asexual siblings from different families in pots in an unheated greenhouse. Unlike previous field experiments, there was little difference between the performance of sexual and clonal tillers after two years, despite strong treatment effects and high mortality. The results demonstrate that sib competition does not generate an advantage for sexual reproduction in biotically simple environments.
Is an SGLT2 inhibitor right for your patient with type 2 diabetes

Metformin isn't quite doing the job or is contraindicated? Here's a look at the patients who may benefit from these agents and the monitoring required.
Multi-objective optimization of tracking/impedance control for a prosthetic leg with energy regeneration

The focus of this research is to consider control and energy regeneration for a robotic manipulator with both actively and semi-actively controlled joints. The semi-active joints are powered by a regenerative scheme. The problem of designing an impedance controller to track a desired joint trajectory and regenerate energy in the storage element is considered here as a multi-objective optimization problem. Nondominated sorting biogeography-based optimization is used for this purpose. To validate the performance of system, a prosthetic leg which imitates able-bodied gait is considered. A Pareto front is obtained where a pseudo-weight scheme is used to select among solutions. A solution with minimum tracking error (0.0009 rad) fails to regenerate energy (loses 21.56 J), while a solution with poor tracking (0.0288 rad) regenerates energy (gains 167.3 J). A tradeoff results in fair tracking (0.0157 rad) and fair energy regeneration (52.9 J). Results verify that it is possible to regenerate energy at the semi-active joint while still obtaining acceptable tracking. The results indicate that ultracapacitor systems and advanced controls/optimization have the potential to significantly reduce external power requirements in powered prostheses.
Subjects of 'Suspicion': Racial Profiling of Muslims, South Asians, and Arabs in the Post-9/11 U.S.

This paper analyzes the interface between Muslim communities and the law enforcement agencies in Los Angeles after the 9/11 attacks. Muslim communities have both cooperated with law enforcement as well as challenged them for profiling and targeting the group. On the side of the law enforcement, they switch between the language of multicultural inclusion and trust on the one hand, and suspicion and targeting on the other. This paper is an attempt to analyze the emerging police practices viz a viz Muslim communities and situate them in the larger debate on racial and religious profiling and community policing.
A Queer Orthodoxy: Monastic Socialism and Celibate Sexuality in Vida Dutton Scudder and Ralph Adams Cram

This essay analyzes the writings of two American Anglo-Catholic socialists, Vida Dutton Scudder and Ralph Adams Cram, on medieval monasticism. Writing at the turn of the twentieth century, Scudder and Cram appealed to monasticism to fold together their nonnormative sexualities with their radical anticapitalism. Nevertheless, they rejected the ideology of social progress common to most forms of liberalism and socialism. By attending to the past examples of St. Francis and St. Benedict, they produced surprisingly forward-looking critiques of modern capitalist society.
Measurement and Modeling of Setschenow Constants for Selected Hydrophilic Compounds in NaCl and CaCl2 Simulated Carbon Storage Brines

ConspectusCarbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS), a climate change mitigation strategy, along with unconventional oil and gas extraction, generates enormous volumes of produced water containing high salt concentrations and a litany of organic compounds. Understanding the aqueous solubility of organic compounds related to these operations is important for water treatment and reuse alternatives, as well as risk assessment purposes. The well-established Setschenow equation can be used to determine the effect of salts on aqueous solubility. However, there is a lack of reported Setschenow constants, especially for polar organic compounds.In this study, the Setschenow constants for selected hydrophilic organic compounds were experimentally determined, and linear free energy models for predicting the Setschenow constant of organic chemicals in concentrated brines were developed. Solid phase microextraction was employed to measure the salting-out behavior of six selected hydrophilic compounds up to 5 M N...