cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Sports Bra, the ACL, and Title IX — The Game in Play

It pretty much started with the sports bra. Well, not really, but the history of the sports bra makes a good metaphor for the evolution of youth athletics in America since the passage of Title IX in 1972. Its rich history even parallels my own pathway in orthopaedics. With the exception of private girl’s high schools and women’s colleges, girls and women typically played organized sports on club teams in the 1960s and 1970s. Occasionally, a girl played with the boys; I competed on the high school boy’s ski team. It was a time when ACL injuries were unheard of — or perhaps untreated — in women. The sports bra was not developed until 1977, when a team of women (spurred by the suggestion of one of the inventor’s husbands) sewed two jockstraps together and marketed the Jockbra, later changed to the Jogbra [2]. In my first years as a runner, I cinched bra straps with a shoelace and safety pins to provide some semblance of support, using a sturdy Playtex®-equivalent of the time. How liberating, not to have to literally suit up once that Jogbra came along. The sports bra revolutionized support for the defining anatomic feature of the class Mammalia, and, paradoxically gave freedom for women athletes of all shapes and sizes to participate in sports unforeseen just a few years earlier. As amendments were passed and cases tried, the implications and consequences of Title IX became clearer. At first, the National Collegiate Athletic Association tried to block its institution, but later competed with the Association for Intercollegiate Athletics for Women for championships, and with a better edge on lucrative media coverage, caused its demise. Orthopaedic surgeon Dr. Tamara Scerpella joined her University of Iowa gymnastics team in a letter writing campaign to support Title IX and its implications; her Senator wrote back a short and terse explanation of how he could never and would never support it. Fast-forward 40 years, though, and we find schools like the previously all-male Dartmouth College (my alma mater) performing well in women’s Ivy League athletics. Stanford University, my employer for 25 years, routinely steamrolls the Directors’ Cup, awarded for most success in college athletics, on large account due to women’s team wins that tip the scales. Not so long ago, many diehard sports fans openly grumbled about the decline of men’s college sports, due to the redistribution of funding to start women’s teams. This required dissolving men’s teams, so the grumbling went, and thus, the decline of sports in general. Today, this argument is less common (or the grumblers are quieter), and perhaps this indicates that the diversity provided with both men’s and women’s sporting events is not so bad after all. Since this is a column about science, and represents an opportunity for discovery as it relates to sex and gender in orthopaedics, I bring to you a few myths and facts that will serve as a primer for understanding Title IX and its implications.
Temperature dependence of the reaction C2H (C2D) + O2 between 295 and 700 K

Abstract The rate coefficients for the reactions of C 2 H and C 2 D with O 2 have been measured in the temperature range 295 K ⩽ T ⩽ 700 K. Both reactions show a slightly negative temperature dependence in this temperature range, with k C 2 H+O 2 = (3.15 ± 0.04) × 10 −11 ( T /295 K) −(0.16 ± 0.02) cm 3 molecule −1 s −1 . The kinetic isotope effect is k C 2 H k C 2 D = 1.04 ± 0.03 and is constant with temperature to within experimental error. The temperature dependence and the C 2 H + O 2 kinetic isotope effect are consistent with a capture-limited metathesis reaction, and suggest that formation of the initial HCCOO adduct is rate-limiting.
Switching via quantum activation: A parametrically modulated oscillator

We study switching between period-two states of an underdamped quantum oscillator modulated at nearly twice its natural frequency. For all temperatures and parameter values switching occurs via quantum activation: it is determined by diffusion over oscillator quasienergy, provided the relaxation rate exceeds the rate of interstate tunneling. The diffusion has quantum origin and accompanies relaxation to the stable state. We find the semiclassical distribution over quasienergy. For $T=0$, where the system has detailed balance, this distribution differs from the distribution for $T\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0$; the $T=0$ distribution is also destroyed by small dephasing of the oscillator. The characteristic quantum activation energy of switching displays a typical dependence on temperature and scaling behavior near the bifurcation point where period doubling occurs.
Patterning of quantum dot bioconjugates via particle lithography.

We present a simple technique to fabricate hexagonally ordered quantum dot bioconjugate (QDBC) dot arrays on glass coverslips. We used particle lithography to create periodic holes in a layer of methoxy-poly(ethylene glycol)-silane and then adsorbed QDBCs into the holes. To demonstrate the versatility of this technique, we made separate periodic arrays of quantum dots (QDs) conjugated to three different biologically important molecules: biotin, streptavidin, and anti-mouse IgG. The diameters of the regions where the QDBCs adsorbed were 500−600 nm and independent of the QDBC patterned. The site density of the QDBCs in the patterned holes could be varied by simply adjusting the coating concentration of the QDBC solution. We demonstrate the applicability of these substrates by designing a QDBC-based binding assay with a working concentration range of several orders of magnitude and a sub-picomolar detection limit.
Wavevector observations of the two-stream instability in the daytime equatorial electrojet

Detailed measurements of electric field wavevectors of the Farley-Buneman two-stream instability in the daytime equatorial electrojet were gathered on a sounding rocket flown from Alcântara, Brazil. Primary two-stream waves were detected in the altitude region of 104–108 km, where the current density and polarization electric field maximized and where intense 3 m vertical echoes were observed by a 50 MHz backscatter radar. The in-situ measured wave components are predominantly oriented in the horizontal, zonal direction. Spaced receivers reveal wavelengths of 11–14 m with phase velocities of about 370 m/s at the peak wave power near 106.5 km. These velocities are constant from 1–15 m, indicative of dispersionless flow. Although the neutral wind was not measured, the in-situ phase velocity appears to be below that predicted by linear theory.
Rotational dynamics of spin-labeled F-actin during activation of myosin S1 ATPase using caged ATP.

The most probable source of force generation in muscle fibers in the rotation of the myosin head when bound to actin. This laboratory has demonstrated that ATP induces microsecond rotational motions of spin-labeled myosin heads bound to actin (Berger, C. L. E. C. Svensson, and D. D. Thomas. 1989. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 86:8753–8757). Our goal is to determine whether the observed ATP-induced rotational motions of actin-bound heads are accompanied by changes in actin rotational motions. We have used saturation transfer electron paramagnetic resonance (ST-EPR) and laser-induced photolysis of caged ATP to monitor changes in the microsecond rotational dynamics of spin-labeled F-actin in the presence of myosin subfragment-1 (S1). A maleimide spin label was attached selectively to cys-374 on actin. In the absence of ATP (with or without caged ATP), the ST-EPR spectrum (corresponding to an effective rotational time of approximately 150 microseconds) was essentially the same as observed for the same spin label bound to cys-707 (SH1) on S1, indicating that S1 is rigidly bound to actin in rigor.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Surface seawater distributions of inorganic carbon and nutrients around the Galapagos Islands: results from the PlumEx experiment using automated chemical mapping

Abstract During the second leg (PlumEx) of the 1993 IRONEX cruise, the partial pressure of CO 2 and the concentrations of nitrate and silicate in the surface waters around the Galapagos Islands were continuously measured using automated underway systems. Based on salinity-versus-constituent mixing diagrams, physical mixing processes dominate the pCO 2 and nutrient distributions upstream of the Galapagos Islands. Downstream of the islands, slight removal of nitrate and CO 2 can be discerned because of the high resolution of the underway measurements. The high spatial resolution of the underway measurements allowed evaluation of fine features such as sharp fluorescence peaks on the “warm” side of frontal boundaries. In the waters immediately adjacent to Fernandina and Isabela islands (Bolivar channel), dramatic drawdown of pCO 2 and nutrients was measured, coincident with the highest measured levels of iron (3 nM) and chlorophyll (>13 μg l -1 ) (Martin et al., 1994). The nearly constant alkalinity of the waters was combined with the measured pCO 2 to calculate total carbon dioxide in the waters. Based on mixing diagrams, the ratio of ΔTCO 2 to ΔNO - 3 was found to be highly variable, ranging from approximately 6.4 to >10 in the waters near Isabela Island. The ratio of ΔTCO 2 to ΔNO - 3 is approximately 8.5 in the waters west of the Galapagos where slight removal of nitrate and TCO 2 occurs. In these waters, the physical process of mixing and CO 2 degassing due to warming of the water becomes significant relative to the biological uptake and the ratio is driven higher.
Changing epidemiology of invasive pneumococcal disease: a complicated story.

jugate vaccine into the WMA population in Arizona. This study is very beneficial to our understanding of the dynamics of pneumococcal epidemiology in general and of the impact, both positive and negative, that vaccine introduction may have in a population. The study performed by Lacapa et al. [2] was an observational study and compared rates of disease in the time period before vaccine introduction with rates in the time period after vaccine introduction. One of the key observations of the study was that the incidence of invasive disease due to the 7 serotypes covered in the vaccine was reduced substantially in this highrisk population. The observed 92% reduction in the rate of infectious pneumococcal disease among high-risk children aged !5 years is consistent with the reductions observed in other studies. However, the rate of disease among vaccinated WMA children still remains higher than that among the general population. There are 2 reasons for this. First, given the higher initial rate of disease, a 92% reduction in the rate of disease still leaves a substantial disease burden in the population. Second, prior to vaccine introduction, the proportion of overall invasive disease due to the 7 serotypes covered in the vaccine was only 56.2% among WMA children, compared with ∼90% in the general population. The reasons for this difference are not known, but the difference is consistent with both the variability of coverage of the 7-valent conjugate vaccine globally and with changes in serotype distribution observed over time in the Native American population and other populations globally. Although other vaccines that contain 10 and 13 pneumococcal serotypes are in development and would provide broader coverage, until we better understand the reasons that serotype distributions vary geographically and over time, strategic vaccine design will be hampered.
Salicylates and adrenocortical function in man.

The administration of moderate doses of salicylate for a few days to normal subjects and patients with rheumatoid arthritis produced no alteration in adrenal function or hydrocortisone metabolism. Subjects given large doses of salicylate for 30 or more days showed a decreased rate of metabolism and synthesis of hydrocortisone. Five normal controls, and four patients with active rheumatoid arthritis served as the subjects of this study. Le administration de moderate doses de salicylatos, durante alicun dies, a subjectos normal e a patientes con arthritis rheumatoide produceva nulle alteration in le function adrenal o in le metabolismo de hydrocortisona. Individuos recipiente grande doses de salicylatos, durante periodos de 30 dies o plus, monstrava un reduction del metabolismo e del synthese de hydrocortisona. Quatro patientes con active arthritis rheumatoide e cinque normal individuos de controlo esseva le subjectos de iste studio.
Influence of firm performance and gender on CEO compensation

In this article we continue the examination of top executive pay by comparing performance, total pay and the influence of CEO gender. We analyse compensation differences between male and female CEOs using nonparametric analysis. We calculate the potential compensation for each executive using two benchmarks. First, each executive's performance and compensation are evaluated relative to members of the same gender to produce a same-gender measure of under-compensation. Each executive's compensation is also benchmarked against the other gender's potential compensation, producing an other-gender measure of under-compensation. Together, both measures allow an analysis of the gender-specific potential salaries of each executive while controlling for performance. The approach is applied to a sample of male and female executives. The results indicate that women are under-compensated.
THE SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE HAP5P HOMOLOG FROM FISSION YEAST REVEALS TWO CONSERVED DOMAINS THAT ARE ESSENTIAL FOR ASSEMBLY OF HETEROTETRAMERIC CCAAT- BINDING FACTOR

The CCAAT-binding factor is an evolutionarily conserved heteromeric transcription factor that binds to CCAAT box-containing upstream activation sites within the promoters of numerous eukaryotic genes. The CCAAT-binding factor from Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a heterotetramer that contains the subunits Hap2p, Hap3p, Hap4p, and Hap5p and that functions in the activation of genes involved in respiratory metabolism. Here we describe the isolation of the cDNA encoding the Schizosaccharomyces pombe homolog of Hap5p, designated php5+. We have shown that Php5p is a subunit of the CCAAT-binding factor in fission yeast and is required for transcription of the S. pombe cyc1+ gene. Analysis of the evolutionarily conserved regions of Hap5p, Php5p, and the mammalian homolog CBF-C revealed two essential domains within Hap5p that are required for DNA binding and transcriptional activation. One is an 87-amino-acid core domain that is conserved among Hap5p, Php5p, and CBF-C and that is required for the assembly of the Hap2p-Hap3p-Hap5p heterotrimer both in vitro and in vivo. A second domain that is essential for the recruitment of Hap4p into the CCAAT-binding complex was identified in Hap5p and Php5p.
Where Do We Draw the Line? Assigning Cases to Subsamples for MAMBAC, MAXCOV, and MAXEIG Taxometric Analyses

There are several important decisions that must be made when implementing taxometric procedures such as mean above minus below a cut (MAMBAC), maximum covariance (MAXCOV), and maximum eigenvalue (MAXEIG). A Monte Carlo study was performed with 10,000 (5,000 categorical, 5,000 dimensional) samples to examine 5 ways to locate the first and last MAMBAC cuts and 24 ways to perform MAXCOV and MAXEIG. For MAMBAC, there was little difference across conditions, with slightly more accurate results obtained when a small, fixed number of cases (n = 10 or 25) was located beyond the most extreme cuts. For MAXCOV and MAXEIG, the results were more palpable: MAXCOV slightly outperformed MAXEIG, windows achieved significantly better results than intervals, and a larger number of cases per subsample were associated with more accurate results. Alcohol misuse data obtained from a group of male prisoners were used to illustrate relationships observed in the Monte Carlo study.
Reply: variability in transcribers:

Variation in transcription is due in large part to variability in transcribers' theoretical and methodological commitments and goals. This reply addresses issues raised in the commentaries on the article `Variation in Transcription' concerning problems of representing different discourse genres in transcripts, the question of how research relationships shape the transcription process, the intellectual and institutional contexts in which transcription occurs and circulates, and the injunction to consider the practices as opposed to the products of transcription.
Restorative Justice in Juvenile Courts in Brazil: A Brief Review of Porto Alegre and São Caetano Pilot Projects

In this paper, it is presented the results of the first three years (2005-2007) of the application of Restorative Justice (RJ) in the Brazilian juvenile justice system. To this end, it was made a bibliographical and documental researches, so all data used in the paper has not been collected directly by the authors. Good results are verified, despite the almost complete absence of publicity given to the work developed in the country. It was also noticed a considerable lack of dialogue between those who are responsible for the programmes, the legal actors involved, and the local Universities. For even better results, it is suggested that all institutions involved improve the dialogue between them and encourage scientific researches of their own practices.
Voltage stability assessment through measurement of a reduced state vector

The use of a real-time measurement system for the monitoring and control of voltage stability in power systems calls for the investigation of the possibility of reducing the number of the measurements. A clustering algorithm based on graph theory and an arbitrary coherency function is presented, and its applicability is tested for two proposed coherency criteria. The objective of the measurements was the monitoring of the proximity of the system state to voltage instability. The proximity indicators selected are the minimum singular values of the system Jacobian matrix. In the case of the reduced number of measurements, the approximate Jacobian was determined by assuming that all the elements of the state vector from one cluster have the same values as the one representative measurement taken from that cluster. The proximity indicator was then calculated from such an approximated matrix and compared with the values obtained by simulation when the acquisition of the complete state vector was assumed. The results show that reduced measurements are adequate for predicting voltage instability. >
Optical Test for the Groove Adaptation of Dental Amalgams Using a He-Ne Laser

An optical test was developed for amalgam alloys by condensing amalgams against stainless steel blocks with regularly spaced grooves forming diffraction gratings. The quality of the diffraction pattern obtained with a He-Ne laser from these amalgams is a measure of the adaptation to the grooves.
A Comparison Between the Sedimentation Rates of Children in Day‐Nurseries and Children Cared for in Their Homes.

SUMMARY During a sedimentation rate investigation made from Sept.— Nov. 1943 in Stockholm on 196 day-nursery children and 266 children cared for in their homes (controls), much higher rates were found among the day-nursery children than among the controls within the age group 0–2.9 years. The difference is significant, statistically.
I—R. Jay Wallace: Duties of Love

A defence of the idea that there are sui generis duties of love: duties, that is, that we owe to people in virtue of standing in loving relationships with them. I contrast this non-reductionist position with the widespread reductionist view that our duties to those we love all derive from more generic moral principles. The paper mounts a cumulative argument in favour of the non-reductionist position, adducing a variety of considerations that together speak strongly in favour of adopting it. The concluding section connects this debate with larger issues in moral theory concerning the general idea of obligation.
Observation of intrinsic inverse spin Hall effect

We report observation of intrinsic inverse spin Hall effect in undoped GaAs multiple quantum wells with a sample temperature of 10 K. A transient ballistic pure spin current is injected by a pair of laser pulses through quantum interference. By time resolving the dynamics of the pure spin current, the momentum relaxation time is deduced, which sets the lower limit of the scattering time between electrons and holes. The transverse charge current generated by the pure spin current via the inverse spin Hall effect is simultaneously resolved. We find that the charge current is generated well before the first electron-hole scattering event. Generation of the transverse current in the scattering-free ballistic transport regime provides unambiguous evidence for the intrinsic inverse spin Hall effect.
Model-based control of vapor compression cycles for transient heat-flux removal

Abstract Systems-level design and control techniques have great potential for increasing efficiency, performance, and reliability of refrigeration cycles for electronics cooling. In contrast to traditional VCC applications, evaporator heat-flux can be large and time-varying in electronic systems. We perform in-depth analysis of direct-expansion, multiple-evaporator vapor compression cycles (VCC) with imposed heat-flux. Static analysis provides nominal operating conditions and inputs for open-loop control, which are tested experimentally. Observation of critical heat-flux (CHF) during transients demonstrates need for closed-loop control. A low-order lumped dynamic model based on one-dimensional mass and energy balance for the heat exchangers is applied and validated with experimental data. The model is then linearized and used to design CHF avoidance controllers. A decoupled approach using proportional-integral (PI) control of compressor speed and accumulator heating is taken for single-evaporator VCC, and multivariable H 2 control is applied for two-evaporator systems. The control strategies are shown to be effective in experimental tests, avoiding CHF for nominal heat load disturbances while satisfying system constraints.
Biome Shifts and Niche Evolution in Plants

What factors influence whether a lineage can successfully transition into a new biome, and why have some biome shifts been more frequent than others? To orient this line of research we develop a conceptual framework in which the likelihood of a biome shift is a function of (a) exposure to contrasting environments over time, (b) the evolutionary accessibility of relevant adaptations, and (c) changing biotic interactions. We evaluate the literature on biome shifts in plants in relation to a set of hypotheses on the size, connectedness, and absolute age of biomes, as well as on the adaptability of particular lineages and ecological interactions over time. We also critique the phylogenetic inference of past biomes and a “global” model-based approach to biome evolution. More robust generalizations about biome shifts will require detailed studies of well-sampled and well-resolved clades, accounting for changes in the relevant abiotic and biotic factors through time.
Biomaterials to Prevascularize Engineered Tissues

Tissue engineering promises to restore tissue and organ function following injury or failure by creating functional and transplantable artificial tissues. The development of artificial tissues with dimensions that exceed the diffusion limit (1–2 mm) will require nutrients and oxygen to be delivered via perfusion (or convection) rather than diffusion alone. One strategy of perfusion is to prevascularize tissues; that is, a network of blood vessels is created within the tissue construct prior to implantation, which has the potential to significantly shorten the time of functional vascular perfusion from the host. The prevascularized network of vessels requires an extracellular matrix or scaffold for 3D support, which can be either natural or synthetic. This review surveys the commonly used biomaterials for prevascularizing 3D tissue engineering constructs.
Unitarizability of premodular categories

We study the unitarizability of premodular categories constructed from representations of quantum group at roots of unity. We introduce Grothendieck unitarizability as a natural generalization of unitarizability to classes of premod- ular categories with a common Grothendieck semiring. We obtain new results for quantum groups of Lie types F4 and G2, and improve the previously obtained results for Lie types B and C.
Customizable Search Engine with Semantic and Resource Aggregation Capability

There is a need for specialized search engines focused on specific disciplines that can use domain knowledge to guide the user to find exactly the resources they are searching for. In addition, these engines should be able search multiple and heterogeneous resource catalogs simultaneously and aggregate results from these catalogs. Noesis, a customizable search engine with semantic and resource aggregation capabilities is presented in this paper. The Noesis architecture has been designed to be modular, allowing it to be adapted by projects in different disciplines. This paper describes the Noesis architecture, highlights its application in several projects, and presents a user scenario for one of the projects is presented in this paper.
Gene Therapy for Skin Diseases

The skin possesses qualities that make it desirable for gene therapy, and studies have focused on gene therapy for multiple cutaneous diseases. Gene therapy uses a vector to introduce genetic material into cells to alter gene expression, negating a pathological process. This can be accomplished with a variety of viral vectors or nonviral administrations. Although results are promising, there are several potential pitfalls that must be addressed to improve the safety profile to make gene therapy widely available clinically.
Visualizing progressive discovery

Computational problems are increasingly relying on context-aware approaches for tractable solutions. Usually, these approaches statically link additional sources of information to those already present in the problem space. We have been building CueNet, a context discovery framework, which will dynamically discover the most relevant context for a given application problem. In this demonstration, we will show how the identities of people in personal photos can be discovered through contextual information. In this demonstration, we present Picatrix: an event based photo browsing web interface. Users can select a photo, and see a live visualization of how our context discovery algorithm, seeded with the initial information, discovers context from different data sources, and uses it to tag the faces in the given photo.
Group Scheduling for Improving VoIP Capacity in IEEE 802.16e Networks

WiMAX networks are considered efficient for supporting data traffic. However, the VoIP capacity of IEEE 802.16e WiMAX system is not great due to the large MAP overhead caused by dynamic scheduling of VoIP traffic. Persistent scheduling was adopted as a mechanism in IEEE 802.16e Rev2 to reduce this MAP overhead and resulted in a 15% increase in VoIP capacity as compared to dynamic scheduling. While the MAP overhead is reduced, persistent scheduling may cause "resource holes" in the data allocation region of the frame thereby resulting in inefficient resource utilization. This paper proposes a group scheduling mechanism to overcome this problem. The flexibility in resource allocation achieved with group scheduling results in efficient resource utilization within the frame and yet takes advantage of persistence to reduce the MAP overhead. Our simulation results show that our proposal can achieve 22% unidirectional improvement in capacity as compared to dynamic scheduling and 6.5% higher capacity as compared to persistent scheduling.
Importance sampling for spatial scan analysis: computing scan statistic p values for marked point processes

Abstract Each point in an observed point pattern representing potential target detections (e.g., mines for minefield detection and localization) often is accompanied by a scalar ‘mark’ representing the detector's level of confidence in that particular detection. Scan analysis for clustering should take this additional mark information into account. We present an importance sampling method for deciding, based on an observed marked point pattern, if a scan statistic S provides significant evidence of increased activity in some localized region of time or space. Our method allows consideration of scan statistics based simultaneously on multiple scan geometries. Our approach yields an unbiased p-value estimate of the form P[S≥s observed ]=B ∗ ρ, where B ∗ plays the role of the Bonferroni upper bound and the correction factor ρ measures the conservativeness of this upper bound. The variance of our importance sampling estimate is typically smaller than that of the naive hit-or-miss Monte Carlo technique when the p-value is small. Furthermore, our estimate is often accurate for critical values which are not far enough in the tails of the null distribution to allow for accurate approximations via extreme value theory. In this article, we develop our importance sampling p-value estimator for the case of marked spatial Poisson processes using multiple scan geometries, and illustrate the approach via application to minefield reconnaissance.
Effect of microcomputed tomography voxel size on the finite element model accuracy for human cancellous bone

The level of structural detail that can be acquired and incorporated in a finite element (FE) analysis might greatly influence the results of microcomputed tomography (microCT)-based FE simulations, especially when relatively large bones, such as whole vertebrae, are of concern. We evaluated the effect of scanning and reconstruction voxel size on the microCT-based FE analyses of human cancellous tissue samples for fixed- and free-end boundary conditions using different combinations of scan/reconstruction voxel size. We found that the bone volume fraction (BV/TV) did not differ considerably between images scanned at 21 and 50 microm and reconstructed at 21, 50, or 110 microm (-0.5% to 7.8% change from the 21/21 microm case). For the images scanned and reconstructed at 110 microm, however, there was a large increase in BV/TV compared to the 21/21 microm case (58.7%). Fixed-end boundary conditions resulted in 1.8% [coefficient of variation (COV)] to 14.6% (E) difference from the free-end case. Dependence of model output parameters on scanning and reconstruction voxel size was similar between free- and fixed-end simulations. Up to 26%, 30%, 17.8%, and 32.3% difference in modulus (E), and average (VMExp), standard deviation (VMSD) and coefficient of variation (COV) of von Mises stresses, respectively, was observed between the 21/21 microm case and other scan/reconstruction combinations within the same (free or fixed) simulation group. Observed differences were largely attributable to scanning resolution, although reconstruction resolution also contributed significantly at the largest voxel sizes. All 21/21 microm results (taken as the gold standard) could be predicted from the 21/50 (r2adj= 0.91-0.99;p<0.001), 21/110 (r2adj =0.58-0.99;p<0.02) and 50/50 results (r2adj=0.61-0.97;p<0.02). While BV/TV, VMSD, and VMExp/sigma(z) from the 21/21 could be predicted by those from the 50/110 (r2adj =0.63-0.93;p<0.02) and 110/110 (r2adj =0.41-0.77;p<0.05) simulations as well, prediction of E, VMExp, and COV became marginally significant (0.04<p<0.13) at 50/110 and nonsignificant at 110/110 (0.21<p<0.70). In conclusion, calculation of cancellous bone modulus, mean trabecular stress, and other parameters are subject to large errors at 110/110 microm voxel size. However, enough microstructural details for studying bone volume fraction, trabecular shear stress scatter, and trabecular shear stress amplification (VMExp/sigma(z)) can be resolved using a 21/110 microm, 50/110 microm, and 110/110 microm voxels for both free- and fixed-end constraints.
The perceived benefits of a virtual community: effects of learning style, race, ethnicity, and frequency of use on nursing students.

Abstract BACKGROUND It is important for nursing faculty to consider the variability in learning style among nursing students. AIM The researchers sought to compare differences in perceived learning benefits among nursing students who had different learning styles and in frequency of use of a virtual community learning intervention. METHOD Using a comparative approach, learning style was measured with the Kolb Learning Style Inventory. Frequency of use and benefit were measured with an exit survey. RESULTS No differences in perceived benefit were found according to learning style. Subjects with frequent use of the virtual community reported significantly greater learning benefits than those with infrequent use, regardless of learning style. Also found was a statistically significant relationship between Kolb learning-style scores and race or ethnicity. CONCLUSION All nursing students may potentially benefit from virtual community use.
Membrane and soluble substrates of the Doa10 ubiquitin ligase are degraded by distinct pathways.

The yeast Doa10 ubiquitin (Ub) ligase resides in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)/nuclear envelope (NE), where it functions in ER‐associated degradation (ERAD). Doa10 substrates include non‐ER proteins such as the transcription factor Matα2. Here, we expand the range of Doa10 substrates to include a defective kinetochore component, a mutant NE membrane protein, and a substrate‐regulated human ER enzyme. For all these substrates, Doa10 requires two Ub‐conjugating enzymes, Ubc6 and Ubc7, as well as the Ubc7 cofactor Cue1. Based on a novel genomic screen of a comprehensive gene deletion library and other data, these four proteins appear to be the only nonessential and nonredundant factors generally required for Doa10‐mediated ubiquitination. Notably, the Cdc48 ATPase facilitates degradation of membrane‐embedded Doa10 substrates, but is not required for any tested soluble Doa10 substrates. This distinction is maintained even when comparing membrane and soluble proteins bearing the same degradation signal. Thus, while Doa10 ubiquitinates both membrane and soluble proteins, the mechanisms of subsequent proteasome targeting differ.
Algebraic approach to the study of zero modes of Haldane pseudopotentials

We consider lattice Hamiltonians that arise from putting Haldane pseudopotentials into a second quantized or ``guiding-center-only'' form. These are fascinating examples of frustration-free lattice Hamiltonians. This is so since, even though their highest density zero energy ground states, the Laughlin states, are known to have matrix-product structure (with unbounded bond dimension), the frustration-free character of these lattice Hamiltonians seems obscure, unless one goes back to the original first quantized picture of analytic lowest Landau level wave functions. This step involves putting back additional degrees of freedom associated with dynamical momenta, and one wonders whether the addition of these degrees of freedom is truly necessary to recognize the frustration-free character of the underlying lattice Hamiltonian. Fundamentally, these degrees of freedom have nothing to do with spectrum of a ``guiding-center-only'' Hamiltonian. Moreover, such constructions are unfamiliar and not available in the study of simpler (finite range) frustration-free lattice Hamiltonians with matrix-product ground states (of finite bond dimension). That the zero mode properties of ``lattice versions'' of pseudopotentials can be understood from a polynomial-free, intrinsically lattice point of view is also suggested by the fact that these pseudopotentials are constructed from an algebra of reasonably simply looking operators. Here we show that zero mode properties, and hence the frustration-free character, of these lattice Hamitlonians can be understood as a consequence of algebraic structures that these operators are part of. We believe that our results will deepen insights into parent Hamiltonians of matrix-product states with infinite bond dimensions, as could be of use, especially, in the study of fractional Chern insulators.
On carbon sequestration in desert ecosystems

Recent reports of net ecosysytem production >100 gCm -2 yr -1 in deserts are incompatible with existing measurements of net primary production and carbon pools in deserts. The comparisions suggest that gas exchange measurements should be used with caution and better validation if they are expected to indicate the magnitude of carbon sink in these ecosysytems.
A pareto archive evolutionary strategy based radial basis function neural network training algorithm for failure rate prediction in overhead feeders

This paper outlines a radial basis function neural network approach to predict the failures in overhead distribution lines of power delivery systems. The RBF networks are trained using historical data. The network sizes and errors are simultaneously minimized using the Pareto Archive Evolutionary Strategy algorithm. Mutation of the network is carried out by invoking an orthogonal least square procedure. The performance of the proposed method was compared to a fuzzy inference approach and with multilayered perceptrons. The results suggest that this approach outperforms the other techniques for the prediction of failure rates.
Avalanche detector with field emitter readout

We are investigating a new concept of flat-panel x-ray imaging detector with avalanche gain which is called scintillator avalanche photo-conductor with high resolution emitter readout (SAPHIRE). It is made by optically coupling a needle structured scintillator (Csl) to a thin uniform layer (0.5-25 mum) of amorphous selenium (a-Se) photoconductor. The final image is read out by a 2D field emitter array (FEA). Avalanche gain can boost the performance for low dose application and the FEA can potentially be made with small pixel size (e.g. 50 mum). The spatial resolution was investigated and it was found that the lateral spread of electron beams emitted from the FE tips is the dominant source of image blur. To reduce the spread, three different electron-optics designs were simulated including mesh electrode (ME), magnetic focus (B focus) and electrostatic focus (E focus) designs. Both B and E focus methods provide better spatial resolution compared with ME, however the blur with B focus is signal-dependent, which is not desirable. Hence E focus is ideal for producing high resolution images with good spatial uniformity.
Liberty and Tardive Dyskinesia: Informed Consent to Antipsychotic Medication in the Forensic Psychiatric Hospital

This paper addresses informed consent to antipsychotic medication of those incarcerated in a forensic psychiatric hospital. The ways in which the unique setting of the forensic psychiatric hospital impinge upon the three components of informed consent—information, voluntariness, and competency—are explored. Special attention is given to the risk-benefit ratio of receiving antipsychotic medication in terms of the liberty interests at stake—freedom of movement, that is, the effects of tardive dyskinesia, and freedom of space, that is, release from the forensic psychiatric facility.
The Lure of Technology: Considerations in Newborns with Technology-Dependence

For a minority of children managed in the NICU, there is a need for more complex technologic assistance in order to sustain life, mitigate a more chronic debilitation from a pervasive life-limiting condition, or provide a bridge from life-sustaining therapy to a more semi-permanent treatment such as organ transplantation. This chapter will address two major types of technology assistance for infants and children—tracheostomy and assisted home ventilation, and dialysis—and the myriad complications and considerations that they raise. Some attention to why clinicians may be so inclined to impose technology as a solution to life-limiting conditions will be noted, as well as why some parents may seem to insist on pursuing technology.
The yjdF riboswitch candidate regulates gene expression by binding diverse azaaromatic compounds

The yjdF motif RNA is an orphan riboswitch candidate that almost exclusively associates with the yjdF protein-coding gene in many bacteria. The function of the YjdF protein is unknown, which has made speculation regarding the natural ligand for this putative riboswitch unusually challenging. By using a structure-probing assay for ligand binding, we found that a surprisingly broad diversity of nitrogen-containing aromatic heterocycles, or "azaaromatics," trigger near-identical changes in the structures adopted by representative yjdF motif RNAs. Regions of the RNA that undergo ligand-induced structural modulation reside primarily in portions of the putative aptamer region that are highly conserved in nucleotide sequence, as is typical for riboswitches. Some azaaromatic molecules are bound by the RNA with nanomolar dissociation constants, and a subset of these ligands activate riboswitch-mediated gene expression in cells. Furthermore, genetic elements most commonly adjacent to the yjdF motif RNA or to the yjdF protein-coding region are homologous to protein regulators implicated in mitigating the toxic effects of diverse phenolic acids or polycyclic compounds. Although the precise type of natural ligand sensed by yjdF motif RNAs remains unknown, our findings suggest that this riboswitch class might serve as part of a genetic response system to toxic or signaling compounds with chemical structures similar to azaaromatics.
Stabilizing SBS Slow Light Delay in Fibers Using a Faraday Rotator Mirror

Stokes gain and delay in Stimulated Brillouin scattering in fibers is strongly affected by polarization changes due to unavoidable fiber disturbances. We demonstrate the use of a Faraday rotator mirror to counteract polarization fluctuations.
Using Recycling to Increase the Signal-to-Noise Ratio in Weak Measurements

Recycling unmeasured photons in a system utilizing weak measurements can substantially improve the signal-to-noise ratio. We achieve an improvement by a factor of 1.36 over a system with no recycling.
Hepatitis B Virus Virology and Replication

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is an enveloped virus with an internal icosahedral nucleocapsid (NC) enclosing a partially double-stranded, relaxed circular DNA (rcDNA) genome, which is replicated through reverse transcription of a RNA intermediate, the pregenomic RNA (pgRNA). The virus specifically infects human hepatocytes by binding the cell surface receptor, sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide, which was only recently identified. Upon cell entry, HBV is believed to deliver its internal NC to the nuclear pore complex where rcDNA is released into the nucleus. rcDNA is then converted, in an ill-understood process, to a covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA), which serves as the transcriptional template for the production of all viral RNAs, subject to regulation by epigenetic mechanisms as well as ubiquitous and liver-enriched transcriptional factors. Upon translation, the viral reverse transcriptase assembles with pgRNA, with the help of host factors, into a ribonucleoprotein complex, which triggers initiation of viral reverse transcription using a novel protein priming mechanism as well as the assembly of immature progeny NCs with the viral capsid protein. Reverse transcription within NCs then converts pgRNA into the mature rcDNA, which can be recycled back to the nucleus for conversion to more cccDNA, or secreted in progeny virions extracellularly with the viral envelope proteins, completing the life cycle. The only target in this life cycle that has been exploited successfully so far for antiviral therapy is the DNA synthesis activity of the viral reverse transcriptase, but others are being actively explored. HBV replication also leads to the secretion of a large excess of subviral particles and a soluble antigen, which are nonessential for the virus but have greatly contributed, and will continue to contribute, to the diagnosis and prevention of HBV infections.
Research to the Policy and the Behaviors of the Government in Promoting the Development of the Industrial Clusters:the Experiment from the Developed Countries

The industrial clusters arise and rapidly develop all around the world,which makes the clusters policy becoming the important tool to drive the growth of the local economy.And lots of evidences from the developed areas have shown that the policies of the local government have become the most important measures to promote the development of the industrial clusters.The thesis will aggregate the good experiment during the development of the industrial clusters from USA and Italy,and bring up the inspiration from those developed countries that how the local govern-ment use the industrial clusters policies correctly.
The Availability of Gay and Lesbian Materials in Protestant College Libraries

ABSTRACTThis work analyzes selected Protestant college libraries' holdings of gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender (GLBT) content in order to measure access to materials for readers, determine the nature of the materials, and identify what resources selectors might use to inform purchases. The study identifies twenty titles and ten libraries for a comparison of the holdings. Ten Lambda Award–winning titles deemed affirming of the relationship between religion and homosexuality and ten titles identified as non–GLBT-affirming in nature are used to make these determinations. This article seeks to expand the body of knowledge available on Protestant college libraries while specifically documenting the presence of GLBT materials in such libraries.
Laparoscopic versus open ventral hernia repair in patients with chronic liver disease.

Background Previous studies demonstrated laparoscopic ventral hernia repair (LVHR) to be associated with fewer short-term complications than open ventral hernia repair (OVHR). Little literature is available comparing LVHR and OVHR in chronic liver disease (CLD) patients.
Risk Factors for Febrile Seizure Recurrence

Predictors of single and mutiple recurrent febrile seizures were identified prospectively in 428 children with first febrile seizures followed for 2 or more years at the Yale-New Haven Hospital, Jacobi Medical Center, North Central Bronx Hospital, and Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, NY.
Prenatal Residential Proximity to Agricultural Pesticide Use and IQ in 7-Year-Old Children.

Background: Residential proximity to agricultural pesticide use has been associated with neural tube defects and autism, but more subtle outcomes such as cognition have not been studied. Objectives...