cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tests of Concepts About Different Kinds of Minds: Predictions About the Behavior of Computers, Robots, and People

This research investigates adults' understanding of differences in the basic nature of intelligence exhibited by humans and by machines such as computers and robots. We tested these intuitions by asking participants to make predictions about the behaviors of different entities in situations where actions could be based on either goal-directed intentional thought or more mechanical nonintentional thought. Across several studies, adults made more intentional predictions about the behavior of humans than about the behavior of robots or computers. Although initial experiments demonstrated that participants made very similar predictions for computers and anthropomorphic robots, when asked to track robots' attention to objects, participants began to predict more intentional behaviors for the robot. A multiple regression demonstrated that differential behavioral predictions about mechanical and human entities were associated with ratings of goal understanding but not overall intelligence of current computers/rob...
Some theoretical results concerning O3-NOx-VOC chemistry and NOx-VOC indicators

[1] A series of model results is shown pertaining to ozone, reactive nitrogen (NOy), and peroxides in polluted regions. The results focus on ratios such as O3/NOy and H2O2/HNO3 that have been proposed as indicators for O3-NOx-VOC sensitivity. These ratios are shown to correlate with predicted NOx-VOC sensitivity for a variety of zero-dimensional (0-D) and 3-D models, but the correlation varies in situations ranging from relatively clean to highly polluted. The previously identified NOx-VOC transition values for indicators appear to be valid for moderately polluted conditions with 80–150 ppb O3. Changes in indicator behavior are linked to odd hydrogen chemistry and in particular to changes in the ratio of O3 to primary radical production. Changes in indicator behavior are also correlated with the values of a test ratio, O3/(2H2O2+NOz) which can be evaluated against measurements. Ratios of the form ΔO3/ΔNOy, representing differences relative to background values, are proposed for analyzing NOx-VOC sensitivity in individual urban plumes. Comparisons are made to extent-of-reaction parameters, which have been proposed for evaluating NOx-VOC sensitivity.
Postnatal xenogeneic B-cell tolerance in swine following in utero intraportal antigen exposure.

Background The objective of this study was to investigate the humoral immune response to xenogeneic antigens administered during the fetal state utilizing a baboon-to-pig model. Methods Nine fetuses from an alpha-1,3-galactosyltransferase gene knockout (GalT-KO) MGH-miniature swine sow underwent transuterine ultrasound-guided intraportal injection of T-cell depleted baboon bone marrow (B-BM) at mid-gestation. Two juvenile GalT-KO swine undergoing direct B-BM intraportal injection were used as controls. Results Postnatal humoral tolerance was induced in the long-term surviving piglets as demonstrated by the absence of any antibody response to baboon donor cells. In addition, a second intraportal B-BM administration at 2.5 months post-birth led to no antibody formation despite re-exposure to xenogeneic antigens. This B-cell unresponsiveness was abrogated only when the animal was exposed subcutaneously to third-party xenogeneic and allogeneic antigens, suggesting that the previously achieved humoral non-responsiveness was donor specific. In comparison, the two juvenile GalT-KO control swine demonstrated increasing anti-baboon IgM and IgG levels following intraportal injection. Conclusions In summary, xenogeneic B-cell tolerance was induced through in utero intraportal exposure to donor cells and this tolerance persisted following postnatal rechallenge with donor B-BM, but was lost on exposure to third-party antigen, possibly as a result of cross-reactive antibody formation.
Maximum likelihood estimation of OFDM carrier frequency offset

Blind estimation of the OFDM carrier frequency offset (CFO) is studied in this paper. Maximum likelihood estimation is developed in the presence of virtual carriers. It turned out that the resulting estimator has an identical form to that of a previously proposed blind estimation scheme by Liu and Tureli (see IEEE Communications Letters, vol.2, p.104-6, April 1998). We explain, using the projection argument, why these two estimators are equivalent. For improved CFO estimation performance, multiple OFDM blocks can be utilized. Alternatively receiver diversity may be used in the CFO estimation. We show that in both cases, the estimator again reduces to the form similar to that of the MUSIC-like algorithm.. Performance improvement is shown using both the Cramer Rao lower bound and numerical examples.
The time-resolved response of semiconductor-electrolyte interfaces to short pulses of illumination

The kinetics of elementary steps in the overall process of photoelectrochemical current generation at an illuminated semiconductor-electrolyte interface can be investigated using relaxation techniques based on perturbations by pulses of illumination. This article reviews theoretical predictions for the form of transients expected under various experimental conditions, and compares these predictions with experimental results. Photopotential, photocurrent, and photoluminescence transient measurements following such perturbations of the semiconductor/electrolyte interface are described.
Functional imaging of focal brain activation in conscious rats: Impact of [14C]glucose metabolite spreading and release

Labeled glucose and its analogs are widely used in imaging and metabolic studies of brain function, astrocyte-neuron interactions, and neurotransmission. Metabolite shuttling among astrocytes and neurons is essential for cell-cell transfer of neurotransmitter precursors and supply and elimination of energy metabolites, but dispersion and release of labeled compounds from activated tissue would reduce signal registration in metabolic labeling studies, causing underestimation of focal functional activation. Processes and pathways involved in metabolite trafficking and release were therefore assessed in the auditory pathway of conscious rats. Unilateral monotonic stimulation increased glucose utilization (CMR(glc)) in tonotopic bands in the activated inferior colliculus by 35-85% compared with contralateral tissue when assayed with [(14)C]deoxyglucose (DG), whereas only 20-30% increases were registered with [1- or 6-(14)C]glucose. Tonotopic bands were not evident with [1-(14)C]glucose unless assayed during halothane anesthesia or pretreatment with probenecid but were detectable with [6-(14)C]glucose. Extracellular lactate levels transiently doubled during acoustic stimulation, so metabolite spreading was assessed by microinfusion of [(14)C]tracers into the inferior colliculus. The volume of tissue labeled by [1-(14)C]glucose exceeded that by [(14)C]DG by 3.2- and 1.4-fold during rest and acoustic activation, respectively. During activation, the tissue volume labeled by U-(14)C-labeled glutamine and lactate rose, whereas that by glucose fell 50% and that by DG was unchanged. Dispersion of [1-(14)C]glucose and its metabolites during rest was also reduced 50% by preinfusion of gap junction blockers. To summarize, during brain activation focal CMR(glc) is underestimated with labeled glucose because of decarboxylation reactions, spreading within tissue and via the astrocyte syncytium, and release from activated tissue. These findings help explain the fall in CMR(O2)/CMR(glc) during brain activation and suggest that lactate and other nonoxidized metabolites of glucose are quickly shuttled away from sites of functional activation.
Multimedia learner control and visual sensory-level supports for learning aircraft names and shapes

Abstract Forty undergraduates learned the names, features and shapes of 20 aircraft in a complex multimedia hypertext under complete freedom to explore and learn. The students' learning approaches and strategies were monitored to examine how effectively they made use of visual, sensory-level learning supports. The complexity of their possible study strategies was increased by the broad range of alternative multimedia supports available in the hypertext. These supports were designed to improve learning by augmenting the distributed cognition environment, and included several kinds of links among planes, apparent motion comparisons, contrasting colors, and side by side comparisons. Each of these supports basically offered students an opportunity for a unique study strategy that used that particular support alone or in combination. The experiment compared the effectiveness and study strategies of all these supports for a Sensory Support Group vs a Standard Group who had only side by side comparisons available. Our prediction was that the sensory level supports would prove useful for learning the planes. because many comparisons among these highly similar planes would be needed to learn them. and it would be difficult to distinguish the planes at a sensory visual level. However, learning outcome effects of the supports were only seen in the students who were given guidance that restricted their freedom to explore. They were given specific instructions to use all the sensory supports provided by the hypertext in a fixed sequence. This restricted (or guided) group learned better. In fact, protocol analyses showed that they were the only ones to use many of the sensory supports which the Sensory Group ignored. The results provide a basis for beginning to tailor strategics (book mode. rapid browsing, overview icon browsing, using apparent motion, studying mixed versus clustered sets, using colored contrasts, etc.) to guide students through the chaos of novel multimedia systems; they add to the evidence that selective control is better than complete freedom to explore in these complex environments, and they lead to a better understanding of the value of sensory-level supports embedded and implicit rather than imposed on a multimedia hypertext for learning complex visual stimuli.
Virtual Automated Transit System (VATS) and Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) application to intermodal freight movements in Northeastern Illinois

This paper addresses the issues faced by local and state governments concerning increasing traffic congestions, inadequate roadway design and traffic safety problems caused by the freight truck traffic; on the other hand, the freight industry is seeking to improve productivity by having easy access and direct routes between the intermodal facilities and the interstate highway system.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Angiographic observations and clinical relevance of coronary thrombus in unstable angina pectoris.

Abstract To assess the mechanisms of unstable angina, the coronary angiographic studies in 69 patients with severe unstable angina (prolonged pain or pain at rest) and in 20 patients with stable angina were blindly reviewed to assess the coronary morphologic changes in these syndromes. Coronary angiography was performed an average of 1.7 days from admission and an average of 24 hours from last symptoms of chest pain in patients with unstable angina. Angiographic studies were analyzed for evidence of coronary thrombus (intraluminal filling defects) at significant stenoses in patent vessels or thrombus at sites of total occlusion) and for coronary lesion morphology suggesting a complex or acute lesion (irregular or ill-defined margins, inhomogeneity, haziness or ulceration). Angiographic evidence of coronary thrombus was present in 40 of 69 patients (58%) with unstable angina: 31 (45%) had intraluminal filling defects and 9 (13%) had thrombotic total occlusion with well-developed collaterals present. Only 1 of 20 patients (5%) with stable angina had evidence of thrombus (p Thus, unstable angina is associated with a high prevalence of angiographic coronary thrombus and complex lesions suggesting an acute process, in contrast to stable angina. These findings provide additional support for the use of antithrombotic therapy in the treatment of unstable angina and provide further support for the increasing evidence suggesting a common mechanism for unstable angina and myocardial infarction.
Modulation of Postsurgical Cell Infiltration and Fibrinolytic Activity by Tolmetin in Two Species

Previous studies showed that tolmetin administered as a single instillate intraperitoneally at the end of surgery can reduce adhesion formation. In this report, studies on the mechanism by which this occurs were conducted. The effects of tolmetin administered intraperitoneally on red (RBC) and white blood cell (WBC) number, macrophage and polymorphonuclear neutrophil infiltration, protease activity in lavage fluid, and the fibrinolytic activity of a biopsy of nonsurgical and traumatized peritoneal sidewall were examined. Tolmetin was shown to increase the number of RBC at one postoperative time point in rabbits, but not in rats. In addition, tolmetin administration elevated the number of WBC harvested from the peritoneum predominantly through an increase in macrophage number. Administration of tolmetin also modulated the level of protease and protease inhibitor activity in the lavage fluid harvested from the peritoneum. The most pronounced change was a decrease in the level of plasminogen activator inhibitor activity. In addition, acute administration of tolmetin to rats elevated the level of fibrinolytic activity at the site of trauma as measured by in vitro cultures. In summary, intraperitoneal administration of tolmetin, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug which reduces adhesion formation in both rats and rabbits, at the end of surgery modulated the number of WBCs in the peritoneal cavity and the protease and protease inhibitory activities present in the peritoneal lavage fluid and peritoneum after surgery.
Imaging of reconstituted purple membranes by atomic force microscopy.

Abstract The organization of bacteriorhodopsin (bR) within reconstituted purple membranes (RPM) was examined using atomic force microscopy (AFM). Five reconstituted species were examined: RPM 3 (bR/native polar lipids/dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC) in a 1:9:14 molar ratio), RPM 4 (bR/native polar lipids in a 1:7 molar ratio), RPM 5 (bR/native polar lipids/1,2-di-O-phytanyl-sn-glycerol in a 1:3.5:6.1 molar ratio), RPM 6 (bR/native polar lipids/1,2-di-O-phytanyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in a 1:3.5:4.9 molar ratio), and RPM 7 (bR/native polar lipids/1,2-diphytanoyl-sn-glycero-3-[phospho- l -serine] in a 1:3.5:4.6 molar ratio). RPM 3 patches adsorbed onto mica exhibit domains of crystallized bR trimers arranged in a hexagonal packing structure, similar to those found in native purple membrane (NPM). These domains are enclosed by DMPC-rich regions. RPM 4 patches were observed to have larger domains of crystallized bR, with trimer orientation 30° different from that found in NPM. The bR-rich domains are enclosed by a large, protein-free, lipid-rich region. The topography of RPM 5 was difficult to resolve as the surface had no discernable patterns or structure. The topographies of RPM 6 and 7 were similar to that found in RPM 3 in that higher domains were formed within the patch adsorbed onto mica. They may contain protein-rich regions, but clear images of protein arrangement could not be obtained using AFM. This may be a result of imaging limitations or of the lack of organization of bR within these domains.
Deep brain transcranial magnetic stimulation using variable “Halo coil” system

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation has the potential to treat various neurological disorders non-invasively and safely. The “Halo coil” configuration can stimulate deeper regions of the brain with lower surface to deep-brain field ratio compared to other coil configurations. The existing “Halo coil” configuration is fixed and is limited in varying the site of stimulation in the brain. We have developed a new system based on the current “Halo coil” design along with a graphical user interface system that enables the larger coil to rotate along the transverse plane. The new system can also enable vertical movement of larger coil. Thus, this adjustable “Halo coil” configuration can stimulate different regions of the brain by adjusting the position and orientation of the larger coil on the head. We have calculated magnetic and electric fields inside a MRI-derived heterogeneous head model for various positions and orientations of the coil. We have also investigated the mechanical and thermal stability of the adjustable “Halo coil” configuration for various positions and orientations of the coil to ensure safe operation of the system.
Sulfotransferase 2A1 forms estradiol-17-sulfate and celecoxib switches the dominant product from estradiol-3-sulfate to estradiol-17-sulfate.

Abstract Using recombinant sulfotransferases (SULTs) expressed in E. coli , β-estradiol (E2) sulfonation was examined to determine which SULT enzyme is responsible for producing E2-17-sulfate (E2-17-S). SULTs 1A1*1, 1A1*2, 1A3, 1E1 and 2A1 all sulfated E2 to varying extents. No activity was observed with SULT1B1. Among the SULTs studied, SULT2A1 produced primarily E2-3-sulfate (E2-3-S), but also some E2-17-S and trace amounts of E2 disulfate. SULT2A1 had a K m value of 1.52 μM for formation of E2-3-S and 2.95 μM for formation of E2-17-S. SULT2A1 had the highest V max of 493 pmol/min/mg protein for formation of E2-3-S, which was 8.8- and 47-fold higher than the maximal rates of formation of E2-17-S and E2 disulfate, respectively. SULT2A1 formed E2-3-S more efficiently. However, when celecoxib (0–160 μM) was included in the incubation with either SULT2A1 or human liver cytosol, sulfonation switched from E2-3-S to E2-17-S in a concentration-dependent manner. The ratio of E2-17-S/E2-3-S went up to 15 with SULT2A1, and was saturated at 1 with human liver cytosol. In both cases, more E2-17-S was formed, with the unreacted E2 remained unchanged, suggesting celecoxib probably bound to a separate effector site to cause a conformational change in SULT2A1, which favored production of E2-17-S. The ability of celecoxib to alter the position of sulfonation of E2 may in part explain its success in the experimental prevention and treatment of breast cancer.
The Folic Acid Requirements of Turkey Breeder Hens

Abstract THE need for folic acid in the diet of the poult for growth and the prevention of a cervical paralysis has been noted by Richardson et al. (1945); Jukes et al. (1947); Russell et al. (1947); and Lance and Hogan (1948). Schweigert et al. (1948) fed turkey hens a ration containing 0.42 milligrams of folic acid per kilogram, and the same ration supplemented with 2 milligrams of folic acid per kilogram. They noted no difference in egg production or hatchability between these two groups although the poults from the hens fed the ration low in folic acid needed more of the vitamin for growth than the control poults. A number of investigators have reported on the effect of a folic acid deficiency on mortality and the incidence of malformations in chicken embryos. The deficiences were induced either by feeding folic acid deficient rations of natural feedstuffs (Taylor, 1947) or purified …
Unitary dilations and theC* algebra0 2

LetH be an infinite-dimensional separable Hilbert space, and letS=(Sij)∈teB(H)⊗M2 be a unitary 2 × 2 matrix with operator entries. We study theC*-algebra generated by the operatorsSij, and show that the study of unitary dilations of isometriesT inH reduces to the special case whereS11 =T, andS21 = 0. We useC*-algebraic techniques to obtain detailed results about the set of all unitary dilations ofT.
Effect of surface coverage in surface-enhanced Raman scattering: Interaction of two dipoles

The classical electromagnetic model for surface-enhanced Raman scattering has been extended to include the dipole-dipole interaction of molecules adsorbed at the surface of a sphere with the intention of elucidating the effect of submonolayer surface coverage. Numerical results for 10-, 50-, and 100-nm-radius silve particles show about a 15% decrease of the Raman signal as the dipoles on a silver sphere (in water) approach each other.
Non-viral gene therapy: polycation-mediated DNA delivery

Gene therapy, i.e., the expression in cells of genetic material with therapeutic activity, holds great promise for the treatment of human diseases. A delivery vehicle (vector), of either viral or non-viral origin, must be used to carry the foreign gene into a cell. Viral vectors take advantage of the facile integration of the gene of interest into the host and high probability of its long-term expression but are plagued by safety concerns. Non-viral vectors, although less efficient at introducing and maintaining foreign gene expression, have the profound advantage of being non-pathogenic and non-immunogenic; they are the subject of this review. Polycation-DNA complexes are particularly attractive for non-viral gene therapy. To perform, they have to attach to the target cell surface, be internalized, escape from endosomes, find a way to the nucleus, and, finally, be available for transcription. The clinical usefulness of polycationic vectors depends on elucidating the role each of these steps plays in gene transfer. Recent progress in consequent rational vector improvement is highlighted by our finding of polyethylenimine derivatives more potent and yet less cytotoxic than the 25-kDa polyethylenimine (one of the most effective non-viral vectors). Such vectors could be further modified with cell-targeting ligands to enhance their utility for in vivo applications.
Flow fields within the Tonga Slab determined from the moment tensors of deep earthquakes

The seismic strain rates and instantaneous velocity fields within the plane of the Tonga slab are investigated using 450 Harvard centroid moment tensor (CMT) solutions from the period 1977–1992. Down-dip seismic strain rates at the bottom of the slab are around 1 × 10−15 s−1. Spline functions are fitted to the distribution of seismic strain rates to recover the velocity gradient tensor within the plane of the slab. Solutions show a northward motion of the 200 km depth contour in the Tonga slab at rates of 8±2 mm/yr relative to the 670 km depth contour of the slab. Relative to the deep, southern portion of the Tonga slab, down-dip velocities increase from near zero in southern Tonga to 10±2.5 mm/yr in northern Tonga, consistent with the increased subduction rate from south to north described by the Pacific-Australia pole of rotation. Moreover, patterns of strain and velocity obtained from all events show a remarkable similarity with the patterns of strain and velocity obtained using only events with scalar moment values less than 1 × 1025 dyn cm. Along-strike extensional strain rates in the deep zone of northern Tonga are approximately 0.5 × 10−15 s−1. This is of the same order of magnitude as the extensional strain rates associated with changes in curvature produced by the subduction of a spherical plate, suggesting that the seismic strain rates within Tonga represent a large fraction of the total strain rate budget within the seismogenic zone. An estimated maximum of 60% of the relative motion between the surface and 670 km is absorbed as strain within the slab, indicating considerable slab thickening and penetration of the slab into the lower mantle.
Forage Source and Maturity Effects on Enzymatic Digestion Rate of Isolated Cellulose

Rates for enzymatic digestion of cellulose from immature and mature forage were 8.61 and 8.06 mg kg 's ' ,respectively. Even though enzymatic digestion rates between grasses and legumes were significantly different, the differences were small. Correlation between cellulose digestion rate and in vitro dry matter digestion of forage was not significant, indicating that cellulose digestion rate was not important in determining digestibility of whole plant tissue
Chain shortening of acyl-coenzyme A by rat liver microsomes.

Abstract [9,10-3H]Palmityl-coenzyme A, [9,10-3H]stearyl-coenzyme A and [9,10-3H]-oleoyl-coenzyme A were tested as substrates for shortening the chain by two carbon atoms using liver microsomes from essential fatty acid-deficient rats. The rates of the reaction were 0.87, 0.68 and 0.34 nmole/min per mg microsomal protein, respectively. The coenzyme A thioester of the fatty acid is the active form of the substrate. Under the same conditions, the rate of chain shortening of palmitic acid is only 1/5 that of palmityl-coenzyme A. Both NADP+ and NAD+ are required for maximum enzyme activity. The divalent cations, Mg2+ and Ca2+ tend to inhibit the reaction.
An Hourglass-Type Supravalvular Aortic Stenosis

![Figure][1] [![Graphic][3] ][3][![Graphic][4] ][4] A 49-year-old woman with exertional chest pain and a systolic murmur at the right upper sternal border radiating to both carotids had a hypercontractile left ventricle (LV) and a 77 mm Hg peak pressure gradient between the LV
Multimedia systems: an overview

Advances in distributed multimedia systems have begun to significantly affect the development of on-demand multimedia services. Researchers are working within established computer areas to transform existing technologies and develop new ones. Multimedia is shown as the merging of computing, communications, and broadcasting. >
Use of a sprayed fibrin hemostatic sealant after laser therapy for hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia epistaxis.

BACKGROUND Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) is a relatively common autosomal dominant condition. Epistaxis is a frequent manifestation, often occurring daily and requiring iron and blood transfusions. Surgery often is bloody and difficult. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a sprayed fibrin, hemostatic sealant in preventing postoperative epistaxis after laser treatment of nasal mucosa in HHT. Fibrin sealant was compared with nasal packing for likelihood of postoperative epistaxis and financial impact including material costs and hospitalization fees. METHODS Retrospective review was performed of 64 individual laser treatments for epistaxis in HHT patients at the University of California, San Diego, Medical Center between 2002 and 2005. Nasal packing was used in 30 procedures and fibrin sealant was used in 34 procedures. RESULTS Six of 30 (20%) procedures using postoperative nasal packing required admission with an average hospital expense of $5914. One of 34 patients (3%) in the fibrin sealant group required hospitalization (p = 0.04). CONCLUSION Aerosolized fibrin sealant prevents postoperative epistaxis after nasal laser treatment in HHT patients. Compared with traditional nasal packing we found improved patient comfort and recovery with substantial cost savings.
Electromagnetically induced transparency line shapes for large probe fields and optically thick media

We calculate the line shape and linewidths for electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) in optically thick, Doppler broadened media (buffer gasses are also considered). In generalizing the definition of the EIT linewidth to optically thick media, we find two different linewidth definitions apply depending on whether the experiment is pulsed or continuous wave (cw). Using the cw definition for the EIT line shape we derive analytic expressions describing the linewidth as a function of optical depth. We also review the EIT line shapes in optically thin media and provide physical arguments for how the line shapes change as a function of various parameters.
Prologue to The Chemical Adventures of Sherlock Holmes

An introduction to the series of stories called The Chemical Adventures of Sherlock Holmes is presented.
Genetic evidence for dispersal by both sexes in the Central American Squirrel Monkey, Saimiri oerstedii citrinellus.

Sex-biased dispersal (SBD) is common in many vertebrates, including primates. However, dispersal patterns in New World primates may vary among closely related taxa or populations in different local environments. Here, we test for SBD in an endangered New World primate, the Central American Squirrel Monkey (Saimiri oerstedii citrinellus). Previous studies of behavioral ecology suggest predominantly female dispersal in S.o. oerstedii in the Southern Pacific region of Costa Rica. However, our genetic data do not support strongly female-biased dispersal in S.o. citrinellus in the Central Pacific region. Our tests for SBD using microsatellite data including comparisons of isolation-by-distance, AIc, and FST values between males and females were not significant. Also, we found greater population genetic structure in mitochondrial markers than in microsatellite markers, indicative of predominantly male dispersal. We conclude that both sexes disperse in S.o. citrinellus, and that males probably disperse over longer distances. We discuss how spatial and temporal variation among local populations should be taken into account when studying dispersal patterns and especially sex bias. Am. J. Primatol. 74:37–47, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
After the waters receded: A qualitative study of university official's disaster experiences during the Great Iowa flood of 2008

When the Great Flood of 2008 hit towns across Eastern Iowa, officials from the University of Iowa shut its operations for a week, relocated and evacuated students and community residents, and suffered damage to over a dozen buildings. This study is a qualitative assessment of the experiences and perceptions of twelve university officials involved in the response and management of the disaster. Major themes are presented according to phases of the Disaster Management Cycle. During the preparedness phase, an established all-hazards plan as well as specific annexes for flooding and pandemic influenza proved to enhance community response to the flood. However, training university clientele across a large organization to execute these plans and respond to future disasters is not an easy task. The content and effective means for delivering these trainings are areas for further research. During the response phase of the flood, officials swiftly expedited a business continuity plan to assure that personnel were paid during the university closure. However, enforcing a policy to avoid coming to work during the closure was challenging. Thus, future work must be done to determine and implement effective disaster communications that relay clear messages about roles and responsibilities. Now, in recovery, the university must rebuild its infrastructure and consider potential mental health issues. Lessons learned from the Great Flood of 2008 provide the opportunity to self-assess and prepare universities for disasters in the future.
Interplanetary neutral hydrogen and the radius of the heliosphere

Abstract The supersonic flow of the solar wind is believed to terminate in a shock transition to subsonic flow somewhere in the outer part of the solar system. The radius of the roughly spherical region (the heliosphere) bounded by this standing shock wave has been estimated as ~20 A.U. as the result of a theoretical study by Patterson, Johnson, and Hanson of the distribution of interplanetary neutral hydrogen. The present paper describes a model of particle densities in the region beyond the heliosphere. It is shown on the basis of this model that most of the neutral hydrogen in the vicinity of the Earth does not originate (in charge exchanges between solar wind protons and interstellar neutral hydrogen) near the shock boundary of the heliosphere, as assumed by Patterson, Johnson, and Hanson, but in a Shell far beyond the shock. The neutral hydrogen density near the Earth can then be maintained only if the shock is near 5 A.U. This reduced value for the radius of the heliosphere implies an interstellar magnetic field larger by an order of magnitude than that conventionally accepted. It is, however, in good agreement with recent estimates of the size of this region based on the solar modulation of galactic cosmic rays.
Investigation of the Kinetics and Mechanisms of the Oxidation of Cerussite and Hydrocerussite by Chlorine

Reactions of representative lead (II) solid phases (hydrocerussite, cerussite) with chlorine were examined in this study. Chlorine consumption profiles for these solids exhibited a lag phase, during which little consumption of chlorine occurred, and an ensuing rapid reaction phase. The durations of these phases were affected by the pH, carbonate, and chlorine concentrations. SEM and XRD data showed that hydrocerussite started to be transformed into cerussite during the lag phase. Kinetic analysis indicated that only the protonated form of HClO drives the autocatalytic oxidation step, which is mediated by dispersed PbO2 crystals. The rate of the noncatalytic oxidation decreased with the increase of carbonate due to the formation of unreactive surface carbonate Pb(II) complexes.
The interaction of molecular and atomic oxygen with Si(100) and Si(111)

Abstract Studies of the interaction of O2 and O with Si(111) and Si(100) at a fundamental level are reviewed. Both atomic and molecular chemisorbed species have been found on these surfaces. STM studies have given a great deal of information on site geometry at very low coverages. Theoretical calculations are available for the energetics and dynamics of O2 dissociation on Si(100). Kinetic studies of O2 adsorption are characterized by a fast-adsorption regime below one monolayer (ML) with an initial sticking coefficient S0 well below unity and much slower adsorption at higher coverages. An O2 precursor plays an important role in the adsorption dynamics. Atomic oxygen is adsorbed with unit sticking coefficient at very low coverages. At coverages beyond 1 ML, S0 decreases much more slowly with coverage than for O2. Adsorption of O2 can be enhanced using simultaneous ion or electron bombardment. Photoelectron spectroscopy experiments clearly show that ultrathin oxide films have a variety of intermediate silicon oxidation states and that the Si/SiO2 interface is not abrupt. Thermal decomposition studies of ultrathin oxide films show that the film is not in diffusional equilibrium at the desorption temperature and that the decomposition is inhomogeneous with void formation exposing the Si substrate. The transition from active oxidation to passive oxidation proceeds through SiO2-like nuclei which are stable at temperatures where isolated oxygen atoms desorb as SiO. Oxidation at low and intermediate temperatures leads to quasi-layer-by-layer growth of an oxide film whereas at temperatures beyond 1000 K, inhomogeneous film growth is observed.
Chemical exchange by 2D magnetization transfer in the rotating frame

L'etude des echanges chimiques dans les peptides est souvent genee par le fait que les resonances d'echange sont trop voisines les unes des autres. Dans ce cas la technique de transfert d'aimantation dans le referentiel tournant qui combine le transfert d'aimantation et les techniques de blocage de spin permet d'observer les echanges chimiques parmi les resonances qui presentent de petites differences de frequence
Fracture of foamed Portland cements

The effects of microstructural parameters such as pore size, pore wall thickness, grain size, and bulk density on the mechanical behavior of foamed Portland Type I and Type III cements with densities ranging from 0.28 (18 lb/ft3) to 0.72 g/cm3 (45 lb/ft3) were studied. For both types of cements the elastic modulus and notched-beam fracture surface energies were found to increase with increasing bulk density. The strength of notched specimens varied as a function of the inverse square root of the notch depth indicating that the Griffith criterion of failure is applicable. The strength was found to increase with increasing bulk density which correlated with changes in the elastic modulus and fracture surface energy. The maximum in the strength as a function of refining time correlated with a minimum in the pore size.
Probing the physical basis for trp repressor-operator recognition

The bacterial repressor protein, trp repressor, is one of the best studied transcriptional regulatory proteins in terms of function, structure, dynamics and stability. Despite these significant advances, the structural and energetic basis for the specific recognition of its operator sites by trp repressor remains poorly understood. In fact, recognition in this system is controled by the binding of the co-repressor ligand, l-tryptophan, as well as by conformational and dynamic properties of the operator targets, DNA sequence-dependent control of the oligomerization properties of the repressor, water-mediated interactions, and specific interactions involving the peptide backbone and phosphate moieties. Moreover, only one direct contact between the protein and the DNA is evident from the crystallographically determined structure of the complex. In an attempt to better define how the various sequence elements in the operator target contribute to this complex control of affinity and cooperativity of trp repressor binding, we have studied the binding of trp repressor to a series of mutated operator targets using fluorescence anisotropy, which provides very high quality data allowing fairly precise estimations of the affinities involved. We conclude from these studies that even on very small (25 bp) targets, the repressor binds slightly cooperatively, populating a 2:1 dimer/DNA complex, and then at higher concentrations a third dimer is bound with significantly lower affinity, revealing an inherent asymmetry in the trpEDCBA-derived target. Investigation of the basis for the asymmetry implicates the identity of the second base in the so-called structural half-site GNACT, which apparently influences the switch between tandem and simple binding. Mutation of the C or the T bases in the structural half-site abolishes all specificity in binding, and alteration of the single direct contact, the G of the structural half-site, or the central TTAA significantly lowers the affinity of the dimer for its site, without modifying the apparent cooperativity. Finally, we note that the order of affinity is conserved in the absence of the co-repressor, and moreover, it is in all cases significantly higher than that observed for holo-repressor binding to non-specific DNA, indicating that one cannot simply equate apo-repressor and non-specific binding.
Major Volatile Components of the Juice of American Cranberry

SUMMARY– Volatiles from the juice of the American cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.) were investigated using gas chromatography, mass spectrometry and infrared spectrophotometry. Forty-two compounds comprising over 95% of the aroma complex were identified. These consist of 14 aromatic compounds, 7 terpenes, 9 aliphatic alcohols, 6 aliphatic aldehydes and 6 other compounds including the 2 acids, benzoic and 2-methylbutyric. The aromatic compounds (benzaldehyde, benzyl and benzoate esters) and the terpenes appear to be the major contributors to the aroma of cranberry juice. The remaining 5% of the aroma complex contains over 200 components. Although these compounds occur in very small concentrations, they appear to be important in the overall aroma.
Estimation of energy expenditure in Western Samoa, American Samoa, and Honolulu by recall interviews and direct observation

Reliable and accurate estimates of energy expenditure are a fundamental requirement for research on energy balance, energy flow, and other biocultural phenomena. Cross-validation of estimates derived from more than one time-allocation method can detect sources of bias and may lead to estimates which are more credible than those from activity recalls used alone. This paper compares 24-hour activity recalls and direct observations as methods of estimating the energy expenditure of 145 18-37-year-old Samoans residing in rural Western Samoa, American Samoa, and Honolulu. Daily energy expenditure was estimated on 2 workdays by activity recalls (n = 214) or by focal-individual observations (n = 91). Samoan men expend 2,900-3,400 kcal/day and women expend 2,250-2,650 kcal/day. Estimates of energy expenditure in the Western Samoa sample are comparable to other subsistence horticultural societies, while the American Samoan and Honolulu samples are comparable to other sedentary working populations. Group estimates from recall interviews are 100-400 kcal/day higher than from observations, although this is only a difference of 5-10%. Overestimation of energy expenditure is more evident at higher work intensities than for sedentary activities. The apparent exaggeration of strenuous activity in this, and other, studies indicates that without cross-validation, self-reported activity data may often be confounded by an unknown amount of subjective bias.
Water desalination: Fresh for less.

Salt water can be separated into desalted and saltier streams by a nanochannel-based device that requires only low-voltage electricity.
Does dopamine connect the dots in ADPKD

Healthy autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) patients with normal kidney function demonstrate reduced endothelial-dependent vasodilation that improves with increasing local dopamine levels. Dopamine regulates renal sodium excretion, and dopamine receptors are located on primary cilia in both vascular and renal tubular epithelial cells. The study by Lorthioir and colleagues links endothelial function and dopamine availability in ADPKD patients.
Sex Role Orientations of Male and Female Collegiate Athletes from Selected Individual and Team Sports

The purpose of the present study was to determine whether the sex role orientations of male and female collegiate athletes were more similar in team sports than in individual sports. It was predicted that females in masculine-oriented team sports (basketball and volleyball) would exhibit sex role orientations more similar to those of their male counterparts than would females in individual sports (track/field and swimming). To test this notion the S. L. Bem (“The Measurement of Psychological Androgyny, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1974, 42, 155–167) Sex Role Inventory was administered to 381 athletes from 37 National Collegiate Athletic Association institutions. The median-split procedure (S. L. Bem, “On the Utility of Alternative Procedures for Assessing Psychology Androgyny,” Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1977, 45, 196–205) was used to classify subjects as masculine, feminine, androgynous, or undifferentiated. Separate Gender × Sex Role Orientation chi square tests were performed on the frequency data of team and individual sport athletes. The results indicated no significant differences in the sex role orientations of male and female team sport performers, with the greatest proportion (66%) having a masculine (33%) or androgynous (33%) orientation. For individual sports there was a significant difference in the sex role orientations of males and females. The highest proportion of females were classified as feminine (37%) and the lowest proportion were classified as masculine (11%). Individual sport males were somewhat evenly distributed among the four sex role orientation categories, with the highest proportion classified as undifferentiated (36%). It was concluded that sex role orientation of elite female athletes may be associated with the male appropriateness of the sport in which they participate.
Multivariate limited translation hierarchical Bayes estimators

Based on the notion of predictive influence functions, the paper develops multivariate limited translation hierarchical Bayes estimators of the normal mean vector which serve as a compromise between the hierarchical Bayes and maximum likelihood estimators. The paper demonstrates the superiority of the limited translation estimators over the usual hierarchical Bayes estimators in terms of the frequentist risks when the true parameter to be estimated departs widely from the grand average of all the parameters.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Growth in Distilled Water from Hospitals

Pseudomonas aeruginosa can grow relatively fast in distilled water obtained in hospitals and achieve high cell contaminations which remain stable for long periods of time. Cells grown in distilled water react quite differently to chemical and physical stresses than cells grown in standard laboratory culture media.
Sodium-calcium exchange in excitable cells : fuzzy space

Etude de la pompe Na + -Ca ++ dans les cellules excitables, notamment les cellules du muscle cardiaque, et de son influence sur les concentrations de calcium intracellulaire et la contraction. Suite aux publications recentes d'autres auteurs, discussion sur la possible existence d'un espace intracellulaire proche de la membrane ou la diffusion des ions Na + et Ca ++ serait freinee
Amphetamine Self-Administration Attenuates Dopamine D2 Autoreceptor Function

Dopamine D2 autoreceptors located on the midbrain dopaminergic neurons modulate dopamine (DA) neuron firing, DA release, and DA synthesis through a negative-feedback mechanism. Dysfunctional D2 autoreceptors following repeated drug exposure could lead to aberrant DA activity in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and projection areas such as nucleus accumbens (NAcc), promoting drug-seeking and -taking behavior. Therefore, it is important to understand molecular mechanisms underlying drug-induced changes in D2 autoreceptors. Here, we reported that 5 days of amphetamine (AMPH) self-administration reduced the ability of D2 autoreceptors to inhibit DA release in the NAcc as determined by voltammetry. Using the antibody-capture [35S]GTPγS scintillation proximity assay, we demonstrated for the first time that midbrain D2/D3 receptors were preferentially coupled to Gαi2, whereas striatal D2/D3 receptors were coupled equally to Gαi2 and Gαo for signaling. Importantly, AMPH abolished the interaction between Gαi2 and D2/D3 receptors in the midbrain while leaving striatal D2/D3 receptors unchanged. The disruption of the coupling between D2/D3 receptors and Gαi2 by AMPH is at least partially explained by the enhanced RGS2 (regulator of G-protein signaling 2) activity resulting from an increased RGS2 trafficking to the membrane. AMPH had no effects on the midbrain expression and trafficking of other RGS proteins such as RGS4 and RGS8. Our data suggest that midbrain D2/D3 receptors are more susceptible to AMPH-induced alterations. Reduced D2 autoreceptor function could lead to enhanced DA signaling and ultimately addiction-related behavior. RGS2 may be a potential non-dopaminergic target for pharmacological intervention of dysfunctional DA transmission and drug addiction.
Resolution of a coeluting chromatographic pair using kalman filtering

Abstract A new approach is reported for enhancing resolution in chromatographic separations monitored by diode array spectroscopy. This approach uses a digital filter, known as the Kalman filter, to resolve coeluting chromatographic components by fitting the time-dependent spectral responses observed at the detector to the spectra of pure component models. The estimates of concentration as a function of time permit the creation of elution profiles for each chromatographic component included in the model. The method is tested on synthetic three-dimensional chromatograms generated from Gaussian elution profiles, and it is demonstrated that, with adequate spectral models, the overlapped chromatographic components can be resolved. Arbitrarily poor chromatographic resolution, jitter in peak location, and high detector noise do not interfere. The method was applied to the separation of overlapped chromatographic peaks from dopamine and tyrosine, and it was demonstrated that accurate quantitation was possible, even when chromatographic resolution was less than ideal. The method fails when spectral responses occur that are not included in the filter model.
“Escape” of a periodically driven particle from a metastable state in a noisy system

We consider the statistical properties of the escape time of a particle initially sitting in a potential well subject to a combination of white noise and a periodic forcing term. As one finds in the case of the much-studied bistable potential, different kinds of resonant effects can occur, as measured by the survival probability and the average residence time. When this time is considered as a function of the noise strength, then we show that for small amplitudes of the forcing term there are no resonant effects, while for large amplitudes such effects can appear. We also show that a resonant phenomenon is possible in terms of the amplitude of a periodic forcing term.