cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modification of Whey Proteins to Improve Functionality

Abstract Modification of whey proteins to enhance or alter their functional properties may increase food applications. Whey protein modification can be accomplished by chemical, enzymatic, or physical techniques. Acetylation, succinylation, esterification, amidation, phosphorylation, and thiolation are chemical modifications that can induce significant alterations of the structure and functional behavior of whey proteins. Enzymatic protein modification may entail partial proteolytic hydrolysis, incorporation of crosslinks within the protein conformation, or attachment of specific functional groups to the protein. Physical techniques to alter whey protein functionality include thermal treatment, biopolymer complexing, and texturization.
A Photochemical Precursor for Carbon Monoxide Release in Aerated Aqueous Media

Interest in therapeutic applications of carbon monoxide release to physiological targets has led us to explore a photochemical strategy for such CO delivery. Here, we describe the photoactivated carbon monoxide releasing moiety (photoCORM), W(CO)(5)(TPPTS)(3-) (1), an air-stable, water-soluble tungsten(0) carbonyl complex of the trianionic ligand tris(sulphonatophenyl)phosphine. Near-UV photolysis of 1 in an aqueous buffer solution leads to the high quantum yield release of a single CO, the formation of which has been verified by three analytical methodologies. Furthermore, in aerated media, additional CO is slowly released from the W(CO)(4)(H(2)O)(TPPTS)(3-) photoproduct owing to autoxidation of the tungsten center. Thus, 1 serves as a carbon monoxide releasing moiety both in the primary photochemical reaction and in the secondary reactions of the initially formed photoproduct. The three methodologies for quantifying CO release under these physiologically relevant conditions are also described.
Self-assembling Peptide Detergent A6D Directly Associates with Bovine Rhodopsin and Forms Lipid-like Vesicles

Membrane protein study critically depends on detergents, which are amphilhilic molecules containing a hydrophilic “head” and a hydrophobic “tail” to mimic biological lipid bilayers to stabilize membrane proteins. However, detergents are not fully equivalent to lipid bilayers and in fact they only partly mimic lipid bilayers function. Consequently, membrane proteins in detergent solution are more or less denatured because detergents can not effectively stabilize membrane protein structures. Therefore, it is urgent to develop new types of detergents for more effectively stabilizing membrane proteins. Previously, we have reported a new type of self-assembly peptide detergents containing a hydrophilic head composed of either a negatively charged aspartic acid or a positively charged lysine and a tail of hydrophobic amino acids of six connective alanines. This new peptide detergent has been shown to be more effective for protecting membrane protein PS I structure than that the conventional detergent does. However, what type of physical structures peptide detergent can form is unclear yet. Here we presented our AFM and DSL analysis of the peptide detergent A6D, which not only form mixed micelles with n-Octyl-beta-D-Glucoside (OG) to solubilize membrane protein rhodopsin, but also can mimic lipid bilayers to keep rhodopsin in lipid-like vesicles for its structure preservation.
Cell-specific nuclear import of plasmid DNA in smooth muscle requires tissue-specific transcription factors and DNA sequences

Two shortcomings of nonviral gene therapy are a lack of tissue-specific targeting of vectors and low levels of gene transfer. Our laboratory has begun to address these limitations by designing plasmids that enter the nucleus of specific cell types in the absence of cell division, thereby enhancing expression in a controlled manner. We have shown that a 176 bp portion of the smooth muscle γ-actin (SMGA) promoter can mediate plasmid nuclear import specifically in smooth muscle cells (SMCs). Here, we demonstrate that the binding sites for serum response factor (SRF) and NKX3-1/3-2 within this DNA nuclear targeting sequence (DTS) are required for plasmid nuclear import. Knockdown of these factors with siRNA abrogates plasmid nuclear import, indicating that they are necessary cofactors. In addition, coinjection of recombinant SRF and Nkx3.2 with the vector in TC7 epithelial cells rescues import. Finally, we show that the SRF nuclear localization sequence (NLS) is required for vector nuclear import. We propose that SRF and NKX3-1/3-2 bind the SMGA DTS in the cytoplasm, thus coating the plasmid with NLSs that mediate translocation across the nuclear pore complex. This discovery could aid in the development of more efficient nonviral vectors for gene transfer to SMCs.
Relaxation of the Turbulent Boundary Layer After an Abrupt Change From Rough to Smooth Wall (Data Bank Contribution)

Measurements of velocity and turbulence intensity profiles and skin friction coefficient are presented for turbulent flat-plate boundary layer flow over a test surface with a rough-to-smooth step change in surface roughness. The first 0.9 m length of the test surface is roughened with 1.27 mm diameter hemispheres spaced 2 base diameters apart in a uniform staggered array, and the remaining 1.5 m length is smooth. The profiles are compared with previous data for all-rough cases under closely matched conditions in the same facility. The skin friction data are compared with previous data for both all-rough and all-smooth cases.
INDETERMINATE GROWTH OF LEAVES IN GUAREA (MELIACEAE): A TWIG ANALOGUE

Leaves of seed plants are generally characterized as organs of determinate growth. In this regard, Guarea and related genera seem unusual in that the pinnately compound leaves of these plants contain a bud at their tip from which new pinnae expand from time to time. Previous studies (based upon superficial examinations of leaf-tip buds) have produced contradictory conclusions regarding how long the leaf apex remains meristematic and produces new pinna primordia. In order to determine whether leaf development in Guarea is truly indeterminate, we microscopically examined leaf-tip buds of G. guidonia and G. glabra. In both species, the leaf apex remains meristematic and continues to produce new pinna primordia as the leaf ages. Unexpanded leaves of G. guidonia contained an average of 23 pinna primordia, while the oldest leaves we examined had initiated an average of 44 total pinnae. In G. glabra, unexpanded leaves contained 8 pinnae, whereas an average of 28 pinnae had been initiated on the oldest leaves. These results indicate that leaf development in Guarea is truly indeterminate. Periodic examination of individual intact leaves indicated that the leaves commonly continue their growth for 2 or more years (observed maximum = 51 months). As new leaflets are initiated at the shoot apex (and subsequently expand in rhythmic flushes), older (basal) leaflets may abscise. In addition, the petiole and rachis of the leaf thicken and become woody as a result of the activity of a vascular cambium. Guarea leaves therefore seem to function as the analogue of a typical twig (stem) in general habit as well as in their indeterminate apical growth and secondary thickening.
Octamer-dependent in Vivo Expression of the Endothelial Cell-specific TIE2 Gene

The TIE2 gene, also known asTEK, encodes a tyrosine kinase receptor that is required for the normal development of the vascular system during embryogenesis.TIE2 is specifically expressed in endothelial cells; however, the transcriptional mechanisms that regulate this highly restricted pattern of expression remain unknown. Here we demonstrate that a consensus octamer element located in the 5′-flanking region ofTIE2 is required for normal expression in embryonic endothelial cells. Transgenic embryos carrying a TIE2/LacZ construct spanning 2.1 kilobases of upstream regulatory sequences exhibit expression of the reporter transgene specifically in endothelial cells. Site-directed mutagenesis of a consensus octamer element located in this region results in the loss of enhancer activity and significantly impairs the endothelial expression of the reporter transgene. Consistent with the in vivodata, in vitro DNA-protein binding studies show that the consensus octamer element displays an endothelial cell-specific pattern of binding, suggesting an interaction with a protein complex consisting of Oct1 and an endothelial cell-restricted cofactor. These data identify a novel role for the octamer element as an essential regulator of TIE2 expression, define the first known transcriptional pathway that mediates the expression of a developmental endothelial cell gene, and provide insights into the transcriptional mechanisms that regulate development of the vasculature during embryogenesis.
Constructing Ensembles from Data Envelopment Analysis

Using an ensemble of models often results in better performance than using a single “best” model. We present a new approach based on data envelopment analysis (DEA) for model combination. We prove that for two-class classification problems, DEA models identify the same convex hull as does the popular receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analysis used for model combination. We further develop two DEA-based methods to combine classifiers for the more general k-class classification problems. Our results demonstrate that the two methods outperform other benchmark methods and suggest that DEA can be a powerful tool for model combination.
The effect of pH on dimethylnitrosamine formation in human gastric juice

Abstract In view of the possibility of additional reaction mechanisms involving nitrosyl chloride and thiocyanate ion in the nitrosation of dimethylamine in human gastric juice and the limited amount of data concerning nitrosamine formation in gastric juice, the formation of dimethylnitrosamine (DMNA) from 100 ppm nitrite and 100 ppm dimethylamine was studied in a 50% aqueous solution of human gastric juice over a pH range of 1·7−4·5. Steam distillation and extraction with methylene chloride enabled an 80% recovery at the 25 ppb (b = 10 9 ) level, with verification by high resolution mass spectrometry. DMNA was formed over the entire pH range tested in amounts ranging from 9 to 34 ppb. From the data presented here it appears that the optimum pH for the nitrosation of dimethylamine in human gastric juice is in the region of 2·5 rather than 3·4, which was previously found to be the optimum pH in aqueous solutions free of HCl.
Role of polar groups in fractionating isomeric polystyrene oligomers

Abstract Isomers of polystyrene trimers have been fractionated using column packings of silica derivatized with cyanopropyl, aminopropyl, nitropropyl, and tetranitrofluorene groups. The elution order was independent of the packing and of the solvent used for elution. However, that order was opposite to the one reported earlier for alkyl-derivatized silicas which, when eluted with polar solvents from different locations of the Snyder trinagle, all gave the same elution order. Hence, it appears that the polar groups, cyano, amino, and nitro, whether in a solvent or on the surface of an adsorbent provide the same dominant contribution to the polystyrene isomer separation by inducing a dipole in the phenyl groups of polystyrene. This interaction also can be applied to explain the elution order of polystyrene stereoisomers. For example, the interaction, which is strongest with the nitro group, produces a relatively stronger retention by the isotactic species when the nitro group is attached to the column, but a relatively weaker retention when the nitro group is in the eluting solvent.
Angiotensin II-induced angiotensin II type I receptor lysosomal degradation studied by fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy

Upon activation, the angiotensin (Ang) II type 1 receptor (AT 1 Rs) rapidly undergoes endocytosis. After a series of intracellular processes, the internalized AT 1 Rs recycle back to the plasma membrane or are trafficked to proteasomes or lysosomes for degradation. We recently reported that AT 1 Rs degrades in proteasomes upon stimulation of the D5 dopamine receptor (D5R) in human renal proximal tubule and HEK-293 cells. This is in contrast to the degradation of AT1R in lysosomes upon binding Ang II. However, the dynamic regulation of the AT 1 Rs in lysosomes is not well understood. Here we investigated the AT 1 Rs lysosomal degradation using FRET-FLIM in HEK 293 cells heterologously expressing the human AT1R tagged with EGFP as the donor fluorophore. Compared to its basal state, the lifetime of AT 1 Rs decreased after a 5-minute treatment with Ang II treatment and colocalized with Rab5 but not Rab7 and LAMP1. With longer Ang II treatment (30 min), the AT 1 Rs lifetime decreased and co-localized with Rab5, as well as Rab7 and LAMP1. The FLIM data are corroborated with morphological and biochemical co-immunoprecipitation studies. These data demonstrate that Ang II induces the internalization of AT 1 Rs into early sorting endosomes prior to trafficking to late endosomes and subsequent degradation in lysosomes.
Surgical Infections in Traumatic Spine Injuries

Wound infection after surgical treatment of traumatic spinal injuries is twice more common than after elective spinal surgery. Risk factors include older age, complete neurologic injury, more extensive surgery, posterior surgery, use of high-dose steroids, and prolonged stay in the intensive care unit. Modifiable risk factors should be minimized in the preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative periods. The key to treatment is prompt irrigation and debridement. Because of the high prevalence of polymicrobial infections, broad-spectrum antibiotics should be administered.
Fusion of classifiers for REIS-based detection of suspicious breast lesions

After developing a multi-probe resonance-frequency electrical impedance spectroscopy (REIS) system aimed at detecting women with breast abnormalities that may indicate a developing breast cancer, we have been conducting a prospective clinical study to explore the feasibility of applying this REIS system to classify younger women (< 50 years old) into two groups of "higher-than-average risk" and "average risk" of having or developing breast cancer. The system comprises one central probe placed in contact with the nipple, and six additional probes uniformly distributed along an outside circle to be placed in contact with six points on the outer breast skin surface. In this preliminary study, we selected an initial set of 174 examinations on participants that have completed REIS examinations and have clinical status verification. Among these, 66 examinations were recommended for biopsy due to findings of a highly suspicious breast lesion ("positives"), and 108 were determined as negative during imaging based procedures ("negatives"). A set of REIS-based features, extracted using a mirror-matched approach, was computed and fed into five machine learning classifiers. A genetic algorithm was used to select an optimal subset of features for each of the five classifiers. Three fusion rules, namely sum rule, weighted sum rule and weighted median rule, were used to combine the results of the classifiers. Performance evaluation was performed using a leave-one-case-out cross-validation method. The results indicated that REIS may provide a new technology to identify younger women with higher than average risk of having or developing breast cancer. Furthermore, it was shown that fusion rule, such as a weighted median fusion rule and a weighted sum fusion rule may improve performance as compared with the highest performing single classifier.
A notation for non-linear program edits

We present a visual notation to support the understanding and reasoning about program edits. The graph-based representation directly supports a number of editing operations beyond those offered by a typical, linear program-edit model and makes obvious otherwise hidden states the code can reach through selectively undoing or redoing changes.
Left Atrial Mural Endocarditis Secondary to Mitral Valve Jet Lesion

A 38-year-old woman with Down syndrome and mitral valve prolapse presented with 2 weeks of fever and cough. She had presented to an outpatient clinic 1 week earlier and was prescribed empirical antibiotics for a suspected respiratory tract infection. Despite this therapy, she continued to have high spiking fevers and developed a fulminant rash, prompting emergent admission for further evaluation. She had previously been healthy without other risk factors for infective endocarditis. On admission to the intensive care unit, she was febrile, confused, tachycardic, and hypotensive. Examination showed peripheral signs of septic embolization, including Janeway lesions (Figure, A), splinter hemorrhages (Figure, B), Osler nodes (Figure, C), and conjunctival petechiae (Figure, D). An IV/VI plateau–shaped holosystolic murmur was heard in the mitral area with radiation to the axilla. Laboratory studies revealed neutrophilic leukocytosis and lactic acidosis. Transthoracic echocardiography showed myxomatous morphology of the mitral valve with holosystolic prolapse of the anterior mitral leaflet (Figure, E and Movie I in the online-only Data Supplement). Color-flow Doppler showed severe eccentric mitral regurgitation with a posteriorly directed regurgitant jet (Figure, F and Movie II in the online-only Data Supplement). Jet velocities in excess of 4 …
Context modulates the contribution of time and space in causal inference.

Humans use kinematic temporal and spatial information from the environment to infer the causal dynamics (e.g., force) of an event.We hypothesize that the basis for these inferences are malleable and modulated by contextual temporal and spatial information. Specifically, the present research investigates whether the extent of a person’s ongoing experience with direct causal events (e.g., temporally contiguous and spatially continuous) alters their use of time and space in judgments of causality. Participants made inferences of causality on animated launching events depicting a blue ball colliding with and then “launching” a red ball. We parametrically manipulated temporal contiguity and spatial continuity by varying the duration of contact between the balls and the angle of the second ball’s movement. We manipulated participants’ level of exposure to direct causal events (i.e., events with no delay or angle change) between experiments (Experiment 1: 2%, Experiment 2: 25%, Experiment 3: 75%). We found that participants adjust the temporal and spatial parameters they use to judge causality to accommodate the context in which they apprehended launching events. Participants became more conservative in their use of temporal and spatial parameters to judge causality as their exposure to direct causal events increased. People use time and space flexibly to infer causality based on their ongoing experiences. Such flexibility in making causal inferences may have adaptive significance.
007–A Creative Solution for Standardizing the Care of a Patient With a New Tracheostomy in the ICU and the Transition to the Inpatient Unit

Background: The tracheostomy group of the Children’s Hospital Boston, which includes a certified nurse specialist in the surgical department, a chairperson and cochairperson from the multidisciplinary intensive care unit (MICU), and nurses from medical–surgical inpatient units, wanted to provide optimal care of a patient with a new tracheostomy. The goal was to evaluate our present methods and establish standardized nursing education regarding a pediatric patient with a tracheostomy who is moving from the MICU to a medical–surgical unit. Objective: Our aim was to evaluate the present knowledge of the nurses in the MICU and medical–surgical units on the care of the pediatric patient with a tracheostomy. This was accomplished by administering a 10-question survey on the general tracheostomy care of the pediatric patient. Then, we developed a standard method of teaching for patients, families, and nurses, from the MICU to the inpatient units to the home. Results: Of 383 nursing staff who responded to the survey (61% of the entire staff), 68% answered at least 70% of the questions correctly. The three points of care that had the lowest correct answers were depth of suctioning, emergency equipment list, and tightness of tracheostomy ties. Outcome: The tracheostomy group has now developed (1) a laminated card with 10 key points of tracheostomy care, which was given to all the nursing staff; (2) a personalized bedside tracheostomy information sheet; (3) a standard management plan for patients with tracheostomies, which is part of the patient’s chart; (4) a tracheostomy teaching bag, which includes different types and sizes of tracheostomy tubes, different kinds of dressings and tracheostomy ties, and a doll on which nurses/ patients/families can practice changing a tracheostomy tube, suctioning, and tracheostomy care; (5) a tracheostomy information/teaching book developed and distributed to all inpatient units; (6) tracheostomy orientation class for the monthly orientation of new staff members, which was revised to provide more hands-on education (each new nurse is given a list of tracheostomy resource staff); and (7) a learning module, including a 10-question posttest, which was adopted for the hospital’s NETLEARNING program. These developments will be mandatory for all ICU, medical–surgical unit, and newly hired nurses.
Reassessment of rust fungi on weeping willows in the Americas and description of Melampsora ferrinii sp. nov.

Rust fungi in the genus Melampsora usually cause disease on hosts in the Salicaceae. Identification of Melampsora species is often complicated due to few differences in spore morphology and little publicly available comparative sequence data. Weeping willow trees (primarily Salix babylonica and its hybrids) have been reported to be infected by 11 Melampsora species; however, most of these records are based on morphological characterization. New collections of rust fungi on weeping willows from the central USA were analysed using a combination of morphology, ITS and LSU rDNA sequencing, and host data to determine that they represent an undescribed rust fungus, Melampsora ferrinii sp. nov. Additional studies of herbarium material revealed that M. ferrinii has occasionally been collected but identified as M. epitea. In addition to North America, M. ferrinii is also present in South America and has been infecting weeping willows there since at least the 1990s.
Optical Properties of PZT, PLZT, and PNZT Thin Films

Optical properties were investigated for undoped, La-doped, and Nd-doped Pb(ZrxTi1−x)O3 thin films deposited on sapphire substrates by metalorganic decomposition (MOD) process. Refractive index and extinction coefficient of these films were calculated from transmission spectra in the wavelength range of 300 to 2000 nm. The packing densities of these films were calculated from the refractive index data by using the effective medium approximation. Band gap energies of these films were also reported under the assumption of direct band-to-band transition. The refractive index and band gap energy of PZT films showed a linear dependence on Zr/Ti ratio. The refractive index decreased, while the band gap energy increased with increasing zirconium content. It was also found that both La-doped and Nd-doped PZT films had higher refractive indices than those of undoped PZT films with the same Zr/Ti ratio (50/50).
Synthesis of MgB/sub 2/ by exposure of polycrystalline boron to magnesium vapor

Polycrystalline boron in lump form was reacted with magnesium vapor inside steel tubes at 900 C to produce MgB/sub 2/ using four to five times the stoichiometric requirement of Mg. The boron lumps were encased inside Ta foil folded over to form a boat to isolate them from the liquid Mg. These materials were sealed inside steel tubes by arc welding. Reactions were allowed to proceed for times ranging from 2.5 to 837 hours. Upon opening a tube after a 42-hour reaction time a gray powder was removed which X-ray diffraction indicated was MgB/sub 2/. SEM examination of the surfaces of the powder particles revealed a dense layer of 1-2 micron diameter crystallites which appear to be small plates with hexagonal symmetry. Metallographic examination of sections cut through the particles indicated the presence of a significant volume fraction of unreacted boron. The reaction appears to have proceeded initially along the grain boundaries in the polycrystalline lumps breaking them up into particles corresponding to the grain size. Magnetic susceptibility measurements on the powder and resistivity measurements on a cold pressed pellet show a sharp transition at 39 K despite the presence of unreacted boron. Even after reaction times up to 837 hours there was still a significant amount of unreacted boron.
Joint coding for RLC coupling-aware on-chip buses

As technology scales, inductive crosstalk becomes prominent along with capacitive crosstalk, and it is creating a significant bottleneck in high-speed deep sub-micron and nanoscale integrated circuits. For inductive coupling, worst-case delay occurs when all the bus lines simultaneously switch in the same direction. This switching case is the best case switching pattern for capacitive-dominant on-chip buses. Therefore, various existing coding techniques for capacitive crosstalk reduction are not suitable for high-speed circuits, where electromagnetic effect can not be ignored. In this paper, various hybrid bus-invert (BI) coding methods have been proposed for RLC coupling-aware on-chip buses. Simulation results show that simultaneous switching noise (SSN) for inductance-dominant buses can be reduced by roughly 40% and, thereby, worst case coupling delay is also reduced. Besides, a joint coding approach is proposed for simultaneous reduction of SSN and higher reliability to errors due to deep-submicron (DSM) noise.
Cancer cachexia syndrome in head and neck cancer patients: Part II. Pathophysiology

Cancer cachexia is a morbid wasting syndrome common among patients with head and neck cancer. While its clinical manifestations have been well characterized, its pathophysiology remains complex. A comprehensive literature search on cancer cachexia was performed using the National Library of Medicine's PubMed. The Cochrane Library and Google search engine were also used. Recent evidence and new concepts on the pathophysiology of cancer cachexia are summarized. Targeted therapies are presented, and new concepts are highlighted. Cancer cachexia is characterized by complex, multilevel pathogenesis. It involves up-regulated tissue catabolism and impaired anabolism, release of tumor-derived catabolic factors and inflammatory cytokines, and neuroendocrine dysfunction. These culminate to create an energy-inefficient state characterized by wasting, chronic inflammation, neuroendocrine dysfunction, and anorexia.
Enlightenment Science and the State in Revolutionary France: The Legacy of Charles Coulston Gillispie

A quarter century ago, Charles Coulston Gillispie published Science and Polity in France at the End of the Old Regime (1980). A landmark in the history of science, in Science and Polity, Gillispie authoritatively illustrated how historians could integrate the local knowledge embodied in biography, a mastery of institutional detail and a close attention to the day-to-day realities of the lived experience with the more universalistic concerns that drive the history of science. Happily, Gillispie has anally produced the long-awaited sequel, Science and Polity in France: The Revolutionary and Napoleonic Years (2004). To understand the scholarly stimulus provided by the arst volume and to place that masterwork into the context both of Gillispie’s lifetime of historical inquiry and the changing contours of the contemporary aeld, this essay will survey the evolution of recent studies of science and technology in Revolutionary France (1789– 1815) through an exploration of the new and culminating volume of Science and Polity in France. With the appearance of volume one of Science and Polity, Gillispie unveiled his arst sweeping synthetic work since 1960’s The Edge of Objectivity: An Essay in the History of Scientiac Ideas. Divided into three parts: Institutions; Professions; and Applications, the former work put into practice the implied criticism of his system-building colleague Thomas S. Kuhn (1962) embodied in the latter study. In Science and Polity, those interested in science and technology do not just sit at home reviewing the texts already found in their libraries. Instead, they get their hands dirty in laboratories, workshops and factories, they join groups of like-minded people who take action in the public sphere, and they work for the state. In short, they are not cut off from the rest of society; the close interaction of “sci-
Phenotypic plasticity and targeting of Siglec‐FhighCD11clow eosinophils to the airway in a murine model of asthma

Eosinophil recruitment in asthma is a multistep process, involving both trans-endothelial migration to the lung interstitium and trans-epithelial migration into the airways. While the trans-endothelial step is well studied, trans-epithelial recruitment is less understood. To contrast eosinophil recruitment between these two compartments, we employed a murine kinetics model of asthma. Eosinophils were phenotyped by multicolor flow cytometry in digested lung tissue and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) simultaneously, 6 h after each ovalbumin (OVA) challenge. There was an early expansion of tissue eosinophils after OVA challenge followed by eosinophil buildup in both compartments and a shift in phenotype over the course of the asthma model. Gradual transition from a Siglec-F(med) CD11c(-) to a Siglec-F(high) CD11c(low) phenotype in lung tissue was associated with eosinophil recruitment to the airways, as all BAL eosinophils were of the latter phenotype. Secondary microarray analysis of tissue-activated eosinophils demonstrated upregulation of specific integrin and chemokine receptor signature suggesting interaction with the mucosa. Using adhesion assays, we demonstrated that integrin CD11c mediated adhesion of eosinophils to fibrinogen, a significant component of epithelial barrier repair and remodeling. To the best of our knowledge, this is the only report to date dissecting compartmentalization of eosinophil recruitment as it unfolds during allergic inflammation. By capturing the kinetics of eosinophil phenotypic change in both tissue and BAL using flow cytometry and sorting, we were able to demonstrate a previously undocumented association between phenotypic shift of tissue-recruited eosinophils and their trans-epithelial movement, which implicates the existence of a specific mechanism targeting these cells to mucosal airways.
From emerging technology to competitive advantage

The purpose of this paper is to bring additional insight into the management of emerging technologies so that organizations can more effectively and efficiently convert their ideas to competitive advantage. A competitive advantage is created when an organization is able to create something other organizations cannot (Barney, 1991; Smith and Reinertsen, 1992). This can materialize in many different forms, including having the ability to research and develop a nascent technology and create the necessary procedures for utilizing that technology. The very nature of emerging technologies creates this potential for gaining sustainable competitive advantages.
Familial Obesity as a Proxy for Omitted Variables in the Obesity-Mortality Relationship

In a conventional survival analysis of a sample of the U.S. population in 1971–1974, the association between mortality and obesity is compared with the analogous risk from the presence of an obese person in a household. The two factors have similar risk profiles, with a hazard ratio of 1.44 for nonmorbid obesity and 1.48 for nonmorbid familial obesity in one sample. If “familial obesity” cannot directly affect personal longevity, and if shared factors determine both personal and familial obesity, the mortality risk of family and actual personal obesity is similarly overstated. This false positive in the estimated risk arises from correlations among obesity and unobserved environmental, behavioral, or genetic factors.
Aerosol cyclosporine prevents acute allograft rejection in experimental lung transplantation

Abstract Background: The incidence of acute rejection and the morbidity of systemic cyclosporine (INN: ciclosporin) after lung transplantation is significant. Experimental evidence suggests that the allograft locally modulates the immune mechanisms of acute rejection. The purpose of this study was to determine whether aerosolized cyclosporine would prevent acute cellular rejection, achieve effective graft concentrations with low systemic drug delivery, and locally affect production of the inflammatory cytokines involved in acute rejection. Methods: Unilateral orthotopic left lung transplantation was performed in 64 rats (ACI to Lewis), which were divided into eight groups (each group, n = 8): group A, no treatment; groups B to D, aerosol cyclosporine 1 to 3 mg/kg per day, respectively; groups E to H, systemic cyclosporine 2, 5, 10, and 15 mg/kg per day, respectively. After the animals were killed on postoperative day 2, 4, or 6, the transplanted lung, native lung, spleen, and blood were collected. Histologic studies, high-pressure liquid chromatography for trough cyclosporine concentrations, and reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction for cytokine gene expression were performed. Results: Untreated animals showed grade 4 rejection by postoperative day 6. Aerosol cyclosporine prevented acute rejection in a dose-dependent fashion, with group D animals (3 mg/kg per day) showing minimal grade 1 changes. Among animals receiving systemic cyclosporine, only group H (15 mg/kg per day) controlled (grade 1) rejection. However, aerosol cyclosporine, at an 80% lower dose, achieved significantly lower concentrations of cyclosporine in the graft (12,349 vs 28,714 ng/mg, p = 0.002004) and blood (725 vs 3306 ng/ml, p = 0.000378). Group F (systemic 5 mg/kg per day) had higher cyclosporine concentrations in the blood than group D ( p = 0.004572) and similar tissue concentrations ( p = 0.115180), yet had grade 2 rejection. Reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction demonstrated equivalent suppression of inducible nitric oxide synthase but a 20- to 25-fold higher expression of interleukin-6, interleukin-10, and interferon-γ in group D versus group H recipient allografts. Conclusion: Local delivery of cyclosporine by aerosol inhalation dose-dependently prevented acute pulmonary allograft rejection. Effective graft levels and low systemic drug delivery required significantly lower doses than systemic therapy alone. The gene expression of proinflammatory cytokines involved in allograft rejection was suppressed by aerosol cyclosporine therapy. (J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1998;115:28-37.)
Terrestrial Metals Bioavailability: A Comprehensive Review and Literature-Derived Decision Rule for Ecological Risk Assessment

ABSTRACT Interstudy variation among bioavailability studies is a primary deterrent to a universal methodology to assess metals bioavailability to soil-dwelling organisms and is largely the result of specific experimental conditions unique to independent studies. Accordingly, two datasets were established from relevant literature; one includes data from studies related to bioaccumulation (total obs = 520), while the other contains data from studies related to toxicity (total obs = 1264). Experimental factors that affected toxicity and bioaccumulation independent of the effect of soil chemical/physical properties were statistically apportioned from the variation attributed to soil chemical/physical properties for both datasets using a linear mixed model. Residual bioaccumulation data were then used to develop a non-parametric regression tree whereby bootstrap and cross-validation techniques were used to internally validate the resulting decision rule. A similar approach was employed with the toxicity datase...
The ‘hydrology’ of leaves: co‐ordination of structure and function in temperate woody species

The hydraulic conductance of the leaf lamina (Klamina) substantially constrains whole-plant water transport, but little is known of its association with leaf structure and function. Klamina was measured for sun and shade leaves of six woody temperate species growing in moist soil, and tested for correlation with the prevailing leaf irradiance, and with 22 other leaf traits. Klamina varied from 7.40 × 10−5 kg m−2 s−1 MPa−1 for Acer saccharum shade leaves to 2.89 × 10−4 kg m−2 s−1 MPa−1 for Vitis labrusca sun leaves. Tree sun leaves had 15–67% higher Klamina than shade leaves. Klamina was co-ordinated with traits associated with high water flux, including leaf irradiance, petiole hydraulic conductance, guard cell length, and stomatal pore area per lamina area. Klamina was also co-ordinated with lamina thickness, water storage capacitance, 1/mesophyll water transfer resistance, and, in five of the six species, with lamina perimeter/area. However, for the six species, Klamina was independent of inter-related leaf traits including leaf dry mass per area, density, modulus of elasticity, osmotic potential, and cuticular conductance. Klamina was thus co-ordinated with structural and functional traits relating to liquid-phase water transport and to maximum rates of gas exchange, but independent of other traits relating to drought tolerance and to aspects of carbon economy.
New doppler signal processor for arterial relative section evaluation

A new device has been developed that is capable of processing information from a standard Doppler signal on the relative section (RS) of arteries during the cardiac cycle. RS is a new parameter proportional to the vessel cross-section and its changes during the cardiac cycle. This parameter does not give any morphologic information on the vessel itself, but it can help in completing Dop pler analysis, providing information on vessel elasticity. RS radius (R) and ve locity (V) (traditional Doppler) signals were routinely recorded under constant-pressure conditions. The device was tested in vivo by recording the R and V tracings on 20 common femoral arteries (cf) in dogs. These measure ments were compared with the R and V tracings obtained from the largest femoral branch (fb). R and V tracings were also obtained on 20 femoral arteries after surgically induced stenosis (above, at, and below the stenosis). Both exper iments showed a significant depression of the R tracings (p < 0.01). No signifi cant differen...
Using Statutory Interpretation to Improve the Legislative Process: Can it Be Done in the Post-Chevron Era?

This article argues that the manner in which courts defer to agency interpretations of statutes under Chevron v. Natural Resources Defense Council, 467 U.S. 837 (1984), undermines the arguments made by various scholars and judges that the courts can encourage improvements in the legislative process by adopting certain principles of statutory interpretation. Under Chevron, the courts analyze an agency's ultimate conclusion about a statute's meaning without analyzing the agency's interpretive methodology, i.e., the interpretive principles the agency used to reach its conclusion. As a result, courts do not require agencies to follow any particular interpretive methodology. The article focuses on the effect of Chevron deference on the interpretive theories of Cass Sunstein, Jonathan Macey, and the New Textualists. Cass Sunstein views the lack of deliberation as the chief contemporary legislative pathology. Jonathan Macey views dominance of the legislative process by narrow interest groups as the major current legislative pathology. The New Textualists (such as Justice Antonin Scalia) view the departure of the legislative process from the constitutional ideal as the chief pathology currently afflicting the legislative process. Sunstein, Macey, and Scalia have developed interpretive principles that they believe will improve the legislative process by curing these pathologies. The article shows that as a result of the failure of courts to review agencies' interpretive methodologies, agencies need not adhere to the interpretive methodologies prescribed by Sunstein, Macey, or the New Textualists, even if courts were to do so. Accordingly, none of the theories, even if adopted by courts, is likely to have much effect on the legislative pathologies Sunstein, Macey, and Scalia identify. The article then analyzes the comparative institutional competence of courts and administrative agencies, and suggests that some principles of interpretive methodology should be established by courts and enforced upon agencies, while others should not. In particular, interpretive principles that address the performance of the legislative process or the relative powers of the three branches of government (e.g., whether legislative history may be considered in interpreting statutes) should be established by courts, while interpretive principles related to particular subject areas (e.g., whether exceptions to the anti-trust laws should be construed narrowly) should be established by agencies.
The Long-Run Incidence of Government Policies in Open Growing Economies

Publisher Summary This chapter presents an analytical model and some numerical examples of a dynamic model of tax incidence in an open economy. This model is similar to the complete specialization case of the Oniki–Uzawa–Bardhan two-country, two-sector dynamic trade model but has a relaxation of the assumption of labor immobility and allows labor migration in response to wage differentials. The budget assumed for the model is always balanced, and the subsequent analysis is found to be analogous to the familiar balanced-budget incidence of the comparative static case. The basic result obtained from the model is the tendency for expansion of public economic activity financed by income taxation to be borne by labor—both foreign and domestic. This highlights the vested interest of labor in capital formation.
Treatment of bacterial, fungal, and parasitic infections in the HIV-infected host

In the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected patient, skin infections caused by S aureus are extremely common. Impetigo, ecthyma, and folliculitis are all seen. Recurrences are common due to a nasal carriage rate of 50%. Dermatophytosis usually manifests as tinea pedis or unguium and is caused by Trichophyton rubrum. Oral candidiasis may be the initial evidence of HIV infection, and is predictive of more rapid progression to acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Topical agents are usually effective for oral lesions, but involvement of the esophagus requires oral imidazole therapy. Systemic fungal infections are most commonly caused by cryptococcosis or histoplasmosis. The finding of either of these infectious agents in the skin is pathognomonic of disseminated infection. Cryptococcus presents as umbilicated papules resembling molluscum or as large ulcerations. Histoplasmosis has no specific cutaneous morphology. Scabies is very common in HIV-infected persons, and once the helper T-cell count is less than 200, it may present atypically. Permethrin is the recommended treatment in this setting.
A business citation analysis: A local follow-up study

ABSTRACTTo determine whether the library was meeting the needs of business faculty in the School of Business Administration at the University of Mississippi, a citation analysis of business faculty publications was conducted as a follow-up to a previous citation analysis. The following data were collected: journal citations by age, publication, publisher, and Library of Congress Classification; book citations by age and Library of Congress Classification; a total was kept for all other non-journal citations. The results were analyzed for each department: Finance, Management, Management Information Systems, and Marketing.
Air-Bridge Electron-Beam Lithography for Coplanar Millimeter Wave Circuits

In the development of air bridges for low capacitance crossovers, resists of 3–6μm thickness a e needed, which calls for special alignment techniques. A technique has been developed for an air bridge tec nology, which is realized entirely by electron beam lithography. Such an all-electron-beam technique for sub-micron devices and ultrahigh frequency circuits, results in a fast turn-around-time in the development of integrated circuits. Gold plated air bridges with 20 to 120 pm span, 5–60 μm width, 2.6 pm height, and 2–4 μm thickness, were realized on GaAs and InP.
Comparison of Sampling Strategies for Gaussian Process Models, with Application to Nanoparticle Dynamics

Gaussian process modeling (GPM) is widely used in engineering design as a surrogate model for more complex and computationally demanding simulations. However, few fundamental studies focus on GPM a...
Application of Fractals and Kinetic Equation in Modelling Cluster and Ultrafine Particle Size Distributions

We briefly describe a model which seems to be applicable to a variety of coalescence growth systems. Spanning cluster growth, particle growth and hillock formation in thin metal films, this model is based on the Smoluchowski kinetic equations and fractals. We describe how this model has been able to suggest the effect of translational to internal energy conversion in coalescing systems in determining the shape of particle size distributions. We also suggest how this model can be employed to account for the behavior of hillocks in supersaturated alloy films under thermal annealing conditions.
Atlanto-axial rotatory fixation and fracture of the clavicle. An association and a classification

Five children with atlanto-axial rotatory fixation (AARF) in association with fractures of the clavicle are described. It is postulated that the rotary fixation is a direct result of the trauma which produces the fracture. The importance of early diagnosis is stressed, since delayed diagnosis may lead to chronic deformity. Early diagnosis depends on awareness of the possibility of AARF, and either fluoroscoping the patient in order to take appropriate spot films or imaging the atlanto-axial joint by CT. A simple classification of AARF is proposed based on distinct radiological features which differentiate subluxation from dislocation.
The Decline in Pancreatic Insulin Release During Hemorragic Shock in the Baboon

Hyperglycemia has been noted in man and animal during hemorrhagic shock. Studies in the dog demonstrated that this hyperglycemia is accompanied by elevated levels of serum immunoreactive insulin, suggesting increased insulin resistance (2). However, recent shock studies by Carey (3) in man, and from our laboratory in the baboon (6) have shown a different pattern. Insulin levels have been depressed despite hyperglycemia, suggesting suppression of insulin release rather than increased insulin resistance.
Perspective on the Function of Sertoli Cells

This chapter discusses different perspectives on the functionality of Sertoli cells. Some investigators believed that Sertoli cells regulated virtually all aspects of germ cell development (the dogmatic Sertologists), whereas others believed that germ cell development was affected by Sertoli cell functions but that most germ cell development appeared to be autonomous (germ cell worshiping cult). Two general categories of experiments including germ cell culture and germ cell transplantation have established that most germ cell development is quite autonomous. In 2002, the Dym laboratory published convincing evidence that they had established a cell line that underwent meiosis and spermatogenesis in vitro in the absence of Sertoli cells. Investigators also found that the action of hormones on spermatogenesis may be primarily permissive in nature. This concept of the Sertoli cell acting in a permissive way fits well with the “support cell” or “nurse cell” view and it may be useful to view the major function(s) of Sertoli cells as “permissive.” Other potential functions of Sertoli cells in early testis development could include the inhibition of meiosis and the regulation of the mitosis of gonocytes.