cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Vocational Learning by Native Americans in the USA

For Native American Indians in the United States, initial efforts at vocational education by the Federal Government were intended to ‘deculturalize’ the students, by removing them from their place, their religion, their language and their native crops and practices. Girls were taught to be domestic servants and boys to be farm hands and factory workers in the dominant society. While the boarding schools created a degree of pan-Indian solidarity, the students and parents did their best to resist this destruction of the culture. Tribal colleges were established by the tribes themselves to relink culture with education to enhance identity and tribal integration. They have developed excellent programmes that educate their students with skills that fit the reservation and contribute to the community. This chapter identifies a ‘seven cultures’ curriculum model that informs much of the course development in tribal colleges and illustrates the effects of this model with specific examples of implementation.
Resistance and resilience: A conceptual framework for silviculture

Increasingly, forest management goals include building or maintaining resistance and/or resilience to disturbances in the face of climate change. Although a multitude of descriptive definitions for resistance and resilience exist, to evaluate whether specific management activities (silviculture) are effective, prescriptive characterizations are necessary. We introduce a conceptual framework that explicitly differentiates resistance and resilience, denotes appropriate scales, and establishes the context for evaluation—structure and composition. Generally, resistance is characterized as the influence of structure and composition on disturbance, whereas resilience is characterized as the influence of disturbance on subsequent structure and composition. Silvicultural utility of the framework is demonstrated by describing disturbance-specific, time-bound structural and compositional objectives for building resistance and resilience to two fundamentally different disturbances: wildfires and spruce beetle outbreaks. The conceptual framework revealed the crucial insight that attempts to build stand or landscape resistance to spruce beetle outbreaks will ultimately be unsuccessful. This frees the silviculturist to focus on realistic goals associated with building resilience to likely inevitable outbreaks. Ultimately, because structure and composition, at appropriate scales, are presented as the standards for evaluation and manipulation, the framework is broadly applicable to many kinds of disturbance in various forest types.
A RECENT HOST RANGE EXPANSION IN JUNONIA COENIA HÜBNER (NYMPHALIDAE): OVIPOSITION PREFERENCE, SURVIVAL, GROWTH, AND CHEMICAL DEFENSE.

This paper reports on an investigation of two populations of Junonia coenia, the buckeye butterfly, one that feeds on the species' typical host plant (Plantago lanceolata) and one that utilizes a novel host plant (Kickxia elatine). I examined these populations for local adaptive responses in terms of oviposition behavior, growth, and
A generalization of a theorem of Gauss on sums involving $[x]$

(1975). A Generalization of a Theorem of Gauss on Sums Involving [x] The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 82, No. 1, pp. 44-51.
Lawrence J. Doctors: Hydrodynamics of high-performance marine vessels

This is a two volume book on the hydrodynamics of highspeed marine vessels recently authored by Prof. Lawrence J. Doctors of the University of New South Wales, Australia. The two volumes (collectively called the “book” here) consist of 836+ pages and 17 chapters, along with an extensive bibliography and index, and an Appendix that also includes a glossary of terms, measurement systems and mathematical formulas. In the beginning pages, detailed lists of figures, tables and symbols are given, and these and the index at the endmake the book very easy to follow. I have found the inclusion of many photographs of various high-speed vessels very educational.
Stroke rehabilitation. Has it proven worthwhile

Although rehabilitation services have been provided for stroke patients for several decades, no well-designed controlled studies have actually correlated statistically significant outcomes with a set of therapeutic guidelines. This paper reviews five recently published studies which attempted to evaluate the relative benefit of rehabilitation for victims of stroke. Relevant issues concerning study design are examined in the context of each report. Considering both the growing impact of this illness as well as the paucity of accurate information on the benefits of rehabilitative therapy, Congress should allocate funds to invoke a national stroke registry as a first step toward future analyses of stroke care needs.
Expressions for the integrated probability density for the hydrogen 2 s and 2 p orbitals evaluated within isosurfaces

Exact expressions for the integrated probability density for the 2s and 2p within isosurfaces (at constant $$\psi $$ ) are derived using the Lambert W function.
The Lake Poets and Professional Identity: Cursing Doctor Young, and after

ROMANTIC PROFESSIONALISM Wordsworth, Southey, and Coleridge belonged to a fraction of the English population that provided many of the nation's “professional gentlemen,” and they hoped that their personal status, which existed at the beginning of their careers in the form of a culturally determined potential, might be lent to the pursuit of letters. Further, they hoped that the transference would generate an improving reciprocity between the individual poet and an emerging vocational identity. This formulation, which posits an already held kind of standing that is subsequently loaned out before it is earned, may appear circular, but it is an accurate depiction of the work of the sociological imagination as these poets exercised it. However, as we have seen, the professions as they actually existed were multiplicitous and, at least from the point of view of the Lake poets, they could be unacceptably associated with the shortcomings of the old regime. This chapter examines some of the relevant definitions of professional identity that the Lake poets would try to manage, and it traces some of the ways the poets would make the idea of “risk” into a principle that distinguished a traditional professional identity from a more progressive and acceptable one. As they did so, debates about the afterlife provided the poets with one metaphorical basis for measuring properly risky against moribund forms of professional practice.
A review on capillary condensation in nanoporous media: Implications for hydrocarbon recovery from tight reservoirs

Abstract The key to understanding capillary condensation phenomena and employing that knowledge in a wide range of engineering applications lies in the synergy of theoretical and experimental studies. Of particular interest are modeling works for the development of reliable tools with which to predict capillary condensation in a variety of porous materials. Such predictions could prove invaluable to the petroleum industry where an understanding of capillary condensation could have significant implications for gas in place calculations and production estimations for shale and tight reservoirs. On the other hand, experimental data is required to validate the theories and simulation models as well as to provide possible insight into new physics that has not been predicted by the existing theories. In this paper, we provide a brief review of the theoretical and experimental work on capillary condensation with emphasis on the production and interpretation of adsorption isotherms in hydrocarbon systems. We also discuss the implications of the available data on production from shale and tight gas reservoirs and provide recommendations on relevant future work.
Overview of confocal microscopy

Born out of the need to overcome an imaging problem in the 1950s, confocal microscopes today allow researchers to go beyond simple imaging and ask biochemical questions. This chapter provides background information on the development of modern confocal microscopes, their uses and applications. Sample preparation and observation are also discussed. Information is also provided about more advanced applications such as FRAP, FRET and 2-photon imaging. The requirements for setting up a confocal laboratory and the instrumentation needs are also discussed.
Late onset of pulmonary hypertension and sepsis in omphalocele infants

Abstract A subset of omphalocele infants has respiratory decompensation after the first week of life and PHN is diagnosed. Infection may initiate decompensation. In some, PHN is distinct from pulmonary hypoplasia as they oxygenate on room air for some time after birth. With aggressive treatment and follow-up, PHN can resolve. The late diagnosis of PHN in infants with omphalocele is previously unappreciated and deserves further study.
Surface-normal electro-optic spatial light modulator using graphene integrated on a high-contrast grating resonator

We demonstrate efficient optical modulation of surface-normal reflection in a novel device structure integrating graphene on a high contrast grating (HCG) resonator. As high as 11 dB extinction ratio is achieved by varying the voltage applied to a single atomic layer of graphene on a HCG resonator. The device topology facilitates easy fabrication of large 2D arrays, and free-space operation. We also demonstrate a graphene-oxide-graphene structure which can potentially operate at MHz operation speed. The devices are fully fabricated by standard CMOS compatible processes indicating that the integrated structure of graphene-on-HCG shows great promise for display, imaging and interconnects applications with low-cost and large scalability.
Nominal Exchange Rate Stationarity and Long-Term Bond Returns

We derive a novel test for nominal exchange rate stationarity that exploits the forward-looking information in long maturity bond prices. When nominal exchange rates are stationary, no arbitrage implies that the return on the foreign long bond expressed in dollars is identical to the return on the U.S. bond. In the data, we do not find significant differences in long-term government bond risk premia in dollars across G10 countries, contrary to the large differences in risk premia at short maturities documented in the FX carry trade literature. Moreover, in most of the cases examined, we cannot reject that realized foreign and domestic long-term bond returns in dollars are the same, as if nominal exchange rates were stationary in levels, contrary to the academic consensus.
Symbolism and Status: The Ukrainian Language

Language is an important elemental symbol of national identity. In the Soviet Union, conflict over the symbol displaces conflict over the substance of nationality rights and privileges, and much of this conflict occurs in the area of “language planning.”
Unmarried Coparenting in the Context of Poverty: Understanding the Relationship Between Stress, Family Resource Management, and Resilience

Due to rising rates of non-marital birth in the United States, unmarried families have been the subject of extensive research and the target of government funded interventions over the last 15 years. Despite a growing literature on this population, few studies have addressed how unmarried couples coparent in the context of poverty. In the present study we used in-depth interviews with paired mothers and fathers to explore resilience processes in unmarried coparenting. We found that unmarried couples aspired to be good coparents, but the stress of living in poverty and the challenges of parenting young children led some to experience family strain or crisis. Using family stress theory as a framework for organizing the findings, we concluded that family resource management distinguished couples that adapted successfully to the task of coparenting from those that struggled to do so. Implications for theory, future research, and practice are discussed.
Post-School Visions and Expectations of Latino Students With Learning Disabilities, Their Parents, and Teachers:

This study explored perspectives about the desired components of adult life for 12th-grade Latino students with learning disabilities, their parents, and special education teachers. Focus groups and individual interviews were used to understand the similarities and differences in post-school visions and expectations among participants. Five student, parent(s), and teacher triads (n = 16) who were related (student-parent) and worked together (student-teacher) participated in this study. Results uncovered differences in teachers’ expectations of what students’ lives should look like after high school, and the desires of the students and parents themselves. Overall, teachers expressed a lack of cultural understanding regarding students’ and parents’ choices for after high school. Study limitations and implications for practice and research in secondary transition are presented.
Process engineering of cellulosic n-butanol production from corn-based biomass using Clostridium cellulovorans

Abstract The cellulolytic Clostridium cellulovorans has been engineered to produce n -butanol from low-value lignocellulosic biomass by consolidated bioprocessing (CBP). The objective of this study was to establish a robust cellulosic biobutanol production process using a metabolically engineered C. cellulovorans . First, various methods for the pretreatment of four different corn-based residues, including corn cob, corn husk, corn fiber, and corn bran, were investigated. The results showed that better cell growth and a higher concentration of n -butanol were produced from corn cob that was pretreated with sodium hydroxide. Second, the effects of different carbon sources (glucose, cellulose and corn cob), basal media and culture pH values on butanol production were evaluated in the fermentations performed in 2-L bioreactors to identify the optimal CBP conditions. Finally, the engineered C. cellulovorans produced butanol with final concentration >3 g/L, yield >0.14 g/g, and selectivity >3 g/g from pretreated corn cob at pH 6.5 in CBP. This study showed that the fermentation process engineering of C. cellulovorans enabled a high butanol production directly from agricultural residues.
Equality on Trial: Gender and Rights in the Modern American Workplace: Turk, Katherine Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press 296 pp., $45.00, ISBN 978–0812248203 Publication Date: May 2016

When a movement finally inspires an act of legislation, it often reflects the culmination of decades of debates and compromise. This more familiar narrative is not, however, what Katherine Turk's e...
Viscoelastic properties of konjac glucomannan in the presence of salts

Viscoelastic properties of konjac glucomannan (KGM) were studied in the entanglement region using steady and small-amplitude oscillatory rheological measurements in order to probe the role of salts on gel–sol transition temperature. It was found that gel–sol transition temperature, T heat ( $$G^{\prime } = G^{\prime \prime }$$ ), as a function of KGM concentration increased linearly with increasing salt concentration and independent of salt type. However, at higher KGM concentration, in the presence of CaCl2, the gel–sol transition temperature is higher than that of native KGM, NaCl, and KCl due to the effect of bivalent salt (Ca2+) of CaCl2 compared to the univalent salts of NaCl and KCl. The zero shear viscosity (η 0) and specific viscosity are scaled as C4.0 with concentration and are also independent of the type of salt used, which confirms that KGM and salt have very minimal interaction and the viscoelastic properties are mainly due to the salting-out effect.
Depression and risk of fracture and bone loss: an updated meta-analysis of prospective studies.

This meta-analysis pooled results from 23 qualifying individual cohort studies and found that depression was significantly associated with an increased risk of fractures and bone loss. The association between depression and risk of fracture remains controversial. We conducted a comprehensive meta-analysis to examine the effect of depression on the risk of osteoporotic fractures and bone loss. We searched databases and reviewed citations in relevant articles for eligible cohort studies. Two investigators independently conducted study selection, appraisal, and data abstraction through the use of a standardized protocol. Random effect models were used for meta-analysis. Cochrane Q and I2 statistics were used to assess heterogeneity. Funnel plots and rank correlation tests were used to evaluate publication bias. Twenty-three studies were included for meta-analysis. In studies that reported hazard ratio (HR) as the outcome (nine studies [n = 309,862]), depression was associated with 26% increase in fracture risk (HR = 1.26, 95% CI, 1.10–1.43, p < 0.001). Studies that reported risk ratio (RR) as the outcome (seven studies [n = 64,975]) suggested that depression was associated with 39% increase in fracture risk (RR = 1.39, 95% CI, 1.19–1.62, p < 0.001). Among studies that reported hip bone mineral density (BMD) as an outcome (eight studies [n = 15,442]), depression was associated with a reduced mean annual bone loss rate of 0.35% (0.18–0.53%, p < 0.001). The increased risk of fracture and bone loss associated with depression was consistent in all meta-analysis having modified inclusion criteria and in different subgroup analyses as well. Significant heterogeneity was observed in the meta-analysis; however, no significant publication bias was detected. Depression is associated with a significant increased risk in fracture and bone loss. Effective prevention may decrease such risk.
Equipment for Multiview Videofluoroscopy

This chapter discusses the equipment needed to perform a multiview videofluoroscopic study and briefly describes how the equipment operates. Because our book is written for both the speech-language pathologist and the radiologist, we ask the indulgence of the radiologist while we describe for the benefit of the speech-language pathologist the operation of the fluoroscopic system. In later chapters the situation will be reversed when speech production is discussed for the benefit of the radiologist.
The Use of P.E.E.P. in the Treatment of A.R.D.S.

Positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) has become an essential component of the care of many critically ill patients who require ventilatory support. With the application of PEEP, the baseline end-expiratory pressure in mechanically ventilated patients is elevated above atmospheric pressure. The use of PEEP was first reported by Barach et al1 in 1938, and it has been widespread since Ashbaugh et al2, in their classic description of the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), reported that PEEP improved oxygenation and allowed ventilation with gas of lower inspired oxygen concentration. The rationale for the use of PEEP in acute lung injury coincides with the theoretical basis for loss of lung compliance in patients with ARDS. PEEP would prevent complete alveolar collapse and improve oxygenation by increasing functional residual capacity (FRC), probably by preventing airway closure and recruiting previously unventilated alveoli3. The increase in FRC may also increase lung compliance. However, although there is no question that PEEP can improve oxygenation in selected patients, its beneficial effects on morbidity and mortality have not been conclusively demonstrated4,5. It is not well known whether the application of PEEP contributes to lung damage or helps to ameliorate it.
End-of-Life Care

Given the challenges in management of elderly surgical patients, it is clear that during a surgeon’s career he/she will encounter many patients with end-of-life needs. However, there is much evidence that quality of care at the end of life as perceived by patients and their families suffers. An understanding of issues involving palliative care and the ethical management of patients and their families is necessary to improve the care of the dying patient.
Jesús, Palinuro y perspectivas marxistas y huxleyanas

A comparative analysis between Greek mythology and the Jewish-Christian tradition. Parallelisms between Greek mythological characters and biblical verses from the Old and New Testaments are examined. Inflection points are showed, as well as kindred opinions, between Marxist historical materialism and Huxleyan perennialism.
Allocation of the Highest Quality Kidneys and Transplant Outcomes Under the New Kidney Allocation System

Rationale & Objective Increased access to transplantation for highly sensitized candidates following implementation of the kidney allocation system (KAS) has been mostly due to higher use of organs with a lower kidney donor profile index (KDPI; a quality metric for donated kidneys), although changes in allocation of these organs was not intended. It is unclear whether clinical outcomes have changed in association with these changes. We investigated the use of kidneys with low and high KDPI scores over time and whether KDPI score affects patient and graft survival differently across varying levels of allosensitization. Study Design Observational cohort study. Setting & Participants Adult (aged ≥18 years) recipients of a deceased donor kidney transplant between October 1, 2009, and September 30, 2017 (Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network/United Network for Organ Sharing database; n = 84,451). Predictors Calculated panel-reactive antibody (cPRA) level (0%, 1%-79%, 80%-89%, 90%-98%, and 99%-100%) and KDPI score (≤20%, 21%-85%, and >85%). Outcomes Death, graft loss. Analytical Approach Time to event. Results Allocation of kidneys with KDPI scores ≤ 20% and KDPI scores of 21% to 85% to recipients with cPRA levels ≥ 99% increased 4-fold following implementation of the KAS with little change in allocation of kidneys with KDPI scores > 85%. Patient survival and graft loss were strongly associated with KDPI score, whereas the association with cPRA level was minimal. There was no evidence of a differential effect of KDPI scores across the range of cPRA levels on patient survival (P for interaction=0.06-0.9) or graft loss (P for interaction=0.5-0.9). Patient survival at 5 years among the 5 cPRA groups ranged from 87.2% to 89.8% for recipients of kidneys with KDPI scores ≤ 20% (P=0.2), 82.8% to 85.5% for KDPI scores of 21% to 85% (P=0.04), and 70.2% to 79.2% for KDPI scores > 85% (P=0.2). Cumulative incidence of graft loss by cPRA level ranged from 7.7% to 10.6% for recipients of kidneys with KDPI scores ≤ 20% (P=0.2), 11.8% to 15.0% for KDPI scores of 21% to 85% (P 85% (P = 0.4). Limitations Lack of data for crossmatches, donor-specific antibodies, and immunomodulation. Conclusions Highly sensitized recipients received kidneys with lower KDPI scores following implementation of the KAS, reducing access to these kidneys by less-sensitized candidates. KDPI score has a stronger association with patient survival and graft loss than cPRA level. The association of KDPI score with these outcomes was not modified by the recipient's level of sensitization. The impact of the redistribution of kidneys with low KDPI scores on outcomes among less-sensitized recipients needs further evaluation.
Gaming Rhetoric and the Complicated Story of Local Identity

This chapter suggests that local communities do not frame or view decisions or the decision-making process through the lens of zero-sum games. In order to have a zero-sum game, there needs to be at least two distinct interests competing over the same scarce resource, typically pitted against each other, such as the economy and environment. While zero-sum games are often used to describe local conflicts (for example, bike lanes versus on-street surface parking), we believe there is far more at work in local governance. Zero-sum game explanations of local land use disputes dismiss and fail to account for the important connections communities have with the land and how those connections help form local decision-making and identity.
Tibial cement mantle thickness is not affected by tourniquetless total knee arthroplasty when performed with tranexamic acid

Evidence exists that tourniquet use leads to increased cement penetration in total knee arthroplasty (TKA) due to decreased blood and fat in the bone during cementation. The use of tranexamic acid (TXA) has led to decreased blood loss and transfusion rates. The purpose of this study was to determine if the use of a tourniquet while utilising modern TXA protocols affects the tibial cement mantle penetration. 140 patients who underwent primary TKA with and without a tourniquet (70 in each group) were retrospectively reviewed. All patients received a standard TXA protocol. The primary outcome measure was cumulative depth of cement mantle penetration of the tibial plateau on post-operative radiographs. Secondary outcome measures included post-operative change in haemoglobin and hematocrit levels, blood loss, and transfusion rates. There was no significant difference in age, sex, or pre-operative haemoglobin or hematocrit levels between groups. Tourniquet use resulted in significantly lower blood loss (100.0 mL versus 154.7 mL, p < 0.001), and significantly reduced drop in haemoglobin (1.8 g/dL vs 2.5 g/dL, p < 0.001) and hematocrit (5.7% vs 7.4%, p = 0.04) levels. However, depth of tibial cement mantle penetration did not differ between the tourniquet group (15.3 mm) and non-tourniquet group (15.0 mm, p value n.s.). No patient in either group required a blood transfusion. Tourniquet use in primary TKA results in decreased blood loss and less change in pre-operative vs post-operative haemoglobin and hematocrit levels. However, with the use of TXA, not using a tourniquet resulted in similar cement mantle penetration around the tibial component as with a tourniquet.
On Zonal Dislocations and Their Origin for Twinning and Martensite Formation

As in the early studies of plastic deformation of crystals a dislocation theory followed to account for the large difference between theoretical and actual strength; the same arguments are valid for martensite formation but, unlike plastic deformation, martensitic phase transformations are complicated by a change in lattice parameters and/or crystal structure.
Regulatory T-Cells and Th17 Cells in Tumor Microenvironment

It is widely believed that tumors maintain highly tolerogenic environments to suppress anti-tumor immune responses. The perspective on tumor microenvironments appears to be largely true, but an increasing body of evidence suggests that certain types of cancer are formed in inflammatory conditions and tumors produce a number of inflammatory mediators. The tolerogenic nature of the tumor microenvironment is reflected in the presence of a large number of immunosuppressive FoxP3+ T-cells in tumors and draining lymph nodes. Th17 cells, formed in inflammatory conditions, are variably present in many types of tumors. Both FoxP3+ T-cells and Th17 cells can regulate anti-tumor immune responses in positive and negative ways. Tumor microenvironments and cancer types significantly affect the numbers and functions of the two T-cell subsets in tumors. Tumor microenvironments that regulate the population and function of FoxP3+ T-cells and Th17 cells in tumors are discussed in this article.
Preoperative Variables Associated with Respiratory Complications After Pediatric Neuromuscular Spine Deformity Surgery

Summary A retrospective analysis of 111 pediatric neuromuscular scoliosis (NMS) patients treated with posterior spinal fusion (PSF) with instrumentation was performed. Overall, 17 patients (15.3%) developed a postoperative respiratory complication. The history of a previous pneumonia and the presence of a gastrostomy tube at the time of surgery were associated (p < 0.05) with postoperative respiratory complications. Hypothesis In pediatric NMS populations undergoing PSF with instrumentation, history of pneumonia or presence of a gastrostomy tube at time of surgery are associated with postoperative respiratory complications. Design Retrospective …
The Vocabulary of Revelation: Divine Intent and Self-Disclosure in the Qur'an

This article explores how the uniqueness of the Qur'anic revelation has been perceived by primarily Sunnī Muslim commentators through time in the context of four main analytical aspects of revelati...
Un Manolito Gafotas modélico: la purificación y corrección en la traducción al inglés de la serie española

Los libros de la serie espanola Manolito Gafotas se han traducido a mas de veinte lenguas. Una de las traducciones mas recientes es la traduccion al ingles (2008), publicada catorce anos despues de que se editara el primer libro de la serie en Espana. En este trabajo, la traductora al ingles del segundo y tercer tomo de la serie (2009 y 2010, respectivamente) examinara la manera en la que se creo una obra aceptable segun los estandares de la culta meta conservadora: los Estados Unidos. Bajo presion de la editorial, se redujeron o eliminaron muchas referencias de los libros originales que se consideraban inapropiadas o una mala influencia para los jovenes lectores. En este sentido, se minimizaron referencias al alcohol, al tabaco, a la violencia, a las funciones corporales, al comportamiento irrespetuoso, asi como menciones de ciertos grupos etnicos y alusiones que se podian interpretar de forma sexual. La autora de este trabajo examinara como la version inglesa se alinea con las tendencias de la literatura infantil en general y reflejan especificamente los valores politicamente correctos asociados con la literatura infantil en los Estados Unidos. La consecuencia mas importante de estos cambios es la creacion de un nuevo Manolito modelico.
The disaffiliative use of ‘did you know’ questions in Arabic news interviews: The case of Aljazeera’s ‘The Opposite Direction’:

This article studies the use of ‘hal taʔlaam’ (‘did you know’, hereafter) questions by the interviewer (IR) as a discursive strategy to block the interviewees’ (IEs’) agenda and stance in Aljazeera...
An Enzymatic Platform for the Highly Enantioselective and Stereodivergent Construction of Cyclopropyl‐δ‐lactones

Abiological enzymes offers new opportunities for sustainable chemistry. Herein, we report the development of biological catalysts derived from sperm whale myoglobin that exploit a carbene transfer mechanism for the asymmetric synthesis of cyclopropane-fused-δ-lactones, which are key structural motifs found in many biologically active natural products. While hemin, wild-type myoglobin, and other hemoproteins are unable to catalyze this reaction, the myoglobin scaffold could be remodeled by protein engineering to permit the intramolecular cyclopropanation of a broad spectrum of homoallylic diazoacetate substrates in high yields and with up to 99 % enantiomeric excess. Via an alternate evolutionary trajectory, a stereodivergent biocatalyst was also obtained for affording mirror-image forms of the desired bicyclic products. In combination with whole-cell transformations, the myoglobin-based biocatalyst was used for the asymmetric construction of a cyclopropyl-δ-lactone scaffold at a gram scale, which could be further elaborated to furnish a variety of enantiopure trisubstituted cyclopropanes.
Techniques in PCR and PCR Evaluation Technology and Its Application to the Study of Cerebrospinal Fluid in HIV Disease

An early and substantial involvement of the central nervous system (CNS) in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease became obvious quite soon after the onset of the AIDS epidemic.1 Clinical classifications have since emerged,2 and the pathological correlates have been described.3 The direct presence of HIV in the brain in spite of the inability of the virus to pass the blood-brain barrier (BBB) was found and explained by mechanisms in which the virus intracellularlly traverses the barrier, in particular through its capacity to infect macrophages.4
MIC profiling of ceftazidime/avibactam against two carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates.

OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to correlate the results of a modified susceptibility testing method with outcomes of ceftazidime/avibactam (CAZ/AVI) therapy. METHODS Two bloodstream K. pneumoniae isolates (CAZ/AVI-susceptible) from an abdominal source were recovered from two unrelated patients. Both patients were treated with CAZ/AVI but had discordant outcomes: KP118 (eradication within 24 h) and KP286 (persistent bacteraemia for over 30 days). Carbapenemase production in the two isolates was confirmed by Carba NP test. The CAZ minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined with escalating AVI concentrations (0-16 mg/L). The concentration-response was characterised by the sigmoid inhibitory maximum effect model. The best-fit parameter values were used to predict %T > MICi associated with CAZ/AVI exposures expected in peritoneal fluid after standard dosing (2.5 g every 8 h). These CAZ/AVI exposures were simulated in a hollow-fibre infection model (HFIM), and the bacterial responses were correlated with observed clinical outcomes. RESULTS The AVI-dependent reduction in CAZ MIC was well characterised in both bacterial isolates (r2 ≥ 0.98). In the HFIM, sustained suppression of KP118 (T > MICi = 100%) was observed over 5 days, but not with KP286 (T > MICi < 100%). These observations are consistent with the clinical course of the patients. CONCLUSIONS The discordant patient outcomes could be potentially explained by MIC profiling of CAZ/AVI. This method appears to be more robust than conventional susceptibility testing in predicting positive clinical outcome of CAZ/AVI therapy, and the clinical utility of this approach should be further investigated.
Disclosure in the classroom and beyond: The perspectives of a professor with mental illnesses

The purpose of this essay was to illustrate how I as a prosumer use disclosure in teaching a psychiatric rehabilitation course to graduate students in rehabilitation counseling. I begin the essay by providing a brief sketch of my path to both recovery and a career in academia. I then discuss my experiences disclosing that I have mental illnesses to students, focusing on how it has mutually benefited us all. I end the essay by discussing how prosumers who are also educators can advocate more broadly to dispel myths and create more inclusive postsecondary environments for students with mental illnesses. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
KLF4 binding is involved in the organization and regulation of 3D enhancer networks during acquisition and maintenance of pluripotency

SUMMARY Cell fate transitions are accompanied by global transcriptional, epigenetic and topological changes driven by transcription factors (TFs), as is strikingly exemplified by reprogramming somatic cells to pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) via expression of OCT4, KLF4, SOX2 and cMYC. How TFs orchestrate the complex molecular changes around their target gene loci in a temporal manner remains incompletely understood. Here, using KLF4 as a paradigm, we provide the first TF-centric view of chromatin reorganization and its association to 3D enhancer rewiring and transcriptional changes of linked genes during reprogramming of mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) to PSCs. Inducible depletion of KLF factors in PSCs caused a genome-wide decrease in the connectivity of enhancers, while disruption of individual KLF4 binding sites from PSC-specific enhancers was sufficient to impair enhancer-promoter contacts and reduce expression of associated genes. Our study provides an integrative view of the complex activities of a lineage-specifying TF during a controlled cell fate transition and offers novel insights into the order and nature of molecular events that follow TF binding.
A New Snailfish of the Genus Careproctus (Cottiformes: Liparidae) from the Beaufort Sea

A new species of Careproctus is described on the basis of two individuals collected from the eastern Beaufort Sea during the U.S.–Canada 2013 Transboundary Cruise. It is distinguished from all known species of Careproctus primarily by its elongate deeply exserted filamentous rays in the middle part of the pectoral fin, an unlobed dorsal fin, protruding snout, and counts of dorsal- (58–60) and anal-fin rays (52–54) and vertebrae (64–65). The two known specimens were collected at depths of 488–599 m. Among other liparids of the Arctic and North Pacific Oceans, the new species is most similar to Careproctus mica, from which it can be readily distinguished by the filamentous rays of the pectoral fin and higher counts of median-fin rays and vertebrae.
Der Müll und die Macht: Abfallwirtschaft und Herrschaft unter Putin. Waste management and power under Putin

Russia does not have a modern, efficient waste policy. There is no attempt to avoid waste, and just five percent of household waste is recycled. No high-capacity recycling system has been put in place, and there is a lack of awareness of the issue among the general public. At the same time, an increasing number of citizens are protesting against waste disposal sites. The plan by the Moscow city authority to dispose of its waste over 1,100 kilometres to the north-east in the Archangelsk region was hugely controversial. The waste problem has become a national crisis. In order to remedy the situation, waste policy must be reformed from the ground up. Yet to date, economic and political structural problems under the Putin system have hindered any attempts at change.
Does a Conviction for a Crime Listed in the Grounds of Inadmissibility Terminate a Lawfully Admitted Permanent Resident’s Period of Continuous Residence for Purposes of Cancellation of Removal?

Case at a Glance: Barton v. Barr Andre Martello Barton, a lawful permanent resident of the United States who has lived in the United States since 1989, was found deportable by an immigration judge. Barton applied for cancellation of removal. The immigration court denied his request because, under the “stop-time” rule, Barton’s 1996 convictions prevented him from accruing the seven years of continuous residence required for cancellation of removal. Barton argues that his 1996 convictions do not trigger the stop-time rule.
Role of 21- gene recurrence score in patients age ≥70 with T1N0 ER/PR+ HER2- breast cancer treated with breast-conserving surgery and endocrine therapy.

571Background: Based on the results of the CALGB 9343 trial, patients age ≥70 with T1N0 ER/PR+ HER2- breast cancer who are treated with breast conserving surgery (BCS) and endocrine therapy (ET) ar...
Public health adherence and information-seeking for people with chronic conditions during the early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic.

INTRODUCTION: People with chronic conditions, common among rehabilitation populations, may have risk factors that put them at higher risk for more severe illness due to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). OBJECTIVE: To describe and compare adherence to public health guidelines, willingness to adhere to public health guidelines (including vaccination), information-seeking, and perceived trustworthiness of information among people with and without chronic conditions during the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic. DESIGN: National cross-sectional online survey of people with and without chronic health conditions conducted from April through May 2020. PARTICIPANTS: Survey respondents were people with and without chronic conditions, ≥18 years old, able to read English, and in the United States since January 2020. In total, 3109 survey responses were received and 2572 complete unique responses were used in the analysis. METHODS: The survey assessed demographics, adherence to public health measures, information-seeking, and perceived trustworthiness of information sources. Descriptive analyses characterized the sample, and t-tests and nonparametric tests were used to compare those with and without a chronic condition on the public health measures. RESULTS: Participants with a chronic condition reported high adherence to public health recommendations and high willingness to adhere to anticipated recommendations across a wide range of chronic conditions and similar to those without a chronic condition despite advised caution for people with underlying health conditions. Of those with a chronic condition, 70.8% reported a willingness to be vaccinated. Participants reported accessing information from varied sources, with perceived trust highest for the health care providers and lowest for social media. CONCLUSION: Participants reported high adherence to public health measures, regardless of chronic condition status, during the early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic. Knowledge of adherence to public health measures, information-seeking, and trust in information can assist rehabilitation providers and organizations seeking to mitigate disease transmission, particularly for those with chronic conditions.
Recent SIV-Macaque Trials: A Reassessment of Immune Priming and Varying Infectability in Repeated Low-dose Challenge Studies

Nowadays, most preclinical HIV treatment trials use a protocol of administering repeated low-dose challenges (RLCs) of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) to macaques. Statistical analyses of treatment efficacy under the RLC protocol need to consider two confounding hypotheses, both pertinent biologically to HIV: (1) the non-infecting challenges may immunize animals against SIV; and (2) the animals may vary in intrinsic infectability (“frailty”). To explore the two hypotheses, a previous study (Regoes 2012) assembled a database from 7 articles with SIV-macaque treatment trials. With two explicable exceptions, Regoes concluded that the control data did not support either confounding hypothesis. Recent SIV-macaque trials present opportunities to evaluate the conclusions’ robustness. Accordingly, the present article assembles from 24 articles an updated database containing net survival curves from both control and treatment arms in SIV-macaque treatment trials. Broad patterns of statistical significance (at p
To fall or not to fall: the physics of sandcastles

Understanding how porous structures become rigid and retain their strength or fail over variable saturation rates is crucial for designing materials with targeted performances under different processing conditions. This is especially true for the development of materials with time-dependent viscosities (i.e., thixotropic or rheopectic materials) and the emerging science behind manipulatable advanced geometamaterials. Nowhere are these issues more ubiquitous than in the physics of sandcastles. Modeling unconstrained granular columns traversing the microscale (granular temperature) to the mesoscale (internal granular force chains and interactions with pore fluid) and defining the macroscale properties, characteristics and behaviors are key to the development of a universal picture. Herein, we experimentally investigate how an unconstrained granular column can retain structure over a range of saturations. Analyzing a suite of 487 macroscale tests, sigmoid saturation models were developed that define state variable interactions within the mesoscale mechanical domain. This led to the formulation of an energy balance model based on microscale interactions via a 1D thermostatistical picture applied to the granular temperature. The difference between strength and stability can thus be independently observed simultaneously. The two domains are not necessarily synonymous (i.e., strong may not be stable), and the energy cost to change the stability state on the microscopic scale becomes a quantifiable physical property that manifests in macroscopic granular behavior.
Engaging with climate adaptation in transition studies

Abstract Transitions studies has much to offer to the study of climate adaptation. While there are several factors that explain why climate adaptation has not been the subject of sustainable transitions research historically, the process of adapting to climate impacts is well-suited to the analytical frameworks developed in transitions studies. Key areas where sustainable transitions research could contribute to adaptation include: the normative and directed nature of adaptation, cross-scalar politics associated with transformation, and the role of the private sector in adaptation. Similarly, adaptation research can inform the understanding of the role of disturbance and disasters in transitions, and increase attention to vulnerabilities, inequality and uneven impacts of transitions. Synergies between mitigation and adaptation, insights into the relationship between transitions and transformation, and just transitions are likely to be productive areas for collaborative engagement.
From Cooperation to Complicity: Degussa in the Third Reich

List of illustrations List of abbreviations Preface and acknowledgements 1. Introduction and overview 2. The company, the party and the regime 3. Aryanization 4. Autarky and armament 5. Precious metals for the Reich 6. War production and spoliation 7. Forced labour 8. Degesch and Zyklon B 9. War's end and aftermath Appendices Index.
Mechanical Aspects of Retinal Pigment Epithelial Transplantation

Retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) dysfunctionis implicated in various blinding diseases including Age-related Macular degeneration (ARMD) and Stargardt’s disease. RPE transplantation is currently under investigation as a potential therapy for degenerative and/or hereditary retinal diseases. As RPE cells are polar with specific apical and basal characteristics, proper orientation of the grafted cells is expected to have an impact on the success of the transplant and rapid re-establishment of structural integrity of the host retina. Reasonable success has been achieved by randomly injecting RPE cell suspensions in the rescue of degenerating photoreceptors in Royal College of Surgeons rats. These studies have shown the transplanted cells to be functional evaluated by outer segment phagocytosis and photoreceptor transduction (1–5). But in these studies, no consideration was given to the fact that these dissociated cells settled randomly in the host retina often wandering in the subretinal space. Morever, the structural and functional polarity of RPE has also been ignored. As a possible treatment for conditions such as in ARMD, where degeneration of the retina is localized, use of correctly oriented, targeted RPE implants is the ideal method by which diseased retina can be restored to health. There have been other reports describing the use of substrates for RPE transplants (6–11), but none of the substrates were consistently proven effective. Some of the disadvantages of previous substrates include thickness of the substrate, poor degradability, rigidity causing retinal damage and poor permeability. Biodegradable polymers have been used as temporary scaffolds for hepatocyte (12–15)(Cima), fibroblast (Saltzman), chondrocyte (freed) and osteoblast (Ishaug) cultures. In this study, biodegradable polymer sheets as a matrix for RPE grafts have been employed. Polymers such as polyglycolic and polylactic acid are selected due to properties that include biodegradability, maleability and permeability. We have evaluated the polymer matrices as substrates for RPE cell culture, the technique for implanting such polymer/RPE cell complexes in the subretinal space and their subsequent inteactions with the adjacent retina and Bruch’s membrane.