cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Electron Beam Irradiation Treatment of Cantaloupes: Effect on Product Quality

Despite the impressive advances in electron beam irradiation, the technology is not ready for application to alt types of fresh and/or minimally processed fruits and vegetables. The relationships between food product quality (nutrients, colour and texture) and irradiation dose are still needed. Cantaloupes (Cucumis melo, L.) have become a product of interest due to the recent food-borne illness outbreaks related to their consumption in the United States and other countries. The main goal of this study was to verify whether treatment of cantaloupes using electron beam technology has any detrimental effects on the product quality. Whole and fresh-cut packaged cantaloupes were irradiated using a linear electron beam accelerator with the single beam (10 MeV) fixture. Samples were stored at 10 0C for zero, 4, 8 and 12 days along with control (non-irradiated) samples and tested for colour, texture (firmness), size (density), sugars and carotene content to determine the effect of irradiation dose level (1.0, 1.5 and 3.1 kGy). Results indicated that irradiation of cantaloupes, as whole fruits with dose up to 1.OkGy, caused no significant changes on the fruit's physical and nutritional quality attributes. Irradiating at higher doses had an undesirable effect on product quality. The fresh-cut packaged cantaloupe may be irradiated up to 1.5 kGy without worsening the product quality attributes. In both cases, carotene content slightly increased as irradiation dose increased. In general, samples irradiated with dose levels between 1.0-1.5 kGy had better quality attributes than the non-irradiated samples.
The specific heats (Cv) of dense simple fluids

Abstract This paper examines the wide-range temperature and density dependences of the specific heats (Cv) of a number of simple fluids (helium, neon, argon, krypton, parahydrogen, oxygen, and fluorine). The temperature range between the triple point and 2Tc at densities up to 3pc is emphasized. The behaviour of the internal specific heats of the classical monatomic fluids is compared with that of the diatomic and quantum fluids and with internal specific heats derived from molecular dynamics calculations. This comparison shows that (to a first approximation) the internal specific heats of classical monatomic fluids depend only on the intermolecular pair potential energy.
A trust-based approach to mitigate rerouting attacks

One of the ways a malicious router can launch a Denial of Service (DoS) attack is by rerouting IP-packets of other destinations to the victim node. In this paper, based on the observed traffic anomalies, we propose using a Markov chain model to calculate trustworthiness of routers in order to isolate the malicious ones. Furthermore, our approach reduces the false positives by including context information, such as traffic congestion and packet corruption. By means of simulation, we validate our proposed approach in both connection-oriented (i.e., TCP) and connection-less (i.e., UDP) environments.
Variation in particle pumping due to changes in topology in high performance DIII-D plasmas

Recent experiments on DIII-D point to the importance of two factors in determining the rate at which deuterium particles can be pumped at the divertor target(s): (1) the divertor magnetic balance, i.e., the degree to which the divertor topology is single-null (SN) or double-null (DN), and (2) the direction of the of B x {del}B ion drift with respect to the X-point(s). Changes in divertor magnetic balance near the DN shape have a much stronger effect on the pumping rate at the inner divertor target(s) than on the pumping rate at the outer divertor target(s). The behavior in the particle pumping observed at the inner and outer divertor target(s) in the DN and near-DN shapes suggests a redistribution of particles that would be expected in the presence of B x {del}B and E x B ion particle drifts in the scrapeoff layer (SOL) and divertor(s).
Climatic stability and genetic divergence in the tropical insular lizard Anolis krugi, the Puerto Rican ‘Lagartijo Jardinero de la Montaña’

Two factors that can lead to geographic structuring in conspecific populations are barriers to dispersal and climatic stability. Populations that occur in different physiographic regions may be restricted to those areas by physical and/or ecological barriers, which may facilitate the formation of phylogeographic clades. Long-term climatic stability can also promote genetic diversification, because new clades are more likely to evolve in areas that experience lesser climatic shifts. We conducted a phylogeographic study of the Puerto Rican lizard Anolis krugi to assess whether populations of this anole show genetic discontinuities across the species' range, and if they do, whether these breaks coincide with the boundaries of the five physiographic regions of Puerto Rico. We also assessed whether interpopulation genetic distances in A. krugi are positively correlated with relative climatic stability in the island. Anolis krugi exhibits genetic structuring, but the phylogroups do not correspond to the physiographic regions of Puerto Rico. We used climatic reconstructions of two environmental extremes of the Quaternary period, the present conditions and those during the last glacial maximum (LGM), to quantify the degree of climatic stability between sampling locations. We documented positive correlations between genetic distances and relative climatic stability, although these associations were not significant when corrected for autocorrelation. Principal component analyses indicated the existence of climatic niche differences between some phylogeographic clades of A. krugi. The approach that we employed to assess the relationship between climatic stability and the genetic architecture of A. krugi can also be used to investigate the impact of factors such as the spatial distribution of food sources, parasites, predators or competitors on the genetic landscape of a species.
Evaluation of benzyl-substituted DTPA analogues as decorporation agents of radionuclides

Optically active and racemic Bn-DTPA analogues were evaluated for potential decorporation of radioactive lanthanides. Complexation kinetics of the Bn-DTPA analogues with Sr(II), Ce(III), and Ce(IV) was measured using arsenazo III-based spectroscopic method. The Bn-DTPA analogues effectively and rapidly bound to Sr(II), Ce(III), and Ce(IV). Bn-DTPA was orally administered to mice and evaluated for decorporation of 85Sr and compared to that of the clinically available Ca(II)-DTPA. (rac)-Bn-DTPA removed 85Sr in mice more efficiently than DTPA. The Bn-DTPA analogues are promising decorporation agents for potential removal of 90Sr, 144Ce, and 141Ce.
Direct and indirect detection of higgsino-like WIMPs: Concluding the story of electroweak naturalness

Abstract Supersymmetric models which fulfill the conditions of electroweak naturalness generally contain light higgsinos with mass not too far from m h ≃ 125 GeV , while other sparticles can be much heavier. In R -parity conserving models, the lightest neutralino is then a higgsino-like WIMP (albeit with non-negligible gaugino components), with thermal relic density well below measured values. This leaves room for axions to function as co-dark matter particles. The local WIMP abundance is then expected to be below standard estimates, and direct and indirect detection rates must be accordingly rescaled. We calculate rescaled direct and indirect higgsino-like WIMP detection rates in SUSY models that fulfill the electroweak naturalness condition. In spite of the rescaling, we find that ton-scale noble liquid detectors can probe the entire higgsino-like WIMP parameter space, so that these experiments should either discover WIMPs or exclude the concept of electroweak naturalness in R -parity conserving natural SUSY models. Prospects for spin-dependent or indirect detection are more limited due in part to the rescaling effect.
Discrepant team decisions: the effects of race, gender, achievement, and IQ on LD eligibility

To determine whether student characteristics might influence the misclassification of pupils with respect to LD status, the racial, gender, intellectual, achievement, and grade-level status of 344 subjects who had been referred for LD diagnosis was examined. In one fourth of the cases, students were declared either eligible without a severe discrepancy or ineligible with a severe discrepancy regardless of method used (standard score vs. regressed standard score) or cutoff value employed (15-point vs. 22-point discrepancy). Being White, older, and of higher intelligence and achievement were characteristics of those found ineligible despite a severe discrepancy. Being female and less academically able were characteristics of those declared eligible without a severe discrepancy. Implications are presented.
Aspects of the use of copper in pre-colonial West Africa

Copper and its alloys were for centuries staples of the import trade of West Africa, first across the Sahara, then by sea after the opening up of the Guinea Coast. However, little attention has been paid to the reasons behind this ancient and sustained demand. Although the uses of copper were many and changed from time to time and from place to place, the evidence of written, archaeological and artistic sources suggests that they fall largely into four broad and overlapping categories: a medium or standard of exchange, ornamentation, insignia of rank and power, and objects of cult and magic in a narrower sense. The preference for copper and brass over other metals for many purposes appears to have been determined by magic and the ritual properties ascribed to it, as well as by scarcity and practical and aesthetic considerations. Myth and legend may help to elucidate the uses of copper and brass by fitting them into a cosmological framework: thus along the Middle Niger copper is explicitly linked with the genie de l'eau and with myths of creation, while in the Niger Delta brass is frequently associated with the water spirits.
Macromolecular transport through nanostructured and porous hydrogels synthesized using the amphiphilic copolymer, PCL-b-PEO-b-PCL

We have studied macromolecular transport through nanostructured and porous hydrogels. These hydrogels were produced by (1) synthesizing poly(e-caprolactone-b-ethylene oxide-b-e-caprolactone) (PCL-PEO-PCL) block copolymers, (2) crosslinking the block copolymer in aqueous solutions at high concentrations, and (3) degrading the PCL blocks by hydrolysis. Lamellar morphologies of the PCL-b-PEO-b-PCL were observed using Small Angle X-ray Scattering (SAXS) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). The regions formerly occupied by PCL domains have no spanning PEO chains and thus should allow fast transport of macromolecules without significant entanglement. This work presents Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching (FRAP) data showing that macromolecular diffusivities are higher in these nanostructured materials than in comparable homogeneous PEO hydrogels prepared under the same crosslinking conditions to yield similar crosslink density. These materials offer a route to high macromolecular mobility, and so may be useful in bioengineering areas such as drug delivery and protein separation.
Reaction Times to Appearance-Related or Non-appearance-Related Word Choice Among Women With and Without Eating Psychopathology

Activation of schemas related to one’s appearance has been studied extensively using implicit tasks such as the word stem completion task and the Stoop paradigm. The current study utilized a word stem completion task adapted for presentation on a Personal Data Assistant to examine differences in reaction times to appearance- and non-appearance-related words. Participants were 93 undergraduate women, 30 of whom met criteria for eating psychopathology utilizing the diagnostic algorithm for the Eating Disorder Diagnostic Scale (Stice et al. in Psychol Assess 12:123–131. doi:10.1037/1040-3590.12.2.123, 2000). The remaining 63 participants served as a comparison group. A significant interaction effect indicated that women with eating pathology exhibited significantly longer reaction times when selecting the appearance-related words than those without eating psychopathology. This research introduces a novel method of measuring reaction time to appearance- and non-appearance-related words and demonstrates the relevance of appearance schematicity in the naturalistic environment by showing that these schemas have the potential to impact the way young women process schema-relevant information on a day-to-day basis.
Reduction of Direct Products and Restriction of Representations to Subgroups: The Everydays Tasks of the Quantum Theorists

The direct product of two representations plays a fundamental role if the same principles of symmetry apply to two particles, or more generally to two physical systems, and if the two particles, or the two physical systems, are united and considered to be a single system. If one disregards the interaction of the two systems, the representations of their union is the direct product of the representations of the individual systems but if the interaction is taken into account, this direct product splits up into its irreducible components. Physicists have determined, therefore, the reduction of the direct products of the representations of almost all the groups which play an important role in physical theories, such as the groups of rotation in two-, three- and four-dimensional spaces, the various in-homogeneous groups in these dimensions, including the basic invariance group, the Poincare group.
The role of corticosterone in the blockade of tolerance to morphine analgesia by formalin-induced pain in the rat.

We previously reported that morphine fails to produce analgesic tolerance when administered in the presence of formalin-induced pain, which may be related to activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. In the present study, we examined whether suppression of corticosterone secretion during pain prevents the blockade of tolerance to morphine analgesia. Male Long-Evans rats were injected with morphine (20 mg/kg) or saline for 4 consecutive days in the presence or absence of formalin-induced pain. To suppress corticosterone activity, some animals were injected daily with the corticosterone synthesis inhibitor, metyrapone (100 mg/kg), 24 h and 30 min before formalin injections. The analgesic effect of a test dose of morphine (10 mg/kg) was then measured in the tail-flick test 24 h after tolerance induction (i.e. day 5). The presence of pain during tolerance induction prevented the development of analgesic tolerance. Furthermore, inhibition of corticosterone synthesis by metyrapone prevented the blockade of tolerance by pain. These results suggest that the blockade of tolerance to morphine analgesia by formalin-induced pain depends on stress-induced corticosterone increases.
Sample preparation for high throughput accurate mass analysis by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry.

An automated sample preparation for high throughput accurate mass determinations by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOFMS) has been developed. Sample preparation was performed with an automated workstation and automated mass analyses were performed with a commercial MALDI-TOF mass spectrometer. The method was tested with a 41-sample library. MALDI-TOFMS was found to give the needed sensitivity, accurate mass measurement, and soft ionization necessary for structure confirmation, even of mixtures. A mass accuracy of 5 ppm or less was obtained in over 80% of known compound measurements. A mass accuracy better than 10 ppm was obtained for all measurements of known compounds. Analyses of parallel synthesis products resulted in 77% of the measurements with a mass accuracy of 5 ppm or better. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mental Maps and Fuzziness in Space Preferences

Mental maps are widely used to represent aggregate residential preferences in a population. This study examines the contention by researchers that the dominant viewpoint in a group in terms of residential desirability is not affected by the fuzziness in individual space preferences. Results indicate that a significant misrepresentation of group preferences can result when fuzziness of individual preferences is overlooked. The use of ordinal scales to generate mental maps is likely to distort the actual pattern of residential preferences that dominates in the group because of the failure of the ranking approach to account for imprecision and ambiguity in individual preferences. Because interval scales used in rating or evaluating tasks do not force individuals to give a crisp judgement of places, they are more adequate than ordinal scales for mental mapping and for behavioral analysis.
Supervision of Employees with Moderate Special Needs

A study was conducted to identify issues that confront workplace supervisors of people with learning disabilities (LD): problem behaviors, supervisory techniques, and the supervisor's needs. Conclusions are based on questionnaire responses from 65 supervisors in human service agencies and 27 interviews conducted with employers and supervisors in business and industry. Findings indicate that this special needs population surpasses the general population in exhibiting several positive work habits. Problem behaviors are most commonly addressed by establishing realistic performance standards, being flexible, and modifying tasks. Training supervisors who provide specific information concerning the individual are a major source of support to the on-site supervisor. Supervisors felt that personal commitment to this population and availability of specific information concerning LD were the most important influences on the quality of their work with the trainee. Findings from this study hold hope for the successfu...
Cloning of the gene encoding Streptococcin A-FF22, a novel lantibiotic produced by Streptococcus pyogenes, and determination of its nucleotide sequence.

Abstract Streptococcin A-FF22 (SA-FF22) is a lantibiotic produced by Streptococcus pyogenes FF22. The nucleotide sequence of the SA-FF22 structural gene (scnA) was determined and shown to encode a 51-amino-acid prepeptide. The proteolytic processing site of the SA-FF22 prepeptide differs from that which characterizes other type A lantibiotics.
Analytical epidemiology of periodontitis

Aims: To review the literature related to the analytical epidemiology of periodontitis generated over the past decade. This review does not deal with descriptive epidemiologic studies of the prevalence, extent and severity of periodontitis with respect to global geography, but focuses exclusively on analytical epidemiology issues, including the challenges posed by the use of different case definitions across studies, current theories and models of disease progression, and risk factors associated with the onset and progression of periodontitis. Methods: Relevant publications in the English language were identified after Medline and PubMed database searches. Findings and conclusions: There is a conspicuous lack of uniformity in the definition of periodontitis used in epidemiologic studies, and findings from different research groups are not readily interpretable. There is a lack of studies that specifically address the distinction between factors responsible for the onset of periodontitis versus those affecting its progression. Colonization by specific bacteria at high levels, smoking, and poorly controlled diabetes have been established as risk factors for periodontitis, while a number of putative factors, including specific gene polymorphisms, have been identified in association studies. There is a clear need for longitudinal prospective studies that address hypotheses emerging from the cross-sectional data and include established risk factors as covariates along with new exposures of interest. Intervention studies, fulfilling the “targeting” step of the risk assessment process, are particularly warranted. Obvious candidates in this context are studies of the efficacy of elimination of specific bacterial species and of smoking cessation interventions as an alternative to the traditional broad anti-plaque approach in the prevention and control of periodontitis. Ideally, such studies should have a randomized-controlled trial design.
Inversion-based method for estimating total organic carbon and porosity and for diagnosing mineral constituents from multiple well logs in shale-gas formations

AbstractReliable estimates of petrophysical and compositional properties of organic shale are critical for detecting perforation zones or candidates for hydro-fracturing jobs. Current methods for in situ formation evaluation of organic shale largely rely on qualitative responses and empirical formulas. Even core measurements can be inconsistent and inaccurate when evaluating clay minerals and other grain constituents.We implement a recently introduced inversion-based method for organic-shale evaluation from conventional well logs. The objective is to estimate total porosity, total organic carbon (TOC), and volumetric/weight concentrations of mineral/fluid constituents. After detecting bed boundaries, the first step of the method is to perform separate inversion of individual well logs to estimate bed physical properties such as density, neutron migration length, electrical conductivity, photoelectric factor (PEF), and thorium, uranium , and potassium volumetric/weight concentrations. Next, a multilayer pe...
Distributed passive routing decisions in mobile ad-hoc networks

Communication between nodes in mobile ad-hoc networks is a daunting challenge. The dynamic nature of the environment results in a rapidly changing network topology. This paper presents a cross-layer optimization approach and proposes a routing protocol for achieving minimal delay for energy efficient communication in a dynamic multi-hop ad-hoc environment. The proposed protocol is based on minimizing signaling overhead through state-less step-wise routing decisions made at the receiver instead of the sender. This allows the routing decision to be made with respect to locally available information, which ensures that the information is up to date. The protocol is a receiver contention scheme. The contention is based upon a time-to-respond value which is calculated locally at each node through a "delay function". The performance of two delay functions is investigated in detail, which gives an important insight into the effect of physical parameters on the proposed protocol.
Thermoelectric materials discovery using combinatorial chemistry

Transparent conducting oxides have been previously investigated for both bulk and thin film thermoelectric applications, and have shown promising results due to their thermal stability and electrical conductivity. Alloys of two or more transparent conducting oxides have been deposited using pulsed laser deposition (PLD) and combinatorial sputtering, and the resulting films were optimized for optical applications. In this study, thermoelectric materials were prepared by co-sputtering techniques, whereby a chemical gradient was formed across an alumina substrate that was patterned using photolithography to form hundreds of micro-thermocouples. The systems indium tin oxide (ITO), indium zinc oxide (IZO), and zinc tin oxide (ZTO) were investigated for this purpose and the resulting combinatorial libraries were rapidly screened to establish room temperature resistivity, Seebeck coefficient, and power factor as functions of both composition and heat treatment, in nitrogen and air ambients. Due to their chemical stability, oxidation resistance, and large Seebeck coefficients relative to metal thermocouples, these materials are ideal for temperature measurement or energy harvesting in harsh environments such as gas turbine engines.
Small molecule melanin‐concentrating hormone receptor 1 (MCH1R) antagonists as anxiolytic and antidepressive agents

The search for new anxiolytics and antidepressants with a more rapid onset of action has led researchers to pursue neuropeptide receptors as molecular targets for these indications. Among these peptide targets, melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) has shown promising, albeit inconsistent, data supporting a role for this peptide in human emotional disorders. Neurochemical and neuroanatomical studies have revealed that MCH plays a key role in animal feeding and other behavior; however, alteration of MCH signaling by transgenesis or treatment with endogenous and synthetic MCH1R ligands has produced confounding results in animal models of human emotional disorders. This review describes recent contributions to the understanding of the role of MCH in animal stress response. Drug Dev. Res. 65:291–300, 2005. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
ARE THE COMMODITY CURRENCIES AN EXCEPTION TO THE RULE

This paper first confirms and extends findings in the previous literature that for major commodity exporters with market-based exchange rates, the world price of their primary commodity exports is an important and robust determinant for their real exchange rate values. However, despite inducing strong contemporaneous currency responses, commodity prices tell us little about subsequent exchange rate movements a quarter ahead. To further investigate real exchange rate predictability, we use Bayesian model averaging and least angle regression as mechanisms to address model uncertainty and select predictors. We show that while various combinations of macroeconomic fundamentals — including commodity prices at times — can help predict quarterly exchange rate changes, no single specification emerges as the clear winner across both countries and time periods.
On-chip inductance cons and pros

Provides a high level survey of the increasing effects of on-chip inductance. These effects are classified into desirable and nondesirable effects. Among the undesirable effects of on-chip inductance are higher interconnect coupling noise and substrate coupling, challenges for accurate extraction, the required modifications of the infrastructure of CAD tools, and the inevitably slower CAD tools as compared to RC-based tools. Among the desirable effects is lower power consumption, less need for repeaters, faster signal rise time, and less delay uncertainty. The viability of design methodologies considering on-chip inductance is briefly discussed.
Jupiter: Its Captured Satellites

Because of the small size and irregular orbits of the seven outer satellites of Jupiter, it is often assumed that they were derived by capture. The conditions whereby Jupiter can capture satellites have therefore been examined. Relationships derived on the basis of the three-body problem for planets in elliptical orbits enable the dimensions of the capture orbits around Jupiter to be calculated. It is found that Jupiter may capture satellites through the inner Lagrangian point when at perihelion or at aphelion. Captures at perihelion should give rise to satellites in direct orbits of 11.48 x 10(6) kilometers and capture at aphelion to retrograde orbits of 21.7 x 10(6) kilometers. The correspondence with the seven outer satellites suggests that Jupiter VI, VIl, and X in direct orbits at 11.47, 11.74, and 11.85 x 10(6) kilometers were captured at Jupiter perihelion, whereas Jupiter VIII, IX, XI, and XII in retrograde orbits of 23.5, 23.7, 22.5, and 21.2 x 10(6) kilometers were captured when Jupiter was at aphelion. Examination of the precapture orbits indicates that the seven outer satellites were derived from the asteroid belt.
Are disturbed and normal adolescents equally competent to make decisions about mental health treatments

This study uses a structured vignette procedure to assess competency to make treatment decisions in two groups of adolescents, one at risk for institutional placement and the other a matched community sample. Scores on Factual Understanding (the ability to recall facts), Inferential Understanding (the ability to make inferences about those facts), and Reasoning (the ability to weigh risks and benefits of various treatment options and to make choices based on that reasoning) were compared. Results showed that while at-risk adolescents and their community, counterparts did not differ in their factual and inferential understanding abilities, the at-risk adolescents did significantly less well than the community adolescents in reasoning. This difference could not be fully explained by differences in verbal IQ. Girls, no matter what their risk status, scored higher than boys on the Reasoning scale. Implications for legal policies concerning adolescents are discussed.
Evaluation of a wireless handheld medication management device in the prevention of drug-drug interactions in a medicaid population

BACKGROUND: With the passage of the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health (HITECH) Act, widespread adoption of certain health information technologies, such as electronic health records (EHRs) and electronic prescribing (e-prescribing), is imminent. Drug-drug inter- action (DDI) screening and medication history information are commonly incorporated into health information exchange systems to improve medical decision making, safety, and quality of care, but the value of these features is unclear. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of providing access to an early genera- tion electronic medication management program with medication history accessible to prescribers via a wireless handheld personal digital assistant (PDA) device on the incidence of potential DDIs (i.e., DDIs that may or may not cause patient harm). RESULTS: A total of 1,615 prescribers constituted the PDA group, and 600 prescribers made up the comparison group. Prescribers in the 2 groups were significantly different in their specialty practice areas (P < 0.001), number of pharmacy claims at baseline (P < 0.001), and the likelihood of prescribing at least 1 potential DDI combination during the 1-year baseline period (P = 0.003). However, the prescriber groups were similar in their average age (P = 0.241) and geographic location (P = 0.181). The most widely prescribed potential DDIs included those involving warfarin with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and thyroid hormones. The median number of patient medication history updates requested per PDA group prescriber during follow-up was 24 (range 0 to 1,073). At baseline, R ESEAR C H What this study adds 1,104 (68.4%) of the PDA group and 449 (74.8%) of the comparison group had no potential DDIs. During the next year, 1,131 (70.0%) and 462 (77.0%) of the PDA group and comparison group, respectively, had no DDIs. The incidence rate ratio was 1.01 (95% CI = 0.87-1.17) for the PDA group rela- tive to the comparison group for change in number of potential DDIs. In the logistic regression model, the odds of prescribing at least 1 potential DDI did not significantly differ by group (odds ratio = 1.26, 95% CI = 0.96-1.66). These results indicate that there was no significant difference between the intervention and comparison group with regard to the change in the rate of potential DDIs between the baseline and follow-up periods. CONCLUSION: A stand-alone medication management program in a wire- less PDA device was not frequently used by most prescribers to update patient medication histories and was not associated with a reduction in the rate of prescribing potentially clinically important DDIs.
Distributed detection of jamming and defense in wireless sensor networks

We consider in this paper a single-channel wireless sensor network (WSN) where communication among sensor nodes are subject to jamming by an attacker. In particular, we address the detection of a jamming event, and investigate the optimal network defense strategy to mitigate jamming effects. A multiple-monitor distributed detection structure is considered. The optimal detection scheme is developed under the Bayesian criterion, with the goal of minimizing the error probability of detection at a fusion center. For the optimal network defense strategy, we formulate and solve the design problem using a constrained maximization problem by jointly considering Quality-of-Service and resource constraints of WSNs such as communication throughput, energy, and delay.
Finite element analysis of electric machinery

A nonmathematical description of the finite element analysis method is presented. Application of the method to determining the excitation requirement of a large turbine generator is discussed. The handling of short-circuit behavior and end-region fields is considered. An extension of the finite element technique is described that allows one to find simultaneously the electromagnetic fields, the winding currents, and the rotor motion in order to understand the effect of harmonic current and voltage on large squirrel-cage induction motors. >
Collecting Colonialism: Material Culture and Colonial Change

Collecting Colonialism: Material Culture and Colonial Change. Chris Gosden and Chantal Knowles Oxford: Berg Publishers, 2001. 234 pp.
On exploiting geometric constraint of image wavelet coefficients

We investigate the problem of how to exploit the geometric constraints of edges in wavelet-based image coding. The value of studying this problem is the potential coding gain brought by improved probabilistic models of wavelet high-band coefficients. Novel phase shifting and prediction algorithms are derived in the wavelet space. It is demonstrated that after resolving the phase uncertainty, high-band wavelet coefficients can be better modeled by biased-mean probability models rather than the existing zero-mean ones. In lossy coding, the coding gain brought by the biased-mean model is quantitatively analyzed within the conventional DPCM coding framework. Experimental results show that the proposed phase shifting and prediction scheme improves both the subjective and objective performance of wavelet-based image coders.
Analysis of the complex thermal behavior of poly(L‐lactic acid) film. I. Samples crystallized from the glassy state

The melting behavior of poly(L-lactic acid) film crystallized from the glassy state, either isothermally or nonisothermally, was studied by wide angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD), small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and temperature-modulated differential scanning calorimetry (TMDSC). Up to three crystallization and two melting peaks were observed. It was concluded that these effects could largely be accounted for on the basis of a "melt-recrystallization" mechanism. When molecular weight is low, two melting endotherms are readily observed. But, without TMDSC, the double melting phenomena of high molecular weight PLLA is often masked by an exotherm just prior to the final melting, as metastable crystals undergo melt-recrystallization during heating in the DSC. The appearance of a double cold-crystallization peak during the DSC heating scan of amorphous PLLA film is the net effect of cold crystallization and melt-recrystallization of metastable crystals formed during the initial cold crystallization. Samples cold-crystallized at 80 and 90 °C did not exhibit a long period, although substantial crystallinity developed.
Protein diffusiophoresis and salt osmotic diffusion in aqueous solutions.

Diffusion of a solute can be induced by the concentration gradient of another solute in solution. This transport mechanism is known as cross-diffusion. We have investigated cross-diffusion in a ternary protein–salt–water system. Specifically, we measured the two cross-diffusion coefficients for the lysozyme–NaCl–water system at 25 °C and pH 4.5 as a function of protein and salt concentrations by Rayleigh interferometry. One cross-diffusion coefficient characterizes salt osmotic diffusion induced by a protein concentration gradient, and is related to protein–salt thermodynamic interactions as described by the theories of Donnan membrane equilibrium and protein preferential hydration. The other cross-diffusion coefficient characterizes protein diffusiophoresis induced by a salt concentration gradient, and is described as the difference between a preferential-interaction coefficient and a transport parameter. We first relate our experimental results to the protein net charge and the thermodynamic excess of w...
A carrier frequency gating circuit for static inverters, converters, and cycloconverters

This paper presents a new technique for gating silicon controlled rectifiers or other power switches in static inverters, converters, and cycloconverters. The approach uses a carrier frequency to transmit the proper gating signal from the logic circuits to the power switches with electrical isolation. This technique is particularly useful when the fundamental frequency of the power conversion system is very low or is equal to zero. Circuit diagrams and a photograph of a carrier frequency gating circuit are presented.
Predator Stress-Induced CRF Release Causes Enduring Sensitization of Basolateral Amygdala Norepinephrine Systems that Promote PTSD-Like Startle Abnormalities

The neurobiology of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) remains unclear. Intense stress promotes PTSD, which has been associated with exaggerated startle and deficient sensorimotor gating. Here, we examined the long-term sequelae of a rodent model of traumatic stress (repeated predator exposure) on amygdala systems that modulate startle and prepulse inhibition (PPI), an operational measure of sensorimotor gating. We show in rodents that repeated psychogenic stress (predator) induces long-lasting sensitization of basolateral amygdala (BLA) noradrenergic (NE) receptors (α1) via a corticotropin-releasing factor receptor 1 (CRF-R1)-dependent mechanism, and that these CRF1 and NE α1 receptors are highly colocalized on presumptive excitatory output projection neurons of the BLA. A profile identical to that seen with predator exposure was produced in nonstressed rats by intra-BLA infusions of CRF (200 ng/0.5 μl), but not by repeated NE infusions (20 μg/0.5 μl). Infusions into the adjacent central nucleus of amygdala had no effect. Importantly, the predator stress- or CRF-induced sensitization of BLA manifested as heightened startle and PPI deficits in response to subsequent subthreshold NE system challenges (with intra-BLA infusions of 0.3 μg/0.5 μl NE), up to 1 month after stress. This profile of effects closely resembles aspects of PTSD. Hence, we reveal a discrete neural pathway mediating the enhancement of NE system function seen in PTSD, and we offer a model for characterizing potential new treatments that may work by modulating this BLA circuitry. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The present findings reveal a novel and discrete neural substrate that could underlie certain core deficits (startle and prepulse inhibition) that are observed in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). It is shown here that repeated exposure to a rodent model of traumatic stress (predator exposure) produces a long-lasting sensitization of basolateral amygdala noradrenergic substrates [via a corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF)-dependent mechanism] that regulate startle, which is exaggerated in PTSD. Moreover, it is demonstrated that the sensitized noradrenergic receptors colocalize with CRF1 receptors on output projection neurons of the basolateral amygdala. Hence, this stress-induced sensitization of noradrenergic receptors on basolateral nucleus efferents has wide-ranging implications for the numerous deleterious sequelae of trauma exposure that are seen in multiple psychiatric illnesses, including PTSD.
Non-radioisotopic estimate of extracellular volume during isotonic expansion in anuric dogs.

AbstractIn six anuric dogs infused in two steps with isonatremic (= having the same sodium concentration as each dog's initial extracellular space) sodium chloride solutions, stable chloride space was computed by mass conservation and was compared to radiosulphate space. There was close agreement between estimates of pre-infusion extracellular volume by radiosulphate and stable chloride spaces. Computed increases in radiosulphate and stable chloride spaces agreed with the infused volumes in each step.
Resource Utilization for Noncardiac Admissions in Pediatric Patients With Single Ventricle Disease.

Patients with single ventricle (SV) congenital heart disease (CHD) incur high hospital costs during staged surgical palliation. Health care resource utilization for noncardiac admissions in patients with SV has not been reported. This study sought to compare costs and outcomes for common noncardiac hospital admissions between patients with SV and patients without CHD. Hospital discharge data from the University Health System Consortium from January 2011 to December 2013 was queried for patients aged ≤18 years with International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision (ICD-9) codes for SV lesions: hypoplastic left heart syndrome (746.7), tricuspid atresia (746.1), or common ventricle (745.3). Primary diagnosis, direct cost, length of stay (LOS), intensive care unit admission rate and mortality data were obtained. The 10 most common noncardiac admission diagnoses were compared between patients with SV and patients without CHD using t test and Fisher's exact test. Total direct cost, LOS, and intensive care unit admission rate were higher for patients with SV for all diagnoses with the exception of LOS for dehydration, which was not different between groups. Hospital mortality was significantly higher for patients with SV admitted for acute kidney injury, esophageal reflux, failure to thrive, respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis and pneumonia. In conclusion, our study demonstrates that patients with SV CHD admitted with noncardiac diagnoses have higher health care resource utilization compared to those without CHD. As long-term survival increases, it can be expected that this patient group will use a disproportionate amount of medical dollars. Further characterization of costs will be important so steps can be taken to reduce or prevent hospitalization in these patients.
Online precision gas evaluation of the ATLAS Muon Spectrometer during LHC Run1

The ATLAS Muon Spectrometer, a six story structure embedded in a toroidal magnetic field, is constructed of nearly 1200 Monitored Drift Tube chambers (MDTs) containing 354,000 aluminum drift tubes. The operating gas is 93% Ar + 7% CO2 with a small amount of water vapor at a pressure of 3 bar. The momentum resolution required for ATLAS physics demands that MDT gas quality and the associated gas dependent calibrations be determined with a rapid feedback cycle. During the LHC Run1, more than 2 billion liters of gas flowed through the detector at a rate 100,000 l/hr. Online evaluation of MDT gas in real time and the associated contribution to the determination of the time-to-space functions was conducted by the dedicated Gas Monitor Chamber (GMC). We report on the operation and results of the GMC over the first three years of LHC running. During this period, the GMC has operated with a nearly 100% duty cycle, providing hourly measurements of the MDT drift times with 1 ns precision, corresponding to minute changes in gas composition.
The Hormonal Basis for “Witches'Milk.”

ConclusionsMammotropin was detected in the urine of 4 newborn babies. One of the babies, a boy, lactated, and his urine showed the largest amount of hormone (1 unit in 0.5 cc). It is suggested that “witches' milk” is formed in the infantile breast after successive stimulation with oestrin and mammotropin.
The genus Frontopsylla in Nepal with the description of a new species (Siphonaptera: Leptopsyllidae).

Four species of fleas belonging to the genus Frontopsylla Wagner & Ioff, 1926 are reported from Nepal. F. (F.) hollandi is described as a new taxon. The status of the subspecies of F. (F.) spadix (J. & R., 1921) is discussed and the subspecies F. s. cansa Jordan, 1932 is synonymized with the nominate form. F. (F.) diqingensis Li & Hsieh, 1974 is reported from a small series taken in eastern Nepal. F. (O.) cornuta Ioff, 1946 is reported for the first time outside of the Tyan Shan Mountains, and the species is redescribed and reillustrated.
Effect of lecithin, cholesterol and cardiolipin on mumps virus hemolysin.

Summary1. Lecithin, cholesterol, and cardiolipin reduce the activity of mumps virus hemolysin when present prior to but not after the combination of virus and erythrocyte and their inhibitory effects at minimal concentrations were shown to be additative. Lecithin does not affect the hemagglutinating activity of the virus, but the effects of cholesterol and cardiolipin cannot be ascertained as they agglutinate erythrocytes per se. Pretreatment of erythrocytes with lecithin but not with cholesterol or cardiolipin at 37°C rendered them less susceptible to lysis by mumps virus. 2. These results present additional evidence for the separate identity of the viral hemolysin and the viral hemagglutinin and suggest that, in the erythrocyte cell wall, lecithin and cholesterol may be important constituents in its reaction with the viral hemolysin.
Adrenal Causes of Electrolyte Abnormalities: Hyponatremia/Hyperkalemia

1. Sodium and potassium homeostasis is tightly controlled by adrenal mineralocorticoid production.
Survey of ascaris infection among 1988 primary and high school students in rural and urban areas in chenxi county of hunan province

Objective To know the current situation of ascaris infection in primary and high school students in rural and urban areas,in order to make a much better plan for prevention and treatment,and to meet the requirement of the "The National Key Parasitic Disease Prevention Plan of 2006-2015". Methods The random cluster sampling methods were used to investigate 1988 students from 15 primary and high schools in Chenxi county. Results 28 cases in 998 students in urban area were affected and the infection rate was 2.81%;30 cases in 990 students in rural area were affected and the infection rate was 3.03%,and the infection rate of primary school students(4.77%) was higher than that of high school students(0.13%).The difference of the infection rate of students between the rural area and urban area was not statistically significant(χ2=0.089,P0.05). Conclusion The work of preventing and treating the ascaris infection in high schools is done much better than that of primary schools,therefore,much more progress should be made in primary schools.
Some Therapeutic Expectations, Strategies, and Alternatives

In psychiatry, we invoke categories to explain and predict behavior and to link behavior and experiences to the brain (McHugh, 2010; Kagan, 2002). What we take to be real properties are, of course, tied to our foraging for coherence. Rather than trying to determine how “real” these categories are, it may be better to ask how useful they are for purposes of predictability and coherence and what their experimental and therapeutic context and potential are.
The Concepts and Structure of Local Government

Prior to World War II, local governments had little or no independence and were generally treated as administrative arms of the national government. There was no basic constitutional recognition of local governments, and their legal existence rested on a few basic statutes — one for prefectures, one for cities, one for counties (abolished in 1921), and one for towns and villages. Governors of prefectures were local agents of the national government appointed by the Emperor and responsible to him. All local governments were supervised by the powerful Ministry of Home Affairs on most matters, and by other ministries (i.e. Transport, Education, Agriculture) where relevant.