cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Exsolution in the mss-pentlandite system: Textural and genetic implications for Ni-sulfide ores

Experimentation in synthetic systems is essential for a correct interpretation of ore-mineral textures such as the pyrrhotite-pentlandite (po-pn) intergrowths of Ni-sulfide deposits. Within the Fe-Ni-S system, isothermal and cooling exsolution experiments were performed on monosulfide solid solution (mss) of various compositions using sealed, evacuated silica-glass tubes. The charges were annealed between 400° and 200°C for periods ranging from 20 minutes to 5 weeks; also, charges were cooled from 500° to 100°C at 1°C/h. Early-formed isothermal textures form by nucleation and growth, and depend on the initial degree of supersaturation and metal diffusivities; the final textures result from further growth and coarsening of the early forms and are particularly sensitive to the diffusivities, which are a function of temperature. The cooling-rate experiments indicate that massive pn develops by exsolution between 610° and about 250°C during slow cooling from temperatures above the mss-pn solvus; coarsened pn forms along basal planes in the mss matrix between about 250° and 150°C; pn "Flames" result at 150°C or slightly below. Crossing pn lamellae, obtained isothermally at high degrees of supersaturation and virtually unknown in ores, cannot form during slow cooling.
Non-thrombotic Abnormalities on Lower Extremity Venous Duplex Ultrasound Examinations

Introduction: Emergency physician-performed compression ultrasonography focuses primarily onthe evaluation of the proximal veins of the lower extremity in patients with suspected deep venousthrombosis (DVT). A detailed sonographic evaluation of lower extremity is not performed. Theobjective of this study was to determine the prevalence of non-thrombotic findings on comprehensivelower extremity venous duplex ultrasound (US) examinations performed on emergency department(ED) patients. Methods: We performed a retrospective six-year review of an academic ED’s records of adultpatients who underwent a comprehensive lower extremity duplex venous US examination for theevaluation of DVT. The entire US report was thoroughly reviewed for non-thrombotic findings. Results: We detected non-thrombotic findings in 263 (11%, 95% CI [9.5-11.9%]) patients. Amongthe non-thrombotic findings, venous valvular incompetence (81, 30%) was the most frequent,followed by cyst/mass (41, 15%), lymphadenopathy (33, 12%), phlebitis (12, 4.5%), hematoma (8,3%), cellulitis (1, 0.3%) and other (6, 2.2%). Conclusion: In our study, we detected a variety of non-thrombotic abnormalities on comprehensive lowerextremity venous duplex US examinations performed on ED patients. Some of these abnormalities couldbe clinically significant and potentially be detected with point-of-care lower extremity US examinationsif the symptomatic region is evaluated. In addition to assessment of the proximal veins for DVT, werecommend sonographic evaluation of the symptomatic area in the lower extremity when performingpoint-of-care ultrasound examinations to identify non-thrombotic abnormalities that may requireimmediate intervention or close follow up. [West J Emerg Med. 2015;16(2):250–254.]
Coronary Arteriography in Long-Term Human Cardiac Transplantation Survivors

Coronary arterial lesions in survivors of cardiac transplantation result from accelerated coronary atherosclerosis. Clinical recognition of this event is difficult but essential for long-term management and prognostication. Coronary arteriography was performed on 30 occasions in a group of 16 patients 1-4 years after cardiac transplantation. Fifteen patients had normal coronary arteries at one year. Of 10 patients studied at two years, seven showed no change but three others revealed significant coronary arterial lesions which correlated well with clinical signs of coronary artery disease. These three patients subsequently died, two due to coronary artery disease, one due to infection. Three patients have remained normal at three years and one patient is normal at four years as evidenced on yearly coronary arteriograms. A postmortem examination of the patients who died with coronary artery disease confirmed the extent of the luminal narrowing due to atheromatous plaques superimposed on intimal lesions. Coronary arteriography has proven to be a safe, reliable method for assessing the coronary circulation of long-term cardiac transplant survivors.
The importance of mutation, then and now: studies with yeast cytochrome c

The development of a genetic system based on the CYC1 gene was initiated over 40 years ago, primarily because of the anticipated ease of sequencing of the corresponding encoded protein, iso-1-cytochrome c from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The success of the iso-cytochrome c system was dependent on the early development of methods for detecting and selecting cyc1 defective mutants and CYC1 functional revertants, and of methods for fine-structure genetic mapping using deletions and single-site mutations. The nonsense codons TAA and TAG, and the initiation codon ATG, were determined from the amino acid alterations of iso-1-cytochromes c from intragenic revertants; this represented the first assignments of such codons in a eukaryotic organism. The types of desired sequences were expanded by selecting recombinants from cyc1 x cyc1 nonfunctional mutants or CYC1 x CYC1 functional mutants, permitting the early determination of the rules of translation, which differed from those of prokaryotes by use of the most 5' AUG codon for initiation of translation. The sequence of 44 base pairs of CYC1 was determined with altered iso-1-cytochromes c from revertants of frameshift and initiation mutants, allowing the early cloning of the gene. A method was developed for transforming yeast directly with synthetic oligonucleotides, resulting in the convenient production of CYC1 mutants with defined sequences. At this point in time, Sherman and colleagues have published approximately 240 papers on or using the iso-cytochrome c system, dealing with such diverse topics as translation, informational suppressors, transcription and transcription termination, recombination, ectopic recombination, mutagen specificity, regulation by Ty1 elements, evolution of duplicated chromosomal segments, structure-function relationships of cytochrome c, protein stability and degradation, biosynthesis and mitochondrial import of cytochrome c, mitochondrial proteases, co- and post-translational modifications, and mRNA degradation. Current work on degradation of proteins in mitochondria, on degradation of mRNA in the nucleus, and on N-terminal acetylation stems from properties of CYC1 mutants isolated in early screens more than a decade ago.
Speaking Correctly: Error Correction as a Language Socialization Practice in a Ukrainian Classroom

This study uses a language socialization approach to explore the role of Ukrainian language instruction in the revitalization of Ukrainian as the national language. Based on 10 months ethnographic observation and videotaping of classroom interaction in two fifth-grade Ukrainian language and literature classrooms, it focuses on corrective feedback targeting children's use of Russian forms and considers how these practices are shaped by the imperatives of Ukrainian language revitalization and language ideologies that valorize ‘pure language’ as the sole legitimate variety of Ukrainian. The analysis reveals how corrective feedback is socializing children into speaking pure language and into dominant Ukrainian language ideologies that proscribe language mixing as a violation of the natural boundaries between languages, thus preserving a distinct Ukrainian language as an emblem of a distinct Ukrainian nation.
The effects of congressional rules about bill cosponsorship on duplicate bills: Changing incentives for credit claiming

We generate for the first time a time series that allows us to identify the number of duplicate bills in Congresses operating under different rules about the cosponsorship of bills. We show that changes in the congressional rules about bill cosponsorship affected the number of duplicate bills in a way fully consistent with a public choice perspective on legislative “credit claiming.”
Interactions of lipids with immune function II: Experimental and clinical studies of lipids and immunity

Abstract Dietary lipids, through the degrees and patterns of fatty acyl unsaturation, have the ability to suppress or enhance the immune response. The basic biochemical mechanisms by which these lipids alter the structure and function of plasma membranes have previously been reviewed.1 In this second review, the diverse effects of lipids in experimental animal models and clinical human studies will be discussed. The immune modulating effects of lipids can be understood only if all the known effects of lipids of cellular function are taken into account, including (1) changes in membranes fluidity, (2) production of lipid peroxides, (3) regulation of eicosanoid metabolism, and (4) direct interactions with cellular activation. Explanations of the observed effects of lipids based on only one of these mechanisms, such as changes in eicosanoid production, are simplistic and do not explain the often contradictory findings noted.
Learning about Learning: An Interactive Model

Abstract The principles of constructivist education do not apply only to young children, but to all learners, including university students. For teachers to appreciate the importance of active, autonomous learning for children, they have to be active, autonomous learners themselves. The course model presented here employs the basic principles of constructivist education as outlined by Constance Kamii in Young Children Reinvent Arithmetic (1985). In a class that included undergraduates and a graduate practicum student, active learning took place through social interaction and personal reflection. Students were able to develop a greater degree of autonomy which will help them in their personal and professional lives.
Graphical representation of AgAu surface segregation

Abstract I explore and extend a graphical representation in the monolayer approximation, of the thermodynamics of binary surfaces. The representation elucidates the physical origin of γ, the surface work, and clarifies numerical calculations. I illustrate the representation by fitting the measured surface segregation isotherm in the well-studied binary system Ag-Au.
Chemical amplification resists: history and development within IBM

The chemical amplification concept was invented at IBM Research and quickly brought into use in the production of dynamic random access memory devices in the company. It has remained as an important foundation for the design of advanced resist systems for use in short-wavelength (<300-nm) lithographic technologies.
STEM and shadow-imaging of biomolecules at 6 eV beam energy

Abstract The imaging of biomolecules in the lensless, field-emission, point-projection shadow-image electron microscope (PPM), operating between 2 and 100 eV, is reviewed. Radiation damage in this instrument is compared with X-ray and electron microscope imaging (or holography). Two regimes are considered for imaging at low voltage—one in which the inelastic mean free path λI is much larger than the molecule, and one in which it is much shorter. A summary of measurements of λI is given for organic films. Recent results from out point-projection instrument are presented from carbon films operating at about 100 V, and at lower resolution from purple membrane and lipid monolayers. A new instrument is described which allows energy filtered imaging, rapid exchange of tip and sample and operation in STEM and STM modes in addition to PPM. First PPM results are shown at 80 eV. A method of reconstruction for these in-line electron holograms (or coherent shadow images) is demonstrated using experimental images. By scanning the field-emission tip using STM methods, an elastically-filtered scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) image will be obtained at sub-nanometer resolution and lower voltages. By this means the field of view of the PPM may be increased at the highest magnification. The use of solid Xenon at 55 K is proposed as an electron-transparent substrate or matrix for molecules of interest, in view of its favorable properties as a photocathode (long inelastic mean free path) and the reduction in radiation damage which occurs at low temperature. The elimination of elastic scattering in this crystalline substrate is made possible by operating at an electron wavelength greater than twice the largest interplanar spacing.
Investigating the pore-scale mechanisms of microbial enhanced oil recovery

Abstract Microbial Enhanced Oil Recovery (MEOR) is a process where microorganisms are used for tertiary oil recovery. Numerous mechanisms have been proposed in the literature through which microorganisms facilitate the mobilization of residual oil. Herein, we focus on the MEOR mechanisms of interfacial tension reduction (via biosurfactant) and bioclogging in water-wet micromodels, using Shewanella oneidensis (MR-1) that causes bioclogging and Bacillus mojavensis (JF-2) that produces biosurfactant and causes bioclogging. Micromodels were flooded with an assortment of flooding solutions ranging from metabolically active bacteria to nutrient limited bacteria to dead inactive biomass to assess the effectiveness of the proposed MEOR mechanisms of bioclogging and biosurfactant production. Results indicate tertiary flooding of the micromodel system with biomass and biosurfactant was optimal for oil recovery due to the combined effects of bioclogging of the pore-space and interfacial tension reduction. However, biosurfactant was able to recover oil in some cases dependent on wettability. Biomass without biosurfactant that clogged the pore-space also successfully produced additional oil recovery. When analyzing residual oil blob morphology, MEOR resulted in oil blob size and radius of curvature distributions similar to those obtained by an abiotic capillary desaturation test, where flooding rate was increased post secondary recovery. Furthermore, for the capillary number calculated during MEOR flooding with bioclogging and biosurfactant, lower residual oil saturation was measured than for the corresponding capillary number under abiotic conditions. These results suggest that bioclogging and biosurfactant MEOR is a potentially effective approach for pore morphology modification and thus flow alteration in porous media that can have a significant effect on oil recovery beyond that predicted by capillary number.
Predictors of Long-Term Major Adverse Cardiac Events and Clinical Restenosis Following Elective Percutaneous Coronary Stenting

Limited data exist regarding the predictors of long-term clinical outcomes following elective percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in the current era of stenting. The authors investigated the predictors of major adverse cardiac events (MACE) and clinical restenosis in 740 consecutive patients who underwent successful elective PCI with bare metal stents (BMSs) or drug-eluting stents (DESs). At 30-month follow-up, compared with BMS recipients, DES recipients had a significantly lower rate of MACE, which was mainly driven by a decreased repeat target vessel PCI. The rate of 30-month clinical restenosis was significantly lower in DES recipients. The authors conclude that baseline clinical, angiographic, and procedural characteristics determine long-term MACE and clinical restenosis after elective PCI, with DES being the independent predictor for both.
Has too much blame been placed on tanning beds for the rise in melanoma diagnosis

Over the past several decades, the incidence of melanoma has risen dramatically in Caucasian populations worldwide. The potential reasons for this increase in melanoma incidence are many, but the concomitant explosion in indoor tanning since the early 1980s has drawn particular scrutiny from scientists, professional societies and legislators. Ample evidence now demonstrates that indoor tanning significantly increases an individual’s risk of developing both melanoma and nonmelanoma skin cancers. Other explanations for the increasing rate of melanoma diagnosis, including increased awareness and screening, diagnostic drift, medical phototherapy use and changes in patterns of exposure to natural sunlight, are important contributing factors, but are unlikely to explain the entirety of the trend. In particular, evidence suggests that indoor tanning may have driven a spike in melanoma incidence in women and young people, among whom tanning bed use and estimated risk ratios are higher than in the general population.
SU‐FF‐T‐120: The Impact of Variable Gantry Rotation Speed and Dose‐Rate On the Quality of Aperture‐Modulated Arc Therapy (AMAT)

Purpose: From its early inception, DMLC‐based IMRT has differed from Binary MLC‐based helical IMRT by delivering the treatment volumetrically. As the field of IMRT evolved, the demands on its performance converge to three main criteria: quality of dose plans, speed of treatment delivery, and amount of leakage exposure. Many have ventured the approach of DMLC‐based aperture‐modulated arc (AMAT) therapies, indicating their potential to satisfy these three criteria. The traditional arc therapy is delivered with a constant gantry rotation speed and a constant dose rate. It is logical to expect that if the outputs at any transient gantry position can vary, the capacity or flexibility of dose optimization would increase, regardless of the type of aperture modulation algorithms. The technology of arc delivery with varying gantry rotating speed and dose‐rate has recently become available. We conducted a study to investigate the impact of these new arcing parameters. Method and Materials: The study is conducted on the following equipments: a Varian Trilogy linear accelerator, the Varian Eclipse planning system and the Pinnacle SmartArc module. The linac can operate in constant dose‐rate/gantry rotation mode or varying dose‐rate/gantry rotation mode. Plans were derived with constant dose‐rate/gantry rotation and varying dose‐rate/gantry rotation. The comparisons were carried out as objectively as possible based on the three criteria with set benchmarks. Results: From a limited range of examples studied, it is observed that while AMAT with constant dose rate and gantry rotation is capable of producing good dose plans, dose‐rate and gantry rotation variation allows further improvement of the dose plan and the delivery efficiency. MLC inter‐digitation also increases the flexibility of planning and the delivery efficiency. Conclusion: The quality of plan and the treatment delivery efficiency are inter‐related. While plan evaluation is often subjective, a greater technical flexibility undoubtedly increases planning capacity and improves delivery efficiency.
Excitation of a dipole topological state in a strongly coupled two-component Bose-Einstein condensate

Two internal hyperfine states of a Bose-Einstein condensate in a dilute magnetically trapped gas of ${}^{87}\mathrm{Rb}$ atoms are strongly coupled by an external field that drives Rabi oscillations between the internal states. Due to their different magnetic moments and the force of gravity, the trapping potentials for the two states are offset along the vertical axis, so that the dynamics of the internal and external degrees of freedom are inseparable. The rapid cycling between internal atomic states in the displaced traps results in an adiabatic transfer of population from the condensate ground state to its first antisymmetric topological state. This has a pronounced effect on the internal Rabi oscillations, modulating the fringe visibility in a manner reminiscent of collapses and revivals. We present a detailed theoretical description based on zero-temperature mean-field theory.
Nitridation kinetics of niobium in the temperature range of 873 to 1273 K

Oxidation kinetics of niobium (columbium) in oxygen are investigated in the temperature range of 873 to 1083 K. The observed abnormal dependence of the linear oxidation rate on temperature is suggested to be due to the relative amount of NbO2 in the oxide scale. The amount of oxygen dissolved in the metal is calculated and it constitutes a small fraction of the total oxygen uptake. From hardness measurements, the oxygen diffusion coefficient in Nb can be expressed as:D = 2.72 × 10−3 exp ( − 95.4/R T) with the activation energy in kjoule/mole.
Maternal-child oral health behaviors and caries experience in the child.

Objective: This study examined maternal and child oral health behaviors and potential risk factors for dental caries in high-risk children. Study Design: Data on oral health practices were collected from surveys of mother/caregivers and the child's dental chart was reviewed. Linear regression and ordered probit regression models were used to examine data. Results: A total of sixty questionnaires were completed. There was a marginally significant relationship (P=.08) between number of times per day a child consumed a sweetened beverage and the dmfs of the child. Mothers who snacked more frequently had a greater probability (24%) that their child snacked 3 times or more. Mothers who drank a sweetened beverage more frequently had a greater probability (40%) that their child drank a sweetened beverage 3 or more times a day. Mothers who brushed their teeth with fluoridated toothpaste had a greater probability (79%) that their child brushed 2 or more times a day with fluoridated toothpaste. Conclusions: Two mat...
Chronic hypokalemia and the left ventricular responses to epinephrine and preload

Abstract The effects of moderate, chronic (5 days) potassium depletion on cardiac function were assessed in 14 normokalemic and 13 hypokalemic open chest, anesthetized dogs. Cardiac responses to intravenous bolus injection of 2.5 μg/kg body weight epinephrine (10 normokalemic and 11 hypokalemic dogs) and to rapidly increased preload (8 dogs in each group) were evaluated. Hypokalemic dogs received a low potassium diet plus chlorthalidone. Plasma potassium levels were lower (p The inotropic response to epinephrine was lower in hypokalemic than in normokalemic dogs, the response of the maximal rate of rise of left ventricular pressure was 20% greater (p The relaxation response to epinephrine (the maximal rate of fall of left ventricular pressure) was 33% lower (p
Studying action representation in children via motor imagery

The use of motor imagery is a widely used experimental paradigm for the study of cognitive aspects of action planning and control in adults. Furthermore, there are indications that motor imagery provides a window into the process of action representation. These notions complement internal model theory suggesting that such representations allow predictions (estimates) about the mapping of the self to parameters of the external world; processes that enable successful planning and execution of action. The ability to mentally represent action is important to the development of motor control. This paper presents a critical review of motor imagery research conducted with children (typically developing and special populations) with focus on its merits and possible shortcomings in studying action representation. Included in the review are age-related findings, possible brain structures involved, experimental paradigms, and recommendations for future work. The merits of this review are associated with the apparent increasing attraction for using and studying motor imagery to understand the developmental aspects of action processing in children.
Scotus on the Will: The Rational Power and the Dual Affections

Examinant la conception de la volonte libre chez Duns Scot, l'A. etudie la nature de la relation entre les deux elements qui la constituent: 1) le pouvoir rationnel d'autodetermination entre les opposes; 2) les affections duelles de la volonte. Soulignant le caractere problematique de l'interpretation de J. Boler fondee sur la distinction entre deux definitions de la liberte, l'une metaphysique et l'autre morale, l'A. montre que la notion de moralite chez Duns Scot n'autorise pas une liberte metaphysique sans liberte morale, d'une part, et ne reduit pas les affections duelles de la volonte a la these de la suffisance surabondante, d'autre part
Quantum and classical dynamics of an anharmonic oscillator

Abstract A comparison of the quantum and classical evolutions of a harmonic oscillator coherent state in a solvable model of an anharmonic oscillator is made. A short-time analysis of the initial state population probability of both the classical and quantum motions shows that the initial decays of the states differ greatly when the initial state is highly excited. A long-time study also indicates that for low excitation the quantum and classical motions are well correlated but not for high excitation.
Comparison of Several Accelerated Laboratory Tests for the Determination of Localized Corrosion Resistance of High-Performance Alloys

Abstract Results of immersion pitting, immersion crevice, and slow scan potentiodynamic pitting tests are compared to assess the relevance of particular types of accelerated laboratory tests for lo...
Synthesis and polymerization of a bulky styrenic monomer as an in-chain ‘knot’ for polyrotaxanes

Abstract p-[Tris(p-t-butylphenyl)methyl]phenoxymethylstyrene (10) was prepared as a mixture of meta and para isomers via Williamson ether synthesis from vinylbenzyl chloride. Monomer 10 polymerizes smoothly under free-radical conditions. Under anionic polymerization conditions, nucleophilic attack at the benzylic position displaces the substituted phenoxide ion; by using an excess of n-butyllithium, however, a polymer of complex structure, high molecular weight and polydispersity of 2.2 was formed. On the basis of its steric bulk and polymerizability, new monomer 10 is therefore a useful in-chain ‘knot’ or ‘stopper’ for polyrotaxane synthesis using free-radical techniques, but not via anionic methods.
Office Management of the Patient with Chronic Cough

Chronic cough is a common complaint in the ambulatory setting and can result in significant compromise in quality of life and, uncommonly, is a presenting symptom of serious or life-threatening disease. Although there are many potential causes, an organized approach to diagnosis that may include therapeutic trials of select medications can establish the diagnosis in over 90% of presenting patients. Management hinges on accurate etiologic diagnosis. Consultation with a pulmonologist, otolaryngologist, or allergist is indicated in selected cases where diagnosis is unclear or specific therapy is mandated.
Quantitation of 2‐amino‐3‐methylimidazo[4,5‐f]quinoline and 2‐amino‐3,8‐dimethylimidazo[4,5‐f]quinoxaline DNA adducts in specific sequences using alkali or uvrABC excinuclease

2-Amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline (IQ) and 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (MelQx) are carcinogens found in cooked meats that form DNA adducts upon metabolic activation. Purified DNA from Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells was reacted in vitro with the active metabolites N-acetoxy-IQ or N-acetoxy-MelQx, and the adduct levels in the 5' dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) gene and downstream region were quantitated by Southern hybridization. Adducted and restricted DNA was treated with Escherichia coli uvrABC excinuclease or alkali (0.1 N NaOH, 37 degrees C, 60 min) to incise DNA at IQ and MelQx adduct sites. The DNA was then denatured with formamide, electrophoresed on a neutral agarose gel, transferred to a support membrane, and hybridized with sequence-specific DNA probes. Both uvrABC and alkali reduced the intensity of Southern hybridization in proportion to the number of IQ or MelQx adducts in DNA, indicating that these adducts are substrates for uvrABC and that they form alkali-labile lesions in DNA. IQ and MelQx adduct levels were the same in the 5' DHFR gene and in the downstream region. Southern hybridization analysis of pBR322 containing known levels of IQ or MelQx adducts showed that the efficiency of cutting IQ or MelQx adducts by uvrABC excinuclease and alkali was approximately 30% and 15%, respectively. 32P-postlabeling studies examining adduct level in bulk DNA further showed that the adduct profiles were identical in pBR322, CHO DNA, and cultured CHO cells exposed to the reactive metabolites of IQ or MelQx. The results indicate that IQ and MelQx adducts can be quantitated in specific genomic sequences and that this method should be directly applicable to studies of gene-specific repair of these adducts in cultured cells.
Noninvasive determination of acetaminophen disposition in Down's syndrome

In this study we evaluated subjects with Down's syndrome for the possibility that direct or indirect gene dosage effects of trisomy 21 alter the fate of acetaminophen. We also investigated the usefulness of noninvasive sampling techniques to obtain parameter estimates for drug disposition in these developmentally disabled individuals. After administration of 5 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg oral doses of acetaminophen, subjects with Down's syndrome resembled control subjects in most pharmacokinetic and metabolic parameters, including apparent half-life, volume of distribution per kilogram body mass, total body clearance per kilogram of body mass, extrapolated saliva concentration at time zero, and the urinary excretion of acetaminophen glucuronide and sulfate conjugates. Glutathione conjugation tended to increase and sulfate conjugation tended to decrease in all subjects as the acetaminophen dose increased from 5 mg/kg to 20 mg/kg. Results based on these samples of very limited size also suggest that acetaminophen metabolism to glutathione-derived conjugates may have been increased in subjects with Down's syndrome. The similarity of estimates of acetaminophen pharmacokinetics and data on metabolic fate between subjects with Down's syndrome and normal volunteers indicates that large effects of trisomy 21 on these processes are unlikely. Also, these results were in agreement with extensive data obtained with invasive techniques, indicating that simple noninvasive methodologies appear to be well suited for studying acetaminophen disposition in populations of developmentally disabled individuals.
A Comparison of Decadal-to-Interdecadal Variability and Trend in Reanalysis Datasets Using Atmospheric Angular Momentum

AbstractAn intercomparison of the global relative angular momentum MR in five reanalysis datasets, including the Twentieth Century Reanalysis (20CR), is performed for the second half of the twentieth century. The intercomparison forms a stringent test for 20CR because the variability of MR is known to be strongly influenced by the variability of upper-tropospheric zonal wind whereas 20CR assimilated only surface observations. The analysis reveals good agreement for decadal-to-multidecadal variability among all of the datasets, including 20CR, for the second half of the twentieth century. The discrepancies among different datasets are mainly in the slowest component, the long-term trend, of MR. Once the data are detrended, the resulting decadal-to-multidecadal variability shows even better agreement among all of the datasets. This result indicates that 20CR can be reliably used for the analysis of decadal-to-interdecadal variability in the pre-1950 era, provided that the data are properly detrended. As a q...
Individual differences in water-level task performance: A component-skills analysis

Abstract Over the past two decades, several studies have indicated that many adults have difficulty in demonstrating the concept that liquids remain invariantly horizontal and that this is more often true of women than men. Theoretical explanations for these differences have centered around biological and sociocultural hypotheses. The purpose of this paper is to review the literature on individual differences in adult performance on Piaget's water-level task and to offer an interpretation based on a component-skills analysis of water-level task performance. Water-level task performance is reduced to the subabilities of (a) visualperceptual skills, (b) mental imagery and rotation skills, (c) utilization of spatial coordinate systems, and (d) recall of relevant information. The utility of a component-skills analysis in understanding water-level task performance is discussed.
In situ cure monitoring of epoxy resins using fiber-optic raman spectroscopy

Fiber-optic Raman spectroscopy was used to monitor the curing of epoxy resins in situ for eventual application to polymer composite processing. A 200-μm diameter quartz fiberoptic sensor immersed in liquid resin was used to obtain Raman spectra for a concentration series of diglicidyl ether of bisphenol-A in its own reaction product with diethylamine using an 820 nm continuous-wave diode laser excitation. A Raman peak at 1240 cm−1 was assigned to a vibrational mode of the oxirane (epoxide) ring and its normalized intensity was found to be linearly related to the concentration of epoxide groups in the resin mixtures. Raman peaks at 1112 and 1186 cm−1 associated with phenyl and gem-dimethyl resin backbone vibrations, respectively, did not change in intensity due to the curing reaction and were used as internal references to correct the Raman spectra for intensity changes due to density fluctuations and instrumental variations during the experiments. Fiber-optic Raman spectroscopy was used to monitor the extent of reaction in situ for the room-temperature cure of phenyl glicidyl ether with diethylamine. The extent of reaction of the epoxide groups calculated from the Raman spectra were in excellent agreement with kinetic data from Fourier transform near-infrared absorbance measurements made under the same conditions. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Effect of sucrose on the mechanical and acoustic properties of freeze-dried agar, k-carrageenan and gellan gels

Agar, K-carrageenan and gellan gels (2%) with and without infused sucrose (5, 10 and 12.5%) were freeze dried and the mechanical and acoustic signatures of the resulting solid sponges recorded. For comparison, agar gels with 5 and 10% starch were also prepared and likewise tested. The presence of the sugar, or starch, in the dried gels increased their density in a manner that could not be predicted from the corresponding stoichiometric relations between the gum and additive indicating that the sugar, or starch, were not inert fillers. In general, the presence of the sucrose in the dried gel solid matrix increased the brittleness of the sponges. The effect could be quantified in terms of the increase in the mechanical signature's apparent fractal dimension (Richardson's and Kolmogorov's). The more brittle dried gels also had a “richer” acoustic signature whose apparent fractal dimension was determined with the “blanket” algorithm. Despite the irregular and jagged appearance of all the dry gels stress-strain relationships, they could be described by the same kind of a three parameter empirical model originally derived for soft baked products and polymeric foams. Although the added sugar, or starch, stiffened the dehydrated gels the effect could not be quantified unambiguously because of the differences in the density and in the overall shape of the stress-strain curve.
Production and characterization of species-specific monoclonal antibodies against Actinomyces naeslundii and Lactobacillus casei.

Dental caries is a disease induced by a few cariogenic bacterial species. Quantitative detection of these cariogenic bacteria could provide useful information for caries risk assessment. In this study, we developed highly species-specific monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against the type strains of Actinomyces naeslundii ATCC 12104 and Lactobacillus casei ATCC 11578. Assayed with immunoprecipitation and immunofluorescent microscopy, these antibodies showed high sensitivities and specificities in detecting A. naeslundii and L. casei in saliva. Examining 100 saliva samples using these MAb-based techniques, we found that the number of A. naeslundii in saliva ranges from 0.5 × 104 to 4.8 × 105 and that the number of L. casei in saliva ranges from 1 × 104 to 1.2 × 106. With fluorescent imaging techniques and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), these antibodies were used to visualize A. naeslundii and L. casei within dental plaques derived from stimulated whole human saliva in vitro. The study demonstrated t...
Serial changes in response of hibernating myocardium to inotropic stimulation after revascularization : A dobutamine echocardiographic study

Abstract Objectives. We sought to evaluate the serial changes in the response of the hibernating myocardium to dobutamine stimulation after revascularization. Background. An improvement in myocardial contraction during dobutamine stress echocardiography (DSE), particularly a biphasic response, predicts recovery of rest function. However, little is known about the changes in the response of the myocardium to dobutamine after revascularization. Methods. Thirty-four patients with stable coronary artery disease and regional left ventricular dysfunction underwent DSE before, early (within 1 week) and late (>6 weeks) after coronary angioplasty. Dobutamine was given in incremental doses from 2.5 to 40 μg/kg body weight per min. Results. Of 180 revascularized segments with severe rest dysfunction, recovery of rest function was seen in 56 segments (31%) late after angioplasty, 80% of which had early recovery. Ventricular function during DSE was similar early and late after revascularization. Patients who showed a biphasic response to DSE before revascularization (n = 12) had the most improvement in function at rest (mean [±SD] wall motion score index [WMSI] 1.98 ± 0.75 vs. 1.35 ± 0.54, p Conclusions. In myocardial hibernation, the majority of recovery of rest function occurs early after revascularization. Although patients who recover rest function show the most marked improvement in wall motion during DSE, those without recovery of rest function also have improved function during DSE, particularly when there is evidence of ischemia before revascularization.
Evaluation of Formability in Bending/Hemming of Aluminum Alloys Using Plane-Strain Tensile Tests

This paper presents a fundamental study for the characterization of formability in bending/hemming, or "bendability/hemmability," of automotive aluminum alloys. Based on the strain/stress nature of the hemline (bent corner) surfaces, maximum surface strain was proposed as the hemming fracture criterion, and it is believed that bendability/ hemmability of aluminum alloys can be directly approximated by the fracture strains from plane-strain tensile tests. The criterion was verified by comparing hemming and plane-strain tensile experiments on AA6111-T4 and AAx611-T4 with fracture strains measured, respectively, via a modified angled line method and thickness reductions. After a verification of material hardening laws, the identified failure criterion was implemented into 2D and 3D finite element hemming simulations for fracture predictions. The findings provide the basis for the design of aluminum hems under formality constraints, and it is expected that the fundamental theory and established methodology are applicable to bendabilitylhemmability evaluations for general sheet materials.
The Statistical Complement of Pure Economics

Representative constructive workers in pure economics have conceived of an inductive statistical complement without whose development the a priori instrument must lack concrete effectiveness, 1.— The most important statistical processes that must be employed in the elaboration of the inductive science are described, 8.—Steps which have already been taken in the attempt to bring together pure economics and the theory of statistics in the treatment of concrete material are illustrated, 23.—From a survey of what has been accomplished it is inferred that fecund scientific ideas as well as abiding practical results are to be gained from the development of the Statistical Complement of Pure Economics, 33.
POSTBURST NEBULAR EMISSION OF SOFT GAMMA-RAY REPEATERS

The soft gamma ray repeater SGR 1806-20 has been shown to be unambiguously associated with the central region of the radio nebula G10.0-0.3. The nebula surrounding SGR 1806-20 is probably a supernova remnant and has a nonthermal radio spectrum typical of a 'plerion,' circumstellar gas energized by a relativistic particle outflow from a central source. The association of soft gamma ray repeaters (SGRs) with supernova remnants is supported by the likely association of another repeater, SGR 0525-66, with the nebula N49 in the Large Magellanic Cloud. Gas nebulae surrounding SGRs provide ideal calorimeters to tap both the impulsive and steady state energy released from these bursting sources. We discuss in this Letter a simple model of high-energy emission produced by impulsive release of relativistic particles in nebulae surrounding SGRs following bursting episodes. This nebular X-ray and gamma ray emission can be detected and monitored by ROSAT, ASCA, and the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory.
Hydration of superoxide studied by molecular dynamics simulation

L'energie libre de Helmholtz de l'hydratation de O 2 - est estimee par la methode thermodynamique d'integration. La diffusion de O 2 - et la structure de l'eau autour de O 2 - sont aussi etudiees. Deux modeles d'eau sont utilises dans les calculs et les resultats sont compares avec les experiences
Messaging in the Early SDC Time-Sharing System

In the early 1960s, the time-sharing computer at the System Development Corporation had several messaging commands through which remotely logged in users communicated with one another and with the system operator. These commands were used for system operation and for sending information to remote users. They also permitted collaborative work such as joint debugging of multi-author programs, an activity now associated with the Internet. These capabilities appear to be the earliest documented implementation of text messaging and were in use before electronic mail was developed for time-sharing systems.
Interaction between polygenic risk for cigarette use and environmental exposures in the Detroit neighborhood health study

Cigarette smoking is influenced both by genetic and environmental factors. Until this year, all large-scale gene identification studies on smoking were conducted in populations of European ancestry. Consequently, the genetic architecture of smoking is not well described in other populations. Further, despite a rich epidemiologic literature focused on the social determinants of smoking, few studies have examined the moderation of genetic influences (for example, gene–environment interactions) on smoking in African Americans. In the Detroit Neighborhood Health Study (DNHS), a sample of randomly selected majority African American residents of Detroit, we constructed a genetic risk score (GRS), in which we combined top (P-value <5 × 10−7) genetic variants from a recent meta-analysis conducted in a large sample of African Americans. Using regression (effective n=399), we first tested for association between the GRS and cigarettes per day, attempting to replicate the findings from the meta-analysis. Second, we examined interactions with three social contexts that may moderate the genetic association with smoking: traumatic events, neighborhood social cohesion and neighborhood physical disorder. Among individuals who had ever smoked cigarettes, the GRS significantly predicted the number of cigarettes smoked per day and accounted for ∼3% of the overall variance in the trait. Significant interactions were observed between the GRS and number of traumatic events experienced, as well as between the GRS and average neighborhood social cohesion; the association between genetic risk and smoking was greater among individuals who had experienced an increased number of traumatic events in their lifetimes, and diminished among individuals who lived in a neighborhood characterized by greater social cohesion. This study provides support for the utility of the GRS as an alternative approach to replication of common polygenic variation, and in gene–environment interaction, for smoking behaviors. In addition, this study indicates that environmental determinants have the potential to both exacerbate (traumatic events) and diminish (neighborhood social cohesion) genetic influences on smoking behaviors.
History, evolution, and current status of radiologic imaging tests for colorectal cancer screening

Colorectal cancer screening is thought to be an effective tool with which to reduce the mortality from colorectal cancer through early detection and removal of colonic adenomas and early colon cancers. In this article, we review the history, evolution, and current status of imaging tests of the colon—including single-contrast barium enema, double-contrast barium enema, computed tomographic (CT) colonography, and magnetic resonance (MR) colonography—for colorectal cancer screening. Despite its documented value in the detection of colonic polyps, the double-contrast barium enema has largely disappeared as a screening test because it is widely perceived as a labor-intensive, time-consuming, and technically demanding procedure. In the past decade, the barium enema has been supplanted by CT colonography as the major imaging test in colorectal cancer screening in the United States, with MR colonography emerging as another viable option in Europe. Although MR colonography does not require ionizing radiation, the...
Solving linear systems of equations with randomization, augmentation and aggregation

Abstract Seeking a basis for the null space of a rectangular and possibly rank deficient and ill conditioned matrix we apply randomization, augmentation, and aggregation to reduce our task to computations with well conditioned matrices of full rank. Our algorithms avoid pivoting and orthogonalization, preserve matrix structure and sparseness, and in the case of an ill conditioned input perform only a small part of the computations with high accuracy. We extend the algorithms to the solution of nonhomogeneous nonsingular ill conditioned linear systems of equations whose matrices have small numerical nullities. Our estimates and experiments show dramatic progress versus the customary matrix algorithms where the input matrices are rank deficient or ill conditioned. Our study can be of independent technical interest: we extend the known results on conditioning of random matrices to randomized preconditioning, estimate the condition numbers of randomly augmented matrices, and link augmentation to aggregation as well as homogeneous to nonhomogeneous linear systems of equations.
Stability of colloidal silica. IV. The silica-alumina system

Abstract Stabilities of Ludox AM silica sols have been investigated as a function of the aluminum salt concentration and the pH. The entire “aluminum salt concentration-pH” stability domains for both A12(SO4)3 and Al(NO3)3 have been established with particular emphasis on silica-alumina interactions. Regions of coagulation, stability, and aluminum hydroxide precipitation were delineated. Mobility measurements were conducted to determine the points of zero charge and the regions of charge reversal.
The comparative cost-effectiveness of statistical decision rules and experienced physicians in pharyngitis management.

We examined whether probability-based decisions for streptococcal pharyngitis, using probabilities derived from predictive models along with Tompkins' decision rules, could be more cost-effective than the actual decisions of ten physicians. We retrospectively calculated the probability of a positive throat culture ("disease") for each of 310 patients using four different models based on discriminant analysis (1), a branching algorithm (2), and logistic regression (3 and 4). "Projected decisions" were based on these probabilities and Tompkins' rules. We calculated direct medical and indirect costs per correct action taken (diseased patient-treated or nondiseased patient-not treated). Two models' projected decisions were more cost-effective than the physicians'. Model 1 primarily would have reduced treatment costs (leaving no diseased patient untreated); model 4 primarily would have reduced throat culture costs (with 15% projected undertreatment). While using statistical decision rules may be cost-effective in this setting, their adoption should be consistent with physician and patient priorities. ( JAMA 1986;256:3353-3357)