cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On reflection of harmonic functions in surfaces of revolution

Although the point-to-point reflection principle for harmonic functions vanishing on an analytic surface fails in general in R n, n ≥ 3 except for planes and spheres ([8]), it may still hold for selected points near some surfaces. Here, we establish such reflection about axially symmetric surfaces in R 4 for poinu on the axis of symmetry.
Changes in perceptions of risk and competence among beginning scuba divers

The adventure experience paradigm theorizes that individuals engaging in high‐risk recreation exhibit changes in perceptions of risk and competence. While previous research has examined changes in perceptions for individuals engaged in short‐term, high‐risk recreation, there is no research examining patterns of perceptual change through extended involvement in risk recreation activities. The purpose of this study was to examine changes in perceived risk and perceived competence throughout a 14‐week basic scuba diving course. Participants (n = 57) completed the dimensions of an adventure experience (DAE) at the start and end of the course as well as before and after their first time on scuba, first open water dive, and first off shore dive. Changes in perceived risk and perceived competence were examined. Results indicated a significant decrease in perceived risk and a significant increase in both competence factors (attitudes and abilities) pre‐to‐post course and at most time intervals. Although statistic...
Multi-core CPU or GPU-accelerated Multiscale Modeling for Biomolecular Complexes

Multi-scale modeling plays an important role in understanding the structure and biological functionalities of large biomolecular complexes. In this paper, we present an efficient computational framework to construct multi-scale models from atomic resolution data in the Protein Data Bank (PDB), which is accelerated by multi-core CPU and programmable Graphics Processing Units (GPU). A multi-level summation of Gaus-sian kernel functions is employed to generate implicit models for biomolecules. The coefficients in the summation are designed as functions of the structure indices, which specify the structures at a certain level and enable a local resolution control on the biomolecular surface. A method called neighboring search is adopted to locate the grid points close to the expected biomolecular surface, and reduce the number of grids to be analyzed. For a specific grid point, a KD-tree or bounding volume hierarchy is applied to search for the atoms contributing to its density computation, and faraway atoms are ignored due to the decay of Gaussian kernel functions. In addition to density map construction, three modes are also employed and compared during mesh generation and quality improvement to generate high quality tetrahedral meshes: CPU sequential, multi-core CPU parallel and GPU parallel. We have applied our algorithm to several large proteins and obtained good results.
Floral Gigantism in Rafflesiaceae

Species of Rafflesiaceae possess the world's largest flowers (up to 1 meter in diameter), yet their precise evolutionary relationships have been elusive, hindering our understanding of the evolution of their extraordinary reproductive morphology. We present results of phylogenetic analyses of mitochondrial, nuclear, and plastid data showing that Rafflesiaceae are derived from within Euphorbiaceae, the spurge family. Most euphorbs produce minute flowers, suggesting that the enormous flowers of Rafflesiaceae evolved from ancestors with tiny flowers. Given the inferred phylogeny, we estimate that there was a circa 79-fold increase in flower diameter on the stem lineage of Rafflesiaceae, making this one of the most dramatic cases of size evolution reported for eukaryotes.
Direct intracellular ATP delivery for treatment of cyanide intoxication

Abstract Cyanaide directly poisons the cellular respiratory mechanism, leading to cellular hypoxia and death. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of a newly developed direct intracellular ATP delivery technique, ATP encapsulated unilamellar fusogenic lipid vesicles (ATP-Vesicle), on rat with cyanide poisoning. Methods. ATP-Vesicle was prepared by lecithin, fusogenic agents, and sonication. There were five groups to be studied: 1, (ATP-Vesicle); 2, (lipid vesicles); 3, (ATP); 4, (saline); and 5, (lipid vesicle + ATP). Adult Sprague Dawley rats were anesthetized. The carotid artery and jugular vein were cannulated. ATP-Vesicle or other solutions were injected intraperitoneally 3 min prior to intravenous potassium cyanide (KCN) infusion (10 mg/kg/h).The survival time and dose of KCN injected were recorded. Results. The survival time and the fatal dose of KCN in rats treated with ATP-Vesicle were significantly longer (47 min) and higher (7.6 mg/kg/h) than that of other groups (Table). TABLE—ABSTRACT 82 . Group ATP-vesicle Vesicle ATP Saline Vesicle + ATP Surv. T (min) 46.6 ± 4.9 ∗ 33 ± 2.8 33.4 ± 2.8 32.4 ± 2.7 27.3 ± 1.6 KCN (mg) 7.6 ± 0.8 ∗ 5.5 ± 0.5 5.6 ± 0.5 5.4 ± 0.6 4.6 ± 0.3 Note. Table n = 10; ∗ p Discussion. Humans may encounter cyanide in industrial chemicals, natural products, medications, combustion products, and terrorist attacks. Cyanide induced threatening symptoms resulted in permanent sequelae, and even death has been reported. We developed a new intracellular ATP delivery system, in which ATP is encapsulated in small unilemellar fusogenic lipid vesicles (ATP-Vesicle). This system can deliver ATP directly into the cytosol at sufficient rates to meet the energy demand of the cells. Our study demonstrated that animals treated with ATP-Vesicle could survive longer under higher KCN intoxication. It indicated that ATP-Vesicle could deliver ATP directly into cells to keep animals alive during chemical hypoxia induced by KCN. Our study may open a new field in the treatment of ischemic or hypoxic diseases.
Optimal orientation of anisotropic solids

Results are presented for finding the optimal orientation of an anisotropic elastic material. The problem is formulated as minimizing the strain energy subject to rotation of the material axes, under a state of uniform stress. It is shown that a stationary value of the strain energy requires the stress and strain tensors to have a common set of principal axes. The new derivation of this well-known coaxiality condition uses the six-dimensional expression of the rotation tensor for the elastic moduli. Using this representation it is shown that the stationary condition is a minimum or a maximum if an explicit set of conditions is satisfied. Specific results are given for materials of cubic, transversely isotropic (TI) and tetragonal symmetries. In each case the existence of a minimum or maximum depends on the sign of a single elastic constant. The stationary (minimum or maximum) value of energy can always be achieved for cubic materials. Typically, the optimal orientation of a solid with cubic material symmetry is not aligned with the symmetry directions. Expressions are given for the optimal orientation of TI and tetragonal materials, and are in agreement with results of Rovati and Taliercio obtained by a different procedure. A new concept is introduced: the strain deviation angle, which defines the degree to which a state of stress or strain is not optimal. The strain deviation angle is zero for coaxial stress and strain. An approximate formula is given for the strain deviation angle which is valid for materials that are weakly anisotropic.
Inhibition of JNK and p38 MAPK phosphorylation by 5-(acetylamino)-4-oxo-6-phenyl-2-hexenoic acid methyl ester and 4-phenyl-butenoic acid decreases substance P-induced TNF-α upregulation in macrophages.

Abstract The interactions between the immune and nervous systems play an important role in immune and inflammatory conditions. Substance P (SP), the undecapeptide RPKPQQFFGLM-NH 2 , is known to upregulate the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. We report here that 5-(acetylamino)-4-oxo-6-phenyl-2-hexenoic acid methyl ester (AOPHA-Me) and 4-phenyl-3-butenoic acid (PBA), two anti-inflammatory compounds developed in our laboratory, reduce SP-stimulated TNF-α expression in RAW 264.7 macrophages. We also show that AOPHA-Me and PBA both inhibit SP-stimulated phosphorylation of JNK and p38 MAPK. Furthermore, molecular modeling studies indicate that both AOPHA-Me and PBA dock at the ATP binding site of apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1), a member of the MAPKs upstream of both JNK and p38 MAPK, with predicted interaction energies of − 7.0 kcal/mol and − 5.9 kcal/mol, respectively; this binding overlaps with that of staurosporine, a known inhibitor of ASK1. Taken together, these findings suggest that AOPHA-Me and PBA inhibition of TNF-α expression in SP-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages is a consequence of the inhibition of JNK and p38 MAPK phosphorylation. We have previously shown that AOPHA-Me and PBA inhibit the amidative bioactivation of SP, which also would be expected to decrease formation of pro-inflammatory cytokines. It is conceivable that this dual action of inhibiting amidation and MAPK phosphorylation may be of some advantage in enhancing the anti-inflammatory activity of a therapeutic molecule.
A new dynamic programming algorithm for the parallel machines total weighted completion time problem

We present an alternative dynamic programming algorithm with pseudopolynomial complexity for the problem of minimizing total weighted completion time on parallel identical machines. The algorithm is polynomial in the sum of all job weights, unlike the classical approaches which are polynomial in the sum of processing times.
The synergistic effect of peptidoglycan and lipopolysaccaride on osteoclast formation.

Abstract Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate the mechanisms leading to periapical tissue destruction by the Gram-positive bacterial cell component, peptidoglycan (PGN) and Gram-negative bacterial cell component lipopolysaccaride (LPS). Study design Osteoclast precursor RAW 264.7 cells were cultured with 50 ng/ml receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL) for 72 hours. RANKL was then removed and the cells were treated with various concentrations of PGN in the presence or absence of various concentration of LPS for an additional 48 hours. RT-PCR analysis was performed to examine the presence of receptors on osteoclasts known to be involved in mediating cellular activation in response to PGN (TLR2) and LPS (TLR 4). Results PGN dose dependently and reproducibly stimulated TRAP-positive multinucleated osteoclast-like (OCL) cell formation. PGN and LPS had synergistic effects on the induction of OCL cell formation. Both unstimulated and RANKL-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells expressed TLR2 and TLR4 mRNA. Conclusion The results underscore the importance of considering both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria when interpreting findings associated with primary and secondary periapical lesions.
Fitness costs of resource overlap among coexisting bird species

NATURAL selection is thought to favour differences in resource use (resource partitioning) among coexisting species because overlap is assumed to incur fitness costs1–5. However, studies of resource partitioning in animal systems in the wild have ignored or had difficulty demonstrating fitness costs of overlap, particularly at the level of individuals. Here I report manipulative and observational tests demonstrating individual-level fitness costs of resource overlap. Based on an extensive data set (2,400 experimental nests and 1,408 natural nests), I show that seven coexisting bird species differ in nesting microhabitats, and that overlap in use of nest sites increases nest predation rates (fitness costs). Moreover, predation risk is greater for individuals within species that use nest sites that overlap with coexisting species. Such intraspecific variation can allow natural selection to shape species differences and patterns of species coexistence.
Structure Determination and Characterization of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Profilin

The structure of profilin from the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been determined by X-ray crystallography at 2.3 A resolution. The overall fold of yeast profilin is similar to the fold observed for other profilin structures. The interactions of yeast and human platelet profilins with rabbit skeletal muscle actin were characterized by titration microcalorimetry, fluorescence titrations, and nucleotide exchange kinetics. The affinity of yeast profilin for rabbit actin (2.9 microM) is approximately 30-fold weaker than the affinity of human platelet profilin for rabbit actin (0.1 microM), and the relative contributions of entropic and enthalpic terms to the overall free energy of binding are different for the two profilins. The titration of pyrene-labeled rabbit skeletal actin with human profilin yielded a Kd of 2.8 microM, similar to the Kd of 2.0 microM for the interaction between yeast profilin and pyrene-labeled yeast actin. The binding data are discussed in the context of the known crystal structures of profilin and actin, and the residues present at the actin-profilin interface. The affinity of yeast profilin for poly-L-proline was determined from fluorescence measurements and is similar to the reported affinity of Acanthamoeba profilin for poly-L-proline. Yeast profilin was shown to catalyze adenine nucleotide exchange from yeast actin almost 2 orders of magnitude less efficiently than human profilin and rabbit skeletal muscle actin. The in vivo and in vitro properties of yeast profilin mutants with altered poly-L-proline and actin binding sites are discussed in the context of the crystal structure.
Effects of Polychlorinated Biphenyls on Macromolecular Synthesis by a Heterotrophic Marine Bacterium

Growth rates and final cell yields of a polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB)-sensitive pseudomonad isolated from the open ocean were reduced in a dose-dependent manner by 10 to 100 mug of Aroclor 1254 per liter, a commercial mixture of PCB isomers added to its culture medium. Effects on growth rates were detected within 1 h (approximately one doubling time) of treatment. By 4 h posttreatment, the amounts of deoxyribonucleic acid and ribonucleic acid per cell in exponentially growing populations treated with sublethal doses of Aroclor were detectably lower than in appropriate controls. Corresponding cell protein values were slightly higher than in controls. Selective degradation of cell proteins or nucleic acids was not detected in cells whose growth was totally suppressed for 4 h by PCBs. Cells whose growth rate was inhibited 20 to 50% by Aroclor synthesized protein at normal rates for periods in excess of 5 h from the time the chlorinated hydrocarbons were added. In contrast, rates per cell of adenine uptake and adenine incorporation into deoxyribonucleic acid and total nucleic acids by the cells treated with PCBs were significantly lower than in control cells. Intracellular adenine pools of cells whose growth was inhibited to 20% of the control rate by PCBs were 30% smaller and appeared to require a longer interval to equilibrate than those of untreated cells. This may indicate impaired transport and/or efflux of this nucleic acid precursor through the membrane of affected cells. Inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis in this sensitive bacterium by PCBs could explain the observed inhibitory effects of the chlorinated hydrocarbons on its growth.
Extracellular ATP has a potent effect to enhance cystolic calcium and contractility in single ventricular myocytes

Abstract The effect of extracellular ATP on the contraction of single rat cardiac myocytes was investigated, together with the effect on the transient change in cytosolic Ca 2+ (Ca i ) elicited by excitation and on the relationship between these two parameters. In unstimulated single myocytes, ATP caused a small increase in Ca i (measured as the ratio of fluorescence of indo-1 at 410 to that at 490 nm. In myocytes bathed in a medium containing 1.0 mM [Ca 2+ ] at 23°C and stimulated at 1 Hz, ATP (1 μM) resulted in a two-threefold increase in amplitude of contraction, as measured by video cinemicrographic techniques. The duration of the Ca i -transient was not altered but its amplitude was markedly enhanced, as was the amplitude of contraction. The relation between Ca i and contraction-amplitude was not altered by ATP, when measured over a range of extracellular [Ca 2+ ], suggesting that ATP does not affect the myofilament-Ca 2+ interaction. The primary site of action of ATP in increasing Ca i is at the sarcolemma since the addition to suspensions of myocytes of caffeine (10mM), which depletes the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca 2+ load, does not prevent the subsequent increase of Ca i due to ATP. Further, lowering of the extracellular [Ca 2+ ] to less than 1 μM with EGTA abolishes the response of Ca i to ATP, though not the response to caffeine. Thus in rat cardiac myocytes ATP stimulates trans-sarcolemmal influx of Ca 2+ : ADP, AMP and adenosine are ineffective. ATP markedly augments the amplitude of the Ca i transient elicited by electrical stimulation thus rendering it a potent inotropic agent.
Accounting as an Instrument of Social Justice

This article builds upon calls for a shift in the paradigm of the accounting discipline, away from preparing or certifying financial reporting of management activities aimed at maximizing share-holder wealth toward recognition that businesses must also be accountable to other stakeholders and indeed the community at large. If individuals in business apply a sound moral compass to their activities and decisions, we believe that commerce can shift toward outcomes that may not only satisfy shareholders but also contribute to the common good. In this article, we are concerned with the role of accounting and business education. We enumerate recommendations toward achieving this paradigm shift from profit maximization to social justice. In some cases, the instructor may implement changes in their pedagogy at their discretion, while in other cases the change may require approval at the department or at higher levels of the university administration. We begin with a discussion of recent accounting and financial reporting failures as well as the global financial crisis. The dangers created by risky practices of financial institutions “too big to fail” and the systemic risk of a global marketplace have not been resolved. We articulate the need for ethics in the accounting and business curricula, a need that is hardly satisfied by the one course typically offered by universities at the graduate level. We propose that businesses and the accounting profession can realize change by redefining accounting as an instrument of accountability. To accomplish this change, each university must critically examine its curricula and reflect topics and material most important to ethical and moral behavior, including borrowing from the liberal arts disciplines. Finally, this article shows how an interfaith approach grounded in social justice to infuse ethical and moral behavior within the accounting curriculum can work.
The Children of Aramis

Recently, human and user-centered design methods have challenged older system-centered practices, enriching resources and providing better technological artifacts for end-users. This article argues that though design has become more user-centered, something is still lacking: more opportunities exist for articulating feedback already present in technology-culture networks. To encourage the recovery of this feedback, this article examines discourses surrounding transportation technology and the Chōra, the variety of stakeholders who shape the progression of technology through use, negation, or re-appropriation. While this article is far from a programmatic or procedural document, it suggests opening design processes to a variety of cultural inputs beyond those marked as "users." It attempts to open a space for technical communicators in these multifaceted feedback loops, where Chōral influences are articulated and rearticulated for more effective transportation design.
Instruction-based energy estimation methodology for asymmetric manycore processor simulations

Processor power is a complex function of device, packaging, microarchitecture, and application. Typical approaches to power simulation require detailed microarchitecture models to collect the statistical switching activity counts of processor components. In manycore simulations, the detailed core models are the main simulation speed bottleneck. In this paper, we propose an instruction-based energy estimation model for fast and scalable energy simulation. Importantly, in this approach the dynamic energy is modeled as a combination of three contributing factors: physical, microarchitectural, and workload properties. The model easily incorporates variations in physical parameters such as clock frequencies and supply voltages. When compared to commonly used cycle-level microarchitectural simulation approach with SPEC2006 benchmarks, the proposed instruction-based energy model incurred a 2.94% average error rate while achieving an average simulation time speedup of 74X for a 16-core asymmetric x86 ISA processor model with multiple clock domains operating at different frequencies.
Potentiometric determination of L-glutamic and pyruvic acids via enzymatic decarboxylation

Abstract A potentiometric method, for the determination of L -glutamic acid via enzymatic decarboxylation, was reported previously. In this method, a CO 2 -electrode is used for the measurement of carbon dioxide released from the decarboxylation of glutamic acid. The experiments herein described indicate significant improvement in both linearity and response time. The enzyme was dispersed in either phosphate buffer or in an acidified KREBS-RINGER bicarbonate buffer (pH 3.65, i.e. the optimum acidity of the decarboxylase) at 37°C. A nernstian relationship was observed between the CO 2 -electrode potential and the glutamic acid concentration in the physiological range. The response times was reduced to one and one-half minutes from the ten to twenty minutes previously reported. In addition to the improved glutamic acid study, we have applied this method to the determination of pyruvic acid, an α-keto acid. Again, a nerstain relationship was observed.
Fine‐needle aspiration cytology findings in a case of aggressive angiomyxoma: A case report and review of the literature

Aggressive angiomyxomas are uncommon but distinct soft-tissue neoplasms occurring predominantly in the pelvis and peritoneum of females, but they have occasionally been reported in association with inguinal hernias in males. Histologically, these neoplasms are characterized by a proliferation of spindle- or stellate-shaped cells widely separated by loose myxoid stroma in which is dispersed a prominent vascular component. The vascular component is comprised of large, thick-walled vessels that generally to not show an arborizing pattern. Mitotic activity has been exceedingly low in the cases reported. Because of their occurrence within the groin, these lesions may undergo fine-needle aspiration (FNA). Cytologic examination of this material will reveal hypocellular smears containing scattered spindle cells with bipolar cytoplasmic processes, as well as bland stellate cells. The nuclei are fusiform to oval with a bland chromatin pattern. The stromal cells lie in a background of watery myxoid material. While specific diagnosis by FNA is not possible, the recognition of this cytologic appearance should exclude lymphoproliferative processes as well as metastatic disease from the differential diagnosis. Careful attention to cytologic detail should also help exclude certain other myxoid neoplasms, especially myxoid liposarcoma. Once the myxoid stromal nature of the proliferation is recognized, a differential diagnosis of myxoid lesions can be considered along with a recommendation for open biopsy to establish the definitive diagnosis.
The dU suppression test using 125 I-UdR to define biochemical megaloblastosis.

Summary. The deoxyuridine (dU) suppression test measures the de novo pathway to synthesis of DNA-thymine. It demonstrates that in normoblastic human bone marrow the incorporation of triated thymidine (3H-TdR) into DNA-thymine is suppressed to less than 10% of control value by preincubation of bone marrow cells for 1 hr with deoxyuridine (dU), but in megaloblastic marrow cells there is less suppression. In the current study it was demonstrated that 125I-deoxyuridine (125I-UdR) incorporation into DNA-125I-UdR may substitute for 3H-TdR incorporation into DNA-thymine in this test, thus simplifying the procedure by replacing a betaemitter with a gamma-emitter. Biochemical megaloblastosis was demonstrated or ruled out after incubation of human bone marrow for 3 hr with either tracer. The biochemical lesion present in folate or B12 deficiency can thus be recognized even in the absence of morphological change. The technique resolved questions raised by unclear bone marrow morphology and misleading serum vitamin B12 or folate levels, and is now routinely used in our laboratory on all bone marrow aspirates.
Determining the Conformation of an Adsorbed Br-PEG-peptide by Long Period X-ray Standing Wave Fluorescence

Long-period X-ray standing wave fluorescence (XSW) and X-ray reflectivity techniques are employed to probe the conformation of a Br-poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-peptide adsorbate at the hydrated interface of a polystyrene substrate. The Br atom on this Br-PEG-peptide construct serves as a marker atom allowing determination by XSW of its position and distribution with respect to the adsorption surface with angstrom resolution. Adsorption occurs on native or ion-beam-modified polystyrene films that are spin-coated onto a Si substrate and display either nonpolar or polar surfaces, respectively. A compact, oriented monolayer of Br-PEG-peptide can be formed with the peptide end adsorbed onto the polar surface and the PEG end terminating with the Br tag extending into the aqueous phase. The 108-141 {angstrom} distance of the Br atom from the polystyrene surface in this oriented monolayer is similar to the estimated {approx}150 {angstrom} length of the extended Br-PEG-peptide. This Br-polystyrene distance depends on adsorption time and surface properties prior to adsorption. Incomplete multilayers form on the polar surface after sufficient adsorption time elapses. By contrast, adsorption onto the nonpolar surface is submonolayer, patchy, and highly disordered with an isotropic Br distribution. Overall, this combination of X-ray surface scattering techniques with a novel sample preparation strategymore » has several advantages as a real space probe of adsorbed or covalently bound biomolecules at the liquid-solid interface.« less
STUDIES ON ANTIBLASTIC IMMUNITY

Antipneumococcus serum under certain conditions apparently inhibits or retards the metabolic activities of the homologous pneumococcus. Antipneumococcus serum exhausted of its agglutinin content possesses no inhibitory properties. The degree of inhibitory action of antipneumococcus serum parallels its agglutinating power. No evidence has been found to indicate that the inhibition of the metabolic activities of the pneumococcus by antipneumococcus serum is due to a specific antienzymotic property of the serum. The evidence which has been obtained indicates that the apparent inhibition of metabolic activity that occurs under certain conditions is due to agglutination of the pneumococci by the antipneumococcus serum and their consequent inability to grow in intimate contact with the whole medium. Antistaphylococcus serum inhibits the liquefaction of gelatin and the formation of pigment by Staphylococcus pyogenes aureus. Further experimentation is necessary to determine the mechanism of this inhibitory action. Antistaphylococcus serum does not inhibit those metabolic activities of Staphylococcus pyogenes aureus essential to the growth and multiplication of the organisms.
Português para Falantes de Espanhol. Ensino e Aquisição/Portuguese for Spanish Speakers: Teaching and Acquisition edited by WIEDEMANN, LYRIS, & MATILDE V. R. SCARAMUCCI

The article reviews the book "Portugues para Falantes de Espanhol. Ensino e Aquisicao/Portuguese for Spanish Speakers: Teaching and Acquisition," edited by Lyris Wiedemann and Matilde V. R. Scaramucci.
Suburban swamp: the rise and fall of planned new‐town communities in New Orleans East

This paper examines the emergence, development and abandonment of ‘new town’ communities in eastern New Orleans in the half century after 1957. Containing about two‐thirds of the land area in the New Orleans city limits, much of it wrested from swamps using emerging drainage technologies, eastern New Orleans promised municipal leaders, planners and citizens an alternative to crowded city and sprawling suburb. This paper also considers how planners and many local citizens viewed planned communities in the eastern stretches of the city as an antidote to population exodus from New Orleans. It explores the influences, design characteristics, social planning aspirations and environmental challenges that informed new‐town planning in the 1960s and 1970s. Despite the collapse of the federal Title VII programme in the mid‐1970s, New Orleans leaders and developers continued to seek ways to develop this land, ultimately fashioning a suburban landscape that attracted a socially diverse population seeking upward mobi...
The prevalence and magnitude of mandibular displacement in a survey population

The prevalence and magnitude of mandibular displacement from RCP to IP in a principally adult sample was evaluated. The findings and their possible clinical significance were discussed.
A two-phase combined QoS-based handoff scheme in a wireless ATM network

We describe the QoS-based rerouting algorithm that is designed to implement a two-phase inter-switch handoff scheme for wireless ATM networks. We propose to use path extension for each inter-switch handoff, and invoke path optimization when the handoff path exceeds the delay constraint or maximum path extension hops constraint. We study three types of path optimization schemes: combined QoS-based, delay-based and hop based path rerouting schemes. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Two theorems on the addition of residue classes

Abstract It is well known that if a 1 ,…, a m are residues modulo n and m ⩾ n then some sum a i 1 + ⋯ + a ik , i 1 i k , is 0 (mod n ). In recent related work, Sydney Bulman-Fleming and Edward T.H. Wang have studied what they call n-divisible subsequences of a finite sequence σ, and made a number of conjectures. We confirm two of those conjectures in a more general form. Let f ( a 1 ,…, a m ; j be the number of sums formed from the a i which are congruent to j (mod n ). We prove two main theorems: 1. If f ( a 1 ,…, a m ; 0) m −1 then f ( a 1 ,hellip;, a m ; 0) ⩽ 3 · 2 m −3 ; 2. Let m ⩾ n . There exist a 1 ,hellip, a m for which f ( a 1 ,hellip:, a m ; j ) is odd if and only if n itis not a power of 2.
Photochemical Production of the Solvated Electron in Ethanol.

Flash photolysis of several inorganic anions in ethanol gives an absorption spectrum attributed to the solvated electron.
Activation of potassium channels by hypoxia and reoxygenation in the human lung adenocarcinoma cell line A549

Active oxygen species are generated in cells during pathophysiologic conditions such as illflammation and postischemic reperfusion. If oxygen radical scavengers are added before reperfusion, then the magnitude of injury is reduced. We inves-tigated whether free radicals generated following exposure to hypoxia and reoxygenation activate voltage-dependent K+ ion channels in tumor cells in vitro. Using the technique of whole cell voltage clamping, we recorded currents from two families of potassium (K+) channels that were activated following reoxygenation. One of these groups possessed the electrophysical characteristics of a tetraethylammonium (TEA)-sensitive delayed rectifier channel and the other possessed characteristics of a Tea-insensitive slow inactivating channel. We present evidence which suggests that K+ channels are activated following reoxygenation but not during the hypoxia phase. The K+ currents decayed with time following reoxygenation. The decay characteristics of the K+ currents depended on the duration and level of hypoxia to which the cells were exposed. To determine whether activation of K+ channels by reoxygenation was initiated by free radicals, we pretreated cells with N-Acetyl L-Cysteine (NAC), a free radical scavenger, and found that this pretreatment abolished the currents induced by reoxygenation. We also present evidence that free radicals do not directly act on the channel itself, but activate a protein kinase which, in turn, activates the K+ channels. Taken together, these results indicate that one of the early responses to oxidative stress is the activation of K+ currents. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
ABT-737, an inhibitor of Bcl-2 family proteins, is a potent inducer of apoptosis in multiple myeloma cells

Disruption of pathways leading to programmed cell death plays a major role in most malignancies, including multiple myeloma (MM). ABT-737 is a BH3 mimetic small-molecule inhibitor that binds with high affinity to Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL, preventing the sequestration of proapoptotic molecules and shifting the cell survival/apoptosis balance toward apoptosis induction. In this study, we show that ABT-737 is cytotoxic to MM cell lines, including those resistant to conventional therapies, and primary tumor cells. Flow cytometric analysis of intracellular levels of Bcl-2 family proteins demonstrates a clear inversion of the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio leading to induction of apoptosis. Activation of the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway was indicated by mitochondrial membrane depolarization and caspase cleavage. Additionally, several signaling pathways known to be important for MM cell survival are disrupted following treatment with ABT-737. The impact of ABT-737 on survival could not be overcome by the addition of interleukin-6, vascular endothelial growth factor or insulin-like growth factor, suggesting that ABT-737 may be effective in preventing the growth and survival signals provided by the microenvironment. These data indicate that therapies targeting apoptotic pathways may be effective in MM treatment and warrant clinical evaluation of ABT-737 and similar drugs alone or in combination with other agents in the setting of MM.
Technical forum: management of reuse at IBM

For years, programmers have believed that productivity gains could be achieved if programs could be reused. The logic is that it is better to obtain code from libraries that contain reusable parts than to write new code. One can easily see the productivity gains from not writing code, as long as measurement of productivity is not made in the standard form of lines of code per unit of effort. Building systems from existing proven parts can also lead to increases in quality.
Conditional inference in finite population sampling under a calibration model

Several estimators, including the classical and the regression estimators of finite population mean, are compared, both theoretically and empirically, under a calibration model, where the dependent variable(y), and not the independent variable(x), can be observed for all units of the finite population. It is shown asymptotically that when conditioned on x, the bias of the classical estimator may be much smaller than that of the regression estimators; whereas when conditioned on y, the regression estimator may have much smaller conditional bias than the classical estimator. Since all the y's(not x's) can be observed, it seems appropriate to make comparison under the conditional distribution of each estimator with y fixed. In this case, the regression estimator has smaller variance, smaller conditional bias, and the conditional coverage probability closer to its nominal level
Mapped Infinite Wave Envelope Elements for Acoustic Radiation in a Uniformly Moving Medium

Variable order mapped infinite wave envelope elements are developed for finite-element modelling (FEM) of acoustic radiation in a uniformly moving medium. These elements can be used as a non-reflecting boundary condition for computations on an infinite domain in which a radiating body is immersed in a moving medium which is essentially undisturbed outside of the near field. An additional result of this study shows that the mapped wave envelope elements provide a boundary condition equivalent to stiffness, mass, and damping matrices appended to the inner mesh. By choosing the transition between the standard FEM mesh and the mapped infinite wave envelope as a surface of constant phase the mass matrix is caused to vanish identically. This has implications for transient FEM modelling of acoustic radiation. A demonstration of the characteristics of mapped infinite wave envelope elements is given in the context of acoustic radiation from a turbofan inlet for which benchmark results are known.
An axisymmetric infinite element

A parametric infinite element is presented for solving axisymmetric problems under non-axisymmetric forcing functions where the considered domain is assumed infinite. The element accuracy is compared against the exact solution for two classical problems: Boussinesq's and Cerruti's. Boussinesq's problem for a rigid circular plate is also presented. For these problems, using relatively simple displacement functions, the element provides a reasonable infinite domain representation.
In vivo generation of beta-cell-like cells from CD34(+) cells differentiated from human embryonic stem cells.

Objective CD34 + cells, present within the bone marrow, have previously been shown to possess pancreatic endocrine potential. Based on this observation, we explored the capacity of CD34 + cells derived in culture from the differentiation of human embryonic stem cells (hESC), for their in vivo pancreatic endocrine capacity. Materials and Methods Sheep were transplanted with hESC-derived CD34 + cells, as well as nonsorted differentiated cultures. Transplantations were carried out with in utero intraperitoneal injections prior to development of the immune system in the fetus so that tolerance toward foreign antigens was acquired during gestation and persisted in the adult. Results All cell populations that were tested demonstrated human cellular activity and long-term presence up to 5 years. However, the in vivo β-cell–like activity achieved from the transplantation of the sorted CD34 + cell population was not augmented by transplanting the entire cell population from which the CD34 + cells were isolated. Human DNA and insulin messenger RNA were detected in sheep pancreases. An average of 1.51 ng/mL human C-peptide was detected in serum from eight animals transplanted with differentiated cell populations and assayed up to 55 months posttransplantation. Transplantation of as few as 23,500 cells resulted in long-term sustainable β-cell–like activity. Teratomas were absent in the transplanted animals. Conclusion Our data suggest that hESC-derived CD34 + cells have a potential for long-term in vivo endocrine cellular activity that could prove useful in regenerative medicine. Because the same cell population has previously been shown to contain hematopoietic potential, it could be used for the induction of immunological tolerance and bone marrow chimerism prior to cellular therapy for diabetes.
A Proposal for a New Classification and Nomenclature for the Glires (Lagomorpha and Rodentia)

The integrity of the Cohort Glires is supported, not only by the numerous previously noted synapomorphies (e.g. distinctive embryology, caecotrophy, evergrowing gnawing incisors) but by new ones (rectangular cross section of rostrum, distance of jaw articulation from middle ear). Lagomorphs are considered highly modified grazing animals derived from a rodent-like ancestor with fully developed gnawing incisors. Zygomasseteric structure is abandoned as the basis for the classification of the Rodentia. The relation of the nasolacrimal canal to the incisor alveolous is the basis for a dichotomy between the Entodacrya, in which the canal runs medial to the alveolus, and the Sciurognathii, in which the canal is lateral (plesiomorphic condition). Entodacrya divide into Ctenodacylida (from which Cocomys has been removed) and Hystricognathii. The Sciuromorpha divide into the Stegaulata, in which the nasolacrimal canal is buried the skull, and the Phaneraulata, in which the canal lies open on the face for some distance. The Stegaulata are roughly the old Sciuromorpha, minus the geomyoids and plus the anomalurids and the paramyids. The Phaneraulata are approximately the old Myomorpha, minus the anomalurids and plus the geomyoids, the glirids, and the Theridomyids. Pedetes may form the sister group to the Entodacrians.
ABSTRACT BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS AS SEQUENTIAL MACHINES.

It is shown that a rather close relationship exists between the (ℳ,ℛ)-systems, defined previously as prototypes of abstract biological systems, and the sequential machines which have been studied by various authors. The theory of sequential machines is reformulated in a way suitable for its application to the study of the intertransformability of (ℳ,ℛ)-systems as a result of environmental alteration. The important concept of strong connectedness is most useful in this direction, and is used to derive a number of results on intertransformability. Some suggestions are made for further studies along these lines.
Interaction of C-protein with pH 8.0 synthetic thick filaments prepared from the myosin of vertebrate skeletal muscle

The assembly mechanism of synthetic thick filaments of purified myosin formed at pH 8.0 has been extensively studied. These filaments were chosen for experimentation since they share a number of structural features, as well as aspects of the kinetics of their assembly, with native filaments. C-protein copolymerization consistently favours the formation of longer synthetic filaments with the diameter of the crossbridge region remaining comparable to that of the native filament. At moderate concentrations the close-to-symmetrical length distribution typical of pH 8.0 filaments is altered to a distribution with a steep rising, and extended tailing edge towards longer filament lengths. The asymmetric length distributions probably originate from an at least partial exclusion of C-protein from the equivalent of the accessory-protein binding stripes adjacent to the bare zone from which C-protein is apparently excludedin vivo. An outer limit to C-protein binding exists in native filaments. This does not appear to be the casein vitro since filaments significantly longer than the native appear stabilized by C-protein. A minimum of three types of C-protein binding can be resolved. Physiological stoichiometries of C-protein (0 to ∼ 0.3 mole ratios) lower the critical concentration of myosin (not length equilibrated) and increase filament length. The lack of a significant change in filament turbidity as these high-affinity sites are occupied is indicative of a C-protein-induced change in the structure of the synthetic filaments. A second set of binding sites occupied at higher mole ratios of C-protein:myosin (∼ 0.3–1.0) are typified by a marked increase in the specific turbidity of the filaments; a result consistent with the addition of weight to such a structure. The precedent of C-protein binding to the subfragment-2 portion of the myosin molecule provides a plausible basis for these observations. A third phase characterized by a less marked increase in turbidity occurs between 1–2:1 (and possibly higher) C-protein: myosin mole ratios. The molecular basis of this process is not immediately apparent.
Response to “Autonomy as Scapegoat in the Organ Shortage Debate: A Reply to Portmann” by T. L. Zutlevics

T. L. Zutlevics has written a thoughtful response to my piece on the anxiety borne of cutting bodies. I am grateful for this opportunity to turn back to the pressing problem of organ shortages.
The impulsive X-ray burst of October 10, 1970

An impulsive burst of 100–400 keV solar X-rays associated with a small solar flare was observed on October 10, 1970 with a large area scintillator aboard a balloon floating at an altitude of 4.2 g cm-2 above the Earth's surface. The X-ray burst was also observed simultaneously in 10–80 keV range by the OGO-5 satellite and in 8–20 A range by the SOLRAD-9 satellite. The impulsive X-ray emission reached its maximum at ∼ 1643 UT at which time the differential photon spectrum in 20–80 keV range was of the form 2.3 × 104E-3.2 photons cm-2 s-1 keV-1 at 1 AU. The event is attributed to a Hα-subflare located approximately at S13, E88 on the solar disc. The spectral characteristics of this event are examined in the light of the earlier X-ray observations of small solar flares.
In Vitro Effects of Thyrotropic Hormone. I. On the Pattern of Organization of Monolayer Cultures of Isolated Sheep Thyroid Gland Cells

Sheep thyroid cells isolated by a continuous-flow trypsinization procedure were cultured as monolayers with and without the addition of a bovine anterior pituitary gland preparation of thyrotropic hormone (TSH). Monolayer cells in control cultures remained essentially unchanged throughout 7 days. The addition of TSH to the culture resulted in a reorganization of the monolayers, giving rise to a structural pattern resembling cross sections of the intact thyroid gland. The onset of this reorganization occurred after the isolated cells were exposed to TSH for 2-3 days. Reorganization of the cells did not occur when adrenocorticotropic hormone, insulin or bovine plasma albumin was added instead of the TSH. The addition of luteinizing and folliclestimulating hormone preparations did result in reorganization of the cells, but addition to the medium of amounts of TSH known to be present in these 2 preparations was shown to induce the reorganization effect. (Endocrinology 74: 170, 1964)
Ignition and combustion of aluminum/magnesium alloy particles in O2 at high pressures

The ignition and combustion of Al, Mg, and Al/Mg alloy particles in 99 percent O2/1 percent N2 mixtures is investigated at high temperatures and pressures for rocket engine applications. The 20-micron particles contain 0, 5, 10, 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 wt pct Mg alloyed with Al, and are ignited in oxygen using the reflected shock in a single-pulse shock tube near the endwall. Using this technique, the ignition delay and combustion times of the particles are measured at temperatures up to 3250 K as a function of Mg content for oxygen pressures of 8.5, 17, and 34 atm. An ignition model is developed that employs a simple lumped capacitance energy equation and temperature and pressure dependent particle and gas properties. Good agreement is achieved between the measured and predicted trends in the ignition delay times.
Photonic Band Calculations for Woodpile Structures

Abstract Photonic band structure has been computed for ‘woodpile’ structures having the periodicity of the simple tetragonal lattice. Bandgaps have been found. Further research directions are explored.
Analytical Investigation of the Effect of Tool Wear on the Temperature Variations in a Metal Cutting Tool

An analytical study of the effect of crater wear on the response of a remote thermocouple sensor is described. The remote thermocouple sensor is at present being developed as a device for the on-line measurement of tool wear. This technique depends for its operation on the strong influence of wear on the transient temperature variations in the tool. The two-dimensional transient temperature variations in the chip and tool regions are determined using a numerical finite-difference technique. Results are obtained under idealized cutting conditions with a zero wear rate, a normal wear rate, and an accelerated wear rate. Comparisons are made between the three cases to develop relationships for the effect of wear on the temperature at the remote thermocouple location.