cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The influence of phase-averaging window size on the determination of turbulence quantities in unsteady turbulent flows

The phase-averaging window size is shown to affect the measurement of phase-averaged turbulence quantities in unsteady turbulent flows. The flow turbulence is usually estimated on the assumption of quasi-constant flow velocity during the duration of the phase-averaging window. The calculated turbulence level then consists of two parts: one due to the turbulent velocity fluctuations and the other due to the changes in the mean flow velocity. This second part is shown to be directly proportional to the averaging window size. In order to determine the true turbulence the averaging window size has to be made as small as possible, especially if the unsteady flow exhibits large temporal gradients and the flow turbulence itself is small.
Aberrantly activated pSTAT3-Ser727 in human endometrial cancer is suppressed by HO-3867, a novel STAT3 inhibitor

Abstract Objective Constitutive activation of STAT3 is a hallmark of various human cancers, however an increased pSTAT3 expression in high grade human endometrial cancer has not been reported. In the present study, we examine the expression of STAT family of proteins in endometrial cancer cell lines and the efficacy of HO-3867, a novel STAT3 inhibitor designed in our lab. Methods Expression of STAT family proteins was evaluated via Western blot. The cell viability, post-treatment with HO-3867, was assessed using MTT, cell-cycle profile and Annexin assay. In vivo efficacy of HO-3867 was evaluated using xenograft mice. Results Expression of activated STATs was inconsistent among the cell lines and 18 human endometrial cancer specimens tested. While pSTAT3 Tyr705 was not expressed in any of the cell lines, pSTAT3 Ser727 was highly expressed in endometrial cancer cell lines and tumor specimens. HO-3867 decreased the expression of pSTAT3 Ser727 while total STAT3 remained constant; cell viability decreased by 50–80% and induced G2/M arrest in 55% of Ishikawa cells at the G2/M cell cycle checkpoint. There was an increase in p53, a decrease in Bcl2 and Bcl-xL, and cleavage of caspase-3, caspase-7 and PARP. HO-3867 mediated a dosage-dependent inhibition of the growth of xenografted endometrial tumors. Conclusions HO-3867 treatment decreases the high levels of pSTAT3 Ser727 in endometrial cancer cells by inducing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. This suggests a specific role of serine-phosphorylated STAT3, independent of tyrosine phosphorylation in the oncogenesis of endometrial cancer. HO-3867 could potentially serve as an adjunctive targeted therapy.
Evaluation of anticholinergic burden of medications in older adults.

Abstract Objectives To calculate and describe the anticholinergic burden of medications in community-dwelling older adults and to identify patient-specific risk factors. Design Descriptive cross-sectional study Setting Cardinal Health Visiting Pharmacist Program, Columbus, OH, between August 2002 and August 2009. Participants Community-dwelling adults 65 years or older who were referred through LifeCare Alliance (a provider of home-based senior services). Intervention Comprehensive medication review records from medication therapy management (MTM) activities were used to calculate the anticholinergic burden using the anticholinergic cognitive burden (ACB) scale for each patient. Main outcome measure Proportion of older adults in the community with a clinically relevant anticholinergic burden (defined as ACB score ≥3). Results From 341 included records, ACB score was calculated for all patients and an ACB score of 3 or greater was identified in 47.8% (n = 163) of patients. The odds increased significantly as the number of prescription (odds ratio 1.23 [95% CI 1.14–1.32], P P = 0.02] medications increased. The odds also were significantly greater for patients with hypertension (3.01 [1.73–5.21], P P = 0.02). Conclusion Nearly one-half of community-dwelling older adults had a clinically relevant ACB score of 3 or greater. The ACB score could be used as a component of MTM services in a variety of practice settings to identify older adults who are at higher risk for potential central and peripheral adverse effects related to cumulative anticholinergic activity of their medications. Additional research to measure the clinical impact of ACB assessment and modification is needed.
Cross-Layer Exploration of Heterogeneous Multicore Processor Configurations

Heterogeneous multicore processors (HMP) present significant advantages over homogenous multiprocessors due to their improved power, performance, and energy efficiency for a given chip/die area. However, due to their diverse and vast design space, selecting a suitable HMP configuration with different core types within a given area-power budget is an extremely challenging task. In this paper, we present a cross-layer approach for exploring and configuring a HMP for a given system goal under system level constraints (such as equal area or power budget) as an optimization problem. Unlike the state-of-the-art approaches, we jointly consider cross-layer features of the application, operating system (task allocation strategies), and hardware architecture while deploying computationally efficient predictive models (of performance and power) in configuring the HMP platform resources (number and types of cores) in an evolutionary optimization framework. Our predictive cross-layer approach enables the designer to comparatively evaluate and select the most promising (e.g., Energy and performance efficient) HMP configuration in over two order of magnitude less simulation time especially during the early design and verification stages when the design space is at its largest.
The scene Shadowing the real

The article explores the relationship between what we take to be objective or paramount reality and, roughly, its subjectification: a shadowy world, edging on the imaginative, which I call the scen...
The Reproductive Efficiency of Dairy Cattle

Summary 1.A numerical method of measuring the reproductive efficiency of dairy cattle has been suggested. 2.This measure has been applied to the breeding records of the herd of dairy cows owned by the Oregon State Agricultural College during a 24 year period. 3.In the herd studied a marked difference in reproductive efficiency between various cow groups and between breeds has been noted. 4.A correlation of r=+ .546±.118 was found to exist between the reproductive efficiency of the foundation cows and the mean reproductive efficiency of their respective female descendants. 5.The study suggests that the reproductive efficiency of the foundation cow is an important factor in determining the mean reproductive efficiency of her offspring.
Notes on the determination of theophylline, alone and in combinations, by the U. S. P. aminophylline method

In adapting argentometric methods to the assay of certain nitrogenous organic compounds, the U. S. P. assay of theophylline was reviewed in detail. Increased precision of results was noted when (a) the precipitated mixture was cooled before filtration, and (b) when the ammonia presently required in the assay was omitted. The substitution of other buffers (lactates and acetates) for the ammonia was not advantageous. Physical and chemical characteristics of silver theophyllinate were reviewed, and modification of the present U. S. P. assays of theophylline and aminophylline is suggested.
Early embryonic stages of Adula californiensis (Pelecypoda : Mytilidae) and the effect of temperature and salinity on developmental rate

The common Pacific coast mudstone boring bivalve Adula californiensis (Phillippi) 1847 is useful for laboratory studies on molluscan development. It is in spawning condition from June through October in Oregon, USA. It is easily reared in the laboratory by the methods described in this paper, and its development is typical of the group. A description of major features of early development and the effect of temperature and salinity on developmental rate is given. At 33.2‰ S and 15°C, the first and second cleavages take place 1 1/2 and 2 1/2 h after fertilization. The trochophore stage is reached in 15 h and the shell gland becomes apparent at 31 h. By 72 h, the larval shell completely encloses the soft parts. Developmental rate increases linearly with temperature. Lowered salinity retards developmental rate, and development is abnormal below 26.3‰ S. Larvae do not congregate at salinity interfaces, but avoid low salinities in gradient experiments. Veligers swim rapidly and vertically in both directions, but show no ability to swim horizontally. After 3 days in laboratory culture, the larvae settled and survived for long periods of time; metamorphosis did not occur, however.
Modeling Diversion Propensity at Work Zones

This study focuses on exploring drivers' diversion behaviors when encountering work zones on their travels. A stated preference survey was conducted to obtain the data on drivers' diversion propensity. By calibrating a binary logit model, the authors identified three major factors that influence drivers' diversion decisions, namely, travel time, work zone location and weather conditions. The model provides a better understanding on drivers' diversion behaviors at work zones and can be used to forecast diversion rates in work zone traffic studies. An Excel tool was developed based on the calibrated model for the Florida Department of Transportation to help engineers determine a so-called “remaining traffic factor”, an important factor in their work zone lane closure analyses.
The development of GABAergic neurons in the rat hippocampal formation. An immunocytochemical study

Recent studies have indicated that hippocampal GABAergic neurons in both the dentate gyrus and Ammon's horn are generated prenatally. Although the adult distribution of GABAergic neurons has been previously described by numerous investigators, the early postnatal appearance of these neurons has not been described. In the present study, immunocytochemical methods were used to localize GABAergic neurons with antisera to both GABA and its synthesizing enzyme, glutamate decarboxylase (GAD). The GABA-positive neurons appeared at the earliest postnatal day (PND) examined, 4 PND. In contrast, GAD-positive cells were not observed until 6 PND, and the number of these neurons remained less than that of the GABA-positive neurons until 14 PND. These findings indicated that immunocytochemically detectable amounts of GAD were not present in many young GABAergic neurons. Both GABA- and GAD-positive hippocampal neurons showed two large increases in number during the 4-8 PND and 12-16 PND time periods, and they reached about 90% of adult levels before 18 PND. The regional distribution of GABA- and GAD-positive neurons throughout the hippocampal formation was homogeneous for all ages examined except 4 PND. At this age, the GABA-positive cells appeared in clusters in the proximal CA3 and the distal CA1 relative to the dentate gyrus. In addition, the number of hippocampal neurons immunostained in adult preparations for both antisera to GABA and GAD showed a similar number and distribution. The data on the developmental appearance of GABA and GAD immunoreactivities are consistent with biochemical data for the development of GABA concentration and GAD activity in the hippocampal formation. Together, these data provide important information about the functional maturation of the hippocampal GABAergic system in the first 3 weeks of rat brain development.
Wind‐blown sandstones cemented by sulfate and clay minerals in Gale Crater, Mars

Gale Crater contains Mount Sharp, a ~5km thick stratigraphic record of Mars’ early environmental history. The strata comprising Mount Sharp are believed to be sedimentary in origin, but the specific depositional environments recorded by the rocks remain speculative. We present orbital evidence for the occurrence of eolian sandstones within Gale Crater and the lower reaches of Mount Sharp, including preservation of wind-blown sand dune topography in sedimentary strata—a phenomenon that is rare on Earth and typically associated with stabilization, rapid sedimentation, transgression, and submergence of the land surface. The preserved bedforms in Gale are associated with clay minerals and elsewhere accompanied by typical dune cross stratification marked by bounding surfaces whose lateral equivalents contain sulfate salts. These observations extend the range of possible habitable environments that may be recorded within Gale Crater and provide hypotheses that can be tested in situ by the Curiosity rover payload.
A head-holder for inhalation anesthesia or resuscitation of rats

Abstract The design of a versatile rat head-holder is described. The head-holder enables the investigator to maintain close control close over the level of inhalation anesthesia; and, if desired, to resuscitate the animal.
Nonlinear quasi‐fracture behavior of polymers

This paper deals with the nonlinear quasi-fracture behavior of polymers. Using the finite element method, the quasi-fracture model composed of an isolated craze opening with a nonlinear boundary envelope forces represented by oriented fibril domains is analyzed in simply-stressed rectangular plate. The stress distribution, the displacement profile, as well as the yield or plastic or flow zone adjacent to the craze tips are obtained. It is found that the variation of the stress distribution near the craze tip is not as sharp as that for an elastic crack. The initial load required for yielding or flowing is greater for the quasifracture as compared with that for a classical fracture. Under the same load the yield or flow zone is somewhat smaller as compared with that obtained on the basis of linear elastic-plastic fracture mechanics theory.
First-Principles Dynamics along the Reaction Path of CH3CH2 + O2 → H2C=CH2 + HOO: Evidence for Vibronic State Mixing and Neutral Hydrogen Transfer†

We employ Born−Oppenheimer molecular dynamics (BOMD), with forces derived from spin-polarized density functional theory using the B3LYP hybrid exchange-correlation functional, to explore the dynamics of oxidation of ethyl radical to produce ethylene, along the concerted-elimination path CH3CH2 + O2 → CH3CH2OO → CH2CH2 + HOO. The transition state connecting CH3CH2OO to CH2CH2 and HOO has a planar, five-membered-ring structure ···C−C−H−O−O··· known as TS1. The electronic nature of this saddle point has been the subject of controversy. Recent ab initio calculations have indicated that TS1 has a 2A‘ ‘ electronic ground state within Cs symmetry. In this state, intramolecular neutral hydrogen transfer from the methyl group of the intermediate ethylperoxy radical (CH3CH2OO·) to the terminal oxygen is hindered by the lack of overlap between the 1s orbital of the in-plane hydrogen atom and the singly-occupied 2p (a‘ ‘) orbital of the terminal oxygen. Previous explanations invoked proton transfer, a rather unpalata...
Tramadol hydrochloride: something new in oral analgesic therapy

Abstract Analgesia is often necessary for patients with painful injuries, illnesses, or syndromes. Physicians can choose from a multitude of analgesics for pain management; however, many produce adverse effects that may limit long-term use. Available in the United States since 1995, tramadol hydrochloride is as effective for chronic pain as many available analgesics but has a distinct mechanism of action and an excellent long-term safety profile. This paper reviews the pharmacology, pharmacokinetic profile, efficacy, dosing requirements, and safety of tramadol, and discusses its potential. In addition, practical considerations for clinical use of tramadol in the management of chronic, painful conditions are discussed.
Fundamental factors controlling the exchange of multidentate ligands: displacement of 12-crown-4 and triglyme from complexes with divalent alkaline earth cations

Abstract In an effort to shed light on the factors that influence the recognition of alkaline earth cations in natural systems, we have studied intrinsic recognition of these cations by well-ordered synthetic ionophores such as crown ethers (12-crown-4 [C4] and 18-crown-6 [C6]) as well as the acyclic analog of C4, triglyme (TG), in the gas phase. We have employed electrospray ionization (ESI) to generate gas phase crown and glyme alkaline earth complexes, and have used Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry to measure rate constants for displacement of the original ligands by C6. ESI of mixtures of C4 and TG with alkaline earths primarily produces sandwich complexes of the doubly charged cations, (C4)2M2+, (C4)(TG)M2+, and (TG)2M2+. We find that the ligand exchange reactions are generally very efficient, with rates approaching or exceeding the Langevin collision rate in most cases. Trends in rates as metal size varies can be understood in terms of the degree of encapsulation of the metal by the ligands when the coordination shell is partially filled (smaller metals are more thoroughly encapsulated and tend to react more slowly) and in terms of the polarizing power of the metal cation when the metals are either “bare” or completely coordinated (smaller metals have greater charge density and tend to react more rapidly). Efficiencies for most of the reactions studied fall off in the order Mg2+ > Ca2+ > Sr2+ > Ba2+, consistent with decreasing charge density as the cation radius increases. Interestingly, TG is displaced more efficiently than C4 by C6, despite the fact that the total binding energy of the glyme is greater than that of the crown. This is consistent with a mechanism wherein the rate-limiting step involves breaking O–M2+ electrostatic bonds, and where the bonds to the oxygens of TG can be broken one at a time, whereas the more rigid ring structure of C4 requires concerted breaking of multiple bonds. Molecular dynamics simulations of this process for complexes where M2+ = Ca2+ give support to this interpretation: in all observed dissociation events, TG oxygens were removed from the metal one at a time, whereas displacement of C4 oxygens occurred in pairs.
Regulation of the expression of the soluble and membrane forms of the murine IL-4 receptor.

The actions of interleukin-4 (IL-4)in vivoare likely to be positively influenced by the expression of membrane IL-4 receptors (mIL-4R) on target cells and negatively by the concentration of soluble IL-4 receptors (sIL-4R) in the extracellular environment. Inasmuch as the two forms of the mouse IL-4R are differentially encoded by alternatively spliced mRNA transcripts, the purpose of this work was to determine how their expression is regulated by IL-4 and T cell activation and whether there is preferential expression of one type of transcript over the other. In this study, the expression of sIL-4R and mIL-4R transcripts was analyzed by a semiquantitative RT-PCR method in resting and mitogen-activated splenic cells. Irrespectively of the state of cell activation, IL-4 up-regulated the levels of both types of mRNA with similar kinetics and dose–response curves. In contrast, ConA failed to enhance the steady-state levels of sIL-4R or mIL-4R transcripts despite increased expression at the protein level, suggesting that sIL-4R expression is also regulated at levels other than transcription. Western blot analysis of supernatants of IL-4- and ConA-stimulated spleen cells substantiated the presence of sIL-4R molecules derived by translation of sIL-4R-specific transcripts, thus confirming the importance of this mechanism for the generation of sIL-4R molecules in normal cells. These results indicate that the sIL-4R- and mIL-4R-specific transcripts are normally regulated in a parallel manner and further suggest that expression of both forms of the IL-4R is controlled at multiple levels (i.e., transcriptional and posttranscriptional).
Primary alkyl radicals: Can they be persistent?

The structure of t-Bu3SiċH2, (I), suggested that it might be a persistent primary alkyl radical since it has (i) a bulky group to protect the radical center; (ii) no β-hydrogens, so that a radical-radical disproportionation reaction is impossible; (iii) a β-silicon atom, which should prevent β-scission of tert-butyl as a unimolecular decomposition pathway. However, the self-reaction of (I) in isooctane was found to be a diffusion controlled process with log(A/M−1 sec−1) = 10.7 ± 0.3 and E = 2.5 ± 0.2 kcal mole−1. Hence (I) is not persistent and it is concluded that a persistent primary alkyl will only be observed when the—ĊH2 moiety is deeply buried among sterically protecting groups.
The Princeton equipment on board

The Princeton telescope-spectrometer on the Copernicus satellite scans stellar spectra between 950 and 1450 A in second order with a resolution of about 0.05 A. The resolution in first order, between 1650 and 3000 A, is twice that in second order. The equipment may be used down to a nominal limit of 5th magnitude with the photometric precision in second order limited only by the statistics of photon counts. At 1100 A, a rate of 1,000 per 14 sec is obtained on an unreddened B 1 star with a visual magnitude of 5.0. In the first order, phototube noise from cosmic rays limits observations to stars brighter than visual magnitude 3.0 in general.
Intraplate tectonics of the western North American plate

Abstract Fault-plane solutions, Cenozoic geology, and in-situ stress measurements are used to infer contemporary extension between subplates of the western North American plate. Intraplate, northwest extension is accommodated by strike-slip and oblique normal faulting along present-day seismic zones. Cenozoic volcanism, facilitated by regional extension above a subducting plate, may have spread radially outward from the northern Great Basin to form a continental triple junction with the principal arms: the central Great Basin, the Snake River Plain and a southeast-trending zone of rhyolite domes in the southern Columbia Plateau.
IMPOSED HEALTH INSURANCE IN MONOPOLISTIC MARKETS: A THEORETICAL ANALYSIS

The impact of public health insurance on price and output of medical care is analyzed within the context of monopolistic markets for health services. An important result, which is not obtained in competitive markets, is that indemnity benefits cause smaller price increases than service benefits, both directly and indirectly through the effect of benefit structure on the production of information. Various types of price regulation are considered, including limitation to “usual, customary, and prevailing” levels, a frequently used technique. With a simple dynamic model this type of regulation is shown to cause chronic price inflation.
Agents for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases: January - June 1998

This patent update relates to neurodegenerative diseases for both the peripheral and central nervous systems. Selected patent activities are described and summarised below for the period of January through June 1998. The newly disclosed agents are listed by their actual or proposed biological mechanism. While many patent applications include agents for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, this review cites only those patents that either disclose biological data to support potential activity, display novel structures or claim relatively unexplored mechanisms for neuroprotection.
Pituitary prolactin levels in larval, neotenic and metamorphosed salamanders (Ambystoma tigrinum)

Pituitary prolactin levels of larval, neotenic, and metamorphosed Ambystoma tigrinum were assayed by a standardized pigeon cropsac method. Neotenic animals had significantly (p < 0.001) more prolactin per pituitary than did larval or metamorphosed animals. There were no differences in prolactin per pituitary between sexually immature larvae and metamorphosed salamanders. However, prolactin levels were greater in pituitaries of sexually immature larvae than in pituitaries of metamorphosed or neotenic animals when expressed per gram of body weight or per milligram of pituitary weight. A comparison with data obtained from A. mexicanum is made. The relationship of these observations for current theories on metamorphic control in amphibians is discussed.
A fractional correction procedure for indirect trajectory optimization.

Fractional correction procedure for indirect trajectory optimization through extremal trajectory meeting boundary conditions
An abstract treatment of some forward-backward problems of transport and scattering

Two abstract methods are described for problem such as x(∂u∂t)(x, t) + Au(x, t) = f(x, t), u(x, 0) = g+(x), x > 0; u(x, t1) = −g−(x), x < 0, which occur, among other places, in transport and scattering theory. Here A is a positive linear operator which may be integral, differential, or integrodifferential. The problem is given an abstract formulation as an operator differential equation. Existence and uniqueness of solutions is proved by a variational method. A more constructive operator-theoretic approach is also given. Various applications are described.
Spatially resolved Raman study of self-organized χ (2) gratings in optical fibers

A spatially resolved Raman study of self-organized χ(2) gratings in optical fibers shows a periodic modulation in the strength of the low-frequency (ν ≤ 600 cm−1) Raman spectrum. In a fused-silica fiber the measured period ranges from 27 to 50 μm, and the modulation amplitude is ±3% of the average Raman signal.
PAX6 METHYLATION AND ECTOPIC EXPRESSION IN HUMAN TUMOR CELLS

The mechanisms underlying the de novo methylation of CpG islands in human cancer remain almost completely unknown. We used a methylation-sensitive arbitrarily primed polymerase chain reaction (Ms AP-PCR) technique to scan genomic DNA for differential methylation patterns and identified a 550 bp band that was hypermethylated in a majority of colon and bladder cancer cells. This band corresponded to a CpG-rich region in exon 5 of PAX6, which is a highly conserved transcription regulatory factor involved in embryogenesis. Interestingly, exon 5 was very frequently methylated in solid tumors compared with adjacent normal tissues, 17 out of 27 (63%) in bladder, and colon, but the promoter remained unmethylated in all these cases. This methylation was not effective in blocking transcription since ectopic expression of PAX6 was seen in several tumors and cell lines with extensive exon 5 methylation. De novo methylation of the promoter was only seen in tumor cell lines and was associated with gene silencing since treatment with 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine restored expression to the cells and resulted in a less methylated promoter. Thus, ectopic expression and hypermethylation of exon 5 of PAX6 demonstrate that methylation within a transcribed region, as opposed to promoter methylation, does not block gene expression.
Strategic Marketing of Electronic Resources

SUMMARY Electronic information represents a special marketing challenge for libraries. Because libraries must compete with the publicly available resources on the Web, they need to provide a succinct marketing rationale for library users to make the effort to use the library's electronic resources. They also need to be careful to maintain the library's credibility and library users' trust in the library by not over-promising on the capabilities of electronic resources, or prematurely forcing users into the electronic realm when print may better meet their needs. In marketing electronic resources it is helpful to adopt the techniques of “relationship marketing” and to be aware of typical new product adoption behavior and the effects of disruptive technologies. The most effective approach to marketing electronic resources is to involve the entire organization in a strategic program focused on becoming a “marketing aware” organization.
POLLEN TUBE EXPRESSION OF PSEUDO-SELF-COMPATIBILITY (PSC) IN PETUNIA HYBRIDA

AnS 1.1 self-incompatible (SI) petunia plant which showed atypical seed set was found in an I7 population. This plant showed a strong SI reaction when selfed but produced varying amounts of seed when used as the seed parent in crosses with unrelated individuals homozygous for the sameS allele. Reciprocal crosses yielded no seed indicating that the reaction was a stylar response. Self seed obtained by high temperature treatments produced 18 plants, all of which exhibited the parental characteristics, the ability to reject self pollen but accept, to varying degrees, pollen bearing the sameS allele from unrelated plants. Several petunias homozygous forS 1, and exhibiting various levels of PSC as determined by self seed set, progeny tests and temperature treatments, were used as pollen parents. The mean seed set of these crosses produced a ranking of the pollen parents which reflected the PSC levels obtained by other methods. The behavior of the F1 and F2 populations suggests that the pollen discriminating ability may be a simply inherited, dominant character in these plants. The styles of these unusual petunias illustrate the participation of the pollen tube in determining PSC.
Martingale analysis of dynamic tax incidence in a nonstationary growth model

Abstract This paper develops a new martingale technique to study dynamic incidence of a capital income tax in nonstationary aggregate growth models. The stochastic Euler conditions are utilized to generate a submartingale process which is sensitive to a divergence between the no-tax and after-tax return to capital per unit. This submartingale process is instrumental in generalizing the classical result on the long-run incidence of a capital income tax in a stationary deterministic paradigm to nonstationary stochastic growth models. Since the Euler characterization is immediately available in aggregate growth models, the method developed here can also be utilized to study the dynamic incidence of other forms of taxation in general nonstationary aggregate growth models.
Defining functional distance using manifold embeddings of gene ontology annotations

Although rigorous measures of similarity for sequence and structure are now well established, the problem of defining functional relationships has been particularly daunting. Here, we present several manifold embedding techniques to compute distances between Gene Ontology (GO) functional annotations and consequently estimate functional distances between protein domains. To evaluate accuracy, we correlate the functional distance to the well established measures of sequence, structural, and phylogenetic similarities. Finally, we show that manual classification of structures into folds and superfamilies is mirrored by proximity in the newly defined function space. We show how functional distances place structure–function relationships in biological context resulting in insight into divergent and convergent evolution. The methods and results in this paper can be readily generalized and applied to a wide array of biologically relevant investigations, such as accuracy of annotation transference, the relationship between sequence, structure, and function, or coherence of expression modules.
A two-million moves/sec CMOS single chip chess move generator

A single-chip chess move generator has been developed as the first chip of a two-chip set that forms a special-purpose chess computer. The resultant special-purpose chess computer is expected to be an order of magnitude faster than chess programs now running on the fastest supercomputers. The move generator itself has a peak throughput of two-million moves/s. Implemented in 3-/spl mu/m p-well double-metal CMOS technology, the chip measures 6.8/spl times/6.9 mm, contains 36000 transistors, and dissipates less than 0.5 W. The chip is comprised mainly of an 8/spl times/8 array of combinatorial circuits, each with less than 550 transistors.
Reducing the distance: a study of course websites as a means to create a total learning space in traditional courses

A primary goal of both distance and traditional courses should be that of distance reduction-a shrinking of the mental and time-dimensional separation between the students, the instructor, and the content to be learned. This sort of reduction brings the learning events of a class together in a holistic way that maintains an ongoing dialog with participants. This article reports the results of a study that evaluated the use and effectiveness of course websites in three undergraduate technical communication courses. Research questions investigated students' site visit frequency, purpose of use, and perceptions of distance reduction during out-of-class times via the constant availability of course companion sites. A survey was conducted to measure student responses to the course website used in their technical communication course. Anecdotal and empirical data indicate that course companion sites do decrease students' perceived distance during out-of-class times; however, they also produce unanticipated results, such as increased student dependency on online information and a low tolerance for out-of-date information. Future research is suggested to further investigate the impact of course websites on both cognitive and affective modes of student participation and learning.
Classification and novel class detection of data streams in a dynamic feature space

Data stream classification poses many challenges, most of which are not addressed by the state-of-the-art. We present DXMiner, which addresses four major challenges to data stream classification, namely, infinite length, concept-drift, concept-evolution, and feature-evolution. Data streams are assumed to be infinite in length, which necessitates single-pass incremental learning techniques. Concept-drift occurs in a data stream when the underlying concept changes over time. Most existing data stream classification techniques address only the infinite length and concept-drift problems. However, concept-evolution and feature- evolution are also major challenges, and these are ignored by most of the existing approaches. Concept-evolution occurs in the stream when novel classes arrive, and feature-evolution occurs when new features emerge in the stream. Our previous work addresses the concept-evolution problem in addition to addressing the infinite length and concept-drift problems. Most of the existing data stream classification techniques, including our previous work, assume that the feature space of the data points in the stream is static. This assumption may be impractical for some type of data, for example text data. DXMiner considers the dynamic nature of the feature space and provides an elegant solution for classification and novel class detection when the feature space is dynamic. We show that our approach outperforms state-of-the-art stream classification techniques in classifying and detecting novel classes in real data streams.
Human T-cell Leukemia Virus Type I p30 Nuclear/Nucleolar Retention Is Mediated through Interactions with RNA and a Constituent of the 60 S Ribosomal Subunit

Human T-cell leukemia virus type I is the etiological agent of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma, an aggressive and fatal lymphoproliferative malignancy. The virus has evolved strategies to escape immune clearance by remaining latent in most infected cells in vivo. We demonstrated previously that virally encoded p30 protein is a potent post-transcriptional inhibitor of virus replication (Nicot, C., Dundr, M., Johnson, J. M., Fullen, J. R., Alonzo, N., Fukumoto, R., Princler, G. L., Derse, D., Misteli, T., and Franchini, G. (2004) Nat. Med. 10, 197-201). p30 is unable to shuttle out of the nucleus in heterokaryon assays, suggesting the existence of specific retention signals. Because suppression of virus replication relies on nuclear retention of the tax/rex mRNA by p30, determining the retention features of p30 will offer hints to break latency in infected cells and insights into new therapeutic approaches. In this study, we used live cell imaging technologies to study the kinetics of p30 and to delineate its retention signals and their function in virus replication. Notably, this is the first study to identify p30 nucleolar retention domains. Using mutants of p30 that localized in different cellular compartments, we show that post-transcriptional control of virus replication by p30 occurs in the nucleoplasm. We further demonstrate that p30 nuclear/nucleolar retention is dependent upon de novo RNA transcripts and interactions with components of the ribosomal machinery.
Technology and Higher Education: The Impact of E-Learning Approaches on Student Academic Achievement, Perceptions and Persistence.

While e-learning, Web-enhanced instruction, and other forms of instructional technology have been touted as an effective way of addressing student withdrawal and academic performance, there are tho...
Insulin responsiveness of glucose transporter 4 in 3T3-L1 cells depends on the presence of sortilin

Insulin-dependent translocation of Glut4 to the plasma membrane of fat and skeletal muscle cells plays the key role in postprandial clearance of blood glucose. In undifferentiated cells, insulin re...
EUS-guided celiac plexus neurolysis and celiac plexus block.

addition, patients with chronic pancreatitis risk narcotic dependence. Therefore, nonpharmacologic therapies, such as celiac plexus neurolysis (CPN), are often given with the goal of improving pain control and quality of life while reducing the risk of drug-related side effects. Some use the term celiac plexus block (CPB) to refer to the use of steroids and/or a local anesthetic to temporarily inhibit celiac plexus function in patients with benign disease (chronic pancreatitis). The term celiac plexus neurolysis is often applied to techniques that inject alcohol or phenol to induce neurolysis in patients with pancreatic cancer and other malignancies. Many use these terms interchangeably. This review summarizes the percutaneous (PQ) and surgical methods of CPN and focuses on the technical aspects of EUS-guided CPN (EUS CPN). Publications specific to EUS CPN are reviewed, and evidence-based guidelines regarding the indications and role of EUS CPN are developed. Potential future areas of investigation are raised where evidence is incomplete.
Performance modelling of a flexible manufacturing cell with two workstations and a single material handling device

We consider a flexible manufacturing cell with two workstations, a single material handling device, and a storage space. Two layouts are considered for the storage space; in one layout the two workstations are sharing a common storage space, whereas, in the other one each workstation has its own local storage. For each layout, we develop a queueing network model. These models explicitly consider the material handling system delay times. In these models, it is also assumed that a workstation could be blocked due to the material handling device. Furthermore, in the local storage layout, a workstation could also be blocked due to the other workstation. Using these models we compare the two layouts and study the effects of mean and variance of the material handling system delay times on workstation utilization. We also discuss some issues related to the design of these cells.
The magnification effect of trade on wages with endogenous technology

Abstract This paper shows that in a variation of Acemoglu's [Q. J. Econ. 113 (1998) 1055] endogenous-technology model trade can have a large effect on wages; an effect exceeding the traditional magnification effect. A second result of the paper is that factors complementary to skilled and unskilled labor, such as venture capital or land, ultimately drive wage inequality.
Cancer survivors’ receipt of treatment summaries and implications for patient-centered communication and quality of care

Abstract Objective The Institute of Medicine recommends cancer survivors completing treatment be provided with a treatment summary to facilitate delivery of patient-centered survivorship care. However, the relationship between treatment summary receipt and patient-centered communication (PCC) and overall quality of care (QOC) are not well understood. Methods Cancer survivors responding to the Health Information National Trends Survey reported treatment summary receipt, QOC, and experiences of six core functions of PCC. Multivariable logistic regression assessed the relationship between treatment summary receipt and PCC. The prevalence of survivors’ treatment summary receipt and demographic/clinical characteristics predictive of treatment summary receipt were also assessed. Results Of 359 respondents with a cancer history, 34.5% reported receiving a treatment summary. Greater treatment burden was associated with increased treatment summary receipt. Treatment summary receipt was associated with higher QOC and more PCC, both overall and for five of the six PCC functions. Conclusion The receipt of cancer treatment summaries may improve PCC and QOC for survivors. Practice implications The positive relationship between treatment summary receipt and survivors’ PCC experience substantiates continued efforts to provide treatment summaries to survivors transitioning from active treatment to survivorship care. Future research should characterize mechanisms by which treatment summary provision may enhance PCC.
Novel geometry for single-mode scanning of tunable lasers

We describe a geometry that allows for the single-mode scanning of lasers that use a diffraction grating as the dispersive element. It is observed that under the right conditions a rotation of the tuning element can provide changes simultaneously in cavity length and diffraction angle that exactly match the requirements needed for continuous single-mode scanning. As a case study, the method is applied to the grazing-incidence pulsed dye laser.
An efficient peer-to-peer file sharing exploiting hierarchy and asymmetry

Many peer-to-peer (P2P) file sharing systems have been proposed to take advantage of high scalability and abundant resources at end-user machines. Previous approaches adopted either simple flooding or routing with complex structures, such as distributed hashing tables (DHT). However, these approaches did not consider the heterogeneous nature of the machines and the hierarchy of networks on the Internet. This paper presents the peer-to-peer asymmetric file sharing system (PASS), a novel approach to P2P file sharing, which accounts for the different capabilities and network locations of the participating machines. Our system selects only a portion of high-capacity machines (supernodes) for routing support, and organizes the network by using location information. We show that our key-coverage based directory replication improves the file search performance to a small constant number of routing hops, regardless of the network size.
Cooperative Assembly of Metal Nitrate and Citric Acid with Block Copolymers: Role of Carbonate Conversion Temperature on the Mesostructure of Ordered Porous Oxides

The conversion of cooperatively assembled metal nitrate, citric acid, and an amphiphilic block copolymer, poly(methoxypoly[ethylene glycol methacrylate])-block-poly(butyl acrylate), films to their associated carbonate is investigated using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and spectroscopic ellipsometry for both cobalt and copper. The processing conditions associated with the formation of the carbonate significantly impact the mesostructure generated. Ex situ FTIR measurements tracked the carbonate formation and consumption of citric acid to elucidate the kinetics of the reactions and were compared to the evolution in the film thickness and refractive index by in situ spectroscopic ellipsometry. From ellipsometry, the initial rate of thickness change appears to follow an Arrhenius temperature dependence with the apparent activation energy for Co (43 kJ/mol) approximately double that for Cu (23 kJ/mol). These data elucidating the reaction kinetics enable optimization of the temperature and rea...
Hail to the Chiefs: A Tribute to America's Women Chief Justices

This article salutes the first thirteen women to become chief justice of a state supreme court in the 30 years since Lorna E. Lockwood of Arizona became the nation's first female chief justice in 1965. Includes photographs of Chief Justice Lockwood, Chief Judge Judith Rogers of the District of Columbia Court of Appeals, and Chief Justice Ellen Ash Peters of Connecticut.
Validity of Chemical Balance Studies in Eviscerated Animals, as Index of Carbohydrate Utilization

Discussion and SummaryIt is clear that neither of the possible objections to our previous method of calculating carbohydrate utilization is sufficiently valid to materially affect the end results. That is, the amounts of free sugar, higher carbohydrate intermediates, or lactic acid present in the muscles are not such as to invalidate calculations based on blood sugar and lactic acid values, and distribution ratios. This agrees with the earlier, basic work of Best, Dale, Hoet and Marks,9 who demonstrated that the sugar which disappeared from the blood of eviscerated spinal cats was equal to the sum of the glycogen deposited in the muscles and the glucose equivalent of the oxygen consumed.
Attempts to Protect Sweet Corn from Infestations of the Corn Ear Worm, Heliothis Obsoleta (Fabr.)

The writers tabulated the stage of development of approximately 10,000 ears of sweet com of two varieties at the time of treatment. The results when the ears reached market maturity suggest that extra light sodium fluosilicate (70-75%) and a Japanese pyrethrum extract were the most effective insecticides while ordinary black pepper proved to be a very satisfactory moth repellent. The results with arsenates and various nicotine combinations including the new nicotine caseinate were not impressive. Biological observations support the thesis that the larvae migrate from ear to ear and that the loose silk (which receives the coating of dust or spray) is not eaten by the entering larva. It is assumed that the fluosilicates kill by contact or by producing an irritation that impels a cleaning process on the part of the larva after its progress through the dust laden silk.
High Bandwidth Microgripper With Integrated Force Sensors and Position Estimation for the Grasp of Multistiffness Microcomponents

At the microscale, small inertia and high dynamics of microparts increase the complexity of grasping, releasing, and positioning tasks. The difficulty increases especially because the position, the dimensions, and the stiffness of the micropart are unknown. In this paper, the use of a microgripper with integrated sensorized end effectors with high dynamic capabilities is proposed to perform stable and accurate grasps of multistiffness microcomponents. A dynamic nonlinear force/position model of the complete microgripper while manipulating a microcomponent is developed. The model takes into consideration not only free motion and constrained motion, but also, contact transitions which is a key issue at the microscale due to the predominance of surface forces. It enables us to estimate the position of the microgripper's end effectors, the contact position of the microcomponent, and the force applied on the microcomponent. Using the proposed microgripper and its model, both of the gripping forces are measured and the position of each of the microgripper's end effectors is estimated. This enables to perform a stable grasp of the micropart by providing force and position feedback. Moreover, using the developed microgripper and its model, the characterization of the microcomponent can be performed by estimating its dimensions and its stiffness.
The New Winter Soldiers: Gi and Veteran Dissent During the Vietnam Era. By Richard Moser. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1996. 219 pp. Hardbound, $50.00; Softbound, $18.95.

(1997). The New Winter Soldiers: Gi and Veteran Dissent During the Vietnam Era. By Richard Moser. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1996. 219 pp. Hardbound, $50.00; Softbound, $18.95. The Oral History Review: Vol. 24, No. 2, pp. 152-154.
Gas chromatographic analysis of estrogens.

A rapid gas chromatographic method is described for the measurement of estriol in the urine of females in or near the third trimester of pregnancy.