cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
PUBLIC UTILITIES AND PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION Regulate Transmission of Facsimile Messages

The Act adds a new section to the Code regulating the transmission of commercial facsimile (fax) messages. It also provides civil penalty of disconnected telephone service, criminal misdemeanor penalties, and enforcement by the Public Service Commission and local telephone companies.
Specificity of the SH2 Domains of SHP-1 in the Interaction with the Immunoreceptor Tyrosine-Based Inhibitory Motif-Bearing Receptor gp49B

Inhibitory receptors on hemopoietic cells critically regulate cellular function. Despite their expression on a variety of cell types, these inhibitory receptors signal through a common mechanism involving tyrosine phosphorylation of the immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif (ITIM), which engages Src homology 2 (SH2) domain-containing cytoplasmic tyrosine or inositol phosphatases. In this study, we have investigated the proximal signal-transduction pathway of an ITIM-bearing receptor, gp49B, a member of a newly described family of murine NK and mast cell receptors. We demonstrate that the tyrosine residues within the ITIMs are phosphorylated and serve for the association and activation of the cytoplasmic tyrosine phosphatase SHP-1. Furthermore, we demonstrate a physiologic association between gp49B and SHP-1 by coimmunoprecipitation studies from NK cells. To address the mechanism of binding between gp49B and SHP-1, binding studies involving glutathione S-transferase SHP-1 mutants were performed. Utilizing the tandem SH2 domains of SHP-1, we show that either SH2 domain can interact with phosphorylated gp49B. Full-length SHP-1, with an inactivated amino SH2 domain, also retained gp49B binding. However, binding to gp49B was disrupted by inactivation of the carboxyl SH2 domain of full-length SHP-1, suggesting that in the presence of the phosphatase domain, the carboxyl SH2 domain is required for the recruitment of phosphorylated gp49B. Thus, gp49B signaling involves SHP-1, and this association is dependent on tyrosine phosphorylation of the gp49B ITIMs, and an intact SHP-1 carboxyl SH2 domain.
Inhibition of Ca2+ currents by a mu-opioid in a defined subset of rat sensory neurons

Activation of the endogenous opioid system can suppress pain without affecting other sensations, but the cellular mechanism of this selectivity is unclear. The analgesia might be due to inhibitory synapses arranged only on neurons whose activity leads to pain sensations. Alternatively, opioids might be released broadly, with neurons involved in pain sensation being especially sensitive. Therefore, we asked whether different subsets of rat dorsal root ganglion (DRG) sensory neurons vary in their sensitivity to opioids. Dissociated neurons were subdivided according to the spinal laminae to which they likely had projected, and whether they had innervated muscle. Using the patch-clamp method, we measured the inhibition of Ca2+ current by DAGO (Tyr-D-Ala-Gly-MePhe-Gly-ol), a peptide that selectively activates the mu (morphine) receptor. We also investigated the presence of different types of Ca2+ channels. In DRG neurons chosen at random, Ca2+ currents were inhibited by DAGO to widely varying degrees, with an average inhibition of 38%. Ca2+ currents in neurons in a subset that projects to laminae I and II had a lower average inhibition, and unlike the randomly selected cells, the responses were predictable and tightly distributed about the mean. This indicates that the variability of opioid sensitivity among DRG neurons reflects the presence of different subsets of cells. Since neurons projecting to laminae I and II, the projection site of nociceptive neurons, did not show high opioid sensitivity, there is no evidence that nociceptive neurons have stronger responses to opioids. But a firm conclusion is impossible because projection site does not strictly define sensory modality.
A self‐similar scaling for cross‐shelf exchange driven by transient rip currents

Transient rip currents, episodic offshore flows from the surf zone to the inner shelf, present a recreational beach hazard and exchange material across the nearshore ocean. The magnitude and offshore extent of transient rip-current-induced exchange and its relative importance to other inner shelf exchange processes are poorly understood. Here 120 model simulations with random, normally incident, directionally spread waves spanning a range of beach slopes and wave conditions show that the transient rip current exchange velocity is self-similar. The nondimensional exchange velocity, surf zone flushing time, and cross-shore decay length scale are scaled by beach slope and wave properties, depending strongly on wave directional spread. Transient rip-current-driven exchange can be compared to other cross-shelf exchange processes. For example, transient rip-current-driven exchange is stronger than wave-induced Stokes-drift-driven exchange up to six surf zone widths from shore.
Abstraction and Verification in Alphard: Design and Verification of a Tree Handler

The design of the Alphard programming language has been strongly influenced by ideas from the areas of programming methodology and formal program verification. The interaction of these ideas and their influence on Alphard are described by developing a nontrivial example, a program for manipulating the parse tree of an arithmetic expression.
Overcoming Evil: Genocide, Violent Conflict, and Terrorism

CONTENTS Preface and Acknowledgments Chapter 1. Introduction. I. Origins, Prevention, Reconciliation Chapter 2. Introduction. II. Early and Late Prevention, The Costs of Violence, Evil and Goodness Part I: The Origins of Mass Violence Chapter 3. The Sources of Conflict Between Groups and Primary Examples Chapter 4. Instigating Conditions: Starting Points of Mass Violence Chapter 5. Psychological and Societal/Group Processes that Arise from Instigating Conditions Chapter 6. Learning by Doing in Individuals and Groups: The Evolution of Extreme Violence Chapter 7. Internal and External Bystanders: Their Passivity, Complicity, and Role in the Evolution of Violence Chapter 8. Cultural/Societal Characteristics that Make Hostility and Violence More Likely Chapter 9. Perpetration and the Perpetrators Chapter 10. Understanding the Woundedness/Psychological Transformation of All Parties in Mass Violence. Part II. Prevention and Reconciliation Chapter 11. Introduction and late prevention. Chapter 12. Promoting Understanding, Healing and Reconciliation in Rwanda Chapter 13. Constructive Responses to Difficult Life Conditions and Conflict, Preventive Diplomacy and Dialogue Chapter 14. Developing Positive Orientation to the "Other": Humanizing and Contact with the Other. Chapter 15. Beyond "us" and "them": Constructive Ideologies and Groups, Common Identities, Inclusive Caring, and Pluralism Chapter 16. Changing Hearts and Minds: Information, Peace Education, and Public Education in Rwanda and the Congo Chapter 17. The Potential and Power of Active Bystanders: Citizens, Leaders, Nations, the International System. Chapter 18. Generating Action by Leaders, Citizens, Creating Structures for Prevention. Chapter 19. Healing/Psychological Recovery and Reconciliation Chapter 20. Other Elements of Reconciliation: Complex Truth, Collective Memory, Shared History and Justice Chapter 21. Forgiveness, Healing and Reconciliation Chapter 22. Raising Inclusively Caring, Morally Courageous Children and Altruism Born of Suffering Chapter 23. Recommendations and Conclusions
The Utility of Community Health Workers in Disaster Preparedness, Recovery, and Resiliency:

Lay Health Workers can play a pivotal role in improving disaster response and recovery because of their potential effectiveness in enhancing the overall health of their communities, increasing disa...
Hospitalizations of Children with Autism Increased from 1999 to 2009

We performed a retrospective analysis of hospital discharges for children with autism, in comparison to children with cerebral palsy, Down syndrome, mental retardation/intellectual disability, and the general population. Hospitalizations for autism increased nearly threefold over 10 years, especially at the oldest ages, while hospitalizations for the other groups did not change. Leading discharge diagnoses for each age group in children with autism included mental health and nervous system disorders. Older age, Caucasian ethnicity, and living in a region with a high number of pediatric beds predicted hospitalizations associated with mental health diagnoses. These findings underscore the need for comprehensive clinical services that address the complex needs of children with autism to prevent costly hospitalizations.
Weights of links and plaquettes in a random lattice

In a random lattice, links and plaquettes have varying sizes and orientations. Therefore, they should enter the action function with different weights. A particularly attractive choice of these weights is presented; its consequences for spin-0, 12 and 1 fields on such a lattice are discussed.
Signaling through JAK2‐STAT5 pathway is essential for IL‐3‐induced activation of microglia

Microglia, the resident macrophage of the brain, mediates immune and inflammatory responses in the central nervous system (CNS). Activation of microglia and secretion of inflammatory cytokines associate with the pathogenesis of CNS diseases, including multiple sclerosis (MS), Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease, prion disease, and AIDS dementia. Microbial pathogens, cytokines, chemokines, and costimulatory molecules are potent inducers of microglial activation in the CNS. Signaling through its receptor, IL-3 induces the activation of JAK-STAT and MAP kinase pathways in microglial cells. In this study, we found that in vitro treatment of EOC-20 microglial cells with tyrphostin AG490 blocked IL-3-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of JAK2, STAT5A, and STAT5B signaling proteins. Stable transfection of EOC-20 cells with a dominant negative JAK2 mutant also blocked IL-3-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of JAK2, STAT5A, and STAT5B in microglia. The blockade of JAK2-STAT5 pathway resulted in a decrease in IL-3-induced proliferation and expression of CD40 and major histocompatibility complex class II molecules in microglia. These findings highlight the fact that JAK2-STAT5 signaling pathway plays a critical role in mediating IL-3-induced activation of microglia.
Are obese adolescent boys ignoring an important health risk

Objective The present study assessed satisfaction with weight, shape, and physical appearance, as well as the frequency of weight reduction efforts, in four well-defined groups of adolescents: (1) normal-weight girls; (2) normal-weight boys; (3) obese girls; and (4) obese boys. Method: Subjects were selected from 453 females and 355 males from a parochial school. In addition to the measurements of height and weight, adolescents completed a series of questionnaires on weight and dieting, weight and figure satisfaction, parents' attitudes toward weight, and anxiety. Results: Only 49% of obese boys had tried to lose weight over the past year as compared to 90% of the obese girls (p < .001). Only 13% of the obese boys were currently dieting as compared to 62% of the obese girls (p < .001). Despite the relative equivalence of weight in the obese boys and girls, the boys perceived themselves to be less overweight (p < .05) and happier with their looks (p < .001) than obese girls. Thirty-three percent of normal-weight girls were dieting, and 70% had attempted weight loss over the past year. They were significantly less happy with their weight and figure than were average-weight boys (p < .001) and, remarkably, did not differ significantly from overweight boys on these measures. Discussion: Obese adolescent males, in particular, need to be educated about the potential liabilities of their excess weight and encouraged to take appropriate action to correct it. © 1996 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Low-temperature, flux-independent epitaxy in Ag/Si(111)

We study the growth of the Ag/Si(111) system as a function of temperature and deposition rate by using RHEED quantitative spot analysis. Short-lived specular beam oscillations at T = 150 K are observed with narrow beam full-width-at-half-maximum (FWHM) of less than 3% of the Brillouin zone. By studying the flux dependence of the growth at 150 K, we determine that the specular beam intensity is a function of the total amount deposited θ = Ft, independent of the deposition rate F. This is consistent with the presence of a non-thermal, constant diffusion length R0. By studying the growth of the √3 at higher temperatures where thermal diffusion operates, as a function of flux, we can estimate the non-thermal component of the diffusion length R0 ⩾ 50 A.
Attention to external threat cues in anxiety states

Abstract The extant laboratory research on anxiety-related attentional bias in response to external threat cues is discussed. Studies utilizing dichotic listening tasks, modified Stroop color naming tasks, and reaction time tasks are critically reviewed. Findings are summarized according to method, anxiety disorder, clinical versus nonclinical subjects, and treatment outcome studies. The data suggest that clinically anxious subjects show an attentional bias towards threat cues specific to their disorder, while anxious nonclinical subjects show bias towards general threat. However, methodological concerns preclude absolute statements. The implications of attentional bias are discussed, and recommendations for future research are made.
Aerobic exercise, but not flexibility/resistance exercise, reduces serum IL-18, CRP, and IL-6 independent of β-blockers, BMI, and psychosocial factors in older adults

Increased serum levels of inflammatory mediators have been associated with numerous disease states including atherosclerosis, Type II diabetes, hypertension, depression, and overall mortality. We hypothesized that a long-term exercise intervention among older adults would reduce serum inflammatory cytokines, and this reduction would be mediated, in part, by improvements in psychosocial factors and/or by beta-adrenergic receptor mechanisms. Adults age 64 were randomly assigned to either an aerobic exercise treatment (CARDIO) or a flexibility/strength exercise treatment (FLEX) 3 days/week, 45 min/day for 10 months. A subgroup of subjects treated with non-selective beta(1)beta(2) adrenergic antagonists were included to evaluate the potential role of beta-adrenergic receptor adaptations as mediators of an exercise-induced change in inflammation. The inflammatory mediators [C-reactive protein (CRP), IL-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, and IL-18] and the psychosocial factors (depression, perceived stress, optimism, sense of coherence, and social support) were measured pre- and post-intervention. The CARDIO treatment resulted in significant reductions in serum CRP, IL-6, and IL-18 compared to the FLEX treatment (significant treatment x time interaction, p<.05), whereas TNFalpha declined in both groups (main effect of time, p=.001). However, several psychosocial factors (depression, optimism, and sense of coherence) improved in both groups suggesting that the reduction of CRP, IL-6, and IL-18 in the CARDIO group was not mediated by improvements in psychosocial scores. With respect to the potential role of beta-adrenergic receptors, both CARDIO subjects treated with beta-adrenergic antagonists and those who were not treated with those medications demonstrated similar reductions in serum CRP, IL-6, IL-18, and TNFalpha. In summary, we have observed that an aerobic exercise intervention can significantly reduce serum inflammatory mediators, but beta-adrenergic receptors and psychosocial factors do not appear to be involved.
Corpus Linguistics Texts

at a slightly different audience, but in combination they deliver all the essential information one would need to fully understand and utilize the history, current state, and broad applications of corpus linguistics. Kennedy's An Introduction to Corpus Linguistics provides a thorough history of the development of corpus linguistics, beginning with investigations that used corpus methods before computers were readily available. The book is divided into chapters that outline the design and development of corpora over time (chapter 2), descriptions of English that have resulted from corpus methods (chapter 3), examples of the types of analyses that have been conducted (chapter 4), and the implications of those analyses (chapter 5).
Increased ethanol self-administration and anxiety-like behavior during acute ethanol withdrawal and protracted abstinence: regulation by corticotropin-releasing factor.

Background Animal models of alcohol dependence suggest that long-term alterations in brain corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) systems, key mediators of the behavioral stress response, may be involved in the development and reinstatement of dependence on drugs of abuse. The objective of the present study was to investigate the role of CRF in the regulation of ethanol self-administration and to examine the behavioral stress response during acute withdrawal and protracted abstinence. Methods Male Wistar rats were made dependent on ethanol via chronic exposure to ethanol vapor. Ethanol self-administration and exploratory behavior in the elevated plus maze were measured at 2 hr and 3 to 5 weeks after exposure. The role of CRF in ethanol self-administration was examined via central injection of the CRF receptor antagonist D-Phe-CRF(12–41). Results Rats showed increased responding for ethanol 2 hr and 3 to 5 weeks after chronic ethanol exposure, which was attenuated by central injection of D-Phe-CRF(12–41). In addition, rats displayed a decrease in open-arm exploration in the elevated plus maze when tested 2 hr and 4 weeks after exposure. Conclusions These results indicate that chronic ethanol exposure leads to increased ethanol self-administration and decreased open-arm exploration in the elevated plus maze during acute withdrawal and protracted abstinence. Attenuation of ethanol self-administration via central injection of D-Phe-CRF(12–41) implicates CRF as an underlying mechanism regulating long-term motivational effects associated with alcohol dependence.
Musculoskeletal Regenerative Engineering: Biomaterials, Structures, and Small Molecules

Musculoskeletal tissues are critical to the normal functioning of an individual and following damage or degeneration they show extremely limited endogenous regenerative capacity. The future of regenerative medicine is the combination of advanced biomaterials, structures, and cues to re-engineer/guide stem cells to yield the desired organ cells and tissues. Tissue engineering strategies were ideally suited to repair damaged tissues; however, the substitution and regeneration of large tissue volumes and multi-level tissues such as complex organ systems integrated into a single phase require more than optimal combinations of biomaterials and biologics. We highlight bioinspired advancements leading to novel regenerative scaffolds especially for musculoskeletal tissue repair and regeneration. Tissue and organ regeneration relies on the spatial and temporal control of biophysical and biochemical cues, including soluble molecules, cell-cell contacts, cell-extracellular matrix contacts, and physical forces. Strategies that recapitulate the complexity of the local microenvironment of the tissue and the stem cell niche play a crucial role in regulating cell self-renewal and differentiation. Biomaterials and scaffolds based on biomimicry of the native tissue will enable convergence of the advances in materials science, the advances in stem cell science, and our understanding of developmental biology.
THE EFFECT OF DIETHYLHEXYL ADIPATE (DEHA) ON CYTOCHROME P-450 (P-450) IN NONPREGNANT (NP) AND PREGNANT (P) MICE

DEHA, a chemical used in plastic food wrap and cosmetics, causes intrauterine growth retardation and fetal abnormalities in rats, decreases fertility in mice and is a hepatocarcinogen. Since changes in P-450 activity can alter both carcinogenic and teratogenic activity, we studied the effect of DEHA on hepatic P-450 in P and NP C57BL/6J mice using aminopyrine-N-demethylase activity (APD), P-450 content and HPLC isozyme pattern in non-treated (NT) and treated (T) females. Mice were treated with 1 intraperitoneal injection of DEHA (12.5 ml/kg body weight) 48 hrs before preparation at hepatic microsomes. In NP mice, DEHA increased P-450 content (NT = 0.80 ± 0.11, T = 1.11 ± 0.05 nmoles/mg protein p< 0.001) but did not alter APD activity, (NT = 14.7 ± 1.9, T = 16.3 ± 5.3 nmoles HCHO/min/mg protein). In P mice treated on day 15 of gestation, DEHA increased both P-450 (NT = 0.67 ± 0.06, T = 0.92 ± 0.12 nmoles/mg protein, p< 0.001) and APD (NT = 7.0 ± 0.1, T = 14.0 ± 2.8 nmoles HCHO/min/mg protein p<0.001). HPLC elution patterns confirmed DEHA induction of P-450 constitutive isozymes and demonstrated that P-450-gest, an isozyme induced in mouse pregnancy (Biochem Pharm, in press), was decreased by DEHA treatment. In conclusion. DEHA increased P-450 content in NP and P mice but increased APD only in P mice. In the P mouse, DEHA decreased P-450-gest but increased other P-450 isozymes. Future studies are needed to determine if the reproductive effects of DEHA are mediated through changes in P-450 isozymes.
An expert systems assistance to internal audit department evaluation

Abstract Although expert system applications are reported in various areas of auditing (Bedard, Gray, & Mock, 1984; O'Leary & Williams, 1989), internal audit department evaluation has received limited attention. This paper describes an expert system, QUESTOR, that has such a focus. Internal audit department evaluation is important for several parties, including: (1) external auditors in their planning of audit engagements; (2) upper-level managers in their evaluation of internal audit, development of effective means of interfacing with internal audit, decisions regarding resource allocations; and (3) audit committees in their coordination of activities between internal and external auditors and in their monitoring of operations. An increasing opportunity for use of a system such as QUESTOR is in the area of peer review, particularly given the growing role of such peer review processes in standard setting.
Psychodynamic‐lnterpersonal Treatment of Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Roemer and Orsillo's proposed integration of acceptance-based techniques with cognitive-behavioral treatments for generalized anxiety disorder (CAD) focuses on worry as a form of avoidance. In a psychodynamic-interpersonal approach to CAD, this avoidance is conceptualized in terms of defense mechanisms. The interpersonal determinants of the avoided feelings are addressed through formulation and interpretation of core conflictual relationship themes. Because CAD is a chronic, refractory disorder involving multiple elements, it is likely that treatment of CAD will ultimately necessitate therapist implementation of a broad array of techniques originating out of the cognitive, behavioral, interpersonal, psychodynamic, and acceptance literatures.
Quality control requirements in neonatal screening.

One of the key tasks for the persons in charge of a neonatal screening laboratory is the control and maintenance of the quality of analytical results. The process of examining every day hundreds of blood spot samples obtained from newborn babies in order to divide the population of neonates into a low risk group and a high risk group, presents several challenges with respect to organisation, analytical accuracy and precision and effectiveness in the recall and treatment procedures. Quality in neonatal screening is not determined solely by the analytical performance of the laboratory; all the steps of the neonatal screening “system” contribute to the overall quality and performance. Conclusion: programmes for the monitoring of the quality of neonatal screening have to be multidisciplinary and not restricted to the laboratory alone; not only analytical performance, but also the procedures used throughout the programme have to be monitored.
Coccidiosis: evaluations of coccidiostats under field conditions; statement of problems.

Abstract The final step in the evaluation of coccidiostatic or coccidiocidal drugs is their application under field conditions even though, with few exceptions, their efficacy and safety can best be measured accurately in controlled laboratory experiments. Problems likely to be encountered in field testing are outlined. Field evaluation involves that prior to approval for marketing and that after final approval. Two important problems not easily evaluated thoroughly by laboratory experimentation that may arise are the development of drug resistance by the parasites and initial resistance of some strains of some species of coccidia to drugs. Effects of other field variables such as differences in host environments, management practices, feeds, and genetic background of hosts on the performance of drugs will become evident only affer widespread usage or evaluation in the field.
Comparative structure analysis of vertebrate ribonuclease P RNA

Ribonuclease P cleaves 5'-precursor sequences from pre-tRNAs. All cellular RNase P holoenzymes contain homologous RNA elements; the eucaryal RNase P RNA, in contrast to the bacterial RNA, is catalytically inactive in the absence of the protein component(s). To understand the function of eucaryal RNase P RNA, knowledge of its structure is needed. Considerable effort has been devoted to comparative studies of the structure of this RNA from diverse organisms, including eucaryotes, primarily fungi, but also a limited set of vertebrates. The substantial differences in the sequences and structures of the vertebrate RNAs from those of other organisms have made it difficult to align the vertebrate sequences, thus limiting comparative studies. To expand our understanding of the structure of diverse RNase P RNAs, we have isolated by PCR and sequenced 13 partial RNase P RNA genes from 11 additional vertebrate taxa representing most extant major vertebrate lineages. Based on a recently proposed structure of the core elements of RNase P RNA, we aligned the sequences and propose a minimum consensus secondary structure for the vertebrate RNase P RNA.
Demonstration of microbial subgroups among normal vaginal microbiota data

In this study we identified subgroups of observations relating to the healthy vaginal microbiota. This microbiota resides in a dynamic environment that undergoes cyclic change during the menstrual cycle. Cluster analysis procedures were applied to divide a set of 226 normal microbiota observations into groups. Three subgroups containing 100, 65, and 61 observations were identified. Plots of principal components determined by canonical analysis were obtained to demonstrate graphically the clustering of normal vaginal microbiota observations into subgroups. Results from the cluster analyses were verified using a predictive logit regression model. Analysis of mean logit values for the three clusters demonstrated that they differed from each other. Further verification was obtained using data from women with abnormal vaginal microbiota, either due to a yeast infection or the use of an iodine-based medicated douche product, and applying them to the clustering results developed using the normal microbiota observations. Observations from both abnormal groups clustered outside the boundaries of the three normal microbiota subgroups. These results indicate that it may be possible to identify normal microbiota subgroups that are prone to the development of an abnormal microbiota. Keywords: cluster analysis, logit regression model, vaginal microbiota, normal ecosystem
Mania and sexual risk: associations with behavioral self-regulation.

Abstract Introduction Risky sexual behavior among young adults is a central public health concern. Hallmark cognitive effects of mania involve grandiose extrinsic goal-setting, which may be part of a tendency to approach rewarding cues while underestimating potential negative consequences. Poor impulse control also reflects a tendency to seek reward and rely on emotional decision-making. In contrast, effortful control is associated with adaptive decision making. Methods Participants ( n =595) completed measures of impulsivity, risk for mania, and risky sexual behavior. Relationships between risk for mania, behavioral self-regulation, and risky sexual behavior were examined in a negative binomial hurdle model. Results For the hurdle portion, sensation-seeking was positively associated with the likelihood of engaging in risky sexual behavior. Effortful control was inversely associated with the likelihood of engaging in risky sexual behavior, but only among those high in risk for mania. Among those endorsing engagement in risky sex, urgency was positively, and effortful control negatively, associated with frequency of risky sex. Risk for mania was positively associated with frequency of risky sex, but only for those low in effortful control. Limitations Findings were among a homogeneous, young adult, nonclinical population, limiting generalizability. Examining these associations among a clinical population in an active manic episode is warranted. Conclusion Results suggest high levels of effortful control may diminish the hallmark effects of mania on cognition thereby reducing engagement in risky sexual behavior. Treatments targeting emotion-based rash action and effortful decision making may be particularly important for those experiencing manic symptoms.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Overestimates Ferumoxide-Labeled Stem Cell Survival After Transplantation in the Heart

Background— Stem cell labeling with iron oxide (ferumoxide) particles allows labeled cells to be detected by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and is commonly used to track stem cell engraftment. However, the validity of MRI for distinguishing surviving ferumoxide-labeled cells from other sources of MRI signal, for example, macrophages containing ferumoxides released from nonsurviving cells, has not been thoroughly investigated. We sought to determine the relationship between the persistence of iron-dependent MRI signals and cell survival 3 weeks after injection of syngeneic or xenogeneic ferumoxides-labeled stem cells (cardiac-derived stem cells) in rats. Methods and Results— We studied nonimmunoprivileged human and rat cardiac-derived stem cells and human mesenchymal stem cells doubly labeled with ferumoxides and β-galactosidase and injected intramyocardially into immunocompetent Wistar-Kyoto rats. Animals were imaged at 2 days and 3 weeks after stem cell injection in a clinical 3-T MRI scanner. At 2 day...
Toxic, halogenated cysteine S-conjugates and targeting of mitochondrial enzymes of energy metabolism.

Abstract Several haloalkenes are metabolized in part to nephrotoxic cysteine S -conjugates; for example, trichloroethylene and tetrafluoroethylene are converted to S -(1,2-dichlorovinyl)- l -cysteine (DCVC) and S -(1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl)- l -cysteine (TFEC), respectively. Although DCVC-induced toxicity has been investigated since the 1950s, the toxicity of TFEC and other haloalkene-derived cysteine S -conjugates has been studied more recently. Some segments of the US population are exposed to haloalkenes either through drinking water or in the workplace. Therefore, it is important to define the toxicological consequences of such exposures. Most halogenated cysteine S -conjugates are metabolized by cysteine S -conjugate β-lyases to pyruvate, ammonia, and an α-chloroenethiolate (with DCVC) or an α-difluoroalkylthiolate (with TFEC) that may eliminate halide to give a thioacyl halide, which reacts with ϵ-amino groups of lysine residues in proteins. Nine mammalian pyridoxal 5′-phosphate (PLP)-containing enzymes catalyze cysteine S -conjugate β-lyase reactions, including mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase (mitAspAT), and mitochondrial branched-chain amino acid aminotransferase (BCAT m ). Most of the cysteine S -conjugate β-lyases are syncatalytically inactivated. TFEC-induced toxicity is associated with covalent modification of several mitochondrial enzymes of energy metabolism. Interestingly, the α-ketoglutarate- and branched-chain α-keto acid dehydrogenase complexes (KGDHC and BCDHC), but not the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDHC), are susceptible to inactivation. mitAspAT and BCAT m may form metabolons with KGDHC and BCDHC, respectively, but no PLP enzyme is known to associate with PDHC. Consequently, we hypothesize that not only do these metabolons facilitate substrate channeling, but they also facilitate toxicant channeling, thereby promoting the inactivation of proximate mitochondrial enzymes and the induction of mitochondrial dysfunction.
Laser Applications To Semiconductor Device Processing

Laser applications to the thermal processing of integrated circuits may be divided into two broad categories: one, applications to the improvement of existing process steps and, two, applications to processes that will allow fabrication of novel device structures. This paper will briefly review these applications, discuss potential problems in the use of lasers for device processing and possible solutions to these problems.© (1983) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Effect of Film Morphology and Thickness on Charge Transport in Ta3N5/Ta Photoanodes for Solar Water Splitting

Photoelectrochemical water splitting is one of many approaches being studied to harvest sunlight and produce renewable H2. Tantalum nitride (Ta3N5) is a promising photoanode candidate as its band edges straddle the water redox potentials and it absorbs a large portion of the solar spectrum. However, reported photocurrents for this material remain far from the theoretical maximum. Previous results indicate Ta3N5 may be hindered by charge transport limitations attributed to poor bulk charge transport, charge transport across grain boundaries, and/or charge transfer across the interface at the back contact. The primary goal of this work was to study these mechanisms, especially bulk hole and electron transport, to determine which processes limit device efficiency. Crystalline thin films (60–780 nm) of Ta3N5 (Eg = 2.1 eV) on Ta foils were synthesized by oxidation of Ta metal in air at 550 °C and subsequent nitridation in NH3 at 900 °C. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that thermal stresses and difference...
Combining Techniques to Reduce State Space and Prove Strong Properties

An on-the-fly symmetry reduction technique that exploits the lexicographic order on metarepresentations of Maude terms, and a technique that uses auxiliary data to verify strong properties that are not directly expressible in propositional temporal logic are presented. Both are implemented by simple transformations of rewrite theories. They are applied in the verification of a strong-consistency property of a client-server protocol, a simplification of the Chain-Replication protocol.
Self–Deception, Motivation, and the Desire to Believe

In the debate over the nature of self–deception, “intentionalists” argue that self–deception requires an intention to deceive oneself, and “motivationists” argue that a desire, and not an intention, typically plays a crucial causal role in self–deception. Intentionalists have criticized motivationist views for ignoring what is distinctive about self–deception, and for failing to account for cases of “twisted” self–deception. I offer a new motivationist account whose distinctive element is the desire to believe. I argue that this account identifies what is common to cases of both “twisted” and “straight” self–deception, and that it captures what is distinctive about self–deception.
Preventive intervention with infants and families: The NBAS model

A model for preventive intervention based on the use of the Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS) is presented, and the conceptual framework underlying this approach is made explicit. The approach is based on the assumption that the neonatal period presents clinicians with a unique opportunity to influence parent-infant relations positively from the beginning. It is argued that especially under conditions of stress, this infant-centered but family-focused form of intervention can serve to prevent the compounding of problems that may occur when the caregiving environment is unable to adjust to the needs of the young infant. The aim of the NBAS-based approach is to sensitize parents to the communication cues and the unique adaptive capacities of their infants. It is the individualized nature of the NBAS-based approach that places it outside the domain of main-effects treatment modalities and renders it responsive to the particular needs of individual infants and their families. The model of intervention described herein is based on the development of a supportive therapeutic relationship between clinicians and parents and as such may serve as the first stage in a comprehensive follow-up program of support for infants and families. Guidelines for clinicians using the NBAS in clinical settings that follow from these assumptions are provided.
Evaluation of coronary artery patency using cardiac markers.

The availability of a reliable marker of infarct-related artery (IRA) patency status may permit early identification of patients with patent IRA, for whom repeat thrombolysis or rescue percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) may not be necessary. We found that the ratio of serum myoglobin levels obtained before and 60-min after initation of thrombolytic therapy provides a useful indication of the IRA patency status. When the 60-min myoglobin ratio was >4.0, the probability of a patent IRA was 90%, suggesting that emergency coronary angiography to determine their IRA status may be unnecessary when this pattern of release of myoglobin is observed. The low specificity of this marker could be addressed by its combined use with other noninvasive tests such as ST-segment resolution and the persistence of chest pain at the time of angiography.
Source Apportionment of Indoor, Outdoor, and Personal PM2.5 in Seattle, Washington, Using Positive Matrix Factorization

As part of a large exposure assessment and health-effects panel study, 33 trace elements and light-absorbing carbon were measured on 24-hr fixed-site filter samples for particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter <2.5 microm (PM2.5) collected between September 26, 2000, and May 25, 2001, at a central outdoor site, immediately outside each subject's residence, inside each residence, and on each subject (personal sample). Both two-way (PMF2) and three-way (PMF3) positive matrix factorization were used to deduce the sources contributing to PM2.5. Five sources contributing to the indoor and outdoor samples were identified: vegetative burning, mobile emissions, secondary sulfate, a source rich in chlorine, and a source of crustal-derived material. Vegetative burning contributed more PM2.5 mass on average than any other source in all microenvironments, with average values estimated by PMF2 and PMF3, respectively, of 7.6 and 8.7 microg/m3 for the outdoor samples, 4 and 5.3 microg/m3 for the indoor samples, and 3.8 and 3.4 microg/m3 for the personal samples. Personal exposure to the combustion-related particles was correlated with outdoor sources, whereas exposure to the crustal and chlorine-rich particles was not. Personal exposures to crustal sources were strongly associated with personal activities, especially time spent at school among the child subjects.
Stress and the adrenocortical control of epinephrine synthesis.

Psychologic states produced by environmental or physiologic stresses are usually associated with hypersecretion of adrenal hormones, particularly epinephrine and the glucocorticoids (hydrocortisone in humans or corticosterone in rats). A common mechanism links the secretion of these hormones, even though the adrenal medulla and cortex have different embryologic origins and biochemical properties and very different mechanisms controlling their secretory activities, ie, a cholinergic nervous input stimulates medullary secretion while a hormone, corticotropin (ACTH), activates secretion from the cortex. This mechanism is made possible by an intra-adrenal portal vascular system, which provides the medulla with uniquely high concentrations of glucocorticoids. These high concentrations are needed to induce the medullary enzyme, phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase (PNMT), which controls the synthesis of epinephrine from norepinephrine. By suppressing glucocorticoid secretion, pituitary failure compromises epinephrine synthesis and decreases the rate at which epinephrine is secreted; in contrast, prolonged chronic stress can enhance epinephrine synthesis and secretion within the adrenal, the brain, or both organs. This control mechanism could be involved in the long-term consequences of stress.
SU-E-T-193: Using Truebeam's Research Mode to Automate Mechanical Quality Assurance.

Purpose: To determine the feasibility of automating mechanical quality assurance measurements on the Varian Truebeam LINAC.Methods: Using the XML coding capability of the Varian Truebeam Research Mode, the LINAC was programmed to mimic the beams delivered for the following mechanical tests. These tests included: Field size accuracy, jaw positions for asymmetric fields, collimator rotation isocenter, and MLC positional‐accuracy. Images for these beams were acquired with the EPID. The images were analyzed using an analysis code written in MATLAB. Tests for gantry and couch rotation isocenters and radiation and mechanical isocenter coincidence are being developed. Results: For field‐sizes ranging from 4×4cm2 to 15×15cm2, the measured matched the nominal field sizes to within 1mm. The collimator rotation isocenter and the overall accuracy for asymmetric field matched to within 1mm. No positional error 〉1mm was seen in the 33 MLC pairs visible in the MLC positional‐accuracy images.Conclusions: A large portion of the time required to make mechanical QA measurements using film is spent placing, processing, and scanning the film. Complete automation in performing these mechanical tests results in a significant time gain compared to film. A majority of the mechanical tests suggested by TG‐142 have been performed using this technique, and an automated mechanical QA process has been established in our clinic.
A wake-up call for hibernating tumour cells

Disseminated tumour cells (DTCs) can adopt a state of long-term dormancy. However, when and why they emerge from quiescence has remained unclear. Distinct microvascular niches are now shown to regulate this process. Mature blood vessels produce signals that sustain tumour cell quiescence, whereas sprouting microvasculature provides stimuli that reactivate DTCs, leading to metastatic relapse.
Plenary Speech 1P1: Shrinking time-to-market through global value chain integration

Summary form only given. The product development challenges for high-tech companies are even greater than most industries, thanks in large part to their dependence on an increasingly distributed and complex global value chain and extreme pressure to deliver innovation to market quicker than their fierce competition.That chain of frequently independent companies collaborating on these shrinking project timeline stretches from product conception to chip design, product development, production/assembly, testing, packaging, and delivery. Central to addressing these challenges are solutions and interoperable IT enterprise architectures that can streamline this innovation pipeline. In this presentation the author discusses the opportunities to shrink product time-to-market by more quickly, efficiently, and securely collaborating and integrating with product development value chain partners.
Cytomegalovirus infections: Occupational risk for health professionals

Health care personnel are becoming increasingly aware of potential hazards associated with caring for patients with contagious diseases. The cytomegalovirus is of special concern, because infection with this virus in a pregnant female employee could be associated with significant neurologic injury in her fetus. Nosocomial transmission from patient to health care worker has not been documented. A review of cytomegalovirus excretion in hospitalized patients and prospective evaluations of primary infection in hospital personnel do not support frequent occurrence of cytomegalovirus infection despite ample opportunity for exposure. Adherence to proper isolation techniques should be adequate to prevent nosocomial transmission of the cytomegalovirus.
Über Reizungs- und Erregungsstoffwechsel des Nervensystems

Es wird eine Methode beschrieben, die es gestattet, den Sauerstoffverbrauch von Nerven bei ihrer direkten elektrischen Reizung („Reizungsstoffwechsel“) mit dem Sauerstoffverbrauch zu vergleichen, der bei Fortleitung der Erregung von auserhalb der Atmungskammer gereizten Nerventeilen zur Beobachtung kommt („Erregungsstoffwechsel“). Die Versuche ergeben ubereinstimmend, das nur im ersten Falle eine deutliche Steigerung des Gaswechsels eintritt, die bei europaischen Froschen bis zu 80% betrug, wahrend die einfache Erregungsleitung mit keiner sicher mesbaren Erhohung der Sauerstoffaufnahme einhergeht. Es wird daraus gefolgert, das die kunstliche Reizung zwei verschiedene Kategorien chemischer Prozesse auslost, einmal die physiologischen der von dem Reizort ausgehenden Erregung, und zweitens die am Reizort selbst durch die Einwirkung des elektrischen Stromes hervorgerufenen lokalen Prozesse, die reine Kunstprodukte darstellen und keinerlei Schlusse auf das normale Geschehen zulassen. Eine Reihe von Beobachtungen anderer Autoren stehen mit dieser Auffassung gut in Einklang. Im Gegensatz zum Verhalten des Gaswechsels ist die Steigerung des Zuckerverbrauches, die durch Reizung des isolierten Froschruckenmarkes in der umgebenden Losung herbeigefuhrt wird, die gleiche bei direkter wie bei reflektorischer Reizung. Diese Steigerung ist mithin kein Kunstprodukt, sondern ein der physiologischen Erregung zugrunde liegender Vorgang, der daher nur zu kleinem Teile auf Oxydationsprozessen beruhen kann.
Pick Your Poisson: A Tutorial on Analyzing Counts of Student Victimization Data

School violence research is often concerned with infrequently occurring events such as counts of the number of bullying incidents or fights a student may experience. Analyzing count data using ordinary least squares regression may produce improbable predicted values, and as a result of regression assumption violations, result in higher Type I errors. Count data are optimally analyzed using Poisson-based regression techniques such as Poisson or negative binomial regression. We apply these techniques to an example study of bullying in a statewide sample of 290 high schools and explain how Poisson-based analyses, although less familiar to many researchers, can produce findings that are more accurate and reliable, and are easier to interpret in real-world contexts.