cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hysterectomy and oophorectomy are unrelated to bone loss in older women.

Objective: The relation of hysterectomy and oophorectomy to change in bone mineral density (BMD) was examined in older women using and not using estrogen replacement therapy (ERT). Methods: Women aged 60–80 years from the Rancho Bernardo Study attended clinic visits in 1988–1991 and 1992–1995 when hysterectomy and oophorectomy were ascertained, ERT use was validated and spine and hip BMD was assessed at both visits with DEXA. Women were either current ERT users or nonusers at both visits. Results: Among these 447 women, average age was 71 (S.D.=9.0); average years postmenopause was 24.7 (S.D.=10.9). Overall, 122 had a hysterectomy with ovarian conservation and 91 had a hysterectomy with bilateral oophorectomy; 41% reported current ERT use for an average duration of 19.1 years (S.D.=10.8). Hysterectomized women were 2.3 times more likely to report ERT use than intact women (P 0.10). There were no differences by hysterectomy or oophorectomy in bone loss at the spine or femoral neck. For all sites, women using ERT had higher BMD at both visits than nonusers (P's<0.001). Stratification by ERT showed that within users and nonusers, there were no differences in BMD or bone loss at any site by hysterectomy or oophorectomy. Conclusions: There are no long term effects of hysterectomy and bilateral oophorectomy on bone loss. Women who use ERT have better BMD than nonusers.
Direct Binding of Syndecan-4 Cytoplasmic Domain to the Catalytic Domain of Protein Kinase Cα (PKCα) Increases Focal Adhesion Localization of PKCα

Abstract Syndecan-4 is a transmembrane heparan sulfate proteoglycan that acts as a coreceptor with integrins in focal adhesion formation. The central region of syndecan-4 cytoplasmic domain (4V; LGKKPIYKK) binds phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate, and together they regulate protein kinase Cα (PKCα) activity. Syndecan 4V peptide directly potentiates PKCα activity, leading to “superactivation” of the enzyme, apparently through an interaction with its catalytic domain. We now have performed yeast two-hybrid andin vitro binding assays to determine the interaction sites between 4V and PKCα. Full-length PKCα weakly interacted with 4V by yeast two-hybrid assays, but PKCα constructs that lack the pseudosubstrate region or constructs of the whole catalytic domain interacted more strongly. A mutated 4V sequence (4V(YF): LGKKPIFKK) did not interact with PKCα, indicating that tyrosine 192 in the syndecan-4 cytoplasmic domain might be critical for this interaction. Further assays identified a novel interaction site in the C terminus of the catalytic domain of PKCα (amino acid sequence 513-672). This encompasses the autophosphorylation sites, which are implicated in activation and stability. Yeast two-hybrid data were confirmed by in vitro binding and coimmunoprecipitation assays. The interaction of syndecan-4 with PKCα appears unique since PKCδ and e did not interact with 4V in yeast two-hybrid assays or coimmunoprecipitate with syndecan-4. Finally, overexpression of syndecan-4 in rat embryo fibroblast cells, but not expression of the YF mutant, increased PKCα localization to focal adhesions. The data support a mechanism where syndecan-4 binds PKCα and localizes it to focal adhesions, whose assembly may be regulated by the kinase.
Novel Therapies for the Treatment of Advanced Prostate Cancer

In recent years, great success has been achieved on many fronts in the treatment of men with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), including novel chemotherapeutics, immunotherapies, bone microenvironment-targeted agents, and hormonal therapies. Numerous agents are currently in early-phase clinical trial development for the treatment of advanced prostate cancer. These novel therapies target several areas of prostate tumor biology, including the upregulation of androgen signaling and biosynthesis, critical oncogenic intracellular pathways, epigenetic alterations, and cancer immunology. Importantly, the characterization of the prostate cancer genome offers the potential to exploit conserved genetic alterations, which may increase the efficacy of these targeted therapies. Predictive and prognostic biomarkers are urgently needed to maximize therapeutic efficacy and safety of these promising new treatments options in prostate cancer.
An Economical Cluster Based System for Detecting Data Leakage from BYOD

The Bring Your Own Device (BYOD) model of technology in the workplace is becoming more and more common - leading to a variety of issues users, managers, and administrators have not had to deal with previously. Though there are many positive and negative issues surrounding BYOD, the issues of privacy and data loss are at the forefront, as business try to strike a balance between keeping technology costs low and protecting their data. This paper seeks to mitigate these issues with a low-cost monitoring system for wireless networks that uses existing, under-utilized office computers as its basic infrastructure.
Investigation of the flow structure around a rapidly pitching airfoil

A numerical study is presented for unsteady laminar flow past a NACA 0015 airfoil that is pitched, at a nominally constant rate, from zero incidence to a very high angle of attack. The flowfield simulation is obtained by solving the full two-dimensional compressible Navier-Stokes equations on a moving grid employing an implicit approximate-factorization algorithm. An evaluation of the accuracy of the computed solutions is presented, and the numerical results are shown to be of sufficient quality to merit physical interpretation. The highly unsteady flowfield structure is described and is found to be in qualitative agreement with available experimental observations. A discussion is provided for the effects of pitch rate and pitch axis location on the induced vortical structures and on the airfoil aerodynamic forces.
Monitoring the status of forests and rangelands in the Western United States using ecosystem performance anomalies

The effects of land management and disturbance on ecosystem performance i.e. biomass production are often confounded by those of weather and site potential. The current study overcomes this issue by calculating the difference between actual and expected ecosystem performance EEP to generate ecosystem performance anomalies EPA. This study aims to delineate and quantify average EPA from 2000–2009 within the Greater Platte and Upper Colorado River Basins, USA. Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer MODIS normalized difference vegetation index NDVI images averaged over the growing season GSN served as a proxy of actual ecosystem performance. Yearly EEP was determined with rule-based piecewise regression tree models of abiotic data climate, soils, elevation, etc., independently created for each land cover. EPA were calculated as the residuals of the EEP to GSN relationship, and characterized as normal performing, underperforming, and overperforming at the 90% confidence level. Validation revealed that EPA values were related to biomass production R 2 = 0.56, P = 0.02 and likely to the proportion of biomass removed by livestock in the Nebraska Sandhills. Overall, 60.6% of the study area was normal performing near its EEP, 3.0% was severely underperforming, 5.0% was highly overperforming, and the remainder was slightly underperforming or overperforming. Generally, disturbances such as fires, floods, and insect damage, in addition to high grazing intensity, result in a negative EPA. Conversely, mature stands and appropriate management often result in positive EPA values. This method provides information critical to land managers to evaluate the appropriateness of previous management practices and restoration efforts and quantify disturbance impacts. Results are at a scale sufficient for many of the large management units of the region and for locating areas needing further investigation. Applications of EPA data to monitoring invasive species, grazing impacts, and vulnerability to plant community shifts have been suggested by land management professionals.
Saponins of the peanut: isolation of some peanut sapogenins and their comparison with the soya sapogenols by glass-paper chromatography.

Abstract A column is described that directly scales up glass-paper chromatography. The new column was used to obtain milligram quantities of peanut sapogenins A 1 , A 2 , C 1 , and C 2 . The silicic acid, potassium silicate, and the monopotassium phosphate forms of glass paper have been used to compare four peanut sapogenins with the four soya sapogenols A, B, C, and D. The soya sapogenols were resolved on glass paper impregnated with silicic acid. Soya sapogenol B and D could not be separated on glass paper treated with potassium silicate or on glass paper treated with monopotassium phosphate. Peanut sapogenins A 2 , C 1 , and C 2 are distinct from soya sapogenols A, B, C, and D. Peanut sapogenin A 1 chromatographs like soya sapogenol B on all three forms of glass paper.
On the Threshold of a New Century: Trustworthiness, Integrity, and Self-Study in Teacher Education

Teacher educators are talking about and calling for educational reform from many different perspectives. To augment this discussion, the authors ask a cycle of questions that probe possibilities regarding the knowledge base of teacher education and the importance of a foundation of teacher education, and they consider the possibility of trustworthiness as a cornerstone for that foundation. The authors look to the potential of self-study for developing a pedagogy of teacher education as a way to respond to current and emerging issues within the field.
Silicic acid-silver nitrate chromatography as an enrichment technique in fatty acid analysis

Silicic acid-silver nitrate chromatography as developed by De Vries (8,9) is a valuable tech-nique for the quantitative determination of satu-rated fatty acids, and enrichment of fractions which permit the analysis of trace quantities of unusual fatty acids. Odd numbered fatty acids have been found in both saturated and monoene fractions of vegetable oils, such as olive, rapeseed and sunflowerseed. This technique coupled to oxi-dative degradation is useful for establishing the presence of minor quantities of positional isomers. Samples of purified polyunsaturated fatty acid esters are readily prepared using the technique as displacement chromatography.
NEW COHERENT STATES ASSOCIATED WITH NON-COMPACT GROUPS.

Generalized “Coherent” States are the eigenstates of the lowering and raising operators of non-compact groups. In particular the discrete series of representations ofSO (2, 1) are studied in detail: the resolution of the identity and the connection with the Hilbert spaces of entire functions of growth (1, 1). Also discussed are the application to the evaluation of matrix elements of finite group elements and the contraction to the usual coherent states.
Characteristics of polysilicon resonant microbeams

Polysilicon resonant microbeams can be used as strain-sensitive elements to replace conventional silicon piezoresistors in precision sensor applications, such as pressure sensors and accelerometers. These elements are combined with conventional silicon diaphragms or flexures with a proof mass to convert pressure or acceleration directly into a frequency output. Vacuum-enclosed resonant microbeam elements 200 or 400 μm long, 45 μm wide and 1.8 μm thick have been fabricated using LPCVD mechanical-grade polysilicon at the University of Wisconsin. Q-values determined using gain/phase analysis are typically over 25 000. Lower Q-values are primarily the result of residual gas in the cavity. Closed-loop operation from −60 to 180°C using piezoresistive sensor and electrostatic drive has been achieved with automatic gain control (AGC) to prevent overdrive. The characteristic resonance frequencies of the beams have been measured, with 550 kHz, 1.2, 2.2 and 5.2 MHz being typical of the frequencies of the one-dimensional bending modes for the 200 μm length. These measurements of the multiple resonance frequencies of a single beam provide a means of testing mathematical models of the dynamic behavior as well as determining the residual beam stress. The one-dimensional (1D) differential equation of motion of a doubly clamped single-span beam with an axial load can be solved analytically for lateral natural frequencies and mode shapes. These 1D solutions have been verified by 3D finite-element methods. In addition, the finite-element models are used to identify both lateral and torsional modes. The closed-form solutions agree closely with the numerical results and the experimental data.
European Institutions and Unsuccessful Norm Transmission: The Case of Transparency

European institutions are seen as having a positive role in the processes of democratic consolidation in East and Central Europe through the transmission of democratic norms. But not all democratic norms appear to be promoted with equal success by international institutions. This study focuses on the unsuccessful transmission of the norm of transparency. I show how the EU, the Council of Europe, and NATO were unable to influence the adoption of legislation impacting the free flow of information. I argue that this lack of success was due to the nature of the norm and its lack of “resonance” with the foundational norms on these institutions.
Investigating the Structural and Electronic Properties of Nitrile Hydratase Model Iron(III) Complexes Using Projected Unrestricted Hartree−Fock (PUHF) Calculations

Important structural and mechanistic details concerning the non-heme, low-spin Fe(III) center in nitrile hydratase (NHase) remain poorly understood. We now report projection unrestricted Hartree-Fock (PUHF) calculations on the spin preferences of a series of inorganic complexes in which Fe(III) is coordinated by a mixed set of N/S ligands. Given that many of these compounds have been prepared as models of the NHase metal center, this study has allowed us to evaluate this computational approach as a tool for future calculations on the electronic structure of the NHase Fe(III) center itself. When used in combination with the INDO/S semiempirical model, the PUHF method correctly predicts the experimentally observed spin state for 12 of the 13 Fe(III)-containing complexes studied here. The one compound for which there is disagreement between our theoretical calculations and experimental observation exhibits temperature-dependent spin behavior. In this case, the failure of the PUHF-INDO/S approach may be associated with differences between the structure of the Fe(III) complex present under the conditions used to measure the spin preference and that observed by X-ray crystallography. A preliminary analysis of the role of the N/S ligands and coordination geometry in defining the Fe(III) spin preferences in these complexes has also been undertaken by computing the electronic properties of the lowest energy Fe(III) spin states. While any detailed interpretation of our results is constrained both by the limited set of well-characterized Fe(III) complexes used in this study and by the complicated dependence of Fe(III) spin preference upon metal-ligand interactions and coordination geometry, these PUHF-INDO/S calculations support the hypothesis that the deprotonated amide nitrogens coordinating the metal stabilize the low-spin Fe(III) ground state seen in NHase. Strong evidence that the sulfur ligands exclusively define the Fe(III) spin state preference by forming metal-ligand bonds with significant covalent character is not provided by these computational studies. This might, however, reflect limitations in modeling these systems at the INDO/S level of theory.
Image processing of radiographs in 3D Rayleigh-Taylor decelerating interface experiments

This paper discusses high-energy-density laboratory astrophysics experiments exploring the Rayleigh-Taylor instability under conditions similar to the blast wave driven, outermost layer in a core-collapse supernova. The planar blast wave is created in an experimental target using the Omega laser. The blast wave crosses an unstable interface with a seed perturbation machined onto it. The perturbation consists of a 3D “egg crate” pattern and, in some cases, an additional longer wavelength mode is added to this 3D, single-mode pattern. The main diagnostic of this experiment is x-ray radiography. This paper explores an image processing technique to improve the identification and characterization of structure in the radiographic data.
Bayesian Inference in the Modern Design of Experiments

This paper provides an elementary tutorial overview of Bayesian inference and its potential for application in aerospace experimentation in general and wind tunnel testing in particular. Bayes Theorem is reviewed and examples are provided to illustrate how it can be applied to objectively revise prior knowledge by incorporating insights subsequently obtained from additional observations, resulting in new (posterior) knowledge that combines information from both sources. A logical merger of Bayesian methods and certain aspects of Response Surface Modeling is explored. Specific applications to wind tunnel testing, computational code validation, and instrumentation calibration are discussed.
The role of Lyt-2+ T cells in the regulation of autoimmunity in murine lupus.

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in humans and in mice is characterized by reduced suppressor T-cell activity. This observation suggests that selective loss or impaired function of suppressor T cells may contribute to the development of autoimmunity. To clarify the role of suppressor T cells in the pathogenesis of SLE, we used a rat MAb to selectively deplete Lyt-2+ (‘suppressor/cytotoxic’) T cells from lupus-prone NZBNZW F1 (BW) mice. Treatment consisted of weekly intraperitoneal injections of anti-Lyt-2 (2 mg/mouse) beginning at age 4 months, prior to the onset of overt clinical illness. Control mice received weekly injections of either non-immune rat IgG or saline. Despite sustained depletion of Lyt-2+ T cells, mice treated with anti-Lyt-2 were indistinguishable from control mice with respect to production of anti-DNA antibodies, development of renal disease, and mortality. These findings imply that Lyt-2+ T cells do not regulate autoimmunity in BW mice. However, they do not exclude the possibility that Lyt-2+ T cells suppress autoimmunity in normal mice but are simply non-functional in BW mice. Therefore, we also examined the consequences of depleting Lyt-2+ T cells from non-autoimmune C57BL6 × NZW (B6NZW) mice. Depletion of Lyt-2+ T cells from B6NZW from age 4 to 10 months produced neither serologic nor clinical evidence of murine lupus. These observations suggest that suppressor T cell defects are not sufficient to cause murine lupus.
Interstratified composite of the anionic clays, Zn5(OH)8(NO3)2∙2H2O and Ni3Zn2(OH)8(NO3)2∙2H2O, by delamination-costacking

Abstract The anionic clays zinc hydroxysalt and nickel zinc hydroxy double salt were delaminated in 1-butanol to get monolayer dispersions after interlayer modification with surfactant anion, dodecyl sulfate. When these dispersions were mixed and the mixture treated with excess of acetone, layers from the two clays co-stacked to give a composite in which the layers from the two clays were interstratified. The surfactant anion of the composite could be exchanged with nitrate ions. The nitrate intercalated composite showed increased thermal stability compared to zinc hydroxynitrate. In addition the composite showed improved alkali resistance. When treated with alkaline solution the zinc hydroxysalt layers partially dissolved leading to the formation of a zincate intercalated anionic clay composite.
New insights into the mechanisms of protein palmitoylation.

Since its discovery more than 30 years ago, protein palmitoylation has been shown to have a role in protein−membrane interactions, protein trafficking, and enzyme activity. Until recently, however,...
A Reanalysis of Engineering Majors’ Self-Efficacy Beliefs

This study examines differences in women’s engineering self-efficacy beliefs across grade levels in comparison to men’s engineering self-efficacy (ESE) beliefs across grade levels. Data for this study was collected from 746 (635 men, 111 women) engineering students enrolled in a large research extensive university. Four major conclusions resulted from this study. (1) No significant differences in overall mean engineering self-efficacy scores were found by gender. However, this study found differences between men’s and women’s mean coping self-efficacy (CSE) and engineering career outcome expectations (ECOE) subscale scores. Freshmen men had significantly higher ECOE compared to upperclassmen women. (2) Overall, fifthyear men had significantly lower mean ESE scores compared to all other groups. (3) When the fifth-year group was removed from the data set, all first-year students had significantly lower subscale scores compared to all other years. In addition, men in their first-year of engineering had significantly lower subscale scores compared to other groups of men. (4) No significant differences in overall ESE scores were found among first to fifth-year women. Also, no significant differences in self-efficacy subscale scores were found among first to fifth-year women.
O pensamento inaugural dos direitos humanos pelas lições dos sofistas

Propoe-se a analisar as primeiras manifestacoes de um pensamento igualitario, base dos direitos do homem na filosofia juridica moderna, atraves do debate travado entre as concepcoes de phýsis e nomos, iniciado pelos pre-socraticos e desenvolvido intensamente pelos sofistas.
Therapeutic and prophylactic efficacy of morantel when administered directly into the rumen of cattle on a continuous basis

Abstract The efficacy of morantel tartrate when administered on a continuous basis directly into the rumen/reticulum of cattle, either by a cannula or from a specially designed device, was evaluated against gastrointestinal parasites under laboratory conditions. In two experiments the continuous infusion of morantel at rates between 0.26 and 1.04 mg/kg body weight per day using a peristaltic pump was highly efficacious in both preventing the establishment of infections and removing established infections of the following species: Ostertagia ostertagi, Haemonchus contortus, Cooperia oncophora and Trichostronylus colubriformis . The same dose rates also prevented establishment of Dichtyocaulus viviparus infection but were inaffective against established infections of this parasite. In another two experiments the continuous release of morantel tartrate for at least 60 days (at rates between 0.65 and 1.11 mg/kg body weight per day) from a specially designed intraruminal sustained release bolus (secured at each end by a polythylene impregnated semi-permeable membrane) was highly efficacious in both preventing the establishment of infections and removing established infections of the following species: O, ostertagi, T. axei, T. colubriformis and C. oncophora .
Left ventricular non-Hodgkin lymphoma visualized on contrast echocardiography.

We present a case of AIDS-related Burkitt's type cardiac lymphoma in a middle-aged woman with Epstein-Barr virus infection and profound immunodeficiency. The original features of our case include left ventricular location, female sex, and the use of contrast echocardiography to help establish the diagnosis. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound, 2007
Team Performance in Networked Supervisory Control of Unmanned Air Vehicles: Effects of Automation, Working Memory, and Communication Content

Objective:Assess team performance within a networked supervisory control setting while manipulating automated decision aids and monitoring team communication and working memory ability.Background:Networked systems such as multi–unmanned air vehicle (UAV) supervision have complex properties that make prediction of human-system performance difficult. Automated decision aid can provide valuable information to operators, individual abilities can limit or facilitate team performance, and team communication patterns can alter how effectively individuals work together. We hypothesized that reliable automation, higher working memory capacity, and increased communication rates of task-relevant information would offset performance decrements attributed to high task load.Method:Two-person teams performed a simulated air defense task with two levels of task load and three levels of automated aid reliability. Teams communicated and received decision aid messages via chat window text messages.Results:Task Load × Automa...
Compressing photodetectors for long optical pulses using a lateral blooming drain structure

A compressing photodetector structure suitable for detecting continuous wave and long pulsewidth optical signals for applications such as acoustooptical signal processing and machine vision is described. Subthreshold injection of carriers over a photodetector blooming gate is used to generate a compressing transfer characteristic. The photodetector transfer characteristic is integrating at low light levels and logarithmically compressing at higher light levels. The output voltage at which logarithmic compression becomes dominant may be adjusted in a range extending below 5-nW incident optical power by varying the bias voltage difference between the photodetector blooming and imaging gates. The predictions of simulation models that were developed correlate well with the experimental measurements. >
Uncertainty Aversion with Second-Order Probabilities and Utilities

Aversion to uncertainty is commonly attributed to nonadditivity of subjective probabilities for ambiguous events, as in the Choquet expected utility model. This paper shows that uncertainty aversion can be parsimoniously explained by a simple model of “partially separable” non-expected utility preferences in which the decision maker satisfies the independence axiom selectively within partitions of the state space whose elements have similar degrees of uncertainty. As such, she may behave like an expected-utility maximizer with additive probabilities for assets in the same uncertainty class, while exhibiting higher degrees of risk aversion toward assets that are more uncertain. An alternative interpretation of the same model is that the decision maker may be uncertain about her credal state (represented by second-order probabilities for her first-order probabilities and utilities), and she may be averse to that uncertainty (represented by a secondorder utility function). The Ellsberg and Allais paradoxes are explained by way of illustration.
Expression and function of CXCL12/CXCR4 in rat urinary bladder with cyclophosphamide-induced cystitis.

Chemokines, otherwise known as chemotactic cytokines, are proinflammatory mediators of the immune response and have been implicated in altered sensory processing, hyperalgesia, and central sensitiz...
Chemotherapy and the heart

Abstract The improvements in cancer detection and therapy have created a new cohort of patients who will experience sufficient survival to develop the cardiac complications of the cancer therapy. Three-dimensional echocardiography has been validated as the ultrasound modality with the best accuracy for the calculation of ejection fraction when compared to magnetic resonance imaging, the current gold standard, making it the tool of choice, when available, for the initial evaluation and follow up of the patient receiving chemotherapy. If three-dimensional echocardiography is not available, or if the quality of the images is inadequate, the use of ultrasound contrast can be useful for the definition of the endocardial border and identification of the true apex of the heart, enhancing the ability of the interpreter to accurately calculate volumes and ejection fraction. Two-dimensional strain appears promising as a tool to identify abnormalities in myocardial mechanics very early on during cardiotoxicity, allowing the prediction of later overt systolic dysfunction. This parameter may be useful in the detection of chemotherapy treated patients who could benefit from alternate therapies, thereby decreasing the incidence of cardiotoxicity and its associated morbidity and mortality.
Anticonvulsant teratogenesis: I. A study design for newborn infants.

The basis for the apparent teratogenicity of maternal epilepsy is controversial. Is the critical factor the anticonvulsant drugs taken by the pregnant woman, or the genes which cause the mother's epilepsy? We describe a study design developed to assess these competing theories in a cohort study of newborn infants. We show the feasibility of ascertaining exposed and unexposed infants at several birthing hospitals in one urban area. Between 1986 and 1988, we identified 180 drug-exposed and 218 epilepsy-history infants among 49,403 infants. The rate of exposure to seizure medication was 0.36% and of maternal history of epilepsy was 0.44%. A significant number of infants could not be evaluated because they were missed, ineligible, or either the doctor, nurse or parent refused to participate. Overall, there was a significant increase in major malformations, microcephaly or growth retardation among the drug-exposed infants in comparison to both the epilepsy-history and the unexposed infants. The types of epilepsy and the apparent etiology were the same among women who took anticonvulsants and women with a history of epilepsy but no anticonvulsants during pregnancy. This study must be extended to include a sufficient number of infants exposed to each commonly used drug as mono-therapy to allow for a comparison of the effect of each drug on pregnancy outcomes; to provide a comparison of infants whose mothers had a strong family history of epilepsy with infants whose mothers had trauma-induced epilepsy; and to assess the possible impact of the severity of the mothers' disease on the infants. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Interior Permanent Magnet Motors With Reduced Torque Pulsation

In this paper, three-phase interior permanent magnet brushless DC motors are analyzed. The effect of magnetization direction, number of stator slots, winding distribution, skew angle, current waveform, and advance angle on torque pulsation is examined. Finite element method is used to calculate the torque, reluctance torque, back iron flux density, tooth flux density, detent torque, and back electromotive force of the motors. Switching instants are calculated such that the reluctance torque can be utilized and maximum torque with reduced pulsation is achieved. Experimental results to support the simulation findings are included in this paper.
The Volatile Composition of the Split Ecliptic comet 73P/Schwassmann-Wachmann 3: A Comparison of Fragments C and B

The composition of fragments C and B of the Jupiter-family comet 73P/Schwassmann-Wachmann 3 (SW3) was investigated in early April of 2006 at IR wavelengths using high-dispersion echelle spectroscopy. Both fragments were depleted in ethane, and C was depleted in most forms of volatile carbon. In particular, fragment C shows a severe depletion of CH3OH but a “normal” abundance of HCN (which has a similar volatility). Thermal processing is a possible explanation, but since fragment B is perhaps sublimating fresher material because of the frequent outbursts and fragmentation, the observed depletions might have cosmogonic implications. The chemistry of the volatile ices in SW3, like in the Oort Cloud comet C/1999 S4 (LINEAR), may be associated with sublimation of icy mantles from precometary grains followed by subsequent gas-phase chemistry and recondensation. Subject headings: comets: individual (73P/SW3) — Kuiper Belt — solar system: formation
The vasculature in Alzheimer\'s disease: a new therapeutic target for an old disease?

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is an age-related disorder characterized by progressive cognitive decline and dementia. AD is an irreversible neurodegenerative disease that affects more than 5.3 million people in the USA and is projected to sharply increase to 8 million by 2030 [101]. Every 69 s, someone in America develops AD, and it is the sixth leading cause of death. In 2011, the cost of caring for those with AD to American society will total an estimated US$183 billion. Unless something is done, the costs of AD in 2050 will total $1.1 trillion [101]. While deaths from other major diseases, including heart disease and stroke, have significantly decreased in recent years, deaths from AD increased by 66% between 2000 and 2008 [101]. More than a decade has passed since the first US FDAapproved drugs for the ‘treatment’ of AD were unveiled. Yet, despite intense research efforts, there are currently no disease-modifying drugs that can affect the relentless progression of this devastating disease. New thinking on disease pathogenesis and novel therapeutic approaches are urgently needed. Currently, there are two classes of drugs that are FDA approved and prescribed for the treatment of AD: acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and N-methyl-d-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptor antagonists. Cholinesterase inhibitors inhibit the activity of the primary enzyme (acetylcholinesterase) that degrades acetylcholine, thus preserving levels of this neurotransmitter, which can slow the decline in cognitive function and improve overall well-being in AD patients. Four cholinesterase inhibitors are currently approved by the FDA for the treatment of AD: tacrine, donepezil, rivastigmine and galantamine. Memantine, the fifth FDA-approved drug, is an NMDA receptor antagonist. Excitotoxic
Speaker Identification using a Microphone Array and a Joint HMM with Speech Spectrum and Angle of Arrival

In this paper, we present a speaker identification algorithm for a microphone array based on a first-order joint Hidden Markov Model (HMM) where the observations correspond to the angle of arrival of the speech and the speech spectrum. The goal of the research is to investigate whether including angle of arrival information improves the speaker identification error rates compared to an algorithm based on the speech spectrum only. The spectral model consists of a Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM) using Multiple Discriminant Analysis (MDA) coefficients, and the angle model includes a separate histogram for each participant. The convergence time of the joint HMM is improved by estimating the GMM for each of the meeting participants prior to the start of the meeting and initializing each participant's spectral GMM in the joint HMM to the pretrained parameter values. The performance of the algorithm is analyzed from data collected during live meetings recorded using an eight element, circular microphone array. For meetings where the participants are stationary, the results show significant improvement over a single channel speaker ID algorithms based on spectrum only.
Cicero in Theory and Practice: The Securing of Good Will in the Exordia of Five Forensic Speeches

L. Clarke has written, "In his early speeches Cicero followed more or less the prescriptions of the textbooks, but as he grew older and more experienced and became more closely concerned with politics, he emancipated himself from them, and the speeches of his maturity are far away from the models of the schools."' WhUe I agree that Clarke is correct in observing a substantial difference between the early and the late Cicero, I am not convinced that this represents a shift away from the prescriptions of the textbooks. The problem is to determine how well the theory developed by Cicero in his De inventione, De oratore, and Orator—and reflected as well in the Rhetorica ad Herennium and QuintUian's Instituto Oratoria—corresponded to the actual forensic speeches of the period. This question of correspondence has too long been ignored by scholars both in the field of speech and of classical studies. This paper explores the relationship between theory and prac-
Unitary Fermi gas at finite temperature in the {epsilon} expansion

Thermodynamics of the unitary Fermi gas at finite temperature is investigated from the perspective of the expansion over $ϵ=4\ensuremath{-}d$ with $d$ being the dimensionality of space. We show that the thermodynamics is dominated by bosonic excitations in the low temperature region $T\ensuremath{\ll}{T}_{c}$. Analytic formulas for the thermodynamic functions as functions of the temperature are derived to the lowest order in $ϵ$ in this region. In the high temperature region where $T\ensuremath{\sim}{T}_{c}$, bosonic and fermionic quasiparticles are excited. We determine the critical temperature ${T}_{c}$ of the superfluid phase transition and the thermodynamic functions around ${T}_{c}$ to the leading and next-to-leading orders in $ϵ$.
Applications of the Firefly Luciferase as a Reporter Gene

In the last decade, major advances have been made in unraveling the complexities of gene regulation in cells from a variety of organisms. Among the important tools in the arsenal of techniques used to analyze gene regulation are reporter genes, which, when linked to appropriate regulatory elements, provide insights into the levels of gene expression and the DNA segments that modulate this expression. In addition, such genes may also be utilized to follow cellular differentiation, cell lineages, tissue-specific gene expression and developmental gene regulation.
Receptive field characteristics that allow parietal lobe neurons to encode spatial properties of visual input: A computational analysis

A subset of visually sensitive neurons in the parietal lobe apparently can encode the locations of stimuli, whereas visually sensitive neurons in the inferotemporal cortex (area IT) cannot. This finding is puzzling because both sorts of neurons have large receptive fields, and yet location can be encoded in one case, but not in the other. The experiments reported here investigated the hypothesis that a crucial difference between the IT and parietal neurons is the spatial distribution of their response profiles. In particular, IT neurons typically respond maximally when stimuli are presented at the fovea, whereas parietal neurons do not. We found that a parallel-distributed-processing network could map a point in an array to a coordinate representation more easily when a greater proportion of its input units had response peaks off the center of the input array. Furthermore, this result did not depend on potentially implausible assumptions about the regularity of the overlap in receptive fields or the homogeneity of the response profiles of different units. Finally, the internal representations formed within the network had receptive fields resembling those found in area 7a of the parietal lobe.
Relationships of National Teacher Examination Communication Skills and General Knowledge Scores with High School and College Grades, Myers-Briggs Type Indicator Characteristics, and Self-Reported Skill Ratings and Academic Problems

Relationships of National Teacher Examination (NTE) Communication Skills (CS) and General Knowledge (GK) test scores with the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) characteristics, self-reported academic problems, and 14 skill self-ratings were examined for 161 college teaching majors. The purpose was to determine if such personality data, collected 4 years before the students took the National Teacher Examination (NTE) tests, could explain variability in the NTE scores that could not be explained by high school and college classroom achievement. Results from multiple regression analyses indicated that after controlling for classroom achievement, gender, and whether or not students were elementary/special or secondary majors, the personality variables could explain a statistically significant percentage of the CS (12%) and GK (17%) variances. An irony was observed in that MBTI sensing/judging types attained lower NTE scores than would be expected from their classroom achievement, although they also are the t...
The development of parent-infant attachment through dynamic and interactive signaling loops of care and cry

In addition to the infant cry being a signal for attention, it may also be a critical component of the early formation of attachments with caregivers. We consider the complex development of that attachment, which involves reciprocal interactive signaling and a host of evolutionarily conserved caregiver factors.
Refined solution structure and backbone dynamics of HIV-1 Nef

The tendency of HIV-I Nef to form aggregates in solution, particularly at pH values below 8, together with its large fraction of highly mobile residues seriously complicated determination of its three-dimensional structure, both for heteronuclear solution NMR (Grzesiek et al., 1996a, Nut Struct Biol 3:340-345) and for X-ray crystallography (Lee et a]., 1996, Cell 85931-942). Methods used to determine the Nef structure by NMR at pH 8 and 0.6 mM concentration are presented, together with a detailed description of Nef's secondary and tertiary structure. The described techniques have general applicability for the NMR structure determination of proteins that are aggregating and/or have limited stability at low pH values. Extensive chemical shift assignments are reported for backbone and side chain 'H, I3C, and 15N resonances of the HN-1 Nef deletion mutants NEFA2-39, NEFA2-393A'59-'73, with the SH3 domain of the Hck tyrosine protein kinase. Besides a type I1 polyproline helix, Nef's structure consists of three a-helices, a 310 helix, and a five-stranded anti-parallel &sheet. The analysis of I5N relaxation parameters of the backbone amide sites reveals that all the secondary structure elements are non-mobile on the picosecond to nanosecond and on the millisecond time scale. A large number of slowly exchanging amide protons provides evidence for the stability of the Nef core even on the time scale of hours. Significant internal motions on the ps to ns time scale are detected for residues 60 to 71 and for residues 149 to 180, which form solvent-exposed loops. The residues of the HIV-1 protease cleavage site (W57/L58) do not exhibit large amplitude motions on the sub-nanosecond time scale, and their side chains insert themselves into a hydrophobic crevice formed between the C-terminus of helix 1 and the N-terminus of helix 2. A refined structure has been determined based on additional constraints for side-chain and backbone dihedral angles derived from a large number of three-bond J-couplings and ROE data.
Trajectories of lifetime comorbid alcohol and other drug use disorders through midlife

Objective:Very few studies have examined the developmental nature of comorbid alcohol use disorders and drug use disorders (AUD-DUD). The current study sought to extend our understanding of the nature of AUD-DUD comorbidity by characterizing the developmental course of AUD-DUD comorbidity, determining the degree to which the two disorders occur during the same period, and eliciting differences in AUD-DUD trajectories over the life course.Method:Vietnam-era male veterans and matched civilians provided retrospective accounts of alcohol-and other drug–related experiences spanning 25 years. Concurrent growth mixture modeling was used to describe the course of AUD-DUD lifetime comorbidity.Results:Five trajectories were identified based on the probabilities of diagnosing with AUD-DUD: substance switching (increasing AUD, decreasing DUD); young adult (both AUD and DUD decreasing rapidly after young adulthood); severe nonchronic (both AUD and DUD decreasing slowly in the third decade of life); severe chronic alco...
Temperature preconditioning affects ascorbate antioxidant system in chilled zucchini squash

Preconditioning of zucchini squash (Cucurbitu pepo L., cv. Elite) at a temperature of 15°C for 2 days prior to storage at 5°C reduced the development of chilling injury symptoms and affected the activities of ascorbate related enzymes, ascorbate free radical reductase, ascorbate peroxidase, and dehydroascorbate reductase. Ascorbic acid content in control squash decreased after 2 days of exposure to 5°C. In squash treated with temperature preconditioning, ascorbic acid content also declined but to a lesser extent. There was no significant change in dehydroascorbic acid content in either control or treated squash during storage at 5°C. The activities of these enzymes in the ascorbate metabolic system increased initially for 4-8 days during storage, then declined thereafter. These enzyme activities remained higher in the temperature-conditioned squash than in the untreated squash. These results indicate that the enhancement of chilling resistance in squash by temperature preconditioning may also involve changes in the enzyme activities in the ascorbate antioxidant system.
Asymptotic S/N results for an adaptive polyspectral canceller using sample matrix inversion

An adaptive polyspectral canceller configuration is defined, whereby auxiliary canceller channels are formed using distinct monomial expressions of the auxiliary sensor channels. If noises in the auxiliary canceller channels are correlated with the noise in a main channel, then improvement in output signal-to-noise (S/N) power ratio is possible by cancelling in linear fashion the correlated auxiliary canceller channels with the main channel. The convergence performance of the polyspectral canceller is analyzed. A simple expression is derived for the asymptotic S/N efficiency of the adaptive polyspectral canceller as a function of the number of independent input sample vectors used to calculate the adaptive canceller weights and other canceller/noise model parameters. It is shown by simulation for low-order polyspectral cancellers of a specific form with Gaussian inputs that this asymptotic expression is a good approximation of the actual S/N efficiency for a moderate number of input sample vectors. However, for moderate-to-high order polyspectral cancellers, the asymptotic expression is a poor indicator of performance. >
The Physician's Right to Due Process in Public and Private Hospitals: Is There a Difference?:

This article will discuss the rights of a licensed physician to acquire and retain a hospital medical staff appointment. The focus of the discussion will be the relationship between the independent fee-for-service private practitioner and the community general hospital. The relationship of the organized medical staff to both the hospital and the individual doctor will also be clarified. The hospital involved this discussion may be owned by a governmental unit and hence identified as a “public hospital,” but more likely it will be aprivate, non-profit charitable corporation and will be referred to as a “private” hospital. Specifically, this article will explore the differences, if any, between a physician's rights vis-a-vis the public hospital and his or her rights when a private hospital is involved. Excluded from this analysis are situations where the doctor is an employee of a hospital or health care institution. Also excluded are cases involving hospitals which limit their service to particular patients (e.g., the mentally ill or children), and university-owned teaching hospitals that impose a faculty appointment in the medical school as a pre-requisite to staff privileges.
Modern language testing at the turn of the century: assuring that what we count counts

In the past twenty years, language testing research and practice have witnessed the refinement of a rich variety of approaches and tools for research and development, along with a broadening of philosophical perspectives and the kinds of research questions that are being investigated. While this research has deepened our understanding of the factors and processes that affect performance on language tests, as well as of the consequences and ethics of test use, it has also revealed lacunae in our knowledge, and pointed to new areas for research. This article reviews developments in language testing research and practice over the past twenty years, and suggests some future directions in the areas of professionalizing the field and validation research. It is argued that concerns for ethical conduct must be grounded in valid test use, so that professionalization and validation research are inseparable. Thus, the way forward lies in a strong programme of validation that includes considerations of ethical test u...