cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rethinking Sperm-Donor Anonymity: Of Changed Selves, Non-Identity, and One-Night Stands

In the United States, a movement urging legally prohibiting sperm-donor anonymity is rapidly gaining steam. In her forthcoming article in this journal, The New Kinship, and in her wonderful book, Test Tube Families, Naomi Cahn is among this movement’s most passionate and thoughtful supporters. She argues for mandatory sperm-donor registries of the type in place in Sweden, Austria, Germany, Switzerland, the Australian states of Victoria and Western Australia, the Netherlands, Norway, and, most recently, the United Kingdom and New Zealand. The UK system is typical in requiring new sperm (and egg) donors to put identifying information into a registry and providing that a donor-conceived child “is entitled to request and receive their donor’s name and last known address, once they reach the age of 18.” In this Article, I explain why the arguments for these registries fail, using Cahn’s Article as my jumping off point.I demonstrate four problems with the arguments she offers for eliminating anonymous sperm donation: (1) Her argument for harm to sperm donor and recipient parents fails in light of the availability of open-identity programs for those who want them, such that she imposes a one-size-fits-all solution where it would be better to let sperm donor and recipients parents choose for themselves. (2) Her argument for harm to children that result from anonymous sperm donation fails for reasons relating to the Non-Identity Problem. This portion of the Article summarizes work I have done elsewhere, most in-depth in Regulating Reproduction: The Problem With Best Interests, 96 Minn. L. Rev. _ (forthcoming, 2011), http://ssrn.com/abstract=1955292, and Beyond Best Interests, 96 Minn. L. Rev. _ (forthcoming, 2012 and up on SSRN soon). (3) She has sub silentio privileged analogies to adoption over analogies to coital reproduction. When the latter analogy is considered, her argument is weakened. I show this through a Swiftian Modest Proposal of a Misattributed-Paternity and One-Night-Stand Registry paralleling the one she defends for sperm donation. (4) The argument may not go far enough even on its own terms in endorsing only a “passive” registry in which children have to reach out to determine if they were donor conceived, rather than an “active” registry that would reach out to them. If we recoil from such active registries, that is a reason to re-examine the reasons in favor of the less effective passive ones.For the reasons discussed, despite my admiration for this paper and all of Cahn’s work, I am not persuaded by the argument for adopting a mandatory sperm-donor identification registry of the kind in place elsewhere in the world. Indeed, I think these registries should be eliminated, not replicated. At a moment in which the idea of these registries is rapidly gaining popularity and attention in the United States, I hope my dissenting voice will be heeded.
Evaluation of Trap Designs and Deployment Strategies for Capturing Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)

Halyomorpha halys (Stal) is an invasive pest that attacks numerous crops. For growers to make informed management decisions against H. halys, an effective monitoring tool must be in place. We evaluated various trap designs baited with the two-component aggregation pheromone of H. halys and synergist and deployed in commercial apple orchards. We compared our current experimental standard trap, a black plywood pyramid trap 1.22 m in height deployed between border row apple trees with other trap designs for two growing seasons. These included a black lightweight coroplast pyramid trap of similar dimension, a smaller (29 cm) pyramid trap also ground deployed, a smaller limb-attached pyramid trap, a smaller pyramid trap hanging from a horizontal branch, and a semipyramid design known as the Rescue trap. We found that the coroplast pyramid was the most sensitive, capturing more adults than all other trap designs including our experimental standard. Smaller pyramid traps performed equally in adult captures to our experimental standard, though nymphal captures were statistically lower for the hanging traps. Experimental standard plywood and coroplast pyramid trap correlations were strong, suggesting that standard plywood pyramid traps could be replaced with lighter, cheaper coroplast pyramid traps. Strong correlations with small ground- and limb-deployed pyramid traps also suggest that these designs offer promise as well. Growers may be able to adopt alternative trap designs that are cheaper, lighter, and easier to deploy to monitor H. halys in orchards without a significant loss in sensitivity.
Muscarinic Cholinergic Modulation of Prepulse Inhibition of the Acoustic Startle Reflex

The purpose of the present study was to determine the effects of muscarinic cholinergic receptor antagonists and agonists on prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the acoustic startle reflex in rats. The muscarinic receptor antagonist scopolamine (0.03–1.0 mg/kg) produced a significant dose-dependent decrease in PPI without affecting startle amplitude. In contrast, N -methyl scopolamine, the quaternary analog of scopolamine, had no effect on PPI, indicating that scopolamine disrupted PPI through a central cholinergic mechanism. Two other muscarinic receptor antagonists, trihexyphenidyl (0.3–10 mg/kg) and benztropine (0.03–10 mg/kg), produced significant decreases in PPI similar to scopolamine. On the other hand, the muscarinic receptor antagonists dicyclomine (0.03–10 mg/kg) and biperiden (0.03–10 mg/kg) had no effect on PPI but significantly decreased startle amplitude. Mecamylamine (0.1–10 mg/kg), a nicotinic receptor antagonist, also had no effect on PPI. Administered alone, the muscarinic receptor agonists pilocarpine (0.03–10 mg/kg), oxotremorine (0.01–0.3 mg/kg), RS-86 (0.1–3.0 mg/kg), and arecoline (0.3–10 mg/kg), as well as the cholinesterase inhibitors physostigmine (0.01–0.3 mg/kg) and tacrine (0.03–10 mg/kg), had no effect on PPI, but each produced significant decreases in startle amplitude at the highest doses tested. In addition, the disruption of PPI by scopolamine was reversed in a dose-dependent manner by the muscarinic receptor agonist oxotremorine. The present findings demonstrate that the muscarinic cholinergic system plays an important role in the normal mechanisms of PPI.
A conjoint-measurement analysis of control by dimensions of compound stimuli.

3 chickens were trained on a go/no-go discrimination in which S+ was three white dots in a vertical array on a red background and S– was three white dots in a horizontal array on a green background. The nine combinations of red, yellow and green backgrounds with vertical, 45° and horizontal arrays of dots were presented in extinction. A conjoint-measurement analysis was discussed, and the orientation and color dimensions were shown to be independent and additive.
Comment on "Ehrenfest times for classically chaotic systems".

In a recent Rapid Communication [P. G. Silvestrov and C. W. J. Beenakker, Phys. Rev. E 65, 035208(R) (2002)], the authors, Silvestrov and Beenakker, introduce a way to lengthen the Ehrenfest time $\ensuremath{\tau}$ for fully chaotic systems. We disagree with several statements made in their paper, and address the following points essential to their conclusions: (1) it is not true that all semiclassical approximations for chaotic systems fail at a so-called ``log time'' $\ensuremath{\tau}\ensuremath{\propto}\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{ln}(\ensuremath{\Elzxh}),$ differing only by a numerical coefficient; and (2) the limitation of the semiclassical approximation as expressed in the authors' Eq. (8) is not limited by their argument leading to Eq. (12).
A comparison of Local Agenda 21 implementation in North American, European and Indian cities

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is the comparison of Local Agenda 21 – sustainability plan implementation and research activity between Europe, North America and India.Design/methodology/approach – Intensive literature and web search for European, North American and Indian Local Agenda 21 sustainability planning and implementation status.Findings – Close to 6,000 sustainability plans have been prepared for European communities versus about 100 for North American communities. A total of 20 Indian cities have started sustainability planning efforts. There is an extensive support network for European communities and much less so or North American and Indian communities. Most sustainability/biodiversity/urban ecosystems research is ongoing in Europe and North America and there is a beginning surge of activity in India.Practical implications – Knowledge of Local Agenda 21 implementation status between these three regions can hopefully spur more activity in North America and India. Comparisons of applicable...
Comparative specificity of antisera raised against estrone, estradiol-17β and estriol using 6-0-carboxymethyloxime bovine serum albumin derivatives

Abstract Antisera for the radioimmunoassay of estrone and estradiol-17β in plasma are usually raised against estradiol-17β coupled to a protein through a derivative at carbon 17. Such antisera cross react with other naturally occurring estrogens, necessitating preliminary chromatographic separation. This difficulty could be overcome by the use of more specific antisera. We have raised antisera against the 6-0-carboxymethyloxime-bovine serum albumin (BSA) derivatives of estrone, estradiol-17β and estriol respectively. We have determined cross reactions with a number of estrogens and other naturally occurring steroids, and have compared the cross reactivity with that of an antiserum raised against estradiol-17β-17-succinyl-BSA. The former antisera show greatly reduced cross reaction with naturally occurring estrogens known or thought to be in relatively high concentration in plasma, as compared with the latter antiserum, but at the expense of greatly increased cross reaction with estrogens substituted at carbon 6. However, since these latter estrogens are thought to be in low concentration in plasma, the use of antisera raised against the 6-0-carboxymethyloxime-BSA derivatives should result in a net gain in specificity. The antisera raised against the estrone and estriol 6-0-carboxymethyloxime-BSA derivatives should be particularly useful.
Scanning transmission electron microscopy of thin magnetic films

A new detection system, installed on a scanning transmission microscope, enables operation of the microscope in a variety of modes revealing microscopic and magnetic structure and dynamic magnetic phenomena at high spatial and temporal resolution. Experimental observations of magnetic systems including granular Co/Ag, Co and multilayer Fe/Mo thin films are discussed. >
Does Endophyte Influence Regrowth of Tall Fescue

Abstract The influence of ecological and environmental factors on the response of the mutualistic symbionts Acremonium coenophialum (Morgan-Jones and Gams), and tall fescue ( Festuca arundinacea , Schreb.) has received substantial attention. However, much of what is known about developmental and physiological responses has been obtained from static or mature canopies and the influence of defoliation on the symbiota has not been considered in detail. A controlled environment experiment was conducted to assess the influence of defoliation and endophyte on the regrowth and development of two tall fescue genotypes and their respective endophytes, known to differ in morphology and alkaloid production capacity. The response of endophyte infected relative to non-infected plants was evaluated for measured and calculated parameters for each defoliation. While the influence of genotype was substantial on virtually all parameters, endophyte interacted with genotype and defoliation resulting in enhanced plasticity of mutualists as a response to varying conditions. Endophyte infection influenced leaf mass depending upon genotype, while the relative benefit of endophyte on pseudostem mass was affected by defoliation. Endophyte interacted with genotype to influence relative growth rate and productivity relative to nitrogen concentration when canopies were clipped, but was less important when canopies remained uncut. In some instances endophyte gave growth and size advantage to the host and did not in others. Generalities regarding symbiont response to extrinsic factors may be misleading, since responses depend upon the specific mutualism considered and conditions imposed.
Upper yield points of non-linear viscoplastic materials

Abstract An approximate solution to the non-linear differential equation governing the behavior of a non-linear, viscoplastic material in tension is given. This solution is used to generate an accurate estimate for the upper yield point for the material. The results are compared to those previously obtained by other means.
The deamino derivatives of (4-threonine)-oxytocin and (4-threonine)-mesotocin; analogs possessing a surprising spectrum of diminished pharmacological activities.

Synthese (Merrifield-Methode) und pharmakologische Eigenschaften der Desamino-Derivate von (4-Threonin)-Oxytocin und (4-Threonin)-Mesoxytocin werden beschrieben.
Cytocidal effects of misonidazole, Ro 03‐8799, and RSU‐1164 on euoxic and hypoxic BP‐8 murine sarcoma cells at normal and elevated temperatures

Euoxic and hypoxic BP-8 murine sarcoma cells were exposed for up to 3 hours to various concentrations of three nitroimidazole derivatives (misonidazole, Ro 03-8799, RSU-1164) at normal or elevated incubation temperatures. Cell survival was monitored with the iodine 125 (125I)-iododeoxyuridine prelabeling assay. When cell lethality was evaluated as a function of drug molarity, the three nitroimidazoles displayed widely different toxicities, but when expressed in terms of toxicity ratio between euoxic and hypoxic cells, all three drugs showed nearly identical toxicity differentials of 16 to 18 in 1-hour drug incubation experiments. Prolonging the treatment period to 3 hours did not change the euoxic/hypoxic toxicity ratio for misonidazole and Ro 03-8799, but with RSU-1164 the toxicity ratio was increased significantly from 16 (1 hour) to 73 (3 hours). This increase was attributed to the bifunctional action of RSU-1164 as a combined electron-affinic and alkylating agent, with the alkylation component of cell killing becoming more pronounced after prolonged drug incubation under hypoxic conditions. Combined administration of hyperthermia and nitroimidazoles increased drug-induced cell lethality for all three agents, but did not materially change the relative toxicity differential between euoxic and hypoxic cells. In short, based on cellular toxicity data, Ro 03-8799 appears to offer no advantage over misonidazole as a selective cytocidal agent for hypoxic cells, but RSU-1164 does provide a moderate therapeutic advantage.
Crime and Psychiatric Disorders Among Youth in the US Population: An Analysis of the National Comorbidity Survey–Adolescent Supplement

Objective Current knowledge regarding psychiatric disorders and crime in youth is limited to juvenile justice and community samples. This study examined relationships between psychiatric disorders and self-reported crime involvement in a sample of youth representative of the US population. Method The National Comorbidity Survey–Adolescent Supplement (N = 10,123; ages 13–17 years; 2001–2004) was used to examine the relationship between lifetime DSM-IV– based diagnoses, reported crime (property, violent, other), and arrest history. Logistic regression compared the odds of reported crime involvement with specific psychiatric disorders to those without any diagnoses, and examined the odds of crime by psychiatric comorbidity. Results Prevalence of crime was 18.4%. Youth with lifetime psychiatric disorders, compared to no disorders, had significantly greater odds of crime, including violent crime. For violent crime resulting in arrest, conduct disorder (CD) (odds ratio OR = 57.5; 95% CI = 30.4, 108.8), alcohol use disorders (OR = 19.5; 95% CI = 8.8, 43.2), and drug use disorders (OR = 16.1; 95% CI = 9.3, 27.7) had the greatest odds with similar findings for violent crime with no arrest. Psychiatric comorbidity increased the odds of crime. Youth with 3 or more diagnoses (16.0% of population) accounted for 54.1% of those reporting arrest for violent crime. Youth with at least 1 diagnosis committed 85.8% of crime, which was reduced to 67.9% by removing individuals with CD. Importantly, 88.2% of youth with mental illness reported never having committed any crime. Conclusion Our findings highlight the importance of improving access to mental health services for youthful offenders in community settings, given the substantial associations found between mental illness and crime in this nationally representative epidemiological sample.
Effect of patient and therapist factors on suicide risk assessment

The present study examined how patient risk factors and clinician demographics predict the assessment of suicide risk. Clinicians (N = 333) read two vignettes, one of which manipulated patient risk factors, then rated the patient's likelihood of suicide and need for hospitalization. Clinicians’ assessments were heterogeneous. Results indicated that certain patient risk factors (access to excess medication) and clinician demographics (relationship status, religiosity) predicted perceived suicide risk; and, moreover, clinicians’ suicide risk assessment did not always align with the decision to hospitalize the patient. The authors discuss methods for standardizing clinicians’ judgment of risk and minimizing error through debiasing strategies (cognitive forcing strategy).
PNH: “plus ça change, plus c'est la même chose”

A condition of being given a gentlemen's C to complete my undergraduate language requirement was that I would never use French in public. With apologies to Mademoiselle Ashrife (my French 31 instructor), the findings of Horikawa and colleagues (page [24][1]) proved irresistible as they reminded me
Tensor-induced B modes with no temperature fluctuations

Institute for Gravitation and the Cosmos, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802(Dated: April 16, 2014)The recent indications for a tensor-to-scalar ratio r ≃ 0.2 from BICEP2 measurements of thecosmic microwave background (CMB) B-mode polarization present some tension with upper limitsr.0.1 from measurements of CMB temperature ﬂuctuations. Here we point out that tensor pertur-bations can induce B modes in the CMB polarization without inducing anytemperature ﬂuctuationsnor E-mode polarization whatsoever, but only, at the expense of violating the Copernican princi-ple. We present this mathematical possibility as a new ingredient for the model-builder’s toolkitin case the tension between B modes and temperature ﬂuctuations cannot be resolved with moreconventional ideas.
Medical image understanding system based on Dempster-Shafer reasoning

Dempster-Shafer (D-S) theory has been proposed to represent and propagate uncertain knowledge in expert systems. In this paper, we describe a medical image understanding system whose reasoning module employs the profound features of D-S theory such as compatible frames and multivariate belief functions. The proposed expert system, which is based on the blackboard architecture, is capable of mimicking the reasoning process of a human expert in dividing a set of correlated x-ray CT, T1- and T2-weighted MR images into semantically meaningful entities. In the blackboard-oriented system, different kinds of evidence provided by various knowledge sources form a hierarchy of evidential space to which D-S theory is applied. Several experimental results are given to illustrate the performance of the proposed system.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A reflection of cultural change

Abstract Issues of child custody in divorce can be usefully considered in the light of cultural and social change. Divorce itself was an unusual and reprehensible event just over a 100 years ago. The tradition of English common law regarding the father's right to custody and the duty to support prevailed in the early years of this country. In conjunction with an increasing social concern for children, women developed a right to custody far superior to that of fathers by the early 20th century. This was in part made possible by fathers becoming liable for support of children not in their custody even if the custodial mother was “at fault”; for the divorce. The recent interest in and advancement of women's equal rights has worked to women's disadvantage with regard to custody. Fathers are now approaching an equal right to custody and mothers are being held to be equally responsible for child support. As a result of these changes, courts are no longer able to rely upon traditional formulas, and are being for...
The effects of lithium, rubidium, cesium and magnesium ions on the close packing of persistence-length DNA fragments.

Abstract By application of scaled particle theory to persistence-length DNA fragments in sedimentation-equilibrium at speeds high enough to maintain close packing, the range of interhelical electrostatic repulsion was evaluated with LiCl, RbCl, CsCl, and MgCl 2 as supporting electrolytes. Analysis of the data in terms of the Zimm cluster function confirmed that the net interaction between helices is purely repulsive in all cases. At constant ionic strength the electrostatic radius of the rod-like DNA decreases as the counterion changes from Li + to Rb + to Cs + . In contrast to univalent counterions, electrostatic radius increases with Mg 2+ concentration, except at very low (m M ) MgC1 2 concentrations. All solutions undergo a reversible transition to a turbid, optically anisotropic phase at a slightly salt-dependent, critical DNA concentration, as observed previously for NaDNA.
BITNET: A TOOL FOR COMMUNICATIONS AMONG GEOGRAPHERS∗

BITNET is a telecommunications network for higher education. The network's general characteristics, services, the availability of BITNET to academic geographers, and their use of the system are examined. Although more than 80% of geography faculty in the United States and Canada are at BITNET-supported institutions, a survey of AAG Specialty Group chairs suggests that geographers' actual use of BITNET is relatively low.
Exogenous protease promotes specific antibody forming cell response in vitro

Abstract This report presents results from experiments which evaluated the effect of exogenous protease on the in vitro antibody-forming cell (AFC) response of hamster lymphocytes to sheep erythrocytes (SRBC). In the presence of fetal calf serum, trypsin and papain, but not thermolysin, α-chymotrypsin, thrombin, and submaxillary protease, were able to enhance the quantity of AFC which developed. Prior incubation of antigen with proteases had no effect on subsequent antigenicity. The following observations were made: (1) Addition of protease to the culture system enhanced the AFC response only if added in the first 48 hr of the assay. (2) Proteases were able to enhance the development of AFC in lymph node and spleen cell cultures lacking fetal calf serum for 24 hr. (3) When papain was added to spleen cell cultures which normally produce fewer AFC than lymph node cells (LNC) it promoted the development of a 6- to 10-fold increase in AFC causing the magnitude of the response to match the AFC response expected in LNC cultures. These data support a role for a proteolytic event in lymphocyte activation by specific antigens.
Inhalable Constituents of Thirdhand Tobacco Smoke: Chemical Characterization and Health Impact Considerations

Tobacco smoke residues lingering in the indoor environment, also termed thirdhand smoke (THS), can be a source of long-term exposure to harmful pollutants. THS composition is affected by chemical transformations and by air-surface partitioning over time scales of minutes to months. This study identified and quantified airborne THS pollutants available for respiratory exposure, identified potential environmental tracers, and estimated health impacts to nonsmokers. In a ventilated 18 m(3) laboratory chamber, six cigarettes were machine-smoked, and levels of particulate matter (PM2.5) and 58 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were monitored during an aging period of 18 h. Results were compared with field measurements taken in a smoker's home 8 h after the last cigarette had been smoked. Initial chamber levels of individual VOCs in freshly emitted secondhand smoke (SHS) were in the range of 1-300 μg m(-3). The commonly used SHS tracers 3-ethenylpyridine (3-EP) and nicotine were no longer present in the gas phase after 2 h, likely due mostly to sorption to surfaces. By contrast, other VOCs persisted in the gas phase for at least 18 h, particularly furans, carbonyls, and nitriles. The concentration ratio of acetonitrile to 3-EP increased substantially with aging. This ratio may provide a useful metric for differentiating freshly emitted (SHS) from aged smoke (THS). Among the 29 VOCs detected in the smoker's home at moderate to high concentrations, 18 compounds were also detected in simultaneously sampled outdoor air, but acetonitrile, 2-methyl furan, and 2,5-dimethyl furan appeared to be specific to cigarette smoke. The levels of acrolein, methacrolein, and acrylonitrile exceeded concentrations considered harmful by the State of California. An initial exposure and impact assessment was conducted for a subset of pollutants by computing disability-adjusted life years lost, using available toxicological and epidemiological information. Exposure to PM2.5 contributed to more than 90% of the predicted harm. Acrolein, furan, acrylonitrile, and 1,3-butadiene were considered to be the most harmful VOCs. Depending on which criteria are used to establish the separation between SHS and THS, 5-60% of the predicted health damage could be attributed to THS exposure. Benefits and limitations of this approach are discussed.
The Relation of Congruence, Differentiation, and Consistency to Interest and Aptitude Scores in Women with Stable and Unstable Vocational Choices.

Abstract This study examined by canonical variate analysis the relation between congruence, differentiation, and consistency, and academic aptitude and vocational interests for 280 women with stable vocational choices over 4 years and 327 women with unstable vocational choices over 4 years. Findings offered support for the importance of congruence in stable women; differentiation and consistency operated similarly for women with stable and unstable choices.
Hydromagnetic convection at a continuous moving surface

Exact solution for hydromagnetic convection at a continous moving surface with uniform suction is obtained. Flow of this type represents a new class of boundary-layer problems, with solutions substantially different from those for boundary-layer flow at a surface of finite length. Moreover, this is an exact solution of the complete Navier-Stokes equations (including, buoyancy force-term). The solutions for the velocity and skin friction are evaluated numerically for several sets of values of the parameters;G, the Grashof number,P, the Prandtl number, andM, the Hartmann number. It is observed that there is a reverse flow in the boundary-layer due to heating of the fluid (close to the moving surface). That is, whenTw>T∞, the fluid in the boundary-layer will be heated up and thus the free convection currents will set in. Also, it is observed that, there is an increase in the skin friction (absolute) with increasingG, P andM.
New Method for Relaxing Paraffin Sections in Histochemical Fluorescence Experiments

HISTOCHEMICAL fluorescence experiments, using the modifications1,2 of the formaldehyde condensation procedure described by Falck et al.3, are increasingly common. The procedures for demonstrating monoamines in freeze-dried tissue, require that the sections cut from formaldehyde gas-treated tissue be kept away from water and so the conventional heated water bath for relaxing the cut paraffin sections cannot be used. Acetonitrile4 and liquid paraffin5 have been utilized and some laboratories even use a heated mercury bath (S. Norr, personal communication), although what is desired is a very non-reactive liquid. ‘Fluorinert Electronic Liquids FC-75, FC-77’ (3M Company, St Paul, Minnesota 55101) adequately replace the water bath. At 45° C these two clear liquids allow cut sections to be handled in the same manner as in the conventional water bath. Other liquids in this series can probably be chosen to give similar characteristics at other bath temperatures, although they have not been tried. A bath with intermediate qualities could be made as the liquids in the series are completely miscible with one another. The ‘Fluorinert Electronic Liquids’ are stated by their manufacturer to be very non-reactive and to have very low water and oil solubilities. The inertness of these liquids suggests that they may also be used to float sections as they are cut and to immerse freeze-dried tissue for storage.
Magnetic field induced ordering of bile salt/phospholipid micelles: new media for NMR structural investigations

Micelles formed from sodium glycocholate and dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine are demonstrated to form a magnetic field orientable liquid crystal within narrow ranges of composition and temperature. The utility of this medium in structural investigations of biological membrane components using deuterium NMR is discussed.
Flow improvements in the NASA Langley 4- by 7-meter tunnel circuit

The mean velocity profiles in both the horizontal and vertical planes of symmetry at specific locations throughout the tunnel circuit to identify the most promising means for improving the flow in the 4 by 7 meter wind tunnel were measured. In the base line tunnel flow surveys, the flow patterns near the end of the test section indicate a uniform mean velocity distribution. Downstream of the test section, unsymmetrical flow patterns result in low velocities along the inner walls and in flow separation along the inner wall of the diffuser upstream of the drive fan and along the outer wall of the large diffuser downstream of the drive fan. A set of trailing-edge flaps attached to the five flow-control vanes located just downstream of the first corner were installed. These flaps are successful in making the tunnel flow more symmetrical and in eliminating the regions of separation in the diffusers upstream and downstream of the drive fan. Previously announced in STAR as N84-15117
A novel model of intracranial meningioma in mice using luciferase-expressing meningioma cells. Laboratory investigation.

Object Meningioma research has been hindered by the inability to sequentially measure intracranial tumor growth in a cost-effective, efficient manner. Recently, the luciferase gene has been transfected into cancer lines to obtain cells that express the luciferase enzyme, which oxidizes luciferin in a reaction that releases photon energy that can be measured noninvasively by bioluminescence imaging (BLI) systems. The authors describe a mouse model of intracranial meningioma that uses this novel BLI system. Methods The immortal meningioma cell lines CH-157-MN and IOMM-Lee were transfected with luciferase and neomycin phosphotransferase (LucNeo) and selected with G418. These cells were stereotactically implanted at skull base and cerebral convexity locations in nude mice. Animals were imaged for bioluminescence biweekly, and 5 mice underwent magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. Tumors were harvested for immunohistochemical and ultrastructural analysis. Results The CH-157-MN-LucNeo and IOMM-Lee-LucNeo cell lines ...
A case against capnographic monitoring as a standard of care.

During the past 10 to 20 years, there has been rapid development in the pharmacology and technology available for, ambulatory anesthetic delivery and care. The oral and maxillofacial surgeon must select those things that will improve patient care and minimize adverse events associated with the anesthetic management of their patients. In choosing which anesthetic drugs and equipment are appropriate to incorporate into an oral and maxillofacial practice, the surgeon must investigate many variables relating to patient care. Of these variables, the surgeon must be familiar with and consider both the incidence and outcome of anesthetic complications and the proposed means whereby such complications may be avoided. This article reviews the use of capnography in the nonintubated, spontaneously ventilating patient. The purpose of the discussion is to determine whether there is a sufficient amount of scientific evidence to demonstrate that the use of capnography is associated with both safer anesthesia and a decreased incidence of adverse anesthetic events.
Contemporary Work and Family Issues Affecting Marriage and Cohabitation Among Low-Income Single Mothers

In this paper, we advance and test an integrative model of the effects of employment status, nonstandard work schedules, male employment, and women's perceptions of economic instability on union formation among low-income single mothers. Based on longitudinal data from 1,299 low-income mothers from the 3-city Welfare Study, results indicate that employment status alone is not significantly associated with whether women marry or cohabit. We find that nonemployed mothers and mothers working nonstandard schedules were less likely to marry compared to those working standard schedules. Mothers' perceptions of economic well-being were associated with marriage at Wave 2. In contrast, cohabitation outcomes were not explained by economic factors, but were related to the perception of child care support. The policy implications of these results are discussed, in particular, as they relate to welfare reform's work and family goals.
Unhealthy weight among children and adults in India: urbanicity and the crossover in underweight and overweight

Abstract Purpose Urbanization may promote the rise of dual burdens of underweight and overweight in low- and middle-income countries. We assessed underweight and overweight by urban residence across the lifespan in India. Methods Using nationally representative, directly measured height and weight data (2004–2006; n = 236,039), we estimated and compared the prevalence of underweight and overweight (including obesity) at ages 0 to 54 years by urban and rural residence; absolute burdens of underweight, overweight, and combined unhealthy weight were estimated using 2011 Census data. Results Thirty-eight percent of the urban population and 36% of the rural population of India experienced unhealthy weight, amounting to 378 million underweight or overweight individuals. In urban areas, the unhealthy weight burden was largely underweight in childhood and overweight in adulthood. In rural areas, the unhealthy weight burden was largely underweight at all ages. Urban residents compared with rural residents were more likely to be overweight and less likely to be underweight at nearly all ages. Conclusions Combined unhealthy weight was comparable in urban and rural India. Although underweight continues to be the predominant nutritional problem, there is early evidence of an epidemiologic crossover from underweight to overweight. As India experiences urbanization and population aging, low overweight and obesity may be short lived.
Early Development of the Hagfish Pituitary Gland: Evidence for the Endodermal Origin of the Adenohypophysis

Synopsis. The adenohypophysis in early head fold stage hagfish embryos is at first a distinct differentiated thickening ofthe archenteric roof where it contacts the developing infundibular portion of the brain. This portion of the archenteron eventually becomes the dorsal epithelium of the nasopharyngeal duct. The later development of the adeno? hypophysis involves formation of multiple acinar outgrowths ofthe dorsal nasopharyngeal epithelium which together form a layered mass of follicular tissue adjacent to the neu? rohypophysis. This mode of origin of the adenohypophysis by endodermal polyinvagination and delamination differs from all other vertebrates, including the lampreys. The pertinence of this new information for considerations of monophyletic versus diphyletic evolutionary origins of the modern cyclostome groups is pointed out. The unusual devel? opment of the hagfish adenohypophysis presents some new and unanticipated puzzles within the general question of pituitary evolution.
Effects of physostigmine, scopolamine, and mecamylamine on the sleeping time induced by ketamine in the rat.

Male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 116–241 g were injected i.p. with ketamine hydrochloride, 80 mg per kilo of body weight. Immediately after loss of righting reflex, scopolamine, physostigmine, and mecamylamine were administered i.p. to different groups of rats. Control animals received sterile saline by the same route. The ketamine-induced sleeping time was significantly prolonged by physostigmine and scopolamine, but not by mecamylamine. After the delayed injection of physostigmine, the ketamine sleeping time was longer. These results, although too preliminary for a mechanistic interpretation, suggest that multiple neurotransmitter systems, probably including the cholinergic system, are involved in the mechanism of action of ketamine-induced narcosis.
Using a cell line breast cancer progression system to identify biomarker candidates.

Abstract Secreted and plasma membrane glycoproteins are considered excellent candidates for disease biomarkers. Herein we describe the identification of secreted and plasma membrane glycoproteins that are differentially expressed among a family of three breast cancer cell lines that models the progression of breast cancer. Using two-dimensional liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry we identified more than 40 glycoproteins that were differentially expressed in either the premalignant (MCF10AT) or the fully malignant (MCF10CA1a) cell lines of this model system. Comparative analysis revealed that the differentially expressed breast cancer progression-associated glycoproteins were among the most highly expressed in the malignant (MCF10CA1a) breast cancer cell line; a subset of these was detected only in the malignant line; and others were detected in the malignant line at levels 25 to 50 times greater than in the benign (MCF10A) line. Using the results from this model cell system as a guide, we then carried out glycoproteomic analyses of normal and cancerous breast tissue lysates. Eleven of the glycoproteins differentially expressed in the breast cell lines were identified in the tissue lysates. Among these glycoproteins, collagen alpha-1 (XII) chain was expressed at dramatically higher (~ 10-fold) levels in breast cancer than in normal tissue. Biological significance Identifying glycoproteins differentially expressed during cancer progression results in information on the biological processes and key pathways associated with cancer. In addition, new hypotheses and potential biomarkers result from these glycoproteomic studies. Our glycoproteomic analysis of this model of breast cancer provides a roadmap for future experimental interventions to further tease apart critical components of tumor progression.
A simple model of metallic hydrogen

Abstract A simple model of metallic hydrogen is proposed for estimating the possible superconducting transition temperature Tc of this material. A temperature of 43 K for Tc is estimated on the basis of recently reported band structure calculations and the assumption that metallic hydrogen is a weak-coupling superconductor.
The somatic symptom paradox in DSM-IV anxiety disorders: suggestions for a clinical focus in psychophysiology

Although DSM-IV criteria for anxiety disorders include physiological symptoms, these symptoms are evaluated exclusively by verbal report. The current review explores the background for this paradox and tries to demonstrate on theoretical and empirical grounds how it could be resolved, providing new insights about the role of psychophysiological measures in the clinic. The three-systems approach to evaluating anxiety argues that somatic measures as well as verbal and behavioral ones are indispensable. However, the low concordance between these domains of measurement impugns their reliability and validity. We argue that concordance can be improved by examining the relationship of variables less global than anxiety and by restriction to specific anxiety disorders. For example, recent evidence from our and other laboratories indicate a prominent role of self-reported and physiologically measured breathing irregularities in panic disorder. Nonetheless, even within a diagnosis, anxiety patients vary radically in which somatic variables are deviant. Thus, in clinical practice, individual profiles of psychological and physiological anxiety responses may be essential to indicate distinct therapeutic approaches and ways of tracking improvement. Laboratory provocations specific to certain anxiety disorders and advances in ambulatory monitoring vastly expand the scope of self-report and physiological measurement and will likely contribute to a refined assessment of anxiety disorders.
Quantitative Analysis of Exogenous IGF-1 Administration of Intervertebral Disc Through Intradiscal Injection

Exogenous administration of IGF-1 has been proposed as a therapy for disc degeneration. The objectives of this study were to develop a numerical model for quantitatively analysing exogenous administration of IGF-1 into the intervertebral disc (IVD) via intradiscal injection and to investigate the effects of IGF-1 administration on distribution of glucose and oxygen in the IVD. In this study, the reversible binding reaction between IGF-1 and IGF binding proteins was incorporated into the mechano-electrochemical mixture model. The model was used to numerically analyse transport of IGF-1, glucose, oxygen and lactate in the IVD after IGF-1 administration. The enhancement of IGF-1 on lactate production was also taken into account in the theoretical model. The numerical analyses using finite element method demonstrated that the binding reactions significantly affect the time-dependent distribution of IGF-1 in the IVD. It was found that the region affected by IGF-1 was smaller and the duration of the therapeutic IGF-1 level was longer in the degenerated disc with a higher concentration of IGF binding proteins. It was also found that the IGF-1 injection can reduce glucose concentration and increase lactate accumulation (i.e., lower pH) in the IVD and these influences were regulated by the IGF-1 binding reactions. This study indicated the complexity of intradiscal administration of growth factors, which needs to be fully analysed in order to achieve a successful outcome. The new theoretical model developed in this study can serve as a powerful tool in analysing and designing the optimal treatments of growth factors for disc degeneration.
A further note on a two-dimensional free-boundary problem

Diese Notiz enthalt eine numerische Illustration zur VeroffentlichungOn a Two-Dimensional Free-Boundary Problem. Dabei wird vermittelst numerischer Integration der in der erwahnten Schrift vorkommenden Differentialgleichung der Fall eines Kanals mit einer Krummung von 90° behandelt. Es ist beabsichtigt, zu einem spateren Zeitpunkt eine umfassendere Darstellung der Losungen dieser Differentialgleichung zu veroffentlichen.
High temperature resorcinol-based phthalonitrile polymer

Resorcinol-based phthalonitrile, 1,3-bis(3,4-dicyanophenoxy)benzene, has been synthesized in high yield by a simple nucleophilic displacement of a nitro-substituent from 4-nitrophthalonitrile in a dipolar aprotic solvent. The monomer can be thermally polymerized to a network polymer in the presence of an amine curing additive. The resin is readily processed in a controlled manner as a function of temperature and quantity of additive. Thermal analyses and rheology studies were used to characterize the high temperature thermosetting phthalonitrile polymer.
In-Service Evaluation of Detection-Control System for Isolated High-Speed Signalized Intersections

An innovative detection-control system was developed for the Texas Department of Transportation to reduce both delay and crash frequency at rural intersections. This system was implemented at several intersections in Texas, and its safety and operational benefits were evaluated. This report documents findings and conclusions reached after a 3-year implementation project. The detection-control system was installed and evaluated at each of five intersections in Texas during the 3-year period. Evaluation of before-and-after data indicates that the new detection-control system was able to reduce approach delay by 14%, stop frequency by 9%, red light violations by 58%, heavy-vehicle red light violations by 80%, and severe crash frequency by 39%.
Water suppression in 1H magnetic resonance images by the generation of multiple-quantum coherence.

Pulse sequences which generate multiple-and zero-quantum coherence and suppress the detection of single-quantum coherence have ben used to greatly reduce the intensity of the water signal in NMR images. In the experiment, image signals having multiple-quantum behavior add constructively while single-quantum signals, such as the signal arising from water, are canceled. Since the generation of multiple-quantum coherence is only a function of spin-spin coupling, water suppression by this technique is independent of chemical shift. Consequently, suppression of the water resonance in a 1H NMR image can be accomplished in an inhomogeneous magnetic field provided that the excitation profile of the rf pulses is equal for all spins. Furthermore, variations in the T1 and T2 of coupled and uncoupled spins do not affect the efficiency of the multiple-quantum filter. © 1986 Academic Press, Inc.
Granular acute lymphoblastic leukemia: A case report and literature review

Authors report a rare case of granular acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in a 45-year-old woman with a history of multiple myeloma. The patient's lymphoblasts contained large numbers of distinctive cytoplasmic granules closely mimicking heavily granulated myeloblasts in acute myeloid leukemia. These blasts were completely negative for myeloperoxidase but positive for acid phosphatase and Periodic Acid-Schiff reaction by cytochemical staining. Immunophenotype analysis by immunohistochemistry clearly demonstrated precursor B-cell phenotype. Granular ALL occurs approximately 2 to 7% in childhood populations but is extremely rare in adults. Such cases may cause problematic distinction from myeloid differentiation and lead to misdiagnosis of acute myeloid leukemia. Ten cases of adult granular acute lymphoblastic leukemia described to date in the literature were also reviewed.
New algorithm to control a cycle ergometer using electrical stimulation.

Data were collected from four male subjects to determine the relationships between load, speed and muscle use during cycle ergometry. These data were then used to construct equations to govern the stimulation of muscle in paralysed individuals, during cycle ergometry induced by functional electrical stimulation (FES) of the quadriceps, gluteus maximus and hamstring muscles. The algorithm was tested on four subjects who were paralysed owing to a complete spinal cord injury between T4 and T11. Using the multivariate equation, the control of movement was improved, and work was accomplished that was double (2940 Nm min−1 compared with 5880 Nm min−1) that of traditional FES cycle ergometry, when muscle stimulation was also controlled by electrical stimulation. Stress on the body, assessed by cardiac output, was increased almost two-fold during maximum work with the new algorithm (8l min−1 compared with 15l min−1 with the new algorithm). These data support the concept that the limitation to workload that a person can achieve on FES cycle ergometry is in the control equations and not in the paralysed muscle.