cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Three Days in October of 1630: Detailed Examination of Mortality During an Early Modern Plague Epidemic in Venice

The epidemiology of medieval and early modern European plague remains highly controversial. It now seems likely that the epidemiology was not uniform throughout either the geographic or temporal boundaries of the plague in Western Europe. The Venetian plague of 1630 was extensively documented; day-by-day records were kept, and each mortality in the city was recorded in a set format. The days 23-25 October 1630, representing a period when mortality was beginning to increase sharply, are examined. In all, 1,163 deaths were recorded. They show a large preponderance of women; a mean age of 28, but a majority of cases clumped between ages 0 and 25 years; and an unequal sex ratio among children. Further, there was an identifiable smallpox epidemic raging simultaneously with plague, and more than one-quarter of all the deaths in this period of high mortality were clearly due to nonplague causes. Deaths due to wounds and associated with violence were prominent in one parish, which suggests that in times of plague the breakdown in the normal machinery of government, in everyday patterns of life, and possibly of mental well being resulted in an even more exaggerated death toll. These factors--violence, accidents, and other epidemics--have never been so definitively tied to a European plague epidemic. In addition, there are hints that plague has a marked proclivity to kill pregnant women--their deaths far outnumber those anticipated--and that plague was very localized at a given moment within Venice itself, even during times of peak mortality.
Cross-generational vowel change in American English.

This study examines cross-generational changes in the vowel systems in central Ohio, southeastern Wisconsin, and western North Carolina. Speech samples from 239 speakers, males and females, were divided into three age groups: grandparents (66–91 years old), parents (35–51), and children (8–12). Acoustic analysis of vowel dynamics (i.e., formant movement) was undertaken to explore variation in the amount of spectral change for each vowel. A robust set of cross-generational changes in /ɪ, ɛ, ae, ɑ/ was found within each dialect-specific vowel system, involving both their positions and dynamics. With each successive generation, /ɪ, ɛ, ae/ become increasingly monophthongized and /ɑ/ is diphthongized in children. These changes correspond to a general anticlockwise parallel rotation of vowels (with some exceptions in /ɪ/ and /ɛ/). Given the widespread occurrence of these parallel chainlike changes, we term this development the “North American Shift,” which conforms to the general principles of chain shifting formulated by Labov (1994) and others.
Psychosocial Development and Black Male Masculinity: Implications for Counseling Economically Disadvantaged African American Male Adolescents

Few articles exist on issues related to counseling African American male adolescents. This article examines developmental and sex role factors and their importance for counseling interventions and the counselor-client relationship. Implications are drawn for counselors desiring to improve their abilities to assist this population.
Lung Dysfunction in Diabetes

Clear decrements in lung function have been reported in patients with diabetes over the past 2 decades, and many reports have suggested plausible pathophysiological mechanisms. However, at the present time, there are no reports of functional limitations of activities of daily living ascribable to pulmonary disease in patients with diabetes. Accordingly, this review is directed toward a description of the nature of reported lung dysfunction in diabetes, with an emphasis on the emerging potential clinical implications of such dysfunction. More than a quarter-century ago, Schuyler et al. (1) investigated lung function in 11 young (21–28 years old) patients with type 1 diabetes and age-matched normal control subjects. This classic study was the first to report measurements of nearly all the available tests of lung function, including lung elasticity, capacity to transfer carbon monoxide (CO, a surrogate for oxygen transfer capacity), absolute thoracic gas volumes, airflow resistance, and maximal forced spirometric pulmonary function tests (PFTs). As their subjects were lifelong nonsmokers without allergies or lung disease, their finding that lung elastic recoil was decreased in these young patients with diabetes was interpreted to reflect effects of diabetes on lung elastic proteins. This was the first suggestion in the literature that the lung may be a target organ of diabetes. Because the elastic structure of the lung supports the intrathoracic airways and helps to maintain their patency, the authors suggested that patients with diabetes were at risk for developing chronic airflow obstruction. While small changes in lung elastic recoil do not have direct clinical implications, subsequent development of chronic airflow obstruction could incur significant disability due to mechanical dysfunction of the lungs and airways. Schernthaner et al. (2) could not confirm the findings of Schuyler et al. in patients with type 1 diabetes. However Sandler et al. (3) did find decreased lung …
Recurrent steroid-responsive pancreatitis associated with myelodysplastic syndrome and transformations.

Several paraneoplastic inflammatory conditions, particularly autoimmune diseases, have been described in association with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS). However, to date, recurrent acute pancreat...
Book Review Essays

Images of the Other (Side): On the Anthropology of Death: Halloween and Other Festivals of Death and Life. Jack Santino, ed. Images of the Other (Side): On the Anthropology of Death: Ritual and Remembrance: Responses to Death in Human Societies. Jon Davies, ed.
GLASSFORMING NATURE OF OXIDES WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO TANTALA, TITANIA, AND BERYLLIA

The ρ value of an oxide, which is defined as the ratio of the cation radius to the oxygen radius, has been considered as one of the criteria for determining whether an oxide is a network former, that is, a glassformer or an intermediate. Most of all the known network formers have ρ values smaller than 0.414, which is the limit for a tetrahedral structure. The experimental facts as to whether Ta2O6 alone forms a glass are in controversy. A study of its ρ value reveals that Tanoe is probably not a glassformer. The same is true for Cb2O5. The ρ value of TiO2 also indicates that it is not a glassformer. The small ρ value of BeO leads to the belief that BeO is an intermediate oxide in glass. Further evidence, based on the physical and chemical properties of beryllia-containing glasses, has been established to show the validity of the viewpoint. It has been pointed out that all of the elements whose oxides are glassformers or intermediates may be grouped together in the periodic table. It has also been noted that, of all the possible oxide glassformers, the most important are SiO2, B2O5, P4O4, and GeO2.
Synaptotagmin I Synchronizes Transmitter Release in Mouse Hippocampal Neurons

We have asked whether loss of the Ca2+ sensor protein synaptotagmin I influences the total amount of neurotransmitter released after a presynaptic action potential. Hippocampal neurons from synaptotagmin I knock-out mice had a greatly reduced fast synchronous component of glutamate release, as reported previously. However, the amount of glutamate released during the slow asynchronous component increased in these knock-out neurons. As a result of these changes in the kinetics of release, there was no significant difference between wild-type and knock-out neurons in the total amount of transmitter released within 400 msec after a presynaptic stimulus. Fluorescence imaging experiments demonstrated that wild-type and knock-out neurons take up and release similar amounts of FM dye after depolarization, indicating normal amounts of synaptic vesicle trafficking in the knock-out neurons. These results indicate that synaptotagmin I knock-out neurons are fully capable of releasing neurotransmitter, with the increased slow component of release serving to compensate for loss of the fast component. Thus, synaptotagmin I synchronizes the rapid release of neurotransmitters after Ca2+ entry into presynaptic terminals and also appears to suppress the slower, asynchronous form of transmitter release.
Influence of Ozone-Related Increases in Ultraviolet Radiation on Antarctic Marine Organisms1

Abstract Every spring for the past two decades, depletion of stratospheric ozone has caused increases in ultraviolet B radiation (UVB, 280–320 nm) reaching Antarctic terrestrial and aquatic habitats. Research efforts to evaluate the impact of this phenomenon have focused on phytoplankton under the assumption that ecosystem effects will most likely originate through reductions in primary productivity; however, phytoplankton do not represent the only significant component in ecosystem response to elevated UVB. Antarctic bacterioplankton are adversely affected by UVB exposure; and invertebrates and fish, particularly early developmental stages that reside in the plankton, are sensitive to UVB. There is little information available on UV responses of larger Antarctic marine animals (e.g., birds, seals and whales). Understanding the balance between direct biological damage and species-specific potentials for UV tolerance (protection and recovery) relative to trophic dynamics and biogeochemical cycling is a cru...
Key Factors for Successful Marketing in Japan

The need for close politico-economic relations between the U.S. and Japan are essential and beneficial not only to these two nations, but to the entire free world. While many problems and hurdles may be encountered by U.S. firms attempting to do business in Japan, the financial rewards can be significant. This paper discusses and identifies the specific U.S. corporate experiences which reflect how these companies have overcome the many trade barriers in Japan. This paper also attempts to identify and discuss marketing management implications of key strategic factors to U.S. firms for successful marketing in Japan.
Mechanism controlling sleep organization of the obese Zucker rats

Megirian, David, Jacek Dmochowski, and Gaspar A. Farkas. Mechanism controlling sleep organization of the obese Zucker rat. J. Appl. Physiol. 84(1): 253–256, 1998.—We tested the hypothesis that the ...
The Punishment Gap: School Suspension and Racial Disparities in Achievement

While scholars have studied the racial “achievement gap” for several decades, the mechanisms that produce this gap remain unclear. In this article, we propose that school discipline is a crucial, but under-examined, factor in achievement differences by race. Using a large hierarchical and longitudinal data set comprised of student and school records, we examine the impact of student suspension rates on racial differences in reading and math achievement. This analysis—the first of its kind—reveals that school suspensions account for approximately one-fifth of black-white differences in school performance. The findings suggest that exclusionary school punishment hinders academic growth and contributes to racial disparities in achievement. We conclude by discussing the implications for racial inequality in education. Mientras que los eruditos han estudiado la "brecha racial educativa" desde hace varias decadas, los mecanismos que producen este vacio no estan claros. En este trabajo, proponemos que la disciplina escolar es muy importante, pero poco examinada en el factor en las diferencias de rendimiento segun la raza. Utilizando un conjunto de datos de jerarquica y datos longitudinales compuestos por registros escolares de estudiantes, examinamos el impacto de los tipos de suspension de los estudiantes y las diferencias raciales en la lectura y el rendimiento en matematicas. Este analisis es primero de su tipo y revela que las suspensiones escolares representan aproximadamente una quinta parte de las diferencias entre el rendimiento escolar entre negros-blancos. Los hallazgos sugieren que el castigo de la escuela de exclusion dificulta el crecimiento academico y contribuye a las disparidades raciales en el rendimiento academico. Concluimos con una discusion de las implicaciones para la desigualdad racial en la educacion.
Enzymic and immunochemical properties of lysozyme. IV. Demonstration of conformational differences between alpha-lactalbumin and lysozyme.

Abstract Several chemical as well as immunochemical methods have been utilized to determine conformational differences between lysozyme and α-lactalbumin. Of these, the reactivity of free amino groups with trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid and the reactivity of tyrosine residues with tetranitromethane showed small differences in accessibility. Immunochemical studies indicated lack of cross reaction between lysozyme and anti α-lactalbumin and between α-lactalbumin and anti-lysozyme. By far, the reactivity of the disulfide bonds to reduction with β-mercaptoethanol in absence and presence of guanidine revealed considerable differences between lysozyme and α-lactalbumin. Whereas, 2.6 disulfide bonds were reducible in α-lactalbumin, none was reduced in lysozyme. The binding of sodium dodecyl sulfate to lysozyme produced a relaxed conformation while with α-lactalbumin a constrained conformation resulted. The present findings lead to the conclusion that conformational differences between lysozyme and α-lactalbumin are appreciable.
Self-Assembly of Inorganic/Organic Multilayer Films

In order to investigate the influence of substrate functionalization on the subsequent selfassembly of multilayer films, multilayers composed of alternating hafnium and 1,10-decanediylbis(phosphonic) acid (DBPA) have been grown on three different substrates. Substrates studied include gold wafers functionalized with 4-mercaptobutylphosphonic acid, silicon wafers functionalized using a hafnium oxychloride solution, and silicon wafers coated with an octadecylphosphonate LB-template layer. The nature of these films is probed using ellipsometry and grazing angle x-ray diffraction. These studies indicate that the overall order and the individual layer thickness can vary substantially from sample to sample and depend strongly on the initial surface functionalization prior to multilayer growth.
Absolute Determination of the Electrochemical Equivalent and the Atomic Weight of Zinc I. Method, Apparatus, and Preliminary Experiments.

The use of a specially designed coulometer and a high accuracy coulometric circuit resulted in the accurate measurement of the electrochemical equivalent and atomic weight of zinc. The experimental conditions to make possible the final precise and accurate measurements were established. These include a study of mechanical losses from the anode during the electrolysis and the corrosion of zinc in various media used in the determination. The effects of both of these sources of error may be controlled. Mechanical losses are minimized when an amalgamated electrode is used; corrosion, when an amalgamated electrode is used in an air free system. An electrolyte, 25 wt. percent NH4Cl and 3 molal ZnCl2. was used in these determinations. This report presents the account of research which was prerequisite to subsequent accurate determination of the electrochemical equivalent and the atomic weight of zinc.
Optimal parameter design,field adjustment test and simulation verification of PSS based on PSD programs

The parameter setting of PSS(Power System Stabilizer) is related to the damping effect of low frequency oscillation. Methods of optimal parameter design,field adjustment test and simulation verification is presented for PSS of generator excitation system,which is based on the power system analysis programs of PSD regarding BPA power flow, transient stability and SSAP small disturbance. The actual power system and detailed equipment models,in particular a precise excitation system model,are applied and the frequency and time domain analysis methods, combined with the low frequency phase compensation method, are used to design and optimize the parameters of PSS. The final parameters of PSS are further optimized and determined by field adjustment test,such as the frequency response tests with and without compensation and the step response test. Simulation verification is carried out based on the data of typical power flow mode. A 600 MW unit is illustrated as an example,which shows the accuracy and effectiveness of proposed method in the mode analysis of system oscillation and the parameter design of PSS.
Volvulus of an ileal conduit with retroperitoneal urinoma in a child: first reported case

Ileal loop urinary diversion requires long-term followup. A case of an ileal conduit volvulus with a retroperitoneal urinoma 14 years after the initial procedure is reported. A brief discussion of long and short-term complications of ileal loops is presented.
Quantum-well lasers pumped by excited-state resonant-tunneling injection

Quantum-well lasers that rely on a separate-confinement-heterostructure design to achieve confinement suffer performance limitations due in large part to the dynamics of the carrier-transport mechanisms. This obstacle has prompted researchers to investigate alternative current-injection mechanisms by modifying the injection region. To date, most efforts in this area have concentrated on designs with graded or short injection layers. One group has suggested employing a tunneling scheme in which carriers tunnel from an injection well into a second well where the lasing transition occurs. In this manner many of the adverse effects associated with high injection currents can be avoided, resulting in enhanced device characteristics including higher modulation band widths.1,2
Benign Metastasizing Leiomyoma and Lymphangioleiomyomatosis: Lung Diseases of Women

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews two rare lung diseases in women, benign metastasizing leiomyoma (BML) and lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM), which are non-neoplastic diseases that behave in many ways like neoplastic disease. They can be aggressive and their primary clinical manifestation in the lung may in fact represent a metastatic process. Their etiologies remain incompletely understood. Medical therapies to date have been ineffective due to the lack of clinical trials. Pulmonary transplantation remains a viable option for these patients. Earlier recognition of these diseases will lead to a better understanding of their pathogenesis and the development of newer treatments. BML is an extremely rare disease of unknown etiology that primarily affects women. Typically, the women are in their reproductive years and status post-hysterectomy for uterine leiomyomas. Since Steiner first described the disease in 1939, there have been approximately 100 reported cases of BML. Case reports provide sporadic and incomplete information on the natural history of the disease and there are no diagnostic or standard treatment protocols. The disease is not benign despite the hypothesis that BML originates from uterine leiomyomas, a common neoplasm that has a prevalence of 3–20%. Benign uterine smooth muscle cells spread hematogenously to the lung, the heart, lymph nodes, omentum, peritoneum, pelvic cavity, breast, bone, mediastinum, and nervous system. Although BML is usually diagnosed after an incidental finding on chest imaging, patients can present with mild pulmonary symptoms such as dyspnea on exertion and cough. The multiple, non-calcified, benign, smooth muscle pulmonary nodules of BML can mimic a malignancy.
Perspectives of stereo 3D TV applications development

Engineers at Motorola Mobility Software Center in St.-Petersburg have significant experience in implementation of 3D video and graphics support in a variety of digital video processing and display system. Analysis of major world trends in this area allowed the authors preparing hints on Stereo 3D application development how to surmount the major current obstacle for extensive transition to 3D TV - lack of Stereo 3D content. Recommendations for the Russian market are provided.
Outcomes Associated with Pharmacist-Led Diabetes Collaborative Drug Therapy Management in a Medicaid Population.

Objectives Pharmacist-led diabetes collaborative drug therapy management (CDTM) has been shown to improve outcomes. Whether such programmes are effective specifically in Medicaid patients, who face barriers to access and self-management, has not been well characterized. This pilot study explores glycaemic control, utilization and costs associated with pharmacist-led CDTM in a small population of Medicaid patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods A pre–post, historical cohort study was conducted of patients with T2DM and Medicaid coverage who received pharmacist-led CDTM in community-based primary care clinics between 2008 and 2012. Outcomes included change in haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), healthcare costs and utilization. Results This study included 79 Medicaid patients with T2DM who received pharmacist-led CDTM. A subset of 46 patients with Medicaid coverage through an affiliated Medicaid Plan, Healthy U, was identified for additional analysis. At 6-month follow-up, HbA1c was a mean (SD) of 2.0% (2.0) lower than the baseline of 10.3% (1.7). Primary care clinic encounters increased by a mean (median) of 3.4 (2) visits. Per patient health system charges increased by a mean (median) of $4392 ($620), and the amount paid by Medicaid in the Healthy U subset was $822 ($68) higher in the follow-up period. Conclusion A pharmacist-led diabetes CDTM intervention was associated with improved glycaemic control in Medicaid patients, which corresponded with a higher number of primary care visits and observed costs. These findings are consistent with studies not limited to Medicaid, suggesting that CDTM can be effective in type 2 diabetes patients with Medicaid coverage.
Effects of Transition-Metal Mixing on Na Ordering and Kinetics in Layered P 2 Oxides

Many of us use lithium-ion batteries every day, and sodium-ion cells could be even better, once the kinks have been worked out. Layered oxides with formula Na$M$O${}_{2}$ and $P2$ stacking seem promising here, yet suffer from limited capacity and cycling, so combinations of transition metals $M$ are pursued. The authors' simulations provide a rational framework to tune transition-metal mixing for optimal sodium diffusivity and enhanced rate capability in this class of cathode materials.
Extending viability of Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus johnsonii by microencapsulation in alginate microgels

AbstractAim: To investigate whether microencapsulation of Lactobacillus in alginate microbeads will lead to increased longevity during refrigerated storage or simulated digestion.Materials and methods: Microscopy was used to confirm that Lactobacillus plantarum ATCC BAA-793 and Lactobacillus johnsonii ATCC 33200 were immobilised within the microbeads and laser scattering analysis was used to determine the mean diameter of the microbeads. The number of viable cells were enumerated throughout refrigerated storage and simulated digestion experiments.Results: Microencapsulation was shown to have differing effects on viability depending on the species, but led to extended viability during refrigerated storage and simulated digestion in L. johnsonii and L. plantarum respectively.Conclusion: Fermented functional foods contain microbes beneficial to human health. However, extended shelf storage and the harsh environment of the GI tract significantly reduces the number of viable microbes reaching the consumer. Mic...
Initial elementary education findings from Promise Indiana's Children's savings account program

Abstract The study conducts an initial examination of the associations between participation and saving in the Promise Indiana Children's Savings Account (CSA) program and school administrative data on attendance and standardized math and reading scores. The primary research questions guiding this analysis are whether or not having a CSA is associated with lower absenteeism and/or higher reading and math scores and, for those who have a CSA, whether being a saver or the amount saved in the account is associated with better academic outcomes. Given the importance of family income to savings behaviors and academic achievement, analyses were conducted for the full sample as well as for the subsample of low-income students, defined by free/reduced lunch status. Among the low-income subsample, having a CSA is positively associated with both reading and math scores; this association is not found in the aggregate sample. The amount contributed to the CSA has a positive association with math and reading scores in the overall sample, but not with the scores of children receiving free/reduced lunch. Being a saver is associated with reading scores for both the overall and free/reduced lunch samples. Student attendance was not associated with any account variables. While more research is needed before policy conclusions can be drawn, these findings suggest that CSA programs may complement schools' academic objectives. Further, this study adds to the literature on children's assets by finding some differences in academic outcomes associated with different engagement with the CSA (e.g. account ownership and saving).
Ocular Kinematics Measured by In Vitro Stimulation of the Cranial Nerves in the Turtle

After animals are euthanized, their tissues begin to die. Turtles offer an advantage because of a longer survival time of their tissues, especially when compared to warm-blooded vertebrates. Because of this, in vitro experiments in turtles can be performed for extended periods of time to investigate the neural signals and control of their target actions. Using an isolated head preparation, we measured the kinematics of eye movements in turtles, and their modulation by electrical signals carried by cranial nerves. After the brain was removed from the skull, leaving the cranial nerves intact, the dissected head was placed in a gimbal to calibrate eye movements. Glass electrodes were attached to cranial nerves (oculomotor, trochlear, and abducens) and stimulated with currents to evoke eye movements. We monitored eye movements with an infrared video tracking system and quantified rotations of the eyes. Current pulses with a range of amplitudes, frequencies, and train durations were used to observe effects on responses. Because the preparation is separated from the brain, the efferent pathway going to muscle targets can be examined in isolation to investigate neural signaling in the absence of centrally processed sensory information.
Sarcocystidae: Cystoisosporinae in the Carnivora

Abstract This chapter summarizes the very interesting literature on cystoisosporoid coccidia in the carnivores. Herein we present what descriptive and biological information is known about 50 named Cystoisospora species in the Carnivora; 38 of the names are new combinations made by revising former Isospora species names to their more appropriate designation. All 50 species are known to discharge unsporulated oocysts in the feces of their definitive hosts into the environment; 29/50 (58%) species have been recorded only from the initial definitive host in which they were discovered, whereas the remaining 21/50 (42%) named species are known from two or more definitive hosts. Although a defining character of the genus Cystoisospora is that its species produce unique monozoic tissue cysts in intermediate or paratenic hosts, this phenomenon has been documented experimentally, and an intermediate host identified, in only 8/50 (16%) Cystoisospora species, to date. The two major carnivore lineages, canids and felids, comprise 15 families, 10 subfamilies, 126 genera, and 286 species. Cystoisospora species have been described in 11/15 (73%) carnivore families, but only in 30/126 (24%) carnivore genera, and 48/286 (17%) of the species. The history and a number of unresolved issues relating to the taxonomy and biology of the Cystoisosporinae are reviewed as they relate to our current knowledge of these parasites in carnivores.
Crack users' intentions to use condoms with different partner types

Purpose. Evidence suggests that farmworkers are practicing high risk behavior, particularly crack cocaine use and unprotected sex, that consequently places them at an increased risk for HIV transmission. This study examined the intention to use condoms with four different sexual partner types (loved partner, casual partner, paying partner, and new partner) among a sample of farm workers who were also cr Methods. Personal interviews (n = 205) were conducted with male and female farm workers who were crack users (confirmed by urine test). Participants were recruited from a Florida homebase community for migrant farmworkers. The questionnaire assessed sexual activity (including number of partners and partner type), drug use and attitudes and beliefs about condoms. Results. Hispanic males reported a significantly lower likelihood of condom use for all partner types. For commercial partners, intention to use condoms was reduced dramatically for Hispanics but was markedly higher among steadily employed subjects. Finally, women were half as likely as men to report that they intended to use a condom with a loved partner. Conclusions. This study indicates that ethnicity and the nature of sexual relationships both play important roles in determining whether subjects report that they intend to use condoms, even in a population known for the presence of multiple partners and a widely perceived epidemic of AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases.
Thermal Conductivity of Loose-Fill Materials by a Radial-Heat-Flow Method

Among the several possible methods for measuring thermal conductivities of loose-fill materials (powders, granules, or fibers) at high temperatures, the radial-heat-flow-in-a-cylinder method has the advantage that it inherently reduces the need for thermal guarding or accessory thermal insulation to restrict unwanted heat flow which can cause serious errors in results. This feature is important because, especially at high temperatures, the thermal insulation that may be needed in other methods, such as one using longitudinal heat flow in a cylinder, may be as conductive as the specimen being measured.
The Effect of Deposition Conditions on the Optical and Tribological Properties of Annealed Diamond-Like Carbon Films

Diamond-like carbon, or DLC films, are metastable amorphous materials, containing a mixture of sp2, sp3 and even sp1 coordinated carbon atoms in a disordered network. Since first deposited by Aisenberg and Chabot in 1971 1, DLC films have been prepared by a variety of methods including DC or RF plasma assisted CVD, sputtering, or ion beam deposition, from a variety of carbon bearing, solid or gaseous source materials 2–5.
Library Integrity: Internal Control

The purpose of this chapter is to introduce the subject of internal control. We have stressed the fact the accounting library is a specialized library. It emphasizes financial records that have a high degree of integrity. It is purposely designed to have a low error rate and to be difficult to manipulate.
Artifacts in Digital Breast Tomosynthesis

OBJECTIVE. Artifacts in digital breast tomosynthesis and synthesized 2D imaging reduce image quality. This article describes the appearance of these unique artifacts, reviews their causes, and disc...
Treatment deintensification to surgery only for stage I human papillomavirus-associated oropharyngeal cancer.

6003Background: Human papillomavirus-associated (HPV+) oropharyngeal cancer (OPC) is an emerging entity with improved prognosis and distinct staging system. We assessed if deintensificaiton to surgery only decreased survival for stage I patients at low or intermittent risk compared with surgery with adjuvant radiation (RT) or chemoradiation (CRT). Methods: From the National Cancer Data Base (2010-2014), we identified patients with stage I HPV+ OPC (after restaging with eighth edition guidelines) treated with surgery only or with adjuvant RT or CRT. We compared survival for low risk patients (≤1 metastatic lymph nodes with no adverse features) and intermediate risk patients (2-4 metastatic lymph nodes, microscopic extranodal extension (ENE) or lymphovascular invasion). We excluded high risk patients with positive margins or macroscopic ENE. Results: We identified 2,463 patients with median follow-up of 44.3 months. In the low risk group 4-year overall survival was 93.0% with surgery only versus 95.6% with ...
Thomas A. Hickey: The ‘Uncrowned King’ and Irish Masculinity on Two Continents

This chapter explores the diasporic dimensions of Irish masculinities through the case study of Thomas A. Hickey, an Irish immigrant to the United States who became a leading figure of left-wing politics in twentieth century Texas. Hickey’s life story demonstrates the complex and often contradictory representations of masculinity, as Hickey often found himself caught between idealised representations of the self and the more realistic lived experiences of an Irish male migrant. Using Hickey’s biography as a microcosm for Irishmen in America, Peter Buckingham demonstrates that the dominant vision of Texas cowboys is only one aspect of Texan masculinities.
Adverse childhood experiences predict opioid relapse during treatment among rural adults.

Adverse childhood experiences (ACE) are a public health concern and strong predictor of substance abuse, but no studies to date have explored the association between ACE and opioid relapse during medication-assisted treatment. Using an observational design, we examined this relationship using archived medical records of 87 patients who attended opioid use disorder treatment (buprenorphine-naloxone and group counseling) at a rural medical clinic. All variables were collected from medical files. ACE scores were derived from a 10-item screening questionnaire administered at intake, a regular procedure for this clinic. The primary outcome was opioid relapse observed at each visit, as indicated by self-reported opioid use, positive urine drug screen for opioids, or prescription drug database results for opioid acquisition. The sample was 100% Caucasian and 75% male. A total of 2052 visit observations from the 87 patients were extracted from the medical records. Patients had an average of 23.6 (SD = 22) treatment visits. Opioid relapse occurred in 54% of patients. Results indicated that for every unit increase in ACE score, there was an increase of 17% in the odds of relapse (95% CI: 1.05-1.30, p = .005). Additionally, each treatment visit was associated with a 2% reduction in the odds of opioid relapse (95% CI: 0.97-0.99, p = .008). We conclude that ACE may increase the risk for poor response to buprenorphine-naloxone treatment due to high rates of opioid relapse during the first treatment visits. However, consistent adherence to treatment is likely to reduce the odds of opioid relapse.
FAILURE OF THE POINTWISE AND MAXIMAL ERGODIC THEOREMS FOR THE FREE GROUP

Let . Our construction is a variant of a counterexample of Ornstein concerning iterates of a Markov operator.
Sex-specific metabolic functions of adipose Lipocalin-2

Abstract Objective Lipocalin-2 (LCN2) is a secreted protein involved in innate immunity and has also been associated with several cardiometabolic traits in both mouse and human studies. However, the causal relationship of LCN2 to these traits is unclear, and most studies have examined only males. Methods Using adeno-associated viral vectors we expressed LCN2 in either adipose or liver in a tissue specific manner on the background of a whole-body Lcn2 knockout or wildtype mice. Metabolic phenotypes including body weight, body composition, plasma and liver lipids, glucose homeostasis, insulin resistance, mitochondrial phenotyping, and metabolic cage studies were monitored. Results We studied the genetics of LCN2 expression and associated clinical traits in both males and females in a panel of 100 inbred strains of mice (HMDP). The natural variation in Lcn2 expression across the HMDP exhibits high heritability, and genetic mapping suggests that it is regulated in part by Lipin1 gene variation. The correlation analyses revealed striking tissue dependent sex differences in obesity, insulin resistance, hepatic steatosis, and dyslipidemia. To understand the causal relationships, we examined the effects of expression of LCN2 selectively in liver or adipose. On a Lcn2-null background, LCN2 expression in white adipose promoted metabolic disturbances in females but not males. It acted in an autocrine/paracrine manner, resulting in mitochondrial dysfunction and an upregulation of inflammatory and fibrotic genes. On the other hand, on a null background, expression of LCN2 in liver had no discernible impact on the traits examined despite increasing the levels of circulating LCN2 more than adipose LCN2 expression. The mechanisms underlying the sex-specific action of LCN2 are unclear, but our results indicate that adipose LCN2 negatively regulates its receptor, LRP2 (or megalin), and its repressor, ERα, in a female-specific manner and that the effects of LCN2 on metabolic traits are mediated in part by LRP2. Conclusions Following up on our population-based studies, we demonstrate that LCN2 acts in a highly sex- and tissue-specific manner in mice. Our results have important implications for human studies, emphasizing the importance of sex and the tissue source of LCN2.
Decomposition of HMX in solid and liquid states under nanoconfinement

Abstract The thermal properties of bulk and nanoconfined HMX were studied using differential scanning calorimetry in dynamic scanning mode at rates ranging from 0.3 to 100 °C/min. At the slowest heating rates, decomposition occurs in the solid phase; at intermediate heating rates, it starts in the solid phase, melts, and finishes with a faster rate of reaction in the liquid state; and at the highest heating rates, the decomposition is entirely in the liquid phase. The activation energy decreases with conversion and is highest for 12 nm-diameter pores. The decomposition reaction is accelerated for nanoconfined HMX compared to the bulk with the onset of decomposition decreased by 1–5 °C in 50 nm-diameter pores and by 4–11 °C in 12 nm-diameter pores. The kinetics of decomposition is well described by a first-order autocatalytic reaction model with the reaction rate constants increasing with nanoconfinement. In addition, the reaction rate constant is one order of magnitude higher in the melt state than in the solid state.
PDH Mediated Mitochondrial Respiration Controls the Speed of Muscle Stem Cell Activation in Muscle Repair and Aging

Decline in the skeletal muscle stem cell (MuSC) function is a major contributor to age-associated impairments in muscle regeneration and function. The ability of MuSCs to activate (i.e. exit quiescence, enter the cell cycle, and divide) following injury is a critical step that initiates muscle regeneration. However, the mechanisms that regulate MuSC activation function are poorly understood. Here, we show that the activation function, specifically the speed by which cells progress through G0-G1, declines tremendously with age in mouse MuSCs. Using a number of in vivo models and ex vivo assays of MuSC activation and muscle regenerative functions, live cell metabolic flux analyses, and metabolomics we present data indicating that changes in MuSC mitochondrial flux underlie age-associated changes in MuSC activation. We show that, in the course of MuSC activation, there is a profound,16-fold, increase in ATP production rates, which is fueled largely by increases in pyruvate flux into mitochondria. We found that MuSCs from aged mice display progressive defects in the ability to increase mitochondrial flux during activation and that this correlates with higher levels of phosphorylated, inactivated, pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH). Importantly, we demonstrate that pharmacologic and physiologic methods to induce dephosphorylation and activation of PDH in MuSCs are sufficient to rescue the activation and muscle regenerative functions of MuSCs in aged mice. Collectively the data presented show that MuSC mitochondrial function is a central regulator of MuSC activation and muscle regenerative functions. Moreover, our results suggest that approaches to increase MuSC pyruvate oxidation may have therapeutic potential to promote muscle repair and regeneration.
Unified bulk semiclassical theory for intrinsic thermal transport and magnetization currents

We reveal the unexpected role of the material inhomogeneity in unifying the formulation of intrinsic thermal and thermoelectric transport as well as magnetization currents. The smooth inhomogeneity leads to the position dependent local band dispersion and phase-space Berry curvature, enabling a general and rapid access to transport and magnetization currents displaying the momentum-space Berry curvature physics. Our theory does not invoke the boundary current, the thermodynamic approach to magnetization or any mechanical counterpart of statistical forces. By introducing a fictitious inhomogeneity, it applies to homogeneous samples as well, promoting the inhomogeneity to be a basic trick in semiclassical transport theories. Such a trick works regardless of the driving force of transport, e.g., temperature gradient, in contrast to the trick of fictitious gravitational field in quantum transport theories. We thus include more general mechanical driving forces and establish the Mott relation between the resulting transport thermal and electric currents, whereas this relation for these two currents was previously only known when an electric field is the driving force.
The Reach of Review: Of Judges, Cases, and Constitutions

This article examines the role of judicial review in American law, particularly its origin, and examines the history of the concept of judicial review itself and how it has developed throughout the history of the U.S. Supreme Court.
Pediatric otolaryngology workflow changes in a community hospital setting to decrease exposure to novel coronavirus.

Abstract Objectives To develop a workflow algorithm for physicians and staff to decrease cross contamination and minimize exposure to Coronavirus Disease −19 (COVID-19) in pediatric otolaryngology at a community pediatric hospital. Methods PubMed and Google Scholar searches were carried out using the keywords. Pertinent clinical information related to pediatric otolaryngology was reviewed from journals, Texas Medical Board guidelines as well as institutional guidelines. Updated information from the Centers for Disease Control through social media was identified via Google search. Study design Safety measures and clinical work-flow protocols were developed to protect patients, families, and staff. Protocols included a rotation schedule for providers and ancillary staff, guidelines for in-clinic visits and alteration to surgical block and surgical case cadence to minimize exposure of providers and staff to COVID-19. Algorithms and guidelines were reviewed and revisions made at each phase of the pandemic related to in-clinic visits, telemedicine visits, and surgical cases. Conclusion In the era of the COVID-19 pandemic, otolaryngologists and pediatric otolaryngologists are amongst sub-specialties with an increased risk of exposure. It is imperative that a modification in clinical workflow is created to minimize the risk of exposure to providers and staff while continuing to provide care to patients. Practice implications The COVID-19 pandemic continues to evolve and change rapidly. The described guidelines and workflow algorithm serve as tools to help pediatric otolaryngologists protect themselves and their staff and patients during this global crisis.
Gendered Organizations: Fifty Years and Counting

Gendered organizations is a recent academic specialty within sociology, management, communications, and other disciplines. Martin reviews the history and emergence of the field, its transition to a feminist perspective, and her involvement in its development. Before the 1970s, when “rational-technical” conceptions of organizations were hegemonic, minimal attention was paid to women at work; formal organizations were viewed as men’s domain. Yet, critical scholarship on gendered organizations began appearing in the 1970s, blossomed in the 1980s, and developed at a feverish pace in the 1990s and beyond, largely inspired by sociologist Joan Acker’s work. Martin reviews the history of the field and points to the future regarding gendered change, practice(s), and research and theory on organizations.
Heterogeneity of HSCs in a Mouse Model of NASH

Background and aims In clinical and experimental NASH, the origin of the scar-forming myofibroblast is the HSC. We used foz/foz mice on a Western diet to characterize in detail the phenotypic changes of HSCs in a NASH model. Approach and results We examined the single-cell expression profiles (scRNA sequencing) of HSCs purified from the normal livers of foz/foz mice on a chow diet, in NASH with fibrosis of foz/foz mice on a Western diet, and in livers during regression of NASH after switching back to a chow diet. Selected genes were analyzed using immunohistochemistry, quantitative real-time PCR, and short hairpin RNA knockdown in primary mouse HSCs. Our analysis of the normal liver identified two distinct clusters of quiescent HSCs that correspond to their acinar position of either pericentral vein or periportal vein. The NASH livers had four distinct HSC clusters, including one representing the classic fibrogenic myofibroblast. The three other HSC clusters consisted of a proliferating cluster, an intermediate activated cluster, and an immune and inflammatory cluster. The livers with NASH regression had one cluster of inactivated HSCs, which was similar to, but distinct from, the quiescent HSCs. Conclusions Analysis of single-cell RNA sequencing in combination with an interrogation of previous studies revealed an unanticipated heterogeneity of HSC phenotypes under normal and injured states.
Ubiquitination of G3BP1 mediates stress granule disassembly in a stress-specific manner

Abstract Stress granules are dynamic, reversible condensates composed of RNA and protein that assemble in response to a variety of stressors and are normally disassembled after stress is removed. Whereas the composition of stress granules and the mechanisms underlying their assembly have been extensively studied, far less is known about the mechanisms that govern disassembly. Impaired disassembly has been implicated in some diseases. Here we report that stress granule disassembly is context-dependent and, in the setting of heat shock, requires ubiquitination of G3BP1, the central protein within the stress granule RNA-protein network. Ubiquitinated G3BP1 interacts with the ER-resident protein FAF2, which engages the ubiquitin-dependent segregase p97/VCP. Targeting G3BP1 enables the stress granule-specific interaction network to fall below the percolation threshold for phase separation, which causes disassembly. One Sentence Summary Ubiquitination of G3BP1 mediates FAF2- and p97/VCP-dependent disassembly of heat-induced stress granules
An Integrated System of Education: Using Structured Learning Environments and Assurance of Learning to Improve Students' Human Capital

Students striving to acquire the capability of contributing to the modern global economy are neither clients nor customers of an educational institution. Rather, students are creators and consumers of their own human capital, the quality of which depends in part on the investment they and their institutions are willing to make in them as they progress through their education. Just as industry integrated quality control systems into its production processes to ensure high quality before the products were made available to potential customers, educational systems can do so too. We argue that the goals of an integrated system of education are not only to demonstrate learning on the part of students, but to provide information about the need, and opportunity, for remediation prior to completion of their chosen degree program. It is thus in the interest of students and their professors to continuously improve the quality of students’ human capital to enhance the personal satisfaction of graduates and the satisfaction of their future employers. We offer a path to do so.