cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cybersickness during VR gaming undermines game enjoyment: A mediation model

Abstract Recent advances in virtual reality (VR) technology have ushered in a new era of VR gaming. While VR gaming experience represents a burgeoning area of research within human-computer interaction circles, the role of cybersickness, physiological repercussions of VR exposure to users characterized by a multitude of symptoms, such as nausea, lightheadedness, and dizziness, in the effect of VR gaming on game enjoyment remains understudied. In two experiments, the current study proposed and tested a causal mediation model in which the effect of VR gaming on game enjoyment was mediated by the level of cybersickness experienced during the gameplay. Results from both experiments supported the proposed model and showed that increased cybersickness levels during VR gaming led to decreases in game enjoyment, indicating that cybersickness experienced during VR gaming undermines the enjoyment of the gaming experience. Results also revealed that compared to traditional desktop gaming, VR gaming invoked greater levels of cybersickness, but VR gaming did not lead to greater levels of game enjoyment. When the effect of cybersickness on game enjoyment was statistically removed, however, VR gaming was found to be more enjoyable. The current experiments provide preliminary evidence that cybersickness may hinder the enjoyment of VR gaming experience.
Functional Changes during Electron-Beam Lithographyof Biotinylated Poly(ethylene glycol) Thin Films

In contrast to photolithography where particular wavelengths of light can couple to specific photochemistries, electron-beam lithography can drive competing chemistries. To separate surface-grafting, cross-linking, and chemical functionality, we studied the effects of 2 keV electrons on thin films of poly(ethylene glycol) end-functionalized with hydroxyls (PEG-OH) or biotins (PEG-B). Similarities in the dose-dependent thickness changes of the patterned PEGs indicate that surface grafting and cross-linking primarily involve the ethylene oxide main chain. While higher doses create thicker patterns with more biotin, the concurrent increase in thiol reactivity indicates that cross-linking competes with biotin degradation. The dose window for optimal e-beam patterning of biotinylated PEG is very narrow. Biotin is entirely consumed at higher doses. Its modified functionality is reactive with 5-((2-(and-3)-S-(acetylmercapto) succinoyl) amino) (SAMSA). This effect creates a dose-dependent orthogonal functionality...
Developing a scalable FHIR-based clinical data normalization pipeline for standardizing and integrating unstructured and structured electronic health record data.

Objective To design, develop, and evaluate a scalable clinical data normalization pipeline for standardizing unstructured electronic health record (EHR) data leveraging the HL7 Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resources (FHIR) specification. Methods We established an FHIR-based clinical data normalization pipeline known as NLP2FHIR that mainly comprises: (1) a module for a core natural language processing (NLP) engine with an FHIR-based type system; (2) a module for integrating structured data; and (3) a module for content normalization. We evaluated the FHIR modeling capability focusing on core clinical resources such as Condition, Procedure, MedicationStatement (including Medication), and FamilyMemberHistory using Mayo Clinic's unstructured EHR data. We constructed a gold standard reusing annotation corpora from previous NLP projects. Results A total of 30 mapping rules, 62 normalization rules, and 11 NLP-specific FHIR extensions were created and implemented in the NLP2FHIR pipeline. The elements that need to integrate structured data from each clinical resource were identified. The performance of unstructured data modeling achieved F scores ranging from 0.69 to 0.99 for various FHIR element representations (0.69-0.99 for Condition; 0.75-0.84 for Procedure; 0.71-0.99 for MedicationStatement; and 0.75-0.95 for FamilyMemberHistory). Conclusion We demonstrated that the NLP2FHIR pipeline is feasible for modeling unstructured EHR data and integrating structured elements into the model. The outcomes of this work provide standards-based tools of clinical data normalization that is indispensable for enabling portable EHR-driven phenotyping and large-scale data analytics, as well as useful insights for future developments of the FHIR specifications with regard to handling unstructured clinical data.
Anti-angiogenesis effects of conjugated linoleic acid in human breast cancer cell line MCF-7

56 Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), a naturally occurring isomer of linoleic acids, is derived from ruminant food sources such as beef, lamb and dairy products. There are several CLA isomers in the ruminant-produced foods. The CLA has been found to possess anti-carcinogenic, anti-diabetic, anti-atherogenic, and anti-adipogenic activities. Preliminary studies in our laboratory demonstrated that trans-10, cis-12 CLA has higher anti-cancer activity than the cis-9, trans-11 CLA isomer in human breast cancer cells. The anti-carcinogenic action of CLA, in both in vivo and in vitro models, has been shown to be achieved by inducing apoptosis and inhibiting proliferation. Cancer cell proliferation and progression relies on new blood vessel formation (angiogenesis). Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is one of the genes that regulates breast cancer progression and is regulated by estrogens. Experimental data from various studies showed that VEGF stimulates the process of angiogenesis in estrogen receptor (ER) positive human breast cancer cells. Dietary CLA can inhibit angiogenesis by decreasing serum VEGF level in rat mammary tumorigenesis model. We investigated the anti-angiogenic properties of trans-10, cis-12 CLA in the human breast cancer cell line MCF-7 by measuring VEGF and ERα mRNA expression. After control and MCF-7 cells were treated with trans-10, cis-12 CLA at concentrations from 0 to 160 μM for 24 hours, total RNA was isolated and thenVEGF and estrogen receptor α (ERα) mRNAs were measured by RT-PCR. Results showed that trans-10, cis-12 CLA significantly down-regulated two VEGF isoforms, VEGF121 and VEGF165, mRNA expression at doses of 40, 80 and 160 μM by 40%. The trans-10, cis-12 CLA also significantly reduced ERα mRNA expression at a dose of 160 μM compared to control. Our results suggest that trans-10, cis-12 CLA may serve as an anti-angiogenic agent by regulating the interactions between VEGF and ERα in human breast cancer. The concept of functional foods as sources of chemopreventive agents has become increasingly acceptable to consumers. Since CLA is a natural by-product of rumen fermentation, increasing its concentration for the purposes of chemoprevention likely will not affect the safety of the foods derived from ruminants. For the producer, research on developing specially formulated ruminants feeds to enhance the synthesis of high levels of CLA by ruminants is a way of developing CLA as chemopreventive food agent and increasing the economic and health value of food animal production. (Supported by NIH grants CA94718&CA95915, DOD Breast Cancer Research Programs Grants DAMD 8140, 0319&9341).
Evaluation of Transport Media and Specimen Transport Conditions for the Detection of SARS-CoV-2 by Use of Real-Time Reverse Transcription-PCR.

The global coronavirus (CoV) disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has resulted in a worldwide shortage of viral transport media and raised questions about specimen stability. The objective of this study was to determine the stability of severe acute respiratory syndrome CoV 2 (SARS-CoV-2) RNA in specimen transport media under various storage conditions. Transport media tested included UTM, UTM-RT, ESwab, M4, and saline (0.9% NaCl). Specimen types tested included nasopharyngeal/oropharyngeal swabs in the above-named transport media, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid, and sputum. A high-titer SARS-CoV-2 remnant patient specimen was spiked into pooled SARS-CoV-2 RNA-negative specimen remnants for the various medium types. Aliquots of samples were stored at 18°C to 26°C, 2°C to 8°C, and -10°C to -30°C and then tested at time points up to 14 days. Specimens consistently yielded amplifiable RNA with mean cycle threshold differences of <3 over the various conditions assayed, thus supporting the use and transport of alternative collection media and specimen types under a variety of temperature storage conditions.
Galactose-positive adjunct cultures prevent gas formation by Paucilactobacillus wasatchensis WDC04 in a model gas production test.

ABSTRACT Gas production by obligatory heterofermentative lactic acid bacteria such as Paucilactobacillus wasatchensis is a sporadic problem in Cheddar cheese and results in undesired slits and cracks in the cheese. Growth of Pa. wasatchensis is not rapid, which makes investigations of gas production difficult to consistently execute. A primary objective of this study was to develop a model gas production test that could be used to investigate the effect of galactose and ribose utilization on gas production by Pa. wasatchensis and determine whether galactose-fermenting adjunct cultures could prevent gas formation. Paucilactobacillus wasatchensis WDC04 was inoculated at 101 to 106 cfu/mL into carbohydrate-restricted MRS broth containing different ribose and galactose levels and incubated for up to 21 d at 23°C. Gas production in the broth was detected using a Durham tube inverted on a 6-cm-long capillary tube; cells were enumerated at 4, 8, and 12 d; and residual galactose was also measured. Gas production was sporadic except for when 105 cfu/mL of Pa. wasatchensis WDC04 was inoculated into broth containing 0.3% ribose and 0.7% galactose. In those tubes, gas production was consistently observed after 8-d incubation, by which time galactose levels had decreased to 0.15%. Co-inoculation of Pa. wasatchensis WDC04 with as few as 103 cfu/mL of a lactose-negative galactose-positive adjunct culture (Pediococcus acidilactici 23F, Lacticaseibacillus paracasei UW4, or Lactobacillus helveticus 7995) resulted in galactose depletion by d 4 and no observable gas production by d 12. With less galactose available to the slower-growing Pa. wasatchensis WDC04, its growth was limited to 108 cfu/mL when any of the adjunct cultures was co-inoculated, compared with 109 cfu/mL when grown on its own. We concluded that galactose-fermenting adjunct cultures have potential for preventing unwanted gas production in cheese by competition for resources and especially by removing the 6-carbon galactose before it can be utilized for energy by an obligatory heterofermentative lactobacilli such as Pa. wasatchensis and produce carbon dioxide.
The effect of extraction time on the physicochemical characteristics of nanocalcium powder from chicken and duck eggshells

Calcium deficiency is associated with the risks of bone fracture and osteoporosis. This type of malnutrition has been a concern of governments and the World Health Organization for decades, and extensive efforts have been made to address it. There are several solutions to increase calcium intake. One is to take calcium in the form of nanocalcium. The objective of the present research was to determine the effect of extraction time on the physicochemical characteristics of nanocalcium powder extracted from chicken and duck eggshells through precipitation. This research was conducted by using a completely randomized factorial design with two factors, and each treatment analysis was repeated three times. The first factor was the type of eggshell (chicken and duck), and the second was the extraction time (1, 1.5, and 2 hours). The observed parameters were physical (yield and color) and chemical characteristics (moisture, ash, calcium content, and crystalline structure). The results showed that the type of eggshell had a significant effect (p <0.05) on yield, color (lightness), and moisture content and that extraction time had a significant effect (p <0.05) on yield, color (chroma and hue), moisture, and ash content. The highest content of the crystalline structure of nanocalcium formation (100%) was nanocalcium powder from chicken and duck eggshells, with 1 hour of extraction time. The particle size of the crystalline structure of nanocalcium from chicken and duck eggshells were 41.54 nm and 24.90 nm, respectively.
Organizational Adaptation of Liberal Arts Colleges during the Great Recession of 2007

The study we report here explored how private liberal arts colleges adapted to the Great Recession of 2007. We examined institutional changes at three private liberal arts colleges and their effects on the institutions’ operations. For this multiple-case study we analyzed data from three colleges in the southeastern region of the United States; and the data included 30 participant interviews, public and private documents, and observational field notes. This study highlights the prominence of both the external environment and institutional factors in the survival story of liberal arts colleges.
Effects of hemorrhagic hypotension and shock on the central nervous functions. Stretch and crossed extension reflexes.

Abstract As clues to the functional disintegration of the central nervous system in hemorrhagic shock, the ipsilateral quadriceps femoris stretch reflex and the crossed extension reflex were selected for study. Experimental models were 12 intact and 4 decerebrate dogs (by the Sherrington method) and 22 decerebrate cats (10 by the Sherrington method and 12 by the Pollock-Davis method). The stretch reflex was examined in all animals, and the crossed extension reflex was studied in 4 decerebrate dogs and 18 decerebrate cats (8 Sherrington and 10 Pollock-Davis) before, during, and after 2 hours of hemorrhagic hypotension at 30 mm. Hg. The stretch reflex persisted usually for many minutes at the blood pressure of 30 mm. Hg. It recovered after reinfusion of the shed blood unless the animal remained hypotensive. Transient augmentation of the crossed extension reflex occurred occasionally just before depression of this reflex. The crossed extension reflex was deprived of its prolonged tonic contraction by further bleeding. Thereafter, the decerebrate animal's crossed extension reflex was flaccid, resembling that of the spinal animal. Animals are not invariably obedient to Sherrington's principle of double reciprocal innervation in the state of acute hemorrhagic shock. In no case did the crossed extension reflex persist after the stretch reflex was abolished by hemorrhagic shock. After reinfusion of the shed blood, the crossed extension reflex recovered in only 3 (very imperfectly in 2 cats and nearly perfectly in 1 cat) out of 17 animals (2 dogs and 15 cats). It is concluded that the functional integrity of multisynaptic reflex (represented by the crossed extension reflex) is readily impaired by hemorrhagic shock and is hard to restore, while that of the monosynaptic reflex (represented by the stretch reflex) is rather insusceptible to hemorrhagic shock and is easy to restore.
Progress and Prospects for the Inflationary Universe

The present status of the inflationary universe scenario is briefly reviewed. In particular, the experimentally testable “predictions” of the model are reassessed. Recent progress in obtaining a fully workable inflationary universe model based on supersymmetric field theories is discussed.
Identification of the Shiga toxin A-subunit residues required for holotoxin assembly.

Abstract Recent X-ray crystallographic analyses have demonstrated that the receptor-binding (B) subunits of Shiga toxin (STX) are arranged as a doughnut-shaped pentamer. The C terminus of the enzymatic (A) subunit presumably penetrates the nonpolar pore of the STX B pentamer, and the holotoxin is stabilized by noncovalent interactions between the polypeptides. We identified a stretch of nine nonpolar amino acids near the C terminus of StxA which were required for subunit association by using site-directed mutagenesis to introduce progressive C-terminal deletions in the polypeptide and assessing holotoxin formation by a receptor analog enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, immunoprecipitation, and a cytotoxicity assay. Tryptophan and aspartic acid residues which form the N-terminal boundary, as well as two arginine residues which form the C-terminal boundary of the nine-amino-acid sequence, were implicated as the stabilizers of subunit association. Our model proposes that residues 279 to 287 of the 293-amino-acid STX A subunit penetrate the pore while the tryptophan, aspartic acid, and 2 arginine residues interact with other charged or aromatic amino acids outside the pore on the planar surfaces of the STX B pentamer.
Pharmacodynamic profiling defines the significant biological activities of the novel proteasome inhibitor NPI-0052: Comparison with Velcade® (Bortezomib)

Proc Amer Assoc Cancer Res, Volume 47, 2006 4860 Evaluating the inhibition and recovery of proteasome activities after repeated administration of the proteasome inhibitor NPI-0052 is important to guide the dosing and scheduling for IND-enabling safety studies and clinical trials. NPI-0052 is a potent, small molecule proteasome inhibitor that contains an unusual bicyclic γ-lactam-β-lactone ring structure. Our recent study demonstrated that NPI-0052 inhibits the chymotrypsin-like (CT-L), trypsin-like (T-L) and caspase-like (C-L) activities of the 20S proteasome in vitro and in vivo (Chauhan et al, Cancer Cell, Nov, 2005) with different kinetics compared to Velcade®. NPI-0052 induces apoptosis of CD138+ multiple myeloma (MM) cells freshly isolated from patients relapsing after multiple therapies including, Dexamethasone, Thalidomide and in 7 of 7 patients refractory to Velcade®. NPI-0052 does not significantly decrease the viability of normal human lymphocytes even at increased concentrations (20nM). In contrast, Bortezomib significantly decreases the survival of human lymphocytes even at low concentrations (6-10 nM). A series of studies were conducted in rodents and primates to define the activities of NPI-0052. When administrated intravenously (i.v.) or orally (p.o.) to mice, NPI-0052 inhibited the CT-L, T-L and C-L activities of whole blood 20S proteasomes in a dose-dependent manner. Of note, Velcade® inhibited the CT-L activity, did not inhibit the T-L activity and markedly inhibited C-L activity, which recovered over 7 days. Further studies in rats treated with NPI-0052 (i.v.) at four dose levels weekly for three weeks, demonstrated a dose-dependent inhibition of CT-L activity of whole blood 20S proteasomes 24 hr post-dosing which markedly recovered over 7 days. A similar trend was observed after second and third weekly treatments. In addition, administration of NPI-0052 (i.v.) in primates resulted in a dose-dependent, sustained whole blood 20S proteasome inhibition, which recovered by day 7. A sensitive bioanalytical plasma assay for NPI-0052 was developed and pharmacokinetic profiling in primates demonstrated a terminal half-life of 25-30 minutes. Treatment of MM.1S MM-bearing BNX-mice with NPI-0052 at 0.25 mg/kg (p.o.) or 0.15 mg/kg (i.v.) was well tolerated, resulted in significant inhibition of tumor growth and prolonged survival. Histological analysis of the tumor inoculation site at day 300 showed no recurrence of tumor in 57% of NPI-0052-treated mice along with disappearance of plasma cells in the NPI-0052 versus vehicle control-treated mice. These results demonstrate different pharmacodynamic profiles for NPI-0052 and Velcade® and support the clinical use of NPI-0052 on a weekly regimen.
Lysophosphatidic Acid Receptor-Selective Effects on Jurkat T Cell Migration Through a Matrigel Model Basement Membrane

Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) from platelets and mononuclear phagocytes mediate T cell functions through endothelial differentiation gene-encoded G protein-coupled receptors (Edg Rs) specific for LPA (Edg-2, -4, and -7) or S1P (Edg-1, -3, -5, -6, and -8). Jurkat leukemic T cells with the SV40 virus large T Ag (Jurkat-T cells) express Edg-3>-2>-4 Rs, as assessed by RT-semiquantitative PCR and Western blots with anti-Edg R mAbs. Jurkat-T cells expressing predominantly Edg-2 R (Jurkat-T-2 cells) and Edg-4 R (Jurkat-T-4 cells) were developed by cotransfection with the respective sense plasmids and a mixture of antisense plasmids for the other Edg Rs, and hygromycin selection. Migration of Jurkat-T-4 cells, but not Jurkat-T-2 cells, through a layer of Matrigel on a 5-um pore polycarbonate filter was stimulated up to 5-fold by 10−9 to 10−6 M LPA and by 30–300 ng/ml of anti-Edg-4 R Ab, but not anti-Edg-2 R Ab. LPA and anti-Edg-4 R Ab also enhanced by up to 4-fold the expression of matrix metalloproteinase by Jurkat-T-4 cells, but not Jurkat-T-2 cells, as assessed by cleavage of [3H]-type IV human collagen in the Matrigel. Enhancement of matrix metalloproteinase-dependent trans-Matrigel migration of Jurkat-T cells by the chemokine RANTES was suppressed by anti-Edg-2 R Abs, but was stimulated by anti-Edg-4 R Abs. The opposite effects of Edg-2 and Edg-4 LPA receptors on trans-Matrigel migration and some other T cell functions provide receptor-selective mechanisms for regulation of T cell recruitment and immune contributions.
The pathogenesis of catheter-related bloodstream infection with noncuffed short-term central venous catheters.

Short-term, noncuffed, percutaneously inserted central venous catheters (CVCs) are widely used and cause more than 250,000 bloodstream infections (BSIs) in hospitals each year in the United States. We report a prospective study undertaken to determine the pathogenesis of CVC-related BSI. Prospective cohort study in a university hospital 24-bed medical-surgical intensive care unit. Patients participating in two randomized trials during 1998–2000—one studying the efficacy of a 1% chlorhexidine–75% alcohol solution for cutaneous antisepsis and the other a novel chlorhexidine-impregnated sponge dressing—formed the study population; CVC-related BSIs were considered to be extraluminally acquired if concordance was identified solely between isolates from catheter segments, skin, and blood cultures and intraluminally acquired if concordance was demonstrated only between hub or infusate and blood culture isolates, as confirmed by DNA subtyping of isolates from blood and catheter sites or infusate. Of 1,263 catheters (6075 CVC days) prospectively studied, 35 (2.7%) caused BSI (5.9 per 1000 CVC days); 27 were caused by coagulase-negative staphylococci. Overall, 45% of infections were extraluminally acquired, 26% were intraluminally derived, and the mechanism of infection was indeterminate in 29%. In the pooled control groups of the two trials, 25 CVC-related BSIs occurred (7.0 per 1000 CVC days), of which 60% of infections were extraluminally acquired, 12% were intraluminally derived and 28% were indeterminate. In contrast, CVC-related BSIs in the treatment groups were most often intraluminally derived (60%, p=0.006). Most catheter-related BSIs with short-term percutaneously inserted, noncuffed CVCs were extraluminally acquired and derived from the cutaneous microflora. Strategies achieving successful suppression of cutaneous colonization can substantially reduce the risk of catheter-related BSI with short-term CVCs.
Modal method for analysis of free rotations of spacecraft.

Rotating spacecraft attitude changes due to energy dissipation from angular deformation treated by modal method
Theoretical upper bound on F → φπ decay rate by current algebras

Abstract A tight bound is derived on the F → φπ decay rate from current algebras and a few safe assumptions which are well justified theoretically and experimentally. In terms of the branching ratio and the F meson lifetime, the bound is written as B (F → φπ ) ⩽ (2.1 × 10 11 ) s −1 × τ F . No soft-pion limit is taken to derive the bound.
Recent progress in astrochemistry

Models of the four currently recognized regimes of astrochemistry are compared with observations. Ion-Molecule Gas Phase Chemistry is fundamental throughout all interstellar and circumstellar molecular clouds, and by itself explains fairly well the simpler molecular species in diffuse and cold quiescent dense interstellar clouds, as well as in the outer envelopes of circumstellar clouds. Dust-Grain Chemistry may modify ion-molecule chemistry noticeably in regions containing UV radiation, shocks, or other heating agents which can serve to promote surface reactions and to desorb molecules frozen on grains; it likely plays no role in cold quiescent clouds except to adsorb gas phase molecules. Shock Chemistry occurs in regions of star formation and appears important in explaining certain molecular species and in disrupting grains. Circumstellar envelopes combine several chemistries, including those of thermochemical equilibrium in the dense inner regions, and ion-molecule in the outer regions, with grain processes also likely. The limitations of all current models are lack of knowledge of reaction rates, of detailed physical conditions (interstellar clouds), and of the relative depletions (onto grains) of the chemical elements, as well as grain surface chemistry in general. In both interstellar and circumstellar objects, ion-molecule gas phase models are now quite successful in explaining, semi-quantitatively, observed species with up to 4 atoms, but difficulties remain for larger species, as well as the state of carbon, and the models are not yet very predictive.
RULE AND PRACTICE IN THE BEHAVIOR BETWEEN JICARILLA APACHE AFFINAL RELATIVES

A JICARILLA Apache's relations to the kin of his mate are guided by a number of general and well-understood rules. There are certain relatives by marriage whom he is obliged to avoid. There are others whom he should address only in a special "polite" form of speech. Yet while a definite system of behavior, with its particular emphases, terminology, and usages can be delineated, there are also discernible modifications in rule to accommodate the very human elements of dislike, friendliness, familiarity, and conflicting relationships, and these are just as interesting and significant. In what follows an attempt is made to present the structure of Jicarilla obligations and practices between affinal relatives, and at the same time to indicate the degree to which the theory yields to individual need and desire or to special circumstance. No other single act alters the life of an individual in Jicarilla society to the degree that marriage does. It is not merely that at marriage a person must make a personal adjustment to a sexual partner, for there is one word that signifies an "affair" or sexual adventure and another word that denotes the solemn founding of a home, or a socially approved marriage. It is rather that at marriage much of behavior is modified and reorganized, and this is particularly true for the man. Residence is changed for him, fresh economic responsibilities and ties are established, new canons govern speech and movement.
The antipyretic effect of ibuprofen and acetaminophen in children.

Objective. To determine whether evidence in the medical literature supports ibuprofen or acetaminophen for reducing fever in children. Methods. Both MEDLINE and the Science Citation Index were searched using various medical subject headings for all articles published worldwide from 1966–2000. The language of publication was not restricted. Results. Initially, 4132 articles were found that dealt with either ibuprofen or acetaminophen. Limiting these articles to humans and children, and cross-referencing with the Science Citation Index resulted in 68 articles; 22 satisfied the inclusion criteria and were further assessed for validity, design, and methods of reporting data. Conclusion. Acetaminophen and ibuprofen have equal tolerability. Acetaminophen produced a greater body temperature reduction at 0.5 hour after intervention compared with ibuprofen. However, ibuprofen provides a longer duration of antipyretic effect than acetaminophen 4 hours after intervention, and the initial temperature decrement lasts longer.
Renal transplantation in patients with HIV

HIV infection has been a major global health problem for almost three decades. With the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy in 1996, and the advent of effective prophylaxis and management of opportunistic infections, AIDS mortality has decreased markedly. In developed countries, this once fatal infection is now being treated as a chronic condition. As a result, rates of morbidity and mortality from other medical conditions leading to end-stage liver, kidney and heart disease are steadily increasing in individuals with HIV. Presence of HIV infection used to be viewed as a contraindication to transplantation for multiple reasons: concerns for exacerbation of an already immunocompromised state by administration of additional immunosuppressants; the use of a limited supply of donor organs with unknown long-term outcomes; and, the risk of viral transmission to the surgical and medical staff. This Review examines open questions on kidney transplantation in patients infected with HIV-1 and clinical strategies that have resulted in good outcomes. It also describes the clinical concerns associated with the treatment of renal transplant recipients with HIV.
Rethinking current approaches to psychological abuse: Conceptual and methodological issues

Abstract Numerous ways in which we currently approach conceptualizing and measuring “psychological abuse” are highly problematic and likely inaccurate for understanding this complex phenomenon. While a major goal of this type of research often appears to be the identification of individuals considered to have been “psychologically abused”, this may be both a premature and misplaced goal. “Psychological abuse” has not been adequately defined, validated, or conceptually anchored in a way which provides a sound basis for its measurement, or which allows for conclusions to be made and applied to real-life settings. Rather, more important for this area of research is the development of sophisticated thought and measurement approaches applied to the broader field of psychological aggression (which does not attempt to determine a threshold for claiming “abuse” has occurred). The conceptualization and measurement of this complicated interpersonal phenomenon needs inclusion of not only the recipient's perspective, but also observers' views, the perspective of the initiator, outcome of the actions, analysis of contextual variables, as well as analysis of the recipient's and initiator's views.
ACTIVITY OF CONGENERS OF HYDROXYUREA AGAINST ADVANCED LEUKEMIA L1210.

SummaryVarious analogs of hydroxyurea have been screened for antitumor activity against advanced mouse leukemia L1210. The results indicate that in this series of compounds the essential structural requirement is the hydroxamic acid group.
C-kit expression distinguishes salivary gland adenoid cystic carcinoma from polymorphous low-grade adenocarcinoma.

Adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) is characterized by persistent, relentless growth and a high rate of eventual metastasis. In contrast, polymorphous low-grade adenocarcinoma (PLGA) has a much lower risk of recurrence and rarely metastasizes. The histologic patterns of these two neoplasms can be similar. Expression of c-kit, a transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinase, has recently been reported to be expressed in ACC but not PLGA. Expression of galectin-3, a nonintegrin beta-galactosidase-binding lectin, has been reported to be significant in PLGA and decreased in ACC.Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue from 9 ACC and 14 PLGA were immunostained for c-kit and galectin-3. Cases were scored as 1+ (5-25% positive), 2+ (26-50% positive), or 3+ (>50% positive). C-kit was expressed by 100% of ACC (3+: 7 cases; 2+: 1 case; 1+: 1 case) and by 57% of PLGA (2+: 2 cases; 1+: 6 cases). In all but one ACC, c-kit expression was confined to the inner cell layer. C-kit expression was also noted in the intercalated duct epithelium of the salivary glands and the acinar cells of the lacrimal gland. Galectin-3 was expressed in 8 of 9 cases of ACC and 14 of 14 cases of PLGA. The results of this, the first study to compare c-kit and galectin-3 expression in ACC and PLGA, suggest that c-kit expression characterizes ACC, but not PLGA. Galectin-3 immunohistochemistry does not have a role in the differentiation of ACC and PLGA. C-kit immunostaining may be a valuable adjunctive tool for this differential diagnosis, particularly in the setting of a limited biopsy. Our finding of different patterns of c-kit expression in tubular and solid variants of ACC supports the concept of solid variant ACC as a high-grade tumor, with progression toward an entirely "inner cell" phenotype.
Inter- and intra-researcher variation in measurement of morphometrics on Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus)

Substantial effort has been made to increase the accuracy of photogrammetric measurement techniques, especially on marine mammals. However, accuracy of the physical measurements is rarely considered when calculating the photogrammetric accuracy. We examined inter- and intra-researcher variation in the measurement of physical morphometrics of Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus) to assess their potential effects on photogrammetric accuracy and body mass predictions based on photogrammetrically derived morphometrics. Significant differences were found inter-researcher in median standard length and axillary girth and intra-researcher when measuring axillary girth of the same animals. Photogrammetrically derived estimates of these parameters are comparable to physical measurements when taking into account the inherent inter- and intra-researcher variation.
Metabolism of juvenile hormone I by microsomal oxidase, esterase, and epoxide hydrase of Musca domestica and some comparisons with Phormia regina and Sarcophaga bullata

Abstract House fly ( Musca domestica L.) microsomes prepared from larvae, pupae, or adults contain three enzyme system which can metabolize juvenile hormone I: an esterase, an oxidase, and epoxide hydrase. The presence of the oxidase is indicated by the increased metabolism when microsomes are supplemented with NADPH and by the occurrence of additional metabolites tentatively identified as products arising from oxidation of the 6, 7 double bond. Additional evidence of the activity of the oxidase system is the increased metabolism of juvenile hormone I by the NADPH-dependent system from phenobarbital-induced insects, by inhibition of the oxidation by piperonyl butoxide and carbon monoxide, and by the greater metabolism of the hormone by microsomes from insecticide-resistant (high oxidase) strains. In vivo studies of house fly adults treated with 3 H-labeled juvenile hormone I reveal a pattern of metabolism similar to that seen during NADPH-supplemented in vitro metabolism. The three enzymes have somewhat different patterns of activity during the larval stage of the house fly, juvenile hormone esterase and epoxide hydrase beginning at a high level of activity in the young larvae while the juvenile hormone oxidase is low at this stage. In the late larval stage all three enzymes show increased activity followed by declines during the pupal stage and further increases in the adult stage. Comparison of in vitro enzyme levels of the house fly, flesh fly ( Sarcophaga bullata Parker), and blow fly [ Phormia regina (Meigen)] showed that, although the enzymes were present in the latter two species, their activity on a per insect basis was considerably less than that of the house fly.
Speed of processing and depression affect function in older adults with mild cognitive impairment.

Objectives To evaluate the effect of depression and cognition on function in older adults with amnestic and nonamnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI and nonaMCI) . Design The study uses baseline data from the National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center . Setting Data were collected at multiple Alzheimer's Disease Centers in the United States . Participants The sample included a total of 3,117 individuals with MCI, mean age = 74.37 years, SD: 9.37 (aMCI, n = 2,488; non-aMCI, n = 629) . Measurements The 10-item Pfeffer Functional Activities Questionnaire assessed function . Results Depressive symptoms (Geriatric Depression Scale), memory impairment (Logical Memory II), and processing speed decrements (Digit Symbol Substitution Test) were significantly associated with functional impairment (p . Conclusions The findings show that processing speed is central to the effect that depression and executive dysfunction have on functional impairment in cognitively impaired older adults. Future studies are needed to better understand the physiologic underpinnings in age-related and disease-specific decrements in processing speed, and to address the problems in the assessment of processing speed in clinical samples .
Application of state estimation to target tracking

In this paper, we present a survey of problems and solutions in the area of target tracking. The discussion includes design tradeoffs, performance evaluation, and current issues.
The Transmission of a Frequency-Modulated Wave through a Network

A practical method for calculating the effect of a four-terminal network upon a frequency-modulated wave being transmitted through it is developed and demonstrated. The form of the solution is simple enough to be applied by anyone familiar with electric circuits. No knowledge of calculus or higher mathematics is required; nor is the solution restricted in any way, being equally accurate and practical for large and small values of modulation index, and for any physical network. In order to determine whether or not a particular network problem involving a frequency-modulated input wave may be analyzed from the "instantaneous frequency" viewpoint, a test, or validity condition, has been developed. This test quickly classifies the problem either as one for which only a complete, straightforward analysis determines the response, or as one for which a quasi-steady state exists. The quasi-steady state is a condition under which the amplitude-instantaneous-input-frequency envelope and the phase-shift-instantaneous-input-frequency envelope of the output wave approach closely enough to the steady-state-amplification-frequency and phase-shift-frequency characteristics of the network.
The gas-phase conformations of valine: an ab initio study

Abstract A survey of 108 possible gas-phase conformations of valine led to 26 unique conformers at the HF/6-31G ∗ level. Relative energies are reported at the MP2/6-31+G ∗ //HF/6-31G ∗ level with corrections for zero-point vibrational energies. The results indicate that the preferred orientation of the isopropyl group depends on the interaction between the carboxyl and the amino group. In comparison to alanine, it does not appear that the larger size of the side chain significantly biases the conformational preferences.
Thermal conductivity, heat capacity, and thermal diffusivity of selected commercial AlN substrates

The thermal transport properties of four commercially available AlN substrates have been investigated using a combination of steady-state and transient techniques. Measurements of thermal conductivity using a guarded longitudinal heat flow apparatus are in good agreement with published room temperature data (in the range 130–170 W · m−1 · K−1). Laser flash diffusivity measurements combined with heat capacity data yielded anomalously low results. This was determined to be an experimental effect for which a method of correction is presented. Low-temperature measurements of thermal conductivity and heat capacity are used to probe the mechanisms that limit the thermal conductivity in AlN.
Studies on the hydration of tricalcium silicate pastes I. Scanning electron microscopic examination of microstructural features

Abstract A comprehensive examination of the early hydration and microstructural development in tricalcium silicate pastes has been undertaken using scanning electron microscopy. Pastes have been studied for up to 28 days using both fracture surfaces and randomly sawn surfaces that have been polished and etched. Two distinct morphologies of calcium silicate hydrates have been observed: an acicular hydration product and an inner product which is not resolved by the scanning electron microscope. The relationships in the microstructure between the various hydration products and their influence on strength development is discussed.
Neutrophil chemotaxis: potential role of chemokine receptors in extracellular nucleotide induced Mac-1 expression

Abstract Extracellular nucleotide-induced stimulation and activation of neutrophil in the inflammatory foci followed by chemotaxis in to inflamed vasculature plays a critical role in inflammatory diseases and coronary artery diseases. The extracellular nucleotides stimulate a P2Y receptor(s) on human PMN with the pharmacological profile similar to that of the P2Y2 receptor. Consequent to the activation of P2Y2, arachidonic acid is formed from the membrane bound lipids by phospholipase A2, which subsequently metabolized by 5 lipoxygenase to form the leukotrienes. Of the several leukotrienes generated, LTB 4 is a potent proinflammatory chemokine. Upon its release LTB 4 binds to the PMN by autocrine manner in the same neutrophil and also in a paracrine manner to other neutrophils, leading to the accelerated Mac-1 expression on PMN membrane resulting chemotaxis. Thus it is suggested that the extracellular nucleotide(s) released from the activated platelets and other damaged cell types exacerbate inflammatory response by leukotriene generation. In turn the leukotriene will act in both autocrine and paracrine manner to amplify the process of chemotaxis in PMN by upregulation of Mac-1 expression.
Acute Nicotine Pretreatment Augments Dopaminergic Pulmonary Vasodilation

Nicotine use has been associated with augmented dopaminergic neurotransmission within the central nervous system by a number of researchers. We wished to determine if acute nicotine treatment would augment the pulmonary vasodilatory response to dopamine. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were pretreated with either subcutaneous nicotine or equivolume saline and a dose-response curve for dopaminergic pulmonary vasodilation was constructed ex vivo in isolated, salt-perfused rat lungs preconstricted with the synthetic thromboxane analogue U-46619. Nicotine pretreatment augmented the vasodilatory response to dopamine at doses falling within the mid range of the dopamine dose-response relationship, and this augmentation was blocked by the nicotinic ganglionic receptor antagonist mecamylamine. In contrast, nicotine did not augment the vasodilatory response produced by either the preferential DA1-dopaminergic receptor agonist SKF-38393 or the preferential DA2-dopaminergic receptor agonist quinpirole. Acute nicotine pretreatment did not affect the maximal pulmonary vasodilatory response produced by dopamine. Similarly, nicotine pretreatment failed to augment the vasodilatory response to the beta-adrenergic receptor agonists isoproterenol or terbutaline, but significantly diminished the response to dobutamine. Even though acute nicotine pretreatment did not augment beta-adrenergic receptor-mediated pulmonary vasodilation, the augmentation of dopaminergic responsiveness was inhibited by prior treatment with propranolol, suggesting beta-adrenergic receptor involvement. Finally, nicotine pretreatment did not alter the vasodilation produced by the nitric oxide dependent agents arginine vasopressin or sodium nitroprusside. These data demonstrate that nicotine alters dopaminergic vasodilation in the pulmonary vascular bed.
Current status of oxaliplatin in colorectal cancer.

Abstract Novel platinum compounds have been sought with the goal of identifying molecules active in cisplatin-resistant cancers such as colorectal cancer. Some 30 years ago it was shown that varying the structure of the coordination complex could enhance the activity of platinum compounds against preclinical models. The diaminocyclohexane ligand, now embodied in the structure of oxaliplatin, was the most promising of a series of such analogues. Oxaliplatin has recently been approved in the United States for the treatment of refractory colorectal cancer. Studies in the initial treatment of advanced disease indicate that its activity when used in combination with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) is at least as good as standard therapy for this stage of the disease. Novel combinations have been reported in phase II studies, and adjuvant trials have been completed in the United States and Europe. It is reasonable to conclude that there are now two accepted regimens for the treatment of colorectal cancer, irinotecan/5-FU and oxaliplatin/5-FU. Early studies using both regimens sequentially are of interest, and phase I trials of three-drug combinations have been presented. Current efforts are directed toward individualizing therapy through predictive analyses of the targets and metabolic pathways of all three agents in pharmacogenetic and pharmacogenomic studies. Semin Oncol 30 (suppl 6):78-87. © 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
The Study of Hierarchical Control Method for Micro-Grid Control

The micro-grid structure and operation mode are analyzed in this paper. By listing micro-grid typical operation mode, and explains the energy management system, micro-grid controller, electric primary equipment is how to coordinate between control. Analysis of the usual method for the energy management system optimization control strategy will be passed to the micro-grid controller. A kind of brand-new control command transmission mode is put forward for improving the micro-grid control strategy by the efficiency.
Psychosocial correlates of obesity control.

Biosocial and behavioral data on 287 obese females (168 of whom belonged to 9 successful groups and 119 of whom belonged to 8 unsuccessful groups) were collected by means of the Rating of Self Status (ROSS) scale to determine the distinguishing characteristics of (a) successful vs. unsuccessful groups; and (b) successful vs. unsuccessful individuals regardless of their group membership. Factor analysis of ROSS data identified 24 separate variables. Multi-variate analysis of variance (MANOVA) that compared successful with unsuccessful groups resulted in differences that were not significant (p = .30). Subsequent MANOVA that contrasted remediably and irremediably obese persons, regardless of their group membership, yielded highly significant (p less than .001) overall results and significant differences (ps ranged from .10 to .001) on 10 of the 24 ROSS factors.
Magnetic resonance contrast enhancement of neovasculature with αvβ3‐targeted nanoparticles

Site-directed contrast enhancement of angiogenic vessels in vivo was demonstrated using antibody targeting of an MRI contrast agent to the αvβ3 integrin, a molecular marker characteristic of angiogenic endothelium. The agent was tested in a rabbit corneal micropocket model, in which neovasculature is induced in the cornea using basic fibroblast growth factor. The targeted contrast agent consists of Gd-perfluorocarbon nanoparticles linked to αvβ3 integrin antibody DM101. The animal group receiving the targeted contrast agent displayed a 25% increase in the average MR signal intensity after 90 min. Control groups in which the nanoparticles are either used alone, linked to an isotype-matched antibody, or linked to DM101 and administered following receptor blocking did not display MR contrast enhancement at similar dose levels. These findings indicate that the antibody-targeted agent enhances MR signal intensity in the capillary bed in a corneal micropocket model of angiogenesis, and is selectively retained within the angiogenic region via specific interaction with the αvβ3 epitope. Magn Reson Med 44:433–439, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Stokes flow through an array of rectangular fibers

The slow viscous flow through an array of rectangular fibers is solved by the efficient method of eigenfunction expansion and domain decomposition. In particular, the normalized permeability is determined for square fibers and strips in rectangular arrays. The limitations of the approximate capillary model and the obstacle model are shown. An empirical formula for the drag of a single square fiber is also given.