cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Characterization of wafer-level thermocompression bonds

Thermocompression bonding joins substrates via a bonding layer. In this paper, silicon substrates were bonded using gold thin films. Experimental data on the effects of bonding pressure (30 to 120 MPa), temperature (260 and 300/spl deg/C), and time (2 to 90 min) on the bond toughness, measured using the four-point bend technique, are presented. In general, higher temperature and pressure lead to higher toughness bonds. Considerable variation in toughness was observed across specimens. Possible causes of the nonuniform bond quality were explored using finite element analysis. Simulation results showed that the mask layout contributed to the pressure nonuniformity applied across the wafer. Finally, some process guidelines for successful wafer-level bonding using gold thin films are presented.
Prospective Examination of Cigarette Smoking Among Iraq-Deployed and Nondeployed Soldiers: Prevalence and Predictive Characteristics

Background Identifying characteristics that influence smoking behavior among military personnel is critical to protect health and operational functioning.
Using remotely sensed data to map variability in health and wealth indicators in Accra, Ghana

Accra, Ghana is a developing world city with pronounced disparities in health and wealth. This research focuses on mapping variations in health and wealth disparities within Accra using very high resolution remotely sensed imagery. Using the 2000 Ghanaian census at the enumeration area (EA) level and a multispectral, Quickbird image with a spatial resolution of 2.4 m, we examine our ability to map small area, spatial variations in health and wealth indicators. Regression trees are used to map variations in built up area and vegetation within the city. Results indicate that there is a strong correlation between indicators of wealth and health including cooking fuel type, population density, and percentage of women with secondary education level, with remotely sensed estimates of vegetation and built up area at the both the EA and the neighborhood level.
Review and criticism

The Concept of Effects: Recognizing our Personal Judgments Andrew Crisell. Understanding radio. New York: Methuen, 1986. 236 pp. $29.95 (cloth), $10.95 (paper) Michael C. Keith. Radio programming: Consultancy and formatics. Stoneham, MA: Focal Press, 1987. 196 pp. $21.95 (paper) Teun A. van Dijk. News as discourse. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, 1988. 200 pp. $24.95 (cloth) Philip Collins. Radios: The golden age. San Francisco: Chronicle Books, 1987, 119 pp. $25.00 (cloth), $14.95 (paper)
Insights from Theory and Practice

Knowledge assets are exchanged in order to build intellectual capital: this provides the basis for the discussion of licensing and cross-licensing as part of the business and technology strategy of the enterprise. Managing knowledge as intellectual capital in the frame of strategic technology partnerships simplifies the search and attainment of the following strategic corporate targets of the partners: (1) Maximize the effectiveness and efficiency of higher-order technological learning processes with both internal and external foci (with respect to its partners), namely the organizational intelligence/learning processes and especially the rate of technological learning. (2) Encourage and support the development of a current and dynamic evolving portfolio of strategic technological capability options in a more effective and efficient manner from a technology and market risk perspective. The discussion developed in the chapter determines some fundamental consequences of the knowledge management paradigm for the management and development of research collaborations. A case study approach can offer a better understanding of the dynamics of technology transfer and the elements of successful transfer processes and this is proved by the use of a framework of input, intermediate, and short- and long-term outcome metrics.
Ion Channels in Airway Smooth Muscle

Recent advances in the study of membrane ion channels have been made through the use of cell disaggregation and single-cell patch-clamp recording techniques. This approach has been responsible for the rapidly advancing knowledge about specific ion-channel proteins and their control processes in numerous tissues. Ion channels have been studied either by isolating a patch of membrane and recording single-channel events or by examination of the aggregate activity of a single type of channel by precisely controlling the ionic species available on both sides of the cell membrane. These techniques have led to the characterization of channels in terms of surface receptor coupling, ion selectivity, voltage activation, voltage-dependent inactivation, and modulation by cellular second messengers. Recent parallel advances in the isolation and sequencing of channel proteins, their reconstitution into lipid bilayers, and the expression of channel proteins in xenopus oocytes by injection of RNA have led to specific hypotheses about their three-dimensional structure, interaction with other membrane proteins, and regulation of synthesis.
O'Leary Office XP Vol I Enhanced w/ Student Data CD

The goal of the O’Leary Series is to give students a basic understanding of computing concepts and to build the skills necessary to ensure that information technology is an advantage in whatever career they choose in life. The O’Leary Office 2000 Enhanced and Office XP texts are crafted to be the true step-by-step way for students to develop Microsoft Office application skills. The text design emphasizes step-by-step instructions with full screen captures that illustrate the results of each step performed. Each Tutorial (chapter) combines conceptual coverage with detailed software-specific instructions. A running case that is featured in each tutorial highlights the real-world applications of each software program and leads students step-by-step from problem to solution. Table of contents INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER ESSENTIALS INTRODUCTION TO MICROSOFT WINDOWS 2000 Tutorial 1: Basic Windows Skills Tutorial 2: Organizing Your Work INTRODUCTION TO THE INTERNET AND WEB Using Internet Explorer Using Outlook 2002 OVERVIEW TO MICROSOFT OFFICE 2002 INTRODUCTION TO COMMON MICROSOFT OFFICE 2002 FEATURES MICROSOFT WORD 2002 Overview To Word 2002 Tutorial 1: Creating And Editing A Document Tutorial 2: Revising And Refining A Document Tutorial 3: Creating Reports And Tables Working Together: Word And Your Web Browser MICROSOFT EXCEL 2002 Overview To Excel 2002 Tutorial 1: Creating And Editing A Worksheet Tutorial 2: Charting Worksheet Data Tutorial 3: Managing and Analyzing A Workbook Working Together: Linking Excel And Word MICROSOFT ACCESS 2002 Overview To Access 2002 Tutorial 1: Creating A Database Tutorial 2: Modifying A Table And Creating A Form Tutorial 3: Analyzing Tables And Creating Reports Working Together: Linking Access And Word MICROSOFT POWERPOINT 2002 Overview To PowerPoint 2002 Tutorial 1: Creating A Presentation Tutorial 2: Modifying And Refining A Presentation Working Together Section Working Together: Working Together: Word And Your Web Browser Working Together: Linking Embedding, & E-Mailing Working Together: Linking Access And Word Working Together: Copying, Embedding, & Linking Between Applications APPENDIX WORD GLOSSARY EXCEL GLOSSARY ACCESS GLOSSARY POWERPOINT GLOSSARY
Nafta Meets the American Torts Process: O'Keefe V. Loewen

The systematic bias against out-of-state defendants in American tort law is acutely illustrated in the important Mississippi case, O'Keefe v Loewen. This case, which resulted in the bankruptcy of the Canadian defendant, has itself become an international cause celebre because of the NAFTA challenge it has spawned. In this article, the factual backdrop of the case is described, the NAFTA challenge analyzed, and the implications of the challenge for tort reform are discussed.
Clinical application of coagulographic studies.

Interest in problems of blood coagulation has been enhanced by the wider employment of chemical, biologic, and physical agents that alter the normal processes of coagulation and lysis, either for therapeutic purposes or as toxic side effects; the increasing scope and magnitude of surgical operations; the use of extracorporeal bypass or perfusion procedures that require that the blood of the subject be rendered incoagulable initially and subsequently restored to normal; and the availability of more specific methods of diagnosis and treatment. Although much progress has been made in research in blood coagulation, a gap continues to exist in applying this knowledge to clinical problems. With adequate instrumentation any laboratory can perform a wide spectrum of coagulation studies with the use of standardizable, fairly simple test procedures, the results of which can be interpreted by physicians who are not necessarily experts in coagulation work.
A Comment on “A Socioeconomic Model for the Prediction of Societal Rates of Property Theft”

Illinois School Directory (1950-51, 1954-55, 1958-59, 1962-63, 1966-67, 1970-71). Springfield, Illinois: Department of Textbooks and Publications. U.S. Post Office Department. Annual Report of the Postmaster General (Fiscal Year 1950). Washington: Government Printing Office, 1950. U.S. Post Office Department. Directory of Post Offices (1959, 1963, 1966, 1970). Washington: Government Printing Office. U.S. Post Office Department. U.S. Postal Guide, Part I, Quarterly Supplement (July and October 1954). Washington: Government Printing Office, 1954.
How variable is recruitment for exploited marine fishes? A hierarchical model for testing life history theory

Recruitment often varies substantially in fish populations, and residual variability may have serial autocorrelation due to environmental effects even after accounting for a stock–recruitment relat...
Numerical Study of Noise Characteristics in Overexpanded Jet Flows

Abstract : Noise characteristics in shock-containing jets at an overexpanded jet condition have been investigated. Total temperature ratios of 1.0 (cold), 2.0, and 3.0 are considered. The cold jet is a highly screeching jet. Frequency-wavenumber Fourier analysis is employed to examine the wave characteristics of pressure waves along the lip line and also along a near-field conical surface. It is found that the radiating portion of the pressure wave intensity increases with the jet temperature, but the hydrodynamic portion is much less sensitive to the change of the jet temperature. The near-field noise intensity associated with the Mach wave radiation is observed over a large axial distance, and the Mach wave radiation extends to much higher frequencies in heated jets. The peak radiation direction in the cold jet is dominated by the axisymmetric mode, but the directions around the sideline show a much weaker azimuthal dependence. Furthermore, the axial locations of lip-line pressure peak intensities at the screech frequency are near the axial locations of shock-cell tips. A reinforcing loop between upstream/downstream propagating waves and the induced shock-cell coherent oscillatory motion is observed in the highly screeching jet. The formation of this reinforcing loop requires a match of the peak phase velocities between upstream and downstream propagating waves. This phase velocity match exists in the highly screeching cold jet, but not in the weakly screeching heated jets. It appears that the phase velocity match that sustains the reinforcing loop is important to the screech generation, and the phase velocity mismatch in heated jets is believed to be an important cause of the screech intensity reduction.
Solute-Vacancy Interactions in Nickel

Solute trapping of vacancies in a Ni host lattice is a first step to understanding how solute additions may effect ordering phase transformation in Ni-based alloys. Minor additions of solutes (<3 wt.%) may not have an appreciable effect on the thermodynamics of phase stability but strong binding between the vacancy and solute may significantly alter the kinetics of phase transformations. In this work vacancy-solute binding energies are calculated for multiple elements (Cr, Fe, Mn, Si, Ti, Nb, Ta, Cu, Al, Mo) in a pure Ni face-centered cubic lattice. These elements are common in corrosion-resistant Ni-based alloys. Binding enthalpies for the first four nearest-neighbor vacancy-solute pairs are reported for all elements. The results of this study show that Si, Ti, Nb and Ta bind to vacancies in the first nearest-neighbor position. Alloys containing these solute additions may experience delayed phase transformation due to vacancy trapping that slows diffusion.
The value of energy storage in decarbonizing the electricity sector

Abstract Electrical energy storage could play an important role in decarbonizing the electricity sector by offering a new, carbon-free source of operational flexibility, improving the utilization of generation assets, and facilitating the integration of variable renewable energy sources. Yet, the future cost of energy storage technologies is uncertain, and the value that they can bring to the system depends on multiple factors. Moreover, the marginal value of storage diminishes as more energy storage capacity is deployed. To explore the potential value of energy storage in deep decarbonization of the electricity sector, we assess the impact of increasing levels of energy storage capacity on both power system operations and investments in generation capacity using a generation capacity expansion model with detailed unit commitment constraints. In a case study of a system with load and renewable resource characteristics from the U.S. state of Texas, we find that energy storage delivers value by increasing the cost-effective penetration of renewable energy, reducing total investments in nuclear power and gas-fired peaking units, and improving the utilization of all installed capacity. However, we find that the value delivered by energy storage with a 2-hour storage capacity only exceeds current technology costs under strict emissions limits, implying that substantial cost reductions in battery storage are needed to justify large-scale deployment. In contrast, storage resources with a 10-hour storage capacity deliver value consistent with the current cost of pumped hydroelectric storage. In general, while energy storage appears essential to enable decarbonization strategies dependent on very high shares of wind and solar energy, storage is not a requisite if a diverse mix of flexible, low-carbon power sources is employed, including flexible nuclear power.
Using the Inquiry Process to Motivate and Engage all (Including Struggling) Readers

ABSTRACTWith increasingly rigorous standards and mounting high stakes testing, it seems harder than ever to motivate and engage struggling readers. In this article the authors provide an overview of the inquiry learning process, which details how providing students with choice and opportunities to collaborate with peers can keep students invested in their own learning and progress. Within the framework of standards and/or a unit of study, students are coached toward choosing a personally meaningful research question in which they are given freedom to explore the answer through a variety of self-selected texts. Inquiry learning can be woven into already existing units of study or can be used to create an entirely new classroom project. The authors walk readers through the inquiry process with a teacher vignette that provides a step-by-step plan that can be implemented in any classroom.
Nonlinear Measurements of a Microwave Time-Varying Load

When a high power microwave load is changing in time due to either microwave heating effect, or an environmental weathering effect, or a manual tuning of the load at high power level, or a manual sweeping of microwave power, the changing complex impedance (both magnitude and phase) is generally very difficult to monitored in real time. This paper reports an experimental result of the real-time nonlinear measurements of a standard time varying load operated at medium high power levels. The technique used is a well developed three-probe automatic impedance tracking measurement system. The real time nonlinear measurement capacity of the system is seen to be excellent. The error of measurements when the power level is changed while the load is kept constant is estimated to be within a few percents.
Transparent Web Service Auditing via Network Provenance Functions

Detecting and explaining the nature of attacks in distributed web services is often difficult -- determining the nature of suspicious activity requires following the trail of an attacker through a chain of heterogeneous software components including load balancers, proxies, worker nodes, and storage services. Unfortunately, existing forensic solutions cannot provide the necessary context to link events across complex workflows, particularly in instances where application layer semantics (e.g., SQL queries, RPCs) are needed to understand the attack. In this work, we present a transparent provenance-based approach for auditing web services through the introduction of Network Provenance Functions (NPFs). NPFs are a distributed architecture for capturing detailed data provenance for web service components, leveraging the key insight that mediation of an application's protocols can be used to infer its activities without requiring invasive instrumentation or developer cooperation. We design and implement NPF with consideration for the complexity of modern cloud-based web services, and evaluate our architecture against a variety of applications including DVDStore, RUBiS, and WikiBench to show that our system imposes as little as 9.3% average end-to-end overhead on connections for realistic workloads. Finally, we consider several scenarios in which our system can be used to concisely explain attacks. NPF thus enables the hassle-free deployment of semantically rich provenance-based auditing for complex applications workflows in the Cloud.
The Quantitative Relation

In this chapter, Hegel examines three types of quantitative relations, which are also called “ratios.” For reasons that appear to be frivolous, he deems the direct and inverse ratios deficient, indeterminate, or otherwise contradictory. Consequently, he advances to the ratio of powers which, he claims, exhibits the characteristic of being-for-itself. This further means that quantity determines itself qualitatively. From this result, Hegel deduces the conclusion that quality and quantity are internally related, and that their essential relation gives us the category of measure.
Allometric scaling of body mass in running economy data: An important consideration in modeling marathon performance

The purpose of this study was to compare metabolic variables during submaximal running as predictors of marathon performance. Running economy (RE) and respiratory exchange ratio (RER) data were gathered during a 30 min incremental treadmill run completed within 2 weeks prior to running a 42.2-km marathon. Paces during the treadmill run progressed every 5 min from 75-100% of 10-km race velocity. Variables at each stage were analyzed as predictors of relative marathon performance (RMP) in competitive (COMP) and recreational (REC) runners. Twenty-nine runners were classified as COMP (n = 12; age 30 ± 8 years) or REC (n =17; age 20 ± 1 year) based on performance in shorter races. RMP was calculated as percent difference from predicted marathon finish time. Two methods of calculating RE were used: unscaled (ml . kg -1. km -1 ) and with allometric scaling of body mass (ml . kg -0.75. km -1 ). The COMP runners were significantly more economical than REC ( p =0.005; p =0.015 with scaling). For the whole population, RE with and without scaling was significantly correlated with RMP. Within groups, RMP was not significantly correlated with RE unless scaling was used: COMP runners at 75% ( p =0.044), 80% ( p =0.040), and REC runners at 85% ( p =0.038). Runners classified as COMP were more economical than REC, but RER was not different. The use of allometric scaling is important when assessing homogeneous groups. In this study, allometrically-scaled RE at 80-85% of 10-km velocity was the best predictor of RMP within groups.
SBRT for Hepatocellular Carcinoma: 8-Year Experience from a Regional Transplant Center.

The study aimed to evaluate stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in patients not eligible for liver transplant (LT). We retrospectively identified transplant-ineligible HCC patients treated with SBRT to the liver between 2004 and 2013. Our primary endpoint was overall survival (OS). We also report treatment toxicities using CTCAE 3.0, radiographic response, and patterns of failure. We identified 93 patients with median age at SBRT of 65.8 years. Forty-six percent were classified as Child-Pugh B or C and 85% had an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status of 1–2. After SBRT, 86% of patients experienced no or mild treatment-related adverse events. Only 8% of patients experienced grade 3 and 2% of patients experienced grade 4 adverse events. Overall radiographic response was complete in 1.2%, partial in 35.4%, stable in 43.9%, and progressive disease in 19.5%. Median OS was 8.8 months with 1-, 2-, and 3-year OS rates of 38.0, 29.8 and 21.2%, respectively. The Cancer of the Liver Italian Program (CLIP) score was found to strongly correlate with survival. Median OS for patients with CLIP scores of 0, 1, 2, and 3 was 21.1, 8.5, 5.1, and 7.1 months, respectively (p = 0.003). Our series demonstrates that SBRT is generally safe for HCC patients, even those with advanced liver failure. Although survival is generally poor, we were able to identify a group of patients with good liver function and early tumor stage who can achieve median OS of close to 2 years with SBRT.
The future of cardiac transplantation

The first human-to-human heart transplant was performed 50 years ago in 1967. Heart transplantation has now entered an era of tremendous growth and innovation. The future of heart transplantation is bright with the advent of newer immunosuppressive medications and strategies that may even result in tolerance. Much of this progress in heart transplant medicine is predicated on a better understanding of acute and chronic rejection pathways through basic science studies. The future will also include personalized medicine where genomics and molecular science will dictate customized treatment for optimal outcomes. The introduction of mechanical circulatory support (MCS) devices has changed the landscape for patients with severe heart failure to stabilize the most ill patient and make them better candidates for heart transplant. As ex vivo preservation takes hold, we may witness an expansion of the donor pool through the use of donation after cardiac death (DCD) donors. In addition, further geographical donor heart sharing through ex vivo preservation may further decrease waitlist mortality by enabling longer distance donor hearts to be allocated for the sickest waitlist patient. It is no doubt an exciting time to be involved in the field of heart transplantation. In this perspective, we will summarize the present state of heart transplantation and discuss various innovations that are being pursued.
LuBan: Low-Cost and In-Situ Droplet Micro-Sensing for Inkjet 3D Printing Quality Assurance

Inkjet 3D printing is a disruptive manufacturing technology in emerging metal- and bio-printing applications. The nozzle of the printer deposits tiny liquid droplets, which are subsequently solidified on a target location. Due to the elegant concept of micro-droplet deposition, inkjet 3D printing is capable of achieving a sub-millimeter scale manufacturing resolution. However, the droplet deposition process is dynamic and uncertain which imposes a significant challenge on quality assurance of inkjet 3D printing in terms of product reproducibility and process repeatability. To this end, we present Luban as a certification tool to examine the printing quality in the inkjet printing process. Luban is a new low-cost and in-situ droplet micro-sensing system that can precisely detect, analyze and localize a droplet. Specifically, we present a novel tiny object sensing method by exploiting the computational light beam field and its sensitive interference effect. The realization of Luban is associated with two technical thrusts. First, we study integral sensing, i.e., a new scheme towards computational light beam field sensing, to efficiently extract droplet location information. This sensing scheme offers a new in-situ droplet sensing modality, which can promote the information acquisition efficiency and reduce the sensing cost compared to prior approaches. Second, we characterize interference effect of the computational light beam field and develop an efficient integration-domain droplet location estimation algorithm. We design and implement Luban in a real inkjet 3D printing system with commercially off-the-shelf devices, which costs less than a hundred dollars. Experimental results in both simulation and real-world evaluation show that Luban can reach the certification precision of a sub-millimeter scale with a 99% detection accuracy of defect droplets; furthermore, the enabled in-situ certification throughput is as high as over 700 droplets per second. Therefore, the performance of our Luban system can meet the quality assurance requirements (e.g., cost-effective, in-situ, high-accuracy and high-throughput) in general industrial applications.
Mechanism of Action of Estrogen and its Relationship to Toxicological Assessment

Estrogens are steroid hormones, produced primarily by the ovary, which are necessary for normal reproductive function in the female of the species. Yet, estrogens may also be toxic substances under certain circumstances. The fine line between normal physiological function and toxicological outcome has made testing of such compounds a difficult task. The purpose of this paper is to relate the normal physiological actions of estrogens to their toxicological assessment.
The Semantic Hierarchy in Robot Learning

We have been exploring an approach to robot learning based on a hierarchy of types of knowledge of the robot''s senses, actions, and spatial environment. This approach grew out of a computational model of the human cognitive map that exploited the distinction between procedural, topological, and metrical knowledge of large-scale space. More recently, Kuipers and Byun extended this semantic hierarchy approach to continuous sensorimotor interaction with a continuous environment, demonstrating the fundamental role of identification of distinctive places in robot spatial learning. Our current research extends the semantic hierarchy framework in three directions: * We are testing the hypothesis that the semantic hierarchy approach will scale up naturally from simulated to physical robots. We expect that it will significantly simplify the robot''s sensorimotor interaction with the world. * We are demonstrating how the semantic hierarchy, and the learned topological and metrical cognitive map, supports learning of motion control lows, leading incrementally from low-speed, friction-dominated motion to high-speed, momentum dominated motion. * We are developing methods whereby a tabula rasa robot can explore and learn the properties of an initially uninterpreted sensorimotor system, to the point where it can define ad execute control laws, identify distinctive places and paths, and hence reach the first level of the spatial semantic hierarchy. If these goals can be achieved, we will have formulated a comprehensive computational model of the representation, learning and use of a substantial body of knowledge about space and action. In addition to the intrinsic value of this knowledge, the semantic hierarchy approach should be useful in modeling other domains.
Low-gravity experiment sensitivity to residual acceleration - A review

Work related to the analysis of experiment sensitivity to residual acceleration experienced in LEO spacecraft is reviewed. Most of the work discussed concerns heat, mass, and momentum transfer in fluid physics and materials science experiments. On the basis of the current understanding of experiment sensitivity, it is concluded that, in general, experimenters should be concerned about the effect of residual acceleration, and that careful modeling included as part of an experiment program will enable optimal use of the limited experiment time available in space.
The Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure: a Useful Measure of Organizational Skills for Adolescents with ADHD?

Deficits in organization, time management, and planning (OTMP) abilities are common in adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and contribute to impairment. Assessment of these skills is vital, but few measures have been validated for youth with ADHD. The Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure (ROCF) task is frequently used in research and clinical settings despite limited validity evidence. The present study evaluated whether ROCF performance, as scored via the Boston Qualitative Scoring System, exhibited validity as a measure of OTMP skills in a large (N = 285) sample of adolescents comprehensively diagnosed with ADHD. ROCF performance exhibited minimal associations with measures of OTMP, executive functioning, or aspects of academic impairment affected by OTMP abilities; all correlations were nonsignificant after accounting for the influence of intelligence. Further, ROCF task performance did not differ by ADHD presentation or medication status. Correlations with other variables that may be confounded with ROCF performance (anxiety symptoms, depressive symptoms, parent education) also demonstrated nonsignificant correlations with all BQSS scores. The ROCF may not adequately capture OTMP abilities of adolescents with ADHD; future directions for the assessment of OTMP skills are discussed.
Regulation and Distribution

This Article tackles a question that has vexed the administrative state for the last half century: how to seriously take account of the distributional consequences of regulation. The academic literature has largely accepted the view that distributional concerns should be moved out of the regulatory domain and into Congress’ tax policy portfolio. In doing so, it has overlooked the fact that tax policy is ill suited to provide compensation for significant environmental, health, and safety harms. And the congressional gridlock that has bedeviled us for several decades makes this enterprise even more of a non-starter. The focus on negative distributional consequences has become particularly salient recently, playing a significant role in the 2016 presidential election and threatening important, socially beneficial regulatory measures. For example, on opposite sides of the political spectrum, environmental justice groups and coal miner interests have forcefully opposed the regulation of greenhouse gases through flexible regulatory tools, in California and at the federal level, respectively. The time has come to make distributional consequences a core concern of the regulatory state; otherwise, future socially beneficial regulations could well encounter significant roadblocks. The success of this enterprise requires significant institutional changes in the way in which distributional issues are handled within the Executive Branch. Every President from Ronald Reagan to Barack Obama has made cost-benefit analysis a key feature of the regulatory state as a result of the role played by the Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs, and the Trump Administration is keeping that structure in place. In contrast, executive orders addressing distributional concerns have languished because of the lack of a similar enforcement structure within the Executive Branch. This Article provides the blueprint for the establishment of a standing, broadly constituted interagency body charged with addressing serious negative consequences of regulatory measures on particular groups. Poor or minority communities already disproportionally burdened by environmental harms and communities that lose a significant portion of their employment base are paradigmatic candidates for such action.
Southern California Coastal Response to the 2015–2016 El Niño

Author(s): Young, Adam P; Flick, Reinhard E; Gallien, Timu W; Giddings, Sarah N; Guza, R. T; Harvey, M.; Lenain, Luc; Ludka, B. C; Melville, W. Kendall; O'Reilly, W. C
How Much Weight Loss Can Be Expected After Treating Mandibular Fractures

Purpose Surgeons treating facial trauma are faced with a dilemma: Fracture healing requires a tremendous energy expenditure, yet the treatments for mandibular fractures commonly include dietary limitations. Despite this, almost no studies have attempted to quantify the effect of fracture treatments on patient weight. The purposes of this study were to quantify the effect that mandibular fractures and their treatment have on a patient's weight and to identify risk factors associated with an increased change in weight. Materials and Methods A retrospective cohort study was designed. The patients were considered eligible for inclusion if they sustained a mandibular fracture and had at least 1 follow-up visit within 4 weeks after the fracture from August 1, 2012, to April 30, 2015. The study variables were time since presentation, age, gender, open versus closed treatment, and trauma intensive care unit (TICU) stay. The outcome variable of interest was the percentage weight change from baseline. A linear mixed model was used to analyze the data. Results A total of 439 patients met the inclusion criteria during the study period. In the final linear mixed model, TICU stay had a significant effect whereas open versus closed treatment did not have a significant effect. The final model predicted a peak weight loss of 4.9% of the initial body weight by day 49. For patients admitted to the TICU, the peak weight loss was 8.8%. Conclusions During the course of treatment of mandibular fractures, patients lost an average of almost 5% of their body weight. Closed reduction was not associated with an increased change in weight; however, a stay in the TICU was associated with an increase in weight loss. Further studies will be directed at correlating declining weight with outcomes.
Recurrent Embedding Kernel for Predicting Stock Daily Direction

Stock price movement is typically affected by a lot of hidden factors. Predicting stock price direction, especially short-term direction, is very challenging and consistently attracts researches. Deep recurrent neural networks, such as Long Short-Term Memory, typically outperform statistical time series models and traditional machine learning approaches with their mechanisms of learning to vectorize historical information. However, encoding entire history into a vector may unavoidably causes information loss regardless of memory learning and updating mechanisms, especially for those tasks where decisions need to be made on the current time point and similar historical time points are of great references to the decision making. In this paper, we propose a new deep architecture called Recurrent Embedding Kernel (REK) that can learn to make optimal decisions by referring to the entire history instead of just current memory vectors. Experimental results on multiple stock ETFs with different long-term trends show that REK outperforms RNN, LSTM, and GRU, on predicting daily price direction.
Moral perception, inference, and intuition

Sarah McGrath argues that moral perception has an advantage over its rivals in its ability to explain ordinary moral knowledge. I disagree. After clarifying what the moral perceptualist is and is not committed to, I argue that rival views are both more numerous and more plausible than McGrath suggests: specifically, I argue that (a) inferentialism can be defended against McGrath’s objections; (b) if her arguments against inferentialism succeed, we should accept a different rival that she neglects, intuitionism; and (c), reductive epistemologists can appeal to non-naturalist commitments to avoid McGrath’s counterexamples.
Graphene synthesized in atmospheric plasmas—A review

This article reviews the state of the art in the gas-phase synthesis of graphene in atmospheric plasmas. The substrate-free process involves the delivery of a carbon-containing precursor into a microwave-generated Ar plasma. Factors that influence the synthesis of graphene include precursor composition, reactor design, and the flow rates of gases. These factors have elucidated the mechanisms of graphene formation in atmospheric plasmas. Gas phase–synthesized graphene is pure and highly ordered and possesses unique features that make the material useful in applications such as catalysis, energy storage, lubrication, and the transmission electron microscopy imaging of nanomaterials. However, the main challenge in the synthesis process is the low rate of graphene production. This article anticipates future research aimed at overcoming this challenge and compares the atmospheric plasma method with contemporary graphene production techniques.
Using the cover crop N calculator for adaptive nitrogen fertilizer management: a proof of concept

Legume cover crops can supply a significant amount of nitrogen (N) for cash crops, which is particularly important for organic farmers. Because N mineralization from cover crop residue depends on the amount of biomass, cover crop quality, as well as environmental conditions such as soil moisture and temperature, predicting the amount of N mineralized and the timing of release has been difficult. We have developed a Cover Crop Nitrogen Calculator based on the N subroutine of the CERES crop model and evaluated the use of the predicted N credits on yields of fall broccoli [Brassica oleracea L. (Italica group)] at a research farm and two working farms. Research farm trials consisted of a cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.) cover crop and no cover crop treatments, each at four N rates (0N, 0.5N, 1N and 1.5N, with 1N the target N rate of 112 kg N ha−1 in 2013 and 168 kg N ha−1 in 2014 and 2015) in a randomized complete block design. On-farm trials consisted of a cowpea or sunn hemp (Crotolaria juncea L.) cover crop at four N rates (0N, 0.5N, 1N and 1.5N) and no cover crop treatment at the 1N rate in a completely randomized design. Cover crop biomass and quality (N%, carbohydrates%, cellulose% and lignin%) were measured and used with a 5-yr average soil moisture and soil temperature from a local weather station to predict an N credit. In the cover crop treatments, the N rate was modified by the predicted credit, while the no cover crop treatment received the full N fertilizer rate either as feathermeal (certified organic fields) or as urea (conventional field). At the research farm, broccoli yield increased up to the 0.5N rate, and there was no difference in yield between the no cover 0.5N rate and the cover crop 0.5N rate in 2013, 2014 and 2105. On-farm, we saw an N response in two site-years. In these site-years, there was no difference between the no cover 1N rate and the cover crop 1N rate. At the third site-year, no N response was seen. Overall, our results showed using the cover crop credit predicted by the Calculator did not reduce yields. The use of a decision support tool such as the Calculator may help farmers better manage N fertilizer when cover crops are used, and increase cover crop adoption.
Tunable gap plasmons in gold nanospheres adsorbed into a pH-responsive polymer film

Abstract Hypothesis Plasmon nanorulers are exquisitely sensitive distance sensors that are based on the electromagnetic interaction between metal nanoparticles and surfaces. We hypothesize that nanorulers can act as quantitative probes of processes such as particle aggregation and adsorption, and deploy them to investigate particle adsorption onto stimulus-responsive polymer films. While such systems have previously been qualitatively investigated with plasmon nanorulers, our quantitative analysis should provide deeper insights. Experiment Gold nanospheres are adsorbed from solution onto pH-responsive, amine-rich polyelectrolyte multilayer (PEM) films that are either directly deposited on a gold substrate or onto an intermediate self-assembled monolayer (SAM) of charged thiols. Fitting the optical scattering spectrum to a full-wave calculation, we quantify the sphere-substrate gap distance with good accuracy. Findings We find that the gold spheres partially embed into the PEMs rather than ride on top of them, and that although the amount of actuation of the spheres afforded by tuning the pH is well controlled, it is significantly smaller than the corresponding thickness changes in unstrained films. Further, the presence of a SAM below the PEM increases the amount of polymer in the PEM, except for the thickest and most highly charged films, where the SAM instead appears to displace from the area below the nanospheres.
Efficacy of Entrepreneurial Training Programs: Do They Make a Difference for Experienced Entrepreneurs?

Though pervasive and popular, entrepreneurial training programs do not have a systemized, established approach for evaluating their efficacy. Therefore, the effectiveness of the programs is not well understood, and the need to assess entrepreneurial training for experienced entrepreneurs is pressing. This study’s objective was to provide a strategy to use in judging entrepreneurial training efficacy employing frameworks and models available in entrepreneurial training and education, as well as organizational and management theories, such as the Theory of Planned Behavior. The research question was, "What is the efficacy of entrepreneurial training programs for experienced business owners." A conceptual model and propositions are presented as an inductive approach for future programs, along with the research findings on the efficacy of an entrepreneurial training program from the perspective of experienced business owners. The contribution of the study towards developing effective entrepreneurial training programs for experienced business owners is explored.
Deep Casa for Talker-independent Monaural Speech Separation

Monaural speech separation is the task of separating target speech from interference in single-channel recordings. Although substantial progress has been made recently in deep learning based speech separation, previous studies usually focus on a single type of interference, either background noise or competing speakers. In this study, we address both speech and nonspeech interference, i.e., monaural speaker separation in noise, in a talker-independent fashion. We extend a recently proposed deep CASA system to deal with noisy speaker mixtures. To facilitate speech enhancement, a denoising module is added to deep CASA as a front-end processor. The proposed systems achieve state-of-the-art results on a benchmark noisy two-speaker separation dataset. The denoising module leads to substantial performance gain across various noise types, and even better generalization in noise-free conditions.
A comparison study between the Lennard-Jones and DRIP potentials for friction of graphene layers

Abstract Graphene is a promising solid lubricant, in particular for small-length scale devices such as nano/micro-electro-mechanical systems. Atomistic simulations such as molecular dynamics is a popular tool to study the frictional behaviors of graphene layers and it is of critical importance to accurately describe the interlayer interactions in order to give a reliable prediction on the friction of graphene. In this study, the interlayer interactions between graphene layers are examined by using two interatomic potentials, Lennard-Jones (LJ) potential and dihedral-angle-corrected registry-dependent interlayer (DRIP) potential, in the molecular dynamics simulations of friction sliding of multilayer graphene structures. While both potentials have the identical attractive interactions, DRIP models the repulsive interaction by registry-dependent modifiers considering transverse distance and dihedral angle. The sliding simulations mimic the atomic force microscope experiment and are carried out in the zigzag (ZZ) and armchair (AC) directions. The simulation results reveal that the friction forces of the DRIP models are about one order of magnitude larger than those of the LJ models in both sliding directions. It turns out that the modification of the repulsive term in DRIP introduces additional energy corrugations which increase the friction force. Moreover, it is found that the sliding direction is another important factor on friction force of graphene layers so that in both LJ and DRIP models the friction force in the AC sliding direction is about two to three times larger than that of the ZZ sliding.
Kriging-based reliability analysis considering predictive uncertainty reduction

Over the past decade, several acquisition functions have been proposed for kriging-based reliability analysis. Each of these acquisition functions can be used to identify an optimal sequence of samples to be included in the kriging model. However, no single acquisition function provides better performance over the others in all cases. Further, the best-performing acquisition function can change at different iterations over the sequential sampling process. To address this problem, this paper proposes a new acquisition function, namely expected uncertainty reduction (EUR), that serves as a meta-criterion to select the best sample from a set of optimal samples, each identified from a large number of candidate samples according to the criterion of an acquisition function. EUR does not rely on the local utility measure derived based on the kriging posterior of a performance function as most existing acquisition functions do. Instead, EUR directly quantifies the expected reduction of the uncertainty in the prediction of limit-state function by adding an optimal sample. The uncertainty reduction is quantified by sampling over the kriging posterior. In the proposed EUR-based sequential sampling process, a portfolio that consists of four acquisition functions is first employed to suggest four optimal samples at each iteration of sequential sampling. Each of these samples is optimal with respect to the selection criterion of the corresponding acquisition function. Then, EUR is employed as the meta-criterion to identify the best sample among those optimal samples. The results from two mathematical and one practical case studies show that (1) EUR-based sequential sampling can perform as well as or outperform the single use of any acquisition function in the portfolio, and (2) the best-performing acquisition function may change from one problem to another or even from one iteration to the next within a problem.
Test and Yield Loss Reduction of AI and Deep Learning Accelerators

With data-driven analytics becoming mainstream, the global demand for dedicated AI and Deep Learning accelerator chips is soaring. These accelerators, designed with densely packed Processing Elements (PE), are especially vulnerable to the manufacturing defects and functional faults common in the advanced semiconductor process nodes resulting in significant yield loss. In this work, we demonstrate an application-driven methodology of binning the AI accelerator chips, and yield loss reduction by correlating the circuit faults in the PEs of the accelerator with the desired accuracy of the target AI workload. We exploit the inherent fault tolerance features of trained deep learning models and a strategy of selective deactivation of faulty PEs to develop the presented yield loss reduction and test methodology. An analytical relationship is derived between fault location, fault rate, and the AI task’s accuracy for deciding if the accelerator chip can pass the final yield test. A yield-loss reduction aware fault isolation, ATPG, and test flow are presented for the multiply and accumulate units of the PEs. Results obtained with widely used AI/deep learning benchmarks demonstrate that the accelerators can sustain 5% fault-rate in PE arrays while suffering from less than 1% accuracy loss, thus enabling product-binning and yield loss reduction of these chips.