cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Druze and the Jews in Mandatory Palestine, 1917–1947

The collapse of the Ottoman Empire and the British conquest of Palestine in 1917–18 marked the beginning of a new era in the region.1 No longer an Ottoman province, but part of the British Empire, the area and its future had changed direction. For the Palestinians, British rule brought the enactment of the Balfour Declaration and the legitimization of a ‘Jewish home’ in Palestine. Although Zionism had been a political force in Palestine since the end of the 1870s, the Balfour Declaration greatly strengthened the Zionist hand, and the voices of protest raised in Palestinian political circles against Jewish immigration from Europe became more strident. The period that followed saw an increasing tension between the Palestinian and Jewish communities which was expressed in several outbreaks of violence and which culminated in the Arab-Israeli war of 1947–49 and the establishment of the State of Israel. This chapter will focus on the Druze-Jewish relationship during that period and discuss how the links formed between the two communities served as the basis of Druze co-operation with the Jewish forces during the 1947–49 war.
Resident-Managed Elder Intentional Neighborhoods: Do They Promote Social Resources for Older Adults?

ABSTRACTSocial isolation has serious negative public health impacts for older adults. Survey data were collected at three resident-managed elder intentional neighborhoods in the United States (n = 59), to determine if these neighborhoods, each based on the cohousing model, promote development of social resources for their residents. Social resources were measured on three dimensions: social networks, neighborly support, and satisfaction with the neighborhood community. Respondents were White, mean age of 73.3 (range = 63–91), primarily female (76.3%), and generally had high levels of education and self-reported health. Almost half (47%) were never married/divorced and 37% were childless. Inclusion of neighborhood ties ameliorated risk of social isolation. Satisfaction with support and a variety of neighboring behaviors were reported. These neighborhoods are meeting the needs of a potentially at-risk population as an avenue to promote social resources and reduce social isolation. The implications for geron...
Evidence of Ultrafast Charge Transfer Driven by Coherent Lattice Vibrations.

We report evidence that intermolecular vibrations coherently drive charge transfer between the sites of a material on ultrafast time scales. Following a nonresonant stimulated Raman pump pulse that excites the organic material quinhydrone, we observe the initial appearance of oscillations due to intermolecular lattice vibrations and then the delayed appearance of a higher-frequency oscillation that we assign to a totally symmetric intramolecular vibration. We use the coherent dynamics of the transient reflectivity signal to propose that coherence transfer drives excitation of this intramolecular vibration. Furthermore, we conclude that the dynamical frequency shift of the intramolecular vibration reports the formation of a quasi-stable charge-separated state on ultrafast time scales. We calculate model dynamics using the extended Hubbard Hamiltonian to explain coherence transfer due to vibrationally driven charge transfer. These results demonstrate that the coherent excitation of low-frequency vibrations ...
Hodgkin lymphoma mimicking lung abscess.

![Figure][1] A 43-year-old woman with tobacco use and asthma was admitted to the hospital for dyspnea, productive cough, and fever. A computed tomography (CT) scan of her chest showed a large cavitary mass concerning for lung abscess or malignancy. On physical examination, the patient was
Environmental Economics for Tree Huggers and Other Skeptics

(2007). Environmental Economics for Tree Huggers and Other Skeptics. Journal of Economic Issues: Vol. 41, No. 4, pp. 1180-1182.
The three Rs: Parental risk management strategies in the International Secondary Education Market

ABSTRACTRisk permeates all aspects of modern life, and the International Secondary Education Market (ISEM) is no exception. Drawing on empirical data, this paper considers a specific type of risk: namely, the potential loss of cultural identity, which Nigerian parents associate with educating their children in the West. This paper argues that Nigerian families employ three key risk management strategies (the Right time; the Right country; and the Right school – or the 3Rs) in their attempt to mitigate and/or avoid this perceived risk. Adopting a broadly socio-cultural analysis of risk, the paper argues that parents’ understanding of risk as well as the type of risk management strategy they use are shaped by socio-cultural factors such as religion, gender, and social class. Data from the study indicate that cultural and religious beliefs influence which of their children parents choose to invest in, and in which country they chose to educate them, as certain bodies are rendered more “risky” and in need of ...
A single‐session growth mindset intervention for adolescent anxiety and depression: 9‐month outcomes of a randomized trial

Background Single-session interventions (SSIs) show promise in the prevention and treatment of youth psychopathology, carrying potential to improve the scalability and accessibility of youth psychological services. However, existing SSIs have conferred greater benefits for youths with anxiety, compared to depression or comorbid problems, and their effects have generally waned over time – particularly for follow-ups exceeding 3 months. Method To help address these discrepancies, we tested whether a novel SSI teaching growth mindset of personality (the belief that personality is malleable) could reduce depression and anxiety and strengthen perceived control in high-risk adolescents (N = 96, ages 12–15). At baseline, youths were randomized to receive a 30-min, computer-guided growth mindset intervention or a supportive-therapy control. Youths and parents reported youth anxiety and depressive symptoms, and youths reported their levels of perceived control, at baseline and across a 9-month follow-up period. Results Compared to the control program, the mindset intervention led to significantly greater improvements in parent-reported youth depression (d = .60) and anxiety (d = .28), youth-reported youth depression (d = .32), and youth-reported perceived behavioral control (d = .29) by 9-month follow-up. Intervention effects were nonsignificant for youth-reported anxiety, although 9-month effect sizes reached the small-to-medium range (d = .33). Intervention group youths also experienced more rapid improvements in parent-reported depression, youth-reported depression, and perceived behavioral control across the follow-up period, compared to control group youths. Conclusions Findings suggest a promising, scalable SSI for reducing internalizing distress in high-risk adolescents. Clinical Trial Registration Number: NCT03132298.
Relationships of Stress, Locus of Control, and Social Support to Psychiatric Symptoms and Propensity to Leave a Job: A Field Study with Managers

This study tested the main effects of (1) locus of control and social support on job stress; of (2) stress, locus of control, and social support on strain; and of (3) of stress, locus of control, social support, and strain on propensity to leave a job. The study also tested the moderating effects of locus of control and social support on the stress-strain relationship. These effects were tested with questionnaire data collected from a random sample of 288 managers. Results from hierarchical regression analyses found general support for the effects related to locus of control but not social support. A major implication for the findings is that managers who possess high internal locus of control personality should be particularly selected for positions which involve high stress.
Reward Seeking and Self-Regulation: Changing the Environment to Prevent Adolescent Pregnancy.

The author discusses the issue of reward and self-control in pregnancy prevention among teenagers. She mentions the role of decision making in youth, their concepts of risk, reward, and control, and the availability of long-acting reversible contraception to reduce the risk of pregnancy.
The Need for Privacy Torts in an Era of Ubiquitous Disclosure and Surveillance

The distinction between private vis a vis public is central to human society. Not surprisingly, the application of such a binary framework to the complexity of life presents conceptual challenges concerning the private sphere and the right to privacy. From a legal perspective, these challenges are complicated by the distinction between public law involving the state and private law governing areas like property, contract, and tort. Partly as a result of these problems, there are fundamental disagreements concerning the nature and value of privacy. These disagreements complicate the development and application of a “right to privacy” in the context of rapidly evolving digital technology.
Sex-specific differences in hepatic steatosis in obese spontaneously hypertensive (SHROB) rats

Patients with metabolic syndrome, who are characterized by co-existence of insulin resistance, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and obesity, are also prone to develop non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Although the prevalence and severity of NAFLD is significantly greater in men than women, the mechanisms by which gender modulates the pathogenesis of hepatic steatosis are poorly defined. The obese spontaneously hypertensive (SHROB) rats represent an attractive model of metabolic syndrome without overt type 2 diabetes. Although pathological manifestation caused by the absence of a functional leptin receptor has been extensively studied in SHROB rats, it is unknown whether these animals elicited sex-specific differences in the development of hepatic steatosis. We compared hepatic pathology in male and female SHROB rats. Additionally, we examined key biochemical and molecular parameters of signaling pathways linked with hyperinsulinemia and hyperlipidemia. Finally, using methods of quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and western blot analysis, we quantified expression of 45 genes related to lipid biosynthesis and metabolism in the livers of male and female SHROB rats. We show that all SHROB rats developed hepatic steatosis that was accompanied by enhanced expression of SREBP1, SREBP2, ACC1, and FASN proteins. The livers of male rats also elicited higher induction of Pparg, Ppara, Slc2a4, Atox1, Skp1, Angptl3, and Pnpla3 mRNAs. In contrast, the livers of female SHROB rats elicited constitutively higher levels of phosphorylated JNK and AMPK and enhanced expression of Cd36. Based on these data, we conclude that the severity of hepatic steatosis in male and female SHROB rats was mainly driven by increased de novo lipogenesis. Moreover, male and female SHROB rats also elicited differential severity of hepatic steatosis that was coupled with sex-specific differences in fatty acid transport and esterification.
Parental Recognition of Preadolescent Mental Health Problems: Does Stigma Matter?

Abstract Rationale Parents are one of several key gatekeepers to mental health (MH) services for adolescents with MH problems. Parental MH stigma is a significant barrier to treatment, yet little is known about how stigma may bias parental recognition of mental illness in youth. Objective This study examines how stigma influences a critical and early stage of the help-seeking process—the recognition of MH problems in preadolescents by their parents. Method Parents from a school-based anti-stigma intervention study were analyzed. Logistic regressions examined the association of stigma with parental recognition of MH problems in their preadolescent child (10–12 years old) and that of two preadolescent vignette characters described as having bipolar disorder and social anxiety disorder. Results The more parents desired their preadolescent child to avoid interaction with individuals with a mental illness—that is, to be more socially distant—the less likely these parents believed their child had a MH problem, controlling for parent-reported MH symptoms and other covariates. This pattern was prominent among parents who reported high symptoms in their child. Social distance had no bearing on whether parents recognized the vignette characters as having a problem. Avoidance of individuals with a mental illness and knowledge/positive MH attitudes were not associated with problem recognition. Conclusion Stigmatizing attitudes of parents may be detrimental when trying to understand the psychopathology of their own preadolescent children but not preadolescents outside their family. Stigma may present itself as a barrier to problem recognition because it may impose a significant personal cost on the family, thereby affecting the help-seeking process earlier than considered by previous work.
Abstract WP410: Reduced Recovery of Penetrating Arteriole Flow and Increased Capillary Transit Time Heterogeneity After Stroke in Type 2 Diabetic Mice

Introduction: Capillary transit time heterogeneity (CTTH) is altered during functional activation and in pathological conditions, affecting the extraction efficiency of oxygen from blood. Diabetes ...
Floating Photovoltaic Systems: Assessing the Technical Potential of Photovoltaic Systems on Man-Made Water Bodies in the Continental United States

Floating photovoltaic (FPV) systems, also called floatovoltaics, are a rapidly growing emerging technology application in which solar photovoltaic (PV) systems are sited directly on water. The wate...
Casting the Conceptual Net: Cognitive Possibilities for Embracing the Social and Emotional Richness of Art Education

Although the argument for art as cognition has gained significant momentum since the cognitive revolution, recent scientific investigations of cognition have revealed the import of social and emoti...
Moraic Domains between feet and syllables : An argument from vowel reduction typology

In this paper, I propose a separate prosodic domain that regulates mora assignment in syllables: the Moraic Domain, a domain between the foot and the syllable in which only the head syllable may be moraic (see also van der Hulst & Moortgat 1980; LeSourd 1993; and Hermans & Torres-Tamarit 2014, among others, for other proposals of metrical domains between the foot and the syllable). I argue that this domain is necessary to account for the combination of two typological generalizations about vowel reduction. The first is the Ambiselectivity Generalization, according to which vowel reduction that decreases sonority (Crosswhite 1999; 2001; de Lacy 2002) may be restricted to foot-internal unstressed syllables, or to unfooted (minimal foot-external) syllables (see Martinez-Paricio 2013 for evidence). The second is the Sonority Requirement Generalization, which is derived from typological facts discovered by Crosswhite (1999; 2001); according to this generalization, a language may have at most one vowel reduction process that forces underlying low vowels to reduce to mid or high vowels.While accounts for each individual generalization may be derived from existing proposals without a Moraic Domain (Crosswhite 1999; 2001; Martinez-Paricio 2013), I show that no such account can derive both generalizations at once. In contrast, I argue that a Moraic Domain can account for both generalizations when embedded into Crosswhite’s (1999; 2001) account. This is demonstrated with a case study of Dutch semi-informal vowel reduction (Kager 1989), which cannot be derived in Crosswhite’s (1999; 2001) original approach without Moraic Domains.
Benefits of Stabilization versus Rollback in Eventually Consistent Key-Value Stores.

In this paper, we evaluate and compare the performance of two approaches, namely self-stabilization and rollback, to handling consistency violation faults (cvf) that occurred when a distributed program is executed on eventually consistent key-value store. We observe that self-stabilization is usually better than rollbacks in our experiments. Moreover, when we aggressively allow more cvf in exchange of eliminating mechanisms for guaranteeing atomicity requirements of actions, we observe the programs in our case studies achieve a speedup between 2--15 times compared with the standard implementation. We also analyze different factors that contribute to the results. Our results and analysis are useful in helping a system designer choose proper design options for their program.
Multiphysics modeling toward enhanced guidance in hepatic microwave ablation: a preliminary framework.

We compare a surface-driven, model-based deformation correction method to a clinically relevant rigid registration approach within the application of image-guided microwave ablation for the purpose of demonstrating improved localization and antenna placement in a deformable hepatic phantom. Furthermore, we present preliminary computational modeling of microwave ablation integrated within the navigational environment to lay the groundwork for a more comprehensive procedural planning and guidance framework. To achieve this, we employ a simple, retrospective model of microwave ablation after registration, which allows a preliminary evaluation of the combined therapeutic and navigational framework. When driving registrations with full organ surface data (i.e., as could be available in a percutaneous procedure suite), the deformation correction method improved average ablation antenna registration error by 58.9% compared to rigid registration (i.e., 2.5 ± 1.1 mm, 5.6 ± 2.3 mm of average target error for corrected and rigid registration, respectively) and on average improved volumetric overlap between the modeled and ground-truth ablation zones from 67.0 ± 11.8 % to 85.6 ± 5.0 % for rigid and corrected, respectively. Furthermore, when using sparse-surface data (i.e., as is available in an open surgical procedure), the deformation correction improved registration error by 38.3% and volumetric overlap from 64.8 ± 12.4 % to 77.1 ± 8.0 % for rigid and corrected, respectively. We demonstrate, in an initial phantom experiment, enhanced navigation in image-guided hepatic ablation procedures and identify a clear multiphysics pathway toward a more comprehensive thermal dose planning and deformation-corrected guidance framework.
How Deep Cells Feel

Cellular organization within a multicellular organism requires a cell to assess its relative location, taking in multiple cues from its microenvironment. A cell engages ECM and actively probes the matrix, sensing in deformation the elastic resistance that seems to characterize different tissues, and so to assess how far the feedback extends - by analogy to the ‘princess and the pea’fairy tale - we have generated substrates of different elasticity and different thickness on top of rigid supports. The elastic properties of our gels are characterized by AFM-based micro-rheology - a tool that probes at the cellular scale, and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are studied because these cells have proven particularly sensitive to matrix elasticity and microenvironment in terms of their adhesion, their morphology, and even - after days - their differentiation. Cell morphology changes generally take hours, and we find that spread area, focal adhesions and cytoskeleton organization of MSCs on thin and soft gels resemble structures in cells on thick and stiff gels. Thickness sensitivity decreases with stiffness, and initial computational modeling of cell and matrix mechanics lends insight into the sub-cellular sensitivity. Furthermore, continuity of deformation from matrix into the cell and around the cytoskeleton-caged and linked nucleus also suggests mechanisms to affect processes such as differentiation. The results ultimately show that even if one's cells are not of royal descent, they seem to feel the difference between stiff or soft and thick or thin surroundings.
SubZero: zero-copy IO for persistent main memory file systems

POSIX-style read() and write() have long been the standard interface for accessing data in files. However, the data copy into and out of memory these methods require imposes an unnecessary overhead when files are stored in fast persistent memories (PMEMs). To avoid the copy, PMEM-aware file systems generally provide direct-access (DAX)-based mmap(), but in doing so force the programmer to manage write-atomicity and concurrent accesses to the file. In this work, we propose two new system calls - peek() and patch(), and collectively called SubZero - that read and update PMEM-backed files without any copies. To show its potential, we implemented SubZero in two state-of-the-art PMEM file systems, XFS-DAX and NOVA. Measurements of simple benchmarks show that SubZero can outperform copy-based read() and write() by up to 2x and 2.8x, respectively. At the application level, peek() improves GET performance of the Apache Web Server by 3.6x, and patch() boosts SET performance of Kyoto Cabinet up to 1.3x.
Abstract 6225: Addition of TRAIL receptor agonists after treatment with ONC201 or ONC212 converts pancreatic cancer cells from anti-proliferative to apoptotic in vitro

The 7% five-year survival rate for pancreatic cancer patients has remained unchanged for decades; the need for novel therapeutic interventions is imminent. ONC201 is the founding member of the impridone class, a class of orally bioavailable small molecules which show efficacy in multiple tumor types. ONC201 and ONC212, a fluorinated imipridone, have been shown to be potent inducers of the tumor necrosis factor related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL) pathway. Both compounds are currently in clinical trials. In the context of pancreatic cancer, ONC201 and ONC212 induce either apoptotic or anti-proliferative effects. Additionally, both compounds activate the integrated stress response leading to DR5 upregulation in various cell types. We hypothesized that exogenous addition of TRAIL receptor agonists after pre-treatment with ONC201 or ONC212 could convert cells from anti-proliferative to apoptotic. Here, we examined both rhTRAIL and TLY012, a novel TRAIL receptor agonist with a substantially improved half-life. Pancreatic cancer cell lines were screened for synergy when treated with ONC201 or ONC212 for 72 hours followed by either rhTRAIL or TLY012 for 4 hours. Four cell lines (AsPC-1, BxPC3, Capan-1, and PANC-1) showed potent synergy with both rhTRAIL and TLY012. Growth inhibition was assessed through both Cell-Titer Glo and colony assays. Apoptotic synergy was determined using Cell-Titer Glo, western blots for PARP cleavage, and sub-G1 flow cytometric assays. Further analysis showed that ONC201 activates the integrated stress response and primes pancreatic cancer cells for TRAIL-induced apoptosis through regulation of key proteins. Upregulation of the integrated stress response and downregulation of XIAP, c-FLIP, and Bcl-XL was observed after treatment with ONC201 in BxPC3 and PANC-1 cell lines. The combination of ONC201 and TRAIL receptor agonists was non-toxic to human foreskin fibroblasts. Future experiments aim to examine G1 arrest after treatment with ONC201 and ONC212 via western blot and flow cytometry, to confirm surface expression of TRAIL and DR5 via flow cytometry, and to determine efficacy in pancreatic cancer xenografts. Taken together, these data indicate a novel therapeutic strategy for treatment of patients with ONC201 and ONC212 resistant pancreatic tumors. Citation Format: Aakash V. Jhaveri, Lanlan Zhou, Isacco Ferarrini, Young Lee, Wafik S. El-Deiry. Addition of TRAIL receptor agonists after treatment with ONC201 or ONC212 converts pancreatic cancer cells from anti-proliferative to apoptotic in vitro [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research 2020; 2020 Apr 27-28 and Jun 22-24. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(16 Suppl):Abstract nr 6225.
Temperature scaling behavior of the linear magnetoresistance observed in high-temperature superconductors

The observation of linear magnetoresistance (LMR) in ``strange metals'' such as cuprate superconductors has generated a great deal of interest and speculation. This paper presents an analytical magnetoresistance model invoking variations in the charge-carrier density. Magnetoresistance curves generated by the model are almost indistinguishable from those produced by sophisticated numerical approaches, demonstrating that, though disorder is pivotal in causing LMR, the form of the magnetoresistance is insensitive to details of the disorder. Using the analytical model, realistic levels of disorder are sufficient to explain the LMR and field-temperature resistance scaling observed in high-temperature superconductors, without the need to invoke ``strangeness''.
Candid Critters: Challenges and Solutions in a Large-Scale Citizen Science Camera Trap Project

Citizen science projects that use sensors (such as camera traps) to collect data can collect large-scale data without compromising information quality. However, project management challenges are increased when data collection is scaled up. Here, we provide an overview of our efforts to conduct a large-scale citizen science project using camera traps—North Carolina’s Candid Critters. We worked with 63 public libraries to distribute camera traps to volunteers in all 100 counties in North Carolina, USA. Candid Critters engaged 580 volunteers to deploy cameras at 4,295 locations across private and public lands, collecting 120,671 wildlife records and 2.2 million photographs. We provide eight key suggestions for overcoming challenges in study design, volunteer recruitment and management, equipment distribution, outreach, training, and data management. We found that citizen science was a successful and economical method for collecting large-scale wildlife records, and the use of sensors allowed for inspectable quality and streamlined acquisition. In three years, we collected roughly five times the number of verified mammal records than were previously available in North Carolina, and completed the work for less than the typical cost of collecting data with field assistants. The project also yielded many positive outcomes for adult and youth volunteers. Although citizen science presents many challenges, we hope that sharing our experiences will provide useful insight for those hoping to use sensors for citizen science over large scales.
Patella Sleeve Fracture with Medial Patellofemoral Ligament Tear and Lateral Femoral Condyle Fracture in an Adolescent: A Case Report.

CASE A 12-year-old boy sustained a patella sleeve fracture of the superior pole, medial patellofemoral ligament tear, and lateral femoral condyle fracture after a direct contact sledding injury. He was managed nonoperatively with 5 weeks of cylinder cast immobilization with transition to a hinged knee brace and physiotherapy. By 3 months, he returned to sport activity without patellar instability. CONCLUSION This is the first case to describe simultaneous development of these 3 injuries in an adolescent. We recommend that patients with patella sleeve fracture undergo magnetic resonance imaging to assess for local soft-tissue injury because this may influence treatment decisions.
The Environment of South Asia: Beyond Postcolonial Ecocriticism

Environmental historian Ramachandra Guha greatly influenced the field of South Asian postcolonial ecocriticism when, at the end of the 1980s, after studying the Chipko and other peasant environment...
An Approach to Design Antennas and Arrays for Broaband Communication and Sensor Systems

This work is focused on broadband signal transmission between antennas connected to front-end transmitter/receiver circuits. A design approach is developed to account for antenna's impact on system-level performance measures through decomposing systems into EM-related (antenna and channel), circuit and signal components. A set of system merits, which are measurable, is introduced. The basic results are illustrated numerically for geolocation of a transmitter using a receiver linear array. (4 pages)
The Matter of Myrrhine for Louis

THE SPECIFICS as the scenario opens are hazy; the music to accom pany the opening scene would be danceable, but not specific enough to in dicate waltz, tango, ?r foxtrot even. In the beginning there was a manu script attributed to H.D. entitled "Classical Fragments" at the Beinecke. In the beginning there was a publisher who visited the Beinecke in search of a manuscript by H.D. The publisher had two requirements: first, that the length of the manuscript be limited, to allow the use of paper whose quality would be worthy of H.D.'s work; second, that the manuscript allow innovation in typography and design. The publisher wished to marry a manuscript with typography and design in a manner which would state itself as why. The publisher's first choice was H.D.'s "Notes on Euripides, Pausanius and Greek Lyric Poets," a manuscript whose length was expensively pro hibitive. The publisher's planned methods of distribution would not have enabled that manuscript to receive the attention she thought absolutely es sential to it.
Digital immigrants fare better than digital natives due to social reliance

Older adult cohorts show greater external locus of control (LOC), a marker of social reliance, compared to younger cohorts. In the present study, American college students from 27 to 61 years of age participated in online courses in a graduate health science programme. Four birth-year cohorts were included: millennials, born in 1982+; generation X, born 1982-71; younger boomers, 1972-61; and older boomers, 1962-51. Pretest and posttest knowledge, digital nativism, self (internal LOC) versus social (external LOC) reliance and online activity were measured. Self versus social reliance was measured using Duttweiler's Internal Control Index, an adaptation of Rotter's Locus of Control. Millennial students were more likely to be digital natives, showed poorer knowledge application skill and were more self-reliant than older students. Older boomers represented the most socially-reliant learners, and were better at knowledge application, that is, answering questions that go 'beyond the information given'. Older boomers were also more active in the websites associated with the online courses and were more likely to be digital immigrants rather than natives. Active participation, digital non-native status and social reliance contributed to better knowledge application. Instructors teaching millennial-age students need to encourage active, meaningful participation in applying knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Obstacles to Ethical Decision-Making: Mental Models, Milgram and the Problem of Obedience

1. Introduction 2. The role of mental models in social construction 3. The Milgram studies: obedience, disobedience, and ethical challenges 4. Obstacles to ethical decision-making in the perception of ethical context 5. Obstacles to ethical decision-making in impact analysis and action 6. Managing ethical obstacles 7. Problematic mental models: some applications 8. Conclusion Author index Subject index.
On minimal colorings without monochromatic solutions to a linear equation

For a ring R and system L of linear homogeneous equations, we call a coloring of the nonzero elements of R minimal for L if there are no monochromatic solutions to L and the coloring uses as few colors as possible. For a rational number q and positive integer n, let E(q,n) denote the equation $\sum_{i=0}^{n-2} q^{i}x_i = q^{n-1}x_{n-1}$. We classify the minimal colorings of the nonzero rational numbers for each of the equations E(q,3) with q in {3/2,2,3,4}, for E(2,n) with n in {3,4,5,6}, and for x_1+x_2+x_3=4x_4. These results lead to several open problems and conjectures on minimal colorings.
Oxidation of chloroform in an aerobic soil exposed to natural gas.

Acclimation of a sandy soil to an air-natural gas mixture stimulated the biological oxidation of chloroform to carbon dioxide. Acetylene and methane inhibited chloroform oxidation. Chloroform oxidation continued up to 31 days in the absence of methane. Chloroform oxidation rates increased at chloroform concentrations up to 5 μg g of soil-1.
Literacy and health outcomes: a cross-sectional study in 1002 adults with diabetes.

Inconsistent findings reported in the literature contribute to the lack of complete understanding of the association of literacy with health outcomes. We evaluated the association between literacy, physiologic control and diabetes complications among adults with diabetes. A cross-sectional study of 1,002 English speaking adults with diabetes, randomly selected from the Vermont Diabetes Information System, a cluster-randomized trial of a diabetes decision support system in a region-wide sample of primary care practices was conducted between July 2003 and March 2005. Literacy was assessed by the Short-Test of Functional Health Literacy in Adults. Outcome measures included glycated hemoglobin, low density lipoprotein, blood pressure and self-reported complications. After adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics, duration of diabetes, diabetes education, depression, alcohol use, and medication use we did not find a significant association between literacy and glycemic control (beta coefficent,+ 0.001; 95% confidence interval [CI], -0.01 to +0.01; P = .88), systolic blood pressure (beta coefficent, +0.08; 95% CI, -0.10 to +0.26; P = .39), diastolic blood pressure (beta coefficent, -0.03; 95% CI, -0.12 to +0.07, P = .59), or low density lipoprotein (beta coefficent, +0.04; 95% CI, -0.27 to +0.36, P = .77. We found no association between literacy and report of diabetes complications. These findings suggest that literacy, as measured by the S-TOFHLA, is not associated with glycated hemoglobin, blood pressure, lipid levels or self-reported diabetes complications in a cross-sectional study of older adults with diabetes under relatively good glycemic control. Additional studies to examine the optimal measurement of health literacy and its relationship to health outcomes over time are needed.
Resilience enhancement with DC microgrids

This paper discusses the possibilities and the merits of adopting a DC microgrid strategy for enhancing the economics and the resilient operation of the distributed generation systems, and tests the proposed hierarchical control strategy that applies to a DC microgrid based on an existing microgrid at Illinois Institute of Technology (IIT). The simulation results are compared with those of an AC microgrid and demonstrate the proposed coordinated DC strategy as an effective way of ensuring the resilient operation of DC microgrid in both steady state and emergencies.
Design of a proton exchange membrane portable fuel cell system for the 1st international association for hydrogen energy design competition

Abstract A portable hydrogen fueled proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) system was designed to meet the design constraints of the 1st International Association for Hydrogen Energy Portable Fuel Cell Design Competition that could be used to supply power to portable devices. The portable PEMFC stack has a physical dimension of 5.95 × 5.95 × 1.95 cm and 0.275 kg in mass. The PEMFC stack has a continuous output power of 12.5 W with a peak power output of 17 W. The fuel cell stack is an open cathode design which uses an external fan for both cooling and air supply. The fuel cell system includes an external fan along with power and control electronics that powers the fan and provides steady 5 V and 12 V outputs. The system also includes a standard USB connector for charging portable devices such as cellular phones and portable media players. A detailed description of the fuel cell stack and system design is presented along with experimental data demonstrating the stack and system performance.
Technology development at the Center for Optics Manufacturing

Center for Optics Manufacturing (COM) programs have matured beyond the framework of organizational activities. This paper describes COM's current activities and the industry, academic and government support that has made the program successful. The Center, established in 1989 at the University of Rochester's Institute of Optics, is a collaborative effort supported by American Precision Optics Manufacturers Association (APOMA), several academic institutions (Arizona, Central Florida, and Rochester) and the U.S. Army Material Command. The objective is to introduce innovative techniques and advance processing technology that will increase the competitiveness of the optics manufacturing base. Industry, academic, and government cooperation and support has been exceptional.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Effect of hypophysectomy during early proestrus on ovulation in the rat.

SummaryHypophysectomy of adult female rats within 2 hours after the beginning of proestrus prevents ovulation from occurring within a 46-hour postoperative interval. Sham hypophysectomy does not pr...
Design information retrieval: a thesauri-based approach for reuse of informal design information

Information is integral to the engineering design process, and gaining access to design knowledge is critical to effective design decision-making. This paper considers the indexing and retrieval of informal, unstructured information captured from electronic design logbooks. One of the key observations of informal design information is its evolutionary nature over time. While this characteristic makes informal information a rich source for reuse, it also makes it difficult to employ traditional information retrieval (IR) approaches. The work described in this paper is based on a framework developed specifically for the information handling requirements of designers. This manual method for indexing information is adapted to meet the evolutionary nature of design through the development of thesauri for design context. Several approaches to building thesauri are examined, including manual and automated methods. It is found that manual methods provide a high level of IR performance, but also have high overhead requirements. Machine methods, however, may provide a viable, low overhead alternative.
A therapy planning architecture that combines decision theory and artificial intelligence techniques

Through our experience with the ONCOCIN cancer therapy consultation system, we have identified a set of medical planning problems to which no single existing computer-based reasoning technique readily applies. In response to the need for automated assistance with this class of problems, we have devised a computer program called ONYX that combines decision-theoretic and artificial intelligence approaches to planning. We discuss our rationale for devising a new planning architecture and describe in detail how that architecture is implemented. The program's planning process consists of three steps: (i) the use of rules derived from therapy planning strategies to generate a small set of plausible plans, (ii) the use of knowledge about the structure and behavior of the human body to create simulations that predict possible consequences of each plan for the patient, and (iii) the use of decision theory to rank the plans according to how well the results of each simulation meet the treatment goals. This architecture explicitly manages the uncertainty inherent in many planning tasks, introduces a possible mechanism for the dissemination of decision-theoretic therapy advice, and potentially increases the number of problem solving domains in which expert system techniques can be effectively applied.
Utilization of body reserves for minim brood development by queens of the imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta

Abstract Protein, glycogen, and lipid concentrations were followed in Solenopsis invicta queens, the imported fire ant, from egg deposition until the production of the first minim workers approximately 21 days later. During this time, the weight of the queens decreased from 14·7 to 7·5 mg. Immediately following egg deposition, total protein decreased by over 50 per cent for the first 6 days, then rose steadily for 9 days, then once again decreased markedly throughout the remainder of the study. Glycogen concentrations decreased rapidly from the 0·35 mg/ant found at oviposition until day 12. From this time until the end of the study, this polysaccharide remained constant at about 10 mg/ant. Lipid concentrations remained at 4·1 mg/ant for the first 9 days following oviposition, then steadily decreased to 2·3 mg/ant when the first minim workers were produced 12 days later.
IFN-γ and LPS differentially modulate class II MHC and B7-1 expression on murine renal tubular epithelial cells

IFN-γ and LPS differentially modulate class II MHC and B7-1 expression on murine renal tubular epithelial cells. Background We have investigated inducible class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and B7 expression on primary murine renal tubular epithelial cells, called F1K cells, and examined their role in activating nephritogenic T cells derived from kidneys of animals with autoimmune glomerulonephritis. Methods Class II MHC, class II transactivator, and costimulatory molecule expression were evaluated in untreated and cytokine-treated F1K cells by Northern hybridization and flow cytometry. Cell-surface B7-1 expression was evaluated in vitro by immunoprecipitation and in vivo by immunohistochemistry. T-cell activation studies were then performed to assess the functional significance of B7-1 expression on F1K cells. Results Coincubation of F1K cells with interferon (IFN)-γ and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) significantly decreased IFN-γ–induced class II MHC expression, by both fluorescence-activated cell sorting and Northern analyses. LPS-mediated inhibition of class II MHC in this setting was effected through a decrease in class II transactivator mRNA levels in treated F1K cells. By contrast, IFN-γ and LPS coincubation induced B7-1 but not B7-2 expression in F1K cells, as detected by Northern analysis, flow cytometry, and immunoprecipitation. In addition, renal tubular staining for B7-1 was apparent in kidneys isolated from IFN-γ+LPS-treated recipient mice, as well as mice with autoimmune glomerulonephritis. Further studies evaluated the interaction of F1K cells and MR1.3, a nephritogenic CD4+ Th2 clone derived from kidneys of animals with autoimmune glomerulonephritis. Cytokine production assays revealed that F1K cells activated MR1.3 cells if they were pretreated with both IFN-γ and LPS 48hours prior to exposure to nephritogenic T cells. Conclusions These studies are the first description of a differential regulation of class II MHC and B7-1 expression in renal tubular epithelial cells mediated by IFN-γ and LPS. Such findings indicate that discrete proinflammatory stimuli could potentiate antigen-presenting capabilities of renal tubular epithelial cells in vivo and further suggest a direct role of such nonprofessional antigen-presenting cells in modulating renal immune responses.
Alkali metal oxides trapped by diethylzinc.

Reactions of alkali metal hydroxides with neat diethyl zinc lead to the formation of oxo-centered clusters M2O(ZnEt2)n (M = Na, n = 3 or M = K, Rb, n = 4). These molecules crystallize in highly symmetric space groups, forming extended structures supported by weak M–H interactions. We discuss the mechanistic implications and relationship of these structures to known (oxo)organozincates.
Modifications of DCDHF single molecule fluorophores to impart water solubility

A series of dicyanomethylenedihydrofuran (DCDHF) fluorophores with different hydrophilic groups were synthesized and their photophysical properties and water solubilities were measured. Significant water solubility was achieved without compromising desirable photophysical properties, permitting applications of these fluorophores in biological systems.
Tumor-stimulated release of tumor necrosis factor-α by human monocyte-derived macrophages

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF) release by monocytes and macrophages may be an important determinant of the physiologic response of the host to neoplastic disease; however, the mechanisms which regulate TNF release by macrophages in hosts with neoplastic diseases are poorly understood. The purpose of this study was to determine if cell membranes and growth medium from human leukemia cell lines and solid tumor cell lines induced TNF release by cultured human blood monocyte-derived macrophages. The capacity for TNF release and direct tumor killing was highest in monocytes cultured for 7 to 11 days. Cell membranes and culture media from K562 erythroleukemia and several small cell lung carcinoma cell lines, including H82, induced the release of up to 1500 TNF units per 10(6) macrophages over 24 hr. By contrast, allogeneic peripheral blood lymphocytes, cell membranes from normal mixed donor peripheral blood leukocytes, or growth medium from normal embryonic lung fibroblasts induced the release of little or no TNF during culture up to 24 hr, suggesting that this macrophage response was specific for tumor cells. Release of TNF by tumor-stimulated macrophages was gradual, peaking 24 hr following the addition of stimuli. Induction of macrophage TNF release was concentration dependent, with half-maximal TNF levels induced by 12.5 and 25 micrograms/ml cell membranes prepared from K562 and H82, respectively. Pretreatment of tumor cell membranes with polymixin B, which inhibits many of the actions of endotoxin, failed to neutralize tumor induction of TNF, suggesting that endotoxin was not responsible for this activity. Depletion of macrophages by treatment with 3C10 monoclonal antibody and complement abrogated tumor-induced TNF release, indicating that macrophages were the source of the secreted TNF. HPLC analysis of H82 growth medium demonstrated a single peak of macrophage activating activity with approximate 40-kDa molecular weight. We have demonstrated that cell membranes and growth medium from some human leukemia and solid tumor cell lines, but not from normal human cells, induce human peripheral blood monocytes and monocyte-derived macrophages to release functionally active TNF. This process may contribute to the host response to some neoplastic diseases.
The rapid response of the marine diatom Skeletonema costatum to changes in external and internal nutrient concentration

A nitrogen-deficient batch culture of the marine diatom Skeletonema costatum, when resupplied with a mixture of nitrate and ammonium, showed an initial enhanced nitrate uptake rate leading to a large internal concentration (pool) of nitrate. Following this initial nitrate uptake event, nitrate uptake ceased, and nitrate assimilation was inhibited until the ammonium present was used. At this point, nitrate uptake resumed and nitrate assimilation began. No internal ammonium pool was observed during nitrate utilization, but a large nitrate pool remained throughout the utilization of external nitrate. The internal nitrate pool decreased rapidly after exhaustion of nitrate from the culture medium, but growth of cellular particulate nitrogen continued for about 24 h. A mathematical simulation model was developed from these data. The model cell consisted of a nitrate pool, ammonium pool, dissolved organic nitrogen pool, and particulate nitrogen. It was found that simple Michaelis-Menten functions for uptake and assimilation gave inadequate fit to the data. Michaelis-Menten functions were modified by inclusion of inhibitory and stimulatory feedback from the internal pools to more accurately represent the observed nutrient utilization.