cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Synthesis of Game Theory and Quantitative Genetic Models of Social Evolution

Two popular approaches for modeling social evolution, evolutionary game theory and quantitative genetics, ask complementary questions but are rarely integrated. Game theory focuses on evolutionary outcomes, with models solving for evolutionarily stable equilibria, whereas quantitative genetics provides insight into evolutionary processes, with models predicting short-term responses to selection. Here we draw parallels between evolutionary game theory and interacting phenotypes theory, which is a quantitative genetic framework for understanding social evolution. First, we show how any evolutionary game may be translated into two quantitative genetic selection gradients, nonsocial and social selection, which may be used to predict evolutionary change from a single round of the game. We show that synergistic fitness effects may alter predicted selection gradients, causing changes in magnitude and sign as the population mean evolves. Second, we show how evolutionary games involving plastic behavioral responses to partners can be modeled using indirect genetic effects, which describe how trait expression changes in response to genes in the social environment. We demonstrate that repeated social interactions in models of reciprocity generate indirect effects and conversely, that estimates of parameters from indirect genetic effect models may be used to predict the evolution of reciprocity. We argue that a pluralistic view incorporating both theoretical approaches will benefit empiricists and theorists studying social evolution. We advocate the measurement of social selection and indirect genetic effects in natural populations to test the predictions from game theory, and in turn, the use of game theory models to aid in the interpretation of quantitative genetic estimates.
Abstract 898: Survival for patients with early-onset colorectal cancer - An overall survival analysis from the National Cancer Database, 2004-2015

Despite significantly reduced colorectal cancer (CRC) incidence in Americans aged 50 and older since 2000, the incidence of CRC among those Citation Format: En Cheng, Holly N. Blackburn, Kimmie Ng, Donna Spiegelman, Melinda L. Irwin, Xiaomei Ma, Cary P. Gross, Fred K. Tabung, Edward L. Giovannucci, Pamela L. Kunz, Xavier Llor, Kevin Billingsley, Jeffrey A. Meyerhardt, Nita Ahuja, Charles S. Fuchs. Survival for patients with early-onset colorectal cancer - An overall survival analysis from the National Cancer Database, 2004-2015 [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2021; 2021 Apr 10-15 and May 17-21. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2021;81(13_Suppl):Abstract nr 898.
Developing Academic Engagement Through a Virtual Week of Research, Scholarly, and Creative Activity: Rethinking Collaboration.

The goal of having a Week of Research, Scholarly, and Creative Activity (RSCA) virtual event was to highlight and acknowledge the valuable array of research, scholarly, and creative activities that are currently being done across the entire campus at California State University Long Beach (CSULB). There’s no doubt that in 2020 and 2021, our lives have been impacted in a multitude of ways. The COVID-19 global pandemic placed restrictions on in-person gatherings that forced many to rely on virtual meetings. Even with ‘zoom’ fatigue taking over, we felt that it was essential to hold the Week of RSCA event virtually in the 2020–2021 academic year. Students, faculty, and staff on campus are a community that supports one another, and CSULB seeks to enhance its local/national/global communities with the research, scholarly and creative activities that we conduct on our campus. This paper describes the development of the Week of RSCA event, its transition from an in-person to virtual event, the challenges for delivering a virtual event, and the lessons learned when we have to rethink collaboration during a pandemic.
Intraaortic balloon pump management of refractory congestive heart failure in children

From December 1975 to September 1989, nine children, ages 0.6–15.8 years (mean=8.1 years) and weighing 5–44 kg (mean=24 kg), were identified as requiring intraaortic balloon pump support. Indications included ventricular failure refractory to maximal conventional therapy, inability to wean from cardiopulmonary bypass, and myocardial ischemia. Prior to insertion of the balloon catheter, mean systolic blood pressure was 64 mmHg, one to four cardiotonic medications were being administered, mechanical ventilation was being performed in eight patients, and mean urine output was 0.4 ml/kg/min in eight. Following balloon catheter insertion, mean urine output increased to 0.9 ml/kg/min. Four patients survived following discontinuation of the balloon catheter 12–96 h (mean=59 h) after initiation. Though complications such as loss of distal lower extremity pulses, sepsis, thrombocytopenia, and abdominal distention were observed, most could be attributed to other causes. Thus, the intraaortic balloon pump is a valuable addition to conventional medical therapy in the treatment of refractory cardiogenic shock in children.
The Influence of Mountains on the Atmosphere

Publisher Summary The chapter reviews the meteorological phenomena that are associated with topography. The study of airflow past mountains is complicated by the wide range of scales that must be considered. The ratios of the mountain width to each of the natural length scales are important in determining the physical regime of the flow. This idea is emphasized in the chapter by treating the effects of boundary layers and buoyancy. The theory of two-dimensional mountain waves with the help of its governing equations is presented and the observations of mountain waves are presented. The chapter also examines the influence of the boundary layer on mountain flows and slope winds and mountain and valley winds. It considers the perturbation to the wind flow caused by a mountain of intermediate scale where the rotation of the Earth cannot be neglected. For this the flow near mesoscale and synoptic-scale mountains, quasi-geostrophic flow over a mountain, the effect of inertia on the flow over mesoscale mountains, and theories of lee cyclogenesis are discussed. Finally the chapter describes planetary-scale mountain waves; a vertically integrated model of topographically forced planetary waves; the vertical structure of planetary waves; models of stationary planetary waves allowing meridional propagation and lateral; and variation in the background wind.
Heavy Meson Masses and Decay Constants

Masses and decay constants of mesons containing a single $c$ or $b$ quark are described within the framework of heavy-quark symmetry. The $B_s^* - B_s$ and $\bar B^{*0} - \bar B^0$ mass splittings are found equal to within a fraction of an MeV. Decay constants of $D$ and $B$ mesons are estimated using isospin mass splittings in the $D$, $D^*$, $B$, and $B^*$ states to isolate the electromagnetic hyperfine interaction between quarks. A relation following from the use of splittings in kaons is also considered.
Administrative Regulation and Licensing: Social Problem or Solution?

Government regulation is frequently advocated as a solution to many economic problems. In a review of a number of studies examining the effects of government regulation, it is seen that regulation and occupational licensing have typically operated so as to increase price, restrict entry, and enhance the rate of return earned by the industry or occupation. Some organizational factors accounting for these outcomes are advanced.
Continuous Time-of-Flight Ion Imaging: Application to Fragmentation

We have designed and constructed a continuous imaging reflectron time-of-flight mass spectrometer (TOFMS) that provides a mass spectrum at every pixel of a two-dimensional image with a 100% duty cycle. The technique is based on pseudorandom ion beam modulation and three-dimensional (x, y, t) ion imaging. We use a multichannel plate detector with a delay-line anode that provides x, y positions and flight times t of every ion arrival event. The precision of the peak heights in the 100% duty cycle mass spectra is shown to be enhanced even at short (10 ms) acquisition times, which should prove useful for the study of solution kinetics or fast chromatographic separations. As a demonstration of the system’s capability, we have imaged the fragmented ions that underwent surface-induced dissociation inside the reflectron and the ions that fragmented spontaneously through postsource decay.
Effects of Hypoxia on Voluntary Response Time to Peripheral Stimuli during Central Target Monitoring

Response times (RT's) of 10 Ss to the randomly occurring flashes of a centrally located stimulus light were obtained concomitantly with separate RT's to the randomly-ordered flashes of 48 other stimulus lights distributed peripherally throughout the visual field. Responses were obtained during separate 3 1/2 hour exposures to each of four hypoxic conditions (sea level, 13,000, 15,000, 17,000 ft). Analysis of variance of the results indicated systematic increases in RT and variability (SD) due to hypoxia, stimulus peripheralization, and their interaction which resembled the results of a previous study in which no central stimulus was used; however, the present RT's were smaller. The data indicate that, although the central task was more demanding, it acted to maintain alertness and thus reduce the hypoxic decrements in RT shown previously.
Mechanistic Investigation of the Degradation of Sulfamic Acid 1,7-Heptanediyl Ester, an Experimental Cytotoxic Agent, in Water and 18Oxygen-Enriched Water

The hydrolytic degradation of sulfamic acid 1,7-heptanediyl ester was carried out in water and 18O-enriched water at 47 degrees C. The degradation of 1 was also studied at various pH values in the range of 2.5 to 8.0 at constant ionic strength (0.15 M) and temperature (25 degrees C). The hydrolysis was first order and independent of pH with a mean (+/- SD) observed rate constant (kobs) of 2.38 +/- 0.6 X 10(-3) h-1. No significant buffer catalysis was observed. From TLC, HPLC, and mass spectral studies, 1 initially degraded to sulfamic acid 1,7-heptanemonoyl ester and subsequently to 1,7-heptanediol. The site of bond cleavage was assessed by mass spectrometry of the 18O-enriched water reaction mixtures. Exclusive C--O bond fission was observed. Several mechanistic pathways for the degradation of 1 could be postulated. The results from 18O-labeling studies, the pH-rate profile and buffer studies, and kinetic solvent isotope effect (KSIE) studies were consistent with an SN2 mechanism with an early transition state (reactant-like transition state) where no appreciable bond had developed between the incoming nucleophile, water, and the carbon atom of 1. Although an SN1 mechanism was unlikely, based on the need to postulate the formation of a primary carbocation, this mechanism could not be totally ruled out.
Selective brain stem transections affecting reproductive behavior of female rats: The role of hypothalamic output to the midbrain

Abstract In estrogen-treated, ovariectomized rats, selective transections were used to interrupt, together or separately, the medial and lateral pathways by which efferent fibers from the ventromedial nucleus (VMN) of the hypothalamus reach the lower brain stem. Dorsal hemisections placed to interrupt both projections reduced or eliminated lordotic behavior. Transections placed to intercept all of the medially descending fibers, but spare the lateral pathway, did not reduce lordosis in mating or manual stimulation tests. The lateral pathway was interrupted at two different locations. Parasagittal transections at the level of the VMN showed that the lateral pathway, as a whole, was not required for lordosis when the medial pathway was left intact. Also, no particular subset of fibers assuming a lateral trajectory from the VMN to the brain stem was required for the display of lordosis. However, the fibers running through the lateral brain stem do play some role in the expression of the reflex, and more caudal bilateral lateral transections did reduce lordotic behavior. The absence of lordosis in mating tests was not a result of a systematic increase in rejecting behaviors. The observation of intermittent lordotic responses, or improved lordotic behavior following additional treatment with estrogen and/or progesterone revealed that these laterally transected animals were still able to produce the motor pattern of lordosis. The deficits seen were attributed to the interruption of fibers mediating the control of lordosis by the hypothalamus. This role of the ventromedial nucleus can be described as a tonic, estrogen-dependent facilitation of supraspinal mechanisms which control lordosis and are located more caudally in the brain stem. The laterally descending VMN efferents may play a quantitatively more important role in the control of lordosis than the medially descending fibers.
Proposal for some eye-brain experiments.

DITCHBURN1 pointed out that objects appear stationary in spite of the saccadic movements of the eyes, which occur several times every second and involve angular movements of the order of a minute of arc up to half a degree. The images on the retinae must shift appreciably, so there must be some mechanism by which the muscles or the nerves which produce the saccadic movements feed information to the brain; and this information must enable the brain to make the requisite corrections.
Mesh fixation with a barbed anchor suture results in significantly less strangulation of the abdominal wall

Background Laparoscopic ventral hernia repair using an underlay mesh frequently requires suture fixation across the abdominal wall, which results in significant postoperative pain. This study investigates the utility of a novel mesh fixation technique to reduce the strangulation force on the abdominal wall.
Intrinsic optical signal imaging of glucose-stimulated insulin secreting β-cells

Simultaneous monitoring of many functioning β-cells is essential for understanding β-cell dysfunction as an early event in the progression to diabetes. Intrinsic optical signal (IOS) imaging has been shown to allow high resolution detection of stimulus-evoked physiological responses in the retina and other neural tissues. In this paper, we demonstrate the feasibility of using IOS imaging for functional examination of insulin secreting INS-1 cells, a popular model for investigating diabetes associated β-cell dysfunction. Our experiments indicate that IOS imaging permits simultaneous monitoring of glucose-stimulated physiological responses in multiple cells with high spatial (sub-cellular) and temporal (sub-second) resolution. Rapid IOS image sequences revealed transient optical responses that had time courses tightly correlated with the glucose stimulation.
Glutathione activation of a cysteine proteinase from Schistosoma mansoni.

A cysteine proteinase isolated from Schistosoma mansoni adults requires reduction by thiols for activation. The proteinase is located in the parasite digestive tract where it degrades hemoglobin released from host red blood cells. Reduced glutathione (GSH) has been shown to be effective in activation. Total glutathione concentration and the GSH/oxidized glutathione (GSSG) ratio were measured in whole blod lysate (3.2 mM, 284), serum 24 μM, 9.8) and material collected from the parasite digestive tract (4.2 mM, 137). The ratio of GSH/GSSG at which the enzyme displays half-maximal activity (Kox) is 1.0. Proteinase activation as a function of glutathione concentration and time was determined. The first-order reaction yielded a half-time of activation of 13 min at 5 mM. The second-order rate constant was 12.7 M−1 · min−1. The function of the proteinase and its possible regulation by glutathione activation are discussed.
Upper extremity injuries in the National Football League: part II: elbow, forearm, and wrist injuries.

Background:Very little information is available regarding the incidence, causative mechanisms, and expected duration of time lost following upper extremity injuries in professional American football players.Hypotheses:(1) Upper extremity injuries in professional American football players are a common cause of missed time from practice and game participation. (2) The effect of upper extremity injuries differs as a function of the site involved and the athlete's position.Study Design:Descriptive epidemiologic study.Methods:A retrospective review of all documented injuries to the elbow, forearm, and wrist sustained by all players in the National Football League over a 10-year period (1996–2005) was performed using the League's injury surveillance database. An injury was considered significant if it resulted in premature cessation of (or absence from) at least 1 practice, game, or training event. The data were analyzed from multiple perspectives, with emphasis on the type of injury, athlete position, and acti...
Neurotoxicity of environmental chemicals and their mechanism of action.

Abstract Despite a ban on their manufacture in 1977, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are still found in significant quantities in the environment. Developmental exposure to PCBs and related compounds has been reported to be neurotoxic in human and animals. Research in our laboratory has focused on the possible site(s) and mechanism(s) of PCB-induced developmental neurotoxicity. Recent experiments with rats found that developmental exposure to Aroclor-1254 (ARC) affects the acquisition of a lever press response and produces long-term changes in calcium buffering and protein kinase C (PKC) activity in the brain. In vitro studies in our laboratory have found that ARC increases [3H]phorbol ester binding, an indirect measure of PKC translocation, and inhibits calcium buffering in microsomes and mitochondria. Other experiments indicate that PCB congeners with chlorine substitutions at ortho- or low lateral substitutions are active in vitro, while non-ortho-substituted congeners are less active or inactive. Other research suggests that the lack of coplanarity of the PCB molecule is related to in vitro activity of PCB congeners.These studies indicate that in vivo developmental exposure to PCBs alters behavior and second messenger systems during adulthood, while in vitro experiments indicate that nervous system activity is related to ortho-substituted congeners that tend to be non-coplanar in configuration. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that developmental neurotoxicity of ARC is due, in part, to the presence of ortho-substituted PCB congeners.
Phonological stereotypes and names in Temne

Many personal names in Temne (a Mel language spoken in Sierra Leone) are borrowed from other languages, and some contain foreign sounds and sequences which are unpronounceable for Temne speakers when they appear in other words. Contrary to what would be expected within a model of borrowing in which foreign sounds and sequences are modified over time to conform with the borrowers' language, the foreign sounds and sequences which occur in Temne names are stable. This paper treats these exceptions to the Temne phonological System as instances of phonological stereotyping – cases in which sounds and sequences, although they may be exceptions to the core phonology of a language, have acquired expressive meaning. (Linguistic borrowing, phonology, personal names, Sierra Leone)
Aromatic hydrocarbons: Examination of peach fruit and foliage volatiles

Abstract Peach fruit volatiles obtained by steam distillation contained 1,2-dihydro-1,1,6-trimethylnaphthalene while foliage volatiles also contained this compound in addition to 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1,1,6-trimethylnaphthalene (ionene) and two C 14 H 22 hydrocarbons. Other compounds isolated from foliage were hexanal, trans -2-hexenal, trans -3-hexen-1-ol, benzaldehyde, nonanal, methyl salicylate and eugenol.
31P nuclear magnetic resonance studies of growth inhibition and dexamethasone resistance in human leukemic cells.

Abstract 31 P Nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of perchloric acid extracts from wild-type human leukemic CEM-C7 cells and the dexamethasone-resistant CEM-C1 mutant reveal significant differences in concentrations of phospholipid precursors and ATP + , which indicate metabolic differences between these two cell lines. At high cell concentrations the CEM-C7 cells are growth inhibited, which is reflected by low phospholipid precursor levels, indicative of low phospholipid turnover. The CEM-C1 mutant does not exhibit this growth inhibition and has contant phospholipid precursor levels over the same cell concentration range. Dexamethasone causes phospholipid precursor and ATP levels in CEM-C7 to drop after 48 h, but spectra obtained for CEM-C1 cells continue to show high cell viability up to 72 h.
OTC Product: Band-Aid Liquid Bandage

Johnson) Active Ingredient: Formulated 2-octylcyanoacrylate containing paraben Indication: Coverage and protection of minor cuts and scrapes Availability: 10 applications per box (box contains liquid bandage plus 10 activator application swabs) Discussion: Products that are available to aid in the healing of wounds should be selected based on wound characteristics.1 If the surface area of the wound is larger than a child’s knee, or if the wound is so deep that the fatty tissue can be observed, a physician should be consulted.2 However, if the wound is a minor laceration or abrasion, (e.g., friction blister, hangnail, finger crack, paper cut), patients can choose selftreatment of the condition with an over-the-counter product. One product that offers an alternative to a traditional bandage is the Band-Aid Liquid Bandage. This product consists of a cyanoacrylate tissue adhesive that polymerizes to a flexible film when it comes into contact with the applicator tip (activator) and fluid on the skin’s surface.3 The BandAid Liquid Bandage contains the same active ingredient as the prescription product Dermabond (Ethicon). However, the Band-Aid Liquid Bandage has been formulated for greater flexibility.3 The flexible film that forms when the Band-Aid Liquid Bandage is applied to a minor wound results in a protective seal that has been shown to stop bleeding, enhance the rate of skin epithelialization, and speed the rate of wound healing when compared with conventional bandages.4 The flexible film also acts as a mechanical barrier to common microorganisms, which in conjunction with the parabens’ antimicrobial properties, may result in decreased infections.5 Compared with other bandage products, the Band-Aid Liquid Bandage contains a longer chain cyanoacrylate, which results in greater pliability and higher tensile strength as opposed to the shorter and intermediate chain cyanoacrylates, such as butylcyanoacrylate (Nexcare Liquid Bandage [3 M]).3,5 The BandAid Liquid Bandage is not acetone-based and does not contain alcohol (as in NewSkin Antiseptic Liquid Bandage [Prestige Brands], O C T
Thoracic spinal cord injury without spine fracture in an adult: Case report and literature review

The syndrome of traumatic spinal cord injury without spinal column fracture is well known and predominantly involves the cervical spine of children. One case of a thoracic spinal cord injury without bony abnormalities in an adult is reported, and the pertinent literature is reviewed. Although spinal cord injury without radiographic abnormality may exist, such injuries without neuroimaging pathology may not.
Stage of hilar cholangiocarcinoma predicts recurrence of biliary obstruction in patients with metal stents.

Background & Aims Most patients with hilar cholangiocarcinomas present with unresectable tumors, so only palliative biliary drainage with self-expanding metal stents (SEMS) is possible. Stents eventually cease to function because of tumor overgrowth and/or other causes, so it is important to identify factors that affect stent patency and failure. We examined the patency of endoscopically placed SEMS in patients with hilar cholangiocarcinoma and factors associated with patency. Methods We performed a retrospective study of 120 consecutive patients (mean age, 67 ± 14.6 years; 74 male) who presented with obstructive jaundice from hilar cholangiocarcinoma and underwent bilateral SEMS from September 2006 through April 2012 at 2 US tertiary medical centers. We collected data on patient demographics and survival, success of stent placement and function, and immediate adverse events. The primary outcome was duration of stent patency (time from insertion to failure). Results Thirty-eight patients had stage 1 hilar cholangiocarcinomas, 45 had stage 2, 12 had stage 3, and 25 had stage 4. The median length of the hilar stricture was 9 mm (range, 8–50 mm). The stent was successfully passaged across the stricture in all patients and was functional in 115; its median length was 8 mm (range, 8–10 mm), and diameter was 80 mm (range, 60–100 mm). Fourteen patients had immediate adverse events, including perforation (n = 2), bleeding (n = 2), pancreatitis (n = 9), and cholangitis (n = 1). Median survival was 17 weeks (range, 1–211 weeks), and 50 patients had stent occlusion. On Kaplan–Meier analysis, the median time from stent placement to occlusion was 17 weeks (range, 1–104 weeks). More patients with stage 3 or 4 tumors (64%) had SEMS occlusion than patients with stage 1 or 2 tumors (28%) in univariate analysis ( P = .017). In multivariate analysis, only cancer stage was independently and significantly associated with patency ( P = .006; hazard ratio, 2.77); age, sex, length of stricture, and SEMS diameter and length were not. Conclusions The cumulative patency of bilateral SEMS for hilar cholangiocarcinoma significantly decreases as tumor stage increases. Age, sex, length of stricture, and SEMS diameter and length are not associated with SEMS patency.
Further Evidence of Auditory Extinction in Aphasia.

Purpose Preliminary research (Shisler, 2005) suggests that auditory extinction in individuals with aphasia (IWA) may be connected to binding and attention. In this study, the authors expanded on pr...
Understanding action and sensing by designing action-based sensors

This article proposes a method for automatically designing sensors from the specification of a robot's task, its actions, and its uncertainty in control. The sensors provide the information required by the robot to perform its task, despite uncertainty in sensing and control. The key idea is to generate a strategy for a robot task by using a backchaining planner that assumes perfect sensing while taking careful account of control uncer tainty. The resulting plan indirectly specifies a sensor that tells the robot when to execute which action. Although the planner assumes perfect sensing information, the sensor need not ac tually provide perfect information. Instead, the sensor provides only the information required for the plan to function correctly.
First Report of Spencermartinsia viticola, Neofusicoccum australe, and N. parvum Causing Branch Canker of Citrus in California

Dothiorella gummosis and canker on citrus is generally viewed as a minor disease but can result in serious decline of trees. Symptoms, mostly found on branches, include grayish-to-brown cast on cankered bark, which can extend into the xylem. Dothiorella gummosis was earlier believed to be caused by Dothiorella gregaria (2). In a continuing survey on citrus in six California counties (Fresno, Riverside, San Diego, San Luis Obispo, Tulare, and Ventura) in 2010, branch cankers were collected. Small pieces of symptomatic tissues were plated onto potato dextrose agar amended with 0.01% tetracycline (PDA-tet) and incubated at 25°C for 4 days. Fungi most frequently isolated were initially identified as Botryosphaeriaceae based on morphological characters (1,3). Total genomic DNA was PCR amplified with primers Bt2a/2b for the β-tubulin (BT); EF1-728F/986R for the elongation factor α-1 (EF); and ITS4/5 for the internal transcribed spacer ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 regions (3). Sequences were compared in a BLAST search. Spence...
Morphological, neurochemical, and behavioral characterizations associated with the combined treatment of diethyldithiocarbamate and 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine in mice.

Changes in striatal dopamine (DA) neurochemistry, tyrosine hydroxylase immunocytochemistry of DA fibers, and behavior following the combined administration of diethyldithiocarbamate (DDC) and 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) to mice were assessed. The combined treatment of DDC and MPTP produced a dose-dependent decrease in striatal DA levels and a dose-related increase in the striatal DOPAC:DA ratio. Cumulative doses of MPTP equal to or exceeding 53.0 (26.5 mg/kg x 2. i.p.), given in combination with DDC, were effective in reducing striatal DA levels to less than 25% of control levels 2 weeks after treatment. Tyrosine hydroxylase immunocytochemistry revealed large deafferentation of DA terminal regions in striatum, moderate reductions in nucleus accumbens and dendritic regions of substantia nigra, and slight reductions in the number of DA cell bodies in substantia nigra. Mice treated with DDC and MPTP became hyperactive during the light phase of their diurnal cycle: psychopharmacological data suggest that postsynaptic DA receptors were supersensitized following this treatment. These data provide evidence that the combined treatment of DDC and MPTP produces severe and enduring depletion of mesostriatal DA, and also concomitant behavioral changes in mice.
THE PRESENT STATUS OF MONETARY AND FISCAL POLICY

Attention gradually shifted to open market operations. With this activity the monetary authority did not have to await the initiative of the commercial banks in the creation of reserves. Through an affirmative use of open market purchases or sales, the Federal Reserve had acquired the initiative in the creation of reserves. But this did not prove to be the perfect answer. Particularly was this true when the problem was to encourage a recovery from low levels of business activity. Excess reserves could be created, but what if people did not want to borrow?
Splash: a platform for analysis and simulation of health

As asserted by the Institute of Medicine, sound health policy and investment decisions require use of "what if" simulation models to analyze the potential impacts of alternative decisions on health outcomes. The challenge is that high-level health decisions require understanding complex interactions of diverse systems across many disciplines both inside and outside of healthcare, creating a need for experts across widely different domains to combine their data and models. Splash - the Smarter Planet Platform for Analysis and Simulation of Health - is a novel decision support framework that facilitates combining heterogeneous, pre-existing simulation models and data from different domains and disciplines. Splash leverages and extends data integration, search, and scientific-workflow technologies to permit loose coupling of models via data exchange. This approach avoids the need to enforce universal standards for data and models, thereby facilitating both model interoperability and reuse of models and data that were independently created or curated by different individuals or organizations. In this way Splash can help domain experts from different areas collaborate effectively and efficiently to attack complex health problems. We illustrate Splash's architecture and capabilities using a simple, proof-of-concept model of community obesity. We show how models of transportation, eating habits, food-shopping choices, exercise, and human metabolism can be combined with geographic, store location, and population data to play "what if," asking, for instance, how community obesity measures would change if tax incentives are used to encourage grocery chains selling healthy and inexpensive food to open stores near obesity "hot spots."
Studies on the migration of primordial germ cells in early chick embryos: Cultivation of hypoblast explants from the germinal crescent area

The hypoblast from the germinal crescent area of stage 4 to 5 chick embryos, when grown on a glass surface, spreads out as a thin and continuous cellular sheet. Primordial germ cells (PCCs) are found to migrate individually over this hypoblast monolayer (as they do in vivo) and, perhaps even more striking, their morphological features during migration are remarkably similar to those observed in vivo. Inasmuch as this in vitro system permits direct observations of PGCs migrating on their natural, rather than artificial, substratum undoubtedly it will prove to be an effective means of studying the mode of PGC migration in early chick embryos.
Inhibition of cell proliferation by a selective inhibitor of the Ca2+-activated Cl− channel, Ano1

Background Ion channels play important roles in regulation of cellular proliferation. Ano1 (TMEM16A) is a Ca2+-activated Cl− channel expressed in several tumors and cell types. In the muscle layers of the gastrointestinal tract Ano1 is selectively expressed in interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) and appears to be required for normal gastrointestinal slow wave electrical activity. However, Ano1 is expressed in all classes of ICC, including those that do not generate slow waves suggesting that Ano1 may have other functions. Indeed, a role for Ano1 in regulating proliferation of tumors and ICC has been recently suggested. Recently, a high-throughput screen identified a small molecule, T16Ainh-A01 as a specific inhibitor of Ano1.
Effects of As(III) Binding on β-Hairpin Structure

While arsenic(III) compounds can exert profound toxicological and pharmacological effects, their modes of action and, in particular, the structural consequences of their binding to cysteinyl side chains in proteins, remain poorly understood. To gain an understanding of how arsenic binding influences β-structure, pairs of cysteines were introduced into a model monomeric β-hairpin to yield a family of peptides such that coordination occurs either across the strands or within the same strand of the β-hairpin. Circular dichroism, NMR, UV−vis spectroscopy, and rapid-reaction studies were used to characterize the binding of monomethylarsonous acid or p-succinylamidephenyl arsenoxide (PSAO) to these peptides. Placement of cysteines at non-hydrogen bond (NHB) positions across the β-hairpin, such that they occupy the same face of the sheet, was found to enhance the structure as assessed by CD. Cross-strand cysteine residues that project on opposite faces close to the termini of the hairpin can still bind arsenic t...
Multistage Electrotherapy Delivered Through Chronically-Implanted Leads Terminates Atrial Fibrillation With Lower Energy Than a Single Biphasic Shock

Objectives The goal of this study was to develop a low-energy, implantable device–based multistage electrotherapy (MSE) to terminate atrial fibrillation (AF). Background Previous attempts to perform cardioversion of AF by using an implantable device were limited by the pain caused by use of a high-energy single biphasic shock (BPS). Methods Transvenous leads were implanted into the right atrium (RA), coronary sinus, and left pulmonary artery of 14 dogs. Self-sustaining AF was induced by 6 ± 2 weeks of high-rate RA pacing. Atrial defibrillation thresholds of standard versus experimental electrotherapies were measured in vivo and studied by using optical imaging in vitro. Results The mean AF cycle length (CL) in vivo was 112 ± 21 ms (534 beats/min). The impedances of the RA–left pulmonary artery and RA–coronary sinus shock vectors were similar (121 ± 11 Ω vs. 126 ± 9 Ω; p = 0.27). BPS required 1.48 ± 0.91 J (165 ± 34 V) to terminate AF. In contrast, MSE terminated AF with significantly less energy (0.16 ± 0.16 J; p Conclusions Low-energy MSE significantly reduced the atrial defibrillation thresholds compared with BPS in a canine model of AF. MSE may enable painless, device-based AF therapy.
Effects of elevated CO2 on fine root dynamics in a Mojave Desert community: a FACE study

Fine roots ( � 1mm diameter) are critical in plant water and nutrient absorption, and it is important to understand how rising atmospheric CO2 will affect them as part of terrestrial ecosystem responses to global change. This study’s objective was to determine the effects of elevated CO2 on production, mortality, and standing crops of fine root length over 2 years in a free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) facility in the Mojave Desert of southern Nevada, USA. Three replicate 25m diameter FACE rings were maintained at ambient ( � 370lmolmol � 1 ) and elevated CO2 ( � 550lmolmol � 1 ) atmospheric concentrations. Twenty-eight minirhizotron tubes were placed in each ring to sample three microsite locations: evergreen Larrea shrubs, drought-deciduous Ambrosia shrubs, and along systematic community transects (primarily in shrub interspaces which account for � 85% of the area). Seasonal dynamics were similar for ambient and elevated CO2: fine root production peaked in April‐June, with peak standing crop occurring about 1 month later, and peak mortality occurring during the hot summer months, with higher values for all three measures in a wet year compared with a dry year. Fine root standing crop, production, and mortality were not significantly different between treatments except standing crop along community transects, where fine root length was significantly lower in elevated CO2. Fine root turnover (annual cumulative mortality/mean standing crop) ranged from 2.33 to 3.17 year � 1 , and was not significantly different among CO2 treatments, except for community transect tubes where it was significantly lower for elevated CO2. There were no differences in fine root responses to CO2 between evergreen (Larrea) and drought-deciduous (Ambrosia) shrubs. Combined with observations of increased leaf-level water-use efficiency and lack of soil moisture differences, these results suggest that under elevated CO2 conditions, reduced root systems (compared with ambient CO2) appear sufficient to provide resources for modest aboveground production increases across the community, but in more fertile shrub microsites, fine root systems of comparable size with those in ambient CO2 were required to support the greater aboveground production increases. For community transects, development of the difference in fine root standing crops occurred primarily through lower stimulation of fine root production in the elevated CO2 treatment during periods of high water availability.
Analysis of biological tissues using scanning near-field infrared microspectroscopy

Infrared absorption microspectroscopy is a useful technique to analyze biological tissues, as it can rapidly and non- destructively provide quantitative information about the molecular composition of tissue on a small spatial scale. At the Stanford Picosecond Free Electron Laser Center, a Scanning Near-field Infrared Microscope (SNIM) with the Free Electron Laser (FEL) as its illumination source has been used for in situ microspectroscopic characterization of constituents in human atherosclerotic tissue. The system consists of a Near-field Scanning Optical Microscope utilizing a tapered chalcogenide fiber as the scanning probe. The Stanford mid-infrared FEL provides high power infrared radiation that can be easily coupled into the chalcogenide fiber and whose wavelength is continuously tunable from 3 to 15 micrometers. With the FEL, the SNIM can acquire an image at a single wavelength of a 200 micrometer square region with 2 micrometer spatial resolution in under 30 minutes. It can also obtain infrared spectra at sub- wavelength resolution. The SNIM was used to examine unstained, frozen microtone sections of human atherosclerotic lesions. Spectra from localized regions in the sample were taken and analyzed to determine the distribution of various protein, lipid, and mineral constituents among the tissue microstructures. These findings were compared with results obtained by polarization microscopy and traditional histological staining techniques. The molecular information obtained in these studies can potentially lead to a greater understanding of atherosclerosis. Moreover, they demonstrate the usefulness of SNIM towards micrometer-scale vibrational microspectroscopy.
The evaluation of participants’ perceptions of session impact: do counsellors-in-training, volunteer clients, and extra-credit/class required clients view session impact differently?

ABSTRACT Training programmes frequently recruit students from undergraduate classes to serve as clients for counsellors-in-training. Some of these clients receive external incentives for this participation, such as extra-credit or expectation of fulfilling a course requirement. It is unknown however whether or not this external incentive influences the perception of these sessions for clients and also for the counsellor-in-training. This article describes a study examining the impact of external incentive on client and counsellor-in-training session evaluation ratings. Some differences in perceptions for both counsellors and clients were found between sessions involving extra-credit and those not involving extra-credit. The training and ethical implications related to these findings is discussed.
Histological localization of binding sites of α-bungarotoxin and of antibodies specific to acetylcholine receptor in goldfish optic nerve and tectum

Goldfish optic nerve as well as ganglion cell neurites grown in culture selectively bind rhodamine-labeled alpha-bungarotoxin following tissue fixation. Binding is competed for by unlabeled bungarotoxin, by carbamylcholine and tubocurarine, but not by atropine. In cross-sections, the label is seen confined to axonal bundles. The binding is not detectable without prior fixation and is very faint in brain sections, even after fixation. To further establish the nature of the binding, immunocytochemical studies were performed, taking advantage of a high cross-reactivity found between goldfish brain and antibodies against eel acetylcholine receptor (AChR). Antigenic sites were detected by an indirect unlabeled antibody complexed to horseradish peroxidase. Anti-AChR antibody binding to optic nerve and neurites in culture correlated with that seen with alpha-bungarotoxin. Binding of anti-AChR was observed in the brain, and was reduced in the denervated tectum following unilateral optic nerve crush or enucleation. The results are discussed in relation to functions of receptor proteins in the retinotectal system.
Housing conditions influence acquisition of sufentanil aerosol self-administration in rats

Abstract At weaning, rats were housed either individually or in pairs and as adults were trained to poke their nose in and out of a port that dispensed a 2-s exposure of sufentanil aerosol (50-μg/ml solution). During the acquisition phase, which consisted of five nightly sessions lasting 14–16 h, individually caged rats responded for more sufentanil aerosol than did pair-caged animals when the fixed ratio (FR) requirement was gradually increased from FR 1 to FR 5 over the five sessions. During the maintenance phase, which consisted of daytime 2-h sessions at an FR 5 schedule of reinforcement, there were no differences between individually and pair-caged animals responding for sufentanil or for water vapor. Both groups responded significantly more for sufentanil than for water vapor. Based upon present evidence, it is suggested that environmental and biologic determinants may change psychomotor behavior in a way that could influence the rate by which animals acquire drug-seeking behavior.
A practical approach to the design of maximally permissive liveness-enforcing supervisors for complex resource allocation systems

The problem of designing and deploying liveness-enforcing supervisors (LES) for sequential resource allocation systems is well-documented and extensively researched in the current literature. Acknowledging the fact that the computation of the maximally permissive LES is an NP-hard problem, most of the present solutions tend to trade off maximal permissiveness for computational tractability and ease of the policy design and implementation. In this work, we demonstrate that the maximally permissive LES can be a viable solution for the resource allocation taking place in many practical applications, by (a) effectively differentiating between the off-line and on-line problem complexity, and (b) controlling the latter through the development of succinct and compact representations of the information that is necessary for the characterization of the maximal permissive LES.
Inhibition of BRCT(BRCA1)-phosphoprotein interaction enhances the cytotoxic effect of olaparib in breast cancer cells: A proof of concept study for synthetic lethal therapeutic option

Synthetic lethal therapeutic strategy using poly(adenosine diphosphate [ADP]-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor olaparib in carriers of BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation has shown promise in clinical settings. Since <5 % of patients are BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation carriers, small molecules that functionally mimic BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations will extend the synthetic lethal therapeutic option for non-mutation carriers. Here we provide proof of principle for this strategy using a BRCA1 inhibitor peptide 2 that targets the BRCT(BRCA1)-phosphoprotein interaction and mimics the M177R/K BRCA1 mutation. Reciprocal immunoprecipitation and immunoblotting of BRCA1 and Abraxas was used to demonstrate inhibitor 2 targets BRCT(BRCA1)-Abraxas interface. Immunostaining of γH2AX, cell cycle analysis and homologous recombination (HR) assays were conducted to confirm that inhibitor 2 functionally mimics a chemosensitizing BRCA1 mutation. The concept of synthetic lethal therapeutic strategy with the BRCA1 inhibitor 2 and the PARP inhibitor Olaparib was explored in HeLa, MDA-MB-231, and HCC1937 cell lines. The results show that inhibition of BRCA1 by 2 sensitizes HeLa and MDA-MB-231 cells but not HCC1937 to Olaparib mediated growth inhibition and apoptosis. These results provide the basis for developing high affinity BRCT(BRCA1) inhibitors as adjuvants to treat sporadic breast and ovarian cancers.
Activation experiments at TFTR in deuterium-tritium neutron field

Abstract Samples of materials, of relevance to ITER and DEMO reactors, have been irradiated at TFTR in a mixed D-T and D-D neutron field over the past 3 years. The samples have been placed at various locations close to, and around, the TFTR vacuum vessel to obtain the impact of the variation of neutron energy spectrum on induced radioactivity. Intermediate measurements of decay gamma-ray activity of a number of radiated samples have contributed to an experimental database of saturation activities for aluminum, silicon, titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, zirconium, niobium, molybdenum, indium, silver, europium, terbium, hafnium, tungsten, rhenium, gold, 316 stainless steel, a vanadium-chromium-titanium alloy, a manganese-copper alloy, inconel 625, and inconel 718. New activity data for samples irradiated in TFTR irradiation-end 3 (external) are presented. Data for V-9Cr-5Ti alloy, inconel 718 alloy, and inconel 625 alloy are being reported for the first time. These measurements offer an invaluable opportunity for bench-marking of three-dimensional calculations of fusion neutron transport and activation for application to the design and regulatory licensing of large complex fusion reactors, such as ITER.
Communication: Inherently strategic and primarily automatic

(1992). Communication: Inherently strategic and primarily automatic. Communication Monographs: Vol. 59, No. 3, pp. 288-300.
Optimal price-level flexibility

Abstract Within a simple, but standard macroeconomic model, this paper examines optimal price-level flexibility. It is shown that if output always equals aggregate supply, then it is optimal for the price level to be completely sticky. If output always equals aggregate demand, then it is optimal for the price level to be hyperflexible. If output equals the smaller of aggregate demand and supply, then a perfectly flexible price level is optimal only if the elasticity of aggregate demand to real balances equals the elasticity of aggregate supply to unexpected prices.