cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
1804 FETAL BREATHING MOVEMENTS TRANSIENTLY INCREASE LUNG FLUID VOLUMES IN SHEEP

Fetal breathing movements (FBM) stimulate fetal lung growth. Since lung distension has been associated with fetal lung growth, we postulated that FBM transiently increase the total volume of fluid (TVF) in the potential airways and air spaces. In 6 chronically catheterized fetal sheep (121–137 days) we cannulated the trachea with 2 small, catheters (6F balloon-tipped, 6F end-hole); the trachea remained patent. FBM (by tracheal catheter) were recorded continuously after-surgery. On alternate days after ≥9 minutes of either FBM or no FBM we inflated the balloon-tipped catheter to occlude the trachea. Then we aspirated fluid from the lungs until ≤0.4 ml/min was obtained. In 3 fetuses we measured by inulin dilution the TVF in the lungs to determine the completeness of the aspiration. The TVF after FBM were 49.0 and 51.5 ml/kg; TVF after no FBM was 43.6 ml/kg. The volume that remained after aspiration was 19.6±0.9 ml/kg (mean±SD). The daily incidence of FBM was similar on both study days for each fetus. In every fetus, the volume aspirated after FBM (69.9±18.1 ml) was greater than that after no FBM (40.8±21.4 ml)(p 0.01). We conclude that in the fetus with a patent trachea, FBM increase the volume of fluid that can be aspirated from the lungs. This suggests that the TVF in the airways and air spaces may also increase and may stimulate lung growth. (USPHS HL-27366 and IRG UTHSCSA)
A contemporary analysis of parenteral nutrition-associated liver disease in surgical infants.

Abstract Background/purpose Despite advances in pediatric nutritional support and a renewed focus on management of intestinal failure, there are limited recent data regarding the risk of parenteral nutrition (PN)–associated liver disease in surgical infants. This study investigated the incidence of cholestasis from PN and risk factors for its development in this population. Methods A retrospective review was performed of all neonates in our institution who underwent abdominal surgery and required postoperative PN from 2001 to 2006. Cholestasis was defined as 2 conjugated bilirubin levels greater than 2 mg/dL over 14 days. Nonparametric univariate analyses and multivariate logistic regression were used to model the likelihood of developing cholestasis. Median values with range are presented. Results One hundred seventy-six infants met inclusion criteria, and patients received PN for 28 days (range, 2-256 days). The incidence of cholestasis was 24%. Cholestatic infants were born at an earlier gestational age (34 vs 36 weeks; P P P P Conclusion In this analysis, the development of PN-associated liver disease occurred early in the course of exposure to PN. These data help to define the time course and prognosis for PN-associated cholestasis in surgical infants.
Timing of deglaciation from an oxygen isotope curve for Atlantic deep-sea sediments

The exact timing of deglaciation is an important issue in the context of climatic feedback involving the deglacial rise in atmospheric CO2 seen in ice cores1–4. We have produced evidence, from box cores taken in the equatorial Atlantic, that the last deglaciation occurred in two major steps which were separated by a brief pause5. Here we propose that this pause is equivalent to the period of glacial readvance known as ‘Younger Dryas’, which lasted from about 11 to 10 kyr BP. If our correlation is correct, then the initiation of deglaciation occurred after 14 kyr BP, which disagrees with most other deep-sea timescales.
Synchronization of a Network With Piecewise-Linear Dynamics

We consider two and three phase-oscillators as in the Kuramoto model of coupled oscillators, replacing the sine wave interaction with a sawtooth wave. We show that for the case of non-uniform input-symmetric coupling strengths, the non-smooth, piecewise-linear dynamics synchronizes when the coupling strengths are large enough to overcome the differences in the natural frequencies of the oscillators. Stability is analyzed separately in the regions where the dynamics is linearized. These regions are separated by the switching boundaries where the vector field is discontinuous.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Structural organization of the human glutathione reductase gene: determination of correct cDNA sequence and identification of a mitochondrial leader sequence.

Abstract The primary structure of human glutathione reductase gene (GSR) was determined by genomic cloning. The gene structure of human GSR spans 50 kb, consists of 13 exons, and was found to be highly similar to the mouse GSR gene. The coding sequence of human GSR resides on all 13 exons. An N-terminal arginine-rich mitochondrial leader sequence was present, with high homology to the murine leader sequence, between two in-frame start codons in the first exon. The 5′ and 3′ intron/exon splice junctions, with one exception, followed the general consensus sequences for intron spliced donor and acceptance sites.
The effects of allatectomy and juvenile hormone replacement on the development of host-seeking behaviour and lactic acid receptor sensitivity in the mosquito Aedes aegypti.

. Host-seeking behaviour in newly emerged Aedes aegypti (L.) females is not expressed immediately after adult eclosion but develops gradually over a period of approximately 3–4 days. This development is accompanied by an apparent maturation of the antennal chemosensory afferent neurons involved in the detection of the airborne host attractant lactic acid. Since these events coincide in time with juvenile hormone-dependent previtellogenic ovarian growth and since the expression of other reproduction-associated behaviour has previously been shown to be dependent on juvenile hormone, the effects of juvenile hormone removal and replacement on the development of host-seeking behaviour and the response characteristics of the lactic acid-sensitive receptors were investigated. No effect of juvenile hormone removal by allatectomy or juvenile hormone replacement or augmentation by topical application of the juvenile hormone mimic methoprene was found. It was concluded that this hormone is not involved in the appearance of host-seeking behaviour or the apparent maturation of the lactic acid receptors that occurs during early imaginal life.
Cancer of the Oral Cavity

Cancer of the oral cavity is one of the most common malignancies worldwide. Although early diagnosis is relatively easy, presentation with advanced disease is not uncommon. The standard of care is primary surgical resection with or without postoperative adjuvant therapy. Improvements in surgical techniques combined with the routine use of postoperative radiation or chemoradiation therapy have resulted in improved survival. Successful treatment is predicated on multidisciplinary treatment strategies to maximize oncologic control and minimize impact of therapy on form and function. Prevention of oral cancer requires better education about lifestyle-related risk factors, and improved awareness and tools for early diagnosis.
A Multilevel Cross-National Analysis of Direct and Indirect Forms of School Violence.

The detrimental effects of school violence on students' physical and emotional health are well studied, and research has shown that school violence affects students in every nation across the globe. However, few cross-national studies have compared direct, physical forms of school violence to indirect, emotional forms such as teasing. Using multilevel linear analysis, the factors that predict the levels of both direct and indirect school violence in 36 nations as reported by eighth graders in the 2007 Trends in International Math and Science Study (TIMSS) are examined and compared. The national and school level of students' math achievement predict direct violence, along with schools' level of achievement variation and age composition, while the size of the school and eighth grade, percent female students, national level of low SES students, and schools' linguistic heterogeneity are linked to the level of indirect violence in schools across nations. [Supplementary materials are available for this article....
1212 INDUCTION OF BREATHING IN THE FETAL SHEEP WITH AMMONUM CHLORIDE INFUSION

Eight sheep fetuses (125-140 days old) were chronically catheterized and infused with 20-25 mEq/Kg of NH4 C1 in order to study the effects of acute metabolic acidemia on the fetal circulation. The fetal arterial pH decreased from 7.4-7.35 to 6.8-6.9. Regional blood flows before and during acidemia were measured by means of a microsphere method. During NH4 C1 acidemia, 8/9 animals showed increased blood flow to the diaphragm and to the intercostal muscles. In subsequent preparations, tracheal and amniotic catheters were placed and these showed that NH4 C1 induced regular respirations (60-90/min) generating negative tracheal pressures of 20-30 torr. Regular breathing began 1-2 hours after stopping the infusion of NH4C1 and continued for 12-24 hours -after blood ammonia concentrations had returned to normal. Repeated infusions of NH4C1 elicited the same response. Pulmonary blood flows were higher at similar right ventricular PO2's during NH4C1-induced acidemia. All fetuses had normal blood pressure and heart rate, and all recovered completely.
Optical constants of amorphous carbon in the mid-IR (2.5–25 μm, 4000-400 cm−1)

Abstract Laboratory measurements of the Fresnel reflectance are used to derive the real and imaginary indices of refraction of amorphous carbon in the 2.5–25 μm region. Comparisons to previously reported optical constants, derived from extinction measurements at these wavelengths, show both similarities and differences. The differences are likely due to the different samples studied. Wavelength-dependent calculated extinction coefficients Q ext / a these values derived here are intermediate in value to previously reported Q ext / a of other amorphous carbon samples. The overall spectral shape exhibits a λ − α behhavior with α = 1.05±0.05. However, more spectral structure is seen in the 18–25 μm region than has been reported previously.
Intraoperative injection of technetium-99m sulfur colloid is effective in the detection of sentinel lymph nodes in breast cancer.

Abstract Background Our objective was to determine if intraoperative injection of technetium-99m–labeled sulfur colloid is as effective as preoperative injection in the detection of sentinel lymph nodes (SLNs). Methods Two hundred consecutive patients with breast cancer underwent SLN biopsy examination. Radiocolloid was injected in the preoperative area (group A) or immediately after induction of anesthesia in the operating room (group B). Results The SLN detection rate was similar for groups A (96%) and B (100%; P = .2). Radioactive SLNs were detected in 95% of patients in group A and in 97% of patients in group B (P = .1). The mean number of SLNs harvested was 1.6 and 2.1 for groups A and B, respectively. There was no significant difference in positive SLNs between groups (P = .11). Conclusions Intraoperative injection of sulfur colloid is highly effective in the detection of SLNs, avoiding patient discomfort and surgical schedule delays.
Smart cleavage reactions: the synthesis of an array of ureas from polymer-bound carbamates.

The solid-phase synthesis of a library of di-, tri-, and tetrasubstituted ureas is described. In this approach, an array of polymer-bound carbamates was synthesized. These polymer-bound primary and secondary amine carbamates were then treated under “smart” diversity-building cleavage conditions using a series of aluminum amide complexes to form the corresponding urea cleavage products. The crude cleavage products from this study were isolated in excellent yield and purity. To show the applicability of this strategy, a series of biaryl ureas were synthesized using sequential solid-phase Suzuki coupling and urea formation reactions.
Hormonal effects on pyridine nucleotide metabolism in human placenta.

Abstract The addition of estradiol to homogenates of human term placenta leads to increases in incorporation of inorganic P 32 into ATP, utilization of citrate, accumulation of α-ketoglutarate, and oxygen consumption. Placental mitochondria have a P:O ratio of 1.3 when DPNH is oxidized and 0.2 when TPNH is oxidized. The placenta contains DPN largely in its oxidized form and TPN largely in its reduced form. The relation of these observations to estrogen action in vivo is discussed.
Theory and Practice Go Hand in Hand: A Tribute to Richard Johnson's Contributions to Marketing Research Methodology

Abstract This article is a response to Richard Johnson's (2005) memoir. It notes some of the important contributions that Johnson has made to marketing research and reflects on his unique personal and professional characteristics.
Interaction between EDCA and HCCA: Simulation study of DSRC for work zone safety

Recently, academic researchers and car manufactures have directed major efforts to develop active safety systems for reducing car accidents. In particular, for work zones they proposed to use smart cones that send a warning radio message to vehicles when the smart cones detect the possibility of an accident. The dominant protocol for vehicular communication is Dedicated Short Range Communications (DSRC), where Enhanced Distributed Channel Access (EDCA) and Hybrid Coordination Function (HCF) Controlled Channel Access (HCCA) are the MAC protocol options. Even though two MAC protocols are specified in the standard, there has been no attempt to use two protocols cooperatively nor to study the performance of such hybrid system in an actual vehicular network. In this paper, we examine for the first time the performance of a system that exploits EDCA and HCCA concurrently in vehicular networks. In particular, we concentrate on interaction between two MAC protocols and how much the interaction affects system performance. In addition, we investigate whether the system is feasible for work zone safety applications, and suggest guidelines for improvements based on our simulation findings.
Directed graphs of structurally stable potential energy surfaces representing a-priori reaction pathways

An intrinsic property of potential energy surfaces (PES) that holds within the adiabatic approximation is established: its structural stability.
Overcoming the improvement paradox

Abstract Despite the demonstrated benefits of improvement programs such as total quality management and reengineering, most improvement programs end in failure. Companies have found it extremely difficult to sustain even initially successful process improvement programs. Even more puzzling, successful improvement programs sometimes worsen business performance, triggering layoffs, low morale, and the collapse of commitment to continuous improvement. We term this phenomenon the `Improvement Paradox.' For the last four years, we have worked with a variety of firms to understand the paradox and design policies to overcome it. Our findings suggest that the inability to manage an improvement program as a dynamic process is the main determinant of program failure. Improvement programs are tightly coupled to other functions and processes in the firm, and to the firm's customers, suppliers, competitors and capital markets. Failure to account for the feedbacks among these tightly coupled activities leads to unanticipated and often harmful side effects. We describe these dynamics and offer some guidance for managers seeking to design sustainable process improvement programs.
Glucosephosphate-isomerase expression in a tetrapioid fish, Moxostoma lachneri (Cypriniformes, Catostomidae): evidence for ‘retetraploidization’?

Glucosephosphate-isomerase isozymes in the tetraploid catostomid Moxostoma lachneri are controlled by four gene loci. The expression of two Gpi-A loci and two Gpi-B loci in this species contrasts with the expression of two Gpi-A loci and one Gpi-B locus in the remainder of the genus. The additional Gpi-B locus expressed in M. lachneri may be the result of a reactivation event or post-polyploidization tandem duplication rather than the continuous expression of originally duplicated loci.
Technical note: Comparability of Hrdlička's Catalog of crania data based on measurement landmark definitions

Archival sources of data are critical anthropological resources that inform inferences about human biology and evolutionary history. Craniometric data are one of the most widely available sources of information on human population history because craniometrics were critical in early 20th century debates about race and biological variation. As such, extensive databases of raw craniometric data were published at the same time that the field was working to standardize measurement protocol. Hrdlicka published between 10 and 16 raw craniometric variables for over 8,000 individuals in a series of seven catalogs throughout his career. With a New World emphasis, Hrdlicka's data complement those of Howells (1973, 1989) and the two databases have been combined in the past. In this note we verify the consistency of Hrdlicka's measurement protocol throughout the Catalog series and compare these definitions to those used by Howells. We conclude that 12 measurements are comparable throughout the Catalogs, with five of these equivalent to Howells' measurements: maximum cranial breadth (XCB), basion-bregma height (BBH), maximum bizygomatic breadth (ZYB), nasal breadth (NLB), and breadth of the upper alveolar arch (MAB). Most of Hrdlicka's measurements are not strictly comparable to those of Howells, thus limiting the utility of combined datasets for multivariate analysis. Four measurements are inconsistently defined by Hrdlicka and we recommend not using these data: nasal height, orbit breadth, orbit height, and menton-nasion height. This note promotes Hrdlicka's tireless efforts at data collection and re-emphasizes observer error as a legitimate concern in craniometry as the field shifts to morphometric digital data acquisition. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2011. © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Web-based Learning Environments: Do Libraries Matter?

Web-based learning environments are becoming more widely used for on-campus and distance education course delivery. A review of articles on the topic by faculty shows that only a few mention issues related to library access or resource integration. Moreover, only a small number of courseware evaluations posted on academic Web sites include criteria related to libraries. However, a few articles and reviews share common themes that point to a greater library involvement in courseware implementation, which is consistent with arguments made by distance education librarians calling for an active role in technical, pedagogical, and instructional support decisions concerning Web-based learning environments.
Numerical Fragility Analysis of Vertical-Pile-Supported Wharves in the Western United States

This study develops seismic fragility curves for vertical-pile-supported wharves commonly found in the western United States. Nonlinear time-history analyses of a two-dimensional numerical model under two ground motion suites are performed. The results show that the jumbo container cranes increase by 10.8% in the wharf deck drift. By using the experiment-based limit states, the proposed fragility curves demonstrate that, at a PGA of 0.50 g, the probabilities of exceeding slight, moderate, extensive, and complete limit states are approximately 23.0%, 7.0%, 4.0%, and 3.0%, respectively, while at a PGA of 1.00 g, the exceeding probabilities increase to 44.0%, 19.0%, 14.0%, and 11.0%, respectively.
Urolithoscintigraphy: preliminary report of a new imaging modality for urolithiasis.

We investigated the use of bisphosphonates, analogs of pyrophosphate that bind to mineralized tissue, to image renal calculi in vivo. Twenty stone-bearing kidneys in 15 patients without urinary obstruction were studied. 99mTechnetium-methylene diphosphonate was injected intravenously followed by 20 mg of furosemide 4 hours later, and images were obtained by gamma counter for 30 minutes. Areas of increased uptake corresponded with the sites of calculi, and even small or radiolucent calculi were easily seen. Counts in the region of each kidney, the L4 vertebral body, and a background area were combined to calculate a scintigram index (SI) for each kidney. The mean SI of the stone-bearing kidneys was 4.8 ± 3.5 ν 1.3 ± 0.4 for the normal kidneys. There was correlation of the SI with stone composition and size but not with radiographic density. After correction for size, the SI of stone-bearing kidneys remained significantly higher than the SI of normal kidneys, but the differences between calculi of different...
Anger Problem Profiles among Partner Violent Men: Differences in Clinical Presentation and Treatment Outcome.

Cluster analysis of 139 partner violent men's self-reports on the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory identified profiles reflecting pathological anger (PA), low anger control (LAC), and normal anger (NA). The PA group self-reported higher pretreatment partner abuse, interpersonal dysfunction, distress, and substance abuse and had lower treatment attendance than the NA and LAC groups. Collateral (victim) partners reported higher pretreatment abuse by the PA and LAC groups than the NA group. At posttreatment and 6-month follow-up, the PA group had the highest levels of physical assault and injury. The LAC group exceeded the NA group in physical assault at posttreatment and psychological aggression at posttreatment and follow-up. The recognition of distinct anger problem profiles may lead to new strategies for research and practice.
Support for Gay and Lesbian Civil Rights: Development and Examination of a New Scale

This research outlines the development of a psychometrically sound, uni-dimensional scale to assess support for gay and lesbian civil rights. Initial scale development involved examining item-pool responses from 224 undergraduate students. The resulting Support for Gay and Lesbian Civil Rights (SGLCR) scale consisted of 20 items. In a series of studies, the SGLCR demonstrated a stable factor structure, strong internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and construct validity. The relationships between SGLCR scores and participants' sex, religiosity, political ideology, gender role beliefs, and attitudes toward lesbians and gays were significant and in the predicted directions.
Quantization-based filtering in distributed discrete event simulation

Quantization is an approach to distributed logical simulation in which the value space is quantized and trajectories are represented by the crossings of a set of thresholds. This is an alternative to the common approach which discretizes the time base of a continuous trajectory to obtain a finite number of equally spaced sampled values over time. In distributed simulation, a quantizer checks for threshold crossings whenever an output event occurs and sends this value across to a receiver thereby reducing the number of messages exchanged among federates in a federation. This may increase performance in various ways such as decreasing overall execution time or allowing a larger number of entities to be simulated. Predictive quantization is a more advanced approach that sends just one bit of information instead of the actual real value size with the consequence that not only the number of messages, but also the message size, can be significantly reduced in this approach. In this paper, we present an approach to packaging individual bits into a large message packet, called multiplexed predictive quantization. We demonstrate that this approach can save significant overhead (thereby maximizing data transmission) and can reach close to 100% efficiency in the limit of large numbers of simultaneous message sources encapsulated within individual federates. We also discuss the tradeoff between message bandwidth utilization and the error incurred in the quantization. The results relate bandwidth utilization and error to quantum size for federations executing in the HLA-compliant discrete event distributed simulation environment, DEVS/HLA. The theoretical and empirical results indicate that quantization can be very scaleable due to reduced local computation demands as well as having extremely favorable network load reduction/simulation fidelity tradeoffs.
The effective-medium approximation for the thermoelectric power of polycrystals: application to a model for La2-xMxCuO4

The authors have developed a general theory by using the effective-medium approximation (EMA) to calculate the thermoelectric power coefficient S for polycrystalline metals. They apply the theory to the new high-Tc superconductors La2-xMxCuO4 (M=Ba, Sr). The theory is in good agreement with experimental data for the doping concentration function S(x).
The Effect of Glucagon on Immobilization Osteoporosis in Rats

In 25 rats the patellar tendon and tendo calcaneus of one hind limb were divided. Thirteen rats were given 0.03 mg glucagon sc twice daily for 14 days; the remaining rats were given saline sc. Glucagon had no effect on the development of osteoporosis in the immobilized limb, but did produce significantly increased femoral weight in both the immobilized and the intact hind limbs. (Endocrinology 90: 1399, 1972)
Populations of Human T Lymphocytes That Traverse the Vascular Endothelium Stimulated by Borrelia burgdorferi Are Enriched with Cells That Secrete Gamma Interferon

Some diseases are characterized by prevalence in the affected tissues of type 1 T lymphocytes, which secrete gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) and other proinflammatory cytokines. For example, type 1 T cells predominate in the lesions of patients with Lyme disease, which is caused by the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi. We used an in vitro model of the blood vessel wall to test the premise that the vascular endothelium actively recruits circulating type 1 T cells to such lesions. When T lymphocytes isolated from human peripheral blood were examined, the populations that traversed monolayers of resting human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) or HUVEC stimulated by interleukin-1beta or B. burgdorferi were markedly enriched for T cells that produced IFN-gamma compared to the initially added population of T cells. No enrichment was seen for cells that produced interleukin-4, a marker for type 2 T lymphocytes. Very late antigen-4 and CD11/CD18 integrins mediated passage of the T cells across both resting and stimulated HUVEC, and the endothelium-derived chemokine CCL2 (monocyte chemoattractant protein 1) was responsible for the enhanced migration of T cells across stimulated HUVEC. These results suggest that the vascular endothelium may contribute to the selective accumulation of type 1 T cells in certain pathological lesions, including those of Lyme disease.
Decomposed Raptor codes for data-centric storage in underwater acoustic sensor networks

Underwater acoustic sensor networks (UASN) can enable many potential oceanic applications. For the environment monitoring and event detection services, the sensor networks will record a large amount of data. But due to the harsh sea conditions and node energy constraints, real-time data delivery to the ground data center may not be feasible. Thus in-network data storage becomes a possible alternative. To enable efficient and frequent data access services, data-centric storage (DCS) protocols have been proposed for terrestrial sensor networks. However, the adverse underwater environment challenges the DCS protocol in two aspects. First, the unreliable underwater channel requires more robust design of long-distance multi-hop reliable data transport. Secondly, the high node failure rate demands higher reliability of the stored data. On the other hand, fountain codes have been studied for the advantages in data transport and storage. To adapt fountain codes into underwater DCS, we design decomposed Raptor codes (DRC) with three-layer encoding. In addition, a DRC-assisted DCS (DCS-DRC) protocol is proposed for reliable underwater in-network data storage. Analyses and simulations are provided to verify the performance and benefits of the DRC scheme and the DCS-DRC protocol.
Microstructure Development in Al2O3‐Platelet‐Reinforced Ce‐ZrO2/Al2O3 Composites

Composites containing Ce-ZrO2, Al2O3, and aligned Al2O3 platelets were produced by centrifugal consolidation and pressureless sintering, followed by heat treatments at 1600°C for varied duration. Constituents in the consolidated microstructures were either uniformly distributed throughout or segregated into gradient layers, depending critically on platelet content. Quantitative image analysis was used to examine microstructure development with heat treatment. Changes in the volume fraction, dimensional anisotropy, and gradient of pores and platelets, as well as changes in the phase gradient, were quantified. Microstructure development was strongly dependent on the initial microstructure design attained from suspension processing.
ThermoSense: Occupancy Thermal Based Sensing for HVAC Control

In order to achieve sustainability, steps must be taken to reduce energy consumption. In particular, heating, cooling, and ventilation systems, which account for 42% of the energy consumed by US buildings in 2010 [8], must be made more efficient. In this paper, we demonstrate ThermoSense, a new system for estimating occupancy. Using this system we are able to condition rooms based on usage. Rather than fully conditioning empty or partially filled spaces, we can control ventilation based on near real-time estimates of occupancy and temperature using conditioning schedules learned from occupant usage patterns. ThermoSense uses a novel multisensor node that utilizes a low-cost, low-power thermal sensor array along with a passive infrared sensor. By using a novel processing pipeline and sensor fusion, we show that our system is able measure occupancy with a RMSE of only a0.35 persons. By conditioning spaces based on occupancy, we show that we can save 25% energy annually while maintaining room temperature effectiveness.
A characterization of mixing processes of type G1

A stationary Gaussian process is mixing if and only if its covariance function tends to zero as the lag increases to infinity. We give an analogous characterization for a large class of symmetric infinitely divisible processes, known as processes of type G, whose marginal distribution are variance mixtures of the normal distribution.
Role of Helicobacter pylori infection in gastroduodenal injury and gastric prostaglandin synthesis during long term/low dose aspirin therapy: a prospective placebo-controlled, double-blind randomized trial

Role of Helicobacter pylori infection in gastroduodenal injury and gastric prostaglandin synthesis during long term/low dose aspirin therapy: a prospective placebo-controlled, double-blind randomized trial
Marine phage genomics: what have we learned?

Marine phages are the most abundant and diverse form of life on the planet, and their genomes have been described as the largest untapped reservoir of genomic information. To date, however, the complete genome sequences of only 17 marine phage are known. Nevertheless, these genomes have revealed some interesting features, including the presence of photosynthetic genes in cyanophage and common patterns of genomic organization. Intriguing findings are also being made from studies of the uncultivated marine viral community genome (‘metavirome’). The greatest challenge in interpreting the biology of these phages, and for making comparisons with their terrestrial counterparts, is the high proportion of unidentifiable open reading frames (∼60%). Future studies are likely to focus on sequencing more marine phage genomes from disparate hosts and diverse environments and on further basic studies of the biology of existing marine phages.
Geometry-dependent plasmon resonances of metallic nanostructures for enhancement of localized electromagnetic fields around the nanostructures

This paper describes theoretical and experimental evaluations of electromagnetic fields around metallic nanostructures, such as nanorods, nano-pillars, and a collection of nanorods separated by nano-scale distances. Nanostructures having different sizes and shapes were evaluated. The spacing between nanorods and elliptical nanopillars was varied such that the effect of nanoparticle spacing on the electromagnetic fields in the regions between the nanostructures could be studied. Gold was the metal employed in our work as it demonstrates substantial plasmon excitation and is chemically stable. Calculations of the electromagnetic fields in the vicinity of the different metallic nanostructures were made by employing Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD). Refractive index of the media surrounding the nanostructures was varied for these calculations. These calculations were carried out at different wavelengths in the visible and near-infrared spectral regimes. In order to fabricate these nanostructures on silica substrates, focused ion beam (FIB) milling was employed. These structures were fabricated on gold-coated planar silica and mica substrates and tips of four mode and multimode optical fibers. In our experimental evaluations of the different metallic nanostructures, surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) signals from the different metallic nanostructures were obtained and were correlated to the spacing distance between the different metallic nanostructures.
Determinants of bicycle commuting in the Washington, DC region: The role of bicycle parking, cyclist showers, and free car parking at work

Abstract This article examines the role of bicycle parking, cyclist showers, free car parking and transit benefits as determinants of cycling to work. The analysis is based on commute data of workers in the Washington, DC area. Results of rare events logistic regressions indicate that bicycle parking and cyclist showers are related to higher levels of bicycle commuting—even when controlling for other explanatory variables. The odds for cycling to work are greater for employees with access to both cyclist showers and bike parking at work compared to those with just bike parking, but no showers at work. Free car parking at work is associated with 70% smaller odds for bike commuting. Employer provided transit commuter benefits appear to be unrelated to bike commuting. Regression coefficients for control variables have expected signs, but not all are statistically significant.
The current status of early detection and screening for colorectal cancer.

There are several approaches to the early detection of colorectal cancer that currently are in use in various segments of the health care system. Herein, the status of cancer control research regarding symptom and risk factor assessment, sigmoidoscopy and colonoscopy DOuble contrast barium enema, and fecal occult blood testing is reviewed. In addition to the different technologies of early cancer detection, there are different models of disease control intervention. These include the routine clinical activities of primary care providers as well as programmatic screening of mass populations. The currently available techniques for early colorectal cancer detection appear better suited for existing patient care settings than for programs outside the direct supervision and follow-up, of the health professional.
ABSORPTION SPECTRA IN MOLTEN SALTS

The absorption spectra of metal ions of the first transition series dissolved in molten LiCl-KCl eutectic are given, together with the spectra of some of the ion dissolved in molten KSCN. It is shown that the stoichiometry and geometry of complex ions occurring in these melts can be determined, in most cases, by comparing the spectra with those of crystals or solutions where the configurations of the ion is known and by utilizing the legand field theory. (W.L.H.)
PROTEIN KINASE INHIBITORS : THE TYROSINE-SPECIFIC PROTEIN KINASES

Inhibitors for tyrosine-specific protein kinases ultimately may constitute a novel family of medicinally active agents. Unfortunately, the challenges associated with the acquisition of inhibitors for these enzyme targets are unlike any that have ever been encountered in medicinal chemistry. Protein kinases pose a variety of obstacles in regard to inhibitor design, nearly all of which deal with, in one fashion or another, the issue of specificity. The protein kinase family is extraordinarily large, with estimates that the human genome codes for as many as 2000 protein kinases. Furthermore, inhibitors that are directed to the ATP-binding sites of these enzymes must contend with the presence of a large number of other ATP-utilizing proteins and, in addition, must compete with the high intracellular concentrations of ATP. Although specificity ultimately may prove to be less of a concern with peptide-based inhibitors, these agents neither are readily bioavailable nor do they bind with the requisite affinity to the protein-binding domains of protein kinases. In the face of these challenges, an enormous number of inhibitors have been synthesized and evaluated for the tyrosine-specific protein kinases. The advantages and disadvantages associated with inhibitors that are targeted to the ATP-binding site, the protein-binding site, and nonactive site regions required for appropriate subcellular localization are discussed. The handful of tyrosine-specific protein kinases that have been selected as targets to date and their roles in various disease processes are described as well.
Influence of Silicon on the Intergranular Corrosion Behavior of 18Cr-8Ni Stainless Steels

Abstract As a part of a study to develop a stainless steel (SS) with superior resistance to intergranular stress corrosion cracking (IGSCC), intergranular corrosion (IGC), and pitting corrosion, an...
Experimental methods for optimal tuning of bendable mirrors for diffraction-limited soft x-ray focusing

We report on hands-on experimental methods developed at the Advanced Light Source (ALS) for optimal tuning of mechanically bendable x-ray mirrors for diffraction-limited soft x-ray nano-focusing. For ex situ tuning of the benders for optimal beam-line performance, we use a revised version of the method of characteristic functions recently developed at the ALS optical metrology laboratory. At-wavelength optimal tuning of bendable optics consists of a series of wavefront-sensing tests with increasing accuracy and sensitivity, including modified scanning-slit Hartmann tests. The methods have been experimentally validated at ALS test beamline 5.3.1 and the micro-diffraction beamline 12.3.2 in applications to optimally set bendable Kirkpatrick-Baez mirrors designed for sub-micron focusing.
Sorting and grading

(1960). Sorting and grading. Australasian Journal of Philosophy: Vol. 38, No. 3, pp. 234-245.
Combined GLC and High‐Resolution Mass Spectroscopic Analysisl of Diphenylhydantoin

Abstract A sensitive GLC method for the analysis of diphenylhydantoin in biological material is described. This method involves the conversion of diphenylhydantoin to its methyl derivative. The identity of the methyl derivative was determined by combined GLC‐mass spectroscopy. The high‐resolution mass spectra of diphenylhydantoin methyl derivatives indicate that the methyl groups were introduced at the nitrogen atoms of the hydantoin ring to produce 3‐methyl‐ and 1,3‐dimethyldiphenylhydantoin.
Commoditizing the Vessels of Identity: Transnational Trade and the Reconstruction of Rarámuri Ethnicity

This article examines the relationship between ethnicity and trade among Indians and non-Indians in the Sierra Madre of northwest Mexico, specifically among the Tarahumara or Raramuri (as they call themselves) of southwestern Chihuahua and the Mestizo and Anglo-American traders with whom many of them now interact. As commodities traverse ethnic, regional, and international frontiers there occur transformations in the meaning, function, and appearance of the items and the economic transactions within which they are embedded. Here I explore how interethnic trade based on ties of fictive kinship becomes increasingly monetized and impersonal as utilitarian articles in Raramuri communities become commodities for Mestizo traders and objets d'art for collectors in the United States. The analysis is also concerned with the social means by which traders insert themselves into existing exchange systems in the process of manipulating the identity of persons and things according to the cultural tastes (which, ipso facto, are the economic demands) of foreign consumers. As such, the article not only offers a preliminary ethnography of the nexus between the local economy and a transnational market but also explores how the process of increasing commoditization is transforming the logic and practice of reciprocity in what until recently has been one of the more remote regions of North America. Some excellent descriptions of various aspects of Raramuri society and economy already exist in the literature (Bennett and Zingg 1935; Bye 1976; Fried 1969; Kennedy 1963, 1978; Lumholtz 1902; Merrill 1978, 1983; Passin 1942; Pennington 1983). There are also specific discussions of Raramuri material culture (Beardsley 1985; Fontana 1979a, 1979b; Pastron 1974; Pennington 1963), ethnohistorical reports on Raramuri economy and interethnic exchange (Gonzalez Rodriguez 1982,1987; Sheridan and Naylor 1979), as well as an important study on the impact of the logging industry on these people (Lartigue 1983). The following, however, represents the first ethnographic account of the contemporary trade in Raramuri commodities and how it articulates with the traditional economy.
Acute hypersensitivity reaction to ferric gluconate in a premedicated patient

OBJECTIVETo report a case of an acute hypersensitivity reaction to ferric gluconate in a patient premedicated with dexamethasone, diphenhydramine, and prochlorperazine.CASE SUMMARYA 38-year-old female with persistent iron deficiency anemia was initiated on parenteral iron therapy with ferric gluconate 125 mg intravenously over 10 minutes. The patient initially tolerated this first dose well; however, she later experienced nausea, dizziness, and minor tongue swelling. On her second course of therapy, the woman was premedicated with dexamethasone, diphenhydramine, and prochlorperazine prior to the same dose of ferric gluconate infused over 30 minutes. Subsequently, the patient developed epigastric pain, nausea, swelling of her lips and tongue, and hypotension. The symptoms abated after administration of diphenhydramine, dexamethasone, morphine, cimetidine, intravenous fluids, and oxygen. She was discharged after a short stay in the emergency department observation unit.DISCUSSIONData are limited on the rela...
Diabetes and cognitive outcomes in a nationally representative sample: the National Health and Aging Trends Study

Background The prevalence of both type II diabetes mellitus (DM) and cognitive impairment is high and increasing in older adults. We examined the extent to which DM diagnosis was associated with poorer cognitive performance and dementia diagnosis in a population-based cohort of US older adults. Methods We studied 7,606 participants in the National Health and Aging Trends Study, a nationally representative cohort of Medicare beneficiaries aged 65 years and older. DM and dementia diagnosis were based on self-report from participants or proxy respondents, and participants completed a word-list memory test, the Clock Drawing Test, and gave a subjective assessment of their own memory. Results In unadjusted analyses, self-reported DM diagnosis was associated with poorer immediate and delayed word recall, worse performance on the Clock Drawing Test, and poorer self-rated memory. After adjusting for demographic characteristics, body mass index, depression and anxiety symptoms, and medical conditions, DM was associated with poorer immediate and delayed word recall and poorer self-rated memory, but not with the Clock Drawing Test performance or self-reported dementia diagnosis. After excluding participants with a history of stroke, DM diagnosis was associated with poorer immediate and delayed word recall and the Clock Drawing Test performance, and poorer self-rated memory, but not with self-reported dementia diagnosis. Conclusions In this recent representative sample of older Medicare enrollees, self-reported DM was associated with poorer cognitive test performance. Findings provide further support for DM as a potential risk factor for poor cognitive outcomes. Studies are needed that investigate whether DM treatment prevents cognitive decline.
Differential space-time modulation over frequency-selective channels

We present herein a new differential space-time-frequency (DSTF) modulation scheme for systems that are equipped with an arbitrary number of transmit antennas and operate in frequency-selective channels. The proposed DSTF modulator consists of a concatenating spectral encoder and differential encoder that offer full spatio-spectral diversity and significant coding gain. A unitary structure is imposed on the differential encoder to admit linear, decoupled maximum likelihood (ML) detection in space and time. Optimum criteria based on pairwise error probability analysis are developed for spectral encoder design. We introduce a class of spectral codes, namely, linear constellation decimation (LCD) codes, which are nonbinary block codes obtained by decimating a phase-shift-keying (PSK) constellation with a group of decimation factors that are co-prime with the constellation size. Since LCD codes encode across a minimally necessary set of subchannels for full diversity, they incur modest decoding complexity among all full-diversity codes. Numerical results are presented to illustrate the performance of the proposed DSTF modulation and coding scheme, which compares favorably with several existing differential space-time schemes in frequency-selective channels.
Mucho camino: the experiences of two undocumented Mexican mothers participating in their child's early intervention program.

OBJECTIVE. This study describes the experiences of two mothers of Mexican origin who are immigrants living under undocumented status in the United States and who participated in their children's early intervention programs. METHOD. In-depth interviews, archival data, and participant observation conducted with two mothers of children with special needs provided data for this case study design research. A phenomenological analytical approach and qualitative data analysis software were employed to gain understandings particular to each family's experience. RESULTS. These families share similar experiences and interactions with many other families in the United States who live within the context of having a child with a disabling condition. Constraints on family functioning related to the families' status of undocumented immigration included: mothers as active participants in their children's early intervention programs, mothers' understanding of their children, mothers' communication with service providers, and life as an immigrant family of Mexican origin living under undocumented status. CONCLUSIONS. The examination of how these mothers negotiated family life while participating in their child's early intervention program provides an appreciation for how these families view the long road-"mucho camino"-involved in achieving their family's well-being.