cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reciprocal collision avoidance and multi-agent navigation for video games

Collision avoidance and multi-agent navigation is an important component of modern video games. Recent developments in commodity hardware, in particular the utilization of multi-core and many-core architectures in personal computers and consoles are allowing large numbers of virtual agents to be incorporated into game levels in increasing numbers. We present the hybrid reciprocal velocity obstacle and optimal reciprocal collision avoidance methods for reciprocal collision avoidance and navigation in video games and described their implementations in C++ as HRVO Library and RVO2 Library. The libraries can efficiently simulate groups of twenty-five to one thousand virtual agents in dense conditions and around moving and static obstacles.
Convective-heating thermal decomposition/digestion of peptides and proteins on surfaces

Abstract A site specific cleavage at the N-terminus of the amino acid cysteine (Cys, C) was induced on peptides and proteins deposited on surfaces via convective heating (hot air) at temperatures between 220 and 270 °C for 30 s. Protein and peptide samples studied were prepared as thin films in order to simulate biological tissue sections. Specifically, a stream of hot air was applied to biological samples on surfaces. The site-specific bond cleavage at Cys was found to be initiated by a loss of a hydrogen sulfide molecule from its side chain, followed by the formation of an intermediate dehydroalanine, rearrangement and water addition. This thermal decomposition process induces a cleavage of the bond between the nitrogen and α-carbon (N-terminus) of Cys. The N-terminal product, with a mass change of −1 Da, shows an amidated C-terminus, while the C-terminal product has a net −33 Da mass change. Thermal decomposition products of peptides and proteins were analyzed by direct insertion probe electron ionization (DIP-EI)-mass spectrometry (MS), electrospray ionization (ESI)-MS and tandem MS (MS/MS), matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI)-MS, and MALDI-MS/MS analyses. Molecular water was found to have little influence on the elimination of hydrogen sulfide from the intact peptide, but essential in the final cleavage step. This thermal decomposition and digestion (TDD) reaction was observed in peptide and protein samples ranging in molecular weights from 770 Da to 66 kDa. The cleavage specificity and speed (30 s) of the convective-heating TDD method make it a viable approach for the rapid analysis of proteins in tissue or biofilm samples as part of a bottom-up in situ (or on-tissue) protein identification protocol by MALDI-MS/MS.
Ebola’s Origin: A Limited but Devastating Viral Hemorrhagic Disease of Central Africa

Ebola’s Curse: 2013–2016 Outbreak in West Africa , a timely, needed and well-presented book by Michael Oldstone and Madeleine Rose Oldstone, unlocks the mysteries of the largest outbreak of one of the world’s most fearsome viruses. What is Ebola? Why did this happen? Here you will find the answers to these questions, while meeting fascinating people thrust into a situation as dramatic as any that could be imagined in a blockbuster novel or movie.
Psychological Impact and Barriers to Fertility Preservation in Male Cancer Patients

Male cancer patients are increasingly interested in pursuing fertility preservation prior to undergoing gonadotoxic cancer treatments. However many patients do not receive appropriate fertility preservation counseling or referral for fertility preservation treatment. Both patient-specific and institutional barriers have been identified which limit patients’ ability to complete fertility preservation treatment. Many of the identified institutional barriers have the ability to result in disparate fertility preservation counseling. Patients who do not receive appropriate fertility preservation counseling are at risk of future regret, anger, sadness, and other negative psychological outcomes and potentially decreased chances of future genetic family building. For patients who do receive fertility preservation counseling, their current emotional status as well as that of their loved ones related to the patient’s cancer diagnosis may interfere with decision-making ability. Patients who accept or decline fertility preservation treatment may face additional psychological risks. Regardless, all cancer patients who will be exposed to gonadotoxic treatments should receive fertility preservation counseling and referral for additional counseling by a fertility specialist. The psychological complexity of fertility preservation in newly diagnosed cancer patients suggests that the inclusion of counseling from an appropriately trained mental health professional is also warranted.
Parents' and Teachers' Sensitivity to Unhappiness Reported by Undercontrolled Children:

The primary purpose of this study was to investigate parents' and teachers' sensitivity to the unhappiness and depression of 110 elementary-aged undercontrolled children being treated in an inpatie...
Molds and Mycotoxins

Molds (fungi) or mycotoxins infect humans, animals and plant. The common mold genera of importance are in food safety Aspergillus, Penicillium, Fusarium, and Alternaria. Mold causes mycosis, while the mycotoxin causes mycotoxicosis in humans and animals. Molds also cause food spoilage, and the major crops that are affected include wheat, maize, peanuts and other nut crops, cottonseed, and coffee. The Food and Agriculture Organization (FA O) of the WHO estimates that about 25% of the world’s crops are affected by molds. The toxigenic molds produce a variety of mycotoxins, and some are studied in detail. A majority of mycotoxins such as aflatoxin, fumonisin, trichothecene, deoxynivalenol (DON), patulin, ochratoxin, and citrinin are carcinogenic, mutagenic, teratogenic, or cytotoxic and are acquired by consuming mycotoxin-contaminated cereal foods, nuts, milk, and meat. Some mycotoxins are hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic and are life-threatening. Claviceps purpurea produces a toxic cocktail of alkaloid, ergot, which is responsible for ergotism characterized by gangrene and neurological disorder. A variety of mycotoxins may be present in a food, but sensitive analytical tools are needed to monitor their presence. Avoiding the use of mold-contaminated raw products for food/feed production can reduce mycotoxicosis in humans and animals. There is no treatment currently available for foodborne mycotoxin poisoning.
Methodologische Überlegungen, methodisches Vorgehen

Im folgenden Kapitel wird gezeigt, welche methodologischen Theorien und methodischen Vorgehensweisen fur die Erforschung des Lehrerwissens zu Leseforderung ausgewahlt wurden. Zunachst wird hierfur die Hinwendung zu Methodologien, die der qualitativen Sozialforschung zugeordnet werden, als logische Konsequenz aus Forschungsgegenstand und Fragestellung dargelegt (Kap. 2.1). Im folgenden Unterkapitel werden die fur die Forschungsarbeit richtungsweisenden methodologischen Konzepte vorgestellt (Kap. 2.2).
An Overview of Atmospheric Convection

The nature of atmospheric convection is briefly reviewed. We can assess the stability of a single air parcel with respect to vertical displacements by comparing the lapse rate of the parcel’s environment to the rate of temperature change within the displaced parcel owing to adiabatic expansion or compression and latent heating or chilling. We also can examine the tendency for convective overturning in a global sense, when buoyancy sources are distributed over a large area and the entire fluid is engaged in convective overturning. In this case, the onset of global dry convection due to thermal instability is determined by the Rayleigh number. Within the atmospheric boundary layer on a sunny day, the Rayleigh number is several orders of magnitude larger than the critical Rayleigh number; thus, convective overturning is a ubiquitous characteristic of the atmospheric boundary layer in sunny conditions. The structure of dry atmospheric convection depends to a large degree on the vertical wind shear within the atmospheric boundary layer, and quite possibly also is sensitive to surface characteristics and mean vertical motions.
Representing Propositional Logic and Searching for Satisfiability in Connectionist Networks

The chapter presents methods for representing logic formulas in connectionist networks and for searching for truth assignments that satisfy them. Algorithms are given for transforming any logic formula into a network that performs energy minimization in linear time. The parallel relaxation process that underlies networks of energy minimization reveals an efficient hill climbing algorithm for satisfiability problems. Experimental results indicate that the parallel implementation of the algorithm will give extremely good average-case performance, even for large-scale, hard satisfiability problems (randomly generated).
Using modulization approach to design instructional systems for computer literacy courses

In this chapter, the guiding principles of the modularization content arrangement that some instructors use is offered. Eight planning steps in module instructional design are summarized. A general strategy of these principles and applications in a case study is discussed in this chapter as well. A new modularization approach in instructional design, defining the course goals and arranging the course content, are two important issues for instructors. The author hopes the process of the module instructional design through essential knowledge and skills in the computer literacy course development will not only be a valuable synthesizing experience for instructors, but also the modularization approach may be preferable to students with a variety of backgrounds.
Durotomy Surrogate and Seals for Intradural Spinal Cord Stimulators: Apparatus and Review of Clinical Methods and Materials.

Introduction We are developing a novel intradural spinal cord stimulator for treatment of neuropathic pain and spasticity. A key feature is the means by which it seals the dura mater to prevent leakage of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). We have built and employed a test rig that enables evaluation of candidate seal materials. Methods To guide the design of the test rig, we reviewed the literature on neurosurgical durotomies. The test rig has a mock durotomy slot with a dural substitute serving as the surrogate dura mater and water as the CSF. The primary experimental goal was to evaluate the effectiveness of candidate gasket materials as seals against CSF leakage in an implanted prototype device, at both normal and super-physiologic pressures. A secondary goal was to measure the transmembrane flows in a representative dural substitute material, to establish its baseline aqueous transport properties. Results The seals prevented leakage of water at the implantation site over periods of ≈ ten days, long enough for the scar tissue to form in the clinical situation. The seals also held at water pressure transients approaching 250 mm Hg. The residual volumetric flux of water through the dura substitute membrane (Durepair®) was δVT /A ≈ 0.24 mm3 /min/cm2 , consistent with expectations for transport through the porous membrane prior to closure and equalization of internal/external pressures. Conclusions We have demonstrated the workability of obtaining robust seal against leakage at the implantation site of a novel intradural stimulator using a custom-designed test rig. Extension of the method to in vivo testing in a large animal model will be the next step.
A Novel Approach to Dysmorphology to Enhance the Phenotypic Classification of Autism Spectrum Disorder in the Study to Explore Early Development

The presence of multiple dysmorphic features in some children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) might identify distinct ASD phenotypes and serve as potential markers for understanding causes and prognoses. To evaluate dysmorphology in ASD, children aged 3–6 years with ASD and non-ASD population controls (POP) from the Study to Explore Early Development were evaluated using a novel, systematic dysmorphology review approach. Separate analyses were conducted for non-Hispanic White, non-Hispanic Black, and Hispanic children. In each racial/ethnic group, ~ 17% of ASD cases were Dysmorphic compared with ~ 5% of POP controls. The ASD–POP differential was not explained by known genetic disorders or birth defects. In future epidemiologic studies, subgrouping ASD cases as Dysmorphic vs. Non-dysmorphic might help delineate risk factors for ASD.
Applying stereotactic injection technique to study genetic effects on animal behaviors

Stereotactic injection is a useful technique to deliver high titer lentiviruses to targeted brain areas in mice. Lentiviruses can either overexpress or knockdown gene expression in a relatively focused region without significant damage to the brain tissue. After recovery, the injected mouse can be tested on various behavioral tasks such as the Open Field Test (OFT) and the Forced Swim Test (FST). The OFT is designed to assess locomotion and the anxious phenotype in mice by measuring the amount of time that a mouse spends in the center of a novel open field. A more anxious mouse will spend significantly less time in the center of the novel field compared to controls. The FST assesses the anti-depressive phenotype by quantifying the amount of time that mice spend immobile when placed into a bucket of water. A mouse with an anti-depressive phenotype will spend significantly less time immobile compared to control animals. The goal of this protocol is to use the stereotactic injection of a lentivirus in conjunction with behavioral tests to assess how genetic factors modulate animal behaviors.
Bayesian causal inference via probabilistic program synthesis

Causal inference can be formalized as Bayesian inference that combines a prior distribution over causal models and likelihoods that account for both observations and interventions. We show that it is possible to implement this approach using a sufficiently expressive probabilistic programming language. Priors are represented using probabilistic programs that generate source code in a domain specific language. Interventions are represented using probabilistic programs that edit this source code to modify the original generative process. This approach makes it straightforward to incorporate data from atomic interventions, as well as shift interventions, variance-scaling interventions, and other interventions that modify causal structure. This approach also enables the use of general-purpose inference machinery for probabilistic programs to infer probable causal structures and parameters from data. This abstract describes a prototype of this approach in the Gen probabilistic programming language.
Contributions of Geography and Nongeographic Factors to the White-Black Gap in Hospital Quality for Coronary Heart Disease: A Decomposition Analysis.

Background Differences in hospital proximity and nongeographic factors affect disparities in hospital quality for heart disease, but their relative contributions are unknown. The current study quan...
Molecular simulation of the separation of toluene and p-xylene with the thermally-robust ionic liquid triphenyl-p-phenyl sulfonyl phenyl phosphonium

Abstract Here, we use molecular dynamics simulations to evaluate the behavior of toluene (TOL) and p-xylene (XYL) within three different solvents: n-hexane (HEX), n-heptane (HEP), and a thermally-robust ionic liquid (triphenyl-p-phenyl sulfonyl phenyl phosphonium + bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (TPSP + Tf2N)). Several different temperatures are explored, while the solvation structures, energetics, and dynamics of TOL and XYL are evaluated. The solvation free energy (ΔGsolv) and transfer free energy (ΔGtransfer) of TOL and XYL are calculated using thermodynamic integration (TI). The transfer free energy of XYL from HEP/HEX to TPSP + Tf2N is more favorable than that of TOL over the entire temperature range, while the transfer of both TOL and XYL becomes less favorable as the temperature increases. The diffusion rates of TOL and XYL are lower in the ionic liquid when compared to HEP and HEX, but the thermal stability of TPSP + Tf2N may allow for higher operating temperatures and accelerated mass transport rates.
An Evaluation of Methods of Compressing Doubles

Data compression is a problem with far-reaching implications across science and industry. In the era of big data, methods for efficient compression are crucial to achieve compact data representation, low-latency data transfers, and high- throughput during query execution. Due to the explosion of Internet-of-Things applications, a large portion of this data is in the form of double-precision floating-point numbers. Despite the plethora of methods for compression, a comprehensive evaluation across real-world data and applications is still missing. In this paper, we perform such a comparison of methods and evaluate their performance in terms of compression ratio and throughput achieved across two dataset repositories of time series and featurized machine-learning problems, as well as on a dataset of machine logs.
Spontaneous Resolution of Dural and Pial Arteriovenous Fistulae Arising After Superficial Temporal Artery to Middle Cerebral Artery Bypass for Moyamoya Disease

Background Superficial temporal artery (STA)-to−middle cerebral artery bypass is frequently performed for moyamoya disease. We discuss an unusual case in a moyamoya patient complicated by the development of dural and pial arteriovenous fistulae (AVF). Both AVF then spontaneously resolved 2 years after surgery. Case Description A patient in the fifth decade of life presented after multiple strokes resulting in right-sided weakness and numbness. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed remote strokes, and angiography revealed Suzuki grade 3 moyamoya angiopathy bilaterally. With a diminutive left STA, we initially performed left-sided dual-vessel pial synangioses. After radiographic evidence of robust revascularization and improved hemispheric perfusion, a combined right STA−middle cerebral artery bypass was done. However, routine 8-month postoperative angiography identified dural and pial AVF within the prior operative field. On the 2-year surveillance cerebral angiogram, both AVF were no longer present. Conclusions AVF as a complication of revascularization surgery is rare. Here, we discuss the possible pathophysiologic mechanisms that we theorize may have contributed and current treatment options and indications. We also review the literature surrounding this phenomenon.
Leveraging dynamic decision-making and environmental analysis to support authentic learning experiences in digital environments

Authentic learning is a pedagogical approach that situates students in real-world settings. Authentic learning experiences in online environments allow learners to solve real-world problems when they immerse in real-world settings. It thereby requires instructional designers to make contextualized design decisions to enhance students’ online authentic learning experiences. The purpose of this paper is to provide instructional designers with a conceptual framework to help guide their instructional design decisions for authentic learning experiences in online environments. We purport that these design decisions should be guided by three constructs: authentic learning, decision-making, and contextual analysis. We also provide recommendations for future research on decision-making practices and processes in instructional design contexts.
Monuments as Mobilization? The United Daughters of the Confederacy and the Memorialization of the Lost Cause

Objective The United Daughters of the Confederacy (UDC) played an important role in constructing monuments commemorating the Civil War. Memorialization of the “Lost Cause” and preserving southern heritage are often cited as reasons for monument construction. Here, we study whether these monuments were also used as tools to mobilize potential members. Method We use data on Confederate monuments and UDC membership to empirically test if monument construction mobilized women to join the UDC. Results States with more Confederate monuments tended to have more UDC members. Confederate monument construction, especially courthouse monuments, was also predictive of the annual growth in UDC membership in a state. However, membership in individual chapters was not consistently affected by building a monument in a community Conclusion Confederate monuments could be a boon to UDC membership, underscoring how memorials can be used as catalysts for interest group mobilization.
Noncitizens' Access to Federal District Court: The Narrowing of § 1252(b)(9) Post-Jennings

When can a noncitizen bring her claims directly before a federal district court? The answer is not so simple, thanks in large part to a provision of the Immigration and Nationality Act, codified at 8 U.S.C. § 1252(b)(9). That provision says that if an immigrant’s claims “arises from” her removal proceedings, she must wait until those proceedings have conclude before seeking relief in a federal court. This Comment argues that § 1252(b)(9) should be read narrowly in light of the Supreme Court’s decision in Jennings, to afford immigrants more opportunities to remedy their harms and hold the government accountable for its potentially unlawful action. To effectuate this narrow reading, this Comment evaluates several factors and considerations that courts can and should employ when confronted with claims that implicate § 1252(b)(9).
Does trade protectionism promote domestic food security? Evidence from Tanzanian edible oil imports

Abstract As many African countries adopt tariffs and other trade barriers to stem the rising tide of food imports, we ask, when are these policies effective? Our focus is on edible oils, for which African imports grew over 10% per year between 2006 to 2015, and which accounted for 34% of the growth in food imports for the continent over the period — the highest share of any food group. In the same period, several African countries experienced a boom in the local production and processing of oil-seeds. The combination of import growth and domestic production booms points to a gap in the literature on edible oils and food security in Africa. We begin to fill this gap by estimating the price-responses of households, and how they substitute between palm and sunflower oils, using a QUAIDS model on Tanzanian household level data. For Tanzania, the two leading edible oil varieties – imported palm and domestically produced sunflower oil – accounted for more than 70% of edible oil use. We find a surprisingly low level of substitution between domestic and imported edible oils. Simulated budget shares from our estimates suggest that a 10% tariff increase on palm oil leads to less than a 0.06% change in the budget share of sunflower oil. The main implication of our finding is that other policy initiatives are required to stimulate demand for domestic food options that appear to be substitutes for imports, beyond tariffs.
Cancer Care during Covid-19: A multi-institutional qualitative study on physician and patient perspectives on telemedicine

e13611Background: The COVID19 pandemic has had significant effects on cancer care, including disruptions or delays to screening, diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up for cancer patients as well as s...
Fairness as Equality of Opportunity: Normative Guidance from Political Philosophy.

Recent interest in codifying fairness in Automated Decision Systems (ADS) has resulted in a wide range of formulations of what it means for an algorithmic system to be fair. Most of these propositions are inspired by, but inadequately grounded in, political philosophy scholarship. This paper aims to correct that deficit. We introduce a taxonomy of fairness ideals using doctrines of Equality of Opportunity (EOP) from political philosophy, clarifying their conceptions in philosophy and the proposed codification in fair machine learning. We arrange these fairness ideals onto an EOP spectrum, which serves as a useful frame to guide the design of a fair ADS in a given context. We use our fairness-as-EOP framework to re-interpret the impossibility results from a philosophical perspective, as the in-compatibility between different value systems, and demonstrate the utility of the framework with several real-world and hypothetical examples. Through our EOP-framework we hope to answer what it means for an ADS to be fair from a moral and political philosophy standpoint, and to pave the way for similar scholarship from ethics and legal experts.
RISK FACTORS FOR FAILURE FOLLOWING ANTERIOR CRUCIATE LIGAMENT RECONSTRUCTION IN A PEDIATRIC POPULATION: A NOVEL PREDICTION ALGORITHM:

Background:Pediatric anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction is becoming increasingly common, however, there is limited literature on the risk factors for failure in this demographic.Hypoth...
QuizCram: A Quiz-Driven Lecture Viewing Interface.

QuizCram is an interface for navigating lecture videos that uses quizzes to help users determine what they should view. We developed it in response to observing peaks in video seeking behaviors centered around Coursera's in-video quizzes. QuizCram shows users a question to answer, with an associated video segment. Users can use these questions to navigate through video segments, and find video segments they need to review. We also allow users to review using a timeline of previously answered questions and videos. To encourage users to review the material, QuizCram keeps track of their question-answering and video-watching history and schedules sections they likely have not mastered for review. QuizCram-format materials can be generated from existing lectures with in-video quizzes. Our user study comparing QuizCram to in-video quizzes found that users practice answering and reviewing questions more when using QuizCram, and are better able to remember answers to questions they encountered.
Two Kinds of Naming in the Sophist

A familiar tradition in Plato scholarship has it that self-predication is one of the most important issues to be settled in an attempt to understand Plato's metaphysical views. Perhaps only latent in the initial formulations of the theory of Forms, the problem becomes manifest in the Parmenides, especially in the Third Man Argument where the assumption that a Form can have the property that it is helps to generate a vicious regress destructive of the notion of a single Form over many particulars.1 Those who hold the view that Plato is committed to self-predication by his theory of Forms are forced to consider whether he ever came to terms with the problem and, if he did not, why he did not, in view of the apparently damaging effects of the Third Man Argument. Their opponents in the tradition, on the other hand, insist that Plato would not have agreed that a Form can be predicated of itself and that his theory does not imply it. But they in turn have been hard put to explain the import of the Third Man Argument, which appears to trade so heavily on that assumption, as well as the unmistakably selfpredicative language of the dialogues. I believe that this line of thinking focuses too narrowly on what we have come to understand as the 'problem of self-predication/ To begin with, no winner in the debate is anywhere in view. Plato's language, overtly self-predicative though it is, gives no purchase to either
Induction of VEGF Secretion in Cardiomyocytes by Mechanical Stretch

Cells respond to their environment by relaying mechanical force into biochemical stimuli that activate intracellular signal transduction pathways. Subjecting cells to in vitro mechanical stretch can mimic cellular responses to changes in the rigidity of the extracellular matrix. Here we describe an in vitro model system that mimics stretch overload in vivo. In this stretch-mediated hypertrophy model, adult rat cardiomyocytes attached to laminin-coated flexible membranes are subjected to cyclic mechanical stretch at an extension level of 10 % at 30 cycles/min. At various time points VEGF secretion into the media is collected and quantitated.
Fetal lung metabolism. Response to maternal fasting.

Abstract 1. 1. Fetal lung metabolic response to maternal fasting late in gestation was investigated. 2. 2. Maternal fasting 4 days before term was associated with low fetal plasma glucose and insulin levels but increased levels of fetal plasma glucagon, glycerol, lactate and fatty acids. 3. 3. Fetuses from fasted mothers showed a significant decrease in body weight (30%), lung weight (30%) and lung glycogen (46%), but no change in lung protein, phospholipid or total lung DNA, suggesting that lung size is affected more than maturation. 4. 4. Fetal lung slices incubated in vitro showed that lactate oxidation to CO 2 equalled that of glucose in control fetal lungs and was unaffected by maternal fasting, while glucose oxidation was depressed (23%). 5. 5. Maternal fasting significantly decreased in vitro incorporation of [U- 14 C]-glucose, [U- 14 C]lactate and [1- 14 C]palmitate into lung phospholipids. 6. 6. Fetal lungs from fasted mothers showed increased conversion of lactate to glucose, indicating gluconeogenic potential by fetal lung. 7. 7. These studies show that plasma lactate serves as an important energy fuel and substrate for lipid synthesis for the fetal lung, and maternal fasting markedly alters fetal lung metabolism.
Technology Transfer and Climate Change

This chapter contributes to the dialogue over appropriate legal approaches to climate change technology transfer by providing a law and geography analysis of the technology itself and the way in which it is transferred. It argues that effective technology transfer requires a nuanced analysis of what should be considered environmentally sound in the context of climate change, and how that transfer can be accomplished most effectively in the particular places that receive it. Using the example of technology needs assessment, the chapter argues that more fluid governance models, which are less centred on the nation-state, have the potential to help assist in framing appropriate transfers.
e-Learning Technology: Convergence with the Mainstream

The evolution of technology-based learning systems over the last thirty years has been driven by the desire to implement increasingly rich pedagogical models. This has led to remarkable innovations in interaction, collaboration, and the use of rich-media in learning systems. However, these technology innovations have rarely been absorbed into the mainstream of information technology and consequently have failed to evolve into broadly implemented standards. Abstractly we can view learning as a sequence of encounters among instructors, learners, and information. These encounters may be synchronous or asynchronous, local or distant, formal or informal, solitary or en masse. Computer Science is seeking to develop technologies that will support a new set of Web experiences. These technologies will provide a generalised model for describing encounters among people and information and are based on open industry standards. The application space for these experiential technologies will eventually include e-commerce, professional communications, games and entertainment, but learning appears likely to be the first practical application.
Bioanalytics for Human Microdosing

Low drug doses used in microdose or phase 0 studies present quantitation challenges to routine bioanalytical methods. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS), and positron emission tomography (PET) are bioanalytical techniques used for analysis of phase 0 samples. LC-MS is most common and generally preferred if drug and metabolite concentrations are not low. AMS has the best sensitivity and precision, while PET provides images of distribution in vivo. Keywords: phase 0; microdose; accelerator mass spectrometry; AMS; positron emission tomography; PET; liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry; LC-MS; mass spectrometry
Collaborative intrusion detection system (CIDS): a framework for accurate and efficient IDS

We present the design and implementation of a collaborative intrusion detection system (CIDS) for accurate and efficient intrusion detection in a distributed system. CIDS employs multiple specialized detectors at the different layers - network, kernel and application - and a manager based framework for aggregating the alarms from the different detectors to provide a combined alarm for an intrusion. The premise is that a carefully designed and configured CIDS can increase the accuracy of detection compared to individual detectors, without a substantial degradation in performance. In order to validate the premise, we present the design and implementation of a CIDS which employs Snort, Libsafe, and a new kernel level IDS called Sysmon. The manager has a graph-based and a Bayesian network based aggregation method for combining the alarms to finally come up with a decision about the intrusion. The system is evaluated using a Web-based electronic store front application and under three different classes of attacks - buffer overflow, flooding and script-based attacks. The results show performance degradations compared to no detection of 3.9% and 6.3% under normal workload and a buffer overflow attack respectively. The experiments to evaluate the accuracy of the system show that the normal workload generates false alarms for Snort and the elementary detectors produce missed alarms. CIDS does not flag the false alarm and reduces the incidence of missed alarms to 1 of the 7 cases. CIDS can also be used to measure the propagation time of an intrusion which is useful in choosing an appropriate response strategy.
The Tyranny of Scales

This paper examines a fundamental problem in applied mathematics. How can one model the behavior of materials that display radically different, dominant behaviors at different length scales. Although we have good models for material behaviors at small and large scales, it is often hard to relate these scale-based models to one another. Macroscale models represent the integrated effects of very subtle factors that are practically invisible at the smallest, atomic, scales. For this reason it has been notoriously difficult to model realistic materials with a simple bottom-up-from-the-atoms strategy. The widespread failure of that strategy forced physicists interested in overall macro-behavior of materials toward completely top-down modeling strategies familiar from traditional continuum mechanics. The problem of the ``tyranny of scales'' asks whether we can exploit our rather rich knowledge of intermediate micro- (or meso-) scale behaviors in a manner that would allow us to bridge between these two dominant methodologies. Macroscopic scale behaviors often fall into large common classes of behaviors such as the class of isotropic elastic solids, characterized by two phenomenological parameters---so-called elastic coefficients. Can we employ knowledge of lower scale behaviors to understand this universality---to determine the coefficients and to group the systems into classes exhibiting similar behavior?
Potentiation of diffuse lung damage by oxygen: determining variables

The antioxidant, butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), caused diffuse necrosis of type I alveolar cells in mouse lung followed by proliferation of type II epithelial cells. Exposure to oxygen during the phase of epithelial cell division led to the development of diffuse interstitial fibrosis. The extent of the fibrotic changes, as quantitated by measuring total lung hydroxyproline, was dependent upon both oxygen concentration in the inspired air and length of exposure. Fibrotic changes were seen in animals exposed after 400 mg/kg of BHT for 6 days to 50% oxygen or more, 3 days to 60% oxygen or more, or 2 days to 70% oxygen or more, but not if exposure was limited to 24 h only. Minimal fibrosis developed in animals exposed for 6 days to 80% oxygen alone. Additional factors determining the severity of fibrotic changes were the extent of the initial lung lesion caused by BHT and the time interval between BHT administration and the beginning of oxygen exposure. Potentiation of lung fibrosis was also observed in animals treated with methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl and 70% oxygen. We conclude that oxygen can severely aggravate lung damage caused by bloodborne agents, and that the severity of the resulting lesion is determined by many variables.
It is out of my hands: how deferring control to God can decrease quality of life for breast cancer patients.

Objective: This paper seeks to contribute to the understanding of how and why religion affects psychosocial health outcomes. We propose a theoretical model predicting that when women with breast cancer defer control to God they will experience fewer breast cancer related concerns. Deferring control to God, however, should also reduce the likelihood that they take a proactive coping approach, which will beexacerbated byloweredbreastcancer concerns.Wetherefore predict that thispassive copingstyle will ultimately result in lower levels of quality of life. Methods: Data were collected as part of a randomized clinical trial funded by the National Cancer Institute. A total of 192 women with breast cancer participated in a computer-mediated social support group. Deferring control to God statements were captured by using computer-aided content analysis of discussion posts. Psychosocial outcomes were measured using longitudinal survey data. Analysis was performed using structural equation modeling. Results: The results of our analysis largely confirm our mediation model for which we find significant model fit. As predicted, deferring control to God leads to lower levels of breast cancer concerns but also to more passive coping styles. Ultimately, deferring control to God can lead to lower levels of quality of life. Conclusions: Our study demonstrates how and why religious coping can lead to both positive and negative psychosocial health outcomes. Health care practitioners should encourage patients who are relying on religion to keep their end of the bargain and maintain an active coping style. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Facilitating learning and change in physicians: Implications for a system of continuing medical education in Europe

In the presence of conflicting evidence, recent research has altered the view ofthe nature of continuing medical education (CME) in North America. These changes in perspective have brought about a new focus and draniatic implications for the ways that learning activities should be planned, managed and recognized. These changes have also fostered opportunities for new and better ways to identify and award credit for CME. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, the high cost of CME and increasing efforts to account for the impact of CME on physicians behavior and patient health led to hundreds of published evaluation studies. Most of these studies were modelled on traditional niedical research. They were directed toward a test of the hypothesis that, as CME participation increases, changes in practice will increase. The results of these investigations were divided almost equally between those that documented a true difference after a CME program and those that did not. Little progress was made in evaluating the true consequences of CME [l]. One study drew considerable attention because of its careful design. Sibley and colleagues [2] used a randomized control-group design to study the effectiveness of a CME program on 16 family physicians in Canada. Data on patient-care consequences were extensive, as were analyses. The authors described a difference of 10% more changes in patient care among respondents who participated in CME compared with those who did not. However, this level
Interdisciplinary care clinics in chronic kidney disease.

The burden of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is substantial, and is associated with high hospitalization rates, premature deaths, and considerable health care costs. These factors provide strong rationale for quality improvement initiatives in CKD care. The interdisciplinary care clinic (IDC) has emerged as one solution to improving CKD care. The IDC team may include other physicians, advanced practice providers, nurses, dietitians, pharmacists, and social workers—all working together to provide effective care to patients with chronic kidney disease. Studies suggest that IDCs may improve patient education and preparedness prior to kidney failure, both of which have been associated with improved health outcomes. Interdisciplinary care may also delay the progression to end-stage renal disease and reduce mortality. While most studies suggest that IDC services are likely cost-effective, financing IDCs is challenging and many insurance providers do not pay for all of the services. There are also no robust long-term studies demonstrating the cost-effectiveness of IDCs. This review discusses IDC models and its potential impact on CKD care as well as some of the challenges that may be associated with implementing these clinics.
The adsorption of molecular oxygen species on Ag(110)

Abstract The adsorption of oxygen on the Ag(110) surface was examined at temperatures down to 123 K. In addition to the dissociatively adsorbed state which desorbed at 590 K, a second oxygen state desorbed at 190 K following adsorption at 150 K and below. This high temperature state appeared to form prior to the development of the low temperature state. The ratio of coverages of the two states was a strong function of both exposure and adsorption temperature. Isotopic exchange experiments indicated that the low temperature state was molecularly adsorbed. The desorption of the molecularly adsorbed oxygen exhibited complex kinetics due to interaction with adsorbed oxygen atoms.
Taking advantage of tailored electrostatics and complementary hydrogen bonding in the design of nanostructures for biomedical applications

Four-armed, star-shaped poly(D,L-lactide) (PDLLA) was synthesized and terminally-functionalized with either adenine or thymine complementary hydrogen bonding groups (PDLLA-A and PDLLA-T, respectively). The strong hydrogen bonding led to increased viscosity below the dissociation temperature of the hydrogen bonds. Rheology confirmed that these bonds were thermally reversible, with a sharp reduction in viscosity near 100 °C. PDLLA, PDLLA-A, and PDLLA-T were melt electro-spun with no significant change in fiber diameter (all between 3.6 and 4.0μm). However, a blend of PDLLA-A and PDLLA-T formed fibers with an average diameter of 9.8 ± 2.0 μm, resulting from the hydrogen bond associations. Also, the phospholipid 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (POPE) was melt electro-spun at 200°C and formed uniform fibers with average fiber diameter of 6.5 ±2.0 μm.
Effect of creatine monohydrate on finishing pig growth performance, carcass characteristics and meat quality

Abstract Growth performance, carcass characteristics and meat quality were evaluated from 320 pigs (PIC C22×L326) fed either a control diet (6.5 g lysine kg −1 ) or diets containing added creatine monohydrate (CMH). Pigs (initially 53.5 kg) were sorted by weight, gender and ancestry in a randomized complete block design and allotted to one of four dietary treatments with eight replicates. Pigs were fed a sorghum–soybean meal diet until 30 days pre-slaughter (87.2 kg), when dietary treatments were initiated. Experimental treatments consisted of: (1) a control diet; (2) control diet with 3 g CMH per pig per day for 30 days (maintenance); (3) 25 g CMH per pig per day for 5 days followed by 3 g CMH per pig per day for the next 25 days (early load); (4) or 25 g CMH per pig per day for 5 days before slaughter (late load). Average market weight was 112.4 kg. Feeding CMH did not affect average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), or feed efficiency (F/G). Average backfat, 10th rib fat depth, longissimus muscle area and percentage lean also were not affected by feeding CMH. Visual color and marbling scores were not affected at 24 h or 14 days postmortem; however, the mean firmness score of longissimus from all pigs fed CMH was greater ( P P P
The Coherence of Antirealism

In its bearing upon mathematical intuitionism, antirealism has been and still is a project and not, as too readily assumed, an accomplishment. The project of antirealism, as set out in [2], [3], and [4], was to engage philosophers and logicians in creating a semantics that took a notion of justified assertibility as key and proved sufficient, at least, for intuitionistic formal predicate logic. There were three constraints on such assertibility semantics. First, the intended semantics was to afford a firm basis on which the general law of the excluded third, namely,
Asynchronous Discussions and Assessment in Online Learning

AbstractThis case study explored asynchronous online discussions, assessment processes, and the meaning students derived from their experiences in five online graduate courses at the Colleges of Education of two Midwestern higher education institutions. The findings suggest that asynchronous online discussions facilitate a multidimensional process of assessment demonstrated in the aspects of structure, self-regulatory activities, learner autonomy, learning community and student writing skills. The students valued the discussions as an essential component of their online learning. Further research is needed to understand the characteristics of online assessment, and what assessment strategies or criteria enhance assessment and learning.
Does the effect of familiarity on proofreading change with encoding task and time

The authors examined whether the beneficial effect of text familiarity on proofreading is dependent on the type of encoding operations performed on the text prior to proofreading (i.e., surface vs. deep), and on the time elapsed between encoding and proofreading. In the present study, familiarity, irrespective of the nature of the encoding operations and delay, improved proofreading times, whereas only surface encoding made proofreading more accurate. These results represent a challenge for the transfer-appropriate processing model of memory.
Sexting and adult romantic attachment

''Sexting'' refers to sending and receiving sexually suggestive images, videos, or texts on cell phones. As a means for maintaining or initiating a relationship, sexting behavior and attitudes may be understood through adult attachment theory. One hundred and twenty-eight participants (M=22 and F=106), aged 18-30years, completed an online questionnaire about their adult attachment styles and sexting behavior and attitudes. Attachment anxiety predicted sending texts that solicit sexual activity for those individuals in relationships. Attachment anxiety also predicted positive attitudes towards sexting such as accepting it as normal, that it will enhance the relationship, and that partners will expect sexting. Sexting may be a novel form for expressing attachment anxiety.