cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Low-Order Filter Response Enhancement in Reconfigurable Resonator Arrays

Reconfigurable resonator arrays offer the unique advantage of providing an adaptive order filter response by appropriately routing signals of interest through the desired resonators. However, this approach typically results in wasted resources since the inactive resonators of the array may occupy significant volume without actively contributing to the filter response. This paper presents the theory, design, and characterization of a new method for employing previously inactive resonators to locally enhance the array's stopband attenuation. A particular example of a six-resonator frequency-tunable array is synthesized and experimentally validated as a demonstration vehicle of the presented methodology. Two of the resonators define the passband of the filter response that tunes from 1.5 to 1.9 GHz with a 1.2% bandwidth and 2.9-2.3-dB insertion loss ( Qu=450). The four resonators that do not contribute to the passband are used to create destructive interference paths, adding tunable notches to the response that locally enhance the stopband by more than 40 dB in the 1.4-1.9-GHz frequency range. A full-wave simulation study also demonstrates the robustness of the presented approach to nonideal effects of the employed switches. Specifically, an on-state switch resistance of less than 1 Ω contributes an additional passband loss of less than 0.2 dB in the specific implementation shown. In addition, an off-state capacitance of 0.3 pF results in a spurious-free response to 3.86 GHz for a 1.5-GHz filter passband center frequency.
A comprehensive review of survey‐based research in MIS

Purpose – MIS researchers have consistently adopted survey‐based research method while investigating MIS and related phenomenon, making survey‐based research method one of the widely used research method in MIS research. This study seeks to revisit some of the inherent characteristics of survey‐based research method with the aim of improving the quality, replication, and validation of results in MIS survey‐based studies. Additionally, this study provides information on the most prevalent analytical and statistical tools used in MIS survey research studies.Design/methodology/approach – In this research, the authors adopt the content analysis technique. The choice of content analysis is premised on the desire to investigate the sources of survey data, units of analysis, research methods, and statistical tools used in MIS research with the aim of improving empirical research in the MIS discipline.Findings – The results show the prevalent sources of data, the dominant units of analysis, the most commonly used...
Norms of decision making in the ICU: a case study of two academic medical centers at the extremes of end-of-life treatment intensity

Purpose To explore norms of decision making regarding life-sustaining treatments (LSTs) at two academic medical centers (AMCs) that contribute to their opposite extremes of end-of-life ICU use.
Intense low-energy ion populations at low equatorial altitudes

The ISEE 1 satellite trajectory often passed through the magnetospheric region during the time from November 1977 to April 1978. On every occasion, the medium energy particles instrument (MEPI) of the satellite recorded an intense ion population in a region corresponding to low equatorial altitudes. An intensity peak was observed in the lowest MEPI energy channel. A comparison of high bit rate MEPI data with simultaneous data from the LEPEDEA plasma instrument on Nov. 29, 1977 1930-2000 UT shows additional peaks in the ion population existing in the L of 2 to at least 4. In the present report, data characterizing these ion populations are presented, and implications are discussed in terms of source and loss mechanisms.
Kronecker-Product Periodic Systems of Small Gas-Phase Molecules and the Search for Order in Atomic Ensembles of Any Phase

The periodic law, manifested in the chart of the elements, is so fundamental in chemistry and related areas of physics that the question arises "Might periodicity among molecules also be embodied in a periodic system?" This review paper details how a particular periodic system of gas-phase diatomic molecules, allowing for the forecasting of thousands of new data, was developed. It can include ionized and even quarked-nuclei molecules and it coincides with locality (averaging) and the additivity found in some data; it has interesting vector properties, and it may be related in challenging ways to partial order. The review then explains how periodic systems for triatomic and four-atomic species are evolving along a similar path. The systems rest largely upon exhaustive comparisons of tabulated data, relate to some extent to the octet rule, and include reducible representations of the dynamic group SO(4) in higher spaces. Finally, the paper shows how periodicity can be quantified in data for larger molecules. Data for properties of homologous or substituted molecules, in any phase, are quantified with a vector index, and the index for one set can be transformed into that for another set.
Estrogen contributes to structural recovery after a lesion.

Over the last decade neuroscientists have accumulated a wealth of information confirming the trophic effects of 17β-estradiol (E2) on a variety of brain regions, such as the effects on hippocampal spine density, as well as other measures of structural reorganization. Here, we explore the hypothesis that E2 exerts a positive trophic effect on the cholinergic neurons of the basal forebrain, an area heavily implicated in memory and attentional processes. Female rats were ovariectomized at 3 months of age and lesioned with the immunotoxin 192 IgG-saporin before receiving a subcutaneous pellet containing .25 mg of estrogen or placebo, released over 60 days. The control, non-ovariectomized group was treated identically. At the end of the treatment, the brains were histologically prepared and we used image analysis procedures to evaluate changes in the dendritic arborization of surviving cholinergic neurons. As expected, infusion of the immunotoxin induced a reduction in dendritic arborization in all subjects, but was significantly different from control values only in ovariectomized rats. When differences within animals were factored in, dendritic size in ovariectomized animals treated with E2 was undistinguishable from intact controls. By contrast, in ovariectomized animals treated with placebo, dendritic length remained significantly reduced. These results suggest that E2 can not only protect but also reverse structural neurodegenerative processes in cholinergic neurons. Our data is particularly relevant in the context of female aging and postmenopausal dementia, since preserving an intact cholinergic system may be crucial to prevent at least some of the cognitive decline that occurs in Alzheimer's disease.
Crossflow and Unsteady Boundary-Layer Effects on Rotating Blades

knowing the effective elastic and damping properties of the materials over a sufficiently large frequency range the speed and attenuation of the pulses can be predicted using the linear theory of viscoelasticity. Material dispersion appears to be relatively insignificant in glass-epoxy and boron-epoxy samples below 0.25 mHz, although further research in this area is needed. Ultrasonic methods have been shown to provide a useful way of studying dispersion in composite materials. In this paper attention has been restricted to disturbances propagating in the direction of the reinforcing filaments. A complete characterization of the dynamic behavior of unidirectional fiber-reinforced materials requires a knowledge of the remaining four dynamic moduli (assuming transverse isotropy). Hence additional testing is needed.
Is the cancer protective effect correlated with growth inhibitions by green tea (-)-epigallocatechin gallate mediated through an antioxidant mechanism?

Abstract The preferential inhibition by (−)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCg) of growth of cancer cells (e.g. HeLa) in culture correlates with the ability of EGCg to inhibit a growth-related, cell surface hydroquinone oxidase with protein disulfide-thiol interchange activity (tNOX) measured as an NADH oxidase and specifically associated with tumorigenically-transformed cells and tissues. tNOX is reduced or absent from the surface of non-cancer cells. Various oxidizing conditions known to render other antioxidants such as thiols, ascorbate and vitamin E ineffective did not reduce the effectiveness of EGCg in inhibiting either the tNOX activity or the growth of HeLa cells. Only after Fenton reaction with iron catalysis in the presence of hydrogen peroxide was the effectiveness of the EGCg reduced. We conclude that it is unlikely that the anticancer action of green tea EGCg on the tNOX protein is mediated through antioxidant properties of EGCg.
A miniswine model of heatstroke

Abstract We developed a miniswine model of passive heatstroke, in part, to explain the variable hyper-, normo- and hypokalemia seen in heatstroke victims. After a baseline period ( T amb =26–27°C), anesthetized and instrumented miniswine ( n =13, mass=44.6 kg) were ramped to 41–43°C, 60% RH; 13 controls were treated identically, but T re was maintained at 38°C. T re of the experimental miniswine rose nearly linearly to 45–46°C until death (approx. 4 h). The response patterns of mean arterial pressure, heart rate, plasma K + , LPS, Ca 2+ , inorganic phosphate, lactate and a variety of other clinical chemical and physiological variables were determined. An explanation for the variability of plasma K + in heatstroke victims was proposed. This model may be useful in characterizing the multisystemic pathology of severe heat injury and be useful for assessing innovative therapeutic regimens.
One method of coping: Resident debriefing after the death of a patient

Abstract Objective To describe residents' exposure and reactions to pediatric deaths, their debriefing experiences, and factors associated with debriefing. Study design Cross-sectional survey completed at the end of residency. The survey reflected experiences from the prior 18 months concerning number, type, and setting of deaths; resident reactions; whether resident debriefed and with whom after a patient's death. Results Seventy-four residents (84%) completed the survey over 4 academic years accounting for 363 deaths; 59% were inpatient deaths of patients with chronic diseases, 22% were inpatient, 18% were emergency department (ED) deaths of previously healthy patients, and 1% were deaths of patients with chronic diseases who died in the ED or in their home. Mean number of deaths experienced per resident was 4.6 (range, 0-19). Thirty-one percent of residents expressed guilt, and 74% stated they had debriefed at least one time, but debriefings took place after only 30% of deaths. Resident debriefing was associated with an inpatient death of a previously healthy child, OR 5.3 (95% CI: 1.31, 22.3), P = .01, whereas there was not an association with number of previous deaths, acute outpatient or chronic inpatient deaths, or resident guilt. Conclusions Pediatric residents were involved in a small number but varying types of death experiences. Debriefing took place after a minority of deaths. Future research needs to investigate the potential benefits of debriefing.
Effect of calcium carbonate particle size on calcium absorption and retention in adolescent girls.

Objective: Increasing calcium bioavailability by decreasing calcium salt particle size in the supplement may be one way to increase calcium absorption. The aim of the study was to compare (1) large versus small particle size CaCO3 supplements and (2) small particle size CaCO3 supplement versus placebo on calcium absorption and retention in adolescent girls.Methods: Thirty-one adolescent girls, aged 11 to 14 years, participated in two 3-week calcium balance periods separated by a 1-week washout period. During both balance periods, the subjects consumed a controlled diet containing 804 mg/d calcium. Using a crossover design, one group (n = 19) received an additional ∼600 mg/d calcium of two ∼300-mg calcium doses as either large particle (18 μm; i.e., standard commercial form) or small particle (13.5 μm) CaCO3. A second group (n = 12) received ∼600 mg/d calcium from small-particle CaCO3 or placebo.Results: The parathyroid hormone suppression curve, following a challenge, from the first arm of the study indic...
Metabolism and energy reserves of brood-rearing horned larks (Eremophila alpestris)

Abstract 1. Fasting metabolic rates and energy reserves were determined on Horned Larks ( Eremophila alpestris ) captured during the brood-rearing season. 2. Metabolic rates were similar to allometric predictions, and lipid reserves were comparable to those of other brood rearing passerines. 3. Like most small passerines, Homed Larks had only enough lipid reserves to withstand a climatically typical period of overnight fasting. 4. Glycogen reserves were only adequate for a very short fast, which may necessitate protein catabolism for gluconeogenesis.
Predator‐recognition Behaviour in Two Species of Gobiid Fishes, Asterropteryx semipunctatus and Gnatholepis anjerensis

When Asterropteryx semipunctatus and Gnatholepis anjerensis detect a predator they bob rhythmically, raising and lowering the body. Bobbing and reduced movement was transmitted visually between fish in adjacent tanks, both within and between species. Fish isolated from other fish for at least 5 days still bobbed when they encountered a predator model. G. anjerensis remained resident in one location for an average of 61 days from marking to disappearance or the end of the study. They could, therefore, benefit if bobbing reduced predator hunting success. Three general categories of hypotheses have been proposed to account for predator-recognition behaviour: assessment of the predator, informing the predator that it is detected, and warning the sender's conspecifics. Two of these, informing the predator and warning, seem most likely to account for goby bobbing. These hypotheses are not mutually exclusive.
Pragmatism and advocacy in criminal justice expert witnessing

This paper explores the ways in which criminal justice expert witnesses conduct the pragmatic functions of pretrial preparation and respond to the advocacy demands of courtroom testimony. A snowball sampling technique has been used to identify and survey criminal justice expert witnesses. A random sample of the membership of the Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences and the American Society of Criminology was likewise surveyed, and divided into two subgroups: random experts and random nonexperts. Responses to items related to pre-trial preparation and courtroom testimony were analyzed using a variety of statistical techniques. While all three groups responded in somewhat differing fashion to both dimensions of expert witnessing, experience as a witness proved to be most helpful in understanding these differences.
Gender and racial differences in psychosocial factors of low-income patients with heart failure.

Background Heart failure (HF) is a debilitating chronic disease with incidence and prevalence continuing to increase, particularly in low-income, minority groups. Psychosocial variables have recently emerged as important predictors of cardiovascular risk and health outcomes in HF. However few data exist in this group. Thus, the purpose of this study is to examine the sociodemographic and psychosocial variables in low-income patients with HF. Methods This is a descriptive, cross-sectional study using 1-time interviews. Subjects with HF were recruited from 3 cardiology clinics and 1 community hospital. Results Fifty-five percent of the sample (n = 65) were women with a mean (standard deviation) age of 59 years (14); 35% were non-white, 86% were unemployed, 56% had an annual income Conclusion Low-income patients with HF, particularly non-white men, have poor health perception and more depressive symptoms. This is important because HF has been associated with increased morbidity and mortality in patients. Future research is necessary to explore ways in designing effective interventions to improve health outcomes.
Situational determinants of personal validation of general personality interpretations.

Summary Groups of Ss were matched with respect to their pre-experimental opinions regarding the value of psychological tests used by trained professionals to describe personality. Ss were then given either the Rorschach, TAT, FIRO-B, or Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale and were later given identical general personality interpretations supposedly based on the test results. An analysis of variance of Ss ratings of the accuracy of the personality interpretation indicated that neither the type of test S took nor whether the personality interpretation was presented as being derived “for you specifically” or “for people in general” had differential effects on Ss' acceptance of the interpretation; all groups rated the interpretation as being between “good” and “excellent.”
Collective excitations in InAs quantum well intersubband transitions

Abstract Intersubband transitions in semiconductor quantum well are studied using a density matrix theory that goes beyond the Hartree–Fock approximation by including the full second order electron–electron scattering terms in the polarization equation for the first time. Even though the spectral features remain qualitatively similar to the results obtained with dephasing rate approximation, significant quantitative changes result from such a more detailed treatment of dephasing. More specifically, we show how the interplay of the two fundamental collective excitations, the Fermi-edge singularity and the intersubband plasmon, leads to significant changes in lineshape as the electron density varies.
Piezoelectricity of phospholipids: Are cell membranes also piezoelectric?

Recently it was foundi that mechanical deformation of films of L-α-phosphatidylcholine in the La phase induces an electric polarization. It was suggested that this effect is due to the chiral smectic A (SmA∗) type liquid crystal structure of the bilayers, which under molecular tilt becomes a ferroelectric (SmC∗) phase, where the electric polarization is normal to the tilt plane. However no control measurement on the racemic material has been presented to prove this suggestion. Here we demonstrate that indeed the chirality of phospholipids makes fluid lipid bilayers piezoelectric. By periodically shearing and compressing nonaqueous lamellar phases of synthetic right enantiomer 2,3-Dihexadecanoyl-sn-glycero-1-phosphocholine (D-DPPC) the synthetic left enantiomer 1,2-Dihexadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (L-DPPC) lipids and their racemic mixture (DL-DPPC) ,we induced a tilt of the molecules with respect to the bilayer normal and produced electric current perpendicular to the tilt plane, with the chiral lipids only. Because most of the living cell membranes contain chiral lipids, we hypothesize that piezoelectricity may have a role in the function of cell membranes. For example, this coupling allows for a wide variety of sensory possibilities of cell membranes such as mechano-reception, magneto-sensitivity, and proton membrane transport. Preliminary results on electromechanical couplings in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Baker's yeast) and their protoplasts will be also reported and discussed.Endnotesi A. Jakli, J. Harden, C. Notz and C. Bailey, Liquid Crystals, 35 (4), 395-400 (2008).
Great Mentors: Robert Jervis, Bruce Bueno de Mesquita, and Peter Katzenstein

I have been extremely blessed in my life to have benefitted from some amazing mentors and friends in both psychology (most notably, Amos Tversky, Phil Zimbardo, and Leda Cosmides) and political science. Inspired by the occasion of Robert Jervis' festschrift, which importantly does not signal his imminent retirement, I was prompted to take advantage of this opportunity to express my deep and abiding appreciation for his advice and guidance over the years. In keeping with Kristen Monroe's model of three, I also reflect here on the critical roles that two additional mentors, Bruce Bueno de Mesquita and Peter Katzenstein, have had on my career and my life.
Even Paranoids Have Enemies Rumors of Levee Sabotage in New Orleans's Lower 9th Ward

This article explores the origin and implications of the rumor that government authorities intentionally destroyed the levee fronting New Orleans's lower 9th Ward during Hurricane Katrina. The author argues that these rumors should not be dismissed as fanciful conspiracy theories, but must instead be placed in the context of New Orleans's environmental history. That history includes numerous episodes in which commercial elites colluded with elected officials to place the city's poor and working classes in harm's way during urban disasters. As a result, the levee rumors during Hurricane Katrina may be understood as a form of resistance, a way in which displaced residents of the lower 9th Ward tried to shape the discourse about the causes and consequences of the hurricane, insisting that, rather than being understood as a so-called natural disaster, it must be understood as a human-constructed catastrophe.
Influence of pinned joints on damping and dynamic behavior of a truss

This paper discusses measured damping characteristics of a three-bay truss that uses pinned joints. A clevis/tang joint design was used. Pinned joints normally have a small amount of clearance between the pins and the clevis/tang fittings. The small gap can cause very significant changes in the dynamics and damping of a truss structure, particularly when the joint can traverse the deadband region. If the gravity induced loads prevent a joint from entering the deadband region, one might expect damping to be effected. Test results demonstrate that structures using pinned joints can have damping that is dependent on gravity. Damping rates can change by a factor of up to five due to variation of gravity induced loads. This variation could be very significant when characterizing space structures in a 1-g environment. The data also suggest that impact, as the joint gaps open and close, transfers vibration energy from low-frequency global modes to high-frequency local modes, increasing the rate of energy dissipation through material damping.
Structure-property relationships of flexible polyurethane foams

Abstract In this study the viscoelastic and compression set properties were studied as a function of temperature and humidity for a series of moulded foams based on toluene diisocyanate (TDI) and glycerol initiated ethylene-oxide-capped propylene-oxide. The results were compared to those obtained on conventional slabstock foams based on TDI and glycerol initiated propylene-oxide. These comparisons were made to delineate and clarify distinct differences between these two different but very important systems. It was found that high temperatures and humidities ‘plasticized’ the moulded foams to a greater extent than the slabstock foams. Moulded foams displayed a higher compression set value and higher load decay value in the viscoelastic measurements than slabstock foams. In an attempt to understand these dramatic differences, the two types of ‘cross-links’ (covalent cross-links and urea-based phase separated hard segment domains) were more directly compared. It was found that the hard segment domains in the slabstock foam had a much higher level of short range ordering and cohesiveness. This was first confirmed by comparing the wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) patterns where the amorphous character was much more pronounced in the moulded systems of equal water/TDI content. The WAXS behaviour of the slabstock system distinctly displayed short range ordering of the TDI based units. Second, Fourier transform infrared (FTi.r.) data from the carbonyl region showed that the slabstock foam had a much higher level of bidentate urea (strong hydrogen bonding) within the hard segments. Conversely, the moulded foam displayed no bidentate urea but only monodentate urea or weaker hydrogen bonding within the hard segments. This is not to imply that microphase separation did not occur since small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) clearly showed evidence of a phase separated morphology for both types of foam systems. It is thus concluded that the dramatic differences between the mechanical properties of moulded and slabstock foams are due in part to differences in the covalent network but mostly due to the lower and weaker ordering of the hard segments in moulded systems making these physical cross-links more labile at higher temperatures and humidities. These morphological differences are believed to be due primarily to two differences in the formulation components and processing between the two studied systems. First, the ethylene-oxide capping used in the polyol of moulded foams to increase the reactivity is known to also increase the compatibility between the hard and soft segments. Second, the addition of diethanolamine (DEOA) added in the moulded foam formulation to decrease demould times by enhancing more rapid cross-linking has been shown to prevent the full local packing development of the hard-segment domains (physical cross-links).
Fe++-dependent alkaline phosphatase of yeast

Abstract The common occurence of a ferrous iron-dependent alkaline phosphatase in crystalline preparations of yeast alcohol dehydrogenase is reported. Some of the properties of the enzyme together with a method for separating it from ethanol dehydrogenase are described.
Pelvic exenteration: A 7-year experience

Abstract From August 1972 through December 1979, 37 exenterations have been performed at the Milton S. Hershey Medical Center of the Pennsylvania State University. The majority were total pelvic exenterations for recurrent carcinoma of the cervix. Exenterations for primary carcinoma of the rectosigmoid portended to a poor prognosis as only one of seven survived more than 2 years. The 2-year survival for the overall series is 43%. A new postoperative complication of recurrent cancer, the formation of a fistula between the functioning gastrointestinal tract and the ileal loop, was seen in three patients.
A Farewell to Functionalism

The ascendancy of functionalism marks a period of optimism in the philosophy of mind. In recent years, functionalism has provided the dominant expression of the hope that beliefs, desires and intentions, as attributed by means of ‘that’-clauses, can be accommodated by a scientific theory of mental processes. I shall regard as functionalist those views which define psychological states in terms of causal relations among sensory inputs, internal states and behavioral outputs, all ultimately desirable in terms applied to automata; and my claim will be that attitudes, such as beliefs1 identified by ‘that’-clauses, can not be construed as functional states, on pain of contradiction.
Microstructure and thermal conductivity of epitaxial AlN thin films

Thin films of AIN were grown by plasma source molecular beam epitaxy system on Si(111), Si(100), Al2O3(0001) and Al2O3(1102) substrates. X-ray studies indicated that the films were highly textured on Al2O3(0001) and Al2O3(1102), and less so on Si(111) and Si(100). The thermal conductivity of these thin films was investigated by the thermal wave-mirage technique, and a high value of 25.2 W-1m-1K-1 was found for the AlN film on Al2O3(1102). The physical properties were correlated to the microstructures obtained from atomic resolution transmission electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy images.
Control of Neuronal Pathway Selection by a Drosophila Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinase Family Member

During development, neurons are capable of selecting specific pathways that lead them to their appropriate target areas. A variety of molecular mechanisms are thought to be involved in pathway recognition, including cell adhesion, repulsion and chemotropism. However, apart from a few genes whose involvement has been shown genetically, the mechanisms underlying neuronal pathway selection are largely unknown. Here we report the isolation of the Drosophila derailed (drl) gene, which encodes a novel member of the receptor protein-tyrosine kinase family. Using a newly developed axon-targeted reporter gene we find that drl is expressed by a small subset of embryonic interneurons whose growth cones choose common pathways during development. In drl mutant embryos these neurons fail to make the correct pathway choices. Our results provide evidence for receptor protein-tyrosine kinase involvement in key aspects of neuronal pathway recognition.
Stabilization of eptifibatide by cosolvents

Eptifibatide is a potent and highly specific inhibitor of platelet receptor glycoprotein IIb/IIIa and is indicated in the treatment of acute coronary syndrome. The commercial product Integrilin(R) (eptifibatide) Injection requires a cold/refrigerator storage condition. In an effort to improve the drug stability for room temperature storage and transportation, this study proposed a semi-aqueous formulation that contains 2 mg/ml eptifibatide, 10% ethanol, 40% propylene glycol and 50% 0.025 M citrate buffer. The stability study was conducted in the pH range 4.25-6.25 under accelerated temperatures: 48, 60, 72.5 degrees C. The results indicate that the proposed semi-aqueous vehicles substantially increased the drug stability in comparison with aqueous vehicles. The predicted drug shelf-life T(90) at 25 degrees C shows that an almost twofold increase can be achieved by formulating eptifibatide in the semi-aqueous vehicle, which is 60 months at its maximum stability of pH 5.75, as opposed to the 33 months in the aqueous vehicle at its maximum stability of pH 5.25.
Note on excitation of the electromagnetic earth-crust waveguide

The power of the reciprocity theorem, in being able to generate solutions of a wide class of layered media problems from a single known formulation, is pointed out. Specifically, we start with the solution for the mutual coupling between two Hertzian electric dipoles that are located in the resistive waveguide channel in the earth's crust. We then obtain useful modifications of these results to allow for other locations and orientations of the dipoles including the extensions to magnetic dipoles.
Reaction between MORB-eclogite derived melts and fertile peridotite and generation of ocean island basalts

Abstract We performed reaction experiments between partial melt of volatile-free MORB-eclogite and volatile-free fertile peridotite at 2.5–3 GPa, 1375 °C and 1440 °C. The fraction of added basaltic andesite melt was varied from ~ 8 to 50 wt.%. Melt was introduced either as a separate layer or mixed homogeneously with peridotite to simulate channelized and porous flow, respectively. Layered experiments produced a zone of orthopyroxene-rich garnet-websterite separating the reacted melt pool from a residual four phase lherzolite while mixed experiments produced a residual assemblage of orthopyroxene ± clinopyroxene ± olivine ± garnet co-existing with reacted melt where residual olivine was absent only in the experiments with 50 wt.% added melt. It is observed that the reacted melts display a continuous spectrum from tholeiitic to alkalic melts with increasing extent of wall–rock reaction for the layered runs and decreasing melt:rock ratio for the mixed experiments. The reacted melts at ~ 10–16 wt.% MgO match better with natural alkali basalts and basanite from intraplate ocean islands in terms of SiO2 (44–48 wt.%), TiO2 (2.2–4.1 wt.%), Al2O3 (12.6–14.3 wt.%), CaO (~ 8–11 wt.%), Na2O (~ 2–4 wt.%), and CaO/Al2O3 (0.52–0.81) as compared to partial melts of volatile-free peridotite and MORB-eclogite. FeO* content (~ 9–11 wt.%) of the reacted melts, however, remains poorer compared to most ocean island basalts (OIBs). We demonstrate that both alkalic and tholeiitic melts are produced in the process of MORB-eclogite partial melt and fertile peridotite reaction. We also demonstrate that near-primary alkali basalt can form at a temperature distinctly below the peridotite solidus and mantle potential temperature (TP) of ~ 1350 °C may be sufficient to generate near-primary alkalic OIBs. Our study obviates the necessity for exotic lithologies, such as silica-deficient garnet pyroxenites, in the solid state mantle to explain the genesis of alkalic OIBs.
Role of interleukin 6 in the growth of myelomaderived cell lines

Abstract The role of interleukin 6 (IL-6) in the growth of five multiple myeloma-derived cell lines was characterized. The U266 and RPMI 8226 cell lines demonstrated increased DNA synthesis when cultured with exogenous IL-6, expressed IL-6 cell surface receptors (IL-6Rs) and expressed mRNA for IL-6R. However, these cells did not secrete detectable IL-6 protein, and a neutralizing antibody to IL-6 did not inhibit their growth. Three other myeloma-derived cell lines ARH-77, IM-9 and HSSultan did not respond to exogenous IL-6, secrete IL-6 or express cell surface IL-6Rs. The IL-6 responsive cell lines bore late B-cell surface antigens (Ags), CD38 and PCA-1, whereas those lines which were non-IL-6 responsive strongly expressed B1 (CD20) and B4 (CD19) Ags, representing earlier stages in B-cell differentiation. Finally, the two IL-6 responsive cell lines did not express Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) proteins; in contrast, EBV encoded proteins typically expressed during latency could be detected in the these non-IL-6 responsive lines, confirming infection with virus. These studies clarify the heterogeneity observed in the myeloma cell line phenotype and biology and suggest that the U266 and RPMI 8226 cell lines, which express IL-6 cell surface receptors and are IL6 responsive, may be useful for further study of IL-6 signal transduction in and related IL-6 mediated growth of myeloma in vivo. In contrast, those cell lines which are IL-6-independent provide a model for further study of EBV transformation and IL-6-dependent growth mechanisms in malignancy.
Vortex generation in modulated superfluid /sup 4/He flow through a pinhole

Sabo and Zimmermann found that the amplitude of resonant ac superfluid flow through the 10-..mu..m orifice of a Helmholtz resonator is limited by sudden collapse of the oscillation, rather than by saturation predicted by the theory of thermal nucleation of vortices. This paper reports measurements on superimposed ac and dc flow. Saturation at a peak velocity essentially equal to the (intrinsic) dc critical velocity is observed when the dc velocity is larger than the peak ac velocity. In the opposite case collapse occurs and except near the transition the peak velocity preceding collapse is somewhat less than the dc critical velocity. The Helmholtz resonator is shown to be a sensitive device for detecting vortex generation in the saturation regime.
Stage III Annealing in Proton-Irradiated Noble Metals

Pulsing and annealing data are given for 99.999% pure copper specimens which have been proton irradiated at 90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. It is shown that stage II obeys first-order annealing kinetics and that the structure observed is probably not associated with impurities. Stage III obeys second-order kinetics, and its activation energy in the case of copper is not dependent on dose in the range $\ensuremath{\Delta}{\ensuremath{\rho}}_{0}=3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}9}$ cm to $\ensuremath{\Delta}{\ensuremath{\rho}}_{0}=3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}8}$ cm. Pulsing experiments in which samples are heated in a msec from -50\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C to temperatures up to 230\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C and held for 30 msec before quenching show no evidence for any change in the annealing process (i.e., the results can be predicted assuming $E_{M}^{}{}_{}{}^{\mathrm{III}} (\mathrm{Cu})=0.71$ eV and using second-order kinetics). It is shown that if di-interstitial migration is responsible for stage III then the binding energy of di-interstitials exceeds 1.0 eV in copper. If, conversely, two kinds of interstitials migrate in stages I and III, then the pulsing experiment suggests that the barrier preventing conversion of the stage III type to the stage I type is greater than 1.14 eV in copper. No evidence for vacancy migration in proton-irradiated silver is observed during annealing at temperatures above stage III. Existing models suggested to explain the annealing of irradiation damage are reviewed.
A new automated underway system for making high precision pCO2 measurements onboard research ships

Abstract We have developed a new temperature-controlled, automated underway system for making atmospheric and surface ocean p CO 2 measurements onboard research ships equipped with an uncontaminated seawater intake system. Uncontaminated seawater is supplied to a showerhead plexiglass equilibrator. After about 3 min, the air trapped in the equilibrator is equilibrated with seawater. This air is sampled six times per hour. In addition, atmospheric air is sampled three times per hour from the intake on the bow flagstaff through 3/8 in. Dekabon TM tubing to the underway system. The CO 2 measurements are made with a differential, non-dispersive, infrared analyzer Li-Cor TM (model 6252). The underway system operates on an hourly cycle with the first quarter of each hour devoted to calibration with three CO 2 standards, each measured for 5 min. A second-order polynomial calibration curve is calculated from the voltage values of the standards. The remaining time in each hour is used to measure equilibrator air (15 min), bow air (15 min), and equilibrator air once again (15 min). To date, we have successfully used the underway p CO 2 system on 12 cruises of the NOAA Ship Ka'imimoana in the Equatorial Pacific. The analytical precision of the system is approximately 0.3–0.4 ppm CO 2 for seawater and for air.
Experimental and numerical study of stamp hydroforming of sheet metals

The objectives of this research was to experimentally and numerically study the stamp hydroforming process as a means for shaping aluminum alloy sheets. In stamp hydroforming, one or both surfaces of the sheet metal are supported with a pressurized viscous fluid to assist with the stamping of the part thereby eliminating the need for a female die. The pressurized fluid serves several purposes: (1) supports the sheet metal from the start to the end of the forming process, thus yielding a better formed part, (2) delays the onset of material failure and (3) reduces wrinkle formation. This paper focuses on the experimental and numerical results of the stamp hydroforming process utilizing a fluid pressure applied to one surface of the sheet metal. The effects of applying a constant, varying and localized pressure to the surface of 3003-H14-aluminum sheet alloy were evaluated. Experiments demonstrated draw depths improvements up to 31% before the material failed. A failure prediction analysis by Hsu was also carried out to predict an optimal fluid pressure path for the varying fluid pressure case. The commercial finite element analysis code Ls-Dyna3D was used to numerically simulate the stamp hydroforming process. Both isotropic and anisotropic material models were used and their predictions compared against the experimental results. The numerical simulations utilizing Barlat's anisotropic yield function accurately predicted the location of the material failure and the wrinkling characteristics of the aluminum sheet.
Animal Models of Atherosclerosis

Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disorder that is the underlying cause of most cardiovascular disease. Both cells of the vessel wall and cells of the immune system participate in atherogenesis. This process is heavily influenced by plasma lipoproteins, genetics, and the hemodynamics of the blood flow in the artery. A variety of small and large animal models have been used to study the atherogenic process. No model is ideal as each has its own advantages and limitations with respect to manipulation of the atherogenic process and modeling human atherosclerosis or lipoprotein profile. Useful large animal models include pigs, rabbits, and nonhuman primates. Due in large part to the relative ease of genetic manipulation and the relatively short time frame for the development of atherosclerosis, murine models are currently the most extensively used. Although not all aspects of murine atherosclerosis are identical to humans, studies using murine models have suggested potential biological processes and interactions that underlie this process. As it becomes clear that different factors may influence different stages of lesion development, the use of mouse models with the ability to turn on or delete proteins or cells in tissue specific and temporal manner will be very valuable.
Mining closed relational graphs with connectivity constraints

Relational graphs are widely used in modeling large scale networks such as biological networks and social networks. In a relational graph, each node represents a distinct entity while each edge represents a relationship between entities. Various algorithms were developed to discover interesting patterns from a single relational graph (Z. Wu et al., 1993). However, little attention has been paid to the patterns that are hidden in multiple relational graphs. One interesting pattern in relational graphs is frequent highly connected subgraph which can identify recurrent groups and clusters. In social networks, this kind of pattern corresponds to communities where people are strongly associated. For example, if several researchers co-author some papers, attend the same conferences, and refer their works from each other, it strongly indicates that they are studying the same research theme.
Is Science a Public Good? Fifth Mullins Lecture, Virginia Polytechnic Institute, 23 March 1993:

Should governments accept the principle of devoting a proportion of their resources to funding basic research? From the standpoint of economics, science should be considered as a public good and for that reason it should be protected from market forces. This article tries to show that this result can only be maintained at the price of abandoning arguments traditionally deployed by economists themselves. It entails a complete reversal of our habitual ways of thinking about public goods. In order to bring this reversal about, this article draws on the central results obtained by the anthropology and sociology of science and technology over the past several years. Science is a public good, not because of its intrinsic properties but because it is a source of diversity and flexibility.
Measuring pain quality

The experience of pain includes much more than its intensity and location. It can also have many different qualities, such as “hot” or “electrical” or “aching.” Measures of these pain qualities have been developed for two primary purposes: to describe the pain qualities a patient experiences and detect changes in these qualities with treatment; and to help diagnose the pain problem as being due to nerve damage (neuropathic pain) or due to the stimulation of undamaged nociceptors (nociceptive pain). Determining the type of pain (neuropathic vs nociceptive) experienced by the patient has important clinical implications, sice treatments that benefit each pain type differ [10, 11].
Electrical characterization of flip-chip interconnects formed using a novel conductive-adhesive-based process

Using conventional microfabrication techniques, we have developed a new, low-cost wafer bumping process that enables a high degree of control over patterning of conductive adhesive interconnects. This approach obviates the need for development of dispensing and scraping head equipment that may otherwise be required for mass fabrication of lithographically patterned adhesive bumps. Flip-chip interconnects formed using this new process offer better electrical performance as compared to those formed by squeegee-based definition techniques. This is inferred in this paper by experimentally demonstrating lower contact resistance with the polished bumps as compared to the squeegeed bumps. Furthermore, in order to study the high-speed electrical performance characteristics of these conductive adhesive bumps, a 10-GHz 1.55-mum p-i-n photodetector fabricated in the antimonide material system was used as case study. The results from the bandwidth characterization of the polymer flip-chip-integrated detector showed minimum degradation in the high-speed performance characteristics of the detector
Architecture-based systems

Sound architecture-based practices are critical to software-intensive systems. In large softwareintensive systems, the achievement of non-functional quality attributes such as performance, availability, reusablity , survivability, and modifiability depends more on the overall software architecture than on code-level practices such as language choice, detailed design, algorithms, data structures, testing, and so forth. The architecture is also key to any systematic reuse. Software product lines have emerged as the reuse strategy that yields results. Many commercial organizations have experienced tremendous cost and schedule improvements and significantly decreased technical risk through architecture evaluations and product line practices. The Software Engineering Institute is working with these commercial organizations and translating their success into technology and practices in the areas of architecture and product lines that are applicable to the broad software community. This talk will describe some of the SEI'S efforts in this area of architecture-based systems and the benefits that have been achieved.
Amplification of the 3q26.3 locus is associated with progression to invasive cancer and is a negative prognostic factor in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas.

Amplification of the 3q26-q27 has a high prevalence in squamous cell carcinomas of mucosal origin, including those originating in the head and neck region. To elucidate its role as a prognostic tool in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, a yeast artificial chromosome (YAC) contig spanning the entire 3q26-27 region was constructed. The minimal region of amplification was refined within a 1- to 2-Mb genomic segment contained within three overlapping, nonchimeric YAC clones using sequential fluorescent in situ hybridization analysis. These YAC clones containing the apex of amplification were used to develop a two-color fluorescence in situ hybridization assay and applied to the detection of 3q copy numbers in interphase nuclei on archival tumor tissue from 29 cases of normal mucosa, 20 of premalignant mucosa, and 50 of invasive head and neck squamous cell carcinomas. The presence of 3q amplification increased from 3% in normal mucosa to 25% in premalignant mucosa and 56% in invasive cancers (P 4 X copy number) in 10 of 50 cases. With a median follow-up of 82.5 months, an increasing proportion of recurrences (32%, 72%, and 90%; P = 0.003) and cancer-related deaths (14%, 44%, and 70%; P = 0.006) were seen in patients with normal 3q copy number, low-level amplification, and high-level amplification, respectively. The 3-year disease-free (69%, 56%, and 10%; P = 0.001) and cause-specific (94%, 83%, and 40%; P = 0.01) survivals also decreased from normal copy number to low-level and high-level amplification. Only high-level amplification at 3q remained a significant prognostic variable on multivariate analysis including common prognostic predictors for both disease-free (relative risk, 5.1; 95% confidence interval = 1.9 to 13.9) and cause-specific survival (relative risk, 7.6; 95% confidence interval = 1.9 to 29.6). The findings suggest that the 3q copy number status is an important marker for tumor progression and prognostication in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.