cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Stereoselective Synthesis of Bicyclo[6.1.0]nonene Precursors of the Bioorthogonal Reagents s-TCO and BCN

The cyclooctyne BCN and the trans-cyclooctene s-TCO are widely used in bioorthogonal chemistry. A bottleneck for their synthesis had been a poorly selective cyclopropanation with ethyl diazoacetate. Here, we describe that low catalyst loadings (0.27 mol %) of Rh2(S-BHTL)4 provide the BCN precursor with 79:21 syn/anti selectivity. The synthesis of the s-TCO precursor was best achieved through a sequence of Rh2(OAc)4 (0.33 mol %)-catalyzed cyclopropanation, followed by ester hydrolysis under epimerizing conditions. Both sequences could be carried out on multigram scale.
Accuracy optimization with wavelength tunability in overlay imaging technology

As semiconductor manufacturing technology progresses and the dimensions of integrated circuit elements shrink, overlay budget is accordingly being reduced. Overlay budget closely approaches the scale of measurement inaccuracies due to both optical imperfections of the measurement system and the interaction of light with geometrical asymmetries of the measured targets. Measurement inaccuracies can no longer be ignored due to their significant effect on the resulting device yield. In this paper we investigate a new approach for imaging based overlay (IBO) measurements by optimizing accuracy rather than contrast precision, including its effect over the total target performance, using wavelength tunable overlay imaging metrology. We present new accuracy metrics based on theoretical development and present their quality in identifying the measurement accuracy when compared to CD-SEM overlay measurements. The paper presents the theoretical considerations and simulation work, as well as measurement data, for which tunability combined with the new accuracy metrics is shown to improve accuracy performance.
Should Children be Spanked

The spanking of children as a technique in child-rearing is discussed from both a biblical and a psychological perspective. It is suggested that there is no clear teaching from the Bible that all c...
Colonialism and the African Environment

This chapter contends that Africa’s physical environment provided a medium for historical action as the colonial era unfolded. The nature of that history is evident in the way the environment offered colonial states and Africa a platform to express, forge, and preserve their perceptions, notions, meanings, and uses of nature. This is in no way to state that Africa’s history has been determined by its environment; rather, the environment has played a significant role in the way that African history has developed over the centuries. Particular attention is paid to how this range of ideas and attitudes influenced human relations and human–environment relations. The chapter highlights how scholars have interpreted these developments, and how those interpretations have aided our understanding of modern African history. Furthermore, focus on colonialism and the environment aids our understanding of how political, economic, social, and cultural African history have been produced.
The Short Term: The Implications of Archeology for Understanding Life at Hacienda Tabi

The hacienda was an acculturative force that was first accepted by the Maya because of its allowances for pre-Hispanic organization and the benefits it afforded in access to resources and relief from tributary obligations. The lunero system represented a reoccupation of the lands depopulated after the Conquest and as such represented in many ways a return to pre-Hispanic settlement patterns (Farriss 1984:213–215). However benign initial settlement on the estates seemed, it set the stage for the eventual domination of Maya life by the hacienda system and the hacendado (Patch 1993:151)
Transformation in Cotton

Genetic transformation systems developed for a variety of plants (see the review by Fraley et al. 1986) have the potential to be used to improve the agronomic performance of crop species. Cotton breeders have selected for resistance to pests and stresses, earliness, fiber characteristics, and morphological traits. It is envisaged that during the next decade, biotechnology (Bajaj and Gill 1987) and, in particular, genetic transformation will open new avenues for the production of improved cultivars of cotton. A number of potential applications of genetic engineering for cotton improvement will be discussed in a later section.
Reconsolidation of Pavlovian Conditioned Defense Responses in the Amygdala

Abstract The ability to learn about adverse events has a special significance for survival. A body of work established the key role of the amygdala in acquisition, consolidation, and extinction of defense (fear) responses that protect the organism in the presence of learned threats. More than a decade ago, our lab showed that exposure to a learned threat, leading to the retrieval or reactivation of the memory, leads to a reconsolidation (re-storage) of the memory in the amygdala. This finding reinvigorated interest in the role of memory retrieval in memory stability and change. In this chapter, we summarize research on the role of the amygdala in defense learning and memory and then discuss memory reconsolidation in the amygdala and its theoretical and clinical implications.
Renal Fellow Network: Past and Future

Medical education has changed substantially over the last decade. Traditional modes of acquiring medical information, including textbooks and journal articles, have evolved into a more inclusive learning experience. Social media, such as blogs, Twitter, and user-produced videos, created by anyone
Hepatic-specific ablation or whole-body inhibition of xanthine oxidase in mice corrects obesity-induced systemic hyperuricemia without improving metabolic abnormalities

Rationale: Systemic hyperuricemia (HyUA) in obesity/T2DM, facilitated by elevated xanthine oxidase (XO) activity, which is the sole source of UA in mammals, has been proposed to contribute to the pathogenesis of insulin resistance/dyslipidemia in obesity. However, this hypothesis has not been assessed directly. Objectives The effects of tissue-specific, genetic ablation of XO (a liver-specific knockout (LXO)) and whole-body pharmacologic inhibition of XO (febuxostat (FEBUX)) on obesity-induced insulin resistance/dyslipidemia were assessed. Findings Deletion of hepatic XO substantially lowered liver and plasma UA levels. When exposed to an obesogenic diet LXO and floxed (FLX, control) mice became equally obese. However, unlike obese floxed, liver and systemic HyUA in LXO mice was absent. Despite this, obese LXO mice became as insulin resistant and dyslipidemic as obese FLX mice. In obese C57BL/6J mice, FEBUX dramatically lowered plasma and tissue UA and XO activity compared to vehicle controls (CONT). However, obesity-associated insulin resistance/dyslipidemia were similar in FEBUX and CONT. Furthermore, neither pharmacologic inhibition nor hepatic ablation of XOR significantly altered indices of oxidant stress in the liver at 20 weeks of high-fat feeding compared with untreated controls. Conclusions These data demonstrate that liver XO expression is a critical determinant of blood UA homeostasis; that deletion of liver XO is sufficient to prevent the systemic HyUA of obesity, and that neither prevention nor correction of HyUA improve insulin resistance/dyslipidemia in obesity or diminish liver oxidant load. Thus, systemic HyUA, while clearly a biomarker of the metabolic abnormalities of obesity, does not appear to be a causative factor.
Dynamics and Periodicity Based Multirate Fast Transient-Sound Detection

This paper proposes an efficient real-time multirate fast transient-sound detection algorithm on the basis of emerging microphone array configuration intended for multimedia signal processing application systems such as digital smart home. The proposed detection algorithm first extracts the dynamics and periodicity features, then trains the model parameters of these features on Amazon machine learning platform. The real-time testing results have shown that the proposed algorithm with the trained model parameters can not only achieve the optimum detection performance in all various noisy conditions but also reject all kinds of interferences including undesired voice and other unrelated transient-sounds. In comparison with the existing algorithms, the proposed detection algorithm significantly improves the false negative and false positive performance. In addition, the proposed multirate strategy dramatically reduces the computational complexity and processing latency so that the proposed algorithm can serve as a much more practical solution for the digital smart home related applications.
Lose-Dose Administration of Dexamethasone Is Beneficial in Preventing Secondary Tendon Damage in a Stress-Deprived Joint Injury Explant Model.

Secondary joint damage is the process by which a single injury can lead to detrimental changes in adjacent tissue structures, typically through the spread of inflammatory responses. We recently developed an in vitro model of secondary joint damage using a murine rotator cuff explant system, in which injuries to muscle and bone cause massive cell death in otherwise uninjured tendon. The purpose of the present study was to test the ability cytokine-targeted and broad-spectrum therapeutics to prevent cell death and tissue degeneration associated with secondary joint damage. We treated injured bone-tendon-muscle explants with either interleukin-1 receptor antagonist, etanercept, or dexamethasone (DEX) for up to 7 days in culture. Only the low-dose DEX treatment was able to prevent cell death and tissue degeneration. We then identified a critical window between 24 and 72 h following injury for maximal benefit of DEX treatment through timed administration experiments. Finally, we performed two tendon-only explant studies to identify mechanistic effects on tendon health. Interestingly, DEX did not prevent cell death and degeneration in a model of cytokine-induced damage, suggesting other targets of DEX activity. Future studies will aim to identify factors in joint inflammation that may be targeted by DEX treatment, as well as to investigate novel delivery strategies. Statement of clinical significance: Overall, this work demonstrates beneficial effects of DEX administration on preventing tenocyte death and extracellular matrix degeneration in an explant model of secondary joint damage, supporting the clinical use of low-dose glucocorticoids for short-term treatment of joint inflammation. © 2019 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 38:139-149, 2020.
Learning to tolerate the devastating realities of climate crises

Climate crises are the backdrop against which all of our lives, pedagogical and otherwise, will be set. As I read David Wallace-Wells’s The Uninhabitable Earth: Life After Warming, I developed a fu...
Local Television News and Undocumented Migration: a historical and moral geography perspective of the U.S. - Mexico borderlands

Este artigo estende o quadro conceitual da geografia moral para analisar reportagens locais sobre imigrantes nao documentados e a imigracao durante as decadas de 1970 e 1980 na faixa Arizona-Sonora, de 2.000 milhas, na fronteira dos EUA com o Mexico. Utilizando pesquisa arquivistica e analise de conteudo qualitativa como metodologias, os resultados revelaram a presenca de tres temas dominantes nos noticiarios relacionados a imigracao indocumentada: 1) reporteres retrataram imigrantes nao documentados de maneira estereotipada e negativa, usando termos como “pobre” e “criminoso”; 2) os reporteres discutiram a questao da imigracao indocumentada com lentes nativistas e anti-imigrantes; 3) reporteres destacaram a presenca de ativistas comunitarios em acoes de ajuda a imigrantes sem documentos. Os temas identificados evidenciam geografias morais concorrentes sendo construidas no chao e na tela.
The impact of exurban development on forested areas in Kurgan City, Russia

Exurban communities—a significant form of urban sprawl—can transform natural land cover. Exurban development refers to an expansion of communities located outside a city and its suburbs. One of the main reasons these settlements develop is a desire by residents to live closer to nature and developers’ recognition of the profitability of addressing this desire. Additionally, exurbs can become prosperous regions settled by people with high income. However, exurban development not only directly affects community patterns, but also species patterns, habitat reduction and disconnection, as well as land cover and land use alterations. The purpose of this paper is a quantitative analysis of the land cover transformation and forest fragmentation in Post-Soviet Russia, based on an empirical case study of the city of Kurgan. This case study also contributes to the overall research of urban sprawl in Russian provinces by adding to the discussion of homeowners’ behavior, regional environmental policies, and their role concerning the impacts of exurban settlements on the natural environment. This paper uses remote sensing imagery, census data, and primary data to analyze land cover change due to the emergence of exurban communities around Kurgan, Russia, with specific emphasis on the changes to native vegetation resulting from human behavior and stakeholder preferences.
Mental Health Needs Among Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender College Students During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Abstract Purpose The abrupt closure of universities across the U.S. in March 2020 may have sent some lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) college students home to unsafe or unaccepting families and environments. The objective of this study was to examine the mental health needs of LGBT college students in the U.S. during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods We fielded a rapid-response online survey in the spring of 2020. We recruited 477 LGBT-identifying college students aged 18–25 years by contacting LGBT-serving organizations on 254 college campuses and through targeted social media advertising. Results Nearly half (45.7%) of LGBT college students have immediate families that do not support or know their LGBT identity. Approximately 60% of sampled LGBT college students were experiencing psychological distress, anxiety, and depression during the pandemic. Conclusions Health-care providers, college and university administrators, and campus counseling centers should take swift action to ensure that LGBT students receive mental health support during the pandemic.
Compensatory Responses to Formant Perturbations Proportionally Decrease as Perturbations Increase

Purpose We continuously monitor our speech output to detect potential errors in our productions. When we encounter errors, we rapidly change our speech output to compensate for the errors. However,...
Radial Basis Function trained with Dynamic Differential Annealed Optimization algorithm based Maximum Power Point Tracking Control of PV system under Uniform and Non-Uniform irradiance

Excessive use of fossil fuel power plants has destroyed the environment beyond repair. Solar energy used in the form of PV systems can help to meet the energy demand. One drawback faced by PV systems is their non-linear output as a result of non-uniform irradiance levels on it. This paper presents a Maximum Power Point Tracking control technique, that is, radial basis function network trained with differential annealed optimization algorithm. High optimization of DDAO combined with high precision of RBFN makes it an effective MPPT technique. Comparison is made with RBFN-PSO and RBFN-INC to check the performance of the proposed technique. Two cases are presented to validate the superior performance of RBFN-DDAO. Comparison showed that RBFN-DDAO tracks the global maxima with greater than 99.93% efficiency and $11\pmb{ms}$ faster tracking time under fast varying irradiance and partial shading condition. The analysis of statistical data has also been exhibited to examine the robustness and responsiveness of the technique presented.
Display Advertising and Brand Awareness in Search Engines: Predicting the Engagement of Branded Search Traffic Visitors

Display advertising constitutes one of the most efficient digital marketing strategies for the development of organizations’ brand awareness. Proper targeting of display ads campaigns potentially leads to the improvement of web users’ consideration and engagement about products and services that organizations offer through their websites. As prior studies indicate, this kind of consideration and engagement, which resulted through display ads, leads web users to type the name of the brand in search engines. The submitted search terms that contain the brand name of the organizations are called branded keywords, and the traffic that comes from them as branded search traffic. In this paper, the authors propose a computational data-driven methodology for the estimation and prediction of display advertising effectiveness in terms of optimizing brand popularity in search engines. One step further, preliminary research efforts of the authors indicate that branded search traffic visitors show higher interaction with the content of the websites regarding the time they spend and the number of pageviews they are browsing. In this respect, if display advertising campaigns increase the number of branded keywords and hence, the volume of branded search traffic, then this raises opportunities to optimize users’ engagement inside websites. Against this research gap, the authors proceed into a data-driven methodological process that is expanded in three major stages. In the first stage, the web mining process of extracting several web behavioral analytics metrics takes place for 125 continuous days at 7 courseware websites. At the second stage, analysis and interpretation of possible intercorrelations between the web analytics metrics take place with the purpose to integrate a computational model that relies on web behavioral data harvesting and their statistical analysis. Subsequently, in the third stage, the authors develop a data-driven computational model based on the agent-based modeling approach for estimating and predicting the optimal interaction rates of branded search traffic visitors of the examined websites. The results of the study constitute a practical toolbox for digital marketing practitioners in order to understand their display advertising effectiveness in terms of brand popularity and branded search traffic improvement for their websites.
Modeling biomolecular kinetics with large-scale simulation.

Abstract The molecular details of biomolecular kinetics present a challenging estimation problem because the identities of relevant intermediates and the rates of exchange between them must be determined. These can be derived from prior knowledge, but in recent years, great advances have been made in the development and application of methods to systematically determine states and rates using biomolecular simulation. Doing this for biological systems of reasonable complexity requires substantial computational power, and contemporary methods leverage distributed computing or leadership-class computing resources to accomplish this. The result has been substantial insight into pressing contemporary problems, including structural activation of pandemic viruses. Here, we highlight recent developments in both methodology and exciting applications.
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF CONTINUOUS DATA RECORDS

Simple stochastic techniques permit efficient utilization of information contained in continuous data records. Statistical parameters are analogous to corresponding random variable quantities, and straightforward procedures yield the number of equivalent independent data values for a given sample record. Evaluation of typical autocovariance functions provides approximate results for a large number of physical phenomena. Simply hypothesis testing techniques follow directly from the procedures presented. Actual subway noise data illustrate application of the techniques.
Aquaporin-1 deletion reduces osmotic water permeability and cerebrospinal fluid production.

Aquaporin-1 (AQP1) is a water channel that is strongly expressed at the ventricular-facing surface of choroid plexus epithelium. Using wildtype and AQP1 null mice, we developed novel methods to compare the water permeability in isolated choroid plexus, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) production in living mice. Osmoticallyinduced water transport was rapid in freshly isolated choroid plexus from wildtype mice as measured by a spatial-filtering optical method, and reduced by 5-fold by AQP1 deletion. CSF production, an isosmolar fluid secretion process, was measured by a dye dilution method involving fluid collections using a second microneedle introduced into the cisterna magna. CSF production in wildtype mice was (in μl/min) 0.37 ± 0.04 μl/min (control), 0.16 ± 0.03 μl/min (acetazolamide-treated) and 1.14 ± 0.15 μl/min (forskolin-treated), and reduced by up to 25% in AQP1 null mice. The impaired CSF production in AQP1 null mice provides direct functional evidence for the involvement of AQP1 in CSF formation.
Application of QbD Elements in the Development and Scale-Up of a Commercial Filtration Process

Filtration is commonly employed in biopharmaceuticals as an alternate to terminal sterilization and is one of the critical unit operations of manufacturing. Understanding filter characteristics and factors that contribute to their performance is central to the selection of the filter and the design of the process. Quality by Design (QbD) is a systematic approach to development that enables product and process understanding and process control, based on sound science and quality risk management. This chapter describes a mock case study with illustration of how QbD elements could be applied in the selection of optimal filter(s) and the development of filtration process that is well understood, well controlled, safe, and robust.
Passive imaging with multistatic polarimetric radar

In this work we present a study applying polarimetric principles to passive radar imaging. We assume a stationary scene illuminated by spatially distributed transmitters with unknown location and polarization. The scattered waves are captured by spatially distributed stationary receivers equipped with a pair of orthogonally polarized antennas. We model the target as a set of dipoles. Using this model, we derive a set of templates for spatially resolved detection. Our aim is to show that one can recover valuable information about the target through polarimetric consideration in a passive detection setting that exhibits both polarization and spatial diversity.
Applications of Electrical and Electromagnetic Methods for Environmental and Geotechnical Investigations

Electrical and electromagnetic methods are powerful tools in environmentaland geotechnical investigations. Techniques developed for deeper applications, such as mining,geothermal and crustal studies, are scaled for shallow targets by moving to higher frequencies,earlier decay times and/or smaller array configurations. Another extremely important factor is dense stationspacing, to reduce spatial aliasing, and high quality data to resolve small features. Hence, new instrumentsare concerned with making continuous or dense measurements with high precision, and interpretationalmethods fast enough to handle large datasets quickly. Continuously measuring electrical and time-domainelectromagnetic systems have been developed for geological mapping in hydrological investigations withone-dimensional inversion routines that are rapid and robust. At a smaller scale an electrical systemis used for archaeology studies with excellent results. Working to and above the upper limits ofthe quasi-static approximation, a very early time electromagnetic system is proving successful at mapping subsurfaceinfrastructure in areas of conductive, clay cover, where ground penetrating radar is ineffective.Induced polarization (IP) and resistivity systems that employ multiplexing techniques, while not continuouslymeasuring, allow for relatively rapid production rates and dense sampling for applications ranging fromlandfill and contaminant characterization studies, to verifying the integrity of engineeredsubsurface structures and monitoring infiltration in the vadose zone.
Fenestration of the supraclinoid internal carotid artery in a patient with a concomitant intracranial arteriovenous malformation

Accurately recognising a supraclinoid internal carotid artery (ICA) fenestration, despite its rare location, is important as it can mimic an intracranial aneurysm, intraluminal thrombus or focal dissection on non-invasive imaging. The overwhelming majority of reported supraclinoid ICA fenestrations are associated with intracranial aneurysms; however, a concomitant arteriovenous malformation (AVM) remote from the fenestration site should also be considered. We present the case of a 26-year-old woman with a Spetzler-Martin grade I right frontal AVM in whom a left supraclinoid ICA fenestration was incidentally discovered during cerebral angiography. She underwent n-N-Butyl Cyanoacrylate glue embolisation of two dominant middle cerebral artery feeders followed by neurosurgical resection. She tolerated procedures well without complications and has remained neurologically intact.
The customization of life and leisure: as mediator in the manufacture of value of joy in the context of communication policy

Massive change in every area of life will result in the customization of daily life and leisure. The forces shaping such customization include a revolution in world population and living arrangements, a revolution in work, emerging post capitalist economies of knowledge and experience, a revolution of networked economies and globalization, multipolar and multicivilizational politics and power, revolutionary changes in environment, a revolution in urban areas, and a revolution in the mass customization of products and services. In combination, it is argued, these multiple revolutions will have the cumulative effect of customizing leisure behavior in terms of meaning, logistics, temporal aspects, benefits sought and location.
Early agriculture and sedentism in the American Southwest: Evidence and interpretations

Recent archaeological research in the American Southwest is rapidly altering long-held perspectives on early agricultural adaptations. The adoption of maize and squash is now reliably dated to ca. 1200 B.C., rather than 4000–2000 B.C. as previously thought, and new sites have been found in a variety of unexpected ecological settings. These emerging spatiotemporal patterns suggest that the development of sedentary communities after A.D. 500 may have been the result of changing systems of foraging, instead of simply a greater dependence on agricultural production.
Synaptotrophic effects of human amyloid β protein precursors in the cortex of transgenic mice

Abstract The amyloid precursor protein (APP) is involved in Alzheimer's disease (AD) because its degradation products accumulate abnormally in AD brains and APP mutations are associated with early onset AD. However, its role in health and disease appears to be complex, with different APP derivatives showing either neurotoxic or neurotrophic effects in vitro. To elucidate the effects APP has on the brain in vivo, cDNAs encoding different forms of human APP (hAPP) were placed downstream of the neuron-specific enolase (NSE) promoter. In multiple lines of NSE-hAPP transgenic mice neuronal overexpression of hAPP was accompanied by an increase in the number of synaptophysin immunoreactive (SYN-IR) presynaptic terminals and in the expression of the growth-associated marker GAP-43. In lines expressing moderate levels of hAPP751 or hAPP695, this effect was more prominent in homozygous than in heterozygous transgenic mice. In contrast, a line with several-fold higher levels of hAPP695 expression showed less increase in SYN-IR presynaptic terminals per amount of hAPP expressed than the lower expressor lines and a decrease in synaptotrophic effects in homozygous compared with heterozygous offspring. Transgenic mice (2–24 months of age) showed no evidence for amyloid deposits or neurodegeneration. These findings suggest that APP may be important for the formation/maintenance of synapses in vivo and that its synaptotrophic effects may be critically dependent on the expression levels of different APP isoforms. Alterations in APP expression, processing or function could contribute to the synaptic pathology seen in AD.
Electron Cavity Formation in Solid Helium

In this paper we consider a trapping mechanism for excess electrons in solid helium. Structural modifications are energetically favored in this system resulting in the localization of the excess electron in an expanded cavity of a radius of \ensuremath{\sim} 9 \AA{}. The optical and the transport properties of this trapping center are qualitatively examined. A pressure induced transition from the localized to the delocalized state of the excess electron is considered.
Pressure-induced amorphization of Tb2 (MoO4)3 : a high pressure Raman and X-ray diffraction study

Abstract High pressure Raman and infrared spectroscopic studies on Tb 2 (MoO 4 ) 3 (TMO) have been carried out at ambient temperature in the diamond cell to 10 GPa hydrostatic pressure. These experiments have revealed pressure-induced phase transitions in TMO near 2 GPa and 6.2 GPa. The first transition is from Pba 2 (β') phase to another undetermined crystalline phase designated phase II, and the second transition is to an amorphous state. On releasing pressure there is a partial reversion to the crystalline state. The amorphization has been confirmed by a high pressure X-ray diffraction study on the material. The Raman data indicate that the amorphization is due to disordering of the MoO 4 tetrahedral units. Further, it is inferred from the nature of the Raman bands in the amorphized material that the Mo-O bond lengths and bond angles have a range of values instead of a few set values. The results of the present study as well as previous high pressure-high temperature quenching experiments strongly support that pressure-induced amorphization in TMO is a consequence of the kinetically-impeded β-to-α-phase transition in TMO. The rare earth trimolybdates crystallizing in the β' structure are all expected to undergo similar pressure-induced amorphization.
An assessment of seepage into the L-31N Canal along Northeast Everglades National Park, Florida, USA

The hydrologic restoration of the Everglades ecosystem has been ongoing since 2000. One of the key planned projects is the control and management of seepage emanating from Northeast Everglades National Park and flowing to the L-31 North Canal that is part of the South Dade Conveyance System. In order to design the most efficient seepage management system, it is important to understand the overall trends in daily seepage from the Park into the canal system. Equally important is an assessment of the spatial distribution of seepage along the canal system. This research article provides an assessment of mean daily net seepage into the L-31 North Canal and one segment of the L-30 Canal from mid-1991 to end of 2010 using a water budget approach. Then the spatial distribution of seepage is determined by developing piece-meal water budgets from the northern part of the system to the southern terminus of L-31 North Canal at the S-331 water control structure. The overall interpretation of the water budget data is aided by a review of water level differences throughout the system as well as analysis of past seepage studies. Lastly, recommendations are provided that would permit continued monitoring of the water budget and better spatial assessment of water level data to enable more meaningful ecological restoration assessment to be realized. The paper concludes with a discussion of policy issues and suggestions for adaptive assessment improvement of the project going forward.
The fSAM Model of False Recall

The authors report a new theory of false memory building upon existing associative memory models and implemented in fSAM, the first fully specified quantitative model of false recall. Participants frequently intrude unstudied critical words while recalling lists comprising their strongest semantic associates but infrequently produce other extralist and prior-list intrusions. The authors developed the theory by simulating recall of such lists, using factorial combinations of semantic mechanisms operating at encoding, retrieval, or both stages. During encoding, unstudied words' associations to list context were strengthened in proportion to their strength of semantic association either to each studied word or to all co-rehearsed words. During retrieval, words received preference in proportion to their strength of semantic association to the most recently recalled single word or multiple words. The authors simulated all intrusion types and veridical recall for lists varying in semantic association strength among studied and critical words from the same and different lists. Multiplicative semantic encoding and retrieval mechanisms performed well in combination. Using such combined mechanisms, the authors also simulated several core findings from the Deese-Roediger-McDermott paradigm literature, including developmental patterns, specific list effects, association strength effects, and true-false correlations. These results challenge existing false-memory theories.
A note on the relationship between energy loss and light output for plastic scintillator NE-102

Abstract Pulse height spectra in a sandwich of three thick plastic scintillators in which protons stopped with an approximately uniform range distribution were sensitive to the relationship between energy loss and light output. Although the response observed was definitely non-linear, the saturation was not as extreme as expected. If the relationship between rate of energy loss and rate of light output is taken to be of the form d L /d x = ( C / α ) ln {1 + α (d E /d x )}, then our data are consistent with a value for α between 0.007 and 0.015 (MeV/g·cm 2 ) −1 , but are difficult to reconcile with previously published values.
Artificial intelligence technologies for robot assisted urban search and rescue

Abstract Structural collapse disasters routinely inspire sympathy not only for victims and their families, but also for heroic rescue personnel who are faced with a tremendously complex, hazardous and often frustrating task environment. Military operations and rescue activities in the aftermath of recent earthquakes and bombings indicate a tremendous need for greater access to denied areas within any crisis site involving collapsed structures. Recent developments in the remote inspection industry show great potential for employment of small robotic micro-rover systems in expanded roles for Urban Search and Rescue. This paper discusses key issues in the application of robotic systems to Urban Search and Rescue (USAR) activities and discusses ongoing development of a knowledge-based system for efficient management of automated search assets. USAR modeling and “micro-bot” employment advantages are addressed first, followed by a discussion of numerical method shortcomings in the context of search asset allocation. KNOBSAR is then proposed as an initial expert system prototype designed to interact with various structural collapse simulation packages and provide advice on search asset allocation to specific entry points within a crisis site. KNOBSAR structure and design is then illustrated in terms of micro-bot allocation scenarios to various collapsed structure entry points. The conclusion drawn from literature review, experimentation and personal experience is that AI technologies in the form of robotic platforms and decision support tools can have a tremendous impact on overall search efficiency for the USAR community, and represent an important field of study for related military applications.
IRAK-1 Contributes to Lipopolysaccharide-induced Reactive Oxygen Species Generation in Macrophages by Inducing NOX-1 Transcription and Rac1 Activation and Suppressing the Expression of Antioxidative Enzymes

Inflammatory stimulants such as bacterial endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide (LPS)) are known to induce tissue damage and injury partly through the induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Although it is recognized that the induction of ROS in macrophages by LPS depends upon the expression and activation of NADPH oxidase, as well as the suppression of antioxidative enzymes involved in ROS clearance, the underlying molecular mechanisms are poorly defined. In this study, we examined the contribution of the interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 1 (IRAK-1) to LPS-induced generation of ROS. We observed that LPS induced significantly less ROS in IRAK-1−/− macrophages, indicating that IRAK-1 is critically involved in the induction of ROS. Mechanistically, we observed that IRAK-1 is required for LPS-induced expression of NOX-1, a key component of NADPH oxidase, via multiple transcription factors, including p65/RelA, C/EBPβ, and C/EBPδ. On the other hand, we demonstrated that IRAK-1 associated with and activated small GTPase Rac1, a known activator of NOX-1 oxidase enzymatic activity. IRAK-1 forms a close complex with Rac1 via a novel LWPPPP motif within the variable region of IRAK-1. On the other hand, we also observed that IRAK-1 is required for LPS-mediated suppression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α and PGC-1α, nuclear factors essential for the expression of antioxidative enzymes such as GPX3 and catalase. Consequently, injection of LPS causes significantly less plasma lipid peroxidation in IRAK-1−/− mice compared with wild type mice. Taken together, our study reveals IRAK-1 as a novel component involved in the generation of ROS induced by LPS.
Squirrel monkey dominance and social behavior as related to group size and group structure

Adult male and female squirrel monkeys were tested in nonsocial adaptation and pairwise and triad social situations differing in sex composition. Social behaviors, nonsocial behaviors, and dominance hierarchies were observed during social testing. Dominance hierarchies were similar in groups differing in size and social structure. Nonsocial behaviors decreased in females and submissive animals paired with males or dominant monkeys. Aggressiveness between females decreased and the beginnings of coalitions between females were observed in the presence of a male. The social behavior patterns, but not dominance hierarchies, are consistent with behaviors observed in larger groups of squirrel monkeys.
Observation of scaling in nucleus-nucleus interactions at ultra-relativistic energies

Abstract The minimum bias events produced by interactions of 32S ions at 200 GeV/n and 16O ions at 200 and 60 GeV/n with emulsion target exhibit scaling not only in multiplicity distributions of the produced particles but also in their pseudorapidity distributions in the target (for all projectiles) as well as in the projectile rest frames (for 16O projectiles). Similar scalings are also seen in central events of 16O beams in their corresponding pseudorapidity distributions. The data agree well with the predictions of the Lund model FRITIOF.
Case study of guided wave propagation in a one-side water-immersed steel plate

Abstract This paper presents a case study of guided waves in a steel plate with one side immersed in water. A hybrid sensing system that uses PZT as the guided wave actuator and a scanning laser vibrometer as the guided wave receiver is employed to acquire the time–space wavefield data. By using the two dimensional Fourier transform, the time–space wavefield is transformed into the frequency–wavenumber domain where the wave modes and the guided wave dispersion can be determined. The study confirms the existence of quasi-Scholte wave in the one-sidedly water-immersed plate in addition to fundamental guided waves. The results also show the quasi-Scholte wave can be directly generated and measured in the immersed plate at low frequencies using the present sensing system. Through pitch–catch sensing tests, the influence of water on guided wave propagation in the one-side water-immersed plate is investigated. It is seen that the water level affects the wave propagation time linearly and can be potentially used for estimation of water level in a container.
Response Biases in Multiple-Choice Test Item Files

Thirty-five files of multiple-choice test items were examined for evidence of biases in the correct answers. Of seven types of biases, the most frequently occurring (24 cases) was the "All of the above" bias in which that answer was correct significantly more than 25% of the time. Another common bias (17 cases) was a tendency for the longest answer to be correct too frequently. Ten cases were also found in which answers of the form "Both A and B" were correct too frequently. Finally, the ABCD bias, in which the probability of each of the four response choices being correct differs from .25, was present in seven files. Three other biases occurred only a few times. It was concluded that authors should take precautions to prevent biases in future item files.
Fossil Sirenia of the west Atlantic and Caribbean region. VI. Crenatosiren olseni (Reinhart, 1976)

ABSTRACT The dugongid sirenian species Halitherium olseni Reinhart, 1976 was based on a skull and skeleton of latest Oligocene age from beds of the Parachucla Formation, exposed on the Suwannee River in northern Florida. The new genus Crenatosiren was established for it by Domning in 1991. New specimens of this species, mostly from the late Oligocene Ashley and Chandler Bridge formations in South Carolina, are described here. C. olseni is a small dugongid characterized by tusks of moderate size and a very deep nasal incisure. It is a member of the subfamily Dugonginae (which now includes the former subfamily Rytiodontinae), and is the sister group of all other known dugongines, including the Recent Dugong dugon. Because the dugongine clade had both its greatest known diversity as well as its most primitive known member (Crenatosiren) in the West Atlantic-Caribbean region, it seems likely to have arisen in the New World, apparently during the Oligocene.
Improved differential bubble pressure surface tensiometer

Abstract An improved differential bubble pressure surface tensiometer which has increased accuracy while still being inexpensive, easy to operate, and versatile has been developed. It has potential as a valuable research tool and is capable of on-line adaptation. This tensiometer incorporates improvements over earlier differential bubble tensiometers both in design and in method of operation. Experimental results at temperatures between 120 and 300 K and at pressures to 4 MPa are presented, comparing the new method to the conventional differential capillary rise method. The results show that the improved differential bubble pressure method's accuracy is ±0.1 mN/m and its repeatability is ±0.03 mN/m. Development of the theory for the technique has led to simple methods for deriving surface tension from directly measured quantities without iterative calculations. First-order corrections for inertial and viscous effects are also presented. These become significant for systems with densities above 5000 kg/m 3 or viscosities above 1 Pa · s.
Transformation of human leucocytes by throat washing from infectious mononucleosis patients.

A SIMPLIFIED procedure for studying induced transformation of human leucocytes in vitro.1 utilizes umbilical cord blood leucocytes which are easily obtained and do not transform spontaneously. When treated with cell-free filtrates from lymphoblastoid cell lines of a mononucleosis patient and three healthy persons, cord blood leucocytes were transformed to rapidly and persistently multiplying lymphoblasts2,3. Chemical carcinogens and ionizing radiation were ineffective2. In a long term search for transforming agents in the human environment, we have studied numerous agents including the secretion from upper respiratory tract of mononucleosis patients. We found that their secretion contained transforming activity.
On the upper bound of spin polarization transfer

Recent articles by 0. W. Sorensen (1, 2) have shown that the limit of polarization transfer from N spins I to a single unpolarized spin S, measured in units of spin population, is less than the limit of fi imposed by the principle of nondecrease of entrop . The limit of polarization transfer is decreased by a further factor of as much as 1 / $ 2, for N = 2, compared to the entropy limit. Sorensen’s proof is undoubtedly correct for systems of N + 1 spins isolated in solution or in an inert solid matrix and is a useful and elegant result in this case. Of particular interest is the prediction that even in the limit of large N, the transfer limit is about a factor of 0.8 smaller than the entropy-limit prediction. It is of interest to consider whether this prediction is in conflict with simple spin thermodynamics in the rotating frame (3, 4), which predicts that the full fi polarization transfer should be attained by adiabatic demagnetization of the I spins in the rotating frame, followed by adiabatic remagnetization of the S spins in the same frame. This prediction is expected to hold only for a macroscopic system of many spins in the ratio 1:s = N: 1. Here we present an elementary treatment of this process which reproduces Sorensen’s prediction, and may be equivalent to it, for the case of N I spins interacting with a single S spin. We illustrate the prediction for the case N = 2. Then we apply the same model to nN I spins interacting with y1 S spins, for the case n = 2, N = 2, that is, to a system twice as large but otherwise similar. In the second case we get a polarization transfer higher than Sorensen’s limit for N = 2, but less than the entropy limit of fi. We consider an adiabatic demagnetization/remagnetization in the rotating frame described (3) by the effective Hamiltonian
BRIDGE: An Interactive Dialogue-Generation Facility

An interactive programming system for the generation of man-computer dialogues is introduced. The system consists of an integrated set of tools that are used to define and generate the software for a variety of dialogues. The system is capable of generating dialogues for computer-assisted instruction (CAI), data processing, and the programming of special-purpose applications.
Investigating aspects of an emerging digital ethnicity: Development of the Digital Ethnicity Scale (DES)

The Digital Ethnicity Scale (DES), utilizing Longstreet (1978) model of the aspects of ethnicity, was developed to describe the impact human interaction with digital communication technologies is having on cultural development. Longstreet's definition of ethnicity focuses on cultural development during the earliest stages of human development, prior to the onset of children's abstract thinking. The ultimate goal for the development of the Digital Ethnicity Scale is to describe those aspects of digital ethnicity and collect these descriptions along with demographic data to achieve profiles of various digital ethnicities. These digital ethnic profiles may provide insight into the social and educational needs of rapidly changing societal groupings with hopes of providing guidance for future practice. A 5-phase development process, including the development and validation of both Likert-type items and semantic differentials, was conducted with more than 2000 respondents. Both theoretical and practical results of this inquiry are presented.