cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Thirty-one human adenovirus serotypes (Ad1-Ad31) form five groups (A-E) based upon DNA genome homologies.

Abstract The DNA homology relationships among 31 human adenovirus serotypes (Ad1–Ad31) were investigated by liquid-phase molecular hybridization, using in vitro labeled viral DNA as probe. Hybridizations were carried to 40 times the C 0 t 1 2 and were assayed by batchwise chromatography on hydroxylapatite (HAP), and in some experiments by use of the more stringent S1 nuclease procedure. Five distinct DNA homology groups, A to E, were identified. DNAs of group A Ads (Ad12, 18, and 31) hybridized 48 to 69% with each other and 8 to 20% with DNAs of other serotypes (HAP). DNAs of group B Ads (Ad3, 7, 11, 14, 16, and 21) hybridized 89 to 94% (HAP; 81 to 89% by S1 nuclease) with each other and 9 to 20% (HAP; 8 to 15% by S1 nuclease) with DNAs of other types. DNAs of group C Ads (Ad1, 2, 5, and 6) hybridized 99 to 100% with each other and 10 to 16% with DNAs of other types (HAP). DNAs of group D Ads (Ad8–10, 13, 15, 17, 19, 20, and 22–30) hybridized 95 to 99% (HAP; 88 to 98% by S1 nuclease) with each other and 4 to 17% with DNAs of other types. Ad4 DNA hybridized to 4 to 23% (HAP; 3 to 22% by S1 nuclease) with DNAs of other types, and thus Ad4 is the only member of group E. Members within all groups except group A were closely related. Members within group A showed considerable heterology, and six isolates, classified as Ad12 by neutralization tests, were much more related to Ad31 than to Ad12 prototype Huie strain. These DNA homology groupings are consistent in the main with the properties of other “groupings” of human Ads, e.g., oncogenic groups (tumorigenicity in newborn hamsters), T-antigen groups, G + C content of viral DNA, hemagglutination groups, molecular characteristics of subviral particles and virion proteins (e.g., length of fiber), and human epidemiology and pathogenicity.
Titin: major myofibrillar components of striated muscle

Abstract Electrophoretic analyses of protein components of striated muscle myofibril purified from various vertebrate and invertebrate species revealed that proteins much larger than myosin heavy chain are present in significant amounts. To define possible roles of these heretofore unidentified proteins, we purified a combination of two uncommonly large proteins, designated as titin, from chicken breast myofibrils. Chemical and immunological studies indicated that titin is distinct from myosin, actin, and filamin. Specific titin anti body crossreacts with similar protein in both skeletal and cardiac myofibrils of many vertebrate and invertebrate species. Immunofluorescent staining of glycerinated chicken breast myofibrils indicated that titin is present in M lines, Z lines, the junctions of A and I bands, and perhaps throughout the entire A bands. Similar staining studies of myofibrils from other species suggest that titinlike proteins may be organized in all myofibrils according to a common architectural plan. We conclude that titin is a structurally conserved myofibrillar component of vertebrate and invertebrate striated muscles.
The model student: what chemical model systems can teach us about biology

Model systems have evolved with the times, making use of modern biological methods and incorporating biological complexity. This evolution has increased the relevance of models as tools for studying biology.
Preparation of silver hydrosols using polyethylene glycol modified with vinyl pyrrolidone

Hydrosols containing silver nanoparticles were prepared from copolymers of ethylene glycol (EG) and vinyl pyrrolidone (VPy). The copolymers were synthesized using a macro-azo-radical initiator appended with EG units. The hydrosols were prepared by simply stirring the copolymers with AgNO3 in water at room temperature. The nanoparticles conferred thermal stability to the hydrosols, up to 80 °C. Spectroscopic, thermal, and gas chromatography analyses revealed that the silver nanoparticles were protected by EG and carbonyl groups with strong interaction between silver and the oxygen species of EG and VPy.
Beware the lure of software slogans

The author considers the advantages and disadvantages of software slogans. He explains how slogans can help sell new ideas, but unfortunately can also be dangerous. Too often developers turn slogans into a fundamental software engineering principle, which then becomes a commandment.
Enhancement of fractionated radiation therapy by an experimental concentrated perflubron emulsion (Oxygent) in the Lewis lung carcinoma.

The concentrated Perflubron emulsion. Oxygent®, In combination with breathing a 95% oxygen atmosphere, significantly enhanced the response of the murine Lewis lung carcinoma to fractionated radiation therapy. Administration of 4 to 12 g PFC/kg was most effective if administered prior to each x-ray fraction, however, alternated day and even once weekly administration of 8 or 12 PFC/kg and 95% oxygen breathing with each x-ray fraction resulted in significant improvements in tumor growth delay.
Alignment and Morphology Control of Ordered Mesoporous Silicas in Anodic Aluminum Oxide Channels by Electrophoretic Deposition

Reproducible alignment and complete inclusion of ordered mesoporous structures into anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) is still a challenging nanofabrication process. Hierarchical nanostructures of ordered mesoporous silica (OMS) in AAO channels were prepared directly on conducting substrates by electrophoretic deposition of colloidal silica nanoparticles in sols containing a structure directing agent. The mesoporous silica structures were found to be highly dependent on the magnitude of the applied electric field and moderately dependent on the overall deposition time. At low applied voltages, disordered porous tubules are formed. At an applied voltage of 5 V and deposition times in excess of 7 h, ordered mesoporous silicas fill the AAO channels, and the OMS pores display the onset of axial alignment with respect to the AAO pore. The deposition of the mesoporous silica structures with preferential axial alignment on conductive supports is described by a new self-assembly mechanism based on selective solvent exc...
Gamma vinyl-GABA differentially modulates NMDA antagonist-induced increases in mesocortical versus mesolimbic DA transmission

To explore the role of endogenous GABA in NMDA antagonist induced dopamine (DA) release, we used in vivo microdialysis to study the effects of pretreatment with γ-vinyl GABA (GVG) on phencyclidine (PCP)-induced DA release in terminal regions of midbrain DA neurons. GVG, an irreversible inhibitor of the GABA catabolizing enzyme GABA-AT, significantly reduced the DA response to PCP (7.0 mg/kg) in freely moving animals. Preferential increases in PCP-induced DA release in the PFC (four-fold those of NAcc) were dose-dependently inhibited by acute pretreatment with GVG at doses of 150 (51% inhibition), 300 (68% inhibition), and 500 (82% inhibition) mg/kg, whereas NAcc PCP-induced DA activity was unresponsive to 150 mg/kg and only partially inhibited by 300 and 500 mg/kg. Subchronic treatment with GVG did not enhance the inhibitory capacity of the GABAergic system. While GVG evidently modulates PCP-induced increases in mesocorticolimbic DA transmission, the character of this modulation is regionally specific, with cortical NMDA-antagonist induced increases appearing more sensitive to inhibition by endogenous GABA than subcortical areas.
Single crystal growth of NbO using a tri-arc technique

Abstract A simple procedure is specified for growth of NbO single crystals using a tri-arc technique. Single crystals of high purity and reasonable degree of perfection can be grown in approximately 5 min. Within limits the stoichiometry of the material can be altered by adjustment of the Nb/Nb 2 O 5 ratio in the melt; care must be exercised to exclude oxygen from the system. The resulting crystals are found to be highly metallic.
An amino acid that controls polypeptide helicity: β-amino alanine, the first strongly stabilizing C-terminal helix stop signal

Abstract β-Amino alanine is shown to stop helix propagation in a polyalanine context while effectively stabilizing the resulting C-terminus. Structural evidence is provided by circular dichroism and t/c ratios from the reporting conformational template Ac-Hel.
Distribution and Genetic Diversity of Salmonella enterica in the Upper Suwannee River

The Suwannee River spans the Florida/Georgia border to the Gulf of Mexico, and contributes to regional irrigation and recreational activities. Association of Salmonella enterica with these resources may result in the contamination of produce and disease outbreaks. Therefore, surface water was examined for the distribution of S. enterica at multiple time points from 4 sites on the upper Suwannee River. Isolates were confirmed by detection of the invA gene, and 96% of all samples were positive for the bacterium. Most probable number enumeration ranged from 60% similarity and distributed into 16 rep-PCR genogroups. Most (74%) of the Suwannee River isolates were clustered into two genogroups that were comprised almost exclusively (97%) of just these isolates. Conversely, 85% of the clinical reference strains clustered into other genogroups. However, some Suwannee River isolates (12%) were clustered with these primarily clinically-associated genogroups, supporting the hypothesis that river water can serve as a disease reservoir and that pathogenic strains may persist or possibly originate from environmental sources.
Effects of spectral diffusion on frequency-domain four-wave-mixing spectroscopy

We report the results of a theoretical study of line shapes obtained in frequency-domain four-wave mixing in systems inhomogeneously broadened due to random fields in the presence of spectral diffusion. The results are based on a solution of the modified optical Bloch equations solved perturbatively to third order in the applied optical fields, assuming a strong redistribution model for the spectral diffusion. The results show that the redistribution of excitation can be directly observed in the line-shape function and can also lead to the presence of interference effects in the line shape.
Specific pancreatic enzymes activate macrophages to produce tumor necrosis factor-alpha: role of nuclear factor kappa B and inhibitory kappa B proteins.

The triggering events by which mononuclear cells throughout the body are induced to produce large amounts of cytokines during acute pancreatitis are unclear. However, recent work in our laboratory demonstrated that three specific pancreatic enzymes (elastase, carboxypeptidase A, and lipase) induced dramatic tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) protein production from macrophages, whereas all others could not. This series of experiments was designed to examine the second messenger system by which this occurs. The rat macrophage cell line NR8383 was incubated for 3 hours with elastase, carboxypeptidase A, lipase, trypsin, or lipopolysaccharide (positive control). Activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-KB) was demonstrated by electrophoretic mobility shift assay, presence of inhibitory kappa B alpha and beta (IKB-a and IKB-13) by Western ~lot analysis, and TNF-α protein production by enzyme-linKed immunosorbent assay. Elastase, carboxypeptidase A, and lipase induced degradation of IKB-13 (but not IKB-a), activation of NF-KB, and production of TNF-α protein, whereas inhibition of IKB with pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate attenuated this response. Trypsin was unable to elicit any of these responses. Macrophages can be induced by specific activated pancreatic enzymes-elastase, carboxypeptidase A, and lipase--to produce TNF-α. This process is dependent on IKB-13 degradation and NF-KB activation, suggesting that these enzymes trigger this second messenger system through specific membrane-bound receptors.
Gelation characteristics and osteogenic differentiation of stromal cells in inert hydrolytically degradable micellar polyethylene glycol hydrogels

The use of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) hydrogels in tissue engineering is limited by their persistence in the site of regeneration. In an attempt to produce inert hydrolytically degradable PEG-based hydrogels, star (SPELA) poly(ethylene glycol-co-lactide) acrylate macromonomers with short lactide segments (<15 lactides per macromonomer) were synthesized. The SPELA hydrogel was characterized with respect to gelation time, modulus, water content, sol fraction, degradation, and osteogenic differentiation of encapsulated marrow stromal cells (MSCs). The properties of SPELA hydrogel were compared with those of the linear poly(ethylene glycol-co-lactide) acrylate (LPELA). The SPELA hydrogel had higher modulus, lower water content, and lower sol fraction than the LPELA. The shear modulus of SPELA hydrogel was 2.2 times higher than LPELA, whereas the sol fraction of SPELA hydrogel was 5 times lower than LPELA. The degradation of SPELA hydrogel depended strongly on the number of lactide monomers per macromonomer (nL) and showed a biphasic behavior. For example, as nL increased from 0 to 3.4, 6.4, 11.6, and 14.8, mass loss increased from 7 to 37, 80, 100% and then deceased to 87%, respectively, after 6 weeks of incubation. The addition of 3.4 lactides per macromonomer (<10 wt % dry macromonomer or <2 wt % swollen hydrogel) increased mass loss to 50% after 6 weeks. Molecular dynamic simulations demonstrated that the biphasic degradation behavior was related to aggregation and micelle formation of lactide monomers in the macromonomer in aqueous solution. MSCs encapsulated in SPELA hydrogel expressed osteogenic markers Dlx5, Runx2, osteopontin, and osteocalcin and formed a mineralized matrix. The expression of osteogenic markers and extent of mineralization was significantly higher when MSCs were encapsulated in SPELA hydrogel with the addition of bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP2). Results demonstrate that hydrolytically degradable PEG-based hydrogels are potentially useful as a delivery matrix for stem cells in regenerative medicine.
A partial synthesis of picrasin B and Δ2-picrasin B☆

Abstract The regioselective reductive demethylation of the O-methyldiosphenol functionality in the A ring of quassin (3) with chlorotrimethylsilane and sodium iodide furnished picrasin B (1). Swern oxidation of 1 furnished Δ 2 -picrasin B (2), and O-methylation of 2 regenerated quassin (3).
Fatal apnea in piglets by way of laryngeal chemoreflex: postmortem findings as anatomic correlates of sudden infant death syndrome in the human infant.

Objectives/Hypothesis: Intrathoracic petechiae are a prominent diagnostic finding in sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) victims. In this study, the laryngeal chemoreflex (LCR) was elicited experimentally to discover whether intrathoracic petechiae would be produced by way of the LCR. The hypothesis was that water stimulation of the larynx in piglets, leading to death by prolonged apnea, would produce postmortem findings similar to those found in SIDS victims. Study Design: Using the piglet as an animal model, the LCR was initiated by way of water stimulation of the larynx, resulting in death. Normoxic and hypoxic conditions were established before the stimulation. The piglets were studied postmortem to determine the relationship between the physiologic mechanisms of the LCR and characteristic pathologic findings in SIDS. Methods: Using protocols approved by animal care, 14 mixed-breed piglets aged 7 to 14 days were sedated with a ketamine/xylazine mixture. Respiratory and pressure-monitoring devices were affixed and light anesthesia maintained with Surital infusion. In 10 of the piglets, a small catheter was placed between the arytenoid cartilages, and 5 mL of tap water was introduced over 1 second. The LCR ensued, producing periods of central apnea bordered by gasping efforts and resulting in hypoxemia and death in all cases. Four piglets underwent this manipulation in normoxic conditions. Six breathed a hypoxic gas mixture for 1 hour to bring their Po2 down to below 50 torr before water was introduced into the larynx. Four control piglets breathed the hypoxic gas mixture for 1 hour (without water stimulation or LCR) before Surital overdose. Within 24 hours of death, all piglets underwent thoracoabdominal autopsy by a blinded evaluator experienced in SIDS pathology. Results: The autopsies revealed nothing remarkable in the abdominal viscera of any of the experimental animals. Thymus, heart, and lungs were graded 0 to 4 to indicate the degree of petechiae on external surfaces. Average cumulative scores (ACS) were applied to each animal. The control (hypoxic) piglets had no petechiae (ACS 0.0). The normoxic experimental piglets had moderate petechiae (ACS 3.5). The hypoxic experimental piglets had more prominent petechiae (ACS 6.3). Conclusions: Stimulation of the LCR, leading to death by prolonged apnea, produces postmortem findings in piglets similar to those found in SIDS victims. Petechiae were more severe among piglets pretreated with a hypoxic mixture of gases. This study supports the hypothesis that initiation of the LCR may produce pathologic features often prominent in SIDS.
The impact of alternative diagrams on the accuracy of recall: a comparison of star-schema diagrams and entity-relationship diagrams

Data warehouses can be constructed using either a relational or a dimensional model. This research compares the diagrammatic representations of these two models. Semantic network theory suggests that, because of their structure, star-schema diagrams (SSDs) are more understandable than entity-relationship diagrams (ERDs). Through two experiments that test both the accuracy and pattern of users' recall, we find strong evidence that SSDs are easier to understand than ERDs. Our findings imply that the use of the dimensional model should help decision makers query the warehouse directly, thereby reducing costs and the need for intervention and support by IT professionals.
Thermodynamic analysis of stress and pressure effects on the δ → α transformation in plutonium alloys☆

Abstract Thermodynamic arguments are presented about the effect of hydrostatic pressure and uniaxial stress on the transformation of the δ-stabilized phase to the α phase in Pu alloys. Uniaxial compression, hydrostatic pressure, and uniaxial tension all promote the δ → α a transformation. Because of the shear strain and the large volume decrease accompanying this martensitic transformation, uniaxial compression is more effective in promoting the transformation than either hydrostatic pressure or uniaxial tension of identical magnitude. Uniaxial tension is less effective than hydrostatic pressure.
Depression and anxiety outcomes at a free clinic in a rural state.

Purpose: To describe the diagnostic and treatment patterns for depression and anxiety in clients receiving care at a free clinic. Data sources: Charts for 43 clients who received antidepressant or anxiolytic medications were randomly selected and reviewed. Conclusions: Clients presented to the clinic symptomatic; almost two thirds had been treated elsewhere. Most clients received pharmacological treatment and referral for counseling. Forty-four percent of the clients were still being treated at their last visit, but 33% were no longer being seen, and it could not be determined if they were receiving care at another clinic. Implications for practice: If sustained relationships with clients with depression and anxiety can be developed, appropriate care can be provided.
Improved Bethe approximation for electron-ion impact ionization☆

Abstract A simple modification of the Bethe approximation is considered for collisional ionization of ionic targets by electrons at intermediate energies.
Speculations on the evolution of 9+2 organelles and the role of central pair microtubules

Motility generated by 9+2 organelles, variably called cilia or flagella, evolved before divergence from the last common ancestor of extant eukaryotes. In order to understand better how motility in these organelles is regulated, evolutionary steps that led to the present 9+2 morphology are considered. In addition, recent advances in our knowledge of flagellar assembly, together with heightened appreciation of the widespread role of cilia in sensory processes, suggest that these organelles may have served multiple roles in early eukaryotic cells. In addition to their function as undulating motility organelles, we speculate that protocilia were the primary determinants of cell polarity and directed motility in early eukaryotes, and that they provided the first defined membrane domain for localization of receptors that allowed cells to respond tactically to environmental cues. Initially, motility associated with these protocilia may have been gliding motility rather than the more complex bend propagation. Once these protocilia became functional motile organelles for beating, we believe that addition of an asymmetric central apparatus, capable of transducing signals to dynein motors and altering beat parameters, provided refined directional control in response to tactic signals. This paper presents hypothesized steps in this evolutionary process, and examples to support these hypotheses.
Abuse experiences in a community sample of young adults: Relations with psychiatric disorders, sexual risk behaviors, and sexually transmitted diseases

This study documents significant associations among lifetime abuse experiences, psychiatric diagnoses, and sexual risk behaviors in a multiethnic community sample of young men and women (N = 1803) in South Florida. Self-report data were collected via structured interviews as part of a longitudinal follow-up of a larger school-based study. Participants were grouped according to extent of lifetime abuse experiences. Cumulative lifetime abuse experiences were associated with increased risk for a broad range of individual lifetime psychiatric disorders, as well as cumulative lifetime psychiatric disorders. Both cumulative abuse experiences and cumulative psychiatric disorders were independently associated with (a) higher levels of sexual risk behaviors and (b) higher risk for lifetime sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). Implications for selective prevention of sexual risk behaviors and STDs among young adults with histories of abuse and psychiatric disorders are discussed.
HEPATIC ENCEPHALOPATHY AND THE γ-AMINOBUTYRIC-ACID NEUROTRANSMITTER SYSTEM

Abstract γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA), the principal inhibitory neurotransmitter of the mammalian brain, is synthesised by gut bacteria. In a rabbit model the development of hepatic encephalopathy was associated with increased levels of GABA in plasma, increased permeability of the blood-brain barrier, increased numbers of binding-sites for GABA and benzodiazepines in the brain, and a pattern of neural activity similar to that induced by drugs which activate the GABA neurotransmitter system. It is postulated that in liver failure gut-derived GABA passes through a permeable blood-brain barrier and induces its own receptors in the brain, that gut-derived GABA contributes to the neural inhibition of hepatic encephalopathy, and that an increased number of drugbinding sites mediates enhanced sensitivity to barbiturates and benzodiazepines in liver failure.
A New Extension to the University of Erlangen Smell Test (UEST)

The first tier of the test battery is an olfactory screening test consisting of a 12-odor identification test. This test discriminates anosmia from hyposmia and normosmia. As a second tier, the Threshold–Discrimination–Identification Test offers a more extensive analysis of olfactory deficits (TDI score, Sniffin’ Sticks). A growing pool of normative data (Kobal et al., 2000) is now available and functional anosmia is defined as a deficit with a TDI score <15 (out of 48).
The Pre-Hispanic Maya Reservoir System at Kinal, Peten, Guatemala

The southern Lowland Maya hilltop center of Kinal is shown to be a human-modified watershed. The broad paved surfaces of the elevated central precinct acted as runoff-catchment areas directing precipitation into gravity-fed channels and reservoirs. In a geographical zone affected by an extended dry season and away from permanent water sources, Kinal demonstrates the components of a rainfall-dependent water-management system characteristic of other large sites in the region.
Effect of chain structure on the miscibility of cellulose acetate blends: a small-angle neutron scattering study

The miscibility of cellulose ester blends with varying degree of substitution (DS) of acetates along the chain backbone has been investigated using small-angle neutron scattering. The difference in degree of substitution (ΔDS) between the two components in the blend was systematically varied from 0.06 to 0.63 where each blend was found to be a partially miscible, two-phase system. Miscibility between the two components initially decreases as ΔDS of the blends increases. The Flory interaction parameter, χ, concurrently increases with increasing ΔDS as a result of diminishing van der Waals forces between components. The cellulose acetates with lower degree of substitution, which contain more hydroxyl substituents, however, demonstrate greater miscibility even at higher ΔDS. This is interpreted to be the result of favorable hydrogen bonding between blend components that are possible in the presence of more hydroxyl groups. FT-IR data support this interpretation, indicating an increase in hydrogen bonding in a blend having a lower DS component. These results indicate that while an increase in structural differences between cellulose acetate blend components limits miscibility, the presence of hydroxyl groups on the chain promotes mixing. This competition accentuates the significant impact specific interactions have on blend miscibility for these copolymers.
Effect of osmotic pressure of the medium on the volume of intact cells of Azotobacter vinelandii and on the rate of respiration.

Abstract 1. 1. Addition of several salts, sucrose or glucose to starved washed cells of Azotobactor vinelandii resulted in a decrease of cellular volume and an increase in turbidity (light scattering). Glycerol caused no change in either. 2. 2. The changes in light scattering indicated that LiCl, NaCl and KCl did not penetrate the bacteria, but NH 4 Cl, MgCl 2 , MnCl 2 and CaCl 2 penetrated slowly. 3. 3. Measurements of packed cell volume along with dextran and sucrose impenetrable volumes in the presence of non-penetrating solutes showed that the cell as a whole decreased in volume as the medium osmolarity increased. There was no distinct plasmolysis evident. 4. 4. Concentrations of about 0.3 osM salts or sucrose had no effect on the rate of O 2 uptake on addition of mannitol as a substrate when the bacteria were suspended in 10 mM phosphate buffer. Higher concentrations inhibited the respiration and the extent of inhibition was dependent upon the osmolarity. The respiratory rate of cells suspended in 10 mM Tris-HCl buffer was less than that of cells in phosphate buffer, but it was also inhibited by concentrations of sucrose above 0.2 osM. The low respiration rate in Tris-HCl was stimulated on addition of low concentrations of salts, then higher concentrations of salts were inhibitory. The extent of stimulation and inhibition as a function of concentration varied with the different salts.
Drug Insight: maintenance immunosuppression in kidney transplant recipients

It is essential that community-based nephrologists and primary care physicians, who are increasingly involved in the management of stable renal allograft recipients, are familiar with new-generation immunosuppressive drugs. This comprehensive article by Arjang Djamali and colleagues is a guide to the pharmacokinetics, dosing, drug–drug interactions and adverse effects of the mainstays of modern immunosuppression; calcineurin inhibitors, antimetabolites, mTOR inhibitors and corticosteroids. Kidney transplantation is the treatment of choice for patients with end-stage renal disease, in part because of ongoing efforts towards improving immunosuppressive strategies. Although calcineurin inhibitors remain the mainstay of immunosuppression in kidney transplant recipients, within this class of drug there has been a shift from use of ciclosporin to use of tacrolimus. Mycophenolate mofetil and mycophenolate sodium are now the antimetabolites of choice. A new class of drugs (inhibitors of mammalian target of rapamycin) that includes sirolimus is being increasingly used in stable kidney transplant recipients. New data, however, indicate that a more cautious approach to the use of this drug is warranted. Many transplant centers are now using steroid avoidance, minimization and withdrawal protocols. The impact of these different drugs and therapeutic strategies on outcomes has to be weighed against their immunosuppressive benefit. As more and more community-based nephrologists and primary care physicians are becoming involved in the care of stable kidney transplant recipients, it is important for these clinicians to familiarize themselves with novel immunosuppressive drugs and their pharmacokinetic properties.
Some investigations of the deposition of travertine from Hot Springs-I. The isotopic chemistry of a travertine-depositing spring

Abstract The isotopic compositions of the travertine and of the hot spring solutions were studied at Main Springs and New Highland Terrace in the Mammoth Hot Springs area of Yellowstone Park. The springs issue at 74°C and a pH of 6.65 and the carbon isotopic composition of the travertine depositing at the orifice is +2%.δC13 (PDB). As the water travels out from the orifice, it cools and loses CO2. The travertine depositing at lower temperature is enriched in C13, reaching values of +4.8%. and the solution has a pH of 8.2 at 27°C. The δC13 of the carbon species in solution is about −2.3%. at 74° and about +4.3 at 27°C. Therefore, the difference in δC13 between the solid and solution is approximately 4%. at 74° and decreases to zero at about 20°C. These differences are shown to be due to kinetic (non-equilibrium) factors. The δO18 contents of the travertine and water show that in most samples the carbonate oxygen is in equilibrium with the water O18 at the temperatures of deposition. This is especially true for travertine depositing slowly and at temperatures above about 50°C. Calculations based on pH and alkalinity titrations of the hot spring waters in situ show that at the spring orifice the water is very high in free CO2, which is quickly lost in transit. The springs are supersaturated with respect to both aragonite and calcite during most of their travel in the open air. The carbon isotopic composition of the travertine is similar to that in the marine carbonates that are adjacent to the springs and that are the probable source of the calcium carbonate. The travertine from inactive prehistoric springs near Mammoth has similar δC13 and O18 to that from the active springs. Soda Butte, an inactive center 25 miles east of Mammoth, contains heavier carbon and oxygen than the springs near Mammoth.
Employee perceptions of the availability and use of interest‐based, right‐based, and power‐based conflict management strategies

Descriptive research on workplace conflict management suggests that interest-based approaches such as mediation are underused (Sheppard, 1984). This study examines managerial and nonmanagerial employees' levels of awareness of the conflict management strategies and third parties available to them, the types of strategy they perceive as most ideal and most realistic, and the barriers to using the most ideal strategies. Results confirm that although mediation is often viewed as the most ideal strategy, it is not widely perceived as most realistic. Findings suggest that many employees need more conflict management training and additional third parties need to be made available in the workplace. Implications for organizational conflict management and dispute system design are discussed.
Evaluation of PDMS-based extraction techniques and GC-TOFMS for the analysis of off-flavor chemicals in beer

J. Am. Soc. Brew. Chem. 65(3):129-137, 2007 Various formats employing polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) as an extraction medium prior to gas chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-TOFMS) analysis were investigated to measure off-flavors in aged beer. The techniques included stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE), headspace sorptive extraction (HSSE), purge and trap, and closed-loop stripping (CLS). Although all PDMS extraction methods worked well, SBSE appeared to provide the most accurate quantitation and was capable of detecting the most odor-active compounds. The peak deconvolution capability of the Leco Pegasus TOFMS was critical to the detection and accurate quantitation of key off-flavor chemicals. Compared with fresh control beer, increases in furfural; furfuryl ethyl ether; furyl hydroxymethyl ketone; 2,4-dodecadienal, (E,E)-; benzeneacetic acid ethyl ester; β-damascenone; and 3-pyridinecarboxylic acid ethyl ester (also known as nicotinic acid ethyl ester) were observed in beer samples incubated for 12 weeks at 30°C, and increases in dimethyl disulfide, dimethyltrisulfide, and benzeneacetaldehyde occurred in beer samples exposed to sunlight for 8 hr.
EFFECTS OF MATERAL DIABETES ON INSULIN RECEPTOR mRNA LEVELS IN FETAL RABBIT LIVER

Maternal diabetes is associated with marked increases in insulin receptor (IR) numbers on fetal tissue plasma membranes. We examined the effects of alloxan-induced diabetes in pregnant New Zealand rabbits on IR mRNA levels in fetal rabbit liver at 31 d. gestation. Total IR increased 4 fold in offspring of diabetics. Fetal rabbit liver Poly A+ RNA was subjected to gel electrophoresis, hydridization to a radiolabelled rat IR cDNA probe and autoradiographs analyzed by densitometry. Data were expressed as a percent of maximum intensity compared to a constitutive standard,(actin mRNA). Ratios of IR to actin mRNA were also calculated for each specimen from slot blot analyses. There was no change in IR m RNA levels in fetal liver from offspring of diabetic pregancies. CONCLUSIONS: Increases in IR number in fetal tissues of diabetic pregnancies is not due to an increase in receptor mRNA levels, but possibly may be explained by either post-transcriptional or translational changes, or by differences in membrane environment (i.e., fluidity) which alters receptor exposure.
Use of hearing-aid-processed stimuli in hearing aid evaluation.

In ‘hearing aid consultation’, recommendations for an aid are made without observing the patient's aided performance. This practice is undesirable since aided auditory discrimination ability is different to predict on the basis of unaided scores. On the other hand, maintenance in the clinic of a representative stock of hearing aids is costly and time- consuming. As a possible alternative, the intelligibility of ‘hearing-aid-processed’ PB lists (recorded through a hearing aid) was compared with aided discrimination under clinical conditions. Fifteen subjects with sensorineural loss were used. No differences resulted between the two test conditions, indicating that hearing-aid-processed stimuli can give useful information about aided discrimination ability
Student representational competence and self-assessment when solving physics problems

Student success in solving physics problems is related to the representational format of the problem. We study student representational competence in two large-lecture algebra-based introductory university physics courses with approximately 600 participants total. We examined student performance on homework problems given in four different representational formats (mathematical, pictorial, graphical, verbal), with problem statements as close to isomorphic as possible. In addition to the homeworks, we examine students' assessment of representations by providing follow-up quizzes in which they chose between various problem formats. As a control, some parts of the classes were assigned a random-format follow-up quiz. We find that there are statistically significant performance differences between different representations of nearly isomorphic statements of quiz and homework problems. We also find that allowing students to choose which representational format they use improves student performance under some circumstances and degrades it in others. Notably, one of the two courses studied shows much greater performance differences between the groups that received a choice of format and those that did not, and we consider possible causes. Overall, we observe that student representational competence is tied to both micro- and macrolevel features of the task and environment.
The Dialectics of Resistance: An Analysis of the GI Movement

Little attention has been given by social scientists to the attempt by a minority of military personnel to create an antiwar, antimilitary protest movement in the Vietnam-era military. The purpose of this article is to briefly describe and analyze the GI movement. Particular attention is focused on: (a) some of the factors that were instrumental in the genesis and development of the GI movement, and (b) the military's response to internal resistance. The article concludes with an assessment of the movement and a discussion of some of the reasons why the GI movement was less than successful in mobilizing resistance on a large scale.
Dissociation of visual functions by deprivation and rearrangement.

Deficiency in visually-guided behaviors is the dominant effect of rearing kittens from birth without patterned visual stimulation of the two eyes. Following such deprivation, form discrimination is found relatively intact when the effects of the deficient orienting behavior are eliminated from the testing procedure. Recent experimental analyses implicate visual feedback contingent upon movement in a normal environment as the condition responsible for the losses in visuallyguided behavior produced by deprivation of patterned stimulation. Using the techniques of these experiments, the two eyes may be dissociated with respect to their ability to control movement but not in their performance of shape discrimination. Related research on adaptation to optical rearrangement has shown a high degree of lability in visually-guided behavior but only limited modifiability in perception of shape. It is suggested that the modification of a shape that does occur results from altered localization of its parts in space. The measurable modification of shape is limited by the fixedness of the pattern analyzing system. Certain implications for the earliest development of shape discrimination are drawn.
The case for a populist Central Banker

Abstract We present a general equilibrium optimizing model in which we study the joint effects of centralization of wage setting and central bank conservatism on economic performance. Several striking conclusions emerge. In relatively centralized labor markets employment and output are decreasing, and inflation is intially increasing and then decreasing, in the degree of central bank conservatism. A radical-populist central banker who cares not at all about inflation (alternatively, who is not conservative) maximizes social welfare. Economic performance is not U-shaped in the degree of centralization of the labor market, in contrast to conventional wisdom.
The Present of the Past: Dialogues With Memory Over Time

This study analyzes the self-constructing meanings of an autobiographical episode in the life of one woman told at repeated intervals over 35 years. It demonstrates the ways in which the present constructs the past and shows how autobiographical memory may be used dialogically to create and contrast with current self-constructions, to disavow intolerable aspects of self, and to preserve disused but valued self-representations. Memories, in this sense, operate as texts whose meaning changes as the dialogue within self changes. The meanings of past memories, rather than their contents, are reshaped to hold aspects of a layered, multiple self.
Transport and accumulation of river-derived sediment on the Washington continental shelf, USA

The combined results of many physical oceanographic, geochemical, and geological investigations provide a coherent picture of the sedimentology of the Washington continental shelf. The major source of modern sediment is the Columbia River. Sediment on the shelf is transported by bottom currents resulting from surface wind stress and gravity waves which occur as individual storm or wave events lasting one to several days, primarily during the winter months. Field measurements of the sediment response to wind- and wave-generated bottom currents suggest that the modern sediment is transported as suspended load and disperses primarily northward parallel to the isobaths and is associated with a well-developed mid-shelf silt deposit. Smaller quantities of sediment are transported seaward over the shelf edge and into the numerous submarine canyons that incise the shelf. Analysis of available wave data suggests that thresholds of sediment motion were exceeded on the order of 22%, 16%, and 1.5% of the time annually on the inner, central, and outer shelf respectively. Bottom current measurements suggest that threshold conditions were exceeded 13% and 6% of the time annually on the inner and central shelf respectively. Measurements of accumulation rates using 210 Pb geochronology show that about 67% of the annual sediment discharge from the Columbia River is being deposited in the mid-shelf silt deposit; 6% is being deposited over the shelf edge on the open slope, and 11% is accumulating in the four major submarine canyons.
A simple additivity relation for analysis of heterogeneous catalytic reactors with first order reaction

An isothermal heterogeneous reactor with first order kinetics is characterized by two virtual maximum efficiencies, Nkin and Ntr, which are readily determined from the appropriate kinetic and transport parameters. The actual efficiency of the reactor, which is related to the conversion, X, by X = 1−e−N, can be accurately approximated as N−1 = N−1tr + N−1kin. The overall additivity relation offers a simple approach either to predict the conversion or to extract the kinetic or transport parameters when the reactor behavior is affected by both reaction and diffusion.
Unanticipated capital flows and the Mexican economy: An empirical investigation

This research explores the differential impact of unanticipated and anticipated foreign capital flows on Mexico's economy for the period 1965–85. If unanticipated flows cause appreciation of the real exchange rate and do not affect domestic expenditure, one can assume that the country's foreign exchange constraint is not binding. Based on empirical evidence, this hypothesis can be rejected. The implication is that Mexico's problems probably do not stem from overborrowing. Anticipated capital flows do affect private spending, but a negative coefficient suggests that the private sector has borne the brunt of post‐crisis adjustment. The results show that the Mexican government has dominated the expenditure of foreign loans throughout the period.
Safety of push enteroscopy after recent myocardial infarction.

Although the safety and efficacy of esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) after myocardial infarction (MI) are fairly well characterized, the safety of enteroscopy after recent MI is unstudied and unknown. Enteroscopy could potentially be particularly valuable to evaluate recurrent obscure gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding after MI because ongoing GI bleeding could induce recurrent myocardial ischemia. The safety of push enteroscopy is analyzed in a study of 4 cases among 8900 patients with acute MIs during an 8-year period at a tertiary care medical center. Four patients underwent enteroscopy at 1, 4, 28, and 45 days after MI, of whom three were prospectively monitored for enteroscopic complications. The patients were 82, 63, 72, and 76 years old. Three were male. The mean serum creatinine kinase level was 601 ± 162 U/L, with an MB fraction of 15.9 ± 13.2%. All MIs were subendocardial. Enteroscopy indications included recurrent fecal occult blood and anemia requiring multiple packed erythrocyte transfusions with no significant lesions identified by EGD and colonoscopy in two patients, maroon stools with no lesions identified by colonoscopy and only anastomotic erosions identified by EGD in one patient status post-Billroth I gastrectomy, and dark red blood per rectum in one patient with prior aortic graft revision for an aortoenteric fistula after failure to visualize the distal duodenum by EGD. The patients received a mean of 4.0 ± 1.3 U of packed erythrocytes before enteroscopy. At enteroscopy the mean hematocrit was 32.7 ± 1.6. The patients received a mean of 18.8 ± 12.5 mg of meperidine and 2.6 ± 2.2 mg of midazolam during enteroscopy. Enteroscopy was uniformly uncomplicated. Vital signs and arterial oxygen saturation remained stable during and following enteroscopy. Enteroscopy revealed no new lesions in two patients and distal duodenitis in one patient and ruled out an aortoenteric fistual in one patient at high risk for this lesion. These four cases suggest that enteroscopy is not absolutely contraindicated and might be considered after recent MI for strong indications in relatively clinically stable patients.
A special issue of The Clearing House, Fall 2013: Successful Strategies for Supporting Learning and Professional Development for Secondary Educators

Improving student achievement levels is an emphasis nationally. As policymakers examine achievement gaps that occur among subgroups of students, high school drop out rates, and students’ preparatio...
Analysis and Synthesis of Feedback Control Systems in the Parameter Plane III-Nonlinear Systems

The stability and self-excited oscillations of nonlinear feedback control systems are investigated in the parameter plane with respect to both the system parameters and the initial conditions. The proposed analysis procedure is based upon the describing functions defined for both pure and damped sinusoidal signals and, therefore, permits the designer to obtain information about the effects on absolute and relative stability of adjusting system parameters or varying the initial signal level. Control systems with two non-linearities and with amplitude- and frequency-dependent describing functions may be designed advantageously. The method is particularly useful when the describing function appears as a variable pole of relevant transfer functions. The procedure requires no block-diagram manipulations, and it is suitable for the application of computer techniques.
Reversibility aspect of lithium borohydrides

Abstract Reversibility is one of the key features for any hydrogen storage material. Borohydrides such as LiBH4 have been studied or proposed as candidates for hydrogen storage because of their high hydrogen contents (18.4 wt% for LiBH4). Limited success has been made in reducing the dehydrogenation temperature. However, full reversibility has not been realized. It is found that the dehydrogenation mechanism of metal borohydrides differs signicantly from the well-known metal hydrides such as LaNi5H6 and MgH2 that release hydrogen in a single decomposition step through a solid state transformation of crystalline structure. The dehydrogenation of lithium borohydrides involves solid–liquid–gas reactions. Some of the steps in the multiple step decomposition processes of metal borohydrides are not reversible. Furthermore, the decomposition also produces stable intermediate compounds that cannot be rehydrided easily. Lastly, the volatile gases, such as BH3 and B2H6, evolved in decomposition of the transition metal borohydrides cause unrecoverable boron loss. Although our experiments show the partial reversibility of the doped LiBH4, it was not sustainable during dehydriding–rehydriding cycles because of the accumulation of hydrogen inert species and boron loss. Doping with additives reduces the stability of LiBH4, but it also makes LiBH4 less reversible. It raises reasonable doubt on the feasibility of making metal borohydrides suitable for reversible hydrogen storage.