cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of oxidation‐mediated volatility of hydrocarbon lubricant base fluids

Lubricant base fluids exhibit differences in volatility based on their molecular structures and the distribution of components. We report work to evaluate the volatilization of hydrocarbon base fluids using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and gas chromatographic simulated distillation. Commercial base fluids, including samples from API groups II, III, IV, have been evaluated. Kinematic viscosity was not a good predictor for volatility when all lubricants were considered. Polyalphaolefin (group IV) base fluids were found to have lower volatility than isoviscous group II and group III chemically modified mineral oil base fluids as measured by TGA, simulated distillation and Noack techniques. The advantages of TGA for measurement of lubricant volatility are discussed. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
REVIEW OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY MEASURES OF CULTURAL COMPETENCE FOR USE IN SOCIAL WORK EDUCATION

This study reviews extant measures of cultural competence from many disciplines and evaluates their suitability for social work education based on 8 criteria: validity, reliability, relevance to so...
Alcohol drinking: abnormal intake caused by tetrahydropapaveroline in brain

Tetrahydropapaveroline (THP), a dopamine-dopaldehyde condensation product, was delivered directly into the cerebral ventricle of rats automatically every 15 minutes for 12 days. The animals were given access to both water and ethylalcohol, the latter being presented in 12 concentrations from 3 to 30 percent. Within 3 to 6 days of the start of the infusion of THP, the rats, which normally rejected alcohol, drank alcohol solutions in increasingly excessive amounts; this was accompanied by symptoms that were similar to those of withdrawal and intoxication. These results provide evidence that an abnormal metabolite in the brain may produce the addictive state caused by alcoholic beverages.
Determination of the spread rate in opposed-flow flame spread over thick solid fuels in the thermal regime

Limitations of the assumptions in the classic de Ris formula [1] for opposed-flow flame spread rate over thick fuels in the thermal regime are explored through numerical experiments in which the assumptions used in the original theory are eliminated one by one from the mathematical model. While the assumptions of infinite-rate chemistry, mass flux linearization, and neglect of radiation are found to be reasonable in the thermal regime, assumptions of a slug flow, a surface-hugging flame, and constant properties are responsible for the predictions of spread rate being in error by as much as a factor of 10. A spread rate formula, derived from a semiempirical solution of a simplified problem, is shown to overcome the drawbacks of the de Ris formula while retaining its simplicity. A hydrodynamic coefficient, developed for two different flow configurations, and a flame liftoff coefficient, both obtainable from the known parameters of the problem, correct for some of the major limiting assumptions in the de Ris theory. The formula developed here, which can be written as V ^ f , EST = F EST 2 β 5 β 6 V ^ eqv in which V ^ eqv contains the hydrodynamic information and the factor in front of it the chemical information, performs significantly better than the de Ris formula when tested against available data and extensive computational results for different flow configurations, opposed-flow velocities, oxygen levels, and ambient pressures..gif">
Myths and Realities: Family Businesses' Contribution to the US Economy— A Framework for Assessing Family Business Statistics

This article presents a framework for assessing commonly accepted family business statistics, based on the criteria used to define a family business. Using existing research from multiple fields and sources, a range is extrapolated for the total number of family businesses in the US, their contribution to Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and employment.
Density effects on life-history traits of an island lizard population

Long-term monitoring of life-history traits and the effects of density upon them were studied in an island population of the lizardEumeces okadae. Although life-history traits such as clutch size, egg size and the proportion of mature reproductive females varied little over 7 years in the intact population, manipulation of density to simulate decreased population density enhanced juvenile growth rate, age at first reproduction, frequency of female reproduction and size-specific clutch mass. In particular, the proportion of mature females reproducing annually increased almost 10 times from 5.6% to 53.8% after the removal of some lizards. However, body size at first reproduction and egg size were almost identical under both high and low density conditions. This study suggests that there were strong density-dependent effects on several life-history traits and thatE. okadae attained a density close to the carrying capacity of the environment.
Application of the Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz current equation to membrane current-voltage data.

A new approach for the analysis of current-voltage (IV) data is presented and applied to a variety of published data collected from various systems. Our analysis of published results shows that our method of analysis can account for the observed IV data. The calculated permeability coefficients are in reasonable agreement with those calculated from ion fluxes. In those cases where two ions are assumed to carry the current, the ratios of the calculated permeability coefficients are in agreement with those ratios determined from the Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz voltage equation. In most cases, the entire IV curve can be accounted for by using our method of analysis. In several examples, only a portion of the IV curve is in agreement with the predictions. We attribute the failure to account for the IV data to reflect the failure of one or more of the assumptions used by the GHK current equation. In other cases, assuming that an additional ion carries the current, the treatment can account for the IV data. However, the identity of the extra ion cannot be established from these published data without additional studies (e.g., ionic replacement studies).
Engineering mobile field worker applications

We envision next-generation Field Workers to use interactive Web applications deployed on sophisticated mobile devices in order to access remote services and data in support of their business processes. Engineering such applications requires combining services computing with mobile computing and end-user oriented Web application development. In this position paper, we identify the main challenges in this context, and propose a preliminary platform architecture for application deployment on Field Worker devices that addresses some of these challenges.
High-Quality Double-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Grown by a Cold-Walled Radio Frequency Chemical Vapor Deposition Process

High-quality double-walled carbon nanotubes were synthesized by radio frequency (cold-walled) catalytic chemical vapor deposition from methane on a novel Fe-Mo/MgO catalyst obtained by coprecipitation. Transmission electron microscopy observations provided compelling evidence for the formation of double-walled carbon nanotubes, while the Raman results supported the overall quality of the samples and showed clearly defined radial breathing mode signals corresponding to tubes with diameters ranging between 0.72 and 2.42 nm. The second-order Raman (2D) band was found to be composed of two overlapping peaks corresponding to the inner and outer nanotubes. Thermogravimetric analysis showed a 95% purity for the as-grown material corresponding solely to nanotubes. It was found that inductive heating by a radio frequency source considerably suppressed the deposition of amorphous carbon, leading to very pure samples suitable for further investigations.
A fossil record for trematodes: extent and potential uses

Some extant parasitic flatworms (Phylum Platyhelminthes, Class Trematoda, Order Digenea) produce pits on the interior shell surface of their molluscan bivalve hosts. Based on comparisons of pits in Tertiary and Quaternary Gemma, Parastarte and Transennella (Family Veneridae), we establish a history of association between trematodes and these host genera spanning over 5 My in North America. This is the first report of a fossil record for the Trematoda. Similar pits are also present in many other bivalve genera (both fossil and living species), indicating that a substantial fossil record may exist for parasitic flatworms. The identification of parasitic infections from fossil shells may provide a new dimension for the study of the evolutionary biology, paleoecology and biogeography of host-parasite associations. □Trematoda, trace fossils, Veneridae, paleoecology. life-history evolution, parasites.
What Political Scientists Can Learn from the 1993 Electoral Reform in New Zealand

In November 1993, 100 years after becoming the first nation to enfranchise women, New Zealand again made electoral reform history as its citizens voted by a 54–46 margin to replace their venerable, U.S.-style first-past-the-post (FPP) method of electing legislators with a new mixed-member proportional (MMP) system. Political scientists in the United States and elsewhere may find New Zealand's decision instructive in six ways:• as a harbinger of a wider movement toward electoral reform in established democracies and of a global trend toward mixed-member legislatures;• as a demonstration of how constitutional reform can overcome entrenched interests;• as a symptom of political backlash against the imposition of orthodox economic policies of the sort advocated by the IMF and other international agencies;• as a partial repudiation of the Westminster model that U.S. reformers have often taken as their ideal;• as the source of a new method of ensuring fair and effective representation for a minority ethnic group; and• as an example of how political scientists can play influential roles as institutional designers and public educators.
Diagnosis of tuberculosis in children using a polymerase chain reaction.

We investigated the value of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in the diagnosis of active tuberculosis in children and evaluated the relationship between PCR results in children with tuberculous infections and mediastinal adenopathies detected by computerized tomography (CT-Scan). This was a controlled, blinded, prospective study comparing nested PCR, mycobacterial cultures and the clinical diagnosis based on 350 clinical specimens from 117 children referred for evaluation of suspected pulmonary tuberculosis. All children with tuberculous infection but without active disease underwent a chest CT-scan to detect the presence of mediastinal adenopathies not evident on chest x-ray. The sensitivity of PCR was 56.8% in children with clinically active disease (culture: 37.8%; smears: 13.5%). A major advantage of PCR over cultures was noted when there was no parenchymal involvement on chest radiograph and when the patient was undergoing anti-tuberculous treatment. There were nine specimens with false-negative PCR results due to the presence of amplification reaction inhibitors. PCR was positive in five children with tuberculous infection without active disease and these children presented mediastinal adenopathies on the CT-scan that were not evident on chest radiography. There were no false-positive PCR results in the control groups of children. We conclude that nested PCR is a rapid and sensitive method for the early diagnosis of tuberculosis in children. It is especially useful when the diagnosis of active tuberculosis is difficult. In our study children with tuberculous infection without apparent disease who have positive PCR results have mediastinal adenopathies on CT-scan. Pediatr Pulmonol. 1999; 28:344–351. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Action of 5-thio-D-glucose in the control of glycogen depolymerization.

With muscle glycogen phosphorylase a and b, 5-thio-D-glucose is a non-competitive inhibitor toward phosphate where it has a Ki of 13 mM and 5.1 mM, respectively, and produces a mixed type of inhibition when glycogen is the substrate. 5-Thio-D-glucose enhances diaphragm phosphorylase phosphatase activity to the same extent as D-glucose, yet the thioanalog does not affect phosphorylase b kinase. Thus, the action of 5-thio-D-glucose on glycogen degradation proceeds by inhibition of phosphorylase a and b and by inactivation of phosphorylase a through converting it to the b form.
Petrology of basaltic and monomineralic soil fragments from the Sea of Fertility.

Basaltic and monomineralic fragments from the 150-425 micron size fractions of the Luna 16 core obtained from the Sea of Fertility were studied by optical petrographic, electron microprobe, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction techniques. Three textural varieties were identified in the basalts (intersertal, subophitic, and recrystallized). These textures, the assemblages, and individual mineral compositions (especially pyroxenes) indicate that these basalts crystallized under conditions very similar to those from Apollo 11. The pyroxenes have slightly lower Ti/Al (atomic) ratios than the Apollo 11 pyroxenes. We interpret the presence of octahedral Al as being due to the low TiO2/Al2O3 (weight %) ratio in the bulk rock. All observations made on the fine-grained basalt fragments are consistent with a rapid, near-surface, one-stage crystallization history.
Inhibition of carbonic anhydrase reduces brain injury after intracerebral hemorrhage.

Carbonic anhydrase 1 (CA-1) is a metalloenzyme present at high concentrations in erythrocytes. Our previous studies showed that erythrocyte lysis contributes to brain edema formation after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), and a recent study indicates that CA-1 can cause blood–brain barrier disruption. The present study investigated the role of CA-1 in ICH-induced brain injury. There were three groups in the study. In the first, adult male Sprague Dawley rats received 100 μl autologous blood injection into the right caudate. Sham rats had a needle insertion. Rat brains were used for brain CA-1 level determination. In the second group, rats received an intracaudate injection of either 50 μl CA-1 (1 μg/μl) or saline. Brain water content, microglia activation, and neuronal death (Fluoro-Jade C staining) were examined 24 h later. In the third group, acetazolamide (AZA, 5 μl, 1 mM), an inhibitor of carbonic anhydrases, or vehicle was co-injected with 100 μl blood. Brain water content, neuronal death, and behavioral deficits were measured. We found that CA-I levels were elevated in the ipsilateral basal ganglia at 24 h after ICH. Intracaudate injection of CA-1 induced brain edema (79.0 ± 0.6 vs. 78.0 ± 0.2% in the saline group, p < 0.01), microglia activation, and neuronal death (p < 0.01) at 24 h. AZA, an inhibitor of CA, reduced ICH-induced brain water content (79.3 ± 0.7 vs. 81.0 ± 1.0% in the vehicle-treated group, p < 0.05), neuronal death, and improved functional outcome (p < 0.05). These results suggest that CA-1 from erythrocyte lysis contributes to brain injury after ICH.
Baseflow and stormflow metal fluxes from two small agricultural catchments in the Coastal Plain of the Chesapeake Bay Basin, United States

Annual yields (fluxes per unit area) of Al, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cd, Pb, Zn, Cu, Cr, Co, As and Se were estimated for two small non-tidal stream catchments on the Eastern Shore of the Chesapeake Bay, United States—a poorly drained dissected-upland watershed in the Nanticoke River Basin, and a well-drained feeder tributary in the lower reaches of the Chester River Basin. Both watersheds are dominated by agriculture. A hydrograph-separation technique was used to determine the baseflow and stormflow components of metal yields, thus providing important insights into the effects of hydrology and climate on the transport of metals. Concentrations of suspended-sediment were used as a less-costly proxy of metal concentrations which are generally associated with particles. Results were compared to other studies in Chesapeake Bay and to general trends in metal concentrations across the United States. The study documented a larger than background yield of Zn and Co from the upper Nanticoke River Basin and possibly enriched concentrations of As, Cd and Se from both the upper Nanticoke River and the Chesterville Branch (a tributary of the lower Chester River). The annual yield of total Zn from the Nanticoke River Basin in 1998 was 18,000 g/km2/a, and was two to three times higher than yields reported from comparable river basins in the region. Concentrations of Cd also were high in both basins when compared to crustal concentrations and to other national data, but were within reasonable agreement with other Chesapeake Bay studies. Thus, Cd may be enriched locally either in natural materials or from agriculture.
Desire, Deviation, Double Entendre: The Aesthetics of Sexuality in Der blaue Engel Revisited

Abstract:The essay describes how aspects of signification of the sexual aesthetics of Der blaue Engel (The Blue Angel) are manifested through a multitude of artistic filmic components, especially through double entendres. An understanding of this additional semantic layer allows for a subtle reassessment of the film as a broader cultural critique of the human condition within its sociohistorical context.
The Effects of Instructional Implementation on Learning with Interactive Multimedia Case-Based Instruction

Interactive, multimedia cases with technology supports present new ways of teaching and learning in teacher education. In this mixed-methods, naturalistic study, the authors investigate how and what participants learn from multimedia cases and, in particular, how instructional implementation affects learning outcomes from multimedia cases. Multimedia cases with technology supports were implemented in 20 different higher education courses with varying University of Missouri—Columbia instructional modes involving 251 pre-service and practicing teacher education students from four different universities. Results indicate that how multimedia cases are integrated into courses makes a difference in case-based learning outcomes and that these differences are evidenced in both quantitative and qualitative data. Overall, significant learning occurred for all instructional implementation groups with one exception—limiting use of cases to context for additional course assignments was not effective. Implications for ...
Like it or not, web services are distributed objects

Despite the push to adopt Web services as the universal OO architecture, the Web services reliability model ignores many real-world issues routinely encountered by users.
Transport by capillary waves. Part II: Scalar dispersion and structure of the concentration field

Experiments on the transport of passive scalar tracers on capillary waves generated by the Faraday instability are presented. A spot of fluorescent dye is placed just below the fluid surface and the evolution of the dye concentration field is studied. Substantial transport is found over large distances, consistent with earlier observations of particle motion on the fluid surface. The time evolution of the radial distribution of impurity is characterized on a coarse‐grained scale. At large driving amplitudes e, where the wave pattern is time‐dependent with only short‐range spatial correlations, the diffusion may be described as a normal Brownian process. At lower e, where the patterns are well ordered (but modulated), this approximation fails though there is still significant transport. For large e, the isoconcentration contours are well described as fractals with a dimension that approaches 1.40±0.05 at long times. The scalar gradient field may be described as a multifractal. These results are surprisingly similar to those obtained for transport in turbulent shear flows.
Measurement of impaired self-awareness after traumatic brain injury: a comparison of the patient competency rating scale and the awareness questionnaire

Primary objective: To compare the Patient Competency Rating Scale (PCRS) and the Awareness Questionnaire (AQ) in the measurement of impaired self-awareness (ISA) in persons with traumatic brain injury (TBI). Research design: Prospective cohort of patients seen for inpatient rehabilitation following TBI. Procedures: Measures of self-awareness were collected at resolution of post-traumatic amnesia and outcomes (rated employability) were collected at discharge from inpatient rehabilitation. Outcomes and results: Subjects were 129 persons with TBI. Measures from the PCRS and AQ showed moderate correlations. Models using as predictors patient/clinician discrepancies for the PCRS and the AQ performed comparably in predicting employability (Nagelkerke R2 = 0.22 and 0.20, respectively). Conclusions: The PCRS and AQ showed only moderate correlations, but performed comparably as measures of ISA after TBI. Patient/clinician discrepancies appeared to be more valid measures of ISA early after TBI than patient/family d...
Disruption of cerebellar granule cell development in the Pax6 mutant, Sey mouse

The transcriptional regulator Pax6 is expressed in cerebellar granule cells and a mutation in that gene (Sey) has been shown to affect cerebellar development. We have defined novel phenotypes in the Sey/Sey cerebellum, indicating that the mutation of Pax6 alters granule cell behavior in vitro and also the interaction between granule cells and Purkinje cells in vivo. In culture, Sey/Sey granule cell precursors show the following abnormal phenotypes: enhanced proliferation, increased apoptotic cell death, and decreased number of morphologically differentiating β-III tubulin-positive cells. There is an overlap in the populations of Sey/Sey cells that express markers for proliferation and neuronal differentiation indicating an abnormality in the transition between these states in granule cells. In vivo, Purkinje cell ectopias were found deep in the cerebellum and extending into the inferior colliculus. Coincident with this, Purkinje cell phenotype was the alteration in the pattern and levels of Reelin expression in granule cells of the external germinal layer (EGL). The finding of increased staining for Disabled-1, a signaling pathway intermediary that is normally downregulated by a Reelin signal, throughout the Purkinje cell population suggests that in the Sey/Sey cerebellum there is a disruption in Reelin signaling from the EGL to Purkinje cells. These findings suggest that Pax6 is critical for the proper differentiation of granule cells and their communication with developing Purkinje cells. Thus, through its guidance of granule cell development, Pax6 also has a strong influence on many of the cellular programs that guide the morphogenesis of the entire cerebellum.
DNA synthesis arrest sites at the right terminus of rat long interspersed repeated (LINE or LIRn) DNA family members

Abstract An approximately equal to 150-bp GC-rich (approximately equal to 60%) region is at the right end of rat long interspersed repeated DNA (LINE or L1Rn) family members. We report here that one of the DNA strands from this region contains several non-palindromic sites that strongly arrest DNA synthesis in vitro by the prokaryotic Klenow and T4 DNA polymerases, the eukaryotic alpha polymerase, and AMV reverse transcriptase. The strongest arrest sites are G-rich (approximately equal to 70%) homopurine stretches of 18 or more residues. Shorter homopurine stretches (12 residues or fewer) did not arrest DNA synthesis even if the stretch contains 11/12 G residues. Arrest of the prokaryotic polymerases was not affected by their respective single strand binding proteins or polymerase accessory proteins. The region of duplex DNA which contains DNA synthesis arrest sites reacts with bromoacetaldehyde when present in negatively supercoiled molecules. By contrast, homopurine stretches that do not arrest DNA synthesis do not react with bromoacetaldehyde. The presence of bromoacetaldehyde-reactive bases in a G-rich homopurine-containing duplex under torsional stress is thought to be caused by base stacking in the homopurine strand. Therefore, we suggest that base-stacked regions of the template arrest DNA synthesis.
Collisional Stellar Dynamics around Massive Black Holes in Active Galactic Nuclei

The dynamical evolution of nuclear star clusters containing a massive black hole is examined in the region in which physical collisions dominate other processes and the black hole dominates the potential. The numerical method features a discrete cluster of stars, fully relativistic calculation of the orbital trajectories (including an algorithm that searches for individual collisions between pairs of orbits), and the use of a series of smooth particle hydrodynamics simulations of high-velocity stellar impacts (computed independently of this work) to determine collision outcomes. In contrast to a Fokker-Planck analysis, this approach allows small-number statistics, relativistic effects, and collision dynamics to be accounted for directly and accurately. The versatility of the simulation techniques makes them usable in a range of problems; useful by-products of the routines include a simple, exact procedure for computing the integrals of motion of Kerr geodesics given their Keplerian orbital elements and a generalized form of Kepler's equation that is (asymptotically) valid in the Kerr geometry. We find that many grazing collisions produce very little mass loss—even when a head-on collision would lead to complete disruption—thereby creating an extended distribution of low-mass remnants. Collisional refilling of the loss cone is seen and generally dominates relaxation-induced disruptions in these systems. It is found that collisions preferentially produce a constant density core in the collisionally dominated region of the cusp, as opposed to the ρ∝r−½ profile found in Fokker-Planck studies; the discrepancy can be traced to the simplifying assumptions typically employed by the latter approach.
DESIGN OF EXPERIMENTS

Abstract In this article the author reviews and presents the theory involved in the design of experiments for parameter estimation, a process of importance for pharmacokinetics, the study of intermediary metabolism and other sections of biological research. The design of experiments involves both formal and informal aspects. The formal theories of identifiability of parameters and model distinguishability, and the generation of optimal sampling schedules, play major roles. After presenting these theories, both the formal and informal aspects are studied in the examination of a simple but realistic example.
The implications of blood pressure variability for clinical and screening purposes.

Abstract An algorithm has been proposed [1] for screening for hypertension. The sensitivity and specificity of this algorithm depends on the magnitude of the between visit and within visit components of variability of blood pressure for any given person. The purposes of this study were to estimate these variance components in an industrial population and to explore the relationship of these components to age, to level of blood pressure and to each other. We then use the distribution of these variance components over our population to define the sensitivity and specificity of the screening procedure for an ‘average’ person. These parameters are then used to suggest guidelines for appropriate numbers of visits and measurements per visit for use in screening programs.
Analysis of mutagen-induced chromosome damage in a primate species (Saguinus oedipus oedipus) at risk for spontaneous adenocarcinoma of the colon.

Abstract A high incidence of adenocarcinoma of the colon (>16%) has been observed at necropsy in the South American primate, Saguinus oedipus oedipus oedipus (S. oedipus), while the disease has not been found in tamarins of the closely related species, Saguinus fuscicollis spp, housed in the same research colony. Cytogenetic analyses in cultured lymphocytes from 10 S. oedipus and 10 S. fuscicollis illigeri (S. fuscicollis) demonstrated no differences in the average frequencies of spontaneous or mitomycin C (MMC)-induced sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs) between animals of the two species. However, highly significant variability in MMC-induced chromosome lesions was observed between the individual S. oedipus, with one animal exhibiting increased sensitivity for both SCEs and chromosome breakages. At present we do not know the relationship, if any, between increased sensitivity to mutagen-induced cytogenetic lesions in specific S. oedipus tamarins and the increased risk for colon cancer that has been documented in this primate species. However, our cytogenetic findings in this one S. oedipus are similar to data obtained in evaluations of persons with several autosomal recessive conditions in which there is a genetic predisposition for developing malignancies.
Nonacute effects of H-FABP deficiency on skeletal muscle glucose uptake in vitro.

Heart-type fatty acid-binding protein (H-FABP) is required for high rates of skeletal muscle long-chain fatty acid (LCFA) oxidation and esterification. Here we assessed whether H-FABP affects soleu...
γ-Tubulin complexes and microtubule nucleation

Microtubules are dynamic cytoskeletal polymers that assemble from alpha/beta-tubulin and are vital for the establishment of cell polarity, vesicle trafficking and formation of the mitotic/meiotic spindle. gamma-Tubulin, a protein related to alpha/beta-tubulin, is required for initiating the polymerization of microtubules in vivo. gamma-Tubulin has been found in two main protein complexes: the gamma-tubulin ring complex and its subunit, the gamma-tubulin small complex. The latter is analogous to the yeast Tub4 complex. In the past year, important advances have been made in understanding the structure and function of the gamma-tubulin ring complex and how it interacts with microtubules.
Minimization of extended quadratic functions

A method is given for constructing algorithms which generate conjugate search directions when applied to functions of the formF o q whereq is a positive-definite quadratic andF is a non-negative strictly increasing function of a single variable with a non-vanishing derivative. Perfect line searches are not assumed.
Cultural Capital and High School Bullies: How Social Inequality Impacts School Violence

This analysis of male peer hierarchies in schools argues that battles for cultural capital are a significant causal factor in the spate of school shootings across the United States between 1996 and...
AMERICAN NEWSMAGAZINE COVERAGE OF THE PERSIAN GULF WAR: THE PARALLELS OF WORLD WAR II AND VIETNAM

This study presents the results of a content analysis of the amount, content, and tone of references to the historical parallels of World War II and the Vietnam War in three American newsmagazines' coverage of the Persian Gulf War. The hypothesis that the newsmagazines will be more likely to present the historical parallels of the Gulf War as analogous to World War II than the opposing frame of the Vietnam War is supported by the data. Thus the three newsmagazines were mostly supportive of the historical interpretation of the conflict presented by the Bush administration. A second hypothesis that a “rally-‘round-the-flag” effect will occur as the military build-up phase of Desert Shield is replaced by the military engagement phase of Desert Storm is not consistently supported by the data. There is also modest variation between the newsmagazines in the degree to which the World War II analogy is accepted and the Vietnam War analogy is rejected.
Lincoln log factory of the future (LIFOF) (abstract only)

The Center for Productivity Enhancement (CPE) has undertaken the development of a bench top factory to design and build Lincoln Log houses. The goal of this project is to investigate issues related to our holistic approach for manufacturing and to develop a paradigm education and training model of the Factory of the Future. The LLFOF includes a unique CAD/CAE system that allows for input of design specifications and can use natural language input or be menu driven. The output provides structure analysis, specification checking, cost and material estimates, and constructs the manufacturing databases for assembly. A 3-D wire frame or realistic solid view model of the design is also provided. Issues of manufacturing efficiency are also investigated including off line robotic simulation.The factory applies Just In Time (J.I.T.) principles developed by the Japanese to increase quality and decrease cost. It also schedules and constructs orders in a multi-robot work cell that is vision controlled. The natural language assembly instructions developed in the CAD step are dynamically decoded and assigned to various robots in the work cell according to a rule based system. The work cell, on the fly, schedules and dynamically modifies robotic work plans and uses machine vision to guide, assemble, and inspect. Because set up time and labor are driven to near zero, individualistic, batch-size-one manufacturing becomes realistic. A complete expert system controlled factory with materials handling and autonomous robotic vehicles is included in the ultimate design.The bench top factory has been chosen to be included in the Boston Museum of Science's Age of Intelligent Machines exhibit which will go on national tour in 1987. The system design and software will be distributed in conjunction with this event to foster research and training in manufacturing productivity.
Structure and distribution of gap junctions in lens epithelium and fiber cells

We report a comparative study of gap junctions in lens epithelia of frog, rabbit, rat and human, using a “double mounting” method for freeze-fracture electron microscopy. The gap junctions on the narrow sides of hexagonal cortical fiber cells of various species were also studied with the same technique. Gap junctions were commonly present between epithelial cells of the entire undifferentiated epithelium, between fiber cells on both wide and narrow sides, and between epithelial cells and fiber cells. Structural diversity of gap junctions, based on connexon arrangements, was evident in lens epithelia among the four species studied. Gap junctions with random arrays of connexons were found predominantly in frog lens epithelium, while the crystalline and striated configurations were mainly observed in the epithelia of human and rat, and of rabbit, respectively. On the other hand, there was no structural variation of gap junctions observed on either wide or narrow sides of lens fiber cells from any species studied. Only the random-type gap junction was found. However, the distribution of gap junctions was unique on the narrow sides. There was a single row of junctional plaques along the middle of the narrow sides, whereas the wide sides showed an uneven distribution pattern. The gap junctions between epithelial cells and fiber cells had a random packing of connexons.
Evaluation of renal artery stenosis with dynamic gadolinium-enhanced MR angiography.

The purpose of this study was to compare dynamic gadolinium-enhanced three-dimensional spoiled gradient-recalled MR angiography with conventional arteriography in the evaluation of proximal renal artery stenosis (RAS).MR angiography and conventional arteriographic examinations of 30 patients evaluated for RAS were analyzed retrospectively. Three-dimensional MR angiography was performed with an RF spoiled gradient-recalled imaging sequence acquired during the dynamic i.v. injection of gadolinium (0.2-0.3 mmol/kg), MR data and conventional arteriograms were independently evaluated for the number and location of renal arteries and the degree and location of stenoses. The patients had a mean age of 70 years old and a mean serum creatinine level of 2.9 mg/dl, reflecting a population in whom atherosclerotic RAS was the primary concern.Gadolinium-enhanced MR angiography revealed 100% of main renal arteries. For RAS of 50% or greater occlusion, the technique was 100% sensitive and 71% specific; the negative predi...
Regulation of pulmonary surfactant protein synthesis in fetal lung: A major role of glucocorticoids and cyclic AMP

Augmented synthesis of the lipoprotein, pulmonary surfactant, is initiated in fetal lung toward the end of-gestation. Inadequate surfactant synthesis by the lungs of premature infants can result in respiratory distress syndrome, the leading cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality in developed countries. The surfactant-associated proteins act with surfactant glycerophospholipids to reduce alveolar surface tension, and mediate the reutilization of secreted surfactant components by type II cells. Genes encoding the surfactant proteins SP-A, SP-B, and SP-C have been isolated and characterized. Recent findings suggest that surfactant protein gene expression in fetal lung is under multifactortal control and is regulated by glucocorticoids, cAMP, growth factors, and insulin.
The syntheses of trimeric sulphanuric fluorides and certain of their derivatives

Abstract Trimeric sulphanuric fluorides have been synthesized successfully from α-sulphanuric chloride and potassium fluoride in acetonitrile, and the so-called “ cis ” isomer has been isolated in a state of purity. This compound is more stable with respect to ring cleavage than the sulphanuric chlorides and undergoes a variety of substitution reactions. Reaction with phenyl lithium in diethyl ether in the corresponding mole ratios yields the mono- and diphenyl derivatives, whereas reaction with benzene in the presence of anhydrous aluminum chloride yields the triphenyl derivative in two isomeric forms. Several secondary amines form disubstituted products, each in two isomeric forms. The infra-red spectra of all of these compounds have been determined and evaluated.
Identification of a dynamic lake model by the group method of data handling: An application to lake ontario

Abstract A revised algorithm of the group method of data handling (GMDH) is used to model and identify water quality dynamics in Lake Ontario. The state variables in the model are corrected chlorophyll a, volume-averaged over the top 20 m, and soluble reactive phosphorus in three layers, 0–20 m, 20–40 m and from 40 m to bottom. Inputs are the average quarterly temperatures for each layer and the total phosphorus loadings. Two kinds of model are developed: recursive and iterative; they are used to simulate long-term predictions for three different hypothetical rates of phosphorus loading. Results show that GMDH can be usefully employed to develop lake models with a very low expense of manpower and computer time. This exercise compares well with other large-scale modelling efforts of Lake Ontario, even if necessarily more limited in scope.
Rejection of periodic disturbances of unknown and time‐varying frequency

The paper reviews available methods for the rejection of periodic disturbances. Such disturbances are often encountered in active noise and vibration control, due to rotating machinery. The emphasis of the paper is on feedback control problems where reference sensors are not available. The case where the frequency of the disturbance is known is considered first. Two sets of algorithms are discussed: one based on the internal model principle of feedback control theory, and the second based on adaptive feedforward cancellation. An interesting observation is that algorithms originating from both approaches can be shown to be equivalent under certain conditions. When the frequency of the disturbance is unknown, an intuitive approach consists in combining a method for the rejection of disturbances of known frequency with a frequency estimator. Alternatively, one may seek to develop a stable adaptation mechanism so that the disturbance is cancelled asymptotically. While algorithms can be designed to adapt to plant and disturbance parameters, the most successful approaches use some limited plant information to adapt the magnitude, frequency, and phase parameters of the control signal. Applications are discussed throughout the paper. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Deletions in the Conserved Amino-Terminal Basic Arm of Cucumber Mosaic Virus Coat Protein Disrupt Virion Assembly but Do Not Abolish Infectivity and Cell-to-Cell Movement

Abstract The N-terminal basic arm of cucumber mosaic cucumovirus (CMV) coat protein (CP) contains a conserved arginine-rich motif, which is characteristic of RNA binding proteins of several plant and nonplant viruses. To identify regions of the CMV CP N-terminus that are essential for interacting with viral genomic RNA, a comprehensive set of mutations was engineered into biologically active clones of CMV RNA3 and the behavior of each variant with respect to infectivity, packaging and movement was examined. Biological assays conducted in Chenopodium quinoa (local lesion host) and Nicotiana benthamiana (systemic host) revealed that variants lacking either 12 N-proximal amino acids or a region containing four consecutive arginine residues of the CP N-terminus were competent for assembly into virions and remained infectious in plants. Interestingly, two other variants, lacking either 19 N-proximal amino acids or a domain containing a cluster of six arginines in the arginine-rich motif, were incompetent for virion assembly but retained the ability to move cell to cell. Taken together, these results indicate that a major portion of the N-terminal basic arm of CMV CP is dispensable for CP-RNA interactions and also establish that CMV can move cell to cell in a nonvirion form. The distinctive role played by the viral CP in movement and specifically, the extent to which the CP N-terminal basic arm is involved in the infection cycle of CMV are discussed.
New Approach to Analyzing Physics Problems: A Taxonomy of Introductory Physics Problems.

This paper describes research on a classification of physics problems in the context of introductory physics courses. This classification, called the Taxonomy of Introductory Physics Problems (TIPP), relates physics problems to the cognitive processes required to solve them. TIPP was created in order to design educational objectives, to develop assessments that can evaluate individual component processes of the physics problem-solving process, and to guide curriculum design in introductory physics courses, specifically within the context of a ``thinking-skills'' curriculum. Moreover, TIPP enables future physics education researchers to investigate to what extent the cognitive processes presented in various taxonomies of educational objectives are exercised during physics problem solving and what relationship might exist between such processes. We describe the taxonomy, give examples of classifications of physics problems, and discuss the validity and reliability of this tool.
Software engineering and the game of monopoly

We claim that a good basis for a course in Software Engineering is to have a group of students make a computer program for the game of Monopoly. We discuss our experiences in organizing and running such a course, and on the computer program that resulted from the most recent version of the course.
Natural History of Cardiovascular Disease in Patients With Diabetes: Role of hyperglycemia

Atherosclerotic vascular disease is more common in diabetic than in nondiabetic individuals. Diabetic macrovascular disease also has a more severe course with greater prevalence of multiple-vessel coronary artery disease and more diffuse elongated atheromas in affected blood vessels. In this review, we discuss possible reasons for increased incidence of cardiovascular (CV) events in individuals with diabetes. Although an increased prevalence of standard CV risk factors has been clearly documented in association with diabetes, diabetes-related abnormalities, particularly hyperglycemia, also play an important role. Epidemiological studies suggest that the effect of hyperglycemia on CV risk is independent of other known risk factors, but no data from primary interventional trials are available yet. Analysis of datasets from populations that included individuals with impaired glucose tolerance and impaired fasting glucose suggest that the pathogenic role of hyperglycemia on the blood vessel wall already exists in the early stages of glucose intolerance. The effect of postprandial or postchallenge hyperglycemia seems to be greater than the effect of fasting blood glucose abnormalities. The relationship of postprandial glycemia, fasting blood glucose, and CV risk in individuals with diagnosed (or overt) diabetes is less clear, although most reports indicate a greater pathogenic potential of postprandial hyperglycemia rather than fasting hyperglycemia. Based on the results of epidemiological reports, the most appropriate targets in interventional trials are postprandial hyperglycemia or A1C.
PRIMARY TEACHERS' ASSIGNMENT AND SUPERVISION OF STUDENTS' READING SEATWORK

Twelve primary teacher were observed by trained observers during their assignment and supervision of students' seatwork tasks for a minimum of seven scheduled reading periods. Data were collected during each observation by recording what the teacher did in assigning seatwork and what the students did in completing the assignment. Observation data for each teacher were summarized over the seven observations. Teachers' behaviors were then compared to recent recommendations found in the teacher effectiveness and direct‐instruction literature. The results indicated that teachers failed to follow the majority of recommendations found in the literature and did not assume a central role in students' learning. The use of modeling, guided practice and feedback were lacking in these teachers' assignment and supervision of students' reading seatwork.
Inverse modeling of aerosol dynamics: Condensational growth

The feasibility of inverse modeling a multicomponent, size-resolved aerosol evolving by condensation/evaporation is investigated. The adjoint method is applied to the multicomponent aerosol dynamic equation in a box model (zero-dimensional) framework. Both continuous and discrete formulations of the model (the forward equation) and the adjoint are considered. A test example is studied in which the initial aerosol size composition distribution and the pure component vapor concentrations (i.e., vapor pressures) are estimated on the basis of measurements of all species, or a subset of the species, and the entire size distribution, or a portion of the size distribution. It is found that the adjoint method can successfully retrieve the initial size distribution and the pure component vapor concentrations even when only a subset of the species or a portion of the size distribution is observed, although this success is shown to depend upon the form of the initial estimates, the nature of the observations, and the length of the assimilation period. The results presented here provide a basis for the inverse modeling of aerosols in three-dimensional atmospheric chemical transport models.
All-fiber add/drop wavelength routing structure

A fiber-connectorized multiwavelength 2 X 2 switch structure is introduced for the first time that deploys a fiber loop mirror arrangement with polarization control. Micromachine-based fiber squeezers that employ electrostatic actuation, magnetic actuation, and magnetic levitation and propulsion techniques are proposed for the implementation of a low-cost, high-speed, and compact polarization controller. Switch operation is achieved via a programmable waveplate effect rather than an optical power consuming long fiber loop length non-linear optical effect. The results from an experimental four-wavelength (i.e., 1546.92 nm, 1548.52 nm, 1550.12 nm, and 1551.72 nm) proof of concept switch using two mechanical fiber-based polarization controllers embedded in a short 7 m fiber loop indicates an average optical coherent crosstalk of - 31.2 dB. Presently, optical loss is mainly limited by the WDM devices used in our experimental setup. Hence, without the WDM multiplexers, an average optical loss of 2.22 dB is measured over a 50 nm optical bandwidth. Also, an average 0.08 dB polarization dependent loss is measured for this broadband switch.