cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Au-induced faceting of the Si(5 5 12) surface

Abstract We have investigated Au-induced faceting of the high-index Si(5 5 12) surface for coverages up to ∼1 ML and temperatures between 600 and 800 °C using scanning tunneling microscopy. The surface predominantly forms sawtooth facets of the nearby (1 1 3) orientation, with an opposing facet plane that is determined by the Au coverage. These facet planes, which include (7 7 15), (3 3 7), (5 5 11), or (2 2 5), form one-domain, row-like surface structures with inter-row spacings that range from 2.2 to 3.5 nm. In contrast, the (1 1 3) plane forms either a clean 3 × 2 reconstruction with no long-range order or a disordered surface. Limited faceting to the low-index (1 1 1) plane is also observed at coverages above ∼0.2 ML.
Effects of personality on self-rated health in a 1-year randomized controlled trial of chronic illness self-management

Objective. Personality factors moderate self-efficacy enhancing effects of some illness self-management interventions, but their influence on self-rated health is unclear. This study examined whether high neuroticism and low conscientiousness, extraversion, and agreeableness (the distressed personality profile) moderated the effects of the homing in on health (HIOH) illness self-management intervention on mental and physical health status. Design. Analysis of data from 384 subjects completing a randomized controlled trial of HIOH. Methods. Regression analyses examined effects of NEO-five factor inventory scores on SF-36 mental component summary (MCS-36) and physical component summary (PCS-36) scores (baseline; 2, 4, and 6 weeks; 6 months; 1 year), adjusting for age, gender, and study group. Results. Baseline MCS-36 scores were worse in those with the distressed personality profile relative to others: high neuroticism (13.3 points worse, 95% confidence interval (CI)=11.0, 15.7) and low conscientiousness (6.6 points worse, 95% CI=4.1, 9.2), extraversion (10.1 points worse, 95% CI=7.7, 12.5) and agreeableness (4.2 points worse, 95% CI=1.6, 6.8). Intervention subjects had better MCS-36 scores at 4 and 6 weeks, and benefits were confined to participants with low conscientiousness (4 weeks – 3.7 points better, 95% CI=0.2, 71; 6 weeks – 5.0 points better, 95% CI=1.57, 8.4). There were no intervention or personality effects on PCS-36 scores. Conclusions. Chronically ill self-management intervention recipients with the distressed personality profile had worse self-rated mental health, and conscientiousness moderated the short-term effects of the intervention on self-rated mental health. Measuring personality may help identify individuals more likely to benefit from self-management interventions.
Extended field radiation therapy for prostate cancer: Influence of positive lymph nodes on prognosis

One hundred forty-eight patients with prostate cancer, treated with curative intent at the LDS Hospital from 1969 to 1977, were analyzed. Local control and survival were excellent in patients with negative lymph node evaluations. Eighty-six percent (24/28) were without evidence of disease at the time of this report. Patients with tumor in pelvic lymph nodes had a poor five-year disease-free survival, despite regional radiation therapy. At five years, 17% (13/18) were disease free. External beam radiation is excellent therapy for localized cancer of the prostate gland. The value of regional radiation in the presence of positive adenopathy remains to be defined.
POWER prototype: towards integrated policy-based management

A policy-based management system is only really useful if it allows not only high level description of abstract policy, but also enables such policy to be refined and eventually mapped into an appropriate configuration for controlling devices in the managed system. Such a full integration has only been discussed in the literature but not realised so far. Our approach, implemented as the POWER prototype, demonstrates a way towards making it a reality in practice.
Monolithically Integrated Coherent Receiver for Highly Linear Microwave Photonic Links

A compact monolithically integrated coherent receiver with feedback has been fabricated for linear optical phase demodulation. The photodiodes demonstrate a saturation current greater than 60 mA and an OIP3 of 35 dBm at 40 mA.
Density Functional Approach to the Electronic Structure of Metal Surfaces and Metal-Adsorbate Systems

We consider in this chapter the use of the density functional theory to study the electronic structure of metal surfaces and atoms chemisorbed on these surfaces. We refer to the review of the density functional formalism by Kohn and Vashishta(1) in Chapter 2 of this book, and mention in addition the articles by Hedin and Lundqvist,(2) March(3)and Rajagopal.(4)There is a variety of other theoretical reviews(5–21) on the electronic structure problems at metal surfaces, many emphasizing points of view different from that of the present article.
OxyContin Misuse on a Reservation: Qualitative Reports by American Indians in Talking Circles

Few studies have addressed OxyContin use among American Indians (AIs) on reservations. Eight focus groups were conducted as "talking circles" (2006 and 2007 ) with 49 AI adults and youth. An emergent design was utilized in which the initial two circles were planned, but the subsequent six circles evolved from tribal members' input. Participants reported an increase in OxyContin use; negative effects on individuals, families, and the tribe; a lack of treatment options; and a growing problem on other reservations. Results indicate the need to further research prevalence and patterns of use to design interventions to curtail OxyContin abuse on reservations.
The Urgency of Nanotechnology Safety Education [Nanosafety and Education]

The widely popular optimistic estimate of approximately 2.5 million nanoworkers worldwide [1] by the year 2015 will include countries such as China, Germany, Brazil, and others. This estimate is a novel prediction; however, the United States may be the minority in nanoworkers. We as a nation are lagging behind in implementing nanotechnology programs to be globally competitive. Of course, we have the technological advantage in terms of scientists, but what about the nanoworkers, such as technicians, who help create nanomaterials for products? According to Dean Hart [2], chief commercial officer of Nano- Ink, Inc., an emerging growth technology company specializing in nanometerscale manufacturing and applications for the life sciences, engineering, pharmaceutical, and education industries, Suzhou China is an example of what the United States is up against when it comes to a commitment to leading the commercialization of nanotechnology.
Urinary LTE4 level as a diagnostic marker for atopic diseases in preschool children: A birth cohort study

Background : Leukotrienes play a central pathophysiological role in allergic asthma. The aim of this study was to investigate the utility of measuring urinary leukotriene E4 (LTE4) levels in the diagnosis of atopic diseases in children. Methods : Children aged 0 through 3 years from a birth cohort in the Prediction of Allergies in Taiwanese Children (PATCH) study were enrolled. The children were subjected to an extensive questionnaire-based interview and a clinical evaluation for atopic diseases. Urinary LTE4 levels were measured at 6-month intervals and its association between IgE sensitization and atopic diseases were assessed. Results : A total of 198 (76.7%) children were regular followed up at clinics for a three-year follow-up period. The prevalence of IgE sensitization increased markedly with increasing age after age 2 and its prevalence rate reached 56% at age 3. An elevation of urinary LTE4 level after age 2 was significantly associated with the increase in the risk of IgE sensitization. In contrast to the high sensitivity of IgE sensitization in predicting atopic diseases, elevated urinary LTE4 levels (≥ 500 pg/mg of creatinine) appeared to provide more specificity (84%) and high positive predictive value (PPV) in diagnosis of rhinitis (83%) and asthma (75%). Conclusions : Urinary LTE4 levels appear to be highly associated with IgE sensitization and its related allergic airway diseases after age 2. In preschool children, the measurement of urinary LTE4 could not only be a non-invasive method for atopic disease prediction but also may provide a strategy for the diagnosis and management of asthma.
Microtubule arrays and Arabidopsis stomatal development

Microtubule arrays in living cells were analysed during Arabidopsis stomatal development in order to more closely define stages in the pathway and contexts where intercellular signalling might operate. Arabidopsis stomata are patterned iteratively via the orientation of an asymmetric division in a cell located next to an existing stoma. It was found that preprophase bands of microtubules (PPBs) were correctly placed away from stomata and from two types of precursor cells. This suggests that all three cell types participate in an intercellular signalling pathway that orients the division site. These and other asymmetric divisions in the pathway were preceded by a polarized cytoplasm, with the PPB around the nucleus at one end, and the vacuole at the other. PPBs before symmetric divisions of guard mother cells (GMCs) were broader than those in asymmetric divisions, and the GMC division site was marked by unusual end-wall thickenings. This work identifies an accessible system for studying cytoskeletal function and provides a foundation for analysing the role of genes involved in stomatal development.
Studies of transplanted haematopoietic tissue utilizing a modified Algire back chamber. I. Vasoproliferation following erythropoietin stimulation.

In vivo microscopic observations of splenic tissue transplanted into modified Algire back chambers in mice revealed increased vascularity of the transplant following injections of various doses of erythropoietin. Concomitant histologic and peripheral blood studies suggested that this was vasoproliferation that occurred independent of the process of erythropoiesis.
Ultrafast microfocus x-ray source based on a femtosecond laser-triggered tip

A compact microfocus x-ray source based on a high repetition rate, ultrafast laser-triggered field emission cathode is characterized. Bremsstrahlung and Cu Kα x-ray pulses are generated in a transmission geometry from 20-keV electrons incident on a thin Cu target. Timing correlations between optical and x-ray pulses show that the precision timing properties of the optical pulse train are transferred to the x-ray pulse train. Simple electron optics allow a demonstration of point-projection x-ray imaging. Modelling of the electron trajectories shows that sub-µm spot sizes and sub-100-fs x-ray pulse durations are feasible with improved electron optics.
Do Word Of Mouth And Advertising Messages On Social Networks Influence The Purchasing Behavior Of College Students

Many online advertisers are exploring the use of Internet social networking to build brand awareness and loyalty. Social networking is particularly popular among the younger, 15-24 year- old generation, who is more computer savvy and spends more time on the Internet than adults. While this generation has substantial potential, they also represent a challenge to advertisers. This group is notoriously skeptical of being “advertised at.” They expect a more personal, interactive experience. The purpose of this research is to determine which types of social networks are used most by college students and what types of online marketing impact their purchasing choices. In carrying out this research, the following research questions were addressed: which social networks are used most by college students; do factors such as student and/or parent income, student age, classification, gender, marital status, or employment status influence use of social networks; do ads on social networks impact purchasing decisions; does advice from other users of social networks impact purchasing decisions; and do online games, scavenger hunts, and contests influence purchasing decisions? The research provides a better understanding of social network use and provides insight into effective online advertising to college students.
Differential regulation of leptin transport by the choroid plexus and blood-brain barrier and high affinity transport systems for entry into hypothalamus and across the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier.

Leptin is a circulating hormone that controls food intake and energy homeostasis. Little is known about leptin entry into the central nervous system (CNS). The blood-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) barrier at the choroid plexus and the blood-brain barrier (BBB) at the cerebral endothelium are two major controlling sites for entry of circulating proteins into the brain. In the present study, we characterized leptin transport across the blood-CSF barrier and the BBB by using a brain perfusion model in lean rats. Rapid, high-affinity transport systems mediated leptin uptake by the hypothalamus (KM = 0.2 ng/ml) and across the blood-CSF barrier (KM = 1.1 ng/ml). High affinity in vivo binding of leptin was also detected in the choroid plexus (KD = 2.6 ng/ml). In contrast, low affinity carriers for leptin (KM = 88 to 345 ng/ml) were found at the BBB in the CNS regions outside the hypothalamus (e.g. cerebral cortex, caudate nucleus, hippocampus). Our findings suggest a key role of high affinity leptin transporters in the hypothalamus and choroid plexus in regulating leptin entry into the CNS and CSF under physiological conditions. Low affinity transporters at the BBB outside the hypothalamus could potentially contribute to overall neuropharmacological effects of exogenous leptin.
Quasielastic and Inelastic Neutron Scattering Studies of Layered Silicates

The application of quasielastic and inelastic neutron scattering to layered silicates is still in its infancy, however the ease of calculating the expected spectrum from a given dynamical model, the extreme sensitivity to hydrogen which can be simply altered by deuteration, and the wide energy and time range (0.2 µ eV - 400 meV, 10-8-10-14 s) over which measurements can be performed promise to provide new insights into the dynamics of these interesting materials.
Liver fibrosis – from bench to bedside

Liver fibrosis has evolved in the past 20 years from a pure laboratory discipline to an area of great bedside relevance to practicing hepatologists. This evolution reflects growing awareness not only of the molecular underpinnings of fibrosis, but also of its natural history and methods of detection in chronic liver disease. These advances have culminated in clear evidence that cirrhosis can be reversible, and in realistic expectations that effective antifibrotic therapy will significantly alter the management and prognosis of patients with liver disease. In view of this remarkable progress, clinicians must now view liver fibrosis in a new light as a clinical problem in its own right amenable to specific diagnostic tests and therapies that are independent of the etiology. In that spirit, this review will integrate current knowledge about the nature and prognosis of fibrosis in different forms of chronic liver disease with recent advances in elucidating its pathophysiology. These advances form the basis for rational treatment of hepatic fibrosis, which are also summarized. This article emphasizes the most recent developments, since many current reviews have focused on broader advances in pathophysiology ( [1] and articles therein, [2,3]).
Conflict detection and alerting for separation assurance systems

Many of the nation's airspace users desire an increase in efficiency in the air traffic control system. Some feel that an increase in efficiency can be achieved by moving away from a centralized control paradigm towards a distributed control paradigm. In a distributed control paradigm, the cockpit crew would have more freedom in selecting and modifying their routes. This new paradigm is part of the Free Flight concept. Increased autonomy of operations will require increases in cockpit information, pilot responsibility, and avionics capability. One of the key enabling capabilities will be the detection and resolution of air traffic conflicts. CDR a baseline conflict detection algorithm based on instantaneous state vectors; and an analysis of the algorithm's performance for flight data from the ADS-B Operational Evaluation.
Divergent functions of CD4+ T lymphocytes in acute liver inflammation and injury after ischemia-reperfusion

Hepatic ischemia-reperfusion results in an acute inflammatory response culminating in the recruitment of activated neutrophils that directly injure hepatocytes. Recent evidence suggests that CD4+ l...
Screening the dystrophin gene suggests a high rate of polymorphism in general but no exonic deletions in schizophrenics

The dystrophin gene, located at chromosome Xp21, was evaluated as a candidate gene in chronic schizophrenia in response to the report of a large family in which schizophrenia cosegregated with Becker muscular dystrophy [Zatz et al., 1991: Am J Hum Genet 49: A364; 1992: J Med Genet 30(2):131-134]. Genomic DNA from 94 men with chronic schizophrenia was evaluated by Southern blot analysis using cDNA probes that span exons 1-59. No exonic deletions were identified. An unexpectedly high rate of polymorphism was calculated in this study and two novel polymorphisms were found, demonstrating the usefulness of the candidate gene approach even when results of the original study are negative.
Combinational collaborative filtering for personalized community recommendation

Rapid growth in the amount of data available on social networking sites has made information retrieval increasingly challenging for users. In this paper, we propose a collaborative filtering method, Combinational Collaborative Filtering (CCF), to perform personalized community recommendations by considering multiple types of co-occurrences in social data at the same time. This filtering method fuses semantic and user information, then applies a hybrid training strategy that combines Gibbs sampling and Expectation-Maximization algorithm. To handle the large-scale dataset, parallel computing is used to speed up the model training. Through an empirical study on the Orkut dataset, we show CCF to be both effective and scalable.
A simple molecular-orbital theory of the nonlinear optical properties of group III-V and II-VI compounds

The second-order nonlinear optical susceptibility in the low-frequency limit for Group III-V and II-VI semiconductors can be understood in terms of a very simple and yet surprisingly accurate molecular-orbital model of the tetrahedral bonds of the crystal. The physical origin of the nonlinearity is the field-dependence in the ionicity of the bond due to the transfer of valence charge from one atom to the other forming the bond in the presence of the applied field. The sign of the second-order nonlinear susceptibility is directly related to the polarity of the permanent electronic dipole moment of the valence charge distribution on the bond.
Baseline Susceptibility of the Corn Earworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to the Cry1Ab Toxin from Bacillus thuringiensis

Susceptibility to Cry1Ab toxin from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) was determined for 12 field populations of neonate corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), from the United States. Earworm larvae were exposed to artificial diet treated with increasing Bt concentrations, and mortality and growth inhibition were evaluated after 7 d. The range of variation in Bt susceptibility indicated by growth inhibition was very similar to that indicated by mortality. Although interpopulation variation in susceptibility to both proteins was observed, the magnitude of the differences was small (less than or equal to fivefold). These results suggest that the observed susceptibility differences reflect natural variation in Bt susceptibility among corn earworm populations rather than variation caused by prior exposure to selection pressures. Therefore, corn earworms apparently are susceptible to Bt toxins across most of their geographic range.
Exploring Folate Diversity in Wild and Primitive Potatoes for Modern Crop Improvement

Malnutrition is one of the world’s largest health concerns. Folate (also known as vitamin B9) is essential in the human diet, and without adequate folate intake, several serious health concerns, such as congenital birth defects and an increased risk of stroke and heart disease, can occur. Most people’s folate intake remains sub-optimal, even in countries that have a folic acid food fortification program in place. Staple crops, such as potatoes, represent an appropriate organism for biofortification through traditional breeding based on their worldwide consumption and the fact that modern cultivars only contain about 6% of the daily recommended intake of folate. To start breeding potatoes with enhanced folate content, high folate potato material must be identified. In this study, 250 individual plants from 77 accessions and 10 Solanum species were screened for their folate content using a tri-enzyme extraction and microbial assay. There was a 10-fold range of folate concentrations among individuals. Certain individuals within the species Solanum tuberosum subsp. andigenum, Solanum vernei and Solanum boliviense have the potential to produce more than double the folate concentrations of commercial cultivars, such as Russet Burbank. Our results show that tapping into the genetic diversity of potato is a promising approach to increase the folate content of this important crop.
Growth-Hormone-Secreting Pituitary Adenomas

Acromegaly is a rare endocrinopathy that is estimated to occur with a frequency of one in 5000–15,000 patients.1 The term, derived from the Greek akron (extremity) and megale (great), was first used by Marie2 in 1886 to describe two patients with a syndrome in which hypertrophy of the extremities was the most striking clinical feature. His clinical description delineated the classic features of this condition, viz., marked enlargement of the hands and feet, prognathism, macroglossia, thickened skin associated with headache, joint pain, and lethargy. Although a relationship to the pituitary was postulated, Marie interpreted autopsy findings of a pituitary tumor in acromegaly as evidence of adenohypophyseal insufficiency (for a historical review, see Lawrence. 3 ). It was Harvey Cushing4 who in 1909 first used the term ‘‘hyperpituitarism” in relation to acromegaly, and his concept was provided with a firm scientific basis following the demonstration by Evans and Long that gigantism could be produced in rats by injection of a pituitary gland extract.
Current management of mTOR inhibitor-associated stomatitis

mTOR inhibitor-associated stomatitis (mIAS) is an adverse event associated with mTOR inhibitor treatment for advanced cancers. mIAS tends to occur within 2 weeks of treatment start and resolve within weeks of symptom onset. mIAS is usually mild in severity and often self-limiting. Nevertheless, inadequately controlled mIAS can negatively affect patient function and treatment adherence. This review summarizes efficacy and mIAS safety data of mTOR inhibitors, and discusses prevention and treatment of mIAS. Patient cases are used to illustrate important practice points. Although mIAS has been recognized as a cancer treatment-related adverse event only in the last decade, several clinical studies are ongoing. This raises the expectation that management of mIAS in the future will be guided by strong evidence.
Somatostatin Suppression of Canine Fasting Bile Secretion

Somatostatin, a peptide present in hypothalamus, gastric mucosa, and pancreas, suppresses several gastrointestinal functions. We evaluated the effect of graded doses of intravenous somatostatin on taurocholate-stimulated bile flow in awake fasting dogs. Somatostatin doses of 1.5–200 ng × kg-1 × min-1 significantly suppressed fasting biliary flow. Biliary lipid concentration showed progressive elevations approaching 200% with 200 ng × kg-1 × min-1 somatostatin, while lipid outputs were not altered. The data suggest that somatostatin inhibited bile salt-independent canalicular or ductular secretion, because bile flow, chloride, and bicarbonate output, and the biliary clearance of erythritol were significantly reduced, while bile salt output remained unchanged. In addition, suppression of basal insulin concentration occurred at somatostatin infusion of 200 ng × kg-1 × min-1. Additional studies in anesthetized dogs demonstrated that somatostatin could suppress bile secretion without altering hepatic blood flow.
Molecular data indicate a cryptic species in Neotoma albigula (Cricetidae: Neotominae) from northwestern México

DNA sequences from the mitochondrial cytochrome- b gene were obtained from 41 specimens of Neotoma albigula from the southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico. Phylogenetic analyses depicted that samples of N. a. melanura from southern Sonora and northern Sinaloa formed a clade separate from representatives of the other sampled subspecies of N. albigula ( albigula , laplataensis , mearnsi , seri , sheldoni , and venusta ). Genetic distances detected between these clades (7.41%) approached divergence levels reported for other sister species of woodrats and indicated that N. a. melanura is presumably a cryptic and genetically differentiated species relative to N . albigula . Analyses of DNA sequences from a nuclear gene (intron 2 of the alcohol dehydrogenase gene, Adh 1-I2) indicated that samples of N. a. melanura formed a separate, monophyletic clade relative to the remainder of N. albigula . Further, habitat, geographic distinctions, and morphological differences were apparent between members of the 2 clades. Together, those data support the elevation of N. a. melanura to species status. Secuencias de ADN del gen mitocondrial citocromo- b se obtuvieron de 41 especimenes de Neotoma albigula provenientes del suroeste de los Estados Unidos y del noroeste de Mexico. Analisis filogeneticos revelaron que las muestras de N. a. melanura del sureste de Sonora y del norte de Sinaloa formaron un clado separado de especimenes que representan a las otras subspecies de N. albigula (albigula, laplataensis, mearnsi, seri, sheldoni , y venusta ). Las distancias geneticas detectadas entre estos clados (7.41%) se aproximan a los valores de divergencia reportados para otras especies de ratas magueyeras, indicando que N. a. melanura es presumiblemente una especie criptica y relativamente diferenciada geneticamente de N. albigula . Los analisis de secuencias de ADN de un gen nuclear (intron 2 del gen alcohol deshidrogenasa, Adh -I2) indicaron que las muestras de N. a. melanura formaron un clado separado relativamente a especimenes de N. albigula . Adicionalmente, habitat, distinciones geograficas, y diferencias morfologicas fueron aparentes entre miembros de los dos clados. Todos estos datos soportan la elevacion de N. a. melanura al estatus de especie.
New Twists on an Old Problem: Contemporary Experimental and Clinical Research of Coronary Heart Disease

The heart is a strong muscular pump that beats approximately 2.5 billion times during the average lifetime to move 3,000 gallons of blood daily through 60,000mi of vessels without stopping. In order to function properly, cardiac performance requires a continuous supply of oxygenated blood through the coronary arteries and the regulation of blood flow is a complex dynamic. In childhood fat deposits on the inner walls of the blood vessels that supply the heart, other cells, waste products, and calcium become deposited on the vessel wall to form plaques. As the arteries narrow and stiffen, the heart progressively becomes deprived of oxygen and vital nutrients. Ischemia is often coupled with angina, shortness of breath, dizziness, nausea, and sweating. If these symptoms persist and deterioration continues without treatment, a complete and prolonged occlusion causes a heart attack. This results in permanent, irreparable damage to the heart muscle which eventually culminates in heart failure.
Interhemispheric transfer deficit and alexithymia.

The hypothesis that alexithymia reflects a functional disconnection between the two cerebral hemispheres was examined in 25 male combat veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Multiple regression analysis revealed that the efficiency of interhemispheric communication, evaluated with a tactile finger localization task, was a significant predictor of the degree of alexithymia, as measured by the Toronto Alexithymia Scale, independent of PTSD severity and IQ. The PTSD subjects without alexithymia did not differ on the finger localization task from 10 male control subjects without alexithymia. These data suggest that at least some forms ofalexithymia may be mediated by an interhemispheric communication deficit. (Am J Psychiatry 1989; 146:1434-1439)
The nature of stable insomnia phenotypes

Study objectives We examined the 1-y stability of four insomnia symptom profiles: sleep onset insomnia; sleep maintenance insomnia; combined onset and maintenance insomnia; and neither criterion (i.e., insomnia cases that do not meet quantitative thresholds for onset or maintenance problems). Insomnia cases that exhibited the same symptom profile over a 1-y period were considered to be phenotypes, and were compared in terms of clinical and demographic characteristics. Design Longitudinal. Setting Urban, community-based. Participants Nine hundred fifty-four adults with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition based current insomnia (46.6 ± 12.6 y; 69.4% female). Interventions None. Measurements and results At baseline, participants were divided into four symptom profile groups based on quantitative criteria. Follow-up assessment 1 y later revealed that approximately 60% of participants retained the same symptom profile, and were hence judged to be phenotypes. Stability varied significantly by phenotype, such that sleep onset insomnia (SOI) was the least stable (42%), whereas combined insomnia (CI) was the most stable (69%). Baseline symptom groups (cross-sectionally defined) differed significantly across various clinical indices, including daytime impairment, depression, and anxiety. Importantly, however, a comparison of stable phenotypes (longitudinally defined) did not reveal any differences in impairment or comorbid psychopathology. Another interesting finding was that whereas all other insomnia phenotypes showed evidence of an elevated wake drive both at night and during the day, the 'neither criterion' phenotype did not; this latter phenotype exhibited significantly higher daytime sleepiness despite subthreshold onset and maintenance difficulties. Conclusions By adopting a stringent, stability-based definition, this study offers timely and important data on the longitudinal trajectory of specific insomnia phenotypes. With the exception of daytime sleepiness, few clinical differences are apparent across stable phenotypes.
Adaptive Importance Sampling for Optimization under Uncertainty Using Stochastic Simulation

Design under uncertainty problems adopting a probabilistic performance as objective function and considering its estimation through stochastic simulation are discussed. Adoption of gradient-based algorithms is adopted for the numerical optimization and the focus is on the adaptive implementation of importance sampling (IS) across the iterations of these algorithms. The IS densities are selected based on samples distributed proportional to the integrand quantifying the probabilistic performance, and adaptive kernel density estimation is considered for this task. The characteristics of this density, including the specific model parameters for which IS is considered, are optimally selected by minimizing the anticipated coefficient of variation (for the objective function estimate) if this density was used as IS distribution. The overall scheme is established with minimal additional computational effort, utilizing information readily available from the estimation of the objective function. The proposed method is illustrated in the optimization of the suspension of a half-car model considering model uncertainties and a stochastic road excitation.
Characterisation of an epigenetically altered CD4(+) CD28(+) Kir(+) T cell subset in autoimmune rheumatic diseases by multiparameter flow cytometry

Objectives Antigen-specific CD4+ T cells epigenetically modified with DNA methylation inhibitors overexpress genes normally suppressed by this mechanism, including CD11a, CD70, CD40L and the KIR gene family. The altered cells become autoreactive, losing restriction for nominal antigen and responding to self-class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules without added antigen, and are sufficient to cause a lupus-like disease in syngeneic mice. T cells overexpressing the same genes are found in patients with active lupus. Whether these genes are co-overexpressed on the same or different cells is unknown. The goal of this study was to determine whether these genes are overexpressed on the same or different T cells and whether this subset of CD4+ T cells is also present in patients with lupus and other rheumatic diseases. Methods Multicolour flow cytometry was used to compare CD11a, CD70, CD40L and KIR expression on CD3+CD4+CD28+ T cells to their expression on experimentally demethylated CD3+CD4+CD28+ T cells and CD3+CD4+CD28+ T cells from patients with active lupus and other autoimmune diseases. Results Experimentally demethylated CD4+ T cells and T cells from patients with active lupus have a CD3+CD4+CD28+CD11ahiCD70+CD40LhiKIR+ subset, and the subset size is proportional to lupus flare severity. A similar subset is found in patients with other rheumatic diseases including rheumatoid arthritis, systemic sclerosis and Sjogren9s syndrome but not retroperitoneal fibrosis. Conclusions Patients with active autoimmune rheumatic diseases have a previously undescribed CD3+CD4+CD28+CD11ahiCD70+CD40LhiKIR+ T cell subset. This subset may play an important role in flares of lupus and related autoimmune rheumatic diseases, provide a biomarker for disease activity and serve as a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of lupus flares.
Ambiguous Exposures: Gender-Bending Muscles of the 1930s Physique Photographs of Tony Sansone and Sports Photographs of Babe Didrikson

With recent advances in anabolic steroids, it is easy to see the gender- bending aspects of a professional bodybuilder’s body. The shaven and pumped-up pecs of male bodybuilders can grow droopy with gyne- comastia, a condition in which the body produces unwanted oestro- gen, inflating the pectoral area into protuberant lumps. Besides his developing “bitch tits,” as they are called in gym vernacular, a male bodybuilder’s testicles might shrink — in the words of one former Mr Universe,1 “to the size of cocktail peanuts” — even as his body elsewhere swells with giant balls of muscle. Similarly, a female bodybuilder, who in using steroids actually ingests male hormones, might lose the hair on her head, only to find it growing in patches on her face. Beyond the obvious development of her “manly” muscular body and the noticeable deepening of her voice, her menstruation might stop and her clitoris can elongate to the size of a small penis.
Study on application of forward modelling for inspecting void in tunnel lining by ground probing radar

In accordance with the ideas of the finite-difference time-domain method for Maxwell partial differential equations and the numerical simulation model based on the finite-difference time-domain method,this paper programmed two-dimensional forward process of tunnel lining cavity,gave the forward propagation rule of ground-penetrating radar waveform in the tunnel lining cavity,analyzed the effectiveness of ground penetrating radar in detecting the tunnel lining cavity and radar reflectivity characteristics of the tunnel lining cavity by Matlab language.The forward modeling results showed that the radar reflection signal in tunnel lining cavity is strong and shows the feature of multiple reflections which usually presents the hyperbolic characteristics,strong amplitude,and low frequency,there is still strong radar reflection signal in the lower cavity,and the two signal time produced by the upper and lower interface of cavity exist larger difference.Combining with the engineering practice,this paper compared the simulation results with actual test results and the results indicated that numerical modeling method of detecting in tunnel lining cavity by GPR is valid and significant,which is an effective means of ground penetrating radar waveform recognition,can be used to detect diseases behind tunnel lining cavity and guide the tunnel safety assessment.
Modeling and Simulations of Olfactory Drug Delivery with Passive and Active Controls of Nasally Inhaled Pharmaceutical Aerosols

There are many advantages of direct nose-to-brain drug delivery in the treatment of neurological disorders. However, its application is limited by the extremely low delivery efficiency (< 1%) to the olfactory mucosa that directly connects the brain. It is crucial to develop novel techniques to deliver neurological medications more effectively to the olfactory region. The objective of this study is to develop a numerical platform to simulate and improve intranasal olfactory drug delivery. A coupled image-CFD method was presented that synthetized the image-based model development, quality meshing, fluid simulation, and magnetic particle tracking. With this method, performances of three intranasal delivery protocols were numerically assessed and compared. Influences of breathing maneuvers, magnet layout, magnetic field strength, drug release position, and particle size on the olfactory dosage were also numerically studied. From the simulations, we found that clinically significant olfactory dosage (up to 45%) were feasible using the combination of magnet layout and selective drug release. A 64 -fold higher delivery of dosage was predicted in the case with magnetophoretic guidance compared to the case without it. However, precise guidance of nasally inhaled aerosols to the olfactory region remains challenging due to the unstable nature of magnetophoresis, as well as the high sensitivity of olfactory dosage to patient-, device-, and particle-related factors.
Teacher Identities, Beliefs, and Goals Related to Emotions in the Classroom

Publisher Summary This chapter highlights teachers' experience related to emotional transactions during classroom events. In any discussion of classroom transactions, it is difficult to extract one individual from the rest of the participants in the classroom. Classrooms involve both teachers and students who come to that activity setting with their own personal histories that have emerged from transactions within their own social-historical contexts. In Bronfenbrenner's model, the various microsystems teachers are involved in, are nested within a mesosystem that represents the transactional activities among teachers' various microsystems (a teacher's family or self-influencing classroom transactions). This mesosystem is nested within an exosystem that includes the social-historical influences that affect teachers, even though teachers may not be directly involved in the process. The exosystem in turn is embedded in a macrosystem, which represents the larger society and the potential social-historical influences on the other systems (cultural values, the federal government's proposed educational mandates, or the historical treatment of various groups within the society). Finally, the chronosystem adds the dimension of time as it relates to teachers' transactions. This model reminds that a particular classroom and the activities that occur in that classroom do not occur in a vacuum. They are part of a complex social-historical contextual web.
Michelle Obama, Mom-in-Chief: The Racialized Rhetorical Contexts of Maternity

ABSTRACTDirectly following her husband’s 2008 election, Michelle Obama assumed the moniker “mom-in-chief,” and in her tenure as first lady she has extended this role to “mother” the children of the nation through her policy choices. Noting her Ivy League education and her prior work as a high-powered attorney, many White feminists decried Obama’s maternal focus. Black feminists, however, rejected those critiques, pointing to the progressive potential of Obama’s maternal persona. In this article, I explain these divergent perspectives by examining Obama’s maternal first lady rhetoric through an expansive understanding of context. Specifically, I argue that the varied readings of Obama’s maternal performances reflect the racialized rhetorical contexts within which she was acting and through which audience members understood her. This analysis points to the importance of investigating the rhetorical contexts within which both audience members and rhetors circulate and participate.
Verification of Sandelin phenomena in mechanically alloyed Fe-Zn and Fe-Zn-Si

Mechanical alloying through the ball-milling of elemental powders to form the zinc-rich ζ binary Fe-Zn alloy, and the ternaries consisting of 0.12 mass%Si, 1.2 mass%Si, and 2.4 mass%Si, based on the same Fe/Zn ratio was performed. These materials have been designated as ζ, ζ+0.12 mass%Si, ζ+1.2 mass%Si, and ζ+2.4 mass%Si and mechanically alloyed to form their metastable states, η-Zn, FeSi and ζ phases. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements of the materials show the presence of characteristic exothermic and endothermic reactions during their continuous transformation to stable equilibrium states. In the ζ+0.12 mass%Si material composition (i.e., Sandelin region), we observe an invariant reaction peak at around 422°C, corresponding to both the eutectic reaction in the Zn-Si and the melting of Zn in the Fe-Zn systems. The observation of the FeSi phase for all the compositions, while absent in coatings of Si bearing steels suggests a relationship between the Sandelin effect and its formation.
Practical Approaches to Column Selection for Supercritical Fluid Chromatography

Advances in supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) have, for the most part, followed the technological breakthroughs in high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). This should not be surprising, as SFC is can be considered a variant of HPLC, which differs mainly in its use of a highly compressible fluid as the majority component of the mobile phase. However, it is precisely this difference differentiates SFC from other chromatographic techniques and has resulted in a steady resurgence of mainstream applications, especially in the pharmaceutical industry. On the one hand, sample solubility, stationary phase selectivity, and the modifier solvent all dictate selectivity and retention in SFC, while providing broad range parameters to optimize a specific separation. However, these same operating parameters, including temperature, pressure, particle size, and column dimension, can all diminish the effectiveness of a separation. In this chapter, we will focus on these and other column technological advancements as well as some practical considerations for obtaining a successful separation, with the goal of providing advice on how to select a column and compare how columns with similar surface chemistries differ from each other.
WAGE DISPARITY, TEAM PERFORMANCE, AND THE 2005 NHL COLLECTIVE BARGAINING AGREEMENT

This paper provides an empirical analysis of salary disparity and team performance in the National Hockey League during the first decade of the twenty‐first century. We find that the 2005 Collective Bargaining Agreement (CBA) reduced average salaries immediately after it was introduced but did not change the trajectory of average salaries nor did it alter the salary disparity on the average team. Salary disparity harms overall team performance primarily through reduced defensive performance and this relationship was not altered by the 2005 CBA. (JEL J31, J42, L83)
An Examination of the Impact of Tax Avoidance on the Readability of Tax Footnotes

ABSTRACT: Due to the proprietary nature of tax returns, the tax footnote is the primary source of information for stakeholders about a firm's tax position. However, studies suggest the tax authorit...
Electromigration and resistivity in on-chip Cu, Co and Ru damascene nanowires

Electromigration and resistivity of Cu, Co and Ru on-chip interconnection have been investigated. A similar resistivity size effect increase was observed in Cu, Co, and Ru. The effect of liners and cap, e.g. Ta, Co, Ru and SiC x N y H z , on Cu/interface resistivity was not found to be significant. Multilevel Cu, Co or Ru back-end-of-line interconnects were fabricated using 10 nm node technology wafer processing steps. EM in 22 nm to 88 nm wide Co lines, 24 nm wide Cu with and without a thin Co cap and 24 nm wide Ru lines were tested. These data showed that Cu with a Co cap, Co and Ru had highly reliable EM, although Ru was better than Co and Co was better Cu. The electromigration activation energies for Cu with Co cap and Co were found to be 1.5–1.6 eV and 2.1–2.7 eV, respectively.
Roles in Immune Responses

Microglia are best known as the mononuclear phagocytes of the central nervous system (CNS) parenchyma. As a resident glial cell population, microglia play key roles during the initiation, propagation, and/or resolution of inflammation. Recently, the discovery that microglial cells continuously survey their local CNS environment in vivo improved our understanding of their immune-surveillance properties in health and disease. Microglial interactions with other elements of the immune system and resident cells of the CNS define a fine balance between neuroprotection and irreparable tissue damage. In this chapter we highlight the innate immune properties of microglia, with a focus on events that initiate an inflammatory response within the brain proper including, Toll-like receptors, inflammasomes, cytokines, and chemokines, and their relationship to immune-mediated disease exacerbation or resolution.
Analysis of surveillance results of drinking-water supply status in drinking-water-borne endemic fluorosis areas in Henan

Objective To understand the status of drinking-water supply and the progress of waterimproving projects in drinking-water-borne endemic fluorosis areas in Henan,and to provide scientific data for related government departments to carry out prevention and surveillance plan for those areas.Methods Questionnaire survey was carried out in all the villages in drinking-water-borne endemic fluorosis areas in Henan in 2010.Each village was given one set of questionnaire.Results By the end of 2010,the total number of fluorosis villages in Henan was 25 434,among them 11 484 villages had been conducted water-improving projects,accounting for 45.15％.Currently,9267 water-improving projects worked properly,accounting for 36.4％(9267/25 434)of all villages surveyed,and 80.7％ (9267/11 484)villages had water-improving projects.The projects in 2217 villages do not work properly,accounting for 19.3％(2217/11 484) of all projects.There were 5832 water-imp.roving projects conducted amnog 2005-2010,accounting for 50.8％ (5832/11 484) of all water-improving projects.Among villages with no such projects,97.5％(15 769/16 167) of them used shallow groundwater,and in villages with water-improving projects,89.6％ (8303/9267) of them used deep groundwater as drinking-water supply.Conclusions After 2005,the water improving progress was significantly speed up in drinking-water-borne endemic fluorosis areas in Henan,but progress of the water improving projects is relatively slow due to changing and expanding of fluorosis areas.The government should increase investment and improve the proportion of waterimproving defluoridation. Key words: Endemic fluorosis; Drinking water; Result evaluation