cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multivariate Curve Resolution of Wavelet Compressed Data

Abstract A wavelet compression strategy facilitates the application of multivariate curve resolution (MCR) to large sets of data. Through the use of wavelet compression, the data may be efficiently reduced in size with respect to the measurements and the observations. Because wavelet compression is orthogonal, the data may be compressed in real time as it is acquired and then the observations can be compressed later to yield a multiway compression. The compressed data were modeled with both simple-to-use interactive self-modeling mixture analysis (SIMPLISMA) and alternating least squares (ALS); then the inverse wavelet transform is applied to reconstruct the model from the model comprised of wavelet coefficients. This strategy offers two advantages that are demonstrated in this chapter. First, by compressing the data to a smaller size, fewer computational resources are required which assists the application and optimization of MCR. Second, signal averaging is inherent in the compression so that the signal-to-noise ratio is increased by removal of high-frequency noise components and components of the model may be more readily identified. Using nonlinear wavelet compression, both SIMPLISMA and ALS could accurately model a data set compressed to 50 ppm of its original size.
Workers as an Asset vs. Cost

This chapter describes the shifting perspective of human capital over time and how it is now increasingly considered an important business asset to be quantified. It discusses the current and potential uses of human capital measurement, introduces and defines basic terms that are essential to understanding human capital valuation, and generally sets the stage for the subsequent chapters.
Attenuation measurements with ultrasonic diffraction grating show dependence upon particle size of slurry and viscosity of base liquid

How can using an ultrasonic diffraction grating lead to slurry characterization? The diffraction grating, which is formed by machining triangular grooves on the flat surface of an aluminum unit, has send and receive transducers fastened to the unit at an angle of 30°. The ultrasonic beam strikes the back of the grating, in contact with the slurry, and reflects a beam to the receive transducer; m = 0 and m = 1 beams are transmitted into the slurry. The angle of the m = 1 beam changes with frequency and, at the critical frequency fCR, it reaches 90°. When f < fCR, the m = 1 beam disappears, its energy is shared with all other beams, producing a peak in the receive transducer. The change in peak height with slurry concentration determines the attenuation; the frequency at the peak yields the velocity of sound. The attenuation has been measured for polystyrene spheres, ranging in size from 98 µm to 463 µm, and slurry concentrations up to 20 wt%. When the spheres are immersed in water, sugar water, or mineral oil, the attenuation measurements show the effect of particle diameter and the viscosity of the base fluid.
The realization and calibration of active simulation impedance

This paper introduces the realization and calibration of complex impedance standard which is a kind of active simulation impedance. As a new calibration equipment for digital bridge, complex impedance standard can simulate any amplitude or angle of complex impedance by generating voltage and current to calibrate digital bridge in the whole complex plane, which can make up for deficiency in the calibration of digital bridge at present. At the same time, in order to ensure the calibrated environment of physical impedance, complex impedance standard is needed to track the frequency and lock the phase of digital bridge. In this paper, the realization and calibration of active simulation impedance are analyzed, and the experimental data is given in the end.
Weight Change During the Early Rheumatoid Arthritis Period and Risk of Subsequent Mortality in Women With Rheumatoid Arthritis and Matched Comparators.

Objective To investigate whether weight change during the early rheumatoid arthritis (RA) period is associated with subsequent mortality and to evaluate whether there is an RA-specific effect. Methods We identified patients with incident RA during the Nurses’ Health Study (NHS; 1976–2016) and created a comparison cohort by matching each RA patient with up to 10 non-RA comparators by age and calendar year of the RA diagnosis (index date). To capture weight change around the early RA period (“peri-RA/index”), we used weight measurements collected 2–4 years before and 2–4 years after the index date. We used Cox regression analysis to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) for mortality according to peri-RA/index weight change categories, separately in each cohort and in the combined cohorts, evaluating for an RA-specific effect. Results Among 121,701 women in the NHS, 902 patients with incident RA were identified and matched to 7,884 non-RA comparators. In the RA cohort, 371 deaths (41.1%) occurred during a mean follow-up of 17.0 years after the early RA period, and 2,303 deaths (29.2%) occurred in the comparison cohort during a mean follow-up of 18.4 years. Weight loss of >30 pounds during the peri-RA period had a hazard ratio (HR) for mortality of 2.78 (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.58–4.89) compared to stable weight; results in the comparison cohort were similar (HR 2.16, 95% CI 1.61–2.88). A weight gain of >30 pounds had no association with mortality in patients with RA (HR 1.45, 95% CI 0.69–3.07) or comparators (HR 1.19, 95% CI 0.89–1.59). For mortality, there was no statistically significant interaction between RA/comparator status and weight change category (P = 0.68). Conclusion Severe weight loss during the early RA period was associated with an increased subsequent mortality risk for women with and those without RA. These results extend prior observations by including non-RA comparators and finding no protective association between weight gain and mortality, providing evidence against an RA-specific obesity paradox for mortality.
Nature of the magnetic interactions in Sr3NiIrO6

Iridates abound with interesting magnetic behaviours because of their strong spin-orbit coupling. Sr$_3$NiIrO$_6$ brings together the spin-orbital entanglement of the Ir$^{4+}$ ion with a 3$d$ Ni cation and a one-dimensional crystal structure. It has a ferrimagnetic ground state with a 55 T coercive field. We perform a theoretical study of the magnetic interactions in this compound, and elucidate the role of anisotropic symmetric exchange as the source of its strong magnetic anisotropy. Our first-principles calculations reproduce the magnon spectra of this compound and predict a signature in the cross sections that can differentiate the anisotropic exchange from single-ion anisotopy.
Conservative Channel Reuse in Real-Time Industrial Wireless Sensor-Actuator Networks

Wireless Sensor-Actuator Networks (WSANs) are being adopted as an enabling technology for Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) in process industries. Industrial applications impose stringent requirements in reliability and real-time performance on WSANs. To enhance reliability, industrial standards, such as WirelessHART, embrace Time Slotted Channel Hopping (TSCH) that integrates channel hopping and TDMA at the MAC layer. Within a network governed by a same gateway, WirelessHART prohibits channel reuse, i.e., concurrent transmissions in the same channel, to avoid interference between concurrent transmissions. Preventing channel reuse however negatively affects real-time performance. To meet the demand for both reliability and real-time performance by industrial applications, we propose a conservative channel reuse approach designed to enhance the real-time performance while limiting its impact on reliability in WSANs. In contrast to traditional channel reuse designed to optimize performance at the cost of reliability, our conservative approach introduces channel reuse only when needed to meet the timing constraints of flows. Finally, we present an algorithm to detect reliability degradation caused by channel reuse so that channels can be reassigned to further improve reliability. Experimental results based on two physical testbeds show that our approach significantly improves real-time performance while maintaining a high degree of reliability.
The Computer Match Process

Each year, the majority of senior students, and many others, participate in the matching process offered by the National Resident matching Program (NRMP). This is the computerized and confidential system of ranking and matching residents and residencies first introduced in 1952. Those are the dry facts. The practical description of the match is that it is a system that can hook up candidates and residencies in such a way that neither party has control, but both receive the most desirable outcome possible. In the case of a tie, the student’s wishes are given preference. That said, it is still important that you have some sense of exactly what happens in the month between the time that you file your Rank Order List and the greatly anticipated “match day.”
Circular dichroism of biological membranes: purple membrane of Halobacterium halobium.

Abstract Circular dichroism spectra of purple membrane suspensions exhibit distortions which are characteristic of particulate α-helical systems with ellipticities at 224 nm of the order of 10000. We show here that the pseudo reference state approach to the correction of CD data, when applied to the purple membrane system, results in a CD spectrum which, in its entirety, is typical of a protein with about 75% α-helix, e.g. the corrected ellipticity at 224 nm is 24000 and at 190 nm is 45000. This result is consistent with electron microscopy and diffraction data on the purple membrane which indicates 70–80% α-helix. Application to the purple membrane system validates the pseudo reference state approach. We also note that 80% trifluoroethanol solubilizes the membrane but results in a similar average secondary structure of the protein.
Arsenic in southeastern Michigan

Arsenic levels exceeding 10 μg/L are present in hundreds of private supply wells distributed over ten counties in eastern and southeastern Michigan. Most of these wells are completed in the Mississippian Marshall Sandstone, the principal bedrock aquifer in the region, or in Pleistocene glacial or Pennsylvanian bedrock aquifers. About 70% of ground water samples taken from more than 100 wells, have arsenic contents ≥10 μg/L with a maximum value of 220 μg/L. Water samples and continuous cores were taken from two test wells. Arsenic content of core samples ranges from <5 to more than 300 ppm, with the highest values found for pyritic black shales. Authigenic cements in the Marshall Sandstone include patchy authigenic pyrite that locally contains arsenic-rich (up to 8.5 wt. % As) domains. Bulk arsenic contents of pyrite-bearing intervals, sampled in well cuttings, are a high as 1020 ppm. Arsenic-rich pyrite is likely the ultimate source of arsenic in eastern and southeastern Michigan ground water, but evidence for pyrite oxidation at depth in bedrock aquifers is generally lacking. Pyrite oxidation may occur or have occurred in tills derived from the Marshall Sandstone and Coldwater Shale, which were found to contain arsenic-rich (up to at least 0.7 wt. % As) iron oxyhydroxides. Plausible mechanisms for widespread arsenic mobilization in eastern and southeastern Michigan ground water include weathering of pyrite in tills, reductive dissolution of iron oxyhydroxides in tills, and potentially, pyrite oxidation in bedrock aquifers, due to drawdown in wells or lowering of water-table levels in response to Pleistocene glaciation.
Defensive Commitment and the Likelihood of Military Conflict in the Cross-Strait Relations

The purpose of this paper is to investigate whether the alliance-like arrangement involving a small challenger with external security assurances offered by a great power will affect its attempt at changing the status quo, a move offending the other regional or global dominant power. We set up game-theoretic models to account for the phenomenon, and test its general applicability by analyzing the cross-national data. In addition, we also apply the analysis to the U.S.-China-Taiwan triangular relationships. Among the three, Taiwan is often seen as a small challenger, intending, at least for some people on the island, to move away from China by declaring de jure independence. Whether it would indeed challenge the status quo, i.e., declare independence, and thus offend China, depends upon its quasi-alliance with the United States. It is argued in this paper that the alliance-like arrangement between Taiwan and the U.S. may lead to conflict between Taiwan and the U.S. on the one hand and China on the other if the U.S. is perceived by Taiwan as hawkish, but will not bring about the change of the status quo otherwise.
History, Refusal and the Strategic-Essentialist Politics of Pynchon's Vineland

How are we to reconcile these two seemingly incongruous political programs? As Pynchon describes Sasha Gates's recognition of the allure of refusal, with a trademark flourish, he capitalizes History, creating for it a counterbalancing air of ominous inescapability, transcendence and heavy predestination. Still, he will not have Sasha be totally discouraged: even in the face of this stark opposition, she sees that "refusing to take shit" might not be futile. Though strife and oppression seem preordained in a world subject to the laws of some abstract and theoretical "History," a practical mode of refusal–one recognizing that problems begin with other real and accessible "humans" necessarily "living here on the planet, often well within reach"–just might constitute an effective response.
Risk, support, and reasons for wanting a mentor: Comparing parents of youth in community versus school-based matches

Abstract We explored differences between parents/guardians of youth participating in community- (CBM) versus school-based (SBM) mentoring programs sponsored by Big Brothers Big Sisters of Canada (BBBS-Canada). Assessed were demographic differences as well as perceptions of risk, support, and reasons for wanting a mentor. Participating were 131 parents of youth in CBM (n = 79) or SBM (n = 52) matches recruited with assistance from BBBS agencies. All data were gathered via an online survey. Compared to SBM parents, parents of youth in CBM matches were less likely to be married and were living in homes with fewer adults and fewer children. However, CBM and SBM parents did not differ on ratings of family risk or social support. For CBM parents, a top reason for wanting a mentor was the desire for children to have new experiences; for SBM parents, top reasons included seeking academic support for children and because one of their children had a physical disability or mental illness. CBM and SBM parents in this study were more similar than distinct, but differences that emerged have potential implications for agencies' efforts to involve parents in youth mentoring programs.
Abstract WP213: Age-specific Black-white Differences in 30-day Post-Stroke Fatality in the National Regards Study

Introduction: Previous studies have suggested that post-stroke case fatality in blacks is similar to or lower than that in whites. Black-white (B-W) differences in case fatality have not been exami...
Chapter Six Semantic-Memory Function and Dysfunction in Alzheimer'S Disease

Summary Unlike the normal old, demented patients with Alzheimer's disease show severe deficits on many tests of semantic memory. It has been suggested that Alzheimer's disease causes an actual loss of semantic knowledge in these patients and that this constitutes one of the primary psychological impairments of the disease. Even the severe episodic memory problems found in Alzheimer patients have been attributed to their inability to encode the semantic features of stimuli. This chapter reviews the performance of Alzheimer patients on different aspects of semantic memory as seen in tests examining their word finding abilities, and their knowledge of the semantic attributes, associates and category membership of concepts. The effect that semantic context has on cognitive processes such as lexical and semantic priming and memory encoding is also reviewed. Evidence is presented suggesting that semantic knowledge remains intact in Alzheimer patients, but can only be accessed and used under certain conditions.
Immunohistochemical characterization of canine intestinal epithelial and mesenchymal tumours with a monoclonal antibody to hepatocyte paraffin 1 (Hep Par 1)

Monoclonal antibody hepatocyte paraffin 1 (Hep Par 1) is reported to be highly specific and sensitive for hepatocellular tumours of humans and dogs. However, in a previous study we observed immunoreactivity for Hep Par 1 in an intestinal adenocarcinoma metastatic to the liver. In this paper, we examined normal intestine and 57 canine intestinal tumours including adenocarcinomas of the small and large intestine, colonorectal polyps, mucinous carcinomas, stromal tumours, leiomyosarcomas, fibrosarcoma, plasmacytomas, and osteosarcoma for immunoreactivity for Hep Par 1. Normal intestinal epithelial cells were strongly labelled, particularly at the base of crypts. However, epithelial cells in small intestinal neoplasms had variable reactivity for Hep Par 1. In contrast, normal colonic epithelium was seldom labelled, but hyperplastic or neoplastic colonic epithelium was usually reactive to Hep Par 1. Five of seven small intestinal adenocarcinomas, two of three large intestinal adenocarcinomas, two of three mucinous adenocarcinomas, and all (29) rectal polyps were positive for Hep Par 1. The staining was diffuse, granular and cytoplasmic. The only non-epithelial tumours positive for Hep Par 1 were two of four leiomyosarcomas. Hep Par 1 can be used to differentiate hepatocellular from biliary neoplasms but its value in differentiating metastatic tumours to the liver is questionable due to the reactivity of Hep Par 1 in many intestinal tumours.
Experimental investigation of water spray injection in liquid piston for near-isothermal compression

Abstract Near-isothermal compression is desired to achieve high efficiency in many compressor applications. Low heat transfer characteristic of conventional compressors is a major bottleneck in attaining a near-isothermal compression. A high heat transfer rate is possible with an injection of a large number of water droplets using a spray nozzle inside the compression chamber. In this paper, the effectiveness of spray injection to achieve near-isothermal compression is investigated experimentally in a liquid piston compressor for a compression ratio of about 2.5. Parametric investigations are performed by varying injection pressures of spray from 10 psi (69 kPa) to 70 psi (483 kPa), using different spray nozzle angles (60°, 90°, and 120°), and by changing the stroke time of compression. It is observed that water spray injection is highly effective in abating the air temperature rise during the compression process. The pressure-volume plots indicate a significant reduction in the compression work, and they approach near-isothermal compression with spray at higher injection pressures. The isothermal efficiency of compression consistently increases with an increased injection pressure of spray and reaches up to 95% at the highest injection pressure studied (70 psi). Furthermore, the spray nozzle angle marginally affected the isothermal efficiency with a 1–4% improvement with the use of a 60° nozzle angle over a 120° spray angle at all injection pressures. Also, comparable isothermal efficiencies are observed for compression with different stroke times between 3 and 5 s especially at higher injection pressures which highlight the efficacy of spray injection in attaining a high power-density along with high efficiency. Overall, with an optimized spray design, water spray injection can achieve a highly efficient near-isothermal compression in liquid piston.
The Switch between Protective and Nonprotective Autophagy; Implications for Autophagy Inhibition as a Therapeutic Strategy in Cancer.

Autophagy, a process of cellular self-degradation and cell survival whereby the cell generates energy and metabolic intermediates under conditions of stress (i.e., nutrient deprivation), is also commonly induced in tumor cells in response to chemotherapy and radiation. While chemotherapy-induced autophagy and radiation-induced autophagy are generally considered to have cytoprotective functions, thereby reducing tumor cell sensitivity (and potentially conferring resistance) to various treatment modalities, autophagy can also be nonprotective; furthermore, the nature of the autophagy can be altered via the “autophagic switch” depending on such factors as the p53 status of the tumor cells. Defective or compromised autophagy has also been associated with neurodegenerative diseases, raising concerns as to the impact of autophagy inhibition on normal tissue function. Furthermore, the impact of autophagy inhibition on the immune system response to therapy as well as the influence of autophagy inhibition in combination with chemotherapy or radiation on critical tissue sites such as the bone marrow remain uncertain. These are factors requiring serious consideration within the context of current clinical efforts to exploit autophagy inhibition as a therapeutic strategy in cancer.
Better outcomes for children in treatment foster care through improved stakeholder training and increased parent-school collaboration

Abstract The parent-school partnership serves as the foundation for attaining educational success for foster children with therapeutic needs. The authors adopt Christenson & Sheridan’s 4 A’s contextual process to present the conditions and actions required to launch effective partnerships. The school environment can be a haven for treatment foster children to build social connections, develop academic skills, and experience measures of achievement that promote confidence and efficacy. In order to attain better student outcomes; foster parents and school agents must value their respective roles and intentionally collaborate within the guidelines of federal policy.
Ultrasound Identification of Retrobulbar Hematomas by Emergency Physicians in a Cadaveric Model.

Author(s): Carlin, Edward; Palmieri, Alexa; Bajaj, Tanya; Nelson, Mathew | Abstract: Introduction: Retrobulbar hemorrhage (RBH) is a rare complication of facial trauma that can lead to dangerous orbital compartment pressures and must be rapidly recognized to prevent permanent vision loss. Point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) offers a rapid modality for evaluating a wide variety of ocular pathologies, and prior case reports demonstrate the ability of clinicians to recognize RBH using ultrasound. This study aimed to assess the ability of clinicians at various stages of training to identify a RBH using POCUS in a cadaveric model. Clinicians also were assessed for self-reported comfort using ultrasound for ocular pathology before and after the study.Methods: Participants included 17 physicians who evaluated 10 eyes (from five cadavers) that were independently randomized to have either a modeled RBH or no hemorrhage. Participants’ final diagnosis of each eye was recorded (RBH present or not), and participants also completed pre- and post-activity surveys.Results: The overall sensitivity and specificity to correctly diagnose retrobulbar fluid was 87% and 88%, respectively. Sensitivity and specificity were higher after excluding clinicians in their early phase of training. Additionally, self-reported comfort level with ocular ultrasound was significantly improved by this activity.Conclusion: Emergency physicians at a variety of training levels can correctly identify a cadaveric model of retrobulbar hemorrhage. Use of this cadaveric model can improve exposure of clinicians to the appearance of a rare but vision-threatening ocular pathology such as RBH.
Context-Dependent Accuracy of the BG-Counter Remote Mosquito Surveillance Device in North Carolina

ABSTRACT There is a clear need for improved vector surveillance approaches that are affordable, labor efficient, and safer than traditional methods. The BG-Counter (Biogents USA, Moorefield, WV) is...
Electrical Control of Majorana Bound States Using Magnetic Stripes

Elusive Majorana bound states (MBSs) could enable fault-tolerant topological quantum computing. However, for such applications it is crucial to demonstrate MBS tunability and exchange, which yet remains to be realized. This work proposes a platform to address this challenge: a semiconductor-superconductor hybrid nanowire atop magnetic stripe domains. Realistic calculations and initial experiments indicate that here MBSs are robust and can be tuned by electric field or strain, due to synthetic spin-orbit coupling. This discovery points to a potentially important path to tunable MBSs, and also new tricks involving the magnetic stripe domains commonly used in spintronics.
Power-Injectable Peripherally Inserted Central Catheter Tip Malposition After Power Injection of Intravenous Contrast Media for Computed Tomography Examinations

Abstract The aim of this study is to describe the incidence of peripherally inserted catheter tip (PICC) migration after power injection of intravenous contrast for computed tomography (CT) examinations. Retrospective review was conducted of all PICC power injections for CT examinations during the study period: October 16, 2017 through October 23, 2018. Review included evaluation of preinjection and postinjection topograms to assess PICC tip position. Chi-squared statistical analysis was applied. A total of 594 topograms were obtained of power-injectable PICCs during the study period in anticipation of power injection with iodinated contrast media. Of those, 550 patients had satisfactory preinjection topograms and available postinjection topograms; 43 (7.8%) demonstrated tip malposition attributable to power injection of contrast media. Anatomic side of PICC placement and subsequent malposition were independent variables by chi-square test (chi-square = .09, P = .76); 32 of 429 (7.5%) right-sided PICCs versus 11 of 121 (9.1%) left-sided PICCs demonstrated new malposition after contrast media power injection. No complications related to power injection of contrast media through these PICCs were observed. PICC tip malposition secondary to power injection of iodinated contrast media is common and readily identifiable. Obtaining both preinjection and postinjection topograms ensures appropriate catheter position during injection and upon patient departure. Rapid saline flush is a noninvasive maneuver that allows a high chance of successful repositioning of catheter tips. Power injection of contrast media through a power injectable PICC is safe.
Measurement of Physical Activity Self-Efficacy in Adults With Obesity: A Latent Variable Approach to Explore Dimensionality, Temporal Invariance, and External Validity.

The objective of this study was to improve the measurement of physical activity self-efficacy (PASE) in adults with obesity. To accomplish this objective, a latent variable approach was used to explore dimensionality, temporal invariance, and external validity of responses to a newly developed battery of PASE scales. Data (Nbaseline = 461 and N30 days postbaseline = 427) from the Well-Being and Physical Activity Study (ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier: NCT03194854), which deployed the Fun For Wellness intervention, were analyzed. A two-dimensional factor structure explained responses to each PASE scale at baseline. There was strong evidence for at least partial temporal measurement invariance for this two-dimensional structure in each PASE scale. There was mixed evidence that the effectiveness of the Fun For Wellness intervention exerted a direct effect on latent PASE in adults with obesity at 30 days postbaseline (i.e., external validity) of this two-dimensional structure.
Improving Detection of Arrhythmia Drug-Drug Interactions in Pharmacovigilance Data through the Implementation of Similarity-Based Modeling

Identification of Drug-Drug Interactions (DDIs) is a significant challenge during drug development and clinical practice. DDIs are responsible for many adverse drug effects (ADEs), decreasing patient quality of life and causing higher care expenses. DDIs are not systematically evaluated in pre-clinical or clinical trials and so the FDA U. S. Food and Drug Administration relies on post-marketing surveillance to monitor patient safety. However, existing pharmacovigilance algorithms show poor performance for detecting DDIs exhibiting prohibitively high false positive rates. Alternatively, methods based on chemical structure and pharmacological similarity have shown promise in adverse drug event detection. We hypothesize that the use of chemical biology data in a post hoc analysis of pharmacovigilance results will significantly improve the detection of dangerous interactions. Our model integrates a reference standard of DDIs known to cause arrhythmias with drug similarity data. To compare similarity between drugs we used chemical structure (both 2D and 3D molecular structure), adverse drug side effects, chemogenomic targets, drug indication classes, and known drug-drug interactions. We evaluated the method on external reference standards. Our results showed an enhancement of sensitivity, specificity and precision in different top positions with the use of similarity measures to rank the candidates extracted from pharmacovigilance data. For the top 100 DDI candidates, similarity-based modeling yielded close to twofold precision enhancement compared to the proportional reporting ratio (PRR). Moreover, the method helps in the DDI decision making through the identification of the DDI in the reference standard that generated the candidate.
Modeling nitrogen and methane with ethane and propane gas hydrates at low temperatures (173–290 K) with applications to Titan

Abstract The FREZCHEM model was primarily designed for cold temperatures (173–298 K) and high pressures (1–1000 bars). Nitrogen gas (95.0%) and methane gas (5.0%) are major gases on the surface of Titan. Recently, we added nitrogen and methane gas hydrates to FREZCHEM model on Titan; and nitrogen–methane gas hydrates formed on Titan at 178 K. The other common but less abundant gases on Titan are ethane (C2H6) and propane (C3H8) that can also form gas hydrates with nitrogen and methane. The specific objectives of this study were to (1) add ethane and propane to gas hydrates, including mixtures with nitrogen, methane, and carbon dioxide, and (2) explore the potential roles of gas hydrates on Titan. At 273 K, the Ln(gas hydrates) were 5.095 for N2, 3.217 for CH4, 2.327 for CO2, 1.288 for C2H6, and 0.281 for C3H8. At 173 K, the Ln(gas hydrates) were −4.968 for N2, −6.102 for CH4, −7.803 for CO2, −5.125 for C2H6, and −5.512 for C3H8. Apparently C2H6 and C3H8 gas hydrates change less at lower temperatures than N2, CH4, and CO2 gas hydrates. In previous papers, we added three mixed CH4–CO2, N2–CH4, and N2–CO2 binary gas hydrates. In this paper, we added ethane and propane to include new binary gas hydrate mixtures of N2–C2H6, N2–C3H8, C2H6–C3H8, CH4–C2H6, CH4–C3H8, CO2–C2H6, and CO2–C3H8. Today, there are ten binary gas hydrates in the FREZCHEM model. In the text, how to cope with more than two species is described. Simulations from 273 K to 173 K used a surface Titan pressure of 1.467 bars with a major gas of nitrogen (94.24%), a minor gas of methane (5.65%), and extremely minor gases of ethane (0.0038%), and propane (0.000343%). Eventually at 178 K, N2·6H2O formed with 0.17694 mol, CH4·6H2O formed with 0.04101 mol, C2H6·6H2O formed with 6.48e−6 mol, and C3H8·6H2O formed with 9.36e−7 mol. Based on the atmospheric conditions of Titan, the trace gases of ethane and propane led to low gas hydrate precipitations of ethane and propane with nitrogen and methane. However, the gas concentrations could be very different in an ocean of Titan that could be 50 to 175 km beneath the surface where the temperatures may increase as high as 260 K. Methane gas hydrates are likely dominant beneath the surface of Titan with some minor contributions from nitrogen, ethane, and propane. Below the surface of Titan in the ocean and icy shell, gas hydrates clearly depend on the gas concentrations of methane, nitrogen, ethane, and propane as well as temperature and pressure.
Is cache-oblivious DGEMM viable?

We present a study of implementations of DGEMM using both the cache-oblivious and cache-conscious programming styles. The cache-oblivious programs use recursion and automatically block DGEMM operands A,B,C for thememory hierarchy. The cache-conscious programs use iteration and explicitly block A,B,C for register files, all caches and memory. Our study shows that the cache-oblivious programs achieve substantially less performance than the cache-conscious programs. We discuss why this is so and suggest approaches for improving the performance of cache-oblivious programs.
Metal cluster topology: XV . Rafting from the triangle to the octahedron in osmium carbonyl cluster chemistry☆

Abstract Osmium carbonyl clusters Os m (CO) c containing from three to seven osmium atoms, each using nine-orbital spherical sp 3 d 5 manifolds can be constructed from networks of osmium triangles with b edge-localized OsOs bonds where c = 5 m - b . Homologous series of such networks can be generated from a simple OS 3 triangle by the following processes: (1) bridging an edge of a triangle with a new vertex to give rafts of the general stoichiometry OS m (CO) 3 m +3 , such as the known OS 4 (CO) 15 , OS 5 (CO) 18 and OS 6 (CO) 21 in which adjacent triangles share edges; (2) bridging a vertex of a triangle with a new edge to give bow ties of the general stoichiometry OS 2 k +1 ,(CO) 7 k +5 , such as the known Os 5 (CO) 19 in which adjacent triangles share vertices; (3) capping a triangular face with a new vertex to give chains of tetrahedra of the general stoichiometry OS m (CO) 2 m +6 , such as the known OS 5 (CO) 16 and OS 6 (CO) 18 in which adjacent tetrahedra share faces. Members of each of these homologous series can be represented by their dualist graphs which have vertices in the centers of each triangle in the case of rafts and bow ties, and vertices in the centers of each tetrahedron in the case of chains of tetrahedra, with pairs of vertices connected by an edge if the corresponding triangles share edges or vertices or if the corresponding tetrahedra share faces, respectively. The dualist graphs of the rafts and bow ties have a one-to-one correspondence with various types of planar sp 2 carbon networks, whereas the dualist graphs of the chains of tetrahedra have a one-to-one correspondence with acyclic saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons C n H 2 n +2 . A periodic table of neutral binary osmium carbonyl clusters can be constructed in which possible stoichiometries are listed in an array in which one dimension is the number of metal atoms and the other dimension the number of metal-metal bonds. Replacement of an osmium atom with a spherical sp 3 d 5 manifold by a platinum atom with a toroidal sp 2 d 5 manifold in a stable metal cluster carbonyl results in the reduction of the number of carbonyl groups by two for each such substitution as exemplified by the pairs of stable compounds OS 3 (CO) 12 /OS 2 Pt(CO) 10 and Os 5 (CO) 18 /OS 3 Pt 2 (CO) 14 .
Robust vehicle blob tracking with split/merge handling

Evaluation results of a vehicle tracking system on a given set of evaluation videos of a street surveillance system are presented. The method largely depends on detection of motion by comparison with a learned background model. Several difficulties of the task are overcome by the use of general constrains of scene, camera and vehicle models. An analysis of results is also presented.
Locational allocation and pricing of responsive contingency reserves

In this paper we propose a robust method to determine, allocate and price the contingency reserves required to fully comply with N-1 security criteria in real-time operations. Unlike the traditional fixed reserve requirement, the method identifies adequate reserves in terms of type, quantity and location, needed to respond to expected generation outages. The provision of energy and responsive reserves is co-optimized in a two-stage Security Constrained Unit Commitment / Network Constrained Economic Dispatch, and can be readily implemented within the framework of current scheduling and two-settlement processes carried out in RTO/ISO-managed markets. A numerical example is provided to illustrate the application of the method. Locational allocation and pricing of responsive reserves can improve security of system operations and achieve more efficient dispatch costs.
Comparison of Several Methods for Preserving Bacteriophages

A wide variety of bacteriophages were processed and stored under different conditions to compare methods for long-term preservation. Specimens were stored for 2 years at room temperature (24 to 28 C) and at 4 C as broth lysates in 50% glycerol, dried, and freeze-dried. Titers determined after processing indicated that, of the broth, glycerol, and freeze-dry methods, freeze-drying was most damaging to the phages tested, glycerol less damaging, and the broth method least damaging. After 2 years, titers of broth lysates were generally higher than those of glycerol or freeze-dried preparations. Dried preparations generally did not prove satisfactory. Preparations stored at 4 C showed better titers than those kept at room temperature. All titers declined with time regardless of the conditions of preservation.
RUBELLA ANTIBODY DETERMINATIONS

Four methods were used to determine rubella antibody titers in patients with acquired and congenital rubella and in gamma-globulin. These methods include hemagglutination inhibition (HI), neutralization (Neut), fluorescence (FA), and complement fixation (CF). With acquired rubella, all four methods showed a rapid development of antibody shortly after the occurrence of rash. Maximum titers appeared within a few weeks, following which HI and CF titers began to decrease and the FA tests showed a weakening of fluorescence. HI titers were four- to sixteenfold higher than Neut, FA, and CF levels. Ten or 20 years after rubella, HI, Neut, and FA tests continued to show detectable antibody but half of the patients no longer had CF antibody. HI titers were still higher than Neut and FA but were considerably lower than convalescent levels. There was complete agreement between HI and Neut tests in the detection of antibody in young adults. For congenital rubella, HI, Neut, and FA antibody persisted in the affected children at least through adolescence. HI and CF antibody increased occasionally during the period 8 to 12 months after birth. Gamma-globulin titers with the HI and Neut methods were in close agreement. Convalescent rubella gamma-globulin gave titers two- to fourfold higher than standard commercial gamma-globulin. Variations in the HA and HI tests were caused by modification of the method of treatment of the antigen, the concentration of red cells used, the size of the test (macro versus micro), the pH of the test, and the treatment of sera. The most significant effects were related to the treatment used to eliminate nonspecific inhibitors in the sera. Improper treatment can give false negative or false positive tests. When properly performed and appropriately controlled, the HI test gives results essentially identical to the Neut method, although the titers are consistently higher than the Neut test. This new method, then, is rapid and convenient for obtaining reliable information on the antibody status and susceptibility of patients.
P02.01: Prenatal diagnosis of rhombencephalosynapsis: case series with outcome

Objectives: The cerebellum develops over a long period of time, making it vulnerable to a wide range of disorders such as Dandy-Walker malformation and variant. The advent of three dimensional ultrasonography is an extraordinary advance in fetal medicine diagnosis. The 3DXI is technique of comparing several slices displayed on the same screen, allows a slice-by-slice approach in ascertaining the most accurate measurement to be compared with the 2D. Our objective is to make a comparative evaluation of the transverse cerebellar diameter measurement by 2D ultrasonography (Fig. 1) and 3DXI, multi-slice view in 18–24 weeks fetuses. Methods: This transversal study included 69 healthy fetuses, between 18–24 weeks. The transverse cerebellar diameter was first measured by the conventional bi-dimensional sonography technique, then by 3DXI multi-slice view, using the Medison SonoAce X8 (Medison, Korea). The Wilcoxon signed-ranks test was used to compare the data. Results: The comparison of 69 measures of the cerebellum by 2D ultrasound and 3DXI shows an effective difference between the values obtained by 2D and 3D, indicating that the 3DXI values are larger than 2D (P < 0.01). Conclusions: Our results show that the 3D evaluation of the cerebellum seems to have a statistically significant measurement difference.
The Albigensian Crusade in Anglo‐American Historiography, 1888–2013

Of all the crusades which occurred in the crusade era, the Albigensian Crusade stands as one of the most infamous, although the Cathar religion and the Inquisition have drawn more academic and popular attention. Older scholarship treated the Albigensian Crusade as ancillary to the development of the Inquisition. Assigning the relative importance of the Albigensian Crusade within wider crusade historiography remains problematic for historians. An important historiographical development began in the 1970s as Anglo-American scholars chose to treat the Albigensian Crusade not simply as precursor of the Inquisition but as a standalone event. Besides this advancement, Anglo-American scholars have done valuable work on regions and towns affected by the crusade and Catharism. Since 9/11 and the on-going ‘War on Terror’, crusades to the Eastern Mediterranean still drive the historiography, but more remains to be done on the Albigensian Crusade. The local church, regional studies, biographical treatments, and prosopographical work have barely been touched on in English.
Contemporary doming of the Adirondack mountains: Further evidence from releveling

Abstract The Adirondack Mountains constitute an anomalously large, domical uplift on the Appalachian foreland. The dome has a NNE—SSW axis about 190 km long, and an east—west dimension of about 140 km. It has a structural relief of at least 1600 m, and a local topographic relief of up to 1200 m. First-order leveling in 1955, and again in 1973 along a north—south line at the eastern margin of the Adirondack shows an uplift rate of 2.2 mm/yr at the latitude of the center of the dome and a subsidence rate of 2.8 mm/yr at the northern end of the line near the Canadian border. The net amount of arching along this releveled line is 9 cm ± 2 cm (Isachsen, 1975). To test the idea that this arching represented an “edge effect” of contemporary doming of the Adirondacks as a whole, the National Geodetic Survey was encouraged to relevel a 1931 north—south line between Utica and Fort Covington (near the Canadian border) which crosses the center of the dome. The releveling showed that the mountain mass is undergoing contemporary domical uplift at a rate which reaches 3.7 mm/yr near the center of the dome (compare with 1 mm/yr for the Swiss Alps). Three other releveled lines in the area support this conclusion. The domical configuration of the area undergoing uplift, combined with subsidence along the northeastern perimeter of the dome, argues for a geothermal rather than glacioisostatic origin. A contemporary hot spot near the crust—mantle boundary is proposed as the mechanism of doming, based on analogy with uplifts of similar dimensions elsewhere in the world, some of which have associated Tertiary volcanics. The lack of thermal springs in the area, or high heat flow in drill holes up to 370 m deep, indicates that the front of the inferred thermal pulse must be at some depth greater than 1 km. The present Adirondack dome did not come into existence until sometime after Late Devonian time, based on isopach maps by Rickard (1969, 1973). Strata younger than this, which might provide further time-stratigraphic refinement of this lower limit, do not occur in the region. However, the consequent radial drainage pattern in the Adirondacks indicates that the dome is a relatively young tectonic feature. Aligned with the long axis of the rising dome are prominent NNE faults and lineaments. The region is one of recurring low-level seismic activity. Fault plane solutions indicate a WSW—ENE axis of compression (Aggarwal and Sykes, 1977) which indicates an anomalous relationship between doming and seismicity.
When Reconstruction Fails or is Not Feasible: Valve Replacement Options in the Pediatric Population

Valvular pathology in infants and children poses numerous challenges to the pediatric cardiac surgeon. Without question, valvular repair is the goal of intervention because restoration of valvular anatomy and physiology using native tissue allows for growth and a potentially better long-term outcome. When reconstruction fails or is not feasible, valve replacement becomes inevitable. Which valve for which position is controversial. The goal of this article is to address valve replacement options for all four valve positions within the pediatric population. We will draw from our institutional experience and review current literature to support our preferences.
Foreign ownership and technology adoption: evidence from Indian firms

Abstract Firms in developing countries rely on foreign technology purchases to improve their technology. We use a theoretical framework developed by Katz and Shapiro to examine the ongoing technology adoption behavior of foreign-owned and domestic firms. Using firm level data on Indian firms from 1989 to 1993, we test this theoretical model. We find that foreign ownership, firm size and market structure are among the variables that impact a firm's probability of adopting new technology. We also find that the 1991 liberalization of technology transfer policies in India appears to have had a larger impact on foreign-owned firms than domestic firms.
The Ceremonial of Royal Succession in Capetian France: The Funeral of Philip V

Few accounts of funeral ceremonies performed for the rulers of France before the early fifteenth century are now extant.* The rare eyewitness reports of such rites are generally terse and abbreviated, and there survive only fragments of the fiscal accounts listing expenses for the services, which inevitably provide a wealth of detail overlooked or ignored by observers. The want of information cannot be attributed solely to the disappearance of once abundant documentary remains, for even in the early fifteenth century such sources were not easily accessible. The author of an elaborate description of the funeral of Charles VI in 1422 confessed that he had written the account as an aide-memoire for future royal funerals, to prevent the disagreement and confusion which, in the absence of written records and living witnesses of earlier ceremonies, had arisen in connection with Charles's service.' For the history of royal funeral ritual in early fourteenth-century
Direct measurement of brain glucose concentrations in humans by 13C NMR spectroscopy

Glucose is the main fuel for energy metabolism in the normal human brain. It is generally assumed that glucose transport into the brain is not rate-limiting for metabolism. Since brain glucose concentrations cannot be determined directly by radiotracer techniques, we used 13C NMR spectroscopy after infusing enriched D-[1-13C]glucose to measure brain glucose concentrations at euglycemia and at hyperglycemia (range, 4.5-12.1 mM) in six healthy children (13-16 years old). Brain glucose concentrations averaged 1.0 +/- 0.1 mumol/ml at euglycemia (4.7 +/- 0.3 mM plasma) and 1.8-2.7 mumol/ml at hyperglycemia (7.3-12.1 mM plasma). Michaelis-Menten parameters of transport were calculated to be Kt = 6.2 +/- 1.7 mM and Tmax = 1.2 +/- 0.1 mumol/g.min from the relationship between plasma and brain glucose concentrations. The brain glucose concentrations and transport constants are consistent with transport not being rate-limiting for resting brain metabolism at plasma levels greater than 3 mM.