cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transcription of the KpnI families of long interspersed DNAs in human cells.

The mammalian genome contains a variety of interspersed repetitive sequences of unknown function. It has, however, been suggested that interspersed repetitive sequences and their RNA transcripts are involved in the coordinate regulation of gene expression1. Two major families of interspersed sequences in primates are the so-called Alu and KpnI families2–13. Members of the KpnI families range in length from 1.2 to over 6 kilobases (kb). They exist in generally clustered arrangements, in 6 × 104 to 105 copies per diploid genome. Something is known of the arrangements of KpnI family sequences near human structural genes4,7,11,12, but there has been no information on transcription of the sequences. We report here that the KpnI sequences are transcribed in HeLa cells by RNA polymerase II into abundant and heterogeneous species of RNA. The transcripts range in length from about 200 bases to over 5 kb, and are found predominantly in the non-polyadenylated fraction of the nuclear RNA. Transcripts homologous to both of the complementary strands of the KpnI sequences are present, but with a strong bias towards one strand.
Electron microscopy of the canine corneal basement membranes.

The purpose of this study was to characterize the surface topographical features of the epithelial and endothelial (Descemet’s) basement membranes of the canine cornea. Corneas were obtained from youn
Epigallocatechin gallate inhibits HIF-1α degradation in prostate cancer cells

Hypoxia-inducible factor-1, an αβ heterodimeric transcription factor, consists of a constitutively expressed HIF-1β subunit and a hypoxia-inducible HIF-1α subunit, and contributes to hypoxia-mediated tumor angiogenesis. Numerous epidemiologic and laboratory studies indicate that green tea has cancer preventive activity which has been attributed to its polyphenol components, the major one being epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG). This study investigated the effect of EGCG on normoxic HIF-1α expression in human prostate cancer cells. Surprisingly, we observed an EGCG-induced-dose-dependent increase in HIF-1-mediated transcription and HIF-1α protein levels under normoxia. However, concomitant treatment of the prostate cancer cells with EGCG and ferrous ions abolished the increase in HIF-1-mediated transcription that was seen with EGCG treatment alone, suggesting that EGCG may act as a ferrous ion chelator. Furthermore, we determined, for the first time, that EGCG inhibits prolyl hydroxylation of HIF-1α, thus preventing HIF-1α and pVHL interaction.
p + -n hyperabrupt GaAs varactors grown by molecular-beam epitaxy

Gallium-arsenide p–n junction hyperabrupt varactor diodes have been grown by molecular-beam epitaxy. Near the junction the donor profile at depth x tracked x−1.2. A capacitance ratio C0/C12 of 10 is observed for bias voltages of 0 and 12 V.
Activation of carbon fibers by steam

Abstract Carbon fibers were activated using steam to produce material with enhanced surface area. Fibers from a pitch precursor yielded a 3-fold surface area increase even for treatment at 800°C, while fiber from PAN showed a 20-fold increase under the same conditions. Area was measured by dye adsorption experiments. The degree of the activation depends greatly on temperature and fibers processed at 400°C were only slightly activated.
Mechanisms to provide safe and effective drugs for children.

* Abbreviation: FDA — : Food and Drug Administration Children are therapeutic orphans. The majority of drugs used in children are “off label”; that is, the data regarding dose, safety, or efficacy (and often all 3) are not deemed sufficient by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for inclusion on the product label. Not surprisingly, off-label drug use increases the risk of adverse events. To address the knowledge gap leading to such use, the US government has enacted multiple laws to stimulate increased drug research and labeling for children. One such law is known as “pediatric exclusivity,” first passed in 1997 and most recently made permanent in 2012 under the FDA Safety and Innovation Act. Pediatric exclusivity grants pharmaceutical companies a 6-month patent extension if they study a product under a written request from the FDA. For so-called blockbuster drugs, those with ≥$1 billion in sales per year, the incentive is substantial. In this issue of Pediatrics , Wharton et al1 review the labeling changes related to pediatric exclusivity. These 3 items are worth additional consideration. First, although the FDA issued 401 written requests, pharmaceutical companies chose to respond to fewer than … Address correspondence to Daniel K. Benjamin Jr, MD, PhD, MPH, Duke University, Duke Clinical Research Institute, PO Box 17969, Durham, NC 27715. E-mail: danny.benjamin{at}duke.edu
Artificially induced metachromasia in cultured human fibroblasts.

Abstract Two synthetic high molecular weight sulfated polymers, dextran sulfate and polyvinyl sulfate, provided exogenously in the growth medium, induced cultured human fibroblasts to stain metachromatically with toluidine blue 0. Concentrations as low as 0.1 μg per ml produced discernable granules which stained metachromatically after a 1 day exposure. At higher concentrations of the polymers many metachromatic granules appeared in essentially every cell. In addition to serving as a system for evaluating metachromatic staining techniques, these artificially loaded cells will be valuable for assessing the effects of sulfated polymers on the metabolic activity of cultured fibroblasts.
Excretion of proteolytic enzymes by Aedes aegypti after a blood meal.

Abstract Excretion of active proteolytic enzymes during the period of blood digestion in a mosquito has been demonstrated for the first time. The rate of excretion has been determined for both proteases and uric acid; each appears in a distinct peak. During the first half of the digestion period, when protease activity in the midgut is increasing, uric acid excretion predominates. During the second half of the digestion period, after the protease has reached its maximum in the midgut, there is considerable excretion of active protease, mainly trypsin. By sealing the anus after feeding (blood enema), it has been demonstrated that secretion of the proteolytic enzymes in the midgut actually stops when maximum activity is reached. Sealing the anus did not interfere with egg development. A model for protease secretion is suggested in which the proteolytic enzymes are induced by their substrate (globular proteins), and secretion stops when 80 per cent of the protein is digested, or the inducer is removed.
A set of necessary stability conditions form-D nonlinear digital filters

This paper addresses the problem of global asymptotic stability in recursive first hyperquadrant causalm-D digital filters. A set of simple-to-check 1-D conditions necessary for stability of them-D system is given. Generalizations tov-dimensional (v<m) subsystems are also provided. These derived conditions are useful in determining asymptotic convergence ofm-D digital filters implemented in fixed or floating point arithmetic. The set of 1-D conditions can be considered the analogous result to practical bounded input bounded output (BIBO) stability for linearm-D systems.
Modeling a Heat Source/Heat Sink for Tribological Applications©

The surface temperature of contact elements is one of the most important factors that influences the performance and life of tribological systems. Heat-pipe cooling seems to be a promising means for enhanced heat transfer. The heat input at the surface and the heat pipe as a heat sink represent a system of heat source/heat sink (HSHS). In this paper, the function of the heat pipe is mathematically described and the heat-transfer characteristics of the HSHS system are investigated. A semi-empirical model is developed to shed some light on the surface flash temperature control employing the HSHS system. Both steady-state and transient analyses show that heat pipes can be employed to reduce the flash temperature effectively. The possibility of applying this concept to composite materials is also analyzed. Presented at the 52nd Annual Meeting in Kansas City, Missouri May 18–22, 1997
Nondiscrimination Policies and Sexual Identity Disclosure: Do They Make a Difference in Employee Outcomes?

Legal discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation still persists in most parts of the United States. One avenue of localized protection has been corporate policies against discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation. In a sample of N = 65 gay men, this paper examines whether differences exist on perceived workplace hostility, turnover intentions, perceived promotion opportunity, job and supervisor satisfaction and supervisor–subordinate relationship quality between the reports of men in organizations that have non-discrimination policies and those employed where they do not. Additionally, this paper examines if disclosure of sexual orientation to a supervisor affects the same variables. Findings suggest that the presence of a non-discrimination policy influences affective variables whereas disclosure influences career variables. Limitations of the study and directions for future research are discussed.
Attrition of precipitated iron Fischer-Tropsch catalysts

Abstract A precipitated, doubly promoted, iron oxide catalyst was studied to elucidate phenomena that may lead to catalyst attrition during slurry phase Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. The catalyst was examined by electron microscopy (SEM and TEM), electron and X-ray diffraction, sedigraph particle size analysis and BET surface area measurements. The catalyst undergoes attrition both at the micro- as well as the nano-length scales. On the micro-scale, this involves a breakup of ca. 30 μm spherical agglomerates into ca. 1 μm particles, a process that can be initiated even by the mixing that occurs in the sedigraph analyzer. On the nano-scale, we find that exposure of the catalyst to CO at increasing temperatures transforms single crystals of α-Fe 2 O 3 into Fe 3 O 4 and ultimately to Fe-carbide, with rounded particles as small as ca. 20 nm. The details of phase transformations and the resulting crystallite morphology and size distribution could play a major role in influencing the overall attrition resistance of precipitated iron oxide catalysts. In this paper, we describe the effects of the CO activation temperature on catalyst structure at the micro- and nano-scales.
Depression and the older man.

It is well known that depressive symptoms and the diagnosis of major depression are more common among older women than older men, whereas the frequency of suicide is more common among older men than older women. There are few empiric data that directly address gender differences in depression among older adults. 6,27 Even so, clinical experience managing older adults suffering clinical major depression suggests that gender is an important factor for clinicians to consider in the diagnostic as well as the treatment process. Some characteristics of late life depression support the contention that the cause, diagnosis, and effective treatment of depression vary by gender as discussed subsequently. Given that older women not only report more depressive symptoms in community samples, but also are more likely to seek health care for psychiatric symptoms, depression in the older man has been neglected by both investigators and clinicians.
Northern Alaskan land surface response to reduced Arctic sea ice extent

With Arctic sea ice extent at near-record lows, an improved understanding of the relationship between sea ice and the land surface is warranted. We examine the land surface response to changing sea ice by first conducting a simulation using the Community Atmospheric Model version 3.1 with end of the twenty-first century sea ice extent. This future atmospheric response is then used to force the Weather and Research Forecasting Model version 3.1 to examine the terrestrial land surface response at high resolution over the North Slope of Alaska. Similar control simulations with twentieth century sea ice projections are also performed, and in both simulations only sea ice extent is altered. In the future sea ice extent experiment, atmospheric temperature increases significantly due to increases in latent and sensible heat flux, particularly in the winter season. Precipitation and snow pack increase significantly, and the increased snow pack contributes to warmer soil temperatures for most seasons by insulating the land surface. In the summer, however, soil temperatures are reduced due to increased albedo. Despite warmer near-surface atmospheric temperatures, it is found that spring melt is delayed throughout much of the North Slope due to the increased snow pack, and the growing season length is shortened.
Self‐Handicapping: On the Self‐Perpetuating Nature of Defensive Behavior

The term self-handicapping was introduced by Jones and Berglas (1978) to refer to the creation of barriers to successful performance for the purpose of controlling attributions about the self. In the event of failure, attributions to lack of ability are diminished or discounted because of the handicap and, in the event of success, attributions to ability are enhanced or augmented because of the handicap. This article reviews over 25 years of research on self-handicapping. A process model is presented in which individual differences in goals and concerns dynamically interact with situational threats to elicit self-handicapping behavior which produces consequences that perpetuate the use of the behavior in future situations.
Retailing hedonic consumption: A model of sales promotion of a leisure service

Abstract Research regarding sales promotions has focused on information processing of price discounts for relatively uninvolving consumer goods. Sales promotions for leisure retail operators, on the other hand, often emphasize some form of added value to patrons who are likely to be relatively involved in hedonic consumption. We propose and test a model of sales promotion for hedonic consumption illustrating that consumer response to sales promotions in leisure settings is a function of consumers' variety-seeking tendencies, loyalty to the service provider, and perceptions of the value of the service provision.
Atresia of the left atrioventricular valve associated with corrected transposition of the great vessels: A cause of the Eisenmenger syndrome

Abstract 1.1. A patient with atresia of the left atrioventricular valve associated with a corrected transposition of the great vessels is presented. The pathological and hemodynamic findings are discussed. 2.2. This lesion produces pulmonary hypertension equal to systemic systolic pressure and a right-to-left shunt. It is considered to be a previously unreported cause of the Eisenmenger syndrome.
Tectonics and alluvial sedimentation of the upper Oligocene/lower Miocene Vasquez Formation, Soledad basin, southern California

The upper Oligocene/lower Miocene Vasquez Formation marks the earliest sedimentation in the Soledad basin, central Transverse Ranges, southern California. The Vasquez consists primarily of alluvial sediments and presently appears as outcrops in three geographically restricted, fault-bounded sub-basins. The two southern sub-basins (Vasquez Rocks and Texas Canyon) shared similar tectonic and depositional histories; the northernmost sub-basin (Charlie Canyon) appears to have had a distinct history. The Soledad basin originated as a predominantly orthogonal rift during the latest Oligocene. Incipient subsidence was concentrated in the southeastern region of the basin, as debris-flow deposits accumulated as small, thick, alluvial fans draining local source areas adjacent to Vasquez Rocks sub-basin. Intense rifting, volcanism, and rapid subsidence produced the half-graben geometry of this sub-basin, as a source area rose to the south/southeast across the active Soledad fault. Coeval displacements along the Vasquez Canyon and Pelona faults led to the asymmetric-graben geometry of Texas Canyon sub-basin, as abundant detritus derived from an eastern/southeastern source interfingered with small, debris-flow-dominated fans along the Pelona fault margin. Periodic faulting and source-area uplift, followed by tectonic quiescence and erosion, produced thick, upward-fining alluvial megacycles in both sub-basins. Major tectonic uplift in the ancestral San Gabriel area led to drainage-system enlargement, increased water discharge into the depositional systems, and deposition by hyperconcentrated-flood and braided-fluvial processes in both sub-basins. Erosional dissection of Mint Canyon Ridge allowed physical interconnection of the two depocenters at this time. Charlie Canyon sub-basin, the northernmost Vasquez depocenter, displays no clast suites or alluvial megacyclicity to suggest close affinities with the other two depocenters. A sequence of easterly derived braid-plain sediments low in the section is overlain by a 1,600-m, upward-coarsening, alluvial sequence. This sequence reflects probable inception of the San Francisquito fault, uplift of a marine-sedimentary/quartz-monzonite/quartz-diorite source terrane, and northward progradation of an alluvial-fan system. Post-Oligocene clockwise rotation of the Soledad basin by as much as 40 degrees is indicated by paleomagnetic data of other workers. Restoration of the Soledad basin to its Oligocene orientation indicates that southeast-northwest extension caused rifting and heralded Vasquez deposition in small, rapidly subsiding basins. Neither compressional deformation nor strike-slip deformation seems to have been a significant factor during Vasquez sedimentation. The sedimentary and tectonic history of the Soledad basin is consistent with a plate-tectonic model involving extension in the North American plate north of the unstable Mendocino triple junction.
Design and synthesis of superhydrophobic carbon nanofiber composite coatings for terahertz frequency shielding and attenuation

We report design and synthesis of polymer-based large-area superhydrophobic carbon nanofiber (CNF) composite coatings for tunable electromagnetic interference shielding and attenuation in the terahertz (THz) frequency regime. Such coatings with different CNF/polymer weight ratios are characterized by a frequency domain THz spectroscopy system. A maximum THz shielding effectiveness of ∼32 dB was measured in the examined frequency range of 570–630 GHz. Coating attenuation level varied with CNF loading. Two-dimensional distributions of power attenuation at 600 GHz showed good spatial uniformity. The present composite coatings, in addition to their self-cleaning property, have high potential for advanced technology high-frequency applications.
A quantitative study of dendrite complexity in selected areas of the human cerebral cortex

Abstract This study seeks relationships between the degree of dendrite complexity of four areas of the human cerebral cortex and the type of function subserved by those areas. Quantitative studies of basilar dendrite patterns in the trunk and hand-finger receptive zones of areas 3 and 1, superior gyrus of the prefrontal cortex (area 9), and supramarginal gyrus (area 39) of the parietal lobe, in the left hemisphere of 10 subjects are reported. Measurements of dendrite complexity were based on the Sholl method of counting dendrite intersections with a series of superimposed concentric rings centered on the middle of the neuron soma. The data were analyzed graphically to show (1) characteristic dendrite profiles generated by cells in each of these areas, (2) comparisons between dendrite systems of two paired areas i.e., trunk vs. hand-finger, and hand-finger vs. supramarginal, and (3) cumulative dendrite-ring intersection patterns for all areas studied. The data provided only partial support for our working hypothesis suggesting a relationship between complexity of the dendrite arbor and the nature of the computational tasks performed by the area. However, complexity of dendrite systems in the trunk area was found to be generally less than that of any other. In addition, there were suggestive associations between the complexity of dendrite systems of the hand-finger zone of the primary sensory receptive area and the nature of the work with which the individual had been associated during his/her working life. It proved more difficult to discern relationships between structure and functon in the cortical associative areas. The study underlines the large degree of interindividual variation in dendrite structure and the need for much more extensive information about the life history of individuals who serve as subjects for this type of study.
Alignment and orientation of the 3p /sup 3/P state in /sup 4/He I as a function of foil tilt angle

The Fano-Macek alignment and orientation parameters have been measured for the foil-excited 3p /sup 3/P state in /sup 4/He I as a function of foil tilt angle at an incident ion energy of 200 keV. The measurements were made by quantum-beat amplitude analysis of both linearly and circularly polarized light. The angular dependence of the alignment and orientation are significantly different from that reported for the 3p /sup 1/P state.
Model-based boundary estimation of complex objects using hierarchical active surface templates

A method for the segmentation of complex, three-dimensional objects using hierarchical active surface templates is presented. The templates consist of one or more active surface models which are specified according to a priori knowledge about the expected shape and location of the desired object. This allows complex objects to be naturally modeled as collections of simple subparts which are geometrically constrained. The template is adaptively deformed by the three-dimensional image data in which it is initialized such that the template boundaries are brought into correspondence with the assumed image object. An external energy field is developed based on a vector distance transform such that the surfaces are deformed according to object shape. The method is demonstrated by the segmentation of the human brain from three-dimensional magnetic resonance images of the head given an a priori model of a normal brain.
The use of speech knowledge in automatic speech recognition

In automatic speech recognition, the acoustic signal is the only tangible connection between the talker and the machine. While the signal conveys linguistic information, this information is often encoded in such a complex manner that the signal exhibits a great deal of variability. In addition, variations in environment and speaker can introduce further distortions that are linguistically irrelevant. This paper has three aims: 1) to discuss the nature of variabilities; 2) to describe the kinds of speech knowledge that may help us understand variabilities; and 3) to advocate and suggest specific procedures for the increased utilization of speech knowledge in automatic speech recognition.
The Atmospheric Angular Momentum Cycle Associated with a Madden–Julian Oscillation

Abstract The period 1 December 1984 to 3 February 1985 was associated with strong intraseasonal fluctuations in both the global atmospheric angular momentum (AAM) and tropical convection. Consistent changes were observed in the length of day. The AAM budget for the 65-day period is examined here using circulation data from the National Meteorological Center. Surprisingly well-balanced global and zonal budgets are obtained for the vertically integrated AAM. This enables a closer examination of regional changes, to assess how they might be responsible for the changes in the global AAM. Both friction and mountain torques are important in the global AAM budget. The increase of AAM is associated first with a positive friction torque, then with a positive mountain torque. The subsequent decrease of AAM results from a negative friction torque. The accompanying regional changes are mostly confined to the Northern Hemisphere, with high global AAM associated with a stronger and southward-displaced subtropical jet. ...
COMMON UNIVERSALITY CLASS FOR THE THREE-DIMENSIONAL VORTEX GLASS AND CHIRAL GLASS

We present a Monte Carlo study of the d=3 gauge glass and the XY spin glass models in the vortex representation. We investigate the critical behavior of these models by a scaling analysis of the linear resistivity and current-voltage characteristics, both in the limits of zero and strong screening of the vortex interactions. Without screening, both models show a glass transition at a finite temperature and, within the numerical accuracy, exhibit the {ital same} critical exponents: z{approx}3.1 and {nu}=1.3{plus_minus}0.3. With strong screening, the finite-temperature glass transition is destroyed in both cases and the same exponent {nu}=1.05{plus_minus}0.1 is found at the resulting zero-temperature transition. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}
Inhibitory effect of prednisone on insulin secretion in man: model for duplication of blood glucose concentration

Treatment with oral prednisone (15 mg every 6 h) for 1 day plus a 4-h glucose infusion at 2.8 mg/min kg body weight to 5 normal, healthy individuals raised their blood glucose to 137 +/- 4.5 mg per 100 ml (mean +/- SEM). In order to evaluate the effects of steroid-induced hyperglycemia on insulin responses, a model for the duplication of blood glucose concentration in serial studies was developed. During glucose infusion at 5.7 mg/min kg body weight, the fractional uptake of glucose at the end of infusion (KG) was 2.08 +/- 0.2%/min and the apparent volume of distribution (V) was 285 +/- 10.5 ml/kg. Further increase in the rate of glucose infusion did not affect KG and V. Based on these parameters, KG and V, the stable blood glucose achieved during the prednisone study (C) was duplicated both after short (4 h) and prolonged (28 h) glucose infusions (138 +/- 4.5 and 146 +/- 4.5 mg/100 ml, respectively) at rates calculated as the product of KG.C.V. The effects of prednisone treatment on insulin secretion were examined (1) during fasting, (2) at identical glucose concentrations during glucose infusions at constant rates, and (3) in response to glucose pulse (0.1 g/kg) during the infusions. During fasting, there was a significant elevation of mean blood glucose with prednisone (99 +/- 1.8 mg/100 ml) compared with that in the control study (88 +/- 1.7 mg/100 ml). The plasma IRI, however, remained unchanged (10 +/- 2.3 vs 10 +/- 1.6 muU/ml). During glucose infusions in the presence of similar blood glucose levels, the IRI was lower after prednisone treatment (18 +/- 1.5 muU/ml) than during the short and prolonged glucose infusions (42 +/- 5.1 and 63 +/- 7.0 muU/ml). The insulin response to the glucose pulse also was significantly lower during steroid treatment. Thus, prednisone apparently has an early inhibitory effect on the insulin response to glucose.
Effect of Neoadjuvant Chemoradiation on Operative Mortality and Morbidity for Pancreaticoduodenectomy

Neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (neo-CRT) is being used with increasing frequency for periampullary tumors, but how it alters the complication rate of pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) is unclear. A retrospective analysis was conducted of 79 patients with periampullary malignancies who received 5-fluorouracil–based neo-CRT followed by PD. There was no difference in mortality between PD after neo-CRT (3.8%) and conventional PD for either malignant (4.5%) or benign (2.2%) disease. Focusing only on patients with malignancy, the neo-CRT group had a significantly lower pancreatic leak rate than the conventional group (10% vs. 43%; P < .001). Intra-abdominal abscesses were less common in the neo-CRT group (8.8% vs. 21%; P = .019), and there was one (1.2%) amylase-rich abscess in neo-CRT group, compared with eight (12%) in the conventional group. In addition, two patients in the conventional group died of leak-associated sepsis, compared with none in the neo-CRT group. Multivariate analysis revealed that neoadjuvant chemoradiation (odds ratio, .15) was the most significant factor associated with a reduced risk of pancreatic leak. Neo-CRT does not increase the mortality or morbidity of PD. In contrast, neo-CRT was associated with a marked reduction in the incidence of pancreatic leak, as well as leak-associated morbidity and mortality.
ED staff members' personal use of complementary therapies and their recommendations to ED patients: a southeastern US regional survey.

Abstract Background Use of complementary and alternative therapies has increased in the United States during the past 5 years. Little is known about the use of these therapies in emergency departments. Methods The Center for the Study of Complementary and Alternative Therapies, University of Virginia, surveyed staff in 10 emergency departments in the southeast region of the United States with the purpose of exploring ED practitioners' personal use of complementary therapies and recommendations of these therapies to patients. Results ED staff reported back rub or massage, music, and prayer or spiritual practices as the 3 most frequently used complementary therapies for personal well-being. Back rub or massage and spiritual practices including prayer and group support were most frequently recommended to patients. Clinicians expressed interest in acquiring additional knowledge of complementary therapies and support for integration of these therapies in emergency departments. Conclusions Use of complementary therapies for personal well-being and for patient care by ED staff in the southeast region of the United States is limited. Most ED staff are not familiar with these therapies, but a majority of staff (70%) want to learn more about them. Findings suggest that ED nurses would like additional training in, and better referral patterns to, complementary therapies. (J Emerg Nurs 1998;24:495-9)
Entanglements of consumption, cruelty, privacy, and fashion: The social controversy over fur

This essay posits a critical approach to the study of contemporary social controversy so as to initiate inquiry into how these extended rhetorical engagements critique, resituate, and develop communication practices bridging the public and personal spheres. Objections to the use of fur are examined as oppositional argument, that is, as rhetoric that veers from the goal of persuasion in order to block conventional associations and refashion communication norms. Pro‐fur responses illustrate strategies available to bolster, alter, or abandon habits of consumer culture. It is concluded that the fur controversy presages the emerging shape of a contemporary public sphere.
Variations in Composition of Fluid Milk Products to Consumer

Abstract Selected fluid milk products of 73 milk processors were studied for variation in composition during February 1972. Special attention was given to standardization of milk fat and to amounts of fortification for those products which are modified by the processors. Of the three components, milk fat, solids-not-fat, and protein, milk fat was the most variable. Approximately half of the variation in milk fat can be attributed to variation between handlers. Products which were fortified by the addition of milk solids-not-fat had greater variation in solids-not-fat and protein than unfortified products. The fortified products had an average increase in solids-not-fat of one percent of total product. Processing accidents occurred, which contributed to variation in product composition. The label on the milk carton did not always reflect the true product composition.
Determination of Eigenvalues by Divergent Perturbation Series

We study eigenvalue problems for operators H 0 + βV , where the perturbation series is finite order by order but divergent for any β . We prove that, under suitable conditions, the series nevertheless determines the level uniquely [and is not merely asymptotic] because some control of the remainder term, R N , uniform in N is present; in fact, for β real, positive, and small, the perturbation series is actually Borel summable. We discuss applications to finite-dimensional oscillators and spatially cutoff field theories already announced plus some additional examples.
Selection overrides gene flow to break down maladaptive mimicry

Many species that are palatable to predators evolve to resemble unpalatable poisonous species that possess warning coloration. These 'batesian mimics' profit by looking like the dangerous model, and theory predicts that mimics should not occur in areas where their model is absent because predators there would not be under selection to avoid the dangerous species or a look-alike. Yet, in seeming contradiction of this theory, the geographical distributions of many mimics extend far beyond that of their models. The non-venomous scarlet kingsnake is one example, sometimes found hundreds of kilometres outside the range of its model, the venomous eastern coral snake. George Harper and David Pfennig have found an explanation for this apparent paradox that leaves the basis of the theory intact. Initially the harmless mimics occur where coral snakes are absent because of dispersal by male kingsnakes from regions where both snakes are present. Genetic analysis shows that once separated from the coral snakes, natural selection promotes the evolution of kingsnakes that look less like their model. Predators typically avoid dangerous species, and batesian mimicry evolves when a palatable species (the ‘mimic’) co-opts a warning signal from a dangerous species (the ‘model’) and thereby deceives its potential predators1,2. Because predators would not be under selection to avoid the model and any of its look-alikes in areas where the model is absent (that is, allopatry)2,3,4,5, batesian mimics should occur only in sympatry with their model. However, contrary to this expectation, batesian mimics often occur in allopatry6,7,8. Here we focus on one such example—a coral snake mimic3,8. Using indirect DNA-based methods, we provide evidence suggesting that mimics migrate from sympatry, where mimicry is favoured3,9, to allopatry, where it is disfavoured10. Such gene flow is much stronger in nuclear genes than in maternally inherited mitochondrial genes, indicating that dispersal by males may explain the presence of mimetic phenotypes in allopatry. Despite this gene flow, however, individuals from allopatry resemble the model less than do individuals from sympatry. We show that this breakdown of mimicry probably reflects predator-mediated selection acting against individuals expressing the more conspicuous mimetic phenotype in allopatry. Thus, although gene flow may explain why batesian mimics occur in allopatry, natural selection may often override such gene flow and promote the evolution of non-mimetic phenotypes in such areas.
Effect of simultaneous list presentation on paired-associate learning.

Difficulty of learning a list of 12 CVC pairs increased monotonically as a function of number of list items (1, 3, 6, and 12) grouped together for simultaneous exposure. Contrary to expectation, the difficulty was not affected by locus of grouping, i.e., whether grouping occurred on the study part, test part, or on both parts of each trial. Subsequent free recall also failed to show significant differences between conditions. The over-all grouping decrement was interpreted in terms of a strengthening of multiple associations among list members.
“FIRST FEED THE FACE”: ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE AND COMMUNITY FOOD SECURITY

Environmental justice and community food security represent parallel though largely separate movements whose linkage would help establish a new community development, environmental, and empowerment-based discourse. Environmental justice has been limited by its risk discrimination focus, even as environmental justice organizations have shifted to a broader social justice orientation, eclipsing their earlier environmental focus. Community food security advocacy, while offering a concrete example of linked agendas and constituencies, has yet to effectively outreach to environmental justice groups. Coalition building efforts, such as the Community Food Security Empowerment Act, presents that opportunity.
Enhancer Trafficking: Free Throws and Three-Pointers

Accurate targeting of transcriptional enhancers to the correct promoter poses a significant information problem in higher eukaryotes. Enhancer-core promoter specificity may provide one solution. Reporting recently in Nature, Zabidi et al. (2014) uncover, via a genome-wide analysis approach, two general classes of enhancer-promoter interactions differentially regulating "housekeeping" versus "developmental" genes.
Concentration-dependent effects of ethanol in long-sleep and short-sleep mice

It has been observed that responses to ethanol may be altered by varying the injection concentration while keeping the dose constant, but these concentration-dependent effects have not been well characterized. The results of the study reported here indicate that the long-sleep (LS) and short-sleep (SS) mice, selectively bred for ethanol-induced narcosis at a concentration of 30% v/v, may have been selected in large part for the concentration-dependent peripheral toxic effects of ethanol rather than ethanol's direct effects on the central nervous system. The study was designed to assess sleep time and waking blood ethanol concentration (BEC), hypothermia, and the linear decline in BEC in LS mice following an intraperitoneal injection of 3.8 g/kg of ethanol in concentrations of 190.0, 237.5, 292.3, or 380.0 mg/ml, and in SS mice following an intraperitoneal injection of 4.1 g/kg of ethanol in concentrations of 205.0, 256.2, 315.4, or 410.0 mg/ml. LS sleep time increased as a function of concentration, and mice injected with 380.0 mg/ml never regained the righting reflex. Waking BECs were significantly different for LS mice injected with the 190.0 and 292.3 mg/ml concentrations. For the SS mice, marginally significant differences were found among sleep times, and none of the animals injected with the 410.0 mg/ml regained the righting reflex. The lack of significant concentration-dependent differences in SS waking BECs is attributable to extreme variability in the BECs of mice injected with the 315.4 mg/ml concentration. Both the LS and SS mice showed a concentration-dependent decrease in body temperature, with the greatest temperature change observed at the highest concentrations. Maximum temperature depression occurred at 120 to 150 min postinjection in the LS mice and at 60 to 90 min postinjection in the SS. Only SS mice injected with the 205.0 or 256.2 mg/ml concentrations reethanolgained control temperature levels. The linear decline in BEC was faster at lower concentrations than at higher concentrations for LS mice. The declines in BEC for SS mice were not found to vary as a function of concentration. Concentration-dependent differences in sleep time and hypothermia may not be due to differences in circulating levels of ethanol, but rather to slower elimination rates and/or enhanced depressant effects on peripheral organ systems. The present study supports the notion that the LS mice are more sensitive to the peripherally mediated concentration-dependent effects of ethanol than are the SS mice. The systemic toxic effects of high ethanol concentrations may be more important in determining narcosis than previously suspected.
Pseudo-flexural elements for parachute simulation

Abstract This work focuses on techniques to simulate the unfolding of a parachute or parafoil during the transition from the deployment to the inflation phases. Special pseudo-flexural elements are locally patched onto the basic grid of finite elements to simulate the unfolding behavior without adding rotational degrees of freedom. These special elements are local to, and move with, the kink in a suspension line or fold-line in a membrane and stabilize the convergence properties as constrained unfolding occurs. Examples are given to validate and demonstrate capabilities of these special elements for use in simulations of parachute dynamics.
Macronuclear Cytology of Synchronized Tetrahymena pyriformis

Elliott, Kennedy and Bak ('62) and Elliott ('63) followed fine structural changes in macronuclei of Tetrahymena pyriformis which were synchronized by the heat shock method of Scherbaum and Zeuthen ('54). Using Elliott's morphological descriptions as a basis, we designed our investigations with two main objectives: First, to again study the. morphological changes which occur in the macronucleus of Tetrahymena synchronized by the heat shock method. The second objective was to compare these observations with Tetrahymena synchronized by an alternate method recently reported by Padilla and Cameron ('64). Therefore, we were able to compare the results from two different synchronization methods and to contrast these findings with the macronuclear cytology of Tetrahymena taken from a logarithmically growing culture. Comparison of cells treated in these three different ways enables us to evaluate the two different synchronization methods and to gain more information on the structural changes taking place in the macronucleus of Tetrahymena as a function of the cell cycle. Our observations were confined primarily to nucleolar morphology. The results indicate that cells synchronized by the Padilla and Cameron method more closely resemble logarithmically growing Tetrahymena in the macronuclear structure than do cells obtained by the Scherbaum and·Zeuthen synchronization method. .
Collaboration and Coordination in Supply Chain Management and E‐Commerce

Research in Supply Chain Management and Electronic Commerce has grown dramatically in the past decade as firms have intensified efforts to streamline operations and improve service to a diverse and demanding customer base. Central to this theme is the need for firms to look outside of their organizations for opportunities to collaborate and coordinate with partners to ensure that the supply chain is both efficient and responsive to dynamic market needs. Such collaboration and coordination opportunities introduce new challenges and complexities as a result of increased problem scale and scope, and potentially conflicting incentives among different supply chain players. Motivated by these new challenges, this special issue explores a range of coordination and collaboration problems, stressing the role of information and associated technologies in facilitating and enabling supply chain integration.
The Study of the Influence of Flow on Vascular Endothelial Biology

It is now recognized that the mechanical environment of a cell has an influence on its structure and function. For the vascular endothelial cell that resides at the interface of the flowing blood and the underlying vessel wall, there is mounting evidence of the importance of flow and the associated wall shear stress in the regulation of endothelial biology. Not only is it a sensitive regulator of endothelial structure and function, but different flow environments will influence endothelial cell biology differently. Furthermore, there may be an interaction between the chemical environment of a cell and its mechanical environment. This is illustrated by the inhibition by steady laminar shear stress of the cytokine induction of VCAM-1. Results also are presented in which flow studies have been conducted using a co-culture model of the vessel wall. These experiments provide evidence of a quiescent endothelium; however, much more needs to be done to engineer the cell culture environment to make it more physiologic.
Effects of age and tissue type on the calpain proteolytic system in turkey skeletal muscle

A study was conducted to examine the effects of bird age and muscle tissue type on calpain and calpastatin activities in turkey skeletal muscle. Enzymatic activities of calpains and calpastatin were found to vary with bird age and muscle type. Breast muscle from younger birds (age 5 wk) had higher mu-calpain, m-calpain, and calpastatin activities (P < 0.05) than breast muscle from older birds (9, 13, and 17 wk of age). Thigh muscle calpain activities were not affected by bird age, but thigh calpastatin activity was found to increase with age, with muscle from 17-wk-old birds having 35% higher activity than muscle from 13-wk-old birds. When extracted from 9-wk-old turkeys, breast muscle mu-calpain activity was 30% higher than thigh muscle mu-calpain. By 13 wk of age, breast muscle mu-calpain activity was 20% less than thigh mu-calpain. Thigh muscle m-calpain and calpastatin activities were found to be significantly higher (P < 0.05) than that found in breast muscle, with some values more than double in older birds (17 wk of age).
Animated graphic simulation of an automated guided vehicle system (AGVS)

The graphic simulation package PCMODEL [1] is successfully applied to the planning of an automatic guided vehicle system (AGVS) in one of Intel's facility. The AGVS is controlled by one central computer and consists of a number of docks from which materials are either dropped or picked up by the AGV; the dispatch of AGV is prioritized to efficiently perform material handling. The utilization of AGV can be obtained through simulation, and is used to predict the number of AGV in the system. The AGV can carry two loads, therefore, it is poorly utilized if it only transports one load at a trip. To better utilize AGV, the control delay concept is introduced, which forces the AGV to carry as many as two loads as possible at each trip. The simulation also provides guideline on the selection of control delay.
The Impact of Changing the Racial Composition of Congressional Districts on Legislators' Roll Call Behavior

The 1991-1992 redrawing of congressional districts produced the greatest changes of any remapping since the mid-1960s. In many states, particularly in the South, the driving force was the Justice Department demand that majority-minority districts be drawn wherever possible. In this article the author explores the consequences of changing the racial composition of districts on legislative behavior. A measure of conservatism and a measure of support for civil rights concerns serve as the dependent variables. Comparing voting records of southern legislators in 1993 with those from the 102nd Congress shows that freshman Republicans were particularly conservative and more senior representatives were often more conservative. Some evidence suggests that first-term Democrats were more liberal than their predecessors. At first it appeared that legislators modified their voting records in response to changes in the racial composition of their districts. Once further controls were imposed, it became clear that the r...
A Change Detection Approach to Moving Object Detection in Low Fame-Rate Video

Moving object detection is of significant interest in temporal image analysis since it is a first step in many object identification and tracking applications. A key component in almost all moving object detection algorithms is a pixellevel classifier, where each pixel is predicted to be either part of a moving object or part of the background. In this paper we investigate a change detection approach to the pixel-level classification problem and evaluate its impact on moving object detection. The change detection approach that we investigate was previously applied to multi- and hyper-spectral datasets, where images were typically taken several days, or months apart. In this paper, we apply the approach to lowframe rate (1-2 frames per second) video datasets.
Video-rate fluorescence diffuse optical tomography for in vivo sentinel lymph node imaging

We have developed a fiber-based, video-rate fluorescence diffuse optical tomography (DOT) system for noninvasive in vivo sentinel lymph node (SLN) mapping. Concurrent acquisition of fluorescence and reference signals allowed the efficient generation of ratio-metric data for 3D image reconstruction. Accurate depth localization and high sensitivity to fluorescent targets were established in to depths of >10 mm. In vivo accumulation of indocyanine green (ICG) dye was imaged in the region of the SLN following intradermal injection into the forepaw of rats. These results suggest that video-rate fluorescence DOT has significant potential as a clinical tool for noninvasive mapping of SLN.