cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SPICE circuit synthesis from complex pole-residue S-parameter representation

The main challenge in the synthesis of macromodel-based SPICE subcircuits resides in the accurate representation of the complex-pole residue pairs from the rational function expansion. This paper examines the different circuit topologies that can be used from the scattering parameter description. The circuit extraction algorithms are studied and tested through the use of simulation to verify the robustness and accuracy of these models.
Library Leadership and Esprit de Corps

Harness the power of esprit de corps by aligning library personnel with four critical elements of ‘organizational esprit’ – planning, place, provenance and personnel.
A low-loss 1.4–2.1 GHz compact tunable three-pole filter with improved stopband rejection using RF-MEMS capacitors

A 1.4–2.1 GHz compact tunable 3-pole bandpass filter with improved stopband rejection using RF-MEMS capaciters and varactor diodes has been demonstrated. The MEMS capacitors are fabricated and fully packaged using a 0.18 µm CMOS standard process with integrated high voltage drivers and SPI control logic and with reliability in the billions of cycles. The 1.4 – 2.1 GHz filter results in insertion loss < 2 dB with 1-dB fractional bandwidth (FBW) of 12–13%. The proposed design has highly improved stopband rejection compared to a standard combline filter. The application areas are in modern multi-standard communication systems.
Update on functional anatomy and pathology of human eustachian tube related to otitis media with effusion.

New anatomic and histiopathologic information regarding the eus-tachian tube and its surrounding structure as well as possible mechanisms of opening and closing function and dysfunction are discussed in this article. In the past two decades, much light has been shed on the relationship between anomalies of the eustachian tube and the pathogenesis of otitis media with effusion. Now that a technique for obtaining specimens for any histiopathologic study that includes the temporal bone as well as the esutachian tube is available, it is hoped that, by harvesting and examining a large number of such specimens, more information will be gained about the relation between eustachian tube pathology and eustachian tube dysfunction, particularly as it relates to otitis media effusion. Only in this way can the clinical management of otitis media be improved.
Toward a Holographic Theory for General Spacetimes

Author(s): Nomura, Y; Salzetta, N; Sanches, F; Weinberg, SJ | Abstract: We study a holographic theory of general spacetimes that does not rely on the existence of asymptotic regions. This theory is to be formulated in a holographic space. When a semiclassical description is applicable, the holographic space is assumed to be a holographic screen: a codimension-1 surface that is capable of encoding states of the gravitational spacetime. Our analysis is guided by conjectured relationships between gravitational spacetime and quantum entanglement in the holographic description. To understand basic features of this picture, we catalog predictions for the holographic entanglement structure of cosmological spacetimes. We find that qualitative features of holographic entanglement entropies for such spacetimes differ from those in AdS/CFT but that the former reduce to the latter in the appropriate limit. The Hilbert space of the theory is analyzed, and two plausible structures are found: a direct-sum and "spacetime-equals-entanglement" structure. The former preserves a naive relationship between linear operators and observable quantities, while the latter respects a more direct connection between holographic entanglement and spacetime. We also discuss the issue of selecting a state in quantum gravity, in particular how the state of the multiverse may be selected in the landscape.
National Trends and Predictors of Androgen Deprivation Therapy Use in Low-Risk Prostate Cancer

Purpose Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is not recommended for low-risk prostate cancer because of its lack of benefit and potential for harm. We evaluated the incidence and predictors of ADT use in low-risk disease. Methods and Materials Using the National Cancer Database, we identified 197,957 patients with low-risk prostate cancer (Gleason score of 3 + 3 = 6, prostate-specific antigen level Results Overall ADT use decreased from 17.6% in 2004 to 3.5% in 2012. In 2012, 11.5% of low-risk brachytherapy patients and 7.6% of external beam radiation therapy patients received ADT. Among 82,352 irradiation-managed patients, predictors of ADT use included treatment in a community versus academic cancer program (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 1.60; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.50-1.71; P P P P =.018); treatment in a community versus academic cancer program (AOR, 1.61; 95% CI, 1.37-1.90; P P ≤.008). Primary ADT use was associated with increased all-cause mortality in patients who did not receive local therapy (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.28; 95% CI, 1.14-1.43; P Conclusions ADT use in low-risk prostate cancer has declined nationally but may remain an issue of concern in certain populations and regions.
Intermittency and other Scaling Behaviors in Nuclear Collisions

I first make some general remarks about intermittency, particularly for heavy-ion collisions. Then I review scaling behaviors that should be expected in quark-hadron phase transition. First the treatment is for equilibrium systems where the Ginzburg-Landau formalism can be applied. Then, for nonequilibrium systems the approach is changed to using cellular automata, and self-organized criticality is found.
Optimal design of hybrid wind/photovoltaic electrolyzer for maximum hydrogen production using imperialist competitive algorithm

The rising demand for high-density power storage systems such as hydrogen, combined with renewable power production systems, has led to the design of optimal power production and storage systems. In this study, a wind and photovoltaic (PV) hybrid electrolyzer system, which maximizes the hydrogen production for a diurnal operation of the system, is designed and simulated. The operation of the system is optimized using imperialist competitive algorithm (ICA). The objective of this optimization is to combine the PV array and wind turbine (WT) in a way that, for minimized average excess power generation, maximum hydrogen would be produced. Actual meteorological data of Miami is used for simulations. A framework of the advanced alkaline electrolyzer with the detailed electrochemical model is used. This optimal system comprises a PV module with a power of 7.9 kW and a WT module with a power of 11 kW. The rate of hydrogen production is 0.0192 mol/s; an average Faraday efficiency of 86.9 percent. The electrolyzer works with 53.7 percent of its nominal power. The availability of the wind for longer periods of time reflects the greater contribution of WT in comparison with PV towards the overall throughput of the system.
Diet in Heart Disease and Cancer

It is difficult to do justice to two broad subjects in a short discourse. The principal killer diseases of our time, coronary disease and cancer, are both degenerative diseases of multiple etiology. There are defined risk factors for coronary disease — elevated plasma cholesterol level, elevated blood pressure, cigarette smoking, overweight, male gender. Cancer, being a more complex and widely physiologically disseminated disease, does not have any particular list of risk factors. Diet has been associated with coronary disease because of its connection with blood lipids and overweight and because the earliest experimental lesions were induced in rabbits by dietary means. The connection of diet with cancer was the subject of heightened attention after Doll and Peto (1981) listed it as a possibly important factor leading to cancer in the U.S.
Peeling of a cylindrical layer

The problem of the peeling of an elastic layer from the “rigid” wall of a cylindrical cavity is considered. A closed form analytical solution is obtained and numerical results are presented revealing characteristic features of the phenomenon.
Comments on and Reactions to Freedman, Statistics and the Scientific Method

Mindless applications of regression models to poorly measured data in the social sciences are what Freedman deplores. I yield to nobody in my Opposition to mindlessness—in the natural sciences as in the social sciences—and I am steadfastly in favor of good measurement of theoretical relevant constructs. But frequently the lines between mindlessness and wise exploration, between measurement guided by lame-brained theories and that inspired by a truly visionary world view are unclear, distinguishable only through the myopia-correcting lenses of hindsight. Freedman uses such hindsight to discern and describe some examples of mathematical models in the natural sciences that have succeeded admirably, and he contrasts them to “typical regression models in the social sciences.” He suggests the comparison may be unfair and even cruel: In this suggestion he is correct; The comparison is certainly unfair. While social science comes off second-best by design, surely the tables would be turned were we to take shoddy examples of physical science and compare them with the best of theory-guided social science research, whether or not it uses regression analysis.
Supporting Science Learning in Context: Project-Based Learning

What kinds of science understandings should students develop in school? Does school help learners develop understandings that are useful for their lives? Does school help students develop understandings that they can use to predict and explain? What does the learning environment look like that supports students developing understanding? In this chapter, I first explore the types of understanding most students develop as a result of regular school science. The chapter continues with a discussion of the type of understanding we would like to see students develop. As described below, the understandings students develop by learning science in context is substantially different from science learning in typical classroom situations. Next, I introduce a model of learning that supports students developing these types of understandings. This chapter focuses on an instructional model, project-based learning, that matches science learning in context. The next two chapters bring these theoretical ideas to life.
Social Science and Ethical Issues

Abortion is by all accounts the most difficult public-policy issue in contemporary America. “No end to the dispute over abortion policy can be foreseen”1 by policy analyst Gilbert Steiner, who sees no “philosophical resolution” to the question of when life begins.
Attribution and Motivation

So far in this book we have been concerned with questions related to a person’s own internal states, such as intrinsic motivation or attitudes. We turn now to the question of how a person infers the internal states of another. If Ken watched Nancy build a table, how would he decide whether or not she liked what she was doing? Or if Judy watched David type a manuscript, how would she decide whether or not he was motivated primarily by the pay or by his interest in typing? These are questions of attribution. How does one person make causal attributions to another? As first discussed by Heider (1958), attribution involves the linking of some event with the conditions which underlie it, through a process of considering personal and environmental forces. This process of attribution stems from a person’s desire to undertand his world as somewhat ordered and nonrandom. He can, through attribution, predict and control his own relation to the world, which in turn plays a part in his feeling a sense of competence and self-determination.
Abstract 4164: Fasting protects mice from lethal radiation by promoting small intestinal stem cell survival

Pancreatic cancer is the fourth leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the US. Surgical resection is the only potentially curative treatment; however, only 15%-20% of patients present with tumors that can be resected. There is no consensus regarding standard of care in unresectable cases, however many academic centers use stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) to give tumor-directed radiotherapy (RT). Unfortunately, even this conformal technique can still cause severe gastrointestinal (GI) toxic effects caused by the proximity of the pancreatic head to the duodenum. Protecting the intestine from the toxic effects of radiation may enable dose escalation that could achieve more effective local control of disease. We and others have previously shown that a prolonged fast of 24 hours protects mice from lethal doses of etoposide. In this study, we extend and build on our previous finding to demonstrate that a similar 24 hour fast also protects from lethal doses of total abdominal radiation. Histologic analyses, using the Withers-Elkind microcolony assay, show that fasting protected small intestinal (SI) stem cells from radiation damage and promoted early regeneration. To show a proof-of-principle for the use of this radioporotective maneuver in cancer therapy, we developed an orthotopic model of pancreatic cancer using KPC tumor cells syngeneic to C57BL/6. Here, we show that fasting-mediated intestinal protection enabled dose escalated SBRT for treatment of these orthotopic tumors. RT with fasting radioprotection delayed tumor growth and improved survival compared to controls. Given this robust phenotype, we developed a 3D culture ex vivo assay using intestinal stem cell enriched epithelial spheroid cultures. We modified these intestinal spheroids with a bioluminescent reporter and used these cells to develop a modified clonogenic assay for 3D culture that can be used to identify novel radioprotectors, such as a fasting mimetic. Taken together, these results suggest that fasting protects small intestinal stem cells sufficiently to allow animals to receive potentially curative doses of abdominal radiation that would other wise be lethal. Future work will aim to identifying the mechanism by which fasting confers intestinal protection and drug candidates that can be used to mimic this fasting-mediated protection. Citation Format: Marimar de la Cruz Bonilla, Kristina M. Stemler, Tara N. Fujimoto, Sabrina Jeter-Jones, Jessica M. Molkentine, Gabriela M. Asencio Torres, Cullen M. Taniguchi, Helen Piwnica-Worms. Fasting protects mice from lethal radiation by promoting small intestinal stem cell survival [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 4164.
Cooperation between the SF/HGF:c-Met pathway and c-Myc in human medulloblastoma malignancy

4818 We have previously shown that the growth factor scatter factor/hepatocyte growth factor (SF/HGF) and its tyrosine kinase receptor c-Met play important roles in medulloblastoma malignancy. The transcription factor c-Myc is another well known contributor to the malignancy of these most common childhood brain tumors. In the present study, we observed that the morphology of medulloblastoma xenografts established from SF/HGF overexpressing DAOY cells strikingly resembles the morphology of xenografts derived from c-Myc overexpressing DAOY cells as well as the large cell medulloblastoma subtype that has been associated with increased c-Myc expression. We therefore hypothesized a biologically significant link between SF/HGF:c-Met and c-Myc in medulloblastoma malignancy and studied the interactions between them. We found that SF/HGF induces c-Myc mRNA and protein expression in DAOY cells via activation of c-Met, MAPK, PI3K, GSK-3 and beta-catenin. Treatment of DAOY cells with SF/HGF led to phosphorylation of c-Met, MAPK, AKT, GSK-3 as well as translocation of beta-catenin to the nucleus and activation of TCF-dependent transcription. Inhibition of MAPK with PD 98059, PI-3K with LY 294002, GSK-3β with the S9A GSK-3 mutant and beta-catenin-dependent transcription with TCF transcription factor decoys, all led to the inhibition of c-Myc induction by SF/HGF. SF/HGF induced cell proliferation and G1/S cell cycle progression and also surprisingly enhanced the apoptotic response of DAOY cells to chemotherapy. These effects of SF/HGF were inhibited by infection of DAOY cells with adenoviruses expressing MadMyc, a dominant-negative chimera for c-Myc, demonstrating that the effects of SF/HGF on cell cycle, cell proliferation and apoptosis in medulloblastoma are mediated by c-Myc. c-Myc mediated the cell cycle progression effects of SF/HGF through induction of CDK2 kinase activity and mediated the pro-apoptotic effects of SF/HGF through downregulation of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-Xl. SF/HGF induced CDK2 kinase activity. This effect was inhibited by MadMyc expression, leading to inhibition of SF/HGF-induced cell cycle progression. SF/HGF inhibited BcL-Xl in a c-Myc dependent manner and overexpression of BcL-Xl blunted the pro-apoptotic effects of SF/HGF. We have therefore established for the first time a functional cooperation between SF/HGF:c-Met and c-Myc in human medulloblastoma and elucidated the molecular mechanisms that underlie this cooperation. These findings could have implications on the design of therapeutic strategies that target SF/HGF:c-Met and/or c-Myc in human medulloblastoma. Supported by Jean Maxwell American brain tumor Association Fellowship (YL) and NIH grant RO1 NS045209 (RA).
Challenges and Opportunities for Lung Cancer Screening in Rural America

Rural populations have higher rates of smoking and both lung cancer incidence and mortality compared with their urban peers. As such, it is imperative that high-risk, rural populations have access to recommended low-dose CT (LDCT) screening, which can detect lung cancer at an earlier, more treatable stage. Data from the 2015 National Health Interview Survey, a nationally representative survey, were analyzed to assess nonmetropolitan-metropolitan and geographic differences in LDCT utilization among screening-eligible individuals. Screening uptake did not differ by nonmetropolitan vs. metropolitan status (3.72% and 3.83%, respectively). Regional uptake varied from 1.58% in the West to 10.11% in the Northeast. Additionally, nonmetropolitan populations represent a disproportionately high 23% of the screening-eligible population despite accounting for only 15% of the US population. There are two key challenges to high-quality LDCT screening experienced by rural populations: (1) geographic access to LDCT screening programs and (2) provider-patient communication. Despite the increased availability of LDCT screening centers since 2015, which is when most insurance plans began to cover the costs of screening, centers are geographically maldistributed relative to the rural-urban and regional need. Although decision aids can facilitate discussion between providers and patients regarding the risks and benefits of LDCT screening, research on the uptake and utility of these tools in rural areas is very limited. Analyses of population-based surveys and administrative and clinical data are needed to continue to surveil screening utilization, elucidate predictors of screening use, and inform shared decision-making tools and interventions for at-risk rural populations.
“Life is a Game, So Fight for Survival”: The Neoliberal Logics of Educational Colonialism within the Battle Royale Franchise

This chapter explores the deployment of educational ideologies within the Japanese horror/science fiction franchise Battle Royale as related to histories of colonization by Western countries. The chapter specifically interrogates the influence of American educational practices upon Japanese schooling to explore how both expectations of individualized success and the influences of capitalist-oriented economic advancement led to Japan’s failure to achieve economic global equity with the globalized West, while becoming a model of how not to engage in postcolonial logics of capitalism. Through analysis of the various literary and filmic products within the Battle Royale franchise, the chapter argues that the children, made to fight each other as a punishment for their bringing about Japan’s economic turmoil, become a figure of queer and subaltern status that can serve as a point of blame to Japan’s own failed assimilation into the auspices of the Western imperialist project. Using queer theory and postcolonial theory to argue this, the chapter asserts that the children of the Battle Royale Experiment are themselves unable to achieve the political status of The Child in need of saving, while simultaneously being an object for which national failure is thrust. The chapter concludes with a suggestion that the Battle Royale franchise provides a heavy-handed, yet necessary exploration of the limitations of postcolonial assimilation, while placing the potential for true revolution within the queer, subaltern children of Battle Royale’s many iterations.
Using Social Media as a Platform for a Virtual Professional Learning Community.

The Professional Learning Community (PLC) has been used in higher education to provide a platform for faculty members to discuss challenges and build professional skills. While the virtual PLC (VPLC) is becoming a more acceptable delivery mechanism for faculty professional development, successful practices for designing these learning environments has received little attention in the research literature. Social media has been found to provide an environment in which professional learning can occur. However, social media use for professional development has primarily focused on informal learning in unstructured formats. The purpose of this interpretive qualitative study was to provide insight into how a purposefully structured social media platform might be used to support a VPLC. Twenty-two doctoral mentoring faculty members from an online university agreed to participate in a VPLC using a social media platform and facilitated by expert colleagues. Upon completion of the ten-week experience, data was collected using a self-reflective interview strategy. This study confirmed previous research into the benefits of the PLC for professional development in academia and of using social media for professional learning. It extended the research to describe the structured, VPLC using a social medial platform to engage faculty, build relationships and foster shared learning.
A CO2 temperature equation

Abstract. Modelling climate change at its core equation - temperature against CO2 concentration may allow a projection of the future path of global warming. The conclusion is certain: considerably hotter. Keywords. Average global temperature, CO2 concentration, Hawking irreversibility. JEL. B14, B24, B51.
Magical Terrestrealism in Edwidge Danticat’s Claire of the Sea Light

This essay discusses the uneven development of the genre of magical realism within Caribbean studies. Creolization is Caribbeanness’s middle name, so it is not surprising that its hybridizing impulses would affect literary and generic categories like magical realism as much as the cultural, linguistic, or racial ones with which the process has historically been associated. Using Edwidge Danticat’s Claire of the Sea Light as a template, we highlight how the genre’s premises have been used, contested, extended, and manipulated by contemporary Caribbean authors.
Effect of interface grading on the optical performance of distributed Bragg reflector multilayers in Fabry-Pérot optical filters

The design, fabrication, and characterization of abrupt interface and graded interface distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) multilayers is reported. Electron-beam deposited zinc selenide (ZnSe) and Barium Fluoride (BaF2) thin films were chosen as the high and low refractive index dielectric materials respectively, for the DBRs in the mid-wavelength infrared (MWIR) region. In this region, DBRs comprised of 3 stacks of abrupt interface ZnSe and BaF2 thin films with central wavelength of 4 µm were found to suffer from defects and absorption loss that later affect the optical transmission and spectral resolution of assembled Fabry-Perot optical filters. Interfacial grading of the DBRs with a thin layer of amorphous silicon monoxide (SiO) ~ 80 nm, reduced the absorption loss and the interdiffusion of defect atoms at the interface between alternating layers. Fabry-Perot filters assembled from abrupt interface DBRs showed 22% optical transmission, whereas those assembled from graded interface DBRs acheived 26.5% optical transmission. The Full-width at half maximum (FWHM) of the transmission peak for graded interface Fabry-Perot optical filter decreased significantly compared to the abrupt interface optical filter, improving its spectral resolution.
Influence of stress-induced microcracks on viscoplastic creep deformation in Marcellus shale

Time is one of the often-neglected factors in the assessment of the erratic failure of shale rock. Laboratory-creep experiments showed that constant stress induces time-dependent failure in brittle shale. However, the microscopic reason for time-dependent deformation in shale is still unknown. In the current study, triaxial creep and recovery experiments showed that the brittle shale specimens exhibit viscoelastic and viscoplastic creep deformation at constant stress state. In addition, the X-ray computed tomography scan of Marcellus shale showed that the shale specimens contained significant volume of preexisting microcracks. The statistical correlation among permanent strain during the triaxial experiment and stress-induced change in the three-dimensional geometry of microcracks showed that the microcracking is the microscopic reason for viscoplastic creep deformation in shale. In addition to the time and level of constant differential stress, factors such as orientation of bedding planes and specimen heterogeneity also influence the nature of creep deformation.
A rare case of left colic branch aneurysm presenting with rupture and intra-abdominal hemorrhage.

Abstract An aneurysm of the inferior mesenteric artery is a rarely described clinical presentation. We have presented the case of a ruptured aneurysm originating from a branch of the inferior mesenteric artery that might represent an aneurysm of the left colic artery or the arc of Riolan. Aneurysms of this anatomic location can develop secondary to mesenteric occlusive disease, alterations in mesenteric blood flow from previous operations, or connective tissue disease. In the present case, a patient with a ruptured inferior mesenteric artery branch aneurysm had presented with intra-abdominal hemorrhage, which was successfully treated with endovascular embolization.
Reference-based Virtual Metrology method with uncertainty evaluation for Material Removal Rate prediction based on Gaussian Process Regression

The prediction of average Material Removal Rate (MRR) in Chemical Mechanical Planarization (CMP) process is regarded as a crucial research objective of Virtual Metrology (VM) for semiconductor manufacturing. In this paper, a novel VM model is proposed to predict MRR in CMP process based on the integration of Gaussian Process Regression (GPR) with a reference-based strategy. The proposed method estimates the similarity of the changing trends of the sensor traces using Maximum Mean Discrepancy (MMD) as a metric to extract reliable references for further prediction. The temporal information is also combined in the strategy by filtering the data samples by timestamps. Afterwards, GPR is used to fuse the reference data samples to predict the metrology with a confidence interval. Compared with the benchmarks in the recent literature, the proposed method, referred as MMD-GPR model, gives better prediction performance than ensemble learning methods and equivalent accuracy compared with Deep Neural Networks (DNN) but with a more efficient framework.
Parametric stability of geared systems with linear suspension in permanent contact regime

The prediction and control of excessive vibration are one of the most important concerns in the design and development of geared systems. For any gear set, parametric resonance is the main source of instability, resulting in the separation of gears in mesh and chaotic behavior. In many works, gears are modeled with rigid mountings, and various analytical and numerical approaches have been used to investigate the dynamic characteristics of the system in different regimes: permanent contact (no impact), free play, single-sided impact, and double-sided impact. Alternatively, in other works, the effect of the deformation of the mountings is included in the dynamic modeling; in almost all these studies, the dynamic characteristic of the system is investigated through direct numerical integration of the governing differential equations, and there is no analytical work to determine the effect of suspension on the parametric resonance of the system. Consequently, in this work, both analytical and numerical approaches, including the Poincare–Lindstedt method and Floquet theory, are used to investigate the dynamic characteristics of a one-stage spur gear pair with linear suspension in the permanent contact regime. It has been shown that, unlike systems with rigid mounting that have one set of unstable tongues, systems with suspension have three sets of unstable tongues. The results show that the additional sets of unstable tongues appear at higher parametric frequencies. Therefore, the rigid mounting assumption is accurate only for systems operating at low speeds; for systems operating at high speeds, the deformation of the suspension must be included in the dynamic modeling, as it significantly contributes to the parametric instability of the system.
SPATIAL ENVIRONMENTAL VARIATION CAN SELECT FOR EVOLVABILITY

Previous studies have shown that temporally fluctuating environments can create indirect selection for modifiers of evolvability. Here, we use a simple computational model to investigate whether spatially varying environments (multiple demes with limited migration among them, and a different, static selective optimum in each) can also create indirect selection for increased evolvability. The answer is surprisingly complicated. Spatial variation in the environment can sharply reduce the survival rate of migrants, because migrants may be maladapted to their new deme, relative to incumbents. The incumbent advantage can be removed by occasional extinctions in single demes. After all incumbents in a particular deme die, incoming migrants from other demes will, on average, be similarly maladapted to the new environment. This sets off a race to adapt rapidly. Over many extinction events, and the subsequent invasions by maladapted immigrants into a new environment, indirect selection for the ability to adapt rapidly, also known as high evolvability, may result.
Free to Flow? New Results on Capital Mobility Amongst the Developed Countries

This paper evaluates the evidence for uncovered and real interest parity at the long horizons for the non-G7 economies. We examine the behavior of exchange rates and interest differentials for bonds with 5-year maturity. Although there are substantial differences in the results among countries, the majority of the countries' interest differentials have correctly signed coefficients, which contrasts strongly with previous studies and provide empirical support for market integration. Similarly, test of real interest parity indicate a higher degree of equalization. In summary, we find greater evidence of capital and goods market integration than has been found using short term data, indicating that capital market integration has proceeded further even among the smaller developed economies.
Effects of various steroid milieus or physiological states on sexual behavior of Holstein cows.

Two experiments were conducted to determine how steroid milieus and pregnancy affect sexual behavior. Experiment 1 was arranged as a Latin square with five ovariectomized cows and five steroid milieus: no steroid (N); progesterone (P4); estradiol benzoate (EB); P4 + EB; and P4 followed by EB (P4:EB). Progesterone was administered via pessary (2 g of P4) for 5 d and EB was injected (1 mg i.m.) on the day before a test day. On a test day, cows were exposed for four 30-min periods, twice each with a tied or a loose estrual test cow (prepared using P4:EB). Sexual behaviors recorded were attempted mounts, successful mounts, front mounts, stands, head butts, chin rests, and vulvar sniffs. Cows exhibited more (P less than .05) sexual behavior during periods with the loose estrual test cow than with the tied estrual test cow. Cows receiving P4 alone ranked lowest among treatments for each behavior, whereas cows receiving EB or P4:EB ranked highest or second-highest. Progesterone prevented stands in cows given P4 + EB, but these cows displayed mounting behaviors similar to those of cows given EB and P4:EB. Cows given P4 + EB were similar to those given N for most behaviors. In Exp. 2, 118 intact, lactating cows were observed in groups of four or five for mounting of estrual test cows during 24, 30-min observation periods on 8 d over 2 yr. The design was an incomplete block with physiological state, parity, estradiol, progesterone, and a calculated estrogen:progesterone ratio included in the model. Each block included one or two cows at 23 +/- .8 d after insemination, divided retrospectively into one pregnant and two non-pregnant groups (low [less than 1 ng/mL] vs high progesterone), and other cows at 89 +/- 1.0, 152 +/- 1.2, and 234 +/- 1.7 d of gestation (six physiological groups). Most cows were observed once, but 27 cows were included twice during 2 yr. Only 60% of the 118 cows made attempted or successful mounts even though estrual test cows were always receptive. Physiological state was not associated with amount of mounting because very active (greater than or equal to five attempts) and inactive cows were represented in all physiological groups. The estrogen:progesterone ratio on test day accounted for small, but significant, variation in mounting behavior. For cows observed on two different days, correlations between successive observations were .46 for attempted mounts, .78 for successful mounts, and .71 for total mounts.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Generation and characterization of immune-complex specific T cells (BA8P.121)

There is ample evidence that, in systemic autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus, T cells contribute to disease by both providing help for B cells and directly attacking target tissues. However, there is relatively little information on the nature and specificity of such autoreactive T cells. Moreover, there are few if any systems in which they can be identified and studied in vivo. To this end, we have generated a series of autoreactive T cell hybridomas using rheumatoid factor (RF) B cells fed with immune complexes (ICs). We are using this cognate autoreactive T and B cell system to investigate two major questions. 1) What are the T cells specific for within the immune complex? We have used a positional scanning strategy using synthetic combinatorial libraries. Using peptide reactivity patterns to search proteome databases, we identified several candidate peptides, some of which have been synthesized and validated, leading to putative implication of several DNA and RNA interacting proteins. 2) How do autoreactive T cells function in vivo? We have generated retrogenic mice expressing the autoreactive TCR cloned from one of the hybridomas. These cells are positively selected into the CD4 compartment but do not become nTregs. These mice will be used to characterize the autoreactive T cells in vivo, including their interactions with cognate RF B cells as well as their potential to promote disease.
Shades of Brown: A Model for Thermogenic Fat

Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is specialized to burn fuels to perform thermogenesis in defense of body temperature against cold. Recent discovery of metabolically active and relevant amounts of BAT in adult humans have made it a potentially attractive target for development of anti-obesity therapeutics. There are two types of brown adipocytes: classical brown adipocytes and brown adipocyte-like cells, so-called beige/brite cells, which arise in white adipose tissue in response to cold and hormonal stimuli. These cells may derive from distinct origins, and while functionally similar, have different gene signatures. Here, we highlight recent advances in the understanding of brown and beige/brite adipocytes as well as transcriptional regulation for development and function of murine brown and beige/brite adipocytes focusing on EBF2, IRF4, and ZFP516, in addition to PRDM16 as a coregulator. We also discuss hormonal regulation of brown and beige/brite adipocytes including several factors secreted from various tissues, including BMP7, FGF21, and irisin, as well as those from BAT itself, such as Nrg4 and adenosine.
Carcinoma of the vulva.

Abstract Some individualization was used in the treatment of 151 patients with invasive squamous carcinoma of the vulva. These patients were studied for the success and safety when inguinal lymphadenectomy is omitted for patients with favorable lesion and increased operative risk. Of special interest were the results of iliac lymphadenectomy added to the more standard treatment of radical vulvectomy and inguinal lymphadenectomy for patients with advanced lesions. The recent international staging adopted by FIGO in 1967 was applied to these patients retrospectively to determine the clinical applicability and accuracy in reflecting prognosis.
Staining of Bacteriophages for Light Microscopy

Bacteriophages can be stained with a flagella stain, making them visible by light microscopy.
Factors inducing fertility in aseptic Crustacea

1. Fertility stops after a few aseptic generations in cultures ofArtemia salina, Tigriopus japonicus andDaphnia magna fed algae. 2. Fertility was restored in amphigonic and parthenogeneticArtemia salina subjected to low-salinity stress by addition of milligram concentrations of yeast and liver extract. 3. Fertility ofTigriopus japonicus andDaphnia magna was restored by addition of vitamin mixtures to the algae/crustacean medium. 4. The vitamins act directly on the algae by increasing their nutritional value for the crustaceans cultivated. 5. Continuous aseptic culture ofMoina macrocopa was obtained in an artifical medium enriched with egg yolk and vitamins E and D. Such a medium supports only 5 to 6 generations ofDaphnia magna. 6. Lipid factors seem essential for sustained fertility inMoina macrocopa andDaphnia magna. 7. Some suggestions are made for improving partially gnotobiotic cultures of filter-feeders.
Resonance production in Yпπ final states of K−p interactions at 1.33 GeV/c

We have studied three final states involving a hyperon and two pions produced by 1.33 GeV/c negative kaons in the Lawrence Radiation Laboratory 72-inch hydrogen bubble chamber. We found the Y 1 * (1385) dominated the Λπ+π- final state while the Y 0 * (1405) and the Y 0 * (1520) were prominent in the Σ±π0π∓ final states. The partial cross-sections, masses, widths and production angular distributions of the resonances were obtained. Resonance production was determined to proceed mainly through thes-channel.
Astrobiology in the United States

The first part of this chapter contains a brief history of some of the key events leading to initiation of NASA’s Astrobiology program in the late 1990s. The perspective taken is than of a non-specialist and emphasis is placed on policy issues rather than key scientific discoveries. A basic conclusion that can be drawn from the circumstances surrounding the initiation of the program is that a combination of scientific results in diverse fields, combined with advanced planning by scientific community and NASA, enabled prompt exploitation of a political opportunity. The second part of this chapter concerns the findings and recommendations contained in a recent scientific and programmatic assessment of NASA’s activities in the general area of astrobiology. The basic conclusion of this study is guarded optimism that the program is on track.
Niphon spinosus, a Primitive Epinepheline Serranid: Corroborative Evidence from the Larvae

The larvae ofNiphon spinosus are described based on seven specimens (4.2 mmNL–7.2 mmSL) collected in the East China Sea during October and November of 1980–1984. The morphology of these larvae, in particular the elongate third dorsal spine and the configuration of the developing anterior dorsal pterygiophore complex, corroborates the hypothesis thatNiphon is a member of the serranid subfamily Epinephelinae. Within the Epinephelinae larvalNiphon resemble most closely those of the tribe Epinephelini, but differ in several respects, such as the absence of serrations on the dorsal, pelvic and preopercular spines. Using outgroup comparison as a basis for character polarization, a character analysis demonstrates that it is most parsimonious to hypothesize thatNiphon is the sister group of all other epinepheline tribes rather than the sister group of the tribe Epinephelini.
Types of Innovation

In this article we offer an organizing framework, or typology, for the different types of innovations that a firm may create or experience. Because of the plethora of terms used to label innovations, the focus here is on the most widely referenced types of innovations: product/service versus process, radical versus incremental, technological versus administrative, architectural versus modular, and disruptive versus sustaining. Having a common way of conceptualizing innovations provides researchers and managers a foundation for gaining a greater understanding on how to manage different types of innovations in the firms portfolio. Keywords: radical innovation; incremental innovation; typology; disruptive innovation
Numerical Modeling of Water Waves with the SPH Method

Abstract Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) is a relatively new method for examining the propagation of highly nonlinear and breaking waves. At Johns Hopkins University, we have been working since 2000 to develop an engineering tool using this technique. However, there have been some difficulties in taking the model from examples using a small number of particles to more elaborate and better resolved cases. Several improvements that we have implemented are presented here to handle turbulence, the fluid viscosity and density, and a different time-stepping algorithm is used. The final model is shown to be able to model breaking waves on beaches in two and three dimensions, green water overtopping of decks, and wave–structure interaction.
Early childhood education and care regulation: a comparative perspective

Abstract Although all industrialized countries regulate early childhood education and care establishaments, regulatory regimes differ substantially. Early childhood education and care regulation is provider-focused in France and Germany, child-focused in Sweden, and facility-focused in the United States. Regulatory enforcement also varies sharply, with France, Germany, and Sweden stressing technical assistance, while the United States stresses compliance. A review of controversies reveals opportunities for cross-national learning and for regulatory reform.
Health policies in Africa and Latin America: adopting the primary care approach.

The central problem of this special issue of Social Science and Medicine is: why and how governments adopt (or fail to adopt) the primary care approach to health care delivery. The papers approach this problem from different perspectives, including the international arena, economic and social constraints, regime and institutional characteristics, and development projects. Recommendations for changing health policy are also reviewed, leading to the conclusion that more research into the process of policy-making is necessary.
Evaluation and comparison of models of metabolic syndrome using confirmatory factor analysis

The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare three competing models of the underlying factor structure of metabolic syndrome using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Data from the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study (IRAS) was used, which has previously been evaluated using principal components analysis (PCA). The three models that were evaluated consisted of oblique and orthogonal two-factor models with hypothesized underlying “metabolic” and “blood pressure” factors, and a four-factor model theorizing “insulin resistance,” “obesity,” “lipids,” and “blood pressure” as the underlying constructs. Several CFAs were performed using EQS Multivariate Software Version 5.7b with maximum likelihood estimation. The results showed that the four-factor model yielded significantly better data-model fit than two-factor models, with a comparative fit index of 0.963, and standardized root mean square residual of 0.036. Factors exhibited good construct reliability and variance extracted estimates except for the lipids factor. We concluded that the four-factor model of metabolic syndrome was the most plausible model among the three competing models.
Hormonal induction of dehydrogenase enzymes in mammary gland in vitro.

Abstract Mammary explants from midpregnant mice undergo functional differentiation when cultivated in vitro with insulin, prolactin, and corticosterone. The activities of two enzymes of the pentose phosphate pathway for glucose metabolism, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, increase by 2-fold after cultivation with insulin and prolactin, and this increase can be maintained by the further addition of corticosterone. Maximal induction occurs by 48 hr after an initial lag period. Actinomycin D and cycloheximide prevented enzyme increases when present from the start of culture. Cycloheximide was largely ineffective when added during the late phase (44 hr) of induction, whereas actinomycin D was still 50% inhibitory at this time. This suggests that the essential peptide elongation is virtually completed by 44 hr, despite a continued need for RNA synthesis. Colchicine and cytosine arabinoside, whether added initially or after the explants had been exposed to hormones for 24 hr, had relatively little effect on enzyme induction. Hence, DNA synthesis and cell division do not appear essential for dehydrogenase increases. Fructose can replace glucose in the culture medium. Increased concentrations of glucose in the medium neither replace nor enhance hormonal effects. Hormones must be present in the medium for at least several hours to effect maximal induction at 48 hr. After this time, the continued presence of hormones is not required to maintain enzyme activity over the following 24 hr.
Nonreimbursed home health care: beyond the bills.

The unprecedented growth in the home care industry over the past decade has produced a highly competitive environment for care delivery. To survive, most agencies are implementing strategies to maximize reimbursable care. This focus, while likely to improve an agency's financial situation, is fraught with potential problems. Reimbursed care represents only a small portion of the care that is required and delivered. Still, aside from anecdotes, little reporting has been done to document such additional service, much less to consider the consequences of reducing or deleting it. We selected a sample of 350 public health home care episodes throughout Virginia, and reviewed billing records to determine the number of billed home visits attached to them. We then reviewed home health records for the matching episodes and recorded all visits and other care-related activities (e.g., telephone calls, conferences, laboratory trips). Total home visits increased, with an average of 1.5 unbilled home visits per episode. In addition, 10 additional care-related activities take place per patient, none of which is billed. These findings represent one of the first attempts to quantify the amounts and types of nonbilled care delivered by nurses. This care consumes significant nursing resources and, as a result, may be destined to be reduced or totally eliminated.