cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Importance of Safety in Achieving the Widespread Use of Hydrogen as a Fuel

The advantages of hydrogen fuel have been adequately demonstrated on numerous occasions. However, two major disadvantages have prevented any significant amount of corresponding development. These disadvantages have been in the economics of producing sufficient quantities of hydrogen and in the safety (both real and perceived) of its use. To date, work has mostly been properly centered on solving the economic problems. However, a greater effort on the safety of new hydrogen systems now being proposed also deserves consideration.
A simple method for the rapid determination of the stereospecificity of NAD-dependent dehydrogenases applied to mammalian IMP dehydrogenase and bacterial NADH peroxidase.

Abstract The stereospecificity of IMP dehydrogenase (IMP:NAD + oxidoreductase EC 1.1.1.205) from two different sources was determined. The enzyme preparations were obtained from murine lymphoblasts and from Escherichia coli . Both enzymes transferred the 2- 3 H of IMP to the pro- S position of carbon atom C-4 of the nicotinamide ring in NAD. Thus, B-sided stereospecificity is common to the enzyme from two very different species. In addition, the studies described here demonstrate that alcohol dehydrogenase and NADH peroxidase, used as auxilliary enzymes, in combination with a microdistillation procedure, should permit rapid determination of the stereospecificity of any NAD-dependent dehydrogenase for which the appropriate tritiated substrate is available.
Glyceroneogenesis is the dominant pathway for triglyceride glycerol synthesis in vivo in the rat.

Triglyceride synthesis in mammalian tissues requires glycerol 3-phosphate as the source of triglyceride glycerol. In this study the relative contribution of glyceroneogenesis and glycolysis to triglyceride glycerol synthesis was quantified in vivo in adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, and liver of the rat in response to a chow diet (controls), 48-h fast, and lipogenic (high sucrose) diet. The rate of glyceroneogenesis was quantified using the tritium ([3H2]O) labeling of body water, and the contribution of glucose, via glycolysis, was determined using a [U-14C]glucose tracer. In epididymal and mesenteric adipose tissue of control rats, glyceroneogenesis accounted for ∼90% of triglyceride glycerol synthesis. Fasting for 48 h did not alter glyceroneogenesis in adipose tissue, whereas the contribution of glucose was negligible. In response to sucrose feeding, the synthesis of triglyceride glycerol via both glyceroneogenesis and glycolysis nearly doubled (versus controls); however, glyceroneogenesis remained quantitatively higher as compared with the contribution of glucose. Enhancement of triglyceride-fatty acid cycling by epinephrine infusion resulted in a higher rate of glyceroneogenesis in adipose tissue, as compared with controls, whereas the contribution of glucose via glycolysis was not measurable. Glyceroneogenesis provided the majority of triglyceride glycerol in the gastrocnemius and soleus. In the liver the fractional contribution of glyceroneogenesis remained constant (∼60%) under all conditions and was higher than that of glucose. Thus, glyceroneogenesis, in contrast to glucose, via glycolysis, is quantitatively the predominant source of triglyceride glycerol in adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, and liver of the rat during fasting and high sucrose feeding.
Unique contribution of catecholamine receptors in the brain of the cat underlying feeding.

Abstract After a Collison cannula was implanted bilaterally in the cat for intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection, individual patterns of food intake were determined. A mixture of dry and canned cat food was provided to the animal every morning at the same time for 1.0 hr. Once intakes had stabilized, either norepinephrine (NE) or an adrenoreceptor blocking agent was infused in one lateral ventricle by gravity flow over an interval of 30–60 sec. NE given ICV in a dose of 25–75 μg 15 min before the period of feeding enhanced both the amount of food consumed by the cat and the duration of its feeding for up to 1.0 hr. When phentolamine in a dose of 25–100 μg was infused 15 min prior to the feeding interval, the cat's intake of food was attenuated in a dose-dependent manner, again in terms of both the quantity consumed and the interval of eating. Propranolol was essentially without effect on food intake. In the fully satiated cat, NE infused ICV 15–45 min following the termination of its morning feeding episode tended to augment food intake at the highest 100 μg dose, but the effect was not significant. The dose-dependent hypothermia typically observed after NE is given ICV to the cat was found to be entirely independent of the feeding response. Overall, these findings show that noradrenergic pathways in the cat's feeding system apparently bias or otherwise modulate the amount of food consumed. As in other species, the feeding mechanism appears to be mediated through α-adrenergic receptors presumed to be in the diencephalon of the cat.
Electron flow through iron and copper proteins

Employing laser flash-quench triggering methods, we have shown that 20-angstrom, coupling-limited Cu(I) to Ru(III) electron tunneling in Ru-modified blue copper proteins can occur on the microsecond timescale both in solutions and crystals. Redox equivalents can be transferred even longer distances by multistep tunneling, often called hopping, through intervening amino acid side chains. The lessons we have learned about the control of electron tunneling and hopping through biological molecules are now guiding the construction of wired and sensitizer-modified P450s for investigations of electrocatalysis and photocatalysis of oxygenation reactions.
Electrochemical alkaline Fe(VI) water purification and remediation

Fe(VI) is an unusual and strongly oxidizing form of iron, which provides a potentially less hazardous water-purifying agent than chlorine. A novel on-line electrochemical Fe(VI) water purification methodology is introduced. Fe(VI) addition had been a barrier to its effective use in water remediation, because solid Fe(VI) salts require complex (costly) syntheses steps and solutions of Fe(VI) decompose. Online electrochemical Fe(VI) water purification avoids these limitations, in which Fe(VI) is directly prepared in solution from an iron anode as the FeO42- ion, and is added to the contaminant stream. Added FeO42- decomposes, by oxidizing a wide range of water contaminants including sulfides (demonstrated in this study) and other sulfur-containing compounds, cyanides (demonstrated in this study), arsenic (demonstrated in this study), ammonia and other nitrogen-containing compounds (previously demonstrated), a wide range of organics (phenol demonstrated in this study), algae, and viruses (each previously demonstrated).
The Complexity of Socratic Irony: A Note on Professor Vlastos' Account

Professor Vlastos argues that Socratic irony was responsible for a momentous change in the way in which irony was understood in ancient times. Before Socrates, he argues, irony is connected with lying and deceit, but after Socrates it is associated with wit and urbanity. Vlastos claims that Socratic irony is distinctive and complex. According to Vlastos, Socratic irony involves no hint of deception; it consists simply in saying something which when understood in one way is false, but when understood in another way is true.
Nd and Sr isotope evidence linking mid-ocean-ridge basalts and abyssal peridotites

PERIDOTITES found on the sea floor are widely believed to be residues left by mid-ocean-ridge basalt (MORE) melting. As such, their composition should provide insights into the nature of the sub-oceanic depleted mantle. But although these abyssal peridotites occur in mid-ocean ridge fracture zones1,2, there is little other evidence in support of their genetic link with MORB, and doubts about it have been raised3–5. Radiogenic isotopes should be able to provide a powerful test of the hypothesis, but previous studies3,8–10 on whole rocks have not provided unambiguous answers as they are generally altered by sea water. Here we present measurements of the Nd and Sr isotope compositions of a suite of abyssal peridotite clinopyroxenes which should have resisted alteration. Despite residual seawater contamination of Sr in the clinopyroxenes, the data demonstrate that the peridotites are from a depleted mantle source, identical to that of MORB. This provides a strong indication that abyssal peridotites are residues of MORB melting.
Enteral self-expandable stents.

Enteral stents are defined as stents deployed within the stomach, small bowel, and colon. Enteral stents are designed to treat malignant luminal obstruction of the GI tract. Although their use is primarily for palliation of malignant obstruction, they also can be used within the colon as a preoperative modality. This review provides an overview of the techniques and outcomes of enteral stent placement for malignant disease. Indications and strength of recommendations for enteral stent placement are based on evidence and the quality thereof. Future areas for investigation of enteral stents are proposed.
Mentorship and the Female College President

Despite the increase in the number of women college presidents, the percentage of female college presidents is disproportionately low. Results of some studies imply that mentorship is one factor that facilitates women’s climb up the administrative ladder to the college presidency. This study was designed to examine mentoring relationships among female college presidents. A sample of 91 female presidents at selected independent colleges was surveyed about mentor and mentee relationships and demographics. Findings demonstrate that a majority of the respondents had primary mentors (56%) and also served as mentors (64.4%) to others. Mentorship and multiple mentoring relationships are invaluable in advancing women through the ranks of higher education administration and for increasing the number of female college presidents.
Observations bearing on the theory of stellar convection II

It is shown that the best way to get information about efficiency of convective energy transport in the hydrogen convection zones in stars other than the sun is presently contained in continuous energy distributions of A and F stars. Scans show that convective energy transport must be much more efficient than thought hitherto. The scans indicate that rapid rotation enhances convective energy transport.
Measurement of out-of-plane thermal conductivity of substrates for flexible electronics and displays

Thin, compliant substrates are increasingly being used for flexible electronics, displays, wearable devices, etc. The dissipation of heat generated in such devices is likely to be an important technological challenge that has not been investigated sufficiently. This paper reports measurement of the out-of-plane thermal conductivity of materials for thin substrates, which is a key material property that governs thermal performance. One-dimensional, steady state thermal conduction is set up in the substrate of interest. Measurements of temperature gradient induced by an imposed heat flux result in the determination of out-of-plane thermal conductivity. Thermal contact resistance between the substrate and experimental setup is also obtained. Measurements are carried out on polyethylene naphthalate (PEN) and polyethylene teraphthalate (PET) substrates of varying thicknesses. Based on the measured thermal conductivity, simulations are carried out to compare the thermal performance of a thin substrate with a traditional substrate. Though flexible electronic devices dissipate very less power, the low thermal conductivity measured here, and the low substrate thickness indicate the critical need for thermal management of such devices. Results reported here indicate an upper limit on power dissipation in a flexible device compared to a traditional device for maintaining similar thermal performance. Measurements reported in this paper may help in the fundamental understanding of thermal transport and thermal management strategies in flexible electronics and displays. Display Omitted
Modulation of thermal resistance of proteolyticClostridium botulinumspore by aromatic flavor carbonyls

Abstract Vaccination of hens withSalmonella enteritidis(SE) bacterin has become an important industry management tool to reduce both the incidence of SE in flocks and the production of SE-contaminated eggs. After vaccination, antibodies to SE can be found in both the serum and egg yolks. The current study was undertaken to examine whether the antibodies deposited in eggs after vaccination would have any effect on thein vitrogrowth of 10 SE seeded into pooled egg contents and incubated at 37°C for 24 h. The SE inoculum grew well in egg contents from control-vaccinated hens, and a high percentage of these samples were culture positive for SE. Conversely, significantly fewer egg contents from vaccinated hens were positive for SE at weeks 2, 3, 4, and 5 post-primary vaccination and weeks 1, 2, and 4 post-secondary vaccination. After 24 h incubation, the SE inoculum grew to 108–109organisms ml−1in egg contents from control hens, while growing to less than 104organisms ml−1in egg contents from vaccinated hens. No inhibition of growth was observed for a second organism,Proteus mirabilis, in egg contents from bacterin-vaccinated hens, indicating antigen-specificity of the activity. Inhibition of SE growth was observed in egg contents from vaccinated hens diluted 1:5 in eggs from control hens. Mixed results were observed for egg contents receiving a 10-fold higher SE inoculum with significant inhibition of growth observed in one trial and minimal inhibition observed in a second trial. Supplementing the egg samples with an iron source abrogated the inhibition, suggesting that the iron- restricted environment found in eggs may play a role in the observed inhibition.
Internet Use, Browsing, and the Urban Poor: Implications for Cancer Control

Results Internet use increased among Intervention participants, with most of their time spent on social and participatory media sites or Internet portals. Differential patterns of use by gender and race/ethnicity were observed. Purposive searching for health information was low among all participants. Most of the visits to health-related sites were to local hospitals’ sites suggesting the influence of possible preexisting relationships and trust. Social networking sites were frequently visited, with three sites enjoying similar popularity among all groups. Conclusions Our data show that the availability of Internet can lead to significant increase in its use among low SEP groups. Low SEP members used the Internet for participation and engagement, but the sites visited differed by group. Harnessing the power of social networking sites and shareware sites may be a way to increase access to health information. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr 2013;47:199–205
Mercurimetric Determination of Chloride in Biologic Fluids Using 2-(8-Hydroxyquinolyl-5-azo)-Benzoic Acid (QBA*)

2-(8-Hydroxyquinolyl-5-azo)-benzoic acid (QBA) may be substituted for s-diphenylcarbazone as an indicator in the direct mercurimetric titration of chloride ion in biologic fluids. Both indicators give color changes at the same point in the titration. In dilute nitric acid, the Hg(II)-QBA complex is rose-red, whereas unmetallized QBA is orange.
Vascular graft infections and role of PET/CT in patients with persistent bacteraemia

Prosthetic vascular graft infection although a rare complication of vascular reconstruction surgery; has been associated with significant morbidity and mortality. The author presents two patients with prosthetic aortic graft presenting as fever and methicillin sensitive Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia without any other localising sign of infection. Both patients had a history of postoperative wound infection after their graft placement. Patients remained persistently bacteraemic on appropriate antimicrobial therapy making the clinician suspicious of a vascular graft infection. A [18 F] fluoro-2-deoxy-d glucose positron emission tomography associated to CT scan was used to identify the prosthetic vascular graft infection and since both patients were high-risk surgical candidates, a conservative medical approach was used. They were treated with 6 weeks of nafcillin and rifampin, followed by long-term doxycycline for suppression. This highlights the importance of considering vascular graft infection in patients with recurrent and persistent bacteraemia despite adequate therapy.
Predominant populations of indigenous soybean-nodulating Bradyrhizobium japonicum strains obtained from organic farming systems in Minnesota

Aims Bradyrhizobium from organic fields in Minnesota were isolated and genotyped to assess diversity of soybean-bradyrhizobia in organic farming systems that can be used to improve soybean productivity. Methods and Results Soil samples were collected from 25 organic fields in Minnesota during May to July 2012. Soybean (cv. Lambert) was used as a host to trap indigenous bradyrhizobia in each sample. Genetic diversity of Bradyrhizobium strains (n = 733) was determined using the horizontal, fluorophore-enhanced, repetitive extragenic palindromic-PCR (HFERP) DNA fingerprinting technique and the soybean-bradyrhizobia were classified into 79 different genotypes. Of these, 15 dominant genotypes were found and were highly similar (>92% fingerprint similarity) to serotypes USDA 127 (40·4%), USDA 4 (31·8%) and USDA 123 (15·5%), which were the three main populations of soybean-bradyrhizobia in organic fields. Conclusions Bradyrhizobium japonicum serogroup USDA 4 strains were found to make up a previously unrecognized, predominant rhizobial population in the organic farming soils examined. The relative abundance of strain USDA 4 was negatively correlated with that of USDA 127 and this relationship may be influenced by the levels of NO3-N and other soil edaphic factors. Significance and Impact of the Study The local community of bradyrhizobia can be affected by applying inoculant bacteria to organic fields. Based on these results, soybean production in organic farms may be improved by displacing strains similar to USDA 4 with those better at nitrogen fixation and competitive ability than indigenous strains.
SPATIAL HETEROGENEITY IN THE PARASITE COMMUNITIES OF CREEK CHUB (SEMOTILUS ATROMACULATUS) IN SOUTHEASTERN NEBRASKA

The intestinal helminth communities of creek chub (Semotilus atromaculatus) were studied in the streams of southeastern Nebraska to characterize spatial variation, to determine whether drainages act as regional species pools, and to examine the spatial patterning of individual parasite species within and among drainages. Creek chub were sampled in the summer of 2003 and the spring of 2004 at each of 12 sites distributed evenly among 3 drainages in the Big Nemaha River watershed. Four intestinal helminths were recovered: Allocreadium lobatum, Proteocephalus sp., Rhabdochona canadensis, and Paulisentis missouriensis. Host size had little or no effect on the composition of the parasite communities of creek chub, either among individual fish or among samples. In contrast, drainage and sample date explained 82% of the variation in mean infracommunity species richness among samples, and 62% of the variation in mean infracommunity abundance among samples. Drainage differences were determined by the distributions of P. missouriensis and R. canadensis; whereas, A. lobatum and Proteocephalus sp. were more uniformly distributed among drainages. Each drainage was characterized by a unique pattern of species diversity at infracommunity, component community, and drainage levels of organization.
The responsiveness of tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic neurons to prolactin feedback is diminished between early lactation and midlactation in the rat.

Lactation is a state of hyperprolactinemia resulting in part from suppressed tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic (TIDA) neuronal activity. The suckling stimulus contributes to this suppression despite the fact that the TIDA neurons are a potential site for PRL feedback to increase neuronal activity. This study examined the influence of PRL feedback and the suckling stimulus on tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), the rate-limiting enzyme in dopamine biosynthesis, during early and midlactation. On day 3 or 10 of lactation, rats were injected intracerebroventricularly with medium (control) or MMQ cells (200,000 cells), a PRL-secreting cell line. On day 6 of lactation, TH activity in the stalk-median eminence was increased 2- or 1.4-fold by MMQ cells or prior treatment with ovine PRL (oPRL; 4 mg/kg, sc), respectively. Removal of pups for 24 h increased TH activity 70% above levels in pup-exposed rats, and MMQ cells or oPRL caused an additional 60% increase. TH messenger RNA (mRNA) levels in the arcuate nucleus were increa...
An Analysis of the Cartesian Failures to Solve Problems Facing Cartesianism

Desgabets, La Forge, Rohault, Regis, Le Grand, and Arnauld have all been called orthodox Cartesians because they have the following in common: (1) They keep the strict Cartesian dualism between the two created substances, mind which has as its essence or is active unextended thinking, and matter which has as its essence or is inert unthinking extension.1 (2) They insist that causal interaction takes place between these two substances, resulting in ideas and sensations; the ideas are representative of their material causes; the sensations are not. (3) They agree that whatever has being must be either a substance or a modification of a substance.
Liquid injection molding I. An investigation of impingement mixing

The fluid mechanics of impingement mixing was investigated experimentally, and the design procedure, including scale-up, for the MIT Liquid Injection Molding System was established. For impingement mixing to be effective, the Reynolds number based on the nozzle diameter must be greater than about 50 and the momentum ratio of the fluid components must he equal to 1 in addition to satisfying the desired mass flow rate ratio.
Carbon Nanotube-based Nanoprobe Electrode

This paper reports a 10-nm in diameter nanoprobe electrode made of carbon nanotube (CNT) for possible electrophysiological measurements for biomedical applications. The nanoprobe is based on an individual carbon nanotube fabricated by a controlled local growth process and subsequently encapsulated with an insulating layer of Parylene-C. It is integrated with a silicon microstructure with a total length of 5mum and its tip at the distal end is locally heated to expose about 100nm-long CNT as the sensing port. We believe this nano scale CNT probe, with its high strength and Young's modulus, may act as a low-invasive intracellular electrode for measurements inside cells or neurons.
Quality of dying in the ICU: is it worse for patients admitted from the hospital ward compared to those admitted from the emergency department?

Objective Although most intensive care unit (ICU) admissions originate in the emergency department (ED), a substantial number of admissions arrive from hospital wards. Patients transferred from the hospital ward often share clinical characteristics with those admitted from the ED, but family expectations may differ. An understanding of the impact of ICU admission source on family perceptions of end-of-life care may help improve patient and family outcomes by identifying those at risk for poor outcomes.
Improved hybrid‐stress axisymmetric elements includng behaviour for nearly incompressible materials

A series of 4-node axisymmetric solid-of-revolution elements with quadrilateral cross-section are developed based on the hybrid-stress finite element model. The displacement interpolation is identical, and the elements differ in the stress field chosen; alternative schemes for selection of stress distribution are investigated. The performance of these elements is assessed and compared for the example problems of a thick cylinder and thick sphere under internal pressure. Of particular importance are convergence, intra-element stress distributions, and element performance as the incompressible state is approached.
Service cost estimation for packaged business application-based business transformation

Packaged business applications such as SAP and Oracle offer significant benefits and are critical to transforming businesses using standard-based business processes and prepackaged software solutions. Business process configuration, solution development, and installation of packaged business applications for enterprises comprise a significant portion of the business and IT service industry today. This paper presents an approach to estimating project schedules, staffing, service costs, and business benefits of business transformation using packaged business applications. More specifically, it presents normative and constructive estimation models, software tools and methods for structuring project plans and strategies, configuring project schedules, estimating the cost and value of such projects, and supporting decisions for estimating cost and project schedules.
Transfusion‐induced alloimmunization and platelet refractoriness in a mouse model: mechanisms and interventions

BACKGROUND Platelet (PLT) transfusions can be an essential therapy for patients with thrombocytopenia to maintain hemostasis. However, some patients become alloimmunized to antigens on PLTs (typically HLA), which can prevent efficacy of PLT transfusion due to antibody-mediated clearance. In extreme cases, patients with alloimmunization to multiple HLAs can become “refractory” to PLT transfusion, such that insufficient compatible PLT units can be found to meet transfusion needs. MATERIALS AND METHODS An in vivo murine model of PLT-induced alloimmunization was refined so as to include both transfusion with allogeneic leukoreduced PLTs and studies of posttransfusion PLT recoveries, allowing assessment of alloimmunization and refractoriness. Basic mechanisms of antibody-mediated PLT clearance were investigated using recipients missing either the C3 complement gene or the common gamma chain for Fc receptors. In addition, the efficacy of using costimulatory blockade as a therapeutic intervention was assessed by testing CTLA4-Ig administration before PLT transfusion. RESULTS Fcγ receptors (but not complement C3) are required for alloantibody-mediated PLT refractoriness. In addition, levels of anti-MHC predict the extent of refractoriness in a given animal. Finally, costimulatory blockade as a therapeutic modality prevents transfusion-induced PLT refractoriness. CONCLUSIONS Together these findings introduce new experimental methods, basic mechanistic understanding, and a potential therapeutic intervention for alloimmunization to MHC-based antigens on transfused PLTs.
Simultaneous stereo-motion fusion and 3-D motion tracking

Presents a new framework for combining maximum likelihood (ML) stereo-motion fusion with adaptive iterated extended Kalman filtering (IEKF) for 3-D motion tracking. The ML stereo-fusion step, with two stereo-pairs, generates observations of 3-D feature matches to be used by the IEKF step. The IEKF step, in turn, computes updated 3-D motion parameter estimates to be used by the ML stereo-motion fusion step. The covariance of the observation noise process is regulated by the value of the ML cost function to address occlusion related problems. The proposed simultaneous approach is compared with performing the 3-D feature correspondence estimation and the Kalman filtering separately using simulated stereo imagery.
A reservation-based media access control (MAC) protocol design for cellular systems using smart antennas-part I. Flat fading

Smart antennas have the ability to cancel both cochannel interference (CCI) and intersymbol interference (ISI), and thus could be used in a cellular system to enhance coverage or increase capacity. A long standing problem is that of providing fast and efficient array adaptation in a random access packet-switching environment. This paper considers the media access control (MAC) design problem when smart antennas are used in a wireless data network and multipath fading is flat. The case of time dispersive fading will be considered in a companion paper. We propose a reservation-based MAC scheme in which the antenna weights will be computed from slot to slot to capture the actual interference and multipath fading. Performance of this scheme under the condition of flat Rayleigh fading is evaluated, and the training overhead is found, from which important design parameters for array training may be deduced. Bounds are also produced for the delay performance. Simulation results show that in an interference limited multicell environment, smart antennas can be used to significantly increase frequency reuse. If we require that the signal-to-interference-plus-noise (SINR) ratio must be at least 10 dB more than 90% of the time, then equipping each base station with eight antenna elements will allow two mobiles to simultaneously receive from the same base station. The number of training symbols required by the overhead in each transmission slot is between three and four times the number of antenna elements. We assume throughout that once adapted at the beginning of a packet, the antenna adapts throughout the packet to maintain the same SINR over the entire packet.
Progress in the methodologies for the electrical modeling of interconnects and electronic packages

The rapid growth of the electrical modeling and analysis of the interconnect structure, both at the electronic chip and package level, can be attributed to the increasing importance of the electromagnetic properties of the interconnect circuit on the overall electrical performance of state-of-the-art very large scale integration (VLSI) systems. With switching speeds well below 1 ns in today's gigahertz processors, and VLSI circuit complexity exceeding the 100 million transistors per chip mark, power and signal distribution is characterized by multigigahertz bandwidth pulses propagating through a tightly coupled three-dimensional wiring structure that exhibits resonant behavior at the upper part of the spectrum. Consequently, in addition to the inductive and capacitive coupling, present between adjacent wires across the entire frequency bandwidth, distributed electromagnetic effects, manifested as interconnect-induced delay, reflection, radiation, and long-range nonlocal coupling, become prominent at high frequencies, with a decisive impact of overall system performance. The electromagnetic nature of such high-frequency effects, combined with the geometric complexity of the interconnect structure, make the electrical design of today's performance-driven systems extremely challenging. Its success is heavily dependent on the availability of sophisticated electromagnetic modeling methodologies and computer-aided design tools. This paper presents an overview of the different approaches employed today for the development of an electromagnetic modeling and simulation framework that can effectively tackle the complexity of the interconnect circuit and facilitate its design. In addition to identifying the current state of the art, an assessment is given of the challenges that lie ahead in the signal integrity-driven electrical design of tomorrow's performance- and/or portability-driven, multifunctional ULSI systems.
The Impact of Land Atmosphere Interactions on the Temporal Variability of Soil Moisture at the Regional Scale

This study examines the impact of the nonlinear dynamics of soil-moisture feedbacks to precipitation on the temporal variability of soil moisture at the regional scale. It is a modeling study in which the large-scale soil-water balance is first formulated as an ordinary differential equation and then recast as a stochastic differential equation by incorporating colored noise representing the high-frequency temporal variability and correlation of precipitation. The underlying model couples the atmospheric and surface-water balances and accounts for both precipitation recycling and precipitation-efficiency feedbacks, which arise from the surface energy balance. Based on the governing Fokker–Planck equation, three different analytical solutions (corresponding to differing forms and combinations of feedbacks) are derived for the steady-state probability density function of soil moisture. Using NCEP–NCAR reanalysis data, estimates of potential evapotranspiration, and long-term observations of precipitation, streamflow, and soil moisture, the model is parameterized for a 5° 5° region encompassing the state of Illinois. It is shown that precipitationefficiency feedbacks can be significant contributors to the variability of soil moisture at the regional scale. Precipitation recycling, on the other hand, increases the variability by a negligible amount. For all feedback cases, the probability density function is unimodal and nearly symmetric. The analysis concludes with an examination of the dependence of the shape of the probability density functions on spatial scale. It is shown that the associated increases in either the correlation time scale or the variance of the noise will produce a bimodal distribution when precipitation-efficiency feedbacks are included. However, the magnitudes of the necessary increases are of an unrealistic magnitude.
Corporate Publics and Rhetorical Strategies The Case of Union Carbide's Bhopal Crisis

This article examines the role of rhetorical strategies in repairing damaged corporate relationships. Applying a multiple-publics concept and adapting Ware and Linkugel's rhetorical strategies of a...
Overview of Behavioral Psychology

Behavioral psychology as it exists today is a young discipline.1 Although its philosophical underpinnings have their origins in antiquity, most writers who review the historical development of the field begin their story about the turn of the present century.
The C. elegans CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Protein Gamma Is Required for Surveillance Immunity

Pathogens attack host cells by deploying toxins that perturb core host processes. Recent findings from the nematode C. elegans and other metazoans indicate that surveillance or "effector-triggered" pathways monitor functioning of these core processes and mount protective responses when they are perturbed. Despite a growing number of examples of surveillance immunity, the signaling components remain poorly defined. Here, we show that CEBP-2, the C. elegans ortholog of mammalian CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein gamma, is a key player in surveillance immunity. We show that CEBP-2 acts together with the bZIP transcription factor ZIP-2 in the protective response to translational block by P. aeruginosa Exotoxin A as well as perturbations of other processes. CEBP-2 serves to limit pathogen burden, promote survival upon P. aeruginosa infection, and also promote survival upon Exotoxin A exposure. These findings may have broad implications for the mechanisms by which animals sense pathogenic attack and mount protective responses.
PO41A NURSE LED TELEPHONE CLINIC IMPROVES PATIENT WAITING TIMES AND EXPERIENCE

INTRODUCTION: Kings College Hospital provides Neuro-oncology surgical treatment and follow up for the South East England with a catchment of 4.1 million. Much of the Clinical Nurse Specialist's (CNS) work is via telephone, predominantly direct patient contact but also providing expert advice to primary and secondary healthcare professionals. Due to clinical commitments, CNSs are often not able to take calls as they come in. Administrative staff send emails to the joint address, resulting in a high volume of email traffic, no one CNS responsible for returning calls, and poor patient satisfaction regarding response time. METHOD: In December 2013 a telephone clinic was created on PIMMS. Administrative staff book patients in for a call back, either that afternoon or on a specific day. Each CNS had an allocated clinic day and can book patients for future calls, to check the response to a medication change for example. This also captured the huge volume of work the team conducted via phone which had previously been unrecorded. RESULTS: Numbers in the telephone clinic have steadily increased in size since its inception. Some months more patients were reviewed in the telephone clinic than in either of the Neuro-oncology clinics. (N.B. Full tables and figures will be provided in the advent of a presentation). CONCLUSION: The clinic has created a reliable way of ensuring patients are given high quality support and advice over the telephone. It also captures the amount of work generated from a single call. It does not however capture the work load of calls into the office when patients are put straight through. The CNS team are aware there is gross under reporting of call volume and and are looking at ways to improve this.
Effects on lactation of progesterone injections administered after parturition in the rat. 1.

SummaryProgesterone injections administered during the first or second week after parturition did not markedly suppress lactation in the rat. Subcutaneous doses of 2-mg progesterone in 0.1 ml sesame oil twice daily on postpartum Days 1-7 only significantly reduce weight gains in the young on one day, on postpartum Day 3. Because nursing behavior was also suppressed, it was not possible to dissociate an effect of progesterone on lactation alone. Like doses of progesterone from Days 6-12 had no effect on lactation.Supported by a Temple University Research Grant, and Grant HD-04715 from the National Institutes of Child Health and Human Development. I am endebted to Jeffrey Fronton and Ronald Yoder for technical assistance on this research.
Suppression of Honey Bee Flight Activity with Substrate Vibration

The flight activity of Apis mellifera L. in an observation hive was reduced about 80% by a continuous substrate vibration of 600 hz. The reduced flight activity continued as long as the vibration was applied (4 hours) When the vibration ceased, flight activity returned to a near-normal level. The technique may provide a new method of protecting bees from insecticides.
Self-assembled monolayers supported on TiO2: Comparison of C18H37SiX3 (X = H, Cl, OCH3), C18H37Si(CH3)2Cl, and C18H37PO(OH)2

The solution-phase reactions of octadecylsilanes with different headgroups (C18H37SiH3, C18H37Si(OCH3)3, C18H37SiCl3, and C18H37Si(CH3)2Cl) and of octadecylphosphonic acid (C18H37PO3H2) with titanium dioxide (anatase) were investigated. Chemical analysis and FTIR suggested that all the reactions, with the exception of that of C18H37Si(CH3)2Cl, yielded closely packed self-assembled monolayers (SAMs). SAMs were characterized with high grafting density (∼4.3−4.8 octadecyl groups/nm2) and with high degree of ordering of alkyl chains. Reaction of C18H37Si(CH3)2Cl yielded less ordered surfaces with grafting density ∼1.5 group/nm2. The kinetics plots were similar for all the reactions and illustrated two distinct regions, a rapid attachment followed by a slow growth of the grafting density. The uptake curves were adequately described by the first-order kinetics with two rate constants that differed from each other by 1−2 orders of magnitude. According to the rate constants, the following range of reactivity was ...
A Rotary Shaking Machine for Laboratory Use

In the study of mold metabolism, it is frequently desirable to grow organisms in submerged culture in order to have physiologically homo? geneous mold material. Following the current "do it yourself" philosophy, plans are here presented for the construction of a relatively cheap and simple rotary shaking machine. The rotary or swirling action has the advantage over reciprocal action of keeping fungi submerged and preventing their growth and sporulation on the sides of the flask. The rotary motion also ensures adequate aeration of cultures and good con? tact between metabolizing hyphae and the medium. As shown in Fig. 1, the machine consists of a lower stationary platform, a central moveable platform and an upper moveable tray. The central platform is able to move in a north-south direction on the lower stationary platform while the upper tray is able to move in an east-west direction on the central platform. With this arrangement, the top tray is free to move in any direction by combining its action with that of the central platform. Thus, when a motor-driven eccentric is attached to the tray, the movement described by the tray will be that of the eccentric. The bearing surfaces of the platform and tray consist of V-shaped runners. One runner is placed at each of the four corners of the lower platform and each is oriented north-south. An opposing set is attached to the bottom of the central platform in line with the set on the lower platform. Another set of runners, oriented east-west, is attached to the upper side of the central platform. This set is opposed by a set of runners attached to the bottom of the tray. A small steel ball-bearing is placed between each opposing pair of runners. Fig. 2 shows an op? posing pair of runners. Note that the lower runner of each pair is made with a pin at each end to prevent the ball bearing from sliding out the end of the runner while the machine is in motion. The runners can be made of one-half inch cold rolled steel and can be case hardened and ground after machining. Each runner has a
Screening and Identification of Cellulose Degrading-Bacteria from Fermented Pineapple Residue

In order to accelerate the fermentation of pineapple residue,various cellulose degrading-bacteria were isolated from naturally fermented pineapple residue by using manifold selective media,and obtained a pineapple residue cellulose degrading strain c3b1-3 through preliminary and repeated screenings with optimal medium of protein cellulose medium(PCS).It was identified as Chryseobacterium sp.according to its morphology,physiology,bio-chemical and molecular characteristics.
The Research into the Raising of the Utilization Ratio of Journals in College Libraries

Journal is a very important carrier and the information origin with the greatest value of development. In our country, as for document information resource in universities including journals, its utilization ratio is only 20%~30% , and in college libraries, due to a variety reasons, is even lower. In order to increase the utilization ratio of journal document, we must work hard to increase the quality collecting journal document and make full use of electronic journals, Libraries and enterprises should jointly develop and use journal resources. In view of characters of colleges actively, we should open up a field of services, do the propaganda work of journals well and strengthen the journal librarians' management and training.
THE APPLIED RESEARCH ON A NEW METHOD OF CALCULATING DELIVERABILITY OF FTACTURED GAS WELL

One point method is widely used in Yulin gas field because of its simpleness and practicability; however, one point method that is applicable to radial filtering flow resulted from binomial deliverabilily equation and is dimensionless. Open flow capacity of fractured gas well that is calculated by one point method is very different from the actual value, moreover it has much more time to determine a stable point for low permeation or tight gas reservoir, otherwise it is impossible. In this paper, the author calculated the open flow capacity of sixteen fractured gas well of Yulin gas field making use of deliverability equation of fractured gas well on base of literature, and then peroration production of gas well is made according to the result. The final result satisfies the demand of practical production after a period of production test, as a result a new theory reference is offered to determine deliverability of fractured gas well.
Effective Evaluation of National Tuberculosis Control Programme in Xinjiang

ObjectiveTo summarize the experience of National Tuberculosis Control Programme(NTP) carried out in Xinjiang,in order to direct the development of tuberculosis control in Xinjiang.MethodsThe effects of NTP in Xinjiang from 1981 to 1990 were compared with that from 1991 to 2000 by the epidemic data obtained from epidemiological sampling investigation on tuberculosis in Xinjiang in 1979,1985,1990 and 2000.ResultsDiscovery rate of patients with smear-positive increased from 2.59% in 1980 to 28.03% in 1990 and to 59.58% in 2000.The curative rate of smear-positive patients after initial treatment was improved from 70.10% in 1986 to 80.68% in 1990 and to 97.12% in 2000.The rate of acquired drug(resistance) decreased from 68.00% in 1985 to 48.00% in 1990 and to 23.08% in 2000.The morbidity rate of active pulmonary tuberculosis reduced from 1 559/100 000 in 1979 to 666.5/100 000 in 1990 and to 463.60/100 000 in 2000 while the mortality rate of pulmonary tuberculosis dropped from 65.09% in 1984 to 55.23% in 1989 and to 38.0% in 1999.There was a decrease in the natural infective rate of tuberculosis in children from 8.74% in 1979 to 7.03% in 1990 and 5.85% in 2000.ConclusionsIt is successful in NTP carried out in Xinjiang,and the foundation of continuous NTP from 2001 to 2010 has been laid.
Rapid Detection and Molecular Typing of A Food Poisoning Caused by Bacillus cereus Type 10

Objective Rapid detection and molecular typing of Bacillus cereus which caused a food poisoning.Methods National standard methods was used to test poisoned persons vomit,anal swabs and suspected food.Moreover the real-time PCR method which developed by our lab was also adopted for fast detection.vrrA gene was PCR amplified from the DNA extract of isolated Bacillus cereus and sequenced.Results 8 Bacillus cereus type 10 isolates were identified in 10 samples by both traditional methods and real-time PCR.99% identity was observed by PCR products sequencing analysis.Conclusions This is a specific case of food poisoning which is caused by the food contaminated with Bacillus cereus type 10.Real-time PCR target of cesB(Bacillus cereus vomit gene) can be used for the first turn of fast and sensitive screening.The PCR sequencing method for the vrrA can be used for the molecular typing of Bacillus cereus,which can be used for tracing of the cause of food poisoning.
Challenge of Climate Change in Himalayan Asia

There is now general and widespread agreement among scientists that the Earth’s climate is changing and warming primarily due to human activities — particularly the release of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. According to the German Advisory Council on Global Change, “without resolute counteraction, a global increase in temperature of 2–7 degrees Celsius (°C) relative to pre-industrial levels can be expected by 2100”1, while greenhouse gases (GHGs) already released into the atmosphere will impact climate possibly for centuries to come. Despite this widespread agreement and increasingly robust evidence that global climate is changing, uncertainty remains over the extent of future temperature rise and other associated aspects of climate change, especially at regional scales.2 Nonetheless, the consequences of climate change are so significant that a panel of distinguished retired US generals and admirals has concluded that “prudence demands their effects on security need to be assessed”.3 Whatever the precise effects turn out to be, global climate change will profoundly shape the physical and human dynamics of Himalayan Asia’s freshwater crisis and transboundary river politics because climate is intertwined with every facet of the hydrological cycle. Geographer L. Allan James explains, “anthropogenic changes to the environment [such as climate change] often alter hydrologic processes that result in changes to water budgets, water quality, flood frequencies, soil erosion, sedimentation, and aquatic ecology.”4