cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
6 Equations of state from analytically solvable integral equation approximations

Publisher Summary Modern statistical-mechanical theories of liquids and dense fluids are based on the calculation of distribution functions, which describe the average structure of the system. The major theoretical question to be answered is given the intermolecular potential between the molecules in the system, what will the structure of the system be at a given thermodynamic state point. Usually it is assumed that the intermolecular potential is pair-wise additive, with the consequence that only the pair structure is needed to describe all the thermodynamic properties of interest. Although the assumption of pair-wise additivity is not valid at high densities and low temperatures, it proves to be a good approximation in most instances. Intermolecular pair potentials are frequently parameterized to take into account higher-order interactions. This chapter focuses on the integral-equation approach to determining the structure of a fluid and therefore its thermodynamic properties and equation of state.
Is it Time to Give the S Corporation a Proper Burial

S corporations were once the entity of choice for small businesses, and sometimes for larger ones as well. Today, however, new partnership-type vehicles, specifically the limited liability company (LLC) and the limited liability partnership (LLP), have now come into their own. Attempting to make the S corporation a more competitive vehicle, the temporarily moribund S Corporation Reform Act of 1995 offered a number of helpful changes to subchapter S. The proposed changes would likely benefit few S corporation owners, however. The S corporation has served businesses well, but its time has passed. Poorly informed taxpayers might resort to the S corporation form when the LLC would better serve their purposes. The legal system, the goals of simplification, and the needs of the vast majority of taxpayers would be well served by the repeal of subchapter S.
Molecular organization and stabilizing forces of simple RNA viruses. IV. Selective interference with protein-RNA interactions by use of sodium dodecyl sulfate.

Abstract The effect of the anionic detergent sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) on a number of simple isometric RNA viruses and empty capsids was tested. Some viruses showed extreme sensitivity, e.g., cucumber mosaic (CMV), brome mosaic (BMV) and alfalfa mosaic (AMV) virus, some extreme resistance, e.g., turnip yellow mosaic (TYMV) and tomato bushy stunt (TBSV) virus, and some intermediate resistance, e.g., southern bean mosaic virus (SBMV) and bacteriophage f2, to dissociation into components by this detergent. In the viruses most sensitive to SDS, virion dissociation is apparently caused by disruption of the electrostatic protein-RNA interactions which are responsible for stabilizing the virions. It is proposed that dodecyl sulfate (DS−) ions bind by means of the hydrocarbon chain to specific binding sites on the virion so that the sulfate groups are near lysine- or arginine-phosphate interaction points; these interactions are neutralized and the phosphates are repulsed, resulting in virion dissociation. Based on this hypothesis several predictions were made, tested experimentally and found valid: (1) Virions become more resistant to SDS as the contribution of the protein-protein interactions to virus stability increases. This was confirmed by testing the sensitivities of a number of viruses, including those mentioned above, to SDS. (2) Capsids devoid of nucleic acid are less sensitive to SDS than the respective intact virions. The behavior of TYMV, BMV and bacteriophage f2 virions and capsids with SDS confirmed this prediction. (3) Positive and neutral detergents do not cause dissociation of the SDS-sensitive viruses. (4) Reassembly of viruses stabilized by protein-RNA interactions is inhibited by SDS but not by positive detergents. Predictions (3) and (4) were confirmed by appropriate experiments with CMV or BMV and SDS, dodecyltrimethylammonium chloride (DTAC) and Triton-X-100. Measurements of amounts of detergent bound at low SDS concentrations showed that CMV and BMV have much greater affinitives than TYMV for DS− ions. It is suggested that SDS is useful as a probe for protein-RNA interactions and that relative sensitivity to SDS could be used in categorizing viruses according to stabilizing interactions.
Spin dynamics in the linear-chain S=1 antiferromagnet Ni(C3H10N2)2N3(ClO4).

Magnetic excitations in the quasi-one-dimensional Heisenberg spin-1 antiferromagnet Ni(${\mathrm{C}}_{3}$${\mathrm{H}}_{10}$${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$${)}_{2}$${\mathrm{N}}_{3}$${\mathrm{ClO}}_{4}$) (NINAZ) have been studied by single-crystal inelastic neutron scattering. A Haldane gap \ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\approxeq}3.6 meV in the spin excitation spectrum was observed in the vicinity of the antiferromagnetic wave vector at low temperature and the dispersion relation was measured. The temperature dependence of the energy gap \ensuremath{\Delta}(T) was measured in the range 8--50 K and was found to be inconsistent with the predictions of the quantum nonlinear \ensuremath{\sigma} model. The results are discussed in comparison with those found in the literature for similar systems. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
Signal processing algorithms using Fortran and C

"Molecular Breeding" is an international journal publishing papers on all aspects of research focused on applications of plant molecular biology - that is, research with results most likely leading to practical applications. The practical applications might relate to the developing world as well as to the Western world and have demonstrable benefits for the seed industry, farmers, the processing industry, the environment and the consumer. All papers contribute to the understanding and progress of modern plant breeding, encompassing the scientific disciplines of biochemistry, genetics, physiology, pathology, plant breeding and ecology, among others. Special emphasis is given to the molecular and cellular approaches to these disciplines.
Crafting Democracy: Regional Politics in Post-Communist Europe

The why, how, consequences and implications for democratic transformation from subnational regional governments in four post-communist East Central European (ECE) and EU countries are very cogently...
ORGANIZING FACTORS AND IMMEDIATE MEMORY SPAN

S~mzmary.-In a series of four experiments, the processes used in decoding visual inputs were studied, with particular attention given to the influence of organizing factors in immediate memory span. In one experiment, the effect of variations in the number of alternatives per item of input was studied. In a second, the effect of different grouping procedures was evaluated. In a third, variations in internal organization of the input strings were introduced in order to show that recoding is more likely when naturally pronounceable uniu are available. The final experiment focused on the effect of prior knowletlge of the length of the stimulus strings. The results confirmed the difficulty of applying informational measures to immediate memory span and the importance of other variables that influence the ability of Ss to recode complex inputs into more manageable units. In the field of perception, che usefulness of "amount of information" as an experimental variable has been amply demonstrated. It seems quite clear that variations in the number of alternative possibilities for presentation make a difference and chat, in general, a discrimination task can be made more difficult when one increases the number of input possibilities. However, there are important exceptions to this generalization. At least for form discrimination, the effects of increasing the input possibilities may be modified as a function of the kind of scimuli used (Krulee, 1958) or the extent of continued praccice (Leonard, 1961 ). Attempts have also been made to apply informational measures to the snidy of another psychological function, that of the immediate memory span. Hayes, for example, as reported by Miller (1956), used five different kinds of test material, in which the amount of information per item in the presentation was varied over a wide range. His resulcs were disconcerting, for they showed that the span of immediate memory was scarcely influenced by the amount of information per item. Subsequent experiments by Pollack ( 1953 ) and by Pollack, Johnson, and Knaff ( 1959) have s~ibstantially con
The ethical group psychotherapist: a coda.

Abstract This concluding article of a two–part special section on the ethical group psychotherapist are highlighted: (1) the importance of the cultivation of the skill and knowledge base of the group psychotherapist in terms of pertinent legal statutes and ethical guidelines; (2) the criticalness of certain personality features related to the concept of virtue; (3) a therapist's self–awareness contributes to the capacities to think and respond ethically; (4) ethical decision making is most likely to occur when the group psychotherapist attends comprehensively to all dimensions that define the setting in which a dilemma emerges; and (5) that in the service of positive ethics, attention to the ethical dimensions of group psychotherapy practice should be continuously present. In agreement with other contributions to this section, I conclude that the commitment to the ethical practice of group psychotherapy must be made not only by the individual practitioner but also by educational and training programs and ...
A theoretical prediction of the attitude dynamics due to aerodynamic effects on the reusable reentry satellite

As part of the preliminary mission analysis of the Reusable Reentry Satellite (RRS) (planned for launching in the early to mid-1990s), the on-orbit attitude dynamics of the RRS were analyzed to quantify various parameters that would affect the attitude dynamics of the vehicle. The analysis simulated the attitude dynamics of the RRS due to aerodynamic forces coupled with the motion of the satellite moving around the orbit, estimated the levels of induced angular rates due to external disturbance torques while in orbit, and established the limits of operational orbit altitudes. The results show that, for a typical 60-day mission, orbit altitudes above 350 km are necessary to prevent undesirable orbit decay, with about 200 km as the lower limit. It was also found that, in order to maintain a pointing attitude toward the sun within an acceptable angular deviation for periods exceeding 8 hrs, it is necessary to orbit at an altitude above 600 km.
A re-examination of lateral dispersion from continuous sources

Abstract A number of serial tetroon ascents at St. Louis, MO, are analyzed in terms of Taylor diffusion theory. The dispersion was separated into “synoptic” and “subsynoptic” contributions. On three of the four days, Lagrangian correlations of the subsynoptic lateral velocity components showed sizeable negative excursions for time lags of order of 25 minutes. As a consequence, plumes from continuous sources cease their expansion after travel times of this order. Synoptic dispersion dominated after longer dispersion times. Subsynoptic diffusion inferred from the tetroons after considerable time is significantly less than that obtained from the diffusion experiments collected by Draxler (1976). Draxler's data were fitted to a useful empirical expression which is in agreement with the characteristics of the inertial range.
Market information scanning activities and growth in new ventures: A comparison of service and manufacturing businesses

Abstract Recent technological developments create the need for new ventures to monitor the market environment. The various techniques used to acquire market information differ depending on the venture but are related to the ultimate success of the new venture. This exploratory research investigates market information scanning practices in a sample of 120 new ventures. Types, methods, and sources of market information are compared in service and manufacturing ventures, and relationships between these practices and growth are assessed. Results of X 2 tests show selective differences between service and manufacturers as a whole and when growth is considered. Multiple regression analysis showed manufacturers experiencing growth acquired information about competitors' sales and market share and depended on personal contacts and networks. Scanning activities were not highly related to growth in service firms.
Comments on "A New CT-Aided Stereotactic Neurosurgery Technique"

The method given for finding the position of a target in three-dimensional space from a CT image is incorrect. The solution is based on representation of the target vector as a linear combination of two coplanar nonparallel vectors. This results in a single linear equation with two unknowns. An alternative formulation is offered, solved, and the existence and uniqueness of the solution is proved.
Late Reoperation After Reimplantation of an Anomalous Single Coronary Artery From the Pulmonary Artery

A 14-year-old girl with an anomalous origin of a single coronary artery from the pulmonary artery, moderate mitral insufficiency, and an outlet ventricular septal defect, underwent direct reimplantation of the single coronary artery (SCA) to the aorta and closure of the ventricular septal defect at 6 months of age. She had stenosis of the proximal single coronary artery develop 14 years after the initial operation. A patch augmentation of her proximal SCA was successfully performed, and a postoperative coronary angiographic scan taken 3 months after her surgery showed a widely patent SCA without any residual narrowing.
Micro‐ and Mesoscale Phenomena in Space Plasmas Conference

A detailed assessment of many of the important mesoscale and microscale processes in geospace was the purpose of the Chapman Conference on “Micro- and Mesoscale Phenomena in Space Plasmas,” held at Kauai, Hawaii, from February 11 to 16. The practical goals of the conference were to facilitate the exchange of information on small- and medium-scale phenomena in space plasmas and to increase awareness of the needs of experimentalists and theorists, with a certain focus toward the ongoing Geospace Environment Modeling (GEM) and Space Physics Theory programs. The conference was organized by Maha Ashour-Abdalla (UCLA), Tom Chang (MIT), and Paul Dusenbery (U. Colorado).
Fetal growth after laser therapy for twin-twin transfusion syndrome.

Objective The objective of the study was to compare twin weight discordance and prevalence of intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) before laser therapy and after birth in pregnancies complicated by twin-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS). Study Design Women with TTTS who underwent laser therapy with dual neonatal survivors born at least 28 days after surgery were studied. Estimated fetal weight (EFW) discordance at the preoperative sonogram and birthweight (BW) discordance were calculated. Weights below gestational age–corrected 10th percentile at sonogram and at birth for each twin were designated as IUGR. Results Among 211 women studied, the mean EFW discordance measured 26.6% and mean BW discordance was 18.4%, yielding a mean 8.2% decrease in weight discordance ( P P = .353), whereas the donor's proportion decreased (64.5% vs 28.9%, P Conclusion Twin weight discordance and donor fetus IUGR appear to improve after laser therapy for TTTS.
Power optimization in wearable biomedical systems: a signal processing perspective

Wearable monitoring systems have caught considerable attention recently due to their potential in many domains including smart health and well-being. These new biomedical monitoring systems aim to provide continuous patient monitoring and proactive care options. Realization of this vision requires research that addresses a number of challenges, in particular, regarding limited resources that the wearable sensor networks offer. This paper presents an overview of different strategies for prolonging system lifetimes through power optimization in such systems. Particular emphasis is given to enhancing processing and communication architectures with respect to the signal processing requirements of the system.
A Method of Controlling Corn Rootworm Feeding Using a Bacillus thuringiensis Protein Expressed in Transgenic Maize

The corn rootworm (CRW; Diabrotica spp.) is one of the most serious pests of corn in the USA. Chemical insecticides and crop rotation have been the only two options available to growers for managing CRW. Unfortunately, both of these tactics can be ineffective as a result of either resistance or behavioral modifications. In this paper, we describe transgenic maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids that control CRW. These hybrids were created with a Cry3Bb1 Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) variant that is approximately eight times more lethal to corn rootworm larvae than the wild-type protein. A DNA vector containing the modified cry3Bb1 gene was placed under control of a root-enhanced promoter (4-AS1) and was introduced into embryonic maize cells by microprojectile bombardment. Described here is the molecular genetic characterization, protein expression levels, and field performance of the recently commercialized MON863 hybrids.
PROTEIN AND CALORIE MALNUTRITION, CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY, AND B.C.G. VACCINATION IN CHILDREN FROM RURAL WEST BENGAL

After B.C.G. vaccination of a group of tuberculin-negative children in West Bengal, India, 197 have been retested with tuberculin. 35-5% showed a definitely positive reaction. Only 15% showed no response to B.C.G. When compared by weight for age, the rate of positivity of those below 60% of the Harvard standard was significantly lower than of those above 80%. Those between 60 and 80% were similar to those above 80%. However, when the group was subdivided according to protein and calorie nutrition as measured by arm muscle and fat cross-sectional areas, the difference was striking. The tuberculin-test response was grossly impaired in those who were primarily severely protein deficient (kwashiorkor type), significantly depressed in those who were both severely protein and severely calorie deficient (marasmic-washiorkor type), and not depressed in those who were severely calorie deficient but normal or low in protein (marasmic type). It is suggested that clear distinction between different types of nutritional deficiency in a given geographic area is of direct relevance in planning mass vaccination programmes in that area.
Magneto-Static Wave Oscillator-Based Integrated Magneto-Optic Bragg Cell Modulator*

A novel magnetooptic (MO) Bragg cell modulator that utilizes a magnetostatic forward volume wave (MSFVW) oscillator is presented. The carrier frequency of the MSFVW signals involved in the MO interaction is tuned linearly from 2.112 to 3.274 GHz by increasing an external bias magnetic field from 2350 to 2900 Oe. Compared with a conventional magnetostatic wave (MSW) delay line-based MO Bragg cell modulator, the proposed modulator can provide significantly higher diffraction efficiency owing to reduction of insertion losses in the MSFVW oscillator. Furthermore, the oscillator-type MO modulator can be more easily integrated with other MMIC devices.
Heritability and Genetic Association Analysis of Neuroimaging Measures in the Diabetes Heart Study

Abstract Patients with type 2 diabetes are at increased risk of age-related cognitive decline and dementia. Neuroimaging measures such as white matter lesion volume, brain volume, and fractional anisotropy may reflect the pathogenesis of these cognitive declines, and genetic factors may contribute to variability in these measures. This study examined multiple neuroimaging measures in 465 participants from 238 families with extensive genotype data in the type 2 diabetes enriched Diabetes Heart Study-Mind cohort. Heritability of these phenotypes and their association with candidate single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), and SNP data from genome- and exome-wide arrays were explored. All neuroimaging measures analyzed were significantly heritable ( h ˆ 2 = 0.55–0.99 in unadjusted models). Seventeen candidate SNPs (from 16 genes/regions) associated with neuroimaging phenotypes in prior studies showed no significant evidence of association. A missense variant (rs150706952, A432V) in PLEKHG4B from the exome-wide array was significantly associated with white matter mean diffusivity (p = 3.66 × 10−7) and gray matter mean diffusivity (p = 2.14 × 10−7). This analysis suggests genetic factors contribute to variation in neuroimaging measures in a population enriched for metabolic disease and other associated comorbidities.
The Effect of Pressure Gradients on Transition Zone Length in Hypersonic Boundary Layers.

Abstract : Boundary layer transition was measured in zero, favorable, and adverse pressure gradients at Mach 8 using heat transfer. Models consisted of 7 degrees half angle forecones 0.4826 m long, followed by flared or ogive aft bodies 0.5334 m long. The flares and ogives produced constant pressure gradients. For the cases examined, favorable pressure gradients delay transition and adverse pressure gradients promote transition, but transition zone lengths are shorter in favorable pressure gradient. Results of the effect of adverse pressure gradient on transition zone lengths were inconclusive.
Immunobiology of human anti-IgM iso-antibodies. I. Clinical and serological studies

Abstract Antibodies against human IgM were sought by hemagglutination with a panel of proteins including 19 Waldenstrom macroglobulins. The 620 sera tested included normal blood donors of different races and patients with various forms of immune deficiency and their relatives. Anti-IgM antibodies were detected in 50 subjects (8.1%) at a titer of 1:4 or greater; they included 30 subjects who were clinically normal, 9 with recurrent infections, 4 with ataxia telangiectasia, 3 with Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, 2 with acquired hypogammaglobulinemia, and one each with chronic active hepatitis, hemophilia, and reactions to immune serum globulin. Anti-IgM antibodies were found in 23.8% of immunodeficient subjects and 1.6% of normal blood donors; 30 subjects with anti-IgM antibodies had a decrease in at least one serum immunoglobulin. There was no association between anti-IgM antibodies and other autoantibodies and the biological significance of these antibodies is not clear.
Social attachment of the infant guinea pig to its parents in a two-choice situation

Twenty-four domestic guinea pigs (12 of each gender) served as subjects in this study, which investigated attachment by testing amount of time (maximum 5 min) the infants spent close to either the mother or the father in a two-choice situation during Weeks 2, 4, 6, and 8 after birth. Significantly more time was spent close to the mother during Weeks 2 and 4; reaction to the father appeared random. Time spent close to the mother declined across weeks, suggesting that maternal attachment weakens as the infant matures.
Theoretical models of ferroelectric-photonic sensors

Abstract A theoretical model of a nonlinear Fabry-Perot cavity for a Gaussian beam with transverse diffraction is used to simulate the static and dynamic response of optical multistability in ferroelectrics. The model is applied using material parameters of ceramic lead magnesium niobate, Pb(Mg03Nb06Ti0.09)O3, for its application as photonic sensors. The theoretical results are in good agreement with the experimental results.
SIMD machines: do they have a significant future?

I volunteered to write this report during the SIMD panel session held on 2/9/95 at Frontiers '95. All panelists cooperated by sending me their transparency masters. A draft report was prepared based on these transparency masters, position statements published in the Frontiers '95 proceedings on pp. 466-469, and my own notes. The draft was e-mailed on 3/17/95 to the panel organizer/moderator and the panelists for their comments. This final version of the report is based on comments and markups received through 3/31/95. I have drawn from the panelists' ideas freely, using quotation marks only when including their statements verbatim.The panel consisted of both academic and industry experts in the field of massively parallel systems (see the table below). All but Tim Bridges, who is currently involved in a large-scale software development project for the MasPar MP-2 SIMD architecture, have built working SIMD machines. The vast practical experience of the panel was quite evident in the insightful presentations and interactions. It is indeed a privilege for me to have worked on this report.
Intra-arterial Therapy for Advanced Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma: A Multi-institutional Analysis

Background Many patients with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) present with advanced and inoperable disease. Data on the safety and efficacy of intra-arterial therapy (IAT) for ICC are limited.
A systematic evidence review of school-based group contingency interventions for students with challenging behavior ☆

The purpose of this review was to synthesize the research underlying group contingency interventions to determine whether there is sufficient evidence to support their use for managing the classroom behavior of students with behavioral difficulties. An application of the What Works Clearinghouse (WWC) procedures for evaluating single-subject research revealed that the research investigating group contingencies demonstrated sufficient rigor, evidence, and replication to label the intervention as evidence-based. These findings were further supported across five quantitative indices of treatment effect. The results associated with the application of the WWC procedures and quantitative evaluations were supplemented with additional systematic coding of methodological features and study characteristics to evaluate the populations and conditions under which the effects of the group contingency best generalize. Findings associated with this coding revealed that the lack of detailed reporting across studies limited our ability to determine for whom and under what conditions group contingencies are best suited.
International capital mobility and Third World development: Compatible marriage or troubled relationship?

The current surge of foreign capital to the Third World resembles that of the 1970s. The channels are now different but the extra-regional flows are again predominantly to Latin America followed by East Asia. Many of the Latin American countries whose overborrowing brought on the 1980s debt crisis are again overborrowing to compensate for low savings rates and other structural flaws, putting their balance of payments at increasing risk. The likelihood that this time they can handle the rising debt servicing and impending slowing of the inflows sans prolonged crisis or a major retreat from their market liberalization policies is not very high, whereas the East Asian countries appear once more structurally capable of riding out the repercussions from an international financial market pullback.
Recognizing the rights of consumers as brand co‐owners

Purpose – This paper aims to assert that trademark law is too restrictive and that consumers should have some rights to a brand independent of the brand owner.Design/methodology/approach – The paper examines the expansive tendency of trademark law and the concept of trademark fair use and the impact of trademark law on customer relationships.Findings – The concept of trademark fair use offers only limited benefits to brand consumers.Practical implications – Despite the ability to enforce exclusive ownership rights under trademark law, brand owners need to exert a broad view of customer co‐ownership or they risk less customer involvement with the brand.Originality/value – The paper proposes policy changes to allow great consumer enjoyment of brands.
Exposure to diesel exhaust in the trucking industry and possible relationships with lung cancer.

We previously reported that long-term truck drivers and mechanics in the Teamsters Union had higher lung cancer risks than Teamsters outside the trucking industry. We now summarize results from an industrial hygiene survey of current exposures to diesel exhaust in the trucking industry, and relate these to our prior results pertaining to lung cancer risk. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Robust Matrix Completion via Joint Schatten p-Norm and lp-Norm Minimization

The low-rank matrix completion problem is a fundamental machine learning problem with many important applications. The standard low-rank matrix completion methods relax the rank minimization problem by the trace norm minimization. However, this relaxation may make the solution seriously deviate from the original solution. Meanwhile, most completion methods minimize the squared prediction errors on the observed entries, which is sensitive to outliers. In this paper, we propose a new robust matrix completion method to address these two problems. The joint Schatten $p$-norm and $\ell_p$-norm are used to better approximate the rank minimization problem and enhance the robustness to outliers. The extensive experiments are performed on both synthetic data and real world applications in collaborative filtering and social network link prediction. All empirical results show our new method outperforms the standard matrix completion methods.
The Falkner–Skan flow of a viscoelastic fluid

Abstract We study the Falkner–Skan flow of a viscoelastic fluid governed by the FENE-P model, as the Reynolds number Re → ∞ and the Weissenberg number We is such that WeRe 1 / 2 = O ( 1 ) . We obtain a differential–algebraic system for the stream function and the stress. We show that a similarity solution exists only for axisymmetric stagnation point flow which corresponds to an angle of attack m = 1 3 . The stream function is then governed by a generalized Falkner–Skan equation. The effect of extensibility on the skin friction and first normal stress coefficients are discussed.
Sources of dioxins in the environment: Second stage study of PCDD/Fs in ancient human tissue and environmental samples

Abstract This is one second report on the origin of PCDD/F contamination in the environment. In our previous paper1, we reported that most PCDD/Fs from tetra- to octa-congener groups were not detected in ancient Eskimo human tissue samples that were frozen for more than one hundred years. It could not be concluded, however, whether H7CDD and OCDD were present in the tissue samples because of trace amounts of contamination in the blank. In this study, the reanalysis of those ancient tissues shows a presence of low ppt levels of H7CDD and OCDD in the samples after the contamination was carefully eliminated. The levels of PCDD/F are well below those reported for modern persons. In addition, no PCDD/Fs were found in a charcoal sample from a redwood forest damaged by a natural fire prior to 1850. The data support the hypothesis that the main source of PCDD/Fs is anthropogenic.
Photodisintegration of the deuteron

This paper examines those basic theoretical aspects that, in the author's opinion, are relevant for future experimental studies of deuteron photodisintegration, or its time-reversed reaction, at lo...
Gastrostomy tube replacement in a pediatric ED: frequency of complications and impact of confirmatory imaging

Abstract Background Gastrostomy tube (g-tube) dislodgement is a common problem in special needs children. There are no studies on the frequency of complications after g-tube replacement for children in a pediatric emergency department (ED). Objectives The objective of this study is to determine the frequency of misplacement and subsequent complications for children undergoing g-tube replacement in a pediatric ED and the impact of contrast-enhanced confirmatory imaging on ED length of stay (LOS). Methods This was a retrospective review of children presenting to a pediatric ED over 16 months. Subjects were included if they underwent g-tube replacement in the ED. Records were reviewed for historical and procedural data including patient age, g-tube age, ED LOS, documented difficulties replacing the tube, performance of confirmatory imaging (contrast-enhanced radiograph), and complications identified within 72 hours of ED visit. Results A total of 237 children met inclusion criteria. Three (1.2%) had evidence of g-tube misplacement, all of whom underwent confirmatory imaging. One complication from misplacement was identified (gastric outlet obstruction from overfilled balloon). Tract disruption was not identified for any subject. Eighty-four subjects (35%) had confirmatory imaging performed after replacement. Mean ED LOS in the imaged group was 265 vs 142 minutes for the nonimaged group ( P Conclusions For children undergoing g-tube replacement in a pediatric ED, misplacement and associated complications were rare. Confirmatory imaging was associated with a considerably longer LOS. In the presence of clinical confirmation, confirmatory imaging may be judiciously used.
An exact algorithm for the general quadratic assignment problem

Abstract We develop an algorithm that is based on the linearization and decomposition of a general Quadratic Assignment Problem of size n into n2 Linear Assignment Problems of size (n − 1). The solutions to these subproblems are used to calculate a lower bound for the original problem, and this bound is then used in an exact branch and bound procedure. These subproblems are similar to the ‘minors’ defined by Lawler [16], but permit us to calculate tighter bounds. Computational experience is given for solution to optimality of general quadratic assignment problems is sizes up to n = 10.
Inhibition by Ca2+ of oxidative phosphorylation in myeloid tumor mitochondria

Abstract In tightly coupled respiring myeloid tumor mitochondria, the addition of Ca2+ in the presence of phosphate results in total inhibition of respiration with NAD-linked-substrates (e.g., glutamate and β-hydroxybutyrate) and partial inhibition with FAD-linked substrate (e.g., succinate). With those substrates, Ca2+ also completely inhibits both subsequent phosphorylating respiration in response to ADP and respiratory stimulation by an uncoupler. This latter was only partially inhibited in the absence of phosphate. Endogenous contents of Ca2+, Mg2+, and phosphate of the isolated mitochondria appeared to be in the normal range. Ruthenium red, a specific inhibitor of energy-dependent Ca2+ uptake, totally prevents the inhibitory effects of Ca2+. Moreover, Mg2+ and ATP added either singly or together could partially or completely prevent the Ca2+ inhibitory action. While the mechanism of protection by ATP is not known, protection by Mg2+ could be related to the inhibitory effect of this cation on Ca2+ accumulation. It is suggested that the inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation by Ca2+ in myeloid tumor mitochondria is primarily caused by a high calcium-phosphate salt precipitation into the matrix.
Interleukin 17 deficiency and implications in cutaneous and systemic diseases

Abstract Background IL17-targeted therapeutics are being developed to treat psoriasis. IL17 is involved in the pathogenesis of many diseases, and the implications of IL17 blockade are not yet well characterized. Objective To review the implications of IL17 deficiency to determine potential implications of IL17 blockade. Methods PubMed was searched for articles related to; basic biology of IL17, in vitro and in vivo studies of IL17 deficiency, animal or human models of IL17 deficiency, and induced deficiency with anti-IL17 deficiency. Of 104 articles, 46 were included in this review. Results Deficiencies in the IL17 pathway can result in both bacterial and fungal infections and increased tumor growth. IL17 deficiency states are associated with susceptibility to infections from Staphylococcus aureus, Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Candida albicans. IL17 deficiency attenuates rheumatoid arthritis, atopic dermatitis, hapten-induced contact hypersensitivity and irritable bowel disease and is protective in lung cancer. Limitations Ultimately, clinical trials will determine the side effects of IL17 targeted therapeutics. Conclusion The implications of the information found in this review demonstrate potential effects to consider when using IL17 targeted therapeutics in the treatment of psoriasis.
Vibration-Measuring Instruments Fundamental Considerations in Their Design

A general-purpose wide-range high-precision vibration-measuring instrument must embody several fundamental design requirements which determine the useful frequency range, the accuracy of measurement, the intensity of vibration to which it can be applied, and the effect of the instrument on the vibrating body. In this paper the advantages and disadvantages of certain mechanical and electrical detecting and amplifying systems for the measurement of vibration amplitude, velocity, and acceleration, are discussed in the light of their design requirements. A vibration generator capable of producing sinusoidal vibrations over a wide frequency and amplitude range, and a set of vibration standards with which the vibrations produced can be accurately determined, are also described. In conclusion, criteria for evaluating the performance of vibration measuring instruments of different types are suggested.
Depressive symptoms are associated with allostatic load among community-dwelling older adults.

The allostatic load model has been used to quantify the physiological costs of the body's response to repeated stressful demands and may provide a useful, integrative perspective on the various correlates of late-life depressive symptoms. We interviewed 125 Rochester, NY adults, ranging in age from 67 to 94 years. We employed an allostatic load score as a measure of multisystem dysfunction in hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis function, immune function, anabolic activity, and cardiovascular activity. Overall, affective, and somatic depressive symptom scores were computed using the 20-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. Multiple linear regression models were used to estimate associations between allostatic load scores and affective, somatic, and overall depressive symptoms. Among our sample of mean age 76.1 years, the one-week prevalence of clinically significant depressive symptoms was 12.8%. In models adjusting for demographic, socioeconomic, and health-related factors, higher allostatic load scores were associated with elevated scores for overall, affective, and somatic depressive symptoms: beta = 1.21 (95% CI = 0.38, 2.05); beta = 0.14 (95% CI = 0.040, 0.24); beta = 0.60 (95% CI = 0.23, 0.97), respectively. Our results suggest that allostatic load measure is associated with late-life depressive symptoms. This association appears to be of clinical significance, as the magnitude of the effect size was comparable (but opposite in direction) to that of antidepressant use. Future research should examine the inter-relationships of allostatic load, psychological stress, and late-life depressive symptoms.
Distance-dependent fluorescence quenching of N-acetyl-l-tryptophanamide by acrylamide

We examined the time-dependent intensity decays ofN-acetyl-l-tryptophanamide (NATA) when collisionally quenched by acrylamide in propylene glycol over a range of temperatures. The intensity decays of NATA became increasingly heterogeneous in the presence of acrylamide. The NATA intensity decays were not consistent with the Collins-Kimball radiation boundary condition (RBC) model for quenching. The steady-state Stern-Volmer plots show significant upward curvature, and quenching of NATA by acrylamide was observed even in vitrified propylene glycol, where translational diffusion cannot occur during the lifetime of the excited state. These frequencydomain and steady-state data indicate a through-space quenching interaction between NATA and acrylamide, and the results are consistent with a rate constant for quenching that depends exponentially on the fluorophore-quencher separation distance. The exponential distance-dependent rate of quenching also explains the upward curvature of the Stern-Volmer plot, and the steady-state data aid in determining the interaction distance between NATA and acrylamide. These results suggest that the distance-dependent quenching rates need to be considered in the interpretation of acrylamide quenching of proteins.
Industry codes as agents of change: responsible care adoption by US chemical companies

Industry-generated codes of environmental, health and safety practice represent one response to societal calls for improved corporate environmental management. Such codes seek to build a collective identity among members, improve members’ environmental performance, and demonstrate this improved performance among stakeholders and critics. This paper studies the implementation by 16 companies of the US chemical industry’s Responsible Care code. We examine whether and how Responsible Care adoption has influenced company practice, and find considerable variation both in how companies implemented the codes and in how organizational members interpreted the importance of the codes for their organization. While some practices had been adopted uniformly by all companies, discretion in Responsible Care implementation was exercised. Furthermore, similar practices were adopted when they were seen as contributing to organizational image, while variation remained when organizational image was not at stake. These findings show that adoption of a voluntary code of environmental practice does not guarantee that companies follow a uniform set of practices or comply fully with the desired norms. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Source-receptor reconciliation of fine-particulate emissions from residential wood combustion in the southeastern United States

Abstract An extensive collection of speciated PM2.5 measurements including organic tracers permitted a detailed examination of the emissions from residential wood combustion (RWC) in the southeastern United States over an entire year (2007). The Community Multiscale Air Quality model-based Integrated Source Apportionment Method (CMAQ-ISAM) was used in combination with the U.S. National Emissions Inventory (NEI) to compute source contributions from ten categories of biomass combustion, including RWC. A novel application of the receptor-based statistical model, Unmix, was used to subdivide the observed concentrations of levoglucosan, a unique tracer of biomass combustion. Using the CMAQ-ISAM and Unmix models together, we find that the emission-based RWC contribution to ambient carbonaceous PM2.5 predicted by the model is approximately a factor of two lower than indicated by observations. Recommendations for improving the temporal allocation of the emissions are proposed and tested to show a potential improvement in model RWC predictions, quantified by approximately 15% less bias. Further improvements in the sector predictions could be achieved with a survey-based analysis of detailed RWC emission patterns.
Didemnins, tamandarins and related natural products

Covering: 2002 to 2011 Since the discovery and isolation of the didemnin family of marine depsipeptides in 1981, the synthesis and biological activity of its congeners have been of great interest to the scientific community. The didemnins have demonstrated antitumor, antiviral, and immunosuppressive activity at low nano- and femtomolar levels. Of the congeners, didemnin B was the first marine natural product to reach phase II clinical trials in the United States, stimulating many analogue syntheses to date. About two decades later, tamandarins A and B were isolated, and were found to possess very similar structure and biological activity to that of the didemnin B. These compounds have shown impressive biological activity and some progress has been made in establishing structure–activity relationships. However, their molecular mechanism of action still remains unclear. This review highlights the long-standing study of didemnins and its critical application towards the understanding of the molecular mechanism of action of tamandarins and their potential use as therapeutic agents.
Elucidating the Role of the Pyridoxal 5‘-Phosphate (PLP)-Dependent β-Lyases in Selenocysteine Se-Conjugates Metabolism: A Density Functional Study

The selenocysteine Se-conjugates {RSe−Cys, or RSeCH2CH[(NH2)(COOH)]} metabolism catalyzed by pyridoxal 5‘-phosphate (PLP)-dependent β-lyases has been elucidated in the gas-phase at the density functional level. In this study, pyridoxal 5‘-phosphate (PLP)-dependent β-lyases has been modeled by the [(OMe)P(OH)(O)2]- phosphate. It was shown that the reaction RSe−Cys → RSeH + CH2C[(NH2)(COOH)], which is suggested to occur via the β-H elimination, is energetically unfavorable and encounters high activation barriers of 54.0 (54.1), 54.6 (54.6), and 50.7 (50.9) kcal/mol for R = H, Me, and Ph, respectively. The participation of pyridoxal 5‘-phosphate (PLP)-dependent β-lyases significantly facilitates this reaction, and reduces the C3-H2 (or Cβ-Hβ) activation barrier by almost three times, from 50.7 (50.9) kcal/mol to 18.0 (18.1) kcal/mol for R = Ph. Amazingly, the presence of enzyme completely changes the suggested mechanism of the metabolism of selenocysteine Se-conjugates: In the absence of β-lyases the reacti...
Serial adoptive transfer of murine experimental allergic encephalomyelitis: successful transfer is dependent on active disease in the donor.

Abstract In an attempt of understand the mechanisms underlying disease progression in adoptively transferred experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE), and perhaps multiple sclerosis (MS), this study has examined the transfer of EAE serially from primary to secondary and tertiary recipients using myelin basic protein (MBP)-responsive lymphocytes. It was found that EAE could be serially transferred only when there was acute or relapsing disease activity in the donor animal. Cells from donors with quiescent disease did not transfer EAE. Autoradigraphic attempts to locate primary adoptively transferred cells in the central nervous system of secondary and tertiary recipients were uniformly unsuccessful. These findings implicate the requirement of effector cell activation in the donor and the recruitment of augmenting autoimmune cells in lesion formation.
Problem difficulty as a function of relative frequency of correct responses

The attempt was made to identify variables determining the order in which problem solving responses are made. On the initial problem, difficulty was inversely related to the relative frequency of the correct response. Over a series of problems, performance was more complexly related to relative frequency of the correct response, with the difficulty of identifying various relative frequency positions the additional factor.
Coincidence study of the reaction 2H(d, dp)n

Abstract Absolute coincidence cross sections were measured for the reaction 2H(d, dp)n at Ed = 20.7 MeV. Strong peaks were observed centered at the minimum neutron laboratory energies. Their shapes were well fitted by PWBA calculations using both zero- and finite-range transition potentials, and by the PWBA modified by including the final p-n interaction. These calculations suggested the importance of both the simple spectator process and more complex mechanisms. DWBA calculations gave poorer fits. No conclusive evidence for unbound 3He levels was obtained.
THEORETICAL STUDIES OF RIBOSE AND ITS RADICALS PRODUCED BY HYDROGEN ABSTRACTION FROM RING CARBONS

The energies and structures of ribose and its radicals produced by hydrogen abstraction from each of the four ribose ring carbons were studied by ab initio quantum chemical methods including geometry optimization at the HF/6-31G level. Two types of the sugar ring pseudorotational states (N-type and S-type) and different orientations of the hydroxyl groups on C2 and C3 were identified. Three energy minima are found for the N-type conformation of ribose with different orientations of the two hydroxy groups while only two energy minima are found for the S-type conformation. The N-type pseudorotamer is more stable than the S-type. The radicals formed by H abstraction from the carbons of ribose all show two forms that can be classified as N-type and S-type conformers. The ring of the radicals is flattened compared to that of ribose, with the C2 radical showing the most significant reduction in puckering amplitude. The possibility of radical inversion adds additional complexity to the conformational properties ...