cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Negotiating Medical Virtues: Toward the Development of a Physician Mistake Disclosure Model

Statistics show that nearly 98,000 patients die each year because of preventable medical mistakes. Despite legal obligations, a majority of physicians either fail to disclose a mistake or disclose it in an incompetent manner, causing detrimental outcomes. This article is the first to synthesize existing research on medical mistakes into an integrative physician mistake disclosure model. The proposed model theorizes that physicians conduct a cost–benefit analysis prior to deciding whether or not to disclose a medical mistake. In the event of disclosure, informational and relational disclosure competence is hypothesized to mediate the inherent detrimental effects of physician defensiveness on immediate and long-term outcomes. The article provides detailed directions for future research and discusses practical implications of the physician mistake disclosure model for physicians and health-care institutions. Most important, the model implies that a supportive organizational climate is needed to curb destruct...
Political Protest and Street Art: Popular Tools for Democratization in Hispanic Countries

Acknowledgments Abbreviations A Comparative Assessment Street Art as Political Communication: An Overview Street Art: How It Is Effective The Iberian Peninsula Spain: Centralism and Regionalism Basque Nationalism: Center-Periphery Conflict South America: The Southern Cone Argentina: Hyperarticulation and Competition Brazil: Evolving Articulation Conclusion: Explaining Street Art's Continued Utility Selected Bibliography Index
CURVATURE AND BENDING MOMENTS FROM INCLINOMETER DATA

Bending moments in excavation support walls and deep foundations are frequently estimated using curvature derived from inclinometer surveys. The basic idea involves fitting a curve or a series of curves to the inclinometer data. The curvature is then estimated as the second difference of the displacement profile. Although many methods are available to estimate curvature, there is a lack of a consistent standard in deducing curvature from inclinometer readings. Twelve methods for estimating curvature that lend themselves well to spreadsheet or programmable calculations are reviewed. They are then applied to 60 sets of inclinometer readings obtained from a variety of walls and drilled shafts. Included are six laterally load tested drilled shafts which were monitored using both inclinometers and strain gauges. A direct comparison of curvatures from inclinometers with those from strain gauges was performed. The comparisons show that a piecewise cubic polynomial curve fitting a moving window of five successive inclinometer data points provide curvature values that are in good agreement with those from strain gauges, and is proposed as a reasonable method for estimating bending moments from inclinometer data.
Janus faces of NF-κB : Neurodestruction versus neuroprotection

Aspirin may prevent neuronal cell death by inhibiting NF-κB, but what of NF-κB'S reported neuroprotective role?
The effects of salinity, and calcium and potassium variations on the growth of two estuarine red algae

Abstract The effects of varying salinity and calcium and potassium concentrations on the growth of two species of estuarine Rhodophyta, Bostrychia radicans Montagne and Caloglossa lepricurii (Montagne) J. Agardh, were examined in unialgal culture. Inocula of settled tetraspores on glass coverslips were incubated in six concentrations of potassium (0. 100, 200, 300, 400 and 500 mg/l) at five salinities (0, 5, 15, 25, and 35%) in the presence of calcium. Growth responses of each alga were determined from the average cell number of 75 tetrasporelings after 4 days in Ott's synthetic sea-water medium. The concentrations of dissolved potassium and calcium in sea water along a salinity gradient in an estuary were determined with atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Four-day-old tetrasporeling of Bostrychia and Caloglossa demonstrated growth over wide ranges of potassium concentrations with growth maxima at 400 500 and 200 400 mg/l, at the optimal salinities for growth of 25 and 15%, respectively. These studies indicate also that the presence of calcium is essential for appreciable growth of both species at each salinity and the effects of variations in potassium are dependent upon the presence of calcium. The abundance of both species in the Mullica River estuary. New Jersey, appears to be a response to a total osmotic effect along the salinity gradient because sufficient levels of the major cations are present. However, the upper limit of both species towards the head of the Mullica River estuary may be determined by combinations of low salinity and low levels of dissolved calcium and potassium rather than by low salinity alone.
Pelvic exenteration with low rectal anastomosis: survival, complications, and prognostic factors.

Abstract Between July 1979 and January 1989 there were 31 patients who underwent pelvic exenteration with low rectal anastomosis (PE and LRA) at the University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB). There were no operative deaths; however, 32% of the patients experienced significant postoperative morbidity. Survival (Kaplan-Meier) at 1 year is 86%. Overall survival is 68% with follow-up ranging from 10 months to >9 years. For those patients with disease confined to the cervix and/or vagina ( n = 18) the survival is 89% while it is 38% for patients with spread to the bladder, rectum, or parametrium ( n = 13). Survival was not influenced by tumor differentiation, time from irradiation to exenteration, or initial stage. Complete healing of the LRA was achieved in 16 patients (52%). However, in the subset of patients with an omental wrap ( n = 13) the complete healing rate is 85%. Protective colostomies were utilized in 12 patients; however, this was not shown to improve the healing rate of the LRA. This group of patients is compared to similar patients who had anterior pelvic exenteration at UAB for morbidity and survival. LRA at the time of pelvic exenteration for recurrent cervical cancer is associated with acceptable morbidity and survival and should be attempted in those patients who are appropriate candidates.
Estimating Interrelated Demands for Meats Using New Measures for Ground and Table Cut Beef

Two systems of demand equations for meats are estimated using traditional and new measures of ground and table cut beef. The choice of disaggregation has a significant impact on estimated demand elasticities for hamburger and table cuts. A multivariate version of the PE-test is used as a nonnested test of the alternative specifications. The PE-test is an appropriate nonnested specification test when the models in question have different (but related) dependent variables. The PE-test rejects the nonfed beef model specification but does not reject the ground beef model, which uses the new measures of ground and table cut beef.
On real-time STM concurrency control for embedded software with improved schedulability

We consider software transactional memory (STM) concurrency control for embedded multicore real-time software, and present a novel contention manager for resolving transactional conflicts, called PNF. We upper bound transactional retries and task response times. Our implementation in RSTM/real-time Linux reveals that PNF yields shorter or comparable retry costs than competitors.
Performance Assessment and Science Learning: Rationale for Computers.

Performance assessment in science focuses on measuring achievement of problem solving, higher-order thinking, and application of skills and knowledge. Descriptions of how performance assessment tasks are linked to science curriculum objectives are given, along with criteria for and examples of performance assessment tasks. Criteria for developing scoring procedures are considered. Throughout the discussion, the role that computers and related technology can play in problem-based performance assessment is described.
Pharmacokinetics of cefotaxime and desacetylcefotaxime in the young

Available information on the pharmacokinetics of cefotaxime (CTX) and desacetylcefotaxime (dCTX) indicates that their disposition depends on development, with the greatest changes occurring during the 1st year of life. To a great extent, these changes reside with the acquisition of renal function (e.g., both glomerular filtration and active tubular secretion) during the 1st year of life. When the impact of development on CTX and dCTX disposition is considered, it is apparent that age-appropriate pharmacokinetic data can be used to individualize CTX dosing regimens according to age. Also, alternative dosing regimens that have been proven to be both safe and effective can be justified.
Graphcut textures: image and video synthesis using graph cuts

In this paper we introduce a new algorithm for image and video texture synthesis. In our approach, patch regions from a sample image or video are transformed and copied to the output and then stitched together along optimal seams to generate a new (and typically larger) output. In contrast to other techniques, the size of the patch is not chosen a-priori, but instead a graph cut technique is used to determine the optimal patch region for any given offset between the input and output texture. Unlike dynamic programming, our graph cut technique for seam optimization is applicable in any dimension. We specifically explore it in 2D and 3D to perform video texture synthesis in addition to regular image synthesis. We present approximative offset search techniques that work well in conjunction with the presented patch size optimization. We show results for synthesizing regular, random, and natural images and videos. We also demonstrate how this method can be used to interactively merge different images to generate new scenes.
Characterization of a calcium binding domain in the VP1 protein of the avian polyomavirus, budgerigar fledgling disease virus

Calcium ions appear to play a major role in maintaining the structural integrity and assembly of papovavirus virions and are likely involved in the process of viral uncoating. Recently it was reported that the purified recombinant VP1 protein of budgerigar fledgling disease virus (BFDV) was capable of assembling into capsid-like particles in the presence of calcium. It is now reported that the major capsid protein VP1 of BFDV binds calcium ions in an in vitro calcium binding assay. Two deletions were made in the VP1 protein to identify a calcium binding domain and to further characterize the role of calcium ions in the capsid assembly process. Recombinant VP1 lacking a putative calcium binding domain (Asp-237-Asp-248) failed to bind radioactive 45Ca2+ yet associated into capsomeres. These capsomeres were similar in shape to the wild-type VP1 but were unable to assemble into capsid-like particles. Likewise, recombinant VP1 lacking ten carboxyl terminal amino acids (Glu-334-Arg-343) also formed capsomeres that were unable to assemble into capsid-like particles. In contrast to the VP1 protein with the internal deletion, the protein with the truncated carboxyl terminus bound 45Ca2+ in the in vitro assay. These results have identified a calcium binding domain (Asp-237-Asp-248) for the BFDV VP1 protein and a crucial role for the VP1 carboxyl terminal amino acids (Glu-334-Arg-343) in capsid assembly.
The efficiency of using k-d trees for finding nearest neighbors in discrete space

Abstract In this paper, we examine the efficiency of the k-d tree for retrieving from a file of fixed-length binary key records the best match to a given input word. We provide guidelines for determining if the search of the tree will provide any savings when compared with an exhaustive search.
Connecting Hunter-Schreger Band Microstructure to Enamel Microwear Features: New Insights from Durophagous Carnivores

Several recent studies have clarified the link between microwear features and diet among living carnivorans, but it is still unclear whether previously interpreted evolutionary trends for dietary specialization, based on examination of enamel microstructure, are consistent with such insights from microwear analysis. This study examined the relationship between microwear and microstructure features using a sample of fossil hyaenids and canids. Hunter-Schreger Bands (HSB) and microwear features were examined at the same magnification level using optical stereomicroscopy. Multiple trials conducted on each specimen showed higher variance of smaller ( 0.03 mm) features. The number of pits was positively correlated with more derived HSB in both p4 and m1; fossil teeth with derived HSB possessed microwear features similar to patterns found in modern spotted hyenas. Microscopic scratches were not as closely associated with HSB patterns, but large scratches were more...
Determining the structure of the Jordan normal form of a matrix by symbolic computation

Abstract An algorithm for determining the Jordan normal form of a matrix is presented. The algorithm implements the geometric approach given by Gantmacher. Using this algorithm, structures of the Jordan blocks of the matrix can be completely determined by means of symbolic computation. The approximation of eigenvalues of the matrix has no influence on this structure.
Future trends in PC computing and their implications to SoC

The trends of growing segmentation of PC computing devices, of which many are sleek mobile form factors, the convergence of compute and communications, the need to respond ever more faster to changing market requirements, and growing emphasis on media content and innovative human interfaces, are driving changes to the way traditional high volume mainstream PC CPUs and core logic are architected and designed.
The segregation and expression of glutamate receptor subunits in cultured hippocampal neurons

Abstract The distribution and expression of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionate-selective glutamate receptor subunits (GluR1-4) were studied in cultured hippocampal neurons using antibodies generated against peptides corresponding to the C-termini of GluR1, GluR2/3 and GluR4, and with a set of oligonucleotide probes designed complementary to specific pan, flip and flop GluR1-4 messenger RNA sequences. GluR1-4 subunit proteins were localized in fixed hippocampal neurons (2 h to three weeks after plating) by immunocytochemistry with light and electron microscopy. At early stages in culture, moderate staining with antibodies to GluR1 and GluR2/3 and very light staining with antibody to GluR4 was observed in cell bodies and proximal portions of all neurites of some neurons. Upon establishment of identified axons and dendrites by seven days in culture, staining was intense with specific antibodies to GluR1 and GluR2/3 and light with anti-GluR4 antibody in cell bodies and dendrites. Little or no staining was observed in axons. Cells at seven days in culture exhibited a variety of morphologies. However, we could not assign a pattern of staining to a particular type. As the cultures matured over two and three weeks, staining was limited to the somatodendritic compartment. The intensity of glutamate receptor subunit staining increased and the extent of staining proceeded to the distal extreme of many dendrites. Moreover, antibodies to GluR1-4 subunits were co-localized in neurons. Immunocytochemistry on living neurons did not result in any significant labeling, suggesting that the epitope is either not expressed on the surface of the neurons, or is present, but inaccessible to the antibody. Electron microscopy demonstrated receptor localization similar to that found in brain, with staining of postsynaptic membrane and density, dendritic cytoplasm and cell body, but not within the synaptic cleft. We examined the possible role of “cellular compartmentation” in the pattern of glutamate receptor expression in hippocampal neurons. Compartmentalization studies of the subcellular distribution of messenger RNAs encoding GluR1-4 subunits was determined in mature cultures by in situ hybridization. Significant silver grain appearance was restricted to the cell body, indicating that the synthesis of glutamate receptor subunits is limited largely to the neuronal cell body. The expression of microtubule-associated protein 2 was studied in parallel. Microtubule-associated protein 2 expression appeared 6 h after plating, while glutamate receptor subunit expression was present at 2 h. This indicates that microtubule-associated protein 2 does not regulate the initial distribution of glutamate receptor subunits into neurites. Restriction of expression to the cell body raises important questions concerning the mechanisms governing the transport of GluR proteins to their appropriate compartments within neurons of the developing and mature nervous system.
Differential space-time-frequency modulation over frequency-selective fading channels

We present a differential space-time-frequency (DSTF) modulation scheme for systems with two transmit antennas over frequency-selective fading channels. The proposed DSTF scheme employs a concatenation of a spectral encoder and a differential encoder/mapper, which are designed to yield the maximum spatio-spectral diversity and significant coding gain. To reduce the decoding complexity, the differential encoder is designed with a unitary structure that decouples the maximum likelihood (ML) detection in space and time; meanwhile, the spectral encoder utilizes a linear constellation decimation (LCD) coding scheme that encodes across a minimally required set of subchannels for full diversity and, hence, incurs the least decoding complexity among all full-diversity codes.
Habituation and Dishabituation of Cortical and Brainstem Evoked Potentials

Habituation of cortical and brainstem evoked potentials (CEPs and BEPs) defined by response diminution and recovery (dishabituation) was studied in 8 normal adults and 14 healthy neonates. CEPs and BEPs were recorded from the vertex of the scalp using a procedure of continuous stimulation. Average responses obtained in 5 min intervals (5, 10, 15 min) following the onset of stimulation were compared with the initial average. If there was no difference in the successive EPs, stimulation continued as before. If a decrement (habituation) was apparent at any interval, a slight change in the intensity of the stimulus or its rate of presentation produced dishabituation during the next average.Within 5-10 min, the CEP showed marked habituation and recovered immediately upon the introduction of a novel stimulus (dishabituation). Habituation was seen only when subjects (adults) read during the stimulation period. When subjects were not provided with specific instructions, there was no EP change during the course of...
Assessing Children's Dietary Pesticide Exposure: Direct Measurement of Pesticide Residues in 24-Hr Duplicate Food Samples

BackgroundThe data presented here are a response to calls for more direct measurements of pesticide residues in foods consumed by children and provide an opportunity to compare direct measures of p...
Countering kernel rootkits with lightweight hook protection

Kernel rootkits have posed serious security threats due to their stealthy manner. To hide their presence and activities, many rootkits hijack control flows by modifying control data or hooks in the kernel space. A critical step towards eliminating rootkits is to protect such hooks from being hijacked. However, it remains a challenge because there exist a large number of widely-scattered kernel hooks and many of them could be dynamically allocated from kernel heap and co-located together with other kernel data. In addition, there is a lack of flexible commodity hardware support, leading to the socalled protection granularity gap -- kernel hook protection requires byte-level granularity but commodity hardware only provides page level protection.To address the above challenges, in this paper, we present HookSafe, a hypervisor-based lightweight system that can protect thousands of kernel hooks in a guest OS from being hijacked. One key observation behind our approach is that a kernel hook, once initialized, may be frequently "read"-accessed, but rarely write"-accessed. As such, we can relocate those kernel hooks to a dedicated page-aligned memory space and then regulate accesses to them with hardware-based page-level protection. We have developed a prototype of HookSafe and used it to protect more than 5,900 kernel hooks in a Linux guest. Our experiments with nine real-world rootkits show that HookSafe can effectively defeat their attempts to hijack kernel hooks. We also show that HookSafe achieves such a large-scale protection with a small overhead (e.g., around 6% slowdown in performance benchmarks).
Student perceptions of andragogical orientation and student learning

In order to develop critical thinkers and capable problem solvers it is important to understand the needs of today's engineering student and design instruction to meet those needs. An important component in that discussion is the degree to which students perceive themselves as adults versus child learners. The issue is important for educators; particularly those who teach senior-level courses, because research on adult learners points toward different classroom methods than those used for children. In this paper, we focus on capstone design - a course often structured to simulate a professional work experience to understand student beliefs regarding their self-perceived orientation as an adult learner and how those beliefs are related to a) their self-perceived learning outcomes and b) the value they place on forms and frequency of feedback. To examine this impact, we draw on the concept of “andragogy.” This study utilizes student data from a 2011 survey of capstone students. The data includes student beliefs regarding the andragogical assumptions, self-reports of their learning, and perceptions of the capstone course. The findings support Knowles' andragogical assumptions and indicate that student learning in project-based courses have the potential to have higher andragogical orientations. These findings provide insight into the characteristics of the capstone student and provide opportunities for faculty to tailor teaching to meet student needs.
Neuromuscular transmission and its pharmacological blockade. Part 2: Pharmacology of neuromuscular blocking agents.

Clinically, neuromuscular blockade is induced with either depolarizing or non‐depolarizing relaxants. Suxamethonium is the only depolarizing relaxant still in use. It is hydrolysed in the plasma by pseudo‐cholinesterase (plasma cholinesterase). In some patients and in particular diseases the plasma cholinesterase activity is low and hence the effect of suxamethonium prolonged. Suxamethonium is characterized by side‐effects such as myalgia, fasciculations and increase in intraocular, intracranial and intragastric pressure. More serious adverse reactions are masseter muscle spasm and potassium release, in patients with some neuromuscular diseases and increase in extrajunctional acetylcholine receptors. As non‐depolarizing muscle relaxants benzylisoquinolines and steroidal compounds are mainly used. Each relaxant has its own pharmacological characteristics. The effect of most relaxants depends on liver and renal function because the pharmacokinetic behaviour is strongly dependent on these organs. Also, acid‐base balance disturbances, change in temperature, and neurological diseases have an effect on the profile of the relaxants. A number of drugs (anaesthetics, antibiotics, antiepileptics, etc.) have an effect on neuromuscular transmission, and thus interact with the relaxants. Some non-depolarizing relaxants cause histamine release and cardiovascular effects.
Efficient Genome-Wide Detection and Cataloging of EMS-Induced Mutations Using Exome Capture and Next-Generation Sequencing

Chemical mutagenesis efficiently generates phenotypic variation in otherwise homogeneous genetic backgrounds, enabling functional analysis of genes. Advances in mutation detection have brought the utility of induced mutant populations on par with those produced by insertional mutagenesis, but systematic cataloguing of mutations would further increase their utility. We examined the suitability of multiplexed global exome capture and sequencing coupled with custom-developed bioinformatics tools to identify mutations in well-characterized mutant populations of rice (Oryza sativa) and wheat (Triticum aestivum). In rice, we identified ∼18,000 induced mutations from 72 independent M2 individuals. Functional evaluation indicated the recovery of potentially deleterious mutations for >2600 genes. We further observed that specific sequence and cytosine methylation patterns surrounding the targeted guanine residues strongly affect their probability to be alkylated by ethyl methanesulfonate. Application of these methods to six independent M2 lines of tetraploid wheat demonstrated that our bioinformatics pipeline is applicable to polyploids. In conclusion, we provide a method for developing large-scale induced mutation resources with relatively small investments that is applicable to resource-poor organisms. Furthermore, our results demonstrate that large libraries of sequenced mutations can be readily generated, providing enhanced opportunities to study gene function and assess the effect of sequence and chromatin context on mutations.
On the Information Theoretic Limits of Learning Ising Models

We provide a general framework for computing lower-bounds on the sample complexity of recovering the underlying graphs of Ising models, given i.i.d. samples. While there have been recent results for specific graph classes, these involve fairly extensive technical arguments that are specialized to each specific graph class. In contrast, we isolate two key graph-structural ingredients that can then be used to specify sample complexity lower-bounds. Presence of these structural properties makes the graph class hard to learn. We derive corollaries of our main result that not only recover existing recent results, but also provide lower bounds for novel graph classes not considered previously. We also extend our framework to the random graph setting and derive corollaries for Erdős-Renyi graphs in a certain dense setting.
Qualitative decision impact model: A tri-partite broadcast social network approach

Decision theory is the mathematics of making decisions under certain conditions of uncertainty. A major shortcoming in the application of decision theory to human problem-solving is that it is difficult to sufficiently account for the influence of specific instances of human social-psychological conditions in making value judgments. Equally challenging to decision theory are the complexity and diversity of human problems. The P2h.D. decision impact model describes the configuration of a structured and intentionally sustained network of podcasts, blogs, and wikis to provide informal resources and examples of human experience to supplement formal resources developed out of decision theory modeling.
Transcriptional Profile of Brain Injury in Hypothermic Circulatory Arrest and Cardiopulmonary Bypass

Background Little is known about the molecular mechanisms of neurologic complications after hypothermic circulatory arrest (HCA) with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Canine genome sequencing allows profiling of genomic changes after HCA and CPB alone. We hypothesize that gene regulation will increase with increased severity of injury. Methods Dogs underwent 2-hour HCA at 18°C (n = 10), 1-hour HCA (n = 8), or 2-hour CPB at 32°C alone (n = 8). In each group, half were sacrificed at 8 hours and half at 24 hours after treatment. After neurologic scoring, brains were harvested for genomic analysis. Hippocampal RNA isolates were analyzed using canine oligonucleotide expression arrays containing 42,028 probes. Results Consistent with prior work, dogs that underwent 2-hour HCA experienced severe neurologic injury. One hour of HCA caused intermediate clinical damage. Cardiopulmonary bypass alone yielded normal clinical scores. Cardiopulmonary bypass, 1-hour HCA, and 2-hour HCA groups historically demonstrated increasing degrees of histopathologic damage (previously published). Exploratory analysis revealed differences in significantly regulated genes (false discovery rate Conclusions Our genomic profile of canine brains after HCA and CPB revealed 1-hour and 2-hour HCA induced markedly increased gene regulation, in contrast to the minimal effect of CPB alone. This adds to the body of neurologic literature supporting the safety of CPB alone and the minimal effect of CPB on a normal brain, while illuminating genomic results of both.
Boundary cloud method: a combined scattered point/boundary integral approach for boundary-only analysis

Abstract A boundary cloud method (BCM), for boundary-only analysis of partial differential equations, is presented in this paper for solving potential equations in two dimensions (2-D). The BCM combines a weighted least-squares approach for construction of interpolation functions with a boundary integral formulation for the governing equations. Given a set of scattered points on the surface of an arbitrary object, Hermite-type interpolation functions are constructed by developing a weighted least-squares approach. We also introduce truncated Hermite-type interpolation functions. The boundary integrals are evaluated by using a cell structure. We propose various schemes for evaluating the singular, nearly singular and nonsingular integrals. We also propose a true meshless approach for boundary-only analysis of potential equations. Numerical results, comparing the classical boundary element method and the BCM, are presented for several 2-D potential problems.
Motorcycle helmets save lives, but not limbs: a National Trauma Data Bank analysis of functional outcomes after motorcycle crash.

Background The incidence of motorcycle fatalities over the last 10 y has nearly doubled. There is considerable evidence that motorcycle helmets save lives, but there are little data regarding the impact that helmets have on functional outcomes after a motorcycle crash. The objective of this study was to determine the difference between helmeted and non-helmeted motorcyclists in the odds of developing a functional deficit at discharge in three domains: speech, locomotion, and feeding. Methods Reviewed cases in the National Trauma Databank v7.0 involved in motorcycle collisions. Multiple logistic regression was used to analyze the effect of helmets on mortality and functional outcomes, adjusting for age, race, gender, insurance status, anatomic and physiologic injury severity, and head injury. Results The adjusted odds of mortality (0.75; 95% CI 0.65–0.86) and functional deficits in speech (0.82; 95% CI 0.69–0.97), locomotion (1.19; 95% CI 1.11–1.29), and feeding (0.96 95% CI 0.84–1.08) among helmeted riders was compared with non-helmeted motorcyclists with equivalent injuries. Conclusion Helmeted motorcyclists are less likely to die and develop a deficit in speech after a motorcycle collision. These data support that motorcycle helmets are important in preventing functional deficits related to head injury.
The Selection and Nurturing Effects of Corporate Investors on New Venture Innovativeness

Corporate investors can provide valuable resources to their new venture investees, but their interests may conflict with those of independent venture capitalist (IVC) coinvestors. We explore how the preferences, resources, and influence of corporate investors vis-a-vis their IVC coinvestors affect their selection of investment opportunities and subsequent nurturing of new venture investees. We show that corporate investors tend to fund new ventures with greater pre-funding innovative capabilities and new ventures receiving corporate funding exhibit greater post-funding rates of innovation compared to those funded solely by IVCs, particularly when their corporate investors are highly reputable relative to their IVC coinvestors. Copyright © 2013 Strategic Management Society.
The Role of Clinical Uncertainty in Treatment Decisions for Diabetic Patients with Uncontrolled Blood Pressure

Clinicians often fail to intensify antihypertensive therapy when their patient's blood pressure is elevated. Kerr and colleagues sought the reasons for this practice by studying 1169 diabetic patie...
Expansion of breast cancer stem cells with fibrous scaffolds

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are hypothesized as tumor-initiating cells within tumors and main contributors of tumor growth, metastasis and recurrence. Mammary cancer cells, MCF-7 cells, were cultured on 3D polycaprolactone (PCL) fibrous scaffolds, showing an increased proportion of CSCs. The expression of stem cell markers, including OCT3/4 and SOX2, and breast CSC-specific markers, SOX4 and CD49f, was significantly upregulated, and the mammosphere-forming capability in cells cultured on PCL fibrous scaffolds increased. The fibrous scaffolds also induced the elongation of MCF-7 cells and extended cell proliferation. The increase of CSC properties after being cultured on fibrous scaffolds was further confirmed with two luminal-type mammary cell lines, T47D and SK-BR-3, and a basal-type cell line, MDA-MB-231, by ALDEFLUOR assay and mammosphere formation assay. Moreover, we observed the upregulation of epithelial to mesenchymal transition and increased invasive capability in cells cultured on PCL fibrous scaffolds. These data suggest that the increase of CSC proportion in a 3D culture system may account for the enhanced malignancy. Therefore, our PCL fibrous scaffolds can potentially be used for CSCs enrichment and anti-cancer drug screening.
Cellular Communication with Randomly Placed Distributed Antennas

A cellular distributed antenna system with randomly located distributed antenna elements (AEs) and mobile users is considered. The AEs are connected to the base station via an offline dedicated link (such as fiber optics or line-of- sight RF). A user is served by selecting the AE with the best channel to it (often the closest one). The outage probability is derived for both AE selection and user selection individually for an isolated cell, and shown to decrease exponentially with the number of AEs and users. Due to selection diversity, fading and shadowing typically are desirable effects that decrease the likelihood of outage. In a more general setup - with multiple distributed antennas and both AE selection and user selection - the outage probability decreases exponentially with the number of users but not with the number of AEs. Due to diminishing returns, there is no need to deploy more AEs than a certain extent, which is determined by the transmit power of AEs. With a sufficient number of AEs, randomly deployed AEs can provide nearly the same performance as regularly deployed AEs, and both have a common outage probability floor which is determined by user density.
Antiapoptotic properties of erythropoiesis-stimulating proteins in models of cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury.

Erythropoietin (Epo) induces erythrocytosis by suppressing erythroid progenitor cell apoptosis through the Janus-activated kinase-signal transducers and activators of transcription (JAK-STAT) pathw...
Evaluation of a prototype interactive consent program for pediatric clinical trials: a pilot study

Standard written methods of presenting research information may be difficult for many parents and children to understand. This pilot study was designed to examine the use of a novel prototype interactive consent program for describing a hypothetical pediatric asthma trial to parents and children. Parents and children were interviewed to examine their baseline understanding of key elements of a clinical trial, eg, randomization, placebo, and blinding. Subjects then reviewed age-appropriate versions of an interactive computer program describing an asthma trial, and their understanding of key research concepts was again tested along with their understanding of the details of the trial. Parents and children also completed surveys to examine their perceptions and satisfaction with the program. Both parents and children demonstrated improved understanding of key research concepts following administration of the consent program. For example, the percentage of parents and children who could correctly define the terms clinical trials and placebo improved from 60% to 80%, and 80% to 100% among parents and 25% to 50% and 0% to 50% among children, respectively, following review of the interactive programs. Parents and children's overall understanding of the details of the asthma trial were 14.2±0.84 and 9.25±4.9 (0–15 scale, where 15 is complete understanding), respectively. Results also suggest that the interactive programs were easy to use and facilitated understanding of the clinical trial among parents and children. Interactive media may offer an effective means of presenting understandable information to parents and children regarding participation in clinical trials. Further work to examine this novel approach appears warranted.
Safety-net role of tree roots: evidence from a pecan (Carya illinoensis K. Koch)-cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) alley cropping system in the southern United States

Abstract Excessive application of nitrogen (N) fertilizer in commercial agriculture and forestry can result in leaching of nitrate (NO3-N) into surface and subsurface drainage water. Temperate alley cropping is considered to be a potentially useful land use practice for mitigating this problem because deep roots of trees could serve as a “safety net” for capturing the N that is leached below the root zone of crops. This hypothesis was tested in a pecan (Carya illinoensis K. Koch)–cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) alley cropping system in northwestern Florida from June 2001 to August 2002. A belowground polyethylene root barrier was used to isolate tree roots from cotton alleys in half the number of test plots in order to provide two treatments—barrier and non-barrier. Soil water nutrient concentrations were quantified 1–2 times monthly from lysimeter water samples collected from two depths (0.3 and 0.9 m) at specific distances (1.5, 4.2 and 8.4 m from tree) in alley rows. Using this data, nutrient leaching rates were calculated using water drainage estimates derived from the LEACHMN soil modeling program. Overall, ammonium concentrations in soil solution were found to be close to the minimum limit of detection, a result similar to other lysimetric studies. Nitrate concentrations varied by depth but not by treatment in both growing seasons, with 0.9 m levels being significantly lower than 0.3 m levels. However, N leaching rates were found to be lower in the non-barrier treatment compared to barrier treatment, and also lower at 0.9 m depths in both treatments compared to 0.3 m depths. Cumulative amounts of nitrate leached during the study period were 63.83 and 13.05 kg ha−1 for 0.3 and 0.9 m depths, respectively, in non-barrier treatment, compared to 121.94 and 45.56 kg ha−1 for respective depths in barrier treatment, representing a significant reduction in total NO3-N leached at both depths. Hence, it is likely that tree roots were able to capture N in the non-barrier treatment, resulting in lower rates of leaching below the root zone. Further, tree water uptake, in addition to cotton water uptake in the non-barrier treatment, may have decreased water drainage in comparison to the barrier treatment, thereby influencing leaching rates. It appears that tree roots play a significant role in alleviating groundwater nitrate leaching through their safety-net role in temperate alley cropping systems.
Guidelines for the Evaluation and Management of Dyslipidemia in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-Infected Adults Receiving Antiretroviral Therapy: Recommendations of the HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Disease Society of America and the Adult AIDS Clinical Trials Group

Michael P. Dube, James H. Stein, Judith A. Aberg, Carl J. Fichtenbaum, John G. Gerber, Karen T. Tashima, W. Keith Henry, Judith S. Currier, Dennis Sprecher, and Marshall J. Glesby, for the Adult AIDS Clinical Trials Group Cardiovascular Subcommittee Indiana University, Indianapolis; University of Wisconsin, Madison; Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri; University of Cincinnati and Cleveland Clinic, Ohio; University of Colorado, Denver; Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island; University of Minnesota, St. Paul; University of California at Los Angeles; and Cornell University, New York, New York
Lions and tigers and bears, oh my! Three barriers to progress in computer-aided molecular design

The computational chemistry and cheminformatics community faces many challenges to advancing the state of the art. We discuss three of those challenges here: accurately estimating the contribution of entropy to ligand binding; reliably estimating the uncertainties in model predictions for new molecules; and being able to effectively curate the ever-expanding literature and commercial databases needed to build new models.
Diversity Matters: Theoretical Understanding of and Suggestions for the Current Fundraising Practices of Nonprofit Art Museums

Using the theory of the commons and social obligation theory of inclusion, this article critically examines current art museum fundraising practices in the United States that rely too much on traditional White, wealthy patrons. This leads museums to emphasize the limited interests of traditional donors, neglecting the needs of and potential support from their broader communities. This results in the tragedy of the anticommons, where museums are underused by diverse publics. The article advocates for more inclusive relationship-based fundraising practices that build relationships with local community members and include their perspectives on fundraising practices through diversifying fundraising leadership, understanding diverse giving patterns, and utilizing innovative fundraising methods while remaining sensitive to cultural differences.
Use of electronic nicotine delivery systems and other tobacco products among USA adults, 2014: results from a national survey

Objectives This study assessed the awareness and use of traditional and novel tobacco products and dual use of cigarettes with electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) among USA adults.
William E. Paul, M.D. (1936–2015).

Science is a tapestry made from many small threads of information. When these strands are woven together in the right order, they produce images revealing the underlying patterns of the natural world. A few select scientists are not merely contributors of these threads, but are weavers of the tapestry, giving form and meaning to the pieces of information they and others contribute.
The Genealogy of "Heresy" Leslie Dewart As Icon of the Catholic 1960s

This article sketches a portrait of Leslie Dewart as a philosopher-prophet of renewal, advocate of de-hellenization, and unlikely icon of religious revolution during a period of singular turbulence in the Catholic Church in the United States. This portrait is framed against the background of the University of Dayton “Heresy Affair” of 1967. Prominent participants in the “heresy affair” were students of the Spanish-Canadian philosopher Leslie Dewart of St. Michael’s College in the University of Toronto. In the spring of 1967, Dewart came to the University of Dayton to answer the question, “What is Happening in the Church?” During those heady days of the late 1960s, Dewart’s The Future of Belief (1966) joined The Secular City by Harvey Cox as major articulations of a widespread feeling of revolutionary religious transformation. Along with more conventional sources such as Dewart’s address as Dayton, The Future of Belief, and periodical literature of the period, the author also draws upon personal recollections of the late 1960s in the American Catholic church. Dewart is emblematic of the period in two ways. First is his embrace of “contemporary experience”, a phrase that cries out for interrogation. Second is his approach to the relationship between philosophy and theology. The latter typifies a modern Catholic intellectualist assumption that takes an autonomous philosophy as theology’s necessary foundation.
The Process of the Court’s Determination of Its Substantive Jurisdiction

The power of the International Court to determine its jurisdiction, as any other judicial power, cannot be analyzed in depth except in the context of the subject matter on which it is exercised. By defining this subject matter one is in fact answering the question: “What does this power mean, both to the Court and to the parties to any given dispute of which the Court is seized?” It is for this reason that an attempt to ascertain such a subject matter is carried out in this part of the study, which will however, be limited to such details as will help clarify the significance of the power in the work of the Court. In other words, the only questions that are to be raised here are those which the Court may need to answer in the course of the exercise of its power to determine its jurisdiction. This proposed limitation is subject, however, to one observation. Whereas the Court, being a judicial entity, is under no duty to give general definitions or comprehensive analyses of its jurisdictional powers, this part of the study is mainly concerned with these fundamental problems.
Union Status and Employment-Based Health Benefits

This paper examines the relationship between health benefits and union status. Union workers are much more likely to have employment-based health benefits than nonunion workers. As union workers account for a declining share of the working population, further erosion of unionization is likely to coincide with an overall erosion in the percentage of workers with employment-based health benefits, although if the decline in unionization is concentrated in the private sector, the percentage of union workers with health benefits may increase because union workers would be increasingly employed by the public sector. This paper also examines the job characteristics of union and nonunion workers and analyzes the health benefits and job characteristics of union and nonunion workers.
Seasonal benefits of a natural propolis envelope to honey bee immunity and colony health

Honey bees, as social insects, rely on collective behavioral defenses that produce a colony-level immune phenotype, or social immunity, which in turn impacts the immune response of individuals. One behavioral defense is the collection and deposition of antimicrobial plant resins, or propolis, in the nest. We tested the effect of a naturally constructed propolis envelope within standard beekeeping equipment on the pathogen and parasite load of large field colonies, and on immune system activity, virus and storage protein levels of individual bees over the course of a year. The main effect of the propolis envelope was a decreased and more uniform baseline expression of immune genes in bees during summer and autumn months each year, compared with the immune activity in bees with no propolis envelope in the colony. The most important function of the propolis envelope may be to modulate costly immune system activity. As no differences were found in levels of bacteria, pathogens and parasites between the treatment groups, the propolis envelope may act directly on the immune system, reducing the bees' need to activate the physiologically costly production of humoral immune responses. Colonies with a natural propolis envelope had increased colony strength and vitellogenin levels after surviving the winter in one of the two years of the study, despite the fact that the biological activity of the propolis diminished over the winter. A natural propolis envelope acts as an important antimicrobial layer enshrouding the colony, benefiting individual immunity and ultimately colony health.