cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Signs of Emergent Literacy among Inner-City Kindergartners in a Storybook Reading Program.

The purpose of the present project was (a) to increase children's opportunities to interact with storybooks in their classroom and at home and (b) to use holistic assessment measures to describe inner‐city kindergartners’ emergent literacy behaviors. Specific storybooks were first used in the classroom and then each child was given a personal copy of the storybook to take home. Analysis of pre‐ and poststudy scores on the Emergent Reading Abilities Judgments Scale (Sulzby, 1981, 1985) scores indicated that 75% of the children interacted with the storybooks at a higher level of emergent reading at the end of the project. Whereas no children focused on print during the preassessment, 10 of the 28 children were attempting to track print at postassessment. Text complexity appeared to influence the emergent reading ability of some children. By encouraging kindergartners to interact with storybooks and using holistic assessment measures to examine their emergent literacy behaviors, teachers can become aware of ...
From Greenhouse to Icehouse: The Marine Eocene-Oligocene Transition

Donald R. Prothero, Linda C. Ivany, and Elizabeth A. Nesbitt, Eds., 2003, Columbia University Press, New York, 541 p. (Hardcover, US $83.50) ISBN: 0-231-12716-2. Occasionally, I am confronted directly with stratigraphy. By this, I mean actually understanding sedimentary rocks in their context of deposition, no matter where they are. One would think that, after excellent training from noted stratigraphers like Robert Garrison and Jeffrey Mount and some detailed work on the Monterey Formation, I would appreciate the importance of stratigraphy and stratigraphic correlation in interpreting critical events in Earth's history, such as the transition from Greenhouse to Icehouse worlds that was marked by the Eocene-Oligocene (E/O) transition. But, in truth, I have always preferred to just get an age—a number that I can then easily stick on a plot to show correlation between several squiggly line geochemical records. There is nothing like the reality-check of reading From Greenhouse to Icehouse: The Marine Eocene-Oligocene Transition to make me humbly return to my stratigraphic roots. In addition to being an excellent series of papers dealing with marine records of the Eocene-Oligocene transition, it is a lesson in the importance of first carefully looking at the rocks themselves in their stratigraphic context, then beginning to match-up squiggly lines. This collection will go a long way toward establishing the stratigraphic context of this event around the world, making additional work in this field that much more valuable and focused. The 1990s saw an explosion in research on the E/O transition from the marine perspective, as a set of excellent volumes based on a 1989 Penrose Conference were being published by Prothero, Berggren, and Emry on various terrestrial and marine records of this transition. The interweaving of a variety of stratigraphic tools allowed researchers to correlate not just the placement of major events during this …
Do Residents Benefit from Participating in Internal Medicine Interest Groups? A Study of Resident Perceptions from Two Institutions

ABSTRACT Background: For more than a decade, primary care residency training programs have struggled to attract graduates of U.S. medical schools. Internal medicine (IM) interest groups (IMIGs) have been widely instituted to foster student interest in careers in IM. Residents can participate in many IMIG activities. Studies have not assessed the benefits gained by resident participants in such groups. Methods: A questionnaire was sent to residents at two IM residency training programs that contribute to IMIG activities at one medical school. Both participating and nonparticipating residents were included. Results: The questionnaire was completed by 44 of 58 IM residents (76% response rate; 25 participants and 19 nonparticipants). Free-text advantages reported were teaching (n = 6), mentoring (n = 8), and leadership (n = 5) opportunities, staying current in IM (n = 3), encouraging students to enter IM (n = 6), and improving resident morale (n = 6). Likert-scale responses were higher for participants than f...
Original Sin - Calder v. Bull Revisited

For over two centuries, the classic case of Calder v. Bull has stood for the proposition that the term “ex post facto” prohibits passage of criminal laws with retroactive effect, but does not apply to civil laws, because ex post facto had a commonly accepted and restricted meaning in legal circles. This article makes the heretical claim that the four Justices who decided Calder v. Bull likely never read the pleadings, the act of the Connecticut legislature at issue in the case, or the leading American legal treatise of the day - all of which use “ex post facto” to apply in a civil context - contrary to the decision.For the case to have been correctly decided, four odd things must be true: (i) Bull's two respected counsel misused “ex post facto” in pleadings; (ii) a legislature full of lawyers replicated this mistake when it drafted its act; (iii) two respected counsel for Calder made a specious argument that flew in the face of accepted usage even though they followed a suggestion in the leading legal treatise of the day; and (iv) the Connecticut appellate court must have thought these repeated and allegedly aberrant usages of technical, legal language merited no comment whatsoever.The path of the law would have differed radically if the shear implausibility of all these things being true had been noticed because their falsity suggests a contrary result. Yet, no Justice or commentator noticed this inconsistency. If the Court had upheld the core rule of law principle against retroactive laws, and not committed the original sin of restricting the prohibition against ex post facto laws to criminal statutes, a plethora of retroactive laws would be unconstitutional because a legislature could not mandate retroactive application by express statutory language. Either deficiencies in the craft of lawyering or a vision of textual analysis completely alien to modern sensibilities led to the creation of a doctrine with truly breathtaking consequences for the structure of our legal system. The story of Calder reveals the legal process as intensely human, contingent and fallible.
Systemic therapy of malignant melanoma

To date, the therapeutic challenge of improving the poor prognosis of malignant melanoma has not been met by adjuvant therapy for disseminated disease. But the tedious determination of ineffective therapy has closed some lines of research and opened others. Disseminated melanoma is a fertile field for application of new drugs and phase II studies. An effective drug for advanced disease is the key to defining adjuvant therapy. In the next years, clinical application of antimelanoma monoclonal antibodies will be feasible to determine efficacy. Viral oncolysate, a new and promising agent, will also be studied in prospective randomized trials. Continuing research to define an effective systemic therapy for malignant melanoma is warranted.
Graphic design for a collaborative workstation: columns for commenting and annotation

One challenge for graphic designers is to provide visual structures that efficiently organize what is seen on the computer screen when many users work on the same display. This paper reports work on such a project.The visual interface we describe is a part of the Prep Editor, an experimental environment for collaborative writing. We show how a graphic interface with a simple organizing structure can help collaboration by reducing screen clutter and focusing end-user tasks efficiently. The Prep Editor uses the metaphor of a column to support a variety of collaborative tasks. We believe that a columnar visual structure provides a comprehensible interaction mechanism to support collaborations in general, beyond the limited intent of this project.Graphic design for the Prep Editor is influenced by methods of page layout that have supported collaborations in the past, seen in a type of medieval manuscript known as a glossed bible. Glosses promoted orderly access to complex information and provided tools for scholars to organize, annotate, and cross-refer between different kinds of information, working alone or in concert with others.
Consistency and Momentum in NASCAR

Conventional wisdom in sports is that consistency is praiseworthy and that competitors should seek momentum. A small standard deviation is the simplest measure of consistency, and a positive autoco...
Solving Eigenvalue of a Kind of Block Tridiagonal Matrix and its Application

This paper gives a method of solving eigenvalue of a kind of block tridiagonal matrix.An unified formulas of eigenvalues and eigenvectors of this kind of matrix are derived,and the eigenvalue of iterative matrix are given when this kind equation Au=f is solved by iterative method.
Rapid Electrophoretic and Chromatographic Analysis on Microchips

Rapid, high-performance electrokinetically-driven separations are easily incorporated into microfabricated devices. The first example is an electrophoretic separation of a binary mixture that was completed in less than 1 millisecond. A separation field strength of 53 kV cm-1 was used (8.6 kV applied to the microchip), and the separation was monitored 200 μm downstream from the injection valve. The second separation technique described is solventprogrammed open-channel electrochromatography. Using a microchip with its channel walls coated with a C-18 stationary phase and applying a five second, linear gradient, a sample of coumarin dyes was resolved in just under 20 seconds.
Nonrandom inactivation of the X chromosome in early lineage hematopoietic cells in carriers of Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome

The Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS) is an X-linked (Xp11.22) recessive immunodeficiency syndrome characterized by susceptibility to opportunistic and pyogenic infections, thrombocytopenia, and eczema. Previous studies of obligate carriers of WAS documented that nonrandom inactivation of the X chromosome carrying the defective gene is observed in all peripheral blood cells. The existence of both abnormal platelets and lymphocytes is consistent with a defect that affects early hematopoietic precursors. We isolated CD34+ hematopoietic progenitor cells collected from obligate carriers of WAS by apheresis and used polymerase chain reaction analysis of a polymorphic variable number of repeats (VNTR) within the X-linked androgen receptor to document nonrandom inactivation. These data show that nonrandom inactivation of the X-chromosome in WAS-obligate carriers occurs early during hematopoietic differentiation.
A Medical Resident-Pharmacist Collaboration Improves the Rate of Medication Reconciliation Verification at Discharge.

Article-at-a-Glance Background At the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania (Philadelphia), it is standard practice to perform medication reconciliation at patient discharge. Although pharmacists historically were available to assist resident physicians in the discharge medication reconciliation process, the process was never standardized. An internal review showed a 60%–70% rate of pharmacist review of discharge medication lists, potentially enabling medication errors to go unnoticed during transitions of care. In response, a medical resident– and pharmacist–led collaboration was designed, and a pre-post-intervention study was conducted to assess its effectiveness. Methods A new work flow was established in which house staff notified pharmacists when a preliminary discharge medication list was ready for reconciliation and provided access for pharmacists to correct medication errors in the electronic discharge document with physician approval. Length of stay, average time of day of patient discharge, and readmission data were compared in the pre- and post-intervention periods. Results There were 981 discharges in the preintervention period and 1,207 in the postintervention period. The rate of pharmacist reconciliation increased from 64.0% to 82.4% after the intervention (p Conclusions Redesigning the discharge medication reconciliation process in a teaching hospital to include a review of medical resident discharge medication lists by pharmacists provided more opportunities for discharge medication error identification and correction.
Assessment of fish assemblages before dredging of the shipping channel near the mouth of the Savannah River in Coastal Georgia.

Evaluating the effects of anthropogenic activities is dependent upon data collection prior to impact, though funds are rarely allocated to conduct an assessment before a critical need arises. The Savannah Harbor Expansion Project is one such activity that includes dredging of the Savannah River. It may potentially change physical conditions of the estuary thereby altering fish assemblages. The purpose of the present study was to characterize pre-impact fish assemblages along a salinity gradient near the mouth of the river and determine which abiotic factors most influence them. One site within the mouth of the Savannah River and two sites immediately outside the river mouth were sampled monthly for 2 years using both a beam trawl and seine net. Salinity, temperature, dissolved oxygen, and sediment grain size were assessed. All four factors had a significant effect on fish assemblages. A total of 3943 fishes representing ≥55 species formed three statistically distinct fish assemblages and at least three seasonal assemblages. Only 24 species (43.6 %) were collected by both gear types indicating the importance of using multiple gear types to assess fish assemblages. We conclude that the fish assemblages near the mouth of the Savannah River may be altered or may shift given the predicted increase in salinity and/or the possible changes in sediment composition from channel dredging. Understanding the abiotic factors that most influence spatial and seasonal fish distributions prior to dredging will be invaluable in predicting how organisms will be impacted by similar public projects elsewhere.
Language as a Battlefield (I): The Dilemma of the Sign

At an early point in El zorro de arriba y el zorro de abajo, one of the titular foxes declares, “Well, then, the word must shatter the world” (El zorro de arriba 49/The Fox from Up Above and the Fox from Down Below 52).
Using P/S Amplitude Ratios for Seismic Discrimination at Local Distances

We used a dense seismic network to test the P / S amplitude ratio discriminant for earthquakes and explosions at distances from 20 to 200 km in a complex tectonic setting. We used data from several hundred seismic stations in northern Wyoming to observe 22 earthquakes, 37 mining blasts, and 24 borehole shots and compared their P / S amplitude ratios. Frequencies of 6–8 Hz and above achieved the best discrimination results for single‐shot borehole explosions, whereas 6–8 and 8–10 Hz passbands were best for mining blasts. The P / S method appears valid for 50–200 km but fails at distances <50 km. Geologic heterogeneities and path effects have a large effect on amplitude measurements, even after magnitude and distance amplitude corrections are applied. Geologic boundaries between source and receiver that cause sharp lateral discontinuities in seismic velocity can alter the measured P / S ratio, to the point that an event could be misidentified. The source geology is a factor as well, with noticeable amplitude differences between shots in bedrock and shots in sediment. We tested the discrimination performance of the average log( P / S ) values of a network of seismometers, which should reduce the discrimination errors caused by these heterogeneities relative to a single station, by bootstrapping the single‐station measurements over varying sample sizes. We found that averaging three or four stations achieved significantly better discrimination than just one or two stations. Finally, we corrected the signal amplitude to remove prephase noise to improve P / S discrimination results. This shows promise for improving event discrimination with only simple corrections. Online Material: Table of event information and figure showing waveforms overlaid with amplitude windows.
Síndrome de Münchausen por poder en otorrinolaringología

El sindrome de Munchausen por poder es una forma de maltrato infantil, con graves consecuencias para el nino afectado. El diagnostico de esta afeccion constituye un desafio para los medicos por su heterogeneidad en los sintomas y signos de presentacion. Variadas manifestaciones otorrinolaringologicas estan descritas en esta patologia. En este articulo se presenta un caso clinico de otitis media cronica con otorragia en un paciente de 2 anos, donde se logro establecer el diagnostico de sindrome de Munchausen por poder a traves de la identificacion de elementos incongruentes en la historia clinica y finalmente por la deteccion in fraganti de la agresion por parte de la madre. En esta revision se concluye que es necesario un alto indice de sospecha para identificar esta patologia, la que debe ser una preocupacion habitual del equipo de salud para evitar asi consecuencias graves en estos pacientes, tales como secuelas psiquiatricas o incluso la muerte.
Wavefront phase retrieval with multi-aperture Zernike filter for atmospheric sensing and adaptive optics applications

A novel scintillation resistant wavefront sensor based on a densely packed array of classical Zernike filters, referred to as the multi-aperture Zernike wavefront sensor (MAZ-WFS), is introduced and analyzed through numerical simulations. Wavefront phase reconstruction in the MAZ-WFS is performed using iterative algorithms that are optimized for phase aberration sensing in severe atmospheric turbulence conditions. The results demonstrate the potential of the MAZ-WFS for high-resolution retrieval of turbulence-induced phase aberrations in strong scintillation conditions for atmospheric sensing and adaptive optics applications.
Exploring the use of metamaterial apertures in a millimeter-wave imaging system

We demonstrate a low-profile, holographic imaging system at millimeter wavelengths based on a frequency-diverse metasurface aperture. From measurements of spatially diverse field patterns, diffraction-limited images of human-scale targets can be reconstructed at diffraction and bandwidth limits. The system is driven by a single microwave source swept over a band of frequencies (18–26.5 GHz) and switched between pairs of metasurface panels. High fidelity image reconstruction requires a precise model for each field pattern generated by the aperture. This constraint makes scaling of computational imaging systems to large apertures inherently challenging. To meet the demanding requirements, we introduce computational methods and calibration approaches that enable rapid and accurate imaging performance.
Western Rules Versus Eastern Relations: A Fundamental Framework to Understand East Asia**Adopted from Li, S. (2009). Managing international business in relation-based versus rule-based countries. New York, NY: Business Expert Press.

This chapter introduces the framework of rule-based (the Western way) versus relation-based (the Asian way) governance, and compares the costs and benefits of the two governance systems. The author shows that the difference between the Western and the Asian ways is not primarily cultural; it is fundamentally political and economic. The chapter discusses how the relation-based way is the driving force behind the “East Asian Miracle” and how it will hinder East Asia’s further development. The chapter concludes by showing how the United States and Western firms can successfully learn from and navigate the relation-based way.
Myasthenia Gravis, Immunology of

Autoimmune myasthenia gravis is the prototypic autoimmune disease. The disease is clinically heterogeneous with regard to demographics, clinical presentation, severity, associated diseases, thymic pathology, and response to therapy. In recent years, it has become clear that there are immunologic and immunogenetic factors that partially explain this clinical heterogeneity. In addition to immune responses directed against the muscle nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, antibodies have now been detected against muscle-specific kinase, lipoprotein-related protein 4, and most recently agrin. The commonality is that antibodies against all of these molecules lead to various changes in the postsynaptic endplate region of muscle leading to failure of normal neuromuscular transmission.
Radial Artery Pseudoaneurysm.

Purpose To review the causes, clinical course, and management of patients with catheter-associated radial artery pseudoaneurysm (PSA). Methods We reviewed all patients diagnosed with radial artery PSA resulting from arterial line placement or radial artery access for cardiac procedures from 2010 to 2015. Results We identified 11 cases: 5 caused by arterial lines and 6 by cardiac procedures. The diagnosis was confirmed by duplex ultrasound in all cases; PSA size ranged from less than 1 cm to 5 cm in diameter. Spontaneous thrombosis (over a mean of 27 days) occurred in 4 patients; each PSA was smaller than 3 cm. Surgery was performed in 7 patients with excision of the stalk and repair of the artery as the most common procedure. Only one case was performed emergently for acute carpal tunnel syndrome. Complications occurring owing to either the PSA or the treatment were recorded in 5 patients. Conclusions Spontaneous thrombosis may occur in smaller lesions over a few weeks. When required, surgery to evacuate the hematoma and repair the artery was effective in all cases. Type of study/level of evidence Therapeutic IV.
Incomplete Role Exit and the Alimony Reform Movement

This analysis explores men's role exit process from being married to divorced in the context of the alimony reform movement in the United States. Those considering potential role exit may face governmental policies that either support or oppose them in making these personal changes. In this case, mostly men want to leave their husband roles behind but legally imposed alimony, in their view, unfairly binds them to their former spouses. This analysis uses 182 narratives to map out how major collective action frames—based upon the highly valued, masculine concept of autonomy—are generated in this social movement. Overall, this research demonstrates the importance of both considering the operation of governmental policies in producing successful or incomplete role exit for individuals, and how these same individuals can respond using collective action frames drawn from privileged notions of masculinity as they aim for significant life change.
Pediatric Abusive Head Trauma: Review of Standard Imaging Evaluation and Typical Findings

Evaluation of abusive head trauma (AHT) in children is an ongoing diagnostic challenge, as there are currently no standard criteria or objective tests for differentiating AHT from accidental trauma. The use of neuroradiologic imaging has an increasingly important role in identifying AHT and often involves a combination of skull radiographs, computerized tomography (CT), and conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with diffusion-weighted imaging, susceptibility-weighted imaging, and occasionally magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Development of more advanced imaging techniques includes diffusion tensor imaging and arterial spin labeling. MRI may provide insight into different mechanisms of injury and long-term impacts of AHT. A better understanding of the available imaging modalities, typical findings, and their respective contribution to an accurate diagnosis can help guide physicians, other health care providers, as well as law enforcement in the evaluation of children with suspected AHT.
Avitaminosis XIII. Effect of Vitamin A Deficiency and Vitamin D Deficiency on Differential Leucocyte Count of the Albino Rat.

Vitmin A Deficiency. Forty-nine rats were employed, 30 to 50 days of age, each animal weighing 50 to 86 gm. Of these, 31 were placed on a diet satisfactory in every respect with the exception of vi...
Cost-Effectiveness of Parent–Child Interaction Therapy in Clinics versus Homes: Client, Provider, Administrator, and Overall Perspectives

Parent–Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) is effective in decreasing negative child behaviors when delivered in clinics. Emerging research suggests that delivering PCIT in client homes can produce similar outcomes … but at what cost? Home PCIT still consumes valuable client time, but only for sessions. Home PCIT could reduce barriers to continued parent participation, and costs, by not requiring clients to spend time and money traveling to and from clinics. Home PCIT also does not require that parenting skills learned in clinics be generalized to homes. We assessed and compared costs of clinic and home PCIT at individual client and program levels of specificity from client and provider perspectives for 264 children and parents (clinic = 139, home = 125). We also included an administrator perspective and a client + provider + administrator = overall perspective. Multivariate analyses of covariance applied to imputed datasets found that, because significantly more sessions were held for PCIT delivered in homes than in clinics (a mean 18 versus 11 sessions, respectively), home PCIT cost significantly more from the overall perspective ($3913 versus $1821 per child receiving home versus clinic PCIT) and the provider perspective ($3326 versus $950 per child receiving home versus clinic PCIT), significantly less from the administrator perspective ($125 versus $397 per child receiving home versus clinic PCIT), and about the same from the client perspective ($352 versus $427 per child receiving home versus clinic PCIT). Cost-effectiveness ratios (CERs) calculated for individual clients were significantly better for clinic PCIT from provider and overall perspectives but not from the administrator or client perspectives.
Video dialtone technology: digital video over ADSL, HFC, FTTC, and ATM

The age of digital video service drivers and markets regulatory aspects a primer on TV and cable technology video dialtone transport and signalling architecture digital video compression digital video servers ATM and ATM switches terrestrial/guided distribution systems - ADSL, HFC, FTTC other distribution systems the new TV set and the setup box the players - telephone carriers moving to video, cable TV moving to telephony.
The Implantation Reaction

The evolution of the reproductive process has resulted in the development of elaborate adaptive mechanisms to ensure the survival of the offspring. In viviparous animals such adaptations include the development of complex and diverse forms of implantation and placentation in order to support the attachment and development of embryos in utero. The implantation process exhibits remarkable diversity among species, most prominently in the extent of trophoblastic invasion into the uterus. Yet the general aim of implantation is accomplished in all species: to attach the embryo to the uterine wall and to establish an intimate union between maternal and fetal tissues so that an exchange of nutrients and waste products can occur. The details of the earliest interactions between the blastocyst and endometrium have been the focus of extensive study. It is our purpose to summarize some of the more important developments in this field since the publication of Finn’s fine review of the subject in the second edition of this book (Finn, 1977). In this chapter we have chosen to discuss four aspects of the implantation process: (1) adhesion of the trophoblast to the uterine epithelium; (2) increased vascular permeability at implantation sites; (3) the decidual cell reaction; and (4) loss of epithelial cells surrounding the implanting blastocyst. Our discussion is based primarily on the results of investigations using common laboratory animals, namely, the rat, mouse, and rabbit. In addition, other recent reviews and symposia may be of interest to the reader (Weitlauf, 1979; Glasser and McCormack, 1981; Finn, 1980; Leroy et al., 1980; Glasser and Bullock, 1981; Dey and Johnson, 1980; Kearns and Lala, 1983; Bell, 1983; Kennedy, 1983a; Chevez, 1984; Enders et al., 1983, 1985; Enders and Schlafke, 1986; Yoshinaga et al., 1986).
The Six Trigonometric Functions

This chapter reviews some material from geometry and algebra. It presents the six trigonometric functions and explains how to find complements and supplements of angles. The Pythagorean theorem states that in any right triangle, the square of the length of the longest side, called the hypotenuse, is equal to the sum of the squares of the lengths of the other two sides—called legs. The chapter reviews some of the concepts developed around the rectangular coordinate system and graphing in two dimensions. The rectangular or Cartesian coordinate system is constructed by drawing two number lines perpendicular to each other. The horizontal number line is called the x -axis, and the vertical number line is called the y -axis. Their point of intersection is called the origin. The study of the relationship between equations in algebra and geometric figures is called analytic geometry. The foundation of analytic geometry is the rectangular coordinate system. The chapter presents the distance formula, according to which the distance between any two points ( x 1 , y 2 ) and ( x 2 , y 2 ) in a rectangular coordinate system is given by .
Modification of Self-Images and Role Relationships

Step 9: Relationship. Describe outcome in terms of modifications in self and object role schemata. Relate these modifications to changes in interpersonal behavior patterns and other support systems. Include descriptions of what has not changed, or what has changed for the worse.
ARYL HYDROCARBON HYDROXYLASE IN CULTURED HUMAN LYMPHOCYTES

Publisher Summary This chapter presents a study to investigate aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) in cultured human lymphocytes. In this study, a 20 ml sample of heparinized blood was withdrawn from healthy volunteers and used within 4 h. The blood was diluted with an equal volume of RPMI-1640 medium and each 20 ml aliquot layered onto a 7 ml Hypaque–Ficoll gradient solution and was centrifuged for 30 min at 1,400 rev/min at room temperature. The lymphocyte rich interphase was aspirated, the fractions for each donor were combined, and the cells were washed twice with RPMI-1640 medium. The cells were resuspended at 106/ml in RPMI-1640 medium containing 10% heat-inactivated fetal calf serum, penicillin at 100 units/ml, streptomycin at 50 μg/ml, 1:100 dilution of pokeweed mitogen, and phytohemagglutinin. The cell suspension from each donor was distributed into four plastic Falcon T-30 flasks in 8 ml aliquots and was incubated in a 5% CO2 atmosphere at 37°C. Thirty people were tested 2–5 times each, and it was found that AHH inducibility was reproducible with an average coefficient of variation of 0.13. Using a normal population of over 300 persons, no difference was observed in AHH inducibility between smokers or nonsmokers or between males and females.
Highly efficient and biocompatible nanoparticle-based photosensitizer for treatment of acne vulgaris.

Aim Nanoparticle-based photosensitizers containing silver core and mesoporous silica shell with hematoporphyrin IX embedded were developed to treat vulgaris photodynamically. Materials & methods The hybrid photosensitizers were dispersed in 30% polyethylene glycol (PEG-200) solution and used for the photodynamic treatment of Staphylococcus epidermidis and Propionibacterium acnes under the illumination of a portable LED (∼410 nm). Results After a 5 min illumination by the LED, the hybrid photosensitizers of 50 μg/ml displayed killing efficacy of approximately 5-log for S. epidermidis and approximately 4-log for P. acnes. Results indicated that hybrid photosensitizers in PEG-200 matrix perform better than in deionized (DI) water (∼1-log increase in killing efficacy). Conclusion Under short illumination of a portable LED, hybrid photosensitizers demonstrated immense potential for treatment of acne vulgaris without involving antibiotics.
Explicit Phonological Awareness Instruction for Preschoolers With Down Syndrome

Abstract Phonological awareness (PA) is a critical prerequisite skill for learning to read in an alphabetic language. Given that preschoolers with Down syndrome (DS) often exhibit deficits in PA, additional research is needed on methods to enhance their learning. In this study, we implemented a multiple probe across behaviors single-case design study to evaluate the effect of explicit PA instruction on the skills of 2 preschool-aged participants with DS. Specifically, we assessed the children's abilities to blend and segment syllables, onset-rime, and individual phonemes. Results indicated a functional relation between intervention and one child's performance on a researcher-created assessment of blending and segmenting directly targeted and novel words; 2 demonstrations of effect were indicated for the second child. A post-hoc item analysis indicated that both participants made greater gains in blending than in segmenting. Implications for practitioners and future research are discussed.
Turbulence in St. Louis County: School Transfers, Opportunity Hoarding, and the Legacy of Brown

ABSTRACTIn the 1954 Brown v. Board of Education case, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled segregated schools unconstitutional, and the process of school desegregation fell mostly to Black children. For ov...
A visual analog scale for patient-reported voice outcomes: The VAS voice.

Objectives Although patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) can be useful for assessing quality of life, they can be complex and cognitively burdensome. In this study, we prospectively evaluated a simple patient-reported voice assessment measure on a visual analog scale (VAS voice) and compared it with the Voice Handicap Index (VHI-10). Study design Prospective survey. Methods An abbreviated voice measure was designed by a team of otolaryngologists, speech pathologists, and patients that consisted of four VAS questions related to (a) a global question of voice disturbance, (b) physical function of voice, (c) functional issues, and (d) emotional handicap. All English-speaking patients presenting to an academic laryngology clinic for a voice complaint were included. Internal consistency and validity were assessed with comparison to the VHI-10. Results A total of 209 patients were enrolled. Ninety-two percent of patients reported understanding the survey. The four-item VAS survey was highly correlated with VHI-10 score (Pearson correlation .81, P < .0001), and the Cronbach's alpha between all four VAS questions was .94. Age, gender, and diagnosis were not associated with either the global VAS or VHI-10 tool. Conclusion Reducing the complexity of instruments assessing voice-related quality of life is feasible, and the VAS voice correlated with existing measures. Simplified assessments may offer advantages compared to more cumbersome PROMs. Level of Evidence 2c.
Preoperative Predictors of Patients Requiring Inpatient Admission for Total Hip Arthroplasty Following Removal From the Medicare Inpatient-Only List.

Abstract Background The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services has removed total hip arthroplasty from the inpatient-only (IO) list in January 2020. Given the confusion created when total knee arthroplasty came off the IO list in 2018, this study aims to develop a predictive model for guiding preoperative inpatient admission decisions based upon readily available patient demographic and comorbidity data. Methods This is a retrospective review of 1415 patients undergoing elective unilateral primary THA between January 2018 and October 2019. Multiple logistic regression was used to develop a model for predicting LOS ≥2 days based on preoperative demographics and comorbidities. Results Controlling for other demographics and comorbidities, increased age (odds ratio [OR], 1.048; P Conclusion For patients undergoing primary THA, increased age, female gender, chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder, congestive heart failure, and multiple comorbidities are risk factors for inpatient hospital LOS of 2 or more days. Our predictive model based on readily available patient presentation and comorbidity characteristics may aid surgeons in preoperatively identifying patients requiring inpatient admission with removal of THA from the Medicare IO list.
Leveraging Eye Tracking to Prioritize Relevant Medical Record Data: Comparative Machine Learning Study.

Background: Electronic medical record (EMR) systems capture large amounts of data per patient and present that data to physicians with little prioritization. Without prioritization, physicians must mentally identify and collate relevant data, an activity that can lead to cognitive overload. To mitigate cognitive overload, a Learning EMR (LEMR) system prioritizes the display of relevant medical record data. Relevant data are those that are pertinent to a context—defined as the combination of the user, clinical task, and patient case. To determine which data are relevant in a specific context, a LEMR system uses supervised machine learning models of physician information-seeking behavior. Since obtaining information-seeking behavior data via manual annotation is slow and expensive, automatic methods for capturing such data are needed. Objective: The goal of the research was to propose and evaluate eye tracking as a high-throughput method to automatically acquire physician information-seeking behavior useful for training models for a LEMR system. Methods: Critical care medicine physicians reviewed intensive care unit patient cases in an EMR interface developed for the study. Participants manually identified patient data that were relevant in the context of a clinical task: preparing a patient summary to present at morning rounds. We used eye tracking to capture each physician’s gaze dwell time on each data item (eg, blood glucose measurements). Manual annotations and gaze dwell times were used to define target variables for developing supervised machine learning models of physician information-seeking behavior. We compared the performance of manual selection and gaze-derived models on an independent set of patient cases. Results: A total of 68 pairs of manual selection and gaze-derived machine learning models were developed from training data and evaluated on an independent evaluation data set. A paired Wilcoxon signed-rank test showed similar performance of manual selection and gaze-derived models on area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (P=.40). Conclusions: We used eye tracking to automatically capture physician information-seeking behavior and used it to train models for a LEMR system. The models that were trained using eye tracking performed like models that were trained using manual annotations. These results support further development of eye tracking as a high-throughput method for training clinical decision support systems that prioritize the display of relevant medical record data.
Spanish Heritage Learners’ Emerging Literacy: Empirical Research and Classroom Practice: Flavia Belpoliti and Encarna Bermejo. . London and New York: Routledge, 2020, 206 pp., ISBN 978-1182141

In Spanish Heritage Learners’ Emerging Literacy, Flavia Belpoliti and Encarna Bermejo provide a comprehensive analysis of the written Spanish of students who placed into a beginning Spanish for her...
Strategies towards Effective Implementation of Entrepreneurship Education in Higher Education for Global Competiveness and Wealth Creation

The focus of this study was to identify the major challenges to and strategies for effective implementation of entrepreneurship education and training in institutions of higher learning in Nigeria. Two research questions were answered while two hypotheses were formulated and tested. Through Semi-structured interview and questionnaire, data were collected from 160 respondents selected through random sampling technique from four institutions of higher learning in Delta and Edo States of Nigeria. Data collected from the questionnaire were analyzed using percent and mean to answer the two research questions and one way analysis of variance to test the hypotheses. Findings emanating from the study indicated that funding, lack of entrepreneurial curriculum and lack of skilled personnel were among the major challenges facing effective implementation of entrepreneurship education and training in higher education institutions in Nigeria. Findings further revealed that establishing entrepreneurship programme centers in institutions and designing entrepreneurial curriculum in line with market demand were among the strategies for effective implementation of entrepreneurship education and training in institutions of higher learning in Nigeria. The study recommended among others that Nigerian government should give priority to higher education funding by meeting up with the 26% budgetary allocation recommended by UNESCO so as o endure effective implementation of entrepreneurship education and training in schools.
Barriers to Clozapine Use for Competency Restoration and the Value of Further Study

Hospital-based restoration of adjudicative competence can be challenging, especially for patients who have treatment-resistant psychosis. Clozapine, which has helped many such individuals in the community, has not been well-studied in individuals who are incapable of proceeding with trial. In their small study, Ghossoub and colleagues have brought attention to the potential for this protocol and advocate for further study. This commentary examines potential barriers to conducting larger studies, including Institutional Review Board requirements for research with individuals who are under court supervision. Also, factors that can result in patients relapsing and being readmitted to the hospital for competency restoration due to poor treatment adherence are described. This adverse outcome burdens the judicial and health care systems and prolongs the time between the patient's arrest and trial. Clozapine may be a promising treatment for competency restoration as long as we are cognizant of barriers to further study and treatment adherence.
Dance and Immigration: Eliciting Empathy

Wax, taffy, immigration. Removal, alien, roots, belonging. Screendance. These apparently unrelated words were the inspiration for Uprooted, a screendance project that addresses issues of immigratio...
English As the Publication Language of Science Research: Problems & Prospects

English has now clearly established itself as the main language of international scientific community pushing its political Euro-Asian rival candidates like German, French, Spanish, Italian, Japanese, or Chinese to the margin. Certain historical, political, and economic factors have favoured English for this role. 80% of journals that are indexed in the Scopus (the largest abstract and citation database of peer-reviewed literature) are published in English. It is presumed that there is no cause for concern when science adopts one language for publication so that English can make findings available to developing countries and it can also bring the contributions from these countries to the global attention. In this context, writing (presenting the research findings to the international community) assumes importance over the other skills though reading is also indispensable. This paper analyzes the importance of written English for science research and the difficulties faced by researchers.
The cranial windows of perception

Psilocybin has emerged as a potentially rapidly acting antidepressant with enduring actions. In this issue of Neuron, Shao et al. (2021) show that psilocybin quickly induces dendritic spine formation in cortical layer V pyramidal neurons. These results provide a potential cellular substrate for psilocybin's therapeutic actions.
Emergency physician perspectives on using telehealth with older adults during COVID-19: A qualitative study.

Objectives Emergency medicine physicians have played a pivotal role throughout the coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) pandemic through in-person and remote management and treatment. Our primary objectives were to understand emergency medicine physicians' experiences using telehealth throughout the pandemic, any facilitators/barriers to successful usage, lessons learned during implementation, and successful/abandoned strategies used to engage with older adults. Methods Using a semi-structured interview guide, we conducted 30-min interviews. We used purposeful sampling to recruit emergency medicine physicians from all United States regions, rural-urban settings, and academic and community practices, who reported caring for patients 65 years or older in-person or virtually during the pandemic. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed, double-coded, and analyzed for emergent themes using framework analysis. Results A total of 15 in-depth interviews were completed from September to November 2020. Physicians had a median age of 37 years, 7 were women, and 9 had experience with telehealth before the pandemic. We identified several themes: (1) there were various motivations for telehealth use; (2) telehealth was used primarily to supplement, not replace in-person care; (3) most platforms were easy to use; (4) patients and caregivers had high acceptability of telemedicine; and (5) older adults with sensory and cognitive impairments often relied on caregivers. Emergency medicine physicians played a critical role during primary care office closures during the first wave-dispelling misinformation about COVID-19, triaging patients to testing and treatment, and providing care that would otherwise have been deferred. Conclusions Our data show that telemedicine gained acceptability among emergency medicine physicians and provided options to patients who may have otherwise deferred care. These findings can inform future healthcare delivery for acute care needs or pandemic responses.
Utilization of Local Phasor Measurements for Interarea-Oscillation Damping with Utility-Scale PV Plant

This paper proposes a power oscillation damping (POD) control scheme utilizing a photovoltaic (PV) power plant, improving the power systems' dynamic response to interarea oscillations, particularly for high-renewable and low-inertia systems. To achieve this, two separate control loops, an active power modulation loop without curtailment and another loop with reactive power current injection, have been utilized in a two-area system. The feedback for these damping controllers is taken from Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs) located far from the controllers, making these signals highly susceptible to communication time delays, failures, and cyber-attacks that may compromise controller performance. This paper uses the local bus angle and bus voltage at the PV plant's point of interconnection (POI) as the feedback for each of these loops. We verified the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme with a three-phase short circuit fault in a two-area power system. We also compared the proposed method with the conventional technique to investigate the superiority of the proposed controller.