cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Integrating Modern Vegetation and Ethnographic Data to Understand Dietary Choices in the Past: the Case of the Southern Paiute, Utah

Ethnographic information on dietary plants can be cast into an ecological framework by using vegetation sampling techniques. Lists of ethnobotanical species become the basis of a dietary inventory that applies to a regional assemblage of vegetation types in a landscape associated with an archaeological site. But such lists are usually derived from many sources often without biogeographic or temporal reference. In effect, the dietary inventory represents potential food plants that may ultimately be found in archaeological deposits. The dietary palette, however, is composed of plant species that actually occur within the greater landscape of an archaeological site and that may or may not be known from the ethnographic record. Vegetation sampling provides a quantitative assessment of the dietary palette in the local ecosystem by using standard metrics, such as plant cover, basal area, density, and even productivity. By comparing vegetation data to the dietary inventory and archaeobotanical record, general patterns of foraging behavior as predicted by behavioral ecology are verified. This study of the Southern Paiute in south-central Utah also compares the plant species composition of modern and ancient landscapes, emphasizing a lack of correspondence between the dietary inventory and the dietary palette, as well as with the archaeobotanical record. Our example is from North Creek Shelter, a well-stratified archaeological site on the Colorado Plateau.
Dissimilar metal joining of aluminum to steel by ultrasonic plus resistance spot welding - Microstructure and mechanical properties

Abstract A new joining method, i.e. ultrasonic plus resistance spot welding, is developed for dissimilar metal joining of aluminum alloy (Al) to steel. In this method, a thin Al insert is first joined to a steel sheet using the solid-state ultrasonic spot welding (USW). Next, the Al insert side of the steel sheet is welded to an Al sheet by the standard resistance spot welding (RSW). The U + RSW method is used to join 1-mm-thick AA6061-T6 to 0.9-mm-thick AISI 1008 steel with 0.4-mm-thick AA6061-T6 as the insert. The final Al/steel weld shows a brazing feature with liquid aluminum wetting and spreading on the solid steel surface. At welding current of 16.5 kA, a less than 1.5-μm-thick layer of intermetallics is observed at the Al insert/steel interface, corresponding to a high joint strength of 3.2 kN and a nugget pull-out failure mode. The formation of such a thin layer of intermetallics is attributed to the metallurgical bond formed at Al to steel interface by USW, which in turn reduces the electrical resistance and temperature at this interface during subsequent RSW. The effect of USW and RSW parameters on the interfacial microstructure, nugget size, joint strength and failure mode is further investigated.
Quantitation of Apurinic/Apyrimidinic Sites in Isolated DNA and in Mammalian Tissue with a Reduced Level of Artifacts.

The apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) site is a common lesion of DNA damage. The levels of AP sites reported in the literature cover a wide range, which is primarily due to the artifactual generation or loss of AP sites during processing of the DNA. Herein, we have developed a method for quantitating AP sites with a largely reduced level of artifacts by derivatizing AP sites before DNA isolation. A rapid digestion of nuclear protein was performed to minimize enzymatic DNA repair, followed by direct derivatization of AP sites in the nuclear lysate with O-(pyridin-3-yl-methyl)hydroxylamine, yielding an oxime derivative that is stable through the subsequent DNA processing steps. Quantitation was done using highly selective and sensitive liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry, with a limit of quantitation at 2.2 lesions per 108 nucleotides (nts, 0.9 fmol on column). The method was applied in vivo to measure AP sites in rats undergoing oxidative stress [liver, 3.31 ± 0.47/107 nts (dosed) vs 0.91 ± 0.06/107 nt...
Kinematic, flexural, and thermal modelling in the Central Andes: Unravelling age and signal of deformation, exhumation, and uplift

Abstract Quantifying age, rate, and lateral variation of deformation and exhumation in convergent systems relies on integration of geologic map patterns, ag, and locations of reset thermochronometer systems, and synorogenic sediment distribution. The central Bolivian Andes provide an ideal location to examine the influence of variations in shortening and stratigraphic architecture on the structural evolution of the mountain range due to differential age and rates of shortening and distinct sedimentary basin geometries along strike. To quantify age and rate of shortening, we link thermokinematic modelling of sequentially deformed, forward-modelled, balanced cross-sections to synorogenic and thermochronologic histories. The preserved basin history in the Altiplano and Eastern Cordillera argues for an early fold-and-thrust belt located in the now-Western Cordillera, with subsequent propagation of shortening eastward around 40–50 Ma. Flexural modelling incorporating isostasy and erosion requires multiple basement thrust sheets with 35–97 km of displacement. A temporally evolving effective elastic thickness, as well as imposed subsidence in the foreland and uplift in the hinterland, is required to reproduce the surface geology, increase Subandean foreland basin depth, limit Altiplano sedimentation, and facilitate Altiplano uplift to modern elevation. Thermokinematic modelling is compatible with initiation of deformation at 50–40 Ma in a marked increase in Subandean velocities from ~5.5 to 8–10 mm/yr from ~12–10 Ma to present. Out-of-sequence thrusting at the westernmost limit of the Subandes is required to match measured young and partially reset zircon helium ages. Out-of-sequence faulting is supported by high Ksn values, indicative of active uplift, and was likely promoted by the abrupt eastern edge of the Paleozoic basin rocks, which limited forward propagation of structures, and/or increased erosion due to focused precipitation. Our results highlight the importance of incorporating detailed structural modelling in differentiating the geometry, kinematics, and timing of deformation to reproduce thermochronologic ages and basin histories.
High Quality Factor Dielectric Metasurfaces for Ultraviolet Circular Dichroism Spectroscopy

Chiral-optical spectroscopies, such as circular dichroism, are critical in the biomedical, pharmaceutical, and agrochemical industries for revealing structural information about molecules and deter...
BPPV Viewer: A downloadable 3D BPPV model for study of otolith disease.

Abstract Objective To develop a downloadable three-dimensional (3D) study tool of the membranous labyrinth in order to facilitate the study of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV). Background The diagnosis and treatment of BPPV depend on an understanding of the anatomy of the vestibular labyrinth and its position relative to the head. To date, many illustrations have been made to explain principles of diagnosis and treatment of BPPV, but few have been based on anatomical studies of the membranous labyrinth. Methods A previously reported 3D model of a human labyrinth was transposed to a 3D development software to allow the creation of markers along the semicircular ducts and utricle. These markers represent otoliths at different positions during movement of the model within the 3D environment. User-friendly tools were created to navigate the model, to allow clear documentation and communication of studied problems, and to study the model across relevant planes. The final model can be downloaded and is available for general useat https://bppvviewer.com/download/ . Results The model allows visualization of true membranous labyrinth anatomy in both ears simultaneously. The dependent portion of each semicircular duct, the planes of the cristae, and the position of the utricle can easily be visualized in any head position. Moveable markers can mark the expected progress of otolith debris with changes in head position and images can be captured to document simulations in various draw styles. Conclusion This simple model could offer insights that lead to more accurate diagnosis and treatment of BPPV. It may also be useful as a tool to teach BPPV.
Joint Mean-Vector and Var-Matrix estimation for Locally Stationary VAR(1) processes

During the last two decades, locally stationary processes have been widely studied in the time series literature. In this paper we consider the locally-stationary vector-auto-regression model of order one, or LS-VAR(1), and estimate its parameters by weighted least squares. The LS-VAR(1) we consider allows for a smoothly time-varying non-diagonal VAR matrix, as well as for a smoothly time-varying non-zero mean. The weighting scheme is based on kernel smoothers. The time-varying mean and the time-varying VAR matrix are estimated jointly, and the definition of the local-linear weighting matrix is provided in closed-from. The quality of the estimated curves is illustrated through simulation results.
Virtual reality for tinnitus management: a randomized controlled trial.

Objective Sound therapy (ST) and stress reduction regimens have been successfully used to manage tinnitus. Virtual reality (VR) has been used to manage chronic conditions like intractable pain. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether the use of VR in conjunction with ST revealed additional improvements in tinnitus attributes as compared to ST alone. Design This study was a randomised controlled trial (RCT) with a cross-over design. All participants received two interventions - ST alone (control) and ST with VR stimuli (experimental). ST consisted of fractal tones while VR stimuli comprised of nature videos presented via VR goggles. A multilevel mixed-effects linear regression model was used to estimate the intervention effect. Study sample Twenty adults with subjective, continuous, chronic tinnitus participated in the study. Results After adjusting for period and baseline tinnitus loudness, significant improvements were observed in tinnitus loudness and Tinnitus Functional Index scores. Although not statistically significant, mean minimum masking levels were lower after the experimental intervention. Conclusions Study participants benefitted from the use of VR in conjunction with ST in a laboratory setting. Additional effectiveness trials and blinded RCTs will be needed before validating the use of VR for tinnitus management in clinical settings.
Regulation of 3-O-Sulfation of Heparan Sulfate During Transition from the Naïve to the Primed State in Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells.

Mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs), which are established from the inner cell mass of pre-implantation mouse blastocysts, rapidly expand and form dome-shaped colonies. The pluripotent state of mESCs has been defined as the "naive" state. On the other hand, characteristics of mouse epiblast stem cells (mEpiSCs), which are derived from the epiblast of mouse post-implantation blastocysts, has been described as the "primed" state. Human embryonic stem cells/induced pluripotent stem cells (hESCs/iPSCs) are also defined as primed state cells because their gene expression pattern and signal requirement are similar to those of mEpiSCs. Both mEpiSCs and hESCs/iPSCs proliferate slowly and form flat colonies. It is therefore difficult to genetically modify primed state cells and apply them to regenerative medicine. Therefore, stable methods of reversion from the primed to the naive state are required. Clarifying the molecular mechanisms that underpin the primed-to-naive transition is essential for the use of such cells in basic research and regenerative medicine applications. However, this is a challenging task, since the mechanisms involved in the transition from the naive to the primed state are still unclear. Here, we induced mEpiSC-like cells (mEpiSCLCs) from mESCs. During induction of mEpiSCLCs, we suppressed expression of 3-O-sulfated heparan sulfate (HS), the HS4C3 epitope, by shRNA-mediated knockdown of HS 3-O-sulfotransferases-5 (3OST-5, formally Hs3st5). The reduction in the level of HS 3-O-sulfation was confirmed by immunostaining with an anti-HS4C3 antibody. This protocol provides an efficient method for stable gene knockdown in mESCs and for the differentiation of mESCs to mEpiSCLCs.
Operational Constraints on Dimension of Space Imply both Spacetime and Timespace

Since polynomials of higher than fourth degree, which is the algebraic counterpart of generic geometric dimension, are insolvable in general, then presumably no more than just four mutually orthogonal geometric dimensions can be placed within a single geometric space if it is expected to be fully operational. Hence a hierarchical notion of dimension is needed in order to ensure that at least virtual orthogonality is respected, which in turn implies presence of certain hierarchically organized multispatial structures. It is shown that the operational constraint on physical spaces implies of necessity presence of both: 4-dimensional (4D) spacetime and a certain 4D timespace.
Violently injured patients seen in the emergency department of Barnes-Jewish Hospital: a descriptive study of context, future views and spirituality.

To explore the characteristics of individuals who were evaluated and treated at an urban university medical center emergency room due to violence-related injuries. The study also explored issues of religion and/or spirituality. METHODS: Seventy-three violently injured patients (VIPs) who required hospitalization were systematically interviewed for this study while seeking treatment through the emergency department at Barnes-Jewish Hospital in St. Louis, Missouri. The interviews were conducted by the emergency room (ER) chaplain. More than one-third (38%) of these VIPs had previously been arrested for assault. For more than half (52%), this was their first experience with emergency care for a violent injury, while nearly half (48%) reported previous experience with violence. Sixty-two percent of the patients said they vowed to get revenge. Gunshot wounds accounted for almost half (45%) of the injuries. This report provides descriptive data about the characteristics of VIPs who required hospital care after a violence-related attack, the context of the event and provides data about how spirituality/religion issues were used to cope with the aftermath of these attacks. The cycle of violence clearly calls for interventions and solutions involving hospitals and the community. Language: en
Media, Mental Imagery, and Memory.

Recent research indicates that the human information-processing system can gather and store a limited amount of information at any one time. An individual receives stimuli in many forms: auditory, verbal, visual and others, and combinations of these. Stimuli can be presented by single and multiple-channel media; in multichannel presentations interference affects processing and retention. Thirty-two students at the University of Oregon were tested to determine the effects of media on mental imagery and memory. The model incorporates a dual-coding hypothesis, and five single and multiple-channel treatments were used.
Farm and Weather Summary

Superintendent Nick Howell Ag Specialist/Small fruits Dennis Portz Operations Manager Jim Kubik Field Lab Technician Lynn Schroeder Equipment Operator Jeff Braland Turfgrass Assistant Scientist Marcus Jones Turfgrass Research Associate Dan Strey Graduate Assistant Brandon Carpenter Graduate Assistant Leah Riesselman
Towards a theory of type structure

7)(D) = B[w][71t]#D] and delta is a functor from Funct(C, C) into C. Even before defining the functors arrow and delta, it can be shown that B maps every type expression into a functor from C T into C, that w = w' implies B[w] = B[w'], and that B[WlI: 2](~) = B[Wl][ D I t I B[w2](D) ] B[WlI~2](7) = B[Wl][ ~ I t I B[w2](~) ]
The Flood Myths of Early China

Reviewed Medium: book Authors: Mark Edward Lewis Year: 2006 Pages: 248 Publisher: State University of New York Press ISBN: 0-7914-6663-9 (hard cover). Prices: $70.00 USD(hard cover).
Normalization of Quantized Area Using Torsion and Spin

We calculate the change in physical space-time area associated with defects in space-time due to torsion when a particle with spin is present. This change in area is then set equal to the component of the quantized area due to a link of color Pl in the spin network originally calculated by Rovelli and Smolin [6] and shown to have an arbitrary constant factor, the Immirzi parameter, by several authors. Using the usual quantization condition for the square of the spin then allows us to calculate this arbitrary constant factor. We find a well defined expression for the quantized area, \(A = 16\pi l_P^2 \sum \sqrt {j_l (j_l + 1)}\). An interesting picture emerges where a missing link of color Pl in the spin network looks like a torsional defect in space-time associated with a particle of spin jl = Pl/ 2.
Do Adolescents' Evaluations of Exclusion Differ Based on Gender Expression and Sexual Orientation?

Previous research focused on sexual prejudice has shown that lesbian and gay adolescents are at greater risk of peer harassment and victimization than their straight counterparts. Peer victimization such as exclusion, however, may also be related to conventional expectations adolescents hold about their social environment. This study examined adolescents' (N = 1069) attitudes and reasoning about the exclusion of peers based on sexual orientation and gender nonconformity. RESULTS indicate that although participants reported it was more acceptable to exclude their gay or lesbian, as opposed to straight, peers, gender nonconformity was also a distinguishing factor. Whereas mannerism and activity nonconforming gay targets were rated less positively than similarly nonconforming straight targets, straight appearance nonconforming targets were not evaluated differently than gay appearance nonconforming targets. Further, the types of reasoning adolescents used to justify their exclusion judgments varied by sexual orientation and gender nonconformity of the target. Language: en
Identification of the residues involved in stabilization of the semiquinone radical in the high-affinity ubiquinone binding site in cytochrome bo3 from Escherichia coli by site-directed mutagenesis and EPR spectroscopy

During turnover of cytochrome bo3 from Escherichia coli, a semiquinone radical is stabilized in a high-affinity binding site. To identify binding partners of this radical, site-directed mutants have been designed on the basis of a recently modeled quinone binding site (Abramson et al., 2000). The R71H, H98F, D75H, and I102W mutant enzymes were found to show very little or no quinol oxidase activity. The thermodynamic and EPR spectroscopic properties of semiquinone radicals in these mutants were characterized. For the H98F and the R71H mutants, no EPR signal of the semiquinone radical was observed in the redox potential range from −100 to 250 mV. During potentiometric titration of the D75H mutant enzyme, a semiquinone signal was detected in the same potential range as that of the wild-type enzyme. However, the EPR spectrum of the D75H mutant lacks the characteristic hyperfine structure of the semiquinone radical signal observed in the wild-type oxidase, indicating that D75 or the introduced His, interacts ...
Association of the circadian factor Period 2 to p53 influences p53's function in DNA-damage signaling

Circadian period proteins influence cell division and death by associating with checkpoint components, although their mode of regulation has not been firmly established. hPer2 forms a trimeric complex with hp53 and its negative regulator Mdm2. In unstressed cells, this association leads to increased hp53 stability by blocking Mdm2-dependent ubiquitination and transcription of hp53 target genes. Because of the relevance of hp53 in checkpoint signaling, we hypothesize that hPer2 association with hp53 acts as a regulatory module that influences hp53's downstream response to genotoxic stress. Unlike the trimeric complex, whose distribution was confined to the nuclear compartment, hPer2/hp53 was identified in both cytosol and nucleus. At the transcriptional level, a reporter containing the hp21WAF1/CIP1 promoter, a target of hp53, remained inactive in cells expressing a stable form of the hPer2/hp53 complex even when treated with γ-radiation. Finally, we established that hPer2 directly acts on the hp53 node, as checkpoint components upstream of hp53 remained active in response to DNA damage. Quantitative transcriptional analyses of hp53 target genes demonstrated that unbound hp53 was absolutely required for activation of the DNA-damage response. Our results provide evidence of the mode by which the circadian tumor suppressor hPer2 modulates hp53 signaling in response to genotoxic stress.
The Eternal Romantic

The Eternal Romantic. Marianna Torgovnick. Primitive Passions: Men, Women and the Quest for Ecstasy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998. vii. 270 pp.
Single-Molecule Digital Imaging with Molecular Resolution using DNA-Paint

Recent advances in super-resolution microscopy have allowed the circumvention of the classical diffraction limit of light, and demonstrated the ability of imaging macromolecular protein complexes with single particle averaging methods. However, the ability to obtain fluorescence images within a single molecular complex that allows the study of molecular heterogeneity and low copy number complexes is still challenging, and remains an important goal for the future development of super-resolution microscopy. We here report early results towards this goal of “single-molecule digital imaging” using DNA-PAINT. We introduced three technical advances, including better localization accuracy by obtaining more photons per binding/blinking event, a novel template-based drift correction algorithm, and wide-range tuning of blinking duty cycles for high-density imaging. We demonstrated our approach to obtain molecular-scale resolution on a synthetically designed DNA origami nanostructure, which is made of closely packed (spaced 5 nm apart) DNA molecules with imaging sites, arranged in a “digital” grid pattern. Using small molecule-based oligonucleotide labeling or genetically encoded tags, our imaging technology could achieve molecular resolution within single-molecule complexes. It could be applied to a wide range of biological and biomedical applications including the analysis of densely packed cell surface receptor clusters, cytoplasmic signaling pathways, or genomic organization and short-range interactions.
Hybrid baryons via QCD sum rules.

Hybrid baryons, consisting of the three light quarks and a gluon, are investigated using the QCD sum rule method. We find that the mixed condensate 〈0\ensuremath{\Vert}\ensuremath{\psi}\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}\ensuremath{\sigma}G\ensuremath{\psi}\ensuremath{\Vert}0〉=${\mathit{m}}_{0}^{2}$〈0\ensuremath{\Vert}\ensuremath{\psi}\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}\ensuremath{\psi}\ensuremath{\Vert}0〉 plays a dominant role in hybrid baryons in contrast with the quark condensate in the nucleon case. For the standard value of ${\mathit{m}}_{0}^{2}$=0.8 ${\mathrm{GeV}}^{2}$, the mass of the lowest hybrid state is found to be approximately 1.5 GeV, about the observed mass of the Roper resonance.
The complementary RANS equations for the simulation of viscous flows

A complementary set of Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) equations has been developed for steady incompressible, turbulent flows. The method is based on the Helmholtz decomposition of the velocity vector field into a viscous and a potential components. In the complementary RANS solver a potential solution coexists with a viscous solution with the purpose of contributing to a fastest decay of the viscous solution in the far field. The proposed complementary RANS equations have been validated for steady laminar and turbulent flows. The computational results show that the complementary RANS solver is able to produce less grid-dependent solutions than a conventional RANS solver. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lightweight People Counting and Localizing in Indoor Spaces Using Camera Sensor Nodes

This paper presents a lightweight method for localizing and counting people in indoor spaces using motion and size criteria. A histogram designed to filter moving objects within a specified size range, can operate directly on frame difference output to localize human-sized moving entities in the field of view of each camera node. Our method targets a custom, ultra-low power imager architecture operating on address-event representation, aiming to implement the proposed algorithm on silicon. In this paper we describe the details of our design and experimentally determine suitable parameters for the proposed histogram. The resulting histogram and counting algorithm are implemented and tested on a set of iMote2 camera sensor nodes deployed in our lab.
Spirituality, resilience, and anger in survivors of violent trauma: a community survey

This study evaluates the relationship between spirituality, resilience, anger and health status, and posttraumatic symptom severity in trauma survivors. A community sample (N = 1,200) completed an online survey that included measures of resilience, spirituality (general beliefs and reincarnation), anger, forgiveness, and hatred. In survivors of violent trauma (n = 648), these measures were evaluated with respect to their relationship to physical and mental health, trauma-related distress, and posttraumatic symptom severity. Using multivariate regression models, general spiritual beliefs and anger emerged in association with each outcome, whereas resilience was associated with health status and posttraumatic symptom severity only. Forgiveness, hatred, and beliefs in reincarnation were not associated with outcome. The importance of these findings to treating trauma survivors is discussed.
Bicuculline administered into the amygdala after training blocks benzodiazepine-induced amnesia

Male Sprague-Dawley rats were injected (i.p.) with either midazolam (MDZ, 2.0 mg/kg) or vehicle (1.0 ml/kg) 10 min before they were trained on a multiple-trial inhibitory avoidance task. Immediately following the training, bicuculline methiodide (BMI; 2.0, 5.6, 56.0 or 197.0 pmol/0.5 microl) or vehicle (0.5 microl) was infused bilaterally into the amygdala. On a 48 h retention test the performance of the MDZ-treated animals was significantly poorer than that of controls. The retention of MDZ-treated animals given intra-amygdala injections of the lowest dose of BMI (2.0 pmol) was comparable to that of controls, whereas higher doses of BMI impaired retention. The present results are consistent with other findings indicating that the amygdala mediates the amnestic effects of benzodiazepines on aversive learning. Furthermore, these data suggest that benzodiazepines impair memory by disrupting post-training processes underlying memory consolidation.
Is There a Need for “Triple Therapy”? Role of Anticoagulation with Dual Antiplatelet Therapy in Acute Coronary Syndromes (ATLAS Study & TRAP Study)

In the past two decades there has been a succession of advances in the development of anticoagulant and antiplatelet therapies to be used in the treatment of ACS. Despite optimal dual antiplatelet therapy, nearly 10-12 % of patients still face a risk of death or myocardial infarction one year following PCI. This large residual risk provides the impetus for the development of more effective strategies. Dual pathway regimens that combine antiplatelets (aspirin and a thienopyridine), along with an anticoagulant such as rivaroxaban may prove to be a therapeutic option in patients with ACS.
Dynamics of non-integrable phases and gauge symmetry breaking

Abstract On a multiply-connected space the non-integrable phase factor P exp(ig ∫ A μ dx μ }, a pathordered line integral along a non-contractable loop, becomes a dynamical degree of freedom in gauge theory. The dynamics of such non-integrable phases are examined in detail with the most general boundary condition for gauge fields and fermions. Sometimes the dynamics of the non-integrable phases compensate the arbitrariness in the boundary condition imposed, leading to the same physics results. In other cases the dynamics of the non-integrable phases induce spontaneous breaking of non-Abelian gauge symmetry. In other words the physically realized symmetry of the system differs from, and can be either greater or smaller than, the symmetry of the boundary condition. The effective potential for the non-integrable phases in the SU ( N ) gauge theory on S 1 ⊗ R 1, d −2 is computed in the one-loop approximation. It is shown that the gauge symmetry is dynamically broken in the presence of fermions in the adjoint representation, depending on the value of the boundary condition parameter.
Nitrogen dynamics across silvicultural canopy gaps in young forests of western Oregon

Abstract Silvicultural canopy gaps are emerging as an alternative management tool to accelerate development of complex forest structure in young, even-aged forests of the Pacific Northwest. The effect of gap creation on available nitrogen (N) is of concern to managers because N is often a limiting nutrient in Pacific Northwest forests. We investigated patterns of N availability in the forest floor and upper mineral soil (0–10 cm) across 6–8-year-old silvicultural canopy gaps in three 50–70-year-old Douglas-fir forests spanning a wide range of soil N capital in the Coast Range and Cascade Mountains of western Oregon. We used extractable ammonium (NH 4 + ) and nitrate (NO 3 − ) pools, net N mineralization and nitrification rates, and NH 4 + and NO 3 − ion exchange resin (IER) concentrations to quantify N availability along north-south transects run through the centers of 0.4 and 0.1 ha gaps. In addition, we measured several factors known to influence N availability, including litterfall, moisture, temperature, and decomposition rates. In general, gap-forest differences in N availability were more pronounced in the mineral soil than in the forest floor. Mineral soil extractable NH 4 + and NO 3 − pools, net N mineralization and nitrification rates, and NH 4 + and NO 3 − IER concentrations were all significantly elevated in gaps relative to adjacent forest, and in several cases exhibited significantly greater spatial variability in gaps than forest. Nitrogen availability along the edges of gaps more often resembled levels in the adjacent forest than in gap centers. For the majority of response variables, there were no significant differences between northern and southern transect positions, nor between 0.4 and 0.1 ha gaps. Forest floor and mineral soil gravimetric percent moisture and temperature showed few differences along transects, while litterfall carbon (C) inputs and litterfall C:N ratios in gaps were significantly lower than in the adjacent forest. Reciprocal transfer incubations of mineral soil samples between gap and forest positions revealed that soil originating from gaps had greater net nitrification rates than forest samples, regardless of incubation environment. Overall, our results suggest that increased N availability in 6–8-year-old silvicultural gaps in young western Oregon forests may be due more to the quality and quantity of litterfall inputs resulting from early-seral species colonizing gaps than by changes in temperature and moisture conditions caused by gap creation.
Molybdenum—nitrogen co-limitation in freshwater and coastal heterocystous cyanobacteria

Molybdenum (Mo) is essential for the biological assimilation of inorganic nitrogen (N). We compared Mo requirements for N2-fixation in two species of filamentous heterocystous cyanobacteria (HC) to test the hypothesis that coastal HC require higher Mo concentrations than freshwater HC. This expectation follows from the fact that Mo is more concentrated in seawater (, 105 nmol L21) than in most freshwaters (, 20 nmol L21). Contrary to this hypothesis, we found that both strains maintained N2-fixation for 30 d at 10 nmol L21 .M o concentrations , 1 nmol L21 induced N-limitation in both species, as indicated by increased C:N ratios and decreased nitrogenase expression and activity. This response took time to induce, likely due to high-affinity molybdate uptake by both species. Measurable N2-fixation persisted in the coastal strain (Nostoc sp. CCMP 2511) for at most 12 d; 3 d were required for chlorophyll a concentrations to fall below those of Mo-replete cultures. An additional 7 d and 11 d, respectively, were required for N2-fixation rates and chlorophyll levels to decline in Molimited freshwater cultures (Nostoc sp. PCC 7120). When Mo was high (. 1 mmol L21), the freshwater strain exhibited considerable Mo storage (. 100 mmol mol21 Mo:C) whereas cellular Mo remained , 10 mmol mol21 Mo:C in the coastal strain. The high Mo content and extended time required for N2-fixation to decrease in the freshwater strain could be due to expression of the gene mop, which encodes a putative molybdate-storage protein. This study suggests the importance of Mo storage in freshwater HC.
Partitioning of food resources by sculpins in Lake Michigan

Resource partitioning was studied in two benthic Lake Michigan fishes, the deepwater sculpin,Myoxocephalus thompsoni, and the slimy sculpin,Cottus cognatus, that exhibit nearly disjunct distributions along a hypolimnetic depth gradient. Fish were collected in an area of sympatry over two 24 h periods. These sculpins exhibited food segregation—slimy sculpins ate primarilyPontoporeia affinis, deepwater sculpins ate bothP. affinis andMysis relicta — and their depth segregation was associated with the reported abundance of these prey. Different feeding behaviors may be responsible for this association, since slimy sculpins consumed intermediate size ranges ofPontoporeia and deepwater sculpins consumedPontoporeia in a pattern similar to the ambient size distribution. Neither fish showed a daily activity cycle, and both appear food-limited.
How fast can cracks move? A research adventure in materials failure using millions of atoms and big computers

During the last decade, we have been simulating the dynamic failure of brittle and ductile solids at the atomic level using some of the world's fastest computers. Computer experiments encompassing crack dynamics in brittle fracture, crack blunting in ductile failure, and multi-dislocation entanglement in work-hardening are some examples and have given new and exciting insights into the failure processes of solids. Our presentation begins at an introduction level where basic concepts are presented before their application is needed for the understanding of specific phenomena. The story is primarily based on our past experiences, and our goal is to give the reader a fundamental appreciation for how materials fail.
Relationship between the generalized equivalent uniform dose formulation and the Poisson statistics-based tumor control probability model.

The generalized equivalent uniform dose (GEUD) model uses a power-law formalism, where the outcome is related to the dose via a power law. We herein investigate the mathematical compatibility between this GEUD model and the Poisson statistics based tumor control probability (TCP) model. The GEUD and TCP formulations are combined and subjected to a compatibility constraint equation. This compatibility constraint equates tumor control probability from the original heterogeneous target dose distribution to that from the homogeneous dose from the GEUD formalism. It is shown that this constraint equation possesses a unique, analytical closed-form solution which relates radiation dose to the tumor cell survival fraction. It is further demonstrated that, when there is no positive threshold or finite critical dose in the tumor response to radiation, this relationship is not bounded within the realistic cell survival limits of 0%–100%. Thus, the GEUD and TCP formalisms are, in general, mathematically inconsistent. However, when a threshold dose or finite critical dose exists in the tumor response to radiation, there is a unique mathematical solution for the tumor cell survival fraction that allows the GEUD and TCP formalisms to coexist, provided that all portions of the tumor are confined within certain specific dose ranges.
The method of lines for Poisson's equation with nonlinear or free boundary conditions

The method of lines is used to solve Poisson's equation on an irregular domain with nonlinear or free boundary conditions. The partial differential equation is approximated by a system of second order ordinary differential equations subject to multi-point boundary conditions. The system is solved with an SOR iteration which employs invariant imbedding for each one dimensional problem. An application of the method to a boundary control problem and to a free surface problem arising in electrochemical machining is described. Finally, some theoretical convergence results are presented for a model problem with radiative boundary conditions on fixed boundaries.
The Role of Quality of Life in the Rural Resettlement of Mexican Immigrants

The past 10 years have seen the continued growth of the Mexican-origin population in the United States. This growth has been accompanied by the movement of immigrants away from traditional settlement locations in the Southwest. Using data collected from 45 interviews with immigrant workers in Northeastern Oklahoma, this study explores factors that motivate the movement of Mexican immigrants to nontraditional locations. The study finds that along with economic and political variables, a search for a higher quality of life than is available in urban locations also plays a key role in relocation decisions. The availability of employment opportunities, housing, and low crime rates make rural America an attractive alternative to urban settlement.
Diagnostic value of Q-waves in inferior myocardial infarction.

Abstract Forty-eight patients with proved, healed, inferior myocardial infarction were studied to determine the electrocardiographic characteristics of this syndrome, the correlation between electrocardiographic abnormalities and angiographic findings, and to determine the value of recording Lead III during inspiration to identify abnormal Q-waves. The diagnosis of inferior myocardial infarction (IMI) was established by the presence of two of the following three criteria: (1) past history of acute infarction, associated with typical acute electrocardiographic changes and compatible clinical data, (2) total occlusion or more than 80 per cent occlusion of the right coronary artery, and (3) contraction abnormalities of the inferior left ventricular wall. Fifteen per cent of patients with inferior myocardial infarction had diagnostic Q-waves in all the three limb Leads II, III, and aV F , and 29 per cent of patients had no diagnostic Q-waves in any of the three limb leads. Relative frequency of diagnostic Q-waves in inferior myocardial infarction were found to be 70, 43, and 15 per cent in Leads III, aV F , and II, respectively. One hundred per cent correlation was noted between left ventricular inferior wall asynergy and presence of diagnostic Q-waves in all the limb Leads II, III, and aV F , but the correlation was low (54 per cent) when none of the limb Leads II, III, and aV F revealed diagnostic Q-waves. Obtaining Lead III in deep inspiration to differentiate an abnormal Q-wave due to inferior myocardial infarction from a benign Q-wave was not found to be a reliable measure and could result in false-negative diagnosis of inferior myocardial infarction in a significant number of patients.
Deepening democracy through community dispute resolution: problems and prospects in South Africa and Chile

Post-apartheid South Africa and post-Pinochet Chile have taken significant steps to democratize justice. This article acknowledges conventional reforms of both countries’ criminal justice systems but focuses primarily on case studies of participatory and restorative initiatives that have attempted to expand the theory and practice of public safety practices in non-state settings. The experience of resolving interpersonal disputes in new democracies and what it means for the people who do it is examined. The research hypothesized that public participation in matters of justice and security can foster more active citizenship, a contribution to deepening democracy in countries in transition, as South Africa and Chile have been since the early 1990s. The experiences of the Community Peace Program and the Barrio Sin Violencia shed light on both the potential and the limitations of efforts to deepen democracy through community dispute resolution. They suggest that whether or not public participation in matters ...
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Chang AM, Walsh KM, Shofer FS, et al. Relationship between cocaine use and coronary artery disease in patients with symptoms consistent with an acute coronary syndrome. Acad Emerg Med 2011; 18: 1–9
Eleven-year variation in polar ozone and stratospheric-ion chemistry.

A mechanism for producing an 11-year oscillation in ozone over the polar caps is the modulation of galactic cosmic rays by the solar wind. This mechanism has been shown to give the observed phase in ozone oscillations and the correct qualitative dependence on latitude. However, the production of nitrogen atoms from cosmic-ray collisions seems inadequate to account for the ozone amplitude. Negative ions are also produced as a result of cosmic-ray ionization, and negative-ion chemistry may be of importance in the stratosphere. Specifically, NO x – may go through a catalytic cycle in much the same fashion as NO x , but with the important distinction that it does not depend on oxygen atoms to complete the cycle. Estimates of the relevant rates of reaction suggest that negative ions may be especially important over the winter polar cap.
The effectiveness of a worksite self-help smoking cessation program: A randomized trail

A 2×2 randomized, factorial pretest/posttest group design was used to evaluate the effectiveness of self-help smoking cessation methods at the worksite. The study investigated the effect of a multicomponent health education and skill intervention versus the effect of a monetary incentive to the employee for quitting. All employees received, in addition, a standardized self-help smoking cessation manual and maintenance manual. Following agreement to participate and a baseline smoking history, all participants were followed for 6 weeks, 6 months, and 12 months. Saliva was obtained for thiocyanate (SCN) analysis of smoking status. Of the estimated 2000 smokers at the site, 387 smokers were recruited. Employees were randomly assigned to one of four groups. Results of this random trial indicate that those employees receiving a multicomponent program were most successful in quitting and remaining abstinent. The monetary incentive appears to have no effect on quit rate.
Deep Brain Stimulation in Movement and Psychiatric Disorders

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is the most focal and invasive of the electromagnetic brain stimulation therapies. A subcutaneous pulse generator provides continuous stimulation of circumscribed brain tissue via a multicontact microelectrode that terminates within its target. The result is an adjustable, reversible, and specific therapy. Despite limited understanding of its mechanisms of action, DBS efficacy has been established in several movement disorders, and promising reports have emerged for Tourette syndrome, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and major depression. Deep brain stimulation may prove to be a reasonable option for severely ill and treatment-resistant patients who otherwise have limited therapeutic options and a poor prognosis.
Effect of pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN) on the positive prostigmin-morphine diastase response.

1. A group of 30 patients with positive Prostigmin-morphine serum and urinary diastase response were retested after pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN) was administered to them.
Conceptualization and treatment of personality disorders

Abstract Resume There is an emerging consensus that the essence of personality pathology consists of difficulties with self-identity and chronic interpersonal dysfunction. The nature of normal and abnormal attachment to others, attention control, affect regulation, and the autobiographical self are related developmentally to the early caregiving context. Psychotherapeutic intervention for adults with personality disorders across many schools of psychotherapy is focused on changing the individual's dysfunctional internal models of self and others. Future research will examine how cognitive, cognitive–behavioral, interpersonal, and psychodynamic treatments accomplish this task. Advances in neurobiology, laboratory tasks, and interview techniques will assist in the measurement of personality organization and identification of subgroups of patients for more refined treatments. Our future treatment development must be differentiated and multifaceted, respecting subgroups of patients with severe personality dis...
Biotelemetry recording of the electrical activity of the hippocampus and amygdala during sexual behavior in the cat

Five male and five female cats were anesthetized, and electrodes were implanted in the dorsal hippocampus and the basolateral amygdala. After recovery, a paired female and male were placed in a large playroom in which recordings were taken via biotelemetry during sexual behavior. Each session lasted 4 h or four successful matings, whichever came first. Both amygdala 40-Hz activity and hippocampal rhythmic slow-wave activity (RSA) of 4-5 Hz were very prominent during sexual behavior. Hippocampal RSA was the dominant activity in both male and female cats during all components of sexual behavior except pelvic thrusts just prior to intromission, when hippocampal desynchronization dominated the records. Amygdala 40-Hz activity was the dominant activity in all female and three male cats during all aspects of sexual behavior. Two male cats showed no 40-Hz activity from the point of neck grip until release after intromission, presumably due to the interruption of airflow through nasal passages. The results are discussed in relation to contemporary theories regarding the behavioral correlates of hippocampal RSA and amygdala 40-Hz activity.
The existence and capitalization of neighborhood externalities: A reassessment

An anomalous result in the empirical literature on residential property values has been the inability to measure the capitalization of negative neighborhood externalities using disaggregate data. This result has persisted, with few exceptions, across data sets and across definitions of externality and neighborhood.’ This paper argues that the literature may have misspecified the theoretical relationship between residential property values and neighborhood externalities and that this could explain the lack of observed capitalization. A new specification is proposed and given a preliminary test. The conventional literature on neighborhood externalities can be summarized by the hedonic price equation,
Influence of linear reciprocating and multi-directional sliding on PEEK wear performance and transfer film formation

Abstract Because of their light weight, chemical resistance, and self-lubricating properties, polymers are used in applications ranging from biomedical to aerospace. Some polymers exhibit significant differences in wear resistance based on whether they are in unidirectional or multidirectional sliding. Shear induced polymer chain orientation is believed to be responsible for this behavior. Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) has excellent wear resistance, but its multidirectional sliding behavior has not been thoroughly investigated. A factorial multidirectional pin-on-plate wear study of PEEK was conducted with a focus on molecular weight and sliding path directionality. These factors were studied for their correlation to over all wear performance. Additionally, transfer film thickness was measured at locations along the wear path using white light interferometry. Wear in PEEK was shown to depend significantly on path shape and direction. The lowest wear configuration also resulted in quantifiably thinner and more continuous transfer films. A result of this work has been a greater understanding of PEEK wear mechanisms in various sliding configurations.