cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Guinea pig tectorial membrane profile in an in vitro cochlear preparation

The guinea pig cochlea was examined under high-magnification light microscopy in an in vitro preparation. After extraction of the otic capsule, the bulla was opened widely and a small hole made into the fourth turn of the scala vestibuli. The organ of Corti was visualized under artificial endolymph at 600x magnification. Added 1-μm titanium dioxide particles settled on the upper surface of the transparent tectorial membrane. Particle positions showed that much of this upper surface lay in a flat sheet that extended centrifugally almost to the Hensen's cells, giving the impression it was attached there. The sheet extended at least to the level of the inner hair cells, where a tectorial membrane thickness of about 40 μm was reached. Titanium dioxide particles were seen regularly in immediate proximity to the hair cell cilia, indicating that scala media is continuous with the subtectorial space. Upon mechanical manipulation, Hensen's cells proved to be extremely cohesive and elastic. It is suggested that hair cell stereocilia provide major mechanical connections for the tectorial membrane.
The microstructure, mechanical stress, texture, and electromigration behavior of Al-Pd alloys

As the minimum feature size of interconnect lines decreases below 0.5 urn, the need to control the line microstructure becomes increasingly important. The alloy content, deposition process, fabrication method, and thermal history all determine the microstructure of an interconnect, which, in turn, affects its performance and reliability. The motivation for this work was to characterize the microstructure of various sputtered Al-Pd alloys (Al-0.3wt.%Pd, Al-2Cu-0.3Pd, and Al-0.3Nb-0.3Pd) vs sputtered Al-Cu control samples (Al-0.5Cu and Al-2Cu) and to assess the role of grain size, mechanical stress, and crystallographic texture on the electromigration behavior of submicrometer wide lines. The grain size, mechanical stress, and texture of blanket films were measured as a function of annealing. The as-deposited film stress was tensile and followed a similar stress history on heating for all of the films; on cooling, however, significant differences were observed between the Al-Pd and Al-Cu films in the shape of their stress-temperature-curves. A strong (111) crystallographic texture was typically found for Al-Cu films deposited on SiO2. A stronger (111) texture resulted when Al-Cu was deposited on 25 nm titanium. Al-0.3Pd films, however, exhibited either a weak (111) or (220) texture when deposited on SiO2, which reverted to a strong (111) texture when deposited on 25 nm titanium. The electromigration lifetimes of passivated, ≈0.7 μm wide lines at 250°C and 2.5 × 106 A/cm2 for both single and multi-level samples (separated with W studs) are reported. The electromigration behavior of Al-0.3Pd was found to be less dependent on film microstructure than on the annealing atmosphere used, i.e. forming gas (90% N2-10%H2) annealed Al-0.3Pd films were superior to all of the alloys investigated, while annealing in only N2 resulted in poor lifetimes.
Synthesis of primary hydroxyl functional poly(propylene oxide) of controlled molecular weight by direct polymerization

Utilization of aluminiumporphyrin catalyst/initiator structures was demonstrated to be highly capable of producing controlled molecular weight/narrow molecular weight distributions and in several cases good functionalities. Further extension of our studies to systems wherein benzyl alcohol is first reacted with the aluminiumporphyrin initiator have been conducted. The resulting aluminiumporphyrin benzyl alcohol alkoxide is capable of initiating propylene oxide in a controlled manner. After work-up, the resulting material can be subjected to hydrogenolysis and this regenerates a very desirable primary hydroxyl group at the initiating site. Moreover, the hydrogenolysis disrupts the aromatic character of the porphyrin species and greatly diminishes any residual color which is usually attributed to the initiator fragments. Difunctional species can be generated by a coupling reaction with terephthaloyl chloride and star-shaped macromolecules are possible via coupling with bisphenol-A diglycidyl ether. Synthesis of these materials and characterization is discussed herein. In particular, fluorine-19 NMR derivatization has been quite effective at distinguishing between the derived primary hydroxyl species and the usual secondary hydroxyl systems.
Effects of the restriction of conscious awareness in a reaction-time task.

Abstract The ascription of a proper role to consciousness in mental functions is pursued experimentally in the context of a visual-choice reaction-time task involving the presentation of an irrelevant auditory signal. Experimental Ss were programmed hypnotically in advance “not to hear” the irrelevant tone on half the trials; control Ss were given waking instructions to ignore the tone. The posthypnotic “ablation” of conscious awareness of the tone significantly attenuated its influence upon reaction time, whereas the control instruction had no effect. The results are suggestive in their implication of consciousness as a factor in the processing of cognitive events.
Downed wood associated with roundwood harvest, whole-tree harvest, and unharvested stands of aspen in Wisconsin

Abstract Public demand for alternative energy sources, including bioenergy and biofuels, is resulting in increased demand for woody biomass from forest ecosystems. Forest management practices may change to meet the increased demand for woody biomass through the intensification of timber harvest, which includes shortened rotation times and increased removal of woody material. Our goals were to provide empirical data on residual wood retained on site following operational harvest of aspen stands, including quantification of woody debris of all size classes and the development of quantitative models to express the relationship between coarse and fine woody debris. Aspens stands with roundwood harvest (125.71 ± 20.79 m 3 /ha) contained more total downed wood than stands with whole-tree harvest (75.54 ± 23.70 m 3 /ha), and both harvest types contained more downed wood than unharvested, mature aspen stands (40.90 ± 11.60 m 3 /ha). Notably, harvested stands contained on average more fine woody debris (58.31 ± 15.86 m 3 /ha) than coarse woody debris (39.89 ± 20.48 m 3 /ha). We found strong support for the model predicting volume of fine woody debris from volume of coarse woody debris, harvest type, and county. This tool will enable managers to estimate volumes of fine woody debris when field measurements of fine woody debris are too labor intensive. Our results indicate that recently harvested stands of aspen contain downed wood that could lend itself to intensification of timber harvest as markets for woody biomass increase. However, these estimates also highlight that substantial amounts of woody material have historically remained on site as wildlife habitat and nutrient inputs into regenerating stands, and thus this woody material may be necessary for long-term forest sustainability.
Pressure calibration of infrared gas analyzers

Abstract The operation principle and some typical calibration techniques of an infrared gas analyzer (IRGA) are discussed. A method for eliminating the influence of pressure broadening of absorption lines during pressure calibration of such an instrument is presented.
Bodies on Display

In this brief introduction, Rachel McBride Lindsey frames the questions around which the original conference panel was formed, briefly gestures to the studies of the four authors, and engages some of the insights provided in the formal response.
Ronchi ruling characterization of axially symmetric laser beams

The application of the Ronchi ruling beam characterization method to axially symmetric optical beams is analyzed. Specific results are derived for the Airy and focused annulus diffraction patterns. Plots of the ratio of minimum to maximum transmitted optical power vs the first null radius of the beam functions show that for the Airy pattern and other focused annuli with obscuration ratios smaller than ~0.30, the method should be as useful as with Gaussian beams.
Some parameters affecting performance on tandem fixed-interval, fixed-interval schedules

Some temporal parameters of tandem fixed-interval, fixed-interval schedules were investigated. Rats were — trained on three tand FIFI schedules. The sum of the initial- and the terminal-segment durations was always equal to 2 min, but the ratio of the initial-to-terminal segment duration varied. The distribution of responses in the interreinforcement interval changed as the tandem schedule changed. Latency, defined as the time between the end of the initial segment and the response that initiated the terminal segment, was inversely related to the ratio of initial-segment duration to terminal-segment duration. Response rate was not correlated with this ratio. The distribution of responses during the entire interreinforcement interval was correlated with the ratio.
Family influences on educational expectations of late adolescents

Using national data, the author examined the influence of family and parenting variables on expectations regarding education. Demographic, family, and parenting variables were reported by adolescents and parents while the adolescents were seniors in high school, and educational expectations were reported by adolescents 2 years beyond high school. Socioeconomic status (SES) was most strongly related to educational expectations. Adolescents' perceptions of parents' personal involvement and parents' reports of their own behavior were both related to educational expectations. Also, both seemed to interact with SES. Variables quantifying the affective dimension of family relationships were only weakly related to educational expectations.
Two and three dimensional echocardiography for pre-operative assessment of mitral valve regurgitation

Mitral regurgitation may develop when the leaflets or any other portion of the apparatus becomes abnormal. As the repair techniques for mitral valve disease evolved, so has the need for detailed and accurate imaging of the mitral valve prior to surgery in order to better define the mechanism of valve dysfunction and the severity of regurgitation. In patients with significant mitral valve disease who require surgical intervention, multiplane transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE) is invaluable for surgical planning. However, a comprehensive TEE in a patient with complex mitral valve disease requires great experience and skill. There is evidence to suggest that 3D echocardiography can overcome some of the limitations of 2D multiplane TEE and thus is crucial in evaluation of patients undergoing mitral valve surgery. In the following sections, we review some of the crucial 2D and 3D echo images necessary for evaluation of MR based on the Carpentier classification.
Arteriosclerotic Heart Disease Following Correction of Tetralogy of Fallot

An increasing number of people who have undergone surgical repair of tetralogy of Fallot are living long lives. Several late sequelae of corrected tetralogy of Fallot have been found, including residual ventricular septal defect, restenosis of the pulmonary outflow tract, ventricular tachycardia, and right ventricular failure from pulmonary insufficiency. A long-term survivor of corrected tetralogy of Fallot is reported with acquired coronary artery disease unrelated to the congenital anomaly or its correction as an additional cause of late morbidity in this select but growing population of patients.
Onboard calibration system for γ-ray spectrometers in space satellites

This paper describes the fabrication method and test results for Co60 and Am2 4 1 calibration sources to be used in an onboard calibration system for a γ-ray spectrometer and associated x-ray detector to be flown on an earth orbiting satellite. The system consists of radioactive sources loaded into scintillator buttons which-register the charged decay particles (betas and alphas) emitted by the radionuclides in coincidence with γ-rays. The latter are detected by γ-ray and x-ray spectrometers as calibration lines. The scintillator button is viewed by a separate photomultiplier tube so the light pulses resulting from the charged decay particles can be used to gate off the calibration γ-ray lines from the spectrometers during the normal mode of operation. The calibration is achieved by accepting only those pulses which are in coincidence with the pulses from the scintillator button, thus recording the calibration lines from the radioactive source. Some suggestions for future developments are also briefly discussed.
Private Information and Altruism in Bidding Roscas

This article studies how altruism improves allocations in a private information environment where strategic behaviour reduces economic welfare. A theoretical analysis establishes that, in an environment characterised by uncertainty and private information, outcomes of auctions in Rotating Savings and Credit Associations (Roscas) are more efficient when bidders’ preferences are altruistic rather than selfish. A semi-parametric structural estimation technique for Rosca auctions is presented. A parametric structural estimation identifies interactions between group characteristics and bidder altruism. It is found that effective leadership and intra-group diversity are associated with a greater extent of bidder altruism and thus more efficient intra-Rosca allocations.
Exploiting entity relationship for query expansion in enterprise search

Enterprise search is important, and the search quality has a direct impact on the productivity of an enterprise. Enterprise data contain both structured and unstructured information. Since these two types of information are complementary and the structured information such as relational databases is designed based on ER (entity-relationship) models, there is a rich body of information about entities in enterprise data. As a result, many information needs of enterprise search center around entities. For example, a user may formulate a query describing a problem that she encounters with an entity, e.g., the web browser, and want to retrieve relevant documents to solve the problem. Intuitively, information related to the entities mentioned in the query, such as related entities and their relations, would be useful to reformulate the query and improve the retrieval performance. However, most existing studies on query expansion are term-centric. In this paper, we propose a novel entity-centric query expansion framework for enterprise search. Specifically, given a query containing entities, we first utilize both unstructured and structured information to find entities that are related to the ones in the query. We then discuss how to adapt existing feedback methods to use the related entities and their relations to improve search quality. Experimental results over two real-world enterprise collections show that the proposed entity-centric query expansion strategies are more effective and robust to improve the search performance than the state-of-the-art pseudo feedback methods for long natural language-like queries with entities. Moreover, results over a TREC ad hoc retrieval collections show that the proposed methods can also work well for short keyword queries in the general search domain.
The Effect of Red Blood Cell (RBC) Transfusion Therapy on Resting Energy Expenditure (REE) in Patients with Sickle Cell Anemia (SCA). † 658

Growth retardation is common in children with SCA, in spite of adequate dietary intakes. Previous studies have demonstrated elevated REE in children with SCA. An increased metabolic rate may be secondary to rapid hemolysis of sickled cells and the compensatory erythropoietic activity. The purpose of the current investigation was to determine whether the elevated REE in children with SCA can be normalized by RBC transfusion therapy. Five children aged 12 to 16 years (4 males, 1 female) were studied before and one week after a scheduled RBC transfusion. Measurements included anthropometics (height, weight), REE by indirect calorimetry, hemoglobin, reticulocyte count, and percent HgS. Growth failure was seen in 3 of 5 subjects who were below the 25% ile by NCHS standards for height. Pre-transfusion REE was significantly elevated above predicted REE (28%, p≤0.04, Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-ranks test) consistent with reports in the literature. Surprisingly, REE increased further after RBC transfusion to 37% on average above predicted REE (pre versus post REE, p≤0.08) despite a significant decrease in erythropoietic activity (reticulocyte count: Δ = -9.3%, p≤0.04). Four of 5 subjects showed an increase in REE after RBC transfusion. The subject who had no change in REE demonstrated an increase one week after receiving a second RBC transfusion. Anemia improved after RBC transfusion with an increase in hemoglobin (Δ=1.5 g/dl, p≤0.04), and decrease in Hgb S (Δ=-31.4%, p≤0.04). These results suggest that REE is not correlated with erythropoietic activity in children with SCA and may, in fact, increase when RBC transfusion decreases erythropoietic activity. A possible explanation for this increase includes the hypothesis that a relatively hypoxic catabolic hypermetabolism exists prior to RBC transfusion that transitions in children with SCA to a more hypermetabolic anabolic state after RBC transfusion. If proven, this might explain the catch-up growth observed in children with SCA who receive chronic RBC transfusion therapy.
A survey of the representation and design of surfaces

The surface appropriate for a given problem depends on the application; there is no universal surface form. The numerous applications of surface methods include modeling physical phenomena (e.g., combustion) and designing objects such as airplanes and cars. In addition to these 3D surfaces, there are interesting 4D "surfaces" such as temperature as a function of the three spatial variables. Because the geometric information for these problems can be located arbitrarily in 3D or 4-Dimensional space, the schemes must be able to handle arbitrarily located data. The standard (and easier) approach to surfacesusing tensor products of curve methods-restricts the surface method's applicability to rectangularly "gridded" data. Two broad classes of methods suitable for solving these problems (i.e., problems for which simplifying geometric assumptions cannot be made) are (1) surface interpolants defined over triangles or tetrahedra and (2) distanceweighted interpolants. Users ordinarily want smoother surfaces than their data imply directly, so additional information must usually be created. (A notable feature of the methods shown here is that the smoothness of the surface is always greater than or equal to the smoothness of the defining data. The author covers Surface form selection (Interpolation versus approximation; Representation versus design; Smoothness; Shape fidelity; Local versus global methods; and Rendering), and Interpolation surfaces. It is noted that triangular interpolants and distance-weighted interpolants excel as surface methods because of their smooth interpolation of arbitrarily located data.
The Strategic Organization of Political Risks and Opportunities

Firms compete for rents not only within the marketplace, but also through their efforts in the political arena to manipulate regulations, laws and other institutions that govern the marketplace. The field of strategic organization has traditionally focused on the first form of competition, leaving the latter, often distinguished as non-market strategy, largely to scholars from the field of political economy. This research primarily examines how a firm’s political environment – the configuration of formal policymaking institutions, regulatory rules, partisan composition and interest group influence – determines the form and efficacy of its non-market behavior, such as lobbying and making donations to political actors. We urge scholars of strategic organization to enter the field of non-market strategy. Because investigation of the process by which firms manage political opportunities and risks requires that the political environment be taken into account, strategic organization scholars who follow our suggestion will need to cross the disciplinary boundary of positive political economy (PPE). As adherents of multidisciplinary analysis, these scholars are better equipped and likely more willing to cross this boundary than their disciplinary counterparts in PPE are to venture into disciplines such as sociology and organization theory. Moreover, we believe that continued growth of the field of nonmarket strategy, including the development of managerially relevant knowledge, depends critically on the incorporation of constructs and insights from these disciplines. At the same time, scholars of strategic organization would benefit from the novel opportunities that non-market topics provide to ply their tools of trade. We focus on two current growth areas. The first is the social context of policymaking. Political economy scholars take a rationalist, equilibrium approach to the policymaking process – and thus to non-market strategy – that focuses on economic influences to the neglect of cultural biases and beliefs that in reality play a critical role. Scholars of strategic organization possess the multidisciplinary skills necessary to analyze how firms’ non-market strategies reflect and exploit these social institutions. STRATEGIC ORGANIZATION Vol 1(4): 451–46
Precision W -boson and top-quark mass determinations at a muon collider

Precise determinations of the masses of the W boson and of the top quark could stringently test the radiative structure of the standard model (SM) or provide evidence for new physics. We analyze the excellent prospects at a muon collider for measuring M{sub W} and m{sub t} in the W{sup +}W{sup {minus}} and t{bar t} threshold regions. With an integrated luminosity of 10 (100) fb{sup {minus}1}, the W-boson mass could be measured to a precision of 20 (6) MeV, and the top-quark mass to a precision of 200 (70) MeV, provided that theoretical and experimental systematics are understood. A measurement of {Delta}m{sub t}=200 MeV for fixed M{sub W} would constrain a 100 GeV SM Higgs boson mass within about {plus_minus}2 GeV, while {Delta}M{sub W}=6 MeV for fixed m{sub t} would constrain m{sub h} to about {plus_minus}10 GeV. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}
Getting serious about institutional performance in student retention: Research‐based lessons on effective policies and practices

The Indiana Project on Academic Success and the College Board Pilot Study on Student Retention evaluated the effectiveness of a variety of approaches to student retention. The authors share empirically grounded insights gleaned from this research.
Purification and characterization of the Sgs1 DNA helicase activity of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiaeSgs1 protein is a member of a family of DNA helicases that include the Escherichia coli RecQ protein and the products of human Bloom's syndrome and Werner's syndrome genes. To study the enzymatic characteristics of the protein, a recombinant Sgs1 fragment (amino acids 400–1268 of the 1447-amino acid full-length protein) was overexpressed in yeast and purified to near homogeneity. The purified protein exhibits an ATPase activity in the presence of single- or double-stranded DNA. In the presence of ATP or dATP, unwinding of duplex DNA or a DNA-RNA heteroduplex by the recombinant Sgs1 fragment was readily observed. Similar to the E. coli RecQ helicase, displacement of the DNA strand occurs in the 3′ to 5′ direction with respect to the single-stranded DNA flanking the duplex. The efficiency of unwinding was found to correlate inversely with the length of the duplex region and was enhanced by the presence of E. colisingle-stranded DNA-binding protein. In addition, the recombinant Sgs1 fragment was found to bind more tightly to a forked DNA substrate than to either single- or double-stranded DNA.
Rapid estimation of unbound lidocaine clearance in cardiac patients: implications for reducing toxicity.

The clearance (CL), volume of distribution (Vd) and elimination half-life (t1/2), based on unbound and total concentration-time data, were estimated using two serum lidocaine concentrations drawn approximately 6 and 12 hours after the initiation of continuous intravenous lidocaine therapy in nine patients with myocardial infarction (MI) (in the immediate postinfarct period) and in 12 patients with ventricular arrhythmias. No significant intergroup differences were found for any of the parameters based on unbound or total lidocaine concentration-time data. A significant (P less than .01) correlation was found between measured unbound lidocaine and unbound lidocaine concentrations predicted using alpha-1-acid glycoprotein (AAGP) and total serum lidocaine concentrations. However, the predicted values were significantly lower than the measured values for both groups (P less than .001). Significant correlations were found between total and unbound volumes of distribution and between total and unbound clearances. Coefficients of determination (r2) for these correlations were 0.6906 and 0.9178 respectively. The relationship between total and unbound clearance allows rapid estimation of unbound clearance from two total serum lidocaine concentrations. Unbound clearance can then be used to determine patient-specific maximum infusion rates and reduce the risk of central nervous system toxicity from lidocaine.
Lake Trout Consumption and Recent Changes in the Fish Assemblage of Flaming Gorge Reservoir

Abstract Bioenergetics modeling was used to quantify the consumption dynamics of lake trout Salvelinus namaycush in Flaming Gorge Reservoir, Utah–Wyoming. Analysis of diet and population estimates of different size-classes of lake trout indicated that kokanees Oncorhynchus nerka made up the greatest proportion of prey biomass. Examination of growth rates of forage fish and predator–prey size ratios indicated that Utah chub Gila atraria were more vulnerable than kokanees to lake trout predation. Utah chub grow slower than kokanees and thus were susceptible to piscivores over a longer age span. We conclude that kokanees will make up an even larger proportion of the pelagic fish assemblage of Flaming Gorge Reservoir in future years.
Object recognition based on impulse restoration with use of the expectation-maximization algorithm

It has recently been demonstrated that object recognition can be formulated as an image-restoration problem. In this approach, which we term impulse restoration, the objective is to restore a delta function that indicates the detected object’s location. We develop solutions based on impulse restoration for the Gaussian-noise case. We propose a new iterative approach, based on the expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm, that simultaneously estimates the background statistics and restores a delta function at the location of the template. We use a Monte Carlo study and localization-receiver-operating-characteristics curves to evaluate the performance of this approach quantitatively and compare it with existing methods. We present experimental results that demonstrate that impulse restoration is a powerful approach for detecting known objects in images severely degraded by noise. Our numerical experiments point out that the proposed EM-based approach is superior to all tested variants of the matched filter. This result demonstrates that accurate modeling and estimation of the background and noise statistics are crucial for realizing the full potential of impulse restoration-based template matching.
Capability assessment and comparison of the Nikon 2i, Nikon 3i, and IMS-2000 registration measurement devices

A critical product property in the photomask industry is registration. Registration is a measure of how close features placed on the mask actually are relative to where it is desired for them to be located. Of course photomask customers, the integrated circuit (IC) manufacturers, want all features placed exactly where indicated by the circuit design. Consequently, the recent history in the photomask industry has been for specifications on registration to increasingly tighten. Today +/- .25 micrometers specifications are commonplace, and many customers are pushing for specifications of half this tolerance as they move into the production of chips of steadily increasing sophistication (eg. 4 and 16 meg devices). As registration specifications increasingly narrow, a serious question facing the photomask industry and their customers is not only whether the presently available lithography tools can conform to the tighter specs, but whether such specs are pushing or beyond present ability to measure registration. The present industry standard for assessing registration is the Ninon 2i; however, there ate two systems which are presently commercially available which claim to be superior to the 2i. One is Ninon's own successor system the Ninon 3i, and the other is the IMS-2000 made by Leitz. This paper discusses the findings of a study conducted by Du Pont Photomask to assess the relative accuracy and repeatability of each of these systems, and evaluates this information against the present trends in industry specifications.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A comparison of New York and Ontario dairy farms

Abstract The objective of this study was to compare characteristics, revenues and production costs, profitability, and efficiency measures for New York and Ontario dairy farms in 1990. Records were from the New York Dairy Farm Business Summary and the Ontario Dairy Farm Accounting Project. Amounts of milk per cow and milk sold per farm were higher in New York, but farm assets per cow were much higher in Ontario. Under current policies, revenues per 45.4 kg (hundredweight) of milk sold were $3.00 higher in Ontario than New York. Operating costs of production per 45.4 kg were $.67 to $.89 (6 to 8%) higher in Ontario. However, total costs per 45.4 kg, including interest on equity capital and operator's labor and management, were $5.00 to $6.00 lower for New York farms, and the opportunity cost of equity capital in quota for Ontario was about $1.19/45.4 kg. Dairy farms in both regions earned less than a 5% return on equity capital in 1990. The average Ontario farm was more profitable than a New York farm with the same number of cows, but New York farms with average assets equal to those of the average Ontario farm were decidedly more profitable. New York farms were more efficient in use of labor and spent more on commercial feeds per 45.4 kg of milk sold, but grain and hay yields in the two regions were similar.
Modeling post-depositional mixing of archaeological deposits

We develop a series of simple mathematical models that describe vertical mixing of archaeological deposits. The models are based on assigning probabilities that single artifact specimens are moved between discrete stratigraphic layers. A recursion relation is then introduced to describe the time evolution of mixing. Simulations are used to show that there may be important regularities that characterize the mixing of archaeological deposits including stages of dissipation, accumulation and equilibration. We discuss the impact of post-depositional mixing on the apparent occupation intensities at modeled stratified archaeological sites. The models may also help clarify some of the problems inherent in making general inferences about the nature culture change based on mixed archaeological deposits. We demonstrate the modeling approach by developing a post-depositional mixing model for the Barger Gulch Folsom site.
Making The ‘Pay’ Matter In Pay-For-Performance: Implications For Payment Strategies

Although pay-for-performance (P4P) is being widely adopted, little is known about how different P4P strategies affect provider payment. These differences may be essential in motivating and maximizing quality improvement across all providers. We review hospitals’ P4P strategies and describe differences in payments by size of reward; payment differences between high- and low-performing providers; ability to reward improvement in the absence of high performance; and the percentage of payments based on performance. Bonuses vary considerably by payment strategy, which suggests that the strategy selected should vary depending on program goals. These findings are relevant to P4P for any type of provider.
Controller Design and Preliminary Testing of a Powered Below-Knee Prosthetic Device

A powered lower limb prosthesis, which consists of a four bar mechanism, a torsional spring and a brushed DC motor, was previously designed and fabricated. To regulate the motor power input, a two level controller was proposed and built. The control algorithm includes a higher level finite state controller and lower level PID controllers. A digital signal processor (DSP) control board and MATLAB Simulink are used to realize the higher level control and a DC motor controller is used to realize the lower level PID control. Controller Area Network (CAN) communication was used to communicate between the two level controllers. To preliminarily test if the motor can generate required power, a bench test was performed. The results show that the motor needs to be overpowered to achieve the required moment.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Tips for Teaching: The Brain Game: Teaching Strategies for Introverted vs. Extroverted Students

Many common teachings strategies reward in-the-moment participation over a pause for deliberation, putting introverts at a disadvantage. Rectifying this imbalance requires us as educators to be aware of the inherent differences between the brains and processing mechanisms of introverts and extroverts, and to develop teaching tools designed to produce the best results for all students in our classrooms.
Thatcher's Grandchildren: The Long Road to Inequality

Margaret Thatcher changed British politics – but did her policies change our political attitudes? In a ground-breaking new study Emily Gray, Stephen Farrall, Colin Hay, Danny Dorling and Will Jennings find that the ‘Iron Lady’ left a lasting impact on British social attitudes that is still being felt today.
Resident doctors' understanding of their roles as clinical teachers.

Author(s): Morrison, Elizabeth H; Shapiro, Johanna F; Harthill, Miriam | Abstract: Limited data illuminate how resident doctors view their important roles as teachers, supervisors and role models. Analysing qualitative data about resident teachers' self-perceptions can offer helpful insights.One year after a randomised trial of a residents-as-teachers curriculum at a university medical centre, we invited its 23 resident participants to participate in semistructured interviews. We interviewed 21 third year residents from internal medicine, family medicine and paediatrics, including 12 intervention residents who had been randomly assigned to receive a 13-hour teacher training programme and 9 control residents who had received no training. We used grounded theory techniques. Two investigators independently content-analysed the transcribed interviews for emerging themes and we then developed a schema for a third investigator to code the transcripts.Three key themes consistently emerged: enthusiasm for teaching (current and future), learner-centredness, and self-knowledge about teaching. Compared with control residents, the intervention residents expressed greater enthusiasm for teaching, more learner-centred and empathic approaches, and a richer understanding of teaching principles and skills. Most intervention residents wanted to continue teaching during and after training. Fewer control residents enjoyed their current teaching, and fewer still wanted to teach in the future. The control residents seemed easily frustrated by time constraints and they often expressed cynicism and blame toward learners.One year after participating in a randomised trial of a residents-as-teachers curriculum, generalist residents revealed fairly consistent perceptions of their teaching roles. Teacher training may offer residents lasting benefits, including improved teaching skills and satisfaction.
To Be Certified or Not to Be: Is That the Question?

Interventional cardiology, more than any other discipline in medicine, sprang forth like Athena, if not as fully armed, at the specific time when Andreas Gruentzig performed the first coronary angioplasty in 1977. As this procedure became the principle raison d’etre for a subspecialty of cardiology, a movement for establishing accredited training and testing was mounted by the Society for Cardiac Angiography and Interventions and the American College of Cardiology. The purpose of establishing formalized, recognized training and testing certification was the same as it was for internal medicine practitioners 80 years before, that is, to recognize “to their peers and the public that these physicians have the clinical judgment, skills and attributes essential for the delivery of excellent patient care.”1 Conversely, it is to identify those who do not possess these qualifications so that they might consider a different line of work. How did it work before boards? In the late 1970s and 1980s, many physicians desiring to perform percutaneous interventions (present author included) attended 1-week courses observing percutaneous coronary angioplasty (percutaneous coronary intervention) and then attempting it on their own. Others, after participating in such a short course, would bring patients with their angiograms and scrub in with those of us who had more experience. Training programs of various durations were established by individual institutions. We began a 1-year clinical fellowship in 1981, headed of course by Andreas Gruentzig. Throughout the 1980s and most of the 1990s, fellowship programs proliferated, and by the mid-1990s there was a growing interest in defining the requirements for adequate training. The establishment of training standards, largely developed by the American College of Cardiology activity and eventually approved by the American Board of Medical Specialists, was a parallel effort to the application for a testing component, the Certificate of Added Qualification of the …
Sugarcane proteins and messenger RNAs regulated by salt in suspension cells

Abstract. Changes in gene expression induced by salinity were investigated in a suspension culture of the tropical, graminaceous plant sugarcane (Sacchamm spp.). Three cell lines tolerant to 5, 10 and 15kg m−3 NaCl were adapted and the expression of newly synthesized proteins and translatable mRNAs in these cell lines were compared with those in unadapted cells on high-resolution, two-dimensional gels. Specific proteins and mRNAs altered by salinity were identified. At the protein level, the expression of 15 proteins was induced or enhanced, and that of three others was repressed or abolished. At the translatable mRNA level, the expression of 18 mRNAs was induced or enhanced, and that of eight others was repressed or abolished. The expression of some of these was also regulated, depending on the salt-adapted cell line. The above changes were characteristic of salt-adapted cells and were not found in unadapted cells undergoing a short-term salt stress. Overall, 29 sugarcane proteins were regulated by salinity: for 15, translatable mRNAs were found; for three, no translatable mRNA was detected; and for six of the remaining 11, in vivo equivalents were not observed. These data suggest that a multitude of mechanisms at the transcriptional, post-transcriptional and post-translational levels may contribute to the control of gene expression in the sail-adapted sugarcane cells.
Investigating Faking Using a Multilevel Logistic Regression Approach to Measuring Person Fit

This article describes how a multilevel logistic regression (MLR) approach to assessing person fit can be used to test hypotheses concerning faking on personality assessments. Item difficulty and person trait estimates obtained from a two-parameter logistic item response theory model are used to predict the probability of endorsing an item in a MLR equation. The regression slope for item difficulty reflects the extent to which the probability of endorsement decreases as item difficulty increases. Less negative slopes may indicate faking, and slope variance may be modeled with person-level variables using MLR. Two examples are presented. Example 1 models faking on a personality assessment with dichotomous items. Example 2 extends the approach to scales using polytomous items.
P-T-X phase diagram for Ti−S from (60÷75) atomic % sulfur

We have studied the Ti−S phase diagram in order to determine the phase relations involving TiS2, to facilitate the growth of stoichiometric crystals of this compound. We have taken P-T-X data up to 10 atm of sulfur pressure or 900°C in the composition range (60÷75) at. % sulfur. From these data and information from DTA, X-ray diffraction and visual observation, we have determined the range of composition and equilibrium vapor pressures for Ti1+xS2 and Ti1+xS3. TiS3 undergoes peritectic decomposition at, 632 °C and at a pressure of 8.95 atm sulfur. Our data indicate the existence of stoichiometric TiS2 at the same temperature and pressure. Comparisons with other studies of the Ti−S phase diagram indicate important differences. The P-T-X data were used in chemical vapor transport to prepare near stoichiometric TiS2 single crystals.
Statistical Studies on Protein Polymorphism in Natural Populations. III. Distribution of Allele Frequencies and the Number of Alleles per Locus

ABSTRACT With the aim of understanding the mechanism of maintenance of protein polymorphism, we have studied the properties of allele frequency distribution and the number of alleles per locus, using gene-frequency data from a wide range of organisms (mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, Drosophila and non-Drosophila invertebrates) in which 20 or more loci with at least 100 genes were sampled. The observed distribution of allele frequencies was U-shaped in all of the 138 populations (mostly species or subspecies) examined and generally agreed with the theoretical distribution expected under the mutation-drift hypothesis, though there was a significant excess of rare alleles (gene frequency, 0 ~ 0.05) in about a quarter of the populations. The agreement between the mutation-drift theory and observed data was quite satisfactory for the numbers of polymorphic (gene frequency, 0.05 ~ 0.95) and monomorphic (0.95 ~ 1.O) alleles.—The observed pattern of allele-frequency distribution was incompatible with the prediction from the overdominance hypothesis. The observed correlations of the numbers of rare alleles, polymorphic alleles and monomorphic alleles with heterozygosity were of the order of magnitude that was expected under the mutation-drift hypothesis. Our results did not support the view that intracistronic recombination is an important source of genetic variation. The total number of alleles per locus was positively correlated with molecular weight in most of the species examined, and the magnitude of the correlation was consistent with the theoretical prediction from mutation-drift hypothesis. The correlation between molecular weight and the number of alleles was generally higher than the correlation between molecular weight and heterozygosity, as expected.
The Death of Labor Law

▪ Abstract This review tells three interlocking tales of decline, each with its respective prognosis for recovery: the declines of labor law scholarship, labor law, and organized labor. The relationship between the latter two and the role that a reformed labor law might play in reviving organized labor are matters of continuing controversy. In the meantime, two developments on the ground suggest a way forward for organized labor, labor law, and labor law scholars. Activist unions have found success with a new organizing model: neutrality and card-check agreements. Elsewhere, antisweatshop activists are developing increasingly sophisticated supplier codes and monitoring schemes to improve labor standards in developing countries. Both strategies, with their basically contractual architecture, exemplify what regulatory scholars are calling new governance. These strategies suggest a potential way around the roadblocks that meet labor law reform proposals and toward more agile and responsive forms of workplace...
Physics potential of ATLAS detector with high luminosity

The ATLAS detector is designed to exploit the full physics potential in the TeV energy region opened up by the Large Hadron Collider at a center of mass energy of 14 TeV with very high luminosities. The physics performance of the ATLAS detector on Higgs, extra-dimension and strong symmetry breaking scenario is summarized in this note. ATLAS experiment has great discovery potential for these new phenomena with high luminosity. Triple gauge couplings are very sensitive for probing new physics at TeV scale. We show that ATLAS can measure these couplings very precisely with high luminosity.
Living with Agents: From Human-Agent Teamwork to Cognitive Prostheses

Tomorrow's world will be filled with agents embedded everywhere in the places and things around us. Providing a pervasive web of sensors and effectors, teams of such agents will function as cognitive prostheses-computational systems that leverage and extend human intellectual, perceptual, and collaborative capacities, just as the steam shovel was a sort of muscular prosthesis or the eyeglass a sort of visual prosthesis. While these heterogeneous cooperating entities may operate at different levels of sophistication and with dynamically varying degrees of autonomy, they will require some common means of representing and appropriately participating in joint tasks. Just as important, developers of such systems will need tools and methodologies to assure that such systems will work together reliably, naturally, and effectively, even when they are designed independently. In this talk I will describe some of the principles and applications that are important to the design and implementation of effective human-agent systems.
INACTIVATION OF PEPSIN BY IODINE AND THE ISOLATION OF DIIODO-TYROSINE FROM IODINATED PEPSIN

In the presence of iodine at pH 5.0–6.0 a solution of pepsin absorbs iodine and the specific proteolytic activity of the solution decreases. The activity is less than 1 per cent of the original activity when the number of iodine atoms per mol of pepsin is 35–40. If the pH is 4.5 or less, iodine reacts very slowly and there is a correspondingly slower loss in activity. Glycyl tyrosine reacts with iodine in a manner similar to pepsin. Experiments were performed to determine the extent to which oxidation of pepsin by iodine occurs during iodination, and if such oxidation were responsible for the loss in enzymatic activity. Although the results were not absolutely decisive, there seems to be no appreciable oxidation taking place during iodination and no relationship between the slight oxidation and loss in peptic activity. From a dialyzed preparation of completely iodinated pepsin which was inactive and contained 13.4 per cent bound iodine, 82 per cent of the iodine was obtained in a solution which analyzed as a solution of diiodo-tyrosine. Because of the presence of a material which contained no iodine and prevented quantitative crystallization, only 53 per cent of the iodine containing substance could be crystallized. This 53 per cent was, however, identified as diiodo-tyrosine. The part of the titration curve which in pepsin and most proteins represents the phenolic group of tyrosine was, in the curve for iodinated pepsin, shifted toward the acid region as expected. From these results, it appears that the loss in proteolytic activity of pepsin, when treated with iodine under the specified conditions, is due to the reaction of the iodine with the tyrosine in pepsin.