cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Perceptions of e‐moderators about their roles and functions in moderating electronic mailing lists

This paper reports on responses gathered using a probabilistic survey (n=162), to gather the perceptions of electronic mailing list moderators, or e‐moderators, about their roles, tasks, and responsibilities as list moderators. The issues explored revolve around mailing list moderators’ conceptions of their roles, their rationale for moderating or not moderating their mailing lists, where they learned their craft, and where moderating lists fits into the context of their lives. With such descriptions of the tasks and roles of practising moderators, better training could be developed for those persons wishing to function effectively as online discussion facilitators and moderators, as part of their on‐line teaching for instance. Findings confirmed previous research that moderators perceive among their roles those of a filter, firefighter, facilitator, editor, manager, discussion leader, content expert, helper, and marketer. The moderators responding to this survey cited as reasons a mailing list should be ...
On diamond-free subposets of the Boolean lattice

The Boolean lattice of dimension two, also known as the diamond, consists of four distinct elements with the following property: A@?B,C@?D. A diamond-free family in the n-dimensional Boolean lattice is a subposet such that no four elements form a diamond. Note that elements B and C may or may not be related. There is a diamond-free family in the n-dimensional Boolean lattice of size (2-o(1))(n@?n/2@?). In this paper, we prove that any diamond-free family in the n-dimensional Boolean lattice has size at most (2.25+o(1))(n@?n/2@?). Furthermore, we show that the so-called Lubell function of a diamond-free family in the n-dimensional Boolean lattice which contains the empty set is at most 2.25+o(1), which is asymptotically best possible.
Variable Thermal Conductivity Heat Transfer With Symbolic Algebra

This paper deals with the analysis of heat transfer in media with variable thermal conductivity. The tool employed is the symbolic algebra package Maple. The specific problems considered are (1) steady conduction in a heat generating plane wall with thermal conductivity increasing as the square of the coordinate, (2) steady conduction in a circular rod with axially varying thermal conductivity exposed to a cross flow stream, (3) steady conduction in a hollow cylindrical shell with simultaneous coordinate and temperature dependent thermal conductivity, (4) steady conduction in a two-layered hollow cylindrical shell with the thermal conductivity of the inner shell varying linearly with the radial coordinate and the thermal conductivity of the outer shell varying linearly with temperature, (5) two-dimensional steady conduction in an orthotropic plate with different thermal conductivities along the two axes, and (6) transient conduction in a plane wall with coordinate dependent thermal conductivity. The paper demonstrates the effectiveness of the software that is capable of producing analytical solutions for problems that are very cumbersome to solve by hand, and at the same incorporates powerful numerical and graphical capabilities for solving problems that are analytically intractable. The paper should not be perceived as a commercial endorsement of Maple.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Electrical properties of isolated cells of Necturus gastric mucosa.

Abstract A micropuncture technique is described for isolated surface epithelial cells and oxyntic cells of Necturus gastric mucosa, and for intact isolated tubules from the same tissue. The potential obtained is similar to that found for the cells in the intact tissue, whereas the measured membrane resistance is about 100 times higher. This is explained by cell-cell coupling in the intact mucosa, and is confirmed by direct two-electrode experiments in the intact tissue or isolated tubule. The calculated tissue resistance is about twice as high as the measured resistance after allowance is made for glandular infolding, hence the possibility remains that there is a low resistance shunt across the tissue.
Ion-containing polymers: A new matrix for 252Cf-plasma desorption mass spectrometry

Abstract One problem encountered in the mass spectrometry of solid materials is the complex interactions that take place on the surface during the ion-induced desorption process (PDMS)1. One possible way to reduce the complexity of this system is to develop a matrix that can control the adsorption site of the molecule of interest. It is possible that ion-containing polymers such as Nafion2 (used in this study) can aid in this process.
Robustness of the relationship between price variability and inflation for US manufacturing

We study the relationship between relative price variability and inflation in two different ways. We first look at product-class census unit values for five time periods between 1958 and 1982, and find evidence of a positive relationship between variability and inflation. Then we directly update the Vining and Elwertowski (1976) study for the period 1974–91, using individual commodity series from the Bureau of Labor Statistics. We conclude by discussing differences across industries in price stickiness.
Schistosoma mansoni: influence of infection on levels of translatable mRNA and on polypeptide synthesis in the ovotestis and albumen gland of Biomphalaria glabrata.

Abstract Larval trematode infection causes a disruption of normal reproductive activity in the molluscan intermediate host. Because relatively little is known about the dynamics of this host-parasite interaction, the effect of Schistosoma mansoni infection on translatable mRNA pools and on polypeptide synthesis was examined in the ovotestis (OT) and albumen gland (AG) of Biomphalaria glabrata . Total RNA was isolated from OTs and AGs from uninfected control snails and snails at 14, 21, and 28 days postinfection (pi) with 20 S. mansoni miracidia and subjected to a rabbit reticulocyte in vitro translation system. Quantitative densitometry of autofluorograms of one-dimensional SDS-PAGE slab gels revealed reductions in quantities of total proteins synthesized in vitro from RNA isolated from infected OTs at 21 and 28 days pi, but not at Day 14 pi. Similar reductions were seen in 10 individual polypeptides selected for a more detailed analysis. In contrast to the OT, Day 14 pi-infected AGs exhibited an initial increase in total protein synthesized in the in vitro translation system utilized, followed by significant reductions at 21 and 28 days pi. Selective modulation of labeled polypeptides was evident in 11 polypeptides chosen for a more detailed analysis. This general pattern of parasite inhibitory effects was also seen in parallel pulse-chase studies using [ 35 S]methionine metabolic labeling of in vitro -cultured OTs and AGs. In these experiments, significant reductions in the amounts of labeled polypeptides found in culture supernatants at 14, 21, and 28 days pi were evident. Total polypeptide synthesis also was reduced in solubilized AGs from infected snails at 21 and 28 days pi. Results indicate that larval trematode infection induced a generalized disruption of polypeptide metabolism in OTs and AGs of B. glabrata . Such inhibition may occur at both the transcriptional and the translational levels and is initially manifested early in infection, during the time that daughter sporocysts begin to migrate and colonize the digestive gland and OT.
Indium Antimonide: the Metallic Form at Atmospheric Pressure

The crystal structure of metallic indium antimonide at atmospheric pressure and -197°C is essentially identical with that of white tin at 26°C.
Microflora of brown shrimp (Penaeus aztecus) from Georgia coastal waters

Abstract Initial aerobic plate counts of shrimp harvested under controlled conditions were approximately 2 logs lower than counts obtained from commercially harvested shrimp and remained lower throughout 18 days of storage on ice. Commercial shrimp microflora capable of proteolysis gradually shifted to 100% by day 18. Shrimp obtained from fish markets averaged bacterial counts of 2·0 × 10 5 on day of purchase, 45% of those were capable of proteolysis. The natural spoilage microflora of freshly caught Georgia coast shrimp were predominantly Acinetobacter, Enterobacter , and Flavobacterium species, while that of commercial shrimp was predominantly Acinetobacter, Moraxella , and Corynebacterium . After 18 days of ice storage, Acinetobacter and Flavobacterium species predominated on both fresh and commercial shrimp.
Radiation shielding implications of computed tomography scatter exposure to the floor.

Abstract This article investigates whether CT scanners used primarily for either head or body work have scattered radiation levels that may impact shielding considerations. Several 35 × 43 cm film cassettes were used to cover the floor area around a General Electric Hi-Speed Advantage CT unit. Regions of maximum exposure were identified (visually with sensitometric confirmation). An ion chamber was used to obtain radiation exposure levels for typical head and body protocols. Greater scattered radiation was found behind the gantry for head scanning (20 vs. 16 uGy for a body scan) while greater scatter was observed in front of the scanner for body scans (46 vs. 31 uGy for the head scan). The resulting annual doses to the floor from typical workloads (assuming 32 cases a day) can be as great as 0.63 Gy for head protocols or 1 Gy from body work. Care may be needed to assure adequate shielding for floor areas near CT scanners specializing in either head or body work. Also, while increased throughput with helical scanners is currently x-ray tube heat limited, shielding plans should allow for enhanced heat capacity (and greater throughput) in future generation scanners.
Intensity ridge and widths for tubular object segmentation and description

Introduces a technique for the automated description of tubular objects in 3D medical images. The goal of automated 3D object description is to extract a representation which consistently details the location, size, and structure of objects in 3D images using minimal user interaction. Such a representation provides a means by which objects can be classified, quantifiably evaluated, and registered. It also serves as a region of interest specification for visualization processes. The technique presented in this paper is suited for generating representations of 3D objects with nearly circular cross sections which have, possibly as a result of a global operation (e.g., blurring), intensity extrema near their centers. Such tubular objects commonly occur within human anatomy (e.g., vessels and selected bones). The medial axis of each of these objects is well approximated by its intensity ridge. The scales of the local maxima in medialness at all points along the ridge can be mapped to local width estimates. Together these measures capture the location, size, and structure of tubular objects. This paper covers the mathematical basis, the implementation issues, and the application of this technique to the extraction of vessels from 3D magnetic resonance angiographic images and bones from 3D X-ray computed tomographic images.
Hospital ships adrift? Part 2: the role of US Navy hospital ship humanitarian assistance missions in building partnerships.

IntroductionUS Navy hospital ships are used as a foreign policy instrument to achieve various objectives that include building partnerships. Despite substantial resource investment by the Department of Defense (DoD) in these missions, their impact is unclear. The purpose of this study was to understand how and why hospital ship missions influence partnerships among the different participants.MethodsAn embedded case study was used and included the hospital ship Mercy's mission to Timor-Leste in 2008 and 2010 with four units of analysis: the US government, partner nation, host nation, and nongovernmental organizations. Key stakeholders representing each unit were interviewed using open-ended questions that explored the experiences of each participant and their organization. Findings were analyzed using a priori domains from a proposed partnership theoretical framework. A documentary review of key policy, guidance, and planning documents was also conducted.ResultsFifteen themes related to how and why hospital ship missions influence partnerships emerged from the 37 interviews and documentary review. The five most prominent included: developing relationships, developing new perspectives, sharing resources, understanding partner constraints, and developing credibility. Facilitators to joining the mission included partner nations seeking a regional presence and senior executive relationships. Enablers included historical relationships and host nation receptivity. The primary barrier to joining was the military leading the mission. Internal constraints included the short mission duration, participant resentment, and lack of personnel continuity. External constraints included low host nation and United States Agency for International Development (USAID) capacity.ConclusionThe research finds the idea of building partnerships exists among most units of analysis. However, the results show a delay in downstream effects of generating action and impact among the participants. Without a common partnership definition and policy, guidance, and planning documents reinforcing these constructs, achieving the partnership goal will remain challenging. Efforts should be made to magnify the facilitators and enablers while developing mitigation strategies for the barriers and constraints. This is the first study to scientifically assess the partnership impact of hospital ship missions and could support the DoD's effort to establish, enable, and sustain meaningful partnerships. Application of the findings to improve partnerships in contexts beyond hospital ship missions may be warranted and require further analysis. This unique opportunity could bridge the rift with humanitarian actors and establish, enable, and sustain meaningful partnerships with the DoD.LicinaD, MookherjiS, MigliaccioG, RingerC. Hospital Ships Adrift? Part 2: The Role of US Navy Hospital Ship Humanitarian Assistance Missions in Building Partnerships. Prehosp Disaster Med.2013;28(6):592-604.
Exploring the mathematical and interpretative strategies of Maxwell's Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism

Abstract James Clerk Maxwell's Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism forms one of the major scientific texts of the 19th century, describing the phenomena of electricity and magnetism and the interaction between them. The sources Maxwell acknowledged as the inspiration for his own approach were the Englishman Michael Faraday and his fellow Scotsman William Thomson (later Lord Kelvin). In the Treatise Maxwell presents an approach he maintains was equivalent mathematically to the well established Continental electromagnetism but focused on an action via a medium approach to electromagnetism and located within a British experimental tradition. Exploring these features reveals the Treatise to be in accord with other deep themes in Maxwell's writings, which ground him intellectually and personally in the world of 19th century British Natural Philosophy.
University spin-offs: opportunity or challenge?

With industrial research increasingly under pressure to produce rapid profits, and universities rightly concerned with primary research, can university spin-off companies fill the gap between invention and commercialization?
Optical conductivity from cluster dynamical mean-field theory: Formalism and application to high-temperature superconductors

The optical conductivity of the one-band Hubbard model is calculated using the 'Dynamical Cluster Approximation' implementation of dynamical mean field theory for parameters appropriate to high temperature copper-oxide superconductors. The calculation includes vertex corrections and the result demonstrates their importance. At densities of one electron per site, an insulating state is found with gap value and above-gap absorption consistent with measurements. As carriers are added the above gap conductivity rapidly weakens and a three component structure emerges, with a low frequency 'Drude' peak, a mid-infrared absorption, and a remnant of the insulating gap. The mid-infrared feature obtained at intermediate dopings is shown to arise from a pseudogap structure in the density of states. On further doping the conductivity evolves to the Drude peak plus weakly frequency dependent tail structure expected for less strongly correlated metals.
Comparative role of vitamin A and β-carotene on reproduction and neonate survival in rats

Female rats were used to investigate the comparative role of vitamin A and beta-carotene (dietary or injected) on growth, feed intake and reproduction. After 3 wk of vitamin A and beta-carotene depletion, rats were assigned to one of six groups: 1) CON = fed 5% NRC recommended level of vitamin A (= 60 mug retinol equivalent (RE)/kg diet); 2) VA = fed 100% of vitamin A (= 1200 mug RE/kg diet); 3) HVA = fed 150% of vitamin A; 4) VA+C = fed 100% of vitamin A + 1.2mg beta-carotene; 5) VA+IC = fed 100% of vitamin A + injected weekly with 8.37 mg of beta-carotene; and 6) VA+IVA = fed 100% of vitamin A + injected weekly with 1400 IU of vitamin A. The level of vitamin A and beta-carotene in dam blood and liver reflected the level of supplementation. No difference in feed intake or body weight was observed. Although mean litter size was similar for all groups, mean pup weight at birth was lowest for deficient rats. Pup mortality through 2 wk postpartum was lower for groups receiving higher levels of either vitamin A or beta-carotene. However, supplemental beta-carotene did not influence growth or reproductive performance. Therefore, low intakes in vitamin A or beta-carotene had no effect on feed intake, growth or reproduction in female rats but decreased fetal growth and increased mortality among pups.
Stability Critical Graphs and Even Subdivisions of K4

A graph is stability critical (?-critical) if the removal of any edge increases the stability number. We give an affirmative answer to a question raised by Chvaktal, namely, that every connected, critical graph that is neither K2 nor an odd cycle contains an even subdivision of K4
Electronic cigarette use by college students

Abstract Background Electronic cigarettes, or e-cigarettes, are battery operated devices that deliver nicotine via inhaled vapor. There is considerable controversy about the disease risk and toxicity of e-cigarettes and empirical evidence on short- and long-term health effects is minimal. Limited data on e-cigarette use and correlates exist, and to our knowledge, no prevalence rates among U.S. college students have been reported. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of e-cigarette use and identify correlates of use among a large, multi-institution, random sample of college students. Methods 4444 students from 8 colleges in North Carolina completed a Web-based survey in fall 2009. Results Ever use of e-cigarettes was reported by 4.9% of students, with 1.5% reporting past month use. Correlates of ever use included male gender, Hispanic or “Other race” (compared to non-Hispanic Whites), Greek affiliation, conventional cigarette smoking and e-cigarette harm perceptions. Although e-cigarette use was more common among conventional cigarette smokers, 12% of ever e-cigarette users had never smoked a conventional cigarette. Among current cigarette smokers, e-cigarette use was negatively associated with lack of knowledge about e-cigarette harm, but was not associated with intentions to quit. Conclusions Although e-cigarette use was more common among conventional cigarette smokers, it was not exclusive to them. E-cigarette use was not associated with intentions to quit smoking among a sub-sample of conventional cigarette smokers. Unlike older, more established cigarette smokers, e-cigarette use by college students does not appear to be motivated by the desire to quit cigarette smoking.
Nikkomycin Z is an effective inhibitor of the chytrid fungus linked to global amphibian declines.

Fungal infections in humans, wildlife, and plants are a growing concern because of their devastating effects on human and ecosystem health. In recent years, populations of many amphibian species have declined, and some have become extinct due to chytridiomycosis caused by the fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis. For some endangered amphibian species, captive colonies are the best intermediate solution towards eventual reintroduction, and effective antifungal treatments are needed to cure chytridiomycosis and limit the spread of this pathogen in such survival assurance colonies. Currently, the best accepted treatment for infected amphibians is itraconazole, but its toxic side effects reduce its usefulness for many species. Safer antifungal treatments are needed for disease control. Here, we show that nikkomycin Z, a chitin synthase inhibitor, dramatically alters the cell wall stability of B. dendrobatidis cells and completely inhibits growth of B. dendrobatidis at 250 μM. Low doses of nikkomycin Z enhanced the effectiveness of natural antimicrobial skin peptide mixtures tested in vitro. These studies suggest that nikkomycin Z would be an effective treatment to significantly reduce the fungal burden in frogs infected by B. dendrobatidis.
Developmental acquisition of enhancer function requires a unique coactivator activity

Enhancers are believed to stimulate promoters by relieving chromatin-mediated repression. However, injection of plasmid-encoded genes into mouse oocytes and embryos revealed that enhancers failed to stimulate promoters prior to formation of a two-cell embryo, even though the promoter was repressed in the maternal nucleus of both oocytes and one-cell embryos. The absence of enhancer function was not due to the absence of a required sequence-specific enhancer activation protein, because enhancer function was not elicited even when these proteins either were provided by an expression vector (GAL4:VP16) or were present as an endogenous transcription factor (TEF-1) and shown to be active in stimulating promoters. Instead, enhancer function in vivo required a unique coactivator activity in addition to enhancer-specific DNA binding proteins and promoter repression. This coactivator activity first appeared during mouse development in two- to four-cell embryos, concurrent with the major onset of zygotic gene expression. Competition between various enhancers was observed in these embryos, but not competition between enhancers and promoters, and competition between enhancers was absent in one-cell embryos. Moreover, enhancer function in oocytes could be partially restored by pre-injecting mRNA from cells in which enhancers were active, the same mRNA did not affect enhancer function in two- to four-cell embryos.
Multiple soliton solutions and multiple singular soliton solutions for the (3 +1)-dimensional Burgers equations

Abstract In this work, the (3 + 1)-dimensional integrable Burgers equation is studied. Multiple kink solutions and multiple singular kink solutions are established for this completely integrable equation. The Backlund transformation method combined with the Hirota’s bilinear sense are used to determine two distinct structures of regular soliton solutions and singular soliton solutions. The tanh–coth method will also be implemented to obtain new single soliton solutions.
Heme oxygenase expression in diabetes and in renal diseases: Mechanisms of cytoprotection

Heme oxygenase (HO) has been shown to be critical for attenuating reactive oxygen species (ROS) through its ability to degrade heme and produce carbon monoxide (CO) and bilirubin. Excess free heme and proinflammatory growth factors are major contributors to acute kidney injury (AKI). Site-specific delivery of HO-1 to renal structures, that is, to the medullary thick ascending limb of the loop of heme (mTALH), has been shown to normalize blood pressure and provide protection against oxidative injury. Diabetes-mediated renal dysfunction in HO-2 deficiency may well be related to a tissue environment undergoing oxidative stress in the absence of HO-derived bilirubin and CO. Induction of HO-1 decreases superoxide, maintain normal plasma creatinine levels and prevent renal tubular and microvascular damage in HO-2-deficient mice. This review will demonstrate that the HO system is vital for the preservation of renal structural and functional integrity.
Reconfiguration Theory of Mechanism From a Traditional Artifact

The traditional artifacts are very popular to play with for their magic tricks and these transformations contain potential theory of mechanisms. The assembly-circles artifact is a metamorphic mechanism which can change its configuration and shape through the motion of joints. In this paper, the topology and configuration of the assembly-circles artifact are investigated by dividing the mechanism into three sections. The constraint, kinematics, singularity, and geometry properties of this special mechanism are also studied. The assembly methods and metamorphic principle are proposed and well summarized. Furthermore, three evaluating criteria for metamorphic mechanisms, which are the linear ratio, area ratio, and volume ratio, are proposed. The performance of this artifact is estimated by these criteria. Our research provides some fundamental ideas for the design of metamorphic mechanisms which are very useful in aerospace field.
Extended Flattop Operation of Bevatron Results from Studies of Generator Dovetail Failure

In mid-December 1966, severe fracturing of the Bevatron generator pole dovetails was discovered before the failure became catastropnic. New poles had to be procured and installed on both generators. This refurbishing consumed six months during which the Bevatron was inoperable--raising doubts in the scientists minds whether the failure could indeed be termed noncatastrophic. The failure was eventually attributed to a fatigue condition arising from increased alternating stress loads associated with generator speed changes during flattop. When the generators were returned to service a restriction was placed on the length of flattop. Cracks again began to be seen on the outermost laminations after several months. Many means were investigated to make corrections by mechanical changes, but all such schemes were repugnant because of large costs and extended shutdown for installation. In parallel with the mechanical studies, electrical engineers were investigating different electrical approaches - schemes that would achieve flattopping but minimize generator speed change. In June 1968 a test installation was made of the most promising method. The restricted flattop then being allowed was achieved with less generator speed change than occurs during normal full-energy pulsing. Flattop times have gradually increased from 0.6 to 2 s, while generator speed change has still been held to no more than normal pulsing. No propagation of existing cracks or initiation of new cracks has been observed, but careful surveillance continues.
The influence of testosterone on penetration of α-aminoisobutyric acid and 2-deoxyglucose in male rat sex accessory tissues

Cellular penetration of α-aminoisobutyric acid and of 2-deoxyglucose was measured in sex accesory tissues of the castrated male rat 3 to 18 h after a single intravenous injection of testosterone. The hormone had no significant effect on water content or extracellular (inulin) volumes over 18 h in ventral prostate, seminal vesicle and levator ani muscle. α-Aminoisobutyric acid distribution in prostate and seminal vesicle was increased significantly 6 (but not 3) h after testosterone injection and the tissues were concentrating α-aminoisobutyric acid against a concentration gradient by the 18th h; levator ani was not affected until the 12th h. The hormone did not stimulate uptake of 2-deoxyglucose in vivo except in levator ani at h 18. Pretreatment with testosterone for 12 h caused significant increases in α-aminoisobutyric acid uptake in all tissues over a 60-min incubation period; 2-deoxyglucose vitro also was taken up in larger amounts, and against a gradient, in all hormone-treated tissues except levator ani. In each tissue in vitro, the increased α-aminoisobutyric acid distribution due to testosterone was reduced to or below controls by low temperature (20°; Q10 of 1.9 to 2.0), anoxia or the absence of Na, and by the presence of dinitrophenol, ouabain or alanine. The accumulation of 2-deoxyglucose in vitro after hormone pretreatment was depressed below untreated controls in the presence of glucose or phlorizin. From these experiments it may be concluded that within 6 or 12 h of injection, testosterone increased cellular penetration of a model amino acid and a hexose sugar in male sex accessory organs. The process requires energy, is sodium dependent and apparently utilizes carrier systems in common with natural substrates. The temporal and causal relationships between these events and hormone-stimulated metabolism are discussed.
Trends in Rural and Urban Deliveries and Vaginal Births: California 1998-2002

: Context: Pregnant women in rural areas may give birth in either rural or urban hospitals. Differences in outcomes between rural and urban hospitals may influence patient decision making. Purpose: Trends in rural and urban obstetric deliveries and neonatal and maternal mortality in California were compared to inform policy development and patient and provider decision making in rural health care settings. Methods: Deliveries in California hospitals identified by the California Department of Health Services, Birth Statistical Master Files for years 1998 through 2002 were analyzed. Three groups of interest were created: rural hospital births to all mothers, urban hospital births to rural mothers, and urban hospital births to urban mothers. Findings: Of 2,620,096 births analyzed, less than 4% were at rural hospitals. Neonatal death rates were significantly higher in babies born to rural mothers with no pregnancy complications who delivered a normal weight baby vaginally at an urban hospital compared to urban mothers delivering at an urban hospital (0.2 [CI 0.2-0.4] deaths per 1,000 births versus 0.1 [CI 0.1-0.1]). Logistic regression analysis showed that delivery in a rural hospital was a protective factor compared to urban mothers delivering in an urban hospital, with an odds ratio of 0.8 (CI 0.6-0.9). Maternal death rates were not different. Conclusions: Rural obstetric services in this period showed favorable neonatal and maternal safety profiles. This information should reassure patients considering a rural hospital delivery, and aid policy makers and health care providers striving to ensure access to obstetric services for rural populations.
Cultural and Sex Differences in Dietary Patterns of the Urban Elderly

: A group of 182 elderly subjects (91 females, 91 males; 94 blacks, 88 whites) were interviewed with respect to background data, dietary habits, and health variables. Analysis of variance showed race and sex differences with respect to meal patterns and quality of diet. In addition, correlational analyses revealed associations between quality of diet and social class, education, health status, and the smoking of cigarettes. Associations were strongest for the black subjects.
Characterization of rat liver mitochondria using time-resolved spectroscopy

In this study, the (mu) s' (scattering constant) and the (mu) a (absorption constant) of rat liver mitochondria were measured by time resolved spectroscopy (TRS) with a newly innovated medium matching method. Freshly isolated rat liver mitochondria were placed inside a pouch and submerged in an intralipid emulsion. Two sets of various concentrations of intralipid emulsion, one with different concentrations of intralipid and no ink and another with various concentrations of ink and a fixed intralipid concentration, were scanned for matching the (mu) s' and the (mu) a of the mitochondria. Two states of the mitochondria were scanned: the resting state (orthodox state, or state 4) and the active state (condensed state, or state 3). During the active state of the mitochondria, the active respiration of the mitochondria was initiated by the addition of either calcium chloride or ADP/succinate/Pi. Comparisons of the (mu) s' and the (mu) a were made of mitochondria at different states.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Lung preservation with low-potassium dextran flush in a primate bilateral transplant model.

Abstract We used a bilateral lung transplant model to confirm, in primates, the results of lung preservation studies previously obtained in a canine single-lung transplant model. The donor lungs were flushed with low-potassium dextran solution and maintained semiinflated with 100% oxygen at 10 °C for a planned ischemic time of 12 hours for the lung implanted first. Of eight experiments performed, results in the 6 operative survivors form the basis of this report. After bilateral lung transplantation, animals were maintained on a ventilator for 6 hours; arterial oxygen tension, pulmonary artery pressure, and pulmonary vascular resistance were determined in the recipients at 2, 4, and 6 hours after transplantation and compared with donor values, which served as controls. Arterial oxygen tension in the recipients did not differ from the controls ( p = not significant), whereas the pulmonary artery pressure and pulmonary vascular resistance showed significant elevation ( p
Techniques for the simulation of computer logic

A special operator calculus developed by Hartley in 1956 together with a new mapping scheme has been found to be efficient in programming analysis of variance for multifactor experiments. The operator calculus and the mapping scheme are described in detail.
The impact of price limits on foreign currency futures' price volatility and market efficiency

On February 22, 1985, the Chicago Mercantile Exchange removed price limit restrictions on all foreign currency futures contracts. The efficiency and volatility of the foreign currency futures market are examined before and after this regulatory change. A small increase in market efficiency may have occurred in the foreign currency market as a result of the removal of price limits, but market volatility also increased significantly.
The nuclear envelope localization of DYT1 dystonia torsinA-ΔE requires the SUN1 LINC complex component

DYT1 dystonia is an autosomal dominant neurological condition caused by a mutation that removes a single glutamic acid residue (ΔE) from the torsinA (torA) AAA+ protein. TorA appears to possess a nuclear envelope (NE) localized activity that requires Lamina-Associated-Polypeptide 1 (LAP1), which is an inner nuclear membrane localized torA-binding partner. Although hypoactive, the DYT1 dystonia torA-ΔE isoform often concentrates in the NE, suggesting that torA-ΔE also interacts with an NE-localized binding partner. We confirm that NE-localized torA-ΔE does not co-immunoprecipitate with LAP1, and find that torA-ΔE continues to concentrate in the NE of cells that lack LAP1. Instead, we find that variability in torA-ΔE localization correlates with the presence of the SUN-domain and Nesprin proteins that assemble into the LINC complex. We also find that siRNA depletion of SUN1, but not other LINC complex components, removes torA-ΔE from the NE. In contrast, the LAP1-dependent NE-accumulation of an ATP-locked torA mutant is unaffected by loss of LINC complex proteins. This SUN1 dependent torA-ΔE localization requires the torA membrane association domain, as well as a putative substrate-interaction residue, Y147, neither of which are required for torA interaction with LAP1. We also find that mutation of these motifs, or depletion of SUN1, decreases the amount of torA-WT that colocalizes with NE markers, indicating that each also underlies a normal NE-localized torA binding interaction. These data suggest that the disease causing ΔE mutation promotes an association between torA and SUN1 that is distinct to the interaction between LAP1 and ATP-bound torA. This evidence for two NE-localized binding partners suggests that torA may act on multiple substrates and/or possesses regulatory co-factor partners. In addition, finding that the DYT1 mutation causes abnormal association with SUN1 implicates LINC complex dysfunction in DYT1 dystonia pathogenesis, and suggests a gain-of-function activity contributes to this dominantly inherited disease.
Humanitarianism and Responsibility

This article serves as an introduction to the articles in this special issue of the Journal of Human Rights on humanitarianism and responsibility. We thread the work of our contributors, along with other key scholars, together into a broader discussion about the possibilities and limitations of humanitarian responsibility. We first elaborate several constitutive dimensions of responsibility as it has been understood in humanitarian discourse, with particular attention to the way in which it has been deployed to both limit and extend the humanitarian mandate. We then consider how the discourse of humanitarian responsibility constitutes a departure from, and a possible alternative to, the discourse of human rights as the reigning lingua franca in which ethical arguments are advanced at the global level. Ultimately, we contend that while renewed emphasis on responsibility is no panacea for the difficult political and ethical questions that bedevil international humanitarianism and should not displace the foc...
Magnetic phase diagram of the quasi-2D mixed metal phenylphosphonates

Abstract The magnetic properties of pure and mixed (0⩽x⩽1) metal phenylphosphonates, MnxM1−x(O3PC6H5)·H2O, where M is Co or Zn, have been investigated. The pure Mn system consists of quasi-two-dimensional Heisenberg spins that experience long-range canted antiferromagnetic order at T N ≈12 K . The MnxM1−x systems form solid solutions for all values of x, and the corresponding magnetic phase diagrams (TN versus x) are presented.
Lipophile exchange membranes as electroactive assemblies on electrode surfaces

Abstract Electroactive assemblies on glassy carbon electrodes have been prepared by incorporation of lipophilic quinones into lipophile exchange membranes composed of poly(Nmethyl-4-vinylpyridinium dihexadecylphosphate) (PVPMe+ DHP−). These assemblies exhibit stable electrochemical responses when immersed in aqueous solutions. The electrochemical response of quinone - PVPMe+ DHP− layers prepared from short and long chain 2-alkylaminoanthraquinones depends on the nature of the quinone lipophile, mol% of quinone within the layer, PVPMe+ : DHP− ratio, and pH of the contacting aqueous solution. Superior performance is observed in basic solutions with low mol% quinone.
Influence of Sulfur Poisoning on CO Adsorption on Pd(100)

Investigations of CO adsorption on sulfur covered Pd(100) surface were conducted in order to obtain insight into the deleterious effects of sulfur on this system. First-principles density functional theory calculations indicate that CO is markedly destabilized when it shares surface atoms with neighboring sulfur. Based on the analysis of the electronic properties, the decrease in binding is attributed to localized S–Pd bonding plus the interaction between CO and S. The internal C–O stretching frequency was blue shifted relative to that on the clean surface as a result of the weakening of the C–Pd bonds. The poisoning effect is predicted to diminish for distant sites. Kinetic Monte Carlo simulations (with adsorbate lateral interactions included) revealed that the introduction of S creates competition for adsorption sites. At a finite temperature, CO adsorption is essentially nullified when the surface is covered by a quarter of monolayer of sulfur in agreement with experiments. Aside from reduction of possible adsorption sites, sulfur severely inhibits the mobility of CO as well.
Chiral bosons coupled to supergravity

Abstract A single chiral boson, described in flat two-dimensional spacetime by a local lagrangian previously proposed by Floreanini and Jackiw, is coupled to supergravity. Nonlinear σ-models with chiral bosons coupled to gravity are also discussed.
Investigation of the ribosomal peptidyl transferase center using a photoaffinity label.

Abstract The synthesis of a peptidyl-tRNA photoaffinity analog, 2-nitro-4-azidophenoxy-4′-phenylacetyl-phenylalanyl-tRNA Phe is described. Covalent attachment of this analog to Escherichia coli 70 S ribosomes requires poly(U)-stimulated binding prior to photolysis. Peptidyl site binding is indicated by the ability of puromycin to release the peptidyl moiety from non-photolyzed samples. Covalently attached 2-nitro-4-azidophenoxy-4-phenylacetyl-Phe-tRNA Phe can subsequently participate in peptidyl transfer with [ 3 H]Phe-tRNA Phe bound at the aminoacyl site. This means that the covalent reaction does not produce sufficient distortion of the peptidyl site and its bound tRNA to inactivate the peptidyl transference. If peptidyl transfer with [ 3 H]Phe-tRNA Phe is allowed to proceed before photolysis, covalent reaction can still occur. In all cases, the main reaction products are two 50 S ribosomal proteins, L11 and L18. The results strongly indicate that these two proteins either form part of the peptidyl transferase center or are located adjacent to it. Presumably, α-halocarbonyl affinity reagents used previously failed to identify these two proteins because they lack easily accessible, reactive nucleophilic groups.
Role of γδ T cells in antibody production and recovery from SFV demyelinating disease

Semliki Forest Virus (SFV) encephalomyelitis has been used to study the pathogenesis of virus-induced demyelination and serves as a model for multiple sclerosis. SFV-infection of mice invariably leads to clinical weakness accompanied by CNS inflammation, viral clearance and primary demyelination by day 21 postinfection (pi), followed by recovery and remyelination by day 35 pi. We have applied this model to the examination of the effects of γδ T cells in antibody production and the pathogenesis of demyelinating lesions. SFV-infection of γδ T cell KO mice resulted in more severe clinical signs than in wild type (WT) B6 mice. SFV-infected WT and γδ KO mice both cleared virus by day 10 pi and inflammation was comparable. Demyelination also appeared to be similar in both groups except that KO mice did not exhibit extensive remyelination which was seen in WT mice by day 21. SFV-infected WT mice showed widespread remyelination by day 35 pi, whereas KO mice still displayed some demyelination through day 42 pi. Both WT and KO mice developed serum antibodies to SFV. However, the reactivity of WT sera with the SFV epitope, E2 T(h) peptide₂, was significantly higher than in KO sera. Immunization with E2 T(h) peptide₂ resulted in elevated antibody production to this peptide (p<0.05) and earlier remyelination (day 28 pi) in KO mice. Thus, our study has shown for the first time that immunization of SFV-infected γδ T cell KO mice with a viral peptide, E2 T(h) peptide₂ led to enhanced recovery and repair of the CNS.
Total energy of metallic lithium

Procedures are presented for the accurate calculation of the total energy of a solid within the framework of the local-density approximation. The starting point is a self-consistent band calculation using a basis of localized orbitals. The method is applied to study the total energy of metallic lithium as a function of lattice spacing. Good results are obtained for the cohesive energy, equilibrium lattice constant, and bulk modulus. A transition to a magnetically ordered state is predicted for large lattice spacings.
Input-output economics and ecology

Abstract Without knowing, Professor Leontief, in the late 1960s, stirred my colleagues and I to produce a long list of articles on the energy and labor directly and indirectly needed to produce the multitude of products and services flowing from a modern economy. Our purposes grew out of a need to find a way for consumers to reduce their impact on the environment. In more recent years, the work turned toward the blending of economic and ecological theory and practice.
Reflections on Religion and Place: Rural Churches and American Religion

This essay is grounded in my on-going ruminations about religion and rurality. These reflections have at least three distinct sources. First, I have been involved in a research project over the last several years, working with six ethnographers on a study of rural churches in six townships in Missouri.1 Second, I have been challenged by the call from some sociological theorists and social geographers for sociologists to situate our analyses in "place and time." Third, my experiences growing up in the thinly populated landscape and "Big Sky" of Montana present a reference point for thinking about religion in rural places with the challenges of distance from the center as well as unique opportunities for grace. There is a continuous thread in American culture that locates the sacred in nature. Implicit in the works of many essayists, poets, and explicitly religious writers is the idea that access to nature is a route to experiencing the divine, and that the closer to nature one is, the greater the possibility for closeness to God. In Catherine Albanese's Nature Religion in America (1990) she traces reflections on nature as a core religious symbol starting with the Algonkian Indians, then moving to the writings of significant historical figures such as Thomas Jefferson, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, and John Muir. She also examines how their theologies diffused through popular cultural movements for health and healing in the 19th and 20th centuries. Albanese takes religion to be concerned with how people orient themselves in the world in reference to both ordinary powers-those that are products of human culture-and extraordinary powers. Her argument is that in the United States, nature has often been used as a central religious symbol, one that points to and stands for those extraordinary powers: "what the group owns as objective realities-standing in judgment on its project and practice, but also inviting its members across an invisible line to a place of transcendence" (1990:7). As Albanese reveals it to us, nature religion is an inconsistent, even contradictory, but nevertheless persistent presence in American religious life.
Health effect of occupational exposure to steady magnetic fields.

An observational cross sectional study was conducted to determine if long term exposure to steady magnetic fields of up to 200 Oersteds could be related, on a dose-response basis, to findings of medical examinations. Health data were obtained for 320 workers who spent a major portion of their workday in the magnetic fields produced by the direct current through large electrolytic cells. These data were compared to those for a control group of 186 workers. The vertical and horizontal components of the magnetic fields were measured in each cell room and the time weighted average exposure to magnetic fields was calculated for each job classification. The leukocyte count and the monocyte percent were found to decrease, while the lymphocyte percent was found to increase with increased exposure to the horizontal component of the magnetic field. A slight tendency of both the systolic and diastolic blood pressures to increase with increasing exposure to the vertical component of the magnetic field was found in th...