cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Social stress-escalated intermittent alcohol drinking: modulation by CRF-R1 in the ventral tegmental area and accumbal dopamine in mice

Excessive alcohol (EtOH) drinking is difficult to model in animals despite the extensive human literature demonstrating that stress increases EtOH consumption. The current experiments show escalations in voluntary EtOH drinking caused by a history of social defeat stress and intermittent access to EtOH in C57BL/6J mice compared to non-stressed mice given intermittent EtOH or continuous EtOH. To explore a mechanistic link between stress and drinking, we studied the role of corticotropin-releasing factor type-1 receptors (CRF-R1) in the dopamine-rich ventral tegmental area (VTA). Intra-VTA infusions of a CRF-R1 antagonist, CP376395, infused into the VTA dose-dependently and selectively reduced intermittent EtOH intake in stressed and non-stressed mice, but not in mice given continuous EtOH. In contrast, intra-VTA infusions of the CRF-R2 antagonist astressin2B non-specifically suppressed both EtOH and H2O drinking in the stressed group without effects in the non-stressed mice. Using in vivo microdialysis in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) shell, we observed that stressed mice drinking EtOH intermittently had elevated levels of tonic dopamine concentrations compared to non-stressed drinking mice. Also, VTA CP376395 potentiated dopamine output to the NAc only in the stressed group causing further elevations of dopamine post-infusion. These findings illustrate a role for extrahypothalamic CRF-R1 as especially important for stress-escalated EtOH drinking beyond schedule-escalated EtOH drinking. CRF-R1 may be a mechanism for balancing the dysregulation of stress and reward in alcohol use disorders.
Coherence & Fragments: Reflections on the SKL and the Book of Judges

Nearly 4,000 years ago, the Mesopotamian scribe ,N¯ur-Ilabrat, created a list which mentioned many kings. The list was designed to promote the argument that kingship was "brought down to earth as a gift from heaven so that human beings might conduct their affairs in a purposeful fashion." Professor Sasson assesses what meaning N¯ur-Ilabrat derives from his list and how his assumptions play out in the Hebrew book of Judges.
An empirical analysis of materials' cost effect in the Malaysian housing market industry using deterministic method: case of Klang Valley

Materials are the essence of the construction industry. Material resource represents a substantial proportion of the total value of the project. Hence, this study is aimed at investigating materials' cost-related factors that cause an increase in housing market prices in the Malaysian construction industry. However, the scope of this paper is limited to investigations in the Klang Valley region only. There is a need to create a specific research model with the aim of identifying specific factors under the materials sector that also provide a more simplified divergent angle of reference. The proposed model is a 'hybrid' version derived from an existing model created by Carr which classifies materials' costs into two types: direct material cost and indirect material cost. It is proposed at the end of the research that material cost does have an effect on the rising price of house in Malaysia.
The burden of obstructive sleep apnea and associated excessive sleepiness.

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is highly prevalent within the primary care community, and yet it is frequently undiagnosed. The most common symptom of OSA--excessive sleepiness (ES)--can negatively affect quality of life. Because the ES associated with OSA results in an increased risk of motor vehicle accidents, occupational accidents, and decreased daily functioning, the primary care provider (PCP) needs to be vigilant for risk factors and symptoms associated with this sleep disorder. Commercial drivers in particular need to be carefully assessed and monitored in collaboration with a sleep specialist. The economic costs of untreated OSA are high. Early diagnosis and treatment of OSA is cost-effective and is greatly aided by a high level of clinical suspicion and an awareness of risk factors for OSA on the part of PCPs. Language: en
Comparison of AVO, Prestack Impedance Inversion, and Poststack Impedance Inversion: Lithology and Pore Fluid Discrimination in the Scotian Basin, Nova Scotia, Canada

Summary This study involves delineation of geophysical properties of a small region in Scotian Basin, offshore Nova Scotia, Canada. In this study, three different geophysical methods were applied to evaluate the Abenaki formation for hydrocarbon potential using quantitative geophysical methods. These methods are AVO, prestack impedance inversion and poststack impedance inversion. AVO modeling/analysis is a technique used to infer fluid content and lithology variations by studying the amplitude variations at a layer boundary in the CDP gather. Seismic inversion methods are used to characterize geophysical properties within layers. The use of AVO, prestack simultaneous impedance inversion, and poststack modelbased impedance inversion lead to a robust interpretation. In this study, it is observed that AVO method is inadequate itself to explain either change in lithology or fluid content causes AVO variations. Using prestack inversion and poststack inversion methods, subsurface lithology or fluid change can be evaluated by means of seismic velocities in an effective manner.
Geometric Effects on Embedded Piezoelectric Energy Harvester in Knee Replacement Bearing

Each year in the US, over 700,000 patients receive total knee arthroplasty to restore joint function and improve quality of life. A major challenge during surgery is achieving proper ligamentous balance. Improperly balanced knees can lead to accelerated wear of the articular surfaces, reduced range of motion, and patient discomfort and pain. Currently, surgeons rely heavily on their experience and their interpretation of the “feel” of a balanced knee. The goal of the proposed research is to investigate the use of piezoelectric materials embedded in total knee replacement bearings in order to sense forces in vivo and convert knee loads into usable electrical energy to power the embedded sensor. This paper presents an investigation of the effects of various geometric properties on the performance of piezoelectric transducers embedded into polyethylene knee replacement bearings. This work takes a combined modeling and experimental approach to investigate the effects of the overall bearing geometry as well as placement of the embedded transducers on the performance of the system. A simple cylindrical geometry is chosen to represent the knee bearing in order to isolate various effects. Specifically, the curvature of the upper bearing surface is investigated to determine the effects of different curvature profiles on the voltage output of the embedded transducer. Designs with the smallest diameter of curvature are found to provide increased load transfer to the embedded piezoelectric and larger generated power. Additionally, the radial placement of the embedded piezoelectric device is investigated to determine the performance of the system as the piezoelectric device is translated from the geometric center of the bearing to the outer edge. Results show that optimal performance is obtained for placement near the center of the geometric curved feature. Lastly, the effects of variations in machining and fabrication are investigated and it is found that tight tolerances must be maintained in order to obtain experimental results that can be accurately predicted by the model developed in this work.© 2015 ASME
Carbonic anhydrase in the pallium of Primates compared with that of lower mammals.

SummaryWithin the pallium a quantitative distribution pattern of carbonic anhydrase, not found in the dog, cat, hog, horse, sheep, cattle and rabbit, has been found in man and the Rhesus monkey. Its possible significance is discussed.
Microfocused Ultrasound for Skin Tightening.

Microfocused ultrasound (MFU) generates tissue heating, which can be used for facial skin tightening as well as other areas of skin laxity. Unlike radiofrequency energy, MFU can penetrate deep into tissue without heating the superficial skin structures, allowing for higher treatment temperatures. Depending on patient factors and treatment protocols, 60% to 90% of patients can expect to see facial improvement 6 months after treatment.
A discussion about the 20th century′s philosophy of marketing management

As the foundation of a company′s life, the philosophy of marketing management has been more and more perfect through a hundred years development, but it′s still very meaningful for deeply understanding the philosophy and building up correct company orientation towards the marketplace to make it′s developing clue clear.This article remarks some concepts which have been making widely effect according to the time,including producing concept, product concept, sales concept, marketing concept, societal marketing concept and describe the societal marketing concept deeply, at the same time research their relationship further, and make a conclusion that each idea is not alone, the later concept is a correcting to the fomer and each has it′s necessity and reasonability to exist. So a company should set up it′s philosophy of marketing management based on it environment instead of cutting this relationship off and making different importance.
Treatment of facial asymmetry with molar extraction

Objective:To study treatment method and effects of facial asymmetry with molar extraction.Method:6 facial asymmetry cases were treated with molar extraction(including first and second molar).2 males,4 females,aged 15～24 years.Oral examination showed obviously facial asymmetry,while little functionality asymmetry.Treatment time was 12～25 months,average being 17 months.Result:All cases obtained normal anterior overbite,normal overlap and class one occlusion.Conclusion:Design choosed extracting molars has shown to be an effective way to correct the facial asymmetry.
Human mate guarding.

Long-term committed mating is a fundamental strategy in the human repertoire. Successful enactment of this strategy requires solving two related adaptive problems--fending off potential mate poachers and preventing a mates from defecting. Mate guarding adaptations evolved to solve these persistent problems. Those who failed in mate guarding risked suffering substantial reproductive costs ranging from genetic cuckoldry to reputational damage to the entire loss of a mate. Because the precise nature of the adaptive problems confronted differed historically for the sexes, men and women evolved corresponding differences in the underlying psychology of mate guarding. Men's mate guarding, relative to that of women's, is strongly triggered as a consequence of being mated to young and physically attractive women, being confronted by interested rivals who have superior economic resources or prospects, and having a mate who displays signs of sexual involvement with a rival. Women's mate guarding, relative to that of men's, is triggered as a consequence of being mated to men high in income and status striving, rivals who are more physically attractive, and having a partner who shows signs of emotional involvement with another woman. Behavioral output of mate guarding adaptations range from vigilance to violence.
Stryker Frame Adaptation of the HM3 Lithotriptor for Treatment of Distal Ureteral Calculi

AbstractTreatment of distal ureteral stones with the Dornier HM3 lithotriptor**Dornier Medical Systems Inc., Marietta, Georgia. depends on the localization and positioning of the calculus from a transgluteal approach. We found the Stryker frame gantry modification preferable to the standard gantry for treatment of stones in the distal ureter. We report the use of this gantry adaptation in 22 cases of distal ureteral stones. The calculi were localized in 100% of the cases and were fragmented successfully with 1 treatment in 89%. In no case was the procedure aborted secondary to nonvisualization of the calculus. Failure to disintegrate the stone requiring retreatment occurred in 11% of the cases, and was attributed to stone characteristics and not due to difficulty with visualization or placement of the calculus within the F2 focus. The average fluoroscopic time was 45seconds. The Stryker frame modification to the standard Dornier HM3 lithotriptor allows for improved visualization and easier localization of...
Professionally held perceptions about the accessibility of the geosciences

The geosciences are considered by many to be inaccessible to individuals with disabilities. Challenging traditional perceptions of identity in the geoscience community is an important step to removing barriers for students and geoscientists with diverse physical, sensory, and cognitive abilities, and to broadening entry into the myriad fields that make up the discipline. Geoscientists’ views of the extent to which a disability would inhibit access to a geoscience career were probed through three separate studies. Results indicate that although opportunities for people with disabilities are perceived to exist in the geosciences, the discipline is considered more accessible to people with some disabilities than others. Most notably, people with hearing impairments are viewed as the most capable of engaging in geoscience careers, visual and cognitive impairments are considered barriers to engagement in geoscience careers or tasks, and people with physical disabilities are perceived as capable of engaging in all but outdoor tasks. We suggest that these individual perceptions result in multiple barriers for people with disabilities: perceptual barriers, training barriers, and community-level barriers. Reducing these barriers will require action across multiple levels to change individual perceptions, training pathways, and social norms for professional engagement.
A novel high-performance lateral bipolar on SOI

A novel lateral bipolar structure on SOI (silicon-on-insulator) is described. This device has a thin double-diffused base and a narrow emitter width, determined by the SOI thickness. It has minimal parasitic junction capacitance, as well as minimal emitter and collector resistances. Excellent device characteristics and an f/sub T/ of about 20 GHz were demonstrated. >
High performance 0.1 /spl mu/m PD SOI tunneling-biased MOSFETs (TBMOS)

Proposes a new structure of partially-depleted SOI MOSFETs tunneling-biased MOSFETs (TBMOS). In this structure, the floating body potential is pulled up by the carriers which tunnel from specially doped polysilicon gate to the floating body. Compared with bulk MOSFET (represented by body grounded device), TBMOS produces excellent swing (/spl sim/66 mV/dec), and >15% increase in I/sub D,SAT/. TBMOS also has better hot carrier immunity than body grounded device.
Ras oncogene-independent activation of RALB signaling is a targetable mechanism of escape from NRAS(V12) oncogene addiction in acute myeloid leukemia

Somatic mutations that lead to constitutive activation of NRAS and KRAS proto-oncogenes are among the most common in human cancer and frequently occur in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). An inducible NRAS(V12)-driven AML mouse model has established a critical role for continued NRAS(V12) expression in leukemia maintenance. In this model genetic suppression of NRAS(V12) expression results in rapid leukemia remission, but some mice undergo spontaneous relapse with NRAS(V12)-independent (NRI) AMLs providing an opportunity to identify mechanisms that bypass the requirement for Ras oncogene activity and drive leukemia relapse. We found that relapsed NRI AMLs are devoid of NRAS(V12) expression and signaling through the major oncogenic Ras effector pathways, phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase and mitogen-activated protein kinase, but express higher levels of an alternate Ras effector, Ralb, and exhibit NRI phosphorylation of the RALB effector TBK1, implicating RALB signaling in AML relapse. Functional studies confirmed that inhibiting CDK5-mediated RALB activation with a clinically relevant experimental drug, dinaciclib, led to potent RALB-dependent antileukemic effects in human AML cell lines, induced apoptosis in patient-derived AML samples in vitro and led to a 2-log reduction in the leukemic burden in patient-derived xenograft mice. Furthermore, dinaciclib potently suppressed the clonogenic potential of relapsed NRI AMLs in vitro and prevented the development of relapsed AML in vivo. Our findings demonstrate that Ras oncogene-independent activation of RALB signaling is a therapeutically targetable mechanism of escape from NRAS oncogene addiction in AML.
Diagnostic yield of device interrogation in the evaluation of syncope in an elderly population.

Abstract Background Device interrogation has become a standard part of the syncope evaluation for patients admitted with permanent pacemakers (PPM) or implantable cardiac defibrillators (ICD), although few studies have shown interrogation yields clinically useful data. The purpose of this study is to determine the diagnostic yield of device interrogation as well as other commonly performed tests in the workup of unexplained syncope in patients with previously implanted PPMs or ICDs. Methods We retrospectively reviewed records of 88 patients admitted to our medical center for syncope with previously implanted pacemakers between January 1, 2005 and January 1, 2015 using ICD-9 billing data. Results Pacemaker interrogation demonstrated an arrhythmia as the cause for syncope in 4 patients (4%) and evidence of device failure secondary to perforation in 1 patient (1%). The cause of syncope was unknown in 34 patients (39%). Orthostatic hypotension was the most commonly identified cause of syncope (26%), followed by vasovagal syncope (13%), autonomic dysfunction (5%), ventricular arrhythmia (3%), atrial arrhythmia (2%), congestive heart failure (2%), stroke (2%), and other less common causes (8%). History was the most important determinant of syncope (36%), followed by orthostatic vital signs (14%), device interrogations (4%), head CT (2%), and transthoracic echocardiogram (1%). Conclusions Device interrogation is rarely useful for elucidating a cause of syncope without concerning physical exam, telemetry, or EKG findings. Interrogation may occasionally yield paroxysmal arrhythmias responsible for syncopal episode, but these rarely alter clinical outcomes. Interrogation appears to be more useful in patients with syncope after recent device placement.
Methods for Finding Language Universals in Syntax

There are two broad theoretical traditions in research on syntactic universals, the typological and the generative. While the theoretical differences between the two approaches are well known, less known but equally important is the fact that the methods used to find and justify syntactic universals are very different between the two approaches. The generative approach, illustrated here with Baker’s (2003) analysis of verbal vs. nonverbal predication, proceeds “one language at a time”, and draws on whatever constructions are deemed relevant to support the universal underlying structure. However, the “one language at a time” method often produces universals that fail a wider crosslinguistic comparison; but the choice of constructions used to counter anomalous evidence is an instance of methodological opportunism (croft 2001). A rigorous method of syntactic argumentation is proposed, which is close to best practice in typological research.
Using VIIRS fire radiative power data to simulate biomass burning emissions, plume rise and smoke transport in a real-time air quality modeling system

In this presentation, we present a new smoke modeling system High Resolution Rapid Refresh (HRRR-Smoke) to simulate biomass burning (BB) emissions, plume rise and smoke transport in real time. The HRRR model (without smoke) is run as an operational numerical weather prediction system at the National Weather Service. HRRR is NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory's version of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. Here we make use of WRF-Chem (the WRF model coupled with chemistry) and simulate fine particulate matter (smoke) emissions emitted by BB as well as anthropogenic sources. The model includes an aerosol aware double moment Thompson microphysics scheme [1], which allows to simulate smoke feedback on microphysics in a computationally efficient manner.
Convectively Generated Stratospheric Gravity Waves: The Role of Mean Wind Shear

A two-dimensional numerical simulation of mid-latitude squall lines is used to study the properties of storm-induced stratospheric gravity waves. Owing to the tendency for convective cells to form at the forward edge of a squall line, and then propagate toward the rear, the simulated storms preferentially generate gravity waves that propagate toward the rear of the storm. This anisotropy in gravity wave generation leads to a net vertical transfer of momentum into the stratosphere. Cases with and without stratospheric mean wind shear are compared. In the latter case Doppler shifting of the waves to lower frequencies leads to wave breaking and enhanced wave — mean-flow interaction.
Storm surge prediction with cygnss winds

The NASA Earth Venture Cyclone Global Navigation Satellite System (CYGNSS) is a constellation of eight observatories in a 35° inclination, ∼530 km altitude Earth orbit. Each observatory carries a 4-channel bistatic wind scatterometer receiver. Measurements of the ocean surface scattering cross section are converted to 10 meter-referenced wind speed. The mission improves the temporal sampling of winds in tropical cyclones (TCs) with a revisit time of 2.8 hours (median) and 7.2 hours (mean) at all locations between 38 deg North and 38 deg South latitude. Operation at the 1575 MHz GPS L1 frequency permits wind measurements in the TC inner core that are often obscured from other spaceborne remote sensing instruments by intense precipitation in the eye wall and inner rain bands. The potential for improved storm surge forecast skill is examined using simulated CYGNSS science data products for Hurricane Irene. We present and compare ADCIRC 2DDI storm surge hindcasting results of Hurricane Irene using four meteorological forcing scenarios: 1) “True” meteorological data obtained from HWRF reanalysis runs; 2) “Worst-case forecast” using low-resolution NOGAPS forecast wind and pressures; 3) “Best-case forecast” using high-resolution HWRF forecast winds and pressures; and 4) a simulated “CYGNSS forecast” with wind field given by a parameterized model trained using CYGNSS-derived values for the maximum wind speed and radius of maximum winds. The results suggest that the improved temporal resolution of the CYGNSS-derived winds has a positive impact on storm surge modeling predictions.
Periodontal Disease Assessed Using Clinical Dental Measurements and Cancer Risk in the ARIC Study.

Background While evidence is increasingly consistent with a positive association between periodontitis and cancer risk, most studies have relied on self-reported periodontitis. In this study, we prospectively evaluated the association of periodontal disease severity with cancer risk in black and white older adults in a cohort study that included a dental examination. Methods Included were 7466 participants in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study cohort who at visit 4 (1996-1998) reported being edentulous or underwent the dental examination. Probing depth and gingival recession were measured at six sites on all teeth; these measurements were used to define periodontal disease severity. Incident cancers (n = 1648) and cancer deaths (n = 547) were ascertained during a median of 14.7 years of follow-up. All statistical tests were two-sided. Results An increased risk of total cancer (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.24, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.07 to 1.44, Ptrend = .004) was observed for severe periodontitis (>30% of sites with attachment loss >3 mm) compared with no/mild periodontitis ( 3 mm), adjusting for smoking and other factors. Strong associations were observed for lung cancer (HR = 2.33, 95% CI = 1.51 to 3.60, Ptrend < .001), and elevated risks were noted for colorectal cancer for severe periodontitis, which were significant among never smokers (HR = 2.12, 95% CI = 1.00 to 4.47). Associations were generally weaker, or not apparent among black participants, except for lung and colorectal cancers, where associations were similar by race. No associations were observed for breast, prostate, or hematopoietic and lymphatic cancer risk. Conclusions This study provides additional evidence that cancer risk, especially for lung and colorectal cancer, is elevated in individuals with periodontitis. Additional research is needed to understand cancer site-specific and racial differences in findings.
Streamlined Tandem Mass Tag (SL-TMT) Protocol: An Efficient Strategy for Quantitative (Phospho)proteome Profiling Using Tandem Mass Tag-Synchronous Precursor Selection-MS3

Mass spectrometry (MS) coupled toisobaric labeling has developed rapidly into a powerful strategy for high-throughput protein quantification. Sample multiplexing and exceptional sensitivity allow for the quantification of tens of thousands of peptides and, by inference, thousands of proteins from multiple samples in a single MS experiment. Accurate quantification demands a consistent and robust sample-preparation strategy. Here, we present a detailed workflow for SPS-MS3-based quantitative abundance profiling of tandem mass tag (TMT)-labeled proteins and phosphopeptides that we have named the streamlined (SL)-TMT protocol. We describe a universally applicable strategy that requires minimal individual sample processing and permits the seamless addition of a phosphopeptide enrichment step ("mini-phos") with little deviation from the deep proteome analysis. To showcase our workflow, we profile the proteome of wild-type Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast grown with either glucose or pyruvate as the carbon source. Here, we have established a streamlined TMT protocol that enables deep proteome and medium-scale phosphoproteome analysis.
Examining Natural Attenuation and Acute Toxicity of Petroleum-Derived Dissolved Organic Matter with Optical Spectroscopy.

Groundwater samples containing petroleum-derived dissolved organic matter (DOMHC) originating from the north oil body within the National Crude Oil Spill Fate and Natural Attenuation Research Site near Bemidji, MN, USA were analyzed by optical spectroscopic techniques (i.e., absorbance and fluorescence) to assess relationships that can be used to examine natural attenuation and toxicity of DOMHC in contaminated groundwater. A strong correlation between the concentration of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and absorbance at 254 nm (a254) along a transect of the DOMHC plume indicates that a254 can be used to quantitatively assess natural attenuation of DOMHC. Fluorescence components, identified by parallel factor (PARAFAC) analysis, show that the composition of the DOMHC beneath and adjacent to the oil body is dominated by aliphatic, low O/C compounds (“protein-like” fluorescence) and that the composition gradually evolves to aromatic, high O/C compounds (“humic-/fulvic-like” fluorescence) as a function of di...
Shoulder Preservation in Spinal Cord Injury: One Clinic’s Approach to Treatment and Prevention

Shoulder pain in those with spinal cord injury (SCI) is a debilitating condition that creates significant secondary complications. This review will present recent literature exploring shoulder pain demographics, causes, treatment recommendations, and one clinic’s stance on treatment and prevention. Shoulder pain affects between 37 and 84% of the population living with spinal cord injury. Home-based programs have been found to be effective in reducing pain levels by nearly 50%, to improve the functional independence, participation, and quality of life of those affected. However, only half of those with pain actually seek treatment. Shoulder pain may be imminent following SCI; it may be part of living with paralysis as a result of muscle imbalance, from the daily wear and tear from intense loads, overuse, and repetitive tasks. Shoulder pain has been proven responsive to home-based exercise programs and it is recommended that all individuals with SCI-related paralysis adhere to a shoulder preservation home exercise program as a means to prevent the debilitating effects of shoulder pain.
CD63, MHC class 1, and CD47 identify subsets of extracellular vesicles containing distinct populations of noncoding RNAs

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) mediate the intercellular transfer of RNAs, which alter gene expression in target cells. EV heterogeneity has limited progress towards defining their physiological functions and utility as disease-specific biomarkers. CD63 and MHC1 are widely used as markers to purify EVs. CD47 is also present on EVs and alters their effects on target cells, suggesting that specific surface markers define functionally distinct EVs. This hypothesis was addressed by comparing Jurkat T cell EVs captured using CD47, CD63, and MHC1 antibodies. These EV subsets have similar sizes but divergent RNA contents. Apart from differences in numbers of nonannotated transcripts, CD63+, MHC1+, and CD47+ EVs have similar overall contents of most noncoding RNA classes, but the relative enrichment of specific RNAs differs. The enrichment of micro-RNAs is highly divergent, and some including miR320a are selectively concentrated in CD47+ EVs. Small nucleolar RNAs including SNORD116@ and SNHG10 are also selectively enriched in CD47+ EVs, whereas no small nuclear RNAs are enriched in CD47+ EVs. Conversely, MHC1+ EVs are selectively enriched in a subset of tRNAs including TRE-CTC and TRR-CCG. This heterogeneity in RNA composition suggests multiple sorting mechanisms that direct specific RNAs into subsets of EVs that express specific surface markers.
The Path-Integration Properties of Hippocampal Place Cells

The cognitive mapping system is assumed to contain a map for each environment the organism has experienced. These maps are built up in the following way: The animal brings to a new situation a tabula rasa of potential place representations. One of these is chosen to represent a specific location in that environment; this automatically determines the way in which the remainder of the locations in the environment will be represented. As the animal moves, the ‘internal navigation’ system will shift the focus of excitation within the map to other place representations appropriate to other locations. This is done, as we have suggested, on the basis of information about distances generated from both sensory and motor inputs. In order for the distances to be ‘correct’ in both the internal sense (that is, purely between the locations) and in the external sense (that is, between the framework of the observer and the locations) both these sources of input must contribute. (J. O’Keefe & L. Nadel, The Hippocampus as a Cognitive Map, 1978, p.94)
Partially Ordered Sets and Lattices

In this chapter we present some basic facts about partially ordered sets and lattices which are fundamental for our study of lattice-ordered groups, rings, and modules. The material presented includes Zorn’s Lemma and some of its equivalences in Section 1.1, standard characterizations of distributive lattices and Boolean algebras in Section 1.2, and the construction of the MacNeille and Dedekind completions of a partially ordered set in Section 1.3. We also introduce some of the basic language of category theory and present enough of the subject of universal algebra so that we can establish the existence of free algebras in varieties.
11 – Development of Post-Disturbance Vegetation in Prairie Wetlands

Seed dispersal patterns and seed germination requirements can play a role in the distribution of plants along environmental gradients. Plant ecologists have taken different approaches for understanding and predicting the distribution of species along coenoclines by conducting observational studies on the distribution of species along environmental gradients, doing experimental studies of coenocline development, and developing mathematical models of coenocline development. The complete destruction of coenoclines in some prairie wetlands occurs periodically because of several years of above-normal water levels. Post-disturbance coenoclines, however, are not necessarily identical to pre-disturbance coenoclines, even when water levels under which the post-dispersal coenoclines develop are identical to those during the pre-disturbance period. Although pre- and post-disturbance coenoclines had the same species composition, the elevation ranges over which emergent species were found along these coenoclines were not similar. Differences in initial patterns of seed germination and seedling survival that resulted in the development of the pre-disturbance and post-disturbance coenocline seem to be responsible for these distribution differences. The chapter concludes that over time, disturbances result in changes in the plant communities found along environmental gradients. These changes can be minor when pre- and post-disturbance environmental conditions are similar and much greater when pre- and post-disturbance environmental conditions are dissimilar.
Association Between Wilms Tumor and Gonadal Dysgenesis

AbstractThe classification of intersexuality was determined in 10 patients with an intersex disorder who subsequently suffered a Wilms tumor. Of these 10 patients 7 (70 per cent) had a disorder of gonadal dysgenesis: 5 had mixed gonadal dysgenesis, 1 had dysgenetic male pseudohermaphroditism and 1 had 46XY pure gonadal dysgenesis. Because the gonads of patients with either of these 3 disorders have a high predilection for the development of testicular neoplasia, the concomitant occurrence of renal tumors in such a patient population suggests that a common defect in the urogenital ridge, the embryonic precursor of the kidneys and gonads, may be the cause of this association.
Separation and other problems that threaten relationships

This is the third in a series of 10 articles dealing with the different types of loss that doctors will meet in their practice Series editors: Colin Murray Parkes and Andrew Markus The secure or insecure attachments made to parents in childhood often prefigure the attachments which we make in adult life and predict the pattern of grief to which they give rise after the death of a partner.1 This article examines the problems of change and loss that can arise within an established “pairbond” relationship and cause it to go wrong and, sometimes, to end. It focuses on the particular problems that may bring people into medical care. Although people rarely come to their doctors complaining of problems in living, many psychosomatic and psychiatric disorders are caused by marital stress, and doctors often become aware that a patient is struggling with an unhappy relationship, or dealing with its loss, in the course of a diagnostic inquiry or a discussion of treatment procedures. In such cases an understanding of the emotional causes and consequences of relational problems, and how they might best be responded to, will be useful to the practitioner. I have covered these issues in more detail elsewhere.2–4 #### Summary points Relationships are an important source of security and are influenced, for good or ill, by the expectations arising out of secure or insecure attachments earlier in life Distrust undermines security and causes grief and anger which may further undermine trust Children are often at risk when parental relationships break down Relationships that are ending are a cause of grief in both parents and their children and may cause symptoms and requests for help Doctors can reassure people of the normality of their grief, provide a safe place for its expression, and assess the need for specialist …
The Discovery of the Gibberellins in Japan and Early Research Work on these Substances in the United States of America

The first assumption that the bakanae effect might be due to a substance produced by the invading organism appeared in 1912 in a paper by the plant pathologist K. Sawada [5], in which it was stated that “on microscopic examination, the plant system is found to contain mycelium. It is thought that the plants grow taller due to some stimulation from the mycelium.”
Role of Endoscopy in Resection of Intracanalicular Vestibular Schwannoma via Middle Fossa Approach: Technical Nuances.

Background Surgical resection of vestibular schwannomas (VS) located within the internal auditory canal (IAC) is challenging, especially those located very laterally in the IAC. Various transcranial approaches have been described for resection of intracanalicular VS including retrosigmoid, translabyrinthine, and middle fossa approaches. Each approach has its indications, advantages, and limitations. The middle fossa approach (MFA) is considered by many authors as the gold standard approach for resection of small intracanalicular VS in young patients with serviceable hearing; however, there is often a limitation in complete visualization of the tumor. Methods The authors present an illustrative case to highlight the technical nuances of complementary use of endoscopy in MFA for complete resection of intracanalicular VS located at the IAC fundus, preserving preoperative hearing status and mainting intact facial nerve function. Results In our experience, the combined use of the endoscope and the microspe as described here and illustrated in our case, improves visualization of the IAC and its contents, improving ressection and outcomes. Conclusions MFA allows for a direct yet safe surgical corridor to small intracanalicular VS. The implementation of endoscopy with MFA, especially for VS located laterally in the IAC, allows for better opportunity for complete resection of the tumor with improved preservation of hearing and facial nerve function.
Developing and validating learning domains, competencies, and evaluation items for global health clinical immersion practicums for graduate-level nursing programs.

Aim To develop and validate learning domains, competencies, and evaluation tool for graduate-level experiential nursing global health programs. Background Standard competencies have not been synthesized and delineated nor have evaluation tools been developed for global health programs at the graduate level. Design A combination of a documentary literature review and expert consensus panel to validate results was used as a design for this study. Methods The NLM and CINAHL databases were searched for articles published between 2007 - 2017 relevant to graduate-level global health nursing programs. Data were extracted and coded, from which themes regarding learning domains, competencies and evaluation items were derived. We then used a three-step expert panel to refine and form a statistical representation (>0.78 agreement on importance, relevance and clarity) of the learning domains, competencies, and evaluation items. Results Relevant articles (N = 26) were included for the documentary review, 18 concerning learning domains of global health immersion programs and eight concerning interdisciplinary global health competencies specific to nursing. These learning relationships were then formatted into a table subdivided between learning categories for expert panel consensus. After expert panel review, a compendium of learning domains, competencies, and evaluation items resulted. Conclusion Global health clinical learning practicums are essential for graduate-level preparation of nurses. Learning domains, competencies, and evaluation tools need to be adopted and empirically tested by international and national nursing associations. The results of this study need further testing to aid these associations.
Setting Starting Level For A Trial Of A Biofilm-Disrupting Adjuvant

Combination therapy is beneficial treatment modality for multiple diseases. Cinnamon oil may be an advantageous agent in a number of combination therapies as cinnamon oil has antibacterial activity. Cinnamon oil has also been shown to be effective against biofilm cultures of Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus plantarum. Cinnamomum osmophloeum inhibits planktonic cultures of many gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, including MRSA (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus). Subjecting S. epidermidis to cinnamon oil eliminates planktonic cells or staphylococci in biofilms. Cinnamon oil is an essential oil used throughout the food industry because of its pleasant and distinctive aroma. The purpose of this study is to estimate the amount of exposure to cinnamon through selected foods in the United States in order to propose an initial target level for pharmacokinetic studies of a novel combination drug.
Automatic detection of contouring errors using convolutional neural networks

Purpose To develop a head and neck normal structures autocontouring tool that could be used to automatically detect the errors in autocontours from a clinically validated autocontouring tool. Methods An autocontouring tool based on convolutional neural networks (CNN) was developed for 16 normal structures of the head and neck and tested to identify the contour errors from a clinically validated multiatlas-based autocontouring system (MACS). The computed tomography (CT) scans and clinical contours from 3495 patients were semiautomatically curated and used to train and validate the CNN-based autocontouring tool. The final accuracy of the tool was evaluated by calculating the Sorensen-Dice similarity coefficients (DSC) and Hausdorff distances between the automatically generated contours and physician-drawn contours on 174 internal and 24 external CT scans. Lastly, the CNN-based tool was evaluated on 60 patients' CT scans to investigate the possibility to detect contouring failures. The contouring failures on these patients were classified as either minor or major errors. The criteria to detect contouring errors were determined by analyzing the DSC between the CNN- and MACS-based contours under two independent scenarios: (a) contours with minor errors are clinically acceptable and (b) contours with minor errors are clinically unacceptable. Results The average DSC and Hausdorff distance of our CNN-based tool was 98.4%/1.23 cm for brain, 89.1%/0.42 cm for eyes, 86.8%/1.28 cm for mandible, 86.4%/0.88 cm for brainstem, 83.4%/0.71 cm for spinal cord, 82.7%/1.37 cm for parotids, 80.7%/1.08 cm for esophagus, 71.7%/0.39 cm for lenses, 68.6%/0.72 for optic nerves, 66.4%/0.46 cm for cochleas, and 40.7%/0.96 cm for optic chiasm. With the error detection tool, the proportions of the clinically unacceptable MACS contours that were correctly detected were 0.99/0.80 on average except for the optic chiasm, when contours with minor errors are clinically acceptable/unacceptable, respectively. The proportions of the clinically acceptable MACS contours that were correctly detected were 0.81/0.60 on average except for the optic chiasm, when contours with minor errors are clinically acceptable/unacceptable, respectively. Conclusion Our CNN-based autocontouring tool performed well on both the publically available and the internal datasets. Furthermore, our results show that CNN-based algorithms are able to identify ill-defined contours from a clinically validated and used multiatlas-based autocontouring tool. Therefore, our CNN-based tool can effectively perform automatic verification of MACS contours.
The Developmental Consequences of Superfund Sites

We use population-level data on all Florida children born between 1994 and 2002 to examine the long-term effects of prenatal exposure to environmental toxicants from a Superfund (toxic waste) site....
Continuous Authentication of Embedded Software

This paper explores the use of frequency information of hardware performance counter data to enable continuous authentication (CA) in embedded software. Current approaches for CA are not targeted for use with embedded software. In order to be more suitable for embedded scenarios the proposed method uses short time Fourier transforms on streams of hardware performance counters. The frequency information is used to build an encoding to a state transition. These transitions are used to build a corresponding state machine which recognizes and authenticates the protected program continuously at run time. The method achieves an average successful authentication true positive rate of 97% with a 1.5% false positive rate.
Fascial Hydrodissection for Chronic Hamstring Injury

Hamstring muscle injuries (HMI) are common among athletes. HMI can take many months to years to resolve. Often, athletes do not report complete resolution with typical conservative therapy. We present several cases of athletes who presented with chronic hamstring injuries that resolved immediately after being treated with an ultrasound-guided fascial hydrodissection procedure. Following the procedure and graded rehabilitation protocol, athletes reported resolution of pain and tightness in addition to increased performance and a quicker return to play.
Marital status, sex, and suicide: new longitudinal findings and Durkheim’s marital status propositions*

The purpose of the paper was to use new longitudinal data to investigate the impact of marital status on suicide, and test Durkheim’s marital status propositions. Previous research found marital st...
Cases Relating to Chapter 11 – Offenses Against Public Peace

Publisher Summary This chapter presents several case studies related to offenses against public peace. The cases presented are: Papachristou et al. v. City of Jacksonville and Larry D. Hiibel v. Sixth Judicial District Court of Nevada, Humboldt County.
Expansion of the Southern California oxygen minimum zone during the early-to mid-Holocene due to reduced ventilation of the Northeast Pacific

Abstract Oceanic deoxygenation observed since the 1950s has drawn increasing concern as dissolved oxygen (DO) regulates marine biodiversity and biogeochemical cycles. Yet the DO time series from direct instrumental measurements is insufficiently long (several decades) to constrain the centennial to millennial variability. Here we present redox-sensitive metal (Re, U, and Mo) records from Santa Barbara Basin (SBB), California to reconstruct subsurface DO through the Holocene. Significantly higher authigenic metal fluxes and coherent benthic foraminifera faunal responses along a published depth transect reveal vertical expansion and intensification of the Southern California oxygen minimum zone (OMZ) prior to ∼6 ka. Comparison with post-Industrial trace metal records suggests low-oxygen conditions were more extreme during early to mid-Holocene (MH), highlighting the magnitude of OMZ variability in the absence of anthropogenic influences. Inconsistencies between authigenic metal fluxes and local oxygen control indicate a remote weakening of the North Pacific Intermediate Water (NPIW) formation prior to the MH. Reduced ventilation of the mid-depth North Pacific is supported by state-of-the-art Earth system model simulations with realistic MH (6 ka) forcing, highlighting the importance of brine rejection during sea ice formation in changing the buoyancy of NPIW and its basin-wide influences on North Pacific OMZ. Evidence from Holocene marine/lake records and model simulations further suggests a southward Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) migration and a consequent deepening of the Aleutian Low (AL) towards late Holocene, which favors more sea ice brine rejection. Thus, mid-depth ventilation in the North Pacific was closely associated with atmospheric circulation during the Holocene.
Poetic Labors and Challenging Political Science: An Epistolary Poem

The author, a political theorist, uses poetry to reflect on and spur structural change in admissions committees, hiring committees, funding decisions, curriculum development, and the institutionali...