cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
PART 4: RUPTURE TESTS OF PIPELINE SEGMENTS CONTAINING LONG REAL CORROSION DEFECTS

shaped internal corrosion defects. Measurements were taken in order to determine the actual dimensions of each of the tubular specimens and their respective metal loss defect profiles. Tensile specimens were tested to determine the actual material properties. The failure pressures measured in the laboratory tests were compared with those predicted by four assessment methods: the ASME B31G method, 4 the DNV RPF101 method for single defects, 5 the RSTRENG effective area method, 7 and the DNV RP-F101 method for complex-shaped defects. 5
Stem Cells, Cell Therapies, and Bioengineering in Lung Biology and Diseases. Comprehensive Review of the Recent Literature 2010–2012

A conference, “Stem Cells and Cell Therapies in Lung Biology and Lung Diseases,” was held July 25 to 28, 2011 at the University of Vermont to review the current understanding of the role of stem and progenitor cells in lung repair after injury and to review the current status of cell therapy and ex vivo bioengineering approaches for lung diseases. These are rapidly expanding areas of study that provide further insight into and challenge traditional views of mechanisms of lung repair after injury and pathogenesis of several lung diseases. The goals of the conference were to summarize the current state of the field, to discuss and debate current controversies, and to identify future research directions and opportunities for basic and translational research in cell-based therapies for lung diseases. The goal of this article, which accompanies the formal conference report, is to provide a comprehensive review of the published literature in lung regenerative medicine from the last conference report through December 2012.
Exergy Analysis: Principles and Practice

The importance of the goal of developing systems that effectively use nonrenewable energy resources such as oil, natural gas, and coal is apparent. The method of exergy analysis is well suited for furthering this goal, for it enables the location, type and true magnitude of waste and loss to be determined. Such information can be used to design new systems and to reduce the inefficiency of existing systems. This paper provides a brief survey of both exergy principles and the current literature of exergy analysis with emphasis on areas of application.
Unitary equivalence and reductibility or invertibly weighted shifts

Let H be a complex Hilbert space and let {A1, A2, …} be a uniformly bounded sequence of invertible operators on H. The operator S on l2(H) = H ⊕ H ⊕ … given by S〈x0, x1, …〉 = 〈0, A1x0, A2x1, …〉 is called the invertibly veighted shift on l2(H) with weight sequence {An }. A matricial description of the commutant of S is established and it is shown that S is unitarily equivalent to an invertibly weighted shift with positive weights. After establishing criteria for the reducibility of S the following result is proved: Let {B1, B2, …} be any sequence of operators on an infinite dimensional Hilbert space K. Then there is an operator T on K such that the lattice of reducing subspaces of T is isomorphic to the corresponding lattice of the W* algebra generated by {B1, B2, …}. Necessary and sufficient conditions are given for S to be completely reducible to scalar weighted shifts.
A Novel Plant Kinesin-Related Protein Specifically Associates with the Phragmoplast Organelles

In higher plants, the formation of the cell plate during cytokinesis requires coordinated microtubule (MT) reorganization and vesicle transport in the phragmoplast. MT-based kinesin motors are important players in both processes. To understand the mechanisms underlying plant cytokinesis, we have identified AtPAKRP2 (for Arabidopsis thaliana phragmoplast-associated kinesin-related protein 2). AtPAKRP2 is an ungrouped N-terminal motor kinesin. It first appeared in a punctate pattern among interzonal MTs during late anaphase. When the phragmoplast MT array appeared in a mirror pair, AtPAKRP2 became more concentrated near the division site, and additional signal could be detected elsewhere in the phragmoplast. In contrast, the previously identified AtPAKRP1 protein is associated specifically with bundles of MTs in the phragmoplast at or near their plus ends. Localization of the tobacco homolog(s) of AtPAKRP2 was altered by treatment of brefeldin A in BY-2 cells. We discuss the possibility that AtPAKRP1 plays a role in establishing and/or maintaining the phragmoplast MT array, and AtPAKRP2 may contribute to the transport of Golgi-derived vesicles in the phragmoplast.
The Hero Within: Inclusion of Heroes into the Self

Despite the commonly accepted belief that people are influenced by their heroes, researchers have yet to examine the process by which this occurs. The current study examined whether the process of inclusion-of-other-in-self (IOS; Aron & Aron, 1986), previously used to describe how significant others and social groups influence individuals' self-concepts, can explain individuals' connections to cultural heroes. A Stroop-like self-description test used previously to test IOS was presented to 63 participants. As expected, information about people's heroes affected their ability to complete self-descriptions whereas information about comparable non-heroes did not. Implications of these findings are discussed in the context of self-concept research.
Ductile-Phase-Toughened Tungsten for Plasma-Facing Materials

Author(s): Cunningham, Kevin Hawkins | Advisor(s): Odette, G Robert | Abstract: A variety of processing approaches were employed to fabricate ductile-phase-toughened (DPT) tungsten (W) composites. Mechanical testing and analytical modeling were used to guide composite development. This work provides a basis for further development of W composites to be used in structural divertor components of future fusion reactors.W wire was tested in tension, showing significant ductility and strength. Coatings of copper (Cu) or tungsten carbide (WC) were applied to the W wire via electrodeposition and carburization, respectively. Composites were fabricated using spark plasma sintering (SPS) to consolidate W powders together with each type of coated W wire. DPT behavior, e.g. crack arrest and crack bridging, was not observed in three-point bend testing of the sintered composites.A laminate was fabricated by hot pressing W and Cu foils together with W wires, and subsequently tested in tension. This laminate was bonded via hot pressing to thick W plate as a reinforcing layer, and the composite was tested in three-point bending. Crack arrest was observed along with some fiber pullout, but significant transverse cracking in the W plate confounded further fracture toughness analysis.The fracture toughness of thin W plate was measured in three-point bending. W plates were brazed with Cu foils to form a laminate. Crack arrest and crack bridging were observed in three-point bend tests of the laminate, and fracture resistance curves were successfully calculated for this DPT composite.An analytical model of crack bridging was developed using the basis described by Chao in previous work by the group. The model uses the specimen geometry, matrix properties, and the stress-displacement function of a ductile reinforcement (“bridging law”) to calculate the fracture resistance curve (R-curve) and load-displacement curve (P-D curve) for any test specimen geometry. The code was also implemented to estimate the bridging law of an arbitrary composite using R-curve data.Finally, a parametric study was performed to quantitatively determine the necessary mechanical properties of useful toughening reinforcements for a DPT W composite. The analytical model has a broad applicability for any DPT material.
Carbohydrate-based inducers of cellular stress for targeting cancer cells

Small molecules that block the altered metabolism in cancer or increase the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) are emerging as potential anti-cancer agents. Considering that various carbohydrates can be used for cellular energetics or protein N-glycosylation of which interruption can lead to cellular stress, we have synthesized and evaluated a library of N-aryl glycosides for induction of ROS and cytotoxicity in H1299 cancer cell line. Two N-aryl glycosides (K8 and H8) were identified that induce about 2-fold induction of ROS and cytotoxicity in H1299 cells. We further showed that the acetylated form of K8 (K8A) activates AMPK, and stabilizes p53 in HEK293 cells, and induce a higher cytotoxicity than 2-deoxy-d-glucose in H1299 cell line.
A Discrete Version of Green’s Theorem Using Elliptic Functions

We now allow ourselves the luxury of using basic complex analysis. In particular, we assume in this chapter that the reader is familiar with contour integration and the residue theorem. We may view the residue theorem as yet another result that intimately connects the continuous and the discrete: it transforms a continuous integral into a discrete sum of residues. Using the Weierstras \(\wp \)- and ζ-functions, we show here that Pick’s theorem is a discrete version of Green’s theorem in the plane. As a bonus, we also obtain an integral formula for the discrepancy between the area enclosed by a general curve C and the number of integer points contained in C.
Bone Conduction Microphone: A Head Mapping Pilot Study

This study looked at the intelligibility of vocal signals previously recorded via bone conduction (BC) microphones. This research sought to explore the clarity of BC microphone signals transmitted through predetermined locations on the skull. The positioning of the BC microphone was distributed throughout eight different locations, where each location was deemed significant through prior studies. A total number of twelve ERAU college students were randomly selected to participate in the study. Since the study utilized a with-in subject design, each participant was exposed to recording from each of the BC microphone locations. The recording consisted of ten scripted words with each word presented to the participant using both male and female voices. The signals were transmitted to the participant through a BC vibrator headset. This study’s results will provide evidence on whether or not BC communication devices can be used as an effective means of communication.
Multi-feature hashing based on SNR maximization

Hashing algorithms which encode signal content into compact binary codes to preserve similarity, have been extensively studied for applications such as large-scale visual search. However, most existing hashing algorithms work with a single feature type, while combining multiple features is helpful in many vision tasks. In this paper, we propose two multi-feature hashing algorithms based on signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) maximization, where a globally optimal solution is obtained by solving a generalized eigenvalue problem. The first one jointly considers all feature correlations and learns uncorrelated hash functions that maximize SNR, and the second algorithm separately learns hash functions on each individual feature and selects the final hash functions based on the SNR associated with each hash function. The proposed algorithms perform favorably compared to other state-of-the-art multi-feature hashing algorithms on several benchmark datasets.
Control of recent community-based outbreaks of invasive meningococcal disease in men who have sex with men in Europe and the United States.

Invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) is an infrequent yet deadly infection that constitutes a public health emergency. Control requires rapid identification and diagnosis of suspect cases, prompt administration of antibiotic prophylaxis to close contacts, and recognition of epidemiological links among cases. In 2011, the incidence rate of IMD was 0.73 per 100,000 in European Union (EU) countries, as reported by Marcus et al. in their report on a recent cluster of serogroup C Neisseria meningitidis (MenC) in MSM in this edition of Eurosurveillance [1], in the United States (US), it was 0.25 per 100,000 (an all-time low). While outbreaks of IMD in the US and EU are rare, they can be difficult to control, particularly when the primary risk factor is membership in a social network rather than an organisation or institution [2]. In September 2012, a slowly evolving outbreak of IMD was recognised among men who have sex with men (MSM) in New York City (NYC). The NYC Department of Health and Mental Hygiene (DOHMH), in collaboration with community providers, implemented a meningococcal vaccine campaign to prevent further illness and death [3]. IMD cases in MSM have recently also been recognised in Germany, France, and Belgium. In response to these clusters the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, with input from leading experts, composed and distributed a rapid risk assessment to help guide medical and public health authorities [4]. The report by Marcus et al. in this issue summarises the German cluster and highlights important issues regarding local and international IMD control [1].
Abstract CN03-03: Chemoprevention of lung cancer by metformin

Metformin is the most widely prescribed drug for type II diabetes. Diabetics maintained on metformin have decreased incidence of several types of cancer, including lung cancer, compared to diabetics maintained on other anti-diabetic drugs. This retrospective analysis has raised the possibility that metformin might be an effective chemopreventive agent. In diabetics, metformin decreases hepatic gluconeogenesis and decreases circulating levels of IGF-I and insulin. In certain tissues such as liver, muscle, and fat, metformin activates AMP-activated kinase and inhibits mTOR, a kinase whose activity is required for lung tumorigenesis in several mouse models. We previously showed that metformin in the drinking water inhibits tobacco carcinogen-induced lung tumorigenesis in a mouse model of lung cancer. Inhibition of tumorigenesis occurred at steady state levels of metformin easily achieved in humans, and the mechanism of action in lung tissues appeared independent of AMPK but dependent upon inhibition of IGF-I receptor-mediated signaling. This presentation will describe the efficacy of metformin in other mouse models of lung cancer, identify additional tissue-specific biomarkers for metformin that might have predictive value, and discuss the design of clinical prevention trials with metformin. Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2011;4(10 Suppl):CN03-03.
Design and implementation issues for distributed CCA framework interoperability: Research Articles

Component frameworks, including those that support the Common Component Architecture (CCA), represent a promising approach to addressing the challenge of building and deploying high-performance scientific applications in Grid environments, one that is being realized, for example, in our LegionCCA and XCAT-C++ frameworks. The next step beyond building independent individual frameworks is making them interoperate. Component-based applications should be able to transparently span multiple disjoint component frameworks with low overhead as compared with the same applications running within a single framework. Interoperable frameworks enable applications to take advantage of more resources, and to better match constituent parts to the underlying resources that best support them. The CCA specification does not prescribe a wire format for inter-component calls in distributed frameworks, thereby promoting considerable flexibility and customization for the framework developer. This approach thus requires an additional specific strategy outside of the CCA to support interoperability between distributed frameworks. Mandating one common wire format, however, risks choosing the wrong format. We discuss in detail five underlying component framework interoperability requirements, and three general approaches to addressing them. We then discuss how the approaches can be applied to meet the requirements, and address the advantages, issues, and implications of doing so. This effectively defines a design space for framework interoperability approaches. We then address the communication interoperability in detail via a single multi-protocol communication library called Proteus, and discuss how we have incorporated it into two distinct distributed framework implementations of the CCA specification: LegionCCA and XCAT-C++. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Meet Genome Editing

It is extremely rare for a single experiment to be so impactful and timely that it shapes and forecasts the experiments of the next decade. Here, we review how two such experiments-the generation of human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and the development of CRISPR/Cas9 technology-have fundamentally reshaped our approach to biomedical research, stem cell biology, and human genetics. We will also highlight the previous knowledge that iPSC and CRISPR/Cas9 technologies were built on as this groundwork demonstrated the need for solutions and the benefits that these technologies provided and set the stage for their success.
Study on the dynamic property in the touchdown phase of kangaroo simulative jumping robot

In accordance with physiological structure and kinematic characteristics of kangaroo,the single leg model of kangaroo simulative jumping robot was put forward and the kinematic and dynamic equations of the corresponding mechanism in the touchdown phase were established.Combining with a living example and utilizing MATLAB,the rules for the joint moment and ground acting force that varied along with time in the touchdown phase of robot were studied,and analysis and discussion upon the rules had been carried through.The result showed that the inputting moment of anklebone is 2.5 times of the moment of knee joint and 6 times of the moment of hipbone joint,therefore the driving moment of anklebone is one of the decision factors for the entire robot to accomplish the jumping action.This result of dynamic study provided theoretical basis for the designing analysis of kangaroo simulative jumping robot and the precision control of jumping movement.
Social networking among voltage-activated potassium channels.

Abstract Voltage-activated potassium channels (Kv channels) are ubiquitously expressed proteins that subserve a wide range of cellular functions. From their birth in the endoplasmic reticulum, Kv channels assemble from multiple subunits in complex ways that determine where they live in the cell, their biophysical characteristics, and their role in enabling different kinds of cells to respond to specific environmental signals to generate appropriate functional responses. This chapter describes the types of protein–protein interactions among pore-forming channel subunits and their auxiliary protein partners, as well as posttranslational protein modifications that occur in various cell types. This complex oligomerization of channel subunits establishes precise cell type-specific Kv channel localization and function, which in turn drives a diverse range of cellular signal transduction mechanisms uniquely suited to the physiological contexts in which they are found.
Demography, Demographic Data, and the Nature of Population Change

As Shakespeare said, all the world is a stage and we people are the actors. Each of us enter the stage at birth and exit from it at death. We play many parts, such as getting ill and getting well, getting married and getting divorced, staying in a place or moving out of it, climbing up or sliding down the social ladder, and all the time getting inexorably older. Demography is the scientific study of this ageless drama. Demographers focus on certain features of us, the actors, and the drama we play. How many of us are around at any given time? Are our numbers growing, declining, or unchanging? How diverse are we in our traits and roles? How does this diversity change over time and space? How are such changes (in size, makeup, and diversity) produced, with what consequences? To study such questions, demographers use data collected in censuses, registration systems, and sample surveys as well as materials assembled by administrators to keep track of what they do.
Feature Selection Using Cooperative Game Theory and Relief Algorithm

With the advancements in various data mining and social network-related approaches, datasets with a very high feature—dimensionality are often used. Various information theoretic approaches have been tried to select the most relevant set of features, and hence bring down the size of the data. Most of the times these approaches try to find a way to rank the features, so as to select or remove a fixed number of features. These principles usually assume some probability distribution for the data. These approaches also fail to capture the individual contribution of every feature in a given set of features. In this paper, we propose an approach which uses the Relief algorithm and cooperative game theory to solve the problems mentioned above. The approach was tested on NIPS 2003 and UCI datasets using different classifiers and the results were comparable to the state-of-the-art methods.
Protocols for Molecular Modeling with Rosetta3 and RosettaScripts

Previously, we published an article providing an overview of the Rosetta suite of biomacromolecular modeling software and a series of step-by-step tutorials [Kaufmann, K. W., et al. (2010) Biochemistry 49, 2987–2998]. The overwhelming positive response to this publication we received motivates us to here share the next iteration of these tutorials that feature de novo folding, comparative modeling, loop construction, protein docking, small molecule docking, and protein design. This updated and expanded set of tutorials is needed, as since 2010 Rosetta has been fully redesigned into an object-oriented protein modeling program Rosetta3. Notable improvements include a substantially improved energy function, an XML-like language termed “RosettaScripts” for flexibly specifying modeling task, new analysis tools, the addition of the TopologyBroker to control conformational sampling, and support for multiple templates in comparative modeling. Rosetta’s ability to model systems with symmetric proteins, membrane pr...
Optimizing pedigrees: Using a biasing system to determine likely inheritance systems

Pedigrees, though straightforward and versatile, lack the ability to tell us information about many individuals. Though numerical systems have been developed, there is currently no system to quantify the probability of a pedigree following certain inheritance systems. My system intends to fulﬁll that chasm by creating a ﬂexible numerical system and testing it for variance. First, my system attempts to adapt inheritance system to known pedigree data. Then, it calculates the diﬀerence between the calculated values and the known pedigree data. It aggregates these values, then it uses a chi-squared analysis in order to determine the likelihood of said inheritance system. This is done for many diﬀerent systems, until we have a general idea of which systems are probable and which are not.
Inotuzumab ozogamicin (IO) in combination with low-intensity chemotherapy as front-line therapy for older patients (pts) and as salvage therapy for adult with R/R acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL).

7019 Background: Outcome of older pts with ALL and those with R/R disease is poor. Addition of IO to effective low-intensity chemotherapy might improve outcome. IO is a CD22 monoclonal antibody bou...
Optimal task planning and control of multi-robot coordinated workcells

Abstract This paper presents a concept of configuration manifolds and embeddings for dynamic systems. Using the concept, a task between two robot arms can be modeled as a virtual task transformation. Based on the Denavit-Hardenberg convention, the virtual task can further be determined in terms of six virtual parameters. Through the virtual task model and its dynamic analysis, four major optimal coordinated control criteria are proposed. These criteria will be useful to develop a number of multi-robot optimal coordinated control laws for typical industrial applications.
Bilateral diaphragmatic paresis following pediatric liver transplantation.

Background:Although diaphragm paresis or paralysis is fairly common following cardiac procedures; it is a less common complication following liver transplantation. Unilateral diaphragm paresis, usu...
Placental Pathologic Features in Fetomaternal Hemorrhage Detected By Flow Cytometry.

BackgroundFetomaternal hemorrhage (FMH) is a poorly understood entity that can have significant clinical effects. Flow cytometry is a reliable and relatively new method for FMH diagnosis. The objec...
Properties of free films prepared from aqueous polymers by a spraying technique.

A spray method for the preparation of free films from aqueous polymeric dispersions was investigated. Free films were prepared from aqueous dispersions of methacrylic acid-ethyl methacrylate copolymer (Eudragit® L 30D), hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate (HPMCAS), cellulose acetate phthalate (CAP), and ethyl cellulose (EC) by a spray method and a cast method, and their mechanical properties and reproducibility were investigated. Uniform films were obtained from the dispersions of Eudragit® L 30D, HPMCAS, and EC by the spray method, but films could not be formed by spraying the CAP dispersion. The tensile strength, elongation, and elastic modulus of the sprayed Eudragit® L 30D films were similar to the properties of the cast films, and good reproducibility was obtained from both methods. Marked within-run variation in the mechanical properties was observed for the cast HPMCAS and CAP films, which could be due to a settling of the solid particles during the drying step. The variation in the mechanical properties of the sprayed HPMCAS films was lower and the tensile strength significantly higher than that of the cast films. There were also significant differences in tensile strength and elongation of EC films between products of the two methods. The results indicated that the spray method used to prepare the free films from aqueous polymeric dispersions provided uniform films with consistent and reproducible properties.
Contemporary survival trends in penile cancer: Results from the National Cancer Database

Abstract Objective To investigate contemporary survival trends in penile cancer. Methods The National Cancer Database was queried for men with penile cancer diagnosed between 1998 and 2009. Patient, tumor, treatment, and facility characteristics were obtained. Overall survival (OS) was analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier method and multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression model for all cases and stratified by stage. Results A total of 8,122 cases of penile cancer were reported from 1998 to 2009 in the National Cancer Database. Complete staging, survival, and covariate data were available for 5,043 cases. The estimated crude 5-year OS for the entire cohort was 61.0%. For all patients, no significant differences in crude 5-year OS were detected between 2006 to 2009 and 2002 to 2005 compared to 1998 to 2001. On multivariable analysis, OS did not significantly differ across all eras. Regional lymph node dissection was associated with improved OS (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.777, P ≤ 0.0001). In patients who underwent lymph node dissection, dissection of ≥8 nodes significantly improved survival (HR = 0.672; P = 0.0011). Additional modeling stratified by stage revealed that OS for stage II cancers increased significantly in 2006 to 2009 compared to 1998 to 2001 (HR = 0.714; P = 0.0034). Conclusions Survival in penile cancer has remained unchanged as a whole and for each stage, except for stage II disease. An improved survival trend was detected in stage II penile cancer. Performing a lymph node dissection, especially extensive dissections, may benefit long-term survival.
Patients' satisfaction with the non-communicable diseases services provided at UNRWA health centres in Gaza governorates: a cross-sectional study.

Abstract Background Most health-care organisations are increasingly interested in assessing the quality of their services. Patient satisfaction has a central role in the quality assessment in health care because it reflects the appropriateness of services from the clients' perspectives. The aim of this study was to assess the level of satisfaction in patients with non-communicable diseases (mainly diabetes and hypertension) who receive services from UNRWA health centres in Gaza governorates. Methods In this cross-sectional study we chose a random sample of participants who presented to the randomly selected six health centres for treatment of non-communicable diseases. Through an exit interviewing technique, participants were chosen according to the study eligibility criteria and were requested to complete a questionnaire. The total instrument reliability (Cronbach's Alpha) was very high (0·936). To examine construct validity, we used Factor Analysis Principal Component Extraction with Varimax Rotation and Kaiser Normalisation with a cutoff point of 0·4. The reported variance was 42·28%, indicating high validity. Ethical approval from the Palestinian Ministry of Health (the Helsinki committee) was obtained, and verbal consent was obtained from the participants. Findings 327 (82%) of 400 eligible patients completed the questionnaire. The reported overall satisfaction level with services for non-communicable diseases was moderately high (72%). The study extracted six domains that could constitute a framework for patient satisfaction with services at UNRWA clinics for non-communicable diseases. Elicited satisfaction scores about these domains varied and ranged from 57% to 84%. Although high satisfaction levels were found with general impressions, accessibility, communication, and interpersonal relationships, patients had a low level of satisfaction with the technical quality of services, clinic environment, and convenience of the services. People who were unmarried, working, living in the southern governorates of Gaza, educated, and had received educational materials were more satisfied than their counterparts. Patients who were seen by a specific health provider, who received all their medications from UNRWA, and who had not been turned away from a clinic without receiving the service they came for were more satisfied than their counterparts. The level of patient satisfaction did not differ by sex, age, presence of disability, presence of complications associated with non-communicable diseases, control status, kind of non-communicable disease, type of treatment provided, or duration of the non-communicable disease. Interpretation Increasing the convenience and promoting the technical quality of work are important to improve the experience of patients with non-communicable disease. Furthermore, health managers and health providers could use these study findings to focus on those who are at risk of losing their satisfaction with services. Funding None.
Entry of Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli into Host Cells

The enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) are a class of diarrheagenic E. coli strains that induce a characteristic “attaching and effacing” effect on the host cell cytoskeleton and membrane, but do not produce high levels of Shiga-like toxins. EPEC strains are also distinguished by the “localized adherence” pattern by which they form discrete microcolonies on the surface of tissue culture cells. EPEC strains are a leading cause of diarrhea worldwide, affecting primarily infants in developing countries (COBELJIC et al. 1989; CRAVIOTO et al. 1991; KAIN et al. 1991; GOMES et al. 1991; ECHEVERRIA et al. 1991; LEVINE et al. 1988). In some countries EPEC are the number one cause of infantile diarrhea, exceeding even rotavirus in incidence (GOMES et al. 1991; ROBINS-BROWNE et al. 1980; CRAVIOTO et al. 1988). EPEC diarrhea is typically watery, often with associated vomiting and low-grade fever (GOMES et al. 1991). Diarrhea due to EPEC may be severe and protracted and may require hospitalization, intravenous rehydration, and total parental nutrition (FAGUNDES NETO et al. 1989; HILL et al. 1991). EPEC are thought to be transmitted primarily from person to person (Wu and PENG, 1992), but common-source food and water outbreaks have been described (VILJANEN et al. 1990; SCHTOEDER et al. 1968). In developed countries outbreaks in child daycare centers have occurred (PAULOZZI et al. 1986; BOWER et al. 1989). Mortality due to EPEC infection continues to be a problem in developing countries (SENERWA et al. 1989).
Teaching Grammar to Writers.

At a recent workshop for high school and community college teachers, an earnest young high school teacher explained forcefully to an experienced community college teacher that grammar was of no use in teaching writing. The high school teacher cited the now-famous Braddock, LloydJones, and Schoer quotation. She said that knowing grammar had no effect on writing ability, insisting that "all the research" counterbalanced any intuitive and experiential evidence the older teacher might have to offer. The young teacher had, however, misquoted the passage; it says: "the teaching of formal [emphasis ours] grammar has a negligible or, because it usually displaces some instruction and practice in composition, even a harmful effect on the improvement of writing" (37 -38). Taking the words teaching of formal grammar to mean knowing grammar is a serious mistake. What the research cited by Braddock et al., indicates is that instruction in traditional grammar over a limited period of time (a semester or less in the research studies being discussed) showed no positive effect on students' writing. In fact, several research studies and much language and composition theory argue for certain types of grammar instruction, when effective methods are used for clearly
Ventral trunk somatosensory determinants of nursing behavior in Norway rats: 2. Role of nipple and surrounding sensations

By manipulating the quality and quantity of pups, Stern and Johnson (1990) showed that ventral trunk stimulation from rooting and suckling pups elicits nursing behavior in lactating Norway rats by causing the dam to become immobile (low crouch) and to ventroflex, resulting in a high crouch. In the present study, the dams were manipulated, but the litters were not. Experimental treatments consisted of prepartum nipple removal, local anesthesia of all 12 nipples, with or without anesthesia of four abdominal sites without nipples (both of which blocked cutaneous sensitivity and milk ejection). Compared with that of controls, the maternal behavior of experimental dams was characterized by normal retrieval and licking of pups, increases in various active behaviors, and deficient nursing, that is, <50% of them became immobile, briefly, and none displayed the high-crouch posture. Therefore, a full litter of capable pups cannot effectively stimulate nursing behavior in dams without nipples or in dams with their nipples and surrounding skin anesthetized.
Increased blood transfusion and its impact in patients having tracheostomy while on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation

Introduction:Tracheostomy has been utilized in combination with venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VV-ECMO) to enable early spontaneous breathing and minimize sedation requirements. Tr...
Prevalence and Correlates of Electronic Cigarette Use Among a Clinical Sample of Polysubstance Users in Kentucky: Long Live the Cigarette?

Background: E-cigarette use has increased in the US, yet, in some regions rates of cigarette use remain high. Purpose: To describe the prevalence and features of lifetime and past-year e-cigarette ...
Association between atrial fibrillation and right-sided manifestations of congestive heart failure in dogs with degenerative mitral valve disease or dilated cardiomyopathy.

Abstract Introduction To determine whether dogs with atrial fibrillation (AF) are more likely to develop right-sided manifestations of congestive heart failure (R-CHF) than dogs without AF. Animals Two hundred twenty dogs diagnosed with congestive heart failure (CHF) secondary to degenerative mitral valve disease (DMVD, n = 155) or dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM, n = 65) at a referral institution. Methods Medical records were reviewed to extract relevant clinical and echocardiographic data. Results Fifty dogs had AF at the time of CHF diagnosis, including 17/155 (11.0%) dogs with DMVD and 33/65 (50.8%) dogs with DCM. Sixty dogs had R-CHF evidenced by cavitary effusions. Among DMVD dogs, R-CHF occurred in 13/17 (76.5%) dogs with AF compared with 10/138 (7.2%) dogs without AF; among DCM dogs, R-CHF occurred in 24/33 (72.7%) dogs with AF compared with 13/32 (40.6%) dogs without AF. Dogs with AF were more likely to manifest R-CHF signs than dogs without AF (p Conclusions Dogs with AF are more likely to manifest R-CHF than dogs without AF. Cavitary effusions are an expected finding in approximately three-quarters of dogs with AF and CHF secondary to either DCM or DMVD.
The Effect of Expressed Confidence on Auditor Judgments

Auditors must assess the reliability of client explanations during management inquiry. Although research reports that auditors use client characteristics (Hirst (1994); Peecher (1996)) and cues from the control and business environment (Cohen and Hanno (2000); Anderson (2004)), research has not considered auditors use of expressed confidence to determine reliability. I use an experiment to examine the effects of clients’ expressions of confidence on auditor judgments. The confidence heuristic suggests decision makers use expressions of confidence as a cue for reliability (Price and Stone (2004)), and that expressed confidence can overpower other contextual cues. My results provide support for the hypothesis that the presence of expressed confidence diminishes the effect of the control environment on auditor judgments because auditors use expressed confidence as a cue for reliability. That is, the confidence heuristic is used even though auditors have information about the control and business environment. The results provide new theoretical insights into decision makers’ use of expressed confidence that extend accounting research and may be useful to standard setters.
Relocation as an Adaptation to Sea-Level Rise: Valuable Lessons from the Narikoso Village Relocation Project in Fiji

Relocation as an adaptation strategy to coastal degradation remains on the fringes of climate change discourse. Yet, as sea levels are projected to rise, relocating is an inevitable response for vulnerable coastal communities worldwide. In fact, some Fijian villages are facing such severe coastal erosion that they have already begun the process of shifting to higher ground, and many more villages throughout the islands have been slated for relocation. This case study is based on the planned relocation efforts of Narikoso village on Ono Island in Kadavu, Fiji. In Narikoso, regional NGOs, INGOs, and local and national government are working with the community to relocate the village inland. The process of moving the community began in 2012 when Prime Minister Bainimarama sent the Fiji military to Ono Island to clear land for the new village. It came to an abrupt stop due to a lack of funding and ecological degradation caused by the preparation for the new village site. Since the relocation process began, a myriad of issues have arisen ranging from concerns regarding community engagement, availability of financial resources, and resistance to moving inland.
Sliding friction between two silicon-carbide surfaces

Sliding friction between two SiC surfaces is important due to its relevance to many practical applications. It is also important to study whether kinetic friction at the nanoscale follows Coulomb’s law. Since SiC exists both as an amorphous material and with a crystalline structure, the effect of surface roughness on the kinetic friction may also be significant. We report the results of an extensive molecular dynamics simulation of sliding friction between surfaces of the two types of SiC over a wide range of sliding velocities. The amorphous SiC was generated by the reactive force field ReaxFF, which was also used to represent the interaction potential for the simulation of sliding friction. As the sliding velocity increases, bond breaking occurs at the interface between the two surfaces, leading to their roughening and formation of excess free volume. They reduce the kinetic friction force, hence resulting in decreasing the difference between kinetic friction in the amorphous and crystalline surfaces. The average kinetic friction force depends nonlinearly on the sliding velocity V, implying that Coulomb’s law of friction is not satisfied by the surfaces that we study at the nanoscale. The average kinetic friction force F k depends on V as F k ∝ ln ⁡ V.
Violence and mortality in the Northern Rakhine State of Myanmar, 2017: results of a quantitative survey of surviving community leaders in Bangladesh.

Summary Background In August, 2017, Myanmar security forces initiated a widespread response against the Rohingya ethnic minority in Northern Rakhine State, displacing thousands of people to Bangladesh. This attack was purportedly in response to attacks committed by the Arakan Rohingya Salvation Army, a non-state insurgent group, on Myanmar police, Border Guard Police, and military posts, killing 12 security personnel on Aug 25, 2017. This study aimed to capture the experiences of the population from all Rohingya hamlets in the Northern Rakhine State who have been displaced to Bangladesh. Methods A quantitative survey was done among Rohingya leaders displaced to refugee camps in Bangladesh. Community leaders from 590 Rohingya hamlets and eight urban wards provided hamlet-level data on the extent, nature, and perpetrators of the violence in Northern Rakhine State in August, 2017, and the resulting morbidity and mortality. Results From May 28 to July 25, 2018, 462 (77%) of 604 hamlet leaders reported that the primary reason they and their community members fled was because of violence in their hamlet or in a neighbouring hamlet. 568 (94%) respondents reported that they had experienced destruction in their hamlets, including burning or destruction of fields or farms, homes, and mosques; 531 (89%) of 599 respondents reported violence in their hamlets before flight and 373 (64%) of 586 reported violence against civilians in flight. The main perpetrators of violence included but were not limited to Border Guard Police, Myanmar military, and Rakhine extremists. Of the 531 respondents who reported violence in their hamlets, 408 (77%) reported that military forces used helicopters, 372 (70%) reported military vehicles, and 113 (21%) reported tanks in these assaults on civilian communities. We estimate that 7803 Rohingya died from violent and non-violent causes associated with the August, 2017, attacks and subsequent displacement. Interpretation In 2017, the Rohingya ethnic minority population of Northern Rakhine State were the targets of a campaign of widespread and systematic violence, including violence by state forces. Funding An anonymous grant to Physicians for Human Rights.
What is a Species

A number of years ago, I had a student who was convinced that she had a pet that was half cat and half rabbit. She was certain that her pet had a parent of each species, and when I could not convince her that was impossible, I challenged her to bring the animal in so I could have a look at it. As it turned out, the animal was a variety of stub-tailed cat known as a Manx, which we will talk about in the following chapter. I offered to open it up and show her that its internal anatomy was all cat, but she declined, ostensibly, at any rate, accepting my argument.
Residual Stresses in Biological Materials

Examples of methods for determining residual stresses and strains (RSS) in biological materials are reviewed and postulated roles of RSS in biomechanical behavior described. Residual strains are thought to exert a particularly important influence on the behavior of arteries. For several decades, determination of those strains has relied on the opening angle method, in which a ring removed from an artery is slit radially, causing the ring to spring open. The change in geometry of the ring provides input to analytical relations for estimating circumferential residual strains. The wall of an artery, which has three layers, contains a mixture of elastin, collagen fibrils and muscle cells. An attempt to use small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) to characterize residual strains using collagen fibrils as internal “micro strain sensors” is presented. First, the results of SAXS experiments to investigate the response of collagen fibrils to strains applied to arterial tissue are presented. Strains as measured in fibrils are compared to those applied to the tissue. Then, SAXS experiments to explore residual strains in collagen fibrils within rings of arterial tissue are described. Results are compared to tissue-level residual strains estimated from the opening angle method.
Participatory Deliberative Democracy for Peace in El Salvador

Postconflict societies such as El Salvador, surpassing 25 years of relative peace since signing the 1992 Chapultepec Peace Accords, have employed many mechanisms to rebuild and establish lasting peace. This study explores the impacts of four types of deliberative democracy mechanisms employed in this postconflict context to build grassroots participation in public policy-making: cabildos abiertos (open town hall meetings), asociaciones de desarrollo comunitario (community development associations), presupuestos participativos (participatory budgeting), and planes estrategicos participativos (participatory strategic plans). Findings suggest that individual participation in these forms of deliberative democracy implemented in postconflict El Salvador is associated with increased trust in local government. However, participation is also associated with higher levels of direct experience with personal violence and decreased satisfaction with one’s community. Findings suggest that implementing participatory deliberative democracy mechanisms in postconflict contexts is not alone enough to address the critiques of top-down liberal peacebuilding. Participatory forums for policy-making in postwar contexts should be designed and employed with conflict dynamics in mind to foster possible positive effects of deliberative democracy while mitigating potential negative effects on peacebuilding.
Family support, respect, and empathy as correlates of U.S. Latino/Latina college students’ prosocial behaviors toward different recipients:

Cultural developmental and relational theories suggest that multiple social agents influence young adults’ prosocial behavior (i.e., actions intended to benefit others; e.g., helping or comforting ...
From Victimization to Restoration: Multi-Disciplinary Collaborative Approaches to Care and Support Victims and Survivors of Human Trafficking

In 2000, the United States (U.S.) enacted the Trafficking Victims Protection Act, a law that defined Human Trafficking (HT). Between 2000 and 2019, every state has enacted laws criminalizing HT. In...