cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Gut feeling is electric

Although "gut feeling" is a cliche in English parlance, there are neuro-physiological basis for registration of emotions in the gut. Control of the gastro-intestinal (GI) tract is by an integration of neuro-hormonal factors from the local myogenic to the central nervous system. Gastric contractile activity, which is responsible for the motor properties of the stomach, is regulated by this integrated complex. Signatures of the activity include gastric electrical activity (GEA) and bowel sounds. GEA has two distinct components: a high-frequency spike activity or post depolarization potential termed the electrical response activity superimposed on a lower frequency, rhythmic depolarization termed the control activity. These signatures are measured in the clinic with contact sensors and well understood for diagnosis of gut dysmotility. Can these signatures be measured at standoff and employed for purposes of biometrics, malintent and wellness assessment?
First-principles study of oxygen vacancies in Mg x Zn 1 − x O alloys

A first-principles study of oxygen vacancies in ${\text{Mg}}_{x}{\text{Zn}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}\text{O}$ alloys is presented. Different types of oxygen vacancies are distinguished by their number of Mg and Zn nearest neighbors. The formation energy is found to be lowest for vacancies surrounded by four Zn nearest neighbors and is almost independent of the overall concentration in the alloy. Since this energy of formation enters the concentration via a Boltzmann factor, it implies that vacancies other than purely Zn surrounded are very unlikely even in relatively Mg-rich alloys. The defect energy level associated with the vacancy is a very deep donor level closer to the valence band than the conduction band. It does not follow the band gap with concentration but stays approximately fixed relative to the valence-band maximum. The defect level gradually increases with number of Mg neighbors.
Appreciation of the nature of light demands enhancement over the prevailing scientific epistemology

Based on attempts to resolve the problem of various self contradictory assumptions behind the prevailing belief on single photon interference , we have analyzed the process steps behind our experimental measurements and named the process as the Interaction Process Mapping Epistemology (IPM-E). This has helped us recognize that the quantum mechanical Measurement Problem has a much universal and deeper root in nature. Our scientific theorization process suffers from a Perpetual Information Challenge (PIC) , which cannot be overcome by elegant and/or sophisticated mathematical theories alone. Iterative imaginative application of IPM-E needs to be used as a metaphorical analytical continuation to fill up the missing information gaps. IPM-E has also guided us to recognize the generic NIW-principle (Non-Interaction of Waves) in the linear domain, not explicitly recognized in current books and literature. Superposition effects become manifest through light-matter interactions. Detecting dipoles gets stimulated by multiple superposed beams; it sums the simultaneous multiple stimulations into a single resultant undulation, which then guides the resultant energy exchange. The consequent transformation in the detector corresponds to observed fringes. They neither represent interference of light ; nor represent selective arrival or non-arrival of photons on the detector. Photons do not possess any force of mutual interaction to generate their redistribution. Implementation of IPM-E requires us to recognize our subjective interpretation propensity with which we are burdened due to our evolutionary successes.
Electromagnetic scattering by magnetic spheres

A number of unusual electromagnetic scattering effects for magnetic spheres are described. When ∊ = μ, the backscatter gain is zero; the scattered radiation is polarized in the same sense as the incident radiation. In the small-particle (or long-wavelength) limit, conditions are described for zero forward scatter, for complete polarization of scattered radiation in other directions, and for asymmetry of forward scatter to backscatter. The special case in the small-particle limit of m = 1, i.e., μ = 1/∊, provides interesting special instances of complete polarization and forward-scatter-to-backscatter asymmetry.
La Beata Laura Vicuña: The Nun's Version, Corrective of García Márquez's

This paper identifies America Vicuna, the name given to the ill-used Lolita of Garcia Marquez's Love in the Time of Cholera, as a reference to Laura Vicuna (1891–1904), a turn-of-the-century Chilean teen declared venerable (the sainthood process's third-to-last step) by Pope John Paul II in the same year as Cholera's publication (1985). About the author, the allusion's identification reveals these facts: his continued animus against the Catholic Church, in particular, the pique raised in him by the Church's sexual ethics; also, the allusion points up the centrality and durability of the issue of desire's burden in the shelf of his work, as well as the likelihood that his focus on this issue diverts his otherwise remarkable vision. As regards the book, the allusion's pursuit calls into question the America Vicuna episode's most circulated interpretation, wherein America's lethal affection for her grand relative, the Old World's arch-romantic, and the old man's exploitation of that affection are thought to represent the "destruction which over the centuries has been wreaked on the (female) body of America by various predators, domestic and foreign alike" (Fiddian). To the contrary, in the allusion's light it is clear that America is neither charmed nor exploited by the Old World's courtly deceptions. Instead, her spontaneous sexual behavior bespeaks the author's effort to wreck inherited literary notions of female sexual discretion, just as the same behavior, with a saint's name pinned to it, bespeaks his intention to mock the Church's chastity ethic.Lastly, the paper argues that Garcia Marquez's understanding of the Laura Vicuna history as a death-rather-than-sex parable is regrettably narrow. Focused on the Church's sexual ethics, he fails to see that her story is also about caste and about the struggle between civilization and barbarism on the nineteenth-century Latin American frontier; about female self-determination, and about a woman's right to keep and/or share her body as she sees fit. In short, the story is about themes handled by works descriptive of her proximate historic reality, among them, Orrego Luco's Casa Grande, Sarmiento's Facundo, Jorge Icaza's Huasipungo, Allende's House of the Spirits.
A High Resolution Interferometric Accessory for Raman Spectrometers

Increases in the resolution and light throughput of a Raman spectrometer can be obtained by coupling it to a scanning Fabry-Perot interferometer. A relatively inexpensive accessory that will not interfere with the normal use of the spectrometer is described. A test run with naphthalene at 77°K showed errors in the current interpretation of the spectrum.
Predictive Factors of Early Spontaneous Resolution in Children With Primary Vesicoureteral Reflux

Purpose: Questions regarding the efficacy and safety of long-term prophylactic antibiotics and the option of minimally invasive therapy have increased clinical emphasis on predicting early resolution in patients with vesicoureteral reflux. We reviewed multiple potential prognostic factors in addition to grade to enhance predictive ability regarding early vesicoureteral reflux resolution.Materials and Methods: Medical records and cystograms from 324 children (257 girls and 67 boys) with primary vesicoureteral reflux were reviewed. Multiple factors were analyzed with respect to outcome and multivariable dependent tables were constructed to enhance the prediction of vesicoureteral reflux resolution.Results: Mean ± SD age at diagnosis was 2.3 ± 2.1 years and followup was 1.7 ± 2.8 years. Reflux grade was significantly associated with resolution (p <0.001). Multivariate analysis stratifying by grade demonstrated that a bladder volume at reflux onset on the initial cystogram of greater than 50% of predicted bla...
Structural, Spectroscopic, and Reactivity Properties of N2S2(thioether)‐O(amide)‐Ligated HgII Complexes: The First Examples of HgII‐Mediated Amide Cleavage

Two mercury(II) complexes [(bmppa)Hg(ClO4)]ClO4 {1, bmppa = N,N-bis(2-methylthio)ethyl-N-[(6-pivaloylamido-2-pyridyl)methyl]amine} and [(beppa)Hg(ClO4)]ClO4 {2, beppa = N,N-bis(2-ethylthio)ethyl-N-[(6-pivaloylamido-2-pyridyl)-methyl]amine} of N2S2(thioether)O(amide)-donor chelate ligands have been prepared and characterized by X-ray crystallography and/or spectroscopic methods. In the solid state, the HgII ion of 2 exhibits an overall coordination number of six and strong amide oxygen coordination. Comprehensive multinuclear NMR studies of 1 and 2 have yielded the first J and J coupling constants associated with a Hg–RSCH3 methyl group. In the presence of one equivalent of Me4NOH·5H2O in methanol/acetonitrile solution, theamide appendages of 1 and 2 undergo alcoholysis. (© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Overlap! OTC 2000 and the 9th International Workshop on Seismic Anisotropy—16 years in the making and a cast of thousands

After 20 years of working with seismic anisotropy and multicomponent reflection data (and attending 16 years of workshops on seismic anisotropy), I am convinced that 2000 is the watershed year! Now, many geophysicists know that: 1. depth migration places reflectors too deep if the focusing velocity is used for the depth scale and that layer anisotropy (“transverse isotropy with a vertical axis”) is the culprit; 2. vertically aligned fractures and/or unequal horizontal stresses split an arbitrarily polarized shear wave into two differently polarized shear waves, which travel at different velocities; 3. P -waves propagate at different velocities parallel versus perpendicular to aligned fractures and/or in the presence of unequal horizontal stresses. Various and sundry companies have claimed over the years that they have taken advantage of these phenomena and that their “correct” use of anisotropy and/or multicomponent data has improved the efficiency of their exploration and development. But this is the first year that a major oil company, Elf, supported its claim by releasing reserves estimated with the use of anisotropy and the change in reserves estimates resulting from the use of anisotropy when compared to isotropic processing and interpretation. This watershed event occurred on 3 May 2000 at the Offshore Technology Conference. To set this event in context, let's look first at the 9th International Workshop on Seismic Anisotropy, held 26–31 March 2000 near Houston, Texas, U.S. At that meeting, four Elf geoscientists (Berthet, Williamson, Sexton, and Mispel) presented their methods to effectively estimate, map, and use layer-anisotropy (transverse isotropy with a vertical axis, or TIV) parameters that affect prestack depth migration in the talk “Anisotropic prestack depth migration: An offshore Africa case.” A sand reservoir was encased in thick shales whose strong layer anisotropy caused nonhyperbolic moveout on P-P far offsets. The variation from hyperbolic traveltimes has been characterized in terms …
Distance estimation from received signal strength under log-normal shadowing: Bias and variance

In source localization one estimates the location of a source using a variety of relative position information. Many algorithms use certain powers of distances to effect localization. In practice, such distances are not directly available but must be deduced from information such as received signal strength (RSS) or time difference of arrival. This paper considers bias and variance issues in estimating powers of distances from RSS affected by log-normal shadowing. We show that the underlying estimation problem is inefficient and that the maximum likelihood estimate yields a bias and error variance that both increase exponentially with the noise power. By considering the class of twice differentiable estimators, we show that there is a unique unbiased estimator in this class, but that its error variance also grows exponentially with the noise power. Finally, we propose an estimate the bias and error variance of which are both bounded in the noise power.
A nuclear factor that binds to a conserved sequence motif in transcriptional control elements of immunoglobulin genes.

Trans-acting factors that mediate B-cell specific transcription of immunoglobulin genes have been postulated based on an analysis of the expression of exogenously introduced immunoglobulin gene recombinants in lymphoid and non-lymphoid cells. Two B-cell-specific, cis-acting transcriptional regulatory elements have been identified. One element is located in the intron between the variable (V) and constant (C) regions of both heavy and κ light-chain genes and acts as a transcriptional enhancer1–6. The second element is found upstream of both heavy and κ light-chain gene promoters. This element directs lymphoid-specific transcription even in the presence of viral enhancers7–10. We have sought nuclear factors that might bind specifically to these two regulatory elements by application of a modified gel electrophoresis DNA binding assay11–13. We report here the identification of a human B-cell nuclear factor (IgNF-A) that binds to DNA sequences in the upstream regions of both the mouse heavy and κ light-chain gene promoters and also to the mouse heavy-chain gene enhancer. This sequence-specific binding is probably mediated by a highly conserved sequence motif, ATTTGCAT, present in all three transcriptional elements. Interestingly, a factor showing similar binding specificity to IgNF-A is also present in human HeLa cells.
Thoracic disc disease: experience with the transpedicular approach in twenty consecutive patients

TWENTY CONSECUTIVE PATIENTS were treated for symptomatic thoracic disc herniation with the transpedicular approach. Most patients had severe, incapacitating local or radicular pain. Myelopathy was uncommon as magnetic resonance imaging allowed an early diagnosis. Computed tomography, after myelography, provided further information necessary for surgical planning. Three patients had disc disease at two levels. Nine central and 14 lateral disc herniations were found. Disc calcification or an associated osteophyte was identified in six instances. Although the size of the disc herniation correlated with the amount of cord compression, no radiological features were found to be correlated with neurological function. The transpedicular approach was used in all patients. New curettes, specifically designed for the procedure, allowed the removal of all discs, including central and calcified fragments. A modified arthroscope was used to confirm neural decompression in some instances. One year after surgery, all 20 patients were significantly improved and 8 patients were asymptomatic. Apart from the duration of the symptoms, no other factors were found to affect outcome. The findings suggest that the prognosis of thoracic disc herniation is excellent if the disease is recognized early. The transpedicular approach, using curettes specifically designed for the procedure, can be an effective and safe method of surgical decompression in carefully selected patients.
Heme regulates hepatic 5-aminolevulinate synthase mRNA expression by decreasing mRNA half-life and not by altering its rate of transcription.

Hepatic 5-aminolevulinate (ALA) synthase, the first and rate-limiting enzyme in the heme biosynthetic pathway, is known to be feedback repressed by the end product of the pathway, heme. We investigated whether heme regulates ALA synthase mRNA expression transcriptionally or post-transcriptionally in primary cultures of chick embryo hepatocytes. 2-Propyl-2-isopropylacetamide increased the rate of transcription of the ALA synthase gene, whereas heme or an inhibitor of heme biosynthesis, desferrioximine, had no effect on the drug-induced transcription rate. Heme decreased the half-life of ALA synthase mRNA from approximately 3.5 h to 1.2 as recently reported by Drew and Ades (1989, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 162, 102–107). We also found that the heme-mediated decrease in mRNA stability was prevented by cycloheximide treatment, suggesting that the heme effect was mediated by a labile protein. These results support a model for hepatic ALA synthase regulation in which inducing drugs directly stimulate ALA synthase gene transcription, whereas heme regulates ALA synthase expression post-transcriptionally by modulating mRNA stability as well as by blocking translocation of ALA synthase enzyme into the mitochondrion.
To what extent can preventive treatments prevent damage from systemic lupus erythematosus

Managing lupus patients traditionally involves treating manifestations of active disease with the most effective and least toxic therapies so that “damage” from ongoing disease or treatments can be minimized. Damage in clinical epidemiologic studies is usually defined by the Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics/American College of Rheumatology Damage Index, a validated, organ-specific assessment tool. This review summarizes recent developments regarding organ-specific manifestations and lupus-related damage and their prevention.
Individual-based artificial ecosystems for design and optimization

Individual-based modeling has gained popularity over the last decade, mainly due to its proven ability to address a variety of problems, including modeling complex systems from bottom-up, providing relationships between component level and system level parameters, and relating emergent system level behaviors from simple component level interactions. Availability of computational power to run simulation models with thousands to millions of agents is another driving force in the wide-spread adoption of individual-based modeling. In this paper, we propose an individual-based modeling approach to solve engineering design and optimization problems using artificial ecosystems (AES). The problem to be solved is "mapped" to an appropriate AES consisting of an environment and one or more evolving species. The AES is then allowed to evolve. The optimal solution emerges through the interactions of individuals amongst themselves and their environment. The fitness function or selection mechanism is internal to the ecosystem and is based on the interactions between individuals, which makes the proposed approach attractive for design and optimization in complex systems, where formulation of a global fitness function is often complicated. The efficacy of the proposed approach is demonstrated using the problem of parameter estimation for binary texture synthesis.
Optimal delay scheduling in networks with arbitrary constraints

We consider the problem of designing an online scheduling scheme for a multi-hop wireless packet network with arbitrary topology and operating under arbitrary scheduling constraints. The objective is to design a scheme that achieves high throughput and low delay simultaneously. We propose a scheduling scheme that - for networks operating under primary interference constraints - guarantees a per-flow end-to-end packet delay bound of 5dj/(1-ρj), at a factor 5 loss of throughput, where dj is the path length (number of hops) of flow j and ρj is the effective loading along the route of flow j. Clearly, dj is a universal lower bound on end-to-end packet delay for flow j. Thus, our result is essentially optimal. To the best of our knowledge, our result is the first one to show that it is possible to achieve a per-flow end-to-end delay bound of O(# of hops) in a constrained network.Designing such a scheme comprises two related subproblems: Global Scheduling and Local Scheduling. Global Scheduling involves determining the set of links that will be simultaneously active, without violating the scheduling constraints. While local scheduling involves determining the packets that will be transferred across active edges. We design a local scheduling scheme by adapting the Preemptive Last-In-First-Out (PL) scheme, applied for quasi-reversible continuous time networks, to an unconstrained discrete-time network. A global scheduling scheme will be obtained by using stable marriage algorithms to emulate the unconstrained network with the constrained wireless network.Our scheme can be easily extended to a network operating under general scheduling constraints, such as secondary interference constraints, with the same delay bound and a loss of throughput that depends on scheduling constraints through an intriguing "sub-graph covering" property.
Ontogeny, function, and scaling of the mandibular symphysis in papionin primates

In vivo study of mastication in adult cercopithecine primates demonstrates a link between mandibular symphyseal form and resistance to "wishboning," or lateral transverse bending. Mechanical consideration of wishboning at the symphysis indicates exponentially higher stresses along the lingual surface with increasing symphyseal curvature. Lengthening the anteroposterior width of the symphysis acts to resist these higher loads. Interspecific adult cercopithecine allometries show that both symphyseal curvature and symphyseal width exhibit positive allometry relative to body mass. The experimental and allometric data support an hypothesis that the cercopithecine mandibular symphysis is designed to maintain functional equivalence--in this case dynamic strain similarity--in wishboning stress and strain magnitudes across adult cercopithecines. We test the hypothesis that functional equivalence during masticatory wishboning is maintained throughout ontogeny by calculating relative stress estimates from morphometric dimensions of the mandibular symphysis in two cercopithecine primates, Macaca fascicularis and M. nemestrina. Results indicate no significant differences in relative stress estimates among the two macaque ontogenies and an interspecific sample of adult papionin primates. Further, relative stress estimates do not change significantly throughout ontogeny in either species. These results offer the first evidence for the maintenance of functional equivalence in stress and strain levels during postnatal growth in a habitually loaded cranial structure. Scaling analyses demonstrate significant slope differences for both symphyseal curvature and width between the ontogenetic and interspecific samples. The distinct interspecific cercopithecine slopes are realized by a series of ontogenetic transpositions in both symphyseal curvature and width. Throughout papionin ontogeny, symphyseal curvature increases with less negative allometry, while symphysis width increases with less positive allometry versus the interspecific pattern. As symphyseal curvature and width are inversely proportional to one another in estimating relative stresses, functionally equivalent stress levels are maintained both ontogenetically and interspecifically, because the relatively slower rate of allometric increase in symphyseal curvature during growth is compensated for by a slower rate of allometric increase in symphyseal width. These results indicate the primacy of maintaining functional equivalence during growth and the need for ontogenetic data in understanding the evolutionary processes that affect form-function relations as well as the interspecific patterning of adult form across a clade.
Two Complementary Course Sequences on the Design and Implementation of Software Products

For many students, the first chance to produce software as part of a team comes with the first work experience outside a university. The difficulties of working with others are compounded by the problems of working in a new environment and for a client with ambiguous and changing goals. Although it is difficult to approximate the "real world" accurately in an academic course, we have implemented two full-year course sequences which apparently give our students some insight into the problems they will face when they leave the university. One course requires the development and implementation of a software product by a team of undergraduates, and the other requires experienced graduate students to act as supervisors for the undergraduate projects. We describe the content and structure of these two sequences, emphasizing how they support and enhance each other. We believe other curricula would benefit from similar courses.
Hitler and his audience

A description and analysis of the techniques systematically employed by Hitler in his political speaking is reported, based on first‐hand observations by the writer.
A Verilog Mixed Signal Model of a 10-bit Pipeline Analog-to-Digital Converter

A mixed-signal model of a 10-bit pipeline ADC is developed using the Verilog language. Transient results for individual cells and the overall converter are calculated by solving the characteristic differential equations using an event driven forward Euler numerical solver. The model includes nonlinearities within the amplifier such as capacitor mismatch and slew rate limiting. Post-processing is done in Matlab. The overall goal of this work is to develop a mixed-signal model to verify and identify design flaws based on ADC input/output tests.
Raman Scattering and Superconductivity of Alkali-Fullerene Materials

Raman scattering measurements in alkali—fullerene alloys in ultrathin and thin films provide evidence for variations in electron—phonon coupling. For x = 3 similar behavior of Rb3C60 films of different thickness support substantial electron—phonon induced damping of specific Hg(i) modes derived from intramolecular modes of C60. In 400A thick films a reduction of induced scattering from Raman inactive C60 modes substantiates the importance of Hg(2), but not Hg(3) modes for phonon—mediated superconductivity. In contrast to RbxC60 and KxC60 ultrathin film solid solutions, similar Raman spectra for NaxC60 indicate substantially reduced coupling consistent with the absence of superconductivity in this system.
Successful intermittent prophylaxis with trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole 2 days per week for Pneumocystis carinii (jiroveci) pneumonia in pediatric oncology patients.

OBJECTIVE. This study was conducted to determine the efficacy of dosing trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole on 2 consecutive days per week for the prevention of Pneumocystis carinii (jiroveci) pneumonia in a pediatric leukemia and lymphoma population and to determine whether trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole contributes to neutropenia during maintenance therapy. METHODS. Charts were reviewed for all pediatric patients with leukemia and lymphoma diagnosed between January 1, 1993, and December 31, 2002. Data were collected through April 1, 2004. RESULTS. A total of 575 charts were reviewed; 529 patients were included in the analysis. A total of 482 (345 leukemia, 137 lymphoma) patients were evaluated on trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole dosed 2 consecutive days per week for 268074 patient-days. No breakthrough cases were documented in compliant patients; 2 noncompliant patients developed P carinii pneumonia. A total of 238 patients who were on trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole prophylaxis and 13 patients who were receiving an alternative medication prophylaxis were evaluated for neutropenia during maintenance therapy. The median number of maintenance days on trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole was 605.5 days and on alternative drug was 617 days. The median number of neutropenic maintenance days on trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole was 15.5 days and on the alternative drug was 16 days. The median proportion of neutropenic days per patient was 0.029 on trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and 0.022 on the alternative drug. CONCLUSIONS. Intermittent dosing of trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole on 2 consecutive days per week is an effective alternative prophylactic regimen for P carinii pneumonia in pediatric patients with leukemia and lymphoma. This analysis does not support a difference in neutropenia during maintenance therapy between patients who are treated with trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole versus an alternative drug.
Toboggan contrast enhancement for contrast segmentation

Toboggan contrast enhancement is a noniterative single-parameter linear execution time method for selectively augmenting the contrast of multispectral images of arbitrary dimensionality. Toboggan enhancement followed by contrast segmentation is compared with adaptive smoothing, all iterative, multiple parameter, parallel approach that achieves similar results. The segmentation produced by toboggan enhancement followed by contrast segmentation appears equal in quality to that of very complex optimal regional growing segmentation methods. It is concluded that toboggan enhancement is easy to understand and manipulate and is applicable to any image (multispectral, multidimensional) for which one can define a function of local discontinuity at a pixel. >
General Social Survey: Data Overview

For approximately thirty-five years, the General Social Survey (GSS) has provided a wealth of data on contemporary American society by measuring social change and trends and constants in attitudes, behaviors, and attributes of the adult population. Download the audio file at: http://papers.ssrn.com/paper=1029960
Phase stability and defect physics of a ternary ZnSnN(2) semiconductor: first principles insights.

Direct bandgap, earth abundant semiconductors with Eg around 1.5 eV are essential for both photovoltaic and solar to fuel (photocatalytic) energy conversion. Among the conventional semiconductors, such as element Si and Ge, binary III-V (III = B, Al, Ga, In; V = N, P, As, Sb) and II-VI (II = Zn, Cd; VI = O, S, Se, Te), only a limited number of candidates have suitable bandgaps in the range 1.0–2.0 eV. This motivates the search for earth-abundant alternatives to current semiconductors for efficient, high-quality optoelectronic devices, photovoltaics and photocatalytic energy conversion. One methodology for the search is to study ternary and multi-ternary semiconductors with more elements and more flexible optoelectronic properties.
DGPS-based lane assist system for transit buses

Metro transit and the Minnesota DOT cooperatively operate a BRT-like system throughout the Twin Cities, Minnesota, metropolitan area. During peak congestion periods, buses operate on specially designated road shoulders (albeit at speeds significantly lower than limits posted for the adjacent highway). This allows buses to bypass congested roadways, enabling the bus to maintain its schedule regardless of traffic conditions. One of the problems faced by drivers using the shoulders is that the shoulders are typically no more than 3.1 m wide; a 12 m long transit bus measures 2.9 m across the rear view mirrors, and 2.6 m across the rear dual wheels. These narrow lanes require that a driver maintain a lateral error of less than 0.15 m to avoid collisions. This is a difficult task under the best conditions, and degrades to nearly impossible during conditions of bad weather, low visibility, high traffic congestion, etc. Metro transit drivers are not required to use the shoulders; shoulder use is left to their discretion. When poor conditions are encountered, many drivers choose not to use the shoulder. However, these poor conditions offer the greatest benefit of the bus-only shoulder use, creating an operational paradox. To minimize the effect of poor conditions on the use of bus-only shoulders, a lane assist system has been developed by the Intelligent Vehicles Lab at the University of Minnesota to help bus drivers under these difficult conditions. The system uses carrier phase, dual frequency differential GPS, a lane-level, high density, high accuracy geospatial database, and a lateral control algorithm for lateral assistance, radar for obstacle detection (critical in low visibility), and graphical, haptic, and tactile driver interfaces to provide guidance information to a driver. In addition to the system description, performance of the system on a operational bus-only shoulder is provided.
Working memory network alterations and associated symptoms in adults with ADHD and Bipolar Disorder

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Bipolar Disorder (BPD) co-occur frequently and represent a particularly morbid clinical form of both disorders, however underlying neural circuitry contributing to the comorbidity remain understudied. Our aim was to investigate functional brain circuitry during working memory in a group of participants who meet criteria for both disorders (ADHD + BPD), and to explore the relationship of symptoms of each disorder to brain function. We used fMRI to image brain activity in 18 male adults with both ADHD and BPD, and 18 healthy control participants matched one-to-one on age, sex, and handedness, while they performed a sequential letter N-back task. We investigated differences in activation between these groups, and also correlations of brain activity during the task to symptoms of ADHD and BPD independently. We found significant hypoactivity in the subjects with ADHD + BPD vs. controls across frontal and parietal regions, and further, found that BPD and ADHD symptoms related to activity in anatomically distinct regions that were respectively characterized by activation and suppression during task. We conclude that comorbid ADHD + BPD is associated with alterations across anterior and posterior nodes of the working memory network, and symptoms of each disorder are related to anatomically and functionally distinct brain regions.
Endotoxin-inactivating Potency of Hydrogen Peroxide: Effect on Cell Growth

An in vitro system was used to study the detoxifying potential of H2O2 on bacterial endotoxin. L929 fibroblasts were exposed to H2O2-treated and -untreated endotoxin. Growth and viability assays were made at 24, 48, 72, and 96 h. The cultures exposed to H2O2-treated endotoxin showed a normal growth rate, whereas the cultures exposed to untreated endotoxin displayed a substantial reduction in growth. Implications are presented as to the potential role of H2O2 in the pathogenesis and treatment of periodontal disease.
Physiology of Hard Tissues in Comparison with the Solubility of Synthetic Calcium Phosphates

On the basis of the composition of the mineral in bone and the saturation level of blood plasma, with respect to slightly soluble calcium phosphates, it is shown that normal tissue fluids are not supersaturated with whole bone but with the minerals of dead bone. The phase controlling solubility in living bone is octocalcium phosphate, and the presence of this phase could regulate the calcium phosphate concentrations of the body fluids by a simple physicochemical equilibrium. It is explained how parathyroid hormone and calcitonine can act on osteocytes in such a way that shifts occur in this physicochemical equilibrium. It is also explained how the mineral of bone is affected by the activity of osteoclasts and osteoblasts during bone turnover. From this knowledge about the physiology of bone mineral, it is possible to predict the behavior of calcium phosphate bioceramics implanted in the body once their true solubility limits are known. Solubility studies have been carried out on hydroxyapatite, oxyhydroxyapatite, octocalcium phosphate, brushite, beta-tertiary calcium phosphate, and magnesium whitlockite. These studies indicate that the resorbabilities for implants of these materials are in the following order: magnesium whitlockite less than hydroxyapatite less than oxyhydroxyapatite less than beta-tertiary calcium phosphate. This order is consistent with data from implant studies now available in the literature.
The phase of second-harmonic light generated at an interface and its relation to absolute molecular orientation

Measurement of the absolute phase of the surface second-harmonic light field with respect to the pump field, i.e. the phase of the surface non-linear susceptibility, is described. From such studies the absolute orientation of surface molecules can be determined. In the present work the liquid/vapor interface of an aqueous phenol solution was investigated.
The Carousel Model of Leisure Behavior.

(1989). The Carousel Model of Leisure Behavior. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance: Vol. 60, No. 8, pp. 73-77.
Dysregulation of CD95/CD95 Ligand-Apoptotic Pathway in CD3+ Large Granular Lymphocyte Leukemia

CD95 (Fas)-induced apoptosis plays a critical role in the elimination of activated lymphocytes and induction of peripheral tolerance. Defects in CD95/CD95L (Fas-Ligand)-apoptotic pathway have been recognized in autoimmune lymphoproliferative diseases (ALPS) and lpr or gld mice and attributed to CD95 and CD95L gene mutations, respectively. Large granular lymphocyte (LGL) leukemia is a chronic disease characterized by a proliferation of antigen-activated cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Autoimmune features such as hypergammaglobulinemia, rheumatoid factor, and circulating immune complexes are common features in LGL leukemia and ALPS. Therefore, we hypothesize that expansion of leukemic LGL may be secondary to a defective CD95 apoptotic pathway. In this study, we investigated expression of CD95 and CD95L in 11 patients with CD3+ LGL leukemia and explored the apoptotic response to agonistic CD95 monoclonal antibody (MoAb). We found that leukemic LGL from each patient expressed constitutively high levels of CD95/CD95L, similar to those seen in normal activated T cells. However, cells from 9 of these 11 patients were totally resistant to anti-CD95–induced apoptosis. Similarly, cells were resistant to anti-CD3-MoAb–triggered cell death. Lack of anti-CD95–induced apoptosis was not due to mutations in the CD95 antigen. Leukemic LGL were not intrinsically resistant to CD95-dependent death, because LGL from all but 1 patient underwent apoptosis after phytohemagglutinin/interleukin-2 activation. The patient whose leukemic LGL were intrinsically resistant to CD95 had an aggressive form of LGL leukemia that was resistant to combination chemotherapy. These findings that leukemic LGL are resistant to CD95-dependent apoptosis despite expressing high levels of CD95 are similar to observations made in CD95L transgenic mice. These data suggest that LGL leukemia may be a useful model of dysregulated apoptosis causing human malignancy and autoimmune disease.
Probabilistic Labeling of Cerebral Vasculature on MR Angiography

Automatic labeling of cerebrovascular territories would greatly advance our ability to systematically study large datasets and also provide rapid decision support during the assessment of stroke patients, for example. Previous attempts have been challenged by the wide inter-subject variation in vascular topography. We investigate the use of a probabilistic model that learns the configurational characteristics of vascular territories to better annotate the cerebrovasculature. In the George Mason Brain Vasculature database, we identified patients with MRA reconstructions segmented into seven major regions (left and right MCA, PCA, and ACA and Circle of Willis). We then augmented these labels by manually segmenting the MCA territory into an additional eight regions. Among 54 patients that met the inclusion criteria, 39 reconstructions were used as training input to the MCA, ACA, and PCA model among the 61 digital reconstructions of human brain arterial structures available. The model was then validated on an independent cohort of 15 patients. The MCA segmentation algorithm was trained and tested using leave-one-out crossvalidation. The algorithm was found to be \(94 \pm 5.2\,\%\) accurate in annotating the seven major regions and \(88 \pm 9.3\,\%\) accurate in annotating the MCA subterritories.
The law is not enough: Seeking the theoretical ‘frontier of urban justice’ via legal tools:

This commentary examines the conceptual limits of urban justice through the use of legal tools, both generally and in actually existing neoliberal urban contexts. Our interest emerges from previous...
Nonlactose fermenting organisms from the feces of influenza patients

Leichtenstern1 mentions that during the pandemic o'f 1889-1890, at least one fourth of the cases showed no respiratory complications and were frequently confused with typhoid. Differentiation was made, however, clinically on the basis of the short incubation period, sudden onset, and comparatively short duration of the disease.' Such was the condition of affairs in many parts of the United States during the pandemic of 1918. Since there seemed to be no published data showing that careful laboratory methods had been used to differentiate mild typhoid and paratyphoid?enteritidis infections from influenza, it seemed worth while to make bacteriologic examinations of feces in recurring epidemics. This seemed more warranted after looking over the reports of the Kansas state epidemiologist, which showed a marked drop over previous years in reported cases of typhoid and paratyphoid fever.
In Search of Margaret Johnson Erwin/A Research Note

A collection of forceful and insightful letters written by an antebellum southern woman with a pen capable of phrases reminiscent of Scarlett O'Hara, a Mississippian who freed her slaves and knew and admired both William Tecumseh Sherman and Abraham Lincoln, may seem too good to be true. Unfortunately, I think it is. Historians approach undocumented family history cautiously, but a collection of letters published by a respected university press inspires more confidence and will undoubtedly be mined by future scholars unless questioned. Like Some Green Laurel: Letters of Margaret Johnson Erwin, 1821-1863, written by the subject's great-grandson, John Seymour Erwin and published by Louisiana State University Press in 1981, deserves attention .I In 1843, when Margaret Johnson married James Erwin, a widower more than twice her age, two of the most powerful families in the Southwest merged. James Erwin was the son of Andrew Erwin, a prominent Tennessee politician whose son John Patton Erwin edited a Nashville newspaper and whose daughter Jane Erwin had married the wealthy Thomas Yeatman, inherited a fortune, and then married the future United States senator John Bell of Tennessee. James Erwin, a successful businessman and confidant of Henry Clay, had married Clay's daughter Anne, who had died in 1835 leaving six children.2
The effect of phosphorus availability on arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization of Typha angustifolia.

Although Typha (cattail) species have been reported to be non-mycorrhizal, recent studies have reported arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) struc- tures in Typha roots, even in very wet habitats. The purpose of this study was to determine the relation- ship between phosphorus availability and AM colo- nization of Typha angustifolia. Typha angustifolia was grown in factorial combinations of four phosphorus concentrations (1, 10, 100, and 500 FtM P) and two inoculum densities (200 or 500 spores/pot), with an uninoculated control treatment at 100 (LM P. After
Phenology of Hydropsyche orris (Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae) in the Ohio River: Changes in Larval Age Structure and Substrate Colonization Rates

Larvae of Hydropsyche orris Ross (Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae) were collected on artificial substrates in the Ohio River over 10 sampling dates throughout 1979. Year-round larval instar information confirmed that this species is bivoltine. Larvae overwinter as instars III, IV, and V, with emergence of the overwintering generation in late spring. The eggs laid by the spring-emerging females quickly hatch, with the resultant larvae then taking a total of 2 to 3 months to go through the five larval instars, to pupate, and to emerge. These late-summer-, early-autumn-emerging adults produce eggs from which the overwintering larvae develop. Larval H. orris densities on rock-basket substrates were high in summer and early fall, with very low densities in winter. This marked curtailment of colonizing ability in the winter is the result of both a decreased number of colonizers in the system (due to a lack of recruitment from reproduction) and a disinclination of those caddisflies in the system to drift.
Algorithms for generating documents from probabilistic XML

Based on the semantic of possible worlds and probabilistic XML models with independent distribution and mutual exclusive distributional nodes, the problem of how to generate instances from a probabilistic XML is studied. This work will improve highly the efficiency of uncertain XML data management and query answering. Moreover, an algorithm for generating XML documents from a probabilistic is also proposed, which has linear time complexity. The main idea of this algorithm is selecting randomly the children subsets of distributional nodes, and generating random XML document instance according to these children subsets. These instances are necessary for processing uncertain XML data query, index and data management. Finally, experiment results are made to show up the correct and efficiency of the algorithm.
Temporally expressive planning based on answer set programming with constraints

Recently, a new language AC(C) was proposed to integrate answer set programming (ASP) and constraint logic programming (CLP). In this paper, we show that temporally expressive planning problems in PDDL2.1 can be translated into AC(C) and solved using AC(C) solvers. Compared with existing approaches, the new approach puts less restrictions on the planning problems and is easy to extend with new features like PDDL axioms. It can also leverage the inference engine for AC(C) which has the potential to exploit the best reasoning mechanisms developed in the ASP, SAT and CP communities. More details, including the proof to the correctness of the translation, are provided online at https://sites.google.com/site/pddl2acc/.
On the capacity of strong asynchronous multiple access channels with a large number of users

This paper studies the impact of block asynchronism on the capacity of a slotted Multiple Access Channel (MAC) whose number of users K n increases with the blocklength n. In a slotted strong-asynchronous MAC, the K n users have independent transmission start times that are integer multiples of n (slotted) which are uniformly distributed on a window of length A n = enα (strong-asynchronism). All users' messages as well as transmission times need to be reliably decoded at the single receiver. We show that for K n = enν with ν > α, not even synchronization is possible when transmitting a single message per user. We also show that for K n = eν with ν = o(n), each user can achieve its point-to-point asynchronous capacity, which is a trivial upper bound for the capacity of the MAC. Finally, achievable rates for K n = enν. with 0 < ν < α/2 are derived.