cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Directed attention in normal and high-risk pregnancy.

Objective To compare the ability to direct attention in women having a high‐risk pregnancy with those having an uncomplicated pregnancy. Design Descriptive comparative. Setting A tertiary‐care hospital. Participants Women in the 3rd trimester of pregnancy receiving care from perinatologists were recruited for this study and comprised the high‐risk group ( n = 67). Women in their 3rd trimester of pregnancy with uncomplicated pregnancies and enrolled in prenatal classes were the comparison group ( n = 57). Main outcome measures Objective measures of directed attention included digit span forward, digit span backward, Trailmaking A, and Trailmaking B. Subjective measures included the Attentional Function Index and Mental Effort in Tasks. Results Women having a complicated pregnancy had significantly more difficulty directing attention on all measures than women having normal pregnancies. When all covariates were considered, women having a high‐risk pregnancy had significantly more difficulty directing attention as measured by Trailmaking A, Trailmaking B, and Mental Effort in Tasks. Conclusions Women having high‐risk pregnancies may have more difficulty with activities that require directed attention than women having normal pregnancies. Learning new information and skills, problem solving, and planning may require additional effort for women having complicated pregnancies. JOGNN , 35, 241‐249; 2006. DOI: 10.1111/J.1552‐6909.2006.00035.x
Iteration of Maps by Primitive Substitutive Sequences

Let A be a finite nonempty set. J.-P. Allouche and M. Mendes France showed that if ⋆ is an associative binary operation on A and ω ∈ A a q-automatic sequence, then the sequence of partial products (ωn ⋆ωn−1⋆ · · ·⋆ω1) ∞ n=1 is also q-automatic. The result was used by S. Lehr to show that the set M(q, r) of real numbers whose fractional part has a q-automatic base r digit expansion, is a Q-vector space. It was generalized by F.M. Dekking as follows. Let A and F be finite sets, and suppose that for each letter a ∈ A we have a map φa : F → F. If ω = ω1ω2ω3 . . . is a substitutive sequence in A , then the induced sequence of iterates (φωn ◦φωn−1 ◦ · · · ◦φω1) ∞ n=1 is also substitutive. 3
Detection of Vertical Root Fractures by Using Cone-beam Computed Tomography: A Clinical Study

Abstract Introduction Vertical root fractures of teeth (VRFs) often pose a diagnostic dilemma because of the difficulty in detection of these in intraoral radiographs except in certain cases with very distinct clinical findings. This often leads to unwarranted extraction of the tooth. Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) produces three-dimensional images and allows precise visualization and evaluation of VRFs or cracks in extracted teeth, as reported previously. This clinical pilot study was designed to determine the diagnostic accuracy of noninvasive CBCT for detection of suspected VRFs in endodontically treated teeth by using exploratory surgery to confirm the presence or absence of a fracture. Methods Thirty-two teeth in 29 patients with clinical signs and symptoms suggestive of VRF were included in the study after informed consent was obtained. They underwent a limited area CBCT evaluation. All CBCT studies were blinded, and 2 board-certified oral and maxillofacial radiologists assessed the presence or absence of VRF through sequential evaluation of the three-dimensional volume. Subjects underwent surgical exploration as part of treatment, which helped establish the presence or absence of VRF. Results Pearson correlation coefficient by using surgical finding to confirm presence/absence of fracture was 0.602, positive predictive value was 91%, and negative predictive value was 67%. The sensitivity was 88%, and specificity was 75%. Conclusions This study revealed the superior diagnostic accuracy of CBCT for detection of VRF.
Natural Resources and Waste Systems

This chapter reveals that the natural resources are often extracted in one country, transformed into products in another, and consumed in a third. The result is that a significant portion of the natural resource use that supports a nation's economy often takes place outside the nation's borders. One measure of materials use is the ratio of a nation's total material requirement (TMR) to its Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Material flows account for the physical flows of national resources through extraction, production, fabrication, use and recycling, and final disposal, accounting for all losses along the way. Significant reductions in the TMR/GDP ratio will be necessary in the future. Water is a critical resource for people and agriculture. Freshwater is found in lakes, rivers, wetlands, and aquifers. The idea that the world may be heading for a water shortage is not new. There is adequate freshwater on the planet. The biggest problem with water is not its quantity, but rather its distribution. Water as a resource stored in an aquifer must be managed to be sustainable.
Serialization in Complex Predicates in MalakMalak

While complex verbs are well attested in Australian languages and elsewhere, in MalakMalak two systems of multi-verb constructions combine in a typologically rare setup: First, complex predicates consist of an uninflecting open-classed coverb and an inflecting verb (IV) of a closed class of six. Second, coverbs combine in serial constructions as part of a complex predicate with up to four coverbs encoding multiple or single events. This overlap provides a unique opportunity to examine shared and distinctive features. I argue for an analysis of MalakMalak's complex predicates' argument structure in terms of argument unification (Bowern 2010) of coverb and IV.Â
A species comparison of alveolar size and surface forces

The independent roles of alveolar size and surface tension in relation to lung stability were investigated in 11 different mammalian species whose body weight ranged from 0.03 to 50 kg. This range in species provided a wide variation in subgross anatomy as well as a fourfold range in alveolar diameter. Alveolar diameter was estimated from the mean linear intercept (Lm) of fixed lungs. Quasi-static pressure-volume curves were determined in excised lungs and the percent volume remaining on deflation from total lung capacity at 30 cmH2O to 10 cmH2O (%V10) provided an index of deflation stability related to functional surfactant. Surface tension of lung extract was measured in the Wilhelmy balance, and the minimum surface tension measured provided an index of surface tension lowering capacity of surfactant. Relationships of %V10 with alveolar diameter and surface tension with alveolar diameter were examined for correlations. Our results indicated that despite a range in Lm between 31 and 133 micron (mouse to pig), %V10 did not change in proportion with Lm across species. Similarly, minimum surface tension was about the same (6.1 to 8.8 dyn/cm) across a threefold difference in alveolar diameter. These results suggest that a stable alveolar configuration is maintained by both surface and tissue forces in a complex manner yet to be analyzed.
Photodetectors for silicon photonic integrated circuits

Abstract This chapter reviews the status of heterogeneous integration of silicon waveguides and photodetectors. The most commonly used available fabrication technologies, namely germanium growth and III/V-silicon wafer bonding, are described. Design constraints common to both platforms, as well as the key differences between them, are discussed. An overview of demonstrated devices on both platforms is presented.
Use of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to measure bovine milk and serum antibodies to alpha toxin, beta toxin, and capsular antigens of Staphylococcus aureus.

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) procedure was used to quantitate milk and serum antibodies (IgG) to Staphylococcus aureus alpha and beta toxins, and S. aureus 2-8 and Smith diffuse strain capsular antigens. Milk samples were collected on two occasions. A comparison was made between levels of milk antibodies specific for the two toxins and capsular antigens for 41 cows that were infected with S. aureus on both sampling dates, and 18 cows not S. aureus-infected on either date. Staphylococcus aureus-infected cows were grouped according to somatic cell counts. All groups of infected cows, regardless of somatic cell counts, had significantly higher milk antibody levels to alpha and beta toxins than did the non-infected cows (P less than .002). Serum samples taken for 13 infected and 4 non-infected cows also indicated that significant elevations in anti-alpha toxin and anti-beta toxin IgG were present in S. aureus-infected cows, compared to non-infected cows. A similar immune response was not seen to capsular antigens, however. No significant differences were present between the two groups of cows for either milk or serum antibodies to Smith diffuse strain capsular antigens. Milk antibodies to 2-8 capsule were significantly elevated only in infected cows with somatic cell counts greater than 10(6)/ml, compared to non-infected cows; no differences were present for serum antibodies to 2-8 capsule between infected and non-infected cows. These results indicate that significant increases in milk (and possibly serum) antibodies to alpha and beta toxins are present in cows with chronic staphylococcal mastitis, apparently resulting from a systemic immune response to these toxins. There does not appear to be a similar immune response to capsular antigens.
Adenovirus-mediated delivery of rhodopsin-promoted bcl-2 results in a delay in photoreceptor cell death in the rd/rd mouse

Gene transfer to retinal cells may provide a means to retard photoreceptor cell death and thus prevent blindness in diseases such as retinitis pigmentosa. We tested the possibility of interfering with apoptotic photoreceptor cell death in the rd mouse through subretinal delivery of a recombinant replication-defective adenovirus containing the human cDNA for bcl-2, Ad.2.5HRPbcl-2. Photoreceptor-specific transgene expression was accomplished through incorporation of the 2.5 kb human rhodopsin upstream fragment (HRP). Ad.2.5HRPbcl-2 was injected alone or in combination with Ad.CMVPDE beta. Ad.CMVPDE beta contains a cDNA encoding the beta subunit of cGMP phosphodiesterase (PDE beta). Recombinant viruses containing lacZ (driven either by the cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter/enhancer or HRP) and of Ad.CMVPDE beta and vehicle alone were injected in contralateral eyes as control. Injection of Ad.2.5HRPbcl-2 in the rd mouse resulted in histologically detectable rescue lasting 6 weeks after birth. Extent of rescue was not as large as after delivery of wildtype PDE beta, the gene defective in the rd mouse. However, delivery of genes which prevent apoptotic cell death may have broad application to gene therapy of retinal degenerative diseases.
Analysis of a Pika Hay Pile

Relatively few qualitative or quantitative data are available on the vegetation collected and stored by pikas, Ochotona princeps saxatilis , in the Rocky Mountains. The following is based upon analysis of a hay pile located near Trail Ridge Road, ¼ mile west of the Rock Cut at an elevation of 12,000 feet, in Rocky Mountain National Park, northern Colorado. The dried and partially dried vegetation, packed under several adjacent overhanging rocks on a …
Volcanic ash provenance from zircon dust with an application to Maya pottery

When analyzed using secondary ion mass spectrometry, dust-sized (<63 μm) zircon in distal ash deposits of the Tierra Blanca Joven (TBJ) eruption of Ilopango Volcano (El Salvador) yielded results consistent with ages obtained from those in proximal deposits. This finding indicates insignificant age sorting of zircon crystals during their dispersal in the TBJ ash plume. As a result, analysis of zircons may permit reliable source identification of distal tephra marker beds commonly found in terrestrial and marine environments. This technique was applied to test whether an enigmatic volcanic ash used to manufacture Late Classic Maya pottery from El Pilar is from distal TBJ ash deposits, a hypothesis supported by the location, extent, and timing of the TBJ eruption, and the matching high silica content and trace element ratios between TBJ glass and glass in the archaeological samples. The exclusively older than 1 Ma ages of the archaeological zircons compared with the dominantly ca. 0–30 ka ages of the TBJ zircons, however, rule out the TBJ eruption as the source of the pottery ash. The three analyzed archaeological pottery samples define two distinct zircon age distributions, indicating that the ash in the Maya pottery must be from multiple sources, which currently remain unidentified.
OSHA compliance issues benzene and crystalline silica exposures in a grey iron foundry.

This inspection by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) was initiated as a comprehensive general schedule inspection under OSHA's Site Specific Targeting (SST) program.( 1 , 2 )...
Research advances of chromatographic techniques in isolation and purif ication of main allergens in egg

There are enrich proteins in egg white which also is one of most important material that causes food allergic reactions.The egg white contains four kinds of major allergen proteins including ovalbumin,ovotransferrin,ovomucoid and lysozyme.This article summarized the properties of main allergens in egg white and the advances in purification of the four main allergens through chromatography,offering theoretical foundation for scale-up purification allergens with higher purity and bioactivity.
Pentoxifylline Ameliorates Mechanical Hyperalgesia in a Rat Model of Chemotherapy-Induced Neuropathic Pain.

Background Chemotherapy-induced neuropathic pain is difficult to treat. Pentoxifylline inhibits the production of inflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor α(TNF- α) and interleukin 1β (IL-1β). Objective The aims of our study were to investigate the analgesic and preventive effects of pentoxifylline on paclitaxel-induced neuropathic pain in rats and to identify its mechanisms of action. Study design Controlled animal study. Methods Neuropathic pain was induced with intraperitoneally injected paclitaxel on 4 alternate days in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Pentoxifylline was administered systemically as a single injection and a continuous infusion before or after the injection of paclitaxel. The mechanical threshold for allodynia was measured by using von Frey filaments. Protein levels and localization of inflammatory cytokines were performed by using Western blotting and immunohistochemistry, respectively. Results After the rats developed neuropathic pain behavior, a single intraperitoneal injection and continuous infusion of pentoxifylline ameliorated paclitaxel-induced mechanical allodynia. In addition, systemic infusion of pentoxifylline in the early phase of the development of pain behavior delayed the onset of paclitaxel-induced pain behavior. Paclitaxel increased the levels of the catalytic subunit α of protein kinase A, phosphorylated nuclear factor ;κB, TNF- α, and IL-1κ in the lumbar dorsal root ganglia. Pentoxifylline decreased the paclitaxel-induced TNF- α and IL-1β levels. In addition, IL-1β was expressed in neurons and satellite cells in the lumbar dorsal root ganglia after paclitaxel. Limitations Although this study was performed in the animal model by well-designed manner, clinical study will be needed to confirm the analgesic effect of pentoxifylline. Conclusion Pentoxifylline alleviated chemotherapy-induced neuropathic pain in rats by reducing the levels of inflammatory cytokines in dorsal root ganglia and may be effective chemotherapy-induced neuropathic pain in patients.
The Validity of Alternative Measures of Attribute Importance: The Role of Product Purchase Familiarity

Although product attribute importance is central to developing marketing efforts targeted to the consumer, there have been relatively few published studies assessing the "goodness" of alternative measures of attribute importance. The research that has been done on this issue finds significant inconsistencies among the various measures. This paper reviews the research that compares reliabilities and validities of alternative measures of attribute importance and offers a theoretical explanation for the apparent lack of convergence among the different measures using purchase familiarity as a key concept. Directions for further research on this issue are discussed.
Of migrants and middlemen: Cultivating access and challenging exclusion along the Vietnam–Cambodia border

In a possible sign of a new trend in Southeast Asia, economic pressures are driving smallholder shrimp farmers from Vietnam's Mekong Delta across the Cambodian border in search of new land. Building from ethnographic research with Vietnamese shrimp farmers in Kampot province, Cambodia, this paper explores the structures, mechanisms and relations that facilitate and impede the ability of Vietnamese migrants to gain and maintain access to land in Cambodia. The Vietnamese migrants in our study bring capital and farming skills, but their ambiguous legal status and their lack of social networks and experience with the terms of access in Cambodia render them vulnerable to exclusion and dependent on a local broker to mediate their interactions with landowners and authorities. We recount the migrants' attempts to overcome the uncertainty of their mediated access by bypassing the broker and cultivating direct social ties with Khmer villagers, border authorities and the landowners themselves. This study generates new insights into the dynamics of cross-border livelihoods in mainland Southeast Asia and more broadly illuminates the central importance of migrant–broker relationships and migrant agency in seeking to overcome dependency on brokers by forging new social relations in border areas.
Comparison of integrated behavioral health treatment for internalizing psychiatric disorders in patients with and without Type 2 diabetes.

Introduction Type 2 diabetes is often comorbid with internalizing mental health disorders and associated with greater psychiatric treatment resistance. Integrating psychotherapy into primary care can help treat internalizing disorders generally. We explored whether such treatment had comparable effectiveness in patients with and without Type 2 diabetes. Method Participants were 468 consecutive adults (23% male; 62% Hispanic, Mage = 41.46 years) referred by medical staff for psychotherapy appointments to address internalizing symptoms (e.g., depression). After each visit, patients completed a self-report measure and clinicians assessed patient symptom severity. These data and demographics extracted from electronic medical records were analyzed using descriptive and multilevel modeling analyses. Results Patients with and without diabetes were similar in types of internalizing disorders experienced and baseline clinician- and self-reported symptomology. Multilevel modeling suggested improvements in self-reported symptomology was comparable across patient groups; however, only patients without diabetes significantly improved according to clinician reports. Discussion Although findings suggested integrated psychotherapy resulted in comparable patient-reported reductions of internalizing symptoms, these effects were not evident in clinician reports of diabetic patients. Possible reasons for this discrepancy (e.g., reporting biases) are discussed. Integrated psychotherapy for internalizing disorders may be effective for Type 2 diabetic patients, though caution is warranted. (PsycINFO Database Record
Strategies to optimize treatment adherence in adolescent patients with cystic fibrosis

While development of new treatments for cystic fibrosis (CF) has led to a significant improvement in survival age, routine daily treatment for CF is complex, burdensome, and time intensive. Adolescence is a period of decline in pulmonary function in CF, and is also a time when adherence to prescribed treatment plans for CF tends to decrease. Challenges to adherence in adolescents with CF include decreased parental involvement, time management and significant treatment burden, and adolescent perceptions of the necessity and value of the treatments prescribed. Studies of interventions to improve adherence are limited and focus on education, without significant evidence of success. Smaller studies on behavioral techniques do not focus on adolescents. Other challenges for improving adherence in adolescents with CF include infection control practices limiting in-person interactions. This review focuses on the existing evidence base on adherence intervention in adolescents with CF. Future directions for efforts to optimize treatment adherence in adolescents with CF include reducing treatment burden, developing patient-driven technology to improve tracking, communication, and online support, and rethinking the CF health services model to include assessment of individualized adherence barriers.
Imaging a magma plumbing system from MASH zone to magma reservoir

The Puna Plateau of the Central Andes is a well-suited location to investigate the processes associated with the tectono-magmatic development of a Cordilleran system. These processes include long-lived subduction (including shallow and steep phases), substantial crustal thickening, the emplacement of large volumes of igneous rocks, and probably delamination. To elucidate the processes associated with the development of a Cordilleran system, we pair Common Conversion Point-derived receiver functions with Rayleigh wave dispersion data from Ambient Noise Tomography. The resulting high-resolution shear wave velocity model of the southern Puna Plateau reveals the details of a lithospheric-scale magma plumbing system. Slow velocities near the crust–mantle transition are interpreted as a MASH zone (a partially molten zone where mantle-derived melts interact with the lithosphere and undergo density differentiation) with ∼4–9%∼4–9% melt. After differentiation, less dense and presumably more felsic melts propagate to shallower depths within the crust (∼20 km below surface) and comprise vertically (∼10 km) and laterally (∼75 km) extensive slow velocity bodies that span the frontal arc and plateau interior. These large slow velocity bodies represent a partially molten mid-crust (up to 22%) where magma can further evolve to higher silica concentrations. The periodic influx of melt from the underlying MASH zone into these mid-crustal bodies may serve as a trigger to the eruption of the voluminous ignimbrites observed in the southern Puna Plateau. Many of the active tectonic processes operating along the southern Puna Plateau are thought to be analogous to the processes that formed the North American Cordillera. Thus, these results could provide insight into some of the processes associated with the development of a Cordilleran margin.
Vehicle routing with roaming delivery locations

Abstract We propose the vehicle routing problem with roaming delivery locations (VRPRDL) to model an innovation in last-mile delivery where a customer’s order is delivered to the trunk of his car. We develop construction and improvement heuristics for the VRPRDL based on two problem-specific techniques: (1) efficiently optimizing the delivery locations for a fixed customer delivery sequence and (2) efficiently switching a predecessor’s or successor’s delivery location during the insertion or deletion of a customer in a route. Furthermore, we conduct an extensive computation study to assess and quantify the benefits of trunk delivery in a variety of settings. The study reveals that a significant reduction in total distance travelled can be achieved, especially when trunk delivery is combined with traditional home delivery, which has both economic and environmental benefits.
AN AERODYNAMICALLY EFFICIENT DESIGN FOR AN AUTOMOTIVE VEHICLE

An experimental investigation of a low drag body moving in the proximity of the ground is reported. The prepared shape includes a novel approach to insuring adequate cooling for the engine. The body shape chosen is based on the previous work by investigators at the Polytechnic Institute of Turin, Italy. Results have demonstrated the correctness of the theoretical model developed. Drag coefficients, C, equal to 0.06 (no internal cooling) and 0.07 (with cooling) are obtained. These coefficients are of the same order of magnitude as the results for axi-symmetric streamlined bodies in free air. The possibility thus exists to improve the aerodynamic efficiency of automotive vehicles far beyond present standards.
Neoadjuvant systemic therapy for regionally advanced melanoma

Background Patients with regionally advanced melanoma are at high risk of distant failure and unlikely to be cured by surgery alone. Neoadjuvant therapy may provide benefit in these patients. Objectives To evaluate our experience with neoadjuvant systemic therapy in high-risk stage III patients. Methods Retrospective review of patients with advanced stage III disease who received neoadjuvant therapy between August 2009 and August 2016 at Mayo Clinic Rochester. Results Twenty-three cases met our inclusion criteria, 16 with resectable disease and 7 with unresectable disease. No patients with resectable disease and one patient with borderline resectable disease progressed regionally, prohibiting surgical resection. Five of seven patients with unresectable disease were down-staged to a resectable state. Six of twenty-three (26%) had a CR and five are alive at last follow-up. Fifteen of twenty three patients (65%) progressed with a median progression free survival of 11 months; however, the 5 year overall survival estimate was 84%. Conclusions Neoadjuvant systemic therapy is a reasonable approach for patients with advanced but resectable/borderline resectable disease and the risk of losing regional control is low. Our data also suggest some patients with unresectable disease will be converted to resectable and a complete clinical response to treatment can be obtained in approximately one quater of patients.
Assessing Cellulase Performance on Pretreated Lignocellulosic Biomass Using Saccharification and Fermentation-Based Protocols

Cellulase enzyme is a key cost component in the production of fuels and chemicals from lignocellulosic biomass. Cellulolytic ability of the enzyme preparation is often measured by activity assays using model substrates such as filter paper. Using lignocellulosic biomass as the substrate to assess enzyme performance has the potential of being more process relevant. We describe two procedures that use washed pretreated cellulosic material to measure the efficacy of cellulase enzymes. First, a saccharification assay that measures glucose yield as a function of the amount of cellulase used in the process. And second, the simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) assay measures cellulase performance by the amount of ethanol produced from enzymatic hydrolysis of the cellulosic material. You can use both assays to screen cellulases under a variety of substrate types, loadings, and process conditions.
Shopping on the go: how walking influences mobile shopping performance

Given the growth in use and capabilities of mobile devices, the mobile commerce (m-commerce) market is also continuing to grow and become more sophisticated. Studies exploring the results of m-commerce using mobile devices, however, have traditionally been done in a stationary setting. This exploratory study seeks to examine how m-commerce is impacted by the use of mobile devices in a stationary versus a walking setting. Treadmill desks were used to replicate mobile shopping while using mobile devices and then compared the results with the same task completed on mobile devices in a stationary manner. Results indicate that shopping while walking increases the time it takes to complete the shopping task but not the dollar amount spent for the product in question.
The micro-macro spectrum of medical informatics challenges: From molecular medicine to transforming health care in a globalizing society

Background: Medical informatics has always encompassed a very broad spectrum of techniques for clinical and biomedical research, education and practice. There has been a concomitant variety of depth of specialization, ranging from the routine application of information processing methods to cutting-edge research on fundamental problems of computer-based systems and their relations to cognition and perception in biomedicine. Objectives: Challenges for the field can be placed in perspective by considering the scale of each – from the highly detailed scientific problems in bioinformatics and emerging molecular medicine to the broad and complex social problems of introducing medical informatics into web-related global settings. Methods: The scale of an informatics problem is not only determined by the inherent physical space in which it exists, but also by the conceptual complexity that it involves, reinforcing the need to investigate the semantic web within which medical informatics is defined. Results and Conclusion: Bioinformatics, biomedical imaging and language understanding provide examples that anchor research and practice in biomedical informatics at the detailed, scientific end of the spectrum. Traditional concerns of medical informatics in the clinical arena make up the broad mid-range of the spectrum, while novel social interaction models of competition and cooperation will be needed to understand the implications of distributed health information technology for individual and societal change in an increasingly interconnected world.
Synchronization of the G1/S transition in response to corneal debridement.

PURPOSE. This study's intention was to examine the progression of ocular surface epithelium through the G1/S transition of the cell cycle after corneal epithelial debridement. METHODS. Three-millimeter debridements were made in central rat cornea and allowed to heal 4 to 48 hours in vivo. Unwounded contralateral eyes served as controls. Two hours before the animals were killed, 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine (BrdU) was injected to detect S-phase cells. Incorporated BrdU was visualized by indirect immunofluorescence microscopy, and expression of G1 cell-cycle markers cyclins D and E was examined by indirect immunofluorescence and immunoblotting. RESULTS. The number of BrdU-labeled cells in conjunctival, timbal, and peripheral epithelium peaked at 28 hours after wounding (3.9-, 4.5-, and 3.2-fold increases, respectively). In unwounded eyes, cyclin D showed diffuse cytoplasmic localization with occasional basal cells exhibiting a nuclear localization, while anti- cyclin E showed intense localization in timbal and conjunctival basal cells but only minimal labeling in corneal epithelium. Within 8 to 12 hours after wounding, the nuclei of most corneal basal cells outside the wound area were bound intensely by anti- cyclins D and E. Immunoblotting revealed that cyclin D and E protein levels increased 4.5- and 12.1-fold after wounding, respectively. Epithelium migrating into the wound area did not incorporate BrdU and did not exhibit nuclear localization of cyclins D and E. CONCLUSIONS. Corneal epithelial debridement stimulates basal cells outside the wound area to synchronously enter the cell cycle. However, cells migrating to cover the wound area do not progress through the cell cycle. These data suggest a compartmentalization of the proliferative and migratory phases of wound repair.
Location, Location, Location: Places to Intervene in Systems

As we saw in the previous chapter, public policy has multiple roles to play in disease prevention. An important role is to create supportive environments in which it becomes easy to make healthy choices in both energy intake and energy expenditure. While this will be very helpful (almost necessary) in obesity prevention, reengineering our environment will not, by itself, be enough. Reducing the national waistline will require a “metanoic” jump (see Chapter 1),104 entailing new ways of thinking and acting in managing our instincts, even as we reengineer our environment.
On the interaction force between a point charge and an infinite dielectric plate of finite thickness

We derive the expression for the interaction force between a point charge and an infinite dielectric plate of finite thickness. This expression contains the Lerch transcendent function and is convenient for numerical calculations. Using this equation we investigate the peculiarities of the interaction force in several limiting cases. The consideration of this problem will be useful for advanced undergraduates, who study methods for solving electrostatic problems.
A Framework for Understanding the Relationship between Social Media Discourse and Mental Health

Over 35% of the world's population uses social media. Platforms like Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram have radically influenced the way individuals interact and communicate. These platforms facilitate both public and private communication with strangers and friends alike, providing rich insight into an individual's personality, health, and wellbeing. To date, many researchers have employed a variety of methods for extracting mental health-centric features from digital text communication (DTC) data, including natural language processing, social network analysis, and extraction of temporal discourse patterns. However, none have explored a hierarchical framework for extracting features from private messages with the goal of unifying approaches across methodological domains. Furthermore, while analyses of large, public corpora abound in existing literature, limited work has been done to explore the relationship between of private textual communications, personality traits, and symptoms of mental illness. We present a framework for constructing rich feature spaces from digital text communications. We then demonstrate the efficacy of our framework by applying it to a dataset of private Facebook messages in a college student population (N=103). Our results reveal key individual differences in temporal and relational behaviors, as well as language usage in relation to validated measures of trait-level anxiety, loneliness, and personality. This work represents a critical step forward in linking features of private social media messages to validated measures of mental health, wellbeing, and personality.
Effective Demagnetizing Factors of Diamagnetic Samples of Various Shapes

The notion of $d\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}e\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}m\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}a\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}g\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}n\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}e\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}t\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}i\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}z\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}a\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}t\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}i\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}o\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}n$ is encountered in many areas of science and engineering that involve interactions between fields and finite-sized objects. In magnetism, demagnetizing effects account for the distortion of the magnetic fields around a specimen, and connect induced magnetic moment to the applied magnetic field. The authors derive analytic expressions for the total magnetic moment, and then use numerical finite-element solutions of Maxwell's equations to find the effective demagnetizing factors for various nonellipsoidal geometries commonly encountered in experiments. This work provides practical guidelines for data analysis for superconducting and magnetic samples.
Revealed Proprietary Information Disclosure

I propose a methodology to study proprietary information firms disclose prior to Seasoned Equity Offerings. I assess proprietary information disclosures by the magnitude of association between a private information-based proxy and stock returns. Using a difference-in-differences design around the Securities Offering Reform of 2005 that relaxed restrictions on disclosures, I find that equity-issuing firms disclose more than twice as much proprietary information as non-issuing control firms. I corroborate my findings using major customer identity disclosure and three ex ante measures of proprietary information risks. Results are robust after controlling for information flow from insider trading and financial analysts. I also document that disclosure of proprietary information leads to 10–23 percent lower underpricing. Finally, this paper sheds light on unintended consequences of disclosure regulation. While prior regulation constrained managerial disclosure practices to prevent gun jumping, it also restrained legitimate corporate disclosures that may have limited firms’ ability to raise capital.
In-situ Droplet Monitoring of Inkjet 3D Printing Process using Image Analysis and Machine Learning Models

Abstract Additive manufacturing (AM) has yielded major innovations in the electronics, biomedical and energy domains. One of the AM techniques which has witnessed widespread use is the inkjet 3D printing (IJP). The IJP process fabricates parts by depositing colloidal liquid droplets on substrates. Despite its advantages, variations in input process parameters and fluid properties can have a profound impact on the print quality. This paper aims to address this issue by presenting a novel vision-based approach for in-situ monitoring of droplet formation. Further, a machine learning model was used to study the relationship between droplet attributes and droplet modes. A drop watcher camera was used to capture a sequence of videos obtained from different combinations of voltage and frequency. Custom source code was developed using python libraries to capture variations in droplet attributes (droplet size, velocity, aspect ratio, and presence of satellites) and their impact on the droplet modes (normal, satellite, and no-droplet) using computer vision. A backpropagation neural network mode (BPNN) was applied, with the droplet features as inputs, to classify output droplet modes. The BPNN classified droplet modes with 90% (high) accuracy. This research forms the basis for future development of digital twin model of inkjet 3D printing towards predictive analysis and process optimization.
A dynamic system of job performance with goals and leadership changes as shocks

Abstract Two consistent predictors of salesperson job performance include goals and leadership. Much of the research related to these domains, however, has two limitations. First, it is removed from an understanding of how effects operate when performance is viewed as a dynamic system, or a construct with inherent feedback loops and a tendency to ebb and flow over time. Second, it focuses on leadership behaviors rather than leadership changes (i.e., experiencing a change in one’s supervisor), even though employees in today’s workforce often experience the event of having a leader replaced. We extend this literature by establishing and testing a theory of performance system dynamics such that key principles of dynamics regarding performance over time are integrated and tested. Moreover, these two predictors, salesperson goals and leadership changes, are represented as exogenous inputs or shocks. Repeated measures data on sales employees obtained over six months provide evidence of performance system dynamics, reflecting not only patterns of consistency but also responses to external forces. Findings also reveal that company-assigned goals (i.e., quotas) are a significant predictor of effort and performance beyond the employees’ typical behavior and nullify any potential negative impact of leadership changes. The paper concludes with implications for both research and practice.
Fast Moving Horizon Estimation of nonlinear processes via Carleman linearization

Moving Horizon Estimation (MHE) is a general method employed in many dynamic systems to monitor unmeasurable states. MHE can handle unavoidable physical constraints on the system by a constrained nonlinear optimization problem. However, since this approach requires repeated solving of the optimization problem, it is usually limited to slow-evolving, quasi-linear, low-order systems. In this work, we propose a method that accelerates the optimization procedure. To achieve this goal, Carleman linearization technique is employed to obtain a linear representation of a generic nonlinear system. Then, the sensitivity of the estimation error, gradient vector and Hessian matrix of the objective function are analytically derived. This information about the objective function significantly reduces computational costs and errors associated with numerical approximations of derivatives. Even though the representation appears linear, it is in fact a higher order approximation. Simulation results for a crystallization process show the efficiency and performance of the designed observer.
The grasshopper median neuroblast is a multipotent progenitor cell that generates glia and neurons in distinct temporal phases

The midline of the insect CNS provides a good system for studying the control of neuronal and glial cell fates, because it contains a small number of distinct cell types that arise from a unique set of precursors. In this report we analyze the development of the CNS midline in the grasshopper embryo, focusing on the median neuroblast (MNB) cluster, which contains the majority of midline neurons. We have directly traced cell lineage in the MNB cluster by injecting the MNB with tracer dyes and following the development of its progeny in whole embryo cultures. As least three types of neuronal progeny are labeled with tracer dye in these experiments. In addition, we find that all of the midline glia are also derived from the MNB. Thus, this neuroblast is actually a multipotent progenitor cell. We also examined the temporal and spatial patterns of midline development by staining embryos with antibodies to neuronal and glial markers and to the protein product of the engrailed gene, which is transiently expressed by all MNB progeny. Our data show that neuronal and glial progeny are generated from the MNB in distinct temporal phases. A change in the orientation of the MNB's mitotic spindle correlates with the transition between two of the phases of progeny production.
Engendering Human Development: A Critique of the UNDP’s Gender-Related Development Index

This article reviews the literature critiquing the United Nations Development Programme’s Gender-related Development Index (GDI), which is a measure of human development penalized for the extent of gender inequality in each country; presents several original critiques of GDI; and presents proposed corrections to the GDI in response to both received and original critiques. Elizabeth Stanton is a researcher at the Global Development and Environment Institute at Tufts University.
IL-17–Mediated Immunity to the Opportunistic Fungal Pathogen Candida albicans

IL-17 (IL-17A) has emerged as a key mediator of protection against extracellular microbes, but this cytokine also drives pathology in various autoimmune diseases. Overwhelming data in both humans and mice reveal a clear and surprisingly specific role for IL-17 in protection against the fungus Candida albicans, a commensal microbe of the human oral cavity, gastrointestinal tract, and reproductive mucosa. The IL-17 pathway regulates antifungal immunity through upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines, including IL-6, neutrophil-recruiting chemokines (e.g., CXCL1 and CXCL5), and antimicrobial peptides (e.g., defensins), which act in concert to limit fungal overgrowth. This review focuses on diseases caused by C. albicans, the role of IL-17-mediated immunity in candidiasis, and the implications for clinical therapies for both autoimmune conditions and fungal infections.
Systematic variation of bedrock channel gradients in the central Oregon Coast Range: implications for rock uplift and shallow landsliding

Abstract In tectonically active regions, bedrock channels play a critical role in dictating the pace of landscape evolution. Models of fluvial incision into bedrock provide a means of investigating relationships between gradients of bedrock channels and patterns of active deformation. Variations in lithology, orographic precipitation, sediment supply, and erosional processes serve to complicate tectonic inferences derived from morphologic data, yet most tectonically active landscapes are characterized by these complexities. In contrast, the central Oregon Coast Range (OCR), which is situated above the Cascadia subduction zone, has experienced rock uplift for several million years, did not experience Pleistocene glaciation, boasts a relatively uniform lithology, and exhibits minor variations in precipitation. Although numerous process-based geomorphic studies suggest that rates of erosion across the OCR are relatively constant, it has not been demonstrated that bedrock channel gradients in the region exhibit spatially consistent values. Analysis of broadly distributed, small drainage basins (∼5–20 km) in the central OCR enables us to explore regional variability in bedrock channel gradients resulting from differential rock uplift or other sources. Consistent with previous studies that have documented local structural control of deformed fluvial terraces in the western portion of our study area, our data reveal a roughly 20-km-wide band of systematically elevated channel slopes (roughly twice the background value), roughly coincident with the strike of N–S-trending mapped folds. Although many factors could feasibly generate this pattern, including variable rock strength, precipitation gradients, or temporal or spatial variations in forearc deformation, the elevated bedrock channel slopes likely reflect differential rock uplift related to activity of local structures. Importantly, our analysis suggests that rock uplift and erosion rates may vary systematically across the OCR. Although our calculations were focused on the fluvial-dominated portion of study basins, our results have implications for upstream areas, including unchanneled valleys that often serve as source areas for long-runout debris flows. Zero-order basins (or topographic hollows) within the N–S-trending band of elevated channel slopes tend to be steeper than adjacent areas and may experience more frequent evacuation by shallow landsliding. Thus, this region of the OCR may be highly sensitive to land use practices and high-intensity rainstorms.
A VLSI — CAD system for efficient design of CMOS/390 processors

Abstract An overview and key elements of a CAD (Computer Aided Design) system are presented. The system aims for an optimal balance between development time and chip technology utilization, for a complex logic design spanning several VLSI CMOS chips. Standard cell technology with embedded, custom-designed macros, parallel work on design entry, verification, physical design, and manufacturing, incremental design, clock design optimization, and timing control at each step of the design flow are key elements of the approach, which has been used for the design of /390 micro processors.
Application of Experimental Test Procedures and Methods of Analysis of Results to Research Problems in Magnetic Recording

This paper discusses an investionsion designed to determine, as functions of bias- and signal-current values and of recording media and recording and play-back heads, the response characteristics of a magnetic recording system. The theoretical background presented permits the prediction of frequency response curves in terms of relative values. These curves are obtained from data determined by measurements, calculations, and experiments on the component parts of a magnetic recording system. Subsequent to the theoretical material there is a description of a systematic method for planning experimental procedure, plotting the results, and presenting the test data for a magnetic recording system. Other data displayed here proves the superiority of thin laminations (0.002 inch thick) over thick laminations (0.005 inch thick) as core material for the heads of a magnetic recording system.