cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Exploring the Relationship between the Collegiate Learning Assessment, Student Learning Activities, and Study Behaviors: Implications for Colleges and Universities

Globally, institutions of higher learning have attempted to utilize various methods to assess student learning outcomes and simultaneously determine what factors influence targeted performance measures. The National Survey of Student Engagement is a popular instrument many colleges and universities employ to gain an understanding of what student behaviors are linked to such desired outcomes as graduation and persistence. Internationally, other universities are exploring the concept of student engagement as a means to assess college environments. Recently, calls from stakeholders have prompted institutions to use assessments to demonstrate so-called twenty-first century skills such as critical thinking; the Collegiate Learning Assessment is one such tool. This study reports preliminary efforts to link the NSSE engagement indicators to CLA performance at a medium-sized Historically Black College or University. Results indicate that the NSSE indicators are (1) poor predictors of student GPA, (2) of the ten indicators of the NSSE, only one was found to be a significant predictor of CLA performance, and (3) of the items comprising this indicator, only half are associated with CLA outcomes.
From Millennials to Gen Z: Changes in student attitudes about group projects

The authors compare a sample of students enrolled in business classes from 2005 to 2007 with a 2017–2018 sample of business students in terms of their attitudes toward group projects. The two cohor...
Einleitung: Interessenorganisationen in der Onlinewelt

Die vorliegende Studie hat Digitalisierungsprozesse auf der Mesoebene zum Thema und untersucht diese Prozesse am Beispiel der Onlinekommunikation von Interessenorganisationen. Das Erkenntnisinteresse liegt darin, zu beschreiben, wie Interessenorganisationen langfristig auf die Verbreitung von Onlinekommunikation als Bestandteil der Digitalisierung reagieren.
Defects in deformation twins in plagioclase

The topological model is applied to analyze defects associated with albite and pericline twins in plagioclase. Twin growth occurs by the motion of twinning disconnections. The same twinning disconnections are shown to produce both twins. The topological model is used to predict the atomic details of the disconnections. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy results verify the model predictions. Early work on the possibility of pseudo-twinning is also discussed.
Improving Portfolio Performance Using Attribute Selection and Combination

In portfolio management, stock selection and evaluation can be based on a variety of financial attributes over a period of time. It has been shown recently by Irukulapati et al. that long term portfolio management strategy using attribute selection and combinatorial fusion can not only achieve better results than individual attributes but also exceed the performance of the Russell 2000 index. In this paper, we propose a method to compute the attribute scoring system using weighted average by recency (AR) giving more weight to scores at the time closer to the present. We then show, by market testing, that our results perform better than that of Irukulapati et al. in a majority of cases as well as the Russell 2000.
A THEORY OF INJURY AND RECOVERY

1. The equations which serve to predict the injury of tissue in 0.52 M NaCl and in 0.278 M CaCl2 and its subsequent recovery (when it is replaced in sea water) also enable us to predict the behavior of tissue in mixtures of these solutions, as well as its recovery in sea water after exposure to mixtures. 2. The reactions which are assumed in order to account for the behavior of the tissue proceed as if they were inhibited by a salt compound formed by the union of NaCl and CaCl2 with some constituent of the protoplasm (certain of these reactions are accelerated by CaCl2). 3. In this and preceding papers a quantitative theory is developed in order to explain: ( a ) the toxicity of NaCl and CaCl2; ( b ) the antagonism between these substances; ( c ) the fact that recovery (in sea water) may be partial or complete, depending on the length of exposure to the toxic solution.
K-LLVM: A Relatively Complete Semantics of LLVM IR.

LLVM [Lattner and Adve, 2004] is designed for the compile-time, link-time and run-time optimization of programs written in various programming languages. The language supported by LLVM targeted by modern compilers is LLVM IR [llvm.org, 2018]. In this paper we define K-LLVM, a reference semantics for LLVM IR. To the best of our knowledge, K-LLVM is the most complete formal LLVM IR semantics to date, including all LLVM IR instructions, intrinsic functions in the LLVM documentation and Standard-C library functions that are necessary to execute many LLVM IR programs. Additionally, K-LLVM formulates an abstract machine that executes all LLVM IR instructions. The machine allows to describe our formal semantics in terms of simulating a conceptual virtual machine that runs LLVM IR programs, including non-deterministic programs. Even though the K-LLVM memory model in this paper is assumed to be a sequentially consistent memory model and does not include all LLVM concurrency memory behaviors, the design of K-LLVM’s data layout allows the K-LLVM abstract machine to execute some LLVM IR programs that previous semantics did not cover, such as the full range of LLVM IR behaviors for the interaction among LLVM IR casting, pointer arithmetic, memory operations and some memory flags (e.g. readonly) of function headers. Additionally, the memory model is modularized in a manner that supports investigating other memory models. To validate K-LLVM, we have implemented it in 𝕂 [Rosu, 2016], which generated an interpreter for LLVM IR. Using this, we ran tests including 1,385 unit test programs and around 3,000 concrete LLVM IR programs, and K-LLVM passed all of them.
Hamstrings Muscle Morphology After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Hamstrings muscle morphology is determinant of muscle function (i.e. strength). Among individuals with ACL reconstruction (ACLR), less cross-sectional area (CSA) and volume in the ACLR-limb are associated with muscle weakness, and may contribute to lower rates of return to preinjury activity level and an increased risk for long-term sequelae. To effectively treat muscular impairments, an accurate understanding of differences in hamstrings morphology following ACLR is needed. A systematic review and meta-analysis were undertaken to describe the morphology of the hamstring muscle complex after ACLR. We searched five databases for studies evaluating the difference between hamstrings size and architecture in individuals with ACLR. Two independent reviewers assessed each paper for inclusion and quality. Means and standard deviations were extracted from each included study to allow fixed-effect size meta-analysis calculations for comparison of results. Twenty-four studies were included for final review. Eight categories of morphological outcomes were identified, and studies were grouped accordingly: (1) volume, (2) cross-sectional area (CSA), (3) muscle length, (4) muscle thickness, (5) fascicle length, (6) pennation angle, (7) fiber area, and (8) fiber type. Meta-analysis demonstrated lower hamstrings volume in the ACLR-limb in both contralateral and control group comparisons, and lower CSA, length, and thickness in the ACLR-limb in contralateral comparisons. The semitendinosus and gracilis were most profoundly impacted. Limited moderate evidence demonstrated greater biceps femoris pennation angle in the ACLR-limb. Individuals with ACLR demonstrated large deficits in semitendinosus and gracilis muscle CSA and volume in the ACLR-limb compared contralaterally, with no differences observed in the biceps femoris or semimembranosus. Clinical implications regarding assessment and treatment of individuals with ACLR are discussed.
What is the patient experience of surgical care during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic? A mixed-methods study at a single institution.

Abstract Background The coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak has spread worldwide and has resulted in hospital restrictions. The perceived impact of these practices on patients undergoing essential surgeries is less understood. Methods Adult (≥18 years) patients who underwent medically necessary surgical procedures spanning multiple surgical specialties from March 23, 2020, to April 24, 2020, during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic were identified as eligible for a phone survey. Survey responses were analyzed using a mixed-methods approach involving descriptive statistics and thematic analysis of coded and annotated survey results. Results Of the 212 patients who underwent medically necessary surgical procedures during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, the majority of these patients were male (61.3%), White (83.5%), married or with a domestic partner (68.9%), and underwent oncologic procedures (69.3%). Of the 46 patients (21.7%) who completed the survey, the majority of these patients indicated that coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic restrictions had no impact on their inpatient hospital stay and were satisfied with their decision to proceed with surgery. Severity of patient condition (44.4%), the risk/benefit discussion with the surgeon (24.4%), and coronavirus disease 2019 education and testing (19.5%) were the most important factors in proceeding with surgery during the pandemic; 34.4% of patients said their inpatient postoperative course was negatively affected by the lack of visitors. Conclusion Medically necessary, time-sensitive surgical procedures, as determined by the surgeon, can be performed during a pandemic with good patient satisfaction provided there is an appropriate discussion between the surgeon and patient about the risks and benefits.
The Evolution of Entry Level Training in School Psychology: Are We Now Approaching the Doctoral Level?

The issue of the appropriate entry level for practice as a school psychologist is discussed. Data are presented which suggest the proper forces are in play to cause school psychology to evolve to t...
Safety Embedded Differential Dynamic Programming using Discrete Barrier States.

Certified safe control is a growing challenge in robotics, especially when performance and safety objectives are desired to be concurrently achieved. In this work, we extend the barrier state (BaS) concept, recently proposed for stabilization of continuous time systems, to enforce safety for discrete time systems by creating a discrete barrier state (DBaS). The constructed DBaS is embedded into the discrete model of the safety-critical system in order to integrate safety objectives into performance objectives. We subsequently use the proposed technique to implement a safety embedded stabilizing control for nonlinear discrete systems. Furthermore, we employ the DBaS method to develop a safety embedded differential dynamic programming (DDP) technique to plan and execute safe optimal trajectories. The proposed algorithm is leveraged on a differential wheeled robot and on a quadrotor to safely perform several tasks including reaching, tracking and safe multi-quadrotor movement. The DBaS-based DDP (DBaS-DDP) is compared to the penalty method used in constrained DDP problems where it is shown that the DBaS-DDP consistently outperforms the penalty method.
Fast grid-based nonlinear elasticity for 2D deformations

We present a deformation technique that constructs 2D warps by using spline curves to specify the starting and target shapes of selected key contours. We generate a two-dimensional deformation map from these contours by simulating a non-linear elastic membrane deforming in accordance with user-specified constraints. Although we support and demonstrate elastic models inspired by physical membranes, we highlight a custom material model for this specific application, which combines the benefits of harmonic interpolation and area-preserving deformations. Our warps are represented via a standard Cartesian lattice and leverage the regularity of this description to enable efficient computation. Specifically, our method resolves the targeting constraints imposed along arbitrarily shaped contours with sub-grid cell precision, without requiring an explicit remeshing of the warp lattice around the constraint curve. We describe how to obtain a well-conditioned discretization of our membrane model even under elaborate constraints and strict area preservation demands, and present a multigrid solver for the efficient numerical solution of the deformation problem.
Prediction of S-N Fatigue Curves Using Various Long-Crack-Derived Δ K eff Fatigue Crack Growth Curves and a Small Crack Life Prediction Model

In this study, stress-life (S-N) fatigue curves are predicted for high-strength aluminum alloy 7055 for open-hole specimens at two stress ratios, R = 0.1 and 0.5, and smooth specimens at R = 0.1 using the small-crack growth model of Brockenbrough et al. [1,2] and closure-free FCG curves obtained from long-crack tests by the following methods: (1) high R testing at R = 0.7; (2) constant K m a x testing at K m a x of 11 and 24.7 MPa√m; (3) a ΔK e f f curve obtained at the appropriate stress ratio (R = 0.1 or 0.5) by the ASTM method; and (4) a ΔK e f f curve obtained at the appropriate stress ratio by the adjusted compliance ratio (ACR) method. The predictions were compared to experimental S-N fatigue data. The objective of the study was to determine which method of obtaining closure-free FCG curves from long-crack tests provided the best estimates of fatigue life for the three combinations of specimen type and stress ratio in conjunction with the small-crack growth model employed. The ΔK e f f curves obtained by the ACR method yielded the closest and most consistent fatigue predictions for all three conditions. This was attributed to this method being able to account for K m a x sensitivity of fatigue crack growth rates in aluminum alloys that could not be accounted for by the other methods.
Perturbation of the calmodulin system in transformed cells.

In eukaryotic cells, calcium acts as an intracellular signal transducer primarily through its interaction with a class of calcium binding proteins, of which calmodulin (CaM) is the most highly conserved, phylogenetically ubiquitous member (for reviews, see Van Eldik et al., 1982; Van Eldik and Roberts, 1988; Cohen and Klee, 1988). CaM transduces a calcium signal into a biological response by its ability to regulate the activity of other proteins in a calcium dependent manner. Because CaM is probably the most widely distributed mediator of intracellular calcium signals, fundamental insights can be derived from an enhanced knowlege about the genetic encoding, biosynthetic assembly and regulation of CaM-modulated calcium response pathways. Regardless, in order to understand fully the roles of CaM in the eukaryotic cell and obtain insight into how CaM-modulated pathways can respond differentially to calcium signals, it is necessary to be able to describe in some detail all of the CaM pathways for at least one biological system. This has not been done yet for any biological system. Chicken embryo fibroblasts (CEF) represent one biological system for which a relatively extensive body of information has been described. Also, CEF transformed by Rous sarcoma virus exhibit a number of phenotypic alterations that are potentially mediated by CaM and CaM binding proteins, and perturbations in CaM regulation have been described for normal and transformed CEF. In a more general sense, because perturbations of CaM pathways occur in many kinds of virus-transformed cells, knowledge of how alterations in CaM expression are coupled to oncogene expression may yield insight into how CaM-regulated calcium response pathways are involved in mechanisms of oncogenic transformation.
Regulation of Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Exotoxin a Synthesis

Exotoxin A (ETA) is one of the most toxic virulence factors produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa 72: Both clinical and experimental animal studies indicate clearly the importance of ETA in the pathogenesis of different P. aeruginosa infections. Most P. aeruginosa clinical isolates produce ETA9, 23, 47. In addition, infection with ETA-producing P. aeruginosa strains was shown to be significantly associated with mortality due to P. aeruginosa bacteremia98. Furthermore, survival of patients with P. aeruginosa bacteremia correlated with high ETA antibody titers in those patients98, 99. Examination of patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) that were chronically infected with P. aeruginosa showed the presence of an increased titer of ETA antibody57. In addition, mortality among P. aeruginosa infected CF-patients was associated with increased levels of ETA and LPS antibodies together with the presence of immu necomplexes and complement activation84. Recent analysis of RNA extracted from sputa of CF patients revealed that the ETA gene (toxA) was expressed in the lung of CF patients infected with P. aeruginosa 105.
Local controllability of generalized quantum mechanical systems

The concept of local controllability is investigated for non-relativistic quantum systems. Sufficient conditions will be sought such that the solution of the controlled Schrodinger equation can be guided, over a short time interval, to any chosen point in a suitably prescribed neighborhood of the solution in the absence of control. Evolution equations which are linear in the controls but nonlinear in the quantum state Ψ are considered. Our formulation and analysis will (for the most part) run parallel to those of Hermes.
The Emergency Management of Caustic Ingestions

In the emergency department, any patient who is suspected of having sustained a caustic ingestion must be handled in a serious manner. All patients should be initially stabilized with regard to airway and circulatory status. Initial questioning concerning the type and quantity of agent ingested will be most helpful. Signs and symptoms of shock, impending perforation, or airway distress take precedence over any further work-up. Patients who have a known history of ingestion require admission to the hospital. Complete physical examination should be carried out, bearing in mind that the lack of oropharyngeal involvement or other symptoms does not rule out the possibility of esophageal burns. One should avoid emesis and should begin early dilutional therapy. Water may be used initially to dislodge adherent solid particles, as well as to dilute the caustic ingestion. It is important not to be excessively aggressive with dilution, as this may cause nausea, vomiting, and possible aspiration. Early otolaryngologic evaluation will be most helpful. The role of early esophagoscopy has been demonstrated to aid greatly in determining the further management. This diagnostic procedure should be carried out within 48 hours after ingestion. Based on the information obtained with esophagoscopy, patients who have had moderate esophageal burns should receive 20 mg methylprednisone intravenously every eight hours if under the age of two and 40 mg intravenously every eight hours if over the age of two. When oral preparations can be used, 2 mg per kg of prednisone should be continued for three to four weeks. Antibiotic coverage should be reserved until the first sign of infection occurs.
Optimized simultaneous ASL and BOLD functional imaging of the whole brain.

Purpose To compare a double-excitation combined arterial-spin labeling/blood-oxygenation level dependent (ASL/BOLD) functional imaging method to a double-echo method. ASL provides a useful complement to standard BOLD functional imaging, to map effects of cerebral hemodynamics. Whole-brain imaging is necessary to properly characterize large functional networks. A challenge of whole-brain ASL/BOLD is that images for ASL functional contrast must be acquired before significant longitudinal relaxation of the inverted spins occurs; however, a longer echo time (TE) is required for optimal BOLD functional contrast, lengthening the acquisition time. Thus, existing combined ASL/BOLD studies have only partial-brain coverage. Materials and Methods The proposed method allows acquisition of images for ASL contrast within a short period after the ASL labeling pulse and postinversion delay, then subsequent acquisition of images with longer TE for BOLD contrast. The technique is demonstrated using a narrative comprehension task in 35 normal children, and the double-excitation method is empirically compared with the double-echo method in 7 normal adults. Results Compared with a double-echo sequence, simulations show the double-excitation method improves ASL contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) (∼50%) in later-acquired slices with minimal (<1%) reduction in BOLD CNR in earlier-acquired slices if reduced excitation flip angles for the ASL acquisitions are used. Empirical results from adult data are in agreement with the simulations. Group analyses from the narrative comprehension task also show greater intersubject sensitivity in BOLD versus ASL. Conclusion Our method simultaneously optimizes ASL and BOLD acquisitions for CNR while economizing acquisition time. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2014;39:1104–1117. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Sinonasal malignancies with neuroendocrine differentiation: patterns of failure according to histologic phenotype.

BACKGROUND Sinonasal neuroendocrine tumors are rare malignancies that are represented by a spectrum of histologies, including esthesioneuroblastoma (ENB), sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma (SNUC), neuroendocrine carcinoma (NEC), and small cell carcinoma (SmCC). The authors reviewed their institutional experience to determine whether sinonasal neuroendocrine tumors of different histologies have distinct clinical characteristics that warrant individualized treatment approaches. METHODS The authors treated 72 adults with pathologically proven, nonmetastatic, primary sinonasal neuroendocrine tumors from 1982 to 2002. There were 31 patients with ENB, 16 patients with SNUC, 18 patients with NEC, and 7 patients with SmCC. Patients with ENB usually were treated with local therapy alone (surgery and/or radiotherapy); only 3 of 31 patients (9.7%) received treatment (radiation) to regional lymphatics, and only 5 of 31 patients (16.1%) received chemotherapy. In contrast, patients with non-ENB histologies usually received chemotherapy (10 of 16 patients with SNUC, 12 of 18 patients with NEC, and 5 of 7 patients with SmCC), and nonsurgical locoregional therapy was used more frequently (6 of 16 patients with SNUC, 4 of 18 patients with NEC, and 5 of 7 patients with SmCC). RESULTS The median follow-up for surviving patients was 81.5 months (range, 6–266 months). The Kaplan–Meier estimate of overall survival at 5 years was 93.1% for patients with ENB, 62.5% for patients with SNUC, 64.2% for patients with NEC, and 28.6% for patients with SmCC (P = 0.0029; log-rank test). The local control rate at 5 years also was superior for patients who had ENB (96.2%) compared with patients who had SNUC (78.6%), NEC (72.6%), or SmCC (66.7%) (P = 0.04). The regional failure (RF) rate at 5 years was 8.7% for patients with ENB, 15.6% for patients with SNUC, 12.9% for patients with NEC, and 44.4% for patients with SmCC. Additional late events increased the RF rate for patients with ENB to 31.9% at 10 years. The distant metastasis rate at 5 years was 0.0% for patients with ENB, 25.4% for patients with SNUC, 14.1% for patients with NEC, and 75.0% for patients with SmCC. CONCLUSIONS This spectrum of malignancies with neuroendocrine features shares a common site of origin within the head and neck, but their natural histories appear to diverge into two main groups: ENB and non-ENB. Patients with ENB had excellent local and distant control rates with local therapy alone. Given the higher rates of systemic failure for patients with SNUC, NEC, and SmCC, the authors favor the use of combined-modality therapy for these patients. Cancer 2004. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
Temperature dependence of the hydrogen atom abstraction reactions of Cl/+/ and HCl/+/ with H2

Rate constants are reported for the reactions of Cl(+) and HCl(+) with H2 over the temperature range 150-400 K. The Cl(+) reaction has a positive temperature dependence that follows the Arrhenius form k1 = A exp(-169/T). The reaction of HCl(+) has a negative temperature dependence that follows the form k2 = AT to the -0.6 power. The implication of these results for interstellar chemistry is commented on. Schematic potential surfaces for the reactions are suggested.
Abstract 127: Genetic Ablation of Alternatively-spliced Extra Domain A of Fibronectin Protects Hypercholesterolemic Mice from Acute Stroke Injury

Background and Hypothesis: Fibronectin containing the alternatively-spliced extra domain A (EDA+-FN) is absent in the arteries or circulation of healthy humans and mice; but is specifically expressed in the endothelium of atherosclerotic arteries, and elevated in circulation during pathological settings, including stroke. We tested the hypothesis that deletion of EDA in FN protects hypercholesterolemic apolipoprotein E-deficient (ApoE-/-) mice from acute stroke injury. Methods: We generated EDAhi/hi/ApoE-/- mice (constitutively overexpress EDA+-FN in plasma) and EDA-/-/ApoE-/- mice (EDA-deleted allele of FN). ApoE-/-mice (express EDA+-FN in plasma (~3-5 μg/mL) similar to levels found in human pathological settings) were used as control. Susceptibility to thrombosis was assessed using FeCl3-induced carotid thrombosis model. Stroke outcome was evaluated in male mice following 60 min of ischemia/ 23 h of reperfusion injury by measuring infarct size, neurological deficit and markers of inflammation within the...
Noncirrhotic portal fibrosis after Wilms' tumor therapy

A 9-yr-old girl developed massive hemorrhage from esophageal varices 2 yr after combined modality therapy for Wilms' tumor. Evaluation showed a patent extrahepatic portal venous system and an elevated splenic pulp pressure. In contrast to previous reports of hepatopathy after irradiation injury, histologic sections of the liver did not demonstrate occlusion of the central veins, but rather a diffuse obliteration of intrahepatic portal venous radicles. This pattern of noncirrhotic portal fibrosis has not been described following antitumor therapy.
Dosing and Safety Implications for Oncologists When Administering Everolimus to Patients With Hormone Receptor-Positive Breast Cancer

Aberrations in the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin pathway are common abnormalities in breast cancer and are associated with the development of resistance to endocrine- and human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER)2-targeted therapies. Because of the significant improvement in progression-free survival for everolimus plus exemestane compared with exemestane plus placebo, everolimus, an mTOR inhibitor, was approved in the United States for the treatment of patients with hormone receptor-positive (HR+), HER-negative, advanced breast cancer whose disease had progressed while receiving letrozole or anastrozole. To provide optimal prevention and management strategies, it is crucial that clinicians are aware of the adverse events (AEs) associated with mTOR inhibition. Understanding the appropriate dose modifications will help reduce toxicity and improve drug tolerance, thus achieving the optimal benefit from everolimus. Analyses of data from the Breast Cancer Trials of Oral Everolimus 2 trial have shown that, despite a greater frequency of AEs in the everolimus plus exemestane treatment arm, the AEs were effectively managed with temporary dose reductions or interruptions. In some cases, the full dose of everolimus could be resumed. Despite a lower mean dose and duration of exposure in patients aged ≥ 70 versus < 70 years, everolimus plus exemestane was similarly efficacious, suggesting that appropriate dose reductions for toxicity will not adversely impact efficacy. Appropriate modification of the everolimus dose and dose delay according to the severity of AEs, with resumption of the optimal dose of everolimus when toxicity has improved, will positively affect patient outcomes in HR+ advanced breast cancer.
Self-monitoring of progress in weight-reduction: A preliminary report

This paper reports a weight-graphing technique which combines feedback with goal-setting and thus makes progress toward goal weight salient. The technique was used by 11 individuals who lost a mean of 9.6 lb in a mean of 39 days. These results are within the range of those obtained with more comprehensive treatments, suggesting that well-chosen feedback as to progress toward naturally-occurring rewards may be an effective change influence.
Effects of row and plant spacing and time of planting on seed yield of kenaf

Plants of kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.), grown in southern Florida in 1964, yielded significantly more seed when spaced 5 inches apart in 7-inch rows than when spaced farther apart, up to 15 × 28 inches. Plants grown from seed planted on August 10 yielded significantly more seed than those from seed planted later at 10-day intervals, from August 20 to September 29. A progressive decline in yield was associated with wider plant-and-row spacmgs and with later plantings.
The invisible minority : Preparing teachers to meet the needs of gay and lesbian youth

Multicultural education is the educational strategy in which the student's cultural background is viewed as positive and essential in developing class-room instruction and a desirable school enviro...
On the theory of sterilized foreign exchange intervention

Abstract Standard theory finds that, given uncovered interest parity, sterilized foreign exchange intervention should not affect equilibrium prices and quantities. This paper shows that when, as in the data, taxation is not sufficiently flexible in response to spending shocks, uncovered interest parity is replaced by a monotonically increasing relationship between the stock of domestic currency government debt and domestic interest rates. Sterilized intervention then becomes a second independent monetary policy instrument that affects portfolios, interest rates, exchange rates and consumption. It should be most effective in developing countries, where fiscal spending volatility is large and domestic currency government debt is small.
Domain wall dynamics in integrable and chaotic spin-1/2 chains

We study the time evolution of correlation functions, spin current, and local magnetization in an isolated spin-1$/$2 chain initially prepared in a sharp domain wall state. The results are compared with the level of spatial delocalization of the eigenstates of the system which is measured using the inverse participation ratio. Both integrable and nonintegrable regimes are considered. Nonintegrability is introduced to the integrable Hamiltonian with nearest-neighbor couplings by adding a single-site impurity field or by adding next-nearest-neighbor couplings. A monotonic correspondence between the enhancement of the level of delocalization, spin current, and magnetization dynamics occurs in the integrable domain. This correspondence is, however, lost for chaotic models with weak Ising interactions.
Evaluating dispatchability features in competitive bidding (in power systems)

Competitive bidding for electric generating capacity is beginning to emphasize dispatchability. The authors examine various aspects of the evaluation problem facing electric utilities. Recent private power contracts are used to illustrate the range and limits upon flexibility that are being offered. Only detailed production simulation models can capture the cost implications of the features being offered. The value of the dispatchability was found to increase with the variable cost of operation. The most important cost found was associated with projects offering only limited curtailment. Procedures for incorporating subtle dispatch effects in a broader evaluation framework are identified. >
Response to Jonathan Freedman

Jonathan Freedman's "Do American and Ethnic Studies Have a Jewish Problem; or, When Is an Ethnic Not an Ethnic, and What Should We Do about It?" highlights the degree to which Jewish American studies has fallen outside the purview of American studies and ethnic studies. The author attributes this marginalization in part to a disciplinary rigidity that dogmatically delineates "white" from "non-white." As Freedman avers, "It is one thing to think about Jewishness-as-whiteness in the context of the black-white binary that structures the historical constitution of the United States," but it is another "to think about Jewishness in the context of Asian American or Latino or even Native American identities and experiences." At stake in Freedman's polemic is another way of seeing Jewishness outside established racial scripts of whiteness and privilege. Such a recuperative proposal--which "re-members" the contested ethnoreligious registers of Jewish American selfhood--revises the role of such affiliations in the making of American studies, engages other ethnic studies fields of inquiry, and expands the purview of Jewish American studies by way of transnationalism, globalization, and diaspora. In so doing, Freedman charts an evocative course for a comparative American/ethnic studies, wherein identities are relationally contextualized, subjectivities are presently fluid, and notions of US citizenship shift. To be sure, the essay's title explicitly calls forth an intersectional framework. Freedman's so-named "Jewish Problem," which speaks to the current state of American studies and ethnic studies affairs, accesses a turn-of-the-twentieth-century anxiety about Anglo-Saxon whiteness and heteronormative selfhood that was matched by the "Immigrant Problem," the "Chinese Problem," the "Negro Problem," and the "Woman Question." Such dilemmas substantiate Freedman's call for the evaluation of "relations between Jewish and other forms of ethnic belonging" and bring to light connective national stories of anti-Semitism, nativism, racism, and sexism. This intersectional American studies/ethnic studies approach eschews essentialism in favor of complexity, privileges dialogues over monologues, and imaginatively restages the American experience by way of inter- and intra-ethnic movements. The invisibility afforded Jewish Americans--who, as Freedman maintains, are nonethnic ethnics--is most familiar to those in Asian American studies. Born out of late-1960s student strikes and a Civil Rights Movement concerned with self-determinism, human rights, and representational politics, Asian American studies suffers from an analogous "whiteness" crisis. In particular, Asian Americans (like their Jewish counterparts) are de facto "model minorities" who achieve "probationary whiteness" by way of hard work, perseverance, and traditional family values. …
Density-dependent biodiversity effects on physical habitat modification by freshwater bivalves

Several decades of research have shown that biodiversity affects ecosystem processes associated with resource capture and the production of biomass within trophic levels. Although there are good reasons to expect that biodiversity influences non-trophic ecosystem processes, such as the physical creation or modification of habitat, studies investigating the role of biodiversity on physical processes are scarce. Here we report the results of a study using artificial streams to test the influence of freshwater mussel biodiversity on gravel erosion during high flows while manipulating mussel abundance. Mussel species vary in traits that should influence their effects on erosion, such as size, shell morphology, and burrowing behavior. We found that mussel species richness was associated with an increase in erosion at both low and high densities. Planned contrasts showed that the erosion observed in species mixtures was purely additive at low density, indicating that erosion in a species polyculture could routinely be predicted by the performance of monocultures. However, at high density certain combinations of species showed nonadditive effects on erosion, suggesting that organism abundance can fundamentally alter biodiversity effects. Although this may have been a result of altered species interactions at high density, our study design cannot confirm this.
Institutional Contradiction in the Community College

Critical discourse analysis was employed to examine the narratives collected from 40 community college administrators who were asked to recount their experience in an event, activity, or decision that challenged their values. The analysis yielded three findings. First, contradictions emerged between the administrators' educational and professional values, on the one hand, and managerialism (pressure from above), on the other hand. Second, participants either acquiesced to managerialism or resisted through insubordination or advocacy. Third, the styles enacted by the administrators in the face of these contradictions included the alienated victim (who felt that his or her authority had been usurped), the survivor (who eventually recovered or at least feigned a positive attitude), or the institutional entrepreneur (who successfully aligned a policy or practice with his or her values). The latter successfully advocated for change, suggesting the need for future research on leadership strategies and organizational climates that foster institutional entrepreneurship.
How well is chronic pain managed? Who does it well?

Background. The variability in physician attitudes and goals for chronic pain relief and satisfaction with chronic pain management is unknown. Objectives. To provide quantitative data regarding the status of chronic pain management by Michigan physicians. To relate physician's goals for pain management to physician confidence, preferences, and satisfaction with their chronic pain care. Research Design. A prospective cohort study utilizing a survey with four chronic pain vignettes. Subjects. Three hundred and sixty-eight Michigan physicians who provide clinical care. Measures. Evaluate differences in chronic pain decision making based upon physician demographic characteristics, knowledge, and attitudes. Results. The respondents reported a high frequency of treating patients with chronic pain. However, many expressed generally low satisfaction and confidence in their treatment of chronic pain, as well as low goals for the relief of chronic pain. A large number of respondents selected the worst or a poor treatment option for the chronic pain vignettes. In particular, prescriptions of opioid analgesics were infrequent. Younger physicians and those with pain education were more likely to choose the best responses to the vignettes. Conclusion. Low pain relief goals and satisfaction with the management of chronic pain suggests the potential for its undertreatment. Our data highlight the variability in pain decision making and provide insight into the educational needs of physicians regarding chronic pain management.
Wireless body area networks: challenges, trends and emerging technologies

We provide a comprehensive review of the challenges and emerging technologies for WBANs: Wireless Body Area Networks. We describe leading applications and the tiers of the WBAN architectures, itemizing their major design areas. A succinct review of solutions, progress and possible future research in the areas of sensors, power and radio hardware components, the network stack, localization and mobility techniques, security and privacy, and of certification and standardization follows. We finally make the connection between WBANs and the fast growing research field of Cognitive Radios, which help establish efficient wireless transmissions in an increasingly crowded radio spectrum
Small molecules mediate bacterial farming by social amoebae

The origin of domestication persists as an important question at the nexus between biology, archaeology, and history (1). As intensive research continues apace on organisms whose domestication accompanied the emergence of modern human societies (2, 3), the study of agricultural evolution has expanded to include nonhuman organisms (bark beetles, termites, ants) whose natural history is interwoven with the dispersal, cultivation, and sustainable harvest of microbial symbionts (4). The most recent addition to the roster of nonhuman farmers is Dictyostelium discoideum , a social amoeba that preys upon soil bacteria (5, 6). The life cycle of D. discoideum makes it a favorable model system for the study of cooperation, altruism, and other aspects of social evolution (7⇓–9). When food is scarce, single-celled amoebae aggregate into a multicellular “slug,” which eventually forms a stalked fruiting body from which spores disperse to new habitats. Up to a third of all wild clones of D. discoideum are “farmer strains” that incorporate bacteria into fruiting bodies and establish new food crops during spore dispersal (5), using, as it were, a “take out” foraging strategy that confers advantages under conditions of food scarcity. However, only half of the bacterial cells ( Pseudomonas fluorescens ) carried by farmer strains of D. discoideum are eaten, begging a closer investigation of the bacterial crop to determine whether its domestication reflects hidden costs and benefits of its association with social amoebae. In PNAS, Stallforth et … [↵][1]1E-mail: rar229{at}cornell.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
9 BIRTH OF CALVES AFTER ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION WITH CRYOPRESERVED BOVINE EPIDIDYMAL SPERMATOZOA HARVESTED FROM POSTMORTEM BULLS

Recently, interest in the preservation of epididymal sperm as a potential source of valuable genes for genome resource banks has increased. The ability to recover and cryopreserve postmortem epididymal sperm will allow the use of valuable gametes from a breeding male that dies unexpectedly. The objective of this study was to produce pregnancies and live births from AI by using frozen–thawed bovine caudal epididymal sperm. Paired testes were obtained from mature, mixed-breed beef bulls (n = 3) from a local abattoir and transported to the laboratory (within 5 h postmortem) in a Styrofoam box at a temperature that ranged between 28 and 29°C. The mean ± SEM weights of the pair of testes and caudae epididymides were 345 ± 9g and 10 ± 2g, respectively. Epididymal sperm from each bull were harvested by multiple incisions from the caudae epididymides, pooled, and then rinsed with 4 mL of egg yolk Tris-glucose citric acid monohydrate extender (EYT-GC). Harvested sperm samples were placed in a refrigerator at 4°C for 4 h before the addition of cryoprotectant. Samples were diluted slowly over a period of 30 min 1:1 in EYT-GC extender containing 14% glycerol to obtain a final concentration of 7% glycerol. Sperm concentration was adjusted to 35 million/straw and loaded into previously cooled 0.5-mL plastic straws. Straws were placed 2 cm above liquid nitrogen (LN2) vapors for 10 min and then plunged into LN2. Sperm were stored for 1 year before thawing. Luteal-phase crossbred beef cows were synchronized with a single 25-mg injection (i.m.) of prostaglandin, and those displaying standing estrus (n = 6) were each inseminated with 1 straw by a single technician from 1 bull 12 to 18 h after the onset of standing estrus. Straws were thawed for AI in a 37°C water bath for 40 s. Three of the 6 cows inseminated (50%) were diagnosed as pregnant by transrectal ultrasonography at 45 days post-AI. All 3 pregnant cows (100%) delivered healthy singleton calves (2 males and 1 female, with an average birth weight of 37 ± 2.5 kg), resulting in a mean gestation length of 286 ± 1.9 days (range: 282–288 days). We can conclude that epididymal sperm can be extracted by 5 h postmortem from bull testes, frozen, and subsequently used for the production of live offspring from AI. Further research is needed to improve this technology to optimize the utilization of valuable bovine male gametes.
Improved Methods and Novel Techniques for Jet Electropolishing of TEM Foils

Experience has shown that the difficulties encountered in jet polishing of TEM foils can be minimized by the selection of equipment and an electrolyte appropriate for each material. The use of a jet polishing instrument for more than one type of specimen preparation after minor modification will be presented. Some insights on the relationship and manipulation of the parameters involved in achieving well polished TEM foils having appropriate surface quality, thin area, and perforation size will be included. Methods used to develop new electrolytes for specific purposes and the results of their use on both conventional and superconducting materials will be shown. A technique to calibrate equipment for more reproducible specimen hole size, use of new electrolytes on various materials, the salvage of unsatisfactory foils, and thinning of undersized specimens will be reviewed.
Microcomputer Assisted Instruction in Communication Disorders.

Microcomputer-assisted instruction in communicative disorders has great potential for supplementing and enhancing preservice and inservice education of speech and language pathologists and audiologists. This article discusses the different modes of CAI and different types of programs available for creating microcomputer-assisted courseware. Guidelines for assessing CAI courseware are provided and implications for future uses of this media are discussed.
Step-Induced Boundary-Layer Separation Phenomena

References 1 Li, T. Y. and Gross, J. F., "Transverse curvature effects in .axisymmetric hypersonic boundary layers," AIAA J. 2, 18681869(1964). 2 Mann, W. M., Jr., "Effective displacement thickness for boundary layers with surface mass transfer," AIAA J. 1, 11811182(1963). 3 Thyson, N. A. and Schurmann, E. E. H., "Blowing effects on pressure interaction associated with cones," AIAA J. 1, 21792180(1963). Fannelop, T. K, "Displacement thickness for boundary layers with surface mass transfer," AIAA J. 4, 1142-1144 (1966). 5 Lewis, C. H., Marchand, E. O., and Little, H. R., "Mass transfer and first-order boundary layer effects on sharp cone drag," AIAA Paper 66-33 (1966). 6 Burggraf, O. R., "The choice of boundary conditions in viscous interaction theory," AIAA J. 4, 1145-1146 (1966).
A Cultural Approach to Teaching Business German

ABSTRACT The concept of culture in the Business German course is not a new one. This article, however, outlines a successful course that structures business components around an overriding historical, cultural, and social content as opposed to attempting to integrate discrete cultural components into a traditional Business German course. This course has proven to appeal to and benefit business students, who face increased demands for a broader liberal arts background, as well as liberal arts students attempting to make their degree more marketable.
Restructuring the health system: experiences of advocates for gender equity in Bangladesh.

This paper illustrates how advocates for gender equity succeeded in influencing the restructuring of the health system in Bangladesh in the mid-1990s but failed to influence its implementation. Usi...