cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Induced Susceptibility Response in Soybean Promotes Avirulent Aphis glycines (Hemiptera: Aphididae) Populations on Resistant Soybean

Observations of virulent Aphis glycines Matsumura populations on resistant soybean in North America occurred prior to the commercial release of Rag genes. Laboratory assays confirmed the presence of four A. glycines biotypes in North America defined by their virulence to the Rag1 and Rag2 genes. Avirulent and virulent biotypes can co-occur and potentially interact on soybean, which may result in induced susceptibility. We conducted a series of experiments to determine if the survival of avirulent biotypes on susceptible and resistant soybean containing the Rag1 or Rag1 + Rag2 genes was affected by the presence of either avirulent or virulent conspecifics. Regardless of virulence to Rag genes, initial feeding by conspecifics increased the survival of subsequent A. glycines populations on both susceptible and resistant soybean. Avirulent populations increased at the same rate as virulent populations if the resistant plants were initially colonized with virulent aphids. These results are the first to demonstrate that virulent A. glycines increase the suitability of resistant soybean for avirulent conspecifics, thus explaining the lack of genetic differentiation observed in North America between A. glycines populations on resistant and susceptible soybean. These results suggest the occurrence of virulence toward Rag genes in North America may be overestimated. In addition this may alter the selection pressure for virulence genes to increase in a population. Therefore, insect resistance management models for A. glycines may need to incorporate induced susceptibility factors to determine the relative durability of resistance genes.
Influence of phase matching on the Cooper minimum in Ar high-order harmonic spectra

We systematically study the influence of phase matching on interference minima in high-harmonic spectra. We concentrate on structures in atoms due to interference of different angular-momentum channels during recombination. For this purpose, we use the Cooper minimum (CM) in argon at $~$47 eV as a marker in the harmonic spectrum. We measure two-dimensional harmonic spectra in argon as a function of wavelength and angular divergence. While we identify a clear CM in the spectrum when the target gas jet is placed after the laser focus, we find that the appearance of the CM varies with angular divergence and can even be completely washed out when the gas jet is placed closer to the focus. We also show that the argon CM appears at different wavelengths in harmonic and photoabsorption spectra measured under conditions independent of any wavelength calibration. We model the experiment with a simulation based on coupled solutions of the time-dependent Schr\"odinger equation and the Maxwell wave equation, thereby including both the single-atom response and macroscopic effects of propagation and phase matching. The single-atom calculations confirm that the ground state of argon can be represented by its field-free $p$ symmetry, despite the strong laser field used in high-harmonic generation. Because of this, the CM structure in the harmonic spectrum can be described as the interference of continuum $s$ and $d$ channels, whose relative phase jumps by $\ensuremath{\pi}$ at the CM energy, resulting in a minimum shifted from the photoionization result. We also show that the full calculations reproduce the dependence of the CM on the macroscopic conditions. We calculate simple phase-matching factors as a function of harmonic order and explain our experimental and theoretical observation in terms of the effect of phase matching on the shape of the harmonic spectrum. Our results emphasize that phase matching must be taken into account to fully understand spectral features related to harmonic spectroscopy. Furthermore, we show that in some cases phase matching can be actively used to enhance the visibility of interference minima in high-harmonic spectra.
Introduction to the Special Issue: Radiation Dose Optimization—Improving the Safety of CT

The advances in medical imaging technology that have occurred over the past 30 years have transformed medical care in the United States and around the world. These advances have led to more rapid and accurate diagnoses, resulting in improved patient outcomes, and have replaced invasive diagnostic procedures with simple, noninvasive cross-sectional imaging. However, with the increased access to advanced imaging tests, there has been a profound rise in their use and a reduced threshold for ordering them. The easy access and lowered threshold for obtaining imaging studies has resulted in overuse. Although concrete data on what fraction of advanced imaging procedures reflects overuse do not
Large oxidation dependence observed in terahertz dielectric response for cytochrome c.

Far infrared dielectric response is used to characterize the collective mode density of states for cytochrome c as a function of oxidation state and hydration using terahertz time domain spectroscopy. A strong absorbance and refractive index increase was observed with the oxidation. A simple phenomenological fitting using a continuous distribution of oscillators reproduces the frequency dependence of the complex dielectric response as well as demonstrates quantitative agreement with a uniform increase in either mode density or polarizability with oxidation in the $5--80\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ frequency range. Hydration dependence measurements find that a difference in the equilibrium water content for ferri and ferro cytochrome c is not sufficient to account for the large change in terahertz response. The large dielectric increase at terahertz frequencies with oxidation suggests either a significant global softening of the potential and/or a significant increase in polarizability with oxidation.
The ontogeny of immunoreactive β-endorphin and β-lipotropin in the rat testis

Abstract We have investigated the ontogeny of immunoreactive β-endorphin (i-βE) in the testes of rats from 5 to 150 days of age. i-βE was measured by RIA in acid extracts of decapsulated testes and characterized by gel filtration chromatography. Significant age-related differences in both the levels and type of i-βE were observed. Total levels of i-βE in the testes were very low and barely detectable from 5–20 days of age, but rose sharply in parallel with testes weights from 20–60 days of age; thereafter, no significant changes in i-βE were found through 150 days of age. Concentrations of i-βE, expressed in pmol/g testis, fell precipitously between days 5 and 10 and remained relatively constant from 10–150 days. Most of the i-βE at 5 and 15 days chromatographed like authentic β-endorphin. However, with the onset of puberty (30–35 days) and during sexual maturation, much of the total i-βE chromatographed like its' precursor β-lipotropin (βLPH). Hypophysectomy decreased the weight and total i-βE levels of the testes to the same extent without altering the concentrations of i-βE or the chromatographic pattern of i-βE. These results indicate that βE-like and βLPH-like peptides are present in the rat testis and that age-related changes in both the levels and type of i-βE correlate with various structural and functional aspects of testicular development.
Gauge freedom, anholonomy, and Hopf index of a three-dimensional unit vector field.

By identifying a continuous, three-dimensional classical unit vector field with the tangent to a space curve, we show that the associated global anholonomy is related to certain topological quantities, which depend on the dimensionality d of the field. In three dimensions (3D) there exists a conserved topological current. The three components of the corresponding vector potential are the torsions associated with three space curves. Also, there exist two types of global anholonomy: one of them always vanishes identically while the other takes the form of the Hopf term. This is a consequence of the existence of an inherent gauge freedom in the space-curve formalism, which plays no role in 1D and 2D, but becomes important in 3D. An application to classical spin systems is briefly discussed.
GTP and cytosol stimulate phosphoinositide hydrolysis in isolated platelet membranes

Abstract Hydrolysis of polyphosphoinositides by phospholipase C was examined in isolated membranes prepared from [ 32 P]labelled platelets. In the presence of GTPγS, thrombin increased the release of inositol triphosphate and inositol biphosphate approximately 500%. GTPγS alone stimulated release 2 fold. Maximal activation of thrombin-induced phosphoinositide hydrolysis was observed at 10 uM GTP. Although addition of calcium had no effect, 2 mM EGTA completely inhibited inositolphosphate release. Addition of high speed supernatant to [ 32 P]labelled membranes stimulated the release of inositolphosphates. This hydrolysis was further enhanced by the addition of GTP. These data demonstrate that the breakdown of polyphosphoinositides in isolated platelet membranes is dependent on GTP and stimulated by platelet cytosol.
Angioscopic fluorescence imaging system

The special considerations and constraints associated with the design of an angioscopic fluorescence imaging system are explored. These considerations include: choice of illumination, catheter design, detection system, data processing techniques, and display. A radiometric study that investigated tissue radiance, noise limitations, and resolution was undertaken and the results are reported. Other issues considered include fiber transmission, catheter diameter, and feature selection for multispectral imaging. A design based upon reasonable system requirements and currently available technology and equipment is presented. In addition, a multispectral data set was collected and analyzed using the Hotelling projector. The result is compared with a ` white-light' image and a total-fluorescence image. Angioscopic fluorescence imaging is found to be a feasible technique yielding a rich data set. This data set is found to possess great potential for achieving improved detection and characterization of atheromatous disease.
Electrostatic interactions between peptides and the molecular chaperone DnaK

The molecular chaperone DnaK prevents intracellular protein misfolding and aggregation by transiently binding with newly synthesized polypeptides and protein-folding intermediates. DnaK preferentially binds to peptides with basic residues (Arg/Lys) present on the outside of a hydrophobic core. The electrostatic contribution toward DnaK/peptide binding was determined by measuring the dissociation constant of DnaK complexes with two fluorescein-labeled peptides (f-NRLLLTG and f-NALLLTG) using fluorescence anisotropy. The measured dissociation constants, Kd, differ significantly at low ionic strength: at 20 mM phosphate buffer; Kd for DnaK and f-NRLLLTG is 0.2 μM while that for DnaK and f-NALLLTG is 1 μM. This difference, attributed to stronger Coulombic binding in the case of f-NRLLLTG, vanishes at high ionic strength due to electrostatic screening. For f-NRAAATG, no interaction with DnaK was apparent, showing that hydrophobic interactions are essential in chaperone/peptide binding. The ionic strength depe...
Testing theSU(3)L ×U(1) X model from muonium → antimuonium conversion

Dilepton gauge bosons (Y) in theSU(3)L×U(1) X model can generate muonium → antimuonium conversion. Since theSU(3)L×U(1) X model requiresMY 5.3·10−8. Thus, this model can be easily tested by improving the current upper limit on the muonium → antimuonium conversion probability by an order of magnitude.
Leading log approximation for parton showers

Abstract We correct and extend the leading log parton shower formalism, which is widely used to compute the predictions of QCD for high-energy experiments, by including the information carried by the polarization of the partons. For observables that do not depend on the spins of the final state particles, this introduces a correlation between the azimuthal angles that is not included in current calculations. It also allows one to compute parton showers for observables that do not depend on the final state spins.
Control of globin synthesis by hemin. Regulation by hemin of the formation and inactivation of a translational repressor of globin synthesis in rabbit reticulocyte lysates.

Abstract Considerable evidence indicates that the control of protein synthesis by hemin in rabbit reticulocytes and lysates is mediated by a translational repressor which inhibits polypeptide initiation. Hemin appears to prevent the formation of this inhibitor by binding directly to its precursor, the pro-inhibitor. Hemin also binds to other non-globin proteins in the lysate, and the level of hemin required to suppress the formation of the inhibitor decreases as the pro-inhibitor is purified. Globin or apomyoglobin can prevent or reverse the effect of hemin on the inhibitor, but human serum albumin can only partially prevent and cannot reverse this hemin action. Hemin inactivates the inhibitor by interacting directly with it rather than by blocking its action on the ribosomes. Finally, this report establishes that the hemin-sensitive inhibitory activity formed shortly after hemin deprivation and the hemin-resistant inhibitory activity formed after longer periods do have a precursor-product relationship. This strengthens the concept that repressor formation involves a sequence of conformational changes producing inhibitory activities which have different properties at different stages.
The Eyes Know Time: A Novel Paradigm to Reveal the Development of Temporal Memory

Temporal memory in 7-year-olds, 10-year-olds, and young adults (N = 78) was examined introducing a novel eye-movement paradigm. Participants learned object sequences and were tested under three conditions: temporal order, temporal context, and recognition. Age-related improvements in accuracy were found across conditions; accuracy in the temporal conditions was correlated with conventional time knowledge. Eye movements tracked the veridicality of temporal order memory in adults and 10-year-olds seconds before providing memory judgments, suggesting that these movements reflect implicit access to temporal information. Seven-year-olds overall did not show this eye-movement effect, but those who did were more accurate than those who did not. Results suggest that eye movements capture aspects of temporal memory development that precede overt decision processes-with implications for hippocampal development.
Religion and end of life treatment preferences among geriatric patients.

Aims. The purpose of this study was to determine if religious preference and religiosity influenced choosing end of life treatments in medically ill geriatric patients. Methods. The sample consisted of 374 males 60 years of age or older, hospitalized on the acute medical service at the Baltimore Veterans Affairs Medical Center. Choices for end of life treatment preferences were CPR, medical ventilation, tube feeding and IV fluids within six different illness scenarios. Patients indicated how often they attended religious services, how much strength and comfort they got from religion and how religious they would describe themselves. Analyses of variance were performed using as the dependent variables the summation scores across the six scenarios of a willingness to undergo each of the four life saving procedures. The religious preference, race and religiosity scores served as the independent variables. Results. Only tube feeding showed a significant (p<0.05) relationship, with Catholics less willing to undergo this procedure than other Christians. The same trend was found for the other life saving procedures, but was not statistically significant.
Advanced data acquisition and display techniques for laser velocimetry

The Basic Aerodynamics Research Tunnel (BART) has been equipped with state-of-the-art instrumentation for acquiring the data needed for code validation. This paper describes the three-component LDV and the workstation-based data-acquisition system (DAS) which has been developed for the BART. The DAS allows the use of automation and the quick integration of advanced instrumentation, while minimizing the software development time required between investigations. The paper also includes a description of a graphics software library developed to support the windowing environment of the DAS. The real-time displays generated using the graphics library help the researcher ensure the test is proceeding properly. The graphics library also supports the requirements of posttest data analysis. The use of the DAS and graphics libraries is illustrated by presenting examples of the real-time and postprocessing display graphics for LDV investigations.
Alveolar osteitis: a comprehensive review of concepts and controversies.

Alveolar osteitis, “dry socket”, remains amongst the most commonly encountered complications following extraction of teeth by general dentists and specialists. A great body of literature is devoted to alveolar osteitis addressing the etiology and pathophysiology of this condition. In addition numerous studies are available discussing methods and techniques to prevent this condition. To this date though great controversy still exists regarding the appropriate terminology used for this condition as well as the actual etiology, pathophysiology, and best methods of prevention and treatment. This article is a comprehensive critical review of the available literature addressing the concepts and controversies surrounding alveolar osteitis. We aim to assist the dental health care professional with patient preparation and management of this commonly encountered postoperative condition should be encountered.
The effect of stoichiometry on Markov chain models for chemical reaction kinetics

Abstract Complex chemical reactions, when modelled by Markov chains, present certain mathematical peculiarities arising from their stoichiometry. These anomalies are clarified in a generalized fashion and illustrated with the help of a relevant example.
Capillary Electrophoresis with Laser-Induced Fluorescence Detection for the Analysis of Free and Immune-Complexed Green Fluorescent Protein

Abstract Naturally fluorescing green fluorescent protein (GFP) was separated by capillary electrophoresis (CE) and detected by laser-induced fluorescence (LIF). Exploiting recombinant technology and the natural fluorescence of GFP presents the capability of preempting the need for fluorescent derivatization. Such an approach would circumvent the obstacles typically associated with covalently labeling and purifying analytes that undergo fluorescent labeling. The unique property of GFP to fluoresce naturally was combined with CE-LIF to compare GFP isoforms prepared recombinantly or in vitro with wild-type GFP isoforms isolated from native jellyfish Aequorea victoria. Second, GFP antisera were reacted with wild-type GFP and the formation of the GFP antigen–antibody complex was monitored. A simple borate buffer, pH 8.5, was ample for resolving the two isoforms of the naturally fluorescent GFP in less than 5 min. The separation of GFP from GFP–Ab was complete in less than 7 min with the individual components detectable at the picogram level. A number of factors influence CE separation and/or LIF detection including sample buffer pH and incorporation of the additive 1,4-diamino butane. Remarkably, conditions that severely impair fluorescence detection of free GFP do not diminish fluorescence detection of the GFP antigen–antibody complex in a similar manner. Thus, the antibody appears to preserve the natural fluorophore of GFP. These data lend credence to the utility of coupling naturally fluorescent GFP to the speed, automation, and reduced sample size benefits of CE-LIF analysis for efficient separation and detection of an immunoreaction. In principle, a fusion protein of antibody with GFP as the label in CE-based immunoassays offers an advantageous alternative to the fluor-labeling process usually required in LIF detection.
Kinetically-Defined Component Actions in Gene Repression

Gene repression by transcription factors, and glucocorticoid receptors (GR) in particular, is a critical, but poorly understood, physiological response. Among the many unresolved questions is the difference between GR regulated induction and repression, and whether transcription cofactor action is the same in both. Because activity classifications based on changes in gene product level are mechanistically uninformative, we present a theory for gene repression in which the mechanisms of factor action are defined kinetically and are consistent for both gene repression and induction. The theory is generally applicable and amenable to predictions if the dose-response curve for gene repression is non-cooperative with a unit Hill coefficient, which is observed for GR-regulated repression of AP1LUC reporter induction by phorbol myristate acetate. The theory predicts the mechanism of GR and cofactors, and where they act with respect to each other, based on how each cofactor alters the plots of various kinetic parameters vs. cofactor. We show that the kinetically-defined mechanism of action of each of four factors (reporter gene, p160 coactivator TIF2, and two pharmaceuticals [NU6027 and phenanthroline]) is the same in GR-regulated repression and induction. What differs is the position of GR action. This insight should simplify clinical efforts to differentially modulate factor actions in gene induction vs. gene repression.
Competence‐based team management

Examines training programs within several companies worldwide. Proposes that more than ever today companies should be working toward improving quality, owing to changes in market conditions. Presents a seven‐step process toward problem solving with the company. Concludes that, to maintain continuous improvement within an organization, it is important to recognize any weaknesses it may have and address them.
An accessible heavy neutral lepton

Abstract In the SU L (2) ⊗ SU R (2) ⊗ U B − L (1) model, an accessible heavy neutral lepton may exist owing to the mixing of generations. Based on a rough estimate, it is pointed out that the most hopeful experiments to observe this lepton are ν -production in an emulsion (because the track of a particle with lifetime 10 −11 −10 −13 s could be seen) and e-production.
Deformation and failure in nodular cast iron

Abstract Ductile failure in nodular cast iron is explored through uniaxial tension and notched tension experiments. Specimens obtained through tests interrupted at various stages of deformation and failure evolution were examined through quantitative microscopy to discern the mechanisms of failure and to quantitatively evaluate the local strain evolution. Fractographic observations were used to identify the onset and evolution of damage processes during the deformation and failure of nodular cast iron. These tests and observations reveal that void growth and coalescence occurred only within a narrow localized band, whose size is comparable with the size of the graphite nodules; no statistically significant changes in the porosity were observed outside this zone.
Dichlorobis[1,3-dimethyl-2(3H)-imidazoleselone]zinc(II): A Potential Zinc Selenide Synthon

Abstract The synthesis and characterization of a potential ZnSe synthon is reported. Dichlorobis[1,3-dimethyl-2(3H)-imidazoleselone] is prepared with 57% yield by direct combination of ZnCl2 and the ligand in boiling acetonitrile. X-ray crystallography shows a discrete molecular structure with a tetrahedral coordination sphere around the zinc. Thermogravimetric analysis from 50 to 600 °C indicates a 67.22% weight loss which results in a 10% higher residual mass than that expected for pure ZnSe. X-ray powder diffraction on the residue from a larger scale thermolytic decomposition experiment confirmed the presence of both hexagonal and cubic ZnSe.
Axonal oscillations in developing mammalian nerve axons

We study neuronal spike propagation in a developing myelinated axon in various stages of its development through detailed computational modeling. Recently, a form of bursting (axonal bursting), has been reported in axons in developing nerves in the absence of potassium channels. We present a computational study using a detailed model for a myelinated nerve in development to explore under what circumstances such an effect can be expected. It is shown that axonal oscillation may be caused by backfiring between the nodes of Ranvier or through backfiring from internodal sodium channels or by reducing the thickness of the myelin wrapping the axon between the nodes of Ranvier.
I palapala no ia aina—Documenting the Hawaiian Kingdom, A Colonial Venture?

Abstract Scholars have suggested that Western surveys and maps were tools used to aid colonizers in the dispossession of native people from their lands. While this was often the case, many surveys conducted and maps produced for the Kingdom of Hawai‘i during the nineteenth century were done by native Hawaiians, with native informants and based largely on traditional palena, or land boundaries. In the midst of considerable socio-political and cultural upheaval, the mapping of the lands of Hawai‘i during this period was largely due to the agency of the Ali‘i (chiefs) and other Hawaiian nationals. It is argued that these adaptations of Western techniques were intentional and strategic attempts to aid in the development of the Hawaiian State and secure national lands. In addition, the surveys conducted and maps produced during these years effectively preserved a considerable body of indigenous knowledge of place.
MicroRNA Pathways in Flies and Worms: Growth, Death, Fat, Stress, and Timing

Drosophila geneticists have uncovered roles for microRNAs in the coordination of cell proliferation and cell death during development, and in stress resistance and fat metabolism. In C. elegans, a homolog of the well-known fly developmental regulator hunchback acts downstream of the microRNAs lin-4 and let-7 in a pathway controlling developmental timing.
Collaborative Design in DARPA’s FANG I Challenge

The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) created the Fast, Adaptable, Next-Generation Ground Vehicle (FANG) program to design and develop a new heavy, amphibious infantry fighting vehicle (IFV). DARPA, through the FANG program, is undertaking a radically novel approach to the design and manufacture of complex defense systems, and is hosting a series of prize-based design competitions. These are called the FANG Challenges, and their products will be progressively more complex vehicle subsystems, culminating in the design of a full IFV. They leverage the META design tools and the VehicleFORGE collaboration environment to significantly change the design experience and widen the aperture for design innovation. The META tool suite is a set of free, open source tools for compositional design synthesis at multiple levels of abstraction, design trade space exploration, metrics assessment, and probabilistic verification of system correctness. VehicleFORGE is an open source development collaboration environment for the creation of large, complex systems by numerous unaffiliated designers with the goal of democratizing the design innovation process by engaging several orders of magnitude more talent than the current industry model. This work summarizes the results from the first FANG challenge through analysis of participants, team structures, and the designs created.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
On the feasible set for the squared Euclidean Weber problem and applications

Abstract In this paper we find the set of feasible solution points to the Weber location problem with squared Euclidean distances when the weights can be at any point in a given set of intervals. We prove that this set is a convex polygon. The result is then used to solve the minimax regret objective when individual scenarios can be any set of weights in a given set of intervals.
Recall of attitudinal and value belief statements in interpersonal judgment tasks

The theoretical distinctions between attitude and value statements were investigated, using two interpersonal-judgment situations. Recall of attitude and value beliefs and the effect of similarity of views on attraction were of interest. Predictions from Rokeach’ s belief centrality theory suggested the saliency of value beliefs over attitude beliefs in judgment settings. In Study I, 102 undergraduates were given booklets, attributed to a bogus stranger, which contained either attitude or value statements. The responses to the statements were manipulated to agree or disagree with the Ss’ opinion, using one of three levels of similarity (25%, 50%, or 75% agreement). Ss tended to have better recall of value topics (p <.10). Attitude statements, however, were rated as being more useful in making judgments about the bogus stranger (p <.05). There was a significant effect for level of similarity on the attraction measures (p <.005). In Study II, 114 Ss met an accomplice face to face and exchanged either attitude or value statements. This similarity of the accomplice and S was one of four levels (0%, 33%, 67%, or 100% agreement). Attitude statements were more useful (p <.05) than value beliefs, and recall data favored value statements (p <.05). There was a significant similarity effect (p <.05) for attraction measures.
Relationships between the sequence of α-synuclein and its membrane affinity, fibrillization propensity, and yeast toxicity

To investigate the alpha-synuclein protein and its role in Parkinson's disease, we screened a library of random point mutants both in vitro and in yeast to find variants in an unbiased way that could help us understand the sequence-phenotype relationship. We developed a rapid purification method that allowed us to screen 59 synuclein mutants in vitro and discovered two double-point mutants that fibrillized slowly relative to wild-type, A30P, and A53T alpha-synucleins. The yeast toxicity of all of these proteins was measured, and we found no correlation with fibrillization rate, suggesting that fibrillization is not necessary for synuclein-induced yeast toxicity. We found that beta-synuclein was of intermediate toxicity to yeast, and gamma-synuclein was non-toxic. Co-expression of Parkinson's disease-related genes DJ-1, parkin, Pink1, UCH-L1, or synphilin, with synuclein, did not affect synuclein toxicity. A second screen, of several thousand library clones in yeast, identified 25 non-toxic alpha-synuclein sequence variants. Most of these contained a mutation to either proline or glutamic acid that caused a defect in membrane binding. We hypothesize that yeast toxicity is caused by synuclein binding directly to membranes at levels sufficient to non-specifically disrupt homeostasis.
Mitochondrial specificity of the early steps in steroidogenesis

Studies in human beings, animals, and cell systems show that the rate-limiting step in steroidogenesis is the conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone. In the adrenals and gonads, this step is subject to both acute and chronic regulation. Chronic regulation is primarily, but not exclusively at the level of gene transcription, leading to the production of more steroidogenic machinery and thus increasing the cellular capacity for steroidogenesis. Chronic regulation can be inhibited by inhibiting protein synthesis with cycloheximide, but this response varies among various cell types and species. Although the P450scc enzyme system that converts cholesterol to pregnenolone is inherently very slow, the principal site of acute regulation is at the delivery of free cholesterol to mitochondria, rather than at the delivery of reducing equivalents to P450scc. Even when the Vmax of the P450scc system is increased 6-fold by genetic engineering, delivery of cholesterol to the enzyme remains rate-limiting. Targeting of a genetically engineered fusion of the P450scc system to either mitochondria or to the endoplasmic reticulum of non-steroidogenic cells demonstrates that the mitochondrial environment is absolutely required for the conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone, and that this absolute requirement is not based on either the nature of the available electron donors for P450scc or the availability of substrate. Various factors have been proposed as the essential mediator for the transport of cholesterol into mitochondria to initiate steroidogenesis. A recently identified protein termed Steroidogenic Acute Regulatory protein (StAR) has the necessary properties of enhancing steroidogenesis, rapid cAMP inducibility and rapid cycloheximide sensitivity that characterize the long-sought acute regulator of steroidogenesis. StAR is expressed in steroidogenic tissues exhibiting an acute response but not in steroidogenesis. StAR is expressed in steroidogenic tissues exhibiting an acute response but not in steroidogenic tissues (placenta, brain) that do not exhibit this response. Mutations in StAR are now shown to cause Congenital Lipoid Adrenal Hyperplasia, the last unsolved form of CAH. The actions of StAR can be circumvented by the use of hydroxycholesterols that can freely diffuse into mitochondria, proving that StAR functions as an acute regulator of cholesterol access to mitochondria.
Use of stable tracer studies to evaluate pesticide photolysis at elevated temperatures.

New methods were developed to determine photolysis rates of medium-weight pesticides in the gas phase using elevated air temperatures and solid-phase microextraction (SPME). A 57-L glass chamber was constructed that utilized collimated xenon arc irradiation that could heat chamber air to increase the amount of pesticide in the gas phase. Gas-phase photolysis rates were determined at various air temperatures by comparing the rate of loss of each of the tested pesticides to a photochemically stable tracer, hexachlorobenzene. Interval sampling of gas-phase constituents was performed using SPME immediately followed by GC-ECD or GC-MSD analysis. The two pesticides under examination were the dinitroaniline herbicide trifluralin and the organophosphorus insecticide chlorpyrifos. The gas-phase photolysis for trifluralin was found to be rapid with half-lives of 22-24 min corrected for sunlight. These results were comparable to photochemical lifetime estimates from other investigators under sunlight conditions. Elevating temperatures from 60 to 80 °C did not affect photolysis rates, and these rates could be extrapolated to environmental temperatures. From 60 to 80 °C, gas-phase chlorpyrifos photolysis lifetimes were observed to range from 1.4 to 2.2 h corrected for sunlight and will thus be important together with hydroxyl radical reactions for removing this substance from the atmosphere. At these elevated temperatures, pesticides and tracer compounds were found to be substantially in the gas phase, and possible effects on reaction rates from wall interactions were minimized.
Identification of deer in thermal images to avoid deer-vehicle crashes

Car accidents due to deer vehicle-crashes (DVCs) are constantly a major safety issue for the driving on rural roads in Europe and North America. Many attempts have been made to avoid these accidents, but few have been succeeded. One of the options is to use thermal images to identify the presence of deer, then to warn the drivers to slow down. In this research, we proposed using thermal images to determine whether deer are present or not. The histogram of orientated gradient (HOG) method and the support vector machine method (SVM) have been used to identify deer. In this algorithm, based on the calculation of the HOG on the thermal images of thousands of samples (deer thermal images), SVM method is firstly used to get the pattern of deer to generate deer description, called descriptor. Then the descriptor is used to compare with the HOG of the current image. The comparing result will tell the existence of deer in the current image. In order to improve accuracy, the second training, where the false positive images are used as training samples, has been performed. The lab and field test results have shown up to 85% accuracy. By achieving this goal, deer can be identified and warning signal to drivers can be issued. Thus the possibility of deer - vehicle crashes can be reduced.
Regeneration of plants from Fraxinus americana hypocotyls and cotyledons

A plant regeneration protocol was developed for white ash (Fraxinus americana L.). Hypocotyls and cotyledons excised from embryos were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 6-benzylaminopurine (BA) plus thidiazuron (TDZ), and compared for organogenic potential. Sixty-six percent of hypocotyl segments and 10.4% of cotyledon segments produced adventitious shoots, with a mean number of adventitious shoots per explant of 3.5 ± 0.9 and 2.5 ± 1.5, respectively. The best regeneration medium (52% shoot formation; 47% shoot elongation) for hypocotyls was MS basal medium containing 22.2 μM BA plus 0.5 μM TDZ, producing a mean of 3.9 ± 0.4 adventitious shoots. Adventitious shoots were established as proliferating shoot cultures following transfer to MS medium with Gamborg B5 vitamins supplemented with 10 μM BA plus 10 μM TDZ. For in vitro rooting, woody plant medium with indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) at 0, 2.9, 5.7, or 8.6 μM in combination with 4.9 μM indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) was tested for a 5- or 10-d dark culture period, followed by culture under a 16-h photoperiod. The best rooting (78% to 81%) of in vitro shoots was obtained with a 5 d dark culture treatment on medium containing 2.9 or 5.7 μM IAA plus 4.9 μM IBA, with an average of 2.6 ± 0.4 roots per shoot. Rooted plants were successfully acclimatized to the greenhouse. This adventitious shoot regeneration and rooting protocol will be used as the basis for experimental studies to produce transgenic white ash with resistance to the emerald ash borer.
Parametrized Family of 2-D Non-factorable FIR Lossless Systems and Gröbner Bases

The factorability of one-dimensional (1-D) FIR lossless transfer matrices [1] in terms of Givens rotations produces the parameters that can be used for an optimal design of filter banks with prespecified filtering characteristics. Two dimensional (2-D) FIR lossless systems behave quite differently, however. Venkataraman-Levy [2] and Basu-Choi-Chiang [3] have constructed 2-D FIR paraunitary matrices of McMillan degrees (2,2) that are not factorable. Because of the state-space realization used in the construction, they are floating-point approximations, and they do not produce explicit parametrizations that can be used for optimal design process. In this paper, we formulate the lossless condition and nonfactorability condition of a 2-D FIR paraunitary matrix using multivariate polynomials in the coefficients. The resulting polynomial system can be explicitly solved with Grobner bases. By studying the polynomial system, we obtain a continuous one parameter family of 2-D 2×2 non-factorable paraunitary matrices. As an example, we get a closed-form expression for a 2-D 2×2 paraunitary matrix that is not factorable into rotations and delays.
Evaluation and treatment of syncope in infants

Syncope in the infant and newborn occurs as a loss of consciousness due to a variety of etiologies. Because syncope at this age may be a harbinger of sudden infant death, the symptom provokes anxiety and challenges clinicians to identify those babies with an increased risk for life threatening events. Recently introduced diagnostic tests and advances in molecular biology offer promising potential, but the population at risk remains unknown. Controversy surrounds: many potential risk factors; the value of home monitoring; and appropriate preventive and therapeutic strategies. This article reviews the differential diagnosis of syncope in children less than 18 months of age, with particular attention to those diagnoses and problems specific to the evaluation and treatment in this age group. Recommendations are presented for an efficient evaluation, which must include a careful history, complete physical examination and thorough investigation of the family history and home environment. In addition, specific diagnostic tests and a practical approach to treatment are suggested.
NMR, Calorimetric, and Diffraction Study of Molecular Motion in Crystalline Carboranes

Molecular motion of two nearly icosahedral molecules, ortho‐ and meta‐carborane, in the solid state has been studied by x‐ray diffraction, calorimetric, and NMR techniques. At 25°C the powder diffraction patterns for both crystals are consistent with a fcc unit cell of dimension 9.86 A containing four molecules. For both isomers the corresponding molecular site symmetry is higher than the molecular symmetry, implying molecular orientational disorder at this temperature. That the orientational disorder is of a kinetic nature is confirmed by NMR measurements. The proton resonance line second moment at 25°C is 0.711 ± 0.051 G2 for o‐carborane and 0.82 ± 0.10 G2 for m‐carborane. This can be compared with a line second moment of 0.630 G2 calculated assuming rapid isotropic molecular reorientation and a line second moment of 34 G2 calculated for the rigid lattice. For both isomers the observed second moment is much smaller than calculated assuming rotation about the molecular twofold axis, implying rapid reorie...
Teaching Ethics in Hospitality & Tourism Education:

There are two dimensions to the concept of “teaching ethics.” One dimension involves imparting a body of knowledge relative to ethical analysis. The second dimension focuses on motivating students to act ethically. Consistent with current thinking on human moral development, case studies provide an excellent method of instruction. A second technique which requires further investigation involves the analysis of how one spends time in relation to one's values. Finally, the success of teaching ethics must be measured in accordance with the objectives developed for a particular course and, again, with what is currently understood about moral development.
Saturations of Submodules

Abstract Let N be a submodule of a module M over a commutative ring R such that M/N is finitely generated. It is shown that a submodule of M is a prime submodule minimal over N if and only if it is the saturation of N + pM for certain prime ideal p of R. The bearing of this result upon the M-radical of N is discussed.
Toward Systematic Services Innovation: Technical Workshop and Panel at IEEE CEC 2006

While services, in their many different guises, have permeated modern economies, there is no clear understanding on how to achieve systematic services innovation. In this combined workshop and panel, we have invited a diverse and distinguish list of speakers to give us their perspectives on innovation, on services, and how services innovation is best achieved and tackled. We plan to cover various perspectives on services innovation, ranging from business, to culture, to modeling services, to modern SOA-style software architecture, as well as education and training.
Electrostatic lower hybrid waves excited by electromagnetic whistler mode waves scattering from planar magnetic‐field‐aligned plasma density irregularities

This paper presents a theoretical model for electrostatic lower hybrid waves excited by electromagnetic whistler mode waves propagating in regions of the magnetosphere and the topside ionosphere, where small-scale magnetic-field-aligned plasma density irregularities are thought to exist. In this model, the electrostatic waves are excited by linear mode coupling as the incident electromagnetic whistler mode waves scatter from the magnetic-field-aligned plasma density irregularities. Results indicate that high-amplitude short-wavelength (5 to 100 m) quasi-electrostatic whistler mode waves can be excited when electromagnetic whistler mode waves scatter from small-scale planar magnetic-field-aligned plasma density irregularities in the topside ionosphere and magnetosphere.
Insight from Animal Models into the Cognitive Consequences of Adult Sleep-Disordered Breathing

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) affl icts tens of millions of Americans and hundreds of millions of people worldwide, and the possibility that the disease may cause permanent neural injury is therefore a signifi cant concern. Numerous comorbidities—including diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and obesity—are associated with the disease, and it is quite diffi cult, if not impossible, in clinical studies to determine whether they increase the propensity for neural injury or whether OSA alone causes such injury. It is nonetheless clear that the severity of hypoxemia in sleep apnea correlates with the severity of cognitive impairments, and animal models of OSA have been instrumental in elucidating the potential for this disease to elicit neurobehavioral impairment independent of comorbidities. At present, there is no animal model of severe OSA with which to explore mechanisms of neural injury. Because oxyhemoglobin saturation patterns correlate with neural injury, researchers have used rodent models of the oxygenation patterns of severe sleep apnea to study mechanisms of neural injury and cognitive impairment, and these models have provided tremendous insight into the molecular mechanisms by which sleep apnea oxygenation patterns injure neurons. Oxidative, infl ammatory, and organelle injury all contribute to neural dysfunction. Moreover, molecular targets of injury have now been identifi ed for many neuronal groups injured in sleep apnea. Researchers are poised to use this knowledge to develop pharmacotherapies that may prevent or partially reverse neural injury from sleep apnea.
Evaluation of a sorption equation for polymer–solvent systems

The predictive capabilities of a proposed sorption equation for describing the sorption behavior of glassy polymer–penetrant systems is evaluated. Factors determining the shapes of isotherms for glassy polymer–penetrant systems are considered. Data–theory comparisons are presented for three glassy polymer–penetrant systems. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Brain Abscess Caused by Phaeoacremonium parasiticum in an Immunocompromised Patient

Phaeoacremonium parasiticum is an environmental fungus usually associated with subcutaneous infections. We report the first documented case of central nervous system involvement with brain abscess formation in a patient with chronic granulomatous disease and review the literature on Phaeoacremonium parasiticum infections.