cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Orienting Effects of Substrates on Cholesteryl Esters

Abstract A given substrate favors a certain orientation of mesophase molecules at the substrate-mesophase interface. This favored orientation extends from the surface into the bulk of the mesophase, thus producing a certain thickness of uniform orientation. We selected five cholesteryl esters from the homologous series of aliphatic esters of cholesterol and studied the thicknesses of the uniformly oriented mesophases produced in fine glass capillaries. The inside walls of the capillaries were either bare glass or coated with thin films of various chemicals. The results show a wide variety in the thickness of uniform orientation depending upon the mesophase textures and the treatment of substrate surface.
Star diagram with automated refactorings for Eclipse

One of the powerful features of the Eclipse JDT plug-in is its refactoring feature. Yet, because many refactorings are global and architectural in nature, the textual presentation of refactorings presents challenges for designers. We have designed and implemented the visual Star Diagram automated refactoring plug-in to ease such refactorings. This paper motivates and introduces star-diagram-based refactorings, demonstrates that new tools can be implemented on top of existing JDT refactorings, and reflects on the challenges that the JDT refactoring API presents in supporting novel extensions. In this last category, we found it difficult to build on the refactoring API to introduce more general refactoring semantics and visualizations of refactoring opportunities.
Effects of investigator disturbance on hatching success and nest-site fidelity in a long-lived seabird, Leach's storm-petrel

Abstract Long-lived animals are expected to reduce reproductive effort when breeding conditions are unfavorable, therefore seabirds may be especially sensitive to investigator disturbance. In a non-threatened procellariiform, Leach's storm-petrel Oceanodroma leucorhoa, we examined whether the frequency and the time of day of investigator disturbance influenced hatching success, and if disturbance affected hatching success and nest-site fidelity in the subsequent breeding season. Birds used in this study had received little or no investigator disturbance during the prior decade. Hatching success was significantly influenced by the frequency, but not the time of day, of disturbance. Weekly and daily handling of parents reduced hatching success by 50 and 56% compared to the control group. Most failures (91%) were caused by egg desertion, and all the deserted eggs belonged to pairs in the weekly and daily groups. During the subsequent breeding season, the hatching success of disturbed pairs that continued to breed together returned to normal levels. However, 37% more disturbed pairs than control pairs deserted the nesting burrows they had used in the previous year. Since most changes in nest site also result in mate change, investigator disturbance may have had long-term negative effects on reproductive success as well. Our results demonstrate that both weekly and daily investigator disturbance during incubation greatly reduced the hatching success and subsequent nest-site fidelity of naive Leach's storm-petrels.
Low-Level Mesocyclonic Concentration by Nonaxisymmetric Transport. Part II: Vorticity Dynamics.

Abstract An idealized supercell simulation using the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS) produced an elongated low-level mesocyclone that subsequently collapsed into a concentrated vortex. Though vorticity continually increased in the mesocyclone due to horizontal convergence, the collapse phase was additionally characterized by rapidly decreasing pressure, closed streamlines, and the creation of a compact vorticity center isolated from the remaining vorticity. It was shown in Part I of this study that the concentration phase was not initiated by an increase in horizontal convergence, suggesting that the proximate cause resided elsewhere. In this study, the vortex concentration in Part I is examined from a vorticity dynamics perspective. It is shown that concentration occurs when inward radial velocity and vertical vorticity become more spatially correlated in the region surrounding the nascent vortex. It is also emphasized that the anisotropy of the horizontal convergence, which is nearly plane-c...
Identification and partial characterization of a proteinase specific for insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 in aqueous and vitreous humors

The IGFs (-I and -II) are normally found in serum and other extracellular fluids complexed to specific binding proteins (IGFBPs). While several IGFBPs have been identified in vitreous and aqueous humors, the major serum carrier of IGF, IGFBP-3, is notably absent from these fluids. To determine if this paucity could be due to an IGFBP-3 proteinase (IGFBP-3ase), samples of bovine vitreous or aqueous humor were mixed with serum and incubated at 37 degrees C for 4 h followed by western ligand blotting. In these experiments, a distinct loss of the 46 kDa band representing IGFBP-3 was observed while other bands present at 35, 28 and 25 kDa were unaltered. The IGFBP-3ase activity is temperature sensitive, has a pH optimum of about 8.0 and is inhibited by EDTA. Acid treatment of serum to remove endogenously bound IGF does not affect the specificity or activity of the IGFBP-3 proteinase. Size exclusion chromatography of bovine aqueous indicates an approximate molecular weight of 260 kDa. Incubation of recombinant IGFBP-3 or serum with partially-purified IGFBP-3ase results in the appearance of low molecular weight fragments of approximately 30 kDa. These fragments are undetectable by western ligand blotting but are readily visualized using an IGFBP-3 specific antibody. Comparison of normal and diabetic vitreous humor reveals the presence of an increased amount of IGFBP-3 proteolytic fragments in the diabetic as compared to control. These findings indicate the presence of a IGFBP-3 proteinase in aqueous and vitreous humors that may be important in regulating ocular homeostasis.
Developing Crisis Management Protocols in the Context of School Safety

Creating a safe and secure environment for students is the responsibility of school administrators, therefore, developing a comprehensive threat and emergency preparedness plan is an essential component of fulfilling that duty. This article examines the factors influencing the development and implementation of effective emergency planning and practices in a large school district. The results of a survey of a large Midwestern K–12 school district are discussed within the context of providing a safe school environment, and areas for future research are identified.
Characterization of dealuminated zeolites using 129Xe n.m.r. spectrometry and lowpressure argon adsorption

This work compares the use of 129Xe n.m.r. spectrometry and argon adsorption techniques for characterization of the micropore region of dealuminated Y and CSZ-1 zeolites. Low-pressure argon adsorption provides a measure of zeolite aperture sizes, whereas 129Xe n.m.r. spectrometry gives an indication of dimensions of internal void volumes. The two analytical techniques detect subtle differences in the pore structure of Y zeolites due to dealumination method and steam treatment severity. Both techniques predict the presence of two microcrystalline phases in CSZ-1 zeolite and the collapse of one of the phases following severe steaming. 129Xe n.m.r. spectrometry and argon adsorption techniques are useful for distinguishing small differences in pore structures of similar materials. The correlation between the two techniques suggests that both techniques are influenced by the energetics of the sorption process in addition to pore geometry.
External fixation of pediatric femur fractures: Indications and technique for successful results

Abstract External fixation of pediatric femur fractures has been successfully used by the authors for the past 10years. The method involves careful attention to technical detail in this select group of patients. Children between the ages of 6 and 10 years who are attending school with both parents working seem to benefit most from this procedure. A modular monolateral external fixation frame using four half-pins is preferred. The most proximal and distal pins are placed first for reduction of the fracture in rotation, length, and varus-valgus. The central two pins are added for reduction of flexion and extension. Manual reduction is accomplished on a radiolucent table using a C-arm.A short hospitalization allows for teaching the caregivers pin care techniques and encouraging the patient to be ambulatory.Monthly clinic visits are also helpful to treat the 1 in 10 patients with pin tract inflammation. Fixator removal is accomplished at 12 weeks under outpatient anesthesia to allow for knee manipulation and debridement of the pin tracts at 12 weeks.Overgrowth has been insignificant at an average of 6 to 8 mm, with a maximum of 10 mm in only one third of the patients. Potential complications of spica cast treatment, including compartment syndrome and skin necrosis, are avoided. The children are active with their peers, ambulatory, and attend school while both parents are able to work. Several important technical aspects of the procedure are described in the following article.
Chemical Equivalence of Phosphoenzyme Reaction States in the Catalytic Mechanism of the Red Beet (Beta vulgaris L.) Plasma Membrane ATPase

A comparison of two phosphoryl enzyme reaction states associated with the plasma membrane ATPase of red beet (Beta vulgaris L.) storage tissue was carried out to determine if their differences in reactivity toward ADP and K+ was related to a structural difference in the site of phosphorylation. Using a pulse labeling method it was possible to produce preparations where either the ADP-sensitive and -insensitive phosphoenzyme forms or the ADP-insensitive phosphoenzyme form alone were trapped as trichloroacetic acid denatured protein. Following complete digestion with Pronase, both preparations yielded radioactive tripeptides with similar properties with respect to pH stability of the covalent bond linking the phosphate to the peptide, isoelectric point, and migration on cellulose thin layer plates. Since the preparation containing both intermediate reaction states behaved in a uniform manner during analysis and displayed properties similar to the preparation containing only the ADP-insensitive phosphoenzyme form, it was proposed that both phosphoenzyme forms were chemically equivalent and derived from the same region of the catalytic active site. The observation that ethyleneimine treatment of both preparations followed by trypsin digestion resulted in the production of tripeptides similar to the Pronase fragments would support this proposal since it suggests that the tripeptides from both phosphoenyzme states contain a lysine residue on the C terminal end and are adjacent to a cysteine residue on the N-terminal end. The chemical equivalence of these two phosphoenzyme reaction states suggests that their differences in reactivity toward ligands may be related to conformational changes associated with the catalytic and transport mechanism of this enzyme.
Further examination of the wetting and adsorption behavior of hydrophobic resin particles

Abstract Detailed experimental results are presented on the wetting and adsorption behavior of the hydrophobic resin Amberlite XAD-4 in acetic acid-water and ethanol-water solutions of various concentrations. The extent of wetting of the resin was found to change with the concentration of the solution with which the resin is in contact. Depending upon whether the resin was completely wetted, completely unwetted or partially wetted, three types of isotherms were observed corresponding, respectively, to liquid-phase adsorption, vaporphase adsorption and a composite of the two limiting cases. Based on a thermodynamic analysis of the first two types of isotherms, the contact angle of a solution on the resin was estimated as a function of the solution concentration and was compared with available experimental data.
VARIATIONAL METHODS, SIZE EFFECTS AND EXTREMAL MICROGEOMETRIES FOR ELASTIC COMPOSITES WITH IMPERFECT INTERFACE

We introduce new bounds and variational principles for the effective elasticity of anisotropic two-phase composites with imperfect bonding conditions between phases. The monotonicity of the bounds in the geometric parameters is used to predict new size effect phenomena for monodisperse and polydisperse suspensions of spheres. For isotropic elastic spheres in a more compliant isotropic matrix we exhibit critical radii for which the stress state, external to the spheres, is unaffected by their presence. Physically all size effects presented here are due to the increase in surface to volume ratio, as the sizes of the inclusions decrease. The scale at which these effects occur is determined by the parameters and . These parameters measure the relative importance of interfacial compliance and phase compliance mismatch.
Nutrient content of clupeid forage fishes

Abstract Gizzard shad Dorosoma cepedianum, threadfin shad D. petenense, hybrid gizzard shad x threadfin shad, and alewives Alosa pseudoharengus were collected from Cherokee, Dale Hollow, and Old Hickory reservoirs, Tennessee, from January 1984 through December 1984. Samples were analyzed for proximate composition (moisture, ash, protein, and fat) and gross energy content. Overall ranges of nutrients for all collections were determined: Moisture, 69.7–84.9%; ash, 12.0–32.5%; protein, 45.4–79.1%; fat, 3.3–31.5%; and gross energy, 3.92–6.06 kcal˙g−1. Changes in protein, ash, and moisture percentages within an age-class of a species were primarily the result of changes in fat percentage. In general, fat content increased through summer, peaked during fall, and declined during winter. Seasonal variations in reproductive condition, as well as differences in age and sex, were causes of variations in body composition within a species. Proximate composition and gross energy content of the clupeids examined were si...
Evaluation of the Gen-Probe PACE II Assay for the direct detection of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in endocervical specimens

Abstract Evaluation of a non-isotopic DNA-rRNA hybridization assay [Probe Assay-Chemiluminescence Enhanced System (PACE II, Gen-Probe, San Diego, CA)] for the direct detection of Neisseria gonorrhoae from clinical specimens was compared with culture. Culture and probe tests were performed on 795 endocervical specimens. Results demonstrated that total positives by culture were 18 (2.3% of total); both culture and the DNA-rRNA assay agreed in all cases but four. The PACE II yielded four hybridization-positive results with negative companion cultures. The sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values for PACE II were 100%, 99.5%, and 82%, and 100%, respectively. The four discrepant results were resolved using a competitive nucleic acid hybridization assay with recalculated sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of 100, 99.7, and 91.6 and 100%, respectively. Overall, the DNA-rRNA assay offered a number of advantages over culture. The assay was more rapid, able to be performed directly on clinical specimens, and provided superior transport stability.
Robust Control of a Parallel- Kinematic Nanopositioner

This paper presents the design, model identification, and control of a parallel-kinematic XYZ nanopositioning stage for general nanomanipulation and nanomanufacturing applications. The stage has a low degree-of-freedom monolithic parallel-kinematic mechanism featuring single-axis flexure hinges. The stage is driven by piezoelectric actuators, and its displacement is detected by capacitance gauges. The control loop is closed at the end effector instead of at each joint, so as to avoid calibration difficulties and guarantee high positioning accuracy. This design has strongly coupled dynamics with each actuator input producing in multiaxis motions. The nanopositioner is modeled as a multiple input and multiple output (MIMO) system, where the control design forms an important constituent in view of the strongly coupled dynamics. The dynamics that model the MIMO plant is identified by frequency domain and time-domain identification methods. The control design based on modem robust control theory that gives a high bandwidth closed loop nanopositioning system, which is robust to physical model uncertainties arising from flexure-based mechanisms, is presented. The bandwidth, resolution, and repeatability are characterized experimentally, which demonstrate the effectiveness of the robust control approach.
Structure and Content of Gender Stereotypes: Effects of Somatic Appearance and Trait Information.

Two components of gender stereotypes were examined in order to determine their influence on judgments of gender-related characteristics. Male and female subjects were presented with photographs of female stimulus persons who differed in somatic appearance and were given information about traits. Subjects were asked to estimate the probability that the stimulus person possessed other gender-related traits and engaged in gender-related behaviors. Results provide support for a multiple-component construction of stereotypes, with physical appearance being the most potent component. An unfavorable image of low attractive women was also indicated.
Low energy biphasic waveform cardioversion of atrial arrhythmias in pediatric patients and young adults.

Background: Low-dose biphasic waveform cardioversion has been used for the termination of atrial arrhythmias in adult patients. The energy required for termination of atrial arrhythmias in pediatric patients is not known. The objective of this study is to determine the minimum energy required for successful external cardioversion of atrial arrhythmias in pediatric patients using biphasic waveform current. Methods: Prospective study of all patients less than 24 years of age with and without congenital heart disease undergoing synchronized cardioversion for atrial arrhythmias. Patients were assigned to receive an initial biphasic energy shock of 0.2–0.5 J/kg and if unsuccessful in terminating the arrhythmia, subsequent sequential shocks of 1 and 2 J/kg would be administered until cardioversion was achieved. The end point of the cardioversion protocol was successful cardioversion or delivery of three shocks. Results: Between June 2005 and June 2006, 16 patients underwent biphasic cardioversion for atrial flutter or fibrillation. The mean age was 14.7 ± 6.4 years (range: 2 weeks to 24 years). The mean weight was 51 ± 21 kg (range: 3.8–82 kg). Seven patients had normal cardiac anatomy, three had a single ventricle (Fontan), two had a Senning operation; the remaining four patients had varied forms of congenital heart disease. The median length of time that the patients were in tachycardia was 12 hours (range: 5 minutes to 2 months). Using either transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) or transesophageal echocardiography (TEE), no thrombi were identified in any patient. All patients were successfully cardioverted with biphasic waveform energy. The successful energy shock was 0.35 ± 0.19 J/kg (range: 0.2–0.9 J/kg). All but one patient were successfully cardioverted with less than 0.5 J/kg. The transthoracic impedance range was between 41 and 144 Ω; one patient had an impedance of 506 Ω (2-week-old infant with a weight of 3.8 kg). The mean current delivered was 5.4 ± 2.2 A (range: 1–11 A). Conclusion: Low-dose energy using biphasic waveform shocks can be used for successful termination of atrial arrhythmias in pediatric patients with and without congenital heart disease.
Cyclic Metalloporphyrin Trimers: (1)H NMR Identification of Trimeric Heterometallic (Iron(III), Gallium(III), Manganese(III)) 2-Hydroxy-5,10,15,20-tetraphenylporphyrins and X-ray Crystal Structure of the Iron(III) 2-Hydroxy-5,10,15,20-tetra-p-tolylporphyrin Trimer(1).

Oligomerization of a mixture of monomeric iron(III) 2-hydroxy-5,10,15,20-tetraphenylporphyrin, (2-OH-TPP)FeIIICl, manganese(III) 2-hydroxy-5,10,15,20-tetraphenylporphyrin, (2-OH-TPP)MnIIICl, and gallium(III) 2-hydroxy-5,10,15,20-tetraphenylporphyrin, (2-OH-TPP)GaIIICl, complexes affords the series of heterometallic cyclic trimeric species of the general formula {[(2-O-TPP)GaIII]n[(2-O-TPP)FeIII]3-n}, {[(2-O-TPP)GaIII]n[(2-O-TPP)MnIII]3-n}, and {[(2-O-TPP)FeIII]n[(2-O-TPP)MnIII]3-n} (n = 0−3). The 1H NMR spectroscopic and mass spectrometric investigations indicate that these compounds have a head-to-tail cyclic trimeric structure. In the 1H NMR spectra the interactions between paramagnetic, weakly coupled centers are reflected by marked variations of chemical shifts and line widths of pyrrole resonances. The characteristic upfield positions of the 3-H pyrrole resonances are diagnostic for the trimeric motifs. The structure of the prototypical molecule, [(2-O-TTP)FeIII]3, has been determined by X-ray crysta...
Magnesium Requirement of the Laying Hen

Abstract THE quantitative requirement for magnesium by laying hens has not been established. The National Research Council in 1966 listed the growing chicken's requirement as 500 mg. magnesium per kilogram of feed, but gave no estimate of the hen's requirement while Edwards et al. (1961) showed that the phosphorus level of the hen's diet had a marked influence on magnesium metabolism in laying hens. Their studies showed that high levels of phosphorus in the diet decreased 28Mg absorption from the small intestine and stimulated secretion of endogenous 28Mg from the hen's body into the gastrointestinal tract. Cox and Sell (1967) reported that magnesium deficiency in the laying hen caused a decrease in egg production, hypomagnesia, reduced feed intake and decreased egg size. High calcium levels in the diet appeared to hasten the development of magnesium deficiency. The studies reported in this paper were conducted to obtain information on the quantitative requirement . . .
Intermittency in the presence of noise: A renormalization group formulation

Abstract A renormalization group (RG) formulation of the transition to chaotic behavior via intermittency in one-dimesional maps is presented. The known scaling behavior of the length of the laminar regions in the presence of external noise is obtained from the leading relevant eigenvalues of the RG transformation. In addition, the complete spectrum of eigenvalues and corresponding eigenfunctions is found.
Characterization of the Focal Cooling Necessary to Suppress Spontaneous Epileptiform Activity

It has been established that focal cooling to suppress epileptiform activity has become a real and viable option. However, the specific thermal parameters necessary to suppress epileptiform activity have only begun to be quantitatively defined. In 2002 it was reported that a 41 year-old man with medically intractable epilepsy undertook surgery to remove his tumor and resect adjacent epileptogenic tissue. Electrocorticography was performed before resection. Cold saline was impinged on the resulting interictal spike foci resulting in transient, complete cessation of spiking. We present a transient post-operative heat transfer analysis of the cold saline impingement on the surface of brain. An approximate temporal and spatial temperature distribution of the perfused human brain response to surface cooling was developed. The realistic extent of cooling below the brain surface due to impinging saline was quantified. The sensitivity of cooling penetration depth to (a) saline exit velocity from the syringe, and (b) syringe inside diameter, was evaluated. A parametric study was performed to characterize the effects of brain metabolism and blood perfusion on surface cooling. The required thermal parameters necessary to suppress epileptiform activity through focal cooling are here quantitatively approximated, i.e. heat flux removal and maximum and realistic cooling penetration depths. The relatively shallow penetration depth suggests that the spreading depolarization associated with epileptiform activity may be abolished through focal cooling without affecting the deeper neurons responsible for motor activity.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Endobronchial Therapeutics in Lung Transplant Recipients: A Multi-Center Experience

s S185 estimates and Cox regression was used to examine post-Tx survival of CF patients by BMI cohort ( 18.5). Survival was compared between CF patients stratified by BMI to cohorts of IPF* or COPD* patients (*excluding: age> 60, ECMO, mechanically ventilated, or with pulmonary hypertension). Results: Compared to patients with CF and BMI> 18.5, survival was lower in patients with BMI< 17(HR for death [95%CI]:1.2[1.1-1.4], p= 0.007) and with BMI 17-18.5(HR[95%CI]:1.3[1.1-1.4], p< 0.001). Survival between patients with BMI< 17 and those with BMI 17-18.5 was not different (HR[95%CI]:1.0[0.8-1.1], p= 0.7). Survival of CF patients with BMI< 17 or BMI 17-18.5 was not different than that of the IPF* cohort (HR[95%CI]:1.0[0.8-1.1], p= 0.7) and (HR1.0[0.9-1.2], p= 0.9). Survival of CF patients with BMI < 17 or 17-18.5 was not different than that of the COPD* cohort (HR[95%CI]:1.0[0.9-1.1], p= 0.7) and (HR[95%CI]:1.0[0.9-1.2], p= 0.7). Survival at 1 and 5 years is listed in the Table. Conclusion: Although survival of underweight CF patients is statistically lower than normal weight CF patients, it is not inferior to other populations that are often transplanted. This study suggests that as a single risk factor, BMI< 17 in the CF population should not be treated as an absolute contraindication to lung transplantation. Table 1. Kaplan Meier Survival Estimates # at risk LAS++ (Median IQR) 1-year Survival (95% CI) 5-year Survival
Cumulative Effect of Annual Additions of Undecomposed Leaves and Compost on the Yield of Field-Grown Peppers

For three years, undecomposed leaves were applied on a sandy terrace soil (Windsor) and a loamy upland soil (Mt. Carmel) in spring or fall. Yields of peppers from these plots were compared to yields from plots amended with fully mature leaf compost and unamended controls. In general, the greatest pepper yields were from plots amended at both sites with leaf compost and the smallest yields were from plots amended with leaves in the fall. At both sites, higher yields were due to increased number of peppers/plant. The reduction in yields from plots amended with leaves in the fall appear unrelated to nitrogen immobilization as nitrogen concentrations were greater or similar to the unamended control plots. The possible role of phenol phytotoxicity from the fall applied leaves is discussed.
Acoustic emission testing the F-111

Abstract Significant portions of the F-111 aircraft were fabricated of D6AC steel, which is now known to have a fairly small critical crack size. To prove structural flight-worthiness the Air Force built a chamber at McClellan AFB, where all F-111 aircraft are periodically chilled to 40°C and stressed to 7.3g and3.0g. Recently the chamber was modernized, and Physical Acoustics Corporation was selected to supply an acoustic emission system to locate any sources of structural failure. The new F-111 Cold Proof Test Station Acoustic Emission Monitoring System has several innovative features, including a colour CRT which displays the exact location of AE events in real time on simultaneous overhead and side views of the F-111. The events are coloured green, yellow and red according to their severity, as calculated from their amplitude and energy. A monochromatic CRT is used concurrently with the colour CRT to display severity information on AE events which only arrive at one sensor. Alarms also audibly alert the operator to crucial events, using two tones to distinguish the degree of severity.
Roentgenographic identification of Starr-Edwards prostheses.

Since 1960, more than 100,000 Starr-Edwards prostheses have been inserted. In conjunction with a continuing program of bioengineering improvements which has alleviated many problems, certain complications have been associated with specific valve models. Thus, it is often useful to identify the valve model in the absence of a previous operative record. The various models of Starr-Edwards prostheses can be differentiated from plain chest roentgenograms. The identifying roentgenographic characteristics are described in this report.
SNAP-Ed Steps to Health Inspires Third Graders to Eat Smart and Move More

Early school-aged children are an excellent audience for health promotion activities because of their readiness to learn and their potential influence on thedietarypractices of their parents. North Carolina State University's Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program–Education (SNAP-Ed) Steps to Health (STH) Third-Grade Program seeks to educate and inspire limitedresource third-grade students and their families across North Carolina to eat smart and move more.
Refeeding syndrome in very-low-birth-weight intrauterine growth-restricted neonates

Determine the incidence of refeeding syndrome, defined by the presence of hypophosphatemia in very-low-birth-weight (VLBW) infants with intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) compared with those without IUGR. In this retrospective cohort study, VLBW infants admitted over a 10-year period (271 IUGR and 1982 non-IUGR) were evaluated for specific electrolyte abnormalities in the first postnatal week. IUGR infants were significantly more likely to have hypophosphatemia (41% vs 8.9%, relative risk (95% confidence interval: 7.25 (5.45, 9.65)) and severe hypophosphatemia (11.4% vs 1%, 12.06 (6.82, 21.33)) in the first postnatal week. The incidence of hypophosphatemia was significantly associated with the presence of maternal preeclampsia in all VLBW infants (odds ratio (OR): 2.58 (1.96, 3.40)) when controlling for birth weight and gestational age. Refeeding syndrome occurs in VLBW infants with IUGR and born to mothers with preeclampsia. Close monitoring of electrolytes, especially phosphorus, is warranted in this population.
A Review of Technology-Based Interventions to Teach Academic Skills to Students with Autism Spectrum Disorder

A comprehensive review of the literature was conducted for articles published between 1993 and 2012 to determine the degree to which technology-based interventions can be considered an evidence-based practice to teach academic skills to individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Criteria developed by Horner et al. (Except Child 71:165–178, 2005) and Gersten et al. (Except Child 71:149–164, 2005) were used to determine the quality of single-subject research studies and group experimental research studies respectively. A total of 25 studies met inclusion criteria. Of these studies, only three single-subject studies and no group studies met criteria for quality or acceptable studies. Taken together, the results suggest that practitioners should use caution when teaching academic skills to individuals with ASD using technology-based interventions. Limitations and directions for future research are discussed.
Two extensions of the anchor-range effect.

A stimulus from one category increased the rated similarity of two stimuli from another category. In addition, “different” responses, but not “same” responses, to same-category stimuli became slower when they occurred in blocks of trials with a stimulus from a second category. Another experiment employed figural stimuli in which two small disks and a large or very large (extreme) disk were simultaneously present. The extreme disk led to slower “different” and faster “same” responses to the two small disks. Slow “different” and fast “same” responses may indicate high perceived similarity. Consequently, both the second-category stimulus and the extreme disk, although logically irrelevant, may have increased the perceived similarity of more related stimuli. It is concluded that the second-category stimuli and the extreme disk functioned as conventional anchors. The results also call into question memorial and criterial variance theories and support category-superordinate and distance-density theories of the anchor-range effect.
MODIFIED POLYSTYRENES: EFFECTS OF PENDANT FUNCTIONAL GROUPS ON THERMAL STABILITY

Linear polystyrenes modified with pendant chloromethyl, sulfide, sulfoxide, sulfone and aldehyde functional groups have been prepared and their modes of thermal decomposition studied by thermal analysis in a flowing nitrogen atmosphere. Results are interpreted in terms of the effects of functional groups on polymer stability.
Change detection in coral reef communities using Ikonos satellite sensor imagery and historic aerial photographs

For decades, aerial photographs have been the only source of very high spatial resolution data for coral reef researchers. With the launch of the Ikonos satellite in 1999, imagery with a 4 m spatial resolution in multispectral mode can now be combined with historical aerial photographs for change detection. We demonstrate this potential by combining two aerial photographs (1981 and 1992) and an Ikonos image (2000) to detect change in the coral reef communities for Carysfort Reef, Florida, USA. The results show a loss of 'coral-dominated' bottom from 52% (1981) to 16% (1992) to finally 6% (2000), a trend similar to in situ observations.
Research Based on the Roy Adaptation Model: Last 25 Years

Two key events lead to the prominence of links among Roy's grand theory, derived middle-range theories and the design of research. The author in this column describes this work in two formats. Essential details of two areas of research are presented in episodic form-the first is work on secondary analysis of Roy model-based research over 40 years and the author's study of persons' cognitive recovery from mild head injury. The second is a project on re-conceptualizing coping and adaptation processing in sequential detail within the context of work in the field and the significance of on-going work for nursing practice.
Urothelial Carcinogenesis: A Tale of Two Cells

Bladder cancer, which includes several histological subtypes, is the sixth most common cancer in the United States. The most common of these subtypes is urothelial carcinoma, which includes carcinoma in situ (CIS), muscle invasive tumors, and papillary lesions and constitutes 90% of the bladder cancer cases in the United States. The remaining 10% include squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and adenocarcinomas. Up until now, the identity of the progenitor cells that give rise to these different types of bladder cancer remained controversial. Normal urothelium consists of three subpopulations of cells: the basal K5 layer, an intermediate layer, and a superficial layer, which have different patterns of expression of uroplakin (UPK) and keratin 5 (KRT5). A recent study by Van Batavia and colleagues used an innovative approach to investigate the contribution of each of these cell lineages to the development of different bladder cancer types. The investigators used a site-specific Cre-lox recombination mouse model to label different urothelial cell sub-populations. The intermediate and superficial cells were labeled with the UPK transgene fused to the tamoxifen-inducible Cre recombinase ( CreERT2 ) gene, and the K5-expressing basal layer was labeled by using a similar strategy with KRT5. The researchers bred these animals with different reporter mice, which had either wild-type or heterozygous Trp 53 background. Trp53 was selected because of its recognized role in bladder cancer tumorigenesis. The mice were then treated with BBN, a chemical carcinogen known to induce urothelial carcinoma in rodents. The investigators found that in BBN-treated animals heterozygous for Trp 53, K5-basal cells gave rise to CIS and muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma, whereas the same cell layer gave rise to SCC in mice with wild-type Trp 53. The intermediate cell layer and its daughters tended to contribute to papillary carcinomas. This study sheds light on the lineages of different histopathological types of bladder cancer and shows that the malignant fate of the cells is determined both by the cell of origin and by Trp53 status. This finding opens the door to a better understanding of bladder cancers and ultimately to more rational designs for therapeutic approaches to each type. J. Van Batavia et al ., Bladder cancers arise from distinct urothelial sub-populations. Nat. Cell Biol . 10.1038/ncb3038 (2014). [[Abstract]][1] [1]: http://www.nature.com/ncb/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/ncb3038.html
Slip rate on the San Diego trough fault zone, inner California Borderland, and the 1986 Oceanside earthquake swarm revisited

The San Diego trough fault zone (SDTFZ) is part of a 90-km-wide zone of faults within the inner California Borderland that accommodates motion between the Pacific and North American plates. Along with most faults offshore southern California, the slip rate and paleoseismic history of the SDTFZ are unknown. We pre- sent new seismic reflection data that show that the fault zone steps across a 5-km-wide stepover to continue for an additional 60 km north of its previously mapped extent. The 1986 Oceanside earthquake swarm is located within the 20-km-long restraining stepover. Farther north, at the latitude of Santa Catalina Island, the SDTFZ bends 20° to the west and may be linked via a complex zone of folds with the San Pedro basin fault zone (SPBFZ). In a cooperative program between the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute (MBARI), we measure and date the coseismic offset of a submarine channel that intersects the fault zone near the SDTFZ-SPBFZ junction. We estimate a horizontal slip rate of about 1:5 0:3 mm=yr over the past 12,270 yr.
Topical oxygen as an adjunct to wound healing: a clinical case series

Background: Disrupted vasculature and high energy-demand to support processing and regeneration of wounded tissue are typical characteristics of a wound site. Oxygen delivery is a critical element for the healing of wounds. Clinical experience with adjunctive hyperbaric oxygen therapy in the treatment of chronic wounds have shown that wound hyperoxia increases wound granulation tissue formation and accelerates wound contraction and secondary closure. Nevertheless, the physiologic basis for this modality remains largely unknown. Also, systemic hyperbaric oxygen therapy is associated with risks related to oxygen toxicity. Topical oxygen therapy represents a less explored modality in wound care. The advantages of topical oxygen therapy include low cost, lack of systemic oxygen toxicity, and the ability to receive treatment at home, making the benefits of oxygen therapy available to a much larger population of patients. Materials and methods: Over 9 months, seven surgeons treated 58 wounds in 32 patients with topical oxygen with follow-up ranging from 1 to 8 months. The data presented herein is a retrospective analysis of the results we have achieved using topical oxygen on complex wounds. Results: Thirty-eight wounds in 15 patients healed while on topical oxygen. An additional five wounds in five patients had preoperative oxygen therapy; all wounds initially healed postoperatively. In two patients, wounds recurred post-healing. In ten wounds, topical oxygen had no effect; and two of those patients went on to require limb amputation. There were no complications attributable to topical oxygen. Three patients died during therapy and one died in the first postoperative month from underlying medical problems. Two patients were lost to follow-up. Conclusions: In this case series, topical oxygen had no detrimental effects on wounds and showed beneficial indications in promoting wound healing. # 2002 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
Crawling on the Heart: A Mobile Robotic Device for Minimally Invasive Cardiac Interventions

This paper describes the development and preliminary testing of a robotic device to facilitate minimally invasive beating-heart intrapericardial interventions. We propose the concept of a subxiphoid-inserted mobile robot (HeartLander) with the ability to adhere to the epicardium, navigate to any location, and administer therapy under physician control. As compared to current laparoscopic cardiac surgical techniques, this approach obviates cardiac stabilization and eliminates access limitations. Additionally, it does not require lung deflation and differential lung ventilation, and thus could open the way to outpatient cardiac therapies. The current HeartLander prototype uses suction to maintain prehension of the epicardium and wire actuation to perform locomotion. A fiber optic videoscope displays visual feedback to the physician, who controls the device through a joystick interface. A working channel provides access for the insertion of various therapeutic tools. This prototype has demonstrated successful prehension and walking during open-chest beating-heart porcine trials.
Effective Parental Coping Following the Death of a Child from Cancer

One of the consistent suggestions given in the literature for helping the child with cancer deal with the anxieties relative to the illness is to have the family and physician respond as openly and honestly as possible to the child’s questions, at the child’s level of development and readiness (Adams, 1980; Futterman & Hoffman, 1973; Kagen-Goodheart, 1977; Kellerman, 1980; O’Malley & Koocher, 1980; Schulman & Kupst, 1980; Slavin, 1980; Sourkes, 1977; Spinetta, 1977, 1978; Spinetta & Deasy-Spinetta, 1980). With openness and honesty regarding the diagnosis and prognosis a more common policy in our present treatment of children with cancer, concern has shifted from the issue of telling or not telling, to the issue of maintaining an open pattern of communication at a level that is both consistent and supportive.
Recent advances in Krylov subspace spectral methods

This paper reviews the main properties, and most recent developments, of Krylov subspace spectral (KSS) methods for time-dependent variable-coefficient PDE. These methods us e techniques developed by Golub and Meurant for approximating elements of functions of matrices by Gaussian quadrature in the spectral domain in order to achieve high-order accuracy in time and stability characteristic of implicit time-steppi ng schemes, even though KSS methods themselves are explicit. In fact, for certain problems, 1-node KSS methods are unconditionally stable. Furthermore, these methods are equivalent to high-order operator splittings, thus offering another per spective for further analysis and enhancement. Copyright line will be provided by the publisher
Marked Perinatal Lethality and Cellular Signaling Deficits in Mice Null for the Two Sphingosine 1-Phosphate (S1P) Receptors, S1P2/LPB2/EDG-5 and S1P3/LPB3/EDG-3

Five cognate G protein-coupled receptors (S1P(1-5)) have been shown to mediate various cellular effects of sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P). Here we report the generation of mice null for S1P(2) and for both S1P(2) and S1P(3). S1P(2)-null mice were viable and fertile and developed normally. The litter sizes from S1P(2)S1P(3) double-null crosses were remarkably reduced compared with controls, and double-null pups often did not survive through infancy, although double-null survivors lacked any obvious phenotype. Mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) were examined for the effects of receptor deletions on S1P signaling pathways. Wild-type MEFs were responsive to S1P in activation of Rho and phospholipase C (PLC), intracellular calcium mobilization, and inhibition of forskolin-activated adenylyl cyclase. S1P(2)-null MEFs showed a significant decrease in Rho activation, but no effect on PLC activation, calcium mobilization, or adenylyl cyclase inhibition. Double-null MEFs displayed a complete loss of Rho activation and a significant decrease in PLC activation and calcium mobilization, with no effect on adenylyl cyclase inhibition. These data extend our previous findings on S1P(3)-null mice and indicate preferential coupling of the S1P(2) and S1P(3) receptors to Rho and PLC/Ca(2+) pathways, respectively. Although either receptor subtype supports embryonic development, deletion of both produces marked perinatal lethality, demonstrating an essential role for combined S1P signaling by these receptors.
Effects of Social Approval Votes on Search Performance

In this paper we develop a Social Information Retrieval model that incorporates different types of social approval votes for documents in a collection. The approvals reflect a level of endorsement by the community related to the collection and can be interpreted as trust, relevance, recommendation, and similar. They can come from perceived authorities, such as recognized experts and professional associations, or from aggregated opinions of a wider community, representing popular approval. We conducted preliminary experiments to incorporate social approval votes into search over 42,000 books by training neural networks. Using a set of 250 search topics with partial relevance judgments from non-expert users, we observe that the votes reflecting a broad appeal are most effective. We hypothesize that such sources of approval are more compatible with the general nature of the relevance judgments used in the experiments.
Competition, economic rationalization, increased surveillance, and attacks on diversity: Neo-liberalism and the transformation of teacher education in the U.S.

Abstract This paper discusses recent developments in U.S. teacher education that are tied to the global neo-liberal project. The focus is on how changes experienced throughout the world have played out in the U.S. Three areas are addressed in particular: the commodification of teacher education, hyperrationality and increased accountability, and attacks on multicultural education. The paper closes with a look at the future for teacher education in the U.S.
Recovering Stochastic Processes from Option Prices

How do stock prices evolve over time? The standard assumption of geometric Brownian motion, questionable as it has been right along, is even more doubtful in light of the recent stock market crash and the subsequent prices of U.S. index options. With the development of rich and deep markets in these options, it is now possible to use options prices to make inferences about the risk-neutral stochastic process governing the underlying index. We compare the ability of models including Black–Scholes, naive volatility smile predictions of traders, constant elasticity of variance, displaced diffusion, jump diffusion, stochastic volatility, and implied binomial trees to explain otherwise identical observed option prices that differ by strike prices, times-to-expiration, or times. The latter amounts to examining predictions of future implied volatilities. Certain naive predictive models used by traders seem to perform best, although some academic models are not far behind. We find that the better-performing models all incorporate the negative correlation between index level and volatility. Further improvements to the models seem to require predicting the future at-the-money implied volatility. However, an “efficient markets result” makes these forecasts difficult, and improvements to the option-pricing models might then be limited.
Ophthalmic adaptive optics by digital holography

We are developing adaptive optics systems for aberration corrections in retinal imaging based on digital holography. Compared to existing technologies of adaptive optics, our systems do not have hardware components such as lenslet arrays or deformable mirrors. Instead, wavefront sensing and correction are done by acquisition and numerical manipulation of optical phase by digital holography, thereby substantially reducing hardware complexity and introducing novel imaging capabilities. Experimental results are presented to demonstrate capabilities of this novel imaging system.
Flat Connection, Conformal Field Theory and Quantum Group

Recently many people1 are discussing general framework of rational conformai field theories (RCFT). There, one of the important concept is a connection matrix of conformai blocks. Once connection matrices are given for the conformai blocks, which are made from chiral vertex operators of a given chiral algebra by sandwitch-ing them with SL 2 invariant vacuum, then we can construct the physical correlation functions invariant under monodromy transformations and determine operator product expansion coefficients in principle.