cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Distinguishing between organic and inorganic phosphorus in hydroxyapatite by elemental analysis.

Abstract A method is developed to determine the amount of organic and inorganic phosphorus in an inorganic polymer (hydroxyapatite (HAP)) modified with an organic phosphorus-containing complexant. The simplicity and precision of the vanadate method have made it useful for measuring the total phosphorus content in phosphorus-containing organic polymers that are first digested in concentrated sulfuric acid. However, it can be important to quantify the organic and inorganic phosphorus capacities in modified (hybrid) polymers and this method does not distinguish between the two. In the current report, HAP was modified with 1-hydroxyethane-1,1-diphosphonic acid (HEDP) and a method developed to give the respective phosphorus capacities. HAP was contacted with HEDP for 17 h, 28 h, 56 h, 84 h, 112 h, and 140 h. By combining results from the sulfuric acid digestion of the modified polymer with those from a separate digestion in HCl, it was determined that there was a monotonic increase in the organic phosphorus capacity from 0.04 to 2.44 mmol/g, and a decrease in the inorganic phosphorus capacity from 4.68 to 2.54 mmol/g.
Silencing is Not-So Golden: A New Model for Inheritance of Lynch Syndrome

Heritable somatic methylation and inactivation of MSH2 in families with Lynch syndrome due to deletion of the 3′ exons of TACSTD1 Ligtenberg et al. (2009) Nature Genetics 41: 112–117
Angiogenin depresses aortic smooth muscle cell cAMP by a pertussis toxin sensitive mechanism.

Summary Angiogenin transiently depresses the cAMP level of rat aortic smooth muscle cells. The dose response is similar to angiogenin activation of the inositol-specific phospholipase C in this cell line [ Moore, F. & Riordan, J.F. (1989) Biochemistry Submitted]. The time course showed a maximal depression (28%) in cAMP at 2 min, followed by a return to that of unstimulated cells by 3.5 min. Angiogenin also inhibited isoproterenol stimulated cAMP formation, but the percentage depression in cAMP (9%) was less than that in cells treated with angiogenin alone (28%). In contrast angiogenin enhanced forskolin stimulation of adenylate cyclase, an effect previously linked with agonist activation of protein kinase C. The effect of angiogenin on cellular cAMP was abolished by pre-incubation with pertussis toxin. Angiogenin had no effect on cellular cGMP. These results are consistent with activation of adenylate cyclase G i following exposure of the cells to angiogenin and provide further evidence for interaction between cellular signalling pathways.
Generalized Abelian sandpile model

Abstract A sufficient condition for which the particle addition operations commute in the eventual phase space of a class of sandpile models with either integral or real local heights are obtained. In case the local heights take on real numbers, the volume of the eventual phase space is found to be ⩽|detΔ| under the usual Lebesgue measure, which extends the earlier result by Dhar for the integral case. The geometrical aspect of the results, including the effect on the avalanche size distribution, are also discussed.
Arpaio Doesn’t Control Anything: A Summer with El Hormiguero in Phoenix, Arizona

Drawing from observations and interview data, this essay examines the role of “hormiguero agency” in nurturing empowered identities amongst Latin@s in Phoenix, Arizona. Specific links are made to how dehumanizing state level policies are resisted in multiple spaces, including schools, activist organizations, and within underground business networks.
Occupational latex exposure: characteristics of contact and systemic reactions in 47 workers.

Abstract Background: Recent reports have noted an apparent increase in the prevalence of natural rubber latex (NRL) allergy among workers with occupational latex exposure (OLE). The risk factors for and the natural history of NRL allergy in this population are not well delineated, and the utility and comparability of immunoassays as confirmatory testing are unclear. Methods: Serum samples and medical histories were obtained from 47 symptomatic workers with OLE, from nine other individuals with a history consistent with NRL allergy, and from 10 atopic asymptomatic NRL-exposed control subjects. Sera were coded and analyzed in a blinded manner for latex-specific IgE, using a variety of antigen sources, including ammoniated and nonammoniated raw latex preparations and three finished glove preparations. Results: Risk factors for the latex allergy in workers with OLE appear to include a history of atopy or preexisting dermatitis involving the hands. In this population, NRL allergy is commonly preceded by latex glove–associated contact dermatitis. Serologic testing confirmed the suspected diagnosis in 62% of workers (15 of 24) with systemic symptoms but was only positive in 27% of workers (4 of 15) with symptoms limited to contact urticaria. Conclusions: The appearance of a latex glove–associated contact rash may precede the development of NRL allergy, particularly in atopic persons. Workers at risk should be advised to use alternate types and brands of latex gloves or to switch to nonlatex gloves entirely. (J A LLERGY C LIN I MMUNOL 1994;94:12-8.)
A comparison of flame ionization and ozone chemiluminescence for the determination of atmospheric hydrocarbons

Abstract A reactive hydrocarbon analyzer has been constructed on the basis of chemiluminescence reaction with ozone. This detector is designed to operate at varying temperatures which take advantage of the different rates of reaction of the hydrocarbon classes with ozone to yield a measure of their atmospheric reactivity. When operated at high temperatures (170°C), all hydrocarbons will give a chemiluminescence signal. Reported here is a direct comparison of the ozone chemiluminescent detector (operated at a temperature of 170°C) with a flame ionization detector. This comparison was accomplished by connecting a capillary gas chromatograph to each of the two detectors by means of a switching valve. Twenty-seven compounds representing alkanes, alkenes, aromatics, and oxygenated hydrocarbons (aldehydes, ketones, alcohols, and ethers) were studied. For the compounds studied, analytical sensitivities were 10–1000 times better for the chemiluminescence detector. The results of this comparison indicate that the response of the chemiluminescent detector at 170°C correlates with a total carbon detector (flame ionization detection) and that total response is a measure of total carbon in the sample. The chemiluminescent system will be very useful for gas chromatographic detection of atmospheric hydrocarbons, particularly of oxygenates in complex mixtures.
Flow-cytometric isolation of human antibodies from a nonimmune Saccharomyces cerevisiae surface display library

A nonimmune library of 10(9) human antibody scFv fragments has been cloned and expressed on the surface of yeast, and nanomolar-affinity scFvs routinely obtained by magnetic bead screening and flow-cytometric sorting. The yeast library can be amplified 10(10)-fold without measurable loss of clonal diversity, allowing its effectively indefinite expansion. The expression, stability, and antigen-binding properties of >50 isolated scFv clones were assessed directly on the yeast cell surface by immunofluorescent labeling and flow cytometry, obviating separate subcloning, expression, and purification steps and thereby expediting the isolation of novel affinity reagents. The ability to use multiplex library screening demonstrates the usefulness of this approach for high-throughput antibody isolation for proteomics applications.
Receptor-interacting protein (RIP) and Sirtuin-3 (SIRT3) are on opposite sides of anoikis and tumorigenesis.

BACKGROUND: Regulating cross-talk between anoikis and survival signaling pathways is crucial to regulating tissue processes and mitigating diseases like cancer. Previously, the authors demonstrated that anoikis activates a signaling pathway involving the CD95/ Fas-mediated signaling pathway that is regulated by receptor-interacting protein (RIP), a kinase that shuttles between Fas-mediated cell death and integrin/focal adhesion kinase (FAK)-mediated survival pathways. Because it is known that sirtuin-3 (SIRT3), a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-dependent deacetylase, regulates cell survival, metabolism, and tumorigenesis, the authors hypothesized that SIRT3 may engage in cross-talk with Fas/RIP/integrin/FAK survival-death pathways in cancer cell systems. METHODS: Using immunohistochemical staining, immunoblotting, human tissue microarrays, and overexpression and suppression approaches in vitro and in vivo, the roles of RIP and SIRT3 were examined in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) anoikis resistance and tumorigenesis. RESULTS: RIP and SIRT3 had opposite expression profiles in OSCC cells and tissues. Stable suppression of RIP enhanced SIRT3 levels, whereas stable suppression of SIRT3 did not impact RIP levels in OSCC cells. The authors observed that, as OSCC cells became anoikis-resistant, they formed multicellular aggregates or oraspheres in suspension conditions, and their expression of SIRT3 increased as their RIP expression decreased. Also, anoikis-resistant OSCC cells with higher SIRT3 and low RIP expression induced an increased tumor burden and incidence in mice, unlike their adherent OSCC cell counterparts. Furthermore, stable suppression of SIRT3 inhibited anoikis resistance and reduced tumor incidence. CONCLUSIONS: The current results indicted that RIP is a likely upstream, negative regulator of SIRT3 in anoikis resistance, and an anoikis-resistant orasphere phenotype defined by higher SIRT3 and low RIP expression contributes to a more aggressive phenotype in OSCC development. Cancer 2012;118:5800-10. V C 2012 American Cancer Society.
Double pulse laser ablation and plasma: Laser induced breakdown spectroscopy signal enhancement

A review of recent results of the studies of double laser pulse plasma and ablation for laser induced breakdown spectroscopy applications is presented. The double pulse laser induced breakdown spectroscopy configuration was suggested with the aim of overcoming the sensitivity shortcomings of the conventional single pulse laser induced breakdown spectroscopy technique. Several configurations have been suggested for the realization of the double pulse laser induced breakdown spectroscopy technique: collinear, orthogonal pre-spark, orthogonal pre-heating and dual pulse crossed beam modes. In addition, combinations of laser pulses with different wavelengths, different energies and durations were studied, thus providing flexibility in the choice of wavelength, pulse width, energy and pulse sequence. The double pulse laser induced breakdown spectroscopy approach provides a significant enhancement in the intensity of laser induced breakdown spectroscopy emission lines up to two orders of magnitude greater than a conventional single pulse laser induced breakdown spectroscopy. The double pulse technique leads to a better coupling of the laser beam with the plasma plume and target material, thus providing a more temporally effective energy delivery to the plasma and target. The experimental results demonstrate that the maximum effect is obtained at some optimum separation delay time between pulses. The optimum value of the interpulse delay depends on several factors, such as the target material, the energy level of excited states responsible for the emission, and the type of enhancement process considered. Depending on the specified parameter, the enhancement effects were observed on different time scales ranging from the picosecond time level (e.g., ion yield, ablation mass) up to the hundred microsecond level (e.g., increased emission intensity for laser induced breakdown spectroscopy of submerged metal target in water). Several suggestions have been proposed to explain the mechanism of double pulse enhancement.
How does the added new online channel impact the supporting advertising expenditure

Abstract This research addresses the strategic effect of a newly added online channel on a manufacturer’s supportive advertising expenditure once a manufacturer opts to open an online channel to compete with its retailer. We first study the manufacturer–traditional retailer supply chain and consider three different scenarios: (1) product is less compatible with the online channel than with the traditional channel; (2) product is more compatible with the online channel than with the traditional channel; (3) product has the same compatibility with the online channel as with the traditional channel. Our results show that the added online channel significantly impacts the manufacturer’s investment in supportive advertising. Depending on the different product categories, the impact of the newly added online channel on the supportive advertising expenditure also will be different. Furthermore, we extend our model to study the manufacturer–online retailer supply chain and investigate the effect of that added online channel on the manufacturer’s supportive advertising to the online retailer. Based on our results, the manufacturer can utilize our findings to improve its decision-making when it plans to open an online channel to improve its product distribution.
The effects of smoking on exercise performance.

Tobacco use, especially cigarette smoking, re­ mains a prominent health issue among both teen­ agers and adults. In a 1994 US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention report)l] an estimated 37.5 million Americans were considered 'daily smokers'. Among high school seniors, daily cigarette smok­ ing prevalence was 19%. Similar findings were reported in a recent survey of II 248 US high school students;!2] 20% of adolescents were considered 'regular' smokers, who smoked 5 to 15 days or more in a 30-day period. In addition to being a public health problem, cigarette smoking has been noted to affect exercise performance.f3-5 ) Research has primarily focused on 2 compounds in cigarette smoke: carbon mon­ oxide (CO) and nicotine.!6) Both have been well documented with respect to their influence on per­ formance.[7-IO) However, other chemical compounds in cigarette smoke may also playa role. This article presents research concerning the effects of ciga­ rette smoke on exercise performance. The physio­ logical effects of CO and nicotine are also in­ cluded.
Prediction of AD with MRI-based hippocampal volume in mild cognitive impairment

Objective: To test the hypothesis that MRI-based measurements of hippocampal volume are related to the risk of future conversion to Alzheimer’s disease (AD) in older patients with a mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Background: Patients who develop AD pass through a transitional state, which can be characterized as MCI. In some patients, however, MCI is a more benign condition, which may not progress to AD or may do so slowly.Patients:— Eighty consecutive patients who met criteria for the diagnosis of MCI were recruited from the Mayo Clinic Alzheimer’s Disease Center/Alzheimer’s Disease Patient Registry. Methods: At entry into the study, each patient received an MRI examination of the head, from which the volumes of both hippocampi were measured. Patients were followed longitudinally with approximately annual clinical/cognitive assessments. The primary endpoint was the crossover of individual MCI patients to the clinical diagnosis of AD during longitudinal clinical follow-up. Results: During the period of longitudinal observation, which averaged 32.6 months, 27 of the 80 MCI patients became demented. Hippocampal atrophy at baseline was associated with crossover from MCI to AD (relative risk [RR], 0.69, p = 0.015). When hippocampal volume was entered into bivariate models—using age, postmenopausal estrogen replacement, standard neuropsychological tests, apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype, history of ischemic heart disease, and hypertension—the RRs were not substantially different from that found univariately, and the associations between hippocampal volume and crossover remained significant. Conclusion: In older patients with MCI, hippocampal atrophy determined by premorbid MRI-based volume measurements is predictive of subsequent conversion to AD.
Ramsey's Theorem in the Hierarchy of Choice Principles

Ramsey's theorem [5] asserts that every infinite set X has the following partition property (RP): For every partition of the set [X]2 of two-element subsets of X into two pieces, there is an infinite subset Y of X such that [Y]2 is included in one of the pieces. Ramsey explicitly indicated that his proof of this theorem used the axiom of choice. Kleinberg [3] showed that every proof of Ramsey's theorem must use the axiom of choice, although rather weak forms of this axiom suffice. J. Dawson has raised the question of the position of Ramsey's theorem in the hierarchy of weak axioms of choice.In this paper, we prove or refute the provability of each of the possible implications between Ramsey's theorem and the weak axioms of choice mentioned in Appendix A.3 of Jech's book [2]. Our results, along with some known facts which we include for completeness, may be summarized as follows (the notation being as in [2]):A. The following principles do not (even jointly) imply Ramsey's theorem, nor does Ramsey's theorem imply any of them:the Boolean prime ideal theorem,the selection principle,the order extension principle,the ordering principle,choice from wellordered sets (ACW),choice from finite sets,choice from pairs (C2).B. Each of the following principles implies Ramsey's theorem, but none of them follows from Ramsey's theorem:the axiom of choice,wellordered choice (∀kACk),dependent choice of any infinite length k (DCk),countable choice (ACN0),nonexistence of infinite Dedekind-finite sets (WN0).
Beauzée, Behaghel, and J. R. Ross on Heavy-NP Shift

SUMMARYJ. R. Ross' rule of Complex (or Heavy) NP Shift acquires a further dimension by tracing its background, first through the stylistic-grammatical tradition harking back to Etienne-Simon de Gamaches (1672-1756) and Nicolas Beauzee (1717-89), and then through the linguistic hypotheses of Henri Weil (1818-1909) and Otto Behaghel (1854-1936). Transformational linguists have not yet tackled the challenging problems raised by this universal rule as it becomes complicated by interference from intonation and sentence accent (bearing on the ordering of atonic particles).RESUMELa regle du 'Complex (ou Heavy) NP Shift' de J. R. Ross acquiert de nouvelles dimensions a travers l'examen de son origine, d'abord a la lumiere de la tradition grammatico-stylistique qui remonte a Etienne-Simon de Gamaches (1672-1756) et Nicolas Beauzee (1717-89) et ensuite en tenant compte des hypotheses linguistiques de Henri Weil (1818-1909) et Otto Behaghel (1854-1936). Les transformationnalistes ne se sont pas encore attaques aux difficiles problemes que souleve cette regle universelle dont la complexite est accrue par des phenomenes supra-segmentaux particuliers.
Time course of degeneration of short and long postganglionic sympathetic nerve fibres and effect of pentobarbitone and colchicine on degeneration.

Abstract 1 The time-course of degeneration of sympathetic nerves was investigated by measurement of the endogenous noradrenaline content of the rat vas deferens, submandibular gland and spleen following sympathectomy. 2 Extirpation of the hypogastric plexus, superior cervical ganglion and coeliac plexus under pentobarbitone anaesthesia caused 50% depletion of the noradrenaline content of the vas deferens, submandibular gland and spleen in approximately 16, 19 and 21 h, respectively. 3 Under pentobarbitone anaesthesia, proximal sympathectomy (i.e., close to the end organ) produced depletion of the noradrenaline content of the submandibular gland 8 h earlier than that caused by distal sympathectomy. Under ether anaesthesia, the time difference in obtaining the same degree of depletion after the two procedures of sympathectomy was only 2 hours. 4 Removal of the superior cervical ganglion under ether anaesthesia resulted in almost complete depletion of noradrenaline content of the submandibular gland in 17 h, whereas when a similar operation was performed under pentobarbitone anaesthesia, nearly 24 h were required for the same degree of depletion. Similarly, the noradrenaline content of the spleen was depleted 4 h earlier if the coeliac plexus was ablated under ether as compared to pentobarbitone anaesthesia. 5 Local application of colchicine (10 mg/ml, 30 min) to postganglionic sympathetic nerve axons had no effect on the noradrenaline content of the submandibular gland up to 24 hours. However, removal of the superior ganglion following colchicine application considerably slowed the depletion of the noradrenaline content of the submandibular gland (at 17 and 20 h after ganglionectomy, 10 and 20% depletion, respectively, in the experimental gland, as compared to 70 and 80%, respectively, in the control gland). 6 To explain the results, it is proposed that injury to the sympathetic nerves at the site of sectioning triggers a signal (messenger substance) which travels down to the nerve endings to produce degeneration. Thus, the length of the extrinsic nerve fibre influences the time course of degeneration by changing the rate of transport of the messenger substance, whereas pentobarbitone and colchicine alter the synthesis and/or transport of the messenger substance to modify the time-course of degeneration.
Surgery in patients with portal hypertension: a preoperative checklist and strategies for attenuating risk.

Patients with liver disease and portal hypertension are at increased risk of complications from surgery. Recent advances have allowed better optimization of patients with cirrhosis before surgery and a reduction in postoperative complications. Despite this progress, the estimation of surgical risk in a patient with cirrhosis is challenging. The MELD score has shown promise in predicting postoperative mortality compared with the Child-Turcotte-Pugh score. This article addresses current concepts in the perioperative evaluation of patients with liver disease and portal tension, including a preoperative liver assessment (POLA) checklist that may be useful towards mitigating perioperative complications.
Robust controller interpolation via convex optimization

Arbitrarily fast switching or blending among controllers often leads to reduced performance and possible instability. This paper introduces a controller interpolation framework for optimizing the dynamic transition among controllers with respect to the H ∞ norm. Based on the framework, necessary and sufficient conditions are developed in terms of linear matrix inequalities (LMIs). In addition, the framework is also amenable to optimizing the controller interpolation for other control design objectives expressible via LMIs.
Compute-and-forward: A novel strategy for cooperative networks

In recent work, we have shown that in a Gaussian network, nodes can often recover linear combinations of transmitted codewords much more efficiently than the codewords themselves. These nodes, after decoding their linear equations, simply send them towards the destination, which given enough equations, can recover the desired messages. This compute-and-forward strategy relies on a lattice-based coding framework. In this note, we show that by employing appropriately nested lattice codes, nodes can reliably recover linear combinations of the messages symbols themselves. This considerably simplifies the description of our scheme. We also consider superposition and successive cancellation within the compute-and-forward framework.
Development of hepatopulmonary syndrome and portopulmonary hypertension in a paediatric liver transplant patient.

: Background: Hepatopulmonary syndrome (HPS) and portopulmonary hypertension (PPH) are pulmonary vascular disorders which occur in patients with severe liver disease and/or portal hypertension. Although these syndromes are frequently diagnosed in patients undergoing assessment for liver transplantation, they seldom occur in the same patient. Method: This report describes a female paediatric patient, born with extra-hepatic biliary atresia, who required liver transplantation, at the age of 15, for secondary biliary cirrhosis. She had severe HPS prior to her first liver transplant, which resolved rapidly following surgery, as well as indirect evidence for PPH. She required a second liver transplant 1 yr later for chronic rejection. Whilst evaluating the patient for a third liver transplant, 4 yr later, severe PPH was discovered. The patient died 3 months later from right heart failure. Conclusion: HPS and PPH may coexist however they may show differing responses to liver transplantation with progression of PPH despite the resolution of HPS.
Registry Data Trends of Total Ankle Replacement Use

Joint arthroplasty registry data are meaningful when evaluating the outcomes of total joint replacement, because they provide unbiased objective information regarding survivorship and incidence of use. Critical evaluation of the registry data information will benefit the surgeon, patient, and industry. However, the implementation and acceptance of registry data for total ankle replacement has lagged behind that of hip and knee implant arthroplasty. Currently, several countries have national joint arthroplasty registries, with only some procuring information for total ankle replacement. We performed an electronic search to identify publications and worldwide registry databanks with pertinent information specific to total ankle replacement to determine the type of prostheses used and usage trends over time. We identified worldwide registry data from 33 countries, with details pertinent to total ankle replacement identified in only 6 countries. The obtained information was arbitrarily stratified into 3 distinct periods: 2000 to 2006, 2007 to 2010, and 2011. Within these study periods, the data from 13 total ankle replacement systems involving 3,980 ankles were identified. The vast majority (97%) of the reported ankle replacements were 3-component, mobile-bearing, uncemented prostheses. Three usage trends were identified: initial robust embracement followed by abrupt disuse, minimal use, and initial embracement followed by sustained growth in implantation. Before the widespread acceptance of new total ankle replacements, the United States should scrutinize and learn from the international registry data and develop its own national joint registry that would include total ankle replacement. Caution against the adoption of newly released prostheses, especially those without readily available revision components, is recommended.
Hand function with touch screen technology in children with normal hand formation, congenital differences, and neuromuscular disease.

Purpose To measure and compare hand function for children with normal hand development, congenital hand differences (CHD), and neuromuscular disease (NMD) using a function test with touch screen technology designed as an iPhone application. Methods We measured touch screen hand function in 201 children including 113 with normal hand formation, 43 with CHD, and 45 with NMD. The touch screen test was developed on the iOS platform using an Apple iPhone 4. We measured 4 tasks: touching dots on a 3 × 4 grid, dragging shapes, use of the touch screen camera, and typing a line of text. The test takes 60 to 120 seconds and includes a pretest to familiarize the subject with the format. Each task is timed independently and the overall time is recorded. Results Children with normal hand development took less time to complete all 4 subtests with increasing age. When comparing children with normal hand development with those with CHD or NMD, in children aged less than 5 years we saw minimal differences; those aged 5 to 6 years with CHD took significantly longer total time; those aged 7 to 8 years with NMD took significantly longer total time; those aged 9 to 11 years with CHD took significantly longer total time; and those aged 12 years and older with NMD took significantly longer total time. Conclusions Touch screen technology has becoming increasingly relevant to hand function in modern society. This study provides standardized age norms and shows that our test discriminates between normal hand development and that in children with CHD or NMD. Type of study/level of evidence Diagnostic III.
A conceptual framework for ranking crown fire potential in wildland fuelbeds

This paper presents a conceptual framework for ranking the crown fire potential of wildland fuelbeds with forest canopies. This approach extends the work by Van Wagner and Rothermel, and introduces several new physical concepts to the modeling of crown fire behaviour derived from the reformulated Rothermel surface fire modeling concepts proposed by Sandberg et al. (this issue). This framework forms the basis for calculating the crown fire potentials of Fuel Character- istic Classification System (FCCS) fuelbeds (Ottmar et al., this issue). Two new crown fire potentials are proposed (i) the torching potential (TP) and (ii) the active crown potential (AP). A systematic comparison of TP and AP against field ob- servations and Crown Fire Initiation and Spread (CFIS) model outputs produced encouraging results, suggesting that the FCCS framework might be a useful tool for fire managers to consider when ranking the potential for crown fires or evalu- ating the relative behaviour of crown fires in forest canopies. Resume´ : Cet article presente un cadre conceptuel pour classer le potentiel de feu de cimes des couches de combustibles en milieu naturel ouil y a des canopees forestieres. Cette approche pousse plus loin les travaux de Van Wagner et de Roth- ermel et introduit plusieurs concepts physiques nouveaux dans la modelisation du comportement des feux de cimes derives des concepts reformules de Rothermel pour la modelisation des feux de surface proposes par Sandburg et al. (ce numero). Ce cadre forme la base pour calculer les potentiels de feu de cimes des couches de combustibles du systeme de classifica- tion des caracteristiques des combustibles (SCCC) (Ottmar et al., ce numero). Deux nouvelles possibilites de feux de cimes sont proposees : (i) la possibilitede flambee en chandelle et (ii) la possibilitede feu de cime dependant. Une comparaison systematique de ces deux types de feux de cimes avec des observations sur le terrain et les previsions du modele de l'Ecole canadienne d'enquetes sur les incendies a donnedes resultats encourageants. Ces resultats indiquent que le cadre du SCCC pourrait s'averer un outil utile que les responsables de la gestion des incendies devraient considerer pour classer le potentiel de feu de cimes ou pour evaluer le comportement relatif des feux de cimes dans les canopees forestieres. (Traduit par la Redaction)
Denial: predictor of outcome following coronary bypass surgery.

Using a modified version of the Hackett-Cassem denial scale we measured preoperative denial in 121 patients scheduled for CABG surgery. A significant inverse relationship was found between the denial scale and Hamilton Anxiety measures four days postoperatively (p < .02). Longitudinal assessments were carried out using the Spielberger State Anxiety Inventory (SSAI), the Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale (Zung SDS) and the Psychosocial Adjustment to Illness Scale (PAIS). Six months following the surgery, significant negative relationships between denial and these self-report outcome measures were observed as follows: denial and SSAI (p < .001), denial and Zung SDS (p < .01), and denial and PAIS (p < .01). However, the same analysis at twelve months showed no statistically significant correlations between denial and these psychologic outcome measures. Our findings suggest that denial serves as an adaptive mechanism, especially in the immediate postoperative period. Furthermore, higher levels of denial may b...
A partition of unity method for the displacement obstacle problem of clamped Kirchhoff plates

A partition of unity method for the displacement obstacle problem of clamped Kirchhoff plates is considered in this paper. We derive optimal error estimates and present numerical results that illustrate the performance of the method.
The Families of Drug Abusers: A Literature Review

This paper reveiws all relevant literature concerning the family background of compulsive drug abusers. The main content of the completed research is summarized and methodological criticisms are made. Future considerations for research on families of drug abusers are suggested.
Imperfect bifurcation in the presence of symmetry

Consider the familiar principle that typically (or generically) a system of m scalar equations in n variables where m>n has no solutions. This principle can be reformulated geometrically as follows. If S is a submanifold of a manifold X with codimension m (i.e. m = άimX — dimS) and iϊf:R-*X is a smooth mapping where m>n, then usually or generically Image /nS is empty. One of the basic tenets in the application of singularity theory is that this principle holds in a general way in function spaces. In the next few paragraphs we shall try to explain this more general situation as well as to explain its relevance to bifurcation problems. First we describe an example through which these ideas may be understood. Consider the buckling of an Euler column. Let λ denote the applied load and x denote the maximum deflection of the column. After an application of the Lyapunov-Schmidt procedure the potential energy function Ffor this system may be written as a function of x and λ alone and hence the steady-state configurations of the column may be found by solving
Phase Equilibria as Related to Crystal Structure in the System Niobium Pentoxide-Tungsten Trioxide

The phase equilibrium diagram for the binary system niobium pentoxide-tungsten trioxide has been constructed from results of x-ray diffraction studies on both single crystals and powders and from fusion characteristics. Twelve stable compounds have been found in the system. The exact composition of eight of these compounds has been established by single crystal analyses at the Nb2O5:WO3 ratios of 6:1, 13:4, 7:3, 8:5, 9:8, 1:1, 4:9, and 2:7. The approximate compositions of the remaining four other phases are 30:1, 6:11, 1:11, and 1:15. The 6:1, "6:11", 4:9, and 2:7 phases melt eongruently at 1476, 1378, 1380, and 1357 °C, respectively. The "30:1", 7:3, 8:5, 9:8, "1:11", and "1:15" phases melt incongruently at 1470, 1440, 1385, 1375, 1356, and 1358 °C, respectively; and the 13:4 and 1:1 phases decompose before melting at 1435 and 1115 °C, respectively. The 8:5, 9:8, "6:11", 2:7, "1:11", and "1:15" compounds are shown on the phase diagram as having minimum temperatures of stability. One metastable phase having a narrow range of composition near the 3:8 ratio was also encountered. Although Nb2O5 apparently exhibits no solid solution, WO3 was found to accept a maximum of three mole percent niobia in solid solution enabling all the reported polymorphs of WO3 to be obtained at room temperature.
Care and Justice in the Global Context

. Morality is often dismissed as irrelevant in what is seen as the global anarchy of rival states each pursuing its national interest. When morality is invoked, it is usually the morality of justice with its associated moral conceptions of individual rights, equality, and universal law. In the area of moral theory, an alternative moral approach, the ethics of care, has been developed in recent years. It is beginning to influence how some see their global responsibilities.
Surface Shape and Contact Pressure Evolution in Two Component Surfaces: Application to Copper Chemical Mechanical Polishing

Two defects that arise from the polishing process in integrated circuits technology are erosion and dishing. In this manuscript a generic numerical model that is capable of describing these defects from a mechanics perspective is presented. This numerical model formulates evolution of surface shape for an initially flat sample made up of two distinct materials with different wear rates under constant average polishing pressure. A two parameter elastic foundation model is used for contact pressure calculations. Qualitatively, the results compare favorably to published experimental data collected for copper chemical mechanical polishing. Although entirely mechanical, such modeling may perhaps provide insight into the mechanics of the surface defects and errors encountered during polishing.
Comparing the Geriatric Depression Scale, Minimum Data Set, and primary care provider diagnosis for depression in rural nursing home residents

BACKGROUND:Depression has a substantial negative impact on quality of life. Underdiagnosis and undertreatment of depression are major problems in nursing home residents.OBJECTIVES:This study sought...
Hyperbaric oxygen as a radiation sensitizer for carcinoma of the cervix

The use of hyperbaric oxygen (HPO) or oxygen radiation sensitizer drugs in the treatment of cervical carcinoma was investigated. The increase of radiation therapeutic efficacy by combinations of various adjuvant methods is discussed. Subtopics include: the relevance of hypoxic cells in radiotherapy; HPO treatment method; complications of HPO treatment; HPO trials for carcinoma of the cervix; and the potential of oxygen radiation sensitizers in carcinoma of the cervix.
Analysis and evaluation of the NASA/JPL TOPSAR across-track interferometric SAR system

We have evaluated the accuracy of digital elevation models (DEM's) generated by the JPWNASA TOPSAR synthetic aperture radar interferometer instrument by acquiring topographic radar data in the summer of 1992 over the National Training Center, near Ft. Irwin, California, and comparing the measurements to a very accurate digital elevation model derived for this area by the US. Army Topographic Engineering Center (TEC). Fiducial corner reflectors were deployed in the area, and their locations were determined to cm accuracy by the Defense Mapping Agency (DMA). DEM’s generated from the acquired radar data were rotated and translated to precisely overlay the reference DEM, allowing an analysis of the achieved height accuracy. We present here a detailed description of horizontal and vertical errors and their characteristics. The standard deviation measured over a 5.6 x 7 km area was approximately 2 m, the corresponding figures for relatively flat areas were in the 1-2 meter range and for mountainous areas in the 2-3 meter range, consistent with theoretical expectations. We also discuss key factors that presently limit the system performance
Effect of trap location and trap-assisted Auger recombination on silicon solar cell performance

Model calculations were performed to investigate and quantify the effect of trap location and trap-assisted Auger recombination on silicon solar cell performance. Trap location has a significant influence on the lifetime behavior as a function of doping and injected carrier concentration in silicon. It Is shown in this paper that for a high quality silicon (/spl tau/=10 ms at 200 ohm-cm, no intentional doping), high resistivity (/spl ges/200 ohm-cm) is optimum for high efficiency one sun solar cells if the lifetime limiting trap is located near midgap. However, if the trap is shallow (E/sub t/-E/sub v//spl les/0.2 eV), the optimum resistivity shifts to about 0.2 ohm-cm. For a low quality silicon material or technology (10 /spl mu/s at 200 ohm-cm, prior to intentional doping) the optimum base resistivity for one sun solar cells is found to be /spl sim/0.2 ohm-cm, regardless of the trap location. It is shown that the presence of a shallow trap can significantly degrade the performance of a concentrator cell fabricated on high-resistivity high-lifetime silicon material because of an undesirable injection level dependence in the carrier lifetime. The effect of trap assisted Auger recombination on the cell performance has also been modelled in this paper. It is found that the trap-assisted Auger recombination does not influence the one sun cell performance appreciably, but can degrade the concentrator cell performance if the trap-assisted Auger recombination coefficient value exceeds 2/spl times/10/sup -14/ cm/sup 3//s. Therefore, it is necessary to know the starting lifetime as well as trap location in order to specify base resistivity in order to predict or achieve the best cell performance for a given one sun or concentrator cell design. >
The Sociology of Emotions: Basic Theoretical Arguments

In this article, the basic sociological approaches to theorizing human emotions are reviewed. In broad strokes, theorizing can be grouped into several schools of thought: evolutionary, symbolic interactionist, symbolic interactionist with psychoanalytic elements, interaction ritual, power and status, stratification, and exchange. All of these approaches to theorizing emotions have generated useful insights into the dynamics of emotions. There remain, however, unresolved issues in sociological approaches to emotions, including: the nature of emotions, the degree to which emotions are hard-wired neurological or socially constructed, the relevance of analyzing the biology and evolution of emotions, the relationship between cognition and emotions, the number of distinctive emotional states produced by humans, and the relationship between emotions and rationality.
Effect of Setup Configurations of Split Computer Keyboards on Wrist Angle

Background and Purpose. Alternative computer keyboards whose halves can be slanted toward each other can reduce a risk factor (ulnar deviation) for work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) affecting the upper limbs. Two questions that computer keyboard operators face when using keyboards that can be separated into halves (split keyboards) are: (1) At what angle should the keyboard halves be opened? and (2) At what distance apart should the keyboard halves be placed? The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of the opening angle and separation distance between halves of a split keyboard on wrist ulnar deviation and typing efficiency. Methods. Eleven experienced computer keyboard operators participated in this study and used a split keyboard that was set up in a conventional (nonsplit) format and also in 3 alternative configurations: (1) centers of keyboard halves were separated at 20-cm distance, (2) keyboard halves were separated half of the distance of shoulder width, and (3) keyboard halves were separated at shoulder width distance. Results. The 3 alternative configurations resulted in ulnar deviation of both wrists that were less than ulnar deviation from typing on a conventional setup. There were no differences in ulnar deviations among the 3 alternative configurations. Discussion and Conclusion. The results of this research provide physical therapists and ergonomists with a set of configurations of a split keyboard that they can recommend to their patients or clients. All of the alternative configurations of the split keyboard are beneficial in promoting a neutral wrist position, which theoretically would decrease exposure to WMSDs such as tenosynovitis in the wrist and carpal tunnel syndrome.
Anorexia is Associated with Stress‐Dependent Orexigenic Responses to Exogenous Neuropeptide Y

Chicken lines that have been divergently selected for either low (LWS) or high (HWS) body weight at 56 days of age for more than 57 generations have different feeding behaviours in response to a range of i.c.v. injected neurotransmitters. The LWS have different severities of anorexia, whereas the HWS become obese. Previously, we demonstrated that LWS chicks did not respond, whereas HWS chicks increased food intake, after central injection of neuropeptide Y (NPY). The present study aimed to determine the molecular mechanisms underlying the loss of orexigenic function of NPY in LWS. Chicks were divided into four groups: stressed LWS and HWS on day of hatch, and control LWS and HWS. The stressor was a combination of food deprivation and cold exposure. On day 5 post-hatch, each chick received an i.c.v. injection of vehicle or 0.2 nmol of NPY. Only the LWS stressed group did not increase food intake in response to i.c.v. NPY. Hypothalamic mRNA abundance of appetite-associated factors was measured at 1 h post-injection. Interactions of genetic line, stress and NPY treatment were observed for the mRNA abundance of agouti-related peptide (AgRP) and synaptotagmin 1 (SYT1). Intracerebroventricular injection of NPY decreased and increased AgRP and SYT1 mRNA, respectively, in the stressed LWS and increased AgRP mRNA in stressed HWS chicks. Stress was associated with increased NPY, orexin receptor 2, corticotrophin-releasing factor receptor 1, melanocortin receptor 3 (MC3R) and growth hormone secretagogue receptor expression. In conclusion, the loss of responsiveness to exogenous NPY in stressed LWS chicks may be a result of the decreased and increased hypothalamic expression of AgRP and MC3R, respectively. This may induce an intensification of anorexigenic melanocortin signalling pathways in LWS chicks that block the orexigenic effect of exogenous NPY. These results provide insights onto the anorexic condition across species, and especially for forms of inducible anorexia such as human anorexia nervosa.
Pregnancy-associated homicide and suicide in 37 US states with enhanced pregnancy surveillance.

Background Pregnant and postpartum women may be at increased risk of violent death including homicide and suicide relative to nonpregnant women, but US national data have not been reported since the implementation of enhanced mortality surveillance. Objective The objective of the study was to estimate homicide and suicide ratios among women who are pregnant or postpartum and to compare their risk of violent death with nonpregnant/nonpostpartum women. Study Design Death certificates (n = 465,097) from US states with enhanced pregnancy mortality surveillance from 2005 through 2010 were used to compare mortality among 4 groups of women aged 10–54 years: pregnant, early postpartum (pregnant within 42 days of death), late postpartum (pregnant within 43 days to 1 year of death), and nonpregnant/nonpostpartum. We estimated pregnancy-associated mortality ratios and compared with nonpregnant/nonpostpartum mortality ratios to identify differences in risk after adjusting for potential levels of pregnancy misclassification as reported in the literature. Results Pregnancy-associated homicide victims were most frequently young, black, and undereducated, whereas pregnancy-associated suicide occurred most frequently among older white women. After adjustments, pregnancy-associated homicide risk ranged from 2.2 to 6.2 per 100,000 live births, depending on the degree of misclassification estimated, compared with 2.5–2.6 per 100,000 nonpregnant/nonpostpartum women aged 10–54 years. Pregnancy-associated suicide risk ranged from 1.6–4.5 per 100,000 live births after adjustments compared with 5.3–5.5 per 100,000 women aged 10–54 years among nonpregnant/nonpostpartum women. Assuming the most conservative published estimate of misclassification, the risk of homicide among pregnant/postpartum women was 1.84 times that of nonpregnant/nonpostpartum women (95% confidence interval, 1.71–1.98), whereas risk of suicide was decreased (relative risk, 0.62, 95% confidence interval, 0.57–0.68). Conclusion Pregnancy and postpartum appear to be times of increased risk for homicide and decreased risk for suicide among women in the United States.
Life as a Casebook: Constructivist Approaches to Legal Studies Education

Constructivism is a pedagogical approach that emphasizes experience. It requires active learning on the student’s part rather than passive information transfer from the instructor. In a constructivist class, students solve problems rather than memorize and recall. Constructivist activities are effective pedagogical tools that are particularly appropriate to legal education and easy to incorporate. In fact, a constructivist class session takes far less time to prepare than a traditional lecture, and during class, students shoulder much of the teaching burden. Constructivism highlights the importance of student experience before, during and after class. Law professors can incorporate constructivism into their classes by taking students’ prior life experience into account, designing class activities that require active participation and emphasizing to students how they will be able to use what they are learning in the future.