cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Behavioral Deficits at 18-22 Months of Age Are Associated with Early Cerebellar Injury and Cognitive and Language Performance in Children Born Extremely Preterm.

Objective To investigate associations in toddlers born extremely preterm ( Study design Cohort analysis from the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network Surfactant Positive Airway Pressure and Pulse Oximetry Trial Neuroimaging and Neurodevelopmental Outcomes Study of infants born extremely preterm. Subjects underwent cranial ultrasonography and near-term magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). At 18-22 months of corrected age, the assessment included the Brief Infant Toddler Social Emotional Assessment (BITSEA) Problem and Competence Scale scores and the Bayley Scales of Infant Development, Third Edition (Bayley-III). The BITSEA Problem Scale assesses dysregulation; the Competence Scale assesses social-emotional competence. We examined associations of Problem and Competence scores and positive screen rates with cranial ultrasonography and near-term MRI. Mean BITSEA and Bayley-III scores were compared using ANOVA and positive screen rates with the χ2 test. We computed correlations between BITSEA and Bayley-III scores. Results Of the 397 children, positive BITSEA screens were found in 34% for the Problem score and 26% for the Competence score. Presence of lesions on near-term MRI that included cerebellar lesions were significantly associated with lower BITSEA Competence but not with Problem scores; Competence scores were inversely related to the presence/significance of lesions. Positive screens on Competence scores and on both Competence and Problem scores were significantly associated with Bayley-III cognitive and language scores Conclusions Social–emotional competence contributes to deficits in cognitive and language development. Presence of injury on near-term MRI that includes cerebellar lesions is associated with later social–emotional competence and may be a useful predictor to guide early assessment and intervention. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov : NCT00063063 and NCT00233324 .
Malignant Fibrous, Fibrohistiocytic, and Myofibroblastic Tumors

This chapter covers fibrous, fibrohistiocytic, and myofibroblastic tumors that have metastatic potential. Congenital/infantile fibrosarcoma is the exception to that rule, as it behaves less aggressively than its adult counterpart. Adult-type fibrosarcoma is a diagnosis in decline due to the recognition of distinct variants: low-grade fibromyxoid sarcoma, sclerosing epithelioid fibrosarcoma, myxofibrosarcoma, low-grade myofibroblastic sarcoma (myofibrosarcoma), and myxoinflammatory fibroblastic sarcoma. Undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma may also present as a superficial tumor and will be briefly discussed. The chapter closes with a discussion of undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcomas of the skin, specifically atypical fibroxanthoma and pleomorphic dermal sarcoma.
Liquid Culture Hydroponic System Operation

Abstract Liquid-culture hydroponic system is seeing more and more widespread use as an approach to growing plants with greater control over water, available nutrients, and oxygen. This chapter presents how various hydroponic systems are designed and operated specifically with regard to recirculating the nutrient solution. Specific recipes are provided for leafy greens and herbs as well as for fruiting crops. Day-to-day management is also discussed.
Cruzain Inhibitory Activity of Leaf Essential Oils of Neotropical Lauraceae and Essential Oil Components

The leaf essential oils of twenty-three species of Lauraceae from Monteverde, Costa Rica, have been screened for inhibition of the cysteine protease cruzain. Of these, nine showed promising cruzain...
Comparison of surface guidance and target matching for image-guided accelerated partial breast irradiation (APBI)

PURPOSE We investigate the feasibility of surface guided radiation therapy (SGRT) for accelerated partial breast irradiation (APBI) by comparing it with in-room, fan beam kV computed tomography on rails (CTOR) imaging of the targeted region. The uniqueness of our study is that all patients have multiple daily CTOR scans to compare corresponding SGRT AlignRT (VisionRT, United Kingdom) images to. METHODS/MATERIALS Twelve patients receiving APBI were enrolled in this study. Before each treatment fraction, after patients were setup on tattoos, SGRT was performed using AlignRT, and then target matching was performance using CTOR. The average and maximum difference in shifts between SGRT and CTOR were calculated and analyzed for each patient, so as the correlation between surgical cavity size and shift difference. RESULTS Our study showed that SGRT agreed well with CTOR for patients with small surgical cavity volume changes (<10%). There were nine patients who had a ≥5 mm maximum shift difference between SGRT and CTOR along any direction, and in two patients the difference was more than 10 mm (one patient with surgical cavity change 44.3% and one patient with 27 cc cavity volume decrease). All patients, except one, had a mean shift difference < 5 mm along any direction. CONCLUSION For the patients studied here, SGRT appears to be a reasonable and potentially valuable image guidance approach for APBI for patients who experience small changes in surgical cavity volume (<10%) between CT simulation and treatment. However, there is potential for larger alignment errors (up to 11 mm) when using SGRT for patients who experience larger surgical cavity changes.
Understanding trust across cultures: an empirical investigation

In today’s business world, trust is an essential ingredient for business success, as it serves as a foundation for enhancing a network of positive relationships among businesses, clients, employees and stakeholders. This study aims to shed light on a deeper and more substantial understanding of trust by examining the casual association between national culture and trust.,The study empirically investigates the extent to which cultural factors promote and constrain the level of trust using a mixed sample of 46 developed and developing countries observed over the period of 1990-2014.,The study provides new empirical evidence that trusting behavior is explained systematically by national culture. Countries with high individualistic and high long-term oriented cultures are the most favorable environment that fosters trust among people in society. In contrast, individuals from countries with the expression of high power distance and high uncertainty avoidance cultures appear to exhibit less trust in others.,The study provides managerial implications, especially for managers and management consultants in a global context, regarding the cultural relevance of trust in the new and foreign environment, and the effective management of trust among culturally diverse workforces and business relationships. In addition, the study should serve as a supplemental learning material in the business and management disciplines to demonstrate the essential role of trust in the global business environment.,The study adds to the existing body of knowledge on trust by offering new empirical insights into how culture plays an influential role in the creation of trust. This serves as a good starting point for academic scholars and practicing professionals to further develop appropriate management strategies and execution plans for managing trust across different cultural settings.
DeepEmSat: Deep Emulation for Satellite Data Mining.

The growing volume of Earth science data available from climate simulations and satellite remote sensing offers unprecedented opportunity for scientific insight, while also presenting computational challenges. Machine learning models have demonstrated potential as fast statistical models for expensive simulations and for extracting credible insights from complex datasets. One potential area of impact is atmospheric correction, where physics-based numerical models retrieve surface reflectance information from top of atmosphere observations. Here, we develop DeepEmSat: a deep learning emulator approach for atmospheric correction, and offer results to support the hypothesis that deep learning can make a contribution to the efficient processing of satellite images.
An Organofunctionalized Polyoxovanadium Cluster as a Molecular Model of Interfacial Pseudocapacitance

To design new materials for efficient and energy-dense electrochemical energy storage, it is critical to understand the interactions between metal oxides and alkali ions. Here, we discuss the solut...
Categorization as Causal Explanation: Discounting and Augmenting in a Bayesian Framework

Abstract Most empirical studies and formal models of theory-based categorization have focused on how features within a concept are causally related. In this paper, we explore the possibility that concepts and their features should be thought of in a more holistic manner, as embedded in a much larger and context-dependent web of causal connections which can impact categorization. We present a Bayesian model designed to integrate models of categorization, from the classic feature-based view, through concept-constrained causal-model views, to the more holistic causal reasoning implied by Murphy and Medin’s (1985) paper. A set of empirical findings demonstrating causal discounting (Experiment 1) and augmenting (Experiment 2) provide evidence that concept-irrelevant causal knowledge is taken into account in categorization judgments. The implications for this model in terms of broader research on categorization are discussed.
Postoperative radiographic observations following transphyseal anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in skeletally immature patients

To characterize the changes to bone tunnels, graft fixation devices, and physes that occur on radiographs of skeletally immature individuals at least 2 years after transphyseal anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR). Skeletally immature patients who underwent transphyseal ACLR were recruited to complete postoperative assessment at ≥ 2 years. The dimensions of tibial and femoral bone tunnels, position of graft fixation devices, and presence of growth arrest were assessed on radiographs, and pain visual analog and International Knee Documentation Committee scores were obtained. Paired t tests were used for comparisons. Nine patients were included with an average follow-up of 4.6 years postoperatively. There were no cases of premature physeal closure postoperatively and clinical outcome measures were excellent in all patients. The length of the intra-articular portion of anterior cruciate ligament graft increased postoperatively (P = 0.01). Distance between the tibial hardware and proximal tibial physis also increased over time on anteroposterior (P = 0.001) and lateral (P = 0.003) radiographs. However, the distance between the femoral hardware and distal femoral physis was unchanged and in five patients was associated with proximal femoral tunnel enlargement. Proximal femoral tunnel expansion and lack of proximal migration of the femoral button were seen in more than half of our patients. However, these findings had no detrimental effects on clinical outcome measures or remaining skeletal growth.
Genome Sequences of Microviruses Identified in Gila Monster Feces.

ABSTRACT The complete genome sequences of 33 microviruses were determined from fecal samples collected from 14 Arizona-dwelling Gila monsters using high-throughput sequencing. These microviruses with genomes 4,383 to 6,782 nucleotides (nt) long were broadly distributed across the 14 samples.
First-Principles Study of a MoS2-PbS van der Waals Heterostructure Inspired by Naturally Occurring Merelaniite.

Vertically stacked, layered van der Waals (vdW) heterostructures offer the possibility to design materials, within a range of chemistries and structures, to possess tailored properties. Inspired by the naturally occurring mineral merelaniite, this paper studies a vdW heterostructure composed of a MoS2 monolayer and a PbS bilayer, using density functional theory. A commensurate 2D heterostructure film and the corresponding 3D periodic bulk structure are compared. The results find such a heterostructure to be stable and possess p-type semiconducting characteristics. Due to the heterostructure’s weak interlayer bonding, its carrier mobility is essentially governed by the constituent layers; the hole mobility is governed by the PbS bilayer, whereas the electron mobility is governed by the MoS2 monolayer. Furthermore, we estimate the hole mobility to be relatively high (~106 cm2V−1s−1), which can be useful for ultra-fast devices at the nanoscale.
Resistive contributions to the stability of DIII-D ITER baseline demonstration discharges

Measurements of the plasma response to applied n = 1 perturbations from DIII-D ITER baseline scenario (IBS) demonstration discharges exhibit increasing amplitude prior to disruption inducing mode locking events. Simulations reveal that changes in ideal and resistive stability impact the response in the DIII-D IBS regime, well below the pressure limit of the external kink mode. The dependencies of the response measurements on the plasma normalized internal inductance l i and beta β N are qualitatively consistent with ideal MHD, although in most cases the amplitude of the measurements exceeds predictions, indicating that the experimental discharges are less stable than expected. Resistive MHD simulations of the response show improved compatibility with the measurements, and the closest agreement is obtained by including the experimental plasma rotation in the simulations. Although the input neutral beam torque is near zero, the simulations show that the corresponding level of rotation can lead to nearly complete screening of the pitch-resonant field component at the q = 2 surface. However, the simulation results exhibit a significant weakening of this screening effect at the lowest rotation levels in the dataset, concurrent with predictions of elevated response amplitudes that are consistent with measurements. These comparisons with DIII-D data provide a qualitative validation of a linear, resistive MHD response model.
Micro-machined 3D Cube Antenna for X-Band Communication ICs

A 3D cube antenna for CMOS communication ICs is proposed in this paper. The antenna is fabricated on the surface of a cube for the interior CMOS chip placement. The antenna system consists of a meandered line antenna plated gold on three silicon planes of the cube and a balun on one plane. Three planes are then connected and folded by gold, and fixed in a plastic carrier. This antenna is designed for X-band receivers (8-12 GHz) and its measured peak gain is -$1.38\mathrm{d}\mathrm{B}\mathrm{i}$ with 7% -$10\mathrm{d}\mathrm{B}$ reflection coefficient at 10.35 GHz. The antenna cube interior size is 3 $\mathrm{m}\mathrm{m}\times 3\mathrm{m}\mathrm{m}\times 3$ mm, of which the cubic shape allows for CMOS IC packaging inside the cube’s hollow interior.
A World Without Sweatshops: Abolition Not Reform

To bring forth a world without sweatshops, we have to accurately identify the sources of sweatshops. As I explain here, sweatshops aren’t the results of individual brands behaving badly but a broad configuration of state, capital, and cultural political interests that I classify as sweatshop or free market feminism. Without a serious critique of the sweatshop’s structural reality, any efforts to make fashion more ethical can only be what prison abolitionists call “reformist reforms.” Reformist reforms pursue gentler and more inclusive forms of labor and resource extraction rather than the abolition of this extractive industry altogether. The discussion concludes with examples of sweatshop abolition in practice: the garment worker collectives called Homework4Health (Los Angeles) and Blue Tin Production (Chicago).
DeepFake Detection with Inconsistent Head Poses: Reproducibility and Analysis

Applications of deep learning to synthetic media generation allow the creation of convincing forgeries, called DeepFakes, with limited technical expertise. DeepFake detection is an increasingly active research area. In this paper, we analyze an existing DeepFake detection technique based on head pose estimation, which can be applied when fake images are generated with an autoencoder-based face swap. Existing literature suggests that this method is an effective DeepFake detector, and its motivating principles are attractively simple. With an eye towards using these principles to develop new DeepFake detectors, we conduct a reproducibility study of the existing method. We conclude that its merits are dramatically overstated, despite its celebrated status. By investigating this discrepancy we uncover a number of important and generalizable insights related to facial landmark detection, identity-agnostic head pose estimation, and algorithmic bias in DeepFake detectors. Our results correct the current literature's perception of state of the art performance for DeepFake detection.
Fitting the Pieces of the Puzzle Together: A Case of Median Arcuate Ligament Syndrome.

Median arcuate ligament syndrome (MALS), also known as Dunbar syndrome, is one of the many rare vascular compression syndromes attributed to celiac trunk compression by the median arcuate ligament of the diaphragm, with presentations ranging from completely asymptomatic to myriad gastrointestinal symptoms, including chronic abdominal pain (CAP), post-prandial pain, nausea and vomiting, anorexia, early satiety, and subsequently weight loss. We present a case of a 50-year-old female presenting with ongoing multiple chronic gastrointestinal symptoms, later attributed to the marked narrowing of her celiac axis secondary by the median arcuate ligament.
Fiddling in West Africa: Touching the Spirit in Fulbe, Hausa, and Dagbamba Cultures

Reviewed Medium: book Authors: Jacqueline Cogdell Djedje Year: 2007 Pages: 336 Publisher: Indiana University Press ISBN: 978-0-253-34924-8 (hard cover). Prices: $65.00 USD(hard cover).
Security policy definition and enforcement in distributed systems

Security in computer systems is concerned with protecting resources from unauthorized access while ensuring legitimate requests can be satisfied all the time. The recent growth of computer systems both in scale and complexity poses tremendous management challenges. Policy-based systems management is a very promising solution in this scenario. It allows the separation of the rules that govern the behavior choices of a system from the provided functionality, and can be adapted to handle a large number of system elements. In the past two decades there have been many advances in the field of policy research. Although existing solutions in centralized systems are well-established, they do not work nearly as well in distributed environments because of scalability, network partitions, and the heterogeneity of the endpoints. This dissertation contributes to this endeavor by proposing three novel techniques to address the problem of security policy definition and enforcement in large-scale distributed systems. To correctly enforce service and security requirements from users who have no intimate knowledge of the underlying systems, we introduce the first distributed policy refinement solution that translates high-level policies into low-level implementable rules, for which the syntax and semantics can be fully interpreted by individual enforcement points. Taking advantage of both the centralized and end-to-end enforcement approaches, we propose a novel policy algebra framework for policy delegation, composition and analysis. As a concrete instantiation of policy delegation enabled by the algebraic framework, we invent a novel firewall system, called ROFL (ROuting as the firewall layer), that implements packet filtering using the underlying routing techniques. ROFL implements a form of ubiquitous enforcement, and is able to drop malicious packets closer to their origins to save transmission bandwidth and battery power, especially for resource-limited devices in mobile ad hoc networks (MANET). The correctness and consistency of ROFL can be verified using policy algebra. It provides formalisms to address the complexity of distributed environments, increase assurance and show how to tune tradeoffs and improve security with ubiquitous enforcement. To demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of ROFL as a high-performance firewall mechanism, we analyze its performance quantitatively and conduct experiments in a simulated environment with two ad-hoc routing protocols. Empirical study shows that the increase in traffic for handling ROFL routing messages is more than outweighed by the savings by early drops of unwanted traffic.
Dry friction avalanches: experiment and theory.

Experimental evidence and theoretical models are presented supporting the conjecture that dry friction stick-slip is described by self-organized criticality. We use the data, obtained with a pin-on-disk tribometer set to measure lateral force, to examine the variation of the friction force as a function of time. We study nominally flat surfaces of matching aluminum and steel. The probability distribution of force drops follows a negative power law with exponents $\ensuremath{\mu}$ in the range 3.2--3.5. The frequency power spectrum follows a $1∕{f}^{\ensuremath{\alpha}}$ pattern with $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ in the range 1--1.8. We first compare these experimental results with the well-known Robin Hood model of self-organized criticality. We find good agreement between theory and experiment for the force-drop distribution but not for the power spectrum. We explain this on a physical basis and propose a model which takes explicitly into account the stiffness and inertia of the tribometer. Specifically, we numerically solve the equation of motion of a block on a friction surface pulled by a spring and show that for certain spring constants the motion is characterized by the same power law spectrum as in experiments. We propose a physical picture relating the fluctuations of the force drops to the microscopic geometry of the surface.
Studies on Erythropoiesis

It has been shown that plasma from animals that have been injected with cobaltous chloride rapidly develops a high titer of erythropoietin. The gross properities of the active material appear to be the same from cobalt-treated as from phenylhydrazine-treated animals. Other metal ions and a complex ion have been studied as stimulants for erythropoietin formation; none was as effective as cobaltous ion with the exception of cobaltic hexamine.
Fuzzy systems as nonlinear dynamic system identifiers. I. Design

Fuzzy systems are used as identifiers for nonlinear dynamic systems. A theoretical justification for the fuzzy identifiers is provided by proving that they are capable of following the output of a very general nonlinear dynamic system to arbitrary accuracy in any finite time interval. The fuzzy identifiers are constructed from a set of adaptable fuzzy IF-THEN rules and can combine both numerical information and linguistic information into their designs in a uniform fashion. Two fuzzy identifiers are developed. The first is designed through the following four steps: (1) define some fuzzy sets which do not change in the state space of the system; (2) construct fuzzy rule bases of the fuzzy identifier; (3) design the fuzzy systems in the fuzzy identifier based on the fuzzy rule bases of (2); and (4) develop an adaptive law for the free parameters in the fuzzy identifier. The second fuzzy identifier is designed in a similar way except that the parameters characterizing the fuzzy sets in the state space change during the adaptation procedure and the fuzzy systems and the adaptive law are different. It is proved that both fuzzy identifiers are globally stable under certain conditions. >
Nursing Care Quality in Nursing Homes: Cross-Sectional Versus Longitudinal Analysis

This empirical study of the relationship between nursing care adequacy and nursing care quality demonstrates that a positive relationship exists between the process and outcome dimensions of quality of nursing care. The results from the analysis of national data on nursing homes' deficiencies highlight the importance of conducting a longitudinal study of the effect of nurse staffing and nursing care adequacy on the quality of care.
The cattle call of reentry

With budget crunches capturing the attention of state and local governments, the affordability of long prison (jail) sentences is being questioned. States have taken daring steps to use early release tactics, with the expectations that such moves will both save money and reduce recidivism. Kevin A. Wright and Jeffrey W. Rosky (2011, this issue) explored the impact of early release efforts in one state. Not surprisingly, the results are disappointing in that those individuals who were released early were more likely to recidivate than those who served their time. Wright and Rosky point to several explanations, including the potential actions of parole officers and other attributes covered under the umbrella of “criminal justice thermodynamics” where the mechanics of the criminal justice system continue working in such a fashion to “backfire.” The findings of this study are predictable—early releases are more likely to recidivate—and those thrust back into society without preparation are doomed to fail. In this essay, I consider the importance of the messages that are attached to different policy initiatives, the messages that basically support the cattle call that “all things should work.” Unless we focus on the messages and the “punitive culture,” most of our efforts will fail to reform the justice system or people involved in justice environments.
Prevalence of ADHD and Its Subtypes in Male and Female Adult Prison Inmates

There are few published studies of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adult inmates, and even fewer studies that have considered ADHD in adult inmates by gender. The present study examined the prevalence of ADHD, its subtypes, and associated psychological and neuropsychological comorbidity as a function of gender in a sample of 3,962 inmates (3,439 men and 523 women; mean age = 33.6 years, range 17-73) who had completed the 250-item, self-report, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition (Text Revision) (DSM-IV-TR)-aligned Coolidge Correctional Inventory (CCI). The overall ADHD prevalence rate found was 10.5%, which is substantially higher than the rate among adults in the general population (2-5%). The female inmate ADHD prevalence rate (15.1%) was higher than the male inmate ADHD rate (9.8%), consistent with some previous studies. The most prevalent ADHD subtype for both genders was the hyperactive-impulsive subtype. The combined and inattentive ADHD subtypes had higher levels of comorbid psychopathology than the hyperactive-impulsive ADHD subtype. As the presence of ADHD and associated gender differentials may impact the success of rehabilitation and educative programs with inmates, the assessment of ADHD and comorbid psychopathology should be a priority in initial inmate screening and evaluation.
Environmental Science Computing

The sections in this article are 1 Numerical Modeling 2 Display and Visualization Requirements 3 Instrumentation and Data Collection 4 Numerical Modeling 5 Display and Visualization Software 6 Data Collection and Management Software 7 Future Directions
Continuity and Change in Mexican Migrant Hometown Associations: Evidence from New Survey Research

Scholars have spent the past two decades researching Mexican hometown associations (htas). However, little is known about the variation in clubs organizational structure since studies are largely based on case studies from traditional sending states. Using original survey data, findings reveal that municipal authorities play a more prominent role in the formation of Mexican htas and local residents are more engaged in collective remittance projects than previously realized. Moreover, hta leaders are members of civic associations in both Mexico and the U.S. and maintain a sense of belonging to both societies, suggesting more flexibility in the construction of overlapping collective identities. Continuidad y cambio en clubes de oriundos mexicanos en Estados Unidos: Evidencia de una nueva encuesta Resumen En las ultimas dos decadas, numerosos estudios han analizado a los clubes de oriundos mexicanos; sin embargo, aun sabemos muy poco sobre la variacion en la estructura organizativa de estos, ya que los hallazgos se basan principalmente en estudios de caso de los estados de origen tradicionales. Utilizando datos originales de una encuesta nacional, los resultados revelan que las autoridades municipales juegan un papel mas importante en la fundacion de los clubes, y que los residentes locales estan mas comprometidos en los proyectos de remesas colectivas de lo que anteriormente se pensaba. Ademas, los lideres de estos clubes participan en asociaciones civiles tanto en Mexico como en Estados Unidos y mantienen sentimientos de pertenencia binacionales, lo cual sugiere que la construccion de identidades colectivas es flexible y permite la identificacion con mas de una identidad nacional.
Integration of a GIS Data Set with Aerial Photography Using GPS for Control Points on the Newlands Project in Nevada

This paper examines issues related to the integration of data that is of a higher resolution than an existing GIS data set. It concerns a GIS data base that was created nearly ten years ago. The base data layer for several GIS themes was initially captured using coordinate values from maps at a scale of 1:62 500. This base data layer represents survey information of bearing and distance measurements. Additional features were captured from a set of aerial photography at a scale of 1:7920. GPS units will be used to capture coordinates for registration of this photography for incorporation into the existing GIS data base. At the same time, the coordinate data captured by the GPS units provide an opportunity for improving the representation in GIS of the survey information.
Infiltration of Tumors by Systemically Transferred Tumor-Reactive T Lymphocytes Is Required for Antitumor Efficacy

The systemic transfer of ex vivo-activated tumor-sensitized T lymphocytes can mediate immunologically specific regression of established tumors. However, it has not been conclusively established whether the infiltration of systemically transferred T cells into metastases is required for their effector function. In this study, T cells from lymph nodes draining the murine fibrosarcoma MCA 205 cells were activated ex vivo with anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody and interleukin-2. During the final 24 h of culture, the T cells were treated with pertussis toxin (PTX) to inhibit signaling through G protein-coupled chemokine receptors required for diapedesis. Systemically transferred PTX-treated cells did not have any therapeutic efficacy against 3-day established pulmonary metastases. This lack of efficacy correlated with their failure to infiltrate the tumor parenchyma. However, PTX-treated cells responded to tumor antigen stimulation with IFN-gamma secretion in vitro. More importantly, PTX-treated effector T cells prevented tumor growth when they were admixed with tumor cells and inoculated s.c. These results demonstrate that systemically transferred tumor-reactive T lymphocytes need to infiltrate the tumor parenchyma through the endothelium to initiate tumor regression, but PTX-sensitive proteins are not required for either antigen recognition or effector functions.
Myths of community-based health care.

Editor – I am responding to Adnan Hyder (1), who says that ‘‘community-based health care has been plagued by principles which have become myths’’. It should be pointed out that his principles/myths were not part of Alma-Ata’s message (2, 3) and mostly emerged five years later in the debate which advocated a shift to selective primary health care. An unfortunate polarization between top-down and bottom-up approaches in scaling up programmes to national coverage since then has often stalled health care reform. The dichotomy is false, since we need both. Community-based primary health care brings together multiple approaches to rationalize the balance. I agreewithHyder in debunking the first myth: there is no ‘‘universal model’’, an idea arising from the common public health preference for a blueprint approach. The second myth of focusing ‘‘only on villages’’ was a claimmade in arguing against Alma-Ata but it was never a principle of the Health for All movement. The same applies to the claim that ‘‘governments are the problem’’, since everyone agrees that governments must be a full partner with communities. When he refutes the claim that communitybased programmes are ‘‘less expensive’’, with no indication of less expensive than what, I agree with him that rigorous analysis of real but invisible costs may help. However, to resolve the old polarization, studies of both governmental and community-based activities are needed which look for points of synergy and mutual facilitation. Most of all, I agree with Hyder when he turns from evaluation by costs alone to introduce transparency, equity and need. In the final paragraph he stresses recognition of ‘‘the value base upon which the notion of community-based health care stands’’. He focuses correctly on the values of equity, empowerment and respect, and emphasizes the overriding need for recognition of the plurality of pathways by which these values are put into practice — hopefully in government and village partnerships. A major problem remains: to change the attitudes of international experts who seem to want to prolong the appearance of an argument as part of academic competition. I hope Hyder’s letter will help each of us to clarify our own myths. n Carl E. Taylor, Professor Emeritus Department of International Health School of Hygiene and Public Health Johns Hopkins University 615 N. Wolfe Street, Suite E8132 Baltimore, MD 21205, USA email: Ctaylor@jhsph.edu
Automated high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of (−)-2′-deoxy-3′-thiacytidine in biological fluids using the automated sequential trace enrichment of dialysate systems

A fully automated HPLC procedure was developed for the analysis of a small volume of perfusion solutions from an isolated perfused rat kidney study. The method involved separation of (-)-2'-deoxy-3'-thiacytidine (3TC) from the matrix by dialysis with 10 mM potassium phosphate buffer pH 3.0. 3TC was subsequently separated from the dialysate as it flowed through a SCX cation-exchange cartridge. The trapped 3TC was then eluted with a mobile phase of 50 mM ammonium acetate buffer (pH 5.5)-methanol (90.5:9.5, v/v) at a flow-rate of 1.0 ml/min for 2 min. The eluent was directed to the HPLC system and chromatographed with a BDS C18 analytical column at a temperature of 45 degrees C. Detection of 3TC was carried out by UV absorption at 274 nm. The procedure was validated from 25 to 10,000 ng/ml. Coefficients of variance (C.V.) of 3TC quality control samples were less than 9%. C.V.s of the standard curve samples were also less than 10% except for the 25 ng/ml samples (11.5%). The mean interpolated concentrations were within 8% of the nominal concentrations for all samples. No interference from concurrent drugs was observed. Preliminary results suggested that this procedure may also be used for human serum and urine samples.
Self-similar coherent structures in two-dimensional decaying turbulence

The authors present a detailed study of the emergence and the long-time behaviour of coherent vortices in two-dimensional decaying turbulence. By high-resolution numerical experiments they find that the coherent structures are self-similar, i.e. their energy, enstrophy and size satisfy scaling laws. Moreover, the knowledge of the statistical distribution of the size of these vortices is sufficient to compute the energy spectrum of the 2D turbulent flow and to explain the significant deviations from the Kraichnan-Batchelor theory. At long times the motion of the fluid is dominated by the vortex dynamics, which is strikingly similar to the Hamiltonian motion of few point vortices, as is confirmed by a comparison between the numerical simulations of the two systems.
ULTRASONOGRAPHIC DIAGNOSIS OF COXOFEMORAL SUBLUXATION IN HORSES

The clinical and ultrasonographic features of seven horses with coxofemoral subluxation are presented. Affected horses included five adult geldings (11-20 years), one large pony (6 years) and a 3-month-old filly. All were lame at the walk except for the pony with grade 3/5 lameness. Lameness was acute in all horses, but three horses progressed after initial improvement. Crepitus, muscle atrophy, and pelvic asymmetry were inconsistent findings. Ultrasonographic diagnosis of subluxation required dynamic visualization of femoral head displacement from the acetabulum while placing weight on the affected limb and subsequent replacement into its normal position upon limb resting. Acetabular rim fractures and joint effusion were visible regardless of weight bearing status in six horses each. No fractures were identified in the pony; the only patient with a good outcome. Six horses had a poor outcome with severe chronic lameness, four of which were euthanized. Postmortem ventrodorsal radiographs obtained in two horses confirmed subluxation only on extended limb projections, but not on hip-flexed projections. Acetabular rim fractures were not visible radiographically in either horse but were confirmed at necropsy. Subluxation was due to an elongated but intact ligament of the head of the femur in both horses. Osteoarthrosis was evident ultrasonographically, radiographically, and at necropsy. Dynamic ultrasonography was readily performed in the standing horse and produced diagnostic images with a low frequency curvilinear transducer. The apparent poor prognosis for horses with subluxation and acetabular fracture illustrate the importance of this imaging technique to identify affected horses.
PERINEAL LIPOBLASTOMA IN A NEONATE

Lipoblastoma is a rare benign neoplasm of adipose tissue seen primarily in children less than 5 years old and can be present at birth. Lipoblastomas commonly arise superficially in the trunk and extremities but may be seen also in the deep soft tissues.' We report a case of perineal lipoblastoma in a 2-month-old female newborn known to be a fragile X syndrome carrier. CASE REPORT A known fragile X syndrome carrier was born at term by cesarean section and initially thought to have ambiguous genitalia. Before delivery amniocentesis revealed a 46 XX karyotype and evidence of the FMR-1 fragile X mutation, indicating a carrier state. Two older brothers ages 10 and 13 years were previously diagnosed with the fragile X syndrome. Examination revealed a healthy appearing female neonate with a large, polypoid, protruding 4 x 2 x 1.5 cm., phalliclike mass arising at the inferior border of the leR labium majora (fig. 1). No erectile tissue was present nor was there a visible stoma1 opening. The labia, clitoris, urethra, separate vagina and normally placed anus all appeared normal. The neonate voided and passed meconium normally. A renal and bladder sonogram demonstrated mild left hydronephrosis, normal bladder and normal uterus. The neonate was reexamined at age 1 month. The mass was unchanged in size and appearance. Voiding cystourethrogram demonstrated normal anatomy. Cystoscopy, vaginoscopy and rectal examination were normal. The mass was removed by wide elliptical excision. The mass arose in the soft tissues with a vascular pedicle traced lateral to the superficial anal sphincter and levator sling, where it was ligated.
Über den peptischen Abbau von Getreide- und Erbsenproteinen und den Einfluß funktioneller Gruppen

1. Zp aus Weizen und Erbsen wurde mit Methanol verestert; die Peptidspektren der saulenchromatischen Trennung nach peptischer Hydrolyse wurden verglichen. 2. Umsetzen des Getreide-Zp mit N-Carboxy-Alanin-Anhydrid fuhrte zu einer Verbesserung, die des Erbsen-Zp zu einer Verschlechterung der Eiweisloslichkeit. Saulenchromatogramme der peptischen Hydrolysate und Aminosaureanalysen lassen sowohl bei Weizen- wie bei Erbsen-Zp eine grundlegende Verschiebung der Loslichkeitscharakteristika erkennen: „Albumine” werden nach Reaktion mit NCAA wasserunloslich. Prolamine wasserloslich.
Pilot implementation of a perioperative protocol to guide operating room-to-intensive care unit patient handoffs

Objectives Perioperative handoffs are a particularly high-risk period given patients' postprocedural physiology, their physical transport through the hospital, and the triad transfer of personnel, information, and technology. The authors piloted a new perioperative handoff process to guide patient transfers from the cardiac operating room (OR) to the cardiac surgical intensive care unit (CSICU). The aim of the study was to evaluate the impact of a standardized handoff process on patient care and provider satisfaction. Design A prospective, unblinded intervention study. Setting A CSICU in a teaching hospital. Participants Two hundred thirty-eight health care practitioners during the transfer of care of 60 patients. Interventions The implementation of a standardized handoff protocol and checklist. Measurements and Main Results After the protocol's implementation, the presence of all handoff core team members at the bedside increased from 0% at baseline to 68% after intervention. The percentage of missed information in the surgery report decreased from 26% to 16% (p = 0.03), but the percentage of missed information in the anesthesia report showed no significant change (19% to 17%, p > 0.05). Handoff satisfaction scores among intensive care unit (ICU) nurses increased from 61% to 81%. On average, the duration of handoff increased by 1 minute. Conclusions A standardized handoff protocol that guides the transfer of care from the OR team to the CSICU team can reduce the risk of missed information and improve satisfaction among perioperative providers.
Transport and Persistence of Drifting Macroalgae (Rhodophyta) are Strongly Influenced By Flow Velocity and Substratum Complexity In Tropical Seagrass Habitats

Currents induced by tidal circulation and wind in shallow tropical seagrass habitats can influence the distribution of drifting macroalgae. In Florida, drift algae are mostly comprised of 5 to 10 genera of Rhodophyta (red algae), with 1 or 2 dominant species. Drift clump transport was investigated through manipulative experiments. Increasing flow velocities entrained and transported clumps of drift algae; transport speeds were 50 to 67% of flow velocity and did not vary statistically significantly between clump sizes tested. The roughness of the substratum influenced transport speeds, with moderate to dense monospecific turtlegrass Thalassia testudinum reducing the speed of transport compared to bare substratum. Mixed seagrass substrata (T. testudinum and Halodule wrightii) further inhibited transport of drift clumps by more frequent entangling compared to the bare and monospecific substrata. Persistence of drift algae was inversely related to flow conditions, with longer persistence at low flow velocities.
A Cooperative Bilingual Effort in Michigan

Recent legislation in Michigan made it mandatory for school districts to satisfy the legitimate educational needs of their bilingual pupils. The Oak Park, Southfield, and Birmingham school districts in suburban Detroit, which have many Arabic and Chaldean-speaking students, formed a tri-district consortium to work out a bilingual/bicultural program in their target languages with nearby Mercy College of Detroit. Consortium administrators, teachers, paraprofessionals, parents, and community leaders working in cooperation with the Education Department of Mercy College planned and wrote a Model Transitional Bilingual Program which the state accepted. The college was then authorized to recommend for endorsement those teachers who successfully completed these studies. The program is now viable and it may well serve as a model for other school districts facing similar problems. A program overview with detailed exposition of its development, implementation, and evaluation by the community, the school districts, and the college is included.
Charge-density waves and isotropic metals

Abstract Fermi-surface instability leading to charge density waves is a common malady in anisotropic metals, and there is now evidence that it also infects isotropic ones.
Similarities between the nursing care needs of children with cancer and children with human immunodeficiency virus infection

The incidence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-related diseases among children is steadily increasing. The most common clinical manifestations of pediatric HIV infection are similar to those seen in childhood cancer. There are striking similarities between the care needs of these children and children with other chronic, potentially fatal diseases. Pediatric oncology nurses are among those who possess the knowledge and skills necessary to care for these children and their families. The interdisciplinary, holistic approach to caring for children with cancer is an excellent model for care of pediatric patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.
Perturbations of aromatic amino acids are associated with iron cluster assembly in ribonucleotide reductase.

The β2 subunit of class Ia ribonucleotide reductases (RNR) contains an antiferromagnetically coupled μ-oxo bridged diiron cluster and a tyrosyl radical (Y122•). In this study, an ultraviolet resonance Raman (UVRR) difference technique describes the structural changes induced by the assembly of the iron cluster and by the reduction of the tyrosyl radical. Spectral contributions from aromatic amino acids are observed through UV resonance enhancement at 229 nm. Vibrational bands are assigned by comparison to histidine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan, and 3-methylindole model compound data and by isotopic labeling of histidine in the β2 subunit. Reduction of the tyrosyl radical reveals Y122• Raman bands at 1499 and 1556 cm−1 and Y122 Raman bands at 1170, 1199, and 1608 cm−1. There is little perturbation of other aromatic amino acids when Y122• is reduced. Assembly of the iron cluster is shown to be accompanied by deprotonation of histidine. A p2H titration study supports the assignment of an elevated pK ...
Volatiles and Oxidative Changes in Irradiated Pork Sausage with Different Fatty Acid Composition and Tocopherol Content

: Aerobic-packaged sausage irradiated at 4.5 kGy had higher (P < 0.05) 2-thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) than those irradiated at 0 or 2.5 kGy at 0-d storage. Generally, TBARS of aerobic- or vacuum-packaged sausage prepared with lard were higher (P < 0.05) than those of sausage prepared with flaxseed oil or corn oil. The amount of 1-heptene and 1-nonene increased (P < 0.05) with increased irradiation doses. Aldehydes, ketones, and alcohols were not influenced by irradiation at 0-d storage. However, irradiation accelerated lipid oxidation and increased the amount of aldehydes, ketones, and alcohols in aerobic-packaged sausage during storage. The tocopherol content in the sausage influenced (P < 0.05) production of volatiles at different levels of unsaturated fatty acids.