cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Activation of H2 and SO2 by Mo and W complexes: first examples of molecular-H2 complexes, SO2 insertion into metal-hydride bonds, and homogeneous hydrogenation of SO2

Abstract Our recent work on small-molecule activation by low-valent organometallic Mo and W complexes is summarized. Stereochemical control of MoSO2 coordination geometry has been achieved since the SO2 in Mo(CO)2(PPh3)2(SO)2(L) can bind as a σ-base (η1), as a π-acid(η2), or as an isomeric mixture of both forms merely by fine-tuning the donor-acceptor nature of the single cis ligand, L. Modification towards bulky phosphines led to a synthetic pathway to the formally 16-electron complexes, M(CO)3(PR3)2(R = Cy or Pri), the structures of which show agostic M···HC interaction. This weak interaction can readily be supplanted by others, including the first example of coordination of molecular H2. Neutron diffraction studies of W(CO)3(PPrii3)2(η2-H2) show that WH = 1.89(1) A and HH = 0.82(1) A. 1H NMR of the HD complex provides a useful spectroscopic diagnostic for molecular coordination (JHD = 33.5 Hz). Complete HD isotopic exchange occurs for D2 +H2 complex, even in the solid state. Reductions of SO2 by hydrides and H2 have been studied. Addition of SO2 to solutions of (η5-C5R5)M(CO)3H [R = H (= Cp) or Me (=Cp*)] produced (η5-C5R5)M(CO)3(SO2H), the first example of SO2 insertion into an MH bond. The S(O)(OH) complexes are thermally unstable, decomposing at 25–75°C to SO2 reduction products, including water and sulfido-oxo cluster complexes. A dithionite-bridged complex. [Cp*Mo(CO)3]2(μ-S2O4), has also been obtained from the hydride-SO2 reaction. Homogeneous catalysis of SO2 reduction by H2 has been effected using [Cp*Mo(μ-S)(μ-SH)]2 catalyst. Clean conversion to sulfur and water occurs in chlorobenzene-butanol at 1–3 atm and 25–100°C at a rate of up to 350 catalyst turnovers h−1. Weak bases such as Et3N and ROH greatly increase the rate.
Metabolic Changes Induced in Mammalian Erythrocytes by Whole-Body X-Irradiation

Since mammalian erythrocytes are enucleated no resyntheses of proteins can occur and any radiation damage incurred on the enzyme-proteins, such as denaturation or rupture of peptide linkage, should be detectable by changes in enzymic reactions. An investigation was made of erythrocyte enzyme systems as an indication of radiation damage. Results are presented graphically. It is tentatively concluded that the erythrocyte is a promising tissue component as an internal mammalian x-ray indicator. (C.H.)
Effects of Microtopography on Hydrology, Physicochemistry, and Vegetation in a Tidal Swamp of the Hudson River

Hudson River freshwater tidal swamps have dynamic flooding and oxygenation regimes due to daily tidal flushing. Microtopography, small scale differences in elevation, adds even more complexity to inundation patterns and may have important implications for nutrient flow and wetland plant communities. The objective of this study was to determine if differences in inundation between microtopographic features were sufficient to alter physical, chemical, and biological attributes. Microtopography significantly affected flooding duration and redox conditions. Hummocks had lower concentrations of soluble phosphate in their porewater probably due to differing depths of iron oxidation. Hummocks also had lower porewater ammonium concentrations which could be explained by higher plant uptake of nitrogen on hummocks or less ammonium being nitrified and subsequently denitrified in hollows due to lack of oxygen. Decomposition rates were slower in hollows perhaps due to lack of oxygen due to flooding or differing decomposer communities. Fewer herbaceous plant species were found in hollows compared to hummocks perhaps because of hollow’s anoxic soils. Microtopography affects freshwater tidal swamp ecosystem function by affecting oxygen penetration, nutrient availability, rates of decomposition, and herbaceous plant species distributions.
Anthropogenic footprint of climate change in the June 2013 northern India flood

During 13–17 June 2013, heavy rainfall occurred in the northern Indian state of Uttarakhand and led to one of the worst floods in history and massive landslides, resulting in more than 5000 casualties and a huge loss of property. In this study, meteorological and climatic conditions leading up to this rainfall event in 2013 and similar cases were analyzed for the period of 1979–2012. Attribution analysis was performed to identify the natural and anthropogenic influences on the climate anomalies using the historical single-forcing experiments in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5. In addition, regional modeling experiments were carried out to quantify the role of the long-term climate trends in affecting the rainfall magnitude of the June 2013 event. It was found that (a) northern India has experienced increasingly large rainfall in June since the late 1980s, (b) the increase in rainfall appears to be associated with a tendency in the upper troposphere towards amplified short waves, and (c) the phasing of such amplified short waves is tied to increased loading of green-house gases and aerosols. In addition, a regional modeling diagnosis attributed 60–90 % of rainfall amounts in the June 2013 event to post-1980 climate trends.
Suitable homes revisited: An historical look at child protection and welfare reform

Abstract Welfare reform will impact the child protection population not only by effecting changes in family life, but also by altering the nature of the relationships between welfare and child protection institutions. Certain aspects of-TANF recall the historical tendency for mothers' pensions, ADC and AFDC to be restricted to certain kinds of “fit” parents, for “suitable homes” policies to act as caseload containment measures, and for social services within welfare to serve a surveillance function without evidencing clear success in resolving financial dependency or problems with parenting. Such characteristics of welfare have supported a strong linkage to the child protection system, although the nature of this relationship has varied over time. A review of selected events highlights the problems encountered when welfare-based social services attempt to perform a child protection function, problems that are particularly relevant given current concerns that welfare reform will intensify the poverty experienced by already precarious families. It is suggested that the blended family service/welfare-to-work model of TANF be implemented with care—to avoid repeating the mistakes of prior eras—and that some degree of functional and philosophical separation between welfare-to-work and child protection will facilitate the best provision of service to families.
Loss of Purkinje cells in the PKCgamma H101Y transgenic mouse.

Spinocerebellar ataxia type 14 (SCA14) is an autosomal, dominant neurodegenerative disorder caused by mutations in PKCγ. The objective of this study was to determine effects of PKCγ H101Y SCA14 mutation on Purkinje cells in the transgenic mouse. Results demonstrated that wild type PKCγ-like Purkinje cell localization of HA-tagged PKCγ H101Y mutant proteins, altered morphology and loss of Purkinje cells were observed in the PKCγ H101Y SCA14 transgenic mouse at four weeks of age. Failure of stereotypical clasping responses in the hind limbs of transgenic mice was also observed. Further, PKCγ H101Y SCA14 mutation caused lack of total cellular PKCγ enzyme activity, loss of connexin 57 phosphorylation on serines, and activation of caspase-12 in the PKCγ H101Y SCA14 transgenic mouse. Results clearly demonstrate a need for PKCγ control of gap junctions for maintenance of Purkinje cells. This is the first transgenic mouse to our knowledge which models a human SCA14 mutation.
Characterizing Dynamic Fracture Behavior of Adhesive Joints under Quasi-Static and Impact Loading

An experimental evaluation of the dynamic fracture properties of an automotive epoxy is presented. Pronounced stick-slip behavior was observed in both quasi-static and impact tests of aluminum and composite adherends bonded with this adhesive. An experimental technique for conducting low speed impact of adhesively bonded automotive composite joints is presented. Based on the use of a modified drop tower, mode I, II, and mixed mode values for critical energy release rate were determined to create a fracture envelope for the composite/epoxy system. Because load measurements are erratic and unreliable at higher test rates, displacement-based relationships were used to quantify these energy release rates. Displacement data were collected with an imaging system that utilizes edge detection to determine displacement profiles, end displacements, and opening displacements where applicable. Because of the resolution of the image-based approach being used, determining crack length experimentally is difficult. As a result, numerical methods based on edge detection algorithms were developed to objectively determine the crack length based on the available experimental data in mode I, II, and mixed mode I/II configurations.
Properties and cellular localization of a luciferin binding protein in the bioluminescence reaction of Gonyaulax polyedra

A luciferin binding protein LBP involved in the bioluminescence reaction of Gonyaulax polyedra was purified and used for antibody production. Luciferin bound to LBP is fluorescent and can be used as a marker in living cells, allowing the localization of LBP in cortical organelles to be visualized. In cell sections, the same peripheral localization was observed using anti-LBP and immunofluorescence microscopy. The amount of LBP is ten-fold greater from cells from in night phase compared to those from in day phase, as determined both by immunoblots of cell extracts, and in vivo fluorescence. These changes correlate with the circadian changes in bioluminescence of living cells.
AGING AND ITS DISTRIBUTION IN COARSENING PROCESSES

We investigate the age distribution function P(\ensuremath{\tau},t) in prototypical coarsening processes. Here P(\ensuremath{\tau},t) is the probability density that in a time interval (0,t) a given site was last crossed by an interface in the coarsening process at time \ensuremath{\tau}. We determine P(\ensuremath{\tau},t) exactly in one dimension for the (deterministic) two-velocity ballistic annihilation process and the (stochastic) infinite-state Potts model with zero-temperature Glauber dynamics. Surprisingly, we find that in the scaling limit, P(\ensuremath{\tau},t) is identical for these two models. We also show that the average age, i.e., the average time since a site was last visited by an interface, grows linearly with the observation time t. This latter property is also found in the one-dimensional Ising model with zero-temperature Glauber dynamics. We also discuss the age distribution in dimension d\ensuremath{\geqslant}2 and find similar qualitative features to those in one dimension.
Finite precision analysis of support vector machine classification in logarithmic number systems

In this paper we present an analysis of the minimal hardware precision required to implement support vector machine (SVM) classification within a logarithmic number system architecture. Support vector machines are fast emerging as a powerful machine-learning tool for pattern recognition, decision-making and classification. Logarithmic number systems (LNS) utilize the property of logarithmic compression for numerical operations. Within the logarithmic domain, multiplication and division can be treated simply as addition or subtraction. Hardware computation of these operations is significantly faster with reduced complexity. Leveraging the inherent properties of LNS, we are able to achieve significant savings over double-precision floating point in an implementation of a SVM classification algorithm.
Germinal centres and B cell lymphomagenesis

Germinal centres (GCs) are involved in the selection of B cells secreting high-affinity antibodies and are also the origin of most human B cell lymphomas. Recent progress has been made in identifying the functionally relevant stages of the GC and the complex trafficking mechanisms of B cells within the GC. These studies have identified transcription factors and signalling pathways that regulate distinct phases of GC development. Notably, these factors and pathways are hijacked during tumorigenesis, as revealed by analyses of the genetic lesions associated with various types of B cell lymphomas. This Review focuses on recent insights into the mechanisms that regulate GC development and that are relevant for human B cell lymphomagenesis.
Deterministic wave model for short-crested ocean waves: Part II. Comparison with laboratory and field measurements

The directional hybrid wave model (DHWM) is applied to one set of laboratory wave measurements and two sets of ocean wave measurements for the deterministic prediction of wave properties in the vicinity of measurements. The DHWM first decomposes a measured wave field into its free-wave components and then predicts the wave properties based on the decomposed free-wave components. The comparisons between the predicted signals and the corresponding laboratory measurements show excellent agreement. The discrepancies between the predicted signals and the corresponding field measurements increase in comparison with those between the predicted and laboratory-measured signals. However, the agreement between the predicted and the field-measured signals remain satisfactory. These examples indicate that the DHWM is capable of predicting wave properties of a short-crested ocean wave field in a deterministic manner. Hence, it provides a robust method for ocean wave measurements and their data analysis. It is expected that the DHWM will have many applications to ocean science and engineering in the near future.
Interaction of Amphetamine with Conditions of Food Deprivation

Twenty-four female hooded rats were randomly assigned to two amphetamine dosage levels (5 and 10 mg/kg) and three deprivation conditions (0, 12, and 24 hr.) to form six independent groups of four Ss each. The amount of food consumed during a 3-hr. feeding period was determined for four separate trials. On each trial the 3-hr. feeding period was preceded by a single injection of amphetamine and a single condition of food deprivation. There was a statistically significant interaction between dosage level of amphetamine and the different conditions of food deprivation. The implications of the results for previous studies and future research are briefly discussed.
Personality Characteristics of American and English, Bright and Average College Freshmen

The present authors have been attempting to identify consistent personality characteristics of bright college freshmen at Western Washington State College (WWSC) since 1963. Each year the bright studencs indicated grearer independence and less social and personal adjustment than did the normative groups for the tests given, which suggests that Terman's (1947) favorable generalizations concerning the adjustment of the bright may be unwarranted for college students of the 60's. These studies are summarized in the most recent report (Mason, Adams, & Blood, 1968). During the 1967-68 academic year an attempt was made to learn whether this bright vs norm difference could be generalized to other campuses. Students at Washington State University from both Honors classes (WSU Honors; n = 49) and regular classes (WSU Norm; n = 53), Stanford University (SU; n = 45) and Boreham Woods Grammar School in Great Britain (BW; n = 58) were added to another WWSC sample ( n = 108) of bright students. [For some of the comparisons to be described below different ns were obtained and these ns are given with the description. Otherwise, the above las apply.] While these were samples of convenience, students from other institutions were enrolled in regular classes with no known bias from class membership (except for WSU Honors) and without volunteer error.
Developing and measuring the emotional intelligence of leaders

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to empirically test whether it is possible to deliberately develop emotional intelligence (EI) as conceptualized in the Mayer and Salovey model.Design/methodology/approach – This empirical study utilized a sample of 135 fully‐employed business students in a treatment/control group research design in which treatment group participants underwent an intensive 11‐week EI training program. Additional samples of 270 and 130 fully employed business students were utilized to develop an EI measure appropriate for EI development.Findings – The results indicate that EI can be deliberately developed; the treatment group demonstrated statistically significant overall EI gains and across each EI dimension, while the control group did not show any significant pre‐/post‐test differences.Practical implications – In addition to illustrating EI training best practices, a new EI measure is described that is appropriate for leadership development.Research limitations/implications – Resea...
Hypertension: Relationships between pathophysiology and therapy

primary hypertension and the more common forms of secondary hypertension in the pediatri c age patient. In the second part; the therapeutic approach, based on an understanding Of the mechanisms of hypertension is discussed. NO attempts are made to discuss the differential diagnosis of hypertension noi: the Various approaches to diagnosis, except as possibly related to pathophysiology and treatment. These aspects have been recently reviewed in detail for both children and adults?' ', ~, 9
Moral hazard with a finite number of states

Abstract Pure moral hazard situations with a finite number of underlying states and multidimensional actions are considered. Conditions are derived under which the first-best can be achieved. It is shown that the absence of resource constraints is important for this result.
Reactions of binuclear ruthenium–platinum μ-allenyl complexes with nucleophilic and electrophilic reagents. The characterization of two 1:1 adducts of L(PPh3)Pt(μ-η1:η2α,β-C(Ph)=C=CH2)Ru(CO)Cp (L=PPh3, t-BuNC) and p-toluenesulfonyl isocyanate

Abstract Reactions of (PPh3)2Pt(μ-η1:η2α,β-C(R)CCH2)Ru(CO)Cp (R=H (1), Ph (2)) with Ph2PCH2CH2CH2PPh2, PEt3 and t-BuNC in THF at −78°C to room temperature afforded the substitution products L2Pt(μ-η1:η2α,β-C(R)CCH2)Ru(CO)Cp (R=H, L2=Ph2PCH2CH2CH2PPh2 (3), R=Ph, L2=Ph2PCH2CH2CH2PPh2 (4), R=H, L2=2PEt3 (5), R=Ph, L2=PPh3 and t-BuNC (6)). No reaction was observed for 1 with Et2NH or C6H11NH2 and 2 with p-TolS(O)2NH2 in THF at reflux temperature. Complex 2 reacted with p-TolS(O)2NCO (TSI) in toluene at −78°C to room temperature to yield two 1:1 addition products of the reactants: the γ-carbon substituted μ-allenyl (PPh3)2Pt(μ-η1:η2α,β-C(Ph)CCHC(O)NHS(O)2Tol-p) (7) and the [3+2] cycloadduct (PPh3)2Pt(μ-η1:η2-CC(Ph)N(S(O)2Tol-p)C(O)CH2)Ru(CO)Cp (8). Complexes 4 and 6 afforded with TSI, under essentially similar conditions, only [3+2] cycloadducts, L2Pt(μ-η1:η2-CC(Ph)N(S(O)2Tol-p)C(O)CH2)Ru(CO)Cp (L2=Ph2PCH2CH2CH2PPh2 (9), PPh3 and t-BuNC (10)). All products were characterized by a combination of IR and NMR (1H, 13C{1H} and 31P{1H}) spectroscopy, FAB MS and elemental analysis. The structures of 7 (as 7·C3H6O) and 10 were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Reactions of 2 with trans-NCCHCHCN (L) and of 1 with the alkynes MeO2CCCCO2Me, MeO2CCCMe, PhCCH and PhCCPh (L) resulted in the formation of the mononuclear metal complexes Cp(CO)2RuC(R)CCH2 (R=H, Ph) and (PPh3)2PtL. The reverse of this fragmentation reaction occurred when Cp(CO)2RuCHCCH2 was treated with (PPh3)2Pt(PhCCPh). No reaction was observed between 2 and each (CN)2CCPh2 and MeS(O)2NSO in benzene or toluene on heating. The η1-allenyl Cp(CO)2RuC(Ph)CCH2, obtained in this study, is a new compound.
Quantification of the Lake Trophic Typologies of Naumann (Surface Quality) and Thienemann (Oxygen) with Special Reference to the Great Lakes

Abstract Separate trophic scales and indices are developed for two of the most significant symptoms of eutrophication: surface water quality and hypolimnetic dissolved oxygen depletion. The scales are made comparable by expressing them in dimensionless form with a lower bound of zero and a mesotrophic range from 5 to 10. In this way, the two symptoms can be compared and their relative importance judged. This is done for the Great Lakes with the result that for both scales Lakes Superior, Huron, and Michigan are classified as oligotrophic. However, while central and eastern Lake Erie and Lake Ontario are classified as mesotrophic in terms of surface water quality, they range from eutrophic (central Lake Erie) to oligotrophic (Lake Ontario) on the oxygen scale. This is because, although these lakes are similar in surface water quality, their hypolimnion thicknesses range from approximately 4 m for central Erie to 70 m for Lake Ontario. Because of its shallowness, western Lake Erie does not have a persistent oxygen problem. In terms of surface quality it is classified as eutrophic. We have attempted to relate the two scales by correlating surface primary production and areal depletion rate. The results indicate that for lakes of similar primary production, areal oxygen depletion is directly proportional to hypolimnion thickness.
A practice-integrated learning sequence (PILS)

A practice-related office-based CME program was implemented in which 790 primary care physicians treated 9160 patients with hypertension with a single beta adrenoceptor blocking drug. Fifteen percent of the patients did not meet enrollment criteria and twenty-eight percent of the patients were not managed according to the criteria established. Deficiencies were also found in history taking concerning drug side effects on follow-up visits. Physicians performance in these categories could not be predicted by self-assessment test scores or by physicians' self-evaluations of various aspects of their practice behaviors during the program. The Practice Integrated Learning Sequence (PILS) described in this report is a practicerelated, office-based educational process which can be useful in evaluating practice behavior and identifying areas for additional educational interventions.
Event Matching Using the Transitive Closure of Dependency Relations

This paper describes a novel event-matching strategy using features obtained from the transitive closure of dependency relations. The method yields a model capable of matching events with an F-measure of 66.5%.
Validation of a Conventional Finite Element Model for Simulation of a Micropunching Process

Finite element analysis (FEA) of metal microforming processes may require Crystal Plasticity Finite Element (CPFE) formulations to incorporate material inhomogeneity as feature size approaches grain size. Presently, it is unknown if the micropunching process, where holes are formed by shearing thin metal foils with a thickness on the same scale as grain size, can be accurately simulated by using the material’s bulk material properties or if CPFE is required. In the current research, validity of conventional FEA in simulating micropunching is investigated as CPFE formulations have yet to be integrated with most commercially available programs. Using DEFORM finite element software, strain hardening and strain rate hardening material models were employed to approximate flow stress when punching 200 μm diameter holes in 25 μm thick annealed copper foil. For validation of peak punching force, micro holes were fabricated with a nominal diameter of 200 μm for die clearances ranging from 7.6% to 48% of material thickness. The average grain size of the foil was determined to be approximately 47 μm. Therefore, micropunching was predominantly through a single grain across foil thickness and less than a grain in the direction of radial die clearance. Results indicate that the homogeneous material model in DEFORM is capable of predicting the maximum punching forces with reasonable accuracy, concluding that a CPFE model is not necessary for this category of micropunching. Regardless of die clearance, the maximum punching force was approximately 3 N.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Searching for home: Tibetan scholars' decision to migrate or return

This qualitative study explored how ethnic identity, perceived obligations, and an unresolved conflict of home influenced the decision of Tibetan Scholarship Program (TSP) participants to return back to the exile community per their commitment or to make a new life in North America after their program completion. The research focused on three major questions: (a) How do moral and spiritual obligations perceived in Tibetans living in the diaspora influence their cultural identity and, as a result, their decision-making process?, (b) How is the decision of Tibetan Scholarship Program (TSP) students to return or migrate guided by opposing influences?; (c) How does the Tibetan people’s status as a diasporic people impact their connectivity to their exiled home and thus their perception of home? Participants were purposefully selected from a pool of former TSP scholars who had responded to a pilot study survey and who represented both students who had returned as well as those who decided to migrate. Data gathered from semistructured interviews, as well as from survey results and a review of documents, were analyzed and coded into four major themes: (a) Searching for Self: Tibetan Identity; (b) Searching for Answers: Influences on Decision-Making; (c) Searching for Resolution: Inner Conflict; and (d) Searching for Belonging: Perception of Home. The findings illuminated the complex nature and multiple affiliations of Tibetan exiles and further examined the opposing influences TSP scholars negotiated as they searched for a place to call home. Implications, including specific suggestions for practice and recommendations for future research, were also presented.
Magnetic nanoparticles for imaging dendritic cells.

We report the development of superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIOs) nanoparticles and investigate the migration of SPIO-labeled dendritic cells (DCs) in a syngeneic mouse model using magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. The size of the dextran-coated SPIO is roughly 30 nm, and the DCs are capable of independent uptake of these particles, although not at levels comparable to particle uptake in the presence of a transfecting reagent. On average, with the assistance of polylysine, the particles were efficiently delivered inside DCs within one hour of incubation. The SPIO particles occupy approximately 0.35% of cell surface and are equivalent to 34.6 pg of iron per cell. In vivo imaging demonstrated that the labeled cells migrated from the injection site in the footpad to the corresponding popliteal lymph node. The homing of labeled cells in the lymph nodes resulted in a signal drop of up to 79%. Furthermore, labeling DCs with SPIO particles did not compromise cell function, we demonstrated that SPIO-enhanced MR imaging can be used to track the migration of DCs effectively in vivo. Magn Reson Med 63:1383–1390, 2010.
Multi-threaded vectorization

A new architectural concept called multithreaded vecrorization is introduced to bmaden the range of “vectorizable” code while keeping the same pipeline efficiency and simplicity as in conventional vector machines. This architecture can be viewed as a compromise between vector and VLIW machines. A compiler algorithm based on the software. pipelining technique is proposed to map loops to multi-threaded architecture. For several conventionally considered nonvectorizable kernels, we show this architecture can deliver as much as 60 percent of performance gain over conventional vector machines.
Petrography, composition, and origin of large, chromian spinels from the Murchison meteorite

Abstract Most spinel grains in Murchison acid residues are Mg-, Al-rich, 16O-rich (δ18O = −50%.), small (10–30 μm) and probably from refractory inclusions. They are quite unlike spinels we have recovered from Murchison by freeze-thaw disaggregation, density separation, and handpicking. As reported here, the latter spinels contain up to 37 wt% Cr2O3 and up to 17 wt% FeO, are not 16O-enriched (δ18O = 1.9 ± 2.4%.), are coarse (60–325 μm), and are not from refractory inclusions. From backscattered electron images of fifty-seven such grains, we recognize five zoning types defined by variations in Cr2O3 contents: patchy (56%); homogeneous (21%); chevron (10.5%); gradational (9%); and core-rim (3.5%). Many grains have silicate inclusions, the most common being small, anhedral grains of diopside with 12–24 wt% Al2O3 and up to 3.7 wt% TiO2. Eleven spinel samples occur with forsteritic (Fo95–99) olivine; in most cases, the spinel partially encloses the olivine. Cr-bearing spinel was found in situ in two Al-rich chondrules (one with homogeneous spinel, the other with homogeneous, gradational and core-rim spinel, and both with forsterite and aluminous diopside); in two irregularly shaped, olivine-bearing inclusions (one with homogeneous spinel, the other patchy); and attached to an isolated olivine grain (patchy). Observation of homogeneous, gradational, and core-rim type spinels in chondrules and basalts shows that grains with these zoning patterns can crystallize from liquids, although, in Murchison, chondrules with the appropriate compositions and sufficiently coarse textures to yield the separated spinels are exceedingly rare. Chevronzoned grains also could have formed in chondrules; alternatively, they may have acquired their oscillatory zoning patterns by cycling through different P-T-ƒ O 2 regimes in the solar nebula during their formation. The patchy spinel grains were probably never molten and they most likely formed by sintering of aggregates of smaller spinel grains which were enriched in Cr and Fe to varying degrees. In spite of their various crystallization and thermal histories, the spinels all have normal oxygen and chromium isotopic compositions, consistent with formation from a single, well-mixed nebular reservoir. Based on the known slow rates of diffusion of oxygen in MgO, Al2O3, and MgAl2O4, it is unlikely that the spinels of this study formed from an isotopically anomalous reservoir and later re-equilibrated with a normal one; it is more likely that they have retained their original isotopic compositions. We see no evidence for anomalous Cr, which had been reported by others.
On Classifying Daylight for Design

In this paper, we present LiQuID, a tool for clustering lighting simulation data. Photographs are useful vehicles for both describing and making assessments of architectural lighting systems. A significant barrier to using photographs during the design process relates to the sheer volume of renderings that needs to be analyzed. Although there have been efforts to produce novel visualization systems to manage large sets of photographs, this research aims to reduce the complexity by classifying data into representative prototypes. A hypothetical case study is discussed.
Generalized stochastic derivatives on spaces of nonregular generalized functions of Meixner white noise

We introduce and study generalized stochastic derivatives on Kondratiev-type spaces of nonregular generalized functions of Meixner white noise. Properties of these derivatives are quite analogous to properties of stochastic derivatives in the Gaussian analysis. As an example, we calculate the generalized stochastic derivative of a solution of a stochastic equation with Wick-type nonlinearity.
Control Method for Cascaded H-Bridge Multilevel Inverter Failures

To increase the fault tolerance for cascaded H-bridge inverter, this paper presents a novel switch-based control method for operating the inverter when one or more switches are damaged. To control the inverter under faulty mode, only the faulty switches are disposed, the control signals for other switches in the faulty cell are modified according to the fault type. The influence of various faults on space vectors is analysed and the maximum achievable output voltage of the inverter with faulty switches is calculated. Compared with existing cell-based control methods, this method generates higher voltage space vector magnitudes and reduces the influence of switch problems on motor operation in most faulty modes, while keeping producing a balanced line to line voltage, the reliability of the system is then enhanced. The simulated results agree with the theoretical analysis.
Effect of Margin Design and Processing Steps on Marginal Adaptation of Captek Restorations

This study examined the effect of four margin designs on marginal adaptation of Captek crowns during selected processing steps. Twenty-four Captek crowns were fabricated, six each of four margin designs: shoulder (Group A), chamfer (Group B), chamfer with bevel (Group C), and shoulder with bevel (Group D). Marginal discrepancies between crowns and matching dies were measured at selected points for each sample at the coping stage (Stage 1), following porcelain application (Stage 2) and cementation (Stage 3). Digital imaging methods were used to measure marginal gap. The results indicate decreasing trend of margin gap as a function of margin design in the order A>B>C>D. Between processing steps, the trend was in the order Stage 3 < Stage 1 < Stage 2. Porcelain firing had no significant effect on marginal adaptation, but cementation decreased the marginal gap. Generally, the margin gap in Captek restorations were in all cases less than the reported acceptable range of margin gaps for ceramometal restorations. These results are clinically favorable outcomes and may be associated with the ductility and burnishability of matrix phase in Captek metal coping margins.
Production of Negative Helium Ions by Nearly-Resonant Charge Exchange in Potassium

The design criteria for a source of 5-10?A of He- ions suitable for tandem accelerator application have been investigated. The process used is a nearly-resonant charge exchange between He+ ions, from a duoplasmatron, and potassium vapor. In the He+ energy range of 5-25 keV, the He-/He+ yield has been measured as a function of He+ energy. Yields of ~2%/ have been observed. A He- beam emittance of 1.2 × 10-2 cm rad eV1/2 has been measured. The potassium flux into the system was found to be ~1016 particles/s.
Verification of an equivalent circuit model for a helical motion induction motor

A helical-motion induction motor (HMIM) that can be used in a tandem arrangement of two units to form a direct-acting, two-degrees-of-freedom actuator capable of producing pure rotary motion, pure linear motion, or helical motion is described. It is shown that under appropriate definition of slip the Steinmetz equivalent circuit of an induction motor can be applied to this two-degrees-of-freedom machine. A procedure is developed for the determination of the equivalent circuit parameters, even though the magnetizing inductance is small for a typical secondary of conducting sleeve design. Experimental data recorded from an operational model of the HMIM show excellent agreement with values of thrust and torque predicted by the equivalent circuit. >
Claudication in the Setting of Plethysmographic Criteria for Resting Ischemia: Is Surgery Justified?

Objective noninvasive criteria for resting ischemia are sometimes found in patients with milder clinical complaints. If noninvasive information can predict irrevocable progression to resting ischemia, instances of tissue loss theoretically could be prevented by early intervention. Accordingly, we investigated the clinical outcome in 51 claudicators with pulse volume recorder and/or ankle-brachial index (ABI) criteria for ischemia at rest. Patients with type IV (markedly blunted) or type V (flat) ankle or transmetatarsal pulse volume recordings and/or ABI <0.5 and accompanying claudication were identified. Resting ischemia and/or tissue necrosis developed in 29% of patients and necessitated vascular reconstruction within 36 months. One patient had a primary above-knee amputation at a different institution and 14 patients underwent successful revascularization. In 3 of 14 patients, reconstruction was accompanied by digit or transmetatarsal amputation. No limbs were lost in the revascularized group. Noninvasive criteria for resting ischemia in patients with claudication alone portend a high rate of progression to resting ischemic symptoms. At present the use of clinical criteria and careful follow-up would permit a high rate of foot and limb salvage in those whose ischemia progresses and would prevent unnecessary surgery in the remaining patients. Further prospective definition of patients at risk for progression of ischemia might help prevent tissue loss in selected patients.
Benzene TCLP results from saltstone prepared with 2X ITP flowsheet concentrations of phenylborates

The Savannah River Site (SRS) teamed with the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), and ITT Flygt Corporation to conduct a test program evaluating shrouded axial propeller mixers (Flygt mixers) for heel removal in SRS Tank 19. SRS is identifying and investigating techniques to remove sludge heels from waste tanks such as Tank 19.
Modeling longitudinal MRI changes in populations using a localized, information-theoretic measure of contrast

Longitudinal MR imaging during early brain development provides important information about growth patterns and the development of neurological disorders. We propose a new framework for studying brain growth patterns within and across populations based on MRI contrast changes, measured at each time point of interest and at each voxel. Our method uses regression in the LogOdds space and an information-theoretic measure of distance between distributions to capture contrast in a manner that is robust to imaging parameters and without requiring intensity normalization. We apply our method to a clinical neuroimaging study on early brain development in autism, where we obtain a 4D spatiotemporal model of contrast changes in multimodal structural MRI.
Characterizing software architecture changes: A systematic review

With today's ever increasing demands on software, software developers must produce software that can be changed without the risk of degrading the software architecture. One way to address software changes is to characterize their causes and effects. A software change characterization mechanism allows developers to characterize the effects of a change using different criteria, e.g. the cause of the change, the type of change that needs to be made, and the part of the system where the change must take place. This information then can be used to illustrate the potential impact of the change. This paper presents a systematic literature review of software architecture change characteristics. The results of this systematic review were used to create the Software Architecture Change Characterization Scheme (SACCS). This report addresses key areas involved in making changes to software architecture. SACCS's purpose is to identify the characteristics of a software change that will have an impact on the high-level software architecture.
The incidence of ophthalmia neonatorum without prophylaxis

Abstract 1. Our 5,480 newborn infants were divided into two groups. In 2,212 babies sterile distilled water was instilled into the eyes immediately after birth and in 3,268 cases no treatment was instituted. 2. Purulent conjunctival discharge was present in only 76 cases (1.4 per cent) and heavy watery discharge in 243 instances (4.4 per cent). 3. All cultures were negative for gonococci and in only one case were the smears suspicious of gonococcal ophthalmia neonatorum. 4. In cases exhibiting conjunctival discharge and in which cultures were taken, negative bacteriological findings were present in 45.2 per cent. The cultures were negative in 35 per cent of cases with purulent discharge. 5. It is suggested that virus infection or maternal irritants might be incriminating factors in some cases of conjunctivitis with negative cultures. 6. It is believed that chemical conjunctivitis occurs in a significant number of cases when silver nitrate is used and to a lesser extent with oxytetracycline. 7. The routine instillation of silver nitrate or antibiotics into the eyes of the newborn should be reconsidered.
Breakfast consumption and adiposity among children and adolescents: an updated review of the literature.

SummaryBackground Breakfast consumption has been associated with reduced risk of overweight and obesity among children, but previous evidence reviews fail to confirm a causal relationship. Objectives To review recent literature on breakfast consumption and adiposity among children and discuss potential underlying mechanisms. Methods A comprehensive literature search of studies published since the 2010 US National Evidence Library review (January 2010–January 2015) was conducted. Results Twelve studies met inclusion criteria. All were conducted in industrialized countries: six in Europe, four in the USA, one in China and one in Australia. Ten of the studies used observational longitudinal designs, with follow-up periods ranging from 1 to 27 years (median: 3, mean: 7.4); of these, eight reported inverse associations between breakfast consumption and excess adiposity, while two found no association. The other studies (1 case-control, 1 experimental) each reported a protective effect of breakfast consumption on overweight and obesity among children. Conclusions Findings corroborate results from previous reviews, adding support for a possible, protective role for breakfast consumption in preventing excess adiposity during childhood and adolescence. However, drawing a causal conclusion from the collective evidence is curtailed by methodological limitations and inconsistencies, including study design, follow-up duration and frequency, exposure and outcome assessment, as well as limited consideration of confounding, mediating and effect-modifying variables. More rigorous study designs employing valid and standardized measurement of relevant variables are needed.
Effect of Renal Reconstruction on Renal Function After Partial Nephrectomy.

Abstract Background and Purpose: Functional losses near 20% are seen in the operated kidney during partial nephrectomy. Resected healthy margins are small and ischemia time limited in the modern era. We hypothesize that reconstruction following tumor resection is modifiable and a significant cause of renal function injury. Materials and Methods: A literature review of Medline and Scopus was performed for all available dates focusing on partial nephrectomy, renal function, and renal reconstruction. An additional review was performed evaluating recent advances in biomarkers of acute kidney injury. Results: Serum creatinine is of limited value in measuring renal preservation during partial nephrectomy. Stimulated glomerular filtration rate can estimate renal reserve, but is more difficult to measure. CT-based three-dimensional measurements provide the ability to isolate ipsilateral functional loss. Newer urinary biomarkers of acute kidney injury such as kidney injury molecule-1 and cell cycle markers are eme...
Field-flow fractionation: addressing the nano challenge.

Field-flow fractionation is coming of age as a family of analytical methods for separating and characterizing macromolecules, nanoparticles, and particulates. The capabilities and versatility of these techniques are discussed in light of the challenges that are being addressed in analyzing nanometer-sized sample components and the insights gained through their use in applications ranging from materials science to biology. (To listen to a podcast about this feature, please go to the Analytical Chemistry multimedia page at pubs.acs.org/page/ancham/audio/index.html.)
The road ahead for the seismic value chain offshore

Recent advances point to a road ahead to sources that will be based on much lower pressures and much larger volumes than today’s airguns. Low pressure sources will be broader band and emit less noise at frequencies that are too high to be useful; to rotation sensors that will provide complete recording of all degrees of freedom and will measure the full wavefield—not done by today’s four component nodes; to motorized unmanned surface vessels towing streamers that compared to today’s methods will provide more affordable wide-azimuth and long-offset data; and to practical joint multi-mode imaging data analysis methods replacing today’s uni-mode methods and producing earth models that best explain all wave modes.
Some Effects of Carbaryl on Mites, Collembola, and Calosoma sp. in an Oak Type Forest

An aerial application of carbaryl (Sevin-4-oil)® at rate of one lb AI/acre was studied for effects on mites, Collembola, and Calosoma beetles in an oak forest type. Pre- and post-spray populations were compared, and except for mites a short term reduction resulted, but population densities appeared normal by the following spring.
Diel Settling Patterns of Female and Male Potato Leafhoppers (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) on Alfalfa

Settling of male and female potato leafhoppers, Empoasca fabae (Harris), were compared over a diel regime (16:8 [L:D] h) on alfalfa, Medicago sativa L. cultivar ‘Ranger’, in the laboratory. On average, >80% of the females and 50% of the males were recorded on stems. Leaves were used more frequently by males than by females, but little use was made of the upper leaf surface by either sex. The proportions of both males and females on stems declined over time, whereas over time the proportion of males increased on leaves. Based on stem and leaf surface area available to leafhoppers, both sexes preferred stems and avoided leaves. Scotophase did not appear to alter the dynamics of leafhopper distribution. Females more frequently caused expression of injury symptoms in the alfalfa stems than did males in a 36-h access period. Thus, use of females in electronic monitoring and other feeding studies of adults for assessing injury to plants is supported for studies that are 36 h or shorter and where gender is not germane.
Prediction of Need for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Its Impact in Neonates

To determine a) factors associated with the need for cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) in the delivery room (DR) or, beyond day 1, in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) and b) whether DR-CPR and NICU-CPR predict mortality and major morbidities in neonates of varying gestational ages (GA). We analyzed admissions at < 30 days of age in the Kids …
Historical Pyrrhonism and Architectural Truth

This essay explores the status and function of non-literary sources — and, in particular, of architectural representation — in the polemical context of historical criticism in the 1670s, 1680s and 1690s. As Arnaldo Momigliano has shown, controversial essays such as ‘The Lack of Certainty in History’ (1668) by the sceptic philosopher Francois de La Mothe Le Vayer set the stage for an antiquarian response to historical methods in crisis. The aim here is to investigate the terms in which a regime of visual truth emerged in the illustrated writings of antiquarians such as Jacob Spon and others, who posited artifactual evidence as ‘symbol and proof of what happened’. The idea tested out, by way of a few, necessarily restricted, examples, is that the visual turn circa 1700 helped set the stage for the ensuing incursion of architectural knowledge into both antiquarian practice and historical method in the context of the pan-European fascination with antiquities. Central in all of this was the manner in which the...