cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Study of possible complex formation between macromolecules and certain pharmaceuticals. I. Polyvinylpyrrolidone with sulfathiazole, procaine hydrochloride, sodium salicylate, benzyl penicillin, chloramphenicol, mandelic acid, caffeine, theophylline, and cortisone.

As a part of a program on complex formation among pharmaceuticals, an investigation was carried out to determine whether polyvinylpyrrolidone forms complexes with certain pharmaceuticals. Experimental data were obtained supporting the existence of complexes in solution with some pharmaceuticals such as sulfathiazole, sodium salicylate, chloramphenicol, and mandelic acid. No evidence of complex formation was detected between polyvinylpyrrolidone and procaine hydrochloride, benzyl penicillin, caffeine, theophylline, and cortisone.
Tricks of Festival: Children, Enculturation, and American Halloween

The American children's ritual, Halloween, involves an emergent, active and complex process rather than unidirectional socialization of children by adults. Inversions of meaning are prominent in Halloween through: 1) adult support for inverted, anti-normative themes, and 2) a turnabout by which children gain ascendance through costumed trick-or-treating. Based on interviews with six and seven year old children and their parents, as well as participant observation at Halloween events, Halloween's inversions had different interpretations for adults compared to children. For example the degree and quality of fear associated with Halloween varied between elders and children. Following the traumatic events of September 11, 2001, adult-rendered meanings of Halloween were shown to be unfixed and subject to modification. These findings raise critical questions about simplistic notions of socialization and cultural reduplication.
Lipid phase transitions measured in intact cells with fourier transform infrared spectroscopy

Lipid phase transitions in membranes are thought to be a major damaging event during cooling of cells prior to cryopreservation or during warming after freeze-thaw has been completed. Although there is abundant evidence that such transitions occur in isolated phospholipids, the evidence that they are found in membranes in intact cells is less clear, due largely to technical difficulties in detecting such transitions in the complex mixtures of lipids and proteins found in natural membranes. We show here that Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy provides a rapid, convenient method for detecting these transitions in intact cells. We have used intact pollen grains of cattail (Typha latifolia) as a primary experimental subject. Spectra taken of the intact pollen grains show most of the features commonly seen in natural membrane vesicles or pure phospholipids. Shifts in the vibrational frequency and width of the CH2 bands with temperature can be used to detect lipid phase transitions. Biochemical analysis, coupled with the spectroscopy, was used to assign transitions to nonpolar and polar lipids. Finally, although assignment of the melting lipid unambiguously in other cells has not yet been made, we show that the transitions can nevertheless be detected in other intact cells, including those of four plant species and sperm of three animals.
Interactive assistants provide ease of use for novices: the development of prototypes and descendants

Abstract The purpose of this article is to relate early software development features, such as Microsoft Bob's “interactive assistants,” to the new software products on the market today that feature “intelligent, interactive assistants” and enhanced help features. Also, the role of training with intelligent software in the business and academic settings will be explored. This article is emphatically not meant to promote any singular software product or manufacturer, merely to analyze and discuss new and effective features of software, how they developed, and their impact on human users from a practical, rather than empirical, standpoint.
Colonization of second trimester placenta parenchyma

Objective The overtly healthy, nonpregnant uterus harbors bacteria, Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma . The extent of colonization remains elusive, as are relationships between isolated microorganisms, preterm labor and fetal inflammation. Study Design Biopsy specimens of chorion parenchyma from 1083 placentas delivered before the beginning of the 28th week of gestation were cultured, and the placentas were examined histologically. The frequencies of individual microorganisms and groups of microorganisms were evaluated in strata of processes leading to preterm delivery, routes of delivery, gestational age, and placenta morphology. Results Placentas delivered by cesarean section with preeclampsia had the lowest bacterial recovery rate (25%). Preterm labor had the highest rates, which decreased with increasing gestational age from 79% at 23 weeks to 43% at 27 weeks. The presence of microorganisms in placenta parenchyma was associated with the presence of neutrophils in the fetal stem vessels of the chorion or in the vessels of the umbilical cord. Conclusion The high rate of colonization appears to coincide with phenomena associated with preterm delivery and gestational age. The presence of microorganisms within placenta parenchyma is biologically important.
A fast response sensor for ozone eddy-correlation flux measurements

Abstract The measurement of fluxes of gaseous pollutants to the ground may be made using eddy-correlation techniques. The application of a chemiluminescent and other fast response detectors is discussed. As an example, a specific study of ozone fluxes is described.
Understanding and capitalizing on men's advantages in nursing

The minority status of men in nursing often results in advantages that promote rather than hinder their careers, unlike women in male-dominated professions. Benefits to men in nursing are associated with the desire for personal and professional power and with stereotypes about masculine traits. These stereotypes are initially emphasized in the family and reinforced by the power differences and patriarchal structure that continue to characterize the healthcare industry. These advantages translate into preference in hiring and promotion. Strategies that capitalize on increasing men's awareness of these benefits may be employed to increase the number of men in nursing.
Regional Vote Support: The Spanish Case

Beyond simple description, not much is known about voting for regional parties in Western Europe, despite their importance in many political systems. Certainly, efforts to explain systematically a voter's general preference for a regional rather than a national party are virtually nonexistent. This paper seeks to rectify that neglect, focusing on the Spanish case, where voting for regional parties is quite prominent. Following a brief description of the regional parties in Spain and some theoretical analysis from a comparative perspective, we propose and then test with recent survey data three different hypotheses about regional versus national party support. We find that certain sociocultural cleavages, plus economic issues, directly motivate regional vote intention in Spain. In addition, we conclude that political involvement in general and concern over the European Community in particular, indirectly influence regional-national party preferences. On the basis of these multivariate results, we formulate a two-equation model to account for regional party support.
MPPT and Integrated Diagnostics for Multi-String PV System With Multi-Input ESC

Multi-string configuration is commonly seen in practical photovoltaic (PV) applications, to secure the Maximum Power Point (MPP) for each string, individual string is equipped with its own DC-DC converter for voltage regulation. This study presents an integrated framework that achieves dual purposes simultaneously: maximum power point tracking (MPPT) control and detection of the change in internal resistance. An multi-channel extremum seeking control (ESC) strategy is developed to maximize the power output of multi-string PV system by regulating the voltage input to the DC-DC converter, overall MPPT can be obtained by delivering the power from strings to the DC bus. Simulation results show that the ESC can achieve multi-string overall MPPT with periodic dither signals such as sinusoidal and square wave signals. As change in internal resistance is coupled with many degradation factors for the PV cell, e.g. increase in the series resistance and decrease in the shunt resistance, the capability of integrated detection of internal resistance can be used as a diagnostic probe for PV online diagnostics. Square Wave ESC dither signal is a useful tool to detect the change of internal resistance as the rise time or settling time on a square wave rising edge is more amplified with internal change of a PV system. Therefore, the voltage output transient under square-wave dithering can be changed remarkably with degradation induced change of internal resistance. Simulation results have also confirmed such correlation. The ESC with square wave dithering can thus provides the dual benefits of MPPT and internal resistance change simultaneously.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Characterization of the effect of sample quality on high density oligonucleotide microarray data using progressively degraded rat liver RNA

The interpretability of microarray data can be affected by sample quality. To systematically explore how RNA quality affects microarray assay performance, a set of rat liver RNA samples with a progressive change in RNA integrity was generated by thawing frozen tissue or by ex vivo incubation of fresh tissue over a time course. Incubation of tissue at 37°C for several hours had little effect on RNA integrity, but did induce changes in the transcript levels of stress response genes and immune cell markers. In contrast, thawing of tissue led to a rapid loss of RNA integrity. Probe sets identified as most sensitive to RNA degradation tended to be located more than 1000 nucleotides upstream of their transcription termini, similar to the positioning of control probe sets used to assess sample quality on Affymetrix GeneChip® arrays. Samples with RNA integrity numbers less than or equal to 7 showed a significant increase in false positives relative to undegraded liver RNA and a reduction in the detection of true positives among probe sets most sensitive to sample integrity for in silico modeled changes of 1.5-, 2-, and 4-fold. Although moderate levels of RNA degradation are tolerated by microarrays with 3'-biased probe selection designs, in this study we identify a threshold beyond which decreased specificity and sensitivity can be observed that closely correlates with average target length. These results highlight the value of annotating microarray data with metrics that capture important aspects of sample quality.
Uncertainty-based localization solution for under-ice autonomous underwater vehicles

Localization under-ice is challenging due to the increased difficulty of accessing Global Positioning System (GPS) or deploying localization infrastructure. In this work, a novel solution that minimizes localization uncertainty and communication overhead of under-ice Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs) is proposed. Our solution is compared against existing solutions, which shows improved performance.
Economics of breast examination in the United States.

Abstract Screening mammography is expensive and will increasingly be challenged by professional health care economists. The cost of breast biopsies generated from screening mammography is also very significant. The breast imaging and surgical communities must accept this economic challenge and work to improve cost-effective breast health care delivery Systems.
The location of glutamine synthetase within the rat and rabbit nephron.

Abstract Glutamine synthetase (EC 6.3.1.2) was measured in seven different parts of the nephron in the rat and five in the rabbit, dissected from freeze-dried microtome slices. In the rat the enzyme is essentially confined to the proximal straight tubule. Acidosis did not change the activity; methionine sulfoximine abolished it. In the rabbit the enzyme is high in both proximal convoluted and straight tubules. Assays were made with a new method which measures glutamine formation per se . One of the products, NADH, is amplified by enzymatic cycling to provide sufficient sensitivity (2–10 pmol of glutamine).
Durkheim's Pragmatism Lectures: A Contextual Interpretation

This article attempts to understand Emile Durkheim's 1913-14 lectures on pragmatism and sociology by situating them in the socio-intellectual context of the time. An analysis of books and journal articles from the period reveals that the ideas of the Anglo-American pragmatic philosophers Charles S. Peirce, William James, John Dewey, and F.C.S. Schiller were very popular in pre-World War I France. The French term «le pragmatisme», however, was used to refer not only to the thought of these philosophers, but also to the work of French thinkers, such as Henri Bergson and the Catholic Modernists Maurice Blondel and Edouard Le Roy, who wrote extensively about human action. Pragmatism, because of its associations with Bergsonian spiritualism and the theology of the Modernists, came to have religious connotations for many French intellectuals. Durkheim had a similar understanding of pragmatism and his critique of the pragmatists cannot be fully grasped unless these religious connotations are considered. The article concludes by discussing several implications of this interpretation for sociological theory
Symptomatology of Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus-RMV Infection in Sweet Corn.

Infection of sweet corn (Zea mays L.) by barley yellow dwarf viruses (BYDVs) caused different symptoms on hybrids with shrunken-2 (sh-2) when compared with hybrids with sugary-1 (su-1) endosperm mu...
Unproductive Labor and the Contradictory Movement of the Rate of Profit: A Comment on Moseley

This paper criticizes Moseley's claim that the cause in the fall in the conventional rate of profit in the postwar U.S. is due to the rise in unproductive labor over this period. I argue that Moseley employs a one-sided and static conception of unproductive labor. Unproductive labor is seen by Moseley to be simply a drag on surplus value production. In contrast, I argue that unproductive labor should be understood as both a drag and as an enhancement for the dynamic production of surplus value. I show in a model of the distribution of surplus value how the redistribution of unproductive labor can have contradictory effects on the value rate of profit.
The geomorphic and climatic significance of rock glaciers

(1998). The geomorphic and climatic significance of rock glaciers. Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography: Vol. 80, No. 3-4, pp. 173-174.
Response to Letter Regarding Article, “New Oral Anticoagulants Should Not Be Used as First-Line Agents to Prevent Thromboembolism in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation”

I thank Dr Christensen et al for their comments about the quality of anticoagulation control and its importance in understanding the value of vitamin K antagonists versus the new target-specific oral anticoagulants, which I had mentioned in my study.1 I also support their comments about …
Single crystal neutron diffraction analysis (15 K) and ab initio molecular orbital calculations for ethylene carbonate

Abstract The crystal structure of ethylene carbonate, (1,3-dioxolan-2-one), C3H4O3, has been refined from single-crystal neutron diffraction data at 15 K. The crystal data are C2/c, Z = 4, molecular symmetry C2, a = 8.817 (2), b = 6.243 (2), c = 6.644 (2) A, β = 99.31 (1) °. The dioxolan ring has the twist (T) conformation with Cremer-Pople puckering parameters q = 0.2484 (3) A, φ = 270 °. When corrected for thermal motion, the bond lengths are C-C 1.522 A, C-O 1.457 and 1.342 A, CO 1.203 A, C-H 1.091 and 1.097 A. The O-C-C-O torsion angle is 24.8°. Ab initio molecular orbital calculations for the isolated molecule, at rest, using GAUSSIAN-82 with HF/3-21G, 6-31G and 6-31G* bases, also predicted the twist conformation. The 3-21G basis gave the best agreement for the puckering parameter (q = 0.215 A). The difference between calculated and thermally corrected experimental bond lengths ranged between 0.05 A (C-O, 6-31G*) and 0.006 A (C-C, 6-31G*), depending on the basis set used. A calculation of the potential energy surface at HF/3-21G indicates that the transition state is planar and therefore the molecule is not a pseudorotor. A small difference in the methylene C-H bond lengths, which is both observed and predicted by theory, is interpreted as evidence for “lone-pair hyperconjugation” between the nearly axial C-H σ* antibonding orbital and the carbonate π bonding orbital.
Irradiation induces neural precursor-cell dysfunction

In both pediatric and adult patients, cranial radiation therapy causes a debilitating cognitive decline that is poorly understood and currently untreatable. This decline is characterized by hippocampal dysfunction, and seems to involve a radiation-induced decrease in postnatal hippocampal neurogenesis. Here we show that the deficit in neurogenesis reflects alterations in the microenvironment that regulates progenitor-cell fate, as well as a defect in the proliferative capacity of the neural progenitor-cell population. Not only is hippocampal neurogenesis ablated, but the remaining neural precursors adopt glial fates and transplants of non-irradiated neural precursor cells fail to differentiate into neurons in the irradiated hippocampus. The inhibition of neurogenesis is accompanied by marked alterations in the neurogenic microenvironment, including disruption of the microvascular angiogenesis associated with adult neurogenesis and a marked increase in the number and activation status of microglia within the neurogenic zone. These findings provide clear targets for future therapeutic interventions.
Roll‐up in fixed‐bed, multicomponent adsorption under pore‐diffusion limitation

Etude de la production d'azote a partir de l'air en utilisant un tamis moleculaire de carbone. Etude du comportement de rupture du processus en comparaison avec l'equilibre d'absorption en general
Fate of major degradation products of Atrazine in Iowa soils

Abstract Five Iowa soils, sampled at two depths each were treated with 14C‐deethylatrazine (DEA) and 14C‐hydroxyatrazine (HYA) and incubated for nine and 17 weeks. 14CO2 evolution was monitored over this period. The degradation of DEA was influenced by both soil type and soil depth. For each soil studied, the degradation of DEA was much higher in the surface layer compared to the respective subsurface layer. The major degradation products from DEA included CO2, soil bound residues, and polar metabolites. Deethylhydroxyatrazine (DEHYA) and didealkylatrazine (DAA) were detected in minor quantities. Increased mineralization of DEA in the extended incubations confirmed the susceptibility of DEA to microbial degradation. In the complete metabolism studies with HYA, the major components identified included HYA, soil bound residues, and CO2. Deethylhydroxyatrazine deisopropylhydroxyatrazine and ammeline were found in smaller quantities. The relatively long persistence (45 to 69% remaining) of HYA was observed in...
A CROSS-MATCH OF 2MASS AND SDSS : NEWLY FOUND L AND T DWARFS AND AN ESTIMATE OF THE SPACE DENSITY OF T DWARFS

We report new L and T dwarfs found in a cross-match of the SDSS Data Release 1 and 2MASS. Our simultaneous search of the two databases effectively allows us to relax the criteria for object detection in either survey and to explore the combined databases to a greater completeness level. We find two new T dwarfs in addition to the 13 already known in the SDSS DR1 footprint. We also identify 22 new candidate and bona fide L dwarfs, including a new young L2 dwarf and a peculiar potentially metal-poor L2 dwarf with unusually blue near-IR colors. These discoveries underscore the utility of simultaneous database cross-correlation in searching for rare objects. Our cross-match completes the census of T dwarfs within the joint SDSS and 2MASS flux limits to the ≈97% level. Hence, we are able to accurately infer the space density of T dwarfs. We employ Monte Carlo tools to simulate the observed population of SDSS DR1 T dwarfs with 2MASS counterparts and find that the space density of T0 - T8 dwarf systems is 0.0070^(+0.0032)_ (-0.0030) pc^-3 (95% confidence interval), i.e., about one per 140 pc^3. Compared to predictions for the T dwarf space density that depend on various assumptions for the substellar mass function, this result is most consistent with models that assume a flat substellar mass function dN/dM ∝ M^0.0. No >T8 dwarfs were discovered in the present cross-match, although less than one was expected in the limited area (2099 deg^2) of SDSS DR1.
Infertility in bitches induced by active immunization with porcine zonae pellucidae

In a study designed to evaluate the contraceptive potential of anti-egg zona pellucida immunization, bitches were injected with isolated and solubilized zonae pellucidae of either the pig or the dog in saline and Freund's adjuvant or with saline and adjuvant alone (controls). They were boosted monthly, and serum samples were collected before the first injection and 10 days after each injection. The titers of anti-zona pellucida antibodies in each serum sample were measured by treating fresh canine oocytes with the serum, then evaluating antibody binding as indicated by indirect immunofluorescence, precipitation of the zona surface, and penetrability of the zonae by spermatozoa in vitro. The bitches were bred when they came into estrus. All three bitches immunized with porcine zonae developed high titers (1:10,000 or more by indirect immunofluorescence) of antibodies that cross-reacted with canine zonae to cause precipitation of the zona surface both in vivo and in vitro and that completely inhibited penetration of the zonae by spermatozoa in vitro. The two bitches immunized with canine zonae developed only low titers, and their sera had little or no effect on treated zonae. The two control bitches did not develop anti-zona antibody. None of the bitches immunized against porcine zonae became pregnant when bred, but one bitch immunized against canine zonae and one control did become pregnant. The bitches immunized with porcine zonae had somewhat abnormal cycles for unknown reasons. Thus, we could not establish with certainty whether the infertility resulted from specific interference with fertilization, as in vitro, or from alterations in ovarian function, or both.
Dynamic path-based branch correlation

Misprediction of conditional branches is a major cause for reduced performance in processor implementations with large numbers of functional units. We present a hardware scheme which records the path leading to a conditional branch in order to predict the outcome of the branch instruction more accurately. The proposed scheme is analyzed using instruction traces from integer benchmark programs. The results indicate that knowledge of path information leads to better prediction than knowledge of simply the previous branch outcomes for a given number of history items. The results further show that even for equivalent hardware cost, path-based correlation often outperforms patient-based correlation, especially when history information is periodically destroyed, for example, due to context switches.
Early Morphogenesis of the Caenorhabditis elegans Pharynx

We investigated the cellular behaviors that accompany the early stages of pharyngeal morphogenesis in Caenorhabditis elegans. The embryonic pharynx develops from a ball of cells into a linear tube connected anteriorly to the buccal cavity and posteriorly to the midgut. By using GFP reporters localized to discrete subcellular regions, we show that pharyngeal morphogenesis can be divided into three stages: (1) lengthening of the nascent pharyngeal lumen by reorientation of apicobasal polarity of anterior pharyngeal cells ("Reorientation"), (2) formation of an epithelium by the buccal cavity cells, which mechanically couples the buccal cavity to the pharynx and anterior epidermis ("Epithelialization"), and (3) a concomitant movement of the pharynx anteriorly and the epidermis of the mouth posteriorly to bring the pharynx, buccal cavity, and mouth into close apposition ("Contraction"). Several models can account for these cellular behaviors, and we distinguish between them by physically or genetically ablating cells within the digestive tract. These studies provide the first description of how the pharynx primordium develops into an epithelial tube, and reveal that pharyngeal morphogenesis resembles aspects of mammalian kidney tubulogenesis.
The Great Confusion in Indian Affairs: Native Americans and Whites in the Progressive Era – By Tom Holm

As the title suggests, this book is about the inconsistencies that have characterized government relations with Native Americans. Tom Holm focuses upon the era of the “vanishing policy,” the Progre...
Investigation of the radiation effects upon the stability of fusion magnet coils

The deleterious effects of the D-T fusion radiation environment upon the stability of the cable-in-conduit conductor (CICC) magnet coils have been both qualitatively and quantitatively investigated. Until now, no systematic and accurate analysis of the fluence dependence of the stability of these coils has been performed, and designs have been primarily concerned with the stability of the coils at start-up. The analysis presented here shows that stability as a function of fluence (reactor operating time) degrades much more quickly than previously anticipated. This rapid degradation of coil stability has potentially profound design ramifications. The basis for the present analysis has been a code called MagRad, specifically developed for the purpose of predicting the stability of a fusion magnet coil as a function of fluence, given the coil geometry, flow parameters, and initial materials characteristics. Radiation has significant effects upon some of the basic materials parameters of the coils, such as the stabilizer resistivity and the critical temperature and upper critical field of the superconductor. The code, CICC, developed by R.L. Wong, together with the Dresner formulation for the limiting current, have been incorporated as reliable predictors of the stability of the coil at start-up, which is used as input for MagRad. Most recent data is used with respect to radiation effects upon the materials properties of the coil. Significantly, inappropriate assumptions used in the semi-analytical form which predicts upper critical field as a function of fluence (which has hitherto been widely accepted and used in stability codes) have been corrected in this present study, and a new and much improved empirical form which represents a fit to the data is presented. That the new form is more suitable than the previous one can be clearly seen in that while the previous form gives a peak upper critical field, B/sub c20/, for binary Nb/sub 3/Sn of about 63 T at a fast neutron fluence of about 25/spl times/10/sup 18/ n/cm/sup 2/, the new form mirrors the data which gives a peak B/sub c20/ of about 25 T at a fast neutron fluence of about 4/spl times/10/sup 18/ n/cm/sup 2/ (at zero fluence B/sub c20/ is about 24 T). Additionally, these inappropriate assumptions are discussed in a qualitative manner, and correction is given to the underlying theory. In its primary functional capacity MagRad has been used to analyze the stability of a possible International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) Engineering Design Activity (EDA) coil design, as a function of both fluence and superconducting material.
Private and Public Prisons: A Comparison of Costs, Programs and Facilities

This article compares three privately operated prisons with three publicly operated prisons in an effort to learn which is run more efficiently. Through a comparative cost analysis of private and public prisons the author found that the private prisons provided more services at lower cost than their public counterparts. Factors that may have contributed to this include: increased economies when purchasing goods; less bureaucratic red tape; better control over resources; more flexible manpower usage; and the ability to build prisons quickly.The author concluded from the findings of this study that comparative cost analyses and possible future research on the privatization of prisons will support the argument by proponents of prison privatization that private operation ofprisons is a worthwhile endeavor.
Intracellular Localization of Glutelin mRNA During Grain Development in Rice

Cette etude a fait appel a la technique d'hybridation in situ et montre la presence d'ARNm gluteline dans le pericarpe, l'endosperme et l'embryon
Bchs, a BEACH domain protein, antagonizes Rab11 in synapse morphogenesis and other developmental events.

BEACH proteins, an evolutionarily conserved family characterized by the presence of a BEACH (Beige and Chediak-Higashi) domain, have been implicated in membrane trafficking, but how they interact with the membrane trafficking machinery is unknown. Here we show that the Drosophila BEACH protein Bchs (Blue cheese) acts during development as an antagonist of Rab11, a small GTPase involved in vesicle trafficking. We find that reduction in, or loss of, bchs function restores viability and normal bristle development in animals with reduced rab11 function, while reductions in rab11 function exacerbate defects caused by bchs overexpression in the eye. Consistent with a role for Bchs in modulating Rab11-dependent trafficking, Bchs protein is associated with vesicles and extensively colocalized with Rab11 at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ). At the NMJ, we find that rab11 is important for synaptic morphogenesis, as reductions in rab11 function cause increases in bouton density and branching. These defects are also suppressed by loss of bchs . Taken together, these data identify Bchs as an antagonist of Rab11 during development and uncover a role for these regulators of vesicle trafficking in synaptic morphogenesis. This raises the interesting possibility that Bchs and other BEACH proteins may regulate vesicle traffic via interactions with Rab GTPases.
Validity of network analyses in Open Source Projects

Social network methods are frequently used to analyze networks derived from Open Source Project communication and collaboration data. Such studies typically discover patterns in the information flow between contributors or contributions in these projects. Social network metrics have also been used to predict defect occurrence. However, such studies often ignore or side-step the issue of whether (and in what way) the metrics and networks of study are influenced by inadequate or missing data. In previous studies email archives of OSS projects have provided a useful trace of the communication and co-ordination activities of the participants. These traces have been used to construct social networks that are then subject to various types of analysis. However, during the construction of these networks, some assumptions are made, that may not always hold; this leads to incomplete, and sometimes incorrect networks. The question then becomes, do these errors affect the validity of the ensuing analysis? In this paper we specifically examine the stability of network metrics in the presence of inadequate and missing data. The issues that we study are: 1) the effect of paths with broken information flow (i.e. consecutive edges which are out of temporal order) on measures of centrality of nodes in the network, and 2) the effect of missing links on such measures. We demonstrate on three different OSS projects that while these issues do change network topology, the metrics used in the analysis are stable with respect to such changes.
EFFECTS OF OXIDATION STATE OF OCTAHEDRAL IRON ON CLAY SWELLING

Three montmorillonites and a nontronite were reduced by sodium dithionite to obtain different amounts of Fe2+ in their octahedral sites. The mass ratio of water to clay, mw/mc was determined as a function of Fe2+ at several values of the swelling pressure, n. The value nVmc decreased markedly with increasing Fe2+ at each value of II for each clay. Moreover, curves of II vs. mymc for the different clays were displaced downwards as Fe2+ increased. A straight line was obtained when ln(II + 1) was plotted against l/(w/mc) however, at some oxidation states of three of the samples this line exhibited a sharp break at a specific value of l/(w/mc. The slope of the line decreased for each clay as Fe2+ increased, and an increase in Fe2+ was accompanied by an increase in the cation exchange capacity. These observations are thought to be due to a collapse or partial collapse of the superimposed clay layers resulting from the increase in cation-exchange capacity.
The Decision on the Union Pacific Merger

The suit by the Government in the Circuit Court, 296. — Organization and growth of the Harriman system, 297. — Purchase of the Southern Pacific, 300. — Agreement with the San Pedro, Los Angeles, and Salt Lake, 302. — Relations with the Santa Fe, 304. — Competition prior to 1901, 307. — Effect of consolidation, 316. — Argument that the method of combination employed was legal, 319. — Opinion of the Supreme Court, 320. — Will dissolution impair efficiency in operation? 326. — Nature of the decree, 327.
Mindfulness Meditation Training Alters Stress-Related Amygdala Resting State Functional Connectivity: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Recent studies indicate that mindfulness meditation training interventions reduce stress and improve stress-related health outcomes, but the neural pathways for these effects are unknown. The present research evaluates whether mindfulness meditation training alters resting state functional connectivity (rsFC) of the amygdala, a region known to coordinate stress processing and physiological stress responses. We show in an initial discovery study that higher perceived stress over the past month is associated with greater bilateral amygdala-subgenual anterior cingulate cortex (sgACC) rsFC in a sample of community adults (n ¼ 130). A follow-up, single-blind randomized controlled trial shows that a 3-day intensive mindfulness meditation training intervention (relative to a well-matched 3-day relaxation training intervention without a mindfulness component) reduced right amygdala-sgACC rsFC in a sample of stressed unemployed community adults (n ¼ 35). Although stress may increase amygdala-sgACC rsFC, brief training in mindfulness meditation could reverse these effects. This work provides an initial indication that mindfulness meditation training promotes functional neuroplastic changes, suggesting an amygdala-sgACC pathway for stress reduction effects.
Fire characteristics associated with firefighter injury on large federal wildland fires

Abstract Purpose Wildland fires present many injury hazards to firefighters. We estimate injury rates and identify fire-related factors associated with injury. Methods Data from the National Interagency Fire Center from 2003 to 2007 provided the number of injuries in which the firefighter could not return to his or her job assignment, person-days worked, and fire characteristics (year, region, season, cause, fuel type, resistance to control, and structures destroyed). We assessed fire-level risk factors of having at least one reported injury using logistic regression. Negative binomial regression was used to examine incidence rate ratios associated with fire-level risk factors. Results Of 867 fires, 9.5% required the most complex management and 24.7% required the next-highest level of management. Fires most often occurred in the western United States (82.8%), during the summer (69.6%), caused by lightening (54.9%). Timber was the most frequent fuel source (40.2%). Peak incident management level, person-days of exposure, and the fire's resistance to control were significantly related to the odds of a fire having at least one reported injury. However, the most complex fires had a lower injury incidence rate than less complex fires. Conclusions Although fire complexity and the number of firefighters were associated with the risk for at least one reported injury, the more experienced and specialized firefighting teams had lower injury incidence.
The esophageal detector device: accuracy and reliability in difficult airway settings.

INTRODUCTION The esophageal detector device (EDD) recently has been found to assess endotracheal (ET) tube placement accurately. This study describes the reliability of the EDD in determining the position of the ET tube in clinical airway situations that are difficult. METHODS This was a prospective, randomized, single-blinded, controlled laboratory investigation. Two airway managers (an emergency-medicine attending physician and a resident) determined ET-tube placement using the EDD in five swine in respiratory arrest. The ET tube was place in the following clinical airway situations: 1) esophagus; 2) esophagus with 1 liter of air instilled; 3) trachea; 4) trachea with 5 ml/kg water instilled; and 5) right mainstem bronchus. Anatomic location of the tube was verified by thoracotomy of the left side of the chest. RESULTS There was 100% correlation between the resident and attending physician's use of the EDD. The EDD was 100% accurate in the determining tube placement in the esophagus, in the esophagus with 1 liter of air instilled, in the trachea, and in the right mainstem bronchus. The airway managers were only 80% accurate in detecting tracheal intubations when fluid was present. CONCLUSIONS The EDD is an accurate and reliable device for detecting ET-tube placement in most clinical situations. Tube placement in fluid-filled trachea, lungs, or both, which occurs in pulmonary edema and drowning, may not be detected using this device.
Cell Type- and Tissue Context-dependent Nuclear Distribution of Human Ago2

Argonaute-2 protein (Ago2), a major component of RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC), has been viewed as a cytoplasmic protein. In this study, we demonstrated by immunofluorescence confocal microscopy that Ago2 is distributed mainly as a nuclear protein in primary human foreskin keratinocytes in monolayer cultures and their derived organotypic (raft) cultures, although it exhibits only a minimal level of nuclear distribution in continuous cell lines such as HeLa and HaCaT cells. Oncogenic human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV16) or type 18 (HPV18) infection of the keratinocytes does not affect the nuclear Ago2 distribution. Examination of human tissues reveals that Ago2 exhibits primarily as a nuclear protein in skin, normal cervix, and cervical cancer tissues, but not in larynx. Together, our data provide the first convincing evidence that the subcellular distribution of Ago2 occurs in a cell type- and tissue context-dependent manner and may correlate with its various functions in regulation of gene expression.
Isoniazid and Other Drugs

We, Arleen D. Auerbach, USA, and Traute M. Schroeder, West Germany, call upon our colleagues to cooperate with us in order to establish and maintain an International Registry of all known Fanconi anemia (FA) patients. Clinical diagnosis of FA is often difficult to establish due to phenotypic diversity of patients and the occurrence of other disorders that manifest some of the features of FA. Diagnosis may be confirmed by the use of a cytogenetic method based on the sensitivity of FA lymphocytes, fibroblasts, and amniotic fluid cells to chemically induced chromosome breakage (Auerbach, Adler, and Chaganti: Pediatrics 67:128, 1981).
Systemic Therapy of Locoregional Recurrence of Breast Cancer

Historically, locoregional recurrence (LRR) of breast cancer comprised the recurrence of breast cancer following mastectomy occurring in the skin of the chest wall, the surgical scar, the axilla, or in other regional lymph nodes such as the ipsilateral supraclavicular, infraclavicular, and internal mammary nodes. With the establishment of breast-conserving surgery (BCS) as an effective alternative to mastectomy, ipsilateral breast tumor recurrence (IBTR) was added as a potential site of LRR in patients undergoing BCS. While LRR sometimes presents concurrently with distant metastatic disease, it most often occurs as isolated locoregional recurrences (ILRRs). ILRRs are associated with a high risk of subsequent distant metastatic disease and ultimately death from metastatic breast cancer. Risks are higher with ILRR following mastectomy than with ILRR following BCS. A review of the literature reporting prognosis after LRR demonstrated an overall 5-year disease-free survival (DFS) of 30% and 5-year overall survival (OS) of 35% in patients initially treated with mastectomy. In patients treated with BCS, the overall 5-year DFS following LRR was 59%, and the 5-year OS was 68%. The National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project (NSABP) evaluated prognosis following LRR as a first event across 5 large adjuvant trials conducted in women with node-positive breast cancer treated with BCS and defined the risks following IBTR and following LRR in other sites (oLRR). The 10-year cumulative incidences of IBTR and oLRR were 8.7% and 6.0%, respectively. The 5-year distant DFS following IBTR and oLRR was 51.4% and 18.8%, respectively, indicating a better prognosis in
Cardiotoxic Side Effects Associated with Tricyclic Antidepressant Overdose

Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) are a popular, effective medication prescribed for patients with depression. The patient with severe depression may exhibit suicidal tendencies; thus, overdose of a prescribed TCA may occur, resulting in a potentially fatal outcome. The cardiotoxic effect of TCA overdose is the most pronounced complication. Multiple rhythm disturbances may occur in the presence of a TCA overdose. The greatest number of adverse cardiac symptoms and electrocardiographic changes are likely to occur within the first 24 hours after overdose. Nursing care of the patient with a TCA overdose is based upon ongoing patient assessment, identification of problems and potential problems, establishment of expected patient outcomes, and specific nursing interventions.
Role of Tip Material in Scanning Tunneling Microscopy

In this paper, we show that atomic resolution in scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) originates from p z or d z2 states on the tip. Consequently, only a limited selection of tip materials can provide atomic resolution: d-band metals, for example, Pt, Ir, Pd, Rh, W, Mo; semiconductors that tend to form p-like dangling bonds, for example, Si.
Networking nature: Building cybercabinets of digital curiosities

Abstract In the age of the Internet, engaging the public online is critical to building audiences and broadening support for natural history. While collections managers have been providing online access to collections through sophisticated database search interfaces, less progress has been made to present these resources in a user-friendly framework. Some museums are thinking in terms of networked online knowledge and radically shifting the way they broker their digital content. This research examines ways natural history can be effectively presented online to the public by reviewing relevant literature, analyzing six model sites with a heuristic evaluation tool and a user survey, and exploring three case studies through project personnel interviews. Findings summarize important strategies for cultivating creative online access to natural history digital resources and culminate in offering guidelines for building these “cybercabinets” of digital natural history specimens.
The Biot-Savart-Ampère law and the vacuum field B (3)

It is shown that the longitudinal vacuum fieldB (3) emerges from the Biot-Savart-Ampere law governing the motion of an electron with intrinsic spin moving at the speed of light, in which case the expression forB (3) is identical with that obtained from the Dirac equation of one electron accelerated to the speed of light by an electromagnetic field. Use of an O(3), non-Abelian, gauge geometry forB (3) identifies the quantized photon momentum ħκ appearing in the Dirac equation witheA (0), wheree is the charge on the electron andA (0) the amplitude of the vector potential. The condition ħκ=eA (0) can be obtained in turn from the relativistic Hamilton-Jacobi equation of an electron accelerated to the speed of light by an electromagnetic field.
Ewing sarcoma of the adrenal gland: a rare entity

A 63-year-old man was referred to our office with an enlarging left adrenal mass found on work-up for prostate cancer. Imaging performed over the course of 6 months demonstrated an increasing left adrenal mass from 2.8 to 3.6 cm. Functional testing of the adrenal lesion was performed. The adrenal mass was non-functional. Owing to the enlarging size, the patient underwent a laparoscopic left adrenalectomy without complication and was discharged home the following day. Gross pathological evaluation demonstrated a 3.2 cm, well-encapsulated, partially cystic mass. Histological evaluation demonstrated a small round blue cell tumour suspicious of sarcoma. Immunohistochemical testing revealed strong CD99 positivity consistent with Ewing family of tumours. Reverse transcriptase PCR demonstrated the presence of the Ewing sarcoma fusion transcript. The patient is currently enrolled in an ongoing research chemotherapy protocol at our institution using vincristine, doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide and etoposide.
Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute Bronchitis

Cough is the most common symptom bringing patients to the primary care physician's office, and acute bronchitis is usually the diagnosis in these patients. Acute bronchitis should be differentiated from other common diagnoses, such as pneumonia and asthma, because these conditions may need specific therapies not indicated for bronchitis. Symptoms of bronchitis typically last about three weeks. The presence or absence of colored (e.g., green) sputum does not reliably differentiate between bacterial and viral lower respiratory tract infections. Viruses are responsible for more than 90 percent of acute bronchitis infections. Antibiotics are generally not indicated for bronchitis, and should be used only if pertussis is suspected to reduce transmission or if the patient is at increased risk of developing pneumonia (e.g., patients 65 years or older). The typical therapies for managing acute bronchitis symptoms have been shown to be ineffective, and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration recommends against using cough and cold preparations in children younger than six years. The supplement pelargonium may help reduce symptom severity in adults. As patient expectations for antibiotics and therapies for symptom management differ from evidence-based recommendations, effective communication strategies are necessary to provide the safest therapies available while maintaining patient satisfaction.
Reliability analysis for rotor-bearing system instability based on the equations eigenvalue of motion

Starting from the rotor-bearing system equations of motion,applying the component reliability analysis methods,selecting system state equations through looking the eigenvalue of motion equations as the amount of margin assessment,the reliability analysis on the hydrodynamic lubrication of sliding bearings was given.Finally the numerical simulation results were given to verify the reliability model established.All of the analysis gave some theoretical basis for selecting and using the hydrodynamic bearing and design about whole shaft system in the engineering practice.
Beneficial effects of liver on cortisone acetate toxicity in the rat.

SummaryThe administration of toxic doses of cortisone acetate to immature rats maintained on a synthetic diet resulted in retarded growth, alopecia and death. These effects were largely counteracted by the administration of desiccated whole liver when fed at a level of 10% of the diet. The protective factor(s) in liver was distinct from any of the known B vitamins.