cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Humans Require Context to Infer Ironic Intent (so Computers Probably do, too)

Automatically detecting verbal irony (roughly, sarcasm) is a challenging task because ironists say something other than ‐ and often opposite to ‐ what they actually mean. Discerning ironic intent exclusively from the words and syntax comprising texts (e.g., tweets, forum posts) is therefore not always possible: additional contextual information about the speaker and/or the topic at hand is often necessary. We introduce a new corpus that provides empirical evidence for this claim. We show that annotators frequently require context to make judgements concerning ironic intent, and that machine learning approaches tend to misclassify those same comments for which annotators required additional context.
FVIIa: you've come a long way, baby!

In this issue of Blood , Weeterings and colleagues report that binding to the GPIb/IX/V complex plays a role in mediating the platelet surface procoagulant effects of rFVIIa. In 1997, our first article on the mechanism of action of recombinant activated factor VII (rFVIIa) in hemophiliacs[1][1] was
The dependence of ferroelectric and fatigue behaviors of PZT films on annealing conditions

Abstract Films of PZT about 0.2 μm thick with the composition PbZr0.53Ti0.47O3 were prepared using the metalloorganic decomposition (MOD) process. The amorphous films produced by pyrolysis at 350°C were annealed at 550, 575, 600 and 650°C for 10 minutes, 1 hour or 4 hours. Films annealed at temperatures below 550°C showed no ferroelectric behavior while others annealed above 650°C showed signs of loss of ferroelectric behavior. Most films demonstrated satisfactory ferroelectric properties such as low switching voltage and high polarization values. Some PZT films also demonstrated fatigue life-time of more than 109 switching reversals. The performance of the films was dependent on the annealing time and temperature. It was found that films with better initial polarization values did not necessarily demonstrate better fatigue behavior. The causes of film degradation as a result of switching based on the pinning of domains at grain boundaries triggered by the migration of pores is discussed.
STABILITY OF TERTIARY STRUCTURE OF PHASEOLIN OF RED KIDNEY BEAN (PHASEOLUS VULGARIS) AS LIMITING FACTOR IN PROTEOLYSIS

The major storage protein, phaseolin, of red kidney bean (Linden variety) was purified by ammonium sulfate fractionation between 3 and 4.1 M. It was composed of three subunits with MW 49,000, 45,000, and 42,000 and there were no disulfide bonds. Phaseolin was treated with heat (121°C, 15 min), pH (1.0, 7.5, 9.0), urea (2 to 10 M), guanidine (3 to 8.5 M) and alkali (0.02 N NaOH) at 35°C to destabilize the tertiary structure. Increase of in vitro proteolysis by the prior treatments was estimated with chymotrypsin, trypsin, pepsin and pronase. Native phaseolin was more resistant than Hammarsten casein to hydrolysis by chymotrypsin, trypsin, pepsin and pronase. An equimolar mixture of chymotrypsin and trypsin gave lower proteolysis than the sum of hydrolysis by each proteinase separately. Chymotrypsin hydrolysis products of phaseolin inhibited trypsin, and trypsin hydrolysis products of phaseolin inhibited chymotrypsin. All the treatments listed above enhanced in vitro proteolysis. Phaseolin treated with 0.02 M NaOH had higher hydrophobicity and higher absorbance between 240 and 350 nm than native phaseolin, indicating that its tertiary structure was destroyed. Autoclaving at pH 7.5, treatment with 8.5 M guanidine or with 0.02 M NaOH increased the extent of proteolysis of phaseolin to a similar or higher level than Hammarsten casein. Guanidine (8.5 M) destroyed the tertiary structure of phaseolin sufficiently that almost all susceptible bonds were hydrolyzed by pepsin, chymotrypsin and trypsin (and probably pronase).
ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF GRAIN AND OTHER FOOD MATERIALS

The electrical properties of usual interest for quality measurement and in high-frequency and microwave dielectric heating of agricultural products and food materials are defined, and basic principles of dielectric dispersion theory are presented. Curves for grain, insects, and seed are shown that illustrate the dependence of dielectric properties upon such factors as frequency, moisture content and density. The temperature dependence of the dielectric properties is also discussed. Sources of information on the dielectric properties of agricultural products and food materials are cited, and a general discussion is included on the dielectric behavior to be expected from food materials.
The Spiral Angle of Cotton

Spiral angles of segments (interconvolution tracts) of single cotton fibers have been obtained by taking the largest apparent spiral angle on two x-ray microcamera photographs made of the center of the segment, or on several microcamera photographs taken along the length of the segment. The mean of the spiral angle obtained for several segments in this manner is found to be in good agreement with the mean of the value obtained for these same segments by the Hartshorne optical method. Measurements of the spiral angle on six varieties of cotton representing a broad range of x-ray angles (50% angles), using this optical method, show that the spiral angle is a constant in the range of 20-23°.
Some new directions in graph-based semi-supervised learning

In this position paper, we first review the state-of-the-art in graph-based semi-supervised learning, and point out three limitations that are particularly relevant to multimedia analysis: (1) rich data is restricted to live on a single manifold; (2) learning must happen in batch mode; and (3) the target label is assumed smooth on the manifold. We then discuss new directions in semi-supervised learning research that can potentially overcome these limitations: (i) modeling data as a mixture of multiple manifolds that may intersect or overlap; (ii) online semi-supervised learning that learns incrementally with low computation and memory needs; and (iii) learning spectrally sparse but non-smooth labels with compressive sensing. We give concrete examples in each new direction. We hope this article will inspire new research that makes semi-supervised learning an even more valuable tool for multimedia analysis.
Glycosaminoglycan synthesis and composition in human fibroblasts during in vitro cellular aging (IMR‐90)

The synthesis and turnover of sulfate-labeled glycosaminoglycans(35S-GAGs) has been investigated in diploid human embryo fibroblasts during in vitro cellular aging. With progressive subcultivation, there was a decreased incorporation of Na2(35)SO4 into 35S-GAGs released to the medium, but not into those accumulated at the cell surface. The composition of 35S-GAGs found in extracellular medium, cell surface (removable by gentle proteolysis), and intracellular compartments of the culture after 48-hr labeling did not change significantly with progressive subcultivation. Pulse-labeled 35S-GAGs moved from intracellular to surface and extracellular compartments more slowly in late-passage cultures. Addition of 1 mM beta-xyloside to both early- and late-passage cultures produced a ten-fold enhancement of extracellular 35S-GAG production without a concomitant increase in surface-associated 35S-GAG. We interpret the data of this study to mean that secreted and cell-surface glycosaminoglycans represent different pools and that cellular aging has its effect primarily upon the secreted pool of glycosaminoglycans. Late-passage fibroblasts demonstrate marked decreases in proliferation, culture density, fibronectin matrix, and gap-junction formation. Our results suggest that glycosaminoglycan synthesis and composition are not intimately related to these parameters.
Local Zones of Endoplasmic Reticulum Complexity Confine Cargo in Neuronal Dendrites

Following synthesis, integral membrane proteins dwell in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) for variable periods that are typically rate limiting for plasma membrane delivery. In neurons, the ER extends for hundreds of microns as an anastomosing network throughout highly branched dendrites. However, little is known about the mobility, spatial scales, or dynamic regulation of cargo in the dendritic ER. Here, we show that membrane proteins, including AMPA-type glutamate receptors, rapidly diffuse within the continuous network of dendritic ER but are confined by increased ER complexity at dendritic branch points and near dendritic spines. The spatial range of receptor mobility is rapidly restricted by type I mGluR signaling through a mechanism involving protein kinase C (PKC) and the ER protein CLIMP63. Moreover, local zones of ER complexity compartmentalize ER export and correspond to sites of new dendritic branches. Thus, local control of ER complexity spatially scales secretory trafficking within elaborate dendritic arbors.
A framework for evaluating ERP implementation choices

A key issue in enterprise resource planning (ERP) implementation is how to find a match between the ERP system and an organization's business processes by appropriately customizing both the system and the organization. In this paper, we advance a framework for supporting management decision-making about customization choices and the capabilities required to accomplish them. In this framework, we identify various customization possibilities for business processes as well as ERP systems. We also identify technical and process change capabilities required for system and process customization. Combining customization options with change capabilities, we present a useful way for managers to identify feasible customization options for their particular organization. Such a framework also helps managers to recognize the gap between desired customization options and change capabilities. A case study is used to illustrate the application of the framework.
Efficient gene transfer to rat renal glomeruli with recombinant adenoviral vectors

Recombinant adenoviruses are attractive vectors for renal gene transfer since they can efficiently transduce nondividing cells. However, despite the fact that renal glomeruli are easily accessible via the renal circulation, attempts to deliver foreign genes specifically into renal glomeruli, using adenoviral vectors, have had limited success in rodents. A simple intraarterial injection of adenoviral vectors into the renal circulation or incubation of the virus with the kidney for an extended period of time was found to be insufficient for this purpose. In this study, we have established an efficient gene transfer protocol to express foreign genes in rat renal glomerular cells, using adenoviral vectors. We demonstrated, for the first time, that rat glomerular endothelial cells could be efficiently transduced by slowly infusing a recombinant adenovirus (Ad.CBlacZ) into the right renal artery for a period of 15 min. High levels of lacZ expression were achieved in renal glomeruli without causing significant damage to renal glomeruli or other kidney structures. The virus-mediated expression lasted for at least 21 days. These data demonstrate the feasibility of using recombinant adenoviral vectors as a tool with which to study the effect of foreign gene expression on the structure and function of rat renal glomeruli in vivo.
Role of Acid Sphingomyelinase in Shifting the Balance Between Proinflammatory and Reparative Bone Marrow Cells in Diabetic Retinopathy

The metabolic insults associated with diabetes lead to low-grade chronic inflammation, retinal endothelial cell damage, and inadequate vascular repair. This is partly due to the increased activation of bone marrow (BM)-derived proinflammatory monocytes infiltrating the retina, and the compromised function of BM-derived reparative circulating angiogenic cells (CACs), which home to sites of endothelial injury and foster vascular repair. We now propose that a metabolic link leading to activated monocytes and dysfunctional CACs in diabetes involves upregulation of a central enzyme of sphingolipid signaling, acid sphingomyelinase (ASM). Selective inhibition of ASM in the BM prevented diabetes-induced activation of BM-derived microglia-like cells and normalized proinflammatory cytokine levels in the retina. ASM upregulation in diabetic CACs caused accumulation of ceramide on their cell membrane, thereby reducing membrane fluidity and impairing CAC migration. Replacing sphingomyelin with ceramide in synthetic membrane vesicles caused a similar decrease in membrane fluidity. Inhibition of ASM in diabetic CACs improved membrane fluidity and homing of these cells to damaged retinal vessels. Collectively, these findings indicate that selective modulation of sphingolipid metabolism in BM-derived cell populations in diabetes normalizes the reparative/proinflammatory cell balance and can be explored as a novel therapeutic strategy for treating diabetic retinopathy.
Laser-pumped x-ray free electron laser

Ultrashort, high-brightness X-ray pulses are an important tool in many areas of research. In principle, a laser-pumped free-electron laser (FEL) can generate coherent, polarized X-ray for this purpose. In a laser-pumped X-ray FEL an intense laser field replaces the magnetic wiggler field of a conventional FEL. Depending on the intensity and quality of both the electron beam and pump laser, the spontaneous incoherent X-ray, generated by Thomson backscattering, can be coherently amplified. In a conventional FEL configuration the generation of X-ray typically requires electron beam energies in the multi-GeV range. On the other hand, in a laser-pumped X-ray FEL, electron beam energies in the multi-MeV range would be sufficient. A laser-pumped X-ray FEL could in principle be a relatively compact source of coherent X-ray. However, to realize this concept a number of physics and technology issues must be resolved. Foremost among these are the stringent requirements placed on the electron beam quality and brightness as well as the pump laser intensity and energy. The seed radiation to the laser-pumped FEL is the laser induced spontaneous radiation. The gain length associated with the coherent X-ray as a function of energy spread on the thermal electron beam is analyzed. These issues, as well as others, necessary to achieve coherent amplified spontaneous X-ray generation in a laser-pumped FEL will be addressed.
Trends in Use of Medications for Smoking Cessation in Medicare, 2007–2012

Introduction Smoking-related disease accounts for 10% of Medicare expenditures. Although clinical guidelines recommend smoking-cessation medications, they are subject to safety warnings from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). This study investigated trends in utilization of smoking-cessation medications in Medicare from 2007 to 2012. Methods Data on medical claims and prescription drugs for a nationally representative sample of Medicare beneficiaries were used to study trends from 2007 to 2012 in use of smoking-cessation medications (bupropion, nicotine-replacement therapy, varenicline), among beneficiaries who used tobacco (N=205,675). Analyses were conducted in 2015. Multinomial logistic regression was used to examine differences in use of bupropion, nicotine-replacement therapy, varenicline, or more than one medication, relative to none, by beneficiaries' health and demographic characteristics. Binary logistic regression calculated average predicted probabilities of cardiovascular disease or depression among medication users before and after FDA safety warnings related to those conditions. Results Sixteen percent of tobacco users ever filled a prescription for a smoking-cessation medication. The proportion of beneficiaries who filled prescriptions for varenicline increased in 2007 but sharply declined corresponding to public warnings about adverse effects, although the same trends did not occur for bupropion or nicotine-replacement therapy. After FDA safety concerns were published, the average predicted probability of beneficiaries filling varenicline prescriptions with cardiovascular disease declined by 31%, although the average predicted probability of depression did not decline. Conclusions Use of smoking-cessation medications among Medicare beneficiaries remains low. Health effects of Medicare policies that increase coverage for medical support for smoking cessation may be limited by low utilization of effective medications.
Initial- and Processive-Cut Products Reveal Cellobiohydrolase Rate Limitations and the Role of Companion Enzymes

Efforts to improve the activity of cellulases, which catalyze the hydrolysis of insoluble cellulose, have been hindered by uncertainty surrounding the mechanistic origins of rate-limiting phenomena and by an incomplete understanding of complementary enzyme function. In particular, direct kinetic measurements of individual steps occurring after enzymes adsorb to the cellulose surface have proven to be experimentally elusive. This work describes an experimental and analytical approach, derived from a detailed mechanistic model of cellobiohydrolase action, for determining rates of initial- and processive-cut product generation by Trichoderma longibrachiatum cellobiohydrolase I (TlCel7A) as it catalyzes the hydrolysis of bacterial microcrystalline cellulose (BMCC) alone and in the presence of Talaromyces emersonii endoglucanase II (TemGH5). This analysis revealed that the rate of TlCel7A-catalyzed hydrolysis of crystalline cellulose is limited by the rate of enzyme complexation with glycan chains, which is shown to be equivalent to the rate of initial-cut product generation. This rate is enhanced in the presence of endoglucanase enzymes. The results confirm recent reports about the role of morphological obstacles in enzyme processivity and also provide the first direct evidence that processive length may be increased by the presence of companion enzymes, including small amounts of TemGH5. The findings of this work indicate that efforts to improve cellobiohydrolase activity should focus on enhancing the enzyme's ability to complex with cellulose chains, and the analysis employed provides a new technique for investigating the mechanism by which companion enzymes influence cellobiohydrolase activity.
Standardization of Flexibility Tests for 4-H Club Members

Abstract This paper describes methods for testing tests of flexibility. One test was found to be too easy, the other to be more a measure of size than flexibility. Both defects were corrected so that the tests could be used as measures of improvement. Standard score tables for both boys and girls were calculated. The tests are used as part of a battery of fitness tests in the 4-H health program.
Adsorption of Carbon Monoxide on Platinum–Ruthenium, Platinum–Osmium, Platinum–Ruthenium–Osmium, and Platinum–Ruthenium–Osmium–Iridium Alloys

Ternary and quaternary PtRuOs and PtRuOsIr alloys are promising alternatives to the binary PtRu alloys that serve as efficient anode catalysts for methanol and hydrogen air fuel cells. The efficiency of these catalysts is correlated to the adsorption of CO molecules on their surfaces. In this work, we study CO adsorption on a series of PtRu, PtOs, PtRuOs, and PtRuOsIr alloys and on pure Pt, Os, Ir, and Ru using periodic density functional theory. Systematically, we vary the location of the alloy atoms in the substrate and the alloy Pt mole percent. As CO is adsorbed on PtRu, PtRuOs, and PtRuOsIr alloys, the CO internal adsorbate bond and the C–Pt surface bond weaken on average (for alloy configurations of the same Pt mole percent) along with the decrease of the Pt mole fraction in the alloy. However, the frozen substrate calculations show that these bonds are about invariant of alloying Pt with Os atoms, with the exception of PtOs configurations with Os atoms in the middle layer, whereas relaxing the subs...
Increasing frequency and fatality of poison control center reported exposures involving medication and multiple substances: data from reports of the American Association of Poison Control Centers 1984-2013.

Context: Medication use has become increasingly prevalent in the United States, with up trending use of both prescription and over the counter medication. The increasing use and availability of med...
Improving the quality of care in the ICU

In the years since the To Err is Human report [1] came out, health care has increasingly focused on improving the quality of the care we provide while mitigating unintentional harm. Improving quality of care and patient safety is now a mantra for health care delivery around the world. Examples of these efforts include the World Health Organization Patient Safety Programme, which aims to coordinate, disseminate, and accelerate improvements in patient safety, outlining 13 action areas to target important global health care issues [2]. International accreditation bodies like The Joint Commission have strengthened their standards, with measures such as the National Patient Safety Goals becoming a mandatory core requirement [3]. Payment policies also reflect this push for quality improvement, with payers like the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) withholding reimbursement for certain complications and outcomes of hospital-based care [4, 5]. Despite substantial efforts by a variety of stakeholders over the last decade and a half, there is limited evidence of all-encompassing progress, in which some patient harms have significantly decreased while quality gaps have unfortunately caused others to rise [6, 7].
Massive media: when cities become screens

This paper describes, historicizes, and evaluates a phenomenon I refer to as massive media: an emerging subset of technical assemblages that include large outdoor projections, programmable architectural facades, and urban screens. Massive media are massive in their size and subsequent visibility, but are also an agglomeration of media in their expressive screen and cinema-like qualities and their associated interactive and network capabilities. I demonstrate how these situations enable and necessitate the development of new practices of expanded cinema and public data visualization that blend the logics of urban space, monumentality, and the public sphere with the aesthetics and affordances of digital information and the moving image to support a more participatory public culture in which we identify and engage with collective presence, memory, and action through new screen scenarios that merge information, architecture, and the moving image.
Growth of Listeria monocytogenes Scott A during Kimchi Fermentation and in the Presence of Kimchi Ingredients.

The fate of Listeria monocytogenes was determined during kimchi fermentation and in the presence ofkimchi ingredients. The lag phase was increased in tryptic soy broth at 35°C in the presence of 3% garlic, ginger, and NaCl, but not in the presence of 5% red pepper. Low levels (10 4 CFU/ml) of kimchi microflora did not inhibit the growth of Listeria in brain heart infusion (BHI) broth at 35°C. The growth of L monocytogenes was inhibited in BHI broth containing a mixture of kimchi ingredients and 3% (wt/vol) NaCl at 21°C. During kimchi fermentation at 21 and 35°C, the numbers of viable cells of L monocytogenes increased for the first 2 days of fermentation, but decreased during the next 10 days. The decrease at 35°C was more rapid. L manocytogenes was largely inactivated by kimchi ingredients and low pH, but viable cells still remained after 10 days of fermentation. These results show that kimchi is a safe product with respect to low levels of Listeria contamination which can be achieved by using ingredients of good microbiological quality.
Intimate partner support: A comparison of gay, lesbian, and heterosexual relationships

In this investigation, intimate partner support, relationship satisfaction, and separation proneness were assessed for four types of people: men in a relationship with a woman (MRW), men in a relationship with a man (MRM), women in a relationship with a man (WRM), and women in a relationship with a woman (WRW). Men and women in same-sex relationships received more support, were more satisfied, and reported fewer thoughts of separating than their counterparts in opposite-sex relationships. The effect of relationship type on satisfaction was not significant once the amount of received support was controlled. The implications of these findings for understanding the support process in same-sex relationships are discussed.
Hyperspectral Target Detection Based on Kernels

In this chapter, linear signal or target detection algorithms are extended to nonlinear versions by using kernel-based methods. In kernel-based methods, learning is implicitly performed in a high-dimensional feature space where high order correlation or nonlinearity within the data are exploited. Nonlinear realization is mainly pursued to reduce data complexity in a high-dimensional feature space and consequently provide simpler decision rules for data discrimination.
Brethren by Nature: New England Indians, Colonists, and the Origins of American Slavery. By Margaret Ellen Newell. (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2015. Pp. ix, 316. $45.00.)

Forced indigenous labor was part of the New England experience from the outset of Anglo settlement, and in this monograph the author explores its consequences. Countering traditional historiographi...
Activation of astrocytic PAR1 receptors in the rat nucleus of the solitary tract regulates breathing through modulation of presynaptic TRPV1.

Key points In the rat nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS), activation of astrocytic proteinase-activated receptor 1 (PAR1) receptors leads to potentiation of neuronal synaptic activity by two mechanisms, one TRPV1-dependent and one TRPV1-independent. PAR1-dependent activation of presynaptic TRPV1 receptors facilitates glutamate release onto NTS neurons. The TRPV1-dependent mechanism appears to rely on astrocytic release of endovanilloid-like molecules. A subset of NTS neurons excited by PAR1 directly project to the rostral ventral respiratory group. The PAR1 initiated, TRPV1-dependent modulation of synaptic transmission in the NTS contributes to regulation of breathing. Abstract Many of the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying astrocytic modulation of synaptic function remain poorly understood. Recent studies show that G-protein coupled receptor-mediated astrocyte activation modulates synaptic transmission in the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS), a brainstem nucleus that regulates crucial physiological processes including cardiorespiratory activity. By using calcium imaging and patch clamp recordings in acute brain slices of wild-type and TRPV1-/- rats, we show that activation of proteinase-activated receptor 1 (PAR1) in NTS astrocytes potentiates presynaptic glutamate release on NTS neurons. This potentiation is mediated by both a TRPV1-dependent and a TRPV1-independent mechanism. The TRPV1-dependent mechanism appears to require release of endovanilloid-like molecules from astrocytes, which leads to subsequent potentiation of presynaptic glutamate release via activation of presynaptic TRPV1 channels. Activation of NTS astrocytic PAR1 receptors elicits cFOS expression in neurons that project to respiratory premotor neurons and inhibits respiratory activity in control, but not in TRPV1-/- rats. Thus, activation of astrocytic PAR1 receptor in the NTS leads to a TRPV1-dependent excitation of NTS neurons causing a potent modulation of respiratory motor output.
Abstract 17779: Management of Heterotaxy Syndrome: Current Challenges and Opportunities

Introduction: Heterotaxy syndrome presents a unique challenge in surgical management, even in the current era. We hypothesized that certain anatomic subsets merit novel strategies. Methods: We unde...
Where are the “People Like me”?: A Collaborative Autoethnography of Transnational Lives and Teacher Education in the U.S.

Global multicultural teacher education courses and programs have made claims to offer Prospective Teachers (PSTs) a global understanding of diversity and multiculturalism. However, there is very li...
IMPACTS OF INNOVATING FIRMS' STRATEGIC SIGNALS ON MARKET PARTICIPANTS' MARKET SUCCESS IN THE CONTEXT OF A STANDARDS WAR

To increase the likelihood of success of their market-focused innovations, firms that develop innovations for targeted markets regularly communicate with market participants in order to reduce the uncertainties participants hold regarding the firms’ innovations. Strategic market signals are one of the tactics used by these firms. While an innovating firm’s own signals can have significant impacts on the firm’s market success, signals delivered by the firm’s competitors could exert negative impacts on the firm’s market success in different ways. To examine such negative impacts, the paper develops three types of uncertainty (technical, market and standards) associated with the market-focused innovations as well as hypotheses related to the impacts of competitors’ innovation-focused strategic signals on innovating firms’ market success during the standards war. The findings have implications for both theory and practice.
Response and projection: a reinterpretation of the premotor concept

This paper reviews the principle of evolution of the neocortex which postulates that the neocortex has evolved over phylogeny from separate roots in hippo-campal and piriform cortices. In congruence with this principle, the premotor cortex of the frontal lobe of humans and subhuman primates is thought to be organized into two separate but interconnected systems—the mesiodorsal and the ventrolateral. The “core” premotor zone of the mesiodorsal system is the supplementary motor area (SMA) while that of the ventrolateral system is the arcuate premotor area (APA) identified in the primate brain. Evidence is presented to support the proposal that the SMA, as the premotor component of a system capable of generating model-based predictions, is necessary for extended, internally-contingent, project-ional action. The APA is hypothesized to be the premotor component of a system concerned with the perception, recognition and association of motivational significance to external inputs. It is postulated to be particularly important in the production of interactive, externally-contingent or responsive action.
Composition of Power Series (POWSER)

This chapter presents an algorithm POWSER for generating composition of power series. It discusses the calculation of the coefficients of the composite f ( z ) = g ( h ( z )) of given two power series g ( z ) and h ( z ). Such problems arise frequently in combinatorics. As so often is the case, the most explicit method is the least desirable computationally. There is a closed formula, given by Faa di Bruno, which expresses the coefficients of g ( h ( z )) in terms of those of g ( z ) and of h ( z ). The chapter discusses a neat algorithm that uses two linear arrays. It also discusses subroutine specifications and the sample output for the algorithm.
Upregulation of Opioid Receptors

It is well established that chronic exposure to opioid receptor antagonists can result in opioid receptor upregulation. The phenomenon of antagonist-induced receptor upregulation is not unique to the opioid system but is common to many receptor systems including adenergic, cholinergic, serotinergic, and dopaminergic receptors. Chronic administration of naloxone or naltrexone reliably produces increases in binding to opioid receptors both in vivo and in vitro. This receptor upregulation is associated with functional supersensitivity to subsequent agonist administration. Thus, the analgesic potency of morphine is increased following prior exposure to opioid receptor antagonists. The three opioid receptor types show different degrees of upregulation in response to in vivo antagonist administration, with μ opioid receptors showing the largest increases in binding in response to any given dose of naloxone or naltrexone, followed by more modest increases in δ and k receptors. Antagonist-induced receptor upregulation appears to vary between brain regions, and the reason for this is not clear. Although the first demonstration of antagonist-induced opioid receptor upregulation occurred more than 30 years ago, the mechanisms mediating this effect remained elusive for much of this time. Recent data have provided new insights into potential molecular mechanisms of opioid receptor upregulation. Data are presented that support the hypothesis that naloxone and nal-trexone are acting as pharmacological chaperones, stabilizing intracellular receptor protein molecules and facilitating their trafficking and insertion into the cell membrane. Finally, heterologous opioid receptor upregulation occurs in response to repeated exposure to cocaine and ethanol, and the resulting opioid receptor regulation may play an important role in craving and reinforcement induced by these agents. Given the multiple potential clinical uses of opioid receptor antagonists described in other chapters of this volume, opioid receptor upregulation and the accompanying functional supersensitivity that results from antagonist exposure needs to be further explored in the clinical setting.
From spontaneous to induced neurological mutations: a personal witness of the ascent of the mouse model.

The mouse is arguably the most versatile animal model for studying the mechanisms of normal development and the pathogenesis of congenital malformations of the human nervous system. It does not offer the enormous potentials for manipulation by molecular genetics of small invertebrates, nor does it have the advantage of a large brain size and the similarity to the human that has been exploited by neuroanatomists and neurophysiologists in the nonhuman primates. However, as a small, relatively fast-reproducing mammal, with several well-defined inbred strains, it has became an unexcelled tool in modern developmental neurobiology. In addition, with the impeding completion of its genome sequence, the enlargement of the repertoire of spontaneous and induced mutations, combined with the creation of mosaic animals, the mouse has become an essential model system in almost every area of neurobiology and experimental neuropathology.
Exploring the Commonality Between Filling: Porous Media and Phase Change

Problems involving flow in porous media cover a wide spectrum of areas in engineering and science. An important class of porous media flow problems involves the infiltration of a fluid into an initially dry porous media and key element in such problems is the tracking of the free or moving interface between the filled and empty pores. Examples include, flow through a leaky dam (Crank, 1984), flow in the partially saturated region of a soil (Nieber, 1996) and injection of polymer in a mold (Bruyschke and Advani, 1990) (Lee and Sin, 1990) (Maier et al., 1996) (Voller and Chen, 1996).
Epithelial Cell Biology in Organ Transplantation

Allograft rejection continues to be a significant obstacle in the field of organ transplantation. There is a significant body of evidence demonstrating that endothelial cells in the allograft are in many cases the targets of acute and chronic rejection1-3. Such a concept is intuitive as these are the first cells that come into contact with recipient lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells (APCs). A growing body of evidence indicates that epithelial cells may also be immunologic targets in the process of lung, liver, and kidney allograft rejection¢$. The immunobiology of epithelial cells as related to the field of organ transplantation has been best characterized in the process of lung allograft rejection and, therefore, this chapter will focus on the role of airway epithelial cells (AECs) and their significance in lung allograft rejection.
TEM for Characterization of Nanowires and Nanorods

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and related techniques allow for imaging of nanomaterials to determine the material size, shape, composition, and crystal structure. In situ TEM measurements allow for observation of dynamic processes, such as nanowire growth. This chapter describes the application of ex situ and in situ TEM techniques to the analysis of nanowires/nanorods as a subset of nanomaterials. Nanowires refer to anisotropic metal, semiconductor, metal oxide, and/or alloyed structures that may be cylindrical solids, core-shell structures, or hollow tube-like structures. Herein, “bottom-up” nanowires – those synthesized by monomer addition or particle aggregation – are considered for how their analyses may be aided by TEM-based techniques. Lithographically defined wire-like structures, carbon nanotubes, and graphene-based scroll structures are not considered in this chapter.
Wirkung von Schwungmassen

Motoren fur Gleich- oder Wechselstrom nehmen beim Anschalten ihrer Wicklung an die konstante Spannung eines Verteilungsnetzes nicht sprunghaft ihre volle, stationare Drehzahl an, sondern laufen vom Stillstand aus allmahlich, in endlicher Zeit an. Im allgemeinen verringert man sogar die Anfahrbeschleunigung kunstlich, um die Strom- und Energieaufnahme des Motors aus dem Netz wahrend der Anlaufdauer nicht zu gros zu machen.
A New Bag of Words LBP BoWL Descriptor for Scene Image Classification

This paper explores a new Local Binary Patterns LBP based image descriptor that makes use of the bag-of-words model to significantly improve classification performance for scene images. Specifically, first, a novel multi-neighborhood LBP is introduced for small image patches. Second, this multi-neighborhood LBP is combined with frequency domain smoothing to extract features from an image. Third, the features extracted are used with spatial pyramid matching SPM and bag-of-words representation to propose an innovative Bag of Words LBP BoWL descriptor. Next, a comparative assessment is done of the proposed BoWL descriptor and the conventional LBP descriptor for scene image classification using a Support Vector Machine SVM classifier. Further, the classification performance of the new BoWL descriptor is compared with the performance achieved by other researchers in recent years using some popular methods. Experiments with three fairly challenging publicly available image datasets show that the proposed BoWL descriptor not only yields significantly higher classification performance than LBP, but also generates results better than or at par with some other popular image descriptors.
Powder bed fusion metrology for additive manufacturing design guidance

Abstract Design for additive manufacturing (DFAM) guidelines are important for helping designers avoid iterations and leverage the design freedoms afforded by additive manufacturing (AM). Comprehensive design guidelines should incorporate a variety of features of interest to designers, and given the wide variety of AM processes and their associated capabilities and limitations, those guidelines may need to be process- or even machine-specific. One way to generate detailed DFAM guidelines is to implement a metrology study focused on a strategically designed test part. This paper describes how quantitative design guidelines are compiled for a polymer selective laser sintering (SLS) process via a metrology study. As part of the metrology study, a test part is designed to focus specifically on geometric resolution and accuracy of the polymer SLS process. The test part is compact, allowing it to be easily inserted into existing SLS builds and therefore eliminating the need for dedicated metrology builds. To build a statistical foundation upon which design guidelines can be compiled, multiple copies of the test part are fabricated within existing commercial builds in a factorial study with materials, build orientations, and locations within the build chamber as control factors. Design guidelines are established by measuring and analyzing the as-built test parts. The guidelines are summarized in this paper and documented in a publicly accessible, online web tool.
When push comes to shove: Organizational migration and geographic concentration

Organizational migration is a potential source of the dispersal of organizational populations across geographical space. Its impact on the geographical distribution of organizations, however, depen...
The Literary Lumpen: The Naksha Narratives of Binoy Ghosh

This essay outlines the condition of emergence of a cultural phenomenon in India which may be called “the literary lumpen.” Karl Marx had, famously, disparaged the “lumpenproletariat” as social “re...
Interpretable Approaches to Detect Bias in Black-Box Models

My dissertation research is grounded in the field of interpretability. I aim to develop methods to explain and interpret predictions from black-box machine learning models to help creators, as well as users, of machine learning models increase their trust and understanding of the models. In this doctoral consortium paper, I summarize my previous and current research projects in interpretability, and describe my future plans for research in this area.
Widely metastatic IDH1-mutant glioblastoma with oligodendroglial features and atypical molecular findings: A case report and review of current challenges in molecular diagnostics

Gliomas with 1p/19q-codeletion as well as mutation of isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) 1 are typically characterized as oligodendrogliomas with comparatively good response to treatment with radiation and chemotherapy. We present the case of a 28-year-old man with an IDH1 and TP53 mutant high grade glioma with abnormalities in chromosomes 1 and 19 suggestive of anaplastic oligodendroglioma that rapidly progressed to widespread metastatic disease. Biopsy of a liver lesion confirmed metastasis of the patient’s known brain primary and chemotherapy with temozolomide was initiated. The patient’s rapidly growing tumor burden with fulminant liver failure and tumor lysis led to multisystem failure of which the patient died. Further molecular testing illustrated features more consistent with glioblastoma: multiple large chromosomal aberrations including loss of whole chromosome 1 and 2q; gain/amplification of MYCN, MET, and CDK4; loss of CDKN2A/B; and an ATRX mutation. This case illustrates the importance of higher level molecular diagnostic testing for patients with particularly aggressive disease progression that is not concordant with standard prognoses. Additional data on cases with atypical alterations of 1p and 19q are needed to better understand the distinct biology of these cancers so that appropriate therapies can be developed.
Hashtag commerce: “Order by Tweet”:

Recently, American Express introduced the use of “hashtag” commerce for their cardholders into Twitter using the notion of “Order by Tweet”: transactions were initiated and confirmed within Twitter...
Association of Bacterial Vaginosis and Human Papilloma Virus Infection With Cervical Squamous Intraepithelial Lesions.

Objectives Human papillomavirus (HPV) is known to be associated with squamous intraepithelial lesions (SILs). However, there is limited and conflicting literature on the relationship between bacterial vaginosis (BV) and SIL. The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of BV and evaluate the association between BV and SIL. Methods A retrospective study was performed on 10,546 cases between 2012 and 2017. HPV results were available in 7,081 cases. Results BV was present in 17.6% of cases. There was significant association between BV, positive HPV infection, and high-grade SIL. BV patients with negative HPV infection showed more squamous abnormalities than BV-negative HPV-negative patients. Conclusions We found there is a significant association between BV and SIL. BV is more common among patients with HPV infection and is independently associated with squamous abnormalities in cervical smears and surgical follow-up.
Wait Times in Musculoskeletal Patients: What Contributes to Patient Satisfaction.

Introduction:The purpose of this study was to determine how wait time duration is associated with patient satisfaction and how appointment characteristics relate to wait time duration and patient s...
Integrating Flexible Normalization into Midlevel Representations of Deep Convolutional Neural Networks.

Deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs) are becoming increasingly popular models to predict neural responses in visual cortex. However, contextual effects, which are prevalent in neural processin...
Hyperknowledge graphs: enabling knowledge graphs at scale with the nested context model

With the recent advances in Artificial Intelligence, the use of knowledge graphs is becoming pervasive. A new generation of AI-based applications is emerging, which relies on KGs to represent and manage knowledge. These KGs are consumed by advanced Machine Learning algorithms and reasoning engines. Despite of this increasing importance to the industry, there is a lack of methods and technologies to manage the lifecycle of KGs, especially to support reusability and maintainability. In this presentation we describe our work on the Hyperknowledge technology, which relies on the Nested Context Model to provide a flexible knowledge representation mechanism with high-level abstractions and expressiveness to enrich structure, enable reuse, and enhance interpretability.
A corepressor participates in LexA-independent regulation of error-prone polymerases in Acinetobacter.

The DNA damage response of the multidrug-resistant pathogen Acinetobacter baumannii , which induces mutagenic UmuD′2C error-prone polymerases, differs from that of many bacteria. Acinetobacter species lack a LexA repressor, but induce gene transcription after DNA damage. One regulator, UmuDAb, binds to and represses the promoters of the multiple A. baumannii ATCC 17978 umuDC alleles and the divergently transcribed umuDAb and ddrR genes. ddrR is unique to the genus Acinetobacter and of unknown function. 5' RACE (rapid amplification of cDNA ends) PCR mapping of the umuDAb and ddrR transcriptional start sites revealed that their −35 promoter elements overlapped the UmuDAb binding site, suggesting that UmuDAb simultaneously repressed expression of both genes by blocking polymerase access. This coordinated control of ddrR and umuDAb suggested that ddrR might also regulate DNA damage-inducible gene transcription. RNA-sequencing experiments in 17 978 ddrR − cells showed that ddrR regulated approximately 25 % (n=39) of the mitomycin C-induced regulon, with umuDAb coregulating 17 of these ddrR-regulated genes. Eight genes (the umuDC polymerases, umuDAb and ddrR) were de-repressed in the absence of DNA damage, and nine genes were uninduced in the presence of DNA damage, in both ddrR and umuDAb mutant strains. These data suggest ddrR has multiple roles, both as a co-repressor and as a positive regulator of DNA damage-inducible gene transcription. Additionally, 57 genes were induced by mitomycin C in the ddrR mutant but not in wild-type cells. This regulon contained multiple genes for DNA replication, recombination and repair, transcriptional regulators, RND efflux, and transport. This study uncovered another regulator of the atypical DNA damage response of this genus, to help describe how this pathogen acquires drug resistance through its expression of the error-prone polymerases under DdrR and UmuDAb control.