cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Thromboelastography Defines Late Hypercoagulability After TBI: A Pilot Study

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is associated with a hypercoagulable state, the mechanism and duration of which remain unclear. We sought to determine whether thromboelastography (TEG) analysis could identify the hypercoagulable state after TBI, as defined by elevations in maximal amplitude (MA), thrombus generation (TG), G value (G), and alpha angle (αA). Patients with moderate–severe TBI, defined primarily as a GCS 48 h. Twenty five patients (80 % men) and 7 age- and sex-matched control subjects were studied. Median age was 38 years (range 18–85). Early MA was [63.6 mm (60.5, 67.4)] versus late MA [69.9 mm (65.2,73.9); p = 0.02], early TG was [763.3 mm/min (712.8, 816.2)] versus late TG [835.9 mm/min (791.2,888.3); p = 0.02], and early G was [8.8 d/cm2 (7.7,10.4)] versus late G [11.6 d/cm2 (9.4,14.1); p = 0.02]. Study patients had higher MA (p = 0.02), TG (p = 0.03), and G (p = 0.02) values at T5 compared to controls. There was a linear increase per day of MA by 2.6 mm (p = 0.001), TG 31.9 mm/min (p ≤ 0.001), and G value by 1.3 d/cm2 (p ≤ 0.001) when clustered by pairs in regression analysis. Lower MA values trended toward home discharge (p = 0.08). The data suggest a progressive and delayed hypercoagulable state observed days after initial TBI. The hypercoagulable state may reflect excess platelet activity.
Fabrication and surface functionalization of single TiO 2 nanotubes devices for bio-chemical sensors applications

A single TiO 2 nanotube device has been successfully fabricated using both FIB deposition technique and conventional Si process. The device shows linear I–V characteristics implying ohmic contact. The device shows conductance modulation when it is functionalized by lysine and GABA. Surface modification is confirmed by monitoring the resistance change of TiO 2 nanotube. In this study, fabrication of single TiO 2 nanotube devices and the effect on conductance of the nanotube devices by surface modification will be discussed for bio-chemcial sensor applications.
Optical Particle Sizing For Hydrodynamics Based On Near Forward Scattering

In the study of boundary layer dynamics in the ocean, the stratification induced by suspended matter enters through the parameter cnwn where cn and wn are, respectively, the concentration and fall velocity of size class n. In this paper, an optical arrangement for instantaneous measurement of the particle size distribution will be described. The basic principle is that the near forward scattering by a particle is approximated quite well by the Fraunhofer diffraction through a circular aperture. Thus, when light is scattered by particles illuminated by a collimated laser beam, the observed intensity distribution in the Fourier transform plane of a coaxial lens is the incoherent sum of the Airy patterns from all particles, weighted by area square. An inversion of this observed intensity distribution produces the size distribution. The inversion, based on a Titshmarch-Bateman formula is analytic, and has been known in the literature to reduce to a Fourier transform of the angular intensity distribution, weighted by the third power of the scattering angle, i.e. o3.I(s). In this paper the information content of the measured intensity distribution is discussed, in particular, the size resolution and minimum and maximum size of particles about which information is contained in the observations are described. Furthermore, the concept of a Nyquist size and aliasing is introduced. By enclosing the scattering volume when the decay of the size distribution is differentiated in time, the fall velocity, hence mass density, at each size can be deter-mined separately. The above reduction of the observations generates the relevant parameter cnwn and also permits the direct observation of the fluctuations in concentrations, which are theoretically predicted to follow the -5/3 power law but have never before been verified. Theoretical background and analysis of synthetic data will be presented.© (1984) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Error estimates for iterative unfolding

Some approximate formulas are developed for errors arising from the application of iterative unfolding to experimental measurements. For the practical case of a dominantly diagonal response matrix of large order, it is shown that the relative error of the unfolded solution is approximately that of the original measurement. To demonstrate this behavior, actual experimental results from a proton-recoil proportional counter detection system have been included.
Iron redox effects on photosensitive phosphorus release from dissolved humic materials

Factors controlling the release of P from dissolved humic material (DHM)-iron complexes were studied in an acid bog lake. Gel-permeation chromatography of lake water labeled with {sup 32}PO{sub 4}{sup 3{minus}} was used to separate high- and low-molecular-weight fractions of P compounds. Fe{sup 3+} additions and irradiation with ultraviolet (UV) light increased the release of a labeled compound coeluting with orthophosphate from void volume fractions. Oxidation rates of Fe{sup 2+} in whole-lake water were much slower than photoreduction rates, which suggests that, in UV light, Fe accumulated as Fe{sup 2+}. Fe{sup 2+} concentrations decreased concomitant with a June increase in Chl {alpha} in the lake water. Biotic uptake of Fe{sup 2+} may deplete the ambient pool of both Fe{sup 2+} and Fe{sup 3+} in summer and make photosensitive processes less important at this time.
Influences on women's entry into male-dominated occupations

This article focuses on women’s entry into male-dominated occupations in the United States. It looks at the impact of Title IX and related legislation which opened access to colleges and universities to women and examines the effects of initial or pre-enrollment student characteristics, organizational attributes of the college of university, student performance and experiences in higher education and the attributes of employing organizations on women’s entry into male-dominated occupations. The article concludes with a model for measuring the relative influence of each.
State of equilibrium of the west antarctic inland ice sheet.

Data from a traverse connecting Byrd Station, Antarctica, with the local ice divide allow calculation of the mean volume flux at points along the traverse. This is compared with current rates of surface accretion upstream from each point. Near the ice divide the ice sheet seems to be in equilibrium, but near Byrd Station the volume flux is in excess of that needed for ice sheet equilibrium by at least 15 percent. The discrepancy may exist because the traverse does not follow the ice flow exactly or because ice flow at depth is very complex. Although neither of the foregoing possibilities can be disproved, it seems most likely that the discrepancy is due to ice sheet thinning, as has previously been suggested by work on oxygen isotope ratios and temperature in the boreholes at Byrd Station. This thinning probably started at the end of the Wisconsin/Wurm glaciation. Causes for the thinning are discussed.
Immunological studies using monoclonal antibodies for detection of low dalton marine toxins.

The general methodology employed in the development of an immunological assay system is initially described. These include: (a) the methods and reagents used for coupling low dalton epitopes; (b) selection of appropriate immunogenic carriers; (c) mode of administration and choice of animal; and (d) the method of assessing the antibody produced. The background and methodology, using ciguatoxin as a model, are presented. The stick enzyme immunoassay (S‐EIA) has proven of value to evaluate implicated fish for verification of ciguatera poisoning and for screening of fish associated with ciguatera prior to consumption. No false negatives have occurred with the stick enzyme immunoassay system to date.
Bicarbonate Fixation and Malate Compartmentation in Relation to Salt-induced Stoichiometric Synthesis of Organic Acid

The relationship of malate synthesis to K(+) absorption from solutions of K(2)SO(4) and KHCO(3) was compared in nonvacuolate barley (Hordeum vulgare) root tips and whole excised roots. The comparison has permitted separation of the process which evokes organic acid synthesis from that which leads to stoichiometry between net acid equivalents formed and excess K(+) absorbed from K(2)SO(4), on the one hand, and total K(+) absorbed from KHCO(3), on the other. Both in tips and in roots K(+) uptake from 20 mN salt solution exceeds malate synthesis in the first hour. In vacuolate roots the expected stoichiometry is achieved with time. When root tips are transferred to dilute CaSO(4), malate is rapidly metabolized, and K(+) is lost to the solution. By contrast, in excised whole roots the malate level remains unchanged, the salt-induced organic acid presumably being retained in the vacuole. In excised roots malonate leads to a marked drop in malate levels in untreated roots as well as in roots which have experienced salt-induced net malate synthesis. In consequence, it is contended that malonate makes available normally sequestered vacuolar malate.The general hypothesis is offered that the bicarbonate level of the cytoplasm controls organic acid synthesis by phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase, and that the cytoplasmic bicarbonate level is raised either by exchange of cytoplasmic H(+) for external cation, or by bicarbonate absorption directly. Stoichiometry, in turn, is achieved by the accumulation in the vacuole of the double salt of malate.
The “flypaper effect” in presence of spatial interdependence: evidence from Argentinean municipalities

The “flypaper effect”, when an unconditional lump-sum grant to a local government increases spending in a greater proportion than an equivalent raise in local income, has been extensively documented in the literature. This paper shows new estimates in the presence of spatial dependence, when local spending is not independent from its neighbor jurisdictions’ behavior. Using county-level data for Buenos Aires (Argentina), this study shows that while the “flypaper effect still holds true in the presence of spillover effects or mimic behavior across jurisdictions, it could be overestimated in the presence of spatial interdependence.
Observation and simulations of the backsplash effects in high-energy γ-ray telescopes containing a massive calorimeter

Abstract Beam test and simulation results are presented for a study of the backsplash effects produced in a high-energy γ-ray detector containing a massive calorimeter. An empirical formula is developed to estimate the probability (per unit area) of backsplash for different calorimeter materials and thicknesses, different incident particle energies, and at different distances from the calorimeter. The results obtained are applied to the design of the Anti-Coincidence Detector (ACD) for the Large Area Telescope (LAT) on the Gamma-ray Large Area Space Telescope (GLAST).
Effect of n-Alkanols on G-Protein a Subunits

Guanine nucleotide binding (G)-proteins are GTP-driven allosteric proteins consisting of a single ? subunit and a ? and ? heterodimer. G? subunits function as on/off switches based on the occupancy of the nucleotide-binding site, GTP or GDP, such that any alteration in nucleotide exchange modulates signal output. Our previous work has shown that haloalkanes and ethers inhibit GDP/GTP exchange on ?i1, ?i2 and ?i3 subunits, but not the closely related ao. To test whether individual G-protein sensitivity correlates with n-alkanols potency and hydrophobicity, we studied the effects of n-alkanols of varied chain lengths on GDP/GTP exchange by G? subunits. n-alkanols (ethanol, butanol, pentanol, hexanol, heptanol, octanol and nonanol) showed differential effects on guanine nucleotide exchange by G?i1, G?i2 and G?o. Based on our observations, we conclude that n-alkanols interact and modulate the activity of the G-? subunits to different extent, thereby uncoupling pathways known to modulate neuronal excitation.
Note on the chromatographic analyses of marine polyunsaturated fatty acids

Gas-liquid chromatography was used to study the effects of saponification/methylation and thin-layer chromatographic isolation on the analyses of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Using selected procedures, the qualitative and quantitative distribution of these acids in marine organisms can be determined with a high degree of accuracy.
Effect of oceanic uptake on atmospheric lifetimes of selected trace gases

[1] We have calculated from a 2° × 2° grid of oceanic properties the contribution of oceanic loss to the overall lifetimes of a number of anthropogenic and naturally produced trace gases involved in global warming and stratospheric ozone depletion. The model, originally developed for atmospheric methyl bromide, can be used for any well-mixed trace gas where the seawater degradation rate constants and solubilities are known. Of the gases tested, it is clear that known oceanic chemical degradation processes alone are not significant sinks for most HFCs and HCFCs. Chemical degradation in the oceans is a substantial sink for COS (28%) and COCl2 (8%) and a minor sink for CH3Cl (<2%) and CH3I (2.5%), and it should be considered when determining atmospheric lifetimes and sink strengths for these gases. Biological degradation processes are likely to increase the oceanic uptake rates of many gases.
DEMANDS ON DRIVER RESOURCES ASSOCIATED WITH INTRODUCING ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY INTO THE VEHICLE

Efforts are underway to provide drivers with high-technology systems directed toward improving travel capability, safety, and comfort. In most cases, these systems cause increases in driver workload. This paper describes and ranks the driver resources that may be needed to service these in-vehicle systems, and briefly cites the literature relevant to the potential conflict between performing the primary task of driving and performing in-vehicle tasks associated with such systems.
Effect of temperature alterations on liver and cardiac glycogen in the chick embryo.

Abstract 1. 1. Chilling chick embryos at 10, 14, 18 and 20 days of incubation to 25°C until killed resulted in an initial increase in liver glycogen accompanied by a decrease in cardiac glycogen. 2. 2. Within hours liver glycogen returned to near normal levels accompanied by an increase of cardiac glycogen to or above control values. 3. 3. Increasing temperature to 41–43°C on the tenth day resulted in decreased cardiac glycogen 24 and 48 hr later. 4. 4. In 14 day embryos a decrease in liver glycogen occurred within 1 hr after the beginning of treatment.
Contemporary bimetallic molecules: an unusual class of exo-closo metallacarbaboranes having no metal–metal bonds

Reactions between cationic metal–ligand fragments and salts of the anionic complexes [2,2,2-(CO)3-2-PPh3-closo-2,1-MoCB10H11]− and [2,2-(CO)2-2-L-closo-2,1-FeCB10H11]− (L = CO or PPh3) have afforded a range of zwitterionic compounds in which an electrophilic [ML′n]+ group is attached to the cage system in an exopolyhedral manner by one, two, or three agostic B–H⇀ML′n bonds. The bimetal compounds isolated do not have direct metal–metal bonds, a feature confirmed by X-ray diffraction for [2,2,2-(CO)3-2-PPh3-7,8,12-(μ-H)3-7,8,12-{Cu(PPh3)}-closo-2,1-MoCB10H8], [2,2,2-(CO)3-2-PPh3-7,12-(μ-H)2-7,12-{Ag(PPh3)}-closo-2,1-MoCB10H9], [2,2,2-(CO)3-2-PPh3-7,8,12-(μ-H)3-7,8,12-{RuCl(PPh3)2}-closo-2,1-MoCB10H8] and [2,2,2-(CO)3-2-PPh3-12-(μ-H)-12-{Fe(CO)2(η-C5Me5)}-closo-2,1-MoCB10H10]. The penultimate compound displays in solution complicated dynamic behaviour, in part due to the presence of a number of diastereomeric pairs of enantiomers. Low temperature 31P-{1H} NMR data have helped elucidate these processes for the isomers observed for this complex. The NMR data (1H, 13C, 11B, and 31P) for the new compounds are discussed.
Occupation-Focused Family Intervention and Expanding the Role of Occupational Therapy in Childhood Obesity

Childhood obesity is a serious public health concern in the United States. Primary role models for children are their parents as they are the ones who can work to prevent their child from becoming ...
Delocalizing Trypsin Specificity with Metal Activation

Recognition for proteolysis by trypsin depends almost exclusively on tight binding of arginine or lysine side chains by the primary substrate specificity pocket. Although extended subsite interactions are important for catalysis, the majority of binding energy is localized in the P1 pocket. Analysis of the interactions of trypsin with the P1 residue of the bound inhibitors ecotin and bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor suggested that the mutation D189S would improve metal-assisted trypsin N143H, E151H specificity toward peptides that have a Tyr at P1 and a His at P2'. In the presence of transition metals, the catalytic efficiency of the triple mutant Tn N143H, E151H, D189S improved toward the tyrosine-containing peptide AGPYAHSS. Trypsin N143H, E151H, D189S exhibits a 25-fold increase in activity with nickel and a 150-fold increase in activity with zinc relative to trypsin N143H, E151H on this peptide. In addition, activity of trypsin N143H, E151H, D189S toward an arginine-containing peptide, YLVGPRGHFYDA, is enhanced by copper, nickel, and zinc. With this substrate, copper yields a 30-fold, nickel a 70-fold, and zinc a 350-fold increase in activity over background hydrolysis without metal. These results demonstrate that the engineering of multiple substrate binding subsites in trypsin can be used to delocalize protease specificity by increasing relative substrate binding contributions from alternate engineered subsites.
Rebalancing in a multi-cloud environment

With the proliferation of infrastructure clouds it is now possible to consider developing applications capable of leveraging multi-cloud environments. Such environments provide users a unique opportunity to tune their deployments to meet specific needs (e.g., cost, reliability, performance, etc.). Open source multi-cloud scaling tools, such as Nimbus Phantom, allow users to develop such multi-cloud workflows easily. However, user preferences cannot always be achieved at the outset for a variety of reasons (e.g., availability limitations, financial constraints, technical obstacles, etc.). Despite this, it is possible that many preferences can be met at a later time due to the elastic nature of infrastructure clouds. Rebalancing policies, which replace instances in lower-preferred clouds with instances in higher-preferred clouds, are needed to meet these preferences. We present an environment that manages multi-cloud deployment rebalancing by terminating instances, in lower-preferred clouds and launching replacement instances in higher-preferred clouds to satisfy user preferences. In particular, users define a preferred cloud ratio, e.g., 75% instances on one cloud and 25% instances on another, which we attempt to achieve using rebalancing policies. We consider three rebalancing policies: 1) only idle excess instances are terminated, 2) excess instances are terminated gracefully, and 3) worker instances are aggressively terminated, even if they are running user jobs. To gauge the effectiveness of our rebalancing strategy, we evaluate these policies in a master-worker environment deployed across multiple NSF FutureGrid clouds and examine the ability of the policies to rebalance multi-cloud deployments appropriately, and analyze trade-offs.
The Stochastic Dependence of Security Price Changes and Transaction Volumes in a Model with Temporally Dependent Price Changes

Abstract A model of security price behavior is presented, which allows for the observed temporal dependence in price changes from one transaction to the next and for the stochastic dependence between price changes and the numbers of shares traded. Tests of the model are conducted with data for corporate bonds and stocks. The results reveal some interesting differences in the two price processes.
Metabolic Syndromes and Malignant Transformation: Where the Twain Shall Meet

Recurrent somatic mutations in the isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) and IDH2 genes that result in the accumulation of D-2-hydroxyglutarate (D-2-HG) have been identified in malignant gliomas and in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). However, the function of this metabolite in normal and malignant tissues remains uncertain. A report in the current issue of Science describes a germline IDH2 mutation in a subset of patients with a rare metabolic disorder--D-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria-that is similar to mutations seen in cancer patients. These observations further elucidate the effects of IDH mutations on normal and malignant cells.
Mapping Ethnic Violence

The Geography of Ethnic Violence: Identity, Interests, and the Indivisibility of Territory. By Monica Duffy Toft. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2006. 256 pp., $45.00 cloth (ISBN: 0-691-11354-8), $18.95 paper (ISBN: 0-691-12383-7). Ethnic conflict is a lethal and increasingly problematic international challenge. According to Monica Duffy Toft in The Geography of Ethnic Violence , two-thirds or more of all contemporary armed conflicts involve an ethnic dimension (p. 3). Indeed, since World War II, intrastate conflicts have become more common than interstate conflicts, and ethnicity and nationalism are often important components of these struggles. Many scholars agree that these conflicts have important implications—not just for the groups and regions directly involved but also for the international system as a whole. What causes ethnic conflict? This question has generated considerable debate and research in international relations over the years, including work by Michael Brown (1993), Ted Gurr (1993, 2000), K. J. Holsti (1991), John Vasquez (1993), David Lake and Donald Rothschild (1998), Donald Horowitz (2001), and many others. Toft reviews a number of these answers (pp. 4–10), which include explanations based on material factors (such as uneven development, relative deprivation, and modernization—all of which create conditions conducive for the development of a strong ethnically oriented political movement), nonmaterial …
Congenital oligomeganephronia: computed tomography appearance

We report a case of congenital oligomeganephronia unexpectedly imaged with computed tomography (CT). Oligomeganephronia is a form of renal hypoplasia that leads to renal failure in childhood or adolescence. If encountered, its CT features should suggest the diagnosis and prompt renal biopsy.
Optimizing join queries in distributed databases

A reduced cover set of the set of full reducer semijoin programs for an acyclic query graph for a distributed database system is given. An algorithm is presented that determines the minimum cost full reducer program. The computational complexity of finding the optimal full reducer for a single relation is of the same order as that of finding the optimal full reducer for all relations. The optimization algorithm is able to handle query graphs where more than one attribute is common between the relations. A method for determining the optimum profitable semijoin program is presented. A low-cost algorithm which determines a near-optimal profitable semijoin program is outlined. This is done by converting a semijoin program into a partial order graph. This graph also allows one to maximize the concurrent processing of the semijoins. It is shown that the minimum response time is given by the largest cost path of the partial order graph. This reducibility is used as a post optimizer for the SSD-1 query optimization algorithm. It is shown that the least upper bound on the length of any profitable semijoin program is N(N-1) for a query graph of N nodes. >
Early Parana-Pampean

relative time period: Follows the Late Andean Hunting-Collecting tradition and includes the initial colonization of some parts of the Parana-Pampas region. Precedes the Late Parana-Pampean tradition.
Spending real money: purchasing patterns of virtual goods in an online social game

Researchers have found that 'social' factors contribute to purchasing intentions of virtual goods in an online social game, but little is known about actual purchasing behavior. Study 1 examined the relationship between social factors and virtual goods purchasing patterns using large scale data obtained by server logs of an online social game. Exchange of virtual goods and number of friends increased the likelihood of spending real money compared to no spending. Among those who did spend real money, giving virtual goods to others was the strongest factor associated with the amount of spending. Study 2 examined purchasing patterns of players who spent real money: high real-money spenders were buying items for visual customization while low spenders were buying consumable items necessary to sustain playing the game.
Microsoft.com: a high-scale data management and transaction processing solution

Microsoft.com, is the world's largest corporate website both in terms of site visitors and pages served. Overall, it is the fourth-largest website in total visitors behind America Online, Yahoo and Netscape. We offer 250,000 pages of content, viewable in all major browser versions (yes, we aggressively support Netscape), supported by three server farms internationally and featuring content updated as often as every three hours, seven days a week.
Nanoparticles as macromolecules

A review of recent trends in the dispersion, purification, and assembly of colloidal nanoparticles highlights a number of growing analogies with ideas borrowed from polymer science. Beyond the similar scales of size, several key concepts lying at the foundation of polymer physics—such as polydispersity, fractionation, phase ordering, and viscoelasticity—are taking on new and unique significance in the contemporary realm of nanotechnology. Leveraging “soft matter” at the nanoscale to simplify materials processing and improve material performance is becoming a reality, with potentially profound implications for a number of emerging technologies. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym. Phys. 2013, 51, 1195–1208
Self-Regulation, Compensation, and the Ethical Recruitment of Oocyte Donors

Over the last couple of decades, oocyte donation has become common, important, and sometimes lucrative. Women who donate eggs are often offered fees, though ostensibly only to offset their expenses and limited to no more than $10,000, following recommendations adopted by the fertility industry. Is the industry adhering to its recommendations? A study of advertisements published in college newspapers raises questions.
Cognitive function in relation with bone mass and nutrition: cross-sectional association in postmenopausal women

Background It has been suggested that bone loss and cognitive decline are co-occurring conditions, possibly due to their relationship with estrogen. Cognitive decline has been associated with various nutritional deficiencies as well. The purpose of this study was to determine if cognitive function is related to bone mineral density of various skeletal sites as well as to various dietary components.
Optimization of conditionally replicative adenovirus for pancreatic cancer and its evaluation in an orthotopic murine xenograft model.

Abstract Background The full realization of the therapeutic potential of conditionally replicative adenoviruses (CRAds) in the field of pancreatic cancer has been hindered by limited tumor transduction and suboptimal replication control. Methods We optimized infectivity enhancements and tumor-specific promoters (tsps) for pancreatic cancer. Infectivity was enhanced both by incorporating an RGD motif and by substituting the knob region with Ad serotype 3 knob (Ad5/Ad3). An optimized CRAd was tested in an orthotopic pancreatic cancer model by systemic administration. Results Among a panel of 8 tsps, the 1.5-kb cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2L) promoter profile was most advantageous in the pancreatic cancer cell lines, whereas 4 more promoters were also promising. An infectivity-enhanced Ad5/Ad3 CRAd controlled with Cox-2L promoter was found to safely exhibit replication within a tumor in this model and was found to suppress tumor growth after systemic delivery. Conclusions The infectivity-enhanced, promoter-controlled CRAd promises useful clinical applications for pancreatic cancer gene therapy.
THIRD‐PARTY CERTIFICATION AND THE EFFECTIVENESS OF VOLUNTARY POLLUTION ABATEMENT PROGRAMS: EVIDENCE FROM RESPONSIBLE CARE

We analyze whether third‐party certification has been successful in improving the performance of voluntary pollution abatement in the Responsible Care (RC) program which made certification mandatory from 2005 onward. We use facility‐level panel data from 821 plants between 1996 and 2010, and exploit the change in the program requirements to estimate the causal impact of third‐party certification on participating facility emissions compared to non‐RC plants in the U.S. chemical industry. We address endogenous selection into RC via instrumental variables, and explore heterogeneity in the treatment effect. We find that, on average, there is no statistically discernible effect of third‐party certification on facility emissions, and that this result is robust to a variety of models that correspond to different assumptions related to identification. (JEL Q53, Q58, L60)
Photo-Nernst current in graphene

When laser light is focused onto graphene devices in a magnetic field a long-range photo-Nernst effect causes photocurrents to be generated along the free edges.
Mass transport in lithium-battery solvents

We describe and implement a microelectrode procedure for the determination of important transport properties required for the evaluation of liquid electrolytes used in lithium-based batteries. Three solvents of interest (propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate, and diethyl carbonate) and two lithium salts (lithium hexafluorophosphate and lithium perchlorate) are investigated. In addition, by combining microelectrode and radiometric analyses, we are able to characterize fully the transport phenomena in the nonaqueous solvent + salt systems. Thus a radiometric technique is used to monitor solvent transport, both under diffusion and current-passage conditions, and the solvent diffusion coefficient is reported as a function of salt concentration.
Die TCD-Routineuntersuchung

Der Einsatz der transkraniellen Dopplersonographie ist auch bei der niedrigen Sendefrequenz von 2 MHz und der hohen emittierten Ultraschallenergie von bis zu 35o mW nur an Stellen niedrigerer Knochendichte bzw. bei der Beschallung durch Weichteile moglich. Sogenannte Schallfenster sind gegeben im Bereich der Temporal-schuppe, durch die Orbita hindurch und transnuchal (Abb. 3.1.1). Vor allem bei Frauen jenseits des 6o. Lebensjahres kann ein ausreichendes Schallfenster temporal fehlen. Die Gefasabschnitte, welche uber die verschiedenen Schallfenster insoniert werden konnen, sind in Ubersicht 3.1.1 zusammengestellt. Zuverlassig lassen sich uber den transtemporalen Zugang die A. cerebri media (MCA), die T-Gabel der A. carotis interna (ICA), die A. cerebri anterior (ACA) und die A. cerebri posterior (PCA) in ihrem P1- und P2-Segment beschallen. Die Identifikation der einzelnen Gefase erfolgt anhand der Sondenposition, der Beschallungstiefe, der Flusrichtung im untersuchten Gefas sowie der Stromungsgeschwindigkeit (Ubersicht 3.1.2). Im Unterschied zur extrakraniellen Dopplersonographie kann die Flusgeschwindigkeit bei Insonation der grosen schadelbasisnahen Arterien des Circulus arteriosus Willi-sii in cm/s ermittelt werden, da in der Regel aufgrund des gunstigen Beschallungswinkels der Mesfehler unter 15% liegt (Aaslid et al. 1982, vgl. auch Kapitel 2.1); auf der anderen Seite ist eine Frequenzmessung in kHz oft wenig sinnvoll, da Mischsignale an Gefasgabeln und -teilungsstellen haufig sind (Ubersicht 3.1.3).
Associations between bouted and non-bouted physical activity on multimorbidity.

Summary Background The association between objectively measured bouted (at least 10 min in duration) and non-bouted (<10 min in duration) physical activity with multimorbidity is unknown, which was the purpose of this study. Methods Data from the 2003–2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) were employed (n = 4 584 adults). Bouted physical activity and non-bouted physical activity were assessed via accelerometry, with multimorbidity assessed via physician diagnosis and laboratory data. Results For the ordinal regression model, and after adjustment, both non-bouted moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA; βadjusted = −0·63; 95% CI: −0·79 to −0·48; P<0·001) and bouted MVPA (βadjusted = −0·43; 95% CI: −0·63 to −0·23; P<0·001) were independently associated with multimorbidity. In a multivariable logistic regression, both non-bouted MVPA (ORadjusted = 0·59; 95% CI: 0·48–0·72; P<0·001) and bouted MVPA (ORadjusted = 0·66; 95% CI: 0·52–0·84; P = 0·001) were associated with a reduced odds of being multimorbid. Conclusion Both bouted MVPA and non-bouted MVPA were associated with reduced odds of multimorbidity, underscoring the importance of promoting both types of physical activity.
The Effects of Compatibility on Competition between Proprietary and Open Two-Sided Platforms

Markets for operating systems are classic two-sided platforms, where the users of the operating system must purchase applications from application developers, but neither side internalizes the welfare impact of their adoption of the platform on the other side. Studies of competition and compatibility between two-sided platforms have tended to focus on cases where both platforms are owned by profit-maximizing firms. This paper specifically focuses on the effects of competition and compatibility between a profit-maximizing, or proprietary platform and an open, freely accessible platform. Under certain conditions, compatibility (meaning applications developed for one platform can be used on the other) can in fact be a profitable strategy even for a proprietary platform, and can benefit developers on both platforms. It also unambiguously improves social welfare in some cases, and there are cases where compatibility is welfare-improving but the proprietary platform has no incentive to invest in it.
Legislative Member Organizations in a Comparative Perspective: Exploring the Bridging Nature of LMO Ties in Three Parliaments

Legislative member organizations (LMOs) have been shown to provide bridging, cross-cutting ties for legislators across committees and parties (Ringe and Victor 2013). Evidence about the utility of LMOs across national legislatures remains scarce. In this paper, we investigate the usage of LMOs in three parliaments: the Estonian Riigikogu, the Israeli Knesset, and the European Parliament. We use membership data from the LMOs in these parliaments to investigate whether they provide bridging ties in all the institutions under investigation. Our analyses support our expectations, but do not provide a evidence of a causal relationship; therefore, we find further support about the role that LMOs play in national legislatures but need further research to investigate the intended purpose of the groups.
Primary structure of human erythrocyte nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP[H])-binding protein FX: identification with the mouse tum- transplantation antigen P35B.

Human erythrocytes contain a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP[H])-binding protein, FX, whose levels are significantly increased in erythrocytes from glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD)- deficient individuals bearing the mediterranean variant of G6PD. Elucidation of the still unknown biologic functions of FX was approached by means of amino acid sequencing of its 25 tryptic peptides. Searching in the EMBL data bank allowed identification of extensive homology between these tryptic peptides and all sequence- aligned regions encompassing the complete structure of a putative protein encoded by the P35B gene in the mouse. This gene, which differs from the normal allele by a point mutation, has been previously cloned from a tum- variant of the murine tumor cell line P815, so defined because it is associated with low tumorigenicity compared with the progenitor P815. The reported P35B cDNA contains an open reading frame (ORF) of 813 bp and encodes a putative protein of 271 amino acids (30 kD), whereas FX protein is 320 amino acids in length (35.81 kD, in good agreement with previous studies). However, a single base shift at position 4,752 of the P35B gene suppresses the stop codon after Phe 271 and allows continuation of the ORF for up to 320 amino acids to reach the same length as FX. The remarkably high extent (92%) of homology indicates that erythrocyte FX protein is the human homolog of the P35B gene product.
Interaction between left ventricular end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes in normal humans.

The extent to which the end-systolic volume (ESV) “follows” the end-diastolic volume (EDV) when the latter changes in response to various perturbations is a major determinant of the cardiac ejection fraction (EF) and has not been studied in humans. We measured EDV, ESV, and EF, determined by gated blood pool scans, during a change in posture from the supine to the upright seated position and during graded upright bicycle exercise. The experimental group consisted of 119 healthy individuals (79 males and 40 females) ranging in age from 21 to 81 yr and in physical-conditioning status (75–225 W maximum work load); rigorous screening excluded cardiac disease. Multiple regression analysis showed that the change in ESV (delta ESV) during a postural shift or during graded exercise was highly statistically correlated with the change in EDV (delta EDV) that occurred (r2 ranged from 0.34 to 0.49, correlation is positive) regardless of age, sex, or exercise work load. The correlation of delta ESV with delta EDV observed in this large sample, heterogeneous with respect to age, sex, and physical fitness, was also present in additional 31 subjects who exercised during beta-adrenergic blockade (propranolol 0.15 mg/kg). The delta EF with posture change and exercise in all subjects under all conditions was highly and inversely correlated with the delta ESV (r2 ranged from 0.38 to 0.81). Thus the delta ESV during the circulatory adaptive response to orthostatic and exercise stresses in humans is related to the delta EDV, and this relationship modulates the delta EF in response to these stresses.
Combustion Characteristics of Layer Porous Media in MPTV System

Porous media combustion technology of the micro-burner can significantly improve the combustion process.The effectors of combustion in porous medium are mainly reflected by the changes of porosity.The combustion state of porous media in a micro combustor and influence of layered porous media on the outer wall temperature of the micro combustor were studied by experiments.The results provide experimental support to variable porosity of the porous media within the micro combustor.
4-1BB Aptamer-Based Immunomodulation Enhances the Therapeutic Index of Radiation Therapy in Murine Tumor Models

Purpose To report a novel strategy using oligonucleotide aptamers to 4-1BB as an alternate method for costimulation, and show that combinatorial therapy with radiation improves the therapeutic ratio over equivalent monoclonal antibodies. Methods and Materials Subcutaneous 4T1 (mouse mammary carcinoma) tumors were established (approximately 100 mm 3 ), and a radiation therapy (RT) dose/fractionation schedule that optimally synergizes with 4-1BB monoclonal antibody (mAb) was identified. Comparable tumor control and animal survival was observed when either 4-1BB antibody or aptamer were combined with RT using models of breast cancer and melanoma (4T1 and B16-F10). Off-target CD8 + T-cell toxicity was evaluated by quantification of CD8 + T cells in livers and spleens of treated animals. Results When combined with 4-1BB mAb, significant differences in tumor control were observed by varying RT dose and fractionation schedules. Optimal synergy between RT and 4-1BB mAb was observed at 5 Gy × 6. Testing 4-1BB mAb and aptamer independently using the optimal RT (5 Gy × 6 for 4T1/Balb/c and 12 Gy × 1 for B16/C57BL6J mouse models) revealed equivalent tumor control using 4-1BB aptamer and 4-1BB mAb. 4-1BB mAb, but not 4-1BB aptamer-treated animals, exhibited increased lymphocytic liver infiltrates and increased splenic and liver CD8 + T cells. Conclusions Radiation therapy synergizes with 4-1BB mAb, and this effect is dependent on RT dose and fractionation. Tumor control by 4-1BB aptamer is equivalent to 4-1BB mAb when combined with optimal RT dose, without eliciting off-target liver and spleen CD8 + expansion. 4-1BB aptamer-based costimulation affords a comparable and less toxic strategy to augment RT-mediated tumor control.
Development of an animal model for across-herd genetic evaluation of number born alive in swine

An animal model and computer soft- ware were developed to conduct across-herd genetic evaluations using data from producers participating in the Sow Productivity Index program of the American Yorkshire Club. The final data set consisted of 61,596 litter records from 1986 to early 1990. The animal model included fixed contemporary group effects and random additive direct, service sire, permanent en- vironmental, and residual effects. Additive genetic relationships among animals were included. A sepa- rate relationship matrix for service sires and their sires was also included. A data set similar to the Yorkshire field data was simulated to use in testing the animal model. The simulated data set consisted of 40 herds, each with 120 reproducing dams and either four or five sires. Six generations of simulated data were produced, resulting in 20,605 litter records. These records were then evaluated using the animal model for number of pigs born alive. Finally, correla- tions between the true breeding values from the simulation and the predicted breeding values were computed. The correlation between the 918 true and predicted sire breeding values was considerably lower for the animal model without a service sire effect than when it was included (.53 vs .74, respectively). However, the difference was cut in half (.66 vs .77) when only sires with greater than five daughter records were included. The high accuracy of the animal model with a random service sire effect indicates that the proposed model adequately accounts for the variation found in records for number of pigs born alive.
Outcomes of the modified endoscopic Lothrop procedure.

Background The aim of this study was to examine the long-term outcomes of the modified endoscopic Lothrop procedure for the management of the most severe forms of recalcitrant chronic frontal sinusitis. Methods This case series evaluated 13 consecutive cases of the modified endoscopic Lothrop procedure for chronic frontal sinusitis from April 1996 to December 1999. Patent communication to the frontal sinus was evaluated by postoperative endoscopic exam. Postoperative patient symptomatology and medication requirements were assessed during clinic evaluation and by standardized telephone questionnaire. Results At a mean follow-up period of 34.5 months, a 77% patency rate was obtained, with 2 of the 13 patients requiring an osteoplastic flap with obliteration. Telephone questionnaire results indicate improved symptoms and decreased medication requirements in the majority of patients who maintained patency. Conclusions These results show that the modified endoscopic Lothrop procedure provides a good alternative to the osteoplastic flap with obliteration for patients with the most severe forms of chronic frontal sinusitis. Initially, high patency rates decline with longer-term follow-up, and severe forms of chronic rhinosinusitis continue to significantly impact patient-perceived quality of life in some patients. The modified endoscopic Lothrop procedure should be reserved for patients who have failed more conservative endoscopic approaches to the frontal recess.
Space-time adaptive mismatch processing

Conventional signal processing for GMTI radar (pulse-compression and STAP clutter-cancellation applied sequentially) results in significant losses when pulse-to-pulse waveform diversity is used, because of range-sidelobe modulation. This report describes STAMMP, a method for joint pulse-compression, beamforming, and Doppler processing that mitigates range-sidelobe modulation. The method is partially-adaptive and uses a small number of adaptive degrees of freedom to ensure the filters are robust to radar pointing and calibration errors. SINR is evaluated in a GMTI radar simulation and STAMMP is shown to outperform conventional factored processing approaches.
Implementation of a new junior-level optical engineering laboratory course at Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology

The optical engineering program at Rose-Hulman recently developed a course titled “Optomechanics and Optical Engineering Lab.” This course focuses on the design, assembly, and alignment of benchtop optical systems in an effort to expose students to the synthesis of concepts from the areas of geometrical optics, physical optics, photonic devices, and optomechanics. Minimal guidance is provided to the students regarding procedure – students must devise their own methodology and data collection/analysis plan. We present results from the implementation of this new course and details on the projects that the students carry out in the areas of spectroscopy, interferometry, photonics, and imaging.
Shallow water instrumentation: Some new concepts for expendability and economy

Present shallow water physical and dynamic measurements are usually performed manually and are generally inefficient, costly, sparse in area coverage, and non-synoptic in observation. Some new and relatively low-cost instrumentation concepts are presented which appear to offer a practical and expedient approach to providing automatic, long-term, synoptic observations over large bay and estuary areas.
High frequency GaN HEMTs for RF MMIC applications

We provide an overview of key challenges and technical breakthroughs that led to development of highly scaled GaN HEMT's having ft > 400 GHz and fmax > 550 GHz and the corresponding IC process. These highly scaled GaN devices have 5 times higher breakdown voltage than transistors with similar high frequency RF power gain in other semiconductor systems (Si, SiGe, InP, GaAs). We also report performance of the first generation of MMIC power amplifiers (PAs) that utilize these highly scaled devices. The power added efficiency (PAE) of 59% measured at a frequency of 32 GHz, bias of 3 V and output power of 24.3 dBm of the first generation Ka-band MMIC PAs that were built using these highly scaled GaN devices, represent a significant improvement in PAE over values reported for other semiconductor technologies at this frequency band as well as for Ka-band MMICs built in lower frequency GaN nodes. Presented data suggest that highly scaled GaN transistors are excellent candidates for MMIC PAs for next generation 28 GHz, 39 GHz, and higher frequency 5G mobile bands, because they would greatly extend battery lifetime in mobile handsets, due to their superior PAE compared to competing semiconductor technologies.
High-density freestanding graphene/carbide-derived carbon film electrodes for electrochemical capacitors

Abstract Freestanding films of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) have attracted much attention as electrodes for electrochemical capacitors, especially for flexible device applications. Here, for the first time, we report binder-free supercapacitor electrodes made of highly porous carbide-derived carbon (CDC) nanoparticles as spacers between thermally reduced graphene oxide (rGO) sheets. The addition of CDC between the rGO layers increases the wettability and accessibility of active material to the electrolyte ions, which improves electrochemical performance. The resulting electrodes exhibit high capacitance of over 210 F/g, high power densities at 100 mV/s and 10 A/g charge/discharge rates, and long stability of over 10,000 cycles in an aqueous electrolyte. Moreover, hybrid rGO/CDC electrodes, in contrast to solely rGO-based counterparts, maintained high gravimetric capacitance as the electrode thickness increased from 5 μm to ∼50 μm. This hybrid electrode material design is greatly viable in high-power energy storage devices.