cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abstract A43: Lysyl oxidases are poor therapeutic targets in pancreatic cancer

A characteristic feature of pancreatic cancer is the predominant stroma, which consists of fibroblasts, immune cells and a significant deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM). The stroma accounts for over eighty percent of the pancreatic tumor mass and plays significant, yet poorly understood, roles in tumor progression and therapeutic response. One major component of the ECM in pancreatic cancer is fibrillar type I collagen, which has been shown to serve as a barrier to chemotherapy and to facilitate metastatic dissemination of breast cancer cells through integrin-mediated signaling. The cross-linking of type I collagen mediated by the lysyl oxidases (LOX) is elevated in invasive cancers and inversely correlates with metastatic free survival in breast cancer patients. Moreover, inhibition of LOX enzymes in mouse models of breast cancer decreases tumor size, latency, and metastasis. Given the abundance of type I collagen and the high expression of several LOX family members in pancreatic cancer, we examined whether inhibiting these enzymes could limit the progression of pancreatic cancer in mouse models. Using syngeneic, orthotopic transplantation models of pancreatic cancer - with significant fibrosis - we determined the effects of lysyl oxidases on pancreatic cancer. First, we established that both LOX and LOX-like 2 (LOXL2) were expressed much higher in tumors than in normal pancreatic tissue. However, inhibition of LOX activity, using the small molecule inhibitor β-aminoproprionitirile, significantly increased tumor wet weight and metastasis to the liver and spleen – the exact opposite results of those reported in breast cancer mouse models. Similarly, silencing the expression of LOXL2 in cancer cells, using RNA interference, also resulted in increased tumor growth. To examine why LOX inhibition has this surprisingly negative effect on pancreatic cancer progression, we tested the effects of LOX enzyme inhibition on collagen structure by picrosirius red stains, which visualize fibrillar collagens when tissues are observed under cross-polarized light. LOX inhibition promoted the deposition of fibrillar collagen in the tumor. To determine how this altered collagen deposition influenced cell behavior, we performed confocal microscope imaging in live tumor-bearing mice that express a fusion protein in which GFPtopaz is inserted into the N-terminus of α2(I)- collagen and expression is driven by the 3.6kb Col1a1 promoter [α2(I)-col-GFP mice]. Live imaging of red fluorescent protein expressing cancer cells in pancreatic tumors in the α2(I)-col-GFP mice showed a rich deposit of collagen and migration of cancer cells on linear collagen. Imaging confirmed that administration of the LOX inhibitor for just 3 days resulted in thicker collagen fibers than the control treated tumors. We are currently examining the underlying mechanisms responsible for the opposite responses of LOX targeting in breast and pancreatic cancer. In conclusion, our data strongly suggest that targeting collagen cross-linking enzymes would be a poor strategy for the treatment of pancreatic cancer.
Single-crystal Raman spectra of native insulin. Structures of insulin fibrils, glucagon fibrils, and intact calf lens.

Abstract The Raman spectra of native insulin were reinvestigated employing perfectly shaped single crystals. The spectra in the 280- to 1800-cm −1 region show more detail than those of crystalline powder presented previously. Comparison of the singlecrystal and powder spectra obtained under the same instrumental conditions reveals the existence of some meaningful spectral differences. The most apparent discrepancies appear in the amide III backbone region and in the regions near 299, 514, 667, 731, 950, 1330, and 1610 cm −1 . These differences can be traced to the effect of dehydration caused by the laser beam on the powder surface. We also report a single-crystal Raman spectrum of deuterated insulin from which the contribution of side-group vibrations in the amide III region was determined. The true amide III contour of native insulin was obtained by graphical subtraction. In addition, we compare the Raman spectra in the amides I and III regions of insulin fibrils, glucagon fibrils, and intact calf lens, and conclude that these biological materials may contain predominantly antiparallel β structures.
High efficiency terahertz photoconducting sources by use of spatially shaped excitation

We demonstrate a new excitation technique which dramatically improves the power and efficiency of photoconductive THz sources. Using an extended line excitation we mitigate screening effects reaching an average THz power of 8 /spl mu/W at /spl sim/ 27 mW average optical power.
A low-complexity, high-speed Reed-Solomon decoder [fiber-optic communication system applications]

This paper presents a low-complexity, high-speed RS(255,239) decoder architecture, using a modified Euclidean (ME) algorithm, for high-speed fiber optic communication systems. The RS decoder features a low-complexity key equation solver using a novel pipelined recursive ME algorithm block. Pipelining allows inputs to be received at very high fiber optic rates and outputs to be delivered at correspondingly high rates with minimum delay. The recursive structure enables us to implement the low-complexity ME algorithm block. The low-complexity, high-speed RS decoder has been designed and implemented with 0.13 /spl mu/m CMOS technology at a supply voltage of 1.1 V. It is suggested that the proposed RS decoder operates at a clock rate of 770 MHz and has a throughput of 6.16 Gb/s.
Patterns and timing of exhumation and deformation in the Eastern Cordillera of NW Argentina revealed by (U-Th)/He thermochronology

[1] The Eastern Cordillera (EC) and related ranges of Bolivia and Argentina exhibit a wide variety of structural features, both thick and thin skinned, that make this region a prime area to study the evolution of these two contrasting styles. Using a combination of structural, geochronological, and thermochronological techniques, this study investigates how and in what order the various structures of the Argentinean EC from 25 to 26°S have developed during the Cenozoic. New mapping in the Angastaco area preserves one of the thickest Cenozoic stratigraphic sections and records a complex structural evolution during the Neogene, characterized by inversion of Cretaceous Salta Rift structures. Detrital zircon U-Pb geochronology combined with stratigraphic and structural features typical of synsedimentary deformation constrains the age of orgenic growth in the area to ∼14 Ma. Detrital apatite (U-Th)/He thermochronology on samples collected across the width of the southernmost EC at this latitude document an eastward younging of ages interpreted as the result of sequential eastward propagation of exhumation (and inferred deformation) from ∼14 to 3 Ma at a rate of ∼8.3 mm/a. Our data, when compared with existing data, show that the Puna Plateau of NW Argentina was exhuming and deforming at the same time as the EC and inter-Andean regions of Bolivia, suggesting that the deformation front connects along strike despite of the differences in structural style. Whereas the deformation front reached the sub-Andes of Bolivia by ∼10 Ma, deformation localized in the EC of NW Argentina until ∼4 Ma. Rates of propagation through the whole region seem to be quasi-uniform regardless of different structural styles.
A Standard for Ultraviolet Radiation

Photoemission diode standards for accurately measuring monochromatic ultraviolet light intensity (3000 A-1100 A) are described that are also blind to visible light. The standard uses an opaque photocathode of Cs2Te and is unique because of its combination of thinness (19 mm), high sensitivity, time stability, and uniformity of response. Design criteria, construction methods, and difficulties overcome in obtaining a stable, uniform, high yield photocathode responses are discussed. Cs2Te is discussed in terms of a model for high yield photoemitters.
Turbulence measurements in axisymmetric supersonic boundary layer flow in adverse pressure gradients

Measurements have been made of the mean-flow and turbulence properties in adiabatic turbulent boundary layer flows subjected to adverse pressure gradients. In the freestream region upstream of the adverse pressure gradient the Mach number was 3.86, the unit Reynolds number 5.3 million per foot. The boundary layer developed on the wall of an axisymmetric nozzle and straight test section. The pressure gradients at the test section wall were induced by contoured centerbodies mounted on the wind tunnel centerline. The flow under study simulated that which might be found in an axially symmetric engine inlet of a supersonic aircraft. The results obtained have shown good agreement to exist between the measured normalized turbulent velocity fluctuations and the results from other recent investigations of compressible boundary layers.
Reinvestigation of the photolysis of aryl-substituted disilanes in the presence of dimethyl sulfoxide

Abstract The photolysis of aryl-substituted disilanes in the presence of dimethyl sulfoxide has been studied. Product studies, labelling experiments, and quantum yields have been carried out. Possible mechanisms are discussed.
Automotive Fiber Optic Technology: Application Issues

Function content in automobiles has been projected to increase throughout the '90s. Accordingly, electromagnetic compatibility will become increasingly difficult to attain with all-conductor-based data transmission. The need for alternatives such as fiber optics is assumed. This paper discusses the issues to be addressed when using fiber optics in automotive data transmission applications. Connectors, packaging and data transmission subsystem impact are covered.
Fluctuations of the Order Parameter in Type-II Superconductors. I. Dirty Limit

We study the time dependence of fluctuations of the order parameter in dirty type-II superconductors in the high-field region ($H\ensuremath{\simeq}{H}_{c2}$). In this domain we can calculate their dispersion relation without taking into account the other collective modes (i.e., density and current oscillations), since the coupling of these oscillations with the order-parameter fluctuations is small (i.e., of the order of $\ensuremath{\Delta}$, which vanishes at $H={H}_{c2}$). Among many modes the following two are of special interest: the longitudinal mode, which couples to the density oscillations, and the transverse mode, which couples to the current oscillations. The longitudinal mode is of diffusion type at all temperatures. The transverse one is essentially damped, except in the vicinity of ${T}_{c0}$ (critical temperature in zero field), where it is also diffusionlike. The thermal conductivity, ultrasonic attenuation, and spin susceptibility are not affected by the existence of these fluctuations. We calculate the transverse conductivity, which is strongly modified, showing an important anisotropy, which should be easily seen in surface-impedance measurements.
The structure and function of initiation factors in eukaryotic protein synthesis

Protein synthesis is one of the most complex cellular processes, involving numerous translation components that interact in multiple sequential steps. The most complex stage in protein synthesis is the initiation process. It involves initiation factor-mediated assembly of a 40S ribosomal subunit and initiator tRNA into a 48S initiation complex at the initiation codon of an mRNA and subsequent joining of a 60S ribosomal subunit to form a translationally active 80S ribosome. The basal set of factors required for translation initiation has been determined, and biochemical, genetic, and structural studies are now beginning to reveal details of their individual functions in this process. The mechanism of translation initiation has also been found to be influenced significantly by structural properties of the 5′ and 3′ termini of individual mRNAs. This review describes some of the major developments in elucidating molecular details of the mechanism of initiation that have occurred over the last decade.
Phenotypic plasticity and similarity of DNA among genotypes of an annual plant

When measured directly, rather than inferred from pedigree analyses, the relationship between similarity in phenotype and similarity in DNA sequence was detectable at the level of members of a single population and strongly depended on the environmental context. Genetic divergence among 27 co-occurring genotypes of Abutilon theophrasti, a common annual plant, was less than 5 per cent as revealed by RAPD-PCR analysis based on over 400 bands per genotype. Nevertheless, within this narrow range, there was a positive correlation between genetic similarity and similarity in the performance of genotypes on temperature and moisture gradients, suggesting that plasticity itself has a genetic basis. No relationship was detected, however, when the phenotypic plasticity was expressed in response to gradients of light intensity or soil fertilization, indicating a weaker genetic basis, or suggesting possible involvement of a few genes of major effect.
Intelligent monitoring of tapping tools

On-line monitoring of tapping tools is essential for factory automation and productivity enhancement. Three indirect indexes, namely, average peak-topeak torque, modified RMS (root-mean square) torque, and prediction errors of torque signals, were used to monitor the tap wear conditions.
A power study of a rank transform for the two‐way classification model when interaction may be present

The power of the usual parametric analysis of variance for the two-way model when interaction may be present is compared with the power of a test based on performing the usual parametric analysis on ranks, i.e., a rank transform is used. While the mathematical theory has not yet been developed for such an approach, this study shows the value of developing the theory for such an approach to the analysis of experimental designs, and indicates that this approach is probably a valid procedure. Simulation results are presentes for three underlying populations: normal, contaminated normal, and exponential. These results show the rank transform approach has a null distribution similar to that of the F-statistic computed on the raw data in all the cases considered. Though little, if any, loss of power occurs from using the rank transform approach, a significant increase in power is apparent when the underlying population is contaminated normal. La puisance de l'analyse de variance parametrique habituelle pour un modele a deux factues avec interactions possibles est comparee a la puissance d'un test base sur l'analyse parametrique habituelle partiquee sur les rangs, c.-a.-d. que l'on utilise une transformation donnant des rangs. Alors que las theorie mathematique n'a pas encore ete elaboree pour une tell approche, cette etude indique que c'est probablement une methode valide, et demontre qu'un demontre qu'un developpement de la theorie aurait unecertaine valeur. Des resultats de simulations sont presente pur trois populations sous-jacentes; normale, normale containee, et exponetielle. Ces resultats montrent que l'approache par les rangs mene, dans tous les cas etudiee a partir de donnees brutes. Une faible perte de puissance peut se produire lorsque l'on utilise cettle approache, mais un accroissement significatif est apparent quand la population sous-jacente est normale contaminee.
Unhealthy and unsafe practices associated with symptoms of depression among injured patients

Each year, some 20.9 million US adults suffer from a diagnosable depressive disorder (Kessler, Chiu, Demler & Walters, 2005). Greater numbers have subclinical depressive symptoms, which are associated with increased risk of major depression, physical disability, and medical illness (Kessler, Berglund, Demler, Jin & Walters, 2005; World Health Organization, 2004). Depression, a major contributing factor to deliberate self-harm (McLean, Maxwell, Platt, Harris, & Jepson, 2008), is also associated with increased unintentional injury risk (American Geriatrics Society [AGS], British Geriatrics Society, & American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, 2001, Tiesman et al., 2006). Mood disorders are common in patients presenting for acute injury (Richmond Hollander, Ackerson, Robinson, Gracias, Shults & Amsterdam, 2007). The potential connection between depressive symptoms and poor health and safety practices, which may further contribute to risk of injury, disability and illness, has not been fully delineated (Cannella & Scoloveno, 2003; Yarcheski, Mahon, Yarcheski, & Cannella, 2004). Many studies investigating this relationship have focused solely on young people (Allgower, Wardle, & Steptoe, 2001; Babiss & Gangwisch, 2009; Mahon, Yarcheski, & Yarcheski, 2001; Melnyk et al., 2006; Yarcheski, Mahon, & Yarcheski, 2004), while those investigating adults have been limited by the practices assessed (i.e. physical activity alone) (Farmer, Locke, Moscicki, Dannenberg, Larson & Radloff, 1988) or their restricted study samples (Igna, Julkunen, Vanhanen, Keskivaara, & Verkasalo, 2008; Bonnet, Irving, Terra, Nony, Berthezene & Moulin, 2005; Gazmararian, Baker, Parker, & Blazer, 2000). Only one population-based study has examined a wide variety of health practices among a large sample of adults of all ages (Strine, Mokdad, Dube, Balluz, Gonzalez, Berry & Kroenke, 2008), finding positive associations between current or lifetime depression and smoking, physical inactivity, binge drinking, and heavy drinking. A similar, negative association between depression and safety behaviours (e.g., seat belt use), which are also important health-promoting practices, has been reported in a few studies of young people (Allgower et al., 2001; Mahon et al., 2001; Yarcheski, Mahon, & Yarcheski, 2004) and in one study of adult farm residents (Stallones & Beseler, 2004). However, there is little available evidence on the relationship between safety practices and depressive symptoms in the general adult population. Further, although studies have found that depressive symptoms are an important risk factor for acute injury (AGS et al., 2001; Cox, Kenardy, & Hendrikz, 2008; Richmond et al., 2007; Richmond et al., 2009; Stoddard & Saxe, 2001; Tiesman et al., 2006), we found no studies examining the association between safety or health practices and depression among trauma patients.
Histologic Changes Resembling the Vernicous Phase of Incontinentia Pigmenti Within Epidermal Nevi: Report of Two Cases

A wide spectrum of histopathologic changes has been reported to occur within epidermal nevi. We saw two patients with warty nevoid lesions in which histopathologic features of incontinentia pigmenti, verrucous phase, were present. The diagnosis of incontinentia pigmenti was excluded because both patients were male, lacked a preceding vesicular stage, and did not demonstrate other features of the disorder.
A defect in skeletal muscle sodium channel deactivation exacerbates hyperexcitability in human paramyotonia congenita.

1. Paramyotonia congenita (PC) is a human hereditary disorder wherein missense mutations in the skeletal muscle sodium channel lead to cold-exacerbated muscle hyperexcitability. The most common site for PC mutations is the outermost arginine of domain i.v. segment 4 (human R1448, rat R1441). 2. We examined the rat homologues of two PC mutants with changes at this site: R1441P and R1441C. The R-->P mutation leads to the most clinically severe form of the disease. Since PC has so far been attributed to defects in fast inactivation, we expected the R-->P substitution to have a more dramatic effect on fast inactivation than R-->C. Both mutants (R1441P and R1441C), however, had identical rates and voltage dependence of fast inactivation and activation. 3. R1441P and R1441C also had slowed deactivation, compared with wild-type, raising the possibility that slowed deactivation, in combination with defective fast inactivation, might be a contributing cause of paramyotonia congenita. Furthermore, deactivation was slower in R1441P than in R1441C, suggesting that the worse phenotype of the human R-->P mutation is due to a greater effect on deactivation, and supporting our hypothesis that slowed sodium channel deactivation contributes to paramyotonia congenita. 4. We show that the downstroke of the muscle action potential produced a sodium tail current, and thus slowed deactivation opposes repolarization and therefore leads to hyperexcitability. Hyperexcitability due to slowed deactivation, which has previously been overlooked, also predicts the temperature sensitivity of PC, which has otherwise not been adequately explained.
A model for the production of Jupiter's decametric modulation lanes

An interference-screen model for the production of the modulation lanes often observed in Jupiter's decametric radiation is presented. As radiation traverses a grid-like screen composed of field-aligned columns of enhanced plasma density downstream from Io, rays scattered on passing through the columns interfere constructively and destructively with those passing relatively unscattered between columns. Due to the geometrical relationship between the radio-emitting flux tube and the interference screen, the resulting rotating lobe pattern received at earth synthesizes modulation lanes that very closely match those actually observed.
In Defense of Routine Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing of Operative Site Flora in Patients with Peritonitis

The species and number of bacteria present at a surgical site correlate with postoperative wound infection. When organisms cultured from intraabdominal infections are resistant to the presumptive antimicrobial therapy, the incidence of postoperative wound and intraabdominal infections is significantly increased. Knowledge of operative site culture data allows identification of resistant organisms, leads to an early change in therapy, and guides selection of antimicrobials for treatment of postoperative complications. Anaerobic susceptibility data vary geographically, even differing within hospitals in the same city. Surveillance of resistance patterns of bacteria causing intraabdominal infections facilitates accurate initial therapy. Failure of treatment in the absence of bacteriologic results confirming appropriate antimicrobial therapy may be difficult to rationalize on a medicolegal basis. In summary, it is advisable for surgeons to perform cultures and susceptibility tests for both aerobic and anaerobic organisms present in intraabdominal infections.
Multireference symmetry-projected variational approximation for the ground state of the doped one-dimensional Hubbard model

The few determinant (FED) approximation introduced in our previous work [Phys. Rev. B 87, 235129 (2013)] is used to describe the ground state, characterized by well-defined spin and space group symmetry quantum numbers as well as doping fractions ${N}_{e}/{N}_{\mathrm{sites}}$, of one-dimensional Hubbard lattices with nearest-neighbor hopping and periodic boundary conditions. Within this multireference scheme, each ground state is expanded in a given number of nonorthogonal and variationally determined symmetry-projected configurations. The results obtained for the ground-state and correlation energies of half-filled and doped lattices with 30, 34, and 50 sites compare well with the exact Lieb-Wu solutions as well as with those obtained with other state-of-the-art approximations. The structure of the intrinsic symmetry-broken determinants resulting from the variational procedure is interpreted in terms of solitons whose translational and breathing motions can be regarded as basic units of quantum fluctuations. It is also shown that in the case of doped one-dimensional lattices, a part of such fluctuations can also be interpreted in terms of polarons. In addition to momentum distributions, both spin-spin and density-density correlation functions are studied as functions of doping. The spectral functions and density of states, computed with an ansatz whose quality can be well controlled by the number of symmetry-projected configurations used to approximate the ${N}_{e}\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1$ electron systems, display features beyond a simple quasiparticle distribution, as well as spin-charge separation trends.
Sincerely Dancing: Bill T. Jones's Sleight-of-Hand

On a rainy night in January 2002, I took a train uptown to meet a friend outside Lincoln Center. After a strange autumn, when no performance seemed as compelling as the dramas unfolding on New York City streets, the theatres were suddenly full again and it was with a certain amount of relief that a crowd gathered to see the Bill T. Jones/Arnie Zane Dance Company in concert with the Chamber Music Society. Previews in the Village Voice and the New York Times had been clear about what we would see: after years of anger and politics, wrote one journalist, Jones was reported to be "searching [...] for beauty" (in Perron 2002:B6; see also Jowitt 2002, and Greskovic 2002). These words became a road map to understanding Jones's new work, repeated in various publications and ostensibly taken at face value. Yet, who would argue that earlier and controversial works like Last Supper at Uncle Tom's Cabin or Still/ Here were not beautiful? Nevertheless, his often-quoted perspective became the reigning lens through which to approach the new material. Arguably the most articulate choreographer of this generation, Jones wields the English language as fiercely as he does dance and gesture. His words have come to us in the countless interviews, lectures, and published writings he has offered over a career spanning 25 years, as well as in his consistent use of text in his performances. Fueled in part by the necessity of response to the critical reaction his work has compelled; in part by his interest and immersion in performance art as distinct from dance; and in part by a unique commitment to grappling with the history of the body and to dancing the discourses of power as they play out in America, Jones talks. And, in each instance, these words constitute an equally significant performance field forJones. Yet, for viewers, they have posed an enormous challenge to move with facility between the familiar and presumedly legible realm of spoken language and the more enigmatic realm of the moving, dancing body. In the case of the Lincoln Center performance, what did we see? The night began with Verbum, a beautiful if banal dance set to Beethoven's String Quartet in F Major, Opus 135. Eight dancers performed idiosyncratic gestures alongside the classic extensions, leaps, and falls of a ballet/modern hybrid. Dressed in silver, they moved through and around a silver set designed by Bjorn Amelan, which consisted of three large cutouts that appeared alternately as portals or ciphers, hearts or women's genitalia. The dancing was lovely, and abstract. There was a renewed engagement with contact improv, a foundational technique forJones from his college
Clinical Outcome of Asymptomatic Severe Aortic Stenosis With Medical and Surgical Management: Importance of STS Score at Diagnosis

Background The Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS) score aims at predicting operative mortality in cardiac surgery. The value of this score in predicting short- and long-term survival with medical or surgical management in patients with asymptomatic severe aortic stenosis (AS) is unknown. Methods In a cohort of 694 patients (aged 71 ± 11 years) with isolated, asymptomatic severe AS (velocity ≥4 m/s), STS score was calculated at baseline and its link to survival analyzed. Patients were stratified by STS score less than 4%, 4% to 6.5%, and 6.5% or greater. Results The STS score showed no association with operative mortality within 1 year of diagnosis or any time (1%, 2.9%, and 6.1%, respectively, by strata; p = 0.08) and a weak association with 1-year survival ( p = 0.04). Conversely, long-term survival (10-year) was strongly predicted by STS score strata (78%, 47%, and 16%, respectively; p p p p p = 0.83), whereas early surgery considerably improved survival in the intermediate strata ( p Conclusions For patients with asymptomatic severe AS, STS score is a powerful tool for predicting long-term outcome and for selecting patients (particularly those at intermediate risk) who benefit markedly from early surgery. Hence, risk-scoring using STS score should be routinely performed in patients with AS to support the clinical decision-making process.
Formaldehyde and hydrogen peroxide in air, snow and interstitial air at South Pole

Abstract Average H2O2 (HCHO) mixing ratios measured above the snowpack at South Pole (SP) were 278 pptv (103 pptv) in December 2000 and between 4 and 43 times (1.4–2.6 times) the value estimated from gas-phase photostationary state (PSS) model calculations. The larger difference is realized if dry deposition of both species is included in the model. H2O2 and HCHO fluxes from the snowpack were independently determined from gradient measurements in the air above the snow surface, from firn-air measurements and from the temporal concentration changes in near-surface snow. On average, the snowpack at SP was releasing on the order of 1×1013 and 2×1012 molecules m−2 s−1 of H2O2 and HCHO, respectively, in December 2000. This is consistent with the volumetric fluxes needed for the PSS model to reproduce the observed atmospheric mixing ratios of both H2O2 and HCHO. The highly elevated levels of both species found in firn air further support the above estimates. In the case of HCHO, it was also shown that there was good agreement between the measured flux and the physical air–snow exchange model as driven by changes in snow temperature from winter to summer. Shading experiments suggest that the net production of HCHO within the snow by heterogeneous photochemical processes may have exceeded photochemical destruction by no more than 20% of the measured fluxes. The very rapid changes observed in atmospheric HCHO, which are also seen in NO and OH, can be understood in terms of dynamical processes that lead to rapid changes in the atmospheric mixing depth.
528 BONE MINERALIZATION IN BREAST-FED PREMATURE INFANTS

Based on the calcium (Ca) and phosphate (P) requirements of premature infants, human milk (HM) may not provide for optimal bone mineralization. To determine the adequacy of HM in nursing premature infants we studied 11 breast-fed and 9 SimilacR (SIM) fed infants during the first 16 weeks of life. There were no differences between both groups in gestational age (33.7±0.5 (M±SE) for HM vs. 32.2±0.8 wks for SIM) or birth weight (1.98±.14 vs. 1.77±.16 kg). At 4-8 wks and 12-16 wks of age, bone mineral content (BMC) was measured by direct photon absorptiometry of the left wrist and blood drawn for serum total Ca, P, alkaline phosphatase (AP) and 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OH D) levels. At 4-8 wks, there were no differences between the HM or SIM groups in BMC (X, 65 vs. 58 mg/cm), P (X, 7.3 vs. 8.3 mg/dl), AP (X, 163 vs. 156 IU/L; normal children 47-112 IU/L), 25-OH D (X, 16 vs. 20 ng/m1; adult normal 10-40 ng/m1) or weight (X, 2.60 vs. 2.84 kg). The HM group had a higher serum Ca level than SIM (10.75±.08 vs. 9.99±.21 mg/d1, p<.01). Again, at 12-16 wks, there were no differences in BMC (x, 104 for HM vs. 88 mg/cm for SIM), Ca (X, 10.75 vs. 10.66 mg/d1), AP (x, 134 vs. 144 IU/L) or 25-OH D (X, 16 vs. 20 ng/ml) or weight (X, 4.26 kg for HM vs. 4.83 kg for SIM, p< .20). Our preliminary data suggest that human milk provides sufficient nutrients for bone mineralization in premature infants.
Increased ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 expression in the brains of autoimmune mice

Pathogenic mechanisms of central nervous system (CNS) involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) remain unknown. We recently reported the presence of autoantibodies in the brain tissue ex vivo of autoimmune MRL/lpr mice. We postulated that at least some of these autoantibodies are produced in situ because of B-cell entry into the brain. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) blocks the entry of most large molecules and cells into the brain. In certain CNS pathologies, however, immune cells gain entry due to elevated expression of adhesion molecules. This study looked at adhesion molecule expression, ICAM-1 and VCAM-1, in the brains of MRL/lpr mice. Using immunofluorescent antibody binding assays and confocal laser imaging, we show that expression of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 is elevated in MRL/lpr mice brains at 4 months of age as compared to age-matched controls. These results suggest a possible mechanism for leukocyte entry into the brains of autoimmune mice that in turn suggest immune-mediated pathology in CNS-lupus.
Haemocytes and the metamorphosing tissues in Sarcophaga bullata, Drosophila melanogaster, and other cyclorrhaphous Diptera

Abstract Changes occurring in the haemocytes during metamorphosis in Sarcophaga bullata, Drosophila melanogaster , and other Diptera Cyclorrhapha are considered. Phases in the formation of the familiar ‘spherules’ are described in detail for Sarcophaga : the granular haemocytes , in the late larval and pre-pupal stages, undergo nuclear division to form multi-nucleate haemocyte masses; these send out extensive cytoplasmic processes, which become attached to pieces of larval tissues; subsequent retraction of the processes and ingestion of the larval fragments by the multi-nucleate haemocytes results in the formation of the spherules. Haemocytes were found attacking only tissue-fragments. Cytoplasmic filaments from the spherules are, at later stages, closely associated with the developing adult tissues, particularly hypodermis and tracheal epithelium, eye ommatidia, and developing flight muscles. The spherules, at least in the appendages, do not appear to circulate; they occupy specific locations and their contents are digested and utilized in situ . Their later phases may represent the adipohaemocytes of other authors. Late in the pupal stage the spherules would appear to contribute material towards connective tissue formation by adjacent cells. It is thought possible that food transfer may be direct by way of the cytoplasmic filaments and not indirect by way of the haemolymph. Many of the multi-nucleate haemocytes, depleted of their inclusions, persist into the adult, where some are found fragmenting. Others may become the multi-nucleate adult fat body cells, but further evidence for this is required. It is suggested that the larval fat body cells, as with the spherules, remain stationary during pupation and that cells of specific areas contribute specific materials to particular developing tissues. The various plasmatocytes are present throughout pupation, some passing through motile and inclusion laden phases, and many reverting to their larval appearance after emergence. Certain of the ‘oenocytoid’ homologies are questioned in connexion with cuticle darkening. Preliminary results in Drosophila suggest that in general the haemocyte picture parallels that of other Cyclorrhapha, with typical spherules and spindle-shaped plasmatocytes present in the pupal stage.
Hybrid optoelectronic WDM ADC

Summary form only given.Optical wavelength division demultiplexing (WDM) analog to-digital conversion (ADC) has been suggested for high-speed sampling of signals. Multi-wavelength time-interleaved optical pulses are used to sample a RF signal. After modulation, the pulses of different center wavelength are spatially separated in an array waveguide grating. Pulses of different center wavelength have a repetition rate reduced by a factor of n (where n is the number of different wavelengths). Each optical signal is detected, low-pass filtered, and electronically quantized. Digital signal processing is then used to reconstruct the original signal by time-interleaving the sample from each ADC.
AN OVERVIEW OF THE REACTIVE POWER ALLOCATION IN ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEMS

This paper reviews of the existing techniques for the reactive power allocation in large power systems. The description of the problem with its significance to the operation and planning of power systems is presented. Merits of the corresponding techniques are reviewed according to their types of formulation.
Cancer from Beef: DES, Federal Food Regulation, and Consumer Confidence

After World War II, agricultural college laboratories discovered in diethylstilbestrol (DES) a growth-promoting hormone of potentially wide commercial use in the cattle industry. In the post-war period of high prosperity and public confidence in science, government approval came quickly. Mass production began in 1954, and the promotional efforts of cattle-feed manufacturers soon convinced farmers of the drug's growth-enhancement - and profit-boosting - powers. Yet gradually, writes Alan Marcus, other scientists began to suspect links between DES-produced beef and cancer in humans. In this book, Marcus traces these developments, as DES emerged as a "cause celebre" - a source of "expert" factionalism and subject of various attempts to establish "safe" public policy. Marcus aims to show how DES figured in the enactment of three major pieces of federal regulatory legislation and how the DES controversy led to the establishment of new kinds of risk-assessment models in human health. "Cancer from Beef" uses the DES story to explore the intersection of institutional science, government rule-making and growing skepticism in popular attitudes toward both public protection and scientific authority. Marcus concludes that the DES story provides a case study in the attempt to control uncertainty in our lives when neither science nor government seem effective.
Forest floor lead, copper and zinc concentrations across the northeastern United States: synthesizing spatial and temporal responses.

Abstract Understanding how metal concentrations in soil have responded to reductions of anthropogenic emissions is essential for predicting potential ecosystem impacts and evaluating the effectiveness of pollution control legislation. The objectives of this study were to present new data and synthesize existing literature to document decreases in Pb, Cu, and Zn concentrations in forest soils across the northeastern US. From measurements at 16 sites, we observed that forest floor Pb, Cu, and Zn concentrations have decreased between 1980 and 2011 at an overall mean rate of 1.3 ± 0.5% yr− 1. E-folding times, a concentration exponential decay rate (1/k), for Pb, Cu and Zn at the 16 sites were estimated to be 46 ± 7, 76 ± 20 and 81 ± 19 yr, respectively. Mineral soil concentrations were correlated with forest floor concentrations for Pb, but not for Cu and Zn, suggesting an accumulation in one pool does not strongly influence accumulation in the other. Forest floor Pb, Cu and Zn concentrations from our sites and 17 other studies conducted from 1970–2014 in remote forests across the northeastern US were compiled into pooled data sets. Significant decreasing trends existed for pooled forest floor Pb, Cu, and Zn concentrations. The pooled forest floor Pb e-folding time was determined to be 33 ± 9 yrs, but the explanatory power of pooled Cu and Zn regressions were inadequate for calculating e-folding times (r2
Cognition without borders: Third wave socially distributed cognition and relational autonomy

I contrast somewhat individualist arguments for first-wave ''extended cognition'' and second-wave ''integrationist cognition'' with what we can identify as a third wave of arguments for ''socially and culturally distributed cognition'', in which individual cognition takes place within, is supported by, and is mutually co-constructed with larger social, institutional, normative, political and technological systems and cultural practices. Such accounts must respond to the objection of ''cognitive bloat''. When does a processes count as my cognitive process? This objection is not best rebutted, as Clark often attempts, by limiting extension to processes that play a similar role to internal brain processes. Nor is it best addressed, as Gallagher (2013) does, by appealing to enactive engagement as grounding ''ownership'' of a process. Rather, the solution is in our shared, evolving, normative and social practices of holding people responsible for their actions. I support this by drawing parallels between socially distributed cognition and feminist relational theory, which has already addressed the issue of individual autonomy within social practices that shape individuals' selves, values, and capacities. I end by highlighting political and ethical concerns raised by this conception of HEC regarding differential distribution of cognitive resources.
Quasi-Invariance of the Wiener Measure on Path Spaces: Noncompact Case

Abstract For a geometrically and stochastically complete, noncompact Riemannian manifold, we show that the flows on the path space generated by the Cameron–Martin vector fields exist as a set of random variables. Furthermore, if the Ricci curvature grows at most linearly, then the Wiener measure (the law of Brownian motion on the manifold) is quasi-invariant under these flows.
All-frequency rendering of dynamic, spatially-varying reflectance

We describe a technique for real-time rendering of dynamic, spatially-varying BRDFs in static scenes with all-frequency shadows from environmental and point lights. The 6D SVBRDF is represented with a general microfacet model and spherical lobes fit to its 4D spatially-varying normal distribution function (SVNDF). A sum of spherical Gaussians (SGs) provides an accurate approximation with a small number of lobes. Parametric BRDFs are fit on-the-fly using simple analytic expressions; measured BRDFs are fit as a preprocess using nonlinear optimization. Our BRDF representation is compact, allows detailed textures, is closed under products and rotations, and supports reflectance of arbitrarily high specularity. At run-time, SGs representing the NDF are warped to align the half-angle vector to the lighting direction and multiplied by the microfacet shadowing and Fresnel factors. This yields the relevant 2D view slice on-the-fly at each pixel, still represented in the SG basis. We account for macro-scale shadowing using a new, nonlinear visibility representation based on spherical signed distance functions (SSDFs). SSDFs allow per-pixel interpolation of high-frequency visibility without ghosting and can be multiplied by the BRDF and lighting efficiently on the GPU.
Critical stress for the escape of a group of dislocations from a partially pinned tilt boundary

Abstract The critical stress for breakaway of a segment of a tilt boundary from an otherwise pinned boundary is determined. For segment lengths greater than about 10nm, the result is consistent with a simple constant boundary energy per unit area model. For smaller segments, equivalent to larger critical applied stresses for breakaway, the exact result is needed.
1173 14 C-GLYCINE UPTAKE BY FIBROBLASTS IN CHILDREN WITH NONKETOTIC HYPERGLYCINEMIA

In the attempt to uncover underlying pathogenetic factors that bring about the biochemical aberration and the clinical symptoms observed in patients with nonketotic hyperglycinemia, investigations of glycine transport in diploid fibroblasts of children with this syndrome were initiated. Skin fibroblasts from two nonketotic hyperglycinemic cell lines and from three normal cell lines were cultured in Eagle's medium. Amino acid transport measurements were made with cells grown on sterile glass cover-slips according to the method by Foster and Pardee. The rate of 14C-glycine uptake by fibroblasts from nonketotic hyperglycinemic patients did not differ from that of the control cell lines during the first part (30 min.) of the experiment, yet subsequently the rate of 14C-glycine uptake decreased gradually in nonketotic hyperglycinemic cells. The results of this study are in support of the hypothesis that glycine transport across cell membranes in patients with nonketotic hyperglycinemia is similar to the transport by the A system of other mammalian cell lines. Therefore, we do not consider the biochemical pertubation and the clinical course in nonketotic hyperglycinemia to be caused by a primary membrane transport defect.
Three-point functions of aging dynamics and the AdS-CFT correspondence.

Aging can be realized as a subalgebra of Schr\"odinger algebra by discarding the time-translation generator. While the two-point functions of the age algebra have been known for some time, little else was known about the higher $n$-point correlators. In this Letter, we present novel three-point correlators of scalar primary operators. We find that the aging correlators are distinct from the Schr\"odinger correlators by more than certain dressings with time-dependent factors, as was the case with two-point functions. In the existing literature, the holographic geometry of aging is obtained by performing certain general coordinate transformations on the holographic dual of the Schr\"odinger theory. Consequently, the aging two-point functions derived from holography look as the Schr\"odinger two-point functions dressed by time-dependent factors. However, since the three-point functions obtained in this Letter are not merely dressed Schr\"odinger correlators and instead, depend on an additional time-translation breaking variable, we conclude that the most general holographic realization of aging is yet to be found. We also comment on various extensions of the Schr\"odinger and aging algebras.
InAs/InAsSb type-II superlattice infrared nBn photodetectors and their potential for operation at high temperatures

Ga-free InAs/InAsSb type-II superlattice (T2SL) nBn photodetectors with very low dark current are fabricated and characterized. The typical device without antireflection coating and surface passivation has a cut-off wavelength of 13.2 micrometers, quantum efficiency (QE) of 2.5% and a background limited operating temperature of 70 K. Our analysis shows that the anticipated highest operating temperature of a 10.6 micrometer cut-off Ga-free T2SL nBn device can be 108 K, with a potential to reach 135 K if 20% QE or lower noise is achieved.
Is It Worth Lying For? Physiological and Emotional Implications of Recalling Deceptive Affection.

This investigation explored the risks of affectionate expressions in romantic relationships by examining the physiological and emotional implications of recalled expressed deceptive affectionate messages to romantic partners. Ninety-nine participants were assigned to one of three conditions: deceptive affection, honest affection, or plans with a friend (control). Results indicate that individuals' blood pressure and heart rates are not differentially influenced when recalling deceptive affection compared to honest affection or common communication. Similarly, there were no differences in feelings of guilt and shame based on the motive for the deceptive expression. Posthoc analyses compared affectionate conditions (deceptive and honest) to the control condition and revealed no significant physiological differences. Implications for theory, methodological comparisons, and future research are discussed.
Analysis of tocopherols in vegetable oils by high-performance liquid chromatography: Comparison of fluorescence and evaporative light-scattering detection

A comparison of the responses of an evaporative light-scattering detector (ELSD) and a fluorescence detector for tocopherols in vegetable oils by high-performance liquid chromatography is presented. The tocopherols were separated from acylglycerols by gel-permeation chromatography (GPC). The tocopherol fraction was collected off a set of four GPC columns with a mobile phase of methylene chloride before separation on a normal-phase silica column with a mobile phase of hexane/isopropanol, 99.7∶0.3 (vol/vol). An internal standard of 5,7 dimethyltocol, which was detected by both the ELSD and fluorescence detector, was used to obtain quantitative data. The fluorescence detector was ten times more sensitive than the ELSD. γ-Tocopherol was the major tocopherol detected in the vegetable oils studied and ranged from 24.1–93.3 mg/100 g. The amounts of tocopherols found in the vegetable oils agreed favorably with the literature values.