cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Variations of the pharyngeal raphe

The pharyngeal raphe is described traditionally as a straight, continuous, median, fibrous band that provides attachment for and separates each pair of the three constrictor muscles of the pharynx. The posterior wall of the pharynx was dissected in 236 adult human cadavers of the Mongoloid, Caucasoid, and Negroid races. The arrangement of the raphe in each specimen was recorded. The various arrangements of the raphe were then organized into three types (I, II, or III) and eight subtypes (a, b, or c). The raphe was most often (47%) located between the inferior constrictor muscles only (type I) where it was either a straight or a curved line or had a fusiform to oval shape. The second most frequent pattern (40%) was a raphe located between the superior and middle constrictor muscles only (type II) with a shape similar to type I. The middle constrictor muscles were sometimes well developed and attached superiorly to the pharyngeal tubercle by way of a strong raphe. The raphe extended from the pharyngeal tubercle through all the constrictor muscles to the esophagus (type III) in only 13% of the specimens and was more often interrupted rather than a continuous line. The type usually described in anatomy textbooks (type IIIa) was found in only 5% of the specimens.
Growth by Gradients: Fractal Growth and Pattern Formation in a Laplacian Field

The formation of a wide variety of patterns is controlled by the strength of the gradient of a field at the interface between the structure and the outside. For example, the rate of growth in aggregation processes [1, 2] depends on the concentration of diffusing particles, in solidification [3] it depends on the temperature gradient, in dielectric breakdown [4] it is proportional to some power of the electric field, in electrodeposition [5, 6] it depends on the gradient of the electrical voltage, and in viscous fingering [7, 8] it is the pressure gradient. It has long been speculated [9] that concentration gradients of nutrients, light and energy resources are the factors controlling the development of a variety of biological patterns as well, even though much less is known about pattern formation in biological systems [9].
Middle School Teams Increasing Access to General Education for Students With Significant Disabilities Issues Encountered and Activities Observed Across Contexts

The experiences of three students with significant disabilities and their educational teams were studied during these students’ first year of receiving general education services. Interviews were conducted with general educators, special educators, and parents to identify issues encountered during the year. Also, classroom observations were conducted throughout the year in both self-contained and general education settings for each student, and time sampling data were collected on instruction, downtime, and problem behavior. Results indicated that the education teams encountered several issues related to providing general education access for students with significant disabilities relating to two primary areas: (a) philosophical differences about the purpose of providing access to general education for students with significant disabilities, and (b) efforts to collaboratively team and meet the educational needs of the students with significant disabilities. Observational results indicated that the student...
Size “H” oxygen cylinder: Accidental MR projectile at 1.5 Tesla

The risks of ferromagnetic compressed gas cylinders becoming projectiles in an MR environment are well known (12). The recent death of a child from such an incident reinforces the potential for disaster (3).
Nitric Oxide is Necessary for Visual Learning in Octopus vulgaris

We recently reported that inhibition of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) in Octopus vulgaris by intramuscular injections of an analog of L-arginine, N-$\omega $-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), blocked touch learning in Octopus vulgaris. The inactive enantiomorph (D-NAME), which had no effect on learning, was used for control. We now report that essentially the same procedures block visual learning in this animal. We used a visual paradigm in which the octopus was trained to respond positively to a smooth black plastic ball 2.5 cm diameter and negatively to a similar white ball, or vice versa. One set of eight animals was trained to the black ball positive, and another set of six to the white ball positive. Each set was trained at different times by two different trainers. We found that a 1 h pretreatment with the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor L-NAME blocks visual learning in Octopus vulgaris in both sets of animals.
Faith and Obligation, or What Makes Sandy Sweat

words will in fact still the disputes that required negotiation in the first place. 8 8 Now think about a person "catholically" disposed to equate the Constitution's meanings-in-application with whatever the Supreme Court rules. She is trying to decide whether to sign. Can she possibly-rationally-decide without waiting forever to see how the Supreme Court will rule? Only the Court's relatively concrete decisions, and not the un-interpreted text or text-plus, can tell her what the deal is regarding such questions as: which governmental department or branch decides a contested election of presidential electors;89 which decides the scope of legal protections for women 9° or the disabled; 91 if the unborn are constitutionally protected from harm;92 if convicts may be put to death by the state; if devotion of public revenues to private or religious education is allowed; 94 if regulatory control of spending in elections is allowed;95 if affirmative action is allowed;96 if homelessness and starvation are allowed;97 how far private hate speech may be regulated;98 how far liberty may be sacrificed to security (or security to liberty) in times of national danger; and so on. (5) If we try to avoid the problem by saying that the complete constitutional contract consists of the text or text-plus together with the up-to-the-minute complete series of United States Reports, will that be something you or I can say confidently must be deemed respect-worthy by every reasonable American? (6) If, alternatively, we try to avoid the problem by falling back on the text or the text-plus as the set of terms for a system of government on which we can count for every reasonable American's agreement, is there enough information everyone may agree, the argument in the essays cited in supra note 85 is expressly presented as one that holds only for those who do agree with it. 87. See supra pt. I(A). 88. Levinson, supra n. 2, at 125. 89. See Bush v. Gore, 531 U.S. 98 (2000). 90. See U.S. v. Morrison, 529 U.S. 598 (2000). 91. See Bd. of Trustees of U. of Ala. v. Garrett, 531 U.S. 356 (2001). 92. See Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113 (1973). 93. See e.g. Gregg v. Ga., 428 U.S. 153 (1976). 94. See Zelman v. Simmons-Harris, 122 S. Ct. 2460 (2002). 95. See Buckley v. Valeo, 424 U.S. 1 (1976). 96. See Adarand Constructors, Inc. v. Pena, 515 U.S. 200 (1995). 97. See e.g. Dandridge v. Williams, 397 U.S. 471 (1970). 98. R.A. V. v. City of St. Paul, 505 U.S. 377 (1992). 2003] 15 Michelman: Faith and Obligation, or What Makes Sandy Sweat Published by TU Law Digital Commons, 2002
Effect of HCAHPS reporting on patient satisfaction with physician communication

INTRODUCTION Prior studies, using limited data from the Hospital Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems (HCAHPS) surveys, reported that public reporting increases satisfaction scores in all domains except physician communication. Our objective was to examine changes in patient satisfaction with physician communication using all available data. METHODS We used publicly accessible datasets: HCAHPS (2007–2013), socioeconomic datasets from the US Census Bureau, and hospital service area (HSA) dataset from the Dartmouth Atlas of Health Care. Satisfaction scores were determined by the percentage of responses to “doctors always communicated well.” Hospitals were grouped into quartiles based on 2007 scores. We used multilevel models to account for correlation between within-hospital observations. RESULTS HCAHPS data were reported by 2273 hospitals in 2007. During the 7-year period, overall satisfaction scores with physician communication increased by 2.8% (P < 0.001). The lowest quartile hospitals had significant increase in satisfaction scores, whereas the highest quartile scores decreased (0.87% per year vs −0.23% per year; P < 0.001). These differences remained significant after adjusting for hospital and local population characteristics. Survey response rate and the number of acute-care beds and physicians in the HSA were positively associated, whereas HSA population size and being a teaching hospital were negatively associated with patient satisfaction scores (all P < 0.005). CONCLUSIONS Although there has been an improvement in patient satisfaction with physicians during the past 7 years, this improvement was not seen in all hospitals. The overall gap between hospitals has narrowed, which can be further improved through sharing best practices. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2016;11:105–110. © 2015 Society of Hospital Medicine
Attachment of terminal N-acetylglucosamine to asparagine-linked oligosaccharides occurs in central cisternae of the golgi stack

Using monoclonal antibodies and electron microscopy, we have localized N-acetylglucosamine transferase I within the Golgi apparatus. This enzyme initiates the conversion of asparagine-linked oligosaccharides to the complex type. We have found that the enzyme is concentrated in the central (or medial) cisternae of the Golgi stack. Cisternae at the cis and trans ends of the Golgi complex appear to lack this protein. These experiments establish a function for the medial portion of the Golgi and imply that the Golgi is partitioned into at least three biochemically and morphologically distinct cisternal compartments.
Overlap integral analysis for second-harmonic generation within inverted waveguide using mode dispersion phase match

We have discussed the design of a multilayer waveguide toward an efficient nonlinear interaction. We have investigated five- and seven-layer inverted waveguides. The effect of the interlayer thickness and refractive index on the waveguide overlap integral and phase match thickness has been described. A simple approach for improving the nonlinear interaction within an inverted waveguide through maximization of the overlap integral is presented.
The comprehension of idioms: The effects of familiarity, literalness, and usage

The relationships among the familiarity of an idiom's figurative meaning, the likelihood of its literal meaning (literalness), and its usage were explored. Previous research has been inconsistent in supporting any one model of idiom comprehension, although certain factors have been found to affect reading times of sentences containing idioms. Consistent with this research, familiarity was found to have a significant effect on reading times for sentences containing idioms. A significant new finding is that literalness affects reading times. Additionally, it was found that familiarity and literalness exert interactive effects, suggesting a common underlying mechanism. The results are interpreted as supporting a model of idiom comprehension in which a single phrase processor simultaneously computes figurative and literal meanings of idioms.
Choriocarcinoma of the cervix

The incidence of primary cervical choriocarcinoma is extremely low, with only approximately 60 cases reported. We present a case of primary cervical choriocarcinoma, which was originally mis-diagnosed as a cervical pregnancy. After failure of conservative treatment with methotrexate, the patient underwent a hysterectomy, followed by chemotherapy with actinomycin-D. After twenty months of follow-up, the patient is in good condition and her serum β-hCG levels are normal.
The Exaggerated Moral Claims of Evolutionary Psychologists

This article explores and examines some of the findings from the burgeoning field of evolutionary psychology. How important are these results to our understanding of morality and ethics? In addition, more specifically, how important are theses results to our understanding of business ethics? I believe that the jury is still out on these questions. This article: (1) summarizes some of the strengths of evolutionary psychology (of which there are several); (2) identifies specific findings and suggests that many of these findings are overstated and exaggerated; and (3) points out several methodological limitations and weaknesses. The article does not, in the end, recommend jettisoning evolutionary psychology. To the contrary, its point is that evolutionary psychology is a potentially useful method among many others to help us to better understand our “moral universe.” However, evolutionary psychology will never allow us to pierce through “the illusions that evolution and culture have saddled us with” as the psychologist Steven Pinker over-promises. This is true for the simple reason that science itself is both a product of evolution and a cultural practice. The aspiration of some evolutionary psychologists to transcend evolution (nature) and culture (nurture) through science is itself a dangerous illusion. Nevertheless, evolutionary psychology’s modest findings to date are a welcome contribution to anyone interested in making better and wiser ethical decisions, business or otherwise. The more knowledge we gain about our own brains and how they functions the better. These findings, however, should be subject to the same systematic scrutiny and healthy skepticism one would apply to any moral or ethical claim regardless of its origins. That is the purpose of this article.
Fast Transmethylation of Total Lipids in Dried Blood by Microwave Irradiation and its Application to a Population Study

A methodology combining finger-pricked blood sampling, microwave accelerated fatty acid assay, fast gas chromatography data acquisition, and automated data processing was developed, evaluated and applied to a population study. Finger-pricked blood was collected on filter paper previously impregnated with 0.05 mg of the antioxidant butylated hydroxytoluene and air-dried at room temperature. Transmethylation was accelerated by microwave irradiation in an explosion-proof multimode microwave reaction system. The chemical procedure was based on a one-step direct transmethylation procedure catalyzed by acetyl chloride. The short-term stability of PUFA in blood dried on filter paper and storage at room temperature was examined using venous blood. The recoveries ranged from 97 to 101 % for the categorized fatty acids as well as the ratios of n-6 to n-3 PUFA and the n-3 % highly unsaturated fatty acid. Specifically, recoveries were 99, 98, 97, and 97 % for linoleic acid (18:2n-6), arachidonic acid (ARA), α-linolenic acid (ALA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), respectively. The mol% (mean ± SD, 95 % confidence interval) of fatty acid composition in subjects from the population study was determined as 36.2 ± 3.8 (35.8, 36.7), 23.2 ± 3.0 (22.8, 23.5), 36.8 ± 3.5 (36.4, 37.2) and 3.79 ± 1.0 (3.68, 3.91) for the saturated, monounsaturated, n-6 and n-3 PUFA, respectively. Individually, the mean mol% (95 % CI) was 22.6 (22.3, 22.9) for 18:2n-6, 9.5 (9.3, 9.7) for ARA, 0.51 (0.49, 0.53) for ALA, 0.42 (0.38, 0.47) for eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and 1.67 (1.61, 1.73) for DHA. This methodology provides an accelerated yet high-efficiency, chemically safe, and temperature-controlled transmethylation, with diverse laboratory applications including population studies.
Determination of the concentration of surface hydroxyl groups on metal oxide films by a quantitative XPS method

Quantitative XPS has been used to determine the surface concentration of hydroxyl groups in native air-formed oxide films on metals having low surface areas. A mathematical expression has been derived to give the concentration of surface hydroxyl groups as a function of the intensity ratio of the OH to O2− contributions to the O 1s photopeak. This expression is based on modeling the oxide film on a metal to be a multilayer system consisting of an outermost layer of organic contamination, a layer of chemisorbed water, a surface hydroxylated region of the oxide film and the inner portion of the oxide film. The average values of the experimentally determined concentrations of surface hydroxyl groups are 15, 13, 11, 6 and 8 OH nm−2 for oxide-covered aluminum, chromium, titanium, tantalum and silicon, respectively. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy depth profiles using argon ion sputtering and variable-angle XPS have been utilized in this work. Surface treatments have employed either ultrasonic cleaning with organic solvents or argon plasma treatment. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The potent bactericidal activity of streptomycin in the guinea pig model of tuberculosis ceases due to the presence of persisters

Objectives: The biphasic kill curve of isoniazid against Mycobacterium tuberculosis in guinea pigs is due to the presence of persisters rather than selection of isoniazid-resistant mutants. To determine whether this phenomenon is common to other bactericidal drugs, we studied the activity of streptomycin and its ability to select for streptomycin-resistant mutants in the guinea pig model of tuberculosis. Methods: Pharmacokinetic studies were performed to establish the human-equivalent dose of streptomycin. Guinea pigs were aerosol-infected with M. tuberculosis and 2 weeks later streptomycin was given for 5 days/week via intramuscular injection. Bactericidal activity was assessed by homogenizing and plating lungs for cfu until 10 weeks of treatment. At each timepoint, cfu were isolated, suspended in normal saline and re-plated on plates containing 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 or 10.0 mg/L streptomycin. Results:Thehuman-equivalentdoseofstreptomycinwasdeterminedtobe70 mg/kg.Streptomycinshowedpotent activity during the first 14 days of treatment, rescuing all animals from acute tuberculosis-related death and reducinglungcfu by � 4l og10. However, streptomycin activitywas dramatically reducedthereafter, as lung cfu declined by only � 1l og10 over the next 56 days of treatment. Although streptomycin-resistant mutants were detectable, their frequency of isolation was identical at treatment initiation and after 70 days of treatment. Conclusions: The reduced activityof streptomycin during the second phase of monotherapy is not associated with theselectionofstreptomycin-resistantmutantsbut,rather,withthepresenceofphenotypicallytolerant‘persisters’.
A Qualitative Descriptive Exploratory Study of Feeling Confined Using Parse's Humanbecoming School of Thought:

Feeling confined is a universal lived experience of health and quality of life. The purposes of this research study were to uncover the meaning of feeling confined as a lived experience, advance nursing science by utilizing Parse's humanbecoming school of thought, provide knowledge about the phenomenon of feeling confined as a guide for nurses, and create interest in feeling confined as significant for future research. The humanbecoming school of thought was chosen as the theoretical perspective for the qualitative descriptive exploratory method study with 13 volunteer adult men, who were incarcerated in the same mental health unit of a Midwest medium security prison. Findings showed that: Feeling confined is an uneasy restricted seclusion arising with moments of reverie, as acknowledgement amid potential disregard emerges with shifting intimacies, while pondering possibles surfaces with endeavoring. Further research and practice suggestions are also presented.
Suppression of field projection error in EPA at low frequencies by augmentation method

Equivalence principle algorithm (EPA) using the high-order field point sampling scheme [1] has low frequency breakdown problem when the frequency becomes very low [2]. The low frequency problem is usually remedied by the loop-tree decomposition method [3]. However, this method suffers from the need to search for loops. Finding loops for the subdomains in EPA, especially for connected subdomains cases, becomes very involved. In recent years, researchers have proposed the current and charge equations for low frequency breakdown problems [4, 5, 6]. These methods can improve the conditioning of the matrix equations. Moreover, they are not burdened by loop search. This paper proposes an augmented EPA formulation. It introduces charge density unknowns on the equivalence surface (ES). Hence, the low frequency breakdown of field projection operators in EPA is removed. The new augmented scheme is stable in a wide frequency range.
Input-output characteristics for imaged transducers

An image processor used as a position transducer is treated on an input-output basis. If processing speed is sufficiently fast the input-output characteristic is independent of frequency and can be represented as a gain function. The input is a function of the image pattern (including intensity if grey level is used) and the output is used for control or other purposes but control is the issue considered here. A Fourier phase in conjunction with projection concepts is used to obtain control signals in the image processing. A solution to two-dimensional rotation of the object input pattern is presented. The technique can easily be extended to deal with dilation problem. Results that are important to closed loop design are included.
Lapita and the temporal geography of prehistory

Ambrose (this issue, above) and Sand (this issue, above) reported on Lapita in the specific, without being parochial in their concerns. This paper looks at the largest Lapita picture, but is itself in turn based on new reports in the specific, here from the coast of Papua New Guinea which is key for the relations in space, in time and in cultural affinity of whatever human it is that Lapita is.
EXPERIMENTAL‐NUMERICAL TECHNIQUE FOR TEMPERATURE DETERMINATION IN HEAT‐CONDUCTING MATERIALS

This paper demonstrated an effective coupling between the numerical and experimental techniques and showed that the BEM is well-suited for heat-conduction applications. By using this hybrid technique, measured temperatures around the boundary can accurately determine the temperature at any desired point. Thus, this technique frees up data-acquisition channels that otherwise would have been required for interior points.
Dual PET-TRUS prostate image registration

Multimodality imaging has an increasingly important role in the diagnosis and treatment of a large number of diseases, particularly if both functional and structural information are acquired and accurately registered. Transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) imaging is currently an integral part of prostate cancer diagnosis and treatment procedures, providing high-resolution anatomical detail of the prostate region. PET imaging with 11C-choline is a sensitive functional imaging technique that can identify biochemical states associated with prostate cancer. We believe that merging these prostate imaging technologies will help identify the location and aggressiveness of prostate cancer. We envision using dual PET-TRUS prostate imaging to guide biopsy, guide treatment procedures, and detect local recurrence earlier than is currently possible. Hence, we have developed a dual PET-TRUS prostate imaging system and protocol designed to allow accurate 3-D image registration. We have evaluated this PET-TRUS system by performing dual PET-TRUS imaging of custom phantoms. We describe here our dual-modality system, custom phantoms and phantom study results. We also discuss our investigation of the PET-TRUS registration accuracy. We currently have a PET-TRUS registration error of 1 mm axially and 1–5 mm transaxially (depending on the image study, image slice, and line source measured), which is sufficient for clinical applications such as biopsy guidance and early detection of recurrence.
Management of patients with hyperprolactinemia and normal or abnormal tomograms

Abstract Forty women with hyperprolactinemia with and without radiologic evidence of prolactin-secreting pituitary adenoma were prospectively treated with bromocriptine. On the basis of tomographic studies, the patients were divided into either a microadenoma group (N = 19) or no adenoma group (N = 21). Both groups had similar distributions as to obstetric history, menstrual abnormalities, levels of baseline serum luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and thyrotropin. Patients in the adenoma group had significantly higher (p
CROSS-RESISTANCE OF LARGEMOUTH BASS TO GLOCHIDIA OF UNIONID MUSSELS

We tested whether host fish that acquired resistance to glochidia of one mussel species were cross-resistant to glochidia of other species. Largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) were primed with 4-5 successive infections of glochidia of Lampsilis reeveiana. The percentage of attached glochidia that survived and transformed to the juvenile stage (transformation success) was compared between primed fish and naive controls. Transformation success of L. reeveiana, Lampsilis abrupta, Villosa iris, and Utterbackia imbecillis was significantly lower on primed fish (37.8%, 43.5%, 67.0%, and 13.2%, respectively) than on control fish (89.0%, 89.7%, 90.0%, and 22.2% respectively). Immunoblotting was used to analyze the binding of serum antibodies from primed fish with glochidia proteins. Antibodies bound to glochidia proteins of similar molecular weight from L. reeveiana and L. abrupta. Bound proteins of V. iris differed in molecular weight from those of the Lampsilis species. There was no binding to specific glochidia proteins ofU. imbecillis or Strophitus undulatus. Our results indicate that host-acquired resistance can extend across mussel genera and subfamilies and might involve both specific and nonspecific mechanisms. Understanding the specificity of acquired resistance of hosts to glochidia could enhance understanding of the evolutionary and ecological relationships between mussels and their host fishes.
Stimulation of TGF-β type II receptor by high glucose in mouse mesangial cells and in diabetic kidney

Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is important in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy, but little is known about the regulation of the ligand-binding TGF-β type II signaling receptor (TβIIR...
Studying Disadvantaged Youths in the Middle East: A Theoretical Framework

Disproportionate levels of youth unemployment and economic marginalization in the Middle East have prompted many regional observers to conclude that socioeconomically disadvantaged Middle Eastern youth are more prone to radicalization and thereby constitute a threat to national and international security. The general consensus in these accounts is that low levels of occupational opportunities leave poor youth more disposed to frustration and fatalism, which in turn are strongly linked to radical politics. Alternatively, scholars in the language of rational choice argue that these young people engage in a deliberate calculation of means and ends in order to attain the power and wealth necessary for upward mobility. These scholars posit poor youth as rational, autonomous agents whose goals are defined by individual interests and preferences. However, these respective theories are unable to account for 1) the absence of political radicalism among poor youth in many countries of the Middle East, and 2) the presence of seemingly irrational acts among these youth that neither maximize self-interest, nor necessarily reflect individual preferences. Given the shortcomings of each of these prevailing theories, this paper, instead, synthesizes these two approaches and assesses the social conduct of poor youth in the Middle East from the perspective of aspirations-bounded rationality. From this vantage point, the behaviors of poor youth are not determined by individual economic interests or by pure emotion, but by aspirations. This paper proposes that these youth struggle and create strategies to improve their lives that are conditioned by experience and observation of those who inform their social worlds.
Neuraxial morphine and respiratory depression: finding the right balance.

Morphine is a drug commonly administered via the epidural or intrathecal route, and is regarded by many as the ‘gold-standard’ single-dose neuraxial opioid due to its postoperative analgesic efficacy and prolonged duration of action. However, respiratory depression is a recognized side effect of neuraxial morphine administered in the perioperative setting. We conducted an extensive review of articles published since 1945 that examine respiratory depression or failure associated with perioperative intrathecal or epidural morphine use.
Governing a Distributed Network: Common Goods and Emergence

The trend in the development of international internet governance is to focus on structures that foster greater centralized control of the domain. Issues for discussion typically revolve around how strongly new governance structures should enable the engagement of governmental institutions (both individual nations and multilateral organizations) and whether and the extent to which non-governmental stakeholders should have influence. The thesis of this Paper is that the focus on centralization reflects an unfortunate misapprehension of the nature of the cyber domain – a misapprehension that, if acted upon can only lead to a cyber domain that is less open, less accessible, less transparent, and less transformative.A better instinct is to develop a governance architecture that is adapted to the distributed and dynamic nature of the network that we seek to govern. In architecture, form follows function. Likewise, in governance, the structures of control ought to mirror the institutions subject to that control. Thus, this paper will examine the types of global cyber governance arrangements that are capable of providing effective guidance and standard setting within the context of a network that is inherently decentralized. Only these sorts of structures will enable cyberspace as a domain of global innovation and opportunity. The examination of this issue will proceed in three parts:• Part I of this paper will examine the nature of the cyber domain, demonstrating its fundamentally internationalized and decentralized nature. • Part II examine relevant existing economic and social theoretical structures that deal with distributed networks. Drawing principally from theories of common pool resources and emergence we develop a better understanding of exactly what guidance and standards (if any) are appropriate for the cyber domain. The working hypothesis for this examination is that the domain is systematically fostering disintermediation – the degrading of traditional intermediary institutions that served as soft mechanisms for controlling human interactions. The result is an erosion of centralized authority and an empowerment of individual independence and capacity.• Part III of this paper derives from this analysis concrete recommendations for improving internet governance. Again, the working hypothesis is that these recommendations will focus on enhancing non-regulatory frameworks, mostly outside the existing structures of sovereign state control. Mechanisms for distributed decision-making and control will be considered as a means of increasing the openness of the network to information, increasing human access to the network, sustaining transparency of governance (both of the network itself and of non-network institutions), and enhancing economic development through increased innovation and technological evolution. The critical characteristics of successful network governance will be structures that foster serendipity and change.
Averting School Rampage Student Intervention Amid a Persistent Code of Silence

Pulling from in-depth interviews with school administrators, counselors, security and police officers, and teachers directly involved in thwarting rampage attacks at 11 Northeastern schools, this study considers the extent to which students have broken through a “code of silence,” discouraging them from informing on their peers. While findings support prior research indicating the vital preventative role of students’ coming forward with information about threats, close scrutiny of averted incidents reveals that scholars and educational practitioners have overestimated the extent to which the student code of silence has diminished post-Columbine. Even in these successfully averted incidents, numerous students exposed to threats still did not come forward; those who did were rarely close associates or confidants of accused students; and some who did ultimately come forward did so as a result of being personally threatened or in order to deflect blame away from themselves, rather than out of altruistic conce...
Pareto Front of Energy Storage Size and Series HEV Fuel Economy Using Bandwidth-Based Control Strategy

The hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) offers superior fuel economy (FE) compared to the conventional counterpart; yet, it is costlier. To optimize an HEV design, both energy storage cost—one of the major contributors in overall cost—and FE are often set as objective functions in optimization processes. The techniques applied to manage the power flow between powertrain energy sources and sinks significantly affect the results of this optimization. In this paper, an advanced bandwidth-based control strategy teamed up with a duty ratio control strategy is applied and a Pareto Frontier, including energy storage system (ESS) costs and FEs, for a series HEV (SHEV) with limited all-electric-mode is introduced. The bandwidth-based control allows the SHEV’s advantage in engine efficiency management to be extended to the lighter ESS as compared to the ESS sizes in vehicles available in the market. To produce the Pareto Frontier, a vehicle model created in the powertrain modeling environment Autonomie is customized and used in parallel-mode multiobjective genetic algorithm (MOGA) optimization. It is noted that the approach proposed here is not claimed to be a global optimal solution but instead is an improvement over typical solutions used in real vehicles based on constraints such as the need to implement on a practical real-time controller.
Alain Badiou, Wallace Stevens and the paradoxical productivity of poetic form

ABSTRACTIn this essay, I take the measure of Badiou's approach to literature and art by focusing on his reading of Wallace Stevens. My aim is not to comprehensively explain the place of art in Badiou's wider philosophy; such a project is beyond the ken of a relatively short article. Rather, Badiou's flawed conscription of Stevens to his philosophy of the event will serve as a foil to my own reading of the poet, one that contests what I take to be Badiou's repetition of an earlier critical consensus. Badiou may be said, despite his innovations, to embody an older trend in Wallace Stevens criticism, namely to argue for the poet as what Simon Critchley has called a kind of ‘anxious atheist’ who sought to forge a temporary bridge between the mind of a disabused modernity, reeling from the death of God, and its recalcitrant objects. I will propose an opposite take, one that takes seriously the incessant interruptions in the form of Stevens’ verse, structural dissonances that enable the non-mimetic but nonethel...
Automation Measurement System of Temperature Field for Thermocouple Verification Stove

In allusion to the needs of the thermocouple calibration furnace temperature field measurement technology, it analyzes the principle of the calibration furnace temperature field measurement, establishes the overall structure of the automatic temperature field test system. Using VC + + 6.0, it develops the software prototype and carries on uncertainty analysis of the temperature field test. This has a certain reference value.
Do the parent(s) of your pediatric patients smoke

Parental smoking (and smoking by young teenagers) is the concern of pediatric dentists. A review is provided of the incidence of smoking and its consequences.
Chapter IX – POINCARÉ AND THE SHORTCOMINGS OF THE HAMILTON–JACOBI METHOD FOR CLASSICAL OR QUANTIZED MECHANICS1

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the limits of accuracy in classical mechanics and explains the foundations of statistical mechanics. The canonical equations of celestial mechanics do not admit, except for some exceptional cases, any analytical and uniform integral besides the energy integral. The Poincare theorem proves that the (n − 1) integrals have very different properties. The total energy is the only expression that is represented by a well-behaved mathematical function, and all other so-called integrals are not analytical; they can have a very strange behavior, with discontinuities, and cannot be compared with the energy. The integrals representing momentum or moment of momentum are comprised in the other exceptional cases. When variables cannot be separated, the problem becomes much more involved. The Hamilton–Jacobi equations yield a possibility of finding angular variables wk and the corresponding action variables JK. These variables are often called Delaunay variables. The Hamilton–Jacobi procedure has never been a way to solve a practical problem. It is very useful for general theorems and elegant discussions but not for actual solution.
Quantifying Cation Exchange of Cd2+ in ZnTe: A Challenge for Accessing Type II Heterostructures

The kinetic parameters governing cation exchange between molecular Cd2+ precursors and ZnTe nanorods is mapped out in detail to provide an all-inclusive rubric for tuning the rate and extent of cation exchange in this system—allowing for band gap tunability over a 1 eV range. Evaluation of cation exchange as a function of concentration, temperature, and time supports a mechanism involving initial, rapid Cd2+ adsorption followed by a rate determining cation exchange step with a measured activation energy of 24 kJ/mol. Provided there is sufficient cadmium to occupy the available surface sites, the solution concentration of cadmium has little influence on the rate of cation exchange, allowing the system to be modeled using pseudo-first-order kinetics, with observed rates ranging from 0.03 × 10–3 s–1 at 20 °C to 2.8 × 10–3 s–1 at 240 °C. It is also demonstrated that, due to the ease of cation exchange in these systems, previous claims of ZnTe/CdSe heterostructures are more accurately described as alloys.
A Success Story : The Value of the Massachusetts Technical Standards Review Group

The Commonwealth of Massachusetts has played a significant role in deploying renewable energy in the United States. In 2013, former Governor Deval Patrick announced an ambitious state goal of 1.6 GW of solar generation to be installed by 2020. This announcement was made after the state achieving its goal of 250 MW of solar energy four years early. The current governor, Charlie Baker, and his administration have also been very ambitious to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions.
Regional acreage response functions for major US field crops: estimation and policy implications

The purpose of this study is to investigate potential regional differences in the supply response of crop producers to alternative market and government policy incentives. To accomplish this task, a set of acreage response functions are specified and estimated for 8 principal field crops (spring wheat, winter wheat, corn, sorghum, oats, barley, soybeans, and cotton) produced in 11 spatial regions of the United States (Appalachia, Corn Belt, Delta States, Lake States, Northeast, Northern Plains, Northwest, Southeast, Southern Plains, Southwest, and Western Plains). Variables in the functions include those related to expected per-acre gross returns from crop production, the impact of government policy programs (especially, loan rates, target prices, diversion payments, and allotments), and the effects of risk and uncertainty upon acreage response. Important elasticities are determined for each crop and region.
Viroimmunotherapy for Colorectal Cancer: Clinical Studies

Colorectal cancer is a leading cause of cancer incidence and death. Therapies for those with unresectable or recurrent disease are not considered curative at present. More effective and less toxic therapies are desperately needed. Historically, the immune system was thought to be an enemy to oncolytic viral therapy. Thinking that oncolysis would be the only mechanism for cell death, oncolytic virologists theorized that immune clearance was a detriment to oncolysis. Recent advances in our understanding of the tumor microenvironment, and the interplay of tumor survival and a patient’s immune system have called into question our understanding of both arenas. It remains unclear what combination of restrictions or enhancements of innate and/or cell-mediated immunity can yield the highest likelihood of viral efficacy. This article reviews the variety of mechanisms explored for viruses such as immunotherapy for colorectal cancer.
Haptoglobin is frequently low in patients with myelofibrosis: Clinical relevance

A recent study, showing the absence of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria clones in myelofibrosis, has reopened the debate around the role of decreased haptoglobin in this disease. We present here a large prospective analysis of the clinical significance of low haptoglobin in 152 patients with myelofibrosis. Low haptoglobin (<32mg/dL) was observed in 50 patients (33%). Decreased haptoglobin did not associate with low hemoglobin levels, positive Coombs test or abnormal liver function tests, suggesting it is not result of autoimmune hemolytic anemia or liver cirrhosis. Factors strongly correlating with decreased haptoglobin were high JAK2 allele burden and ongoing treatment with JAKi. Larger scale serial measurement and longer follow-up is needed to further explain our findings.
The Effects of Stress on Photosynthesis

There are five main environmental factors which may limit the growth of plants through effects on the photosynthetic apparatus; these are light, temperature, water, nutrients and carbon dioxide. None of these factors affect photosynthesis uniquely, so that the stress response which we observe in a whole plant is usually an integral of effects on many of the facets of metabolism, of which photosynthesis is just one. It is also evident that over a wide range of habitats, factors such as high temperature and water stress may often be correlated; when this happens interpretation of the plant response may be a very complicated problem.
Quais os benefícios para o doente da associação de metformina com dapagliflozina comparativamente a outros antidiabéticos orais? Uma revisão baseada na evidência

Objectives: To compare the effect of the combination of metformin and dapagliflozin compared with metformin and other oral anti-diabetics as an add-on therapy in patients inadequately controlled with metformin alone. Data sources: MEDLINE and other evidence-based medicine databases Review methods: A review was made of meta-analyses, systematic reviews, randomized controlled clinical trials and clinical guidelines, published between January 2007 and March 2017, in Portuguese, English and Spanish, using the MeSH terms ‘dapagliflozin’, ‘diabetes mellitus type 2’, and ‘metformin’. The American Family Physician Strength of Recommendation Taxonomy (SORT) was used to establish the quality of the studies and to define the strength of recommendations. Results: There were 59 articles found. Eight met the inclusion criteria. These included one meta-analysis, one systematic review, five randomized controlled clinical trials, and one clinical guideline. There is evidence that dual therapy with metformin and dapagliflozin is effective in reducing glycosylated haemoglobin and body weight, when compared to other oral anti-diabetics, without increasing the risk of hypoglycemic episodes. The most frequent adverse effects related to this drug were urinary tract and genital infections, especially in women (SORT C). Dapagliflozin seems to be neutral regarding cardiovascular risk and its association with cancer is yet to be clarified. Conclusions: There was not enough evidence to support the claim that dapagliflozin combined with metformin is more effective or better for the patient when compared to other oral anti-diabetics (SORT C). Given these limitations, we conclude that more controlled studies are required to determine the effects of dapagliflozin in terms of efficacy, safety, morbidity and mortality, as well as the maintenance of the results with this combination of drugs.
Human resistin protects against endotoxic shock by blocking LPS–TLR4 interaction

Helminths trigger multiple immunomodulatory pathways that can protect from sepsis. Human resistin (hRetn) is an immune cell-derived protein that is highly elevated in helminth infection and sepsis. However, the function of hRetn in sepsis, or whether hRetn influences helminth protection against sepsis, is unknown. Employing hRetn-expressing transgenic mice (hRETNTg+) and recombinant hRetn, we identify a therapeutic function for hRetn in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced septic shock. hRetn promoted helminth-induced immunomodulation, with increased survival of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis (Nb)-infected hRETNTg+ mice after a fatal LPS dose compared with naive mice or Nb-infected hRETNTg- mice. Employing immunoprecipitation assays, hRETNTg+Tlr4-/- mice, and human immune cell culture, we demonstrate that hRetn binds the LPS receptor Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) through its N terminal and modulates STAT3 and TBK1 signaling, triggering a switch from proinflammatory to anti-inflammatory responses. Further, we generate hRetn N-terminal peptides that are able to block LPS proinflammatory function. Together, our studies identify a critical role for hRetn in blocking LPS function with important clinical significance in helminth-induced immunomodulation and sepsis.
Mechanism of sulfate attack: A fresh look: Part 1: Summary of experimental results

This paper reports the results of an investigation on the effects of sodium and magnesium sulfate solutions on expansion and microstructure of different types of Portland cement mortars. The effects of using various sulfate concentrations and of using different temperatures are also reported. The results suggest that the expansion of mortars in sodium sulfate solution follows a two-stage process. In the initial stage, Stage 1, there is little expansion. This is followed by a sudden and rapid increase in the expansion in Stage 2. Microstructural studies suggest that the onset of expansion in Stage 2 corresponds to the appearance of cracks in the chemically unaltered interior of the mortar. Beyond this point, the expansion proceeds at an almost constant rate until the complete deterioration of the mortar specimen. In the case of magnesium sulfate attack, expansion occurs at a continually increasing rate. Microstructural studies suggest that a layer of brucite (magnesium hydroxide) on the surface forms almost immediately after the introduction of the specimens into the solution. The attack is then governed by the steady diffusion of sulfate ions across the brucite surface barrier. The ultimate failure of the specimen occurs as a result of the decalcification of the calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H), and its conversion to magnesium silicate hydrate (M-S-H), after prolonged exposure to the solution. The effects of using various admixtures, and of changing the experimental variables such as the temperature and concentration of the solution, are also summarized in this paper. Models for the mechanism of the attack resulting from sodium and magnesium sulfate solutions will be presented in Part 2.
Rental Housing Assistance and Health: Evidence From the Survey of Income and Program Participation

Interest in the health impacts of renter housing assistance has grown in the wake of heated national discussions on health care and social welfare spending. Assistance may improve renters’ health b...