cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Article III Judicial Power, the Adverse-Party Requirement, and Non-Contentious Jurisdiction

The jurisprudence of Article III has so far failed to confront a fundamental tension in the theory of adverse parties. On the one hand, Article III has been said to limit the federal courts to the resolution of concrete disputes between adverse parties, one of whom traces her injury to the other’s conduct. On the other hand, Congress has repeatedly conferred power on the federal courts to hear ex parte proceedings that feature no opponent at all. Such proceedings call upon the federal courts to play an inquisitorial role that has seemed hard to square with the nation’s commitment to an adversary system. In this article, we offer a catalog of ex parte proceedings and the first general theory of how those proceedings fit within our largely adversarial federal judicial system. We argue that Article III embraces two kinds of judicial power: that over disputes between adverse parties, which was known in Roman and civil law as "contentious" jurisdiction, and that over ex parte and other non-contentious proceedings, which was described in Roman and civil law as voluntary or "non-contentious" jurisdiction. Non-contentious jurisdiction allows a party to seek a binding determination of a claim of right in the absence of an adverse opponent; it was incorporated into such familiar bodies of civil law as equity, admiralty, and ecclesiastical practice and promptly introduced into the federal judicial practice of the early Republic. It was non-contentious jurisdiction that allowed the federal courts to entertain such familiar ex parte proceedings as applications for naturalization, administrative proceedings in bankruptcy jurisdiction, guilty pleas and ex parte warrant applications, and to conduct inquisitorial proceedings in connection with the entry of default judgments. Apart from casting doubt on the view that Article III embeds an unyielding constitutional requirement of adverse parties, the construct of non-contentious jurisdiction requires that we re-consider the injury-in-fact test of standing doctrine as well as the underpinnings of such judicial power standards as Hayburn’s Case and Tutun v. United States. Non-contentious jurisdiction also sheds new light on Article III’s elusive case-controversy distinction. Finally, by offering a theoretical account of practices that many view as aberrations in the exercise of federal judicial power, our examination of non-contentious jurisdiction better situates Article III within America’s broader legal inheritance.
Limit Theorems for Independent Random Variables

Prior discussion of the strong and weak laws of large numbers centered around the i.i.d. case. Necessary and sufficient conditions for the weak law are available when the underlying random variables are merely independent and have recently been obtained for the strong law as well. Unfortunately, the practicality of the latter conditions leaves much to be desired.
Survivability in Wireless Sensor Networks

Summary form only given. In this paper we survey the issues and concerns surrounding the deployment and maintenance of wireless sensor networks. Research focuses on several distinct areas affecting survivability: 1) power, 2) network/node destruction and repair, and 3) network security. Areas of concern are identified and currently proposed solutions are reviewed. Areas of research targeted at addressing survivability are identified. Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have a wide variety of potential applications in agricultural, environmental monitoring, homeland security, safety, medical, and military applications, to name a few. The reliance on these WSNs often causes their presence to be mission critical. For this reason, it is vital that these sensor networks remain viable. This paper focuses on the different types of risks inherit in the environment that may cause either a sensor node or entire WSN to fail and the current approaches suggested for addressing these risks. In addition, this paper examines the survivability of nodes and data from a network viewpoint where the nodes are not physically affected but may be attacked by various means of denial-of-service, compromise, or some related detrimental effect. The definition that has been proposed for network survivability is, "the ability of a network to accomplish its purpose, in a timely manner, in light of threats, attacks, or failures". As one can see from the definition, the emphasis focuses on the continued functioning of the network regardless of the type of threat. For traditional computer networks, security and physical redundancy are employed in an effort to assure survivability. Weaknesses have been identified, particularly in the last-mile of a network where damage to the physical network prevents its continued availability. Options, like the use of wireless line-of-site connectivity, are often employed to provide redundancy and thereby, aid in making the network survivable. Wireless sensor networks, because of their potential for physical isolation, may be more vulnerable to attack. In addition, due to their characteristic low processor capability, WSNs do not have the capacity to utilize sophisticated anti-intrusion prevention technologies. Creating ways to detect and prevent threats do not, in themselves, help to determine whether a network will be able to operate during an attack. Mobile wireless networks present problems to survivability because of user mobility and free access. Mobile networks are also at risk during software upgrades. Network management tools that operate and maintain modern systems can be plagued with problems, creating an additional point for failure. Two distinct categories of survivability are: 1) information access and 2) end-to-end communication. These requirements apply to all of the networking layers. Building upon these two requirement categories, we examine the cause of WSN failure, both hardware and software based, and then identify means by which survivability may be supported
Avian Influenza in China: Consumer Perception of AI and their Willingness to Pay for Traceability Labeling

Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) or “bird flu” is a contagious animal disease caused by avian influenza viruses (CDC 2007). The HPAI virus spreads rapidly. In particular, the H5N1 subtype of the influenza virus causes a high mortality rate among infected birds (up to 90–100% within 48 h) (CDC 2007; OIE 2008).
Revisiting Bordin's Theory on the Therapeutic Alliance: Implications for Family Therapy

Because of the belief that relationships are a major contributor to problems as well as the avenue for bringing about change, the alliance between therapists and clients is important in family therapy. Writings and ideas on the therapeutic alliance from psychoanalytic theory were used by Edward Bordin to develop a working theory in 1979, and later adapted to the field of family therapy. However, the adaptation did not account for many variables unique and important to family therapy. This article describes the therapeutic alliance and the necessity of creating a theory of therapeutic alliance that accounts for family therapy concepts. Future ideas for scholarship are presented.
Vitamin K and Bone Health in Older Adults

Vitamin K is one of several nutrients that have been linked with bone health. In particular, there is an emerging literature regarding the questionable efficacy of vitamin K supplementation in reducing age-related bone loss. This review aims to summarize the role of vitamin K in bone health in older adults and discuss the clinical implications from a select few human studies. The evidence for vitamin K supplementation in older adults is mixed. Although the observational studies have shown linkages between vitamin K intake and lower risk of fractures in this population, the current evidence from randomized controlled trials is not strongly supportive of vitamin K supplementation in older adults for the intent of improving bone health.
Development, validation, and dissemination of a simulated case-based diabetes learning tool for primary care residents and providers.

Methods Nineteen primary care residency programs, with 341 volunteer residents in all post-graduate years (PGY), were randomly assigned to a SimDE intervention group or control group (CG). The web-based interactive educational intervention utilized computerized virtual patients who responded to provider actions through programmed simulation models. Eighteen distinct learning cases (L-cases) were assigned to SimDE residents over 6 months. Impact was assessed using performance on four virtual assessment cases (A-cases), an objective knowledge test, and pre-post changes in diabetes knowledge and self-assessed confidence. Generalized linear mixed models were used to control for clustering of residents and baseline differences in knowledge.
30 Intervening Effectively with Juvenile Offenders: Answers from Meta-Analysis

A general critique of the injustices characterizing juvenile corrections became focused on the empirical effectiveness of rehabilitation programs, with the claim being made that “nothing works” to reform wayward youths. The statistical technique of meta-analysis played a crucial role in arbitrating this debate. Most prominently conducted by Mark Lipsey, meta-analytic studies revealed that deterrence or punishment-oriented interventions do not work, but that human service or treatment programs do work. In particular, programs implemented with therapeutic integrity and that conform the principles of the Risk-Need-Responsibility (RNR) Model reduce recidivism the most. Research knowledge gained from meta-analysis should be used to develop and implement evidence-based interventions. Broad public support exists for rehabilitative efforts to save juvenile offenders from a life in crime.
When There Are No Inpatient Beds: Providing Pediatric Critical Care for Trauma Patients in the Emergency Department

The continued growth in emergency department (ED) use combined with limited inpatient bed availability often leads to boarding of patients needing inpatient or intensive care unit admission in the ED. Emergency department personnel are experienced in the rapid assessment of trauma patients but may be less prepared or comfortable with providing ongoing management of trauma patients, especially critically injured pediatric patients. This article reviews management principles of traumatic brain injury, mechanical ventilation, and shock in the pediatric trauma patient and is intended to guide ED management of these patients until they can be transferred to an appropriate level of inpatient care.
The inhibitory activity of serum to prevent bacterial adhesion is mainly due to apo‐transferrin

A marked, up to 5-fold, reduction in bacterial adhesion to Tecoflex® polyurethane (PU) surfaces was observed in the presence of bovine/human serum or plasma at 0.5% or higher concentrations in the medium. Further investigation of the phenomenon resulted in identification, isolation, and characterization of the serum component with the ability to significantly reduce bacterial adhesion. Upon fractionation of bovine serum by an anion exchange chromatography, protein pools were made and analyzed by immunoelectrophoresis and by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of SDS and were examined for their effect on the adhesion of Staphylococcus epidermidis to PU surfaces. The pool exhibiting a significant inhibitory effect was subjected to further biochemical tests, which resulted in the identification of transferrin (Tf) as its predominant protein. Bacterial adhesion studies in the presence of purified Tf revealed that holo-Tf (iron-containing form) had no influence on bacterial adhesion at any concentration. Only apo-Tf (iron-lacking form) exerted the inhibitory effect, in a dose responsive manner at concentrations of 10 μg/mL or higher. Bacteria remained viable when suspended at the low apo-Tf concentrations, sufficient to prevent bacterial adhesion. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 66A: 21–28, 2003
Diagnostic and therapeutic arterial interventions in the ulcerated diabetic foot

Whether diabetic foot ulcerations arise from an amalgam of neuro-ischemic factors or because of arterial occlusive disease alone, the arterial circulation must be thoroughly evaluated. Clinical evaluation is foremost, butnumerous non-invasive diagnostic options such as duplex ultrasonography and MRA are often enlisted. Contrast arteriography remains unrivaled for delineating the causative occlusive lesions and the possibilities for arterial reconstruction. The principal revascularizations, in our experience, are (1) pedal bypass with autogenous conduits and (2) iliacafemoral endarterectomy. Nearly all diabetic patients (>90%) and a majority of diabetic patients on hemodialysis are candidates for arterial reconstruction, with a resulting three-year limb-salvage rate of 85 to 90%. No matter how good the foot care and the off-loading is, the arterial lesion(s) (5) must be repaired in the overwhelming majority of patients to achieve sustained healing. Unfortunately the five-year survival of these diabetic patients is usually <50%.
Managerial intensity, firm size and growth

Thirty years ago Edith Penrose proposed that managerial resources will grow at a rate somewhat faster than that of the size of the firm. With available data, the Penrose Hypothesis and an alternative steady-state hypothesis are tested, using simple econometric models involving managerial intensity, firm (industry) size and growth. The steady-state hypothesis is accepted for the recent data and the Penrose Hypothesis is accepted for the earlier data. Policy issues are then discussed.
Management and outcomes of cardiac tamponade during atrial fibrillation ablation in the presence of therapeutic anticoagulation with warfarin

Background Cardiac tamponade (CT) is a possible complication of radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFCA) of atrial fibrillation (AF). Although the incidence of CT is not higher when RFCA is performed with a therapeutic international normalized ratio (INR), outcomes of CT are unclear. Objective We compared outcomes among patients with and without a therapeutic INR who developed CT as a complication of RFCA of AF. Methods The subjects of this retrospective study were 40 consecutive patients who developed CT during RFCA of AF at 3 centers. We divided the patients into 2 groups: RFCA performed with INR Results Baseline clinical and procedure characteristics were not different between the 2 groups. Heparin was reversed by protamine in 83% and 94% of patients (P = .37), and warfarin was reversed by fresh frozen plasma or factor VIIa in 17% and 35% of patients (P = .27) in groups 1 and 2, respectively. All patients were successfully treated by percutaneous drainage, and none required surgical intervention. There were no significant differences in the amount of initial pericardial drainage (523 ± 349 ml vs. 409 ± 157 ml, P = .22) or the duration of drainage (P = .14) between the 2 groups. All patients survived to hospital discharge. Median length of hospital stay was 2 days longer in group 1 (P Conclusion Cardiac tamponade is not more severe or difficult to manage in the presence of therapeutic anticoagulation with warfarin in patients undergoing RFCA of AF.
Blind Channel Equalization with Colored Source Based on Constrained Optimization Methods

Tsatsanis and Xu have applied the constrained minimum output variance (CMOV) principle to directly blind equalize a linear channel—a technique that has proven effective with white inputs. It is generally assumed in the literature that their CMOV method can also effectively equalize a linear channel with a colored source. In this paper, we prove that colored inputs will cause the equalizer to incorrectly converge due to inadequate constraints. We also introduce a new blind channel equalizer algorithm that is based on the CMOV principle, but with a different constraint that will correctly handle colored sources. Our proposed algorithm works for channels with either white or colored inputs and performs equivalently to the trained minimum mean-square error (MMSE) equalizer under high SNR. Thus, our proposed algorithm may be regarded as an extension of the CMOV algorithm proposed by Tsatsanis and Xu. We also introduce several methods to improve the performance of our introduced algorithm in the low SNR condition. Simulation results show the superior performance of our proposed methods.
Carotenoid‐deficient maize seedlings fail to accumulate light‐harvesting chlorophyll a/b binding protein (LHCP) mRNA

Yellow leaves of chlorophyll-deficient seedlings and white leaves of Carotenoid deficient seedlings contain no detectable light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b binding proteins (LHCP). Chlorophyll-deficient leaves contain plastids which are arrested in development prior to chloroplast formation [Mascia, P. N. and Robertson, D. S. (1978) Planta (Berl.) 143, 207–211] while carotenoid-deficient leaves contain plastids which are arrested in development at a rudimentary stage [Bachmann, M. D., Robertson, D. S., Bowen, C. C., and Anderson, I. C. (1967) J. Ultrastruc. Res. 21, 41–60]. Chlorophyll-deficient leaves have normal levels of nuclear-encoded LHCP mRNA while carotenoid-deficient leaves contain only trace amounts of LHCP mRNA. Similar results were obtained with carotenoid deficiences caused by nuclear gene mutations and by treatment with the herbicide norflurazon which blocks carotenoid biosynthesis. We conclude that events at early stages of plastid development influence the accumulation of a nuclear-encoded mRNA.
Children and Adults Integrate Talker and Verb Information in Online Processing.

Children seem able to efficiently interpret a variety of linguistic cues during speech comprehension, yet have difficulty interpreting sources of nonlinguistic and paralinguistic information that accompany speech. The current study asked whether (paralinguistic) voice-activated role knowledge is rapidly interpreted in coordination with a linguistic cue (a sentential action) during speech comprehension in an eye-tracked sentence comprehension task with children (ages 3-10 years) and college-aged adults. Participants were initially familiarized with 2 talkers who identified their respective roles (e.g., PRINCESS and PIRATE) before hearing a previously introduced talker name an action and object ("I want to hold the sword," in the pirate's voice). As the sentence was spoken, eye movements were recorded to 4 objects that varied in relationship to the sentential talker and action (target: SWORD, talker-related: SHIP, action-related: WAND, and unrelated: CARRIAGE). The task was to select the named image. Even young child listeners rapidly combined inferences about talker identity with the action, allowing them to fixate on the target before it was mentioned, although there were developmental and vocabulary differences on this task. Results suggest that children, like adults, store real-world knowledge of a talker's role and actively use this information to interpret speech.
Chromatic Numbers of Cayley Graphs on Z and Recurrence

In 1987 Paul Erdős asked me if the Cayley graph defined on Z by a lacunary sequence has necessarily a finite chromatic number. Below is my answer, delivered to him on the spot but never published, and some additional remarks. The key is the interpretation of the question in terms of return times of dynamical systems.
Minimal clinical benefit of single agent Orathecin (Rubitecan) in heavily pretreated metastatic breast cancer

Purpose: The purpose of this phase II study was to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of Orathecin, an oral camptothecin analog that has exhibited antitumor activity in breast cancer patients during preclinical studies. Methods: Sixteen patients with metastatic breast cancer previously treated with anthracycline and taxane were utilized in the study. Orathecin was administered orally at 1.5 mg/m2 /day for the first five consecutive days of the cycle followed by 2 days of rest on a 7-day schedule. The end points of the study were efficacy and toxicity. Results: The median age of the patients was 51 years (range, 35–73). Eight patients (50%) had multiple disease sites, and nine patients (56%) received more than three chemotherapy regimens. All patients were evaluated for toxicity, three patients were removed from the study for toxicity or disease progression prior to 8 weeks and were thus not evaluated for efficacy. The median follow-up was 110 days (range, 15–554). There were no responses to treatment. Five of the 13 evaluable patients (38%) had stable disease, eight (61%) had progressive disease. Most adverse events were mild to moderate in intensity. The median time to progression (TTP) for evaluable patients was 109 days (range, 56–374 days) (lower 95% C.I., 57 days). The median survival time was 272 days (lower 95% C.I., 209 days). Conclusions: Orathecin at the dose and regimen used in this study resulted in no objective tumor responses for this heavily pretreated population. Accurate risk stratification strategies can improve patients‘ selection and contribute to determine the appropriate benefit of therapies in MBC.
Constraints on the interactions between dark matter and baryons from the x-ray quantum calorimetry experiment

Although the rocket-based x-ray quantum calorimetry (XQC) experiment was designed for x-ray spectroscopy, the minimal shielding of its calorimeters, its low atmospheric overburden, and its low-threshold detectors make it among the most sensitive instruments for detecting or constraining strong interactions between dark matter particles and baryons. We use Monte Carlo simulations to obtain the precise limits the XQC experiment places on spin-independent interactions between dark matter and baryons, improving upon earlier analytical estimates. We find that the XQC experiment rules out a wide range of nucleon-scattering cross sections centered around 1 b for dark matter particles with masses between 0.01 and ${10}^{5}\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{GeV}$. Our analysis also provides new constraints on cases where only a fraction of the dark matter strongly interacts with baryons.
Vibrational relaxation at surfaces

Time-resolved techniques are applied to issues of vibrational energy transfer at surfaces. Primary attention is given to the relaxation of vibrationally excited diatomic adsorbates on metals. The sensitivity of the vibrational decay rate to the number of metal atoms in the solid is demonstrated. Preliminary results for the transient response of CO on Pt(111) are also reported. This latter measurement demonstrates the recently developed capability of monitoring adsorbate energy transfer processes at well defined surface sites. The observations appear to be consistent with relaxation through the excitation of electron/hole pairs in the substrate.
The modified fontan operation: An analysis of risk factors for early postoperative death or takedown in 702 consecutive patients from one institution

Abstract To better understand risk factors associated with early postoperative death or failure, we reviewed our entire experience with 702 consecutive patients who had the modified Fontan operation at the Mayo Clinic between October 1973 and December 1989. The event rate for takedown of repair or death during the initial hospitalization or within 30 days of the operation was 14.8% (successful takedown of the repair, n = 6; death, n = 98). To identify variables associated with early death or Fontan takedown, we analyzed 33 clinical and hemodynamic variables in a univariate and multivariate manner. On the basis of a stepwise logistic discriminant analysis, patients who were younger and operated on before 1980 with a higher preoperative pulmonary artery mean pressure, asplenia, higher intraoperative (after Fontan operation) right atrial pressure, longer aortic crossclamp time, and pulmonary artery ligation were more likely to have the outcome event of interest ( p values p = 0.002), but was no more predictive than the preoperative pulmonary artery mean pressure. Variables less predictive of the outcome event in this analysis included multiple prior operations, polysplenia syndrome, complex anatomy other than asplenia syndrome, and systemic atrioventricular valve regurgitation. These results represent the largest single-institution review of the Fontan operation and suggest that some anatomic and hemodynamic variables previously predictive of poor early outcome have been nullified by current operative methods. (J THORAC CARDIOVASC SURG 1995;109:1237-43)
Dynamik der Biomoleküle

Biomolekule und Festkorper — Beispiel einer Untersuchung: Myoglobin — Ein Modell — Vorgange am aktiven Zentrum — Der Bindungsprozes — Schlusbemerkung.
Aging and the myelinated fibers in prefrontal cortex and corpus callosum of the monkey.

In the rhesus monkey, the myelin sheaths of nerve fibers in area 46 of prefrontal cortex and in splenium of the corpus callosum show age-related alterations in their structure. The alterations are of four basic types. Most common is splitting of the dense line of myelin sheaths to accommodate electron dense cytoplasm derived from the oligodendroglia. Less common are splits of the intraperiod line to form balloons or blisters that appear to contain fluid, the occurrence of sheaths with redundant myelin, and thick sheaths that are almost completely split so that one set of compact lamellae is surrounded by another set. But despite these alterations in the sheaths, few nerve fibers show axonal degeneration. To quantify the frequency of the age-related alterations in myelin, transversely sectioned nerve fibers from the splenium of the corpus callosum and from the vertical bundles of nerve fibers within area 46 were examined in electron photomicrographs. The material was taken from 19 monkeys, ranging between 5 and 35 years of age. It was found that the frequency of alterations in myelin sheaths from both locations correlates significantly with age. In area 46, the age-related alterations also significantly correlate (P < 0.001) with an overall assessment of impairment in cognition, i.e., the cognitive impairment index, displayed by individual monkeys. The correlation is also significant when only the old monkeys are considered as a group. A similar result was obtained previously in our examination of the effects of age on the myelin sheaths of nerve fibers in primary visual cortex (Peters et al. [2000] J Comp Neurol. 419:364-376). However, in the corpus callosum the myelin alterations correlate significantly with only one component of the cognitive impairment index, namely the delayed nonmatching to sample task with a 2-minute delay. It is proposed that age-related myelin alterations are ubiquitous and that the correlations between their frequency and impairments in cognition occur because the conduction velocity along the affected nerve fibers is reduced, so that the normal timing sequences within neuronal circuits break down.
Hybridization Tests: A Method for Establishing Biosystematic Statuses of Cryptic Species of Some Parasitic Hymenoptera

Results of experimental hybridization between 3 morphologically identical populations of Aphytis Howard (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) which would key to A. maculicornis (Masi) by any conventional systematic analysis, are presented. These 3 populations do not interbreed to any extent under normal conditions, but would do so to a very limited extent in the laboratory by manipulated use of female and male sex pheromones, indicating that gene flow, though possible, is extremely rare and usually prevented by means of ethological isolating mechanisms. Although they can produce occasional viable and fertile hybrids in the laboratory, this apparently is effectively prevented in nature, so should these 3 populations occur sympatrically, they would be expected to maintain their distinctness. It is suggested that these siblings be regarded as distinct biological species with respect to one another. This may be particularly important for practical biological control considerations. The significance of experimental hybridization is emphasized as being a very effective tool in the hands of workers in biological control as well as of biosystematicians to deal with similar situations in other parasitic Hymenoptera.
Contributions of diurnal and nocturnal insects to the pollination of common milkweed (Asclepias syriaca L.) in a pollen-limited system.

Milkweed (Asclepias syriaca L.: Asclepiadaceae) flowers exposed only to diurnal pollinators (primarily bumble bees, Bombus spp.) matured about eight times as many pods as did flowers exposed only to nocturnal visitors (moths). Rates of pollinaria removal and pollinia insertion were similarly higher during the day than at night. Moths deposited a much lower proportion of their pollinia in stigmatic chambers (one-fifth) than did diurnal pollinators. In spite of the poor service provided by nocturnal pollinators, flowers produced four times as much nectar at night as at day, and sugar production (sucrose equivalents) at night was twice that of the daytime.Supplemental hand pollinations doubled the production of mature pods, indicating normal pollinia limitation. Mature pod production of clones within a 5-km diameter varied between 0.1 and 3.5 per flowering stem, and numbers of pollinia vectors at these clones were closely correlated with numbers of mature pods produced.Pollinia-limited clones should thus attract both diurnal and nocturnal pollinators, if costs are not too extreme. Pollinia-limitation should decrease selection for pollinator specialization, especially if the relative importance of different pollinators varies over time, as in this study.
Restoration of Degraded Video Through Turbulent Atmosphere

The optical effects of atmospheric turbulence arise from random inhomogeneities in the temperature distribution of the atmosphere. As the consequence of these temperature inhomogeneities, the index of refraction distribution of the atmosphere is random and evolves with time. For distant objects being viewed through a sensor, atmospheric turbulence can make those still objects appear blurred and the time-varying nature of this turbulence can make the objects appear to waver in a slow quasi-periodic fashion. This phenomenon greatly hinders accurate target detection, tracking, classification, and identification. Current post image processing approach to mitigating this problem assumes space- and time-invariant point spread function (PSF) of the degradation procedure for simplicity and mathematical tractability. Aimed at this limitation, this paper presents a bind source separation based algorithm that can accommodate the space- and time- variant nature of atmospheric turbulence. The preliminary result demonstrates its effectiveness and simplicity in the restoration of videos degraded by atmospheric turbulence.
A Micropipette Which Allows in Situ Perfusion of Arterioles and Capillaries

Abstract In order to investigate capillary physiology, a glass micropipette system was developed that allowed in situ perfusion of microvessels as well as rapid changes of perfusion solutions. Theta tube (WPI, Inc.; 1.5-mm o.d. glass stock capillary tubing which is divided into two hemicylindrical sides by a central glass septum) was pulled to a smaller diameter of approx 300-600 μm and inserted into the shank of a sharpened cannulating micropipette tip constructed from large-bore glass stock (1.6 mm i.d.). The resulting dead volume between the end of the Theta supply tube and the tip of the outer cannulating tip was approximately 90 nl. The perfusate was driven in a circuit from a pressurized feed reservoir down one side of the Theta supply tube pipette and back through the second side into a reservoir maintained at a lower pressure. The pressure gradient between the two reservoirs established a high-volume flow rate and subsequently a short perfusate transit time from the feed to the collection reservoir. The average pressure in the two reservoirs determined the pressure which drove the perfusate from the cannulating tip. At normal pressures and flows, the time required to change perfusion fluid composition at the pipette tip was less than 1 min, and discharge hematocrit of a red blood cell suspension was indistinguishable from the hematocrit measured in the feed reservoir. This pipette perfusion system should facilitate the investigation of a variety of physiological issues, including the causes of the normally low and variable capillary hematocrit and the effect of variations in the composition of suspending medium used to perfuse the capillaries and, further, would permit selected sites in the terminal vasculature to be perfused with materials which will label specific capillary networks in situ.
Pd-Ni electrocatalysts for efficient ethanol oxidation reaction in alkaline electrolyte

Abstract PdxNiy/C catalysts with high ethanol oxidation reaction (EOR) activity in alkaline solution have been prepared through a solution phase-based nanocapsule method. XRD and TEM show PdxNiy nanoparticles with a small average diameter (2.4–3.2 nm) and narrow size distribution (1–6 nm) were homogeneously dispersed on carbon black XC-72 support. The EOR onset potential on Pd4Ni5/C (−801 mV vs. Hg/HgO) was observed shifted 180 mV more negative than that of Pd/C. Its exchange current density was 33 times higher than that of Pd/C (41.3 × 10−7 A/cm2 vs. 1.24 × 10−7 A/cm2). After a 10,000-s chronoamperometry test at −0.5 V (vs Hg/HgO), the EOR mass activity of Pd2Ni3/C survived at 1.71 mA/mg, while that of Pd/C had dropped to 0, indicating PdxNiy/C catalysts have a better ’detoxification’ ability for EOR than Pd/C. We propose that surface Ni could promote refreshing Pd active sites, thus enhancing the overall ethanol oxidation kinetics. The nanocapsule method is able to not only control over the diameter and size distribution of Pd–Ni particles, but also facilitate the formation of more efficient contacts between Pd and Ni on the catalyst surface, which is the key to improving the EOR activity.
PSF Engineering to Reduce the Impact of Depth-Induced Aberrations on Wide-field Microscopy Imaging

We evaluated different phase mask designs for PSF engineering using wavefront encoding, to reduce the impact of depth-induced aberrations, due to refractive index mismatch, on 3D computational wide-field microscopy imaging with high NA lenses.
A Tropical Rainforest in Colorado 1.4 Million Years After the Cretaceous-Tertiary Boundary

An extremely diverse lower Paleocene (64.1 million years ago) fossil leaf site from Castle Rock, Colorado, contains fossil litter that is similar to the litter of extant equatorial rainforests. The presence of a high-diversity tropical rainforest is unexpected, because other Paleocene floras are species-poor, a feature generally attributed to the Cretaceous-Tertiary (K-T) extinction. The site occurs on the margin of the Denver Basin in synorogenic sedimentary rocks associated with the rise of the Laramide Front Range. Orographic conditions caused by local topography, combined with equable climate, appear to have allowed for the establishment of rainforests within 1.4 million years of the K-T boundary.
Amino Organo Alkoxysilanes in Organic Solvents for Promoting Adhesion of Polyimide Films to Silicon Substrates

Abstract In this study of silane adhesion promoters for coupling polyimide films to clean silicon dioxide surfaces the adhesion values obtained with three amino organo trialkoxysilanes and with several solvents for these silanes were compared. When applied from aqueous solution the silanes with primary amino groups gave higher adhesion values, as measured by a peel test, than did one having only a secondary amino group; however, when applied from organic solvents all three were effective. The highest values for all of the solvents tested were obtained with N-(2-aminoethyl)-3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane. A fundamental discussion is presented to rationalize the differences.
Labor and Environment in Egypt since 1500

Taking the long view, this article analyzes how the expanding power of Egyptian elites, and the emergent commercial agriculture they sponsored, forever changed the rural labor practices of peasant cultivators and their relationships to environmental resources. From the Ottoman conquest of Egypt in 1517 until the second half of the eighteenth century, Egyptian farmers initiated and oversaw the construction and repair of small-scale irrigation and other infrastructural works in their local environments. They controlled how and when their labor was used. At the end of the eighteenth century, rural labor in Egypt dramatically changed. It became coerced, required the large-scale movement of peasant laborers, resulted in enormous environmental manipulation, and was often deadly. This article thus explains how forced labor, deleterious environmental exploitation, extractive economics, and population movements emerged at the end of the eighteenth century and how they have come to characterize the relationship between work and the environment in rural Egypt from that period until today.
Measurements and modeling of nonlocal resistance in the fractional quantum Hall effect.

recently, we have reported the observation of nonlocal resistance in the regime of the fractional quantum Hall effect (FQHE) that clearly demonstrates edge-state conduction over macroscopic distances. In this paper we present measurements of nonlocal resistance with variations of sample geometry, magnetic-field direction, temperature, and applied current. from our results we formulate a picture of transport in the FQHE regime via coexisting edge and bulk states. Scattering of edge currents is largely suppressed over distances of ∼1 mm at low temperatures. Edge currents are partially redistributed into the bulk at Ohmic contacts on the sample periphery
Rubidium-strontium, uranium, and thorium-lead dating of lunar material.

Rubidiuom and stronztiulm concentrations and strontium isotopic compositions have been measutred on whole rock samples and density fractions of microgabbro. Density fractionis on two rocks define isochrons of 3400 and 4500 million years with large uincertainties owing to low enrichment of radiogenic strontium. Lead from fine surface material is highly radiogenic. An age of 4750 million years has been calculated from the ratio of 207Pb/206Pb. The concentrations of uiranium, thorium, and lead isotopes are consistent with the evolution of lead in a 4700-million-year-old closed system characterized by the ratios of uranium to lead and of thoriunm to lead in this sutrface material.
Isolation, purification and characteristics of mononuclear phagocytes from human placentas.

Methods for the isolation of mononuclear phagocytes from human placentas by digestion with collagenase or with trypsin are described. Mononuclear phagocytes were ~35% of the cells obtained. Preparations were enriched for mononuclear phagocytes by sequential density gradient centrifugation over Ficoll-Hypaque and Percoll, adherence to plastic and removal of contaminating trophoblastic cells with brief trypsin exposure. Monolayers obtained by these methods were > 85% mononuclear phagocytes. These cells were predominantly of fetal origin; most were mature macrophages but up to 20% appeared to be recently derived from blood monocytes as determined by ultrastructural peroxidase cytochemistry.
Corrosion Behavior of Single‐Crystal Alumina in Argon, Air, and Water Vapor Atmospheres at 1700‐2000°C

The results for the corrosion of alumina single crystals at 1700-2000°C in argon, argon/water vapor, air, and air/water vapor for 10 h are reported. There were no obvious weight and volume changes after corrosion. White spots were observed on the surfaces of the specimens after corrosion tests. The initial temperature for the appearance of these white spots was 1800°C for argon and air, 1900°C for argon/water vapor, and 2000°C for air/water vapor. These white spots were likely formed by internal impurities, which diffused outward to the surface and coalesced at high temperatures. There was no evidence of corrosion damage inside the specimens. The flexural strength of the specimens was clearly enhanced after the corrosion tests and showed no evident relation to the corrosion conditions. This increase in strength after corrosion was likely due to the healing of surface machining flaws. The surface flaw healing temperature for alumina crystals was higher than 1400°C.
Sonographic classification of intracranial hemorrhage. A prognostic indicator of mortality, morbidity, and short-term neurologic outcome

Sixty-two neonates diagnosed to have periventricular-intraventricular hemorrhage were classified by sonographic findings as follows: mild , confined to the subependymal region or accompanied by a small amount of blood in the normal-sized lateral ventricle (10); moderate , intermediate amount of blood in the enlarged lateral ventricle (26); and severe , hemorrhage filling the entire ventricle forming a cast (12) or intraventricular hemorrhage with an intracerebral extension (14). Twenty-six of 35 surviving neonates had posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus, and 11 infants required shunt insertion. The survival rate of neonates with periventricular-intraventricular hemorrhage and the incidence of posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus correlated with the severity of the hemorrhage ( P P P
Application of the Potentiometric Method to the Study of Solubilization by Ionic Surfactants

The potentiometric method is applied to the study of the solubilization of benzoic acid by an ionic surfactant, sodium dodecyl sulfate. It is shown that the method is of value in evaluating the antimicrobial activity of acidic preservatives in surfactant solutions. Solubilization by ionic surfactants appears to be basically similar to solubilization by nonionic surfactants.
Effect of iso-antibody on pre-implantation mouse embryos.

MAMMALIAN embryos inherit paternal as well as maternal histocompatibility genes, and are thus antigenically foreign to the maternal tissues in all except the most highly inbred strains of laboratory animals. In spite of these genetic differences, mammalian reproduction is remarkably successful, and several theories have been advanced to account for this. One of the earliest suggestions was that of Little1, who, in 1924, advanced the hypothesis that the embryo is not recognizably foreign to the mother.
A Community Psychology of Men and Masculinity: Historical and Conceptual Review

This paper introduces the special section by presenting a historical and conceptual review of theory and research on the psychology of men and masculinity and then introducing the section’s papers. Men have power because of their gender, but differ in access to power based on other individual characteristics such as social class, income, education, ethnicity, sexual orientation, or physical strength. Men typically have been studied as generic rather than gendered beings in psychology. In contrast, a gendered analysis of men highlights the ways in which men’s experience, masculinity, and behavior contribute to health and social problems and to resources commonly addressed by community psychologists. Our gendered analysis suggests ways of working with men in group, organizational, and community settings to create positive individual and social change. Crucial to this analysis is the paradox that enacting masculinity both privileges and damages men. A second paradox stems from men having power as a group over women while individual men feel powerless or victimized by women as a group. The papers in this volume illustrate key themes of our historical and conceptual review through studies of adolescent and adult men as fathers, patients, partner abusers, support group participants and community members, and through examination of the impact of their gendered identities and behavior on health, well being, and justice.
Hematometra complicating hormone replacement therapy after radiation for cervical carcinoma.

Hematometra developed in a patient recieving sequential estrogen-progestogen hormone replacement therapy following radiation for cervical carcinoma. Diagnosis, treatment and therapeutic recommendations are discussed.
Update on treatment of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW Cutaneous T-cell lymphomas (CTCLs) are a heterogenous group of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas characterized by atypical, skin-homing T lymphocytes and have varying prognoses depending on subtype and disease stage. Numerous therapeutic options exist; however, many patients experience refractory disease and novel treatments are needed. RECENT FINDINGS This review will highlight selected advances in CTCL treatment over the past year (2007-2008). Discoveries regarding the pathophysiology of mycosis fungoides and Sezary syndrome, the two most common CTCL types, have led to an expansion of new treatments and an increase in experience with multimodality therapy continues to increase. A number of reports have examined both combination regimens of currently available CTCL therapies as well as treatments approved for other dermatologic or oncologic conditions. Also, several novel skin-directed treatments and systemic compounds have been studied in all CTCL stages as well as in treatment-refractory disease. SUMMARY There remains a continued impetus to develop and amass experience with new therapeutic options for CTCL, particularly for patients with advanced stage and treatment-refractory disease.
Using noble gases to investigate mountain-front recharge

Mountain-front recharge is a major component of recharge to inter-mountain basin-fill aquifers. The two components of mountain-front recharge are (1) subsurface inflow from the mountain block (subsurface inflow), and (2) infiltration from perennial and ephemeral streams near the mountain front (stream seepage). The magnitude of subsurface inflow is of central importance in source protection planning for basin-fill aquifers and in some water rights disputes, yet existing estimates carry large uncertainties. Stable isotope ratios can indicate the magnitude of mountain-front recharge relative to other components, but are generally incapable of distinguishing subsurface inflow from stream seepage. Noble gases provide an effective tool for determining the relative significance of subsurface inflow, specifically. Dissolved noble gas concentrations allow for the determination of recharge temperature, which is correlated with recharge elevation. The nature of this correlation cannot be assumed, however, and must be derived for the study area. The method is applied to the Salt Lake Valley Principal Aquifer in northern Utah to demonstrate its utility. Samples from 16 springs and mine tunnels in the adjacent Wasatch Mountains indicate that recharge temperature decreases with elevation at about the same rate as the mean annual air temperature, but is on average about 2 8C cooler. Samples from 27 valley production wells yield recharge elevations ranging from the valley elevation (about 1500 m) to mid-mountain elevation (about 2500 m). Only six of the wells have recharge elevations less than 1800 m. Recharge elevations consistently greater than 2000 m in the southeastern part of the basin indicate that subsurface inflow constitutes most of the total recharge in this area. q 2003 Published by Elsevier Science B.V.