cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Situationism and intellectual virtue: a Montessori perspective

In recent years, philosophers and psychologists have criticized character- or virtue-based normative theories on the basis that human behavior and cognition depend more on situation than on traits of character. This set of criticisms, which initially aimed at broadly Aristotelian virtue theories in ethics, has expanded to target a wide range of approaches in both ethics and, recently, epistemology. In this essay, I draw on the works of Maria Montessori to defend her conception of character and particularly of intellectual virtue in the light of situationist objections. I start with an overview of the situationist challenge before turning to some reasons to think that Montessori’s virtue epistemology might be susceptible to it. I then offer a brief discussion of Montessori’s approach to character. After laying out two ways that Montessori, like recent conservative defenses of virtue epistemology, deflates the significance of situationist findings, I show some ways that Montessori’s virtue epistemology resembles so-called “accommodationist” responses to situationism.
An undescribed fungus causing a root lot of Red Clover and other Leguminosae.

An undescribed fungus causing damping-off and root rot of various Leguminosae is described and placed in a new genus, Leptodiscus. The genus is distinguished by the production of small black sclero...
Connecting counterspaces and community cultural wealth in a professional development program

This qualitative study analyzes the relationship between two concepts from critical race theory – counterspaces and community cultural wealth. Counterspaces are supportive, identity-affirming commu...
Photoacoustic Ultrasound for Enhanced Contrast in Dental and Periodontal Imaging

Ultrasound is one of the most widely accessible imaging modalities but has yet to be adopted in clinical dentistry. Its utility for real-time analysis of soft and hard tissue interfaces can be augmented with optical excitation for photoacoustic ultrasound. Optical excitation enables contrast based on the characteristic absorption properties of tissue. This diagnostic technique is currently being investigated for a number of potential oral applications: detection of caries, determination of pulp vitality, measurement of periodontal pockets, and monitoring implant status. This chapter introduces the imaging modality for a dental readership while reviewing the progress to date and discussing the future development of this field.
Moving Beyond Stuck: A Design-Based Approach to Enhancing Minority Tech Startup Launches.

Given that all of the US-based business owners ranking in the top 10 of the Forbes billionaires list helped found technology-based companies, tech entrepreneurship presents an almost unmatched potential for social mobility for company founders. Unfortunately, Black entrepreneurs in technology-based businesses receive less than 1% of the venture capital in the US. “Stuck from the start,” is the characterization of the situation that Black entrepreneurs find themselves in while navigating the road to entrepreneurship (Myers and Chan 2017). The challenges faced by Black entrepreneurs stem from institutionalized racism (e.g., discriminatory lending), implicit biases, a lack of mentorship or connection to a larger network of business owners/investors (Fairlee and Robb 2008; Robb et al. 2014), a dearth of culturally-relevant curriculum, a lack of technical support, and other characteristics of the current entrepreneurial ecosystem. For the past three years, the Entrepreneurial Diversity in Information Technology (EDIT) has been iteratively refined to address some of the hurdles faced by Black tech startup founders; technical development, culturally-relevant curriculum, and targeted mentorship. With the ultimate goal of developing a scalable and sustainable model that can bring target communities into the tech-based entrepreneurial ecosystem across Florida, to date, EDIT has supported 43 Black founders in starting their entrepreneurship journey and assisted in the development of 25 technology-based startups. In this paper, we discuss the relevant background, the design-based research methodology utilized to refine the program, and the future directions for the program.
Challenges to Implementation of the Co-Curriculum in Accredited Pharmacy Programs.

Objective. To determine areas of concern and challenges/barriers to implementing and assessing the co-curriculum in accredited Doctor of Pharmacy programs, along with how confident programs are in their ability to meet the co-curriculum requirement as mandated by the Accreditation Council of Pharmacy Education (ACPE). Methods. A survey was administered to all ACPE-accredited pharmacy programs to collect information regarding areas of concern, challenges/barriers, and confidence in their ability to meet the co-curriculum requirement. The frequency of responses to items are presented, along with comparisons based on characteristics, including institution type, cohort size, most recent ACPE accreditation review, and supporting offices. Results. The most common concerns centered on the documentation and assessment process. The most commonly reported challenges/barriers were lack of enthusiasm or buy-in from faculty, staff, and students; lack of a clear definition of co-curriculum; and, faculty time and insufficient staff. Overall, programs had a high level of confidence in their ability to meet the requirements for co-curriculum. The only differences found were related to supporting offices and cohort size. Conclusion. The results suggest that having supporting offices may reduce the co-curriculum burden. Similarly, student cohort size may have an impact on the challenges/barriers, particularly programs with moderate sized cohorts reporting barriers related to faculty and staff. Further research is needed to determine how programs address these critical issues, and to explore if programs report differently on these areas after completing an accreditation review. The study results may be useful to members of the Academy when evaluating co-curriculum.
TL-NID: Deep Neural Network with Transfer Learning for Network Intrusion Detection

Network intrusion detection systems (NIDSs) play an essential role in the defense of computer networks by identifying a computer networks' unauthorized access and investigating potential security breaches. Traditional NIDSs encounters difficulties to combat newly created sophisticated and unpredictable security attacks. Hence, there is an increasing need for automatic intrusion detection solution that can detect malicious activities more accurately and prevent high false alarm rates (FPR). In this paper, we propose a novel network intrusion detection framework using a deep neural network based on the pretrained VGG-16 architecture. The framework, TL-NID (Transfer Learning for Network Intrusion Detection), is a two-step process where features are extracted in the first step, using VGG-16 pre-trained on ImageNet dataset and in the 2ndstep a deep neural network is applied to the extracted features for classification. We applied TL-NID on NSL-KDD, a benchmark dataset for network intrusion, to evaluate the performance of the proposed framework. The experimental results show that our proposed method can effectively learn from the NSL-KDD dataset with producing a realistic performance in terms of accuracy, precision, recall, and false alarm. This study also aims to motivate security researchers to exploit different state-of-the-art pre-trained models for network intrusion detection problems through valuable knowledge transfer.
Ecological consequences of Stony Coral Tissue Loss Disease in the Turks and Caicos Islands

Coral reefs are suffering global declines due to climate change, natural disasters, pollution, and diseases. Coral disease events have increased in frequency and severity in the past several decades and have nearly wiped out populations of some Caribbean coral species. Stony coral tissue loss disease (SCTLD) is a novel white plague that infects many species, is highly contagious, and causes rapid mortality. SCTLD was first documented in the Turks and Caicos Islands in 2019. This study described the trends in coral community composition, cover, richness, and diversity from 2012 to 2020 on the South Caicos fore reef, to contextualize the impact of the ongoing disease outbreak in 2020. Monitoring sites were assessed using photo quadrats along permanent transects and CPCe for analysis. Coral cover, richness, and diversity remained consistent from 2012 to 2018. Coral cover was significantly lower in 2020 after the outbreak (1.14% ± 0.65) than in any other year (2.97% ± 1.12%, mean 2012–2018), a 62% loss. Richness reached its lowest point and was significantly lower in 2020 (6.33 ± 1.37 taxa) than in all other years except for 2013 and 2016, and diversity reached its lowest point in 2020 as well. Coral community composition differed by year and particularly in 2020, with significant differences between 2013/2014 and 2020. In 2020, rare and susceptible taxa Dichocoenia spp., Eusmilia fastigiata, and Meandrina meandrites were absent from all surveys for the first time. Trends in relative cover of “weedy” coral taxa varied, with Agaricia spp. reaching its lowest relative cover (24.2%) in 2020 and Porites astreoides reaching its highest (18.9%). Ecological shifts associated with SCTLD in South Caicos are the first reported in the Turks and Caicos Islands and support other studies in the Caribbean which demonstrate that SCTLD significantly deteriorates reef composition.
The Effect of Multiple Postpartum Prostaglandin Treatments on the Fertility of Dairy Cattle at Risk of Endometritis

This report focuses on the use of multiple doses of Prostaglandin to enhance fertility in animals at risk for endometritis. Cows at risk for endometritis were defined as those with retained placentas, assisted calvings, twins, or grossly abnormal uterine discharges. Cows were randomly assigned to a treatment group consisting of 3 injections of Prostaglandin F 2a • (PGF2a) given at approximately weekly intervals (3-10 days (d), 10-17 d, 17-24 d) postpartum and a control group consisting of a single injection of PGF2a given at 17-24 d postpartum. There was no added benefit of 3 injections of PGF2a given at approximately weekly intervals (3-10 d, 10-17 d, 17-24 d) compared to a single injection of PGF2a given at 17-24 d postpartum.
The Nondelegation Schism: Originalism Versus Conservatism

The Supreme Court appears poised to breathe new life into the nondelegation doctrine, a judicially created theory of constitutional law that Congress may not delegate its legislative power to the executive or any other entity. Scholars have long criticized the nondelegation doctrine as poorly defined, unsupported by constitutional text and history, and impossible to implement without a major expansion of the judicial role. This Comment adds to this scholarship by arguing that the conservative majority’s proposed nondelegation revival is best understood not as the resurrection of a unified theory but rather as two distinct doctrinal inventions reflecting the ideological commitments of their chief proponents. Whereas Justice Gorsuch fashions an originalist standard from cases taken from before the New Deal era, Justice Kavanaugh applies a modern functionalist test to invalidate major rules disfavored by conservative policymakers. Though the justices appear eager to blend their approaches, they are in fact fundamentally incompatible. Indeed, the facts of Justice Gorsuch’s old cases largely fail Justice Kavanaugh’s test. This rift is more than academic, as the two standards produce different results in a contested area of regulatory law—federal greenhouse gas limits. This finding suggests that supporters of the modern administrative state should focus not just on whether the nondelegation doctrine is revived but also on what form it takes. How the Court resolves the conflicting demands of originalism and conservatism may offer an early look at a theme likely to define the new conservative majority.
Modeling of Controlled Flexible Structures with Impulsive Loads

The characteristic wave approach is developed as an alternative to modal methods which may lead to significant errors in the presence of impulsive or concentrated loads. The method is applied to periodic structures. Some special phenomena like cumulation effects and transitions to ergodicity are analyzed.
Sense and Sensibility in Securitization: A Prudent Legal Structure and a Fanciful Critique

This article responds to a recent critique that the securitization of receivables is a legally shaky financial product that survives only because it is too big to fail. This critique argues that securitization's success in avoiding the costs that the Bankruptcy Code imposes on secured credit, including a bankruptcy trustee's ability to use the cash collateral from the receivables, is a type of fraud that hinders or delays the creditors of the originators of receivables. The critique, however, fails. The cases cited for the author's fraud analysis do not support its thesis. Further, the critique fails to demonstrate that securitization's avoidance of the "Bankruptcy Tax" on secured credit harms the creditors of an originator. The critique also does not refute the strong doctrinal foundation of securitization that combines the form and substance of two long recognized legal devices-(1) a true sale of property to a buyer (2) that is a separate legal entity.
The relationship between resources and reserves: Estimates for US coal

Abstract Incomplete data, geological variations, generalizations about mining methods, and confusion over the terms ‘resources’ and ‘reserves’ have all contributed to wide discrepancies in estimates of US coal reserves. The author recommends that estimates of extractable coal be made on a deposit-by-deposit basis, taking into account geological configurations and mining methods. He also emphasizes the need to include economic considerations and government regulations in calculations of national reserves.
Intravenous terbutaline and simultaneous β1-blockade for advanced premature labor

Seventeen patients in advanced premature labor (cervical dilatation greater than or equal to 3 cm and effacement greater than or equal to 50%) were randomized in a double-blind protocol to receive metoprolol (a beta 1-adrenergic antagonist) or a placebo in conjunction with intravenous and oral terbutaline (a beta 2-agonist) in an attempt to inhibit the side effects of terbutaline. Both groups of patients had a dose-related increase in heart rate and systolic blood pressure and a decrease in diastolic blood pressure. Laboratory studies revealed significant hyperglycemia, hypokalemia, hypocalcemia, and acidosis during the intravenous terbutaline infusion, all of which normalized during oral terbutaline therapy. There were no significant differences in the cardiovascular or metabolic responses to terbutaline between the metroprolol and placebo patients. The mean delay in delivery was 5.7 days, with 59% of patients having delivery delayed for 48 hours or more. The mean prolongation time was shorter, but not statistically significant, for those patients receiving metroprolol. Despite the use of high-dose terbutaline, there were no significant complications of therapy. There was little efficacy of infusion dosages above 40 micrograms/min or repeated courses of intravenous tocolysis. Although recent reports do not recommend tocolysis in these patients, this study suggests that combined beta-mimetics and glucocorticoids may be the optimal care for patients in advanced premature labor, in particular, those with infants of very low birth weight.
19 Does newborn screening improve health status in CF children

Objective and Methods Royal Manchester Children's Hospital (RMCH) started neonatal screening for cystic fibrosis (CF) in 2007. We currently provide total specialist care for 182 CF children, of which 82 were diagnosed through screening. A review was conducted to see whether children diagnosed through screening (screening group) did better (as measured by BMI, FEV1 and Pseudomonal status) compared to children diagnosed before screening (pre screening group). To minimise the confounding factors we compared oldest 19 children (aged 5–7 years) in the screening group with youngest 20 children (aged 7–9 years) in the Pre screening group. Table 1Screening group (n = 19) Age 5 y 3 mo to7 y 3 moPre Screening group (n = 20) Age 7 y 4 mo to9 y 3 moPA StatusN=19N=20 PA Colonised11 PA Intermittent45 PA Free88 PA Never66BMI, mean16.6117.25 Z score, mean0.570.49FEV1, mean92% (n = 10)93% (n = 18) Results See the table. Lung function measurements were analysed in 10 children from the screening group and 18 children from pre screening group as technique was felt to be unreliable in other children. 2 children in both groups were tube fed. 3 children in Screening group were pancreatic sufficient while all children in pre screening group were Pancreatic insufficient. Conclusion In our review we could not find any significant difference in BMI, FEV1 and Pseudomonal status between screening and pre screening group. A repeat analysis in 5 years may give us a better comparison of two groups.
War on Democratic Peace

Ray, James Lee. (2013) War on Democratic Peace. International Studies Quarterly, doi: 10.1111/isqu.12029 © 2013 International Studies Association Gartzke and Weisiger emphasize the pacifying impact of regime similarity. But the logic of their argument makes it seem unlikely that shared autocracy and democracy have equal pacifying impacts, because autocracies are so much more diverse. Regime similarity is in any case a problematic control variable. Since joint democracy and regime similarity are related by definition, any confounding impact regime similarity appears to have is produced in part by conceptual overlap rather than by a causal connection. Finally, even democratic states with diverse preferences might maintain peaceful relationships, because of their ability to make credible commitments and their respect for each other’s determination or prowess as war fighters. Mousseau claims that contract intensity confounds the relationship between democracy and peace, but to the extent that democracy makes contract intensity more likely, contract intensity cannot be a confounding variable. Data on life insurance in force before 1940 suggest that contract-intensive states fought each other in World Wars I and II. Mousseau claims that contract intensity creates pacifying economic interdependence. But life insurance contracts provide unnecessarily limited information regarding the interactions among states that lead to interdependence. In short, neither of these articles creates serious doubts about the pacifying impact of shared democracy.
Regulating Advertising in the United States

Advertising regulation around the world consists of a patchwork of laws, regulations, and policies. In the United States alone it consists of hundreds, or even thousands, of legal restrictions. There are dozens of laws at the federal level, and more in each state. And not every prospective transgression in advertising can be regulated because of boundaries established by the U.S. Constitution. This article explains those boundaries, and then provides an explanation of the most significant legal restrictions that exist in the United States. Keywords: law; regulation; advertising; communication; deception
Cellular senescence and DNA synthesis. Thymidine incorporation as a measure of population age in human diploid cells.

For the human diploid cell lines WI-38 and WI-26, the percentage of cells able to incorporate 3H-TdR into their nuclei under standard conditions declines as a function of either elapsed calendar time or the number of population doublings. The rate of decline varies for each population depending on its overall lifespan. If, however, the percent of labelled nuclei is considered as a function of the percent of lifespan completed (i.e., the number of population doublings at time t/total number of population doublings attained during lifespan of the culture), a highly reproducible relationship is found. Using 10% class intervals for the incidence of labelled nuclei, it is possible to distinguish the ‘age’ of populations which differ by about 5 passages or less. With this simple technique, one can evaluate simultaneously and in a reproducible way the current age of the culture, as well as the remaining proliferative capacity of the population.
Fast response time atomic filter at 423 nm

Atomic resonance filters are optical bandpass filters that employ sharp atomic transitions to perform ultra-narrow-band (0.001 nm) filtering of light.1 Further, the bandwidth is independent of aperture size and field-of-view, These devices are designed to exclude sunlight in laser receivers. Applications include laser radar, lasercom, remote sensing, and underwater communications.
Research design: general designs

The conceptual foundations for some of the most widely used research designs are presented, and the various design models are analyzed. Research designs should specify the stimulus and response, the time-order sequence, the sampling and allocation procedures, and the generalized method of analysis. Results of symbolization, seriation, and classification investigations cannot be generalized beyond the study units investigated. Cohort or case-control investigations prevent determination of causality. Cause can be logically proven if the design uses random assignment of study units to study groups and of study groups to stimulus conditions. Crossover designs offer no advantages over similarly constructed noncrossover designs, and introduce new sources of invalidity.
Expectangy Theory in Media and Message Selection

New broadcasting technologies give audience members more control over the mass communication process than previously assumed. This article argues for reversing the traditional emphasis on uses and gratifications research in favor of a single expectancy theory capable of handling media and message selection processes at once. The two-stage expectancy value model here is adapted from Vroom's valence andbehavioral choice models. holding that the likelihood of selecting a particular medium depends o n the expectation that the choice will be followed by a message of interest, and on the importance of that message in satisfying the user's most important personal values. If implemented, the model would provide a n avenue for comparing value profiles of target audiences to see how different message categories appear to specialize in the enhancement of certain values. As a result. by comparing ditferences between message values and personal ones. social policymakers are given a tool for measuring the “media welfar...
Effect of zafirlukast, a leukotriene-receptor antagonist, on cough reflex sensitivity in healthy volunteers: A pilot study

Agents that modify the synthesis or activity of leukotrienes have recently become available for the treatment of asthma. The effect of these agents on cough reflex sensitivity has not previously been investigated. A randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled, crossover study was conducted in 12 healthy volunteers to evaluate the effect of zafirlukast, a leukotriene-receptor antagonist, on cough reflex sensitivity to inhaled capsaicin. The concentration of capsaicin inducing 2 or more and 5 or more coughs was not altered by a 14-day course of oral zafirlukast. The results of the present study, however, do not exclude a role for leukotriene-modifying agents in the treatment of pathologic cough.
On being a pathologist.

bIn the fields of observation, chance favors only the prepared mindQ— so spoke Louis Pasteur in 1854. In the great game of life, chance thankfully may favor unprepared minds. My mind was certainly unprepared for pathology when I entered medical school in 1947. I chose to intern in pathology upon graduation because I was uncertain whether to practice medicine or surgery. However, I found that the combined opportunities to study mechanisms of disease by analyzing their structural manifestations, to make diagnoses in problem cases, and to teach second-year medical students about disease were irresistible. These key attributes of pathology surely constitute the rationale for our discipline and probably are the reasons why most of us have spent our professional lives as pathologists. By chance (and good fortune) my first mentors were Dr Ernest Goodpasture, Dr James Dawson, and Dr John Shapiro. Of the 3, only Dr Goodpasture had chosen pathology by thoughtful analysis; Dr Dawson fell under Dr Goodpasture’s spell as a medical student, and Dr Shapiro, owing to a shrapnel wound received in the Italian campaign in World War II, turned to pathology as an alternative to his original choice of surgery. As Dr Goodpasture’s chief resident, I saw that he was the ideal academician, altruistic and totally committed to research (Fig. 1). It was not
Lack of resistance to Schistosoma japonicum in mice immunized with irradiated S. mansoni cercariae.

Abstract Mice immunized with irradiated Schistosoma mansoni cercariae were resistant to challenge with S. mansoni cercariae (mean resistance 53%) but not to challenge with S. japonicum cercariae (mean resistance −5%). Furthermore, the antibodies induced by vaccination with irradiated S. mansoni cercariae were more reactive with S. mansoni than with S. japonicum schistosomula. These results support the concept that the resistance induced by vaccination with irradiated cercariae is immunologically specific.
The revitalization of Italy as a tourist destination

Abstract Italy, which has historically been one of the world's leading tourist destinations, has experienced a downturn in the flow of international travellers since 1987. This paper traces the evolution of Italy's tourism through an application of the ‘product life cycle’ concept. The analysis is framed into three main sections: first, it illustrates the different products offered by Italy as a tourist destination; second, it examines Italy in light of each life-cycle stage, focusing on its main events; and third, it proposes management suggestions, specifically related to spatial, demand and temporal concerns.
Authority in Adaptive Automation Applied to Various Stages of Human-Machine System Information Processing

The goal of this study was to assess the performance and workload effects of applying adaptive automation (AA) to four stages of human-machine system information processing (information acquisition, information analysis, decision-making, and action implementation) and facilitating dynamic function allocations (DFAs) through two levels of computer authority (suggestion and mandate). The research was to provide insight into any interaction between these aspects of AA design. It was hypothesized that higher level automation, such as information analysis and decision making, would be more compatible with computer mandated allocations, while lower levels, such as information acquisition and action implementation, would be more effective under partial human control (computer suggestion and human veto). Results demonstrated that the effectiveness of AA is dependent upon both the type of automation presented to an operator and the type of invocation authority designed into the system. Performance with AA of infor...
Carotid endarterectomy in SAPPHIRE-eligible high-risk patients: implications for selecting patients for carotid angioplasty and stenting.

Abstract Objectives Carotid angioplasty and stenting (CAS) has been proposed as an alternative to carotid endarterectomy (CEA) in patients excluded from the North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial and the Asymptomatic Carotid Atherosclerosis Study and in those considered at high risk for CEA. In light of recently released CAS data in patients at high risk, we reviewed our experience with CEA. Methods The records for consecutive patients who underwent CEA between 1998 and 2002 were retrospectively reviewed, and risk was stratified according to inclusion and exclusion criteria from a "high-risk" or CAS-CEA trial, The Stenting and Angioplasty with Protection in Patients at High Risk for Endarterectomy (SAPPHIRE) trial. Results Of 776 CEAs performed, 323 (42%) were considered high risk, on the basis of criteria including positive stress test (n = 109, 14%), age older than 80 years (n = 85, 11%), contralateral carotid occlusion (n = 66, 9%), pulmonary dysfunction (n = 56, 7%), high cervical lesion (n = 36, 5%), and repeat carotid operation (n = 27, 3%). Other high-risk criteria included recent myocardial infarction (MI), cardiac surgery, or class III or IV cardiac status; left ventricular ejection fraction less than 30%; contralateral laryngeal palsy; and previous neck irradiation (each P P P P = .69), death (1.65%; P = .09), and MI (0.83%; P = .71) were not significantly different from those in the study population. Conclusions CEA can be performed in patients at high risk, with stroke and death rates well within accepted standards. These data question the use of CAS as an alternative to CEA, even in patients at high risk.
Effects of ions on thyrotrophin and prostaglandin E1 stimulation of glucose oxidation and adenyl cyclase-cyclic AMP system in dog thyroid slices

Abstract Substitution of K + or choline for Na + in Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate buffer increased basal glucose oxidation and 3 H-adenine incorporation into 3 H-CAMP but had no effect on CAMP concentrations. In high K + buffer, TSH (3 mU/ml and 50 mU/ml) and prostaglandin E 1 (PGE 1 ) (0.1 μg/ml and 10 μg/ml) had little or no effect on glucose oxidation while their stimulation of 3 H-CAMP formation and CAMP levels was equivalent to that obtained using regular Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate buffer. These results indicated that high K + inhibited the effects of CAMP and not its generation. The increased basal glucose oxidation in high K + buffer probably reflected increased membrane permeability since slices incubated with 14 C-1-glucose and regular Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate buffer did not have augmented 14 CO 2 production when they were later transferred to high K + buffer. The increased 3 H-adenine incorporation into 3 H-CAMP cannot be explained by increased membrane permeability, but appeared to reflect an effect on the intracellular conversion of 3 H-adenine to 3 H-ATP or 3 H-ATP to 3 H-CAMP. The effect of high K + probably reflected low Na + in the buffer since similar results were obtained when choline chloride was substituted for NaCl in Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate buffer. Exclusion of Ca ++ from Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate buffer decreased basal glucose oxidation, but had no effect on 3 H-adenine conversion to 3 H-CAMP or CAMP concentrations. Although effects of TSH and PGE 1 on glucose oxidation were diminished in buffer devoid of Ca ++ , their stimulation of 3 H-CAMP formation and CAMP levels was similar in the presence and absence of Ca ++ . These results demonstrate that changes in the ionic composition of the buffer do not interfere with activation of the adenyl cyclase-CAMP system but modify some of the subsequent actions of the CAMP formed.
Synthesis of the naphthalene portion of the rubromycins.

A synthesis of a reduced version of the naphthazarin found in the rubromycin class of natural products is reported. The naphthalene ring system is formed via a Dotz reaction with a symmetrical alkyne. Differentiation between the C1‘ and C3‘ groups of the Dotz adduct is achieved by selective oxidation since the two methylene groups possess different oxidation potentials.
Kant’s transcendental and empirical psychology of cognition

One of the perennially intriguing questions regarding Kant's approach to the human sciences is the relation between his 'transcendental psychology' and empirical cognitive psychology. In this paper I compare his analysis of the a priori conditions of human cognition in the Critique of pure reason with his empirical account of the human cognitive faculties in his Anthropology from a pragmatic point of view. In comparing his approach to self-consciousness, sensibility, imagination, and understanding in these two works, I argue that Kant distinguishes between the transcendental and empirical aspects of the human cognitive faculties, and regards the transcendental functions as configuring the empirical faculties of human consciousness, or as giving them the structure that they require to become faculties of cognition. I then show that the cognitive faculties of human beings may vary in their empirical operation, even while they are configured by the same transcendental structure. Finally, I characterize Kant's transcendental psychology in the first Critique as an account of the faculties that are required for a mind to be an agent or subject of cognition, corresponding to his account of the conditions that are required universally and necessarily for something to be an object of cognition.
Porous alumina-based fluorous liquid membranes: Dependence of transport on fluorous solvent

Abstract We report here the properties of supported fluorous liquid membranes based on porous alumina. The alumina is first rendered compatible with fluorous solvents by surface modification with an oligomeric perfluoropropylene oxide-based carboxylic acid, Krytox 157FSH. After modification, simply dipping the porous alumina membrane into a perfluorinated solvent results in a supported liquid membrane with high selectivity for fluorous compounds. Two homologous series of compounds differing in the number of –CF 2 – groups were investigated, namely esters of cinnamyl alcohol and the analogous naphthyl derivative with 2H,2H,3H,3H-perfluoroalkanoic acids (HOOC-(CH 2 ) 2 -(CF 2 ) m −1 CF 3 , m = 2, 4, 6 and 8). Four perfluorinated membrane solvents (FC-77, PF-5080, FC-3283 and FC-43) were investigated. In FC-3283, the permeabilities, which are the products of a diffusion coefficient and a partition coefficient in the solution–diffusion model, of cinnamyl alcohol derivatives are 3.62 ± 0.36 times greater than those of the analogous naphthyl compounds for the solutes containing the same perfluorinated chain. Permeability, P , increases as the perfluorinated chain length increases in all of the perfluorinated solvents. Values of log( P ) vs m are linear with a slope of 0.147 ± 0.002 but with different intercepts for the various solvents. Independent measurements of the partition coefficients of the solutes between the source/receiving phase solvent, ethanol, and the fluorous solvents reveal that the selectivity behavior is dominated by partitioning rather than diffusion. The free energy of transfer of a –CF 2 – group (ethanol to perfluorinated solvents) is −1.1 kJ/mol. Despite the fact that the solvents are mixtures, not pure liquids, the partition coefficients are well correlated with values calculated based on group contributions with ‘mobile order and disorder’ theory. The diffusion coefficients of four solutes in four membrane solvents were also determined based on the solution–diffusion model. The Stoke–Einstein equation shows satisfactory estimation of experimental results.
Familial stuttering patterns are not related to one measure of severity.

The possibility of a genetic component to the severity of stuttering was investigated using data on 184 adult stutterers and their families. Frequency of stuttering during a pre-treatment oral read...
Labour and Its Discontents: The Consequences of Orthodox Reform in Venezuela and Mexico

Abstract The negative impacts of orthodox liberalisation policies on labour in Venezuela and Mexico were representative of outcomes elsewhere in Latin America. Untheorised increases in precarious informal work, unemployment, and emigration as well as a growing breech between wages and productivity followed trade, capital, and labour market reforms and the prescribed macro stabilisation policies. Orthodox reforms in both countries paradoxically facilitated market failures given the forms or modes taken by foreign direct investment (FDI), which introduced ever more increasing scale economies with their attendant information imperfections. In addition, the growing competition from tradeable goods faced by domestic producers in both countries and the decision to buy rather than make technologies by way of FDI undermined job creation and induced inter-sectoral flows toward service sector and informal work.
Anaerobic digestion of food waste through the operation of a mesophilic two-phase pilot scale digester – Assessment of variable loadings on system performance

Single and two-phase operations were compared at mesophilic operating conditions using a digester system consisting of three 5-m(3) reactors treating food waste generated daily within the university campus kitchens. When normalizing the methane production to the daily feedstock characteristics, significantly greater methane was produced during two-phase mesophilic digestion compared to the single-stage operation (methane yield of 380 vs 446-L CH4 kg VS(-1); 359 vs 481-L CH4 kg COD(-1) removed for single vs two stage operation). The fermentation reactor could be maintained reliably even under very low loading rates (0.79±0.16 kg COD m(-3) d(-1)) maintaining a steady state pH of 5.2.
Circulating free nitrotyrosine in obstructive sleep apnea.

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) has been increasingly linked to cardiovascular disease, endothelial dysfunction, and oxidative stress, generated by repetitive nocturnal hypoxemia and reperfusion. Circulating free nitrotyrosine has been reported as a novel biomarker of nitric oxide (NO)-induced oxidative/nitrosative stress. Nitrosative stress has been implicated as a possible mechanism for development of cardiovascular diseases. We tested the hypothesis that repetitive severe hypoxemia resulting from OSA would increase NO-mediated oxidative stress. We studied 10 men with newly diagnosed moderate to severe OSA who were free of other diseases, had never been treated for OSA, and were taking no medications. Nitrotyrosine measurements, performed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, were made before and after untreated apneic sleep. We compared free nitrotyrosine levels in these patients with those obtained at similar times in 10 healthy male control subjects without OSA, with similar age and body mass index. Evening baseline nitrotyrosine levels were similar before sleep in the control and OSA groups [0.16 ± 0.01 and 0.15 ± 0.01 ng/ml, respectively, P = not significant (NS)]. Neither normal nor disturbed apneic sleep led to significant changes of plasma nitrotyrosine (morning levels: control group 0.14 ± 0.01 ng/ml; OSA group 0.15 ± 0.01 ng/ml, P = NS). OSA was not accompanied by increased circulating free nitrotyrosine either at baseline or after sleep. This observation suggests that repetitive hypoxemia during OSA does not result in increased NO-mediated oxidative/nitrosative stress in otherwise healthy subjects with OSA.
Free volume theory for viscosity of simple nonpolar liquids. Part I. Pure components

An improved free volume theory is presented, and is shown to predict the variation of viscosity with temperature and pressure satisfactorily for liquids composed of simple, nonpolar molecules, when the density is greater than twice the critical value. Allowance is made for the temperature dependence of the minimum free volume for a jump, and for the density dependence of the activation energy at constant volume. Corresponding states relationships are provided for these quantities, the reducing parameters being the temperature and molal volum at the melting point.
Anaphylatoxin Release from the Third Component of Human Complement by Hydroxylamine

Treatment of highly purified preparations of the third component of complement (C3) with 0.5M hydroxylamine at 20°C for 15 to 30 minutes, followed by acidification, resulted in dissociation of a pe...
Soluble graphene derived from graphite fluoride

Abstract Soluble graphene layers were formed by reacting graphite fluoride with alkyl lithium reagents. IR spectral studies confirmed the covalent attachment of alkyl chains to the graphene layers. Raman scattering and XRD studies of the starting materials and products revealed that the chemical process partially restores the sp2 carbon network. The solubility and extinction coefficient were determined by UV–vis-near infrared spectroscopy. Annealing of bulk samples further extends the sp2 lattice due to dealkylation as followed by Raman, XRD and mid-infrared spectroscopy. The present study demonstrates a one-step chemical treatment of graphite fluoride that allows the manipulation of a soluble form of graphene.
Policy directions concerning racial discrimination in U.S. housing markets

Abstract This paper presents a catalog of 34 different proposed research and direct action policies aimed at futhering the two basic goals of public antidiscrimination policies: (1) ending unequal treatment of households in housing transactions because of their race or ethnicity, and (2) counteracting existing racial residential segregation by promoting stable racial integration. These 34 proposals have been derived from the many papers in this volume, plus a few suggestions by the author. Each proposal is evaluated against five specific criteria of desirability: potential effectiveness, government costs, private‐sector costs, ease of implementation, and political feasibility. A final overall evaluation of each is made, and all policies are divided into three priority categories: high, moderate, and low. Many recommended policies are synergistic. This whole effort should have very high overall priority in American social policy.
EFFECT OF LIGHT INTENSITY AND GLYCEROL ON THE GROWTH, PIGMENT COMPOSITION, AND ULTRASTRUCTURE OF CHROOMONAS SP.1,2,3

SUMMARY Growth of Chroomonas sp. increased with light intensity (100, 1800, and 2700 μW/cm2) with a fivefold increase from the lowest to the highest intensity. Chlorophyll and phycocyanin content per cell were greater in cells grown at low light intensity, but the ratio of chlorophyll a and c did not vary appreciably. Cells grown at low light intensity had 30% more phycocyanin than cells grown at high intensities of light. The chloroplast of cells with the higher phycocyanin content had average intrathyla-koidal widths of 300 A, whereas those cells with the lower phycocyanin content had average intrathylakoidal widths of 200 A. This result is compatible with the hypothesis that phycocyanin is located in the intrathylakoidal space in the cryptophyte algae. Of the various energy sources tested, only glycerol was able to support limited growth tinder nonphotosynthetic conditions. Under no condition was the chloroplast reduced to an elioplast or proplastid state. Starch accumulation was greatest in cells grown in continuous while light in glycerol. Eye-spots were commonest in cells grown in darkness and interrupted every 24 hr by a few seconds of white light. It was concluded that this organism is an obligate phototroph.
Esophageal sensitivity and symptom perception in gastroesophageal reflux disease

Patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) experience a wide spectrum of symptoms, varying both in quality and severity. This review summarizes clinical observations of esophageal sensitivity and symptom perception in GERD patients. The Bernstein test, although lacking standardization, remains a useful tool in determining esophageal sensitivity to acid stimuli. Ambulatory 24-hour pH monitoring with symptom event marking and subsequent symptom-reflux correlation between acid reflux events and esophageal symptomatology now provides an alternative method for establishing esophageal acid sensitivity. The intraesophageal balloon distention test (IEBD) was developed to assess esophageal sensitivity to mechanical stimuli. Variants of each of these tests have been applied to the evaluation of uncomplicated GERD patients and patients with esophagitis and Barrett's metaplasia, who generally demonstrate less esophageal sensitivity than the former group. Studies using these methods have demonstrated increased esophageal sensitivity in patients with esophageal chest pain and have also identified a subset of patients with esophageal symptoms yet normal esophageal acid exposure, a condition referred to as "hypersensitive esophagus." The Bernstein test, 24-hour pH monitoring with symptom assessment, and IEBD have each contributed to our understanding of esophageal pain syndromes; it is hoped that future work in this area will lead to improved and more specific therapy for these patients.
Augmented suppression of androgen receptor signaling by a combination of α-tocopheryl succinate and methylseleninic acid

There is extensive documentation that androgen is required for the development of prostate cancer in humans.1 Testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) are the 2 key androgens in men. Because DHT binds to the androgen receptor (AR) with a greater affinity than does testosterone, it is the more potent androgen in a biologic sense. Steroid 5α-reductase is the enzyme responsible for catalyzing the irreversible conversion of testosterone to DHT.2 Many synthetic inhibitors of 5α-reductase have been developed, although only 1, finasteride, was successfully shown to reduce the prevalence of prostate cancer by 25% in low-risk men.3 In view of the modest chemopreventive effect of finasteride, additional research aimed at identifying nontoxic agents capable of disrupting androgen signaling beyond the 5α-reductase step would be highly desirable. Recently, α-tocopheryl succinate (αTS) and methylseleninic acid (MSA) have been reported independently to reduce the expression of AR transcript and protein in human LNCaP prostate cancer cells.4-7 The kinetics of AR depression is very different under these 2 treatments. The effect of MSA is acute, whereas the effect of αTS is delayed. These observations imply that MSA and αTS may have different mechanisms in down-regulating the AR level. In the present study, we carried out a series of experiments to investigate whether αTS and MSA in combination would produce an augmented effect. We analyzed AR message and protein levels as well as AR transactivating activity by a reporter gene assay. For a prototypical AR target, we measured prostate-specific antigen (PSA) changes at the message and protein levels. Both cellular PSA and secretory PSA were evaluated after αTS/MSA treatment. The significance of this research will be discussed in relation to a population-based prostate cancer chemoprevention trial.
The development of a quantitative structure property relationship (QSPR) for the prediction of dielectric constants using neural networks

Abstract The use of quantitative structure property relationships (QSPRs) is proposed for the calculation of dielectric constants. A data set of 497 compounds with a wide variety of functional groups is assembled. These compounds span the dielectric constant range 1–40. A total of 65 molecular descriptors is calculated for these compounds. These descriptors include the dipole moment, polarizability, counts of elemental types, an indicator of hydrogen bonding capability, charged partial surface area descriptors, and molecular connectivity descriptors. Subsets of these descriptors are used to build models in an attempt to find the best possible correlation between chemical structure and dielectric constant. A total of 70 000 models are examined. Neural networks using the Broyden–Fletcher–Goldfarb–Shanno (BFGS) training algorithm are employed to build the models. A total of 191 models have test set errors less than 2.0 and training set errors less than 3.0, where the errors are calculated as the mean of the absolute values of the residuals for sets of 97 and 350 compounds, respectively.