cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cobalt-Chromium and Nickel-Chromium Alloys for Removable Prosthodontics, Part 1: Mechanical Properties

Purpose This investigation compared the mechanical properties of three base metal casting alloys (Vitallium2, Neoloy N [Regular], and Regalloy T) for removable partial denture (RPD) frameworks with those for two base metal RPD alloys (Vitallium, Jelenko LG) whose mechanical properties had been previously reported. Materials and Methods Plastic patterns with dimensions meeting ADA specification no. 14 requirements were used with appropriate casting investments to cast tensile test bars of the five alloys. Nine specimens of each alloy were loaded to failure, and the mechanical properties of modulus of elasticity, 0.1% yield strength, 0.2% yield strength, and tensile strength were obtained from five well-behaved load-elongation plots. Values of percentage elongation were also determined, along with Vickers hardness of the work-hardened alloys from polished cross-sections of fractured tensile specimens. The fracture surfaces for representative specimens of each alloy were examined with a scanning electron microscope. Results Although the measured values of mechanical properties generally agreed with those reported by the manufacturers, differences found for Vitallium and Jelenko LG with previous investigations suggest that there may have been some changes in alloy compositions and processing by the manufacturers. The investment burnout procedure adopted for the plastic patterns and the present casting conditions may also have affected the mechanical properties of some alloys. Two alloys, Jelenko LG and Regalloy T, had mean values of percentage elongation exceeding 10%, but caution is recommended for clinicians and dental laboratories when performing clasp adjustments with all five alloys because of the substantial work hardening that can occur. Conclusions In general, all of the alloys met the requirements in ADA specification no. 14 for base metal RPD alloys. Further research will be necessary to determine the relationships between the mechanical properties, particularly yield strength, rate of work hardening and percentage elongation, and the clinical requirements for these alloys.
Fracture of a guiding catheter in a tortuous iliac artery and its retrieval by a larger sheath

Intravascular fracture of catheters, especially guiding catheters, is uncommon. We present an unusual case in which a guide twisted and broke in a tortuous iliac artery during manipulation of the guiding catheter with a 0.014 inch wire firmly trapped inside and was retrieved by a larger sheath.
THE IMPORTANCE OF Fe SURFACE STATES FOR MAGNETIC TUNNEL JUNCTION BASED SPINTRONIC DEVICES

In this article we give a review of our recent theoretical studies of the influence of Fe(001) surface (interface) states on spin-polarized electron transport across magnetic tunnel junctions with Fe electrodes. We show that minority-spin surface (interface) states are responsible for at least two effects which are important for spin electronics. First, they can produce a sizable tunneling anisotropic magnetoresistance in magnetic tunnel junctions with a singleFe electrode. The effect is driven by a Rashba shift of the resonant surface band when the magnetization changes direction. This can introduce a new class of spintronic devices, namely, tunneling magnetoresistance junctions with a single ferromagnetic electrode. Second, in Fe/GaAs(001) magnetic tunnel junctions minority-spin interface states produce a strong dependence of the tunneling current spin polarization on applied electrical bias. A dramatic sign reversal within a voltage range of just a few tenths of an eV is predicted. This explains the observed sign reversal of spin polarization in recent experiments of electrical spin injection in Fe/GaAs(001) and related reversal of tunneling magnetoresistance through vertical Fe/GaAs/Fe trilayers.
Interspecific Parental Care by a Wood Thrush (Hylocichla mustelina) at a Nest of the Veery (Catharus fuscescens)

Abstract Reports of interspecific parental behavior are rare but widespread among avian taxa. We present the first known case of interspecific parental care by a Wood Thrush (Hylocichla mustelina) at a nest of the Veery (Catharus fuscescens), documented by video at a long-term study site in northern Delaware, USA. We provide data on nest chronology, quantify parental behavior, and describe a copulation event between the Wood Thrush and the female Veery that was captured on video. Despite incurring no obvious fitness benefit, the Wood Thrush provided significant and prolonged nestling care including more feeding attempts and sanitation maneuvers than either Veery. We propose that these observations are a consequence of the normal adaptive behavior of the recipient species.
Steroidogenesis in Experimentally Induced Atretic Follicles of the Hamster: A Shift from Estradiol to Progesterone Synthesis*

The effects of phenobarbital-delayed ovulation on in vitro steroidogenesis and aromatase activity of LH-stimulated preovulatory follicles was ascertained in the cyclic hamster. After 3 days of ovulatory delay, antral follicles exhibited early signs of atresia (degenerating granulosa cells and pyknotic nuclei within oocytes). On days 2 and 3 of delay, LH-stimulated follicles produced more progesterone (P 15--20 ng P/follicle . 90 min) in vitro than control proestrous follicles (2.5 ng P/follicle . 90 min). Concomitant with the increase in LH-stimulated P production was a decline in the in vitro production of androstenedione (A) and estradiol (E2) on day 2 (A, 5 ng/follicle . 90 min; E2, 4 ng) and day 3 (1 ng A, less than 0.2 ng E2)-proestrous controls: 8 ng A or E2/follicle . 90 min. The steroidogenic profile of 1-day delayed follicles was similar to proestrous controls. A similar E2-P shift was observed in vitro when the steroidogenic profile of preovulatory follicles on the morning of proestrus (2.5 ng P, 8 ng A or E2) was compared with post-LH surge follicles (25 ng P, less than 1 ng A or E2) and with new corpora lutea (36 ng P, less than 0.2 ng A, less than 1 pg E2). A slight increase in the aromatizing activity of follicles was observed on days 1 and 2 of delay. However, atretic antral follicles (day 3 of delay) exhibited an aromatizing capacity similar to that of proestrous controls. Collectively, these results indicate that the loss of E2-synthesizing capacity in atretic antral follicles (induced by ovulatory delay) is due to the lack of A precursor. In addition, the results indicate that phenobarbital-delayed ovulation induces a shift from E2 to P synthesis in 3-day delayed follicles (early atretic). This E2-P shift is similar to that in Graafian follicles on the afternoon of proestrus but occurs at a much slower rate.
Effect of a sorbitol nucleating agent on fractionated crystallization of polypropylene droplets

The effect of a sorbitol nucleating agent on crystallization of polypropylene (PP) in droplets was studied. Layer-multiplying coextrusion was used to fabricate assemblies of 257 layers, in which PP nanolayers alternated with thicker polystyrene (PS) layers. The concentration of a commercial nucleating agent, Millad 3988 (MD) in the layers was varied up to 2 wt %. When the assembly was heated into the melt, interfacial driven breakup of the 12 nm PP layers produced a dispersion of submicron PP particles in a PS matrix. Analysis of optical microscope images and atomic force microscope images indicated that the particle size was not affected by the presence of MD. The crystallization behavior of the particle dispersion was characterized by thermal analysis. In the absence of a nucleating agent, the submicron particles crystallized almost exclusively by homogeneous nucleation at about 40 °C. Addition of a nucleating agent to the PP layers offered a unique opportunity to study the nature of heterogeneous nucleation. Nucleation by MD resulted in fractionated crystallization of the submicron PP particles. The concentration dependence of the multiple crystallization exotherms was interpreted in terms of the binary polypropylene-sorbitol phase diagram.
Socioeconomic Status and Academic Achievement: A Meta-Analytic Review of Research

This meta-analysis reviewed the literature on socioeconomic status (SES) and academic achievement in journal articles published between 1990 and 2000. The sample included 101,157 students, 6,871 schools, and 128 school districts gathered from 74 independent samples. The results showed a medium to strong SES–achievement relation. This relation, however, is moderated by the unit, the source, the range of SES variable, and the type of SES–achievement measure. The relation is also contingent upon school level, minority status, and school location. The author conducted a replica of White’s (1982) meta-analysis to see whether the SES–achievement correlation had changed since White’s initial review was published. The results showed a slight decrease in the average correlation. Practical implications for future research and policy are discussed.
Comments on Shafer's “Perspectives on the theory and practice of belief functions”

Abstract In this comment, I raise questions about belief functions that are motivated by statistical considerations. I suggest that there are problems with belief functions in statistical inference that need further investigation. I argue that the betting paradigm has a status in the foundations of probability of a different nature than that of the canonical examples that belief function theory is built on. In addition to using the betting metaphor to make judgments, we use this analogy at a higher level to judge the theory as a whole. My contention is that a similar argument would make belief functions easier to understand. I question the separation of belief from frequency, and I take the position that it is a virtue of subjective probability that it contains frequency probability as a special case by way of de Finetti's theory of exchangeability. I briefly mention the notion of asymptotics in belief functions, and I make a technical remark about convex sets of probability measures. My conclusion is that I agree with Shafer that there are situations where belief functions are appropriate but I feel that the statistically motivated questions require more attention.
Realistic Learning Activity is Not Enough

Through the past two decades, education in computer and information science and technology (CISE) has moved toward a model that pervasively incorporates programming projects and other engaging student activity. Realistic activities and materials are intrinsically motivating because they vividly remind learners of the possibilities for meaningfully applying knowledge and skills in the world beyond the classroom. A realistic activity, however, does not ipso facto reveal its own rationales, deeper lessons, cultural meanings and origins, or its roles in a coherent professional practice. In order for realistic activities to serve as effective learning opportunities, underlying rationale and expert thinking behind problem solving, core concepts and techniques must be made available to students (Collins, 1991; Brown & Collins, 1989).
On the mechanisms of posthypnotic amnesia

Abstract Experimental and clinical evidence about posthypnotic amnesia are reviewed. Rather than postulate any single mechanism which might account for the phenomenon, two interpretations are contrasted which seem sharply opposed. First, posthypnotic amnesia may be seen as essentially like any other hypnotically suggested experience. It can be considered as an explicitly or implicitly administered posthypnotic suggestion. On the other hand amnesia can be viewed as a form of dissociation. One possible mechanism of such dissociation may be a basic difference of the structure of thought processes involved in hypnosis compared to those of normal waking experience. In this sense amnesia should occur independently of suggestion and be different in kind from most other hypnotic phenomena. The former mechanism may occur more frequently in experimental situations and the latter in clinical contexts.
A Criminal Network Approach to Understanding & Measuring Trafficking in Human Beings

Developing a rational and transparent method to estimate the extent of trafficking in human beings is fundamental to understanding the scope of the problem, changes in its occurrence, and its appropriate place on the agenda for law and policy attention. The problems of existing estimates of trafficking are examined, and reasons for the disjunction between these estimates and known cases reviewed. Three methods for understanding and measuring trafficking in human beings are assessed: (1) extrapolating the risk of trafficking from other known risks, (2) using known cases to estimate the universe, and (3) using a network model of human trafficking as an illicit enterprise which reacts to known and measurable pressures. The network approach focuses on understanding the criminal networks that organize to exploit victims, rather than on solely predicting victim counts. Examples of each of these methods are presented in terms of their strengths and limits, and a combined approach is proposed to produce the most accurate picture of human trafficking. It is shown that a good estimation model can be used to document the risk and extent of human trafficking as an illicit enterprise, trends in its occurrence, and the effectiveness of measures design to\break reduce it.
COMPARISON OF LIGHT TRAPS AND PLANKTON TOWS FOR SAMPLING BRACHYURAN CRAB LARVAE IN AN ALASKAN FJORD

We compared the effectiveness of light traps and plankton tows for sampling brachyuran crab larvae in Bartlett Cove, Glacier Bay, Alaska, U.S.A. during three nights each in July and August 2001 and June, August, and September 2002. Proportions of species and stages were used to compare larvae caught by light traps and plankton tows. Absolute numbers of larvae are difficult to compare because of the difference in sampling volume and duration of each method. Both methods captured early and late-stage larvae of four brachyuran families, Cancridae, Grapsidae, Pinnotheridae, and Majidae. However, light traps collected many late-stage (megalopae) cancrid larvae, which were rarely collected by plankton tows, suggesting that late-stage larvae may be undersampled by plankton tows. In contrast, plankton tows collected many early stage (zoeae) pinnotherid larvae, which may be undersampled by light traps. These results follow the same pattern as that found for tropical fish larvae, that light traps are a useful sampling device for settlement-size larvae. Light traps provide a simple method to collect high resolution temporal data on late-stage larval abundance, and their use has improved our ability to discern recruitment dynamics for decapod crustaceans.
Robust morphological representation of binary images

A general theory for the morphological representation of discrete and binary images is presented. Particular cases of the general scheme are shown to yield a number of useful image representations. The effect of noise degradation is studied. It is proven that, under certain assumptions, the general reduced morphological skeleton is the best morphological representation among a collection of invertible morphological image representations. This representation results in a minimal upper-bound on the average probability of error of reconstructing a binary image from its noisy representation. >
Spontaneous Activity in Isolated Somata of Aplysia Pacemaker Neurons

Somata of pacemaker and nonpacemaker neurons were isolated by ligatures tied around the axons between the somata and the synaptic regions, and the transmembrane potentials of the isolated somata were recorded. Isolated somata of pacemaker neurons had a spontaneous discharge while isolated somata of nonpacemaker neurons were quiescent. In addition, the time course of accommodation in isolated somata of pacemaker and nonpacemaker neurons was found to be different. In pacemaker neurons, injection of current produced a change in rate of discharge sustained for the duration of current injection, while in nonpacemakers, current injection produced only a transient change in discharge rate. Evidence is presented that the pacemaker locus and spike trigger zone in the intact pacemaker neuron are located on the soma.
Application Of Hilbert Transforms To Magnetic Profiles

Three related operations commonly performed on total-field magnetic data are 1) conversion to vertical-field anomaly, 2) reduction to the pole, and 3) computation of pseudogravimetric anomalies. This note shows that for profile or flight line data for which the source can be assumed to be two-dimensional, all these operations amount to linear combination of the profile with its Hilbert transform.
Reagency of the Internet, or, How I Became a Guest for Science

This essay is a call for research on the role of information and communication technology in distant lands. I address the globalization of science as a process by replacing the concept of development with the idea of reagency, a process of redirection involving a contingent reaction between identities. I focus on the Guest, an identity that assumes particular importance in relation to Hosts in Africa, Latin America, and Asia. Following recent work that stresses the dependence of knowledge production on places, the Guest House is introduced as an architectural structure that crystallizes and reinforces a Guest/Host relationship that has developed during the aid era. The advent of the Internet offers the possibility of a change in the structure of science, with the inclusion of researchers in distant lands as full participants in global scientific communities. The principal issue is whether the connectivity initiative centering on the Internet is just another development program, like so many others that ha...
A Relational View of Information Seeking and Learning in Social Networks

Research in organizational learning has demonstrated processes and occasionally performance implications of acquisition of declarative (know-what) and procedural (know-how) knowledge. However, considerably less attention has been paid to learned characteristics of relationships that affect the decision to seek information from other people. Based on a review of the social network, information processing, and organizational learning literatures, along with the results of a previous qualitative study, we propose a formal model of information seeking in which the probability of seeking information from another person is a function of (1) knowing what that person knows; (2) valuing what that person knows; (3) being able to gain timely access to that person's thinking; and (4) perceiving that seeking information from that person would not be too costly. We also hypothesize that the knowing, access, and cost variables mediate the relationship between physical proximity and information seeking. The model is tested using two separate research sites to provide replication. The results indicate strong support for the model and the mediation hypothesis (with the exception of the cost variable). Implications are drawn for the study of both transactive memory and organizational learning, as well as for management practice.
Problems with Atomic and Molecular Data: Including All the Lines

The line data available on my web site for computing opacities, model atmospheres, and spectra were computed or collected from the literature more than 25 years ago. I am recomputing the existing line lists including many more configurations and energy levels and producing many more lines. I am collecting more recent data from the literature, and I am extending the calculation to heavier elements and higher stages of ionization. I will produce more than 10 times as many lines which will significantly increase the opacity in the models and produce improved fits to observed spectra. All the new data are available on my website http://kurucz.harvard.edu.
Communications Effectiveness: A Matter of Methodology

A previously published communications model for advertising decisions can be further extended by recognizing that its application should be varied according to the level of audience familiarity with message content. The proposed model suggests an approach to advertising decisions which includes considerations of relationships between selected characteristics of the audience message, media, and supplier.
Outcomes-Based Funding: Origins and Implications for the SEM Practitioner.

Recently there have been greater calls for accountability within higher education, with a particular emphasis on retention and completion. More frequently than not, this accountability manifests itself through state funding formulas in which a percentage of state funds are directed towards performance. This article examines the history and trends associated with “outcomes-based funding” and potential impacts for strategic enrollment management work.
THE RELATIVE CONTRIBUTIONS OF TIME AND EGGS TO THE COST OF REPRODUCTION.

Whether the trade-off between current and future reproduction in insect parasitoids is mediated by the costs of time or eggs remains an issue of contention. Life-history models predict that parasitoids have some risk of exhausting their lifetime supply of oocytes. I develop a simple conceptual model that assesses the relative contributions of time and eggs to the cost of reproduction by placing them in a common currency: foregone future fitness returns. Although rates of egg limitation observed in nature are modest, eggs still often make the dominant contribution to the overall cost of oviposition. Therefore, models of parasitoid reproduction must recognize the costliness of both time and eggs.
On hierarchical Bayes procedures for predicting simple exponential survival.

SUMMARY The situation considered is the prediction of a future observation from a simple exponential survival distribution in a hierarchical Bayes context. It is shown that when the hyperparameters need to be estimated from the data, a sample reuse approach is superior to maximum likelihood and method of moments estimation procedures.
A robust sequential fixed-width confidence interval for count data based on Bhattacharyya-Hellinger distance estimator

ABSTRACTFor count data having an unknown mass function g0, we use the minimum Bhattacharyya-Hellinger distance (MBHD) estimator and a stopping rule to construct a sequential fixed-width confidence interval for a functional T(g0) = θ0, where fθ0 is the best-fitting parametric model achieving the MBHD between g0 and any member of a parametric class of mass functions. We establish the asymptotic consistency and efficiency properties of the sequential confidence interval and the expected sample size, respectively, as the half-width d → 0. When the count data come from a gross-error contamination model gα, L = (1 − α)fθ + αδ{L} for α ∈ (0, 1), where a parametric model fθ is mixed with a point mass δ{L} located at a value L, we reparameterize L = Ld such that Ld → ∞ as d → 0 and theoretically show that the expected sample size is affected by α, whereas the coverage probability of the sequential confidence interval depends on the rate of [T(gα, Ld) − θ]/d, as d → 0. Our reparameterization fully exploits the MBHD...
Relational memory and self-efficacy measures reveal distinct profiles of subjective memory concerns in older adults.

Objective Subjective memory concerns (SMCs) in healthy older adults are associated with future decline and can indicate preclinical dementia. However, SMCs may be multiply determined, and often correlate with affective or psychosocial variables rather than with performance on memory tests. Our objective was to identify sensitive and selective methods to disentangle the underlying causes of SMCs. Method Because preclinical dementia pathology targets the hippocampus, we hypothesized that performance on hippocampally dependent relational memory tests would correlate with SMCs. We thus administered a series of memory tasks with varying dependence on relational memory processing to 91 older adults, along with questionnaires assessing depression, anxiety, and memory self-efficacy. We used correlational, regression, and mediation analyses to compare the variance in SMCs accounted for by these measures. Results Performance on the task most dependent on relational memory processing showed a stronger negative association with SMCs than did other memory performance metrics. SMCs were also negatively associated with memory self-efficacy. These 2 measures, along with age and education, accounted for 40% of the variance in SMCs. Self-efficacy and relational memory were uncorrelated and independent predictors of SMCs. Moreover, self-efficacy statistically mediated the relationship between SMCs and depression and anxiety, which can be detrimental to cognitive aging. Conclusions These data identify multiple mechanisms that can contribute to SMCs, and suggest that SMCs can both cause and be caused by age-related cognitive decline. Relational memory measures may be effective assays of objective memory difficulties, while assessing self-efficacy could identify detrimental affective responses to cognitive aging. (PsycINFO Database Record
Calculation and Analysis on a Short Circuit Fault in 220 kV Transformer

For a short circuit fault of 220 kV transformer in Liaoning power system,three sequence networks are modeled by means of sequence network method according to the short circuit fault.Then,the zero-sequence current in the secondary windings of the transformer is gained.The calculation results indicated that the main cause to this fault is due to zero-sequence current in the secondary of the transformer which is much larger than the rated value.The transformer is inclined to be damaged if zero-sequence impedance smaller than positive-sequence impedance.Finally,some measures to prevent the fault are proposed based on this short circuit fault.
Processing of miR17‐92 Cluster in Hepatic Stellate Cells Promotes Hepatic Fibrogenesis During Alcohol‐Induced Injury

Background Exposure to alcohol and its metabolites can initiate hepatic injury and fibrogenesis. Fibrosis is mediated through hepatic stellate cell (HSC) activation, leading to global changes in mRNA and microRNA (miR) expression. miRs are expressed in cells or shuttled to exosomes which can be detected in tissue culture media (TCM) and biological fluids. The mechanisms and function underlying the differential expression and processing of miRs and their downstream effects during hepatic injury remain poorly understood. Methods Expression of primary (pri)-miR17-92. and individual members of this cluster, miR17a, 18a, 19a, 20a, 19b, and 92, were examined in primary HSCs and human LX2 cells exposed to alcohol-conditioned media (CM), liver tissue from a rodent model of alcoholic injury, and in exosomes from TCM and plasma of rodent models and patients with alcoholic liver disease (ALD). miR expression was examined in HSCs transduced with an AAV2 vector carrying GFP-miR19b or GFP-control transgene under the collagen promoter. Results Profibrotic markers were enhanced in primary HSCs and LX2 cells exposed to alcohol-CM, concomitant with decreased miR19b expression and a significant increase in pri-miR17-92. Increased pri-miR17-92 was confirmed in a rodent model of alcohol-induced liver injury. Individual members of the cluster were inversely proportionate in cells and exosomes. AAV2-mediated miR19b overexpression inhibited miR17-92 and altered expression of individual cluster members in cells and exosomes. Expression of individual miR17-92 cluster members in plasma exosomes isolated from patients with ALD was similar to that seen in a rodent model of alcoholic injury and in vitro. Conclusions Reintroduction of miR19b inhibits HSC activation and modulates expression of pri-miR17-92 and the inverse expression of individual cluster members in cells and exosomes. Better understanding of miR17-92 processing may provide mechanistic insights into the role of individual miRs and exosomes during hepatic injury, revealing new therapeutic targets.
Effect of Furosemide on Dialysis Requirement Following Cadaveric Kidney Transplantation

AbstractHigh doses of furosemide have been reported to reduce the requirement for dialysis following cadaveric kidney transplantation. Depending on recipient age, alternate cadaver kidney transplant recipients received infusions of 200 to 400mg. furosemide just before restoration of renal circulation. All recipients received infusions of mannitol during the hour before renal revascularization. All 50 kidneys were preserved with intracellular electrolyte solutions. Mean cold storage times (33.4 plus or minus 11.4 hours for recipients given furosemide versus 35.7 plus or minus 12.3 hours for controls) were not significantly different between the 2 groups. There were no significant differences in first week dialysis requirement between recipients given furosemide and controls (75 versus 73 per cent, respectively), first day urine output (2.2 plus or minus 4.2 versus 1.0 plus or minus 0.81., respectively), 1-month serum creatinine nadirs (2.1 plus or minus 1.1 versus 1.9 plus or minus 1.1mg. per dl., respecti...
Regulation of sarcoplasmic reticulum protein phosphorylation by localized cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase in vascular smooth muscle cells

The role of cGMP-dependent protein kinase in the regulation of intracellular Ca2+ levels in vascular smooth muscle cells was examined by studying the effects of cGMP on the phosphorylation of the Ca(2+)-ATPase regulatory protein phospholamban. Cultured rat aortic smooth muscle cells incubated with atrial natriuretic peptide II or sodium nitroprusside responded with increased phosphorylation of the 6000-Da subunit of phospholamban. The identity of phospholamban was confirmed using immunoprecipitation methods. Phosphorylation was associated with an increase in the activation of membrane-associated ATPase by Ca2+. These results indicated that at least one site of action of cGMP in smooth muscle cells is the sarcoplasmic reticulum, where phosphorylation of proteins regulating Ca2+ fluxes occurs. Studies using confocal laser scanning microscopy to define the cellular distribution of cGMP-dependent protein kinase suggested that the enzyme was localized to the same cellular region(s) as was phospholamban. Phosphorylation of proteins by cGMP in broken cell fractions from rabbit aorta was also performed. Phospholamban and other proteins were phosphorylated in the presence of cGMP but not cAMP, suggesting that only cGMP-dependent protein kinase was associated with smooth muscle membrane fractions containing phospholamban. These results suggest that one mechanism of action of cGMP in the reduction of intracellular Ca2+ is the activation of sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+)-ATPase via phosphorylation of phospholamban. The data also support the concept that compartmentalization of protein kinases with substrates in the intact cell is an important factor involved in protein phosphorylation.
REAL TIME IMAGE PROCESSING BY BACKWARD STIMULATED PHOTON ECHOES

We report the first demonstration of the ability of backward stimulated photon echo to process spatial images in real time. The image processing is accomplished by the correlation and convolution properties of the backward stimulated photon echoes. And by extension, this makes possible to perform pattern recognition, mixed binary multiplication, and other mathematical operations on spatial images.
Sport-Specific Yearly Risk and Incidence of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Tears in High School Athletes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury rates are affected by frequency and level of competition, gender, and sport. Specifically, adolescent and high school athletes have a number of unique risk factors that differentially affect their ACL injury risk profile as compared to collegiate, adult or elite-level athletes. To date, no study has sought to quantify sport-specific yearly risk for ACL tears in the high school athlete by gender and sport played. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to establish evidence-based incidence and …
Invisibile Hands: Slave, Bound Laborers, and the Development of Wesern Pennsylvania, 1780-1820

hough advertisements like the above were not uncommon in late eighteenth-century editions of the Pittsburgh Gazette, public knowl edge of the role and extent of slavery in early western Pennsylvania is noticeably limited.2 Histories of western Pennsylvania's formative decades have always stated that slavery existed, yet the institution has never been considered of any real importance to the region s development. Early western Pennsylvania is usually envisioned as entirely free and white, built by small farmers, commercial and industrial entrepreneurs, and perhaps some land speculators. At first glance, the demographic data strongly support the dominant inter pretation that relegates western Pennsylvania slavery to curiosity status. Compared to other mid-Atlantic urban and rural areas dur ing similar stages of rapid progress, where slave density could be 10 percent or above, western Pennsylvania's slave population strikes one as insignificant. Influenced by such data, as well as by prevailing attitudes on
Stability of Sauerkraut Packaged in Plastic Bags1

Commercially processed sauerkraut, packaged in plastic bags, was evaluated for product stability following storage at 2, 20, 32 C. When stored at 2 C in the presence of benzoic acid and potassium metabisulfite, the product was stable for more than 8 months, whereas at 20 and 32 C the shelf life was reduced to 20 and 13 weeks, respectively. The reductions in shelf life were due to development of excessive discoloration (browning) and objectionable flavor formation. These defects appear to be caused by chemical rather than microbiological actions. In addition to serving as effective anti-microbial agents, the chemical preservatives (presumably sulfur dioxide) showed protective effects in retarding losses of naturally-occurring ascorbic acid found in sauerkraut. Under similar temperatures of storage, fresh sauerkraut containing no chemical additives had shelf life values of 22, 1.5, and 0.75 weeks, respectively. When stored at 32 and 20 C, the major defects (swollen or broken bags) were attributed to the actions of yeasts. Storage at 2 C markedly arrested and reduced viable yeasts counts, thereby extending the shelf life of the bagged product.
Kokkos/Qthreads task-parallel approach to linear algebra based graph analytics

The Graph BLAS effort to standardize a set of graph algorithms building blocks in terms of linear algebra primitives promises to deliver high performing graph algorithms and greatly impact the analysis of big data. However, there are challenges with this approach, which our data analytics miniapp miniTri exposes. In this paper, we improve upon a previously proposed task-parallel approach to linear algebra-based miniTri formulation, addressing these challenges and describing a Kokkos/Qthreads task-parallel implementation that performs as well or slightly better than the highly optimized, baseline OpenMP data-parallel implementation.
Erratum: Geostatistical Space–Time Models: A Review

In relation to their paper “Geostatistical Space-Time Models: A Review,” Mathematical Geology, Vol. 31, No. 6, p. 651–684, 1999, the authors apologize for omitting reference to the outstanding doctoral thesis work of Dr. Patrick Bogaert. The last two paragraphs of page 653 should have included a citation of Dr. Bogaert’s dissertation: “Geostatistics for the Analysis of Space-Time Data,” Ph.D. dissertation, Universite Catholique de Louvain, Belgium, 176 p., 1996.
On the correspondence between frequentist and Bayesian tests

ABSTRACTModern theory for statistical hypothesis testing can broadly be classified as Bayesian or frequentist. Unfortunately, one can reach divergent conclusions if Bayesian and frequentist approaches are applied in parallel to analyze the same data set. This is a serious impasse since there is a lack of consensus on when to use one approach in detriment of the other. However, this conflict can be resolved. The present paper shows the existence of a perfect equivalence between Bayesian and frequentist methods for testing. Hence, Bayesian and frequentist decision rules can always be calibrated, in both directions, in order to present concordant results.
Measuring the Welfare Effects of Residential Energy Efficiency Programs with Self-Selection into Program Participation

We introduce a framework to evaluate the welfare effects of residential energy efficiency programs and estimate key parameters using a 100,000-household field experiment. Results generally contradict conventional wisdom: there is no evidence of informational or behavioral market failures, efficiency investments entail large non-monetary costs and benefits, and realized energy savings are just 58% of engineering predictions. The programs we study reduce social welfare by $0.18 per subsidy dollar, because investment subsidies are poorly targeted to externality damages and marginal program participants are unlikely to make externality-reducing investments. Such self-selection may undermine socially desirable program expansion in this and other domains.
A study of coating techniques for ultra-thin film X-TEM sample preparation

In this paper, we present a study on protective coating techniques for thin film X-TEM sample preparation. The study shows that proper choice of the protective layer before FIB cross section is a crucial step to maintain the film profile and make sure the accuracy of the thickness measurement. Silicon native oxide is used as the target sample. We have investigated PECS metal sputtering followed by ink coating, e-beam Pt and sputter Pt followed by ink coating. The granular feature of e-beam Pt coating is unwanted during native oxide thickness measurement. The PECS metal sputtering will create a damaged layer on top of the silicon substrate due to its high sputter energy. The damaged layer disguises the original substrate/oxide interface and leads the oxide thickness more difficult. The sputter Pt is the proper coating method based on this study. It provides a relative flat interface with high contrast at top of the oxide layer and does little damage to the substrate due to the low sputter energy.
Cooling and Pumping

Despite the improved brightness of nozzle beams over simple effusive atom sources, further intensification is immensely helpful. Laser cooling offers one of very few approaches to true brightening of an atom ensemble. Because we eventually want only one magnetic species, optical pumping is also quite helpful. The discussion in this chapter loosely follows that of Metcalf in [1].
Adjustable Work Coil Fixture Facilitating the Use of Induction Heating in Mechanical Testing

Induction heating has been used in fatigue testing for over 30 years. Typically, a work coil is used in conjunction with a workstation and a radio frequency power supply to provide localized specimen heating. One disadvantage of the approach is that the localized nature of the heating leads to temperature gradients over the specimen's length. However, experience has shown that the configuration of work coils can be optimized to give relatively uniform temperature profiles over the specimen's gage section. The variables of interest include: coil diameter and overall length, number of turns, spacing of turns, and grouping of turns. Optimization of these variables by trial and error can be a lengthy and frustrating process. This is particularly the case in multiaxial experiments involving large tubular specimens and correspondingly large work coils. The subject work coil fixture was designed and developed to facilitate the optimization process. The approach adopted was to subdivide the work coil into three segments. Each segment has its own positioning mechanism that allows independent adjustment in both the radial and vertical senses. It was shown that use of this fixture allows temperature profiles within ′1% of the mean to be.achieved with minimum difficulty. Such levels of precision were found to be necessary in a recent series of thermomechanical experiments conducted on Hastelloy X.
Speciation and Morphological Differentiation in the Genus Lemur

The event of speciation, the establishment of definitive genetic isolation between sister populations, remains the “black box” of genetics, and by extension of the systematic sciences. What we know about this event serves principally to underline how difficult it is to know whether definitive genetic disruption between closely related populations has actually occurred. It is fairly well agreed that in mammals speciation appears to require the physical division of a parental population. But the genetic mechanisms underlying such events may take place on one or more of many different genomic levels, gross karyotypic and below. Moreover, speciation is not simply a passive correlate of morphological differentiation: Speciation corresponds to no specifiable degree of morphological shift.
Percutaneous Coronary Intervention of Chronic Total Occlusions in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus: a Treatment-Risk Paradox

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is highly prevalent among patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for chronic total occlusions (CTOs). This review aims to summarize the available evidence on CTO recanalization in patients with DM. Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) surgery is the recommended revascularization modality for patients with DM and multivessel coronary artery disease (CAD). However, the optimal management strategy in diabetic patients with CTO and single-vessel disease or prior CABG remains a clinical dilemma. Contemporary, large-scale, observational registries support the notion that CTO PCI, if performed at high-volume CTO PCI centers by highly experienced operators, conveys similar high procedural success and low complication rates in patients with and without DM. Although DM patients have more frequently CTOs and may derive greater benefit from complete revascularization, they are less frequently exposed to CTO PCI than non-DM patients (treatment-risk paradox). CTO PCI performed by highly experienced operators constitutes a safe and effective treatment option for selected diabetic CTO patients who are not candidates for CABG. Randomized studies are warranted to compare long-term outcomes of CTO PCI and medical therapy in this high-risk subset.
The role of therapist MI skill and client change talk class membership predicting dual alcohol and sex risk outcomes.

Objective We investigated the technical model of motivational interviewing (MI) in a dual-outcome intervention (i.e., alcohol, sexual risk; N = 164; 57% female). Method We identified latent classes of client change statements, based on the proportion of change talk (CT) over the session. We then examined whether outcomes were related to CT class, and whether the relations between MI skill and outcomes varied by CT class. Results We found three classes of alcohol-CT and two classes of sexual risk-CT. While CT class membership did not predict outcomes directly, greater therapist MI-consistent skill was associated with fewer heavy drinking days in the increasing alcohol-CT class. For sexual risk outcomes, therapist MI-consistent skill was associated with reduced odds of condomless sex for the low sexual risk-CT class. Conclusions The relation of therapist MI consistency to outcomes appears to be a function of client CT during the session.
Sintering behaviors of micron-sized features based on 3D reconstruction

3D reconstruction of ZnO micron ridges was carried out, and the sintering behaviors of these features were studied. Both the grain size and the relative density increase with the sintering time. The densification is through grain boundary diffusion, and the grain growth is through evaporation–condensation. The pore number in the ridges decreases with the pore size increase. Both grain boundary diffusion related flux $$ J_{\text{gb}} $$ and evaporation–condensation related diffusion flux $$ J_{{{\text{e}}/{\text{c}} }}^{\text{g}} $$ increase with the sintering time. However, the former is five orders of magnitude lower than the latter, indicating the dominance of the grain growth process in the ridges. Pore shapes evolve from deformed round tubes, to trigonal tubes, and then to deformed flat tubes. The pore surface evolves from a saddle ridge type to saddle ridge plus saddle rut types. The decreasing dihedral angle $$ \psi $$ during sintering indicates increased surface energy of pores, consistent with the 3D reconstruction results.
Closed-form probability distribution of number of infections at a given time in a stochastic SIS epidemic model.

Abstract We study the effects of external fluctuations in the transmission rate of certain diseases and how these affect the distribution of the number of infected individuals over time. To do this, we introduce random noise in the transmission rate in a deterministic SIS model and study how the number of infections changes over time. The objective of this work is to derive and analyze the closed form probability distribution of the number of infections at a given time in the resulting stochastic SIS epidemic model. Using the Fokker-Planck equation, we reduce the differential equation governing the number of infections to a generalized Laguerre differential equation. The properties of the distribution, together with the effect of noise intensity, are analyzed. The distribution is demonstrated using parameter values relevant to the transmission dynamics of influenza in the United States.
Gravitropism in Arabidopsis thaliana

Gravitropism is an important plant growth response to the environment that directs shoots upward and roots downward, thereby allowing each organ to reach environments that are adequate for performance of their primary functions. Gravity sensing involves the sedimentation of dense amyloplasts within specialized gravity-sensing cells in each organ. This pathway leads to the development of a lateral gradient of the phytohormone auxin across gravity-stimulated organs. Because auxin promotes cell elongation in shoots and inhibits it in roots, this gradient is responsible for an organ tip curvature that allows it to resume growth at a predefined angle from gravity. This article discusses our current understanding of this pathway, as deciphered by molecular genetic studies in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana .
Jumping into civic life: Stories of public work from extension professionals

The structure and mission of US land-grant institutions position them to be powerful organizations for public convening, problem identification, and public education. As an arm of the land-grant un...
Situating global counterinsurgency

After World War II, in order to reduce the probability of nuclear and massive conventional war, the U.S. provided police training to allies in order to reify their aspirations for liberal self-determination while addressing political stability. As a tool of global counterinsurgency, police training helped accomplish those goals in part but also caused unanticipated problems. Too often, police oppressed those whom they were supposed to protect. Shortly after, some of the philosophy and tactics of counterinsurgency-through-policing migrated into U.S. law enforcement institutions. But despite this migration, U.S. law enforcement efforts cannot be reduced to counterinsurgency surreptitiously foisted upon vulnerable U.S. citizens. Citizens and elected politicians exert substantial influence over law enforcement institutions