cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Statistical Characteristics of Moxifloxacin-Induced QTc Effect

Moxifloxacin has been the most commonly used positive control in "thorough" QTc (TQT) studies. In a TQT study, the assay sensitivity is often considered to be established if the baseline corrected mean difference in QTc between moxifloxacin and placebo is greater than 5 ms in common practice at one or more prespecified time points and the observed moxifloxacin induced QTc effect over time follows the proper pharmacokinetics profile. To better understand the statistical characteristics of moxifloxacin-induced QTc prolongation and to provide guidance for future studies, 20 TQT studies that involved moxifloxacin have been evaluated. We study the QTc profile of the baseline adjusted mean difference in QTc between moxifloxacin and placebo over time. Zhang (2008) proposed that the moxifloxacin induced QTc effect can be evaluated between 1 and 4 h after a single dose (400 mg) administration near the time (T(max)) of peak concentration instead of all time points (typically 9-12 time points) at which QT was measured for the study drug evaluation. After evaluating 20 TQT studies, we confirm that the maximum moxifloxacin effect occurs in the time window between 1 and 4 h post dose. We also investigate the variability of the data as well as correlations between time points and between regimens. These findings and results can be used as a reference for future studies.
Administration of Abciximab During Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Reduces Both Ex Vivo Platelet Thrombus Formation and Fibrin Deposition Implications for a Potential Anticoagulant Effect of Abciximab

Abciximab (c7E3 Fab, ReoPro), a platelet glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa inhibitor, decreases acute ischemic complications after percutaneous coronary interventions. Recently, abciximab was shown to decrease thrombin generation in vitro in a static system. To assess whether abciximab can decrease fibrin formation in blood from patients, we quantified both platelet thrombi and fibrin deposition by using an ex vivo flow chamber model. We prospectively studied 18 consecutive patients who underwent percutaneous interventions for unstable coronary syndromes. Blood was perfused directly from the patient through an ex vivo perfusion chamber at a high shear rate, thus mimicking mildly stenosed coronary arteries. Perfusion chamber studies were performed when patients were being treated with heparin plus aspirin before the procedure (baseline) and then repeated after the procedure, when patients were on either aspirin plus heparin alone (group 1, no abciximab, control) or aspirin plus heparin plus abciximab (group 2, abciximab treated). Each patient served as his or her own control. Specimens were stained with combined Masson's trichrome-elastin and antibodies specific for fibrinogen, fibrin, and platelet GP IIIa. Total thrombus area and areas occupied by platelet aggregates and fibrin layers were quantified by planimetry. Group 1 demonstrated no significant change in thrombus area before versus after the procedure; in contrast, treatment with abciximab reduced total thrombus area by 48% in group 2 (after the procedure versus baseline, P=0.01). This decline was due to significant reductions in both platelet aggregates (55%, P=0.005) and fibrin layers (45%, P=0.03). The addition of abciximab to heparin and aspirin in patients undergoing coronary interventions significantly decreases ex vivo thrombus formation on an injured vascular surface. Treatment with abciximab appears to reduce both the platelet and the fibrin thrombus components. This finding supports a potential role for GP IIb/IIIa receptor blockade in decreasing fibrin formation in addition to inhibition of platelet aggregation. Thus, potent inhibitors of GP IIb/IIIa may also act as anticoagulants.
Women with chronic illness: their views of their families' adaptation.

Although research has characterized the effects of chronic illness on patients and their spouses, little work has addressed the effects of a woman's chronic illness on her family. We tested a model of family functioning during a woman's chronic illness. Data were obtained from standardized questionnaires from 48 women who resided with an adult partner and one or more school age children and had breast cancer, diabetes, or fibrocystic breast disease. Path analysis indicated that the women experienced more demands associated with their illness as the time since their initial diagnosis lengthened. The number of demands associated with the illness in turn produced problems with marital adjustment. Introspective coping behaviors were used more frequently by families in which the woman experienced high marital adjustment but depressed mood than by families in which the woman was not depressed but experienced marital difficulties. Women's relationships with their children were positively influenced by better mar...
Repeat sequence families derived from mammalian tRNA genes

Short interspersed repetitive DNA sequences (SINEs) are the major component of dispersed repetitive DNA in all mammalian genomes. Most SINEs contain an intragenic RNA polymerase III promoter that initiates transcription at the 5' end of the repeated DNA sequence and which has been proposed to facilitate the transposition and amplification of these sequences by an RNA-intermediate mechanism. We have discovered several SINE families in the prosimian Galago crassicaudatus which have promoter regions similar to transfer RNA genes. To determine the relationship between Galago SINEs and mammalian tRNA genes, we have compared their sequences. Here, we demonstrate that the Galago monomer and type II SINE families are 68 and 62% homologous, respectively, with a human methionine tRNA gene. We have extended our analysis to include the rat identifier and mouse B2 families and show that their sequences are closely related to alanine and serine tRNA genes, respectively. Our observations suggest that many mammalian SINE families are amplified tRNA pseudogenes.
Towards Optimal Broadcast in Wireless Networks

Broadcast is a fundamental operation in networks, especially in reconfigurable wireless ad hoc networks. For example, some form of broadcasting is used by all on-demand mobile networks routing protocols, when there is uncertainty as to the location of the destination node, or for service discovery. In this work, we present a new approach to efficient broadcast in networks with dynamic topologies, and we introduce the time sequence scheme (TSS), a new online local broadcasting algorithm for such networking environments. TSS ranks by priority, in a distributed way, candidate broadcasting nodes so that the overall number of re-broadcasts in the network is minimized. We evaluate TSS, showing that its performance comes remarkably close to the corresponding theoretical performance bounds, even in the presence of packet loss due, for example, to MAC-layer collisions. Furthermore, we compare our algorithm with a number of recently proposed schemes considering their performance in various realistic network mobility scenarios. We demonstrate that TSS performance is robust in the context of mobility induced topology reconfigurations—including temporal network partitioning—during propagation of the broadcast message.
Goal Programming Application to Assignment Problem in Marketing

The purpose of this article is to draw a comparison between linear programming and goal programming with respect to the assignment model. The presentation of goal programming attempts to strike a balance between theory and practice by presenting a simplified example to explain the principles and computation process of this technique without confusing the readers with excessive calculations. Goal programming is a modification and extension of linear programming which allows a simultaneous solution of a shstem of complex conflicting objectives rather than a single objective as in the case of linear programming. Thus, goal programming is a way of handling previously unsolvable linear programming problems. In comparing linear programming versus goal programming, two cases of assignment are presented. The first case had one single objective where linear programming is used while the second has multiple objectives where goal programming is used.
Standardization aspects of eBook content formats

This paper presents the necessity and direction of a standard for representing contents of electronic books (eBooks). To identify the current problems of content formats, as a case study, we discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the Open eBook Publication Structure (OEBPS) and Portable Document Format (PDF) in terms of functional aspects as well as critical standardization issues such as interoperability, openness, applicability, and extensibility. Particularly, this paper suggests an Extensible Markup Language (XML)-based improvement of the OEB format as a standard. This paper also describes that PDF can be used together for different aspects of publishing process.
Microscopic wireless - Exploring the boundaries of ultra low-power design

The continuous reduction of size, and cost of wireless transceivers pretty soon will allow for every appliance, component or object to be networked (“The Internet of Things”). However, a substantial reduction in power dissipation by one or two orders of magnitude is still necessary. In this presentation, we identify the opportunities and challenges offered by technology evolution. While CMOS scaling offers some advantages, it also comes with additional burdens such as leakage and variability. Even more, energy per operation may not reduce very much once we reach the 32 nm node. Fortunately, other emerging devices such as RF-NEMS resonators or other elements emerging from the vast cauldron of nanotechnology may create new opportunities. We will show some example of ULP wireless transceivers created through a combination of aggressive technology utilization, use of novel technologies and innovative architectures. We believe that this combination is what it takes to continue the promise of electronics scaling.
Many Paths to the Origin of Life

The origin of life remains a daunting mystery in part because rather than knowing too little, we increasingly know about too many possible mechanisms that might have led to the self-sustaining replication of nucleic acids and the cellularization of genetic material that is the basis of life on Earth.
Kniest and Stickler dysplasia phenotypes caused by collagen type II gene ( COL2A1 ) defect

Kniest and Stickler dysplasia are two chondrodysplasias characterized by specific phenotypes. No basic defect has been found in patients with Kniest dysplasia, whereas Stickler dysplasia is one of four chondrodysplasias for which mutations of type II procollagen gene (COL2A1) have been identified. We studied a 2-year-old girl presenting with manifestations of Kniest dysplasia and her mother showing a Stickler phenotype. Analysing COL2A1 in both patients, we detected the same 28 basepair deletion spanning the 3'-exon/intron boundary of exon 12 in mother and daughter. We were able to prove a somatic mosaic status for this mutation in the mother which accounts for her milder Stickler-like phenotype.
Multimodal chromatography: Characterization of protein binding and selectivity enhancement through mobile phase modulators.

The unique selectivity of mixed mode chromatography resins is driving increasing utilization of these novel selectivities into bioprocess applications. There is a need for improved fundamental understanding of protein binding to these stationary phases to enable the development of efficient and robust purification processes. A panel of four monoclonal antibodies and two model proteins were employed to characterize protein interaction with a mixed-mode chromatographic resin comprising a hydrophobic ligand with cation-exchange functionality. Binding of these proteins was studied as a function of salt concentration and pH in the presence of various mobile phase modulators. This knowledge was applied towards screening mobile phase modulators that could selectively decrease host cell protein levels during monoclonal antibody purification.
Foam columns for countercurrent surface—liquid extraction of surface-active solutes

The foam separation process uses differences in surface activity to separate components of a solution. Stable foams can flow upward countercurrent to liquid to give countercurrent differential separations with stripping, enrichment, or scrubbing similar to solvent extraction. Six- and 24-in. I.D. foam columns were operated with sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate solutions to measure height of transfer unit (HTU) values and foam densities and to develop satisfactory gas spargers, liquid feed distributors, foam drainage conditions, and foam condensation equipment. The HTU values for stripping of Sr-89 were about 1 cm. for the best conditions of uniform foams, liquid flows of 100 gal./sq.ft.hr. or less, and uniform liquid feed distribution with low inlet velocities. Variations of countercurrent column lengths within 10 to 28 cm. caused little variation in HTU values. The foams were condensed, with four types of pneumatic or mechanical foam breakers used. A pilot plant was designed for decontamination of a low level radioactive waste.
Effects of fly ash inhalation on murine immune function: effects on systemic response.

Mice were exposed to fly ash at levels ranging from 728-2221 ..mu..g/m/sup 3/ respirable for varying periods of time, and several immunological parameters were measured. Little change was noted in splenic response to mitogens or cytolytic ability. Splenic lymphocytes from fly ash-exposed mice incorporated significantly more thymidine following subcutaneous sensitization with BCG, although no differences were noted in response of these lymphocytes to PPD. Fly ash exposure of greater than 1 week caused a suppression of antibody response to aerosols of Escherichia coli in the spleen, but not in the mediastinal lymph nodes. Following 3-4 weeks of fly ash exposure, no changes in splenic antibody responses were noted following intravenous injections of LPS or intratracheal injections of DNP-Ficoll. However, after 9 months exposure at higher concentrations of fly ash, splenic plaque-forming responses were significantly suppressed after both aerosol and intratracheal exposure to antigen.
National and international EDI

EDI is a vital and promising tool used today despite its deficiencies. The future of EDI depends on the commitment that business makes toward accepting its potential. EDI has the means to provide a universal system for business and management to functions to meet the needs and changes of business worldwide. This paper discusses the standards, deficiencies, implementations and changes.
On the generic existence of fully revealing price equilibria

Abstract In an asset trading model, the generic existence of rational expectations equilibrium established by Radner requires an assumption which is not shown to be generic. A regularity condition is imposed on the relative risk aversion of the utility function to eliminate the assumption.
Milling and particle size of cowpea flour and snack chip quality

Abstract Texture and color attributes were determined for snack chips made from cowpea flour. Chips were prepared from flour milled through 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 mm screens; in addition, the ratio of cowpea flour to cornstarch was varied. Snapping force was slightly higher for chips made from fine flour. In general, the ratio of total energy to peak force ( E/PkF ) determined by the Kramer shear test increased with more finely milled flour, or addition of starch. Color values ( L *, a *, and b *) indicated that chips with greater cowpea protein/cornstarch ratios were darker and browner. Discriminant function analysis was used to relate instrumental measurements to consumer hedonic scores. Of particular importance was the ( E/PkF ) ratio from the Kramer shear test. Chips with lower E/PkF values had higher acceptability scores. In turn, the E/PkF values were related to the extractable starch content. The apparent starch content was dependent on either the amount of starch added, or by the milling conditions. In general, chips produced from finely milled flours had greater apparent starch content than those produced from coarsely milled flours.
Ultrastructural localization of concanavalin A-binding sites in satellite cells of human skeletal muscle

Electron-microscopic cytochemical studies on satellite cells of normal human skeletal muscle were carried out using the concanavalin Aperoxidase (Con A-HRP) coupling method. Con A-binding sites, which probably correspond to glycoproteins, were found to be associated with the cell surface, smooth surfaced vesicles, nuclear envelope and endoplasmic reticulum of the satellite cells and were also identified at the cell surface of the adjacent muscle fiber. The possible relationships of these observations to the functions of satellite cells are discussed.
High precision interferometer: MIRC with photometric channels

We have designed and constructed a prototype of Photometric Channels for Michigan Infrared Combiner (MIRC). Photometric Channels provide direct real-time measurements of fluxes from individual telescopes, improving the precision of visibility and close phase calibration. While this prototype has increased the MIRC data quality since the commissioning in August 2009, it leaves several issues unresolved, such as the changing polarization of starlight due to the CHARA beam train. We are planning to make an improvement of the prototype in conjunction with the six-beam combiner upgrade in the summer 2011.
Spatially adaptive regularized pel-recursive motion estimation based on the EM algorithm

Pel-recursive motion estimation is a well-established approach for motion estimation. However, in the presence of noise, it becomes an il-posed problem that requires regulation. In the past, regularization for pel-recursive estimations was addressed in an ad-hoc manner. In this paper, a Bayesian estimation framework is used to deal with this issue. More specifically, motion vectors and regularization parameters are estimated in an iterative fashion by means of the Expectation- Maximization (EM) algorithm and a Gaussian data model. The proposed algorithm utilizes the local image properties to regularize the motion vector estimates following a spatially adaptive approach. Numerical experiments are presented that demonstrate the merits of the proposed algorithm.© (2000) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
B2B green marketing and innovation theory for competitive advantage

Purpose – In these economically and ecologically challenging times, the purpose of this paper is to investigate how innovation theory can be used to design more effective, proactive B2B green marketing strategies in order to meet the triple bottom line of economic, social, and ecological sustainability.Design/methodology/approach – This conceptual paper provides a literature review of green marketing strategies and competitive advantage, and relates it to diffusion of innovation theory in a new way. First, a brief overview is described of corporate social responsibility (CSR) theories related to green marketing, with this paper providing value by adding innovation theory to address the gap in the literature. Next, a discussion is provided on reactive and proactive B2B green marketing strategies, degrees of innovation, and diffusion theory research, and propositions are developed. Then, a new model is presented on B2B green marketing innovation strategies and competitive advantage. Next, a conceptual analy...
Dynamic Evolution of Immune System Regulators: The History of the Interferon Regulatory Factor Family

This manuscript presents the first extensive phylogenetics analysis of a key family of immune regulators, the interferon regulatory factor (IRF) family. The IRF family encodes transcription factors that play important roles in immune defense, stress responses, reproduction, development, and carcinogenesis. Several times during their evolution, the IRF genes have undergone expansion and diversification. These genes were also completely lost on two separate occasions in large groups of metazoans. The origin of the IRF family coincides with the appearance of multicellularity in animals. IRF genes are present in all principal metazoan groups, including sea sponges, placozoans, comb jellies, cnidarians, and bilaterians. Although the number of IRF family members does not exceed two in sponges and placozoans, this number reached five in cnidarians. At least four additional independent expansions lead up to 11 members in different groups of bilaterians. In contrast, the IRF genes either disappeared or mutated beyond recognition in roundworms and insects, the two groups that include most of the metazoan species. The IRF family separated very early into two branches ultimately leading to vertebrate IRF1 and IRF4 supergroups (SGs). Genes encoding the IRF-SGs are present in all bilaterians and cnidarians. The evolution of vertebrate IRF family members further proceeded with at least two additional steps. First, close to the appearance of the first vertebrate, the IRF family probably expanded to four family members, predecessors of the four vertebrate IRF groups (IRF1, 3, 4, 5 groups). In the second step, 10 vertebrate family members evolved from these four genes, likely as a result of the 2-fold duplication of the entire genome. Interestingly, the IRF family coevolved with the Rel/NF-κB family with which it shares some important evolutionary characteristics, including roles in defense responses, metazoan specificity, extensive diversification in vertebrates, and elimination of all family members in nematodes.
Artificial neural networks and computational intelligence

Artificial neural networks have been applied to power systems in such areas as control, load forecasting, monitoring, diagnosis, and analysis. Their prevalence in the literature and product lines of the electric utility industry has almost overworked the descriptor "intelligent". However, ANNs do not have an IQ. They exhibit attributes that humans often associate with intelligence: an ability to learn, to communicate, to perceive, or to reason. The objective of this tutorial is to give a basic understanding of ANNs and computational intelligence. This is accomplished by discussing the historical and biological basis of ANNs and reviewing two representative architectures from a simple taxonomy for ANNs. In this tutorial, the use of the term architecture is used to imply both a network topology and a learning rule. Resources for further studies and free software are also recommended.
Resident viruses and their interactions with the immune system

The human body is colonized with a diverse resident microflora that includes viruses. Recent studies of metagenomes have begun to characterize the composition of the human 'virobiota' and its associated genes (the 'virome'), and have fostered the emerging field of host-virobiota interactions. In this Perspective, we explore how resident viruses interact with the immune system. We review recent findings that highlight the role of the immune system in shaping the composition of the virobiota and consider how resident viruses may impact host immunity. Finally, we discuss the implications of virobiota–immune system interactions for human health.
A Folk Theorem for Repeated Sequential Games

We study repeated sequential games where players may not move simultaneously in stage games. We introduce the concept of effective minimax for sequential games and establish a Folk theorem for repeated sequential games. The Folk theorem asserts that any feasible payoff vector where every player receives more than his effective minimax value in a sequential stage game can be supported by a subgame perfect equilibrium in the corresponding repeated sequential game when players are sufficiently patient. The results of this paper generalize those of Wen (1994), and of Fudenberg and Maskin (1986). The model of repeated sequential games and the concept of effective minimax provide an alternative view to the Anti-Folk theorem of Lagunoff and Matsui (1997) for asynchronously repeated pure coordination games. It has long been recognized that players behave differently in one-shot games and in the corresponding repeated games due to players' different objectives in short-term and long-term relationships. Repeat interactions allow players to respond to others' past actions in the future and a player must consider others' reactions in the future when making a decision. When all players evaluate their future sufficiently highly, repeated interactions enable the enforcement of almost all "reasonable" outcomes. This type of result is referred to as a Folk theorem, not only for repeated games but also for other situations. Intensive research makes repeated games one of the most mature subjects in game theory.' One seminal work is the infinitely repeated game model with discounting of Fudenberg and Maskin (1986). Their Folk theorem asserts that if the discounting is low enough then any feasible and strictly individually rational payoff vector of a stage game can be supported by a subgame perfect equilibrium in the corresponding infinitely repeated game, when the stage game either has only two players or satisfies the full dimensionality condition. In Fudenberg and Maskin's and many other repeated game models,2 stage games are modelled in normal form. It is interpreted that players choose their actions simultaneously in normal form games. What happens in repeated games if players do not move simultaneously in stage games? Fudenberg and Tirole (1991) first raised this question. Unfortunately, this question did not attract lot of attention at the time since it was commonly believed that a repeated game of any form of stage game should not differ too much from the repeated normal form representation of the stage game. Inspired by Fudenberg and Tirole's question, we study a class of repeated games, called repeated sequential games, in which players may not move simultaneously in stage games. We will introduce the concept of effective minimax for sequential games and establish a Folk theorem for repeated sequential games. Since normal form games are sequential games by definition, the effective minimax values and the Folk theorem in 1. Most game theory textbooks have chapters on repeated games. For a survey, see Aumann (1981), Friedman
The segregation of silver nanoparticles in low-cost ceramic water filters

As an impregnated constituent in low-cost ceramic water filters, silver nanoparticles have a demonstrated antibacterial effect. The bactericidal mechanism is believed to be based on direct contact between silver and the cell wall of a contaminant organism. In this study microstructural analysis was used to examine the effect of the processing method on the distribution of silver nanoparticles in the filter material. Silver nanofluid was impregnated into fired clay ceramic samples by a low-cost soak-and-dry method. Analyses of filter samples by scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, and digital optical topological mapping showed that silver was concentrated in near surface pores, a condition that is not optimal for highest probability of silver contact. A simple experiment showed that segregation of silver occurs during the drying phase of impregnation. Drying curves showed that 90% of contained liquid evaporates from the external surface.
A novel interpretation of the tribosphenidan mammal Slaughteria eruptens from the Lower Cretaceous Trinity Group, and implications for dental formula in early mammals

ABSTRACT Published computed tomographic (CT) data from the holotype of the early tribosphenidan Slaughteria eruptens were reanalyzed to test a new hypothesis of dental formula in this taxon. Results indicate that Slaughteria had a premolar count of five, and that erupted (or erupting) teeth of the holotype all represent premolar loci—the p2, p3, dp4, and dp5 (a partially calcified p5 is identified below the dp5). This dental formula is supported by serial homology of cheek teeth between eutherians and metatherians and the pre-tribosphenic mammal Peramus. The presence of five premolars in Slaughters provides additional evidence that this tooth count is primitive for tribosphenidans as a whole. Slaughteria also presents an undocumented mode of tooth replacement, with a mixed alternating and sequential pattern. This pattern may represent the condition in other taxa with five premolars, such as Peramus and some early eutherians, with potential bearing on the polarity of tooth replacement at the base of the Tr...
Creative Phonics: A Meaning-Oriented Reading Program

Describes a decoding and comprehension skills program using language activities that are personally relevant
The Global Oscillation Network Group (GONG)

Abstract As a community facility, the National Solar Observatory is establishing a six-site ground-based solar observing network around the world. This Global Oscillation Network Group (GONG) aims at essentially continuous imaged observations of global solar oscillations for a minimum of three years. Resulting data will be used to study the solar interior using helioseismology. The heart of the observing instrument is a thermally compensated, wide-field Fourier Techometer operated automatically by a computer control system. Data from the six GONG stations is expected to total over one gigabyte per day. Pipeline processing of these data will proceed contemporaneously, reducing the raw data to several standard product data sets at sustained throughput rates in excess of 6 megaflops and peak rates that may exceed 50 megaflops. In support of widespread scientific participation, software analysis tools based on the Image Reduction and Analysis Facility (IRAF) and data distribution will be provided. Science teams have been formed and are actively supporting the project. The field instrument will reach the prototype stage in early 1989 and full operation of the network is expected in 1992.
Spatially resolved wall temperature measurements during flow boiling in microchannels

Abstract Spatial and temporal variations of channel wall temperature during flow boiling microchannel flows using infrared thermography are presented and analyzed. In particular, the top channel wall temperature in a branching microchannel silicon heat sink is measured non-intrusively. Using this technique, time-averaged temperature measurements, with a spatial resolution of 10 μm, are presented over an 18 mm × 18 mm area of the heat sink. Also presented, within a specific sub-region of the heat sink, are intensity maps that are recorded at a rate of 120 frames per second. Time series data at selected point locations in this sub-region are analyzed for their frequency content, and dominant temperature fluctuations are extracted using proper orthogonal decomposition. Results at low-vapor-quality boiling condition indicate that temperatures can be determined from recorded radiation intensities with a temperature uncertainty varying from 0.9 °C at 25 °C to 1.0 °C at 125 °C. The time series data indicate periodic wall temperature fluctuations of approximately 2 °C that are attributed to the passage of vapor slugs. A dominant band of frequencies around 2–4 Hz is suggested by the frequency analysis. Proper orthogonal decomposition results indicate that first six orthogonal modes account for approximately 90% of the variance in temperature. The first mode reconstruction accounts for temporal variations in the dataset in the sub-region analyzed; however the magnitude of fluctuations and spatial variations in temperature are not accurately captured. A reconstruction using the first 25 modes is considered sufficient to capture both the temporal and spatial variations in the data.
Tiger Swallowtail Genome Reveals Mechanisms for Speciation and Caterpillar Chemical Defense

Predicting phenotype from genotype represents the epitome of biological questions. Comparative genomics of appropriate model organisms holds the promise of making it possible. However, the high heterozygosity of many Eukaryotes currently prohibits assembling their genomes. Here, we report the 376 Mb genome sequence of Papilio glaucus (Pgl), the first sequenced genome from the Papilionidae family. We obtained the genome from a wild-caught specimen using a cost-effective strategy that overcomes the high (2%) heterozygosity problem. Comparative analyses suggest the molecular bases of various phenotypic traits, including terpene production in the Papilionidae-specific organ, osmeterium. Comparison of Pgl and Papilio canadensis transcriptomes reveals mutation hotspots (4% genes) associated with their divergence: four key circadian clock proteins are enriched in inter-species mutations and likely responsible for the difference in pupal diapause. Finally, the Pgl genome confirms Papilio appalachiensis as a hybrid of Pgl and Pca, but suggests it inherited 3/4 of its genes from Pca.
The Role of Intuition

"Intuition," as used by the modern mathematician, means an accumulation of attitudes (including beliefs and opinions) derived from experience, both individual and cultural. It is closely associated with mathematical knowledge, which forms the basis of intuition. This knowledge contributes to the growth of intuition and is in turn increased by new conceptual materials suggested by intuition. The major role of intuition is to provide a conceptual foundation that suggests the directions which new research should take. The opinion of the individual mathematician regarding existence of mathematical concepts (number, geometric notions, and the like) are provided by this intuition; these opinions are frequently so firmly held as to merit the appellation "Platonic." The role of intuition in research is to provide the "educated guess," which may prove to be true or false; but in either case, progress cannot be made without it and even a false guess may lead to progress. Thus intuition also plays a major role in the evolution of mathematical concepts. The advance of mathematical knowledge periodically reveals flaws in cultural intuition; these result in "crises," the solution of which result in a more mature intuition. The ultimate basis of modern mathematics is thus mathematical intuition. and it is in this sense that the Intuitionistic doctrine of Brouwer and his followers is correct. Modern instructional methods recognize this role of intuition by replacing the "do this, do that" mode of teaching by a "what should be done next?" attitude which appeals to the intuitive background already developed. It is in this way that understanding and appreciation of new mathematical knowledge may be properly instilled in the student.
En-Lean: a framework to align lean and green manufacturing in the metal cutting supply chain

Literature provides numerous examples of the effectiveness of Lean operations (Lean) in increasing the competitive posture of manufacturers. However, less obvious is the impact of Lean on the environmental performance of the manufacturer. A methodology is proposed that allows one to articulate the complex relationship between Lean principles and their overall environmental impacts for specific processes. A case study illustrates the application of the methodology to the metal cutting industry using single and/or multipoint cutting.
ON THE QUESTION OF LONG‐LIVED RNA IN MAMMALS

RNA was isolated from various mouse tissues 126 days after the injection of 14C-uridine and 37 days after the injection of 3H-uridine. Calculations based on a small but definite residual amount of 14C-labeled RNA suggest the existence of an RNA with a half-life in excess of 10 days. Independent calculations based on the ratio of 3H and 14C dpm in chromatographically isolated UMP suggest a minimum half-life of about 30 days.
Design of HM 2 p&#8212;A Hierarchical Multimicroprocessor for General-Purpose Applications

This paper presents a tree-structured multiprocessor called the hierarchical multimicroprocessor (HM2p), each node of which is composed of a cluster of processor modules (PM's), common memory, DMA interface, switches, communication lines, and a data processor associated with it. The HM2p consists of two different hierarchies, one for data processing and the other for data distribution, which provide clean, structured separation between processing components and user interface components.
Dissipation of a sheet of heated air in a turbulent flow

A study was made of the dissipation of a single sheet of heated air in a turbulent air flow in a 3 in. pipe. Average temperatures, temperature fluctuations, and spatial correlations of the temperature fluctations were measured in the wake of a heated wire.
Scale properties and input substitution in mexican electrical equipment manufacturing

This paper investigates the existence of scale economies in the Mexican electrical equipment industry and estimates direct and cross price input demand elasticities using a translog cost function. Although the estimated value of the cost elasticity was consistent with economies of scale, it was significantly less than 1 only at a significance level slightly greater than 5 percent. The estimated cross price elasticities indicated that all of the inputs were substitutes. Nevertheless, while lower trade barriers under the North American Free Trade Agreement, ceteris paribus, may have a short-term adverse effect on the demand for labor in this industry by increasing imports of cheaper capital and intermediate goods, the relatively low values for ELK and ELM also support the conclusion that the impact on employment may be relatively small.
Stratospheric HTO and ;95Zr residence times

The depletion of the stratospheric burdens of particulate 95 Zr for times up to around 1 year, and gaseous HTO for times up to 3 years, attributed to the November 17, 1976 Chinese high-yield test indicates that both have about the same residence half-time (10 months). The indications are that gravitational settling of particles in the lower stratosphere can be considered to be negligible in studying transport processes. The rate of depletion of the stratospheric burden of HTO from the high-yield Chinese test of June 27, 1973 is not as well-defined in part due to greater uncertainties in calculating the stratospheric burdens. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1982.tb01826.x
Passive WDM channel power equalization with cascaded nonlinear amplifying loop mirrors

We propose a novel cascaded amplifier system for long-haul PSK or FSK transmission that equalizes WDM channel powers completely passively. An unflattened EDFA is asymmetrically placed within an all-fiber Sagnac interferometer. The Kerr nonlinearity of the Sagnac-loop fiber induces a net phase difference between the counterpropagating signals. Individual channels have independent, nonlinear transfer functions upon exiting the loop. This system provides higher gain for weak channels, while strong channels receive reduced gain. Thus, all channels approach and maintain a steady-state power level through successive amplifications. This system requires no active feedback mechanisms to maintain channel power equality. Its performance is not affected by changes in the gain spectrum of the optical amplifier and, unlike all other power equalization or gain-flattening schemes, the degree of equalization improves with increasing number of amplifications. This presentation will discuss the operating principle of this device, theoretical predictions of its properties, and work in progress towards an experimental proof of principle.
Specificity of T-cell alloreactivity

T-cell alloreactivity is a well-established phenomenon, but its molecular basis has remained enigmatic. Although there are differences between T-cell recognition of conventional and allogeneic antigens, it has become increasingly clear that they share many similarities. Recent insights into the specificity of the T-cell receptor (TCR) for peptide and the seeming intrinsic affinity of the TCR for the surface of the MHC molecule have provided a better understanding of how the TCR and peptide-MHC complexes interact. Here, we highlight the similarities and differences between conventional and allogeneic recognition of TCR-peptide-MHC complexes, and discuss how our view of allorecognitionhas changed, as well as the implications for TCR specificity and T-cell development.
ER Sheets Get Roughed Up

The molecular machinery that shapes the endoplasmic reticulum's (ER's) membrane into ordered networks of "smooth" tubules and "rough" sheets is poorly defined. Shibata et al. (2010) now report that sheet-inducing proteins, such as Climp-63, are enriched in the "rough" ER by their association with membrane-bound ribosomes, whereas curvature-inducing proteins localize at highly bent edges of membrane sheets.
Isolation and characterization of DNA from Tritrichomonas foetus and Trichomonas vaginalis.

High molecular weight DNA samples free of contaminating proteins or RNA were obtained from Tritrichomonas foetus or Trichomonas vaginalis by lysing the cells in 4 M guanidinium thiocyanate before centrifuging in CsCl density gradient and then purifying the DNA band by NACS-37 column chromatography. The bulk DNA from either organism acted as a single component in ion-exchange chromatography, agarose gel electrophoresis, CsCl density gradient centrifugation and thermal denaturation. T. foetus DNA showed a melting temperature (Tm) of 82°C corresponding to a 31% GC content whereas T. vaginalis DNA melted at 84°C to suggest 36% GC. Both DNA samples demonstrated 35 to 42% hyperchromicity when fully melted. C0t analysis revealed the presence of repetitive sequences in both DNAs: approximately 46.7% in T. foetus DNA and 53.3% in T. vaginalis DNA. The unique sequences of these two protozoan DNAs are of a similar size of about 2.5 × 107 base pairs. Agarose gel electrophoresis of restriction fragments of the two purified DNA samples gave distinct banding patterns that were characteristic of the two species of protozoan parasites.
Geographic and Racial Variation in Premature Mortality in the U.S.: Analyzing the Disparities

Life expectancy at birth, estimated from United States period life tables, has been shown to vary systematically and widely by region and race. We use the same tables to estimate the probability of survival from birth to age 70 (S(70)), a measure of mortality more sensitive to disparities and more reliably calculated for small populations, to describe the variation and identify its sources in greater detail to assess the patterns of this variation. Examination of the unadjusted probability of S(70) for each US county with a sufficient population of whites and blacks reveals large geographic differences for each race-sex group. For example, white males born in the ten percent healthiest counties have a 77 percent probability of survival to age 70, but only a 61 percent chance if born in the ten percent least healthy counties. Similar geographical disparities face white women and blacks of each sex. Moreover, within each county, large differences in S(70) prevail between blacks and whites, on average 17 percentage points for men and 12 percentage points for women. In linear regressions for each race-sex group, nearly all of the geographic variation is accounted for by a common set of 22 socio-economic and environmental variables, selected for previously suspected impact on mortality; R(2) ranges from 0.86 for white males to 0.72 for black females. Analysis of black-white survival chances within each county reveals that the same variables account for most of the race gap in S(70) as well. When actual white male values for each explanatory variable are substituted for black in the black male prediction equation to assess the role explanatory variables play in the black-white survival difference, residual black-white differences at the county level shrink markedly to a mean of -2.4% (+/-2.4); for women the mean difference is -3.7% (+/-2.3).
A framework for incorporating stream use in the determination of priority watersheds

The identification of priority watersheds is an important component in planning activities associated with non-point source pollution abatement. The identification of priority watersheds is a complex issue at best, but it is made even more so in certain cases by the desire of water quality planners to take stream use into account when making decisions. Thus, for example, certain streams may be classified as potential sport fisheries, while others may be designated as suitable for tolerant forage fish. It may be the case that the impact of non-point source pollution upon one stream is less than that upon a second stream when viewed strictly in terms of the physical condition of the streams. Yet, when viewed from the standpoint of habitat suitability for different fish species, the priority judgement could be reversed. A methodological framework is presented which allows planners to take stream use into account in the determination of priority watersheds. The framework provides a formal structure for organizing non-point source data associated with specific watersheds and stream habitat data for various fish species in a manner suitable as inputs to two fuzzy set models. The fuzzy set models incorporate the imprecision and fuzziness characteristic of non-point source water pollution problems. In an illustrative application to the Kewaunee River Basin in Wisconsin, U.S.A., the methodology is used to identify priority watersheds when streams are categorized on the basis of potential fisheries.
Associative processes in differentially reared monkeys (Macaca mulatta): Sensory preconditioning

Past research has indicated that with regard to performance in formal learning test situations, early socially isolated rhesus monkeys display atypical reactions to noxious stimuli, deficits in response inhibition, slower adaptation to reinforcement contingencies, and lower performance on oddity tasks. Twelve adult rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta), 6 who had been reared in total isolation for the first 9 months of life 19 years earlier, and 6 socially reared, were tested in a sensory preconditioning paradigm. In phase I, two neutral stimuli (S1-S2) were paired in contiguous fashion; in phase II the S2 stimulus was conditioned to elicit a startle response; and in phase III the S1 stimulus was presented to assess whether an association between the two stimuli had been formed during the initial phase. Instead of a deficit, isolate subjects showed significantly more response transfer during phase III as compared to the controls. The superior performance displayed by isolates is viewed as resulting from a slower habituation to S1-S2 stimuli during preconditioning along with the perseveration of responses during testing. These findings support the notion that atypical cognitive processing across a lifespan is a consequence of early social impoverishment.
Scotopic thresholds of rhesus monkeys at different grating densities under normal and low-protein diets.

Summry.Scotopic thresholds of rhesus monkeys were determined over a range of luminance levels, from 1138 to 17.8 x lo4 cd/cm2, and grating densities, from .I32 to 1.58 lines per cm. The effects of a low-protein diet on these thresholds were also investigated, and standard stimulus objects within the discrimination learning Situation were employed. Obtained thresholds decreased systematically from about 350 to 20 X 10"' cd/cm2, and there were no significant differences due to dietary protein level.