cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Devolution and Public University Infrastructure Development in Kenya: A Post-2000 Rights-Based Development Agenda

This chapter examines university sector development in Kenya in the post-2000 period. This is a period characterized by convergence in the shift towards majimbo (regionalism) in political democratization and a return to mitigated Keynesianism. The recent rapid expansion in public university sector infrastructure offers a window into understanding the significance of the articulation of political representation and ethnic rights in the post-2000 Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). This period also intersects with the World Bank shift in education sector funding policy toward an accommodation of governmental intervention in the financing of tertiary education systems. The analysis employs a contested meaning of the actualization of both neoliberalism and world culture theories in the local context. The findings reaffirm the changing and yet dominant influence of globally structured institutions in defining development ideology. Further, the nature of university sector expansion in post-2000 Kenya demonstrates the localization of globally diffused ideologies in ways that allows for contradictions amongst elements of the original ideal that is free-market capitalism and democracy.
A Liberation Health Approach to Examining Challenges and Facilitators of Peer-to-Peer Human Milk Sharing.

Background:Human milk sharing between peers is a common and growing practice. Although human milk has been unequivocally established as the ideal food source for infants, much stigma surrounds the ...
The Quipu Project. Digital oral history archive and interactive website

The Quipu Project. Digital oral history archive and interactive website. Produced by Chaka Studios. 2014. https://interactive.quipu-project.com/#/en/quipu/intro and http://blog.quipu-project.com/ho...
Empirical validation of an accommodation theory-based model of user-agent relationship

We describe a computational model of user-agent relationship based on accommodation theory, in which classes of relationship are defined by the set of activities the user is willing to perform with an agent. An implementation of this model is described that uses dialogue acts as the set of relationship-defining activities, and manipulations of the model to increase user-agent intimacy over time. The implementation is integrated into a virtual agent that plays the role of an exercise counselor. Results from validation studies indicate that the implementation is successful at adapting to users' desired intimacy level, but is not successful at increasing intimacy within the duration of the studies.
Naturally Occuring Organohalogen Compounds — A Comprehensive Survery

Natural chlorine-, bromine-, iodine-, and fluorine-containing organic chemical compounds are abundant on our planet. Occurring on land, in the oceans, and in the atmosphere, they pervade every form of life. They are produced by marine and terrestrial plants, bacteria, fungi, insects, marine animals, and even mammals. Natural combustion processes, such as volcanoes and other geothermal events, and forest and brush fires contribute large quantities of halogenated compounds to the environment. In 40 years, the number of known natural organohalogens has multiplied 200 times, from a dozen in 1954 to nearly 2400 today (Table 1) (1–12).
Traders and nontraders in recreational destination choice.

The purpose of this study was to assess the application of the mass transportation traders concept to spatial choice research in recreational boating. Given a set of two lakes, traders were defined...
Redox Manipulation of Free Cardiac Adenylates and Purine Nucleoside Release

The thermodynamic equilibrium relations between free adenylates and redox state in the cytosol were reviewed as applicable to perfused heart. Studies with isolated working guinea-pig hearts examined cytosolic redox state, phosphorylation potential, and the free concentration of AMP ([AMP]) in relation to the coronary venous output of adenylate catabolites. Excess pyruvate (20 mM), relative to 20 mM lactate, produced increases in the phosphorylation potential and total cardiac AMP content, but inorganic phosphate content, [ADP], [AMP], and purine nucleoside release were decreased. Conversely, excess lactate induced the releases of inosine and large amounts of xanthine, the reduced precursor of uric acid. When 15 mM glucose was the sole substrate, lactate output and adenosine plus inosine release changed concordantly during adrenergic stimulation. During low-flow ischemia with adrenergic stimulation, output of purines showed a large but transient increase, was mainly (67% – 87%) in the form of adenosine plus inosine, and was attenuated by cytosolic oxidation due to intracoronary administration of 5 mM pyruvate. Uric acid output accounted for 40% – 50% of total purine release during normoxia, but for not more than 10% during early ischemia.
Synthetic and Computational Study of Tin-Free Reductive Tandem Cyclizations of Neutral Aminyl Radicals

5-exo, 5-exo Cyclizations of conformationally unbiased propargylic aminyl radicals proceed with excellent yield, chemoselectivity, and diastereoselectivity under tin-free reductive cyclization conditions, regardless of the electronic environments and intermediate radical stabilization resulting from various olefin substituents. These conditions avoid the need for slow addition of initiator and reductant. By contrast, analogous 6-exo, 5-exo cyclizations require substituents capable of intermediate radical stabilization to avoid premature reduction products. These experimental results are corroborated by computations that further establish the reactivity of these aminyl radicals upon exposure to tin-free cyclization conditions.
Phase field modeling of irradiation-enhanced corrosion of Zircaloy-4 in PWRs

Abstract A phase field model (HOGNOSE) has been developed to address the incomplete understanding of early stage irradiation-enhanced corrosion of Zircaloy-4 in pressurized water reactors (PWRs). HOGNOSE uses an effective charge density to represent space charge in the oxide, which is effectively removed under irradiation by iron doping after secondary phase particle amorphization. Accounting for the temperature and neutron flux dependence on amorphization and showing the large impact of doping on both electron and oxygen transport, HOGNOSE models irradiation-enhanced corrosion up to ten microns over 270–330 °C and prototypical PWR neutron fluxes.
Potential Growth : Outlook and Options for the Russian Federation

This paper examines the past and future trajectory of the Russian Federation's potential growth: the speed at which an economy could grow if all resources were utilized efficiently. The findings show that it peaked before the 2008 global financial crisis and continued to decline up to 2017. The estimated potential growth rate was 3.8 percent in 2000-09 and 1.7 percent in 2010-17, a 2.1 percentage point decline. The most recent deceleration was due to a slowdown of productivity growth and a shrinking potential labor force, rather than a shortfall in capital accumulation. For its future trajectory, under the baseline scenario, Russia's potential growth is expected to continue its gradual downward trend, from 1.5 percent in 2017 to 1.3 percent in 2022. It is expected to recover gradually thereafter, primarily driven by stabilization of the labor force. The simulations of proposed reform measures currently being considered by policy makers, including a combination of pension reform, more migration, higher investment, and gradual acceleration of total factor productivity growth, can double Russia's potential growth rate to 3.0 percent by 2028. Under the assumptions discussed in the paper, pension reform, increases in migration, investment, and productivity contribute 0.4, 0.2, 0.6, and 0.3 percentage points, respectively, to the increase in Russia's potential growth rate. Potential growth is found to be most sensitive to changes in total factor productivity growth, suggesting that reforms that increase productivity may have the most impact on boosting Russia's potential growth.
Patent Licensing and Technological Catch-Up in a Heterogeneous Duopoly

A cost-reducing innovation is available to Cournot duopolists through licensing. The firms are ex ante heterogeneous and adoption of the innovation impacts them differently. Is it possible for the inefficient duopolist to catch up with its efficient rival? Under certain conditions, yes. The conditions, however, are stringent: It is not sufficient, for instance, that the innovation promotes a change in the efficiency rank of the firms.
Extracellular Vesicle Biomarkers Track Cognitive Changes Following Intranasal Insulin in Alzheimer's Disease.

Background Insulin resistance is implicated in Alzheimer's disease (AD), whereas intranasal insulin is an experimental treatment in clinical trials. We previously proposed insulin signaling mediators in plasma neuronal-enriched extracellular vesicles (EVs) as biomarkers of brain insulin resistance. Objective We sought to demonstrate the capacity of neuronal-enriched EV biomarkers to demonstrate target engagement in response to intranasal insulin and their ability to track treatment-associated cognitive changes in AD. Methods We isolated neuronal-enriched EVs from plasma samples of participants with amnestic mild cognitive impairment or probable AD involved in a 4-month duration placebo-controlled clinical trial of 20 or 40 IU intranasal insulin. We measured insulin signaling mediators as biomarkers and examined treatment-associated changes and their relationship with cognitive performance (ADAS-Cog). Results There were no EV biomarker changes from baseline in any of the treatment groups. In participants treated with 20 IU insulin, EV biomarkers of insulin resistance (pS312-IRS-1, pY-IRS-1) showed strong positive correlations with ADAS-Cog changes, especially in ApoE ɛ4 non-carriers. Conclusion Neuronal EV biomarkers of insulin resistance (pS312-IRS-1, pY-IRS-1) were associated with cognitive changes in response to low dose intranasal insulin suggesting engagement of the insulin cascade in neurons of origin.
Immigration and Homicide in Contemporary Europe

This chapter focuses on homicides involving immigrants in Europe, both as offenders and victims. Old and new immigration patterns in Europe and their impact on policy are described. Difficulties related to data collection, for both immigration trends and homicide events involving immigrants, are outlined. Lastly, the chapter ends with a discussion about two types of homicide where immigrants appear to be disproportionately at risk in contemporary Europe, namely honor killings and hate crimes.
A method to predict the glass transition temperature in metallic glasses from properties of the equilibrium liquid

Abstract The glass transition temperature, Tg, is important for predicting glass formation and stability and for designing processing steps for tailoring the glass to specific applications. It is conventionally determined from measurements of the shear viscosity or specific heat. This requires that the glass first be made, significantly limiting the use of this parameter for the prediction of glass formation. Further, viscosity or specific heat measurements can only be made for glasses that have a high stability against crystallization at Tg. It is demonstrated here that it is possible to accurately predict Tg from measurements of the shear viscosity and thermal expansion coefficient of the high temperature equilibrium liquid. In addition to the practical usefulness of this, the connection between the glass transition and the properties of the equilibrium liquid may shed light into the processes that determine glass formation in metallic alloys and of the nature of the glass transition.
Dynamics of the cerebral blood flow response to brief neural activity in human visual cortex.

The blood oxygen-level dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) signal depends on an interplay of cerebral blood flow (CBF), oxygen metabolism, and cerebral blood volume. Despi...
Spontaneous pneumothorax in a companion Kunekune pig due to pulmonary bullae rupture

ABSTRACT Background: Pneumothorax cases are commonly described in mammals, but descriptions in Kunekune pigs are lacking. Case description: A three-month-old, male Kunekune pig (Sus scrofa domesticus) presented for respiratory distress of 24 hours duration. Based on physical examination, blood gas analysis, ultrasound, and radiography, a presumed diagnosis of pneumothorax secondary to a ruptured pulmonary bullae was made. The presence of pulmonary bullae was confirmed via computed tomography. The pneumothorax was managed with indwelling thoracostomy tubes, constant suction, nasal oxygen supplementation, antimicrobials and anti-inflammatories. Subsequent bloodwork, cytology, parasitology, and culture results discounted an infectious or inflammatory etiology. The patient was discharged ten days after presentation. Conclusions and case relevance: The pig responded well to medical management and thoracostomy tube suction. Based on a literature search, this is the first published case report of diagnosis and management of a pneumothorax in a Kunekune pig.
Artificial intelligence methods for predictive image-based grading of human cancers

Abstract Surgical pathology and the practice of general medicine are often described as having legitimate components of art as well as science. That perception is perhaps less relevant in the current information age with the adoption of genomic medicine, in large part due to the growth in disease-specific causal knowledge. As a surgical pathologist, gestalt and intuition are words you may not use to describe how you arrive at a specific patient's diagnosis, but it is certainly understood that with experience, in particular with a deep immersion in a subspecialty, comes an understanding of histopathology that cannot easily be transmitted or formalized. This is not in any way to delegitimize pathology or relegate it to the unscientific, rather to illustrate a strength of the human brain. For well over 100 years using a microscope, pathologists have been applying this strength to group and separate disease entities into diagnoses and their subtypes. The brain seems to be good at pattern recognition, filtering noise, and dealing with variability, and from a histopathology perspective, this has complemented the medical need quite well for over a century. Although the concept of tumor differentiation and its relationship to clinical outcome dates back to the early days of histopathology until fairly recently, limited treatment options diminished the necessity for more precise and standardized grading. The following chapter explores how the growing fields of computational pathology, machine learning, and deep learning are coming together to address the need for more precise and standardized grading. Starting with tissue preparation and image acquisition, the discussion roughly follows the steps involved in developing an image analysis–based multivariate grading system with attention drawn in each subsection to inherent obstacles, published state-of-the-art techniques, and the authors' own experience with solutions.
A Voice in the Development of Amazonia: The Constitutional Rights to Participation of Indigenous Peoples

This chapter looks at Indigenous rights in Amazon countries, comparing the substantive law with its practical implementation. While constitutions evidence a clear intent to protect Indigenous groups, enforcement is often problematic, and the rights of Indigenous populations have rarely been vindicated. Through an analysis of some case studies in Amazonia, such as the Chevron oil spill in Ecuador, the Belo Monte Dam in Brazil, and the TIPNIS Project in Bolivia, this chapter discusses whether these constitutional provisions are being respected. Almost 400 Indigenous groups currently live throughout the Amazon region, which is shared by nine countries. Due to their close proximity to the region’s rich natural resources, Indigenous groups are some of the most affected populations by infrastructure projects and other initiatives to promote socio-economic development. These groups have suffered marginalization by their governments, and were traditionally excluded from the approval process of these projects. However, after a series of constitutional revisions, most countries embraced provisions recognizing Indigenous rights and environmental protections, including the right to Free, Prior, and Informed Consent and the right to participation. The recognition of constitutional environmental rights for Indigenous communities was the first step in a long battle to ensure the voices of Indigenous groups are heard, both politically and in terms of economic development plans. Although Indigenous groups and their lands are constitutionally protected, actually putting these rights into practice has been proven a challenge. In most cases, states have difficulty redressing environmentally harmful practices when it conflicts with plans for economic development.
Selective Lysosome Membrane Turnover Is Induced by Nutrient Starvation

Lysosome function is essential for cellular homeostasis, but quality-control mechanisms that maintain healthy lysosomes remain poorly characterized. Here, we developed a method to measure lysosome turnover and use this to identify a selective mechanism of membrane degradation that involves lipidation of the autophagy protein LC3 onto lysosomal membranes and the formation of intraluminal vesicles through microautophagy. This mechanism is induced in response to metabolic stress resulting from glucose starvation or by treatment with pharmacological agents that induce osmotic stress on lysosomes. Cells lacking ATG5, an essential component of the LC3 lipidation machinery, show reduced ability to regulate lysosome size and degradative capacity in response to activation of this mechanism. These findings identify a selective mechanism of lysosome membrane turnover that is induced by stress and uncover a function for LC3 lipidation in regulating lysosome size and activity through microautophagy.
The Built Environment: State Presence at Border Crossings in the Modern World

Border politics have become a salient component of high international politics. Territorial jurisdiction – the exclusive right of a state to decide who and what enters their political space, on what terms, and under what rules – has long been considered one of the key aspects of sovereign statehood. But we can also learn something about national anxieties around the world by examining the built environment on the ground at crucial spaces along states’ international borders. The built environment at the border represents a physical capacity to filter goods, services and people – the “wanted” from the “unwanted” – and thus is an expression of the authority of the state to preserve its jurisdictional sovereignty. This paper discusses border crossings as sites of connection and separation where expressions of state authority are especially telling. It introduces an original dataset culled from satellite images that document and describe "state presence" at border crossings of the world. Understanding the built environment at such crossings is a unique window into state and societal priorities and anxieties in an age of globalization.
bmggum: An R Package for Bayesian Estimation of the Multidimensional Generalized Graded Unfolding Model With Covariates:

Over the past couple of decades, there has been an increasing interest in adopting ideal point models to represent noncognitive constructs, as they have been demonstrated to better measure typical ...
Effects of nanoparticles on photopolymerization of acrylate monomers in forming nano-composites

Abstract The UV photopolymerization of diethylene glycol-diacrylate and isobornyl-acrylate based nano-composites was studied with respect to reaction conversion with variations in UV light exposure. The composites contained various amounts of well dispersed ZrO2 nanoparticles. The degree of conversion achieved vs light intensity was measured by DSC for various compositions ranging from 0 to 30% by weight of nanoparticles. It was found that including nanoparticles in the monomer increased the conversion achieved considerably. This is attributed to the acceleration of the reaction through interactions with the silane surface ligand on the nanoparticles. The upper limit for conversion was limited because of vitrification and was different for each monomer. Also noted was that the detailed effects of particle concentration on conversion are quite different for the two monomers. Conversion vs UV exposure data such as those presented provide information necessary for determining the appropriate UV exposure required for creating nano-composites by inkjet printing with optimized physical, mechanical, and optical properties. The results indicate that it is important to determine this information for forming nano-composites from any specific monomer/nanoparticle combination.
Memory Processes in Retardates and Normals1

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the memory processes in retardates and normals. Most studies of short term memory (STM) in the retardate have relied principally upon delayed response, digit span, or some type of learning task in which time relations were varied. Since the stimulus trace hypothesis, much of the research has also employed questionable methodologies. This chapter describes a series of studies that bear on the long-term memory–short-term memory (LTM–STM) distinction as well as on normal-retardate differences in STM. It describes the experimental model, methodological studies, a theoretical schema, and a series of studies that provide evidence for two STM processes in normal and retarded Ss as well as evidence that retardates suffer a deficit in rehearsal strategies; a mechanism of central importance to short-term storage. The results obtained with these studies suggest that two processes are involved in the short-term storage of supraspan messages. In institutionalized retardates, one of these processes is defective— that is, it fails to function in a normal fashion. Active rehearsal strategies are necessary for one of the storage processes but apparently not for the other.
Is Buddhist Political Thought Worth the Trouble

Let’s start with the cynical appraisal of Buddhist political thought today. On this view, today there is no Buddhist political theory at all, merely Western political theory with a decorative veneer of Buddhism. Admittedly there was a distinctively Buddhist political theory from roughly the fourth century BCE until roughly 1850 CE, but that theory embraced absolute monarchy and was underwritten by dubious claims to occult knowledge and fanciful cosmologies that envisioned the axis around which the universe turned passing directly through the throne of whichever king was paying the astronomers. In any event, that political theory was partially destroyed and partially abandoned as a result of globalism and colonialism. Whereas in 1850 all Buddhist-majority countries were absolute monarchies, by 2000 all of them had some form of republican government or constitutional monarchy, justified more or less explicitly by reference to European models and ideals. From this cynical vantage point the invocation of Buddhist symbols and traditions is a face-saving window dressing covering over the wholesale abandonment of the Buddhist political tradition in favor of Western approaches to politics. Even if there were Buddhists today who continued to advocate the traditional Buddhist political theory, they would be laughable anachronisms. On this view, Buddhist political theory is of interest only to historians and antiquarians.
The Reading Nation in the Romantic Period

Reviewed Medium: book Authors: Clair St. and William Year: 2004 Pages: xxix + 765 Publisher: Cambridge University Press ISBN: 052181006X (hard cover). Prices: $150.00 US(hard cover).
A hybrid Al0.10Ga0.90As/AlAs bilayer electron system with tunable g-factor

We have fabricated a device composed of two closely coupled two-dimensional electron systems, one of which resides within an AlAs quantum well at the X point of the Brillouin zone, while the other is contained at the Γ point in the alloy Al0.10Ga0.90As, grown directly below the AlAs. The electronic properties of these two systems are strongly asymmetric: the respective cyclotron masses in the AlAs and the Al0.10Ga0.90As layers, measured in units of the free electron mass, are ∼0.5 and 0.07, while the effective electron g-factors are approximately 7 and 0. With the help of front and back gates, we can confine mobile carriers to either or both of the two quantum wells, as confirmed by magnetotransport measurements.
Preview of United States v. Stevens: Animal Law, Obscenity, and the Limits of Government Censorship

This preview of United States v. Stevens will soon appear in the Charleston Law Review's annual Supreme Court Preview. Of those cases on the Supreme Court of the United States 2009-2010 docket, the one likely to generate the most media attention is United States v. Stevens. The case pits free speech against animal welfare, and, like many First Amendment cases, is creating some otherwise unlikely allies. As of this writing, twenty-two amicus briefs have been filed in the case, with hunters and publishers joining forces against animal protection advocates and law enforcement. Stevens is also legally significant in that the United States argues that interstate commercial use of depictions of animal cruelty may be banned because they cause social harms and lack any significant value. If the Court agrees, it could create a new category of unprotected speech, something it has not done since 1982, when it found that child pornography is unprotected speech in New York v. Ferber. This outcome would mark a significant shift in the Court’s recent trend to expand, not narrow, First Amendment protections. Ultimately, this case comes down to what the Court values more - protecting animals or protecting free expression. This preview details the arguments presented by both sides and discusses the long-term implications of the case on both animal law and the obscenity doctrine.
Approaches to Growth Faltering

Postnatal growth failure remains a nearly universal complication of extreme prematurity. The incidence of postnatal growth failure is inversely related to gestational age. Unfortunately, by the time growth faltering is recognized, the nutrient deficits that have accumulated can be difficult, if not impossible, to recover. The perceived severity of illness in the first week can significantly impact decisions made related to early nutritional support. It is becoming increasingly clear that optimizing nutrient intake in the first few weeks of life is critical to reduce growth faltering. In order to promote growth and reduce growth faltering, a goal of 120 kcal/kg/day and 3.8 g/kg/day of protein should be supplied to very low birth weight infants by the end of the first week. A combined strategy of both parenteral and enteral nutrition is necessary to ensure that adequate protein and energy intake is delivered and that nutrient deficits are minimized. Finally, careful monitoring of growth--including both linear and head circumference growth--is necessary to achieve optimal outcomes.
The Hawaii Deep Survey-Implications for Cosmology and Galaxy Formation

The Hawaii deep survey has now established 2.2 micron galaxy counts to a K magnitude of 23. The low number density of these counts at the faint end favors a q 0 = 0.5, Λ = 0 geometry which minimizes the available cosmological volume. However these models provide no explanation for the blue galaxies which are responsible for the large number of faint blue counts. Combining spectroscopic data with K magnitudes for a blue selected sample shows that the large number of galaxies at B = 23 – 24 appears to be a population of blue dwarf galaxies lying at typical redshifts of 0.3 to 0.4. There are no obvious descendants of these galaxies at the present epoch. The dwarf galaxies contain as much K light as the normal galaxy population and may dominate the baryonic and dark matter content of the universe.
The Making of Modern Greece: Nationalism, Romanticism, and the Uses of the Past (1797–1896)

Reviewed Medium: book Year: 2009 Pages: 284 Publisher: Ashgate Publishing ISBN: 978-0-7546-6498-7 (hard cover). Prices: $114.95 USD(hard cover).
THE EFFECT OF FEMALES ON MALE-MALE COMPETITION IN THE ISOPOD, PARACERCEIS SCULPTA: A REACTION NORM APPROACH TO BEHAVIORAL PLASTICITY

In Paracerceis sculpta, a Gulf of California isopod, a-males usually defend aggregations of breeding females within the spongocoels of intertidal sponges. Breeding isopods are also found in habitats other than sponges, but interactions among individuals in these locations are poorly known. To investigate plasticity in male-male interactions associated with mate acquisition in breeding habitats other than sponges, we examined the behavior of pairs of a-males in two distinct environments; those in which breeding sites were absent, but females were present, and those in which both breeding sites and females were absent. We established males as residents in the presence and in the absence of females by allowing them to occupy arenas for 1 h before intruders were introduced. Residents and intruders engaged in significantly more total acts and grappled more in the presence of females than when females were absent. In the presence of females, residents became active first in most cases, and gripped females more than intruders. Latency to activity was significantly longer when receptive females were present than when they were absent. However, residents seldom interacted with intruders when females were lacking. Our results suggest that in locations other than sponges, a-males compete for females and can recognize their status as residents and as intruders. These results also suggest that, as in many vertebrate and invertebrate species, P. sculpta a-males attempt to mate opportunistically, and that contests for mates in atypical breeding habitats may be common in nature. We discuss the importance of distinguishing rare and highly contingent behaviors from those likely to represent adaptive behavioral plasticity, and we propose a simple criterion of commonality for their identification in behavioral analyses.
Diagnosis of Pulmonary Embolism

Excerpt To the editor: I read with anticipation the report of the multicenter study by Hull and associates (1) concerning tests used in the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism, hoping that someone had ...
Time-Reversed Information Transmission

Tolman's paradox forbidding time-reversed information transmission is nonexistent and rests only on our ingrained thought processes involving hidden, unnecessary assumptions. When the assumption of a passive channel is removed, the paradox cannot be derived and information can flow intermittently or nondeterministically from the future over a simple computer with at least one independent decision-making component.
Integral Protein Linkage and the Bilayer-Skeletal Separation Energy in Red Blood Cells

Stabilization of the lipid bilayer membrane in red blood cells by its association with an underlying membrane-associated cytoskeleton has long been recognized as critical for proper red blood cell function. One of the principal connections between skeleton and bilayer is via linkages between band 3, the integral membrane protein that transports anions across the cell surface, and membrane skeletal elements including ankyrin, adducin, spectrin, and the junctional complex of the skeleton. Here, we use membrane tether formation coupled with fluorescent labeling of membrane components to examine the importance of band 3 in stabilizing the bilayer-skeletal association. In membranes from a patient deficient in band 3, the energy associated with the bilayer skeleton is approximately zero, whereas when band 3 is immobilized by ligation with the monoclonal antibody R10, the energy of association approximately doubles. Fluorescence images of tethers reveal that ∼40% of the band 3 on the normal cell surface can be pulled into the tether, confirming a lateral segregation of membrane components during tether formation. These results validate a critical role for band 3 in stabilizing the bilayer-skeletal association in red cells.
Phencyclidine blocks two potassium currents in spinal neurons in cell culture.

Abstract We studied the effects of phencyclidine (PCP) on the transient and delayed outward K− currents recorded from spinal cord neurons grown (10–20 days) in cell culture. Sodium channels were blocked with tetrodotoxin (1 μM) and solutions containing low calcium concentrations in the presence of Mg2− or Co2− (5 mM) were used to reduce Ca2− currents. PCP decreased the amplitude and prolonged the decay phase of the action potentials recorded at a holding potential of −70 mV. PCP (0.1–0.5 mM) was more effective than tetraethylammonium (TEA) or 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) in reducing both transient and delayed currents. The amplitude of the transient current during control experiments was always larger than that of the delayed current. It appeared that 4-AP (5 mM) was more potent in blocking the transient current, while TEA (10 mM) modified the delayed current more effectively. Both currents were also reduced by about 10% when the cell soma was perfused with Co2−. This suggested that a small fraction of the total outward current is a Ca2− activated K− current. The PCP-induced blockade of K− currents in central neurons coupled with the profound synaptic effects of the drug may provide the basis for explaining the psychopathology of this hallucinogenic agent.
Characterization of the T, L, I, S, M and P Cell Surface (Immobilization) Antigens of Tetrahymena thermophila: Molecular Weights, Isoforms, and Cross-Reactivity of Antisera

. In the ciliate protist Tetrahymena thermophila the L, H, T, I, S, M and P cell surface proteins (immobilization antigens) are expressed under different conditions of temperature (L, H, T), culture media (I, S), and mutant genotype (M, P). Immunoblot and autoradiographic studies using antisera to purified protein show that the molecular weights of these proteins range from 25,000 to 59,000. The H, T, S, M and P antigens are recognized as single polypeptides, whereas L, I, and one allelic form of T each appear to consist of a family of polypeptides. Although antisera are specific in immobilization and immunofluorescence assays of surface protein in living cells, cross-reactivity is seen with denatured protein on immunoblots. It is hypothesized that the surface protein genes are organized into families of evolutionarily related isoloci.
A GIS-based method for household recruitment in a prospective pesticide exposure study

Recent advances in GIS technology and remote sensing have provided new opportunities to collect ecologic data on agricultural pesticide exposure. Many pesticide studies have used historical or records-based data on crops and their associated pesticide applications to estimate exposure by measuring residential proximity to agricultural fields. Very few of these studies collected environmental and biological samples from study participants. One of the reasons for this is the cost of identifying participants who reside near study fields and analyzing samples obtained from them. In this paper, we present a cost-effective, GIS-based method for crop field selection and household recruitment in a prospective pesticide exposure study in a remote location. For the most part, our multi-phased approach was carried out in a research facility, but involved two brief episodes of fieldwork for ground truthing purposes. This method was developed for a larger study designed to examine the validity of indirect pesticide exposure estimates by comparing measured exposures in household dust, water and urine with records-based estimates that use crop location, residential proximity and pesticide application data. The study focused on the pesticide atrazine, a broadleaf herbicide used in corn production and one of the most widely-used pesticides in the U.S. We successfully used a combination of remotely-sensed data, GIS-based methods and fieldwork to select study fields and recruit participants in Illinois, a state with high corn production and heavy atrazine use. Our several-step process consisted of the identification of potential study fields and residential areas using aerial photography; verification of crop patterns and land use via site visits; development of a GIS-based algorithm to define recruitment areas around crop fields; acquisition of geocoded household-level data within each recruitment area from a commercial vendor; and confirmation of final participant household locations via ground truthing. The use of these procedures resulted in a sufficient sample of participants from 14 recruitment areas in seven Illinois counties. One of the challenges in pesticide research is the identification and recruitment of study participants, which is time consuming and costly, especially when the study site is in a remote location. We have demonstrated how GIS-based processes can be used to recruit participants, increase efficiency and enhance accuracy. The method that we used ultimately made it possible to collect biological samples from a specific demographic group within strictly defined exposure areas, with little advance knowledge of the location or population.
Rate-Invariant Analysis of Trajectories on Riemannian Manifolds with Application in Visual Speech Recognition

In statistical analysis of video sequences for speech recognition, and more generally activity recognition, it is natural to treat temporal evolutions of features as trajectories on Riemannian manifolds. However, different evolution patterns result in arbitrary parameterizations of these trajectories. We investigate a recent framework from statistics literature that handles this nuisance variability using a cost function/distance for temporal registration and statistical summarization & modeling of trajectories. It is based on a mathematical representation of trajectories, termed transported square-root vector field (TSRVF), and the L2 norm on the space of TSRVFs. We apply this framework to the problem of speech recognition using both audio and visual components. In each case, we extract features, form trajectories on corresponding manifolds, and compute parametrization-invariant distances using TSRVFs for speech classification. On the OuluVS database the classification performance under metric increases significantly, by nearly 100% under both modalities and for all choices of features. We obtained speaker-dependent classification rate of 70% and 96% for visual and audio components, respectively.
Where Are the Indigenous Scientific Leaders? Examining the Participation of Native American/Alaska Natives in Weather and Water Academic Programs and the Federal Workforce

Native American (American Indian)/Alaska Natives (AI/AN) are significantly underrepresented in the U.S. federal science and engineering (S&E) labor force. This underrepresentation extends into the leadership ranks of federal agencies responsible for designing, implementing, and maintaining resource monitoring and enforcement programs on tribal lands. Datasets documenting demographics and salaries of the federal S&E workforce show AI/AN are the smallest S&E workforce segment among minorities and receive the lowest average salaries for engineers and physical scientists. Academic statistics show AI/AN students earn significantly fewer engineering and Earth, atmospheric, and ocean science (EA&OS) bachelor's degrees than other ethnic groups and rarely earn advanced degrees in these disciplines. Additional aspects in federal and academic datasets offer clues on a spectrum of causative factors affecting the AI/AN recruitment pool for federal S&E jobs and the rarity of AI/AN ascending to leadership positions with...
Early age cracking of reinforced concrete bridge decks

This paper describes the instrumentation and test results of a reinforced concrete bridge deck constructed on three-span continuous steel girders in Evansville, West Virginia. An instrumentation system consisting of 232 sensors is developed and implemented specifically to measure strains and temperature in concrete deck, strains in longitudinal and transverse rebar, the overall contraction and expansion of concrete deck, and crack openings. Data from all sensors are automatically collected every 30 minutes starting at the time of placing the deck. The results indicated that elevated longitudinal stress due to constrained drying shrinkage is the main factor responsible for crack initiation during the first two days after concrete placement. Several factors contribute to the deterioration of the deck: (1) thermal stresses developed in the deck because of the constraining effects of the stay-in-place forms and shear studs; (2) non-uniform curing of the concrete along the deck; (3) in-plane temperature variat...
Atomic transitions in finite-bandwidth squeezed light.

A stochastic density-matrix equation for an atom strongly driven by finite-bandwidth squeezed light is derived. The quantum properties of the light are accounted for by a doubling of dimensions of the stochastic process for $c$-number electric field amplitudes. The possibility of obtaining reduced atomic linewidths in the absorption spectrum of the atom embedded in colored squeezed light is discussed, based on nonperturbative solutions of stochastic optical Bloch equations.
The Viscosity of Mesophase Blends: The Cholesteryl Acetate-Myristate Pair

Abstract This report presents viscosity measurements on blends of cholesteryl acetate and myristate. Viscosities were measured as a function of composition, shear and temperatures over ranges corresponding to the isotropic liquid, and the cholesteric and smectic mesophases. The myristate ester was chosen as the principal constituent because its multiple phase transitions have been previously shown to be reproducible. The acetate was chosen for the blends because several workers have presented viscosity data on the neat ester. The measurements were made using a Weissenberg Rheogoniometer. The shear rates in this cone-and-plate viscometer are homogeneous and variable. The results show large breaks in viscosity behavior at the independently-measured thermodynamic transitions between the crystal, smectic, cholesteric, and isotropic states. Viscosities for the isotropic phase are Newtonian throughout. The viscosities for both the cholesteric and smectic mesophases are prominently non-Newtonian with a sharp tra...
Peel adhesion properties of modified soy protein adhesive on a glass panel

Abstract Soybean proteins have shown great potential for use as renewable, environmentally friendly adhesives. In this research, peel adhesion properties of NaHSO3-modified soy protein (MSP) adhesives between a paper label and glass substrate were studied. Soy protein isolates (SPIs), soy flour (SF) suspension, and commercial polyvinyl acetate (PVAc) based adhesive were used as comparison. With a 30 g/m2 coating cured at 24 °C, peel strength of MSP on a glass substrate increased rapidly with curing time and resulted in paper cohesive failure at about 150 s of curing time. Paper cohesive failure occurred at about 180 s for SPI and SF suspension and at 10 min for PVAc. At a higher curing temperature, less curing time for MSP was needed to reach the same peel strength. MSP had better water resistance than SPI, SF suspension, and PVAc in terms of “sweating” peel strength. When blended with MSP, PVAc showed shorter curing time, higher water resistance, and lower viscosity. Thermal and morphological studies showed that no chemical reaction occurred between soy protein and PVAc.
In vitro platelet function in controlled ovarian hyperstimulation cycles

Abstract Objective: To determine the effects of elevated endogenous E 2 levels on in vitro platelet function in patients undergoing controlled ovarian hyperstimulation (COH). Design: Women with normal ovulatory cycles and patients undergoing COH on cycle day 3 and near ovulation (preovulatory follicles were at least 16 mm in diameter) were studied. Serum E 2 , Thrombostat 4000, (V. d. Goltz, Seeon, Germany), von Willebrand factor antigen (vWF-Ag), and platelet aggregation and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) release to adenosine diphosphate (ADP), collagen (COL), and arachidonic acid (AA) were measured. Setting: University-based outpatient infertility clinic. Patient(s): Twenty-two consenting infertile women undergoing COH cycles and 14 women with documented ovulatory cycles. Main Outcome Measure(s): Whole blood platelet aggregation with ADP, COL, AA, and Thrombostat 4000. Result(s): Estradiol levels rose significantly at peak times (P = 0.011). No changes were noted in in vitro platelet function measured by the Thrombostat 4000 and by whole blood platelet aggregation with ADP and AA and in ATP release with ADP, COL, or AA. Aggregation with collagen was increased because of likely elevations in vWF-Ag levels. Conclusion(s): No significant changes in in vitro platelet function were noted in 19 women undergoing COH with E 2 levels two to three times that observed in oral contraceptive or hormone replacement therapy users, suggesting no increased risk for arterial thromboembolism.
Measuring e-Commerce in Net-Enabled Organizations: An Introduction to the Special Issue

Clear and precise metrics are essential for evaluating phenomena such as e-commerce (?Net?-enablement) and the organizational use of networks and the Internet for commercial activities. Researchers require them for theory building and testing; practitioners require them for improving organizational processes. But for IS professionals to engage in the serious creation of metrics, it is critical to recognize:(1) that the phenomenon of net-enablement is an enduring change, probably led in the future by 'brick-cum-click'firms, (2) that some new and old measures need to be differentially applied, and (3) that the papers in this special issue are not the end of metrics creation, but just the beginning.
Efficient coordination of multiple-aircraft systems

In this paper we address the problem of planning the motion of several independent aircraft, each with its own assigned destination, with the objective of reducing a measure of the overall cost of motion, such as total fuel consumption, or airspace congestion. To this purpose, the aircraft have the ability to temporarily join formation with others, if deemed appropriate. Since joining formation with other aircraft might require a detour from the shortest path to the current destination, one must determine when and under what conditions formation flight results in a reduction in the total cost. Hence, formation flight is not imposed a priori on the system, but rather is determined as the optimal solution to a cost optimization problem. We will present a complete solution for the centralized, complete information case; even though this solution if computationally prohibitive for large number of aircraft, we will use its restriction to the two-aircraft case to develop scalable, decentralized algorithms for use with systems composed of many aircraft, with communication constraints. Simulation examples are presented.