cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Guest editor's introduction to the special issue on research in the content of strategy

This special issue packages research on the content of strategy, specifically research on questions relating to competitive strategies at the business unit level, and corporate strategies at the level of the firm. As noted in Dan Schendel's introduction, the call for papers generated an enthusiastic response, giving us many attractive yet complex choices. The most difficult tradeoff was deciding whether the special issue should contain a broad range of stand-alone papers, or a more focused collection of work. After considerable deliberation, I chose to focus the issue on research which links the strategy field with other disciplines. Considering that the broad theme of the issue is strategy content research, it is not surprising that many of the linkages are with areas within the field of economics. The cost of this decision is that several firstclass submissions were forwarded to regular issues of the SMJ. The benefits are that the issue provides strategy researchers an opportunity to witness the power of economic reasoning in a wide range of strategy content problems. In finalizing this decision the key argument was that new methodological perspectives are best evaluated in a critical mass of work, thus benefiting greatly from the concentrated presentation which a special issue can provide. In comparison, important stand-alone papers are well served by the regular issue format of the SMJ. In the remainder of my comments I will discuss the context in which this research takes place, and give a brief description of the individual papers.
A Hamiltonian Formulation for Long Internal Waves

A novel canonical Hamiltonian formalism is developed for long internal waves in a rotating environment. This includes the effects of background vorticity and shear on the waves. By restricting consideration to flows in hydrostatic balance, superimposed on a horizontally uniform background of vertical shear and vorticity, a particularly simple Hamiltonian structure arises, which can be thought of as describing a nonlinearly coupled infinite collection of shallow water systems. The kinetic equation describing the time evolution of the spectral energy of internal waves is subsequently derived, and a stationary Kolmogorov solution is found in the high frequency limit. This is surprisingly close to the Garrett–Munk spectrum of oceanic internal waves.
Reflectance effects caused by refractive-index gradients of H 2 samples loaded with 0.5-μm Al 2 O 3 powder in diamond-anvil cells

This paper shows that there is doubtful basis for the claim of metallization of hydrogen as a result of optical studies in the diamond-anvil cell to date. The presence of fine ${\mathrm{Al}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ particles in the hydrogen precludes a simple hydrogen-diamond interface; the graded index must be included and is shown to account for the observed behavior in H. K. Mao et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 65, 484 (1990)] and M. Hanfland et al. [Phys. Rev. B 43, 8767 (1991)]. The small reflectivity found on the published experiment (having only a tiny fraction of the diamond covered with ${\mathrm{Al}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$) at 161 GPa and a mentioned result at 160 GPa (with no ${\mathrm{Al}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$), both at room temperature, is very likely due to an absorption peak of hydrogen in diamond at 0.38 eV broadened by the stresses in the diamond anvil. Therefore, it must be shown that refractive-index gradients and/or hydrogen in diamond are not responsible for the observed reflectance before other claims are made.
Enhancement of calcium signalling dynamics and stability by delayed modulation of the plasma-membrane calcium-ATPase in human T cells

In addition to its homeostatic role of maintaining low resting levels of intracellular calcium ([Ca2+](i)), the plasma-membrane calcium-ATPase (PMCA) may actively contribute to the generation of complex Ca2+ signals. We have investigated the role of the PMCA in shaping Ca2+ signals in Jurkat human leukaemic T cells using single-cell voltage-clamp and calcium-imaging techniques. Crosslinking the T-cell receptor with the monoclonal antibody OKT3 induces a biphasic elevation in [Ca2+](i) consisting of a rapid overshoot to a level > 1 microM, followed by a slow decay to a plateau of approximately 0.5 microM. A similar overshoot was triggered by a constant level of Ca2+ influx through calcium-release-activated Ca2+ (CRAC) channels in thapsigargin-treated cells, due to a delayed increase in the rate of Ca2+ clearance by the PMCA. Following a rise in [Ca2+](i), PMCA activity increased in two phases: a rapid increase followed by a further calcium-dependent increase of up to approximately fivefold over 10-60 s, termed modulation. After the return of [Ca2+](i) to baseline levels, the PMCA recovered slowly from modulation (tau approximately 4 min), effectively retaining a 'memory' of the previous [Ca2+](i) elevation. Using a Michaelis-Menten model with appropriate corrections for cytoplasmic Ca2+ buffering, we found that modulation extended the dynamic range of PMCA activity by increasing both the maximal pump rate and Ca2+ sensitivity (reduction of K(M)). A simple flux model shows how pump modulation and its reversal produce the initial overshoot of the biphasic [Ca2+](i) response. The modulation of PMCA activity enhanced the stability of Ca2+ signalling by adjusting the efflux rate to match influx through CRAC channels, even at high [Ca2+](i) levels that saturate the transport sites and would otherwise render the cell defenceless against additional Ca2+ influx. At the same time, the delay in modulation enables small Ca2+ fluxes to transiently elevate [Ca2+](i), thus enhancing Ca2+ signalling dynamics.
Which physical factors determine tricuspid regurgitation jet area in the clinical setting

Abstract The visual assessment of jet area has become the most common method used in daily clinical practice to evaluate valvular regurgitation. Despite the high prevalence of tricuspid regurgitation, however, few studies have systematically compared TR jet areas with a quantitative standard. To evaluate this, 40 patients in sinus rhythm with tricuspid regurgitation were analyzed: 16 with centrally directed free jets and 24 with impinging wall jets. The size of the maximal planimetered color jet area (cm 2 ) was compared with parameters derived using the pulsed Doppler 2-dimensional echocardiographic method: regurgitant fraction and the flow convergence method (peak flow rate, effective regurgitant orifice area and momentum). Mean tricuspid regurgitant fraction averaged 33 ± 15%, peak flow rate 76 ± 54 cm 3 /s, effective regurgitant orifice area 27 ± 21 mm 2 and momentum 21,717 ± 15,014 cm 4 /s 2 . An average of 4-chamber, and long- and short-axis areas in free jets correlated well with regurgitant fraction (r = 0.81, p Jet area measurement is a good semiquantitative tool to measure tricuspid regurgitation in free jets, which correlates well with regurgitant fraction and better with new parameters available from analysis of the proximal acceleration field. In patients with eccentrically directed wall jets the correlation with planimetered jet area was worse, but still significant.
Oxidative Gelation Measurement and Influence on Soft Wheat Batter Viscosity and End‐Use Quality

ABSTRACTViscosity is an important end-use attribute for some soft wheat flour formulations. Specifically, in formulations with minimal gluten development, such as batters (as in cake, pancake, and doughnut) and coatings (as in tempura), viscosity is important to leavening gas retention and flow characteristics. Current tests for predictors of viscosity leave considerable unexplained variation. The potential for water-extractable arabinoxylans to form oxidative gels through ferulic acid dimerization may represent an important component of viscosity variation. A method was developed to identify variation in viscosity due to oxidative gelation. This method, comparing viscosity of flour slurries made with water, a peroxide-peroxidase system, and a system with xylanase, indicated that two, and likely three, types of oxidative gelation were contributing to viscosity. Predicted viscosity due to inter-arabinoxylan gelation through ferulic acid dimerization, dityrosine formation among proteins, and ferulic acid-ty...
Retrograde Axonal Transport in the Central Nervous System

When horseradish peroxidase is injected into the optic tectum of a chick, axons of ganglion cells transport it centripetally to their cell bodies in the retina at a rate of about 72 millimeters per day. After intraocular injections in the young chick, the peroxidase is transported centripetally along efferent axons, and is concentrated in cell bodies within the isthmo-optic nucleus. This retrograde movement of protein from axon terminal to cell body suggests a possible mechanism by which neurons respond to their target areas.
The contributions of inhibition and noise to responses in V1

Abstract We include a recently described class of inhibitory cells, complex cells untuned for orientation, as well as simple cells in a model of V1 to study their contribution in shaping simple cell responses. Untuned complex cell inhibition can suffice to explain contrast-invariant orientation-tuning and low-pass temporal frequency tuning of cortical simple cells. Given this complex cell inhibition, antiphase (“push–pull”) inhibition from tuned simple inhibitory neurons acts to sharpen spatial frequency tuning and increase the stability of cortical activity. Intracortical inhibition is needed to achieve contrast-invariance of the voltage tuning, which is converted by physiological noise levels into contrast-invariant spike tuning.
Normal impact and perforation of thin plates by hemispherically-tipped projectiles—I. Analytical considerations

Abstract The present development constitutes a very elementary analysis of the penetration and perforation processes involved in normal impact of thin plates by hemispherically-tipped cylindrical hard-steel projectiles. It is principally directwed towards the determination of the force and central plate deflection histories both below and above the ballistic limit. These parameters are considered to be two of the most important facets of the event, and they can be evaluated rapidly and with negligible computational cost. The theory is based on a lumped-parameter system that includes the radial variation in axial target displacement and is completeley predictive below the ballistic limit, but requires either measured information from the plug separation process or corresponding reasonable geometric and kinematic assumptions for a solution in the perforation domain. Surprisingly, considering the simplicity of the theoretical approach, the calculated values were found to be in excellent agreement below and in reasonable correspondence above the ballistic limit with data for soft aluminium targets. Somewhat greater deviations between predictions and measurements for mild steel plates are attributed to the neglect of rate effects in the constitutive description of this material. In spite of the existence of a variety of more complicated phenomenological representations, the current model appears to be the only one that forecasts the drop in peak force upon initiation of perforation and the subsequent simultaneous motion of plug and target plate; both of these features were verified by experiment. These attributes and the case of evaluating the model constitute the predominant justification for its employment. A much more comprehensive continuum-mechanical model, which still awaits development, or else the widely known, but far more expensive, numerical procedures that are crucially dependent on a precise knowledge of all material behavior features, must be utilized for the evaluation of other system variables, such as target strain. A complete description of the test procedures and results are presented in a companion paper.
Pseudomonas putrefaciens bacteremia associated with shellfish contact.

Observation chez un homme ayant pris des bains dans des baies ou se fait la recolte de coquillages et ayant ingere ceux-ci
Multimode plastic fiber for 100G

Graded index multimode plastic optical fiber is shown to support 40Gbps serial rates over 100m and 4x25Gbps WDM is shown to be supported over 100m. The large alignment tolerance is shown to be retained.
The Solar Wind at 1 AU During the Declining Phase of Solar Cycle 23: Comparison of 3D Numerical Model Results with Observations

We present results of solar-wind parameters generated by 3D MHD models. The ENLIL inner-heliosphere solar-wind model together with the MAS or Wang – Sheeley – Arge (WSA) coronal models, describe the steady solar-wind stream structure and its origins in the solar corona. The MAS/ENLIL and WSA/ENLIL models have been tuned to provide a simulation of plasma moments as well as interplanetary magnetic-field magnitude and polarity in the absence of disturbances from coronal transients. To investigate how well the models describe the ambient solar wind structure from the Sun out to 1 AU, the model results are compared to solar-wind measurements from the ACE spacecraft. We find that there is an overall agreement between the observations and the model results for the general large-scale solar-wind structures and trends, such as the timing of the high-density structures and the low- and high-speed winds, as well as the magnetic sector structures. The time period of our study is the declining phase of Solar Cycle 23 when the solar activity involves well-defined stream structure, which is ideal for testing a quasi-steady-state solar-wind model.
CHARACTERIZATION OF LACTASE IMMOBILIZED ON COLLAGEN: CONVERSION OF WHEY LACTOSE BY SOLUBLE AND IMMOBILIZED LACTASE

The enzymatic hydrolysis of lactose has been studied using β-galactosidase (Aspergillus niger) immobilized on collagen. The immobilization process employs simple and inexpensive techniques to bind the enzyme to collagen through noncovalent bond formation. The stability and reusability of collagen bound lactase membranes was evaluated in a biocatalytic modular reactor. Little or no loss in reactor activity was observed after storage for a period of 90 days. Following an initial decrease in activity, stable limit activity was maintained over a number of reactor volume replacements. The activity of the fungal lactase in both the soluble and bound states was determined in ultrafiltered acid whey. The catalytic potency of the enzyme, in both states, showed inhibited enzyme activity in acid whey, as compared to aqueous lactose. In the bound state, the enzyme experienced a partial irreversible inhibition.
Aliens among us: nestmate recognition in the social huntsman spider, Delena cancerides

Unlike all other social spiders, the social huntsman spider, Delena cancerides, has been reported to rapidly respond to non-nestmates with lethal aggression, similar to the behavior of some eusocial insects. We tested for the presence of nestmate recognition in D. cancerides under laboratory conditions by introducing 105 unrelated alien conspecifics into foreign colonies and comparing their behavior to 60 control spiders removed and returned to their natal colony. Spiders demonstrated nestmate recognition by investigating alien spiders far more than nestmates and by resting closer to nestmates than to aliens. Serious attacks or deaths occurred in 23% of all trials; however, aggression was not directed significantly more toward aliens than to nestmates. Most notably, aggression was largely mediated by the adult females (resident or alien), who were most likely to attack or kill other subadult or mature individuals. Young individuals (resident or alien) were largely immune from serious aggression. Spiders recently collected from the field tended to be more aggressive than spiders born and raised in the laboratory, possibly due to blurring of recognition cues related to laboratory husbandry. Our findings support the prediction that nestmate recognition should evolve when there is a benefit to discriminating against non-kin, as in this social spider system where foraging individuals may enter a foreign colony and the colony retreat is a limited resource.
GLC analysis of bis(2-ethylhexyl) Phthalate Plasticizer in Tissue and Plasma

A method for the GLC analysis of the plasticizer, bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, in lung, liver, spleen, and plasma in levels as low as 1 mg % is described. The method employs an internal standard, bis(n-octyl) phthalate, which greatly simplifies the analysis. The possibility of contamination of biological samples with plasticizers in the laboratory is discussed briefly.
Vascular distribution of paradoxical emboli by transcranial Doppler

Background and purpose: Paradoxical embolism through a patent foramen ovale is a contributory mechanism to stroke and may be diagnosed by contrast echocardiography. The intracranial distribution of these emboli has not been previously reported. Methods: We used transcranial Doppler combined with agitated saline contrast injection to determine whether there was a preferential distribution of the contrast into the anterior or posterior intracranial circulation of patients with an acute stroke or transient ischemic attack. Results: Forty-nine patients were studied—27 men and 22 women, with a mean age of 62.7 ± 13.3 years (range, 29 to 85 years). Microcavitations were detected in the proximal right middle cerebral artery in 12 of 49 patients (24%). A patent foramen ovale was confirmed in all cases by simultaneous transesophageal echocardiography. Of the 12 patients, microcavitations were also detected in the proximal basilar artery in nine (75%). Conclusions: While paradoxical embolism appears to occur more frequently in the anterior circulation, the high rate of detection of microcavitations in the basilar artery suggests that paradoxical embolism to the posterior intracranial circulation may be more frequent than generally believed.
Extending family to school life: College students' use of the mobile phone

The current study seeks to understand if there is a pattern between college students' mobile phone usage and their family members at home, and to what degree it affects their college life. Three focus group interviews were conducted on February 1, February 2, and February 15, 2006. A total of 40 undergraduate students who were majoring in communication studies participated in the study. One of the main findings is that the mobile phone is ''a must'' for college students to keep in contact with their family. Other findings suggest that college students use mobile phones to have more frequent contact with their family and to fulfill family roles. College students also utilize mobile phones to share experiences and emotional and physical support with their parents.
DNA polymerases and human disease

The human genome encodes at least 14 DNA-dependent DNA polymerases--a surprisingly large number. These include the more abundant, high-fidelity enzymes that replicate the bulk of genomic DNA, together with eight or more specialized DNA polymerases that have been discovered in the past decade. Although the roles of the newly recognized polymerases are still being defined, one of their crucial functions is to allow synthesis past DNA damage that blocks replication-fork progression. We explore the reasons that might justify the need for so many DNA polymerases, describe their function and mode of regulation, and finally consider links between mutations in DNA polymerases and human disease.
Effects of High Gradient Magnetic Fields on Solidified Structures of Non-Magnetic Metals with Different Susceptibilities

In the present study, the influencing factors such as the intensity and the direction of gradient magnetic fields, the magnetic susceptibilities of non-magnetic metals on the structures are studied theoretically and experimentally. In the theoretical analyses, the influences of high gradient magnetic fields on nucleation and structures are investigated. In the experimental research, high gradient magnetic fields are imposed on paramagnetic material Al and diamagnetic one Sn during their solidification processes. Then the macro- and microstructures of these samples are examined and the influences of magnetic susceptibilities of metals, the intensity and the direction of high magnetic fields are analyzed in details. It is found that solidified structures could be refined when the magnetization force and gravity were in the same directions, while the solidified structures could be coarsened and the coarse dendrites grew along the direction of the imposed magnetic fields when the directions of these two forces were opposite. Those phenomena could be explained from the views of reduced gravity and elevated gravity effects caused by magnetization force and the convection suppression effect caused by high magnetic fields. The results indicate that high magnetic fields can be applied to control the solidified structures of metals and then improve the quality and the properties of materials for different purposes.
Proton Transfer Dynamics of Matrix Isolated Molecular Complexes

Hydrogen-bonded solute-(solvent) n , n = 0, 1, 2 complexes have been produced and spectro-scopically characterized in cryogenic rare gas matrices. The solutes studied can undergo excited state proton transfer and include 2-hydroxy-4,5-benzotropone, 3-hydroxyflavone and 3-hydroxychromone. The solvents include water and alcohols. The fluorescence excitation and dispersed emission spectra of each complex stoichiometry have been determined by dilution and matrix annealing studies. Excited state proton transfer in each type of complex has been studied by picosecond emission spectroscopy. The proton transfer dynamics were found to vary dramatically with the degree of solvation.
The expression and function of chemokines involved in CNS inflammation

Chemokines and their receptors have principal roles in leukocyte trafficking under normal physiological and pathological conditions. The differential expression of the chemokine system in different parts of the CNS provides insights into the processes that are required for normal immune surveillance and pathological immune-mediated effector processes. Insights derived from studying multiple sclerosis, an inflammatory disorder of the CNS in humans, and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, an animal model of this disorder, aid in further understanding the complexities of chemokine-mediated inflammation. Knowledge of the molecular biology of chemokines and their receptors, and the roles of specific chemokine ligands and receptors in the CNS in health and in disease have made these proteins targets for therapeutic intervention in neuroinflammation. We also discuss currently proposed and potentially useful chemokine receptor antagonists.
Role of silicon in diatom metabolism. VII. Silicic acid-stimulated DNA synthesis in toluene-permeabilized cells of Cylindrotheca fusiformis.

Abstract Cells of the diatom Cylindrotheca fusiformis treated with 0.1% toluene, were able to incorporate [ 3 H]TTP into acid-insoluble material which showed the characteristics of DNA. For maximal incorporation at 20 °C, the reaction required: Mg 2+ , four deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates, 2 mM ATP, and a pH of 8.4. DNA synthetic activity measured in toluene-treated cells varied during the synchronized division cycle with maximal activity coincident with the in vivo increase in DNA content of the cells. When synchronized cells were deprived of silicic acid at the beginning of their division cycle, they did not replicate DNA in vivo and this was reflected by low basal levels of DNA synthetic activity in toluene-treated cells. On addition of silicic acid to 24 h starved cells, in vivo DNA replication occurred within 1 h and the DNA synthetic activity in toluene-treated cells increased 6-fold. This evidence suggests that DNA replication in toluene-treated cells depends on silicic acid or a derivative in the same way that in vivo DNA replication is dependent on silicic acid.
Evolution of an autotransporter: domain shuffling and lateral transfer from pathogenic Haemophilus to Neisseria.

The genomes of pathogenic Haemophilus influenzae strains are larger than that of Rd KW20 (Rd), the nonpathogenic laboratory strain whose genome has been sequenced. To identify potential virulence genes, we examined genes possessed by Int1, an invasive nonencapsulated isolate from a meningitis patient, but absent from Rd. Int1 was found to have a novel gene termed lav, predicted to encode a member of the AIDA-I/VirG/PerT family of virulence-associated autotransporters (ATs). Associated with lav are multiple repeats of the tetranucleotide GCAA, implicated in translational phase variation of surface molecules. Laterally acquired by H. influenzae, lav is restricted in distribution to a few pathogenic strains, including H. influenzae biotype aegyptius and Brazilian purpuric fever isolates. The DNA sequence of lav is surprisingly similar to that of a gene previously described for Neisseria meningitidis. Sequence comparisons suggest that lav was transferred relatively recently from Haemophilus to Neisseria, shortly before the divergence of N. meningitidis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Segments of lav predicted to encode passenger and β-domains differ sharply in G+C base content, supporting the idea that AT genes have evolved by fusing domains which originated in different genomes. Homology and base sequence comparisons suggest that a novel biotype aegyptius AT arose by swapping an unrelated sequence for the passenger domain of lav. The unusually mobile lav locus joins a growing list of genes transferred from H. influenzae to Neisseria. Frequent gene exchange suggests a common pool of hypervariable contingency genes and may help to explain the origin of invasiveness in certain respiratory pathogens.
Conrad and the American Empire

Joseph Conrad offers some of the most notoriously contested writing on imperialism in nineteenth-century literature. In this article, I use two of his stories (“An Outpost of Progress” and Heart of Darkness) to argue that his critique of imperialism is as relevant today as it was in his own time.Conrad's critique of imperialism is twofold. First and most simply, he condemns it as an economically exploitative endeavor. Second, and more importantly, he rejects the “idealistic” claim often invoked to justify imperialism as the bearer of progress, enlightenment, and other supposedly universal liberal values. This second critique causes Conrad the most difficulty, largely because his rejection of idealism is only partial. I argue that the most controversial aspects of his work are manifestations of a philosophical struggle between universalistic idealism on the one hand, and relativistic skepticism on the other. In this, Conrad contends with a problem that historically has challenged both liberalism and its conservative critics alike. Moreover, it continues to challenge both perspectives today, particularly in the debate over so-called American imperialism.
Infection of Untreated Primary Human Amnion Monolayers with Chlamydia trachomatis

For development of a laboratory model for chlamydial infection of the human genital tract, untreated primary human epithelial cell monolayers, prepared from each of four placentas, were infected with a stock strain of Chlamydia trachomatis isolated from the nasopharynx of an infant with pneumonia. Infectivity titrations were performed with use of standard procedures of chlamydial inoculation, and inclusions grown in amnion cell monolayers and in McCoy cells were measured versus infectious units inoculated. By linear regression analysis, untreated human amnion cells (y = 0.948x + 4.63, r = 0.9255) were as susceptible as McCoy cells treated with diethylaminoethyl dextran and 5-iodo-2-deoxyuridine (y = 1.104x + 5.35, r = 0.9804). Human amnion may prove a valuable model for study of human chlamydial infection and may have important implications for investigation of clinical disease.
Studies of myo-inositol and plasmalogen metabolism in rat brain.

Plasmalogens are ether-linked phospholipids that are abundant in nervous tissues. Their biological role is unclear, but may involve membrane structure/function and antioxidant activities. This study further investigates a recent report that chronic administration of myo-inositol in rats increased brain phosphatidylethanolamine plasmalogen (PlsEtn). We examined the effects of myo-inositol administration on the incorporation of [2-13C]ethanolamine ([2-13C]Etn) into rat brain phospholipids using NMR spectroscopy. Rats received either acute myo-inositol (single dose) ± [2-13C]Etn, or chronic myo-inositol (10-day treatment) + [2-13C]Etn. Controls received saline rather than myo-inositol. Acute myo-inositol produced a 68% increase in brain [myo-inositol] and an increase in the incorporation of [2-13C]Etn into phospholipids (P < .05). The PlsEtn/phosphatidylethanolamine ratio and the [PlsEtn] were increased by 27% and 30%, respectively. The PlsEtn content as a mole percentage of total phospholipids was elevated (P ≤ .05). Acute administration of myo-inositol + ethanolamine illustrates a positive correlation between the brain [myo-inositol] and the biosynthesis of ethanolamine phospholipids, with preferential synthesis of PlsEtn.
Automatic image annotation using group sparsity

Automatically assigning relevant text keywords to images is an important problem. Many algorithms have been proposed in the past decade and achieved good performance. Efforts have focused upon model representations of keywords, but properties of features have not been well investigated. In most cases, a group of features is preselected, yet important feature properties are not well used to select features. In this paper, we introduce a regularization based feature selection algorithm to leverage both the sparsity and clustering properties of features, and incorporate it into the image annotation task. A novel approach is also proposed to iteratively obtain similar and dissimilar pairs from both the keyword similarity and the relevance feedback. Thus keyword similarity is modeled in the annotation framework. Numerous experiments are designed to compare the performance between features, feature combinations and regularization based feature selection methods applied on the image annotation task, which gives insight into the properties of features in the image annotation task. The experimental results demonstrate that the group sparsity based method is more accurate and stable than others.
Dimensional reduction in finite-temperature quantum chromodynamics. II.

The reduction of four-dimensional quantum chromodynamics at finite temperature and chemical potential to an infrared-effective three-dimensional theory is further investigated. The effective couplings are calculated in the manner prescribed by a previously discussed program of quantum dimensional reduction, demonstrating its internal consistency and completing the specification of the effective action. The latter provides a starting point for nonperturbative studies of the infrared behavior of high-temperature quark-gluon plasmas.
Reversible Bull's-eye Maculopathy Associated With Intravitreal Fomivirsen Therapy for Cytomegalovirus Retinitis

Abstract PURPOSE: To report two cases in which a bull’s eye maculopathy developed after intravitreal injection of fomivirsen. METHODS: Case reports. RESULTS: A 50-year-old man with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and refractory cytomegalovirus retinitis developed bull’s-eye pigmentary changes in the macula of the right eye after initiating therapy with fomivirsen (Vitravene; CIBA Vision, Atlanta, Georgia) intravitreal injections. These pigmentary changes resolved upon cessation of treatment. A 36-year-old man with AIDS and refractory bilateral cytomegalovirus retinitis developed bull’s-eye pigmentary changes in both eyes during bilateral intravitreal treatment with fomivirsen. Vision was not affected. These changes resolved after treatment with fomivirsen was stopped. CONCLUSION: Fomivirsen, a new medication for the treatment of refractory cytomegalovirus retinitis, may cause a bull’s-eye maculopathy in some patients. The bull’s-eye maculopathy is reversible and does not appear to affect vision.
On the effects of informational cheating on social evaluations: image and reputation through gossip

Multi-agent-based simulation is an arising scientific trend which is naturally provided of instruments able to cope with complex systems, in particular the socio-cognitive complex systems. In this paper, a simulation-based exploration of the effect of false information on social evaluation formation is presented. We perform simulative experiments on the Repage platform, a computational system allowing agents to communicate and acquire both direct (image) and indirect and unchecked (reputation) information. Informational cheating, when the number of liars becomes substantial, is shown to seriously affect quality achievement obtained through reputation. In the paper, after a brief introduction of the theoretical background, the hypotheses and the market scenario are presented and the simulation results are discussed with respect to the agents' decision-making process, focusing on uncertainty, false information spreading and quality of contracts.
Crystal structure, physical and photophysical properties of a platinum(II) complex coordinated to the biphenyl dianion and cyclooctadiene

The complex, Pt(bph)(COD), where bph is the biphenyl dianion and COD is 1,5-cyclooctadiene, crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pbca with a = 12.178(4) {Angstrom}, b = 9.693(3) {Angstrom} and c = 25.344(9) {Angstrom} and Z = 8. The Pt-C distances to the olefinic carbon atoms that result from the {pi} electron donation of the COD ligand are in the range 2.20(3)-2.27(3) {Angstrom} and the Pt-C distances to the {sigma} bonded bph ligand are shorter at 2.01(3)-2.03(2) {Angstrom}. The lowest energy absorption of the complex is at 383 nm ({epsilon}=1.2 x 10{sup 3}). The emission spectrum is structured in fluid solution at room temperature with the emission energy maximum at 537 nm, {phi}{sub em} = 1.68 x 10{sup {minus}3}, and {tau} = 1.93 {mu}s. Temperature dependent emission lifetime measurements result in a k{sub o} value of 2.69 x 10{sup 4}, a preexponential factor of 2.47 x 10{sup 6} and a {delta}E{sub 1} value of 324 cm{sup {minus}1}.
The torsional analysis of bars with hollow square cross-sections

Abstract The torsional behavior of square, hollow tubing sections is an important design consideration in many mechanical systems. If such sections have thin walls, closed-form solutions for torsional stiffness and torsional shear stress can be found in various design handbooks. Thick wall sections, however, must be solved by a more complex method, typically a three-dimensional finite element analysis. An alternative torsional analysis of hollow square tubes with finite elements, using a two-dimensional thermal analogy, is presented in this paper. The dependence of torsional properties on wall thickness is investigated. These results are then used to generated closed-form algebraic expressions for torsional stiffness and maximum shear stress, which are valid for any wall thickness/width ratio from negligibly thin to solid. These closed-form equations provide an efficient, accurate and computationally simple alternative for determining the torsional properties of square, hollow sections. This work demonstrates how finite element analysis can be used to extract valuable design information for whole classes of problems, information which can be condensed into closed-form approximations suitable for inclusion in design handbooks.
Origin and Chronology of Alabama River Terraces: ABSTRACT

Investigation of high fluvial terraces along the Alabama River indicates that the highest terraces (115+ m above the floodplain) may predate the Citronelle Formation. Preliminary radiometric age determinations suggest that all of Quaternary history may be represented by those terraces less than 50 m above the present floodplain. The Citronelle surface in southwestern Alabama shows differential warping caused by subsidence of the Gulf Coast geosyncline and uplift of the adjacent upland. Rates of uplift were roughly 1.2 cm/103 years. The average rate of river entrenchment prior to North American Pleistocene glaciation was about 2.5 cm/103 years. During glacial Pleistocene time, the maximum net rate of river entrenchment may have been as great as 7 cm/103 years. Observation of fluvial features, such as meander scrolls, shows that, in terraces more than 60 m above the floodplain (i.e., more than 1.1 × 106 years old), meander scrolls have been obliterated. Likewise, terrace surfaces are mostly destroyed where more than 1.6 × 106 years old. In deposits more than 3.5 × 106 years old, primary structures have been obliterated and the only evidence of these oldest terrace deposits is chaotic blankets of alluvium. End_of_Article - Last_Page 1697------------
Teaching pediatric psychopharmacology: an interdisciplinary model.

A functioning interdisciplinary model for a pediatric psychopharmacology seminar is described. The seminar's interdisciplinary orientation is based upon the necessity of integrating knowledge in this field with other components of a comprehensive treatment approach to emotionally disturbed children. The seminar's goals and specific teaching objectives are outlined within a biopsychosocial perspective. This perspective allows for a consideration of the central role played by development in guiding evaluation and treatment. A clinical example is provided to illustrate the seminar's approach and a discussion of the seminar as an interdisciplinary learning experience is presented.
Corticotropin Releasing Hormone and Arginine Vasopressin Stimulation of Acth and Substance P in Human Mononuclear Leukocytes

Bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) plus arginine vasopressin (AVP) induce immunoassayable (1-13)ACTH (alpha MSH) from mononuclear leukocytes. We studied the ability of LPS and CRH + AVP to in vitro stimulate native ACTH (not alpha MSH) and substance P (SP) production and thymidine incorporation in human mononuclear leukocytes. Neither CRH + AVP nor LPS stimulated detectable amounts of intracellular or extracellular ACTH (less than 15 pg/8 x 10(6) cells or total medium) or SP (less than 50 pg/8 x 10(6) cells or total medium) at 1, 2, 3 or 4 days of incubation. LPS, but not CRF + AVP, increased the amount of 3H-thymidine incorporation over controls. This data questions the importance of an immunoadrenal axis and the synthesis of SP by mononuclear leukocytes.
Morphological behavior of A2B2 star block copolymers

A series of A 2 B 2 four-arm, miktoarm stars of polystyrene and polyisoprene have been synthesized. The morphological behavior of these materials has been characterized using TEM, SAXS, and SANS, and was found to agree in general with the predictions of Milner's theory for miktoarm star morphological behavior. One sample was found to exhibit a cylindrical morphology where lamellae were predicted; this behavior is similar to other discrepancies observed in previous studies of miktoarm star morphological behavior. A second sample, predicted to form a bicontinuous morphology, was found to exhibit hexagonally packed cylinders. The tetrafunctional junction point also results in an increase in spacing for the lamellar sample in this series over that of an AB diblock, but not as great as the increase previously observed for A 8 B 8 16-arm star materials.
Cardiac output in newborn infants with transient myocardial dysfunction

Decreased cardiac output is a common presumption in left ventricular myocardial dysfunction in neonates, but because of a lack of reliable noninvasive techniques, data on cardiac output are missing. We measured cardiac output by pulsed Doppler echocardiography in 22 newborn infants with left ventricular myocardial dysfunction diagnosed by M-mode echocardiography. Eleven neonates had severe perinatal asphyxia, seven had tachypnea, two hypoglycemia, and one septic shock; one had no symptoms. Right ventricular function was abnormal in 13 of the 22 infants. Hypotension was found in eight; cardiac output and stroke volume were low in 20. The abnormalities were more pronounced in infants with asphyxia. Six such infants were given dopamine (4 to 10 μg/kg/min). Within 1 hour, arterial blood pressure, cardiac output, stroke volume, and heart rate increased sharply, with normalization of the myocardial contractility; the other echocardiographic abnormalities normalized over 24 to 48 hours. Pulsed Doppler echocardiography is an advance in the detection and evaluation of therapy for left ventricular myocardial dysfunction in the neonate.
The asymptotic stress and strain field near the tip of a growing crack under creep conditions

The asymptotic stress and strain fields near the tip of a slowly growing crack are derived for elastic-nonlinear viscous materials, which deform in tension according to the law % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr% 4rNCHbGeaGak0Jf9crFfpeea0xh9v8qiW7rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9% vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x% fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGafuyTduMbai% aacqGH9aqpcuqHdpWCgaGaaiaac+cacaWGfbGaey4kaSIaamOqaiab% fo8aZnaaCaaaleqabaGaamOBaaaaaaa!428D!\[\dot \varepsilon = \dot \sigma /E + B\sigma ^n \]. The nonlinear viscous term describes power law creep. Based on (small strain) continuum mechanics, a stress analysis is carried out for anti-plane shear (Mode III), plane stress and plane strain (Mode I).
Evidence of Phosphorylation of Akt and Neuronal Survival after Transient Focal Cerebral Ischemia in Mice

The serine-threonine kinase, Akt, prevents apoptosis by phosphorylation at serine-473 in several cell systems. After phosphorylation, activated Akt inactivates other apoptogenic factors, such as Bad or caspase-9, thereby inhibiting cell death. The present study examined phosphorylation of Akt at serine-473 and DNA fragmentation after transient focal cerebral ischemia in mice subjected to 60 minutes of focal cerebral ischemia by intraluminal blockade of the middle cerebral artery. Phospho-Akt was analyzed by immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis. The DNA fragmentation was evaluated by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated uridine 5-triphosphate-biotin nick end-labeling (TUNEL). Immunohistochemistry showed the expression of phospho-Akt was markedly increased in the middle cerebral artery territory cortex at 4 hours of reperfusion compared with the control, whereas it was decreased by 24 hours. Western blot analysis showed a significant increase of phospho-Akt 4 hours after focal cerebral ischemia in the cortex, whereas phospho-Akt was decreased in the ischemic core. Double staining with phospho-Akt and TUNEL showed different cellular distributions of phospho-Akt and TUNEL-positive staining. Phosphorylation of Akt was prevented after focal cerebral ischemia by LY294002, a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitor, which facilitated subsequent DNA fragmentation. These results suggest that phosphorylation of Akt may be involved in determining cell survival or cell death after transient focal cerebral ischemia.
Identifying and Understanding the Energy Conservation Consumer: A Macromarketing Systems Approach:

This article examines the issue of consumer participation in energy conservation programs. A macromarketing systems framework is used to examine the complex problem of consumer response to these programs. Research propositions are derived based on the framework suggested by Costanzo and others (1986). The results indicate that energy conservation is related to several social structure elements. The findings can be used to develop more effective marketplace interventions of this type in the future.
Culture, Education, and Economic Progress on Federal Indian Reservations

Federal policies have not been consistent about whether to assimilate American Indians into the larger culture or whether to preserve the reservations. Single-equation, eight-variable regression models are developed to analyze per-capita income and labor-force participation on the reservation. The variables include educational levels, retention of Indian culture, the ratio of tribal to government employees on the reservation, the percentage of labor in agriculture relative to professional jobs, home ownership, automobile ownership, and marriage. A trade-off between education and culture retention is shown for both models in relation to income level. Indian residents who remain on reservations accept lower incomes in order to retain their culture, although continued government investment in reservation programs will raise per-capita income. Educational programs that emphasize traditional culture and cognitive skills can offset the trade-off dilemma of economic development. (DCK)
Synthesis of a Self-Healing Polymer Based on Reversible Diels–Alder Reaction: An Advanced Undergraduate Laboratory at the Interface of Organic Chemistry and Materials Science

This laboratory experiment exposes students to the chemistry of self-healing polymers based on a Diels–Alder reaction. Students accomplish a multistep synthesis of a monomer building block and then polymerize it to form a cross-linked polymer. The healing capability of the polymer is verified by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) experiments. Furthermore, healing is demonstrated by damaging and heat-treating a thin polymer film.
Seasonality of precipitation along a meridian in the western United States

We investigate seasonality of daily precipitation along a meridian in the Western U.S. using a nonparametric technique. The occurrence of daily precipitation is treated as a nonhomogeneous Poisson process and the time varying intensity function is estimated for every calendar day using a kernel estimator. The technique is fully data adaptive. We apply this technique to selected long record stations along a meridional transect spanning from Tucson, AZ to Priest River ID. Differences in the seasonality of precipitation occurrence and magnitude are revealed as a function of latitude and topographic factors. A monotonic trend in the seasonality of precipitation over the length of record is also observed.
The Making of an Internal Frontier Settlement: Archaeology and Historical Process in Osun Grove (Nigeria), Seventeenth to Eighteenth Centuries

The historical, material, and spatial processes that defined the formative settlement practices in Early Osogbo (southwest Nigeria), a seventeenth- to early eighteenth-century frontier community, is the subject of this article. I use different datasets, including the spatial layout of the site, the archaeological depositional sequence, diverse artifact categories, and oral historical sources to engage Igor Kopytoff’s Internal African Frontier thesis. In this article, I argue against Kopytoff’s conceptualization of the frontier as a conservative space that relied on innovations from the metropolis. Instead, I demonstrate that Early Osogbo was a dynamic formative settlement in an internal Yoruba regional frontier whose material life was not a mere copy of a metropolis’s. Instead, this emerging community was characterized by diversity, complexity, experimentation, and newness that resulted from local forces of migration, frontier social networks, and regional exchange systems involving several spheres of interstitial frontiers and multiple metropolises. Contrary to the metropolis-frontier pattern of migration that informed Kopytoff’s Internal African Frontier thesis, Early Osogbo was originally created by frontier-frontier migrations before it became a site for intermetropolis contestation. The article underscores the need to bring conceptual clarity to the study of frontier processes, arguing that different historical contexts, migration patterns, and regional political frameworks produced different kinds of frontiers such as crossroads, boundary, colony, and cultural frontiers. The archaeological profile of Early Osogbo demonstrates that the settlement was a crossroads frontier community.