cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The FDA Acetaminophen Advisory Committee Meeting - what is the future of acetaminophen in the United States? The perspective of a committee member.

Background. Unintentional acetaminophen toxicity is a common problem throughout the world but particularly in the more developed countries. To deal with the problem, several countries have attempted to decrease the risk of acetaminophen overdose by reducing package sizes. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) convened a joint meeting recently of three Advisory Committees to consider the issue of unintentional acetaminophen-related toxicity and to explore strategies to address the problem. Proposals and recommendations. Three strategies addressed the issue of dose reduction as a way to decrease morbidity and mortality. The FDA proposed a decrease in the maximum daily dose from 4,000 to 3,250 mg, reducing the maximum individual dose from 1,000 to 650 mg and relegating 500 mg tablets to prescription status. The Committees voted in favor of each of those initiatives. Restricting the number of doses that could be purchased by regulating package sizes, as has been done in some European countries, was prop...
NPN transistor improvement by cumulative resist processing

A method for improving the performance of a single polysilicon NPN transistor by using cumulative/dual photoresist processing is presented. The photoresist from the polysilicon emitter layer patterning is preserved and over-coated in the subsequent extrinsic base implant masking layer. The n-type emitter polysilicon is thus protected from counter-doping by the p-type extrinsic base implantation in a self-aligned manner. Electrical consequences of applying this process, which include improved current gain and cutoff frequency, are reported.
Review of Introduction to Optimum Design by Jasbir Arora

This volume is the second edition of Introduction to Optimum Design by Jasbir Arora. It includes several revisions and additions. This edition is among the most comprehensive books available in the optimization approach to design. The author combines his many years of experience in structural optimization in a single volume covering nearly all aspects of optimum design. A new feature in this book is a discussion of such widely available software as Microsoft Excel and MATLAB in solving optimum design problems. Chapter 1 covers the underlying concept of design. This review specifically points to the role of optimization in design and differences between conventional and optimum design. The chapter is especially important in clarifying why one should proceed with the optimization approach in a design process. Chapter 2 is devoted to the basic formulation. More specifically, it discusses establishing design criteria and identifying design attributes. This chapter provides a clear roadmap to assist in setting up a series of optimization goals and constraints in a given problem. Through simple examples, the author defines how a concept can be turned into mathematical formulations in an optimum design process. A reader who is a beginner will find this chapter especially helpful. Chapters 3–11 focus on various methods of optimization. The author starts with graphics solutions Chapter 3 and continues with various methods, including Lagrange multipliers, definitions and the role of constraints, checking for the existence of the optimum solutions Chapters 4 and 5 , linear programming Chapters 6 and 7 , constrained and unconstrained optimum design, and numerical solutions Chapters 8–11 . The flow of information and presentation of various methods in these chapters is coherent and skillfully leads the reader from simple conceptual solutions to more-complicated mathematical solutions and eventually to those requiring numerical computations. These chapters provide a collection of design problems that introduce the reader to the realistic application of various methods. Exercise problems at the end of each chapter will provide ample opportunity to challenge stu-
Social and environmental factors influencing natal dispersal in blue monkeys, Cercopithecus mitis stuhlmanni

We evaluated four factors that may influence the process of male natal dispersal in wild female-philopatric blue monkeys: aggressive eviction by adults, attraction to oestrous females, social integration in the natal group and survivorship risk. Observations of nine males and five females of dispersal age allowed us to compare the social behaviour of males and females and that of dispersing and nondispersing males. We also studied the circumstances of 26 natal dispersals (1997–2006). Aggressive eviction did not appear to be important in most dispersals. We found no significant differences in rates or types of aggression received by juvenile females and males or by dispersing and nondispersing males. Sexual attraction also did not appear to influence dispersal, because males did not disperse more often than expected by chance during conception seasons or during breeding-season influxes of males. Our results confirm low social integration as a correlate of sex-biased dispersal. Juvenile males groomed and sat in contact with groupmates significantly less than females did, although we found few differences between dispersing and nondispersing males. Our results also suggest that males timed dispersals to minimize risks, because dispersal was most likely to occur during months of low rainfall and least likely to occur when fruit was least available. Endogenous factors are probably important in stimulating dispersal, because all males disperse but females never do. Although aggressive eviction may occasionally influence the dispersal process in blue monkeys, given their unimale group structure, our results implicate social integration much more uniformly and strongly.
Adaptive short-time Fourier analysis

This article presents a method of adaptively adjusting the window length used in short-time Fourier analysis, related to our earlier work in which we developed a means of adaptively optimizing the performance of the cone kernel distribution (CKD). The optimal CKD cone length is, by definition, a measure of the interval over which the signal has constant or slowly changing frequency structure. The article shows that this length can also be used to compute a time-varying short-time Fourier transform (STFT). The resulting adaptive STFT shares many desirable properties with the adaptive CKD, such as the ability to adapt to transient as well as long-term signal components. The optimization requires O(N) operations per step, less than the fast Fourier transform (FFT) used in computing each time slice, making it competitive in complexity with nonadaptive time-frequency algorithms.
Levodopa-induced dyskinesias improved by a glutamate antagonist in Parkinsonian monkeys

Antagonists of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) subtype of glutamate receptor have been reported to potentiate the antiparkinsonian action of levodopa and reverse levodopa-induced motor fluctuations in animal models of Parkinson's disease. To evaluate the effect of NMDA receptor blockade on dyskinesias complicating the response to long-term levodopa therapy, we studied the selective antagonist LY235959 in six 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-lesioned monkeys. Drugs were administered subcutaneously, LY235959 at doses of 0.5, 1.0, 3.0, and 5.0 mg/kg and levodopa/benserazide at doses that produced moderate dyskinesias while almost totally reversing parkinsonian signs. Compared with vehicle control injections, LY235959 (3.0 mg/kg) abolished oral dyskinesias and diminished choreic dyskinesias by 68% (p < 0.01). Lower doses had smaller effects, although still significant, on oral dyskinesias (55% reduction at 1.0 mg/kg, p < 0.05). The highest LY235959 dose (5.0 mg/kg) prolonged oral dyskinesia suppression, but tended to increase dystonia severity. LY235959 had no effect on motor function when given alone and did not reduce the antiparkinsonian response to levodopa. These findings suggest that NMDA receptor blockade may ameliorate the dyskinetic complications of long-term levodopa therapy, without diminishing the beneficial effects on parkinsonian signs.
Teaching Traits and Constructs through Scale Construction: A Need and a Strategy

Most students have some experience with purported measures of psychological constructs before entering college. Critical analysis of such measures requires familiarity with test development strategies. The activities outlined in this article allowed students to complete the steps involved in scale construction and empirical analysis in a relatively brief period of time. Steps included trait conceptualization, searching for literature, generating hypotheses, operationalizing constructs, collecting and analyzing data, and interpreting the quality of instruments. The activity took place in an introductory laboratory course but contains sufficient flexibility to make it useful in a variety of courses. Student evaluations of the activities were positive, and the article includes evidence of student learning.
Convective circulation in littoral water due to surface cooling

Cooling of littoral waters of a lake under calm conditions creates a horizontal temperature gradient because surface heat loss is distributed over progressively larger depth by plunging sheets (thermals). Resulting convective circulation establishes an exchange flow between littoral and open waters. Numerical simulations illustrate the development ofthe flow from the formation ofthermals to the establishment of a horizontal circulation. Circulation flow rate was found to be proportional toW’/fl,2<n<3(Wisth R l’h e ay etg number) for W values in the range 104-1O8. A laboratory visualization experiment at %? - lo9 confirmed the main features of the simulation. To consider applications to vegetated littoral slopes, we interpreted the results with a formula accounting for the added resistance offered to the flow by the aquatic plants. An example showed that convective Icirculation can be a significant factor in renewing littoral waters.
Tectonic Influences on Carbonate Deposition and Diagenesis, Buckhorn Asphalt, Deese Group (desmoinesian), Arbuckle Mountains, Oklahoma

ABSTRACT The Dry Branch Section is a mixed siliciclastic/carbonate sedimentary sequence containing carbonate rocks that experienced incomplete diagenesis due to early introduction of oil from the Oil Creek Formation (Ordovician). The section is part of the Deese Group (Desmoinesian) exposed in the western portion of the Mill Creek Graben, Arbuckle Mountains, Oklahoma. The sequence was deposited in shallow marine shelf setting within a tectonically active basin; deposition was strongly influenced by adjacent terrigenous coastal depositional environments. The section was synclinally deformed by wrench faults to the north which were active soon before and after deposition. Two of these faults cut both the Dry Branch Section and the underlying Oil Creek Formation, a known petroleum reservoir and t e source of fault-related oil seeps throughout the central Arbuckle region. These faults acted as avenues for reservoir fluids to enter section as a result of remigration driven by orogenic stress. Carbonate rocks which show evidence of diagenesis influenced by reservoir fluids are present in the upper part of the section. Limited cementation, overcompaction, and arrested carbonate diagenesis resulted from the effects of interstitial asphalt which formed as a result of intraformational biodegradation of Oil Creek oil. Stratigraphic variation in petrologic characteristics suggests that oil introduction into Dry Branch sediments occurred as a single event within 10,000 years of deposition of uppermost part of section, coinciding regionally with the Desmoinesian Ouachita orogenic pulse. Dia enesis has resulted in moderate isotopic depletion of altered fossils (-418O; -3.5 13C) relative to unaltered skeletal aragonite (18O = 0 to -1; 13C = 3.7 to 5.0). Petrographic and stable isotopic study shows that two phases of early carbonate cementation affected Dry Branch carbonates: 1) early clear spar that is more depleted in 18O (-5) than the altered fossils; 2) later spar which contains asphalt inclusions. Microspar and poikilotopic sparry cement present in the upper Dry Branch are anomalously depleted in 13C (< -20). This is close to the isotopic compositional range of asphalt in the section, indicating that organic carbon derived from oil biodegradation was present in the porewater during diagenesis. Carbonate geochemical and petrographic evidence, and the early post-depositional tectonic introduction of oil, indicate that subsurface water was a principal diagenetic agent.
Li–Se battery: absence of lithium polyselenides in carbonate based electrolyte

The lithiation mechanism of the Li–Se cell in a carbonate-based electrolyte is discussed. It is found that Se is directly reduced to Li2Se in discharge without intermediate phases detected by in situ X-ray diffraction or X-ray absorption spectroscopy. The reason is that the redox products Se and Li2Se, as well as lithium polyselenides are insoluble in the electrolyte.
A micromechanistic model of microstructure development during the combustion synthesis process

The influence of the key nucleation and grain growth parameters on (i) the evolution of the microstructure of the product phase (on a microscopic level) and (ii) the combustion synthesis process (on a macroscopic level) were investigated for the combustion synthesis process in the Nb-C system. This work is an integral part of the continuing effort1–3 to develop a more complete theoretical model for combustion synthesis processes in general. In particular, the nucleation and growth of the NbC(s) product phase from the supersaturated liquid Nb/C mixture that appears briefly during the combustion synthesis process was treated in a greater detail by using a decidedly more sophisticated treatment of the nucleation and growth process (as developed in the field of rapid solidification and welding). It was shown that the microstructure of the NbC(s) product phase, including the evolution of the grain size and the size distribution, and the development of the grain’s morphology, as well as the combustion wave velocity, are significantly influenced by the total number density of the nucleation sites, nmax, that are present in the system. The grain size distribution was shown to possess a monosize distribution, since during the combustion synthesis process the rate of increase of the degree of local undercooling was very high so that the nucleation process took place (locally) during a very brief period of time. This work provides a sound basis for developing a better control of the microstructure, and for a better understanding and interpretation of the results of related experimental studies.
Twenty‐first century learning: communities, interaction and ubiquitous computing

Advanced technology makes 21st century learning, communities and interactions unique and leads people to an era of ubiquitous computing. The purpose of this article is to contribute to the discussion of learning in the 21st century. The paper will review literature on learning community, community learning, interaction, 21st century learning and ubiquitous computing. It will also present work conducted by a teacher who used a hand‐held device, one of the 21st century tools, in a sixth grade classroom in the USA. The authors suggest that 21st century learning involves five types of interactions: (a) learner–content, (b) learner–teacher, (c) learner–learner, (d) learner–interface and (e) learner–community. They also recommend that professionals explore the potential of hand‐held devices in education and conduct research on its effectiveness in learning. L’apprentissage au vingt et unieme siecle: les communautes, l’interaction et l’ordinateur passe‐partout La technologie avancee donne leur caractere unique a...
‘Learning by doing’: adaptive planning as a strategy to address uncertainty in planning

Adaptive management, an established method in natural resource and ecosystem management, has not been widely applied to landscape planning due to the lack of an operational method that addresses the role of uncertainty and standardized monitoring protocols and methods. A review of adaptive management literature and practices reveals several key concepts and principles for adaptive planning: (1) management actions are best understood and practiced as experiments; (2) several plans/experiments can be implemented simultaneously; (3) monitoring of management actions are key; and (4) adaptive management can be understood as ‘learning by doing’. The paper identifies various uncertainties in landscape planning as the major obstacles for the adoption of an adaptive approach. To address the uncertainty in landscape planning, an adaptive planning method is proposed where monitoring plays an integral role to reduce uncertainty. The proposed method is then applied to a conceptual test in water resource planning addre...
Applying Angelo's Teacher's Dozen to Undergraduate Introductory Economics Classes: A Call for Greater Interactive Learning

In a recent article entitled, "Teaching Economics in the 21st Century" William Becker again states that economics has placed too little value on the importance of teaching. One potential approach to addressing Becker's issue of "what we teach, how we teach, and the assessment of the educational outcomes at the baccalaureate level" is to examine the applicability of Thomas Angelo's "Teacher's Dozen" to introductory economics. In order to make recommendations as to how Angelo's fourteen principles can be used to improve teaching and learning in the principles of economics course, this paper looks at six main themes around which the principles appear to cluster.
Oligomerization of a membrane protein correlates with its retention in the Golgi complex

The first membrane-spanning domain (m1) of the M glycoprotein of avian coronavirus (formerly called E1) is sufficient to retain this protein in the cis-Golgi. When the membrane-spanning domain of a protein which is efficiently delivered to the plasma membrane (VSV G protein) is replaced with m1, the resulting chimera (Gm1) is retained in the Golgi (Swift, A. M., and C. E. Machamer. 1991. J. Cell Biol. 115:19-30). When assayed in sucrose gradients, we observed that Gm1 formed a large oligomer, and that much of this oligomer was SDS resistant and stayed near the top of the stacking gel of an SDS-polyacrylamide gel. The unusual stability of the oligomer allowed it to be detected easily. Gm1 mutants with single amino acid substitutions in the m1 domain that were retained in the Golgi complex formed SDS-resistant oligomers, whereas mutants that were rapidly released to the plasma membrane did not. Oligomerization was not detected immediately after synthesis of Gm1, but occurred gradually with a lag of approximately 10 min, suggesting that it is not merely aggregation of misfolded proteins. Furthermore, oligomerization did not occur under several conditions that block ER to Golgi transport. The lumenal domain was not required for oligomerization since another chimera (alpha m1G), where the lumenal domain of Gm1 was replaced by the alpha subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin, also formed an SDS-resistant oligomer, and was able to form hetero-oligomers with Gm1 as revealed by coprecipitation experiments. SDS resistance was conferred by the cytoplasmic tail of VSV G, because proteolytic digestion of the tail in microsomes containing Gm1 oligomers resulted in loss of SDS resistance, although the protease-treated material continued to migrate as a large oligomer on sucrose gradients. Interestingly, treatment of cells with cytochalasin D blocked formation of SDS-resistant (but not SDS-sensitive) oligomers. Our data suggest that SDS-resistant oligomers form as newly synthesized molecules of Gm1 arrive at the Golgi complex and may interact (directly or indirectly) with an actin-based cytoskeletal matrix. The oligomerization of Gm1 and other resident proteins could serve as a mechanism for their retention in the Golgi complex.
Soluble syndecan-1 promotes growth of myeloma tumors in vivo.

Syndecan-1 (CD138) is a transmembrane heparan sulfate–bearing proteoglycan expressed by most myeloma plasma cells that regulates adhesion, migration, and growth factor activity. In patients with myeloma, shed syndecan-1 accumulates in the bone marrow, and high levels of syndecan-1 in the serum are an indicator of poor prognosis. To test the effect of soluble syndecan-1 on tumor cell growth and dissemination, ARH-77 B-lymphoid cells were engineered to produce a soluble form of syndecan-1. Controls included vector only (neo)–transfected cells and cells transfected with full-length syndecan-1 complementary DNA that codes for the cell surface form of syndecan-1. Assays reveal that all 3 transfectants have similar growth rates in vitro, but cells expressing soluble syndecan-1 are hyperinvasive in collagen gels relative to controls. When injected into the marrow of human bones that were implanted in severe combined immunodeficient mice, tumors formed by cells expressing soluble syndecan-1 grow faster than tumors formed by neo-transfected cells or by cells expressing cell surface syndecan-1. In addition, cells bearing cell surface syndecan-1 exhibit a diminished capacity to establish tumors within the mice as compared with both neo- and soluble syndecan-1–transfected cells. Tumor cell dissemination to a contralateral human bone is detected significantly more often in the tumors producing soluble syndecan-1 than in controls. Thus, high levels of soluble syndecan-1 present in patients with myeloma may contribute directly to the growth and dissemination of the malignant cells and thus to poor prognosis.
Grant length and budget stability at the National Institutes of Health

Decreasing the length of grant awards for biomedical research has been suggested as a means of ensuring greater accountability. An analysis of grant programs of the National Institutes of Health and, in particular, at the National Cancer Institute, revealed that the length recommended for grants is closely related to their perceived scientific merit. A principal conclusion is that selectively increasing the length of grants for only the most outstanding applications competing for renewal might improve research productivity while reducing research costs and easing the growing burden on the peer review process.
Land Conflict and Distributive Politics in Kenya

This paper argues that even with the incorporation of land policy provisions into Kenya’s new constitution, there is every reason to believe that in the near future, highly politicized land conflict will continue. This is because land politics in Kenya is a redistributive game that creates winners and losers. Given the intensely redistributive potential of the impending changes in Kenya’s land regime—and the implications of the downward shift in the locus of control over land allocation through decentralization of authority to county governments—there is no guarantee that legislators or citizens will be able to agree on concrete laws to realize the constitution’s calls for equity and justice in land matters. This article traces the main ways in which state power has been used to distribute and redistribute land (and land rights) in the Rift Valley, focusing on post-1960 smallholder settlement schemes, land-buying companies, and settlement in the forest reserves, and it highlights the long-standing pattern of political contestation over the allocation of this resource. It then traces the National Land Policy debate from 2002 to 2010, focusing on the distributive overtones and undertones of the policy and of the debate over the new constitution that incorporated some of its main tenets.
Advanced Glycation End Products, RAGE, and Aging

The products of nonenzymatic glycation and oxidation of proteins and lipids, the advanced glycation end products (AGEs), accumulate in diverse biological settings including aging. AGEs may be generated rather quickly or over long duration as a consequence of distinct triggering mechanisms, thereby accounting for their roles in multiple settings and disease states. The potency of the effect of AGEs on tissues and cells is, in part, due to the ability of AGEs to activate and interact with receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE). In this chapter, we discuss multiple mechanisms by which AGE interactions cause perturbation in aging and propose that targeting this AGE–RAGE pathway may represent a logical step in the prevention and treatment of aging and age-associated disorders.
Creating Patient Safety with Organizational Learning: A Case-Based Learning Intervention at a Public and Private Hospital

A critical component of a high reliability organization (HRO) is believed to be a safety culture. Historically, healthcare placed the onus on individuals for perfection in performance of complex work. A six-month, case-based learning intervention at a public and private hospital, Safety Minutes™, attempted to shift the focus from the individual to systems. The intervention is organized in rotating modules of a medical and non-medical incident that exemplify a safety concept, displayed via posters in a staff meeting space, followed by a moderated discussion. Moderators asked how the stories resembled or differed from the nurses' experiences and guided participants away from ingrained “blame” responses in order to look more deeply at systemic and organizational factors. We assessed program effectiveness by ethnographic analysis of written transcripts of the moderated sessions and discuss lessons learned.
Criminal experience and perceptions of risk: what auto thieves fear when stealing cars

In the past two decades criminologists have devoted considerable attention to modeling the decision-making process of offenders. This literature suggests that while there is a general pattern to these decisions, experience with crime likely effects the way offenders assess the costs and benefits of crime. Using interviews with 42 auto thieves we examine how experience shapes auto thieves' perceptions of the risks of stealing cars. We find that experience influences the ways offenders perceive the fears associated with auto theft. Specifically, experienced offenders were most concerned with being confronted (and possibly injured) by owners, while novice offenders were most concerned with being sanctioned by family members.
Safranin and aniline blue with Delafield's hematoxylin for staining cell walls in shoot apexes.

The following technic is suggested for staining cell walls in shoot apexes: After the usual preliminary steps through 50% ethyl alcohol, stain in 1 % safranin 0 for 24 hours. Rinse in tap water and place in 2% aqueous tannic acid for 2 minutes. After rinsing in tap water, stain for 2 minutes in 1 part Delafield's hematoxylin to 2 parts distilled water and rinse in tap water. Remove excess hematoxylin with acidified water (1 drop cone. HC1 in 200 ml. water), then place slides in 0.5% lithium carbonate for 5 minutes. Dehydrate through an ethyl alcohol series, then transfer from absolute alcohol to a saturated solution of anilin blue in “methyl cellosolve” for 5-10 minutes. Wash in absolute alcohol, rinse in a solution of 25% methyl salicylate, 33% xylene, 42% absolute ethyl alcohol and clear for 10 minutes in a solution of 2 parts methyl salicylate, 1 part xylene, 1 part absolute ethyl alcohol. Transfer through two changes of xylene and mount in “clarite” or suitable alternate. The resulting preparations wi...
Role of Zinc in the Peripheral Nervous System

Zinc deficiency causes peripheral neuropathy in guinea pigs and chicks. The pathology is exhibited grossly by abnormal locomotion, stance and hypersensitivity. In both species, the motor nerve conduction velocity is decreased and can be reversed by zinc repletion. The severity of clinical signs correlate with nerve function as measured electrophysiologically in vivo and in vitro.
What Are Cities Worth? Land Rents, Local Productivity, and the Total Value of Amenities

Abstract This paper models how to use widely available data on wages and housing costs to infer land rents, local productivity, and the total value of local amenities in the presence of federal taxes and locally produced nontraded goods. I apply the model to U.S. metropolitan areas with the aid of visually intuitive graphs. The results improve measures of productivity and feature large differences in land rents. Wage and housing cost differences across metropolitan areas are accounted for more by productivity than quality-of-life differences. Regressions using individual amenities reveal that the most productive and valuable cities are typically coastal, sunny, mild, educated, and large.
Chapter 23 – Fluorocarbon emulsions—Designing an efficient shuttle service for the respiratory gases—The so-called ‘Blood Substitutes’

Publisher Summary In the past twenty years, the AIDS crisis emerged as a new driving force behind the pursuit of a surrogate for blood. This chapter reflects the author's personal experience with, and perceptions of, the history of the development of fluorocarbons as oxygen carriers, with his share of intuition, both right and wrong, good and bad fortune, enjoyment and frustration, detours, and encounters, as science actually goes. In 1968, Geyer et al. published the truly incredible 6-rat blood substitution experiment. These authors were able to replace all of the red blood cells of rats with a poloxamer-stabilized emulsion of F-tributylamine, and to keep the animals alive in an atmosphere of pure oxygen for about eight hours. Two radically distinct options are available to the chemist, who wants to design an oxygen carrier, depending on whether the dioxygen molecule is chemically bound to, or simply dissolved in the carrier. The first option implies coordinating the O2 molecules to a metal chelate; the second will seek the most effective and most inert solvents for gases, namely fluorocarbons. Liquid fluorocarbons are the best possible solvents of gases, due to very weak intermolecular interactions. A number of factors make them extremely inert: the high strength of the C–F bond, the reinforcement of the backbone C–C bonds when the carbons are fluorinated, the dense packing of the fluorine atoms around the backbone, and the repulsion exercised by the densely electron-coated fluorine on their environment.
Digital Breast Tomosynthesis: Principles and Practice

Digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) has shown improved breast cancer detection and reduction in recall rates in comparison to full-field digital mammography on many recent clinical trials. This article will provide an analysis of some of the DBT research to date regarding the benefits this technology affords for breast cancer detection, as well as review recent DBT technology updates, such as the synthetic view (C-view) and DBT-guided biopsy. This article will assess the current utilization of DBT for breast cancer screening, as well as its use in the diagnostic evaluation of breast disease. The limitations of the technology, such as the visualization and characterization of calcifications, will be discussed, as well as how the technology may change in the future.
Codling Moth: Effects of 0 and 38 Krad of Gamma Irradiation on the Mating Capacity of Males

When male Laspeyresia pomonella (L.) were exposed to 0 or 38 krad of gamma irradiation within 24 h posteclosion and caged at ages 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 days for 24 h with a 24-h-old virgin female, a significantly higher percentage of unirradiated males passed spermatophores than did irradiated males in each age group. Also, when similar males were caged with a similar female each day for 5 successive days, the untreated males passed a significantly greater number of spermatophores.
Social Media Communication Among Military Spouses: Review of Research and Recommendations for Moving Forward

ABSTRACTA literature review was conducted on online social networking among military spouses. The unique experiences of military spouses are described, followed by a review of the growth of online social networking. Although minimal research has been conducted with military samples, civilian research has found that social media is largely used to foster social interactions; further, social media has distinct advantages and potential challenges. Social media can function to either connect people or isolate them; it can also promote well-being or cause distress. Best practices are offered to further research and utilization of social media among military spouses.
Key Technologies of TGMS Parents Propagation of Two-line Hybrid Rice

Key technologies of TGMS parents propagation of two-line hybrid rice were in the stage of cold water irrigation.The time,duration,depth and manner of cold-water irrigation all affected the pro-breeding production.Field managements were also important to meet the demands of cold-water irrigation propagation.
Analysis of the 500 kV Shunt Reactors Operation Condition in Henan Power Grid

500 kV Shunt reactor,as one of the primary equipments of power system,its’ safety operation is of importance.The mainly measures used for 500 kV reactor condition-measuring includes vibrating measurement,noise measurement on site,temperature measurement based on infrared technology and the insulating oil chromatogram analysis for measuring insulating condition etc.In this paper,the analysis of 500 kV shunt reactors’ operation condition in Henan power grid,which has taken use of the above measures,is introduced and stated.It is meaningful and valuable for how to strengthen the monitoring of reactor during running process to ensure the reactors operation safety.
Risk of Civilization:A Case Study of Modern Traffic Risk in G City

Enlightened by the Theories of Risk Society proposed by Beck et al,the impact on the living conditions of urban residents brought by a modernized project bolstered by civilized ideas and the increasing "modern traffic risk" associated with this project came to the author's mind.This thesis takes the broadening of the main road in G City as an example of the "modern traffic risk" in order to discuss the aftereffect of this "risk of civilization".On the one hand,the "modern urban ideas" of residents in G city became more conservative under the context of risk society;on the other hand,the severe traffic accidents have left people with certain "traumatic memory" that affects their daily life.Based on the interviewee's ideas,the author provides some suggestions for the avoidance of modern traffic risk both subjectively and objectively,in the hope that residents in G City will be able to respond to the "civilized risk society" actively grounded on their knowledge of modern traffic risk and that a more rational modern city life will be created.
Manufacture and Application on Cyclic Watering Gathering Process Simulation Test Device

In the current crude oil gathering and transportation process,the operating parameters are designed,based on that oil arrival temperature is near freezing point,which restrict further exploration and potentiality of lowering temperature.In this paper,the limitations of commonly research methods are focused and the operating conditions,such as the working fluid,edatope temperature,the pipeline specifications and medium velocity are considered respectively.A set of cyclic watering gathering process simulation test device was developed with strong applicability and operability,which is significant for improving the oilfield ground surface engineering test equipment and achieving the energy saving targets.
Atrial septal defect. Electrocardiographic, vectorcardiographic, and catheterization data.

The results of the electrocardiographic, vectorcardiographic, and hemodynamic studies of 70 patients with atrial septal defects are analyzed. Serial electrocardiograms and vectorcardiograms were obtained in 16 patients following surgery. The incidence of the rSR' and rSr' patterns in the right precordial leads was 60 per cent. To a limited extent, the configuration of the electrocardiogram is related to right ventricular pressure and PBF/SBF. However, no quantitative assessment could be made by determining the magnitude of R or R' in lead V1. The vectorcardiogram is an important adjunct to the electrocardiogram in detecting right ventricular hypertrophy. As the right ventricular pressure increases, the QRS sE loop tends to shift more to the right and anteriorly. Although it can be generally stated that the rSR' configuration in atrial septal defects is usually due to right ventricular hypertrophy, this configuration is also due to terminal conduction delay or terminal conduction delay associated with right ventricular hypertrophy in a significant number of instances. The vectorcardiogram is useful in detecting terminal conduction delay in patients with rSR' in the right precordial leads. It was also of value in determining the presence of right ventricular hypertrophy in combination with terminal conduction delay. The evidence of terminal conduction delay may disappear after successful repair of atrial septal defects. Left axis deviation, superior displacement, and counterclockwise direction of inscription of the QRS sE loop in the frontal plane are valuable signs for differentiating ostium primum defects from ostium secundum defects. Each of the eight proved instances of ostium primum defects had these typical features.
Duties and decency.

Though we should help improve the lives of those with disabilities, it is not because we owe them help. The paper begins with a discussion of some features of disabilities: they are defining, ubiquitous, mutable, context dependent, and normative. The moral meaning of "owing" is analyzed and sources of moral duties set out and related to the moral claims of the disabled. Finally the paper suggests that decency--a minimal concern for the welfare of those whose lot we can improve--is a richer way to explain the moral propriety of helping the handicapped.
The Mis-education of Lady Gaga: Confronting Essentialist Claims in the Sex and Gender Classroom

As the “go-to” professor on all things “sex and gender” at a small, private, liberal arts university in the Midwest I find students who have an excellent repertoire on social constructionist theories of sex and gender suddenly ill-equipped to expand this lens to sexuality. In order to remedy this lack of “sociological imagination” when it comes to the social construction of sexuality, I have tried to develop learning outcomes that include the deconstruction of the biological and the natural. In this essay, I discuss the differences between essentialist and social constructionist theories. Next, I use the pop singer Lady Gaga’s song “Born This Way” as an exemplar to explain how most of what we think we know about sexuality is rooted in the biological, which leaves little room for social explanations. Finally, I explain how what I call a “paranoia of choice” framework to be at the crux of why students are hesitant to view sexuality through a social lens, and how instructors in the sex and gender classroom can overcome this resistance.
Amplification of postwildfire peak flow by debris

In burned steeplands, the peak depth and discharge of postwildfire runoff can substantially increase from the addition of debris. Yet methods to estimate the increase over water flow are lacking. We quantified the potential amplification of peak stage and discharge using video observations of postwildfire runoff, compiled data on postwildfire peak flow (Qp), and a physically based model. Comparison of flood and debris flow data with similar distributions in drainage area (A) and rainfall intensity (I) showed that the median runoff coefficient (C = Qp/AI) of debris flows is 50 times greater than that of floods. The striking increase in Qp can be explained using a fully predictive model that describes the additional flow resistance caused by the emergence of coarse-grained surge fronts. The model provides estimates of the amplification of peak depth, discharge, and shear stress needed for assessing postwildfire hazards and constraining models of bedrock incision.
The difference in specific heat between liquids and solids Cp(L-s): calculation of the glass Tg and ``Jelly'' TjS and TjG transition temperatures, and the calculation of phase diagrams

Dans le present article, nous resumons nos resultats concernant l'effet des differences de capacites thermiques entre solides et liquides, C p (L-s) sur les calculs des diagrammes des phases, des temperatures, des transitions vitreuses T g et «Jello» T jS et T jG . Nous presentons aussi des estimations de C p (L-s). Les systemes binaires Ca Al et Ca Pb sont traites. Nous utilisons la forme lineaire: C p (L-s)/R=e+f * T, avec (e/-f)=1.081±0.181 et (e/T fusion =7.0±4.3 ou T fusion est en kK
Competition in biofilms

Competitions in biofilms for substrate and space have been studied by using a microelectrode technique and a microslicing technique. Three different kinds of biofilms, cultured by laboratory-scale rotating drum biofilm reactors (RDBR) with synthetic wastewater, have been used as test materials. Oxygen, ammonium-nitrogen, nitrate-nitrogen, and pH concentration profiles in the biofilms were measured using microelectrodes. Experimental results showed that: 1) an increase of organic loading rate would result in a decrease of DO concentration in the biofilm. However, after the organic loading rate exceeded a certain value, the oxygen profiles within the biofilm did not change any more; 2) Heterotrophs competed for oxygen with nitrifiers, which resulted in the inhibition of nitrification because of the shortage of oxygen. Glucose itself, however, did not inhibit the nitrification processes; and 3) The competition for substrate in biofilms resulted in a stratified biofilm structure. Experiments showed that competition in biofilms resulted in non-uniform spatial distributions of bacterial populations and metabolically active bacteria. The spatial distributions of biotic and abiotic components in turn affected the substrate transfer and substrate competition within the biofilm. Traditional biofilm modelling will fail in many cases if they are based on substrate removal kinetics and uniform distributions of biofilm properties.
Blending Measurements in Mixtures with Reclaimed Asphalt: Use of Scanning Electron Microscopy with X-Ray Analysis

A major impediment to the widespread use of asphalt concrete with a high content of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) is uncertainty in the degree of blending between the RAP and the fresh binder. Furthering knowledge concerning the blending between RAP and fresh binder has been difficult because of the lack of an experimental method to quantify the degree of blending in asphalt concrete. This study introduces energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) scanning electron microscopy (SEM) as a means to analyze the degree of blending between RAP and fresh materials in asphalt concrete. EDS allows for mapping the distribution and relative proportion of elements in a sample, hence, allowing for the detection of the distribution of elements in an asphalt concrete specimen. Fresh and RAP binders will have a similar elemental composition. Therefore, titanium dioxide in a fine powder form (0.15-µm particles) is blended with the fresh binder as a tracer before the production of asphalt concrete to enable delineation...
Directive Surface Plasmons on Tunable Two-Dimensional Hyperbolic Metasurfaces and Black Phosphorus: Green’s Function and Complex Plane Analysis

We study the electromagnetic response of two- and quasi-two-dimensional (2-D) hyperbolic materials, on which a simple dipole source can excite a well-confined and tunable surface plasmon polariton (SPP). The analysis is based on the Green’s function for an anisotropic 2-D surface, which nominally requires the evaluation of a 2-D Sommerfeld integral. We show that for the SPP contribution, this integral can be evaluated efficiently in a mixed continuous-discrete form as a continuous spectrum contribution (branch cut integral) of a residue term, in distinction to the isotropic case, where the SPP is simply given as a discrete residue term. The regime of strong SPP excitation is discussed, and the complex-plane singularities are identified, leading to physical insight into the excited SPP. We also present a stationary phase solution valid for large radial distances. Examples are presented using graphene strips to form a hyperbolic metasurface and thin-film black phosphorus. Green’s function and complex-plane analysis developed allows for the exploration of hyperbolic plasmons in general 2-D materials.
Phalanx Fractures of the Foot

Various common injuries in the foot and ankle are investigated in this section. Significant attention is paid not only to proper diagnostic examination and imaging but also to optimal nonoperative and operative treatment options to manage these conditions.
Evaluation of a Quality Improvement Resource for Public Health Practitioners.

Objectives:Quality improvement is a critical mechanism to manage public health agency performance and to strengthen accountability for public funds. The objective of this study was to evaluate a re...
Standardization of radiation therapy dose for locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer through changes to a lung cancer clinical pathway in a large, integrated comprehensive cancer center network

Abstract Purpose The results of Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) 0617, which randomized patients with stages IIIA/IIIB non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) to definitive chemoradiation therapy to 60 Gy versus 74 Gy, demonstrated a detrimental survival impact with high-dose radiation therapy. We evaluated the impact of changes to a provider-driven clinical pathway (CP) guiding management of NSCLC on practice throughout our cancer center network. Methods and materials In 2001, we implemented a CP for management of stage IIIA/IIIB NSCLC with definitive chemoradiation therapy. In 2013, the CP for NSCLC was amended (amendment 1) to allow a dose range of 60 to 74 Gy. The CP was amended (amendment 2) in January 2016 to specify a dose range of 60 to 70 Gy. Higher doses were considered off-pathway and subject to peer review. Data from decisions entered from 2012 to 2016 were obtained. Results From 2012 until publication of RTOG 0617 in February 2015, the median prescription dose was 66 Gy delivered in 1.8 to 2.1 Gy fractions. Doses ≤66 Gy were prescribed for 52% of patients. From February 2015 to September 2016, the median prescription dose was 60 Gy, and 91% of prescription doses were ≤66 Gy. After amendment 2, 99% of decisions were ≤66 Gy. Dose ≤66 Gy was associated with treatment following publication of 0617 (P Conclusions CPs eliminate variations in practice that lead to inferior outcomes. Recognizing that our CP for definitive treatment of patients with locally advanced NSCLC allowed heterogeneous dose prescriptions, we modified the CP based on the publication of RTOG 0617. We found that the CP was a tool to ensure patients receive evidence-based care across a large cancer center network.
Analog Bloom Filter and Contention-Free Multi-Bit Simultaneous Query for Centralized Wireless Networks

In this paper, novel simultaneous query techniques are proposed for wireless networks, which allow the access point (AP) of the network to gather key control information from active nodes in the network at low overhead. The query techniques are based on OFDM, and include the analog bloom filter (ABF), with which active nodes send signals simultaneously on randomly selected subcarriers to inform the AP about their identities, as well as the collision-free multi-bit (CFM) query, with which nodes send signals simultaneously on non-overlapping subcarriers to inform the AP about their queue lengths. Both the ABF and CFM queries require just one OFDM symbol as the response, and therefore incur very low overhead. Based on ABF and CFM, a simple medium access control (MAC) protocol, called Muqmac , is also proposed, with which the AP can obtain the queue states of the nodes and schedule data transmissions in a centralized manner. ABF and CFM are first evaluated with the 802.11n channel model and are shown to achieve desirable performance. Both ABF and CFM, as well as Muqmac, are also implemented on the Microsoft Sora software-defined radio. The experimental results show that after removing some obvious overhead specific to the testbed, the MAC layer throughput of Muqmac is over 75% of the physical layer data rate even under very challenging traffic conditions.