cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The nature of amine deprotonation in basic solutions of bis-(2-aminomethylpyridine)cobalt(II)

Abstract The report [2] that 2:1, 2-aminomethylpyridine (AMP) to cobalt(II) solutions turn slowly from pink to blue in anaerobic basic media was reinvestigated. Kinetic, spectral, and other features of the reaction are reported. When cobalt(II)–AMP solutions are made basic a peak at 380 nm rapidly appears in the spectrum, followed by a slower appearance of a peak at 595 nm, which gives rise to the blue color observed. The rate of appearance of this peak was studied under different conditions (pH, AMP to cobalt ratios, D 2 O, etc. ). The results of these studies are reported. Most, but not all of the results can be explained in terms of a tetrahedral complex being formed. Here the kinetic as well as spectral and other evidence is discussed in terms of a dimeric structure for the blue species. This is a triply bridged binuclear complex with one μ-hydroxo and two μ-amido bridges. Each metal center is chelated by two AMP molecules, one of which is bridged to the other metal center. Experiments performed using the N-methyl and N,N-dimethyl derivatives of AMP, the interaction of the blue complex with acid, and other data which lend support to the proposed structure are presented.
Stress and Temperature Dependence of Irradiation Creep of Selected FCC and BCC Steels at Low Swelling

A large amount of data on irradiation creep of face centered cubic (FCC) and body centered cubic (BCC) steels have been analyzed and published by the present authors, but a recent reanalysis of these data have provided further insight into irradiation creep behavior. The present paper looks at the stress and temperature dependence of creep at low swelling for selected 316 stainless steels and HT9 steels irradiated at temperatures from 400–670°C. Analysis of the creep data has revealed that a transition from a lower creep rate with a stress exponent of one to a higher creep rate with an unknown stress exponent occurs in FCC and BCC steels at moderate stresses, and the transition stress is approximately the same for both classes of steels. Due to limited data at higher stresses, the nature of the creep behavior at stresses greater than the transition stress cannot be unambiguously defined. One possibility is that the stress exponent is transitioning from a value of one to a value greater than one. Another possibility is that the creep compliance value is transitioning to a higher value while the stress exponent remains at a value of one. The creep compliance coefficients of the FCC and BCC steels have also been carefully reanalyzed in the regime where the stresses are lower than the transition stress, and in this regime there is a clear delineation in the creep compliance values between 316 stainless steels, titanium-modified 316 steels, and HT9 steels as a function of temperature.
Periodic orbits in the four body problem with large and small masses

Abstract This paper studies the dynamics of the four body problem as a limiting system with two of the masses tending to zero. The relative mass and separation of the two small bodies gives three possible limiting problems, the most interesting of which is called the ( 2 + 2 ) -body problem. Similar limits have been considered by previous authors to study the stability of relative equilibrium. In this paper families of periodic orbits are studied, emanating from relative equilibria and from infinity.
Natural history and general management of unruptured intracranial aneurysms

After an aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage, nearly half of the patients die and the half who survive suffer from irreversible cerebral damage. With increasing use of noninvasive neuroimaging techniques (for example, magnetic resonance and computerized tomography angiography), more unruptured cerebral aneurysms are found. To understand the prevalence of unruptured aneurysms in the general population, along with the risks of aneurysm formation, data on growth and rupture rates are crucial. The risk of rupture in aneurysms smaller than 10 mm is still not quite clear without a population-based prospective study. Nevertheless, a 0.5 to 2% annual risk may be a reasonable estimate. Growing aneurysms and those larger than 10 mm carry a higher rate of rupture. The management of an unruptured intracranial aneurysm should be based on a thorough understanding of the natural history of these lesions and careful evaluation of the morbidity and mortality levels associated with each treatment option.
Costs of Producing and Processing Closed-Boll Cotton1

Harvesting cotton in closed bolls may be a method of excluding biologically active byssinotic agents from seed-cotton and reducing textile mill dust levels. The closed-boll cotton would be machine-...
Second trimester ultrasound screening for chromosomal abnormalities.

The use of prenatal ultrasound has proven efficacious for the prenatal diagnosis of chromosomal abnormalities. The first sonographic sign of Down syndrome, the thickened nuchal fold, was first described in 1985. Since that time, multiple sonographically-identified markers have been described as associated with Down syndrome. The genetic sonogram, involving a detailed search for sonographic signs of aneuploidy, can be used to both identify fetuses at high risk for aneuploidy and, when normal, can be used to decrease the risk for aneuploidy for a pregnancy when no sonographic markers are identified. Combining the genetic sonogram with maternal serum screening may be the best method of assessing aneuploidy risk for women who desire such an assessment in the second trimester. Trisomy 18, Trisomy 13, and triploidy are typically associated with sonographically identified abnormalities and have a high prenatal detection rate. The use of the described sonographic signs in low-risk women requires further investigation, however, patients at increased risk for aneuploidy due to advanced maternal age or abnormal serum screening can benefit from a genetic sonogram screening for sonographic signs of aneuploidy to adjust their baseline risk of an affected fetus.
Mild, asymmetric Diels-Alder cycloadditions of electronically matched 2-pyrones and vinyl ethers

Abstract Silica gel and a TADDOL-complexed titanium IV Lewis acid are shown to promote mild, practical, asymmetric [4+2]-cycloadditions of electron-poor 2-pyrone-3-carboxylates with electron-rich vinyl ethers to form isolable and useful bicyclic lactone adducts.
Breaking the Depth Dependency of Phototherapy with Cerenkov Radiation and Low Radiance Responsive Nanophotosensitizers

The combination of light and photosensitizers for phototherapeutic interventions, such as photodynamic therapy, has transformed medicine and biology. However, the shallow penetration of light into tissues and the reliance on tissue oxygenation to generate cytotoxic radicals have limited the method to superficial or endoscope-accessible lesions. Here we report a way to overcome these limitations by using Cerenkov radiation from radionuclides to activate an oxygen-independent nanophotosensitizer, titanium dioxide (TiO2). We show that the administration of transferrin-coated TiO2 nanoparticles and clinically used radionuclides in mice and colocalization in tumours results in either complete tumour remission or an increase in their median survival. Histological analysis of tumour sections showed the selective destruction of cancerous cells and high numbers of tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes, which suggests that both free radicals and the activation of the immune system mediated the destruction. Our results offer a way to harness low-radiance-sensitive nanophotosensitizers to achieve depth-independent Cerenkov-radiation-mediated therapy.
Clinicopathologic Correlations of Renal Biopsies in Hypertension with Pyelonephritis

Analysis has been made of the responses to sympathectomy for hypertension and certain other aspects of 120 cases whose renal biopsies showed pyelonephritis as well as arteriolar nephrosclerosis. The sex incidence, mortality, average diastolic blood pressures, and post-operative kidney function tests differed from findings in larger hypertensive group without pathologic evidence of pyelonephritis.
Mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases mediate PMMA-induction of osteoclasts.

Inflammatory osteolysis induced by implant-derived wear debris is associated with infiltration of various cell-types to the implant–bone interface leading to abundant secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and activation of proteinases that together lead to propagation of the localized inflammatory response and periprosthetic bone erosion. Tumor necrosis factor family members are considered to be direct mediators of inflammation and osteolysis. These cytokines exert their osteoclastic effects via activation of the transcription factor NF-κB and certain MAP kinases, including c-Jun, Erks and p38, all known to be essential for the development of osteoclasts. We have recently documented that the osteoclastogenic cytokines TNF and RANKL play a pivotal role in the development of inflammatory osteolysis. We have also found that PMMA particles stimulate osteoclastogenesis, at least in part, by induction of RANKL, TNF, and by activation of the transcription factor NF-κB. More importantly, our data indicate that inhibitors of the osteoclastogenic factors, TNF and RANKL abrogate particle-induced osteoclastogenesis. In the current study, we investigated if PMMA particles activate MAP kinases, and the potential role of these kinases as mediators of osteolysis. Using kinase assays, we show that in osteoclast precursors, PMMA particles markedly and rapidly activate p38 and ERK MAP kinases. This activation was specific, evident by complete blockade with specific inhibitory compounds. Similarly, we show that PMMA particles activate the JNK pathway, which is known to be involved in inflammatory and osteoclastogenic events. We also show that p38 MAP kinase regulates PMMA-activation of NF-κB, thus providing a possible mechanism for particle action in osteoclast precursors. Finally, we provide evidence that specific inhibitors of MAP kinases are capable of inhibiting PMMA-stimulated osteoclastogenesis. These data provide evidence that MAP kinases are potent mediators of particle-induced osteoclastogenesis.
The wreck of Amtrak's Sunset Limited: news coverage of a mass transport disaster

Using the 1993 crash of Amtrak's Sunset Limited in Mobile, Alabama, this study examines the safety education provided by seven newspapers. A total of 117 news stories were analysed for five primary themes: overall story category, passenger safety theme, train personnel safety theme, train safety theme and rescue safety. Sixty-three per cent were found to contain at least one safety theme paragraph within the larger story. A total of 631 paragraphs were identified as safety theme paragraphs, 32 per cent of which were passenger safety themes, 8 per cent were train personnel safety, 31 per cent were train safety and 29 per cent were rescue safety themes. As in previous research, safety themes rarely appeared alone; more often than not, a story contained a mixture of all themes. Some safety themes appeared more frequently than others, but overall, the safety themes present a complete view of the safety issues surrounding the crash. Safety themes are embedded within a story framework which reflects the three stages of disaster news work. Images of normalcy tragically disrupted by the crash abound as do images of passengers escaping and aiding others. Disaster relief personnel and aviation officials are shown working to restore order and solve the mystery of the crash. Within this framework we can learn what to expect when a train crashes and what we might have to do in a similar situation. Language: en
Pharmacokinetic interaction between ondansetron and cyclophosphamide during high-dose chemotherapy for breast cancer.

Purpose: Both ondansetron and cyclophosphamide are thought to be metabolized by hepatic microsomal processes. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the potential pharmacokinetic interactions between ondansetron and high-dose alkylating agent chemotherapy. Methods: A total of 54 breast cancer patients receiving high-dose cyclophosphamide, cisplatin and carmustine were treated prospectively in four sequential cohorts. Cohorts I and II received continuous infusions of both ondansetron and prochlorperazine, and cohorts III and IV received a continuous infusion of ondansetron alone at the same doses. All patients received lorazepam every 4 h. A group of 75 matched historical controls had received a continuous infusion of prochlorperazine with lorazepam. Pharmacokinetic monitoring of each drug used in the high-dose chemotherapy regimen was conducted. Results: Median AUCs of cyclophosphamide in patients receiving ondansetron (73.6 mg/ml · min) were lower than those of the control patients (88.3 mg/ml · min, n = 75, P = 0.0004), but the median cisplatin AUC was approximately 10% higher and no difference in the disposition of carmustine was demonstrated. Patients treated with ondansetron displayed a higher frequency of headaches than the controls. The frequency of achieving complete emetic control was greater in the ondansetron + prochlorperazine groups compared to the ondansetron alone groups and was greater in both these groups than in the prochlorperazine alone group on the first day of therapy only. Conclusion: Ondansetron altered the systemic exposure to cyclophosphamide when these agents were administered concomitantly. Ondansetron did not substantially improve overall emetic control when used alone but may improve control in combination with prochlorperazine. Future randomized studies are needed to delineate the effect of ondansetron on the disposition of the active cyclophosphamide metabolites so that clinical implications can be addressed.
Loneliness as the cause and the effect of problematic Internet use: the relationship between Internet use and psychological well-being.

Abstract The current research started from the assumption that one of the major motives driving individuals' Internet use is to relieve psychosocial problems (e.g., loneliness, depression). This study showed that individuals who were lonely or did not have good social skills could develop strong compulsive Internet use behaviors resulting in negative life outcomes (e.g., harming other significant activities such as work, school, or significant relationships) instead of relieving their original problems. Such augmented negative outcomes were expected to isolate individuals from healthy social activities and lead them into more loneliness. Even though previous research suggests that social use of the Internet (e.g., social networking sites, instant messaging) could be more problematic than entertainment use (e.g., downloading files), the current study showed that the former did not show stronger associations than the latter in the key paths leading to compulsive Internet use.
Simultaneous intracranial and orbital complications of acute rhinosinusitis in children

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the frequency of intracranial and orbital complications occurring as simultaneous but separate complications of acute rhinosinusitis in the pediatric population. Methods: Records of children admitted to St. Louis Children’s Hospital between 1 January 1990 and 31 December 2002 were reviewed. Relevant literature was reviewed with the assistance of Medline. Results: We identified 74 patients with orbital complications related to acute rhinosinusitis. A bimodal age distribution was identified with one group above and one group below the age of 7 years. The frequency of intracranial complications in pediatric patients already admitted for orbital complications of acute rhinosinusitis was 0% for those less than 7 years of age and 9.3% (4/43) for patients 7 years and older. If surgery was required for orbital disease, these risks were 0 and 24% (4/17), respectively. The review found that patients with dual complications had a mean age of 15 years, 11 months, were male (100%), had subperiosteal abscesses located superiorly or superolaterally within the orbit, and presented with significant frontal sinus disease. All intraoperative cultures were polymicrobial. MRI was superior to CT for identification of intracranial extension. Conclusions: Simultaneous intracranial and orbital complications are rare but significant occurrences in acute pediatric rhinosinusitis. Because of the high incidence of intracranial findings, we recommend MRI in addition to CT scan along with aggressive management in children older than 7 years of age admitted with orbital complications of acute rhinosinusitis who also demonstrate risk factors for intracranial disease. These risk factors are discussed.
A field study of the activities of howler monkeys

Abstract An observational study was made of group organization and activities of howler monkeys on Barro Colorado Island in the Panama Canal Zone during the dry season of 1962. Data were collected to provide information on diurnal patterns and relative frequencies with an attempt to quantify observations. The quantitative data presented in general corroborate and elaborate on the qualitative observations made during various census-taking studies. Results reveal several diurnal patterns in howler behaviour. Typical howling was most frequent early in the morning, but was also heard at other hours during the day. Other vocalizations were also maximal at daybreak and also decreased markedly thereafter. The group travelled most frequently at midday with a tendency for the entire group to rest late in the morning and again early in the afternoon. Travel was noted at other hours too with possible peaks shortly after daybreak and mid-morning. Even during periods of general travel, however, some animals could be found resting for short intervals. Shifting about with no general group direction was characteristic during most of the daylight hours. Feeding was noted throughout the day with possible peaks in the early morning and late afternoon. Direct social interactions were relatively infrequent with the exception of play wrestling which at times involved adult animals of both sexes in addition to juveniles. Sexual behaviour was seen relatively rarely, but observations reinforce the impression of general tolerance of others in the group. Other low frequency activities were also described. Data were also presented for the activities of a solitary male and cebus and spider monkeys in the immediate vicinity of a howler troop. Relations between howler troops appeared to be restricted to vocal exchanges which possibly indicate territorial defence. Groups remain in definite home ranges with favourite sleeping sites, travel routes and feeding areas which might be considered as core areas. Notes were also presented on the behaviour of spider and cebus monkeys living in the same areas as the howler monkeys under primary observation, and the feasibility of field work with these animals was discussed. Both the cebus and spider monkeys are considerably more active than the howlers, travelling more rapidly and often over greater ranges.
Acoustic evaluation of a novel swept-rotor fan

Inlet noise and aerodynamic performance are presented for a high tip speed fan designed with rotor blade leading edge sweep that gives a subsonic component of inlet Mach number normal to the edge at all radii. The intent of the design was to minimize the generation of rotor leading edge shock waves thereby minimizing multiple pure tone noise. Sound power level and spectral comparisons are made with several high-speed fans of conventional design. Results show multiple pure tone noise at levels below those of some of the other fans and this noise was initiated at a higher tip speed. Aerodynamic performance of the fan did not meet design goals for this first build which applied conventional design procedures to the swept fan geometry.
KERNEL PATTERN IN VARIEGATED PERICARP MAIZE AND THE FREQUENCY OF SELF-COLORED OFFSPRING'

VARIEGATED PERICARP of the so-called calico type, as Emerson (1914, 1917) showed, is due to a gene, pvv (variegated pericarp, variegated cob), which mutates frequently in somatic tissue to an alternative stable form, PRR (red pericarp, red cob), conditioning uniformly distributed red pigment, or self color. The pattern on a variegated kernel (or ear) is determined by (1) the number of pvv to pRR mutations which occur and (2) the amount of pericarp tissue developing subsequently from each primary mutant cell. The most frequent separately recognizable elements entering into the generalized variegated phenotype are very narrow stripes orientated on the kernel polar-wise with reference to the point of silk attachment. These numerous, small, colored areas are referable to mutations which took place relatively late in development. Usually fewer than five per cent of the kernels bearing fine strines exclusively will give rise to plants with uniformly selfcolored rather than varieg,ated ears. Mutations occurring earlier in ontogeny result in correspondingly larger pigmented areas. The latter varv from merely prominent stripes of varying breadth and location on a single kernel to an entire self-colored kernel or a group of kernels which occasionally involves the whole ear. Areas of light pigmentation at the silk attachments distinguish these self-red ears from those due to previous germinal mutations. Plants grown from kernels showing these more conspicuous mutations often bear self-colored ears. The frequency of occurrence of such offspring, however, is correlated with both the size and the position of the pigmented area on the parent kernel. The present paper embodies an analysis of the rela.ionship between these two factors in the kernel pattern and the occurrence of offspring, with selfcolored pericarp. Inheritance of a given somatic mutation which affects merely a part of a kernel requires that the mutated sector include the archesporial cell. Only the mutations which occur prior to the differentiation of this cell, therefore, may be transmitted to the next generation. The earlier in the formation of the spikelet a mutation takes place, the larger will be the amount of pericarp tissue ultimately affected and the higher the likelihood that the megaspore will be included in the mutant sector. Hence, a positive relationship is to be expected between size of the pericarp stripe and the frequency of associated embryos of the mutant genotype.
A Quality Improvement Project to Improve Compliance With The Joint Commission Children’s Asthma Care-3 Measure

Background and objective: Since the initiation of the Children’s Asthma Care (CAC) core measures in 2008, hospitals have struggled to achieve a high rate of compliance with the CAC-3 measure of the Home Management Plan of Care (HMPC). At inception of this project in 2009, the national average was 65% compliance, which has now increased to 80%. These rates are below the Hospital Corporation of America’s goal of 90% compliance. Our objective was to identify potential pitfalls that interfere with compliance on CAC-3 at our institution and to devise solutions to increase compliance to >90%. Methods: Inpatient pediatric patients at a community teaching hospital in a predominantly rural state were included in our interrupted time-series quality improvement project from 2008 to 2011. Patients were between 2 and 17 years of age with an International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision (ICD-9), primary diagnosis code of asthma at time of discharge. We identified potential stumbling blocks that interfered with compliance of CAC measures and then implemented repeated Plan-Do-Study-Act (PDSA) cycles to improve processes, including redesign of the HMPC form, education, and electronic documentation tied to the discharge medication reconciliation form, which is also required by The Joint Commission. Results: We started with an average quarterly compliance of 43% with CAC-3 before our PDSA cycles. We have improved our compliance after the 2 PDSA cycles to an average of 97%. Conclusions: By linking the HMPC form to the discharge medication reconciliation form, we were able to achieve and maintain >90% compliance with CAC-3.
Reducing cesarean births at a primarily private university hospital

Objective: The rise in cesarean birth at Northwestern Memorial Hospital in 1986 to 27.3% prompted implementation of three initiatives to reverse the escalating cesarean section rate. Study Design: First, vaginal birth after cesarean section was more strongly encouraged. Second, after the 1988 calendar year the cesarean section rate of every obstetrician was circulated annually to each attending physician. Third, on completion of a prospective, randomized trial of the active management of labor in early 1991, this protocol was recommended as the preferred method of labor management for term nulliparous patients. Results: The total, primary, and repeat cesarean section rates declined from 27.3%, 18.2%, and 9.1% in 1986 to 16.9%, 10.6%, and 6.4%, respectively, in 1991. At the same time the perinatal mortality dropped from 19.5 to 10.3. Significant reductions in abdominal deliveries occurred for both private patients (30.3% to 19.1%, p p Conclusion: The cesarean section rate has been significantly reduced for both private and clinic patients. Differences in population demographics and individual physician practice patterns contributed to a higher incidence of cesarean birth on the private service.
Some aspects of the behavior of regularized solutions as the amount of smoothing is varied

Abstract We consider the operator equation of the first kind, Kf = g, where K is a compact linear operator from a (finite or infinite-dimensional) Hilbert space H1 into the Hilbert space H2, and orthogonally decompose g as g = g + g , g ϵ R(K) and g ϵ N(K ∗ ) , where K ∗ is the adjoint of K. Similarly, for the Twomey-Tichonov regularized solution fγ with smoothing parameter γ > 0 and trial element p ϵ H1, we have p = p + p , p ϵ R(K ∗ ) and p ϵ N(K) . It is known that, if g ϵ R(K) itself, then lim γ→0 + f γ = f + p , where f is the least-squares solution of minimum norm to Kf = g. (If K is represented by a matrix A, then f = A + g , where A+ is the Moore-Penrose pseudoinverse.) An analogous limiting property holds for the generalized Landweber iteration as the iteration number k becomes infinite. We discuss the variation of these regularized solutions from f + p to p as γ and k are varied under the assumption that g ϵ R(K) , and contrast this behavior with that which occurs when ξ ϵ R(K). In this latter case we show that, for a class of regularizations that includes those described above, the regularized solution is unbounded as the smoothing is decreased. This unboundedness affects the strategy that must be employed in estimating f when g is contaminated with measurement error.
A commentary on reporting effect size and confidence intervals: Response to Palmer and Strelan (2014)☆

Abstract Based on recalculations of effect size (Cohen's d) and confidence intervals around these estimates (ESC forthcoming) re-interpret some of the findings from our 2011 Journal of Business Research article (Dutta and Pullig 2011). In response, we critique two aspects of P&S's conclusions, the use of ES&CI in a dichotomous nature and the assumed superiority of the ES&CI approach. In addition, we discuss the implications of the ES&CI results for the substantive domain of our research and findings. Specifically, the ES&CI results do not “overturn” our conclusions, but indicate that for two variables our results should be considered tentative while for two variables the ES&CI approach leads to similar conclusions. We conclude with a discussion of the implications of the larger debate between reporting traditional null hypothesis statistical testing (NHST), ES&CI, or both in behavioral research in marketing and business-related disciplines.
The accumulated effects of monetary policy

Abstract This paper estimates the role of the cumulative effects of monetary policy in causing the more recent business cycles in the U.S. The length of time and the decaying process required for a one-time change in the money supply to be completely reversed is estimated. Identifying the reversal process allows the cumulative output effects associated with current and past changes in the anticipated and unanticipated components of the money growth rate to be estimated. It is estimated that cumulative monetary policy has played an important role in business cycle episodes in the U. S.
Right aortic arch, right patent ductus arteriosus, and mirror-image branching of the brachiocephalic vessels.

Two patients with a right aortic arch, right patent ductus arteriousus, and mirror-image branching of the brachiocephalic vessels are described. The clinical, angiographic, and surgical findings in these two cases are detailed, and a description of the embryologic basis for these anomalies is given.
Biotransformation of hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) by a prospective consortium and its most effective isolate Serratia marcescens.

The biotransformation of hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5 triazine (RDX) has been observed in liquid culture by a consortium of bacteria found in horse manure. Five types of bacteria were found to predominate in the consortium and were isolated. The most effective of these isolates at transforming RDX was Serratia marcescens. The biotransformation of RDX by all of these bacteria was found to occur only in the anoxic stationary phase. The process of bacterial growth and RDX biotransformation was quantified for the purpose of developing a predictive type model. Cell growth was assumed to follow Monod kinetics. All of the aerobic and anoxic growth parameters were determined: μmax, Ks, and Yx/s. RDX was found to competitively inhibit cell growth in both atmospheres. Degradation of RDX by Serratia marcescens was found to proceed through the stepwise reduction of the three nitro groups to nitroso groups. Each of these reductions was found to be first order in both component and cell concentrations. The degradation rate constant for the first step in this reduction process by the consortium was 0.022 L/g cells · h compared to 0.033 L/g cells · h for the most efficient isolate. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng53: 515–522, 1997.
Safety and efficacy of intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guérin plus interferon α-2b therapy for nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer in patients with prosthetic devices.

Purpose: Patients with bladder cancer who have prosthetic devices, such as a cardiac pacemaker, artificial heart valve or orthopedic hardware, and who undergo intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin therapy are theoretically at higher risk for complications, including bacterial seeding of pacemaker wires or orthopedic hardware, and at further risk for infective endocarditis. We assessed the safety and efficacy of bacillus Calmette-Guerin plus interferon α-2b therapy in patients with nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer and a pacemaker, artificial heart valve or orthopedic hardware.Materials and Methods: We evaluated 1,045 patients with nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer enrolled in a multicenter American phase II trial of bacillus Calmette-Guerin plus interferon α-2b therapy, including 143 with a prosthetic device (pacemaker in 87, artificial heart valve in 13 and orthopedic hardware in 43). Weekly physician toxicity assessments and standard adverse effect reporting were done.Results: No patient had infective e...
Elemental profiling of single bacterial cells as a function of copper exposure and growth phase

The elemental composition of single cells of Nitrosomonas europaea 19718 was studied via synchrotron X-ray fluorescence microscopy (XFM) as a function of inhibition by divalent copper (Cu(II)) and batch growth phase. Based on XFM, the intracellular Cu concentrations in exponential phase cultures of N. europaea exposed to Cu(II) were statistically higher than in stationary phase cultures at the 95% confidence interval (α = 0.05). However, the impact of Cu inferred from specific oxygen uptake rate (sOUR) measurements at the two physiological states was statistically not dissimilar at the Cu(II) doses tested, except at 1000 µM Cu(II), at which exponential phase cultures were significantly more inhibited. Furthermore, the elemental composition in uninhibited exponential and stationary phase N. europaea cultures was similar. Notably, the molar fractions of Cu and Fe, relative to other elements in N. europaea cultures were statistically higher than those recently reported in Pseudomonas fluorescens possibly owing to the preponderance of metal cofactor rich catalytic enzymes (such as ammonia monooxygenase) and electron transport mechanisms in N. europaea.
Submersed aquatic vegetation of the Jean Lafitte National Historical Park and Preserve.

Abstract The Barataria Preserve unit of Jean Lafitte National Historical Park and Preserve is located in wetlands of the upper Barataria-Terrebonne estuary near New Orleans, LA and subject to perturbations that affect aquatic resources. A study of submersed aquatic vegetation (SAV) was conducted to determine community composition, distribution, and abundance. Seven native species—Cabomba caroliniana, Ceratophyllum demersum, Heteranthera dubia, Najas guadalupensis, Potamogeton pusillus, Vallisneria americana, and Zannichellia palustris—and three exotic species—Egeria densa, Hydrilla verticillata, and Myriophyllum spicatum—were present. The highly invasive, exotic, floating fern Salvinia molesta was also present. The Preserve is affected by a coastal restoration project designed to return Mississippi River flow to the upper Barataria Estuary. Preserve SAV did not conform to the general estuarine management paradigm of decline and loss with nutrient introductions. Instead, freshwater dominated the Preserve, ...
Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer installation modifications in a radioactive contaminated laboratory for the analysis of DOE radioactive waste streams

The operation and maintenance of a complex analytical instrument such as an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer in a radioactive contaminated environment presents unique problems and challenges that have to be considered in the purchasing and installation process. Considerations such as vendor experience, typical radiation levels, sample matrices encountered during sample analysis, instrument accessability for maintenance, and upkeep must be incorporated into the decision process. The Radioactive Materials Analytical Laboratory (RMAL) at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) recently purchased and installed an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer for the analysis of Department of Energy (DOE) radioactive waste streams. This presentation will outline the purchasing decision, installation of the instrument, and how the modifications needed to operate in a radioactive contaminated laboratory do not significantly impact the daily operation and maintenance requirements of the instrument. Also, a contamination survey of the system will be presented which demonstrates the contamination levels in the instrument from the sample introduction system to the detector.
Mathematical modelling of Dodge-Romig sampling plans for random incoming quality

Abstract This paper presents mathematical modelling for the outgoing quality (OQ) ofsingle and double sampling plans when the incoming fraction nonconforming, p', has a beta distribution. This is in contrast with the traditional assumption that p' is a constant and its point estimates can be used to model acceptance sampling plans. Several numerical examples are presented to compare the average outgoing quality (AOQ) for random and constant p' of single and double sampling plans for varying parameter values of the beta distribution. These numerical examples, which were performed by using computer simulations, indicate that the AOQ for random p' differs considerably from the nonrandom p' whenever single or double sampling is used.
Tense and aspect in the news discourse of Nepali English

: This paper presents an analysis of tense and aspect variation in the news discourse of Nepali English. It takes the position that institutionalized non-native varieties of English employ local norms of usage which are available for linguistic analysis. Nepali English news-stories employ the pluperfect in some cases where NaE would use simple past. This pluperfect is used for backgrounding, interacting with other forms to provide textual coherence. It is bound to the news text's relevance structure, and signals information which is low in importance to the major topic of the article. The Nepali English pluperfect reflects a primary remoteness semantic while the native English pluperfect reflects a primary anteriority semantic.
Pyramid mappings onto hypercubes for computer vision: Connection machine comparative study

The paper presents a comparative analysis for algorithms that map pyramids onto hypercubes. The analysis is based on some important performance measures from graph theory and actual results from a Connection Machine system CM-2 containing 16K processors. Connection Machine results are presented for pyramid algorithms that compute the perimeter of objects, apply 2-dimensional convolution, and segment images.
Optical character recognition for model-based object recognition applications

This paper discusses the performance of Fourier descriptors and Hu's seven moment invariants for an Optical Character Recognition (OCR) engine developed for 3D model-based object recognition applications.
A Computational Tool for the Reduction of Nonlinear ODE Systems Possessing Multiple Scales

Near an orbit of interest in a dynamical system, it is typical to ask which variables dominate its structure at what times. What are its principal local degrees of freedom? What local bifurcation structure is most appropriate? We introduce a combined numerical and analytical technique that aids the identification of structure in a class of systems of nonlinear ordinary differential equations (ODEs) that are commonly applied in dynamical models of physical processes. This "dominant scale" technique prioritizes consideration of the influence that distinguished "inputs" to an ODE have on its dynamics. On this basis a sequence of reduced models is derived, where each model is valid for a duration that is determined self-consistently as the system’s state variables evolve. The characteristic time scales of all sufficiently dominant variables are also taken into account to further reduce the model. The result is a hybrid dynamical system of reduced differential-algebraic models that are switched at discrete eve...
What Brown Teaches Us About the Rehnquist Court's Federalism Revival

by Neal Devins, College of William and Mary Linking the Warren Court's school desegregation decisions to more recent Rehnquist Court actions limiting congressional power helps us see clearly how social and political forces shape Supreme Court behavior. This article argues, contrary to common impression, that interest group litigation strategy was relatively unimportant to both the Warren Court's decision in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas (1954) and to the Rehnquist Court's decision to revitalize federalism in United States v. Lopez (1995). Social and political forces are crucial factors in both Brown and in the initiation of a federalism revival. Moreover, majoritarian pressures also influenced the Warren Court's avoidance of school desegregation after Brown and the Rehnquist Court's continued enhancement of state power at federal expense.
History of avian medicine in the United States. X. Control of coccidiosis.

Fifty years ago, coccidiosis was probably the most feared disease of advanced poultry producers of that day. Because of the discovery and use of preventive chemotherapy, that fear is no longer all-consuming. However, improving methods for controlling these protozoan parasites remains high on priority lists requesting new research from the poultry industry. Severe mortality losses have become less frequent, but decreased production efficiency continues to produce morbidity losses due to coccidial infections. The industry has found that use of an anticoccidial drug is generally cost-effective as insurance against losses. However, the recurring expenditure for feed medication in largescale broiler production reminds producers that control of this disease will be a continuing expense unless some cheaper method of control is discovered.
A Novel Signature Mutation for Oxidative Damage Resembles a Mutational Pattern Found Commonly in Human Cancers

To determine the types of mutations induced by oxidative damage, a kidney cell line with a heterozygous deficiency for the autosomal Aprt (adenine phosphoribosyltransferase) gene was tested for its mutagenic response to hydrogen peroxide. Aprt-deficient cells were selected and scored for loss of heterozygosity (LOH) for 11 microsatellite loci on mouse chromosome 8. On the basis of the LOH analysis, spontaneous mutants (n = 38) were distributed into four classes: apparent point mutation, mitotic recombination, chromosome loss, and large interstitial deletion. However, 9 of 20 (45%) hydrogen peroxide-induced mutants exhibited a novel class of mutations characterized by “discontinuous LOH” for one or more of the microsatellite loci. Interestingly, mutations resembling discontinuous LOH are commonly observed in a wide variety of human cancers. Our data suggest that discontinuous LOH is a signature mutational pattern for oxidative damage and further suggest that such genetic damage is widespread in cancer.
Feed Processing. VI. Comparison of Starea, Urea, and Soybean Meal as Protein Sources for Lactating Dairy Cows,

Abstract Milk production, grain intake, body weight change, and the production and concentration of milk constituents were criteria to evaluate Starea (an intimate mixture of gelatinized starch and urea) as a protein supplement for lactating dairy cows. Cows fed grain rations supplemented with either soybean meal or Starea (23% crude protein) consumed more grain and produced more milk containing more protein than cows fed the same grain ration supplemented with urea. Starea was approximately equal to soybean meal as a protein supplement for lactating cows.
Graduating With a Science Major The Roles of First-Year Science Interests and Educational Aspirations

The purpose of this longitudinal study was to determine whether the degree of science interests and educational aspirations in students’ first year of university would significantly differentiate those students who graduated with a science major from those students who did not graduate with a science major. Moreover, the authors expected that educational aspirations would moderate the relation between science interests and graduating with/without a science major. First-year college students in introductory science courses were surveyed in their first semester and then again upon graduation. These 166 students’ science interests and educational aspirations were assessed at Time 1; their educational major was assessed upon graduation. The findings supported both hypotheses. Science interests and educational aspirations significantly differentiated whether or not students graduated with science majors. Moreover, the interaction of science interests and educational aspirations also significantly differentiate...
COMPUTING THE WELL-FOUNDED MODEL OF DEDUCTIVE DATABASES

The well-founded model is one of the most popular models of general logic programs, i.e. logic programs with negation in the bodies of clauses. We present a method for constructing this model for general deductive databases, which are logic programs without any function symbols. The method adopts paraconsistent relations as the semantic objects associated with the predicate symbols of the database. Paraconsistent relations are a generalization of ordinary relations in that they allow manipulation of incomplete as well as inconsistent information. The first step in the model construction method is to transform the database clauses into paraconsistent relation definitions involving these operators. The second step is to build the well-founded model iteratively. Algorithms for both steps are presented and their termination and correctness is also established.
Trading Volume, Information Asymmetry, and Timing Information

This paper investigates trading volume before scheduled and unscheduled corporate announcements to explore how traders respond to private information. I show that cumulative trading volume decreases inversely to information asymmetry prior to scheduled announcements, while the opposite relation holds for volume after the announcement. In contrast, trading volume before unscheduled announcements increases dramatically and shows little relation to proxies for information asymmetry. I investigate the behavior of market makers and find that they act appropriately by increasing price sensitivity before all announcements, implying that they extract timing information from their order books. TRADING VOLUME PLAYS a critical role in financial markets. It facilitates the price discovery process, enables investors to share financial risks, and ensures that corporations can raise funds needed for investment. Trading volume is generally characterized as either informed or uninformed (liquidity trading). Although both types of trading volume are studied in the finance literature,' their relative importance remains poorly understood. In this paper, I study trading volume prior to important corporate announcements, when information asymmetry2 is likely to be the greatest. The analysis provides insights into how informed and liquidity traders, along with market makers, respond to asymmetric information in the market. Finance theory provides ambiguous predictions about trading volume prior to corporate announcements. When liquidity trading is exogenous and inelastic to price, as in Kyle (1985), trading volume increases in information asymmetry. This is because informed traders attempt to exploit their private information. However, if liquidity traders have timing discretion, as in Admati
Antiplatelet Therapy for Preventing Stroke in Patients With Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation and No Previous History of Stroke or Transient Ischemic Attacks

Antiplatelet agents such as aspirin are modestly efficacious for preventing serious vascular events in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) who are not treated with more efficacious oral anticoagulants. Nonvalvular AF carries an increased risk of stroke. Antiplatelet therapy (APT) is proven effective for stroke prevention in most patients at high-risk for vascular events, but its value for primary stroke prevention in patients with nonvalvular AF merits separate consideration because of the suspected cardioembolic mechanism of most strokes in AF patients. The goal of this review is to assess the efficacy and safety of long-term APT for primary prevention of stroke in patients with chronic nonvalvular AF. We searched the Cochrane Stroke Group Trials Register (August 2004). In addition, …
Time management, simultaneity and time-critical computation in interactive unsteady visualization environments

The paper describes time management and time critical computing for a near real time interactive unsteady visualization environment. Subtle issues regarding the flow of time are described, formalized and addressed. The resulting system correctly reflects time behavior while allowing the user to control the flow of time. The problem of time critical computation is discussed and a solution is presented. These time critical algorithms provide control over the frame rate of a visualization system, allowing interactive exploration.