cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Application of Force

The principle of minimum force set limits within which the police and military had to work. Compelled to use force in a highly selective manner, the British set about developing an apparatus of civil-military co-operation that allowed for tight administrative control of an area threatened by insurgents. Such an apparatus enabled the government to bring non-lethal pressure to bear on the inhabitants and to gather the kind of intelligence that would lead the security forces directly to the insurgents. Long before the post-war insurgencies, British soldiers had learned that, as Frank Kitson put it, ‘the problem of defeating insurgents consists very largely of finding them’.1 Once they were found, however, they still had to be eliminated. Military operations are a small but vital aspect of counterinsurgency. Winning the hearts and minds of the people is the key to success, but unless the soldiers, police and paramilitary forces can defeat the insurgent guerrillas in the field, they will concentrate on disrupting any reform and destroying the intelligence-gathering apparatus. The strategic-hamlet programme in Vietnam failed in part because the hamlets were not adequately protected.
Electroretinography in Pediatric Retinal Dystrophies

The use of full-field electroretinography (ERG) is crucial to the diagnosis and understanding of retinal dystrophies in pediatric patients. It is also important to elucidate the etiology of nystagmus in infants, ruling in or out the presence of a retinal etiology. Congenital retinal dystrophies can be categorized by their effect on rods or cones, and further by whether they are stationary or progressive. Here we describe the procedure of performing an ERG in the pediatric patient and use the aforementioned classification method to outline the characteristics of some of the retinal dystrophies, including the use of ERG in their diagnoses.
Recombinant interleukin-6 enhances specific antibody secretion by in vivo activated human B cells

IL-6 promotes the terminal differentiation of lymphoblastoid B cells lines, mitogen-activated peripheral blood and tonsillar B cells in vitro (Muraguchi et al. 1988). In addition, it was recently shown that rhIL-6 augmented the antigen-specific response of murine B cells to sheep erythrocytes (Takatsuki et al. 1988). We investigated whether rhIL-6 stimulates in vivo activated peripheral blood B cells in an antigen-specific system.
Carbon-based bidding structure in competitive electricity markets

Abstract With changes to carbon output imminent as a result of governmental policies, the method by which energy generators in competitive markets are selected for operation can be called into question. We first simulated a bid-based day-ahead market with human participants and then analyzed generation asset owners’ profits based on bid strategy. We then studied computing generator unit dispatch for this simulated market by introducing an environmental index related to the carbon intensity of the relevant fuel type, and computing dispatch via linear programming to either maximize or minimize this index subject to the constraint that average profits be the same as in the original market simulation. The results show that lower bids, even below cost, are most profitable for generators, and that adding an environmental weighting to the bid process has the potential to reduce carbon intensity of power generation without reducing overall average profitability to generators or increasing cost to consumers. This research concludes an environmental score should be explored as a potential weighting factor in bid-based electricity market dispatch.
Integration of Biomaterials into 3D Stem Cell Microenvironments

Stem cells receive physical and chemical cues capable of influencing their phenotype from inter-related elements of the microenvironment, such as cell–cell contacts, soluble molecule signals and physical interactions with the ECM. In contrast to conventional 2D culture systems, barriers to diffusion within 3D cultures limit the effectiveness of media manipulation as a method to direct cell behavior. Efforts to engineer stem cell microenvironments in 3D using biomaterials have generally been attempted by either scaffold seeding, cell encapsulation, or microcarrier/microparticle based approaches. These different methods have been applied not only for the propagation of pluri- and multipotent stem cells, but also to direct the differentiation of such stem cells into more differentiated phenotypes. This chapter discusses the unique benefits, as well as associated challenges of integrating biomaterials into 3D stem cell microenvironments.
Motivations for activists’ participation in the ‘It Gets Better Project’:

In response to multiple LGBTQ (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer) youth suicides in 2010, columnist Dan Savage and his husband Terry Miller sought to provide messages of hope to at-risk LGBTQ youth through the creation of the YouTube-based ‘It Gets Better Project’ (IGBP). With data gathered from 20 IGBP participants through Skype- and Google Hangouts-based in-depth interviews, the study reveals how the intersection of participants’ identities and structural oppressions contributed to their motivations for participation in the suicide prevention public relations (PR) awareness campaign. This critical empirical study offers PR scholars and practitioners insight into participants’ multidimensional motivations for campaign participation, and implications for both audiences are discussed.
Conflict, cooperation, and change in the politics of energy interdependence: An introduction

Abstract This article lays out the core insights of the group of papers included in this special issue. It lays out the logic of the project and highlights how an energy and security approach to energy policy—as opposed to one emphasizing “energy security through energy independence”–shifts our perspective on likely energy policy.
A valence bond theory treatment of tetrel bonding interactions

Abstract Long range noncovalent interactions in H3Y…TrH3X molecules (Y = N, P, As; Tr = C, Si, Ge; X = F, Cl, Br) have been studied using valence bond methods in order to further the understanding of tetrel (group IV) bonding. It is shown that incorporating electron correlation through the breathing orbital valence bond method is required in order to reproduce tetrel bond energy trends obtained by density functional theory. Tetrel bonds are formed by donation of the Y lone pair into a σ-hole on the Tr atom and their strength depends on the donor strength of the Y atom and the Tr/X electronegativity difference. Charge transfer valence bond structures are shown to be important, indicating that electron transfer is the driving force behind tetrel bonds rather than electrostatics.
Human Thalamic Somatosensory Nucleus (Ventral Caudal, Vc) as a Locus for Stimulation by INPUTS from Tactile, Noxious and Thermal Sensors on an Active Prosthesis

The forebrain somatic sensory locus for input from sensors on the surface of an active prosthesis is an important component of the Brain Machine Interface. We now review the neuronal responses to controlled cutaneous stimuli and the sensations produced by Threshold Stimulation at Microampere current levels (TMIS) in such a locus, the human thalamic Ventral Caudal nucleus (Vc). The responses of these neurons to tactile stimuli mirror those for the corresponding class of tactile mechanoreceptor fiber in the peripheral nerve, and TMIS can evoke sensations like those produced by the stimuli that optimally activate each class. These neuronal responses show a somatotopic arrangement from lateral to medial in the sequence: leg, arm, face and intraoral structures. TMIS evoked sensations show a much more detailed organization into anterior posteriorly oriented rods, approximately 300 microns diameter, that represent smaller parts of the body, such as parts of individual digits. Neurons responding to painful and thermal stimuli are most dense around the posterior inferior border of Vc, and TMIS evoked pain sensations occur in one of two patterns: (i) pain evoked regardless of the frequency or number of spikes in a burst of TMIS; and (ii) the description and intensity of the sensation changes with increasing frequencies and numbers. In patients with major injuries leading to loss of somatic sensory input, TMIS often evokes sensations in the representation of parts of the body with loss of sensory input, e.g., the phantom after amputation. Some patients with these injuries have ongoing pain and pain evoked by TMIS of the representation in those parts of the body. Therefore, thalamic TMIS may produce useful patterned somatotopic feedback to the CNS from sensors on an active prosthesis that is sometimes complicated by TMIS evoked pain in the representation of those parts of the body.
On a bike and in the cubicle: The role of passion and regulatory focus in cycling and work success

In life, passion is a highly valued, yet poorly understood attitude. Coaches, teachers, and organizational leaders routinely instruct followers to pursue their passions and the results will follow....
Living Coupling Agents. Rational Synthesis of Heteroarm Star-Branched Polymers

One of the goals of synthetic polymer chemistry is to prepare polymers with control over the major variables affecting polymer properties. These variables include molecular weight, molecular weight distribution, copolymer composition and microstructure, tacticity and diene microstructure, chain end functionality, branching and morphology. Anionic polymerization methods have approached this goal of synthesizing polymers with well-defined structures in monomer/initiator/solvent systems which proceed in the absence of chain termination and chain transfer reactions.[1–4] For example, under certain carefully controlled conditions, the anionic polymerizations of styrene, diene, methacrylate, epoxide, and lactone monomers proceed without significant contributions from chain termination and chain transfer reactions to produce polymers which retain their reactive anionic chain-end functionality when all of the monomer has been consumed. In these system, the major variables affecting polymer properties can indeed be controlled. The scope and limitations of these anionic polymerization methods are described in several recent books and reviews.[1–5]
Neural evidence supports a dual sensory-motor role for insect wings

Flying insects use feedback from various sensory modalities including vision and mechanosensation to navigate through their environment. The rapid speed of mechanosensory information acquisition and processing compensates for the slower processing times associated with vision, particularly under low light conditions. While halteres in dipteran species are well known to provide such information for flight control, less is understood about the mechanosensory roles of their evolutionary antecedent, wings. The features that wing mechanosensory neurons (campaniform sensilla) encode remains relatively unexplored. We hypothesized that the wing campaniform sensilla of the hawkmoth, Manduca sexta, rapidly and selectively extract mechanical stimulus features in a manner similar to halteres. We used electrophysiological and computational techniques to characterize the encoding properties of wing campaniform sensilla. To accomplish this, we developed a novel technique for localizing receptive fields using a focused IR laser that elicits changes in the neural activity of mechanoreceptors. We found that (i) most wing mechanosensors encoded mechanical stimulus features rapidly and precisely, (ii) they are selective for specific stimulus features, and (iii) there is diversity in the encoding properties of wing campaniform sensilla. We found that the encoding properties of wing campaniform sensilla are similar to those for haltere neurons. Therefore, it appears that the neural architecture that underlies the haltere sensory function is present in wings, which lends credence to the notion that wings themselves may serve a similar sensory function. Thus, wings may not only function as the primary actuator of the organism but also as sensors of the inertial dynamics of the animal.
Stress and the HPA Axis: Balancing Homeostasis and Fertility.

An organism’s reproductive fitness is sensitive to the environment, integrating cues of resource availability, ecological factors, and hazards within its habitat. Events that challenge the environment of an organism activate the central stress response system, which is primarily mediated by the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis. The regulatory functions of the HPA axis govern the cardiovascular and metabolic system, immune functions, behavior, and reproduction. Activation of the HPA axis by various stressors primarily inhibits reproductive function and is able to alter fetal development, imparting a biological record of stress experienced in utero. Clinical studies and experimental data indicate that stress signaling can mediate these effects through direct actions in the brain, gonads, and embryonic tissues. This review focuses on the mechanisms by which stress activation of the HPA axis impacts fertility and fetal development.
Performance of new solid-state fault current limiter for transient stability enhancement of DFIG based wind generator

Currently, the application of doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) based wind generator (WG) becomes very attractive due to its salient features. Although the DFIG has several advantages but its prime concern is to maintain the transient stability in the event of fault. Therefore, in this work we proposed a new solid-state fault current limiter (N-SSFCL) to improve the transient stability of DFIG based variable speed WG. A temporary Symmetrical and unsymmetrical faults were applied to the 2 MW DFIG based test system model to investigate the improvement of transient stability of the proposed N-SSFCL. In order to check the efficacy of the proposed N-SSFCL, its performance is compared with the inductive-resistive type solid-state fault current limiter (SSFCL-LR), and series dynamic braking resistor (SDBR). Simulations were carried out in Matlab/Simulink software. From all simulation results, it is clear that the proposed N-SSFCL can improve the transient stability of the DFIG system, and performed well in comparison to the SSFCL-LR and SDBR in all aspects.
Heel Wounds Predict Mortality but Not Amputation after Infrapopliteal Revascularization.

Background Ischemic heel ulcerations are generally thought to carry a poor prognosis for limb salvage. We hypothesized that patients undergoing infrapopliteal revascularization for heel wounds, either bypass or endovascular intervention, would have lower wound healing rates and amputation-free survival (AFS) than patients with forefoot wounds. Methods A retrospective chart review was performed on patients who presented between 2006 and 2013 to our institution with ischemic foot wounds and infrapopliteal arterial disease and underwent either pedal bypass or endovascular tibial artery intervention. Data were collected on patient demographics, comorbidities, wound characteristics, procedural details, and postoperative outcomes then analyzed by initial wound classification. The primary outcome was major amputation or death. Results Three hundred ninety-eight limbs underwent treatment for foot wounds; accurate wound data were available in 380 cases. There were 101 bypasses and 279 endovascular interventions, with mean follow-up of 24.6 and 19.9 months, respectively (P = 0.02). Heel wounds comprised 12.1% of the total with the remainder being forefoot wounds; there was no difference in treatment modality by wound type (P = 0.94). Of 46 heel wounds, 5 (10.9%) had clinical or radiographic evidence of calcaneal osteomyelitis. Patients with heel wounds were more likely to have diabetes mellitus (DM) (P = 0.03) and renal insufficiency (P = 0.004). 43.1% of wounds healed within 1 year, with no difference by wound location (P = 0.30). Major amputation rate at 1 year was 17.8%, with no difference by wound location (P = 0.81) or treatment type (P = 0.33). One- and 3-year AFS was 66.2% and 44.0% for forefoot wounds and 45.7% and 17.6% for heel wounds, respectively (P = 0.001). In a multivariate analysis, heel wounds and endovascular intervention were both predictors of death; however, there was significant interaction such that endovascular intervention was associated with higher mortality in patients with forefoot wounds (hazard ratio 2.25, P Conclusions Patients presenting with heel ulceration who undergo infrapopliteal revascularization are prone to higher mortality despite equivalent rates of amputation and wound healing and regardless of treatment modality. These patients may benefit from an endovascular-first strategy.
Development of a Miniature Laser-Induced Fluorescence Sensor Module used for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles

A versatile module based on laser-induced fluorescence is constructed. The results demonstrate its ability to investigate stress in vegetation at early stages. The module mounted on a quadcopter is flown with pre-planned missions making the task autonomous.
Spontaneous induction of immunoregulation by an endogenous retinal antigen.

PURPOSE Ocular immune deviation studies have relied on intraocular injections of antigen to induce altered immune responses. Contributions of the injection process itself have complicated study of the mechanisms and interpretations of biological significance. In the current study, transgenic mice were used to determine the presence of immune deviation or other evidence of immunoregulation, elicited by endogenous Escherichia coli beta-galactosidase (beta-gal) expressed through a retinal arrestin promoter. METHODS Mice that express beta-gal in the retina and various control mice were immunized with beta-gal and tested for immune responsiveness by the ear-swelling test for delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH), in vitro proliferation assays, and cytokine assays. Spleen cells from transgenic mice were also transferred to normal recipients to test for transfer of immune deviation. RESULTS Endogenous retinal beta-gal expression depressed the DTH response and proliferation assays after beta-gal immunization. The ability to depress DTH was transferred by naive spleen cells from transgenic mice to nontransgenic mice. Use of an immunization protocol that included high-dose Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M tb) H37Ra adjuvant and concurrent administration of pertussis toxin reversed the inhibition of DTH. CONCLUSIONS An endogenous neo self-retinal antigen alters subsequent immune responses without intraocular injection, suggesting that normal retinal proteins in quiet eyes induce immunoregulatory responses. Based on cytokine assays, there were similarities to the immune deviation induced by intraocular inoculation in the IL-4 response, but the IL-10, IFN-gamma, and TGF-beta1 results were not similar, indicating that the mechanisms differ. The ability of supplemented adjuvant to overcome endogenous tolerance may be related to the requirement for supplemented adjuvants in the induction of experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis.
Calcium-Induced Membrane Fusion: From Liposomes to Cellular Membranes

Although Ca2+ is involved in many biological membrane fusion phenomena, the mechanism of its action is not well understood. It could participate directly in the fusion reaction by interacting with phospholipids; it could activate particular enzymes; it could induce a conformational change in a fusogenic protein; or it could merely initiate a cascade of reactions which eventually mediate fusion.
Decision Support System for Seizure Onset Zone Localization Based on Channel Ranking and High-Frequency EEG Activity

Interictal high-frequency oscillations (HFO) are a promising biomarker that can help define the seizure onset zone (SOZ) and predict the surgical outcome after the epilepsy surgery. The utility of HFO in planning the surgery, though, is unclear. Reasons include the variability of the HFO across patients and brain regions and the influence of the sleep–wake cycle, which causes large fluctuations in the ratio between the HFO observed in SOZ and non-SOZ regions. To cope with these limitations, a rank-based solution is proposed to identify the SOZ by using the HFO in multichannel intracranial EEG. A time-varying index of the epileptic susceptibility of the different brain areas is derived from the HFO rate and a support vector machine is applied on this index to identify the SOZ. The solution is trained and tested on separate groups of patients to avoid the use of patient-specific information and provides optimal SOZ prediction using as little as 30 min of recordings per channel (window). Tested on 14 patients with various combinations of seizure type, epilepsy etiology, and SOZ arrangement (172.7 ± 90.1 h/channel per patient and 75.6 ± 23.5 channels/patient, mean ± S.D.), our solution identified the SOZ with 0.92 ± 0.03 accuracy and 0.91 ± 0.03 area under the ROC curve (mean ± S.D.) across patients. For each patient, the window onset time was varied over 72 continuous hours and the prediction of the SOZ remained insensitive to the onset time, thus showing potential for surgery planning.
Correlation of benefit from immune checkpoint inhibitors with next gen sequencing (NGS) profiles in esophagogastric cancer (EGC) patients.

4025Background: Immuno-oncology (IO) with anti-PD-1 and –PD-L1 antibodies (Abs) is active in EGC but only benefits a minority of Pts. Biomarkers are needed to identify responders. Methods: We revie...
Characteristics of Speech Rate in Children With Cerebral Palsy: A Longitudinal Study

Purpose The purpose of this longitudinal study was to examine the effect of time and sentence length on speech rate and its characteristics, articulation rate and pauses, within 2 groups of childre...
Use of Machine Learning and Computational Linguistics to Understand Technical Instruction Authorship

This article describes the use of machine learning and Natural Language Processing to determine the quality of existing technical instructions. Technical instructions were gathered from publicly available, online sources and analyzed to determine their usability and adherence level to published guidelines in the engineering and in the technical communication fields. Although some organizations have established guidelines unique to their industries, analysis of the randomly-selected instruction sets shows that documents often fall short of targets associated with usability, clarity, and benefit to the audience. The performed analyses show that over fifty percent of the instructions lack compliance with at least one established guideline.Copyright © 2018 by ASME
Smartphone-Based Cancer Detection Platform Based on Plasmonic Interferometer Array Biochips

We develop a nanoplasmonic interferometer imaging system based on intensity modulation to detect circulating exosomal proteins in real-time with high sensitivity and low cost to enable the early detection of cancer. © 2019 The Author(s)
Effects of induced hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism on growth and reproductive performance of Brahman heifers

Prepubertal Brahman heifers (BW = 302 +/- 7.5 kg, body condition score [BCS] = 5.4 +/- .2, age = 498 +/- 3.4 d: SEM) were used to study the effects of thyroid function on growth and reproduction. Seven heifers were controls (C). Seven heifers were induced to become hypothyroid by ingestion of 4 mg/kg BW of 6-n-propyl-2-thiouracil (PTU). Seven heifers were induced to become hyperthyroid (T) by daily s.c. injections of triiodothyronine (T3, 1 mg/d). Treatments were administered for 84 d followed by an 84 d posttreatment period. Blood samples were obtained twice weekly via tail venipuncture for analysis of T3, thyroxine, and progesterone. The BW, BCS, and rectal temperature (RT) were recorded weekly. Estrus was monitored twice daily with the aid of a fertile bull equipped with a chin ball marker. Hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism were successfully induced in T- and PTU- treated heifers, respectively. During the treatment period, PTU heifers gained the most BW and BCS (72.4 +/- 5.4 kg; .93 +/- .15 units), C heifers were intermediate (41.7 +/- 5.4 kg; .43 +/- .15 units), and T heifers gained the least (13.3 +/- 5.4 kg; -.36 +/- .15 units; P < .05). The RT also decreased (P < .05) in PTU heifers (-1.9 +/- .2 degrees C) compared with C (-1.2 +/- .2 degrees C) or T heifers (-.8 +/- .2 degrees C). No heifers exhibited estrus during the treatment period. During the posttreatment period, T heifers gained the most BW and BCS (93.9 +/- 6.1 kg; 1.14 +/- .13 units), C heifers were intermediate (67.0 +/- 6.1 kg; .86 +/-. 13 units), and PTU heifers gained the least (22.2 +/- 6.1 kg; -.14 +/- .13 units; P < .05). The reversal in BW and BCS gains during the posttreatment period corresponded to periods of transient hypo- and hyperthyroidism in T and PTU heifers, respectively. Age and BW at puberty and pregnancy were similar among all treatment groups. The BCS for T heifers was lower (5.7 +/- .2 units; P < .05) at puberty and pregnancy than for PTU heifers (6.6 +/- .2 units). Induction of hypothyroidism resulted in significant increases in BW and BCS during the treatment period, but these increases were not sufficient to dramatically affect reproductive performance of Brahman heifers.
Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of alfaxalone after a single intramuscular or intravascular injection in mallard ducks (Anas platyrhynchos).

Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of alfaxalone was performed in mallard ducks (Anas platyrhynchos) after single bolus injections of 10 mg/kg administered intramuscularly (IM; n = 10) or intravenously (IV; n = 10), in a randomized cross-over design with a washout period between doses. Mean (±SD) Cmax following IM injection was 1.6 (±0.8) µg/ml with Tmax at 15.0 (±10.5) min. Area under the curve (AUC) was 84.66 and 104.58 min*mg/ml following IV and IM administration, respectively. Volume of distribution (VD ) after IV dose was 3.0 L/kg. The mean plasma clearance after 10 mg/kg IV was 139.5 (±67.9) ml min-1 kg-1 . Elimination half-lives (mean [±SD]) were 15.0 and 16.1 (±3.0) min following IV and IM administration, respectively. Mean bioavailability at 10 mg/kg IM was 108.6%. None of the ducks achieved a sufficient anesthetic depth for invasive procedures, such as surgery, to be performed. Heart and respiratory rates measured after administration remained stable, but many ducks were hyperexcitable during recovery. Based on sedation levels and duration, alfaxalone administered at dosages of 10 mg/kg IV or IM in mallard ducks does not induce clinically acceptable anesthesia.
Constant Potential, Electrochemically Active BoundaryConditions for Electrochemical Simulation

In this manuscript, we present a model for simulating active electrochemical systems using a classical molecular dynamics framework. We describe a computationally efficient method of enforcing the ...
How coverage influences thermodynamic and kinetic isotope effects for H2/D2 dissociative adsorption on transition metals

Isotope effects greatly enhance our understanding of chemical reactions in heterogeneous catalysis. Despite their widespread use, there is limited understanding about how realistic reaction conditions, such as the coverage of surface adsorbates, affect them. Here, we study the influence of hydrogen (H) coverage on the thermodynamic and kinetic isotope effects of H2/D2 dissociative adsorption on the close-packed, open, and stepped surfaces of 12 transition metals: Ag, Au, Co, Cu, Fe, Ir, Ni, Re, Pd, Pt, Rh, and Ru, over a catalytically relevant temperature range. Through first-principles density functional theory calculations, we show that increasing coverage has two effects: i) it may change preferred adsorption sites and transition state geometries, and ii) it increases the vibrational frequencies of adsorbed H due to the interactions between H atoms. Empirically, isotope effects decrease in absolute value with increasing coverage for most of our studied systems, indicating a relative shift in stability in favor of the D-substituted minima and transition states. This is likely due to the consistent influence of the latter factor, which affects all structures. Higher temperatures reduce the magnitude of these decreases. Our findings provide insights into the nanoscale mechanisms by which coverage influences isotope effects, which will affect how we interpret experimentally measured isotope effects. They also point towards new applications of isotope effects in catalysis, such as for quantifying adsorbate coverages as well as for elucidating adsorption and active sites on the surfaces of catalysts.
Lack of dormancy to protect diversity: Decrease in diversity of active zooplankton community observed in lake with depauperate egg bank

The study of zooplankton communities in freshwater resources under anthropogenic pressures rarely includes the simultaneous assessment of dormant embryos in bottom sediments and active life-stages in the water column. A coastal lake with a history of coal-ash contamination and disruption by hurricanes provided an ideal opportunity to demonstrate the power of examining both dormant and active zooplankton. The primary objective of this study was to evaluate changes in structure of a multicellular zooplankton community that is under simultaneous pressure from anthropogenic pollution and hurricane-induced flooding. To evaluate change in community structure, the active zooplankton community in 2015 was compared to that observed in 1985. Shannon-Wiener and Simpson indices demonstrate that diversity of the active zooplankton community decreased during this 30-year span. In total, 31% of zooplankton species were lost, and new colonization accounts for 27% of species richness. Dominant species of all major taxonomic groupings changed. Because most zooplankton in freshwater lakes depend on dormant embryos to reestablish active populations after major disruptions, dormant embryos in the sediment "egg bank" were also quantified. Dormant cladoceran ephippia are present in bottom sediments, but dormant copepods and rotifers are missing. The existence of a dormant egg bank that is less diverse than the active community in a freshwater lake is unprecedented, and a depauperate "egg bank" would certainly impair community recovery after severe flooding from hurricanes. It is argued that a paradigm shift is needed in the ecological assessment of inland lakes in order to account for the critical role that dormant embryos (egg banks) play in freshwater zooplankton communities. Two challenges to achieving this are that 1. long-term monitoring is expensive and 2. data on dormant zooplankton are rarely available. This study provides an example of how to conduct such studies by leveraging historic data when long-term monitoring is not possible.
Addressing the blind spot of cancer care innovation: health inequity

Abstract Over the last year, in response to public outcry, the US Congress has taken a special interest in—and held several hearings on—prescription drug prices. While this is a welcome move, these debates largely ignore prudent discussions surrounding exorbitant health expenses associated with approved novel cancer drugs. In this commentary, we argue that significant financial burden associated with these promising therapies is a reminder of how increasing utilization of these medications—without regard to unbiased distribution—specifically breeds unintended consequences, such as racial and ethnic health inequities. Additionally, we elucidate how variations in access to novel cancer treatments may even exacerbate current health inequities. Our editorial also highlights how inequitable dissemination of novel cancer drugs takes place along racial and socio-economic lines and how this leads to financial toxicities and other adverse consequences. We introduce a novel and an innovative research framework for investigators that can be used in research projects that aim to understand the dissemination of novel therapies.
Adult Monozygotic Twins With Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy and Identical Disease Expression and Clinical Course

A unique clinical circumstance involving middle-aged male identical twins with obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HC) is reported. The concordance of morphologic (i.e., phenotype) findings and clinical course between the 2 patients is remarkable, including timing of the onset and progression of heart failure due to left ventricular outflow tract obstruction, frequency of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation and beneficial response to surgical myectomy and Cox-Maze IV procedure (performed 14 days apart). Histopathology of resected ventricular septal muscle showed identical hallmarks of HC including myocyte disorganization, small vessel disease, and myocardial fibrosis. A missense variant of the CRYAB gene was identified as potentially relevant to the pathogenesis of HC in the twins. Taken together, these observations support a powerful genetic determinant for the morphologic and clinical expression of HC, with little or no environmental influence.
Cranial Suture Evaluation on Routine Pediatric MRI.

Purpose The efficacy of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for evaluating sutures has not been well studied. CT with 3-dimensional reformats is currently the preferred modality for imaging the major cranial sutures. The role of MRI is primarily is for evaluating the brain for any concurrent malformations. Our objective was to evaluate the reliability of MRI when compared to CT for evaluation of cranial sutures. Methods A list of 500 consecutive patients who underwent an MRI as well as a CT study was obtained. Studies were done between January 2011 and December 2016. The inclusion criteria required the 2 studies to be performed within 3 months of each other. All MRI studies were reviewed by a pediatric neuroradiologist to determine whether the sagittal, coronal, and lambdoid sutures were patent, fused or could not be assessed with confidence. In cases where a confident determination could not be made, the studies were reviewed with another pediatric neuro-radiologist and a decision made in concurrence. The CT scans were then evaluated in a similar fashion, after the MRI review was completed. The CT and MRI results were then compared to determine the accuracy of the MRI in assessing the sutures. Results Mean age of the studied children was 8.54 years. Seventy-two percent of the sagittal sutures were seen. When seen the sagittal suture was correctly identified in 98% of cases as either fused or patent. The lambdoid suture was seen in 94.3% of studies and was correctly designated as patent or fused in 99.6% of that subset of cases. The coronal suture was seen in 66.3% of the cases and when seen was always (100%) correctly designated. The probability of agreement between MRI and CT increased with age. The probability of sutures which were not seen decreased with age. The false negative and positives remained low for all ages. Conclusions MRI is a viable tool for detection of cranial sutures. The 3-dimensional T1 Weighted sequence was particularly useful in suture evaluation. Although the visibility of sutures is inferior to that on a CT scan, if detected, the accuracy scan is fairly accurate in establishing fusion vs patency. It should be a part of routine surveillance on every pediatric neuro MRI study given the neurocognitive implications of incidental sutural synostosis.
Can Telehealth Advance Professional Equity for Women in Medicine

Higher rates of burnout among female physicians as compared with male physicians remain a troubling phenomenon. Achieving gender equity in academic advancement is a critical component of addressing this gap. During the timeframe of childbearing and rearing, enhanced control and flexibility are desired workplace changes and offered by telehealth work modalities. This viewpoint explores the role of telehealth and the remote work environment in optimizing control and flexibility, which can increase participation in academic advancement opportunities and improve female physician burnout. Widespread promotion of remote clinical practice and participation in scholarly activities beyond the duration of the COVID-19 pandemic may be a component of the long-term solution to female physician burnout.
Habitat Associations of Carrion Beetles (Coleoptera: Silphidae) Across a Full Annual Cycle

Necrophagous insects play an important role in decomposition and nutrient recycling of decomposing vertebrates. Ecological studies of carrion-associated beetles enhance forensic investigations by providing information about community assemblages and predictable patterns of succession. However, lack of standardized protocols that include replication, spatial scale, and phenology reduce detection of patterns and predictions. To address these gaps and examine the influence of habitat (woodlands vs grasslands) and abiotic factors on carrion beetle (Coleoptera: Silphidae) communities, we developed an experimental approach from broad to finer scale located within the Kansas Flint Hills across a full annual cycle (12 contiguous months). In total, 3,333 adult carrion beetles in nine species were collected from pitfall traps baited with rat carrion over thirteen 4-wk collecting periods. PERMANOVA and NMDS demonstrate that the silphid beetle community was significantly different in species composition between grassland and woodland habitats, but communities did not differ significantly in overall mean abundance, mean species richness, or mean species diversity. Two species exhibited strong habitat associations; one associated with grassland habitat (Nicrophorus marginatus F.) and one with woodland habitat (Nicrophorus orbicollis Say). Our results reveal that habitat associations of silphid beetles can be useful in forensic investigations by determining corpse relocation and in ecological studies that explore niche filtering.
On a new Ti-carbooxinitride redistribution driven microcrack healing mechanism in an annealed 14YWT nanostuctured ferritic alloy

Abstract FCRD NFA-1 is a larger best practice heat of Fe-14Cr nanostructured ferritic alloy (NFA) dispersion strengthened by a large population of nano-scale Y2Ti2O7 nano-oxides. NFA-1 was produced by ball milling FeO with argon atomized Fe-14Cr-3W-0.35Ti-0.25Y (wt.%) powders, followed by hot extrusion at 850 °C, followed by 1 h annealing and multipass cross-rolling at 1000 °C to form an ≈ 10 mm thick plate. Cross-rolling results in a large population of {001} cleavage system microcracks (MCs) running on planes parallel to the plate faces. A series of high temperature vacuum anneals were carried out from 1100 to 1300 °C for 1 and 5 h to explore the possibility of self-healing, not only of the MCs, but also macroscopic fatigue cracks. Most notably, a new crack self-healing mechanism was discovered, involving the redistribution and coarsening of initially fine matrix Ti, C, O and N precipitates (TiCONs) to bridging sites on the crack faces. The relocated TiCONs grow and coarsen, thereby consuming a volume of the adjoining Fe-Cr matrix. The displaced matrix atoms diffuse to further fill the crack. Extensive microstructural, fractographic and mechanical property characterization measurements show that MC self-healing begins at 1100 °C/1 h, increasing with annealing time and temperature, up to completion at 1300 °C. The NFA-1 grains and texture are relatively stable. However, at 1300 °C the nano-oxides and dislocations coarsen or recover, respectively, leading to significant softening.
Recurrence Rates of Dorsal Wrist Ganglion Cysts After Arthroscopic Versus Open Surgical Excision: A Retrospective Comparison.

BackgroundThis study directly compares the recurrence rates of dorsal wrist ganglion cysts in patients treated via open surgical excision versus arthroscopic surgical excision. We hypothesized that...
The association of elevated body mass index (BMI) with complications and outcomes following anatomic total shoulder arthroplasty: a systematic review

Abstract Purpose Obesity has been associated with increased perioperative complications following shoulder arthroplasty, though this finding has not been consistently reported. The purpose of this systematic review is to summarize the correlation between elevated body mass index (BMI) and the prevalence of perioperative complications and clinical outcomes following anatomic total shoulder arthroplasty (aTSA). Methods An extensive literature search of PubMed, Embase, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar was conducted up until October 2020. Clinical studies that specifically examined the association between BMI and/or various categories of obesity with perioperative complications and functional outcomes following aTSA were included. Public databases (NIS, ACS-NSQIP, PearlDiver, and statewide databases) were largely excluded from the analysis unless procedural codes allowed for differentiation between reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (rTSA) and aTSA. Results Eleven studies were included in this systematic review - 9 studies reported solely on perioperative complications, 1 study solely on functional outcomes, and 1 study on both complications and outcomes following aTSA. Seven papers had a MINORS (Methodological Index for Non-Randomized Studies) score of Discussion Increasing BMI was not found to be associated with an elevated risk for the majority of perioperative complications following aTSA. Range of motion and patient reported functional outcomes can be expected to improve, even amongst morbidly obese patients. Level of Evidence Level IV; Review Article
Revitalizing HIV Prevention Programs: Recommendations From Those Most Impacted by the HIV in the Deep South.

Purpose:The incidence of new HIV infections is disproportionately high among Black men who have sex with men (BMSM) in Mississippi. Community-based organizations received funding through the ACCELE...
Re-Thinking Alimony: The AAML's Considerations for Calculating Alimony, Spousal Support or Maintenance

The mission of the American Academy of Matrimonial Lawyers is "to encourage the study, improve the practice, elevate the standards and advance the cause of matrimonial law, to the end that the welfare of the family and society be protected." The AAML Comission was charged to analyze, critically review and make recommendations consistent with the mission of the Academy. After considering all available sources of information the Commission concluded that there are two significant and related problems associated with the setting of spousal support. The first is a lack of consistency resulting in a perception of unfairness. From this flows the second problem, which is an inability to accurately predict an outcome in any given case. This lack of consistency and predictability undermines confidence in the judicial system and further acts as an impediment to the settlement of cases. In response to these concerns, many jurisdictions have adopted a formula approach to setting spousal support. This article highlights some of the problems inherent in setting alimony awards, reviews the traditional rationales for alimony, the evolution of the remedy and discusses approaches to addressing the concerns, including the guidelines and AAML Considerations.
Audioteleconferencing for clinical engineering continuing education

Audioteleconferencing is a low-level technology that can be used to deliver cost-effective continuing education for clinical engineers. The Department of Veterans Affairs has used audioteleconferencing for 15 years to provide education to clinical engineering and safety staff. The American College of Clinical Engineering (ACCE) has found this to be a useful modality to provide a service to the clinical engineering profession. The ACCE has provided a series of monthly programs on business, financial and technical topics since 1994. Audioteleconferencing has the advantage of being available to anyone with a phone. With speakerphones and handout materials, many people can participate. It can be as interactive as a classroom in real time. The major disadvantage is when visual interaction is required. The experiences of the Department of Veterans Affairs and the ACCE are discussed.
Waterblommetjie (Aponogeton distachyos, Aponogetonaceae), a recently domesticated aquatic food crop in Cape South Africa with unusual origins

The inflorescence of Aponogeton distachyos, an endemic Cape South African aquatic herb, known as waterblommetjie, has been a traditional wild-gathered vegetable. This plant has been brought into cultivation as a food crop during the past twenty years. The reasons for its domestication were the loss and decline in wild populations because of herbicide runoff from agriculture, urban expansion that reduced the plant’s habitat, and overcollection. Domestication also began because a pop song, celebrating this vegetable as an Afrikaans cultural symbol, started a food fad that greatly increased demand. Waterblommetjie cultivation, widespread marketing, and the general popularity of this unique food continues in the Mandela Era of South Africa.
Victory in War: Historical Origins of Victory

In the annals of military strategy, policy, and diplomacy, there have been innumerable tomes written about the critical strategists and theorists of various eras. These books have dissected their every thought, the historical and political context within which they crafted their ideas, and, most important, their impact on how subsequent generations have contemplated and conducted war and diplomacy. Even a partial list of these individuals, which could easily number in the hundreds, does not do justice to the magnitude of their efforts or the span of history, quite literally thousands of years, that their thinking covered. Suffice it to say that countless individuals have labored to understand the central questions: why states fight wars, what it takes for them to win, and, paramount for the purpose of this study, what it means to win. Expressed differently, these are the fields of inquiry that govern theories of politics and war, military strategy, and victory, respectively. This chapter treats some of the most important strategists and theorists of war, focusing specifically on how they have used the concept “victory” and how their ideas have contributed to the treatment and meaning of the word. Beginning with two of the greatest ancient strategic theorists, Sun Tzu and Thucydides, it proceeds to address the works of the major theorists of strategy and war through the late nineteenth century. (Chapter 3 continues the discussion through those of the late twentieth century.) While this survey is extensive, it is by no means all-inclusive. There are others whose works, while undoubtedly of historical significance, are not addressed in this study as a matter of economy and intellectual parsimony.
A multichannel Markov random field approach for automated segmentation of breast cancer tumor in DCE-MRI data using kinetic observation model

We present a multichannel extension of Markov random fields (MRFs) for incorporating multiple feature streams in the MRF model. We prove that for making inference queries, any multichannel MRF can be reduced to a single channel MRF provided features in different channels are conditionally independent given the hidden variable. Using this result we incorporate kinetic feature maps derived from breast DCE MRI into the observation model of MRF for tumor segmentation. Our algorithm achieves an ROC AUC of 0.97 for tumor segmentation. We present a comparison against the commonly used approach of fuzzy C-means (FCM) and the more recent method of running FCM on enhancement variance features (FCM-VES). These previous methods give a lower AUC of 0.86 and 0.60 respectively, indicating the superiority of our algorithm. Finally, we investigate the effect of superior segmentation on predicting breast cancer recurrence using kinetic DCE MRI features from the segmented tumor regions. A linear prediction model shows significant prediction improvement when segmenting the tumor using the proposed method, yielding a correlation coefficient r = 0.78 (p < 0.05) to validated cancer recurrence probabilities, compared to 0.63 and 0.45 when using FCM and FCM-VES respectively.