cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of green noise masks for electrophotographic halftoning

Green noise is the mid-frequency component of white noise and has been shown to have visually pleasing attributes when applied to digital halftoning. Unlike blue noise dither patterns, which are composed exclusively of isolated pixels, green noise dither patterns are composed of pixel-clusters making them less susceptible to image degradation from non- ideal printing artifacts such as dot-loss. Clearly, these patterns reduce the spatial variation in tone produced by electrophotographic printers when printing a constant shade of gray, but to date, no study has been presented showing the amount of reduction. In this paper, we address this problem by studying the effects of changing the average cluster size in a green noise dither pattern, measuring the resulting spatial variations for a Lexmark Optra laser printer in 1200 dpi mode. The print quality is evaluated in terms of the visibility of printer mechanism noise and the average change in tone across the printed page.© (2000) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
DELETION ANALYSIS OF POLLEN-EXPRESSED PROMOTERS'

We have used microprojectile bombardment of tobacco pollen to study the DNA sequences involved in the expression of pollen-expressed genes. Promoter-reporter gene fusions constructed with the promoters of three different pollen-expressed genes from tomato (LAT52, LAT56, and LAT59) and either theβ-glucuronidase or luciferase reporter genes were assayed by bombarding hydrated tobacco pollen with the gene constructs precipitated onto tungsten microprojectiles. Reporter gene expression can be assayed within 30 min, with the maximal level of expression between 6 and 12 h after bombardment. By constructing and assaying promoter deletion derivatives, we have been able to delimit regions of the promoters that are necessary for high level expression in pollen. We also demonstrate that results with this transient expression system parallel the expression levels seen in pollen from stably transformed transgenic plants. The microprojectile bombardment assay can be used to rapidly test constructs for pollen expression beforeAgrobacterium-mediated plant transformation. Furthermore, it may be possible to adapt the microprojectile bombardment technique to achieve stable transformation of pollen.
Effects of Thrombolytic Regimen, Early Catheterization, and Predischarge Angiographic Variables on Six-Week Left Ventricular Function

The Thrombolysis and Angioplasty in Acute Myocardial Infarction phase 5 (TAMI-5) trial randomized patients to 1 of 3 thrombolytic regimens (alteplase, urokinase, or both), then further randomized them to acute or deferred catheterization. The group of patients randomized to acute catheterization had improved infarct zone but not global left ventricular function on predischarge left ventriculography. To better explore the late effects of these strategies on global and regional left ventricular function, a subset of patients (n = 296) were prospectively evaluated at 6 weeks by multiple uptake gated acquisition (MUGA) radionuclide ventriculography scan. Of these patients, 219 had interpretable studies with paired predischarge and late left ventriculographic data for comparison. At 6 weeks, choice of thrombolytic regimen had no impact on either global or infarct-zone left ventricular function. Further, catheterization strategy (acute vs deferred) did not influence global or infarct-zone function at 6 weeks. In patients randomized to acute catheterization, those undergoing rescue angioplasty had worse infarct-zone wall motion at 6 weeks than patients with a patent infarct vessel not requiring rescue angioplasty (p = 0.002). The early benefit on regional left ventricular function of triage to acute catheterization after thrombolysis for acute myocardial infarction did not persist at 6 weeks, which is most likely attributable to a high incidence of reocclusion. The worse infarct-zone regional wall motion in patients undergoing rescue angioplasty in the acute-catheterization group likely reflects failed reperfusion and illustrates the difficulty in identifying and consequences of early thrombolytic failures.
DIARY OF EVENTS IN A THOROUGHLY UNHAUNTED HOUSE

Two subjects were asked to keep a 30-day journal of occurrences in their residence which are traditionally associated with hauntings and poltergeist-like phenomena. It was expected that the instructions would increase the frequency of perception of unusual or rarely occurring events in their residence, resulting in an attentional and “perceptual contagion effect.” As expected, several features of the percipients' observations closely resembled those found in previously reported poltergeist episodes. Most importantly, the distribution of perceived occurrences closely resembled the predicted logistic curve, suggesting that hauntings involve a perceptual process where initial observations “infect” later ones.
Components of variance in dietary data for an elderly population

Abstract The day-to-day variance (intraindividual) in dietary intake is estimated for a variety of dietary constituents in a population of healthy free-living elderly. Daily food records were collected on three consecutive days for each of two years for 50 individuals. Year-to-year variance in dietary intake is also examined. The role of intraindividual variability as a source of error in the measurement of usual or habitual dietary intakes is emphasized. The results confirm previous findings that intraindividual variance is generally as large as or larger than interindividual variance. Ratios of intra- to interindividual variance ranged from 0.83 for energy intake in females to over 5.0 for cholesterol intake among males. Significant year-to-year variance was seen for some nutrients. It is also shown that inclusion of supplemental intakes for vitamins and minerals can significantly reduce the ratio of intra- to interindividual variance for these nutrients.
Raman and infrared spectra and ab initio calculations for the determination of the conformational stability for fluorocarbonyl and acetyl isocyanate

Abstract The infrared and Raman spectra of gaseous, liquid and solid fluorocarbonyl isocyanate, FC(O)NCO, and acetyl isocyanate, CH 3 C(O)NCO, have been recorded. From these data the conformational stability has been determined for both molecules for all three physical states. The conformational energy differences, optimized geometries, and fundamental vibrational frequencies have also been obtained from ab initio calculations.
Reliability of a shyness and alcohol survey.

The present study showed the Shyness and Alcohol Survey was moderately reliable for 178 college students (69 women, 109 men), aged 17 to 36 yr. The survey had been developed to measure shyness and the extent to which alcohol was used to reduce shyness of college students. Analyses of data suggest possible revisions of this scale.
Fortran: a space odyssey

The author discusses the benefits of "modern" Fortran, that is, Fortran after the Fortran 90 standard. He argues that modern Fortran is better than pre-90 Fortran in several ways. Nowhere is that more dramatic than in the handling of space. The author explains how the new facilities improve upon the old, by taking a kind of "space odyssey". This journey from the Beginning to Modern Times will illustrate how Fortran has evolved and suggest how to best use the new facilities. Perhaps, if you have not done so already, it will motivate you to begin using modern Fortran.
Automating database construction

This paper introduces a methodology for automating database construction in which Problem Statement Language (PSL) statements are translated into Data Definition Language (DDL) statements of a Data Base Management System (DBMS). These two commercially available software tools, when linked together, encompass the database construction life cycle from requirement specification to implementation of a target database system via the DBMS software.
A comparison of the properties of the binary and ternary complexes formed by calmodulin and troponin C with two regulatory peptides of phosphorylase kinase

The regulatory peptides Phk13 (301-327) and a modified form of Phk5 (342-367) from the gamma-subunit of glycogen phosphorylase kinase form binary and ternary complexes with both calmodulin and the related muscle protein troponin C. Neither peptide appears to affect to a major extent a fluorescent probe linked to Cys-27 of wheat germ calmodulin. Phk13, but not Phk5, significantly modifies the properties of a probe joined to Cys-98 of troponin C. A comparison by means of radiationless energy transfer of the average separations of Trp-16 of Phk5 from specific groups in the N- and C-terminal halves of calmodulin and troponin C indicate significant changes upon going from the 1:1 binary complex to the 1:1:1 ternary complex with Phk13. A comparison of the effects of addition of Phk13 to calmodulin, troponin C, and their binary complexes with Phk5 suggests that the conformation of Phk13 is similar in the binary and ternary complexes.
Comparison of the structure and accuracy of two land change models

This article, originally published in volume 19 no. 2 (February 2005), pp. 243–265, contained a number of errors. These are listed below – bold text indicates new or amended information, except in ...
Monitoring Changes of Ice Streams Using Time Series of Satellite-Altimetry-Based Digital Terrain Models

The Antarctic Ice Sheet plays a major role in the global system, and the large ice streams discharging into the circumpolar sea represent its gateways to the world's oceans. Satellite radar altimeter data provide an opportunity for mapping surface elevation at kilometer-resolution with meter-accuracy. Geostatistical methods have been developed for the analysis of these data. Applications to Seasat data and data from the Geosat Exact Repeat Mission indicate that the grounding line of Lambert Glacier/Amery Ice Shelf, the largest ice stream in East Antarctica, has advanced 10–12 km between 1978 and 1987–89. The objectives of this paper are to explore possibilities and limitations of satellite-altimetry-based mapping to capture changes for shorter time windows and for smaller areas, and to investigate some methodological aspects of the data analysis. We establish that one season of radar altimeter data is sufficient for constructing a map. This allows study of interannual variation and is the key for a time-series analysis approach to study changes in ice streams. Maps of the lower Lambert Glacier and the entire Amery Ice Shelf are presented for austral winters 1978, 1987, 1988, and 1989. As a first step toward understanding the dynamics of the ice-stream/ice-shelf system, elevation changes are calculated for grounded ice, the grounding zone, and floating ice. In the absence of (sufficient) surface gravity control for the Lambert Glacier/Amery Ice Shelf area, altimetry-based maps may facilitate improvement of geoid models as they provide constraints on the terrain correction in the inverse gravimetric problem.
NAFTA and labor: A Canadian perspective

The North American Agreement on Free Trade (NAFTA) has stirred passionate debates in Canada. Proponents predicted that increased trade liberalization would create more jobs, greater multinational investment, and an overall better standard of living. Opponents, however, argued that NAFTA would lead to wage cuts, job losses, the erosion of labor standards, and the harmonization of labor laws to the lowest common denominator. I systematically examined the evidence and found that with some exceptions, the predicted negative effects have not materialized. Furthermore, the NAFTA labor side agreement has enjoyed moderate success in bringing labor concerns to the fore.
Role of robotics for ureteral pelvic junction obstruction and ureteral pathology.

Purpose of review To review the role of robotics for the management of ureteral pathology, in particular, ureteropelvic junction obstruction and ureteric stricture disease. Recent findings Minimally invasive surgery has an expanding role in the management of ureteric pathology. Minimally invasive surgery modalities are associated with decreased morbidity when compared with open reconstructive techniques. Robotics solves many of the technical complexities that may be prohibitive with standard laparoscopic surgery such as intracorporeal suturing. Several studies have demonstrated equivalent or superior short-term outcomes in comparison to traditional open techniques. Encouraging long-term data are now emerging for robotic pyeloplasty. Summary In 2008, robotic surgery appears to be a feasible and effective alternative to laparoscopy for reconstructive procedures of the ureter and may represent a potential solution to some of the drawbacks associated with ureteric reconstruction.
Borna Disease Virus Replicates in Astrocytes, Schwann Cells and Ependymal Cells in Persistently Infected Rats: Location of Viral Genomic and Messenger RNAs by In Situ Hybridization

Borna disease (BD) is an immune-mediated neurological disease caused by infection of the nervous system with a negative strand RNA virus, Borna disease virus (BDV). The host range for BDV is broad and extends from birds to primates. A BDV-like agent may cause disease in humans. Until recently, BDV-infected neural cells could only be identified immunocytochemically using serum from BDV-infected animals. The advent of BDV cDNA clones allowed definition of the relationship between viral nucleic acids and viral proteins in vivo. In situ hybridization with strand-specific RNA probes from a BDV cDNA clone, pAF4, identified BDV genomic RNA and BDV mRNAs in neurons, astrocytes, Schwann cells and ependymal cells in an anatomic distribution consistent with that of BDV proteins. Genomic RNA was contained primarily within the nucleus, whereas mRNAs were found in both the nuclear and cytoplasmic compartments. Viral RNAs were demonstrated in neurons expressing BDV proteins and in glial cells by combined techniques of immunocytochemistry and in situ hybridization.
Native American Resources: A Model for Collection Development.

This construct for collection development as it relates to Native American resources utilizes Thomas Mann's Library Research Methods (1993) concepts of the Traditional Model, the Actual-Practice Model, and the Principle of Least Effort to organize recommendations for both strategies and resources. The three-pronged hierarchical approach to selection/acquisition is illustrated with examples of print, non print, and Internet collection development resources useful for a variety of library settings.
Prematurity and lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase deficiency in newborn infants.

ABSTRACT: The occurrence of hyperlipidemia and fat accumulation in certain tissues of premature newborn infants is known. Lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) catalyzes esterification of free cholesterol and is important in the transport and disposal of lipids. Cord plasma LCAT activity of full-term newborn infants is nearly one-half of that present in the adult plasma. The present study also has found a significant positive correlation between cord plasma LCAT activity and gestational age of the newborn. The rato of circulating cholesterol ester to free cholesterol was significantly lower only in newborn infants with gestational age less than 32 wk, in comparison to full-term newborn infants or adults. LCAT deficiency and decreased cholesterol ester formation may be responsible for the inadequate lipid clearance in premature newborn infants.
Effects and implications of antibiotic treatment on Wolbachia‐infected vine weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

1 The parthenogenetic weevil Otiorhynchus sulcatus was collected from five geographical locations in the U.S.A. All weevils from each location were infected by Wolbachia belonging to supergroup B. 2 We hypothesized that treatment with tetracycline, which has been used to clear Wolbachia infection, would influence the reproduction of Wolbachia-infected parthenogenetic O. sulcatus females. Tetracycline treatment of preovipositional O. sulcatus females specifically inhibited egg hatching but had no effect relative to controls on any other physiological trait. 3 Treatment with gentamicin, which reportedly has no effect on Wolbachia infection but is indistinguishable from tetracycline in inhibiting protein synthesis of other bacterial genera, did not influence egg hatching. 4 These findings strongly suggest that the inhibition of egg development results from the antibiotic effect on Wolbachia rather than by direct toxic effects on O. sulcatus physiology. 5 We speculate that Wolbachia may be necessary for normal development of O. sulcatus eggs and discuss the implications of these findings for O. sulcatus ecology.
Madamismo and Beyond: The Construction of Eritrean Women

This chapter will focus on the madamas, colonial women who contracted to provide all the “comforts of home” to male Italian settlers in East Africa. I discuss the case of Eritrea, which, being the first settler colony of the new Italian state, occupied a central place in the narratives glorifying Italy’s mandate to “civilize” Africa.1 Fueled by state promises to transform them from land-hungry peasants into rich coloniali, large numbers of Italian settlers occupied Eritrea starting in the 1880s, leaving their wives at home.2 While the madamas represented only a small fraction of colonized women in Eritrea, they emerge as a key feature of the Italo-African encounter and dominate colonial discourses regarding native women.3
The specific antigens of variants of Shigella sonnei.

It has been shown that phase variation of Sh. sonnei is accompanied by changes in morphology and antigenic structure. Two mutants of the Phase I organism (IIS and IIR), which were studied, elaborate somatic antigens which are immunologically identical. The purified lipocarbohydrate-protein antigens of the Phase I and IIS microorganisms are chemically similar yet immunologically distinct and specific. By inference the same should hold true of the antigen of IIR, but it has not yet been investigated in this relation. It is suggested that when Sh. sonnei undergoes variation from Phase I to IIS the immunological changes occurring are dependent upon a change in the enzyme systems responsible for the synthesis of the lipocarbohydrate-protein constituent.
Magnetic Resonance of Polymers at Surfaces

Abstract A brief review of the use of magnetic resonance of polymer molecules attached to or near solid surfaces is given with examples from the author's laboratory. Liquid, solid (including wide-line and magic angle spinning) and two dimensional magnetic resonance experiments have all been performed on surface polymers. The results suggest how magnetic resonance techniques can be used to probe the dynamics and structure of the polymer in composites, dispersions, surface treatments and the drying of coatings.
Hydriding kinetics of SmCo5

Abstract The function of hydrogen storage alloys in a practical system is governed extensively by the reaction kinetics as well as by the thermodynamics. Direct monitoring of the specimen mass during hydrogen absorption-desorption processes of SmCo 5 was accomplished using a newly developed high pressure microbalance system. The reaction rates of bulk (powdered) SmCo 5 H systems proved to be second order in time. The equation F( t )¦ p,T = 1− exp [−{ t τ(T,P) } 2 ] convoluted in pressure with the function h ( T , P ) = d x ( T , P )/d P (where F (t) is the fraction of the reaction completed at time t for constant pressure P and temperature T and x is the hydrogen-to-metal ratio) best describes the hydriding kinetics. The measured hydriding time constants τ ( T , P ) obeyed the empirical expression τ(T,P) = τ 0 { exp (− K T )}/(P−P T ) where P T is the plateau pressure and τ 0 and K are constants. Measured hydriding time constants varied from a few seconds to several hours depending on the hydrogen overpressure. The temperature dependence of h was found to be h(T,P) = h[T 0 ,P exp {−A( 1 T 0 − 1 T )}] where A is a constant.
Constructing identities through “discourse”: Stance and interaction in collaborative college writing

Abstract There has been little research on academic writers that shows how social interaction influences the construction of “discoursal identity” (the impressions that writers convey about themselves in their texts and that readers develop about writers). This study analyzes a collaborative writing session among college students to explore the negotiation of discoursal identity in the selection of a single word, discourse. Drawing on video-based conversation analysis and ethnographic methods, it argues that the writers’ embodied stances on the word discourse index an array of identities: that of the teacher and class (over)using the word, the teacher reading the word, the good student who fluently uses the word, the student who displays that the word is not a natural part of her vocabulary, and the student who is trying not to “show off.” Through an examination of stancetaking during group work and interviews, this study details how interaction constructs discoursal identities.
Effect of initial setting on convergence to optimal hearing aid setting using a simplex method.

We examined the final preferred frequency gain response (i.e. final setting) selected using different starting points (i.e. initial settings) with a modified simplex procedure. These starting points included a frequency response close to the one recommended by NAL-R (Byrne and Dillon, 1986), a frequency response with the high and low frequency gain set to the maximum (max), a frequency response with the high and low frequency gain set to the minimum (min), and one in-between these values (mid). The time taken to converge to the final setting was also recorded. Subjects judged the clarity of short discourse passages presented at 63 dB(A) in the presence of babble noise (S/N = 0). The results indicated that the majority of subjects selected the same preferred frequency response regardless of initial settings. Variations in initial settings mainly affected the convergence time to the final choice. The frequency response recommended by NAL-R required the least time to converge, while those of the extremes (mi...
THE BEHAVIOR OF RESIDUAL AXONS IN PARTIALLY DENERVATED MUSCLES OF THE MONKEY

Leg muscles of the monkey have been studied following partial denervation produced by surgical elimination of from 25 to 90 per cent of the axons entering the sciatic nerve from the lumbosacral plexus. The investigation included observations on function, rate and degree of muscle atrophy, and neurohistological appearance of the affected muscles. In most of the cases, from 83 to 90 per cent of the residual nerve fibers in the peroneal and tibial nerves were destroyed and a severe paresis of the leg muscles was produced. No functional improvement was noted up to 160 days after operation, and the affected muscles became markedly atrophic. Histological examination of these muscles failed to reveal more than sporadic collateral regeneration of the residual axons. In two cases 50 and 75 per cent of the peroneal and tibial nerve fibers remained intact 63 and 200 days, respectively, after operation. The legs operated upon in these cases functioned almost normally and all muscles weighed within 11 per cent of those of the contralateral, normal leg. Histological study and counts of end-plate: nerve fiber ratios showed that many residual axons had regenerated collateral branches which entered denervated end-plates. Collateral regeneration was incomplete, however, and many end-plates remained without innervation. These results indicate that residual axons in paretic muscles of a primate do not regenerate collaterally as readily as do those of other previously studied mammals.
Comparison of experimental level densities and spin cutoff factors with microscopic theory for nuclei near A = 60

Abstract The experimental nuclear level densities and spin cutoff factors for 55 Mn, 56 Fe, 59 Co, 60 Ni, 62 Ni, 63 Cu and 65 Cu are compared with a microscopic theory which includes the nuclear pairing interaction. Single particle levels of Seeger and Nix give quite similar results in this A -region and both sets of single particle levels give results which agree well with experiment. The values of ρ ( U ) and σ 2 ( U ) depend on the structure of the single particle levels and the effects of this structure are illustrated and discussed.
Reflection and refraction of an arbitrary electromagnetic wave at a plane interface

Asymptotic approximations are obtained for the reflected and refracted fields that result when an arbitrary monochromatic electromagnetic wave is incident on a plane interface separating two linear, homogeneous, isotropic dielectrics. The results are the first one or two terms in the asymptotic expansion of the fields valid as the point of observation moves away from the interface a distance large compared to the wavelength in any fixed direction apart from certain specified critical angles. The approximations are obtained from the exact solutions by applying the method of stationary phase extended to allow for the nonstandard form of the integrands in the integral representations of the fields. Although the method is applicable only when the medium containing the point of observation is nonabsorbing, the results probably have more general applicability.
Morphology in American Sign Language

L'etude de la morphologie de la langue des signes consiste a analyser les relations qui regroupent les signes en familles par leur similitude de forme ou de sens. Un meme mouvement, mais avec des configurations des mains et des directions du mouvement differentes, donne des signes differents qui sont lies morphologiquement et appartiennent a la meme famille. L'A. propose une liste de ces familles de signes en langue des signes americaine
NORMALIZED SMOOTHING FUNCTIONS FOR SPH IMPACT COMPUTATIONS

This paper presents a normalized smoothing function (NSF) algorithm that can improve the accuracy of smooth particle hydrodynamics (SPH) impact computations. It is presented specifically for axisymmetric geometry, but the principles also apply to plane strain and three-dimensional geometry. The approach consists of adjusting the standard smoothing functions for every node (and every cycle) such that the normal strain rates are computed exactly for conditions of constant strain rates (linear velocity distributions). This, in turn, generally improves accuracy for non-uniform strain rates. This can significantly improve the accuracy for free boundaries, for non-uniform arrangements of SPH nodes, and for small smoothing distances. A new smoothing function is also introduced. The NSF algorithm is shown to provide improved accuracy for a series of cylinder impact examples that includes two different smoothing functions and two different smoothing distances.
Effects of rearing methods on survival of released free-ranging juvenile southern sea otters

Abstract Since 1984, Monterey Bay Aquarium’s Sea Otter Research and Conservation (SORAC) program has treated more than 70 stranded newborn sea otter pups. Pups rehabilitated for release have been reared by methods that rely heavily on human care, contributing to release failures. From 1986 to 2000, sixty-seven percent (67%) of unsuccessful pup releases resulted from failures to reintegrate with the wild population and avoid interactions with humans. To address these failures, SORAC initiated a sea otter surrogate program, pairing stranded pups with captive adult females that adopt pups as their own. We predicted that pups reared by surrogate females (n = 5, 2001–2002) would develop foraging skills at a younger age, and would have greater success re-acclimating to the wild compared with pups rehabilitated by traditional methods (n = 6, 1998–2000). Results indicated that surrogate-reared pups began foraging independently on live-prey 2–3 weeks earlier, and had greater survival rates (71% vs. 31%) in the wild than pups reared without surrogates. The surrogate program, therefore, was less labor-intensive and more effective than traditional rehabilitation methods. In addition to these practical advantages, the surrogate program may also benefit research and conservation objectives for southern sea otters by providing means to (1) better understand pup behavioral and physiological development, (2) measure energetic costs of rearing pups to indicate why survival rate of prime-aged females is declining, (3) improve techniques to reintroduce sea otters in the event of a catastrophic decline in the wild population, and (4) engage and educate the public regarding threats to sea otters and their near-shore marine environment.
An efficient priority rule for scheduling job shops to minimize mean tardiness

The ability to respond quickly to customer demands is a key factor in successfully competing in today's globally competitive markets. Thus, meeting due dates could be the most important goal of scheduling in many manufacturing and service industries. Meeting due dates can naturally be translated into minimizing job tardiness. In this paper we present a priority rule for dynamic job shop scheduling that minimizes mean job tardiness. The rule is developed based on the characteristics of existing dispatching rules. With job due dates set by the generalized total work content rule, the computational results of simulation experiments show that the proposed dispatching rule consistently, and often, significantly outperforms a number of well-known priority rules in the literature. The proposed rule is also robust being the best or near-best rule for reducing the mean flowtime, for all the shop load levels and due date tightness factors tested.
Survey of reaction types in low-energy colliosional activation of protonated methyl alkyl ketones

Abstract In contrast to high-energy collisions, where simple cleavages are commoner, rearrangements typically account for 96–100% of products in low-energy collisions of the [M + 1] + ions of aliphatic methyl ketones. Rules for predicting low-energy helium collsional-activated decomposition (CAD) spectra of the ketones are based on proton affinities of fragments formed by simple rearrangements. The commonest reaction is equivalent to the energetically improbable four-center 1,3-H or 1,3-R shift; other rearrangements equivalent to processes with five-, six-, or seven-center activated complexes are less important. In larger ions, loss of water followed by loss of alkene dominates. O -Protonated enol forms either lose water to give a carbonium ion that rearranges to forms capable of losing olefin fragments, or rearranges to an intermediate in the formation of acetyl ion and an alkane. O -Protonated keto forms rearrange to alkanes and protonated smaller carbonyl compounds. The ion kinetic energies necessary to produce several intense daughter ions at threshold establish the order of sequential fragmentations. When helium is the collisional gas and the ion energy is 30 eV in the laboratory frame (the maximum value studies), the ion energy is only 0.8–1.9 eV in the center-of-mass frame depending on its size. Only a fraction of this kinetic energy is converted to internal energy, so that onsets of reaction channels differing by several tenths of an electron-volt are easily studied. Some isomers of methyl ketones can be easily distinguished by He-CAD spectra of their [M + 1] + ions.
Elasticity, shape fluctuations, and phase transitions in the new tubule phase of anisotropic tethered membranes

We study the shape, elasticity, and fluctuations of the recently predicted [L. Radzihovsky and J. Toner, Phys. Rev. Lett. 75, 4752 (1995)] and subsequently observed (in numerical simulations) [M. Bowick, M. Falcioni, and G. Thorleifsson, Phys. Rev. Lett. 79, 885 (1997); tubule phase of anisotropic membranes, as well as the phase transitions into and out of it. This novel phase lies between the previously predicted flat and crumpled phases, both in temperature and in its physical properties: it is crumpled in one direction, and extended in the other. Its shape and elastic properties are characterized by a radius of gyration exponent $\ensuremath{\nu}$ and an anisotropy exponent $z$. We derive scaling laws for the radius of gyration ${R}_{G}{(L}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}{,L}_{y})$ (i.e., the average thickness) of the tubule about a spontaneously selected straight axis and for the tubule undulations ${h}_{\mathrm{rms}}{(L}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}{,L}_{y})$ transverse to its average extension. We show that for square membranes (with intrinsic size ${L}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}{=L}_{y}=L)$, ${R}_{G}\ensuremath{\propto}{L}^{\ensuremath{\nu}}$, and ${h}_{\mathrm{rms}}\ensuremath{\propto}{L}^{1\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\eta}}_{\ensuremath{\kappa}}z/2}$, with ${\ensuremath{\eta}}_{\ensuremath{\kappa}}$ a bending rigidity anomalous elasticity exponent related to $\ensuremath{\nu}$ and $z$. For phantom (i.e., non-self-avoiding) membranes, we predict $\ensuremath{\nu}=\frac{1}{4}$, $z=\frac{1}{2}$, and ${\ensuremath{\eta}}_{\ensuremath{\kappa}}=0$, exactly, in excellent agreement with simulations. For $D=2$ dimensional membranes embedded in the space of dimension $dl11$, self-avoidance greatly swells the tubule and suppresses its wild transverse undulations, changing its shape exponents $\ensuremath{\nu}$, $z$, and ${\ensuremath{\eta}}_{\ensuremath{\kappa}}.$ For a $D$-dimensional membrane embedded in $dg{d}_{*}$ $[{d}_{*}(D=2)g\frac{7}{2}]$, ${\ensuremath{\eta}}_{\ensuremath{\kappa}}=0$ and $z=(D\ensuremath{-}1+2\ensuremath{\nu})/3$, while for $dl{d}_{*},$ ${\ensuremath{\eta}}_{\ensuremath{\kappa}}g0$ and $z=(D\ensuremath{-}1+2\ensuremath{\nu})/(3\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\eta}}_{\ensuremath{\kappa}})$. ``Flory'' theory yields, in the physical case of $D=2$ and $d=3$, $\ensuremath{\nu}=3/4$, while the recent $11\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\epsilon}$ expansion results yield $\ensuremath{\nu}=0.52$. The actual value of $\ensuremath{\nu}$ probably lies closer to the Flory estimate, between these two limits. We give detailed scaling results for the shape of the tubule of an arbitrary aspect ratio, i.e., for the tubule thickness, its transverse undulations, and a variety of other correlation functions, as well as for the anomalous elasticity of the tubules, in terms of $\ensuremath{\nu}$ and $z$. Finally we present a scaling theory for the shape and specific heat near the continuous transitions into and out of the tubule phase, and perform detailed renormalization group calculations for the crumpled-to-tubule transition for phantom membranes.
Differential inter‐ and intra‐specific defense induction in Lupinus by Myzus persicae feeding

Experiments were conducted to investigate the potential induction of plant defenses by Myzus persicae Sulzer (Homoptera: Aphididae) feeding on five lupin, Lupinus spp. (Leguminosae), varieties with well-characterized levels of aphid resistance. Myzus persicae feeding on L. angustifolius and L. luteus varieties induced genotype-specific changes in their host that were not consistent with the level of aphid resistance or the plant species. The plant responses were systemically detected by apterous and alate forms of the aphids. Chemical assays revealed no induction of oxidizing enzyme (catalase, peroxidase, or polyphenol oxidase) activity, serine or cystein proteinase inhibitors, or soluble phenolics in any of the five varieties tested following 3 days of feeding by 10 or 30 aphids. However, there were significant differences among the five lupin varieties in the levels of peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase activity, proteinase inhibitors, and soluble phenolics.
Nonlinear Analyses of Elicited Modal, Raised, and Pressed Rabbit Phonation

Summary Objectives/Hypothesis The purpose of this study was to use nonlinear dynamic analysis methods such as phase space portraits and correlation dimension (D 2 ) as well as descriptive spectrographic analyses to characterize acoustic signals produced during evoked rabbit phonation. Methods Seventeen New Zealand white breeder rabbits were used to perform the study. A Grass S-88 stimulator (SA Instrumentation, Encinitas, CA) and constant current isolation unit (Grass Telefactor, model PSIU6; West Warwick, RI) were used to provide electrical stimulation to laryngeal musculature, and transglottal airflow rate and stimulation current (mA) were manipulated to elicit modal, raised intensity, and pressed phonations. Central 1 second portions of the most stable portion of the acoustic waveform for modal, raised intensity, and pressed phonations were edited and then analyzed via phase space portraits, Poincare sections, and the estimation of the D 2 . In an attempt to limit the effects of the highly variable and nonstationary characteristics of some of the signals being analyzed, D 2 analysis was also performed on the most stable central 200-millisecond portion of the acoustic waveform. Descriptive analysis of each phonation was also conducted using sound spectrograms. Results Results showed that the complexity of phonation and the subsequent acoustic waveform is increased as transglottal airflow rate and degree of glottal adduction are manipulated in the evoked rabbit phonation model. In particular, phonatory complexity, as quantified via D 2 analyses and demonstrated via spectrographic characteristics, increases from "modal" (ie, phonation elicited at just above the phonation threshold pressure) to raised intensity (phonation elicited by increasing transglottal airflow rate) to pressed (phonation elicited by increasing the stimulation current delivered to the larynx). Variations in a single dynamic dimension (airflow rate or adductory force) resulted in significantly increased productions of nonlinear phenomenon, including bifurcations from periodicity to regions of subharmonic content, fundamental frequency, and harmonic jumps, and evidence of periodicity within aperiodic regions ("chaos"). Conclusions The evoked rabbit phonation model described in this study allows for the elicitation of various types of phonations under controlled conditions and, therefore, has the potential to provide insight regarding important variables that may elicit examples of nonlinear phenomena such as subharmonics and deterministic chaos.
Effect of prey size on growth of newly emerged crab spiderlings Misumena vatia

Abstract Capturing unusually profitable prey early in life potentially enhances one's future fecundity and survival. Newly emerged crab spiderlings Misumena vatia (Araneae: Thomisidae) occasionally capture prey that greatly exceed them in size. I attempted to evaluate what if any long-term advantage these kills provided by presenting naive, just-emerged spiderlings with syrphid flies Toxomerus marginatus that exceeded the initial mass of the spiderlings six-fold, a prey that the spiderlings occasionally captured in the field. A second group of spiderlings received a single syrphid initially and subsequently a single fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster every other day, and a control group received a fruit fly every other day. The few spiderlings that regularly captured the syrphids gained significantly more mass than the other groups. Individuals taking an initial syrphid and then fruit flies did not gain more mass than controls fed on solely on fruit flies. Neither did a group of spiderlings followed in the...
Raising dairy replacements to meet the needs of the 21st century

Producing high quality replacement heifers at minimum cost will be one of the many challenges facing the dairy farm of the 21st century. Because replacement heifers represent a large portion of the total cost of milk production, dairy farmers will have to meet the replacement needs of their lactating herds at minimum cost to maintain the farm's profitability. To keep the US dairy industry competitive into the 21st century, researchers, extension, industry, and producers must examine the database of research in order to determine how to apply the known information to current production and research efforts. Important research is needed to improve the dairy heifers of the future. This review summarizes research of the past 12 yr related to dairy replacements and incorporates those findings into possible scenarios for future dairy calf and heifer management systems. Additional research is needed to determine how dairy replacement raising systems affect the lifetime productivity and profitability of the dairy cow.
The breakdown and influence properties of outlier rejection-plus-mean procedures

In a recent paper, Hampel (1985) studied the properties of rejection-plus-mean procedures as estimators of a location parameter. He reported that these procedures have low breakdown and high variance. In this article it is pointed out that these results are due to the outliers being rejected in a forwards-stepping manner, and when a more appropriate backwards-stepping approach is used, rejection-plus-mean procedures lead to estimators with high breakdown and high variance. In this article it is pointed out that these results are due to the outliers being rejected in a forwards-stepping manner, and when a more appropriate backwards-stepping approach is used, rejection-plus-mean procedures lead to estimator with high breakdown and redescending theoretical influence function.
Scalable and incremental clone detection for evolving software

Code clone management has been shown to have several benefits for software developers. When source code evolves, clone management requires a mechanism to efficiently and incrementally detect code clones in the new revision. This paper introduces an incremental clone detection tool, called ClemanX. Our tool represents code fragments as subtrees of Abstract Syntax Trees (ASTs), measures their similarity levels based on their characteristic vectors of structural features, and solves the task of incrementally detecting similar code as an incremental distance-based clustering problem. Our empirical evaluation on large-scale software projects shows the usefulness and good performance of ClemanX.
Myosin V Plays an Essential Role in the Thyroid Hormone-dependent Endocytosis of Type II Iodothyronine 5*-Deiodinase*

In astrocytes, thyroxine modulates type II iodothyronine 5'-deiodinase levels by initiating the binding of the endosomes containing the enzyme to microfilaments, followed by actin-based endocytosis. Myosin V is a molecular motor thought to participate in vesicle trafficking in the brain. In this report, we developed an in vitro actin-binding assay to characterize the thyroid hormone-dependent binding of endocytotic vesicles to microfilaments. Thyroxine and reverse triiodothyronine (EC(50) levels approximately 1 nm) were >100-fold more potent than 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine in initiating vesicle binding to actin fibers in vitro. Thyroxine-dependent vesicle binding was calcium-, magnesium-, and ATP-dependent, suggesting the participation of one or more myosin motors, presumably myosin V. Addition of the myosin V globular tail, lacking the actin-binding head, specifically blocked thyroid hormone-dependent vesicle binding, and direct binding of the myosin V tail to enzyme-containing endosomes was thyroxine-dependent. Progressive NH(2)-terminal deletion of the myosin V tail and domain-specific antibody inhibition studies revealed that the thyroxine-dependent vesicle-tethering domain was localized to the last 21 amino acids of the COOH terminus. These data show that myosin V is responsible for thyroid hormone-dependent binding of primary endosomes to the microfilaments and suggest that this motor mediates the actin-based endocytosis of the type II iodothyronine deiodinase.
Using Curvature Information for Fast Stochastic Search

We present an algorithm for fast stochastic gradient descent that uses a nonlinear adaptive momentum scheme to optimize the late time convergence rate. The algorithm makes effective use of curvature information, requires only O(n) storage and computation, and delivers convergence rates close to the theoretical optimum. We demonstrate the technique on linear and large nonlinear backprop networks.
What Is a Big Bureaucracy? :Reflections on ‘Rebuilding Leviathan’ and ‘Runaway State-building’

My interest in post-communism dates to my years in the Czech Republic and Hungary in the mid-1990s, part of which I spent as a guest of the Czech Institute of Sociology. To have the opportunity to discuss two wonderful books about these and neighbouring countries in the pages of Sociologický casopis/Czech Sociological Review is therefore a special privilege. Anna Grzymala-Busse’s Rebuilding Leviathan [Grzymala-Busse 2007] and Conor O’Dwyer’s Runaway State-Building [O’Dwyer 2006] remind me of what attracted me then to the region: the opportunity to witness the unwinding of socialism, the great social experiment of the
Abstract 2973: Mouse models of lung cancer mediated by lentiviral gene delivery

Lung cancer, the leading cause of cancer deaths, is responsible for 1.4 million lives lost worldwide every year. Good animal models that can faithfully recapitulate the human disease are in great need for pre-clinical studies. Based on the different responses to treatment, lung cancer is divided into two major classes: small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Adenocarcinoma (AdC) and squamous cell lung cancer (SqCC) are two major sub-types of NSCLC. We have successfully developed a novel lentiviral gene delivery system to study the initiation and development of all these lung cancers. We used CA2Cre-shp53 lentiviral vector to initiate lung adenocarcinoma in LSL-KrasG12D mice and proved the importance of NF-κB/IKK2 pathway in tumor cell proliferation. To search for novel tumor suppressors in lung cancer, we incorporated an shRNA library targeting ∼5000 cell signal genes into our CA2Cre lentivector and did the screening in the mice. We have identified several dozens of candidates and are validating these genes back in animals. SCLC is the most malignant form of lung cancer with a five-year survival less than 6%. A mouse model with p53/Rb deletions activated by Adeno-Cre has been established in Berns lab. To improve the model and study other genes that are frequently mutated in human SCLC, we designed a single lentiviral vector to deliver oncogenes (L-myc etc.) and shRNAs against tumor suppressors (p53, Rb etc) and successfully initiated SCLC in wild-type mice. Furthermore, we included luciferase or fluorescence protein genes in the same vector to follow tumor growth and metastasis in the live animal. Using this new model, we are now studying the crosstalk of multiple mutations in the SCLC development. SqCC has not been well modeled by genetic approaches. Interestingly, when we gave KrasG12D-shp53 lentiviral vector after lung tissue damage induced by naphthalene, the mice quickly developed squamous tumors in the big bronchi other than adenocarcinomas in the peripheral lung. Kras mutations are actually not common in human SqCC patients, so we are now optimizing the model and see if more relevant genetic changes such FGFR1 amplification can also induce this type of lung cancer in mice. We hope that our unique lentiviral tool can simplify and accelerate the lung cancer study to understand the big signal pathway complex leading to tumorigenesis and metastasis in the lung and search for new therapies for this deadly human disease. Citation Format: Yifeng Xia, Narayana Yeddula, Eugene Ke, Mathias Leblanc, Inder Verma. Mouse models of lung cancer mediated by lentiviral gene delivery. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 2973. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-2973