cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bounds on the Extension of Antennas for Stable Spinning Satellites

L us consider a force-free satellite spinning about the axis of maximum moment of inertia. If the satellite is rigid, then from rigid-body dynamics we conclude that the rotational motion is stable. Next, let us assume that a pair of thin flexible rods with given tip masses are being deployed slowly, so that they are extended at equal rates but in opposite directions along the spin axis. The question is being asked as to how far can the rods be extended without causing the satellite motion to become unstable. It is assumed that the rate of extension of the rods is sufficiently small that any Coriolis effects that might arise because of the rate of change in length can be ignored. It is also assumed that the mode of deformation of the flexible rods is antisymmetric, with the implication that the satellite mass center does not shift relative to the rigid part. The satellite is shown in Fig. 1. In an early attempt to investigate the flexibility effects on the stability of a force-free spinning satellite, Meirovitch and Nelson considered two mathematical models related to that used here. In fact, the two mathematical models used in Ref. 2 can be obtained as limiting cases of that used here by assuming in one case that the rods act like massless springs and in the other case that there are no tip masses. Stability was investigated in Ref. 2 by means of an infinitesimal analysis. More recently, Meirovitch and Calico have formulated the general problem of stability of motion of a force-free spinning satellite with flexible appendages, with stability being investigated via Liapunov's second method. For stability, the system Hamiltonian must be positive definite. Moreover, because of internal energy dissipation, however slight, the equilibrium is asymptotically stable if the Hamiltonian is positive definite in the neighborhood of the equilibrium point in question. Of particular interest in Ref. 3 is
Prediction of the physiologic severity of coronary lesions using 3D IVUS: validation by direct coronary pressure measurements.

This study was performed to determine whether three-dimensional intravascular ultrasound (3D IVUS) could predict the physiologic significance of coronary lesions. Seventeen lesions were evaluated by means of 3D IVUS, pressure measurements, and quantitative coronary angiography. Physiologic parameters were calculated from the 3D IVUS measures using established equations and compared to values measured by pressure guidewire. IVUS minimum lumen area (MLA) correlated with fractional flow reserve (FFR; R2 = 0.55, P = 0.003) and pressure gradient (R2 = 0.52, P = 0.003). Lesion length (L) had a positive correlation with pressure gradient (R2 = 0.45, P = 0.007). By multivariate analysis, the only significant independent determinant of FFR was MLA/L measured by IVUS. The IVUS-predicted pressure gradient and FFR were well correlated with values measured directly (R2 = 0.88, P < 0.001; R2 = 0.90, P < 0.001, respectively). The physiologic severity of coronary lesions is primarily influenced by lumen area and lesion length and can be established by 3D IVUS. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2001;53:48–55. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Changes in nutritional status and postoperative outcomes in elderly CABG patients.

To systematically examine the pattern of nutritional status over time in older people undergoing elective coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) and the extent to which nutritional status affects h...
Treatment options for patients with stage D1 (T0-3,N1-2,M0) adenocarcinoma of prostate.

Abstract Three hundred six patients with adenocarcinoma of the prostate underwent pelvic lymphadenectomy and had Stage D 1 (T0-3,N-2,M0) disease; 171 patients underwent radical retropubic prostatectomy with or without immediate adjuvant therapy (hormonal or radiation or both) or conservative (hormonal or radiation or both) treatment alone (n = 135). Follow-up was one-half to eighteen and one-half years (mean, 5 yrs). Immediate adjuvant orchiectomy significantly ( P = 0.01) improved survival (87.4% at 10 years) and nonprogression rates for patients who underwent radical prostatectomy, but not for those who had lymphadenectomy. Overall patient survival was significantly better ( P = 0.005) after prostatectomy than lymphadenectomy. Residual disease ( n = 43) in patients who underwent prostatectomy and received adjuvant treatment (orchiectomy or radiation or both) did not affect disease outcome. Bilateral pelvic lymphadenectomy and radical prostatectomy with immediate adjuvant orchiectomy provided survival comparable to the expected survival; conservative treatment alone was associated with rapid disease progression and poor survival and significantly ( P = 0.02) higher local morbidity.
Nonhomogeneous Thick-Walled Cylinder Under Internal Pressure

Certain rigorous solutions are given for stresses and deformations in a thick-walled orthotropic cylinder with mechanical properties varying along the radius. Special a t tent ion is given to the effect of anisotropy and nonhomogenei ty on the distribution of circumferential tensi le stresses, and the type of design which leads to uniform circumferential stresses is indicated. A discussion of the effect of viscoelastic properties of anisotropic propellant grains is presented.
Top-down versus bottom-up sales tactics effects on the presentation of a product line

Abstract Practitioners have suggested two major sales tactics that influence consumers to make higher priced choices within a product line, top-down and bottom-up sales tactics. The purpose of this research is to ascertain whether these sales tactics effects exist and to empirically compare the effects of these tactics with respect to buyer choice. Related research on the anchoring and adjustment decision heuristic as well as attribution theory is discussed. An experiment is conducted using a compact disc player product line to evaluate these two sales tactics. Higher priced product choices resulted from the use of the top-down sales tactic when compared with the bottom-up sales tactic.
Waltzing with a Monster: Bringing Research to Bear on Public Policy

Social scientists who want their research to influence social policy would do well to work with executive branch agencies, especially at state and local levels. Agency administrators are ready to use social science theories and evidence if the social science is brought to them. The article offers six principles for work with administrative agencies: (1) individual leaders matter, (2) timing matters, (3) ideas matter, (4) costs, and who bears the costs matter, (5) government is not monolithic, and (6) one cannot control the uses to which data are put. Working with government, like waltzing with a monster, is not unproblematic, but attending to these principles can help avoid some bruised toes.
Sparse stable systems

Abstract In the design of decentralized networked systems, it is important to know whether a given network topology can sustain stable dynamics. We consider a basic version of this problem here: given a vector space of sparse real matrices, does it contain a stable (Hurwitz) matrix? Said differently, is a feedback channel (corresponding to a non-zero entry) necessary for stabilization or can it be done without? We provide in this paper a set of necessary conditions and a set of sufficient conditions for the existence of stable matrices in a vector space of sparse matrices. We further prove some properties of the set of sparse matrix spaces that contain Hurwitz matrices. The conditions we exhibit are most easily stated in the language of graph theory, which we thus adopt in this paper.
Fuzzy set methods for uncertainty management in intelligence analysis

Considerable concern has arisen regarding the quality of intelligence analysis. This has been, in large part, motivated by the task of determining whether Iraq had weapons of mass destruction. One problem that made this analysis difficult was the uncertainty in much of the information available to the intelligence analysts. In this work, we introduce some tools that can be of use to intelligence analysts for representing and processing uncertain information. We make considerable use of technologies based on fuzzy sets and related disciplines such as approximate reasoning. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Int Syst 21: 523–544, 2006.
East Asian industrialization and agriculture

Abstract No matter which theory one chooses to believe concerning the reasons for East Asian economic success, there is general agreement that the governments of these nations made wise policy choices. This paper argues that one of the most important choices involved the treatment of agriculture relative to industry. Rather than pursue a highly discriminatory set of policies favoring manufacturing relative to agriculture, the policies pursued either favored agriculture or the degree of discrimination was small, at least relative to policies pursued in today's developing nations. Using some simple game theory it is shown that in societies where power is very unequally distributed (concentrated in the hands of government and/or industry), agriculture is discriminated against and overall growth is slow. Alternatively, in East Asia the land reforms redistributed potential power to the countryside resulting in more balanced policies with respect to agriculture and higher overall growth. ( JEL O10, O53)
Analysis of thermal constriction resistance with adiabatic circular gaps

The thermal constriction resistance is studied analytically for the special case of the interface of two simiinfinite solids in partial contact at various contact geometries. A corrective-iterative method is applied to solve the spatially periodic combination of Dirichlet and Neumann equations, and the thermal constriction resistance is expressed in a power series related to the fraction of the interfacial area occupied by the adiabatic disks. An expression for the dimensional resistance is developed which effectively describes discrete circular contacts or gaps on an otherwise isothermal surface. 33 refs.
A new method for computing normal modes in axisymmetric toroidal geometry using a scalar form of ideal MHD

Abstract Analytic elimination of the two magnetic surface components of the displacement vector permits the normal ideal MHD equations to be reduced to a scalar form. A Galerkin procedure, similar to that used in the PEST codes, is implemented to determine the normal modes computationally. The method retains the efficient stability capabilities of the PEST 2 energy principle code, while allowing computation of the normal mode frequencies and eigenfunctions, if desired. The procedure is illustrated by comparison with earlier versions of PEST and by application to tilting modes in spheromaks, and to stable discrete Alfven waves in tokamak geometry.
Evidence for a stronger oxygen-minimum zone off central California during late Pleistocene to early Holocene.

Of 31 deep-sea cores collected along the central California continental slope, 18 have distinctly laminated sediment at depth, but none have laminations in the top few centimetres. The cores with laminated facies are restricted to water depths between 508 and 1508 m, but not all cores taken from this depth interval have laminated facies. 14 C dates yield an extrapolated age of 4700 B.P. for the top of the uppermost laminated unit. Comparisons of the diatom flora in the laminated couplets with diatom floras in a 13-month sediment-trap record suggest that the laminations are varvelike couplets of seasonal sedimentation. The laminated facies represent a period from the last global deglaciation to early Holocene when the oxygen-minimum zone along the northeastern Pacific Ocean was stronger than at present. A stronger oxygen-minimum zone during this time is inferred to be the result of intensified upwelling.
Partitioning the BBC: from colonial to postcolonial broadcaster

This article explores the BBC's transition from colonial to postcolonial broadcaster in South Asia from 1940 to 1955. It argues that the BBC occupied a special place within the subcontinent in its own, and others' imaginations, by virtue of its (disavowed) yet (for it) productive colonial origins. The article focuses in particular on the Indian staff of the BBC pre and post independence and takes the BBC as a hierarchically constituted but creative collegial space. It examines: (1) the collegial relationships within BBC Bush House in London, as well as those that played out between the BBC, All India Radio (AIR) and Radio Pakistan (RP); and (2) the BBC and colonial British India and postcolonial India and Pakistan. Both interpersonal and macro‐level relationships were at times read by those within them as a relationship between Britain and its former colonies, with all that entails.
Capturing “Human Bandwidth”: A Multidimensional Model for Measuring Attention on Web Sites

The diffusion and evolution of the Internet has been mirrored by an evolving science of how to measure traffic online. However, after many years of development, Web publishers and online advertisers still find the current metrics are not adequately integrated to provide a holistic picture of audience attention on the Web. This study proposes a conceptual model for measuring attention on the Web on 5 dimensions at 5 different levels of analysis: visibility (share per market), popularity (unique audience per site), loyalty (visits per person), depth (pages per visit), and stickiness (time per page). An empirical analysis of major news and information sites' traffic data identifies distinct attention patterns characterizing different types of Web sites. For example, news portals and television news sites enjoyed the most popularity. Portals and weather sites scored the highest on loyalty. Magazine sites spurred deeper visits (more pages), and weather sites outperformed other sites in terms of stickiness on a per-page basis. This model promises to be commodiously valuable for assessing a Web site's performance on all distinct dimensions of audience attention, selecting the right metrics by which to gauge performance against competitors, and by establishing benchmarks by which that performance can be quantified. ACCESS TO FULL TEXT
Spatiotemporal Patterns on Electrode Arrays

Experiments were carried out with arrays of iron electrodes in sulfuric acid solution under conditions in which slow active−passive relaxation oscillations occur. The arrays consisted of a number of small disks which were made by exposing the ends of wires embedded in an insulator. Three array geometries were used: (a) 2 × 8 which approximates a one-dimensional geometry, (b) 4 × 4 square array, and (c) 61 electrodes in a hexagonal pattern. The experiments were done potentiostatically, and the current in each electrode was measured independently; therefore, the spatiotemporal patterns which occurred were directly determined. For the oscillatory conditions, which occur at potentials above the Flade potential, a wave moves from the center of the electrode to the edge during the activation phase and another moves in the opposite direction, from edge to center, during the passivation. The velocities of these waves depend on array size and applied potential; the activation velocities are much faster than those...
Polymer nanocomposites from free-standing, macroscopic boron nitride nanotube assemblies

Here we report the fabrication of free-standing boron nitride nanotube (BNNT) sheets by direct deposition and by vacuum filtration methods, including novel hybrid assemblies with BNNT and carbon nanotubes. Such sheets have enabled production of polymer nanocomposites with high nanotube content. Two example cases, BNNT–epoxy nanocomposites (>30 wt% BNNTs) produced by impregnation of dry sheets and BNNT sheets modified by integration of a thermoplastic polyurethane are described. Related methods have proven advantageous for carbon nanotube composites and, enabled by new technology for large scale BNNT production, such composites have now been realized with BNNTs. This represents an important milestone towards the development of BNNT-based multifunctional composites.
Mother – Child Mutually Responsive Orientation and Conscience Development: From Toddler to Early School Age

We examined whether positive implications of mother-child mutually responsive orientation, demonstrated earlier at toddler and preschool age, extend longitudinally into early school age. The focus of the present study was on the long-term consequences of mutually responsive orientation for the development of conscience. Mutually responsive orientation encompassed shared cooperation and shared positive affect between mother and child. It was measured as a composite of those qualities observed in dyadic naturalistic interactions and reported by mothers, at toddler and preschool age. Children's conscience was assessed at early school age (N = 83) using multiple measures, including observations of moral behavior, alone and in the peer context, and moral cognition. Mother-child mutually responsive orientation at toddler and preschool ages predicted children's future conscience, even after controlling for the developmental continuity of conscience. Model-fitting analyses revealed that mutually responsive orientation at toddler age had a direct effect on future conscience, not mediated by such orientation at preschool age. The findings extend those of earlier work that revealed the importance of mother-child mutually responsive orientation for socialization, and they confirm the value of the relationship approach to social development, including long-term outcomes.
Societal security, the security dilemma, and extreme anti-migrant hostility in Russia:

The societal security theory posits that extreme anti-migrant hostility - such as demands to deport all migrants unconditionally - emerges when host communities see migration as a threat to the survival of their group identity. An alternative interpretation - the immigration security dilemma - attributes extreme hostility to the human tendency to prepare for the worst under uncertainty when central authority weakens. Does extreme intergroup hostility relate more to threats framed in terms of group survival or to those framed in terms of uncertainty about government capacity and migration effects? I investigate this question empirically with the Russian national survey data (2005, N = 680) asking who in Russia supports the deportation of all internal and external migrants, legal and illegal, and their children to their places of origin - an extreme and widespread view that would require forced population movements not seen in the region since Stalin's Great Terror. In multivariate tests, agreement with the societal security (survival) rhetoric explained about five percent of variation in support for unconditional, wholesale deportation of migrants; agreement with the security dilemma (uncertainty) rhetoric - about 20%. A comparison of attitudes in the same survey to Armenian, Uzbek, Chechen, and Chinese migrants and the association of each ethnic group with different types of security threat further support this finding. Hostility toward ethnic groups viewed as a weak security threat was more diagnostic of public support for wholesale deportation of migrants than hostility toward groups viewed as a strong security threat.
Airflow and Precipitation Properties within the Stratiform Region of Tropical Storm Gabrielle during Landfall

Abstract Kinematic and microphysical characteristics of a stratiform rainband within Tropical Storm Gabrielle during landfall on 14 September 2001 were investigated using data from a collocated 915-MHz wind profiler and scanning Doppler radar. The curved 60-km-wide rainband was relatively intense with mesoscale updrafts and downdrafts exceeding ±1 m s−1. The bright band is classified as strong, as indicated by reflectivity factors in excess of 50 dBZ and rainfall rates below the bright band peaking at 10–20 mm h−1. The melting layer microphysical processes were examined to understand the relation between brightband processes and precipitation intensity and kinematics (mesoscale downdraft in particular) below the melting layer. The profiler and Doppler radar analyses, designed to maximize vertical resolution of flows within the melting layer, disclose a striking convergence–divergence couplet through the melting layer that implies a prominent cooling-induced finescale circulation. Melting-driven cooling in...
Cystic fibrosis α2-macroglobulin protease interaction in vitro

Abstract α2-Macroglobulin was purified from plasma of five cystic fibrosis patients and five normal controls. SDS gel electrophoresis of native az-macroglobulin from cystic fibrosis patients and normal donors showed identical subunit molecular weights, as did trypsin cleavage products. Cystic fibrosis and control α2-macroglobulins were indistinguishable by isoelectric focusing and exhibited appropriate shifts in isoelectric point following binding of trypsin. The trypsinbinding capacities of control and cystic fibrosis α2-macroglobulins did not differ, nor did the esterolytic activity of the trypsin-α2-macroglobulin complexes.
The impact of co-occurring tree and grassland species on carbon sequestration and potential biofuel production

We evaluated how three co-occurring tree and four grassland species influence potentially harvestable biofuel stocks and above- and belowground carbon pools. After 5 years, the tree Pinus strobus had 6.5 times the amount of aboveground harvestable biomass as another tree Quercus ellipsoidalis and 10 times that of the grassland species. P. strobus accrued the largest total plant carbon pool (1375 g C m-2 or 394 g C m -2 yr), while Schizachyrium scoparium accrued the largest total plant carbon pool among the grassland species (421 g C m -2 or 137 g C m -2 yr). Quercus ellipsoidalis accrued 850 g C m -2 , Q. macrocarpa 370 g C m -2 , Poa pratensis 390 g C m -2 , Solidago canadensis 132 g C m -2 , and Lespedeza capitata 283 g C m -2 . Only P. strobus and Q. ellipsoidalis significantly sequestered carbon during the experiment. Species differed in total ecosystem carbon accumulation from -21.3 to + 169.8 g C m -2 yr compared with the original soil carbon pool. Plant carbon gains with P. strobus were paralleled by a decrease of 16% in soil carbon and a nonsignificant decline of 9% for Q. ellipsoidalis. However, carbon allocation differed among species, with P. strobus allocating most aboveground in a disturbance prone aboveground pool, whereas Q. ellipsoidalis, allocated most carbon in less disturbance sensitive belowground biomass. These differences have strong implications for terrestrial carbon sequestration and potential biofuel production. For P. strobus, aboveground plant carbon harvest for biofuel would result in no net carbon sequestration as declines in soil carbon offset plant carbon gains. Conversely the harvest of Q. ellipsoi- dalis aboveground biomass would result in net sequestration of carbon belowground due to its high allocation belowground, but would yield lower amounts of aboveground biomass. Our results demonstrate that plant species can differentially impact ecosystem carbon pools and the distribution of carbon above and belowground.
Ab initio potentials for (H2S)2, including studies of effects from third‐order many‐body perturbation theory and three‐body nonadditivity

Ab initio Hartree–Fock (HF) and many‐body perturbation theory through second (E2) and third order (E3) were used to generate pair potentials for (H2S)2. Several basis sets were developed by optimizing polarization functions with the zeroth‐order dipole or quadrupole polarizabilities. Approximately 30 ab initio points (fully counterpoised HF+E2) in each of two larger basis sets were fit with site–site potentials. Intermediate potentials for fewer points indicate that only about 30 points are a sufficient data base to predict energies in the vicinity of the well with an accuracy of about 10%. The best ab initio well depth produced (−0.0693 eV) lies at 94% of the only published experimental value (−0.074±0.013 eV), although arguments are presented which indicate that the true (H2S)2 minimum may lie below −0.08 eV. The role of E3 and nonadditive effects has also been explored, but they were found not to account for the major part of the remaining discrepancy between our best number and experiment.
A numerical study of eddy interaction with an ocean jet

Abstract Gulf Stream rings exhibit a number of propagation tendencies after their release from the current. Among those tendencies identified by observational, analytic, and numerical techniques are β-induced westward self-propagation, advection by the mean flow, and eddy–jet interaction. In this study, we numerically examine eddy propagation tendencies associated with the latter in a two-layer fluid. Results indicate that cyclones (anticyclones) can interact with the anticyclonic (cyclonic) shear of the jet. Two eddy response are seen: meridional eddy motion away from the jet when the initial eddy–jet separation is small and westward motion parallel to the jet for larger eddy–jet separation distance. The results also indicate circumstances that may be necessary for eddy–jet coalescence.
Sovereignty, Separation and Risk Premiums

This study investigates the risk premia of Canadian debt issuers in the U.S. capital markets under conditions of sovereignty stress. In particular, the impact of separatist activity is considered. The incidence of separation news around the sale of debt issues is associated with a specific increase in the proceeds yield or cost to the issuer, but not the market yield. Debt issues by Quebec parties within the separation news event window had an added cost. The added cost is estimated at more than 0.56% to the issuer or about $1.30 million per average $230.77 million issue. These costs are additional fees that are paid to the investment banking syndicate, but these do not increase the yield to the investors. Brown, Durbin and Evans (BDE) recursive residuals tests support the hypothesis of structural changes over time in the pricing process. Debt issues from other countries facing political risk may be priced in a similar manner.
Spatial bandwidth of influence functions in adaptive optical systems

Design of a wavefront sensing system for an adaptive optical system requires knowledge of the spatial content of the aberrations to be sensed. Rules of thumb using quantities such as the number of actuators across the diameter of a deformable mirror are often used, but these may not work well for system with irregular actuator configurations or significant inter-actuator coupling. A novel approach using Fourier transform analysis of a matrix decomposition of the deformable mirror influence function matrix is presented. This approach allows the calculation of the spatial content of the aberrations corrected by a deformable mirror with an arbitrary actuator configuration and the design of a wavefront sensor to support that deformable mirror.
Developments in Ocular Genetics: 2013 Annual Review.

Purpose To highlight major advancements in ocular genetics from the year 2013. Design Literature review. Methods A literature search was conducted on PubMed to identify articles pertaining to genetic influences on human eye diseases. This review focuses on manuscripts published in print or online in the English language between January 1, 2013 and December 31, 2013. A total of 120 papers from 2013 were included in this review. Results Significant progress has been made in our understanding of the genetic basis of a broad group of ocular disorders, including glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration, cataract, diabetic retinopathy, keratoconus, Fuchs' endothelial dystrophy, and refractive error. Conclusions The latest next-generation sequencing technologies have become extremely effective tools for identifying gene mutations associated with ocular disease. These technological advancements have also paved the way for utilization of genetic information in clinical practice, including disease diagnosis, prediction of treatment response and molecular interventions guided by gene-based knowledge.
Misdivision of univalents in common wheat.

In the wheat variety Chinese Spring, misdivision of mouosome IX was observed at TI in 39·7% of microsporocytes and at TII in at least 29·3% of cells with a lagging univalent. Mono-IX from three other varieties, but with a Chinese Spring background, also showed high frequencies of misdivision, but less at TI than the Chinese mono-IX. Other Chinese monosomes likewise misdivided frequently.
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy With An East Indian Family*

This article discusses the use of the cognitive-behavioral approach to family therapy with an immigrant Indian family residing in the United States. Issues of acculturation and the emancipation of a young adolescent female are addressed as conflicts arise between her and her parents. The use of cognitive-behavior therapy (CBT) is presented as a flexible mode of treatment because it allows for the modification of schemas in a way that is respectful to cultural underpinnings and allows the family the freedom to change in a manner that does not compromise their cultural values. Further discussion is directed toward the cultural variables that may be accommodated by the CBT approach and the elements that make the approach adaptable, particularly in cases involving Indian culture.
Pediatric environmental health.

P ediatric environmental health is the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of illness caused by preconception, prenatal, perinatal, and pediatric exposures to environmental hazards; and the creation of healthy environments for children. Exposure to pollutants in air, food, and water as well as chemicals in the environment can be potentially helpful or harmful. The toxicity of the vast majority of the 85,000 chemicals manufactured in the United States is unknown. This coupled with increases in the prevalence of asthma, attention deficit disorder, birth defects, cancer, and developmental delay have lead many to question whether there is a causal relation. Response to environmental toxins varies according to a person’s physical, biological, and behavioral characteristics. Biological or physiologic characteristics determine how the body absorbs, distributes, and metabolizes environmental exposures and behavior varies according to a person’s developmental stage and social milieu. Additionally, specific responses to acute and chronic exposures differ from person to person. Physical exposures vary with age and development. Because they are growing, children drink more water, eat more food, and breathe more air per body size and surface area than adults. Because of their higher metabolic rate, children consume more oxygen than adults and may have more adverse effects to air pollutants. Infants in the first 6 months of life drink 7 times as much water per pound as does the average adult. Children ages 1 to 5 years of age eat 3 to 4 times more food per pound than the average adult. In addition, children have unique food preferences. For example, the average 1-year-old drinks 21 times more apple juice and 11 times more grape juice and eats more grapes, bananas, pears, carrots, and broccoli than does the average adult. Biologically, a child’s immature metabolic pathways less readily detoxify and excrete certain toxins. Additionally, nonambulatory children are not able to remove themselves from potentially harmful locations. Behaviorally, children live and play closer to the ground, which increases their exposure. Their handto-mouth behavior increases their risk as well. With more years of life before them, early environmental exposures may permit the development of chronic diseases.
Comparison of QSAR and Molecular Similarity Approaches for a Structure-Activity Relationship Study of DHFR Inhibitors. DHFR Inhibitors: QSAR and Molecular Similarity Approaches

A comparison is made between classical QSAR approaches using multivariate linear regression analysis and molecular similarity analysis (MSA) using inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR). A wide variety of descriptors derived directly from molecular structure are examined with both QSAR and MSA approaches. Three separate measures of molecular similarity are examined to determine how each compares with the QSAR method in the context of the descriptors used. The QSAR method yielded a model with a R2 = 0.927 whose descriptors indicate that molecular size, shape and hydrogen bonding acceptor groups are important to activity. Molecular similarity approaches did not provide as good a model. The best correlation between pKi values and any given similarity metric was obtained with the Tanimoto coefficient.
The rotational spectrum of the X2Σ+ state of the Ca35Cl radical using laser microwave optical double resonance

Abstract The pure rotational spectrum of the X 2 Σ + state of the gaseous SrF radical has been measured using microwave optical double resonance (MODR) techniques. The analysis fully confirms the recent dye laser excitation spectrum and rotational assignment of the B 2 Σ + -X 2 Σ + system. Transitions were measured in both the v″ = 0 and v″ = 1 states to give values of Be″ = 0.250533 cm−1, αe″ = 1.546 × 10−3 cm−1 and γ″ (spin-rotation) = 2.49 × 10−3 cm−1. General qualitative features of MODR in 2Σ+ states are treated and suggested improvements for obtaining experimental hyperfine constants are discussed. The more precise ground state constants are merged with the B-X optical analysis to obtain a more accurate set of constants for both states.
Kinetics and spectra of fullerene triplet states

Optical kinetic spectroscopy is used to investigate the triplet state properties of solution phase fullerenes. These triplet states, which are the molecules' lowest-energy and longest-lived electronic excitations, show lifetimes and absorption spectra that vary from fullerene to fullerene. In room temperature toluene solution, the intrinsic triplet lifetime of C 70 exceeds that of C 60 by a factor at of least 80. The 'self-quenching' deactivation of triplet states through encounters with ground state molecules occurs with rate constants of 1.6 X 10 70 M -1 s -1 for C 60 and 3 X 10 7 M -1 s -1 for C 70 . In solutions containing mixtures of fullerenes, transfer of triplet excitation between species is efficient and reversible, with rate constants up to 2 X 10 9 M -1 s -1 . When C 60 is aliphatically derivatized at two adjacent sites to form (6,6)-closed dihydrofullerene structure, intrinsic triplet lifetimes are shortened by more than a factor of 3 to approximately 45 microsecond(s) . The triplet spectra of these compounds, in which the derivitizing groups are not sterically strained, are very similar to each other but significantly different from the C 60 spectrum. The (6,6)-closed epoxide, C 60 O, displays unusual triplet state behavior. Its initial triplet spectrum is distinct from that of the other derivatives studied and decays in approximately 6 microsecond(s) through nonexponential kinetics. Evolution of the induced spectrum suggest the possibility of epoxide ring opening form the triplet state of C 60 O.
Optimal design of sensor networks for vehicle detection, classification, and monitoring

The tracking and identification of vehicles for the purpose of surveillance is a widespread application. Observations from a network of sensors can be used to make decisions regarding the identity of vehicles, as well as their trajectories. Generally, the information provided by a sensor network is limited, so vehicles may be misclassified, go undetected, and/or their trajectories may not be determined uniquely. Often, assumptions are made regarding, for example, traffic composition and possible vehicle trajectories. Because the performance of a sensor network can be sensitive to these assumptions, the conclusions made by the network about the identity and trajectory of vehicles can be highly inaccurate. In this paper, these assumptions are treated as possible models of reality that are subsequently evaluated in a decision framework. Mathematical models for vehicle movement and sensor behavior are developed. Candidate designs for the sensor network are considered, where each design is defined by the number, location, and range of the sensors. Methods from decision theory are used to determine the optimal design for the sensor network.
Plant Tissue Degradation Measurement Using Image Analysis

The relative proportion of tissue types in undigested samples ranged from 1.9±0.20% for phloem tissue to 35.9±1.26% for mesophyll tissue. Standard deviations of measurements from digested samples ranged from 1.1 to 12.2%. Degradation of xylem and phloem was difficult to measure and had the highest standard deviations of 9.8 and 12.2%, respectively. This method requires approximately 15 min per sample, and although it is more time consuming than visual estimation methods, it has the advantage of measuring extent of digestion on an area basis more objectively than other methods currently used
Metadata and librarianship: will MARC survive?

Metadata schema and standards are now a part of the information landscape. Librarianship has slowly realized that MARC is only one of a proliferation of metadata standards, and that MARC has many pros and cons related to its age, original conception, and biases. Should librarianship continue to promote the MARC standard? Are there better metadata standards out there that are more robust, user‐friendly, and dynamic in the organization and presentation of information? This special issue examines current initiatives that are actively incorporating MARC standards and concepts into new metadata schemata, while also predicting a future where MARC may not be the metadata schema of choice for the organization and description of information.
Real-Time Focal-Plane Array Image Processor

A focal-plane-array chip designed for real-time, general-purpose, image preprocessing is reported. A 48 X 48 pixel detector array and a 24 X 24 processing element processor array are monolithically integrated on the chip. The analog, charge-coupled device-based VLSI chip operates in the charge domain and has sensing, storing, and computing capabilities. It captures the image data and performs local neighborhood operations. The processor array is digitally programmable and uses a single-instruction, multiple-data parallel architecture. Various image preprocessing tasks such as level shifting, gain adjustment, thresholding, smoothing, sharpening, and edge detection can be implemented and A/D conversion can be performed prior to output. Frame-to-frame operations such as motion detection and tracking can be implemented as well. The chip was fabricated with a double-poly, double-metal process in a commercial CCD foundry. The prediction of the performance is based on numerical analysis and experimental results of testing a prototype charge-coupled computer. Operating at a modest clock frequency of 25 MHz, the chip is projected to achieve an internal throughput as high as 576 Mops with a 54 dB dynamic range (9-bit equivalent accuracy). The simulation of an edge detection algorithm implemented by the chip is presented. The power dissipation is estimated to be 20 mW and the total size of the 59-pad chip is 9.4 X 9.4 mm2.
Testing for market integration among southern pine regions

Abstract We conduct co-integration tests of southern timber regions using alternative tests and specifications, and data from 13 pine sawtimber and 11 pulpwood markets. We find that southern timber regions are not fully integrated. Our results imply that a single market does not exist across the entire U. S. South. Instead, these regions may form a few contiguous market segments. The main reason that some timber regions fail to track others closely lies in the nature of the good - timber, a bulky commodity with low value. We believe that this finding has significant implications for timber market modeling as well as forest policy analysis based on timber market models.
Fetal diagnostic indications for second and third trimester outpatient pregnancy termination.

Objective To determine the frequency of diagnostic indications among women seeking to terminate pregnancies for reasons of fetal abnormality, spontaneous fetal demise, or a genetic disorder in a private outpatient clinic specializing in late outpatient abortion procedures. Method A total of 1005 women requested termination of pregnancy for reasons of genetic disorder, fetal anomaly, or fetal demise over 20years (1992–2012). Gestational ages ranged from 12 to 39weeks. In all cases, a documented diagnosis of fetal abnormality or fetal demise was made prior to referral. Records were reviewed to verify fetal diagnosis for all patients seeking termination of pregnancy for reasons of fetal disorder. Major complications included major unintended surgery, hemorrhage requiring transfusion, or pelvic infection. Results Preoperative diagnoses included the following: chromosomal abnormalities (n=378), genetic syndromes and single gene disorders (n=30), structural anomalies (n=494), and other conditions (n=103). These include 26 cases of spontaneous fetal demise and nine selective terminations of one abnormal twin. The major complication rate was 0.5%. Conclusions The majority of diagnoses were in the categories of genetic disorder and neurologic abnormality. © 2014 The Authors. Prenatal Diagnosis published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Classification of Chronic Blepharitis

Since last thoroughly evaluated over three decades ago, the clinical spectrum of chronic blepharitis has changed. The relative prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus alone or in combination with seborrheic blepharitis has decreased. The relative prevalence has increased of seborrheic blepharitis with or without associated excess meibomian secretions (meibomian seborrhea) or inflammation (meibomitis). Primary meibomitis appears not to be a primarily infectious entity but to represent a facet of generalized sebaceous gland dysfunction and to be found in association with seborrheic dermatitis or acne rosacea. The keratoconjunctivitis found in association with primary meibomitis may be contributed to by the production of bacterial lypolytic exoenzymes that split neutral lipids, resulting in an increased level of free fatty acids in the tears. A frequent finding of keratoconjunctivitis sicca in this patient population, especially the S. aureus group (50%), is of note. Of particular importance is that these entities be recognized as chronic diseases requiring control and ones for which there is no "cure."
Action of hedgehog instantons in the disordered phase of the (2 + 1)-dimensional CPN−1 model

The large-N limit of the 2+1 dimensional CP N 1 model exhibits hedgehog-like instanton saddle points in its disordered phase. We determine the structure of these saddle points and evaluate the action, Score of a charge-q instanton. We find that lim/a !1 limN!1 Score/N = 2%q ln(/a ) where the order of limits is significant. Here a is the lattice spacing, is the spin correlations length, and %q are a set of universal constants: %1 = 0.062296..., %2 = 0.155548.... Free charge-q instantons therefore occur with a density a 3 (/a ) 2N%q in the disordered phase. Moreover the length scale, C, with which correlations ofU(1) gauge field, Aµ, decay exponentially, is C a(/a ) N%1 . The length C is also the scale at which the matter fields, z , experience a confining linear potential. Consequences for spin-Peierls ordering in two-dimensional quantum SU(N) antiferromagnets will be discussed elsewhere, and are briefly noted for completeness.
Time-Safety Checking for Embedded Programs

Giotto is a platform-independent language for specifying software for high-performance control applications. In this paper we present a new approach to the compilation of Giotto. Following this approach, the Giotto compiler generates code for a virtual machine, called the E machine, which can be ported to different platforms. The Giotto compiler also checks if the generated E code is time safe for a given platform, that is, if the platform offers sufficient performance to ensure that the E code is executed in a timely fashion that conforms with the Giotto semantics. Time-safety checking requires a schedulability analysis. We show that while for arbitrary E code, the analysis is exponential, for E code generated from typical Giotto programs, the analysis is polynomial. This supports our claim that Giotto identifies a useful fragment of embedded programs.
Input-Self-Biased Transient-Enhanced Maximum Voltage Tracker for Low-Voltage Energy-Harvesting Applications

This letter presents a fast speed, maximum voltage-tracking circuit for energy-harvesting applications, which can operate with a supply voltage down to 500 mV. The circuit incorporates a transient enhancement path to accelerate voltage-tracking speed. As the bias currents are automatically generated by the input voltages, neither current reference circuit nor precharging process is required, leading to simplified architecture and plug-and-play property. The circuit was successfully implemented and verified on a 130-nm CMOS prototype.
The Relative Impact of Gang Status Transitions: Identifying the Mechanisms of Change in Delinquency

Objectives:Explore the relative impact of transitions into and out of gangs on adolescent involvement in delinquency and determine the mechanisms associated with these changes in deviant behavior.Method:Hierarchical discontinuous regression models are utilized to examine changes in elevation and slope in outcomes associated with gang membership status transitions using six waves of panel data from a school-based sample of 512 gang-involved youth.Result:Results reveal the potential for gang membership to have an enduring impact on involvement in delinquent activity, but also on attitudes, emotions, and unstructured activities associated with a higher risk of offending. Heightened elevation in proximate postgang membership observations of offending was mediated by the mechanisms associated with a turning point.Conclusions:Gang membership, however brief, can have an impact on adolescent development after self-reported membership ends. While desistance from gang membership is a good first step in promoting be...
A computer model of the solar radiation, soil moisture, and soil thermal regimes in boreal forests

Abstract Our current understanding of the ecology of boreal forests indicates that vegetation patterns within the circumpolar boreal forest reflect a complex interrelationship among climate, solar radiation, soil moisture, soil temperature, the forest floor organic layer, forest fires, and insect outbreaks. In this paper, a simulation model was used to explore the environmental subset of this interrelationship, specifically the interactions among solar radiation, soil moisture, soil freezing and thawing, the forest floor organic layer, and forest fires. The model solved for these environmental factors on a monthly time step using easily obtainable soils and climatic data. The algorithms developed in this study successfully reproduced local, seasonal patterns of solar radiation, soil moisture, and depths of freeze and thaw for different topographies at Fairbanks, Alaska. These same algorithms also reproduced regional patterns of the annual solar radiation, soil moisture, and soil thermal regimes in boreal forests of North America, Scandinavia, and the Soviet Union. By calculating these environmental factors on a monthly time step, these algorithms operate at a temporal scale suitable for individual-tree models of forest succession, which can be used to study extent vegetation patterns in boreal forests and the possible ecological consequences of climatic changes.