cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A short read de novo transcriptome construction pipeline optimized by long reads reveals novel developmentally regulated gene isoforms and disease targets in hundreds of eye samples

De novo transcriptome construction from short-read RNA-seq is a common method for reconstructing previously annotated and novel mRNA transcripts within a given sample. However, this process lacks a way to be evaluated as it is difficult to obtain a ground-truth measure of transcript expression. With advances in third generation sequencing, full length transcripts of whole transcriptomes can be accurately sequenced to generate a ground-truth transcriptome- but it is significantly more expensive than short-read sequencing. We generated long-read Pacbio and short-read Illumina RNA sequencing data from an induced pluripotent stem cell- derived retinal pigmented epithelium (iPSC-RPE) cell line. We use the long-read data to identify simple but powerful metrics for assesingde novo transcriptome construction and to optimize a short-read based de novo transcriptome construction pipeline. We then apply this this pipeline to construct transcriptomes for 340 short-read RNA-seq samples originating from healthy adult and fetal retina, cornea, and RPE to generate the first pan-eye transcriptome annotation. We identify hundreds of novel gene isoforms and examine their significance in the context of ocular development and disease.
Disorientation as a Learning Objective: Applying Transformational Learning Theory in Participatory Action Pedagogy:

As the field of planning stretches toward redressing the injustices of past land use patterns through reparative practices, student learning needs to include socio-emotional, as well as technical a...
Malignant pleural neoplasm with both differentiation of epithelioid mesothelioma and squamous‐cell carcinoma, a rare phenomena

Malignant mesothelioma, a neoplasm arising within the serosal surfaces, has been linked closely to asbestos exposure. We present a case of 72-year-old male with a 27 year work-related history of asbestos exposure who presented with dyspnea. Chest computed tomography scan showed a large, right pleural effusion with compressive right lung atelectasis. Biopsies, subsequent pleurectomy and lung wedge resections revealed epithelioid malignant mesothelioma with associated focal non-keratinizing squamous-cell carcinoma, supported by extensive immunohistochemical stains and molecular studies. The patient was treated with 6 cycles of carboplatin/pemetrexed, showing no new metastases. Seven months post-treatment, the patient presented with progressive dyspnea and large pleural effusions. Bilateral pleural fluid was collected and showed malignant epithelioid cells, morphologically similar to the patient's pleural neoplastic cells. However, the tumor was positive for squamous cells markers and showed BAP1 loss, while negative for mesothelial markers. The findings support the diagnosis of squamous-cell carcinoma and were consistent with the patient's previously diagnosed pleural neoplastic origin. A malignant mesothelioma associated with squamous-cell carcinoma is a rare phenonmenon. To our knowledge, only two case reports are available in current literature. This unique case shows a single pleura tumor differentiating as both malignant mesothelioma and squamous-cell carcinoma. Squamous-cell carcinoma is the predominating malignancy seen within the bilateral pleural effusions, a potential pitfall for cytology specimen diagnosis.
Gamma-ray spectrometry in the decays of odd-mass Pt isotopes produced by neutron irradiation of natural Pt

Abstract In order to clarify the data on the energies and intensities of the γ rays emitted in the decays of the odd-mass Pt isotopes, which are often used as monitors in experiments to measure cross sections or excitation functions, a new spectrometric study has been undertaken of the decays of 191,193,195,197,199 Pt using samples produced in the neutron irradiation of natural Pt. Energy values have been determined by comparison to known calibration sources down to an uncertainty of 10 eV for the strongest lines, and relative intensities often to an uncertainty of 1%. More precise absolute branching ratios were determined for several cases. New and more precise values for the half-lives were also determined.
Science versus the Unconscious Bias Paradigm in Education: A Review Essay

Popular ideas often spread like wildfire among higher education curricula within teacher preparation programs, which leads to the hasty promotion of constructs that are both bereft of empirical sup...
Structural and theoretical studies of 4-chloro-2-methyl-6-oxo-3,6-dideuteropyrimidin-1-ium chloride (d6).

The title compound, C5D6ClN2O+·Cl−, crystallizes in the ortho­rhom­bic space group, Pbcm, and consists of a 4-chloro-2-methyl-6-oxo-3,6-di­hydro­pyrimidin-1-ium cation and a chloride anion where both moieties lie on a crystallographic mirror. The cation is disordered and was refined as two equivalent forms with occupancies of 0.750 (4)/0.250 (4), while the chloride anion is triply disordered with occupancies of 0.774 (12), 0.12 (2), and 0.11 (2). Unusually, the bond angles around the C=O unit range from 127.2 (6) to 115.2 (3)° and similar angles have been found in other structures containing a 6-oxo-3,6-di­hydro­pyrimidin-1-ium cation, including the monclinic polymorph of the title compound, which crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/c [Kawai et al. (1973). Cryst. Struct. Comm. 2, 663–666]. The cations and anions pack into sheets in the ab plane linked by N—H⋯Cl hydrogen bonds as well as C—H⋯O and Cl⋯O inter­actions. In graph-set notation, these form R33(11) and R32(9) rings. Theoretical calculations seem to indicate that the reason for the unusual angles at the sp2 C is the electrostatic inter­action between the oxygen atom and the adjacent N—H hydrogen.
ChemPix: automated recognition of hand-drawn hydrocarbon structures using deep learning

Inputting molecules into chemistry software, such as quantum chemistry packages, currently requires domain expertise, expensive software and/or cumbersome procedures. Leveraging recent breakthroughs in machine learning, we develop ChemPix: an offline, hand-drawn hydrocarbon structure recognition tool designed to remove these barriers. A neural image captioning approach consisting of a convolutional neural network (CNN) encoder and a long short-term memory (LSTM) decoder learned a mapping from photographs of hand-drawn hydrocarbon structures to machine-readable SMILES representations. We generated a large auxiliary training dataset, based on RDKit molecular images, by combining image augmentation, image degradation and background addition. Additionally, a small dataset of ∼600 hand-drawn hydrocarbon chemical structures was crowd-sourced using a phone web application. These datasets were used to train the image-to-SMILES neural network with the goal of maximizing the hand-drawn hydrocarbon recognition accuracy. By forming a committee of the trained neural networks where each network casts one vote for the predicted molecule, we achieved a nearly 10 percentage point improvement of the molecule recognition accuracy and were able to assign a confidence value for the prediction based on the number of agreeing votes. The ensemble model achieved an accuracy of 76% on hand-drawn hydrocarbons, increasing to 86% if the top 3 predictions were considered.
Education in Analytics Needed for the Modeling & Simulation Process

The increase in the availability of data has led to organizations asking how to use that data to understand their processes and to plan for their future. This paper discusses integrating analytics with modeling and simulation in a sequence of courses intended to provide organizations the ability to utilize their data to make better-informed decisions. Classical modeling and simulation education has utilized simple statistical techniques to address input data modeling and output analysis. Our premise is that a solid background in analytics provides an analyst not only with the ability to understand the data better but also the ability to improve the quality of a simulation's data inputs and the ability to analyze the increasing amount of data generated by simulations. The paper proposes a set of elements of analytics and presents how they can impact a basic set of modeling and simulation project activities.
Adding Fuel to the Fire Sales: Banks, Capital Regulation, and Systemic Risk

In a model with heterogeneous banks and endogenous fire sales, the tightening of bank capital regulation can aggravate fire sales, leading to larger bank losses and higher systemic risk. When calibrated to the data, the least costly policies to mitigate systemic risk raise both ex ante capital requirements and ex post shortfall penalties. These policies also assign relatively higher capital requirements to banks that can better offset price declines during a fire sale, consistent with the recently implemented capital surcharge for global systemically important banks (G-SIBs). My findings provide further support for leading-edge macroprudential tools, including stress tests and countercyclical capital buffers.
Loving the Zombie: Arendtian Natality in a Time of Loneliness

Zombies need love. I come to this conclusion through interacting with the zombies who haunt my classroom. They lurk in the shadows and become visible at the most crucial times for me as a teacher, times when engaging my students counts most. For example, in a recent class zombies joined our discussion circle and sat blank-eyed and offered no response to a passionate question asked by a student outraged by evidence of student suffering in schools: How can we tolerate kids being treated this way? The question arose after our reading accounts of and hearing personal testimony from students who were psychologically and physically harmed in schools because of their sexual identities. With eyes cast down, we waited in silence for someone to voice a response. No one did. As the sole reader of their personal analyses of course topics, I heard their written but unspoken words reverberating loudly in the silence: Abomination. Unnatural. But beyond these perhaps too common responses to the issue we were discussing, many expressed another emotion, captured most succinctly by a student who described feeling numb when thinking about such matters.
Readers Use Black Newspapers for Health/Cancer Information

A national survey of readers of black newspapers shows that whether readers depend on black newspapers for cancer and health information depends on their black newspaper use, black self-identity and general media dependency.
Effect of extraction, pasteurization and cold storage on flavonoids and other secondary metabolites in fresh orange juice

Background Fresh orange juice is perceived to be more wholesome than processed juice. Fresh juice may have nutrients and phytonutrients that differ from pasteurized or processed juice. Results ‘Hamlin’ and ‘Valencia’ oranges were extracted using a commercial food service juicer, pasteurized or not, resulting in fresh-commercial juice (FCJ) or pasteurized FCJ (FCPJ) for comparison with pasteurized processed juice (PPJ) in 2009, and gently hand-squeezed ‘Valencia’ juice (HSJ) in 2010 for nutrient and phytonutrient content. Regardless of pasteurization, FCJ/FCPJ contained 25–49% lower insoluble solids than the PPJ, while in HSJ the insoluble solids content was between that of FCJ and PPJ. The major orange juice flavonoid glycosides were twofold higher in PPJ than in FCJ/FCPJ and HSJ, indicating that the extraction and finishing process led to more peel tissue in the juice than fresh juice extraction methods. The total phenolic content (TPC) in the juices followed a similar pattern to the flavonoid glycoside content. The polymethoxylated flavones (PMFs), associated with peel oil, occurred at the highest levels in the FCJ/FCPJ and lowest in HSJ. Limonoids and alkaloids occurred at higher levels in PPJ and HSJ than in FCJ/FCPJ. Conclusion The high peel oil content of FCJ/FCPJ resulted in higher PMF levels compared to PPJ and HSJ, while flavonoid glycosides, limonoids and alkaloids, which occur at high concentrations in the inner peel albedo, occurred at higher concentrations in PPJ. Published 2013. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Source apportionment of aerosol iron in the marine environment using iron isotope analysis

[1] Iron (Fe) is a critical nutrient for phytoplankton. In the open ocean, this demand coupled with scarce supply often makes Fe the limiting factor in phytoplankton growth. The largest source, by mass, of Fe to the open ocean is windblown soil dust, but this Fe is much less soluble than Fe from other aerosol sources. Therefore, to fully understand how Fe reaches this ecosystem, it is necessary to understand the range of sources of aerosol Fe. To do this, we collected size-segregated aerosol samples from Bermuda and analyzed them to determine their Fe isotope composition. From this analysis, we found clear evidence in the fine size fraction (< 2.5 µm) of an important non-soil-dust Fe source. Our isotope analysis of multiple oil and coal fly ashes shows that those materials cannot explain our finding. We suggest biomass burning as the most likely source.
Nicke-C extensions for programming on distributed-memory machines

Abstract This document describes the Nicke programming language. Nicke is an extension of C for programming distributed-memory machines. It supports both message-passing and shared-memory parallelism. We present the rationale for Nicke and describe the main features of the language. The Nicke language has been implemented on the 8CE machine under the Mach Operating System, [6], and is being ported to the Victor machine under the Trollius kernel [11, 5]. The language is supported by a preprocessor that translates Nicke code into standard C, and by a run-time library.
Will the new cytogenetics replace the old cytogenetics

With the advent of array-based comparative genomic hybridization technology, the analog cytogenetic analysis that has been used for the past 100 years could be replaced by the quantitative, microarray-based molecular analysis. Major advantages of the new array-based cytogenetic technologies are the high resolution and the high throughput. This technology is the first to offer an autonomous whole-chromosome analysis in one hybridization reaction for the detection of submicroscopic gains/losses. However, as with any new technology, it needs to be validated with regard to its performance in various applications (e.g. clinical genetic testing and cancer applications), comparative cost, and the data interpretation.
PIDD: A Switch Hitter

In response to genotoxic stress, the PIDD protein promotes apoptosis downstream of the tumor-suppressor protein p53. In this issue of Cell, Janssens et al. (2005) demonstrate that, in response to such stress, PIDD forms a nuclear complex that enhances sumoylation of NEMO. This modification is important for the activation of the antiapoptotic transcription factor NF-kappaB.
Co-integration of high-performance and high-breakdown SiGe HBTs in a BiCMOS technology

Having two, or more, transistors with different values of f T and BV CEO provides flexibility to circuit designers in making tradeoffs of power and performance. The process complexity and resulting cost of fabricating these transistors on the same wafer is another important factor. Three different approaches for co-integrating high-performance and high-breakdown SiGe npn HBTs with minimal process deviation are presented herein. The work features a high-performance HBT with f T × BV CEO product of 500GHz-V and a high-breakdown HBT with over 430GHz-V integrated on the same wafer with one-mask deviation.
The Looming Cognitive Style and Generalized Anxiety Disorder: Distinctive Danger Schemas and Cognitive Phenomenology

While great strides have been made in understanding the nature, role, and maintenance of maladaptive cognitive and affective avoidance strategies in generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), much remains to be learned about the nature of threat appraisals that are instigators of such compensatory self-protective responses. The looming cognitive style (LCS) is characterized by a distinctive cognitive phenomenology and tendency to construct mental scenarios and appraisals of unfolding threat and increasing danger. Research shows that the LCS functions as a danger schema and is related to worry and anxiety but not depression. Two studies were conducted to examine the role of the LCS in GAD. Results of these studies suggest that the LCS is present at higher levels in GADs but not in non-GADS or unipolar depressives. Study 1 used an analogue sample of students with a probable diagnosis of GAD. Study 2 investigated the distinctiveness and specificity of the LCS in clinically diagnosed patients and nonpsychopathology controls. Results of Study 2 indicate that the LCS is present in clinical GADs but not unipolar depressive disorders or nonpsychopathology controls. Collectively, results of both studies suggest that the LCS uniquely contributes to the discrimination and classification of GAD beyond the effects of anxious and depressive symptoms, worry, and thought suppression. Results are discussed in terms of their implications for extending current cognitive conceptualizations of GAD.
Exercise Training Enhances Glycolytic and Oxidative Enzymes in Canine Ventricular Myocardium

Aerobic exercise training evokes adaptations in the myocardial contractile machinery that enhance cardiac functional capacity; in comparison, the effects of training on the myocardium's energy generating pathways are less well characterized. This study tested the hypothesis that aerobic exercise training can increase the capacities of the major pathways of intermediary metabolism in canine myocardium. Mongrel dogs were conditioned by a 9-week treadmill running program or cage rested for 4 weeks. Exercise conditioning was evidenced by 26% and 22% decreases (P<0.05) in respective heart rates at rest and during submaximal exercise and by a 40% increase (P<0.05) in citrate synthase (CS) activity of the vastus lateralis. Glycolytic, TCA cycle, and beta-oxidative enzymes were assayed in myocardial extracts at 37 degrees C. Relative to sedentary controls, training increased glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) activity by 49% in left and 33% in right ventricle, and pyruvate kinase, CS, and 3-hydroxyacyl CoA dehydrogenase (HADH) activities by 74%, 91%, and 77%, respectively, in left ventricle (P<0.05). Immunoblotting further confirmed that training increased left ventricular contents of CS and GAPDH. Other measured enzymes (hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, lactate dehydrogenase, alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase) were not altered by training in either ventricle. Kinetic analyses revealed increased maximum rates but unaltered substrate affinities of GAPDH, CS and HADH following training. Thus, aerobic exercise training augments the intermediary metabolic capacity of canine myocardium by selectively increasing the concentrations of regulatory enzymes of glycolysis and oxidative metabolism.
Microwave pulse amplification by plasmas

Abstract Two-pulse and three-pulse cyclotron echoes have previously been reported. We demonstrate here the linear dependence of the three-pulse echo on the amplitude of the third pulse and the amplification (up to 15 dB) of the three-pulse echo by a strong third pulse.
Dynamic Rheological Properties of Cake Batters Made from Chlorine‐Treated and Untreated Flours

When cake batters prepared with chlorine (Cl2)-treated and untreated flours were heated in the Rheometrics Dynamic Spectrometer (RDS), elasticity G′ increased between 90°C and 100°C for the Cl2-treated sample and not for the untreated sample. Therefore, at 100°C, the batters prepared with Cl2-treated flours had a much higher G′ than the batter prepared from untreated flours. Flour-water systems prepared with Cl2-treated and untreated flours showed no difference in G′. This inferred that there was an interaction with at least one formula ingredient. Defatting both Cl2-treated and untreated flours did not alter the RDS results.
GROOMING BEHAVIOR AND MORPHOLOGY IN THE DECAPOD CRUSTACEA

ABSTRACT Many decapod crustacean species have specialized structures for grooming the body to keep it free of epizoic growth and particulate fouling. Among the decapod species examined, preening of the chemosensory antennules with the third maxillipeds was the most widespread and morphologically conservative behavior. Penaeidean, caridean, and stenopodidean shrimps possess characteristic setal brushes on the first cheliped for cleaning the chemotactile antennular flagella. Reptant species use only the third maxillipeds for grooming these flagella. Gill cleaning mechanisms vary widely: cheliped brushes, setae arising from thoracic setobranchs, setiferous thoracic epipods. Decapods use chelipeds and setal brushes at the tips of walking legs for grooming general body surfaces. This behavior is common in the Natantia (s.l.) but is poorly developed in the Brachyura. I hypothesize that epizoic growth interferes with swimming in shrimps, and it must be removed by preening. In the ambulatory Brachyura, selection pressure to remove epizoic growth may be less intense. Many decapod species that do not appear to have general body grooming specializations are nonetheless clean. A variety of mechanisms besides grooming may serve as antifouling adaptations in these species. Grooming structures have been little studied, but they may have considerable systematic value in the study of decapod phylogeny.
Chromatographic identification of enkephalins in the guinea pig retina

Abstract Immunocytochemical localization of enkephalin-like peptides and binding of several opiate ligands have been reported previously in the mammalian retina. High-performance liquid chromatography was used to separate and idenntify the enkephalin-related peptides in the guinea pig retina. Enkephalin-immunoreactivity in the retina was separated into three distinct fractions, as determined by radioimmunoassay. Two of these fractions were identified as Met- and Leu-enkephalin, respectively. The immunoreactive fractions were also active in inhibiting the binding of [3H]enkephalin to rat brain membranes. All immunoreactive peptides had molecular weight similar to those of the enkephalins, as determined by gel chromatography. These techniques allow us to directly assay and identify enkephalin-related peptides in retinal tissues.
Ionic signals in T47D human breast cancer cells.

Abstract Increasing evidence that ion channels play a key role in the modulation of cellular mitogenesis led us to investigate the membranes of T47D human breast cancer cells to identify the ion currents present. We report here the results of voltage-clamp studies in the whole-cell configuration on isolated, non-synchronized single cells obtained from a ductal breast carcinoma. In these studies we identified an outward rectifying potassium current and a chloride current. The potassium current activated at potentials more positive than −40 mV, reached an average value of 1.4 nA, and did not inactivate with time. This current was sensitive to block by extracellular tetraethylammonium chloride (TEA, IC 50 = 1 μM), was insensitive to charybdotoxin (CTX, IC 50 = 7.8 μM), and was not diminished by repetitive pulses separated by 1 s. Rapid voltage-dependent inactivation of the current was demonstrated by tail current analysis. The current appeared calcium-insensitive. Application of hyperpolarizing pulses did not elicit an inward potassium rectifier current. Treatment with tetrodotoxin did not reveal the presence of an inward sodium current. The potassium current was increased by the presence of aspartate in place of chloride and in the presence of the chloride channel blocker 4,4′-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2′-disulfonic acid (DIDS). We conclude that currents present in T47D breast cancer cells include a chloride current and a voltage-gated potassium outward rectifier. We suggest that the potassium current, either alone or in conjunction with potassium currents reported in different human breast cancer cell lines by others, may play a role in the modulation of the cell cycle.
Sexual Esteem in Emerging Adulthood: Associations with Sexual Behavior, Contraception Use, and Romantic Relationships

Sexual esteem is an integral psychological aspect of sexual health (Snell & Papini, 1989), yet it is unclear whether sexual esteem is associated with sexual health behavior among heterosexual men and women. The current analysis used a normative framework for sexual development (Lefkowitz & Gillen, 2006; Tolman & McClelland, 2011) by examining the association of sexual esteem with sexual behavior, contraception use, and romantic relationship characteristics. Participants (N = 518; 56.0% female; mean age = 20.43 years; 26.8% identified as Hispanic/Latino; among non-Hispanic/Latinos, 27.2% of the full sample identified as European American, 22.4% Asian American, 14.9% African American, and 8.7% multiracial) completed Web-based surveys at a large Northeastern university. Participants who had oral sex more frequently, recently had more oral and penetrative sex partners (particularly for male participants), and spent more college semesters in romantic relationships tended to have higher sexual esteem than those...
Total synthesis of syringolin A and B.

Total syntheses of two recently discovered proteasome inhibitors, syringolin A and B, are reported. The key to our approach was creation of the α,β-unsaturated 12-membered lactam via intramolecular Horner−Wadsworth−Emmons reaction. Such reactions have been broadly used to prepared macrolactones, but this work presents a rarer example of its application to macrolactams. The final steps involved attachment of the bis(valinyl)urea side chain using peptide coupling procedures, including a method based on the unprotected valine N-carboxy anhydride. The additional alkene of syringolin A was created through cross-metathesis.
The role of budgets and variances in repeated investment decisions

Abstract. This paper considers investment in a two-period principal-agent model. In each period the agent has pertinent pre- and postdecision information about the returns from the project. Messages from the agent are interpreted as a budget and a self-reported variance. The paper examines when the sequential resolution of the uncertainty in profits would, by itself, result in a long-term contract. This focus is maintained by eliminating any role for learning or consumption smoothing in the contracting arrangement. Because they allow for commitment to future investment strategies contingent on current-period reports, relative to short-term contracts, long-term contracts exhibit efficiency gains. There is an endogenous demand for both budget and variance reports. By considering an N-period model, gains from long-term contracting are shown to be positively related to the principal's flexibility in committing to future investment strategies that are contingent on the agent's prior period report(s). Sequential resolution of the agent's uncertainty, either within or across periods, strictly enhances the demand for long-term contracting. The results suggest that expenditures involved in obtaining periodic budget and variance reports from the manager and in keeping a history of the communications may be cost justified by ex ante expected gains in efficiency. Resume. L'auteur envisage l'investissement dans l'optique d'un modele mandant-mandataire comportant deux periodes. Avant et au terme de chaque periode, le mandataire dispose d'informations pertinentes relatives au rendement du projet. Les messages du mandataire sont interpretes comme etant un budget et un releve des ecarts. L'auteur examine a quel moment la transformation sequentielle de l'incertitude en gains donnerait lieu, en soi, a un contrat a long terme. Cet axe de recherche est maintenu grâce a l'elimination de tout effet d'apprentissage ou de nivellement de la consommation dans les dispositions contractuelles. Etant donne que les contrats a long terme permettent de s'engager dans des strategies eventuelles d'investissement en fonction des resultats de la periode en cours, ils offrent des gains sur le plan de l'efficience. Il existe une demande endogene de rapports budgetaires aussi bien que de releves des ecarts. Lorsqu'on utilise un modele de N periodes, les gains qu'offrent les contrats a long terme affichent une relation positive avec la souplesse du mandant dans son engagement a l'egard de strategies eventuelles d'investissement en fonction des rapports produits par le mandataire pour la ou les periodes precedentes. La transformation sequentielle de l'incertitude du mandataire, que ce soit a l'interieur d'une meme periode ou au cours d'une periode subsequente, favorise au sens strict la demande de contrats a long terme. Selon les resultats de l'etude, les depenses que supposent l'obtention periodique de budget et de releves des ecarts par le gestionnaire et le maintien d'un dossier des communications seraient justifees par les perspectives ex ante de gains au chapitre de l'efficience.
Reactions of (π-C5H5)W(CO)3H with dimethylacetylenedicarboxylate. Formation of dinuclear and metal hydride insertion products

Abstract The reaction of (π-Cp)W(CO)3H with dimethylacetylenedicarboxylate in refluxing tetrahydrofuran (THF) produces an acetylene bridged dinuclear tungsten species as the principal product. A minor product is identified as a σ-vinyl complex presumably formed by metal hydride insertion across the acetylene bond. In contrast, the analogous reaction system at 20°C leads principally to the formation of a σ-vinyl complex isomeric to the minor product formed in refluxing THF. The latter product when heated in THF undergoes loss of CO but is not a precursor of the dinuclear species.
Conversion of squirrel cage induction motors to wind turbine PMG

A relatively simple and low cost method for making permanent magnet wind turbine electric generators from burnt out squirrel cage induction motors, has been described in this paper. Different types of generators used in wind turbines and the general properties sought in a wind turbine generator are discussed first, and then the procedure of how to make a workable, multi-pole, low speed, permanent magnet generator, from burnt out ordinary squirrel cage induction motors easily available at through away prices in the junk markets, is described. Finally, the test results of a 500 W and a 1500 W generator developed this way are presented with their cost and performance analysis.
Some murine allogeneic organ and tumor grafts which are not rejected: the importance of local factors.

The experiments which I was privileged to do with Peter Medawar in his small laboratory at University College mainly concerned the grafting of adrenal cortical tissue in mice. They followed his characteristically simple and direct design and were conducted almost entirely with whole, living animals. The newly discovered phenomenon of acquired immunological tolerance was employed in some experiments to allow survival of adrenal grafts which were then summarily dispatched as tolerance was abolished. In other experiments immunologically privileged sites were seen to be intriguingly successful in allowing adrenal transplant survival (1). In some later unpublished work using a system of parathyroid transplants in rats, which I had worked out with Ruben Gittes (2), it was found that prompt rejection of surviving grafts in several privileged sites could be provoked with skin grafts of donor origin. Ever since those happy days in London I have retained a strong impression that the intimate nature of the contact between graft and host can be extremely important to the fate of the graft, and that quite often the survival of a graft hangs in a delicate balance, a balance which can be influenced by a number of factors only some of which are now understood. We have recently been studying some examples of transplants which survive in mice without any immunosuppressive treatment in spite of well-defined histoincompatibility between their congenic donors and recipients. In particular we have concentrated upon a strain combination in which the difference between donor and recipient is determined at the K end of the H-2 region. Donors are of the BlO.D2 strain and recipients are (C57BL/6 X A/J)F, hybrids, termed B6AF,. I will concentrate particularly on two examples in which transplants survive in the face of this incompatibility, but they do so for quite different reasons. In both cases local factors associated with the transplant seem to be important. The first example involves kidney transplants transferred between mice with primary vascular union
Crucial Role for Nuclear Factor of Activated T Cells in T Cell Receptor-mediated Regulation of Human Interleukin-17

The biological activities of the inflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-17 have been widely studied. However, comparatively little is known about how IL-17 expression is controlled. Here, we examined the basis for transcriptional regulation of the human IL-17 gene. IL-17 secretion was induced in peripheral blood mononuclear cells following anti-CD3 cross-linking to activate the T cell receptor (TCR), and costimulatory signaling through CD28 strongly enhanced CD3-induced IL-17 production. To define cis-acting elements important for IL-17 gene regulation, we cloned 1.25 kb of genomic sequence upstream of the transcriptional start site. This putative promoter was active in Jurkat T cells following CD3 and CD28 cross-linking, and its activity was inhibited by cyclosporin A and MAPK inhibitors. The promoter was also active in Hut102 T cells, which we have shown to secrete IL-17 constitutively. Overexpression of nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) or Ras enhanced IL-17 promoter activity, and studies in Jurkat lines deficient in specific TCR signaling pathways provided supporting evidence for a role for NFAT. To delineate the IL-17 minimal promoter, we created a series of 5' truncations and identified a region between -232 and -159 that was sufficient for inducible promoter activity. Interestingly, two NFAT sites were located within this region, which bound to NFATc1 and NFATc2 in nuclear extracts from Hut102 and Jurkat cells. Moreover, mutations of these sites dramatically reduced both specific DNA binding and reporter gene activity, and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays showed occupancy of NFAT at this region in vivo. Together, these data show that NFAT is the crucial sensor of TCR signaling in the IL-17 promoter.
Cholecystokinin: proofs and prospects for involvement in control of food intake and body weight.

Evidence that CCK participates in the control of meal size is compelling, but the avenues by which CCK may affect daily food intake and body weight regulation are still uncertain. Although participation of brain CCK in control of food intake is acknowledged, our focus here is on participation of peripheral CCK in the control of food intake. Therefore, in this article we (1) review evidence for CCK's participation in control of meal size, (2) document involvement of CCK-A receptors located on vagal sensory neurons in control of food intake by exogenous and endogenous CCK, (3) point out apparent discrepancies in the experimental record, which auger for non-endocrine sources of CCK and non-vagal sites of CCK action, and (4) summarize recent observations, suggesting mechanisms by which CCK could participate in the control of daily food intake and body weight regulation.
Perturbation and sensitivity analysis of an urban model

This work describes a sensitivity analysis of the Forrester urban model. Using small perturbations about the system trajectories, sensitivity matrices were computed at 135 years (growth period) and 240 years (equilibrium). The results show a matrix heavily weighted to give large sensitivity coefficients to the three housing variables. In the housing sectors the feedback loops containing the growth rate parameters were found to contribute most to the sensitivity. Finally, sensitivity coefficients of the level variables with respect to a number of model parameters were found. In general, their contribution to overall model sensitivity was quite small when compared to the loop sensitivity described above.
Differential diagnosis of hypovolemic shock

The classic symptoms of hypovolemic shock have probably been recognized since prehistoric times. Clear, written descriptions did not emerge until the 19th century, and the syndrome implied impending, unpreventable death until the 20th century. We now have the tools for resuscitation of the large majority of patients in shock. When the shock syndrome is encountered in the field, away from the hospital and the emergency room, rapid transportation to these areas of more sophisticated diagnosis and treatment is indicated.
A novel rhodanese is required to maintain chloroplast translation in Chlamydomonas

Rhodanese-domain proteins (RDPs) are widespread in plants and other organisms, but their biological roles are mostly unknown. Here we report on a novel RDP from Chlamydomonas that has a single rhodanese domain, and a predicted chloroplast transit peptide. The protein was produced in Escherichia coli with a His-tag, but lacking most of the N-terminal transit peptide, and after purification was found to have rhodanese activity in vitro. It was also used to elicit antibodies for western blot analysis, which showed that the native Chlamydomonas protein migrated slower on SDS gels (apparent M(r) =34 kDa) than its predicted size (27 kDa), and co-fractionated with chloroplasts. To assess function in vivo, the tandem-RNAi approach was used to generate Chlamydomonas strains that had reductions of 30-70% for the mRNA and ~20-40% for the 34-kDa protein. These strains showed reduced growth under all trophic conditions, and were sensitive to even moderate light; properties reminiscent of chloroplast translation mutants. Pulse-labeling in the presence of cycloheximide indicated that chloroplast protein synthesis was broadly reduced in the RNAi strains, and transcript analysis (by RT-PCR and northern blotting) indicated the effect was mainly translational. These results identify a novel rhodanese-like protein that we have named CRLT, because it is required to maintain chloroplast translation.
Three-dimensional molecular simulation of chromatographic separations

A three-dimensional stochastic computer simulation has been developed in order to provide a detailed understanding of chromatographic separations. In this simulation, the migration of individual molecules is established through diffusion and convection within a fluid phase that is in contact with a surface. Molecular interaction and, hence, retention may arise by partitioning into permeable surfaces or by adsorption at solid surfaces. The molecular distribution and the corresponding zone profile may be examined and characterized by means of statistical moments at any specified time or spatial position during the simulation. This simulation provides a powerful and versatile model with which to characterize transport phenomena in complex chromatographic separation systems.
Comments on a model for isotope effects on Henry's law constants in aqueous solution

A model has been proposed in the literature for isotope effects on Henry's law constants in which the motion of the dissolved molecule surrounded by a solvent cage is approximated by the motion of a particle in a cubic box. The isotope effect then arises from the three free translations of the gas phase molecule which become the restricted translations of a particle in a box for the dissolved molecule. The theoretical equation for the isotope effect is derived here on the basis of this model. Zero-point energy arguments have been used in the literature in conjunction with this model to deduce solvent cage dimensions from observed isotope effect data. These arguments are shown here to be theoretically wrong. The correct theory for the particle in a box model gives much larger dimensions for the solvent cage than the incorrect zero-point energy argument.
Mesoscopic Effects in Disordered Superconductors near H c 2

A theory of disordered superconductors near the upper critical field ${H}_{c2}^{0}$ is presented. It is shown that the magnetic field dependences of critical temperatures ${T}_{c}(H)$ in mesoscopic samples exhibit multiple reentrant superconductor--normal-metal transitions. In the framework of mean field theory ${T}_{c}$ of bulk samples remains finite at any $H$ and asymptotically approaches zero at large $H$. This means that at zero temperature the upper critical magnetic field does not exist. The role of quantum fluctuations of the phase of the order parameter is discussed.
A multi-environment trial analysis shows slight grain yield improvement in Texas commercial maize

Abstract Grain yield in maize has increased steadily in the Midwestern United States since the 1930s but trends are not clear for the maize production zones in the southern states, of which Texas is the major producer. The objective of this study was to elucidate trends of maize yields in Texas for the last 11 years and to identify any significant patterns in breeding and testing maize that can be exploited for improvement. A linear mixed model applied to 107 corn performance trials grown involving 11 years and 16 locations in Texas identified that the largest G × E variance for the multi-environment trial (MET) dataset was the three-factor interaction model that included hybrid, location, years and their interactions. Repeatability measures showed that two replicates and two years provided accurate estimates of genetic yield potential. Trial data and a separate analysis of county level yield data corroborated that there are two separate production zones in Texas, the High Plains and the rest of the state. Across these production zones there have been no substantial gains in yield and surprisingly some older commercial hybrids appear to have had better yield potential then what is currently commercially available. Plant height, ear height, plant population and test weight were positively correlated with grain yield with stronger effects observed in the rest of Texas than in the High Plains; lodging was negatively correlated with grain yield while days to silk showed little effect. This suggests separate strategies for additional genetic and trial improvement should be used in the High Plains and the rest of Texas.
Radical feminism, humanism and women's studies

As it is not generally understood, radical feminism is first defined in terms of the concept of patriarchy. Feminists themselves now characterize radical feminism as involving sexism, views of the superiority of women over men, and the goal to establish a separate world without men, a gynocracy. Radical feminism is then contrasted with humanism and seen to be antihumanistic. Feminists themselves further claim that Women's Studies in universities and colleges is basically radical feminism. Thus, ironically, such studies which are supported for the purpose of ending sexism are, in fact, creating it. One solution is to establish Women's Studies on the philosophies of the feminists, who are moving toward what I term humanistic feminism.
A structure of the Bang-Bang representation for 3×3 embeddable matrices

Necessary and sufficient conditions are given for a 3×3 stochastic matrix to be embeddable by 6 elementary stochastic matrices (Poisson matrices). For a 3×3 embeddable matrix, a structure of the minimal Bang-Bang representation, i.e. the one that contains the smallest number of elementary matrices, is obtained. Based on the minimal Bang-Bang representation an algorithm for determining the embeddability of a 3×3 stochastic matrix is given.
Nuclear repositioning precedes promoter accessibility and is linked to the switching frequency of a Plasmodium falciparum invasion gene.

Variation of surface adhesins, such as the Plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte invasion ligand PfRh4, is critical for virulence and immune evasion in many microbes. While phenotypic switching is linked to transcriptional changes and chromatin function, the determinants of switching frequency remain poorly defined. By expressing a prokaryotic DNA methylase in P. falciparum, we directly assayed accessibility of transcriptionally active and silent chromatin at the PfRh4 locus. Parasites selected for in vivo PfRh4 activation show a reversible increase in promoter accessibility and exhibit perinuclear repositioning of the locus from a silent to a conserved activation domain. Forced activation of a proximal gene results in a similar repositioning of the PfRh4 locus, with a concomitant increase in PfRh4 activation in a subpopulation of parasites and promoter accessibility correlating with actively transcribed loci. Thus, nuclear repositioning is associated with increased P. falciparum switching frequency, while promoter accessibility is tightly linked to clonally active PfRh4 promoters.
Piecewise regular meshes: construction and compression

We present an algorithm which splits a 3D surface into reliefs, relatively fiat regions that have smooth boundaries. The surface is then resampled in a regular manner within each of the reliefs. As a result, we obtain a piecewise regular mesh (PRM) having a regular structure on large regions. Experimental results show that we are able to approximate the input surface with the mean square error of about 0.01- 0.02% of the diameter of the bounding box without increasing the number of vertices. We introduce a compression scheme tailored to work with our remeshed models and show that it is able to compress them losslessly (after quantizing the vertex locations) without significantly increasing the approximation error using about 4 bits per vertex of the resampled model.
Aneurysm of an Aberrant Right Subclavian Artery: Treatment With Thoracic Aortic Stent Graft

Aberrant right subclavian artery aneurysms are rare but carry a high risk of spontaneous rupture without any treatment. Aggressive early elective treatment is warranted. We present a hybrid endovascular treatment that was used to treat a 77-year-old woman with aberrant right subclavian artery aneurysm for whom surgical treatment would have been associated with high risk. A thoracic stent graft was used to cover the origin of aberrant right subclavian artery at the proximal descending aorta. To prevent any retrograde flow, an Amplatzer septal occluder was deployed at the distal subclavian artery. Axillo-axillary bypass with an 8-mm polytetrafluoroethylene graft was performed due to atherosclerosis change of the common carotid artery to restore the right arm perfusion and prevent vertebrobasilar insufficiency.
Aniseikonia II. The influence of vertical and horizontal aniseikonia on the orientation of longitudinal horopters

Abstract In these experiments the influence of vertical and horizontal aniseikonia on the orientation of the longitudinal horopter is investigated. From the results, it is evident that vertical disparity has some influence on the orientation of the horopter formed by equating the primary subjective visual directions of the two eyes. This seems at variance with the hypothesis of a stable system of corresponding retinal elements.
Supervision practices in specialty mental health probation: What happens in officer–probationer meetings?

As the correctional population continues to increase, probation agencies struggle to adequately supervise offenders with unique needs, including those with mental disorder. Although more than 100 U.S. probation agencies have implemented specialty mental health caseloads, little is known about their practices. Based on detailed observations of 83 audio-taped meetings, we examined interactions between probationers and officers in a prototypic specialty agency, focusing on the extent to which practices comport with evidence-based risk reduction principles. We found that specialty officers (a) more frequently discussed probationers’ general mental health than any individual criminogenic need, (b) chiefly questioned, directed, affirmed, and supported (rather than confronted) probationers, and (c) relied more heavily on neutral strategies and positive pressures (e.g., inducements) rather than negative pressures (e.g., threats of incarceration) to monitor and enforce compliance. Implications for “what works” to promote community integration for probationers with mental disorder are discussed.