cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Clinical Trials of Cefotaxime for the Treatment of Bacterial Infections of the Lower Respiratory Tract

The efficacy of cefotaxime sodium for treatment of patients with lower respiratory infections was evaluated by three protocols in multicenter trials. The first trial studied cefotaxime alone; the second and third trials compared cefotaxime with cefazolin in observer-blind and single-blind randomized controlled studies, respectively. A total of 656 patients were entered in the three trials; 527 received cefotaxime. Overall rates of bacteriologic and clinical cure, analyzed by pathogen, for the cefotaxime treated patients were 89.9% and 93.9%, respectively. In the two comparative trials, overall rates of bacteriologic and clinical cure with cefotaxime, by pathogen, were greater than 94% and numerically exceeded those for cefazolin in each instance. The efficacies in the comparative studies, when analyzed by total patient responses, were significantly different only for clinical responses to cefotaxime in the single-blind randomized trial (P = 0.03). Favorable cure rates with cefotaxime were obtained in patients with infections due to Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli, and nearly comparable responses were obtained for infections due to Proteus, Enterobacter, and Klebsiella species. Cefotaxime was clinically effective in some of the infections due to Serratia marcescens and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, but bacteriologic failures occurred in 67% and 61% of cases, respectively. All Serratia strains were highly susceptible in vitro to cefotaxime, but the range of minimal inhibitory concentrations of cefotaxime for Pseudomonas isolates was wide.
A new serotype: Leptospira polonica.

Summary In a natural focus of leptospirosis (Grippotyphosa-Hebdomadis) the author isolated from Erinaceus europaus roumanicus a strain of leptospira and subjected it to detailed analysis, first in his own laboratory, then in the WHO Reference Laboratory of Professor Wolff in Amsterdam and in the laboratory of Kmety at Bratislava and finally again in his own laboratory. The strain is a new serotype designated by Parnas “Leptospira polonica”. The designation has been accepted by the Leptospira Commission of WHO and is included in the WHO table within the group “Hebdomadis”. Zusammenfassung Ein neuer Serotyp: Leptospira polonica Wir fanden in einem naturlichen Leptospiroseherd (Grippotyphosa-Hebdomadis) einen Leptospirenstamm, der zuerst in unserem Laboratorium, dann im WHO References Laboratory von Prof. Wolff (Amsterdam), im Kmety's Laboratorium in Bratislava und noch einmal bei uns genau antigenisch-serologisch analysiert wurde. Er ist ein neuer Serotyp, dem Parnas die Bezeichnung „Leptospira polonica” gegeben hat. Er wurde durch die Leptospira-Kommission der WHO angenommen und in die taxonomische Tafel der WHO in die Gruppe „Hebdomadis” eingereiht. Resume Un nouveau serotype: Leptospira polonica Nous avons trouve dans un foyer naturel de leptospirose (Grippo-typhosa-Hebdomadis) une souche de leptospires dont l'analyse detaillee fut effectuee tout d'abord dans notre laboratoire, puis dans le «WHO-References Laboratory» de M. le Prof. Wolff (Amsterdam), dans le laboratoire de Kmety a Bratislawa, et encore une fois dans notre laboratoire. Il s'agit d'un nouveau serotype a qui Parnas a donne le nom de «Leptospira polonica». Il fut accepte par la commission des leptospires de l'OMS et classe dans la table taxonomique de l'OMS sous le groupe «Hebdomadis». Resumen Un serotipo nuevo: Leptospira polonica En un foco leptospirosico natural (gripe tifosa hebdomada) hallamos una cepa leptospirosica, la cual fue examinada primero en nuestro Laboratorio, luego en el References Laboratory de la Organizacion Mundial de Sanidad (OMS) del Prof. Wolff (Amsterdam), en el Laboratorio de Kmety en Bratislava y de nuevo por nosotros con exactitud desde el punto de vista antigenicoserologico. Se trata de un serotipo nuevo, al cual Parnas le dio el nombre de «Leptospira polonica». Fue aceptado por la Comision Leptospira de la OMS y alistado en la tabla taxonomica de la OMS en el grupo «Hebdomadis».
Genetic Immunodeficiency Diseases

The approach to the patient with genetic immunodeficiency is multidisciplinary, and requires close interaction between the primary care physician, immunologist, and other specialists. Dermatologists may play a key role in both the diagnosis of immunodeficiency based on recurrent infection or specific cutaneous abnormalities and in the management of cutaneous complications. The availability of bone marrow and stem cell transplantation has been life-saving for many affected children. The underlying genetic basis is now known for most forms of immunodeficiency, which has facilitated confirmation of patient diagnosis and prenatal diagnosis. Gene therapy has already been initiated for severe combined immunodeficiency, and will certainly play a growing role in therapy of this group of disorders in the future.
Block realization of digital filters

Different forms of block recursive digital filters are formulated using a matrix representation of convolution. These approaches have the same relation to recursive filters that fast convolution does to nonrecursive filters. The multiplication efficiencies are calculated and compared, showing that the block realization can become more efficient for filters with orders exceeding approximately 25. The general improvements on stability and sensitivity to roundoff error and coefficient accuracy are discussed.
Personal Ad Content Analysis Teaches Statistical Applications

Students analyzed newspaper personal advertisements for the age preferences of younger and older male and female writers. Several applications of the F statistic revealed between-group preferences for partners of relatively different ages. Many applications of the r statistic revealed within-group preferences for partners of absolutely similar ages. Students communicated this formal statistical information in a written report. Subsequently, most students rated the personal ads as interesting and as giving the impression of working with real people. Success on final examination computational items (including naming degrees of freedom and probabilities) exceeded 90%. A separate quantitative assessment revealed a reliable increase in mastery of r and F statistical notation and concepts from before to after the project.
Collaboration between in vivo responses to LD and SD antigens of major histocompatibility complex.

STUDIES using mixed leukocyte culture (MLC) and cell mediated lympholysis (CML) tests, have suggested a possible differential role for LD and SD antigens associated with the major histocompatibility complex (MHC, H–2 in mouse) in allograft reactions1–3. LD differences are primarily responsible for stimulating the proliferative response in MLC; the SD antigens are the major targets in CML1. The presence of LD differences on the stimulating cell in MLC enhances the cytotoxic response against the SD antigens. The cellular basis for this potentiation of CML is that two separate subpopulations of T lymphocytes are differentially reactive to LD and SD antigens1,3–5. A proliferating helper cell responds primarily to LD differences whereas cytotoxic T lymphocytes are more strongly activated by the SD antigens. Lafferty et al.7 and Talmage et al.10 have shown that allogeneic thyroids transplanted under the kidney kapsule are rejected less rapidly if they are first cultured in vitro. Injection of peritoneal exudate cells from the thyroid donor into the recipient speeds up rejection. They suggest that the peritoneal exudate cells sensitise the recipient and that the sensitised cells can invade and reject the thyroid. A further refinement in the interpretation of their data might suggest that either in addition to the mechanism they propose or as an alternative to it the peritoneal exudate cells provide an LD stimulus to the recipient's proliferating helper T cells, and that these cells either by themselves or through a secreted helper factor potentiate the development of cytotoxic T lymphocytes directed at the SD antigens on the graft. Our experiments reported here are consistent with this model.
Mass Balance of Metolachlor in a Grassed Phytoremediation System

Metolachlor is a point-source pollutant at agrochemical dealerships in the Midwest, as well as a non point-source contaminant of surface waters caused by runoff. Prairie grasses have been used in filter strips to control runoff and are also useful for phytoremediation; however, little is known about the fate of metolachlor and its metabolites within a grassed system. Effects of uptake by prairie grasses on the formation and fate of degradation products are not known. In this study, [U-ring-14C]metolachlor was added to enclosed systems to determine the fate of the parent compound and its metabolites in soil and plants. Mineralization and volatilization were monitored over the 97 day study and found to be 1.05 and 0.2%, respectively, for vegetated systems. At the end of the study, soil and plant material was evaluated for the presence of parent metolachlor and selected metabolites, as well as bound residues. Metolachlor ethane sulfonic acid was the dominant metabolite in soil and plant tissue. Over 7% of applied radioactivity was taken up by the grasses, and plant uptake/metabolism appeared to be the main mechanism for phytoremediation of metolachlor. Vegetation significantly reduced the amount of metolachlor in soil by 9%, indicating potential success as a remediation tool.
Genitourinary neurofibromatosis mimicking posterior urethral valves

A 12-year-old boy, examined after an episode of acute urinary retention, was found to have neurofibromatosis of the bladder neck and prostatic urethra. His symptoms of bladder outlet obstruction and radiographic findings of a dilated prostatic urethra mimicked posterior urethral valves. Complete urologic investigation, including cystourethroscopy, revealed that the dilatation of the prostatic urethra was secondary to neural involvement of the external sphincter and posterior urethra without mechanical obstruction or posterior urethral valves.
Repair-level analysis for Space Station Freedom

To assign repair or discard-at-failure designations for orbital replacement units (ORUs) used on Space Station Freedom Electric Power System (SSFEPS), new algorithms and methods were required. Unique parameters, such as upmass costs, extravehicular activity costs and intravehicular activity (IVA) costs specific to Space Station Freedom's maintenance concept were incorporated into the Repair-Level Analysis (RLA). Additional outputs were also required of the SSFEPS RLA that were not required of previous RLAs. These outputs included recommendations for the number of launches that an ORU should be capable of attaining and an economic basis for condemnation rate. These unique parameters were not addressable using existing RLA models: therefore, a new approach was developed. In addition, it was found that preemptive analysis could be performed using spreadsheet-based Boolean expressions to represent the logical condition of the items under analysis.
Extent of Extraprostatic Extension Independently Influences Biochemical Recurrence-free Survival: Evidence for Further pT3 Subclassification

Objective To evaluate the impact of the extent of extraprostatic extension (EPE) on biochemical recurrence-free survival (BCRFS) after radical prostatectomy (RP). Materials and Methods We queried our RP database from 2004 to 2013. Extent of EPE on RP was divided into 3 groups: no EPE, focal EPE (F-EPE; a few extraprostatic cancer glands on 1-2 slides), and nonfocal EPE (NF-EPE). Multivariate Cox proportional hazard models determined the influence of EPE on BCRFS. Results A total of 10,750 men underwent RP during the study period. Of these, 7843 men (73.0%) had no EPE, 1258 (11.7%) men had F-EPE, and 1649 men had (15.3%) NF-EPE. Overall BCRFS was worse in men with NF-EPE than those with F-EPE or no EPE. In a multivariate model, F-EPE and NF-EPE were both independently associated with worse BCRFS compared with no EPE (F-EPE: hazard ratio, 2.41; 95% confidence interval, 1.84-3.10; P P Conclusion Although all men with EPE have higher BCRFS after RP, men with NF-EPE have worse BCRFS than those with F-EPE, supporting the need to substratify pT3a prostate cancer in the American Joint Committee on Cancer staging system.
Geophysica: MATLAB-based software for the simulation, display and processing of near-surface geophysical data

A MATLAB-based computer code has been developed for the simulation and processing of near-surface geophysical data. The methods considered include: seismic reflection and refraction, ground penetrating radar, magnetometry, electromagnetic induction, gravity, and electrical resistivity. The primary motivation for this effort is to support the teaching of near-surface geophysics; however, the code can also be used as a tool to design field surveys and to display and process actual data. The complete code is a sequence of "m-files" and, as such, it is easily modified or extended to suit the needs of other users.
A History of Music Therapy Journal Articles Published in the English Language

Music therapists have had an interest in bibliographic research for over 20 years, beginning with Jellison's 1973 analysis of the frequency and types of articles appearing in the existing music therapy literature. Since then, several other researchers have continued in this line of inquiry. The purpose of this study was to (a) identify historical trends in the types of articles that have been published in major music therapy periodicals in the English language, (b) identify historical trends for each type of article within each music therapy journal, (c) to compare percentages of article types within each music therapy journal and (d) to compare percentages of article types across journals. Specifically, how many quantitative, qualitative, historical, philosophical/theoretical, clinical and professional articles have been published throughout the history of the following journals: Journal of Music Therapy, Music Therapy: Journal of the American Association for Music Therapy, Music Therapy Perspectives, The Arts in Psychotherapy, Journal of the Association for Music & Imagery, The Australian Journal of Music Therapy, The Nordic Journal of Music Therapy, The British Journal of Music Therapy, and The New Zealand Society for Music Therapy Journal.
Optimal decision-making with minimal waste: strategyproof redistribution of VCG payments

Mechanisms for coordinating group decision-making among self-interested agents often employ a trusted center, capable of enforcing the prescribed outcome. Typically such mechanisms, including the ubiquitous Vickrey Clarke Groves (VCG), require significant transfer payments from agents to the center. While this is sought after in some settings, it is often an unwanted cost of implementation. We propose a modification of the VCG framework that---by using domain information regarding agent valuation spaces---is often able to achieve redistribution of much of the required transfer payments back among the agents, thus coming closer to budget-balance. The proposed mechanism is strategyproof, ex post individual rational, no-deficit, and leads to an efficient outcome; we prove that among all mechanisms with these qualities and an anonymity property it is optimally balanced, in that no mechanism ever yields greater payoff to the agents. We provide a general characterization of when strategyproof redistribution is possible, and demonstrate specifically that substantial redistribution can be achieved in allocation problems.
Estimating Velocity for Processive Motor Proteins with Random Detachment

We show that, for a wide range of models, the empirical velocity of processive motor proteins has a limiting Pearson type VII distribution with finite mean but infinite variance. We develop maximum likelihood inference for this Pearson type VII distribution. In two simulation studies, we compare the performance of our MLE with the performance of standard Student’s t-based inference. The studies show that incorrectly assuming normality (1) can lead to imprecise inference regarding motor velocity in the one-sample case, and (2) can significantly reduce power in the two-sample case. These results should be of interest to experimentalists who wish to engineer motors possessing specific functional characteristics.
The role of exercise in reducing the risks of gestational diabetes mellitus.

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is the most common medical complication of pregnancy and is particularly prevalent among obese women. Both GDM and obesity confer significant comorbidities for the mother and her offspring, including perinatal complications, excessive fetal growth and long-term risks for maternal and offspring obesity and diabetes. Exercise has well-documented health benefits and reduces peripheral insulin resistance in nonpregnant individuals, a major risk factor for the development of diabetes. Observational studies conducted in large population-based cohorts suggest that women who are the most active before pregnancy are less insulin-resistant in late pregnancy and have lower rates of GDM. This article will review the evidence supporting a role for exercise in the prevention of GDM, the management of glycemic control in women with established GDM, and the reduction of GDM-associated maternal and offspring health consequences. Wherever possible, the discussion will focus on studies ca...
Selective removal of transcription-blocking DNA damage from the transcribed strand of the mammalian DHFR gene

We find a dramatic difference in the efficiency of removal of UV-induced pyrimidine dimers from the transcribed and nontranscribed strands of the dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) gene in cultured hamster and human cells. In hamster cells, 80% of the dimers are removed from the transcribed strand in 4 hr, but little repair occurs in the nontranscribed strand even after 24 hr. In human cells, repair is significantly faster in the transcribed strand than in the other strand. Furthermore, in the 5' flanking region of the human DHFR gene, selective rapid repair occurs in the opposite DNA strand relative to the transcribed strand of the DHFR gene. This strand is thought to serve as a template for transcription of a divergent transcript. These results have important implications for excision repair pathways and mutagenesis in mammalian cells.
Direct electron transfer catalyzed by bilirubin oxidase for air breathing gas-diffusion electrodes

Abstract A gas-diffusion electrode based on hydrophobized carbon black composite for enhanced enzymatic oxygen reduction is presented for the possible application as a biocathode in enzymatic fuel cells. Immobilized bilirubin oxidase (BOD) from Myrothecium verrucaria reduces oxygen in a 4-electron mechanism, as shown by Tafel kinetics and shows evidence of direct electron transfer. Under air-breathing conditions the galvanostatic polarization results in an open circuit potential of + 0.65 V (vs. Ag/AgCl, pH 7) and in + 0.5 V at an applied current density of 0.35 mA cm −2 which is 3 times higher compared to aqueous oxygen supply.
The 1950s: Gender and Some Social Science*

Among the literature considered for issues pertaining to gender in the 1950s is David Riesman's The Lonely Crowd (1950), John Seeley, et al., Crestwood Heights (1956), William H. Whyte, Jr., The Organization Man (1956), Jules Henry, Culture against Man, and essays by Talcott Parsons on the family. The paper shows how the authors apparently document the modernization of gender and the family by ignoring or downplaying conventional and conservative factors. In fact, they were more sanguine than even their own evidence warranted, although they seemed unaware of this. By seeing only progressive indicators they neglected the constraints on women, often identified as the “feminine mystique.” Three gender and family issues are considered for actual evidence about what was happening in the 1950s but also for contradictions in the authors' work that yield insights as well. These are whether feminine and masculine sex roles were converging in modern America, the development of companionship marriage, and the issue of “maternal overinvolvement” (or the domineering mother) in childrearing. The work under consideration suggests contradictory gender messages and developments in the postwar period, indicating a period in which possibilities for equality between the sexes were being both created and denied to women.
Quasi-steady flight to quasi-steady flight transition in a windshear - Trajectory guidance

The control (via the angle of attack) of the vertical flight of an aircraft taking off at maximum power in a horizontal wind shear with downdraft is investigated analytically. Optimal trajectories to recover the initial path inclination or to recover quasi-steady flight (the relative values of the velocity, path inclination, and angle of attack) are derived using a Chebyshev approach and shown to be nearly identical in the shear but divergent after the shear. These results are then applied to construct a trajectory-guidance control comprising a variable-gamma guidance scheme for the shear trajectory, a constant-gamma guidance scheme for the immediate postshear trajectory, and a constant-rate-of-climb guidance scheme for the aftershear trajectory. Numerical results demonstrating the near-optimal performance of the control are presented in tables and graphs.
Telomeres: Moonlighting by DNA repair proteins

Chromosome ends, or telomeres, are dynamic DNA structures maintained by a multisubunit telomerase and other proteins. New evidence indicates that proteins previously implicated in the repair of DNA doublestrand breaks also play an important role in the control of telomere organization and length.
Repair of DNA damage produced by ionizing radiation: A minireview

A knowledge of the biochemical and molecular basis of sensitivity to ionizing radiation can provide useful information regarding carcinogenesis, cancer susceptibility, and patient responses to radiotherapy. Various factors can influence radiosensitivity, including the induction, processing, and manifestation of DNA damage. One factor known to strongly affect radiosensitivity is the ability of cells to repair damage to their DNA. Cells have evolved an elaborate array of enzymatic systems to maintain the integrity of their genetic material in the face of numerous agents that alter DNA structure or base sequence. Cellular repair of a macromolecule is known to occur only for DNA. In no other instance is the integrity of a single molecule so vital for the survival of a cell. A number of distinct enzymatic mechanisms are known that result in either the removal of damaged DNA bases or the rejoining of single- and double-strand breaks. In this article, we discuss some of the different types of DNA damage induced by ionizing radiation, including modified bases, sugar damage, strand breaks, and clustered DNA damage. This will be followed by a description of some of the basic mechanisms the cell uses to repair ionizing radiation-induced DNA damage, such as base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, and strand break repair. We will also discuss the relationship between DNA repair and other cellular processes, including transcription and the cell cycle. Recent advances, including the cloning and characterization of DNA repair genes implicated in human inherited disease, have provided new insights into the surprising complexity of cellular responses to DNA damage. Finally, the potential for using this information clinically will be discussed. The goal of this review is to inform the clinician not only about recent progress in the field of DNA repair, but also about relationships between the processing of DNA damage and other cellular functions.
Accuracy of references in four pediatric nursing journals.

Inaccurate references hinder retrieval of documents, may prevent researchers from examining all of the work by an author, and may result in authors not getting credit for their work. This study determines the number and types of errors in references in four widely read pediatric nursing journals. Of the 190 references examined, 79 of them contained an error, for an overall error rate of 41.6%. Major errors, which prevent the rapid retrieval of information, occurred in 28.9% of the references. Minor errors occurred at half the rate (13.7%) of major errors. Errors in the titles of articles, chapters, and books were the most common type of mistake followed by errors in authors' names.
Traditional and not so traditional metaphors of love in Spanish: A way to spread and create ideologies about romance and gender on the Internet

Metaphors about love in online dating advertisements might seem to be an easy and inconsequential way to express people’s romantic expectations. Using Critical Metaphor Analysis methodology, this paper takes a closer look at a sample of love metaphors used by Spanish-speaking heterosexual ad posters, to show how they use the metaphors to create a discourse of traditional romance in a modern medium, the online dating world. These metaphors are powerful tools for conveying traditional ideologies about romance and relationships. Additionally, they provide ad posters with a useful rhetorical tool for portraying themselves as ideal romantic partners, ‘regular’ and/or ‘normal’ heterosexuals, who play according to the regulatory norms of their gender, allowing them to ‘sell’ themselves as better candidates for romance.
U.S. defunding of UNFPA: a moral analysis.

traveled to China to meet with those associated with the UNFPA program there. The delegation was assembled by Frances Kissling, of Catholics for a Free Choice, which also provided support and funding for the necessary travel and adminis- trative services. In China, our contacts included UNFPA administrators, Chinese government officials, and ordinary villagers touched by UNFPA efforts. In the middle of its week-long stay, the delegation left Beijing in three separate groups to travel to remote provincial regions (Hubei, Gansu, and Ningxia). Our goal was to respond to the Bush administration's defunding decision by deepening our understanding of the current Chinese population program and UNFPA's re- lationship to it. In the course of this enquiry, I encountered challenging ques- tions that drew on my own training in ethics in novel ways. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND UNFPA is the world's largest organization providing family planning and re- productive health services. It was established in 1969 as the United Nations Fund for Population Activities. In 1987, the Economic and Social Council decided to rename it the United Nations Population Fund, but to retain the original abbre- viation-acronym. UNFPA works to improve access to and the quality of family planning services in more than 140 of the poorest countries in the world. It is also very active in providing services aimed at preventing the spread of HIV/ AIDS. It does not provide abortion services, but works to prevent abortion through family planning and to help countries provide services for women suffering from the complications of unsafe abortion.
Extrauterine Müllerian adenosarcoma; a clinicopathologic report of a case with distant metastases and review of the literature.

Abstract This is a report of a Mullerian adenosarcoma of homologous type which arose from the right pelvic sidewall and presented as a pelvic hematoma in a 46-year-old woman. The tumor was locally aggressive and histologically similar to cases arising in the uterus reported earlier by Clement and Scully. Following her death from B. fragilis septicemia, the autopsy revealed widespread, occult hematogenous metastases composed entirely of the sarcomatous element of the tumor. The problems in diagnosis and management of a pelvic sidewall neoplasm are presented, and the methods of therapy of the homologous and heterologous forms of this new entity are reviewed and discussed in relation to their biologic behavior.
Examination of adsorbed oleate layers at a fluorite surface by contact angle measurements and FT-IR/IRS spectroscopy

Molecular layers of oleate at a fluorite crystal surface were prepared by spontaneous adsorption from alkaline aqueous solutions of sodium oleate. The adsorption density of such oleate layers was determined by Fourier transform infrared internal reflection spectroscopy (FT-IR/IRS). Advancing and receding contact angles were measured for water drops on these carboxylate layers using the sessile-drop technique. The effect of surface heterogeneity (as established by the extent of oleate adsorption) on contact angle hysteresis for varying drop size is demonstrated. It was observed that both the contact angle hysteresis and contact angle/drop size relationship depend on the extent of deviation of the adsorbed layer from an ideal well-organized monolayer. Experimental results support the position that it is of particular importance to examine both the advancing and receding contact angles with varying drop size whenever the sessile-drop technique is used to describe the nature of heterogeneous surfaces, includi...
Two-phase partition studies of alkali cation complexation by ionophores.

The partition of alkali cations and anions between an aqueous and an immiscible organic phase has been studied in the absence and presence of neutral and carboxylic ionophores of the valinomycin and nigericin types, respectively. Cation extraction into the organic phase was augmented considerably by the ionophores, and a cation specificity of K+≧Rb+>Cs+≫Na+ was found for all the neutral ionophores tested. Evidence is given that the actual values of ion specificity are a function of the solvent polarity, especially for valinomycin where an inversion of the K+/Rb+ specificity was observed. The ionophores examined have the following rank order of effectiveness for K+ extraction into a standard organic phase consisting of 70% toluene-30%n-butanol: valinomycin>18-crown-6≫trinactin>enniatin B≈dinactin>monactin>nonactin. The ion affinity and selectivity data thus obtained have been compared with data previously reported.
High sequence variations in the region containing genes encoding a cellular morphogenesis protein and the repressor of sexual development help to reveal origins of Aspergillus oryzae

Aspergillus oryzae and Aspergillus flavus are closely related fungal species. The A. flavus morphotype that produces numerous small sclerotia (S strain) and aflatoxin has a unique 1.5 kb deletion in the norB-cypA region of the aflatoxin gene cluster (i.e. the S genotype). Phylogenetic studies have indicated that an isolate of the nonaflatoxigenic A. flavus with the S genotype is the ancestor of A. oryzae. Genome sequence comparison between A. flavus NRRL3357, which produces large sclerotia (L strain), and S-strain A. flavus 70S identified a region (samA-rosA) that was highly variable in the two morphotypes. A third type of samA-rosA region was found in A. oryzae RIB40. The three samA-rosA types were later revealed to be commonly present in A. flavus L-strain populations. Of the 182 L-strain A. flavus field isolates examined, 46%, 15% and 39% had the samA-rosA type of NRRL3357, 70S and RIB40, respectively. The three types also were found in 18 S-strain A. flavus isolates with different proportions. For A. oryzae, however, the majority (80%) of the 16 strains examined had the RIB40 type and none had the NRRL3357 type. The results suggested that A. oryzae strains in the current culture collections were mostly derived from the samA-rosA/RIB40 lineage of the nonaflatoxigenic A. flavus with the S genotype.
Novel ring chemistry of vitamin B6 with singlet oxygen and an activated ene: isolated products and identified intermediates suggesting an operable [3 + 2] cycloaddition.

Pyridoxine reaction with 1O2 in aqueous solution at neutral pH resulted in oxidation at the 2- and 6-positions of the pyridine ring and unprecedented ring contraction. Kinetic and low temperature studies provided observable intermediates by NMR spectroscopy. In addition, novel cycloaddition between pyridoxine and N-methylmaleimide, without N-alkylation and in water, suggest a common [3 + 2] cycloaddition with the 3-hydroxypyridine ring.
Introduction to “Anthropology and Human Rights in a New Key”

In this “In Focus” introduction, I begin by offering an overview of anthropology's engagements with human rights following the American Anthropological Association's (AAA) 1947 “Statement on Human Rights.” After offering a rereading of the Statement, I describe the two major anthropological orientations to human rights that emerged in the 1980s and 1990s, following several decades of relative disengagement. Finally, I locate the articles in relation to this history and indicate how, when taken as a whole, they express a new key or register within which human rights can be studied, critiqued, and advanced through anthropological forms of knowledge. This “In Focus” is in part an argument for an essentially ecumenical anthropology of human rights, one that can tolerate, and indeed encourage, approaches that are both fundamentally critical of contemporary human rights regimes and politically or ethically committed to these same regimes.
Cytokinesis and the contractile ring in fission yeast

The fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe provides a genetic model system for the study of cytokinesis. As in many eukaryotes, cell division in the fission yeast requires an actin-myosin-based contractile ring. Numerous components of the contractile ring that function in ring assembly, positioning and contraction have been characterized. Many of these proteins are evolutionarily conserved, suggesting that common molecular mechanisms may govern aspects of eukaryotic cell division. Recent advances in the assembly and placement of the contractile ring are discussed. In particular, major findings have been made in the characterization of myosins in cytokinesis, and in how the cell division site may be positioned by the nucleus.
The Past, Present, and Future of Silicon Photonics

The pace of the development of silicon photonics has quickened since 2004 due to investment by industry and government. Commercial state-of-the-art CMOS silicon-on-insulator (SOI) foundries are now being utilized in a crucial test of 1.55-mum monolithic optoelectronic (OE) integration, a test sponsored by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA). The preliminary results indicate that the silicon photonics are truly CMOS compatible. RD however, lasing has not yet been attained. The new paradigm for the Si-based photonic and optoelectric integrated circuits is that these chip-scale networks, when suitably designed, will operate at a wavelength anywhere within the broad spectral range of 1.2-100 mum, with cryocooling needed in some cases
Sustained influence of the renal nerves to attenuate sodium retention in angiotensin hypertension.

Recent studies indicate that baroreflex suppression of renal sympathetic nerve activity is sustained for up to 5 days of ANG II infusion; however, steady-state conditions are not associated with AN...
Link communities reveal multiscale complexity in networks

Networks have become a key approach to understanding systems of interacting objects, unifying the study of diverse phenomena including biological organisms and human society. One crucial step when studying the structure and dynamics of networks is to identify communities: groups of related nodes that correspond to functional subunits such as protein complexes or social spheres. Communities in networks often overlap such that nodes simultaneously belong to several groups. Meanwhile, many networks are known to possess hierarchical organization, where communities are recursively grouped into a hierarchical structure. However, the fact that many real networks have communities with pervasive overlap, where each and every node belongs to more than one group, has the consequence that a global hierarchy of nodes cannot capture the relationships between overlapping groups. Here we reinvent communities as groups of links rather than nodes and show that this unorthodox approach successfully reconciles the antagonistic organizing principles of overlapping communities and hierarchy. In contrast to the existing literature, which has entirely focused on grouping nodes, link communities naturally incorporate overlap while revealing hierarchical organization. We find relevant link communities in many networks, including major biological networks such as protein-protein interaction and metabolic networks, and show that a large social network contains hierarchically organized community structures spanning inner-city to regional scales while maintaining pervasive overlap. Our results imply that link communities are fundamental building blocks that reveal overlap and hierarchical organization in networks to be two aspects of the same phenomenon.
Development of gas standards from solid 1,4-dichlorobenzene

For over fifteen years the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has been preparing gas standards containing volatile organic compounds at sub μmol/mol (ppm) concentrations. These standards have been prepared using organic compounds that are either gases or liquids at room temperature. A microgravimetric technique was developed previously to prepare standards containing these compounds in treated aluminum gas cylinders using a one step dilution. Requests were received to prepare gas standards containing the compound 1,4-dichlorobenzene. These requests posed a major problem in that 1,4-dichlorobenzene is a solid at room temperature. Research was undertaken, using the microgravimetric procedure, to determine if it was feasible to prepare gas standards from solid phase compounds. In the first stage of research the liquid phase compound 1,2-dichlorobenzene, previously studied at NIST in gas mixtures, was used as an internal standard. Results from analyses of a prepared gas standard showed that the response factor on a gas chromatograph flame-ionization detector for 1,3-dichlorobenzene was 3% less than that for 1,2-dichlorobenzene. Additional analyses using liquid solution standards also showed a lower response factor for 1,3-dichlorobenzene of 2.9% on average. It was assumed that 1,4-dichlorobenzene would have a similar response and that the 1,2-dichlorobenzene response could be used to determine the concentration of 1,4-dichlorobenzene. Analyses of a liquid solution standard confirmed that the response factor for 1,4-dichlorobenzene was on average 3.2% less than that of 1,2-dichlorobenzene. A gas standard was prepared containing 1,2- and 1,4-dichlorobenzene at nominal concentrations of 250 nmol/mol (ppb). Analytical results showed that the concentration of 1,4-dichlorobenzene determined from 1,2-dichlorobenzene was within 3% of the gravimetric value. Further research using two standards containing 1,4-dichlorobenzene revealed that they agreed exactly with the gravimetric concentrations. These results verified the ability to prepare accurate gas standards of 1,4-dichlorobenzene in gas cylinders.
Electrochemistry in Nanostructered Inorganic Molecular Materials

We have previously described the synthesis of a family of molecular ‘squares’ based on octahedral Re(I) coordination of difunctional bridging ligands. The size and chemical composition of the square cavity is highly tunable, and the inorganic cyclophanes are being actively studied in catalytic, separations, and sensing applications. Electrochemical techniques have been primary methods for characterization of the transport properties of thin films of the nanostructured materials. For example, cyclic voltammetry and rotating disk electrode voltammetry experiments have revealed size-selective permeation by redox probes, where the size cutoff is determined by the internal square dimensions. We have more recently begun to employ scanning electrochemical microscopy to spatially image micropatterned electrodes containing these thin film materials, simultaneously allowing us to obtain permeability data and topographical information. This paper describes data obtained by employing porphyrin-based molecular squares that feature chemically tailored cavities.
Vasopressin increases urea permeability in the initial IMCD from diabetic rats.

In normal rats, vasopressin and hyperosmolality enhance urea permeability (Purea) in the terminal, but not in the initial inner medullary collecting duct (IMCD), a process thought to occur through ...
A Mutation Affecting Dihydropyridine-Sensitive Current Levels and Activation Kinetics in Drosophila Muscle and Mammalian Heart Calcium Channels

The Dmca1D gene encodes a Drosophila calcium channel α1 subunit. We describe the first functional characterization of a mutation in this gene. This α1 subunit mediates the dihydropyridine-sensitive calcium channel current in larval muscle but does not contribute to the amiloride-sensitive current in that tissue. A mutation, which changes a highly conserved Cys to Tyr in transmembrane domain IS1, identifies a residue important for channel function not only in Drosophila muscle but also in mammalian cardiac channels. In both cases, mutations in this Cys residue slow channel activation and reduce expressed currents. Amino acid substitutions at this Cys position in the cardiac α1 subunit show that the size of the side chain, rather than its ability to form disulfide bonds, affects channel activation.
Outward Bound: Strategic for Team Survival in an Organization

Using an external perspective as a research lens, this study examined team-context interaction in five consulting teams. The data revealed three strategies toward the teams' environment: informing, parading, and probing. Informing teams remain relatively isolated from their environment; parading teams have high levels of passive observation of the environment; and probing teams actively engage outsiders. Probing teams revise their knowledge of the environment through external contact, initiate programs with outsiders, and promote their team's achievements within their organization. In this study, they were rated as the highest performers among the teams, although member satisfaction and cohesiveness suffered in the short run. Results suggested that external activities are better predictors of team performance than internal group processes for teams facing external dependence.
Lipopolysaccharide and Peptidoglycan Share Binding Sites on Human Peripheral Blood Monocytes

p73, a binding site for lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on human peripheral blood monocytes was identified using the radiolabeled photoaffinity cross-linker sulfosuccinimidyl 2-(p-azidosalicylamido)ethyl-1,3'-dithiopropionate (SASD). The 125I-labeled conjugate of SASD and LPS (125I-labeled ASD-LPS) was bound to monocytes and UV cross-linked, and the cellular extracts were analyzed with two-dimensional SDS-PAGE and autoradiography. In addition to the major binding site on human monocytes at 73 kDa, isoelectric point 5.95, there were multiple minor binding sites that recognized both smooth and rough LPS. Binding of 125I-labeled ASD-LPS to monocytes is concentration dependent, decreased in the absence of calcium and magnesium, and inhibited by either excess LPS or the low-molecular-weight soluble isolate of bacterial cell wall peptidoglycan (sPGN). However, sPGN only minimally stimulates tumor necrosis factor (TNF) secretion by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. In contrast, the relatively insoluble high-molecular-weight peptidoglycan significantly stimulates TNF secretion.
Globalization, Development, and International Institutions: Normative and Positive Perspectives

At the conclusion of World War II, several international institutions were created to manage the world economy and prevent another Great Depression. These institutions include the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (now called the World Bank), and the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), which was expanded and institutionalized into the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 1995. These institutions have not only persisted for over five decades, but they have also expanded their mandates, changed their missions, and increased their membership. They have, however, become highly contested. As Stiglitz notes, “International bureaucrats—the faceless symbols of the world economic order—are under attack everywhere…. Virtually every major meeting of the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank and the World Trade Organization is now the scene of conflict and turmoil.”Helen V. Milner is the B. C. Forbes Professor of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton University and the director of the Center for Globalization and Governance at Princeton's Woodrow Wilson School (hmilner@Princeton.edu). She has written extensively on issues related to international trade, the connections between domestic politics and foreign policy, globalization and regionalism, and the relationship between democracy and trade policy. Her writings include Interests, Institutions, and Information: Domestic Politics and International Relations (1997), Internationalization and Domestic Politics (co-edited with Robert O. Keohane, 1996), “Why the Move to Free Trade? Democracy and Trade Policy in the Developing Countries” (International Organization 2005), “The Optimal Design of International Trade Institutions: Uncertainty and Escape” (coauthored with B. Peter Rosendorff, International Organization, 2001). The author thanks David Baldwin, Chuck Beitz, Robert O. Keohane, Erica Gould, Steve Macedo, Lisa Martin, Thomas Pogge, Tom Romer, and Jim Vreeland for invaluable comments. She also received much useful advice from seminars at Princeton University and the Rockefeller Foundation's Bellagio Study and Conference Center.
Natural Convection Heat Transfer From Vertical Cylinders

Natural convection heat transfer from vertical cylinders is an extensively studied subject. Many references provide a criterion for approximating the heat transfer from a vertical cylinder with a vertical flat plate. This can be done if the boundary-layer thickness of the resultant buoyant flow is small compared to the diameter of the cylinder. This chapter is divided into the following sections: early experimental studies, early analytical studies, and modern studies. Natural convection Nusselt number correlations for round vertical cylinders are presented.
A model for the interaction of frog population dynamics with Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, Janthinobacterium lividum and temperature and its implication for chytridiomycosis management

Abstract Chytridiomycosis is an emerging disease caused by the fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) that poses a serious threat to frog populations worldwide. Several studies have shown that inoculation of bacterial species Janthinobacterium lividum (Jl) can mitigate the impact of the disease. However, there are many questions regarding this interaction. A mathematical model of a frog population infected with chytridiomycosis is developed to investigate how the inoculation of Jl could reduce the impact of Bd disease on frogs. The model also illustrates the important role of temperature in disease dynamics. The model simulation results suggest possible control strategies for Jl to limit the impact of Bd in various scenarios. However, a better knowledge of Jl life cycle is needed to fully understand the interaction of Jl, Bd, temperature and frogs.
Aspects of Gas Phase Chemistry During Chemical Vapor Deposition of Ti−Si−N Thin Films With Ti(NMe2)4 (TDMAT), NH3, and SiH4

Silane activation, predominantly in the gas phase, has been observed during the chemical vapor deposition of Ti-Si-N thin films using Ti(NMe2)4, tetrakis(dimethylamido)titanium, silane, and ammonia at 450°C, using molecular beam mass spectrometry. The extent of silane reactivity was dependent upon the relative amounts of Ti(NMe2)4and NH3. Additionally, each TDMAT molecule activates multiple silane molecules. Ti-Si-N thin films were deposited using similar process conditions as the molecular beam experiments, and RBS and XPS were used to determine their atomic composition. The variations of the Ti:Si ratio in the films as a function of Ti(NMe2)4 and NH3 flows were consistent with the changes in silane reactivity under similar conditions.