cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Childhood Morbidity and Mortality in Europe’s Industrial Era

The Industrial Era of Europe (eighteenth-twentieth centuries) experienced increased economic and job growth leading many people to move to city centers. This rapid urbanization (i.e., the movement of people from rural areas into urban centers increasing the population within those areas) led to political instability and increased inequalities. As a result, societies were not prepared for the rising sanitation, dietary, and medical needs of their populations. Many people, especially the most vulnerable members of society like children, suffered from increased rates of diseases, malnutrition, and mortality. This study examines morbidity and mortality risks of children (0–18 years) from varied socioeconomic status (SES) backgrounds. The presence of stress markers and Kaplan-Meier survival analysis were used to test three hypotheses: (1) children from low SES backgrounds will display more evidence of stress and lower survivability; (2) males will display greater frequencies of stress markers and lower survivability; and (3) those with stress markers, particularly those with evidence of accumulated stress, will exhibit lower survivability.
Liquid metal composites for flexible thermoelectric energy harvesting

Thermoelectric generators (TEGs) have received immense attention in the area of wearable electronics because they offer self-sustainable power sources. Regardless of the past advances in wearable thermoelectric generators, the level of flexibility and durability of such devices has remained limited. Here, we present our recent work on wearable TEGs based on liquid metal (LM) composites that are utilized as thermal material interfaces. These multifunctional layers of LM composites provide conformity with skin and efficiently transfer body heat to thermoelectric modules while they increase heat dissipation on the upper side of the device. The LM composites consist of eutectic gallium indium (EGaIn) inclusions and a silicone-based elastomer matrix (polydimethylsiloxane, PDMS). The embedded EGaIn droplets significantly enhance the thermal conductivity of the silicone matrix which is suitable for heat absorption and dissipation. In the case of EGaIn microdroplets, electrically conductive pathways can be created to function as an integrated circuit board. This is achieved by mechanical sintering of the embedded EGaIn droplets. Moreover, the soft and stretchable nature of the LM composites allows for intimate contact between the hot/cold surfaces (i.e., human skin) and the thermoelectric device. The TEG devices with LM composite show enhanced power generation particularly in wearable devices. Different types of flexible TEGs are fabricated here, and their performance is characterized by thermoelectrical and electromechanical measurements. Lastly, their potential application in self-powered wearable devices is discussed.
Drop-of-blood acoustic tweezing technique for integrative turbidimetric and elastometric measurement of blood coagulation.

Many patients develop coagulation abnormalities due to chronic and hereditary disorders, infectious disease, blood loss, extracorporeal circulation, and oral anticoagulant misuse. These abnormalities lead to bleeding or thrombotic complications, the risk of which is assessed by coagulation analysis. Current coagulation tests pose safety concerns for neonates and small children due to large sample volume requirement and may be unreliable for patients with coagulopathy. This study introduces a containerless drop-of-blood method for coagulation analysis, termed “integrated quasi-static acoustic tweezing thromboelastometry” (i-QATT™), that addresses these needs. In i-QATT™, a single drop of blood is forced to levitate and deform by the acoustic radiation force. Coagulation-induced changes in drop turbidity and firmness are measured simultaneously at different instants. The parameters describing early, intermediate, and late stages of the coagulation process are evaluated from the resulting graphical outputs. i-QATT™ rapidly ( 0.9) was established between fibrinogen concentration and two i-QATT™ parameters: maximum clot firmness and maximum fibrin level. Factor XIII activity was uniquely measured by the fibrin network formation time (r2 = 0.9). Reaction time, fibrin formation rate, and time to firm clot formation were linearly correlated with heparin concentration (r2 > 0.7). tPA-induced hyperfibrinolysis was detected in the clot firmness output at 10 min. i-QATT™ provides comprehensive coagulation analysis in point-of-care or laboratory settings, well suited to the needs of neonatal and pediatric patients and adult patients with anemia or blood collection issues.
Acoustic phonon dispersion measured with time-resolved x-ray diffraction

Summary form only given. The experiments reported were conducted at the Advanced Photon Source. An undulator/cryogenically cooled Si monochromator pair produced 10 keV x-rays for the experiment. A commercial Ti:sapphire 840 nm, 70 fs, 1 kHz laser system was phase locked to the electron bunches in the storage ring. The laser is used to impulsively excite a two side polished Ge [100] single crystal. The absorption of the ultrafast optical light on the crystal surface generates a coherent acoustic pulse. The symmetric 400 diffraction plane was used to diffract the X-rays. The time-resolved x-ray detector was an avalanche photodiode. Acoustic pulses generated at the crystal surface propagate into the crystal bulk in a direction parallel to the surface normal. Because both crystal faces are highly polished, the acoustic pulse traverses the crystal bulk many times. The time-resolved x-ray diffraction measurement of an impulsively strained Ge crystal is shown. The crystal is oriented such that the expansion component was measured. The slow decaying background represents the static heated layer at the crystal surface, which thermally diffuses in /spl sim/ 200 ns. Each time the acoustic pulse is in the vicinity of the crystal face an increase in diffraction efficiency is observed. The period of the diffraction spikes represents the acoustic pulse round trip time through the 280 /spl mu/m thick crystal.
Open Set RF Fingerprinting using Generative Outlier Augmentation.

RF devices can be identified by unique imperfections embedded in the signals they transmit called RF fingerprints. The closed set classification of such devices, where the identification must be made among an authorized set of transmitters, has been well explored. However, the much more difficult problem of open set classification, where the classifier needs to reject unauthorized transmitters while recognizing authorized transmitters, has only been recently visited. So far, efforts at open set classification have largely relied on the utilization of signal samples captured from a known set of unauthorized transmitters to aid the classifier learn unauthorized transmitter fingerprints. Since acquiring new transmitters to use as known transmitters is highly expensive, we propose to use generative deep learning methods to emulate unauthorized signal samples for the augmentation of training datasets. We develop two different data augmentation techniques, one that exploits a limited number of known unauthorized transmitters and the other that does not require any unauthorized transmitters. Experiments conducted on a dataset captured from a WiFi testbed indicate that data augmentation allows for significant increases in open set classification accuracy, especially when the authorized set is small.
Pediatric Supracondylar Humerus Fractures Can Be Safely Treated by Orthopaedic Surgeons With and Without Pediatric Fellowship Training.

Background The purpose of this study was to compare the outcomes of pediatric patients who were surgically treated for a supracondylar humerus fracture by pediatric fellowship-trained orthopaedic surgeons (PFT) to the outcomes of those surgically treated by orthopaedic surgeons without pediatric fellowship training (NPFT). We hypothesized that there would be no differences in patient outcomes. Methods A retrospective review of pediatric patients who underwent surgical treatment for a supracondylar humerus fracture with closed reduction and percutaneous pinning (CRPP) or open reduction and percutaneous pinning (ORPP) at a regional level 1 trauma center over a 5-year period was performed. Exclusion criteria were inadequate follow up or absence of postoperative radiographs. Results A total of 201 patients met the inclusion criteria. Pediatric-fellowship trained orthopaedic surgeons treated 15.9% of patients. There was no statistically significant difference in carrying angle, Baumann's angle, or lateral rotation percentage at final follow up between PFT and NPFT groups. There was no permanent neurovascular compromise in either group. Patients treated by NPFT were more likely to return to the operating room for pin removal. Conclusion In this study, there was no difference in radiographic outcomes for patients with supracondylar humerus fractures surgically treated by either group. This suggests that pediatric supracondylar humerus fractures may be appropriately treated in communities without a pediatric-fellowship trained orthopaedic surgeon without compromised outcomes.Level of Evidence: III.
Elevated platelet count before ileal pouch-anal anastomosis for ulcerative colitis is associated with the development of chronic pouchitis

Acute pouchitis (AP) after ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA) is common and easily treated. However, chronic pouchitis (CP) remains a difficult management problem and may represent a form of Crohn disease (CD) of the ileal pouch. Because CD patients have higher platelet counts than ulcerative colotis (UC) patients, we prospectively evaluated the association between preoperative platelet count and pouchitis development in 159 patients undergoing IPAA. Reactive thrombocytosis (RT) was defined as a platelet count >450 x 10 9 /L. Median preoperative platelet count was 312 x 10 9 /L (range, 103 x 10 9 /L to 886 x 10 9 /L). One hundred twenty-five patients (79%) had a normal (150 x 10 9 /L to 450 x 10 9 /L) platelet count (-RT patient group). Twenty-eight patients (18%) had RT. Six patients (3%) had a platelet count below 150 x 10 9 /L. After a median follow-up of 13 months, 45 patients (28%) developed pouchitis. Pouchitis developed in 33 +RT patients (26%) versus 9 -RT patients (32%) (P = NS). UC patients who had +RT had a 25 per cent incidence of CP compared to only 7 per cent of those UC patients who had -RT (P = 0.03). The incidence of CP was significantly higher after IPAA in UC patients having thrombocytosis before surgery compared to UC patients having a normal platelet count before surgery.
Frappé: Functional Reactive Programming in Java

Functional Reactive Programming (FRP) is a declarative programming model for constructing interactive applications based on a continuous model of time. FRP programs are described in terms of behaviors (continuous, time-varying, reactive values), and events (conditions that occur at discrete points in time). This paper presents FrappE, an implementation of FRP in the Java progamming language. The primary contribution of FrappE is its integration of the FRP event/behavior model with the Java Beans event/property model. At the interface level, any Java Beans component may be used as a source or sink for the FRP event and behavior combinators. This provides a mechanism for extending FrappE with new kinds of I/O connections and allows FRP to be used as a high-level declarative model for composing applications from Java Beans components. At the implementation level, the Java Beans event model is used internally by FrappE to propagate FRP events and changes to FRP behaviors. This allows FrappE applications to be packaged as Java Beans components for use in other applications, and yields an implementation of FRP well-suited to the requirements of event-driven applications (such as graphical user interfaces).
Fundamentals of Treaty-Making on Climate Change

The challenge of building a viable treaty response to climate change is enormous and multifaceted. President Bush9s rejection of the Kyoto Protocol highlights the risk that any given proposal will encounter considerable resistance and requires us to reassess the logic behind the last decade of efforts to build an international regime. Sandalow and Bowles review scientific, economic, political, and diplomatic factors that make treaty-making on climate change particularly difficult and present seven key architectural elements for a successful treaty response.
Activation of Human Plasminogen by Urokinase PARTIAL CHARACTERIZATION OF A PRE-ACTIVATION PEPTIDE

Abstract The activation of human plasminogen by urokinase has been examined by sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis and by amino acid sequence analysis. Plasminogen, purified from human plasma by affinity chromatography, was found to have a molecular weight of 87,000, and an NH2-terminal sequence of Glu-Pro-Leu-Asp-Asp-Tyr-Val-Asn-Thr-Gln-Gly-. Neither lysine nor valine was detected at the NH2 terminus. Activation in the presence of 1-chloro-3-tosyl-amido-7-amino-2-heptanone resulted in the formation of a peptide with a molecular weight of 8,200 and an intermediate form of plasminogen which possessed a molecular weight of 80,000 and lysine at the NH2 terminus. This intermediate form was then converted to plasmin, composed of a heavy chain (molecular weight 55,000) and a light chain (molecular weight 26,000). The peptide cleaved prior to plasmin formation, henceforth called the pre-activation peptide, is not linked by disulfide bonds to the rest of the molecule; amino acid sequence analysis indicates that it originates from the NH2 terminus of plasminogen with NH2-terminal glutamic acid. The sequence of the first 8 NH2-terminal residues of the heavy chain of plasmin was found to be Lys-Val-Tyr-Leu-Ser-Glu-Phe-Lys-; a minor amount of the des-lysyl NH2-terminal sequence was also found. Activation of plasminogen in the absence of 1-chloro-3-tosylamido-7-amino-2-heptanone indicated that the pre-activation peptide was not only rapidly released but also rapidly degraded. In addition, loss of plasmin activity occurred concomitantly with proteolysis of the light chain, which resulted in formation of two fragments with molecular weights of 18,000 and 6,500. Degradation of the heavy chain was not observed. The light chain fragments are joined by disulfide bonds, and are clearly different from the pre-activation peptide by several criteria. In 25% glycerol, the loss of plasmin activity was also correlated with light chain degradation; after prolonged incubation, heavy chain was also degraded to a lower molecular weight species. It is concluded that the activation of human plasminogen by urokinase occurs by the cleavage of at least two peptide bonds in a sequential manner, involving the initial release of an NH2-terminal pre-activation peptide to form an intermediate plasminogen which is then converted to the active enzyme, plasmin.
Topics in theoretical surface science: I Structures of clean and adsorbate covered surfaces II Epitaxy of metals on metal surfaces

We provide a detailed analysis and discussion of the recently developed corrected effective medium method (CEM) as applied to the calculations of the bulk cohesive energies of the second and third row metals. The results demonstrate that a quantitatively accurate description of these quantities requires a new "covalent" embedding function instead of the SCF-LD Puska et al. [29] "ionic" embedding function. Construction of these covalent embedding functions from diatomic and bulk electron density binding potentials is detailed. We present the formalism within the CEM method for the calculation of the surface energy of infinitely periodic two-dimensional solid surfaces. Calculations of the surface energies for the perfectly terminated low miller index faces of Na, Mg, Al, K, Ca, Fe, Ni and Cu are carried out. These results are compared to experimental measurements and very good agreement is found for almost all of these metals. More demanding multilayer surface relaxation calculations are performed for Al(lll),(110),(100), Ni(110),(100), and Fe(100). Very good agreement with experimental observations is obtained for these systems with the exception of Al(lll) and (100). Detailed analysis of these calculations leads to an explanation of the relaxation process and its driving components.
Variable flip angle balanced steady-state free precession for lower SAR or higher contrast cardiac cine imaging.

Purpose Cardiac cine balanced steady-state free precession (bSSFP) imaging uses a high flip angle (FA) to obtain high blood-myocardium signal-to-noise and contrast-to-noise ratios (CNR). Use of high FAs, however, results in substantially increased SAR. Our objective was to develop a variable FA bSSFP cardiac cine imaging technique with: (1) low SAR and blood-myocardium CNR similar to conventional constant FA bSSFP (CFA-bSSFP) or (2) increased blood-myocardium CNR compared to CFA-bSSFP with similar SAR. Methods Variable FA bSSFP cardiac cine imaging was achieved using an asynchronous k-space acquisition, which is asynchronous to the cardiac cycle (aVFA-bSSFP). Bloch simulations and phantom experiments were performed to compare the signal, resolution, and frequency response of the variable FA bSSFP and CFA-bSSFP schemes. Ten volunteers were imaged with different aVFA-bSSFP and asynchronous CFA-bSSFP schemes and compared to conventional segmented CFA-bSSFP. Results The SAR of aVFA-bSSFP is significantly decreased by 36% compared to asynchronous CFA-bSSFP (1.9 ± 0.2 vs. 3.0 ± 0.2 W/kg, P < 10−10) for similar blood-myocardium CNR (34 ± 6 vs. 35 ± 9, P = 0.5). Alternately, the CNR of the aVFA-bSSFP is improved by 28% compared to asynchronous CFA-bSSFP (49 ± 9 vs. 38 ± 8, P < 10−4) with similar SAR (3.2 ± 0.5 vs. 3.3 ± 0.5 W/kg, P = 0.6). Conclusion aVFA-bSSFP can be used for lower SAR or higher contrast cardiac cine imaging compared to the conventional segmented CFA-bSSFP imaging. Magn Reson Med 71:1035–1043, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Logic of Δ

I argue that the ‘aoristic’ operators, which are intended to describe the logic of vagueness, do not form a standard modal logic. I redefine the operators so that they do form a standard modal logic, provide a semantics of that logic, and argue that the logic is not as strong as standardly claimed.
The Position of Migrants in the Urban Informal Labour Markets in Côte d'lvoire

The paper describes the formal and informal sectors of the urban labour markets in Cote d'lvoire, and investigates the determinants of access to each, with a focus on the role of migrant status. A direct definition of the formal sector is used which captures the degree of legal and institutional protection available to workers. The frequently used proxy criterion, size of enterprise, is shown to misclassify many workers. The results indicate that the informal sector is not internally homogeneous, and consists of a self-employed and an employee segment. The results do not support the hypothesis that the informal sector serves as a waiting area for workers, especially migrants, while they search for formal sector jobs. Only the employee segment displays a transitory work nature, and prepares workers for moving to the self-employed segment. Copyright 1992 by Oxford University Press.
Rotor blade–vortex interaction noise

Abstract Blade–vortex interaction noise-generated by helicopter main rotor blades is one of the most severe noise problems and is very important both in military applications and community acceptance of rotorcraft. Research over the decades has substantially improved physical understanding of noise-generating mechanisms, and various design concepts have been investigated to control noise radiation using advanced blade planform shapes and active blade control techniques. The important parameters to control rotor blade–vortex interaction noise and vibration have been identified: blade tip vortex structures and its trajectory, blade aeroelastic deformation, and airloads. Several blade tip design concepts have been investigated for diffusing tip vortices and also for reducing noise. However, these tip shapes have not been able to substantially reduce blade–vortex interaction noise without degradation of rotor performance. Meanwhile, blade root control techniques, such as higher-harmonic pitch control (HHC) and individual blade control (IBC) concepts, have been extensively investigated for noise and vibration reduction. The HHC technique has proved the substantial blade–vortex interaction noise reduction, up to 6 dB, while vibration and low-frequency noise have been increased. Tests with IBC techniques have shown the simultaneous reduction of rotor noise and vibratory loads with 2/rev pitch control inputs. Recently, active blade control concepts with smart structures have been investigated with the emphasis on active blade twist and trailing edge flap. Smart structures technologies are very promising, but further advancements are needed to meet all the requirements of rotorcraft applications in frequency, force, and displacement.
School psychology and college learning disabled students: Traning and service possibilities

In recent years, increased attention has been devoted to the applicability of school psychological services to the adult population. Despite such attention, few school psychologists currently are being prepared to service adults. This paper argues that, with increasing numbers of learning disabled students entering postsecondary institutions, there exists an opportunity for school psychology training programs to aid in the servicing of these legally handicapped adults, while, at the same time, providing valuable experience to school psychology students in servicing the adult population. Specifically, this paper provides the reader with an overview of services provided to college learning disabled students, discusses the relationship between such services and school psychological services, and identifies numerous and service possibilities that exist for the profession of school psychology.
Immunomodulation of human natural killer cell cytotoxic function by organochlorine pesticides

Organochlorine pesticides are used worldwide. To our knowledge there have been no studies dealing with the effects of these agents under in vitro conditions on human natural killer (NK) cell cytotoxic function. NK cells play a central role in immune defense against tumor development and viral infections. Thus, any agent that interferes with the ability of NK cells to lyse their targets could increase the risk of tumor incidence and/or viral infections. In this study, we examined the effects of organochlorine pesticides and some of their breakdown products on the ability of human NK cells to lyse tumor cells. A total of 11 compounds were tested. The compounds were tested in both purified NK cells as well as a cell preparation that contained other mononuclear cells (predominantly T cells) and NK lymphocytes (referred to as T/NK cells). Lymphocytes were exposed to the compounds for periods of time ranging from 1 hour to 6 days. Exposure of highly purified NK cells to 5 μ M α-chlordane, γ-chlordane, 4,4'-DDT,...
Realization of both high hydrogen selectivity and capacity in a guest responsive metal–organic framework

Two newly designed semi-flexible tetratopic carboxylate ligands, 5′,5′′′′-(propane-2,2-diyl)bis(2′-methoxy-[1,1′:3′,1′′-terphenyl]-4,4′′-dicarboxylate) (pbtd-OMe4−) and 5′,5′′′′-(propane-2,2-diyl)bis(2′-ethoxy-[1,1′:3′,1′′-terphenyl]-4,4′′-dicarboxylate) (pbtd-OEt4−), have been used to connect dicopper paddlewheel building units to afford two isostructural metal–organic frameworks, Cu2(H2O)2(pbtd-OR)·xS (R = Me, PCN-38·xS; R = Et, PCN-39·xS, S represents noncoordinated guest molecules, PCN = porous coordination network) with novel structure and gas sorption properties upon activation. PCN-39 undergoes structural transformations upon guest solvent removal, leading to observation of distinct phases from in situ powder X-ray diffraction measurements, and exhibits selective adsorption of H2 (up to 2.0 wt%) over CO, CO2, and N2, which can be explained by optimized space-filling of the pendant ethoxy group. PCN-38 undergoes no transformation upon activation and exhibits hydrogen uptake up to 2.2 wt%, as well as moderate uptake of other gases. The selective adsorption of hydrogen over other gases highlights the potential application of PCN-39 in industrially important gas separation.
Remote sensing of soil properties in the Santa Monica mountains I. Spectral analysis

Abstract AVIRIS (Advanced Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer) bands were simulated from laboratory spectra to test their performance in analyzing soil properties from a semiarid region. Multivariate analysis, specifically principal component analysis and canonical discriminant analysis, as well as band depth analysis were applied to study the effect of organic matter, iron content, and texture in a set of samples from two valleys in the Santa Monica Mountains Recreation Area, California. Results showed that total iron and organic matter content were the main factors affecting spectral shape, although sand content significantly affected the spectral contrast of the absorption features. It was shown as well that the elimination of the atmospheric water bands from the analysis did not strongly affect the retrieval of spectral information related to these properties.
GASTRIC EMPTYING AND GASTRIC-INTESTINAL TRANSIT IN RATS WITH VARYING OVARIAN HORMONE STATUS

Basal and stimulated gastric emptying and gastrointestinal (GI) transit in rats of varying ovarian hormone status were compared to define direct ovarian hormone effects on GI function. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) was used to evoke vagal GI motility stimulation. Adult female Sprague-Dawley rats were anesthetized (equithesin), ovariectomized, and implanted with 28-day estrogen (E), progesterone, (P), E+P, or vehicle (V) pellets; males were also studied. On Day 26, fasted rats were anesthetized (urethane). Nonabsorbable 14C polyethylene glycol-4000 in saline was gavaged at t = 0. At t = 5 minutes, TRH or saline was administered intracisternally. At t = 30 or 60 minutes, the GI tract was removed, ligated, sectioned, and counted. Gastric emptying was expressed as 100% minus the ratio of gastric to total counts; GI transit was expressed as geometric center of radioactivity. In saline-treated rats, gastric emptying and GI transit at 60 minutes varied significantly among ovarian hormone-treated groups, with E lower and males elevated. TRH-significantly increased both variables at both times in all groups. Results are consistent with acceleration of upper GI function in the absence of E, possibly contributing to GI symptoms during menopause and late luteal phase.
1144 NEONATAL CEREBRAL ENERGY METABOLISM FOLLOWING EXTENDED MATERNAL CANINE STARVATION (MCS)

Eight pregnant dogs were fasted for 5 days while 6 controls were fasted overnight. After birth, pups were fasted and sacrificed at 0,3,6,9 and 24 hrs of age. Though fetal cerebral glucose (CG) values were equivalent, CG levels became lower following MCS at 3 hrs (1.7±.32vs3.7±.71μ mol/g)+. Thereafter, CG levels were equivalent. Fetal cerebral glycogen (Gly) content was unaffected by MCS however after 24 hrs of neonatal fasting and MCS Gly was lower (1.82±.09vs2.46±.24). Glucose-6-phosphate was unaltered but fructose-6-phosphate was lower at 0,6 and 9 hrs in MCS pups. Cerebral pyruvate levels were similar however lactate was lower at 3 and 6 hrs after MCS. The cytoplasmic NAD/NADH ratio was increased after MCS at 3 hrs (1394±104vs1005±146). There were no alterations of fetal or neonatal citrate levels. Malate was lower in MCS pups at 3,6 and 9 hrs while oxaloacetate was increased at 0 hrs. Aspartate levels were elevated following MCS at 3 and 6 hrs while glutamine was decreased at 3,6 and 9 hrs. Fetal levels of phosphocreatine (PC) and ATP were equivalent. However cerebral PC was depressed at 3,6 and 9 hrs, while ATP was lower at 6 and 9 hrs after MCS. The total adenine nucleotide pool, though equivalent at birth, became lower at 3,6 and 9 hrs. The cerebral energy reserve was lower in MCS pups at 3,6,9 and 24 hrs. These data suggest that neonatal canine cerebral energy metabolism has been adversely affected following MCS. Energy production in particular is most affected as ATP, PC and the total adenine nucleotide pool are diminished.
End-of-life discussions for the primary care obstetrician/gynecologist

This review of end-of-life decisions centers on the role of the obstetrician/gynecologist in assisting women patients to develop advanced directives that are targeted to unique risks of the pregnant woman; these risks are related to trauma, cancer, and aging; to the special need for lesbian couples to identify health proxies; and to the woman's responsibilities as a caregiver to ensure advance directives and medical proxies for the family. End-of-life decisions are much more stressful when surrogate decision makers do not know in advance what decisions a patient would want made if the patient becomes incapacitated.
Pressure-induced superconductivity in cesium and yttrium

Superconductivity has been observed in a high-pressure phase of cesium. Yttrium, normal at zero pressure down to millidegree temperatures, shows pressure-induced superconductivity above 110 kbar, apparently without change in crystal structure. Superconductivity, once restricted to the puzzling case of lanthanum in this part of the periodic system, turns out to be the general phenomenon when we apply pressure.
Marine Cyanobacterial Symbioses

1. INTRODUCTIONSymbioses between cyanobacteria and marine organisms are abundant and widespreadamong marine plants and animals. Generally, they are most likely to be found inoligotrophic areas in which either fixation or dissolved organic carbon (DOC) releasebenefit the host organism, although a few occur in nutrient rich areas such as mudflats.Research on these symbioses is in its infancy, and generally there is very little knownabout the nature of many of these symbioses. Furthermore, from microscopicobservations, it appears that there are many more symbiotic relationships yet to bediscovered.In the marine environment, symbioses are known to occur between cyanobacteriaand sponges, Ascidians (sea squirts), and Echuroid worms in the benthos, and diatoms,dinoflagellates and a protozoan among the plankton. These symbioses can often besignificant in terms of the biogeochemistry of coastal and open ocean areas. Forexample, the heterocystous cyanobacterium,
Lagrangian Mean Circulations in the Stratosphere

The mean Lagrangian motion in the winter stratosphere is computed on the basis of three-dimensional winds derived from the 1978/1979 winter LIMS satellite observations, initializing material tubes of air parcels every 4 days and following them for periods of 10 days each. When the wave amplitudes are large, the tubes break and the parcels disperse; during the major sudden warming, every material tube in the stratosphere was broken, leading to extensive mixing between low and high amplitude parcels. The Lagrangian mean vertical motion tended to be smaller than the motion in the transformed Eulerian coordinate system.
Acoustic 3D localization of a tropical songbird

Acoustic sensor arrays are recognized as an important development for field studies of animal behavior and ecology. While birds live in a 3D world and all dimensions seem important for most birds, use of these arrays has been limited almost entirely to 2D. A notable exception was the development by S. Asgari of Approximate Maximum Likelihood methods for 3D, tested with recorded sounds. Here we describe experiments with a time-of-arrival method for 3D localization of calls from Shrike-tanagers and Wood Wrens in a Mexican rain forest, using an acoustic sensor array we have used in past. Sub-meter accuracy was obtained in all of the x, y, z directions. It appears that the acoustic sensor arrays may prove very helpful for studying the behavior of birds in 3D.
Dietary lipids coinduce xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes in rat liver.

Abstract We examined the role of dietary lipids in regulating the activities and amounts of epoxide hydrolase, UDP-glucuronosy-syltransferase and glutathione S -transferase in rat liver. Male Wistar rats were fed a fat-free (FF) diet or isocaloric control diet containing 5% corn oil (CO) or 5% fish oil (FO) for 3 weeks. The activities of these enzymes were approx. 2-fold higher in rats fed the FO diet vs. the FF diet. Intermediate levels of enzyme activity were found in rats fed the CO diet. Diet-induced differences in enzyme levels were shown by immunoblotting. The highest levels of epoxide hydrolase, UDP-glucuronosy-syltransferase and glutathione S -transferase were detected in rats fed the FO diet. The lowest levels of these enzymes were found in rats fed the FF diet. Intermediate levels of enzyme were found in rats fed the CO diet. Thus, diet-induced differences in enzyme activities were paralleled by changes in enzyme levels. Fatty acid analysis of microsomal lipids showed that the FF diet was associated with decreased levels of n − 6 fatty acids vs. the CO diet. The FO diet resulted in increased levels of n − 3 fatty acids vs. the other diets.
Portfolio analysis and the product life cycle

Abstract This paper explains how the product life cycle and Boston Consulting Group's portfolio matrix can be combined to provide a more comprehensive framework for strategic analysis. The integrated model is more powerful than either concept taken separately because it provides an exhaustive system for classifying a diverse assortment of business units or product/market categories.
Behavioral simulation of densely-connected analog cellular array processors for high-performance computing

The analog cellular neural network (CNN) model is a powerful parallel processing paradigm in solving many scientific and engineering problems. The network consists of densely-connected analog computing cells. Various applications can be accomplished by changing the local interconnection strengths, which are also called coefficient templates. The behavioral simulator could help designers not only gain insight on the system operations, but also optimize the hardware-software co-design characteristics. An unique feature of this simulator is the hardware annealing capability which provides an efficient method of finding globally optimal solutions. This paper first gives an overview of the cellular network paradigm, and then discusses the nonlinear integration techniques and related partition issues, previous work on the simulator and our own simulation environment. Selective simulation results are also presented at the end.
Disk-enabled authenticated encryption

Storage is increasingly becoming a vector for data compromise. Solutions for protecting on-disk data confidentiality and integrity to date have been limited in their effectiveness. Providing authenticated encryption, or simultaneous encryption with integrity information, is important to protect data at rest. In this paper, we propose that disks augmented with non-volatile storage (e.g., hybrid hard disks) and cryptographic processors (e.g., FDE drives) may provide a solution for authenticated encryption, storing security metadata within the drive itself to eliminate dependences on other parts of the system. We augment the DiskSim simulator with a flash simulator to evaluate the costs associated with managing operational overheads. These experiments show that proper tuning of system parameters can eliminate many of the costs associated with managing security metadata, with less than a 2% decrease in IOPS versus regular disks.
WE-E-I-609-01: Advances In Perception & Visualization

Perceptual & Cognitive Mechanisms in the Interpretation of Medical Images — E. Krupinski Optimizing Image Quality for Softcopy Reading — E. Samei Modeling the human visual system for medical image interpretation — M. Eckstein This symposium brings together scientists involved in unraveling the mechanisms involved in medical image perception, both from the perspective of understanding the human observer's perceptual and cognitive processes and understanding how the image and its display environment impact the observer. The symposium will begin with a discussion of why image perception is important and its role in the evaluation of image visualization and analysis tools such as computer-aided detection schemes. This will be followed by a discussion of the role of image quality in medical image perception and how various image quality parameters can impede detection and diagnosis of medical abnormalities. The third talk will describe some of the main approaches being used to model the human visual system as tools to better understand the diagnostic processes and predict how certain imaging conditions affect performance. Educational Objectives: 1. Understand the importance of studying perceptual & cognitive mechanisms in the interpretation of medical images. 2. Understand the importance of optimizing image quality (from acquisition to display) in terms of interpretation and diagnostic accuracy. 3. Understand the role of methods used to model the human visual system as a means to better predict observer performance in medical image interpretation.
A review of outcomes in 18 patients with floating elbow.

Objective: To assess functional outcomes and predictors of success in floating elbow injuries. Design: Retrospective clinical review. Setting: Level 1 trauma center. Patients: Eighteen patients with floating elbow injuries seen at the trauma center from 1995-2001. intervention: All injuries were managed surgically. Each forearm fracture was managed with open reduction and internal fixation. Humerus fractures were managed with either open reduction and internal fixation or intramedullary nail. Definitive fixation was performed in all cases within 48 hours of arrival at the trauma center. Main Outcome Measurements: Eighteen patients were available for follow-up at a minimum of 1 year and consented to enroll in the study. Each patient was evaluated with a standardized elbow score based on a 100-point scale. These scores were correlated with injury features including age, severity of fracture (AO classification), open fractures, nerve injuries, vascular injuries, type of fixation on the humerus, and the presence of concomitant intra-articular elbow injuries. Results: The average elbow score was 68/100. Outcomes were divided into two groups. Eleven patients had a score greater than 75 (group 1), with a mean score of 83, and were considered to have a good or excellent result. Seven patients had a score less than 75 (group II), with a mean score of 45, and were considered to have a satisfactory or poor result. The distribution of outcomes revealed two statistically distinct clusters. Additionally, there was a significantly higher incidence of nerve injuries in group 2 compared with group 1. Conclusions: Functional outcomes in floating elbow injuries tend to cluster into two groups-patients with good or excellent results and patients with poor results. Patients with associated nerve injuries have lower functional outcomes at a minimum of 1-year follow-up.
International Experiential Learning Course Design

International experiential learning projects have increased in popularity over recent years, and many of these projects focus on environmental topics in the developing world. An experimental course in International Groundwater Studies was developed to bridge the gap between extracurricular service type programs and academically-based study abroad programs. The course included online instruction in order to accommodate varying student schedules, and an eight-day field trip to Guatemala was included in the curriculum. These challenging situational factors led to the decision to apply formal design theory to the course, and qualitative self-reported data were collected to evaluate the effectiveness of the formally-designed course to address both the course learning objectives as well as concerns regarding collaborative functionality between students who had had little in-person interaction prior to traveling.
Rational firing cycle for converter lining

The firing of linings in converters made from tar-bonded refractories should be done with portion loading of coke in amounts of 200 kg, with careful control of the oxygen consumption. The temperature relationship with the rate of discharge of volatiles from the tar should be taken into account. The rational temperature cycle for firing tarred dolomite linings in converters is: raising the temperature to 300–350°C at a rate of 30–40 deg/min, from 300–350 to 700–800°C at a rate of 1.5–2.0 deg/min, and from 700–800° to 1000°C at a rate of 15–20 deg/min. The total firing time is 4.5 h, the coke consumption 2.8 ton, and the oxygen consumption about 4500 m3. The use of this cycle allows excellent preparation of the lining for service, practically excluding loss of brick due to spalling, and increasing the resistance of the lining.
Critical food safety violations in Florida: Relationship to location and chain vs. non-chain restaurants

Abstract This study explores the relationship between the number of critical food safety violations and the restaurant's status as either a chain or independent foodservice provider and location. The State of Florida categorized the restaurant operations according to the type of license obtained, chain or independent. Chain restaurants are defined as multi-unit restaurants owned or operated by the same company or individual that total seven locations or more. Data for the current study was retrieved from the public records for the fiscal years 2009–2010 and 2010–2011. The study found that both the aggregate number of critical violations and risk factors and the number of individual critical violations and risk factors were significantly different among chain and non-chain restaurants in the state of Florida. Results indicate that the number of critical violations received is impacted by both the location of the restaurant and whether the restaurant is independently operated or a chain. The current study assists in explaining underlying reasons for repeated food safety violations despite Florida's required food safety training certification of restaurant managers and training of their staff; providing implications for academics and foodservice practitioners alike.
Synthesis and characterization of a bovine hexokinase 1 cDNA probe by mixed oligonucleotide primed amplification of cDNA using high complexity primer mixtures.

Abstract Hexokinase (EC 2.7.1.1.) catalyzes the first step in glucose metabolism, using ATP for the phosphorylation of glucose to glucose 6-phosphate. A portion of the HK1 gene was cloned by mixed oligonucleotide primer amplification of cDNA using primers of high complexity. The amino acid sequence for a partial fragment of bovine cardiac muscle HK was determined and used to create primer mixtures of 256- and 1024-fold complexity. Two products were generated from bovine cardiac muscle cDNA which show 82% nucleotide and 93% amino acid identity with a region of rat brain HK1 and cDNA. This work demonstrates that extension and amplification of cDNA probes may be successful even when amino acid sequence data indicate substantial codon degeneracy.
A global numerical ocean model: Part I

Abstract This report describes a numerical model of the world oceans based on the primitive equations. The model ocean extends from 60° south to 60° north and is global in longitude. Continental boundaries areapproximated by connecting mesh points with straight lines. For horizontal motions, the resolution allowed by the mesh is 5 deg. The vertical structure consists of six unevenly spaced layers which vary in size from 0.05 km at the surface to 0.8 km at the bottom. Bottom topography is ignored, but a free upper surface permits the existence of external gravity waves. There are five prognostic variables (temperature, salinity, surface height anomaly, and two horizontal velocity components) which are functions of the four independent variables (latitude, longitude, depth, and time). Diagnostic variables are density anomaly, pressure, and vertical velocity. These are determined from the prognostic variables through an equation of state and the assumptions of hydrostatic equilibrium and incompressibility.
Women in Business-owning Families: a Comparison of Roles, Responsibilities and Predictors of Family Functionality

The purpose of this study is to compare groups of women associated with family businesses and ascertain predictors of functionality. The sample consisted of 589 women divided into five groups based on their roles in the business. Of interest were various combinations of work at home, in the family business, and outside the business and how multiple roles affect the family. The women varied on several characteristics with female business managers less likely to be married than other women and generally operating smaller businesses. The women were not significantly different on levels of family functioning. Family goal success, satisfaction with business role, and being married were positive significant predictors of family functionality. Higher levels of household tension were negatively associated with family functionality. Family therapists and family business consultants must be cognizant of the multiple role responsibilities of women associated with a family firm.
Endocervical metaplasias and their association with glandular and squamous abnormalities.

:Objective. The presence of endocervical metaplasias and their association with cervical squamous and glandular neoplasias were studied. Materials and Methods. Cervical specimens were examined microscopically to identify the presence of glandular metaplasias. The type of cervical neoplastic abnormality, when present, also was recorded. Statistical analyses of the microscopical findings included frequency observation counts and contingency analysis (Fisher’s exact test). Results. One hundred eighty-seven cervices were examined. Diagnoses included adenocarcinoma (8), adenocarcinoma in situ (14), glandular dysplasia (4), squamous carcinoma (2) and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (78); 4 cervices had combined squamous and glandular abnormalities. Eighty-seven had no evidence of cervical neoplasias. The glandular metaplasias were tubal (79 ciliated cell, 3 eosinophilic cell) and intestinal (22); 14 cases had combined tubal and intestinal metaplastic change. Ninety-seven cervices had no evidence of glandular metaplasia. Intestinal metaplasia was intimately associated ( p = .0002) with neoplastic changes, particularly glandular abnormalities. Ciliated cell metaplasia also was associated with glandular or squamous abnormalities ( p < .04), but more than one-third of specimens with this metaplasia had no associated abnormality. Conclusions. A high degree of association exists between cervical intestinal glandular metaplasia and cervical glandular and squamous neoplasias. Patients with this metaplastic change should be followed up closely if no associated lesion is found initially.
Finite-size effects in two-dimensional continuum percolation

We have investigated the finite-size effects of anisotropic continuum percolation in two dimensions. The elements that percolate are widthless sticks. We have developed a simple theory to explain the dependence of longitudinal and transverse critical lengths on anisotropy and the finite number of sticks in the sample. By comparing the theory to simulations, we find good agreement.