cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Conformational dynamics in mixed α/β-oligonucleotides containing polarity reversals: A molecular dynamics study using time-averaged restraints*

Nucleic acid duplexes featuring a single alpha-anomeric thymidine inserted into each DNA strand via 3′-3′ and 5′-5′ phosphodiester linkages exhibit local conformational dynamics that are not adequately depicted by conventional restrained molecular dynamics (rMD) methods. We have used molecular dynamics with time-averaged NMR restraints (MDtar) to explore its applicability to describing the conformational dynamics of two α-containing duplexes – d(GCGAAT-3′-3′-αT-5′-5′-CGC)2 and d(ATGG-3′-3′-αT-5′-5′-GCTC)•r(gagcaccau). In contrast to rMD, enforcing NOE-based distance restraints over a period of time in MDtar rather than instantaneously results in better agreement with the experimental NOE and J-data. This conclusion is based on the dramatic decreases in average distance and coupling constant violations (Δdav, Jrms, and ΔJav) and improvements in sixth-root R-factors (Rx). In both duplexes, the deoxyribose ring puckering behavior predicted independently by pseudorotation analysis is portrayed remarkably well using this approach compared to rMD. This indicates that the local dynamic behavior is encoded within the NOE data, although this is not obvious from the local Rx values. In both systems, the backbone torsion angles comprising the 3′-3′ linkage as well as the (high S-) sugars of the α-nucleotide and preceding residue (α−1) are relatively static, while the conformations of the 5′-5′ linkage and the sugar in the neighboring β-nucleotide (α+1) show enhanced flexibility. To reduce the large ensembles generated by MDtar to more manageable clusters we utilized the PDQPRO program. The resulting PDQPRO clusters (in both cases, 13 structures and associated probabilities extracted from a pool of 300 structures) adequately represent the structural and dynamic characteristics predicted by the experimental data.
Melittin-induced cholesterol reorganization in lipid bilayer membranes ☆ ☆☆

The peptide melittin, a 26 amino acid, cationic peptide from honey bee (Apis mellifera) venom, disrupts lipid bilayer membranes in a concentration-dependent manner. Rather than interacting with a specific receptor, the peptide interacts directly with the lipid matrix of the membrane in a manner dependent on the lipid composition. Here, a small-angle neutron scattering study of the interaction of melittin with lipid bilayers made of mixtures of dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC) and cholesterol (Chol) is presented. Through the use of deuterium-labeled DMPC, changes in the distribution of the lipid and cholesterol in unilamellar vesicles were observed for peptide concentrations below those that cause pores to form. In addition to disrupting the in-plane organization of Chol, melittin produces vesicles having inner and outer leaflet compositions that depend on the lipid-Chol molar ratio and on the peptide concentration. The changes seen at high cholesterol and low peptide concentration are similar to those produced by alamethicin (Qian, S. et al., J. Phys. Chem. B 2014, 118, 11200-11208), which points to an underlying physical mechanism driving the redistribution of Chol, but melittin displays an additional effect not seen with alamethicin. A model for how the peptide drives the redistribution of Chol is proposed. The results suggest that redistribution of the lipids in a target cell membrane by membrane active peptides takes places as a prelude to the lysis of the cell.
Depth profiling laminated glass with a fiber optic probe customized for adjustable working distance

Fiber optic probes allow for in situ characterization of cultural heritage objects and analysis of materials that are difficult to access. Positioning these probes is challenging in terms of focal distance, angle of analysis, and stability. Modifications to improve control include stabilizing the probe against a stationary surface, typically mediated by a tripod, or against the artifact itself with a distance regulating sheath that fixes the focal point at the object surface. The first makes the system less portable, while the second eliminates depth profiling capability. An adjustable working distance adapter was created that allows the operator to position a fiber optic probe against the surface of a transparent artifact and move the working distance up to 6 mm into the material while excluding ambient light. The hollow adapter contains no optical fiber, lenses, or windows, so optics are dictated by the fiber optic probe. The tool was created to study the polymeric interlayers in laminated safety glass used in early 20th century aviation and also could be applied to contemporary laminated glass, other multilayer transparent objects, and substances in transparent containers. Published 2014. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Progression of lower and higher-order aberrations: a longitudinal study

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of near-work on lower and higher-order aberrations, and its progression over a 9-month period during the school year. Data from 24 young-adult myopic eyes, and 24 non-myopic eyes were used in this investigation. The lower-order aberrations, coma, spherical aberration (SA), and total root mean square (RMS) of higher order aberrations (total HOA) were measured using an open-field iTrace aberrometer, at both the initial baseline evaluation, and then at the follow-up visits over a 9-month period. Pupil size of 4 mm was used for the aberration measurements. The group mean (SD) of the subjects (mean age: 23.6 +/- 3.4 years) at the initial and follow-up visit was 0.47D (0.47D) and 0.31D (0.41D), in the non-myopes and -3.58D (2.08D) and -3.86D (2.14D) in the myopes, respectively. Significant increases in myopic refraction were observed. The group mean (SD) total HOA at the initial and final visit was 0.12 (0.08) and 0.11 (0.06) microns, in the non-myopes, and 0.15 (0.08) and 0.15 (0.08) microns, in the myopes, respectively. The group mean RMS of the coma at the initial and final visit was 0.06 (0.04) and 0.07 (0.05), in the non-myopes, and 0.08 (0.06) and 0.09 (0.06) microns, in the myopes, respectively. The group mean SA of the subjects at the initial and last visit was 0.04 (0.04) and 0.03 (0.03), in the non-myopes, and 0.04 (0.04) and 0.04 (0.04) microns, in the myopes, respectively. There was a significant difference in myopic refraction, over the 9-month assessment period. However, no significant difference in total HOA, SA, and coma between the initial and follow-up visits in both the myopes and the non-myopes was observed.
A framework for using materialized XPath views in XML query processing

XML languages, such as XQuery, XSLT and SQL/XML, employ XPath as the search and extraction language. XPath expressions often define complicated navigation, resulting in expensive query processing, especially when executed over large collections of documents. In this paper, we propose a framework for exploiting materialized XPath views to expedite processing of XML queries. We explore a class of materialized XPath views, which may contain XML fragments, typed data values, full paths, node references or any combination thereof. We develop an XPath matching algorithm to determine when such views can be used to answer a user query containing XPath expressions. We use the match information to identify the portion of an XPath expression in the user query which is not covered by the XPath view. Finally, we construct, possibly multiple, compensation expressions which need to be applied to the view to produce the query result. Experimental evaluation, using our prototype implementation, shows that the matching algorithm is very efficient and usually accounts for a small fraction of the total query compilation time.
Human pituitary growth hormone. XV. The optical rotatory dispersion in acidic, neutral, and basic solutions.

Abstract The optical rotatory dispersion (ORD) of human pituitary growth hormone (GH) was measured at room temperature in aqueous solution at pH 1.3, 7.4, 10.1, 13, and in 8 M urea at pH 1.3, in the wavelength region 220–500 mμ. The results were interpreted by means of the Moffitt-Yang equation and the modified two-term Drude equation of Schechter and Blout . The apparent α-helix contents calculated by these two methods are in good agreement in all cases. In the absence of urea a negative Cotton effect with a trough at 232–233 mμ and a crossover point at 223–224 mμ was found at all pH's studied. The calculated α-helix contents were: 58, 51, 49, and 43 % at pH 1.3, 7.4, 10.1, and 13, respectively. In the presence of 8 M urea at pH 1.3 the α-helix content was reduced to 28 %. Studies of optical rotation at 365 mμ indicated that human GH is not significantly denatured at room temperature by urea in concentrations of 4 M or less.
Isotropic thaw subsidence in undisturbed permafrost landscapes

[1] Observations in undisturbed terrain within some regions of the Arctic reveal limited correlation between increasing air temperature and the thickness of the seasonally thawed layer above ice-rich permafrost. Here we describe landscape-scale, thaw-induced subsidence lacking the topographic contrasts associated with thermokarst terrain. A high-resolution, 11 year record of temperature and vertical movement at the ground surface from contrasting physiographic regions of northern Alaska, obtained with differential global positioning systems technology, indicates that thaw of an ice-rich layer at the top of permafrost has produced decimeter-scale subsidence extending over the entire landscapes. Without specialized observation techniques the subsidence is not apparent to observers at the surface. This “isotropic thaw subsidence” explains the apparent stability of active layer thickness records from some landscapes of northern Alaska, despite warming near-surface air temperatures. Integrated over extensive regions, it may be responsible for thawing large volumes of carbon-rich substrate and could have negative impacts on infrastructure.
CNS Region-Specific Oxytocin Receptor Expression: Importance in Regulation of Anxiety and Sex Behavior

The oxytocin receptor (OTR) is differentially expressed in the CNS. Because there are multiple mechanisms by which the OTR can be transcriptionally induced, we hypothesized that differences in OTR expression may be explained by activation of distinct signal transduction pathways and may be critical for the control of anxiety and sex behaviors. To determine the regulation and functional significance of this expression, we infused female rats with modifiers of protein kinases before assaying for behavior and oxytocin receptor binding. In the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (VMH), estrogen-dependent induction of oxytocin receptors required protein kinase C activation, and oxytocin infused here promoted female sex behavior but had no effect on anxiety. In contrast, dopamine controlled tonic oxytocin receptor expression in the central nucleus of the amygdala (cAmyg) through activation of protein kinase A, and oxytocin infused here was anxiolytic but had no effect on female sex behavior. Therefore, we have identified brain region-specific regulation of the OTR in the VMH and cAmyg. Distinct signal transduction pathways regulating receptor expression and binding in each brain region may mediate in part the ability of oxytocin to exert these differential behavioral effects.
Illuminating the heterogeneity of voices in a multiple perspectives research paradigm

Drawing from data collected during a series of expert interviews, this paper is written as a theoretical reflection on recent trends in research on voices (i.e. auditory verbal hallucinations). Researchers seem to perceive two concurrent paradigm shifts taking place in their field: voices are increasingly (1) decoupled from assumptions of schizophrenia and studied across numerous diagnostic categories, and (2) decoupled from assumptions of pathology and conceptualized in terms of neurodiversity. Despite these differences, informants seemed to share the impression that the study of voice-hearing increasingly fosters, and even necessitates, collaboration between people from diverse disciplinary and experiential backgrounds. Since the depathologization of voices has helped facilitate these collaborations, these two trends (depathologization and collaboration) reinforce each other and are arguably part of a single broader shift that transgresses traditional disciplinary divides.
A new method to quantify behavioral attention to a stimulus object in a modified open-field

Abstract A new method was developed to measure locomotion and attention to a stimulus object in a typical open-field environment using a video image-analyzer system. A computer-generated central zone (CZ) composing 1/9 of the open-field floor area was monitored independently from the rest of the area. Intermittently, a 4 × 4 × 2 cm object was placed in the CZ. In 10 min test sessions, the presence of the object repeatedly and consistently increased the animal's time spent in the CZ as compared with tests when the object was absent. The presence of the object, however, did not increase either the number of entries to the CZ or overall locomotor activity. The object reliably elicited an investigatory response when the animal enter the CZ but otherwise was behaviorally neutral. Thus, by incorporating a stimulus object in a conventional open-field test environment, the present methodology extends the open-field test beyond the measurement of overall spontaneous activity to include an assessment of behavioral processes linked to attention mechanisms.
ENGLISH MURRAY, DENISE E., & MARYANN CHRISTISON. What English Language Teachers Need to Know, Volumes 1 and 2. New York: Routledge, 2011. Pp. 224. (vol. 1), 235 (vol. 2). $42.95, paper (each vol.). ISBN 978–0–41580–639–8 (vol. 1), 978–0–41580–641–1 (vol. 2).

A review of the two-volume book "What English Language Teachers Need to Know," part of the Routledge ESL and Applied Linguistics Professional Series, by Denise E. Murray and MaryAnn Christison, is presented.
Pulse oximetry saturation to fraction inspired oxygen ratio as a measure of hypoxia under general anesthesia and the influence of positive end-expiratory pressure.

Abstract Purpose In ICU patients with acute lung injury, the pulse oximetry saturation (Spo 2 ) to fraction of inspired oxygen (Fio 2 ) (S/F) ratio is a reliable surrogate measure for the P/F (Pao 2 /Fio 2 ) ratio. Our goal was to determine the correlation of the S/F to the P/F in a large sample of patients undergoing general anesthesia and the influence of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) on this measure. Methods We studied adult general anesthetics performed with arterial blood gas analysis. Intraoperative data were collected from an anesthesia information system. The S/F ratios corresponding to P/F ratios of 300 were determined. Results A total of 4439 values were collected. Linear correlation between S/F and P/F was identified ( r = 0.46; P r = 0.52; P 2 O PEEP ( r = 0.68; P r = 0.61; P Conclusion The S/F correlates with the P/F in our cohort of patients undergoing general anesthesia, especially those ventilated with PEEP more than 9 cm H 2 O and/or with P/F less than 300. It has use as a noninvasive measure to screen for increased pulmonary dysfunction and to trend oxygenation during a general anesthetic.
The impact of observational weighting on the assimilation of GPS/MET bending angle

[1] The sensitivity of Global Positioning System (GPS)/Meteorology (GPS/MET) bending angle assimilation to the specification of observational weightings is studied. Three weighings are used. The first is estimated based on background and observation differences. The second comes from a theoretical estimation of the errors in the calculation of radio occultation (RO) bending angles [Zou et al., 2002]. The third is given by Palmer et al. [2000]. A total of 52 single GPS/MET occultation experiments are carried out for each of these weightings. The relationships between the adjustment of the refractivity and the adjustments ofthe temperature, specific humidity, and surface pressure have been examined. Collocated radiosonde observations are used as independent data sources for the numerical evaluation of GPS/MET data assimilation results. The analysis increments of the specific humidity and the surface pressure have the same sign as that of the refractivity. The larger the analysis increments of the refractivity, the larger the analysis increments of the specific humidity and the surface pressure. Such a one-to-one correspondence is not found between the analysis increment of the temperature and the increment of the refractivity. The GPS/ MET bending angle assimilation with these three weightings all provide reasonable improvements to the temperature and specific humidity analyses compared with radiosonde data. The National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) background fields are wetter than radiosonde measurements between 800 and 450 hPa. This positive bias of the background specific humidity is largely removed after the GPS/MET data assimilation with all three weightings. However, it is found that GPS/MET bending angle assimilation slightly increased the difference between the surface pressure analysis and the radiosonde observations. Different analysis variables have different sensitivities to the weightings. Among them, the sensitivities of the temperature and the surface pressure are most significant. In a further analysis, the sensitivities of the data assimilation to the variation of the gravity and the vertical resolution of the assimilated data are presented. The sensitivity to the gravity is not very significant. However, the increase of the vertical resolution of the assimilated bending angle observations produces more accurate refractivity and temperature analyses, with little impact on surface pressure fields. Moreover, the inconsistency between two independent observations may cause the background fields to be positively biased from one type of observation but negatively biased from the other type of observation. Such an inconsistency has been seen to affect the evaluation of the GPS/MET bending angle assimilation results using radiosonde observations.
Valoración del riesgo cardiaco de la cirugía no cardiaca

In the United States, more than 33 million patients undergo noncardiac surgery each year, at a cost of 450 000 million dollars per year. Approximately 4% of these patients present perioperative complications, at an additional cost of 25 000 million dollars per year. 1 The number of cardiovascular complications arising from non-cardiac surgery exceeds 1 million patients worldwide. 2 Due to the increasing size of the elderly population (defined as people over 65 years old) in most of the developed world, it is predicted that during the coming decades the number of surgical operations will increase by 25%, surgery-related costs by 50%, and perioperative complications by 100%. 3 Given that more than 60% of patients with vascular disease also have coronary heart disease, the preoperative assessment of patients undergoing noncardiac surgery is a public health priority. 4 Randomized clinical trials have been employed to design evidence-based strategies which can help to identify the people at greater risk of perioperative cardiac complications and to reduce risk. These recommendations have been summarized and published in the AHA/ACC guideline update. 5 The AHA/ACC guidelines address 3 main issues. First, to identify cardiac risk in patients based on a background of cardiovascular disease and easily obtainable laboratory tests; second, to evaluate the patient’s functional capacity; and third, to define the
The isolation of a ribonucleic acid fraction from rabbit reticulocytes which enhances amino acid incorporation into protein

Abstract 1. 1. Rabbit reticulocyte 17-S RNA has been resolved into two components by chromatography on methylated-albumin-kieselguhr columns. 2. 2. These two components have a small, but real, difference in their base compositions and thermal hyperchromicity properties. Neither component appears to be a contamination of large ribosomal RNA. 3. 3. One of the components has the ability to enhance the incorporation of amino acids into protein when added to an Escherichia coli cell-free system. No other RNA of the reticulocyte has this ability. 4. 4. This enhancing ability is incompletely recovered from methylated-albumin-kieselguhr columns while the recovery of RNA is essentially complete. 5. 5. The properties of this component are discussed in relation to the properties which would be expected for hemoglobin messenger RNA.
Eastern extension of azoles as non-nucleoside inhibitors of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase; cyano group alternatives.

Design of non-nucleoside inhibitors of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase is being pursued with the assistance of free energy perturbation (FEP) calculations to predict relative free energies of binding. Extension of azole-containing inhibitors into an ‘eastern’ channel between Phe227 and Pro236 has led to the discovery of potent and structurally novel derivatives.
THE EFFECTS OF DIAZEPAM AND TRIAZOLAM ON REPEATED ACQUISITION AND PERFORMANCE OF RESPONSE SEQUENCES WITH AN OBSERVING RESPONSE

Drugs often disrupt the acquisition of new response sequences at doses that fail to disrupt the performance of a previously acquired response sequence. This selective drug effect may result from differences in the control exerted by the stimuli presented after each response in the acquisition and performance sequences. To examine the function of these stimuli, an observing procedure was incorporated into a multiple schedule of repeated acquisition and performance of response sequences, in which stimulus presentations were contingent upon an observing response. Three experiments were conducted with humans. Experiment 1 compared responding with and without the observing contingency. No difference was found in the overall percentage of errors across the two conditions. Within the observing condition, observing behaviour was maintained in the acquisition component as long as errors occurred, but was not maintained in the performance component. Experiment 2 examined whether a contingency that increased errors also would increase observing in both the acquisition and performance components. Specifically, reinforcer delivery in each component was contingent upon emitting 10 correct responses and one, two, or four errors. Observing responses increased in the acquisition component as the error requirement increased, whereas observing responses in the performance component increased only when the error requirement was four. Experiment 3 assessed the effects of diazepam (0, 7.5, 15, and 30 mg/70 kg, p.o.) and triazolam (0, 0.375, and 0.75 mg/70 kg, p.o.) on repeated acquisition and performance baselines with the observing contingency. Selective drug effects were obtained in this modified procedure; that is, the percentage of errors in the acquisition component increased at doses that failed to affect the percentage of errors in the performance components. Importantly, drug effects were selective, even though observing responses were not emitted in the performance component and, hence, the stimulus presentations did not occur in that component. These findings suggest that alternative explanations for these differential effects are needed; in that regard, a response-unit account of the selective drug effects is discussed.
Binding characteristics of a fluorescent analogue of diphosphoglyceric acid to human, amphibian and fish hemoglobins

Abstract 1. 1. An attempt was made to establish the binding of N -(2,4-diphosphobenzyl)-1-amino-5-naphthalenesulfonic acid, DIPANS, as an estimator of conformation in the carbonmonoxy (CO)hemoglobins (Hbs) of several vertebrates. 2. 2. DIPANS failed to bind menhaden I, trout I or tuna Hbs which are ligand insensitive. 3. 3. Below a pH of 7.0, DIPANS bound menhaden II, Bufo, Xenopus , and human Hbs with a binding stoichiometry greater than one. 4. 4. The charge of the DIPANS molecule does not control its binding to these Hbs. 5. 5. The binding to human CO-Hb can not be due to Hb conformation. 6. 6. For Xenopus Hbs and menhaden II, conformation predominates DIPANS binding. 7. 7. The binding to CO-Hb of DIPANS, can not be unambiguously attributed to the Hb's quaternary conformation.
State of the Art Review: Pharmacists' Approach to Selecting Dietary/Nutritional Supplements for Patients:

Consumers' accessibility to over-the-counter dietary supplements is unlimited. Alarmingly, although dietary supplement use is on the rise, national surveys have shown a gross underreporting to heal...
Mechanism of breakdown in the interface region of glass reinforced polyester by artificial weathering

Laboratory studies were conducted to elucidate the mechanism of breakdown in the interface region of glass-fibre reinforced polyester (GRP) composites on outdoor weathering. GRP composites were subjected to the effects of moisture, temperature and radiation. Breakdown in the interface region occurred when the GRP sheets were aged in the presence of water and physically-induced stress (thermally and/or by moisture). The stresses involved are complex, the most predominant being axial shear stresses. Fracture characteristics of breakdown produced during laboratory ageing were very similar to those occurring on outdoor weathering.
Review: From a distance: Impression formation and impression accuracy among geographically distributed coworkers

One critical and to date understudied social psychological construct with significant implications for technology-mediated distributed work is impression formation. Forming useful impressions of each other is crucial for coworkers to avoid mistrust, misattribution, and conflict, and thereby, work effectively and productively. In this theoretical review paper I systematically outline how elements of distributed and virtual work - geographic dispersion, electronic dependence, heterogeneity, and dynamic structures - shape coworkers' impression of each other by influencing information and motivation, the main moderators of impression formation. I develop a model of how the impression formation process acts in technology-mediated distributed work settings, draw propositions, and identify ways to mitigate the breakdown in impression formation among distributed coworkers. Finally, I conceptualize impression accuracy in terms of descriptive, predictive, and explanatory knowledge about others and discuss how it can be increased with positive outcomes for trust, attribution, knowledge sharing, and conflict resolution.
The identification and characterization of a monoclonal antibody to the vaccinia virus E3 protein

Monoclonal antibodies with reactivity to vaccinia virus specific proteins are useful reagents to study the proteins as well as to help understand aspects of the poxvirus life cycle. Using a vaccinia virus proteomics microarray, we found a hybridoma (MAb 3015B2) from a vaccinia virus vaccinated mouse that reacted with the product of the E3L gene. The specificity to the E3 protein was confirmed by Western blotting and immunofluorescence of cells infected with either wild-type vaccinia virus or a mutant virus with the E3L gene deleted. Antibody reactivity with E3 was also seen in cells transfected with a plasmid expressing the E3 protein. A panel of mutated vaccinia viruses with truncations in the E3L gene revealed that while MAb 3015B2 reacted with E3 lacking the C-terminal 7 amino acids, it lost reactivity with a mutant E3 lacking the C-terminal 26 amino acids. This indicates that the antigenic site recognized by 3015B2 is on the C-terminus, somewhere between amino acids 164 through 183. The antibody also recognizes the E3 protein encoded by other orthopoxviruses. This antibody will be useful for further investigations of the E3 protein as well as a useful reagent to indicate vaccinia virus early protein expression.
Abstract 4684: Autophagy blockade sensitizes prostate cancer cells towards Src family kinase inhibitors

There is overwhelming evidence that tyrosine kinases play an important role in cancer development. As a prototype of targeted therapy, tyrosine kinase inhibitors are now successfully applied to cancer treatment. However, as single agents, tyrosine kinase inhibitors have not achieved satisfactory results in the treatment of prostate cancer, principally due to their inability to efficiently kill tumor cells. Our lab has been interested in the role of the Src complex in prostate cancer progression including the induction of androgen independence and metastasis. Previously, we reported that Src inhibitors such as saracatinib and PP2 caused G1 growth arrest and diminished invasiveness in prostate cancer cells, but rarely apoptosis. Here, we have shown that Src family kinase (SFK) inhibitors can induce a high level of autophagy, which protects treated cells from undergoing apoptosis. Src siRNA knockdown experiments confirmed that autophagy was indeed caused by the lack of Src activity. The SFK inhibitor-induced autophagy is accompanied by the inhibition of PI3K (type I)/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. To test whether autophagy blockade could lead to enhanced cell death, pharmacological inhibitors (3-methyladenine and chloroquine) and a genetic inhibitor (siRNA targeting Atg7) were used in combination with SFK inhibitors. The results showed that autophagy inhibition effectively enhanced cell killing induced by SFK inhibitors. Importantly, we showed a combination of saracatinib with chloroquine in mice significantly reduced prostate cancer (PC3) xenograft growth, compared with the control group. Taken together, these data suggest that 1) autophagy serves a protective role in SFK inhibitor-mediated cell killing; 2) clinically acceptable autophagy modulators may be used beneficially as adjunctive therapeutic agents for SFK inhibitors. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4684.
Factors in the Adoption and Use of an Electronic Communication System for MBA Students.

An electronic communication system, geared to the needs of working professionals enrolled in an MBA program, was instituted and studied over a two-year period. Despite a variety of support mechanisms, the system was largely underutilized. Factors affecting adoption and use are discussed, along with the critical importance of faculty involvement.
A Chebyshev method for the solution of boundary value problems

Abstract An expansion procedure using the Chebyshev polynomials as base functions is proposed. The method yields more accurate results than either of the Galerkin or tau methods as indicated from solving the Orr-Sommerfeld equation for both the plane Poiseuille flow and the Blasius velocity profile. The Chebyshev approximation is also applied to resolve the radial dependence of the flow field for a circular cylinder or a sphere in a uniform flow.
Creating Breadth in Business Education Through Service-Learning

We argue service-learning pedagogy and the associated educational experiences provide a partial solution to the significant problem of narrowness in business education. Service-learning pedagogy se...
When the price is right: enabling time-dependent pricing of broadband data

In an era of 108% annual growth in demand for mobile data and $10/GB overage fees, Internet Service Providers (ISPs) are experiencing severe congestion and in turn are hurting consumers with aggressive pricing measures. But smarter practices, such as time-dependent pricing (TDP), reward users for shifting their non-critical demand to off-peak hours and can potentially benefit both users and ISPs. Although dynamic TDP ideas have existed for many years, dynamic pricing for mobile data is only now gaining interest among ISPs. Yet TDP plans require not only systems engineering but also an understanding of economic incentives, user behavior and interface design. In particular, the HCI aspects of communicating price feedback signals from the network and the response of mobile data users need to be studied in the real world. But investigating these issues by deploying a virtual TDP data plan for real ISP customers is challenging and rarely explored. To this end, we carried out the first TDP trial for mobile data in the US with 10 families. We describe the insights gained from the trial, which can help the HCI community as well as ISPs, app developers and designers create tools that empower users to better control their usage and save on their monthly bills, while also alleviating network congestion.
Race and ethnicity in Mesopotamian antiquity 1

Abstract In this paper I will maintain that race and ethnicity are discursive concepts that are historically and culturally variable. While in the modern West the discourses of race, and later ethnicity, are biological discourses of the body that present ‘race’ in scientific terms, the ancient Mesopotamian conception of otherness was not articulated in terms of biology or of linguistic groups. The conclusions are drawn from a study of the ancient Mesopotamian textual and visual representations, following the theoretical premise that alterity is formulated in and through representation.
RISK MEASURES ON ORLICZ HEARTS

Coherent, convex, and monetary risk measures were introduced in a setup where uncertain outcomes are modeled by bounded random variables. In this paper, we study such risk measures on Orlicz hearts. This includes coherent, convex, and monetary risk measures on Lp-spaces for 1 ≤p < ∞ and covers a wide range of interesting examples. Moreover, it allows for an elegant duality theory. We prove that every coherent or convex monetary risk measure on an Orlicz heart which is real-valued on a set with non-empty algebraic interior is real-valued on the whole space and admits a robust representation as maximal penalized expectation with respect to different probability measures. We also show that penalty functions of such risk measures have to satisfy a certain growth condition and that our risk measures are Luxemburg-norm Lipschitz-continuous in the coherent case and locally Luxemburg-norm Lipschitz-continuous in the convex monetary case. In the second part of the paper we investigate cash-additive hulls of transformed Luxemburg-norms and expected transformed losses. They provide two general classes of coherent and convex monetary risk measures that include many of the currently known examples as special cases. Explicit formulas for their robust representations and the maximizing probability measures are given.
Sub-100 nm electronic devices and quantum-effects research using X-ray nanolithography

Abstract Two major categories of electronics research make use of sub-100 nm features: scaling of conventional devices such as transistors, and quantum-effect studies. Nearly all researchers in these two fields use only a scanning-electron-beam for lithography, although it is widely acknowledged that at sub-100 nm linewidths this approach has low process latitude, and throughput is insufficient for eventual practical applications. We find that x-ray nanolithography not only provides high throughput but also has significant virtues in research: large process latitude, precise linewidth control, absence of backscattering, exposure that is independent of substrate type or topography, low substrate damage, large coherent exposure fields, insensitivity to dust and contamination, and the ability to combine, on the same mask, patterns made by a variety of processes. The status of x-ray nanolithography is reviewed, and its efficacy illustrated via results of short-channel and quantum-effect-electronics research. We discuss mask technology, and the practical and fundamental limitations of the x-ray technique. It appears that x-ray nanolithography can be extended down to the currently perceived limits of the lithographic process, ≈ 10 nm.
NATURE, GOD'S GREAT PROJECT

. Scientific understandings suggest very strongly that humans are related to the rest of nature in ways that are expressed both by metaphors of genetic kinship and by ecological interrelatedness. The image of genetic kinship is the more intense image, and also the most likely to cause discomfort for Western traditions. Both secular critical reason and Western religious traditions favor images that portray the relation of humans to nature in terms of separation, domination, and stewardship. At best they are ambivalent toward portrayals of a more intense relatedness. In order to best serve our self-understandings, we must recognize (1) our intrinsic kinship with the rest of nature; (2) that our purpose as humans is to serve nature; (3) that we are preparers for nature's future; (4) that our highest calling as humans is to discern the dimensions of ultimacy in nature and to conceptualize them. In this, we follow God's own pattern of investing in nature as the greatest project.
Unsupervised Approach for Autonomous Pavement-Defect Detection and Quantification Using an Inexpensive Depth Sensor

AbstractCurrent pavement condition–assessment procedures are extensively time consuming and laborious; in addition, these approaches pose safety threats to the personnel involved in the process. In this study, a RGB-D sensor is used to detect and quantify defects in pavements. This sensor system consists of a RGB color image, and an infrared projector and a camera that act as a depth sensor. An approach, which does not need any training, is proposed to interpret the data sensed by this inexpensive sensor. This system has the potential to be used for autonomous cost-effective assessment of road-surface conditions. Various road conditions including patching, cracks, and potholes are autonomously detected and, most importantly, quantified, using the proposed approach. Several field experiments have been carried out to evaluate the capabilities, as well as the limitations of the proposed system. The global positioning system information is incorporated with the proposed system to localize the detected defects...
Role of RUNX1 in adult hematopoiesis: analysis of RUNX1-IRES-GFP knock-in mice reveals differential lineage expression

The Runx1/core binding factor-beta (CBFbeta) transcriptional complex is required for the establishment of hematopoiesis during development. Despite its critical role during development, a detailed analysis of Runx1 expression within specific lineages and developmental stages of the adult hematopoietic system is lacking. To address this, we have developed a Runx1-green fluorescent protein (GFP) knock-in mouse. We show that Runx1 is expressed in several hematopoietic lineages, including myeloid, B-lymphoid, and T-lymphoid cells. By contrast, Runx1 is weakly expressed in early erythroid cells, and its expression is rapidly extinguished during later stages of erythropoiesis. Runx1 expression is induced during early B-cell development and is expressed at a uniform level during all subsequent stages of B-cell development. Within the thymus, Runx1 is expressed at the highest level in CD4-CD8- double-negative thymocytes. In peripheral T cells, Runx1 is differentially expressed, with CD4+ T cells expressing 2- to 3-fold higher levels of Runx1 than CD8+ cells. Taken together, these findings indicate that although widely expressed in the hematopoietic system, the expression of Runx1 is regulated in a cell type- and maturation stage-specific manner. In addition, the Runx1-IRES-GFP knock-in mouse strain should prove valuable for investigation of Runx1 function in adult hematopoiesis.
BqsR/BqsS Constitute a Two-Component System That Senses Extracellular Fe(II) in Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a ubiquitous gram-negative bacterium best known as the predominant opportunistic pathogen infecting the lungs of cystic fibrosis patients. In this context, it is thought to form biofilms, within which locally reducing and acidic conditions can develop that favor the stability of ferrous iron [Fe(II)]. Because iron is a signal that stimulates biofilm formation, we performed a microarray study to determine whether P. aeruginosa strain PA14 exhibits a specific transcriptional response to extracellular Fe(II). Among the genes that were most upregulated in response to Fe(II) were those encoding the two-component system BqsR/BqsS, previously identified for its role in P. aeruginosa strain PAO1 biofilm decay (13); here, we demonstrate its role in extracellular Fe(II) sensing. bqsS and bqsR form an operon together with two small upstream genes, bqsP and bqsQ, and one downstream gene, bqsT. BqsR/BqsS sense extracellular Fe(II) at physiologically relevant concentrations (>10 μM) and elicit a specific transcriptional response, including its autoregulation. The sensor distinguishes between Fe(II), Fe(III), and other dipositive cations [Ca(II), Cu(II), Mg(II), Mn(II), Zn(II)] under aerobic or anaerobic conditions. The gene that is most upregulated by BqsR/BqsS, as measured by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (qRT-PCR), is PA14_04180, which is predicted to encode a periplasmic oligonucleotide/oligosaccharide-binding domain (OB-fold) protein. Coincident with phenazine production during batch culture growth, Fe(II) becomes the majority of the total iron pool and bqsS is upregulated. The existence of a two-component system that senses Fe(II) indicates that extracellular Fe(II) is an important environmental signal for P. aeruginosa.
Weather Radar Ground Clutter. Part II: Real-Time Identification and Filtering

Abstract The identification and mitigation of anomalous propagation (AP) and normal propagation (NP) ground clutter is an ongoing problem in radar meteorology. Scatter from ground-clutter targets routinely contaminates radar data and masks weather returns causing poor data quality. The problem is typically mitigated by applying a clutter filter to all radar data, but this also biases weather data at near-zero velocity. Modern radar processors make possible the real-time identification and filtering of AP clutter. A fuzzy logic algorithm is used to distinguish between clutter echoes and precipitation echoes and, subsequently, a clutter filter is applied to those radar resolution volumes where clutter is present. In this way, zero-velocity weather echoes are preserved while clutter echoes are mitigated. Since the radar moments are recalculated from clutter-filtered echoes, the underlying weather echo signatures are revealed, thereby significantly increasing the visibility of weather echo. This paper describ...
Primordial neon, helium, and hydrogen in oceanic basalts

A primordial neon component in neon from Kilauea Volcano and deep-sea tholeiite glass has been identified by the presence of excess20Ne; relative to atmospheric neon the20Ne enrichments are 5.4% in Kilauea neon and about 2.5% in the basalts. The20Ne anomalies are associated with high3He/4He ratios; the ratio in Kilauea helium is 15 times the atmospheric ratio, while mid-ocean ridge basalts from the Atlantic, Pacific, and Red Sea have uniform ratios about 10 times atmospheric. Mantle neon and helium are quite different in isotopic composition from crustal gases, which are highly enriched in radiogenic21Ne and4He. The21Ne/4He ratios in crustal gases are consistent with calculated values based on G. Wetherill's18O (α,n) reaction; the lack of20Ne enrichment in these gases shows that the mantle20Ne anomalies are not radiogenic.21Ne enrichments in Kilauea neon and “high-3He” Pacific tholeiites are much less than in crustal neon, about 2 ± 2% vs. present atmospheric neon, as expected from the much lower4He/Ne ratios. Neon concentrations in two Atlantic tholeiites were found to be only 1–2% of the values obtained by Dymond and Hogan; helium concentrations are slightly greater and our He/Ne ratios are greater by a factor of 150. The large Ne excess relative to solar wind and meteoritic gases is thus not confirmed. Pacific and Atlantic basalts appear to be quite different in He/Ne ratios however, and He and Ne may be inversely correlated. He concentration variations due to diffusive loss can be distinguished from variations due to two-phase partitioning or mantle heterogeneity by the effects on3He/4He ratios. The He isotopic and concentration measurements on “low-3He” basalts are consistent with diffusive loss and dilution of the 3/4 ratio by in-situ radiogenic4He, and may provide a method for dating basalt glasses. Deuterium/hydrogen ratios in Atlantic and Pacific tholeiite glasses are 77% lower than the ratio in seawater. The inverse correlation between deuterium and water content observed by Friedman in erupting Kilauea basalts is consistent with a Rayleigh separation process in which magmatic water is separated from an initial melt with the same D/H ratio as observed in deep-sea tholeiites. The consistency of the D/H ratios in tholeiites containing primordial He and Ne components indicates that these ratios are probably characteristic of primordial or juvenile hydrogen in the mantle.
The Brazilian space programme — an overview

Abstract Brazil is one of several Third World countries with a longstanding space programme that has received little attention in the international press. The reports that have appeared have focused on the programme's potential military applications, leaving the story of its organizational and operational characteristics largely untold. This article addresses these overlooked characteristics. Specifically, it discusses the Brazilian space programme in terms of its primary operational agencies. Each agency is examined in terms of its history and its expected contributions to the Complete Brazilian Space Mission, a programme directed towards placing a Brazilian-manufactured satellite in space during the early 1990s.
Sex, Lies, and Video Games: Moral Panics or Uses and Gratifications

This study examined video game–playing aggression among graduate and undergraduate students at Rochester Institute of Technology in upstate New York. The following three research questions were pos...
Sensor networks: Motivations, implementations and applications

Due to advances in micro-sensors, wireless networking, and embedded processing, ad-hoc networks of sensors (popularly known as sensor networks) are becoming increasingly available for commercial, industrial, and military applications such as health and environmental monitoring (e.g., patient care, traffic, habitat, pollutant), industrial sensing and diagnostics (e.g., factory automation, appliances), infrastructures (e.g., power grids, water distribution, waste disposal, security), and battlefield awareness (e.g., detection, localization, multi-target tracking). In this presentation, we will first provide a brief history and motivations on sensor network. Then we will discuss various technical aspects covering theory, implementation, system, and applications. Topics in networking and protocols, embedded systems, distributed processing, and signal/array processing will be considered. We will consider the challenges and potentials of sensor networks both at the technological and application points of view.
A review of the role of taxonomies in human resources management

Abstract The use of taxonomies in human resources management is considered both from theoretical and applications perspectives. First, a philosophical overview is provided, followed by a review of existing taxonomies in management research. The review consists of selected taxonomies based upon traditional human resources management functions, as well as taxonomies focused on more “macro” domains. Methodological issues concerning the construction of taxonomies are then indicated. Finally, research questions and needs are identified which will help future model building, as well as assist in the increased efficiency of human resources management.