cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Force detection of nuclear magnetic resonance.

Micromechanical sensing of magnetic force was used to detect nuclear magnetic resonance with exceptional sensitivity and spatial resolution. With a 900 angstrom thick silicon nitride cantilever capable of detecting subfemtonewton forces, a single shot sensitivity of 1.6 x 1013 protons was achieved for an ammonium nitrate sample mounted on the cantilever. A nearby millimeter-size iron particle produced a 600 tesla per meter magnetic field gradient, resulting in a spatial resolution of 2.6 micrometers in one dimension. These results suggest that magnetic force sensing is a viable approach for enhancing the sensitivity and spatial resolution of nuclear magnetic resonance microimaging.
Marketing tactics discouraging price search: Deception and competition

Abstract Retailers attempt to assure consumers that their deals are bargains using a variety of marketing tactics. Because consumers continue information and price searches until satisfied with the amount of the information to make a purchase, such bargain assurances (BAs) can change consumers' shopping behavior. This article identifies twelve common BAs and reviews extant marketing literature to derive evidence of how BAs affect consumers' purchasing behavior. It then examines how these practices are regulated to prevent consumer deception or a reduction in competition. This article concludes by offering three policy recommendations: BAs influence consumers and require regulation; the regulation of BAs demands a comprehensive rather than a piecemeal approach; and consumer policy should facilitate and encourage accurate price comparisons.
Kinetic Study of Aryl Substitutions with Lithium Organocopper Reagents

Abstract Lithium organocuprates can undergo substitution with alkyl and aryl halides which form direct carbon-carbon bond coupling. Like many other organometallic reagents, however, the mechanisms of these reactions are still unknown. This paper presents preliminary work for the kinetic study of substitution in simple aryl iodides with lithium dimethylcuprate. The experimental results suggested the presence of a stable intermediate. A two-step reversible reaction model was employed to calculate the reaction rate in each step. It was found that the second step is the rate-determining step. Along with a discussion of the intermediate structure, a mechanism is proposed to account for both the experimental and theoretical results.
Weight loss interventions for adult obesity: evidence for practice.

Background: One out of three adults is obese, making obesity the most common presenting chronic medical condition in the primary care setting. Obesity is associated with an increased risk of developing secondary illnesses resulting in a higher rate of morbidity. This chronic condition is a constant challenge facing international health care systems. A need for a systematic approach to treatment is essential to conquering obesity and improving patients' outcomes and quality of lives. Despite the existence of evidence-based guidelines, the proportion of primary care clinicians implementing weight loss counseling is low. Approach: This article identifies, critiques, and synthesizes the established body of research evidence for weight loss interventions. Findings: The strategies that have been shown to be effective in the management and treatment of obesity are outlined. Implications: Finally, the feasibility of applying these findings to practice and the practical implications of these findings are discussed.
Risk factors for the development of renal dysfunction in hospitalized patients with cirrhosis.

Risk factors for the development of renal dysfunction in hospitalized patients with cirrhosis
Glyphosate and Its Degradation Product AMPA Occur Frequently and Widely in U.S. Soils, Surface Water, Groundwater, and Precipitation†

Glyphosate use in the United States increased from less than 5,000 to more than 80,000 metric tons/yr between 1987 and 2007. Glyphosate is popular due to its ease of use on soybean, cotton, and corn crops that are genetically modified to tolerate it, utility in no-till farming practices, utility in urban areas, and the perception that it has low toxicity and little mobility in the environment. This compilation is the largest and most comprehensive assessment of the environmental occurrence of glyphosate and aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) in the United States conducted to date, summarizing the results of 3,732 water and sediment and 1,018 quality assurance samples collected between 2001 and 2010 from 38 states. Results indicate that glyphosate and AMPA are usually detected together, mobile, and occur widely in the environment. Glyphosate was detected without AMPA in only 2.3% of samples, whereas AMPA was detected without glyphosate in 17.9% of samples. Glyphosate and AMPA were detected frequently in soils and sediment, ditches and drains, precipitation, rivers, and streams; and less frequently in lakes, ponds, and wetlands; soil water; and groundwater. Concentrations of glyphosate were below the levels of concern for humans or wildlife; however, pesticides are often detected in mixtures. Ecosystem effects of chronic low-level exposures to pesticide mixtures are uncertain. The environmental health risk of low-level detections of glyphosate, AMPA, and associated adjuvants and mixtures remain to be determined.
The specificity of glutamate inhibition of protein synthesis in synaptosomal fractions from rat cerebral cortex.

Abstract In vitro addition of glutamate (GLU) resulted in a dose-dependent inhibition of protein synthesis in synaptosomes from adult rat brain cortex. There was significant (20–25%) inhibition at 25 μM GLU and a maximum (30–50%) inhibition was observed at [GLU] ⩾ 200 μM. The excitatory amino acids, N- methyl- d -aspartic acid (NMDA), kainic acid (KA), quinolinic acid (QUIN) and selected non-excitatory amino acids did not markedly inhibit protein synthesis at all concentrations tested. On the other hand, aspartic acid (ASP), ibotenic acid (IBO), quisqualic acid (QA) and α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) produced a significant but apparently less potent inhibition than GLU. In the presence of AMPA plus ASP or GLU (500 μM each), protein synthesis inhibition was equivalent to the maximum effect of GLU alone. However, only partial additive effects were observed with high concentrations of AMPA + IBO or AMPA + QA. In the presence of 200 μM ouabain, synergistic GLU inhibition was not observed suggesting that GLU specifically inhibited the sodium-dependent, ouabain-sensitive component of synaptosomal protein synthesis. The inhibitory action of GLU is not dependent on externally added Ca2+ or Cl−. Supplementation with 5 mM MgCl2 or 1.0 mM GLU antagonists, 2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid (AP5), 2-amino-7-phosphonoheptanoic acid (AP7), γ-glutamylglycine (γ-DGG), kynurenic acid (KYN), MK-801, l -glutamic acid diethyl ester (GDEE) and 6-cyano-7-nitro quinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX) did not protect the synaptosomes from 50 μM GLU. Inhibiting glutamate uptake or phosphoinositide metabolism with 1 mM dihydrokainic acid (DHK) and 5 mM LiCl2, respectively, was also non-protective. These data suggest that GLU and other excitatory amino acids (EAA) specifically inhibit synaptosomal protein synthesis. The inhibitory effect is partially associated with activation of QA-preferring receptors which may not be coupled to phosphoinositide metabolism. A possible candidate might be the AMPA specific QA receptor located in the postsynaptic density which is in close proximity to rosettes of polyribosomes. In addition, there is a GLU-sensitive, QA-resistant component of synaptosome protein synthesis which does not appear to be dependent on activation of any of the known pharmacologically defined GLU receptor subtypes.
Heating surface material’s effect on subcooled flow boiling heat transfer of R134a

In this study, subcooled flow boiling of R134a on copper (Cu) and stainless steel (SS) heating surfaces was experimentally investigated from both macroscopic and microscopic points of view. By utilizing a high-speed digital camera, bubble growth rate, bubble departure size, and nucleation site density, were able to be observed and analyzed from the microscopic point of view. Macroscopic characteristics of the subcooled flow boiling, such as heat transfer coefficient, were able to be measured as well. Experimental results showed that there are no obvious difference between the copper and the stainless surface with respect to bubble dynamics, such as contact angle, growth rate and departure size. On the contrary, the results clearly showed a trend that the copper surface had a better performance than the stainless steel surface in terms of heat transfer coefficient. It was also observed that wall heat fluxes on both surfaces were found highly correlated with nucleation site density, as bubble hydrodynamics are similar on these two surfaces. The difference between these two surfaces was concluded as results of different surface thermal conductivities.
Synthesis and Properties of Calix[4]arene‐bis[4‐(2‐ethylhexyl)benzo‐crown‐6], A Cesium Extractant with Improved Solubility

Abstract The new cesium‐selective macrocycle calix[4]arene‐bis[4‐(2‐ethylhexyl) benzo‐crown‐6] (“BEHBCalixC6”) has been found to have improved solubility in a modified alkane diluent over calix[4]arene‐bis(4‐tert‐octylbenzo‐crown‐6) (“BOBCalixC6”). The synthesis of this new calixcrown extractant, together with its solubility and extraction properties, is described in this report. The solubility, cesium extraction, and potassium loading behavior are compared with those of BOBCalixC6, the macrocycle currently employed in the caustic‐side solvent extraction (CSSX) process for extracting cesium from alkaline nitrate solutions such as high‐level nuclear waste. Replacement of the tert‐octyl alkyl chains on the benzo‐crown portion of the calixcrown by 2‐ethylhexyl chains improves the equilibrium solubility of the free calixcrown in aliphatic diluents while not affecting the cesium extraction strength. Equilibrium concentrations of BEHBCalixC6 in Isopar L diluent modified with 0.5 M 1‐(2,2,3,3‐tetrafluoropropoxy)...
THE SOCIAL HISTORY OF THE REFORMATION: RECENT TRENDS AND FUTURE AGENDAS

and early twentieth centuries.3 No longer were scholars solely interested in the official and prescribed religious doctrines of the established churches and their religious leaders, as lay religious practices seemed to offer new and in some cases alternative readings of the Reformation. Moreover, no longer were social histo? rians prepared to accept the teleological and simplistic interpretations of earlier periods, which stressed that the Protestant Reformation offered up more modern and forward looking religions to replace a superstitious and outdated religion. With an emphasis on religious practices and the social relationships imbedded in those practices, social historians ofthe Reformation shifted attention away from older questions of why men such as Luther and Calvin left the Roman Catholic Church or questions about the doctrinal differences that most separated Protes? tants and Catholics. In their place social historians of the Reformation began to explore more sociaily infused questions such as who made the Reformation. That is, which social groups or cohorts?by estate, class, sex, occupation, family, etc.?actively sought to promote or to sustain the new religious movements, where, when and why? These questions also led to others, such as to whose ben? efit and to whose detriment did the Reformation serve?4 A whole host of new studies soon emerged to answer Bob Scribner's early query in the affirmative: there clearly was a social history of the Reformation after all. My purpose in this article is to summarize some ofthe most significant findings of social historians of the Reformation in the last twenty years or so, as well as to offer some thoughts on future areas of research. I make no attempt to be comprehensive here, so I cannot possibly mention every single contribution. What I shall try to do in the limited space afforded me is to indicate how the larger interpretations and narratives of the Reformation have changed or been revised as a result of the scholarship of social historians. I see several significant areas where social historians have made a difference, and I shall briefly describe the contributions of each of these: lay piety, or what some call popular religion; rituals; gender, marriage, and the family; confessionalization, a term coined by some German historians to describe the dual process of social disciplining and
Transcription from plasmid genes, macromolecular stability, and cell‐specific productivity in Escherichia coli carrying copy number mutant plasmids

Experiments were performed to evaluate, qualitatively and quantitatively, the adaptation of Escherichia coli to plasmid maintenance and cloned gene expression. Experimental findings indicate that the metabolic response to low plasmid levels is an increase of the biosynthetic capacity of both transcription and translation. At high copy number levels the gene-specific transcription rate continues to increase but the stability of plasmid-derived mRNA drops sharply. Protein levels are maintained, but translation efficiency decreases. These results indicate that cellular biosynthetic capacity may not be limiting productivity in recombinant systems. If macromolecular stability is the bottleneck, then current efforts to increase gene expression that focus on enhancing synthesis rates will be ineffective.
Numerical modeling of high temperature shell and tube heat exchanger and chemical decomposer for hydrogen production

Abstract Numerical simulations of shell-and-tube heat exchanger and chemical decomposer with straight tube configuration and porous media were performed using FLUENT6.2.16 to examine the percentage decomposition of sulfur trioxide. The decomposition process can be a part of sulfur–iodine (S–I) thermochemical water splitting cycle, which is one of the most studied cycles for hydrogen production. A steady-state, laminar, two-dimensional axisymmetric shell-and-tube model with counter flow and parallel flow arrangements and simple uniform cubical packing was developed using porous medium approach to investigate the fluid flow, heat transfer and chemical reactions in the decomposer. As per the investigation, the decomposition percentage of sulfur trioxide for counter flow arrangement was found to be 93% and that of parallel flow was 92%. Also, a high pressure drop was observed in counter flow arrangement compared to parallel flow. The effects of inlet velocity, temperature and the porous medium properties on the pressure drop across the porous medium were studied. The influence of geometric parameters mainly the diameter of the tube, diameter of the shell and the length of the porous zone on the percentage decomposition of sulfur trioxide in the tube was investigated as well. A preliminary parametric study of the mentioned configuration is conducted to explore effects of varying parameters on the decomposition of sulfur trioxide. From the performed calculations, it was found that the Reynolds number played a significant role in affecting the sulfur trioxide decomposition. The percentage decomposition decreases with an increase in Reynolds number. Surface-to-volume area ratio and activation energy were also the important parameters that influenced the decomposition percentage. A high surface-to-volume area ratio enhances the rate of the chemical reaction and high activation energy decreases the decomposition percentage. The decomposition of sulfur trioxide is calculated and compared for both counter and parallel flow arrangements.
The role of neurological-developmental delay in childhood psychopathology.

Employing a scale with demonstrated reliability, this study compared the relative frequency of primitive reflexes and abnormal postural adjustments among normal, neurologically handicapped, and emotionally disturbed children. Results demonstrated the greater frequency of these developmental signs in the two groups manifesting developmental abnormality, and are interpreted as supporting the presence of developmental delay in childhood psychopathology.
Automated remote monitoring of structural behavior via the Internet

Currently there exists sufficient sensor and computational technology to allow an individual to instrument full scale structures and record numerous input channel records. In past practice significant effort was on refining the mechanical task of data acquisition. While the aforementioned venue has been thoroughly explored and expanded, the more labor intensive task of data reduction, analysis, and interpretation remains largely unchanged. Such analysis tasks are most commonly performed by technical personnel with the aid of a computer. Provided that the data analysis procedure can be clearly defined, this procedure is a fitting candidate for automation. Given the current advances in desktop workstation flexibility, the possibility of an automated intelligent signal processing and health monitoring system for an instrumented structure (located at a remote site) is well within our grasp. With the addition of current Internet interaction technology, this system would enable an engineer to contact and/or monitor a structure at a remote location, using minimal hardware (laptop PC, modem, and an internet account), from virtually anywhere in the world. This paper describes a deployed use of internet-based utilities to 'call up' a remote instrumented structure to monitor and assess its condition and behavior in near real-time. The structure, a 50 m high luminaire tower, has been instrumented both before and after it was retrofitted with fluid viscous dampers to reduce windstorm-induced fatigue demands on its anchorages. With the addition of internet-based hypertext utilities, an engineer can contact and monitor the goings-on at such an instrumented structure at a remote location, from virtually anywhere in the world. In the described case study, the processing workstation calls the PC-based data acquisition system at the remote structure, downloads the current data, processes and analyzes the data and produces summary reports compatible with World Wide Web hypertext based internet browsing software. System results can be used to provide insight into the efficacy of the damper retrofit as well as the accuracy of modeling assumptions used during the design process.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
On the Numerical Solution of Conservation Laws by Minimizing Residuals

The numerical solution of conservation laws by minimizing the residuals of an overdetermined set of discrete equations is studied. Previous research has shown that for certain formulations, minimizing the residuals in the L1 norm will yield solutions that resolve discontinuities that are very sharp and correctly placed. In this study, we analyze a previously proposed method that numerically solves the 2D advection equation with discontinuous data. The method is able to resolve the discontinuity over one mesh cell, without generating spurious oscillations. However, we have found that incorrect solutions are generated for some data. This had led us to formulate and prove two theorems concerning these results. We also provide an analysis of the solution procedure, along with suggestions for developing future schemes that are more applicable to a wide range of problems.
A collegiate athletic brand transformation: rebranding a Native American brand identity

Case study data were analysed from Southeast Missouri State University, a National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I institution, which changed its nickname from Indians to Redhawks in 2004. The purpose was to examine critical factors involved in changing from a Native American sports brand to a more marketable brand and to establish brand equity benchmarks for a brand changed with no attending alteration in core sport product. Both qualitative and quantitative data were collected pre-change and post-change including survey data, attendance records and university documents. Analysis supports the relevance of Gladden et al.'s [1998; Journal of Sport Management, Vol. 12, pp.1?19] conceptual framework for brand equity in collegiate athletics and expands on Gladden and Funk's [2002; Journal of Sport Management, Vol. 16, pp.54?81] work showing the importance of non-product-related attributes including brand marks and logos, nostalgia and tradition in brand associations.
Oil–water pools and features of their geometry (as exemplified by the Achikulak deposit)

(1983). Oil–water pools and features of their geometry (as exemplified by the Achikulak deposit) International Geology Review: Vol. 25, No. 2, pp. 205-210.
Visual acuity in the cathemeral strepsirrhine Eulemur macaco flavifrons.

Studies of visual acuity in primates have shown that diurnal haplorhines have higher acuity (30–75 cycles per degree (c/deg)) than most other mammals. However, relatively little is known about visual acuity in non-haplorhine primates, and published estimates are only available for four strepsirrhine genera (Microcebus, Otolemur, Galago, and Lemur). We present here the first measurements of visual acuity in a cathemeral strepsirrhine species, the blue-eyed black lemur (Eulemur macaco flavifrons). Acuity in two subjects, a 3-year-old male and a 16-year-old female, was assessed behaviorally using a two-alternative forced choice discrimination task. Visual stimuli consisted of high contrast square wave gratings of seven spatial frequencies. Acuity threshold was determined using a 70% correct response criterion. Results indicate a maximum visual acuity of 5.1 c/deg for the female (1718 trials) and 3.8 c/deg for the male (846 trials). These values for E. macaco are slightly lower than those reported for diurnal Lemur catta, and are generally comparable to those reported for nocturnal Microcebus murinus and Otolemur crassicaudatus. To examine ecological sources of variation in primate visual acuity, we also calculated maximum theoretical acuity for Cheirogaleus medius (2.8 c/deg) and Tarsius syrichta (8.9 c/deg) using published data on retinal ganglion cell density and eye morphology. These data suggest that visual acuity in primates may be influenced by activity pattern, diet, and phylogenetic history. In particular, the relatively high acuity of T. syrichta and Galago senegalensis suggests that visual predation may be an important selective factor favoring high visual acuity in primates. Am. J. Primatol. 71:343–352, 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Energy-optimal trajectory planning for car-like robots

When a battery-powered robot needs to operate for a long period of time, optimizing its energy consumption becomes critical. Driving motors are a major source of power consumption for mobile robots. In this paper, we study the problem of finding optimal paths and velocity profiles for car-like robots so as to minimize the energy consumed during motion. We start with an established model for energy consumption of DC motors. We first study the problem of finding the energy optimal velocity profiles, given a path for the robot. We present closed form solutions for the unconstrained case and for the case where there is a bound on maximum velocity. We then study a general problem of finding an energy optimal path along with a velocity profile, given a starting and goal position and orientation for the robot. Along the path, the instantaneous velocity of the robot may be bounded as a function of its turning radius, which in turn affects the energy consumption. Unlike minimum length paths, minimum energy paths may contain circular segments of varying radii. We show how to efficiently construct a graph which generalizes Dubins' paths by including segments with arbitrary radii. Our algorithm uses the closed-form solution for the optimal velocity profiles as a subroutine to find the minimum energy trajectories, up to a fine discretization. We investigate the structure of energy-optimal paths and highlight instances where these paths deviate from the minimum length Dubins' curves. In addition, we present a calibration method to find energy model parameters. Finally, we present results from experiments conducted on a custom-built robot for following optimal velocity profiles.
Beyond mere convergence

In this article, I suggest that calculus instruction should include a wider variety of examples of convergent and divergent series than is usually demonstrated. In particular, a number of convergent series, such as, Σk ≥ 1k3/2k are considered, and their exact values are found in a straightforward manner. We explore and utilize a number of mathematical topics, including manipulation of certain power series and recurrences.
Lightning strikes twice: Lessons learned from two food poisoning incidents in Japan

Abstract This case study examines the unique occurrence of two food contamination crises at Snow Brand Milk Products Co., Ltd., the top company in the Japanese milk product industry. The separate incidents of food poisoning occurred in 1955 and 2000; the latter incident, involving more than 10,000 victims, was the worst case of food poisoning in Japanese history. The company handled the two separate food poisoning incidents in surprisingly different ways. How could a company that “got it right” the first time totally mishandle the second incident? This case examines crisis management and corporate reputation as well as unique cultural factors. The study uses secondary research to illustrate a number of key structural and communications problems that brought about the crisis and examines the aftermath and recovery for Snow Brand Milk Products.
Electrolytes for Low Temperature Operations of Li-Ion Batteries

The factors that limit the low temperature performance of Li-ion batteries were examined using an impedance analysis technique. The charge transfer resistance, Rct, obtained by this technique was increased with decreasing temperature following an Arrhenius relationship and it was the predominant resistance at low temperatures. The limiting step in the charge transfer process was discussed by comparing the activation energy of the charge transfer process and the activation energy obtained at a model interface designed by Abe et al. We also explored some electrolyte systems containing ester/carbonate solvent mixtures and/or LiBF4 salt. Lower Rct and activation energy were obtained for MCMB electrode in these electrolytes. Improved low temperature cell performance was also obtained for cells using these electrolytes.
Surgical management of pouch-vaginal fistula after restorative proctocolectomy

Background Pouch-vaginal fistula (PVF) is a devastating complication after restorative proctocolectomy with ileal pouch anal anastomosis (IPAA). The aim of this study was to evaluate the surgical management of PVF. Methods After Institutional Review Board approval, all patients treated for PVF between 1988 and 2003 were retrospectively reviewed. Success of treatment was defined as the complete absence of symptoms or no radiologic evidence of fistula. Results The study included 23 female patients; indications for IPAA were mucosal ulcerative colitis in 20 (87%), indeterminate colitis in 1 (4.3%), and familial adenomatous polyposis in 2 (8.7%) patients. Seven patients with mucosal ulcerative colitis were postoperatively diagnosed with Crohn's disease. Mean time interval from initial IPAA to development of symptomatic fistula was 17.2 months. Mean number of surgical treatments was 2.2. Overall, success was achieved in 17 (73.9%) patients at a mean followup of 52.3 months. Fistulas in patients with Crohn's disease occurred relatively late after IPAA (p = 0.015) and required a median of three (p = 0.001) surgical procedures, compared with patients without Crohn's disease. Pelvic sepsis after original IPAA occurred in eight (35.8%) patients, four (50%) of whom ultimately required pouch excision. Conclusions Fecal diversion and local procedures are effective in the majority of patients with PVF after IPAA. Patients with Crohn's disease tend to have a delayed onset of fistula occurrence and require more extensive surgical management. Pelvic sepsis can be a predictive factor of poor outcomes.
Cell surface proteins of Candida albicans: Preparation of extracts and improved detection of proteins

We have reexamined the detection of the components in a beta-mercaptoethanol and ammonium carbonate buffer extract of surface proteins of Candida albicans and the effects of postextraction manipulation of the extract on recovery of extract components. Following sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), preferential staining of some moieties was observed when bands detected by a commercial silver staining method or a Coomassie Brilliant Blue (CBB) staining method were compared. Additional protein bands that were either not detected or poorly detected by a single method alone were readily observed by a combined silver-CBB staining method. This method also detected alterations in the profile of extracted proteins from organisms grown in the presence of galactose or hemoglobin rather than glucose. Two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) gel analysis by double stain showed better detection of several acidic and basic protein spots. Less than 10% of the extract as determined by a dye-binding assay was lost following either or both lyophilization and dialysis. These manipulations of the extract did not change the protein profile following SDS-PAGE as determined by the combined staining or Western blot analysis of a 70 kDa protein. These observations suggest that soluble cell wall proteins are not unusually sensitive to procedures routinely used in protein purification. In addition, these studies suggest that a modified staining method that combines both silver stain and CBB stain provides improved detection of cell wall proteins compared to either method alone.
Non-Newtonian effects in viscous flows

Revision of the mathematical formalism of fluid dynamics suggests that some physical inconsistencies (infinite time of approaching equilibrium and fully deterministic solutions to the Navier-Stokes equations) can be removed by relaxing the Lipschitz conditions, i.e., the boundedness of the derivatives, in the constitutive equations. Physically such a modification can be interpreted as an incorporation of an infinitesimal static friction in the constitutive law. A modified version of the Navier-Stokes equations is introduced, discussed, and illustrated by examples. It is demonstrated that all the new effects in the modified model emerge within vanishingly small neighborhoods of equilibrium states which are the only domains where the governing equations are different from classical.
Geoelectrical and Seismic Refraction Investigations Near San Jose, Californiaa

The geoelectrical resistivity method, in conjunction with a few seismic refraction profiles, is used to locate permeable strata for the artificial recharge of ground water. Both Schlumberger and Wenner electrode configurations are used in carrying out the resistivity measurements. Possibilities and limitations in the interpretations of some sounding curves are discussed. An attempt to interpret (horizontal) resistivity profiles in terms of theoretical profiles over hemispherical sinks is included. The results of the seismic refraction profiles seem to show that, within the depth of interest, the alluvial strata lack a good elastic differentiation. On the other hand, the resistivity measurements have indicated the presence of buried stream channels. The discovery of one such channel is confirmed by later drilling and a good correlation is shown between geoelectrical predictions and geologic findings. It is shown that the construction of isoresistivity maps can greatly contribute to the successful performance and interpretation of electrical soundings.
Interactive effects of some environmental and physiological variables on fluorescent age pigment accumulation in brain and heart tissues of an aquatic poikilotherm

The present study was undertaken to determine the effects of temperature, ration level, photoperiod, and clutch on variation of fluorescent age-pigment (FAP) accumulation in brain and heart tissues of the freshwater teleost,Puntius conchonius. Two experiments were designed, one testing temperature and ration interactions, the other testing temperature and photoperiod interactions. Three non-sibling clutches were used in each experiment. Temperature affected FAP levels in brain and heart in both experiments, but in a different manner. Brain FAP was inversely correlated with rearing temperature in both experiments. Conversely, heart FAP was directly affected. Ration level affected FAP through body size effects, however, statistical analysis of this observation was not possible. Photoperiod had no significant effect on FAP in either tissue. Significant FAP differences were detected between non-sibling fish, implicating genomic variation in the rate of FAP genesis. The mixed effects of temperature on FAP in each tissue indicates involvement of factors other than metabolic rate in the formation of FAP products. It is proposed that homeoviscous adaptation via modification of cellular lipid constituents may affect the potential for lipid peroxidation and FAP formation in each tissue type at different temperatures.
Extension Geography: Applied Geography In Action

(1984). Extension Geography: Applied Geography In Action. The Professional Geographer: Vol. 36, No. 2, pp. 236-238.
UNIQUE SUBCELLULAR DISTRIBUTION OF FIVE ANNEXINS IN RESTING AND INSULIN-STIMULATED RAT ADIPOSE CELLS

Several lines of evidence suggest that annexins, a family of phospholipid-binding proteins, play a role in cellular trafficking. Five annexins (I, II, V, VI, VII) were detected in rat adipose cells. They were primarily associated with the plasma membrane in a calcium-dependent manner. None of them redistributed with insulin treatment of the cells, in contrast to the glucose transporter GLUT4, which moved from intracellular membranes to the plasma membrane. Although the actual function of annexins in adipose cells remains to be determined, our data indicate that insulin-stimulated GLUT4 trafficking does not rely on a change in subcellular location of any of the five annexins detected so far in these cells.
Variability associated with testing cottonseed for aflatoxin

The sampling, subsampling, and analytical variance associated with testing cottonseed for aflatoxin were estimated by use of 4.54 kg samples, 100 g subsamples, and the Velasco method of analysis. Regression analysis indicated that each of the above variance components is a function of the concentration of aflatoxin in the populations tested. Functional relationships are presented to determine the sampling, subsampling, and analytical variance for any size sample, subsample, and number of analyses.
DYNAMICAL EVIDENCE THAT REGGE POLES CONTROL SMALL MOMENTUM-TRANSFER SCATTERING AT HIGH ENERGY

Assuming that Regge poles control high-energy scattering at small momentum transfers, a dynamical prediction is made for the magnitude of the total $\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{\pi}$ cross section and an estimate given for the corresponding width of the forward diffraction peak, starting from a knowledge of the $\ensuremath{\rho}$ and ${f}^{0}$ masses and the lifetime of the $\ensuremath{\rho}$. The results are in satisfactory agreement with numbers inferred from high-energy $\ensuremath{\pi}N$ and $\mathrm{NN}$ scattering through the factorization theorem for residues.
Tissue-specific Expression and Gabapentin-Binding Properties of Calcium Channel α2δ Subunit Subtypes

We report here the tissue-specific expression and gabapentin-binding properties of calcium channel α2δ subunits. Northern blot analysis demonstrated that human α2δ-1, -2, and -3 mRNA all had high levels of expression in brain, heart and skeletal muscle. However, the highest expression of human α2δ-2 mRNA was found in lung. Human α2δ-1, -2, and -3 mRNAs were detected in all portions of brain tested. Western blotting revealed that α2δ-2 protein was predominantly expressed in cerebellar cortex (brain) and undetectable in lung. The dissociation between mRNA and protein levels of human α2δ-2 in lung suggests possible post-transcriptional regulation. Although mouse α2δ-1 proteins exhibited a similar tissue distribution profile as that of human, tissue distribution of mouse α2δ-2 and -3 mRNA revealed a different profile. Mouse α2δ-3 mRNA was restricted to brain and mouse α2δ-2 mRNA was not detectable in lung. Gel electrophoresis under a reduced condition resulted in a mobility shift of both α2δ-1 and α2δ-2 proteins, suggesting that α2 and δ of α2δ-2 protein are linked by disulfide bond as are α2 and δ of α2δ-1. Scatchard plots revealed a single population of gabapentin binding sites for human α2δ-2 with the K D value twofold higher than that of porcine α2δ-1 (156 ± 25 nm vs. 72 ± 9 nm). Inhibition of gabapentin binding to α2δ-2 by selected amino acids and gabapentin analogs produced a binding profile similar, but not identical to that of α2δ-1.
Deformable object animation using reduced optimal control

Keyframe animation is a common technique to generate animations of deformable characters and other soft bodies. With spline interpolation, however, it can be difficult to achieve secondary motion effects such as plausible dynamics when there are thousands of degrees of freedom to animate. Physical methods can provide more realism with less user effort, but it is challenging to apply them to quickly create specific animations that closely follow prescribed animator goals. We present a fast space-time optimization method to author physically based deformable object simulations that conform to animator-specified keyframes. We demonstrate our method with FEM deformable objects and mass-spring systems.Our method minimizes an objective function that penalizes the sum of keyframe deviations plus the deviation of the trajectory from physics. With existing methods, such minimizations operate in high dimensions, are slow, memory consuming, and prone to local minima. We demonstrate that significant computational speedups and robustness improvements can be achieved if the optimization problem is properly solved in a low-dimensional space. Selecting a low-dimensional space so that the intent of the animator is accommodated, and that at the same time space-time optimization is convergent and fast, is difficult. We present a method that generates a quality low-dimensional space using the given keyframes. It is then possible to find quality solutions to difficult space-time optimization problems robustly and in a manner of minutes.
Study on the Solidification Structures of Al-Fe-Si Alloy under DC and AC Magnetic Fields

The effects of DC and AC magnetic field on the phase composition, morphology and distribution of the ternary Al-Fe-Si alloy were investigated. The solidification structures of the alloy solidified with and without the application of magnetic fields were confirmed by DSC and structural measurements. The results showed that, in this Al-Fe-Si alloy the fine needle-like Al3Fe phase dominated the microstructure at the grain boundaries with the minor amount of Chinese script-like α-AlFeSi. Distribution of Al3Fe phase was almost homogeneous in the volume of the sample when alloy was solidified in the conventional condition. When the DC magnetic field was imposed, distribution of Al3Fe phase was more homogeneous. However, the Al3Fe and α-AlFeSi phases were accumulated towards the center of the sample with the application of the AC magnetic field. This is due to the difference of Lorentz force between Al matrix and iron-containing intermetallics. Furthermore, the amount of Chinese script-like α-AlFeSi was increased remarkably under AC magnetic field.
Effect of Joule heating on electromigration reliability of Pb-free interconnect

Temperature and current are two major parameters that impact electromigration reliability. Due to the large current used in the accelerated electromigration test, the Joule self-heating associated with the stress current can be significant. The paper presents a study of electromigration fails in Pb-free interconnect from the point of view of localized Joule heating. The Joule heating effect in two types of packages, a fully assembled flip chip module with standard C4s and a silicon to silicon assembly with microbumps, is considered. A thermal FEM model is used as a guide to interpret the experimental observations.
Trabecular Bone Mechanical Properties in Patients with Fragility Fractures

Fragility fractures are generally associated with substantial loss in trabecular bone mass and alterations in structural anisotropy. Despite the high correlations between measures of trabecular mass and mechanical properties, significant overlap in density measures exists between individuals with osteoporosis and those who do not fracture. The purpose of this paper is to provide an analysis of trabecular properties associated with fragility fractures. While accurate measures of bone mass and 3-D orientation have been demonstrated to explain 80% to 90% of the variance in mechanical behavior, clinical and experimental experience suggests the unexplained proportion of variance may be a key determinant in separating high- and low-risk patients. Using a hierarchical perspective, we demonstrate the potential contributions of structural and tissue morphology, material properties, and chemical composition to the apparent mechanical properties of trabecular bone. The results suggest that the propensity for an individual to remodel or adapt to habitual damaging or nondamaging loads may distinguish them in terms of risk for failure.
Precise arsenic doping of HgCdTe by MBE and effects on compositional interdiffusion

Characterization data are presented for arsenic-doped Hg1−xCdxTe epilayers, grown on CdZnTe substrates by molecular beam epitaxy. Arsenic incorporation is influenced both by the cracker-cell bulk temperature (As flux) and by the substrate surface temperature. An Arrhenius-type equation can be used to fit the As incorporation data, yielding characteristic energies of 1.54 and 6.61 eV for the As cell and HgCdTe surface temperatures, respectively, independent of alloy fraction. This relation allows significantly improved predictability and control in the As doping concentration. The effect of growth temperature on As incorporation is demonstrated using a multilayer test structure with composition stepped in a sequence, with x=0.6, 0.45, 0.3, 0.2, of n-type material, followed by the reverse sequence of As-doped material, with the As cell temperature held constant. Secondary ion mass spectroscopy profiles of this layer again indicate the strong As incorporation dependence on growth temperature. Composition profiles for as-grown and annealed pieces of the multilayer sample show greater interdiffusion for the As-doped region as compared to the undoped region, which is attributed to the Fermi-level enhancement effect.
High rate of unemployment after liver transplantation: Analysis of the United Network for Organ Sharing database†

The goal of liver transplantation (LT) is to maximize the length and quality of a patient's life and facilitate his or her return to full productivity. The aims of this study were (1) to use the United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) data set to determine the proportions of recipients who were employed and unemployed within 24 months after LT between 2002 and 2008 and (2) to examine the factors associated with a return to employment. UNOS data that were collected since the adoption of the Model for End-Stage Liver Disease scoring system on February 27, 2002 were analyzed. There were 21,942 transplant recipients who met the inclusion criteria. The employment status of the recipients was analyzed within a 60-day window at the following times after transplantation: 6, 12, and 24 months. Approximately one-quarter of the LT recipients (5360 or 24.4%) were employed within 24 months after transplantation, and the remaining recipients had not returned to work. The demographic variables that were independently associated with posttransplant employment included an age of 18 to 40 years, male sex, a college degree, Caucasian race, and pretransplant employment. Patients with alcoholic liver disease had a significantly lower rate of employment than patients with other etiologies of liver disease. The recipients who were employed after transplantation had significantly better functional status than those who were not employed. In conclusion, the employment rate after LT is low, with only one-quarter of LT recipients employed. New national and individual transplant program policies are needed to assess the root causes of unemployment in recipients who wish to work after LT. Liver Transpl 18:90–100, 2012. © 2011 AASLD.
Clinical Implications of Novel Mutations in Epigenetic Modifiers in AML

The studies highlighted in this article suggest that mutations in TET2 mutations may impart adverse outcome in patients with CN-AML, whereas mutations in DNMT3a may have adverse implications in a broader set of patients with AML. The data with IDH enzyme mutations are less clear, in that individual IDH1 and IDH2 mutations may have different clinical effects and the data so far have not suggested a uniform effect on outcome. Despite the exciting data indicating that mutational testing for these alterations may be clinically useful, several challenges to understanding their clinical relevance remain. First, patients may simultaneously have mutations in multiple genes described in this article (FLT3, NPM1, CEBPa, DNMT3a, IDH1/2, or TET2), and in additional genes not mentioned earlier (Ras,47 PTEN,48 PHF6,49 ASXL1,15 and RUNX145). Furthermore, comprehensive sequencing studies of well-annotated, homogeneously treated patient cohorts are needed to understand the clinical implications of integrated mutational profiling in AML. An additional challenge to using mutational analysis for TET2 and DNMT3a in clinical use is identifying a means for rapid molecular testing of these mutations. This challenge may be met by the use of non–polymerase chain reaction–based methods of target enrichment, such as hybrid capture, followed by next-generation sequencing technologies. Moreover, clinical studies evaluating the biochemical consequences of mutations in some of these genes (eg, production of 2-HG in bodily fluids from patients with IDH-mutant AML or increased hydroxymethylcytosine levels in pretreatment blast DNA in patients with TET2/IDH mutant AML) may also prove to be useful in identifying biomarkers. Alternatively, protein-based technologies such as immunohistochemistry or mass spectrometry may be used in the clinical setting to detect the mutant proteins or loss of expression of specific proteins in patients with mutations. An additional area of importance highlighted by these discoveries is the increasing realization that several of these genes encode enzymes or result in alterations in enzymatic activities, which may represent novel, tractable therapeutic targets for patients with AML. This finding may hopefully lead to the development of novel targeted therapeutics for patients with specific genetic alterations in AML. This development may be occurring now with the advent of DOT1L-targeted therapy for leukemic cells with translocations involving MLL1.50,51 Studies to identify whether the neomorphic enzymatic activity of IDH1/2 mutations may be targetable or if the downstream effects of TET2 mutations can be targeted are ongoing and may lead to the development of rational epigenetic therapies that improve outcomes for patients with AML.