cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Gene expression analysis in aggressive NHL.

The mRNA expression profile of a tumor reflects the unique genetic alterations present and is predictive of the clinical and biological characteristics of the tumor. Novel techniques have been developed to determine the global gene expression pattern of normal and neoplastic tissues. A cDNA microarray uniquely suitable for the analysis of B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (B-NHL) has been developed and preliminary analysis on diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), follicular lymphoma (FL) and B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) has been performed. These studies indicate that: I) it is feasible to determine the gene expression profiles of archival lymphoma samples frozen and stored in a clinical setting, 2) the expression profile of these 3 types of lymphoproliferative disorders are distinctive, 3) DLBCL can be divided into at least 2 major subgroups according to their pattern of expression of B-cell associated genes and 4) the gene expression patterns in DLBCL appear to have prognostic significance. A larger study of DLBCL is currently underway to confirm and extend our findings. Gene expressio profiles will be correlated with cytogenetic and clinical data to identify distinctive profiles that are of clinical and biological significance and to delineate key genetic lesions that determine these profiles. The new information will allow the design of a simpler and less expensive array for clinical use. The diagnostic array could provide rapid molecular characterization of every B-NHL at presentation for optimal treatment decisions and prognostication. It is anticipated that this project will advance our understanding of the molecular mechanisms in the neoplastic transformation of B-lymphoid cells and the new insights will help to identify promising molecular targets for therapeutic intervention.
Looking at the Nonlinear World

To give an outline of the book, the characteristics of linear and nonlinear systems are contrasted, and the key feature of nonlinear phenomena is discussed. Possibility of interference between disparate space-time scales (scale interference) is an important feature of nonlinear systems. Scale interference makes the world we can directly observe on our scale open-ended; the events on the unknowable scales invade into our empirical world. This invasion causes, e.g., chaos, critical phenomena, creation of complex systems, etc. More unexpected novel phenomena must exist. Their description will require new concepts; conceptual analysis prepares for it. Understanding of phenomena is required without firm basis of the so-called fundamental laws. Such understanding is the core of phenomenology. The chapter concludes with the roadmap of this book.
Subregion-Specific Impacts of Genetic Loss of Diazepam Binding Inhibitor on Synaptic Inhibition in the Murine Hippocampus

Benzodiazepines are commonly prescribed to treat neurological conditions including epilepsy, insomnia, and anxiety. The discovery of benzodiazepine-specific binding sites on γ-aminobutyric acid type-A receptors (GABAARs) led to the hypothesis that the brain may produce endogenous benzodiazepine-binding site ligands. An endogenous peptide, diazepam binding inhibitor (DBI), which can bind these sites, is thought to be capable of both enhancing and attenuating GABAergic transmission in different brain regions. However, the role that DBI plays in modulating GABAARs in the hippocampus remains unclear. Here, we investigated the role of DBI in modulating synaptic inhibition in the hippocampus using a constitutive DBI knockout mouse. Miniature and evoked inhibitory postsynaptic currents (mIPSCs, eIPSCs) were recorded from CA1 pyramidal cells and dentate gyrus (DG) granule cells. Loss of DBI signaling increased mIPSC frequency and amplitude in CA1 pyramidal cells from DBI knockout mice compared to wild-types. In DG granule cells, conversely, the loss of DBI decreased mIPSC amplitude and increased mIPSC decay time, indicating bidirectional modulation of GABAAR-mediated transmission in specific subregions of the hippocampus. eIPSC paired-pulse ratios were consistent across genotypes, suggesting that alterations in mIPSC frequency were not due to changes in presynaptic release probability. Furthermore, cells from DBI knockout mice did not display altered responsiveness to pharmacological applications of diazepam, a benzodiazepine, nor flumazenil, a benzodiazepine-binding site antagonist. These results provide evidence that genetic loss of DBI alters synaptic inhibition in the adult hippocampus, and that the direction of DBI-mediated modulation can vary discretely between specific subregions of the same brain structure.
Passing Values to and from Methods

In this chapter, we will advance the concept of method decomposition and learn how to exchange information with methods.
Cell and Material‐Specific Phage Display Peptides Increase iPS‐MSC Mediated Bone and Vasculature Formation In Vivo

Biomimetically designed materials matching the chemical and mechanical properties of tissue support higher mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) adhesion. However, directing cell-specific attachment and ensuring uniform cell distribution within the interior of 3D biomaterials remain key challenges in healing critical sized defects. Previously, a phage display derived MSC-specific peptide (DPIYALSWSGMA, DPI) was combined with a mineral binding sequence (VTKHLNQISQSY, VTK) to increase the magnitude and specificity of MSC attachment to calcium-phosphate biomaterials in 2D. This study investigates how DPI-VTK influences quantity and uniformity of iPS-MSC mediated bone and vasculature formation in vivo. There is greater bone formation in vivo when iPS-MSCs are transplanted on bone-like mineral (BLM) constructs coated with DPI-VTK compared to VTK (p < 0.002), uncoated BLM (p < 0.037), acellular BLM/DPI-VTK (p < 0.003), and acellular BLM controls (p < 0.01). This study demonstrates, for the first time, the ability of non-native phage-display designed peptides to spatially control uniform cell distribution on 3D scaffolds and increase the magnitude and uniformity of bone and vasculature formation in vivo. Taken together, the study validates phage display as a novel technology platform to engineer non-native peptides with the ability to drive cell specific attachment on biomaterials, direct bone regeneration, and engineer uniform vasculature in vivo.
The Entangled World of Artifacts

“If History is bunk, then Archaeology is junk.” So begins Paul Bahn’s (1989:5) wickedly humorous book Bluff Your Way in Archaeology. Bahn, a freelance writer with a Ph.D. in archaeology from Cambridge University, goes on to say that archaeology is a “bizarre subject” that “entails seeking, retrieving, and studying the abandoned, lost, broken, and discarded traces left by human beings in the past.” He concludes that archaeologists are just the opposite of janitors. Archaeologists collect and save trash, whereas janitors have the good sense to discard it.
Simple, Gel-Based Determination of Nucleophosmin Mutations in Acute Myeloid Leukemias.

Mutations in the Nucleophosmin, member 1 (NPM1) gene, have been shown to be significant for prognosis and treatment of cytogenetically normal (CN) patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). To increase sensitivity for minimal residual disease (MRD) detection, especially in AMLs without a distinct phenotype or genetic marker, some assays have specifically targeted the individual mutation, which has led to an increased complexity of these tests. Other assays use expensive equipment such as capillary electrophoresis to differentiate between the usual 4bp size difference in the mutated gene and the wildtype(wt) gene. We developed a simple PCR-based procedure that amplifies the exon 12 region of the NPM1 gene and produces a small product (156bp for the wt and 160 for the mutant genes) using RNA that can be separated on a 4% metaphor agarose gel. This approach is clinically relevant since it can easily distinguish greater than 95% of the mutations. Eight of 24 AMLs of various types were positive for the mutation using our technique and those that were cloned and sequenced yielded the most common insertion TCTG, confirming its accuracy.
Cycling Without Age Program: The Impact for Residents in Long-Term Care:

Long-term care facilities seek ways to enhance the quality of life for residents. Cycling Without Age (CWA), a new international cycling program, is gaining momentum for older adults. This study ex...
Small California Wine Producers in 2019: An Industry Note

After 25 years of rising wine sales, 2019 revealed that growth was slowing. An oversupply of grapes and finished products, coupled with diminishing sales volumes and shifting buyer preferences, were impacting smaller California wine producers. Additionally, wine marketing in the U.S. focused primarily on the Baby Boomers, the large and affluent generation that has been the main wine consuming cohort over the last 25 years. But, as the Baby Boomers hit retirement age, their wine purchasing is moderating in both price and volume. Can winemakers shift their selling strategies from the Baby Boomer to the Gen X, and subsequently, the Millennial generations? The product-focused approach that led to success with the Baby Boomers might not be enough to cater to the likes of Gen Xers or the Millennials, as the younger generations have very different consumption patterns, preferences, and values. Branding is likely to remain important, but the tactics to attract and appeal to younger buyers is changing. How will wine producers appeal to the three different cohorts as they move through their respective life stages?
ROTSE All Sky Surveys for Variable Stars I: Test Fields

The ROTSE-I experiment has generated CCD photometry for the entire Northern sky in two epochs nightly since March 1998. These sky patrol data are a powerful resource for studies of astrophysical transients. As a demonstration project, we present first results of a search for periodic variable stars derived from ROTSE-I observations. Variable identification, period determination, and type classification are conducted via automatic algorithms. In a set of nine ROTSE-I sky patrol fields covering about 2000 square degrees we identify 1781 periodic variable stars with mean magnitudes between m_v=10.0 and m_v=15.5. About 90% of these objects are newly identified as variable. Examples of many familiar types are presented. All classifications for this study have been manually confirmed. The selection criteria for this analysis have been conservatively defined, and are known to be biased against some variable classes. This preliminary study includes only 5.6% of the total ROTSE-I sky coverage, suggesting that the full ROTSE-I variable catalog will include more than 32,000 periodic variable stars.
An "individualist" model of an active genome in a developing embryo

The early Drosophila embryo provides unique experimental advantages for addressing fundamental questions of gene regulation at multiple levels of organization, from individual gene loci to the whole genome. Using Drosophila embryos undergoing the first wave of genome activation, we detected discrete "speckles" of RNA Polymerase II (Pol II), and showed that they overlap with transcribing loci. We characterized the spatial distribution of Pol II speckles and quantified how this distribution changes in the absence of the primary driver of Drosophila genome activation, the pioneer factor Zelda. Although the number and size of Pol II speckles were reduced, indicating that Zelda promotes Pol II speckle formation, we observed a uniform distribution of distances between active genes in the nuclei of both wildtype and zelda mutant embryos. This suggests that the topologically associated domains identified by Hi-C studies do little to spatially constrain groups of transcribed genes at this time. We provide evidence that linear genomic distance between transcribed genes is the primary determinant of measured physical distance between the active loci. Furthermore, we show active genes can have distinct Pol II pools even if the active loci are in close proximity. In contrast to the emerging model whereby active genes are clustered to facilitate co-regulation and sharing of transcriptional resources, our data support an "individualist" model of gene control at early genome activation in Drosophila. This model is in contrast to a "collectivist" model where active genes are spatially clustered and share transcriptional resources, motivating rigorous tests of both models in other experimental systems.
Podocyte Lipotoxicity in CKD

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) represents the 9th most common cause of death in the U.S(1), but despite this large health burden, treatment options for affected patients remain limited. To remedy this, several relevant pathways have been identified that may lead to novel therapeutic options. Among them, altered renal lipid metabolism, first described in 1982, has been recognized as a common pathway in clinical and experimental CKD of both metabolic and non-metabolic origin. This observation has led many researchers to investigate the cause of this renal parenchyma lipid accumulation and its downstream effect on renal structure and function. Among key cellular components of the kidney parenchyma, podocytes are terminally differentiated cells that cannot be easily replaced when lost. Clinical and experimental evidence supports a role of reduced podocyte number in the progression of CKD. Given the importance of the podocytes in the maintenance of the glomerular filtration barrier and the accumulation of triglyceride and cholesterol-rich lipid droplets in the podocyte and glomerulus in kidney diseases that cause CKD, understanding the upstream cause and downstream consequences of lipid accumulation in podocytes may lead to novel therapeutic opportunities. In this review we hope to consolidate our understanding of the causes and consequences of dysregulated renal lipid metabolism in CKD development and progression, with a major focus on podocytes.
Desmoplastic fibroma of the temporal bone

Abstract Background Desmoplastic fibroma is a benign osseous neoplasm most often affecting the facial skeleton when presenting in the head and neck region. Involvement of the temporal bone is rare. Objective To describe a case of desmoplastic fibroma of the temporal bone, review the literature, and discuss its varying management. Results An elderly female presented with hearing loss and otalgia and was found to have a destructive temporal bone lesion on computed tomography. She underwent a complete mastoidectomy with biopsy; final pathology revealed desmoplastic fibroma. This is the first reported case managed by close observation due to extensive skull base involvement and its benign, slow-growing nature. Six previous cases of temporal bone desmoplastic fibroma have been reported in the literature. Conclusions Desmoplastic fibroma is a benign but infiltrative tumor for which biopsy is recommended to rule out malignancy and obtain a definitive diagnosis. Treatment is guided by extent of disease, presence of symptoms, and feasibility of surgical resection.
Multi-scale Improves Boundary Detection in Natural Images

In this work we empirically study the multi-scale boundary detection problem in natural images. We utilize local boundary cues including contrast, localization and relative contrast, and train a classifier to integrate them across scales. Our approach successfully combines strengths from both large-scale detection (robust but poor localization) and small-scale detection (detail-preserving but sensitive to clutter). We carry out quantitative evaluations on a variety of boundary and object datasets with human-marked groundtruth. We show that multi-scale boundary detection offers large improvements, ranging from 20% to 50%, over single-scale approaches. This is the first time that multi-scale is demonstrated to improve boundary detection on large datasets of natural images.
Hybrid random subsample classifier ensemble for high dimensional data sets

This paper presents a comparative performance evaluation of a random subsample classifier ensemble with leading machine learning classifiers on high dimensional datasets. Classification performance of the hybrid random subsample ensemble is compared to those of a comprehensive set of machine learning classification algorithms through both in-house simulations and the results published by others in the literature. Performance comparison is based on prediction accuracies on six datasets from the UCI Machine Learning repository, namely Dexter, Madelon, Isolet, Multiple Features, Internet Ads, and Citeseer, with feature counts of up to 105,000. Simulation results establish the competitive performance aspect of the hybrid random subsample ensemble for high dimensional datasets. Specifically, the study findings indicate that hybrid random subsample ensembles with a subsample rate of 15% and base classifier count of 25 or more can achieve a very competitive performance on high dimensional data sets when compared to leading machine learning classifier algorithms.
Controlling a marionette with human motion capture data

In this paper, we present a method for controlling a motorized, string-driven marionette using motion capture data from human actors. The motion data must be adapted for the marionette because its kinematic and dynamic properties differ from those of the human actor in degrees of freedom, limb length, workspace, mass distribution, sensors, and actuators. This adaptation is accomplished via an inverse kinematics algorithm that takes into account marker positions, joint motion ranges, string constraints, and potential energy. We also apply a feedforward controller to prevent extraneous swings of the hands. Experimental results show that our approach enables the marionette to perform motions that are qualitatively similar to the original human motion capture data.
Spectroscopic study of keto-enol equilibria—XII

Abstract The spectroscopic properties of several compounds related to 1-5-diamino-4,8-naphthoquinone and 1,4- bis -(methylamino)-5,8-naphthoquinone have been determined. The possibility of producing isomers during the synthesis and the tautomeric equilibria in the compounds have been investigated.
Some combinatorial aspects of movies and movie-moves in the theory of smoothly knotted surfaces in R4

For proper subsets U of {1,2,...,31} we define and construct U-regular isotopy invariants of the Carter-Rieger-Saito movies (representing knotted surfaces) and use these to show that there are ambient isotopic knotted surfaces represented by movies M1 and M2 for which movie-moves of type 31 are required to get from M1 to M2.
Targeted Versus Universal Antifungal Prophylaxis Among Liver Transplant Recipients

Guidelines recommend targeted antifungal prophylaxis for liver transplant (LT) recipients based on tiers of risk, rather than universal prophylaxis. The feasibility and efficacy of tiered, targeted prophylaxis is not well established. We performed a retrospective study of LT recipients who received targeted prophylaxis (n = 145; voriconazole [VORI; 54%], fluconazole [8%], no antifungal [38%]) versus universal VORI prophylaxis (n = 237). Median durations of targeted and universal prophylaxis were 11 and 6 days, respectively (p < 0.0001). The incidence of invasive fungal infections (IFIs) in targeted and universal groups was 6.9% and 4.2% (p = 0.34). Overall, intra-abdominal candidiasis (73%) was the most common IFI. Posttransplant bile leaks (p = 0.001) and living donor transplants (p = 0.04) were independent risk factors for IFI. IFIs occurred in 6% of high-risk transplants who received prophylaxis and 4% of low-risk transplants who did not receive prophylaxis (p = 1.0). Mortality rates (100 days) were 10% (targeted) and 7% (universal) (p = 0.26); attributable mortality due to IFI was 10%. Compliance with prophylaxis recommendations was 97%. Prophylaxis was discontinued for toxicity in 2% of patients. Targeted antifungal prophylaxis in LT recipients was feasible and safe, effectively prevented IFIs and reduced the number of patients exposed to antifungals. Bile leaks and living donor transplants should be considered high-risk indications for prophylaxis.
Linhas de observação

Este ensaio apresenta dez trabalhos recentes que exploram, em diversos formatos e abordagens, a linguagem, a tecnica e os sentidos do desenho de observacao.
Determinants of Loyalty to Grocery Store Type

Abstract Four benefit-evaluation dimensions are identified for grocery customers. They are: (1) Product Areas and Clean Store, (2) Prices, Variety of Products, and Quick Checkout, (3) Quality Service, and (4) Convenient Location. Key results are: (1) satisfaction with low prices, variety of offerings, and quick checkout is positively associated with first-store loyalty among supercenter shoppers and (2) satisfaction with service quality and convenient location is positively associated with first-time loyalty among traditional grocery chain shoppers. With the conclusion supercenters “own” in particular the price and wide product assortment positions, managerial recommendations are presented for traditional grocery chains, since service quality and convenient location are their strategic strengths.
Characterization of free radical-induced damage to DNA by the combined use of enzymatic hydrolysis and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.

Abstract The use of gas chromatography—mass spectrometry (GC—MS) for characterization of free radical-induced based damage to DNA is presented. Damage introduced to DNA by reactive oxygen species such as hydroxyl radicals appears to play an important role in mutagenesis, carcinogenesis and aging. Elucidation of the chemical nature of such DNA lesions is necessary for the assessment of their biology consequences and enzymatic repair. DNA exposed to radiation-generated hydroxyl radicals in aqueous solution was hydrolyzed to 2′-deoxyribonucleosides with a mixture of DNase I, venom and spleen exonucleases and alkaline phosphatase. The hydrolysate was subsequently trimethylsilylated and analyzed by GC-MS. A large number of DNA lesions were separated and identified. Mass spectra obtained were interpreted on the basis of the typical fragmentation pathways of trimethylsilylated nucleosides. The use of GC—MS with selected-ion monitoring facilitated the detection of these lesions at the very low quantities and radiation doses (below 10 Gray) that might be relevant to those in biological systems.
Effect of Combination Chemotherapy on Murine Bladder Cancer

A murine bladder tumor model was evaluated for tumor growth retardation while receiving combination chemotherapy, either 40 mg/m2 methotrexate and 35 mg/m2 cis-platinum or 500 mg
Constructing unbiased tests for homogeneity and goodness of fit

Abstract Suppose X ij , i =1, 2,…, k, j =1, 2,…, n i , are random samples from independent populations distributed according to an exponential family with parameter θ i . Let Y i be the minimal sufficient statistic for population i and assume that the sum of any subset of the Y i , i =1, 2,…, k , is also a one parameter exponential family. The normal and Poisson distributions satisfy such an assumption. The problem is to test H: θ 1 = θ 2 = ⋯ = θ k vs K: not H. Unbiased tests are constructed. The construction ca so that the resulting unbiased tests are in a complete class in the continuous case and are admissible in the discrete case. The construction is also appropriate for testing a simple hypothesis concerned with multinomial probabilities against an arbitrary alternative. This latter problem arises in testing goodness of fit.
Distinctive clinical phenotype and treatment outcome of type 1 autoimmune hepatitis in the elderly

Autoimmune hepatitis is classically a disease of young women. Our aims were to determine its occurrence, clinical phenotype, and outcome in elderly patients and contrast findings to young adults. Two-hundred-and-five white North American adults with definite type 1 autoimmune hepatitis were grouped according to age at presentation and the groups compared. Forty-seven patients (23%) were aged > or = 60 years (median age, 68 years), and 31 patients (15%) were aged or = 60 years had a higher frequency of cirrhosis at presentation than the patients or = 60 years (58% vs. 23%, P = .004), and HLA DR4 occurred more often in the patients > or = 60 years (47% vs. 13%, P = .003). Patients aged > or = 60 years failed corticosteroid treatment less commonly than those aged or = 60 years (23%). Differences in age distribution, HLA frequencies, and treatment outcome occurred after age > or = 40 years. In conclusion, elderly patients have a greater frequency of cirrhosis at presentation and HLA DR4 than patients or = 40 years. Genetic susceptibilities may favor etiologic factors that are age-related.
Microscopic Effective Medium Model for Thermal Conductivity of Two Dimensional Nano-Porous and Micro-Porous Media

Two-dimensional Nano-porous (NP) and micro-porous (MP) materials are currently used in a variety of applications which require the knowledge of the thermal conductivity (k). In NP and MP materials, two pertinent length scales determine the phonon thermal conductivity: 1) the ratio of inter-pore distance, δ, and the mean free path (m.f.p.) of phonons, 1, 2) the ratio of the pore diameter, d, and the m.f.p. of phonons. This is schematically shown in Fig. 1. In the traditional diffusion-approximation (macroscopic models) based models (1 ≪ d, δ) for the thermal conductivity of porous materials, the effective thermal conductivity, keff , of the porous material for a given shape of the pores and direction of the heat flow is only a function of the volume fraction (φ) of the pores. Therefore, in the diffusion approximation, keff can be written as keff = km f(φ) (1) where km is the thermal conductivity of the host medium. Our focus is on cylindrical pores. We only consider the heat flow in the transverse direction as shown in Fig. 1a. For example, if φ <40%, Maxwell-Garnett effective medium model (MG EMM) can be used. f(φ) for MG EMM is given by f(φ) = 1 − φ1 + φ (2) Experimental data on two-dimensional micro-porous silicon made of cylindrical pores have shown that the macroscopic model given by Eq. (1) grossly over predicts keff of the porous materials. In MP and NP materials, the phonon transport is ballistic in nature because of the dominant scattering of phonons from the pore boundaries. Ballistic transport becomes dominant when m.f.p is comparable to or larger than d and δ. In this regime, the Boltzmann Transport Equation (BTE) must be solved without invoking the diffusion approximation. Solving the BTE for such a complex network of pores is a challenging task, and a few previous works exist where BTE was solved numerically under various simplifying assumptions regarding the geometry and the arrangement of the pores. Both of these investigations assumed rectangular pores for two-dimensional composite or cubical pores for three-dimensional composites; however, in reality, these pores are never so simple in their geometry. Typically, these pores are cylindrical in shape for two-dimensional composites and nearly spherical in shape for three-dimensional composites. The solution of BTE for the multitude of non-planar pores, although achievable, will be a very tedious task.© 2005 ASME
Easy Implementation of Writing in Introductory Statistics Courses

Abstract In the past decade there has been a substantial increase in the number of introductory statistics courses taught at the undergraduate level. Many have argued successfully for the extensive use of writing in such courses in an attempt to highlight the interdisciplinary role of statistics and acknowledge that a good statistician must also be good at summarizing his or her analyses to nonstatisticians. This point was made by Radke-Sharpe, who went on to add that incorporating writing demands time, energy, and creativity, but that it is usually well worth the effort. This article discusses the efforts made by the authors to include writing in their courses, and some of the techniques that made the writing process painless and productive for both students and faculty.
Pulsed electric field effects on bacteria and yeast cells

Cell suspensions of yeasts and bacteria in the exponential growth phase were subjected to pulsed electric fields of 12.5 kV/cm intensity to study inactivation. Up to 20 pulses of 0.3 ms duration were applied at a maximum temperature of 30C. The yeasts Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida stellata were reduced by >3 log. These reductions were due to nonthermal effects. Reductions of approximately 1 log or less were obtained for the bacteria Escherichia coli and Listeria innocua. However, by acidifying the L. innocua suspension from pH 6.6 to 3.8, a 3 log reduction was achieved. In contrast, acidification of the E. coli suspension had no effect on inactivation.
Further studies of monoolein lipase from rat adipose tissue

Abstract In this report the results of further investigations on the characteristics of a previously reported monoglyceride hydrolyzing enzyme in adipose tissue, designated as monoolein lipase, are presented. The utilization of discontinuous sucrose gradient centrifugation has resulted in a greatly increased specific activity of monoolein lipase and has allowed separation of this enzyme from monolaurin lipase and tributyrinase. Monoolein lipase shows a high specificity for monoglyceride substrates with no hydrolytic activity against the corresponding triglycerides or methyl esters. The synthesis and assay of various monoglyceride substrates has indicated that those substrates containing unsaturation in the fatty acid moiety are more readily hydrolyzed than the corresponding monoglycerides containing saturated fatty acids. Monoolein lipase is higly sensitive to inactivation by p-chloromercuribenzoate (PCMB), and dithiothreitol is capable of reversing and preventing the PCMB inhibition.
Absence of transfer in unusual uses tests.

To produce weight responses to the word “screw-driver” in an Unusual Uses Test, the test was preceded by a test asking for uses of an electric iron. For the two groups, a high school age group, and a college summer school group, no evidence of positive transfer appeared.
International workshops for the comparison of Eddy current codes

A series of six workshops was held to compare eddy current codes, using the six benchmark problems described in the following six papers. The problems include transient and steady‐state ac magnetic fields, close and far boundary conditions, magnetic and non‐magnetic materials. All the problems are based either on experiments or on geometries that can be solved analytically. The workshops and solutions to the problems are described. Results show that many different methods and formulations give satisfactory solutions, and that in many cases reduced dimensionality or coarse discretization can give acceptable results while reducing the computer time required.
Resurgence Under Delayed Reinforcement

Four pigeons were studied under a resurgence procedure in which, in successive phases, 1) pecking the left response key (the target response) was reinforced while responding on the right response key (the alternative response) was not reinforced; 2) both responses were extinguished; 3) the alternative response was reinforced while the target response continued to be extinguished; and 4) the target response continued to be extinguished while unsignaled delays of reinforcement that progressively increased across several sessions were added to the alternative response key. As the delays progressively reduced alternative response rates and reinforcement rates, rates of pecking on the originally trained, but now extinguished, key-peck response recurred (resurged) in three of four subjects. The present findings suggest that resurgence is not restricted to conventional extinction where reinforcement is completely eliminated. They also suggest a means of controlling resurgence in the absence of access to the behavioral history that is the wellspring of that resurgence.
Discontinuous transcription in Leptomonas seymouri: presence of intact and interrupted mini-exon gene families

Mature mRNAs of trypanosomatid protozoa result from the joining of at least two exons, which are initially transcribed as separate RNAs. In all trypanosomatids examined to date, the first exon (mini-exon) is encoded by approximately 200 tandemly reiterated genes. In characterizing the mini-exon genes of Leptomonas seymouri, we identified two predominant size classes of repetitive sequences that hybridized strongly to the L. seymouri mini-exon sequence. These two sequences are arranged as interspersed clusters. DNA sequence analysis of a clone representing the smaller size class demonstrated that these sequences have the capacity to encode a mini-exon donor (med)RNA corresponding to the 86 nt component seen in Northern blots of L. seymouri RNA. The larger size class comprises a family of related sequences, some of which contain DNA inserted into the mini-exon portion of the medRNA gene. The specific insert identified here (LINS 1) is exclusively associated with medRNA sequences, and is present in approximately 20% of the larger size class of L. seymouri medRNA genes. Disregarding the insertion, the sequences of the smaller bona fide mini-exon genes and the gene copy containing the insert were almost identical. The insert sequence is transcribed in the same direction as medRNA to yield at least four small non-polyadenylated RNAs, which appeared not to be linked to medRNA sequences.
Aggression and sexuality in relation to toddler attachment: Implications for the caregiving system.

La sexualite et l'agression emergent durant la deuxieme annee d'une vie en tant que systemes importants de motivation qui organisent des aspects considerables du comportement du jeune enfant, affectant l'operation du systeme d'attachement et transformant les perceptions des parents et leurs comportements envers l'enfant. Le lien entre differents systemes de motivation chez le parent et l'enfant est discoute en tant que dimension importante dans l'elargissement de notre comprehension de l'attachement dans le contexte du systeme de mode de soin. Des exemples normatifs et cliniques sont presentes de maniere a illustrer la facon dont l'agression et la sexualite affectent l'attachement ainsi que les comportements et representations de modes de soin durant la petite enfance.
Neural projections of the preoptic-suprachiasmatic region to the median eminence in the rat: A quantitative autoradiographic study

The possibility of a preferential distribution of projections from the preoptic-suprachiasmatic region (POA-Sch) to the median eminence in the male rat was studied using autoradiographic and computer procedures. A cocktail of [3H]leucine-[3H]proline was injected into the POA-Sch. Animals were killed after either 1, 4, or 24 h of incorporation time (IT). The number of silver grains per 25-micron square was counted throughout the median eminence. Squares with silver grain densities at or above the 75 percentile of the population for any given IT group were labeled as "concentrating areas." The distribution of these concentrating areas in median eminence tissue was analyzed utilizing univariate procedures. Visual inspection of the distribution of silver grain densities in a rostrocaudal fashion indicated the likelihood of uneven distribution; however, these differences were not statistically significant. In the dorsoventral plane, results indicated that the highest silver grain density was at 50 to 75 micron from the floor of the 3rd ventricle. Such distribution was apparent both ipsi- and contralateral to the injection site, but was greater on the ipsilateral side.
Managing the interactions between sulfate- and perchlorate-reducing bacteria when using hydrogen-fed biofilms to treat a groundwater with a high perchlorate concentration

Abstract A groundwater containing an unusually high concentration (∼4000 μg/L) of perchlorate (ClO4–) and significant (∼60 mg/L) sulfate (SO42−) was treated with hydrogen (H2)-fed biofilms. The objective was to manage the interactions between sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) and perchlorate-reducing bacteria (PRB) by controlling the H2-delivery capacity to achieve ClO4– reduction to below the detection limit (4 μg/L). Complete ClO4– reduction with minimized SO42− reduction was achieved by using two membrane biofilm reactors (MBfRs) in series. The lead MBfR removed >96% ClO4–, and the lag MBfR further reduced ClO4– to below the detection limit. SO42− reduction ranged from 10 to 60%, and lower SO42− reduction corresponded to lower H2 availability (i.e., lower H2 pressure or membranes with lower H2-delivery capacity). Minimizing SO42− reduction improved ClO4– removal by increasing the fraction of PRB in the biofilm. High SO42− flux correlated with enrichment of Desulfovibrionales, autotrophic SRB that can compete strongly with denitrifying bacteria (DB) and PRB. Increased SO42− reduction also led to enrichment of: 1) Ignavibacteriales and Thiobacteriales, sulfide-oxidizing bacteria that allow sulfur cycling in the biofilm; 2) Bacteroidales, heterotrophic microorganisms likely using organic sources of carbon (e.g., acetate); and 3) Spirochaetales, which potentially utilize soluble microbial products (SMPs) from autotrophic SRB to produce acetate.
On bounds and approximate solutions for a class of transient creep problems

Abstract The problem of primary and secondary creep in a circular cylinder undergoing torsion is reduced to a nonlinear integral equation of the same form as one previously obtained in [1] for pure bending in beams. A priori torsion bounds are then immediate from the results of [1]. A generalized secondary creep equation is then proposed which contains as special cases the above-mentioned pure bending and torsion equations as well as those for cylindrical and spherical pressure vessels. Monotone sequences of approximate solutions for this equation are derived under the assumption of a very general secondary creep law.
Phenotypic Analysis of a Population of IgA+ Cells in the Follicle-Associated Epithelium of Mouse Peyer's Patches

The follicle-associated epithelium (FAE) selectively transports prions, viruses, pathogenic bacteria, commensal microflora, and even secretory IgA (SIgA)-immune complexes from the intestinal lumen to underlying gut-associated lymphoid tissues like Peyer’s patches. The FAE consists of a single layer of columnar epithelial cells that includes enterocytes and M (microfold) cells, intermingled with dendritic cells (DCs), macrophages, and naive and memory B and T lymphocytes. In this report we describe a population of IgA+ cells that reside within and immediately below the FAE in mouse Peyer’s patches. Immunofluorescence microscopy analysis indicated that the FAE-associated IgA+ cells were negative for surface antigen markers specific for B cells (B220), T cells (CD3), DCs (CD11c), and plasma cells (CD138). The IgA+ cells were also negative Ki-67 and IRF4, indicating that they are not mature B cells or plasma cells. The IgA+ cells were, however, often found in close proximity to DCs, leading us to speculate that the population of IgA+ cells in the FAE constitutes an atypical subset of B cells involved in mucosal antigen surveillance and/or immune recall.
Sunspots, Geomagnetic Indices and the Weather: A Cross-Spectral Analysis between Sunspots, Geomagnetic Activity and Global Weather Data

Abstract Cross-spectral computations using the time series of Zurich sunspot numbers and seasonal mean temperature and precipitation totals indicate that these series are uncorrelated at individual stations and when grouped together into latitude bands. The same computations with the time series of the geomanetic index Aa and these meteorological series also show no correlation either at individual stations or when grouped together in latitude bands.
Formation of Ettringite from Monosubstituted Calcium Sulfoaluminate Hydrate and Gypsum

The formation of ettringite (3CaO·Al2O3·3CaSO4·32H2O) from monosulfate (3CaO·Al2O3·CaSO4·12H2O) and gypsum (CaSO4·2H2O) was investigated by isothermal calorimetry and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses. Hydration was carried out at constant temperatures from 30° to 80°C using deionized water and 0.2M, 0.5M, and 1.0M sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solutions. Ettringite was found to be the dominant crystalline phase over the entire temperature range and at all sodium hydroxide concentrations. A sodium-substituted monosulfate phase was formed as a hydration product in the 1.0M sodium hydroxide solution regardless of temperature. XRD and calorimetry demonstrate that hydration in increasing sodium hydroxide concentrations decreases the amount of ettringite formed and retards the rate of reaction. The apparent activation energy for the conversion of the monosulfate/gypsum mixture to ettringite was observed to vary depending on the sodium hydroxide concentration. Ettringite formation was observed to depend upon the concentration of calcium in solution; thus the formation of calcium hydroxide and sodium-substituted monosulfate phase competes with ettringite formation.
Factors Contributing to Variability of Quantitative Viral PCR Results in Proficiency Testing Samples: a Multivariate Analysis

While viral load testing has gained widespread acceptance, a primary limitation remains the variability of results, particularly between different laboratories. While some work has demonstrated the importance of standardized quantitative control material in reducing this variability, little has been done to explore other important factors in the molecular amplification process. Results of 185 laboratories enrolled in the College of American Pathologists (CAP) 2009 viral load proficiency testing (PT) survey (VLS) were examined. This included 165 labs (89.2%) testing for cytomegalovirus (CMV), 99 (53.5%) for Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), and 64 (34.6%) for BK virus (BKV). At the time of PT, laboratories were asked a series of questions to characterize their testing methods. The responses to these questions were correlated to mean viral load (MVL) and result variability (RV). Contribution of individual factors to RV was estimated through analysis of variance (ANOVA) modeling and the use of backward selection of factors to fit those models. Selection of the quantitative calibrator, commercially prepared primers and probes, and amplification target gene were found most prominently associated with changes in MVL or RV for one or more of the viruses studied. Commercially prepared primers and probes and amplification target gene made the largest contribution to overall variability. Factors contributing to MVL and RV differed among viruses, as did relative contribution of each factor to overall variability. The marked variability seen in clinical quantitative viral load results is associated with multiple aspects of molecular testing design and performance. The reduction of such variability will require a multifaceted approach to improve the accuracy, reliability, and clinical utility of these important tests.
Investigations of the Exposure Scales of Characteristic Curves of Photographic Emulsion Layers

The application of a quantum theory of photographic exposure to photographic films of extended exposure latitude is studied, and it is shown that the density-log exposure data of such materials are incapable of representation by equations based on the simple theory. The applicability of binary functions, as well as functions based on variable intrinsic sensitivity (ϵ) or quantic sensitivity (γ) of the emulsions, is examined for a number of exemplary films, including some experiments on the effects of supersensitizing-optical sensitizing combinations.
Therapeutic potential of plasma gelsolin administration in a rat model of sepsis.

Abstract Background Gelsolin is an actin-binding protein found in the cytoplasm and in extracellular fluids including blood plasma. Plasma gelsolin concentration decreases after a wide range of injuries. We hypothesized that the repletion of gelsolin would limit inflammation and tissue injury in a rat model of sepsis using cecal ligation and double puncture (2CLP). Methods Human plasma gelsolin (pGSN, 10 mg in 1 ml saline) was administered once immediately following surgery, and control 2CLP (2CLP Alb) and sham animals were injected with 1 ml saline containing equimolar albumin. Treatments were administered intraperitoneally (IP), intravenously (IV), or subcutaneously (SC). Results Gelsolin levels in the 2CLP Alb group were lower than in sham animals. Administration of pGSN increased levels when administered IV and SC, but not IP. Morbidity scores were significantly less severe in the 2CLP pGSN group than in the 2CLP Alb group when pGSN was administered IV and SC, but not IP. Furthermore, enzymatic activity indicative of tissue damage (lactate dehydrogenase and alanine transaminase) was significantly lower in 2CLP pGSN group when treated SC compared to 2CLP Alb group. Conclusion These data provide further evidence that exogenous gelsolin can reduce morbidity from sepsis.
Comparative hemodynamic effects of antishock suit and volume expansion in normal human beings

The effects of pneumatic antishock trousers on central venous pressure (CVP) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) were compared with those of volume expansion with normal saline in a group of healthy young men. CVP increased from 4.8 ± 1.9 to 7.3 ± 2.5 mm Hg (P
The Cognitive Unconscious Seems Related to the Dynamic Unconscious—But It’s Not the Whole Story

Psychoanalytically minded thinkers can feel optimistic that our belief in a dynamic unconscious—motivational, emotional, and cognitive processes that happen outside of awareness, yet influence our conscious experience and behavior—is finding increasing support in cognitive psychology and the neurosciences. Heather Berlin ably summarizes a wealth of findings indicating that our feelings and actions are influenced by stimuli that are not perceived or attended to. Because these findings emerge from experimental work, in which conditions are controlled by the investigator, skeptics outside of psychodynamically friendly circles are now more likely to accept that unconscious processes must be taken into account. This is surely good for our field. However, because the nature of experimental work relies on external stimuli, presented under control of an investigator, we still have a long way to go toward understanding the neural nature of those aspects of the dynamic unconscious that arise from within the subject...
Analysis of risk factors for development of atrial fibrillation early after cardiac valvular surgery

Atrial fibrillation (AF) commonly develops after cardiac valvular surgery. The objective of this study was to identify risk factors for postoperative AF following valvular surgery. A cohort of 915 consecutive adult patients undergoing isolated valvular surgery with preoperative sinus rhythm was analyzed. Univariate and independent multivariate risk factors for postoperative AF were determined. A second cohort of 305 patients with the same inclusion criteria was used to validate the multivariate predictors. Patients studied had a mean age of 56.1 +/- 14.7 years, 57.9% were men, 79.6% had a normal left ventricular ejection fraction, and their mean left atrial size was 46.2 +/- 9.3 mm. The incidence of postoperative AF was 36.7%. Independent predictors of postoperative AF included: advanced age (odds ratio [OR] 1.506 per decade, 95% confidence interval, [CI] 1.35 to 1.68, p = 0.0001); mitral stenosis (OR 2.066, CI 1.21 to 3.52, p = 0.0077); left atrial enlargement (OR 1.468, CI 1.07 to 2.01, p = 0.0165); use of systemic hypothermia (OR 0.572, CI 0.422 to 0.776, p = 0.0003); and a history of cardiac surgery (OR 0.676, CI 0.465 to 0.981, p = 0.0393). Among these variables, advanced age, mitral stenosis, and left atrial enlargement were confirmed as independent risk factors in the validation cohort.