cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A semantic E-wallet to reconcile privacy and context awareness

Increasingly, application developers are looking for ways to provide users with higher levels of personalization that capture different elements of a user's operating context, such as her location, the task that she is currently engaged in, who her colleagues are, etc. While there are many sources of contextual information, they tend to vary from one user to another and also over time. Different users may rely on different location tracking functionality provided by different cell phone operators; they may use different calendar systems, etc. In this paper, we describe work on a Semantic e-Wallet aimed at supporting automated discovery and access of personal resources, each represented as a Semantic Web Service. A key objective is to provide a Semantic Web environment for open access to a user's contextual resources, thereby reducing the costs associated with the development and maintenance of context-aware applications. A second objective is, through Semantic Web technologies, to empower users to selectively control who has access to their contextual information and under which conditions. This work has been carried out in the context of myCampus, a context-aware environment aimed at enhancing everyday campus life. Empirical results obtained on Carnegie Mellon's campus are encouraging.
Electron-localization mechanisms in GaAs/Ga0.7Al0.3As superlattices.

The effects of miniband width (Δ), applied electric field, and atomic layering thickness disorder present in real semiconductor superlattices (SL's) have been studied experimentally via transverse magnetotransport experiments on a set of n-type modulation-doped GaAs/Ga 0.7 Al 0.3 As SL's. X-ray diffraction and transmission-electron microscopy studies show that the thickness of any given layer may vary randomly by ±1 atomic monolayer from the well-defined average layer thickness. Current-voltage traces show a large drop in the high-field differential conductivity with a characteristic voltage that is proportional to Δ in the range 10<Δ<30 meV, but which is nearly independent of Δ for Δ≥30 meV
Microtheory of collisionless shock current layers

The present status of understanding of microscopic dissipation processes in the current layer of collisionless shocks is reviewed. The emphasis is on cross-field current-driven instabilities and their importance in quasiperpendicular shocks, although other processes which arise in quasiparallel shocks are also discussed. A general prescription is given for calculating turbulent heating and resistivity in shocks. 112 references.
Evidence for time-dependent and adaptive mechanisms in the mitral valve following prolonged Angiotensin II infusion

Activation of angiotensin II (AngII) signaling has been implicated in the pathogenesis of human myxomatous mitral valve prolapse (MVP). To determine whether chronic AngII infusion can elicit molecu...
In-channel micromechanical plate interacting with fluid flow

We have studied the interaction of fluid with a suspended micromechanical plate encapsulated in a fluidic channel. Fluid flowed into the channel at a flow rate of 4.2 microliters/minute and the deformation of the plate observed using optical deflection means. The flow was modeled as Hagen-Poiseuille flow and the forces on the plate were calculated from the steady state solution for incompressible and isothermal flow in a square duct. FEM simulations of the plate predict an angular deflection of 2/spl times/10/sup -5/ radians while the observed deflection of the plate was 2.3/spl times/10/sup -4/ radians.
Genetic identity of thermosensory relay neurons in the lateral parabrachial nucleus

The parabrachial nucleus is important for thermoregulation because it relays skin temperature information from the spinal cord to the hypothalamus. Prior work in rats localized thermosensory relay ...
The decapentaplegic gene: a TGF-β homologue controlling pattern formation in Drosophila

The type β transforming growth factor (TGF-β) family of secreted factors encompasses a wide range of structurally related proteins that control the state of determination or differentiation in a wide variety of cell types. For all members of the family that have been studied at the protein level, the active moieties arise as dimers of the C -terminal ∼110 amino acid fragment derived from much longer precursor polypeptides. The hallmark of the family is a series of 7 completely conserved cysteine residues in the C -terminus; other conserved amino acid sequences generally cluster in the vicinity of 6 of these 7 cysteines. This report focuses on our current understanding of the genetic structure and developmental role of the decapentaplegic (dpp) gene in Drosophila , the only member of the TGF-β family thus far identified in invertebrates. The dpp polypeptide bears a sufficiently close relationship to two bone morphogenesis proteins (BMP-2A and BMP-2B) identified in mammals (Wozney et al . 1988, Science 242, 1528–1534) to warrant the suggestion that dpp and the BMP-2s are the descendants of a common ancestral gene. The protein-coding information for dpp is contained within a 6 kb DNA segment. An elaborate cis -regulatory apparatus, encompassing a >55 kb DNA segment, has evolved to control expression of the dpp gene, which is required for determination of dorsal ectoderm in the early embryo, for normal distal outgrowth of the adult appendages, and for sundry other developmental events, which are currently less welldefined. Studies of chimeric individuals and observations of transcript accumulation in situ have demonstrated that the dpp gene is expressed along the A/P boundary of the imaginal disks. A possible role of dpp in elaborating positional information in imaginal disk development is discussed.
SPONTANEOUS MAGNETIC FIELDS IN LASER-PRODUCED PLASMAS.

Spontaneously generated magnetic fields of the order of a kilogauss have been observed in a laser-produced plasma, using a variety of targets and background pressures. The generation of these magnetic fields is explained in terms of thermoelectric currents associated with large temperature gradients near the target.
Determining factors for the outcome of peripheral blood progenitor cells harvests.

This is a pilot retrospective study to investigate the factors that may affect the collection of peripheral blood progenitor cells (PBPC). Sixty-nine PBPC harvests in 18 cancer patients (median age 39.5; 8 males and 10 females) were performed during marrow recovery after chemotherapy and hematopoietic growth factors. Median number of nucleated cells (MNC) collected were 13.3 (range 2.3-44.5) x 10(9) per session. Median CFU-GM was 362 colonies (range 63-1,720) per 500,000 MNC. Neither sex, body weight, diagnosis, nor the number of days into leukapheresis was significantly associated with MNC and CFU-GM. Older patients tend to have higher CFU-GM in the PBPC harvests (P = .0437). Higher WBC on the day of harvest is significantly associated with higher yield of MNC after leukapheresis (P < .0001). Patients without any evidence of disease have significantly higher yield of MNC than those having local/distant metastases with or without marrow involvement (P = .0302 and .0446). For patients with metastatic disease, those with bone marrow involvement tend to have higher CFU-GM than those without bone marrow involvement although the difference is not statistically significant (P = .0559). Those patients who have received only one, or three and more chemotherapy regimens have a higher yield of MNC than those who have only two previous chemotherapy regimens (P = .036 and .0324). The mechanism of PBPC mobilization is also discussed. In view of the limited patient number in this study, the results should be confirmed by larger studies.
Multiscale Design of Vascular Plates

Inspired by actuation mechanisms in plant structures and motivated by recent advances in electro-chemically driven micro-pumps, this paper is concerned with a novel concept for active materials based on distributed hydraulic actuation. Due to the similarity of the actuation principles seen in plants undergoing nastic motion, we refer to this class of active materials as nastic materials. We present a mechanical modeling approach for nastic materials representing the effects of pressure generation and fluid transport by incompressible eigenstrains. This model is embedded into a two-level macro/micro topology optimization procedure. On a macroscopic level, the integration of nastic material into a structural system is optimized. The placement and distribution of nastic material on a flexible substrate are optimized to generate target displacement and force distributions. On a microscopic level, the stress and strain generation is tailored to desired macroscopic material properties by optimizing the layout of vascular fluid channels embedded in an elastic matrix. For the layout optimization of vascular fluid channels, a novel topology optimization procedure is presented that models the effects of pressure along the fluid channels via an analogy with thermal conduction and convection. For this purpose an auxiliary heat transfer problem is solved. The macro-scale optimization procedure is studied for plate structures patterned by nastic materials in order to generate target bending and twist deformations. The results show the significant differences of the optimal distributions of active material depending on the strain model used for representing the actuation concept. The micro-scale vascular design methodology is verified with plane-stress examples. The results show that the layout of fluid channels can be optimized such that target strains are generated.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Cost Effectiveness of an Infection Control Program to Reduce Nosocomial Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection. † 875

Cost Effectiveness of an Infection Control Program to Reduce Nosocomial Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection. † 875
Charge Transfer Interactions in Micelles and Vesicles. Inter‐ and Intramolecular Probes of Solubilization Site Polarity

A study of intra- and intermolecular charge transfer interactions with organic reagents which can be solubilized in micelles and vesicles is reported. The first part of the paper details the study on the formation of intermolecular charge transfer complexes between aromatic hydrocarbons (“enes”) and the methyl viologen dication; these complexes show a weak charge transfer transition which is dependent on solvent polarity. A study of the charge transfer transition in homogeneous solutions and microheterogeneous media shows that the complexes occur for micelles at a reasonably polar “interfacial” site. A quantitative study of complex formation for several different substrates and different surfactant media reveals that the precise micropolarity for various combinations varies and hence indicates that the solubilization site provided for a given set of reagents in a given detergent is variable and cannot be too precisely defined. Studies of two polyenes containing electron donor and electron acceptor substituents within the same molecule have also been carried out. In the case of 4-nitro-4′-methoxystilbene (NMS) it has been found that the triplet-triplet absorption spectrum observed following laser flash excitation is sensitive to both solvent polarity and viscosity; in micelles, NMS exhibits a single moderately polar solubilization site in good agreement with that reported for the aforementioned charge transfer complexes. In contrast, it has been found that vesicles solubilize NMS in two distinctively different solubilization sites. One of the solubilization sites is attributed to an “interfacial” location while the other appears less polar but more viscous. Studies of the analogous diene, NND, have focused on its fluorescence and indicate the presence once again of a site which is sensitive to the hydrocarbon chains in bilayer vesicles. The hydrocarbon-sensitive site in vesicles for both NMS and NND could be associated with a “wedge”-shaped or cleft site in the vesicles which exists most prominently below the phase transition temperature of the vesicle.
Solid-phase synthesis of hydrogen-bond surrogate-derived α-helices

This report describes the solid-phase synthesis of hydrogen-bond surrogate-derived artificial α-helices by a ring-closing metathesis reaction. From a series of metathesis catalysts evaluated for the synthesis of these helices, the Hoveyda−Grubbs catalyst was found to afford high yields of the macrocycle irrespective of the peptide sequence.
Microbial mutagenicity of selected hydrazines.

Abstract Selected hydrazines and related compounds were examined for their mutagenic activity in S. typhimurium strains TA1535 and TA1537. These in vitro assays were conducted with and without metabolic activation by Aroclor-induced rat-liver enzymes. Relatively high levels of mutagenicity were observed with phenylhydrazine · HCl, methylhydrazine, N′-acetyl-4-(hydroxymethyl)phenylhydrazine, and 4-(hydroxymethyl)benzenediazonium tetrafluoroborate, the stabilized salt of a carcinogenic metabolite of agaritine; only low levels of mutagenicity were observed with other compounds, although most are strong carcinogens. Several of the compounds were highly toxic to the bacteria, and detection of mutagenicity was enhanced by calculating the increase in mutagenic activity on the basis of the surviving fractions of bacteria.
The U. R. strikes back

In this paper, we try to put to rest many of the objections to the universal relation concept that have appeared in the literature. First, we shall taxonomize the varieties of ideas that are sometimes called the "universal relation assumption." Then, we consider some of the arguments pro and con. In some cases, the arguments against were expressed prematurely, and solutions to the problems they expose have since been found. In other cases, the arguments against are simply fallacious. In still other cases, the problems pointed out are real, but simply serve to point out that the advantages of the universal relation are not gotten for free. We shall conclude the paper with a description of the algorithm used to interpret queries in System/U, and the reasoning behind it.
Elements of the metabolic syndrome: association with insulin sensitivity and effects of ethnicity.

Background: The objectives of the present study were, within a group of 322 healthy European American (EA) and African American (AA) women, to, (1) determine the extent to which insulin sensitivity...
Presenting Chamber Music to Young Children.

The number of professional ensembles and organizations with dedicated outreach concerts has been steadily increasing over the past decade. More recently, educational concerts pairing chamber music ...
A Bioequivalence Approach for Generic Narrow Therapeutic Index Drugs: Evaluation of the Reference-Scaled Approach and Variability Comparison Criterion.

Various health communities have expressed concerns regarding whether average bioequivalence (BE) limits (80.00–125.00%) for the 90% confidence interval of the test-to-reference geometric mean ratio are sufficient to ensure therapeutic equivalence between a generic narrow therapeutic index (NTI) drug and its reference listed drug (RLD). Simulations were conducted to investigate the impact of different BE approaches for NTI drugs on study power, including (1) direct tightening of average BE limits and (2) a scaled average BE approach where BE limits are tightened based on the RLD’s within-subject variability. Addition of a variability comparison (using a one-tailed F test) increased the difficulty for generic NTIs more variable than their corresponding RLDs to demonstrate bioequivalence. Based on these results, the authors evaluate the fully replicated, 2-sequence, 2-treatment, 4-period crossover study design for NTI drugs where the test product demonstrates BE based on a scaled average bioequivalence criterion and a within-subject variability comparison criterion.
Hydrochemical processes controlling arsenic and heavy metal contamination in the Elqui river system (Chile).

Abstract Severe arsenic poisoning from drinking water has been documented in Northern Chile. However, the Elqui River, which provides water for ∼200 000 people in this region, is poorly studied and no data on contaminants have been published to date. In this study, trace elements and the main aqueous constituents were monitored for approximately 2 years in the entire river system. Aqueous species of trace elements were determined via thermodynamic equilibrium calculations, and two operationally-defined suspended fractions were analyzed. Chalco- and arsenopyrite deposits in the upper Andes, in conjunction with mining and geothermal activity, were identified as exclusive point sources of heavy metals and arsenic. The annual input to the river system was approximately (t year−1): Fe 600, Mn 110, Cu 130, Zn 35 and As 2.0. The confluence with pH-buffered waters in the upper river system caused collapse of iron hydroxide colloids and coprecipitation of all heavy metals, e.g. dissolved copper concentrations decreased from ∼100 to ∼0.2 μmol l−1, which is still of ecotoxic concern. The heavy metal enriched suspended solids settled only in the lower Elqui River. Arsenate did not adsorb to suspended solids and behaved strictly conservatively, exceeding the WHO guideline value for drinking water (0.13 μmol l−1) in the entire river system. Decontamination may be accomplished with reasonable efforts upstream in direct vicinity to the sources via coprecipitation, settling and appropriate pH adjustment for arsenate adsorption.
Fault-Tolerant Communications Processor

An architecture for a fault-tolerant spaceborne communications processor is described. The processor is designed to demodulate, deinterleave and decode lowrate data received over a number of channels and to encode and interleave an appropriately edited version of the received data for subsequent retransmission. Emphasis is placed on the combination of hardware and software techniques used to reconfigure the processor in order to circumvent its malfunctioning e lements.
In situ TEM observations of interface sliding and migration in a refined lamellar TiAl alloy

Abstract The stability of lamellar interfaces in lamellar TiAl by straining at ambient temperatures has been investigated using in situ straining techniques performed in a transmission electron microscope in order to obtain direct evidence to support the previously proposed creep mechanisms in refined lamellar TiAl based upon the interface sliding in association with the cooperative motion of interfacial dislocations. The results have revealed that both sliding and migration of lamellar interfaces can take place as a result of the cooperative motion of interfacial dislocations.
Carbohydrate-protein interactions in antibodies and lectins

Abstract Crystal structures of antibodies and lectins show that their complexes with oligosaccharide epitopes are stabilized by hydrogen bonds between the protein and a small cluster of crucial hydroxyl groups. Chemical mapping studies can identify these essential features and suggest ways of producing specific inhibitors with enhanced activity. Water molecules are often essential components in the hydrogen-bonding scheme, and thermodynamic studies suggest that the behaviour of solvent water and its rearrangement about the free and bound solutes may dominate carbohydrate-protein interactions.
High pressure structural transformation of selected metal organic frameworks – A theoretical investigation

Abstract Metal organic frameworks are susceptible to flexible structural transformations under the influence of external stimuli. Although guest dependent flexible transformations has been observed for several MOFs; but studies on pressure induced transformation is limited. In applications such as gas storage and separation, MOFs may encounter high pressures leading to change in structural behavior, porosity, etc. Hence it is important to study the effect of high pressure on MOF structure. Here we present high pressure induced structural transformations of 6 isoreticular MOFs: IRMOF-1, IRMOF-3, IRMOF-6, IRMOF-8, IRMOF-10 and IRMOF-14. Using molecular simulations we show that at high pressure these MOFs deformed to ∼50% of their original volume. This deformation is due to reorganization of the linkers and ZnO 4 tetrahedra. There is large torsion along the dihedral angle O–C–C–C. Structural transformations for MOFs with substituted benzene organic linkers are reversible. For others reversibility depends on the presence of hydrogen in the crystal.
SOLAR ABUNDANCES OF THE ELEMENTS

The isotopic compositions of noble gases in the solar wind show high enrichments of light isotopes. When corrected for mass fractionation all five noble gases there can be resolved in terms of the two primitive noble gas components that have been identified in planetary solids. Reasons are presented for assigning the fractionation to a solar process that selectively enriches lighter nuclei at the surface of the Sun. When abundances of the elements at the Sun's surface are corrected for this fractionation, it is shown that atomic abundances for major elements in the bulk Sun are (in decreasing order): Fe, Ni, O, Si, S and Mg. Solar elements at about the 1% atomic abundance level include He, C, Ne, Ca and Cr. These results suggest that fusion of hydrogen is probably not the Sun's primary energy source.
A scanning tunneling microscopy investigation of the reaction of hydrogen atoms with Ag/Si(111)−(√3 × √3)

Abstract We report the results of a scanning tunneling microscopy investigation of the reaction of the Ag / Si (111)-(√3 × √3) surface with atomic hydrogen. The uniform Ag(√ × √3) surface undergoes substantial rearrangement in the presence of hydrogen atoms resulting in the formation of small nuclei of Ag. The nuclei have distinct crystallography and are oriented with respect to the underlying surface. In addition we observe that the nuclei form only in regions where the Ag(√3 × √3) structure was originally present. The size of the nuclei increases as the initial coverage of Ag(√3 × √3) increases.
An hypothesis for the mechanism by which an hemagglutinin inhibitor affects vaccinia virus.

SummaryA study was made of the loss of hemagglutinin by vaccinia virus under the influence of an hemagglutinin inhibitor originating from a mouse ascites tumor. It was found that the inhibitor reacted with the hemagglutinin by forming a dissociable complex. In examining the possible mechanisms by which stable, hemagglutinin-negative virus is formed, it was noted that the inhibitor exhibited no neutralizing action against hemagglutinin-positive virus, that hemagglutinin negative virus could not be found in cloned populations of hemagglutinin-positive virus, and that there was no obvious growth advantage shown by the hemagglutinin-negative virus in the presence of inhibitor. For these and other reasons the hypothesis is presented that the inhibitor facilitates the emergence of stable, hemagglutinin-negative virus by complexing with and gradually eliminating the hemagglutinin, which might be necesary as a template for the formation of more hemagglutinin.
The synergistic ratio of carbaryl with piperonyl butoxide as an indicator of the distribution of multifunction oxidases in the insecta.

The synergistic ratio of carbaryl with piperonyl butoxide has been evaluated from LD50values with 54 species of insects from 8 orders and 37 families. The topical LD50 for carbaryl in µg per g ranged from 0.3 for the red milkweed beetle, Tetraopes tetrophthalmus (Forster), to 4000 for Sarcophaga bullata Parker and the synergistic ratio from 1.5 for the convergent lady beetle, Hippodamia convergens Guerin Meneville, to 400 for S. bullata . The wide ranges of susceptibility to carbaryl and of synergistic ratio are interpreted as response to differences in the activities of multifunction oxidase detoxication which is inhibited by piperonyl butoxide. It is evident that these factors are highly variable in the Insecta.
628 THE EFFECT OF CYTOMEGALOVIRUS ON IN VITRO GRANULOPOIESIS

Viral infections are known to cause neutropenia. Our studies were performed to investigate how cytomegalovirus (CMV) produces granulocytopenia. The double layer agar technique was used in all the studies. Bone marrow cells from children with acute leukemia were infected with varying concentrations of CMV and then plated on normal underlayers in agar. A dose related suppression was observed of the colony forming cells (CFC). The myeloid cells in the colonies showed vacuolations and toxic changes. Normal peripheral blood cells were also infected with CMV and underlayers were prepared. A dose related suppression was also observed of the colony stimulating activity (CSA) producing cells. When the same cultures were repeated with CMV inactivated by U-V light, the CFC suppression was substantially less. It may be concluded that CMV induces granulocytopenia by suppression of CFC and CSA-producing cells.
Glycosaminoglycan polysaccharide biosynthesis and production: today and tomorrow.

Glycosaminoglycans [GAGs] are essential heteropolysaccharides in vertebrate tissues that are also, in certain cases, employed as virulence factors by microbes. Hyaluronan [HA], heparin, and chondroitin sulfate [CS] are GAGs currently used in various medical applications and together are multi-billion dollar products thus targets for production by animal-free manufacture. By using bacteria as the source of GAGs, the pathogen’s sword may be converted into a plowshare to help avoid potential liabilities springing from the use of animal-derived GAGs including adventitious agents (e.g., prions, pathogens), antigenicity, degradation of the environment, and depletion of endangered species. HA from microbes, which have a chemical structure identical to human HA, has already been commercialized and sold at the ton-scale. Substantial progress towards microbial heparin and CS has been made, but these vertebrate polymers are more complicated structurally than the unsulfated bacterial polysaccharide precursors thus require additional processing steps. This review provides an overview of GAG structure, medical applications, microbial biosynthesis, and the state of bacterial GAG production systems. Representatives of all glycosyltransferase enzymes that polymerize the sugar chains of the three main GAGs have been identified and serve as the core technology to harness, but the proteins involved in sugar precursor formation and chain export steps of biosynthesis are also essential to the GAG production process. In addition, this review discusses future directions and potential important issues. Overall, this area is poised to make great headway to produce safer (both increased purity and more secure supply chains) non-animal GAG-based therapeutics.
Unbiased Estimation in a Closed Sequential Testing Procedure.

Let p be the proportion of items in an item domain that an examinee would answer correctly if every item were attempted. This brief note provides unbiased estimates of pt, for any integer t, when a closed sequential testing procedure is used.
The effects of friendship networks on adolescent depressive symptoms

Abstract Previous studies have demonstrated that individuals who are socially integrated have better mental health, but these studies have been mostly limited to the adult population. Using data based on a nationally representative sample of adolescents (N = 11,023), I investigate whether those who are integrated into friendship networks have better mental health, as measured by number of depressive symptoms. The study also extends the literature by utilizing a variety of network measures of integration. The analyses showed that, consistent with previous findings in the adult studies, higher levels of integration were associated with fewer depressive symptoms, although the association was very weak. Number of friends, the simplest and most frequently used measure of integration in mental health research, had a stronger and more consistent effect than other variables which measured more complex aspects of egocentric and school-level network structure. The results also showed that the relationship between having more friends and fewer depressive symptoms was largely mediated by a sense of belonging, which provided support for the often assumed but rarely tested argument that social integration promotes mental health by inducing positive feelings about one’s relationships with others in society.
Long-term retention of a peripherally induced flexor reflex alteration in rats.

Abstract The long-term nature of peripherally induced spinal fixation was examined in the present study. Sixty-three anesthetized rats received 45–90 min of hindlimb stimulation. After a 24–72 h waiting period, the animals were given a midthoracic spinal section and hindlimb asymmetry was assessed. Our results indicate that a compensatory mechanism was activated after stimulation to correct the postural imbalance. Long-lasting effects of stimulation were manifested, however, when the compensatory influence was eliminated by spinal section.
Recent fertility trends in West Malaysia

In the last decade, there has been a dramatic reduction in West Malaysian fertility. Between 1957 and 1966, official government statistics record that the crude birth rate declined from 46.2 to 37.3 -a decrease of nineteen percent.' Whereas comparable large fertility changes in Hong Kong in the years 1961-1965 were recently shown to be primarily due to changes in the age structure of the population," we believe that most of the decline in West Malaysia has resulted from real changes in the fertility of married women. A rapid shift in the proportion of women married in the youngest ages of the childbearing years has also been an important * Dr. Cho is Senior Demographic Adviser to the National Family Planning Board of Malaysia and Research Associate, Population Studies Center, University of Michigan. Dr. Palmore is Assistant Professor of Sociology, University of Michigan, and Research Associate of the University's Population Studies Center. Mr. Saunders is a Program Officer of the Ford Foundation. This study was made possible by support from the Ford Foundation. The authors wish to acknowledge the cooperation of the National Family Planning Board of Malaysia in providing data from the West Malaysian Family Survey which was carried out by the Department of Statistics, Malaysia, under the auspices of the Board. Appreciation is also extended to the Department of Statistics for the use of data from the 1957 Census of Population, vital statistics reports, and the Malaysian Socio-Economic Survey. Professor Ronald Freedman kindly reviewed an earlier draft of this report and made many valuable comments.
Relationship of the facial nerve to the tympanic annulus: a direct anatomic examination.

Objective: To examine the relation of the facial nerve to the only identifiable surgical landmark in the external auditory canal. Institution: Community-based teaching hospital. Study Design: Examination of formalin-fixed human temporal bones. Background: The transcanal approach is often used in tympanoplasty, canaloplasty, hypotympanotomy, and removal of tumors of the external auditory canal (EAC), such as exostoses and osteomas. Surgery of the EAC places the facial nerve at risk for injury as the nerve courses vertically in the posterior canal wall. Few articles have described the relation of the facial nerve's course to the tympanic annulus, the only identifiable landmark in the EAC. This study is the first to document the relationship of the course of the facial nerve with respect to the tympanic annulus by direct anatomic measurement of the temporal bone. Methods : Thirty-seven formalin-fixed cadaver temporal bones were studied after skeletonization of the facial nerve and tympanic annulus. Results: The facial nerve coursed lateral to the plane of the annulus in 70% of specimens, always in the posteroinferior quadrant. The nerve also coursed anterior to a plane through the most posterior point of the annulus in 73.1% of specimens, also exclusively in the posteroinferior quadrant. The course of the nerve was quite variable with respect to the annulus. Conclusions: The facial nerve is most vulnerable to injury in the posteroinferior quadrant in transcanal surgery. The annulus is not a reliable landmark for the facial nerve. Anecdotal evidence is cited and recommendations are offered.
Elimination of color quench in liquid scintillation counting of 14C-carotenoids

Abstract Methods of eliminating color quench in measuring radioactivity of carotenes by liquid scintillation spectrometry were studied. Solutions containing internal 14 C standards and 1 mg of lycopene or beta carotene were counted with about 0.5% efficiency. The pigments were decolorized in a counting vial using benzoyl peroxide and light. After 1–3 hours of decolorization of the pigments, counting efficiencies of over 80% were obtained in PPO-POPOP phosphor. Similar results were obtained in counting 14 C carotenes using an external standard to determine efficiency.
POPULATION DYNAMICS OF A VARIANT T-ALLELE IN A CONFINED POPULATION OF WILD HOUSE MICE

Variant alleles at one locus, T, have been found in many populations of wild house mice (Dunn and Suckling, 1956; Dunn, 1957b), but reliable estimates of gene frequency have not been obtained since most of the population samples tested have been small. One such population, breeding in confinement, has now been tested over a period of 7/2 years, and a reliable estimate obtained of the frequency in it of one t-allele for which it is polymorphic. Since the allele is favored by high transmission ratio from male heterozygotes, and is subject to strong negative selection because of the sterility of males homozygous for it, the results are of interest in the study of evolutionary forces which influence the equilibrium frequencies of such genes (Dunn, 1957a). The wild population tested is that maintained since 1944 by Dr. Howard A. Schneider at the Rockefeller Institute, New York City. The origin and maintenance of this population have been described by Dr.
Real-Time Process Management Strategy for Dropwise Additive Manufacturing of Pharmaceutical Products

This paper presents a real-time process management (RTPM) strategy for Dropwise Additive Manufacturing of Pharmaceutical Products (DAMPP), a mini-manufacturing method for pharmaceutical dosage forms. The semicontinuous, small-scale nature of DAMPP allows for more automation and control than traditional large-scale batch pharmaceutical manufacturing processes and can be used to manufacturing drug products with precise amounts of active pharmaceutical ingredients (API), suitable for production of high-potency drug products or individualized medicine. The RTPM strategy for DAMPP consists of advanced process control to ensure that every dosage unit meets quality specifications. We use temperature control systems and an imaging system linked to a LabVIEW automation program. The system is successful in controlling deposition of both solvent-based and melt-based dosage forms. It controls process and product temperature and monitors each drop visually. It records data pertinent to each deposited drop, determines the drop volume and thus API amount deposited, and automatically detects and diagnoses process faults. With a proper automation, control, and monitoring strategy, DAMPP is a viable manufacturing method for pharmaceutical dosage forms.
Effects of Parylene Coating on Electron Transport in Pristine Suspended Carbon Nanotube Field-Effect-Transistors

Carbon nanotube (CNT) field effect transistors (FETs) are anticipated to provide a viable alternative to silicon as CMOS technology begins to reach ultimate scaling lengths. With high carrier mobilities, current density, and tunable bandgaps, CNTs can allow for the growth of the transistor industry beyond traditional materials. However, these nanotubes are sensitive to their surroundings and require a protective passivation layer to isolate them from contamination by their external environment. Thin parylene films have been shown to be a practical passivation layer for CNT devices as a flexible, chemically inert, high dielectric strength, pinhole-free material. In this paper, we perform electrical characterization of single suspended CNT FETs before and after passivation with parylene-C thin-film deposition. Analysis shows moderate changes in the threshold voltage, subthreshold slope, and ON/OFF ratio with parylene passivation, indicating minimal effect on the CNT FET overall performance.
Foreign Policy Analysis and Globalization: Public Opinion, World Opinion, and the Individual by Foyle1

Scholars engaged in foreign policy analysis (FPA) have forged new paths of inquiry essential to opening the black box of domestic politics and policymaking in an effort to understand actors' choices in global politics. It is now broadly accepted that different levels of analysis—individual factors, inputs into the decision process, and institutional as well as cultural and societal factors—converge to shape foreign policy outputs. The seminal works of Richard Snyder, James Rosenau, Alexander George, Graham Allison, and Irving Janis among others have suggested the relevance of learning about the stories behind foreign policy decisions and have encouraged recent generations to create a new set of “lenses” that bring some focus to the complex picture that emerges. Through these efforts, foreign policy analysts have made the case for middle-range theorizing that pushes beyond the confines of the assumptions of general international relations theories. After reflecting on the past and current state of affairs in FPA, the challenge posed in this set of essays is to suggest a set of concepts that will take the field beyond the boundaries of current analysis. This symposium evaluates …
Assessment of risk to native Frankenia shrubs from an Asian leaf beetle, Diorhabda elongata deserticola (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), introduced for biological control of saltcedars (Tamarix spp.) in the western United States

Abstract Exotic saltcedars, Tamarix spp. (Tamaricaceae: Tamaricales) from Central Asia and the Mediterranean area, have invaded much of the western United States, where they degrade natural riparian areas, reduce water supplies, and interfere with agriculture and recreation. The major taxa are Tamarix ramosissima Ledeb., Tamarix chinensis Lour., and hybrids with these and Tamarix canariensis Willd. throughout much of the West, and Tamarix parviflora DC. in parts of California. The biology and host range of the leaf beetle, Diorhabda elongata Brulle subspecies deserticola Chen from Central Asia, indicate that it is a safe and potentially effective biological control agent. Here we report that species of the somewhat related native North American shrubs, Frankenia spp. (Frankeniaceae: Tamaricales), appear to be at little risk from the introduction of Diorhabda elongata deserticola. In laboratory, greenhouse, and outdoor cages at Temple, Texas and Albany, California, 0–27% of larvae were able to complete their development on four North American species of Frankenia compared to 53–56% on Tamarix host species, depending on the species tested and the growing conditions of the plants. However, adults were not attracted to, did not feed upon, and rarely laid eggs on Frankenia spp. Forced closer contact with Frankenia in smaller cages and even removing all Tamarix host plants did not increase adult selection of Frankenia plants nor oviposition on them. Adults from larvae reared on Frankenia did not show adaptation to nor increased utilization of the plant, compared to those reared on Tamarix. D. e. deserticola, therefore, appears sufficiently host-specific for field release in North America.
Diagnosis and definition of treatment-resistant depression

Treatment-resistant depression (TRD) typically refers to inadequate response to at least one antidepressant trial of adequate doses and duration. TRD is a relatively common occurrence in clinical practice, with up to 50% to 60% of the patients not achieving adequate response following antidepressant treatment. A diagnostic re-evaluation is essential to the proper management of these patients. In particular, the potential role of several contributing factors, such as medical and psychiatric comorbidity, needs to be taken into account. An accurate and systematic assessment of TRD is a challenge to both clinicians and researchers, with the use of clinician-rated or self-rated instruments being perhaps quite helpful. It is apparent that there may be varying degrees of treatment resistance. Some staging methods to assess levels of treatment resistance in depression are being developed, but need to be tested empirically.
On the Efficacy of Stop-Loss Strategies

Standing stop orders, or “stop-losses,” automatically sell out of equity positions to prevent capital losses from exceeding a predetermined threshold. This practice is commonly believed to not only limit downside, but also contribute to long-term portfolio growth. We test this theory by applying stop-losses to the MaxMeasures portfolio selection strategy, and to a bootstrapped backtest of arbitrary strategies on the S&P500 between 1969 and 2012. We find these simplistic stop-losses to be ineffective and generally detrimental to long-term performance.
The Role of Protein Synthesis in the Senescence of Leaves: I. The Formation of Protease

The senescence of oat leaves has been studied by following the loss of chlorophyll and protein and the increase of α-amino nitrogen, after detachment and darkening. Protein synthesis and the amounts of proteolytic enzymes in the leaves have been determined directly. The process of senescence is shown to be a sequential one in which protein synthesis,most probably the formation of a proteolytic enzyme with l-serine in its active center, is of prime importance. The evidence is as follows. Firstly, l-serine specifically enhances senescence, especially in presence of kinetin. Secondly, cycloheximide, which inhibits protein synthesis in other systems, delays senescence and prevents the serine enhancement. Although requiring higher concentrations, cycloheximide can be as effective as kinetin in inhibiting senescence. It is shown directly that cycloheximide prevents protein synthesis in oat leaves under the same conditions as when it prevents senescence. Thirdly, leaves have been shown to contain two proteinases, with pH optima at 3 and 7.5, whose activity increases during senescence, even though the total leaf protein is decreasing. The amounts of both these enzymes present after 3 days are clearly increased by serine, and are greatly decreased by cycloheximide or by kinetin. The role of kinetin in delaying senescence thus may rest on its ability to suppress protease formation.
Role of hypothalamic alpha and beta adrenergic receptors in the control of lordotic behavior in the ovariectomized-estrogen primed rat ☆

Abstract The role of hypothalamic α- and β-adrenergic receptors in the control of lordotic behavior was studied by infusing α and β receptor stimulants and blockers into either the medial preoptic area (MPOA), arcuate-ventromedial area (ARC-VM) or lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) in ovariectomized (OVX), estrone primed rats. In the first experiment, OVX rats were primed with low doses of estrone (100–250 μg) in order to maintain low preinfusion receptivity (mean preinfusion L/M=0.169). The infusion of α receptor blockers, phentolamine and phenoxybenzamine; β receptor stimulants, isoroterenol; dopamine, norepinephrine; or epinephrine into either the MPOA or ARC-VM produced increases in lordotic behavior in OVX rats primed with low doses of estrone. Using the same protocol, MPOA or ARC-VM infusions of methoxamine, an α receptor stimulant, or propranolol, a β receptor blocker, produced decreases in the lordotic behavior. Infusions of any of these agents into the LHA had no effect upon sexual receptivity. In order to corroborate the pharmacological effects observed with low preinfusion receptivity, a second experiment was conducted in which high preinfusion receptivity (mean preinfusion L/M=0.898) was maintained by priming the OVX rats with higher doses of estrone. Using this second protocol, methoxamine and propranolol infusions into the MPOA or ARC-VM depressed lordotic response. However, further enhancement by α receptor blockade or β receptor stimulation from the initially near maximal lordotic response could not be obtained. A third experiment was designed to evaluate the effects of adrenergic receptor activity on the stimulatory effects of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LRH) upon lordotic behavior. This protocol allowed comparisons among lordotic responses to MPOA and ARC-VM infusions of vehicle, LRH, LRH with methoxamine and LRH with propranolol. Infusions of LRH into the MPOA or ARC-VM significantly enhanced lordotic behavior, whereas the addition of either methoxamine or propranolol to LRH infusates abolished this response. Alternative mechanisms were proposed for the possible roles of α- and β-adrenergic receptors in the hypothalamic control of estrogen-induced and LRH-facilitated lordotic behavior.
A New Modification of Classical Electromagnetic Theory

A fundamental particle is treated as a unit charge whose rest mass and space time coordinates are variables of its motion. Classical electrodynamics, in its action at a distance formulation, is obtained from an action principle which is simpler than the usual one. In this new action principle the rest mass of a particle is varied as well as the coordinates. The rest masses of interacting particles, although not assumed constant a priori, become constants as a consequence of the equations of motion. Modifications of the old action principle can yield purely electromagnetic rest masses which are, however, the same for all particles. Similar modifications of the new action principle give purely electromagnetic rest masses to all charged fundamental particles. In this new modification of electrodynamics, particles interacting at small distances no longer have constant rest masses.
Fatty acid content of marine oil capsules.

The use of dietary ω3 fatty acid capsules has been associated with a decrease in plasma triglyceride levels. In addition, populations consuming diets rich in fish appear to have a decreased incidence of cardiovascular disease. Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20∶5ω3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22∶6ω3) are major fatty acids in fish oils. It is believed that fish oils exert their biolotic effect through these fatty acids. Many individuals are currently taking fish oil capsules to lower lipids, increase bleeding time, and possibly decrease cardiovascular risk. These capsules also have been classified as food additives with less stringent controls on content. We assessed the fatty acid, cholesterol, and vitamin A and E content of eight commercially available capcules along with cod liver oil. The content of EPA was found to range from 8.7–26.4% (wt%) with a mean of 17.3% (82.4% of labeled content), and that of DHA from 8.9–17.4% with a mean of 11.5% (90.0% of labeled content) as assessed by capillary column gas-liquid chromatography. The mean content of the polyunsaturated ω3 fatty acids was 31.9%, and that of the ω6 fatty acids was 1.4%. The content of saturated fatty acids was 32,0%, and that of monounsaturated fatty acids was 25.1%. Cholesterol content was low, with a range of 0.7–8.3 mg/g, the α-tocopherol range was 0.62–2.24 mg/g, and the range of retinyl esters was 0.4–298.4 μg/g. Cod liver oil had substantially more retinyl esters (2450.1 μg/g) than did fish oil capsules. Our data serve as an independent guide to fish oil capsule fatty acid content upon single lot analysis, and indicate that these capsules contain as much saturated fat as they contain ω3 fatty acids.