cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cost Effectiveness of Diabetes Mellitus Management Programs

In this article, we provide a practical and systematic framework to evaluate the cost effectiveness of health plans’ investments towards improvements in diabetes care. Through a literature search of PubMed and our own review, we identified research studies providing evidence on the cost effectiveness of diabetes management. Published and unpublished studies that address these issues are reviewed and synthesized in this paper, with the goal of assisting resource allocation decision makers in selecting the most appropriate and effective diabetes care improvement strategies available to meet the needs of specific care delivery systems and patient populations. We summarize this evidence as it relates to four areas: (i) healthcare provider characteristics, the provider-patient relationship, and systems of care; (ii) clinical care decisions including the management of blood glucose, blood pressure, and cholesterol; (iii) models for improved delivery of care; and (iv) the health plan perspective regarding returns on investment. Research data indicate that cost effectiveness varies by clinical domain. Blood pressure control, use of aspirin, and influenza and pneumococcal immunizations are cost saving in adults with diabetes across a wide range of ages and types of patients. Lipid control is most cost effective between the ages of 45–85 years, while the cost effectiveness of intensified glycemic control declines with age. Cost-effective diabetes management may be organized by primary care clinicians or by case managers working closely with either primary care or subspecialty physicians. Each delivery model has unique advantages and limitations, and there are insufficient data to compare the cost effectiveness of diabetes care across these organizational settings. Improving or enhancing a current model may require substantial investment. However, the resulting changes in the delivery of care may extend the benefits of improved management to other chronic diseases and to preventive care. There is evidence that patient activation, physician behavior change, and care system improvements may improve care, but the cost effectiveness of these strategies is incompletely understood at present. Selection of clinical goals for improvement is likely to have a major impact on cost effectiveness, with maximal return on investment for blood pressure control, aspirin use, immunizations, and smoking cessation. Effective diabetes care can be delivered across a wide range of care settings, including primary care clinics. The organizational characteristics of clinics and use of tools such as patient registries, guidelines, visit planning and active outreach to patients improve care, but returns on investment with regards to these specific strategies awaits further research.
Stochastic Volatility Using Regime-Switching Diffusions

This chapter aims to model stochastic volatility using regime-switching diffusions. Effort is devoted to developing asymptotic expansions of a system of coupled differential equations with applications to option pricing under regime-switching diffusions. By focusing on fast mean reversion, we aim at finding the “effective volatility." The main techniques used are singular perturbation methods. Under simple conditions, asymptotic expansions are developed with uniform asymptotic error bounds. The leading term in the asymptotic expansions satisfies a Black{Scholes equation in which the mean return rate and volatility are averaged out with respect to the stationary measure of the switching process. In addition, the full asymptotic series is developed. The asymptotic series helps us to gain insight on the behavior of the option price when the time approaches maturity. The asymptotic expansions obtained in this chapter are interesting in their own right and can be used for other problems in control optimization of systems involving fast-varying switching processes.
Understanding stop-and-go traffic in view of asymmetric traffic theory

Stop-and-go traffic is a frequently observed phenomenon in congested highway traffic, but it has not been accurately modeled in existing traffic models. Car-following models based on kinematic flow theory cannot model stop-and-go traffic. Other approach assumed traffic states deviating from the equilibrium curve in the fundamental diagram, and the transitions between them, but no explanation was provided on the reason for the existence of different states. There is a need to understand the mechanism of stop-and-go traffic in terms of generation, propagation and dissipation in order to accurately model traffic dynamics. We propose an asymmetric traffic theory and explain the stop-and-go traffic phenomenon in light of the developed theory. The proposed theory is verified using individual vehicle trajectories from two freeway sites in California, US, collected as part of the Next Generation Simulation (NGSIM) project.
An Overview of Substances Present in Canadian Aquatic Environments Associated with Endocrine Disruption

Numerous environmental contaminants have been associated with the ability to affect the endocrine status of animals and with the potential to elicit effects on individuals or populations in Canadian aquatic environments. Potential endocrine disrupting substances (EDS) consist of almost every class of environmental contaminants reported to date, including industrial chemicals, historical and current use pesticides, metals, and different classes of natural products. It has been difficult to establish cause-and-effect relationships with potential EDS for several reasons: i) the diversity of ways that chemicals can influence endocrine systems challenges efforts to characterize chemicals that can cause endocrine responses, ii) many responses in aquatic biota have been associated with complex mixtures where the causative agents remain unidentified, and iii) most literature information deals with mammalian studies using pure compounds so there is considerable uncertainty regarding extrapolation to aquatic species and efficacy of environmental concentrations. An overview of the literature on EDS, specific to exposure within Canadian aquatic environments, is presented to emphasize the diversity and complexity of chemicals capable of altering endocrine function.
History of Renal Transplantation

The history of kidney transplantation is a history of modern medicine. While the early work was conducted in Europe, the postwar efforts were on both sides of the Atlantic. From the earliest days, it was recognized that transplantation involved more than mere surgery, challenging though as it was. Transplantation necessitated an understanding of the differences between species and between humans. Its history has paralleled and incorporated that of immunology, nephrology, and pharmacology. It spawned the field of histocompatibility. It was a prime generator of bioethics. Transplantation has a multidisciplinary history and is a multidisciplinary endeavor.
Collaborating with the Enemy: How to Work with People You Don’t Agree with or Like or Trust, by Adam Kahane

In Collaborating with the Enemy: How to Work with People You Don’t Agree with or Like or Trust (2017), Adam Kahane co-creates a new story about collaborating in our highly polarized social and poli...
Response to Martin and colleagues: mitochondria do not boost the bioenergetic capacity of eukaryotic cells

A recent paper by (Gerlitz et al., Biol Direct 13:21, 2018) questions the validity of the data underlying prior analyses on the bioenergetics capacities of cells, and continues to promote the idea that the mitochondrion endowed eukaryotic cells with energetic superiority over prokaryotes. The former point has been addressed previously, with no resultant changes in the conclusions, and the latter point remains inconsistent with multiple lines of empirical data.
An analysis of past and present megadrought impacts on a modern water resource system

Extended drought is a concern for water resource sustainability in the Colorado River Basin of the western USA. Recent instrumental data are a limited rendering of drought risk, while paleoclimate ...
Recent Developments in Indiana Family Law: October 2016 to September 2017

This Article considers notable developments in Indiana family law during the survey period of October 1, 2016 to September 30, 2017. The published appellate cases considered regard property division upon divorce, parenting time and visitation, child custody, child support, paternity and adoption, CHINS and the termination of parental rights, and jurisdiction and procedure.
Shock tube techniques for kinetic target data to improve reaction models

Abstract Modern shock tube techniques are extremely useful in providing critical kinetic targets for the development, evaluation, and optimization of mathematical models of gas-phase complex reaction systems. This chapter provides an overview of the fundamental principles and key data types of shock tube kinetic measurements for improving reaction models, along with recent advancements in shock tube methodologies and precision diagnostics that extended reaction kinetics measurement capability to an exciting new level.
Abstract 3859: Targeting CDK9 and MCL-1 by a New CDK9/p-TEFB Inhibitor with and without 5-fluorouracil in esophageal adenocarcinoma

Background: CDK9 inhibitors are anti-tumorigenic against several solid tumors including esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC). However, efficacy of CDK9 inhibitor as adjuvant to chemotherapy and target proteins shared between these two drugs are not known. Methods: Efficacy of a new CDK9 inhibitor, BAY1143572 with and without 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) on tumor growth was tested in vitro and xenograft models of EAC. We tested effects of these agents on MCL-1 in vitro. We also analyzed a possible role of MCL-1 as a predictor of survival in patients with EAC. Results: BAY1143572 had a dose-dependent anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effects in vitro. BAY1143572 and 5-FU had strong synergy in vitro. Median tumor volume of FLO1 or ESO26 xenografts in cohort treated with combination of two drugs was 82% or 55% smaller than the cohort treated with 5-FU alone, and 46 % or 33% smaller than the cohort treated with BAY114352 alone (p Conclusion: CDK9 inhibitor and 5-FU are synergistic and MCL-1 is a target of CDK9 inhibitor in EAC. Citation Format: zhimin Tong, Alicia Mejia, Omkara Veeranki, Anuj Verma, Arlene Correa, Viren Patel, Rashmi Dokey, Luisa Solis, Barbara Mino, Riham Kathkuda, Jaime Canales, Steven Lin, Sunil Krishnan, Scott Kopetz, Mariela Blum, Jaffer Ajani, Wayne Hofstetter, Dipen M Maru. Targeting CDK9 and MCL-1 by a New CDK9/p-TEFB Inhibitor with and without 5-fluorouracil in esophageal adenocarcinoma [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 3859.
Editorial to the Special Issue-"Recent Advances in Self-Assembled Peptides".

Peptide self-assembly is an interdisciplinary research area involving chemistry, life science, and materials science [...]
Couper: DNN model slicing for visual analytics containers at the edge

Applications incorporating DNN-based visual analytics are growing in demand. This class of data-intensive and latency-sensitive workloads has an opportunity to benefit from the emerging edge computing tier. However, to decouple the growing resource demand of DNN models, from the characteristics and resource limitations of the infrastructure elements available at the edge, new methods are needed to quickly slice the DNNs into appropriately-sized components, and to deploy those DNN slices to be executed on the edge infrastructure stacks. This paper presents Couper, a practical solution that provides for quick creation of slices of production DNNs for visual analytics, and enables their deployment in contemporary container-based edge software stacks. Couper is evaluated with 7 production DNNs, under varying edge configurations.
Blood plasma concentrations of chlortetracycline achieved by administration of a mineral formulation to adult beef cows

ABSTRACT Objective Our study objectives were to characterize steady-state plasma chlortetracycline (CTC) concentrations achieved by adult beef cows treated with a commercial, CTC-containing mineral supplement under 2 conditions, where intake was controlled and under conditions when intake was uncontrolled, as in a pasture setting typical of production practices for anaplasmosis control. Materials and Methods Thirty cows were allocated to 3 individually administered treatment groups: nonmedicated control (NM-F), medicated mineral administered via gelatin capsule (M-C), or medicated mineral fed in a small amount of grain (M-F). After a washout period, 15 of the original cows received an intended CTC dose of 1.1 mg·kg of BW−1·d−1 administered via a mineral feeder in a pasture setting (M-P). Blood samples were collected at multiple time points, and plasma chlortetracycline concentrations were quantified. Results and Discussion Mean plasma chlortetracycline concentrations for M-C and M-F treatments were 20.2 and 19.3 ng/mL, respectively, with no differences in mean, minimum, or maximum plasma concentrations. Conversely, differences in both median and minimum plasma concentrations were detected when the dose was controlled (M-C or M-F) compared with when the dose was administered via mineral feeder in a pasture setting (M-P). Implications and Applications Future CTC studies can be designed using individual intake in grain because administration by gelatin capsule offers no advantage in dosage consistency. The assumption that mean consumption from a mineral feeder will achieve the same plasma CTC concentrations as individual or bunk-fed experiments should be further analyzed. The pharmacodynamic parameters associated with efficacy were not evaluated in this study and remain unknown.
Abstract B63: Lysophosphatidic acid as a mediator of ovarian cancer cell stemness

Epithelial ovarian cancer (OC) is the deadliest gynecologic malignancy. Recurrence of advanced, multidrug-resistant metastatic disease after initially good response to standard lines of chemotherapy occurs in the majority of OC patients. Chemoresistant, recurrent OC is essentially fatal. Disease relapse is due to survival and expansion of a small pool of chemorefractory ovarian cancer stem cells (OCSCs). OC evolution to a platinum-resistant state is associated with aberrant epigenetic modifications, including altered DNA methylation and histone modifications. In addition, OC cells residing in the peritoneal cavity are exposed to a variety of external cues arising from the ascitic microenvironment, including the bioactive molecule lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), which potentially contribute to cell stemness and chemoresistance. LPA in the intraperitoneal fluid of OC patients has been strongly implicated in ovarian carcinogenesis and metastasis through a variety of mechanisms. However, regulation of OC cells by LPA is incompletely understood, and the role of LPA in OCSC acquisition/chemoresistance remains unclear. In the current study, we tested the hypothesis that LPA is a mediator of OCSC promotion and survival. Expression of aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH), an accepted functional marker of cancer stem cells, was assessed in a panel of high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC) cell lines (OVSAHO, OVCAR3, OVCAR5, PEO1, and Kuramochi) using an Aldefluor assay. Treatment of HGSOC cells with increasing (0-80uM, 72h) doses of LPA enriched the ALDH+ population in a cell line-specific dose-dependent manner. In PEO1 and Kuramochi cells, intermediate LPA doses (1-10uM) resulted in a 1.5-2.5-fold increase (P Citation Format: Yuliya Klymenko, Kenneth P. Nephew. Lysophosphatidic acid as a mediator of ovarian cancer cell stemness [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Advances in Ovarian Cancer Research; 2019 Sep 13-16, 2019; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2020;26(13_Suppl):Abstract nr B63.
Influence of the amino-terminal sequence on the structure and function of HIV integrase.

Antiretroviral therapy (ART) can mitigate the morbidity and mortality caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Successful development of ART can be accelerated by accurate structural and biochemical data on targets and their responses to inhibitors. One important ART target, HIV integrase (IN), has historically been studied in vitro in a modified form adapted to bacterial overexpression, with a methionine or a longer fusion protein sequence at the N-terminus. In contrast, IN present in viral particles is produced by proteolytic cleavage of the Pol polyprotein, which leaves a phenylalanine at the N-terminus (IN 1F). Inspection of available structures suggested that added residues on the N-terminus might disrupt proper protein folding and formation of multimeric complexes. We purified HIV-1 IN 1F1–212 and solved its structure at 2.4 A resolution, which showed extension of an N-terminal helix compared to the published structure of IN1–212. Full-length IN 1F showed increased in vitro catalytic activity in assays of coupled joining of the two viral DNA ends compared to two IN variants containing additional N-terminal residues. IN 1F was also altered in its sensitivity to inhibitors, showing decreased sensitivity to the strand-transfer inhibitor raltegravir and increased sensitivity to allosteric integrase inhibitors. In solution, IN 1F exists as monomers and dimers, in contrast to other IN preparations which exist as higher-order oligomers. The structural, biochemical, and biophysical characterization of IN 1F reveals the conformation of the native HIV-1 IN N-terminus and accompanying unique biochemical and biophysical properties. IN 1F thus represents an improved reagent for use in integration reactions in vitro and the development of antiretroviral agents.
Legislative development in Africa: Politics and postcolonial legacies: by Ken Ochieng’ Opalo, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2019, xviii + 290 pp., £75 (hardback), ISBN 9781108492102

The predominant narrative in mainstream scholarship on African politics has a decidedly personalist outlook. The most ubiquitous and influential analytical framework for many decades was neopatrimo...
Mechanical Energy and Electrical Energy

Mechanical energy can be broadly classified into potential energy and kinetic energy. Potential energy exists in all force fields, such as gravitation, electrostatic, and magnetic fields. Potential energy refers to the energy any object has due to its position in a force field. Therefore, potential energy is defined as the work done against a given force in changing the position of an object with respect to a reference position. Kinetic energy is the work required to accelerate an object to a given speed. Mechanical energy due to the pressure of the fluid is known as pressure energy. This chapter discusses various forms of mechanical energy as well as electric energy. Compression and expansion work are emphasized. There are 16 example problems in the text and 76 practice problems at the end of the chapter.
John Minor Wisdom, Un Petit Hommage

This essay was originally published as a chapter in Of Courtiers and Princes: Stories of Lower Court Clerks and Their Judges, which was edited by Todd C. Peppers and published by the University of Virginia Press in 2020. The essay is a memoir of the legendary Fifth Circuit judge of the Civil Rights period, Judge John Minor Wisdom, by one of his law clerks.
Patient Provider Continuity and Prostate Specific Antigen Testing: Impact of Continuity on Receipt of a Non-recommended Test

Background: Continuity of care with a regular physician has been associated with treatment adherence but it is unclear if continuity of care may lead to inappropriate treatments. We assessed the relationship between the receipt of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screening, a non-recommended test, and having continuity with a single personal doctor. Methods: We analyzed the 2016 and 2018 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS). Responses from men aged 40 and older with no symptoms or family history of prostate cancer were analyzed (unweighted n = 232,548, representing 36,919,766 individuals). Continuity with one doctor was analyzed in relation to discussions of advantages and disadvantages of PSA tests, provider recommendation to receive a test and receipt of a PSA test. Results: 39.5% of men received PSA screening during the time that the test was not recommended. Having a single personal doctor was associated with discussion of both advantages (53.3 vs. 29.7%, p < 0.001) and disadvantages (24.2 vs. 13.5%, p < 0.001) of PSA tests but also a recommendation to receive a PSA test (45.3 vs. 29.3%, p < 0.001). The adjusted odds of receiving a PSA test was higher among those with a single personal doctor compared to those without (OR 2.31; 95% CI, 2.17-2.46). Conclusion: In a nationally representative sample during the time when PSA screening was not recommended by the US Preventive Services Taskforce, having a single personal doctor was associated with both recommendations for the test and receipt of the test. These findings emphasize the importance of the patient physician relationship and the need for evidence-based care.
Fatigue and the Female Nurse: A Narrative Review of the Current State of Research and Future Directions

Background: The female nurse exhibits a multitude of personal and environmental characteristics that renders this population especially prone to fatigue. The consequences of fatigue in nurses are widespread and impactful at the personal, organizational, and societal levels. These include high injury rates and burnout in the nurse and poor patient and organizational outcomes. Objective: This article discusses the implications of fatigue in female nurses, including the impacts of fatigue across multiple entities (e.g., worker, patient, organization). It also reviews the current state of the research, including recent work on nurse fatigue and work schedule characteristics, and key areas for future work that would help empirically establish approaches to counter the detrimental and widespread effects of fatigue. Method: A narrative literature review was conducted resulting from an analysis of the literature limited to peer-reviewed studies. Results: A confluence of factors combines to elevate the prevalence and risk of fatigue in the female nurse. Numerous measures have established that performance-based fatigue results from nursing work schedules in nurses. Data also demonstrate that fatigue accumulates across successive shifts. Recent evidence supports the use of objective fatigue measures, including psychomotor reaction time and muscle function-related variables. Current gaps in the literature are delineated in the text. Conclusions: Strategic and well-designed research studies, as well as recent technological advances in fatigue tracking tools have the potential to help workers, administrators, and organizations develop fatigue management programs that could reduce the heavy burdens of fatigue on a multitude of health, safety, and economical outcomes.
The relationship between employer-provided training and the retention of older workers: Evidence from Germany

In the coming years, a substantial portion of Germany's workforce will retire, making it difficult for businesses to meet human capital needs. Training older workers may be a successful strategy for managing this demographic transition. This study examines relationships between establishment training programs, wages, and retirement among older men and women. Using unique matched establishment-employee data from Germany, the authors find that when establishments offer special training programs targeted at older workers, women – and especially lower wage women – are less likely to retire. Results suggest this relationship may be due to greater wage growth. For men, findings suggest establishment offer of inclusion in standard training programs may improve retention of low wage men, but analysis of pre-existing differences in establishment retirement patterns suggests this relationship may not be causal. Our research suggests targeted training programs likely play an important role in retaining and advancing careers of low wage older women.
The silent service: widows, orphans, and dependent mothers on the Northern home front

Union women shouldered a heavy burden during and after the Civil War. The far-reaching social and economic impacts of the war on the Union home front transformed, momentarily, gender roles, but Uni...
Beta 2 Adrenergic Receptor Antagonist Propranolol and Opioidergic Receptor Antagonist Naltrexone Produce Synergistic Effects on Breast Cancer Growth Prevention by Acting on Cancer Cells and Immune Environment in a Preclinical Model of Breast Cancer.

Cancer progression is known to be promoted by increased body stress caused by elevated beta-adrenergic and opioidergic nervous system activities. The effects of β2-adrenergic blocker propranolol (PRO) and μ-opioid receptor antagonist naltrexone (NTX) were tested using a preclinical model of human breast cancer. These drugs, individually, and more potently when combined, inhibited the cell growth and progression of breast cancer cells in vitro in cultures, and in vivo in rat xenografts. The antitumor activities of these drugs were associated with direct cell intrinsic effects, including increased cell growth arrest, elevated levels of apoptotic proteins, and reduced production of epithelial–mesenchymal transition factors by the tumor cells, as well as effects on innate immune activation and reduced inflammatory cytokine levels in plasma. These data suggest that the combined treatments of PRO and NTX produce impressive antitumor effects in the preclinical breast cancer model, and thereby may provide a new combinatorial treatment strategy with more clinical treatment modalities.
MOABS/DT: Methane Odor Abatement Simulator with Digital Twins

Digital twins (DT) are quickly being realized in many different applications for improving performance and adding intelligence. Depending on the application, the specific details of the DT may vary. For DT's of fluid systems, such as with fugitive methane emissions (containing millions of degrees of freedom), different numerical and reduced order modeling approaches are required for implementation. In practice, weather conditions and repeatability become an issue when evaluating detection and quantification strategies. This paper outlines a virtual evaluation center DT based on the Methane Emission Technology Evaluation Center (METEC) that aims to test quantification strategies under controlled virtual conditions, namely, the methane odor abatement simulator (MOABS/DT).
Heterogeneous 3-D Integration of Multitier Compute-in-Memory Accelerators: An Electrical-Thermal Co-Design

Emerging nonvolatile memory (eNVM)-based compute-in-memory (CIM) accelerators have been proven in silicon for machine learning at the macrolevel. To fully unleash the system-level benefits, the heterogeneous 3-D integration (H3D) using through-silicon via (TSV) is a promising approach, to: 1) address the challenges of area-hungry peripheries in CIM accelerators; 2) solve the 2-D scaling challenges of eNVM; and 3) stack enormous amount of embedded memories that are required in state-of-the-art deep neural network models. This article presents an electrical-thermal co-design of multitier CIM accelerators, based on SRAM and/or eNVM, with hybrid technology nodes for logic and memory tiers. We benchmark the CIM accelerators on 8-bit ResNet-34 for ImageNet recognition, with layer-by-layer and pipelined schemes, respectively. By sweeping TSV diameter from $30~\mu \text{m}$ to 100 nm, we investigate the tradeoffs of system performance metrics (TOPS/W, TOPS, and TOPS/mm2) and H3D challenges (thermal and IR-drop in power delivery). Finally, we find the sweet spot of TSV diameter for multitier H3D system is 1– $3~\mu \text{m}$ , to guarantee balanced area-overhead, performance, and IR-drop in power delivery. The extended benchmark framework is released on GitHub ( https://github.com/neurosim ) as an open-source tool for the research community.
Communication in a pandemic: Concerns of agricultural and natural resources opinion leaders during early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic

During the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic (March-April 2020), opinion leaders in agriculture and natural resources (ANR) were asked to participate in a survey about the impacts of the crisis on the ANR industry specifically about their concerns related to communication, economics, level of preparedness, and health during this crisis. Of the 225 ANR leaders who participated, the majority were concerned that members of the public were sharing inaccurate information about COVID-19; others they come into contact with were not taking appropriate measures to avoid contracting COVID-19; about the impact of COVID-19 on the U.S. economy, their state’s economy, and the global economy; and other countries’ level of preparedness to deal with COVID-19. ANR leaders were consistently the most concerned about items that were outside of their direct sphere of influence. Implications from this work are that ANR leadership programs should incorporate programing to help ANR leaders understand how to be influential during a crisis at a national and international level. For statewide ANR leadership programs, it is recommended to include programming sessions related to identifying and sharing credible information and enabling and inspiring those in their circle of influence to do the same.
Towards an economics ofirrigation networks

Both the economics and the engineering of irrigation design are typically based on the assumption of a single source. The more general economic problem is to determine which sources should be developed and how water should be allocated and delivered to various receptor-farmers. This is a problem in network economics. We begin our exploration with the problem of allocating irrigation water from existing sources when the conveyance structures are already in place. Transporting water from a particular source to a farmer entails a conveyance loss such that only a fraction of water sent from the source is received by the farmer. Optimal allocation requires that irrigation demands are matched with the least-cost source, including conveyance losses. Economic networks are then defined as optimally-matched subnetworks. Allocation within each economic network is then determined by equalizing the marginal products of water across farmers, reckoned at the source. Different cases are considered depending whether the sources have similar or different cost functions. We provide a modest beginning to the problem of endogenous sources by examining the problem of locating a single source within the network. We also provide a possible reconciliation of equity and efficiency objectives
Sensitivity of summer stream temperatures to climate variability and riparian reforestation strategies

Abstract Study region The Salmon River is the second largest tributary of the Klamath River in northern California, USA. It is a region of steep mountains and diverse conifer forests. Historical land uses including logging, flow diversions, and hydraulic gold mining, have resulted in altered sediment transport regimes, diminished riparian cover and reduced large woody debris. These in turn have altered the thermal regime of the river. Summer stream temperatures commonly exceed salmonid (specifically Oncorhynchus spp.) temperature thresholds. Study focus Thermal dynamics of a one-kilometer reach of the Salmon River was quantified using distributed temperature sensing fiber-optics (DTS) and Heat Source modeling. Stream thermal responses to scenarios of air temperature increase and flow reduction were compared with riparian reforestation simulations to estimate benefits of reforestation. New hydrological insights Elevated air temperatures (2 °C, 4 °C, 6 °C) increased mean stream temperature by 0.23 °C/km, 0.45oC/km and .68 °C/km respectively. Reforestation lowered temperatures 0.11–0.12 °C/km for partial and 0.26–0.27 °C/km for full reforestation. Reduced streamflow raised peak stream temperatures in all simulations. Warming could be mitigated by reforestation, however under severe flow reduction and warming (71.0 % reduction, 6 °C air temperature), only half of predicted warming would be reduced by the full reforestation scenario. Land managers should consider reforestation as a tool for mitigating both current and future warming conditions.
Running a Copolymerization Process

The experimental strategy for a copolymerization process involves (a) determining the reactivity ratios and (b) running the process based on previous trials.
Racial differences in operation for peripheral vascular disease: results of a population-based study.

Abstract Operation for non-coronary atherosclerotic peripheral vascular occlusive disease may vary among race and gender groups. Using a state-wide registry, the authors identified all operations performed for infrarenal peripheral vascular disease over a 12-month period in a single south-eastern state. Procedures performed included reconstruction for aortoiliac (n=641) and infrainguinal (n=1129) disease and major amputation (n=1077). The incidence for patients over age 50 was calculated using census data. Operation for aortoiliac disease was significantly more likely for white patients (relative risk 3.79, 95% C.I. 2.84–5.15), but less likely for infrainguinal peripheral vascular disease (relative risk 0.64, 95% C.I. 0.56–0.73) and amputation (relative risk 0.17, 95% C.I. 0.15–0.19). Trends toward lower operative mortality in blacks with aortoiliac disease (10.6% versus 12.0%), PVD (3.2% versus 3.5%), and amputation (5.5 versus 8.7%) failed to attain statistical significance. Patient race was associated with the type and location of operation performed for peripheral vascular disease. © 1997 The International Society for Cardiovascular Surgery.
Visual Analytics: Realizing embodied interaction for visual analytics through large displays

Visual analysts are engaged with the arduous task of scrutinizing increasingly larger data sets. Where conventional desktop displays are reaching their limits in terms of performance efficiency with large data sets, analysts can turn to larger displays. In a world of extensive multi-scale data sets, large high-resolution displays have the potential to show both more overview and detail for a given data set than their smaller counterparts. In addition, people are able to use their embodied resources, such as spatial memory, proprioception, and optical flow to help them maintain orientation and improve performance times on analytic tasks when using larger displays. This paper looks at how physical navigation, physically interacting with large scale visualizations (e.g. walking, crouching, moving the head), affects user performance times on analytic tasks, such as finding patterns in geospatial data. The paper extends the space-scale diagram to take into account physical navigation and explains the theoretical repercussions. The paper then explains an empirical study performed for the purpose of further understanding how physical and virtual navigation affect performance times of tasks on varying size displays. In general, we found that large displays can decrease performance time of basic visualization tasks by more than ten times. In addition, we found overwhelming evidence from the empirical study that participants preferred physical navigation over virtual navigation (e.g. mouse interaction). Specifically, we found that for a number of tasks 100% of the participants chose to physically navigate-physically moving to different areas on the display instead of using virtual navigation to manipulate the view on the display.
Bubblesort and Juggling Sequences

In this talk I will describe some recent results concerning the connection between the bubblesort sorting algorithm and certain integer sequences used to analyze various juggling patterns. The analysis leads to new results on the joint distribution of the descent and maximum drop statistics of a permutation, as well as a new class of identities for the classical Eulerian numbers.
Mechanical Transmission of Disease Agents by Arthropods

Mechanical transmission means the transfer of pathogens from an infected host or a contaminated substrate to a susceptible host, where a biological association between the pathogen and the vector is not necessary. The vectors in this case are not restricted to arthropods. Birds, rats, mice, other animals and even humans can serve as mechanical vectors; thus, vector ecolo-gists must know about non-arthropod taxa and their roles in transmitting disease agents.
Morphology of Complexes Formed Between Bacteriophage Lambda and Structures Containing the Lambda Receptor

Two types of complexes can be formed between bacteriophage lambda and structures bearing the lambda receptor, either liposomes or rod-shaped particles. Type 1 complexes involve binding between the tip of the lambda tail fiber and the receptor, so that the hollow tail is positioned an average of 17 nm from the surface of the receptor-bearing structures. In type 2 complexes, the hollow tail is in direct contact with the membrane of the liposome or surface of the rod-shaped particle. Type 1 complexes are the precursors for type 2 complexes whose formation is necessary for normal DNA ejection.
Interaction of staphylococcal alpha toxin and the estrogenic hormone diethylstilbestrol.

Abstract Previous work in this laboratory showed that diethylstilbestrol was capable of suppressing induced furunculosis in rabbits. The present study indicates that the synthetic estrogenic hormone diethylstilbestrol which is used for acne, estrogen deficiency, cancer, and other disorders, can reduce the cytolytic action of staphylococcal alpha toxin. The cytotoxic action of purified alpha toxin for tissue cultures was evaluated by use of such parameters as total and viable cell counts, glucose, and protein determination, and cytopathic effects (CPE) in the presence and absence of steroids. To 3-day-old primary rabbit baby kidney tissue cultures, 1 to 5 μg of diethylstilbestrol per ml was added; growth of tissue cultures in Eagles medium was continued till the 6th day, and then one tissue cytopathic dose per milliliter of alpha toxin was added, and the subsequent fate of tissue cultures was assayed. Such cultures yielded higher total and viable cell counts, utilized more glucose, and contained more protein than the control cultures. In control cultures, CPE was observed on the 3rd hr after the addition of alpha toxin, and it was complete in 24 hr, whereas in tissue cultures treated with diethylstilbestrol, the CPE was significantly reduced. The data presented in this study made possible the availability of a suppressor of the cytolytic action of alpha toxin and might be useful in assaying the action of alpha toxin in an in vitro inexpensive test system.
DNA-protein interactions during the initiation and termination of plasmid pT181 rolling-circle replication.

Initiation of DNA replication requires the generation of a primer at the origin of replication that can be utilized by a DNA polymerase for DNA synthesis. This can be accomplished by several means, including the synthesis of an RNA primer by a DNA primase or RNA polymerase, by nicking of one strand of the DNA to generate a free 3'-OH end that can be used as a primer, and by the utilization of the OH group present in an amino acid such as serine within an initiation protein as a primer. Furthermore, some single-stranded DNA genomes can utilize a snap-back 3'-OH end generated due to self-complementarity as a primer for DNA replication. The different modes of initiation require the generation of highly organized DNA-protein complexes at the origin that trigger the initiation of replication. A large majority of small, multicopy plasmids of Gram-positive bacteria and some of Gram-negative bacteria replicate by a rolling-circle (RC) mechanism (for previous reviews, see Refs.). More than 200 rolling-circle replicating (RCR) plasmids have so far been identified and, based on sequence homologies in their replication regions, can be grouped into approximately seven families (Refs., and http://www.essex.ac.uk/bs/staff/osborn/DPR-home.htm). This review will focus on plasmids of the pT181 family that replicate by an RC mechanism. So far, approximately 25 plasmids have been identified as belonging to this family based on the sequence homology in their double-strand origins (dsos) and the genes encoding the initiator (Rep) proteins. This review will highlight our current understanding of the structural features of the origins of replication, and the DNA-protein and protein-protein interactions that result in the generation of a replication-initiation complex that triggers replication. It will discuss the molecular events that result in the precise termination of replication once the leading-strand DNA synthesis has been completed. This review will also discuss the various biochemical activities of the initiator proteins encoded by the plasmids of the pT181 family and the mechanism of inactivation of the Rep activity after supporting one round of leading-strand replication. Finally, the review will outline the mechanism of replication of the lagging strand of the pT181 plasmid as well as the limited information that is available on the role of host proteins in pT181 leading- and lagging-strand replication.
Adaptive neighborhoods for manifold learning-based sensor localization

Connectivity measurements, i.e., whether or not two sensors can communicate, can be used to calculate localization in networks of inexpensive wireless sensors. We show that a Laplacian eigenmaps-based algorithm, combined with an adaptive neighbor weighting method, can provide an accurate, low complexity solution. Laplacian eigenmaps is a manifold learning method which optimizes using eigen-decomposition, thus is non-iterative and finds the global optimum. Comparatively, the new localization method is less computationally complex than multi-dimensional scaling (MDS), and we show via simulation that it has lower variance.
Internet Abuse: A General Theory of Crime Framework

Internet abuse is a systemic problem affecting many organizations. Although the definition of Internet abuse can vary across firms, deliberate cyberdeviance against company policy engenders productivity losses and opens firms to increased network surveillance and security costs. As firms become increasingly web-enabled, they become correspondingly more vulnerable to employee cyberdeviance, as more employees are potentially able to abuse their Internet privileges. This paper investigates this under-researched phenomenon and provides a new framework for understanding worker cyberdeviance through the lens of self-control theory in general and Gottfredson and Hirschi’s General Crime Theory in particular. Specifically, it proposes that automating the feedback loops of network surveillance systems can decrease Internet abuse by influencing worker perceptions of detection and punishment through faster feedback and improved worker self-control. This study provides an alternative perspective to current research in the area of Internet abuse. Moreover, it provides practical contributions to managers through suggesting methods for organizations to deter such activities.
Remembering David Montgomery (1926–2011) and His Impact on Working-Class History

David Montgomery was the most influential historian of the United States working class and one of the most influential labour historians internationally over the past generation. Given the role of the “new labour history” in the broader transformation of historical writing, this is saying a great deal. In developing his approach to the subject, Montgomery clearly drew on his own experiences as a trade unionist and a Communist Party militant in the 1950s. A skilled machinist; a brilliant researcher, teacher, and writer; a labour and civil rights activist, Montgomery died suddenly on 2 December 2011. With his death, the field lost not only one of its most creative practitioners but also its most prolific mentor. Montgomery produced scores of his own doctoral students at Yale and the University of Pittsburgh, but perhaps more importantly, he nurtured the work of hundreds of others throughout the United States, in Canada, and around the world. A dedicated internationalist, Montgomery worked closely with the British Marxist historian E.P. Thompson and social historians from numerous other societies. His Canadian connections were deep. He contributed to Labour/Le Travail and lectured many times to students and scholars at Simon Fraser, Memorial, Queen’s, Trent, and other universities.1
A Formal Semantics for ProxyCommunicative Acts

Mediation services are becoming increasingly important in multiagent systems. An agent that can act on behalf of another agent is one important example of mediation functionality commonly required. Within this paper, we define and analyze PROXY and PROXY-WEAK communicative acts that formally specify semantics for interacting with middle agents that provide proxy services. These two communicative acts are shown to have a distinctly different impact upon the mental state of the agents involved and impose significantly different levels of commitment upon the middle agents.
Harmonic Analysis of Nonlinear Devices on Spacecraft Power Systems

The presence of nonlinear devices and loads on a spacecraft power system will introduce nonsinusoidal currents into the system. To fully explore the effects that these nonlinear devices can have on a spacecraft power system an easily implementable yet accurate device modeling algorithm must be used. This paper presents the harmonic modeling algorithm that has been developed for the spacecraft power system. It will also discuss the applications for this modeling algorithm in spacecraft power system management programs such as harmonic power flow analysis packages.
Lexical Rules is Italicized

In this paper we argue that the phenomenon of lexical polysemy (lexical sense extension) should be treated pragmatically rather than through the mechanism of lexical rules. We show that what have been termed lexical rules are better stated as rules of reference transfer, that is, as applying to objects and relations in the world rather than to lexical items. We suggest also that such lexical rules cannot be extended to account for novel uses, whereas a pragmatic approach, based on inference in context, can. We also examine the evidence in favor of a lexical approach, particularly the phenomena of blocking and pre-emption, and show that these are not incompatible with a pragmatic approach to polysemy.