cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Decreasing In-School Suspensions with Function-Based Interventions

Every day school administrators and classroom teachers deal with behavior issues that sometimes result in office discipline referrals (ODRs) and other times in-school suspension. Interestingly, the...
Effects of vitamin D and parathyroid hormone on cyclic AMP production by bone cells isolated from rat calvariae.

Studies presented here were designed to investigate further the basis for an impaired cAMP response to parathyroid hormone (PTH) in osteoblastlike calvarial bone cells isolated from vitamin D-deficient rat pups. The goal was to perturb Ca, PTH, and vitamin Din vivo in order to see which factors might be responsible for the impairedin vitro bone cell cAMP response. Pups either were parathyroidectomized (PTX) 3–5 days, implanted with osmotic minipumps delivering high doses of PTH, given repeated, high doses of 1,25(OH)2D3, or were D-deficient (-D, i.e., born and suckled by D-deficient mothers). Osteoblastlike bone cells, isolated by sequential enzyme digestion and centrifugation, were exposed to PTH for 5 min in the presence of a phosphodiesterase inhibitor. In bone cells isolated from -D rat pups, both basal and PTH-induced cAMP accumulation were significantly lower than in +D bone cells. Earlier, we had shown that two daily injections of -D pups with 50 ng 1,25(OH)2D3 restores this reduced bone cAMP response of -D pups toward normal. In the present study, neither basal nor PTH-induced bone cell cAMP accumulation was affected by subjecting D-replete pups to PTX, PTH infusion, or repeated high doses of 1,25(OH)2D3 despite the fact that each treatment markedly changed serum Ca or serum immunoreactive PTH. The results indicate that the impaired bone cell cAMP response seen in -D pups is not a direct result of chronic hypocalcemia and that the “heterologous desensitization” seenin vitro with added 1,25(OH)2D3 could not be duplicated byin vivo treatment of +D pups with supraphysiologic doses of 1,25(OH)2D3. Finally the lack of alteration in the bone cell cAMP response to PTHin vitro after chronic PTH infusionin vivo fails to support the notion that the impaired response in -D bone cells can be explained entirely by “homologous desensitization” induced by high circulating levels of PTH in the hypocalcemic, -D rat pup.
Low birth weight increases susceptibility to renal injury in a rat model of mild ischemia-reperfusion.

Renal injury due to ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) is the major cause of acute kidney injury. Whether enhanced susceptibility to renal injury due to I/R can be programmed during fetal life is unknown. ...
Pediatric Medical Line Safety: The Prevalence and Severity of Medical Line Entanglements

The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to describe the prevalence and severity of medical line entanglements among pediatric patients (N = 486). Most patients, with ages from birth to 6 years, had at least 1 medical line (n = 444, 91%), and 294 children (60%) had 2 to 11 medical lines. Observed entanglements included lines around body parts (n = 31), lines under the body (n = 71), and lines tangled with other lines (n = 50). One third of the children were at risk for adverse events due to entanglements, and 1 patient actually experienced real harm.
Electromyogram coactivation patterns of the elbow antagonist muscles during slow isokinetic movement

Abstract Electromyograms from the flexor and extensor muscles of normal human elbows were simultaneously recorded during maximal-effort isokinetic movement at 15°/s over the joint's full range of motion. The antagonist electromyogram was normalized with respect to its electromyogram when acting as agonist at maximal effort and plotted as a function of joint angle. The coactivation patterns were nearly inversely related to each muscle's moment arm variations with joint angle, suggesting that the antagonist may have generated constant opposing torque throughout the movement. Female subjects had a statistically significant higher coactivation level of the flexors and extensors compared with that of males, reflecting the increase in joint efficiency associated with daily muscular activity which is manifested by reduction in antagonist activity. The functional role of antagonist coactivation in augmenting ligament stabilizing functions, equalizing the pressure distribution over the articular surface, and regulating the joint's mechanical impedance are discussed. The source of such coactivation appears to be due to proprioceptive and joint kinesthetic afferent input in addition to possible direct common drive.
Remarkable July Rainfall at Blue Hill, Mass

IN connection with the present abnormal season in North-Western Europe, it may be of interest to note that July, 1921, was not only the wettest July, but also the wettest month of any at Blue Hill since observations began thirty-six years ago. The co-ordinates of the observatory are o = 42° 12′ 44″ N., and λ = 71° 6′ 53″ W. Every effort has been made to preserve the integrity of the record. The total rainfall for July was 261 mm. (10.43 in.), the normal rainfall for that month being 99 mm. (3.92 in.). There were eleven rainy days, and one on which a trace of rain fell.
Reconfigurable RRAM for LUT logic mapping: A case study for reliability enhancement

Emerging hybrid-CMOS nanoscale devices and architectures offer greater degree of integration and performance capabilities. However, the high power densities, hard error/soft error frequency, process variations, and device wearout affect the overall system reliability. Reactive design techniques, such as redundancy, account for component failures by detecting and correcting the system failures. These techniques incur high area and power overhead. Our research focuses on enhancing the system reliability in hybrid CMOS/Resistive RAM (RRAM) architectures by performing computation in RRAM, whenever the CMOS logic units fail. In particular, we propose dynamically reconfiguring the RRAM cache by mapping the failed CMOS units as look up table (LUT) logic blocks in the RRAM. The proposed approach is validated on a 45nm single core processor with three levels of cache for various SPEC2006 benchmarks. Our results demonstrate that the core is fully functional when failed units are reconfigured in RRAM. Performance degradation of up to one order of magnitude and energy increase of up to two orders of magnitude is observed.
Dimethylnitrosamine inhibits enzymatic removal of O6-methylguanine from DNA.

THE induction of tumours by dimethylnitrosamine and N-methyl-N-nitrosourea is thought to be initiated by the methylation of cellular constituents1–3. Recent results have suggested that a critical product produced by these carcinogens and their ethyl analogues might be O6-alkylguanine in DNA2–5. Organs relatively resistant to the carcinogenic stimulus provided by these agents seem to have a greater ability to remove this alkylated purine from their DNA than more sensitive tissues5–8. The activity of the system responsible for the removal of O6-methylguanine from DNA may, therefore, play an important part in determining whether tumours are produced. The ability to remove O6-methylguanine from DNA in rat kidney and liver showed a striking change in response to the dose of carcinogen administered. Large single doses of dimethylnitrosamine (20 mg per kg body weight or greater) which produce renal tumours in rats1,2 led to almost complete cessation of the excision of this product from kidney DNA8. In the rat liver removal of O6-methylguanine still occurred after high doses of dimethylnitrosamine or N-methyl-N-nitrosourea but was much less efficient than after smaller doses9–11. All of the studies summarised above were carried out by following the persistence of labelled O6-alkylguanine in DNA in vivo following administration of radioactive N-nitroso-compounds. This report describes a comparison of the abilities of extracts derived from liver and kidneys of control rats and rats pretreated with dimethylnitrosamine to catalyse the loss of O6-methylguanine from acid-precipitable DNA in vitro.
IκB-β regulates the persistent response in a biphasic activation of NF-κB

Abstract We have cloned the cDNA encoding IκB-β, one of the two major IκB isoforms in mammalian cells. The recombinant IκB-β protein interacts with equal affinity to p65 and c-Rel and does not exhibit a preference between these Rel proteins. Instead the primary difference between IκB-α and IκB-β is in their response to different inducers of NF-κB activity. One class of inducers causes rapid but transient activation of NF-κB by primarily affecting IκB-α complexes, whereas another class of inducers causes persistent activation of NF-κB by affecting both IκB-α and IκB-β complexes. Therefore, the overall activation of NF-κB consists of two overlapping phases, a transient phase mediated through IκB-α and a persistent phase mediated through IκB-β.
Beam Dynamics in the ETA and ATA 10 kA Linear Induction Accelerators: Observations and Issues

The 10 kA ETA and ATA linear induction accelerators are described. Beam instability is the major concern in these high current machines, and the current status of theoretical understanding, and experimental investigations with the 8 cavity ETA, are reviewed. Modifications to the induction cavities are described that have essentially eliminated the transverse resonant modes seen in the ETA.
Discovery, Characterization, and Significance of the Cytochrome P450 ω-Hydroxylase Pathway of Vitamin E Catabolism

Tocopherols are known to undergo metabolism to phytyl chain-shortened metabolites excreted in urine. We sought to characterize the pathway, including associated enzymes, involved in this biotransformation. We previously found that human hepatoblastoma (HepG2) cultures metabolized tocopherols to their corresponding short-chain carboxychromanols. Putative metabolites of gamma-tocopherol that contained intact chromanol moieties were structurally identified using HepG2 cultures and electron impact gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. A microsomal assay for synthesis of the initial omega-oxidation metabolites was developed and used to screen several recombinant human liver cytochrome P450 isozymes for omega-hydroxylase activity. Seven metabolites of gamma-tocopherol were identified in HepG2 cultures, including 13'-hydroxy-gamma-TOH and all six carboxychromanols predicted by sequential omega-oxidation truncation. Rat and human liver microsomes catalyzed synthesis of 13'-OH- and 13'-COOH-gamma-TOH, but not other metabolites, in the presence of NADPH. Inclusion of NAD favored synthesis of the 13'-COOH metabolite. Recombinant CYP4F2, but not other major human liver CYP isoforms (including CYP3A4 and 3A7), exhibited tocopherol-omega-hydroxylase activity. Liver microsomes and recombinant CYP4F2 both exhibited substrate preference for gamma-TOH over alpha-TOH, and recent studies show that tocotrienols are catabolized more extensively than the corresponding tocopherols. Comparative rates of omega-oxidation of tocochromanols in hepatocytes are inversely related to biopotency and directly related to cytotoxicity of these substances in macrophages. The liver contains a cytochrome P450-mediated pathway that preferentially catabolizes "non-alpha" tocochromanols to excretable metabolites. This metabolic pathway appears central to the optimization of tissue tocochromanol status.
Normal-mode splitting due to inner-core anisotropy

SUMMARY There is a collection of core-sensitive normal modes that is split much more than predicted from the Earth's rotation, ellipticity, and lateral heterogeneity. Pk'lk'P traveltime observations suggest that the Earth's inner core exhibits cylindrical anisotropy about a nearly corotational axis. We investigate the effect of transverse isotropy, which is the simplest type of anisotropy that exhibits cylindrical symmetry, on the free oscillations of the Earth. We demonstrate that transverse isotropy with a symmetry axis parallel to the rotation axis produces splitting of the form h,,, = w(u' + c'm' + dm')), where m denotes the azimuthal order of a specific singlet within a given multiplet with degenerate eigenfrequency w; the scalars a', c', and rl represent the effects of transverse isotropy on a particular normal mode. The effect of a tilt in the anisotropic symmetry axis relative to the axis of rotation can be easily incorporated and leads to non-zonal splitting
Merging orthodontics and restorative dentistry: an integral part of esthetic dentistry.

This article discusses the different approaches in treatment planning of patients who desire an esthetic and functional improvement of their dentition but are hesitant to sacrifice healthy tooth structure. Preservation of tooth structure, whenever possible, should be paramount to any practicing dentist. The importance of such an approach, as taught for so many years, appears to be fading away lately under the pressure of advertisements full of promises for quick esthetic solutions. Exploration of the link between orthodontic and conservative restoration, along with minor use of periodontal procedures, will give another perspective in solving the esthetic dilemma. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Often underutilized, the combination of procedures such as orthodontics and composite bonding gives practicing clinicians conservative, predictable, esthetic, and functional results. (J Esthet Restor Dent 20:155–164, 2008)
Covariance Estimation in High Dimensions Via Kronecker Product Expansions

This paper presents a new method for estimating high dimensional covariance matrices. The method, permuted rank-penalized least-squares (PRLS), is based on a Kronecker product series expansion of the true covariance matrix. Assuming an i.i.d. Gaussian random sample, we establish high dimensional rates of convergence to the true covariance as both the number of samples and the number of variables go to infinity. For covariance matrices of low separation rank, our results establish that PRLS has significantly faster convergence than the standard sample covariance matrix (SCM) estimator. The convergence rate captures a fundamental tradeoff between estimation error and approximation error, thus providing a scalable covariance estimation framework in terms of separation rank, similar to low rank approximation of covariance matrices . The MSE convergence rates generalize the high dimensional rates recently obtained for the ML Flip-flop algorithm , for Kronecker product covariance estimation. We show that a class of block Toeplitz covariance matrices is approximatable by low separation rank and give bounds on the minimal separation rank r that ensures a given level of bias. Simulations are presented to validate the theoretical bounds. As a real world application, we illustrate the utility of the proposed Kronecker covariance estimator for spatio-temporal linear least squares prediction of multivariate wind speed measurements.
PUCK: an automated prompting system for smart environments: toward achieving automated prompting--challenges involved

The growth in popularity of smart environments has been quite steep in the last decade and so has the demand for smart health assistance systems. A smart home-based prompting system can enhance these technologies to deliver in-home interventions to users for timely reminders or brief instructions describing the way a task should be carried out for successful completion. This technology is in high demand given the desire of people who have physical or cognitive limitations to live independently in their homes. In this paper, with the introduction of the "PUCK" prompting system, we take an approach to automate prompting-based interventions without any predefined rule sets or user feedback. Unlike other approaches, we use simple off-the-shelf sensors and learn the timing for prompts based on real data that are collected with volunteer participants in our smart home test bed. The data mining approaches taken to solve this problem come with the challenge of an imbalanced class distribution that occurs naturally in the data. We propose a variant of an existing sampling technique, SMOTE, to deal with the class imbalance problem. To validate the approach, a comparative analysis with cost-sensitive learning is performed.
Patient-Controlled Analgesia With Fentanyl in Children

We have found that fentanyl delivered by PCA provides an effective alternative when adverse effects occur with other more frequently used narcotics. Although anecdotal experience exists concerning the use of fentanyl PCA in adults, dosing guidelines in children must depend on consideration of the current narcotic regimen and the use of equipotent doses of fentanyl. Our initial experience suggests that this is a safe and reliable technique; however, until prospective studies further delineate dosing guidelines, close observation (continuous pulse oximetry and hourly checks of respiratory rate) of these patients is recommended. With such caveats, fentanyl PCA appears to provide an acceptable alternative to "more conventional" narcotics.
The dual modality use of epiaortic ultrasound and transesophageal echocardiography in the diagnosis of intraoperative iatrogenic type-a aortic dissection.

ATROGENIC INTRAOPERATIVE aortic dissection is a potentially fatal complication of cardiac surgery. Early diagnosis and treatment are vital to good outcome. Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) is the modality of choice for diagnosis of aortic dissection, but the ability of TEE to detect localized aortic dissection at the distal ascending aorta and proximal aortic arch is compromised by shadowing from the air-filled interface of the trachea and bronchus. A case of acute intraoperative type-A aortic dissection after aortic cannulation that initially was not visualized by TEE but by epiaortic ultrasound is presented. This technique allowed early diagnosis of dissection surrounding the cannulation site, prompting successful replacement of the ascending aorta, with optimal clinical results.
The Passing of Realignment and the Advent of the “Base-less” Party System

This article is an attempt to merge two of the more significant developments in recent American politics: the failure of our system to undergo a partisan-based realignment and the advent of service-oriented party organizations. Whereas traditional explanations of the “missing realignment” center around the attitudes of voters and/or the activities of candidates, this article suggests the parties are to blame. That is, the goals and activities of contemporary party organizations often frustrate voter attachment to parties, as well as the development of coherent platforms. Critical realignments have become a thing of the past. Yet, we have moved into a new era characterized by aggressive, national organizations, which I dub the “base-less” party system.
Resolving phytoplankton photoprotective : photosynthetic carotenoid ratios on fine scales using in situ spectral absorption measurements

Temporal changes in phytoplankton pigments and spectral absorption were evaluated during June 1998 in East Sound, Orcas Island, Washington. High-resolution vertical profiles of in situ spectral absorption were obtained with a Wet Labs ac-9 (nine-wavelength absorption and beam attenuation meter), and pigment concentrations were determined for discrete water samples using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Fucoxanthin was the most abundant carotenoid, indicating the dominance of diatoms. We computed a slope index to evaluate changes in shapes of the in situ particulate absorption coefficient (ap) spectra, ap slope 5 (ap488 2 ap532)/(ap676(488 2 532 nm)). A clear linear relationship was seen between ratios of photoprotective : photosynthetic carotenoids (PPC : PSC) and these ap slopes. While pigment package effects may alter the absorption spectra, in our data set we still found a significant relationship between pigment ratios and in situ ap slopes. Retrieval of this relationship was facilitated by the low and relatively constant detrital absorption coefficient (ad) values in our study area. Similar relationships were found between PPC : PSC ratios and the estimated phytoplankton absorption coefficient (aph) spectra. High PPC : PSC ratios and steeper ap slopes were associated with high-light levels. Our results suggest that in situ absorption measurements can be used to estimate PPC : PSC ratios in areas where the ad contribution is low or can be estimated. These variations in pigment ratios and spectral absorption reflect photoacclimation responses and/or changes in phytoplankton species composition and suggest in situ absorption measurements may be used to estimate pigmentation changes over fine temporal and spatial scales. Rapid, in situ assessment of phytoplankton physiological condition has been a goal of plankton ecologists for many decades. The recent development and field use of multiwavelength biooptical instrumentation has brought us closer to that goal and provides the opportunity to quantify the relationship between in situ observations and traditional, discrete sample analyses of physiological condition. The work described in this paper was motivated by that opportunity and, in particular, tested the effectiveness of measurements of in situ absorption spectra as indicators of the photoadaptive state of the phytoplankton assemblage. 1
CO2 control technology effects on IGCC plant performance and cost

As part of the USDOE's Carbon Sequestration Program, we have developed an integrated modeling framework to evaluate the performance and cost of alternative carbon capture and storage (CCS) technologies for fossil-fueled power plants in the context of multi-pollutant control requirements. The model (called IECM, for Integrated Environmental Control Model) also allows for explicit characterization of the uncertainty or variability in any or all input parameters. Power plant options currently include pulverized coal (PC) combustion plants, natural gas combined cycle (NGCC) plants, and integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) plants. This paper uses the IECM to analyze the effects of adding CCS to an IGCC system employing a GE quench gasifier with a water gas shift reactor and Selexol system for CO2 capture. Parameters of interest include the effects of varying the CO2 removal efficiency, the quality and cost of coal, and selected other factors affecting overall plant performance and cost. The stochastic simulation capability of the model also is used to illustrate the effect of uncertainties or variability in key parameters. The potential for advanced oxygen production and gas turbine technologies to reduce the cost and environmental impacts of IGCC with CCS also is analyzed.
Linear ion trap based atomic frequency standard

An effort to develop a trapped-ion-based fieldable frequency standard with a stability of 4*10/sup -13// square root tau for averaging times tau >
Evaluating an instrument for the peer review of inpatient teaching

The purpose of this study was to assess an instrument for the peer review of inpatient teaching at Mayo. The Mayo Teaching Evaluation Form (MTEF) is an instrument, based on the Stanford seven-category educational framework, which was developed for the peer review of inpatient teaching. The MTEF has 28 Likert-scaled items derived from the Stanford Faculty Development Program form (SFDP-26), the Mayo electronic evaluation form and three additional items. In this study three physician-evaluators used the MTEF to evaluate 10 attending physicians on the Mayo general internal medicine hospital services. Cronbach's alphas were used to assess the internal consistency of the MTEF, and Kendall's coefficient of concordance was used to summarize the inter-rater reliability. Results of this study reveal that the MTEF is internally consistent, based on average ratings across all evaluators (Cronbach's alpha=0.894). Stanford categories with the highest alphas are Self-Directed Learning, Learning Climate, Communication o...
Fatigue Crack Growth in 2-1/4-Cr-1Mo Steel Exposed to Hydrogen Containing Gases

Steels used in coal gasification vessels and piping (externals) can be exposed to mixtures of hydrogen, water vapor (steam), hydrogen sulfide, methane, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and other gases at temperatures and pressures up to 600/sup 0/K and 10 MPa. Such mixtures, under certain operating conditions, can either enhance or inhibit crack growth in these steels. As a part of a program to identify thermodynamic conditions for this enhancement or inhibition, fatigue crack growth experiments have been carried out on a 2 1/4Cr-1Mo (ASTM A542, Class 2) steel in hydrogen, water vapor, and hydrogen sulfide at low pressures (below 133 kPa). The results indicate considerable enhancement of fatigue crack growth by some of these environments and also indicate that the apparent immunity of this material to stress corrosion cracking does not imply the same immunity to corrosion fatigue. The results will be discussed in terms of the influences of temperature, gas pressure and loading variables, and will be interpreted in terms of chemical reaction kinetics.
Scalable learning: from simple to complex in World of Warcraft

Purpose – The aim of this paper is to examine how a massively multiplayer online game (MMOG), World of Warcraft, serves as complex and, most importantly, scalable learning environment.Design/methodology/approach – The paper looks at the unique properties of World of Warcraft as a complex and scalable learning environment.Findings – The paper finds that by looking at World of Warcraft it can be understood how large‐scale networks of high value can be utilized and leveraged by smaller communities to succeed at team building, organization and talent development within complex and often rapidly changing environments.Originality/value – By examining World of Warcraft the paper demonstrates a complex social network that is constantly evolving itself, constantly reforming itself, and constantly pruning old useless or outdated information which can be applied to an enormous number of tiny networked communities of interest and practice.
Theoretical Analysis of Stratified, Two-Phase Wankel Engine Combustion

Abstract A one-dimensional model for the spark ignition two-phase, stratified Wankel engine combustion is presented. The injected liquid fuel is assumed to break up into droplets whose vaporization and motion are computed, together with the changes of the gas phase variables, by solving a coupled system of equations made up of an appropriately simplified form of the spray equation and the conservation equations for the gas phase. The model makes use of a Weber number/Reynolds number correlation for the computation of the initial drop radius, of Stokes' drag equation for the droplet motion, of a Ranz-Marshall type vaporization rate equation for the droplet vaporization, of a one-step second order reaction rate equation for the combustion of the gaseous fuel, of a turbulent diffusivity for heat and mass transfer, and of a McAdams type correlation for the wall heat transfer rate. Results are presented for a specific engine configuration. Although general conclusions cannot be derived, it would appear that th...
KINETICS OF AQUEOUS ETHYLENEDIAMINE-ETHANOL-ANTHRAQUINONE DELIGNIFICATION PROCESS

A new organosolv pulping method has been investigated. Delignification can be carried out by digesting the lignocellulosic material in an aqueous solution of ethylenediamine (EDA) and ethanol (EtOH) in combination with catalytic amounts of anthraquinone (AQ). This aqueous EDA-EtOH-AQ pulping is found to be highly selective in delignification and is flexible to softwoods. Bulk delignification was found to take place according to a pair of first-order mechanisms, like aqueous ethanol pulping. In the initial phase of delignification more than 50% lignin is removed, while the rest is extracted in the second slower step. The rate constants for each step are of the same order of magnitude and higher than those obtained in ethanol pulping. This indicated that overall delignification is faster when compared to aqueous ethanol pulping. The Arrhenius activation energy for the initial step was found to be 6.4 kcal/mole. The high selectivity in the detignification during the EDA-EtOH—AQ process is observed at all lev...
Femtosecond Fiber Lasers: Performance of Solid-State with the Benefits of Fiber

A new pulse-shaping process enables the construction of the first femtosecond lasers that do not require intracavity dispersion control. These lasers generate pulses with energies 10-20 nJ, comparable to the performance of solid-state lasers.
Facial expression recognition using encoded dynamic features

In this paper, we propose a novel framework for video-based facial expression recognition, which can handle the data with various time resolution including a single frame. We first use the haar-like features to represent facial appearance, due to their simplicity and effectiveness. Then we perform K-Means clustering on the facial appearance features to explore the intrinsic temporal patterns of each expression. Based on the temporal pattern models, we further map the facial appearance variations into dynamic binary patterns. Finally, boosting learning is performed to construct the expression classifiers. Compared to previous work, the dynamic binary patterns encode the intrinsic dynamics of expression, and our method makes no assumption on the time resolution of the data. Extensive experiments carried on the Cohn-Kanade database show the promising performance of the proposed method.
Comparison of a Novel Radially Dilating Balloon Ureteral Access Sheath to a Conventional Sheath in the Porcine Model

Purpose: Traditional ureteral access sheaths rely on tapered dilators and the Dotter principle of axial force to gain access into the ureter. We compared the performance of a novel balloon expandable ureteral access sheath using radial dilatation with that of a conventional ureteral access sheath.Materials and Methods: Ten farm pigs underwent randomized placement of the novel sheath in 1 ureter and a conventional ureteral access sheath in the contralateral ureter followed by videotaped ureteroscopy. Acute study end points included maximum and mean force of sheath insertion and removal, saline flow rate and subjective urothelial damage following sheath insertion/inflation. Additionally, blinded reviewers rated urothelial damage on digitally recorded video following sheath removal. Chronic data included gross and histological ureteral analysis at 30 days.Results: The novel ureteral access sheath inserted with less maximum force (0.36 vs 1.48 pounds, p <0.001) and less average force (0.11 vs 0.49 pounds, p =...
Handling Item-Level Missing Data Simpler Is Just as Good

The topic of missing data has been receiving increasing attention, with calls to apply advanced methods of handling missingness to counseling psychology research. The present study sought to assess whether advanced methods of handling item-level missing data performed equivalently to simpler methods in designs similar to those counseling psychologists typically engage in. Results of an initial preliminary analysis, an analysis using real-world data, and a series of simulation studies were used in the present investigation. Results indicated that available case analysis, mean substitution, and multiple imputation had similar results across low levels of missing data, though in data with higher levels of missing data and other problems (e.g., small sample size or scales with weak internal reliability) mean substitution produced inflation of correlation coefficients among items. The present results support the use of available case analysis when dealing with low-level item-level missingness.
Relocating the Tourist

This article traces the arrival and the subsequent debates about the place of the tourist in sociology. The sociology of tourists first focused on their economic, and then their physical and sociocultural impacts, in the stereotypical case of mass tourists of the metropolis visiting historical and peripheral locations. More recently, Graburn and Smith differentiated tourists by class, gender and lifestyle, and then by national origin. Tourism has come to be seen as a form of expressive and perhaps therapeutic culture comparable to art, play and leisure. The tourist as sight-seer was first castigated by snobbish social commentators, and then valorized as a seeker of authenticity by MacCannell, and as a caster of gazes by Urry. Cohen usefully examined the range of tourists' experiences and authenticities. In this special issue Lengkeek and Harrison re-examine tourist differentiations, authenticities and subjective experiences. Thorns and Perkins conjoin the notion of the tourist as sight-seer with that of p...
Ethical Infrastructures and Evidence-Based Corporate Compliance and Ethics Programs: Policy Implications from the Empirical Evidence

In 2016 it will be the twenty-fifth anniversary of Organizational Sentencing Guidelines (OSG), which has been the single greatest influence on the structure of corporations’ compliance programs. The government and corporations continue to place faith in the ability of corporate compliance programs to reduce illegal and unethical behavior by managers and employees. Despite these efforts, the levels of observed unethical behavior by corporate employees has continued at a steady level over the past decade. In response, there has been an increased focus on trying to understand how a corporation’s culture influences its compliance program’s effectiveness. Although many (including the US Sentencing Commission through their amendments to the OSG) have recognized the importance of a corporation’s culture for controlling unethical behavior, there continues to be a wide-spread lack of understanding of the relationship between the compliance program and the corporation’s culture. This Article explains corporate culture by bringing together the latest research in behavioral and organizational ethics to present a model of an organization’s ethical infrastructure. This model integrates, rather than separates, the ideas of compliance and an ethical corporate culture. To incorporate this model into policy, this Article proposes two short amendments to the OSG that have the potential to catalyze significant change.
A Needs-Based GIS Approach to Accessibility and Location Efficiency of Faith-Based Social Programs

Religious-based congregations often serve their local communities with a variety of programs. A growing literature shows that congregations often fill the gaps of social service as proactive agents or when others are unable or unwilling. Although congregational community service is frequent, serious questions about efficiency and the allocation of resources are questioned. Congregations are typically unable to understand to what degree they have a capacity to serve a local area or have the ability to evaluate across space the locational effectiveness of meeting community need. Location efficiency analysis and the site selection of social welfare programs are powerful methods for community planning and are necessary for a complete understanding how the social and demographic landscapes of a city interact with these programs. We investigate where different types of programs are relative to corresponding social needs. Using data from the Kent County Congregations Study (KCCS) in Grand Rapids, Michigan and U.S. Census data, we created a method to quantify congregational service power (CSP) as a measure of how much a congregation serves the community using geographic accessibility analysis with Geographic Information Systems (GIS). We compare the level of CSP with that of need using GIS-based techniques to determine to what degree needs in a community fall within the geographic catchment areas of service power. Evaluating specific congregational programs allows meaningful comparisons between congregations and helps identify areas of unmet need along with areas of possible oversaturation. The results offer congregational communities the potential to discover appropriate locations for new programs, find places of unmet need, and reorganize resources to eliminate redundancy.
Case 15: Taking Out a Patent. Watch Out

You have discovered a new piece of medical equipment while working at the university. The university is very excited and obtains a worldwide patent for your equipment. The usual arrangement is that you will get about 15–33 % of the income from the patent and the university will get the rest.
Chemically Modifying Viruses for Diverse Applications

Long fascinating to biologists, viruses offer nanometer-scale benchtops for building molecular-scale devices and materials. Viruses tolerate a wide range of chemical modifications including reaction conditions, pH values, and temperatures. Recent examples of nongenetic manipulation of viral surfaces have extended viruses into applications ranging from biomedical imaging, drug delivery, tissue regeneration, and biosensors to materials for catalysis and energy generation. Chemical reactions on the phage surface include both covalent and noncovalent modifications, including some applied in conjunction with genetic modifications. Here, we survey viruses chemically augmented with capabilities limited only by imagination.
CMOS transistor design challenges for mobile and digital consumer applications

CMOS transistor design for low power applications poses significant challenges. The rich features now required in mobile phones and PDAs call for complex computations and ever-increasing processing power. At the same time, low power consumption continues to be an essential requirement to ensure usable battery life for mobile and portable products. This paper examines challenges associated with transistor scaling to meet both performance and leakage power targets. A methodology to co-optimize transistor and circuit design is discussed. Various aspects of CMOS transistor scaling are discussed in consideration of both optimized power and performance. Transistor static leakage components, including gate leakage (Ig), subthreshold leakage (Ioffs), and source/drain gate edge diode leakage (Igdl), are separately studied and examined. We show that the optimal transistor targeting requires defining transistor leakage specs in conjunction with power management schemes used in circuit designs. Cost containment for mobile and consumer digital application chips is of paramount importance. SRAM bit cell area has a significant impact on overall chip sizes. Random dopant fluctuation (RDF), narrow width effects, and other transistor scaling issues affecting cell stability and manufacturability, are discussed.
Application of Bioassay to the Characterization of Diesel Particle Emissions

A wide variety of combustion sources produce soot, i.e., carbon aerosols containing variable quantities of organic matter. The most significant transportation-related sources of such materials are diesel engines. Diesel power has been used for railway locomotives, long haul trucks, and earthmoving equipment for many years. However, recently a strong trend has developed toward use of diesel engines in urban service vehicles and also taxicabs. In the near future substantial numbers of diesel-powered automobiles may be used by the general public.
Cecal infarction in neonatal calves: a retrospective study

Cecal infarction is an uncommon lesion in calves that results in localized peritonitis and, on occasion, perforation with secondary diffuse peritonitis and death. This lesion in calves has not been described previously. We reviewed the postmortem cases of cecal infarction in dairy calves ≤30 d of age that had been submitted over the course of 5 y to the Tulare branch of the California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System. The area of cecal infarction and the associated lesion margins were examined histologically. Ischemic necrosis of the mucosal side of the cecal wall with various degrees of neutrophilic inflammation of subjacent tissues was found consistently, and thrombosis and vascular occlusion within the areas of necrosis and inflammation was found in 21 of 34 cases. Cecal infarction cases were then compared to controls using a retrospective matched case-control study design. Cases ( n = 34) and controls ( n = 86) were compared with respect to bacteremia (as defined by pure culture of a single bacterial agent from lung and/or liver), species of bacteria isolated, and for the presence of K99 Escherichia coli (calves ≤5 d), attaching and effacing E. coli, Cryptosporidium (calves ≥5 d of age), Salmonella isolation from the intestine, rotavirus, Bovine coronavirus, and Bovine viral diarrhea virus. In addition, the presence of rumenitis or abomasitis, and omphalitis were compared between cases and controls. There were no significant differences in ruminal, abomasal, or umbilical cord tissue inflammation, or pathogen test-positive status between cases and controls.
Recent Advances in the Role of the Renal Nervous System and Renin in Hypertension

Considerable evidence indicates that the kidneys play an important role in blood pressure regulation under a variety of physiologic conditions and in several forms of experimental, as well as human, hypertension. The kidneys can influence blood pressure homeostasis through a variety of afferent neurogenic as well as hormonal mechanisms, which include the renin-angiotensin system, prostaglandins, and the kallikrein-kinin system. The renal mechanisms, on the other hand, are under the influence of and, therefore, are regulated by arterial baroreceptors, cardiopulmonary mechanoreceptors, chemoreceptors, and the central nervous system. The purpose of this chapter is to critically analyze the most current views concerning the role of the renal neurogenic and the renin-angiotensin system under physiologic conditions and in the pathogenesis of hypertension.
Modified fibrin glue–assisted scleral fixation to secure intraocular lens after traumatic dehiscence of a corneal transplant

We describe a case of dehisced corneal penetrating keratoplasty after trauma in the setting of a previously placed posterior chamber intraocular lens (IOL) using a glued scleral tunnel fixation technique. After trauma, the IOL remained centrally fixated in the posterior chamber with the haptics intact, theoretically providing stability to the eye. The benefits of glued scleral fixation of IOLs are discussed.
A Beautiful Piece of Property: Toward a New Definition of Aesthetic Properties

?Aesthetic valuism? maintains that aesthetic properties harbor an ineliminable evaluative component, and that to correctly and sincerely apply an aesthetic predicate to a thing just is to give an appraisal of its aesthetic goodness or badness. Anti-valuism denies this, and holds that even in the identification and ascription of evaluatively-loaded aesthetic properties, such as beautiful or graceful , we may identify a non-evaluative, purely descriptive, and patently aesthetic form of judgment or discrimination. In this essay, I formulate a new definition of aesthetic properties that is consistent with anti-valuism, in order to see how well it serves us, in comparison with a valuist definition that appears in the published philosophical literature. If my definition is at least as intuitively plausible as the valuist?s, it should be preferred. This is because the most complicated concept my definition asks you to understand is perceptual resemblance (a concept I spend a fair amount of time explaining). Value is harder to understand, and we don?t make it very easy on ourselves if we use one mystery (value) to define another (aesthetic properties). I end by reflecting on how my definition fits into wider aesthetic concerns.
Redescription of Potamonautes walderi (Colosi, 1924) from the lower Congo River basin in Central Africa (Brachyura, Potamoidea, Potamonautidae)

Potamonautes walderi (Colosi, 1924), is redescribed from the lectotype and the male gonopods, abdomen, mouthparts, chelipeds, and sternum are illustrated. Photographs of the lectotype are provided and its distribution and conservation status is discussed. Potamonautes walderi is also compared to the other species of this genus that are found in the Congo River basin in Central Africa.
THE ELUSIVE SEARCH FOR FETAL INFECTION: Changing the Gold Standards

Two percent to four percent of all newborns have a major structural malformation of which only a small percentage can be explained by either aneuploidy or a single-gene disorder. No other mammal has a similar reproductive problem. It is the suggestion that previously unrecognized viral infection accounts for a large percentage of these abnormalities by interfering with appropriate embryonic cell migration, reducing hyperplasia, or damaging the precursor structure by means of an inflammatory mechanism.
Toxoplasma gondii (Nicolle and Manceaux 1908)

Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite lelong to the subclass Coccidia. It has ubiquitous distribution and infects members of all age groups and both sexes. T. gondii is capable of infecting all mammals and is usually acquired by humans through the ingestion of undercooked or raw meats. The cat Felis domestica and many other felines (e.g., lyns and bobcat) are the hosts known to harbor the sexual stage of the parasite
Replantation in the Child and Adolescent

Amputations in children are fortunately relatively rare events. However, when they occur, they are emotionally devastating injuries for the child, their family, and the health-care providers. The technical aspects of the replantation procedure in a child are almost analogous to that of in an adult, with the exception that the physis should be preserved. Due to improved healing potential and nerve regeneration with less scar formation, the outcomes of pediatric replantation are more favorable than in adults.
Failure to Articulate Clear Ethics Rules and Standards and the Local Level Continues to Haunt Local Land Use Decision Makers

This article provides an annual review of reported decisions addressing ethical considerations that arise in the land use context for lawyers, planners, board members and other stakeholders in the land use decision making process.
Vascular Injuries of Porta Hepatis

Vascular injuries of the porta hepatis possess the unfavorable combination of being both rare and life threatening. Reported experience from different institutions is similar with respect to the fact that they comprise small case series over relatively long intervals of time, reflecting the infrequency with which one encounters these injuries. Associated mortality rates have been reported between 40 and 70 %, and death is most commonly a result of exsanguination. A potentially lethal injury that is seldom encountered should give the trauma surgeon pause, and the importance of having a preestablished management strategy in mind must be emphasized. In this chapter, we will provide an overview of the relevant anatomy and physiology, techniques for hemorrhage control and operative exposure, and a strategy for the definitive management of portal vein and hepatic artery injuries.
CHEMICAL STRUCTURE AND STIMULATION BY CARBOHYDRATES

ABSTRACT Based on considerations of the configurational and conformational structure of polyols and experimental evidence, it is proposed that the polyols which stimulate taste receptors of the blowfly combine with two or more distinct receptor sites, each with unique structural requirements, and that these sites are associated with the same receptor cell. The stimulating effectiveness of a series of derivatives of D-glucose are assessed to determine the structural requirements for stimulation by that molecule. It is tentatively concluded that only the hydroxyl groups on C 3 and C 4 of the molecule combine with the receptor site and that additional specificity is conferred on the reaction by steric hindrance due to substituents not otherwise involved. Some evidence is discussed in relation to the mechanism of stimulation by polyols. It would appear that polyols combine with receptor sites through weak, physical forces although the reaction has a high degree of specificity. How the reaction produces depolarization of the receptor is posed as a unique and challenging problem of neurophysiology.