cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The distortion of criminal evidence

Should witnesses truthfully reveal all information or present the evidence in such a way as to support one side of the dispute? The ability of a witness to distort evidence at some cost in support of the prosecution in a criminal case is considered. It is shown that when distorting the evidence is more difficult, the number of convictions and the accuracy of the decisions improve. When distorting evidence is less costly, the jury must set high standards for conviction, which leads to fewer convictions.
Analysis of a Single-Layer Thermophotovoltaic System at Moderate Temperatures

A study of a parallel-plate system for thermophotovoltaic power production at moderate temperatures is reported. The impetus behind this analysis is the desire to apply systems of this type in microdevices where large temperature differences would be difficult to sustain. The emphasis is on the combination of the photovoltaic (PV) modeling (which has been relatively well documented in the literature) with the thermal transport aspects, particularly the radiative properties, which have been addressed less fully. Of the latter, the monochromatic emissivity is defined in detail. In 0.8 Ga 0.2 As is considered as the basic PV material, and two emitter surface treatments are assumed in the analysis including the gray approximation and both an idealistic and a realistic selective surface. Estimates of both the power generation and the power generation efficiency are determined. As expected for temperature differences of these magnitudes, the energy production is shown to be quite small.
Care of the HIV-Positive Patient in the Emergency Department in the Era of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy

More than 1 million individuals in the United States are HIV positive, with greater than 40,000 new patients being diagnosed per year. With the advent of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), HIV-infected patients in the United States are living longer. HIV-infected patients receiving HAART now more commonly have noninfectious and nonopportunistic complications of their disease. This review article will discuss the assessment and treatment of HIV-positive patients in the era of HAART, with an emphasis on the noninfectious and changing infectious complications that require emergency care.
“The Course of a Particular”: Names and Narrative in the Works of Joseph Mitchell

AbstractJoseph Mitchell (1908–1996) wrote about unusual New York people for The New Yorker. For journalists like Mitchell, a name identifies a “who,” an essential component of a news story even more central to a profile. For Mitchell, however, names are strangely significant: they are textual loci at which narratology, epistemology, and ontology enmesh. The balance of these categories and their mutual engagements are idiosyncratic and define Mitchell’s style. It is a style that proves how intellectually and emotionally powerful journalistic uses of names can be. A catalog of names confirms one’s knowledge of phenomena by reconstituting it narratively. Naming in narrative is a mode of knowing one’s experience. But maybe the stakes are higher: maybe names insist on the reality of the things named. Onomastic specificity underwrites our ontological confidence, but the ontological significance of names is never wholly persuasive, not even when justified within a narrative. Confronting its limitations, as Mitch...
Antibacterial Activity of the Herbicide Glufosinate on Pseudomonas syringae Pathovar Glycinea

Abstract The antibacterial activity of the herbicide glufosinate on Pseudomonas syringae pathovar (pv.) glycinea (L-529), causal agent of soybean blight, was examined in culture and in planta. Bacteria were grown in medium containing either formulated or technical-grade glufosinate from 0.01 to 100 mM, and growth was monitored by turbidity measurements over time. Glufosinate inhibited bacterial growth at concentrations of 1 mM or greater and delayed growth at concentrations as low as 0.01 mM. Metabolism of [14C]glufosinate by P. syringae pv. glycinea grown in Davis minimal medium containing either a sublethal (1 mM) or a lethal (100 mM) glufosinate concentration was measured incrementally up to 45 h after inoculation. Thin-layer chromatography analysis revealed the presence of three glufosinate metabolites in addition to the parent compound. The rate of [14C]glufosinate metabolism by bacteria was greater in medium treated with 1 mM than in medium treated with 100 mM glufosinate. More 14C was recovered as 3-methylphosphinico-propionic acid and as an unidentified metabolite with an Rf value of 0.45 in medium treated with 1 mM than in medium treated with 100 mM glufosinate. These data suggest that P. syringae pv. glycinea can slowly metabolize glufosinate into less toxic metabolites, resulting in greater bacterial growth in medium treated with 1 mM glufosinate. Treatment of transgenic glufosinate-resistant (GR) soybeans with field rates of glufosinate reduced the number of live P. syringae pv. glycinea at 90 h after inoculation. Inoculated GR soybeans showed a 45;pc reduction of colony forming units after treatment with 0.5 kg/ha glufosinate and a 60;pc reduction after treatment with 1.0 kg/ha glufosinate. These results show that glufosinate exhibits some antibacterial activity against P. syringae pv. glycinea, but at concentrations greater than those of registered bactericides.
ELECTRICAL LUBRICATION OF HAND‐MOLDED REFRACTORY SHAPES*

It is possible to release hand-molded shapes from metal molds by use of direct current without the use of oil, sand, or grog on the interior of the mold. A discussion of the principles involved is presented with observations made while conducting practical tests in an Ohio refractories plant.
The Influence of Gender Inequality and Marginalization on Types of Female Offending

Gender inequality and economic marginalization contribute to female crime, but little research has explored how these predictors differentially influence female offending at the macrolevel. Building on Steffensmeier and Haynie's work on the relationship between structural disadvantage and urban female crime rates, we explore whether structural indicators differentially influence women's involvement in crimes against those persons in close proximity (intimate partners) versus their participation in the drug trade and robberies. Using the 2000 census, Supplemental Homicide Files, and Uniform Crime Report (UCR) arrest data for a large sample of U.S. cities, we examine the influence of gender inequality and economic marginalization on these offenses while also providing a statistical test to determine whether these indicators differ significantly across offense types. Our findings reveal that some indicators of structural disadvantage vary across types of female offending while other indicators do not. This f...
Obtaining the frequency response characteristics of a nonlinear servomechanism from an amplitude- and frequency-sensitive describing function

This paper presents two general concepts which are very valuable in analyzing nonlinear servomechanisms. A graphical procedure is introduced by which the frequency response of a nonlinear closed-loop system can be determined from the describing function. The theory is valid for the general describing function which is both amplitude and frequency dependent. Second, an analytical method is developed for evaluating the describing function by Fourier analysis of that type of nonlinear component whose time constant and gain vary with the magnitude of the input signal. As an example of a nonlinear element which meets these specifications the 2-phase servomotor was selected. The closed-loop frequency response was then predicted by the graphical method and verified experimentally.
The Effect of Feeding Three Energy Levels upon Dressing Percentages and Cooking Losses of White Rock Broiler-Fryers

Abstract THE percentage of edible carcass remaining after dressing, evisceration and cooking is of great concern to poultry producers, processors, and consumers. Recently various levels of animal fat have been added to poultry feeds which has created a question regarding dressing and cooking losses of broilers receiving such diets. Lowe and Vernon (1927) found that excessively fat birds have a very high cooking loss. They also found that broilers had the largest cooking loss, followed by fryers and roasters. Jull and Maw (1923), Mitchel et al. (1926), and McNally and Spicknall (1949) found that relationships exist between dressing loss, age, and sex. Fromm and Margold (1956) found that New Hampshire cockerels which had been treated with 12 mg. pellets of diethylstilbestrol had a higher dressing percentage than untreated birds, however, the treated birds suffered a significantly greater cooking loss. Leong et al. (1955) found an increase in the weight of visceral …
Evaluating London Dispersion Force Corrections in Crystalline Nitroguanidine by Terahertz Spectroscopy

The low-frequency vibrations of the crystalline explosive nitroguanidine have been investigated using pulsed terahertz (THz) spectroscopy (10 to $ {\hbox{100}}~{\hbox{cm}}^{-1}$ ) and analyzed with solid-state density functional theory simulations. The THz spectrum recorded at 78 K exhibited five distinct absorptions that have been successfully assigned using PBE/cc-pVTZ augmented with semi-empirical London force dispersion corrections. This computational investigation of the nitroguanidine structure and dynamics in the solid-state also included a study of the utilized dispersion force correction parameters, resulting in the development of new values for use in the analysis and prediction of the THz spectra of molecular solids. The applied models enabled the observed spectral absorptions to be assigned to external rigid rotations and translations of the molecules in the crystal. The assignments were further validated by a complementary study of perdeuterated nitroguanidine.
Intramolecular Hydroamination/Cyclization of Aminoallenes Catalyzed by Organolanthanide Complexes. Scope and Mechanistic Aspects

Organolanthanide complexes of the general type Cp‘2LnCH(TMS)2 (Cp‘ = η5-Me5C5; Ln = La, Sm, Y, Lu; TMS = SiMe3) serve as effective precatalysts for the rapid, regioselective, and highly diastereoselective intramolecular hydroamination/cyclization (IHC) of aminoallenes having the general formula RCHCCH(CH2)nCHR‘NH2 to yield the corresponding heterocycles (R = CH3, n-C3H7, n-C5H11; R‘ = H, CH3, n-C4H9, CH2CHCH2CH2; n = 2, 3). The mono- and disubstituted pyrrolidines and piperidines produced bear an α-alkenyl functionality available for further synthetic manipulation. Kinetic and mechanistic data parallel organolanthanide-mediated intramolecular aminoalkene and aminoalkyne hydroamination/cyclization, implying turnover-limiting allene insertion into the Ln−N bond followed by rapid protonolysis of the resulting Ln−C bond. The reaction rate is zero-order in [aminoallene] and first-order in [catalyst] over 3 or more half-lives. Hydroamination/cyclization of monosubstituted aminoallenes (R = H; R‘ = H, CH3; n = 1...
OGUPSA sensor scheduling architecture and algorithm

This paper introduces a new architecture for a sensor measurement scheduler as well as a dynamic sensor scheduling algorithm called the on-line, greedy, urgency-driven, preemptive scheduling algorithm (OGUPSA). OGUPSA incorporates a preemptive mechanism which uses three policies, (1) most-urgent-first (MUF), (2) earliest- completed-first (ECF), and (3) least-versatile-first (LVF). The three policies are used successively to dynamically allocate and schedule and distribute a set of arriving tasks among a set of sensors. OGUPSA also can detect the failure of a task to meet a deadline as well as generate an optimal schedule in the sense of minimum makespan for a group of tasks with the same priorities. A side benefit is OGUPSA's ability to improve dynamic load balance among all sensors while being a polynomial time algorithm. Results of a simulation are presented for a simple sensor system.
Convergent synthesis of homogeneous Glc1Man9GlcNAc2-protein and derivatives as ligands of molecular chaperones in protein quality control.

A detailed understanding of the molecular mechanism of chaperone-assisted protein quality control is often hampered by the lack of well-defined homogeneous glycoprotein probes. We describe here a highly convergent chemoenzymatic synthesis of the monoglucosylated glycoforms of bovine ribonuclease (RNase) as specific ligands of lectin-like chaperones calnexin (CNX) and calreticulin (CRT) that are known to recognize the monoglucosylated high-mannose oligosaccharide component of glycoproteins in protein folding. The synthesis of a selectively modified glycoform Gal1Glc1Man9GlcNAc2-RNase was accomplished by chemical synthesis of a large N-glycan oxazoline and its subsequent enzymatic ligation to GlcNAc-RNase under the catalysis of a glycosynthase. Selective removal of the terminal galactose by a β-galactosidase gave the Glc1Man9GlcNAc2-RNase glycoform in excellent yield. CD spectroscopic analysis and RNA-hydrolyzing assay indicated that the synthetic RNase glycoforms maintained essentially the same global conf...
Haemophilus influenzae Type b Carriage among Young Children in Metropolitan Atlanta in the Context of Vaccine Shortage and Booster Dose Deferral

ABSTRACT Short-term deferral of the Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) vaccine booster dose during a recent U.S. Hib vaccine shortage did not result in widespread Hib carriage in Atlanta, as the Hib carriage rate was found to be 0.3% (1/342). Hib colonization was significantly more common among males and day care attendees.
Regeneration patterns of Cedrela lilloi (Meliaceae) in northwestern Argentina subtropical montane forests

All individuals of Cedrela lilloi (a valuable timber species of Meliaceae) > 4 cm DBH were sampled in three rectangular plots (c. 15 000 m 2 each) in northwestern Argentina subtropical montane forests between 850 and 1350 m. Regeneration dynamics of C. lilloi was characterized by testing two hypo- theses: (i) C. lilloi has a gap-phase regeneration mode, which implies a negative exponential size/age distribution at forest stand scale, growth releases due to canopy openings, and juvenile trees clumped at spatial scales of treefall gaps. (ii) There is a negative spatial association between adults and juveniles of C. lilloi which could be caused by density dependent mortality. Despite differences in age structure, diameter distribution approximated a negative exponential curve at all sites. Radial growth, measured as tree-ring widths, averaged between 2 and 4 mm y -1 which is comparable to fast growing tropical species in mature forests. Aggregation of juveniles peaked at radial distances of 8 to 15 m. Size structure, growth and spatial patterns of juveniles support the first hypothesis. In support of the second hypothesis, juveniles showed a negative spatial association with conspe- cific mature trees at spatial scales of less than 20 m. The Janzen-Connell model of density-dependence is one potential explanation for this pattern. Although regeneration and growth patterns of C. lilloi suggest a potential for sustainable management based on small-scale gaps, spatial dynamics at stand-scale need to be considered to ensure the regeneration of mature trees.
Africa's primates in 1992: Conservation issues and options

There are about 60 species of African primates, and over 50% of these are generally considered to be vulnerable to extinction. Planning for the conservation of these primates, and the objective assessment of the degree of endangerment faced by different species and subspecies is hampered, however, by poorly resolved taxonomy and inadequate data on geographic distributions, ecology, and population biology. The African primate species at most imminent risk of extinction may be Sclater's guenon, threatened by forest destruction and hunting in an area of Nigeria with a very dense human population. The most endangered African subspecies may be Bouvier's red colobus, whose continued existence in Congo is uncertain. The taxonomic position of each of these monkeys is debated. Their predicaments illustrate some general phenomena: almost all threatened African primates are forest dwellers; habitat destruction and/or hunting are the major threats to the survival of forest primates; endangerment is the result of an interaction of external threats with features intrinsic to particular primates. The African primates most widely used in biomedical research are savanna-zone species that are not generally endangered at present, although there are disturbingly high levels of trapping in certain countries. Ideally, all Africa's primates would be protected by a network of large reserves, but in a few cases such a conservation strategy may not be a viable option; population manipulations may become important management tools, and these manipulations may be aided by new techniques developed by reproductive biologists. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Reading in Colette: Domination, Resistance, Autonomy

The act of reading on the part of Colette's characters reveals itself as a dynamic involving domination and resistance. A study of passages from two of her semi-autobiographical works, La Maison de Claudine and Sido, brings to light both a positively connoted model of reading, exemplified by the character 'Colette,' and a negatively connoted model, exemplified by the older sister Juliette. While Juliette approaches texts with no sense of self, and seeks instead to be defined by the texts she reads, 'Colette' remains in relation to texts and to the discourses they contain, and resists them. Gender complicates the process. Both father and mother intervene in 'Colette's' apprenticeship as reader. While the censorship that constitutes the father's intervention proves both debilitating and disempowering, the mother's modeling of reading as dialogue and resistance empowers 'Colette,' both as a reader and a female being. This article is available in Studies in 20th Century Literature: http://newprairiepress.org/sttcl/vol20/iss2/10
DISAPPEARANCE OF THE ISOSPIN DEPENDENCE OF MULTIFRAGMENT PRODUCTION

We present measurements of the multiplicity of charged particles ( ${N}_{c}$) and intermediate mass fragments (IMFs) for ${}^{58}\mathrm{Fe}{+}^{58}\mathrm{Fe}$ and ${}^{58}\mathrm{Ni}{+}^{58}\mathrm{Ni}$ at incident energies of 45 to 105 MeV/nucleon. We find that the neutron-rich system emits more IMFs as a function of ${N}_{c}$ at low incident energies while at the highest energy we observe a much smaller difference between the two systems. Expanding emitting source and statistical multifragmentation simulations reproduce the difference between the two systems at low energies while a charge percolation simulation describes the results at the highest energy.
Potencies of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin, dibenzofuran, and biphenyl congeners, relative to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, for producing early life stage mortality in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

The presence of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), dibenzofurans (PCDFs), and biphenyls (PCBs) in feral lake trout eggs (Salvelinus namaycush) may increase the risk of lake trout early life stage mortality in the Great Lakes. To assess the combined toxicity of PCDDs, PCDFs, and PCBs to lake trout early development, toxic potencies, relative to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (2,3,7,8-TCDD), were determined for individual PCDD, PCDF, and PCB congeners, based on rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) early life stage mortality. Newly fertilized rainbow trout eggs were injected with graded doses of 2,3,7,8-TCDD, or a PCDD, PCDF, or PCB congener. LD50 values were determined based on the egg dose that caused mortality from hatching onset to swim-up. Toxic equivalency factors (TEFs) were calculated as 2,3,7,8-TCDD LD50/congener LD50. TEFs were for PCDDs: 2,3,7,8-TCDD = 1.0; 1,2,3,7,8-PeCDD = 0.730;and 1,2,3,4,7,8-HxCDD = 0.319; for PCDFs: 2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF = 0.359; 1,2,3,4,7,8-HxCDF = 0.280; 1,2,3,7,8-PeCDF = 0.034; and 2,3,7,8-TCDF = 0.028; and for PCBs: 3,3',4,4',5-PeCB = 0.005; 3,3',4,4'-TCB = 0.00016; 2,3,3',4,4'-PeCB and 2,3',4,4',5-PeCB < 0.00007. For PCDDs, fish-specific TEFs were 10- to 100-fold higher than TEFs determined in H4IIE rat hepatoma cells, but were similar to TEFs proposed for risk assessment. For PCDFs, fish specific TEFs were similar to TEFs determined in H4IIE cells and TEFs proposed for risk assessment. However, the most significant finding was that for the coplanar PCBs and mono-ortho-chlorinated analogues of the coplanar PCBs fish-specific TEFs were 114 to 180 less than both those determined in H4IIE cells and proposed for risk assessment. Using these fish-specific TEFs, the risk associated with exposure of early life stages of Sake trout to complex mixtures of PCDDs, PCDFs, and PCBs in the Great Lakes can be estimated.
A case for alloy annotations for efficient incremental analysis via domain specific solvers

Alloy is a declarative modelling language based on first-order logic with sets and relations. Alloy formulas are checked for satisfiability by the fully automatic Alloy Analyzer. The analyzer, given an Alloy formula and a scope, i.e. a bound on the universe of discourse, searches for an instance i.e. a valuation to the sets and relations in the formula, such that it evaluates to true. The analyzer translates the Alloy problem to a propositional formula for which it searches a satisfying assignment via an off-the-shelf propositional satisfiability (SAT) solver. The SAT solver performs an exhaustive search and increasing the scope leads to the combinatorial explosion problem. We envision annotations, a meta-data facility used in imperative languages, as a means of augmenting Alloy models to enable more efficient analysis by specifying the priority, i.e. order of solving, of a given constraint and the slover to be used. This additional information would enable using the solutions to a particular constraint as partial solutions to the next in case constraint priority is specified and using a specific solver for reasoning about a given constraint in case a constraint solver is specified.
Automated calculation of gallbladder ejection fraction.

We have developed a computer method which by automatically locating the border of the gallbladder in each image and subtracting a varying location-dependent background corresponding to the gallbladder border overcomes the difficulties associated with quantitating gallbladder contraction. These difficulties are attributable to significant and changing background activity, imprecise manual delineation of the gallbladder, and the changing position and shape of the gallbladder. Validation studies using a gallbladder phantom showed the method to be very accurate. No significant difference (P>0.05) was observed between the expected and calculated ejection fractions. Ten patient studies were analyzed, with a resulting range of gallbladder ejection fractions of 22–79%. Excellent reproducibility was obtained with an average intraobserver coefficient of variation of 3.5%, and no statistically significant difference in interobserver measurements (P>0.05). The regression line for interobserver measurements had a slope of 0.96±0.08, an intercept of 1.6±4.0%, and a correlation coefficient of 0.99. From these preliminary results we conclude that this method offers a reliable means of quantitating gallbladder contraction.
Observation of Lithium Dendrites at Ambient Temperature and Below

C short-circuit most rapidly due in part to a favorable morphology at this temperature. The experimentalapproach has broad applicability to other electrochemical energy storage technologies where mass transport limitations are presentat low temperatures, particularly Li-air, Li-S, and Zn-air batteries.© The Author(s) 2014. Published by ECS. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative CommonsAttribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives 4.0 License (CC BY-NC-ND, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/),whichpermitsnon-commercialreuse,distribution,andreproductioninanymedium,providedtheoriginalworkisnotchangedinanyway and is properly cited. For permission for commercial reuse, please email: oa@electrochem.org. [DOI: 10.1149/2.0041502eel]All rights reserved.Manuscript submitted October 29, 2014; revised manuscript received November 24, 2014. Published December 11, 2014.
A Model of Preventive Psychosocial Care for People with HIV Disease

People suffering from human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection have vast psychosocial needs that begin with diagnosis and evolve over the course of the illness. The medical focus has changed from intervention primarily in acute medical crises to prevention and outpatient monitoring for people with HIV disease. This article describes a structure that allows hospital social workers to intervene early, to carry out comprehensive assessments, and to continually follow a person with HIV disease throughout the course of illness. The article provides a framework of preventive psychosocial care for people with HIV disease, with particular attention to the use of a specialized assessment.
Electrical Activity Modulates Growth Cone Guidance by Diffusible Factors

Brief periods of electrical stimulation of cultured Xenopus spinal neurons resulted in a marked alteration in the turning responses of the growth cone induced by gradients of attractive or repulsive guidance cues. Netrin-1-induced attraction was enhanced, and the repulsion induced by myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG) or myelin membrane fragments was converted to attraction. The effect required the presence of extracellular Ca(2+) during electrical stimulation and appeared to be mediated by an elevation of both cytoplasmic Ca(2+) and cAMP. Thus, electrical activity may influence the axonal path finding of developing neurons, and intermittent electrical stimulation may be effective in promoting nerve regeneration after injury.
Sentence Processing in Parkinson's Disease

Abstract Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative condition that is associated with the depletion of dopamine (DA)-containing neurons in specific brain regions. This article reviews one consequence of this defect—sentence comprehension difficulty in nondemented patients with PD. The first section describes the pattern of cognitive deficits seen in patients with PD, focusing specifically on their difficulties with language processing. Subsequent sections relate the profile of cognitive impairments in PD to studies investigating compromised DA metabolism in fronto-striatal brain regions. The findings suggest that the sentence comprehension deficit in PD is due in large part to limitations in the strategic distribution of cognitive resources such as selective attention that contribute to the processing of complex material. The physiological basis for this deficit appears to be associated with the disruption of a fronto-striatal cerebral network that is compromised following degradation of the DA projection system.
Description of a Mixed Ethnic, Elderly Population. I. Demography, Nutrient/Energy Intakes, and Income Status

BACKGROUND: Elderly participants in the Title III-C Nutrition Program, 60-103 years of age, were assessed for nutrient/energy intakes, relationship of income status to intakes, and comparison with data from the National Evaluation of the Elderly Nutrition Program (ENP). METHOD: Nonrandomized volunteers were interviewed in senior centers or in their homes. Chi-square, t test, and ANOVA were used to test for differences in dietary intakes with regard to ethnicity, gender, age, type of meal (congregate dining or home delivered), socialization factor (lived alone or with others), and income status. A new method of looking at diet quality, which conjoins nutrients and energy, was developed for this study. RESULTS: Six percent of the sample had adequate energy and nutrient intakes over a 3-day period; 53% were rated tenuous or marginal, and 41% submarginal or inadequate. The Title III-C noon meal provided 38%-44% of the average daily energy intake and 33%-65% of the average intake of selected nutrients. Diets of men were better than those of women (p < .05). Calcium (p < .01) and potassium (p < .05) were higher in diets of female elders above the poverty line than those below. Black women were most affected by poverty, with 92% below the poverty line. A trend was observed for higher intakes of fatty components (total fat, cholesterol, % fat calories) for both men and women in the below-poverty than in above-poverty groups. DeKalb Community Council on Aging subjects had higher intakes of Vitamin A than those in the ENP, but overall most nutrients were higher in both congregate and home delivery clients of ENP. CONCLUSIONS: Title III-C Nutrition Programs have been implemented since 1973, and nutrition education is an obligatory component. The high incidence of nutrient/energy inadequacy in this study was surprising, but consistent with previous reports. New ways of implementing better food intakes of senior citizens are needed. In addition, research is needed to establish differences in nutrient profiles of elderly clients below and above the poverty level.
Urban planning and health disparities: Implications for research and practice

IntroductionIn virtually all cities across the world, the worst health problems and prematuredeaths are highly concentrated in neighbourhoods that also experience a host ofother social inequalities, including lack of basic sanitation and water services, highpoverty rates, residential segregation, and concentrations of environmentallynoxious facilities. Yet, contemporary urban planning practice, which emerged inthe 19th century to address public health crises related to inadequate housing, poorsanitation and infectious disease outbreaks impacting the urban poor, is strugglingto addresses this spatial concentration of disease. This paper frames the problem ofhealth disparities as an urban planning issue by focusing on the urban asthmaepidemic in the United States (US). I review the troubling split between publichealth and planning in the US, evidence for disparities in American cities andleading explanations for these disparities, and conclude with speciﬁc recommen-dations for urban planning research and practice.Health disparities refer to morbidity and mortality inequalities within andbetween population groups that are avoidable, unfair and unjust, andsystematically burden populations already vulnerable because of inequalities inunderlying social, political, economic and legal institutions (Braveman & Gruskin,2003). Urban planners are increasingly being called on by public healthprofessionals to help address diseases, such as asthma, that appear toconcentrate and persist in urban neighbourhoods (Duhl & Sanchez, 1999). Inaddition, epidemiologists are recognising that place inequities—such as residentialsegregation, urban divestment and environmental injustice—act as socialdeterminants of health that may help explain inequitable distributions of deathand disease across population groups (Fitzpatrick & LaGory, 2000). However,little agreement exists over the causes of health disparities or what role urbanplanning ought to take to help address these inequalities (Corburn, 2004).
Bisphosphonates induce inflammation and rupture of atherosclerotic plaques in apolipoprotein-E null mice.

The apolipoprotein E knockout (Apo-E −/− ) mouse is a well-known model of atherosclerosis. Bisphosphonates, through their affinity to hydroxyapatite, are known to reduce arterial calcification in several animal models. Thus, we examined the effect of two therapeutically used oral bisphosphonates, alendronate and risedronate, on plaque formation in the Apo-E −/− mouse. The drugs were administered by gavage to 16-week-old Apo-E −/− mice for 8 weeks. At 8 weeks, there was no difference in bone mineral density (BMD) of the alendronate- and risedronate-treated mice at any site. A time-dependent increase in BMD was demonstrated in Apo-E −/− mice with risedronate ( p −/− mice may provide the first animal model for studies aimed at characterizing mechanisms of plaque rupture in animal models.
Creating names for things

Ten subjects rendered names for each of 168 novel entities. The entities were quite varied. Naming “strategies” in this task situation were assessed with several dependent measures: (1) the structural form of the name expression (compound noun, lexically modified noun, etc.), (2) the content analysis of the name (i.e., into morphological patterns that directly convey content properties of referents), (3) statistical measures (number of syllables), and (4) comments and ratings elicited from participants. Several general strategies were induced.
Correlative level coding and maximum-likelihood decoding

Modems for digital communication often adopt the so-called correlative level coding or the partial-response signaling, which attains a desired spectral shaping by introducing controlled intersymbol interference terms. In this paper, a correlative level encoder is treated as a linear finite-state machine and an application of the maximum-likelihood decoding (MLD) algorithm, which was originally proposed by Viterbi in decoding convolutional codes, is discussed. Asymptotic expressions for the probability of decoding error are obtained for a class of correlative level coding systems, and the results are confirmed by computer simulations. It is shown that a substantial performance gain is attainable by this probabilistic decoding method.
Salient Biochemical Characters of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans

A total of 136 strains of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans were studied for 135 features. All isolates were small nonmotile capnophilic gram-negative rods which grew with no requirement of X or V growth factors. They all decomposed hydrogen peroxide, were oxidase-negative and benzidine-positive, reduced nitrate, produced strong alkaline and acid phosphatases, and fermented fructose, glucose and mannose. Variable fermentation results were obtained with dextrin, maltose, mannitol and xylose. Some isolates produced small amounts of gas. Representative strains of Haemophilus aphrophilus were morphologically and biochemically quite similar to A. actinomycetemcomitans. Characters which should prove to be useful to identify and distinguish these two species include catalase reaction. fermentation of lactose, starch, sucrose and trehalose, and resistance to sodium fluoride. This information allows a rapid diagnosis by species and may be helpful in studies of infections involving these organisms.
Programming in equational logic: beyond strong sequentiality

The authors consider whether it is possible to devise a complete normalization algorithm that minimizes (rather than eliminates) the wasteful reductions for the entire class of regular systems. A solution is proposed to this problem using the concept of a necessary set of redexes. In such a set, at least one of the redexes must be reduced to normalize a term. An algorithm is devised to compute a necessary set for any term not in normal form, and it is shown that a strategy that repeatedly reduces all redexes in such a set is complete for regular programs. It is also shown that the algorithm is optimal among all normalization algorithms that are based on left-hand sides alone. This means that the algorithm is lazy (like Huet-Levy's) on strongly sequential parts of a program, relaxes laziness minimally to handle the other parts, and thus does not sacrifice generality for the sake of efficiency. >
Nutrition and management of heat-stressed pullets and laying hens

Maximum daily temperatures in excess of 30°C are common in many table egg-producing regions of the world. Such temperatures require the application of specialized management and nutrition if laying hens are to produce eggs near their genetic potential. Environmentally-modified buildings have been shown to be especially advantageous for commercial layers that are housed in high density cage facilities. Directing air movement onto floor-housed birds has also been found to maximize heat loss and was beneficial as long as the air temperature did not exceed body temperature. This latter procedure was especially useful where sporadic incidences of heat stress were common.Nutritional manipulation of the diet also offers advantages, especially in overcoming problems of reduced appetite. This principle has been shown to apply to both growing pullets and adult layers. Recent research has confirmed that optimum production during lay depends on the adult hen having an adequate gut capacity and sufficient nutrition during rearing. Egg production during moderate heat stress can be improved by increasing the intake of protein relative to energy but energy requirements will likely increase in severe heat stress. Dietary supplementation with ascorbic acid and vitamin E and a supply of cool drinking water have also been reported to improve production during lay but the response to the latter treatment varied with genotype.
Understanding Health inequalities for uninsured americans: A population-wide survey

Numbers of the uninsured in America have risen in the past few years to more than 40 million people, yet relatively little is known about their health communication behaviors. Data from the 2003 Health Information National Trends Survey (HINTS) were used to analyze the relationship among demographics, health status, health insurance status, online health seeking, and amount of attention paid to various media for health. A random sample of 6,369 Americans indicated several statistically significant differences between the insured and uninsured: the uninsured were more likely younger, less educated, and Hispanic. Findings also indicated that those without health insurance reported being less healthy and more distressed and hold a greater risk perception for cancer, compared with their insured counterparts. Health insurance, when controlling for demographics and health status, explained a statistically significant but small amount of variance in both online health seeking and attention to health messages in various other media.
Terminal sialic acids on CD44 N‐glycans can block hyaluronan binding by forming competing intramolecular contacts with arginine sidechains

Specific sugar residues and their linkages form the basis of molecular recognition for interactions of glycoproteins with other biomolecules. Seemingly small changes, like the addition of a single monosaccharide in the covalently attached glycan component of glycoproteins, can greatly affect these interactions. For instance, the sialic acid capping of glycans affects protein-ligand binding involved in cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. CD44 is a single-pass transmembrane glycoprotein whose binding with its carbohydrate ligand hyaluronan (HA), an extracellular matrix component, mediates processes such as leukocyte homing, cell adhesion, and tumor metastasis. This binding is highly regulated by glycosylation of the N-terminal extracellular hyaluronan-binding domain (HABD); specifically, sialic acid capped N-glycans of HABD inhibit ligand binding. However, the molecular mechanism behind this sialic acid mediated regulation has remained unknown. Two of the five N-glycosyation sites of HABD have been previously identified as having the greatest inhibitory effect on HA binding, but only if the glycans contain terminal sialic acid residues. These two sites, Asn25 and Asn120, were chosen for in silico glycosylation in this study. Here, from extensive standard molecular dynamics simulations and biased simulations, we propose a molecular mechanism for this behavior based on spontaneously-formed charge-paired hydrogen bonding interactions between the negatively-charged sialic acid residues and positively-charged Arg sidechains known to be critically important for binding to HA, which itself is negatively charged. Such intramolecular hydrogen bonds would preclude associations critical to hyaluronan binding. This observation suggests how CD44 and related glycoprotein binding is regulated by sialylation as cellular environments fluctuate.
Drug-eluting stent fracture: incidence, contributing factors, and clinical implications.

Stent fracture has been observed in noncoronary vessels, especially in the superficial femoral and popliteal arteries and with bare metal stents in saphenous vein grafts of coronary arteries. Since the introduction of drug-eluting stents, stent fractures have also been reported in small studies and case reports. We reviewed these publications to assess what is known regarding the incidence, contributing factors, and clinical implications of drug-eluting stent fracture in coronary arteries. The reported rate of drug-eluting stent fracture in coronary arteries ranges from 1 to 8%, although much of the available literature is derived from single-center studies that are heterogeneous in their study methods. A higher risk of stent fracture may be associated with the right coronary artery location, excessive tortuosity or angulation of the vessel, overlapping stents, and longer stents. The closed-cell design of the Cypher stent has been associated with increased rigidity that may increase the risk of stent fracture, although these studies did not assess the overall outcomes between the Cypher and Taxus stents in a head-to-head comparison. Stent fracture has been shown by most studies to be associated with a statistically increased incidence of focal in-stent restenosis, and some have shown an increased risk of target lesion revascularization. Other complications observed with stent fracture include stent thrombosis, coronary aneurysms, myocardial infarction, and sudden death. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Changes of cingulothalamic topographic excitation patterns and avoidance response incubation over time following initial discriminative conditioning in rabbits.

Neurons in particular layers of cingulate cortex and in limbic thalamic nuclei exhibit peak firing rates in response to a positive conditional stimulus (CS+) in particular stages of discriminative learning. A given area is maximally activated by the CS+ in the initial, an intermediate, or a late stage of behavioral acquisition, and activation in all of the areas diminishes as training continues after the peak of activation occurs. Thus, the topographic distribution of activation in these areas depends on the stage of behavioral acquisition. The present study determined whether the acquisition-related changes of the topographic distributions of peak firing rates in CS-elicited activity are driven exclusively by the repetition of conditioning trials (i.e., practice) or may occur as well with the passage of time, similar to putative processes of memory consolidation. Multiunit activity was recorded in cingulate cortex and in the anterior dorsal (AD), anterior ventral (AV), and medial dorsal (MD) thalamic nuclei as rabbits learned to step in response to a warning tone (CS+) to prevent a scheduled foot-shock, and to ignore a different tone (CS-) not predictive of foot-shock. The rabbits received two training sessions, S1 and S2. S2 followed S1 immediately in one group of rabbits and after 48 h in a different group. Significant neuronal discharge increments occurred from S1 to S2 in the 48-h group but not in the 0-h group, for the areas (posterior cingulate cortex, AV thalamic nucleus) that previously showed only late-stage activation. Significant discharge increments occurred from S1 to S2 in the 0-h group but not in the 48-h group in areas (anterior cingulate cortex, the AD, and MD thalamic nuclei) that previously exhibited early stage activation. These results indicate that the trial-driven topographic distribution changes also occur with the passage of time after limited initial training. It is suggested that the trial-driven and time-related changes may have a common functional relevance concerning memory consolidation.
The exposome for kidney stones

The exposome is the assembly and measure of all the exposures of an individual in a lifetime. An individual's exposures begin before birth and include insults from environmental and occupational sources. The associated field is called exposomics, which relies on the application of internal and external exposure assessment methods. Exposomics has not yet been thoroughly applied to the study of kidney stones although much is known about how diet and fluid intake affect nephrolithiasis. Some other novel exposures that may contribute to kidney stones are discussed including use of antibiotics, urbanization and migration to urban heat islands, and occupation. People whose school and jobs limit their access to fluids and adequate bathroom facilities may have higher prevalence of stones. Examples include athletes, teachers, heathcare workers, and cab drivers. Occupational kidney stones have received scant attention and may represent a neglected, and preventable, type of stone. An exposomic-oriented history would include a careful delineation of occupation and activities.
Targeted Trade-Related Policies and Manufacturing Firm Productivity in Eastern Europe and Central Asia: Effect of Corruption

In recent years, there have been several successful examples of government-initiated trade-related policies aimed at developing industries that constitute a country’s comparative advantage. By implementing industry-specific, trade-related targeted reforms (i.e. reducing tariffs for imported equipment, thereby facilitating technology adaptation, providing access to expert consultants to help firms adhere to global standards, and simplifying customs procedures), the respective governments helped firms in nascent industries grow and become more productive.
Pharyngeal, esophageal, and proximal gastric responses associated with vomiting

The motor activities of the pharynx, esophagus, and proximal stomach associated with vomiting were characterized and quantified in 25 awake chronically instrumented dogs. These motor events were correlated temporally with motor responses of the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts. Vomiting was stimulated by apomorphine or UK-14304, and motor activities of striated and smooth muscles were recorded by electromyography and strain-gauge transducers, respectively. We found responses that began 1) before retching: increased swallow frequency, relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) and proximal stomach, and tonic contraction of the cricopharyngeus and cervical esophagus; 2) during retching: rhythmic relaxation and contraction of the pharynx and cervical esophagus 180 degrees out of phase with retching; and 3) during vomitus expulsion: relaxation of the pharynx and cervical esophagus but strong contraction of the geniohyoideus and a retrograde contraction of the cervical esophagus and pharynx. The increased pharyngoesophageal tone occurred in an all-or-none fashion independent of vomiting or the gastrointestinal correlates of vomiting. Cervical vagal blockade increased swallow frequency but did not alter the other pharyngoesophageal responses associated with vomiting. We concluded that the motor events of the pharynx and esophagus play a significant role in gastrooral evacuation during vomiting and that these motor events (except LES relaxation) are not controlled by subnodose vagal pathways.
Philosophy of Mathematics and Natural Science

By Hermann Weyl. Translated by Olaf Helmer (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1949, 2009), xvii +311 pp. $19.95/£27.95 paper.The reprinting of Hermann Weyl’s Philosophy of Mathematics and ...