cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abstract 1059: EGF induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition and cancer stem cell properties in human oral squamous cell carcinoma

Head and neck cancer is one of the 10 most common cancers worldwide. Despite advances in therapeutic research in the last few decades, morbidity and mortality remain unchanged. Recurrent and metastatic oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) of the head and neck may have correlated with epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), a property acquired by cancer stem cells (CSCs). In our study, SCC-1 cells (a human tongue cancer cell line) treated with epidermal growth factor (EGF) underwent EMT as confirmed by morphological changes and expression of EMT-related markers using Western blot, immunocytostaining, and flow cytometric analyses. Our data showed that, in comparison with non-treated cells, EGF treatment induced SCC-1 cells to undergo EMT, characterized by spindle-shaped mesenchymal-like morphology, an altered suppression of E-cadherin and promotion of vimentin expression, and an enhanced invasive capacity. Our results also indicated that EGF significantly enriched the fraction of CD44+/CD24low/- CSCs in SCC-1 cells, from 7∼8% to 25∼29%, and simultaneously increased the expression of aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 (ALDH1), a common marker for stem cells. Moreover, the purified CD44+/CD24low/- CSC population displayed stem cell properties associated with EMT phenotypes and increased migration and invasion abilities in vitro. Using a murine orthotopic tongue cancer model transplanted with stably GFP-expressing SCC-1 cells (GFP-SCC-1), we confirmed that EGF can promote tumor metastasis to cervical lymph nodes, and simultaneously augmented CD44 and ALDH1 expression in these invasive tumor cells. Taken together, we have demonstrated that EGF-induced EMT process is closely associated with the acquisition of CSC properties in human OSCC, which may contribute to the increased distant metastasis and recurrence of head and neck cancer. Further elucidation of the underlying mechanisms will facilitate development of new generation of effective therapies that aim to specifically target CSCs and eliminate the “root” of cancer recurrence. This work was supported by National Institute of Health Research Grant, R01DE 019932, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Foundation Research Support, 002894, and the Schoenleber funding support. Citation Format: Qilin Xu, Qunzhou Zhang, Anh Le. EGF induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition and cancer stem cell properties in human oral squamous cell carcinoma. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 1059. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-1059
Detecting ECG abnormalities via transductive transfer learning

Detecting Electrocardiogram (ECG) abnormalities is the process of identifying irregular cardiac activities which may lead to severe heart damage or even sudden death. Due to the rapid development of cyberphysic systems and health informatics, embedding the function of ECG abnormality detection to various devices for real time monitoring has attracted more and more interest in the past few years. The existing machine learning and pattern recognition techniques developed for this purpose usually require sufficient labeled training data for each user. However, obtaining such supervised information is difficult, which makes the proposed ECG monitoring function unrealistic. To tackle the problem, we take advantage of existing well labeled ECG signals and propose a transductive transfer learning framework for the detection of abnormalities in ECG. In our model, unsupervised signals from target users are classified with knowledge transferred from the supervised source signals. In the experimental evaluation, we implemented our method on the MIT-BIH Arrhythmias Dataset and compared it with both anomaly detection and transductive learning baseline approaches. Extensive experiments show that our proposed algorithm remarkably outperforms all the compared methods, proving the effectiveness of it in detecting ECG abnormalities.
Controls on the stable isotope composition of seasonal growth bands in aragonitic fresh-water bivalves (unionidae)

Abstract Water temperature, oxygen isotope composition and the δ13C of dissolved inorganic carbon were measured in 2 southern Michigan rivers, the Huron River and Fleming Creek, between late September 1990 and June 1992. The final full year of shell growth in 3 unionids collected in 1992 from these rivers was sampled for stable isotope analysis with a resolution of 30 μm. The δ18O of both shell nacre and the prismatic layer is accurately predicted by a fractionation relationship developed for biogenic aragonite. High resolution sampling of 3 species and bulk sampling of 3 other species suggest that all unionids adhere to this oxygen isotope fractionation relationship. This relationship is used to show that shell growth ceases below approximately 12°C. In these 2 settings the average δ18O value of shell (PDB scale) is within 0.5‰ of the average δ18O of river water (SMOW scale). Unionids can therefore be used in oxygen-isotope-based paleoclimatic and paleohydrologic reconstructions. In contrast, the carbon isotope ratio of shell is not accurately predicted by published fractionation factors between D.I.C. and carbonate. Shell δ13C is more negative than predicted values and the offset is highly variable suggesting a significant and variable incorporation of metabolic carbon into the shell carbonate.
The usefulness of the TDx/TDxFLx fetal lung maturity II assay in the initial evaluation of fetal lung maturity

Abstract Objective: This study was undertaken to evaluate the usefulness of the TDx/TDxFLx Fetal Lung Maturity II (FLM II) assay (Abbot Laboratories, Abbot Park, Ill) in the initial evaluation of fetal lung maturity. Study Design: One hundred twenty-seven women who underwent amniotic fluid collection through amniocentesis or vaginal pool for fetal lung maturity studies were evaluated for inclusion. The uncontaminated amniotic fluid specimens were analyzed within 24 hours with the use of the TDx/TDxFLx FLM II assay with values 55 mg/g or greater considered mature, values between 40 and 54 mg/g considered intermediate, and values 39 mg/g or less considered immature. Eighty-two women with singleton gestations who were delivered within 72 hours were included in the final analysis. We compared the TDX/TDxFLx FLM II test with the presence of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). Results: Seven of the 82 (8.5%) neonates had RDS develop. None of the 60 neonates with mature values had RDS develop. Two of 10 (20%) neonates with intermediate values and 5 of 12 (42%) neonates with immature values had RDS develop. With the use of a cutoff value of 55 mg/g, the TDx/TDxFLx FLM II assay had sensitivity and a negative predictive value of 100%, a specificity of 80%, and a positive predictive value of 31.8%. Conclusion: The TDx/TDxFLx FLM II assay is a useful tool in determining fetal lung maturity by using a cutoff value of 55 mg/g. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 2003;188:1220-2.)
X-Ray Polarization in Ion-Atom Collisions

Excited atomic states with spatially anisotropic charge distributions will generally emit polarized anisotropic radiation. The study of K x rays has been a valuable tool in the quest for understanding the ion-atom collision. In addition to cross section and spectroscopic information, which have added much to the total knowledge of the ion-atom collision, K x rays will also yield information about the relative substate populations. The determination of the ratio of magnetic substates from x-ray observations requires either a measurement of the polarization or the angular distribution of the emitted radiation. Recently both polarization and angular distribution measurements have been performed for projectile x rays and the results indicate a strong preference for populating the mL = 0 substate in P states. Further, the preferential substate population (alignment) was shown to be independent of the method of production, either capture or excitation. Other studies of the polarization of target K x rays have shown preferred production of the mL = 0 magnetic substate of the states of the 1s-12p-1 vacancy configuration. The target x-ray polarization is reasonably well described by two vacancy production theories which separately describe the substate production cross sections. These studies of the previously ignored substate populations in ionatom collisions enhance current efforts in the understanding of ion-atom collisions
Bad actors and faulty props: unlocking legal and illicit art trade

If as suspected, criminal enterprise feeds off legal trade, then anti-crime policy must target the points at which legal and illicit markets intersect. This study offers a strategy to pinpoint and calibrate the degree of fusion across an entire trade system. Legal and illicit processes and mechanisms essential to all sectors of an industry – development, financing, handling, possession and regulation – were dissected using a script methodology. Eigenvector centrality scores identified interlocking tools and actors. The results highlight the role played by supporting industries (e.g. insurers, auction houses, storage specialists, foundations and high net-worth buyers) and the need to target temporary markets, shipping activity and financial transactions with regulatory policing efforts. Vaccinating global economies from illicit activity is best achieved through a soft law approach aimed at identifiable mechanisms (faulty props) used by groups playing pivotal trade roles (bad actors).
Solving polynomial systems

The research in this area is in its preliminary stage. Using Theorem A to compute all isolated solutions of a polynomial system requires an amount of computational effort proportional to the product of the degrees —roughly, proportional to the size of the system. Homotopies for solving deficient systems for which the computational effort is instead proportional to the actual number of solutions are being developed. In general, homotopies are constructed to respect the special structure of the deficient system. Theorem C helped to solve problems in dynamical systems [11], the load-flow equations in power systems [9], and various eigenvalue problems [2,8,12]. Many polynomial systems in engineering models are not covered by Theorem C, however; see, for example [14,15,17]. An interesting feature of using the homotopy continuation method to solve polynomial systems is that the curves followed by the scheme are computed independently of one another. Therefore, the algorithm is an excellent candidate for exploiting the advantages of parallel processing—the most important special structure of fifth-generation computers. For example, the homotopy continuation method for calculating eigenvalues and eigenvectors of a matrix is a serious alternative to the currently most popular approach— EISPACK [6]. The preliminary computation results are extremely promising.
Ascending the nucleosome face: recognition and function of structured domains in the histone H2A-H2B dimer.

Abstract Research over the past decade has greatly expanded our understanding of the nucleosome's role as a dynamic hub that is specifically recognized by many regulatory proteins involved in transcription, silencing, replication, repair, and chromosome segregation. While many of these nucleosome interactions are mediated by post-translational modifications in the disordered histone tails, it is becoming increasingly apparent that structured regions of the nucleosome, including the histone fold domains, are also recognized by numerous regulatory proteins. This review will focus on the recognition of structured domains in the histone H2A–H2B dimer, including the acidic patch, the H2A docking domain, the H2B α3-αC helices, and the HAR/HBR domains, and will survey the known biological functions of histone residues within these domains. Novel post-translational modifications and trans-histone regulatory pathways involving structured regions of the H2A–H2B dimer will be highlighted, along with the role of intrinsic disorder in the recognition of structured nucleosome regions.
Second-order nonlinear optical properties of thiopheno-quinoid dipolar structures

The second order nonlinear optical response of two dipolar thiopheno-quinoid chromophores are calculated using extensive single and double-excitation configuration interaction. The (beta) values are found to be comparable in magnitude to those for the pheno-quinoid systems. The sign of the nonlinear response is, however, found to be positive in these systems, in contrast to the second-order nonlinear optical response of pheno-quinoid structures which are known to be negative.
AVOIDING PRESCRIBING ERRORS: A SYSTEMATIC APPROACH

With the number of prescription and over-the-counter drugs growing every year, health professionals who write prescriptions need to be particularly cautious to avoid mishaps. The author outlines eight pitfalls commonly encountered when writing prescriptions and urges dentists to adopt a systematic approach when prescribing medications.
Scattering by the transition junction between a conventional and a high-temperature superconducting waveguide

TE10 mode scattering during the transition from a conventional to a superconducting rectangular waveguide is investigated based on the Meissner model. The reflection coefficient, input impedance and equivalent inductance are calculated in cm-wave bands when the TE10 mode is incident on the discontinuity from the conventional (or non-superconducting) waveguide.
Two Dimensions in Targeting HER2

The endeavor to develop human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) –targeting agents for cancer therapy now spans more than two decades, with four drugs already on the market and numerous others in the pharmaceutical pipelines. The interest in this mode of cancer therapy continues to intensify, particularly in the era of personalized medicine, because HER2 amplification underlies the biology of subsets of a large variety of cancers, including breast, gastric, esophageal, endometrial, ovarian, colorectal, bladder, head and neck, and others.
Dental treatment of Papillon‐Lefèvre syndrome: 15‐year follow‐up

Abstract. A 9-year-old girl was initially treated for the periodontal component of Papillon-Lefevre syndrome by extraction of all the patient's erupted teeth, after unsuccessful clinical treatment with two different antibiotics. Follow-up dental records at age 24 showed the patient to have generalized gingivitis and poor oral hygiene; however, no additional teeth were lost or mobile. Radiographically, the alveolar crests, lamina dura, and periodontal ligament spaces appeared normal for a subject with missing teeth. Initially, the patient had depressed polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) chemotaxis and adherence, as well as evidence of periodontal infection with Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, (A.a.). The 6 and 15-year follow-ups showed normal PMN function and no detectable A.a. The improvement of the patient's PMN function was coincident with lack of detection of certain periodontopathic bacteria. If the PMN dysfunction of PLS is secondary to the infection, the reasons for the initiation of the disease still need to be clarified.
The epizootiology of trichiniasis in wildlife.

Significant reservoirs of trichiniasis in wildlife have been demonstrated only in Iowa and Alaska. Limited findings in other states would indicate, however, that the problem exists in most of the United States. Based on present knowledge, scavenging is probably the primary mode of transmission with predation being of major importance only in the Arctic region where a significant reservoir of the disease is present in the rodent population. Both direct and indirect routes of transmission of the disease from wildlife to man are indicated with the direct route being demonstrated primarily through the ingestion by man of improperly cooked bear meat. The indirect route, wildlife to swine to man, has been demonstrated as a possibility in epidemiological studies in Iowa. An educational program must be developed to alert the hunter, trapper, and swine producer of the significance of wildlife trichiniasis. Studies on the distribution of the disease in the wildlife population of the U.S., the modes of transmission ...
Theoretical Evidence of Spontaneous Spin Polarization in GaAs/AlGaAs Split-Gate Heterostructures

The spontaneous spin polarization of a quantum point contact (QPC) formed by the lateral confinement of a high-mobility two-dimensional electron gas in a GaAs/AlGaAs heterostructure is investigated. We present self consistent calculations of the electronic structure of the QPC using the spin-polarized density functional formalism of Kohn and Sham. Spin polarization occurs at low electron densities and exchange potential is found to be the dominant mechanism driving the local polarization within the QPC. We compute the conductance using the cascading scattering matrix approach and observe the conductance anomaly at ∼ 0.7 (2e2/h).
The Emerging Technology In Opto-Electronics

This paper outlines some of the recent progress in the field of opto-electronics and offers some projections for the timescale of future developments.
High-power master-oscillator power amplifier AlGaAs laser for intersatellite communications

A master oscillator power amplifier (MOPA) configuration has been developed using an anti-reflection-coated AlGaAs semiconductor broad area laser in a reflective amplifier mode. For CW injection, the MOPA produced 340 mW of diffraction-limited power. The semiconductor MOPA configuration also produced peak diffraction-limited powers of 360 mW and 320 mW for quaternary pulse position Q-PPM modulation rates of 50 Mbps and 325 Mbps, respectively, for a peak injected power of 100 mW. Angular beamsteering during modulation was minimized by collimating the injected beam. The diffraction-limited peak power was limited by the frequency chirp of the master oscillator and also by the coupling losses of the injected beam.
Fiber optic CdMnTe magnetic field sensor made by the laser ablation deposition technique

A Cd/sub 1-x/Mn/sub x/Te (CMT) fiber optic magnetic field sensor has been developed with the use of a laser ablation deposition technique: pulsed laser evaporation and epitaxy (FLEE). This method of growth yields high-quality material and due to the low-temperature deposition it enables integration of CMT in optoelectronic systems. A disk-shaped sensor structure of diameter and thickness less than 3 mm and 75 /spl mu/m, respectively, is incorporated in a fiber optic system. A linear response of the sensor held at room temperature has been measured in the magnetic field up to 0.8 T; however, its usefulness for measurements of the field above 25 T is expected. Due to its small physical dimension and the potential of high-speed operation in the gigahertz range, the sensor can be particularly useful in the measurements of spatial and temporal uniformity of the magnetic field. >
Detecting and tracking moving objects for video surveillance

We address the problem of detection and tracking of moving objects in a video stream obtained from a moving airborne platform. The proposed method relies on a graph representation of moving objects which allows to derive and maintain a dynamic template of each moving object by enforcing their temporal coherence. This inferred template along with the graph representation used in our approach allows us to characterize objects trajectories as an optimal path in a graph. The proposed tracker allows to deal with partial occlusions, stop and go motion in very challenging situations. We demonstrate results on a number of different real sequences. We then define an evaluation methodology to quantify our results and show how tracking overcome detection errors.
Practical declarative network management

We present Flow-based Management Language (FML), a declarative policy language for managing the configuration of enterprise networks. FML was designed to replace the many disparate configuration mechanisms traditionally used to enforce policies within the enterprise. These include ACLs, VLANs, NATs, policy-routing, and proprietary admission control systems. FML balances the desires to express policies naturally and enforce policies efficiently. We have implemented FML and have used it to manage multiple operational enterprise networks for over a year.
Configurational characteristics of trans‐1,4‐polychloroprene: Experimental results on the unperturbed dimensions and their temperature coefficient

Polychloroprene [CClCHCH2CH2]x of approximately 95% trans-1,4 stereochemical structure was prepared by low-temperature emulsion polymerization. Fractions, obtained by liquid–liquid precipitations were studied in toluene solutions at 30°C by viscometry and osmometry. In addition, force–temperature measurements were carried out on networks of the polymer in the amorphous state. The results obtained on the polymer solutions indicate that the unperturbed dimensions of trans-1,4-polychloroprene are essentially the same as those of trans-1,4-polybutadiene of the same molecular weight. This observation, that substitution of a relatively large Cl atom for one of the methine H atoms in the trans-1,4-polybutadiene repeat unit has little effect on the chain dimensions, suggests that this increase in substituent size is offset by the fact that the length of a CCl bond is very much greater than that of a CH bond. The results obtained on the polymer networks indicate that the unperturbed dimensions of trans-1,4-polychloroprene decrease significantly with increasing temperature, as has also been reported for both trans-1,4-polybutadiene and trans-1,4-polyisoprene.
Neurological evidence linguistic processes precede perceptual simulation in conceptual processing.

There is increasing evidence from response time experiments that language statistics and perceptual simulations both play a role in conceptual processing. In an EEG experiment we compared neural activity in cortical regions commonly associated with linguistic processing and visual perceptual processing to determine to what extent symbolic and embodied accounts of cognition applied. Participants were asked to determine the semantic relationship of word pairs (e.g., sky – ground) or to determine their iconic relationship (i.e., if the presentation of the pair matched their expected physical relationship). A linguistic bias was found towards the semantic judgment task and a perceptual bias was found towards the iconicity judgment task. More importantly, conceptual processing involved activation in brain regions associated with both linguistic and perceptual processes. When comparing the relative activation of linguistic cortical regions with perceptual cortical regions, the effect sizes for linguistic cortical regions were larger than those for the perceptual cortical regions early in a trial with the reverse being true later in a trial. These results map upon findings from other experimental literature and provide further evidence that processing of concept words relies both on language statistics and on perceptual simulations, whereby linguistic processes precede perceptual simulation processes.
Dress and Ethnicity: Change across Time and Space

Dress and Ethnicity: Change across Time and Space. Joanne B. Eicher. ed. Oxford, England: Berg Publishers Limited, 1995.316 pp.
Recognizing the True Norm: Commentary on “Toward Defining, Measuring, and Evaluating LGBT Cultural Competence for Psychologists”

In this commentary, the author discusses the difference between aspirational guidelines and enforceable standards of professional practice and argues that the 28 recommendations proposed by Boroughs, Bedoya, O’Cleirigh, and Safren (Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 22, 2015) contain both. The ultimate goal of developing cultural competence training and evaluating cultural competence is to create a professional psychology workforce of people committed to the lifelong practice of self-evaluation when it comes to the inevitable biases engrained through learning and development within the limitations of our own cultures. The damage of decades of marginalization of sexual and gender minority communities can be ameliorated by improvements in multicultural training and by establishing an expectation that adequate representation of sexual and gender minority participants be included in research on therapeutic practices that will be recognized as treatments with empirical support. The development of criteria for instruction in cultural competence at all levels of psychological training will improve our research and clinical training to be inclusive of sexual minority and gender identity minority individuals, rather than continuing considerations of this population as an out-group.
The Rise of Sunni Militancy in Pakistan: The Changing Role of Islamism and the Ulama in Society and Politics

The past two decades have witnessed a notable escalation in sectarian violence in Pakistan. Since 1979 doctrinal disputes between Sunnis (who constitute the majority of Pakistan's population) and Twelver Shi‘is (who number between 15% and 25% of the population, and are to be distinguished from Islami‘ili, Khoja and Bohri Shi‘is) has given place to full-fledged sectarian conflict. Militant Sunni and Shi‘i organizations have carried out assassinations and bombing campaigns that have killed political rivals as well as children and the innocent at prayer in mosques. In the first seven months of 1997 alone—the year when sectarian conflict reached its apogee—one hundred people died in such attacks in Punjab. The violence escalated further when in the first ten days of August 1997 (immediately preceding the celebration of the fiftieth anniversary of the country's independence) another seventy people were killed in incidents of sectarian violence.
Maternal Age and Children's Ability:

Associations of maternal age at birth and subsequent intelligence test scores of children were examined in a series of over 1500 young men from the Netherlands. All subjects were members of 2-child families and were resident in Amsterdam at age 19 yr. Possible confounding by birth order, spacing interval, social class and sex of sibling were considered. Significant correlations between maternal age and child's ability remained in three of the four possible birth order/social class combinations.
Building MPI for Multi-Programming Systems Using Implicit Information

With the growing importance of fast system area networks in the parallel community, it is becoming common for message passing programs to run in multi-programming environments. Competing sequential and parallel jobs can distort the global coordination of communicating processes. In this paper, we describe our implementation of MPI using implicit information for global coscheduling. Our results show that MPI program performance is, indeed, sensitive to local scheduling variations. Further, the integration of implicit co-scheduling with the MPI runtime system achieves robust performance in a multiprogramming environment, without compromising performance in dedicated use.
Styles of deformation in Ishtar Terra and their implications

Styles of deformation in Ishtar Terra are examined on the basis of imaging by the Magellan radar between the start of the mission and the start of the first superior conjunction hiatus. Ishtar Terra appears to have characteristics of both plume uplifts and convergent belts, and exhibits a great variety of tectonic and volcanic activity, with large variations within distances of only a few hundred kilometers. The most prominent terrain types are the volcanic plains of Lakshmi and the mountain belts of Maxwell, Freyja, and Danu. Ishtar demonstrates three general properties of Venus. Erosional degradation is absent, leading to the preservation of patterns resulting from past activity. Many surface features are the responses of a competent layer less than 10 km thick to flows of 100 km or broader scale. These broader scale flows are controlled mainly by heterogeneities in the mantle.
Nonlinear filtering for extracting orientation and tracing tubular structures in 2-D medical images

We consider the problems of extracting local fiber orientation and tracing tubular structures in 2-D medical images. We first present a nonlinear filter for detecting overlaid orientations at each pixel. The filter is used to build two profiles, the directional profile and the appearance profile, which are designed to give high responses along an oriented structure. The local orientation at a pixel is then obtained from the local maxima of the product of these two profiles. We also develop an algorithm for tracing tubular structures. Starting from a user-specified seed point on the fiber, we find the next point on the fiber by locating the maxima of the tracing profile, which favors the smoothness of the curve as well as its alignment with the estimated orientation. We evaluate the proposed method on different medical structures such as cardiac myofibers, vessels, and microtubules.
Taurolithocholate-induced MRP2 retrieval involves MARCKS phosphorylation by protein kinase Cϵ in HUH-NTCP Cells

Taurolithocholate (TLC) acutely inhibits the biliary excretion of multidrug-resistant associated protein 2 (Mrp2) substrates by inducing Mrp2 retrieval from the canalicular membrane, whereas cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) increases plasma membrane (PM)–MRP2. The effect of TLC may be mediated via protein kinase Cϵ (PKCϵ). Myristoylated alanine-rich C kinase substrate (MARCKS) is a membrane-bound F-actin crosslinking protein and is phosphorylated by PKCs. MARCKS phosphorylation has been implicated in endocytosis, and the underlying mechanism appears to be the detachment of phosphorylated myristoylated alanine-rich C kinase substrate (pMARCKS) from the membrane. The aim of the present study was to test the hypothesis that TLC-induced MRP2 retrieval involves PKCϵ-mediated MARCKS phosphorylation. Studies were conducted in HuH7 cells stably transfected with sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (HuH-NTCP cells) and in rat hepatocytes. TLC increased PM–PKCϵ and decreased PM-MRP2 in both HuH-NTCP cells and hepatocytes. cAMP did not affect PM-PKCϵ and increased PM-MRP2 in these cells. In HuH-NTCP cells, dominant-negative (DN) PKCϵ reversed TLC-induced decreases in PM-MRP2 without affecting cAMP-induced increases in PM-MRP2. TLC, but not cAMP, increased MARCKS phosphorylation in HuH-NTCP cells and hepatocytes. TLC and phorbol myristate acetate increased cytosolic pMARCKS and decreased PM-MARCKS in HuH-NTCP cells. TLC failed to increase MARCKS phosphorylation in HuH-NTCP cells transfected with DN-PKCϵ, and this suggested PKCϵ-mediated phosphorylation of MARCKS by TLC. In HuH-NTCP cells transfected with phosphorylation-deficient MARCKS, TLC failed to increase MARCKS phosphorylation or decrease PM-MRP2. Conclusion: Taken together, these results support the hypothesis that TLC-induced MRP2 retrieval involves TLC-mediated activation of PKCϵ followed by MARCKS phosphorylation and consequent detachment of MARCKS from the membrane. (HEPATOLOGY 2013;)
Motion limitations of an acoustic holographic system utilizing a scanned linear array

In a holographic imaging system, the limitations on relative motion between the object and the recording plane are usually more restrictive than the limitations in a conventional incoherent imaging system. This paper considers the motion limitations for a scanning acoustic holographic system. The system consists of a cylindrical insonifying antenna and a linear array of receivers perpendicular to the antenna. The reference signal for the system is electronic. Degradation in image quality results from a distortion of the holographic fringe pattern, rather than from blurring of the fringes, as is the case in optical holography. Uniform motion of a point source both parallel and perpendicular to the recording plane is treated first. The analysis and experiments are then extended to include insonified reflecting objects. The results show that in the special case of uniform translational motion, motion limitations are less restrictive than those encountered in conventional imaging systems with lenses. Non-uniformity of motion in a direction perpendicular to the receiving plane and rotation are shown to put stricter limitations on object motion.
The Keynote Papers and the Current Financial Crisis

One hesitates to write history as it happens, or to draw policy lessons from current events. The conference took place in May 2008 - after the government-assisted takeover of Bear Stearns but before a capital market downturn fueled a system-wide liquidity crisis, with successive insolvencies at IndyMac, Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, Lehman, AIG, WaMu, and, as I write, Citigroup. But it would be odd to comment on capital market regulation without mentioning the events of the last three months. I am first to acknowledge that anything I might have written in May would not have foreseen the crisis or linked capital market regulation to financial institutions, which in the US have been conventionally treated as discrete in discourse and institutions (e.g., U.S. Treasury 2008; Leuz and Wysocki 2008).
Linear Stability for Transition Front Solutions in Multidimensional Cahn–Hilliard Systems

We consider linear stability for planar transition front solutions $$\bar{u} (x_1)$$ arising in multidimensional (i.e., $$x\in \mathbb {R}^n$$ ) Cahn–Hilliard systems. In previous work the author has established that the linear operator obtained from linearization about the transition front has (after Fourier transform in the transverse variable $$\tilde{x} = (x_2, x_3, \dots , x_n) \mapsto \xi $$ ) a leading eigenvalue that moves into the stable (Re $${\uplambda }< 0$$ ) half-plane at rate $$|\xi |^3$$ . This constitutes precisely the type of borderline case that has been effectively analyzed by the pointwise semigroup methods of Zumbrun and Howard, and we follow that approach here. In particular, the approach can be viewed as a three-step process including: (1) characterization of the spectrum of the linearized operator; (2) derivation of linear semigroup estimates, typically encoded into estimates on an appropriate Green’s function; and (3) implementation of an iterative process to accommodate nonlinearities. In this paper we address Step (2) in the case of multidimensional Cahn–Hilliard systems.
A fast, invariant representation for human action in the visual system

The human brain can quickly recognize actions despite transformations that change their visual appearance. We use neural timing data to uncover the computations underlying this ability. We find tha...
Intergovernmental Organizations and Interest Convergence: Does Issue Area Matter?

This paper asks whether interaction within intergovernmental organizations covering different issue areas lead to a convergence in member state interests over time or whether there are differences in that process across issue areas. I start by presenting a general theory of how the interaction of state agents within intergovernmental organizations (IGOs) leads to a convergence in member state interests over time. The theory is based on the notion that, all else being equal, IGOs that facilitate more interaction between individuals from various states are conducive to greater member state interest convergence over time because there are more opportunities for agents from one or more member states to persuade agents from other member states to accept new ideas that affect how they define their states’ interests. I argue that such persuasion does not necessarily have to involve a shift in state identities, but can also involve a diffusion of ideas about cause-and-effect relationships. Also, by focusing on IGOs as structures within which state agents interact, I argue against a narrow focus on socialization defined as the induction of new members into community norms. I do not expect this process to be different within different issue areas because state representatives can share ideas regarding any issue area in a variety of different fora, both formal and informal. Using an original IGO dataset, I test these hypotheses in a series of statistical models. The findings are generally supportive of my theory, but do show differences between issue areas. I conclude by suggesting ways to further evaluate the question herein.
Optical System Design of the National Ignition Facility

The National Ignition Facility (NIF) is a laser fusion facility being constructed at Lawrence Liver-more National Laboratory (LLNL). The neodymium-doped phosphate glass pulsed laser system will produce over 3.5MJ of laser energy at a fundamental lasing wavelength of 1.053pm (1 o). The final optics assembly contains a pair of crystals (KDPKD*P) and a focusing lens to convert the light by sum-frequency-mixing to 30 (h=0,35pm) and focus 1 .SM.J onto the target. The NIF optical system is large and complex. To give some perspective the NIF building is roughly 200 meters long x 85 meters wide. There are approximately 7500 optical components in the large aperture laser system - lenses, mirrors, polarizers, laser slabs, crystals, and windows - each with a clear aperture greater than 4Ocm square. The front-end of the laser system contains more than 8000 smaller (S-l 5cm) precision laser components. In this paper we will describe the optical system configuration, layout, and general design considerations. We will explain the path of the pulse through the various subsystems. Some of the top-level optical system and sub-system design requirements will be pre
The Sounds of Silence: Cost-Benefit Canons In Entergy Corp. V. Riverkeeper, Inc.

The debate over the use of cost-benefit analysis (CBA) in environmental, health and safety regulation represents an important divide in the political culture. Environmentalists and other pro-regulatory interests argue that CBA is anti-regulatory in design and implementation, crowds out non-welfarist values, and impoverishes the political discourse. Proponents of CBA argue that is essential for balanced, welfare-enhancing regulatory decisions, is neutral between pro- and anti-regulatory outcomes, and contributes to transparency and informed political debate. Executive branch practice in both Republican and Democratic administrations has generally been pro-CBA, while Congress has been more skeptical of the methodology in regulatory enactments. This paper interprets Entergy Corp. v. Riverkeeper, Inc., 129 S. Ct. 1498 (2009,) in light of this cultural and institutional divide. It finds that the Court’s opinion by Justice Scalia in that case, with a concurrence by Justice Breyer, represents a shift in judicial presumption in cases where legislation is silent or ambiguous on the question of whether CBA may be used in agency decisionmaking. By contrast to earlier decisions, which suggest a presumption against consideration of cost-benefit comparisons in cases of legislative silence or ambiguity, Entergy arguably employs a pro-CBA presumption. This presumption, however, may be limited to a rudimentary form of CBA rather than the more developed form common in modern practice and encouraged by executive branch guidelines. The paper concludes that the Court’s shift to a presumption favoring this basic form of CBA is a defensible move by the Court and represents an appropriate but provisional resting point in the evolution of the judicial treatment of CBA.
Quaternions and the Symmetric Eigenvalue Problem

In 1846, C.G.J. Jacobi [4] introduced an iterative method for solving the eigenproblem of an n x n symmetric matrix. Variations of the method are enjoying renewed interest because they are rich in vector operations, can be parallelized with ease (for example, see [6]), and can compute small eigenvalues accurately [1].
Perturbation methods for the reliability analysis of wind-turbine blade failure due to flutter

Abstract A new reliability framework is proposed to study the influence of uncertainty in various system parameters on the onset of coupled-mode flutter for large wind turbine blades. This study is the first comprehensive example of application of reliability analysis to wind turbine blade instability, affected by various sources of uncertainty. The randomness in flow forces, through a random lift coefficient, and in the structural properties is investigated. The probability of flutter is estimated using a recursive search procedure and four reliability models: First Order Reliability Method (FORM), First Order Reliability Method including the effect of unsteadiness in the aeroelastic loads (FORM-C), Second Order Reliability Method (SORM) and Weighted Average Reliability Method (WARM). Flutter probabilities are compared against the results of Monte Carlo simulations. All methods provide accurate probability approximation in regions close to the mean value of the critical flutter speed and flutter frequency. Among the four methods, the WARM provides the closest approximation to the Monte Carlo simulations in all regions of the variables. It is shown that failure probabilities can be found through an iterative procedure, which could be converted to a simplified formula in future standards for the design of wind turbine blades.
Management of First-Time Shoulder Dislocation in the Contact Athlete

First-time anterior shoulder dislocation in the contact and collision athlete represents a treatment challenge for the orthopaedic surgeon, especially if the athlete is in season. Treatment starts with immediate on-field management and transitions to a thorough history and physical examination off the field. Plain film and advanced imaging then help to guide the orthopaedic surgeon in the shared decision-making process. The decision to return an athlete to play in the same season carries a high risk of repeat dislocation or instability, and the surgeon must not only counsel the athlete on this but also protect the athlete from returning before safe to do so. The optimal surgical treatment—arthroscopic vs open vs bone block—remains controversial as well. Historically, open Bankart repair and stabilization has shown a decreased risk of recurrence compared with arthroscopic, but the current literature has support for either options. Additionally, some authors now advocate open osseous augmentation procedures as having the lowest recurrence rates. This article explores the decision-making process from first clinic contact through clinical management.
Ultimate limits for highest modulation frequency and shortest response time of field effect transistor

For high speed high mobility devices, the conventional notion of the electron mobility determining the device speed no longer applies. The ballistic transport plays the dominant role. The electron response becomes faster with the mobility increase in a limited range of relatively low mobility values. With a further increase in the electron mobility, first the plasmonic ringing determines the characteristic response time and then the viscous transport becomes dominant for small feature sizes. The minimum response time and the maximum device modulation frequency correspond to the subpicosecond and terahertz ranges, respectively. The recent experiments of the FET switching using femtosecond optical laser pulses are in good agreement with the predicted sub picosecond switching times and demonstrate a larger sensitivity enhancement due to the constructive interference of the impinging THz pulse and the optical pulse field rectified by the device nonlinearity.
Sunlight and ultraviolet radiation—pertinent retinal implications and current management

Unprotected and prolonged exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light from sunlight, lasers, and arc welding leads to outer retinal damage. The photoreceptors and retinal pigment epithelium located in the posterior pole are particularly susceptible to this radiation. Classically known as solar retinopathy, this disorder frequently affects young individuals who have clear lenses and a propensity toward observing solar eclipses. Various imaging techniques aid the clinician in diagnosis, even if patients cannot recall an exposure event. By far the most utilized technique is optical coherence tomography that, in tandem with fluorescein angiography, and fundus autofluorescence, is crucial in ruling out other conditions. Fortunately, the prognosis of acute UV retinopathy is favorable, as most cases fully recover; however, a significant percentage of patients suffer from chronic sequelae: reduced acuity and lifelong central/paracentral scotomas. Thus, education toward understanding UV exposure risks, coupled with either abstinence or proper eye protection, is critical in preventing macular damage. We outline the various etiologies responsible for UV-induced retinopathy, describe the limited treatments available, and provide recommendations to minimize the potential devastating ophthalmic consequences as our society increases its reliance on UV-emitting technology and further engages in solar eclipse viewing.
Latin American Inequalities and Reparations

This chapter focuses on two instances of Latin American inequality in which there has been a call for reparations: the Quilombo communities in Brazil that are petitioning their government for rights to their ancestral lands, and the Haitian government’s call for the French to reimburse them for their earlier debt payments. In both cases, their original context was the Atlantic triangular trade that enslaved millions of Africans. Brown shows how the Latin American Doctrine of the Social Function of Land, the idea of collective rights, and treating land as a commons can provide a framework for repairing the violations of our common humanity and for creating more just social relations.
Time-Resolved Laser Induced Fluorescence Spectroscopy (TRLIFS): A Tool for Intra-operative Diagnosis of Brain Tumors and Maximizing Extent of Surgical Resection

Time-resolved laser induced fluorescence spectroscopy (TR-LIFS) can be used to differentiate various tissue types in vivo, based on the intrinsic fluorescent time-decay properties of these tissues. We have developed TR-LIFS as an intra-operative tool for the delineation of gliomas from normal brain, and established an algorithm for real-time differentiation of normal cortex, normal white matter, low grade gliomas, and high grade glioma. Forty two patients who were undergoing glioma (WHO grade I-IV) surgery were enrolled in the study. A TR-LIFS prototype apparatus (gated detection, fast digitizer) was used to induce in vivo fluorescence using a pulsed N2 laser (337 nm excitation, 0.7 ns pulse width) and to record the time-resolved spectrum (360–550 nm range, 10 nm interval). The sites of TR-LIFS measurement were biopsied, and histology confirmed by conventional pathology (H&E staining). Comparison of the parameters derived from the TR-LIFS data, including intensity values and time-resolved intensity decay features (average fluorescence lifetime and Laguerre coefficients values), were used for to define the most common TR-LIFS “signature” for each tissue type. Seventy one biopsy samples of tumor and normal brain were analyzed. A linear discriminant algorithm classified low-grade gliomas with 100% sensitivity and 98% specificity. High-grade glioma demonstrated a high degree of heterogeneity reducing the discrimination accuracy of these tumors to 47% sensitivity and 94% specificity. These results indicate the potential of TR-LIFS for real-time, non-invasive intra-operative diagnosis of brain tumors. Validation studies are underway. If these validation studies confirm the findings, TR-LIFS is likely to become a rapid, safe, and easy to use means to maximize extent of tumor resection while minimizing damage to surrounding normal tissues.
Exploring the Three “little Bluffs” of the Kiowa

Three Kiowa men who bore the name Tohausen, or Little Bluff, in the nineteenth century are frequently confused with each other in the literature, contributing to the difficulty of identifying the role of individual agency in Southern Plains history. Each of the Tohausens is here identified and their genealogical relationships are established. Distinguishing roles and events by which they can be differentiated are defined, and the passage of significant items of material culture among them is traced, including shield and tipi designs. A discussion of Kiowa naming practices provides background for understanding how the name originated and was transmitted