cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of the 2003 match on the radiology fellowship application process

Abstract Purpose To explore the effects of the newly instituted 2003 radiology fellowship match on the fellowship application process. Methods Survey questionnaires were distributed to third year radiology residents during the March 2003 AFIP session. One hundred fourteen surveys were returned and reviewed. The questionnaire included whether the resident applied to fellowship programs and why, to which subspecialty they applied and whether the match had complicated or facilitated their application process. All questions (except for the subspecialty selected) were multiple choice and residents were encouraged to provide additional comments. Some residents did not answer all the questions. Results Seventy-five percent of residents applied to fellowship programs and 25% did not. Of those who did apply, the match complicated the application process for 58%, facilitated the process for 7%, did not effect 34% and both complicated and facilitated the process for 1%. Twenty-eight percent of residents for whom the match had no effect accepted fellowship positions outside the match. Complications included lack of uniform program participation in the match, absence of uniform acceptance of a universal application, lack of program awareness regarding the match timeline and structure, and increased monetary expense and time commitment involved with the match. The internal filling of fellowship positions was valued by some residents and viewed as unfair by others. The three most common fellowships applied to were musculoskeletal imaging, neuroradiology and body imaging. Conclusions Overall, residents considered the match as unfavorable. Complications relating to the newness of the match could be resolved, inherent problems must be accepted, while other issues need further evaluation.
Copper oxide-based model of persistent free radical formation on combustion-derived particulate matter.

We have found that environmentally persistent free radicals (PFRs) are formed by adsorption of substituted aromatic molecular precursors on the surface of cupric oxide-containing particles at tempe...
Frenular chordee: implications and treatment.

Abstract Twenty of 75 male children undergoing elective circumcision demonstrated a ventralgrandular chordee produced by an unusually prominent frenulum. Surgical incision of this prominent band of tissue relaxed the glandular traction (chordee), more adequately exposing the ventral inner prepuce, facilitating skin incisions, and permitting an improved cosmetic and functional outcome.
Glycosidation of thioglycosides in the presence of bromine: mechanism, reactivity, and stereoselectivity.

Elaborating on previous studies by Lemieux for highly reactive “armed” bromides, we discovered that β-bromide of the superdisarmed (2-O-benzyl-3,4,6-tri-O-benzoyl) series can be directly obtained from the thioglycoside precursor. When this bromide is glycosidated, α-glycosides form exclusively; however, the yields of such transformations may be low due to the competing anomerization into α-bromide that is totally unreactive under the established reaction conditions.
A framework for integrated assembly systems: humans, automation and robots

Abstract Seeking to improve work design, this study examines the abilities and limitations of combined utilization of humans, automation, conveyors and robots. The comparison leads to the objective of this analysis, of enhancing the productivity of robots and automation while increasing work satisfaction and productivity for the humans. Towards the goal of achieving this objective, consideration is given to the development of a framework for the selection of the appropriate robot, machine and conveyor to complement the human in a work environment. A case study is used to illustrate the usefulness and efficiency of the proposed approach to systems optimization.
Valuing risk reductions: Incorporating risk heterogeneity into a revealed preference framework

Our study expands the hedonic wage framework to take advantage of the inherent differences in workplace deaths, both in type and probability of occurrence, and examines revealed preferences over these heterogeneous risks. We use data on all fatal workplace deaths in the US from 1992 to 1997 and develop risk rates that are differentiated by how the fatal injury occurred. Within sample tests of the equality of compensating wage differentials for heterogeneous risks indicate that we can reject aggregation of homicide risks with other sources of workplace fatalities. However, our results are not without qualification and highlight important nuances of the labor market as related to estimating compensating wage differentials for risks that have generally been ignored in the previous literature.
Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor Coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) Coactivates the Cardiac-enriched Nuclear Receptors Estrogen-related Receptor-α and -γ IDENTIFICATION OF NOVEL LEUCINE-RICH INTERACTION MOTIF WITHIN PGC-1α

The transcriptional coactivator PPARγ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) has been characterized as a broad regulator of cellular energy metabolism. Although PGC-1α functions through many transcription factors, the PGC-1α partners identified to date are unlikely to account for all of its biologic actions. The orphan nuclear receptor estrogen-related receptor α (ERRα) was identified in a yeast two-hybrid screen of a cardiac cDNA library as a novel PGC-1α-binding protein. ERRα was implicated previously in regulating the gene encoding medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (MCAD), which catalyzes the initial step in mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation. The cardiac perinatal expression pattern of ERRα paralleled that of PGC-1α and MCAD. Adenoviral-mediated ERRα overexpression in primary neonatal cardiac mycoytes induced endogenous MCAD expression. Furthermore, PGC-1α enhanced the transactivation of reporter plasmids containing an estrogen response element or the MCAD gene promoter by ERRα and the related isoform ERRγ. In vitro binding experiments demonstrated that ERRα interacts with PGC-1α via its activation function-2 homology region. Mutagenesis studies revealed that the LXXLL motif at amino acid position 142–146 of PGC-1α (L2), necessary for PGC-1α interactions with other nuclear receptors, is not required for the PGC-1α·ERRα interaction. Rather, ERRα binds PGC-1α primarily through a Leu-rich motif at amino acids 209–213 (Leu-3) and utilizes additional LXXLL-containing domains as accessory binding sites. Thus, the PGC-1α·ERRα interaction is distinct from that of other nuclear receptor PGC-1α partners, including PPARα, hepatocyte nuclear factor-4α, and estrogen receptor α. These results identify ERRα and ERRγ as novel PGC-1α interacting proteins, implicate ERR isoforms in the regulation of mitochondrial energy metabolism, and suggest a potential mechanism whereby PGC-1α selectively binds transcription factor partners.
The Character of Meriwether Lewis: Explorer in the Wilderness. By Clay S. Jenkinson. (Washburn, ND: Dakota Institute Press of the Lewis & Clark Fort Mandan Foundation; distributed by the University of Oklahoma Press, 2011. Pp. xxxiv, 456. $19.95.)

The internal life of Meriwether Lewis is all the more bewildering because of the central achievement of his external life. Three years after he and William Clark led their Corps of Discovery across...
Divergence of solutions to perturbation-based advection–dispersion moment equations

Abstract Moment equation methods are popular and powerful tools for modeling transport processes in randomly heterogeneous porous media, but the application of these methods to advection–dispersion equations often leads to erroneous oscillations. Perturbative methods, required to close systems of moment equations, become inaccurate for large perturbations; however, little quantitative theory exists for determining when this occurs for advection–dispersion equations. We consider three different methods (asymptotic approximation, Eulerian truncation, and iterative solution) for closing and solving advection–dispersion moment equations describing transport in stratified porous media with random permeability. We obtain approximate analytical expressions for time above which the asymptotic approximation to the mean diverges, in particular quantifying the impact that dispersion has on delaying—but not eliminating—divergence. We demonstrate that Eulerian truncation and iterative solution methods do not eliminate divergent behavior either. Our divergence criteria provide a priori estimates that signal a warning to the practitioner of stochastic advection–dispersion equations to carefully consider whether to apply perturbative approaches.
Monte Carlo simulations of laser-generated sea surface aureole.

Monte Carlo simulations are used to study the signals generated by the scatter from aerosol in the marine boundary layer and reflection off a rough sea surface when a laser pulse at 1.06 μm passes down through the atmosphere. The model estimates the probability of photons being returned to a receiver collocated with the laser which has two detectors: one with a narrow field of view (lidar detector) and another with a wide field of view where the directly reflected photons are blocked (aureole detector). The simulations are done for nine different aerosol size distributions, three different boundary layer depths, and three different wave conditions. A comparison of the boundary layer optical depth and normalized aureole signal is presented. In addition, a comparison is made between the normalized aureole signal at 1.06 μm (when the detector field of view is reduced) and boundary layer optical depths at 3.75 μm.
In-vivo immunofluorescence confocal microscopy of herpes simplex virus type 1 keratitis

The white-light confocal microscope offers an in vivo, cellular-level resolution view of the cornea. This instrument has proven to be a valuable research and diagnostic tool for the study of infectious keratitis. In this study, we investigate the direct visualization of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1)-infected corneal epithelium, with in vivo confocal microscopy, using HSV-1 immunofluorescent antibodies. New Zealand white rabbits were infected with McKrae strain of HSV-1 in one eye; the other eye of each rabbit was used as an uninfected control. Four days later, the rabbits were anesthetized and a cellulose sponge was applied to each cornea, and a drop of direct HSV fluorescein-tagged antibody was placed on each sponge every 3 to 5 minutes for 1 hour. Fluorescence confocal microscopy was then performed. The HSV-infected corneas showed broad regions of hyperfluorescent epithelial cells. The uninfected corneas revealed no background fluorescence. Thus, using the confocal microscope with a fluorescent cube, we were able to visualize HSV-infected corneal epithelial cells tagged with a direct fluorescent antibody. This process may prove to be a useful clinical tool for the in vivo diagnosis of HSV keratitis.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Quadrant anode image sensor

A position‐sensitive event‐counting electronic readout system for microchannel plates (MCPs) is described that offers the advantages of high spatial resolution and fast time resolution. The technique relies upon a four‐quadrant electron‐collecting anode located behind the output face of the microchannel plate, so that the electron cloud from each detected event is partly intercepted by each of the four quadrants. The relative amounts of charge collected by each quadrant depend on event position, permitting each event to be localized with two ratio circuits. A prototype quadrant anode system for ion, electron, and extreme ultraviolet imaging is described. The spatial resolution achieved, ?10 μ, allows individual MCP channels to be distinguished.
Characterization of Wood-Polypropylene Composite Sandwich System:

A new wood-polypropylene composite sandwich was made by bonding unidirectional continuous glass fiber reinforced polypropylene (UCGPP) composite to oak wood using a thermoplastic tie layer. In orde...
Flux induced biochemical differentiation

A simple two cell model of biochemical differentiation which utilizes the principle of a symmetry breaking instability is presented. The model contains realistic biochemical elements and it is possible to obtain a complete solution for both the undifferentiated and differentiated states. The differentiating transformation is controlled by a single flux parameter and the model thus provides a mechanism for converting temporal flux patterns into spatial patterns. At high flux levels the network operates as a simple biochemical catastrophe machine.
Aedes aegypti ferritin heavy chain homologue: feeding of iron or blood influences message levels, lengths and subunit abundance

Secreted ferritin in the mosquito, Aedes aegypti, has several subunits that are the products of at least two genes, one encoding a homologue of the vertebrate heavy chain (HCH) and the other the light chain homologue (LCH). Here we report the developmental and organ specific pattern of expression of the ferritin HCH messages and of both subunit types in control sugar-fed mosquitoes, in those exposed to high levels of dietary iron, and after blood feeding. When Northern blots were probed with a HCH cDNA, two bands were observed, representing at least two messages of different sizes that result from the choice of two different polyadenylation sites. Either raising mosquito larvae in an iron-enriched medium, or blood feeding adult female mosquitoes resulted in a marked increase in the HCH message level, particularly of the shorter message. Changes in the amount and length of messages and amount of ferritin subunits were studied over the life span of the mosquito and in different organs of female mosquitoes after blood feeding. The midgut of blood-fed insects is the main site of increased ferritin message synthesis. Ferritin protein levels also increase in midgut, fat body and hemolymph after blood feeding. Ferritin messages and subunits are synthesized in the ovaries and ferritin is found in the eggs. These observations are discussed in terms of translational and transcriptional control of ferritin synthesis and are compared to similar events in the regulation of Drosophila melanogaster ferritin.
A Micro-Damage Model for High Velocity Impact Using Combined Viscosity and Gradient Localization Limiters

During dynamic loading processes, large inelastic deformation associated with high strain rates leads, for a broad class of ductile metals, to degradation and failure by strain localization. However, as soon as material failure dominates a deformation process, the material increasingly displays strain softening and the finite element computations are considerably affected by the mesh size and alignment. This gives rise to a non-physical description of the localized regions. This paper presents theoretical and computational frameworks to solve this problem with the aid of nonlocal gradient-enhanced theory coupled to visco-inelasticity. Constitutive equations for anisotropic thermo-viscodamage (rate-dependent damage) mechanism coupled with thermo-hypoelasto-viscoplastic deformation are developed in this work within the framework of thermodynamic laws, nonlinear continuum mechanics, and nonlocal continua. Explicit and implicit micro-structural length scale measures, which preserve the well-posedness of the differential equations, are introduced through the use of the viscosity and gradient localization limiters.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Research in Renal Nutrition—How to Get Started

Dietitians, general and renal, have long struggled with the tasks of conducting and publishing nutrition-related research. When surveyed, dietitians indicated that the reasons they are not participating in research, and thus writing and submitting manuscripts for publication, are that (1) they do not have sufficient support from administration and (2) they lack available time. Removing barriers to research participation will alter the perceptions, attitudes, and knowledge of dietitians, thus enabling current practitioners to discover ways in which they can overcome their individual obstacles and participate in research. Increased support and knowledge must be provided to renal dietitians while simultaneously limiting the stress that may occur while assuming these additional responsibilities. Participating in renal nutrition research will result in renal dietitians generating nutrition data on which to base practice, increase their job satisfaction, and increase the level of financial reimbursement for nutrition services.
The transition from quantum to classical atom-surface scattering

Abstract We present a fully quantum mechanical model of atom-surface scattering which can be extended through the correspondence principle to the classical limit. Calculations for comparison with recent He atom scattering experiments on the Cu(001) surface show excellent agreement with the observed diffuse inelastic backgrounds. The temperature dependence of the scattering in the classical regime demonstrates conclusively that the He atoms exchange energy with a vibrating continuum interaction potential due to the surface electron density and not directly with a lattice of surface atomic cores.
Consistency of Triage Decisions by Call Center Nurses

Objectives.—To 1) assess consistency in triage disposition among pediatric telephone triage nurses using computer-based algorithms and 2) determine agreement between nurse dispositions and protocol dispositions. Design/Methods.—Fifteen nurses from the After Hours Telephone Care Program in Denver were randomly selected to receive mock calls from standardized patients. Each nurse received the same 15 scenarios. Reliability in triage disposition was assessed using the κ statistic. Audiotapes of cases were reviewed if an urgent referral was warranted by the protocol but not given 20% or more of the time. Results.—Mean agreement among nurses for individual cases was 83% (range, 64%–100%). Overall interrater reliability among nurses for triage disposition was 0.46 (95% confidence interval, 0.43–0.49). Mean agreement between nurses' dispositions and protocol dispositions was 81% (range, 33%–100%). Audio review revealed no differences in length of call or information elicited between cases receiving urgent and nonurgent dispositions. Reasons for incorrect dispositions were 1) information necessary to make the disposition directed by the protocol was given and ignored and 2) nurses did not elicit the necessary information prescribed by the protocol. Conclusions.—Agreement regarding disposition decisions among call center nurses and between nurses and protocols was close to 80%. Disagreement with protocol dispositions occurred when nurses 1) did not follow protocols or 2) did not act on information provided by the parent. Our data suggest a need for additional attention to communication skills and to protocol adherence in training and ongoing quality improvement practices.
Sexual Orientation and Labor Market Discrimination

We develop empirical estimates of the return to sexual orientation in the labor market and utilize the 2004 Current Population Survey to determine if lesbians and gay men are treated differently from their heterosexual counterparts. We find strong evidence consistent with the hypothesis of discriminatory treatment against gay men, and this evidence differs substantially by occupation. On the other hand, we find no evidence of discrimination against lesbians. These findings are consistent with priors based on economic theory of the standard taste for discrimination and statistical discrimination models. The results for both men and women are consistent across wage and total compensation regressions.
Complementarity of thermoregulatory rhythms in Micropterus salmoides and M. dolomieui

Largemouth (Micropterus salmoide) and smallmouth (M. dolomieui) blackbasses tested in an electronic shuttlebox exhibited behavioral thermoregulatory rhythms which were temporally complementary. With a LD 12 : 12 photoperiod, M. dolomieui exhibited a preferred-temperature peak of 30.1°C during the latter portion of the photophase, when M. salmoides reached a minimum of 27.1°C. M. dolomieui exhibited a minimum of 26.6°C during the latter portion of scotophase, while M. salmoides remained at a significantly higher plateau of about 29°C, with a peak of 29.5°C at the midpoint of scotophase. The phase relations of the thermoregulatory rhythms relative to photoperiod suggest that they are endogenously timed circadian rhythms entrained by photoperiod. The thermotemporal complementarity of these rhythms suggests an aspect of niche segregation between these largely sympatric congeneric species.
Electrical sensing of DNA hybridization in porous silicon layers

The objective of this work is to use porous silicon (PSi) layers as substrate material to transduce hybridization of DNA into a change in conductance. A coplanar configuration of the contact electrodes allows a complete exposure of the porous silicon layer to the sensing species without the need of top contacts or electrolyte solutions. Synthetic oligonucleotides were infiltrated into the porous silicon layers to sense the hybridization event. Hybridization of a single base sequence to its complementary strand was used as a model to demonstrate the response of the layer to the binding of complex sequences. We hypothesize that the observed response involves the activity of surface states present at the silicon-silicon dioxide (Si-SiO 2 ) interface and sensitive to the change in charge at the surface of the layer.
Flexural Behavior of Flat-End Steel-Fiber-Reinforced Concrete

AbstractThis research focused on modeling the first-crack load as a function of steel-fiber fraction to optimize the steel-fiber fraction through load-deflection response and flexural behavior of steel-fiber-reinforced concrete (SFRC). Specifically, this study involved an experimental method to examine simultaneous flexural load-deflection response measurements on normal portland cement concrete and steel-fiber-reinforced concrete. Other basic tests were addressed to characterize fresh mix and constituent material properties. Regression models were developed to predict the following: (1) first-net deflection; (2) net deflection at any applied load; and (3) first-crack load at different mix combinations of steel fiber. Results from this investigation showed that in the flexural load-deflection response tests, SFRC beams experienced an increase in first-crack net deflection. In addition, Inclusion of steel fiber at 0.64% by volume of concrete did not cause a significant change in the first-crack strength.
Atypical hemangioma of the breast: a diagnostic pitfall in breast fine-needle aspiration.

We report on the fine-needle aspiration (FNA) cytology of atypical hemangioma of the breast in a 52-yr-old female. The patient presented with a 2-cm palpable left breast mass. An FNA of the mass was performed following a mammogram, corresponding to the palpable breast mass. The FNA demonstrated the presence of numerous atypical single spindle cells scattered throughout a hemorrhagic background. An unequivocal diagnosis of malignancy was not rendered in this case. However, the degree of cytologic atypia suggested a malignant process, and a recommendation for an excisional biopsy was made. Atypical hemangioma should therefore be included in the differential diagnosis of angiosarcoma and other benign and malignant spindle-cell lesions of the breast encountered on cytologic samples.
Cyber threat model for tactical radio networks

The shift to a full information-centric paradigm in the battlefield has allowed ConOps to be developed that are only possible using modern network communications systems. Securing these Tactical Networks without impacting their capabilities has been a challenge. Tactical networks with fixed infrastructure have similar vulnerabilities to their commercial counterparts (although they need to be secure against adversaries with greater capabilities, resources and motivation). However, networks with mobile infrastructure components and Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANets) have additional unique vulnerabilities that must be considered. It is useful to examine Tactical Network based ConOps and use them to construct a threat model and baseline cyber security requirements for Tactical Networks with fixed infrastructure, mobile infrastructure and/or ad hoc modes of operation. This paper will present an introduction to threat model assessment. A definition and detailed discussion of a Tactical Network threat model is also presented. Finally, the model is used to derive baseline requirements that can be used to design or evaluate a cyber security solution that can be scaled and adapted to the needs of specific deployments.
Older Adults' Descriptions of Their ROLE EXPECTATIONS OF NURSING

A qualitative descriptive approach was used to identify 28 older adults' role expectations of nursing. This study describes elders' opinions, expectation and health care preferences which influence their judgments about nursing. Three categories emerged from analyzing transcripts of the audiotaped interviews. The older adults expected the nurse to be knowledgeable, caring and attentive by: demonstrating professional competence when recognizing patients' needs, as well as being concerned for the individual in the responsive delivery of services. The results of this study are congruent with descriptions of valued nursing behaviors that have been identified in previous studies. Additional findings, also corroborated by prior research, indicated that nursing roles and actions may not be accurately perceived or understood by the older consumer. Nurses therefore not only need to be vigilant in eliciting and evaluating consumer expectations but also need to be diligent in explaining their role and informing the public of their qualifications.
CONFORMAL ANOMALY IN (2,0) THEORY

Using Ads7/CFT6 correspondence we compute a subleading O(N) term in the scale anomaly of (2,0) theory describing N coincident M5 branes. The total scale anomaly extrapolated to N=1 is argued to be the same as the anomaly of a single free (2,0) tensor multiplet. This contribution is based on ref. 1,2 where details and references may be found.
Effect of eccentricity on searches for gravitational waves from coalescing compact binaries in ground-based detectors

Inspiralling compact binaries are expected to circularize before their gravitational-wave signals reach the sensitive frequency band of ground-based detectors. Current searches for gravitational waves from compact binaries using the LIGO and Virgo detectors therefore use circular templates to construct matched filters. Binary formation models have been proposed which suggest that some systems detectable by the LIGO-Virgo network may have non-negligible eccentricity. We investigate the ability of the restricted 3.5 post-Newtonian order TaylorF2 template bank, used by LIGO and Virgo to search for gravitational waves from compact binaries with masses M{ or approx. 0.1, the loss in matched filter signal-to-noise ratio due to eccentricity can be significant and so templates which include eccentric effects will be required to perform optimal searches for suchmore » systems.« less
Atmospheric deposition maps for the Rocky Mountains

Abstract Variability in atmospheric deposition across the Rocky Mountains is influenced by elevation, slope, aspect, and precipitation amount and by regional and local sources of air pollution. To improve estimates of deposition in mountainous regions, maps of average annual atmospheric deposition loadings of nitrate, sulfate, and acidity were developed for the Rocky Mountains by using spatial statistics. A parameter-elevation regressions on independent slopes model (PRISM) was incorporated to account for variations in precipitation amount over mountainous regions. Chemical data were obtained from the National Atmospheric Deposition Program/National Trends Network and from annual snowpack surveys conducted by the US Geological Survey and National Park Service, in cooperation with other Federal, State and local agencies. Surface concentration maps were created by ordinary kriging in a geographic information system, using a local trend and mathematical model to estimate the spatial variance. Atmospheric-deposition maps were constructed at 1-km resolution by multiplying surface concentrations from the kriged grid and estimates of precipitation amount from the PRISM model. Maps indicate an increasing spatial trend in concentration and deposition of the modeled constituents, particularly nitrate and sulfate, from north to south throughout the Rocky Mountains and identify hot-spots of atmospheric deposition that result from combined local and regional sources of air pollution. Highest nitrate (2.5–3.0 kg/ha N) and sulfate (10.0–12.0 kg/ha SO4) deposition is found in northern Colorado.
Emotional factors in periodontal disease.

Abstract Six cases of acute necrotizing gingivitis infection and 16 cases of chronic periodontitis were studied by a psychiatrist, a consultant dentist, and a periodontist. The following observations were made: 1. 1. The most striking psychological characteristic of the group as a whole was the prevalence of oral dependency as a central life problem. 2. 2. The cases of acute necrotizing gingivitis occurred in the youngest age group and bouts were, in all instances, precipitated by acute anxiety arising from a life situation of conflict about dependency and/or sexual needs. Local factors and oral habits were at a minimum. 3. 3. The chronic periodontitis cases had a background of longstanding, less acute conflict, mainly involving dependency needs. There was considerable marital conflict and many psychosomatic symptoms involving the gastric area and the head and neck area. Bleeding gums were often noticed as occurring at times of greatest anxiety. Bruxism was an extremely frequent habit. 4. 4. A group of 10 periodontosis cases, studied in less detail, offered a contrast as having much less evidence of either neurotic trends or destructive oral habits. This suggested that degenerative oral processes are less correlated with emotional conflict than are the inflammatory processes involving primary soft tissues. 5. 5. Best results were obtained in the younger age group where local periodontal treatment was combined with more than routine interest in the patients as a whole and their problems of living. A psychiatrist is not necessary for this type of superficial supportive treatment. A social worker or a psychiatrically aware dentist can do much in improving therapeutic results, by making the patient more aware of the larger aspects of his problem and in stimulating more interest in the care of his mouth. 6. 6. Recommendations based on this study are that cases of acute necrotizing gingivitis and recalcitrant cases of periodontitis be given some special attention as a way to decrease the severity and length of the disturbance and to help prevent recurrence.
Wave of Hope: African American Youth Use Media and Engage More Civically, Politically Than Whites

The study is based on a multi-wave panel survey on media use, and political and social attitudes among 12- to 17-year-olds. The results show that African Americans were more likely than Whites to engage in civic activities, politically participate in online and offline settings, take part in political consumerism, talk about news, follow the news, and demonstrate overall interest in news. This suggests that race is a complex, influential characteristic affecting youth behavior.
Metallopeptides — from Drug Discovery to Catalysis

Oligopeptides are involved in diverse biological activities, including neurotransmission and antibiotic. Many natural-occurring peptides and peptide-ketide hybrids exhibit specific biological activities and chemical reactivities upon binding with certain metal ions, such as divalent metal-binding antibiotic bacitracin and anticancer Fe/Cu-bleomycin. There are also numerous synthetic peptides designed to bind metal ions to exhibit wide range of physical properties and chemical and biological activities. In this review we summarize the background and discuss our research on metal binding properties, structures, and chemical reactivities of three metallopeptides, the bacterial antibiotic bacitracin, the Alzheimer's disease-related β-amyloid, and the salivary antimicrobial histatin. Despite their different structures and biological functions, the Cu 2+ complexes of these peptides exhibit significant activities toward catechol oxidation and phenol hydroxylation. However, the mechanisms of the oxidative reactions among these three Cu-peptides seem to be distinctively different. Our current understanding about the structure-bioactivity relationship and chemical reactivities as well as implications in drug discovery of these peptides are summarized herein.
Improving team decision‐making performance with collaborative modeling

Purpose – This article aims to examine considerations and strategies for improving team performance in decision‐making by teaching teams to use collaborative modeling based on team mental models.Design/methodology/approach – The article describes the nature of shared mental models and collaborative modeling, the potential effects of collaborative modeling on team performance, and a perspective on communication imperatives that facilitate collaborative modeling. The articles builds upon this information to suggest five imperatives for teams to help them develop collaborative modeling skillsFindings – The article offers strategies in the form of five imperatives for teams to observe in order to build skills in collaborative modeling and improve team performance by improving team members’ ability to effect collaborative modeling to accomplish team tasks and goals.Originality/value – Research over the years in mental modeling and communication has created a powerful argument that effective communication and s...
Thermodynamics of poly(dimethylsiloxane)/poly(ethylmethylsiloxane) (PDMS/PEMS) blends in the presence of high-pressure CO2

Processing polymer blends in the presence of high-pressure carbon dioxide (CO2) affords numerous advantages over organic solvents and is becoming a commercially viable and environmentally responsible alternative in the development of new multicomponent materials. A prerequisite to such processing is a fundamental understanding of how high-pressure CO2 influences the phase behavior of polymer blends. In this work, we use high-pressure spectrophotometry to measure the cloud point (Tcp) of poly(dimethylsiloxane)/poly(ethylmethylsiloxane) (PDMS/PEMS) blends as a function of CO2 pressure (P) in the vapor phase. Results obtained here at different blend compositions indicate that values of Tcp for this upper critical solution temperature (UCST) blend (i) generally increase with increasing pressure and (ii) collapse onto a master curve of ΔTcp(P) for pressures up to about 35 MPa. These data are analyzed by the Sanchez−Lacombe equation of state to ascertain the temperature dependence of an effective interaction pa...
Differential responses of alpine and non‐alpine Aquilegia species to increased ultraviolet‐B radiation

Abstract. Two species of columbines, Aquilegia caerulea (which lives in alpine environments) and A. canadensis (a lower-elevation species) responded to artifically increased levels of solar UV-B radiation by becoming significantly shorter and developing a significantly greater number of leaves. The degree of shortening was greater in A. canadensis, the non-alpine species, while the number of leaves increased faster in A. caerulea. Significant differences in gashandling and water-use physiological responses were noted, with UV-B treatment leading to decreased water-use efficiency in both species. Concentrations of flavonoids increased significantly in both species following light exposure, whereas alkaloids in A. caerulea appeared to be destroyed by UV-B. No significant changes occurred in β-carotene concentrations in either species.
A Review of Seismic Isolation for Buildings: Historical Development and Research Needs

Seismic isolation is a technique that has been used around the world to protect building structures, nonstructural components and content from the damaging effects of earthquake ground shaking. This paper summarizes current practices, describes widely used seismic isolation hardware, chronicles the history and development of modern seismic isolation through shake table testing of isolated buildings, and reviews past efforts to achieve three-dimensional seismic isolation. The review of current practices and past research are synthesized with recent developments from full-scale shake table testing to highlight areas where research is needed to achieve full seismic damage protection of buildings. The emphasis of this paper is on the application of passive seismic isolation for buildings primarily as practiced in the United States, though systems used in other countries will be discussed.
3-Dimensional optimization of multiple arcs for stereotactic radiosurgery

Abstract Purpose: During linear accelerator-based radiosurgery, the physicians and physicists need to determine which combination of treatment arcs are "best" with regard to target coverage and incidental dose to adjacent structures. This is a complex problem, especially when targets are geometrically close to critical structures. The purpose of this article is to present a method to mathematically determine a set of arcs to produce desired target and normal structure dose distributions in linear accelerator radiosurgery. Methods and Materials: Nonlinear least squares regression was used to determine the table angles and gantry angle arc ranges and their associated beam weights appropriate to linear accelerator radiosurgery. Results: Three cases are presented: (a) critical structure close to target volume; (b) target volume too large for the largest collimator to cover the volume with one isocenter and a standard plan; (c) target volume located within one critical structure and close to another critical structure. The optimized treatment plans are all shown to be superior to a defined standard plan. Conclusion: The method successfully enables one to determine nonstandard arcs which achieve the desired results. In particular, the method enables one to find clinical treatment solutions, even when the desired results cannot be a priori defined.
Factors influencing the decisions of bank managers: The evidence from investment portfolios

Abstract This study evaluates the investment function of the 500 largest US commercial banks. Investment returns are compared to the returns that would have been earned from following a variety of investment strategies. We conclude that commercial banks do not appear on average to outperform the market. We also present evidence which suggests that many banks view the investment portfolio as a vehicle for offsetting interest rate risk developed elsewhere in the balance sheet. During the 1984–1988 time period, they did so at the cost of realizing lower returns in their investment portfolio.
Kinematic and Passive Resistive Properties of Human Elbow Complex

In recent years, owing to their versatility and reduced cost of operation, multisegmented mathematical models of the total human body have gained increased attention in gross biodynamic motion studies. This, in turn, has stimulated the need for a proper biomechanical data base for the major human articulating joints. The lack of such a database for the humero-elbow complex is the impetus for this study. The total angular range of motion permitted by the complex and the passive resistive properties beyond the full elbow extension were studied. Results obtained on ten normal male subjects were utilized to establish a statistical data base for the humero-elbow complex. Results are also expressed in functional expansion form suitable for incorporation into the existing multisegmented models.
The mechanism of brittle fracture in a microalloyed steel: Part II. Mechanistic modeling

In Part I of this study, cuboidally shaped inclusions were found to be responsible for cleavage initiation in a low-carbon, microalloyed steel. In Part II, electron microdiffraction was used to identify these inclusions as the fcc phase (NaCl prototype) in the titanium-nitrogen system. A model for cleavage as induced by these inclusions is proposed. A microcrack begins on one side of the TiN inclusion, propagates to the other side, and then transfers into the matrix. Initiation at a particular location in the particle is believed to be caused by dislocation pileup impingement and stress concentrations such as crystal defects and surface irregularities within the TiN. Dislocations in the TiN inclusions were imaged by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). After the TiN microcrack transfers into the matrix, propagation spreads radially. From the area of crack transfer, two simultaneous propagation paths reverse directions and rotate around the particle. The particle separates these cracks for a short distance, they travel on different cleavage planes, and upon rejoining, a ridge of torn matrix is created. The location of this ridge can be used to infer where cleavage began in the TiN and where the microcrack transferred into the matrix. Tessellated residual stresses arising from differential thermal contraction between the TiN and the matrix are suggested to increase the cleavage-initiating potency of TiN inclusions.
Measurement of porous medium velocity fields and their volumetric averaging characteristics using particle tracking velocimetry

Abstract The application of a new method for measuring velocity fields within a porous medium is presented. Fluid containing fluorescent microspheres is flowed through a transparent, refractive-index-matched column filled with 3.1 mm spherical beads. A planar laser beam illuminates a cross-section of the bed. Using a video camera and a frame-accurate videocassette recorder, the motions of the fluorescing particles are recorded as the fluid flows through the bed. Subsequently, the particles are tracked through a series of frames using a commerical image analysis software package. Because the particles move slowly compared to the video frame rate (30 frames per second), frame-to-frame particle identification is unambiguous. The time histories of the particle positions are used to calculate velocity components in the plane of the beam. Results are shown in which the velocity field within a full volumetric segment of a column is measured, and the averaging properties of the measured velocity field are discussed. The volumetrically averaged velocities are shown to be in good agreement with the superficial velocity. This technique is easy to automate and can be used to measure a wide range of velocities with high precision.
Municipal recreation and park standards in the United States: Central cities and suburbs

The nationwide comparative relationship of central city and suburban municipal recreation in the United States has never been assessed before. By focusing on the three traditionally developed standards of recreation and park acreage per capita, the percentage of a municipality's total area devoted to recreation and park uses, and the per capita operating expenditures for recreation and parks, this paper presents such a nationwide comparison of contiguous central cities and suburbs within 76 of the established Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas of the United States in 1965. Results of the study showed the central cities, when compared to the suburbs, to have an overall more favorable skewing of municipal recreation services.
Discovery of sulfated metabolites in mycobacteria with a genetic and mass spectrometric approach

Abstract The study of the metabolome presents numerous challenges, first among them being the cataloging of its constituents. A step in this direction will be the development of tools to identify metabolites that share common structural features. The importance of sulfated molecules in cell–cell communication motivated us to develop a rapid two-step method for identifying these metabolites in microorganisms, particularly in pathogenic mycobacteria. Sulfurcontaining molecules were initially identified by mass spectral analysis of cell extracts from bacteria labeled metabolically with a stable sulfur isotope (34SO). To differentiate sulfated from reduced-sulfur-containing molecules, we employed a mutant lacking the reductive branch of the sulfate assimilation pathway. In these sulfur auxotrophs, heavy sulfate is channeled exclusively into sulfated metabolites. The method was applied to the discovery of several new sulfated molecules in Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium smegmatis. Because a sulfur auxotrophic strain is the only requirement of the approach, many microorganisms can be studied in this manner. Such genetic engineering in combination with stable isotopic labeling can be applied to various metabolic pathways and their products.
Patient Perspectives Associated with Intended Duration of Buprenorphine Maintenance Therapy.

Patients with opioid use disorders frequently discontinue opioid maintenance therapy (OMT) prematurely, reducing retention and possibly limiting the efficacy of OMT. The current study is a cross-sectional survey of patients (N = 69) enrolled in buprenorphine maintenance therapy (BMT). We examined patient demographics, BMT characteristics (e.g., dose, time in BMT), and patient perspectives regarding intended duration of BMT. In addition, patients’ reasons for continuing or discontinuing BMT were investigated. Results revealed that the majority (82%) of participants reported wanting to continue BMT for at least 12 months. Age at first drug use, time in BMT, concern about pain, and concern about relapse were all positively associated with intended duration of BMT. The following were negatively associated with intended duration of BMT: recent discussion with a treatment provider about BMT discontinuation, prior attempt to discontinue BMT, concern about withdrawal symptoms, experiencing pleasurable effects from taking buprenorphine, and perceived conflicts of BMT with life, work, or school obligations. The most common reasons for wanting to continue BMT included concerns about withdrawal symptoms, relapse, and pain. Although preliminary, the findings highlight key issues with regard to patients’ perspectives of BMT. The results of this study provide information that may be useful in improving OMT programs and treatment outcomes.