cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
EUV Radiation from Hot Star Photospheres: Theory Versus Observations

The only stars other than white dwarfs whose photospheric extreme ultraviolet radiation has been detected are e and β CMa. It is therefore of considerable theoretical interest to compare the EUVE observations of these two giant B stars to predicted spectra. However, both LTE and non-LTE very sophisticated line blanketed model atmospheres fail to match the observed flux. This failure leaves the stellar photosphere theory, even for seemingly “simple” objects as normal B giants were believed to be, in a rather dubious position. This paper briefly summarizes possible reasons for the failure of existing models to describe the EUVE observations of hot stars. In particular, we discuss the effects of uncertainties in the line blanketing, and the effects of the photosphere-wind interaction.
Kinetic Growth Regimes of Hydrothermally Synthesized Potassium Tantalate Nanoparticles

A general mathematical kinetic growth model is proposed on the basis of observed growth regimes of hydrothermally synthesized KTaO3 nanoparticles from electron microscopy studies on the surface morphology and surface chemistry. Secondary electron imaging demonstrated that there are two dominant growth mechanisms: terrace nucleation, where the surfaces are rough, and terrace growth, where surfaces are smooth. In the proposed model based upon standard step-flow growth, the rates of both mechanisms are established to be dependent on the chemical potential change of the growth environment—terrace nucleation dominates with larger negative chemical potential, and terrace growth dominates with smaller negative chemical potential. This analysis illustrates the importance of ending a synthesis in a regime of low negative chemical potential in order to achieve smooth well-faceted nanoparticles.
Patent Agents: The Person You are

This article addresses ethical and liability issues arising from the work of patent agents, including the unauthorized practice of law, risk of waiver of privilege, and related issues.
Phosphoinositides and Cell Growth

Phosphoinositides are a class of membrane phospholipids that serve as precursors to the important second messengers inositol(1,4,5)P3 and diacylglycerol, which mediate the release of intracellular calcium and the activation of protein kinase C, respectively.1,2 The key event in the production of these signals is the hydrolysis of phoshatidylinositol(4,5)P2 by phospholipase C. This traditional pathway of signal transduction is utilized by activated receptors for a variety of diverse stimuli, including hormones, growth factors, neurotransmitters and chemotactic factors. Recently, several new pathways of phosphoinositide (PI) metabolism have been discovered in cells stimulated by growth factors or transformed by certain oncogene products.1,3 These new pathways branch off the classical routes of PI hydrolysis and appear to be linked to poorly understood events in cellular regulation that are distinct from calcium release and C-kinase activation. In this discussion, several of these new aspects of PI metabolism relating to cell transformation will be illustrated, and a model for neoplastic transformation by the src tyrosine kinase oncogene, will be presented.
ARE SOLITARY WAVES THE LIMITING WAVES IN LONG WAVE RUNUP

This is a study of the maximum runup of single long waves on plane beaches. Laboratory data are presented that suggest that solitary waves attain the higher runup distances than other single long waves with identical generation characteristics, such as energy or momentum. These results suggest that solitary waves may provide a limiting condition for long wave runup on plane beaches.
The foundation for a successful career in academic medicine

After being exposed to all facets of medicine, I have found Obstetrics and Gynecology to be the most challenging, artistic and amazing field in medicine. The University of Iowa Obstetrics and Gynecology Residency Program shaped my personality to become a successful academic obstetrician and gynecologist. With the confidence built at the University of Iowa, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology I saw Fetal Surgery/ Maternal Fetal Medicine as an opportunity to combine these two passions and I did it, thanks to my residency program at Iowa.
Two-dimensional frequency-swept pulse with resilience to both B1 and B0 inhomogeneity.

Abstract Applications of multidimensional spatially-selective pulses are sometimes limited by their long pulse durations resulting from the need to execute a modulated gradient waveform in concert with RF transmission. Here, we introduce a method to design two-dimensional selective adiabatic pulses using a Cartesian k-space trajectory. The full pulse can be sampled using various undersampled segments to create a multidimensional pulse resilient to large off-resonances. Moreover, the pulse can be designed to be resilient to B1+ inhomogeneity. Experimental demonstrations of fully segmented and single-shot k-space sampling patterns are presented.
Type IV failure in weldment of creep resistant ferritic alloys: I. Micromechanical origin of creep strain localization in the heat affected zone

Abstract Creep strength enhanced ferritic (CSEF) steels containing 9-12wt% chromium have been extensively used in fossil-fuel-fired power plants. Despite their excellent creep resistance at high temperatures, premature failures (especially Type IV cracking) are often found in the fine-grained heat affected zone (HAZ) or intercritical HAZ of the welded components. This failure mode is preceded by the strain localization in the HAZ, as measured by the Digital Image Correlation (DIC) technique. The present work aims to develop a finite-element based computational method to determine the micromechanical and microstructural origin of the strain localization phenomenon. We construct a two-dimensional digital microstructure based on the actual microstructure of ferritic steel weldments by using the Voronoi-tessellation method, to account for the effects of its large grain-size gradients. A mechanism-based finite element method is developed for modeling the high temperature deformation resulting from a synergy of thermally activated dislocation movements, diffusional flow and grain boundary sliding. The numerical results agree well with the strain measurements by our DIC technique, particularly revealing the effect of pre-welding tempering on the evolution of strain localization in HAZ of creep resistant steel weldments. It is found that the diffusional creep with dependence on grain sizes, dislocation creep with dependence on material strength, and more importantly, grain boundary sliding, contribute synergistically to the creep strain accumulation in the HAZ, and their relative degree of significance is quantified. The creep rupture life will be investigated in the companion paper.
Internal Motivators for the Protection of Organizational Data

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of internal motivators (psychological ownership, perceived control, and self-efficacy) on employees' intention to protect organizational data....
A phase I study of the combination of sorafenib (Sor) and bortezomib (Bor) in patients (pts) with metastatic melanoma (MM).

9076 Background: Sor is a small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitor that has many targets and previously was developed for the treatment of MM. Bor is a proteasome inhibitor widely used to treat mul...
Acquisition and processing of passive thermography fatigue test data

Passive thermography is a large area inspection technique and is commonly used during fatigue loading of composite structures. Passive thermography allows for real time tracking of damage. This provides an accurate assessment of the damage progression as a function of load cycles and determines when the loading is stopped for ultrasonic or X-ray CT evaluations for detail damage assessment through-the-thickness. In addition, if new areas of damage growth are detected, with passive thermography, then those areas are additionally inspected with ultrasound or X-ray CT. A custom developed passive thermography inspection system for fatigue loading is presented. Passive thermography of damage progression is compared to ultrasound inspections as a function of the fatigue cycles. Discussion is made on processing of the thermal data for periodic and non-periodic thermal responses.
Evaluation of an Ion-Exchange HPLC Device for HbA1c Measurement.

BACKGROUND The ADAMS™ HA-8180V is the 8th generation of a fully automated ion-exchange HPLC system from ARKRAY, and the first to be released onto the US market. We evaluated the HA-8180V, for routine hemoglobin A1c measurement in comparison with the Roche Cobas c501, the Tosoh G8 analyzer for normal hemoglobin, and with the Trinity analyzer for hemoglobin variants. METHODS The analytical performance (linearity, precision, carryover, and sample stability) was assessed based on the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) and manufacturer guidelines. A comparison of the HA-8180V against two major analytical methods was performed for 100 whole blood samples. HA-8180V variant mode was also compared against the Trinity ultra2 A1c analyzer for 50 samples containing hemoglobin variants (HbC 14, HbS 14, HbD 12, and HbE 10). RESULTS The within-run and total CVs were <0.01 and 0.75% at low HbA1c concentration and 0.46 and 0.63% at high HbA1c concentration, respectively. Linearity was shown in the concentration range 3.4-18.1% HbA1c, carryover was 0.00%, and stability values were excellent. Method comparison demonstrated a high concordance between methods. CONCLUSION The eighth generation ADAMS HA-8180V A1c analyzer demonstrated high analytical performance adequate for routine clinical use.
Intraoperative evaluation of testicular viability by color doppler ultrasonography in experimentally induced testicular torsion

Objective To evaluate the feasibility of intraoperative testicular viability detected by Color Doppler Uhrasonography (CDU) in rabbits with experimentally induced acute testicular ischemia (ATI).Methods Fifty-six healthy male New Zealand rabbits were randomly assigned into 7 groups (8 rabbits per group).The group 1 is normal control group.The group 2 is sham-operated group in which the left spermatic cords of the rabbits were dissected and exposed for 10 minutes.In the ATI groups (groups 3-7), the ATI was induced by clamping left spermatic cords for 0.5 h, 1.5 h, 3 h, 6 h and 12 h.The arterial clamps were released then, and ultrasound examinations were performed to investigate the testis shape, echogenicity, volume, bilateral intratesticular flow and peripheral flow.The left testes were harvested for H&E and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) examination.Statistical analysis was done by SAS V8.1 software.Results In group 1 and 2, no difference of testis volume was found between the left and right testis (P>0.05).In 5 ATI groups, the volumes of the left testes were larger than their right counterparts (P 0.05).Between the 5 ATI groups, the R values were significantly difference (F=110.22, P<0.0001).In groups 1 and 2, microscopic examinations revealed normal interstitial structure and fine seminiferous tubules.In 0.5 h and 1.5 h groups, the microscopic and TEM findings were similar to those of the normal control and sham-operated groups.However, striking interstitial and tubular changes could be found in tubular cavily in 3 h, 6 h, and 12 h groups,and TEM showed serious cellulous injury.Conclusions Testicular viability can be assessed by intraoperative CDU, it may become a valuable indication for testicular resection for children with ATI. Key words: Doppler ultrasonography,color; Rabbit; Testicular torsion
A cross-sectional community-based observational study of asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 prevalence in the greater Indianapolis area.

The Asymptomatic novel CORonavirus iNfection (ACORN) study was designed to investigate the prevalence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in the asymptomatic adult population of the Indianapolis metropolitan area, to follow individuals testing positive for the development of symptoms, and to understand duration of positive test results. ACORN is a cross-sectional community-based observational study of adult residents presenting asymptomatic for COVID-like illness, defined as the self-reported absence of the following three symptoms in the last 7 days: fever (≥100°F), new-onset or worsening cough, and new-onset or worsening shortness of breath. SARS-CoV-2 infection was determined by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction in nasopharyngeal swab samples. SARS-CoV-2 infection prevalence was expressed as a point estimate with 95% confidence interval (CI). Test results are reported for 2953 participants who enrolled and underwent nasopharyngeal swab testing between 7 April 2020 and 16 May 2020. Among tested participants, 91 (3.1%; 95% CI: 2.5%-3.7%) were positive for SARS-CoV-2. Overall, baseline characteristics, medical history, and infection risk factors were comparable between SARS-CoV-2 positive and negative participants. Within the ongoing 14-day follow-up period for positive participants, 58 (71.6%) of 81 assessed participants remained asymptomatic while others (n = 23, 28.4%) reported one or more symptoms. Indiana had "Stay-at-Home" orders in place during nearly the entire test period reported here, yet 3.1% of asymptomatic participants tested positive for SARS-CoV-2. These results indicate screening questions had limited predictive utility for testing in an asymptomatic population and suggest broader testing strategies are needed. Importantly, these findings underscore that more research is needed to understand the viral transmission and the role asymptomatic and presymptomatic individuals play in this global pandemic.
Science public relations: The parallel, interwoven, and contrasting trajectories of public relations and science communication theory and practice

Abstract There are parallels, intersections, and contrasts between how theory and practice in the public relations and science communication literatures have evolved. Given the need for systematic evidence-based theory to inform communication practice in both contexts, and the need for critical inquiry into the values and power structures that define and reinforce theory and practice in these domains, this manuscript: (1) highlights three areas—the trend toward engagement and participation, issues management in science, and practitioner roles and training—to demonstrate unique and complementary areas of scholarly interest in public relations and science communication, and (2) argues for focused programmatic inquiry in science public relations. Perspectives are offered for how a science public relations research program might advance, including examples of scholarship from public relations, science communication, political communication, and environmental communication.
Fisheye imaging of sky polarization at the August 2017 solar eclipse

Two all-sky imaging systems based on digital single-lens-reflex cameras and fisheye lenses were used to record the spatial and temporal polarization patterns in skylight before, during, and after totality at the total solar eclipse that crossed the United States on 17 August 2017. We describe the polarimetric imaging systems and a brief summary of results, including the first details of the transition from normal to totality polarization pattern.
Mapping corporate social responsibility research in communication: A network and bibliometric analysis

Abstract Corporate social responsibility (CSR) exhibits irrefutable practical and theoretical importance to the field of communication. However, limited efforts have been made by communication scholars to review the progression of knowledge construction and project prospects for theory development in this area. Informed by the social construction of knowledge and invisible college frameworks, this study conducts co-authorship and co-citation network analyses on CSR literature in communication. The sample included 290 peer-reviewed articles published between 1980 and 2018 across 61 communication journals. The 9,288 foundation publications and 4,596 unique publication sources referenced by these articles were also analyzed. Results of this study reveal limited collaborations among researchers with expertise in and outside the communication discipline or across different communication sub-disciplines. The results also show a substantial influence from management and marketing perspectives on the invisible college of CSR research in communication. Moreover, the results of three longitudinal network models display the patterns of structural evolution of the scholarly collaboration and foundation literature networks, showing a maturing process of CSR knowledge construction in communication. Taken together, this study stimulates future CSR research in that it helps locate the knowledge base that may inspire new research fronts and the areas of vacancies that serve as promising venues for the discovery of CSR knowledge.
Providing a foundation for decent work and adequate income during health and economic crises: constitutional approaches in 193 countries

Purpose: As coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) spreads globally, the economic and health consequences are disproportionately affecting marginalized workers However, countries' existing labor and social security laws often exclude the most vulnerable workers from coverage, exacerbating existing inequalities Guaranteeing the rights to adequate income even when ill, decent working conditions and nondiscrimination in constitutions may provide a foundation for protecting rights universally, safeguarding against counterproductive austerity measures, and providing a normative foundation for equality and inclusion as economies recover The purpose of this article is to examine the prevalence of these rights globally and assess some of their early impacts amid the pandemic Design/methodology/approach: The authors created and analyzed a database of constitutional rights for all 193 United Nations member states All constitutions were double coded by an international multidisciplinary, multilingual team of researchers Findings: This study finds that 54% of countries take some approach to guaranteeing income security in their constitutions, including 23% that guarantee income security during illness Thirty-one percent guarantee the right to safe working conditions Only 36% of constitutions explicitly guarantee at least some aspect of nondiscrimination at work With respect to equal rights broadly, constitutional protections are most common on the basis of sex (85%), followed by religion (78%), race/ethnicity (76%), socioeconomic status (59%), disability (27%), citizenship (22%), sexual orientation (5%) and gender identity (3%) Across almost all areas, protections for rights are far more common in constitutions adopted more recently Originality/value: This is the first study to systematically examine protections for income security and decent work, together with nondiscrimination, in the constitutions of all 193 UN member states © 2020, Emerald Publishing Limited
Surface forces and stratification in foam films formed with bile salts

Bile salts, especially in their aggregated or micellar form, play a critical role in health and medicine by solubilizing cholesterol, fat-soluble vitamins, and drugs. However, in contrast to the head–tail (HT) surfactants like sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), amphiphilic bile salts have an unusual steroid structure and exhibit a smaller aggregation number (Nagg 50 for SDS). Foam films formed by micellar solutions of typical surfactants like SDS exhibit stratification manifested as stepwise thinning and coexistence of flat thick–thin regions that differ by a step-size proportional to the intermicellar distance. We consider drainage via stratification studies as an effective and insightful probe of the strength and magnitude of intermicellar interactions and resulting supramolecular oscillatory structural (SOS) surface force contribution to disjoining pressure. However, there are neither prior reports of stratification in foam films formed with bile salt solutions nor measurements of SOS surface forces. Here we report the discovery and characterization of stratification in foam films formed by aqueous solutions of four bile salts – sodium cholate (NaC), sodium taurocholate (NaTC), sodium deoxycholate (NaDC), and sodium glycodeoxycholate (NaGDC) – that have a similar steroid nucleus, but difference in conjugation sites and the number of hydroxyl groups (3 for NaC and NaTC, 2 for NaDC and NaGC). Using IDIOM (interferometry digital imaging optical microscopy) protocols we developed recently to characterize and analyze thickness variations and transitions, we find that foam films made with bile salts exhibit fewer stepwise transitions and smaller step-size than SDS solutions. Also, we measured a lower drop in surface tension and lower magnitude of thickness-dependent disjoining pressure compared to SDS solutions. We find that the bile salts with a matched number of hydroxyl groups exhibit similar properties in tensiometry and foam film studies. We show that the stratification studies can characterize the influence of chemical structure on the magnitude and range of intermicellar interactions as well their influence on drainage and stability of foam films.
Power Grid Resilience Enhancement via Protecting Electrical Substations Against Flood Hazards: A Stochastic Framework

Natural disasters, such as floods, may damage power system assets and lead to widespread and long outages. The impact of flood can be alleviated by preventive actions such as installing tiger dams around power substations before the flood. In this regard, it is imperative that critical substations are identified in terms of the connected load and imposed costs to the system. This paper presents a stochastic resource allocation approach for protecting power substations against flood events a day ahead of the event. Flood probability distribution functions are used to generate several flood scenarios at each substation. Using flood scenarios and substations' fragility, damage, and repair time curves obtained from historical data, the failure probability, damage percentage, damage cost, and repair time of substations are estimated. A day-ahead risk-aware stochastic scheduling model is proposed to identify the critical substations whose protection by tiger dams maximizes grid resilience. The risk-aware approach prevents high cost and low resilience if a particular scenario with a low probability is realized. A scenario reduction method is developed to generate representative substation failure scenarios and reduce the computational cost of the optimization problem. The simulation results on a realistic 30-substation system show the effectiveness of the proposed model.
Aggregate Advertising Expenditure in the U.S. Economy: Measurement and Growth Issues in the Digital Era

Aggregate Advertising Expenditure in the U.S. Economy: Measurement and Growth Issues in the Digital Era
Dictyostelium discoideum as a Model for Investigating Neurodegenerative Diseases

The social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum is a model organism that is used to investigate many cellular processes including chemotaxis, cell motility, cell differentiation, and human disease pathogenesis. While many single-cellular model systems lack homologs of human disease genes, Dictyostelium's genome encodes for many genes that are implicated in human diseases including neurodegenerative diseases. Due to its short doubling time along with the powerful genetic tools that enable rapid genetic screening, and the ease of creating knockout cell lines, Dictyostelium is an attractive model organism for both interrogating the normal function of genes implicated in neurodegeneration and for determining pathogenic mechanisms that cause disease. Here we review the literature involving the use of Dictyostelium to interrogate genes implicated in neurodegeneration and highlight key questions that can be addressed using Dictyostelium as a model organism.
The Use of Imagery and Fantasy Techniques in Psychotherapy

Psychology has displayed much more prudishness about the stream of consciousness than it ever did about sex. The Victorians went so far as to cover the legs of the piano to avoid, when speaking of furniture, mentioning the words “leg” or “foot” so as not to raise sexual connotations. This strikes most of us as pretty silly today, and yet, as we study the literature of psychology, psychiatry, and psychotherapy for the last 70 odd years, we find a strange reluctance to acknowledge, to describe, or to study seriously that ever-changing constellation of memories, sense-data, anticipations, fantasies, rational thoughts, and images that constitute our moment-to-moment awareness as we go about our lives. To anyone but a psychologist it would seem amazing indeed that textbooks on thinking (Bourne, Ekstrand, and Dominowski, 1971; Johnson, 1955) can omit reference to the stream of consciousness and daydreaming, that introductions to personality (Mischel, 1971) or adolescence (Seidman, 1960) can ignore imagination or fantasy. Yet, until recently, psychology’s overemphasis on “public” or observable behavior barred almost any serious reference to the stream of consciousness except perhaps for such distancing, cleansing, socially acceptable code words as “epiphenomenon.”
Postmastectomy radiation therapy for lymph node-negative, locally advanced breast cancer after modified radical mastectomy: analysis of the NCI Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database.

BACKGROUND. The role of postmastectomy radiotherapy (PMRT) for lymph nodenegative locally advanced breast carcinoma (T3N0M0) after modified radical mastectomy (MRM) with regard to improvement in survival remains an area of controversy. METHODS. The 1973–2004 National Cancer Institute (NCI) Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database was examined for patients with T3N0M0 ductal, lobular, or mixed ductal and lobular carcinoma of the breast who underwent MRM, treated from 1988-2003. Patients who were men, who had positive lymph nodes, who survived � 6 months, for whom breast cancer was not the first malignancy, who had nonbeam radiation, intraoperative or preoperative radiation were excluded. The average treatment effect of PMRT on mortality was estimated with a propensity score case-matched analysis. RESULTS. In all, 1777 patients were identified; 568 (32%) patients received PMRT. Median tumor size was 6.3 cm. The median number of lymph nodes examined was 14 (range, 1–49). Propensity score matched case-control analysis showed no improvement in overall survival with the delivery of PMRT in this group. Older patients, patients with ER2 disease (compared with ER1), and patients with high-grade tumors (compared with well differentiated) had increased mortality. CONCLUSIONS. The use of PMRT for T3N0M0 breast carcinoma after MRM is not associated with an increase in overall survival. It was not possible to analyze local control in this study given the limitations of the SEER database. The impact of potential improvement in local control as it relates to overall survival should be the subject of further investigation. Cancer 2008;113:38–47. � 2008 American Cancer Society.
Design, simulation and fabrication of MEMS Lorentz force sensor

This work deals with the MEMS electronic compass (e-compass) with the novel electrical signal decouple mechanism. The proposed e-compass includes of a resonant Lorentz-force magnetic sensor and a capacitive accelerometer. The accelerometer and magnetic sensor use the same mechanical structure to detect the acceleration and magnetic field. The corresponding readout circuits are designed and implemented by the standard 0.25um CMOS process. An equivalently diode-capacitor MEMS mechanical structure is proposed to suppress unexpected electrical AC and DC coupling. The prototype of the proposed sensor is with resonant frequency about 19.428 kHz and mechanical quality factor about 500. The preliminary results show that the output sensitivity is about 128 mV/Gauss and the corresponding R2-linearity is 0.9982 under current 2.39mA.
A temperature insensitive DC-contact RF-MEMS switch

This article details an investigation on the temperature variation of cantilever-structured RF-MEMS switches. Temperature-induced out-of-plane deformation of the cantilever was observed in the measurement of cryogenic switches in this research. Three-dimensional multi-physics finite element analysis was performed to explain the deformation. Experimental results are also shown to verify the simulation results. A stress-relaxation geometry is proposed and fabricated for a temperature insensitive switch design. The measured temperature insensitive switch demonstrates an actuation voltage response to temperature of 11 mV/K over 220 K temperature range (300 to 77 K) and outstanding broadband RF performance with an insertion-loss less than 0.8 dB and isolation better than 24 dB up to 50 GHz.
Compensation of reflector surface distortions using conjugate field matching

The feasibility of compensating for reflector surface distortions has been investigated. The performance characteristics (gain, sidelobe level, null location, beamwidth, etc.) of space communication reflector antenna systems degrade as the reflector surface distorts due to thermal effects from a varying solar flux. The technique reported here will maintain the design radiation performance independently of thermal effects on the reflector surface. With the advent of monolithic microwave integrated circuits (MMIC), a greater flexibility in array-fed reflector system design can be achieved. MMIC arrays provide independent control of amplitude and phase for each of many radiating elements of the feed array. The conjugate field matching technique provides a basis for obtaining the required element excitations under surface distortion for maintaining the design radiation performance. It is assumed that the surface characteristics (x, y, z, 1st derivaties, and 2nd derivatives) under distortion are known.
An integrated graphic data display improves detection and identification of critical events during anesthesia.

OBJECTIVE: To show that an integrated graphic data display can shorten the time taken to detect and correctly identify critical events during anesthesia. METHODS: We developed a graphic display which presents 30 anesthesia-related physiologic variables as shapes and colors, rather than traditional digits and waveforms. To evaluate the new display, we produced four critical events on a computer-based anesthesia simulator and asked two groups of five anesthesiologists to identify the events as quickly as possible. One group observed the new display while the other group viewed a traditional cardiovascular monitor with digital and waveform displays. RESULTS: The group which observed the integrated graphic display saw changes caused by inadequate paralysis 2.4 min sooner, and changes caused by a cuff leak 3.1 min sooner than those observing the traditional display. The integrated display group correctly identified the reason for the change 2.8 min sooner for inadequate paralysis, 3.1 min sooner for cuff leak and 3.1 min sooner for bleeding. These differences were all statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: The results show that some simulated critical events are detected and correctly identified sooner, when an anesthesiologist views an integrated graphic display, rather than a traditional digital/waveform monitor.
Measuring the utility/path diversity trade off in multipath protocols

We derive a model of congestion control where the trade-off between utility and path diversity can be investigated. In a network where there can be multiple routes between locations, each source s is assigned a route according to an allocation scheme where the degree of randomness and therefore path diversity is controlled by hs, the entropy of the distribution defined by the allocation. Model equations are derived from a network utility maximization problem and the results of the analysis of two networks with a single source destination are presented. We conclude for each such network there is a critical value of hs for which stable equilibrium solutions of the model equations exist and using the results of [9] it can be shown that they are also solutions of the original optimization problem. Treating hs as a parameter, the trade-off is discussed in terms of the behavior of the time averaged utility as a function of hs.
The Misuse of Measurement in Economics

Some years ago, Friedrich Hayek [11] complained about the tendency he observed in economics to disregard as unimportant and irrelevant that which, at the time of inquiry, did not appear to be amenable to measurement. Economists seemed to believe that, in confluence with Kelvin ’s famous but dubious dictum,2 the only way to live up to the scientific requirements of economic analysis was to work with numerical measures even when knowing they only captured a small portion, if that, of the important facets of the issue at hand. By this standard, wrote Hayek [11, p. 3], “… there … may well exist better ‘scientific’ evidence for a false theory, which will be accepted because it is more ‘scientific,’ than for a valid explanation, which is rejected because there is no[t] sufficient quantitative evidence for it.” He then went on to say [11, p. 5], “I prefer true but imperfect knowledge … to a pretence of exact knowledge that is likely to be false. The credit which the apparent conformity with recognized scientific satandards can gain for seemingly simple but fasle theories may … have grave consequences.”
A method for analyzing contrast-detail curves

The purpose of this study was to develop a concise way to summarize radiographic contrast detail curves. We obtained experimental data that measured lesion detection in CT images of a 5-year-old anthropomorphic phantom. Five lesion diameters (2.5 to 12.5 mm) were investigated, and contrast detail (CD) curves were generated at each of five tube current-exposure time product (mAs) values using twoalternative forced-choice (2-AFC) studies. A performance index for each CD curve was calculated as the area under the curve bounded by the maximum and minimum lesion sizes, with this value being normalized by the range of lesion sizes used. We denote this quantity, which is mathematically equal to the mean value of the CD curve, as the contrast-detail performance index (P CD ). This quantity is inspired by the area under the curve (A z ) that is used as a performance index in ROC studies, though there are important differences. P CD , like A z , allows for the reduction in the dimensionality of experimental results, simplifying interpretation of data while discarding details of the respective curve (CD or ROC). Unlike A z , P CD decreases with increasing performance, and the range of values is not fixed as for A z (i.e. 0 z CD is proportional to the average SNR for the lesions used in the 2-AFC experiments, and allows relative performance comparisons as experimental parameters are changed. For the CT data analyzed, the P CD values were 0.196, 0.166, 0.146, 0.132, and 0.121 at mAs values of 30, 50, 70, 100, and 140, respectively. This corresponds to an increase in performance (i.e. decrease in required contrast) relative to the 30 mAs P CD value of 62%, 48%, 33%, and 18% for the 140, 100, 70, and 50 mAs data, respectively.
An experimental study of paternal behavior in red-winged blackbirds

The effect of brood size and female nesting status on male parental behavior was investigated in red-winged blackbirds Agelaius phoeniceus using brood size manipulation experiments. Male redwings allocated parental effort on the basis of brood size and nestling age. Males began assisting females only at nests with at least three offspring older than three days. Female nesting status had no singificant influence on male parental care. When females were unable to meet a brood's demand for food, males assisted females with nestling feeding. Females did not reduce the amount of food delivered to nestlings when males assisted. The amount of food brought to nestlings by the male was additional to the amount of food provided by the female. Male assistance increased fledgling success. When female provisioning was sufficient to meet a brood's demand for food males did not assist. The value of male parental care varied inversely with the ability of the female to meet nestling food demands. The ability of unassisted females to provide sufficient food and to raise a brood of nestlings successfully appeared to be influenced by resource abundance.
Toughening of high strength cementitious matrix reinforced by discontinuous short fibers

Abstract High strength cementitious materials are more brittle than conventional cement-based materials. The brittleness of high strength cementitious materials can be reduced by using fibers. Toughening of high strength cementitious matrices reinforced by discontinuous short fibers is studied in this paper using nonlinear fracture mechanics. An R-curve-based approach is proposed to describe the matrix toughening due to fiber reinforcement. The effect of fiber bridging is modeled by a closing pressure which depends on length, diameter, and volume fraction of fibers, and the fiber-matrix interfacial bond. Results predicted by the proposed R-curve approach match quite well with experimental data from different studies. It is found that use of fibers in relatively high volume fractions not only reduces the brittle natuer of high strength cemenitious matrices, but also increases the maximum matrix strength.
Self-modelocked Cr/sup 3+/ doped colquiriite lasers

Cr/sup 3+/:LiCaAlF/sub 6/ self-mode locked lasers producing stable fs pulses inside or outside laser cavity. >
GENERAL ALGORITHMS FOR TESTING THE AMBIGUITY OF FINITE AUTOMATA AND THE DOUBLE-TAPE AMBIGUITY OF FINITE-STATE TRANSDUCERS

We present efficient algorithms for testing the finite, polynomial, and exponential ambiguity of finite automata with e-transitions. We give an algorithm for testing the exponential ambiguity of an automaton A in time , and finite or polynomial ambiguity in time , where |A|E denotes the number of transitions of A. These complexities significantly improve over the previous best complexities given for the same problem. Furthermore, the algorithms presented are simple and based on a general algorithm for the composition or intersection of automata. Additionally, we give an algorithm to determine in time the degree of polynomial ambiguity of a polynomially ambiguous automaton A and present an application of our algorithms to an approximate computation of the entropy of a probabilistic automaton. We also study the double-tape ambiguity of finite-state transducers. We show that the general problem is undecidable and that it is NP-hard for acyclic transducers. We present a specific analysis of the double-tape ambiguity of transducers with bounded delay. In particular, we give a characterization of double-tape ambiguity for synchronized transducers with zero delay that can be tested in quadratic time and give an algorithm for testing the double-tape ambiguity of transducers with bounded delay.
The effects of the plasminogen pathway on scar tissue formation.

Objectives/Hypothesis: The authors sought to determine the role of the plasminogen pathway in wound healing. They hypothesized that decreased fibrin degradation may lead to increased collagen deposition. Presuming that the degree of histopathological abnormality correlates with the aesthetic appearance of the scar, we conducted a study that attempted to determine the histopathological appearance of scar tissue in mice with and without impaired function of the plasminogen pathway. Study Design: Mice with and without deficiencies in the plasminogen pathway underwent surgery. The role of the plasminogen pathway in wound healing was studied by analysis of scar tissue formation using the methods described. Methods: A 2-cm incision was made on the dorsum of mice with and without specified genetic deficiencies in the plasminogen pathway. After the animals were killed, the tissue was harvested, fixed, and prepared using hematoxylin and eosin as well as trichrome stains. Histopathological analysis and scoring were performed by two separate investigators in a blinded manner. Student's t test was used to determine statistical significance between groups. Results: A statistically significant difference in collagen orientation was noted between mice with impaired plasminogen pathway function and the wild-type (control) group (P = .0163). A statistical trend toward improved wound healing for plasminogen-deficient mice was found for overall histomorphological score (P = .0706). Conclusion: The role of the plasminogen pathway in wound healing is one that should be noted and may lead to the development of new therapies that reduce scar tissue formation. Hence, the role of other thrombolytic and anti-thrombolytic agents in wound healing should be further investigated to precisely identify agents that play the most significant role in scar tissue formation.
Enduring issues of police culture and demographics

I address two issues about police and policing that David Sklansky has raised in two important papers one (as yet unpublished) on what he calls ‘the police subculture schema’ (Sklansky 2007); the other about the impact of the new demographics of law enforcement (Sklansky 2006). The two are clearly related in the following questions: What aspects of police culture are enduring? How and in what ways has police culture been impacted by the new demographics? Have the new demographics increased police relations with the black and brown communities?
Model of banding in diffusive and convective regimes during directional solidification of peritectic systems

The formation of banded microstructure in peritectic systems is examined theoretically in both diffusive and convective regimes. A rigorous model is developed in the diffusive regime that describes the non-steady-state growth of alternate solid α and β phase bands with a planar solid-liquid interface. The model is extended to incorporate the effect of convection by assuming that solute diffusion takes place within a boundary layer of constant thickness, with a uniform composition in the mixed liquid zone outside this layer. The model predicts that convection effects in a semi-infinite sample narrow the composition range over which extended banding can occur, and the spacing of bands is reduced compared to the diffusive growth model. In a finite length sample, convection is shown to lead only to the transient formation of bands. In this transient banding regime, only a few bands with a variable width are formed, and this transient banding process can occur over a wide range of compositions inside the two-phase peritectic region. Directional solidification studies in the Pb-Bi system show transient bands and agree qualitatively with these predictions. However, the basic mechanisms of band formation observed in this system is found to be significantly different from the one assumed in the model. A new mechanisms of banding is proposed in which continuous growth of both phases is present instead of nucleation at the boundary of the pre-existing phase. This mechanism yields an oscillatory structure with a shorter spatial periodicity than the band spacing predicted by the purely diffusive or boundary layer convective models.
Ascertainment of 21-Hydroxylase Deficiency in Individuals with HLA-B14 Haplotype

21-Hydroxylase activity was measured in North American Caucasian individuals with the HLA-B14 antigen to estimate the frequency of heterozygosity for the attenuated congenital adrenal hyperplasia trait. A 30-min iv ACTH stimulation test was administered to 9 normal HLA-Bl4-positive subjects and to a comparable HLA-Bl4-negative control group. Changes in plasma progesterone and 17-hydroxyprogesterone over 30 min were summed and expressed as a combined rate of rise. Six of 9 HLA-Bl4-positive individuals had a rate of rise greater than 2 SD above the mean control value. On this basis, about two thirds of B-14-positive individuals are heterozygote carriers for 21-hydroxylase deficiency. Thus, the frequency of the attenuated form of congenital adrenal hyperplasia linked to the HLA-B14 locus in women is approximately 1 in 6000 if there is only 1 B14, and 1 in 2000 if there are 2 Bl4s in the HLA type.
Neurologic Complications Resulting From Malpositioned or Malfunctioning Central Venous Catheters

Abstract Vascular access devices, particularly the central venous catheter, experience widespread use in the neonatal intensive care unit and facilitate care for critically and chronically ill neonates. The low profile for serious complications associated with these devices make them particularly appealing. Neurologic symptoms associated with central venous catheters inserted into leg veins are being increasingly reported. Many of these reports highlight concern for accurate and timely identification of catheter malposition into the ascending lumbar vein and the level of expertise of clinicians in conducting an accurate assessment. The etiology of this complication, signs and symptoms, and prevention measures will be outlined.
Meat Yield of Broilers of Different Breeds, Strains and Crosses

Abstract GROWTH of the broiler industry has stimulated the breeding of poultry for meat producing qualities. Consumers are interested in the amount of edible meat obtained, processors are interested in dressing and eviscerating yields and the breeders are interested in the production of a bird that satisfies both and does it efficiently. Several workers have reported dressed and eviscerated yields of broilers. In reports by Jull and Maw (1923); Lowe (1941); Jull et al. (1943); Essary et al. (1951); and Jaap et al. (1950) the dressed yields ranged from 85 to 90 percent of live weight and eviscerated yields varied from 65 to 75 percent of live weight. Reports by Brown and Bean (1952) and Broadbent and Bean (1952) give an edible yield of 48.5 percent of live weight for fryers and 54.7 percent for roasters. This increase in yield with increase in age and size confirms the work of McNally …