cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Correlations between leading protons and large-transverse-momentum particles and between leading protons and massive lepton pairs in the quark-parton model

Correlations between leading protons produced in proton collisions and large-${p}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}$ particles and between leading protons and massive lepton pairs are studied using the quark-parton model. The leading-proton production is described according to a valence-quark-recombination mechanism, large-${p}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}$ jets are produced by the hard scattering of quark-partons, and lepton pairs are produced according to the Drell-Yan mechanism. The predictions of the quark-recombination mechanism agree well with leading proton, neutron, and $\ensuremath{\Lambda}$ hyperon distributions in low-${p}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}$ events. The predicted correlations between leading protons and large-${p}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}$ particles agree well with recent experimental data. Strong correlations are also predicted between leading protons and massive lepton pairs. The further experimental and theoretical study of such correlations is expected to contribute to the confirmation or exclusion of proposed production mechanisms.
The electronic structure of Lu

Abstract The electronic structure of hcp Lu has been calculated using a linearized augmented plane wave (LAPW) method and the Hedin-Lundqvist local density approximation for exchange and correlation. Although complete self-consistency was hindered by the proximity of the 4f levels to the Fermi energy, the valence bands were converged and the calculation yielded a Fermi surface remarkably similar to that calculated by Keeton and Loucks. Comparison is made with recent de Haas-van Alphen and neutron magnetic form factor experiments.
Experience of loneliness by obese individuals.

The present study assessed the relationship between obesity and reported loneliness. The subjects, 68 obese and 64 nonobese individuals, were administered the Revised UCLA Loneliness Scale. Obese s...
Brownian Dynamics Simulation of the Dynamics of Stretched DNA

DNA is a long flexible polymer and is involved in several fundamental cellular processes such as transcription, replication and chromosome packaging. These processes induce forces and torques in the DNA which deform it. These deformations in turn affect the structure and function of DNA. However, understanding of the dynamic response of DNA to the various forces that act on it is still far from complete. Several experiments have been carried out to study these responses most of which use a micron sized magnetic bead attached to the DNA molecule to both manipulate it and to observe its dynamics. One limitation of this approach is that the dynamics of the DNA molecule has mostly been characterized “indirectly” by observing the dynamics of the magnetic bead. It is also reasonable to expect that, because of the size of the bead relative to that of the DNA, the magnetic bead dynamics will obscure that of the DNA. We adapt existing coarse-grained Brownian dynamics models of DNA to develop a model capable of representing the dynamics of DNA without any of the artifacts inherent to the experiments. This model accounts for bending, torsion, extension, electrostatics, hydrodynamics and the random thermal forces acting on DNA in an electrolyte solution. We then carry out Brownian dynamics simulations with our model to benchmark with well established theoretical results of a stretched polymer in solution. Finally, we employ our model to predict the relaxation time scale for single molecule experiments which sets the framework for future studies in which we plan to further shed light on the dynamics of DNA over long length and time scales.© 2014 ASME
Single-peaked self-induced transparency pulses in a degenerate resonant medium☆

Abstract We obtained new analytic closed form solutions for distortionless propagation of ultra-short optical pulses through a resonant medium with overlapping Q ( j ) transitions for j =2. The steady-state pulse shape of this solution has only one peak. Both 2π and 0π solutions are obtained.
Radial Stress Formula for Curved Beams

Etude d'une poutre avec une courbure initiale et chargee par des forces, qui agissent dans son plan
Economic Adversity and Depressive Symptoms in Mothers: Do Marital Status and Perceived Social Support Matter?

Over the past decade there has been increasing interest in the idea that marriage and perhaps other forms of interpersonal support can buffer the negative effects of poverty. The current study tests the hypothesis that marital status, perceived social support and neighborhood collective efficacy can moderate the effects of economic adversity on depressive symptoms among parents. Hierarchical Linear Modeling was used to analyze data from the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods. Participants were 1,957 mothers of minor children. Analysis of main effects revealed associations between neighborhood SES (β = −0.69, SE (0.15), p < .001), family income (β = −0.11, SE (0.05), p = .02) financial strain (β = 0.51, SE (0.18), p = .004), being single (β = 0.63, SE (0.24), p = .009) and perceived social support (β = −0.22, SE (0.03), p < .001) on depressive symptoms. The hypothesis that interpersonal resources can buffer the effects of economic adversity was not supported. There were no significant interactions between marital status and economic adversity. There was a significant interaction between perceived social support and neighborhood level socioeconomic status (β = −0.07, SE (0.03), p = .04) but the effects of social support were weakest in neighborhoods characterized by low socioeconomic status.
On the beam and shell modes of buckling of buried pipelines

The paper identifies and analyzes the so-called ‘beam’ and ‘shell’ modes of buckling of buried pipelines. Such failures have occurred as a result of compressive loads induced to pipelines by large ground movements in seismically active areas. In the beam mode of buckling, the pipeline tears through the ground and lifts off in a characteristic Ω configuration. The shell mode of buckling is a more localized failure characteristic of shell type structures. The two types of instability are simulated numerically using appropriate nonlinear kinematics, inelastic material behaviour and approximate modelling of the soil-structure interaction mechanisms. Parametric sensitivity studies are presented. It is demonstrated that initial geometric imperfections can strongly influence the critical loads and strains of both types of instability. Conditions under which the two modes of buckling interact are also discussed.
Radiosynthesis of a 11C-labelled benzodiazepine receptor agonist: 1-[11C]alprazolam

Abstract The benzodiazepine receptor agonist, alprazolam ( 3 ) has been successfully labelled with carbon-11 in a metabolically stable position. Reaction of the amidrazone, 7-chloro-5-phenyl-3H-1,4-benzodiazepine-2-yl hydrazine ( 1 ), with 1-[ 11 C]acetyl chloride followed by pyrolysis of the resulting 1-acetyl-hydrazine 2 afforded the title compound 1-[ 11 C]alprazolam in 43–65% yield, in 40–55 min at specific activities of 0.93–2.18 Ci/μmol. The straightforward synthesis herein reported lends itself well to a useful remote controlled synthesis.
Laparoscopic repair of paraesophageal hernia. New access, old technique.

Large paraesophageal hernias are generally repaired by reduction of the stomach into the abdomen, sac excision, crural closure, and gastropexy or fundoplication. After gaining experience performing laparoscopic repair of sliding hiatal hernias and Nissen fundoplication we combined laparoscopic access with traditional surgical technique in treating patients with complex paraesophageal hernias.
Highly sensitive and selective oligonucleotide sensor for sickle cell disease gene using photon upconverting nanoparticles

We report the design of an oligonucleotide sensor for the detection of point mutation associated with sickle cell disease. The sensor was based on luminescence resonance energy transfer between a donor and an acceptor. Photon upconverting nanoparticles (NaYF4 doped with Yb3+ and Er3+) were used as the donor and a conventional fluorophore, N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyl-6-carboxyrhodamine (TAMRA), as the acceptor. The sensor could detect the perfectly matched target, in the background of the mismatched target or other oligonucleotides of random sequences. The detection limit of this sensor towards perfectly matched target was calculated to be 120 femtomoles, with no photobleaching. Oligonucleotide sensors of such design demonstrate high sensitivity and specificity.
Cohesive Crack Models for Cement Mortar Examined Using Finite‐Element Analysis and Laser Holographic Measurements

Unlike classically brittle materials, concrete and mortar toughen as cracks propagate. One of the methods to account for this quasi-brittle response is to use cohesive crack models. Closing pressure, which is assumed to be a function of crack-opening displacement, is applied on the crack faces in such models. In this paper, measurements of crack-opening profiles by laser holography were used to examine the various closing-pressure models. An iterative process based on linear elastic finite-element analysis with singular elements was used to compute crack profiles when the closing pressure was applied to the crack faces. The predicted crack profiles were compared with the experimental values for evaluation. The validity of the assumption of eliminating crack tip singularity was studied. A crack-length-dependent cohesive model is proposed based on experimental measurements of the crack profile.
Image-directed percutaneous biopsy. A comparison of cytologic and histologic findings.

BACKGROUND Image-directed biopsies may be collected as histologic or cytologic specimens. METHODS In 34 patients, the results of aspiration cytologic examination were compared prospectively with core tissue biopsy findings obtained and diagnosed independently using the same image-guided procedure. RESULTS Cytologic examination disclosed 22 patients with positive or suspicious findings of malignancy; there was one false-suspicious result. Seventeen patients with such results were discovered by examining the core biopsy specimens. Cytologic findings also were more definitive in diagnosing malignancy. Those in whom an immediate interpretation could be done were more likely to have adequate cytologic specimens (88%) than those without (62%). One to five passes were done, but all 21 patients with definitive findings of either benign or malignant by cytologic examination underwent three or fewer passes. The three patients with positive biopsy results, but less definitive cytologic findings, all underwent only one cytologic pass. CONCLUSIONS Therefore, it was concluded that cytologic examination is more sensitive and definitive than biopsy in diagnosing lesions using image guidance. Immediate interpretation and/or multiple passes increase the diagnostic yield. However, more than three aspiration cytologic passes appear to yield diminishing returns.
A Strategy for Neighborhood Decline and Regrowth Forging the French Connection

This paper examines neighborhood decline and takes up the larger issue of formulating a strategy for regrowth. A case study of Marseille France highlights this strategy along with possible criteria for policy transfer to American cities. The strategy is designated by the author as High-Intensity Concentrated Area Development (HICAD). The HICAD strategy differs from those used in the United States and employs five basic ideas--selection, pressure, magnification (connectivity), leverage and a holistic perspective. HICAD proved to be transformative in Marseille. Over the course of 15 years it brought back densities, increased employment, rebuilt infrastructure and renewed a community. HICAD is also portable and may be used in conjunction with other strategies currently applied in American cities. Notwithstanding these benefits the strategy gives rise to issues of social equity. The French experience also enables us to understand that urban decline may differ in cause and consequence. Accordingly the strategic responses will also vary.
Cross-regulation between colocalized nicotinic acetylcholine and 5-HT3 serotonin receptors on presynaptic nerve terminals.

Aim: Substantial colocalization of functionally independent α4 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and 5-HT 3 serotonin receptors on presynaptic terminals has been observed in brain. The present study was aimed at addressing whether nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and 5-HT 3 serotonin receptors interact on the same presynaptic terminal, suggesting a convergence of cholinergic and serotonergic regulation. Methods: Ca 2+ responses in individual, isolated nerve endings purified from rat striatum were measured using confocal imaging. Results: Application of 500 nmol/L nicotine following sustained stimulation with the highly selective 5-HT 3 receptor agonist m -chlorophenylbiguanide at 100 nmol/L resulted in markedly reduced Ca 2+ responses (28% of control) in only those striatal nerve endings that originally responded to m -chlorophenylbiguanide. The cross-regulation developed over several minutes. Presynaptic nerve endings that had not responded to m -chlorophenylbiguanide, indicating that 5-HT 3 receptors were not present, displayed typical responses to nicotine. Application of m -chlorophenylbiguanide following sustained stimulation with nicotine resulted in partially attenuated Ca 2+ responses (49% of control). Application of m -chlorophenylbiguanide following sustained stimulation with m -chlorophenylbiguanide also resulted in a strong attenuation of Ca 2+ responses (12% of control), whereas nicotine-induced Ca 2+ responses following sustained stimulation with nicotine were not significantly different from control. Conclusion: These results indicate that the presynaptic Ca 2+ increases evoked by either 5-HT 3 receptor or nicotinic acetylcholine receptor activation regulate subsequent responses to 5-HT 3 receptor activation, but that only 5-HT 3 receptors cross-regulate subsequent nicotinic acetylcholine receptor-mediated responses. The findings suggest a specific interaction between the two receptor systems in the same striatal nerve terminal, likely involving Ca 2+ -dependent intracellular pathways that regulate these signaling systems at one or more levels.
The isolation and characterization of glutamine-requiring strains of Escherichia coli K12

Mutants of Escherichia coli K12 requiring glutamine as a nitrogen source were isolated, and characterized as lacking glutamine synthetase activity. Temperature sensitive revertants of one of the mutants had a heat labile glutamine synthetase, while temperature insensitive revertants had a glutamine synthetase which was thermostable in vitro, indicating that the mutation was in the structural gene for the enzyme. All of the mutations mapped in the same region of the chromosome suggesting that they might all be in the same gene. The glutamine synthetase gene (gln) was located on the E. coli chromosome by conjugation and P1-mediated transduction at minute 77. The gln gene cotransduced with the genes for oleate degradation (old), and the genes for L-rhamnose utilization (rha). The most probable gene order is old-gln-rha.
Connectionist learning systems for control

This paper discusses the application of connectionist learning systems (e. g. artificial neural networks) in the design and implementation of automatic feedback control systems. The benefits of this approach are primarily realized in applica- Uons involving nonlinear dynamical systems. For such problems connectionist learning systems may be used advantageously to: (i) facilitate the control system design and tuning process (ii) improve performance by reducing delays that might otherwise be associated with gain or parameter adaptation and (iii) improve robustness by providing an on-line capability for accommodating some unmodeled dynamics (e. g. nonlinear and time-varying behavior). Several control architectures and connectionist learning systems are described. Preliminry experimental results are also presented. 1.
Sexuality and Spousal Support Among Women with Advanced Breast Cancer

: This study examines the relationships of mood, age, living with a spouse, and time elapsed since diagnosis of first recurrence to sexual interest. Seventy-two women with metastatic breast cancer and 26 of their spouses were recruited through their oncologists. Women and their spouses were administered a battery of measures designed to assess psychosocial and medical variables. Eighty-three percent of the women and 100% of the spouses indicated that sexual pleasure was something they wanted to experience; however, only 25% of the women indicating this interest and only 19% of the spouses reported that it had been easy for them to experience sexual pleasure. For patients, living with a spouse was significantly associated with being interested in experiencing sexual pleasure [p <.05]. Patients with lower mood disturbance were significantly more able to experience sexual pleasure than those with high mood disturbance scores [p <.05]. Ability to experience sexual pleasure was significantly and positively correlated between patients and their spouses (r=.56, p <.01). Sexuality is an important aspect of quality of life for metastatic breast cancer patients and their spouses. Further research is needed to examine psychosocial factors that affect sexuality for this population.
Infrared Emission Spectra of Organic Solids from 5 to 6.6 Microns.

The emission spectra of thin layers of a number of organic solids have been studied from 5 to 6.6 µ in the infrared to determine if there are specific emission characteristics that would allow identification of such solids as organic. This was the case only for very thin films with strong absorption bands.
Commentary on ‘Interventions for infantile haemangiomas (strawberry birthmarks) of the skin’

This is a commentary on a Cochrane review, published in this issue of EBCH, first published as: Leonardi-Bee J, Batta K, O'Brien C, Bath-Hextall FJ. Interventions for infantile haemangiomas (strawberry birthmarks) of the skin. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2011, Issue 5. Art. No.: CD006545. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD006545.pub2. Further information for this Cochrane review is available in this issue of EBCH in the accompanying Summary article. Copyright © 2012 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. The Cochrane Collaboration
Occurrence of juvenile Atlantic sturgeon,Acipenser oxyrhynchus, in the upper tidal Delaware River

Eighty-nine juvenile Atlantic sturgeon,Acipenser oxyrhynchus oxyrhynchus, including 10 recaptures, were collected, tagged and released in the upper tidal Delaware River between July 1981 and December 1984. All were captured in the river channel between Roebling and Trenton, New Jersey, using bottom-set experimental gill nets during daylight hours. The species was present from July through December and collected in increased numbers in the past two years. The fork lengths ranged from 284 to 862 mm (mean±SD = 516 mm±106 mm) and the weights from 140 to 4,250 g (mean±SD = 1,369 g±815 g). Ten juvenile Atlantic sturgeon were recaptured between September 1983 and December 1984 and were at large from one to 418 d. Recapture data suggest that these sturgeon utilize this area annually from July through December, possibly as a nursery. Juvenile Atlantic sturgeon appear to utilize the upper tidal portion of the Delaware River for a much longer period of time and at lower temperatures than in other river systems.
Rockwell automation agents for manufacturing

The paper provides an overview of the agent-based solutions developed by the Rockwell Automation company for the purposes of industrial control. Using agent-based manufacturing control, a higher degree of flexibility and reconfigurability of manufacturing solutions as well as higher robustness of the industrial systems can be achieved. Specific solutions connected with the proposed agent architecture, with implementation of the real-time control agents as well as with the information transfer among the SW agents and the real-time agents in a Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) are presented. Attention is also paid to the simulation of both the agent-based manufacturing facilities and their control systems. A simulation environment MAST for material handling systems has been implemented in JADE. The opportunity to re-use directly the simulation software on the agent control level is one of the most important features of MAST.
A space efficient algorithm for the constrained heaviest common subsequence problem

Let Σ be an alphabet. For each letter in Σ a positive weight is assigned to it. The weight of a string S over Σ is defined as the sum of the weights of the letters in S. For two strings X, Y, and a constrained string P over an alphabet Σ, the constrained heaviest common subsequence problem for two strings X and Y with respect to P is to find a sequence Z such that Z is the heaviest, i.e., having the largest weight, common subsequence for X and Y and P is a subsequence of Z. In this paper an O(|X||Y||Z|) time and O((|X|+|Y|)|P|) space algorithm for the constrained heaviest common subsequence problem of two strings is presented, where |X|, |Y|, and |P| denote the lengths of string X, Y, P, respectively.
Generating manifold samples from a handwritten word

Abstract This paper describes a framework for generating variant samples of a handwritten cursive string based on Hollerbach's Oscillation Theory of Handwriting. A single cursive word is analyzed. Significant features of the word are extracted from the velocity profile of the pen movement. These features are used to generate several samples of the same word. The proposed framework for sample generation can be applied only to continuous cursive strings.
Retardation of Dredged Material Leachate in Foundation Soils

Contaminated dredged material is often placed in confined disposal facilities (CDFs) designed and managed to control environmental impacts of the disposed sediment. This note presents equations for use in a screening procedure to evaluate the impact of a CDF on groundwater. The hydrologic evaluation of leachate production and quality model was used to simulate leachate production and transport through the foundation considering a range of foundation soil characteristics and contaminant properties. The model results were used to develop predictive equations of contaminant attenuation and travel time in the foundation soils. When used with equations to predict dispersion in the aquifer, contaminant exposures at receptor locations can be predicted, which is essential in leachate screening applications. The approach does not consider degradation or permanent sequestration of contaminants. Therefore, the procedure is conservative in that it may overestimate actual leachate concentrations and underestimate actual travel times.
Homogeneity results for invariant distributions of a reductive p-adic group

Abstract Let k denote a complete nonarchimedean local field with finite residue field. Let G be the group of k-rational points of a connected reductive linear algebraic group defined over k. Subject to some conditions, we establish a range of validity for the Harish-Chandra–Howe local expansion for characters of admissible irreducible representations of G. Subject to some restrictions, we also verify two analogues of this result.
Shape control of inorganic materials via electrodeposition.

Recently developed strategies and conditions to provide rational control of inorganic crystal growth via electrodeposition are presented with a specific focus on the systematic tuning of crystal habit and the regulation of branching growth. Precise morphology control is critical to investigate the effect that a material's morphologies have on physical and chemical properties in a methodical manner. Understanding shape–property relationships is essential for both fundamental understanding and technological application of solid-state materials.
MO‐D‐ValB‐07: Comparison of Inline and Orthogonal Imaging and Treatment Beam Geometries for Monitoring the Motion of Implanted Markers

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate the accuracy of different 2D methods monitoring implanted markers, compared to 3D method for real‐time tumor tracking radiotherapy. The different imaging‐treatment beam geometries were the imaging beam parallel to treatment beam (inline) and orthogonal to treatment beam. Method and Materials: The 3D motion datasets of ten patients from Cyberknife treatments were used. For given beam angles, the positions of implanted markers were calculated and its geometric uncertainty was quantified for two 2D monitoring methods. Since neither can monitor the motion of markers in the imaging beam axis, the geometric errors were determined in that direction with respect to the treatment beam. Assuming that 3D pre‐treatment online positioning was performed and thus errors are predominantly random, treatment margins due to the limitations of 2D methods were quantified. For the orthogonal monitoring, margin, M=1.65σ, was used with the assumption of zero systematic errors; while for the inline, the required margin can be calculated by integrating the probability density function of the geometric uncertainty with the dose falloff along the beam direction. Results: In terms of couch motion, the positioning uncertainty is lowest for coplanar treatments, consistent with predominantly superior‐inferior motion. Regarding gantry angles, it is lowest for lateral beams, consistent with the smallest left‐right motion. The average positioning uncertainty along the imaging beam axis is 0.05–0.16cm (1 SD) with maximum values for individual patients ranging 0.09–0.33cm, which result in 0.08–0.26cm margins for orthogonal monitoring.Conclusion: The impact of the geometric relationship between the imaging and treatment beam has been studied by quantifying the error from out of plane motion for inline and orthogonal imaging‐treatment geometries. The errors for inline geometry result in negligible additional margin required. In the absence of other errors, the orthogonal monitoring contributes up to 0.26cm to the total margin.
SU-E-T-219: A Free and Open Source DICOM Solution: DicomPack.

Purpose: DicomPack aims to provide a Perl DICOM library to isolate DICOM complexity and facilitate creation of DICOM applications. Methods: DicomPack was initially designed for research projects to process and exchange radiotherapymedical images and treatment plans among research institutions, as well as between treatment planning systems and Open Radiological Archiving and Communication System (ORACS) research database. DicomPack uses an extensible internal data structure to store any encoded information observing DICOM's tag/element structure. Therefore, DicomPack either populates a data structure by DICOM information or converts a populated data structure into DICOM format. In this way, DicomPack creates a DICOM file either from scratch or using an existing DICOM template upfront. And this design also enables DicomPack to handle nested sequence data and multi‐frame images easily. Along with DicomPack∷IO, DicomPack∷Network provides a comprehensive solution of exchanging DICOM information through DIMSE (DICOM Message Service) protocol. Its callback plugin design provides a universal interface to all DIMSE commands (DIMSE‐C and DIMSE‐N). Each time a new DIMSE command needs to be implemented, users only need to provide callback procedures to answer some basic questions, such as where to retrieve/store DICOM information. In addition, DicomPack provides examples, e.g., DicomDumper, DicomAnonymizer, DicomStore, under DicomPack∷Util to demonstrate how to develop DICOM applications through DicomPack. Results: Conclusions: DicomPack is a pure Perl package, which means DicomPack only has dependency on core Perl functions. As free software, DicomPack can be redistributed and/or modified as Perl. The easiest way to install DicomPack is through cpan.org (Comprehensive Perl Archive Network). However, DicomPack is in no way intended to to interpret DICOM information and/or enforce DICOM conformance, which will be up to application developers.
Molecular modeling of xanthan: Galactomannan interactions

Abstract X-ray diffraction patterns from stretched fibers of xanthan, guaran and the complex between the two are indicative of good orientation and reasonable crystallinity. The ordered structures of xanthan and guaran appear to be a 5-fold helix of pitch 47.4A˚and a 2-fold helix of pitch 10.3A˚, respectively. The diffraction pattern of the complex is a hybrid of those of the individual components. Both xanthan and guaran in the complex may adopt cellulose-like helices having a slightly longer pitch of 10.5A˚and form a non-coaxial duplex. Alternately, the complex may adopt a xanthan-like, coaxial, 5-fold, double helix in which one strand is xanthan and the other is guaran. The association of a pair of these hybrid helices can take place by direct cross linking of the car☐ylate groups in the side chains of xanthan by divalent ions. The morphologies of these arrangements have now been visualized by computer modeling.
Blake Drains: A Novel Method of Chest Drainage After Extracardiac Fontan Operation With Autologous Pericardium

Background Pleural effusions after Fontan palliation remain a cause of increased length of stay, cost, and morbidity. We report our experience with Blake drains (BDs) and the outpatient pediatric pleural drain pathway after Fontan operation. Methods A retrospective chart review was performed on all patients who underwent extracardiac lateral tunnel (ECLT) Fontan operation with pedicled autologous pericardium. Patients with prolonged pleural drainage were analyzed for predisposing factors. Results From March 1995 to December 2009, 162 patients (92 male, 56.8%) underwent ECLT Fontan operation. The median age at the time of Fontan operation was 30.9 months; the median weight was 12.9 kg. The median hospital stay was 4 days, and the median pleural drain requirement was 13 days. Prolonged pleural effusions occurred in 59 patients (36.4%), with prolonged cardiopulmonary bypass time identified as the only significant risk factor ( p = 0.04). Sixty patients (37%) were readmitted within 30 days of operation, with effusion requiring additional pleural drainage (n = 41, 68.3%), infection (n = 8, 13.3%), or a combination of the two (n = 3, 5%) being the most common reason. There were two early deaths, neither of which was associated with BD malfunction. The BD clinical pathway for ECLT Fontan operation reduced our institutional cost to about $38,000 per patient, which represents a significant savings compared with traditional management with extended hospital stay after Fontan operation. Conclusions Silicone BDs are safe and effective after ECLT Fontan operation. Hospital length of stay and cost can be significantly decreased when these drains are used with appropriate family involvement and close outpatient surveillance.
In vitro sonoluminescence and sonochemistry studies with an electrohydraulic shock-wave lithotripter.

Abstract Sonoluminescence and sonochemistry from a cavitation field generated by an electrohydraulic shock-wave lithotripter were investigated as functions of spark discharge voltage (13 to 21 kV) and pulse-repetition frequency (PRF) (0.5 to 2.0 Hz). Sonochemical activity, measured with an iodide dosimeter, increased with both voltage and PRF. Sonoluminescence was measured in an acoustically matched light-tight box. The envelope of the light intensity was measured in a temporally gated region extending from the initial arrival of the shock wave (resulting in bubble compression) to the final inertial collapse of the bubble cloud, which follows hundreds of μs after passage of the shock wave. The initial compression resulted in greater sonoluminescence emissions, suggesting that the initial bubble compression due to the leading positive pressure spike from the lithotripter generated higher temperatures than the inertial collapse of the bubble. These unexpected results are consistent with some recent calculations in which the vapor pressure of the liquid limits compressional heating. (E-mail: matula@apl.washington.edu)
Having a BLAST: a bioinformatics project in CS2

DNA analysis is a subject that is in the news almost every day, whether it be a new advance in medical research, a criminal trial, or some other application. BLAST (Basic Local Alignment Search Tool) is an important tool used by biologists worldwide to compare DNA and protein sequences and to infer functional and evolutionary relationships between them. This paper presents a project for CS2 based on BLAST. The primary goal for this project is to provide an interesting, real-world application that reinforces the data structures and algorithms presented in CS2. This project also demonstrates object-oriented design techniques, and introduces computer science students to the new field of bioinformatics.
The ongoing dialog between empirical science and measurement theory

Abstract This review article attempts to highlight from my personal perspective some of the major developments in the representational theory of measurement during the past 50 years. Emphasis is placed on the ongoing interplay between the development of abstract theory and the attempts to apply it to empirically testable phenomena. The article has four major sections. The first concerns classical representational measurement, which was the successful attempt to formulate the major measurement methods of classical physics: extensive and additive conjoint structures, their distributive interlock in dimensional analysis, and intensive (averaging) structures. The second illustrates a nontrivial behavioral example using both extensive and conjoint measurement plus functional equations to arrive at rank- and sign-dependent utility (also called cumulative prospect) representations for decision making under risk. The third section, contemporary representational measurement, somewhat overlaps the classical one but includes new findings and approaches: representations of nonadditive concatenation and conjoint structures; a general theory of scale types; results for general, finitely unique, homogeneous structures; structures that are homogeneous between singular points; generalized distributive triples; and a generalization of dimensional analysis to include any ratio scalable attribute; and the concept of meaningfulness. The final section concerns applications of the latter ideas to psychophysical scaling and merging functions
Compact Modeling Methodology of Strained-Si Channel-on-Insulator (SSOI) MOSFETs

Compact physical models for SSOI MOSFETs are presented. The models consider specific features for strained-Si devices including SSOI such as mobility enhancement, band offsets, junction capacitance, and self-heating effects. All of the floating-body current components in conventional SOI structure, which are generation/recombination current, reverse-bias (band-to-band and trap-assisted) junction tunneling currents, gate-induced drain leakage current, gatebody oxide tunneling current, and impact ionization current are applied to the SSOI device, and their effects are discussed. The model validity is confirmed by fabricated 70 nm bulk-Si (control) and strained-Si devices.
Segregation of Copper in Dilute Aluminum - Copper Alloys for Interconnects

It is well known that the resistance to electromigration of aluminum-based interconnects is enhanced by alloying with copper. The mechanism is thought to involve the segregation of copper to the grain boundaries. The copper concentration at grain boundaries has been measured in well annealed alloys, with the compositions Al-0.5wt% Cu and Al-2wt%Cu using a VG HB5 STEM. The grain structure was stabilized by an anneal at 673K for one hour and the grain boundaries were loaded with copper by an anneal for 90 hours at 503K. It was found that the copper concentration varied from boundary to boundary. With the assumption that the copper was concentrated in a single layer the saturation concentration of copper was found to be in the range 0.025 to 0.25. This corresponds to an enhancement of the copper concentration relative to that in the grain interiors by a factor in the range between 3 and 30. The higher value approaches the copper concentration which would correspond to a monolayer of theta phase. Extensive surface segregation, amounting to a monolayer equivalent was also detected.
Monistic Visions and Colonial Consciousness: Ernst Haeckel's Indische Reisebriefe

As Ernst Haeckel (1834–1919), Germany’s leading proponent of Darwin’s theories of evolution during the latter half of the nineteenth century, set off on his Bildungsreise to the East in the fall of 1881, his hopes and dreams of finding new scientific truths in the data of exploration were expressed in terminology echoing his emerging monistic Weltanschauung, in which all material forms are seen as constituted by a soul (Geist), by a single creative principle. His report, collected as the Indische Reisebriefe (1882),1 depicts the experiences of his journey through the Suez Canal, a week in Bombay, and several months in Ceylon, today’s Sri Lanka, and reflects his growing conviction that the sciences converge with other forms of empirical analysis. In the second half of the nineteenth century, evolving philosophical and scientific models, primarily Marxism and Darwinism, had begun to reshape the intellectual landscape – debates about human knowledge and its social and political repercussions became linked with the status and political agency of the academic community. Thus Haeckel’s trip to India occurs at a time of acute intellectual challenge, a challenge to those Enlightenment precepts to which he and others adamantly adhered. Yet Haeckel and others, such as Carus Sterne, Adolf Bastian, and Rudolf Virchow, were beginning to reconsider how to apply these precepts in this new era, beyond the kind of social exclusions that various scientific debates of the times showed were threatening the German university’s role as a continued force in Enlightenment, as discussed briefly in the first section of this article. As a result, Haeckel’s Indische Reisebriefe, though it rarely receives more than brief mention among biographers and critics, offers unique insight into how a major German intellectual projects his Enlightenment values. While Haeckel’s report exhibits many characteristics of the explorer thoroughly analyzed in Johannes Fabian’s work, this article emphasizes how Haeckel’s travel narrative projects an emerging German identity onto a foreign culture, a new “imagined community” that would purportedly allow for the evolution of reason and society rather than restricting it (Anderson).
Transmembrane protein structure: spin labeling of bacteriorhodopsin mutants

Transmembrane proteins serve important biological functions, yet precise information on their secondary and tertiary structure is very limited. The boundaries and structures of membrane-embedded domains in integral membrane proteins can be determined by a method based on a combination of site-specific mutagenesis and nitroxide spin labeling. The application to one polypeptide segment in bacteriorhodopsin, a transmembrane chromoprotein that functions as a light-driven proton pump is described. Single cysteine residues were introduced at 18 consecutive positions (residues 125 to 142). Each mutant was reacted with a specific spin label and reconstituted into vesicles that were shown to be functional. The relative collision frequency of each spin label with freely diffusing oxygen and membrane-impermeant chromium oxalate was estimated with power saturation EPR (electron paramagnetic resonance) spectroscopy. The results indicate that residues 129 to 131 form a short water-exposed loop, while residues 132 to 142 are membrane-embedded. The oxygen accessibility for positions 131 to 138 varies with a periodicity of 3.6 residues, thereby providing a striking demonstration of an alpha helix. The orientation of this helical segment with respect to the remainder of the protein was determined.
Self-guided clinical cases for medical students based on postmortem CT scans of cadavers

In the summer of 2009, we began full body computed tomography (CT) scanning of the pre-embalmed cadavers in the University of Michigan Medical School (UMMS) dissection lab. We theorized that implementing web-based, self-guided clinical cases based on postmortem CT (PMCT) scans would result in increased student appreciation for the clinical relevance of anatomy, increased knowledge of cross-sectional anatomy, and increased ability to identify common pathologies on CT scans. The PMCT scan of each cadaver was produced as a DICOM dataset, and then converted into a Quicktime movie file using Osirix software. Clinical cases were researched and written by the authors, and consist of at least one Quicktime movie of a PMCT scan surrounded by a novel navigation interface. To assess the value of these clinical cases we surveyed medical students at UMMS who are currently using the clinical cases in their coursework. Students felt the clinical cases increased the clinical relevance of anatomy (mean response 7.77/10), increased their confidence finding anatomical structures on CT (7.00/10), and increased their confidence recognizing common pathologies on CT (6.17/10). Students also felt these clinical cases helped them synthesize material from numerous courses into an overall picture of a given disease process (7.01/10). These results support the conclusion that our clinical cases help to show students why the anatomy they are learning is foundational to their other coursework. We would recommend the use of similar clinical cases to any medical school utilizing cadaver dissection as a primary teaching method in anatomy education.
Conceptual foundations of energy aware manufacturing

In this paper we define "Energy Aware Manufacturing (EAM)," as the "Manufacturing paradigm that concentrates on integrated optimal usage of energy in manufacturing right from material procurement to part disposal." The main emphasis of EAM is on an integrated optimal energy usage. The focus is to model energy related issues in the interactions between suppliers, production machines, part manufacturing and plant physical facilities. There is a need to develop quantitative models and information models and implementing a simulation test bed to accomplish the objective of EAM. In this paper, we develop a conceptual roadmap for accomplishing the objective of energy efficiency. We discuss the conceptual foundations of our approach.
Diagnostic Group Differences in Parent and Teacher Ratings on the BRIEF and Conners' Scales:

Objective: Behavioral rating scales are common instruments used in evaluations of ADHD and executive function. It is important to explore how different diagnostic groups perform on these measures, as this information can be used to provide criterion-related validity evidence for the measures. Method: Data from 92 children and adolescents were used to examine differences among participants in a No Diagnosis group, ADHD group, and Other Clinical group in terms of parent and teacher ratings on the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF) and Conners' Rating Scales Revised—Short Form. Results: Participants in the ADHD and Other Clinical groups generally received similar scores on the scales, and both groups were generally rated higher in ADHD characteristics and executive dysfunction than were participants in the No Diagnosis group. Conclusion: Although the measures were successful at distinguishing clinical from nonclinical participants, their ability to distinguish among different clinical gr...
Association between iron deficiency and blood lead level in a longitudinal analysis of children followed in an urban primary care clinic.

Abstract Objective To determine if iron deficiency (ID) is longitudinally associated with lead poisoning. Study design Blood lead levels, hemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), red cell distribution width (RDW), insurance status, and age were determined for 1275 children. ID was defined as MCV 14.5 if age was 14.5 if age was ≥2 years. Logistic regression models were constructed by using the second-visit blood lead levels dichotomized at ≥0.48 μm/L (10 μg/dL) as the outcome. Results The odds ratio (OR) for baseline ID predicting lead poisoning at the second visit was 4.12 (95% CI, 1.96-8.65). In the second model, using children who were iron-replete at both visits as the referent group, for children with ID at both visits, the OR for predicting lead poisoning at the second visit was 5.54 (95% CI, 2.25-13.62). For children with ID at the first visit and iron-replete at the second visit, the OR was 2.73 (95% CI, 0.90-8.27), and for children iron-replete at the first visit and ID at the second visit, the OR was 0.81 (95% CI, 0.10-6.30). Conclusions ID is associated with subsequent lead poisoning. These data are consistent with a biological mechanism of increased lead absorption among iron deficient children. (J Pediatr 2003;142:9-14)
Internal Variability in Projections of Twenty-First-Century Arctic Sea Ice Loss: Role of the Large-Scale Atmospheric Circulation

AbstractInternal variability in twenty-first-century summer Arctic sea ice loss and its relationship to the large-scale atmospheric circulation is investigated in a 39-member Community Climate System Model, version 3 (CCSM3) ensemble for the period 2000–61. Each member is subject to an identical greenhouse gas emissions scenario and differs only in the atmospheric model component's initial condition.September Arctic sea ice extent trends during 2020–59 range from −2.0 × 106 to −5.7 × 106 km2 across the 39 ensemble members, indicating a substantial role for internal variability in future Arctic sea ice loss projections. A similar nearly threefold range (from −7.0 × 103 to −19 × 103 km3) is found for summer sea ice volume trends.Higher rates of summer Arctic sea ice loss in CCSM3 are associated with enhanced transpolar drift and Fram Strait ice export driven by surface wind and sea level pressure patterns. Over the Arctic, the covarying atmospheric circulation patterns resemble the so-called Arctic dipole, ...
The labor-managed firm under production uncertainty

Abstract This paper analyzes the input choices of the labor-managed firm facing production uncertainty. We provide conditions sufficient to determine the comparative static effects of increases in risk aversion and increases in the riskiness of production. The results depend critically on the stochastic specification of the firm's production function. In particular, we show that a risk-averse producer may employ more labor than a risk-neutral producer, contrary to the result obtained in the previous literature.
Photoelectron spectroscopy studies of growth, alloying, and segregation for transition-metal films on tungsten (211)

High resolution soft x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy using synchrotron radiation and Auger-electron spectroscopy are used to study late-transition-metal films (Pt, Pd, Ir, Rh, Au,) on W(211). It is found that the films grow in a layer mode at 300 K. As a function of the film thickness, different 4f{sub 7/2} photoemission peaks are observed, corresponding to a single monolayer, to an interface layer, to bulk atoms and to surface atoms. Single physical monolayers of these late-transition metals on tungsten are stable against thermal rearrangement. In contrast, when multilayer films of Pd, Pt, Ir, Rh are annealed above 700-1000 K, tungsten atoms diffuse into the overlayer to form an alloy film. Gold constitutes a different case; upon annealing it does not alloy with tungsten but the metal in excess of one monolayer forms clusters. The evolution of the bimetallic systems as a function of coverage and annealing temperature is interpreted by analysis of intensities and shapes of the 4f{sub 7/2} features. Born-Haber cycles and the equivalent core approximation are used to extract thermochemical data concerning energetics of adhesion, segregation, and alloying in these early-late transition-metal systems. (c) 2000 The American Physical Society.