cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Importance of Efficacy Using the Extended Parallel Process Model to Examine Factors Related to Preschool-Age Children Enrolled in Medicaid Receiving Preventive Dental Visits

Early preventive dental visits are vital to the oral health of children. Yet many children, especially preschool-age children enrolled in Medicaid, do not receive early visits. This study attempts to uncover factors that can be used to encourage parents to seek preventive dental care for preschool-age children enrolled in Medicaid. The extended parallel process model was used as a theoretical framework for this research. This model suggests that people will act if the perceived threat (severity and susceptibility) is high enough and if efficacy levels (self-efficacy and response efficacy) are likewise high. Following Witte’s method of categorizing people’s perceptions and emotions into one of four categories based on levels of threat and efficacy, this article describes four groups (high threat/high efficacy, high threat/low efficacy, low threat/high efficacy, and low threat/low efficacy) of parents and how they compare to each other. Using logistic regression to model if a child had a preventive visit, r...
GRAVITY WAVE OVER NEW ENGLAND, APRIL 12, 1961

Abstract The movement of an unusually rapid rise in the atmospheric pressure approaching nearly 5 mb./hr. at its peak intensity is traced over the New England area using hourly surface data. The observed propagation speed of the pressure rise is in generally good agreement with the theoretical speed of a gravity wave as computed with the aid of radiosonde reports in the area. No significant or unusual weather was reported with the passage of the wave, although a few stations in the vicinity reported wave-type middle clouds during the morning and early afternoon.
Freeing work from the constraints of location and time

Information technology makes possible working patterns with flexibility in location and time. But traditional assumptions of managerial control serve as a strong deterrent. This article deals with these issues through an analysis of interviews at ICL and Texaco UK, with managers and high-level employees who work partially at home. Rank Xerox networkers are used as a point of comparison.
Does Mg4 exist? A combined Gaussian, complete basis set and density functional theory study

Abstract A high level ab initio study to prove the thermochemical stability of the Mg tetramer presented. While our wave-function based ab initio calculations suggested high stability of the tetramer, density functional theory results predict it to be unstable towards dissociation into two Mg dimmers, but highly stable (endothermic) relative to atomization. CIS calculations were also carried out to verify the computed minimums (with the CBS-Q, G2, and G3 methods) as well as potential energy curves for Mg 4 dissociation into 2Mg 2 . Implications for Mg 4 formation are presented and discussed.
PS-3 Novel Dual Mode SAW-BAW Device

In this paper preliminary work on a novel dual mode SAW-BAW, (surface acoustic wave-bulk acoustic wave), device is presented. BAW resonators exhibit very high Q and are ideal in oscillator circuits at lower frequencies, while SAW resonators are generally designed for higher frequency operation. Dual mode BAW resonators are used for highly accurate temperature compensation in OCXO's and TCXO's. In this new device, the TSM (thickness shear mode) is excited using a lateral field BAW resonator and a one-port resonator is used to excite the SAW mode. The device embodiment consists of a SAW resonator physically coincident with a BAW electrode pattern. The BAW electrodes are part of the SAW transducer excitation bus bars and the SAW resonator is located at the center of the BAW transducer. The BAW electrodes are separated by a narrow gap formed by the SAW transducer which allows lateral field excitation. The BAW mode occurs at a frequency of 3.27 MHz, while the SAW mode operates at a frequency of 157 MHz. The BAW and SAW devices are spatially coincidental and could potentially be driven simultaneously to operate in a dual mode oscillator. The devices were fabricated on ST-quartz wafers that were polished on both sides. Swept frequency measurements were obtained using a network analyzer and a wafer RF probe, and resonator device parameters including the quality factor have been extracted. The initial devices show good responses and a discussion of the design and analysis will be given. The BAW resonator shows a Q of approximately, 100 K, while the SAW has a relatively lower Q of approximately 14 K, which was close to the coupling of modes (COM) model prediction. The paper will show both theoretical predictions and experimental results for the SAW and BAW devices. This new device embodiment has potential applications in dual-mode TCXO's and sensors where different modes can be used for temperature compensation, surface sensing or similar applications
The Employment Effects of Minimum Wages: Evidence from a Prespecified Research Design The Employment Effects of MinimumWages

This article presentsevidence on the employment effects of recent minimum wage increases from a prespecified research design that entailed committing to a detailed set of statistical analyses prior to “going to” the data. The limited data to which the prespecified research design can be applied may preclude finding many significant effects. Nonetheless, the evidence is most consistent with disemployment effects of minimum wages for younger, less-skilled workers.
Mouse Serum Growth Hormone (GH) Binding Protein has GH Receptor Extracellular and Substituted Transmembrane Domains

Predicted amino acid sequences for the mouse GH receptor and the related serum GH binding protein were deducted from cDNAs. Two types of cDNA clones were isolated. Both types coded an identical peptide domain with extensive homology to the extracellular domains of the recently cloned human and rabbit GH receptors. However, while one type of clone also encoded regions with homology to the transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains of the human and rabbit GH receptors, the other encoded a short hydrophilic carboxyl-terminal region in place of the transmembrane domain. It is speculated that these two types of clones encode the high and low molecular weight variants of the mouse GH receptor/serum binding proteins, respectively. The low molecular weight variant has been previously found to constitute the majority of the serum GH binding activity in mice. It is proposed that the substitution of the hydrophilic tail for the transmembrane domain may give the low molecular weight variant its soluble nature and account ...
Sterol metabolism—VI. Detection of 5β-cholestan-3β-ol in polluted waters

Abstract A combination of thin-layer and gas chromatography has been devised for the specific detection of the human fecal sterol 5β-cholestan-3β-ol (coprosterol) in natural waters. By this means we have detected 5β-cholestan-3β-ol in bay waters as far as 100 m. from a domestic sewage outfall.
Endothelial damage by X-rays disclosed by lymph fistula studies.

SummaryThe degree of capillary permeability was assayed in dogs and rats by studying the appearance of components of the blood in the lymph. Marked capillary permeability was indicated in dogs and rats exposed to approximately LD-50 doses of X-rays by the appearance of large numbers of erythrocytes in the lymph. The data indicate that the reduced red cell counts after irradiation are due to the flooding of the lymph compartments and tissue spaces by erythrocytes. The massive erythrophagocytosis and hemosiderosis in sinuses of lymph nodes of irradiated hosts indicate that many of the erythrocytes leaving the blood capillaries are destroyed. Loss of erythrocytes caused by capillary damage and death of aging erythrocytes with inhibition of erythrogenesis(cf. 2) are the main causes of radiation anemia
Effect of anisotropic permeability on the transport process during solidification of a binary mixture

Abstract Solidification of a binary mixture (NH 4 Cl-H 2 O) contained in a square cavity is simulated numerically. The anisotropic permeability of the mushy region is incorporated in the model by means of a specific permeability tensor and the principal permeability ratio R . Comparison of representative results with previously reported experimental data shows that the model is capable of resolving fundamental characteristics of the solidification process. Effects of the anisotropy appear to be significant. A small permeability ratio R not only promotes the growth of the secondary layer but also results in a large concentration difference between the mushy and the pure liquid regions. Due to the liquidus temperature depression by higher concentration and the earlier developed thermal convection in the upper layer, severe remelting is also found to occur. In addition, flow interaction across the macroscopic solidification front becomes stronger with increasing permeability ratio R .
Concepts of urban information systems with application to India

Abstract Urban information systems technology is reviewed, with emphasis on geoprocessing, segmented-oriented files and their application to urban data requirements, Implementation is assessed in terms of appropriate preconditions (governmental organization and data availability), detailed systems specifications and phasing. Four cities in India are then presented as examples of places where information systems technology may be beneficial but is hampered by lack of appropriate preconditions.
An age-structured model for erratic crappie fisheries

Abstract White crappie Pomoxis annularis and black crappie P. nigromaculatus are important freshwater sportfishes in North America. Because of erratic recruitment (the number of fish that survive to age 1 each year) fishery yields are inconsistent. We developed a simple age-structured model to help manage crappie fisheries. The model changes population biomass by age-specific somatic growth, and population abundance through recruitment and age-specific natural and fishing mortalities. Using empirical stock-recruitment data and a stochastic component to simulate the effects of abiotic environmental fluctuations on recruitment, the model simulated empirical recruitment dynamics of a crappie population over 30 years in a large impoundment. Effects of density-dependent growth and natural mortality were modeled, but did not substantially affect the yield given the observed magnitude of recruitment fluctuations. Model predictions of population biomass and yield tended to be high relative to empirical estimates, but not unrealistic. Erratic recruitment of crappie populations has made development of management strategies elusive. This model should help fishery managers examine potential management alternatives.
Properties of deformable glacier beds: Past and present

The mechanical and hydraulic characteristics of deformable substrates at the base of glaciers have in the past several years been recognized as principal unknowns in considerations of glacier dynamics. This session, held during the 1986 AGU Fall Meeting in San Francisco, Calif., was organized to assemble information and to promote discussion of deformable glacier beds.
The Heton, an Elementary Interaction Between Discrete Baroclinic Geostrophic Vortices, and Its Implications Concerning Eddy Heat-Flow

Among the interactions of two discrete baroclinic geostrophic vortices in a two-layer system there is one class of interaction that is non-trivial; when the two vortices are of opposite sign and in different layers, and close enough together, they transport heat. Because this particular interaction can transport heat, we propose to call it the heton. It is a tilted baroclinic pair. In the Northern Hemisphere it transports heat to the left of the direction toward which its top tilts. Two warm or two cold hetons repel one another when outside the radius of deformation. A warm and a cold heton attract one another. A simple two-heton engine that exhibits vortex splitting, loss of available potential energy, and meridional heat transport is presented.
Fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy: Rationale and methods

Abstract Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) has become a widely accepted technique for the treatment intracranial neoplasms. Combined with modern imaging modalities, SRS has established its efficacy in a variety of indications. From the outset, however, it was recognized that the delivery of a single large dose of radiation was essentially “bad biology made better by good physics.” To achieve the accuracy required to compensate for this biological shortcoming, the application of SRS has required that a neurosurgical head frame of some sort be rigidly attached to the patients head. Historically, this prerequisite has, primarily for practical reasons, precluded the delivery of multiple fractions over multiple days. With recent improvements in immobilization and repeat fixation, the good biology of fractionated delivery has been realized. This technique, which has come to be known as stereotactic radiotherapy (SRT), has significantly expanded the efficacy of the technique through the use of accurate physical targeting coupled with the basic radiobiological principles gleaned from decades of clinical experience.
Survival after partial and radical nephrectomy for the treatment of stage T1bN0M0 renal cell carcinoma (RCC) in the USA: a propensity scoring approach.

Study Type – Therapy (cohort) Level of Evidence 2b What's known on the subject? and What does the study add? Partial nephrectomy has become the standard of care for T1a renal tumours, and the application of nephron-sparing techniques has increasingly been expanded to patients with localized T1b cancers. However, the relative efficacy of partial versus radical nephrectomy for these medium-sized tumours has yet to be definitively established. This study employs a propensity scoring approach within a large US population-based cohort to determine that no survival differences exist among patients with T1b renal tumours undergoing partial versus radical nephrectomy. OBJECTIVES • To compare survival after partial nephrectomy (PN) vs radical nephrectomy (RN) among patients with stage TIb renal cell carcinoma (RCC) using a propensity scoring approach. • Propensity score analysis is a statistical methodology that controls for non-random assignment of patients in observational studies. PATIENTS AND METHODS • Using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results registry, 11 256 cases of RCCs of 4–7 cm that underwent PN or RN between 1998 and 2007 were identified. • Propensity score analysis was used to adjust for potential differences in baseline characteristics between patients in the two treatment groups. • Overall survival (OS) and cancer-specific survival (CSS) of patients undergoing PN vs RN was compared in stratified and adjusted analysis, controlling for propensity scores. RESULTS • In all, 1047 (9.3%) patients underwent PN. For the entire cohort, no difference in survival was found in patients treated with PN as compared with RN, as shown by the adjusted hazard ratio (HR) for OS (1.10; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.91–1.36) and renal-CSS (HR 0.91; 95% CI: 0.65–1.27). • When the cohort was stratified by tumour size and age, no difference in survival was identified between the groups. CONCLUSIONS • Even when stratified by tumour size and age, a survival difference between PN and RN in a propensity-adjusted cohort of patients with T1b RCC could not be confirmed. • If validated in prospective studies, PN may become the preferred treatment for T1b renal tumours in centres experienced with nephron-sparing surgery.
Studies of Human Olfaction from the University of Pennsylvania Smell and Taste Center

This paper, presented in part as an invited lecture on the occasion of Professor E.P. Koster's retirement from Utrecht University, summarizes a large body of human studies performed at the University of Pennsylvania Smell and Taste Center during the last 17 years. Details of the development of standardized olfactory tests are provided, including their validation and application in a wide variety of clinical and laboratory settings. Included are studies related to transduction mechanisms in olfactory coding and factors that adversely influence olfactory function (e.g. age, gender, smoking, exposure to environmental chemicals, numerous diseases). A brief discussion of the strengths and weaknesses of the olfactory vector hypothesis for neurodegenerative diseases is also presented. Chem. Senses 22: 565-586, 1997.
Design and fabrication of microactuators for high density data storage

The design and fabrication of mm-sized MEMS actuator structures is described. A one-mm-sized microfabricated actuator is capable of linearized output of 0.2 mN when driven at 60 Volts by using an area-efficient electrostatic design, a high-aspect ratio microfabrication process, and a large signal linearization scheme. This increased output force enables the batch-fabricated microactuators to be used in practical applications in which the microactuators are required to move an external load. This paper concentrates on the design and process issues of the microactuators used as the fine actuator in a two-stage servo system for the high bandwidth positioning of a magnetic recording head slider. Other devices made by the same process technology are fully-integrated wobble micromotors and wobble actuators with potential applications in chip-sized disk drives using tip-based high density data storage.
Large-eddy simulations for internal combustion engines – a review

A review of using large-eddy simulation (LES) in computational fluid dynamic stud- ies of internal combustion engines is presented. Background material on turbulence model- ling, LES approaches, specifically for engines, and the expectations of LES results are discussed. The major modelling approaches for turbulence, combustion, scalars, and liquid sprays are discussed. In each of these areas, a taxonomy is presented for the various types of models appropriate for engines. Advantages, disadvantages, and examples of use in the litera- ture are described for the various types of models. Several recent examples of engine studies using LES are discussed. Recommendations and future prospects are included.
State abstraction discovery from irrelevant state variables

Abstraction is a powerful form of domain knowledge that allows reinforcement-learning agents to cope with complex environments, but in most cases a human must supply this knowledge. In the absence of such prior knowledge or a given model, we propose an algorithm for the automatic discovery of state abstraction from policies learned in one domain for use in other domains that have similar structure. To this end, we introduce a novel condition for state abstraction in terms of the relevance of state features to optimal behavior, and we exhibit statistical methods that detect this condition robustly. Finally, we show how to apply temporal abstraction to benefit safely from even partial state abstraction in the presence of generalization error.
Piezoelectric aluminum nitride MEMS annular dual contour mode filter

Abstract The following work presents the analytical, numerical and experimental characterization of a novel piezoelectric aluminum nitride MEMS bandpass filter. In contrast to multi-pole filters employing distinct mechanically or electrically coupled resonator building blocks, the passband of the device in the present work is defined by the proximity of two natural contour modes of vibration in a single annular resonator. The proposed implementation, albeit currently limited to dual-pole filters, results in smaller form factors and reduces device sensitivity to across wafer fabrication tolerances. A filter with 4.8 dB of insertion loss, a 22.4 MHz center frequency, a TCF of approximately −20 ppm/°C, and 0.5% fractional bandwidth at −3 dB is demonstrated.
Modified nano-crystalline ferrites for high-temperature WGS membrane reactor applications

In the present study, selected metal ions (M = Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, and Ce) were introduced into iron oxide (spinel lattice) and screened for effectiveness for a high-temperature water–gas shift reaction. Simultaneous precipitation of Fe(III) nitrates along with metal nitrate(s) at optimal concentrations resulted in the formation of high-surface area nanosized catalysts. A noticeable interaction between iron and the other substitutent metal was interpreted from the formation of either inverse or mixed spinels of composition A(1−δ)Bδ[AδB(2−δ)]O4. The incorporation of metal cations into the hematite crystal structure modified the magnetic hyperfine field and also influenced the reducibility of hematite particles, as observed in Mossbauer effect and temperature-programmed reduction studies. These effects strongly depend on the nature of incorporated metal cations. Mossbauer hyperfine fields, isomer shifts and transmission electron microscopy findings support nanoscale nature of the catalysts. Amongst catalysts tested, Fe/Cr and Fe/Ce are found to be the most active, with activity approaching equilibrium conversion at high temperatures.
Unlocking the Combination: Potentiation of Radiation-Induced Antitumor Responses with Immunotherapy

There is increasing evidence of the potential for radiation therapy to generate antitumor immune responses. The mechanisms of this immune-activating potential include actions on tumor cells such as immunogenic cell death and phenotypic change. Radiation modulates tumor cell surface expression of cell death receptors, tumor-associated antigens and adhesion molecules. This process of immunomodulation sensitizes tumor cells to immune-mediated killing. Radiation also affects immune compartments, including antigen-presenting cells, cytotoxic T lymphocytes and humoral immunity, leading to specific antitumor immune responses. Recognizing the importance of immunity as a potentiator of response to radiation leads to rational augmentation of antitumor immunity by combining radiation and immunotherapy. Targeted immunotherapy manipulates the immune system in a way that best synergizes with radiation. This article discusses the ability of radiation monotherapy to induce antitumor immunity, with a focus on the effect of radiation on antigen-presenting cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes. We define two important responses generated by tumor cells, immunogenic cell death and immunomodulation, both of which are radiation dose-dependent. In conclusion, we describe the translation of several combination therapies from the preclinical to the clinical setting and identify opportunities for further exploration.
Finite-amplitude neutral disturbances in plane Poiseuille flow

Finite-amplitude disturbances in plane Poiseuille flow are studied by a method involving Fourier expansion with numerical solution of the resulting partial differential equations in the coefficient functions. A number of solutions are developed which extend to relatively long times so that asymptotic stability or instability can be established with a degree of confidence. The amplitude for neutral stability is established for a fixed wavenumber for two values of the Reynolds number. Details of the neutral velocity fluctuation are presented. These and earlier results are expressed in terms of the asymptotic amplitude and compared with results obtained by prior workers. The results indicate that the expansion methods used by prior workers may be valid only for amplitudes considerably smaller than 0·01.
The effect of time between X-irradiation and chemotherapy on the growth of three solid mouse tumors. VI. BCNU☆

Abstract Experiments have been carried out to determine the effect of different time intervals between the administration of X-irradiation (1200 rad) and BCNU (15 mg/kg) on the growth delay produced in three mouse tumors. The tumors used were the EMT6 tumor in BALB/c mice and the KHT and RIF-1 sarcomas in C3H mice. All tumors were grown intramuscularly in the gastrocnemius muscle and treatment was carried out at a mean tumor weight of 450 mg. Time to reach 2X (for KHT) or 4X (for EMT6 and RIF-1) treatment volume was used as the endpoint of response. The drug was administered by the intraperitoneal route either 24, 6, or 2 hr before radiation. All irradiations were carried out in unanesthetized mice. The growth delays due to the drug alone were 2, 6, and 11 days for the RIF-1, EMT6, and KHT tumors, respectively. No consistent general pattern emerged from the results of combination treatments. For the RIF-1 tumor, the growth delays following combination treatments were generally less than predicted by the simple addition of the growth delays for the single modalities. For EMT6 this was true when BCNU was administered immediately before X-rays, but not for other timings. In the KHT tumor an unexpectedly high incidence of long-term tumor controls was seen in the group which received BCNU at 2 hr before X-rays. In addition to the single dose studies (above), fractionated regimens in which radiation and BCNU were combined in several different ways were tested with the RIF-1 tumor. None of the combination schedules tested showed a greater-than-additive effect.
COMMON RAVENS CAPTURING ADULT CALIFORNIA TORTOISESHELL BUTTERFLIES

ZORZI GD, ANDERSON ME. 1990. Summary of records of the deep-water skates, Raja (Amblyraja) badia Garman, 1899 and Bathyraja abyssicola (Gilbert, 1896), in the eastern North Pacific. In: Pratt HK Jr, Gruber SH, Taniuchi T, editors. Elasmobranchs as living resources: advances in the biology, ecology, systematics, and the status of the fisheries. Seattle, WA: U.S. Department of Commerce, NOAA Technical Report NMFS 90. p 389-390.
Probiotics and prebiotics in neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis: New opportunities for translational research

Neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) in premature infants has been recognized as a defined disease entity for at least four decades. Although survival has increased due to the advent of more sophisticated intensive care, incidence and long term health impacts due to NEC remain unchanged and no preventive therapy is currently available. Different probiotic strains of bacteria have been examined in their ability to prevent NEC with varied but encouraging results. Undigestable prebiotic sugars known to promote the growth of probiotic bacteria in the colon have been used in neonates with no clear benefit. The literature on NEC and probiotics is now cluttered with more reviews and meta-analyses than number of clinical trials. On the other hand, significant new information is available on microbiota and their impact on gut immunity. This review attempts to reiterate the risk factors of NEC and the pathogenesis of NEC with special reference to gut permeability. The reader is then introduced to gut microbiota, uniqueness and differences among probiotic strains, and how multiple resident flora talk to each other in the community setting in the human gut. After presenting a concise review of available clinical research results, the reader is challenged to question as to why no precise answer is available at present. Some modalities to examine the complex microflora and changes in the neonatal gut are then proposed including non-invasive methods and mathematical modeling. The review concludes by attracting the reader's attention to known immunomodulators of inflammation and injury. Justice to this review will be done only if the readers, clinical, and basic science investigators from multiple fields gather courage for a paradigm shift and embark on understanding the pathophysiology of the disease and attempt to discern the difference from equally preterm, equally vulnerable neonates that do not develop NEC. Learning about the developing microbiota in neonatal gut and its immunological impacts on the host in the face of many variables will provide a leap in our pursuit to select better, if not the best candidate probiotics, and put them to work against this stubborn disease that continues to take a toll on our precious neonates and the society.
Efficient maze-running and line-search algorithms for VLSI layout

A new construct called the connection graph G/sup 4/, is proposed. An efficient geometric algorithm for constructing G/sup 4/ is given. A framework is presented for designing a class of time and space efficient maze-running and line-search rectilinear shortest path and rectilinear minimum spanning tree algorithms based on G/sup 4/. Several example maze-running and line-search algorithms based on G/sup 4/ are given to demonstrate the power of G/sup 4/ in designing good sequential VLSI routing algorithms. >
Spinal Instrumentation in the Setting of Primary Infection

o instrument or not to instrument is a common question in spine surgery but especially in the setting of primary T infection (i.e., osteomyelitis, discitis, or epidural abscess). In such situations, there may be fear that placing instrumentation into an incompletely treated infected area may promote bacterial seeding of the foreign body and recurrent infection. Some schools of thought advocate for an initial debridement followed by a staged placement of instrumentation, if necessary.
Fluency in Learning to Read for Meaning: Going Beyond Repeated Readings

The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of fluency development and focus on instructional approaches that are intended to improve fluency that go beyond the most frequently recommended strategy of repeated readings. Repeated reading is the most recognized approach for developing fluency, and although repeated readings have shown successful results in developing students' fluency, continual reliance on repeated readings without appropriate guidance and support can lead to diminished student engagement. Providing students with varied opportunities to practice and acquire fluency will enhance their active participation in fluency instruction and engage them in reading for multiple purposes. This article provides an overview of fluency instructional methods that go beyond unassisted and unguided student reading practice.
Apoptosis Experiments of Cultured Tumor Cells Treated With 200- $\mu\hbox{m}$ -Sized Flexible Microplasma Jet

A flexible atmospheric pressure microplasma jet device utilizing a 200-μm hollow-core optical fiber was developed in order to trigger the apoptosis of cultured tumor cells and determine the feasibility of plasma endoscopy. As determined by in situ apoptosis assay, the TUNEL assay, this flexible microplasma jet induced cultured murine tumor cells to undergo apoptosis. In addition, the apoptosis was induced to a greater extent in B16F0 tumor cells than in CL.7 cells for the same plasma dose.
Power dissipation, variations and nanoscale CMOS design: Test challenges and self-calibration/self-repair solutions

In the nanometer technology regime, power dissipation and process parameter variations have emerged as major design considerations. These problems continue to grow with leakage power becoming a dominant form of power consumption. On the other hand, variations in the device parameters, both systematic and random, translate into variations in circuit parameters like delay and leakage, leading to loss in parametric yield. Numerous design techniques have been investigated for both logic and memory circuits to address the growing issues with power and variations. Low-power and process-tolerant designs, however, impose new test challenges and may even have conflicting requirements for test - affecting delay fault coverage, IDDQ testability, parametric yield, and even stuck-at tests. Hence, there is a need to consider test and yield, while designing for low-power and robustness under variations. In this paper, we provide an overview of major low-power and variation-tolerant design techniques; discuss related test issues and focus on effectiveness of self-calibration/self-repair solutions to maintain high yield while achieving low power dissipation.
Structurally Constrained Receivers for Signal Detection and Estimation

A general approach to the problem of designing structurally constrained receivers for signal detection and estimation is proposed. The approach is based on the constrained Bayesian methodology wherein risk-minimizing inference (or decision) rules are modified (constrained) by replacement of true posterior probabilities with estimated posterior probabilities. The estimators are structurally constrained minimum-mean-squared-error (MMSE) estimators for random posterior probabilities. This methodology is, in essence, an extension and generalization of the well-known linear MMSE estimation methodology. The approach is employed to design linearly constrained coherent receivers for signals in additive and multiplicative noise, and quadratically constrained noncoherent receivers for signals in additive noise. An analysis of these receivers shows that they are very similar to those that are optimum for additive Gaussian noise. The methodology provides a unified theory of receiver design based on the constrained MMSE criterion. This unification yields new insight into this old approach, clarifying both strengths and weaknesses of the approach.
A priority-based PCG algorithm for global deadlock detection and resolution in multidatabase systems

The paper presents a priority-based potential conflict graph algorithm for global deadlock-detection in a multidatabase system that extends the previous PCG algorithm by examining the following problems: unnecessary aborts, inefficient victim selections, and false deadlock reports. The PPCG algorithm addresses the problem of unnecessary aborts and provides for improved victim selection. >
Identity, influence, and intervention: The roles of social media in alcohol use

Alcohol-related content is common on social media and may both reflect and influence offline drinking behavior. Posting alcohol-related content has been linked to alcohol outcomes, including higher rates of alcohol consumption, cravings, alcohol-related problems, and clinical alcohol use disorders. Exposure to alcohol-related content on social media has likewise been associated with adverse alcohol outcomes. In this paper, we review research on the relationship between social media and alcohol use, and explore the ways that online identity and social influence can account for this relationship. Finally, we call for further research on the use of social media as a platform for prevention and intervention efforts.
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia and proteomics: protein profiles and links with disease progression still need validation

Cellular protein composition, which determines structure and function, depends on a multitude of factors. These include genetic repertoire, epigenetic control of transcription, the myriad of factor...
The Susceptibility to Furacin of Bacterial Strains IResistant to Sulfonamides or Antibiotics.

Summary and ConclusionsSeveral Gramnegative and Gram-positive organisms resistant to sulfonamides, streptomycin and penicillin and the parent susceptible strains were tested in parallel for their susceptibility to furacin. No differences were observed be-t tween the resistant and susceptible strains in I regard to their susceptibility to furacin. Re-e sistance to penicillin, streptomycin or sul-5 fathiazole does not result in any change to furacin resistance.
Images without Words: The Construction of Prehistoric Imaginaries for Definitions of ‘Us’:

How can a body of visual images without any accompanying texts or words possibly be understood? In addressing some of the issues in the interpretation and understandings of the ‘art’ of Ice Age or Paleolithic Europe, we face a conundrum different from other corpuses of visual imagery. In a non-literate, mobile hunting—gathering society such as it was some 20,000 years ago, the images may have had more, not less, cultural significance even if the cave art was not likely to have been seen by many. Furthermore, in our attempts to read the images, the modern representations of them in photos and drawings, and the very selection of which images to depict in books and other media play a more crucial role in our interpretations than do the original images that are not easy to access. This article addresses the ironies of images without words, images that have profound status as evidence over time and space despite the fact that so many archaeologists have not taken them seriously.
Hyaluronic Acid in Pleura Fluid Associated with Malignant Tumor Involving Pleura and Peritoneum

ConclusionHyaluronic acid in high concentration has been isolated from the chest fluid of a patient with a malignant tumor, probably an endothelioma. The polysaccharide acid in the original fluid migrates in an electric field at pH 7.8 at essentially the same speed as the isolated pure polysaccharide acid, indicating the existence in the fluid of the free acid and not of a protein complex.
FIELD ACTIVATION OF THE CARDIAC CATHETERIZATION LAB WITH A DEDICATED UNIT AND STAFF IN THE EMERGENCY DEPARTMENT REDUCES DOOR TO BALLOON TIME IN THE TREATMENT OF ST-ELEVATION MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION: A SINGLE CENTER LEAN PROCESS EXPERIENCE

Door to balloon (DTB) time less than 90 minutes is an important quality metric in the United States for the treatment of ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Improved patient outcomes and value-based reimbursement are associated with achieving this goal. As a result, health care systems have
Integrating cell Transplantation and Controlled Drug Delivery Technologies to Engineer Liver Tissue

Engineering liver tissue using hepatocyte transplantation may provide a new approach for treating a variety of liver diseases. However, techniques to transplant hepatocytes and promote their survival must be developed. We have developed systems to transplant hepatocytes on highly porous (95%), biodegradable sponges, and to regulate the survival of cultured hepatocytes by releasing specific growth factors in the cellular environment. Sponges were fabricated from poly (L, lactic acid) (PLLA) and polyvinyl alcohol using a particulate leaching technique. Epidermal growth factor and insulin, critical factors for hepatocyte growth and survival in culture, were incorporated into microspheres fabricated from poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) utilizing a double emulsion technique. The incorporated factors were released in a controlled manner over one month in vitro, and the released factors maintained their biological activity, as measured by their ability to promote hepatocyte growth and survival in culture. The growth factor-containing microspheres could be transplanted with hepatocytes using the porous sponges, and the localized, sustained release of these factors improved hepatocyte engraftment 2-fold. These studies suggest that hepatocyte containing tissues can be engineered using cell transplantation, and that regulating the microenvironment of transplanted cells can control their engraftment.
Thoracic aortic aneurysm repair with endovascular stent-grafts.

The purpose of the study was to describe the clinical experience in using endoluminal stent-grafts for the treatment of thoracic aortic aneurysms in high-risk patients. Patients with aneurysms of t...
III. Historical significance of Shields’ 1975 essay: A brief commentary on four major contributions:

This article argues that Shields’ work demonstrated that it is impossible to practice value-free science. And, despite the efforts of many feminist psychologists who have argued that the question o...
Not the Usual Viral Suspects: Parvovirus B19, West Nile Virus, and Human T-Cell Lymphotrophic Virus Infections After Kidney Transplantation

Kidney transplant recipients are at increased risk of developing clinical disease due to uncommon opportunistic viral pathogens. Refractory anemia is classically associated with parvovirus B19 infection. West Nile virus has the propensity to cause fever and neurologic symptoms, while spastic paresis and lymphoma can be triggered by human T cell lymphotrophic virus. In this review article, the epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment of less common viruses are discussed in the setting of kidney transplantation.
Multimodal Approach to Locally Advanced and Metastatic Penile Cancer

Squamous cell carcinoma of the penis is a rare cancer, with inguinal lymph node metastasis being the most important prognostic factor for the disease. Loco-regionally advanced disease has traditionally been managed by surgery and postoperative radiotherapy, but a multimodal approach to treatment has evolved over the past 20 years. The latest evidence suggests that neoadjuvant platinum-based triplet systemic chemotherapy can provide good outcomes for men with bulky or initially unresectable nodal metastases, with response rates as high as 65 %, enabling consolidation surgery in a fair proportion of men and achieving pathologic complete responses in 10–16 %. Nevertheless, survival outcomes for men with locally advanced or metastatic disease are moderate, with a 5-year overall survival of 50 % being the best outlook for men who respond to neoadjuvant chemotherapy, which represents an improvement on historical survival rates. The past few years have seen greater emphasis on determining the effect of human papillomavirus infection in penile cancer and outlining prognostic cohorts, together with investigation of targeted therapy, mainly for metastatic disease. It is hoped that multi-institutional collaboration within the International Rare Cancers Initiative will provide the first randomized data on men with locally advanced or metastatic disease, and outline novel treatment paradigms of how the integration of systemic chemotherapy, radiotherapy, surgery, and targeted therapy can be effectively used in a multimodal manner.
Global emergency medicine highlights.

Editor’s note: EMJ has partnered with the journals of multiple international emergency medicine societies to share from each a highlighted research study, as selected by their editors. This edition will feature an abstract from each publication. The official journal of the African Federation for Emergency Medicine, the Emergency Medicine Association of Tanzania, the Emergency Medicine Society of South Africa, the Egyptian Society of Emergency Medicine, the Libyan Emergency Medicine Association, the Ethiopian Society of Emergency Medicine Professionals, the Sudanese Emergency Medicine Society, the Botswana Society for Emergency Care, the Society of Emergency Medicine Practitioners of Nigeria and the Rwanda Emergency Care Association , Kearney AS, Kabeja LM, George N, Karim N, Aluisio AR, Mutabazi Z, Uwitonze JE, Nyinawankusi JD, Byiringiro JC, Levine AC Introduction Injuries account for 10% of the global burden of disease, resulting in approximately 5.8 million deaths annually. Trauma registries are an important tool in the development of a trauma system; however, limited resources in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) make the development of high-quality trauma registries challenging. We describe the development of a LMIC trauma registry based on a robust retrospective chart review, which included data derived from prehospital, emergency centre and inpatient records. Methods This paper outlines our methods for identifying and locating patients and their medical …
EEG data acquisition using a hand-held scanner

ABSTRACT.Computer manipulation of EEG data requires that the data be in digital form. Many interesting EEGs, however, are recorded only in analog form on paper tracings. This article presents a method of EEG data digitization of analog recordings. This method uses a hand-held scanner to scan and digitize the EEG “image” on the paper tracing and then extract the original signal. Some intrinsic difficulties of practical application and future prospects of the approach are discussed.
The Preferential Option for the Poor and Credibility of the Church

The category of option for the poor emerged in Latin America at the turn of the 60s and 70s of the 20 th century, as a result of authentication of faith and personal, communitarian, social and ecclesiastical life. The article consists of three parts. In the first part, the key question of the article is discussed, namely: “What is the Preferential Option for the Poor?” In the second part, the place of the poor in God's plan of salvation and in the mission of the Church, are presented. The final part, deals with the issue of the option for the poor as a sign of the credibility of the Church. Experiencing God in the context of poverty and injustice in the modern world makes the option for the poor a sign of the credibility of the Church and Christianity.
Investigating the bifunctionality of cyclizing and "classical" 5-aminolevulinate synthases.

The precursor to all tetrapyrroles is 5-aminolevulinic acid, which is made either via the condensation of glycine and succinyl-CoA catalyzed by an ALA synthase (the C4 or Shemin pathway) or by a pathway that uses glutamyl-tRNA as a precursor and involves other enzymes (the C5 pathway). Certain ALA synthases also catalyze the cyclization of ALA-CoA to form 2-amino-3-hydroxycyclopent-2-en-1-one. Organisms with synthases that possess this second activity nevertheless rely upon the C5 pathway to supply ALA for tetrapyrrole biosynthesis. The C5N units are components of a variety of secondary metabolites. Here, we show that an ALA synthase used exclusively for tetrapyrrole biosynthesis is also capable of catalyzing the cyclization reaction, albeit at much lower efficiency than the dedicated cyclases. Two absolutely conserved serines present in all known ALA-CoA cyclases are threonines in all known ALA synthases, suggesting they could be important in distinguishing the functions of these enzymes. We found that purified mutant proteins having single and double substitutions of the conserved residues are not improved in their respective alternate activities; rather, they are worse. Protein structural modeling and amino acid sequence alignments were explored within the context of what is known about the reaction mechanisms of these two different types of enzymes to consider what other features are important for the two activities. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
The Hypoxia–Adenosine Link during Intestinal Inflammation

Intestinal inflammation is a key element in inflammatory bowel disease and is related to a combination of factors, including genetics, mucosal barrier dysfunction, bacteria translocation, deleterious host-microbe interactions, and dysregulated immune responses. Over the past decade, it has been appreciated that these inflammatory lesions are associated with profound tissue hypoxia. Interestingly, an endogenous adaptive response under the control of hypoxia signaling is enhancement in adenosine signaling, which impacts these different endpoints, including promoting barrier function and encouraging anti-inflammatory activity. In this review, we discuss the hypoxia-adenosine link in inflammatory bowel disease, intestinal ischemia/reperfusion injury, and colon cancer. In addition, we provide a summary of clinical implications of hypoxia and adenosine signaling in intestinal inflammation and disease.
The right to maim: debility, capacity, disability

What connects public protest of police violence in Ferguson, Missouri with resistance to the occupation of Palestine? Which institutional genealogies can draw disability rights, trans experience, a...
Sample manipulation and data assembly for robust microcrystal synchrotron crystallography.

With the recent developments in microcrystal handling, synchrotron microdiffraction beamline instrumentation and data analysis, microcrystal crystallo­graphy with crystal sizes of less than 10 µm is appealing at synchrotrons. However, challenges remain in sample manipulation and data assembly for robust microcrystal synchrotron crystallography. Here, the development of micro-sized polyimide well-mounts for the manipulation of microcrystals of a few micrometres in size and the implementation of a robust data-analysis method for the assembly of rotational microdiffraction data sets from many microcrystals are described. The method demonstrates that microcrystals may be routinely utilized for the acquisition and assembly of complete data sets from synchrotron microdiffraction beamlines.