cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Regional Deposition of Particles in the Human Respiratory Tract

The sections in this article are: 1 Clearance Zones in the Respiratory Tract 1.1 Anterior Nares 1.2 Ciliated Nasal Passages 1.3 Nasopharynx, Oral Passages, and Larynx 1.4 Tracheobronchial Tree 1.5 Alevolar Zone 2 Factors Affecting Regional Particle Deposition 2.1 Deposition Mechanisms 2.2 Aerosol Factors 2.3 Respiratory and Flow Factors 2.4 Anatomical Factors 2.5 Physiological Factors 2.6 Environmental Factors 2.7 Effects of Pollutant Gases and Aerosols 2.8 Effects of Chronic Lung Disease 3 Techniques for Measuring Particle Deposition 3.1 Comparison of Particle Contents in Inhaled and Exhaled Air 3.2 External in vivo Measurement of γ-Labeled Particle Retention 3.3 Sacrifice and Dissection by Regions in Experimental Animals 3.4 Deposition in Model Systems and Excised Lungs 4 Experimental Regional Deposition Data 4.1 Deposition in Human Beings 4.2 Deposition in Experimental Animals 5 Predictive Deposition Models 6 Deposition of Ambient Atmospheric Aerosol
High sensitivity waveform measurement of 160 Gbit/s signal with optical sampling using quasi-phasematched mixing in LiNbO/sub 3/ waveguide

High efficiency (1.7/spl times/10/sup -2/W/sup -1/) waveform measurement is experimentally demonstrated using quasi-phasematched mixing in a LiNbO/sub 3/ waveguide. A 160 Gbit/s optical waveform is observed with temporal resolution of 3.6 ps.
Deliberative and Spontaneous Cognitive Processes Associated with HIV Risk Behavior

Dual process models of decision-making suggest that behavior is mediated by a spontaneous behavior selection process or by a more deliberative evaluation of behavioral options. We examined whether the deliberative system moderates the influence of spontaneous cognition on HIV-risk behaviors. A measure of spontaneous sex-related associations (word association), a measure of deliberative working memory capacity (operation span), and two measures of sexual behavior (condom use and multiple partners) were assessed in a cross-sectional study among 490 adult drug offenders. Significant effects were observed among men but not among women in two latent interaction models. In a novel finding, the accessibility of spontaneous safe sex-related associations was significantly more predictive of condom use among men with higher working memory capacity than among men with lower capacity. These results have implications for the design of interventions to promote safe sex practices.
Steric Factors affecting the Specificity of Polyglycosidases

THE marked substrate specificity exhibited by enzymes has been related to a steric affinity between the molecule attacked and the attacking enzyme1. According to this concept, proper orientation of the substrate in the vicinity of the enzyme permits formation of an activated intermediate in which several points of contact may be established.
de Vries behavior of the electroclinic effect in the smectic-A* phase near a biaxiality-induced smectic-A*-smectic-C* tricritical point

Using a generalized Landau theory involving orientational, layering, tilt, and biaxial order parameters we analyze the smectic-${A}^{\ensuremath{\ast}}$ and smectic-${C}^{\ensuremath{\ast}}$ (Sm-${A}^{\ensuremath{\ast}}$\char21{}Sm-${C}^{\ensuremath{\ast}}$) transitions, showing that a combination of small orientational order and large layering order leads to Sm-${A}^{\ensuremath{\ast}}$\char21{}Sm-${C}^{\ensuremath{\ast}}$ transitions that are either continuous and close to tricriticality or first order. The model predicts that in such systems the increase in birefringence upon entry to the Sm-${C}^{\ensuremath{\ast}}$ phase will be especially rapid. It also predicts that the change in layer spacing at the Sm-${A}^{\ensuremath{\ast}}$\char21{}Sm-${C}^{\ensuremath{\ast}}$ transition will be proportional to the orientational order. These are two hallmarks of Sm-${A}^{\ensuremath{\ast}}$\char21{}Sm-${C}^{\ensuremath{\ast}}$ transitions in de Vries materials. We analyze the electroclinic effect in the Sm-${A}^{\ensuremath{\ast}}$ phase and show that as a result of the zero-field Sm-${A}^{\ensuremath{\ast}}$\char21{}Sm-${C}^{\ensuremath{\ast}}$ transition being either continuous and close to tricriticality or first order (i.e., for systems with a combination of weak orientational order and strong layering order), the electroclinic response of the tilt will be unusually strong. Additionally, we investigate the associated electrically induced change in birefringence and layer spacing, demonstrating de Vries behavior for each, i.e., an unusually large increase in birefringence and an unusually small layer contraction. Both the induced changes in birefringence and layer spacing are shown to scale quadratically with the induced tilt angle.
Anisotropic distortions in Sb doped CePt4Ge12

We investigated the local structure of the Sb doped skutterudite CePt4Ge12-xSbx using the Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure Technique (EXAFS). As the concentration of Sb is increased the disorder around Ce increases rapidly, and for x = 3, the peak for the nearest neighbor (Ce-Ge) is no longer observed. In contrast, for the Pt site, the disorder of the nearest neighbors is small even for x = 3. Thus the distortions are anisotropic and appear to be mainly in the plane of the Ce-Ge bonds and Ge4 rings. The increased disorder about Ce will decrease the lattice thermal conductivity at low temperatures, and likely is part of the reason for improved thermoelectric properties for the x = 1 sample.
The Minimum Alveolar Concentration of Desflurane in Cats

Eight adult cats, 4 male and 4 female, (3.5 +/- 0.9 [SD] kg) were used to determine the minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of desflurane. Desflurane (DES) anesthesia was induced in a 20 L chamber with an oxygen inflow of 10 L/min and the DES vaporizer set at 18%. After 3.5 +/- 0.5 min, the cats were removed from the chamber and anesthesia was maintained via mask (14% DES, 3L/min O2) until successful intubation. Anesthesia was maintained with DES in oxygen at a flow of at least 200 mL/kg/min through a nonrebreathing circuit. The time from the start of induction to completion of intubation was 6.2 +/- 1.1 min. Esophageal temperature was maintained between 37.8 degrees C and 38.6 degrees C. Hand-collected end-tidal gas samples were obtained from a catheter positioned inside the lumen of the endotracheal tube. Inspired and end-tidal DES concentrations were measured with a Biochem 8100 anesthetic agent monitor that was calibrated with known gas standards and modified to accept hand-collected samples. A constant alveolar concentration of DES was maintained for at least 15 minutes, then a clamp was applied to the tail and the cat observed for gross purposeful movement. The end-tidal DES was then increased (if a positive response) or decreased (if a negative response) by 20% and the test repeated after 15 minutes of constant conditions. The final iteration was 10%. The MAC of DES in these cats was 9.79 +/- 0.70 vol %. The FA/FI ratio for desflurane was always greater than 0.97.
Biochemical Properties of Thiol Proteinase Inhibitor Purified from Psoriatic Scales

Epidermal thiol proteinase inhibitor (EPI) was extracted from normal and psoriatic cornified cells with 10 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0, and purified by papain-Sepharose affinity chromatography and gel filtration. Both EPIs showed a single band and the same mobility in gel electrophoresis with and without sodium dodecyl sulfate. Their immunological identity also was seen by agar diffusion. The inhibitor activity of EPIs to papain and rat liver lysosomal enzymes which caused a local inflammatory reaction after intradermal injection was determined on alpha-N-benzoyl-DL-arginine-2-naphthylamide and azocasein. Their activities to papain were the same at pH 8.0, but EPI of psoriasis showed only 50% of the activity of normal cells at pH 5.0 and 6.0. EPI of normal cells was heat stable, while that of psoriasis was reduced in activity after heating at 90 degrees C. Inhibitor activity of EPI from psoriatic cells toward the lysosomal enzymes, cathepsin B and/or cathepsin H and cathepsin L, was also inferior to EPI from normal cells at all pHs studied. We suggest the possibility that the inflammatory response associated with psoriasis seems in part to result from epidermal cells producing a less effective EPI, which may be a natural anti-inflammatory substance.
Full-Thickness Burn to the Hand From an Automobile Airbag

An 18-year-old male was involved in a single car motor vehicle accident in which the driver's side airbag was deployed. He presented to the trauma center with complex injuries to the left hand, lacerations to the scalp, and a full-thickness burn to the ulnar aspect of the right hand that included the hypothenar area and the fifth digit. The patient was admitted to the trauma center and received immediate consultation from the burn service. He underwent debridement and split-thickness skin grafting of 50 cm2 of the right hand on postburn day 3. The graft became necrotic and the patient underwent debridement of the skin and the abductor minimi muscle of the right hand on postburn day 32. Split-thickness skin grafting and release of flexion contracture were successfully completed 18 days later. The police and fire departments reported that the airbag showed signs of thermal destruction. Upon request, Honda motors submitted information from the TRW safety systems and material safety data sheet (Mesa, Ariz, issued 1989) that showed that airbag canisters contain the chemicals sodium azide and cupric oxide. Water may react with sodium azide to form highly toxic and explosive hyfrazoic acid. These chemicals are converted to sodium hydroxide, which can cause significant chemical burns. In addition, these chemicals may ignite when exposed to live electrical wires or temperatures greater than 300 degrees F. We conclude that burns associated with damaged deployed airbags in motor vehicle accidents may be the results of both chemical and thermal injury. The extent of the burn wound may be underestimated, as our case illustrates. Full-thickness burns resulting from airbag deployment may require more aggressive initial debridement and treatment.
Behavior of a Cracked Rotating Shaft During Passage Through a Critical Speed

Abstract A simply supported, rotating, Euler-Bernoulli shaft with a single, breathing, transverse crack is considered. The shaft is accelerated or decelerated past the fundamental critical speed at a constant rate, and the transient response is analyzed. Galerkin's method and numerical integration of the resulting bilinear equations are used to obtain approximate time histories of the motion. The maximum response is determined, and the effects of the acceleration and deceleration rate, crack depth, crack position along the shaft, and eccentricity angle are investigated. Results are compared to those for a crack that remains open and to those for an uncracked shaft.
Parthenogenesis in Chamaemyiidae (Diptera)

During an investigation into the natural history of Chamaemyia “polystigma” (Meigen), we became fascinated by our failure to collect males in the field or to rear them in the laboratory. Similar results were reported by Malloch (1940), who stated that he had never seen a male of this species. We then examined the holdings of C. “polystigma” in the U. S. National Museum of Natural History and found no males. According to J. F. McAlpine (personal communication), there is only 1 ♂ that could possibly be of this species in the collections of the Entomological Research Institute of the Canada Department of Agriculture.
A Criterion for the t-Vertex Condition of Graphs

Combining two concepts of regularity of graphs, namely k-isoregularity and the t-vertex condition, a generalization of a classical result by Hestenes and Higman is presented. As an application it is shown that two infinite series of graphs constructed by Brouwer, Ivanov, and Klin which are not rank 3 satisfy the 5-vertex condition.
Tetra-TTF calix[4]pyrrole: a rationally designed receptor for electron-deficient neutral guests.

A calix[4]pyrrole incorporating four appended tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) units has been synthesized, and its receptor abilities toward neutral electron-deficient guests, such as 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene, tetrafluoro-p-benzoquinone, and tetrachloro-p-benzoquinone, have been studied in solution by UV−vis and 1H NMR spectroscopies as well as in the solid-state by X-ray crystallography. In its 1,3-alternate conformation a 1:2 sandwich-like complexstabilized by charge transfer and hydrogen bonding interactionsis formed between the tetra-TTF calix[4]pyrrole and the guest molecules. However, upon addition of chloride ions to the complex the 1,3-alternate conformation is changed in favor of a cone conformation which serves to effect a release of the guests from the tetra-TTF calix[4]pyrrole.
Remote monitoring of the steam-flood enhanced oil recovery process

Cross‐borehole seismic velocity and high‐frequency electromagnetic (EM) attenuation data were obtained to construct tomographic images of heavy oil sands in a steam‐flood environment. First‐arrival seismic data were used to construct a tomographic color image of a 10 m by 8 m vertical plane between the two boreholes. Two high‐frequency (17 and 15 MHz) EM transmission tomographs were constructed of a 20 m by 8 m vertical plane. The velocity tomograph clearly shows a shale layer with oil sands above it and below it. The EM tomographs show a more complex geology of oil sands with shale inclusions. The deepest EM tomograph shows the upper part of an active steam zone and suggests steam chanelling just below the shale layer. These results show the detailed structure of the entire plane between boreholes and may provide a better means to understand the process for in situ heavy oil recovery in a steam‐flood environment.
CCR7 alters hematopoietic potential

Neutropenia remains a major risk factor in the development of invasive aspergillosis (IA) after HSCT. In this issue of Blood , Hartigan and colleagues illustrate that lack of expression of CCR7 on hematopoietic and progenitor cells alters their proliferation and differentiation potential and the
Reverse engineering of planar parts using machine vision

Abstract Design modification of existing products or prototypes requires the extraction of the coordinate data from the part surface, especially in cases where a CAD model of the part does not exist. In these reverse engineering situations, an automated CAD model generation method could be used to accomplish the objective. This paper presents a machine vision system capable of creating a contour CAD drawing for various flat sheet metal components typical in the aerospace industry. The process of image acquisition is accomplished by the integration of a CNC machine and a CCD line scan camera. The part is mounted on the bed of the CNC machine, and the camera is fixed on the spindle of the CNC machine. The camera is set up to acquire an image of the part with the field of view of the camera covering only a small portion of the part surface. The complete surface of the part is scanned by combining several images. These images are then processed and the boundary contours are extracted. The extracted boundaries are then analyzed and combined to create a line drawing of the whole surface of the scanned part. The created data is then interfaced with a CAD/CAM system and the NC code is generated from the drawing to machine the profile and drill holes in the part. The developed algorithms and the system setup are described and sample results are presented.
Sexual dimorphism in interferon-τ production by in vivo-derived bovine embryos

Interferon-tau (IFN-tau) is an anti-luteolytic factor responsible for preventing regression of the maternal corpus luteum (CL) during early pregnancy of cattle. In vitro-produced (IVP) bovine embryos first produce IFN-tau as blastocysts. In the present study, we have examined whether sexually dimorphic production of IFN-tau, which is observed among IVP blastocysts, also occurs among in vivo-produced blastocysts, and whether this difference between the sexes persists to day 14 when silencing of one of the X-chromosomes in the trophectoderm is complete. Embryos were flushed from cattle that had been superovulated and bred by AI. Blastocysts (63 male, 62 female) recovered between days 8.5 and 9.5 of pregnancy, were cultured individually. No differences were observed between males and females in either their developmental stage or quality at the beginning, during, and at the end of culture. Female embryos produced more IFN-tau than males by 24 hr (mean values, males: 16.6 +/- 3.7, females: 49.4 +/- 9.0 pg per embryo; P < 0.05) and 48 hr (male: 189.8 +/- 37.1, female: 410.9 +/- 66.6 pg per embryo; P < 0.05). However, the variability in IFN-tau production between individual blastocysts was so great that IFN-tau secretion is unlikely to be of value as a non-invasive means to predict embryo sex. When conceptuses were recovered at day 14, elongating males (n = 25) and females (n = 24) were similar in dimension and did not differ in their IFN-tau production after 4.5 hr (male: 2,550 +/- 607, female: 2,376 +/- 772 ng per conceptus) and 24 hr (male: 12,056 +/- 2,438, female: 8,447 +/- 1,630 ng per conceptus) of culture. Thus, sexual dimorphism in IFN-tau production is observed in both IVP and in vivo-produced expanded blastocysts, but is lost by day 14 of in vivo development.
A sharp transition in activity and conformation of tobacco ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase

Abstract The temperature responses of the carboxylase activity and the reduced viscosity of crystalline ribulose-1,5bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (EC 4.1.1.39) from tobacco leaves were measured. The Arrhenius plots of initial rates of carboxylase activity of the enzyme were biphasic, with a break at 16°C when the enzyme solution, stored at 4°C with magnesium and bicarbonate ions, was warmed to the assay temperature. The temperature response of the reduced viscosity of this enzyme solution was also biphasic, with a sharp transition at 15°C. However, these states of the enzyme were not distinguished by analytical sedimentation. These results show that a conformational transition, which affects not only a hydrodynamic property but also the carboxylase activity of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase, occurs around 15°C. The temperature transition in carboxylase activity disappeared with a 1-h preincubation of the protein at 30°C with magnesium and bicarbonate ions.
Chimera Grids in Computing Flowfields in Turbine-Blade-Internal-Coolant Passages

When computing flows inside geometrically complex turbine-blade coolant passages, the structure of the grid system used can significantly affect the overall time and cost required to obtain solutions. This article addresses this issue while evaluating and developing computational tools for the design and analysis of coolant-passa ges, and is divided into two parts. In the first part, the various types of structured and unstructured grids are compared in relation to their ability to provide solutions in a timely and cost-effective manner. This comparison shows that the overlapping structured grids, known as chimera grids, can rival and in some instances exceed the cost-effectiveness of unstructured grids in terms of both the man hours needed to generate grids and the amount of computer memory and CPU time needed to obtain solutions. In the second part, a computational tool utilizing chimera grids was used to compute the flow and heat transfer in two different turbine-blade coolant passages that contain baffles and numerous pin fins. These computations showed the versatility and flexibility offered by chimera grids.
Impact of dislocation densities on n+∕p and p+∕n junction GaAs diodes and solar cells on SiGe virtual substrates

Recent experimental measurements have shown that in GaAs with elevated threading dislocation densities (TDDs) the electron lifetime is much lower than the hole lifetime [C. L. Andre, J. J. Boeckl, D. M. Wilt, A. J. Pitera, M. L. Lee, E. A. Fitzgerald, B. M. Keyes, and S. A. Ringel, Appl. Phys. Lett. 84, 3884 (2004)]. This lower electron lifetime suggests an increase in depletion region recombination and thus in the reverse saturation current (J0 for an n+∕p diode compared with a p+∕n diode at a given TDD. To confirm this, GaAs diodes of both polarities were grown on compositionally graded Ge∕Si1−xGex∕Si (SiGe) substrates with a TDD of 1×106cm−2. It is shown that the ratio of measured J0 values is consistent with the inverse ratio of the expected lifetimes. Using a TDD-dependent lifetime in solar cell current–voltage models we found that the Voc, for a given short-circuit current, also exhibits a poorer TDD tolerance for GaAs n+∕p solar cells compared with GaAs p+∕n solar cells. Experimentally, the open-ci...
Relationship of Neurobiologic Risk Score and Neurodevelopmental Outcome in Extremely Low Birthweight (ELBW) Infants † 1307

Relationship of Neurobiologic Risk Score and Neurodevelopmental Outcome in Extremely Low Birthweight (ELBW) Infants † 1307
Why Niebuhr Now

In a 2007 interview with New York Times columnist David Brooks, Barack Obama called Reinhold Niebuhr his “favorite philosopher.” In 1948, this presidential endorsement would have come as no surpris...
Ação econômica e estrutura social: o problema da imersão

How behavior and institutions are affected by social relations is one of the classic questions of social theory. This paper concerns the extent to which economic action is embedded in structures of social relations, in modern industrial society. Although the usual neoclassical accounts provide an "undersocialized" or atomized-actor explanation of such action, reformist economists who attempt to bring social structure back in do so in the "oversocialized" way criticized by Dennis Wrong. Under- and oversocialized accounts are paradoxically similar in their neglect of ongoing structures of social relations, and a sophisticated account of economic action must consider its embeddedness in such structures. The argument is illustrated by a critique of Oliver Williamsons "markets and hierarchies" research program.
InGaAsP quaternary alloys: Composition, refractive index and lattice mismatch

Extrapolation schemes for the calculation of InGaAsP material parameters are described. Experimental data on alloy composition, bandgap, lattice parameter and refractive index are presented and compared with calculated values. Refractive index steps between InGaAsP and InP were found to vary significantly with lattice mismatch. Errors in alloy composition of mismatched epitaxial layers, deduced from bandgap and lattice parameter measurements, can be caused by a tetragonal distortion of the crystal lattice.
Memory functioning in individuals with traumatic brain injury: An examination of the Wechsler Memory Scale–Fourth Edition (WMS–IV)

This study was designed to examine the construct validity of the Wechsler Memory Scale-Fourth Edition (WMS-IV) in individuals with traumatic brain injury (TBI). One hundred individuals with TBI (n = 35 complicated mild/moderate TBI; n = 65 severe TBI) and 100 matched controls from the WMS-IV normative dataset completed the WMS-IV. Multivariate analyses indicated that severe TBI participants had poorer performance than matched controls on all index scores and subtests. Individuals with complicated mild/moderate TBI performed more poorly than controls on all index scores, as well as on tests of visual memory (Designs I and II; Visual Reproduction I and II) and visual working memory (Spatial Addition; Symbol Span), but not on auditory verbal memory tests (Logical Memory I and II; Verbal Paired Associates I and II). After controlling for time since injury, severe TBI participants had significantly lower scores than the complicated mild/moderate TBI on 4 of the 5 WMS-IV index scores (Auditory Memory, Visual Memory, Immediate Memory, Delayed Memory) and 4 of the 10 WMS-IV subtests (Designs I and II, Verbal Pairs II, Logical Memory II). Effect sizes for index and subtest scores were generally moderate for the complicated mild/moderate group and moderate-to-large for the severe TBI group. Findings provide support for the construct validity of the WMS-IV in individuals with TBI.
Mip/LIN-9 regulates the expression of B-Myb and the induction of cyclin A, cyclin B, and CDK1

Members of the novel family of proteins that include Drosophila Mip130, Caenorhabditis elegans LIN-9, and mammalian LIN-9 intervene in different cellular functions such as regulation of transcription, differentiation, transformation, and cell cycle progression. Here we demonstrate that LIN-9, designated as Mip/LIN-9, interacts with B-Myb but not with c-Myb or A-Myb. Mip/LIN-9 regulates the expression of B-Myb in a post-transcriptional manner, and its depletion not only decreases the level of the B-Myb protein but also affects the expression of S phase and mitotic genes (i.e. cyclin A, CDK1, and cyclin B). The critical role of Mip/LIN-9 on the expression of S and G2/M genes is further supported by the finding that coexpression of Mip/LIN-9 and B-Myb results in the activation of cyclin A and cyclin B promoter-luciferase reporters, and both proteins are detected on the cyclin A and B promoters. Interestingly, although Mip/LIN-9 promoter occupancy peaks earlier than B-Myb, the highest levels of expression of cyclins A and B correlate with the maximum binding of B-Myb to these promoters. These data support the concept that Mip/LIN-9 is required for the expression of B-Myb, and both proteins collaborate in the control of the cell cycle progression via the regulation of S phase and mitotic cyclins.
2,2′-Disubstituted 5,5′-bipyrimidines

Syntheses of 2,2′-bis(methylthio)-, 2,2′-diamino-, 2,2′-dihydroxy-, 2,2′ -dichloro-, and 2,2′ -diethoxy-5,5;′-bipyrimidines are described.
Chemistry and controversy: the regulation of environmental chromium

The regulation of chromium in drinking water and sludge illustrates some of the challenges of regulating a chemical with complex environmental chemistry in a dynamic regulatory environment. The controversies evoked in setting environmental standards for chromium reflect technical uncertainties and the conflicting values of affected parties including regulators, citizens potentially exposed to chromium pollution, polluting industries, and research scientists. Regulatory limits for chromium in water and sludge recognize the paradoxical nature of chromium chemistry but also illustrate how the use of risk assessment can alter the regulatory approach. The framework of rationality as described by Crawford-Brown is suggested as a useful tool for evaluating regulatory limits for environmental contaminants. Science-based policies are most rational when they reflect the characteristics of rationality with respect to the ends or objectives sought, the means chosen to achieve these ends, and the beliefs that substantiate the chosen means and ends. If scientific research is to be applied to regulatory or environmental policy questions, then the traditional focus on the rationality of empirically based scientific beliefs must be expanded to consider the focus of the research question and the methodologies used.
Portable Ultrasound for Remote Environments, Part II: Current Indications

Abstract Background: With recent advances in ultrasound technology, it is now possible to deploy lightweight portable imaging devices in the field. Techniques and studies initially developed for hospital use have been extrapolated out of the hospital setting in a wide variety of environments in an effort to increase diagnostic accuracy in austere or prehospital environments. Objectives: This review summarizes current ultrasound applications used in out-of-hospital arenas and highlights existing evidence for such use. The diversity of applications and environments is organized by indication to better inform equipment selection as well as future directions for research and development. Discussion: Trauma evaluation, casualty triage, and assessment for pneumothorax, acute mountain sickness, and other applications have been studied by field medical teams. A wide range of outcomes have been reported, from alterations in patient care to determinations of accuracy compared to clinical judgment or other diagnostic modalities. Conclusions: The use of lightweight portable ultrasound shows great promise in augmenting clinical assessment for field medical operations. Although some studies of diagnostic accuracy exist in this setting, further research focused on clinically relevant outcomes data is needed.
Electrocardiographic changes in infants undergoing surface-induced deep hypothermia for open-heart surgery.

Abstract Serial electrocardiographic tracings of 14 infants undergoingsurface-induced deep hypothermia for total correction of various congenital heart lesions have been reviewed. As body temperatures declined to 18° C. there was a progressive decrease in heart rate and prolongation of the P-R, QRS, and Q-T intervals. All patients remained in normal sinus rhythm until surgical manipulation of the heart was begun at around 18 to 20° C., whereupon most went into nodal rhythm with occasional ventricular premature contractions. None of these cases developed ventricular fibrillation during cooling. However, at resuscitation, ventricular fibrillation occurred in a few infants where proper correction of the cardiac lesion had not been accomplished. There was no consistent changes in the S-T segment or T wave, and abnormal waves did not appear. During rewarming the heart rate increased progressively, the QRS became narrower, and many patients reverted to sinus rhythm at 30 to 34° C. These results demonstrate that this method of deep hypothermia can eliminate ventricular fibrillation in infants.
Separation and identification of geometric isomers of 3-hydroxyretinoids and occurrence in the eyes of insects

Abstract The 9- cis , 11- cis , 13- cis and all- trans isomers of 3-hydroxyretinal oxime, and the 11- cis . 13- cis and all- trans isomers of 3-hydroxyretinol have been resolved by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) and identified by their spectral properties. The antimony chloride reaction product of 3-hydroxyretinol is spectrally indistinguishable from that of retinol. Heads of insects from 8 genera of Diptera and Lepidoptera were found to contain 3-hydroxyretinoids. The most abundant isomers of 3-hydroxyretinal are 11- cis and all- trans .
The association between number of Pap smears performed and self-reported confidence in an internal medicine residency.

Background: The American Board of Internal Medicine (ABIM) recommends internal medicine residents perform at least 3–5 Pap smears during training. We evaluated whether doing more than the required minimum Pap smears was associated with greater confidence and less desire for more Pap smear training. Methods: We surveyed all 142 internal medicine residents at one university training program. Participants were asked how many Pap smears they had performed during residency and to rank their confidence and desire for more training in performing Pap smears. We compared confidence and desire for more training across three groups of residents reporting varying experience (≤5, 6–10, >10 Pap smears performed). Results: Of 101 responding residents (71% eligible), 42 (42%), 19 (19%), and 36 (36%) reported performing 10 Pap smears, respectively. The number of Pap smears performed was significantly related to confidence and desire for more training in Pap smears (p<0.05). Of residents who reported ≤5 Pap ...
GAS PULSATIONS IN THIN, CURVED OR FLAT CAVITIES DUE TO MULTIPLE MASS FLOW SOURCES WITH SPECIAL ATTENTION TO MULTI-CYLINDER COMPRESSORS

Abstract If compressor manifolds are thin compared to the smallest wavelength of interest, the general procedure developed by the authors [1, 2] for the analysis of curved, thin muffler elements can be applied to the analysis of gas pulsations in multi-cylinder compressor head cavities. The procedure for single-input/single-output systems is extended to systems of multi-inputs. Four pole parameters and transfer functions for each input/output set are obtained separately. The pressure response at the output port excited by each input is calculated by multiplying the input volume flow rate for each compressor valve with the respective transfer functions. The total pressure response is obtained by superposition of the pressure response excited by each input. A rectangular box type compressor head cavity with refrigerant discharged from a two-cylinder compressor and a thin cylindrical head cavity of a four cylinder automotive air conditioning compressor are analyzed as application examples.
Pancreatic Function of Spontaneously Diabetic Torii Rats in Pre-Diabetic Stage

The Spontaneously Diabetic Torii (SDT) rat is a new model for non-obese type 2 diabetes. In the present study, we investigated changes in insulin secretion from the pancreas of male SDT rats aged 8, 16, and 24 weeks in order to analyze pancreatic function. An analysis of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) in isolated islets showed a marked reduction in insulin secretion in pre-diabetic 16-week-old SDT rats. When the islets were treated with tolbutamide or glucagon-like peptide-1 (7-36) amide (tGLP-1) in the presence of 11.2 mM glucose, however, insulin levels were restored to levels of normal rats. In vivo study, SDT rats exhibited a marked reduction in GSIS from 16 weeks of age. However, tolbutamide or JTP-76209, which is a novel dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP IV) inhibitor, increased insulin release after glucose loading and improved glucose tolerance. A marked reduction in GSIS was observed in pre-diabetic SDT rats and the reduction was improved by tolbutamide, tGLP-1, and the DPP IV inhibitor. Therefore, we concluded that the SDT rat is useful, as a model of non-obese insulin secretory disorder, for the analysis of the onset of type 2 diabetes and the development of antidiabetic agents.
An acoustic study of vowel production in aphasia

A group of five anterior and seven posterior aphasic patients were recorded for their vowel productions of the nine nondipthong vowels of American English and compared to a group of seven normal speakers. All phonemic substitutions were eliminated from the data base. A Linear Predictive Coding (LPC) computer program was used to extract the first and the second formant frequencies at the midpoint of the vowel for each of the remaining repetitions of the nine vowels. The vowel duration and the fundamental frequency of phonation were also measured. Although there were no significant differences in the formant frequency means across groups, there were significantly larger standard deviations for the aphasic groups compared to normals. Anterior aphasics were not significantly different from posterior aphasics with respect to this greater formant variability. There was a main effect for vowel duration means, but no individual group was significantly different from the other. Standard deviations of duration were significantly greater for the anterior aphasics compared to normal speakers, but not significantly different from posterior aphasics. Posterior aphasics did not have significantly greater standard deviations of duration than did normal subjects. Greater acoustic variability was considered to evidence a phonetic production deficit on the part of both groups of aphasic speakers, in the context of fairly well-preserved phonemic organization for vowels.
The Archaeology of Maritime Landscapes

The Archaeology of Maritime Landscapes. Edited by Ben Ford. Springer, New York. 2011. ISBN 978-1-4419-4 (Hardback US $129), 352pp. As a book, The Archaeology of Maritime Landscapes originated in pa...
A simplified approach for predicting early-age concrete pavement deformation

Abstract Studies on deformation characteristics of early-age Jointed Plain Concrete Pavements (JPCP) due to environmental effects have drawn significant interest over the years. However, the complex nature of the problem arising from interacting environmental factors has resulted in difficulties in predicting the JPCP deformation characteristics. This study introduces a simplified approach for predicting the early-age deformation of JPCP due to environmental factors using an equivalent temperature difference concept. A newly constructed JPCP section on highway US–30 near Marshalltown, Iowa was instrumented to monitor the pavement response to variations in temperature and moisture during the first seven days after construction. Based on the collected field data, the total equivalent linear temperature difference (ΔTteltd ) corresponding to the actual deformation was quantified using Finite Element (FE) based approach, namely ISLAB 2000. The FE-based calculations were compared with the field measured slab d...
Simulations of the photoelectron sheath and dust levitation on the lunar surface

[1] The lunar surface represents a complex plasma environment due to the presence of solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation, the incoming solar wind flux and charged, levitated micron- and sub-micron sized dust particles. Photoemission due to solar UV radiation dominates the charging environment, creating a photoelectron sheath above the lunar surface. To further investigate the dusty plasma environment on the surface of the Moon, a one-dimensional particle-in-cell (PIC) code has been designed specifically for the lunar surface. The code has been validated against analytic solutions for photoelectron sheaths with basic photoelectron energy distributions. Simulations have focused on the role of the emitted photoelectron energy distribution and solar UV variability in determining the sheath profile. Additionally, the charging and levitation of test dust particles in the photoelectron sheath are studied. Limits on the maximum size and height of levitated dust grains are also presented.
Extinction as discrimination: The molar view

The traditional molecular view of behavior explains extinction as the dissipation or inhibition of strength, formerly built up by contiguous reinforcement. In obstinate opposition to this explanation was the partial-reinforcement extinction effect: a partially reinforced response extinguishes more slowly than a continuously reinforced response. It suggests instead that extinction is discrimination. Four pigeons were exposed to daily sessions in which a variable period of food delivery, produced by pecking on a variable-interval schedule, was followed by extinction. The rate of food delivery was varied over a wide range across conditions. Varying the amount of food per delivery inversely with rate of delivery kept response rate from varying excessively. The results confirmed and extended the partial-reinforcement effect; persistence of pecking and time to extinction were inversely related to rate of obtaining food. The results support the molar view of extinction, not as loss of strength of a particular discrete response, but as a transition from one allocation of time among activities to another. Although molecular theories dismiss discrimination due to repeated training and extinction as an impurity or complication, repeated cycles of availability and privation are probably typical of the environment in which most vertebrate species evolved.
Relaxation-time distribution functions and the kramers-kronig relations

Synopsis A general proof is given that the real and imaginary parts of a network function representing a physically realizable network with a distribution of relaxation times satisfy the Kramers-Kronig relations. Conditions on the network function presented in the literature are shown by an example to be too stringent.
FEEDBACK CONTROL OF COMBUSTION OSCILLATIONS

Abstract Combustion oscillations are excited by a feedback mechanism which results from the coupling between the flame instability and an acoustic resonance mode of the combustion chamber. The most important event of this mechanism is believed to be the upstream feedback from the acoustic resonance to the initial region of the flame, where new disturbances are generated. A control system has been implemented into a commercial household burner to counteract this upstream feedback. This is achieved by means of pulsating either the fresh air for combustion or the fuel. The actuators are activated by the signal of a sensor measuring the pulsation inside either the combustion chamber or the fresh air supply pipe. Combustion oscillations of this burner have been eliminated altogether, also when two modes were simultaneously excited, without destabilizing other acoustic modes. This results in 35dB reduction in the amplitude of the pressure pulsation. Furthermore, when the combustion process was stable, i.e. no resonances were excited, the use of active control has reduced the broad-band noise by 4dB. The effect of the input sensor location on the control system performance has also been investigated.
Research to Support Sterile-male-release and Genetic Alteration Techniques for Sea Lamprey Control

Integrated pest management of sea lampreys in the Laurentian Great Lakes has recently been enhanced by addition of a sterile-male-release program, and future developments in genetic approaches may lead to additional methods for reducing sea lamprey reproduction. We review the development, implementation, and evaluation of the sterile-male-release technique (SMRT) as it is being applied against sea lampreys in the Great Lakes, review the current understanding of SMRT efficacy, and identify additional research areas and topics that would increase either the efficacy of the SMRT or expand its geographic potential for application. Key areas for additional research are in the sterilization process, effects of skewed sex ratios on mating behavior, enhancing attractiveness of sterilized males, techniques for genetic alteration of sea lampreys, and sources of animals to enhance or expand the use of sterile lampreys.
Reconciling late Miocene climate and carbon dioxide levels

The Miocene epoch, about 23–5 million years ago, was warmer than today. However, reconstructions indicate that it also had levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) similar to preindustrial values. Scientists have had difficulty reconciling the Miocene temperatures and CO2 levels in models. Knorr et al. ran simulations using a coupled atmosphere-ocean general circulation model to try to simulate a warm late Miocene climate with preindustrial CO2 levels. They analyzed the importance of tectonic factors and vegetation changes driving the late Miocene climate and found that the temperature could largely be explained by the vegetation distribution, thus showing that the warmer late Miocene climate can be reconciled with the preindustrial CO2 concentrations. (Geophysical Research Letters, doi:10.1029/2011GL048873, 2011)
The Effects of Ethical Leadership and Abusive Supervision on Job Search Behaviors in the Turnover Process

Drawing upon the unfolding model of turnover and the dual-process theory of information processing, we examined the roles which ethical leadership and abusive supervision play in the turnover process. The central conclusion of this study is that ethical leadership influences job satisfaction, which then influences intentions to quit, which then impacts job search behaviors. Conversely, abusive supervision, which is the conceptual opposite of ethical leadership, has a negative influence on job satisfaction with corresponding impacts on intentions to quit and job search behavior. But, unlike ethical leadership, which does not directly lead to job search behavior, abusive supervision can also directly make people so upset that they initiate job search behaviors. Moreover, findings indicate that even low levels of abusive supervision can neutralize high levels of ethical leadership. Implications for research and practice in human resource management are discussed.
Identification of an Antibiotic-Producing Bacterium from the Human Intestinal Tract and Characterization of Its Antimicrobial Product

An antibiotic-producing bacterium repeatedly isolated from human feces was characterized by standard bacteriological methods. The bacterium is a gram-positive bacillus possessing morphological and physiological features similar to those of Bacillus subtilis, except that it lacks temperature-resistant spore formation and has peritrichous flagella. The cell-free antibiotic produced by the organism in vitro was effective against some gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria and yeast in minimum inhibitory concentration and antibiotic disk assays. The 1,200-dalton antibiotic had an optimal activity against Proteus vulgaris within the pH range of 5.7 to 6.8. The activity was totally destroyed by digestion with pronase and trypsin but was resistant to pepsin, chymotrypsin, papain, and nuclease digestion. In addition, the antibiotic activity against P. vulgaris was stable between pH 3 to 9 and within the temperature range of 20 to 100 degrees C when tested in the fermentation medium. The activity was only partially retained by membrane filters which normally retain globular proteins of molecular weights between 500 to 10,000. Electrophoresis in phosphate buffer indicated that the activity against P. vulgaris had an isoelectric point of approximately 6.45. These properties are compatible with the antibiotic activity associated with a small peptide.
A collocation method for boundary value problems

Collocation with piecewise polynomial functions is developed as a method for solving two-point boundary value problems. Convergence is shown for a general class of linear problems and a rather broad class of nonlinear problems. Some computational examples are presented to illustrate the wide applicability and efficiency of the procedure.
A new polarographic procedure for measuring the blood oxygen tension in vitro.

Es wird ein neues und einfaches polarographisches Verfahren unter Benutzung von Clarks Platinelektrode beschrieben, das die Messung der Sauerstoffspannung des Blutesin vitro gestattet.
250 keV and 100 keV argon ion induced X-ray and optical emissions from a Cr/Ni sandwich on Si and Al samples

Abstract During 250 keV Ar+ ion bombardment of an Cr/Ni sandwich on Si samples [1] X-ray and optical emissions have been recorded. The optical spectrum showed pronounced Cr I lines from the first Cr layer of the bombarded sample. The X-ray spectra showed Ar K. lines. The Al foils bombarded by 100 keV Ar+ ions showed the optical line spectra with pronounced Al I optical lines as well as Al II and Al III optical lines, while the X-ray spectra obtained by 250 keV Ar+ ion bombardment showed pronounced K X-ray Al lines and less pronounced K X-ray argon lines. The correlation diagram for the Ar+→ Cr collisions shows that the Ar 1s electron can be promoted to the 2p levels of the united atom with a probability of vacancy creation in the Ar K shell. The Al Kα lines appeared as a consequence of the Al Is electron promotion to the 2p level of the united atom. The promoted Al Is electron left a vacancy in the Al K shell. Deexcitation in both the Ar and Al excited atom occurs when the K vacancy is filled by an electron from the upper shells.
Torsional distortions in trimesitylsilanes and trimesitylgermanes

Abstract The crystal structures have been solved for allyltrimesitylsilane ( 3 ), trimesitylsilane ( 4 ), and trimesitylgermane ( 5 ). Steric congestion caused by the three mesityl groups causes some lengthening of the Si–C and Ge–C bonds. The C–Si–C and C–Ge–C bond angles are increased when X is not H. Distortion is relieved by rotating the plane of the phenyl rings to create a propeller conformation. The same distortion has been found in unpublished data of the reported crystal structures of trimesitylsilyl azide ( 6 ) and aminotrimesitylgermane ( 7 ). Despite the variety of substituents (allyl, amino, azido, H) and the two different central atoms (Si, Ge), the twist angle of the propeller (compared with a conformation lacking any twist) lies between 41.6 and 48° for all five systems.