cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
TWO NOVEL PARAMETERS TO EVALUATE THE GLOBAL COMPLEXITY OF THE SUN'S MAGNETIC FIELD AND TRACK THE SOLAR CYCLE

Since the unusually prolonged and weak solar minimum between solar cycles 23 and 24 (2008-2010), the sunspot number is smaller and the overall morphology of the Sun's magnetic field is more complicated (i.e., less of a dipole component and more of a tilted current sheet) compared with the same minimum and ascending phases of the previous cycle. Nearly 13 yr after the last solar maximum (~2000), the monthly sunspot number is currently only at half the highest value of the past cycle's maximum, whereas the polar magnetic field of the Sun is reversing (north pole first). These circumstances make it timely to consider alternatives to the sunspot number for tracking the Sun's magnetic cycle and measuring its complexity. In this study, we introduce two novel parameters, the standard deviation (SD) of the latitude of the heliospheric current sheet (HCS) and the integrated slope (SL) of the HCS, to evaluate the complexity of the Sun's magnetic field and track the solar cycle. SD and SL are obtained from the magnetic synoptic maps calculated by a potential field source surface model. We find that SD and SL are sensitive to the complexity of the HCS: (1) they have low values when the HCS is flat at solar minimum, and high values when the HCS is highly tilted at solar maximum; (2) they respond to the topology of the HCS differently, as a higher SD value indicates that a larger part of the HCS extends to higher latitude, while a higher SL value implies that the HCS is wavier; (3) they are good indicators of magnetically anomalous cycles. Based on the comparison between SD and SL with the normalized sunspot number in the most recent four solar cycles, we find that in 2011 the solar magnetic field had attained a similar complexity as compared to the previous maxima. In addition, in the ascending phase of cycle 24, SD and SL in the northern hemisphere were on the average much greater than in the southern hemisphere, indicating a more tilted and wavier HCS in the north than the south, associated with the early reversal of the polar magnetic field in the north relative to the south.
An absolute determination of the 235U fission cross section at 964 keV

An absolute measurement of the 235U fission cross section has been carried out using a S4Na-Be photoneutron source with median neutron energy of 964 keV. A symmetric two-foil experi- ment was set up to measure the fission rate in a low-albedo laboratory, and variations in the source- to-foil spacing used to determine the room background. Fission fragments passing through a limited solid angle aperture were recorded from each foil by solid state tracketch techniques. The photo- neutron source was calibrated after each run using the manganese bath method and the secondary national standard source NBS-II. A computed neutron source spectrum with 32 keV FWHM was derived by the Monte Carlo method and used in reducing the data to a cross section at 964 keV. The final value of 1.21 ~ 0.025 barns is absolute in that, except for small corrections, its determination was independent of any other cross section data.
Coordinate Gene Regulation by Two Different Catenins

In this issue of Developmental Cell , McCrea and colleagues report that p120-catenin regulates the same Wnt target genes as β-catenin in the Xenopus embryo (Park et al., 2005). These findings raise the exciting possibility that these two related proteins function in parallel to mediate cadherin-associated regulation of gene expression.
SYNERGISTIC SOLVENT EXTRACTION OF RARE EARTHS BY MIXTURES OF THENOYLTRIFLUOROACETONE AND ACETYLACETONE.

Abstract The synergistic extraction of the thenoyltrifluoroacetonates of neodymium, samarium, gadolinium, dysprosium, and erbium by acetylacetone was studied using mixtures of the two β-diketones. The synergistic shift of the extraction curves decreases the separability of the rare earth chelates.
Xenotransplantation and the risk of transmission of porcine endogenous retroviruses: an overview

Abstract There is a significant shortage of available organs for transplant in the United States and worldwide. Although it has been postulated that organs from animals, such as pigs, may someday be used for such transplants instead, the existence of the porcine endogenous retroviruses (PERVs) has been implicated as a potential risk factor for this procedure. This article provides an overview of research which has examined the function of PERVs and the potential problems they may present both in the field of transplantation and in the study of infectious diseases. The debate concerning this issue and its potential implications for public health are also discussed.
Trauma, narration, technology: user-ordered representation and the Holocaust

Abstract The database of Holocaust witness narratives housed in the Wexner Learning Center of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum is an example of user-ordered representation that allows a postmodern rhetoric of mass trauma. Differing significantly from previous linear narrative strategies used to represent the Holocaust, the hypermedia database allows for multiple interpretations of texts. The critical user or viewer can interact with and restructure the viewing experience, having significant implications for the future of historical narrative as well as representation of mass experience.
Real-time gait event detection for paraplegic FES walking

A real-time method for the detection of gait events that occur during the electrically stimulated locomotion of paraplegic subjects is described. It consists of a two-level algorithm for the processing of sensor signals and the determination of gait event times. Sensor signals and information about the progression of the stimulator though its pre-specified stimulation "pattern" are processed by a machine intelligence (fuzzy logic) algorithm to determine an initial estimate of the patient's current phase of gait. This is then reviewed and modified by a second algorithm that removes spurious gait estimates, and determines gait event times. These gait event times are known to the system within approximately one-half of a gait cycle. The resulting gait event detection system was successfully evaluated on three subjects. Detection accuracy is not adversely affected by day-to-day gait variability. This work resolved technical and practical issues that previously limited the real time application of these methods. In particular, cosmetically acceptable insole force transducers were used. This gait event detector is designed for use in a real time controller for the automatic adjustment of the intensity and timing of stimulation while the subject is walking using functional electrical stimulation.
The Chemotherapeutic Agents XK469 (2-{4-[(7-Chloro-2-quinoxalinyl)oxy]phenoxy}propionic acid) and SH80 (2-{4-[(7-Bromo-2-quinolinyl)oxy]phenoxy}propionic acid) Inhibit Cytokinesis and Promote Polyploidy and Induce Senescence

The therapeutic usefulness of the quinoxaline derivatives XK469 (2-{4-[(7-chloro-2-quinoxalinyl)oxy]phenoxy}propionic acid) and SH80 (2-{4-[(7-bromo-2-quinolinyl)oxy]phenoxy}propionic acid) has been attributed to their abilities to induce G2/M arrest and apoptotic or autophagic cell death. Concentrations of XK469 or SH80 ≥ 5 μM were cytostatic to cultures of the normal murine melanocyte cell line Melan-a. Higher concentrations caused dose-dependent cytotoxicity. Concentrations ≥10 μM provoked dramatic morphological changes typified by marked increases in cell size and granularity. XK469/SH80-treated cultures accumulated tetraploid (4N) DNA-containing cells within 24 h of treatment, an 8N population within 3 days, and a 16N population within 5 days. Increases in ploidy correlated with the appearance of multinucleated cells. Under no circumstances did cells exhibit evidence of furrow formation. Both drugs suppressed cytokinesis in additional mammalian cell lines. Cytotoxic concentrations of XK469 elevated DEVDase activities (a measure of procaspase-3/7 activation) and enhanced cellular staining by a fluorescent analog of the pan caspase inhibitor valine-alanine-aspartic acid-fluoromethyl ketone within 48 to 96 h of treatment. Within 48 h of treatment, cytostatic and cytotoxic concentrations of XK469 elevated p21 contents, reduced Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL contents, and induced autophagy, as monitored by the accumulaton of phosphatidylethanolamine-modified cleavage product of microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 (LC3-II). Cultures treated with ≥10 μM XK469 or SH80 for 5 days could not be induced to divide upon removal of drugs. Such cultures maintained high LC3-II contents, exhibited reduced cyclin E and D1 contents, and extensively expressed senescence-associated β-galactosidase within 14 to 17 days of cessation of drug treatment. Hence, XK469 and SH80 inhibit cytokinesis, promote polyploidy, and induce senescence in Melan-a cells.
A Note on the Cunningham, Virginia Earthquake of August 17, 1984, in the Central Virginia Seismic Zone

The intensity distribution and focal mechanism solution are presented for an earthquake that occurred on August 17, 1984, some 17 km southeast of Charlottesville, Virginia. Maximum intensity was V (MM) near the community of Cunningham, Virginia. The average network duration magnitude of 4.0 agrees well with that derived from the relationships of magnitude m b (Lg) with felt area. The isoseismals are relatively symmetric, except for the contour enclosing the entire felt area. The asymmetry of the outermost isoseismal is probably controlled by population density variations within the region and not by the seismic source or propagation effects. The focal mechanism of the shock, based on P-wave first motions from 24 local and regional stations, indicates either left-lateral motion on a north-northwest striking plane dipping 59° to the east-northeast or right-reverse motion on a northeast striking plane with a dip of 76° to the northwest. This 8 km deep earthquake occurred at the western edge of the Central Virginia Seismic Zone but was not a part of a swarm or foreshock-mainshock-aftershock sequence that is characteristic of nearly half of the recent earthquake occurrences within the zone.
A Buck Converter With Reduced Output Spurs Using Asynchronous Frequency Hopping

A frequency-hopped buck converter with reduced output spurs in 0.35-μm CMOS is presented. The converter uses pulsewidth-modulation control with eight switching frequencies to achieve 13.2-dB reduction in output spurs from the traditional single-frequency case. The proposed implementation maintains the continuity of the ramp signal, regardless of the frequency selected or when it is selected. Therefore, the hopping rate can be set independently using a clock that is asynchronous to the internal switching frequencies of the converter, and no synchronization between the switching frequencies themselves or between them and the hopping clock is necessary. Moreover, the proposed continuous ramp signal minimizes transients associated with hopping, hence maximizing the hopping rate and spur reduction.
Neural networks for sensor management and diagnostics

The application of neural network technology to control system input signal management and diagnostics is explored. Control systems for critical plants, where operation must not be interrupted for safety reasons, are often configured with redundant sensing, computing, and actuating elements to provide fault tolerance and ensure the required degree of safety. In one such test case, the validation, selection and diagnosis of redundant sensor signals required 40%-50% of the control system hardware and software, while the control algorithms required less than 20% of these resources. Neural networks are investigated to determine if they can reduce the computational requirement and improve the performance of control system input signal management and diagnostics. Four neural networks are investigated to determine if they can reduce the computational requirement and improve the performance of control system input signal management and diagnostics. Four neural networks were trained to perform signal validation and selection of redundant sensors, sensor estimation from the data redundancy among dissimilar sensors, diagnostics, and estimation of unobservable control parameters. The performance of the neural networks are compared against plant models, and the results are discussed. >
Correction of factitious hyperkalemia in hemolyzed specimens.

Abstract Background Hemolysis in pediatric specimens is common due to difficult blood draws and small-bore intravenous catheters. Values of serum K + become falsely elevated secondary to release of intracellular contents. If a reliable correction factor existed for this factitious elevation, repeat K + measurements might be avoided. Objective The aim of the study was to establish a correction factor for factitiously elevated K + , using free plasma hemoglobin (p-Hgb) as a measure of in vitro hemolysis. Methods Twenty whole-blood specimens drawn from healthy adults via a 23-gauge needle were divided into 4 aliquots: (1) no manipulation, (2) mechanical hemolysis via a 27-gauge needle, (3) addition of potassium acetate (KAc), and (4) addition of KAc and mechanical hemolysis. KAc was added to mimic potentially significant hyperkalemia. All specimens had standard K + and p-Hgb measurements performed. Results Nonhemolyzed and hemolyzed K + ranged from 3.2 to 8.1 mEq/L and 3.5 to 10.0 mEq/L, respectively. A linear relationship existed between the change in K + and p-Hgb from the nonhemolyzed to hemolyzed specimens. A correction factor for K + of 0.00319 (95% confidence interval, 0.00290-0.00349) × p-Hgb was obtained. Conclusions A reliable correction factor for factitious hyperkalemia in a clinically relevant range exists. By example, using the above correction factor, one can predict that the delta K + in a specimen with 500 mg/dL of p-Hgb will be 1.6 mEq/L (range, 1.5-1.7). We suggest that when the lower bound of the predicted delta K + results in a corrected value within the reference range, a second blood draw is unnecessary.
Technology-based analog and digital microsystem design

The telecommunications industry is one of the fastest growing industries in the United States. Fueling this growth is the high degree of computational power made possible by advances in microelectronic fabrication and design. To contribute to this technology upon graduation our students must have the necessary background that includes digital and both baseband and high frequency analog design skills. This paper describes a senior sequence in digital and analog microsystem design that uses a unique mix of lecture, projects and laboratory measurements to address telecommunication microsystem technology. The course material emphasizes the design and operation of key components and subsystems of telecommunication systems.
El poder autónomo del estado: sus orígenes, mecanismos y resultados | The Autonomous Power of the State: its Origins, Mechanisms, and Results

Este articulo fue publicado inicialmente en ingles en la revista Archives Europennes de Sociologie en 1984, y posteriormente en la compilacion de trabajos de Michael Mann States, war and capitalism: studies in political sociology . Retomamos aqui la traduccion al castellano de Pablo Sanchez Leon, publicada en 1991 en la revista Zona Abierta . Mann defiende en este articulo que “el Estado es mera y esencialmente una arena, un espacio y que no obstante esta es la fuente misma de su autonomia. This article was published for the first time in English in 1984 in the magazine Archives Europennes de Sociologie, and afterwards in the compilation of Michael Mann’s works States, war and capitalism: studies in political sociology. We take up Pablo Sanchez Leon’s translation, published in 1991 in the magazine Zona Abierta. Mann argues that: “the state is merely and essentially an arena, a space, and that however these is the precise source of its autonomy.”
Critiquing Green Diplomacy

International Environmental Politics: The Limits of Green Diplomacy. By Lee-Anne Broadhead. Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2002. 240 pp., $55.00 cloth (ISBN: 1-58826-092-5), $19.95 paper (ISBN:1-58826-068-2). The articulated mission of International Environmental Politics: The Limits of Green Diplomacy stems from critical theory's admonition “to comprehend the given society, [to] criticize its contradictions and failures, and to construct alternatives.” (Kellner 1984:122–123, Broadhead's emphasis, quoted on p. xi). From this perspective, Lee-Anne Broadhead's book serves the useful and necessary purpose of criticizing incremental intergovernmental approaches to environmental policymaking. However, the book is less successful in either the first or the third aspects of its mission. It does little to foster an increased understanding of “green diplomacy” or international regime theories or to offer robust alternative remedies for environmental problems. Operating in the spirit of the Frankfurt School (that is, the work of Max Horkheimer, Theodor Adorno, Herbert Marcuse, and Jurgen Habermas among others), Broadhead takes issue with much of the existing world order, beginning with the eighteenth-century Enlightenment. In her view, the instrumental rationality of the Enlightenment, its manifestation in Western science, its celebration of technology, and its conceptualization of the natural environment serve as foundations for economic liberalism, environmental degradation, international regime theory, and counterproductive green diplomacy. The distinctions between instrumental and ecological rationality are only partially explicated by Broadhead. In essence, instrumental rationality has to do with disaggregation, focusing attention on one issue at a time rather than taking a holistic approach. Despite this superficial treatment, Broadhead designates the Enlightenment's enshrinement of instrumental rationality as the crux of the problem. Acknowledging the important role that scientists within epistemic communities play in creating environmental regimes, Broadhead argues that the solutions provided by mainstream science are misleading. They blind us to …
Data mining for multi-agent fuzzy decision tree structure and rules

A fuzzy logic based expert system has been developed that automatically allocates resources in realtime over many dissimilar platforms. The platforms can be very general, e.g., ships, planes, etc. Potential foes can also be general. The resource manager has been embedded in an electronic game environment. This co-evolutionary game fully automates the data mining problem allowing determination of parameters essential to the resource manager. The game allows the resource manager to learn from human experts or computerized enemies. The game does not determine the structure of fuzzy decision trees. A new data mining algorithm that uses a genetic program, an algorithm that evolves other computer programs, as a data mining function has been developed to solve this problem. It not only determines the fuzzy decision tree structure it also creates fuzzy rules while mining scenario data bases. Finally, experimental results are discussed related to both data mining algorithms.
Acceptance of flexible sigmoidoscopy screening for colorectal cancer.

Abstract This study was conducted in the Kaiser Permanente Medical Care Program of Northern California to identify patient characteristics that explain interest in flexible sigmoidoscopy (FS) screening. A mailed screening invitation to 6837 age-eligible patients elicited responses from 49%. Efforts to reach and interview both eligible respondents and non-respondents resulted in 2728 computer-assisted telephone interviews (CATI), with 60% indicating interest in FS screening. Five components of the Integrated Behavioral Model were measured with respect to FS screening: attitude, affect, social influence, facilitators/barriers, and perceived risk of colorectal cancer. All five model components were significantly and independently associated with interest in FS, with patient attitude being the strongest predictor. Of the 32 items comprising the model components, nine items having the highest correlations with FS interest were identified as potentially important issues to address by efforts to increase interest in screening. Six of these were attitudinal beliefs. The findings from this theory-driven study provide specific targets for the design of interventions to increase FS interest and screening rates.
DILAND: An Algorithm for Distributed Sensor Localization With Noisy Distance Measurements

We present an algorithm for distributed sensor localization with noisy distance measurements (DILAND) that extends and makes the DLRE more robust. DLRE is a distributed sensor localization algorithm in Rm (m ? 1) introduced in our previous work (IEEE Trans. Signal Process., vol. 57, no. 5, pp. 2000-2016, May 2009). DILAND operates when: 1) the communication among the sensors is noisy; 2) the communication links in the network may fail with a nonzero probability; and 3) the measurements performed to compute distances among the sensors are corrupted with noise. The sensors (which do not know their locations) lie in the convex hull of at least m + 1 anchors (nodes that know their own locations). Under minimal assumptions on the connectivity and triangulation of each sensor in the network, we show that, under the broad random phenomena described above, DILAND converges almost surely (a.s.) to the exact sensor locations.
Drug court perspectives: Adopting operational and evidence based practices

Veterans Health Administration, and Medicaid. Testing revealed that use of standardized measures using administrative data for overall use and initiation of addiction pharmacotherapy is feasible and practical; that prevalence of diagnoses and use of pharmacotherapy vary widely across health systems; that pharmacotherapy is generally used in a limited portion of those for whom it might be indicated; and that results are sensitive to specifications, so that standardization is critical to measuring performance across systems.
Demographic profile of inhalant, amphetamine, ecstasy, and heroin use among prerelease male inmates in Georgia

Abstract Background: Drug use among inmate populations presents a set of challenges that are both unique and varied. It has been reported that perhaps two-thirds of those entering state and federal penitentiaries have histories of substance abuse. Methods: The present study collected self-report data on inmates’ use of inhalants, amphetamines, ecstasy, and heroin to discern how drug use practices of inmates vary with respect to demographic factors. Participants included 233 adult male inmates incarcerated in three medium security prisons located in middle Georgia and one residential transitional center located in a major metropolitan area. Enrollment of participants in the program was initiated in 1999. For participation in the intervention, eligible inmates were 18 years of age or older, male, and scheduled to be released within 3–6 months. Analysis compared black participants against whites and whites against other ethnicities in aggregate. Results: Statistically significant differences were observed be...
Environmental Justice Implications of Brownfield Redevelopment in the United States

This article discusses environmental justice implications of brownfield development. Although many argue that brownfield development can be an excellent alternative to the Superfund Act for a new toxic waste policy in the United States, providing environmental as well as economic improvements, such views are based on anticipated rather than proven or actual benefits. Questions pertaining to the environmental justice consequences of brownfield development discussed in this article include who lives near brownfield sites and which sites are cleaned up first, whether lowering cleanup standards for brownfield development is safe for human health, whether brownfield development can provide economic benefits without any adverse consequences of development to local residents, and how public participation should be included in the process of brownfield development.
General Flexibility of Linear Model Techniques for Sire Evaluation

Abstract Linear model methods applied to the mixed model provide a flexible and powerful tool for sire evaluation under a wide variety of situations. These techniques combine the known, desirable properties of selection index and the capability of linear model methods to deal with large sets of data with unequal subclass numbers. The problem to be solved is to find the best evaluation of a sire that is regarded as a random individual from some specified subpopulation (group). Defining as best that evaluation (prediction) which, in the class of linear functions of the observations, is unbiased and has die smallest possible variance of prediction errors, the problem has been solved provided relative values of elements of the variance-covariance matrix of random variables in the model are known. The method derived to meet these specifications is Best Linear Unbiased Prediction. The computing technique is a simple modification of least squares.
Aggregate TCP congestion control using multiple network probing

Extensive research in TCP's congestion control mechanism has resulted in an effective algorithm that gives fairly precise estimates on the available bandwidth on a given network path (J. Postel, 1981; V. Jacobson, 1988). However, most past efforts focused on enhancing the accuracy and robustness of the path bandwidth estimation algorithms for individual TCP connections. Relatively fewer attempts have been made to further improve data transport efficiency by sharing path bandwidth information among concurrent TCP connections with the same sources and destinations. The paper proposes an aggregate TCP-based congestion control algorithm (ATCP) that allows individual TCP connections to reach their fair shares of the available network path bandwidth more quickly, while still observing TCP's congestion control semantics. In addition, the proposed algorithm is guaranteed to perform no worse than current TCP congestion control algorithm in all cases, and is designed to be implemented in a way that is completely transparent to both ends of a TCP connection. ATCP is particularly useful for TCP connections that are short-lived and yet have a long round-trip delay, such as Web page transfers using HTTP 1.0. Our trace-driven simulation study shows that the aggregate congestion control algorithm can reduce the normalized transaction latency by a factor of up to 2, compared to standard TCP.
Promoter activity of the pER341-borne STPhsp in heterologous gene expression in Escherichia coli and Streptococcus thermophilus

A 138-bp EcoO109/HinfI fragment of Streptococcus thermophilus plasmid pER341 (2798 bp) including the promoter sequence of the heat stress protein gene hsp16.4 was tested in vector constructs for ability to activate the promoterless green fluorescent protein gene (gfp) from a jelly fish in Escherichia coli, S. thermophilus, and lactococci. STPhsp promoted gfp expression in transformed hosts as evidenced by the presence of green fluorescent (GFP+) colonies under UV illumination. The results confirmed the potential of STPhsp as a functional promoter in heterologous gene expression in dairy fermentation bacteria.
Distributed coverage games for mobile visual sensors (II) : Reaching the set of global optima

We formulate a coverage optimization problem for mobile visual sensor networks as a repeated multi-player game. Each visual sensor tries to optimize its own coverage while minimizing the processing cost. The rewards for the sensing are not prior information to the agents. We present an asynchronous distributed learning algorithm where each sensor only remembers the utility values obtained by its neighbors and itself, and the actions it played during the last two time steps when it was active. We show that this algorithm is convergent in probability to the set of global optima of certain coverage performance metric.
Using the Ralstonia solanacearum Tat Secretome To Identify Bacterial Wilt Virulence Factors

To identify secreted virulence factors involved in bacterial wilt disease caused by the phytopathogen Ralstonia solanacearum, we mutated tatC, a key component of the twin-arginine translocation (Tat) secretion system. The R. solanacearum tatC mutation was pleiotropic; its phenotypes included defects in cell division, nitrate utilization, polygalacturonase activity, membrane stability, and growth in plant tissue. Bioinformatic analysis of the R. solanacearum strain GMI1000 genome predicted that this pathogen secretes 70 proteins via the Tat system. The R. solanacearum tatC strain was severely attenuated in its ability to cause disease, killing just over 50% of tomato plants in a naturalistic soil soak assay where the wild-type parent killed 100% of the plants. This result suggested that elements of the Tat secretome may be novel bacterial wilt virulence factors. To identify contributors to R. solanacearum virulence, we cloned and mutated three genes whose products are predicted to be secreted by the Tat system: RSp1521, encoding a predicted AcvB-like protein, and two genes, RSc1651 and RSp1575, that were identified as upregulated in planta by an in vivo expression technology screen. The RSc1651 mutant had wild-type virulence on tomato plants. However, mutants lacking either RSp1521, which appears to be involved in acid tolerance, or RSp1575, which encodes a possible amino acid binding protein, were significantly reduced in virulence on tomato plants. Additional bacterial wilt virulence factors may be found in the Tat secretome.
Nitrogen Uptake by Native and Invasive Temperate Coastal Macrophytes: Importance of Dissolved Organic Nitrogen

We investigated if the success of the invasive common reed Phragmites australis could be attributed to a competitive ability to use dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) when compared to the dominant macrophyte Spartina alterniflora in tidal wetlands. Short-term nutrient uptake experiments were performed in the laboratory on two genetic lineages of Phragmites (native and introduced to North America) and S. alterniflora. Our results provide the first evidence for direct assimilation of DON by temperate marsh plants and indicate that amino acids are assimilated intact by all plant types at similar rates. Both Phragmites lineages had significantly greater urea–N assimilation rates than S. alterniflora, and the affinity for dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) species was the greatest in native Phragmites > introduced Phragmites > S. alterniflora. Field studies demonstrated uptake of both DON and DIN in similar proportion as those determined in the laboratory experiments. Based on these uptake rates, we estimate that DON has the potential to account for up to 47% of N demand for Phragmites plants, and up to 24% for S. alterniflora plants. Additionally, we suggest that differences in N uptake between native and introduced Phragmites lineages explain one mechanism for the success of the introduced type under increasingly eutrophic conditions.
AN INVESTIGATION OF THE FREE OSCILLATIONS OF A SIMPLE CURRENT SYSTEM

Abstract Any sudden local addition of momentum to a rotating fluid body will generally result in some type of oscillation of that body. In the case of the ocean, this oscillation will include the form of “long” or “tidal” waves. A previous investigation by Rossby indicated that the period of such waves would be twelve pendulum hours. However, on the basis of earlier research by Lord Kelvin the period would be shorter. In the present paper the author removes the seeming inconsistency between the results of these two investigations. He shows that such inertial type waves are quickly damped out by means of rapid spreading out of the energy involved. This factor may be of importance in explaining why inertial oscillations are observed with such difficulty in the atmosphere.
Fluorescence Studies of Nucleic Acids: Dynamics, Rigidities, and Structures

The broad field of nucleic acid structure and dynamics has undergone remarkable development during the past decade. Especially in regard to dynamics, modern fluorescence methods have yielded some of the most important advances. This chapter concerns primarily the application of timeresolved fluorescence techniques to study the dynamics of nucleic acid/dye complexes, and the inferences regarding rotational mobilities, deformation potentials, and alternate structures of nucleic acids that follow from such experiments. Emphasis is mainly on the use of time-resolved fluorescence polarization anisotropy (FPA), although results obtained using other techniques are also noted. This chapter is devoted mainly to free DNAs and tRNAs, but DNAs in nucleosomes, chromatin, viruses, and sperm are also briefly discussed. The reader is referred to other reviews for detailed discussions of the electronic states and luminescence of nucleic acids and their constituents, fluorescence correlation spectroscopy, spectroscopy of dye/DNA complexes, and ethidium fluorescence assays. 5) A brief review of early work on DNA dynamics as well as a review of tRNA kinetics and dynamics have also appeared. The diverse and voluminous literature on the use of fluorescence techniques to assay the binding of proteins and antitumor drugs to nucleic acids and on the use of fluorescent DNA/dye complexes in cytometry and cytochemistry lies entirely outside the scope of this chapter.
Strategies and Methods for Proteome Analysis

A proteome has been defined as the protein complement expressed by the genome of an organism (Wilkins, et al. 1996). In multicellular organisms the proteome is the protein complement expressed by a tissue or differentiated cell. The most common approach to proteome analysis involves separation of proteins by one- or two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (IEF/SDS-PAGE), enzymatic cleavage of selected proteins, tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) of peptides, and finally data interpretation by computer routines which also search databases (Fig. 1.1). In most cases the availability of protein and DNA sequences in public databases eliminates the need for complete protein sequence analysis. Protein sequences are more rapidly identified by partial sequence analysis using tandem mass spectrometry which allows rapid, complete gene identification. As reliable as protein identification by mass spectrometry has become there are still many obstacles that prevent proteome analysis from becoming as automated and routine as genome analysis.
Enhancing Microinverter Energy Capture With Submodule Differential Power Processing

Differential power processing (DPP) is a power electronics system architecture that configures dc–dc converters in parallel with the PV string to improve its power yield. The parallel nature of the DPP architecture brings a number of benefits, such as low converter power rating and low power losses, all of which make DPP especially suitable for submodule-level maximum power point tracking (MPPT). Meanwhile, microinverters typically perform only module-level MPPT and do not address power losses due to uncompensated submodule mismatch. In this paper, we introduce DPP converters into a microinverter system to improve its energy capture by recovering power losses due to submodule mismatch. The control method to interface DPP converters with a microinverter for submodule MPPT is presented and the tradeoff between tracking accuracy and control overhead is analyzed. A small-footprint DPP converter is designed. A digitally assisted windowed sensing technique is also implemented to address the challenge of precise current sensing. Altogether, the proposed solution seamlessly integrates DPP into the existing microinverter design. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed solution, a hardware prototype has been built and tested with an off-the-shelf commercial microinverter. The improvement in energy capture with DPP converters has been experimentally verified.
Comparison of Methods To Reweight from Classical Molecular Simulations to QM/MM Potentials.

We examine methods to reweight classical molecular mechanics solvation calculations to more expensive QM/MM energy functions. We first consider the solvation free energy difference between ethane and methanol in a QM/MM Hamiltonian from configurations generated in a cheaper MM potential. The solute molecules in the QM/MM Hamiltonian are treated with B3LYP/6-31G*, and the solvent water molecules are treated classically. The free energy difference in the QM/MM Hamiltonian is estimated using Boltzmann reweighting with both the non-Boltzmann Bennett method (NBB) and the multistate Bennett acceptance ratio (MBAR), and the variance of each method is directly compared for an identical data set. For this system, MBAR-derived methods are found to produce smaller overall uncertainties than NBB-based methods. Additionally, we show that to reduce the variance in the overall free energy difference estimate in this system for a fixed amount of QM/MM calculations, the energy re-evaluations in the Boltzmann reweighting s...
“An Honorable Place”: The Quest for Professional Advertising Education, 1900–1917

The opening decades of the twentieth century saw various advertisers embark on a concerted effort to create professional instruction at American universities. They had two objectives. They thought that such instruction might help individual firms determine precisely how advertising worked in the marketplace — and thereby create a science of advertising — and they hoped that university education would transform their business into a full-fledged profession. Yet these efforts brought mixed results. As such instruction came into being, advertisers found that they had little influence over the education they had sought to promote, and they found that such training had chosen to follow one of two divergent paths, neither of which the industry thought wholly acceptable. Even more to their dismay, advertisers found that this education did not in fact convert their business into a profession.
A Closer Look at the Reliability and Validity of Perceptual Maps

Recent research has demonstrated that reliability and validity for multidimensional scaling-produced perceptual maps are lower than some marketers are willing to tolerate. An alternate technique (hand-drawn maps) has produced marginally higher reliability and validity scores. The premise of the present research is that before discarding potentially useful tools such as multidimensional scaling and the hand-drawn technique, further exploration of reliability and validity should be conducted. This research examines the reliability and validity of MDS-generated and hand-drawn perceptual maps as the number of stimuli in a set varies and as the subjects’ familiarity with the stimuli varies.
Human Development Dynamics: An Agent Based Simulation of Adaptive Heterogeneous Games and Social Systems

In the context of modernization and development, the complex adaptive systems framework can help address the coupling of macro social constraint and opportunity with individual agency. Combining system dynamics and agent based modeling, we formalize the Human Development (HD) perspective with a system of asymmetric, coupled nonlinear equations empirically validated from World Values Survey (WVS) data, capturing the core qualitative logic of HD theory. Using a simple evolutionary game approach, we fuse endogenously derived individual socio-economic attribute changes with Prisoner’s Dilemma spatial intra-societal economic transactions. We then explore a new human development dynamics (HDD) model behavior via quasi-global simulation methods to explore economic development, cultural plasticity, social and political change.
Interface entropy generation in micro porous channels with velocity slip and temperature jump

Abstract In a certain size micro thermofluid systems, the temperature of the cooling fluid at the vicinity of the solid hot wall differs from the temperature of the wall. This temperature difference can be modelled by using a temperature jump parameter, which relates the temperatures of the fluid and solid at the interface, and the gradient of the temperature in the solid wall. In this investigation, two micro porous channels with asymmetric thick walls have been considered; one with constant, but different, temperature boundary conditions and the other one with heat flux and convection boundary conditions at each of the walls, in order to determine the impact of the interface entropy generation rates on the total entropy generation calculation, particularly when the solid-fluid interface temperature jump has been assumed in a micro channel. The effects of the magnetic field have been addressed in both the momentum and energy equations of the porous section of the system. The slip velocity and temperature jump interface boundary conditions for both the upper and lower fluid-wall interfaces are considered. The results indicate that when the temperature jump parameter is weak, the interfaces entropy generation rates may be neglected in the calculation of the total entropy generation rate. However, if the temperature jump parameter is strong enough, the total entropy generation rate should be calculated by considering the interfaces entropy generation rate. It is interesting to note that depending on the micro porous channel outer boundary conditions, the total entropy generation rate may increase or decrease in accordance with the temperature jump parameter.
Tumor Necrosis Factor α as a Potential Mediator of the Effects of Phosphodiesterase 4B Inhibition on Cognition after Traumatic Brain Injury.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major public health problem worldwide, causing chronic disability in an estimated 200 million people every year ([Dougall et al., 2015][1]). Chronic cognitive impairment is one of the most common consequences of TBI, affecting up to 80% of TBI survivors ([Dougall et
Key to the Indies: Port Towns in the Spanish Caribbean: 1493–1550

Seaborne commerce, communication, and transportation to a great extent defined and enabled the Spanish enterprise in the Caribbean from the time Europeans first arrived in the islands. With the exception of a minority of towns such as Concepcion de la Vega in Espanola that were established in the interiors of the islands to provide access to gold mines and the indigenous labor to exploit them, the majority of new towns and cities were located on the coasts. Although Santo Domingo, San Juan, and eventually Havana emerged as the principal ports and administrative capitals of the large islands of the northern Caribbean in the first half of the sixteenth century, many secondary and small port towns played essential roles in the rapid development of systems of local and regional exchange, indigenous slave raiding, and transatlantic commerce that linked the islands to Seville, the Canaries and other islands of the Atlantic and the southern Caribbean. Allowing island residents to take advantage of waterborne transportation often via indigenous-built canoes, linking the islands to one another and the circum-Caribbean mainland, and serving as staging grounds for slave-raiding and other expeditions that radiated out from the islands, these towns helped to forge a diverse and dynamic region that was closely tied both to Spain and later to the developing societies of Spanish America.
The impact of base stacking on the conformations and electrostatics of single-stranded DNA

Single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) is notable for its interactions with ssDNA binding proteins (SSBs) during fundamentally important biological processes including DNA repair and replication. Previous work has begun to characterize the conformational and electrostatic properties of ssDNA in association with SSBs. However, the conformational distributions of free ssDNA have been difficult to determine. To capture the vast array of ssDNA conformations in solution, we pair small angle X-ray scattering with novel ensemble fitting methods, obtaining key parameters such as the size, shape and stacking character of strands with different sequences. Complementary ion counting measurements using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy are employed to determine the composition of the ion atmosphere at physiological ionic strength. Applying this combined approach to poly dA and poly dT, we find that the global properties of these sequences are very similar, despite having vastly different propensities for single-stranded helical stacking. These results suggest that a relatively simple mechanism for the binding of ssDNA to non-specific SSBs may be at play, which explains the disparity in binding affinities observed for these systems.
Android UI Deception Revisited: Attacks and Defenses

App-based deception attacks are increasingly a problem on mobile devices and they are used to steal passwords, credit card numbers, text messages, etc. Current versions of Android are susceptible to these attacks. Recently, Bianchi et al. proposed a novel solution “What the App is That” that included a host-based system to identify apps to users via a security indicator and help assure them that their input goes to the identified apps [7]. Unfortunately, we found that the solution has a significant side channel vulnerability as well as susceptibility to clickjacking that allow non-privileged malware to completely compromise the defenses, and successfully steal passwords or other keyboard input. We discuss the vulnerabilities found, propose possible defenses, and then evaluate the defenses against different types of UI deception attacks.
Does gentrification increase employment opportunities in low-income neighborhoods?

Abstract Gentrification is a term often associated with displacement and other negative byproducts of affluent in-movers altering the economic and demographic composition of a neighborhood. Empirical research on neighborhood change, however, has not produced any conclusive evidence that incumbent residents are systematically displaced under circumstances of gentrification. This raises the question, do these incumbent residents benefit from the economic and social changes that accompany gentrification? In this paper, we focus on low-income neighborhoods undergoing economic transitions (i.e. gentrification) and test whether or not the potential benefits from these changes stay within the community, in the form of employment opportunities for local residents. We find that employment effects from gentrification are quite localized. Incumbent residents experience meaningful job losses within their home census tract, even while jobs overall increase. In our preferred model, local jobs decline by as much as 63 percent. These job losses are concentrated in service and goods-producing sectors and low- and moderate-wage positions. Proximate job losses, however, are compensated for by larger gains in goods-producing and low-wage jobs slightly farther away. There is some evidence that chain establishments are associated with modest job gains in gentrifying census tracts, and that, outside of NYC, businesses that stay in place around gentrifying neighborhoods are associated with marginal job gains.
Correlation of Lipopolysaccharide Structural Defects with Genetic Lesions in Rhizobium Etli Ce3

Rhizobial extracellular, capsular, and lipopolysaccharides (EPSs, CPSs, and LPSs, respectively) have all been shown to play essential roles in the symbiotic infection of the host legume [1]. In this brief report, the LPSs from Rhizobium etli CE3 and several mutants defective in symbiosis and in LPS structure are discussed.