cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Psychotic depression and hallucinations

Abstract The clinical syndromes of depression have been systematically studied at a number of different levels of conceptualization: genetic, 1 biochemical and physiological, 2 psychoanalytic, 3,4 epidemiologic, 5–7 and phenomenologic. 8,9 Hallucinations have also been intensively investigated at a number of different levels of organization: neurophysiologically, 10 pharmacologically, 11 in sensory deprivation, 12 hypnotically, 13 and phenomenologically. 14 The reports in the literature about the incidence of hallucinations in depression vary from Beck's finding 15 of 13% to Goodwin's report 16 of 82%. The work of other investigators 17,18 shows incidences falling between those of Beck and Goodwin. A significant problem in investigating the depressive disorders has been the difficulty in categorizing different depressive states. Affective disorders have the lowest overall rate of diagnostic consistency. 19 Because of the difficulty with the specific nosologic categories of depression, as well as the fact that previous studies of the incidence of hallucinations have primarily dealt with manic-depressive psychoses, this study will focus on the incidence of hallucinations in individuals who specifically meet the diagnostic criteria, outlined in DSM I, 20 of Psychotic Depressive Reaction. ∗ ∗"These patients are severely depressed and manifest evidence of gross misinterpretation of reality, including, at times, delusions and hallucinations. This reaction differs from the manic depressive reaction, depressed type, principally in (1) absence of history of repeated depressions or of marked cyclothymic mood swings, (2) frequent presence of environmental precipitating factors. This diagnostic category will be used when a ‘reactive depression' is of such quality as to place it in the group of Psychoses.". Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, American Psychiatric Association, special printing, 1965. Furthermore, the group will be described in terms of sex, age, history of psychiatric care, clinical picture, and follow-up for a 9-year period.
Colorectal carcinomas with high microsatellite instability: Defining a distinct immunologic and molecular entity with respect to prognostic markers

Molecular analysis of hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal carcinomas (HNPCC) has identified DNA mismatch repair deficiencies with resulting microsatellite instability (MSI) as a pathway of carcinogenesis that appears to be relevant for prognosis, treatment, and possibly prevention. In this study, expression of cell cycle proteins and other known prognostic markers is correlated with the microsatellite status of colorectal cancers (CRC). One hundred consecutive cases from the CRC Registry at Thomas Jefferson University were analyzed for MSI. Immunohistochemistry was performed for the mismatch repair proteins hMLH1 and hMSH2, tumor suppressor p53, apoptosis inhibitor bcl-2, cell cycle proteins p21(WAF1/CIP1), and p27 and the proliferation markers Ki-67 and topoisomerase II. High MSI (MSI-H) is significantly correlated with loss of either hMLH1 or hMSH2, presence of bcl-2, and absence of p53. p21(WAF1/CIP1) is positive in all tumors with MSI-H. Previous findings of a lower proliferation rate were confirmed with a topoisomerase II stain. Microsatellite stable (MSS) tumors generally express both MSH2 and MLH1. Other highly significant differences are positive p53 in 56% of MSS cases and negative bcl-2 in 98% of MSS cases. p27 expression is found in approximately 50% of all CRCs irrespective of the microsatellite status. MSI-H tumors follow the mutator pathway, with loss of expression of one mismatch repair protein, wild-type p53, lower proliferation, and positivity for p21(WAF1/CIP1). MSS tumors follow the suppressor pathway, characterized by p53 overexpression, higher proliferation, and absence of bcl-2 expression; p21(WAF1/CIP1) expression can be variable. These data provide a molecular basis for the clinical observation that patients with HNPCC appear to have a more favorable prognosis. HUM PATHOL 31:1506-1514.
Factors Affecting Dose Variation in Meter Valves

Abstract Dose variation in commercial meter valves appears to be within acceptable pharmaceutical limits. Changes in delivered dose weights were found to occur during container emptying due to formulation fractionation. A more serious problem results from failure of the meter chamber to fill uniformly when the container is almost empty (~15% remaining). Three valves were found to be superior to others in overcoming this problem. Storage position influenced drainback in meter valves, particularly at later stages of container emptying.
New technology for food safety: role of the new technology staff in FSIS

The Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) has implemented new procedures for meat and poultry establishments, egg products plants, and companies that manufacture and sell technology to official establishments to notify the Agency of new technology that they propose to use in meat and poultry establishments or egg products plants. If the new technology could affect FSIS regulations, product safety, inspection procedures, or the safety of Federal inspection program personnel, then the establishment or plant would need to submit a written protocol to the Agency. As part of this process, the submitter will be expected to conduct in-plant trials of the new technology. The submitter will need to provide data to FSIS throughout the duration of the in-plant trial for the Agency to examine. Data may take several forms: laboratory results, weekly or monthly summary production reports, and evaluations from inspection program personnel.
A method of calculating the second dimension retention index in comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry.

A method was developed to calculate the second dimension retention index of comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC × GC/TOF-MS) data using n-alkanes as reference compounds. The retention times of the C7–C31 alkanes acquired during 24 isothermal experiments cover the 0–6 s retention time area in the second dimension retention time space, which makes it possible to calculate the retention indices of target compounds from the corresponding retention time values without the extension of the retention space of the reference compounds. An empirical function was proposed to show the relationship among the second dimension retention time, the temperature of the second dimension column, and the carbon number of the n-alkanes. The proposed function is able to extend the second dimension retention time beyond the reference n-alkanes by increasing the carbon number. The extension of carbon numbers in reference n-alkanes up to two more carbon atoms introduces <10 retention index units (iu) of deviation. The effectiveness of using the proposed method was demonstrated by analyzing a mixture of compound standards in temperature programmed experiments using 6 different initial column temperatures. The standard deviation of the calculated retention index values of the compound standards fluctuated from 1 to 12 iu with a mean standard deviation of 5 iu.
Wide area frequency based generation trip event location estimation

This paper presents the latest development in wide-area frequency-based generation trip event location. Real-time generation trip location information is very useful to system operators and also to power producers. Using synchronized frequency data from wide-area frequency monitoring network (FNET) as input, the event location estimation is expressed as nonlinear optimization problem. In this paper, we address a systematic way of dealing with coordinates conversion issue in solving this problem. The coordinates of event location, the time at which event occurred, and the propagating speed of the electromechanical wave, are solved simultaneously using Gauss-Newton method. The presented computation process is concise and efficient. Using actual event data, the proposed procedure is examined for implementation feasibility.
Effect of light intensity on sporulation of Botryosphaeria ribis

Pycnidia were produced by six of seven isolates ofB. ribis at one or more intensity levels of continuous illumination at 21 °C. Under conditions of alternating light (12 h−27 °C) and darkness (12 h−21 °C) pycnidia formed in cultures of six isolates at three or more intensity levels, while one isolate failed to form pycnidia at any intensity level. Pycnidia did not develop when cultures were incubated in complete darkness. Exposure periods as brief as 2 days under continuous illumination at 21 °C induced pycnidial formation. In alternating light (12 h−27 °C) and darkness (12 h−21 °C), the shortest period of exposure which induced pycnidial formation was 4 days. Continuous illumination at 21 °C favored development of uniloculate pycnidia, while alternating light (12 h−27 °C) and darkness (12 h−21 °C) favored formation of multiloculate pycnidia.
Absolute Measurements of Total Cross Sections for Electron Scattering by Sodium Atoms (0.5-50 eV)

Absolute measurements have been made of total cross sections for the scattering of electrons by sodium over the electron energy range 0.5-50 eV; some new data for potassium at 10, 20, and 50 eV are also presented. The measured cross sections for sodium range from 352 ${\mathrm{\AA{}}}^{2}$ at 0.5 eV, to 57 ${\mathrm{\AA{}}}^{2}$ at 50 eV, with over-all uncertainty of 13%. At very low energies, the 250-meV energy spread in our experiment introduces additional uncertainty. As with earlier measurements from this laboratory using potassium, we find excellent agreement with close-coupling calculations.
Phenolic metabolism, growth, and UV-B tolerance in phenylalanine ammonia-lyase-inhibited red cabbage seedlings

Abstract Red cabbage seedlings were grown with or without the phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) inhibitor, 2-amino-indan-2-phosphonic acid (AIP), at concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 50 μ M. The I 50 for anthocyanin accumulation was μ M, with >99% inhibition at 10 μ M, but levels of sinapic acid esters were essentially unchanged by AIP. When grown with 50 μ M AIP, fresh and dry weights were increased slightly over controls, total chlorophylls were unchanged, and microscopic examination revealed no apparent effect of AIP on plant architecture. This suggests no toxic effect of AIP in red cabbage seedlings at levels highly effective in inhibiting PAL. At 50 μ M AIP, the cotyledon area was slightly increased but hypocotyls were significantly reduced in length, perhaps the result of enhanced blue light sensitivity in the absence of anthocyanins. Negative phloroglucinol reactions in AIP-grown plants are consistent with AIP inhibition of lignification. Plants grown with 50 μ M AIP were about twice as sensitive as control plant to UV–B damage of photosystem II, suggesting that phenylpropanoids carried over from the seed, as well as flavonoids, serve as UV screens in young red cabbage seedlings.
Detection of proenzyme form of S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase in extracts from rat prostate.

Abstract Previous work in which the synthesis of S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase was studied by translation of its mRNA indicated that it was formed as a proenzyme having a M.W. of about 37,000 that was cleaved to form the enzyme sub-unit of M.W. 32,000 in a putrescine-stimulated reaction. The extent to which the proenzyme accumulates in vivo and is affected by the putrescine concentration was studied by subjecting prostate extracts to Western immunoblotting procedures. The proenzyme form was readily detectable in control prostates (about 4% of the total) and this proportion was increased to 25% when the rats were pretreated for 3 days with the ornithine decarboxylase inhibitor, α-difluoromethylornithine. Conversely, it was decreased to almost undetectable levels after treatment with methylglyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone). These results indicate that the processing of the proenzyme form of S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase is regulated by the cellular putrescine concentration. This conversion provides another step at which polyamine biosynthesis may be controlled.
Anesthetic considerations for laser surgery.

Laser is an acronym for Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation. This article will review relevant highlights of the physics of lasers and laser light, rationales for the variety of lasers in clinical use, and important anesthesia-related concerns during laser surgery.
Focal Atrial Fibrillation: Experimental Evidence for a Pathophysiologic Role of the Autonomic Nervous System

Focal AF and Autonomic Nerves.Introduction: Focal paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (AF) was shown recently to originate in the pulmonary veins (PVs) and superior vena cava (SVC). In the present study, we describe an animal model in which local high-frequency electrical stimulation produces focal atrial activation and AF/AT (atrial tachycardia) with electrogram characteristics consistent with clinical reports. Methods and Results: In 21 mongrel dogs, local high-frequency electrical stimulation was performed by delivering trains of electrical stimuli (200 Hz, impulse duration 0.1 msec) to the PVs/SVC during atrial refractoriness. Atrial premature depolarizations (APDs), AT, and AF occurred with increasing highfrequency electrical stimulation voltage. APD/AT/AF originated adjacent to the site of high-frequency electrical stimulation and were inducible in 12 of 12 dogs in the SVC and in 8 of 9 dogs in the left superior PV (left inferior PV: 7/8, right superior PV: 6/8; right inferior PV: 4/8). In the PVs, APDs occurred at 13 ± 8 V and AT/AF at 15 ± 9 V (P < 0.01; n = 25). In the SVC, APDs were elicited at 19 ± 6 V and AT/AF at 26 ± 6 V (P < 0.01; n = 12). High-frequency electrical stimulation led to local refractory period shortening in the PVs. The response to high-frequency electrical stimulation was blunted or prevented after beta-receptor blockade and abolished by atropine. In vitro, high-frequency electrical stimulation induced a heterogeneous response, with shortening of the action potential in some cells (from 89 ± 35 msec to 60 ± 22 msec; P < 0.001; n = 7) but lengthening of the action potential and development of early afterdepolarizations that triggered APD/AT in other cells. Action potential shortening was abolished by atropine. Conclusion: High-frequency electrical stimulation evokes rapid ectopic beats from the PV/SVC, which show variable degrees of conduction block to the atria and induce AF, resembling findings in patients with focal idiopathic paroxysmal AF. The occurrence of the arrhythmia in this animal model was likely due to alterations in local autonomic tone by high-frequency electrical stimulation. Further research is needed to prove absolutely that the observed effects of high-frequency electrical stimulation were caused by autonomic nerve stimulation.
Applied Regression and Analysis of Variance for Stationary Time Series

Abstract In the area of applied time series analysis a commonly occurring problem involves the detection and estimation of signals (regression functions) imbedded within a collection of independent identically distributed noise processes. A general linear model which represents each observed time series as the sum of a wide sense stationary error process and a vector of regression functions operated on by a matrix of time invariant observables includes as special cases many signal models of interest. In this article a possible unified approach to estimation and tests of hypotheses for this linear model is presented. Asymptotic regression estimates and analysis of variance (power) tables are presented in the frequency domain and simple derivations for the probability distributions of the sums of squares are given. The resulting analysis of power partitions the spectral power in each frequency band into components which can be attributed directly to each of the regression functions. As an example, a sample ...
Polypedilum digitifer Townes andPolypedilum griseopunctatum (Malloch) (Diptera, Chironomidae): Redescription of adult males with a description and separation of the immature stages

Polypedilum (Tripodura) digitifer Townes andPolypedilum (Tripodura) griseopunctatum (Malloch) are morphologically similar species of Chironomidae. Using associated material from New York State, the adult males for both species are redescribed (adding previously ignored characters) and the mature larva and pupa are thoroughly described for the first time. Traits for distinguishing these species from each other and possibly from other Nearctic species ofPolypedilum (Tripodura) are provided.
Isotope and thermal effects in chemiosmotic coupling to the flagellar motor of streptococcus

The torque generated by the flagellar motor of Streptococcus strain V4051 has been determined from rates of rotation of cells tethered by a single flagellum in media of different isotopic composition and temperature. Starved cells were energized artificially with either a potassium diffusion potential or a pH gradient. The torque increased linearly with protonmotive force. Identical results were obtained in media made with D2O or H2O; there was no solvent isotope effect. At a fixed protonmotive force, the torque was approximately constant over a temperature range of 4 degrees -38 degrees C. In cells chemotactically inert to changes in cytoplasmic pH, the motor turned counterclockwise when protons moved inward and clockwise when they moved outward. We conclude that the motor is a reversible engine driven by simple acid-base dissociation. A detailed model is discussed.
Four-Fermi operators in e+e- annihilation experiments and uncertainties in Z boson properties.

We investigate the effects of possible new four-Fermi operators on ${\mathit{e}}^{+}$${\mathit{e}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ annihilation experiments. They represent a class of new physics, which has the potential to change the parameters of the Z boson and at the same time interferes with their determination from the data. We show that in the presence of such operators the Z parameters obtained from line shape fits can change significantly. Another important property of these operators is that they spoil the factorization of the expression for the left-right asymmetry ${\mathit{A}}_{\mathit{L}\mathit{R}}$ into initial and final state couplings. Factorization and subsequent cancellation of the final state coupling occurs in the standard model (after correcting for photonic amplitudes) and is crucial for the interpretation of ${\mathit{A}}_{\mathit{L}\mathit{R}}$ as a measurement of the effective weak mixing angle. Four-Fermi operators may thus provide an explanation for the high value of the polarization asymmetry as observed at the SLC. However, the data from lower energy ${\mathit{e}}^{+}$${\mathit{e}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ annihilation severely constrain this class of operators and virtually close this possible loophole on how new physics might explain the SLC and CERN LEP discrepancy. We point out that, if the surplus of observed b pairs at LEP is real and caused by these operators, there may be a significant effect on the forward-backward asymmetry into b quarks. It is this quantity which presently gives the most precise determination of the weak mixing angle. We present compact analytical expressions for the treatment of initial state radiation in the presence of new contact operators.
Stress incontinence and pelvic floor neurophysiology 15 years after the first delivery

Abstract Headline This is a longitudinal study of a cohort of primigravidae recruited between 1985 and 1987 and followed up 7 and 15 years later. Pelvic floor neurophysiology was performed and questionnaires were administered to determine the natural history of stress incontinence and to establish whether pelvic floor denervation after the first delivery is associated with symptoms of stress urinary incontinence in the future. Objectives To study the natural history of stress urinary incontinence arising during the first pregnancy, to determine whether postnatal pelvic floor denervation progresses with time and whether it predisposes to stress urinary incontinence in the future. Design Prospective longitudinal cohort study. Setting Tertiary referral urogynaecology unit. Sample Cohort of 96 primigravidae studied prospectively between 1985 and 1987 and followed up 7 years ( n = 76) and 15 years ( n = 55) later. Methods Urinary incontinence symptoms were recorded and pelvic floor neurophysiology was performed antenatally and postnatally between 1985 and 1987. Repeat neurophysiological tests and questionnaires were completed by those relocated 7 and 15 years later. Main outcome measure Symptoms of stress urinary incontinence. Secondary outcomes Symptoms of urge urinary incontinence and anal incontinence; motor unit potential duration and pudendal nerve terminal latency; vaginal squeeze pressure measured by perineometry. Results Prevalence of stress incontinence was highest during pregnancy and had increased seven years after the first postnatal period ( P = 0.0129). Two-thirds of women with antenatal stress incontinence had stress incontinence 15 years later. One-third of women with stress incontinence at any time appear to undergo resolution of symptoms. Motor unit potential duration increased at seven years ( P = 0.036). Vaginal squeeze pressure improved during the same period ( P = 0.0007). Conclusions When stress urinary incontinence arises during the first pregnancy, the risk of stress incontinence occurring 15 years later is doubled. Although pelvic floor reinnervation progressed after the postnatal period, the absence of an adequate marker for pelvic floor denervation makes it of uncertain clinical significance.
The Effect of Conflicting Pressures on the Evolution of Division of Labor

Within nature, many groups exhibit division of labor. Individuals in these groups are under seemingly antagonistic pressures to perform the task most directly beneficial to themselves and to potentially perform a less desirable task to ensure the success of the group. Performing experiments to study how these pressures interact in an evolutionary context is challenging with organic systems because of long generation times and difficulties related to group propagation and fine-grained control of within-group and between-group pressures. Here, we use groups of digital organisms (i.e., self-replicating computer programs) to explore how populations respond to antagonistic multilevel selection pressures. Specifically, we impose a within-group pressure to perform a highly-rewarded role and a between-group pressure to perform a diverse suite of roles. Thus, individuals specializing on highly-rewarded roles will have a within-group advantage, but groups of such specialists have a between-group disadvantage. We find that digital groups could evolve to be either single-lineage or multi-lineage, depending on experimental parameters. These group compositions are reminiscent of different kinds of major evolutionary transitions that occur within nature, where either relatives divide labor (fraternal transitions) or multiple different organisms coordinate activities to form a higher-level individual (egalitarian transitions). Regardless of group composition, organisms embraced phenotypic plasticity as a means for genetically similar individuals to perform different roles. Additionally, in multi-lineage groups, organisms from lineages performing highly-rewarded roles also employed reproductive restraint to ensure successful coexistence with organisms from other lineages.
Glycerol oxidation in discrete areas of rat brain from young, adolescent, and adult rats

We have reported previously that the oxidation rate of [1,3-14C] glycerol to 14CO2 is lower in whole brain homogenates from neonatal rats and increases about 30% during the suckling period to adult levels. To determine whether there are developmental changes in glycerol oxidation in discrete regions of brain, we examined the oxidation of glycerol by homogenates of hypothalamus, cerebellum, brain stem, hippocampus, and cerebral cortex of young (4-6 days) and older (18-20 days) pups and adult (greater than 90 day) rats. The oxidation was measured at both low (0.2 mM) and high (2.0 mM) concentrations of glycerol, since the oxidation of glycerol by brain tissue has been shown to exhibit biphasic kinetics. At each age, and with both concentrations of glycerol, there were significant differences among the discrete brain regions. Although the rate of glycerol oxidation increased with age in most areas of brain, each brain region had a distinct developmental profile. In the hypothalamus, the oxidation of glycerol increased significantly between 4-6 days and adult levels at 18-20 days. The oxidation of glycerol was essentially the same in homogenates of cortex from young and older pups, but it was significantly increased in adults. In contrast with other brain regions, the oxidation of glycerol by brain stem was highest at 4-6 days and significantly decreased with age. The developmental profile of glycerol oxidation in hippocampus and cerebellum was particularly complex, since it increased with age at low, but not at high, concentrations of glycerol. This developmental pattern in hippocampus and cerebellum could be related to changes in the biphasic kinetics of glycerol oxidation and suggests that glycerol metabolism is different in these two areas of brain compared with other areas of brain.
Chem-seq permits identification of genomic targets of drugs against androgen receptor regulation selected by functional phenotypic screens.

Understanding the mechanisms by which compounds discovered using cell-based phenotypic screening strategies might exert their effects would be highly augmented by new approaches exploring their potential interactions with the genome. For example, altered androgen receptor (AR) transcriptional programs, including castration resistance and subsequent chromosomal translocations, play key roles in prostate cancer pathological progression, making the quest for identification of new therapeutic agents and an understanding of their actions a continued priority. Here we report an approach that has permitted us to uncover the sites and mechanisms of action of a drug, referred to as “SD70,” initially identified by phenotypic screening for inhibitors of ligand and genotoxic stress-induced translocations in prostate cancer cells. Based on synthesis of a derivatized form of SD70 that permits its application for a ChIP-sequencing–like approach, referred to as “Chem-seq,” we were next able to efficiently map the genome-wide binding locations of this small molecule, revealing that it largely colocalized with AR on regulatory enhancers. Based on these observations, we performed the appropriate global analyses to ascertain that SD70 inhibits the androgen-dependent AR program, and prostate cancer cell growth, acting, at least in part, by functionally inhibiting the Jumonji domain-containing demethylase, KDM4C. Global location of candidate drugs represents a powerful strategy for new drug development by mapping genome-wide location of small molecules, a powerful adjunct to contemporary drug development strategies.
On the period and base of a sign pattern matrix

Abstract A square sign pattern matrix A (whose entries are +, −, or 0) is said to be powerful if all the powers A 1 , A 2 , A 3 ,…, are unambiguously defined. For a powerful pattern A , if A l = A l + p with l and p minimal, then l is called the base of A and p is called the period of A . We characterize irreducible powerful sign pattern matrices and investigate the period and base of a powerful sign pattern matrix. We also consider some connections with real matrices and give some significant classes of powerful patterns.
Oral toxicity of a new miticide, di-(p-chlorophenyl) methylcarbinol.

Summary1. Rats and mice were intubated with single doses of a new miticidal compound, di-(p-chlorophenyl) methylcarbinol (DMC). The effect of graded doses on ultimate survival is discussed and the ability of large doses to produce signs suggestive of nervous impairment is described.2. A powdered diet containing 0.1% DMC was well tolerated by growing rats during a ten week period.3. The results compare favorably with those obtained in a similar limited study of DDT in another laboratory.
Lectin histochemistry of nephroblastoma (Wilms' tumour).

Paraffin sections of seven cases of nephroblastoma and one case of clear cell sarcoma were stained with a battery of eleven lectins conjugated to horseradish peroxidase. Lectin staining revealed similarities between blastema and stroma with respect to their content of glycoconjugates whereas blastema and epithelial cells exhibited major differences. In general, blastema and stroma contained glycoconjugates with terminal or penultimate β-galactose, glycoconjugates having either biantennary or triantennary N-linked sugar chains or both, sialoglycoconjugates, and occasionally glycogen. Epithelial cells also showed these complex carbohydrates but stained additionally for terminal disaccharide galactose-(β1→3)-N-acetylgalactosamine, terminal α-galactose and terminal α-N-acetylgalactosamine. Furthermore, staining with three fucose-binding lectins revealed that the linkage between terminal α-fucose residues to the constituent oligosaccharide chains varied between epithelial cells, blastema and stroma. In general, the distribution and content of glycoconjugates in tumour cells comprising clear cell sarcoma resembled that in blastema and stroma of nephroblastoma. Other findings included differences in content of glycosubstance between cuboidal and columnar cells within the same tumour. Also observed were variations between a primary tumour and its metastasis with respect to the occurrence of certain complex carbohydrates.
Constructing collaborative desktop storage caches for large scientific datasets

High-end computing is suffering a data deluge from experiments, simulations, and apparatus that creates overwhelming application dataset sizes. This has led to the proliferation of high-end mass storage systems, storage area clusters, and data centers. These storage facilities offer a large range of choices in terms of capacity and access rate, as well as strong data availability and consistency support. However, for most end-users, the “last mile” in their analysis pipeline often requires data processing and visualization at local computers, typically local desktop workstations. End-user workstations---despite having more processing power than ever before---are ill-equipped to cope with such data demands due to insufficient secondary storage space and I/O rates. Meanwhile, a large portion of desktop storage is unused.We propose the FreeLoader framework, which aggregates unused desktop storage space and I/O bandwidth into a shared cache/scratch space, for hosting large, immutable datasets and exploiting data access locality. This article presents the FreeLoader architecture, component design, and performance results based on our proof-of-concept prototype. Its architecture comprises contributing benefactor nodes, steered by a management layer, providing services such as data integrity, high performance, load balancing, and impact control. Our experiments show that FreeLoader is an appealing low-cost solution to storing massive datasets by delivering higher data access rates than traditional storage facilities, namely, local or remote shared file systems, storage systems, and Internet data repositories. In particular, we present novel data striping techniques that allow FreeLoader to efficiently aggregate a workstation's network communication bandwidth and local I/O bandwidth. In addition, the performance impact on the native workload of donor machines is small and can be effectively controlled. Further, we show that security features such as data encryptions and integrity checks can be easily added as filters for interested clients. Finally, we demonstrate how legacy applications can use the FreeLoader API to store and retrieve datasets.
The evolving pharmacotherapy of smoking cessation

Over a decade has passed since the first nicotine-replacement product appeared on the U.S. market. In 1984, nicotine gum became the first medication of any type approved for smoking cessation by the Food and Drug Administration, and it revolutionized therapy. Over the next 13 years, other nicotine products followed—transdermal patches in 1992, a nasal spray in 1996, and an inhaler in 1997. Even newer ways to deliver nicotine into the bloodstream, including a sublingual tablet, a lozenge, and a nicotine “lollipop,” are in development. In the meantime, the nicotine patch and gum have become mainstays of treatment. Their efficacy is supported by the results of multiple randomized controlled trials and, more recently, by a series of meta-analyses which demonstrate that the patch more than doubles the likelihood of long-term success in a smoking cessation attempt, while the gum increases cessation rates by 50% to 60%.1–3 In 1996, an evidence-based clinical guideline for smoking cessation from the Agency for Health Care Policy and Research established nicotine replacement as the standard of care, concluding that both the nicotine patch and gum were effective and recommending that, “except in the presence of serious medical precautions, the clinician should encourage the use of nicotine replacement with patients who smoke.”4 Nonetheless, unanswered questions remain about the use of these products. Two articles in this issue of JGIM address questions about the nicotine patch: the generalizability of its benefit to disadvantaged populations and its value in blunting the weight gain that follows smoking cessation.
Ground-contacting sensors for seismic landmine detection

Recently, seismic landmine detection techniques have been investigated using groundcontacting sensors to measure ground motion generated by propagating surface waves and their interactions with buried objects such as landmines and clutter. Seismic waves have been generated using both ground-coupled and airborne sources, while non-contact sensors such as radar and laserDoppler vibrometers have been preferred due to safety concerns. However, ground-contacting sensors can be effectively used provided that the contact with the ground does not adversely affect the propagation of seismic waves, that the sensor to ground coupling is repeatable, and that the sensors have low enough contact force to preclude triggering buried landmines. A groundcontacting sensor has been built with a low-cost commercially available accelerometer in a small lightweight package that ensures consistent coupling to the ground. Design and development of the sensor included experimental testing of several prototypes in a laboratory model, as well as analytical modeling of sensor response. A thirty-two-element line array capable of adjusting to surface contours of up to eight inches was tested at a U. S. Government facility in a temperate climate. The array enabled high-contrast detections of several AT landmines in both dirt and gravel roadbed sites.
The influence of incorporating organic molecules or inorganic nanoparticles on the optical and electrical properties of carbon nanotube films

Abstract Organic molecules and inorganic nanoparticles were incorporated into transparent and conductive single- or double-wall carbon nanotube (SWNT or DWNT) films, and their electrical and optical properties were measured. When organic tetrafluoro-tetracyanoquinodimethane (F4TCNQ) molecules were incorporated into the nanotube films, sheet resistance was reduced to ∼50% of those from the pristine SWNT and DWNT films. Larger improvements were observed with Au nanoparticle decoration or HNO3/SOCl2 dipping processes. The sheet resistances were measured to be 42 Ω / sq at 75% of transmittance for HNO3/SOCl2-treated DWNT films and 64 Ω / sq at 77% for Au-incorporated DWNT films, making their electrical conductivities 200%–300% better than those of the pristine DWNT films. It was observed that DWNTs have better electrical/optical performance than SWNTs. The relative influence of various dopants, F4TCNQ, Au, and HNO3/SOCl2 as well as microwave irradiation on the optical and electrical properties was identified by using Raman and UV-vis-NIR spectra.
Effect of intraperitoneal erythropoietin on the degree of mucosal damage of left colon flaps in rats

Background Several modifications to an esophageal replacement approach have been described, using the left, the right, or the transverse colon as an interposition flap. Interposition of the left colon has become the most popular procedure. Intraoperative clamping of the arterial blood supply and venous drainage of the flap is a possible reason for ischemic flap failure. Thus, we designed a novel model to investigate whether erythropoietin (EPO), which has a tissue-protective effect in ischemia, would have any protective effect on prepared colon flaps in rats.
Causes of Eskimo Birth-rate Increase

IN a recent article on “Researches in the Arctic Ocean”1 dealing with Dr. G. E. MacGinitie's recent zoological work at Point Barrow, Alaska, a paragraph is of particular interest to me as an anthropologist who has spent time, off and on, at Barrow since 1908.
Catecholaminergic and cholinergic agents and duration regulation of ICSS in the rat

Abstract ICSS in the diencephalon and midbrain was measured in a preferred duration situation as a function of pulse frequency and various pharmacological agents. Response measures were ON Time, the mean time ICSS was maintained; OFF Time, the mean time between the offset of a train and the initiation of the next; the log-log slopes of these two measures as a function of frequency; and Percentage Time ON. In both a shuttlebox (N = 13) and in an operant chamber (N = 10), Haloperidol (0.050 and 0.075 mg/kg) consistently decreased Percentage Time ON by elevating OFF times without consistent effects were greater at lower frequencies in the shuttlebox. Phentolamine (5 and 10 mg/kg), tested with 9 sites in the shuttlebox and 10 sites in the operant chamber, also differentially increased OFF Times with consistently greater effects at low frequencies. Evidence was not found for regional selectivity in the action of phentolamine or haloperidol among middle levels of the median forebrain bundle (MFB), the dorsal hypothalamus, the posterior MFB and the substantia nigra. Scopolamine (0.25, 0.50, and 1.00 mg/kg, six sites) and propranolol (10 and 15 mg/kg, seven sites) produced no consistent effects. FLA-63 (10 and 25 mg/kg, eight sites) produced some disruptions of performance at low frequencies but was without consistent effects. The results are consistent with a model of ICSS which includes a reward maintenance process, insensitive to catecholaminergic agents, and an approach-facilitation process which involves α-noradrenergic and dopaminergic systems.
A Banach algebra of Feynman integrable functionals with application to an integral equation formally equivalent to Schroedinger's equation

A Banach algebra A of functionals on C[a, b] is introduced and it is proved that the operator-valued Feynman integral recently defined by Cameron and Storvick exists for functionals in A. Two existence theorems of Cameron and Storvick are seen to be special cases of this result; in fact, even in these cases, the present theorem gives improved results. Cameron and Storvick have used their function space integral to give a solution to an integral equation formally equivalent to Schroedinger's equation; using our existence theorem, we give a relatively brief and transparent proof of this result.
Effect of solidified gas layers on the reflection spectra of anthracene crystals

Abstract Measurements are reported for the b -polarized reflection spectrum of anthracene crystals off the (001) face coated with solidified layers of some permanent gases. In the wavelength range 4020 to 3800 A spanning the 0-0 vibronic transition to the first electronic state there are several narrow minima attributed to surface transitions. The minimum I at 3954 A is shifted 11 A to longer wavelengths by solidified air, whilst the rest of the spectrum exhibits little or no change. This red-shift, expecied for transitions to surface exciton states, is new evidence for the assignment of minimum I as such. In addition a new minimum at ca. 3985 A has been observed on the long wavelength edge of the 0-0 b reflection band, very close to minimum II at 3984 A.
Path tracking with the links of a planar hyper‐ redundant robotic manipulator

A technique for path tracking with the links of a planar hyper-redundant robotic manipulator is presented. It is a joint-space trajectory planning method that can be used for obstacle avoidance by ensuring that the links of the manipulator closely follow a collision-free path planned for the tool. A closed-form formulation of resolved-motion rate control equations is developed that decomposes the manipulator into proximal and distal parts. The joint velocities are constrained to ensure that the far distal links remain tangent to the tool path, while the near distal links and the proximal links assume a compressed configuration near the base. Path tracking is illustrated with several examples that examine the effects of controller gain, link length, and number of links. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Visible light crosslinkable chitosan hydrogels for tissue engineering

In situ gelling constructs, which form a hydrogel at the site of injection, offer the advantage of delivering cells and growth factors to the complex structure of the defect area for tissue engineering. In the present study, visible light crosslinkable hydrogel systems were presented using methacrylated glycol chitosan (MeGC) and three blue light initiators: camphorquinone (CQ), fluorescein (FR) and riboflavin (RF). A minimal irradiation time of 120 s was required to produce MeGC gels able to encapsulate cells with CQ or FR. Although prolonged irradiation up to 600 s improved the mechanical strength of CQ- or FR-initiated gels (compressive modulus 2.8 or 4.4 kPa, respectively), these conditions drastically reduced encapsulated chondrocyte viability to 5% and 25% for CQ and FR, respectively. Stable gels with 80-90% cell viability could be constructed using radiofrequency (RF) with only 40s irradiation time. Increasing irradiation time up to 300s significantly improved the compressive modulus of the RF-initiated MeGC gels up to 8.5 kPa without reducing cell viability. The swelling ratio and degradation rate were smaller at higher irradiation time. RF-photoinitiated hydrogels supported proliferation of encapsulated chondrocytes and extracellular matrix deposition. The feasibility of this photoinitiating system as in situ gelling hydrogels was further demonstrated in osteochondral and chondral defect models for potential cartilage tissue engineering. The MeGC hydrogels using RF offer a promising photoinitiating system in tissue engineering applications.
A DOMAIN TEST FOR LIE COLOR ALGEBRAS

Lie color algebras are generalizations of Lie superalgebras and graded Lie algebras. The properties of a Lie color algebra can often be related directly to the ring structure of its universal enveloping algebra. We study the effects of torsion elements and torsion subspaces. Let denote a Lie color algebra. If is homogeneous and torsion then x2 = 0 in . If no homogeneous element of is torsion, then so is semiprime. In this case we can give a test which uses Grobner basis methods to determine when is a domain. This is applied in an example to show may be a domain even if contains torsion elements and torsion subspaces.
Cross-Linking–Effect on Physical Properties of Polymers

Many of the polymers used in composite systems and in other applications are cross-linked or thermoset polymers. How do such cross-linked polymers differ in properties from the better-understood linear or thermoplastic polymers? This review paper attempts to answer this question. The paper is written from the practical viewpoint of the experimental scientist who is using cross-linked polymers but who is not an expert on the theory of cross-linking. In spite of their intractable nature once they have been formed, and the difficulty of fabricating highly cross-linked polymers, such materials have some outstanding properties that make them ideal for many applications. The properties include (1) excellent dimensional stability and low creep rates, (2) resistance to solvents, and (3) in many cases, high heat-distortion or softening temperatures.
Observations of electron velocity overshoot during high-field transport in AlN

The energy distribution of electrons transported through an intrinsic AlN film was directly measured as a function of the applied electric field. Following the transport, electrons were extracted into vacuum through a semitransparent Au electrode and their energy distribution was measured using an electron spectrometer. The electron energy distribution featured kinetic energies higher than that of completely thermalized electrons. Transport through 80 nm thick layers indicated the onset of quasi-ballistic transport. This was evidenced by symmetric energy distributions centered at energies above the conduction band minimum for fields greater than 530 kV/cm. Drifted Fermi-Dirac energy distributions were fitted to the measured energy distributions, with the energy scale referenced to the bottom of the AlN conduction band. The drift energy and the carrier temperature were obtained as fitting parameters. Overshoots as high as five times the saturation velocity were observed and a transient length of less than 80 nm was deduced. In addition, the velocity-field characteristic was derived from these observations. This is the first experimental demonstration of this kind of transport in AlN.
Gene therapy sculpts the bone

Infantile osteopetrosis includes various genetic disorders of bone remodeling that lead to early death in the absence of stem cell transplantation. Johansson et al. have provided the first evidence in mice that gene therapy might eventually help. In this issue of Blood , Johansson and colleagues
Porcine Small Intestine Submucosa for Soft Tissue Augmentation

Objective. Porcine small intestine submucosa was evaluated as a material for soft tissue augmentation in the hairless guinea pig model. Materials and Methods. Small intestine submucosa was formed into strips and rolls and implanted into the dorsum of the hairless guinea pig. The animals were divided into three groups and the implants were evaluated grossly and microscopically for persistence, infection, and inflammation. A total of 116 implants were evaluated grossly. Results. Selected samples from the 1- and 3-month cohorts and all identifiable samples from the 5-month cohort were evaluated microscopically. Some implants were not located, likely due to migration. With one exception, the identified implants in the 5-month cohort exhibited minimal inflammation and appeared well tolerated. The eight-ply small intestine submucosa material appears well tolerated and provided increased soft tissue volume at 5 months. Conclusion. Small intestine submucosa may represent an alternative to autologous and homologous materials for soft tissue augmentation.