cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Polarization Vector

So far, we have calculated differential cross sections only for incident particles with a definite longitudinal polarization given by the single quantum state, and being scattered into the state of definite longitudinal polarization, . We want to be able to calculate differential cross sections for beams of arbitrary initial polarization, and for such beams, we want to be able to calculate the polarization of the scattered beam. For this purpose, it will be useful to define first the polarization vector, , for a beam of particles.
Abstract C183: Pomhex: a cell-permeable high potency Enolase inhibitor with in vivo anti-neoplastic activity

Glycolysis inhibition is an active area of investigation in cancer. However, few compounds have progressed beyond the cell culture stage. We have recently demonstrated that genomic passenger deletion of the glycolytic enzyme Enolase 1 (ENO1) leaves gliomas harboring such deletions with less than 10% of normal enzymatic activity, rendering them exquisitely sensitive to enolase inhibitors. However, the tool compound that we employed for these in vitro studies, Phosphonoacetohydroxamate (PhAH), has very poor pharmacological properties and was ineffective in vivo. We performed a SAR studies to increase inhibitor specificity towards ENO2 as well as pro-druging to increase cell permeability. The lead compound generated by these efforts, termed POMHEX, is selectively active against ENO1-deleted glioma cells in culture at ∼35nM (versus μM for PhAH). Using an orthotopic intracranial xenografted model where tumor growth and response to therapy are monitored by MRI, we show that POMHEX is capable of eradicating intracranial ENO1-deleted tumors, with mice remaining recurrence-free even after treatment discontinuation. Taken together, these results reinforce that glycolysis is a viable target and provide in vivo proof-of-principal for the concept of using passenger deletions as targetable vulnerabilities in cancer therapy. Citation Format: Yu-Hsi Lin, Joe Marszalek, Yuting Sun, Naima Hammoudi, Paul Leonard, David Maxwell, Nikunj Satani, Peng Zhang, Todd Link, Gilbert Lee, Maria E. Di Francesco, Barbara Czako, Alan Y. Want, Ronald A. DePinho, Florian L. Muller. Pomhex: a cell-permeable high potency Enolase inhibitor with in vivo anti-neoplastic activity. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR-NCI-EORTC International Conference: Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics; 2015 Nov 5-9; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2015;14(12 Suppl 2):Abstract nr C183.
A NEW TYPE OF TRIAL FUNCTIONS IN APPLICATIONS TO THE SOLUTION OF LARGE DEFLECTION PERTURBATION EQUATIONS FOR RECTANGULAR PLATES

To obtain an approximate solution with the method of weighted residuals, the perturbation method with plate center deflection as perturbation parameter is used to turn nonlinear partial differential equations for large deflection of rectangular plate to linear partial dif- ferential equations. Then. a solution is obtained with the least square method. In the course of solution, an as- cending power trial function family is used, which can be conditioned by the control parameter f. The results agree with the experimental ones. Compared with previous re- searches, the precision of calculation is improved evidently. It is an effective method to obtain a best trial function and a best approximate value.
Technology of Electron Lenses

In this Chapter we consider main paramters of the electron lenses for various applications in hadron supercolliders, review their technical specifications, analyse major effects of the electron beam imperfections on high energy hadron beams and present in detail the electron lens technology, including magnetic, cryogenic and electron beam systems and beam diagnostics.
Comparison of two high-resolution manometry software systems in evaluating esophageal motor function

Background High-resolution manometry (HRM) utilizes software tools to diagnose esophageal motor disorders. Performance of these software metrics could be affected by averaging and by software characteristics of different manufacturers. Methods High-resolution manometry studies on 86 patients referred for antireflux surgery (61.6 ± 1.4 year, 70% F) and 20 healthy controls (27.9 ± 0.7 year, 45% F) were first subject to standard analysis (Medtronic, Duluth, GA, USA). Coordinates for each of 10 test swallows were exported and averaged to generate a composite swallow. The swallows and averaged composites were imported as ASCII file format into Manoview (Medtronic) and Medical Measurement Systems database reporter (MMS, Dover, NH, USA), and analyses repeated. Comparisons were made between standard and composite swallow interpretations. Key Results Correlation between the two systems was high for mean distal contractile integral (DCI, r2 ≥ 0.9) but lower for integrated relaxation pressure (IRP, r2 = 0.7). Excluding achalasia, six patients with outflow obstruction (mean IRP 23.2 ± 2.1 with 10-swallow average) were identified by both systems. An additional nine patients (10.5%) were identified as outflow obstruction (15 mmHg threshold) with MMS 10-swallow and four with MMS composite swallow evaluation; only one was confirmed. Ineffective esophageal motility was diagnosed by 10-swallow evaluation in 19 (22.1%) with Manoview, and 20 (23.3%) with MMS. On Manoview composite, 17 had DCI <450 mmHg/cm/s, and on MMS composite, 21, (p ≥ 0.85 for each comparison) but these did not impact diagnostic conclusions. Conclusions & Inferences Comparison of 10 swallow and composite swallows demonstrate variability in software metrics between manometry systems. Our data support use of manufacturer specific software metrics on 10-swallow sequences.
Prospective, Randomized Ex Vivo Trial to Assess the Ideal Stapling Site for Endoscopic Fundoplication with Medigus Ultrasonic Surgical Endostapler

Background and Aims. Endoscopic fundoplication is an emerging technique for the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). The aim of this study is to determine the ideal position of the staples in relation to gastroesophageal junction (GEJ). Methods. Ten endoscopic fundoplication procedures were performed in each group using fresh ex vivo porcine stomachs: Group A: 2 staples each at 3 cm above the GEJ and 180° apart; Group B: 2 staples at 3 cm and 90° apart; Group C: 2 staples at 4 cm and 180° apart; Group D: 3 staples at 3 cm with 90° between each staple (180° total). After the procedure, the stomach was gradually filled with water. Gastric yield pressure (GYP) was determined by detection of reflux of the water in esophagus or by rupture of staples. Results. Mean increase of GYPs (±SD) after the procedure was as follows: Group A: ; Group B: ; Group C: ; Group D: . GYP in Group A and Group D was higher than Group B ( and , resp.). Conclusions. We recommend the placement of 3 staples at 3 cm distance from the GEJ, which resulted in the highest increase of GYP.
Disciplinary Text-Dependent Questions: Questioning for Learning in the Disciplines. The Challenge of Literacy in the Disciplines

AbstractThe challenge of reading across disciplines is often not a matter of word recognition or general comprehension instruction; it is a matter of understanding how ideas are represented in the language and conventions of that discipline. In this article we describe a strategy for foregrounding the disciplines in the design and implementation of text-dependent questions in content area courses in order to accomplish a dual focus on content and discourse when using discipline-specific texts.
The Effects of Buyer and Product Traits with Seller Reputation on Price Premiums in E-Auction

This paper examines the effects of buyer and product traits along with seller reputation on price premiums. Three personal traits studied are based on buyers' shopping pattern (analytical vs. impulsive buyers), propensity to trust (trusting vs. skeptical buyers), and attitude toward auction (competitive vs. noncompetitive buyers). Product characteristics — price and homogeneity of quality — are also considered. Data analysis in this study shows that while impulsive buyers consistently pay high premiums, analytical buyers pay greatly different premiums depending on sellers' reputations. However, buyers' propensity to trust and attitudes toward auctions do not significantly contribute to the difference of price premiums when information about sellers' reputations is explicitly provided. Even competitive buyers do not pay higher premiums to sellers of bad reputation for just being a winning bidder. In regard to product characteristics, buyers pay higher premiums for expensive products or products with variou...
Inventory of Interbasin Transfers in the United States

Interbasin transfers (IBTs) are man-made transfers of water that cross basin boundaries. These transfers are used to distribute water resources according to supply and demand. The objectives of this work were to quantify the number of IBTs that exist in the United States (U.S.) and to examine the distribution of IBTs and potential causes associated with any observed clustering of IBTs. Defining “basin” was important to enable determination of which transfers qualify as “interbasin.” A variety of definitions are employed by states, with no federal definition. The most recent national studies of IBTs were conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) in 1985 and 1986 using USGS Hydrologic Unit Code (HUC) definitions of basins. To build a 2016 inventory of IBTs in the U.S., and to identify where they most commonly occur, the USGS National Hydrography Database (NHD) was utilized in conjunction with the Watershed Boundary Dataset (WBD). Transfers across HUC6 basin boundaries were considered interbasin. Geographical information analysis with the NHD and WBD databases revealed that there are a total of 2,161 man-made waterways crossing HUC6 basin boundaries in the U.S. IBTs are somewhat concentrated: Florida, Texas, and North Carolina account for over 50% of the total identified IBTs. For some states, identified IBTs are locally clustered. Analysis of these clusters suggests a variety of reasons that IBTs have been built, including population, drainage, and agricultural factors.
Hydrology and Hydrogeology of Mammoth Cave

Mammoth Cave and its associated drainage is the downstream portion of a much larger aquifer system which includes recharge from sinking streams at the southeastern edge of the Sinkhole Plain, internal runoff and diffuse infiltration from the Sinkhole Plain, and runoff from valley drains and the caprock of the Mammoth Cave Plateau. The aquifer drains through a sequence of large springs along Green River. Extensive tracing of flow paths with fluorescent dyes shows that each spring has a distinct drainage basin with some spillover depending on recharge. Basin area can be estimated from measured base flows of the karst springs. Green River flows in a narrow valley that produces high flood levels that backflow into the springs carrying muddy flood waters deep into the conduit system. There is a complex flux of clastic sediments, some from upstream and some back-flooded from the river, that moves through the conduit system in response to storm flow. Chemical analysis of spring water, cave stream water, and cave drip water allows the calculation of dissolved carbonate (hardness), chemical saturation state, and concentration of dissolved CO2. Spring and shaft waters are undersaturated; drip waters are supersaturated. CO2 concentrations exhibit a pronounced maximum during the growing season. Although the Mammoth Cave System contains more mapped passages than any cave in the world, the sad truth is that only a small fraction of the active drainage system is accessible to direct observation and survey.
Consumer Responses to Price Transparency Alone versus Price Transparency Combined with Reference Pricing

Efforts to spur patient price shopping by providing access to price transparency tools have been met with limited success. One potential reason is the absence of financial incentives. This paper us...
Intraventricular hemorrhage score and outcome after spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (P2.251)

Objective: To determine whether the intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) score is associated with outcome after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Background: Spontaneous ICH has a 30% mortality rate and higher morbidity rate. Presence of IVH was found in up to 45% of cases of intracerebral spontaneous hemorrhage (ICH) and is associated with worse outcome. However, the contribution of IVH volume to outcome is not completely understood. Design/Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on 141 consecutive supratentorial non-traumatic ICH cases admitted from 2009–2013 to a large university hospital. IVH volume was estimated using the IVH Graeb score at admission. This score ranges from 0–12 with higher scores denoting increased IVH volume. Poor outcome was defined as a modified Rankin score (mRS) of ≥4 at hospital discharge. Descriptive statistics (presented as mean±SD), analysis of the co-variance (ANCOVA) and independent sample t-test were performed using SPSS. Results were adjusted for age, ICH volume and GCS at presentation. Results: A total of 141 cases were included in the analysis. The average age was 56±14 years and 50% were male. On admission, Glasgow coma score was 11±4, ICH volume 31±37 ml and IVH score was 3.83±4. Mean mRS at discharge was 3.89±1.67. In ANCOVA, there was a significant effect of IVH score on mRS at all levels [F(12, 125)=3.2, p=0.001] after controlling for age, ICH volume and GCS at presentation. Independent sample t-test showed there was a significant difference in mRS at discharge for IVH 0–4 group (2.7±1.8) and IVH ≥5 group (5±1.1); t (139)=8.2, p Conclusions: These results indicate that an IVH score of ≥5 is associated with poor outcome after ICH. Disclosure: Dr. Trifan has nothing to disclose. Dr. Hillmann has nothing to disclose. Dr. Testai has nothing to disclose.
Kinetic Studies of Lignin Solvolysis and Reduction by Reductive Catalytic Fractionation Decoupled in Flow-Through Reactors

Reductive catalytic fractionation (RCF) is an effective active-stabilization strategy to selectively extract and depolymerize lignin into aromatic monomers. Here, the kinetics of RCF were investigated by using flow-through reactors to decouple the two limiting mechanistic steps, namely lignin solvolysis and reduction. When operating in a solvolysis-limited regime, apparent energy barriers of 63 ± 1 and 64 ± 2 kJ mol–1 were measured for the solvent mediated lignin extraction of poplar using particle diameters of 0.5 < d < 1 mm and 0.075 < d < 0.25 mm, respectively. In contrast, when using mechanically stirred batch reactors, apparent barriers of 32 ± 1 and 39 ± 3 kJ mol–1 were measured for particle diameters of 0.5 < d < 1 mm and 0.075 < d < 0.25 mm, respectively. The difference of activation barriers between flow and batch reactors indicated that lignin extraction under typical RCF conditions in a 100 mL batch reactor stirred at 700 rpm was mass-transfer limited. In the reduction-limited regime, cleavage ...
ART AND SCIENCE: ORGANICISM AND GOETHE'S CLASSICAL AESTHETICS

If one attempts to examine the role of a concept in the writings of a man of letters, it seems appropriate to begin with some linguistic observations pertinent to the discussion: aesthetics. To what extent and in what particular way does the metaphorical field associated with the concept of organism determine or at least reach into descriptions of the creative process as such? Such an initial step of modest pragmatics suggests itself especially in view of the fact that Goethe never developed a system of aesthetics, classical or otherwise, in which a theoretical analysis would be possible. In fact, we will see that he had a fundamental distrust of theoretical systems for art or nature. In what terms, then, does Goethe describe the process of artistic creation? As might be expected, there are indeed expressions of “conceiving,” of “nurturing” a theme, of “bearing” a poem for years until its final “birth.” Many of those poems which strike the reader with their convincing immediacy, which seem to have been nothing but impulse and instantaneous expression of feeling, came into the world after a considerable period of incubation. And Goethe emphasizes that the length of poetic pregnancy was not determined by the poet, but by an internal process of maturing and usually by an external, catalytic occasion.
NUMERICAL MODELS FOR OCEAN ACOUSTIC MODES

We present a fast finite-difference method for computing the normal modes for three different oceanic scenarios. The first model we treat is the standard modal equation for a stratified ocean of constant depth. The ocean subbottom is modeled as a completely rigid medium and the ocean surface a perfect pressure release. This leads to a well-known eigenvalue problem of Sturm-Liouville form for the normal modes. In the second model we add to this problem a laminar shear flow parallel to the ocean bottom which yields an interesting second-order differential eigenvalue problem in which the eigenvalue appears nonlinearly. In the third model, we treat a two medium problem with the standard differential equation in the ocean coupled to a fourth-order differential equation governing elastic wave propagation in the ocean subbottom. The ocean subbottom is incorporated into the first model by a numerically computed impedance condition at the ocean-subottom interface. Finally, we present results which illustrate the speed and accuracy of the method.
Phase I trial of selenium plus chemotherapy in gynecologic cancers

Abstract Purpose Preclinical studies performed in our laboratory have shown that high-dose selenium inhibits the development of carboplatin drug resistance in an ovarian cancer mouse xenograft model. Based on these data, as well as the potential serious toxicities of supranutritional doses of selenium, a phase I trial of a combination of selenium/carboplatin/paclitaxel was designed to determine the maximum tolerated dose, safety, and effects of selenium on carboplatin pharmacokinetics in the treatment of chemo-naive women with gynecologic cancers. Correlative studies were performed to identify gene targets of selenium. Methods Chemo-naive patients with gynecologic malignancy received selenious acid IV on day 1 followed by carboplatin IV and paclitaxel IV on day 3. A standard 3 + 3 dose-escalating design was used for addition of selenium to standard dose chemotherapy. Concentrations of selenium in plasma and carboplatin in plasma ultrafiltrate were analyzed. Results Forty-five patients were enrolled and 291 treatment cycles were administered. Selenium was administered as selenious acid to 9 cohorts of patients with selenium doses ranging from 50 μg to 5000 μg. Grade 3/4 toxicities included neutropenia (66.7%), febrile neutropenia (2.2%), pain (20.0%), infection (13.3%), neurologic (11.1%), and pulmonary adverse effects (11.1%). The maximum tolerated dose of selenium was not reached. Selenium had no effect on carboplatin pharmacokinetics. Correlative studies showed post-treatment downregulation of RAD51AP1, a protein involved in DNA repair, in both cancer cell lines and patient tumors. Conclusion Overall, the addition of selenium to carboplatin/paclitaxel chemotherapy is safe and well tolerated, and does not alter carboplatin pharmacokinetics. A 5000 μg dose of elemental selenium as selenious acid is suggested as the dose to be evaluated in a phase II trial.
Passive hyperspectral sensing to identify colorectal cancer in intraoperative colon specimens.

e15161Background: Surgical management of colorectal cancer relies on accurate intraoperative identification of tumor and resection to negative margins. Hyperspectral (HS) imaging is a passive, non-...
Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition in Endomyocardial Biopsies from Orthotopic Heart Transplant Recipients

Introduction Heart transplant patients are at high risk of organ rejection and require close monitoring with frequent endomyocardial biopsies (EMB), especially during their first post-transplant year. We encountered a hypercellular, atypical endocardial lesion composed of enlarged, pleomorphic cells in a 54-year-old male heart transplant recipient 7.5 months post-transplantation. Our initial impression was post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder or malignancy. We later identified two additional cases with similar histopathologic findings and hypothesized that these were actually reactive changes or so called epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). EMTs have not been previously reported in EMB from heart transplant recipients and we identified 3 cases in less than a one year time period. Methods For these 3 cases, we further evaluated their clinical history and analyzed the EMB with additional immunostains (CD3, CD68, CD20, PAX-5, Kappa, Lambda, WT1, CK AE1/3, CD34, adenovirus, and EBV) to determine the etiology of the lesions. Right heart EMB are conducted at our institution weekly for the first 8 weeks and then every 3 months thereafter. Results All 3 patients had undergone orthotopic heart transplant replacement 2-7 months prior to having the EMB in which the lesions were observed and received similar induction and immune suppression regimens (MMF and tacrolimus). The IHC stains showed that the atypical-appearing cells were forming a new layer on the endocardial surface and were transitioning from epithelial-like (AE1/3+) to mesenchymal-like (CD34+), and were thus undergoing EMT. Underlying this reactive process was mixed inflammation including macrophages and scattered aggregates of CD3+ T cells; there was no evidence of a lymphoproliferative disorder and EBV was negative. All 3 patients had similar EM findings. Their subsequent biopsies showed similar lesions, although slightly less cellular, with increased fibrosis. Graft function remained normal in all patients. Conclusion The presence of atypical appearing cells on EMB can raise suspicion for rejection or post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder; however, this appears to often be a reparative process, namely EMT. Similar to reports in kidney transplant patients on tacrolimus, EMT does not seem to play a role in the development of allograft rejection. Due to our small sample size, further investigation is needed.
Emerging Contributions of Cancer/Testis Antigens to Neoplastic Behaviors

Tumors of nearly every origin activate the expression of genes normally restricted to gametogenic cells. These genes encode proteins termed cancer/testis (CT) antigens, since expression outside of their naturally immune-privileged site can evoke an immune response. Despite extensive efforts to exploit CT antigens as immunotherapeutic targets, investigation of whether these proteins participate in tumorigenic processes has lagged. Here, we discuss emerging evidence that demonstrates that CT antigens can confer a selective advantage to tumor cells by promoting oncogenic processes or permitting evasion of tumor-suppressive mechanisms. These advances indicate the inherent flexibility of tumor cell regulatory networks to engage aberrantly expressed proteins to promote neoplastic behaviors, which could ultimately present novel therapeutic entry points.
Stress and Exposure Time on von Willebrand Factor Degradation

Despite the prevailing use of the continuous flow left ventricular assist devices (cf-LVAD), acquired von Willebrand syndrome (AvWS) associated with cf-LVAD still remains a major complication. As AvWS is known to be dependent on shear stress (τ) and exposure time (texp ), this study examined the degradation of high molecular weight multimers (HMWM) of von Willebrand factor (vWF) in terms of τ and texp . Two custom apparatus, i.e., capillary-tubing-type degrader (CTD) and Taylor-Couette-type degrader (TCD) were developed for short-term (0.033 sec ≤ texp ≤ 1.05 s) and long-term (10 s ≤ texp ≤ 10 min) shear exposures of vWF, respectively. Flow conditions indexed by Reynolds number (Re) for CTD were 14 ≤ Re ≤ 288 with corresponding laminar stress level of 52 ≤ τ CTD ≤ 1042 dyne/cm2 . Flow conditions for TCD were 100 ≤ Re ≤ 2500 with corresponding rotor speed of 180 ≤ o ≤ 4000 RPM and laminar stress level of 50 ≤ τ TCD ≤ 1114 dyne/cm2 . Due to transitional and turbulent flows in TCD at Re > 1117, total stress (i.e., τ total = laminar + turbulent) was also calculated using a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) solver, Converge CFD (Converge Science Inc., Madison, WI, USA). Inhibition of ADAMTS13 with different concentration of EDTA (5 mM and 10 mM) was also performed to investigate the mechanism of cleavage in terms of mechanical and enzymatic aspects. Degradation of HMWM with CTD was negligible at all given testing conditions. Although no degradation of HMWM was observed with TCD at Re τ total = 1012 dyne/cm2 ), increase in degradation of HMWM was observed beyond Re of 1117 for all given exposure times. At Re ~ 2500 ( τ total = 3070 dyne/cm2 ) with texp = 60 s, a severe degradation of HMWM (90.7 ± 3.8%, abnormal) was observed, and almost complete degradation of HMWM (96.1 ± 1.9%, abnormal) was observed with texp = 600 s. The inhibition studies with 5 mM EDTA at Re ~ 2500 showed that loss of HMWM was negligible (<10%, normal) for all given exposure times except for texp = 10 min (39.5 ± 22.3%, borderline-abnormal). With 10 mM EDTA, no degradation of HMWM was observed (11.1 ± 4.4%, normal) even for texp = 10 min. This study investigated the effect of shear stress and exposure time on the HMWM of vWF in laminar and turbulent flows. The inhibition study by EDTA confirms that degradation of HMWM is initiated by shear-induced unfolding followed by enzymatic cleavage at given conditions. Determination of magnitude of each mechanism needs further investigation. It is also important to note that the degradation of vWF is highly dependent on turbulence regardless of the time exposed within our testing conditions.
Rasch model-based testing of the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) Quality of Life Questionnaire-Chemotherapy-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy (QLQ-CIPN20) using Alliance for Clinical Trials in Oncology (Alliance) A151408 study data.

To test the psychometric properties of the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) Quality of Life Questionnaire–Chemotherapy-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy (QLQ-CIPN20) using Rasch-based methods. A secondary data analysis was performed using pooled QLQ-CIPN20 data from patients (N = 1008) who had participated in any of four multi-site chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) treatment and prevention trials. QLQ-CIPN20 responses were evaluated using a polytomous Rasch partial credit model. Data were assessed for person-item fit using the chi-square statistic, item scaling based on response proportions, threshold ordering using item characteristic curves and logit threshold locations, differential item response (DIF) (i.e., response bias) using likelihood ratio tests, and unidimensionality using cluster analysis. A statistically significant chi-square test indicated poor fit of the observed to the expected responses. More than 70% of the respondents reported a complete absence of six symptoms, reflecting significant floor effects and poor item scaling. Disordered/non-ordinal or narrow response thresholds were found for 11 of the 20 items. Item responses were significantly different by gender (p < 0.0001) and chemotherapy type (p < 0.0001). Cluster analysis findings suggest that the QLQ-CIPN20 is a unidimensional scale due to the absence of item clusters. Rasch model testing revealed psychometric weaknesses that could be addressed by revising the QLQ-CIPN20’s problematic items and response options. Alternatively, perhaps the new gold standard CIPN measurement approach in future intervention trials should involve use of only the best items, which would also allow comparisons across previous trials that utilized the QLQ-CIPN20.
Shortest path interdiction problem with arc improvement recourse: A multiobjective approach

We consider the shortest path interdiction problem involving two agents, a leader and a follower, playing a Stackelberg game. The leader seeks to maximize the follower's minimum costs by interdicting certain arcs, thus increasing the travel time of those arcs. The follower may improve the network after the interdiction by lowering the costs of some arcs, subject to a cardinality budget restriction on arc improvements. The leader and the follower are both aware of all problem data, with the exception that the leader is unaware of the follower's improvement budget. The effectiveness of an interdiction action is given by the length of a shortest path after arc costs are adjusted by both the interdiction and improvement. We propose a multiobjective optimization model for this problem, with each objective corresponding to a different possible improvement budget value. We provide mathematical optimization techniques to generate a complete set of strategies that are Pareto‐optimal. Additionally, for the special case of series‐parallel graphs, we provide a dynamic‐programming algorithm for generating all Pareto‐optimal solutions.
Acousto-Optic Comb Fourier Transform Spectrometer

We present an acousto-optic comb Fourier transform spectrometer that uses radiofrequency encoded optical pulses to produce an asymmetric interferogram with a complex comb Fourier transform for measuring transmission spectrums in the near-IR.
Abstract 1001: Functional and mechanistic interrogation of androgen receptor degraders for the treatment of metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer

The clinical development of second-generation androgen receptor (AR) antagonists, including enzalutamide, has confirmed that the AR remains a key oncogene in castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). However, response to enzalutamide is temporary and incremental, and prostate cancer (PCa) cells usually maintain AR expression and signaling upon resistance to AR-targeted therapies. One novel strategy for targeting the AR axis in CRPC is to target proteins through proteasomal degradation, which improves the efficacy and specificity of standard inhibitors. We have developed compounds that bind to AR and engage the proteasomal degradation machinery to specifically degrade the AR protein. Based on this, we hypothesized that the pharmacologic degradation of AR represents an important advance in CRPC treatment, and may provide a novel therapeutic strategy for advanced prostate cancer. These compounds affect AR-positive prostate cancer cells by decreasing AR protein levels as well as disrupting oncogenic AR signaling and enzalutamide resistance. Nanomolar concentrations of AR degraders ultimately lead to decreases in PCa cell growth in vitro and in vivo. In conclusion, we developed highly potent small molecules that induced proteasomal degradation of AR proteins, thus demonstrating degrader compounds to be a potential therapeutic strategy for patients with CRPC. Citation Format: Steven Kregel, Chao Wang, Ester Fernandez-Salas, Kari Wilder-Romans, Xin Han, Chong Qin, Weiguo Xiang, Jean Tien, Xuhong Cao, Corey Speers, Shaomeng Wang, Arul M. Chinnaiyan. Functional and mechanistic interrogation of androgen receptor degraders for the treatment of metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 1001.
The Farce of Consent: Psychological Factors that Challenge the Notion of Voluntary Consent

Employee consent is central to a number of pressing organizational issues, such as mandatory arbitration, sexual harassment, and worker surveillance, in addition to a variety of standard organizati...
Comparison of the Neurotoxic and Seizure-Inducing Effects of Synthetic and Endogenous Cannabinoids with Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol

Introduction: Synthetic cannabinoids (SCs) are commonly found in preparations used as recreational drugs. Although severe adverse health effects are not generally associated with cannabis use, a ri...
B cell depletion in murine lupus using cytotoxic T lymphocytes in vivo: Feasibility and benefit.

Abstract Given the promising results in human lupus with B cell depletion, we tested whether in vivo cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) could eliminate autoreactive B cells in the setting of murine lupus. Using the parent-into-F1 (P → F1) model to generate CTL that eliminate B cells, we found that transfer of NZB parental splenocytes into lupus-prone female NZB/W F1 mice resulted in profound B cell reduction whereas NZW → F1 mice exhibited defective B cell elimination. Using pre-disease or early disease B/W mice as hosts, NZB → F1 mice exhibited B cell depletion and improved proteinuria but no improvement in survival whereas NZW → F1 mice had significantly reduced proteinuria and prolonged survival. Thus, despite the defective IL-2 environment in B/W F1 mice, generation of CTL and B cell depletion is feasible in NZB → F1 mice. The surprising increase in survival for NZW → F1 mice despite defective B cell elimination suggests that NZW splenocytes may contain a beneficial down regulatory cell.
Short, Rich, and Powerful: a New Family of Arginine-Rich Small Proteins Have Outsized Impact in Agrobacterium tumefaciens.

Due to minute size and limited sequence complexity small proteins can be challenging to identify, but are emerging as important regulators of diverse processes in bacteria. In this issue of the Journal of Bacteriology Kraus and co-workers report comprehensive analysis of a fascinating sub-family of arginine-rich, small proteins in Agrobacterium tumefaciens, conserved among Alphaproteobacteria. Their findings reveal that these small proteins are under complex regulation and have a disproportionately large impact on metabolism and behavior.
Comparative Evaluation of the Attention Capture and Holding Power of Novel Signs Aimed at Park Visitors

Communication theories guided the development of messages to increase attention paid to signs in Yosemite National Park regarding food storage in bear country. Four experimental signs (moral appeal...
THE MASS FUNCTION OF VOID GALAXIES IN THE SDSS DATA RELEASE 2

We estimate the Mass Function of void galaxies in the second public data release of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey from a sample of 1000 galaxies with local density contrasts of δv < −0.6. The galaxy sample is split into ellipticals and spirals using a color-Sersic index criterion. We estimate the virial masses of ellipticals using the measured spectral line-widths along with the observed size. Projection effects and uncertainties in halo properties make mass estimates of spirals more difficult. We use an inversion of the Tully-Fisher relation to estimate the isothermal rotational velocity, and introduce a scaling factor to estimate the halo extent. We then fit the measured mass function against a theoretical Press-Schechter model, and find the distribution of galaxies in voids appears to be nearly unbiased compared to the mass. Subject headings: cosmology: large-scale structure of the universe - - cosmology: theory - galaxies: mass function
A Comparison of Stage Conversion in the Coccidian Apicomplexans Toxoplasma gondii, Hammondia hammondi, and Neospora caninum

Stage conversion is a critical life cycle feature for several Apicomplexan parasites as the ability to switch between life forms is critical for replication, dissemination, pathogenesis and ultimately, transmission to a new host. In order for these developmental transitions to occur, the parasite must first sense changes in their environment, such as the presence of stressors or other environmental signals, and then respond to these signals by initiating global alterations in gene expression. As our understanding of the genetic components required for stage conversion continues to broaden, we can better understand the conserved mechanisms for this process and unique components and their contribution to pathogenesis by comparing stage conversion in multiple closely related species. In this review, we will discuss what is currently known about the mechanisms driving stage conversion in Toxoplasma gondii and its closest relatives Hammondia hammondi and Neospora caninum. Work by us and others has shown that these species have some important differences in the way that they (1) progress through their life cycle and (2) respond to stage conversion initiating stressors. To provide a specific example of species-specific complexities associated with stage conversion, we will discuss our recent published and unpublished work comparing stress responses in T. gondii and H. hammondi.
Probing pathophysiology of extracellular cGAMP with substrate-selective ENPP1

Abstract The biology of the immune second messenger cGAMP depends on its cellular localization. cGAMP, which is synthesized in response to cytosolic double-stranded DNA, also exists in the extracellular space as a paracrine immunotransmitter that enhances the anticancer immune response. However, the role of extracellular cGAMP is unexplored outside of cancer due to a lack of tools to systemically manipulate it. The extracellular enzyme ENPP1, the only known hydrolase of cGAMP, is a promising target. However, because ENPP1 also degrades extracellular ATP, using genetic knockouts of ENPP1 to study extracellular cGAMP leads to confounding effects. Here we report the H362A point mutation in ENPP1, the dominant cGAMP hydrolase, which selectively abolishes ENPP1’s ability to degrade cGAMP, while retaining activity toward other substrates. H362 is not necessary for binding cGAMP or the catalytically-essential zinc atoms but instead supports the in-line reaction geometry. H362 is evolutionarily conserved down to bacteria, suggesting an ancient origin for extracellular cGAMP biology. Enpp1H362A mice do not display the systemic calcification seen in Enpp1-/- mice, highlighting the substrate-specific phenotype of ENPP1. Remarkably, Enpp1H362A mice were resistant to HSV-1 infection, demonstrating the antiviral role of endogenous extracellular cGAMP. The ENPP1H362A mutation is the first genetic tool to enable exploration of extracellular cGAMP biology in a wide range of tissues and diseases.
Colorblind Racial Ideology and Physician Use of Race in Medical Decision-Making

Colorblindness is a racial ideology that minimizes the role of systemic racism in shaping outcomes for racial minorities. Physicians who embrace colorblindness may be less likely to interrogate the role of racism in generating health disparities and less likely to challenge race-based treatment. This study evaluates the association between physician colorblindness and the use of race in medical decision-making. This is a cross-sectional survey study, conducted in September 2019, of members of the Minnesota Academy of Family Physicians. The survey included demographic and practice questions and two measures: Color-blind Racial Attitudes Scale (CoBRAS; measuring unawareness of racial privilege, institutional discrimination, and blatant racial issues) and Racial Attributes in Clinical Evaluation (RACE; measuring the use of race in medical decision-making). Multivariable regression analyses assessed the relationship between CoBRAS and RACE. Our response rate was 17% (267/1595). In a multivariable analysis controlling for physician demographic and practice characteristics, CoBRAS scores were positively associated with RACE (β = 0.05, p = 0.02). When CoBRAS subscales were used in place of the overall CoBRAS score, only unawareness of institutional discrimination was positively associated with RACE (β = 0.18, p = 0.01). Physicians who adhere to a color blind racial ideology, particularly those who deny institutional racism, are more likely to use race in medical decision-making. As the use of race may be due to a colorblind racial ideology, and therefore due to a poor understanding of how systemic racism affects health, more physician education about racism as a health risk is needed.
"Changing Patterns in Medication Prescription for Gestational Diabetes During a Time of Guideline Change in the USA: A Cross-sectional Study"

OBJECTIVE To define patterns of prescription and factors associated with choice of pharmacotherapy for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), namely metformin, glyburide and insulin, during a period of evolving professional guidelines. DESING Cross-sectional study. SETTING US commercial insurance beneficiaries from Market-Scan (late 2015 to 2018). STUDY DESIGN We included women with GDM, singleton gestations, 15-51 years of age on pharmacotherapy. The exposure was pharmacy claims for metformin, glyburide and insulin. MAIN OUTCOMES Pharmacotherapy for GDM with either oral agent, metformin or glyburide, compared with insulin as the reference, and secondarily, consequent treatment modification (addition and/or change) to metformin, glyburide or insulin. RESULTS Among 37 762 women with GDM, we analysed data from 10 407 (28%) with pharmacotherapy, 21% with metformin (n = 2147), 48% with glyburide (n = 4984) and 31% with insulin (n = 3276). From late 2015 to 2018, metformin use increased from 17 to 29%, as did insulin use from 26 to 44%, whereas glyburide use decreased from 58 to 27%. By 2018, insulin was the most common pharmacotherapy for GDM; metformin was more likely to be prescribed by 9% compared with late 2015/16, but glyburide was less likely by 45%. Treatment modification occurred in 20% of women prescribed metformin compared with 2% with insulin and 8% with glyburide. CONCLUSIONS Insulin followed by metformin has replaced glyburide as the most common pharmacotherapy for GDM among a privately insured US population during a time of evolving professional guidelines. Further evaluation of the relative effectiveness and safety of metformin compared with insulin is needed. TWEETABLE ABSTRACT Insulin followed by metformin has replaced glyburide as the most common pharmacotherapy for gestational diabetes mellitus in the USA.
Iraq in Wartime: Soldiering, Martyrdom, and Remembrance

When US-led forces invaded Iraq in 2003, they occupied a country that had been at war for 23 years. Yet in their attempts to understand Iraqi society and history, few policy makers, analysts and journalists took into account the profound impact that Iraq's long engagement with war had on the Iraqis' everyday engagement with politics, the business of managing their daily lives, and their cultural imagination. Drawing on government documents and interviews, Dina Rizk Khoury traces the political, social and cultural processes of the normalization of war in Iraq during the last twenty-three years of Ba'thist rule. Khoury argues that war was a form of everyday bureaucratic governance and examines the Iraqi government's policies of creating consent, managing resistance and religious diversity, and shaping public culture. Coming on the tenth anniversary of the US-led invasion of Iraq, this book tells a multilayered story of a society in which war has become the norm.
Computational Scene Analysis

A remarkable achievement of the perceptual system is its scene analysis capability, which involves two basic perceptual processes: the segmentation of a scene into a set of coherent patterns (objects) and the recognition of memorized ones. Although the perceptual system performs scene analysis with apparent ease, computational scene analysis remains a tremendous challenge as foreseen by Frank Rosenblatt. This chapter discusses scene analysis in the field of computational intelligence, particularly visual and auditory scene analysis. The chapter first addresses the question of the goal of computational scene analysis. A main reason why scene analysis is difficult in computational intelligence is the binding problem, which refers to how a collection of features comprising an object in a scene is represented in a neural network. In this context, temporal correlation theory is introduced as a biologically plausible representation for addressing the binding problem. The LEGION network lays a computational foundation for oscillatory correlation, which is a special form of temporal correlation. Recent results on visual and auditory scene analysis are described in the oscillatory correlation framework, with emphasis on real-world scenes. Also discussed are the issues of attention, feature-based versus model-based analysis, and representation versus learning. Finally, the chapter points out that the time dimension and David Marr's framework for understanding perception are essential for computational scene analysis.
The purification of aspartate transcarbamylase of Escherichia coli and separation of its protein subunits.

Abstract Aspartate transcarbamylase, a regulatory enzyme from Escherichia coli, has been prepared by a procedure which yields approximately 5 g of highly purified enzyme from 700 g of wet packed bacterial cells. Purified aspartate transcarbamylase was dissociated by treatment with p-hydroxymercuribenzoate to yield two kinds of protein subunits which were separated by column chromatography. The separated subunits retained their functional properties, namely, catalytic activity or affinity for the regulatory metabolite, cytidine triphosphate.
Next Generation Web Search: Setting Our Sites.

The current state of web search is most successful at directing users to appropriate web sites. Once at the site, the user has a choice of following hyperlinks or using site search, but the latter is notoriously problematic. One solution is to develop specialized search interfaces that explicitly support the types of tasks users perform using the information specific to the site. A new way to support task-based site search is to dynamically present appropriate metadata that organizes the search results and suggests what to look at next, as a personalized intermixing of search and hypertext.
A new sampling scheme for slice based volume rendering

In this paper we present a novel approach to generate proxy geometry for slice based volume rendering. The basic idea is derived from the behavior of a ray-caster and is a simple extension of the well known 2D object-aligned texture stack based technique. From this our novel scheme inherits the advantage that it enables hardware-based volume rendering for devices that do not support 3D textures. On these devices previous object-aligned 2D texture based approaches suffered from disturbing view angle dependent stack-switching artifacts which are avoided by our novel method. Our approach also shows benefits compared to the widely used view aligned slicing algorithm as it avoids jagged boundary artifacts and increases performance.
Eastern Bandits or Revolutionary Soldiers? The 1894 Tonghak Uprising in Korean History and Memory

The 1894 Tonghak uprising was a major event for Korea and East Asia. Not only did it serve as the catalyst for the Sino-Japanese War, which marked the ascendency of Imperial Japan and the decline of Qing China and Korea’s Chosŏn dynasty, but more importantly it became a powerful symbol of nationalism in Korean history and memory. This article studies the numerous ideological shifts in the elite, scholarly, and popular history of Tonghak that occurred from 1894 through the twentieth century, in the context of Ch’ŏndogyo and Sich’ŏngyo religions (the offspring of Tonghak), Japanese colonialism, the division of Korea, and various formations of Korean national identity. Where once the event was known as a disturbance, today it is heralded as the ‘Tonghak revolution’ or ‘the 1894 peasant war.’ These transformations of Tonghak illustrate the commonalities between North Korea and South Korea and how they continue to lay claim to the Tonghak legacy for nation building and political legitimation.
Economic Models of Criminal Behavior: An Overview

In this paper we construct four rather broad classes of theoretical models of criminal behavior and analyze the properties of each class. Our focus is on the testable hypotheses which arise from each class.