cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The mechanochemistry of the kinesin-2 KIF3AC heterodimer is related to strain-dependent kinetic properties of KIF3A and KIF3C.

KIF3AC is a mammalian neuron-specific kinesin-2 implicated in intracellular cargo transport. It is a heterodimer of KIF3A and KIF3C motor polypeptides which have distinct biochemical and motile properties as engineered homodimers. Single-molecule motility assays show that KIF3AC moves processively along microtubules at a rate faster than expected given the motility rates of the KIF3AA and much slower KIF3CC homodimers. To resolve the stepping kinetics of KIF3A and KIF3C motors in homo- and heterodimeric constructs and determine their transport potential under load, we assayed motor activity using interferometric scattering microscopy and optical trapping. The distribution of stepping durations of KIF3AC molecules is described by a rate (k1 = 11 s−1) without apparent kinetic asymmetry. Asymmetry was also not apparent under hindering or assisting mechanical loads in the optical trap. KIF3AC shows increased force sensitivity relative to KIF3AA yet is more capable of stepping against mechanical load than KIF3CC. Interestingly, the behavior of KIF3C mirrors prior studies of kinesins with increased interhead compliance. Microtubule gliding assays containing 1:1 mixtures of KIF3AA and KIF3CC result in speeds similar to KIF3AC, suggesting the homodimers mechanically impact each other’s motility to reproduce the behavior of the heterodimer. Our observations are consistent with a mechanism in which the stepping of KIF3C can be activated by KIF3A in a strain-dependent manner, similar to application of an assisting load. These results suggest that the mechanochemical properties of KIF3AC can be explained by the strain-dependent kinetics of KIF3A and KIF3C.
Sacubitril/valsartan 24/26 Mg Dose Is A Predictor For Higher Mortality Rate In Patients With Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction Receiving Sacubitril/valsartan: Interim Results

Introduction Currently, the American College of Cardiology (ACC)/ American Heart Association (AHA)/ Heart Failure Society of America (HFSA) guideline recommends replacing angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) or angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) with angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitor (ARNI) to further reduce mortality or heart failure (HF) rehospitalization rate. However, little evidence is available for low (24/26 mg) and middle (49/51 mg) doses because the Prospective Comparison of ARNI with ACE-I to Determine Impact on Global Mortality and Morbidity of Patients with Chronic Heart Failure (PARADIGM-HF) trial required dose titration up to high dose (97/103 mg) prior to randomization. Thus, our study in the real-world setting seeks to evaluate the effect of sacubitril/valsartan dose (low vs. middle vs. target dose) on mortality rate in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). Methods Patients receiving sacubitril/valsartan diagnosed as HFrEF from July 2015 to December 2019 were included in this retrospective cohort study. Patients receiving sacubitril/valsartan less than 1 year and receiving dialysis were excluded. The primary outcome was all-cause mortality. The follow-up period was up to 3.5 years after sacubitril/valsartan initiation. The hazard ratios and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. The survival data regression analysis using the Cox proportional hazards model was performed to examine the association between Entresto doses and mortality while controlling age, body mass index, brain natriuretic peptide, creatinine, ejection fraction, gender, systolic blood pressure, and prior ACE-I or ARB use. The significant level was set at 0.05. Results A total of 164 patients in 24/26 mg group, 78 patients in 49/51 mg group, and 80 patients in 97/103 mg group were included in this preliminary analysis. The all-cause mortality rate was significantly higher in 24/26 mg group compared with 97/103 mg group (27.4 vs. 11.3 %; hazard ratio = 2.77; 95% CI 1.35-5.67; p=0.0054). There was no significant difference in mortality rate between 49/51 mg and 97/103 groups (12.8 vs. 11.3 %; hazard ratio = 1.08; 95% CI 0.44-2.68; p=0.859). After controlling for the pre-specified variables, the significant difference between 24/26 and 97/103 mg groups was not retained (HR = 3.96, 95% CI 0.435-35.949, p=0.222) but the hazard of mortality at any given time was greatest in 24/26 mg group compared with 49/59 and 97/103 mg groups. Conclusions The results of this study indicate that sacubitril/valsartan 24/26 mg use is a predictor for a higher mortality rate in patients receiving sacubitril/valsartan. The final analysis with a larger sample size will be needed for further investigation.
Impact of Scale Separation in the Coherent Two-Scale Model on Doppler and Normalized Cross Section Predictions for Sea Backscatter - a Numerical Study

The study investigates the accuracy of the Doppler and normalized radar cross section (NRCS) predictions when using the coherent scattered field expressions of the Two-Scale Model (TSM). This is done through large-scale Monte Carlo simulations in the 2D space, followed by comparisons to the results of integral equation-based exact numerical calculations. Of particular interest is the choice of the scale separation parameter (intrinsic to the TSM) that minimizes the error for either the Doppler spectrum moments or the NRCS. The optimal separation length is found to be much smaller (about 1-1.5 electromagnetic wavelengths) than the conventionally accepted values. This quantity is seen decreasing with stronger wind.
The nerve not taken.

Nutrients entering the gut influence our brains through uncharacterized circuits. In this issue of Cell Metabolism, Goldstein et al. (2021) show hypothalamic neurons responding, via distinct neural paths, to nutrients infused in different intestinal segments.
Cross-cultural adaptation of the Pain Catastrophizing Scale in Greek clinical population

Background: Catastrophizing is an important psychological construct in mediating the behavioral response toward pain. Objective: The purpose of this study is to examine the psychometric properties ...
Using Prostate Imaging-Reporting and Data System (PI-RADS) Scores to Select an Optimal Prostate Biopsy Method: A Secondary Analysis of the Trio Study.

Abstract Background While magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-targeted biopsy (TBx) results in better prostate cancer (PCa) detection relative to systematic biopsy (SBx), the combination of both methods increases clinically significant PCa detection relative to either Bx method alone. However, combined Bx subjects patients to higher number of Bx cores and greater detection of clinically insignificant PCa. Objective To determine if prebiopsy prostate MRI can identify men who could forgo combined Bx without a substantial risk of missing clinically significant PCa (csPC). Design, setting, and participants Men with MRI-visible prostate lesions underwent combined TBx plus SBx. Outcome measurements and statistical analysis The primary outcomes were detection rates for grade group (GG) ≥2 and GG ≥3 PCa by TBx and SBx, stratified by Prostate Imaging-Reporting and Data System (PI-RADS) score. Results and limitations Among PI-RADS 5 cases, nearly all csPCs were detected by TBx, as adding SBx resulted in detection of only 2.5% more GG ≥2 cancers. Among PI-RADS 3–4 cases, however, SBx addition resulted in detection of substantially more csPCs than TBx alone (8% vs 7.5%). Conversely, TBx added little to detection of csPC among men with PI-RADS 2 lesions (2%) relative to SBx (7.8%). Conclusions While combined Bx increases the detection of csPC among men with MRI-visible prostate lesions, this benefit was largely restricted to PI-RADS 3–4 lesions. Using a strategy of TBx only for PI-RADS 5 and combined Bx only for PI-RADS 3–4 would avoid excess biopsies for men with PI-RADS 5 lesions while resulting in a low risk of missing csPC (1%). Patient summary Our study investigated an optimized strategy to diagnose aggressive prostate cancer in men with an abnormal prostate MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) scan while minimizing the risk of excess biopsies. We used a scoring system for MRI scan images called PI-RADS. The results show that MRI-targeted biopsies alone could be used for men with a PI-RADS score of 5, while men with a PI-RADS score of 3 or 4 would benefit from a combination of MRI-targeted biopsy and systematic biopsy. This trial is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov as NCT00102544.
Effect of atomic disorder on electronic, magnetic and electron-transport properties of Ti2MnAl

Abstract We report the combined computational and experimental study on the effect of atomic disorder on electronic, magnetic, and electron-transport properties of Ti2MnAl Heusler alloy. Ti2MnAl is predicted to exhibit spin-gapless semiconducting behavior in the inverted cubic crystal structure, while the regular cubic structure is essentially non-spin-polarized and non-magnetic. Here, we analyze three types of atomic disorder, namely, A2, B2, and D03, which are commonly observed in Heusler alloys. Our first-principles calculations indicate that all three types of disorder have a relatively small effect on a non-spin-polarized nature of Ti2MnAl in the regular cubic crystal (prototype Cu2MnAl) structure. At the same time, the inverted cubic phase (prototype Hg2TiCu) retains a significant degree of spin-polarization in A2 and B2 disordered structures. In particular, A2 and B2 types of disorder of the inverted cubic phase result in a spin-polarization of about 50% and 74%, respectively. The D03 disordered inverted phase has a significantly smaller spin-polarization of less than 10%. All considered structures align ferrimagnetically, except the B2-disordered and non-disordered regular cubic phases, which are non-magnetic. Our experimental results are consistent with the predicted properties of Ti2MnAl with partial A2 and B2 disorder types. While atomic disorder in a considered system should be minimized or avoided for practical implementations, its type may play a decisive role for potential applications in spin-based electronics.
All-optical bit pattern generation and matching at 10 Gbit/s

Summary form only given. In conclusion we have demonstrated all-optical pattern generation and matching at 10 Gbit/s. We have employed a fiber loop memory as the pattern generator and a (nonlinear optical loop mirror) NOLM-based XOR gate as the optical matching circuit. We have demonstrated a contrast ratio greater than 20:1 in a dual input XOR gate. We believe this system will be useful for testing novel, high-speed optical components.
Limit cycle oscillations in random cellular automata

In this work we study self-sustaining oscillations in random cellular automata models, which approximate the dynamics of neural populations in the cortex. We build on the results of previous studies, which outlined the role of random noise and non-locality of the interactions in describing phase transitions and critical phenomena in our model. The present work expands previous results by studying the effect of interacting excitatory and inhibitory neural populations with negative feedback. We show that with enough connections among the inhibitory and excitatory networks, the network's global activations oscillate in a periodic or quasi-periodic way.
An active learning/teamwork approach to implementing an integrated circuit design cycle in an advanced hardware description language course

The design of digital application specific integrated circuits (ASICs) has recently shifted from schematic entry toward the use of hardware description languages such as VHDL or Verilog. Powerful design tools are required to perform the design synthesis, simulation and verification of these chips prior to fabrication. Most courses in VHDL or Verilog focus on the details of the language rather than the process and techniques required by industry in creating an actual chip. This paper describes an approach currently being used for an advanced VHDL course which attempts to have students learn not only the hardware description language, but also the design tools and process required to produce an actual working ASIC. In addition to discussing the learning techniques used, this paper also describes handling issues such as uneven contribution efforts and individual assessment.
The fetal and maternal catecholamine response to insulin-induced hypoglycemia in the rat.

Abstract This study was undertaken to evaluate the catecholamine response of the fetal rat to insulin-induced hypoglycemia in the mother. Twenty-four Sprague-Dawley rats at day 21 of gestation were used. Hypoglycemia was induced with regular insulin; then at timed intervals, the rats were anesthetized with pentobarbital. When the rats were completely unresponsive, the abdomen was opened, the fetuses were exteriorized, and fetal blood was obtained by sectioning the axillary vessels. Maternal blood was obtained from the vena cava. Plasma glucose was measured by the glucose oxidase technique. Norepinephrine, epinephrine, and dopamine were measured by radioenzymatic assay. Maternal animals demonstrated a fall in glucose to a nadir of 23 ± 0.7 mg/dl (mean ± SEM) and a significant rise in plasma epinephrine to a maximum of 2,548.0 ± 1,071.2 pg/ml. Fetal glucose fell to a nadir of 23.8 ± 3.3 mg/dl (mean ± SEM) and fetal catecholamines demonstrated a rapid significant rise: norepinephrine rose to a maximum of 5,077.3 ± 932.6 pg/ml; epinephrine rose to a maximum of 4,295.8 ± 538.9 pg/ml; dopamine rose to a maximum of 869 ± 203.3 pg/ml. The fetal correlation coefficients were r = −0.56 (p
Listeria monocytogenes: cultivation and laboratory maintenance.

This unit describes general procedures for the lab cultivation and storage of the Gram-positive facultative intracellular bacterium Listeria monocytogenes. The basic protocols are relevant for a wide scope of applications including microbial genetics and both in vitro and in vivo infection studies. Commonly used L. monocytogenes strains, serotypes, and growth parameters are also discussed. Curr. Protoc. Microbiol. 31:9B.2.1-9B.2.7. ©2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Keywords: Listeria monocytogenes; Gram-positive; intracellular pathogen; listeriosis
Genetics of Disordered Gambling

There is evidence from twin studies that genetic variation contributes to individual differences in the risk for disordered gambling (DG), and that some of this genetic variation overlaps with the genetic risk for other comorbid disorders such as alcohol dependence, antisocial behaviour disorders and major depression. It is likely that the specific genes that contribute to DG risk will be of small effect; there are no established susceptibility genes for DG. The most promising candidates based on theory and cumulative evidence are dopamine system genes. Other interesting leads come from the norepinephrine system, including the ADRAC2 and MAO-A genes, and several novel variants identified in a recent genome-wide association study. Genetic research on DG is in its infancy, with most of the interesting findings based on single unreplicated studies. There is much uncharted territory in research on the genetics of DG. Key Concepts: Disordered gambling affects approximately 1–2% of the population in the United States, and many individuals who do not qualify for a clinical diagnosis may also experience substantial harms from their gambling involvement. There are cross-national and cross-temporal differences in the prevalence of disordered gambling, highlighting the importance of nongenetic factors. Twin studies suggest that the variation in risk for disordered gambling among adults is due to genetic and unique environmental influences, with no evidence for an important role of the shared family environment. The contribution of genes and environment to disordered gambling risk appears to be similar among men and women. Genetic variation in disordered gambling risk overlaps with the genetic risk for other comorbid disorders such as alcohol dependence, antisocial behaviour disorders and major depression. Genetic susceptibility for DG will also include those genes related to individual differences in the earlier stages of gambling involvement. Like other complex polygenic disorders, genetic variation in disordered gambling risk appears to be due to many genes of small effect. There are no known susceptibility genes for disordered gambling; the most promising candidates are the dopamine system genes, with other interesting leads from the norepinephrine system. The much-needed research on disordered gambling endophenotypes will improve the understanding of the pathways from genes to disordered gambling and may facilitate efforts to identify susceptibility genes. There is little research evaluating the potential disordered gambling endophenotypes, but the broader disordered gambling literature suggests that neural systems, cognitive distortions and decision making, personality traits such as impulsivity and negative emotionality, and loss-chasing are viable candidates. Keywords: gambling; addiction; twin study; association study; genome-wide association study; liability threshold model; comorbidity; endophenotype
Greater Adipose Tissue Distribution and Diminished Spinal Musculoskeletal Density in Adults With Cerebral Palsy.

Abstract Objectives To examine differences in adipose tissue distribution, lumbar vertebral bone mineral density (BMD), and muscle attenuation in adults with and without cerebral palsy (CP), and to determine the associations between morphologic characteristics. Design Cross-sectional, retrospective analyses of archived computed tomography scans. Setting Clinical treatment and rehabilitation center. Participants Adults (N=352) with CP (age, 38.8±14.4y; body mass, 61.3±17.1kg; Gross Motor Function Classification System levels, I–V) and a matched cohort of neurotypical adults. Of the 41 adults with CP included in the study, 10 were not matchable because of low body masses. Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures Computed tomography scans were assessed for visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) areas, psoas major area and attenuation in Hounsfield units (Hu), and cortical and trabecular BMDs. Results Adults with CP had lower cortical (β=−63.41 Hu, P P 2 , P P 2 , P 2 , P r =.51, P =.002) and cortical ( r =.46, P 2 , r 2 =.13, P =.03). Conclusions Adults with CP had lower BMDs, smaller psoas major area, greater intermuscular adipose tissue, and greater trunk adiposity than neurotypical adults. VAT and cortical BMD were inversely associated.
Technical Progress and Real Wages Once again

We construct a general equilibrium model of trade and show that an economy can experience technological progress and declining real wages provided that it is open to trade and import demand is sufficiently inelastic in both countries. This is a puzzling outcome so far as marginal productivity paradigm is concerned. In this context we demonstrate that new technology works differently in a closed vs an open economy. In an open economy, technical improvements may generate a fall in labor real earnings, but not in a closed economy. In addition, technical progress in manufacturing must increase manufacturing–service wage gap according to marginal productivity doctrine. We show that the opposite outcome can occur theoretically in an open economy—yet another seemingly puzzling labor market outcome.
Views from the Frontline

Abstract Through in-depth interviews, Kentucky welfare case managers compare their experiences working under Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF) with their experiences working under Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC). Interviewees unanimously agreed that TANF is more ambiguous, complex, and stressful than AFDC, both for clients and managers. Although case managers embrace the self-sufficiency goals of TANF, the strict work requirements, overwhelming paperwork and limited education and training opportunities create conflicting goals and barriers that frustrate case managers, leading to suggestions of a return to some rules of AFDC while retaining the TANF goal of independence from the welfare system.
Weight loss outcomes and complications from bariatric surgery in the super super obese

Bariatric surgery has been established as the most effective long-term treatment for morbid obesity. We performed a retrospective review of SSO patients treated at our institute between 2008 and 2013 who underwent a laparoscopic gastric bypass (LGBP) or sleeve gastrectomy (LSG). The primary end point for this study was excess weight loss (EWL) at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months. Secondary end points included procedure length (PL), length of stay (LOS), diabetes management and postoperative complications. We identified 135 SSO patients who underwent bariatric surgery (93 LGBP, 42 LSG) at our institute from 2008 to 2013 with a median follow-up of 49 months. The incidence of EWL > 30 % for patients in the LGBP group was 3.9, 29.0, 72.2 and 94.6 % at 1, 3, 6 and 12 months, respectively, while the incidence of EWL > 30 % in patients in the LSG group was 4.2, 25.0, 59.1 and 100 % at 1, 3, 6 and 12 months, respectively. PL was 124 ± 49 min for the LGBP group and 98 + 51 min for the LSG group (p < 0.005). LOS was on average 3.0 days (range 1–21) for the LGBP group and 3.4 days (range 1–13) for the LSG group (p = 0.41). Patients experienced a decrease in their hemoglobin A1C level by 10 % for the LGBP group and 9 % for the LSG group at 1 year (p = 0.89). Postoperative complications were seen in 15.1 % of LGBP patients and 4.8 % of LSG patients. Bariatric surgery is feasible in the SSO patients with comparable EWL outcomes and postoperative complications to historical non-SSO patients.
The Teacher–Child Rating Scale: A brief objective measure of elementary children's school problem behaviors and competencies.

This paper presents two related studies describing the development and validation of the Teacher-Child Rating Scale (T-CRS), a brief objective socioemotional measure. More than 200 teachers rated 1...
The mental health and psychosocial adjustment of Cuban immigrants in south Florida

Given documented variation in pre-migration and migration-related experiences, Cuban immigrants in the U.S. who arrived during or subsequent to 1980 may be disadvantaged in mental health and psychosocial adjustment relative to earlier arrivals. Using wave 1 of the Physical Challenge and Health study, we compare earlier and later arriving immigrants in levels of depression, anxiety, and self-esteem and test whether adversity and social support, acculturation-related factors, or pre-migration conditions account for any differences observed among a sample of adults living in South Florida (N = 191). Bivariate analyses reveal that later arrivals are relatively disadvantaged in anxiety and self-esteem and marginally so in depression. While later arrivals do not report more adversity in the U.S., they have lower levels of family support to cope with any adversity experienced. Later arrivals are also less likely to interview in English or to have a strong American identity, and they were more likely to have arrived as adults. Relative disadvantages in anxiety and self-esteem are best explained by indicators of acculturation and family support. Policies and programs that address acculturation difficulties and increase family support could improve the health and adjustment of these and similar immigrants.
Synthesis, characterization, and photophysical properties of platinum(II) terpyridyl-based multi-component systems

Four new Pt(II) terpyridyl acetylide complexes are reported which possess either a viologen or nicotinamide unit attached as an electron acceptor via the benzylic carbon of the tolyl-terpyridine ligand. Specifically, the donor–chromophore–acceptor (D–C–A) triads prepared are [Pt(ttpy-MV)C≡C–C6H4–NH–CO–C6H2(OMe)3](PF6)3 [1], where ttpy-MV = 4′-([4-methyl-4,4′-bipyridin]-ylmethyl-phenyl)-[2,2′;6′,2″]terpyridine and C≡C–C6H4–NH–CO–C6H2(OMe)3 = N-(4-ethynylphenyl)-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzamide and [Pt(ttpy-Nd)C≡C–C6H4–NH–CO–C6H2(OMe)3](PF6)2 [2], where ttpy-Nd = 4′-([3-carboxamide-pyridin]-ylmethyl-phenyl)-[2,2′;6′,2″]terpyridine. The related chromophore–acceptor (C–A) dyads, [Pt(ttpy-MV)C≡CPh](PF6)3 [3], where C≡CPh = phenylacetylide and [Pt(ttpy-Nd)C≡CPh](PF6)2 [4], were also prepared. The syntheses of the above compounds are achieved by the reaction of a prepared cuprous phenylacetylide compound with the appropriate platinum terpyridyl chloride complex. This change from the CuI-catalyzed acetylide coordination, which requires basic conditions, results from the observed sensitivity of the pyridinium type acceptors to base. While the parent chromophore, [Pt(ttpy)C≡CPh]PF6 [5], where ttpy = 4′-p-tolyl-[2,2′;6′,2″]terpyridine, is brightly emissive in fluid solution, both of the aforementioned D–C–A triads 1 and 2 are nonemissive at room temperature. Of the related C–A dyads, 4 is emissive and 3 is very weakly emissive. Transient absorption studies reveal that the nicotinamide acceptor does not function as an oxidative quencher of the excited state. In contrast, the viologen acceptor appears to function as an oxidative quencher.
Role of penile vascular injury in erectile dysfunction after radical prostatectomy.

Objective To investigate the cause of erectile dysfunction after nerve-sparing radical prostatectomy for clinically localized adenocarcinoma of the prostate (stage A or B). Patients and methods Erectile function was evaluated in 20 patients, mean age 65 years (range 44–74), both pre-operatively and 1 year after surgery by intracavernosal injection of a vasoactive agent (papaverine hydrochloride or prostaglandin E1) and pulsed Doppler ultrasonography. The degree of erection, the size of the cavernosal artery and penile arterial blood flow velocity were assessed Results Results revealed that the decreased response to intracavernosal injection of a vasoactive agent was associated with a significant reduction in both the diameter and velocity of blood flow within cavernosal arteries in 40% of patients after surgery. The pathological stage of the tumour did not correlate with the degree of vascular injury. Conclusion We conclude that post-prostatectomy impotence is multifactorial but vascular injury plays a substantial role.
Development of a Variable Dynamic Automotive Suspension Model Using Virtual Test Bed

This paper is concerned with the development of a fully dynamic automotive suspension model in Virtual Test Bed (VTB), a dynamic system simulation environment developed by the University of South Carolina Department of Electrical Engineering for modeling multi-technical dynamic systems. VTB is normally used to prototype large scale electrical systems, but as shown in this paper, it can also be used to accurately simulate dynamic mechanical devices. Mathematical equations governing vehicle dynamic motion were developed and converted into C++ code. This code was then converted into a VTB model using Microsoft C++. A model of a full car passive suspension system was developed in VTB around this model, in which all dimensions, spring and damper constants, and vehicle path can be changed easily, without recoding the model itself. The model was then compared to a previously validated model created in Matlab Simulink. The results of this comparison, as well as validation with experimental data from a quarter-car suspension system, showed that VTB is a valid platform for modeling dynamic mechanical systems, and could be used to model active vehicle suspension as well.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Theoretical and Experimental Considerations on the Enthalpic Relaxation of Organic Glasses using Differential Scanning Calorimetry

The enthalpy relaxation of amorphous salicin, used as model organic glass of pharmaceutical relevance, was investigated using a combination of DSC measurements and theoretical simulations. The combined approach makes it possible to discern between the effect of the glass forming properties of the material and the effects of the thermal history and experimental conditions. The approach also facilitates an unambiguous definition of the time scale of the experiment, such that objective comparison among relaxation time and glass transition temperature values can be made. The simulation provides accurate predictions of the DSC profiles obtained under a wide variety of experimental conditions. The effects of annealing time and the heating/cooling rate on the enthalpy recovery were explained by tracking the evolution of relaxation times as a function of temperature and time. The combined experimental and simulation approach also makes it possible to systematically explore the effect of specific glass forming pro...
Tonal Implications and the Role of the Symmetrical Hexachord in Alban Berg's Four Pieces for Clarinet and Piano, Opus 5, No. 2

Abstract In this paper I demonstrate that the Berg Four Pieces for Clarinet and Piano, Opus 5, No. 2, is a veiled tonal piece, with its background tonal center of Bb generated by a five‐note set, (10,1,2,5,6), a subset of the all‐combinatorial hexachord [0,3,4,7,8,11]. A combination of a Schenker‐style reductive technique and Forte‐style pitch‐class set theory is used in this analysis.
Quasicrystals and crystalline approximants

Over the past seven years, many examples of periodic crystals closely related to quasicrystalline alloys have been discovered. These crystals have been termed approximants, since the arrangements of atoms within their unit cells closely approximate the local atomic structures in quasicrystals. This colloquium focuses on these approximant structures, their description, and their relationship to quasicrystals.
Identification of supplements that enhance the recovery of Listeria monocytogenes on modified Vogel Johnson agar

ABSTRACT Modified Vogel Johnson agar (MVJ) has high selectivity for Listeriamonocytogenes; however, itdoesnotpermit therepairandsubsequent colonyformation ofinjured cells. Bytheaddition of0.4% Tween80, 25 mLiL bovinefetal serum, or50mLiL eggyolktellurite enrichment (50%), theabilityofMVJtodetectheatinjured L. monocytogenes (ScottAstrain)wasincreased approx-imately 100joid without lossofselectivity. INTRODUCTION Sublethal food processing can lead to injury rather than death of micro-organisms that may be present. Under the right conditions, injuredmicroorganisms present in food products may repair and start to grow. Whenselective media are used to determine bacterial numbers, injuredmicroorganisms are not normally detected since most of the compounds used asselective agents prevent the repair and growth of injured cells (Smith and Palum-bo 1982). Underestimating the count of a pathogenic bacterial species due tofailure to detect injured cells can lead to a potentially hazardous food product.Injury has been demonstrated in
In vivo and solid state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance studies of tyrosine metabolism during insect cuticle formation

Abstract 1. 1. Tyrosine metabolism during pupation can be followed in living Heliothis virescens larvae using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. 2. 2. Loss of 13C signals from a label at the C-3 position of tyrosine during pupation indicates uptake of tyrosine into solid cuticle. 3. 3. Solids 13C NMR spectroscopy of cuticle formed by insects injected with 3-13C labelled tyrosine indicated that little change in chemical shift occurs during cuticle hardening, indicating that the side chain is probably not involved in protein cross-linking.
Context-Sensitive Design: Issues with Design Elements

Well-designed roadways should equally consider and address safety, mobility, and community needs. The concept of context sensitive design is an emerging project development and geometric design approach that aims to meet the objectives of these elements. Central to the design process is the selection of key design elements that have the potential to influence design choices and roadway elements. Design speed is probably the most influential factor and current practices on how this speed is selected and used may need to be revisited. The need to design a roadway that could provide all required clues to the driver in order to drive at desired operating speeds is also an issue that requires attention. Design consistency along with compatibility between design and operating speed feature prominent among the issues that should be considered within the context sensitive design. This paper focuses on various design elements and discusses their relevance, importance, and influence on context sensitive design.
C6 - Carbon Cluster Anion: An Infrared Absorption and Resonance Raman Isotopic Study

The Fourier transform infrared and resonance Raman spectra of the C6 carbon cluster anion has been measured in argon matrices. Fundamental symmetric stretching modes have been observed at 2086, 1775, and 634 cm-1, together with the overtone of a symmetric bending mode at 467 cm-1. The major asymmetric stretching mode lies at 1936.7 cm-1. Theoretical calculations utilizing Hartree-Fock (HF/6-31G*), Moller-Plesset perturbation (MP2/6-31G*), density functional (B3LYP/6-31G*), and quadratic configuration interaction QCISD/6-31G*, including triples QCISD(T)/6-31G*, support the assignment of these bands to the C6 cluster and indicate that it is linear with an acetylenic-like structure. Frequency shifts determined from infrared and resonance Raman studies of 12C/13C isotopically substituted C6 are generally in excellent agreement with the calculated isotopic frequency shifts, although not all isotopomeric bands were observed. The combination of resonance Raman and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopies with theoretical computations is shown to be a powerful approach for the study of carbon clusters and their anions.
THREE PERSPECTIVES ON GLOBAL CONSENSUS BUILDING: A FRAMEWORK FOR ANALYSIS

Pressure towards consensus now dominates almost all multilateral efforts at global problem solving and, as a result, it is imperative that scholars examine the process through which this consensus ...
A multi-objective memetic algorithm for RBDO and robust design

In this paper, the requirement of robust design is explained first. An equivalent criterion based on percentile difference is evaluated as the performance variation. To maintain the design feasibility under variations, reliability constraints are considered. Then a multi-objective optimization problem, integrating robust design and reliability, is discussed. The performance variation and performance measure are simultaneously minimized.
Optic Nerve Injury in a Patient with Chronic Allergic Conjunctivitis

Manipulation of the optic nerve can lead to irreversible vision changes. We present a patient with a past medical history of skin allergy and allergic conjunctivitis (AC) who presented with insidious unexplained unilateral vision loss. Physical exam revealed significant blepharospasm, mild lid edema, bulbar conjunctival hyperemia, afferent pupillary defect, and slight papillary hypertrophy. Slit lamp examination demonstrated superior and inferior conjunctival scarring as well as superior corneal scarring but no signs of external trauma or neurological damage were noted. Conjunctival cultures and cytologic evaluation demonstrated significant eosinophilic infiltration. Subsequent ophthalmoscopic examination revealed optic nerve atrophy. Upon further questioning, the patient admitted to vigorous itching of the affected eye for many months. Given the presenting symptoms, history, and negative ophthalmological workup, it was determined that the optic nerve atrophy was likely secondary to digital pressure from vigorous itching. Although AC can be a significant source of decreased vision via corneal ulceration, no reported cases have ever described AC-induced vision loss of this degree from vigorous itching and chronic pressure leading to optic nerve damage. Despite being self-limiting in nature, allergic conjunctivitis should be properly managed as extreme cases can result in mechanical compression of the optic nerve and compromise vision.
Pilot study for an age- and gender-based nutrient signaling system for weight control

Nutrient signaling has recently shown how nutraceuticals regulate specific functions of the brain and adipose tissue. In this pilot study to find an effective nutrient signaling system to cause weight loss, a double-blind placebo-controlled trial using leucine, olive oil, and fish oil was conducted on volunteers to signal metabolic and appetite effects to regulate body weight, while controls took only fiber. Men and women aged 18–26 and 39–62 years were given different dosages that they took orally twice daily for 14 days while recording body weight, followed by 2 weeks to check rebound. Most young men and women lost weight on low dose leucine and olive oil. Mature men required higher doses. Mature women’s weight was affected least, though results are consistent with a hypothesis that sufficient leucine and docosahexaenoic acid would be effective. Determining how age affects signaling pathways by nutrients will be important to reduce risk of chronic disease associated with age and obesity. This pilot study has led to hypotheses of practical strategies.
Expression of soybean lectin gene deletions in tobacco.

A series of constructs containing the developmentally regulated soybean lectin gene (Le1) were used to transform tobacco plants in order to assess developmental and quantitative regulation conferred by flanking sequences. The largest of the lectin constructs contained approximately 3,00 base pairs (bp) of Le1 5′ flanking region and 1,500 bp of the 3′ flanking region. The smallest construct contained no 5′ flanking region and 194 bp of the 3′ flanking region. ELISA assays of lectin in individual tobacco seeds and Southern blot analyses confirmed that most constructs were inherited as unique insertion events. Maximal expression of Le1 required more than 338 bp of 5′ sequence, indicating that far upstream factors are involved in quantitative control of lectin expression. Lectin expression declined more than 80% between deletions with 1,700 versus 338 bp of 5′ flanking sequence. In contrast, developmental control of lectin expression was maintained by Le1 inserts with only 190 bp of 5′ sequence. The lectin promoter offers a potential means to target high levels of gene expression to the developing seeds of soybean or other dicotyledonous plants.
Face stability and required support pressure for TBM driven tunnels with ideal face membrane – Drained case

Assuming that an ideal membrane develops at the face, three-dimensional finite element simulations are employed to investigate the effects of tunnel diameter, cover-to-diameter ratio, lateral earth pressure coefficient, and soil strength parameters on the stability and displacements of the excavation face of mechanically driven tunnels in drained conditions. The relation between the face support pressure and the calculated tunnel face displacement gave the minimum face support pressure that should be applied on the tunnel face to avoid abrupt movement of the tunnel face. An equation is given for the minimum support pressure as a function of friction angle, cohesion, lateral earth pressure coefficient, tunnel diameter, and tunnel depth. The minimum support pressures are compared to the analytical solutions available from the literature. For cohesionless ground, the face support pressures obtained from the finite element analysis shows a good agreement with the values from the analytical methods published in the literature when cover-to-diameter ratio is 1. However, as the cover-to-diameter ratio increases, the values from the finite element analysis are greater than suggested by the analytical method. For cohesive ground, the pressure from finite element analysis is found to be almost always equal to or greater than the values obtained with analytical solutions.
In vivo microelectrode localization in the brain of the alert monkey: a combined radiographic and magnetic resonance imaging approach.

A technique is described for in vivo localization of microelectrodes during single-unit recording in the alert monkey. Four hollow glass spheres filled with copper sulfate and iohexol were affixed to the surface of the animal's skull prior to the acquisition of a series of coronal magnetic resonance (MR) images. These reference beads were visible in both X-ray and MR images. Cranial recording chambers were then implanted bilaterally over the amygdaloid complex. A microelectrode was advanced to various depths in the subject's brain. At each selected microelectrode site, five radiographs were obtained and a small electrolytic lesion was made. Based on the data from the radiographs, we computed the position of the microelectrode tip at each site relative to the reference beads. With a precision of 625 μm, this method was used to predict the neuroanatomical location of ten microlesions placed in both subcortical and cortical structures. Postmortem histological analysis revealed that the actual location of the lesions closely matched predictions arrived at using the X-ray/MRI localization technique. This technique thus provides an accurate, reliable and noninvasive method for in vivo localization of microelectrode recording sites.
Optically Induced Magnetization in Ruby

The magnetization of ruby in a magnetic field at 300\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K is changed when the ruby is optically pumped with linearly polarized radiation from a $Q$-switched ruby laser. With a magnetic field parallel to the trigonal axis, laser light polarized parallel to this axis induces transitions from the spin \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}\textonehalf{} levels of the $^{4}A_{2}$ ground state to the levels of the $\overline{E}(^{2}E)$ excited state. The change in ${M}_{z}$ is linearly proportional to $H$ except near the anticrossing points of the $^{4}A_{2}$ spin levels at 2.07 and 4.14 kG. At these field strengths, there is an enhancement of the magnetization caused by state mixing of the $^{4}A_{2}$ wave functions. When $H$ has a small component perpendicular to the $z$ axis, a magnetization is detected parallel to this component in the vicinity of 4.14 kG. The effect requires a long ground-state relaxation time. In a separate experiment, the relaxation of ${M}_{z}$ was found to vary from 0.13 \ensuremath{\mu}sec in zero magnetic field to a constant value of 0.57 \ensuremath{\mu}sec for fields above 60 G.
Gill meristics and branchial infestation of Ovalipes stephensoni (Crustacea, Brachyura) by Synophrya hypertrophica (Ciliata, Apostomida)

ABSTRACT A preliminary survey of 253 Ovalipes stephensoni collected off the southeast coast of the United States revealed a 94.5% incidence of infestation by the parasitic ciliate Synophrya hypertrophica. Analysis of 67 crabs indicated an infestation density ranging from 1 to 270 lesions per branchial chamber. An in depth study of 38 crabs (19 male, 19 female), ranging from 18 mm to 80 mm in carapace width (CW), provided details on the number of gill lamellae with and without parasitic lesions relative to size, sex, and branchial chamber of the crab. The mean lamellar counts of both chambers are not statistically different (P > 0.05), nor is there a significant difference in the mean count between males and females (P > 0.05). Significant differences in mean lamellar counts exist among the individual gills (ANOVA, P 0.05). The lesions are distributed evenly among the gills (ANOVA, P > 0.05). The extent of the loss of respiratory surface area due to the presence of parasitic lesions was quantified by measuring the area of lesion and total lamellar surface of 45 parasite-laden lamellae of a 55.3 mm CW crab. Distal lamellae are subject to a significantly greater loss of lamellar tissue due to infestation (ANOVA, P < 0.01). The loss of respiratory surface resulting from three levels of infestation (light, medium, heavy) was extrapolated. The resultant percentage losses (0.05, 0.85, 1.39) are low and of questionable importance in the overall natural mortality of the host species.
A possible method for estimating hormone effects on enzyme synthesis.

Abstract The activities of four rat liver enzymes (glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, serine dehydrase, glutamic-pyruvic transaminase, and glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase) were studied in a 90% glucose to 90% casein or a 90% casein to 90% glucose dietary change in the absence and in the presence of exogenous hydrocortisone. From the rates of increases or decreases in enzyme activities the rates of synthesis and values of half-lives of these enzymes were estimated. Comparison of these parameters in the presence and absence of exogenous hydrocortisone indicate that the hormone increases the activity of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (in the glucose to protein dietary change but not in the reverse dietary change) and glutamic-pyruvic transaminase by increasing the rates of synthesis of these enzymes without altering their rates of degradation. The half-lives of these enzymes were not altered by dietary protein. Serine dehydrase activity was increased by hydrocortisone and it appeared that while protein only increased the rate of synthesis of this enzyme, hydrocortisone increased its half-life and rate of synthesis. The activity of glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase was increased by dietary protein and also by the hormone. The half-life of the enzyme was smaller in protein-fed or hydrocortisone-treated animals; the hormone apparently mimicking the effect of dietary protein. The utility of the method used for evaluating hormone effects on enzyme activities were discussed with respect to applicability, rapidity, and ease especially in cases when antibody precipitation is not practical.
Prepregnancy Lipids Related to Preterm Birth Risk: The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Study

Context: Preterm birth is associated with maternal cardiovascular risk, but mechanisms are unknown. Objective: We considered that dyslipidemia may predispose women to both conditions and that prepregnancy lipids may be related to preterm birth risk. We hypothesized that low or high prepregnancy plasma lipids would be associated with preterm birth. Design, Setting, and Participants: A total of 1010 women (49% black) enrolled in the multicenter, prospective Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults study with at least one singleton birth during 20 yr of follow-up were evaluated. Main Outcome Measure: Postbaseline preterm births less than 34 wk or 34 to less than 37 wk vs. greater than 37 wk gestation. Results: We detected a U-shaped relationship between prepregnancy cholesterol concentrations and preterm birth risk. Women with prepregnancy cholesterol in the lowest quartile compared with the second quartile ( 195 mg/dl) was also associated with preterm birth less than 34 wk among women with normotensive pregnancies (odds ratio 3.80; 95% confidence interval 1.07, 7.57). There were no associations between prepregnancy triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, or high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and preterm birth. Conclusions: Both low and high prepregnancy cholesterol were related to preterm birth risk. These may represent distinct pathways to the heterogeneous outcome of preterm birth. Additional studies are needed to elucidate mechanisms that link low or high cholesterol to preterm birth and later-life sequelae.