cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
American Indian Traditional Ways: Convergence and Divergence with Positive Psychology

This chapter overviews points of congruency and departure between American Indian (AI) traditional ways and mainstream positive psychology. Particular emphasis is placed upon recognizing AI traditional ways as systems of science and knowing that predate mainstream psychology and other academic fields. Diversity in AI orientations is acknowledged and focus is placed on the commonalities among traditional AI Indigenous worldviews already articulated in the literature by AI authors. The Indigenous Healing Model is presented as a venue for bridging the two orientations to wellness, and as a catalyst for rethinking training and research in psychology.
Suspected child abuse.

Radiologists have a duty to report suspected child abuse and this duty is not satisfied by merely sharing these suspicions with the referring physician if that physician does not intend to follow up. Virtual Mentor is a monthly bioethics journal published by the American Medical Association.
Assay and purity evaluation of CP-93,393-1 by reversed-phase liquid chromatography: A snapshot of current practices for liquid chromatography methods development and validation

CP-93,393-1 is a new chemical entity under development for the treatment of anxiety and depression. This paper describes the selection and validation of a chromatographic system which was engineered to: (1) ensure acceptability by world-wide regulatory agencies, (2) maximize sample throughput, (3) simplify the analysis, (4) minimize ambiguity in peak assignments, and (5) facilitate the technology-transfer process. These objectives were achieved using a single, compound-specific and purity-indicating, isocratic, reversed-phase chromatographic system that allows quantitation of CP-93,393 concomitantly with all potential impurities from the same injection. A novel experimental matrix was employed to validate the chromatographic system.
Exercise and Immunity

“No pain, no gain” is the often heard rallying cry of today’s athlete in training. Both the recreational athlete and the serious competitor undergo strenuous exercise in order to gain improved physical fitness or improved competitive results. Anecdotal reports from these individuals may include references to a perceived reduction in the incidence of infectious disease and an improved sense of well-being. 1,2 The scientific community has also demonstrated an interest in the connection between exercise and host defense against infection. This chapter will review the results of several studies relating exercise to changes in various components of the human immune system. Specifically, the effects of acute bouts of exercise and of chronic training programs on the function of the cellular and humoral compartments of the immune system will be covered. Additionally, studies on the immunopathology of the condition known as exercise-induced asthma will be reviewed.
The Future of Education and Research on the Animal-Human Bond and Animal-Assisted Therapy: Part B: Animal-Assisted Therapy and the Study of Human-Animal Relationships: Discipline or Bondage? Context or Transitional Object?

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the value of using the different concepts of biophilia and transitional relationships to study human-animal interaction, particularly those observed in animal-assisted therapy (AAT). It suggests that there is value in placing interaction with animals in the wider context of interaction with plants, gardens, open spaces, and wilderness. Most importantly, it emphasizes the use of the medical model inherent in the idea of AAT for describing the effects of interactions between people and animals obscures more than it illuminates. Therapy is an impoverished way of examining the powerful effects of human–animal interaction because it ignores the sustaining function of human–animal interaction and the dependence of the beneficial effects of contact with animals on the animal's continuing presence. Importantly, an emphasis on “therapy” distracts from the very powerful effects that animals and the people who are devoted to them could have on building communities that have the capacity of including a highly diverse range of human beings and helping all to both reach their full potential for health and well-being.
Allogeneic Blood Stem Cell Transplantation for Refractory Leukemia and Lymphoma: Potential Advantage of Blood Over Marrow Allografts

Peripheral blood stem cells (PBSCs) have been used rarely for allogeneic transplantation because of concerns regarding graft failure and graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). We evaluated the results of allogeneic PBSC transplantation (allo-PBSCT) in 9 patients with refractory leukemia or lymphoma receiving myeloablative therapy followed by allo-PBSCT from an HLA-identical sibling donor. Three patients had relapsed 11 to 21 months after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (allo-BMT) and underwent allo-PBSCT using the same donor. Six patients received PBSCs as their initial allogeneic transplant. Filgrastim-mobilized PBSCs were collected from the donors in 3 to 4 aphereses and cryopreserved. The apheresis collections contained a median nucleated cell count of 16.5 x 10(8)/kg (range, 10.8 to 28.7 x 10(8), 10.7 x 10(6) CD34+ cells/kg (range, 7.5 to 22.5 x 10(6)), and 300.0 x 10(6) CD3+ cells/kg (range, 127.8 to 1,523.2 x 10(6)). The median recovery of CD34+ progenitor cells after freezing, thawing, and washing was 106.4% (range, 36.7% to 132.0%). All patients received filgrastim posttransplant through engraftment, and cyclosporine and methylprednisolone were used for GVHD prophylaxis. Neutrophil recovery to greater than 0.5 x 10(9)/L and greater than 1.0 x 10(9)/L occurred at a median of 9 (range, 8 to 10) and 9 days (range, 8 to 11) posttransplant, respectively, which was similar to historical controls after allo-BMT and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor therapy. Platelets recovered to greater than 20 x 10(9)/L and greater than 50 x 10(9)/L at a median of 12 (range, 8 to 25) and 15 days (range, 11 to 59), respectively, which was significantly more rapid than for the controls (P < .01). Donor cell engraftment was documented by cytogenetics, fluorescence in situ hybridization, and/or restriction fragment length polymorphisms with longest follow-up of 283 + days. Three patients developed grade 2 acute GVHD involving only the skin. Three of five evaluable patients show limited chronic GVHD. Cryopreserved, filgrastim-stimulated allogeneic PBSCs may be a suitable alternative to allogeneic marrow for transplantation with the advantage of more rapid platelet recovery. Acute GVHD was minimal despite the infusion of 1 log more CD3 cells than with marrow allografts. Further studies are required to assess long-term risks of chronic GVHD.
English, gatekeeping, and Mandarin: the future of language learning in South Korea

While South Korea’s ‘English fever’ has long been the focus of popular and scholarly interest, Chinese has been increasing in popularity in South Korea, concomitant with the rise of China in the gl...
Multicomponent metal-organic framework membranes for advanced functional composites

The diverse chemical and structural properties of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) make them attractive for myriad applications, but their native powder form is limiting for industrial implementation. Composite materials of MOFs hold promise as a means of exploiting MOF properties in engineered forms for real-world applications. While interest in MOF composites is growing, research to date has largely focused on utilization of single MOF systems. The vast number of different MOF structures provides ample opportunity to mix and match distinct MOF species in a single composite to prepare multifunctional systems. In this work, we describe the preparation of three types of multi-MOF composites with poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF): (1) co-cast MOF MMMs, (2) mixed MOF MMMs, and (3) multilayer MOF MMMs. Finally, MOF MMMs are explored as catalytic membrane reactors for chemical transformations.
Flux effects in precipitation under irradiation - Simulation of Fe-Cr alloys

Abstract Radiation-enhanced precipitation of Cr-rich α′ in irradiated Fe-Cr alloys, which results in hardening and embrittlement, depends on the irradiating particle and the displacement per atom (dpa) rate. Here, we utilize a Cahn-Hilliard phase-field based approach, that includes simple models for nucleation, irradiating particle and rate dependent radiation-enhanced diffusion and cascade mixing to simulate α′ evolution under neutrons, heavy ions, and electron irradiations. Different irradiating particles manifest very different cascade mixing efficiencies. The model was calibrated using neutron data. For cascade inducing neutron/heavy-ion dpa rates at 300 °C between 10−8 and 10−6 dpa/s the model predicts approximately constant number density, decreasing radius, decreasing α′ Cr composition, and lower α′ volume fraction. The model then predicts a dramatic transition to no α’ formation above approximately 10−5 dpa/s, while electron irradiation, with weak mixing, has little effect at dpa rates up to 10−3 dpa/s. These model predictions are consistent with experiments. We explain the results in terms of the flux dependence of the radiation-enhanced diffusion, cascade mixing, and their ratio, which all vary significantly in relevant flux ranges for neutron and cascade inducing ion irradiations. These results show that both cascade mixing and radiation-enhanced diffusion must be accounted for when attempting to emulate neutron-irradiation effects using accelerated ion irradiations.
Integrated bi-directional vibration control and energy harvesting of monopile offshore wind turbines

Abstract Offshore wind turbines (OWTs) subjected to combined wind and wave loadings experience excessive bi-directional vibrations that adversely influence the system performance and the structural integrity. The present paper utilizes a three-dimensional pendulum tuned mass damper (3d-PTMD) to mitigate the bi-directional vibrations as well as harvest the kinetic energy using a linear electromagnetic energy harvester. The proposed energy harvester consists of magnets and coil assemblies which are connected with the pendulum to convert the kinetic energy of the pendulum into electricity. An analytical model of the offshore wind turbine coupled with the 3d-PTMD is established using Euler-Lagrangian equation. The mathematical model of the linear electromagnetic energy harvester is established and integrated with the wind turbine model. The optimum design of the electromagnetic energy harvester to minimize the nacelle displacement RMS as well as to maximize the energy output is determined via a numerical search method. The NREL 5 MW baseline wind turbine model is utilized to evaluate the performance of the 3d-PTMD and the energy harvester. Results show that the 3d-PTMD can reduce the bi-directional vibrations induced by misaligned wind and wave loadings. Additionally, electrical energy in orders of magnitude of kilowatts can be harnessed via using the energy harvester.
Mind-body therapy use and magical thinking

Abstract Rationale Mind-body therapy use is an increasing social and clinical trend. Practitioners of mind-body therapies still disseminate traditional mechanistic explanations such as purification of mental or vital forces. These explanations sound similar to magical thinking, especially thought-action fusion. Objective The present research examined whether mind-body therapy users exhibit two related forms of magical thinking, including thought-action fusion. Method Two online, cross-sectional studies with U.S. participants (Study 1 N = 645; Study 2 N = 566) assessed thought-action fusion and magical causal belief, along with mind-body therapy use and potential covariates. Results The results from Study 1 revealed that thought-action fusion was uniquely associated with mind-body therapy use. This finding was replicated in Study 2, in which thought-action fusion was uniquely associated with past-year mind-body therapy use for psychological reasons and for pain/nausea. Additionally in Study 2, magical causal belief was uniquely associated with past-year use for pain/nausea and for physical disease. Conclusions Magical thinking, particularly thought-action fusion, may be associated with mind-body therapy use. Because thought-action fusion is associated with mental health vulnerabilities and magical thinking may play a role in health decision-making, these preliminary findings warrant attention.
Integration of Real-Time Electronic Health Records and Wireless Technology in a Mobile Stroke Unit.

Abstract Background: UCHealth's Mobile Stroke Unit (MSU) at University of Colorado Hospital is an ambulance equipped with a computed tomography (CT) scanner and tele-stroke capabilities that began clinical operation in Aurora, Colorado January 2016. As one of the first MSU's in the United States, it was necessary to design unique and dynamic information technology infrastructure. This includes high-speed cellular connectivity, Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act compliance, cloud-based and remote access to electronic medical records (EMR), and reliable and rapid image transfer. Here we describe novel technologies incorporated into the MSU. Technological data-handling aspects of the MSU were reviewed. Functions evaluated include wireless connectivity while in transit, EMR access and manipulation in the field, CT with image transfer from the MSU to the hospital's Picture Archiving Communication System (PACS), and video and audio communication for neurological assessment. Methods/Results: The MSU wireless system was designed with redundancy to avoid dropped signals during data transfer. Two separate Internet Protocol destinations with split-tunnel architecture are assigned, for videoconferencing and for EMR data transfer. Brain images acquired in the ambulance CT scanner are transferred initially to an onboard laptop, then via Citrix Receiver to the hospital-based PACS server where they can be viewed in PACS or EMR by the stroke neurologist, neuroradiologist, and other providers. PACS and Radiology Information System are 2 of the XenApps utilized by CT technologists on board the MSU. Discussion/Conclusions: These technologies will serve as a blueprint for development of similar units elsewhere, and as a framework for improvement in this technology.
Noise-Induced Clumping in the One-Dimensional Reversible Diffusion-Limited Single-Species Coagulation Process

We investigate the interplay of internal fluctuations and external noise in the diffusion-reaction system A+A↔A, where the coagulation reaction is in the diffusion-controlled regime. Our theoretical treatment of the system is based on a recently developed exact and unified description that accounts for both types of random fluctuations. Specifically, we study the case where the external noise affects the diffusion coefficient, i.e., the coagulation rate, and is given by a dichotomous Markov process. We provide exact solutions for the steady state of the system and show that the spatially homogeneous external noise drives the system out of thermodynamic equilibrium. The noise induces microscopic spatial correlations between the particle positions. We compare this noiseinduced clumping to the previously studied case of external noise in the birth rate, and discuss the similarities and differences.
Outcomes in Peritoneal Carcinomatosis from Appendiceal Goblet Cell Carcinoma Treated with Cytoreductive Surgery and Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy (CRS/HIPEC).

Appendiceal goblet cell adenocarcinoma (GCA) is often misclassified and mistreated due to mixed histologic features. In general, cytoreductive surgery plus hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (CRS/HIPEC) is standard of care for peritoneal carcinomatosis (PC) from mucinous appendiceal tumors; however, in PC from GCA, data are limited and the role of CRS/HIPEC is controversial. We report outcomes in PC from appendiceal GCA treated with CRS/HIPEC. A prospective institutional database of 391 CRS/HIPEC patients with appendiceal carcinomatosis from 1998 to 2018 was reviewed. Twenty-seven patients with GCA were identified. Perioperative variables were described. Survival was estimated using the Kaplan–Meier method. GCA occurred in 7% (27/391) of appendiceal CRS/HIPEC patients. Seven (26%) cases were aborted. Two patients underwent a second CRS/HIPEC for peritoneal recurrence. Median age at diagnosis was 53 years (range 39–72 years), and 12 (60%) were female. All underwent previous surgery. Seven (35%) had prior chemotherapy and received a median of 5 cycles (range 3–8). Median PCI was 6 (range 1–39). Complete cytoreduction was achieved in 95% (19/20). Grade III complications occurred in three (15%) patients, and no perioperative deaths occurred. Median follow-up was 97 months. Overall survival at 1, 3 and 5 years was 100%, 74% and 67%, respectively. Progression-free survival at 1, 3, and 5 years was 94%, 67% and 59%, respectively. CRS/HIPEC should be considered as the main treatment option for patients with PC from appendiceal GCA. When performed at a CRS/HIPEC specialty center, 5-year OS of 67% can be achieved.
Reproducible, Generalizable Brain Models of Affective Processes

Recent years have seen dramatic advancement in the measurement of biology at a systems level. In humans, neuroimaging can be used to probe the brain bases of affect and emotion in increasingly sophisticated ways, but the complexity of these measures presents new challenges in maintaining scientific transparency and reproducibility. We describe several new models of the brain bases of affective processes, including models that predict the intensity of pain, negative affect, autonomic responses, and prosocial emotions including empathic care and distress. These models reduce complex, brain-wide neuroimaging data to measures that can be readily replicated and generalized across laboratories, and they can yield correlates of affective behavior that are substantially stronger than those based on single regions from standard brain maps. They can also be used as mechanistic targets for interventions, allowing comparisons across diverse treatments. Most importantly, they can teach us about the brain representations that underlie various forms of affect, in part by providing information about the necessary and sufficient brain bases for predicting affective states and behaviors. The results across the series of studies discussed here indicate that different forms of affect have reliably different brain representations. For example, somatic pain, romantic rejection, vicarious pain, and empathic care all have differentiable brain substrates. The latter processes are particularly important for empathy and prosocial behavior, and the chapter includes an extended example of how multivariate brain measures can inform us about how we might recognize others’ suffering and take action to help.
The impact of excessive gestational weight gain timing on neonatal outcomes in women with class III obesity.

This study evaluated the influence of early gestational weight gain (GWG) on neonatal outcomes among women with class III obesity. Retrospective cohort of women with class III obesity who gained mo...
Micro-incision, trans-iridal aspiration cutter biopsy for ciliary body tumours.

Abstract Objective To perform micro-incision, trans-iridal, aspiration-cutter-assisted biopsy for ciliary body tumours. Design Retrospective, nonrandomized, observational, interventional case series. Methods Five consecutive patients undergoing ciliary body tumour biopsy were clinically diagnosed using slit-lamp photography, gonioscopy, high-frequency ultrasound imaging, and systemic radiographic staging. A 1–2 mm clear cornea incision was placed opposite to the central clock hour of the ciliary body tumour. Viscoelastic was infused into the anterior chamber for stabilization and endothelial protection. Then, a 27-gauge aspiration cutter was used to make an iridotomy at the iris root and then extend through the iris into the tumour. Biopsy was performed using mechanical cutting starting at 300 cuts per minute and aspiration at 600 mm Hg. After withdrawal of the cutter from the eye, the effluent tube was flushed into a 3 cc syringe, inspected for specimen under the operating microscope and sent for pathology. Multiple biopsies were performed on each patient. Viscoelastic was removed and Seidel examination of the corneal wound performed. Results Five eyes were biopsied. A mean 3.6 passes were used to obtain tumour tissue. Tumour cells and tissue were obtained in all cases. Cytologic, histopathologic, and immuno-histochemical analysis were performed (100%, n = 5/5). Diagnoses included melanoma (60%, n = 3/5), melanocytoma (20%, n = 1/5), and leiomyoma (20%, n = 1/5). Transient postoperative hyphemas cleared within 1 week (80%, n = 4/5). No secondary glaucoma, infection, or cataracts were noted. Conclusion Aspiration-cutter biopsy through the iris root provided a minimally invasive, safe method for obtaining ciliary body tissue for cytology, histopathology, and immunohistochemical analysis.
Substance Use and Abuse: Alcohol, Tobacco, and Other Drugs

Institutions of higher education have the responsibility to prevent and intervene in situations of substance misuse and abuse and to provide support to students in recovery. This chapter examines the ways in which college health administrators and clinicians can mitigate the risk of alcohol and other drug misuse and abuse, intervene with students who are already misusing or abusing, and assist students who are in recovery. Details regarding institutional federal requirements established by the Drug-Free Schools and Communities Act (EDGAR Part 86) are outlined, as is the biennial review requirement. Substance-specific sections detail the current state of practice at institutions of higher education and provide information on the prevention and intervention recommendations. Recommendations include both individual and policy level approaches. Substances discussed include alcohol, tobacco, marijuana, opioids, and prescription drug misuse. The role that institutions of higher education can play in recovery is also discussed.
Loss of independence after emergency inguinal hernia repair in elderly patients: How aggressive should we be?

Abstract Background Loss of independence (LOI) assesses patient quality of life after surgery and is associated with increased readmission and death. This paper compares LOI among the elderly who received elective versus emergent inguinal hernia repair. Methods The American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS-NSQIP) Participant User Files from 2015 to 2017 were reviewed for inguinal hernia repairs in patients 70-years-old or older. Chi-square analysis, Student t-test, and backwards multivariate logistic analysis were performed appropriately. Results Patients undergoing elective open or laparoscopic repair were less likely to experience LOI (OR 0.061, CI 0.035–0.106) and (OR 0.052 CI 0.024–0.113), respectively, and they were less likely to experience mortality (OR 0.07, CI 0.026–0.185) and (OR 0.059, CI 0.015–0.229), respectively. Conclusions Significant debility occurs following emergency inguinal hernia repair in elderly patients. Elective surgery may be indicated more often in order to reduce emergencies and LOI in elderly patients.
Die Spezielle Relativitätstheorie

Obwohl das Wort „Relativitatstheorie“ mit Albert Einstein gleichgesetzt wird, war Galileo Galilei tatsachlich der erste Wissenschaftler, der das formulierte, was wir heute „das Relativitatsprinzip“ nennen.
Introduction to Issue 64(4).

Dear Readers,This issue features five articles addressing a range of gerontology-related topics. It opens with a commentary and is followed by four research studies: two quantitative projects and t...
Rate Controlled Sintering of Explosively Shock-Conditioned Alumina Powders

Fine, high purity alumina powders subjected to nominal plane strain shock conditioning in precompacted disc form by an explosively driven flyer plate were reconstituted as well-compacted specimens (DO = 0.65) and sintered dilatometrically in both CTS and RCS modes (Df = 0.98-0.99+). Effects of variations in precompaction and in shock velocity are characterized and related to sinterability, with emphasis on resultant temperatures at onset of shrinkage, initial stage densification kinetics, overall rate effects and microstruc- tural development.
Maximum interior voltage and magnetic field penetration through a linear conducting layer

The canonical problem of a line source of electric current parallel to a linear conducting layer is solved to model "realistic worst case" lightning magnetic field coupling to a conducting enclosure. The maximum voltage that can be coupled to an interior loop as well as the maximum interior magnetic field are determined. A truncation method is used to approximate the exact integral transform solution and thus yield closed form results.
Learning Models for Decentralized Decision Making

This paper presents a learning approach to the modeling of decentralized decision making problems. Minimal information is assumed to be available to the decision makers, motivating the use of simple known learning schemes for updating decisions. Models in which all decision makers act and update decisions synchronously are shown to lead to repeated strategic games. Sequential models, in which only one decision maker acts at a time, are also introduced and their relevance to certain decentralized control problems is indicated.
The Rationalizing Voter: A Computational Model of the Citizen as Motivated Reasoner

Chapter 2 developed our JQP theory, grounded in social, cognitive, and neuropsychology, of how citizens develop and change their political beliefs and attitudes. It is a theory of the citizen as motivated reasoner, driven to rationalize the political thoughts and behaviors that are often caused by events and forces outside conscious awareness, some coming from within, as when prior attitudes motivate biases, and some coming from without, as when environmental cues trigger affective transfer or contagion. Chapters 3 through 7 presented empirical tests of our most basic assumptions as well as tests of several key implications of the theory. We now turn to a different kind of test, one that is common in cognitive science but less so in political science. In this chapter, we seek to establish the “completeness” of our theory as a functional description of human information processing, its internal coherence, its sensitivity to variations in basic assumptions, and its ability to perform as real citizens do in the fundamental task of democratic citizenship: the processing of information to create and update candidate preferences over the course of a political campaign. To accomplish this, we develop a formal computational model of our theory, test its internal processing mechanisms, and then test its empirical performance against that of a simpler Bayesian updating model in predicting the changing attitudes of real citizens in an actual political campaign (for full details, see Kim, Taber, and Lodge, 2010).
New theoretical model for the diamond 1s core exciton.

The binding energy of the diamond 1 s core exciton has a measured value of 0.2 eV, in marked contrast to the 1.7-eV binding energy of the physically similar nitrogen donor in diamond. Using the local-density approximation to study the core exciton, we find the shallow exciton binding energy is explained by dipole selection rules which prohibit occupation of a deep exciton gap state in single-photon excitation. This deep state has not yet been observed experimentally, and the calculation predicts a binding energy in the range of 0.8-1.7 eV
Coronagraphic imaging of pre-main-sequence stars: Remnant evvelopes of star formation seen in reflection

We have obtained R- and I-band coronagraphic images of the vicinities of 11 pre-main sequence (PMS) stars to search for faint, small-scale reflection nebulae. The inner radius of the search and the field of view are 1.9 arcsec and 1x1 arcmin, respectively. Reflection nebulae were imaged around RY Tau, T Tau,DG Tau, SU Aur, AB Aur, FU Ori, and Z CMa. No nebulae were detected around HBC 347, GG Tau, V773 Tau, and V830 Tau. Categorically speaking, most of the classical T Tauri program stars and all the FU Orionis-type program stars are associated with the reflection nebulae, while none of the weak-line T Tauri program stars are associated with nebulae. The detected nebulae range in size from 250 to 37 000 AU. From the brightness ratios of the stars and nebulae, we obtain a lower limit to the visual extinction of PMS star light through the nebulae of (A(sub V))(sub neb) = 0.1. The lower limits of masses and volume densities of the nebulae associated with the classical T Tauri stars are 10(exp-6) Solar mass and N(sub H) = 10(exp 5)/cu cm, respectively. Lower limits for the nebulae around FU Orionis stars are 10(exp -5) Solar mass and n(sub H) = 10 (exp 5)/cu cm, respectively. Some reflection nebulae may trace the illuminated surfaces of the optically thick dust nebulae, so these mass estimates are not stringent. All the PMS stars with associated nebulae are strong far-infrared emitters. Both the far-infrared emission and the reflection nebulae appear to originate from the remnant envelopes of star formation. The 100 micrometers emitting regions of SU Aur and FU Ori are likely to be cospatial with the reflection nebulae. A spatial discontinuity between FU Ori and its reflection nebula may explain the dip in the far-infrared spectral energy distribution at 60 micrometers. The warped, disk-like nebulae around T Tau and Z CMa are aligned with and embrace the inner star/circumstellar disk systems. The arc-shaped nebula around DG Tau may be in contact with the coaligned inner star/disk system. These three-reflection nebulae may trace the surfaces of pseudodisks from which matter accretes onto the stars or the inner circumstellar disks. 19 stellar objects brighter than I = 19 were detected around 9 program stars. Using a color-magnitude diagram, we have identified three new PMS candidates aroun Z CMa and one previously known PMS candidate, GG Tau/c.
Characterization of a carburized surface layer on an austenitic stainless steel

Abstract Characterization tests were made of a commercial carburization treatment that has shown promise for hardening the surfaces of the austenitic stainless steel target vessel of the Spallation Neutron Source against cavitation erosion and pitting caused by the action of pulsed pressure waves in the liquid mercury target. The findings support most of the provider’s promotional claims. The high surface hardness and the thickness of the hardened layer are validated, as are the hardness-depth profiles. The austenite lattice of the layer is enlarged and placed in a state of compressive stress and the surface is plastically distorted by the treatment. The corrosion resistance of the surface in selected acid media is greater than that for untreated austenite. The treated surface is not brittle and is quite resistant to cracking during straining. The maximum carbon content of the layer is measured at 3–4.5 wt%, versus 6–7 wt% cited by the provider. Contrary to the provider’s assertion that all of the carbon is contained in supersaturated solid solution in the austenite phase, some of the carbon is present in an iron carbide phase located non-uniformly at the very surface. Inclusion stringers and δ-ferrite phase in the carburized layer are more prone to corrosion and may provide preferential sites for cavitation pitting.
Automated data integration for developmental biological research

In an era exploding with genome-scale data, a major challenge for developmental biologists is how to extract significant clues from these publicly available data to benefit our studies of individual genes, and how to use them to improve our understanding of development at a systems level. Several studies have successfully demonstrated new approaches to classic developmental questions by computationally integrating various genome-wide data sets. Such computational approaches have shown great potential for facilitating research: instead of testing 20,000 genes, researchers might test 200 to the same effect. We discuss the nature and state of this art as it applies to developmental research.
Optimal Trajectory Control Of A Robotic Vehicle

The primary target of this study is to analyze the efficiency of optimal control policies for an AGV (Automatically Guided Vehicle) setting. As AGV's assume more of the work load on a state-of-the-art factory floor, a variety of nonobstructive communication means with them will be needed to issue complex guidance commands. One of these means, an optical link is taken into account in this work. A line array of lights is planned to deliver coded control commands to the AGV during its operation on the shop floor. The objective is to position the robotic vehicle properly in order to recover the coded information from the light sources. The direct and inverse kinematics problems are solved first. Because of redundancy control, a number of optimality criteria are introduced to emphasize preference. A comparative study to classify the efficiency of each one of these criteria is presented. Multiple parameters governing the motion are chosen toward an optimum trajectory. The way in which the optimum path changes as the weighting factors of the objective function varies is another point of study covered in this report.
Levels of autonomy control approach for mobile robots

Increasingly mobile robots are finding applications in the military, mining, nuclear and agriculture industries. These fields require a robot capable of operating in a highly unstructured and changing environment. Current autonomous control techniques are not robust enough to allow successful operation at all times in these environments. Teleoperation can help with many tasks but causes operator fatigue and negates much of the economic advantages of using robots by requiring one person per robot. This paper introduces a control system for mobile robots based on the concept of levels of autonomy. Levels of autonomy recognizes that control can be shared between the operator and robot in a continuous fashion from teleoperation to full autonomy. By sharing control, the robot can benefit from the operator's knowledge of the world to help extricate it from difficult situations. The robot can operate as autonomously as the situation allows, reducing operator fatigue and increasing the economic benefit by allowing a single operator to control multiple robots simultaneously. This paper presents a levels of autonomy control system developed for use in exploration or reconnaissance tasks.
Axillary reverse mapping: Five-year experience

Background We hypothesize that mapping the lymphatic drainage of the arm with blue dye (axillary reverse mapping [ARM]) during axillary lymphadenectomy decreases the likelihood of disruption of lymphatics and subsequent lymphedema. Methods This institutional review board-approved study involved 360 patients undergoing sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) and/or axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) from May 2006 to October 2011. Technetium sulfur colloid (4 mL) was injected subareolarly, and 5 mL of blue dye was injected subcutaneously in the volar surface ipsilateral upper extremity (ARM). Data were collected on variations in lymphatic drainage, successful identification and protection of arm lymphatics, crossover, and occurrence of lymphedema. Results A group of 360 patients underwent SLNB and/or ALND, 348 of whom underwent a SLNB. Of those, 237 (68.1%) had a SLNB only, and 111 (31.9%) went on to an ALND owing to a positive axilla. An additional 12 of 360 (3.3%) axilla had ALND owing to a clinically positive axilla/preoperative core needle biopsy. In 96% of patients with SLNB (334/348), breast SLNs were hot but not blue; crossover (SLN hot and blue) was seen in 14 of 348 patients (4%). Blue lymphatics were identified in 80 of 237 SLN incisions (33.7%) and in 93 of 123 ALND (75.4%). Average follow-up was 12 months (range, 3–48) and resulted in a SLNB lymphedema rate of 1.7% (4/237) and ALND of 2.4% (3/123). Conclusion ARM identified substantial lymphatic variations draining the upper extremities and facilitated preservation. Metastases in ARM-identified lymph nodes were acceptably low, indicating that ARM is safe. ARM added to present-day ALND and SLNB may be useful to lesser rates of lymphedema.
Using a Semantic Differential in Predicting Counselor-Trainees' Success in Practicum

This investigation was concerned with the development of a prediction model for conselor-trainees' success in a required practicum course at the University of Southern California's Counseling Department. An attempt was made to evaluate the utility of the semantic differential within the context. The semantic differential was devised by faculty members whose orientation is Humanistic-Existential. The initial instrument was validated and revised on a sample of 33 practicum counselor-client pairs. After this aspect of the study was completed, the faculty members derived a number of instrument subscales based on Osgood's Evaluative, Activity, and Potency dimensions. The revised instrument, which was administered to 49 counselor-trainees in the practicum course was evaluated in terms of its predictive powers. As the semantic differential was not useful in predicting counselor-trainee success in practicum, alternative approaches are suggested.
Viewshed characteristics of urban pedestrian trails, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA

Abstract Please click here to download the map associated with this article. The map accompanying this brief report depicts spatial variation in viewshed characteristics of urban pedestrian trails in the city of Indianapolis, Indiana, USA. Visual openness and visual magnitude were modeled for approximately 50 kilometers of the Indianapolis Greenway Trail System using geographic information system and light detection and ranging (LiDAR) technologies. Viewshed data also were integrated with high resolution satellite imagery to estimate greenness perceived by trail users. The primary map was designed at scale of 1:32,000 and shows visual magnitude overlaid on aerial photography and LiDAR surface height layers. Inset maps illustrate viewshed integration with high resolution satellite imagery to estimate perception of greenness. We have reported statistically signi-cant relationships between pedestrian trail tra-c and viewshed characteristics along trail segments as estimated with multivariate regression model...
Glomerular Endothelial Cell Proteoglycans - Regulation by TGF-β1

Abstract Glomerular endothelial cells (G-Endo) may participate in the synthesis of glomerular basement membrane. We studied the metabolism of proteoglycans and its regulation by TGF-β1 in bovine G-Endo. The synthesis of cell layer and medium-associated [ 35 S]SO 4 -labeled macromolecules was significantly increased by TGF-β1. On ion exchange chromatography, 80-90% of the 35 S-labeled macromolecules in the control medium and cell layer were found to be proteoglycans; TGF-β1 increased their synthesis by 1.8-fold but did not alter the anionic charge density. On dissociative Sepharose CL-4B chromatography, the medium proteoglycans were distributed into two peaks of K av 0.22 (M-I) and 0.44 (M-II). Digestion procedures showed that 39% and 57% of peaks M-I and M-II consisted of HSPG, the remainder being CS/DSPG. The HSPG in peak M-II has the same hydrodynamic size as HSPG present in bovine glomerular basement membrane (N. Parthasarathy and R. G. Spiro, 1987, J. Biol. Chem. 259:12749). Cell layer proteoglycans also resolved into two peaks of K av 0.33 (C-I) and 0.63 (C-II), respectively, on Sepharose CL-4B chromatography; 39 and 45% of these peaks were made of HSPG. TGF-β1 increased the synthesis of CS/DSPG in the media by three-fold without affecting the synthesis of HSPG. Our data suggest that G-Endo may participate in synthesis of glomerular matrix HSPG under physiologic conditions; regulation of G-Endo proteoglycans by TGF-β1 may be of relevance in glomerular diseases characterized by matrix expansion.
Retrospective Accounts of Research Factors Associated with Significant and Not-So-Significant Research Outcomes

Three models with the potential to explain significant organizational research outcomes are described and evaluated. One model focuses on antecedent conditions, another on research processes, and t...
Plaque assay for herpes simplex virus in L-929 (Earle) mouse fibroblasts.

SummaryA plaque assay method for the HF strain of herpes simplex virus using L-cells under methyl cellulose has been described. Its ease in preparation, the reproducibility of results, the distinctness of the plaques, and the short period of time required for plaques to appear make it a suitable technic for use in classroom experiments and in research.
Towards anticipatory life cycle assessment of photovoltaics

There is a critical need to incorporate life cycle assessment (LCA) into research and development of renewable energy technologies, so that cradle-to-grave environmental concerns are identified early and communicated to technology developers. For example, environmental analyses of photovoltaic (PV) technologies may call attention to energetically burdensome processes with room for improvement, and can be used to compare the net energy balance of competing PV technologies. However, existing LCA frameworks are largely retrospective (i.e., requiring detailed data from existing industries and supply chains), and are thereby unable to provide timely information to decision makers. Large growth in the photovoltaic industry necessitates the development of anticipatory LCA methods, which can be used to explore potential environmental impacts of technologies and industries as they evolve. While the economic experience curves (i.e., $/watt) in PV project the costs to continuously come down as efficiency improves, it is not obvious that environmental experience curves (i.e., embodied energy/watt) are also monotonically declining. We review the boundaries and assumptions of all published PV-LCAs, and develop environmental experience curves for mono-Si, multi-Si, amorphous Si, and cadmium tellurium PV cells. The curves show decreasing manufacturing energy burden for silicon cells and relatively little improvement for thin film technologies. Using these environmental experience curves, we calculate the Energy Returned on Energy Invested (EROI) from cradle-to-use for each technology, plotting historic improvements for each technology and calling attention to the different rates of improvement. Results suggest alternate research and policy agenda, for example, silicon research should focus on decreasing manufacturing and supply chain investments while the net energy production of thin film PV may be improved largely through increases in efficiency.
Angular correlation studies in 32S(3He, pγ)34Cl

Abstract The levels of 34 Cl have been investigated by means of the 32 S( 3 He, pγ) reaction at 8 to 9 MeV bombarding energy. Ge(Li) detectors were employed to determine these excitatio energies: 146.4 ± 0.3, 461.0 ± 0.1, 665.6 ± 0.1, 1230.3 ± 0.2, 1887.7 ± 0.9, 2158.6 ± 0.4, 2181.5 ± 0.8, 2376.5 ± 0.5 and 2721.7 ± 0.8 keV. In an axially symmetric geometry, pγ angular correlations were measured for most levels below 3.2 MeV in excitation. All previous spin assignments are confirmed and new assignments of J = 1 to the 2581 keV and 3126 keV levels and J = 2 to the 2722 keV levels are made. From the pγ coincident data, branching ratios were deduced. Multipole mixing ratios, determined from the correlation analysis, are compared with those predicted by a recent calculation based upon the shell model.
EFFECT OF HARVEST MATURITY ON CAROTENOIDS IN PASTES MADE FROM VF-145–7879 TOMATOES

Carotenoids in tomatoes are important to the color and nutritive value of canned tomato pastes. Some of the plant pigments are precursors of vitamin A. It is generally believed that tomatoes contain a larger amount of lycopene, and a comparatively smaller amount of β-carotene. It is not clear whether maturity level contributes to the difference in distribution of carotenoids in tomato pastes. Tomato pastes of 26.5% total solids were made from VF-14–7879 tomatoes at pink (M1), medium red (M2) and full red (M3) maturities by the hot-break process at 104.5°C for 20 sec. The effect of harvest maturity on carotenoids and color in the canned pastes was investigated. Carotenoids in tomato pastes were extracted with hexane-acetone (1:2, v/v) solvents, and then fractionated on a MgO-Supercel (1:l) column. Phytoene, phytofluene, δ-carotene and lycopene were found in considerable amounts in the pastes, and increased as the maturity level of the tomato fruits advanced. Other pigments including p-carotene, neo-p-carotene-B, δ-carotene, neurosporene, torulene and mutatoxanthin were found to be present.
Metabolic signals and food intake. Forty years of progress.

Abstract The Columbia Appetitive Seminar, which began in 1972, has been a huge success in bringing together scholars interested in appetitive behavior, stimulating research and new ideas, and encouraging collaborations. At the time of the Seminar’s inception, predominant views were that energy derived acutely from the utilization of glucose was a primary causative factor in determining the initiation (hunger) and offset (satiation) of meals; and that specific nuclei in the hypothalamus controlled unique aspects of motivated behaviors, such as stimulating water intake or creating a feeling of satiety. Over the ensuing 40 years, these views have given way to models of appetitive behavior utilizing complex interacting neural circuits responding to diverse signals emanating from the gastrointestinal tract, the external environment, cognitive, learned and social factors, and many more. Pivotal reports include the 1973 demonstration that cholecystokinin reduces meal size, and the discovery of leptin in 1994.
Aspects of the ecology of the prickly sculpin,Cottus asper Richardson, a persistent native species in Clear Lake, Lake County, California

The biology of the prickly sculpin was investigated in Clear Lake, Lake County, California in order to determine how it has persisted in the face of introductions of numerous exotic species when most other native species have declined in abundance or have become extinct. Sculpins over 15 mm SL inhabited all types of benthic habitats in the lake, while post larval sculpins were pelagic when the postlarvae of exotic species were absent. The feeding ecology of sculpins was distinct from the other fishes in the lake in that they fed largely on amphipods and chironomid midge larvae regardless of the time of year, time of day, or habitat. Sculpins were uncommon in the stomachs of piscivorous fishes, except juvenile largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). It is concluded that prickly sculpins have persisted in Clear Lake in part because they are ecologically distinct from the exotic species and are not preyed upon by them to any great extent, and in part because they have managed to survive other man-related perturbations of this ecosystem.
SPACE TRANSFER VEHICLE DECELERATION TO PLANETARY ORBIT

The requirement for safe crew return of a reusable Space Transfer Vehicle (STV) used for interplanetary travel drive the need to develop mission scenarios, requirements, trajectory options, and realistic design concepts. Retro-braking, catchers, and aerodynamic braking methods of decelerating the STV are discussed with focus placed on considerations for orbital capture at Mars and Earth. Design synthesis issues, approaches, options, and operation constraints are presented. Potential configurations are compared.