cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analysis of structural phase transitions by computer simulation

This paper presents the results from molecular-dynamics calculations on a lattice-dynamical system which undergoes a structural phase transition. The characteristics of the model system used for the calculations are described in detail; the model is two dimensional, has an antiferro-distortive structural change, and is in the category of displacive structural transitions. The following results are obtained from the molecular-dynamics calculations. First, some equilibrium properties are shown, including the static correlation function, to establish that the system has a second-order phase transition. Second, the results for the time-dependent order parameter or soft-mode correlation function are given. Near the transition the spectral function for this correlation function exhibits a very narrow and intense central peak, in addition to the soft-mode peak. The temperature dependences of the soft-mode frequency and the central-peak width are given. The results obtained here are very similar to experimental observations, particularly on SrTi${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$, and they are used to argue that only intrinsic anharmonic mechanisms are needed to explain the origin of central peaks. Third, extensive results are given for the temperature and wave-vector dependence of the displacement correlation function, which give the wave-vector dependence of the central-peak characteristics. In a small temperature interval around the transition and in a small region of wave-vector space around but not including the soft-mode wave vector, the central peak is found to split so that the maximum is not exactly at zero frequency. Lastly, results for the energy-density correlation function are given for wave vectors around the soft-mode wave vector and for temperatures above the transition. Near the transition the corresponding spectral function is found to develop a pronounced high-frequency peak.
Circadian regulation of olfaction and olfactory learning in the cockroach Leucophaea maderae

Olfaction is a dominant sensory cue in both vertebrates and invertebrates and, particularly in insects, it often provides critical information utilized in a variety of well-studied behaviors including reproduction, feeding, host-identification, and intra-specific competition. Here I review recent studies on circadian regulation of olfactory receptors and olfactory behaviors in the cockroach Leucophaea maderae. Cockroaches exhibit a robust circadian rhythm in the olfactory response of the antenna, measured by electroantennogram or single-sensillum recording, to both food-related odors and sex pheromone components. Interestingly, peak olfactory sensitivity occurs in the early subjective day, a time when the animals are inactive. These data raise the question of what impact the rhythms in olfactory sensitivity have on olfactory behavior. We found that mating behavior, believed to be regulated by sex pheromone reception, is controlled by the circadian system with the onset of copulation being restricted to the late subjective day/early subjective night. We also found that there is robust rhythm in olfactory learning and memory that appears to be regulated by the circadian system at the early stages of memory acquisition. Cockroaches trained in the early subjective night showed excellent learning and retained the memory for at least 2 days, while animals trained and tested at other circadian phases showed significant deficits in performance. Interestingly, the circadian regulation of olfactory behaviors appears to be independent of the rhythm in olfactory sensitivity, and the behavioral rhythms appear to depend on circadian modulation of central processing rather than on regulation of sensory input.
The Utah Mentor Teacher Academy: Evaluation of a Statewide Mentor Program:

The Utah Mentor Teacher Academy has existed since 1986, but no data were available to indicate whether or not mentors actually disseminated their skills and knowledge. This study of dissemination by mentors was conducted in three phases. Phase I used statewide mentor, principal, and special education director questionnaires; Phase II used general faculty questionnaires in selected schools; and Phase III involved focus group interviews with selected mentor clients. The data revealed that the majority of mentors disseminated their skills and knowledge through inservice and consultation. Behavior management was the topic most often addressed, followed by other topics pertaining to the needs of students at risk. Characteristics of effective mentors were derived from focus group teacher comments.
Proactive parents are assets to the health and well-being of teens.

Objectives To analyze parents who self-identified themselves as being proactive parents (PPs) compared with non-PPs who were queried about their teen's health to understand common adolescent health concerns, parenting practices/behaviors around health, and whether their adolescent had received a preventive care visit in the last year Study design Secondary analyses of parents (n = 504) from a nationally representative online panel were surveyed to assess health beliefs/attitudes, perceived adolescent health concerns, frequency of health discussions, topics that pediatricians should discuss, and their teen's last annual visit. Demographics, parental beliefs, frequency of health conversations, and topics that physicians should discuss were compared. Logistic regression determined the likelihood of PPs compared with non-PPs reporting a teen annual health visit within the last year. Results Greater education and having a single-child household were slightly more common among PPs. PPs expressed greater concern about their teens getting good grades, getting sick, and their teen's future ( P P P Conclusion PPs are an asset to the health promotion and the well-being of their teens. PPs were more likely to have their teen receive an annual visit, report more frequent discussions about health, and place a high value on physician discussions about health.
Simulation Studies of Liquid Water Breakdown By a Sub-Microsecond Pulse

An electrical breakdown model for liquids in response to a sub-microsecond (~ 100 ns) voltage pulse is presented, and quantitative evaluations carried out. It is proposed that breakdown is initiated by field emission at the interface of pre-existing micro-bubbles. Impact ionization within the micro-bubble gas then contributes to plasma development, with cathode injection having a delayed and secondary role. Continuous field emission at the streamer tip contributes to filament growth and propagation. This model can adequately explain almost all of the experimentally observed features, including dendritic structures and fluctuations in the pre- breakdown current. Two-dimensional, time-dependent simulations have been carried out based on a continuum model for water, though the results are quite general. Monte Carlo simulations provide the relevant transport parameters for our model. Our quantitative predictions match the available data quite well, including the breakdown delay times and observed optical emission.
Effect of bundle branch block on microvolt T-wave alternans and electrophysiologic testing in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy

Background T-wave alternans (TWA) and electrophysiology study (EPS) are used for risk stratification for sudden death. Objective The purpose of the study was to determine the effect of bundle branch block or intraventricular conduction delay on TWA and EPS. Methods 386 patients with coronary artery disease, nonsustained ventricular tachycardia, and left ventricular ejection fraction ≤40% underwent TWA and EPS, and were followed for 40 ± 19 months. Results Patients with wide QRS were more likely than narrow QRS patients to have nonnegative TWA (77% vs 63%, P P = .03). Nonnegative TWA predicted the combined endpoint of ventricular tachyarrhythmia or death in narrow QRS (HR = 1.64, P = .04) but not wide QRS patients (HR = 1.04, P = .91). Similarly, positive EPS predicted the combined endpoint in narrow QRS (HR = 2.28, P P = .84). In multivariate analysis, QRS width and TWA, as well as QRS width and EPS, were independent predictors of events. There was no TWA- or EPS-based difference in arrhythmia-free survival within any specific wide QRS morphology. Conclusion TWA and EPS are more often abnormal in patients with a wide QRS than in those with a narrow QRS. In patients with narrow QRS, both TWA and EPS stratify patients according to their risk of ventricular tachyarrhythmia or death. However, among patients with a wide QRS, regardless of specific QRS morphology, the risk is high and comparable regardless of TWA or EPS results. Therefore, the only truly low-risk group consists of those patients with negative test results and a narrow QRS.
Effect of Exposure to an American Indian Mascot on the Tendency to Stereotype a Different Minority Group

Numerous findings have documented the adverse effects of stereotypes on those negatively portrayed by the stereotypes. Less is known about the ramifications of stereotype exposure on those who are not the objects of the stereotypic depictions. Two studies examined the effect of exposure to an American Indian sports mascot on the stereotype endorsement of a different minority group. Study 1 used an unobtrusive prime, while Study 2 used a more engaged prime. Study 2 also investigated the effect among those unfamiliar with the controversy regarding American Indian sports mascots. Results from both studies show that participants primed with an American Indian sports mascot increased their stereotyping of a different ethnic minority group.
A synoptic history and typology of experimental research in political science

This paper presents a brief chronicle of experimental research in political science. It is based upon an empirical analysis of 217 published experiments from ten major scholarly journals. A number of different subject areas where experimental designs have been employed are identified and dated as to when such designs were initially used. This sample of experiments is then analyzed, and four dimensions are identified and used to characterize these published experiments. The defining criteria for these dimensions include level of analysis, experimental environment, assumptions concerning rationality, and the nature of the experimental stimulus.
Evaporite karst in the United States

Evaporites, including gypsum (or anhydrite) and salt, are the most soluble of common rocks; they are dissolved readily to form caves, sinkholes, disappearing streams, and other karst features that typically are found in limestones and dolomites. The four basic requirements for evaporite karst to develop are: (1) a deposit of gypsum or salt; (2) water, unsaturated with CaSO4 or NaCl; (3) an outlet for escape of dissolving water; and (4) energy to cause water to flow through the system. Evaporites are present in 32 of the 48 contiguous states, and they underlie about 35–40% of the land area; they are reported in rocks of every geologic system from the Precambrian through the Quaternary. Evaporite karst is known at least locally (and sometimes quite extensively) in almost all areas underlain by evaporites. The most widespread and pronounced examples of both gypsum and salt karst are in the Permian basin of the southwestern United States, but many other areas are also significant. Human activities have caused some evaporite-karst development, primarily in salt deposits. Boreholes may enable (either intentionally or inadvertently) unsaturated water to flow through or against salt deposits, thus allowing development of small to large dissolution cavities. If the dissolution cavity is large enough and shallow enough, successive roof failures above the cavity can cause land subsidence or catastrophic collapse.
Treatment with Lavender Aromatherapy in the Post-Anesthesia Care Unit reduces Opioid Requirements of Morbidly Obese Patients Undergoing Laparoscopic Adjustable Gastric Banding

Parenteral administration of opioids and NSAIDs has been the mainstay for postoperative pain control in patients undergoing laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding (LAGB). Both classes of drugs, however, are associated with serious adverse effects. An addition of complimentary analgesic techniques may decrease requirement for traditional analgesics, thus reducing the incidence of side-effects. We designed the study to evaluate the effectiveness of Lavender aromatherapy in reducing opioid requirements after LAGB. A prospective randomized placebo controlled study was carried out on 54 patients undergoing LAGB. Upon arrival to the post-anesthesia care unit (PACU), patients in the study group were treated with lavender oil, which was applied to the oxygen face mask; the control group patients received nonscented baby oil. Postoperative pain was treated with morphine. Numerical rating scores (0–10) were used to measure the level of pain at 5, 30, and 60 min. Sedation was evaluated using the Observer Assessment of Alertness/Sedation scale (0–5). Data analyzed included the amount of opioids, NRS, OAA/S, PACU discharge time, as well as the incidence of side-effects. The two groups were comparable with regard to patient characteristics, intraoperative drug use, and surgical time. Significantly more patients in the Placebo group (PL) required analgesics for postoperative pain (22/27, 82%) than patients in the Lavender group (LAV) (12/26, 46%) (P = .007). Moreover, the LAV patients required significantly less morphine postoperatively than PL patients: 2.38 mg vs 4.26 mg, respectively (P = .04). There were no differences in the requirements for postoperative antiemetics, antihypertensives, or PACU discharge time. Our results suggest that lavender aromatherapy can be used to reduce the demand for opioids in the immediate postoperative period. Further studies are required to assess the effect of this therapy on clinically meaningful outcomes, such as the incidence of respiratory complications, delayed gastric emptying, length of hospital stay, or whether this therapy is applicable to other operations.
Ex Vivo Neurogenesis within Enteric Ganglia Occurs in a PTEN Dependent Manner

A population of multipotent stem cells capable of differentiating into neurons and glia has been isolated from adult intestine in humans and rodents. While these cells may provide a pool of stem cells for neurogenesis in the enteric nervous system (ENS), such a function has been difficult to demonstrate in vivo. An extensive study by Joseph et al. involving 108 rats and 51 mice submitted to various insults demonstrated neuronal uptake of thymidine analog BrdU in only 1 rat. Here we introduce a novel approach to study neurogenesis in the ENS using an ex vivo organotypic tissue culturing system. Culturing longitudinal muscle and myenteric plexus tissue, we show that the enteric nervous system has tremendous replicative capacity with the majority of neural crest cells demonstrating EdU uptake by 48 hours. EdU+ cells express both neuronal and glial markers. Proliferation appears dependent on the PTEN/PI3K/Akt pathway with decreased PTEN mRNA expression and increased PTEN phosphorylation (inactivation) corresponding to increased Akt activity and proliferation. Inhibition of PTEN with bpV(phen) augments proliferation while LY294002, a PI3K inhibitor, blocks it. These data suggest that the ENS is capable of neurogenesis in a PTEN dependent manner.
Expansion tunnel performance with and without an electromagneticallyopened tertiary diaphragm

A study was conducted to examine the effect of synchronization of an electromagnetically opened tertiary diaphragm with flow arrival at the diaphragm on the pitot pressure measured at the test section of an expansion tunnel. The effect of tertiary diaphragm pressure ratio (ratio of initial nozzle pressure to quiescent acceleration section pressure) on the pitot pressure time history is also determined. The inadequacy of a pressure transducer protection arrangement used in previous expansion tube and expansion tunnel tests was revealed.
Report: Wafer inspection with a laser scanning microscope

The decreasing geometries and increasing die sizes of today's VLSI circuits are demanding ever more stringent controls over particle contamination on semiconductor wafers during their processing. Consequently, there is a need for objective inspection techniques to monitor defects and contaminants on the surface of semiconductor devices. The goals of such an inspection are:
The Colonial Revival House: Variations on a Georgian Theme

The purpose of this study is to examine some of the characteristics of the Colonial Revival house. Descriptive data on domestic interiors and architecture of the style including plans and photographs are presented. Comparisons of examples to a historic building type are offered, and adaptation to contemporary demands are noted. The hypothesis that the Colonial Revival house plan was often based on the double pile form with central hall and that much freedom was exercised in devising variations on that form is supported. Contradictions between interior volumes and exterior appearances are discussed.
Transport Properties of Bi-related Nanowire Systems

Abstract : We present here an electrical transport property study of Te-doped Bi nanowires, and Bi(1-x)Sb(x) alloy nanowires embedded in a dielectric matrix. The crystal structure of the nanowires were characterized by X-ray diffraction measurements, indicating that the nanowires possess the same lattice structure as bulk Bi in the presence of a small amount of Te or Sb atoms. The resistance measurements of 40-nm Te-doped Bi nanowires were performed over a wide range of temperature (2 K less than or equal T less than or equal 300 K), and the results are consistent with theoretical predictions. The 1D-to-3D localization transition and the boundary scattering effect are both observed in magneto-resistance measurements of Bi(1-x)Sb(x) alloy nanowires at low temperatures (T < 4K).
What counts as knowing: Constructing a communicative repertoire for student demonstration of knowledge in science

Serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE) and related techniques are gaining popularity as tools for exploring expression of plant genes but remain suboptimal because of smaller-than-expected average concatemer sizes. The presence of low-molecular-weight contaminants in high-molecular-weight concatemer fractions reduces the average size of cloned fragments, thereby limiting the viability of high-throughput sequencing methods. Implementation of an additional digestion step to promote formation of linear concatemer fragments appears to reduce the proportion of contaminants indirectly, but with variable results. We explored the effect of initial ditag polymerase chain reaction (PCR) quantity on the average size of cloned concatemers from the greater than 1000-bp fraction. The quantity of PCR material used was found to have a strong influence on the frequency of low-molecular-weight contaminants within this fraction, which has important implications for reducing costs associated with high-throughput sequencing of concatemer clones.
Cable Array $Z$ -Pinch Experiments at 1 MA

Individual wires in a Z-pinch were replaced with twisted pairs of wires, i.e., “cables.” We define a cable here as two or more fine wires twisted together to form a continuous strand with a twist wavelength λt, dependent on the number of twists per unit length. Imploding Al cable array Z-pinches show a λt-dependent increase in peak power above 1 keV. X-pinch backlighter radiography of nonimploding Ni and Cu cable arrays shows axially repeating shocklike structures. We have applied a filtered backprojection technique on these images in order to reconstruct a cross-sectional density mapping.
Kerr–de Sitter black holes with NUT charges

Abstract The four-dimensional Kerr–de Sitter and Kerr–AdS black hole metrics have cohomogeneity 2, and they admit a generalisation in which an additional parameter characterising a NUT charge is included. In this paper, we study the higher-dimensional Kerr–AdS metrics, specialised to cohomogeneity 2 by appropriate restrictions on their rotation parameters, and we show how they too admit a generalisation in which an additional NUT-type parameter is introduced. We discuss also the supersymmetric limits of the new metrics. If one performs a Wick rotation to Euclidean spacetime signature, these yield new Einstein–Sasaki metrics in odd dimensions, and Ricci-flat metrics in even dimensions. We also study the five-dimensional Kerr–AdS black holes in detail. Although in this particular case the NUT parameter is trivial, our investigation reveals the remarkable feature that a five-dimensional Kerr–AdS “over-rotating” metric is equivalent, after performing a coordinate transformation, to an under-rotating Kerr–AdS metric.
SU‐GG‐J‐51: A New Image Guided Radiation Therapy Scheme Using Spatially Weighted Mutual Information Image Registration and a Semi‐Automatic PET Segmentation Tool

Purpose:_To enhance the automatic image registration process for Image Guided Radiation Therapy(IGRT) using biological information acquired by PETimaging.Methods and Materials: We developed an image registration tool which is incorporated with a three‐dimensional semi‐automatic segmentation tool for Positron Emission Tomography(PET)image set. Firstly we registered PETimage set to the planning CTimage set. Contours for the high uptake volumes were generated by a semi‐automatic segmentation tool. User can choose an intensity profile with a pointing device in Graphical User Interface. Then, region growing algorithm was utilized. Threshold for segmentation can be adjusted in GUI. We exported the segmented volumes and fused into a DICOM‐RT structure set generated in a planning CT. We formulated Spatially Weighted Mutual Information (SWMI) image registration with Structure‐Of‐Interest (SOI) based weight function (SWMI‐SOI) because assigning various importance weight values to geometric locations is not possible with mutual informationimage registration. SWMI method allows the user can assign the importance weights through the geometric space. A user can choose how much importance weight will be assigned to each SOI. We expanded the organ contours so that each SOI included enough image features such as organ edges. We assigned the higher importance value to Clinical Target Volumes (CTV) and the Organs‐At‐Risks (OAR). The highest importance value was assigned to the volumes which were delineated using PET segmentation tool. Lower weight values were assigned to other structures so that they would not dominate the registration. This insures that PET defined volumes will get a full treatment dose in every fraction. Results and Discussion: We successfully used biological information in IGRT process and SWMI‐SOI registration algorithm. Our method showed consistency between users and was very useful when multiple lesions were considered during image registration process. Further clinical research is necessary to determine optimal weight assignment.
Ex vivo identification, isolation and analysis of tumor-cytolytic T cells

We isolated pure, viable populations of tumor-cytolytic T cells directly from patient blood samples using flow cytometric quantification of the surface mobilization of CD107a-an integral membrane protein in cytolytic granules-as a marker for degranulation after tumor stimulation. We show that tumor-cytolytic T cells are indeed elicited in patients after cancer vaccination, and that tumor reactivity is strongly correlated with efficient T-cell recognition of peptide-bearing targets. We combined CD107a mobilization with peptide-major histocompatibility complex (P-MHC) tetramer staining to directly correlate antigen specificity and cytolytic ability on a single-cell level. This showed that tumor-cytolytic T cells with high recognition efficiency represent only a minority of peptide-specific T cells elicited in patients after heteroclitic peptide vaccination. We were also able to expand these cells to high numbers ex vivo while maintaining their cytolytic potential. These techniques will be useful not only for immune monitoring of cancer vaccine trials, but also for adoptive cellular immunotherapy after ex vivo expansion. The ability to rapidly identify and isolate tumor-cytolytic T cells would be very useful in cancer immunotherapy.
WSN08-6: Simplified Analysis and Design of MIMO Ad Hoc Networks

The simple, yet powerful concept of an ldquoerristorrdquo and its ldquoerristancerdquo has recently been introduced for ad hoc networks and applied to scenarios such as retransmission (time diversity), path diversity, or a combination thereof. We extend this formalism to the case of spatial diversity, realized by employing multiple antennas at each node. Based on this framework, one can efficiently analyze and design Rayleigh-faded MIMO ad hoc networks that employ selection combining. The mathematically tractable definition of the erristor term greatly simplifies the study of a multiple-antenna network and helps solve problems based on end-to-end reliability or resource allocation easily, which we illustrate in an example. Moreover, this technique demonstrates the superiority in performance of MIMO over single-antenna routing schemes, particularly at high SNR.
Thermodynamics of Extraction of Copper(II) from Aqueous Solutions by Chelation in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide

The primary goal of this research was to investigate the feasibility of removing heavy metals from wastewater by chelation in supercritical carbon dioxide. Copper was used as the model contaminant. Extraction efficiency was determined as a function of temperature, pressure, initial moles of chelating agent, and initial moles of copper in a 300-cm3 autoclave. Results indicated that 60% removal of copper can be achieved in a single equilibrium stage with an initial copper concentration of 100 ppm and hexafluoroacetylacetone (HFA), present in excess, as the chelating agent. Experimental extraction efficiencies ranged from 14 to 60% and increased with increasing initial chelate concentration and CO2 density and with decreasing initial copper concentration. A thermodynamic model based on combined reaction and phase equilibria was developed for the prediction of extraction efficiencies. Five aqueous-phase reactions and four phase equilibrium relations were considered in the development of the model. Equilibrium...
Matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) is upregulated during scarless wound healing in athymic nude mice

Cutaneous wound healing is associated with migratory and remodeling events that require the action of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their tissue inhibitors (TIMPs). Differences in their expressions were observed during scar-forming and scar-free skin wound healing. We previously found that athymic nude mice are exceptional among mature mammals in their ability to heal injured skin scarlessly. The present study was undertaken to determine whether the modulation of MMP-2 and MMP-9 expression during scarless healing in nude mice was different from scar-forming animals. Full thickness skin wounds were made into the back of nude, wild-type controls (C57BL/6J), immunodeficient SCID and Rag, thymectomized neonates and adults, and cyclosporin A treated mice. Post-injured skin tissues were harvested at Day 7 and 24 after injury. Quantitative RT-PCR, Western blot, gelatin zymography and immunohistochemical assays were performed. Our results show that MMP-2 protein was high but similarly expressed in all post-injured animals on Day 7 after injury. Late phase (Day 24) of wound repair was characterized by a decrease in mRNA and protein expression and a decrease in gelatinolytic activity of MMP-2 in all post-injured samples. On the contrary, high ( p < 0.001) levels of mRNA expression, prominent pro-and active forms of MMP-9 and cells immunopositive for MMP-9 were present exclusively in the post-injured tissues from nude mice on Day 24 after wounding. This data suggest that MMP-9 expression in the remodeling phase of wound healing in nude mice could be a major component of their ability for scar-free healing.
Method for the analysis of pure quadrupole spectra in nuclear gamma-ray resonance

Abstract A method has been described to analyze the pure quadrupole spectra measured in nuclear gamma-ray resonance experiments, which does not require complex diagonalization routines. The resonance line positions and their intensities have been expressed as polynomials in the asymmetry parameter η, for various excited and ground state nuclear spins. The procedure has been programmed in Fortran IV. Some useful illustrations and applications are given.
INTER‐OBSERVER COUNT DISCREPANCIES IN A SHORE‐BASED CENSUS OF GRAY WHALES (ESCHRICHTIUS ROBUSTUS)

Estimations of gray whale abundance have generally assumed that shore-based observers record all whales migrating through the viewing area during periods uncompromised by visibility. We tested the repeatability of data collected at the standard gray whale census site at Granite Canyon Marine Laboratory in central California by using pairs of observers maintaining independent sighting records. Proximal shore sites were occupied 6 d (60 h) in January 1986 where one team counted 845 whales in 427 groups while the other team counted 990 whales in 477 groups. A comparison of the records showed that the first team missed 290 whales seen by the second team, and the second team missed 204 whales seen by the first team. The total number of whales in the viewing area was calculated for each team by the Petersen estimate, using mutually sighted whale groups as “recaptures”. On average, observers recorded only 79% of the whales. More whales (68%) were missed when entire groups of whales were not seen rather than when groups were undercounted (32%). Visibility did not appear to affect observed rates of missed whales. Whales migrating at intermediate distances from the shore were less often missed than were those > 6 km or < 1 km offshore. This count discrepancy test confirms that an uncorrected calculation of population size for gray whales based on sighting records from solitary observers will be underestimated.
Standardization of the Harland-Ashworth Test for Whey Protein Nitrogen

Summary A standard procedure for performing the Harland-Ashworth whey protein nitrogen determination is presented. In this method, standard curves relating turbidity to the whey protein nitrogen content are prepared by using appropriate mixtures of salt filtrates prepared from two lots of nonfat dry milk, one containing a low, and the other a high, level of undenatured whey protein. Collaborative results secured from 17 laboratories using this method on six samples of nonfat dry milk indicated sufficient precision to warrant the use of this method as a basis of specifications for nonfat dry milk.
Tectonics of the North American Cordillera near the Fortieth Parallel

Abstract The North American Cordillera near the Fortieth Parallel consists of the following tectonic units: 1. (A) To the east is a reactivated cratonic area, in the Southern Rocky Mountains and Colorado Plateau, in which the supracrustal rocks (Cambrian to Cretaceous) were broadly deformed during the late Cretaceous-Paleocene Laramide orogeny, and the Precambrian basement was raised in folds of wide amplitude. 2. (B) West of it is a miogeosynclinal belt, in the eastern Great Basin, in which a thick sequence of Paleozoic carbonates and related deposits was thrust eastward along low-angle faults during the middle to late Cretaceous Sevier orogeny. The miogeosyncline is the downwarped western margin of the original North American continent, and its rocks accumulated on Precambrian basement. 3. (C) Beyond is a eugeosynclinal belt, in the western Great Basin, in which Paleozoic graywackes, cherts, and volcanics were thrust easteastward along low-angle faults during several Paleozoic orogenies — the mid-Paleozoic Antler orogeny which produced the Roberts thrust on the east, and the end-Paleozoic Sonoma orogeny which produced the Golconda thrust farther west. The Paleozoic eugeosynclinal rocks accumulated on oceanic basement. They are overlapped from the west by Triassic and Jurassic shelf deposits, which pass westward into eugeosynclinal deposits. 4. (D) A volcanic island-arc belt existed on the sites of the Sierra Nevada in Paleozoic and early Mesozoic time, which produced thick bodies of sediments and volcanics. During the mid-Mesozoic Nevadan orogeny these were steeply deformed and thrust westward over subduction zones, and were intruded by granitic rocks that rose from the upper mantle to form great batholiths. 5. (E) West of the Sierra Nevada, in the Great Valley, is a great sedimentary embankment of later Mesozoic flysch or turbidite, largely younger than the supracrustal rocks of the Sierra Nevada and the Nevadan orogeny. It was formed of the erosional products of the supracrustal and granitic rocks of the Sierra Nevada. 6. (F) This sequence is, in turn, thrust westward over the Mesozoic Franciscan terrane of the Coast Ranges, which forms the westernmost belt of the Cordillera, and which is being treated in other papers in this symposium. The net effect of the prolonged events that produced the Cordillera in this segment has been the addition of successive tectonic belts to the North American continent at the expense of the Pacific Ocean basin during Phanerozoic time.
A composite very large-scale neighborhood structure for the capacitated minimum spanning tree problem

The capacitated minimum spanning tree (CMST) problem is to find a minimum cost spanning tree in a network where nodes have specified demands, with an additional capacity constraints on the subtrees incident to a given source node s. The capacitated minimum spanning tree problem arises as an important subproblem in many telecommunication network design problems. In a recent paper, Ahuja et al. (Math. Program. 91 (2001) 71) proposed two very large-scale neighborhood search algorithms for the capacitated minimum spanning tree problem. Their first node-based neighborhood structure is obtained by performing multi-exchanges involving several trees where each tree contributes a single node. Their second tree-based neighborhood structure is obtained by performing multi-exchanges where each tree contributes a subtree. The computational investigations found that node-based multi-exchange neighborhood gives the best performance for the homogenous demand case (when all nodes have the same demand), and the tree-based multi-exchange neighborhood gives the best performance for the heterogeneous demand case (when nodes may have different demands). In this paper, we propose a composite neighborhood structure that subsumes both the node-based and tree-based neighborhoods, and outperforms both the previous neighborhood search algorithms for solving the capacitated minimum spanning tree problem on standard benchmark instances. We also develop improved dynamic programming based exact algorithms for searching the composite neighborhood.
A Link between the Cytoplasmic Engulfment Protein Elmo1 and the Mediator Complex Subunit Med31

Summary The cytoplasmic Elmo1:Dock180 complex acts as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) for the small GTPase Rac and functions downstream of the phagocytic receptor BAI1 during apoptotic cell clearance, and in the entry of Salmonella and Shigella into cells [1–7]. We discovered an unexpected binding between Elmo1 and the Mediator complex subunit Med31. The Mediator complex is a regulatory hub for nearly all gene transcription via RNA polymerase II, bridging the general transcription machinery with gene-specific regulatory proteins [8–14]. Med31 is the smallest and the most evolutionarily conserved Mediator subunit [15, 16], and knockout of Med31 results in embryonic lethality in mice [17]; however, Med31 function in specific biological contexts is poorly understood. We observed that in primary macrophages, during Salmonella infection, Elmo1 and Med31 specifically affected expression of the cytokine genes Il10 and Il33 among the >25 genes monitored. Although endogenous Med31 is predominantly nuclear localized, Elmo1 increased the cytoplasmic localization of Med31. We identify ubiquitination as a novel posttranslational modification of Med31, with the cytoplasmic monoubiquitinated form of Med31 being enhanced by Elmo1. These data identify Elmo1 as a novel regulator of Med31, revealing a previously unrecognized link between cytoplasmic signaling proteins and the Mediator complex.
ShRNA-mediated gene silencing of lipoprotein lipase improves insulin sensitivity in L6 skeletal muscle cells.

In previous studies, we demonstrated that down-regulation of lipoprotein lipase in L6 muscle cells increased insulin-stimulated glucose uptake. In the current study, we used RNA interference technology to silence the LPL gene in L6 cells and generate a LPL-knock-down (LPL-KD) cell line. ShRNA transfected cells showed a 88% reduction in the level of LPL expression. The metabolic response to insulin was compared in wild-type (WT) and LPL-KD cells. Insulin-stimulated glycogen synthesis and glucose oxidation were respectively, 2.4-fold and 2.6-fold greater in LPL-KD cells compared to WT cells. Oxidation of oleic acid was reduced by 50% in LPL-KD cells compared to WT cells even in the absence of insulin. The contribution of LPL in regulating fuel metabolism was confirmed by adding back purified LPL to the culture media of LPL-KD cells. The presence of 10 μg/mL LPL resulted in LPL-KD cells reverting back to lower glycogen synthesis and glucose oxidation and increased fatty acid oxidation. Thus, LPL depletion appeared to mimic the action of insulin. These finding suggests an inverse correlation between muscle LPL levels and insulin-stimulated fuel homeostasis.
Purification and characterization of an anionic peroxidase from sycamore maple (Acer pseudoplatanus) cell suspension cultures

A 42 kDa anionic peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.7) having a pl of 3.6 was purified from suspension cultures of cells of sycamore maple (Acer pseudoplatanus L.) grown in the dark by a combination of lectin-affinity, anion-exchange and gel permeation chromatography. The enzyme had an amino acid composition similar to that found for other anionic plant peroxidases, but the protein was blocked to amino-terminal protein sequencing. Commercially available antibodies against horseradish peroxidase were shown to cross-react with the sycamore maple enzyme on immunoblots. The purified peroxidase displayed differences in its affinity for each of the three monolignols, and these differences were compared to those found for a commercial preparation of horseradish peroxidase, as well as a laccase (p-diphenol:O2 oxidoreductase: EC 1.10.3.1) purified from sycamore maple cell suspension cultures. These results are discussed with respect to the role played by peroxidases in lignin deposition and host-pathogen response.
Activity of (S)-1-(3-hydroxy-2-phosphonylmethoxypropyl)cytosine (HPMPC) against guinea pig cytomegalovirus infection in cultured cells and in guinea pigs.

Abstract (S)-1-(3-hydroxy-2-phosphonylmethoxypropyl)cytosine, HPMPC, and two HPMPC-related nucleoside analogs, (S)-9-(3-hydroxy-2-phosphonylmethoxypropyl)adenine, HPMPA, and (2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)guanine, PMEG, were evaluated for their antiviral activities against guinea pig cytomegalovirus (GPCMV) infection in guinea pig embryo (GPE) cells and human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection in human diploid fibroblast (MRC-5) cells. DHPG, 9-(1,3-dihydroxy-2-propoxymethyl)guanine, was used for comparison. The antiviral activity of HPMPC against GPCMV infection in vivo and its toxicity to Hartley guinea pigs were also evaluated. The 50% antiviral effective doses (ED 50 ) of HPMPC, HPMPA, PMEG and DHPG against GPCMV infection in GPE cells were 0.22, 1.4, 0.07 and 62 μM, respectively; and against HCMV infection in MRC-5 cells, the ED 50 s were 0.51, 0.72, 0.01 and 17.5 μM, respectively. Their cytotoxic doses (CyD 50 ) in GPE replicating cells were 84, 35, 1.4 and 700 μM, respectively and in MRC-5 cells were approximately 114, 31, 0.86 and 750 μM, respectively. Based on their calculated therapeutic indexes, HPMPC was the most potent and selective of the four compounds tested. In vivo, during acute infection, the spleen indexes of all infected animals that were treated with 1.25 to 5.0 mg/kg/day of HPMPC for 5 days were significantly reduced as compared with sham-treated animals. Virus infectivity titers in blood and various tissues of infected animals treated with HPMPC, 2.5 or 1.25 mg/kg/day were not significantly lower than those of the infected, sham-treated animals; with 5 mg/kg/day, infectivity titers in the blood, spleen, and salivary gland were significantly lower in HPMPC-treated than in sham-treated animals. However, HPMPC was toxic to guinea pigs especially at doses of 5 to 10 mg/kg/day. These data showed that HPMPC was highly active and selective in cultured guinea pig cells and human fibroblast cells against CMV infection but did not effectively inhibit GPCMV infection in guinea pigs at minimum toxic concentrations.
A New Technic for the Detection of Left-to-Right Cardiac Shunts by Use of an Esophageal Geiger-Müller Tube

A new technic is described for the detection of left-to-right shunts. A miniature Geiger-Muller tube is placed in the esophagus behind the left atrium and positioned by the electrocardiogram. In this position the G-M tube measures radioactivity from the left atrium. Curves are then recorded simultaneously from the precordium, lung, and left atrium. Methods of injection, monitoring, and recording are presented that provide greater diagnostic accuracy over those external detector technics currently in use. Of 23 patients studied, 11 presented left-to-right shunts. Eight of these 11 patients were submitted to surgery; all were studied preoperatively and seven were studied postoperatively. Seven of the 11 shunts were detected by both precordial and esophageal technics. Four of the 11 shunts were missed by conventional precordial technics but were correctly diagnosed preoperatively by the esophageal detector. In addition, one shunt, which remained open postoperatively, was demonstrated clearly by the esophage...
CO2 and sea level

There is considerable discussion currently about the potential effects of carbon dioxide build-up in the atmosphere over the next several decades. The sources of information are two Government funded reports, one by the National Research Council (NRC), the other by the Environment Protection Agency (EPA), both were released within the last five months. The reports were described recently as being conservative, although the consequences of the resulting greenhouse effects are deemed inevitable. Atmospheric warming on a global scale of as much as 5°C cannot be avoided, only perhaps delayed by a few years at best (Environ. Sci. Technol, 18, 45A–46A, 1984). The cause is the burning of fossil fuels. Oil will not be too important because its supplies are predictably exhausted on the time scale of 50–100 years. Coal burning is considered as the main source of carbon dioxide. Among the more spectacular results of a global temperature rise over the next 100 years is the expected rise in sea level of a minimum of 70 cm (Oceanus, Winter, 1983/84). If the West Antarctic Ice Sheet breaks up and melts, the rise could be in the several meter range. Sea level rose only 15 cm in the past century.
Hydrolytic cleavage of ammonia-borane complex for hydrogen production

Abstract A new process for generating hydrogen via near room temperature hydrolysis of AB complex using small amounts of platinum group metal catalyst has been studied. Using in situ 11B NMR spectroscopy, the overall rate of K2Cl6Pt catalyzed hydrolysis of AB complex was calculated to be third-order. The pre-exponential factor (A) and the activation energy (Ea) of Arrhenius equation, ln k = ln A − Ea/RT, were determined to be: A = 1.6 × 1011 L mol−1 s−1 and Ea = 86.6 kJ mol−1 for temperature range of (25–35 °C). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of the residue suggested that the platinum salt was reduced from Pt4+ to Pt0 within the course of the reaction and X-ray diffraction analysis pattern for the residue showed crystallized single-phase boric acid.
Thiamine (Th) dependent pyruvatedehydrogenase (PDH) deficiency: 3

The biochemical abnormalities in vitamine dependencies are poorly understood. Defects of coenzyme synthesis or transport improved by mass action, compensation of decreased affinity of the apoenzyme for its coenzyme and stabilization of a mutant apoenzyme by high concentrations of coenzyme are some of the mechanisms discussed. - Fibroblast cultures from two children suffering from congenital lactic acidosis responding well to very high doses of Th (50 - 100 mg/kg/d) were studied. Reduced CO2-production from 1,14C-pyruvate and deficient activity of PDH-complex were found. Culture of these fibroblasts in the presence of high concentrations of Th (0.4 μg/ml) resulted in stimulation (20 - 100 %) of pyruvate decarboxylation in both systems. This effect could not be prevented by puromycin (50 μg/ml), an inhibitor of protein synthesis. Surprisingly the same result was also obtained in normal cell lines. Furthermore the same effect could also be demonstrated for 2-oxoglutaricaciddehydrogenase and for 2-oxoisocaproicaciddehydrogenase. - The type of activation mechanism involved is not yet clear. In the case of PDH activation might be due to the conversion of the enzyme complex to the dephosphorylated (i.e. activated) form by high concentrations of thiaminepyro-phosphate. The clinically relevant conclusion is that in any patient with a partial deficiency of one of these dehydrogenases a therapeutic trial with very high doses of Th is warranted.
The peroxisome proliferation-associated polypeptide in rat liver.

Summary A marked increase in the content of a polypeptide, with an apparent molecular weight of 80,000, was observed on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, in the post-nuclear, large particle (crude mitochondrial) and microsomal pellets of liver of rats treated with the hepatic peroxisome proliferators, clofibrate, nafenopin and Wy-14,643. This protein band was also present when peroxisome proliferation was induced in the absence of catalase synthesis, by combined treatment of rats with Wy-14,643 and the inhibitor of catalase synthesis, allylisopropylacetamide; suggesting that it is not a catalase subunit. No increase in this polypeptide occurred in rats treated with phenobarbital or with allylisopropylacetamide, the compounds which cause a marked proliferation of smooth endoplasmie reticulum in liver cells. The nature and significance of the increase of this polypeptide in the liver of rats treated with hypolipidemic peroxisome proliferators and its specificity, if any, to peroxisome membranes remain to be elucidated.
Boundary-layer induced pressures on a flat plate in unsteady hypersonic flight

Abstract : A procedure was developed for the calculation of unsteady hypersonic viscous interaction pressures. The procedure is based on the idea of the tangent wedge approximation and is valid for weak interactions. Examples were worked out, using this procedure to illustrate the weak pressure interactions in unsteady hypersonic flow. The results presented are based on the available solutions for boundary layer flows, without interactions, over a flat plate which undergoes unsteady motion in its own plane. Thus the case of small deviations from steady flows and the initial stage case (or a doubly infinite plate case) were considered for both insulated and isothermal plates. Induced pressures, to first approximation, are presented and the viscous interaction parameters are brought out. (Author)