cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Protective effect of lodoxamide tromethamine on allergen inhalation challenge

Lodoxamide tromethamine (U-42,585E) is a new drug intended for prophylaxis of mast cell-mediated allergic disease. It is a water-soluble, cromolyn-like agent with demonstrated activity in rat peritoneal mast cell assay, rat percutaneous anaphylaxis (rat PCA) and sensitized rhesus monkey airway system. Ten allergen-sensitive asthmatics were pretreated with lodoxamide (0.01, 0.1, or 1.0 mg) or placebo, then challenged with serial dilutions of allergen extract. Analysis of allergen dose-response curve parameters shows that pretreatment with lodoxamide offers significant protection against experimental allergen-induced bronchoconstriction. At 0.01 mg, lodoxamide was effective in over half the subjects tested. Administration of lodoxamide by inhalation at doses of 0.1 and 1.0 mg uniformly allowed subjects to tolerate significantly larger doses of inhaled allergen. Side effects observed at these doses were minimal.
The Trouble with Psychopathy as a General Theory of Crime

The concept of psychopathy, as defined by Robert Hare, is reviewed with respect to its status as a general theory of crime. A hybrid of the medical pathology model and personality trait approach, the psychopathy concept proposes that a significant portion of serious crime is committed by psychopathic individuals. Hare's version of psychopathy, besides demonstrating weak applicability and a propensity for tautology, is subject to labeling effects, oversimplicity, reductionism, the fundamental attributional error, inattention to context, and disregard for the dynamic nature of human behavior. It is concluded that the psychopathy concept is substantially limited with respect to its ability to describe and clarify general criminal behavior but that it may still have value as a partial explanation for certain types of non-criminal predatory behavior.
Cognitive models in information retrieval—an evaluative review

Selected current and recent work in the area of cognitive modelling is reviewed. Particular attention is paid to user models (that is, the model held by a system of a user). The relevance of this work to information retrieval is assessed and some attempts to include user models in IR systems are discussed. Implications are drawn for future work in IR.
Chronic Kidney Disease and Organic Chemical Exposures: Evaluations of Causal Relationships in Humans and Experimental Animals

Chronic renal failure is a serious health problem in the United States and other developed countries, and large amounts of public funds are being expended for what is essentially palliative treatment of this disease. Historical data also indicate increasing trends for urinary tract cancers of both sexes in the United States. Although the data on humans are not definitive, causal associations appear to exist between occupational exposures to some hydrocarbon solvents and chronic kidney disease, and there is preliminary evidence that suggests an association between organic chemical exposures and cancers of the urinary tract in humans. A review of more than 230 chemicals tested in two-year chronic toxicity studies by the National Toxicology Program (NTP)/National Cancer Institute (NCI) has identified two chemical classes that commonly produced nonneoplastic chronic renal disease in rodents: aromatic amines and organohalides. Tumors of the kidney were most frequently produced by alkyl or alkenyl halide compounds, while tumors of the bladder were caused by aromatic amines. Consistent with many literature reports, short-chain halogenated hydrocarbons appeared to have a propensity for causing a low incidence of renal tubular carcinoma in exposed rodents. Comparative analyses of the NTP/NCI studies did not indicate consistent sex or species differences in the nonneoplastic chronic toxic response, but chemically induced urinary tract cancers occurred more commonly in rats than in mice, and chemically induced cancers of the kidney occurred more commonly in males than in females. Viewed collectively, these data indicate a potential for organic chemicals, especially halogenated hydrocarbons and aromatic amines, to produce chronic kidney injury in humans and other mammalian species.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Statistical MIMO controller performance monitoring. Part II: Performance diagnosis

Abstract In this paper, the data-driven control performance monitoring framework [J. Yu, S.J. Qin, Statistical MIMO controller performance monitoring. Part I: data driven covariance benchmark, J. Proc. Cont., in press] is extended to the performance diagnosis aspect with focus on variable identification. To identify the control loops or controlled variables responsible for performance degradation or improvement, two types of multivariate contribution methods are proposed. One of the diagnostic methods is a loading based contribution chart to evaluate the significance of contribution of the corresponding loop/variable. The bootstrap resampling procedure is conducted to estimate the probability distribution and statistics of the relevant eigenvector loadings. Then confidence intervals are derived for the loadings. The other approach is to examine the angle between each individual loop/variable and the worse/better performance subspace. The cosine of the angle is defined as the contribution index and shown to be the canonical correlation coefficient between a unit vector and the worse/better performance subspace. The asymptotic statistics of canonical correlation is then utilized to derive the confidence limits for the angle based contributions. Two simulated examples (a multiloop control and a multivariable MPC system) are provided to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed performance diagnosis approaches. An industrial example from a power boiler unit is further used to show the validity of the methods. The performance diagnosis results and the numerical features of these two approaches are compared and discussed.
Fractures of the Coronoid Process of the Ulna

The coronoid process is critical to elbow stability and is vulnerable during injury. Traumatic elbow injures are relatively uncommon, so it is important for surgeons to be mindful of the importance of specialized treatment of the coronoid for optimal elbow function. Optimal coronoid fracture fixation is determined by fracture morphology, which can usually be predicted based on the overall pattern of injury. There is evidence that improved understanding of coronoid fractures and their management is improving the results of treatment.
Aliphatic polyester elastomers derived from erythritol and α,ω-diacids

Soft polyester elastomers have emerged as a promising family of biodegradable materials for drug delivery and tissue engineering. Specifically referring to soft tissue engineering, potential biomaterials should be elastic and flexible, so as to mimic the mechanical properties of natural tissue. Herein, we report the design of several elastomers based on the polycondensation of erythritol, a sugar substitute that is approved for human consumption by the Food and Drug Administration, and one of eight dicarboxylic acids: glutaric, adipic, pimelic, suberic, azelaic, sebacic, dodecanedioic, and tetradecanedioic acids. By varying the length of the diacid and the curing conditions, several elastomers were designed with a range of physical and mechanical properties. Poly(erythritol glutarate), poly(erythritol adipate), poly(erythritol pimelate), poly(erythritol suberate), poly(erythritol azelate), poly(erythritol sebacate) poly(erythritol dodecanedioate), and poly(erythritol tetradecanedioate) achieved Young's modulus, ultimate tensile stress, and rupture strain values of 0.08–80.37 MPa, 0.14–16.65 MPa, and 22–466%, respectively. Additionally, as tissue engineering may require the use of complex 3-dimensional designs, embossed films and porous films were designed in order to demonstrate the ease of processing. Hydrolytic degradation rates ranging from 100% in 3 weeks to 6.4% in 6 weeks were obtained in phosphate-buffered saline solutions at 37 °C. Finally, in vitro cytotoxicity was studied with Swiss albino 3T3 fibroblasts and human mesenchymal stem cells. Based on these results, we believe that the poly(erythritol dicarboxylate) series are excellent candidates for potential soft biomaterials.
The Heterochromatin Protein 1 Family is Regulated in Prostate Development and Cancer

Purpose: The HP1 family of evolutionarily conserved proteins regulates heterochromatin packaging, in addition to a less defined role in the regulation of euchromatic genes. To examine the possible role of HP1 proteins in fetal prostate development and prostate cancer the protein expression of HP1α, β and γ was evaluated in human archival tissue.Materials and Methods: Tissue sections from human prostate cancer and fetal prostate were examined using antibodies against HP1 isoforms to evaluate HP1 modulation in cancer and development. Western blot analysis of HP1 proteins was also performed in extracts of cultured prostate cancer cells.Results: HP1α, β and γ are differentially regulated in various cellular compartments in prostate development. HP1α is not expressed at 14 or 24 weeks of prostate development but it is expressed in adult prostate tissue. HP1β is highly expressed at 14 and 24 weeks, and it appears predominantly in epithelial cells compared to HP1γ, which is expressed at equal levels in epithelia...
The effects of estrogen administration upon epidermal proliferation.

Contradictory effects on thickness of the skin have been observed during stages in the estrous cycle of rodents and following administration of estrogens. H. F. Bullough (1) and W. S. Bullough (2) found increased proliferation and thickening of the epidermis during high estrogen phases of the estrous cycle in female mice, and were able to induce artificially increased mitotic activity during diestrus by estrogen injection. Goldzieher (3) and Eller and Eller (4) demonstrated noticeable proliferation in atrophied skin of senile women following topical application of estrogenic ointments. Application of estradiol ointment to the skin of senile and infantile rats by Kun (5) resulted in cellular proliferation of the epidermis; and Selye (6) reported a marked increase in keratinized epidermis of genetically hairless mice following topical application of estradiol in oil. Conversely, Hooker and Pfeiffer (7) noted that prolonged treatment with a high dosage of estradiol benzoate (83 fig. twice a week for 10 months) resulted in marked thinning of the epidermis of rats. H. F. Bullough (8) suggested that this difference in effect of estrogen might be a result of dosage and duration of treatment. The present experiments support this suggestion and demonstrate that estrogen in small, physiological doses is a stimulant to cellular proliferation of the epidermis, whereas high doses are inhibitory and cause thinning of the epidermis. They extend a large project dealing with experimental epidermal carcinogenesis in mice which has been under way for twelve years and of which the results have been summarized by Cowdry (9). In particular they are related to the part of this project concerned with the influence of estradiol benzoate on epidermal carcinogenesis as described by Paletta and Max (10).
Late results following operative repair for celiac artery compression syndrome

The clinical significance of celiac artery compression by the median arcuate ligament of the diaphragm remains unsettled. The controversy stems from an undefined pathophysiologic mechanism and the existence of celiac compression in asymptomatic patients. This study was therefore conducted to evaluate the late results of operative therapy among our patients and possibly to identify parameters that might correlate with sustained symptom relief. Among 51 patients (12 men and 39 women) (mean age 47 years) who underwent operative treatment for symptomatic celiac artery compression, 44 (86%) were available for late follow-up. Their clinical status was determined between 1 and 18 years postoperatively (mean 9.0 years) by patient interview (36) or chart review (7). Operative treatment consisted of celiac axis decompression only (16 patients), celiac decompression and dilatation (17 patients), or celiac decompression and reconstruction by primary reanastomosis or interposition grafting (18 patients). Sustained symptom relief occurred more often with a postprandial pain pattern (81% cure), age between 40 and 60 years (77%), and weight loss of 20 pounds or more (67%). A negative correlation with clinical improvement was demonstrated for an atypical pain pattern with periods of remission (43% cure), a history of psychiatric disorder or alcohol abuse (40%), age greater than 60 years (40%), and weight loss of less than 20 pounds (53%). Eight of 15 patients (53%) treated by celiac decompression alone remained asymptomatic at late follow-up in contrast to 22 of 29 patients (76%) treated by celiac decompression plus some form of celiac revascularization. Late follow-up arteriograms (18 studies) showed a widely patent celiac artery in 70% of asymptomatic patients but a stenosed or occluded celiac axis in 75% of symptomatic patients. These findings suggest that persistent clinical improvement in patients with symptomatic celiac axis compression can be achieved by an operative technique that ensures celiac axis patency. Although some clinical features are identified that correlate with long-term benefit, reliable diagnosis of the symptomatic patient awaits definition of the pathophysiologic mechanisms involved in this syndrome.
Impact of ACE I/D gene polymorphism on congenital renal malformations

To investigate the role of the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) gene insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism on prevalence and progression of disease in children with chronic renal failure (CRF), we determined the ACE I/D genotype in 95 children with CRF due to renal malformations (hypo- /dysplasia, obstructive uropathy, reflux nephropathy; n=59), other congenital or hereditary diseases (n=23), or acquired glomerular disorders (n=13), who had been followed prospectively over a 2-year period. CRF progression rate was followed in each individual by linear regression analysis of estimates of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) obtained every 2 months. Actuarial renal ’survival’ analysis was performed, using a GFR loss of 10 ml/min per 1.73 m2 as a cutoff point. The distribution of the ACE genotype did not differ among the disease groups. There was also no difference in ACE genotype distribution between the patients and a control group of healthy Caucasian children (n=163). Among the children with renal malformations, the 2-year renal survival was significantly lower in those with the DD genotype (61%) than in patients with ID or II genotype (89%, P<0.01). In the other disease groups, the ACE I/D genotype was not predictive of CRF progression. In a multivariate analysis of risk factors, the adverse effect of the DD genotype (risk ratio 10.2, P<0.05) was independent of and additive to those of arterial hypertension (RR 13.2, P<0.001) and gross proteinuria (RR 4.7, P<0.05). We conclude that the ACE DD genotype is a significant risk factor for children with congenital renal malformations to develop progressive CRF. The effect of the ACE polymorphism in this patient group is independent of hypertension and proteinuria.
Uncertainty in Composition of Ingredients and Optimal Rate of Success for a Maximum Profit Total Mixed Ration

Abstract Chance constrained programming methodology, which accounts for uncertainty in composition of feedstuffs, was applied to a total mixed ration set for a 650-kg cow producing 27.2kg of milk/d. Available ingredients were legumegrass hay, legume-grass silage, corn silage, high moisture ground ear corn, soybean meal, dry fat, and a mineral mix. Four models were derived and their performances were compared when both net energy for lactation and crude protein were considered as random constraints. A model based on a Bonferroni inequality with unequal weight on rows' probability appeared to be best over the range of probability considered (.5 to .95). The value of a feed analysis program was assessed by reducing variances in composition of farm-grown ingredients to those equivalent to a coefficient of variation of 3%. Also, an approximate method was derived for assessing the optimal rate of success. It appears that the optimal rate of success is close to .6 and is not greatly affected by a feed analysis program or a change in price of milk. However, such a program increases income over feed cost by an estimated 27 e/cow per d.
Does food deprivation affect the role of taste in a two-choice preference test? I: Some considerations

Results of 30-min two-choice preference tests comparing quinine and saccharin adulterated diets to a control diet show an increase in relative intake for the preferred diets as a function of length of food deprivation. These results are, however, consistent with the view that the importance of taste is independent of degree of deprivation. Critical to an interpretation of the data is one’s view concerning the S’s behavior in a two-choice situation.
Three-dimensional analysis of guyed logging spars

Abstract Trees are commonly guyed and used as spars to increase the capacity of cable logging systems in mountainous terrain. Spar response to loading is complex because of nonlinearities due to cable behavior, beam-column loading of the spar, and the geometric effects of large spar deflections. A numerical procedure has been developed to determine spar deformation and the resulting state of stress in the spar and the guylines due to the application of static loads. The Newton-Raphson algorithm is utilized to determine spar position which is denned by force equilibrium. A numerical damper is required to assure convergence. The problem is formulated using the finite element procedures where the spar is treated as an assemblage of three-dimensional beam elements, the guylines are modeled as nonlinear springs, and spar base fixity is provided by a linear rotational spring. The details of the solution method and an example problem are presented.
Numerical solution of minimax problems of optimal control, part 2

This paper contains general transformation techniques useful to convert minimax problems of optimal control into the Mayer-Bolza problem of the calculus of variations [Problem (P)]. We consider two types of minimax problems: minimax problems of Type (Q), in which the minimax function depends on the state and does not depend on the control; and minimax problems of Type (R), in which the minimax function depends on both the state and the control. Both Problem (Q) and Problem (R) can be reduced to Problem (P).
Double atomic-field bremsstrahlung

Abstract We have made the first observation of the fourth order quantum electrodynamic process of double atomic-field bremsstrahlung. The experiment observed two photons radiated in coincidence at 90° and 270° with respect to a 75 keV electron beam incident on targets of silver, terbium, gold and uranium. The measured absolute cross section differential in energy and solid angle of both photons disagrees with the prediction of the first Born approximation in both magnitude and photon energy dependence. The atomic number dependence, however, is consistent with Z2.
The structure of the Taiwanese DP in Taiwanese–Spanish bilinguals: evidence from code-switching

This paper proposes an analysis of the Taiwanese DP justified by Taiwanese–Spanish code-switching data from highly competent bilingual speakers from a Taiwanese–Spanish community in Buenos Aires. In line with other research, we claim that Taiwanese has a NumP and an independent DP which cannot be filled by null elements. Further, we propose a new analysis for pre-classifier (Cl) adjectives (the tua ‘big’ and se ‘small’ type), which we show to be functional elements of what we call the Size Phrase. We also claim that Taiwanese has two classifier positions, the upper of which optionally appears for our speakers in constructions involving a Size element. In addition to our claims on the Taiwanese DP, our analysis provides evidence against claims that phrase structure is universal (Cinque, Adverbs and functional heads: a cross-linguistics perspective, 1999).
No-induced oxidative stress and glutathione metabolism in rodent and human cells

Nitric oxide (NO.), a radical species produced by many types of cells, is known to play a critical role in both regulatory processes and cell defense, yet it may also participate in collateral reactions, leading to DNA damage and cell death in both NO-generating and neighboring cells. Glutathione has been shown to protect cells from the toxic effects of free radicals and reactive oxygen species. The goal of this study was to investigate whether differences in glutathione metabolism could account for the resistance or sensitivity to cell killing by NO.. The cytotoxic effect of NO. was examined in CHO-AA8 (Chinese Hamster Ovary) cells and TK6 (human lymphoblastoid) cells pretreated with L-buthionine SR-sulfoximine (BSO), a potent inhibitor of gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase, and with 1,3-bis-(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU), an irreversible inhibitor of glutathione reductase. The consequences resulting from the depletion of glutathione levels and from the arrest of oxidoreduction allowed us to show the involvement of glutathione in protecting cells from NO. and to investigate the importance of changes in glutathione metabolism on NO-induced toxicity. In CHO-AA8 cells, we found that treatment with NO. resulted in the oxidation of reduced glutathione (GSH) to oxidized glutathione (GSSG) and to mixed glutathione disulfides (GSSR). The resulting depletion of GSH stimulated its de novo synthesis, enabling the cells to resist killing by NO.. A slight difference in GSH metabolism was observed in TK6 cells. NO. led to an increase in GSSG levels similar to that observed in CHO-AA8 cells, however, a decrease in GSH levels, no change in GSSR levels, and higher levels of toxicity were also found, suggesting that NO-treated TK6 cells are not as competent in GSH homeostasis as CHO cells. We conclude that GSH is involved in protecting cells from killing by NO. and that both de novo synthesis of GSH and GSSG reduction are important in maintaining an adequate level of protection for the cells.
Meaning in Context: Strategies for Implementing Intelligent Applications of Language Studies edited by WEBSTER, JONATHAN J.

The article reviews the book "Meaning in Context: Strategies for Implementing Intelligent Applications of Language Studies," edited by Jonathan J. Webster.
Hypocalcemia and parathyroid function in metastatic prostate cancer.

ABSTRACT Objective To report the occurrence of hypocalcemia in a patient with metastatic prostate cancer, discuss its pathogenesis, and review the related medical literature. Methods An 82-year-old man with a known history of prostate cancer was found to have a serum calcium level of 5.4 mg/dL during an admission to the hospital for small bowel obstruction. A thorough review of his medical history revealed a temporal relationship between the diagnosis of malignant disease and progressive hypocalcemia. A complete evaluation was performed, including laboratory and imaging studies, to ascertain the cause of the hypocalcemia. Results The patient had no history of hypocalcemia before the diagnosis of, and initiation of antiandrogen therapy for, advanced prostate cancer. Serum magnesium and phosphorus levels were within normal limits. The serum calcium level responded to therapy in the hospital but remained between 5.8 and 7.1 mg/dL. The parathyroid hormone level was normal, and the 25-hydroxyvitamin D value was low. A 24-hour urine collection showed substantially reduced calcium excretion, and a whole-body bone scan revealed widespread metastatic deposits. These findings were compatible with hypocalcemia related to prostate cancer and bone metastatic lesions. Conclusion This case serves as a reminder that hypocalcemia can be a manifestation of prostate cancer metastatic to bone. In contrast to the occurrence of secondary hyperparathyroidism in this setting, however, this patient had normal levels of parathyroid hormone. Review of similar previous reports and the causes and implications of a possible functional hypoparathyroid state are discussed. (Endocr Pract. 2005;11:254-258)
To Build a Virus on a Nucleic Acid Substrate

Many viruses package their genomes concomitant with assembly. Here, we show that this reaction can be described by three coefficients: association of capsid protein (CP) to nucleic acid (NA), KNA; CP-CP interaction, ω; and α, proportional to the work required to package NA. The value of α can vary as NA is packaged. A phase diagram of average lnα versus lnω identifies conditions where assembly is likely to fail or succeed. NA morphology can favor (lnα > 0) or impede (lnα < 0) assembly. As lnω becomes larger, capsids become more stable and assembly becomes more cooperative. Where (lnα + lnω) < 0, the CP is unable to contain the NA, so that assembly results in aberrant particles. This phase diagram is consistent with quantitative studies of cowpea chlorotic mottle virus, hepatitis B virus, and simian virus 40 assembling on ssRNA and dsDNA substrates. Thus, the formalism we develop is suitable for describing and predicting behavior of experimental studies of CP assembly on NA.
Size distribution of vesicles with topological defects

We study a diluted suspension of nearly spherical vesicles near the temperature where the in-plane orientational (hexatic) order is destroyed through an unbinding of pairs of disclinations. We focus on the size distribution of the vesicles, extending a well known theory for fluid membranes. At sufficiently low temperatures, the vesicles are in the hexatic phase, with, however, twelve extra (positive) disclinations due to a topological constraint. Above a certain temperature, additional unbound pairs of disclinations emerge. We expect an unusual vesicle size distribution with a typical vesicle size, which diverges like the hexatic correlation length just above the liquid-to-hexatic transition temperature.
Influence of depositional processes on the geotechnical parameters of Chicago glacial clays

Abstract The effects of depositional environment on properties, stress history, and undrained and drained shear-strength parameters are evaluated for Chicago glacial clay. Recent geology and basic depositional environments are described. Both laboratory and in-situ shear-strength evaluations have been conducted at several sites in the study area. Results of the investigations indicate that, while depositional environment has a large impact on the engineering properties of these clays, identification of the depositional environment is in itself insufficient to strength parameters. Post-depositional events are shown to alter the stress history imparted during deposition and thus impact shear-strength parameters.
Molecular Weight of β-Glucan Affects Physical Characteristics, In Vitro Bile Acid Binding, and Fermentation of Muffins

ABSTRACT Muffins containing different amounts and molecular weights (MW) of β-glucan were evaluated for the effect of β-glucan on the physical characteristics of the muffins and on in vitro bile acid binding and fermentation with human fecal flora. Wheat flour muffins were prepared with the addition of β-glucan extracts with high-, medium-, or low-MW. For oat flour muffins, the native oat flour contained high-MW β-glucan; the oat flours were treated to create medium- and low-MW β-glucan within the prepared muffin treatments. For each 60-g muffin, the amounts of β-glucan were 0.52, 0.57, and 0.59 g for high-, medium-, and low-MW β-glucan wheat flour muffins, and 2.38, 2.18, and 2.23 g for high-, medium-, and low-MW β-glucan oat flour muffins, respectively. The lower the MW of the β-glucan in muffins, the lower the height and volume of the muffins. The oat flour muffins were less firm and springy than the wheat flour muffins as measured on a texture analyzer; however, MW had no effect on muffin texture. The...
‘Explosive’ meridional migration of cyclones and anticyclones

We examine the very rapid meridional migration of barotropic eddies and show that the main balance of forces is between the meridional β -induced force and the opposing form-drag generated by the flow surrounding the rapidly moving eddy. The solution is constructed by assuming that, as the flow around a solid cylinder, the flow surrounding the eddy detaches from the eddy downstream. We find the migration speed to be (3π βV m /5) 1/2 r m , where V m is the maximum orbital eddy speed and r m is the radius where the maximum speed occurs. It is typically an order of magnitude faster than the classical westward speed induced by the baroclinic component ( βr m 2 ). The above formula gives values that are within 30–50% of the speeds measured in both our own numerical experiments, numerical experiments conducted by others, as well laboratory experiments (conducted by others). We suggest that it is the barotropic component that very rapidly (10 km d −1 ) pulls young Agulhas rings towards the equator. Poleward propagating cyclones are not very common but, during POLYMODE, an extremely rapidly propagating cyclone was observed in the North Atlantic. It is speculated here that its rapid propagation was also due to a barotropic component.
Coarse-grained simulation of molecular mechanisms of recovery in thermally activated shape-memory polymers

Abstract Thermally actuated shape-memory polymers (SMPs) are capable of being programmed into a temporary shape and then recovering their permanent reference shape upon exposure to heat, which facilitates a phase transition that allows dramatic increase in molecular mobility. Experimental, analytical, and computational studies have established empirical relations of the thermomechanical behavior of SMPs that have been instrumental in device design. However, the underlying mechanisms of the recovery behavior and dependence on polymer microstructure remain to be fully understood for copolymer systems. This presents an opportunity for bottom-up studies through molecular modeling; however, the limited time-scales of atomistic simulations prohibit the study of key performance metrics pertaining to recovery. In order to elucidate the effects of phase fraction, recovery temperature, and deformation temperature on shape recovery, here we investigate the shape-memory behavior in a copolymer model with coarse-grained potentials using a two-phase molecular model that reproduces physical crosslinking. Our simulation protocol allows observation of upwards of 90% strain recovery in some cases, at time-scales that are on the order of the timescale of the relevant relaxation mechanism (stress relaxation in the unentangled soft-phase). Partial disintegration of the glassy phase during mechanical deformation is found to contribute to irrecoverable strain. Temperature dependence of the recovery indicates nearly full elastic recovery above the trigger temperature, which is near the glass-transition temperature of the rubbery switching matrix. We find that the trigger temperature is also directly correlated with the deformation temperature, indicating that deformation temperature influences the recovery temperatures required to obtain a given amount of shape recovery, until the plateau regions overlap above the transition region. Increasing the fraction of glassy phase results in higher strain recovery at low to intermediate temperatures, a widening of the transition region, and an eventual crossover at high temperatures. Our results corroborate experimental findings on shape-memory behavior and provide new insight into factors governing deformation recovery that can be leveraged in biomaterials design. The established computational methodology can be extended in straightforward ways to investigate the effects of monomer chemistry, low-molecular-weight solvents, physical and chemical crosslinking, different phase-separation morphologies, and more complicated mechanical deformation toward predictive modeling capabilities for stimuli-responsive polymers.
Rheological and Physical Properties of Derivitized Whey Protein Isolate Powders

Pregelatinized starch is employed in many food applications due to the instantaneous nature of thickening and stability imparted by modification. Proteins, however, have been excluded as a viscosifying agent due to requisite thermal treatments required to create structure. Whey protein isolate gels were produced while manipulating heating time, pH, and mineral type/content, producing a variety of gel types/networks. Gels were frozen, freeze-dried, and ground into a powder. Once reconstituted in deionized water, gel powders were evaluated based on solubility studies, rotational viscometry, and electrophoresis. The protein powder exhibiting the largest apparent viscosity, highest degree of hydrolysis, and greatest solubility was selected for pH and temperature stability analyses and small amplitude oscillatory rheology. This processing technique manipulates WPI into a product capable of forming cold-set weak gel structures suitable for thickening over a wide range of temperature and pH food systems.
Arresting Renewable Resource Degradation in the Third World: Discussion

Concern about degradation of renewable resources in developing countries is deep and widespread in the countries themselves, in development agencies such as the World Bank and the U.S. Agency for International Development, in the world environmental community, and among academics interested in economic development. I share this concern. But I note that the evidence of resource degradation on which it is based is fragmentary and anecdotal. Soil erosion is widely believed to be a major threat to agricultural productivity and water quality in the developing countries. The fact is, however, that we have very little reliable information about the amount of soil erosion in these
Does corporate advertising work in a crisis? An examination of inoculation theory

The primary purpose of this paper is to propose a conceptual framework of consumer evaluation of corporate advertising in a corporate crisis. It also suggests future research propositions by investigating how the so-called inoculation effect from pre-crisis corporate advertising influences consumer response to corporate advertising during a crisis. First, the paper describes how the inoculation effect confers resistance to negative news in a corporate crisis. Next, the paper determines whether the inoculation effect further reduces consumer resistance to corporate advertising during a crisis. Other factors that figure into the broader context of corporate crises are then discussed. These include four other types of external impacts on a crisis situation – the crisis, the corporation, the media, and individual differences. The article concludes with implications for research and practice.
Aircraft Transformers-Small and Light

The necessity for lightweight and small-size aircraft transformers is evident, since any reduction in space and weight will result in larger capacities for fuel and bomb loads. Various types of transformers have been developed recently, such as, three-phase to single-phase, single-phase to three-phase, two-phase to three-phase, three-phase to two-phase, combination a-c to d-c transformer-rectifier self-regulated units, miniature-instrument type, and a line of general-purpose aircraft units with kilovolt-ampere ratings ranging from 100 volt-amperes to 5 kilovolt-amperes, with weights ranging from 0.8 pound to 9.5 pounds and operating at ultimate temperatures of 225 degrees centigrade. Included are vibrator-inverter transformers, voltage stabilizers, and high-voltage and low-voltage booster ignition coils.
Indomethacin tocolysis and intraventricular hemorrhage.

Abstract Objective: To determine the association between indomethacin tocolysis and neonatal intraventricular hemorrhage. Methods: Fifty-six preterm neonates with intraventricular hemorrhage were matched by gestational age with neonates (n = 224) without this morbidity. Maternal and neonatal charts were reviewed to ascertain the type of tocolytic exposure experienced by the neonate. Other maternal and neonatal demographic and outcome data were also abstracted. Results were analyzed using the Student t test, χ2 analysis, and multivariable logistic regression. The number of studied subjects provided 80% power to determine if antenatal exposure to indomethacin was twice as likely among infants with intraventricular hemorrhage. Results: Univariate analysis revealed that there were no significant differences between the study and control groups with respect to maternal age, parity, or betamethasone exposure. Infants with intraventricular hemorrhage were significantly more likely to be born at an earlier gestational age, a lower birth weight, after maternal chorioamnionitis, after vaginal delivery, and after exposure to either indomethacin alone or a combination of indomethacin and magnesium. Additionally, their neonatal course was significantly more likely to be complicated by sepsis and respiratory distress syndrome. In a multivariable logistic model, only gestational age, chorioamnionitis, vaginal delivery, and respiratory distress syndrome continued to be significantly associated with intraventricular hemorrhage. Indomethacin exposure, either as single-agent (adjusted odds ratio 1.3, 95% confidence interval 0.5, 3.3) or combination tocolytic therapy (adjusted odds ratio 2.0, 95% confidence interval 0.8, 4.8), was not significantly associated with intraventricular hemorrhage. Conclusion: Indomethacin tocolysis is not associated with an increased risk of intraventricular hemorrhage.
The Window of Vulnerability That Wasn't: Soviet Military Buildup in the 1970s—A Research Note

The Soviet strategic modernization program of the 1970s was one of the most consequential developments of the Cold War. Deployment of new intercontinental ballistic missiles and the dramatic increase in the number of strategic warheads in the Soviet arsenal created a sense of vulnerability in the United States that was, to a large degree, responsible for the U.S. military buildup of the late 1970s and early 1980s and the escalation of Cold War tensions during that period. U.S. assessments concluded that the Soviet Union was seeking to achieve a capability to fight and win a nuclear war. Estimates of missile accuracy and silo hardness provided by the U.S. intelligence community led many in the United States to conclude that the Soviet Union was building a strategic missile force capable of destroying most U.S. missiles in a counterforce strike and of surviving a subsequent nuclear exchange. Soviet archival documents that have recently become available demonstrate that this conclusion was wrong. The U.S. es...
Structure of guanine-nucleotide-exchange factor human Mss4 and identification of its Rab-interacting surface

Guanine-nucleotide-exchange factors (GEFs) promote the exchange of GDP for GTP in Ras GTPases, and thereby positively regulate their functions. Members of the Sec4/Ypt1/Rab branch of the Ras superfamily are essential for vesicular transport. A GEF for a subset of Rab proteins, termed mammalian suppressor of Sec4 (Mss4), has been identified. Here we use multidimensional NMR to determine the structure of human Mss4 (hMss4), which is the first tertiary structure established for a protein with GEF activity. Mss4 contains a central beta-sheet sandwiched between two small sheets. It also binds a Zn2+ ion through Cys 23, Cys 26, Cys 94 and Cys 97. The Rab-binding surface of hMss4 has subsequently been delineated using chemical-shift perturbation experiments and site-directed mutagenesis. The active site of hMss4 involves the Zn(2+)-binding region and a neighbouring loop.
EEG SLEEP PATTERNS IN MENTAL RETARDATION

Abstract EEG and eye movement were recorded continously during sleep in thirty-two adult subjects with mental retardation. Included were patients with mongolism, phenylketonuria (PKU), brain damage and undifferentiated retardation. The intellectual level of these patients was independently evaluated with the Wechsler Pre-School and Primary Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI). Sleep measures in the retardates were compared with data available for normal adults and for elderly patients with chronic brain syndrome. WPPSI scores were positively correlated with emergent stage 1 EEG and with rapid eye movement (REM) activity, findings consistent with the sleep-cognition hypothesis. Compared with normal adults, mongoloid subjects showed low amounts of REM sleep, with an extreme reduction in the amount of eye movement, and quite prominent beta activity. PKU subjects showed a trend toward low values for REM and their sleep tracings manifested much epiletiform activity. Brain-damaged subjects had normal amounts of REM sleep but little stage 4 EEG compared to normal controls or to other retardates. Undifferentiated patients showed widely varying amounts of REM activity, ranging from extremely low to quite high values. Total sleep time was not reduced below normal levels in any of the retardate groups. All four groups showed atypical K complexes and a paucity of sleep spindles. The effects of age on the sleep patterns of the retardates were similar to those previously found in normals. The results suggest that investigation of the sleep EEG pattern in conditions of altered brain function may prove of diagnostic value and may lead to new insights into such fundamental questions as the neurobiology of intelligence, the effects of aging on the central nervous system, and the nature and function of sleep itself.
Value-function-based transfer for reinforcement learning using structure mapping

Transfer learning concerns applying knowledge learned in one task (the source) to improve learning another related task (the target). In this paper, we use structure mapping, a psychological and computational theory about analogy making, to find mappings between the source and target tasks and thus construct the transfer functional automatically. Our structure mapping algorithm is a specialized and optimized version of the structure mapping engine and uses heuristic search to find the best maximal mapping. The algorithm takes as input the source and target task specifications represented as qualitative dynamic Bayes networks, which do not need probability information. We apply this method to the Keepaway task from RoboCup simulated soccer and compare the result from automated transfer to that from handcoded transfer.
O-Acetyl Groups as a Component of the Bacteriophage Receptor on Staphylococcus aureus Cell Walls

The capacity of Staphylococcus aureus H cell walls to inactivate bacteriophage 52A was lost by removing O-acetyl groups but not by removing ester-linked d-alanine.
Infusion of the allogeneic cell line NK-92 in patients with advanced renal cell cancer or melanoma: a phase I trial.

Background Renal cell cancer and malignant melanoma are two types of cancer that are responsive to immunotherapy. In this phase I dose-escalation study, the feasibility of large-scale expansion and safety of administering ex vivo-expanded NK-92 cells as allogeneic cellular immunotherapy in patients with refractory renal cell cancer and melanoma were Methods Twelve patients (aged 31� 74 years) were enrolled, three per cohort at cell dose levels of 1 � 10 8 /m 2 ,3 � 10 8 /m 2 ,1 � 10 9 /m 2 and 3 � 10 9 /m 2 . One treatment course consisted of three infusions. Eleven patients had refractory metastatic renal cell cancer; one patient had refractory metastatic melanoma.
Shifting from Categories to Services: Comprehensive School-Based Mental Health for Children with Emotional Disturbance and Social Maladjustment.

To meet the present and future educational and mental health needs of our nation's youth, current models of mental health service delivery need to be reformed. Any more time spent arguing the differences between categories such as Emotional Disturbance (ED) and Social Maladjustment (SM) will only delay much needed services and deplete our already limited resources. Children's mental health needs are not being met in the current model of service delivery. It is proposed that school psychology facilitate the move toward a comprehensive school-based mental health service model. This type of model is consistent with many of the 2002 Futures of School Psychology Conference goals. This model also recognizes the importance of children's social–emotional functioning in that positive mental health directly impacts the learning potential of children. Additionally, the comprehensive school-based mental health service model emphasizes the importance of prevention and early intervention. These proactive strategies are desperately needed to more effectively meet the rising numbers of youth with mental health needs. By focusing on preventing emotional and behavioral disorders and intervening early at the onset of symptoms, students will no longer have to wait until they are classified as ED or SM to receive much needed services. School psychology can play a pivotal role in the reform efforts toward a comprehensive school-based mental health service model that promotes positive mental health in all children. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 41: 911–920, 2004.
Drug violations and aviation accidents: findings from the US mandatory drug testing programs.

Aims To assess the role of drug violations in aviation accidents. Design Case-control analysis. Setting Commercial aviation in the United States. Participants Aviation employees who were tested for drugs during 1995 through 2005 under the post-accident testing program (cases, n=4,977) or under the random testing program (controls, n=1,129,922). Measurements Point prevalence of drug violations, odds ratio of accident involvement, and attributable risk in the population. A drug violation was defined as a confirmed positive test for marijuana (≥ 50 ng/ml), cocaine (≥ 300 ng/ml), amphetamines (≥1000 ng/ml), opiates (≥ 2000 ng/ml), or phencyclidine (≥ 25 ng/ml). Findings The prevalence of drug violations was 0.64% [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.62-0.65%] in random drug tests and 1.82% (95% CI, 1.47-2.24%) in post-accident tests. The odds of accident involvement for employees who tested positive for drugs was almost three times the odds for those who tested negative (odds ratio 2.90, 95% CI, 2.35-3.57), with an estimated attributable risk of 1.2%. Marijuana accounted for 67.3% of the illicit drugs detected. The proportion of illicit drugs represented by amphetamines increased progressively during the study period, from 3.4% in 1995 to 10.3% in 2005 (p Language: en
Nucleotide sequence variations in Kashmir bee virus isolated from Apis mellifera L. and Varroa jacobsoni Oud.

The 374 bp amplicon of 20 Kashmir bee virus (KBV) isolates from 14 bee and 6 mite sam- ples from California was sequenced. The sequence data and those of homologous KBV amplicons of one bee each from Australia, Canada, Maine, and Maryland were analyzed. Pairwise comparisons of nucleotide sequences show the mean distance between Californian isolates varying from 0% to 3.2%. The mean distance between Californian isolates and the two U.S. or the Canadian isolates are equal or less than 3.2%. The Australian isolate is different from all North American isolates with mean distances of 11.5 to 12.3%. This 374 bp sequence contains a single open reading frame, the 124 amino acid sequence matched closely with the sequences of many virus polyproteins.