cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Blockchain: Edited by Sandra Hirsh and Susan Alman, Chicago, Illinois, ALA Neal-Schuman, 2020, 292 pp., $24.99 (paperback), ISBN 978-0-8389-1743-5. Library Futures Series.

What is the use case for blockchain in libraries? Pick up a book on linked data, for example, and the authors will articulate the ways it could–and in their opinion, eventually will–address unmet l...
Reprint of: Surface temperature of a multi-layer thermal barrier coated wall subject to an unsteady heat flux

Abstract A one-dimensional analytical method of determining the surface temperature of a thermal barrier coated plane wall subjected to an arbitrarily time-varying heat flux was developed. The method allows fast computation, enabling it to be embedded in combustion simulation software to correctly calculate wall heat transfer, which is important for reciprocating engine applications with thin, low thermal inertia coatings that have large temperature swings. The method relies on superposition of the response to successive step changes in heat flux, obtained by discretizing the heat flux history, to compile the solution. The embedded problem of a step-change in heat flux is addressed using the one-dimensional heat diffusion equation in conjunction with the matrix method in the Laplace domain, assuming the lateral conduction is neglected. For a two-layer wall (one coating layer on top of the metal wall) in the limit where k ρ c of the coating is small relative to that for the wall material, an analytical inversion to the time domain can be derived. For modest values of this parameter or for more than one coating layer, the residue theorem is invoked to invert to the time domain, with the poles and residues found numerically. The analytical inversion, however, provided the impetus for defining a set of non-dimensional parameters that uniquely characterize the surface temperature swing for arbitrary periodic heat flux to the wall. Non-dimensional results are given for a sinusoidially varying surface heat flux.
Visualizing the Itch-Sensing Skin Arbors

Diverse sensory neurons exhibit distinct neuronal morphologies with a variety of axon terminal arborizations subserving their functions. Because of its clinical significance, the molecular and cellular mechanisms of itch are being intensely studied. However, a complete analysis of itch-sensing terminal arborization is missing. Using an MrgprC11CreERT2 transgenic mouse line, we labeled a small subset of itch-sensing neurons that express multiple itch-related molecules including MrgprA3, MrgprC11, histamine receptor H1, IL-31 receptor, 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1F, natriuretic precursor peptide B, and neuromedin B. By combining sparse genetic labeling and whole-mount placental alkaline phosphatase histochemistry, we found that itch-sensing skin arbors exhibit free endings with extensive axonal branching in the superficial epidermis and large receptive fields. These results revealed the unique morphological characteristics of itch-sensing neurons and provide intriguing insights into the basic mechanisms of itch transmission.
Dietary Inflammatory Potential and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease Among Men and Women in the U.S.

Abstract Background Inflammation plays an important role in cardiovascular disease (CVD) development. Diet modulates inflammation; however, it remains unknown whether dietary patterns with higher inflammatory potential are associated with long-term CVD risk. Objectives This study sought to examine whether proinflammatory diets are associated with increased CVD risk. Methods We prospectively followed 74,578 women from the Nurses’ Health Study (NHS) (1984–2016), 91,656 women from the NHSII (1991–2015), and 43,911 men from the Health Professionals Follow-up Study (1986–2016) who were free of CVD and cancer at baseline. Diet was assessed by food frequency questionnaires every 4 years. The inflammatory potential of diet was evaluated using a food-based empirical dietary inflammatory pattern (EDIP) score that was pre-defined based on levels of 3 systemic inflammatory biomarkers. Results During 5,291,518 person-years of follow-up, we documented 15,837 incident CVD cases, including 9,794 coronary heart disease (CHD) cases and 6,174 strokes. In pooled analyses of the 3 cohorts, after adjustment for use of anti-inflammatory medications and CVD risk factors including body mass index, a higher dietary inflammatory potential, as indicated by higher EDIP scores, was associated with an increased risk of CVD (hazard ratio [HR] comparing the highest to lowest quintiles: 1.38; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.31 to 1.46; p for trend Conclusions Dietary patterns with a higher proinflammatory potential were associated with higher CVD risk. Reducing the inflammatory potential of the diet may potentially provide an effective strategy for CVD prevention.
In situ deformation of micas; a high-voltage electron-microscope study

Observation de dislocations par microscopie electronique a haut voltage pour deux micas: muscovite et biotite. Pour le premier compose, les dislocations sont longues, lineaires et orientees le long de [100] ou [110]. Pour le second compose, les dislocations sont curvilignes de type dislocations coins
Seed Sprouts: the State of Microbiological Safety

In the past decade, consumption of raw or lightly cooked seed sprouts contaminated with Salmonella enterica or Escherichia coli O157:H7 or O157:NM has been responsible for at least 27 outbreaks of infection in the United States, resulting in over 1,600 reported cases of foodborne illness. In this chapter, the authors discuss the native microflora found on sprout seeds and sprouts, the most promising antimicrobial interventions for sanitizing seeds and sprouts, and the detection technologies that have been studied. They also provide insights on the unique challenges and opportunities that seed sprouts afford from a food safety perspective and discuss strategies for reducing the risk of future sprout-related outbreaks of foodborne illness. Through the use of traditional bacteriological methods, sprout seeds and seed sprouts are known to harbor high populations of a variety of indigenous microbes. There is a lack of studies using modern methods of microbial ecology to investigate the native microflora on sprout seeds and sprouts. According to the authors, cultivation-independent molecular techniques have not yet been applied for identifying microorganisms associated with seed sprouts. A composite seed sample is sprouted, and pathogen testing of the spent irrigation water by Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-recommended procedures is performed. This seed-screening procedure does not preclude the necessity of testing each production batch according to the FDA guidance.
California's hydrocarbon reactivity experience

Summary The concept of reactivity has been and continues to be pursued by the ARB to provide more flexibility to industry to meet the increasingly stringent requirements that are necessary to maintain improvement of California's air quality. Hydrocarbon reactivity was successfully incorporated into the LEV/CF regulation by developing RAF's. The RAF's definition allows for reduction of many of the uncertainties associated with the hydrocarbon reactivity estimates. Other categories of compounds may not allow for similar reductions in uncertainties and it will be more difficult to use their reactivities in developing regulations with the current state of the science. This is the case with the consumer product regulations currently being developed. To aid the ARB in appropriately incorporating hydrocarbon reactivity into the regulatory process, expert panels have been formed and further research into reactivity is underway. The ongoing research and input from the expert panels will further the state of the science and ultimately will lead to more certain treatment of hydrocarbon reactivity.
The Perceived and Actual Physical Activity Behaviors of African American Women

Lack of physical activity is a leading contributor to obesity in the US. The unusually high rates of obesity in African-American (AA) women corroborate with lack of recommended levels of exercise in this population. The purpose of this study was to describe exercise behaviors and intention to change using the stages of change (SOC) model in a sample of AA women. A population-based observational study was conducted with 292 AA women in Florida. Outcome variables were engaging in aerobic, strength-based, and stretching exercise. More than half (61.25 %) did not engage in strength-based exercise, more than a third (37.7 %) did not engage in aerobic exercise, and a little less than half (45.9 %) did not participate in stretching exercise. SOC was the main independent variable. Women in action and maintenance SOC were significantly more likely to engage in aerobic exercise (OR 16.1, 95 % CI 7.09-25.7), strength-based exercise (OR 15.4, 95 % CI 6.58-22.7), and stretching exercise (OR 3.80, 95 % CI 1.91-7.52). The SOC is reflective of actual exercise behavior in AA women. A large number of AA women do not engage in regular recommended levels of exercise. Understanding SOC can be essential to developing culturally appropriate and motivation matched interventions for improving AA women's exercise habits.
Increase of retail competition and its impact in the industry

Durante muito tempo as industrias, principalmente as detentoras de marcas fortes e com atuacao multinacional, impuseram suas condicoes aos varejistas que eram, em sua maioria, pequenas empresas com atuacao regional. Em pesquisa realizada com dez executivos das areas de marketing, trade marketing e vendas de fabricantes com faturamento acima de 100 milhoes de reais por ano, detectou-se que recentes mudancas verificadas no varejo, como a globalizacao de supermercados, a consolidacao das redes supermercadistas, o fortalecimento de marcas proprias, a expansao de novos formatos varejistas, a organizacao de centrais de negocios, a concorrencia entre varejos de for-matos distintos e o varejo on-line, inverteram essa relacao de forca. Pressionadas pelos varejistas, agora mais fortes, as industrias estao tendo queda em seus resultados. Com o objetivo de reverter essa situacao, o marketing mix esta sendo revisto, para torna-lo mais adequado a necessidade dos varejistas, com produtos e precos confeccionados por canal de distribuicao e maiores investimentos em trade marketing. As estruturas dos fabricantes tambem sofreram alteracoes, com destaque para realizacao da pesquisa, foram entrevistados, no primeiro semestre de 2006, 20 executivos das areas de marketing, trade marketing e vendas de fabricantes com faturamento acima de 100 milhoes de reais por ano. Essas industrias foram escolhidas por serem maiores e, supostamente, disporem de recursos humanos e financeiros necessarios para enfrentar as mudancas. Foi utilizado um questionario semi-estruturado, com roteiro preestabelecido e testado, que investigou as transformacoes ocorridas, sua interferencia no resultado industrial, os impactos nas estrategias de marketing e as modificacoes na estrutura de marketing e de vendas.
Rotifers in arctic North America with particular reference to their role in microplankton community structure and response to ecosystem perturbations in Alaskan Arctic LTER lakes

Growing interest in the development of mineral and recreational resources, along with the recognition that arctic ecosystems may be among those most affected by global change, has stimulated the study of arctic systems in recent decades. These have included studies of rotifers. Two approaches have generally been pursued: taxonomic studies to determine the number and species of individuals, and ecological studies that have attempted to determine the trophic relationships between rotifers and other microorganisms in aquatic ecosystems. Results from studies at the Arctic Long Term Ecological Research Site in Alaska, USA are reviewed and the microbial food web is described based on empirical and literature data. Arctic systems are sites of rich opportunity for further studies, especially those which can integrate taxonomic and ecological aspects.
Ordinary-mode electromagnetic cyclotron instability in plasmas

Abstract It is shown that in plasmas with loss-cone distributions, the ordinary mode can be unstable around harmonics of the cyclotron frequencies.
Modified Frankfurt-type counterexamples and flickers of freedom

A great deal of attention has been paid recently to the claim that traditional Frankfurt-type counterexamples to the Principle of Alternative Possibilities (PAP), which depend for their success on the presence of a perfectly reliable indicator (or prior sign) of what an agent will freely do if left to act on his own, are guilty of begging the question against incompatibilists, since such indicators seem to presuppose a deterministic relation between an agent’s free action and its causal antecedents. Objections of this sort have given rise to considerable efforts to construct alternative Frankfurt-type counterexamples that do not rely on prior signs of this kind and so do not presuppose determinism in a way that incompatibilists should find objectionable. One consequence of this shift in the way Frankfurt-type counterexamples are formulated is that it provides an opportunity for the forceful resurgence of certain versions of the so-called flicker defense of PAP. In this paper I develop two versions of the flicker defense, indicate their advantages over other versions of this strategy, and defend them against objections. Insofar as either of these is successful, it will show not only that PAP has yet to be falsified by any of the modified Frankfurt-type counterexamples currently on offer but that cases of this sort are in principle incapable of falsifying PAP.
ACE: a color expert system for user interface design

Color is used in computer graphics to code information, to call attention to items, to signal a user, and to enhance display aesthetics, but using color effectively and tastefully is often beyond the abilities of application programmers because the study of color crosses many disciplines, and many aspects, such as human color vision, are not completely understood. We compiled a comprehensive set of guidelines for the proper use of color, but even these guidelines cannot provide all of the aesthetic and human factors knowledge necessary for making good color selections. Furthermore, programmers may misinterpret or ignore the guidelines. To alleviate some of these problems, we have implemented ACE, A Color Expert system which embodies the color rules and applies them to user interface design. The goal of the implementation was to test whether an automated mechanism would be a viable solution to the problem of choosing effective and tasteful colors.Our implementation is written in OPS5, a production system programming language, which allowed us encode rules in a similar fashion to our existing set of guidelines. ACE takes a user interface specification and uses our color rules as constraints to determine the best colors for particular items. While ACE is only a prototype, we learned that an expert system is a viable method for choosing an initial set of colors that can be “tweaked” by a human expert. We also learned that much more research needs to be performed in the areas of visual color relationships and how they can be used to provide the most effective user interface.
Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy: assessing the public health burden.

SummaryObjective There is not yet a clear consensus on the incidence of sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP) or the extent of its burden on public health. In this systematic review, we seek to summarize the incidence of SUDEP and its age distribution, as well as the years of potential life lost and cumulative risks of SUDEP for persons with epilepsy. Methods We conducted a systematic search for epidemiologic studies of sudden death in epilepsy and rated their quality of evidence. We pooled data from comparable higher quality population-based studies of SUDEP incidence across all age groups, calculating the overall incidence of SUDEP per 100,000 population, and per 1,000 people with epilepsy. Using standard formulas, we also calculated the years of potential life lost and cumulative risks associated with SUDEP. Results SUDEP has an estimated overall crude annual incidence rate of 0.81 cases per 100,000 population, or 1.16 cases per 1,000 patients with epilepsy. Comparing years of potential life lost from SUDEP with selected other neurologic diseases, SUDEP ranks second only to stroke. Significance Despite limitations to the data on which our analysis is based, we conclude that the public health burden of SUDEP, which has previously been underappreciated, is substantial and deserves much more attention from clinicians, researchers, and the public health community. A PowerPoint slide summarizing this article is available for download in the Supporting Information section here.
Cometary origin of the biosphere: a progress report.

Abstract Empirical evidence of the accretion temperature for undifferentiated meteorites coming from the asteroid belt, combined with any reasonable temperature gradient extending from the asteroid belt to the Earth's zone, suggests that the Earth accreted from very hot dust grains that were degassed from all volatile elements and depleted in labile compounds. Isotopic evidence from the atmospheric noble gases also shows that no primary atmosphere has survived on the Earth. The only possible source for the atmosphere and the oceans is therefore the cometary bombardment that is predicted as the inescapable consequence of the formation of the giant planets. This implies that comets are the only source of organic carbon, nitrogen and water, hence of the total biosphere of the Earth.
Unexpected Targets and Triggers of Autoimmunity

Recent findings indicate that the role of Th17 cells in the pathogenesis of tissue inflammation and autoimmunity has become rather complicated. While interleukin-17 (IL-17) producing CD4+ T cells are found frequently within the peripheral target tissue during the course of autoimmune disease, these cells may contribute to or protect from inflammation. Accumulating reports have revealed the existence of both pathogenic and non-pathogenic Th17 cells. These Th17 subsets produce the signature cytokines IL-17A and IL-17F yet have distinct and divergent roles in inducing autoimmune tissue inflammation. Comparative genomic sequence analyses between the pathogenic and non-pathogenic Th17 cells have exposed unexpected and extensive population heterogeneity within the Th17 subset. Here we review some of the unexpected factors that may drive pathogenic divergence. Understanding the functional consequences of Th17 cell diversity may allow for the selection of more precise targets for intervention in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases.
Reinterpreting the Kernel

Abstract The reduced game relevant for the consistency of the prekernel is used to reinterpret this solution concept in a way that makes it independent of interpersonal utility comparisons. Based on this reinterpretation, a non-cooperative model is presented that yields in stationary equilibria the prekernel (kernel) for the class of monotonic transferable utility games. Next, we apply the same non-cooperative model to more general coalitional games. For pure bargaining problems, the model yields the Nash solution. For general non-transferable utility games, a natural extension of the prekernel arises. Thus, the prekernel is obtained as the set of payoffs where the relevant bargaining range between every pair of players is split in half.Journal of Economic LiteratureClassification Numbers: C71, C72, C78.
Scattered Isergonic Profiles

Abstract Equations were developed for the geometric analysis of scatter in isergonic profiles as a function of vertical (ΔΔ H ), horizontal (ΔΔ S ) and perpendicular ( d ) distances from the error line. Sigma (σ − ) correlates with each of these quantities of the test series to produce statistics ( F and r ) identical to those for correlation with Δ G . The vertical distances, ΔΔ H , are shown to be identical to the substituent effect, δΔ G ; thus, it is concluded that the Hepler approach of implicating a solvation mechanism on the basis of ρ—σ correlations for these distances is not warranted. The uncertainty of points on the isergonic profile for the test series was determined using the joint confidence region (“error contour”) approach. Statistical limits of the contour lengths overlapped extremely between members of the test series. To eliminate such overlap for series showing small ranges in substituent effects, extremely precise rate data would be required with N (number of data points) = 4 or 5 for the Arrhenius fits. A comparison between d values and the perpendicular half‐widths ( w /2) of the error contours resulted in d w /2 for each member of the test series (excluding H ), proving that scatter in the profile could not result from experimental error. A further comparison between differences in d , Δ d , from suggested β lines for solvation and w /2 values showed that a β range as large as 45° could be included in the error contour widths of the test series. Since the average reaction temperature, T _ , fell within this range, solvation effects could not be distinguished statistically from error effects.
APPLICATION OF STOKES' LAW IN THE DETERMINATION OF THE ABSOLUTE VISCOSITY OF GLASS*

Stokes' law, with a modified form of Ladenburg's wall-correction factor, has been applied to determine the viscosity of glass from the velocity of a freely falling platinum sphere. The apparatus is described in full, a special feature being the radio equipment used to measure the velocity of the falling sphere. Reproducibility of results is excellent and good agreement has been obtained using spheres of different diameters, vindicating the use of the revised wall-correction factor. Results on a few typical glasses are discussed.
Periodic states of adsorption cycles—II. Solution spaces and multiplicity

Solution spaces for adsorption cycles are mapped out using a continuation method. As examples, we consider adsorption cycles that exhibit multiplicity. Within a region of multiplicity, a cycle can settle into more than one periodic state for a single operating specification or into a periodic state that repeats itself not every cycle but every two cycles. The stabilities of the periodic states are assessed to identify stable and unstable states and to determine the manner in which the cycles lose stability. Application of the method is illustrated for a temperature swing adsorption cycle (Davis et al., 1988, Ind. Engng Chem. Res. 27, 1229–1235; LeVan, 1990, Ind. Engng Chem. Res. 29, 625–631) and a pressure swing adsorption cycle (Suh and Wankat, 1989, A.I.Ch.E. J. 35, 523–526).
Radiation effects in ceramics

Abstract Ceramics represent a large class of solids with a wide spectrum of applicability, whose structures range from simple to complex, whose bonding runs from highly ionic to almost entirely covalent and, in some cases, partially metallic, and whose band structures yield wide-gap insulators, narrow-gap semiconductors or even superconductors. These solids exhibit responses to irradiation which are more complex than those for metals. In ceramic materials, atomic displacements can be produced by direct momentum transfer to often more than one distinguishable sublattice, and in some cases radiolytically by electronic excitations, and result in point defects which are in general not simple. Radiation-induced defect interaction, accumulation and aggregation modes differ significantly from those found in metals. Amorphization is a frequent option in response to high-density defect perturbation and is strongly related to structural topology. These fundamental responses to irradiation result in significant changes to important applicable properties, such as strength, toughness, electrical and thermal conductivities, dielectric response and optical behavior. The understanding of such phenomena is less well-understood than the simple responses of metals but is being increasingly driven by critical applications in fusion energy production, nuclear waste disposal and optical communications.
Regional coronary venous flow responses to transient coronary artery occlusion in human beings

Coronary hemodynamic responses to transient coronary artery occlusion in 21 patients were investigated by using regional coronary venous thermodilution to measure regional coronary venous flows. Transient coronary artery occlusion was produced by coronary artery spasm (13 patients) or balloon inflation during coronary angioplasty (8 patients). The left anterior descending coronary artery was transiently occluded in 12 patients, the right coronary artery in 8 patients and the left circumflex artery in 1 patient. During transient coronary occlusion, regional venous flow decreased in 20 of the 21 patients (79 ± 31 to 53 ± 29 ml/min, mean ± standard deviation [SD]; probability [p] Coronary hemodynamic changes were similar during transient coronary occlusion, whether produced by coronary spasm or by balloon inflation. However, the presence of angina, reversible electrocardiographic abnormalities and an increase of the left ventricular filling pressure were more common during coronary spasm (p
Nanosecond Heating of Aqueous Systems by Giant Laser Pulses

WE have just been able to demonstrate heating of some pH-indicator systems within a few nanoseconds. We had suggested such very fast heating earlier1. At that time we were only able to demonstrate heating by a ruby-laser operating in its normal mode, associated with a flash of 600 µsec duration.
Reversible cardiomyopathy in a child with Addison's disease

An 11-year-old boy in acute adrenal crisis was subsequently diagnosed with Addison's disease and presumably had an unrecognized preceding chronic adrenal insufficiency. His adrenal insufficiency and hypovolemic shock were promptly diagnosed and treated in the emergency room. However, 24 h later, signs of congestive heart failure developed and an echocardiogram revealed cardiomyopathy. He responded to i.v. dopamine and his cardiomyopathy resolved over some days. Acute adrenal insufficiency and actual ventricular dysfunction had not been described in humans until last year; this is the second reported case of cardiomyopathy in a patient with acute adrenal insufficiency.
Recorded Amperometric Tetraphenylborate Titrations of Amines, Quaternary Nitrogen Compounds, and Potassium Salts

Improved efficiency of tetraphenylborate amperometric titrations by constant addition of titrant and continuous recording of current is reported.
Approximate clustering via the mountain method

We develop a simple and effective approach for approximate estimation of the cluster centers on the basis of the concept of a mountain function. We call the procedure the mountain method. It can be useful for obtaining the initial values of the clusters that are required by more complex cluster algorithms. It also can be used as a stand alone simple approximate clustering technique. The method is based upon a griding on the space, the construction of a mountain function from the data and then a destruction of the mountains to obtain the cluster centers. >
Novel Interaction between Glutamate and the Cu2+/DMABN/β-CD Complex

A new fluorescence-quenched ternary complex, Cu2+/DMABN/β-CD, has been synthesized using β-cyclodextrin (β-CD), copper ions (Cu2+), and 4-(dimethylamino) benzonitrile (DMABN). The significant quenching of DMABN fluorescence is realized through a photoinduced electron-transfer process between DMABN and Cu2+. On the basis of the photochemical properties of the ternary complex, we have proposed a Cu2+/DMABN/β-CD complex structure with a 2:2:2 molar ratio. To further investigate the ternary complex and explore its potential applications in bioanalysis, we have adopted a novel strategy to restore the quenched fluorescence of DMABN when the complex interacts with an important neurotransmitter, glutamate. The restoration of DMABN fluorescence in the ternary complex is complete and fast upon glutamate interaction. The new complex synthesis and the restoration of the quenched fluorescence processes enable a better understanding of cyclodextrin-based chemistry and also the exploration of novel bioanalysis technique...
Cost Risk Allocation Theory and Practice

Risk allocation is the assignment of risk reserves from a total project or portfolio level to individual constituent elements. For example, cost risk at the total project level is allocated to individual work breakdown structure elements. This is a non-trivial exercise in most instances, because of issues related to the aggregation of risks, such as the fact that percentiles do not add. For example, if a project is funded at a 70% confidence level then one cannot simply allocate that funding to work breakdown structure elements by assigning each its 70% confidence level estimate. This is because the resulting sum may (but not necessarily will) be larger than the total 70% confidence estimate for the entire project. One method for allocating risk that has commonly been used in practice and has been implemented in a cost estimating integration software package is to assign risk by assigning the element’s standard deviation as a proportion of the sum of the standard deviations for all work breakdown structur...
New views on periodontal microbiota in special patient categories.

Abstract. The microorganisms in periodontitis of special patient categories have been only partially elucidated. The periodontitis microbiota of HIV–infected individuals, cancer patients on myelosuppressive therapy, and persons with other medical disorders includes common suspected periodontal pathogens as well as enteric rods, pseudomonads, staphylococci and yeasts. Failing implants also may be associated with classical periodontal pathogens as well as primarily nonoral potential pathogens. Refractory periodontitis in systemically healthy adults can show a great variety of oral and nonoral organisms. The frequent occurrence of unusual periodontal organisms in special patient categories may be due to a weakened host response and/or usage of various chemotherapeutic regimens. The unusual organisms may contribute to progressive periodontitis and in leukemia patients may even give rise to life–threatening systemic manifestations. The primary therapeutic goal in special periodontitis patients is control of pathogens and amid the wide range of pathogenic microfloras, an effective treatment strategy should include a comprehensive microbiological analysis, especially if systemic antimicrobial therapy is contemplated.
Measurements of fusion induced by radioactive Sn and Te beams

Beams of 132,134 Sn and 134 Te were used to bombard a 64 Ni target and measure fusion excitation functions near the Coulomb barrier. Fusion induced by 132,134 Sn and 134 Te below the barrier is enhanced as compared to stable Sn and Te beams. The enhancement in 132 Sn and 134 Te is essentially due to the larger radii which lower the Coulomb barriers. However, the enhancement in 134 Sn induced fusion cannot be accounted for by the change in nuclear size.
SYNTHESES AND SELECTED REDUCTIONS OF CONJUGATED NITROALKENES. A REVIEW

Nitroalkenes have proven to be valuable precursors to a wide variety of target molecules. Several reviews have focused on aliphatic nitro compounds which also encompass nitroalkenes. A few highly specialized reviews have also been written. The present review complements Barrett's review and will hopefully stimulate further investigation in the nitroalkene area. Although coverage focuses primarily on the literature since 1980, significant earlier contributions are included. Reactions of nitromethanes have been covered and only a few recent examples are included here.
Geosynchronous magnetic field temporal response to solar wind and IMF variations

[1] We investigate the time-dependent response of the geosynchronous magnetic field to variations in the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) orientation and sudden changes in the solar wind dynamic pressure. Because IMF discontinuities drape about the magnetopause, we expect the response to southward IMF turnings to occur nearly simultaneously over a wide range of local times. By contrast, the pressure variations launched by solar wind tangential discontinuities aligned with the spiral IMF into the magnetosheath should keep pace with the solar wind and generally strike the postnoon magnetopause first. Consistent with these predictions, we find that the magnetospheric magnetic field strength begins to diminish at all dayside local times within 4 to 5 min following the estimated arrival time of southward IMF turnings at the subsolar magnetopause, and that the nightside field begins to reconfigure within 12 min. By contrast, the response to pressure variations generally appears some 2.2 min after the arrival of the discontinuity in the noon-dusk sector, 4.4 min later in the noon-dawn sector, and 8.8 min later on the nightside.
Copper in surface waters south of New Zealand

THE sampling of the transition metals, including copper, in the ocean has so far produced unsatisfactory results. Reported measurements show quite a large scatter within a given suite of data and significant differences between investigators1–3. Published profiles in general look quite unlike any of the ‘accepted’ distributions for other dissolved species outlined later nor are there any close similarities between the transition elements themselves. Either they have a unique geochemistry or the data are to some degree invalid. For copper, contamination during sampling has been suggested4 as one source of error, and we have tried to overcome this by sampling surface waters in regions of marked horizontal gradients in chemical properties.
Entropy-Based Drag-Error Estimation and Mesh Adaptation in Two Dimensions

This paper presents a method for estimating the drag error in two-dimensional computational fluid dynamics simulations using a method that does not require auxiliary adjoint solutions. The error of interest is that caused by the numerical discretization, including effects of finite mesh size and approximation order. The target output is a drag calculation based on a farfield integration of the entropy. The error estimate is motivated by an interpretation of entropy variables as adjoint solutions to an entropy balance output. As entropy variables are obtained by a direct transformation of the state, no separate adjoint solution is required. The method is shown to be applicable not only to inviscid and laminar flows, but also to turbulent Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes flows, for which entropy variables generally lose their symmetrization property. Since the proposed drag error estimate is based on an integral of a weighted residual over the computational domain, it can be localized to provide an adaptive indicator over each element. Adaptive results for several flows of aerodynamic interest show that the error estimate is effective and that the method performs on par with adjoint-based methods. ∗Assistant Professor, AIAA Senior Member †Graduate Research Assistant ‡Professor, AIAA Fellow
Multimedia as a Teaching Tool in Business Communication Course Delivery.

The two authors created a multimedia intercultural business communication program. Multimedia is an effective instructional tool because of its ability to capture the attention of the learner and o...
Seleções para resistência e suscetibilidade, detecção e monitoramento da resistência de Tetranychus urticae ao acaricida clorfenapir

SELECTIONS FOR RESISTANCE AND SUSCEPTIBILITY, DETECTION AND MONITORING OF RESISTANCE TO THE ACARICIDE CHLORFENAPYR IN TETRANYCHUS URTICAE KOCH (ACARI: TETRANYCHIDAE) Problems associated with acaricide resistance in Tetranychus urticae Koch have been recorded in several countries including Brazil. The objective of this study was to characterize the resistance of T. urticae to the acaricide chlorfenapyr and to evaluate the resistance frequency in commercial fields of six crops in the State of Sao Paulo (SP). Selections for resistance and susceptibility to chlorfenapyr were performed in a population of T. urticae collected in 2002 from a commercial chrysanthemum field in Holambra county, SP. After six selections for resistance and five selections for susceptibility, susceptible (S) and resistant (R) strains of T. urticae to chlorfenapyr were obtained. The resistance ratio (R/S) at the LC50 reached values of 571-fold . A discriminating concentration of 37.4 mg L -1 of active ingredient (A.I.) was established for monitoring chorfenapyr resistance in T. urticae . Twenty one mite populations were collected from different crops (papaya, strawberry, bean, tomato, chrysanthemum, rose), in various counties
A generational and conservative copying collector for hybrid object-oriented languages

A copying collector has two excellent properties: it compacts the heap, and the execution time depends solely on the number of live objects. Use of a copying collector is thought by some to be a more efficient way of managing the heap than explicit freeing of objects. This paper describes a high-performance copying collector for a hybrid object-oriented language. The collector is both conservative and generational. It relies on the overlying compiler to identify most true pointers, and on the underlying operating system to detect pointers to younger generations. The implementation described here uses a modified version of the compiler for a C-based object-oriented language, and the Mach operating system. The performance results have confirmed the author's expectation: the collector has been faster than explicit freeing.
Cultures of the City: Mediating Identities in Urban Latin/o America

Cultures of the City: Mediating Identities in Urban Latin/o America, edited by Richard Young and Amanda Holmes, Pittsburgh: The University of Pittsburgh Press, 2010. 262 pp., US$25.95 (paperback), ISBN: 978-0-8229-6120-8 Richard Young and Amanda Holmes' ambitious volume brings together a variety of scholars and disciplines, all united in their interest in the city as a site of Latino/a cultural expression. Young, emeritus professor of Spanish and Latin American Studies at the University of Alberta, and Holmes, associate professor in the Department of Hispanic Studies at McGill University, were obviously faced with the dilemma of city selection and Buenos Aires, Mexico City, and Havana are covered in two chapters each, using film, music, photography, art, and literature, to illustrate "particular events, conditions, and practices of urban life" (p. 2). The rest of the chapters are devoted to Bogota Salvador, Recife, Lima, and Asuncion, and contributions on Los Angeles and Detroit complete the panorama. The editors deliberately draw on contributions from the humanities and social sciences (from scholars in Latin America, North America, and the UK) to underscore the diversity of cultural expressions of Latinos/as in Latin America and the United States. As "snapshots that portray what for a given time and under given circumstances are some of the salient characteristics of urban life in Latino/a America" (p. 11), the volume provides succinct examples of space-time compression and thus the continuous confluence of the global and the local. For instance, in the chapter on Bogota's mass transit project, Hector Fernandez L'Hoeste explains TransMilenio as a template for the consolidation of Colombia's modern national identity. Cultural consumption is addressed in the reimaging of Lima as "a whole city transformed into a scenographic, exotic, and touristic object of consumption" (p. 200). Similarly, Latino nouvelle cuisine in Los Angeles is easily consumable, in essence, edible multiculturalism, digestible for Los Angeles' elites, as Rodolfo Torres and Juan Buriel convincingly argue, with "a certain postcolonial desire ... to possess the Other by symbolic measures in lieu of territorial and geopolitical expansion" (p. 76). Andrea Noble's chapter on the Zapatistas' highly symbolic visit to Mexico City in 1999 (including stops at the National Museum of Anthropology, the Zocalo, and Templo Mayor, all must-see destinations for Mexicans and international visitors alike) highlights the Other within, given the failed attempts at integrating Mexico's indigenous population. …
Relationship of specific coronary lesions and regional left ventricular dysfunction to prognosis in survivors of sudden cardiac death.

Abstract We prospectively evaluated the relationship of specific coronary arterial and left ventricular segments to subsequent clinical outcome in 80 persons who were survivors of sudden cardiac death and had failed conventional antiarrhythmic therapy. There were 68 men and 12 women with an average age of 51 years who were treated with investigational antiarrhythmic agents, randered asymptomatic, and followed for 16 ± 14 (SD) months. At the end of the study 48 patients (60%) were alive and asymptomatic while 32 (40%) had experienced either recurrent syncope (five) or sudden cardiac death (27). The independent relationship of clinical and angiographic variables was performed in a univariate fashion using a Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and then multivariate logistic analysis was used to simultaneously consider all clinical and arteriographic variables. The results reconfirmed the importance of ejection fraction and left ventricular filling pressure on outcome. However, coronary arterial and left ventricular segmental analyses provided additional predictive power. Specifically, the survival outcome was found to be inversely related to the degree of proximal left anterior coronary (LAD) arterial narrowing: at 1 year 90% of patients with minimal LAD narrowing were alive/asymptomatic in contrast with 70% who had partial and 40% who had complete proximal LAD obstruction ( p p
Alterations in the hippocampus of aged mice.

The hippocampus of C57B1/6 mice was examined histologically and electron microscopically. Male and female mice at 3 and 8 months of age and female mice at 16 months of age were studied. PAS positive foci, containing particles 1–2 μ in diameter, were observed in the hippocampal region of 8 and 16 month old mice. These particles were diastase sensitive. Electron microscopically, in similar mice, a vacuolating change was observed in the cytoplasm of perithelial cells (pericytes) in the same area.
Visually guided attention is neutralized when informative cues are visible but unperceived

The ability to voluntarily shift the focus of visual attention away from the focus of gaze was investigated in a novel paradigm designed to elaborate the stages of processing underlying this ability. A basic experimental method used to investigate guided visual attention involves measuring response times to targets presented at positions of which the observer has been informed by an orienting cue. Binocular rivalry was utilized to dissociate presentation of the orienting cue from visual awareness of that cue. The findings indicated that when an informative cue was presented to an eye during the dominance phase, thus reaching visual awareness, manual response times were significantly affected by cue validity. In contrast, when the same cue was presented to an eye during suppression, and thus was not seen by observers, response times were not influenced by cue validity. We conclude that to guide attention, neural signals registering informative visual cues must be processed at stages lying beyond the site of rivalry suppression. Implications for investigating the neural basis of visual attention are discussed.
Engaging the public through writing an op‐ed

In May, prior to the start of the 2012 hurricane season, AGU asked us to write an op-ed for the Houston Chronicle on the importance of funding hurricane research. We were excited to be asked and pleased that AGU facilitated the process by providing us with some guidance on writing the op-ed. Given the impact that Hurricane Ike had in Texas just a few years ago, we felt it was important to remind the citizens of the greater Houston metropolitan area of the societal benefits of funding hurricane research. Thanks to the assistance of AGU staff, writing the article required only a few hours of time. Our op-ed was published in the print edition of the Houston Chronicle on 1 June 2012, the official start of the hurricane season (http://www.chron.com/default/article/Tight-budgets-posing-threat-to-Texas-hurricane-3600363.php). It was picked up by the media relations office in the College of Geosciences at Texas A&M University and featured on the college's Web site in the dean's biweekly briefing and on its Facebook page. As a result, the op-ed reached a large and diverse audience.
Trends in youth reports of sexual solicitations, harassment and unwanted exposure to pornography on the Internet.

Abstract Purpose This study was designed to track trends in reports of unwanted sexual solicitations, harassment, and unwanted exposure to pornography via the Internet between 2000 and 2005 across various demographic sub-groups of youth. Methods Cross-sectional data was collected in two equivalent national telephone surveys of 1500 Internet users, ages 10 through 17 years. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were used to determine whether the percentage of youth reporting specific unwanted Internet experiences had changed in 2005, as compared with 2000. Results The overall incidence and 5-year trends of reporting unwanted sexual solicitations, harassment, and unwanted exposure to pornography varied by age, gender, race, and household income. In particular, the decline in the percentage of youth reporting sexual solicitations was apparent for both boys and girls, all age groups, but not among minority youth and those living in less affluent households. The increase in harassment among particular sub-groups of youth was largely explained by increases in amount of Internet use over the past five years. The increase in unwanted exposure to pornography was particularly apparent among 10- to 12-year-olds, 16- to 17-year-olds, boys, and White, non-Hispanic youth. Conclusions The decline in the percentage of youth reporting sexual solicitations may be the effect of education and law enforcement activity on this issue in the intervening years. Targeted prevention efforts for minority youth and those living in less affluent households need to be developed. The rise in unwanted pornography exposure may reflect technological changes such as digital photography, faster Internet connections and computer storage capacities, as well as the more aggressive marketing strategies of pornography merchants.
A Cellular Automata Model for Exploring the Relation Between Sexual Behaviour and Fertility in Ticks

A model was developed based on the biological observation that in some species the males remove from females the sperm of previous males, and continue to mate even after their sperm are depleted. We evaluated the potential of this behavior as a hypothetical regulatory mechanism in tick populations, using a cellular automata-based stochastic simulation. We determined the effect of varying population density on tick fertility. The larger trends of this simulation were then validated with a deterministic model based on difference equations. Both approaches demonstrated density-dependent regulation of fertility, suggesting that male mating behavior could play a role in regulating population growth.