cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Can Scientific Quality Be Quantified

> “ … The first essential step in the direction of learning any subject is to find principles of numerical reckoning and practicable methods for measuring some quality connected with it. I often say that when you can measure what you are speaking about and express it in numbers, you know something about it; but when you cannot measure it, when you cannot express it in numbers, your knowledge is of a meagre and unsatisfactory kind .” > > —Baron William Thomson Kelvin1 There was a time in the not too distant past when the value of a scientific observation was determined simply by peer response to its communication. Through local lectures, presentations at national and international scientific meetings, and, ultimately, publication, the scientific community became aware of a new finding and assessed its potential importance and impact. Put another way, the quality of a scientific observation was determined by the extent of acclamation of the community within which it took root: Good scientists knew good science when they saw it. Full stop. Article see p 1038 With the advent of the digital revolution, the development of international databases of published articles, and the ready ability to analyze these data sets, things changed. Beginning in the 1950s,1 and cooperatively exploiting their natural tendency to measure phenomena in the world around them, members of the scientific and information communities began to conceive of bibliometric indices that might be used to define the impact of a scientific publication and the journal in which it was published. An initial impetus for developing the first of these parameters, the science citation index,3 was to assist librarians in managing bibliographic control and costs effectively. The citation index quantifies the number of citations a particular publication receives, and this information is used, in turn, to calculate a journal-specific parameter, the journal …
8—Fractured Action—Choking in Sport and its Lessons for Excellence

A minute ago he’d felt fine, or thought he felt fine, but now the possibility of failure had entered his mind, and the difference between possible failure and inevitable failure felt razor slight.C...
Mechanism of iron stimulation of the enzymatic activity of ceruloplasmin.

IT is well established that certain metal ions stimulate the oxidase activity of the copper-containing protein ceruloplasmin with aromatic diamines and diphenols1–4. Using N,N-dimethyl-p-phenylenediamine as substrate, Curzon2 observed stimulation of this activity by several transition metal ions, for example, Fe2+, Ni2+, Zn2+, Co2+ and Fe3+. By far the most active metal ion was Fe2+. Conspicuous by its lack of stimulatory effect was Cu2+. Levine and Peisach4 confirmed Curzon's observation regarding the potent stimulatory effect of Fe2+ but felt that stimulation due to the other metals can be explained in terms of Fe2+ contamination. In further investigations of this phenomenon, Peisach and Levine5 showed that Fe2+ stimulated ceruloplasmin activity when the functional groups of the substrate were para related (for example, p-phenylenediamine (PPD), hydroquinone, but not when the functional groups were ortho related (for example, o-phenylenediamine, catechol). Cu2+, on the other hand, was stimulatory when the functional groups of the substrate were ortho related but not para related. Peisach and Levine proposed that enzyme copper can form either an active complex with the π-electrons of the aromatic ring6 or an inactive complex with the functional groups of the substrate. Metals which stimulated the oxidase activity could act by complexing with the functional groups of the substrate, thus preventing the formation of the inactive enzyme-substrate complex.
Taking antiretroviral therapy for HIV infection: learning from patients' stories.

OBJECTIVE: To describe how people with HIV understand and experience the problem of adhering to antiretroviral medication regimens. DESIGN: We performed a qualitative study based on interviews with HIV-infected patients, including 46 clients of AIDS service organizations, who were sampled according to age, ethnicity, and injection drug use history, and a convenience sample of 15 patients. Interviews were conducted in English or Spanish and were audiotaped and transcribed. PARTICIPANTS: Of 52 respondents who had prescriptions for antiretroviral therapy, 25 were randomly selected for indepth analysis. Of these, 5 reported having an AIDS diagnosis, 15 reported symptoms they attributed to HIV, and 5 reported having no symptoms of HIV disease. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Investigators prepared structured abstracts of interviews to extract adherence-related data. One investigator compared the abstracts with the original transcripts to confirm the interpretations, and used the abstracts to organize and classify the findings. Most subjects (84%) reported recent nonadherent behavior, including ceasing treatment, medication “holidays,” sleeping through doses, forgetting doses, skipping doses due to side effects, and following highly asymmetric schedules. Initially, most reported that they were not significantly nonadherent, and many did not consider their behavior nonadherent. Only a minority clearly understood the possible consequences of missing doses. Most said they had not discussed their nonadherence with their physicians. CONCLUSIONS: Many people rationalize their difficulty in adhering to HIV treatment by deciding that the standard of adherence they can readily achieve is appropriate. Physicians should inquire about adherence-related behavior in specific detail, and ensure that patients understand the consequences of not meeting an appropriate standard.
AMOS: The Tennessee Tech University Library automated acquisitions system

Abstract AMOS (Automated Materials Ordering System) is an online system jointly developed by the Acquisitions Section at Tennessee Tech University Library and the University Computer Center. The system is used for ordering and paying for books, serials, and all formats of media. The system can accommodate processing records for gifts, exchanges, and other items acquired by the library system. AMOS is a stand-alone system and does not interface with other current or projected automated systems.
A simple derivation of Lighthill's heat transfer formula

In the following it will be shown that a simple argument based on the use of the energy integral equation of the laminar boundary layer permits the derivation of a heat transfer formula valid for non-uniform temperature distribution and non-zero pressure gradients. The formula is then shown to be identical in structure with Lighthill's (1950) well-known results. Lighthill obtained his formula by solving the boundary layer equations in the von Mises form using operational methods. An elegant way to obtain the same results using exact similarity consideration was given by Lagerstrom (not yet published). The derivation given here is probably the most simple-minded one and the method may be useful for other applications as well. Furthermore, it is shown that the approach can be slightly modified to permit application of the formula to flow near separation. The latter result is applied to the Falkner-Skan solution for just separating flows and is found to be in excellent agreement with the exact solutions.
Current Build-Up in Avalanche Transistors with Resistance Loads

A transient analysis for the avalanche transistor is carried out through the use of a diffusion model described in terms of charge variables. Basically, the current as a function of time is calculated by taking the gradient of the minority carrier charge stored in the base region. Two methods of approximating the distribution of stored charge are described. Good agreement has been obtained between calculated and experimental results; it is found that the rise time for the resistance-load case is about four times that for a capacitance-load case which produces the same peak current. A practical pulse generator circuit is described in which the resistance load takes the form of a delay-line. The performance of this circuit is compared with that of a capacitance-load relaxation oscillator; while the rise time of the former is longer, the pulse shape is more easily controlled.
A Terrestrial Rain Depolarization Compensation Experiment at 11.7 GHz

Depolarization caused by rain at 11.7 GHz is due to both differential phase shift and attenuation. In dual polarized communications systems it gives rise to interference which may be severe enough to cause an outage even though the allotted fade margin has not been exceeded. Described is a depolarization compensation experiment over a 10 km path with near circular polarization at 11.7 GHz. It made use of a turnstile junction feed system under computer control. Data presented demonstrate the stable performance of the method used during several rain events. At fades below about 15 dB significant isolation improvements were achieved, compared to a fixed cross-polarization channel. Finally, a method using the turnstile is suggested to receive two nonorthogonal signals without interference.
Left-handedness and field-independence

Left-handed persons have been reported to show less field-independence than right-handed persons. Using a large sample of left-handers (96), a replication attempt was made and the opposite result was obtained. Left-handers were found to be more field-independent than right-handers. Results from previous studies were probably due to the use of extremely small samples of left-handers (four and 10). Different instrumentation was ruled out since the Embedded Figures Test and the Group Embedded Figures Test are essentially the same.
A new Stygonitocrella Petkovski (Copepoda: Harpacticoida) from a cave in Northern Mexico with comments on the taxonomy of the genus

The cave-dwelling harpacticoid copepod fauna of Mexico is still yet to be known. There are only a few records related to karstic caves, but most refer to epigean forms. The analysis of samples collected in a cave system in Northern Mexico yielded two female specimens of an unknown harpacticoid copepod species which is described herein. It was assigned to the genus Stygonitocrella Petkovski, 1976 mainly because of the presence of a single endopodal segment on legs 1–4; the new species, S. mexicana n. sp. differs from its congeners by a combination of characters related to the segmentation and armature of the swimming legs 1–4, the fifth leg of the female, and the strcture of the antennae. Based on the current limits of Stygonitocrella, two new subgenera are proposed to recognize different morphological patterns based on the presence or absence of an inner baseoendopodal lobe in the female fifth leg, a character not evaluated before. This lobe is absent in the new species and in other five species now contained in the subgenus Eustygonitocrella. A lobe is present in the new subgenus Fiersiella, also with six species. This is the second record of Stygonitocrella in North America, after S. (Fiersiella) sequoyahi Reid, Hunt & Stanley, 2003; it is the only North American cave-dwelling species of the genus. It is suggested that the influence of marine transgressions in Northern Mexico was related to the origin of the new species as part of a group of troglobitic forms originated from marine interstitial ancestors that colonized the freshwater caves. A key for the identification of all the known species of Stygonitocrella is also provided.
In high responding patients undergoing an initial IVF cycle, elevated estradiol on the day of hCG has no effect on live birth rate.

Background: The impact of elevated estradiol on the day of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) administration on in vitro fertilization (IVF) outcomes has been debated for over 25 years. Some investigators have shown a positive effect, others a negative effect; while most have shown no effect. Few studies have expressed their findings based on live birth. This study examined the relationship between estradiol level and other IVF cycle response parameters in relation to pregnancy, with a focus on live births after controlling for embryo quality. Methods: We performed a retrospective cohort study on 489 patients 4000 pg/ml) to determine how estradiol level on the day of hCG affected response variables during the IVF cycle. We performed a subgroup analysis restricted to patients with good/fair quality embryos transferred (n = 428), to control for embryo quality and assessed pregnancy outcome. The association between estradiol and live birth (LB) was then evaluated after identifying and controlling for confounding factors. Multivariate analysis was used to identify significant main effects and interactions in the model. Estradiol levels were also compared in patients having a LB or not (NLB) in both populations. Results: We found that estradiol was significantly related to + hCG, clinical pregnancy rate, age, and most other IVF cycle response variables. After performing the subgroup analysis controlling for embryo quality, we found that LB rates were not different. Only the main effects of average embryo quality at transfer (AEQS), age and transferring two embryos influenced LB. Estradiol levels were also compared in patients having a LB or NLB in both populations and was found to be higher/not different in LB patients. LB rates and AEQS were also not different in a subgroup of patients having an elevated level of estradiol (>4200 pg/ml) on the day of hCG in patients having embryo transfer on day 3 or day 5.
Why is the AMOC Monostable in Coupled General Circulation Models

AbstractThis paper is concerned with the question: why do coupled general circulation models (CGCM) seem to be biased toward a monostable Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC)? In particular, the authors investigate whether the monostable behavior of the CGCMs is caused by a bias of model surface climatology. First observational literature is reviewed, and it is suggested that the AMOC is likely to be bistable in the real world in the past and present. Then the stability of the AMOC in the NCAR Community Climate System Model, version 3 (CCSM3) is studied by comparing the present-day control simulation (without flux adjustment) with a sensitivity experiment with flux adjustment. It is found that the monostable AMOC in the control simulation is altered to a bistable AMOC in the flux-adjustment experiment because a reduction of the surface salinity biases in the tropical and northern North Atlantic leads to a reduction of the bias of freshwater transport in the Atlantic. In particular, the tropi...
Variations With Age In The Mechanical Properties of Human Skin in Vivo

This article first appeared in Bedsore Biomechanics and is reproduced by kind permission of Palgrave Macmillan, Macmillan Publishers Ltd
Who Shot the Mahatma? Representing Gandhian Politics in Indian Comic Books

Amar Chitra Katha (‘Immortal Picture Stories’) is the leading Indian comic book series, with 440 mythological and historical titles and sales of over 86 million issues. In 1989, after twenty years of publishing success, the producers of this series decided to release two issues on the world-renowned Indian politician and activist, Mahatma Gandhi. But Gandhi, best known for his technique of non-violent civil resistance, presented a formidable challenge: How to depict the Mahatma, paragon of peace and non-violence, in a visual medium that is notorious for its action and violence? This article examines the relationship between text and image in these comics, and draws upon interviews with authors and artists, to better understand the contested memory of Gandhi in India today as well as the contested concept of non-violence.
K103N Mutation in Antiretroviral Therapy—Naive African Patients Infected with HIV Type 1

Most of the information about genetic sequencing and drug susceptibility of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is derived from the study of HIV-1 subtype B. Worldwide, most people infected with HIV-1 are infected with non-subtype B viruses and live in developing countries. We report 3 cases of antiretroviral-naive African immigrants infected with HIV-1 strains possessing the K103N mutation in the reverse transcriptase gene, which confers high-level resistance to all nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors.
Epstein-Barr virus latent membrane protein 2A has no growth-altering effects when expressed in differentiating epithelia.

Previous studies using transgenic mice with B-cell expression of LMP2A demonstrated that LMP2A drives B-cell development and survival signal in the absence of normal B-cell receptor (BCR) signal transduction. To determine if LMP2A may have similar effects in epithelial differentiation, six transgenic murine lines were constructed and analysed with LMP2A expression directed to the epidermis by a keratin 14 (K14) promoter cassette. LMP2A protein expression was verified by immunofluorescence and immunoprecipitation of skin samples using LMP2A-specific antibodies. To evaluate the effects of LMP2A expression on epidermal differentiation, immunofluorescence and histochemistry were performed on tongue and tail samples of transgenic mice and their wild-type littermate controls using differentially expressed keratins. The analysis indicated that LMP2A does not alter the normal epithelial differentiation program in the epithelia of K14–LMP2A transgenic mice.
Laser Gyro Dither Random Noise

The error angle created when an alternating bias is used to bias the laser gyre is given for different operating conditions. These conditions are defined by the time required to reverse the biase angle by one count. 1. Slow dither--where the time for reversal is long (i.e., greater than a "characteristic time" of the inverse of the lock-in frequency). 2. Fast dither--where the frequency and reversal rates of the gyro bias are very high (i.e., the time for reversal of a count is less than the "characteristic time"). 3. Very fast dither--where the reversal of the bias rate is virtually instantaneous (less than the time for one count, i.e., 1/F output). This is referred to as square wave dither.
CLT1 Targets Bladder Cancer through Integrin α5β1 and CLIC3

High grade non-muscle invasive bladder cancer is commonly treated with Bacillus Calmette-Guerin, an immunotherapeutic that depends on fibronectin and tumor cell integrin α5β1 for internalization into bladder cancer cells. We previously demonstrated that the anti-angiogenic peptide CLT1 forms cytotoxic complexes with fibronectin that are cooperatively internalized into proliferating endothelium through ligation of integrins and chloride intracellular channel 1. While CLT1 has no effect on mature, differentiated cells, we show here that CLT1 is highly cytotoxic for a panel of bladder tumor cell lines as well as a variety of cell lines derived from kidney, lung, breast and prostate cancer. Paralleling our previous results, we found CLT1-induced tumor cell death to be increased in the presence of fibronectin, which mediated CLT1 internalization and subsequent autophagic cell death in a mechanism that depends on tumor cell integrin α5β1 and chloride intracellular channel 3 (CLIC3). This mechanistic link was further supported by our results showing upregulation of α5β1 and CLIC3 in CLT1-responsive tumor cell lines and co-localization with CLT1 in tumor tissues. Incubating tumor tissue from bladder cancer patients with fluorescein-conjugated CLT1 resulted in a strong and specific fluorescence while normal bladder tissue remained negative. Based on its affinity for bladder tumor tissue and strong anti-tumor effects, we propose that CLT1 could be useful for targeting bladder cancer.
Owning it or Feeling it? Blame and Remorse in the Wake of Failure

In the wake of negative organizational events, research directs the involved actors to apologize. However, apologies often communicate two, distinct messages: responsibility (they take blame) and regret (they express remorse). Though theoretically and practically distinguishable, taking blame and expressing remorse, independently, have not received much research attention. This leaves an important gap, as organizational actors often do one without the other. My research compares the effectiveness of the two statements following a collective failure. Consistent with hypotheses, Study 1 revealed a preference for blame-taking and documented a reason: taking blame demonstrated more character than expressions of remorse did. Study 2 replicated these effects in a behavioral setting; it also documented a limit: taking blame was less helpful for intentional, versus unintentional, failures. Overall, this research sheds the first light on an important difference between taking blame and expressing remorse. Following a collective failure, people appear to hold a fairly strong preference for blame-taking.
Lights and lasers for acne

Acne is one of the most common dermatological conditions. It can be psychologically devastating and impact quality of life. The use of lasers and lights to treat acne has increased dramatically in the past decade due to its efficacy and minimal side effects. This chapter presents an overview of the use of lights and lasers to treat acne.
Business Information Visualization: Guidelines for Research and Practice

Business Information Visualization is a relatively new field and has just started to gain researchers' and practitioners' attention. Similar to Scientific Visualization and Information Visualization, it is intended to consider human cognition and perception characteristics and provide insight into data by computer generated visual representations. However, owing to the nature of business data, Business Information Visualization faces special challenges such as dealing with non-geometric data and incorporating human problem-solving processes. In research and practice, there is a need to understand the specific challenges of visualizing business data and the procedures of how to do it. This paper gives a brief overview of the history and development of Business Information Visualization. It then presents a methodology for developing business information visualization systems to enhance human problem solving and decision-making. This methodology includes one proposition, three technical challenges, and four stages in a visualization model. The author then presented a visualization system where this methodology is applied. Finally, the author discusses several issues that researchers and practitioners need to face.
Age Is Not a Prognostic Variable With Autotransplants for Multiple Myeloma

Multiple myeloma (MM) typically afflicts elderly patients with a median age of 65 years. However, while recently shown to provide superior outcome to standard treatment, high-dose therapy (HDT) has usually been limited to patients up to 65 years. Among 550 patients with MM and a minimum follow-up of 18 months, 49 aged >/=65 years were identified (median age, 67; range, 65 to 76 years). Their outcome was compared with 49 younger pair mates (median, 52; range, 37 to 64 years) selected among the remaining 501 younger patients ( 5 x 10(6)/kg) were available in 83% of younger and 73% of older patients (P =.2). After HDT, hematopoietic recovery to critical levels of granulocytes (>500/microL) and of platelets (>50,000/microL) proceeded at comparable rates among younger and older subjects with both first and second HDT. The frequency of extramedullary toxicities was comparable. Treatment-related mortality with the first HDT cycle was 2% in younger and 8% among older subjects, whereas no mortality was encountered with the second transplant procedure. Comparing younger/older subjects, median durations of event-free and overall survival were 2.8/1.5 years (P =.2) and 4.8/3.3 years (P =.4). Multivariate analysis showed pretransplant cytogenetics and beta2-microglobulin levels as critical prognostic features for both event-free and overall survival, whereas age was insignificant for both endpoints (P =.2/.8). Thus, age is not a biologically adverse parameter for patients with MM receiving high-dose melphalan-based therapy with peripheral blood stem cell support and, hence, should not constitute an exclusion criterion for participation in what appears to be superior therapy for symptomatic MM.
Where Is International Relations Going? Evidence from Graduate Training

Recent debates about the state of International Relations (IR) raise the possibility that the field is losing its theoretical innovativeness due to professional incentives to churn out publications. Yet the claims made about IR far outstrip the availability of empirical data. Important assertions derive from a handful of examples rather than systematic evidence. This paper presents an investigation of what gets taught to doctoral students of IR in the United States. I find, among other things, that the type of research most frequently published in IR journals differs in systematic ways from the type of research taught to graduate students. In turn, this raises important questions such as whether certain types of valuable research face a relative disadvantage when it comes to getting published in the first place. The evidence also points to the partial separation of IR from Political Science in the United States. Further, it casts doubt on the growing practice of using Google Scholar to measure research influence. A new metric, which I call the Training Influence Score (TIS), supports the analysis.
High Harmonic Generation in Ultraintense Laser Fields

As the intensity of the laser field increases beyond 3 1016 W/cm2, the Lorentz force deflects the electron forward, reducing rescattering flux through the ion. At 1017 W/cm2, this eliminates recombination and high harmonic generation.
Formation Parameter Applied to Flat Plates and Insects

The formation parameter concept has been applied to insects using simplifying assumptions, and subsequently used to describe the flow around a flat plate with a sinusoidal velocity profile. 1) The formation parameter was applied to 49 species of insect and was found to yield a formation number of roughly 4 when normalized by span instead of chord, indicating a preference for the spanwise direction in the importance of vortex form ation in insects. Conclusions drawn from the parametric study require further investigation. 2) A DPIV study was conducted on the formation parameter for a stainless steel flat plate with a s inusoidal velocity profile. The formation number was found to be in the range of 0.5 to 1 for a flap ping Reynolds number of 2300. Physical specifications of the flat plate were an aspect rat io of 6 and thickness to chord ratio of 3.125%.
Low Temperature Magnetic Properties of Some New High-Pressure Perovskite Phases of Iron II: Observation of Novel Slow Paramagnetic Relaxation in CaFe2Ti2O6 and CaFe3Ti4O12

Results of iron-5 7 Mossbauer spectroscopy and ac and dc susceptibility study of the double perovskite phases, CaFeTi2O6 (A) and CaFe3Ti4O12 (B) are presented. Both phases exhibit spectral broadening effects with decreasing temperature and incipient magnetic hyperfine splitting attributable to novel slow paramagnetic relaxation at the tetrahedral and square planar sites of (A) and the square planar sites of (B). The temperature dependence of magnetic moment for (A) corresponds to classical single ion zero field splitting, while that of (B) indicates antiferromagnetic exchange interactions. There is no evidence of cooperative long range magnetic order in these materials.
Fractional Zinc Absorption for Men, Women, and Adolescents Is Overestimated in the Current Dietary Reference Intakes

Background The fractional zinc absorption values used in the current Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) for zinc were based on data from published studies. However, the inhibitory effect of phytate was underestimated because of the low phytate content of the diets in the studies used. Objective The objective of this study was to estimate the fractional absorption of dietary zinc from the US diet by using 2 published algorithms. Methods Nutrient intake data were obtained from the NHANES 2009-2010 and the corresponding Food Patterns Equivalents Database. Data were analyzed with the use of R software by taking into account the complex survey design. The International Zinc Nutrition Consultative Group (IZiNCG; Brown et al. Food Nutr Bull 2004;25:S99-203) and Miller et al. (Br J Nutr 2013;109:695-700) models were used to estimate zinc absorption. Results Geometric means (95% CIs) of zinc absorption for all subjects were 30.1% (29.9%, 30.2%) or 31.3% (30.9%, 31.6%) with the use of the IZiNCG model and Miller et al. model, respectively. For men, women, and adolescents, absorption values obtained in this study with the use of the 2 models were 27.2%, 31.4%, and 30.1%, respectively, for the IZiNCG model and 28.0%, 33.0%, and 31.6%, respectively, for the Miller et al. model, compared with the 41%, 48%, and 40%, respectively, used in the current DRIs. For preadolescents, estimated absorption values (31.1% and 32.8% for the IZiNCG model and Miller et al. model, respectively) compare well with the conservative estimate of 30% used in the DRIs. When the new estimates of zinc absorption were applied to the current DRI values for men and women, the results suggest that the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) and RDA for these groups need to be increased by nearly one-half of the current values in order to meet their requirements for absorbed zinc. Conclusions These data suggest that zinc absorption is overestimated for men, women, and adolescents in the current DRI. Upward adjustments of the DRI for these groups are recommended.
16th Lenna Frances Cooper Memorial Lecture Quality and standards— the dietitian’s heritage

What have been some of the milestones in the history of dietetics, as dietitians have sought to discharge their responsibilities of defining and maintaining quality and professional standards?
Recovering Shakespeare's Theatrical Vocabulary: The vocabulary of “place”

“Enter Seldome and Grace working as in their shop” Field, Amends for Ladies , 2.1.o.s.d. “Enter Geraldine as in his study reading” Cooke, Greene's Tu Quoque , B4V To concentrate upon the many stage directions that invoke a theatrical as [ if ] is to bring into focus some fruitful questions and problems. Among the most challenging is how “place” or locale was signaled in the original productions. For centuries, readers of Shakespeare's plays have conjured up images in the theatres of their minds of famous moments linked to specific places (so who knows not “the Balcony Scene” or “the Forum Scene”?). Few of those readers, however, are aware of how little evidence has survived about the presentation of such places at the Globe. Admittedly, Elizabethan dramatists and players often did call attention to distinctive locales as significant parts of their narratives, so that the extant manuscripts and printed texts regularly direct figures to enter in prison, in the shop , or in his study . To determine how such effects were actually implemented, however, is no easy matter. The varying formulations, moreover, can have significant implications for the interpretation of Shakespeare's plays. Why is “place” such a problem for the historian or interpreter? One reason (as noted in chapter 7) is a product of the limited resources available in a “minimalist” theatre that lacked variable lighting, elaborate sets, and a fourth wall convention.
The Square Root Information Increment Ensemble Filter

Abstract A new type of ensemble filter is developed, one that stores and updates its state information in an efficient square root information filter form. It addresses two shortcomings of conventional ensemble Kalman filters: the coarse characterization of random forecast model error effects and the overly optimistic approximation of the estimation error statistics. The new filter uses an assumed a priori covariance approximation that is full rank but sparse, possibly with a dense low-rank increment. This matrix can be used to develop a nominal square root information equation for the system state and uncertainty. The measurements are used to develop an additional low-rank square root information equation. New algorithms provide forecasts and analyses of these increments at a computational cost comparable to that of existing ensemble Kalman filters. Model error effects are implicit in the a priori covariance time history, thereby obviating one of the reasons for including an inflation operation. The use ...
Identifying Key Elements to Inform the Development of an HIV Health Behavior Maintenance Intervention.

Purpose:To collect information that will inform the development of an intervention to support the maintenance of HIV-related health-promoting behaviors.Design:Focused, in-depth individual and group...
The effect of cover dance on physical fitness in adolescents

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of cover dance on physical fitness in routine cover dance practice adolescents. Methods: Sixty-four healthy adolescents, aged 15-24 years were recruited from Phayao Province. Participants were divided into two groups: cover dance group (n=32) and non-cover dance group (n=32). Their physical fitness components including percent body fat, muscular flexibility, muscular strength, muscular endurance and cardiovascular endurance were measured. The group differences for physical fitness components were analyzed by Independent samples t-test. Results: There were no significant differences between two groups ( p >0.05) for all physical fitness components. Conclusion: Routine cover dance practices among adolescent participants did not promote physical fitness, although cover dance practices were at least 40 minutes per day, 3 days a week period. This might be explained that characteristic of routine cover dance practices in adolescent participants in Phayao province had no warm up phase as well as short movement and discontinued pattern. Bull Chiang Mai Assoc Med Sci 2016; 49(1): 100-105
Cerebrovascular response to arousal from NREM and REM sleep.

SLEEP DISORDERED BREATHING IS ASSOCIATED WITH ELEVATED ARTERIAL PRESSURE AND AN INCREASED RISK OF STROKE1,2; THIS INCREASED RISK MAY be related to changes in the regulation of cerebral blood flow. Numerous factors contribute to cerebral blood flow regulation, among them cerebral metabolism, arterial carbon dioxide tension, and cerebral perfusion pressure.3–5 Sleep state has profound direct and indirect effects on cerebral hemodynamics. Several studies using a variety of methods (transcranial Doppler ultrasonography,133 Xe inhalation, and single-photon emission computerized tomography) have shown a reduction in cerebral blood flow during NREM sleep and an increase during REM sleep as compared to the awake state in healthy persons.1,6–13 Arousal from sleep, per se, causes abrupt hemodynamic and respiratory changes characterized by increases in sympathetic nervous system activity, blood pressure, heart rate,14 and ventilation.15,16 Moreover, arousal from sleep accentuates the hemodynamic changes produced by upper airway obstruction.17 Although changes in cerebral blood flow associated with arousal12 and with spontaneous theta-alpha transitions during the sleep onset period18 have been characterized, the interaction of hemodynamic, ventilatory, and cerebrovascular responses to arousal from stable sleep has not been rigorously studied thus far. In this study we investigated arousal-induced changes in cerebral blood flow velocity (CBFV) in healthy young adults. In addition, we investigated the temporal relationships among the cerebrovascular, ventilatory, and systemic hemodynamic perturbations associated with arousal from NREM and REM sleep.
Integration of Clinical Practice, Research, Innovation, and Education

Development of successful modern aortic programs requires significant integration of clinical practice, research, innovation, and education. Collaboration between multiple specialties, engineers, and industry is needed to identify areas of clinical need based on assessment of institutional and reported experiences. Improvements in a treatment modality or a particular device are only possible with collaboration of a dedicated team. This is well illustrated by the experience and legacy of Roy Greenberg. This chapter summarizes the evolution of Dr. Greenberg’s experience at the Cleveland Clinic and how his legacy affected development of aortic programs worldwide.
Roles of the water court and the state engineer for water administration in Colorado

Colorado manages water using an administrative structure that is unique among the United States following the doctrine of prior appropriation: Water rights are adjudicated not by the State Engineer, but by Water Courts – separate from and operating in parallel to the criminal and civil courts – established specifically for this purpose. Fundamental to this system is the notion that water rights are property, with consequent protections under the U.S. Constitution, but with the significant constraint that changes in water rights must not injure other water rights, either more senior or more junior. Population growth and climate change will certainly trigger changes in water administration, to be guided by the recent Colorado Water Plan. To provide the foundation necessary to appreciate these changes, this paper reviews the history of Colorado water administration and summarizes the complementary roles of the Water Courts and the State Engineer. Understanding water administration in Colorado depends on a firm grasp on how these two branches of state government formulate and implement water policy.
Perindopril arginine and amlodipine besylate for hypertension: a safety evaluation

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Controlling blood pressure is a global health priority; single-pill antihypertensive combinations may improve adherence, persistence, and outcomes.Areas covered: A novel combination of perindopril arginine and amlodipine besylate was recently approved. A systematic review of the literature revealed its most common adverse effects as: peripheral edema (depending on the dose of amlodipine, but attenuated by perindopril), cough, dizziness and hypotension. Dose-dependent hyperkalemia, impairment of renal function (especially in renovascular hypertension), angioedema, and teratogenicity were derived from experience with other ACE-inhibitors.Expert opinion: Substantial clinical trial experience with amlodipine or perindopril suggests that these two agents effectively lower blood pressure, and can reduce the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events, as in the Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial. The incidence of adverse effects reported in clinical trials is lower than expected, li...
Fallacia californica sp. nov. (Bacillariophyta), a new freshwater diatom species from streams in California, USA

Small naviculoid diatoms remain largely taxonomically unexplored in the United States, due to the inability for clear differentiation of unique characteristics under light microscope magnification during routine identification. In a recent study of benthic stream diatoms from California and as a part of taxonomy data quality assurance and quality control process it became evident that taxonomic reevaluation of a common Fallacia species is needed. A new small-celled Fallacia species is described here and compared to similar taxa. Nomenclatural and ecological discussions, based on historical and current literature, are presented for each taxon. Type materials were consulted for taxonomic evaluation and comparison. The new taxon is described with light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Fallacia californica could be distinguished from other small Fallacia species with coarse areolae by the unique combination of following features: 1) distinct lyre-shaped sternum, 2) asymmetrical central area, and 3) variable central striae with one to four inner areolae absent, and unilateral gap between the central striae on the mantle. The new freshwater species was distributed in warm alkaline waters with medium conductivity and elevated nutrients content.The majority of populations have been recorded in coastal streams, where they could be abundant, but the species could be scattered in other inland running waters as well.
SINUS OF VALSALVA ANEURYSMS: 20-YEAR CLEVELAND CLINIC EXPERIENCE

Sinus of Valsalva aneurysms (SVAs) are rare. We assessed the contemporary management outcomes for this rare condition. Retrospective analysis of 103 patients diagnosed with SVAs at our center from January 1997 to June 2017, by chart review. 103 patients included, mean age 56 years (69% male). Co-
Non Stationary Geostatistics

In geostatistics, variables are often classified as “stationary” or “non stationary”. The latter refers to variables which show a definite trend in space, such as the direction of the hydraulic gradient, for hydraulic heads in an aquifer. In (10), the method of simple kriging for stationary hydrologic variables is presented. In this chapter, universal kriging and the use of generalized covariances of order k are summarized, for the estimation of non stationary hydrologic variables, with one example of application.
Treatment Success: Association With Patient Baseline, Program Elements, and In-treatment Process

After it had been found that the six methadone maintenance programs were effective in markedly reducing intravenous drug use, crime, and other deviant behavior among patients who remained in treatment, the question arose as to how this successful outcome came about. Was success due to particular patient baseline characteristics that antedated treatment? Was it due to general program characteristics or to specific treatment services provided? Was successful outcome primarily a function of patients’ length of stay in treatment? Finding answers to these and related questions involved ascertaining why methadone maintenance treatment is effective. It was evident that these specific questions could be addressed only within a comprehensive evaluation framework and that the answers were likely to be interrelated. Thus it was necessary to determine the relative effect of both patient and treatment domain variables as well as such factors as retention in treatment and the effect of long-term stay.
Changing Strategies for Training Military Units

New technologies and methods are emerging for training military units. The promise of simulation technologies is discussed as an element of a family of effective training methods. Historically, unit training has been provided through a mixture of small-unit drills and periodic field exercises. However, a new variety of threats, an increasing need for rapid deployment, and the availability of more capable equipment make operational and related training requirements more complex. At the same time, there will be fewer resources in the future: the size of the force will be reduced, budgets will decrease, and range and maneuver facilities will fall short of needs. The question addressed in this chapter is how training can meet a changing threat and the need for operational readiness.
Real-Time Optimal Energy Management Controller for Electric Vehicle Integration in Workplace Microgrid

Electric vehicles (EVs) that are connected to the charging station of a parking lot in a workplace can be considered as potential power sources. These EVs can be operated in both grid-to-vehicle (G2V) and vehicle-to-grid (V2G) modes of power transfer. However, an intelligent energy management (EM) controller is required for providing optimal schedule for V2G and G2V modes of operation. This paper proposes a real-time optimal EM controller for EV to grid integration for workplace microgrid system. In this proposed EM scheme, charging and discharging of EV battery are scheduled by forecasting the EV travel pattern using random forest methodology. In addition, the EM scheme is designed as optimization problem that utilizes this predicted EV travel data to minimize the cost energy consumption at the workplace. The EM scheme is developed by considering economic benefits to both the EV owner and the workplace. The EM controller is developed using Java Agent Development framework, and it is tested with real-world data in real-time simulation testbed. The real-time testbed is developed by interfacing two Typhoon hardware-in-loop units emulating two EV batteries, and real-time digital simulator emulating the grid-side power network.
Omega-6 vegetable oils as a driver of coronary heart disease: the oxidized linoleic acid hypothesis

The intake of omega-6 vegetable oils, particularly soybean oil, began to increase in the USA starting in the early 1900s at a time when the consumption of butter and lard was on the decline.1 This caused a more than two-fold increase in the intake of linoleic acid, the main omega-6 polyunsaturated fat found in vegetable oils, which now makes up around 8% to 10% of total energy intake in the Western world. The omega-6 fat linoleic acid should not be confused with conjugated linoleic acid found in pastured animal foods. A systematic review of studies measuring the changes in linoleic acid concentration in subcutaneous adipose tissue in the USA revealed an approximate 2.5-fold increase in linoleic acid increasing from 9.1% to 21.5% from 1959 to 2008.2 Importantly, the concentration of linoleic acid in adipose tissue is a reliable marker of intake as the half-life of linoleic acid is approximately 2 years in adipose tissue. The authors of the study also noted that the increase in adipose tissue linoleic paralleled the increase in the prevalence of diabetes, obesity and asthma.2 The amount of linoleic acid in adipose tissue, but also in platelets, is additionally positively associated with coronary artery disease (CAD), whereas long-chain omega-3 (eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)) levels in platelets are inversely related to CAD.3 This provides rather compelling evidence that omega-3s protect whereas omega-6 linoleic acid promotes heart disease. Importantly, the increased consumption of omega-6 polyunsaturated fat linoleic acid can reduce omega-3 in the body as it competes with the alpha-linolenic acid for metabolism to longer chain polyunsaturated fats. It has been known for decades that linoleic acid, as a percentage of total fatty acids in lipids, is reduced in patients with CAD, and this has been used as an argument to …
Disparities in Hepatitis B Virus Infection and Immunity Among New York City Asian American Patients, 1997 to 2017.

Objectives. To measure disparities in hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and immunity among a high-risk patient population at a community health center in New York City.Methods. We performed a retro...
Influence of Future Possible Selves on Outcome Expectancies, Intended Behavior, and Academic Performance.

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether contact with future possible selves impacts individuals’ outcome expectancies, intended behaviors, and long-term outcomes with regard to academi...
A diabolical plaything: empty signifiers and the construction of Francoism’s long-lasting historical myth in Spain

This article examines the construction of the most influential myth crafted by the Spanish dictatorship during its last decades. Through its metaphorical construction of the word “development” (des...
A Review of Weed Management Challenges in Organic Peanut Production

ABSTRACT Organic peanut production is a high-risk cropping system, largely due to difficulties in managing weeds using methods acceptable for certified-organic production. In contrast with conventi...