cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
International Students’ Social Network: Network Mapping to Gage Friendship Formation and Student Engagement on Campus

Addressing the importance of international student engagement on campus and creating friendships with host-country nationals during their time abroad, this small-scale study explores the question of, “Are there trends in how or through what means international students are making connections with co-national, multi-national, or host-national students?” Semistructured, qualitative interviews, data collection, social network analysis and a data-representative social network diagram were used to explore this question. Understanding these trends can help with developing student programming that encourages friendship making, cross-cultural workshops, or even provide the foundation and reasoning to strengthen support systems for international students.
Examining the Use of Spacing Effect to Increase the Efficiency of Incremental Rehearsal.

Incremental rehearsal (IR) is a highly effective intervention that uses high repetition and a high ratio of known to unknown items with linearly spaced known items between the new items. It has been hypothesized that narrowly spaced practice would result in quick learning, whereas items that are widely spaced would result in longer-term retention. The current study examined the effect of spacing by teaching vocabulary words to 36 fourth-grade students. Each student was randomly assigned to a widely spaced IR condition (i.e., one unknown item, one known item, one unknown item, two known items, one unknown item, three known items, and an increase in the number of known items presented each time by one) or an IR condition in which spacing increased exponentially (IR-Exp; i.e., one unknown item, one known item, one unknown item, two known items, one unknown item, four known items, and one unknown item, eight known items). The results indicated that the students in the study retained twice as much information with the widely spaced IR than with the IR-Exp condition, but the latter required half as much time. IR and IR-Exp were equally efficient, but IR continues to be superior to all other flashcard approaches in improving retention.
The blended librarian: A blueprint for redefining the teaching and learning role of academic librarians

Face aux forces externes qui marginalisent le bibliothecaire academique, la possibilite de redefinir son role dans l'enseignement superieur repose sur la capacite collective a integrer les services et les pratiques dans le processus d'enseignement et d'apprentissage, autour du concept de bibliothecaire mixte. Le bibliothecaire mixte combine les competences traditionnelles de la bibliotheconomie avec les connaissances en materiel et logiciel du technologue de l'information et les capacites du concepteur instructionnel a appliquer les technologies au processus d'apprentissage de facon appropriee.
What distribution function do life cycle inventories follow

Life cycle inventory (LCI) results are often assumed to follow a lognormal distribution, while a systematic study that identifies the distribution function that best describes LCIs has been lacking. This paper aims to find the distribution function that best describes LCIs using Ecoinvent v3.1 database using a statistical approach, called overlapping coefficient analysis. Monte Carlo simulation is applied to characterize the distribution of aggregate LCIs. One thousand times of simulated LCI results are generated based on the unit process-level parametric uncertainty information, from each of which 1000 randomly chosen data points are extracted. The 1 million data points extracted undergo statistical analyses including Shapiro-Wilk normality test and the overlapping coefficient analysis. The overlapping coefficient is a measure used to determine the shared area between the distribution of the simulated LCI results and three possible distribution functions that can potentially be used to describe them including lognormal, gamma, and Weibull distributions. Shapiro-Wilk normality test for 1000 samples shows that average p value of log-transformed LCI results is 0.18 at 95 % confidence level, accepting the null hypothesis that LCI results are lognormally distributed. The overlapping coefficient analysis shows that lognormal distribution best describes the distribution of LCI results. The average of overlapping coefficient (OVL) for lognormal distribution is 95 %, while that for gamma and Weibull distributions are 92 and 86 %, respectively. This study represents the first attempt to calculate the stochastic distributions of the aggregate LCIs covering the entire Ecoinvent 3.1 database. This study empirically shows that LCIs of Ecoinvent 3.1 database indeed follow a lognormal distribution. This finding can facilitate more efficient storage and use of uncertainty information in LCIs and can reduce the demand for computational power to run Monte Carlo simulation, which currently relies on unit process-level uncertainty data.
Drawing Conclusions Hypothesis Testing

In 1988 ( July 28) The New York Times carried a story on people’s knowledge of geography. The article described a study commissioned by The National Geographic Society and carried out by the Gallup Organization in which the researchers asked a large number of people in random samples from different countries to identify 16 locations (13 countries, Central America, the Persian Gulf, and the Pacific Ocean) on a world map. The researchers added up the number of correct identifications (from 0 to 16) each person made.
Emergency Department Urinary Antibiograms Differ by Specific Patient Group

Patients presenting to the emergency department (ED) represent a heterogeneous population comprised of all ages, various backgrounds, such as from the community and skilled-nursing facilities (SNFs), and at various risks for resistant pathogens. The aim of this study was to compare patient group-specific urinary antibiograms in the ED. Adults presented to the ED with an ICD 9/10 code urinary tract infection (UTI) diagnosis during July 2015 to June 2016 were randomly selected (n = 500) to extract relevant demographic, laboratory, and clinical data from the medical record. Urinary Escherichia coli antibiograms were compared between institutional versus ED and among ED patients (male versus female; age of 18 to 64 years versus ≥65 years; female aged 18 to 50 years versus >50 years; home versus SNF; and admitted versus discharged). E. coli grew from 56% (145/259) of the positive urine cultures. Overall ciprofloxacin (CIP), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (SXT), and cefazolin (CFZ) susceptibilities were 50 years (32% versus 52% [P = 0.04]; 78% versus 93% [P = 0.02]), lower CIP susceptibilities in the elderly (64% versus 81%; P = 0.03), SNF versus home (35% versus 77%; P 80% susceptibility in all groups. Patient group-specific urinary antibiograms revealed distinct differences in E. coli susceptibility and should be developed to better inform empirical UTI therapy selection in the ED.
From Play to Peril: A Historical Examination of Media Coverage of Accidental Shootings Involving Children*

Objectives To examine how firearms-related incidents are defined as social problems versus personal tragedies. This is achieved by examining a case of gun violence where the actors immediately involved are apparently blameless: child-involved accidental firearms deaths and injuries. Specifically, we examine changing narratives of these incidents from the mid-19th century to the present. Methods A database of 314 New York Times articles on child-involved accidental shootings from the mid-1800s to the present day was compiled and analyzed using Atlas.ti. Results Our content analysis shows that despite declining prevalence and coverage over time, these incidents were increasingly framed as social problems through narratives of criminalization and responsibilization. These discursive frameworks differ in how they allocate blame and advance appropriate social responses to child-involved shootings. First, “criminalization” involves a police response to both the child shooter and, especially after the 1911 promulgation of New York's Sullivan Act requiring a license for concealable firearms, to adult custodians. Second, “responsibilization” allocates responsibility for the proper management of guns to adults at home (since the 1970s) as well as to society at large (since the 1980s) within a discourse that frames child-involved accidental shootings as indicative of broader social disorder. Conclusions Narratives of child-involved shootings reflect a broader social transformation of accidents into public problems that occurred in the 20th century. As such, the results provide insight into both the contemporary gun debate and the moral valuation of children.
Writing posthumanism, qualitative enquiry and early literacy:

This paper was written in the midst of enquiry – provoked by the question of what happens when we write posthumanism, qualitative enquiry and early literacy together. Rather than offer a stable met...
Initial Outcomes from a Multicenter Study Utilizing the Indego Powered Exoskeleton in Spinal Cord Injury

Objective: To assess safety and mobility outcomes utilizing the Indego powered exoskeleton in indoor and outdoor walking conditions with individuals previously diagnosed with a spinal cord injury (SCI). Methods: We conducted a multicenter prospective observational cohort study in outpatient clinics associated with 5 rehabilitation hospitals. A convenience sample of nonambulatory individuals with SCI (N = 32) completed an 8-week training protocol consisting of walking training 3 times per week utilizing the Indego powered exoskeleton in indoor and outdoor conditions. Participants were also trained in donning/doffing the exoskeleton during each session. Safety measures such as adverse events (AEs) were monitored and reported. Time and independence with donning/doffing the exoskeleton as well as walking outcomes to include the 10-meter walk test (10MWT), 6-minute walk test (6MWT), Timed Up & Go test (TUG), and 600-meter walk test were evaluated from midpoint to final evaluations. Results: All 32 participants completed the training protocol with limited device-related AEs, which resulted in no interruption in training. The majority of participants in this trial were able to don and doff the Indego independently. Final walking speed ranged from 0.19 to 0.55 m/s. Final average indoor and outdoor walking speeds among all participants were 0.37 m/s (SD = 0.08, 0.09, respectively), after 8 weeks of training. Significant (p < .05) improvements were noted between midpoint and final gait speeds in both indoor and outdoor conditions. Average walking endurance also improved among participants after training. Conclusion: The Indego was shown to be safe for providing upright mobility to 32 individuals with SCIs who were nonambulatory. Improvements in speed and independence were noted with walking in indoor and outdoor conditions as well as with donning/doffing the exoskeleton.
Accelerating 3D-T1ρ mapping of cartilage using compressed sensing with different sparse and low rank models.

Purpose To evaluate the feasibility of using compressed sensing (CS) to accelerate 3D-T1ρ mapping of cartilage and to reduce total scan times without degrading the estimation of T1ρ relaxation times. Methods Fully sampled 3D-T1ρ datasets were retrospectively undersampled by factors 2-10. CS reconstruction using 12 different sparsifying transforms were compared, including finite differences, temporal and spatial wavelets, learned transforms using principal component analysis (PCA) and K-means singular value decomposition (K-SVD), explicit exponential models, low rank and low rank plus sparse models. Spatial filtering prior to T1ρ parameter estimation was also tested. Synthetic phantom (n = 6) and in vivo human knee cartilage datasets (n = 7) were included. Results Most CS methods performed satisfactorily for an acceleration factor (AF) of 2, with relative T1ρ error lower than 4.5%. Some sparsifying transforms, such as spatiotemporal finite difference (STFD), exponential dictionaries (EXP) and low rank combined with spatial finite difference (L+S SFD) significantly improved this performance, reaching average relative T1ρ error below 6.5% on T1ρ relaxation times with AF up to 10, when spatial filtering was used before T1ρ fitting, at the expense of smoothing the T1ρ maps. The STFD achieved 5.1% error at AF = 10 with spatial filtering prior to T1ρ fitting. Conclusion Accelerating 3D-T1ρ mapping of cartilage with CS is feasible up to AF of 10 when using STFD, EXP or L+S SFD regularizers. These three best CS methods performed satisfactorily on synthetic phantom and in vivo knee cartilage for AFs up to 10, with T1ρ error of 6.5%.
Secure Array Synthesis in Multipath Channels

While conventional antenna array synthesis determines the beamforming weights that create a specified antenna radiation pattern, secure array synthesis formulates the beamforming weights that enhance security for wireless transmission of sensitive data. This paper focuses on creating beamformers that improve the generation of secret encryption keys based on bidirectional estimation of the reciprocal electromagnetic propagation channel between two radios. The technique uses semidefinite programming to determine the array weights that maximize the average secure key rate under a constraint on the total transmit power. The numerical implementation of the technique incorporates array mutual coupling, and the results demonstrate that the technique outperforms a conventional beamforming solution, with the improvement becoming significant for certain channel correlation conditions.
A volume-sensitive chloride conductance in human colonic cell line T84

The chloride-secreting colonic cell line, T84, was studied under whole cell patch clamp with Cl as the permeant ion in pipette and bath solutions. Transmembrane current was initially small (approximately 50 pA at +100 mV) but increased steadily to average values of 1-3 nA within 5-10 min. The development of this current was associated with visible cell swelling, either without a shape change or with membrane blebbing. Basal, preswelling current levels were restored by the addition of 50-75 mM sucrose to the bath or when pipette osmolality was reduced by an equivalent amount. These findings suggest that an isosmotic pipette filling solution behaves as if it is hypertonic by approximately 60 mosmol/kgH2O to the bath. Currents traversing the swelling-induced conductance were outwardly rectified and showed activation at hyperpolarizing voltages and inactivation at depolarizing voltages. They were Cl selective because the reversal potential for current flow approached the Cl equilibrium potential when bath [Cl] was varied. Under nonswelling conditions (bath solution, 300 mosmol/kgH2O; pipette solution, 240 mosmol/kgH2O), single-channel steps (approximately 9 pA at +100 mV) could be resolved. The single-channel characteristics were similar to the macroscopic currents recorded from swollen cells, showing inactivation at positive voltages and an outwardly rectified current-voltage relation. Summation of these single-channel events yielded currents that were similar to those from swollen cells, implying that activation of multiple channels with these properties is the basis of the swelling-induced Cl conductance. This volume-sensitive Cl conductance would contribute to a regulatory volume decrease when T84 cells swell. Its relation to the secretory Cl conductance in these cells is unknown.
Abstract 235: Hypoxia Enhanced Delivery of Mitochondria-Targeted Catalase Protects Choroid Retinal Microvascular Endothelial Cells from Oxidative Stress

Loss of pericytes is a critical event early in the progression of microvascular dysfunction in diabetic retinopathy. Pericyte loss may be linked to high glucose mediated reactive oxygen species generation, blocking N-cadherin trafficking to the endothelial cell surface preventing pericyte recruitment and vessel stabilization. Hydrogen peroxide has been identified as a major free radical produced during high glucose exposure in endothelial cells. The goal of this research is to determine if tissue-specific hypoxia-regulated expression of a mitochondria-targeted catalase can prevent or limit RF/6A microvascular endothelial cell apoptosis and decrease vascular permeability by limiting cellular oxidative stress. For the development of tissue-specific and hypoxia-enhanced expression vectors, promoters were constructed with nine tandem combinations of HREs. This 9x HRE oligomer enhancer was inserted together into a pGL3 firefly luciferase plasmid with the Tie2( short ) promoter for endothelial-specific expression. The 9xHRE-Tie2( sh ) promoter construct was highly selective for RF/6A cells producing a basal amount of mitochondria-targeted catalase equivalent to the Tie2( short ) promoter alone. In response to hypoxia ( pO 2 = 1% ), the 9xHRE-Tie2( short ) promoter showed a 21-fold hypoxia-inducible activation similar in strength to the CMV promoter , measured by dual luciferase assay. The hybrid promoters were incorporated into a replication deficient AAV delivery system for apoptosis and cell culture based endothelial permeability assays. In preliminary assays using RF/6A microvascular endothelial cells, apoptosis was reduced by 58% and permeability was reduced by 46%. The results suggest that mitochondria-targeted catalase protects RF/6A microvascular endothelial cells from apoptosis and reduces endothelial permeability in a high-glucose, low-oxygen environment.
OpenPLC: An IEC 61,131–3 compliant open source industrial controller for cyber security research

Abstract The last decade has seen multiple instances of cyber-attacks that have been successful in sabotaging the normal operation of SCADA systems and PLCs. To counter these attacks, researchers have put their efforts in finding defense mechanisms that can protect the network and the PLC. However, since vendors don't make available information about the hardware and firmware of their devices, it becomes challenging to perform cyber security research for PLCs. This work proposes the development of an open source PLC, compliant with the IEC 61,131–3 international standard. A description of the hardware architecture, development environment, supported SCADA protocols and an additional HMI editor package is presented. Additionally, this work presents a methodology for validating PLC logic execution, performance, and SCADA connectivity, and also compares the behavior of OpenPLC with four other popular commercial PLCs when under a Modbus injection attack, to support the claim that OpenPLC is a valid platform for PLC cyber security research.
Dislocation avalanche mechanism in slowly compressed high entropy alloy nanopillars

Crystals deform by the intermittent multiplication and slip avalanches of dislocations. While dislocation multiplication is well-understood, how the avalanches form, however, is not clear, and the lack of insight in general has contributed to “a mass of details and controversy” about crystal plasticity. Here, we follow the development of dislocation avalanches in the compressed nanopillars of a high entropy alloy, Al0.1CoCrFeNi, using direct electron imaging and precise mechanical measurements. Results show that the avalanche starts with dislocation accumulations and the formation of dislocation bands. Dislocation pileups form in front of the dislocation bands, whose giveaway trigs the avalanche, like the opening of a floodgate. The size of dislocation avalanches ranges from few to 102 nm in the nanopillars, with the power-law distribution similar to earthquakes. Thus, our study identifies the dislocation interaction mechanism for large crystal slips, and provides critical insights into the deformation of high entropy alloys.
Examining the Relationship Between PTSD Symptomatology and Cigarette Smoking Among Ohio Army National Guard Soldiers

Evidence suggests that posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) increases risk for cigarette smoking in civilian and military populations. There is limited evidence about this relationship among Nation...
Flat epithelial atypia on core needle biopsy does not always mandate excisional biopsy

Flat Epithelia Atypia (FEA) is a proliferative lesion of the breast where cells demonstrate columnar change and cytologic atypia. This lesion has been identified as distinct from the classic atypical hyperplasias (AH). While many patients undergo excisional biopsy, management of FEA identified on core needle biopsy (CNB) is controversial, and the rate of associated ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) or invasive cancer is not well defined. The aim of this study was to determine the upstage rate of FEA diagnosed by CNB. We identified patients from a prospectively maintained data base who had FEA diagnosed by CNB from 01/2010 to 07/2015. Patient variables collected included age at presentation, imaging findings, pathologic findings following surgical excision, and subsequent development of breast cancer. Of 132 patients, 62 (n = 62/132, 47.0%) patients had FEA associated with DCIS and invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) on CNB and were excluded from analysis. Of the remaining 70 patients, median age was 52 (range 31-84) years. Thirty-two (45.7%) patients had FEA plus AH, 4 (5.7%) patients had FEA plus lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS), and 34 (48.6%) patients had FEA alone or with another non-pathologic finding (pure FEA). Two (6.3%) patients with FEA plus AH had DCIS or IDC on subsequent excisional biopsy. Of the 34 patients with pure FEA who underwent excisional biopsy, only one (2.9%) was found to have IDC. Twenty-two (64.7%) patients with pure FEA who underwent excisional biopsy presented with calcifications on mammography. None of these patients had cancer on excisional biopsy, and 10 (45.5%) patients had AH (3 ADH, 3 ALH, and 4 both ALH and ADH). Twelve (n = 12/34, 35.3%) patients with pure FEA underwent CNB for a mass or asymmetry noted on imaging. Of these 12 patients, 9 (75.0%) had benign findings on excisional biopsy, two (16.7%) patients had AH, and one (8.3%) patient had IDC. Median follow-up was 4.6 years (IQR 3.1-6.5 years). Three (4.3%) patients subsequently developed IDC, two of which were in the contralateral breast. FEA is often found in combination with ADH and ALH as well as carcinoma on CNB. In our study, pure FEA was upstaged to cancer in only 2.9% of patients. Mammographic findings unlikely predict upstaging to malignancy. These findings suggest that excisional biopsy may not be warranted in patients with pure FEA and could be managed with close imaging surveillance.
Evaluating Effectiveness of Online Learning Modules in Pediatric Environmental Health Education

Content and training about pediatric environmental health are lacking in healthcare professionals’ education. In an initiative to improve pediatric environmental health education, the Pediatric Environmental Health Specialty Unit (PEHSU) program offers free, interactive, web-based (“eLearning”) modules on environmental health topics. The aim of this study is to determine the effectiveness of PEHSU eLearning modules in increasing knowledge about pediatric and reproductive environmental health. This is a retrospective analysis of 994 users who had completed at least one of the 12 PEHSU eLearning modules and its associated pre-test and post-test scores between March 2016 and November 2018. Users who completed modules between March 2016 and April 2018 received a 6-month follow-up survey to assess the impact of the knowledge gained on their clinical practice. A wide range of clinical professionals and nonclinical professionals utilized and completed the PEHSU eLearning modules. For all users, post-test scores were significantly higher than pre-test scores, with an increase of 30.55% ± 22.37 (paired t-test, p < 0.0001), after completion of eLearning modules. PEHSU eLearning modules are effective at increasing environmental health knowledge of clinical and nonclinical professionals. Further studies are needed to determine long-term knowledge retention and clinical impact.
Characterization and Properties of Earth-like Planets

The search for life in the Universe is intertwined with studies of extrasolar planets aimed at identifying and understanding habitable rocky planets, including those similar in size, bulk composition, planetary environment, and evolution to Earth. The past five years have seen dramatic progress in our understanding of the small (1–4 REarth) planet population. Here we briefly review key results on the occurrence rates of small planets, the first evidence for compositional diversity of these worlds, early results on the characterization of their atmospheres, and the progress toward finding and interpreting potentially habitable planets orbiting the closest stars. We also briefly highlight next steps in furthering our understanding of the origins and properties of habitable worlds.
Theme-based Book Review: Instability and Reconsideration

The practice of public service trudges ahead through a tempestuous moment in world history. The place of public administration has been pressured and constrained as it has at few times in history. ...
Activation of Cytosolic Calpain, Not Caspase, Is Underlying Mechanism for Hypoxic RGC Damage in Human Retinal Explants.

Purpose Activation of proteolytic enzymes, calpains and caspases, have been observed in many models of retinal disease. We previously demonstrated calpain activation in monkey retinal explants cultured under hypoxia. However, cellular responses are often species-specific. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether calpains or caspase-3 was involved in retinal ganglion cell (RGC) damage caused by hypoxia/reoxygenation in human retinal explants. The explant model was improved by use of an oxygen-controlled chamber. Methods Human and monkey retinal explants were cultured under hypoxic conditions in an oxygen-controlled chamber and then reoxygenated. Calpain inhibitor SNJ-1945 was maintained throughout the culture period. Immunohistochemistry and immunoblotting were performed for calpains 1 and 2, calpastatin, α-spectrin, calpain-specific α-spectrin breakdown product at 150 kDa (SBDP150), caspase-3, and apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF). Propidium iodide (PI) staining measured membrane disruption, and TUNEL staining detected DNA fragmentation. Results Activation of calpains in nerve fibers and increases of PI-positive RGCs were observed in retinal explants incubated for 16-hour hypoxia/8-hour reoxygenation. Except for autolysis of calpain 2, SNJ-1945 ameliorated these changes. In longer incubations under 24-hour hypoxia/16-hour reoxygenation, TUNEL-positive cells appeared, although activated caspase-3 and truncated AIF were not observed. DNA fragmentation was inhibited by SNJ-1945. Conclusions An improved human retinal explant model showed that calpains, not caspase-3, were involved in cell damage induced by hypoxia/reoxygenation. This finding could be relevant for patient treatment with a calpain inhibitor if calpain activation is documented in human retinal ischemic diseases.
Going Off the Grid: Assessing Sentencing Departures for Individuals Convicted of Sexual Offenses:

This research examines factors associated with departures from sentencing guidelines for a sample of individuals convicted of sexual offenses in Pennsylvania between 2004 and 2015 (N = 26,093). We ...
Dual inhibition of MEK and AXL targets tumor cell heterogeneity and prevents resistant outgrowth mediated by the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in NSCLC

The epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a dynamic epigenetic reprogramming event that occurs in a subset of tumor cells and is an initiating step towards invasion and distant metastasis. The process is reversible and gives plasticity to cancer cells to survive under variable conditions, with the acquisition of cancer stem cell-like characteristics and features such as drug resistance. Therefore, understanding survival dependencies of cells along the phenotypic spectrum of EMT will provide better strategies to target the spatial and temporal heterogeneity of tumors and prevent their ability to bypass single inhibitor treatment strategies. To address this, we integrated the data from a selective drug screen in epithelial and mesenchymal Kras/p53 (KP) mutant lung tumor cells with separate datasets including reverse phase protein array and an in vivo shRNA dropout screen. These orthogonal approaches identified AXL and MEK as potential mesenchymal and epithelial cell survival dependencies, respectively. To capture the dynamicity of EMT, incorporation of a dual fluorescence EMT sensor system into murine KP lung cancer models enabled real time analysis of the epigenetic state of tumor cells and assessment of the efficacy of single agent or combination treatment with AXL and MEK inhibitors. Both 2-D and 3-D culture systems and in vivo models revealed that this combination treatment strategy of MEK plus AXL inhibition synergistically killed lung cancer cells by specifically targeting each phenotypic subpopulation. In conclusion, these results indicate that co-targeting the specific vulnerabilities of EMT subpopulations can prevent EMT-mediated drug resistance, effectively controlling tumor cell growth and metastasis.
Regulation of Crypto: Who is the SEC Protecting?

Just months apart in 2020, two judges from the Southern District of New York wrote incredibly important opinions concerning the SEC’s approach to regulating the sales of cryptoassets. In both SEC v. Telegram and SEC v. Kik, the court concluded that the way in which a large, reputable social media company had gone about conducting its SAFT and crypto offerings violated federal law by amounting to an unregistered, non-exempt sale of securities. In neither case was fraud or other criminal conduct an issue; the sole problem identified by the courts was failure to register the sales. In reaching their conclusions, both courts collapsed a two-phase offering into a single, integrated scheme. The problem with this approach is that this appears to be an unnecessarily overbroad application of the SEC’s regulatory authority, falling outside the commission’s mandate to protect investors and markets. The cost of this approach is that crypto entrepreneurs are being forced away from the U.S., and American investors are denied opportunities to participate in a potentially exciting and desirable technological revolution This Article examines the underlying regulatory framework, the SEC’s stated approach to crypto, and the rationale employed in these two recent opinions. It also considers the potential impact of recent amendments to the SEC’s rules defining the “integration doctrine,” which was explicitly relied upon in the Kik decision in order to treat the contractual sales and the eventual token sales as a single scheme that violated the federal securities laws. This Article makes suggestions for how crypto entrepreneurs and their advisors might structure future crypto offerings to avoid the pitfalls created by the Kik and Telegram opinions. This Article certainly advocates that courts limit the approach that is being urged by the SEC, but the suggestions offered here do not depend on a change in the law, merely a change in understanding what is required in order to conduct a compliant crypto offering.
SPOP and CUL3 Modulate the Sonic Hedgehog Signal Response Through Controlled Degradation of GLI Family Transcription Factors.

The speckle-type POZ protein (SPOP) functions as a guardian of genome integrity and controls transcriptional regulation by functioning as a substrate adaptor for CUL3/RING-type E3 ubiquitin ligase complexes. SPOP-containing CUL3 complexes target a myriad of DNA-binding proteins involved in DNA repair and gene expression, and as such, are essential modulators of cellular homeostasis. GLI transcription factors are effectors of the Hedgehog (HH) pathway, a key driver of tissue morphogenesis and post-developmental homeostasis that is commonly corrupted in cancer. CUL3-SPOP activity regulates amplitude and duration of HH transcriptional responses by controlling stability of GLI family members. SPOP and GLI co-enrich in phase separated nuclear droplets that are thought to serve as hot spots for CUL3-mediated GLI ubiquitination and degradation. A similar framework exists in Drosophila, in which the Hedgehog-induced MATH (meprin and traf homology) and BTB (bric a brac, tramtrack, broad complex) domain containing protein (HIB) targets the GLI ortholog Cubitus interruptus (Ci) for Cul3-directed proteolysis. Despite this functional conservation, the molecular mechanisms by which HIB and SPOP contribute to Drosophila and vertebrate HH signaling differ. In this mini-review we highlight similarities between the two systems and discuss evolutionary divergence in GLI/Ci targeting that informs our understanding of how the GLI transcriptional code is controlled by SPOP and CUL3 in health and disease.
Incongruity in fraction verification elicits N270 and P300 ERP effects.

Abstract Understanding how the numerical magnitudes of fractions are accessed is a topic of major interest in numerical cognition and mathematics education. Only a few studies have investigated fraction processing using EEG methods. In the present study, 24 adult participants completed a fraction magnitude verification task while EEGs were recorded. Similar to other arithmetic verification tasks, behavioral results show increased response times to validate mismatching magnitudes compared to matching ones. ERP results show an early frontal N270 component to mismatching trials and a late parietal P300 component during matching trials. These ERP results highlight that participants treat matching fractions as targets and suggest that additional cognitive resources are needed to process mismatching targets. These results provide evidence that fractions processing shares a similar neurocognitive process as those observed during the processing of arithmetic operations and open the door to further explore fraction processing using ERP methods.
Short-Chain Fatty Acids

The short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), also called the volatile fatty acids (VFA), are the C1–6 organic fatty acids. These are formed in the gastrointestinal tract of mammals by microbial fermentation of carbohydrates (Wolin, 1981 ; Wrong, 1981 ; Cummings and Branch, 1986). Acetate, propionate and butyrate account for 83% of SCFA so formed (Nyman and Aso, 1982; Demigne and Remesy, 1985) and are produced in a nearly constant molar ratio 60: 25 : 15, respectively (Cummings and Branch, 1986). Among their various properties, SCFA are readily absorbed by intestinal mucosa (Cummings et al., 1987), are relatively high in caloric content (Yang et al., 1970), are readily metabolized by intestinal epithelium and liver (Cummings, 1981), stimulate sodium and water absorption in the colon (Roediger and Rae, 1982), and are trophic to intestinal mucosa (Sakata, 1987; Kripke et al., 1988d).
Comparison of Empirical Bayes and Extended Set Compound Rules for Classification of a Sequence of Crop Types

Hill et al. (1984) consider the application of parametric empirical Bayes theory to the classification of a sequence of crop types θ= (θ 1, θ 2,….), where each θ i = 0 or 1. The measurement vector Xi. is assumed to have density fθi (.) where both f0 and f1 are known. For fixed θ, the Xi’s are assumed to be independent. We consider the same problem, and obtain extended set compound rules for classifying the sequence of crop types.
Ontogenic diet shifts and scale-eating in Roeboides dayi, a Neotropical characid

Scale feeding (lepidophagy) has been documented for a variety of Neotropical fish taxa, including the characid genus Roeboides. Ontogenetic differentiation of jaws and snout teeth allow larger Roeboides to remove scales, however, the less specialized tooth/jaw structure in Roeboides dayi, indicates that it may be a facultative scale feeder. Population dynamics and diets of R. dayi in a Venezuelan lowland swamp/creek and a piedmont stream were compared over an annual cycle. Juvenile R. dayi consumed aquatic insect larvae and microcrustacea, and although spawning was year-round at both sites, most reproduction occurred during the wet season when the availability of these resources was greatest for juveniles. At both sites, larger R. dayi fed on a combination of invertebrate prey and fish scales, the former being more important at the piedmont site, and the latter being especially important during initial low water conditions at both sites. In the lowland stream, the reduction of aquatic habitat during the early dry season created higher fish densities and a more profitable environment for scale-feeders. Insectivory probably was less profitable during this early low water period due to interspecific competition for reduced aquatic insect stocks.
Directional solidification studies on Sm/sub 2/(Co,Cu,Fe,Zr)/sub 17/ magnets

In this paper, directional solidification in the presence of a magnetic field to fabricate anisotropic Sm/sub 2/(Co,Cu,Fe,Zr)/sub 17/ magnets was investigated. TEM images and hysteresis loops of directionally solidified bulk magnet were showed.
Ada and multi-microprocessor real-time simulation

The selection of a high-order programming language for a real-time distributed network simulation is described. The additional problem of implementing a language on a possibly changing network is addressed. The recently designed language Ada (trademarked by DoD) was chosen since it provides the best model of the underlying application to be simulated.
Relationships between environmental factors, bacterial indicators, and the occurrence of enteric viruses in estuarine sediments

Current standards for evaluation of the public health safety of recreational and shellfish-harvesting waters are based upon bacteriological analysis, but do not include an evaluation of the number of viruses. The objective of this study was to determine the occurrence of enteric viruses in estuarine sediments and to find a relationship, if any, between the presence of viruses in seawater or sediment or both and various biological and physicochemical characteristics of the environment. Viruses were found in greater numbers in sediment than in overlying seawater on a volume basis. Several types of enteroviruses were isolated: coxsackievirus types A16, B1, and B5, echovirus type 1, and poliovirus type 2. On several occasions, viruses were isolated from sediments when overlying seawaters met bacteriological water quality standards for recreational use. Statistical analysis of the relationship between viruses in seawater or in sediment and other variables measured yielded only one significant association: the number of viruses in sediment was found to be positively correlated with the number of fecal coliforms in sediment. No other physical, chemical, or biological characteristic of seawater or sediment that was measured showed statistically significant association with viral numbers. No correlation was found between bacterial indicators and virus in the overlying waters. The data indicated that evaluation of the presence of bacteria and viruses in sediment may provide additional insight into long-term water quality conditions and that indicator bacteria in water are not reflective of the concentration of enteric viruses in marine waters.
Ranking abstraction as companion to predicate abstraction

Predicate abstraction has become one of the most successful methodologies for proving safety properties of programs. Recently, several abstraction methodologies have been proposed for proving liveness properties. This paper studies “ranking abstraction” where a program is augmented by a nonconstraining progress monitor, and further abstracted by predicate-abstraction, to allow for automatic verification of progress properties. Unlike most liveness methodologies, the augmentation does not require a complete ranking function that is expected to decrease with each step. Rather, the inputs are component rankings from which a complete ranking function may be formed. The premise of the paper is an analogy between the methods of ranking abstraction and predicate abstraction, one ingredient of which is refinement: When predicate abstraction fails, one can refine it. When ranking abstraction fails, one must determine whether the predicate abstraction, or the ranking abstraction, need be refined. The paper presents strategies for determining which case is at hand. The other part of the analogy is that of automatically deriving deductive proof constructs: Predicate abstraction is often used to derive program invariants for proving safety properties as a boolean combination of the given predicates. Deductive proof of progress properties requires well-founded ranking functions instead of invariants. We show how to obtain concrete global ranking functions from abstract programs. We demonstrate the various methods on examples with nested loops, including a bubble sort algorithm on linked lists.
Identification of a Mutant Locus by Noncomplementation of a Transposon Insertion Library in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

We describe a new approach for identifying the gene corresponding to a mutation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A library of mTn-lacZ/LEU2 insertions is tested for failure to complement the mutation, and the noncomplementing insertion is used to obtain sequence. This approach offers an alternative to cloning by complementation with a plasmid library.
The key technologies research of power network model combination based IEC61970

IEC 61970 is the international standard of the control center's intercommunion. On the basis of this standard, we analyzed the specialty of model combination, and discussed specially for its key technologies, including model verify based on electric system rules, equipments' distinguish with control precinct based on borders define, and creating the increment model based on the model difference. At the same time, we discussed a model management on the base of editions for the model combination's application. At last, there is an introduction for achievement of model combination's progress in China now.
Heterogeneous parallel computing with Java: jabber or justified?

Is Java a good language for programming heterogeneous parallel computing systems? It is a well-designed modern language that, combined with the Java Virtual Machine (JVM), offers a myriad of modern programming features and excellent portability. However, in speedup-oriented heterogeneous computing, the primary concern is obtaining the best possible execution speed from the heterogeneous system. The paper briefly discusses what heterogeneous parallel computing is really about, lists some of the key features of Java, and finally summarizes how well Java matches the task of programming for heterogeneous parallel computing.
Chaulmoogra oil and the treatment of leprosy.

Le medecin britannique Mouat (F.J.) a introduit l'huile de chaulmoogra au XIX e siecle pour le traitement de la lepre. En effet les fruits de cet arbre contiennent une huile dont les constituants chimiques ont des proprietes therapeutiques
Removal of spectral interferences on noble metal elements using MS/MS reaction cell mode of a triple quadrupole ICP-MS

The trace level analysis of the eight noble metal elements by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) is hindered by the formation of polyatomic ion interferences; those elements are ruthenium (Ru), rhodium (Rh), palladium (Pd), silver (Ag), osmium (Os), iridium (Ir), platinum (Pt) and gold (Au). The resolution capabilities of sector field ICP-MS is insufficient to resolve some of the interferences. A new strategy using a triple quadrupole ICP-MS (ICP-QQQ) with highly reactive ammonia gas (NH3) is presented. The tandem MS configuration of the instrument allows unprecedented control over the ions that enter the collision reaction cell, and therefore ensures consistent reaction processes in the cell, even when the sample composition is complex and variable. Eight noble metal elements spiked at the 1 ng g−1 level in a complex solution containing Cu, Zn, Ni, Mo, Y, Sr, Rb, Zr, Nb, Pb, Hg (1 μg g−1), Ta, W, Hf and REEs at 10 μg g−1 were accurately quantified by removing the spectral interferences with the NH3 reaction cell of the ICP-QQQ.
Reduction in Listeria monocytogenes and spoilage bacteria on smoked catfish using X-ray treatments.

Aims: To determine the efficacy of X-ray processes in inactivating L. monocytogenes levels in smoked catfish during storage at 5°C and to determine the effects of X-ray doses on controlling the growth of spoilage bacteria on smoked catfish during storage at 5°C for up to 5 weeks. Methods and Results: Smoked catfish fillets inoculated with L. monocytogenes were treated with 0·0–2·0 kGy X-ray and stored at 5°C for 5 weeks. The negative controls (uninoculated/untreated) and uninoculated samples treated with the lowest (0·1 kGy) and highest (2·0 kGy) doses were stored at 5°C and tested for psychrotrophs count during the 5 weeks of storage. The initial L. monocytogenes population on smoked catfish was significantly (P < 0·05) reduced to undetectable level by a treatment of 1·0 kGy or higher. The initial psychrotrophs count on smoked catfish was significantly reduced from 4·7 CFU g−1 to below the detectable level by a treatment with 2·0 kGy. Conclusions: Smoked catfish treated with 2·0 kGy X-ray had no detectable L. monocytogenes throughout 35 days of storage at 5°C. A treatment with 2·0 kGy X-ray also kept the levels of psychrotrophs in the smoked catfish within the acceptable level until 35 days. Significance and Impact of the Study: The results of this investigation indicate that X-ray at 2·0 kGy can eliminate L. monocytogenes and extend the shelf life of smoked catfish stored at refrigeration temperature.
An automatic and user-driven training method for locomotion mode recognition for artificial leg control

Our previously developed locomotion-mode-recognition (LMR) system has provided a great promise to intuitive control of powered artificial legs. However, the lack of fast, practical training methods is a barrier for clinical use of our LMR system for prosthetic legs. This paper aims to design a new, automatic, and user-driven training method for practical use of LMR system. In this method, a wearable terrain detection interface based on a portable laser distance sensor and an inertial measurement unit (IMU) is applied to detect the terrain change in front of the prosthesis user. The mechanical measurement from the prosthetic pylon is used to detect gait phase. These two streams of information are used to automatically identify the transitions among various locomotion modes, switch the prosthesis control mode, and label the training data with movement class and gait phase in real-time. No external device is required in this training system. In addition, the prosthesis user without assistance from any other experts can do the whole training procedure. The pilot experimental results on an able-bodied subject have demonstrated that our developed new method is accurate and user-friendly, and can significantly simplify the LMR training system and training procedure without sacrificing the system performance. The novel design paves the way for clinical use of our designed LMR system for powered lower limb prosthesis control.
Technetium 99mTc-HMPAO SPECT in Children and Adolescents With Neurologic Disorders:

We evaluated regional cerebral blood flow with technetium 99mTc hexamethylpropyleneamineoxime single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) in 20 children and adolescents with neurologic dysfunction of varied etiology and abnormal electroencephalograms (EEGs). All patients were also examined with computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Abnormal perfusion was found in 17 (85%) of 20 SPECT scans. Abnormal CT or MRI scans were noted in nine (45%) and in 10 (50%) of 20 cases, respectively. In eight (73%) of 11 cases with normal CT scans and in seven (70%) of 10 with normal MRI scans, the SPECT scan was abnormal. Abnormal regional cerebral blood flow on SPECT scans correlated better with EEG abnormalities than with neurologic examination or CT or MRI scan findings. We conclude that in children and adolescents with a spectrum of neurologic diseases and abnormal EEGS, abnormalities of brain structure or function are more likely to be documented by SPECT than by CT or MRI scans. SPECT ...