cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Conspecific intruders influence pair formation in a monogamous fish

In aquaria, monogamous Texas cichlid fish (Cichlasoma cyanoguttatum) formed reproductive pairs significantly more often when another conspecific male (termed 'intruder') was visible behind a plexiglass partition. Without an intruder present, males often violently attacked and injured the female. Larger females, although attacked more frequently, were less prone to severe injuries. Pairs did not form when females were larger than males, irrespective of the presence of an intruder.
Collaboration between shipboard oceanic and atmospheric programs

There are a few programs dedicated to providing high-quality, automated surface oceanographic and meteorological observations from ships to the research and operational community. These observations typically include vessel position and motion, winds, air and sea temperature, atmospheric pressure and humidity, precipitation, radiation at the Earth's surface, sea surface salinity conductivity, fluorescence and other ocean measurements. The observations, which are a component of a global ocean observing system, provide essential benchmark values that can aide in understanding the exchange of heat, moisture, carbon, and other quantities that cross the ocean-atmosphere interface. The U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Office of Climate Observation sponsored a recent workshop to initiate collaboration between the Global Ocean Surface Underway Data (GOSUD) pilot project (http://www.gosud.org/), the Shipboard Automated Meteorological and Oceanographic System (SAMOS) initiative (http://samos.coaps.fsu.edu/), and other international programs that provide these essential observations. The goals of the workshop were to improve international collaboration between shipboard observation programs and to stimulate interest in applying these observations to applications such as satellite and model product evaluation, air-sea flux analyses, and ocean process studies.
Secure I/O device sharing among virtual machines on multiple hosts

Virtualization allows flexible mappings between physical resources and virtual entities, and improves allocation efficiency and agility. Unfortunately, most existing virtualization technologies are limited to resources in a single host. This paper presents the design, implementation and evaluation of a multi-host I/O device virtualization system called Ladon, which enables I/O devices to be shared among virtual machines running on multiple hosts in a secure and efficient way. Specifically, Ladon uses a PCIe network to connect multiple servers with PCIe devices and allows VMs running on these servers to directly interact with these PCIe devices without interfering with one another. Through an evaluation of a fully operational Ladon prototype, we show that there is no throughput and latency penalty of the multi-host I/O virtualization enabled by Ladon compared to those of the existing single-host I/O virtualization technology.
Analytical modeling of symmetry breaking in extraordinary optoconductance

Extraordinary optoconductance (EOC) devices with symmetric leads have been shown to have a symmetric positional dependence when exposed to focused illumination. While advantageous for a position sensitive detector (PSD), this symmetric positional dependence, when the device is uniformly illuminated, leads to a minimization of the output voltage. Here, with the aid of a previously employed point charge model, we address two ways to break the symmetry and recover the output signal. The first is to impose uniform illumination but only on half the sample. This method has practical limitations as the device is miniaturized to the nanoscale. The second is via asymmetric placement of the voltage probes in a four-probe measurement. Crucial to the discussion is the effect of the surface charge density. Several ways of modeling the induced surface charge density are presented. Utilizing the above described approach, optimal asymmetric lead positions are found.
A CAD environment for real-time DSP implementations on multiprocessors

A software environment designed to support the real-time implementation of Digital Signal Processing (DSP) applications onto multiple programmable processors is described. The system, called McDAS, allows a designer to program his application as he would on a single processor, using a high level signal-flow DSP language. The program is then automatically scheduled and compiled onto a target multiprocessor. The environment allows the scheduler to be invoked with different numbers of processors and multiprocessor topology to explore various implementations. McDAS maximizes the computational throughput by exploiting pipelining, retiming, and parallel execution under the architectural constraints. The code generator is retargetable to different multiprocessor architectures as well as core processors. Data buffers and synchronizations are automatically inserted to ensure correct execution. The final implementation can be used for simulation speedup or real-time processing.
Evaporative water loss in sympatric Coleonyx (Sauria: Gekkonidae)

1. 1. Pulmocutaneous water loss rate was compared in two closely related sympatric Coleonyx. 2. 2. Mean rate was significantly higher (P < 0.02) in Coleonyx reticulatus (x mg H2O g−1 hr−1 = 3.2) than in Coleonyx brevis (x mg H2O g−1 hr−1 = 1.2). 3. 3. Results are opposite of predictions based on differences in body size and experimental temperatures but are consistent with predictions based on ecological differences. 4. 4. It is suggested that C. reticulatus is restricted in microhabitat and activity periods by a relatively low resistance to desiccation.
Gender differences in rat neuropathic pain sensitivity is dependent on strain

It is well recognized that gender differences play a major role in pain sensitivity, pain report, analgesic efficacy and prevalence of certain chronic pain disorders. In the present study we sought to determine whether male or female rats of two different outbred strains (Sprague-Dawley and Holtzman) experienced differential pain sensitivity after the same mononeuropathy lesion. Following baseline mechanical allodynia testing, rats of each sex and strain underwent an L5 spinal nerve transection. Mechanical allodynia using 2 and 12 g von Frey filaments was assessed at days 1, 3, 5, 7, and 10 post surgery. There were no statistically significant differences in allodynia between gender in the Holtzman strain or between strains. However, mechanical allodynia was significantly greater in female Sprague-Dawley rats as compared with males following a spinal nerve transection. These data suggest that the choice of rat gender and strain should be considered in experimental neuropathic pain studies, especially in the assessment of potential analgesics.
Tulipmania: Money, Honor, and Knowledge in the Dutch Golden Age

Anne Goldgar, Tulipmania: Money, Honor, and Knowledge in the Dutch Golden Age (2007), xx + 425 (University of Chicago Press, Chicago, $30.00, paperback $22.50). The hardest things for scholars (or ...
Introduction: Infection in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients

Infectious disease after transplantation remains a field in evolution. Improved immunosuppressive therapies for organ transplantation have reduced the incidence of allograft rejection while increasing susceptibility to opportunistic infections and virally mediated malignancies. Traditional patterns of opportunistic infection after transplantation have also been altered by the emergence of organisms with antimicrobial resistance and by antifungal (including Pneumocystis) and antiviral prophylaxis (i.e. for cytomegalovirus [CMV] and other herpesviruses) (1). Improved microbiologic diagnostic tools (e.g. nucleic acid testing) are used in the routine management of common infections (e.g. CMV, Epstein-Barr virus [EBV]) and have allowed the definition of new clinical syndromes (e.g. BK polyomavirus nephropathy) and of donor-derived infections (e.g. due to lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus [LCMV]). At the same time, a variety of newer techniques are available, largely on a research basis (e.g. HLA-linked tetramer binding, intracellular cytokine staining) to assess pathogen-specific immunity. These may be used to investigate the recipient’s susceptibility to specific infections and are increasingly entering clinical practice. In the past decade, Transplant infectious disease has emerged as an integral subspecialty component of most successful transplant programs.
Methimzole and thyroid hormone replacement in broilers

Seven-day-old chickens were fed diets containing 18% crude protein + 0 or 1 g methimazole/kg to produce either euthyroid or hypothyroid groups of birds at 28 days of age. These two groups were then offered diets containing either 0 or 1 mg triiodothyronine (T 3)/kg diet. Birds were sampled at 0, 2, 5, and 8 days following the onset of the T3 treatment. Measurements taken at these intervals included in vitro hepatic lipogenesis (IVL), growth and feed consumption, hepatic enzyme activities (malic enzyme, ME; isocitrate dehydrogenase, ICD; and aspartate amino transferase, AAT), plasma hormones (T3; thyroxine, T4; insulin like growth factors I, IGF-I; and insulin like growth factors II, IGF-II) and metabolites (glucose; fatty acids, NEFA; triglyerides; uric acid). Hypothyroidism decreased IVL and ME at 28 days of age; however, T3 supplementation for 2 days restored both IVL and ME. Paradoxically, continuing T3 replenishment for an additional 3–6 days decreased IVL without affecting ME activity. In contrast, supplemental T3 decreased IVL in euthyroid birds, regardless of the dosing interval, but had no effect on ME activity. Methimazole decreased plasma T3 ,T 4, uric acid, and IGF-I, but did not affect IGF-II at 28 days. Giving T 3 to birds previously on methimazole increased plasma IGF-I as did feeding a control diet. Supplemental T3 increased NEFA in both euthyroid and hypothyroid birds, but only for a short period following the initiation of supplementation (2 days post-supplementation). These data may help to explain some of the apparent reported dichotomies in lipid metabolism elicited by changes in the thyroid state of animals. In addition, most metabolic changes in response to feeding T3 occurred within 2–5 days, suggesting that changes in intermediary metabolism preceded morphological changes. In conclusion, the thyroid state of the animal will determine responses to exogenous T3. © 2002 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved.
HIV-1 gp160 Envelope Protein Modulates Proliferation and Apoptosis in Mesangial Cells

Mesangial cell (MC) hyperplasia and accumulation of extracellular matrix are the predominant features of HIV-associated nephropathy (HIVAN). Since mice transgenic for HIV-1 genes show renal lesions mi
Stimulus interaction between CO and CO2 in the cat carotid body chemoreception

Abstract Since high P CO in the dark works like hypoxia in the carotid body chemoreceptors and since hypoxia shows a stimulus interaction with CO 2 , it is hypothesized that high P CO will show a similar interaction with P CO 2 in the chemosensory excitation in the dark. We tested the hypothesis using cat carotid body perfused and superfused in vitro with P O 2 of about 100 Torr. In one series, the chemosensory discharges were tested at three levels of P O 2 at high P CO of 500 Torr in the absence and presence of light. In the dark, normocapnia (P CO 2 ≈30 Torr) with high P CO promptly stimulated the sensory discharges to a peak, subsiding to a lower level. In hypocapnia (P CO 2 = 18 Torr) with high P CO , all phases of activities were significantly lower than those of normocapnia, showing stimulus interaction. Hypercapnia saturated the activity with high P CO and seems to preclude a clear demonstration of stimulus interaction. In another series, an intermediate level of P CO (≈ 150 Torr), which showed a half-maximal activity in normoxia, showed a clear interaction with hypercapnia in the dark. With high P CO , bright light promptly reduced the activity to baseline at all P CO 2 levels. This then increased somewhat to a steady-state. Withdrawal of the light was followed by a sharp rise in the activity to a peak which then fell to a somewhat lower level of steady-state. The peak discharge rate in the presence of light did not differ significantly from those of P CO 2 alone.
Immediate Benefits of a Brief 10-Minute Exercise Protocol in a Chronic Pain Population: A Pilot Study

Objective. Determining the acute effects of a brief, 10-minute exercise protocol on pain, mood, and perceived exertion. Patients. Twenty-eight subjects who were admitted to the Cleveland Clinic Chronic Pain Rehabilitation Program (CPRP), and who were capable of completing an experimenter-designed and controlled treadmill protocol were included in this pilot study. Methods. A within-group repeated measure analysis was used to compare 28 subjects admitted to the Cleveland Clinic CPRP. Measures of heart rate were obtained using the Nellcor Oximax, pulse oximeter; measures of mood and pain were obtained using a 0–10 Likert scale, and perceived exertion measured with a visual analog scale. Each measure was taken pre- and post-10-minute exercise protocol. Results. The brief exercise protocol was associated with self-report of immediate antidepressant and anxiolytic effects. Additionally, after the 3-week CPRP, self-reports in perceived exertion decreased. Brief exercise was not found to have an acute analgesic effect. Conclusion. This preliminary research revealed a temporal association of improvement in self-rated anxiety and depression, following a brief exercise protocol, and over the course of 3 weeks leads to decreased perceived exertion. Therefore suggesting that brief exercise is a safe, nonpharmacologic strategy for immediately improving mood, and has further implications for mortality risk.
Lipase PS-catalyzed transesterification of citronellyl butyrate and geranyl caproate : Effect of reaction parameters

Pseudomonas sp. lipase PS was immobilized by adsorption and tested for its ability to catalyze the synthesis of citronellyl butyrate and geranyl caproate by transesterification in n-hexane. The reaction parameters investigated were: enzyme load, effect of substrate concentration, added water, temperature, time course, organic solvent, pH memory, and enzyme reuse. Yields as high as 96 and 99% were obtained for citronellyl butyrate and geranyl caproate, respectively, with 300 units (approx. 15% w/w of reactants) of lipase PS. Increasing amounts of terpene alcohol inhibited lipase activity, while excess acyl donor (triacylglycerol) concentration enhanced ester production. Optimal yields were obtained at temperatures from 30–50°C after 24-h incubation time. Yields of 90 and 99% were obtained for citronellyl and geranyl esters, respectively, with 2% added water. Solvents with log P values ≥ 2.5 showed the highest conversion yields. pH 7 and 6–8 seemed to be ideal for citronellyl butyrate and geraniol caproate, respectively. The lipase remained active after reusing 12 times.
The Trident Scientific Workflow Workbench

In our demonstration we present Trident, a scientific workflow workbench built on top of a commercial workflow system to leverage existing functionality to the extent possible. Trident is being developed in collaboration with the scientific computing community for use in a number of ongoing eScience projects that make use of scientific workflows, in particular the Pan-STARRS sky survey project and the Ocean Observatory Initiative. In our demonstration of Trident we will illustrate the ability to utilize both local and cloud resources for storage and execution, as well as services such as provenance, monitoring, logging and scheduling workflows over clusters. Our goal is to release Trident in early 2009 as an open source accelerator for others to use for eScience projects and to continue extending with support for new workflow features and services.
LEMS OF ANALYST AND OBSERVER AGREEMENT IN NATURALISTIC NARRATIVE DATA

The use of naturalistic narrative data is increasing but without increasing methodological rigor. Assumptions underlying such methods prohibit an investigator from interrupting the natural habitat by use of such standard laboratory procedures as equal observation intervals for all subjects, equal behavior units, or other artificial equalization of the behavioral data stream. Data analytic techniques commonly used in standard laboratory research present problems in the analysis of naturalistic data of this type inasmuch as most assume equal observation intervals, equal unit intervals, or some other fundamental character of equality. These problems are particularly acute with respect to estimates of analyst and observer agreement. This paper addresses these problems and discusses the advantages and disadvantages of several possible solutions.
Peptides corresponding to the epidermal growth factor-like domain of mouse fertilin: synthesis and biological activity.

A key step leading to fertilization is the binding of sperm to the egg plasma membrane. When a mammalian sperm reaches the egg plasma membrane, fertilin, an extracellular sperm membrane protein, is believed to bind to an egg plasma membrane receptor mediating fusion. Fertilin is composed of two subunits, and each subunit contains several domains, i.e., metalloprotease, disintegrin, epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like and fusion domains. This investigation examined the role of the EGF-like domains of mouse fertilin alpha and fertilin beta. Peptides corresponding to the N-terminal subdomain, containing four cysteines, and the C-terminal subdomain, containing two cysteines, were synthesized by solid-phase synthesis methods. Disulfide bonds were formed regioselectively according to the canonical EGF-like disulfide pattern. The activity of these peptides and their linear counterparts were tested for activity in a mouse in vitro fertilization assay. One peptide, 4a, corresponding to the cystine-constrained N-terminal subdomain of fertilin beta, had an activating effect on fertilization. The fertilization rate (number of eggs fertilized), fertilization index (number of sperm fused per egg), and level of polyspermy (three or more sperm fused per egg) increased in the presence of 500 microM 4a (12, 56, and 190%, respectively). Its linear counterpart, 4b, had no effect on in vitro fertilization. These data suggest that the EGF-like domain of fertilin beta has a function in sperm-egg binding and fusion. Previously, it has been shown that the fertilin beta disintegrin domain has a role in sperm-egg binding. Considered together, these studies suggest that fertilin is a modular, multidomain protein with more than one mechanism of action. This modularity may be used to design inhibitors of fertilin-receptor interactions that have high specificities for the fertilization process.
Global Policy for Local Livelihoods: Phasing Out Mercury in Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining

Human relationships with gold and mercury are as complex today as they were 5,000 years ago when mineral extraction began. 1 They are neighboring elements in the periodic table, and when mercury (H...
Self-assembling poly(dioxaborole)s as blue-emissive materials.

Conjugated, borole-linked polymers have been self-assembled based on boronate ester formation between a fluorene-2,7-diboronic acid and 1,2,4,5-tetrahydroxybenzene. Readily soluble polymers with molecular weights approaching 60 000 have been generated with materials exhibiting extended conjugation over approximately 3−5 borole linkages. Emission from these polymers reaches into the visible (blue) range, representing a novel class of blue-emitting materials.
CapMan: Capability-Based Defense against Multi-Path Denial of Service (DoS) Attacks in MANET

This paper presents a capability-based security mechanism called CapMan. Our approach is designed to prevent Denial-of-Service (DoS) attacks on wireless communications, particularly against multi-path communication in Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs). CapMan offers a mechanism for a per flow, distributed bandwidth control by all the participating nodes along multiple communication paths. By exchanging summary capability messages, each node can maintain a global view of the overall throughput of flows in the network, and then dynamically adjust local constraints to prevent potential DoS attacks against a specific node or the network. Our approach is capable of scalably curtailing sophisticated DoS attacks that target multi-path routing protocols, even in the case that both the initiator and the responder of a network flow are malicious insiders and collude to deprive the network of valuable resources. We provide a theoretical analysis of our algorithms and also evaluate the protection and overhead of our prototype using AOMDV for routing.
Lactic acid production from potato peel waste by anaerobic sequencing batch fermentation using undefined mixed culture

Lactic acid (LA) is a necessary industrial feedstock for producing the bioplastic, polylactic acid (PLA), which is currently produced by pure culture fermentation of food carbohydrates. This work presents an alternative to produce LA from potato peel waste (PPW) by anaerobic fermentation in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) inoculated with undefined mixed culture from a municipal wastewater treatment plant. A statistical design of experiments approach was employed using set of 0.8L SBRs using gelatinized PPW at a solids content range from 30 to 50 g L(-1), solids retention time of 2-4 days for yield and productivity optimization. The maximum LA production yield of 0.25 g g(-1) PPW and highest productivity of 125 mg g(-1) d(-1) were achieved. A scale-up SBR trial using neat gelatinized PPW (at 80 g L(-1) solids content) at the 3 L scale was employed and the highest LA yield of 0.14 g g(-1) PPW and a productivity of 138 mg g(-1) d(-1) were achieved with a 1 d SRT.
A 62-Year-Old Man With Hypotension and a Large Chest Fluid Collection

2009;135;558-562 Chest Khalil Diab and Karen M. Wolf Large Chest Fluid Collection A 62-Year-Old Man With Hypotension and a http://www.chestjournal.org/content/135/2/558.full.html and services can be found online on the World Wide Web at: The online version of this article, along with updated information ) ISSN:0012-3692 http://www.chestjournal.org/misc/reprints.shtml ( of the copyright holder. may be reproduced or distributed without the prior written permission Northbrook IL 60062. All rights reserved. No part of this article or PDF by the American College of Chest Physicians, 3300 Dundee Road, 2007 Physicians. It has been published monthly since 1935. Copyright CHEST is the official journal of the American College of Chest
Subpicosecond Transient Dynamics in Gold Nanoparticles Encapsulated by a Fluorophore-Terminated Monolayer

Gold nanoparticles (2.2 nm) protected by a densely packed monolayer of 9-(9-fluorenyl)-nonane-1-thiol (MPC-b) or a mixed monolayer of 9-(9-fluorenyl)-alkane-1-thiol with nonane-1-thiol (MPC-c and MPC-d) were studied by transient spectroscopy upon 305 nm excitation with subpicosecond laser pulses. Electronic relaxation of the gold core took place through a fast electron−phonon interaction within 2.0 ps, followed by a slow phonon−phonon interaction over a period longer than 15 ps. Electronic coupling of the excited fluorenyl groups with the gold core in these composite clusters affected the observed gold electron relaxation dynamics, likely by adding an excitation path for gold electrons by working as a sensitizer. The efficiency of energy transfer from the excited fluorene to the gold particles was affected by surface composition, with the ratio of the fast decay component to the slow decay component decreasing upon increasing the fraction of fluorenyl groups present at the surface. Thus, energy transfer f...
Reply to "On the use of 2,5-dimethyl-pyrrol-1-yl-benzoic acid derivatives as EPH-ephrin antagonists".

Lodola, Incerti, and Tognolini ([1][1]) have raised [questions][2] regarding the effective concentrations of inhibitors that we used and the specificity of inhibition described in our recently published article ([2][3]). We thank Lodola et al. for pointing out that some spontaneous transformations
A mass spectroscopy study of metal silicide formation

Abstract Films of metal were sputter deposited on clean n-type oriented single crystalline silicon. Reactions were carried out between 250 and 400 C to form thin films of Ni 2 Si, NiSi, Pt 2 Si or PtSi. Analysis of the films was accomplished via X-ray diffraction to identify the compound, Scanning Auger Spectroscopy (AES) to locate the compound layer interfaces, and Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy (SIMS) to determine isotope separation during the compound growth. In all cases, the reaction kinetics from the Auger analysis were consistent with time to the one-half power. Isotope separation was found for the mobile species in the reactions. In several cases, the isotope separation yielded the heavier isotope being found in higher concentrations further from the source. The latter situation is only consistent with grain boundary diffusion as the growth mechanism and was found for the films Ni 2 ,Si, NiSi and Pt 2 Si.
The Forgotten Legacy of Carter G. Woodson: Contributions to Multicultural Social Studies and African American History

The intent of this article is to examine the significance of Carter G. Woodson to the historical development of the fields of curriculum and social studies, particularly as they relate to the evolution of the modern multicultural movement. The authors focus on Woodson's contributions through his curriculum and his pedagogical efforts in establishing a more rigorous and historically accurate social studies framework through his community education initiatives, the Negro History Bulletin, and his textbooks. They conclude the article with a discussion of how Woodson's efforts can have direct implications for social studies educators.
Effects of increasing weed-beet density on sugar-beet yield and quality

Summary Weed beets are an increasing problem in many sugar-beet crops in many countries. At present about one sugar-beet field in four in England is infested with weed-beet seed. Control in other crops can be achieved using selective herbicides but in sugar beet the weed beets, many of which are of annual habit, are not easily controlled and often compete with the crop. Experiments were done to quantify the yield loss caused by weed beet in sugar-beet crops. Transects were laid out across three fields in 1985 and 1986 and plots located thereon to include the range of weed-beet densities found in the field. Weed beet did not affect the concentration of sugar (sucrose), potassium, sodium, α amino nitrogen or invert sugar in the crop beets. Root and sugar yields were progressively reduced by increasing densities of weed beet. A rectangular hyperbola described the data slightly better than an asymptotic model. There was no indication of a threshold density of weed beet below which there was no yield loss, which averaged 11.7% for each weed beet plant/m2. This corresponds to an average 0.6% sugar yield loss for each 1% of bolted weed beet in the root crop up to 100%, which is similar to the reported losses resulting from bolters in the root crop.
Multi-objective stochastic groundwater management of nonuniform, homogeneous aquifers

Like any other resources planning and management, groundwater management is performed in a stochastic environment in which the system itself involves a number of random elements. Consequences as a result of decisions made based on analyses are not certain. This paper presents a management model using the chance-constrained framework which explicitly considers the random nature of aquifer properties. The model enables the derivation of an optimal groundwater management policy that would satisfy required operation performance reliability. Furthermore, the chance-constrained model is extended to the multi-objective optimization framework in which a tradeoff between total water supply pumpage and system performance reliability is explicitly considered. The models are applied to a hypothetical example of a steady, nonuniform, homogeneous confined aquifer.
Algorithms to accelerate multiple regular expressions matching for deep packet inspection

There is a growing demand for network devices capable of examining the content of data packets in order to improve network security and provide application-specific services. Most high performance systems that perform deep packet inspection implement simple string matching algorithms to match packets against a large, but finite set of strings. owever, there is growing interest in the use of regular expression-based pattern matching, since regular expressions offer superior expressive power and flexibility. Deterministic finite automata (DFA) representations are typically used to implement regular expressions. However, DFA representations of regular expression sets arising in network applications require large amounts of memory, limiting their practical application.In this paper, we introduce a new representation for regular expressions, called the Delayed Input DFA (D2FA), which substantially reduces space equirements as compared to a DFA. A D2FA is constructed by transforming a DFA via incrementally replacing several transitions of the automaton with a single default transition. Our approach dramatically reduces the number of distinct transitions between states. For a collection of regular expressions drawn from current commercial and academic systems, a D2FA representation reduces transitions by more than 95%. Given the substantially reduced space equirements, we describe an efficient architecture that can perform deep packet inspection at multi-gigabit rates. Our architecture uses multiple on-chip memories in such a way that each remains uniformly occupied and accessed over a short duration, thus effectively distributing the load and enabling high throughput. Our architecture can provide ostffective packet content scanning at OC-192 rates with memory requirements that are consistent with current ASIC technology.
The lipoprotein lipase gene in combined hyperlipidemia: evidence of a protective allele depletion.

Lipoprotein Lipase (LPL), a key enzyme in lipid metabolism, catalyzes the hydrolysis of triglycerides (TG) from TG-rich lipoproteins, and serves a bridging function that enhances the cellular uptake of lipoproteins. Abnormalities in LPL function are associated with pathophysiological conditions, including familial combined hyperlipidemia (FCH). Whereas two LPL susceptibility alleles were found to co-segregate in a few FCH kindred, a role for common, protective alleles remains unexplored. The LPL Ser447Stop (S447X) allele is associated with anti-atherogenic lipid profiles and a modest reduction in risk for coronary disease. We hypothesize that significant depletion of the 447X allele exists in combined hyperlipidemia cases versus controls. A case-control design was employed. The polymorphism was assessed by restriction assay in 212 cases and 161 controls. Genotypic, allelic, and phenotypic associations were examined. We found evidence of significant allelic (447Xcontrol: 0.130 vs. 447Xcase: 0.031, χ2 = 29.085; 1df; p < 0.001) and genotypic association (SS: 0.745 vs. 0.939, and SX+XX: 0.255 vs. 0.061) in controls and cases, respectively (χ2 = 26.09; 1df; p < 0.001). In cases, depletion of the 447X allele is associated with a significant elevation in very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C, p = 0.045). Consonant with previous studies of this polymorphism, regression models predict that carriers of the 447X allele displayed significantly lower TG, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and TG/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) ratio. These findings suggest a role for the S447X polymorphism in combined hyperlipidemia and demonstrate the importance of evaluating both susceptibility and protective genetic risk factors.
Secure reporting of traffic forwarding activity in mobile ad hoc networks

Nodes forward data on behalf of each other in mobile ad hoc networks. In a civilian application, nodes are assumed to be selfish and rational, i.e., they pursue their own self-interest. Hence, the ability to accurately measure traffic forwarding is critical to ensure proper network operation. These measurements are often used to credit nodes based on their level of participation, or to detect loss. Past solutions employ neighbor monitoring and reporting on node forwarding traffic. These methods are not applicable in civilian networks where neighbor nodes lack the desire or ability to perform the monitoring function. Such environments occur frequently in which neighbor hosts are resource constrained, or in networks where directional antennas are used and reliable monitoring is difficult or impossible. In this paper, we propose a protocol that uses nodes on the data path to securely produce packet forwarding reports. Reporting nodes are chosen randomly and secretly so that malicious nodes cannot modify their behavior based upon the monitoring point. The integrity and authenticity of reports are preserved through the use of secure link layer acknowledgments and monitoring reports. The robustness of the reporting mechanism is strengthened by forwarding the report to multiple destinations (source and destination). We explore the security, cost, and accuracy of our protocol.
Effect of initial swirl distribution on the evolution of a turbulent jet

An existing cold-jet facility at NASA Lewis Research Center was modified to produce swirling flows with controllable initial tangential velocity distribution. Distinctly different swirl velocity profiles were produced, and their effects on jet mixing characteristics were measured downstream of an 11.43 cm (4.5 in.) diameter convergent nozzle. It was experimentally shown that in the near field (i.e., x/D Q.6. This remarkable result leads to the conclusion that the integrated swirl effect, reflected in the swirl number, is inadequate in describing the mean swirling jet behavior in the near field. The relative size (i.e., diameter) of the vortex core emerging from the nozzle and the corresponding tangential velocity distribution are the controlling parameters influencing the swirling turbulent free-jet evolution.
Improvement of EMC by Applying Ambiguity and Environmental Diagrams to the Design of Radar Waveforms

A technique for improving the electromagnetic compatibility of a radar system with respect to its operating electromagnetic environment and to assess RF spectrum usage is presented. The technique involves the use of the ambiguity diagram derived from the waveform and the construction of environinental diagrams for the radar. Overlays of the ambiguity diagram upon the environmental diagram, along desired target trajectories, provide a pictorial view by which EMC analysis and spectrum usage can be interpreted. The technique lends itself to the early phases in radar concept or development where waveform design can be modified. The technique also lends itself to assessing design towards receiver interference rejection. Only nominal system parameter data is required for implementation.
Barriers and Facilitators to Provision of Influenza and Pneumococcal Vaccines in Home Health Care Agencies.

The recommendations for influenza and pneumococcal vaccines are widely known yet the rates of both immunizations for home health care patients are 70% or less. The purpose of this study was to identify the facilitators and barriers to immunizations ultimately to improve vaccination rates among home health care patients. Using a multi-case study approach with five agencies and one group of administrators, facilitators included providing patients with a vaccine “card” and using the agency’s electronic medical record (EMR) for decision support/reminders. We determined that there were patient barriers (misperceptions about vaccines in general, difficulty in recalling vaccine status) and provider barriers (misperceptions about vaccines among health care workers, home health care agencies not receiving accurate information from other providers or difficulty in determining vaccine status).
Misinterpretation of 18F-FDG studies in oncology.

TO THE EDITOR: The survey finding by Karantanis et al. ([1][1]) of perceived greater “overinterpretation” than “underintepretation” of 18F-FDG PET/CT studies in oncology on the part of referring physicians is supported by data from a prior report in The Journal of Nuclear Medicine by Biggi
Mixed reality: are two hands better than one?

For simulating hands-on tasks, the ease of enabling two-handed interaction with virtual objects gives Mixed Reality (MR) an expected advantage over Virtual Reality (VR). A user study examined whether two-handed interaction is critical for simulating hands-on tasks in MR. The study explored the effect of one- and two-handed interaction on task performance in a MR assembly task. When presented with a MR system, most users chose to interact with two hands. This choice was not affected by a user's past VR experience or the quantity and complexity of the real objects with which users interacted. Although two-handed interaction did not yield a significant performance improvement, two hands allowed subjects to perform the virtual assembly task similarly to the real-world task. Subjects using only one hand performed the task fundamentally differently, showing that affording two-handed interaction is critical for training systems.
The comparative osteology and phylogenetic relationships of African and South American lungfishes (Sarcopterygii: Dipnoi)

Lepidosirenidae is a clade of freshwater lungfishes that include the extant South American Lepidosiren paradoxa Fitzinger, 1837 and African species of the genus Protopterus. These genera have been geographically separated since the break-up of Gondwana in the Early Cretaceous, but they display similar biology and morphology. Species were distinguished by a combination of features such as head-to-body ratios, the number of pairs of ribs, and the presence of external gills, but no discrete skeletal characters were identified, and no comparative studies including all extant species have been published. I used computed tomography (CT), X-ray photography, and specimens from museum collections to describe the skeletal morphology of all species of lepidosirenid in a comparative context. I digitally disarticulated the bones in each specimen to compile a comparative atlas of the cranial and pectoral elements of all extant lungfishes, which has the potential to increase the correct identifications of specimens in museum collections. The morphology of the frontoparietal, parasphenoid, supraorbital, and suboperculum differ between species. I used those characters, along with molecular sequence data from the ribosomal RNA gene 16S, to run combined morphological and molecular phylogenetic analyses. Lepidosirenidae is monophyletic in all analyses, but the interrelationships of the species of Protopterus vary with the different sources of character data. © 2015 The Linnean Society of London
Reflections on 20 Years of Research on Violence and Trauma

This article is part of a special issue reflecting on what people have learned about violence and trauma over the past 20 years and where we need to go in the next 10 years. The author emphasizes the importance of learning to communicate in order to form effective community partnerships. Evidence-based research is noted as a methodological innovation for policy research. Looking to the future, the author suggests that it will be important for crime prevention researchers to not just rely on Internet-based library searches so that they may avoid problems of innumeracy and ahistoricism.
Towards Green Grids: A Biologically-Inspired Adaptive Architecture for Power Efficient Server Farms

This paper describes a biologically-inspired network architecture, called SymbioticSphere, which allows server farms to autonomously adapt to dynamic environmental changes and achieve power efficiency. SymbioticSphere follows certain biological principles such as decentralization, natural selection, emergence and symbiosis to design server farms (application services and middleware platforms). Each application service and middleware platform is modeled as a biological entity, analogous to an individual bee in a bee colony. Simulation results show that, like in biological systems, desirable system properties (e.g., adaptability and power efficiency) emerge from collective actions and interactions of application services and platforms.
Juvenile curfews: are they an effective and constitutional means of combating juvenile violence?

Curfew ordinances have become a popular way to attempt to combat juvenile crime and victimization. Although the Supreme Court has yet to hear a curfew case, several constitutional challenges have been brought in lower federal courts. The cases are replete with psychological assumptions for which there is limited empirical evidence. In applying the “strict scrutiny” standard, several courts have also questioned whether juvenile curfews are narrowly tailored to further the State's interest in reducing juvenile crime and victimization. While public opinion and reports from several police jurisdictions support the utility of juvenile curfews, recent empirical studies indicate that curfews are not effective at reducing juvenile offending or victimization. This paper argues that the emerging evidence does not support the use of juvenile curfews and urges policy makers and the courts to examine the efficacy of curfew legislation. Directions for future research that could be helpful to the courts in applying the Bellotti factors to curfew cases are also suggested. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Relations of perceived social efficacy and social goal pursuit to self-efficacy for academic work.

Successful functioning in a classroom setting requires students to interact effectively and form positive social relationships both with teachers and peers. Self-efficacy for success in schoolwork, therefore, should depend in part on students' perceptions of their social efficacy and on their endorsement of goals to be responsible class members and to form intimate peer relationships. Survey data from 753 fifth-grade students indicated that girls felt more efficacious in their interactions with their teachers and endorsed both responsibility and intimacy goals more strongly than did boys. No gender difference was found for social efficacy with peers. Hierarchical regression analysis indicated that students' perceptions of their social efficacy both with teacher and peers and their endorsement of responsibility goals were related significantly to their academic efficacy after accounting for prior achievement and gender These findings indicated that such social perceptions are important for students'academi...
Two Mammalian Sec16 Homologues Have Nonredundant Functions in Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Export and Transitional ER Organization

Budding yeast Sec16 is a large peripheral endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane protein that functions in generating COPII transport vesicles and in clustering COPII components at transitional ER (tER) sites. Sec16 interacts with multiple COPII components. Although the COPII assembly pathway is evolutionarily conserved, Sec16 homologues have not been described in higher eukaryotes. Here, we show that mammalian cells contain two distinct Sec16 homologues: a large protein that we term Sec16L and a smaller protein that we term Sec16S. These proteins localize to tER sites, and an N-terminal region of each protein is necessary and sufficient for tER localization. The Sec16L and Sec16S genes are both expressed in every tissue examined, and both proteins are required in HeLa cells for ER export and for normal tER organization. Sec16L resembles yeast Sec16 in having a C-terminal conserved domain that interacts with the COPII coat protein Sec23, but Sec16S lacks such a C-terminal conserved domain. Immunoprecipitation data indicate that Sec16L and Sec16S are each present at multiple copies in a heteromeric complex. We infer that mammalian cells have preserved and extended the function of Sec16.
Acute myeloid leukemia risk by industry and occupation

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is the most common type of leukemia found in adults. Identifying jobs that pose a risk for AML may be useful for identifying new risk factors. A matched case–control analysis was conducted using California Cancer Registry data from 1988 to 2007. This study included 8999 cases of AML and 24 822 controls. Industries with a statistically significant increased AML risk were construction (matched odds ratio [mOR] = 1.13); crop production (mOR = 1.41); support activities for agriculture and forestry (mOR = 2.05); and animal slaughtering and processing (mOR = 2.09). Among occupations with a statistically significant increased AML risk were miscellaneous agricultural workers (mOR = 1.76); fishers and related fishing workers (mOR = 2.02); nursing, psychiatric and home health aides (mOR = 1.65); and janitors and building cleaners (mOR = 1.54). Further investigation is needed to confirm study findings and to identify specific exposures responsible for the increased risks.
Sell on the News: Differences of Opinion and Returns around Earnings Announcements

Miller (1977) hypothesizes that differences of opinion among investors about stock value result in overvaluation so long as some investors are short-sales constrained. Prior evidence on the role of differences of opinion for stock prices has not yielded convincing evidence. We test the Miller hypothesis by focusing on earnings announcements because such announcements generally reduce differences of opinion among investors and, hence, are also likely to reduce overvaluation if the Miller hypothesis is true. We provide statistically significant and economically meaningful evidence in support of the Miller hypothesis. We find that the three-day hedge returns (returns on low minus high differences of opinion stocks) around earnings announcements are 0.2749% (23% annualized) to 0.7132% (60% annualized), depending upon the proxy for differences of opinion. The results are robust to alternative explanations such as the effects of financial leverage, post-earnings-announcement-drift and earnings announcement premium. Additional analysis using institutional ownership as a proxy for short-sales constraints further strengthens our conclusions regarding the Miller hypothesis. We find that the association between differences of opinion and announcement period returns is magnified within the subsample of stocks that are most difficult for investors to sell short.
Sponsorship, Disclosure, and Donors: Limiting the Impact of Outside Group Ads

This research examines how an attack ad’s sponsorship conditions its effectiveness. We use data from a survey experiment that exposed participants to a fictional campaign ad. Treatments varied the ad’s sponsor (candidate vs. group), the group’s donor base (small donor vs. large donors), and the format of the donor disclosure (news reports vs. disclaimers in the ads). We find that ads sponsored by unknown groups are more effective than candidate-sponsored ads, but disclosure of donors reduces the influence of group advertising, leveling the playing field such that candidate- and group-sponsored attacks become equally effective. Increased disclosure does not, however, advantage small-donor groups over large-donor groups.