cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
TMS1 , a Novel Proapoptotic Caspase Recruitment Domain Protein, Is a Target of Methylation-induced Gene Silencing in Human Breast Cancers

Gene silencing associated with aberrant methylation of promoter region CpG islands is an acquired epigenetic alteration that serves as an alternative to genetic defects in the inactivation of tumor suppressor and other genes in human cancers. The hypothesis that aberrant methylation plays a direct causal role in carcinogenesis hinges on the question of whether aberrant methylation is sufficient to drive gene silencing. To identify downstream targets of methylation-induced gene silencing, we used a human cell model in which aberrant CpG island methylation is induced by ectopic expression of DNA methyltransferase. Here we report the isolation and characterization of TMS1 (target of methylation-induced silencing), a novel CpG island-associated gene that becomes hypermethylated and silenced in cells overexpressing DNA cytosine-5-methyltransferase-1. We also show that TMS1 is aberrantly methylated and silenced in human breast cancer cells. Forty percent (11 of 27) of primary breast tumors exhibited aberrant methylation of TMS1. TMS1 is localized to chromosome 16p11.2-12.1 and encodes a 22-kDa predicted protein containing a COOH-terminal caspase recruitment domain, a recently described protein interaction motif found in apoptotic signaling molecules. Ectopic expression of TMS1 induced apoptosis in 293 cells and inhibited the survival of human breast cancer cells. The data suggest that methylation-mediated silencing of TMS1 confers a survival advantage by allowing cells to escape from apoptosis, supporting a new role for aberrant methylation in breast tumorigenesis.
Relationship between the Children's Assertiveness Inventory (CAI) and the Revised Behavioral Assertiveness Test for Children (BAT-CR)

In this study, the relationship between a self-report measure of assertive behavior in children, the Children's Assertiveness Inventory, and a role-play measure of assertive behavior, the Revised Behavioral Assertiveness Test for Children, was examined in 69 elementary school children. Measures of assertive responding to positive (initiating interactions/giving and receiving compliments) and negative (standing up for one's own rights/refusing unreasonable requests) situations were obtained for both self-report and role-play measures. Results suggest that self-report of positive assertion is more closely related to role-play measures and expert ratings of assertiveness than is self-report of negative assertion. Results are discussed in terms of relationship between assertive behavior and aggressive behavior in children and the need to "unbind" these two notions in future studies. Developmental issues which limit the finings are also addressed.
Impacts of late Quaternary fluctuations in water level on the accumulation of sedimentary organic matter in Walker Lake, Nevada

Meyers, P. A., 1990. Impacts of late Quaternary fluctuations in water level on the accumulation of sedimentary organic matter in Walker Lake, Nevada. Palaeogeogr., Palaeoclimatol., Palaeoecol., 78: 229-240. Walker Lake, a terminal saline lake in western Nevada, has experienced major fluctuations in its water level due to changes in regional climate and river diversions during the late Quaternary. Change in the degree of preservation of sediment organic matter has accompanied the lake level fluctuations, and changes in the biotic sources of organic matter to the lake sediments have occurred in response to the climate changes and water diversions. The record of these events has been studied using organic matter C/N ratios and carbon isotope contents and employing molecular compositions of geolipids extracted from the sediment. Modern sediments contain mostly lake-derived organic matter which has been altered by microbial reworking. Decreasesin the degree of preservation of organic matter indicate lake lowstands. Increases in the proportion of land-plant components in sediment organic matter also indicate lowstand conditions.
Sense, antisense, and common sense.

The central dogma of molecular biology stipulates that DNA molecules are the genetic storehouse that contains the entire repertoire to build the cells and tissue of an organism. In higher eukaryotes, a large portion of all genomic material, perhaps well over 90%, does not encode any precursor.
Outside the Frame: A Critical Analysis of Urban Image Surveys

Environmental designers and planners are making increasingly greater use of photographic images to depict and envision the contemporary city, yet the methods for employing photographs and their precise construction have not been adequately analyzed. We often lack a critical or ethical basis for creating these images, while viewers are frequently unaware of the manipulation of form and content or the potential biases built into a photograph’s construction. Discussing the increasing reliance on images in architecture, Cambridge Professor Andrew Saint notes that “the long-term challenge for the architectural profession...is to ride this exciting, undisciplined, licentious, and dangerous beast, to control this irresponsible lust for image that pervades our culture.” 1 While there are several methods of using images in the design of public places, this essay specifically examines image-based survey methodologies such as the “Community Image Survey” and “Visual Preference SurveyTM” that guide many planning processes. The inclusive and participatory intentions of these methods are laudable, as is the desire to bring the physical qualities of environments to the fore, but image manipulation and delivery skills often outpaces critical analysis of their effectiveness. The predominance of image over bodily experience, the exclusion of intertwined socio-economic, historical and political specificity, and the commodification of place engendered by these surveys raise serious concerns. Rather than making specific recommendations for improving urban image surveys, the following critique questions our dependence upon this increasingly popular but inadequate methodology. Hoping to encourage more critical analysis of urban image surveys, it also sugggests possibilities for more thoughtfully engaging physical conditions in the participatory design process.
Hip arthroscopy neurapraxia: is it only about weight of traction?

Axial traction with use of a fracture-style table with a perineal post has been utilized for many years in orthopaedic surgery for various procedures and has been associated with a relatively low complication rate. Traction has been applied in both the lateral and the supine position, and with a well-padded or minimally padded post. In general, the traction is applied grossly by the pull of the surgeon on the leg and then refined by adjusting the crank on the table. Factors that could contribute to complications associated with traction-table use are patient characteristics (nerve anatomy and body habitus), patient orientation, type of post, force of traction (initial or cumulative), and traction time. The rates of complications reported during hip arthroscopy range from 0% to 27%1-5. In the majority of the papers reporting nerve injuries during hip arthroscopy, the range has been 2% to 10%, with the sciatic nerve and the pudendal nerve being the most commonly involved. Historically, authors have suggested limiting traction time to less than two hours in order to minimize the nerve injury rate2. This line of thinking implies that the mechanism of injury is a …
Work patterns, sleeping hours and excess weight in commercial drivers

BACKGROUND: Work and sleep patterns for commercial motor vehicle (CMV) drivers often include long working hours, shift work and diminished sleep duration and quality, which have been linked to overweight, obesity and other problems. AIMS: To explore possible connections between work, sleep and obesity among CMV drivers. METHODS: Survey and anthropometric data were collected from male long-haul CMV drivers in central North Carolina, USA, over a period of 6 months. Drivers' body mass index (BMI) was used as a measure of total body obesity and sagittal abdominal diameter (SAD) as a measure of central adiposity. RESULTS: Among the 260 study subjects, mean BMI was 33.1 (64% were obese or morbidly obese) and mean SAD was 32.3cm, classifying 89% of drivers as being at high or very high cardiometabolic risk. About 83% of drivers worked an irregular daily schedule, 64% worked irregular total daily hours, 32% worked irregular days of the week and 46% reported getting CONCLUSIONS: Work and sleep configurations appear to affect the weight status of CMV drivers. Shift work and sleep duration are both associated with the weight status of CMV drivers, and both appear to function as indicators of their sleep quality. Language: en
Persistence of lipolysis in frozen adipose tissue.

SummarySegments of epididymal fat continue to produce FFA and glycerol during storage in the freezer at —8°. This effect is seen in tissues of both fed and fasted rats, and is most pronounced in tissues which have not been incubated prior to freezing. Lipolysis was prevented by placing the tissues in a boiling water bath for 3 min prior to storage in the freezer.
Low-Temperature Magnetization of the S = 1 2 Heisenberg Ferromagnet

The low-temperature magnetization of the $S=\frac{1}{2}$ Heisenberg ferromagnet has been investigated by the method of double-time temperature-dependent Green functions. The equation for the lowest order Green function and the equation for the next higher order Green function, truncated to order $〈n〉=\frac{1}{2}\ensuremath{-}〈{S}^{z}〉$, were solved. The low-temperature magnetization so obtained was found to agree with that obtained by Dyson. In particular, an argument is presented which suggests that the ${T}^{3}$ term, which has previously plagued this method, does indeed vanish.
A Wireless Text Messaging System Improves Communication for Neonatal Resuscitation

Handoffs for neonatal resuscitation involve communicating critical delivery information (CDI). The authors sought to achieve ≥95% communication of CDI during resuscitation team requests. CDI included name of caller, urgency of request, location of delivery, gestation of fetus, status of amniotic fluid, and indication for presence of the resuscitation team. Three interventions were implemented: verbal scripted handoff, Spok text messaging, and Engage text messaging. Percentages of CDI communications were analyzed using statistical process control. Following implementation of Engage, the communication of all CDI, except for indication, was ≥95%; communication of indication occurred 93% of the time. Control limits for most CDI were narrower with Engage, indicating greater reliability of communication compared to the verbal handoff and Spok. Delayed resuscitation team arrival, a countermeasure, was not higher with text messaging compared to verbal handoff ( P = 1.00). Text messaging improved communication during high-risk deliveries, and it may represent an effective tool for other delivery centers.
Sustainability and Economic Analysis of Propylene Carbonate andPolypropylene Carbonate Production Processes Using CO2 and PropyleneOxide

Currently, the industrially important polycarbonates are synthesized from bisphenol A and diphenyl carbonate, which are highly toxic and hence other feasible alternatives are preferable. Following the considerable advances on the catalyst for the synthesis of carbonates from CO2 and propylene oxide (PO), industrial scale processes for the productions of propylene carbonate (PC) and polypropylene carbonate (PPC) have been designed and simulated with sustainability and economic analyses. The CO2 is supplied by a nearby bioethanol plant, while the PO from a petrochemical process. The first part of the study is for the production of 200 million lb/year cyclic PC by using 9990 lb/ hr of CO2. Ionic liquid-1-n-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride is used as a catalyst. The net CO2 emission reduction is around −0.318 lb CO2/lb PC, while the net cost of duty (heating+cooling) is around $1.92×10−3/lb PC. The second part is for the production of 261 million lb/year PPC by using 14523.2 lb/hr CO2. The process uses (salen) CrIIICl complex as catalyst. The net CO2 emission reduction is around −0.342 lb CO2/lb PPC, while the net cost of duty/lb PPC is around $7.978×10−3/lb PPC. Economic analyses show that the feasibility of the both production plants depends on the selling price of PC and PPC. Both the production plants for PC and PPC are sustainable as they use CO2 and avoid toxic feedstock. Beside the engineering economics, a focused sustainability analysis should also be considered in the feasibility evaluation of chemical process technologies.
Differential games, partial-state stabilization, and model reference adaptive control

Abstract In this paper, we develop a unified framework to find state-feedback control laws that solve two-player zero-sum differential games over the infinite time horizon and guarantee partial-state asymptotic stability of the closed-loop system. Partial-state asymptotic stability is guaranteed by means of a Lyapunov function that is positive definite and decrescent with respect to part of the system state. The existence of a saddle point for the system׳s performance measure is guaranteed by the fact that this Lyapunov function satisfies a partial differential equation that corresponds to a steady-state form of the Hamilton–Jacobi–Isaacs equation. In the second part of this paper, we show how our differential game framework can be applied not only to solve pursuit-evasion and robust optimal control problems, but also to assess the effectiveness of a model reference adaptive control law. Specifically, the model reference adaptive control architecture is designed to guarantee satisfactory trajectory tracking for uncertain nonlinear dynamical systems, whose matched nonlinearities are captured by the regressor vector. By modeling matched and unmatched nonlinearities, which are not captured by the regressor vector, as the pursuer׳s and evader׳s control inputs in a differential game, we provide an explicit characterization of the system׳s uncertainties that do not disrupt the trajectory tracking capabilities of the adaptive controller. Two numerical examples illustrate the applicability of our results.
Development of a Game-Based and Haptically Enhanced Application for People with Visual Impairment

The objective of this study is to develop educational games for people with visual impairment to learn science in a fun and interactive method (i.e., a serious educational game). The paper comprises investigations of the effect of tactile feedback and collaboration on the game for visually impaired users within the framework of game-based science learning (GBSL). Results showed significant effects of tactile feedback and collaboration on participants’ presence and immersion levels. The research will enhance the future development and application of game-based science learning.
Use of A Gelatin Suspension Method To Examine Lack of Sexual Dimorphism In Cranial Capacity of Tadarida brasiliensis From Oklahoma

We estimated the cranial capacity of 128 Brazilian free-tailed bats, Tadarida brasiliensis, from Oklahoma by filling each cranium with a gelatin suspension. There was no significant difference between the mean cranial capacity of males and females.
The Monk’s Vote: A Dialogue on Unidimensional Probabilistic Geometry

In the form of a dialogue between two Renaissance clerics, this paper discusses a number of probabilistic representations for unidimensional geometry, applicable to some behavioral science experiments. The primitives of the theories reflect the empirical situation, which is a case of approval voting. Examples illustrate how critical aspects of the theories are dictated by the specific hypotheses of the researchers: what is meant by ‘unidimensional’ depends upon what the scientist is trying to find out.
The role of solvent and neutral organophosphorus extractant structure in their organization and association

Abstract The choice of organic solvent is known to impact metal ion partitioning in solvent extraction systems, although an understanding based on molecular interactions has been largely qualitative. To provide a more quantitative and molecular scale understanding of extractant and solvent association in liquid-liquid solvent extraction systems, molecular dynamics studies of binary extractant/solvent systems are conducted for several organophosphorus solvating extractants across a range of organic solvents. Classical molecular dynamics potentials for the extractants are optimized in pure phase simulations. These potentials are then validated with binary extractant/solvent solutions by comparison to experimental data for percent volume change on mixing and mixing enthalpies. Trends in association free energy, mixing enthalpy and deviations from ideal mixing volume are reported for each extractant and solvent binary mixture. Contributions to those properties depending on extractant and solvent molecular structure are investigated, including the relative enthalpic favorability of extractant solutions in toluene, diethyl ether or n-hexane. Inclusion of the ether group in diethyl ether lowered the enthalpy of mixing to a similar degree as reducing the alkane solvent chain length from n-dodecane to n-hexane owing to dipole-dipole interactions with the “head” and “tail” regions of the extractant molecules, which depend on extractant alkyl chain length. Despite similar percent volume changes on mixing with n-hexane or diethyl ether, extractant/toluene mixtures were significantly more enthalpically favorable with an enthalpy of mixing minimum controlled by stoichiometry rather than volume fraction, as observed for alkane solvents.
Coordinating Cell Walls and Cell Growth: A Role for LRX Extensin Chimeras

To regulate the addition of cell wall components as cells expand and to control changes in cell wall composition as cells differentiate, there must be a feedback system that senses the state of the cell wall and transmits this information. The mechanisms underlying cell wall-intracellular signaling
Pancreatic Alpha-Cell Function and Identity in Human T2D

Glucagon is synthesized and released by pancreatic α-cells and, along with insulin, maintains blood glucose levels within the physiological range. We seek to understand the impact of glucose on the biophysical properties of α-cells in T2D. We studied α-cells from human donors (34 nondiabetic, and 14 T2D) and from mice fed a high fat diet (HFD) by whole-cell patch-clamp electrophysiology, with and without combined single-cell RNA sequencing (patch-seq). We found that, opposite to what is observed in β-cells, depolarization-induced exocytosis and Ca 2+ -channel function is enhanced at low glucose (LG, 1 mM G) and suppressed at high glucose (HG, 5-20 mM G) in nondiabetic (ND) α-cells. This is reversed in α-cells from T2D donors, which display a β-cell-like phenotype where HG amplifies exocytosis and LG inhibits it. Using pharmacological antagonists of Ca 2+ channels, we found that LG increases P/Q-type Ca 2+ currents in human α-cells, which are specifically linked to glucagon exocytosis. Similar results were obtained from α-cells of HFD mice for 10-14 weeks, where α-cell exocytosis and glucagon secretion were both enhanced, while exocytosis shifted from a dependency on P/Q-type (α-cell-like) to L-type (β-cell-like) Ca 2+ channels. Finally, given that the Ca 2+ responsiveness of α-cells is variable (suggesting cell- to-cell heterogeneity) and the function of α-cells is dysregulated in diabetes, we applied combined computational approaches and single-cell RNA sequencing with patch-clamp analysis (patch-seq) to link single human α-cell function with transcriptomic profiles. We found distinct α-cell sub-populations in human islets that are either resistant to, or sensitive to, dysfunction in the form of a shift towards a more ’β-cell like’ functional phenotype in T2D. In all, we provide new information to understand normal function of α-cells and important determinants of glucagon secretion in health and diabetes. Disclosure X. Dai: None. J. Camunas Soler: None. L. Briant: None. A.F. Spigelman: None. Y. Hang: None. P. Rorsman: None. S. Kim: None. P. MacDonald: None.
Exclusive and inclusive semileptonic decays of B mesons to D mesons

We report new measurements of the branching fractions {ital B}({ital B}{sup {minus}}{r arrow}{ital D}{sup 0}{ital l{minus}}{bar {nu}}), {ital B}({ital {bar B}}{sup 0}{r arrow}{ital D}{sup +}{ital l{minus}}{bar {nu}}), and {ital B}({ital B}{sup {minus}}{r arrow}{ital D}{sup *0}{ital l{minus}}{bar {nu}}). Combining these results with our previous measurement of {ital B}({ital {bar B}}{sup 0}{r arrow}{ital D}{sup *+}{ital l{minus}}{bar {nu}}), we find that the ratio of semileptonic widths for final states with a vector meson and pseudoscalar meson is (2.6{sub {minus}0.6{minus}0.8}{sup +1.1+1.0}) and the ratio of charged- to neutral-{ital B}-meson lifetimes is (0.89{plus minus}0.19{plus minus}0.13)({ital f}{sub 00}/{ital f}{sub +{minus}}) where ({ital f}{sub 00}/{ital f}{sub +{minus}}) is the ratio of neutral- to charged-{ital B}-meson production at the {Upsilon}(4{ital S}). From the {ital {bar B}}{r arrow}{ital Dl}{sup {minus}}{bar {nu}} branching fraction, we calculate {vert bar}{ital V}{sub {ital c}{ital b}}{vert bar}=0.040{plus minus}0.006 {plus minus}0.006, where the first error is statistical and the second is systematic and dominated by the uncertainty in the {ital B}-meson lifetime.
Diseases Associated With Defective Tetrapyrrole Metabolism: Porphyria and Hyperbilirubinemia

Tetrapyrroles are among the most widely distributed pigments in nature. In addition to their role as biological catalysts, they can act as functional photoreceptors, as powerful photosensitizers, or as potent quenchers of molecular excited states. In animals the most important tetrapyrrolic compound is heme, which has no photobiological activity. Most human diseases associated with defective tetrapyrrole metabolism can be classified into either of two groups according to whether they result from abnormal biosynthesis of heme, or whether they are associated with aberrant heme breakdown or disposal of heme breakdown products. In the first group the most important diseases are the porphyrias, which may cause cutaneous photosensitivity. A ubiquitous feature of the second group is hyperbilirubinemia and jaundice, which do not cause photosensitivity. Indeed, in neonatal jaundice, it is the absence of cutaneous photosensitivity that allows visible light to be used safely for therapeutic prophylaxis.
Microanalysis of Thin Films and Fine Structure

Traditionally, quantitative electron microanalysis was almost exclusively performed with normal electron beam incidence on flat samples containing phases of sufficient size (5–10 μm) to ensure complete containment of the volume of x-ray excitation. These restrictions were chosen to give a symmetric distribution of the detected x-rays about the electron optical axis, thereby simplifying the form of the quantitative correction expressions given in Chapter IX. Today, however, electron microprobes have evolved into dual-purpose, high-resolution SEM-EPMA’s equipped with specimen stages capable of tilt and rotation in addition to X, Y, and Z translations. Questions therefore arise of how small a region can be analyzed chemically, what method of analysis should be used, and how data collection can be optimized. It will be shown that the principal factors affecting x-ray spatial resolution are (1) probe position and stability, (2) probe current as a function of diameter, (3) electron penetration and scattering, and (4) indirect x-ray excitation. These factors will then be related to the study of thin films and fine structure.
Private Investment in Product and Process Innovation: Results from a Dynamic Model of R&D Allocation

This paper investigates the R&D allocation and output decisions of a profit-maximising monopolist developing a science-based family of products or processes. A comparison of the numerical solution for a model with incremental product innovation, and that with incremental process innovation, reveals that the central difference between the two is reflected in the optimised production plan. In either case, the optimal research plan is characterised by an initially high but declining rate of investment in exploratory research, and an inverted U-shaped path for applications-oriented R&D. The complementarity between research activities can generate dynamic increasing returns, with an S-shaped evolution in product quality or process efficiency. The results are consistent with empirical regularities identified in the innovation management literature and have a technological lifecycle interpretation. The long gestation periods and cumulative effects of knowledge investments have significant policy implications. Policies disturbing ongoing investment projects can cause abrupt short-run effects on R&D spending and output, influencing long run technological development differently to policies implemented ahead of projects' start.
Robotic Inguinal Hernia Repair: A Large Health System's Experience With the First 300 Cases and Review of the Literature.

Abstract Background Over the past 5 y, robotic surgery has expanded within general surgery, especially in regard to hernia repairs. We aimed to evaluate the outcomes of the early experience of over 300 consecutive robotic inguinal hernia repairs performed in an academic multihospital system. Methods Consecutive robotic inguinal hernia repairs performed between December 2015 and June 2017 were analyzed. Retrospective chart review was performed, and hospital records were queried. Descriptive statistics were performed. A surgical learning curve case study is presented, breakdown of operative time is delineated, and review of the literature performed. Results Over a period of 19 mo, 335 robotic inguinal hernia repairs were performed across seven hospitals by 18 surgeons. The mean patient age was 59 y (standard deviation [SD] 14), 93% were male, and the mean body mass index was 27 (SD 4.6). Bilateral hernia repairs were performed on 131 patients (39%). The mean operative time was 102 min (SD 38) and a resident or fellow trainee was present in the operating room for 119 cases (36%). Minor postoperative complications occurred in 54 patients (16%), including 14 with urinary retention (4.2%) and 13 with scrotal swelling (3.9%). The learning curve of the first adopted surgeon was 11-12 cases. Conclusions In the largest case series of robotic inguinal hernia repairs to date reporting short-term outcomes, early experience in an academic multihospital system produced safe outcomes including no open conversions, reoperations, and one readmission. In addition, the learning curve is manageable showing improvement in operating time with experience.
Analysis of Tri-PET Background Counts

Tri-PET is a hybrid modality having characteristics of both SPECT and PET, where a multi-pinhole collimator is used with detectors operating in coincidence mode rather than single-photon mode. When using standard clinical PET detectors, Tri-PET is capable of achieving ~1 mm spatial resolution for small animal imaging. A unique feature of TriPET is its ability to reject most background counts by comparing the coincidence line of response to the multi-pinhole geometry. However, some background counts remain, and it is necessary to understand the source and magnitude of the background counts. Background counts were analyzed in computer simulations of a 148-pinhole Tri-PET collimator designed for high resolution imaging of small animals in a clinical PET scanner. By modifying parameters of the simulations (tungsten vs nonpenetrating collimator, realistic vs ideal detector energy resolution, no scatter medium vs mouse-size phantom), the background counts were classified according to their sources. For this configuration, 74% of Tri-PET counts were classified as true counts, and 26% were classified as background counts. The sources of the background counts, namely penetration through the bulk collimator (2 cm thickness), incorrect pinhole assignment during Tri-PET data processing, and scatter (from the collimator or mouse phantom), were found to be 20%, 5%, and 1%, respectively, of total Tri-PET counts. Background counts are at an acceptable level and may be minimized further through additional modifications in collimator design, by increasing the collimator thickness and by increasing the distance between pinholes.
Metal-Enhanced Fluorescence from Quantum Dot-Coupled Gold Nanoparticles

Hybrid nanoscale systems with enhanced optical absorption or emission yields can be created by coupling fluorophores, such as quantum dots (QDs), to metal nanoparticles (NPs) with resonant localize...
The Economics of Multi-Network Access

Traditionally, a cell phone remains on a single, primary mobile network operator (MNO) as long as it is available, and roams onto another MNO only when outside the primary MNO's coverage. Multi-network access (MNA) is a new scheme where a cell phone may use any one of multiple MNOs at any place, anytime. One such example is a multi-operator mobile virtual network operator (MO-MVNO) like Google Fi. This paper quantifies how much MNA can reduce the cost of cellular data services, and shows that the amount of infrastructure and/or spectrum resources needed to produce a given network capacity can be reduced by over 20%. Greater resource savings can be realized if MNA-capable devices attach to towers of higher SINR rather than higher expected data rate. The amount of resources saved increases faster than linearly with increasing fraction of MNA-capable devices on the network, so as an MO-MVNO gains market share, it could demand better wholesale prices from partner MNOs. If the distribution of traffic volume between partner MNOs shifts significantly with MNA, an MNO losing traffic share may not have an incentive to participate in MNA unless it could demand a much higher wholesale price than other partner MNOs, possibly close to or even above the retail price net of market cost. The eventual economic impacts on each operator adopting MNA are the result of complex considerations involving not only business decisions like investment and wholesale pricing, but also technical parameters like network selection algorithms and resource allocation schemes.
Pharmacological Management of Steroid-Induced Psychosis: A Review of Patient Cases

Objective: To review the efficacy and safety of medications used in the management of steroid-induced psychosis. Data Sources: A comprehensive literature search was conducted using PubMed, MEDLINE, ProQuest, and Scopus between May and October 2020 using the following search terminology: "steroid-induced psychosis" OR "corticosteroid-induced psychosis." Study Selection and Data Extraction: Definitive cases, as defined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition, were included in this review. Geriatric patients >65 years of age, those with a confounding neurological condition such as a traumatic brain or spinal cord injury, or those with active malignancy were excluded. Data Synthesis: A total of 13 patient cases were included in this review, representing 8 male patients and 5 female patients. The mean age at symptom presentation was 42.5 years. Six patients presented with delusions, 5 presented with hallucinations, and 2 presented with both manifestations; 12 patients were managed with an antipsychotic, with haloperidol being the most commonly prescribed, followed by risperidone. One patient was managed with lithium and clonazepam alone. All patients returned to their psychological baseline upon the discontinuation or decreased dose of steroids in combination with Pharmacological intervention, though the time to resolution of symptoms varied significantly. No notable adverse drug events associated with treatments were reported. Conclusions: Steroid-induced psychosis is a serious adverse effect of corticosteroid therapy; however, management strategies that combine a dose reduction or elimination of steroids, in combination with an antipsychotic medication, are effective in resolving this syndrome.
Using a Multisectoral Approach to Advance Health Equity in Rural Arizona: Community-Engaged Survey Development and Implementation Study.

Background: Over the past decade, public health research and practice sectors have shifted their focus away from identifying health disparities and toward addressing the social, environmental, and economic determinants of health equity. Given the complex and interrelated nature of these determinants, developing policies that will advance health equity requires collaboration across sectors outside of health. However, engaging various stakeholder groups, tapping into their unique knowledge systems, and identifying common objectives across sectors is difficult and time consuming and can impede collaborative efforts. Objective: The Southwest Health Equity Research Collaborative at Northern Arizona University, in partnership with an 11-member community advisory council, is addressing this need with a joint community-campus effort to develop and implement a Regional Health Equity Survey (RHES) designed to generate an interdisciplinary body of knowledge, which will be used to guide future multisectoral action for improving community health and well-being. Methods: Researchers and community partners used facilitated discussions and free listing techniques to generate survey items. The community partners pilot tested the survey instrument to evaluate its feasibility and duration before survey administration. Respondent-driven sampling was used to ensure that participants included leadership from across all sectors and regions of northern Arizona. Results: Over the course of 6 months, 206 participants representing 13 sectors across the 5 counties of northern Arizona were recruited to participate in an RHES. Survey response rates, completion percentage, and sector representation were used to assess the effectiveness and feasibility of using a community-engaged apporach for survey development and participant recruitment. The findings describe the current capacity to impact health equity by using a multisectoral approach in northern Arizona. Conclusions: The Southwest Health Equity Research Collaborative effectively engaged community members to assist with the development and implementation of an RHES aimed at understanding and promoting multisectoral action on the root causes of health inequity. The results will help to build research and evaluation capacity to address the social, economic, and environmental conditions of health inequity in the region. Trial Registration:
Using random effects in generalized linear mixed-effects models: assessing a common "rule of thumb"

As generalized linear mixed-effects models (GLMMs) have become a widespread tool in ecology, the need to guide the use of such tools is increasingly important. One common guideline is that one needs at least five levels of a random effect. Having such few levels makes the estimation of the variance of random effects terms (such as ecological sites, individuals, or populations) difficult, but it need not muddy one's ability to estimate fixed effects terms - which are often of primary interest in ecology. Here, I simulate ecological datasets and fit simple models and show that having too few random effects terms does not influence the parameter estimates or uncertainty around those estimates for fixed effects terms. Thus, it should be acceptable to use fewer levels of random effects if one is not interested in making inference about the random effects terms (i.e. they are 'nuisance' parameters used to group non-independent data). I also use simulations to assess the potential for pseudoreplication in (generalized) linear models (LMs), when random effects are explicitly ignored and find that LMs do not show increased type-I errors compared to their mixed-effects model counterparts. Instead, LM uncertainty (and p values) appears to be more conservative in an analysis with a real ecological dataset presented here. These results challenge the view that it is never appropriate to model random effects terms with fewer than five levels - specifically when inference is not being made for the random effects, but suggest that in simple cases LMs might be robust to ignored random effects terms. Given the widespread accessibility of GLMMs in ecology and evolution, future simulation studies and further assessments of these statistical methods are necessary to understand the consequences of both violating and blindly following simple guidelines.
Technical Note: Quantification of blood-spinal cord barrier permeability after application of magnetic resonance-guided focused ultrasound in spinal cord injury

PURPOSE To demonstrate that magnetic resonance-guided focused ultrasound (MRgFUS) facilitates blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB) permeability and develop observer-independent MRI quantification of BSCB permeability after MRgFUS for spinal cord injury (SCI). METHODS Noninjured Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 3) underwent MRgFUS and were administered Evans blue post-MRgFUS to confirm BSCB opening. Absorbance was measured by spectrophotometry and correlated with its corresponding image intensity. Rats (n = 21) underwent T8-T10 laminectomy and extradural compression of the spinal cord (23g weighted aneurysm-type clip, 1 min). The intervention group (n = 11) was placed on a preclinical MRgFUS system, administered microbubbles (Optison, 0.2 mL/kg), and received 3 MRgFUS sonications (25 ms bursts, 1 Hz pulses for 3 min, 3 acoustic W, approximately 1.0-2.1 MPa peak pressure as measured via hydrophone). The sham group (n = 10) received equivalent procedures with no sonications. T1w MRI was obtained both pre- and post-MRgFUS BSCB opening. Spinal cords were segmented manually or semiautomatically and a Pearson correlation with P ≤ 0.001 was used to correlate the two segmentation methods. MRgFUS sonication and control regions intensity values were evaluated with a paired t-test with a P ≤ 0.01. RESULTS Semiautomatic segmentation reduced computational time by 95% and was correlated with manual segmentation (Pearson = 0.92, P < 0.001, n = 71 regions). In the noninjured rat group, Evans blue absorbance correlated with image intensity in the MRgFUS and control regions (Pearson = 0.82, P = 0.02, n = 6). In rats that underwent the SCI procedure, an increase in signal intensity in the MRgFUS targeted region relative to control was seen in all SCI rats (10.65 ± 12.4%, range: 0.96-43.9%, n = 11, P = 0.002). SCI sham MRgFUS revealed no change (0.63 ± 0.52%, 95% CI 0.320.95, n = 10). This result was significant between both groups (P = 0.003). CONCLUSION The implemented semiautomatic segmentation procedure improved data analysis efficiency. Quantitative methods using contrast-enhanced MRI with histological validation are sensitive for detection of blood-spinal cord barrier opening induced by magnetic resonance-guided focused ultrasound.
Necessary risk: addressing precarity by re-envisioning teaching and learning

In Arizona, the expansion and elaboration of neoliberal educational policies over the past three decades in Arizona have placed public schools and the teaching profession in precarious positions. These challenges have been compounded by the COVID-19 pandemic. Within this turbulent context, a school district in partnership with a college of education created and implemented a demonstration school aimed at re-envisioning how students learn and how teachers work. We analyse how district leaders responded to competing interests and pressures from the political environment and constituents as they designed, implemented, and expand this reform. We conclude by assessing how the features of the demonstration school, Arizona’s public schooling environment, and the uncertainties introduced by the pandemic provide affordances and challenges for the reform’s likelihood of survival. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Journal of Educational Administration & History is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Does Responsiveness Stop at the Water's Edge? Examining the Foreign Policy Electoral Connection

Are legislators responsive to public opinion on foreign policy issues? Despite the prevalence of preference-based approaches to international relations, no existing study has systematically assessed the relationship between constituency preferences and foreign policy roll-call votes in the U.S. House. Using multi-level regression and post-stratification (MRP), we create original estimates of constituency preferences, broken down by party, on various trade, security, and immigration bills and measure the responsiveness of members of the U.S. House of Representatives. We find that members are responsive to their median constituent on all issue areas, but there is less responsiveness on trade bills than on security and immigration. We also find that members of Congress are more responsive to co-partisan constituents than to the median on security bills--the reverse holds for trade bills. Additional analyses suggest that cases of greater responsiveness to co-partisans do not result from voters taking partisan cues from their representatives.
Information Optimal Control for Single Particle Tracking Microscopy

Abstract We consider the problem of designing a control policy for a laser scanning microscope (LSM) which will minimize the estimation uncertainty when identifying the state and motion model of a fluorescent biological particle. Using the information optimal design framework we pose an optimization problem which seeks to maximize the Fisher information of the particle’s state. We then apply optimal control methods to determine the laser trajectory that maximizes a criterion based on the Fisher information. The resulting optimal control policy is a Bang-Singular control which moves the laser to the set of measurement locations that maximize the rate of information accumulation. Simulations demonstrate the ability of the resulting control system to position the laser to measure the particles location with a minimum uncertainty.
The role of human milk secretory IgA in protecting infants from bacterial enteritis.

In most of the world diarrhea is the leading cause of death in infancy. The risks of bacterial enteritis include acute life-threatening fluid losses, renal failure, and impaired growth. Exposure to bacterial enteropathogens varies geographically. In areas where sanitation is poor a variety of pathogens occur at high frequency. In more developed countries a limited range of pathogens is found with only organisms easily spread by direct contact or through contaminated food being common
MECHANISMS OF KINDLING: A SPECULATIVE HYPOTHESIS

The initial description of the kindling phenomenon was reported by Graham Goddard and his colleagues in 1967 (1). Kindling has subsequently become the most extensively studied animal model of epilepsy in the ensuing twenty years.
Infrared Observations of HII Regions

An HII region is an extended gaseous nebula, which is optically bright, and excited by an 0- or early B-type star or cluster of such stars. Often these regions are associated with dense clouds of dust and gas, and there is strong evidence that star formation is also occurring. In the early 1970’s observations indicated that many HII regions radiate most of their energy at far-infrared wavelengths; therefore detailed infrared observations of these regions could yield important new information on the evolution of pre-main sequence objects. Indeed, infrared observations obtained over the last seven years have confirmed these ideas. In these two lectures I will review what infrared observations have been made and what we have learned from them.
Stud Guns Revisited: Report of a Suicide and Literature Review

Stud guns (powder-actuated fastening tools) are a commonly used construction tool. Accidental injuries and fatalities are no longer frequent, presumably because of current safety features and practices. A case of an intentional fatal wound (suicide) is described. A literature review of stud gun injuries is also presented.
Transforming traditional business models through disruptive technology

The application of disruptive technologies to business processes has given rise to new business models. Three of the disruptive technologies discussed here are software, the Internet, and Web 2.0. Businesses that implement these technologies are able to automate value chain activities, disintermediate supply chains, and benefit from customer contributions. Each disruptive technology and its application has implications for the firm’s value chain and supply chain, and leads to a new ecommerce model incorporating a new term, customersourcing. In this paper, the authors propose to coin the term customersourcing as a subcategory of crowdsourcing and a method of eliciting contributions from a firm’s customers. This paper considers the implications of each technology in sequence, with each step resulting in a change in the supply chain and/or the value chain. The culmination of these changes is an e-commerce model that relies on CustomerSourcing to provide certain business functions of both the supply chain and the value chain.
Characterization of the structure and membrane interaction of NH2-terminal domain of thromboxane A2 synthase

Thromboxane A2 synthase (TXAS), a member of the cytochrome P450 superfamily, is believed to be anchored to the endoplasmic reticulum membrane by hydrophobic portions of its NH2-terminal domain. Two hydrophobic peptides, corresponding to potential membrane-anchor segments of the NH2-terminal region of TXAS (residues 1-36, designated LP1 and residues 33-60, designated LP2) were synthesized, and their secondary structure and ability to insert in a lipid bilayer were characterized. The conformation of the synthetic peptides were analyzed in organic and membrane (bilayer) environments. Circular dichroism spectroscopy indicated that both segments adopt structures with significant alpha-helical content in a hydrophobic environment. For the LP1 peptide, the helical content was maximal with 60% trifluoroethanol, whereas 20% trifluoroethanol maximized the helix content for the LP2 peptide. The interaction of several NH2-terminal peptides with a lipid bilayer was determined by reconstitution of these peptides into lipid vesicles composed of phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylserine, and phosphatidylethanolamine. Both the LP1 and LP2 peptides bound strongly to the defined lipid vesicles, but peptides corresponding to residues 1-15 and 33-36 were not incorporated into the lipid vesicles. The results indicate that TXAS has two distinct membrane-anchor segments, comprising residues 16-33 and 37-60 in its NH2-terminal domain.
Nonparametric and Semiparametric Bayesian Reliability Analysis

In this article, we first provide an overview of some nonparametric Bayesian methods of inference using life-history data. These methods include those that use the Dirichlet process, the gamma process, and the beta process as the prior. We then present a semiparametric Bayesian method for estimating the reliability of a component in a multicomponent system using lifetime data from several systems. This method assumes that the component lifetimes have a parametric distribution with a Dirichlet process prior on the distribution of the parameters. Keywords: data augmentation; Dirichlet process prior; Gibbs sampler; k-out-of-n system; order statistics