cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The severity of neuropsychiatric symptoms is higher in early-onset than late-onset Alzheimer's Disease.

BACKGROUND The faster rates of cognitive decline and predominance of atypical forms in early-onset Alzheimer's Disease (EOAD) suggest that neuropsychiatric symptoms could be different in EOAD compared to late-onset AD (LOAD), however, prior studies based on non-biomarker diagnosed cohorts show discordant results. Our goal was to determine the profile of neuropsychiatric symptoms in EOAD and LOAD, in a cohort with biomarker/postmortem-confirmed diagnoses. Additionally, we explored the contribution of co-pathologies. METHODS We evaluated 219 participants (135 EOAD, 84 LOAD) meeting NIA-AA criteria for AD (115 amyloid-PET/CSF biomarkers, 104 postmortem diagnosis) at UCSF. The Neuropsychiatric Inventory-Questionnaire (NPI-Q) was assessed at baseline and during follow-up. NPI-Q mean comparisons and regression models adjusting by cognitive (MMSE) and functional status (CDR SoB) were performed to determine the effect of EOAD/LOAD and amnestic/non-amnestic diagnosis on NPI-Q. Regression models assessing the effect of co-pathologies on NPI-Q were performed. RESULTS At baseline, the NPI-Q scores were higher in EOAD compared to LOAD (p<0.05). Longitudinally, regression models showed a significant effect of diagnosis, where EOAD had higher NPI-Q total, anxiety, motor disturbances and nighttime behaviors scores (p<0.05). No differences between amnestics/non-amnestics were found. Argyrophilic grain disease (AGD) co-pathology predicted higher severity of NPI-Q scores in LOAD. CONCLUSIONS Anxiety, nighttime behaviors and motor disturbances are more severe in EOAD than LOAD across the disease course. The differential patterns of neuropsychiatric symptoms observed between EOAD/LOAD could suggest a pattern of selective vulnerability extending to the brain's subcortical structures. Further, co-pathologies such as AGD in LOAD may also play a role in increasing neuropsychiatric symptoms.
Intestate Inheritance and Stepparent Adoption: A Reappraisal

Societal attitudes toward adoptions have shifted over time, and adoption statutes vary widely among U.S. jurisdictions. Unique challenges arise when drafting statutes that affect the intestate inheritance rights of adoptees. Drafters of uniform laws and state legislatures attempt to balance the goal of complete assimilation of an adoptee into an adopted family with the prevalence of remarriages and stepfamilies. This article analyzes the intestate inheritance rights of adoptees in stepparent adoptions generally, against the backdrop of Kentucky law. Noting that stepchildren deserve a well-considered examination of their intestate inheritance rights, this article offers suggestions for stepparent adoption statutes in Kentucky and nationwide.
Performance Evaluation of Repeated Auctions for Robust Task Execution

We present empirical results of an auction-based algorithm for dynamic allocation of tasks to robots. The results have been obtained both in simulation and using real robots. A distinctive feature of our algorithm is its robustness to uncertainties and to robot malfunctions that happen during task execution, when unexpected obstacles, loss of communication, and other delays may prevent a robot from completing its allocated tasks. Therefore tasks not yet achieved are resubmitted for bids every time a task has been completed. This provides an opportunity to improve the allocation of the remaining tasks, enabling the robots to recover from failures and reducing the overall time for task completion.
Automatic Image-Based Cardiac and Respiratory Cycle Synchronization and Gating of Image Sequences

We propose a novel method to detect the current state of the quasi-periodic system from image sequences which in turn will enable us to synchronize/gate the image sequences to obtain images of the organ system at similar configurations. The method uses the cumulated phase shift in the spectral domain of successive image frames as a measure of the net motion of objects in the scene. The proposed method is applicable to 2D and 3D time varying sequences and is not specific to the imaging modality. We demonstrate its effectiveness on X-Ray Angiographic and Cardiac and Liver Ultrasound sequences. Knowledge of the current (cardiac or respiratory) phase of the system, opens up the possibility for a purely image based cardiac and respiratory gating scheme for interventional and radiotherapy procedures.
Bring Globalism Home: Lessons from Antitrust and Beyond

There is vast literature on both harmonization and globalization. Much of the extensive commentary, at least in the United States, is outward looking. It focuses on how other countries have changed, or should change, their laws and legal culture to more fully participate in the global economy and the information age that is upon us. Other commentators take a more cautionary view and examine the price being paid by these same countries as a result of the changes they are implementing.I want to take a different point of view and examine the lessons to be learned by the United States as a result of globalism. This essay focuses primarily on the area of antitrust or competition law, where the United States is a leader and one of the senior statesmen in the field. From this vantage point, the United States is often quick to teach, lecture, and criticize other legal systems that frequently do nothing worse than enact and enforce competition law in a manner that is different from the way we approach the same type of problems. The extreme version of this syndrome is, of course, both arrogant and offensive to sophisticated legal systems seeking to achieve varying objectives in a culture and history different from our own. I propose two changes. First, the United States must acquire the ability to analyze other legal systems from the point of view of whether legal rules and institutions serve their needs, not ours. Second, we must begin to study and analyze the developments of the more than one hundred foreign systems of competition law for the lessons we can use to reform our own system of competition law to better play the role of antitrust senior statesman in a global economy. This essay is a plea for change in the United States based on the lessons learned abroad both in antitrust law and in the broader issues of economic regulation and national sovereignty. It is not intended as an answer to these vexing issues but rather as the beginning of a different type of dialogue and a richer role for the United States in the global marketplace and world community.
Mechanism for the Electro-oxidation of Carbon Monoxide on Platinum, Including Electrode Potential Dependence Theoretical Determination

B3LYP hybrid density functional calculations show that CO and OH bonded to Pt 2 react with a low activation energy (calculated 0.44 eV) to form -COOH bonded to a onefold site of Pt 2 . An OH bonded to the adjacent onefold site attracts the acid group by hydrogen bonding and a low activation energy (calculated 0.23 eV) separates this complex from CO 2 + H 2 O - Pt 2 . The similarity of the bond strengths between Pt 2 and CO, OH, and H 2 O to measured chemisorption bond strengths from the literature makes these results worth considering as a model for the electro-oxidation of CO(ads) by OH(ads) on platinum anodes. Calculations of activation energies for the oxidative deprotonation of Pt 2 - COOH indicate that high activation energies are to he expected for the reaction -COOH(ads) + H 2 O → CO 2 + H 3 O + (aq) + e (U) at the electrode potentials where CO(ads) is removed (∼0.6 V). Therefore, the formation of OH(ads) from oxidation of H 2 O, shown in another study to have a low activation energy and a reversible potential of ∼0.57 V, is concluded to be the cause of the observed overpotential for the electro-oxidation of CO(ads).
How the ICU Follows Orders: Care Delivery as a Complex Activity System

In this paper, we use the theory of distributed cognition to understand work practices in terms of the behavior of an activity system. We do so by detailing the roles that local representations of information play in the social, cognitive, organizational, and technological processes that accomplish task work. Specifically, we characterize a portion of the medication order process in an Intensive Care Unit. In this setting, the processes that execute a medication order have evolved to accomplish the primary tasks of medication administration and also to simultaneously support other important aspects of the unit’s work. Designers of systems that centralize and automate information resources must consider the diverse and latent roles played by information in order to improve design and to anticipate how their products affect complex care delivery systems.
CPT-Based Evaluation of Liquefaction Potential Accounting for Soil Spatial Variability at Multiple Scales

AbstractUnderstanding and assessing the spatial extent of liquefaction requires that the spatial dependence of soil properties to be taken into account. In this work, a cone penetration test (CPT)-based approach for the evaluation of liquefaction potential is presented where the soil spatial variability is explicitly considered through internally-consistent probabilistic models developed at multiple scales. The novelty of the proposed work comes from the integration of the classical empirically-developed liquefaction criteria with tools in geostatistics and novel multiscale random-field models. A unique feature of the proposed work is its ability to refine and obtain higher resolution random fields for soil properties in critical areas, such as those adjacent to important infrastructure or in areas with detailed small-scale field data. An illustrative example assessing the liquefaction potential at various shaking levels in the Marina District of San Francisco is used to demonstrate the capability of the ...
A science data gateway for environmental management

Science data gateways are effective in providing complex science data collections to the world-wide user communities. In this paper we describe a gateway for the Advanced Simulation Capability for Environmental Management ASCEM framework. Built on top of established web service technologies, the ASCEM data gateway is specifically designed for environmental modeling applications. Its key distinguishing features include 1 handling of complex spatiotemporal data, 2 offering a variety of selective data access mechanisms, 3 providing state-of-the-art plotting and visualization of spatiotemporal data records, and 4 integrating seamlessly with a distributed workflow system using a RESTful interface. ASCEM project scientists have been using this data gateway since 2011. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Voice Handicap Index in singers

Summary The Voice Handicap Index (VHI) was developed to assess patients' perception of the severity of their voice disorder. The purpose of this study was to determine the degree of handicap expressed by professional and recreational presenters with a voice complaint. Singers (n = 106) and nonsingers (n = 369) with voice symptoms were studied. The results of the VHI for singers indicate that singers score significantly lower (less severe) on the VHI compared to non-singers. Singers with vocal fold nodules had a lower mean VHI than singers with vocal fold cysts or polyps. Singers who perform classical music had the lowest mean VHI of all types of singers studied. A low VHI in singers may represent a significant handicap and should not be ignored when considering the severity of a singer's voice problem.
High-Resolution FTIR Analysis of Coal Gas

Abstract Coal gas samples collected from a laboratory scale gasifier have been analysed using high-resolution (0.125 cm −1 ) Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR). The gas samples were introduced into an evacuated 8.76 m path-length gas cell and backfilled with nitrogen to 1 atm. Carbonyl sulphide and ammonia were quantified in samples with concentrations ranging from trace to 370 ppm, and non-detectable to 25 ppm, respectively. Other compounds identified in the coal gas samples include: methane, ethane, ethylene, ⪖C 3 hydrocarbons, acetylene, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, ethylene oxide, methane thiol, hydrogen cyanide, formaldehyde, cyanogen (?), ethane thiol (?), methanol, and nitric acid (?). Several compounds were sought but were not present in detectable quantities (less than ≈ 1 ppm). These include: nickel carbonyl, arsine, benzene, methyl chloride, methylamine, HCI, nitrogen oxides, and phosgene. Selected compounds, e.g. ammonia, were quantified by calibration with a standard gas. High resolution FTIR, a nearly universal detector, is especially useful for determining presence or absence of specific pollutants or interest which are not easily determined by routine gas chromatographie methods.
Maximum Achievable Beam Brightness from Photoinjectors

Electron injectors delivering relativistic electron beams with very high brightness are essential for a number of current and proposed electron accelerator applications. These high brightness beams are generally produced from photoemission cathodes. We formulate a limit on the electron beam brightness from such cathodes set by the transverse thermal energy of the electrons leaving the photocathode and the accelerating field at the cathode. Two specific examples--direct measurement of the transverse phase space of a space charge dominated beam from a high-voltage photoemission electron gun and a numerical optimization of the same at a higher gun voltage--illustrate the importance of this limit.
A trivariate meta-analysis of diagnostic studies accounting for prevalence and non-evaluable subjects: re-evaluation of the meta-analysis of coronary CT angiography studies

A recent paper proposed an intent-to-diagnose approach to handle non-evaluable index test results and discussed several alternative approaches, with an application to the meta-analysis of coronary CT angiography diagnostic accuracy studies. However, no simulation studies have been conducted to test the performance of the methods. We propose an extended trivariate generalized linear mixed model (TGLMM) to handle non-evaluable index test results. The performance of the intent-to-diagnose approach, the alternative approaches and the extended TGLMM approach is examined by extensive simulation studies. The meta-analysis of coronary CT angiography diagnostic accuracy studies is re-evaluated by the extended TGLMM. Simulation studies showed that the intent-to-diagnose approach under-estimate sensitivity and specificity. Under the missing at random (MAR) assumption, the TGLMM gives nearly unbiased estimates of test accuracy indices and disease prevalence. After applying the TGLMM approach to re-evaluate the coronary CT angiography meta-analysis, overall median sensitivity is 0.98 (0.967, 0.993), specificity is 0.875 (0.827, 0.923) and disease prevalence is 0.478 (0.379, 0.577). Under MAR assumption, the intent-to-diagnose approach under-estimate both sensitivity and specificity, while the extended TGLMM gives nearly unbiased estimates of sensitivity, specificity and prevalence. We recommend the extended TGLMM to handle non-evaluable index test subjects.
What have we learned in dermatology from the biologic therapies

Recent advances in our basic understanding of immunology, specifically the roles of various cell types involved in immune response and the action of cytokines they produce, has radically changed our understanding of the origin of inflammatory dermatoses, and other autoimmune diseases. Broadened comprehension of the immune response on a molecular level has facilitated the development of biologic therapeutics for the treatment of psoriasis, atopic dermatosis, and other inflammatory conditions. However, despite major advances in development and use of targeted biologics for controlling autoimmune disease, effective cures for these conditions remain to be developed and genetic determinants of predisposition to such diseases remain to be identified. Here, we review the history of our understanding of inflammatory dermatoses, traditional and new treatment approaches, and future directions for research and therapy in this area.
Immune Responses to West Nile Virus Infection in the Central Nervous System

West Nile virus (WNV) continues to cause outbreaks of severe neuroinvasive disease in humans and other vertebrate animals in the United States, Europe, and other regions of the world. This review discusses our understanding of the interactions between virus and host that occur in the central nervous system (CNS), the outcome of which can be protection, viral pathogenesis, or immunopathogenesis. We will focus on defining the current state of knowledge of WNV entry, tropism, and host immune response in the CNS, all of which affect the balance between injury and successful clearance.
Female Drosophila melanogaster suffer reduced defense against infection due to seminal fluid components

Reduced defense against infection is commonly observed as a consequence of reproductive activity, but little is known about how post-mating immunosuppression occurs. In this work, we use Drosophila melanogaster as a model to test the role of seminal fluid components and egg production in suppressing post-mating immune defense. We also evaluate whether systemic immune system activity is altered during infection in mated females. We find that post-mating reduction in female defense depends critically on male transfer of sperm and seminal fluid proteins, including the accessory gland protein known as “sex peptide.” However, the effect of these male factors is dependent on the presence of the female germline. We find that mated females have lower antimicrobial peptide gene expression than virgin females in response to systemic infection, and that this lower expression correlates with higher systemic bacterial loads. We conclude that, upon receipt of sperm and seminal fluid proteins, females experience a germline-dependent physiological shift that directly or indirectly reduces their overall ability to defend against infection, at least in part through alteration of humoral immune system activity.
Reforming rent control in New York City: the role of research in policymaking

This document describes the role of the New York City Rand Institute and other research groups in the rent control reforms enacted by the New York City Council in June 1970, summarizes the major research and analytical studies performed in this connection by Institute staff members, and offers some lessons for those contemplating similar work for public agencies.
The Dermatologist's Role in Sarcoidosis

Sarcoidosis is an uncommon inflammatory disorder of unknown cause defined by characteristic granulomas involving the skin in 25% to 30% of patients. Thus, dermatologists may play a role in initial diagnosis or long-term disease management. Unfortunately, there exists no standardized algorithm for managing cutaneous sarcoidosis. In their article, Steen and English1 present minocycline as a potential addition to the therapeutic armamentarium.
How a service-oriented architecture may change the software development process

IntroductionSoftware development practices have evolved substantially during the past decade. As so called "agile" approaches have gained more acceptance and applications have become progressively more distributed in terms of their physical execution and the development of components, the service-oriented approach to IT architecture has become an important alternative to traditional software development. Another impetus for the trend to a Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) is provided by enterprise system vendors as they are incorporating the service-oriented paradigm into their products. Substantial efforts related to open standards (such as Web service standards) and open source products (such as open source enterprise service bus, development tools) are further driving a service-oriented approach for information systems.A key question is whether SOA adopters are going to be ready for this change and whether they can provide a technical and an organizational environment in which SOA-related technologies can be leveraged to their full potential. There is some indication that currently this may not be the case. In fact, some organizations that have embarked on SOA-related projects early have experienced disappointments. As with other technology waves, the important question is not whether SOA is inherently a good or a bad idea, but rather how it can be done right in a given context. This article tries to answer this question with respect to the software development process.While much of the literature, both in academia and industry, has focused on business implications of SOA, technological realization, architectural issues, and implementation guidelines, few publications have addressed the impact of SOA on the software development process and its methodology. As with any organizational change, modifications to software development processes or practices entail switching cost. Therefore, individuals as well as organizations are inclined to stay with "proven" methodologies, although adjustments based on task requirements and technology characteristics should be key drivers for the methodology choice and are needed to help adopters leverage the full potential of SOA.This article examines the differences and discusses which parts of development process and methodology may require adjustments to effectively leverage a SOA. It presents the results of a field study suggesting changes to software development practices that are necessary to accommodate the unique properties of the service-oriented approach.
Relationship between Access Management and Other Physical Roadway Characteristics and Safety

In the past, one of the primary focus areas for access management research has been on the physical characteristics of a roadway (i.e., signal spacing, unsignalized access spacing, and median openings) and their associated safety benefits. Although the literature has documented these characteristics as a function of safety, previous research has not investigated the specific relationships between the various other physical characteristics of the arterial roadway network and safety. The objective of this research was to examine the relationships between physical characteristics of the arterial roadway network (including access management related characteristics) and safety. Additionally, a process whereby these relationships could be identified not only for crash rates, but for collision type and crash severity (as a function of crash frequency) was developed. Statistical analyses showed that the specific access management related characteristics were positively related with increased crash rate and severity. Furthermore, land use was identified to play a significant role in the safety of arterial roadways as arterial roadway segments with adjacent commercial land use tended to have higher crash rates and severity.
From "Acing the Test" to "Touching Base": The Sports Metaphor in the Classroom

The use of sports metaphors to convey business lessons both within and outside the classroom is a common phenomenon. The sports metaphor, however, is prone to misuse and can often inadvertently exclude large segments of the student popula tion. To address these issues, we put forth an innovative and novel pedagogical approach that attempts to capitalize better on the shared meanings between athlet ics and certain business practices. Using the sports of tennis and basketball, we demonstrate how sports metaphors can he responsibly used to aid in the under standing of business lessons, such as managerial decision making.
Medical and surgical complications associated with severe poliomyelitis

Abstract With newly acquired knowledge, advances in technology, more suitable medical equipment, and broader application of the multidisciplinary approach to total rehabilitation, the complications in severe acute illnesses and chronic disability can be controlled in a much better fashion than previously. The detection and treatment of these complications are usually the same whether they occur in patients with poliomyelitis or in patients with other diseases. It is important that we do not cast aside lessons learned in the management of severe poliomyelitis. We should apply these same methods and techniques to other chronic disabilities, which will certainly increase in number as physicians become more and more proficient in the management of acute illnesses.
Phase II trial of edatrexate in patients with advanced pancreatic adenocarcinoma.

We conducted a phase II evaluation of edatrexate in 17 previously untreated patients with advanced adenocarcinoma of the pancreas; 14 patients had at least one month of therapy. The initial dose was 80 mg/m2iv. Treatment was administered weekly for 5 weeks, then every other week. Toxicity was generally mild. The median WBC nadir was 5.4 (range 0.6–7.4)×103/μl, and the median platelet nadir was 164.0 (range 62.0–341.0)×103/μl. One patient died with sepsis and gastrointestinal bleeding associated with pancytopenia. Five patients had a mild rash. Nausea occurred in 6 patients, including 3 who had vomiting. In addition, 11 patients complained of vague malaise which seemed to begin within 24–48 hours after administration of edatrexate, and lasted for 2 to 3 days, resolving within 6 days of drug administration. Median survival was 85 days. Although 5 patients had stable disease, including one with relief of pain, no major responses were seen, excluding, with 95% confidence, a response rate in excess of 20%.
Real-Time Studies in Organizational Research

In this article the author discusses how to effectively conduct real-time field studies. He points out that these studies offer the benefit of clarifying the process of change and increasing the confidence of causal models. He discusses the practical aspects of designing and implementing real-time field studies in organizational settings. While noting that all research methods have their drawbacks, he adds that those associated with real-time field studies can be minimized by proper planning and implementation. Some of the major concerns in designing these studies are choosing the variables to be examined and most importantly, choosing the length of time between observations as well as the total amount of observations to be made.
Carbonic anhydrase type II in regenerating retinal pigment epithelium. A histochemical study in the rabbit

Type II carbonic anhydrase (CAII) in the cytoplasm of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) may contribute to the transport of water and solutes across the RPE. The activity of this enzyme in RPE during its response to damage, e.g., during regeneration, is therefore of interest in understanding retinal disease. Immuno-histochemistry was used to compare CAII activity of normal RPE and RPE experimentally induced to regenerate. In normal rabbits, the RPE stained intensely with a peroxidase-linked antibody specific for human CAII. Regenerating RPE stained less intensely. Within the regenerating epithelium, staining appeared more intense in mature cells than in immature ones, suggesting that CAII activity gradually returns during RPE regeneration.
Age-associated alterations in the time-dependent profile of pro- and anti-inflammatory proteins within the hippocampus in response to acute exposure to interleukin-1β.

Abstract The pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β is known to play a role in several models of aging, neuroinflammation, and neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we document a detailed time- and age-dependent pattern of pro- and anti-inflammatory biomarkers following bilateral intrahippocampal injection of interleukin-1β. During the first 12 h several pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines increased in the aged (24 mo old) rats, some of which returned to baseline levels by 24 h post-injection while others remained elevated for 72 h post-injection. In contrast, no such increases were observed in the young (3 mo old) rats. Interestingly, young rats up-regulated mRNA of two pro-inflammatory cytokines, interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α, but did not translate these transcripts into functional proteins, which may be related to expression of suppressor of cytokine signaling type-2. These results contribute to our understanding of how neuroinflammation may contribute to the pathogenesis of age-related neurodegenerative disorders due to an age-related bias towards a hyper-reactive immune response that is not selective for a pro- or anti-inflammatory phenotype following an inflammatory stimulus.
Surface waves on an inviscid shear flow in a channel

Abstract The three-dimensional problem of surface waves propagating on a horizontal velocity profile is considered. The waves are assumed to propagate with a fixed form and a constant speed, but the transverse shape may vary. The flow is allowed to have vorticity, but is assumed to be inviscid and incompressible. A simple linear velocity profile is studied, and the flow is confined to a channel. An exact solution to the linear problem is given, but the wavespeed must be determined numerically. The results show that there are numerous wavespeeds that exist for a given wavenumber. A comparison with potential flow waves and other rotational waves shows that the different wavespeeds correspond to sloshing modes. The effect of shear in the primary flow is also examined.
Personal characteristics in college students' evaluations of business ethics and corporate social responsibility

A survey of 138 college students reveals an undergraduate major has a greater influence on corporate social responsibility than business ethics. Business students are no less ethical than nonbusiness students. Females are more ethical and socially responsible than males. Age is negatively related to one's Machiavellian orientation and positively related to negative attitudes about corporate efforts at social responsibility. The results suggest a greater need to focus busines ethics instruction based on student characteristics.
Prevention of Intraoperative Anesthesia Accidents and Related Severe Injury through Safety Monitoring

Among 1,001,000 ASA Physical Status I and II patients (a subset of the 1,329,000 anesthetics administered from 1976 through mid-1988 in the nine component hospitals of the Harvard Department of Anaesthesia), there were 11 major intraoperative accidents solely attributable to anesthesia (five deaths, four cases of permanent CNS damage, and two cardiac arrests with eventual recovery) among the 70 cases reported to the insurance carrier. Review of these accidents revealed that unrecognized hypoventilation was the most common cause (seven cases). These seven accidents and one other due to discontinuation of inspired oxygen in all likelihood would have been prevented by appropriate response to earlier warnings generated by the "safety monitoring" principles mandated by the Harvard minimal monitoring standards. Analysis suggests capnography (although not mandated) would be the best monitor of ventilation. An important associated issue was the apparent inadequacy of supervision of residents and C.R.N.A.s. The eight preventable accidents represent 88% of the projected insurance payout. Only one accident occurred after the 1985 adoption of the standards (in the month following their implementation). From that time through mid-1988, there have been 319,000 anesthetics without a major preventable intraoperative injury. Although not statistically significant, the accident rate in the target population of healthy people is reduced more than threefold. This and the case analyses support the contention that nearly all the inevitable mishaps (technical or from errors in judgement) that occur during anesthesia can be identified through safety monitoring early enough to prevent most major patient injuries. This improved clinical outcome should lessen the medical-legal and malpractice insurance burdens of anesthesiologists.
NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF ENDOCRINE EXTRACTS ON THE THYMUS OF THE WHITE RAT1

The thymus of the white rat reaches the peak of its development at about the age of 85 days. The period between the time of weaning, at 21 days, and the initial thymus reduction was investigated in the following manner. The animals were kept in small cages in a warm cellar near the steam pipes of the building, where the temperature never got below 70°F. The sexes were segregated, and the animals fed special rat food marketed by the Wistar Institute. During the experiments, several in the colony suffered from snuffles and bronchial rales, but these ailments never lasted over a few days, and were not severe enough to cause any pathological changes save those mentioned in the following pages. The rats were weighed every third day, and a record kept of the weight gains to guard against inanition. Records were also kept of the general health of each animal. Any showing poor health not traceable to the treatments were discarded, and normal healthy controls were used in all experiments.
Effects of identical context on visual pattern recognition by pigeons.

The effects of identical context on pattern recognition by pigeons for outline drawings of faces were investigated by training pigeons to identify (Experiment 1) and categorize (Experiment 2) these stimuli according to the orientation of the mouth—an upright U shape representing a smiling mouth or an inverted U shape representing a sad mouth. These target stimuli were presented alone (Pair 1), with three dots in a triangular orientation to represent a nose and eyes (Pair 2), and with the face pattern surrounded by an oval (Pair 3). In Experiment 1, the pigeons trained with Pair 1 were most accurate, those trained with Pair 2 were less so, and those trained with Pair 3 failed to acquire the discrimination within eighty 100-trial sessions. The same ordering was found in Experiment 2 for pigeons trained on the three pairs simultaneously. The authors suggest that a contrasting finding in humans, the face superiority effect, might be due to a gain in discriminability resulting from recognition of the pattern as a face. An exemplar model of information processing that excludes linguistic coding accounts for the present results.
Ontogenetic Trajectories of Chimpanzee Social Play: Similarities with Humans

Social play, a widespread phenomenon in mammals, is a multifunctional behavior, which can have many different roles according to species, sex, age, relationship quality between playmates, group membership, context, and habitat. Play joins and cuts across a variety of disciplines leading directly to inquiries relating to individual developmental changes and species adaptation, thus the importance of comparative studies appears evident. Here, we aim at proposing a possible ontogenetic pathway of chimpanzee play (Pan troglodytes) and contrast our data with those of human play. Chimpanzee play shows a number of changes from infancy to juvenility. Particularly, solitary and social play follows different developmental trajectories. While solitary play peaks in infancy, social play does not show any quantitative variation between infancy and juvenility but shows a strong qualitative variation in complexity, asymmetry, and playmate choice. Like laughter in humans, the playful expressions in chimpanzees (at the different age phases) seem to have a role in advertising cooperative dispositions and intentions thus increasing the likelihood of engaging in solid social relationships. In conclusion, in chimpanzees, as in humans, both play behavior and the signals that accompany play serve multiple functions according to the different age phases.
Intense photophobia caused by Arthrographis kalrae in a contact lens-wearing patient.

Purpose To report a case of Arthrographis kalrae keratitis and to note that its clinical manifestation resembles Acanthamoeba corneal infection. Methods Case report. Results The patient's keratitis was caused by A kalrae , a very rare soil fungus. Conclusions Arthrographis kalrae can cause a keratitis that manifests with severe photophobia and a slowly progressive corneal infiltrate whose symptoms can mimic Acanthamoeba. Our patient most likely acquired the fungus from exposure to soil and not from her contact lenses.
RNA metabolism in the HeLa cell nucleus.

A method of preparing a nuclear fraction from HeLa cells is described. The fraction does not contain an appreciable amount of the 16 s RNA component of ribosomes and thus appears to be free of cytoplasmic contamination. All of the early precursors to cytoplasmic ribosomal RNA are contained in the nuclear fraction. Sedimentation analysis of the RNA extracted from the nuclear fraction shows a peak in optical density at 45 s and a larger peak that sediments about 30 s. The RNA in the 30 s region is shown to be polydisperse and contains 35 a and 28 s RNA. Previous work has shown that the initial event in the formation of ribosomal RNA is the synthesis of 45 s RNA. It is shown here that the next step is the cleavage of 45 s RNA form 16 s RNA, which emerges immediately into the cytoplasm, and 35 s RNA which remains in the nucleus. The 35 s RNA undergoes a transition to 28 s and then enters the cytoplasm. The cleavage of 45 s to 35 s and 16 s RNA proceeds in the presence of actinomycin but the subsequent behavior of the 35 s RNA is abnormal. Experiments in which radioactive label is chased shows that there is no high molecular weight RNA permanently associated with the nucleus.
Comment on S1 and S2 fluorescence of fluoranthene

Abstract Only one fluorescence and one phosphorescence are observed from fluoranthene when it is pure.
A Sensitive Radioenzymatic Assay for Dopamine,Norepinephrine, and Epinephrine inPlasma and Tissue

A double-isotope, radioenzymatic assayfor measuring dopamine, norepinephrine, and epi-nephrine in one sample is described. The assayprocedure includes incubation, solvent extraction,and thin-layer chromatography. Dopamine, norepi-nephrine, and epinephrine were incubated withcatechol-O-methyl transferase (COMT) and [3H]S-adenosyl methionine ([3H]SAM) and were convertedto the O-methylated tritiated derivatives: [3H]meth-oxytyramine, [3H]normetanephrine, and [3H]meta-nephrine, respectively. After several extractionsteps, the O-methylated products were purified bymeans of two-dimensional, thin-layer chromatogra-phy using silica gel. The thin-layer chromatographicsystem resulted in complete separation of the threeO-methylated compounds with an overlap of only1-2%. The assay was linear from 0 to 5 ng for eachcatecholamine and had a sensitivity of 10-30 pg. Theaddition of large amounts of plasma reduced theactivity of COMT, but increasing the magnesiumconcentration in the incubation mixture and the addition of E...
A Mouse Mutation in the 12R-Lipoxygenase, Alox12b, Disrupts Formation of the Epidermal Permeability Barrier

Nonbullous congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma (NCIE) is a nonsyndromic form of autosomal recessive congenital ichthyosis characterized by hyperkeratosis and a disruption in the epidermal permeability barrier. Identification of mutations in two lipoxygenases (LOXs), ALOX12B (12 R -LOX) and ALOXE3 (eLOX3), and further functional studies implicate ALOX12B and ALOXE3 in the etiology of NCIE. Here, we report a mutation in Alox12b in the recessive ethylnitrosurea-induced mouse mutant, mummy (Alox12b mmy-Bei ) . mummy mutants have red, scaly skin and die perinatally. Histologically, mummy mutants display defects in the epidermis. We mapped mummy to a 1.9Mb interval on Chr. 11 containing Alox12b (12 R -LOX), Aloxe3 (eLOX3) and Alox15b (8-LOX). Sequencing of all three genes identified a nonsense mutation in the catalytic domain of Alox12b . We demonstrate that mummy mutants have a disrupted epidermal permeability barrier and that the nonsense mutation in mummy abolishes the enzyme activity of 12 R -LOX. The mummy mutant provides a mouse model for LOX-mediated NCIE and is the first described mouse mutant affecting epidermal barrier formation identified by forward genetics.
Recognition, Redistribution, and Democracy: Dilemmas of Honneth's Critical Social Theory

What does social justice require in contemporary societies? What are the requirements of social democracy? Who and where are the individuals and groups that can carry forward agendas for progressive social transformation? What are we to make of the so-called new social movements of the last thirty years? Is identity politics compatible with egalitarianism? Can cultural misrecognition and economic maldistribution be fought simultaneously? What of the heritage of Western Marxism is alive and dead? And how is current critical social theory to approach these and other questions? Much of the most productive work done in recent social theory has revolved around such issues, in particular, around those concerning the relationship between the politics of recognition and the politics of distribution. After the intense theoretical focus over the last fifteen years or so on the issues of recognition politics—multiculturalism, multi-nationalism, identity politics, group-differentiated rights, the accommodation of difference, and so on—some social theorists have worried that attention has been diverted from important issues of distributive equality—systematic impoverishment, increasing material inequality, ‘structural’ unemployment, the growth of oligarchic power, global economic segmentation, and so on. While some critics seem to have adopted a blunt ‘it’s the economy, stupid’ line of criticism, 1 others have attempted to develop an overarching, integrative theoretical framework adequate to the diverse issues concerning both economic and cultural justice. For example, Axel Honneth proposes that a suitably developed and normatively robust theory of intersubjective recognition can adequately integrate an analysis of apparently diverse contemporary struggles: those for a just division of labor and hence, a fair distribution of resources and opportunities, as well as those for a culture free of identity-deforming disrespect and denigration. 2 In two recent papers (Honneth 1998; 2001), Honneth appropriates John Dewey’s political theory as a way of bridging the gap in critical, democratic theory between attention to economic struggles and struggles for recognition. And in a recent book exchanging views with Nancy Fraser, Honneth further develops his theory to show how everyday experiences of misrecognition can be understood as the normative and motivational well-springs of struggles against both economic and cultural injustices (Fraser and Honneth 2003a). I take it that the background motivation for these moves is to reanimate the critical thrust of the Marxist heritage of critical theory—namely, to ground a strong normative
Environmental interventions for eating and physical activity: a randomized controlled trial in middle schools.

Abstract Background Our objective was to evaluate the effects of environmental, policy, and social marketing interventions on physical activity and fat intake of middle school students on campus. Design Twenty-four middle schools were randomly assigned to intervention or control conditions. Baseline measures were collected in spring 1997, and interventions were conducted during the 1997–1998 and 1998–1999 school years. Setting/participants The schools had mean enrollments of 1109, with 44.5% nonwhite students. Intervention Over 2 years, physical activity interventions were designed to increase physical activity in physical education classes and throughout the school day. Nutrition interventions were designed to provide and market low-fat foods at all school food sources, including cafeteria breakfasts and lunches, a la carte sources, school stores, and bag lunches. School staff and students were engaged in policy change efforts, but there was no classroom health education. Main outcome measures Primary outcomes were measured by direct observation and existing records. Results Randomized regression models (N =24 schools) revealed a significant intervention effect for physical activity for the total group ( p p p p p p Conclusions Environmental and policy interventions were effective in increasing physical activity at school among boys but not girls. The interventions were not effective in reducing fat intake at school. School environmental and policy interventions have the potential to improve health behavior of the student population, but barriers to full implementation need to be better understood and overcome.
Concanavalin A and lens culinaris agglutinin binding patterns in normal and neoplastic sebaceous epithelium

Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections of normal skin, sebaceous hyperplasia, nevus sebaceus, sebaceous adenoma, and sebaceous carcinoma were studied by means of biotinylated and FITC conjugated concanavalin A (Con A) and Lens culinaris agglutinin (LCA). At relatively high concentrations of these lectins, all cutaneous epithelial cells were stained. As the concentration of LCA was lowered, there was a corresponding decrease in the intensity of staining of all epithelial cells. With lowered concentrations of Con A, staining of sebaceous epithelium remained strongly positive, while staining of other epithelia decreased in a manner similar to that seen for LCA. These staining patterns were seen in normal and neoplastic tissues. Both Con A and LCA are known to bind to alpha-D-mannopyranosyl and alpha-D-glucopyranosyl residues of glycoproteins and glycolipids. The difference in staining of sebaceous epithelial cells by Con A and LCA suggests that the binding of these lectins is not determined strictly by the presence of alpha-D-mannopyranosyl or alpha-D-glucopyranosyl residues, but is modified by side-chain substitution on the monosaccharides and/or by the oligosaccharide which contains the particular monosaccharide. Whichever event is operative, a saccharide moiety is present on the surface of mature sebaceous cells which has a strong affinity for Con A.
The impact of behaviors and structure on corporate entrepreneurial success

By more closely examining the structural “support” necessary to enhance corporate entrepreneurship ‐ that is, to enhance the entrepreneurial behaviors of a firm’s employees ‐ firms may increase their success with innovation. We specifically suggest that enabling employees to detect, facilitate and pursue opportunities while fostering an organic, organizational structure with shared vision and values increases a firm’s breadth and depth of commercialized innovations. Our rationale for these proposed relationships, as well as suggestions for implementing an entrepreneurial corporate structure, are presented.
Security and authentication in PCS

Abstract As personal communication systems (PCSs) enter the realm of communications, there is an increasing need to protect the wireless link between subscribers and the service provider. Authentication protocols provide the fundamental means for implementation of security services. Designing a secure authentication protocol is a complex task because of the vulnerability of radio communication, the fact that users traverse different service domains and the limited computing resources associated with PCS users’ devices. This paper first introduces the security services required to counteract security threats and the cryptographic techniques used to provide these services. Then, we provide a comprehensive review of the authentication protocols proposed by standards organizations and by independent researchers for readers who need to understand issues associated with securing PCS services, what has been accomplished and what still needs to be done or what can be improved.
Charge transfer reactions between xenon ions and iron atoms in an argon-xenon inductively coupled plasma

Abstract Xenon is added to the axial channel of an argon inductively coupled plasma (ICP) at doses up to 1.5% of the aerosol gas flow. Emission is collected from the gas flowing into the sampling orifice of a mass spectrometer (MS). These Xe doses have little effect on the electron density ne or on the intensities of Fe (I) emission lines. Certain Fe (II) lines are enhanced when Xe is added, particularly those from Fe+ states that can be populated by near-resonant charge transfer between Xe− and neutral Fe. Calculations based on measured values of ne indicate that Xe+ should be present at densities of up to 7 × 1014 cm−1, which should be sufficient Xe+ to drive the proposed charge transfer reactions.