cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Memory CD8+ T Cell Responses Expand When Antigen Presentation Overcomes T Cell Self-Regulation

Antimicrobial memory CD8+ T cell responses are not readily expanded by either repeated infections or immunizations. This is a major obstacle to the development of T cell vaccines. Prime-boost immunization with heterologous microbes sharing the same CD8+ epitope can induce a large expansion of the CD8+ response; however, different vectors vary greatly in their ability to boost for reasons that are poorly understood. To investigate how efficient memory T cell expansion can occur, we evaluated immune regulatory events and Ag presentation after secondary immunization with strong and weak boosting vectors. We found that dendritic cells were essential for T cell boosting and that Ag presentation by these cells was regulated by cognate memory CD8+ T cells. When weak boosting vectors were used for secondary immunization, pre-established CD8+ T cells were able to effectively curtail Ag presentation, resulting in limited CD8+ T cell expansion. In contrast, a strong boosting vector, vaccinia virus, induced highly efficient Ag presentation that overcame regulation by cognate T cells and induced large numbers of memory CD8+ T cells to expand. Thus, efficient targeting of Ag to dendritic cells in the face of cognate immunity is an important requirement for T cell expansion.
The Prognostic Impact of a Positive Vascular Margin on pT3 Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma

Purpose: We examined the impact of positive vascular margins in patients with pT3 clear cell renal cell carcinoma.Materials and Methods: After excluding patients with nonvascular positive margins, metastasis, lymph node involvement, neoadjuvant therapy or nonclear cell histology, we identified 224 patients with venous tumor invasion through our institutional database from 1999 to 2013. Kaplan-Meier analysis and log rank tests were used to evaluate whether positive vascular margins were associated with progression-free survival or cancer specific survival.Results: There were 41 patients (18%) with a positive vascular margin. Margin status was directly related to the level of invasion (p <0.0001). Compared to the negative vascular margin group the positive group had a significantly worse progression-free survival (p=0.01) but not cancer specific survival (p=0.3). Similarly the level of vascular thrombus invasion was significantly associated with worse progression-free survival (p=0.02) but not cancer specif...
Chemically Characterized Media for Study of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus in Baby Hamster Kidney Cells

Foot-and-mouth disease virus can be grown in baby hamster kidney cells with a chemically characterized medium containing only tris(hydroxymethyl)-amino-methane (Tris) buffer, glucose, glutamine, and salts. Virus infectivity was only 0.5 log unit less than in a complex cell growth medium containing serum, tryptose phosphate, and lactalbumin hydrolysate. At high multiplicity of infection, production was maximal in 5 hr, with the virus remaining largely intracellular. Glucose and glutamine appeared to act independently of each other although both were required at about the same time during the virus production cycle. Glutamine had the greater effect and could not be replaced by amino acids, purines, and pyrimidines. Glutamine also stimulated cellular oxygen uptake in both normal and infected cells. Serum and other organic components added singly to the defined medium did not increase the virus yield. Studies on uninfected cells over a 5-hr incubation period showed that the defined medium maintained protein and ribonucleic acid synthesis at rates similar to the complex cell growth medium. These rates were much lower in media containing only inorganic salts and Tris buffer. Glucose, however, was more important to uninfected cellular metabolism than was glutamine. Defined medium containing dialyzed calf serum produced the highest rate of protein synthesis.
Sensory reception of olfactory cues.

The knowledge of the olfactory mechanisms in insects is reviewed an d the mechanism of olfactory reception in mammals is described. No evidence has been found that odors such as urine or sex attractant tap an uniquely sensitive receptor system in the rat as they do in the insec t. There is evidence of selective olfactory processing of some sexually significant olfactory information upstream in the preoptic area the region of the brain implicated in the modulation of sexual behavior. The information already present in the sensory input appears to be selectively processed by way of different neural pathways. The principle of selective filtering even "sharpening" of certain stimulus features at specialized central nuclei seems a particular feature of vertebrate and mammalian sensory systems. (AUTHORS MODIFIED)
Convergent regulation of NF-IL6 and Oct-1 synthesis by interleukin-6 and retinoic acid signaling in embryonal carcinoma cells.

The nuclear signaling by the pleiotropic cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) has been investigated in human embryonal carcinoma cells and T cells. We show that Oct-1, a ubiquitously expressed octamer-binding protein known to be regulated posttranslationally, can also be regulated at the levels of mRNA and protein synthesis by IL-6 and by retinoic acid (RA) in human embryonal carcinoma cells. NF-IL6, an IL-6-inducible transcription factor of the C/EBP family, can confer this regulation and is itself regulated by both signals. The abundance and the molar ratios of the three forms of NF-IL6, corresponding to peptides initiated in frame from different AUGs of the same NF-IL6 mRNA species, are regulated by IL-6 and by RA. These results suggest that the two signal transduction pathways overlap in human embryonal carcinoma cells and that Oct-1 may be downstream of NF-IL6 in the shared regulatory cascade. Enhanced Oct-1 synthesis correlates with one of the functions of Oct-1, i.e., stimulation of adenovirus DNA replication. This provides an example of a possible functional consequence of IL-6 and RA signaling that is mediated by NF-IL6 and Oct-1 regulation.
Direct production of porous cathode material (La 1-x Sr x MnO 3 ) using a reactive DC thermal plasma spray system

The cathode material (La0.8Sr0.2MnO3) in solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) was plasma sprayed on mild steel in a reactive DC thermal plasma spray process. This high-speed process of depositing thin films for the components of SOFCs was examined experimentally. The results showed that a coating layer of La0.8Sr0.2MnO3 with a particular porosity could be obtained directly using both prereacted La0.8Sr0.2MnO3 and mixed raw materials (La2O3, SrCO3, and MnO or MnCO3) as feed materials with or without a pore former. The heat treatment of the plasma coating material at 1073 K (800 °C) for 3 h significantly enhanced the desired crystallization of La0.8Sr0.2MnO3 in the coated material.
Eisenhower and the Anti-Communist Crusade

Jeff Broadwater provides a comprehensive survey of the Eisenhower administration's response to America's postwar Red Scare. He looks beyond Senator Joseph McCarthy's confrontations with Eisenhower to examine the administration's own anti-Communist crusade. Exploring the complex relationship between partisan politics and cold war tensions, Broadwater demonstrates that virulent anticommunism, as well as opposition to it, often cut across party and ideological lines. He shows, moreover, that although McCarthy and his allies captured the headlines, ultimately it was the Eisenhower administration that bore responsibility for implementing most of the nation's anti-Communist policies. The book begins with an overview of the debate over internal security following World War II and then examines Eisenhower's record on the issue. Broadwater asserts that at the outset of the cold war, Eisenhower assumed a moderate stance, defending some of McCarthy's targets and cooperating as NATO commander with European Socialist leaders. Later, as a presidential candidate under pressure from Republicans conservatives, he moved steadily toward the right. Once in the Oval Office, he embraced much of the anit-Communist agenda and shared many of the McCarthyites' fears about internal security, supporting, for example, the federal employee security program and the legal persecution of the Communist party. Broadwater concludes that while Eisenhower personally despised McCarthy and eventually presided over the end of the Red Scare, the president was also a committed anti-Communist who frequently displayed little concern for American civil liberties. Originally published in 1992. A UNC Press Enduring Edition -- UNC Press Enduring Editions use the latest in digital technology to make available again books from our distinguished backlist that were previously out of print. These editions are published unaltered from the original, and are presented in affordable paperback formats, bringing readers both historical and cultural value. |The authoritative account of the critical second day's fighting at Gettysburg on 2 July 1863, as reconstructed by the former historian at Gettysburg National Military Park.
Clinical experience with a multi-element ultrasonic hyperthermia system: analysis of treatment temperatures.

A summary of tumour temperature data obtained from 31 patients who underwent 147 hyperthermia treatments with the Sonotherm 1000 ultrasonic system is presented. The treatment goal was to achieve a minimum of 42.0°C in tumour for 60 min duration with normal tissues remaining below 43.0°C. In 83% of treatments at least one measured tumour temperature reached or exceeded 42.0°C at some time during the treatment. Nineteen per cent of these treatments had a time-and spatial-averaged temperature (measured in tumour) ≥ 42.0°C. A variety of anatomical sites were treated and these were grouped into four categories: groin/trunk, axilla, breast/chest wall and head/neck. Measured temperatures in tumours located in the groin and trunk sites were significantly higher (22% ≥ 42°C) than other locations. The head and neck treatment temperatures were significantly lower (8% of measured points ≥ 42°C).
Expression of keratins in mouse vaginal epithelium

In the epithelium of the rodent vagina proliferation and differentiation are tightly regulated by ovarian hormones. Estrogens stimulate proliferation and squamous differentiation, whereas progesterone redirects differentiation to a mucus-secreting epithelium formed by goblet-like cells. In the present study, we used monospecific keratin antibodies to show the expression and distribution of keratins in SENCAR mouse vaginal epithelium in different stages of the estral cycle and in ovariectomized animals. In ovariectomized animals, the vaginal epithelium expressed K6, K8, K13 and K14, but not K1. After estrogen treatment, K1 was expressed. During proestrus and estrus, the keratin pattern was essentially identical to that observed in 17 beta-estradiol-stimulated animals. In contrast, during the progestational stages (metaestrus and diestrus) or after progesterone treatment of ovariectomized mice, the most relevant change was the loss of K1. Together, these results show that K1 expression is induced by estrogens in the vaginal epithelium. In contrast, K6, K8, K13 and K14 are constitutively expressed even when squamous differentiation is not observed.
Reduced glutathione depletion causes necrosis and sensitization to tumor necrosis factor‐α–induced apoptosis in cultured mouse hepatocytes

The effect of reduced glutathione (GSH) depletion by acetaminophen (APAP), diethylmaleate (DEM), or phorone on the mode of cell death and susceptibility to tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-induced cell death was studied in cultured mouse hepatocytes. Dose-dependent necrosis was the exclusive mode of cell death with APAP alone, but the addition of TNF-alpha induced a switch to about half apoptosis without changing total loss of viability. This effect was seen at 1 and 5 mmol/L but was inhibited at 10 and 20 mmol/L APAP. The switch to apoptosis was associated with increased caspase activities, release of cytochrome c, and DNA laddering and was inhibited by caspase inhibitors. DEM and phorone also induced dose-dependent necrosis. Treatment with TNF-alpha under these conditions lead to incremental cell death in the form of apoptosis at 0.25 and 0.5 mmol/L DEM and 0.1 and 0.2 mmol/L phorone. At 1.0 and 2.0 mmol/L DEM and 0.5 mmol/L phorone, 90% to 100% necrosis was observed with resistance to TNF-alpha effects. The apoptosis with TNF-alpha plus DEM was confirmed by DNA laddering and inhibition by caspase inhibitors. However, in the presence of caspase inhibitors, the increment in cell death induced by TNF-alpha persisted as an increase in necrosis. A combination of antioxidants, vitamin E, and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) markedly inhibited necrosis induced by APAP or DEM alone, but the sensitization to TNF-alpha-induced apoptosis was unaffected. GSH monoethylester (GSH-EE) protected against necrosis and apoptosis. In conclusion, depletion of GSH by APAP, DEM, or phorone causes oxidative stress-induced necrosis and sensitizes to an oxidative stress independent TNF-alpha-induced apoptosis.
Does Trade Increase Inequality when Skills are Endogenous

The paper explores the role of government policies in a situation where the wage gap between high-skilled and low-skilled workers is widening owing to increasing foreign competition in low-skilled intensive goods. A two-period, three-sector general-equilibrium model of a small open economy is developed in which individuals choose whether to invest in skills or not. The government influences individual decision-making through its tax system. The paper shows that increasing import competition or lowering taxes on skilled workers widens inequality when the skill distribution is exogenous (the direct effect), but often the opposite occurs through the indirect effect, that is through the additional incentive to become skilled. Numerical results indicate that there exists a nonmonotonic relationship between the terms of trade and inequality. The indirect effect tends to dominate the direct effect when import competition is intense, and vice versa.
Alcoholics Anonymous and Reduced Impulsivity: A Novel Mechanism of Change

ABSTRACT Reduced impulsivity is a novel, yet plausible, mechanism of change associated with the salutary effects of Alcoholics Anonymous (AA). Here, the authors review their work on links between AA attendance and reduced impulsivity using a 16-year prospective study of men and women with alcohol use disorders (AUDs) who were initially untreated for their drinking problems. Across the study period, there were significant mean-level decreases in impulsivity, and longer AA duration was associated with reductions in impulsivity. In turn, decreases in impulsivity from baseline to Year 1 were associated with fewer legal problems and better drinking and psychosocial outcomes at Year 1, and better psychosocial functioning at Year 8. Decreases in impulsivity mediated associations between longer AA duration and improvements on several Year 1 outcomes, with the indirect effects conditional on participants’ age. Findings are discussed in terms of their potential implications for research on AA and, more broadly, i...
Suicide intervention and prevention with Indian adolescent populations.

Suicide intervention and prevention among Indian tribes in the rural Northwest is discussed by a white psychiatric nurse who has worked with Plains Indians for approximately five years. Reservation life is described, highlighting environmental factors that place residents at high risk for suicide. The Wind River Reservation suicide epidemic is examined as a case study. Community assessment, and intervention and prevention strategies are presented from a community mental health nursing perspective. Particular emphasis is place on environmental obstacles to be overcome, and practical approaches relevant to the Plains Indian culture and the sparsely populated setting.Professional nurses, in collaboration with other human services workers and tribal leaders, have reduced and can continue to reduce the incidence of adolescent suicide on Indian reservations. Nurses face the challenge of developing intervention strategies that are acceptable within the culture of the Indian client as well as feasible in an isola...
Constructing long edge segments for object recognition

Most computer vision algorithms need a good edge description of the scene. The edges are used for high level object recognition. The image of the object is preprocessed to extract edges. Often the extracted edges are short and noisy. This paper describes an algorithm that groups edgelets together to aid in higher level vision object recognition. The input consists of two dimensional and three dimensional range data points from the image of the object. This data is used in testing the edges for grouping properties. These properties include parallelism, collinearity, proximity, and segment length. Short edges are combined into longer line segments using the above criteria. Results are reported for synthetic and real data.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Synthesis of type I procollagen: formation of interchain disulfide bonds before complete hydroxylation of the protein.

Abstract Matrix-free cells from chick embryo tendons were incubated for 2 h with [ 14 C]proline or [ 14 C]lysine to achieve steady-state labeling of intracellular proteins. Cell homogenates were then examined by velocity sedimentation under conditions in which nonhelical proγ chains of procollagen sediment more rapidly than other procollagen polypeptides. With these procedures it was shown that the cells contained some proγ chains which were either not triple helical or were in an unstable triple-helical conformation. These proγ chains were shown to contain less hydroxyproline than the triple-helical procollagen secreted by the cells. Their content of glycosylated hydroxylysine, however, was greater than that of the procollagen secreted by the cells. The results indicate that some of the procollagen synthesized by chick embryo tendon is assembled by the sequence in which disulfide bonding precedes complete hydroxylation. The proγ chains synthesized by this alternate route may reflect errors in protein assembly or may serve as a source of microheterogeneity in collagen.
Organic chemistry of Protosalvinia (Foerstia) from the Chattanooga and New Albany Shales

Abstract Vertical samplings of Protosalvinia , a thalloid Upper Devonian alga from the Chattanooga and New Albany Shales, are chemically analyzed and correlated with the organic chemical constituents isolated from associated shale matrices. Normal, saturated acids ( n -C 8 to n -C 36 n -paraffins (C 10 to C 36 ), showing an odd carbon-number preference, branched-chain alkanes, and vanadyl porphyrins isolated from Protosalvinia vary in their concentrations with depth of burial and with the dominant associated morphology of Protosalvinia , i.e., P. arnoldii, P. ravenna, P. furcata . Organic constituents of shales, in general, reflect those detected in thalli; relative concentrations, molecular diversity, carbon chain-lengths and maxima of compounds extracted from both shale and fossil material are similar. Pristane, phytane and porphyrins are probably derived from a chlorophyllous organism, while δ 13 C data corroborate a photosynthetic system operating in the primary biosynthesis of shale geochemistry. Crude-oil extracts of Protosalvinia -rich strata contain higher alkane and lower aromatic hydrocarbon concentrations than those of an average crude oil. Chemical variations among forms of Protosalvinia suggest biochemical differences in original plant composition rather than diagenetic transitions; field observations of morphological trends seen in vertical samplings may be used in crude extrapolations of the organic chemical compositions of shale strata.
Sperm acrosome status and sperm antibodies in infertility.

AbstractPurpose: We studied whether the spermatozoa from sperm autoimmune infertile men undergo premature acrosomal loss and whether this relates to the presence of sperm antibodies in wives.Materials and Methods: We evaluated acrosome status of live washed native and overnight capacitated spermatozoa from 17 sperm nonautoimmune fertile and 23 sperm autoimmune infertile men using an immunofluorescent peanut lectin binding assay. We used cytotoxic and immunobead binding assays to prescreen the serum and seminal plasma of these men, and serum and cervical mucus of the wives for immunological infertility. We performed immunofluorescent sperm antibody assays on all study samples to ascertain sperm antibody isotype levels in each sample. Levels of acrosomal loss in husband native and capacitated spermatozoa were correlated with levels of IgG, IgA and IgM sperm antibodies in the study samples.Results: Sperm autoimmune infertile men had a significantly larger percentage of sperm (p <0.0001) that had lost the acr...
The effect of matrix mechanical properties on [0]8 unidirectional SiC/Ti composite fatigue resistance

The relationship between constituent and MMC properties in fatigue loading is investigated with low-cycle fatigue-resistance testing of an alloy Ti-15-3 matrix reinforced with SiC SCS-6 fibers. The fabrication of the composite is described, and specimens are generated that are weak and ductile (WD), strong and moderately ductile (SM), or strong and brittle (SB). Strain is measured during MMC fatigue tests at a constant load amplitude with a load-controlled waveform and during matrix-alloy fatigue tests at a constant strain amplitude using a strain-controlled waveform. The fatigue resistance of the (0)8 SiC/Ti-15-3 composite is found to be slightly influenced by matrix mechanical properties, and the composite- and matrix-alloy fatigue lives are not correlated. This finding is suggested to relate to the different crack-initiation and -growth processes in MMCs and matrix alloys.
High resolution He Iα photoelectron spectroscopy of H2CCO and D2CCO using supersonic molecular beams

Abstract High-resolution helium Iα (584 A) photoelectron spectra of H2CO and D2CO using supersonic molecular beams are reported. The excitation of the ν4 out-of-plane bending mode in the ionic ground state and the first excited state imply that formaldehyde cations in these states might have non-planar equilibrium geometries. The different vibrational progressions observed in the first and second excited states indicate strong isotope effects on vibrational (vibronic) couplings. The adiabatic ionization energies and spectroscopic constants for all four ionic states are reported to a much higher accuracy than previously available.
High-power monolithic single-mode diode lasers employing active photonic lattices

Photonic-lattice structures with modulated gain, that is active photonic lattices (APLs), of large index steps and gain preferentially enhanced on the low-index lattice sites have been used, as early as 1988, for effective lateral-mode control range in large-aperture (100-200 microns) high-power coherent devices. Photonic-bandpass (PBP) structures relying on long-range resonant leaky-wave coupling, so called ROW arrays, have allowed stable, near-diffraction-limited beam operation to powers as high as 1.6W CW and 10W peak pulsed. Photonic-bandgap (PBG) structures with a built-in lattice defect, so called ARROW lasers, have provided up to 0.5W peak-pulsed stable, single-mode power and hold the potential for 1W CW reliable single-mode operation from apertures 8-10 microns wide. The solution for high-efficiency surface emission, from 2nd-order DFB/DBR lasers, in an orthonormal, single-lobe beam pattern was found in 2000. Recently, single-lobe and single-mode operation in a diffraction-limited beam orthonormal to the chip surface was demonstrated from 1.5mm-long DFB/DBR ridge-guide lasers. That opens the way for the realization of 2-D surface-emitting,2nd-order APLs for the stable generation of watts of CW single-lobe, single-mode power from large 2-D apertures, as well as scalability of such devices at the wafer level.
Ocean Speed and Turbulence Measurements Using Pitot-Static Tubes on Moorings

A low-power (,10mW), physically small (15.6cm long 3 3.2cm diameter), lightweight (600g Cu; alternatively, 200g Al), robust, and simply calibrated pitot-static tube to measure mean speed and turbulence dissipation(«) is described and evaluated. The measurement of speed is derived from differential pressurevia Bernoulli’s principle. The differential pressure sensor employed here has relatively small, but significant, adverse sensitivities to static pressure, temperature, and acceleration, which are characterized in tests in the college’s laboratory. Results from field tests on moorings indicate acceptable agreement in pitot-static speed measurements with independent acoustic Doppler current profiler speeds, characterized as linear fits with slope51 (95%confidence),60.02ms 21 bias, androot-mean-squareerrorof residuals(observedminusfitted values)50.055ms 21 . Directestimatesof«arederivedfromfitsofvelocityspectratoatheoreticalturbulence inertial subrange. From near-bottom measurements, these estimates are interpreted as seafloor friction velocities, which yield drag coefficients consistent with expected values. Noise levels for «, based on 40-min spectral fits, are ,10 ‐9 m 2 s ‐3 . In comparison to the airfoil (or shear) probe, the pitot-static tube provides the full spectrum of velocity, not just the dissipation range of the spectrum. In comparison to acoustic measurements ofvelocity,thepitot-static tubedoesnot requireacousticscattersin themeasurement volume.This makes the sensor a candidate for use in the deep ocean, for example, where acoustic scatterers are weak.
Interaction of He II transfer line and fountain effect pump

Abstract The analysis of a He II transfer process consisting of a fountain effect pump coupled to a transfer line is presented. It is shown that the flow rate of the fountain effect pump is largely determined by the hydraulic load, i.e. the transfer line. Based on the isocaloric equation for ideal superfluid flow, pump performance curves are developed. The pressure drop along the transfer line is modelled by using expressions for turbulent flow. Performance of the pump and transfer line are coupled to provide a complete system for analysis. Results are formulated in terms of the hydrodynamic impedance of the system. Examples are studied using the characteristics of the SHOOT transfer line.
Quantifying incoherence in speech: An automated methodology and novel application to schizophrenia

Incoherent discourse, with a disjointed flow of ideas, is a cardinal symptom in several psychiatric and neurological conditions. However, measuring incoherence has often been complex and subjective. We sought to validate an objective, intrinsically reliable, computational approach to quantifying speech incoherence. Patients with schizophrenia and healthy control volunteers were administered a variety of language tasks. The speech generated was transcribed and the coherence computed using Latent Semantic Analysis (LSA). The discourse was also analyzed with a standard clinical measure of thought disorder. In word association and generation tasks LSA derived coherence scores were sensitive to differences between patients and controls, and correlated with clinical measures of thought disorder. In speech samples LSA could be used to localize where in sentence production incoherence occurs, predict levels of incoherence as well as whether discourse “belonged” to a patient or control. In conclusion, LSA can be used to assay disordered language production so as to both complement human clinical ratings as well as experimentally parse this incoherence in a theory-driven manner.
Developing and testing a new generation of protective coatings for outdoor bronze sculpture

Outdoor bronze sculpture is vulnerable to acid rain-induced corrosion and the present protection schemes utilized by conservators do not provide adequate protection under many circumstances. To replace the current most common clear bronze protection systems, wax or Incralac® with a top coat of wax, work is underway to develop different options for conservators that include new longer-lasting, more durable systems having improved corrosion protection. The use of improved matrix binders based on fluorocarbon polymers, the use of nano-sized TiO2 for UV absorption, and the extended use of UVAs and HALS are under examination in a search for improved UV resistance and longer lived corrosion protection in clear bronze coatings. Advanced spectroscopic and electrochemical methods are being used to characterize new coatings candidates with respect to UV resistance and corrosion resistance.
Nutrient Attenuation by a Riparian Wetland during Natural and Artificial Runoff Events

Due to chronic nutrient enrichment of surface water, wetlands adjacent to land managed with fertilizer have been studied to determine their role in nutrient dynamics. We sampled golf course runoff and determined the loads of NO3- and PO4(-3) transported during storms and the attenuation of those loads when runoff passed through a riparian wetland. All sampled storm events contained NO3- (2 to 1470 g NO3-N per event) and PO4(-3) (1 to 4156 g PO4-P per event). Extensive nutrient attenuation occurred when water passed through the riparian wetland. In 11 events, NO3- and PO4(-3) attenuation averaged 80 and 74%, respectively. In subsequent experiments, we created a stream of water flowing into the wetland and amended it with NO3-, PO4(-3) and Br-, creating an artificial runoff event. The experiments were conducted using conditions similar to those of natural runoff events. We observed rapid and complete attenuation of PO4(-3) immediately after runoff water infiltrated into the wetland subsurface. No PO4(-3) was observed in discharge from the wetland. Nitrate attenuation occurred following a lag phase of several hours that was probably due to reactivation of denitrifying enzymes. Nitrate attenuation was initially less than 60% but increased to 100% in all experiments. We observed extensive dilution of runoff water in the wetland subsurface indicating mixing with pre-event ground water in the wetland. The results indicated that intermittent inputs of NO3- and PO4(-3) could be successfully attenuated in the wetland on the time scale of natural storm events.
Dynamics of dilute water in carbon tetrachloride

A dilute solution of water in a hydrophobic solvent, such as carbon tetrachloride (CCl 4 ), presents an opportunity to study the rotational properties of water without the complicating effects of hydrogen bonds. We report here the results of theoretical, experimental, and semiempirical studies of a 0.03 mole percent solution of water in CCl 4 . It is shown that for this solution there are negligible water-water interactions or water-CCl 4 interactions; theoretical and experimental values for proton NMR chemical shifts (δ H ) are used to confirm the minimal interactions between water and the CCl 4 . Calculated ab initio values and semiempirical values for oxygen-17 and deuterium quadrupole coupling constants (Χ) of water/CCl 4 clusters are reported. Experimental values for the 17 O, 2 H, and 1 H NMR spin-lattice relaxation times, T 1 , of 0.03 mole percent water in dilute CCl 4 solution at 291 K are 94 ±3 ms, 7.0 ± 0.2 s, and 12.6 ± 0.4 s, respectively. These Ti values for bulk water are also referenced. "Experimental" values for the quadrupole coupling constants and relaxation times are used to obtain accurate, experimental values for the rotational correlation times for two orthogonal vectors in the water molecule. The average correlation time, τ c , for the position vector of 17 O (orthogonal to the plane of the molecule) in monomer water, H 2 17 O, is 91 fs. The average value for the deuterium correlation time for the deuterium vector in 2 H 2 O is 104 fs; this vector is along the OD bond. These values indicate that the motion of monomer water in CCl 4 is anisotropic. At 291 K, the oxygen rotational correlation time in bulk 2 H 2 17 O is 2.4 ps, the deuterium rotational correlation time in the same molecule is 3.25 ps. (Ropp, J.; Lawrence, C.; Farrar, T. C.; Skinner, J. L. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 8047.) These values are a factor of about 20 longer than the τ c value for dilute monomer water in CCl 4 .
Pilgrim’s Progress: Trends and Convergence in Research on Organizational Size and Environments

This article reviews the research conducted on organizational size and environments from 1980 through 1992. Specifically, the environmental research based on the traditional environmental contingency model is reviewed and trends over the review period are identified. The organizational size literature is reviewed in a similar fashion. Suggestions for empirical and theoretical extensions of trends identified in both research streams a represented. An especially salient finding in the review is the emerging theoretical convergence of the size and environment research streams on the topic of organizational life cycles, which seems to particularly involve the population ecology model. Possible theoretical convergence between the institutional, population ecology, interorganizational relations, and environmental enactment perspectives and other fundamental organization theory areas (e.g., culture and strategy) are then proposed. Overall, traditional organizational size and environment research continued at a s...
Beneficial Effects of Methionine and Histidine in Aspirin Solutions on Gastric Mucosal Damage in Rats

Amino acids methionine and histidine, which are soluble in propylene glycol, were investigated for their purported beneficial effects on aspirin-induced gastric mucosal damage in the rat. The pathognomonic changes observed microscopically in the fundic region of the stomach of animals administered daily doses (100 mg/kg), for up to 15 days, of aspirin solutions (0.36 M) in propylene glycol incorporated with the amino acids were compared with those of animals given equivalent quantities of aspirin in an aqueous suspension combined with an aluminum hydroxide antacid. A “delayed” onset of aspirin-induced cellular damage due to the presence of amino acids, analogous to that associated with the use of antacids, was found as determined partly by differences in the staining ability of injured cells with hematoxylin and eosin.
A new type of collagen produced by mouse cells derived from early embryonic sources

Abstract We have previously demonstrated that cell lines derived from a mouse teratocarcinoma source or a mouse blastocyst source produce procollagen and collagen, and suggested that this material may represent a new form of collagen specifically related to early embryonic development. We have now obtained further evidence using carboxymethyl cellulose chromatography, analytical isoelectric focusing, cyanogen bromide peptide analysis, amino acid analysis, and carbohydrate analysis that these two cell lines produce identical collagen molecular types which are distinctly different from types I, II, III, and IV collagen and thus probably represent a new type of collagen, called type V. All of these new data add support to the contention that these teratocarcinoma and blastocyst derived cells correspond to a cell present in the mouse embryo which may be a primitive or mesenchymal connective tissue cell type. Thus, these collagen and procollagen molecules may serve as a marker for cells of the early mouse embryo which are committed to the lineage of connective tissue.
Thermal and mechanical behavior of polycarbonate–poly(ethylene terephthalate) blends

Abstract : Melt blends of polycarbonate and poly(ethylene terephthalate) were formed by continuous extrusion and injection-molded into bars for mechanical testing. Thermal analysis was used to ascertain transitional behavior and the level of PET crystallinity at various points in the fabrication and testing process. The mechanical properties showed little departure from additivity except for the percent elongation at break which was substantially larger for certain blends than expected. Glass transition behavior suggest two amorphous phases for PC rich mixtures and only one mixed phase in the PET rich region. Crystallizability of the PET after the blend was held or prolonged times in the melt stage suggests that interchange reactions do not occur to any great extent. Originator supplied key words include: Poly(ethylene terephthalate)(PET), PC(Polycarbonate), Polyester, Blends, Thermal Analysis, Miscibility, Interchange Reactions, Reprints.
A High-Density Subthreshold SRAM with Data-Independent Bitline Leakage and Virtual Ground Replica Scheme

A 10T SRAM cell with data-independent bitline leakage and a virtual-ground replica scheme allows 1k cells per bitline in subthreshold SRAMs. Reverse short-channel effect is used to improve writability, offer higher speed, reduce junction capacitance, and decrease circuit variability. A 0.13mum, the 480kb SRAM test chip shows a minimum operating voltage of 0.20V.
Evaluation of a safety training program in three food service companies

Abstract Problem: Outcome measures for safety training effectiveness research often do not include measures such as occupational injury experience. Effectiveness mediators also receive sparse attention. Method: A new safety training curriculum was delivered to workers in a stratified random sample of food service facilities across three companies. A similar group of facilities received usual training. We collected post-test measures of demographic variables, safety knowledge, perceptions of transfer of training climate, and workers' compensation claim data for one year after the initial training activities. Results: Knowledge test scores were apparently higher in the new-training units than in the usual-training units. Some demographic variables were inconsistently associated with these differences. Evidence for reduction of the injury rate associated with the new training was observed from two companies but only approached significance for one company. A second company revealed a similar but non-significant trend. Knowledge scores were not significantly associated with lower injury rates. Discussion: We found evidence that safety training increases knowledge and reduces injuries. We found almost no evidence of effects of training effectiveness mediators, including no relationship between safety knowledge and injury experience. Methodological issues related to conducting a large study may have influenced these results. Impact on Industry: Although safety training leads to greater knowledge and, in some cases, reduced occupational injuries, the influence of mediating variables remains to be fully explained.
Surface Roughness Clutter Effects in GPR Modeling and Detection

Computational modeling of ground penetrating radar (GPR) wave propagation in aidsoil and scattering from buried dielectric targets shows that the largest source clutter is due to the rough ground interface. Conclusions are drawn from the observed features that are somewhat unexpected. One important observation is that while target resolution increases with increasing frequency, the target features are harder to separate from the background clutter of the rough ground interface. The limitation on frequency is not the lack of penetration depth in lossy soil, but rather the greater phase effects of ground surface dips and bumps. Similarly, a greater soil moisture level increases the wave decay rate, but it is the reduction in wavelength that makes the rough surface appear electrically larger, which increases clutter and makes the target harder to resolve. Means of minimizing the rough surface clutter distortion include active ground surface subtraction in the time domain and convolution with a delayed time window in the frequency domain.
Recruiting seniors with chronic low back pain for a randomized controlled trial of a self-management program.

Objective To identify recruitment challenges and elucidate specific strategies that enabled recruitment of seniors for a randomized trial on low back pain comparing the Chronic Disease Self-management Program of the Stanford University to a 6-month wait-list control group. Design Recruitment for a randomized controlled trial. Setting Community-based program offered at 12 locations. Participants Community-dwelling seniors 60 years and older with chronic low back pain of mechanical origin. Methods Passive recruitment strategies included advertisement in local and senior newspapers, in senior e-mail newsletters and listservs, in local community centers and businesses. Active strategies included meeting seniors at health fairs, lectures to the public and organizational meetings, and the help of trusted professionals in the community. Results A total of 100 white and 20 African American seniors were recruited. The program seemed to have the most appeal to white, middle-class older adults, educated through high school level. Advertisement failed to attract any participants to the program. Successful strategies included interaction with seniors at health fairs and lectures on health care, especially when the program was endorsed by a trusted community professional. Conclusion Generating interest in the self-management program required keen communication skills because the idea of “self-management” was met with a myriad of responses, ranging from disinterest to disbelief. Generating interest also required active participation within the communities. Initial contacts had to be established with trusted professionals, whose endorsement enabled the project managers to present the concept of self-management to the seniors. More complex recruitment strategies were required for this study involving the self-management approach to back pain than for studies involving treatment.
Ground‐based infrared retrievals of optical depth, effective radius, and composition of airborne mineral dust above the Sahel

[1] Mineral dust aerosol optical depth (AOD) at 11 μm and effective radius are retrieved from ground-based spectral infrared (8–13 μm) radiance observations collected in Niamey, Niger, in 2006 with the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) mobile facility. The algorithm used in this study has the ability to differentiate between two different mineral types, allowing the AOD and effective radius of each mineral to be retrieved as long as the minerals have significant and spectrally different absorption bands in the infrared. Kaolinite, gypsum, and quartz, common minerals found in African deserts, have different infrared absorption features and are used in this work. The mineral combination that yielded the best fit to the observations, after accounting for the increased degrees of freedom in the dual mineral fits, was identified as the “radiatively significant” composition of the dust. The results were analyzed as function of period (premonsoon, early monsoon, late monsoon, and postmonsoon) as well as by back-trajectory direction. High-AOD events occurred in all four periods, with more high-AOD events occurring during the drier premonsoon and postmonsoon periods. Kaolinite is an important component to the dust, with 94% of the retrievals having a significant amount of this mineral. Kaolinite + gypsum was determined to fit the spectral observations the best in nearly two thirds of the observations. Additionally, the amount of gypsum was dependent on the back-trajectory direction, with a larger fraction of the total AOD due to gypsum when the flow was from east of the Niamey site.
Ubiquitin - protein conjugates.

The data available at present indicates there are three distinct functions of ubiquitin, two of which are related to protein conjugation. The first of these has been extensively studied by our laboratory and others interested in nucleosomes and changes in chromatin states. The ubiquitin-histone (Ub-2A, Ub-2B) conjugation reaction now appears to be a very dynamic process. In the deconjugation (lyase) reaction, both the histone 2A and the ubiquitin are left intact and in a form which makes possible ready reconjugation. Accordingly, this may be a mechanism for ‘moment-to-moment’ control of the genome.
Sensitivity of aldehyde dehydrogenases in murine tumor and hematopoietic progenitor cells to inhibition by chloral hydrate as determined by the ability of chloral hydrate to potentiate the cytotoxic action of mafosfamide.

Abstract Several murine aldehyde dehydrogenases, most notably AHD-2, are known to catalyze the detoxification of cyclophosphamide, mafosfamide, and other oxazaphosphorines. Thus, cellular sensitivity to these agents decreases as the relevant aldehyde dehydrogenase activity increases, and vice versa. Chloral hydrate is a sedative/hypnotic agent that is sometimes administered to patients being treated with cyclophosphamide. It is known to inhibit some, but not all, aldehyde dehydrogenases. Murine (CFU-S, CFU-GEMM and CFU-Mk) and human (CFU-Mix, CFU-GM, BFU-E and CFU-Mk) hematopoietic progenitor cells, as well as murine oxazaphosphorine-resistant (L1210/OAP and P388/ CLA) tumor cells, are known to contain the relevant aldehyde dehydrogenase activity but the identity of the specific enzyme present in the normal cells is unknown and may be different than that, namely AHD-2, present in neoplastic cells. In that event, the potential exists to inhibit the detoxification of the oxazaphosphorines in tumor cells without inhibiting this event in normal cells; the net effect of such a selective inhibition would be to increase the margin of safety of the oxazaphosphorines. In ex vivo experiments, chloral hydrate markedly potentiated the antitumor activity of mafosfamide against oxazaphosphorine-resistant L1210/OAP and P388/CLA cells. It did not potentiate the cytotoxic action of mafosfamide against any of the murine or human hematopoietic cells tested, even at concentrations which fully restored the sensitivity of the resistant tumor cell lines to this agent. One explanation for these observations is that hematopoietic progenitor, and the resistant tumor, cells express different relevant aldehyde dehydrogenases and that these aldehyde dehydrogenases differ in their sensitivity to inhibition by chloral hydrate. Consistent with this notion were the observations that AHD-2 was exquisitely sensitive to inhibition by chloral hydrate, whereas two other aldehyde dehydrogenases that also catalyze the detoxification of aldophosphamide, namely AHD-12a,b and AHD-13, were relatively unaffected.
Magic numbers of silicon clusters.

A structural model for intermediate-size silicon clusters is proposed that is able to generate unique structures without any dangling bonds. This structural model consists of a bulklike core of five atoms surrounded by a fullerenelike surface. Reconstruction of the ideal fullerene geometry results in the formation of crown atoms surrounded by \ensuremath{\pi}-bonded dimers. This model yields unique structures for ${\mathrm{Si}}_{33}$, ${\mathrm{Si}}_{39}$, and ${\mathrm{Si}}_{45}$ clusters without any dangling bonds and hence explains why these clusters are the least reactive towards chemisorption of ammonia. Finally, reagent-specific chemisorption reactivities observed experimentally are explained based on the electronic structures of the reagents.
Lipase ofGeotrichum candidum immobilized on silica gel

Silica gel is a useful support for the lipases ofGeotrichum candidum. Esterification of selected fatty acids and alcohols proceeded to 85–92% conversion in hydrocarbon solvents, and the degree of esterification was increased to 96–98% by adding 4A molecular sieves at later stages of reaction. The equilibrium ratio of ester to fatty acid (butyl oleate to oleic) was determined for the supported lipase in a number of solvents and ranged from 92∶8 in hexane and isooctane to 16∶84 int-butanol. The essential character of the enzyme seemed unimpaired by deposition onto silica gel as judged by fatty acid selectivity and stereoselectivity.