cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Global-Position Tracking Control of 3-D Bipedal Walking via Virtual Constraint Design and Multiple Lyapunov Analysis.

A safety-critical measure of legged locomotion performance is a robot's ability to track its desired time-varying position trajectory in an environment, which is herein termed as "global-position tracking". This paper introduces a nonlinear control approach that achieves asymptotic global-position tracking for three-dimensional (3-D) bipedal robot walking. Designing a global-position tracking controller presents a challenging problem due to the complex hybrid robot model and the time-varying desired global-position trajectory. Towards tackling this problem, the first main contribution is the construction of impact invariance to ensure all desired trajectories respect the foot-landing impact dynamics, which is a necessary condition for realizing asymptotic tracking of hybrid walking systems. Thanks to their independence of the desired global position, these conditions can be exploited to decouple the higher-level planning of the global position and the lower-level planning of the remaining trajectories, thereby greatly alleviating the computational burden of motion planning. The second main contribution is the Lyapunov-based stability analysis of the hybrid closed-loop system, which produces sufficient conditions to guide the controller design for achieving asymptotic global-position tracking during fully actuated walking. Simulations and experiments on a 3-D bipedal robot with twenty revolute joints confirm the validity of the proposed control approach in guaranteeing accurate tracking.
Adverse childhood experiences and mental health conditions among multiracial adolescents.

The relationships between adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and mental health conditions have received much attention in the literature. A particularly well-documented type of ACE is household d...
Secretory diarrhoea: mechanisms and emerging therapies

Diarrhoeal disease remains a major health burden worldwide. Secretory diarrhoeas are caused by certain bacterial and viral infections, inflammatory processes, drugs and genetic disorders. Fluid secretion across the intestinal epithelium in secretory diarrhoeas involves multiple ion and solute transporters, as well as activation of cyclic nucleotide and Ca(2+) signalling pathways. In many secretory diarrhoeas, activation of Cl(-) channels in the apical membrane of enterocytes, including the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator and Ca(2+)-activated Cl(-) channels, increases fluid secretion, while inhibition of Na(+) transport reduces fluid absorption. Current treatment of diarrhoea includes replacement of fluid and electrolyte losses using oral rehydration solutions, and drugs targeting intestinal motility or fluid secretion. Therapeutics in the development pipeline target intestinal ion channels and transporters, regulatory proteins and cell surface receptors. This Review describes pathogenic mechanisms of secretory diarrhoea, current and emerging therapeutics, and the challenges in developing antidiarrhoeal therapeutics.
Immediate Discharge and Home Treatment With Rivaroxaban of Low‐risk Venous Thromboembolism Diagnosed in Two U.S. Emergency Departments: A One‐year Preplanned Analysis

Objectives The study hypothesis was that a target-specific anticoagulant would allow successful home treatment of selected patients with deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE) diagnosed in two urban emergency departments (EDs). Methods A protocol was established for treating low-risk DVT or PE patients with rivaroxaban and clinic, follow-up at both 2 to 5 weeks, and 3 to 6 months. Patients were determined to be low-risk by using a modified version of the Hestia criteria, supplemented by additional criteria for patients with active cancer. Acceptable outcome rates were defined as venous thromboembolism (VTE) recurrence ≤ 2.1% or bleeding ≤ 9.4% during treatment. VTE recurrence required positive imaging of any VTE. The International Society of Thrombosis and Hemostasis definition of major or clinically relevant nonmajor bleeding was used. Results From March 2013 through April 2014, a total of 106 patients were treated. Seventy-one (68%) had DVT, 30 (28%) had PE, and five (3%) had both, representing 51% of all DVTs and 27% of all PEs diagnosed in both EDs during the period of study. The 106 patients have been followed for a mean (±SD) of 389 (±111) days (range = 213 to 594 days). No patient had VTE recurrence, and no patient had a major or clinically relevant bleeding event while on therapy (none of the 106, 0%, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0% to 3.4%). However, three patients 2.8% (95% CI = 1% to 8%) had recurrent DVT after cessation of therapy. Conclusions Patients diagnosed with VTE and immediately discharged from the ED while treated with rivaroxaban had a low rate of VTE recurrence and bleeding.
The Accuracy and Precision of Third Molar Development as an Indicator of Chronological Age in Hispanics

The accuracy and precision of chronological age estimation based on the stages of third molar tooth development was studied in a sample of 679 radiographs from individuals of Hispanic origin. The age range was 14.0 to 25.0 years. Eight raters from the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Dental Branch evaluated the radiographs according to Demirjian's schematic definitions of crown and root formation. The objective of this study was to evaluate the chronology of third molar development in Hispanics following the protocol of a previous study. Within the Hispanic population, the rate of male third molar development is greater than that of female third molar development for ten stages of crown-root formation. Also within this Hispanic population sample, the rate of maxillary third molar development is ahead of mandibular third molar development. The mean absolute difference between chronological age and estimated age was +/-3.0 years in females and +/- 2.6 years in males.
Intelligent process control with integrated robust multivariable controllers and real-time supervisory knowledge-based systems

The application of a supervisory knowledge-based system (KBS) to provide robust multivariable control of a chemical reaction process with reduced conservatism is examined. The supervisory KBS is capable of monitoring the process to detect process and control system faults or deteriorating control system performance due to changes in the process behavior or operating conditions. If a fault or change in performance is detected, the KBS formulates and implements the necessary corrective action. Control loop tuning is emphasized. The underlying mechanisms are discussed and validation results, using a rigorous simulation of the chemical reactor process, are presented. >
Synthesis and Testing of Glucose Derivatives for Feeding to Ruminants

Glucose compounds were synthesized and tested for resistance in a 48-h in vitro rumen fermentation. Glucose complexed with formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acetone was resistant. When complexed with propionic and succinic acids, the products readily fermented. The resistant compounds also withstood acid hydrolysis at a pH similar to that of the abomasum. This suggests that these products would have little value as a dietary source of glucose for ruminants if the release of glucose to the animal depended on acid hydrolysis in the abomasum. The possibility of enzymatic hydrolysis of glucose-formaldehyde compound was studied in a feeding trial with sheep. Eight Finncross wethers were fed the formaldehyde product in three quantities in their diet. Blood and urine glucose plus blood, urine, and fecal total soluble carbohydrate were measured. It appears that this glucose-formaldehyde product resists rumen fermentation but does not become metabolically available to sheep as indicated by large quantities of product excreted in urine and feces.
Trace element concentrations in mosses collected from a treated experimental forest watershed

The objective of this study was to examine the differences in elemental composition between two species of bryophytes. These two species (Bazzania trilobata and Dicranum fulvum) were collected from the Bear Brook paired forested watersheds. One watershed has been treated with (NH4)2SO4 to simulate acidic atmospheric deposition and the other was a control. Samples were analyzed for standard nutrients (Al,B,Ca,Cu,Fe,K,Mg,Mn,N,P,Zn) plus lead and cadmium in November and December 1992. Nitrogen levels for samples collected on the treated area were significantly higher but other nutrients tended to be depressed on the treated area. Lead levels were high on both areas relative to reference levels from remote parts of the world.
Cure of advanced L1210 leukemia after correction of abnormal red blood cell deformability.

Chemotherapeutic efficacy is inversely related to pretreatment tumor burden. A possible contributory factor in chemotherapy resistance is the occurrence of decreased red blood cell deformability in mice with advanced tumors. Poorly deformable red blood cells may prevent adequate drug delivery to tumor cells. Two methods for improving red cell deformability were found in this study. The first involved treatment of L1210 leukemia-bearing mice with red cell metabolic substrates, including inosine, adenosine, glucose, sodium pyruvate, and ascorbic acid. The combination of inosine plus sodium pyruvate (3 mg of each drug in 0.5 cm3 phosphate-buffered saline) was most effective in restoring deformability to normal. Administration of an active chemotherapeutic agent (BCNU or cyclophosphamide) also improved red cell deformability, with maximal restoration occurring 4–5 days after drug treatment. Standard and 50% of standard drug doses were equally effective in restoring deformability. The optimal therapy program for day 7 L1210 leukemia utilized inosine plus sodium pyruvate given 10–15 min before BCNU 15 mg/kg on day 7 and before BCNU 30 mg/kg on day 12. This treatment yielded 44% cures, whereas BCNU alone, in identical dose and schedule, gave no cures. Median survival was 50 days for the inosine-pyruvate-treated mice, as against 30 days for BCNU alone. Therefore, treatment with non-toxic doses of red blood cell metabolic substrates plus optimal timing of chemotherapy, two maneuvers that significantly increased red blood cell deformability, resulted in significant therapeutic benefit.
Multiscale analysis of stamp forming of a woven composite

The stamp forming of a woven composite with thermoplastic matrix was investigated in this study. A mesoscale finite element model of a unit cell of a 2 × 2 twill weave of pre-impregnated tows was u...
A longitudinal study of social competence among children of alcoholic and nonalcoholic parents: role of parental psychopathology, parental warmth, and self-regulation

This study tested a conceptual model predicting children's social competence in a sample of children with alcoholic and non-alcoholic parents. The model examined the role of parents' alcohol diagnoses, depression, and antisocial behavior at 12-18 months of child age in predicting parental warmth/sensitivity at 2 years of child age. Parental warmth/sensitivity at 2 years was hypothesized to predict children's self-regulation and externalizing behavior problems at 3 years. Parenting, self-regulation, and behavior problems were expected to predict social competence in kindergarten. Structural equations modeling was supportive of this model. Fathers' alcohol diagnosis was associated with lower warmth/sensitivity. Lower maternal warmth/sensitivity at 2 years was predictive of lower child self-regulation at 3 years. Parenting, self-regulation, and externalizing behavior problems were predictive of social competence in kindergarten, although associations varied by reporter (parents or teacher). There was a direct association between fathers' alcohol diagnosis and father reports of social competence, and between fathers' depression and teacher reports of social competence. The study elucidates developmental processes in predicting social competence and the role of fathers' alcoholism and associated risk factors in this process. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2009 APA, all rights reserved).
Active pixel sensors fabricated in a standard 0.18-μm CMOS technology

CMOS image sensors have benefitted from technology scaling down to 0.35 micrometers with only minor process modifications. Several studies have predicted that below 0.25 micrometers , it will become difficult, if not impossible to implement CMOS image sensors with acceptable performance without more significant process modifications. To explore the imaging performance of CMOS Image sensors fabricated in standard 0.18 micrometers technology, we designed a set of single pixel photodiode and photogate APS test structures. The test structures include pixels with different size n+/pwell and nwell/psub photodiodes and nMOS photogates. To reduce the leakages due to the in-pixel transistors, the follower, photogate, and transfer devices all use 3.3V thick oxide transistors. The paper reports on the key imaging parameters measured from these test structures including conversion gain, dark current and spectral response. We find that dark current density decreases super-linearly in reverse bias voltage, which suggest that it is desirable to run the photodetectors at low bias voltages. We find that QE is quite low due to high pwell doping concentration. Finally we find that the photogate circuit suffered from high transfer gate off current. QE is not significantly affected by this problem, however.
Kainate and electrolytic lesions of the lateral habenula: Effect on avoidance responses

Male Sprague Dawley rats (n = 24), which received either bilateral electrolytic lesions, kainic acid lesions or sham treatments in the lateral habenula, were tested for acquisition of a one-way, conditioned avoidance response. Animals with electrolytic lesions failed to learn the avoidance task within 15 trials. In contrast, rats with kainic acid lesions performed as well as the control group. The results indicate that the disruption of the septal-medial habenula-interpenduncular nucleus pathway may be responsible for the observed avoidance deficit in electrolytically lesioned animals.
Enhancement of Critical Heat Flux From High Power Microelectronic Heat Sources in a Flow Channel

Several surface augmentation techniques were examined in an investigation of enhancement of critical heat flux (CHF) from a simulated electronic chip to a fluorocarbon (FC-72) liquid in a vertical channel. A parametric comparison of boil­ing performances is presented for a smooth surface and for surfaces with low-profile microgrooves, low-profile microstuds, and high-profile pin fins. Critical heat fluxes as high as 361 W/cm
Explosion of Transition Metal Co-ordination Compounds

IN a recent discussion on the initiation and growth of explosion in solids, Eggert1 and McAuslan2 reported on the initiation of explosions by light. Evidence was presented for the photochemical and/or photothermic effects in various nitrides, azides, acetylides and perchlorates.
Microstructure and enhanced morphology of planar nonpolar m-plane GaN grown by hydride vapor phase epitaxy

Nonpolar (\(1\bar 100\)) m-plane gallium nitride has been grown heteroepitaxially on (100) γ-LiAlO2 by several groups. Previous attempts to grow m-plane GaN by hydride vapor phase epitaxy (HVPE) yielded films unsuitable for subsequent device regrowth because of the high densities of faceted voids intersecting the films’ free surfaces. We report here on the growth of planar m-plane GaN films on (100) γ-LiAlO2 and elimination of bulk and surface defects. The morphology achieved is smooth enough to allow for fabrication of m-plane GaN templates and free-standing substrates for nonpolar device regrowth. The GaN films were grown in a horizontal HVPE reactor at 860–890°C. Growth rates ranged from 30 µm/h to 240 µm/h, yielding free-standing films up to 250-µm thickness. The m-plane GaN films were optically specular and mirror-like, with undulations having 50–200-nm peak-to-valley heights over millimeter length scales. Atomic force microscopy revealed a striated surface morphology, similar to that observed in m-plane GaN films grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). Root-mean-square (RMS) roughness was 0.636 nm over 25-µm2 areas. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was performed on the m-plane GaN films to quantify microstructural defect densities. Basal-plane stacking faults of 1×105 cm−1 were observed, while 4×109 cm−2 threading dislocations were observed in the g=0002 diffraction condition.
Accuracy of Self-Reported Sun Exposure and Sun Protection Behavior

The objective of this study was to compare the accuracy of self-reported skin cancer risk outcome measures proposed as standards by prevention experts to aggregated estimates of behavior from weekly diaries. Weekly electronic diaries of ultraviolet radiation (UVR) behaviors, initially validated by comparison with daily electronic diaries, were used to assess the accuracy of commonly used end-of-summer self-reported measures among 250 adults. Results revealed low biases, and good correspondence between simple open-ended self-reported estimates of days outside, hours outside, sunbathing days and hours, and days outside when not protected by either sunscreen, long-sleeved shirts, hats, or shade. Rating scale measures commonly used in the current literature and those recently recommended as standards by a workshop of experts showed evidence of being non-interval and lacking precision for more frequent behavior (e.g., >1 h sun exposure daily). These data indicated that open-ended frequency self-reports of skin cancer risk behaviors that follow procedures designed to increase accuracy were reliable over a summer-long period.
Antisocial and seizure susceptibility phenotypes in an animal model of epilepsy are normalized by impairment of brain corticotropin-releasing factor

Abstract Social interaction phenotyping is an unexplored niche in animal modeling of epilepsy despite the sensitivity of affiliative behaviors to emotionality and stress, which are known seizure triggers. Thus, the present studies examined the social phenotype of seizure-susceptible El and nonsusceptible ddY strains both in untreated animals and following preexposure to a handling stressor. The second aim of the present studies was to evaluate the dependence of sociability in El mice on the proconvulsive, stress neuropeptide corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) using CRF–SAP, a conjugate of CRF and the toxin saporin, which selectively reduced CRF peptide levels in the basolateral amygdala of El mice. El mice exhibited lower social investigation times than ddY counterparts, whereas central administration of CRF–SAP normalized social investigation times relative to ddY controls. Moreover, handling-induced seizures in El mice were reduced by 50% following treatment with CRF–SAP relative to saporin alone-injected El controls. The results of this study suggest that tonically activated CRF systems in the El mouse brain suppress affiliative behavior and facilitate evoked seizures.
Gluon bremsstrahlung effects in hadron-hadron collisions

Abstract We show that the inclusion of noncollinear gluon bremsstrahlung is essential in a quantum-chromodynamic (QCD) description of large transverse energy events in hadron-hadron collisions. Recent data from CERN and Fermilab for both large and small aperture energy triggers give indirect experimental support for QCD and for gluon bremsstrahlung effects.
Evolving indications for permanent pacemakers

New indications for permanent cardiac pacing have been developed in recent years, with numerous studies demonstrating improved clinical outcomes in a variety of disorders. Because hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy, dilated cardiomyopathy, heart failure, neurocardiogenic syncope, and atrial fibrillation are common conditions, every clinician should be aware of evolving alternative therapies for them. Observational studies in patients with refractory, symptomatic hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy and significant left ventricular outflow gradient at rest suggest that cardiac pacing may result in symptomatic and hemodynamic improvement. Clinical trials have not shown conclusive evidence regarding the long-term benefit from pacing in these patients, and it is unclear whether pacing will be a preferred treatment option. Preliminary data suggest that pacing is a viable adjunctive therapeutic approach for improving symptoms in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy and heart failure. Mortality benefit has yet to be established, but it is to be hoped that ongoing randomized clinical trials will provide definitive information on that issue. Patients with refractory neurocardiogenic syncope or those who are intolerant of medical treatment may benefit from pacing therapies, especially those that use rate-drop sensor algorithms. Biatrial pacing has emerged as a technique that resynchronizes atrial electrical activity and has been shown to prevent atrial fibrillation. Multisite atrial pacing for the prevention of atrial fibrillation is considered investigational but seems promising. Newer indications for pacing are expected to result in improved clinical outcomes for hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy, dilated cardiomyopathy and heart failure, neurocardiogenic syncope, and the prevention of atrial fibrillation.
Madness in Methods

WHILE courses in methods may continue in the minds of many to be considered a total or partial waste of time, there are those teachers and students who disagree because theirs was a good experience. Over the years one would think that all ideas on methodology including recent linguistic research would by now have been expounded and proved worthwhile or not. Books have been published on this controversial subject and articles continue to appear in our professional journals because teachers of language are interested in sharing and learning. Certainly something is gained from reading a book or an article on the preparation of teachers, a teaching technique, or the preparation of tapes for use in the language laboratory. We may end up disagreeing vehemently with the author of the book or article, or with the method or idea in question, which fact indicates we are alive professionally but happen to be influenced strongly and perhaps even convinced that a method we have adopted is far more sound. This conclusion was reached
Comparison of marker types and map assumptions using Markov chain Monte Carlo-based linkage analysis of COGA data

We performed multipoint linkage analysis of the electrophysiological trait ECB21 on chromosome 4 in the full pedigrees provided by the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism (COGA). Three Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC)-based approaches were applied to the provided and re-estimated genetic maps and to five different marker panels consisting of microsatellite (STRP) and/or SNP markers at various densities. We found evidence of linkage near the GABRB1 STRP using all methods, maps, and marker panels. Difficulties encountered with SNP panels included convergence problems and demanding computations.
Effect of Materials on Preschool Children's Ability to Represent a Man.

Summary.-41 nursery school children were asked to consuuct a man, using six different methods. The data indicate that the ability to identify body parts, eye-hand coordination, or the use of particular materials made no significant differences in success. Success seemed more related to the understanding that shapes may have symbolic meaning. .There has been much controversy and speculation about the reasons for what seems to'be a delay in young children's ability to represent the human figure. Although young children can do a number of tasks requiring rather sophisticated dexterity and manipulative control, it is generally not until the age of four that they can draw a recognizable human figure. Even at this age the drawing is usually a tadpole figure or head-feet representation. One could speculate that an incomplete internal image is at fault or that the motor skills have not yet developed sufficiently for adequate representation of more detailed body parts or the child is satisfied to portray the least symbol to connote meaning. Several studies have reached somewhat different conclusions. Bassett ( 1777) instructed 28 children (mean age of 4-9) to make a drawing of a man and then construct a man from six white cardboard shapes. Bassett concluded that children can construct a human figure more accurately than they can draw it, which would imply that the internal representation is complete but undifferentiated. Golomb (1973) found, when she dictated to young children the parts to be drawn, that the tadpole man tended to disappear. She concluded that the difficulty lies in the creation of body forms and not in their perceived relationships. Wallach and Bordeaux ( 1976) had some 142 children, ranging in age from 2 to 4 yr., identify six parts of a paper doll, and then asked these children to put the parts together in proper order. They concluded that, if children understood the representational significance of the body parts, they would be able to assemble them into a coherent figure. They suggested that knowing or being able to name body parts was a sufficient condition for successful figural assembly. In a pilot study of the effect of different materials on the representational ability of preschool children, Brittain ( 1979) asked 23 nursery school children to make a person: first by drawing a picture with a felt tip pen, next by constructing a figure with 22 pieces of colorful geometric shapes, then by assembling a man from 22 pieces of precut paper body parts or clothes, and finally by modelling a figure from clay. He found that the
Inpatient treatment of the psychiatric patient with alcoholism

Patients with both alcoholism and mental illness, or the one masquerading as the other, are very common and often puzzling and discouraging to clinicians. This article reviews several aspects of these problems: epidemiologic studies show that substantial proportions of mentally ill people suffer from alcoholism, and these disorders interlock in complex ways, each exacerbating the other. Many physicians feel uncomfortable working with alcoholic people, mostly because of poor training, and this impinges on difficulties of giving excellent care to these taxing patients. Complexities and resistances to interviewing obstruct evaluation. Interviewing and history taking techniques and the reason for them are discussed. The decision whether a patient needs medical or psychiatric hospitalization, alcoholism rehabilitation, or outpatient psychiatric or alcoholism treatment is reviewed along with the management and sequencing of treatment for primary and secondary alcoholism with concomitant psychosis, mania, depression, panic disorder, and adult attention deficit disorder. Clinical intervention and referral for the patient on a medical or surgical floor who may have alcoholism is discussed. Two special clinical problems, the differential diagnosis of postdetoxification depression and the risks of using alcohol cross-tolerant drugs, are also reviewed.
HDL-based instruction across the ECE curricula

This paper describes how design using a Hardware Description Language (HDL) and Field-Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) was introduced throughout the Electrical and Computer Engineering Curricula at Lafayette College. Introduction of HDL-based design began in Senior-level electives and was then propagated downward into a Junior-level Computer Organization Course and then a two course Sophomore-level Digital Design sequence. Finally, HDL-based design was added to a Capstone course in which students design a complex network interface system using an FPGA and attached hardware.
Psychosocial Adjustment of African American Children in Single-Mother Families: A Test of Three Risk Models

Three models of risk were examined for 277 African American children from single-mother-headed homes: cumulative, additive, and indirect models. Risk factors were mother-reported community risks, inadequate income, maternal depressive symptoms, and inadequate parenting. Child-reported internalizing and externalizing difficulties served as dependent measures of adjustment. Whereas the cumulative risk model identified a subset of children within this group as at-risk for adjustment difficulties, only more proximal family variables (maternal depressive symptoms and inadequate parenting) accounted for unique variance in child outcomes (additive risk model). However, the more distal risk factors—community risk and inadequate income—were linked to both internalizing and externalizing difficulties through the proximal family variables (indirect effects model).
Oral microbiome and oral and gastrointestinal cancer risk

A growing body of evidence implicates human oral bacteria in the etiology of oral and gastrointestinal cancers. Epidemiological studies consistently report increased risks of these cancers in men and women with periodontal disease or tooth loss, conditions caused by oral bacteria. More than 700 bacterial species inhabit the oral cavity, including at least 11 bacterial phyla and 70 genera. Oral bacteria may activate alcohol and smoking-related carcinogens locally or act systemically, through chronic inflammation. High-throughput genetic-based assays now make it possible to comprehensively survey the human oral microbiome, the totality of bacteria in the oral cavity. Establishing the association of the oral microbiome with cancer risk may lead to significant advances in understanding of cancer etiology, potentially opening a new research paradigm for cancer prevention.
Early coupler-point curves

Abstract Earnest exploitation of coupler curves stems from Watt's approximate straight-line motion of 1782, the critical element of his double-acting steam engine. Attention is called to two American riverboats by John Fitch that in a contemporary, though quite independent effort, made use of complete coupler curves to simulate the action of hand-held paddles.
Electron microscopy of the sinoatrial node of the squirrel monkey Saimiri sciureus

Abstract The sinoatrial node of the squirrel monkey Saimiri sciureus is a fusiform nodule of specialized myocardial cells and associated connective tissue within the auricular aspect of the base of the superior vena cava at its entrance into the right atrium. The nodal tissues are organized in irregular bundles about a more or less centrally disposed artery. Typical contractile fibers, transitional cells and a relatively smaller population of pale myocardial cells may be distinguished with respect to degree of electron lucency, myofibrillar content, sarcomere organization and cell shape. Differentiation between these three general cellular types is least equivocal when the fibers under consideration are sectioned in planes which are parallel with the longitudinal axes of the majority of myofibrils present within them. Fasciae occludentes and large fasciae adherentes are seen relatively infrequently between nodal cells. Atrial granules, 1900 A in diameter, a somewhat rudimentary transverse tubular system and proliferated Z-disk material were observed irregularly in nodal fibers.
Oxygen isotope ratios of FeO-poor chondrules in CR3 chondrites: Influence of dust enrichment and H2O during chondrule formation

Abstract We present detailed electron microprobe analyses and oxygen three-isotope measurements by high precision secondary ion mass spectrometry on 45 type I (FeO-poor) chondrules/fragments and 3 type II (FeO-rich) chondrule fragments from Meteorite Hills 00426 and Queen Alexandra Range 99177, two of the most primitive CR3 chondrites. Type I chondrules/fragments have Mg#’s (defined as the Mg# of constituent olivine and/or low-Ca pyroxene) ranging from 94.2 to 99.2; type II chondrule fragments have Mg#’s of 53–63. Oxygen three-isotope measurements plot on the slope ∼1 primitive chondrule mineral (PCM) line. Within chondrules, Δ 17 O (=δ 17 O–0.52 × δ 18 O) values of coexisting olivine, pyroxene, and plagioclase are homogeneous, with propagated uncertainties of 0.3‰. This indicates each phase crystallized from the final chondrule melt, and that efficient oxygen isotope exchange occurred between ambient gas and chondrule melt. Among type I chondrules there is a well-defined increase in Δ 17 O, from –5.9‰ to ∼−1‰, as Mg#’s decrease from 99.2 to ∼96; type II chondrule fragments are comparatively 16 O-poor (Δ 17 O: ∼0.2–0.6‰). The relationship between Mg# and Δ 17 O among type I chondrules confirms that addition of a 16 O-poor oxidizing agent to the highest Mg# chondrule precursors resulted in forming lower Mg# CR chondrules. Using aspects of existing equilibrium condensation models and a mass balance we estimate that type I CR chondrules formed at dust enrichments of 100–200×, from dusts with 0–0.8 times the atomic abundance of ice, relative to CI dust. The type II chondrule fragments are predicted to have formed at CI dust enrichments near 2500×.
The journals crisis: redirecting the blame.

Publishers and librarians are the usual culprits blamed for the “journals crisis”, typically defined as an ever-tightening spiral of increasing serial prices and decreasing number of subscribers. An alternative viewpoint is expressed in this articlethe author community bears the brunt of the blame for this situation. The glut of published articles, the surplus of journals, and the growing publication rate per academic chemist drive the crisis. Therefore, any global publication paradigm change must originate from within the author community.
Flexibility in Applying the Painlevé Test

This is an exposition of ideas, with no concrete results. I want to point out some modifications and extensions of the Painleve test as currently adopted in general practice.1 I include no discussion of the so-called poly-Painleve test, which has been described elsewhere,2 but only of the Painleve test itself, as it is usually understood.
Ethical engagement with data collection efforts related to fighting terrorists and terrorism in the context of recent events

This poster discusses the problems with collection of data on citizens for the protection of the public. In particular, it focuses on the problems of misinformation, lack accountability and anonymity of those who collect such information.
Phase-shifted pulse sequence for measurement of spin-lattice relaxation in complex systems☆

A density matrix analysis of the effects of phase modification in the “nonideal” inversion-recovery pulse sequence upon the apparent magnetization recovery is presented. The apparent magnetization recovery is, in general, nonexponential, depending on the ratio T1T2∗, the relative pulse phases in the inversion-recovery sequence, the off-resonance frequency, the observation direction, the radiofrequency field inhomogeneity, phase-glitch effect, and/or inaccurate settings of the pulse lengths. The interference effects produced by transverse magnetization in the case of T1 measurements by the inversion-recovery pulse sequence or saturation recovery pulse sequence in the high-resolution NMR spectra can be eliminated successively using the coincident phase and antiphase pulse sequences. This technique has the advantage of simplicity and allows the maximum resolution in the partly relaxed spectrum.
Solution of the wave equation for open surfaces involving a line integral over the edge

A simple mathematical model of a stationary source distribution for the supersonic-propeller noise-prediction formula of Farassat (1983) is developed to test the validity of the formula solutions. The conventional thickness source term is used in place of the Isom thickness formula; the relative importance of the line and surface integrals in the solutions is evaluated; and the numerical results are compared with those obtained with a conventional retarded-time solution in tables. Good agreement is obtained over elevation angles from 10 to 90 deg, and the line-integral contribution is found to be significant at all elevation angles and of the same order of magnitude as the surface-integral contribution at angles less than 30 deg. The amplitude-normalized directivity patterns for the four cases computed (x = 1.5 or 10; k = 5.0 or 50) are presented graphically.
Characterization of transgenic mouse strains using six human hepatic cytochrome P450 probe substrates.

1. Transgenic mice were evaluated with six human cytochrome P450 (CYP) selective probe substrates, as little is known about their metabolism in the mouse. Mouse strains characterized include C57BL/SJL, FVB/N, mdr 1a/1b (-/-), ob/ob and ACCA. 2. Human CYP probe substrates used for characterization of mouse CYP activities included bufuralol, testosterone, dextromethorphan, phenacetin, diclofenac and S-mephenytoin. Activities were compared with those obtained in human liver microsomes and in human recombinant enzyme preparations. All transgenic mouse strains showed similar apparent Km with bufuralol, testosterone and dextromethorphan which compared favourably with those observed in human liver microsomes. 3. Km for phenacetin O-deethylase and S-mephenytoin 4'-hydroxylation were more variable across strains and in some cases demonstrated biphasic kinetics. Phenacetin O-deethylase activity was low in all mouse strains except FVB/N and mdr 1a/1b (-/-). Diclofenac 4-hydroxylation did not occur to any significant...
Content-aware layout

We describe content-aware layout (CAL), a technique that automatically arranges windows on a user.s desktop. Unlike conventional window managers that automatically cascade or tile each window without regard to its content, CAL uses information about the contents of windows to help decide if and where they should be placed. We present the approach to designing CAL, as well as its implementation. We then conclude with a discussion about future work and CAL.s potential use in large display environments.
Kaposi's Sarcoma: CT-Radiographic Correlation

The role of CT in the diagnosis of intrathoracic Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) was evaluated retrospectively in 24 patients, in the absence of coexistent opportunistic infections. In all cases the diagnosis of KS was initially established by histologic evaluation of extrathoracic disease: 15 patients had verified parenchymal KS and nine patients endobronchial KS. (Chest roentgenograms were analyzed separately for each group: in 14 patients serial films were available for review. The predominant radiographic finding was the presence of nonspecific, bilateral, perihilar infiltrates in 22 of 24 cases (92 percent). Corresponding CT scans documented the presence of abnormal hilar densities characteristically extending into the adjacent pulmonary parenchyma along distinctly perivascular and peribronchial pathways. Discrete, poorly marginated nodules were identified radiographically in ten cases (42 percent); these proved to be randomly distributed throughout the parenchyma on CT. Radiographic evidence of mediastinal adenopathy was distinctly unusual, seen in only two cases (8 percent). While CT typically demonstrated shotty adenopathy, significantly enlarged nodes (>1 cm) were rarely identified. We concluded that CT is more specific than routine roentgenograms for identifying pulmonary KS. While not pathognomonic, peribronchial and perivascular disease is sufficiently characteristic to obviate more invasive diagnotic procedures, especially in patients with established KS.
Renal cell carcinoma: rationale and development of therapeutic inhibitors of angiogenesis.

Inhibition of tumor angiogenesis is a promising therapeutic approach to treat cancer; translation of this concept into clinical practice requires an understanding of the molecular events that are responsible for the development of tumor vasculature. Renal cell carcinoma is characterized by the frequent loss of the von Hippel Lindau tumor suppressor gene, which results in the loss of one of the critical mechanisms for regulating the level of hypoxia inducible factor 1 and leads to the overproduction of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) by the tumor cell. Therapeutic strategies to inhibit the function of these important pathways have been effective in preventing tumor angiogenesis in preclinical models of kidney cancer, and more recently, in the clinical setting. Strategies to treat renal cell carcinoma with agents that are designed to prevent angiogenesis have included interruption of the VEGF signaling pathway, mimics of endogenous angiogenesis inhibitors, prevention of destruction of the basement membrane, and direct inhibition of endothelial cells by a variety of agents with complex, novel, or undetermined mechanisms. Recent clinical studies of bevacizumab, the first anti-VEGF agent to be marketed for the treatment of cancer, have provided proof for the concept that these strategies can lead to tangible benefits for patients who have advanced renal cell carcinoma and likely will be applicable broadly to the treatment of cancer.
Muscarinic receptors in the human pyloric sphincter: Comparison with other species☆

Abstract 1. Binding of the potent muscarinic cholinergic antagonist [3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate, [3H]QNB, to homogenates of smooth muscle from human, rabbit, rat and guinea-pig antrum and pylorus have been studied. 2. Specific binding of [3H]QNB was to a single, saturable class of sites in both tissues and all species. 3. Binding was not cooperative in any instance, as evidenced by Hill coefficients of unity. 4. Apparent dissociation constants (KD) and maximum receptor densities (Bmax) were estimated from Scatchard plots. For human pylorus the mean (±SEM) KD value was 0.41 ± 0.06 nM and mean Bmax was 101 ± 21fmol/mg protein. These values did not differ significantly from those calculated using human antrum. 5. In general, constants obtained from rabbits were most like those for human tissue, suggesting the rabbit may be an appropriate species to use in studies on cholinergically-mediated pylorus dysfunction.
Define electrical packing temperature cycling requirement with field measured user behavior data

In this paper, a user behavior based solder joint reliability modeling approach has been proposed to estimate the design and test requirements for the second level interconnect (SLI) reliability prediction. This approach uses a numerical tool to integrate solder joint creep damage during the actual use condition that was collected from a large user sample size. The resultant damage per time period was then input to the solder joint fatigue model to estimate equivalent damage to testing duration. The is a physics based approach and is expected to provide more accurate product life prediction and reliability performance demand for BGA package designs.
from free labor to family allowances: labor and African society in colonial discourse

From the early 19th century, the European debate over the slave trade and slavery pioneered a new international discourse in which the concept of free labor defined a universalistic standard for the conduct of Europeans in colonies and non-European societies. Implementing free labor, however, entailed a confrontation with the particular work culture and values of local communities, from ex-slaves to independent peasants. This article examines the connection between imperial powers' critiques of each others' conduct—and the role of international fora in defining imperial morality—and their encounter with African social structures. Colonial states were inextricably drawn into confronting Africans as social beings: first in trying to induce them to become disciplined wage workers, then to contain the conflicts unleashed in places of work and urban residence. By the 1940s, this meant exporting to Africa European approaches to containing class conflict. Colonial cities became less the realm of the colonial expert and more that of the “industrial relations” specialist, who argued against migratory labor and in favor of taking Africans out of their cultural milieu and reproducing their families under the eyes of European welfare experts, even if this implied paying family wages or family allowances that exceeded the free market price of labor. Only with decolonization did France and Britain take themselves out of the social and political intimacy of the workers' milieu and participate in a new—or rather old—international discourse on the moral and social virtue of the free market.[labor, migration, reproduction, slavery, welfare, decolonization]
Real-Time White Light Pyramidal Tracking Novelty Filter

Optical temporal pyramidal image processing based on liquid-crystal televisions (LCTVs) and noncoherent illumination is proposed. compact non-coherent optical tracking novelty filter and its use as a temporal pyramidal filter are demonstrated. Some preliminary experimental results are presented.
Characterization of Molecular Scale Environments in Polymer Films by Single Molecule Spectroscopy

Single molecule spectroscopic methods are used to obtain detailed information on the polarity and rigidity of molecular-scale environments found in thin poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) films. Nile Red is employed as a highly sensitive spectroscopic probe of environmental properties in these experiments. Fluorescence spectra are recorded for numerous single molecules and their peak positions and widths determined by fitting the spectra to Gaussian functions. The spectral data are analyzed using a new model for the dependence of the Nile Red charge-transfer transition on the properties of the surrounding medium. This model is based on previous work by Marcus (Marcus, R. A. J. Phys. Chem. 1990, 94, 4963). Additional information required for the analysis is obtained from extensive bulk solution-phase absorption and fluorescence studies. A broad inhomogeneous distribution of environments is found for PVA. The results are shown to depend significantly on PVA film water content, wi...
Pure and mixed Brenner tumors of the ovary: Clinicopathologic and histogenetic observations

Fifty-six Brenner tumors of 51 patients were analyzed. The incidence of bilaterality was 9.8%. Most tumors were smaller than 2 cm, and constituted incidental finding. Most of the patients were 30-49 years old (mean 49.7, main 44). A high incidence of associated malignant neoplasms was noticed among the patients with Brenner tumor but was considered coincidental. No evidence of hormone secretion by the tumor was found. Out of 31 tumors, 27 occupied the cortex. Urothelial metaplasia of the ovarian surface epithelium was demonstrated in one case, and continuation of the Brenner column with the surface of ovary in another. There were 12 cases of mixed Brenner tumor in this series (21.1%). The most frequent associated constituents of the mixed Brenner tumors are mucinous cystadenomas. These tumors represent a single mixed neoplasm originating in a multipotential celomic cell which proliferates and differentiates into several mullerian forms. The histogenesis of medullary and hilar Brenner tumors can be explained on the basis of celomic metaplasia. Uncertainty persists in explaining the histogenesis of Brenner tumors mixed with mature cystic teratoma.