cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Feature guided motion artifact reduction with structure-awareness in 4D CT images

In this paper, we propose a novel method to reduce the magnitude of 4D CT artifacts by stitching two images with a data-driven regularization constrain, which helps preserve the local anatomy structures. Our method first computes an interface seam for the stitching in the overlapping region of the first image, which passes through the “smoothest” region, to reduce the structure complexity along the stitching interface. Then, we compute the displacements of the seam by matching the corresponding interface seam in the second image. We use sparse 3D features as the structure cues to guide the seam matching, in which a regularization term is incorporated to keep the structure consistency. The energy function is minimized by solving a multiple-label problem in Markov Random Fields with an anatomical structure preserving regularization term. The displacements are propagated to the rest of second image and the two image are stitched along the interface seams based on the computed displacement field. The method was tested on both simulated data and clinical 4D CT images. The experiments on simulated data demonstrated that the proposed method was able to reduce the landmark distance error on average from 2.9 mm to 1.3 mm, outperforming the registration-based method by about 55%. For clinical 4D CT image data, the image quality was evaluated by three medical experts, and all identified much fewer artifacts from the resulting images by our method than from those by the compared methods.
Acceptance noise level: effects of the speech signal, babble, and listener language.

Purpose The acceptable noise level (ANL) measure has gained much research/clinical interest in recent years. The present study examined how the characteristics of the speech signal and the babble used in the measure may affect the ANL in listeners with different native languages. Method Fifteen English monolingual, 16 Russian–English bilingual, and 24 Spanish–English bilingual listeners participated. The ANL was obtained in eight conditions varying in the language of the signal (English and Spanish), language of the babble (English and Spanish), and number of talkers in the babble (4 and 12). Test conditions were randomized across listeners. The ANL for each condition was based on a minimum of two trials. Results Russian–English bilinguals yielded higher ANLs than other listeners; the intergroup difference of 4–5 dB was statistically and clinically significant. Spanish signals yielded significantly higher ANLs than English signals, but this difference of 0.5 dB was clinically negligible. The language and ...
Collisional quenching of NO(B2Πr)υ′ = 0 produced by the reaction of N(2D) with N2O

Abstract The reaction of N( 2 D) with N 2 O has been used as a source of NO(B 2 Π r )υ′= 0. The effects of added gases on its emission have been used to determine quenching rate coefficients (using a radiative lifetime of 3 × 10 −6 s). These coefficients have been compared with rate coefficients for quenching the isoenergetic species NO(A 2 Σ + )υ′= 0,1.
Satellite passive microwave studies of the Sea of Okhotsk ice cover and its relation to oceanic processes, 1978-1982

This paper describes the use of the Nimbus 7 Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer (SMMR) satellite data to study the ice cover in the Sea of Okhotsk during the four winters of 1978–1982. The ice concentration estimates obtained from SMMR are used to study two different polynyas: one over the Kashevarova Bank, and the other over the northwest continental shelf. For the Kashevarova polynya this study shows that the polynya, which may be related to the upwelling observed in historic summer cruises, occurs directly over the bank. For the continental shelf, which because of strong offshore winds and cold temperatures is a region of high ice production, the polynya areas are combined with heat flux estimates from weather station data to yield the production rates of ice, salt, and dense shelf water. As a previous study by Kitani (1973) shows, the mixing of this dense shelf water with Pacific water yields a water mass unique to the Okhotsk, which is the layer of cold, low-salinity intermediate water between depths of 150 and 800 m. From our calculations, we estimate that the dense shelf water is produced at an annual rate of about 0.5 Sv, and that the intermediate water is produced at a rate of 1–2 Sv, which yields a renewal time for this layer of 10–40 years.
Radioautography of binding of tritiated diprenorphine to opiate receptors in the rat.

Abstract Radioautography of tritiated diprenorphine in rat brain indicates anatomic distribution of receptors with a greater degree of precision than is possible using dissection techniques. The results of this study largely confirm those of others but indicate some differences in receptor distribution in the thalamus. Differential receptor binding in the periaquaductal gray matter with the highest counts lying laterally is an original observation.
Simulation of an interferometric computed tomography system for intraocular lenses

In this paper, we present a metrology system to characterize the refractive index profile of intraocular lenses (IOLs). Our system is based on interferometric optical phase computed tomography. We believe this metrology system to be a key enabling technology in the development of the next generation of IOLs. We propose a Fizeau-based optical configuration and present a simulation study on the application of computed tomography to IOL characterization.
Ionospheric very low frequency transmitter

The theme of this paper is to establish a reliable ionospheric very low frequency (VLF) transmitter, which is also broad band. Two approaches are studied that generate VLF waves in the ionosphere. The first, classic approach employs a ground-based HF heater to directly modulate the high latitude ionospheric, or auroral electrojet. In the classic approach, the intensity-modulated HF heater induces an alternating current in the electrojet, which serves as a virtual antenna to transmit VLF waves. The spatial and temporal variations of the electrojet impact the reliability of the classic approach. The second, beat-wave approach also employs a ground-based HF heater; however, in this approach, the heater operates in a continuous wave mode at two HF frequencies separated by the desired VLF frequency. Theories for both approaches are formulated, calculations performed with numerical model simulations, and the calculations are compared to experimental results. Theory for the classic approach shows that an HF heater wave, intensity-modulated at VLF, modulates the electron temperature dependent electrical conductivity of the ionospheric electrojet, which, in turn, induces an ac electrojet current. Thus, the electrojet becomes a virtual VLF antenna. The numerical results show that the radiation intensity of the modulated electrojet decreases with an increase in VLF radiation frequency. Theory for the beat wave approach shows that the VLF radiation intensity depends upon the HF heater intensity rather than the electrojet strength, and yet this approach can also modulate the electrojet when present. HF heater experiments were conducted for both the intensity modulated and beat wave approaches. VLF radiations were generated and the experimental results confirm the numerical simulations. Theory and experimental results both show that in the absence of the electrojet, VLF radiation from the F-region is generated via the beat wave approach. Additionally, the beat wave approach generates VLF radiations over a larger frequency band than by the modulated electrojet.
NPSS Volume Dynamic Capability for Real-Time Physics Based Engine Modeling

This paper introduces a new capability and method for solving transient engine cycles for the potential application of real-time simulation in the cycle analysis code Numerical Propulsion System Simulation (NPSS). This method utilizes a new element which models volume dynamics, a set of equations that characterize the unsteady behavior of fluid dynamic and thermodynamic properties with respect to a volume and boundary conditions. These equations are derived from the Euler equations for conservation of mass, momentum, and energy. Physics based real-time engine models often consider the effects of volume dynamics; however it is normal to see the momentum conservation drop out. This is largely due to the high frequency response of momentum which yields smaller time steps thus increasing the cost associated with computation time. The new high fidelity volume dynamics element is introduced with all three conservations laws working together. NPSS’s interpreted language provides the flexibility to allow the volume dynamics to be solved explicitly, however by rearranging the momentum equation, it can be solved implicitly therefore increasing the critical time step. In addition to improving transient modeling fidelity, the new volume dynamics element can be used to drive the cycle. Rather than balancing error terms in a Newton-Raphson solver, the volume dynamic equations provide the necessary communication between the engine cycle and boundary conditions. These equations alone can drive the engine model towards a steady state solution. Using a basic forward Euler numerical integration technique to solve the volume dynamic equations the engine cycle only requires a single pass per time step. This document illustrates the development of both the new element and the methodology in cycle modeling using the volume dynamics. Two example models are created and analyzed in this paper, first, a simple inlet, duct, nozzle system is analyzed. Second, a separate flow long duct turbojet is examined. These two models are used to demonstrate the real time capabilities of the high fidelity transient analysis, as well as highlight some of the challenges in the implementation of volume dynamics on a given cycle.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Militant Hindus and Buddhist Dalits: hegemony and resistance in an Indian slum

Ideologies and cultural identities are created by leaderships of hegemonic and nonhegemonic groups to consolidate their diverse followings into unified political communities. While discourse is pertinent to the constitution of ideology, ideological assumptions also are embodied in practices that structure relations between leaders and followers. Antagonism between Hindus and Buddhists is examined by analyzing their leaderships and the practices through which their respective ideologies are produced, reproduced, and disseminated. [hegemony, ideology, practice, cultural identity, Buddhism, militant Hinduism]
Fluocinolone acetonide sustained drug delivery device for chronic central retinal vein occlusion: 12-month results.

Purpose To determine treatment outcomes of a long-acting intravitreal fluocinolone acetonide sustained drug delivery implant in eyes with central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) and chronic refractory macular edema. Design Prospective, noncomparative, interventional case series. Methods Fourteen eyes of 14 patients with chronically persistent macular edema associated with CRVO underwent intraocular implantation of a three-year fluocinolone acetonide sustained drug delivery system. Best-corrected Early Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy visual acuity (VA), central foveal thickness determined by optical coherence tomography, and intraocular pressure (IOP) were recorded after the first 12 months after implant insertion. Results The median (range) vein occlusion and macular edema duration were 12.5 months (range, seven to 49). No eye experienced intraoperative complications. At baseline, median VA was 20/126, improved to 20/60 by two months, and was 20/80 by 12 months. A significant proportion of eyes had gained lines of VA at 12 months compared with baseline ( P = .002). At 12 months, the mean and median central retinal thickness decreased from 622 and 600 μm before surgery, respectively, to 307 and 199 μm after surgery, respectively ( P = .008). By month 12, cataract had developed in all five phakic patients, and 13 of 14 eyes required medical or surgical IOP-lowering interventions. Conclusions VA improved and macular edema decreased in a significant proportion of implanted eyes with chronic, CRVO-associated macular edema. Cataract formation and elevated IOP, the main side effects, were managed, respectively, with cataract extraction and medical or surgical IOP control, or both. This system is a promising novel alternative to currently available treatments for this challenging patient population.
Effect of hydriding pressure on the superconducting transition temperature of palladium hydride and palladium rhodium hydride

Abstract A strong dependence of the superconducting transition temperature T c of Pd and RhPd hydrides on the hydriding pressure at ∼ 24°C has been observed. H 2 pressures to ∼ 5 kbar were found to raise T c to over 7°K in PdH.
An isotope separator beam position stabilizer of high sensitivity

Abstract A family of ion beam stabilizers in use on the TRISTAN isotope separator facility at the Ames Laboratory Research Reactor is described. The evolution of the concept is presentred, a detail;ed discussion is given od a beam stabilizer for a magnetic β-ray spectrometer, and design variations appropriate for isotope high voltage power supply stabilization and beam switching magnet power supply stabilization are presented.
GAG Layer Replenishment Therapy for Recurrent Infectious Bladder Dysfunction

While it may serve functions as a permeability barrier, the glycosaminoglycan (GAG) layer is thought to function as an antibacterial coating for the bladder by retarding the adhesion of pathogens. Further research has confirmed that in patients with diseases involving bladder damage, such as interstitial cystitis and urinary tract infections, the GAG layer is damaged and in some cases may fail to differentiate properly. GAG replace- ment therapy with intravesical instillations of hyaluronic acid and proteoglycans such as chondroitin sulfate has been shown to be an effective therapeutic option for patients suffering from these conditions. Additionally, these intravesical therapies have been shown to be promising in combination therapy and as a prophylactic treatment option for patients a th igh risk of urinary tract infections.
A Validation Quality Heat Flux Dataset for Large Pool Fires

A series of experiments has been performed in the Sandia National Laboratories FLAME facility with a 2-meter diameter JP-8 fuel pool fire. Sandia heat flux gages were employed to measure the incident flux at 8 locations outside the flame. Experiments were repeated to generate sufficient data for accurate confidence interval analysis. Additional sources of error are quantified and presented together with the data. The goal of this paper is to present these results in a way that is useful for validation of computer models that are capable of predicting heat flux from large fires. We anticipate using these data for comparison to validate models within the Advanced Simulation and Computing (ASC, formerly ASCI) codes FUEGO and SYRINX that predict fire dynamics and radiative transport through participating media. We present preliminary comparisons between existing models and experimental results.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
A statistical analysis of the meso-scale dynamics of the Southern Ocean

Abstract This investigation gives a first-order description, in statistical terms, of the meso-scale dynamics of the Southern Ocean. An analysis has been carried out to establish the magnitudes of the spatial scales, the intensities of circulation, and the variance of certain dynamic variables as they fluctuate in time and space, making use of existing hydrographic data. It is shown that an upper limit of 150 to 250 km to the meso-scale turbulence pertains in most parts of the Southern Ocean, consistent with the local Rossby radius of deformation. Distinct patterns in the intensity of the circulation, as expressed by the variance and spatial structure function of the 0/1000-dbar dynamic height interval, are established; they are closely correlated with prominent bottom topographic features. Large contributions to the variance of dynamic variables by the Agulhas and Falkland currents are also demonstrated. Lastly, the intensity of the meso-scale field is found to be inversely related to distance from the main axis of the Circumpolar Current over a large longitudinal range. This suggests that the Antarctic Polar Front may act as an eddy-generating region along its full length.
Determination of deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate pool sizes in ribonucleotide reductase cDNA transfected human KB cells

Ribonucleotide reductase (RR) is a rate-limiting enzyme in DNA synthesis, which is responsible for controlling deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate (dNTP) pool size. It has been shown that transfection of RR M2 cDNA in human KB cells (M2-D clone) results in overexpression for the M2 subunit and resistance to hydroxyurea (HU). In this study, dNTP pool assays were performed to measure the pool sizes in six cell lines: two controls, three transfectants, and drug-induced HU-resistant (HUR) cells. Total dNTP levels among the six cell lines rose in the following order: KB wild-type, KB vector-only transfectant, M1 cDNA transfectant, M2 cDNA transfectant, M1/M2 cDNA transfectant, and HU-induced resistant clone. The dCTP levels of the cells mimicked the total dNTP pools on a smaller scale. The significant increases in the dCTP pool sizes of the M2-D, X-D, and HUR clones were proportional to their respective increases in RR activity. Relative to all other transfectants, the M1-D clone demonstrated lower dCTP levels but increased dATP pools. The M1-D clone demonstrated a significant resistance to dNTP inhibition of RR activity compared with the control KB wild-type cells. In contrast, a profound inhibition of dCTP and a decreased sensitivity to dATP inhibition was observed in M2-D, X-D, and HUR clones. In summary, M2 cDNA transfectants and HUR clones had increased RR activity as well as expanded dNTP pools, particularly dCTP, when compared with wild-type KB cells. These data provide evidence for the intertwined relationship between RR activity and dNTP pools.
Preparation of ovine carrier erythrocytes: Their action and survival

Abstract 1. 1. Conditions for preparation of and the stability of carrier-red blood cells (C-RBC) are described for sheep RBC. 2. 2. The average percentage entrapment of 14C-sucrose was greater than 35% with 65% recovery of the cells. 3. 3. Cells prepared by dialysis encapsulation are morphologically similar to sheep RBC, although smaller in size than normal sheep RBC. 4. 4. C-RBC have a 28-day half-life in vivo and are stable in vitro for 24 hr at 37°C. 5. 5. C-RBC are more resistant to osmotic stress than are normal sheep erythrocytes.
PREDATION STRUCTURES COMMUNITIES AT DEEP‐SEA HYDROTHERMAL VENTS

The structure and dynamics of natural communities result from the interplay of abiotic and biotic factors. We used manipulative field experiments to determine the relative roles of abiotic conditions and biotic interactions in structuring deep-sea (2500 m depth) communities along environmental gradients around hydrothermal vents of the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean (East Pacific Rise, at 9 50 N). We tested (1) whether predation by crabs and fishes affects the recruitment of benthic species and subsequent community structure and (2) whether the effects of predation vary along the steep gradients of tem- perature, oxygen, sulfide, and metal concentrations near vents. Recruitment substrates (ba- salt cubic blocks, roughly 10 cm on a side), both uncaged and caged to exclude predators (crabs, fishes, whelks, and octopi), were deployed along a decreasing vent fluid-flux gra- dient. The exclusion of predators for 8 mo increased the abundance of small mobile gas- tropods and amphipod crustaceans but decreased the abundance of sessile invertebrates, including juvenile vestimentiferan worms, tubiculous polychaetes, and mussels. Effects of predation were strongest nearest to hydrothermal vents, where abiotic environmental con- ditions were most extreme but productivity and the overall abundances of benthic inver- tebrates and mobile predators were the greatest. Additional 5-mo experiments conducted at three different locations showed similar trends at all sites, indicating that these effects of predation on benthic community structure are repeatable. Stomach-content analyses of the most abundant predators found at vents indicated that the zoarcid fish ( Thermarces cerberus) primarily feeds on the vent snail Cyathermia naticoides, the limpet Lepetodrilus elevatus, and the amphipod crustacean Ventiella sulfuris, the very species that showed the greatest increase following predator exclusion. In contrast, brachyuran ( Bythograea ther- mydron) and galatheid (Munidopsis subsquamosa ) crab stomachs did not contain small mobile grazers, and crabs presented with arrays of the most common vent invertebrate species preferred mussels and vestimentiferans over limpets. Our results indicate that pre- dation by large mobile predators influences the structure of hydrothermal vent communities, directly by reducing the abundance of gastropod prey species, and indirectly by reducing
Measurement and control of thermal radiation below 6K

The power absorbed by a surface at 0.2 K illuminated with thermal radiation from a surface at 0.9–6 K has been measured using a variety of materials for these surfaces. Also, the reduction in the absorbed power by the insertion of various thermal shields has been measured. The results are compared with theory and with other measurements. Conclusions as to appropriate design techniques for cryogenic apparatus are discussed.
Transmission of Cucurbit Potyviruses by Uroleucon pseudambrosiae (Homoptera: Aphididae), an Aphid Trapped During Epidemics of Watermelon Mosaic Virus 2 in Florida

As part of epidemiological studies of watermelon mosaic virus 2 (WMV-2) in Florida, aphids were collected in green tile water traps in 1989 and 1990. A Uroleucon sp. accounted for >25% of the aphids trapped. The same aphid was found infesting most of the wild lettuce ( Lactuca graminifolia Michaux.) and spiny-leaved sowthistle ( Sonchus asper [L.] Hill) plants growing near plots of watermelon and was identified as Uroleucon pseudambrosiae (Olive) (formerly Dactynotus pseudambrosiae ). The vector propensity of this aphid was estimated and compared with that of three other known vectors of WMV-2, both in arena tests and in tests using single aphids given limited acquisition and inoculation access. U. pseudambrosiae transmitted virus relatively inefficiently in controlled-access tests but was not significantly different from Aphis spiraecola Patch and Aphis illinoisensis Shimer in virus transmission in arena tests. Myzus persicae (Sulzer) was the most efficient vector in all tests. This is the first report of U. pseudambrosiae transmitting WMV-2. Based on its abundance and the estimate of its vector propensity, we think that this species could play an important role in the epidemiology of WMV-2 in areas in which both aphid and virus are commonly found.
Fast rational approximation algorithms of signal and noise subspaces

Fast methods for approximating the dominant and subdominant subspaces have been developed. These methods offer a computational benefit in that subspaces are computed without the costly eigendecomposition or singular value decomposition. More generally we provided a way of splitting an L-dimensional space into several complementary invariant subspaces of the sample covariance matrix, without actually computing any eigenvalues. Frequency estimators such as MUSIC-, minimum-norm-, and ESPRIT-type are then derived using these approximated subspaces. The computation of obtaining these approximate subspaces and estimators are shown to be less than the standard techniques. Through several examples it is demonstrated that these methods have a performance comparable to that of MUSIC yet will require fewer computation to obtain the signal subspace projection.
Measurement of the effect of self-heating in strained-silicon MOSFETs

The self-heating of strained-silicon MOSFETs is demonstrated experimentally. Output characteristics measured by a pulse technique, in which self-heating is absent, show as much as 15% greater drain current (for 15% Ge content) than the corresponding static measurements. Comparison of the current measured this way with the static measurements allows an estimate of the channel temperature during the static operation. The temperature rise is compared to a simple estimate of the thermal resistance of the FET.
Aggregation-based model reduction of a Hidden Markov Model

This paper is concerned with developing an information-theoretic framework to aggregate the state space of a Hidden Markov Model (HMM) on discrete state and observation spaces. The optimal aggregation is obtained by minimizing the Kullback-Leibler (K-L) divergence rate between joint laws describing the state and observation processes. The solution to this optimization problem is just the optimal aggregated Hidden Markov Model. This optimization problem is solved in two steps: The first step is to formulate the optimal solution for any fixed partition. The second step is to find the optimal partition by using an approximate dynamic programming framework. The algorithm can be implemented using a single sample path of the HMM and is illustrated with the aid of examples.
Phytoplankton growth and stoichiometry under multiple nutrient limitation

Phytoplankton growth and stoichiometry depend on the availability of multiple nutrients. We use a mathematical model of phytoplankton with flexible stoichiometry to explain patterns of phytoplankton composition in chemostat experiments and nutrient drawdown dynamics that are found in the field. Exponential growth and equilibrium represent two distinct phases, each amenable to mathematical analysis. In a chemostat at a fixed dilution (growth) rate, phytoplankton stoichiometry matches the nutrient supply stoichiometry over a wide range at low growth rates and over a narrow range at high growth rates. In a chemostat with a fixed nutrient supply stoichiometry, phytoplankton stoichiometry varies with dilution rate nonlinearly, between the supply stoichiometry at low dilution rates and a species-specific optimal ratio at high dilution rates. The flexible-stoichiometry model we study predicts low equilibrium concentrations of two nutrients over a wide range of supply ratios, contrary to the predictions of a traditional fixed-stoichiometry model. The model is in quantitative agreement with experimental data, except at extreme nutrient supply ratios, which require a negative feedback from quota to uptake to fit the data. Our analysis points to the importance of better understanding the regulation of uptake rates in determining phytoplankton stoichiometry and incorporating this knowledge into phytoplankton models.
A model for the spreading and compaction of two-phase viscous gravity currents

Two-phase viscous gravity current theory has numerous applications in the natural sciences, from small-scale lava, sedimentary and glacial flows, to large-scale flows of partially molten mantle. We develop the general equations for two-phase viscous gravity currents composed of a high viscosity matrix and low viscosity fluid for both constant volume and constant flux conditions. A loss of fluid phase is taken into account at the current’s upper boundary and corresponds to the degassing of a lava flow or loss of water in sedimentary flows. As the current spreads, its surface increases and fluid loss is facilitated, which modifies the mixture density and viscosity and thus the current’s shape; hence spreading of the flow affects fluid loss and vice-versa. Our results show that two-phase gravity currents retain and transport the fluid out to large distances, but the fluid is almost entirely lost within a region of finite radius. This ‘loss radius’ depends on the flow’s volume or flux, fluid and matrix properties as well as on the size of fluid parcels or matrix permeability. Application to lava flows shows that degassing occurs over a large area, which affects gas release and transport in the atmosphere.
Broadband waveguide QED system on a chip

We demonstrate that a slot waveguide provides a broadband loss-free platform suitable for applications in quantum optics. We find that strong coupling between light quanta and a single quantum emitter placed in the waveguide slot can be achieved with efficiency higher than 96% and Purcell factor (spontaneous emission factor) larger than 200. The proposed system is a promising platform for quantum information processing and can be used to realize an efficient single photon source and optically addressable photon register.
Vitamin A in Adrenal Hormone and Mucopolysaccharide Biosynthesis

W E KNOW OF one function of vitamin A, that in vision, through the researches of Wald and his team. Through their work we know more about what this vitamin does in one particular biochemical reaction sequence than we do about any other fat-soluble vitamin. However, an animal dies of vitamin A deficiency, but not necessarily from blindness. Therefore, vitamin A must have another metabolic function. We began our search for this function in the most generalized l
Behavior of Ultrahigh-Performance Concrete Confined by Fiber-Reinforced Polymers

Over a decade of studies have demonstrated the benefits of ultra high performance concrete (UHPC) in terms of damage tolerance, energy absorption, crack distribution, and deformation capacity. However, little information is available on the confinement behavior of UHPC, especially when confined with fiber-reinforced polymers (FRP). Sixteen UHPC-filled FRP tubes with different fiber type and tube thickness were tested under monotonic uniaxial compression. All specimens failed by rupture of the tube at or near the midheight. Similar to conventional concrete, test results showed significant enhancements in the ultimate strength and strain of UHPC—up to 98% and 195%, respectively, compared with its unconfined counterpart. The experimental results were compared with a number of available confinement models. Although one of the models provided a reasonable fit for the stress-strain response in most cases, all models generally underestimated the effectiveness of FRP confinement at higher confinement ratios. The study demonstrated the need for confinement models that could accurately predict the behavior of FRP-confined UHPC in terms of the stress-strain relationship and the respective ultimate strengths and strains.
An Application Architecture for Interactive Communication over the World Wide Web

This paper describes a client-server application architecture for interactive communication over the World Wide Web (WWW). The clients were Java applets running in Web browsers. The server was a Java application running on a Solaris workstation. Each client requested a socket connection to the server to transfer data about the user input. The data included heterogeneous data types for graphic and text information. Multiple clients could connect to the central server simultaneously. The server processed input streams from clients and wrote to output streams which were then transferred to other designated clients. This client-server architecture was proven to be economical and effective for rapid interactive Web communication.
Evolving Impressions: Undergraduate Perceptions of Graduate Teaching Assistants and Faculty Members over a Semester

Undergraduate experiences in lower-division science courses are important factors in student retention in science majors. These courses often include a lecture taught by faculty, supplemented by smaller sections, such as discussions and laboratories, taught by graduate teaching assistants (GTAs). Given that portions of these courses are taught by different instructor types, this study explored student ratings of instruction by GTAs and faculty members to see whether perceptions differed by instructor type, whether they changed over a semester, and whether certain instructor traits were associated with student perceptions of their instructors’ teaching effectiveness or how much students learned from their instructors. Students rated their faculty instructors and GTAs for 13 instructor descriptors at the beginning and near the end of the semester in eight biology classes. Analyses of these data identified differences between instructor types; moreover, student perception changed over the semester. Specifically, GTA ratings increased in perception of positive instructional descriptors, while faculty ratings declined for positive instructional descriptors. The relationship of these perception changes with student experience and retention should be further explored, but the findings also suggest the need to differentiate professional development by the different instructor types teaching lower-division science courses to optimize teaching effectiveness and student learning in these important gateway courses.
A Summary of Present and Future Climate Adaptation Law

In anticipation of the inevitable shift from adaptation planning to adaptation action, this chapter provides a background on climate change adaptation policy and a survey of climate impacts and adaptation responses likely to put some demand on legal institutions and rules. The chapter opens by defining the key terms and concepts of climate change adaptation as it has been discussed in major policy analyses. The chapter then summarizes the scope and focus of federal, state, local, tribal, and private climate change adaptation planning initiatives. From there, the chapter reviews the current law of climate change adaptation, which as mentioned above is not yet extensive. What few morsels of legal initiative exist break down into five types: (1) coastal land use controls; (2) environmental impact assessment programs; (3) corporate disclosure requirements; (4) endangered species protection; and (5) anti-adaptation measures The chapter closes with a survey of the potential legal issues climate change adaptation could spark, organized into five categories: (1) land and resources; (2) infrastructure; (3) business disputes and regulation; (4) health and safety concerns; and (5) governance and process.
Mental Simulations, Affect, and Subjective Confidence: Timing Is Everything

Three studies demonstrated that mental simulations and affect are related to temporal changes in subjective confidence. In Study 1, students' confidence in their midterm exam performance lessened from the first day of class (3.5 weeks before the exam) to exam day, and confidence correlated negatively with upward simulations (i.e., simulations that are better than reality) and negative affect. In Study 2, manipulated upward simulations produced low confidence and negative mood even when the exam was viewed from a distance; students who were forced to think about upward simulations 1 month prior to the exam felt no more confident than did students on exam day. In Study 3, manipulated negative moods produced low confidence and more upward simulations when students anticipated laboratory tasks, and again distal and proximal confidence did not differ. Discussion centers around reciprocal relations between mental simulations and affect, and a possibly integrative account of previous explanations.
The Facts Before Our Eyes: Wittgenstein and the Film Noir Investigator

This paper discusses the methods of the investigators in film noir. They are different than those employed by the classic detective of mystery and crime fiction, which involve observation, the collection of clues, logical inference, and are generally modeled on the methods of the scientist. I illuminate the methods of the noir investigator by comparing them to those applied by Ludwig Wittgenstein to philosophical problems. Both the noir investigator and Wittgenstein deal with problems that are intractable to the methods of logic and science. Wittgenstein thought that philosophical problems could not be solved using these methods; I show that the problems that typically confront the noir investigator are similarly resistant to them. Wittgenstein and the noir investigator model alternative methods for solving epistemic problems and in doing so remind us of the limits of science and logic.
The Beginning of Modern Surgery

After Napoleon had suffered a decisive defeat at Leipzig in 1813 from the allied forces of Austria, Russia, Prussia and Sweden, freedom dawned on the areas which had been occupied by France. At its liberation the Netherlands took on the monarchial form of government, with the eldest son of stadtholder William V exiled to England as its sovereign. The territory of the new nation under king William I was larger than it had ever been in the time of the Republic, because the Congress of Vienna, on redrawing the map of Europe, had joined the South Netherlands to Holland. This unity did not last long. In 1830 dissatisfaction with the government of William I led to a revolt and the separation of the South, which then became the independent kingdom of Belgium.
Mapping eastern North American vegetation change of the past 18 ka: No-analogs and the future

The method of modern analogs and an extensive data base of modern and fossil pollen data were used to generate a new series of paleovegetation maps for eastern North America spanning the past 18 ka. The maps illustrate the continuous nature of climate-induced vegetation change and the development, after about 10 ka, of modern regional vegetation patterns. Before the Holocene, vegetation biomes without modern analogs were widespread in response to climate conditions without modern analogs and, to a lesser extent, to the rapidity of climate change over the last glacial-interglacial transition. This geological perspective suggests that possible future climate changes could force similarly complex changes in natural vegetation, including the development of biomes without modern analogs.
Why We Should Do Without Concepts

Machery (2009) has proposed that the notion of 'concept' ought to be eliminated from the theoretical vocabulary of psychology. I raise three questions about his argument: (1) Is there a meaningful distinction between concepts and background knowledge? (2) Do we need to discard the hybrid view? (3) Are there really categories of things in the world that are the basis for concepts? Although I argue that the answer to all three is 'no', I agree with Machery's conclusion that seeking a single characterization of concepts will not be fruitful for understanding cognitive representations and processes.
A synergistic small-molecule combination directly eradicates diverse prion strain structures

Safely eradicating prions, amyloids and preamyloid oligomers may ameliorate several fatal neurodegenerative disorders. Yet whether small-molecule drugs can directly antagonize the entire spectrum of distinct amyloid structures or 'strains' that underlie distinct disease states is unclear. Here, we investigated this issue using the yeast prion protein Sup35. We have established how epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) blocks synthetic Sup35 prionogenesis, eliminates preformed Sup35 prions and disrupts inter- and intramolecular prion contacts. Unexpectedly, these direct activities were strain selective, altered the repertoire of accessible infectious forms and facilitated emergence of a new prion strain that configured original, EGCG-resistant intermolecular contacts. In vivo, EGCG cured and prevented induction of susceptible, but not resistant strains, and elicited switching from susceptible to resistant forms. Importantly, 4,5-bis-(4-methoxyanilino)phthalimide directly antagonized EGCG-resistant prions and synergized with EGCG to eliminate diverse Sup35 prion strains. Thus, synergistic small-molecule combinations that directly eradicate complete strain repertoires likely hold considerable therapeutic potential.
World catalog of extant and fossil Corethrellidae (Diptera)

A world catalog of extant and fossil frog-biting midges (Diptera: Corethrellidae) provides full type information, known life stages, and distribution of each species. There are 105 extant and seven fossil species of Corethrellidae but unnamed species are known from Costa Rica, Colombia and Madagascar. New information on types and other important specimens are provided.
Limits on the precision of geobarometry at low grossular and anorthite content

In many cases the grossular content of garnet and/or the anorthite content of the plagioclase used in thermobarometry are very low, leading to a large pressure uncertainty. The dependence of this uncertainty on mole fractions of grossular and anorthite is evaluated by propagating uncertainties in composition and activity terms into the GASP geobarometer for a series of hypothetical rocks equilibrated at 550 8C and 6 kbar. Results are 6 0.65 kbar (1 standard deviation) at high mole fractions (Xgrs 5 0.15, Xan 5 0.98), increasing to 6 1.55 kbar at low mole fractions (Xgrs 5 0.03, Xan 5 0.133). Specific results vary depending on errors chosen, P-T conditions, thermodynamic database, and activity models used, but an overall trend of increasing uncertainty with decreasing mole fraction is robust. These theoretical conclusions are supported by a data set of 42 amphibolite facies metapelitic samples for which pressure and temperature were determined with and without grossular-anorthite-bearing equilibria. If grossular and anorthite mole fractions are large the difference in P determination is low (,0.5 kbar), but if these mole fractions are ,0.10 and 0.30, respectively, the difference in P determination is variable and can be high (.3 kbar). A general guideline is that if the product of grossular and anorthite mole fraction is ,0.05, then grossular-anorthite-bearing equilibria should be used only with great caution.
Residential photovoltaic systems costs

Abstract A study of costs associated with the installation and operation of a residential photovoltaic system was conducted to determine present and projected (1986) status. As a basis for the study, a residential photovoltaic system design projected for 1986 was assumed, consisting of two principal components: a roof-mounted array and a utility-interactive inverter. The scope of the study encompassed both new and retrofit residential applications employing both silicon and CdS photovoltaic modules. Cost estimates were obtained by a survey and a study of reports generated by companies and agencies at present active in each of the subsystem areas. Where necessary, supplemental estimates were established as part of this study. The range of estimates for silicon-based systems strongly suggests that such systems will be competitive for new installations and reasonably competitive for retrofit applications. The CdS-based system cost estimates, which are less certain than those for silicon, indicate that these systems will be marginally competitive with silicon-based systems for new construction but not competitive for retrofit applications. Significant variations from the U.S. Department of Energy system price subgoals were found, however, particularly in the areas of array mounting, wiring and cleaning. Additional development work appears to be needed in these areas.
COMMUNITY CONTEXT AND STRIP MALL RETAIL: PUBLIC RESPONSE TO THE ROADSIDE LANDSCAPE

Strip malls (or mini-malls) are a common land use, historically promoted by U.S. zoning practices that concentrate retail and commercial development in a narrow band along urban arterials and major streets. They are an entry-level retail niche offering opportunity for independent, start-up businesses that serve a limited market. Communities have begun to question land uses that enable efficient ingress and egress of vehicles in retail and commercial districts but give little attention to multimodal motility. Some communities are redeveloping small mall zones on the basis of "complete street" principles, expanding landscape plantings, and redeveloping the character of a business district. This study assessed public response to one element of small mall (re)development: landscape and vegetation. Prior studies indicated that consumer behavior is positively associated with city trees (urban forest) on multiple cognitive and behavioral dimensions. In mail surveys depicting varied roadside treatments, residents...
The Critical Role of the 185–189-Loop in the Factor Xa Interaction with Na+ and Factor Va in the Prothrombinase Complex

The S1 site (Asp189) of factor Xa (fXa) is located on a loop (residues 185–189) that contains three solvent-exposed charged residues (Asp185, Lys186, and Glu188) below the active-site pocket of the protease. To investigate the role of these residues in the catalytic function of fXa, we expressed three mutants of the protease in which the charges of these residues were neutralized by their substitutions with Ala (D185A, K186A, and E188A). Kinetic studies revealed that E188A has a normal catalytic activity toward small synthetic and natural substrates and inhibitors of fXa; however, the same activities were slightly (∼2-fold) and dramatically (∼20–50-fold) impaired for the D185A and K186A mutants, respectively. Further studies revealed that the affinity of D185A and K186A for interaction with Na+ has also been altered, with a modest impairment (∼2-fold) for the former and a dramatic impairment for the latter mutant. Both prothrombinase and direct binding studies indicated that K186A also has an ∼6-fold impaired affinity for factor Va. Interestingly, a saturating concentration of factor Va restored the catalytic defect of K186A in reactions with prothrombin and the recombinant tick anticoagulant peptide that is known to interact with the Na+ loop of fXa, but not with other substrates. These results suggest that factor Va interacts with 185–189-loop for fXa, which is energetically linked to the Na+-binding site of the protease.