cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Two-dimensional protein profiles of palisade parenchyma and of spongy parenchyma of Vicia faba leaf

Specific probes such as targeted-enzyme assays have failed to reveal qualitative differences between the metabolism of spongy parenchyma and that of palisade parenchyma cells. To determine whether the results from these definite assays support a general conclusion concerning the overall biochemical similarity of these cells, two-dimensional protein profiles have been constructed for these two types of cells. Protein extracts were prepared from freeze-dried homogeneous tissue samples or from isolated protoplasts of Vicia faba L. cv. Longpod leaves. Proteins separated by micro two-dimensional gel electrophoresis were stained with silver. The relative apparent abundance (based on visual judgment of the area and intensity of staining) was estimated for each spot. Pairwise comparison of nominally 125 stained proteins of each of approximately 75 gel pairs did not reveal a consistent qualitative difference between the profiles. Recognizing that polypeptides escaped detection in our investigation through loss, failure to stain sufficiently, or incomplete resolution, we qualify our conclusion that spongy parenchyma and palisade are similar in their overall protein complement.
Cruising in Cyber Space: Comparing Internet Chat Room versus Community Venues for Recruiting Hispanic men Who Have Sex with Men to Participate in Prevention Studies

SUMMARY Difficulties with recruitment of hidden populations, such as Hispanic men who have sex with men (MSM), have hampered HIV prevention research, leading researchers to explore alternative recruitment modalities such as the Internet. In this paper, we compare the efficiency and cost of recruiting HMSM from Internet chat rooms versus community venues and examine the differences between participants recruited from each type of venue. Internet recruitment was more efficient and somewhat less costly than community recruitment. Although the two groups were comparable in most demographic factors and HIV risk behaviors, Internet recruits were more likely to be bisexual, more likely to be HIV seropositive, had a higher level of education, and reported higher levels of psychological distress and lower levels of gay community attachment. Implications of our findings for using Internet chatrooms as recruitment venues are discussed.
Activation Patterns of Purkinje Fibers During Long-Duration Ventricular Fibrillation in an Isolated Canine Heart Model

Background— The roles of Purkinje fibers (PFs) and focal wave fronts, if any, in the maintenance of ventricular fibrillation (VF) are unknown. If PFs are involved in VF maintenance, it should be possible to map wave fronts propagating from PFs into the working ventricular myocardium during VF. If wave fronts ever arise focally during VF, it should be possible to map them appearing de novo. Methods and Results— Six canine hearts were isolated, and the left main coronary artery was cannulated and perfused. The left ventricular cavity was exposed, which allowed direct endocardial mapping of the anterior papillary muscle insertion. Nonperfused VF was induced, and 6 segments of data, each 5 seconds long, were analyzed during 10 minutes of VF. During 36 segments of data that were analyzed, 1018 PF or focal wave fronts of activation were identified. In 534 wave fronts, activation was mapped propagating from working ventricular myocardium to PF. In 142 wave fronts, activation was mapped propagating from PF to wor...
Phytochrome photoreceptors mediate plasticity to light quality in flowers of the Brassicaceae

The family of phytochrome photoreceptors mediates stem-elongation responses to ambient ratios of red : far-red light (R : FR). Although phytochrome genes are expressed in flowers in addition to vegetative parts, nothing is known about floral plasticity to R : FR or the pleiotropic effects of phytochrome genes on flowers. Here, the following floral morphologies were compared: (1) wild-type Arabidopsis thaliana and Brassica rapa plants experiencing high R : FR characteristic of sunlight vs. low R : FR typical of foliar shade and (2) wild-type and phytochrome-deficient A. thaliana plants. Wild-type A. thaliana exposed to low R : FR had diminished petal and pistil lengths but longer filaments for a given petal size than plants experiencing high R : FR. Brassica rapa plants had qualitatively similar responses. In comparison to wild-type A. thaliana, mutants lacking phytochrome A had smaller flowers (smaller petals, pistils, and filaments), whereas phytochrome B-deficient mutants exhibited longer filament lengths. These results provide the first evidence that R : FR and phytochromes affect floral phenotypes in addition to vegetative ones. Although the ecological relevance remains to be established, the observed plasticity of flowers to R : FR may be relevant to individual fitness in some species because stigma and filament positions can affect pollen removal and levels of self-pollination.
Suitable dialytic indicators for pediatric peritoneal dialysis patients: the alternative to creatinine clearance.

← Objective: Owing to the discord between body weight and body surface area (BSA), creatinine clearance (CCr) is predisposed to be small in pediatric patients on peritoneal dialysis (PD). Alternatively, Kt/V creatinine (Kt/V creat), which is normalized to total body water (TBW) rather than BSA, could be a better dialytic indicator. In this study, the efficiency of dialysis and the nutritional status of pediatric patients on chronic PD were examined, and the utility of dialytic indicators was evaluated. ← Patients and Methods: 49 patients under 20 years old, in stable condition, and on PD were analyzed. Weekly total Kt/V of urea (Kt/V urea), CCr, Kt/V creat, and normalized protein equivalent of nitrogen appearance (nPNA) were measured for all patients and for patients under 6 years old. The target value was 2.0/week for Kt/V urea and 60 L/ week/1.73 m 2 for CCr, as recommended by the Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative guidelines. The target value for Kt/V creat was set as 1.52/week, using a male model with a height of 170 cm and a body weight of 65 kg. ← Results: The mean values of delivered Kt/V urea, CCr, Kt/V creat, and nPNA (and proportion of patients that achieved each target value) for all patients were 2.25 ± 0.57/ week (67.4%), 53.8 ± 19.3 L/week/1.73 m (26.5%), 1.83 ± 0.73/ week (65.3%), and 1.11 ± 0.42 g/day, respectively. The values for patients under 6 years old were 2.38± 0.26/week (90.0%), 45.9 ± 12.8 L/week/1.73 m (10.0%), 1.94 ± 0.51/week (90.0%), and 1.52 ± 0.67 g/day , respectively. Stepwise multiple regression analyses revealed that the relationship between CCr and Kt/V urea was affected by the patient’s age. ← Conclusions: Our pediatric patients achieved the recommended target value of Kt/V urea. At the same time, the nPNA results reflected the patient’s status well. However, CCr appeared to be inappropriate as an indicator for patients under 6 years old. Kt/V creat is suggested to be a better dialytic indicator for these patients.
Stigmatized Targets and Evaluation: Prejudice as a Determinant of Attribute Scrutiny and Polarization

The authors provide evidence for a new mechanism for the more polarized evaluations of stigmatized than nonstigmatized target individuals that often follow positive versus negative target descriptions. The current research suggests that polarization can occur because low-prejudiced perceivers think more about information describing stigmatized than nonstigmatized targets (i.e., have polarized thoughts). Mediational path analyses revealed that polarized thoughts fully accounted for the impact of prejudice on evaluative polarization. These findings are most consistent with the watchdog hypothesis that people scrutinize information describing stigmatized targets in order to guard against possibly unfair reactions by themselves or others.
Injectable neurotoxins and fillers: There is no free lunch

Injection of neurotoxins and filling agents for the treatment of facial aesthetics has increased dramatically during the past few decades due to an increased interest in noninvasive aesthetic improvements. An aging but still youth-oriented population expects effective treatments with minimal recovery time and limited risk of complications. Injectable neurotoxins and soft tissue stimulators and fillers have filled this niche of "lunch-time" procedures. As demand for these procedures has increased, supply has followed with more noncore cosmetic specialty physicians, as well as unsupervised ancillary staff, becoming providers and advertising them as easy fixes. Despite an excellent record of safety and efficacy demonstrated in scores of published studies, injectable agents do carry risks of complications. These procedures require a physician with in-depth knowledge of facial anatomy and injection techniques to ensure patient safety and satisfaction. In general, adverse events are preventable and technique-dependent. Although most adverse events are minor and temporary, more serious complications can occur. The recognition, management, and treatment of poor outcomes are as important as obtaining the best aesthetic results. This review addresses important considerations regarding the complications of injectable neurotoxins and fillers used for "lunch-time" injectable procedures.
Laser tweezer controlled optical spatial filtering

We present an optical spatial filtering device, integrated into a microfluidic system, and controlled by a laser tweezer. Optical spatial filtering is achieved through automatic alignment in three-dimensions to the focus of the laser beam.
Tectonic setting of the Midcontinent Rift system

Abstract The continental lithosphere which hosts the Midcontinent Rift (MCR) system comprises a crustal assemblage ranging in age from 3.6 to 1.5 Ga. The most voluminous igneous activity along the MCR occurred within Late Archean (2.7 Ga) crust, presumably due to magmatism associated with a rising mantle plume. Two major arms of the rift extend to the southeast and the southwest, where rifting, magmatism, and sedimentation were confined to a 2000 km long rift that cuts through the various crustal provinces ranging in age from 3.6 to 1.5 Ga. Tensional reactivation of pre-existing crustal discontinuities may have influenced the location of parts of the MCR; however, direct cause and effect are difficult to distinguish for want of sufficient exposures. The most active phases of magmatism and rifting occurred between 1109 and 1087 Ma; a U-Pb age of 1097 Ma for the southern end of the MCR shows that magmatic activity was synchronous throughout its length. There is evidence of rifting and magmatism prior to 1109 Ma, but there is little evidence of magmatism after 1087 Ma; rifting may have effectively ceased by that time. Rifting may have ceased as a result of compressional forces being exerted on the foreland during the Grenville collisional event, spanning 1030-970 Ma, and compressional reactivation of normal faults may have resulted in partial inversion of the MCR. Chemical data and U/Pb and Sm/Nd isotopic data for igneous rocks along the rift are similar to those for MCR rocks in the Lake Superior area, which are best explained in terms of a mantle-plume model. However, since the distal arms of the MCR were developed in Proterozoic lithosphere and did not involve nearly as much magmatism as in the Lake Superior area, mantle-plume sources may not have been as important in formation of the distal magmas. Data from the buried arms are also consistent with the mafic magmas being derived by decompression melting of Proterozoic lithosphere during rifting.
Developing indicators of classroom practice to evaluate the impact of district mathematics reform initiative: A generalizability analysis

Abstract This paper reported results from a generalizability study that examined the process of developing classroom practice indicators used to evaluate the impact of a school district's mathematics reform initiative. The study utilized classroom observational data from 32 second, fourth, eighth, and tenth grade teachers. The study addresses important measurement issues in developing classroom practice indicators used as evaluation outcome measures. This study also demonstrates that the G-theory measurement framework has important applications in practice-oriented settings. Namely, the use of G-theory provides insights into the tradeoffs between number of observations and number of raters when using observational data to conduct evaluation. The use of decision analysis provided a procedure for forecasting the optimum mix of the two for each situation.
Binge ethanol exposure increases liver injury in obese rats

Abstract Background & Aims: The objective of this study was to address the hepatic effects of acute alcohol consumption in obesity by simulating an alcohol binge in genetically obese fa/fa rats compared with lean Fa/? rats. Methods: Ethanol 4 g/kg or saline was administered by gavage every 12 hours for 3 days. Results: Plasma alcohol levels were similar in both groups. Binge ethanol exposure caused liver injury in obese fa/fa but not in lean Fa/? rats, as assessed by alanine aminotransferase and HE the ethanol binge further decreased these antioxidants in fa/fa rats and also decreased glutathione peroxidase activity. Nonesterified fatty acids and lipid peroxidation were increased after ethanol treatment in fa/fa rats. Cytochrome P450 2E1 was down-regulated in fa/fa compared with Fa/? rats; however, the ethanol binge increased cytochrome P450 2E1 in both genotypes. Adenosine triphosphate decreased and uncoupling protein 2 increased in fa/fa rats treated with ethanol. 3-Nitrotyrosine protein adducts were detected only in fa/fa rats treated with ethanol, and this was accompanied by an induction of inducible nitric oxide synthase. Ethanol binge increased caspase-3 and caspase-8 activity, the expression of Fas ligand, and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick-end labeling in fa/fa rats. Conclusions: These data indicate that binge drinking increases apoptosis and liver injury in obese rats more than in lean controls and suggest that the injury may involve oxidative and nitrosative damage.
The Partitioned Optical Passive Stars (POPS) topology

This paper presents and analyzes a topological approach to providing multiple data channels using current technologies. The Partitioned Optical Passive Stars (POPS) topology is an all-optical interconnection architecture that uses multiple non-hierarchical couplers. POPS topologies provide powerful configurability for optimization of system complexity, network throughput, power budget, and control overhead. It is shown that high performance and utilization is achieved for random communication patterns. POPS topologies maintain these characteristics even when scaled to large systems. >
COMBINED EFFECTS OF ORGANIZATIONAL AND PROFESSIONAL IDENTIFICATION ON THE RECIPROCITY DYNAMIC FOR PROFESSIONAL EMPLOYEES

We consider when professional employees reciprocate perceived organizational treatment. In a large sample of physician employees, the association between perceived organizational support (POS) and ...
Development of fine‐scale piezoelectric composites for transducers

Piezoelectric ceramic/polymer composites, also known as piezocomposites have been developed over the past two decades for electromechanical transducers to be used in both military and civilian applications. Recently, the thrust in these transducers is toward high operating frequencies, requiring fine-scale ( < 200- μm ceramic-phase dimension) piezocomposites. Methods for processing these fine-scale piezocomposites are discussed. Current capabilities, as well as strengths and weaknesses of each method, are compared. The fundamentals of medical imaging and the importance of spatial scale in composite performance are reviewed. Several processing methods demonstrated composites with fine-scale ceramic phases ( < 50 μm), and others have shown the potential to form composites with a ceramic scale of under 20 μm.
Extracellular matrix rigidity modulates neuroblastoma cell differentiation and N-myc expression

Neuroblastoma is a pediatric malignancy characterized by tremendous clinical heterogeneity, in which some tumors are extremely aggressive while others spontaneously differentiate into benign forms. Because the degree of differentiation correlates with prognosis, and because differentiating agents such as retinoic acid (RA) have proven to decrease mortality, much effort has been devoted to identifying critical regulators of neuroblastoma differentiation in the cellular microenvironment, including cues encoded in the extracellular matrix (ECM). While signaling between tumor cells and the ECM is classically regarded to be based purely on biochemical recognition of ECM ligands by specific cellular receptors, a number of recent studies have made it increasingly clear that the biophysical properties of the ECM may also play an important role in this cross-talk. Given that RA-mediated neuroblastoma differentiation is accompanied by profound changes in cell morphology and neurite extension, both of which presumably rely upon mechanotransductive signaling systems, it occurred to us that mechanical cues from the ECM might also influence RA-mediated differentiation, which in turn might regulate clinically-relevant aspects of neuroblastoma biology. In this study, we tested this hypothesis by subjecting a series of neuroblastoma culture models to ECM microenvironments of varying mechanical stiffness and examined the regulatory role of ECM stiffness in proliferation, differentiation, and expression of tumor markers. We find that increasing ECM stiffness enhances neuritogenesis and suppresses cell proliferation. Remarkably, increasing ECM stiffness also reduces expression of N-Myc, a transcription factor involved in multiple aspects of oncogenic proliferation that is used for evaluating prognosis and clinical grading of neuroblastoma. Furthermore, the addition of RA enhances all of these effects for all ECM stiffnesses tested. Together, our data strongly support the notion that the mechanical signals from the cellular microenvironment influence neuroblastoma differentiation and do so synergistically with RA. These observations support further investigation of the role of microenvironmental mechanical signals in neuroblastoma proliferation and differentiation and suggest that pharmacological agents that modulate the underlying mechanotransductive signaling pathways may have a role in neuroblastoma therapy.
The P Domain of Norovirus Capsid Protein Forms a Subviral Particle That Binds to Histo-Blood Group Antigen Receptors

Norovirus is the most important cause of nonbacterial acute gastroenteritis. We have shown previously that the isolated P domain containing the hinge forms a dimer and binds to histo-blood group antigen (HBGA) receptors with a low affinity (M. Tan, R. S. Hegde, and X. Jiang, J. Virol. 78:6233-6242, 2004). Here, we reported that the P domain of VA387 without the hinge forms a small particle with a significantly increased receptor binding affinity. An end-linked oligopeptide containing one or more cysteines promoted P-particle formation by forming intermolecular disulfide bridges. The binding sensitivity of the P particle to HBGAs was enhanced >700-fold compared to the P dimer, which was comparable to that of virus-like particles. The binding specificity of the P particle was further confirmed by strong binding to the Caco-2 cells, a human colon carcinoma cell line. This binding enhancement was observed in the P particles of both norovirus GI and GII strains. The P particle is estimated to contain 12 P dimers, in which the P2 subdomain builds up the outer layer, while the P1 subdomain forms the internal core. Taken together, our data indicate that the P domain is involved not only in dimerization but also in polymerization of the protein during the capsid assembling. The enhanced receptor binding of the P particle reflects the intrinsic feature of the viral capsid. The easy production of the P particle and its strong binding to HBGAs suggest that the P particle is useful in studying pathogenesis and morphogenesis of norovirus and candidates for antiviral or vaccine development.
Electrical conductivity measurement of excised human metastatic liver tumours before and after thermal ablation

We measured the ex vivo electrical conductivity of eight human metastatic liver tumours and six normal liver tissue samples from six patients using the four electrode method over the frequency range 10 Hz to 1 MHz. In addition, in a single patient we measured the electrical conductivity before and after the thermal ablation of normal and tumour tissue. The average conductivity of tumour tissue was significantly higher than normal tissue over the entire frequency range (from 4.11 versus 0.75 mS cm−1 at 10 Hz, to 5.33 versus 2.88 mS cm−1 at 1 MHz). We found no significant correlation between tumour size and measured electrical conductivity. While before ablation tumour tissue had considerably higher conductivity than normal tissue, the two had similar conductivity throughout the frequency range after ablation. Tumour tissue conductivity changed by +25% and −7% at 10 Hz and 1 MHz after ablation (0.23–0.29 at 10 Hz, and 0.43–0.40 at 1 MHz), while normal tissue conductivity increased by +270% and +10% at 10 Hz and 1 MHz (0.09–0.32 at 10 Hz and 0.37–0.41 at 1 MHz). These data can potentially be used to differentiate tumour from normal tissue diagnostically.
Forming a Security Certification Enclave for Service-Oriented Architectures

Security issues with Web services have slowed their adoption for deployment of critical services in the enterprise. Maintaining security in Web service architectures is especially difficult because of their open, standards based interfaces. Yet many organizations are moving to this technology and are faced with the challenge of certifying their environments as secure. Unique challenges exist with the combination of Web service authentication, network security vulnerabilities, incompatible security-mechanisms, open publication of interface definitions, and automated discovery of services. Certification processes mandate the need for a security certification boundary given identified vulnerabilities. In this paper, we review Web service security vulnerabilities and outline guidelines to form an enclave. The expressed guidelines are specific to certifying a service-oriented architecture implemented with Web services
Automatic test generation for linear digital systems with bi-level search using matrix transform methods

Linear state variable digital systems, commonly implemented in bit-serial architecture using silicon compilers, are difficult to test for manufacturing defects due to deep sequentiality, low controllability and observabifity, and high latency. A novel hierarchical testing approach, based on matrix manipulation and constrained low-level test generation, is reported here. FEAST (Functional Extractor and Sequential Test generator) operates at the high level, where the circuit is described as an interconnection of arithmetic modules. CREST (Constrained Sequential Test generator) operates at the low level description of the individual modules, and generates test sets satisfying constraints imposed by the high-level modules and their interconnection structure. The new approach was found to perform better when compared to automatic test generation at the gate level using existing algorithms for several large circuits.
Comparative Flight Tests with and Without Tip Tanks

crossover point of 157 kt true airspeed and 62% brake horsepower the effect of tip tanks is neutral. The crossover point closely corresponds with typical cruise operating conditions and altitudes as well as Carson cruise conditions for this aircraft. The results are expected to be typical for similar aircraft. A flight test data reduction and analysis technique based on true airspeed rather than calibrated airspeed is detailed.
Prison Reform in England: An Overview

Using data gathered in interviews with members of the British penal reform lobby and the Prison Service, observations in Her Majesty's Prisons, and a review of the literature, the author introduces the reader to the British penal reform movement. While reforms at the preand post-incarcerative stages are reviewed, the emphasis of the research is on identifying the need for and kinds of incarcerative reform. The process of penal reform in England is outlined and barriers to change are identified.
Efficacy and Nontarget Effects of Reduced-Risk Insecticides on Aphis glycines (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and Its Biological Control Agent Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)

The efficacy of three reduced-risk insecticides (pyrethrins, insecticidal soap, and narrow-range mineral oil) was determined for nymphs and adults of the soybean aphid, Aphis glycines Matsumura (Hemiptera: Aphididae), an exotic pest of North American soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr. These insecticides also were evaluated for nontarget effects on one of the aphid's key biological control agents, multicolored Asian lady beetle, Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), including first and third instars, pupae, and adults. A Potter Spray Tower was used to conduct direct spray laboratory bioassays. Results indicated that although pyrethrins and narrow-range mineral oil caused 100% mortality to A. glycines nymphs and adults at 72 h posttreatment, insecticidal soap caused equivalent mortality to only the nymphs during the same time period. However, A. glycines adult mortality due to the insecticidal soap (83.3%) was significantly greater than the control. Pyrethrins were highly toxic to first instars of H. axyridis (98% mortality), but they had no effect on third instars, pupae, or adults. Mineral oil and insecticidal soap were moderately lethal to first (48.9 and 40% mortality, respectively) and third (31.9 and 38.8% mortality, respectively) instars of H. axyridis, but they had no effect on pupae and adults. Our results suggest that pyrethrins, insecticidal soap, and narrow-range mineral oil may prove useful for soybean aphid management in organic soybean due to efficacy against the aphid with differential nontarget effects on select stages of H. axyridis. Additional studies will be necessary to elucidate the efficacy of these insecticides under field conditions.
Risk Of Foodborne Pathogens Associated With Retail Products In Qatar

Background and objectives-Foodborne illness has been determined to be one of the major limitations to the advancement of world health and with the ease of travel around the world and the increase in trade of food and animal products, the risk has been exacerbated in recent years. It has been proclaimed as one of the high priority issues in the Qatar National Food Security Master Plan. Different estimates of burden of disease consistently indicate a high cost per episode, irrespective of the country where the study is conducted. Bacterial pathogens among the leading causes of foodborne illness are E. coli, Salmonella, Campylobacter and Listeria. In an effort to understand the risk of these foodborne pathogens in the retail industry in Qatar, this study investigated the presence of these pathogens among retail products. Methods—Swabs collected from retail items were screened for the presence of different serotypes of these four foodborne pathogens using a combination of bacterial enrichment and real time polymerase chain reaction detection. Most of the samples were pre-cooked and collected from big retail stores in Doha. Specific tests were for E. coli O157:H7, the E. coli genes stx and eae, which are linked to Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC), E. coli O26, O111, O121, O45, O103 and O145, Salmonella, Listeria, and Campylobacter jejuni, coli and lari. Results—E. coli O157:H7 was detected among the samples at a rate of 4.2%, E. coli genes stx (26.6%) and eae (26.3%), which are linked to Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) (16.6%), E. coli O26(5.9%), O111(3.5%), O121(1.4%), O45(20.1%), O103(2.1%) and O145(2.1%). These serogroups of E. coli non-O157 are known to be food adulterants and have zero tolerance in the US. In addition, Salmonella spp. were detected in 13.5% of the samples while Listeria monocytogenes were detected in 5.2% of the samples. Conclusions—Although the prevalence for many is low, the higher prevalence of STEC genes and STEC serotype O45 is cause for concern. Shiga toxin producing serotypes are becoming nearly as much of a concern as the more commonly known O157:H7. This demonstrates the importance of properly cooking meat products. Being exposed to foodborne pathogens can increase the risk of chronic gastroenteritis sequelae, including Inflammatory Bowel Disease.
Separation and Purification of Hydrogen Using CO2-Selective Facilitated Transport Membranes

A crucial step for the use of hydrogen as a clean, renewable source of energy towards a “hydrogen economy” is the purification of hydrogen from other gaseous compounds, mainly carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide. This chapter reviews the carbon dioxide- and hydrogen sulfide-selective facilitated transport membranes for low-pressure and high-pressure applications. Hydrophilic polymeric materials have been investigated that are blended with amino acid salts and polyamines as mobile and fixed-site CO2 carriers, respectively.
Intuitionistic Epistemology and Modal Logics of Verification

The language of intuitionistic epistemic logic, IEL [3], captures basic reasoning about intuitionistic knowledge and belief, but its language has expressive limitations. Following Godel’s explication of IPC as a fragment of the more expressive system of classical modal logic S4 we present a faithful embedding of IEL into S4V – S4 extended with a verification modality. The classical modal framework is finer-grained and more flexible, allowing us to make explicit various properties of verification.
A measure of adaptive behavior of learning disabled students.

This study investigated the level of adaptive behavior among groups of learning disabled and mildly mentally retarded students. Definitions of learning disabilities usually emphasize discrepancies in academic performance and intellectual functioning without concern for chronological age-appropriate adaptive behavior. Deficits in adaptive behavior are accepted as an integral component for identification of mental retardation. Concern for deficits in adaptive behavior among learning disabled students has focused on perceiving nonverbal social cues ( I ) , continuum of development of social skills ( 3 ) , rate of social interaction ( 2 ) , and parental reactions ( 4 ) . To ascertain levels of adaptive behavior among groups of learning disabled and mildly mentally rearded students, The Coping Inventory ( 5 ) was used. The term coping is used to describe the adaptive behaviors a child uses to meet personal needs and to adapt to environmental demands. This observational instrument was field tested on 1,119 children, aged 3 to 16 yr., and included 513 (45 .8%) handicapped children. Reliability was established using measures of internal consistency-alpha coefficient, interrater reliability, and standard error of measurement. The 48 items are scored on a continuum from maladaptive ( 1 ) to adaptive ( 5 ) . The subjects were 10 learning disabled students in a resource room and 10 mildly mentally retarded students in a self-contained class with limited interaction with normal students. There were equal numbers of 12and 13-yr.-olds in each group. For pooled variance a t-test estimated significance of ratings by the two teachers. The format used was prescribed by SPSSX. None of the t ratios reached 2.1, necessary for significance at p f .05. Values for the respective six factors and adaptive behavior index were: Self-productive ( t ~ = .08, learning disabled M = 3.35, SD = .50, mentally retarded M = 3.33, SD = . 6 2 ) ; Self-active ( t ~ = -.55, learning disabled M = 3.19, SD = 3 7 , mentally retarded M = 3.38, SD = . 6 7 ) ; Self-flexible ( t ~ = .41, learning disabled M = 3.3, SD = .69, mentally retarded M = 3.19, SD = . 4 9 ) ; Environment-productive (& = .66, learning disabled M = 3.72, SD = .43, mentally retarded M = 3.57, SD = . 5 8 ) ; Environment-active ( t ~ = 1.50, learning disabled M = 3.79, SD = .94, mentally retarded M = 3.25, SD = . 6 3 ) ; Environment-flexible ( t ~ = .84, learning disabled M = 3.35, SD = .75, mencally retarded M = 3.10, SD = . 56 ) ; Over-all adaptive behavior index (t18 = .65, learning disabled M = 3.5, SD = .63, mentally retarded M = 3.33, SD = . 5 2 ) . The lack of statistically significant differences in the adaptive behavior skills of the groups as rated by teachers requires cross-validation with larger numbers of subjects. Deficits in the adaptive behavior repertoire of the learning disabled students ought to be considered in terms of appropriate placement, instructional strategies and goals, and evaluation.
Influence of Typical Impurities on the Surface Tension Measurements of Binary Mixtures of Water and the Ionic Liquids 1-Butyl-3-Methylimidazolium Tetrafluoroborate and Chloride

The effect of typical chemical impurities on the surface tension of two binary water + ionic liquid (IL) systems was carefully evaluated for 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate, [bmim][BF...
EFFECTS OF PREPARATION TREATMENTS FOR COTTON TOWELS ON THE DURABILITY AGAINST PULLING OUT OF PILE YARNS

The durability against pulling out of pile yarns is investigated for cotton towels differently treated by desizing, scouring or bleaching. Gray cotton towels having pile durability of about 30gf can gain 100gf durability after scouring and 130gf after scouring followed by bleaching, but are not changed in the pile durability only by desizing. This suggests that each preparation treatment may bring about a different effect on the shape and physical properties of the pile and woven yarns, and therefore on the stickiness of the yarns at their crossing areas.From the fact that a significant difference in the pile durability is seen between the towels treated with and without preparation reagents, both of which must have been equally changed and distorted in the geometrical state of pile yarns, the deformation of pile yarns seems not so essential for the increases in the pile durability. On the other hand, microscopic observation reveals remarkable difference between the surface states of pile fibers in towels variously treated: the surface state of pile fibers depends on what material is washed out or extracted from the surface in each process of preparation treatment. Hence the effect of preparation treatment on the pile durability may be attributed not to the deformation of texture but to the change in stickiness of fiber brought about by the change in the surface state of fiber.
Determining Provenance of Shell-Tempered Pottery from the Central Plains Using Petrography and Oxidation Analysis

Late prehistoric sites on the Central Plains contain both grit/grog- (mineral-) tempered pottery and shell-tempered pottery. This appearance of shell-tempered pottery around cal A.D. 1000 has traditionally been explained as a colonization from the Mississippi River valley with further dispersal via trade. As a result, very little is known about the role of this material in the region. We report the results of a provenance analysis of shell-tempered pottery from seven sites extending from the Missouri River valley to north-central Kansas. We use petrography and oxidation analysis to compare the shell-tempered pottery across these localities and the shell-tempered to the mineral-tempered pottery from each locality, and we compare mineral inclusions and clay characteristics in all pottery with published geological and pedological information for each locality. The results demonstrate that shell-tempered pottery was locally produced throughout at least a portion of the Central Plains. Differences in firing technology are apparent across the study area and may play a role in the distribution of shell-tempered pottery. Two other results are the identification of composite temper in a notable proportion of the sherds studied, and indications of from where on the landscape Central Plains potters were procuring their raw materials.
Demonstration of UAV deployment and control of mobile wireless sensing networks for modal analysis of structures

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) can serve as a powerful mobile sensing platform for assessing the health of civil infrastructure systems. To date, the majority of their uses have been dedicated to vision and laser-based spatial imaging using on-board cameras and LiDAR units, respectively. Comparatively less work has focused on integration of other sensing modalities relevant to structural monitoring applications. The overarching goal of this study is to explore the ability for UAVs to deploy a network of wireless sensors on structures for controlled vibration testing. The study develops a UAV platform with an integrated robotic gripper that can be used to install wireless sensors in structures, drop a heavy weight for the introduction of impact loads, and to uninstall wireless sensors for reinstallation elsewhere. A pose estimation algorithm is embedded in the UAV to estimate the location of the UAV during sensor placement and impact load introduction. The Martlet wireless sensor network architecture is integrated with the UAV to provide the UAV a mobile sensing capability. The UAV is programmed to command field deployed Martlets, aggregate and temporarily store data from the wireless sensor network, and to communicate data to a fixed base station on site. This study demonstrates the integrated UAV system using a simply supported beam in the lab with Martlet wireless sensors placed by the UAV and impact load testing performed. The study verifies the feasibility of the integrated UAV-wireless monitoring system architecture with accurate modal characteristics of the beam estimated by modal analysis.
Exploitation in Human Computation Systems

This chapter addresses the sinister counterpoint to the much celebrated positive opportunities of human computation systems. We characterize exploits that target workers, requesters, and a system as a whole. We identify opportunities for malicious users to leverage human computation systems to exploit external populations. Finally, we sketch some preliminary directions towards mitigating these concerns.
Microwave spectra for the three 13C1 isotopologues of propene and new rotational constants for propene and its 13C1 isotopologues

Abstract New measurements of microwave lines (A and E) of propene and its three 13C1 isotopologues have been made in the 10–22 GHz region with FT accuracy. The revised lines for propene along with many hundreds from the literature were fitted with the ERHAM program for internal rotors to give improved rotational constants. The new constants are A0 = 46280.2904(16), B0 = 9305.24260(30), and C0 = 8134.22685(28) MHz. Lines for the 3-13C1 species were observed in a pure sample; lines for the 1-13C1 and 2-13C1 species were observed in natural abundance. In fitting the limited sets of lines for the 13C1 species, many of the centrifugal distortion constants and most of the tunneling parameters were transferred from the fit of propene itself with 27 parameters. Improved rotational constants for the 13C1 species are reported.
Distributions, abundances and activities of microbes associated with the nitrogen cycle in riparian and stream sediments of a river tributary.

Abstract River tributaries are ecologically important environments that function as sinks of inorganic nitrogen. To gain greater insight into the nitrogen cycle (N-cycle) in these environments, the distributions and activities of microbial populations involved in the N-cycle were studied in riparian and stream sediments of the Santa Fe River (SFR) tributaries located in northern Florida, USA. Riparian sediments were characterized by much higher organic matter content, and extracellular enzyme activities, including cellobiohydrolase, β- d -glucosidase, and phenol oxidase than stream sediments. Compared with stream sediments, riparian sediments exhibited significantly higher activities of nitrification, denitrification, dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonia (DNRA) and anaerobic ammonia oxidation; correspondingly, with higher copies of amoA (a biomarker for enumerating nitrifiers), nirS and nirK (for denitrifiers), and nrfA (for DNRA bacteria). Among N-cycle processes, denitrification showed the highest activities and the highest concentrations of the corresponding gene (nirK and nirS) copy numbers. In riparian sediments, substantial nitrification activities (6.3 mg-N kg soil−1d−1 average) and numbers of amoA copies (7.3 × 107 copies g soil−1 average) were observed, and nitrification rates correlate with denitrification rates. The guild structures of denitrifiers and nitrifiers in riparian sediments differed significantly from those found in stream sediments, as revealed by analysis of nirS and archaeal amoA sequences. This study shows that riparian sediments serve as sinks for inorganic nitrogen loads from non-point sources of agricultural runoff, with nitrification and denitrification associated with elevated levels of carbon and nitrogen contents and extracellular enzyme activities.
A Method for Meeting the Ordnance Susceptibility Test Requirements of MIL-E-6051D

An instrumentation system has been developed with sufficient sensitivity and bandwidth to demonstrate compliance of electroexplosive devices with the 20 dB safety margin specified by MIL-E-605ID. This paper describes rationale used for sensor selection, the properties of the sensors which were selected and the steps required to assemble a complete instrumentation system and conduct a susceptibility test.
Topological degeneracy and pairing in a one-dimensional gas of spinless fermions

We revisit the low-energy physics of one-dimensional spinless fermion liquids, showing that with sufficiently strong interactions the conventional Luttinger liquid can give way to a strong-pairing phase. While the density fluctuations in both phases are described by a gapless Luttinger liquid, single fermion excitations are gapped only in the strong-pairing phase. Smooth spatial Interfaces between the two phases lead to topological degeneracies in the ground-state and low-energy spectrum of the density fluctuations. Using a concrete microscopic model, with both single-particle and pair hopping, we show that the strong-pairing state is established through emergence of a new low-energy fermionic mode. We characterize the two phases with numerical calculations using the density matrix renormalization group. In particular we find enhancement of the central charge from $c=1$ in the two Luttinger liquid phases to $c=3/2$ at the critical point, which gives direct evidence for an emergent critical Majorana mode. Finally, we confirm the existence of topological degeneracies in the low-energy phonon spectrum, associated with spatial interfaces between the two phases.
Exosomal Markers (CD63 and CD9) Expression Pattern Using Immunohistochemistry in Resected Malignant and Nonmalignant Pancreatic Specimens.

OBJECTIVES Exosomes are important mediators in intercellular communications and play a role in cancer progression and metastasis. Exosomal membranes are enriched in endosome-specific tetraspanins (CD9 and CD63). Here, we explored the expression of CD63 and CD9 utilizing immunohistochemistry in malignant and nonmalignant cells in 29 resected pancreatic specimens (RPSs) of mixed racial background. METHODS The pathologic tissues (PTs) and adjacent normal tissues (ANTs) in each RPS were stained for CD63 and CD9. Two pathologists independently scored the expression of CD63 and CD9. Staining intensity was graded from 1 to 3. Staining percentage was estimated in 10% increments. An average Quick score (Q score) (intensity × percentage of staining) was calculated. Unpaired t test was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS The mean multiplicative Q score for CD63 and CD9 expression is higher in PTs (209 and 72) compared with ANTs (154 and 24) (P = 0.0041, P = 0.0018), respectively. The Mean Q score for CD63 and CD9 expression is higher in the malignant PTs (231 and 85) compared with ANTs (129 and 25) (P < 0.0001 and P < 0.0124). CONCLUSIONS Exosomal markers (CD63 and CD9) expression assessment using immunohistochemistry is feasible in RPS. The expression of CD63 and CD9 is higher in PTs and malignant PTs compared with their ANTs.
Change is permanent: thoughts on the fading of cochineal-based watercolor pigments

Color change in artworks has been commented on for centuries. Fading of watercolor pigments is a notable alteration. Pigments based on carminic acid are among those particularly prone to color loss, but the mechanism and factors are not well understood. We painted out three pigments prepared from the aqueous extract of carminic acid (CA) from Dactylopius coccus: the uncomplexed, and aluminium- and tin-complexed lakes. These were applied in a 2% gum Arabic solution to papers that were acidic, neutral or alkaline pH and exposed to accelerated light aging in a weatherometer. The comparative rate of fading was dependent on the complexation and on the pH of the substrate. On alkaline paper, the Al complex was least light stable, on neutral paper the three colorants responded similarly, and on acidic paper the tin complex was the least light stable. This is discussed in light of the published information on reactions and mechanism of color loss of CA.
Targeting DNA repair and replication stress in the treatment of ovarian cancer

Approximately half of high-grade serous epithelial ovarian cancers incur alterations in genes of homologous recombination (BRCA1, BRCA2, RAD51C, Fanconi anemia genes), and the rest incur alterations in other DNA repair pathways at high frequencies. Such cancer-specific gene alterations can confer selective sensitivity to DNA damaging agents such as cisplatin and carboplatin, topotecan, etoposide, doxorubicin, and gemcitabine. Originally presumed to inhibit DNA repair, PARP inhibitors that have recently been approved by the FDA for the treatment of advanced ovarian cancer also act as DNA damaging agents by inducing PARP-DNA complexes. These DNA damaging agents induce different types of DNA lesions that require various DNA repair genes for the repair, but commonly induce replication fork slowing or stalling, also referred to as replication stress. Replication stress activates DNA repair checkpoint proteins (ATR, CHK1), which prevent further DNA damage. Hence, targeting DNA repair genes or DNA repair checkpoint genes augments the anti-tumor activity of DNA damaging agents. This review describes the rational basis for using DNA repair and DNA repair checkpoint inhibitors as single agents. The review also presents the strategies combining these inhibitors with DNA damaging agents for ovarian cancer therapy based on specific gene alterations.