cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SCUBA Diving: Motivating and Mentoring Culturally and Cognitively Diverse Adolescent Girls to Engage in Place-Based Science Enrichment

AbstractMany bright, talented girls from populations traditionally underrepresented in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) are underachieving or disengaged in school, despite h...
Acting on anger: Cultural value moderators of the effects of consumer animosity

The recent rise in protectionism and demonization of foreign countries has increased the risk of brands falling victim to the negative effects of consumer animosity, or strong negative affect directed at a foreign country. We investigate the role of cultural values as moderating the relationship between consumer animosity and willingness to buy. The combined results of a meta-analysis and six experiments in the US and China offer strong evidence that collectivism and long-term orientation mitigate the negative effects of consumer animosity and support the contention that animosity’s effect on willingness to buy is much stronger than on product judgments.
Evaluation of the need for negative moment reinforcing in prestressed concrete bridges in the view of service loads

Abstract It is common practice to put additional longitudinal reinforcement (b2 bars) over intermediate supports to resist any negative moment induced by the superimposed dead loads and live loads on bridges. However, little research has been conducted on the performance of the additional negative reinforcing steel. Requirements for the termination of the additional negative moment reinforcing steel have largely been based upon the engineering judgement, previous performance, and existing practice. The main objective of the research is to evaluate the effect of different amounts of b2 bars on resisting the negative moment over the pier on a continuous prestressed concrete girder bridge when it subject to the live load generated moment and secondary moment. To achieve this objective, a live load field test was performed on a bridge designed with different amounts of b2 bars to allow for comparison of the varying levels of negative moment reinforcement present. A full-scale finite element model was developed and validated against the field-collected data to study the b2 bar performance subjected to live loads. An evaluation was performed, utilizing an analytical approach by calculating the time-dependent secondary moment using mRESTRAINT and loading the beam-line FE model with the maximum negative moment. It was found that the negative moment induced by the live load and secondary moment does appear through the service life of the bridge. The high differential shrinkage rate between the fresh deck concrete and the girder concrete is the main source of the negative moment over the supports. The magnitude of the secondary moment was found to be highly influenced by the time when the continuity established. The results also indicated that the additional longitudinal reinforcing steel provides minimal effect on resistance to the negative moment prior to the formulation of deck cracking, regardless of whether the negative moment was induced by live loads or secondary moment. The current design approach determines the b2 bars requirement for the strength level based on the live load, it may be necessary to include the secondary moment in the design.
Effective new methods for automated parameter selection in regularized inverse problems

Abstract The choice of the parameter value for regularized inverse problems is critical to the results and remains a topic of interest. This article explores a criterion for selecting a good parameter value by maximizing the probability of the data, with no prior knowledge of the noise variance. These concepts are developed for l 2 and consequently l 1 regularization models by way of their Bayesian interpretations. Based on these concepts, an iterative scheme is proposed and demonstrated to converge accurately, and analytical convergence results are provided that substantiate these empirical observations. For some of the most common inverse problems, including MRI, SAR, denoising, and deconvolution, an extremely efficient algorithm is derived, making the iterative scheme very attractive for real case use. The computational concerns associated with the general case for any inverse problem are also carefully addressed. A robust set of 1D and 2D numerical simulations confirm the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
Molecular Basis for N-terminal Alpha-Synuclein Acetylation by Human NatB

Abstract NatB is one of three major N-terminal acetyltransferase (NAT) complexes (NatA-NatC), which co-translationally acetylate the N-termini of eukaryotic proteins. Its substrates account for about 21% of the human proteome, including well known proteins such as actin, tropomyosin, CDK2, and α-synuclein (αSyn). Human NatB (hNatB) mediated N-terminal acetylation of αSyn has been demonstrated to play key roles in Parkinson’s disease pathogenesis and as a potential therapeutic target for hepatocellular carcinoma. Here we report the cryo-EM structure of hNatB bound to a CoA-αSyn conjugate, together with structure-guided analysis of mutational effects on catalysis. This analysis reveals functionally important differences with human NatA and Candida albicans NatB, resolves key hNatB protein determinants for αSyn N-terminal acetylation, and identifies important residues for substrate-specific recognition and acetylation by NatB enzymes. These studies have implications for developing small molecule NatB probes and for understanding the mode of substrate selection by NAT enzymes.
Psychology for the Global 99

In celebration of the life and work of Kuo-Shu Yang, this discussion argues for a psychology that better meets the needs of the global 99%. The growth of psychological science outside the First (the United States) and Second (other industrialized nations) Worlds of psychology has been impressive since the 1980s when the Three Worlds of psychology were identified. In the major countries of Africa, Asia, and South America, there are now national and regional psychological associations, conferences, and journals. Along with this growth, major standardized psychological tests of personality and intelligence originating in the First and Second Worlds, as well as numerous research instruments, have been translated and standardized for use in the Third World societies of Africa, Asia, and South America. In this respect, it could be argued that psychology has become more global. However, at the global level, psychology still tends to cater more to the needs of the 1%. We argue that psychological science needs to focus far more on the needs of the 99%.
A Compendium of Rationales and Techniques for Active Learning

A review of Active Learning in College Science, a compendium of techniques for promoting active learning by students, reasons why faculty should adopt active-learning approaches, and suggestions fo...
Reducing Mortality From Motor Vehicle Crashes in Rural Communities.

Injuries are the leading cause of pediatric mortality, and motor vehicle crashes are the most common cause of injury.1 Efforts to ameliorate morbidity and mortality from these crashes have been focused on both prevention and optimizing care for those who are injured. Although preventive measures in the United States have decreased the number of pediatric deaths, our rate of improvement is lower than that of 19 comparable industrialized nations.2 In addition, although the advent of regional trauma centers has improved outcomes after an injury, the systems of care are not yet leveraged to their full potential and often are not readily accessible to those in rural areas. In this issue of Pediatrics , Mokdad et al3 highlight the disparities in outcomes between children injured in motor vehicle crashes in urban versus rural areas using the Fatality Analysis Reporting System database (years 2010–2017). The authors document higher mortality rates in rural counties and demonstrate lower mortality rates in counties with a regional trauma center. These findings are consistent with decades of literature revealing similar results from the United States and internationally.4–6 It is well known that children … Address correspondence to John Holcroft, MD, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Davis, 2556 Stockton Blvd, Sacramento, CA 95827. E-mail: jholcroft{at}ucdavis.edu
Drought and disproportionate disease: an investigation of gendered vulnerabilities to HIV/AIDS in less-developed nations

Environmental change and climate-related disasters are an under-examined factor impacting women’s health, globally. Drawing on ecofeminist theory, we conduct analyses examining if the HIV burden among women is higher in nations that experience suffering from droughts. Specifically, we posit that droughts, which typically impact more people and for greater lengths of time than other climate-related disasters, have a unique impact on women’s vulnerability to HIV/AIDS. We use a cross-national dataset of less-developed countries and ordinary least squares (OLS) regression to explore and compare relationships between suffering from drought and total HIV prevalence and suffering from drought and women’s proportion of HIV cases. Overall, the results demonstrate that while droughts have an inconsistent impact on total HIV prevalence, suffering from drought significantly increases the proportion of HIV cases among women in comparison to men, net of the impact of common economic, social, cultural, and political predictors. The findings suggest that suffering from drought differentially impacts women’s health in less-developed countries, where a number of mechanisms, such as transactional sex or displacement, likely underlie the associations identified.
The impact of COVID-19 on prenatal care in the United States: Qualitative analysis from a survey of 2519 pregnant women.

Abstract Objective: To explore if and how women perceived their prenatal care to have changed as a result of COVID-19 and the impact of those changes on pregnant women. Design: Qualitative analysis of open-ended prompts included as part of an anonymous, online, cross-sectional survey of pregnant women in the United States. Setting: Online survey with participants from 47 states within the U.S. Participants: Self-identified pregnant women recruited through Facebook, Twitter, and other online sources. Measurements and findings: An anonymous, online survey of pregnant women (distributed April 3 - 24, 2020) included an open-ended prompt asking women to tell us how COVID-19 had affected their prenatal care. Open-ended narrative responses were downloaded into Excel and coded using the Attride-Sterling Framework. 2519 pregnant women from 47 states responded to the survey, 88.4% of whom had at least one previous birth. Mean age was 32.7 years, mean weeks pregnant was 24.3 weeks, and mean number of prenatal visits at the point of the survey was 6.5. Predominant themes of the open narratives included COVID-19’s role in creating structural changes within the healthcare system (reported spontaneously by 2075 respondents), behavioral changes among both pregnant women and their providers (reported by 429 respondents), and emotional consequences for women who were pregnant (reported by 503 respondents) during the pandemic. Changes resulting from COVID-19 varied widely by provider, and women's perceptions of the impact on quality of care ranged from perceiving care as extremely compromised to perceiving it to be improved as a result of the pandemic. Key conclusions and Implications for practice: Women who are pregnant during the COVID-19 pandemic have faced enormous upheaval as hospitals and healthcare providers have struggled to meet the simultaneous and often competing demands of infection prevention, pandemic preparedness, high patient volumes of extremely sick patients, and the needs of ‘non-urgent’ pregnant patients. In some settings, women described very few changes, whereas others reported radical changes implemented seemingly overnight. While infection rates may drive variable responses, these inconsistencies raise important questions regarding the need for local, state, national, or even global recommendations for the care of pregnant women during a global pandemic such as COVID-19.
When is surgical resection alone appropriate treatment for pediatric nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma?

The surgeon’s role in the management of lymphoma is typically limited to performing biopsies for diagnosis. Most patients with lymphoma are treated with chemotherapy and/or radiation, but in rare c...
UAV Research, Operations, and Flight Test at the NASA Dryden Flight Research Center

This slide presentation reviews some of the projects that have extended NASA Dryden's capabilities in designing, testing, and using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV's). Some of the UAV's have been for Science and experimental applications, some have been for flight research and demonstration purposes, and some have been small UAV's for other customers.
Dermoid cysts in children.

A retrospective study of dermoid cysts in children over the past 13 years at St. Christopher9s Children9s Hospital of Philadelphia, showed that 37% of the dermoids in the body occurred in the orbital and pen-orbital areas. An unusually high percentage of these occurred in the left eyebrow which appears to be the most frequent location for dermoid cysts in children. Dermoid cysts are a very common lesion encountered by ophthalmologists inasmuch as 3.3% of all ophthalmic surgical procedures in children were performed for dermoids. All 231 cases in this series were benign. The manner and time of presentation of these lesions are discussed as well as the treatment.
Osler's role in defining the third corpuscle, or “blood plates”

As a young microscopist in 1874, William Osler was probably the first physician to recognize platelets in blood as a single unit and their coalescence when blood was shed. He expounded on the earlier observations of Schultze, who in 1865 noted abundant, irregular masses of colorless globules in normal blood that were almost certainly platelets. The impact of Osler's initial observations were diminished by an unclear relation between this third blood particle and bacteria. Initial observers of this blood element were handicapped by the inadequacy of microscopes, the lack of anticoagulants and blood stains, and the tendency of platelets to clump and undergo morphologic change when blood is shed.
Electron microscopic studies of planarian regeneration. I. Fine structure of neoblasts in Dugesia dorotocephala

Planarian neoblasts were studied during the course of regeneration by electron microscopy. The greatest number of neoblasts were found not in the new blastema of regeneration but in the region of old tissue near the wound surface after about 45–55 hours after decapitation. At around this time they tended to occur in small clusters in this region. The immature neoblast, in accord with previous light microscope descriptions, was found to have a large nucleus, and scanty cytoplasm with numerous free ribosomes. Contrary to previous light microscope descriptions, they contain mitochondria of conventional size and appearance but these are distributed close to the nuclear membrane. They contain little or no endoplasmic reticulum. Differentiating neoblasts show polysomal aggregations of ribosomes, prominent supernumerary nucleoli, endoplasmic reticulum forming at the nuclear membrane, and a curious kind of dense lump in close proximity to the nuclear membrane on the cytoplasmic side. These dense lumps tend to be closely associated with several mitochondria and nestled into a shallow invagination of the nuclear membrane. Fibrous strands connecting the dense lump to adjacent nuclear membrane pores were observed. Annulate lamellae were observed in the differentiating neoblast. The significance of these structural components of the neoblast is discussed.
Verification of Second-Order Sufficient Optimality Conditions for Semilinear Elliptic and Parabolic Control Problems

We study optimal control problems for semilinear parabolic equations subject to control constraints and for semilinear elliptic equations subject to control and state constraints. We quote known second-order sufficient optimality conditions (SSC) from the literature. Both problem classes, the parabolic one with boundary control and the elliptic one with boundary or distributed control, are discretized by a finite difference method. The discrete SSC are stated and numerically verified in all cases providing an indication of optimality where only necessary conditions had been studied before.
Control of Aromatic Acid Biosynthesis in Bacillus subtilis: Sequential Feedback Inhibition

Nester, E. W. (University of Washington, Seattle), and R. A. Jensen. Control of aromatic acid biosynthesis in Bacillus subtilis: sequential feedback inhibition. J. Bacteriol. 91:1594–1598. 1966.—The three major end products of aromatic acid synthesis, tyrosine, phenylalanine, and tryptophan, were tested for their ability to inhibit the first enzymes of the three terminal branches of the pathway as well as the enzyme common to both tyrosine and phenylalanine synthesis. Tyrosine inhibits the activity of prephenate dehydrogenase and also prephenate dehydratase to a limited extent. Phenylalanine inhibits the activity of prephenate dehydratase and, at much higher concentrations, prephenate dehydrogenase. Tryptophan inhibits the activity of anthranilate synthetase and, to some extent, prephenate dehydrogenase and prephenate dehydratase. Chorismate mutase is not inhibited by either 1 mm tyrosine or 1 mm phenylalanine when these are present singly or together in the reaction mixture. The significance of the feedback control of the terminal branches to the feedback control of that part of the pathway common to the synthesis of all three amino acids is discussed.
Conscious Neurosensory Mapping of the Internal Structures of the Human Knee Without Intraarticular Anesthesia

The conscious neurosensory characteristics of the internal components of the human knee were documented by instrumented arthroscopic palpation without intraarticular anesthesia. With only local anesthesia injected at the portal sites, the first author (SFD) had both knees inspected arthroscopically. Subjectively, he graded the sensation from no sensation (0) to severe pain (4), with a modifier of either accurate spatial localization (A) or poor spatial localization (B). The nature of the intraarticular sensation was variable, ranging from 0 on the patellar articular cartilage to 4A on the anterior synovium, fat pad, and joint capsule. The sensation arising from the cruciate ligaments ranged from 1 to 2B in the midportion, and from 3 to 4B at the insertion sites. The sensation from the meniscal cartilages ranged from 1B on the inner rim to 3B near the capsular margin. Innervation of most intraarticular components of the knee is probably crucial for tissue homeostasis. Failure of current intraarticular soft tissue reconstructions of the knee may be due, in part, to the lack of neurosensory restoration. Research studies of the knee designed to delineate factors that restore neurosensory characteristics of the musculoskeletal system may lead to techniques that result in true restoration of joint homeostasis and function.
The supersonic through-flow turbofan for high Mach propulsion

A study was done to evaluate the potential improvements in aircraft turbine engine performance by incorporating unique supersonic through-flow fans. Engine performance, weight, and mission studies were carried out for conventional turbofan engines using supersonic through-flow fans. A Mach 3 commercial transport mission was considered. The advantages of the supersonic fan engines were evaluated in terms of mission range comparisons between the supersonic fan engines and conventional engines. The installed specific fuel consumption of the supersonic fan engines was 12 percent better than the conventional engines and the installed weight was projected to be 25 percent lighter. For a takeoff gross weight of 550,000 lbs, the aircraft powered by supersonic fan engines had a range capability of 6600 nm compared to 5300 nm (a 25% improvement) for conventional engines.
Citrulline Protects Streptococcus pyogenes from Acid Stress Using the Arginine Deiminase Pathway and the F1Fo-ATPase

A common stress encountered by both pathogenic and environmental bacteria is exposure to a low-pH environment, which can inhibit cell growth and lead to cell death. One major defense mechanism against this stress is the arginine deiminase (ADI) pathway, which catabolizes arginine to generate two ammonia molecules and one molecule of ATP. While this pathway typically relies on the utilization of arginine, citrulline has also been shown to enter into the pathway and contribute to protection against acid stress. In the pathogenic bacterium Streptococcus pyogenes, the utilization of citrulline has been demonstrated to contribute to pathogenesis in a murine model of soft tissue infection, although the mechanism underlying its role in infection is unknown. To gain insight into this question, we analyzed a panel of mutants defective in different steps in the ADI pathway to dissect how arginine and citrulline protect S. pyogenes in a low-pH environment. While protection provided by arginine utilization occurred through the buffering of the extracellular environment, citrulline catabolism protection was pH independent, requiring the generation of ATP via the ADI pathway and a functional F1Fo-ATP synthase. This work demonstrates that arginine and citrulline catabolism protect against acid stress through distinct mechanisms and have unique contributions to virulence during an infection. IMPORTANCE An important aspect of bacterial pathogenesis is the utilization of host-derived nutrients during an infection for growth and virulence. Previously published work from our lab identified a unique role for citrulline catabolism in Streptococcus pyogenes during a soft tissue infection. The present article probes the role of citrulline utilization during this infection and its contribution to protection against acid stress. This work reveals a unique and concerted action between the catabolism of citrulline and the F1Fo-ATPase that function together to provide protection for bacteria in a low-pH environment. Dissection of these collaborative pathways highlights the complexity of bacterial infections and the contribution of atypical nutrients, such as citrulline, to pathogenesis.
RNA polymerase activity and poly(A) synthesizing activity in defective T particles of vesicular stomatitis virus

Abstract All defective T particles of Indiana serotype vesicular stomatitis virus contain an RNA polymerase activity. This polymerase activity is particle bound and like the B virion transcriptase requires detergent-disruption for activation. It requires magnesium rather than manganese as a cofactor and all four nucleoside triphosphates as substrate. Unlike the B virion transcriptase, it gives linear kinetics of RNA synthesis for only about 1 hr. It makes only small amounts of product RNA, and this product consists of extremely short chains of RNA which anneal poorly to the T particle template RNA. Nearly 40% of the 3 H-adenylate incorporated by T particle polymerase is present in poly (A) tracts. This poly (A) synthesizing activity of T particles differs from the B virion activity in producing short tracts of poly (A) which are not associated with large messenger RNA molecules.
Immunolocalization of ecto-nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 3 in rat brain: Implications for modulation of multiple homeostatic systems including feeding and sleep–wake behaviors

Abstract Three anti-peptide antisera were raised against three distinct amino acid sequences of ecto-nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 3 (NTPDase3), characterized by Western blot analyses, and used to determine the distribution of NTPDase3 protein in adult rat brain. The three antisera all yielded similar immunolocalization data, leading to increased reliability of the results obtained. Unlike NTPDase1 and NTPDase2, NTPDase3 immunoreactivity was detected exclusively in neurons. Immunoreactivity was localized primarily to axon-like structures with prominent staining of presynaptic elements. Specific perikaryal immunostaining was detected primarily in scattered neurons near the lateral hypothalamic area and the perifornical nucleus. High densities of immunoreactive axon-like fibers were present in midline regions of the forebrain and midbrain. Highly scattered NTPDase3 positive fibers were observed in the cerebral cortex, the hippocampal formation, and the basal ganglia. Moreover, very high densities of immunostained fibers were detected in the mediobasal hypothalamus, with the overall mesencephalic pattern of staining associated closely with hormone responsive nuclei. High densities of NTPDase3 positive terminals were also associated with noradrenergic neurons. However, co-immunolocalization studies revealed clearly that NTPDase3 immunoreactivity was not localized within the noradrenaline cells or terminals. In contrast, nearly all of the NTPDase3 immunopositive hypothalamic cells, and most fibers in the mid- and hindbrain, also expressed hypocretin-1/orexin-A. The overall pattern of expression and co-localization with hypocretin-1/orexin-A suggests that NTPDase3, by regulating the extracellular turnover of ATP, may modulate feeding, sleep–wake, and other behaviors through diverse homeostatic systems.
Translation-competent extracts from Saccharomyces cerevisiae: effects of L-A RNA, 5' cap, and 3' poly(A) tail on translational efficiency of mRNAs

Yeast genetics has proven fruitful in the identification of key players that are involved in translational initiation. However, the exact roles of many translation initiation factors in translation initiation remain unknown. This has been due to lack of a suitable in vitro translation system in which the mode of action of certain translation factors can be studied. This report describes the preparation of cell-free Saccharomyces cerevisiae lysates that can mediate the translation of exogenously added mRNAs. Optimal translation required the absence of viral L-A RNA in the lysate and the presence of both a 5' cap and a 3' poly(A) tail on the mRNAs. A cooperative effect of cap and poly(A) tail on translation initiation was observed, a property that has been found to operate in intact yeast cells as well. In addition, the yeast lysates mediated translational initiation through several viral internal ribosome entry sites, demonstrating that the yeast translation apparatus can perform internal initiation. Thus, these lysates may be useful in the biochemical analysis of cap-dependent and cap-independent translation events.
Condenser Aberrations In Kohler Illumination

This paper presents a general analysis of condenser aberrations in projection systems that employ Kohler illumination. We first analyze condenser aberrations in terms of Hopkins' theory of partially coherent image formation, and then discuss practical consequences for lithography. The intensity in an aerial image depends jointly on the object, the imaging lens, and the mode of illumination. The angular distribution of illumination isequivalent to the so-called effective source, and is determined by the actual source and the illumination optics. In order that image formation be the same for all points on the mask, the relationship between the entrance pupil of the imaging lens and the effective source should be the same for all points in the field. Condenser aberrations (including defocus) cause the effective source to vary with position in the field. Thus, it is appropriate to refer to the "local effective source". Changes with field position in the effective source cause variations in the imaging of a particular pattern. One phenomenon, which is well known, is that of lateral image shift with wafer defocus, caused by a lateral shift in the effective source due to condenser aberrations. This is usually analyzed geometrically, by considering a tilt, relative to the principal ray, of the illumination direction at each mask point. According to this geometrical analysis, the image translates linearly with defocus, whereas the more accurate analysis employing the shifted effective source shows a shift that is different and that is nonlinear. There are joint effects involving aberrations of both the imaging lens and condenser. For example, if the the imaging lens has coma, the image suffers a radial expansion that can be compensated by wafer and condenser defocus. In general, the plane of optimum image placement can be displaced axially from the plane of optimum resolution and the paraxial focal plane. Condenser aberration effects are entirely accounted for with the standard formulations for partially coherent imaging, so long as the correct effective source is used. Thus, these effects can be modeled with any partially coherent imaging program that permits an arbitrary effective source.
The propagation of fungal colonies: a model for tissue growth

Abstract Fungi have primitive tissues in which regulated spatial growth is known to occur. For this reason, they provide a convenient model system for some aspects of tissue growth in higher organisms. A mathematical description of growth and branching in fungi is derived in terms of continuum variables such as densities of filaments and tips of filaments. The equations contain a term for branching which takes on specific mathematical forms for distinct fungal morphologies (lateral or dichotomous branching, anastomosis, etc.). By analysing propagating solutions to these equations it is demonstrated that certain branching strategies may be advantageous to the propagation of the tissue. The model also suggests causes for ring-like patterns occasionally associated with the colonies of certain species of fungi.
Gustav Mie and the fundamental concept of electromagnetic scattering by particles: A perspective

This tutorial review provides a general discussion of the fundamental concept of electromagnetic scattering by particles and particle groups and dispels certain widespread yet profoundly confusing misconceptions.
High Resolution Structure of the Ripple Phase of DMPC Bilayers

We have obtained the most detailed ripple phase structure of dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC) bilayers by taking synchrotron low and wide angle X-ray scattering (LAXS and WAXS) from highly aligned multilamellar samples. Our LAXS data have 52 measured reflections from which a two-dimensional electron density map was obtained at higher resolution than earlier maps obtained from less than half as many reflections. Consistent with the previous lower resolution study, the bilayer has a ripple amplitude of 18.5 A with a thicker and longer major arm and a thinner and shorter minor arm, but the features are sharper allowing better estimates for the modulated bilayer profile and the distribution of headgroups along the aqueous interface. WAXS scattering, employing both grazing incidence and transmission geometry, revealed two sharp Bragg rod reflections with small out-of plane qz components, narrow in-plane qr width consistent with high lateral order, and a breadth in qz consistent with tight coupling of the chains from opposite monolayers. Analysis shows that the major arm hydrocarbon chains are tilted in the ripple plane by 18° with respect to the local bilayer normal, contrary to a previous experimental interpretation. Each chain is tilted toward a next nearest neighbor similarly to the gel LβF phase rather than the more usual LβI phase. There was no clear signature in the WAXS data relating to the minor arm, consistent with those chains being disordered. However, based on the headgroup electron density, we propose that the minor arm is not just like the fluid Lα phase, as often supposed in the literature, because the maximum chain disorder is offset laterally between the upper and lower monolayers. This asynchronous monolayer modulated melting suggests a direction for better theories of the ripple phase.
Far-Infrared Spectroscopy of the Poly(ethylene oxide)x−LiCF3SO3 System

The infrared absorption spectrum of poly(ethylene oxide)−LiCF3SO3 yields two broad, distinct Li−O stretching bands (“cage” modes) between 395 and 440 cm-1. An analysis of the integrated band intensities as a function of salt concentration demonstrates that each mode originates in the motion of all lithium ions in all potential energy environments, rather than each band being due to a distinct ionic species. Multiple band structure is observed in several low-frequency, intramolecular CF3SO3- modes. These data are compared with the extensively studied CF3 symmetric deformation mode in order to identify the ionic species associated with each band component.
Induction of DNA strand breaks and DNA-protein cross-links in normal human skin fibroblasts following exposure to 254 nm UV radiation

Abstract Levels of DNA strand breaks and DNA—protein cross-links (DPCs) were measured using the alkaline elution assay in normal human skin fibroblasts irradiated with 0–200 J m−2 of 254 nm UV radiation and incubated for 0–24 h. On incubation, the yields of both single-strand breaks (SSBs) and DPCs increased with similar kinetics and remained elevated. In addition, when SSBs were measured under conditions in which DPCs were not eliminated by treatment with proteinase K, a measurable yield of SSBs could not be detected. Hence, the SSBs that form in the UV-irradiated cells following incubation appear to be associated with the DPCs.
NMR investigations of rotenoids

Abstract Extensive NMR studies of major rotenoids have (1) verified the cis B/C ring fusion of rotenone; (2) confirmed the structure of the reduction-dehydration product of rotenone; (3) provided considerable evidence regarding the preferred conformations of rotenoids; (4) revealed an array of long-range couplings; and (5) pointed up analytically useful solvent effects. Incidentally, these studies also allowed assignment of NMR signals for essentially all protons of the major rotenoids in deuterochloroform.
Sudhir Kakar and the Socio‐Psychological Explanation of Hindu‐Muslim Communal Riots in India

Concentrated principally in four of twenty-eight Indian states, there have been more than 33,000 Hindu-Muslim riots since 1947. Scholars have differently explained communal violence. Some have argued that there are innate qualities in Indian society which encourage what Donald Horowitz calls “deadly ethnic riot”. Psychoanalysts have wondered if proneness to violence is ingrained in India's religion-based culture. After assessing several existing explanatory paradigms, I examine the legitimacy of psychoanalysis and some selected aspects of other explanations, arguing that both the rational and psychological theories help explain Hindu-Muslim conflict. I submit that Sudhir Kakar, who worked with Erik Erikson at Harvard and trained at the Sigmund Freud Institute in Frankfurt, unduly follows the elitist French social psychologist, Gustave Le Bon (1895), to present violent communities as undifferentiated masses. Specifically, Kakar's contention that Hindu males are psychologically socialized by confrontational religious values deserves close scrutiny. Methodologically, drawing on the postmodern thesis of the de-centered subject and minimizing the significance of the master narrative, I conclude that primordial ancient hatred is not programmed in India, arguing that Kakar's insights do not speak to religion's truth, but do help us understand its manifestation and political psychology.
Planar Holographic Solar Concentrators for Low and Medium Ratio Concentration System

We analyze two planar holographic solar concentrator designs for low and medium concentration ratio applications. This type of solar concentrators can provide concentration and spectral filtering in a small form factor concentrator configuration.
Feasibility of using nitrocellulose—solvent—No. 2 fuel oil solutions as fuel supplements for industrial combustors

Abstract The U.S. Army Toxic and Hazardous Materials Agency (USATHAMA) is currently conducting a program with the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) to determine the feasibility of utilizing propellants as supplemental fuels for the U.S. Army's industrial combustors. Disposing of obsolete and waste propellants in this manner could be both cost-effective and environmentally sound, and as an added benefit would utilize the energy value of these materials. Tests were conducted to evaluate the physical and chemical characteristics, as well as the chemical compatability, of nitrocellulose (NC)—solvent—No. 2 fuel oil solutions. Acetone, ethyl acetate, and butyl acetate were tested as solvents for NC. The results from these tests, coupled with an economic analysis, indicated that salvation of NC with the best solvent tested, acetone, and mixing with No. 2 fuel oil was not technically feasible or cost effective due to the low solubility of the NC. However, the economic analysis did indicate potential cost effectiveness using propellant—No. 2 fuel oil slurries as supplemental fuels.
The behaviour and form of Psephenus herricki (DeKay) (Coieoptera: Psephenidae) in relation to water flow*

1. Psephenus herricki (DeKay) larvae were observed in aquaria and artificial streams using videomacroscopic techniques. Dye visualization was used to determine flow around the organisms. 2. The highly flattened larvae of Psephenus herricki are able to withstand and/or avoid the force of flowing water in streams through a number of mechanisms. The legs are vital: if they cannot gain purchase the larvae can be dislodged by the lifting forces acting on the body. At the flow rates tested (up to 50 cm s−1), suction under the carapace is not needed to maintain position. 3. Active pumping of water through lateral slots of the carapace and out from under the body posteriorly greatly reduces turbulence around the body and may act to decrease drag at high Reynolds numbers. 4. An interpretation of the flattened body-shape of Psephenus herrickilarvae as an adaptation to fast currents and/or to prevent the larvae from being removed from the substrate by a predator is of questionable ecological significance because individuals are usually found in crevices and on the undersides of stones.
Automated detection of internally injected tags in red king crabs at crab processing facilities

Abstract The Alaska Department of Fish and Game investigated the use of internally injected passive integrated transponder (PIT) tags in mark-recapture studies of red king crabs Paralithodes camtschaticus . An automated PIT tag interrogation system developed to detect recaptured PIT-tagged crabs in processing facilities is described. PIT tag detection trials were conducted using the automated system to estimate the detection rate of tagged crabs under simulated processing conditions and during actual processing of red king crabs. The results indicate that use of the automated system could provide a high (greater than 94%) detection rate of PIT-tagged crabs at processing facilities.
From Asilomar to industrial biotechnology: Risks, reductionism and regulation

The international meeting held in February 1975 at the Asilomar Conference Center in Pacific Grove, California, set in motion the first scientific evaluation of genetically modified organisms. It l...
Bifurcation sequences in horseshoe maps: infinitely many routes to chaos

Abstract We report results obtained using homoclinic bifurcation theory and knot theory for suspensions (flows) of two-dimensional Henon-like maps F μ , ϵ with two parameters. If one parameter, ϵ, is the jacobian determinant of F μ , ϵ and the other, μ, represents “nonlinearity”, we assume there are values s 1 ( ϵ ) h 1 ( ϵ ) for each ϵ ∈ [0,1] such that, for μ s 1 ( ϵ ) all orbits of F μ , ϵ escape, and for μ > h 1 ( ϵ ), F μ , ϵ has a Smale horseshoe (chaos). Increasing μ for different ϵ we find infinitely many distinct routes to this chaos.
A hybrid methodology for enhancing reliability of large systems in conceptual design and its application to the design of a multiphase flow station

This paper presents a hybrid methodology for conceptual design of large systems with the goal of enhancing system reliability. It integrates the features of several design methodologies and maintenance planning concepts with the traditional reliability analysis. The methodology considers the temporal quality characteristic “reliability” as the main objective and determines the optimal system design. Key ideas from several design methodologies, namely axiomatic design, robust design, and the theory of inventive problem solving, have been integrated with the functional prioritization framework provided by reliability-centered maintenance. A case study of the conceptual design of a multiphase pumping station for crude oil production is presented. The methodology provides a new design tool for determining system configurations with enhanced reliability taking into account maintenance resources and variability.
Distortions in indexing methods and investing media for soldering and remount procedures

Abstract A three-dimensional distortion analysis was made of seven indexing-investment systems and six indexing-remount systems. Measurements were made to within ±0.005 mm with a Nikon Profile Projector and a linear variable differential transformer (LVDT); distortions (linear and rotational) were calculated by means of a PDP 11/40 computer system. Mean vector displacements, Δ X 2 + Δ Y 2 + Δ Z 2 , were calculated, and a statistical evaluation of the data was completed. The results of the study indicate: 1.The zinc oxide-eugenol (ZOE) indexing-investment system produced a narrower range and a significantly smaller mean distortion than the other six indexing-investment systems. 2.The ZOE-stone remount technique showed significantly less distortion than the ZOE-low-fusing metal or the ZOE-acrylic resin techniques. 3.The polyether-stone remount technique demonstrated significantly less distortion than either the polyether-low-fusing metal or the polyether-acrylic resin system. 4.The polyether-stone remount system was not significantly different from the ZOE-low-fusing metal system. 5.The ZOE-stone remount technique demonstrated a smaller range of distortions, but those distortions were not significantly different from those of the polyether-stone remount technique.
Minimally invasive surgery in paediatric patients

Abstract Minimal access techniques have revolutionized surgery in the past 20 years. The concept originated in the early twentieth century and has now become part of standard surgical practice. The potential benefits of laparoscopy include reduced pain, functional impairment, inpatient stay and improved cosmesis. Recent technological advances have assisted in the application of the techniques to a paediatric population. There are now few paediatric surgical procedures remaining that have not been performed using minimal access techniques. The scope of laparoscopy in paediatric surgery encompasses neonatal surgery, thoracic surgery, gastrointestinal surgery, oncology and urology. The evidence base for laparoscopic surgery in childhood remains small but is growing. Laparoscopic surgery has been demonstrated to be at least equivalent to its open counterpart in some procedures and superior in a few. The indications for laparoscopic surgery continue to be further refined as more studies are published.
Magnetism of nanophase composites

Abstract The magnetic behavior of hard-magnetic nanocomposites such as Pt–Fe thin films and Sm–Co–Cu–Ti cellular magnets is investigated. A quite general free-energy series expansion shows that the temperature dependence of the coercivity of hard-magnetic nanostructures is largely determined by the intrinsic temperature dependence of the micromagnetic parameters. By contrast, thermally activated jumps over micromagnetic energy barriers are small perturbations observed as sweep-rate dependence.
National Institutes of Health: A Catalyst in Advancing Regenerative Medicine Science Into Practice

The stem cell domain of the regenerative medicine field has seen fundamental changes initiated by seminal discoveries in cell biology, genetic engineering, and whole genome sequencing. Many of these discoveries were funded in part by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and the NIH remains a leader in supporting research in the United States. However, as the field has developed, the NIH has responded proactively to identify roadblocks and to develop solutions that will accelerate translation of basic discoveries to the clinical setting. These activities range from organizing specialized workshops and coordinating activities among international organizations and the different arms of the government to funding small-scale industry. In addition, the NIH has been a key driver in providing needed infrastructure in areas in which the private sector has been unable to, or does not believe it can, invest. These activities of the NIH are as important as its traditional funding role, and I believe they have contributed to the innovation and rapid pace of discovery in this field.
Management of Pelvic Organ Prolapse in the Elderly

Pelvic organ prolapse is a common condition for which age is a significant risk factor, making pelvic organ prolapse particularly prevalent in the elderly population. While not a life-threatening condition, pelvic organ prolapse can affect quality of life and impact daily activity with bothersome vaginal, urinary, bowel, and sexual symptoms. This review article addresses the management of symptomatic pelvic organ prolapse in the elderly population including evaluation, conservative and surgical approaches. Conservative management encompasses pelvic floor muscle training therapy and use of vaginal pessaries in addition to lifestyle modifications. Patients who have failed conservative management or desire definitive repair may be amenable to surgical intervention, comprising traditional and minimally invasive abdominal sacrocolpopexy, transvaginal repairs and obliterative procedures. Important pre-operative, intra-operative, and post-operative considerations unique to the elderly population are addressed as well.
Convergence of SQP-like methods for constrained optimization

The problem of constrained optimization \[\min f(x)\quad {\text{s.t.}}x \in \Omega \] is sometimes solved by an iterative method, in which $\Omega $ is replaced by some other set $\Omega (x_k )$ with simple geometry at each iteration $x_k $. Sequential quadratic programming methods for nonlinear programming are the most obvious examples of this. The convergence behavior of such methods is examined by comparing the sequence of iterates $\{ x_k \} $ with a sequence $\{ y_k \} $ of local minimizers for f in $\Omega (x_k )$. Issues of active constraint identification are also discussed in terms of the geometry of the sets $\Omega (x_k )$; conditions are given for $x_{k + 1} $ and $y_k $ to lie on the same face of $\Omega (x_k )$.
Compact Silicon-On-Insulator Diffractive Sensor Design

A compact, integrated silicon-on-insulator optical sensor design based on in-plane diffraction gratings for microfluidic detection of analytes is presented and analyzed. Optimization, characterization, and sensitivity analysis are performed. Preliminary experimental and fabrication results are presented.
RNA synthesis by villus and crypt cell nuclei of rat intestinal mucosa

Rat intestinal mucosa was separated by eversion and vibration to provide a sequence of fractions from predominantly villus cells to predominantly crypt cells. The proportions of these cell types in each fraction were computed from the concentrations of alkaline phosphatase (villus cells) and thymidine kinase (crypt cells) in each population. The isolated mucosal fractions varied from about 90% villus cells to 90% crypt cells. Following injection of the rats with [3H]thymidine, the nuclei were isolated from each mucosal cell fraction and the amount of radioactivity incorporated into DNA was measured as an index of crypt cell abundance. The isolated nuclei were also incubated with ribonucleoside triphosphates and the amount of RNA synthesized was measured. Nuclei labeled with [3H]thymidine were found only in fractions rich in crypt cells, whereas capacity for RNA synthesis remained very active in mucosal fractions consisting predominantly of villus cells. It is concluded that non-dividing villus cells continue to make RNA.