cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Development of a dynamic mathematical model for membrane bioelectrochemical reactors with different configurations

Membrane bioelectrochemical reactors (MBERs) integrate membrane filtration into bioelectrochemical systems for sustainable wastewater treatment and recovery of bioenergy and other resource. Mathematical models for MBERs will advance the understanding of this technology towards further development. In the present study, a mathematical model was implemented for predicting current generation, membrane fouling, and organic removal within MBERs. The relative root-mean-square error was used to examine the model fit to the experimental data. It was found that a constant to determine how fast the internal resistance responds to the change of the anodophillic microorganism concentration could have a dominant impact on current generation. Hydraulic cross-flow exhibited a minor effect on membrane fouling unless it was reduced below 0.5 m s(-1). This MBER model encourages further optimization and eventually can be used to guide MBER development.
Learning to Love Reading: A Self-Study on Fostering Students' Reading Motivation in Small Groups

This study explores the relationship between small, differentiated reading groups and fourth-grade students' reading motivation. Using self-study methodology, the author examined her own process of implementing these reading groups through two cycles of action research. Data were analyzed from two different administrations of the Motivations for Reading Questionnaire, as well as from the author's narrative journal entries, written student reflections, small-group and individual interviews, and a critical friend's observations. Findings indicated that small, differentiated reading groups that emphasized social interaction and student choice led to a class culture of reading and promoted students' reading motivation. Students linked their learning in these groups to their written assignments and tended to devalue the group discussions. In addition, implementing the reading groups minimized the author's own performance gap and contributed to greater satisfaction in her own practice. These findings have impli...
Interaction of Cu, Ag and Au with van der Waals faces of WS, and SnS2

Abstract The interactions of group IB metals with van der Waals faces of layered semiconductors have been investigated. Cu, Ag and Au were deposited on UHV cleaved (0001) faces of n-SnS2 and n-WS2. Copper reacts with SnS2 to form a new bulk phase (CuSnS2) whereas Ag and Au react only at the interface to form an interfacial phase containing reduced Sn. A bulk metal layer is formed for high Ag and Au coverages whereas copper continues to diffuse into the material even after deposition of hundreds of monolayers. An atomically abrupt semiconductor/metal interface is formed upon metal deposition onto WS2, with no formation of an interfacial reaction phase, suggesting epitaxial growth of the metal overlayer. The contrasting interfacial reactivity is exploited to examine Schottky barrier formation on the two materials. The metal /semiconductor barrier height for WS2 is close to the difference of metal and semiconductor work functions (Schottky limit). The barrier height for SnS2 metal junctions deviates considerably from the work function difference (Fermi level pinning or Bardeen limit).
Changes in small-intestine permeability with aging.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate small-intestine mucosal integrity and permeability with advancing age as measured by the lactulose/mannitol absorption test in healthy subjects. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. SETTING: Clinical research unit of the USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging. STUDY PARTICIPANTS: Fifty-six subjects were recruited in three age groups: 20 to 39 years (n = 20), 40 to 59 years (n = 19), and ≥60 years (n = 17). Subjects were healthy, community-dwelling volunteers. INTERVENTION: After an 8-hour fast, all subjects ingested 10 g of lactulose and 5 g of mannitol. Urine was collected for 6 hours and analyzed for lactulose and mannitol by high performance liquid chromatography. Twenty-four-hour urinary creatinine clearances were determined. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Percentages of lactulose and mannitol excreted, the lactulose/mannitol ratio (x100), and the 24-hour creatinine clearance. RESULTS: With increasing age, both the percentage of lactulose excreted (P = 0.09) and the percentage of mannitol excreted (P = 0.05) tended to decrease progressively. The lactulose/mannitol ratio (x100) did not change with increasing age (P = 0.65) because both the percentages of lactulose and mannitol excreted declined. The creatinine clearance decreased markedly with advancing age (P < .001) and accounted for the decline in percentages of lactulose and mannitol excreted (P < .02). CONCLUSIONS: There is a progressive decline in the ability to excrete lactulose and mannitol with increasing age. This is probably attributable to a decline in renal function with advancing age. However, because of parallel decreases in lactulose and mannitol excretion, the lactulose/mannitol ratio does not change. Thus small-intestine “leakiness” does not increase with aging as measured by the lactulose/mannitol absorption test.
Warped Fermi Surface in GaSb from Shubnikov-de Haas Measurements

The frequencies of Shubnikov-de Haas oscillations in $n$-type tellurium-doped GaSb have been obtained as a function of magnetic field direction in samples with electron concentrations $n\ensuremath{\approx}{10}^{18}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$. Field-modulation and phase-sensitive detection techniques were employed in the measurements. A frequency anisotropy of \ensuremath{\sim}1% has been unambiguously determined. These results are explained by the warping contribution to the $k=0$ conduction-band energy expression derived by Kane using k\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}p perturbation theory. By fitting the frequency anisotropy to the theoretical prediction, it is found that the warping parameter $L\ensuremath{-}M\ensuremath{-}N=(11\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2)\frac{{\ensuremath{\hbar}}^{2}}{2{m}_{0}}$. A small (\ensuremath{\sim}2%) effective-mass anisotropy has been observed; the symmetry of the result is predicted from the warping model, i.e., ${m}^{*}(111)g{m}^{*}(110)g{m}^{*}(100)$.
How the Arts Generate Social Capital to Foster Intergroup Social Cohesion

Through the case study of the Guernica Peace Mural Project (GPMP) in Columbus, Ohio, which involved American and Somali groups, I explore how participatory community arts generate social capital to promote intergroup social cohesion. The use of participatory and collaborative arts, high-level interactions and “authentic personal interactions,” 1 and nonhierarchical relationships or equal partnerships in an informal setting in the GPMP produce a new kind of social capital, “bridged bonding.” Bridging the differences between the two groups and bonding them into one integrated whole, bridged-bonding social capital is applied as social glue to create a cohesive multicultural community.
Hypocellular myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS): new proposals

To determine whether hypocellular MDS differs from normo/hypercellular MDS, we attempted to identify hypocellular MDS cases either by correcting the bone marrow (BM) cellularity by age (28 patients) or by using a single arbitrary value of BM cellularity (25 patients) and compared these two groups of hypocellular cases to the normo/hypercellular MDS cases (72 patients). 18 patients were common to both hypocellular groups. Patients with hypocellular MDS in both of these selected groups have similar features with regard to age and sex distribution, peripheral blood and bone marrow parameters, FAB subtypes, karyotypes, leukaemic transformation, and survival. However, the median age of patients in 70 years. However, correction of BM cellularity by age revealed that those included patients (selected for < 30% cellularity) who had normocellular BM by their age. Therefore we recommend the age-correcting grouping to ensure comparable series for comparison, for response to treatment, and survival. Finally, BM cellularity does not appear to be an important factor on prognosis in MDS, because patients with hypocellular MDS in both selected groups have similar prognosis to those with normo/hypercellular MDS patients.
Proton transfer reactions on Sr isotopes

We have investigated the proton transfer reactions $^{86}\mathrm{Sr}(d,n)^{87}\mathrm{Y}$, $^{87}\mathrm{Sr}(d,n)^{88}\mathrm{Y}$, and $^{88}\mathrm{Sr}(d,n)^{89}\mathrm{Y}$ at 12 MeV incident deuteron energy. Spectroscopic factors are extracted from a distorted wave Born approximation analysis and compared to the spectroscopic factors extracted from the analogous ($^{3}\mathrm{He},d$) reactions. A comparison is also made of the ($d,n$) and ($d,^{3}\mathrm{He}$) reactions to determine fractional emptiness and occupation probability of shell model orbitals. Additionally, ground state proton configurations of $^{86}\mathrm{Sr}$ and $^{88}\mathrm{Sr}$ are determined and the ${T}_{l}$ states of $^{89}\mathrm{Y}$ are studied.NUCLEAR REACTIONS $^{86,87,88}\mathrm{Sr}(d,n)$, ${E}_{d}=12$ MeV; measured angular distributions. Deduced spectroscopic factors, ground state configurations. Enriched targets.
Espiritualidad en el claustro novohispano del siglo XVII

(1995). Espiritualidad en el claustro novohispano del siglo XVII. Colonial Latin American Review: Vol. 4, No. 2, pp. 155-180.
The effect of 2,4-dinitrophenol on the oxidation of various substrates by rat brain.

Abstract 1. 1. The oxygen consumption of rat cerebral cortex slices in Krebs-Ringer phosphate containing 0.011 M sodium pyruvate is augmented by concentrations of 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) ranging from 2.5 × 10−6 to 1.3 × 10−4M. Higher concentrations of DNP inhibit respiration. Maximum augmentation, amounting to 81%, is attained at a DNP concentration of 2.68 × 10−5M. 2. 2. Concentrations of DNP ranging from 8.92 × 10−6 to 1.34 × 10−2M uniformly cause depression of respiration in cerebral cortex slices when α-ketoglutaric acid is the substrate. 3. 3. A concentration of DNP (3.00 × 10−5M) which evokes 73% augmentation of respiration when glucose is the substrate, and 80% augmentation in a pyruvate-containing medium, causes 6 and 9% inhibition, respectively, when α-ketoglutaric acid and succinate are used as substrates. 4. 4. A concentration of DNP (2.23 × 10−3M), which causes inhibition of respiration in the presence of each of the four substrates, evokes about the same degree of inhibition in each case. Thus, percentage inhibition for glucose is 34%; for pyruvate, 40%; for α-ketoglutarate, 46%; and for succinate, 39%.
Individual and familial risk and protective correlates of physical and psychological peer victimization

The purpose of this study was to explore the association between youth characteristics, parenting behavior, and family violence and risk of physical and/or psychological peer victimization using a sample of 856 adolescents aged 10-17. Additionally, we examined whether the relation between parenting behaviors and victimization was moderated by age and gender. Data for this study were drawn from the first wave of the Developmental Victimization Survey. The results revealed unique associations between youth and familial correlates and odds for experiencing physical, psychological, and both types of victimization. Gender was found to be a statistically significant moderator of the relation between parental monitoring and odds of experiencing both physical and psychological peer victimization. Implications for bully prevention and intervention are discussed.
Reducing the Impact of Uncontrollable Stressful Life Events Through a Program of Nurse Home Visitation for New Parents

The current study examined whether the Nurse Family Partnership (NFP), an intervention in which mothers received home visitation by registered nurses pre- and postnatally, reduced mothers' vulnerability to the effects of stressful life events several years after the program was completed. Data from a randomized trial of the NFP were examined for mothers (N = 324) who were generally low-income, young, and unmarried at the time of the birth of their first child. Structured interviews were done with mothers about 15 years after the program began. Results showed that experiencing uncontrollable stressful life events, such as the death of a loved one, led to fewer negative outcomes (fewer mental health problems, less binge drinking, and better parenting practices) among nurse-visited mothers than among mothers receiving no visitation. Furthermore, the program's effect on reducing vulnerability to the negative impact of life events was particularly evident among parents who were younger or had a lower sense of personal control at intake. These findings suggest that, in addition to preventing the occurrence of negative outcomes that were direct targets of the intervention, the NFP more generally enhanced mothers' ability to cope with future stressful life events.
Theory of electronic phase locking of an optical array without a reference beam

The first theory for two novel coherent beam combination architectures that are the first electronic beam combination architectures that completely eliminate the need for a separate reference beam are presented. Detailed theoretical models are developed and presented for the first time.
Variable Ventilation as a Diagnostic Tool for the Injured Lung

Mechanical ventilation of patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a necessary life support measure which may lead to ventilator-induced lung injury, a complication that can be reduced or ameliorated by using appropriate tidal volumes and positive end-expiratory pressures. However, the optimal mechanical ventilation parameters are almost certainly different for each patient, and will vary with time as the injury status of the lung changes. In order to optimize mechanical ventilation in an individual ARDS patient, therefore, it is necessary to track the manner in which injury status is reflected in the mechanical properties of the lungs. Accordingly, we developed an algorithm for assessing the time-dependent manner in which different lung regions open (recruit) and close (derecruit) as a function of the pressure waveform that is applied to the airways during mechanical ventilation. We used this algorithm to test the notion that variable ventilation provides the dynamic perturbations in lung volume necessary to accurately identify recruitment/derecruitment dynamics in the injured lung. We performed this test on synthetic pressure and flow data generated with established numerical models of lung function corresponding to both healthy mice and mice with lung injury. The data were generated by subjecting the models to a variety of mechanical ventilation regimens including variable ventilation. Our results support the hypothesis that variable ventilation can be used as a diagnostic tool to identify the injury status of the lung in ARDS.
MicroRNA theragnostics for the clinical management of multiple myeloma

Theragnostics represent cutting-edge, multi-disciplinary strategies that combine diagnostics with therapeutics in order to generate personalized therapies that improve patient outcome. In oncology, the approach is aimed at more accurate diagnosis of cancer, optimization of patient selection to identify those most likely to benefit from a specific therapy and to generate effective therapeutics that enhance patient survival. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are master regulators of the human genome that orchestrate myriad cellular pathways to control growth during physiologic and pathologic conditions. Compelling evidence shows that miRNA deregulation promotes events linked to tumor initiation, metastasis and drug resistance as seen in multiple myeloma (MM), an invariably fatal hematologic malignancy. miRNAs are readily detected in body fluids, for example, serum, plasma, urine, as well as circulating tumor cells to demonstrate their potential as readily accessible, non-invasive diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers and potential therapeutics. Specific miRNAs are aberrantly expressed early in myelomagenesis and may more readily detect high-risk disease than current methods. Although only recently discovered miRNAs have rapidly advanced from preclinical studies to evaluation in human clinical trials. The development of miRNA theragnostics should provide widely applicable tools for the targeted delivery of personalized medicines to improve the outcome of patients with MM.
Aggregation and Deposition Characteristics of Fullerene Nanoparticles in Aqueous Systems

The propensity of n-C60 to aggregate and deposit will play a key role in determining its longevity in aquatic systems, and therefore the potential exposure and risk presented by these colloids. We consider the origin of n-C60 stability and compare the aggregation and deposition characteristics of n-C60 under conditions of variable ionic strength using an indifferent electrolyte. Relatively weak electrolyte solutions (0.001 M) were observed to destabilize suspensions of n-C60 resulting in the formation of settleable aggregates. This behavior supports the hypothesis that the stabilizing mechanism for n-C60 clusters is electrostatic in origin. Similarly, the deposition of n-C60 in porous media increased as ionic strength increased. These observations suggest that under some conditions present in natural aquatic systems, these materials may have limited mobility as they form large aggregates that may settle out of suspension or deposit on surfaces. These phenomena may, at least partially, offset any risk presented by n-C60 toxicity due to a reduced potential for exposure.
Neurophysiological correlates of sevoflurane-induced unconsciousness.

Background:Recent studies of anesthetic-induced unconsciousness in humans have focused predominantly on the intravenous drug propofol and have identified anterior dominance of alpha rhythms and frontal phase–amplitude coupling patterns as neurophysiological markers. However, it is unclear whether th
Potentially important contribution of dextrose used as diluent to hyperglycemia in hospitalized patients.

Several recent studies have shown increased morbidity and mortality associated with hyperglycemia in patients hospitalized for cardiovascular illnesses and acute illness requiring intensive care (1). While many of these studies have utilized intensive insulin therapy (IIT) as a means of controlling hyperglycemia, to our knowledge the possible iatrogenic contribution of intravenous medications has been overlooked. A 78-year-old man with type 2 diabetes was hospitalized for respiratory failure. Glycemic control was suboptimal despite continuous insulin infusion. The diabetes service observed infusion of Vancomycin mixed in 250 ml of 5% dextrose (D5W) while …
Cultural Shock in the Operating Room: Cultural Analysis in Transcultural Nursing

Another version of this paper was published in Transcultural Nursing: A Futuristic Field of Health Care, Michael Carter, (Ed.), Memphis: The Transcultural Nursing Society, 1986. Would like to thank...
Visual display in the multipurpose laboratory: The benefits of video scan-conversion

A visual display system, based upon the PEP-400 video scan-converter, is described. For a cost of about $5,600, including nine video monitors, a laboratory can provide flexible, computer-generated, alpha-meric, and graphic displays simultaneously to eight subjects. Some performance results are given, as is discussion of interfacing and software required for a DEC lab system.
MIMO self-encoded spread spectrum with iterative detection over Rayleigh fading channels

Self-encoded spread spectrum (SESS) is a novel communication technique that derives its spreading code from the randomness of the source stream rather than using conventional pseudorandom noise (PN) code. In this paper, we propose to incorporate SESS in multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems as a means to combat against fading effects in wireless channels. Orthogonal space-time block-coded MIMO technique is employed to achieve spatial diversity, and the inherent temporal diversity in SESS modulation is exploited with iterative detection. Simulation results demonstrate that MIMO-SESS can effectively mitigate the channel fading effect such that the system can achieve a bit error rate of 10-4 with very low signal-to-noise ratio, from 3.3 dB for a 2×2 antenna configuration to just less than 0 dB for a 4×2 configuration under Rayleigh fading. The performance improvement for the 2 × 2 case is as much as 6.7 dB when compared to an MIMO PN-coded spread spectrum system.
19F NMR study of intramolecular---hydrogen bonding in ortho-trifluoromethylphenol

Abstract From both solvent shift and dilution studies, intramolecular OH⋯F hydrogen bonding is indicated in ortho -trifluoromethylphenol (I). Extended Huckel calculations further support these findings and demonstrate the potential of this method in the analysis of hydrogen-bonding phenomena.
On the scattering operator for quantum fields

We study quantum fields interacting by the interactions usually considered in the theory of elementary particles. That is we take the interaction density to be a polynomialP in the fields, and assume thatP=Pb+Py+Pw,wherePb is a fourth order polynomial in the boson fields only,Py is linear in the boson fields andPw is a polynomial in the fermi fields only. After introducing a space and momentum cut-off in the interaction we prove that the scattering operator exists for all values of the cut-off parameters. We then introduce the scattering operators of relativistic quantum fields as weak limit points of cut-off scattering operators as the cut-off is taken away.
Nitrogen isotope fractionations in the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis and in the Miller-Urey reaction

Nitrogen isotope fractionations have been measured in Fischer-Tropsch and Miller-Urey reactions in order to determine whether these processes can account for the large N-15/N-14 ratios found in organic matter in carbonaceous chondrites. Polymeric material formed in the Fischer-Tropsch reaction was enriched in N-15 by only 3 per mil relative to the starting material (NH3). The N-15 enrichment in polymers from the Miller-Urey reaction was 10-12 per mil. Both of these fractionations are small compared to the 80-90 per mil differences observed between enstatite chondrites and carbonaceous chondrites. These large differences are apparently due to temporal or spatial variations in the isotopic composition of nitrogen in the solar nebula, rather than to fractionation during the production of organic compounds.
Matrix cracking initiated by fibre breaks in model composites

Fracture of resin in a composite material can be initiated by a tensile break in a fibre. This process has been investigated for a simple model composite, consisting of two inextensible rods placed along the axis of a cylindrical elastic block and touching in the centre. The rods represent a broken fibre. Energy release rates,G, were calculated by finite element methods for a circular crack growing outwards from the point where the rod ends separated as they were pulled apart. Results are compared with experimental observations on cracking of a silicone rubber cylinder containing two steel rods. It was found that a crack grew outwards under increasing load until its radius reached a certain size, approximately half-way to the surface of the resin cylinder. At this point,G reached a minimum value and then increased. Simultaneously, the crack accelerated and the sample broke. Forces required to propagate the crack were successfully predicted by linear elastic fracture mechanics at all stages of crack growth and for a wide range of fibre and sample radii. In particular, good agreement was obtained with the maximum force that the model system could support, i.e. the breaking load. When the sample was surrounded by a rigid tube, representing neighbouring fibres surrounding the broken one, growth of a crack required an increasing load at all stages. The sample finally fractured when the broken fibre pulled out with resin still attached to it. Application of these results to unidirectional fibre-reinforced materials is discussed.
Evaluation of entomopathogenic nematodes against the olive fruit fly, Bactrocera oleae (Diptera: Tephritidae).

Abstract Infectivity of six entomopathogenic nematode (EPNs) species against Bactrocera oleae was compared. Similar infection levels were observed when third-instar larvae were exposed to infective juveniles (IJs) on a sand-potting soil substrate. When IJs were sprayed over naturally infested fallen olives, many larvae died within treated olives as well as in the soil; Steinernema feltiae caused the highest overall mortality of 67.9%. In addition, three laboratory experiments were conducted to optimize a time period for S. feltiae field application. (1) Abundance of fly larvae inside fallen olives was estimated over the 2006–2007 season with the highest number of susceptible larvae (3 mm and larger) per 100 olives being observed during December, 2006. (2) S. feltiae efficacy against fly larvae dropped to the soil post-IJ-application was determined. B. oleae added to the substrate before and after nematode application were infected at similar levels. (3) Effect of three temperature regimes (min–max: 10–27, 6–18, and 3–12 °C) corresponding to October through December in Davis, California on S. feltiae survival and infectivity was determined. After 8 weeks, the IJs at the 3–12 °C treatment showed the highest survival rate. However, the cold temperature significantly limited S. feltiae infectivity. Our results demonstrate that B. oleae mature larvae are susceptible to EPN infection both in the soil and within infested olives. Being the most effective species, S. feltiae may have the potential to suppress overwintering populations of B. oleae. We suggest that November is the optimal time for S. feltiae field application in Northern California.
What about the environmental benefits of reading with a smartphone

In his article about the supposed cognitive benefits of reading printed books, Tobin neglects an important issue.1 The possible environmental cost of doctors reading printed media is significant. Worldwide the paper industry is the fifth …
The analgesic potential of clostridial neurotoxin derivatives

Botulinum neurotoxins are the most potent acute lethal toxins known, and yet for the last two decades they, and in particular serotype A, have found increasing use in the clinical treatment of diseases or conditions involving neuromuscular or autonomic neuronal transmission. The neurotoxins work by inhibiting the release of acetylcholine from peripheral cholinergic nerve terminals. More recently, the effects on non-cholinergic pathways have been identified, and this has led to an increase in the diseases and syndromes for which botulinum neurotoxins have been found to have clinical utility. In particular, botulinum neurotoxins have been demonstrated to potentially benefit a range of chronic pain syndromes. With the description in the last decade of the biochemical basis of neurotoxin action and the tertiary structure of the toxin molecule, the possibility of designing novel agents utilising selected aspects of toxin function has arisen. This possibility has been pursued in the context of pain relief with ...
Effects of Vascular Dementia on Cognition and Linguistic Communication: A Case Study

Abstract Purpose: Vascular dementia is the second most common cause of dementia after Alzheimer's's disease. The purpose of this case report is to describe the evolution and progression of vascular...
On unification, uniqueness and numerical analysis in plasticity

Abstract This paper addresses various aspects of a theory of multiple-mode plastic straining which unifies constitutive equations of macroscopic solids and single crystals (for both strain-hardening and strain-softening behavior). Emphasis is given to the determination of minimal criteria for uniqueness of solution to incremental boundary value problems based upon the general theory. It is established that these criteria are sufficient to assure convergence of the finite element method in such problems.
2-(1,2,3-Triazol-4-yl)pyridine-containing ethynylarenes as selective ‘turn-on’ fluorescent chemosensors for Ni(II)

A series of ethynylarene compounds containing 2-(1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)pyridine chelating units were studied as fluorescent chemosensors for metal cations in aqueous solution. Analogs possessing two chelating units bridged by either 1,4-diethynylphenyl or 2,7-diethynylnaphthyl subunits displayed large hypsochromic shifts coupled with signal intensification when exposed to increasing concentrations of Ni(II), a unique response among 22 metal cation analytes. This response was shown to be reversible, and is proposed to derive from disruption of aggregate formation upon Ni(II) binding at the peripheral chelating units.
Localization of layer-parallel faults in San Rafael swell, Utah and other monoclinal folds

Abstract The subdivision of sedimentary rock layers by the formation of layer-parallel faults in a developing fold can be explained by a combination of intralayer weaknesses and internal layer-parallel shear stresses generated by bending. An analysis of stress equilibrium of layer-parallel shear stresses and fiber normal stresses indicates that the maximum shear stress increases with the square of the thickness and the layer-parallel derivative of curvature, termed here coil, evaluated at middepth of the bed. The maximum shear stress is at middepth in the layer, so a laminated bed, as it bends, will tend to fault at middepth along pre-existing layer-parallel weaknesses and thereby subdivide the single mechanical layer into two mechanical layers of half the original thickness. Using the method of computation of coil outlined here, we are able to show that the coil predicts the location and sense of shear of layer-parallel faults in several field examples. The method illustrates how a few careful field measurements of layer geometry can provide valuable information about conditions of folding.
The adsorption of CO on clean and potassium promoted FeO Surfaces

Abstract The adsorption of CO on a FeO (wustite) surface was investigated using UPS, AES and temperature programmed desorption. These results are compared to those obtained from the same sample following addition of potassium from the decomposition of KOH. CO adsorption was identified following exposure at 300 K to the potassium free surface. The adsorbed species readily desorbs below 500 K. CO adsorption was poisoned by pre-exposure to oxygen at 300 K. This suggests CO is adsorbed at surface oxygen vacancies. CO induced UPS emission features are different from those typically found for CO chemisorbed on transition metal surfaces. The presence of potassium alters the adsorption behavior of CO. The thermal desorption maximum shifts to 625 K. UPS results indicate molecular CO adsorption at 300 K and upon heating to 470 K CO dissociates. The presence of potassium thus promotes CO dissociation on FeO.
Protein synthesizing activity of human neoplastic and normal thyroid tissue in chick embryo mesonephros organ culture

Two specimens of human neoplastic tissue, renal cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma of lung, and one specimen of normal human thyroid tissue were cultured in the chick embryo mesonephros organ culture system according to Wolff's technique, and the protein synthesizing activity of the cultured tissue was assayed by studying the incorporation of l-leucine-14C into protein. During one week of culture all three samples of tissue maintained their morphologic integrity, as judged by histologic study, and their metabolic and synthetic activity, as judged by leucine incorporation. After freezing and thawing in glycerinated buffer, the renal cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma of lung tissue regained protein synthesizing activity during culture in the chick mesonephros system only when the carcinoma fragments were placed in direct contact with the mesonephros fragments. Interposition of the vitelline membrane between the mesonephros and carcinoma fragments prevented restoration of protein synthesizing activity. The possibility is suggested that high molecular weight polymers of undetermined nature are supplied by mesonephros cells for restoration of protein synthesizing activity of frozen and thawed carcinoma cells.
Experimental Charge Density Study of Estrogens: 17β-Estradiol·Urea

To relate the molecular electrostatic potential to the biological activities of estrogens, a comparative charge density study of different derivatives has been initiated. The second completed charg...
Composite piezoelectric transducers

Abstract Considerations of the influence of crystal symmetry, macrosymmetry, and interphase connectivity have been used to explore possible macrostructures of interest as piezoelectric composites. Based on these design considerations, ceramic-plastic composites have been fabricated with 3-3 phase connectivity by the replication of natural template structures such as coral. Composites prepared in this way have piezo-electric g ϵ ϵ and g h coefficients more than an order of magnitude higher than the coefficients of the homogeneously poled ferroelectric ceramic. A simplified fabrication technique has been developed by mixing volatilizable plastic spheres and PZT powder. When sintered and backfilled with epoxy, and poled, these composites give excellent piezoelectric voltage coefficients. Large voltage coefficients were also obtained from 3-1 piezoelectric composites made by embedding PZT fiber arrays in epoxy cement. A continuous poling method has been developed for these fibers which makes it possible to assemble complex composites from pre-poled PZT fibers in epoxy matrices. Multilayer composites with 2-2 connectivity have been produced for filters and other high-frequency applications. Processing methods for producing 3-1 and 2-2 connected composites are described.
Biosynthesis of Carotenoids in Purple Bacteria : A Re-Evaluation Based on Considerations of Chemical Structure

Biosynthesis of Carotenoids in Purple Bacteria : A Re-Evaluation Based on Considerations of Chemical Structure
The association of chronic kidney disease and metabolic syndrome with incident cardiovascular events: multiethnic study of atherosclerosis.

Background. There is an association between chronic kidney disease (CKD) and metabolic syndrome (MetS). We examined the joint association of CKD and MetS with incident cardiovascular (CVD) events in the Multiethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) cohort. Methods. We analyzed 2,283 Caucasians, 363 Chinese, 1,449 African-Americans, and 1,068 Hispanics in the MESA cohort. CKD was defined by cystatin C estimated glomerular filtration rate ≤ 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 and MetS was defined by NCEP criteria. Cox proportional regression adjusting for age, ethnicity, gender, study site, education, income, smoking, alcohol use, physical activity, and total and LDL cholesterol was performed to assess the joint association of CKD and MetS with incident CVD events. Participants were divided into four groups by presence of CKD and/or MetS and compared to the group without CKD and MetS (CKD−/MetS−). Tests for additive and multiplicative interactions between CKD and MetS and prediction of incident CVD were performed. Results. During follow-up period of 5.5 years, 283 participants developed CVD. Multivariate Cox regression analysis demonstrated that CKD and MetS were independent predictors of CVD (hazard ratio, 2.02 for CKD, and 2.55 for MetS). When participants were compared to the CKD−/MetS− group, adjusted HR for the CKD
THE TIMING OF AND EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON AUXIN-INDUCED HYPONASTIC CURVATURE OF THE BEAN PRIMARY LEAF BLADE

Detailed examination of the hyponastic curvature of the primary bean leaf bfade in response to indoleacetic acid (IAA) shows that curvature begins within 15 min after application and increases to a maximal rate at 20 to 30 min. A second application of IAA results in a second curvature maximum when applied 1.5 hr or more after the first. Washing experiments indicate IAA uptake is largely complete by about 20 min after application, suggesting the return to planar form is accompanied by the uptake and passage of a wave of IAA through the responding cells. The rate of curvature decreases as the temperature is lowered, particularly below 14 C; at low concentrations (10-4 M) the rate of response to 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxypropionic acid is slower than that for IAA and naphthaleneacetic acid. These differences are proposed to reflect the involvement of the polar auxin transport system in the response. The leaves of bean seedlings exposed to 4 C develop hyponastic curvatures when returned to normal growth temperature; 5 min treatment is sufficient to induce this response, and with longer treatments, greater curvatures are obtained. This curvature is inhibited by application of 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid (TIBA) to the undersurface of the leaf at the beginning of the cold treatment. The results are consistent with a model of planar plageotropic growth regulation in the leaf blade in which auxin produced by cells in the upper portion of the blade is transported by the polar transport system through cells in the lower portion that are growth limited by auxin supply. The hyponastic and epinastic effects caused by exogenous application of auxin or TIBA and of cold treatments are considered to result from changes in this auxin supply. THE GROWTH of cells in the upper portion of the typical dicotyledonous leaf blade must be closely correlated with that of cells in the lower portion to achieve and maintain a planar structure throughout the period of active expansion. Because the long axes of the palisade cells immediately below the upper epidermis are oriented at an obtuse angle to spongy parenchyma cells in the lower portion of the leaf and both elongate in different axes from their covering epidermal cells, maintenance of planar form necessarily involves correlated growth regulation of these different cell types. The importance of this growth regulation for the formation of an efficient light-gathering photosynthetic organ is obvious. The auxin-induced hyponastic response of the blade of young bean leaves is caused by a temporary change in the relative growth of upper and lower portions of the blade, resulting in a curved instead of planar blade (Hayes and Lippincott, 1976). This response is quantitatively related to the amount of applied auxin (Lippincott and Lippincott, 1971) and provides
Bayesian Regression Models for the Quality Adjusted Lifetime Data with Zero Time Duration Health States

Clinical trial studies are often conducted in which quality of life is accessed and recorded along with other clinically measurable endpoints. Consideration of the quality of life in addition to the survival time in the statistical analysis can result in a better assessment of the treatments being compared. Quality adjusted lifetime (QAL) data analysis can serve as an important tool to the medical and patient community. This article presents a Bayesian regression approach to the modeling of censored QAL data. The Bayesian hierarchical framework based on a progressive health state model with a data augmentation scheme which provides a nonzero probability to the zero time spent in any health state has been developed. Simulation studies using Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods were performed to validate the proposed method. A real data set was used to illustrate the application of the proposed method.
Characterization of the Escherichia coli SecA Signal Peptide-Binding Site

SecA signal peptide interaction is critical for initiating protein translocation in the bacterial Sec-dependent pathway. Here, we have utilized the recent nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and Forster resonance energy transfer studies that mapped the location of the SecA signal peptide-binding site to design and isolate signal peptide-binding-defective secA mutants. Biochemical characterization of the mutant SecA proteins showed that Ser226, Val310, Ile789, Glu806, and Phe808 are important for signal peptide binding. A genetic system utilizing alkaline phosphatase secretion driven by different signal peptides was employed to demonstrate that both the PhoA and LamB signal peptides appear to recognize a common set of residues at the SecA signal peptide-binding site. A similar system containing either SecA-dependent or signal recognition particle (SRP)-dependent signal peptides along with the prlA suppressor mutation that is defective in signal peptide proofreading activity were employed to distinguish between SecA residues that are utilized more exclusively for signal peptide recognition or those that also participate in the proofreading and translocation functions of SecA. Collectively, our data allowed us to propose a model for the location of the SecA signal peptide-binding site that is more consistent with recent structural insights into this protein translocation system.
Stanley S. Newman (1905–1984)

field trip to California to study the Yokuts language. In Berkeley he met Alfred Kroeber and Paul Radin, after which he spent several difficult months collecting the data on Yawelmani Yokuts that formed the basis of his dissertation. Back in Chicago for 1930-31, he married Lucy Price-Benedict. When Sapir moved to Yale the following year, Newman and his wife followed, along with several other advanced students. By the next year, Newman had completed his doctorate. He also published a paper (1933) on phonetic symbolism, using experimental techniques and statistical analysis; but at this point in the depression no teachingjobs were to be had, and he remained at Yale for the next five years, "subsisting on research fellowships" (1984a: 11). During this time, Newman worked on English grammar, phonetic symbolism, and the speech of psychotic patients. He also gathered data on different Yokuts languages and on Bella Coola. In 1937-38 he worked in New York City on a study of adolescent behavior and, with the encouragement of Franz Boas, analyzed part of his Bella Coola data-a task that still engaged him at the time of his death.
DETERMINATION OF LUNG VOLUME BY RESPIRATION OF OXYGEN WITHOUT FORCED BREATHING

A method is described for estimating the volume of air in the lungs by the familiar principle of mixing this air with a measured volume of oxygen, and determining the extent to which the nitrogen of the pulmonary air is diluted. By employing a scrubber to remove carbon dioxide, and by measuring the volume of gas in the extrapulmonary part of the system at the end instead of the beginning of the respiratory period, it is possible to prolong the period to as many minutes as are necessary for complete mixture of the gases, and thereby to carry out the estimation without forced breathing. The determination can be carried out with the Roth-Benedict or Krogh spirometer, or, more economically, with the simple spirometer, shown in Fig. 1, assembled from ordinary laboratory equipment. The method gives the same results as the hydrogen method of Van Slyke and Binger (3), and obviates the use and analysis of hydrogen. The relative advantages of the two methods are discussed above. Dr. Ronald V. Christie has informed us that he has encountered considerable differences in the N2 content of the pulmonary air of different individuals. A gain in accuracy would therefore be made if this value were determined for each subject, and substituted for 79.1 in the calculation formulae.
Debt‐for‐nature swaps and the limits to international cooperation on behalf of the environment

One approach to international relations theory, exemplified by the writings of Robert Keohane and Joseph Nye, is concerned with identifying those conditions most likely to generate co‐operation among states. Initially labelled the transnational actor approach, it recognises two factors as particularly conducive for expanding international co‐operation: the diffusion of science and technology and the existence of institutions ‐ particularly non‐governmental organisations (NGOs). The approach provides a critique of the classic realist school which asserts that states are likely to be constrained from co‐operation by the anarchic condition characteristic of international politics. This essay will show that international environmental regulation illustrates the classic problem inherent in forging collaborative policies in a world of sovereign states. However, through a discussion of the debt‐nature swaps that follows, evidence is presented to show that the processes identified by Keohane and Nye are indeed at...
A Biosocial-Affect Model of Adolescent Sensation Seeking: The Role of Affect Evaluation and Peer-Group Influence in Adolescent Drug Use

Adolescence is a period of heightened experimentation with risky behavior. Models of brain development suggest that this phenomenon is partly the result of increased adolescent sensation seeking unaccompanied by maturation in ability to evaluate risks. We test an alternative biosocial-affect model in which favorable affect attached to behavior leads to discounting of risks. Although the model applies to both adolescents and adults, it predicts that the surge in sensation seeking during adolescence increases affective attraction to risky behavior, reduces perceived risk of the behavior, and results in peer-group reinforcement of these effects. We estimated models that included these influences for three drugs (tobacco, alcohol, and marijuana) in a national sample of youth ages 14 to 22. Consistent with brain maturation models, sensation seeking rose during the age period under study with girls peaking earlier than boys. Nevertheless, independent of age or gender, the biosocial-affect model explained the relation between sensation seeking and drug use. The findings indicate that although adolescents recognize the risks of drug use, they are subject to both biological and social influences that encourage risk taking. Implications for the prevention of risky adolescent behavior are discussed.
Biophysical economics: Historical perspective and current research trends

Abstract Biophysical economics is characterized by a wide range of analysis from diverse fields who use basic ecological and thermodynamic principles to analyze the economic process. The history of biophysical thought is traced from the 18th-century Physiocrats to current empirical research, with emphasis on those individuals who contributed to the development of biophysical economic theory. Attention is also given to a critique of the neoclassical theory of natural resources from a biophysical perspective, and how recent empirical biophysical research highlights areas of neoclassical theory which could be improved by a more relatistic and systematic treatment of natural resources.
Aging of Pressure Sensitive Adhesives. II: Use of Multidetector Sec

Abstract The use of multiple detector size exclusion chromatography is described for the study of aging of pressure sensitive adhesive films based on styrene-isoprene-styrene block copolymers. In this preliminary investigation of thin films, room temperature oxidation resulted in the formation of an easily detected carbonyl chromophore. While the chromophore concentration was monitored with a UV detector on the chromatograph, the molecular weight distribution was measured with a differential refractometer. Several important general implications of this combination of detectors in SEC are described.
Leishmaniasis. A worldwide problem.

La leishmaniose cutanee, pathologie transmise par les phlebotomes, est une des trois entites connues parmi les manifestations cliniques causees par les protozoaires du genre leishmania. S'y ajoute la leishmaniose cutaneomuqueuse et la leishmaniose viscerale, et une variante de la leishmaniose cutanee: la forme cutanee diffuse. La periode d'incubation longue, la generalisation des voyages transcontinentaux, et la decouverte de foyers aux USA vont amener les dermatologues a diagnostiquer de plus en plus frequemment cette pathologie. Le probleme du traitement se pose alors, la forme cutanee diffuse etant totalement refractaires aux traitements, et les traitements les plus efficaces pour les autres formes n'ayant pas recu d'autorisation de mise sur le marche aux USA