cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hardware architectures for chemical sensing electronics

This paper reviews several levels of interface electronics for chemical sensing system based on physical sensors. Many physical sensor, because of their interaction and vulnerability to the environment, have been eliminated from inclusion in sensing systems that require high precision and accuracy. With sufficient modeling, array design, and signal processing, however, these physical sensor are essential for providing a barrier to false alarms that is inherently not available in other sensors. We present our discussion under the assumption that physical sensor provide a useful dimension to solving chemical sensing problems. The responsibility of the interface electronics is to improve signal-to-noise ratio for a wider range and resolution of concentration detection and to extract features that enhance the robustness of chemical discrimination. Examples are presented of circuits that perform both of these functions for arrays of chemiresistors; these examples, aggregation of similar sensor signals and rank extraction, are a small subset of possible techniques that can be used to enhance the performance of physical sensors.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Capitalizing on Nonrandom Assignment to Treatments: A Regression-Discontinuity Evaluation of a Crime-Control Program

Abstract Despite the enormous potential of regression-discontinuity, quasi-experimental procedures, they have to date rarely been used in the evaluation of large-scale social programs. In this article, we report an evaluation of such a program in which a regression-discontinuity analysis is employed. Through a change in legislation, the program in question extended eligibility for unemployment benefits to prisoners after their release from prison. The regression-discontinuity approach proved practical and effective; it revealed that the program cut recidivism rates by 13 percent.
Gas chromatographic microdetermination of iodine by derivatization with ketones

Derivatization of iodine with 2-butanone, 2-pentanone, or 3-pentanone yield products which have greater response to electron capture detection and which are extracted more completely than the product of the iodine reaction with propanone. Both these observations support the extention of the gas chromatographic determination of iodine into the ng/ml range.
An energy performance study of several factors in air economizers with low-limit space humidity

Abstract Most air handling units in commercial buildings adopt an air-side economizer for free cooling when the outside air is cool. Since the outside air may be dry during the economizer operations, humidification is needed for special applications where stringent space humidity controls are required. Therefore, the economizer saves cooling energy but may lose space humidity control or require additional energy for humidification. A humidification energy penalty or loss of space humidity control may prevent or reduce air-side economizer usage. The barrier comes from the lack of systematic energy analysis on an economizer operation with a humidification process. In this paper, optimal economizer operation zones are simulated to minimize the total cost of mechanical cooling and humidification and an experiment is conducted to validate the energy savings. The results reveal that the significant energy benefits (up to 9.3 kW/(m3/s) or15 Btu/h-CFM) exist by using air economizers while the space low-limit space humidity is maintained. However, the energy benefits heavily depend on humidification cost and required low-limit space humidity. For the low-limit space relative humidity of 30% in a moderate weather, the energy performance of regular economizer excels non-economizer when the cooling price is twice of the humidification price or lower.
Maximum entropy and poissonian characterization of the quantized radiation field

Abstract The least maximum entropy for the free radiation field occurs for the vacuum state of the radiation field and its unitary equivalents including the coherent state of an ideal laser. Comparisons are made with number measurement entropies obtained by projection or averaging of the number representation of the ideal laser.
Photonic and Magnetic Force Micro-piston: An integrated force/microfluidic device for investigating expansion and compression stress in chromatin/chromosomes and their roles in chromosome function.

Dynamic changes in the state of chromosomes (changes in the level of chromatin compaction) take place in the confined environment of the nucleus throughout the cell cycle. These changes have been hypothesized to determine both the mechanical properties and, as a direct consequence of such effects, the function of chromosomes (Kleckner et al., 2004). To test this hypothesis, we have developed devices that can use either photon pressure or magnetic force to push beads in microfluidic channels, creating compression chambers in which the response of a confined biological specimen can be investigated as a function of force as well as changes in buffer, extract or biochemical composition. Photon pressure is generated by a weakly focused laser beam emanating from a fiber optic mounted directly on to our microfluidic chip, thus eliminating the need for the fixed optics associated with typical laser trapping systems. As a result, heating and the associated risk to a biological specimen is greatly reduced. Magnetic force is generated by a thin foil electromagnet system capable of producing high field and field gradients that, when used in conjuction with a 4.5 micron magnetic bead, can produce hundreds of picoNewtons of compression force on a biological specimen. These devices will be used to address three immediate questions of interest: (i) What is the magnitude of the force generated by chromatin expansion? (ii) When two chromatin masses are present, to what extent do they intermingle? and (iii) When expansion is constrained by confinement, does the resulting compression stress alter the structure and/or properties of chromatin?
The velocity profile in the canine ascending aorta and its effects on the accuracy of pulsed Doppler determinations of mean blood velocity

The velocity profile in the ascending aorta, which has been variously reported as parabolic, skewed or flat, was measured using an intraluminal probe equipped with a miniature piezoelectric crystal activated by a 20 MHz pulsed Doppler with a 1 mm3 sample volume size. Phasic velocities, determined via spectral analyses, were obtained at 2 mm intervals across the aortic lumen of anaesthetised open-chest dogs by sequentially moving the crystal between posterior and anterior walls, maintaining the ultrasound beam parallel to the flow axis. Range-gating allowed data acquisition 3.5 mm proximal to the crystal, thus eliminating probe induced turbulence. Time and spatial distributions of velocities over the cross-section were computed. Expected errors in vessel mean velocity estimates based on point measurements were calculated. Analysis of phasic waveforms showed increased posterior velocities during systole but third order regression analysis of normalised point mean velocities across the lumen showed the best fit was a statistically flat straight line. Centreline referenced analyses indicated the expected difference between point mean velocity and vessel mean velocity was maximal (19.3 +/- 10.1%) 4 mm toward the posterior wall and minimal (4.7 +/- 9.1%) 5 mm toward the anterior wall. Anterior posterior wall referenced analyses indicated the most reliable position for estimating vessel mean velocity from point mean velocity along this axis was 5 mm from the anterior wall.
RENAL FAILURE FROM ATHEROEMBOLISM AFTER TRANSLUMBAR AORTOGRAPHY

The author reports a case of renal failure due to atheroembolism precipitated by translumbar aortography. When the abdominal aorta contains atheromatous plaques, there is great danger of producing showers of atheroemboli by this procedure.
Two-year college education committee update

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MapReduce intrusion detection system based on a particle swarm optimization clustering algorithm

The increasing volume of data in large networks to be analyzed imposes new challenges to an intrusion detection system. Since data in computer networks is growing rapidly, the analysis of these large amounts of data to discover anomaly fragments has to be done within a reasonable amount of time. Some of the past and current intrusion detection systems are based on a clustering approach. However, in order to cope with the increasing amount of data, new parallel methods need to be developed in order to make the algorithms scalable. In this paper, we propose an intrusion detection system based on a parallel particle swarm optimization clustering algorithm using the MapReduce methodology. The use of particle swarm optimization for the clustering task is a very efficient way since particle swarm optimization avoids the sensitivity problem of initial cluster centroids as well as premature convergence. The proposed intrusion detection system processes large data sets on commodity hardware. The experimental results on a real intrusion data set demonstrate that the proposed intrusion detection system scales very well with increasing data set sizes. Moreover, it achieves close to the linear speedup by improving the intrusion detection and false alarm rates.
Disappearance of BHA and BHT in relation to peroxide content in breakfast cereals

In ready-to-eat breakfast cereals the amounts of BHA and BHT remaining at any time during storage were inversely proportional to the amount of peroxides present in the cereal. At the point of organoleptic unacceptability of stored cereals the peroxide numbers were approximately 120, and contents of BHA and BHT were each approximately 10% to 20% of the initial levels.
Chlorzoxazone, an SK-type potassium channel activator used in humans, reduces excessive alcohol intake in rats.

Background Alcoholism imposes a tremendous social and economic burden. There are relatively few pharmacological treatments for alcoholism, with only moderate efficacy, and there is considerable interest in identifying additional therapeutic options. Alcohol exposure alters SK-type potassium channel (SK) function in limbic brain regions. Thus, positive SK modulators such as chlorzoxazone (CZX), a US Food and Drug Administration–approved centrally acting myorelaxant, might enhance SK function and decrease neuronal activity, resulting in reduced alcohol intake. Methods We examined whether CZX reduced alcohol consumption under two-bottle choice (20% alcohol and water) in rats with intermittent access to alcohol (IAA) or continuous access to alcohol (CAA). In addition, we used ex vivo electrophysiology to determine whether SK inhibition and activation can alter firing of nucleus accumbens (NAcb) core medium spiny neurons. Results Chlorzoxazone significantly and dose-dependently decreased alcohol but not water intake in IAA rats, with no effects in CAA rats. Chlorzoxazone also reduced alcohol preference in IAA but not CAA rats and reduced the tendency for rapid initial alcohol consumption in IAA rats. Chlorzoxazone reduction of IAA drinking was not explained by locomotor effects. Finally, NAcb core neurons ex vivo showed enhanced firing, reduced SK regulation of firing, and greater CZX inhibition of firing in IAA versus CAA rats. Conclusions The potent CZX-induced reduction of excessive IAA alcohol intake, with no effect on the more moderate intake in CAA rats, might reflect the greater CZX reduction in IAA NAcb core firing observed ex vivo. Thus, CZX could represent a novel and immediately accessible pharmacotherapeutic intervention for human alcoholism.
Conversational themes and attention focusing strategies: Predicting comprehension and recall

The specific purpose of this study was to examine the effects of conversational themes and attention focusing strategies on conversational comprehension and recall. A 2×2×2×2 between subjects factorial designs was used to test the research question with 247 participants. The results demonstrated that the unambiguous themes predicted conversational comprehensibility and recall accuracy. The results indicated that personal conversational information may be processed differently from content conversational information. Future conversational processing research should focus on discovering the reasons for the processing differences between content and personal conversational information.
How does Cryptococcus get its coat

During the past few decades, increasing attention has focused on pathogenic fungi both as fascinating research subjects and as the agents of serious illness in diverse patient populations. In particular, opportunistic fungi such as Cryptococcus neoformans command notice as the ranks of their immunocompromised victims grow. C. neoformans is unique among fungal pathogens for its major virulence factor, a complex polysaccharide capsule. In this article, our current understanding of the structure and biosynthesis of the capsule is reviewed, as are the many questions that remain to be answered about how Cryptococcus gets its coat.
Rat virus infection of megakaryocytes: A factor in hemorrhagic encophalopathy?

Abstract Multiple contributory factors have been postulated in the pathogenesis of hemorrhagic encephalopathy of the rat, an entity induced by rat virus infection of sucklings. These include: (1) the direct attack of virus upon vascular endothelium with resultant thrombotic and hemorrhagic effects; (2) the triggering of consumptive coagulopathy by the vascular injury; and (3) the production of a deficiency coagulopathy secondary to viral hepatitis. This report describes a new feature of rat virus infection, the involvement of the pool of developing megakaryocytes. This cellular lesion, although unsupported by evidence of depressed platelet levels, or disturbed platelet function, suggests that a direct viral attack upon platelet-forming elements may be an additional contributory factor in the pathogenesis of hemorrhagic encephalopathy. The complex of pathogenetic factors for hemorrhagic encephalopathy of the rat indicates that this entity offers an excellent experimental model for study of the general problem of the pathophysiology of disturbances of blood coagulation in virus infections.
Assembly-Directed Antivirals Differentially Bind Quasiequivalent Pockets to Modify Hepatitis B Virus Capsid Tertiary and Quaternary Structure

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a major cause of liver disease. Assembly of the HBV capsid is a critical step in virus production and an attractive target for new antiviral therapies. We determined the structure of HBV capsid in complex with AT-130, a member of the phenylpropenamide family of assembly effectors. AT-130 causes tertiary and quaternary structural changes but does not disrupt capsid structure. AT-130 binds a hydrophobic pocket that also accommodates the previously characterized heteroaryldihydropyrimidine compounds but favors a unique quasiequivalent location on the capsid surface. Thus, this pocket is a promiscuous drug-binding site and a likely target for different assembly effectors with a broad range of mechanisms of activity. That AT-130 successfully decreases virus production by increasing capsid assembly rate without disrupting capsid structure delineates a paradigm in antiviral design, that disrupting reaction timing is a viable strategy for assembly effectors of HBV and other viruses.
Alternative techniques for reduction of scar length during staged excision.

Background Staged excision is routinely used to remove disfiguring or premalignant cutaneous lesions with reduced functional loss or patient debilitation. Conventional staged excision results in a final scar length that is significantly shorter than the scar associated with a traditional elliptical excision with a 3:1 length to width ratio. Objective We describe alternatives to the conventional staged excision that enable even further reduction in final scar length. Methods Geometric simulations were performed to identify variants of the conventional staged excision that shortened the long axis of the final scar without increasing the number of stages required for complete removal. Results At least 3 variants of the conventional staged excision enable shortening of the final scar: (1) the "doughnut" method, in which a ring (torus) of tissue is removed from within the middle of the lesion, and the outer rim is circumferentially sutured to the central core; (2) central excision and purse-string closure, in which the center of the lesion is removed, a large-caliber suture is passed along the outside rim to facilitate cinching, and reinforcing sutures are used to further reduce the wound length; and (3) the compressed design method, in which transposed ellipses or half-ellipses are carved within the lesion. These central defects are then sutured, with resulting abbreviation of the scar. Limitations The proposed techniques have been tested on a small cohort and require further clinical validation. Conclusion Staged excision can be modified for reduced final scar length. At least 3 different techniques can achieve this objective.
Time reversal multicarrier communications over long multipath fading channels

Time-reversed orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (TR-OFDM) has recently received attention as a promising scheme for supporting single-input multiple-output (SIMO) communications over time-dispersive fading channels. In TR-OFDM, the time reversal processing cleverly converts multiple time-dispersive fading channels associated with SIMO-OFDM into a single channel with generally smaller time dispersion and less fading. As a result, a moderate cyclic-prefix (CP) length can be used without inducing much inter-block interference (IBI) even when the original channels are long. This paper tackles a technical challenge critical to the success of TR-OFDM, that is, how to minimize the CP length while satisfying certain performance requirements. Based on a data model derived for TR-OFDM, a quantitative relationship between the CP length and error performance is first established and a design procedure is then proposed. Our design reveals that the optimal CP length depends on the power delay profiles of underlying channels. Both theoretical analysis and numerical simulations confirm the merits of our design.
Thermohydrodynamic Lubrication Analysis Incorporating Bingham Rheological Model

A mathematical model is developed for parametric investigation of the influence of the rheological properties of the lubricant on the thermohydrodynamic film conditions which occur in slider and journal bearings. The model is utilized for predicting the thickness of the shear zone in lubricating films with fixed geometry between the stationary and moving surfaces using a Bingham model with a shear yield stress which best fits the experimental pressure. It is found that the shear zone thickness is significantly smaller than the fluid film thickness in the lubrication zone and is of the same order of magnitude as that obtained by the empirical formula proposed by Wang and Seireg (1995). The results also suggest that the shear yield stress for the lubricating film is proportional to the pressure developed in the film within the range of the investigated cases.
Design and implementation of location-based wireless targeted advertising

As advertisements are time and location sensitive, a challenge for wireless marketing is to have advertisements delivered when and where they are most convenient. In this paper we introduce a two-stage auction model for location-based wireless targeted advertising. This system extends the notion of location-based service by using location information to target advertising, and does so specifically by enabling advertisers to specify their preferences and bid for advertisement delivery, where those preferences are then used in a subsequent automated auction of actual deliveries to wireless data users. The automated auction in the second stage is especially effective because it can use information about the individual user profile data, including customer relationship management system contents as well as location from the wireless system's location management service, including potentially location history such as current trajectory from recent history and longer-term historical trip records for that user. Through two-stage auction, real-time bidding by advertisers and matching ads contents to mobile users help advertising information reach maximal value.
Experience with a rapid oral metyrapone test and the plasma ACTH content in determining the cause of Cushing's syndrome.

Abstract A rapid oral metyrapone test (0.5 Gm. every hour for six doses) and a 4 p.m. plasma ACTH bioassay were performed in 20 consecutive patients with Cushing's syndrome. At surgery, 11 had adrenocortical hyperplasia, six had an adrenocortical adenoma, and three had an adrenocortical carcinoma. None had clinical findings of the ectopic ACTH syndrome and all have been followed at least two years postoperatively. All but one patient with hyperplasia doubled their urinary 17-hydroxycorticosteroids the day of the rapid oral metyrapone test; those with adrenocortical tumors showed no significant rise. Eight patients with hyperplasia had 4 p.m. ACTH measurements and all showed detectable plasma ACTH. Six of those with tumors also had a bioassay and in none was the ACTH detectable. The rapid oral metyrapone test and measurement of the plasma ACTH level are extremely useful in determining the cause of Cushing's syndrome, and considerably reduce the number of hospital days required.
Plasma FGF21 Is Elevated by the Intense Lipid Mobilization of Lactation

In many mammals, lactation success depends on substantial use of lipid reserves and requires integrated metabolic activities between white adipose tissue (WAT) and liver. Mechanisms responsible for this integration in lactation are poorly understood, but data collected in other conditions of elevated lipid use suggest a role for fibroblast growth factor-21 (FGF21). To address this possibility in the context of lactation, we studied high-yielding dairy cows during the transition from late pregnancy (LP) to early lactation (EL). Plasma FGF21 was nearly undetectable in LP, peaked on the day of parturition, and then stabilized at lower, chronically elevated concentrations during the energy deficit of EL. Plasma FGF21 was similarly increased in the absence of parturition when an energy-deficit state was induced by feed restricting late-lactating dairy cows, implicating energy insufficiency as a cause of chronically elevated FGF21 in EL. Gene expression studies showed that liver was a major source of plasma FGF...
Identifying genes and genetic variation underlying human diseases and complex phenotypes via recombination mapping.

Understanding the mechanisms by which DNA and DNA variation influence diseases, naturally occurring phenotypic variation, and complex biological systems, has been one of the major tasks associated with contemporary human genetics research. The identification and characterization of specific genetic variations that influence particular human diseases and phenotypes is complicated by the fact that most diseases and phenotypes are influenced by many genetic and environmental factors. Thus, the identification of any particular phenotypically relevant factor might be hampered as other relevant factors may obscure its individual effect. Over the years numerous methods and study designs have been described to identify disease causing genes and mutations. One in particular – meiotic or recombination mapping – has received considerable attention over the last 50 years, and has been used widely with varying degrees of success. This review describes the motivation behind, and problems associated with, recombination mapping, in terms of both linkage mapping and linkage disequilibrium mapping.
Necrotizing Fasciitis in a Pediatric Patient Caused by Lancefield Group G Streptococcus: Case Report and Brief Review of the Literature

We report a case of necrotizing fasciitis with an accompanying toxic shock syndrome caused by Group G Streptococcus in a pediatric patient with a lymphatic malformation. Pediatricians need to be aware of the possibility of such infections, especially in those with vascular/lymphatic malformations, as early treatment is critical for survival.
Removing Assumptions of Bipolarity: Towards Variation and Circularity

This paper focuses on the removal of assumptions of bipolarity in organizational measurement processes and consequent implications for organizational theorizing and analysis. When bipolar assumptions are relaxed, measurement interest shifts to metrics of variation. Theoretical interest shifts to constructs that are integrative and nondualistic. The state of mind necessary to conduct nonbipolar research is intrinsically related to paradox, circularities, and the inevitability of logical inconsistencies.
Trends in Surgical Use and Associated Patient Outcomes in the Treatment of Acoustic Neuroma

Objective To investigate recent trends in surgical volume and associated patient outcomes in the treatment of acoustic neuromas. Methods A retrospective analysis was performed using the Nationwide Inpatient Sample database from 2000–2007; cases from 2005 were excluded because of coding inconsistencies. Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to describe surgical trends and analyze inpatient outcomes. Results Among 14,928 patients studied, 87.1% were treated at large (based on number of beds) hospitals. Cases at these hospitals declined progressively from 2054 to 1467 cases (a 28.6% decrease) from 2000–2007; a 40.8% (178 cases per year, R 2 = 0.73) reduction in surgeries was observed from 2001–2007. Although mortality remained steady at 0.3%, nonroutine discharge (increase from 10.9% to 19.1%) and complication rates (increase from 21.5% to 23.3%) increased in recent years. Patients without private insurance had an increased risk of nonroutine discharge (odds ratio [OR] 1.7, P = 0.0033; OR 1.5, P = 0.0382), and patients with more comorbidities had an increased risk of complications (OR 1.8, P P P P Conclusions A 41%, or 178 cases per year, reduction in surgical excision of acoustic neuroma cases was observed during the period 2001–2007. A possible explanation for this trend includes increased use of stereotactic radiosurgery. Nonroutine discharge and complications after surgical excision have increased perhaps because of surgery being used for larger tumors.
Repatriating the GED: Urban youth and the alternative to a high school diploma

This article discusses competing perspectives on the value of the General Educational Devel- opment (GED) credential. Although scholars and journalists debate the worth of the creden- tial, urban youth continue to pursue the GED, especially as proxy for inadequate schooling. Using qualitative data from a participatory action research project, the author appraises the value of the GED from the perspectives of urban youth, and argues that youth place signifi- cance in the credential in ways previously ignored and under theorized by educational researchers, practitioners, and policymakers. The General Educational Development (GED) credential is widely perceived as an alternative to a high school diploma, although it is not evenly recognized as equivalent to a high school diploma. This article will explore different perspectives on the value and use of the GED, espe- cially the perspectives of youth who have earned or are in the process of earning the creden- tial. The strategy of this article is to contrast scholarly and popular perspectives on the value and use of the GED with the perspectives of youth who pursue and earn the credential. Utiliz- ing qualitative data from a comprehensive participatory action research project, I will critique the existing literature on the diminished value of the GED and argue that the GED is valuable in youth lives for a range of reasons, most notably as a legitimized exit route from caustic high schools. In this way, the value of the GED is repatriated to the youth who seek it. Nationally, secondary school graduation rates are disproportionately lower for Black, Latino and Native American youth, at 40-50%, than White youth, who have graduation rates of 60-70%. Secondary school graduation rates are also disproportionate by income: youth from low-income families are twice as likely to be non-completers as youth from middle-income families, and six
Reengineering respiratory support following extubation: avoidance of critical care unit costs.

Study objective We prospectively investigated alternative clinical practice strategies for critically ill trauma patients following extubation to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of these maneuvers. The primary change was elimination of the routine use of postextubation supplemental oxygen, with concurrent utilization of noninvasive positive pressure ventilatory support (NPPV) to manage occurrences of postextubation hypoxemia. Design Prospective, consecutive accrual of patients undergoing extubation. Setting Trauma ICU in a university hospital. Interventions and measurements All patients received mechanical ventilation using pressure support ventilation (PSV) with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) as the primary mode. The patients were extubated to room air following a 20-min preextubation trial of 5 cm H 2 O CPAP at F io 2 of 0.21, and demonstrating a spontaneous respiratory rate ≤ 38 breaths/min, pH ≥ 7.30, Pa co 2 ≤ 50 mm Hg, and Pa o 2 ≥ 50 mm Hg. The subgroup of patients who became hypoxemic (pulse oximetric saturation Conclusion Eliminating the routine use of supplemental oxygen and employing NPPV as a method to prevent reintubation can facilitate a more aggressive, cost-effective strategy for the management of the trauma ICU patient who has been extubated.
Functional Scalability through Generative Representations: The Evolution of Table Designs

One of the main limitations for the functional scalability of automated design systems is the representation used for encoding designs. I argue that generative representations, those which are capable of reusing elements of the encoded design in the translation to the actual artifact, are better suited for automated design because reuse of building blocks captures some design dependencies and improves the ability to make large changes in design space. To support this argument I compare a generative and a nongenerative representation on a table-design problem and find that designs evolved with the generative representation have higher fitness and a more regular structure. Additionally the generative representation was found to capture better the height dependency between table legs and also produced a wider range of table designs.
Femtosecond dephasing studies of dye molecules in a polymer host

Abstract A femtosecond three-pulse scattering technique is used to observe dephasing of the lowest electronic transition of cresyl violet in poly-methyl methacrylate. The transition from inhomogeneous to homogeneous broadening is studied as temperature is increased front 15 to 290 K.
A State-Based Model of Prevention: Indiana's Example

Public health officials in the United States have battled alcohol, tobacco, and other drug (ATOD) use among adolescents for the past few decades, but only in 2002 did they begin to see a decline in rates of use. ATOD use and abuse are associated with numerous problems, including criminal behavior and increased adolescent morbidity and mortality rates. Researchers have sought to identify best-practice procedures for ATOD prevention; the state of Indiana has a strong ATOD prevention system in place that has the potential to serve as a model for other U.S. localities because of its best-practice approach to public health services. This article outlines the activities of the Indiana Prevention Resource Center to provide an example to strengthen public health professionals' ability to prevent ATOD use and abuse and to provide for a healthy adolescent population.
A risk-based approach to evaluating northeast US fish community vulnerability to climate change

Risk assessmentmethods are used worldwide to evaluate threats posed by fisheries and other impacts on living marine resources, and to prioritize management of these threats. We derive a simplified risk analysis for aggregate fish communities as a preliminary tool to identify priorities for further detailed assessment. Because some of the largest observed rates of sea surface temperature increase are on the northeast US continental shelf, we focused on climate change-driven risks to marine communities in this region. We evaluated climate vulnerability for six communities across two ecosystems: both commercial and non-commercial demersal fish, pelagic fish, and benthic invertebrates in the Gulf of Maine (GOM) andMid-Atlantic bight (MAB).We first evaluated the probability that anticipated climate changes (e.g. warming water, decreased salinity, increased acidity, altered boundary currents) would occur in these regions, and rated the potential severity of change over the next 10 years. Then, we evaluated the sensitivity of each biological community in each region using 12 attributes (e.g. habitat and prey specificity, temperature and acidity sensitivity, larval dispersal, adult mobility, population productivity, etc.). Exposure to the key climate risks was related to community sensitivity in each region for an overall assessment of climate vulnerability. Climate risks from increased surface water temperature, sea level rise, and earlier springwere ratedmoderate to high in both regions, with additionalmoderate to high risks in theGOM from increased bottom temperature, stratification, and river inputs. Benthic invertebrates were rated most sensitive, with demersals intermediate and pelagics lowest. Two MAB communities were rated more sensitive than corresponding GOM communities, but greater short-term climate risks in the GOM indicated increased exposure for GOM communities. Overall, this simple analysis may help prioritize short-term regional climate risk management action, thus addressing key conditions related to fishery fluctuations beyond fishing itself.
A longitudinal study of exposure to retail cigarette advertising and smoking initiation.

OBJECTIVES: Accumulating evidence suggests that widespread advertising for cigarettes at the point of sale encourages adolescents to smoke; however, no longitudinal study of exposure to retail tobacco advertising and smoking behavior has been reported. METHODS: A school-based survey included 1681 adolescents (aged 11–14 years) who had never smoked. One measure of exposure assessed the frequency of visiting types of stores that contain the most cigarette advertising. A more detailed measure combined data about visiting stores near school with observations of cigarette advertisements and pack displays in those stores. Follow-up surveys 12 and 30 months after baseline (retention rate: 81%) documented the transition from never to ever smoking, even just a puff. RESULTS: After 12 months, 18% of adolescents initiated smoking, but the incidence was 29% among students who visited convenience, liquor, or small grocery stores at least twice per week and 9% among those who reported the lowest visit frequency (less than twice per month). Adjusting for multiple risk factors, the odds of initiation remained significantly higher (odds ratio: 1.64 [95% confidence interval: 1.06–2.55]) for adolescents who reported moderate visit frequency (0.5–1.9 visits per week), and the odds of initiation more than doubled for those who visited ≥2 times per week (odds ratio: 2.58 [95% confidence interval: 1.68–3.97]). Similar associations were observed for the more detailed exposure measure and persisted at 30 months. CONCLUSIONS: Exposure to retail cigarette advertising is a risk factor for smoking initiation. Policies and parenting practices that limit adolescents9 exposure to retail cigarette advertising could improve smoking prevention efforts.
Maximizing Hardware Prefetch Effectiveness with Machine Learning

Modern processors are equipped with multiple hardware prefetchers, each of which targets a distinct level in the memory hierarchy and employs a separate prefetching algorithm. However, different programs require different subsets of these prefetchers to maximize their performance. Turning on all available prefetchers rarely yields the best performance and, in some cases, prefetching even hurts performance. This paper studies the effect of hardware prefetching on multithreaded code and presents a machine-learning technique to predict the optimal combination of prefetchers for a given application. This technique is based on program characterization and utilizes hardware performance events in conjunction with a pruning algorithm to obtain a concise and expressive feature set. The resulting feature set is used in three different learning models. All necessary steps are implemented in a framework that reaches, on average, 96% of the best possible prefetcher speedup. The framework is built from open-source tools, making it easy to extend and port to other architectures.
Reflections on Cooperation Among Professions

Although the archival profession is still young and is therefore still primarily concerned with self-definition and development, economic stringency and technological change are forcing archivists to work with other groups to find solutions to common problems. The differences that previously divided archivists from historians in particular are rooted in practices and perceptions on both sides which the documentation explosion and the historiographical revolution of the recent past have made obsolete. The need to control technology on behalf of scholarship rather than the reverse should unite archivists, librarians, and curators with all those who use such materials. Moreover, as more and more documentation either is originally issued or is transferred for preservation purposes to new formats such as machine-readable tape, microform, and videodisc, the format-based distinctions that have been used to divide librarians from archivists should disappear, leaving both groups to confront anew the underlying pro...
Findings: The Material Culture of Needlework and Sewing, by Mary C. Beaudry

(2009). Findings: The Material Culture of Needlework and Sewing, by Mary C. Beaudry. Design and Culture: Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 138-140.
Religious liberty and the human good

"Religious liberty and the human good" is a defense of a robust conception of the obligations of governments to respect and protect religious freedom for the sake of the basic human right of religion itself, considered as an irreducible dimension of integral human well-being and fulfillment. This methodologically Aristotelian and perfectionist approach to the defense of religious liberty provides a principled way of defending a central freedom rationally and identifying its limits.
Larval growth rates and adult reproduction of Toxorhynchites splendens (Diptera: Culicidae) with restricted dietary intake

Toxorhynchites splendens (Wiedemann) larvae were raised in fresh water and fed one of four regimens of Culex quinquefasciatus Say larvae, or Aedes aegypti (L.) larvae ad libitum. The four regimens of C. quinquefasciatus were ad libitum, two prey per day during developmental days 1–10, two prey per day during days 10 through pupation, and two prey per day through pupation. Reproductive rate of the resulting adults was compared among all treatments. Higher reproduction rate was significantly correlated with higher weight at pupation, but weight at pupation was dependent on the rate of food ingested only during the final instar. Adults from larvae fed A. aegypti ad libitum oviposited fewer eggs than those receiving C. quinquefasciatus larvae ad libitum during fourthinstar development. Daily rates of egg production were higher in all groups receiving ad libitum prey in the fourth instar than in those receiving two prey per day during the fourth instar. Larval development at a rate of two third-instar prey per day was as long as 64 d, whereas larvae given prey ad libitum, required no more than 22 d from egg hatch to pupation.
Characterizing the glycocalyx of poultry spermatozoa: III. Semen cryopreservation methods alter the carbohydrate component of rooster sperm membrane glycoconjugates

The carbohydrate-rich zone on the sperm surface is essential for inmunoprotection in the female tract and early gamete interactions. We recently have shown the glycocalyx of chicken sperm to be extensively sialylated and to contain residues of mannose, glucose, galactose, fucose, N-acetyl-galactosamine, N-acetyl-glucosamine, and N-acetyl-lactosamine. Our objective here was to evaluate the effects of 3 different cryopreservation methods on the sperm glycocalyx. Semen from roosters was pooled, diluted, cooled to 5°C, and aliquoted for cryopreservation using 6% dimethylacetamide (DMA), 11% dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), or 11% glycerol (GOH). For the DMA method, semen was equilibrated for 1 min with cryoprotectant and rapidly frozen by dropping 25-µL aliquots into liquid nitrogen. For the other methods, semen was equilibrated for either 1 min (DMSO) or 20 min (GOH), loaded into straws, and frozen with a programmable freezer. Thawing rates mimicked the freezing rates (e.g., rapid for DMA; moderate for DMSO and GOH). Aliquots of thawed and fresh, unfrozen semen were incubated with 1 of 12 fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated lectins and counterstained with propidium iodide, and mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) was assessed by flow cytometry. For each lectin, the MFI of propidium iodide-negative (viable sperm) was compared among the fresh and frozen-thawed treatments (n = 5). For sperm frozen with GOH and DMA, the MFI of most lectins was similar (P > 0.05) to that of fresh sperm, whereas only 5 of 12 lectins were similar between fresh and DMSO-frozen sperm. Sperm from all 3 methods had higher (P < 0.05) MFI for lectins specific for N-acetyl-glucosamine and β-galactose than did fresh sperm. Fewer sperm were damaged (P < 0.001) with GOH than with DMA or DMSO, and membrane integrity was correlated with MFI for 9 of 12 lectins (P < 0.05). These data indicate that surface carbohydrates are altered during cryopreservation, and that cryoprotectant type and freezing-thawing rates affect the degree of modification. Although the glycoconjugates have not yet been identified, it is likely that these cryopreservation-induced changes contribute to the reduced fertility of frozen-thawed chicken semen.
The Clinical Laboratory’s Role in Hospital Infection Control

Molecular techniques have advanced our understanding of the epidemiology of nosocomial infections. Through these techniques, information has been gained about mechanisms of antibiotic resistance. These techniques furthermore have allowed organisms for which there had been no reliable typing systems previously available to be typed. Plasmid analysis, chromosomal DNA analysis with restriction endonuclease digestion, and molecular hybridization techniques are being simplified. With combined use of one or more of these methods, the sensitivity and specificity of epidemiologic testing improve. The information provided by typing organisms is essential for prevention and control of nosocomial infections.
Factors Affecting Reaction Jet Interaction Effects on Projectiles

The flow interaction effects from a jet issuing into a supersonic crossflow were investigated computationally for the case of a flat plate and a generic fin-stabilized projectile. For both configurations, simulations were performed at several Mach numbers and jet total to freestream static pressure ratios (PR). Several additional parameters were investigated using the flat plate configuration, e.g., nozzle exit to throat area ratio, jet total temperature, and freestream altitude. In the flat plate case, the jet force was generally amplified, with a strong dependence on PR and the freestream Mach number. In the projectile configuration, the jet force was generally attenuated, unless the jet was located very close to the tail fins. In the latter case, this results from a combination of little or no projectile surface area for the detrimental jet interaction effects to act on and the high pressures developed on the fin surfaces. The choice of turbulence model was found to be an important parameter, making the availability of experimental validation data is important.
Progress in the pyrochemical processing of spent nuclear fuels

Pyrochemical processes are being developed to recover actinides from spent fuels from light-water reactors and integral fast reactors. The transuranic elements from light-water reactors will be introduced into the integral fast reactor fuel cycle. To meet the requirements of that fuel cycle, transuranic elements are recovered as oxide free metal containing some fission products. This article discusses pyrochemical processes for recovering actinides from light-water reactor and integral fast reactor fuels and for treating the high-level wastes from these processes. The development status of these processes and the plans to demonstrate them using facilities at Experimental Breeder Reactor II are also described.
Machiavelli, Polybius, and Janus Lascaris: the Hexter Thesis Revisited*

This paper resolves an old controversy. It aims to prove that Niccolo Machiavelli did read Polybius vi in the Latin translation of Janus Lascaris some time after he entered the Rucellai circle in 1515. This is the only way to explain the wording of specific passages in Machiavelli’s Discorsi sopra la prima deca di Tito Livio and the Arte della guerra. It also seeks to demonstrate that he read books xix and xx of Diodorus Siculus’ Bibliotheca Historica in the translation of Lascaris and used the memory of that reading in his Vita di Castruccio Castrucane of 1520.
Crude Democracy: STATISTICAL TESTS ON RENTS AND THE REGIME

Do oil and other natural resources promote democracy? The compelling evidence presented in recent cross-national quantitative studies suggests not (Boix 2003; Jensen and Wantchekon 2004; Ross 2001). The positive and apparently robust empirical association between natural-resource wealth (actually, as I emphasize below, resource dependence ) and authoritarianism, documented by previous studies, may seem to falsify the claim that oil or natural resources can have a democratizing effect. It is therefore crucial to evaluate the theoretical claims advanced in this study through analysis of the available cross-national data. I turn in this chapter to this task. Recall that the theoretical analysis developed in Chapter Three and elsewhere does not contradict the idea that natural resource wealth may promote authoritarianism. Instead, the thesis advanced in this book is that natural resource wealth can have both authoritarian and democratic effects: resources have a conditional impact on the political regime. According to the theory, greater private inequality and lower resource dependence (i.e., greater development of non-resource sectors of the economy, given the level of resource rents) should tend to promote the democratic effect of resource rents, at the expense of the authoritarian effect. These are, of course, ceteris paribus claims; though the theoretical model of Chapter Three is deterministic, the world may not be. If the thesis is correct, however, we should be able to detect such a conditional effect of resource rents in time-series cross-section data.