cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Automated external defibrillators appropriately recognize ventricular fibrillation in electromagnetic fields.

Abstract Objectives. Automated external defibrillators (AEDs) are increasingly available in industrial settings, but many industries have high electromagnetic fields (EMFs), which can interfere with the function of electronic devices. This study evaluated the performance of several AEDs when exposed to high EMFs. Methods. Three commercially available AEDs were evaluated in the setting of a public utility coal-fired electrical generation plant. Each AED was placed in three areas of high EMF ranging from 310 to 1,600 milligauss. A signal generator, used to simulate various cardiac rhythms, was connected to the AEDs. Rhythms simulated were ventricular fibrillation, asystole, and normal sinus rhythm. Each of the AED's interpretations of various rhythms were evaluated in the different EMF settings. Results. Rhythms of ventricular fibrillation, asystole, and normal sinus rhythm were correctly recognized by each AED in each of the three areas of high EMF. Each AED appropriately recommended defibrillation when presented with ventricular fibrillation. No misinterpretations or inappropriate defibrillations were observed. Conclusion. Electromagnetic fields generated by an electrical power plant did not interfere with three commercial AEDs' abilities to correctly interpret simulated rhythms and recommend appropriate defibrillation. PREHOSPITAL EMERGENCY CARE 2002;6:65-66
Solution of three-dimensional flow problems using a flux-spline method

This paper reports the application of a flux-spline scheme to three-dimensional fluid flow problems. The performance of this scheme is contrasted with that of the power-law differencing scheme. The numerical results are compared with reference solutions available in the literature. For the problems considered in this study, the flux-spline scheme is significantly more accurate than the power-law scheme.
GRIDLESSS BOUNDARY CONDITION TREATMENT FOR A NON-BODY-CONFORMING MESH

A numerical method for the treatment of boundary conditions in non-body conforming computational grids is proposed. The method incorporates a "gridless" algorithm in which numerical boundary conditions may be imposed in such a manner that explicit connectivity between surface geometry and field mesh is not required. As a result, solutions to problems in computational physics are greatly facilitated since definition of the body geometry may be generated independently from the field mesh. Furthermore, perturbations in body geometry may be introduced into the simulation without the requirement for regeneration of the field mesh (i.e. wing flap deflection). The method is particularly suited for Cartesian mesh applications, in which convergence and stability issues associated with mesh skewness and distortion are eliminated. Furthermore, the method does not require special treatment for "thin body" problems from which many Cartesian methodologies suffer. The applicability of the method for two-dimensional Euler simulations with examples of transonic flow over a NACA 0012 airfoil is presented here. Results of the method are shown to compare very favorably with traditional body-fitted mesh techniques.
Trace elements in the Allende meteorite—IV. Amoeboid olivine aggregates

INAA data for Ca, Sc, Hf, La, Ce, Sm, Eu, Tb, Yb, Lu, Os, Ir, Ru, Na, Cl, Br, Fe, Mn, Cr, Co, Au, As, and Sb are presented for ten amoeboid aggregates from the Allende meteorite. Only one lacks olivine. Seven of the remainder, as a group, have cosmic proportions of refractory lithophile and siderophile elements and appear to have formed when coarse-grained Allende inclusion material underwent partial reaction with a low-temperature nebular gas and mixture with FeO-rich olivine. The other two have highly fractionated abundances of refractory elements relative to one another compared to Cl chondrites, including Group II REE patterns, and probably formed by the mixing of fine-grained Allende inclusion material with FeO-rich olivine. Non-refractory siderophile components are also different in composition in each type of amoeboid olivine aggregate.
Mechanical properties of Nb 3 Sn stranded superconducting potted cable windings

The electromagnetic stresses in projected designs of high-field magnet coils sometimes exceed the yield points or creep strengths of the presently used coil winding materials. This is especially true of react-after-winding Nb 3 Sn coils, plastic insulating materials, and the crossed strands of twisted cable. This report presents compression stress-strain curves of stranded and twisted flat cable coil winding specimens for reacted and epoxy-impregnated Nb 3 Sn coils, at 300 K and 80 K. The lateral and longitudinal strains of one specimen were measured along with the direct compressive stress-strain, at 300 K. A similar specimen was compressed to 40 MPa (6 kpsi) at room temperature and then to 145 MPa (20 kpsi) at 80 K. Plastic flow occurred up the maximum stress. Stress cycles subsequent to maximum stress were elastic. Some specimens were mounted in a rigid enclosure to simulate hydrostatic containment of the magnet coil. Pure annealed Cu was tested at 300 K, and pure epoxy was tested at 300 and 80 K. In addition the thermal contractions from 300 to 80 K were measured.
Wave Theory for a Converging Spherical Incident Wave in an Infinite-aperture System

Abstract Weyl's formula describes the decomposition of a monochromatic spherical wave into an angular spectrum of plane waves. In this paper, explicit formulae for the separate contributions of homogeneous and inhomogeneous plane waves are given, and the results used to obtain an exact solution to the half-space boundary-value problem for the focusing of a converging spherical incident wave in an infinite-aperture system.
THz imaging based on water-concentration contrast

Terahertz medical imaging has emerged as a promising new field because of its non-ionizing photon energy and its acute sensitivity to water concentration. To better understand the primary contrast mechanism in THz imaging of tissues, the reflectivity of varying water concentrations was measured. Using a pulsed THz reflective imaging system, a 0.3 mm thin paper sample with varying water concentrations was probed and from the measured data a noise equivalent delta water concentration (NEΔWC) of 0.054% was derived. The system is based on a photoconductive pulsed source and time-gated waveguide-mounted Schottky diode receiver. It operates at a center frequency of 500 GHz with 125 GHz of noise-equivalent bandwidth and at a standoff of 4 cm, the imaging system achieved a spot size of 2.2 mm. The high water sensitivity of this system was exploited to image burned porcine (pig) skin models in reflection using differences in water content of burned and unburned skin as the contrast mechanism. The obtained images of the porcine skin burns are a step towards the ability to quantify burn injuries using THz radiation.
Garbage in, Gospel Out? Controlling for the Underreporting of Remittances

Empirical studies that use self-reported data on remittances to measure the latter's impact on microeconomic incentives mostly ignore the potential errors associated with reporting/measurement issues. An econometric procedure to control for these errors is developed and applied to household-level data from Armenia. We find evidence of systematic under-reporting of remittances. After controlling for this, we find a strong negative impact of remittances on incentives to work.
The Problems of and Remedies for Nonresponse Bias in Educational Surveys

AbstractThe detrimental effects of nonresponse bias are particularly significant given the widespread use of the survey data collection method in educational surveys. The authors explore and critique the current methods for remediating nonresponse bias in educational surveys.
Contrast nephropathy in patients with impaired renal function: High versus low osmolar media

Contrast nephropathy in patients with impaired renal function: High versus low osmolar media. Prescription of low osmolar contrast to prevent nephrotoxicity in subjects with pre-existing renal impairment is costly and has not been clearly shown to be effective. We entered 249 subjects with a pre-contrast serum creatinine greater than 120 /xmol/liter (1.35 mg/dl) having cardiac catheterization or intravenous contrast into a randomized controlled trial comparing high and low osmolar contrast. The outcome assessed was a rise in serum creatinine repeated 48 to 72 hours after contrast. A further 117 patients entered the non-randomized prospective arm of the study. In the randomized study the serum creatinine rose by at least 25% after contrast in 8 of 117 (6.8%) given high and in 5 of 132 (3.8%) given low osmolar contrast (P > 0.05, one-tailed 95% confidence interval for the difference 3 to 7.8%). More severe renal failure (greater than 50% increase in serum creatinine) after contrast was uncommon (3.4% with high and 1.5% with low osmolar contrast). A rise in serum creatinine after contrast was significantly associated with the severity of the pre-contrast renal impairment and the presence of diabetes mellitus, but not with type of contrast. Diabetics with a serum creatinine greater than 200 µl/liter (2.25 mg/dl) pre-contrast had a highest risk of deterioration in renal function after contrast. We conclude that in patients with pre-existing renal impairment the incidence of contrast nephropathy was not significantly different comparing high osmolar and nonionic contrast. The potential benefit of nonionic contrast in moderate renal impairment is likely to be small, but trials in diabetics with severe renal impairment should be undertaken urgently.
Effects of cognitive-behavioral training on emotionally disturbed children's academic performance

Two experiments were designed to test the effects of cognitive-behavioral procedures on the academic performance of emotionally disturbed children. Cognitive-behavioral training consisted of self-instructed global strategies coupled with explicit instruction in task components. Experiment 1 included a severely hearing-impaired emotionally disturbed subject in which self-instruction for reading and spelling was signed. Experiment 2 included three emotionally disturbed children in which cognitive-behavioral training for mathematics and spelling was divided into sequential steps across sessions. A multiple-baseline design was used in both experiments to assess treatment effects. For both experiments, cognitive-behavioral training favorably improved academic performance. Treatment maintenance occurred across stimulus (setting) and response (new task behavior) conditions. The findings lend evidence to the clinical utility of cognitive-behavioral training with handicapped children on academic tasks.
Spinal epidural hematoma associated with tissue plasminogen activator treatment of acute myocardial infarction.

We report a case of tissue plasminogen activator-associated spinal epidural hematoma in a patient who underwent treatment for myocardial infarction. Diagnostic magnetic resonance imaging was used within 24 hr of coronary artery stent implantation. We review the literature on thrombolytic-associated epidural spinal hematoma and discuss its management. Cathet. Cardiovasc. Intervent. 48:390-396, 1999.
Comprehensive assessment of N-glycans derived from a murine monoclonal antibody: A case for multimethodological approach

Highly efficient separation techniques, laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) detection, and different mass-spectrometric (MS) measurements were combined in a multimethodological scheme to perform a comprehensive structural characterization of N-linked oligosaccharides in a murine monoclonal antibody (immunoglobulin G (IgG(kappa))). Monosaccharide compositional analysis was carried out through a capillary electrophoresis (CE)-LIF method, in which the chemically and enzymatically released sugars were fluorescently labeled. This analysis provides a preliminary assessment of certain structures, being followed by CE-LIF and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI)-MS profiling of the intact glycan structures. Linkages and monosaccharide residues were confirmed by MALDI-MS in conjunction with exoglycosidase digestion. MALDI-MS and CE data were effectively combined to reveal the overall structural diversity of both acidic and neutral glycans. Finally, the sites of glycosylation and site occupancies were deduced through the measurements performed with microcolumn liquid chromatography coupled via electrospray to a quadrupole/time-of-flight instrument.
The Impact of Time on Sense of Community in an Asynchronous Learning Network

Research has established the importance of creating a sense of community in an online learning environment. How to promote community is less well understood. To better understand how to create learning communities, it is important to provide context by isolating variables such as the impact of the passage of time on feelings of community. This study provides that context by addressing the question, "What is the 'natural' progression of sense of community as a semester progresses in an ALN-based course?" To answer this question, three data sources -- student responses on the Classroom Community Scale completed on a monthly basis during the term, number of postings per week, and social presence indicated in the postings -- were analyzed. Since the analysis did not indicate a change in the sense of community over the course of the semester, at least one potential confounding variable in assessing how to promote community has been isolated.
Determination of the Chemical Shielding Tensor Orientation from Two or One of the Three Conventional Rotations of a Single Crystal

Chemical shift anisotropy (CSA) is an immensely useful interaction to study the structure, dynamics, and function of a wide variety of chemical and biological molecules. Traditionally the only unambiguous way to determine both the principal values and the orientation of the principal axes of the CSA tensor has been to follow the chemical shift frequency changes as a crystal of known structure is rotated relative to the direction of the external magnetic field. This classic method employs rotations about three mutually orthogonal axes of a single crystal. It is shown here that just two, or one, of the above rotations suffice to determine the CSA tensor orientation by borrowing, the easy to obtain, principal values of CSA from an independent source. Methods for using two rotation patterns or even a single rotation pattern are described and illustrated with known chemical shielding tensors.
Insulin-like growth factor mRNA binding protein 3 (IMP3) is differentially expressed in benign and malignant follicular patterned thyroid tumors.

Insulin-like growth factor mRNA binding protein 3 (IMP3) is an mRNA-binding protein that regulates transcription of insulin-like growth factor II affecting cell proliferation during embryogenesis. It is highly expressed in carcinomas of the pancreas, stomach, colon, rectum, kidneys, uterine cervix, lung, and ovary. The purpose of our study was to evaluate IMP3 expression in thyroid follicular lesions, to determine whether it has a role in differentiating among these lesions, and to understand their biological relationships. We immunostained 219 thyroid lesions selected from our surgical pathology archives including 14 hyperplastic colloid nodules (CN), 19 Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT), two Graves disease (GD), ten Hurthle cell adenoma (HCA), 20 follicular adenoma (FA), 37 conventional papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), 60 follicular variant of papillary carcinoma (FVPC), 19 Hurthle cell carcinoma (HCC), 32 follicular carcinoma (FC), and six poorly differentiated/anaplastic carcinoma. Immunohistochemistry was performed on formalin-fixed sections using monoclonal antibody to IMP3. Clinicopathological data were also reviewed. In all cases, residual thyroid tissue, CN, HT, GD, HCA, and FA were completely negative for IMP3 staining. Of the 60 FVPC, 23 tumors (38%) were positive for IMP3, with 13 of these (22%) showing very strong staining (3+). Of the 32 FC, 22 tumors (69%) were positive, with seven (22%) showing very strong staining (3+). Furthermore, 33 out of 37 cases (89%) of PTC were negative for IMP3. In all four PTC cases that did stain positive, staining was weak-moderate (1-2+). Similarly, 15 out of 19 cases (79%) of HCC were negative. No significant correlation was found between pathologic tumor characteristics and IMP3 expression in differentiated follicular pattern thyroid carcinoma. With 100% specificity and 69% sensitivity for FC as compared to FA and 100% specificity for FVPC, again compared to FA, IMP3 has the potential to be diagnostically useful in differentiating malignant and benign follicular pattern thyroid lesions. This study also points to a possible common biological relationship between FC and FVPC that requires further investigation.
Detection of vancomycin resistance in enterococci by the vitek AMS system

The ability of the Vitek AMS system to detect vancomycin resistance in enterococci was evaluated by comparing the results to an agar dilution screen method. Of 100 strains tested, 43 were resistant and 51 were susceptible by both tests. Two strains were intermediate by Vitek but susceptible by agar screen, one was intermediate by Vitek but resistant by agar screen, and four were susceptible by Vitek but resistant by agar screen. When the Vitek intermediate and resistant results were combined, the false resistant rate was 4.4% and false susceptible rate was 8.5%. In its current format, the Vitek system appears not to have acceptable accuracy for the detection of vancomycin resistance in enterococci.
Restorative dentistry for children

McDonald1 has stated, “the restoration of carious lesions in primary and young permanent teeth continues to be one of the most valuable services a pedodontist or general practitioner provides for chil­ dren in his practice.” Although progress has been made and is still being made in preventive dentistry, high-quality restora­ tive dentistry is necessary to maintain the oral health of the majority of the nation’s and the world’s children. An im portant part of successful restora­ tive dentistry is the dentist’s relation to the child. I t is difficult for the dentist to give excellent dental treatm ent unless he has the patient’s, as well as the parents’, cooperation. If a little extra time is spent to make dentistry for the child as free from apprehension as possible, the dentist can consider this time as well spent. The outlook on dentistry for life is usually formed in childhood. When the child has ram pant decay or several deeply involved carious teeth, the first step after the dental examination and medical history is to make full mouth roentgenograms if possible. Then the den­ tist should remove the soft caries from those teeth which are not abscessed and place zinc oxide and eugenol in the cari­ ous lesions to help control the decay until the restorative treatm ent can be com­ pleted. Massler2 has shown that the bac­ terial flora can be reduced in a short time by this procedure. After the clinical and roentgenographic examinations, and the medical and dental histories, a treatment plan is formulated. The restorative treat­ m ent should be approached on the quadrant basis.
Gametophytic Plants induced from Single Cells of Moss Callus

CALLUS and callus-like tissues have been reported in a wide variety of plants. Steward et al.1 have described induced organization of intact plants from ‘aggregates’ which accumulated from single cells of carrot callus; Bristow2 has reported induction of discrete fern plants (sporophytic and gametophytic) from his callus cultures under influence of growth substances, and Bauer3,4 has shown that varied sporophytic and gametophytic forms may be induced from callus of moss. This communication deals with aberrant moss plants, gametophytic in form, regularly induced from single-cell callus plantings of Polytrichum commune Hedw.
The evolution of tax structures

Certain themes recur throughout this paper. The traditional account of the evolution of tax structures through the interaction of increasing efficiency and the claims of special interests plays a role but is not the whole story. Different taxes create tradeoffs between the costs of administration and compliance. Specification of these costs creates a framework in which long-term trends like the growth and centralization of revenues and the increasing dependence on direct taxation can be understood. This framework applies to observable collective decisions to alter tax structures. Uncertainty about ultimate incidence plays a major role in such decisions. It also applies to the decentralized context of adjustment and resistance. This framework can be used to investigate the extent of redistribution within tax systems and of the requirement of frequent reforms to sustain redistribution against resistance. The simultaneous consideration of economic and political aspects of taxation can only improve future research.
Analysis in Neisseria meningitidis and other Neisseria species of genes homologous to the FKBP immunophilin family.

Summary The immunophilin family of FK506-binding proteins (FKBPs), involved in eukaryotic protein folding and cell regulation, have recently been found to have prokaryotic homologues. Genes with sequences homologous to those encoding human FKBPs were examined in Neisseria species. An FKBP DNA sequence was present, as shown by the polymerase chain reaction and Southern blotting experiments, in the chromosome of Neisseria meningitidis (14 strains) and in all 11 different commensal Neisseria spp. studied, but was not found in Neisseria gonorrhoeae (11 strains tested) or in Moraxella catarrhalis. The nucleotide and predicted protein sequences of the FKBP-encoding domain from five of the meningococcal strains were highly conserved (e.g. ≥97% homologous). The meningococcal nucleotide sequence was ≥93% homologous and the consensus meningococcal protein sequence was ≥97% homologous to FKBP sequences found in seven different commensal Neisseria spp. The meningococcal nucleotide and predicted protein sequences were ≥59% homologous to the conserved C-terminus of the human FKBP gene family. The FKBP nucleotide sequence was present as a single copy in the chromosome of commensal Neisseria spp. and in most strains of N. meningitidis. The FKBP gene was linked to the silent pilin locus, pilS, in class II-piliated meningococcal strains. In meningococcal strains expressing class I pili, the FKBP gene was linked to one of several pilS loci but not the pilE locus present in these strains. FKBP genes found in commensal Neisseria spp. were not linked to known pilin loci.
A Numerical Computation of Air Flow over a Sudden Change of Surface Roughness

Abstract This paper deals with a numerical study of the influence of changes in surface roughness on the turbulent boundary layer in the lower layer of the atmosphere under neutral conditions. The whole set of equations governing the flow is solved by a finite-difference method. The turbulent energy equation is included to provide a better understanding of turbulent mechanisms. The pressure gradient is treated implicitly. Computational results agree well with Bradley's observations. A local minimum of surface stress is found at a short distance from the edge (dividing line) in the case of smooth-to-rough transition. Two boundary layers, a velocity layer and a stress layer, are found. The height of the velocity layer is about one-half that of the stress layer. Both layers follow the 4/5 power law. The height-to-fetch ratio for the internal boundary layer is found to be about 1/10 for the stress and 1/20 for the velocity. The height-to-fetch ratio for a new nearly equilibrium layer is about 1/100 for the sm...
THE CLOSTRIDIUM THERMOCELLUM-CLOSTRIDIUM THERMOSACCHAROLYTICUM ETHANOL PRODUCTION PROCESS: NUTRITIONAL STUDIES AND SCALE-DOWN

The Clostridium thermocellum-Clostridium thermosaccharolyticum mixed culture system has been scaled down into flasks in defined medium MJ with Solka Floe as carbon source. The best saccharolytic cu...
The role of family history in addiction severity and treatment response

This study examined the relationship between familial history of substance use and addiction severity and treatment outcomes of opiate-dependent patients. The sample was comprised of 281 methadone maintenance patients at a VA or community-based clinic. Using the family history section of the Renard Diagnostic Interview, three familial risk groups were identified based on patients' self-report of their relatives' substance use. The three groups considered both the number and type (e.g., first vs. second degree) of biological relatives with a substance use problem. These three risk groups included: (1) high risk (HR, n = 111), (2) medium risk (MR, n = 80), and (3) low risk (LR, n = 90). HR patients reported a history of more severe asocial behavior at baseline and they reported more medical problems and a greater degree of concurrent alcohol use both prior to and after 6 months of treatment compared to LR patients. In addition, the HR group reported more family/social problems at baseline compared to the MR and LR group and both HR and MR patients reported more psychological problems than LR patients after 6 months of treatment. However, when accounting for baseline differences, the regression analyses demonstrated that familial risk was not predictive of drug treatment outcomes after 6 months of methadone maintenance treatment.
The Ligand Environment of the S2 State of Photosystem Ii: A Study of the Hyperfine Interactions of the Tetranuclear Manganese Cluster by 2D Hyscore Spectroscopy.‡

The solar water-splitting protein complex, photosystem II (PSII), catalyzes the light-driven oxidation of water to dioxygen in Nature. The four-electron water oxidation reaction occurs at the tetranuclear manganese-calcium-oxo (Mn4Ca-oxo) cluster that is present in the oxygen-evolving complex (OEC) of PSII. The mechanism of light-driven water oxidation has been a subject of intense interest and the OEC of PSII has been studied extensively by structural methods. While the recent X-ray crystal structures, single crystal EXAFS and EPR spectroscopy investigations provide a model for the geometry of the catalytic Mn4Ca-oxo cluster, there is limited knowledge of the protein environment that surrounds the catalytic site. It is suggested that the binding and activation of the substrate water molecules at the Mn4Ca-oxo cluster in the OEC of PSII are facilitated by key amino acid residues that could be ligated to the catalytic cluster. In this study, we demonstrate the application of two-dimensional (2D) hyperfine sublevel correlation spectroscopy to determine the magnetic couplings of the S2 state of PSII. We utilize 2D difference spectroscopy to facilitate unambiguous assignments of the spectral features arising from the substrate molecules and surrounding amino acid residues in the S2 state of PSII. The results presented here, for the first time, identify previously unknown ligands to the catalytic cluster and provide avenues for the assignment of residues by site-directed mutagenesis and the refinement of computational and mechanistic models of PSII.®€ This study is supported by the Office of Basic Energy Sciences, United States Department of Energy (DE-FG02-0ER06-15).
Female rank and reproductive success among Arashiyama B Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata)

Five hypotheses that related female rank and reproductive success were tested in an intact troop of free-ranging, provisioned, Japanese macaques. The hypotheses stated that high-ranking females (1) begin parturition earlier in life than low-ranking females; (2) produce more offspring than low-ranking females; (3) give birth during some optimal time during the birth season to a greater extent than low-ranking females; (4) experience less infant mortality than low-ranking females;and (5) more frequently produce male offspring, while low-ranking females more frequently produce female offspring. A statistical analysis of the data which included three birth seasons and 55 adult females and 34 pubescent females, all of known age, rank, and matrifocal membership in the Arashiyama B troop, revealed few significant results. An association was found between the rank of the matrifocal unit and the age of first birth. However, the relationship was the reverse of hypothesis 1, i.e., females of the lower-ranking matrifocal units began parturition earlier than females of higher-ranking matrifocal units. Therefore, in this troop of Japanese monkeys— where alternative feeding strategies existed— there was little association between female rank and reproductive success.
Quantitative magnetic resonance imaging in traumatic brain injury.

Quantitative neuroimaging has now become a well-established method for analyzing magnetic resonance imaging in traumatic brain injury (TBI). A general review of studies that have examined quantitative changes following TBI is presented. The consensus of quantitative neuroimaging studies is that most
The effects of job title vs. job description on occupational sex typing

Differences in sex typing of occupations of young adolescents, as a function of (a) job title vs. job description, (b) school classification, and (c) gender were investigated. Participants were 1601 female and 1344 male seventh- and eighth-grade students, of whom 93% were Caucasian. Participants viewed one of two videotaped versions of job descriptions or job titles of 18 occupations, and responded as to whether a man, a woman, or either should be hired for each occupation. Results indicated job title elicited more sex typing than job description and that males were more sex typed than females in attitudes toward occupations. There was no difference in sex typing ascribed to occupations as a function of school classification; however, more metropolitan school males than rural school males and more rural school females than metropolitan school females were sex typed in their attitudes toward occupations.
Error Analysis and Prevention of Cosmic Ion-Induced Soft Errors in Static CMOS RAMs

Cosmic ray interactions with memory cells are known to cause temporary, random, bit errors in some designs. The sensitivity of polysilicon gate CMOS static RAM designs to logic upset by impinging ions has been studied using computer simulations and experimental heavy ion bombardment. Results of the simulations are confirmed by experimental upset cross-section data. Analytical models have been extended to determine and evaluate design modifications which reduce memory cell sensitivity to cosmic ions. A simple design modification, the addition of decoupling resistance in the feedback path, is shown to produce static RAMs immune to cosmic ray-induced bit errors.
Predicting Accurate Electronic Excitation Transfer Rates via Marcus Theory with Boys or Edmiston-Ruedenberg Localized Diabatization

We model the triplet−triplet energy-transfer experiments from the Closs group [Closs, G. L.; et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1988, 110, 2652.] using a combination of Marcus theory and either Boys or Edmis...
Melanin-based trait predicts individual exploratory behaviour in siskins, Carduelis spinus

Individual behavioural differences, consistent over time and/or across situations, have been included under the term of personality. These behavioural differences have been shown to affect a variety of major ecological traits, all of which have a strong effect on the fitness of the individual. However, the personality of an individual could also have a strong influence on the decisions of other individuals, in situations such as selecting or avoiding a social companion or a mate. Under this scenario, indicators of different personalities would have evolved, but the possible signalling of personality has received little consideration to date. We hypothesized that birds can signal their personality through feather coloration and tested this hypothesis in siskins relating different colour patches to their exploration score. To measure exploration, we presented the siskins with a novel object and calculated how long they took to approach it. We found that siskins with larger black bibs showed shorter approach latencies. This finding supports the idea that plumage coloration traits can provide information about personality traits of the bearer.
Measurement of the 7Be branching ratio

Abstract The branching ratio in the electron-capture decay of 7 Be to the 478 keV and ground states of 7 Li has been measured employing an activation technique. Three 7 Li targets were bombarded with a proton beam and the neutrons resulting from the 7 Li(p, n) 7 Be reaction were counted in 4π geometry. After bombardment, the 478 keV γ-activity was determined. To calibrate neutron-detection efficiency, two 89 Y targets were bombarded, and the resulting neutrons and ensuing 909 keV γ-activity counted. Comparison of the neutron yields with the γ-activities results in a 7 Be branch of (10.49 ± 0.07)% to the 478 keV state of 7 Li.
Surround suppression in the early visual system.

In their description of orientation-tuned cells in primary visual cortex (V1) of the macaque, [Hubel and Wiesel (1968)][1] found that some neurons responded less when they lengthened an optimally oriented bar stimulus. They termed cells that exhibited this behavior to be “hypercomplex”. Numerous
Mid-Infrared Period--Luminosity Relations of RR Lyrae Stars Derived from the AllWISE Data Release

We use photometry from the recent AllWISE Data Release of the Wide-field In-frared Survey Explorer (WISE) of 129 calibration stars, combined with prior distances obtained from the established $M_V-$[Fe/H] relation and Hubble Space Telescope trigonometric parallax, to derive mid-infrared period--luminosity relations for RR Lyrae pulsating variable stars. We derive relations in the W1, W2, and W3 wavebands (3.4, 4.6, and 12 {\mu}m, respectively), and for each of the two main RR Lyrae sub-types (RRab and RRc). We report an error on the period--luminosity relation slope for RRab stars of 0.2. We also fit posterior distances for the calibration catalog and find a median fractional distance error of 0.8 per cent.
High-Resolution Imaging of Endocytosed EGF-Quantum Dots Reveals Cellular Factors Regulating the Transitions between the Directed and Diffusive Movement of Early Endosomes

Following endocytosis, cargo in early endosomes travels tens of microns on an array of actin filaments and microtubules (MTs) to reach lysosomes in the perinuclear region for degradation. To understand how early endosomes coordinate multiple types of actin- and MT-based motors to achieve this long-distance transport, we studied their motions by live-cell imaging. Low-angle oblique, simultaneous multicolor acquisition microscopy allowed us to follow an endosomal cargo, endocytosed epidermal growth factor attached to quantum dots (EGF-Qdots), in epithelial cells relative to other cellular markers with high temporal (50ms) and spatial (20nm) resolution. We developed objective criteria to parse these complex trajectories into different types of motions. The motion of the majority of EGF-Qdots is classified as partially confined by mean-squared displacement (MSD) analysis. Treatment of cells with drugs that depolymerize (latrunculin B) or stabilize (jasplakinolide) actin revealed that the actin network induces this confinement. Net transport to the perinuclear region is achieved through bursts of rapid (up to 4μm/s) motion on MTs requiring dynein/dynactin. This directed motion is punctuated by pauses which are diffusive over 2.25s periods. However, immediately after directed motion, the diffusive motion is preferentially aligned with the MT axis, indicating the existence of a shorter time-scale transition period on the MT before free diffusion begins. We also correlated the changes in early endosome motion with the position of other organelles and the cytoskeleton. Pauses in directed movement spatially correlate with regions of dense MTs as well as other early endosomes and the endoplasmic reticulum, suggesting that early endosomes interact with these cellular features during their transport.Supported by NIH P01GM087253.
Texts as tools to support innovation: Using the Business Model Canvas to teach engineering entrepreneurs about audiences

According to activity theory research, texts have the ability to act as tools that mediate classroom activities. In order to understand the teaching potential of one such text, the Business Model Canvas, we explore how the canvas operates in an entrepreneurship classroom. In doing so, we draw on the activity theory literature and data from an entrepreneurship education case study. The case study followed a course offered primarily to upper-level and graduate engineering students and includes observation, reflection, and autoethnographic data regarding how students and instructors used the canvas. The findings explore the ways in which the canvas, as a mediating textual artifact, served to anchor the students' work in the needs of their audiences, consistently bringing them back not only to questions of who the users of their products will be and what those users want, but to questions about who they need to pitch their product ideas to and how the data they gather can support that pitch. At the same time, the findings illuminate the limitations of the visual/textual tool, and consider what is left out of the canvas and how those omissions might also shape students' work.
Interbed Modeling to Predict Wellbore Damage for Big Hill Strategic Petroleum Reserve

Oil leaks were found in wellbores of Caverns 105 and 109 at the Big Hill Strategic Petroleum Reserve site. According to the field observations, two instances of casing damage occurred at the depth of the interbed between the caprock bottom and salt top. A three-dimensional finite element model, which allows each cavern to be configured individually, was constructed to investigate horizontal and vertical displacements in each well as it crosses the various interbeds. The model contains interfaces between each lithology and a shear zone (fault) to examine the interbed behavior in a realistic manner. This analysis results indicate that the casings of Caverns 105 and 109 failed, respectively, from shear stress that exceeded the casing shear strength due to the horizontal movement of the salt top relative to the caprock and tensile stress due to the downward movement of the salt top from the caprock. The wellbores of Caverns 114 and 104, located at the far end of the field and near the fault, respectively, are predicted to fail by shear stress in the near future. The wellbores of inmost Caverns 107 and 108 are predicted to fail by tensile stress in the near future. The salt top subsides because the volumes of caverns in the salt dome decrease with time due to salt creep closure, while the caprock does not subside at the same rate as the salt top because the caprock is thick and stiff. This discrepancy yields deformation of the well.
A controlled-temperature rhizotron.

(...) the thermal regime of field soil should be adequately mimicked. We have constructed a rhizotron that meets these criteria. Nine cylinders 0.45 m in diameter and 1.8 m high were fabricated from plastic sewer pipe. Controlled-temperature water is circulated through plastic tubing embedded in the soil media and wrapped around the columns. Vertical temperature gradients of 15 °C m −1 can be created with horizontal variations of less than 0.4 °C (...)
A model to evaluate the effectiveness of enterprise training programmes

This paper describes a model developed to measure customer satisfaction with enterprise training programmes. Based on developments in customer satisfaction and quality measurement, it is proposed as an alternative to the training evaluation model developed by Kirkpatrick (1959). A single indicator, a Customer Satisfaction Index (CSI), quantifies the level of satisfaction with each training programme. The model also measures the individual parameters that contribute to the CSI, as well as their relative importance. It facilitates a benchmarking process regarding these parameters and between training programmes. The development process of the model is described, as is its use in practice.
Internal conversion in the photosynthetic mechanism of blue-green algae.

1. In Chroococcus a quantum of light absorbed by phycocyanin has 90 per cent the chance of doing photosynthesis that a quantum absorbed by chlorophyll has. 2. By a process analogous to internal conversion in radioactivity (but with the linear dimensions and the wave length 104 times larger) there will be transferred from phycocyanin to chlorophyll See PDF for Equation (a number of the order of 100) quanta for every one emitted as fluorescent light by the phycocyanin in the Chroococcus cell. 3. The yield of fluorescent light in Chroococcus is between 1 and 2 per cent. 4. The transfer of energy by internal conversion can account for the photosynthesis by phycocyanin observed by Emerson and Lewis.
Changes in the mandibular condyles of mice following the use of orthodontic bite plates

Abstract It has been demonstrated in several ways that the form of the developing mandibular condyle of the mouse is influenced not so much by the mechanical effect of a bite plate as by malnutrition resulting from impaired mastication.
Managing the Reemergence of Anguish: Pregnancy After a Loss Due to Anomalies

Objective To explore and describe parents' experiences and feelings when faced with a pregnancy subsequent to a pregnancy in which they had to choose whether or not to terminate following the diagnosis of a fetal abnormality. Design and Method Exploratory/descriptive study, using the grounded theory method. Setting Participants were recruited through physicians in northeastern Florida and throughout the United States via an Internet support network. Participants Participants included a registered nurse, a physician, and 22 parents (13 women and 9 partners) who were interviewed during a subsequent pregnancy. Results Mental anguish resulted after a loss due to fetal anomalies. Such parents felt a loss of innocence and a sense of devastation and experienced changes in spousal relationships, fear of hope, isolation, and stigma. This anguish reemerged during a subsequent pregnancy. The parents managed by developing emotional armor, limiting disclosure of the previous and present pregnancy, delaying attachment to the baby, and forming a strong attachment to health care professionals and other people with similar experiences. Conclusions Understanding how parents manage the reemergence of mental anguish during a subsequent pregnancy permits health care professionals to assist these parents. Facilitating parents' efforts to develop emotional armor, limit disclosure, delay attachment to the baby, and attach to health care professionals and support groups can mitigate social and psychologic discomfort for these parents.
Close encounters of the medical kind: attitudes toward male and female physicians.

Abstract Noting the dramatic increase of women entering and graduating from medical schools over the past seven years coupled with a growing trend for women physicians to select a greater variety of medical specialties than ever before, this investigation surveyed attitudes toward male vs female physicians. A questionnaire was designed to elicit physician preferences as a function of respondents' sex, respondents' age, physician attribute variables (e. g. strength of recommendation, physician availability, physician age) and nature of the clinical complaints (e.g. sore throat, physical exam, sexual dysfunction, blood in urine). Results indicate that all main effects except age of respondent significantly affected preferences for male vs female physicians. The clinical complaint of sexual dysfunction elicited the most polarity among respondents suggesting a same-gender physician preference. Physical exam elicited the second most polarity and sore throat produced the least. Physician recommendation and availability variables were found to influence preferences for male vs female physicians most for routine problems (sore throat) or potentially serious and acute problems (blood in urine).
TE-scattering from dense homogeneous infinite dielectric cylinders of arbitrary cross-section

A numerical approach to obtain the fields scattered by a homogeneous dielectric cylinder of arbitrary cross section which is illuminated by a TE plane wave is presented. The equivalence theorem is used to transform the problem of solving Maxwell's equations in the whole space, subject to the conditions imposed by the presence of the cylinder and the incident field, into an operator equation for the volume polarization currents in the cylinder. A set of expansion functions is then used to solve the problem using Galerkin's technique. These expansion functions are obtained by dividing the cylinder cross-section into a number of triangular patches and defining, for each node in the mesh of triangles, a basis function which depends on the dimensions of the triangles attached to it. This basis function is divergence-free for all the internal nodes, with surface charges associated to the external nodes only. The computed results include the radar cross sections. Several geometries are studied, and the computed results are compared with exact or numerical results. >
Longitudinal evaluation of pulmonary function in infants and very young children with cystic fibrosis

Thirty-two infants with cystic fibrosis (CF) had pulmonary function testing and chest radiographs at the time of diagnosis and on average 1 year later, when they had no acute respiratory symptoms. At diagnosis, 14 of 32 infants had respiratory symptoms (RESP) and 18 did not have respiratory symptoms (NRESP). There were no significant differences in age, weight, or length between the RESP and NRESP groups. At diagnosis, the RESP group had significantly lower forced expiratory flows compared to the NRESP group (41±32% vs. 98±48 % predicted); however, there were no significant differences in functional residual capacity or chest radiographic scores. Between diagnosis and follow-up, the NRESP group had no significant change in pulmonary function but a decline in chest roentgenographic (CXR) scores (22±2 to 21±2). For infants in the RESP group, there were no significant changes in FRC or CXR score. Maximal expiratory flow at functional residual capacity (Max FRC) rose from diagnosis to 1 year follow-up (41±32 % to 74±27 % predicted; P < 0.002); however, at follow-up flows for the RESP group remained significantly lower than flows for the NRESP group (74 % vs. 113 % predicted; P < 0.0.005). For the 32 infants with CF, there was significant correlation between percent predicted Max FRC at follow-up and at diagnosis (r = 0.47; P<0.02). Those infants with lower percent predicted flows at diagnosis were more likely to have lower percent predicted flows 1 year later. Flows at follow-up were not related to a family history of asthma or to passive smoke exposure. We conclude that the potential benefits of early diagnosis by neonatal screening and the choice of therapeutic interventions early in life will depend upon the causes of the relationship between low flows at diagnosis and at follow-up. Pediatr Pulmonol. 1993; 16:96–100. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.