cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparing Rawlsian Justice and the Capabilities Approach to Justice from a Spiritually Sensitive Social Work Perspective

This article examines two social justice theories, Rawlsian Justice and the Capabilities Approach of Sen and Nussbaum, in relation to congruence with four principles of spiritually sensitive social work. We find that although Rawlsian justice has valuable insights, it has some gaps for promoting spiritually sensitive practice. In contrast, the Capabilities Approach bears more promise for promoting spiritually sensitive social work as it meets all these ethical principles. Scholars could build on its insights to articulate a vision for spiritually sensitive social justice that can guide our profession's approaches to macropractice and social policy.
Legitimization of subject matter in a design intensive degree program

This is a descriptive study at the departmental level of a university. It provides a glimpse into the ways that this department, as an academic community implementing a design intensive degree program, deals with the conflicts between accreditation as a system of program assessment and the processes that distinguish them as a culture. The process under primary investigation was modification of curriculum to introduce subject matter into the degree program (one possible terminus of subject matter's progress toward legitimization: recognition of being both integral to the required portion of the curriculum and well defined by cultural agreement and system records). Employing ethnomethodological strategies, the researcher maintained prolonged contact with members of this culture, interrogating legitimization and curriculum modification (regarding sustainability subject matter) that they attempted despite ongoing disturbances to these processes. The disturbances and reactions made cultural processes observable to an extent not likely under ordinary circumstances.
Beyond the Page: Peers Influence Pre-Kindergarten Writing through Image, Movement, and Talk

(2009). Beyond the Page: Peers Influence Pre-Kindergarten Writing through Image, Movement, and Talk. Childhood Education: Vol. 85, No. 3, pp. 160-166.
Theory and experimental research of a Y-phase-modulator based optical fiber current sensor

A highly accurate Y-phase-modulater based fiber optic current sensor (FOCS) for alternating and direct currents up to 100kA was investigated. Reciprocal optical circuit and weak signal processing method based on related modulation and demodulation of this sensor were analysed. Models of the optical path system and signal processed circuit system were studied separately. And based on these models, the key temperature error sources and corresponding compensation measures were discussed. Furthermore, A 500kV engineering prototype and its performance test devices were designed, and type test of it was finished at Xi'an high voltage apparatus research institute co., LTD(XIHARI) by the end of 2010. According to the test results, the sensor achieved accuracy to within ±0.2% at -40 to 80°C with inherent temperature compensation, resolving power for small AC current was less than 0.5A, angle difference was less than ±2', and the overall performance exceeded the IEC60044-8 standard class 0.2S (±0.2%). Applications of the sensor are in high-voltage substations, in chemical chlor-alkali, and in the electrolytic production of metals such as aluminium.
Synoptic-Scale Precursors to High-Impact Weather Events in the Georgia and South Carolina Coastal Region

Abstract To better anticipate and predict high-impact weather events in the SE United States Atlantic coastal region, an examination of the precursor synoptic-scale weather patterns to these events was undertaken. High-impact weather events were defined as extreme cold, extreme heat, strong tornadoes, very large hail, and hurricanes because these events have the potential to cause significant loss of life and property or a major disruption to commerce. Some signals were found in weather patterns days in advance of these events that will improve forecasting of them, which in turn will aid geologists, biologists, policy managers, and others in assessing threats to their interests. Surface high pressure, building south into the northern Gulf of Mexico coast, often preceded extreme cold events, as did the existence of a cold air mass several days before. Low-level, positive temperature anomalies in the lower troposphere often transited from the lower Great Lakes into the Mid-Atlantic before an extreme heat ev...
Attribution versus compassion:: the City of Chicago’s response to the E2 crisis

Abstract This study is an investigation of the City of Chicago’s crisis response to a nightclub stampede that claimed the lives of 21 people. Two important concepts in crisis communication, attribution and compassion, are examined. Those speaking on behalf of the City of Chicago tried to shift blame for the tragedy to the owners of the nightclub, resulting in negative press coverage. A review of press coverage after the incident revealed the City should have focused on messages of compassion rather than messages of attribution.
Oxidation of ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene characterized by Fourier Transform infrared spectrometry

The effects of processing conditions, sterilization treatment, aging time, and poststerilization aging environment on the oxidation behavior of ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) are examined. Oxidation is monitored by observing changes in the carbonyl peak appearing in Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry (FTIR) and is found to be relatively insensitive to processing conditions but strongly influenced by sterilization treatments and aging parameters. Oxygen uptake by UHMWPE increases as a result of gamma or electron beam irradiation and continues to rise during subsequent aging at a rate influenced by the aging environment. A hydrogen peroxide ambient causes more severe oxidation than either air or hyaluronic acid. Control (unsterilized) samples and those sterilized in ethylene oxide are resistant to oxidation under all conditions except hydrogen peroxide aging.
Integer quantum Hall effect for hard-core bosons and a failure of bosonic Chern-Simons mean-field theories for electrons at a half-filled Landau level

Field-theoretical methods have been shown to be useful in constructing simple effective theories for two-dimensional (2D) systems. These effective theories are usually studied by perturbing around a mean-field approximation, so the question as to whether such an approximation is meaningful arises immediately. We here study 2D interacting electrons in a half-filled Landau level mapped onto interacting hard-core bosons in a magnetic field. We argue that an interacting hard-core boson system in a uniform external field such that there is one flux quantum per particle (unit filling) exhibits an integer quantum Hall effect. As a consequence, the mean-field approximation for mapping electrons at half-filling to a boson system at integer filling fails. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
Pest pressure, hurricanes, and genotype interact to strongly impact stem form in young loblolly pine ( Pinus taeda L.) along the coastal plain of North Carolina

Stem defects in loblolly pine due to insect pests and wind damage can decrease economic value and affect ecosystem function, however silvicultural management can decrease the impact of these stresses. Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) is one of the most important tree crops in the southern United States, comprising 45 % of commercial forestry land. Stem defects can reduce timber product quality and influence competitive interactions. We examined the effects of controlling Nantucket pine tip moth (Rhyacionia frustrata Scudder in Comstock, 1880) and site management (fertilizer or herbicide use) on stem defects, of two full-sib families (C1 and C2) and two clonal varieties (V1 and V2) of loblolly pine at upper and lower coastal plain sites in North Carolina (UCP and LCP, respectively). At UCP, V1 and V2 had fewer stem defects with insecticide treatment indicating that pest pressure affected stem form. C2 had twice as many defects as other genotypes at LCP, while C1 had the most defects at UCP, showing that carefully matching site and genotype could improve plantation performance without increasing costs. Additionally, we examined the effects of Hurricane Irene on stem leaning at LCP. V1, the tallest genotype, was most strongly affected, indicating genotype differences in tolerance to this form of abiotic stress. Interestingly, insecticide treatment decreased the negative effects of the hurricane on C1 stem lean, indicating that tip moth pressure may make C1 more susceptible. Our results illustrate that the interaction of biotic and abiotic stressors, such as pest infestation and climate, can strongly impact stem form, potentially affecting ecophysiological function and economic value. Cost-effective silvicultural options, such as pest control and management of genetic resources can potentially decrease exposure to such environmental risk.
Applications of the PROPHET system in molecular pharmacology: structure-activity relationships in monoamine oxidase inhibitors

Understanding the molecular bases of drug action and drug-related phenomena in man and other animal species is a primary concern of the Department of Pharmacology, Mt. Sinai School of Medicine. Toward this end, a diverse array of laboratory and theoretical investigations involving a wealth of analytical and computational tools are in progress. This paper describes one of these areas of study, namely, structure-activity relationships in inhibitors of the enzyme monoamine oxidase, and illustrates how the PROPHET System is employed in the organization, manipulation, and analysis of research results.
Trait-anxiety and repressors: Suppression of recall for aversive images

Abstract Two studies tested the hypothesis that thought suppression could be a trait-based cognitive bias, resulting in paradoxical memory advantage. High-anxious (high trait-anxiety, low defensiveness), low-anxious (low trait-anxiety, low defensiveness), and repressors (low trait-anxiety, high defensiveness) observed emotionally evocative slides. Study 1 (N = 60) participants observed slides for (4 s) to facilitate elaboration or avoidance thereof. Study 2 participants (N = 62) viewed slides for 52-ms with pre- and post-mask (i.e., implicit encoding). Explicit encoding resulted in a significant group × slide valence interaction for free recall, with repressors showing an advantage for negative slides, whereas high and low trait-anxious groups demonstrated no such difference. Because retrieval advantage was evidenced only for negative slides, and only in repressors, results suggest paradoxical memory rebound rather than mood-congruent memory. Moreover, similar results were not demonstrated following the implicit encoding condition, supporting the notion that avoidance occurs at the elaborative, rather than, encoding stage.
Hydrolytic enzymes of Euglena gracilis: characterization and activity as a function of culture age and carbon deprivation.

SYNOPSIS. Optimal assay conditions are described for 8 hydrolases of Euglena gracilis var. bacillaris, SM-L1 (streptomycinbleached) strain, 7 of which have an acid pH-optimum. Acid phosphatase, β-galactosidase, β-glucosidase, β-fucosidase, cathepsin D, RNase, DNase, and an esterase are active in cell homogenates. Amylase has very low activity, and β-glucuronidase, arylsulfatase, β, N-acetyl-glucosaminidase, α-fucosidase, and α- and β-mannosidase are inactive. Hydrolase activity increases as a culture proceeds from the midexponential to the late stationary-phase of growth, being most pronounced in the case of β-glucosidase. In cultures deprived of a utilizable carbon source, the specific activities of the hydrolases (per mg total protein or dry weight) increase. When expressed on a per cell basis, however, the activities of DNase decrease while those of β-galactosidase, cathepsin D, and RNase increase. The hydrolases appear to be involved in the adaptation of Euglena to the metabolic demands imposed by different conditions of growth.
Predicting the temperature dependent viscosity of biodiesel fuels

Abstract The purpose of this work was to develop a method for predicting temperature dependent viscosities of biodiesel based on fatty acid ester composition. The Grunberg–Nissan equation combined with a group contribution method was used as the mixing rule to calculate viscosities of mixtures of fatty acid esters. Prediction errors at 25 °C were less than 2.5% for 22 mixtures of fatty acid ethyl esters. Compared with experimentally measured viscosities at 20–100 °C, predicted viscosities of soybean oil and yellow grease methyl esters were within 3%. For coconut, palm and canola oil methyl esters, maximum errors were underestimations at approximately 7%.
Variation in output factor caused by secondary blocking for 7-16 MeV electron beams.

The effect of secondary blocking on the output factor for 7--16 MeV electron beams is investigated for the two most widely used methods of field shaping, i.e.,(a) shield on surface, and (b) shield at end of cone with subsequent air gap. For these two methods differences in output on the order of 10% are observed. These effects are explained in terms of the blocking geometry and its influence on scattered radiation.
Effect of nicotine on basal and bombesin stimulated canine plasma levels of gastrin, cholecystokinin and pancreatic polypeptide.

Abstract The influence of nicotine on the basal and bombesin (BBS) stimulated plasma levels of gastrin, cholecystokinin (CCK) and pancreatic polypeptide (PP) was investigated in conscious dogs. Plasma levels of nicotine and gastrointestinal (GI) hormones were measured by employing gas liquid chromatography and specific radioimmunoassay (RIA). The basal levels of gastrin, CCK and PP were found to be in pg/ml (pmol/l) (mean±S.E.). 28±5 (13±3), 252±32 (66±8) and 347±136 (83±32) respectively and these values remained unchanged with nicotine. Significant increases in levels of gastrin, CCK and PP were, however, found with infusions of BBS alone or with BBS in combination with nicotine. Gastrin levels were higher whereas CCK and PP levels were lower with BBS alone than with BBS plus nicotine. The peak values for CCK and PP, but not gastrin, were less during second BBS infusion. These results indicate that nicotine, in presence of bombesin, has an inhibitory effect on the release of gastrin and a stimulatory effect on the release of PP and CCK.
Effect of cytochalasin D on smooth muscle contraction

Cylindrical segments of extraparenchymal pulmonary artery (essentially a preparation of smooth muscle with regard to contractile capability) were isolated from adult male rats. They were mounted in an isometric muscle bath in physiological salt solution (PSS) in an environment of 95% O2/5% CO2. After allowing 1 h for equilibration, the maximum force generated by the tissue in response to a depolarizing solution was determined. After relaxation, vessels were incubated for 1 h in one of several concentrations of cytochalasin D (CD) (0.01, 0.05, 0.5, 1, 10 micrograms/ml) and the response to stimulation retested immediately after returning to PSS, and then at 30 minute intervals up to 2 h. CD inhibited the ability of vascular smooth muscle to generate force (contract) in a concentration-dependent manner. The inhibitory effect was reversible within a short period of time. Quantitative electron microscopic examination of these vessels suggested that CD disrupts the integrity of myofilaments, especially at sites of "dense bodies." Our results indicate that a percentage of actin in smooth muscle cells is not permanently in the filamentous "F" form, but is part of the G:F actin system of the cell, labile to polymerization:depolymerization. The ability of smooth muscle cells to generate force could depend on the proper functioning of the F:G actin "treadmill."
Discrimination of normal and transformed cells in vitro by cytologic and morphologic analysis

Malignant A-549 lung carcinoma and adenovirus-12 SV40 hybrid virus transformed non-tumorigenic human bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B) were objectively discriminated from normal bronchial epithelial (BE) cells on the basis of Papanicolaou stained nuclear features (e.g. shape, chromatin texture, hyperchromasia) and nucleolar morphology (e.g. number per cell, irregular contours). Morphometric analysis indicated that significant differences in cellular morphology existed between BE, BEAS-2B, and A-549 cells. Similar analyses of transformed, tumorigenic cell lines demonstrated that nuclear features (i.e., chromatin texture, clearing of parachromatin, hyperchromasia, variation in thickness of the nuclear envelope, sharp indentations in the nuclear envelope), and nucleolar features (i.e., degree of roundness, presence of angular projections, number per cell) discriminated chemically and virally transformed cells from spontaneously transformed cells. Nuclear and nucleolar features were correlated with the growth rate of tumorigenic cell lines. These analytical approaches will be helpful in studies of the effects of various factors (e.g. vitamin A, phorbol ester, oncogene transfection) on cellular proliferation and/or differentiation.
Strategic deployment of network monitors for attack attribution

Attacks launched over the Internet have become a pressing problem. Attackers make use of a variety of techniques to anonymize their traffic, in order to escape detection and prosecution. Despite much research on attack attribution, there has been little work on optimizing the number and placement of monitoring points for identifying the source of attacks with minimum ambiguity. This paper proposes such a method. The approach is based on the concept of graph separators. A separator partitions a network, such that the size of the separator is the number of monitors needed, and the size of a partition is the ambiguity in isolating the specific source of an attack. To achieve a desired degree of ambiguity, a good separator for the Internet is sought. Both vertex and edge separator heuristics are presented, which greedily select vertices of highest/lowest degree as monitors. The methods are evaluated for the Internet autonomous system (AS) topology. Experimental results show that the vertex separator heuristic requires just 5% of the ASes to be monitored to identify the source of an attack with little ambiguity. If only those links actually used for routing to a specific destination are considered, use of an edge separator requires 30% of the links to be monitored to achieve similar results. The results can be further improved if it is known that ASes have unequal probabilities of being the source of an attack.
Multicultural research and practice: Theoretical issues and maximizing cultural exchange.

This article reviews literature on cross-cultural approaches to assessment, research, and clinical practice, culminating in recommendations for using a “cultural exchange” approach when working with multicultural clients. It examines challenges in studying culture and mental illness, including methodological issues and problems in defining constructs in multicultural research. Measurement of disorders crossculturally, including efforts to validate depression measures for use with multicultural populations, is also discussed. Perspectives on cultural competence are presented, including the American Psychological Association Multicultural Guidelines, and a “cultural exchange” approach to therapy is presented as a tool for maximizing the benefit of therapy with multicultural clients. Three clinical vignettes are presented to illustrate the use of this approach and how identifying the commission of Type I and Type II multicultural errors can enhance clinical work.
Ultrastructural studies of the medial aortic sclerosis in rats with experimentally induced chronic renal disease.

Abstract Ultrastructure of rat aortic medial sclerosis developing after experimental production of chronic renal disease is described. The calcium deposit in the medial layer of the aortic wall occurs with a predilection for the elastic fibers and more precisely the microfibrils of the elastic fibers. The calcification occurs in variable ultrastructural configurations. It appears that microfibrils and collagen fibers can act as a core of calcification. Ultrastructural modifications of smooth muscle cells such as increased cytoplasmic organelles, cytoplasmic cysternae, or vacuoles, and extension of many cytoplasmic processes are present without any atheromatous change of the wall.
A systems analysis of the energy environment in buildings

The author has derived a flow diagram of fire development in order to point out areas where current technology can be applied to the fire problem as well as areas where further research is required.
Neutrophils as potential participants in acute myocardial ischemia: Relevance to reperfusion

Abstract An interaction among leukocytes, platelets and endothelial cells is important in atherogenesis and in maintenance of blood flow and vascular tone. These complex cell-cell interactions are mediated by release of such metabolic substances as arachidonic acid metabolites, growth factors, oxygen free radicals and endothelium-derived relaxing factor. These substances participate in the regulation of blood flow in health and disease, and perturbation in the delicate equilibrium among various cellular elements may lead to evolution and propagation of myocardial ischemia. During reperfusion of ischemic myocardium, neutrophils together with platelets cause capillary plugging in the coronary microcirculation and exert detrimental effects on endothelial function resulting in the “no reflow” phenomenon, ventricular arrythmias, loss of coronary vascular reserve and, perhaps, extension of cellular injury. This review addresses the mechanisms of cell-cell interactions with special reference to myocardial ischemia and the potential for development of improved therapy to protect and preserve ischemic myocardium.
THIAMINE, PYRIDOXINE, NIACIN AND FOLACIN IN QUICK‐COOKING BEANS

Direct comparisons were made on the content and retention of thiamine, pyridoxine, niacin and folacin in quick-cooking (large Lima, pinto, pink, blackeye) beans prepared from authentic, chemically characterized lots of commercial dry beans. Significant losses occurring during cooking and their relationship to cooking time differentials were determined and the vitamin levels in cooked beans compared with ofher outstanding sources of B-complex vitamins. Data show dry beans are a good source of B-complex vitamins, but levels vary considerably with bean type and processing/cooking methods. Cooked, quick-cooking Lima and blackeye beans had slightly higher levels of all four vitamins than standard cooked beans, but standard cooked pink and pinto had higher levels of thiamine, pyridoxine and niacin; folacin differences were inconsistent. There was no consistent relationship between vitamm content and cooking time. Cooked blackeye, large Lima and pink were equivalent or higher than beef liver or wheat germ with respect to thiamine, better sources of pyridoxine than yeast or wheat germ, but lower in niacin than liver. With respect to folacin, blackeye beans are a better source than liver, wheat germ or yeast and large Lima and pink are equal or better than beef liver or yeast.
Cortical blood flow during craniotomy for aneurysm

A previously described thermal diffusion flow probe was used to monitor cortical blood flow in over fifty craniotomies for treatment of aneurysms. Hypotension, retractor pressure, vascular manipulation, and temporary vessel occlusion can be seen to affect cortical blood flow. By monitoring cortical blood flow, anesthetic and surgical techniques may be altered to prevent ischemic complications. We have only limited experience with early operation and with craniotomy in the face of vasospasm. Monitoring cortical blood flow may eventually allow operations in these instances to be accomplished more safely.
The effects on children and adolescents of witnessing violence

Abstract We have all become more aware of the continuing violence in our schools. This paper examines what research tells us about the effects on children of witnessing a lethal sniper attack in their school, then examines the effects of witnessing violence where children are much more likely to see and hear it—in their communities and in their own homes. All available information agrees that witnessing interpersonal violence puts children at significant risk for a number of symptoms and problems, and especially for Post‐Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). PTSD was found in 67–80% of children who had witnessed various violent events. This paper discusses why children are so vulnerable to PTSD from such witnessing and then looks briefly at our society's deeper structural relationship with violence.
Foreign Direct Investment and Democratic Development in the Russian Provinces: A Preliminary Analysis

Foreign investment in Russia has consistently lagged behind East European countries throughout the last decade. Although formidable obstacles to attracting foreign investment remain throughout the country, some of Russia's 89 provinces have been more successful than others in creating attractive investment environments. One reason for this varied success may be related to the degree of economic and political elite consensus that exists in some regions. This, in turn, may help in the formulation of incentives to attract foreign investors. However, the political consensus that helps to establish a stable policy environment for foreign investment may well imperil pluralistic political development in the long run. Thus, we must be wary of conflating foreign investor interest with liberal politics and democratic development in Russia's regions.
Optimization of adenosine 5'-carboxamide derivatives as adenosine receptor agonists using structure-based ligand design and fragment screening.

Structures of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have a proven utility in the discovery of new antagonists and inverse agonists modulating signaling of this important family of clinical targets. Applicability of active-state GPCR structures to virtual screening and rational optimization of agonists, however, remains to be assessed. In this study of adenosine 5′ derivatives, we evaluated the performance of an agonist-bound A2A adenosine receptor (AR) structure in retrieval of known agonists and then employed the structure to screen for new fragments optimally fitting the corresponding subpocket. Biochemical and functional assays demonstrate high affinity of new derivatives that include polar heterocycles. The binding models also explain modest selectivity gain for some substituents toward the closely related A1AR subtype and the modified agonist efficacy of some of these ligands. The study suggests further applicability of in silico fragment screening to rational lead optimization in GPCRs.
Cost-effectiveness of testing for breast cancer susceptibility genes.

Objectives: Genetic mutations in breast cancer susceptibility genes BRCA1/2 are associated with an increased risk of breast/ovarian cancers. Cost-effective preventive measures are available for women who test positive. The objective of this study was to determine at what risk of mutation it is cost-effective to test women for BRCA1/2 mutations. Methods: A semi-Markov model accrued costs and quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) annually from the societal perspective. The estimates of health-care costs, life expectancy, likelihood of obtaining a mastectomy or oophorectomy, and patient preferences for treatment and certainty about their BRCA1/2 status were based on the literature. Results: At a 10% probability of mutation (the current guideline), the test strategy generated 22.9 QALYs over the lifetime and cost $118k, while the no-test strategy generated 22.7 QALYs and cost $117k. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of the test strategy was $9k and the differences between costs and effects were not substantial. The test strategy remained cost-effective to a probability of mutation of 0%, as long as utility gained from a negative test result was 0.006 or greater. These results were sensitive to the frequency of inconclusive test results and utility gain from a negative test result. Conclusions: The costs and effectiveness of both the test and no-test strategies are very similar even when there is a small probability of mutation. Current guidelines, which can be used by insurance companies to refuse coverage, could deny some women a cost-effective approach. Further research to decrease the frequency of inconclusive results could improve the cost-effectiveness of this test.
Locational marginal price for distribution system considering demand response

With ongoing smart grid activities, more amount of information is available from end-users. Objective is to use this information to make power system more efficient, environmental friendly, reliable, and secure. Major part of smart grid investment is going towards distribution systems. One of the goals within smart grid is development of infrastructure to avail price signal to end users in distribution system. This price signal is currently based on rough estimate of nodal price in transmission system. Transmission nodal price does not reflect fair pricing signal for distribution system without consideration of distribution system constraints. Solving optimal power flow (OPF) with applicable constraints is necessary to obtain locational marginal price (LMP) for each node that can be used in real-time pricing (RTP). Formulation and implementation of distribution LMP (DLMP) is needed for fair pricing. In this work, DLMP formulation is developed consisting of three major parts similar to that of LMP in transmission system but implemented at distribution level. Also, price responsive load brings another interesting prospective of demand response (DR) as shown in results. Effect of DR on DLMP using 12 bus distribution system has been presented.
Postprandial peptide YY is lower in young college-aged women with high dietary cognitive restraint

Acylated ghrelin and peptide YY (PYY3–36) are involved in appetite-regulation and energy homeostasis. These gastrointestinal hormones provide peripheral signals to the central nervous system to regulate appetite and short term food intake, and interact with leptin and insulin to regulate energy balance. Dietary restraint is an eating behavior phenotype that manifests as a conscious cognitive control of food intake in order to achieve or sustain a desired body weight. The purpose of the current study was to determine if college-aged women (18 to 25 years) with different eating behavior phenotypes, i.e., high vs normal dietary restraint, differ with respect to circulating concentrations of gastrointestinal hormones during and following a test meal. We hypothesized that women with high dietary cognitive restraint [High CR (score ≥ 13, n = 13)] would have elevated active ghrelin and PYY3–36 concentrations after a test meal compared to women with normal dietary cognitive restraint [Normal CR (score < 13, n = 30)]. Gastrointestinal hormones were assessed before (− 15 and 0 min) and after (10, 15, 20, 30, 60, 90, 120 and 180 min) the consumption of a mixed composition meal (5.0 kcal per kg/body weight). In contrast to our hypothesis, mean PYY3–36 concentrations (p = 0.042), peak PYY3–36 concentrations (p = 0.047), and PYY3–36 area under the curve (p = 0.035) were lower in the High CR group compared to the Normal CR group after controlling for body mass index. No group differences were observed with respect to acylated ghrelin before or after the meal. In conclusion, PYY3–36 concentrations were suppressed in the women with High CR compared to the women with Normal CR. While the current study is cross-sectional and cause/effect of high dietary restraint and suppressed PYY3–36 concentrations cannot be determined, we speculate that these women with high cognitive restraint may be prone to weight gain or weight re-gain related to the suppressed circulating PYY after a meal. Further investigations need to explore the relationship between dietary cognitive restraint, circulating PYY, and weight gain.
Neural network implementation of fuzzy logic

Abstract Fuzzy logic has gained increased attention as a methodology for managing uncertainty in a rule-based structure. In a fuzzy logic inference system, more rules can fire at any given time than in a crisp expert system. Since the propositions are modelled as possibility distributions, there is a considerable computation load on the inference engine. In this paper, a neural network structure is proposed as a means of performing fuzzy logic inference. Three variations of the network are described, but in each case, the knowledge of the rule (i.e., the antecedent and consequent clauses) are explicitly encoded in the weights of the net. The theoretical properties of this structure are developed. In fact, the network reduces to crisp modus ponens when the inputs are crisp sets. Also, under suitable conditions the degree of specificity of the consequences of the inference is a monotone function of the degree of specificity of the input. Several simulation studies are included to illustrate the performance of the fuzzy logic inference networks.
Programming Perpetual T Helper Cell Plasticity

In this issue of Immunity, Lee et al. (2009) and Wei et al. (2009) each investigate the stability of T helper cell lineages and find that commitment to these fates is more plastic than previously appreciated.
Cost-efficient design for higher capacity hybrid wireless-optical broadband access network (WOBAN)

Noting that the optical part of a hybrid wireless-optical broadband access network (WOBAN) has high capacity, we need to enhance the capacity for wireless access using a low-cost solution. Deploying multiple radios, say two, at each node will improve the performance of wireless access, but this will also increase the cost and power consumption of the solution. However, deploying multiple radios at only a few nodes, especially those that are overloaded with traffic, can lead to a less-costly and less-power-hungry solution, possibly without sacrificing performance. Hence, we propose a mixed-capacity wireless access (MCWA) architecture for WOBAN and study how to optimally place a limited number of additional radios at the wireless nodes to save the overall network cost. We formulate this problem as a Mixed Integer Linear Program (MILP) and solve it using a standard solver such as CPLEX. An efficient channel and radio assignment scheme is essential to utilize MCWA by reducing interference and contention in the wireless front-end of WOBAN. We propose an intelligent channel and radio assignment (ICRA) for MCWA in WOBAN that performs load balancing over different channels to reduce interference and contention. We formulate this problem as another MILP and solve it using CPLEX. Our findings show that, by using a mixed-capacity wireless access design with intelligent channel and radio assignment, we can obtain almost the same performance as a WOBAN with multi-radios at all nodes.
Ligated renal pedicles and duration of action of neostigmine and pyridostigmine.

1. The duration of neostigmine or pyridostigmine antagonism of a (+)-tubocurarine (Tc) neuromuscular blockade was determined in the cat anterior tibialis-peroneal nerve preparation with and without ligated renal pedicles. 2. The infusion rate of Tc required to maintain a 90% depression of twitch tension was reduced from 8.8 +/- 1.4 (s.e.) to 3.4 +/- 0.6 mugkg-1 min-1 by renal pedicle ligation. 3. Renal pedicle ligation resulted in an increased duration of antagonism of Tc by both neostigmine and pyridostigmine.
The role of spatial frequency in the processing of hierarchically organized stimuli.

Can spatial frequency differences between local and global forms account for differences in the way different levels of structure are analyzed? We examined this question by having subjects identify local or global forms of hierarchical stimuli that had beencontrast balanced. Contrast balancing eliminates low spatial frequencies, so that both local and global forms must be identified on the basis of high spatial frequency information. Response times (RTs) to global (but not local) forms were slowed for contrast-balanced stimuli, suggesting that low spatial frequencies mediate the global RT advantage typically found. In contrast, interference between local and global forms was little affected by contrast balancing or by shifts of attention between local and global forms, suggesting that it does not result from inhibitory interactions between spatial frequency channels or from temporal precedence of low versus high spatial frequency information. Finally, shifts of attention between local and global forms were also little affected by contrast balancing, suggesting that they were not based on spatial frequency.
Exploring dimensionality of effortful control using hot and cool tasks in a sample of preschool children

Effortful control (EC) is an important developmental construct associated with academic performance, socioemotional growth, and psychopathology. EC, defined as the ability to inhibit or delay a prepotent response typically in favor of a subdominant response, undergoes rapid development during children's preschool years. Research involving EC in preschool children can be aided by ensuring that the measured model of EC matches the latent structure of EC. Extant research indicates that EC may be multidimensional, consisting of hot (affectively salient) and cool (affectively neutral) dimensions. However, there are several untested assumptions regarding the defining features of hot EC. Confirmatory factor analysis was used in a sample of 281 preschool children (Mage=55.92months, SD=4.16; 46.6% male and 53.4% female) to compare a multidimensional model composed of hot and cool EC factors with a unidimensional model. Hot tasks were created by adding affective salience to cool tasks so that hot and cool tasks varied only by this aspect of the tasks. Tasks measuring EC were best described by a single factor and not distinct hot and cool factors, indicating that affective salience alone does not differentiate between hot and cool EC. EC shared gender-invariant associations with academic skills and externalizing behavior problems.
Map-based graph analysis on MapReduce

The MapReduce framework has become the de-facto framework for large-scale data analysis and data mining. One important area of data analysis is graph analysis. Many graphs of interest, such as the Web graph and Social Networks, are very large in size with millions of vertices and billions of edges. To cope with this vast amount of data, researchers have been using the MapReduce framework to analyse these graphs extensively. Unfortunately, most of these graph algorithms are iterative in nature, requiring repetitive MapReduce jobs. We introduce a new design pattern for a family of iterative graph algorithms for the MapReduce framework. Our method is to separate the immutable graph topology from the graph analysis results. Each MapReduce node participating in the graph analysis task reads the same graph partition at each iteration step, which is made local to the node, but it also reads all the current analysis results from the distributed file system (DFS). These results are correlated with the local graph partition using a merge-join and the new improved analysis results associated with only the nodes in the graph partition are generated and dumped to the DFS. Our algorithm requires one MapReduce job for pre-processing the graph and the repetition of one map-based MapReduce job for the actual analysis.
Common random numbers and stochastic kriging

We use a collection of simple models to examine the interaction between the variance reduction technique of common random numbers and a new simulation metamodeling technique called stochastic kriging. We consider the impact of common random numbers on prediction, parameter estimation and gradient estimation.
Emerging Role of Nrf2 in Protecting Against Hepatic and Gastrointestinal Disease

Transcription factor NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) belongs to the basic region-leucine zipper family and is activated in response to electrophiles and reactive oxygen species. Nrf2 coordinately regulates the constitutive and inducible transcription of a wide array of genes involved in drug metabolism, detoxification, and antioxidant defenses. During periods of oxidative stress, Nrf2 is released from sequestration in the cytoplasm and translocates to the nucleus. Nrf2 binds antioxidant response elements (AREs) in the regulatory regions of target genes and activates transcription. Genetically modified mice lacking Nrf2 serve as a useful tool for identifying new ARE-regulated genes and assessing the ability of Nrf2 to confer protection against a variety of pathologies in numerous organs including the liver, intestine, lung, skin, and nervous system. With regards to the liver and gastrointestinal tract, Nrf2 knockout mice are more susceptible to acetaminophen-induced hepatocellular injury, benzo[a]pyrene-induced tumor formation and Fas- and TNFalpha -mediated hepatocellular apoptosis. The higher sensitivity of Nrf2 knockout mice to chemical toxicity is due in part to reduced basal and inducible expression of detoxification enzymes. Nrf2 may also be important in protecting against liver fibrosis, gallstone development, and formation of aberrant crypt foci. Research of Nrf2 has opened up new opportunities in understanding how antioxidant defense pathways are regulated, how oxidative stress contributes to disease progression and may serve as a novel target for designing therapies to prevent and treat diseases in which oxidative stress is implicated.
Entre la geografía y las relaciones internacionales

The roles of territory and borders in the genesis of conflicts have come under increased scrutiny in international relations and political geography over the past ten years. In this paper I want to focus on three intellectual trends that indicate a rapprochement between scholars in both fields over the “way forward” beyond a number of the previously more stereotyped positions concerning the persisting relevance of territory and borders to world politics. One of these is an increased resistance to and articulation of alternatives to a simple state-centrism. A second is an emphasis on the persistence/revival of geographical imaginations at work in world politics even as particular historic examples of these associated, for example, with specific geopolitical configurations (such as those of the Cold War) are in abeyance. Finally, an important trend is a reorienting of the discussion about the spatiality of world politics away from the either/or of territory versus networks and flows to an appreciation of their mutual effects.
The cafeteria diet--an inappropriate tool for studies of thermogenesis.

Diet-Induced thermogenesis(DIT) is definedas a regulatory,facultativecomponent of energy expenditure,stim ulated by overeating,which helps maintain energy balance. DIT may play a central role in the regulationof energy expenditure and in the etiologyof certain types of obesity.Most experimentstesting the existence or the mechanisms of DIT have used the cafeteria diet for the purposes of stimulating hyperphagia,a requisite for studies of DIT. Yet such a diet is inappropriatefor studies of thermogenesis because its use prevents researchersfrom obtaining an experimental outcome that can be clearly interpreted.The primarylimitation of the cafeteriadiet is that its nutritionalcompositionis uncontrolled.The diet is self-selected from a varietyof supermarket foods that tend to be high In fat and/or carbohydrateand low in protein, vitamins and minerals. Hence, the diets consumed by the animals are likely to be deficient in protein, vitamins or minerals. There is evidencethat 1) dietarydeficiencyof protein, vitamins and minerals can increasethermogenesisand 2) in protein-adequatediets, the balanceof fat and carbohydratein the diet can also influencethermogenesiswith high carbohydratediets increasingthermogenesis more than isoenergetic high fat diets. Hence, an observed increase in thermogenesis in cafeteria fed animals might be interpreted incorrectlyto be the result of increasedenergy consumptionwhen it is attributable to dietary imbalance or deficiency.Because the diet is self-selected,it is possiblefor each animal to choose a diet that varies in nutritionalcomposition from that selected by every other animal, so control of dietary intake is compromised. Palatable diets of controlled macro- and micronutrient composition are capable of stimulating hyperphagiaon the order of 50 to 60%. Thus, the use of the cafeteria diet is both unnecessaryand inappropriate. J. Nutr. 117: 227 - 231, 1987.
Impact of pharmacist-led or co-led medication education groups on patient outcomes: A literature review

Introduction: Psychiatric pharmacists lead groups for patients with mental health disorders in a variety of locations. It is unknown whether these groups are effective in increasing patient knowledge and adherence or reducing negative healthcare outcomes. It is also unclear whether certain modalities of pharmacist-led medication education groups are more effective than others. Methods: A literature search using MEDLINE and PsycINFO was performed using the search terms “medication,” “patient education,” “pharmacy” or “pharmacist,” and “psychiatric” or “behavioral” or “mental.” Full text articles of randomized controlled trials or those with a pre-post study design that reported outcomes of a pharmacist-led or coled medication group were included. Results: Six studies were included in the review, many of which were limited by small sample sizes and confounding factors. These studies suggest that pharmacist-led group medication education can improve cardiac risk factors in patients with diabetes, increase in...
Anaplasma phagocytophilum Infects Mast Cells via α1,3-Fucosylated but Not Sialylated Glycans and Inhibits IgE-Mediated Cytokine Production and Histamine Release

Mast cells are sentinels for infection. Upon exposure to pathogens, they release their stores of proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and histamine. Mast cells are also important for the control of certain tick-borne infections. Anaplasma phagocytophilum is an obligate intracellular tick-transmitted bacterium that infects neutrophils to cause the emerging disease granulocytic anaplasmosis. A. phagocytophilum adhesion to and infection of neutrophils depend on sialylated and α1,3-fucosylated glycans. We investigated the hypotheses that A. phagocytophilum invades mast cells and inhibits mast cell activation. We demonstrate that A. phagocytophilum binds and/or infects murine bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMCs), murine peritoneal mast cells, and human skin-derived mast cells. A. phagocytophilum infection of BMMCs depends on α1,3-fucosylated, but not sialylated, glycans. A. phagocytophilum binding to and invasion of BMMCs do not elicit proinflammatory cytokine secretion. Moreover, A. phagocytophilum-infected cells are inhibited in the release of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 6 (IL-6), IL-13, and histamine following stimulation with IgE or antigen. Thus, A. phagocytophilum mitigates mast cell activation. These findings potentially represent a novel means by which A. phagocytophilum usurps host defense mechanisms and shed light on the interplay between mast cells and vector-borne bacterial pathogens.