cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Degraded Discrete-Time Poisson Wiretap Channel.

This paper addresses the degraded discrete-time Poisson wiretap channel (DT--PWC) in an optical wireless communication system based on intensity modulation and direct detection. Subject to nonnegativity, peak- and average-intensity as well as bandwidth constraints, we study the secrecy-capacity-achieving input distribution of this wiretap channel and prove it to be unique and discrete with a finite number of mass points; one of them located at the origin. Furthermore, we establish that every point on the boundary of the rate-equivocation region of this wiretap channel is also obtained by a unique and discrete input distribution with finitely many mass points. In general, the number of mass points of the optimal distributions is greater than two. This is in contrast with the degraded continuous-time PWC when the signaling bandwidth is not restricted and where the secrecy capacity and the entire boundary of the rate-equivocation region are achieved by binary distributions. Furthermore, we extend our analysis to the case where only an average-intensity constraint is active. For this case, we find that the secrecy capacity and the entire boundary of the rate-equivocation region are attained by discrete distributions with countably \textit{infinite} number of mass points, but with finitely many mass points in any bounded interval.
Defining Creativity: A View from the Arts

Over several decades, novel-and-appropriate has become established as the standard definition of creativity; while allowing for variations in the exact wording, the requirement that creativity requ...
“Almost Unknown to the General Reader”: Biographical and Conceptual Contexts of Melville’s Marginalia in Thomas Warton’s The History of English Poetry

Herman Melville’s copy of Thomas Warton’s The History of English Poetry (1871) both epitomises the fate of Melville’s dispersed library and illustrates the challenges and importance of his reading and marginalia to research on his life and writings. This 1032-page volume left Melville’s library following his death in 1891; it was discovered in the 1930s, subsequently lost, and rediscovered in 1999. Twice rebound and missing its original endpapers, the extremely brittle volume has now been digitised at Melville’s Marginalia Online. Melville’s markings and annotations reveal his preoccupation with Warton’s attention to subjects “almost unknown to the general reader”: lost works, the dispersals of libraries, works rescued from oblivion, languages and writings concealed by ecclesiastical dictates, banned writings, and esoteric modes of literary expression—all topics with deep aesthetic and biographical connections to Melville’s own writings and to his failed career as a popular author. The book contains marginalia on writers Melville had studied in still-surviving volumes, on now-forgotten writers, excerpted by Warton, and on writers by whom no Melville copies are known to survive. Dating from the period of Melville’s reputational decline, his marginalia offers an unparalleled look into an obscure but artistically fertile period of his life and thought.
Semi-supervised learning for improved post-disaster damage assessment from satellite imagery

The devastating aftermath of a natural disaster is often challenging to assess, and inaccuracies are bound to occur when an assessment is done manually due to the inevitable human-in-the-loop errors. Timely and accurate evaluation of the extent of damages is often needed to effectively deploy resources to hard-hit areas, save lives, and facilitate adequate planning towards disaster recovery. The commonly used supervised learning approaches have made a considerable improvement in assessing natural disasters. However, quickly implementing supervised classification is still challenging due to the complexity of acquiring many labeled samples in the aftermath of disasters. In this paper, we propose a: i) two-stream high-resolution network (HRNet) that takes a pair of pre- and post-disaster images and ii) semi-supervised framework for improving the generalizability of current methods to other housing styles. The proposed method comprises of two parts: a multi-class deep learning model, and a pseudo-label generator and refinement module. By harnessing information from a large amount of unlabeled data and aerial imagery, our approach can outperform its base model. Experimental results on the xView2 dataset demonstrate that the proposed framework improves the performance of our two-stream model for unseen satellite images depicting a scene before and after a disaster.
Shared autonomy in assistive mobile robots: a review.

PURPOSE Shared autonomy has played a major role in assistive mobile robotics as it has the potential to effectively balance user satisfaction and smooth functioning of systems by adapting itself to each user's needs and preferences. Many shared control paradigms have been developed over the years. However, despite these advancements, shared control paradigms have not been widely adopted as there are several integral aspects that have not fully matured. The purpose of this paper is to discuss and review various aspects of shared control and the technologies leading up to the current advancements in shared control for assistive mobile robots. METHODS A comprehensive review of the literature was conducted following a dichotomy of studies from the pre-2000 and the post-2000 periods to focus on both the early developments and the current state of the art in this domain. RESULTS A systematic review of 135 research papers and 7 review papers selected from the literature was conducted. To facilitate the organization of the reviewed work, a 6-level ladder categorization was developed based on the extent of autonomy shared between the human and the robot in the use of assistive mobile robots. This taxonomy highlights the chronological improvements in this domain. CONCLUSION It was found that most prior studies have focussed on basic functionalities, thus paving the way for research to now focus on the higher levels of the ladder taxonomy. It was concluded that further research in the domain must focus on ensuring safety in mobility and adaptability to varying environments.Implications for rehabilitationShared autonomy in assistive mobile robots plays a vital role in effectively adapting to ensure safety while also considering the user comfort.User's immediate desires should be considered in decision making to ensure that the users are in control of the assistive robots.The current focus of research should be towards successful adaptation of the assistive mobile robots to varying environments to assure safety of the user.
Very Low Birth Weight Outcomes

In Reply.— The National Institutes of Health have recognized the need for randomized controlled clinical trials to validate the safety and efficacy of neonatal therapies, and it was specifically for this purpose that the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development initiated a Neonatal Intensive Care Network to conduct multicenter studies of therapeutic interventions. The Generic Database reported in our publication was developed specifically to provide baseline information for planning randomized clinical trials for very low birth weight infants, as noted in our publication.1,p588
Gymnastic Program at the University of Illinois

(1929). Gymnastic Program at the University of Illinois. American Physical Education Review: Vol. 34, No. 1, pp. 49-57.
Calculated equilibria of phosphocreatine and adenosine phosphates during utilization of high energy phosphate by muscle.

Abstract Equations have been derived for calculating the concentrations of ATP, ADP, and AMP in equilibrium with phosphocreatine and creatine by use of association constants for the protonated species and Mg2+ complexes of the reactants and the equilibrium constants for the AMP kinase and creatine kinase reactions. The equations have been used to calculate the expected concentrations of free ATP, ADP, and AMP as high energy phosphate is discharged by a representative muscle. Arguments are advanced for the validity of the results as an estimate of in vivo conditions when based only on measured concentrations of phosphocreatine, creatine, and total adenosine phosphates. Changes in phosphocreatine concentration cause rapid changes in the calculated concentrations of ADP and AMP that are consistent with postulated regulatory effects of these compounds on the Embden-Meyerhof pathway. The amount of ADP and AMP formed by a given discharge of high energy phosphate depends upon the H+ concentration, and physiological changes in pH are sufficient to cause significant changes in the rate of glycolysis in this way. The physiological significance of phosphocreatine as an effector is less clear.
Failure rate analysis of Goddard Space Flight Center spacecraft performance during orbital life

Space life performance data on 57 Goddard Space Flight Center spacecraft are analyzed from the standpoint of determining an appropriate reliability model and the associated reliability parameters. Data from published NASA reports, which cover the space performance of GSFC spacecraft launched in the 1960-1970 decade, form the basis of the analyses. The results of the analyses show that the time distribution of 449 malfunctions, of which 248 were classified as failures (not necessarily catastrophic), follow a reliability growth pattern that can be described with either the Duane model or a Weibull distribution. The advantages of both mathematical models are used in order to: identify space failure rates, observe chronological trends, and compare failure rates with those experienced during the prelaunch environmental tests of the flight model spacecraft.
A Maximal-Literal Unit Strategy for Horn Clauses

A new positive-unit theorem-proving procedure for equational Horn clauses is presented. It uses a term ordering to restrict paramodulation to potentially maximal sides of equations. Completeness is shown using proof orderings.
"Dark lady and fair man": the love triangle in Shakespeare's sonnets and Ulysses

Le triangle amoureux des sonnets de S. et les relations Leopold Bloom, Molly Bloom et Blazes Boylan du roman de Joyce
Postnatal development of synchronized network oscillations in the ferret dorsal lateral geniculate and perigeniculate nuclei

Extracellular and intracellular recordings from slices of ferret dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (LGNd) at postnatal ages P10–53 were performed to examine the postnatal development of spindle waves and the ability of block of GABAA receptors to alter these spindle waves into a slower, synchronous oscillation. As in prior studies in the adult, intracellular and extracellular recordings at ages P33–53 revealed robust spindle waves to be present in both the LGNd and perigeniculate nucleus (PGN). Intracellular recordings from thalamocortical relay cells in the A-laminae of the LGNd revealed that these cells received repetitive inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) at 6–9 Hz during the generation of spindle waves, and generated rebound low threshold Ca2+ spikes and bursts of 2–6 action potentials following each second or third IPSP. Intracellular recordings from the GABAergic neurons of the PGN at P33–53 revealed barrages of EPSPs that activated low threshold Ca2+ spikes and high frequency burst discharges of 2–10 action potentials during spindle wave generation. In contrast, full spindle waves were absent at ages prior to approximately P22 and spindle waves between the ages of P26 and approximately P30 were relatively weak and associated with only one or two action potentials per burst in both PGN neurons and LGNd relay cells. Bath application of the GABAA antagonist bicuculline methiodide at P41–53 resulted in a conversion of normal spindle waves into a marked 2–4 Hz oscillation in which the action potential firing of both thalamocortical relay and PGN neurons was greatly increased. In contrast, block of GABAA receptors prior to age P39 did not result in the generation of the slowed, 2–4 Hz network oscillation. Investigation of the electrophysiological properties of PGN neurons revealed that the postnatal development of spindle waves and bicuculline-induced slow oscillations were associated with an increase in the ability of PGN neurons to generate high frequency bursts of action potentials, suggesting that these changes in electrophysiological properties may contribute to the late development of synchronized oscillations in the ferret LGNd.
Development of a medication monitoring attitude measure using a mixed methods item development process

Objectives Medication monitoring is important for safe and effective medication use; however, no attitudinal measure exists for a health care provider's medication monitoring attitude. The objectives of this study were to (1) create a measure of a community pharmacist medication monitoring attitude; (2) test concurrent validity using a validated measure of medication monitoring behaviours; and (3) report community pharmacist attitudes towards medication monitoring. Methods A mixed methods item development process was employed to generate Likert-type items from qualitative interviews. Following item review and piloting, a four-contact survey, including 20 6-point Likert-type items and the four-item Behavioral Pharmaceutical Care Scale monitoring domain, was mailed to 599 randomly sampled US community pharmacists from the state of Iowa. Exploratory factor analysis, Pearson's correlation and descriptive statistics were used to address study objectives. Key findings There were 254 (42.4%) returned and usable surveys. Factor analysis yielded two domains, a seven-item, positively worded internal (α = 0.819) and an eight-item, negatively worded external domain (α = 0.811). Both domains were positively correlated with the monitoring domain of the Behavioral Pharmaceutical Care Scale supporting convergent validity. Overall, respondents had a positive internal monitoring attitude with a mean of 4.62 (0.68), although many practiced in an environment less conducive to monitoring, as evident by a mean of 3.13 (0.88). Pharmacists were more oriented towards medication side effect and effectiveness monitoring than nonadherence monitoring. Conclusions The mixed methods item development process created a reliable and valid measure of a pharmacist's medication monitoring attitude. While pharmacists had an overall positive medication monitoring attitude, improvements are needed to bolster adherence monitoring and make pharmacy environments more conducive to monitoring.
Wireless Personal Communications: The Evolution of Personal Communications Systems

Wireless Personal Communications: The Evolution of Personal Communications Systems deals with the topics of wireless networks and services; wireless code division multiple access; antennas, propagation, and system design; and simulation, modulation and equalization for wireless communications. All chapters present new and original research in a number of emerging areas, and provide valuable insight into practical and theoretical issues facing the wireless field. Audience: An excellent reference source; may be used as a text for advanced courses on wireless communications.
Quantitative tracheal lavage versus bronchoscopic protected specimen brush for the diagnosis of nosocomial pneumonia in mechanically ventilated patients

Abstract Background No gold standard method exists for the diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia despite the availability of multiple techniques. Methods A prospective, crossover study was performed on mechanically ventilated patients meeting with suspected pneumonia. Eighteen paired samples were obtained on 15 patients, comparing the results of quantitative tracheal lavage (QTL) to bronchoscopic protected brush specimen (PSB) by quantitative culture and gram stain examination. Results The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and accuracy are affected by the growth density threshold selected, and whether the same organisms are expected by both methods. There is a significant relationship between QTL and PSB ( P = 0.0048; R = 0.632), gram stain and PSB ( P R = 0.791), and gram stain and QTL ( P = 0.0125; R = 0.575), by Spearman rank order correlation. Conclusions QTL may have a role for diagnosing and directing treatment of ventilator-associated pneumonia, allowing reservation of bronchoscopic PSB for secondary, high risk and refractory cases.
The cellular basis for suppressive rod–cone interaction

The response to spatially focal flicker is enhanced by dim, spatially diffuse, rod-stimulating backgrounds. This effect is called suppressive rod-cone interaction (SRCI) as it reflects a tonic, suppressive influence of dark-adapted rods upon cone pathways which is removed by selective rod-light adaptation. SRCI is observed in amphibian retina with intracellular recordings from most cone-driven cells including the cones themselves, and is most obvious using stimuli flickering at frequencies too rapid for rods to follow. SRCI is blocked by glutamate analogs which selectively block the photic response of horizontal cells (HCs). In the presence of these agents, flicker responses from bipolar cells and cones are enhanced to levels normally seen only with selective rod-light adaptation. In the HCs themselves, SRCI is similarly blocked by lead chloride which blocks rod-, but not cone-related activity. In amphibian and cat HCs and in human observers, SRCI is limited by a space constant of very similar value (between 100 and 150 microns). We suggest that SRCI in all three species is mediated by HCs: in amphibians, SRCI must at least partially reflect rod-modulation of HC feedback onto cones.
Approaches to understanding auxin action

The effects of auxin on plant growth and development have been studied for decades, but the molecular mechanisms of auxin action remain unknown. These mechanisms have primarily been investigated by characterization of auxin physiology mutants and analysis of auxin-binding proteins and auxin-regulated genes. These efforts are now converging, since some mutants have recently been shown to have altered expression of specific auxin-binding proteins and auxin-regulated genes. The features of these proteins and genes are providing the first tantalizing clues to the organization of auxin signal transduction pathways.
Simultaneous expander and deep inferior epigastric perforator reconstruction: indications and alloderm sling technique for protecting the anastomosis

Aim: Autologous tissue is considered the gold standard for breast reconstruction today. However, little is known about deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP) flap reconstruction in combination with tissue expander (TE)/implant. The authors describe a series of combined DIEP flap/TE reconstruction, including its indications and technique to ensure protection of the pedicle during the expansion process. Methods: Between January 2009 and December 2012, patients undergoing immediate DIEP with TE reconstruction were retrospectively reviewed. Oncologic, comorbid conditions, intraoperative, postoperative expansion, complications, and technique data points were collected. Photographs were taken postoperatively and patient's satisfaction surveys were obtained to assess overall satisfaction. Results: Five patients underwent immediate DIEP flap/TE reconstruction utilizing our alloderm sling technique. There were no complications to the pedicle, flap, expander, or mastectomy skin perioperatively or postoperatively. All patients describe being very satisfied, often with improved breast volume and projection as compared to their preoperative appearance. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that DIEP flap/TE reconstruction is safe, in particular when utilizing the alloderm sling technique, and should be considered in patients who lack sufficient abdominal tissue, have existing breast asymmetries, or do not desire the scar deformity of latissimus dorsi.
Single-photon Kerr nonlinearities do not help quantum computation

By embedding an atom capable of electromagnetically induced transparency inside an appropriate photonic-crystal microcavity it may become possible to realize an optical nonlinearity that can impart a $\ensuremath{\pi}$-rad-peak phase shift in response to a single-photon excitation. Such a device, if it operated at high fidelity, would then complete a universal gate set for all-optical quantum computation. It is shown here that the causal, noninstantaneous behavior of any ${\ensuremath{\chi}}^{(3)}$ nonlinearity is enough to preclude such a high-fidelity operation. In particular, when a single-photon-sensitive ${\ensuremath{\chi}}^{(3)}$ nonlinearity has a response time that is much shorter than the duration of the quantum computer's single-photon pulses, essentially no overall phase shift is imparted to these pulses by cross-phase modulation. Conversely, when this nonlinearity has a response time that is much longer than this pulse duration a single-photon pulse can induce a $\ensuremath{\pi}$-rad overall phase shift through cross-phase modulation, but the phase noise injected by the causal, noninstantaneous response function precludes this from being a high-fidelity operation.
MR Appearance and Clinical Significance of Changes in the Hip Muscles and Iliopsoas Tendon After Arthroscopic Iliopsoas Tenotomy in Symptomatic Patients

Background Iliopsoas tenotomy is a treatment for snapping hip. Does this surgical procedure change the surrounding muscle and tendon anatomy?
Lymphocyte reactivity in vitro. VI. Specificity of target cell destruction following in vitro sensitization in mixed leukocyte cultures.

Human peripheral blood lymphocytes were “sensitized” in vitro in one-way mixed leukocyte cultures to one of three lymphoblastoid cell lines or t o normal allogeneic peripheral blood leukocytes. The sensitized cells were tested for their ability to destroy 51 Cr-labeled lymphoblastoid target cells which were either isogeneic or allogeneic with the sensitizing cells. The results obtained show that cells sensitized to one cell line or to cells of one individual are subsequently more cytotoxic to target cells from that same individual than to other allogeneic target cells, establishing specificity of destruction in this system. In some combinations significant cytotoxicity is seen when the sensitizing cells and the target cells are allogeneic. It is not clear whether in this system this represents a non-specific component of destruction or whether this is due to antigenic sharing or cross-reactivity.
Hot stage transmission electron microscopy of crystallisation in a lithia-silica glass

Hot stage transmission electron microscopy has allowed the nucleation sequence in a 30 mole % Li2O-70 mole % SiO2 glass to be monitored in situ. This result agrees with previous work, in that the sequence of phases observed is identical but small temperature changes give rise to pronounced morphology changes. Hot stage electron microscopy has been proven to be a very useful technique for observing glass crystallisation processes, but the results must be carefully interpreted because of possible surface effects.
Whole-brain radiation therapy in melanoma: an open question.

However, we must disagree with their recommendations regarding melanoma patients. They suggest that “for the so-called radioresistant brain metastases from melanoma, renalcell carcinoma and sarcoma, it might be even more justifi ed to omit WBRT for one to three brain metastases, as it is thought that WBRT is less eff ective in this setting.” Their data do not support this recommendation. Like many brain metastasis studies, this study focuses on non-small-cell lung cancer (55% of patients). Only seven patients (12%) with melanoma were enrolled. A reference cited to support this recommendation, by the same group, was a retrospective study of SRS in patients with melanoma, sarcoma, and renal-cell carcinoma.
Perceived tachistoscopic duration and early visual processing in preschool children and adults.

Abstract Two experiments further explored the Avant et al. (1975) finding that stimulus familiarity influences prerecognition processing to generate differences in the apparent duration of tachistoscopic flashes. The first experiment tested for developmental differences in the effects of upright versus 90°, 180°, and 270° rotations of a single letter or number upon the apparent duration of pre- and postmasked 30- and 50-msec flashes with adults and 4- and 5-year-old children. All age groups judged upright presentations to be of briefer duration. These differences in apparent duration were interpreted to index the automaticity of contacts between stimulus inputs and their memory representations. Failure of the children to recognize the letter and number in any orientation indicates that contact between stimulus inputs and memory representations precedes allocation of attention to the presented stimulus. The second experiment explored the influence of spatial structures which are not coded verbally by testing effects of good and poor dot pattern Gestalts on the apparent duration of tachistoscopic flashes. Adults discriminated between apparent durations of good and poor Gestalts but 4- and 5-year-olds did not. Apparent duration differences in the two experiments showed that spatial pattern structure and familiarity with verbal stimuli influence early visual processing in different ways.
Ferrous oxide in Mercury's crust and mantle

— -Mercury has widespread plains deposits proposed to be volcanic in origin. In a Mariner 10 color-derived parameter image, sensitive to FeO and maturity, these volcanic plains have a value equivalent to, or slightly elevated above, the hemispheric average, thus implying FeO equivalent to, or slightly less than, the hemispheric average (∼3 wt% FeO). Since FeO has a solid/liquid distribution coefficient ∼1 during partial melting, we estimate the mantle of Mercury to have an FeO abundance equal to the lava flows. This is consistent with models that predict Mercury was assembled from planetesimals formed near the planet's current position. This new estimate of Mercury's bulk FeO (∼3 wt%) is consistent with data for the other terrestrial planets that suggest there was a radial gradient in FeO in the solar nebula.
Modeling of the BNL photocathode gun with the code PARMELA

Abstract We present an analysis of the electron beam emitted from the BNL laser driven photocathode injector operating at 2856 MHz. An analysis of the beam transported through the transport line to the entrance of the linac is also presented. Recent measurements of the photocathode laser shows that the pulse length has a sigma of ±5 ps and a transverse size of 1.25 mm. A Gaussian shape is assumed for the distribution in both the radial and time dependence of the laser beam. This is compared with the original design parameters of ±2 ps and 3 mm .
A review of "The National Breastfeeding Policy in Nigeria: the working mother and the law".

Authors Worugji and Etuk an attorney and physician respectively in Nigeria provide a synopsis of the employment laws and tenets protecting Nigerian women around the event of childbearing to support a plea that Nigeria catch up with the modern world in protecting women during pregnancy childbearing and breastfeeding (“The National Breastfeeding Policy in Nigeria: The Working Mother and the Law” in this issue). What is at once interesting and of note to Americans and westernized cultures is that Nigeria’s laws are more generous and economically protective that those in the United States. Women in the United States accustomed to the notion that America is “the best” are shocked when upon learning of their pregnancy they discover that their employers do not have to pay them during their maternity leave and that even unpaid leave is limited. A bit of history first. In the United States the Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA) of 1992 first signed into law by President Clinton requires employers of 50 or more employees to provide up to 4 months of unpaid leave for varied family health issues including pregnancy and care of a newborn. In addition most states have disability programs that provide women with paid disability leave albeit limited. While the FMLA allows states to set standards that are more expansive than the federal law in 1999 only “19 states had family leave laws that apply to private-sector employees...that are...more generous than the FMLA.” For example some states lower the number of employees to 25 or fewer. (excerpt)
Granulomatous inflammation in juvenile idiopathic arthritis-associated uveitis.

Purpose The uveitis that is associated with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) has typically been described as nongranulomatous. This study reports the prevalence of granulomatous disease in a population with JIA-associated uveitis. Methods We conducted a retrospective analysis of all patients with JIA-associated uveitis seen between 1973 and 2006 at a hospital-based uveitis service. Patients with uveitis were included if they were diagnosed with JIA by a specialist and experienced at least 6 weeks of arthritis starting before the age of 16 years. Granulomatous disease was defined as Busacca or angle nodules, mutton-fat keratic precipitates (KP), or hyalinized "ghost" KPs. Statistical tests were performed to seek associations between granulomatous disease and various clinical factors. Results Seventy-one patients with JIA-associated uveitis were included. Granulomatous uveitis was observed in 28% of the population, with 7% exhibiting mutton-fat KP, and 21% "ghost" KP. There was no association between the presence of granulomatous disease and age of arthritis onset, age of uveitis onset, sex, antinuclear antibody status, or whether the arthritis was pauciarticular or polyarticular. In this population, 67% of black patients had granulomatous disease compared with 25% of nonblack patients ( p p = 0.11). Conclusions Granulomatous disease is more common in JIA-associated uveitis than previously thought and may be more common in black patients. Although it is necessary to exclude other forms of granulomatous uveitis, such as sarcoidosis, the presence of granulomatous uveitis is not inconsistent with a diagnosis of JIA-associated uveitis.
Atlantic sea scallop management: an alternative rights-based cooperative approach to resource sustainability

Abstract The effectiveness of the US Atlantic sea scallop fishery regulations has resulted in recovery from a biological standpoint. However, due to excessive harvest capability and regulatory inefficiencies, the industry is facing substantial harvesting costs and, hence, economic inefficiency. The main reason is that most regulations or restrictions do not take into account the fundamental importance of the property rights for inducing behavior more consonant with aggregate as well as individual rationality. This article conceptualizes the role and importance of property rights structures in their application to Atlantic sea scallop fishery management. Additionally, embryonic industry efforts in developing an enhancement program for this fishery may point to the need for more cooperative, area-based management strategies. By doing so, two important elements for achieving greater production and value from the scallop fishery are identified. First, establishing an ownership structure of private property rights in the form of Territorial User Rights in Fishing (TURFs) and second, having fishermen cooperate under an organizational structure, such as a harvesters’ cooperative. These elements imply that an alternative, rights-based cooperative approach may become a compatible governance arrangement and provide an incentive for the rational management of the scallop fishery.
The postnatal development of the retina in the normal and rodless CBA mouse: A light and electron microscopic study†

The postnatal development of the retina in control (CBA/S) and rodless (CBA/Ki) mice was studied by light and electron microscopy. In the control mice, the major increase in retinal thickness occurs between birth and seven days. The inner and outer segments begin to grow into the optic ventricle between seven and ten days with their most rapid growth occurring between 12 to 15 days; by 35 days the retina appears mature. During development, the nuclear layers become thinner while the optic ventricle (layer of rods) and the plexiform layers become thicker. At birth, the mutant or rodless retina is indistinguishable from the control; however, the inner and outer segments fail to develop beyond the primitive seven- to ten-day stage. At 15 days the outer nuclear layer becomes reduced to only a few nuclei in thickness. Many degenerating elements are found in the cavity of the optic ventricle and in the outer nuclear and plexiform layers. By 35 days the mutant retina lacks photoreceptors and is reduced in thickness to less than that at birth. The pigment epithelium is heightened in regions where degeneration is incomplete but becomes highly attenuated in regions where visual cell degeneration is complete. The optic ventricle contains the villous processes of the pigment epithelium and the fringe processes of the Muller cells. The outer limiting membrane is contiguous with remnants of the outer plexiform layer. Between the outer plexiform layer and the inner limiting membrane, the mutant retina is normal in appearance and dimension. The delayed appearance of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum of the pigment epithelium is implicated in the failure of outer segment maturation. The role of both Muller and pigment epithelial cells in removal of the products of retinal degeneration is discussed.
Is Ethical Practice Good Clinical Practice

(1993). Is Ethical Practice Good Clinical Practice? Harvard Review of Psychiatry: Vol. 1, No. 3, pp. 191-192.
Understanding sibling differences in child labor.

This study considers sibling differences in child labor in Nepal. The data are consistent with a model where parents care equally for all children but siblings differ in comparative advantage in household production, although parental preferences and credit constraints could also be important. Girls, especially older girls, tend to work more than their brothers. This extra work increases with the number of younger siblings and the spacing between siblings. The extra work performed by girls is such that, at modal birth spacing, the younger girl actually spends significantly more time working than her older brother.
Human Skin Permeability Enhancement by Lauric Acid under Equilibrium Aqueous Conditions

An in vitro method was developed to investigate the enhancement of hydrocortisone transport across human stratum corneum (SC) by a model enhancer, lauric acid, in aqueous solutions under equilibrium conditions with respect to the enhancer. In contrast to classical (i.e., nonequilibrium) loading techniques, in which the enhancer is applied only to the donor side of SC either in pure form or in an organic solvent while enhancer-free aqueous buffers are placed in the receptor phase, this method allowed the investigation of pH effects, concentration effects, and reversibility of both enhancer uptake and enhancement of drug transport under thermodynamically well-defined conditions. The SC-buffer partition coefficients for lauric acid were linear with concentration and sigmoidal with pH, suggesting that both the neutral species and laurate anion partition into SC. Comparisons of partition coefficients in delipidized and untreated SC as a function of pH indicated that the uptake of lauric acid in neutral form is governed primarily by the lipid domain, whereas the protein domain accounts for anion uptake. The effects of lauric acid on skin permeability were > 80% reversible upon extraction of the enhancer from the membrane. However, the degree of enhancement of hydrocortisone permeability was nonlinearly dependent on the equilibrium concentration of lauric acid in either the aqueous buffer or the membrane, exhibiting thresholds in the appearance of enhancement with concentration. The enhancer concentration necessary to achieve isoenhancement of about 6-fold varied from approximately 1 x 10(-5) M at pH 8) demonstrating the higher influence of the free acid species.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Biochemical and morphological studies of monkeys chronically exposed to methylmercury.

This study was designed to correlate autopsy findings with the effects on cage behavior, laboratory values, and mercury clearance of long‐term, low‐dose exposure of primates to methylmercury. Six rhesus monkeys were given daily methylmercury hydroxide (MeHg) orally in apple juice on a preplanned dosage schedule. Three were sacrificed while receiving MeHg (group I) and the other 3 were sacrificed 2–5 mo after cessation of MeHg administration (group II). Whole‐blood Hg levels (organic and inorganic) were assayed weekly, and major organ levels were assayed at autopsy. Whole‐blood Hg levels were maintained between 1 and 2 μg/ml when the monkeys were given a MeHg dose of 80–125 μg/kg·d for up to 1 yr. The Hg burden of the major organs appeared to be dose‐ and duration‐related. After periods of clearance (2.5–5 mo), intestinal wall Hg burden decreased to less than 1 μg/g, and the hepatic Hg burden was still between 1.12 and 2.37 μg/g. However, the kidneys had a higher concentration of Hg, ranging from 10.34 to ...
ORGANIZATIONAL CONFLICT: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF CONFLICT STYLES ACROSS CULTURES

This study investigated the unpad of culture on styles of handling interpersonal conflicts. The Rahim Organizational Conflict Inventory was used to collect data on the conflict management styles of integrating, obliging, avoiding, dominating, and compromising. Two regions of the world were chosen: Middle Eastern countries and states (n = 913) and the United States (n = 144). MANCOVA was used to analyze the data. The results indicate that Arab Middle Eastern executives use more of an integrating and avoiding style in handling interpersonal conflict while U.S. executives use more of an obliging, dominating, and compromising style. Implications of the findings and future research are discussed.
Heats of mixing in praseodymium-neodymium solid solutions

Solution heat in liquid tin of praseodymium, neodymium and praseodymium-neodymium binary alloys, using liquid metal solution calorimetry
Depleted uranium oxides and silicates as spent nuclear fuel waste package fill materials

A new repository waste package (WP) concept for spent nuclear fuel (SNF) is being investigated that uses depleted uranium (DU) to improve performance and reduce the uncertainties of geological disposal of SNF. The WP would be filled with SNF and then filled with depleted uranium (DU) ({approximately}0.2 wt % {sup 235}U) dioxide (UO{sub 2}) or DU silicate-glass beads. Fission products and actinides can not escape the SNF UO{sub 2} crystals until the UO{sub 2} dissolves or is transformed into other chemical species. After WP failure, the DU fill material slows dissolution by three mechanisms: (1) saturation of AT groundwater with DU and suppression of SNF dissolution, (2) maintenance of chemically reducing conditions in the WP that minimize SNF solubility by sacrificial oxidation of DU from the +4 valence state, and (3) evolution of DU to lower-density hydrated uranium silicates. The fill expansion seals the WP from water flow. The DU also isotopically exchanges with SNF uranium as the SNF degrades to reduce long-term nuclear-criticality concerns.
Highly Porous and Stable Metal−Organic Frameworks: Structure Design and Sorption Properties

Gas sorption isotherm measurements performed on the evacuated derivatives of four porous metal−organic frameworks (MOF-n), Zn(BDC)·(DMF)(H2O) (DMF = N,N‘-dimethylformamide, BDC = 1,4-benzenedicarboxylate) (MOF-2), Zn3(BDC)3·6CH3OH (MOF-3), Zn2(BTC)NO3·(C2H5OH)5H2O (BTC = 1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylate) (MOF-4), and Zn4O(BDC)3·(DMF)8C6H5Cl (MOF-5), reveal type I isotherms for n = 2, 3, and 5, which is evidence of microporous and accessible channels having high structural integrity and organization. Although gas sorption into MOF-4 was not observed, careful examination of its ethanol sorption isotherms at 22 and 32 °C point to the presence of coordinatively unsaturated zinc centers within its pores, which upon ethanol sorption undergo coordination transitions from 3- to 4-, 4- to 5-, and 5- to 6-coordination. MOF-n materials were produced by building the extended analogues of molecular metal carboxylate clustersa strategy that has allowed the realization of the most porous and thermally stable framework yet re...
Bank regulation, governance and the crisis: a behavioral finance view

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to analyze the 2008‐2009 financial crisis using a behavioral view, and suggest changes in government policy and company governance to deal with the key behavioral problems.Design/methodology/approach – Behavioral elements of the crisis are identified and explained, intermediaries involved in the crisis are reviewed, and both financial institution strategies and public policies are presented to deal with each element.Findings – The behavioral view of the financial market points out that over‐optimism, anchoring, hubris and herd behavior are human attributes, and that future crises involving excessive credit extension will occur because of such non‐rational behavior. Responses to these elements of the crisis focus on four points: overconfidence related to rising home prices; inability of the market to channel participant behavior in sustainable directions; inadequate financial institution management due to hubris and herd behavior; and inadequate regulation due to regu...
Adolescent mental and physical health in the English-speaking Caribbean

OBJECTIVE: Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory, a multisystem framework, was used to identify risk and protective factors associated with adolescent mental and physical health (AMPH) in the English-speaking Caribbean. METHODS: A structured literature review, using the online databases of Medline, PsychInfo, and Scopus, was conducted to identify peer-reviewed studies published between January 1998 and July 2011 focused on adolescents ages 10-19 years. RESULTS: Sixty-eight articles were examined: 40 on adolescent mental health (AMH), 27 on adolescent physical health (APH), and 1 on both topics. Key individual factors included gender and age. Religiosity and engagement in other risk behaviors were associated with AMH, while the presence of other chronic illnesses affected APH. Significant determinants of AMH in the microsystem included family and school connectedness, family structure, and socioeconomic status. Maternal obesity, parental education, and school environment influenced APH. Studies that investigated macrosystem factors reported few consistent findings related to AMPH. A history of family mental health problems and physical and sexual abuse was significantly associated with AMH in the chronosystem, while a family history of diabetes and low birth weight were associated with APH. Studies did not examine the exosystem or the mesosystem. CONCLUSIONS: AMPH in the English-speaking Caribbean is affected by a variety factors in developing adolescents and their surroundings. Gender, family, and early exposure to negative environments are salient factors influencing AMPH and present potential avenues for prevention and intervention. A fuller understanding of AMPH in this region, however, requires scientifically rigorous studies that incorporate a multisystem approach.
Root regeneration as an indicator of aluminium toxicity in loblolly pine

Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) seedlings were grown in sand culture and exposed to solution Al concentrations of 0, 5, 10, 20, 40, and 80 mg.l−1 in two separate studies. Root regeneration potential (RRP) of loblolly pine was found to be very sensitive to Al. Both the total number and total length of new white roots produced during a 24-day period declined with as little as 5 mg Al.l−1 in solution.
Analysis of the proteins in human seminal plasma

Abstract The proteins in human seminal plasma were analyzed by cellulose acetate electrophoresis, immunoelectrophoresis, and disc electrophoresis gel diffusion. Cellulose acetate electrophoresis resulted in four bands, while disc electrophoresis produced fifteen which were compared to those formed with serum. Specific identification was made by immunoelectrophoresis and disc electrophoresis gel diffusion with antisera against human serum and twelve individual proteins. Human seminal plasma was shown to contain six proteins, three of which were identified by reactions with specific antisera as albumin, transferrin and immunoglobulin G, and three by their location as a prealbumin an alpha 1 globulin and an alpha 2 globulin.
Meditação em torno dos usos da narrativa na antropologia contemporânea

This text, prepared at the invitation of the American Historical Association for its opening plenary session in January 2001, concerns the construction of historical narrative by anthropologists, in particular myself. It quickly traces anthropologists' growing concerns with ethical and epistemological issues and the effects this has had on narrative strategies. And it provides a brief overview of my own experiments with narrative form in history, beginning with First-Time and Alabi's World, and ending with The Convict and the Colonel.
Runt-Related Transcription Factors Impair Activin Induction of the Follicle-Stimulating Hormone β-Subunit Gene

Synthesis of the FSH β-subunit (FSHβ) is critical for normal reproduction in mammals, and its expression within the pituitary gonadotrope is tightly regulated by activin. Here we show that Runt-related (RUNX) proteins, transcriptional regulators known to interact with TGFβ signaling pathways, suppress activin induction of FSHβ gene expression. Runx2 is expressed within the murine pituitary gland and dramatically represses activin-induced FSHβ promoter activity, without affecting basal expression in LβT2 cells, an immortalized mouse gonadotrope cell line. This repressive effect is specific, because RUNX2 induces LHβ transcription (with or without activin) and does not interfere with GnRH induction of either gonadotropin β-subunit gene. Analysis of the murine FSHβ promoter by transfection and gel shift assays reveals that RUNX2 repression localizes to a Runx-binding element at −159/−153, which is adjacent to a previously recognized region critical for activin induction. Mutation of this −153 activin-response element or, indeed, any of the five activin-responsive regions prevents activin induction and, in fact, RUNX2 suppression, instead converting RUNX2 to an activator of the FSHβ gene. Although the Runx-binding element is required for RUNX2-mediated repression of FSHβ induction by either activin or Smad3, confirming a functional role of this novel site, protein interactions in addition to those between RUNX2 and Smads are necessary to account for full repression of activin induction. In summary, the present study provides evidence for Runx2-mediated repression of activin-induced FSHβ gene expression and reveals the context dependence of Runx2 action in hormonal regulation of the gonadotropin genes.