cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rule of Mixtures Model to Determine Tensile Strength of 3D-Printed Kevlar-Reinforced Nylon: Thermal Gravimetric Analysis of Kevlar Filaments

Incorporation of high strength composite materials into additive manufacturing by fused deposition modeling (FDM) has opened the doors to new lightweight, robust, and efficient structures. However, our knowledge of the behavior of these structures under various loading conditions is still not completely understood. Further, with the large number of fiber and matrix options to choose from, the number of possible combinations of composites is quickly increasing. This is making experimental testing of every possible combination prohibitive due to its large time and cost investment. The issue gets more complicated when structures with complicated geometries need to be analyzed. This calls for designing a model that can use the data from simple experiments to accurately predict the behavior of structures under various loading conditions. This work highlights an experimental procedure to determine the elastic modulus and tensile strength of Kevlar fiber-reinforced nylon (KFRN) samples produced with FDM. The thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) was employed to quantify the volume fraction of fiber and matrix in the filament. Samples with varying fiber reinforcement layer configurations were manufactured based on standards. Tensile tests were performed to determine the elastic modulus and tensile strength of the samples. A rule of mixtures model was used to estimate the load borne by each layer configuration. The results demonstrate that the relation between volume fraction and load-bearing capacity follows the rule of mixtures. This work provides a straightforward method to determine the tensile strength and elastic modulus of KFRN parts produced by FDM. The approach may decrease development time by simplifying the design process.
Summary and Recommendations

The prohibition of violence has also been included in laws for civil service (e.g. Jordan, Bahrain) and stipulated in laws, regulations and ministerial decrees. There is considerable progress with regards amending penal codes and child protection acts, and the enactment of new laws to ensure effective protection for children.
Phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate activate HOPS to catalyze SNARE assembly, allowing small headgroup lipids to support the terminal steps of membrane fusion.

Vacuole membranes contain several lipid species. Membrane fusion occurs very poorly with just phosphatidylcholine. We now report that PI, PI3P, and Erg first activate HOPS to catalyze assembly of t...
Electroanesthesia Studies: Site of Current Action

This laboratory is engaged in a continuing inquiry into the phenomena associated with electroanesthesia. We have felt that we should have reliable information on the “site” of, or areas critical to, electroanesthesia production, the best way to get maximal current to that site, and what happens to the area in the presence of current. This present study was designed to yield information on the site of electroanesthesia. In 1966 we reported (1) results of a study which indicated that the diencephalic area was that portion of the brain which must receive sufficient current if the anesthetic state were to be produced. The present study was designed to provide a more precise localization of the target area. The basic idea was to inject a dielectric liquid into the third and lateral ventricles to ascertain whether this obstacle to current passage, by changing the current path, would change the current requirements for electroanesthesia.
Dietary regulation of stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 gene expression in mouse liver

Expression of the murine liver stearoyl-CoA desaturase gene (SCD1) is induced upon feeding fasted mice a fat-free, high carbohydrate diet (Ntambi, J. M., Buhrow, S. A., Kaestner, K. H., Christy, R. J., Sibley, E., Kelly, T. J., and Lane, M.D. (1988) J. Biol. Chem. 263, 17291-17300). In the present study, SCD1-specific RNA riboprobes and cDNA probes were used to study the mechanism for the induction of SCD1 mRNA. Based on the time course of induction, the SCD1 mRNA increased from 2-fold within 6 h to 45-fold within 36 h. Nuclear run-on transcription studies showed that the accumulation of SCD1 mRNA after refeeding starved mice a fat-free, high carbohydrate diet was a consequence of the transcriptional activation of the SCD1 gene. The SCD1 mRNA level decreased rapidly (t1/2 = approximately 4 h) within 24 h when mice fed the fat-free, high carbohydrate diet were switched to a regular chow diet. Furthermore, when the fat-free diet was supplemented with triacylglycerides containing polyunsaturated fatty acids, the transcription of the SCD1 gene and the induction of the SCD1 mRNA were significantly blunted. Triacylglycerides containing saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids were without dramatic effects. In contrast, synthesis of liver albumin mRNA was little affected by any of these dietary variations, indicating that the observed changes in the transcription of the SCD1 gene and mRNA levels were specific. These data demonstrate that both dietary carbohydrates and polyunsaturated fatty acids or their metabolites directly or indirectly regulate the expression of the SCD1 gene in mouse liver.
ARE THERE HEALTH DISPARITIES AMONG JORDANIAN OLDER ADULTS? POTENTIAL FACTORS (PART 1)

Older adults in Jordan are confronted with emerging health issues. They have diabetes, hypertension, chronic heard diseases and other conditions causing them to have a poor quality of life compared to other segments of Jordanian population and others in neighbor countries, such as North Africa and Arab countries. This paper will shed light on the health variables and challenges that Jordanian older adults have vis-a-vis biologic, genetic, socio-cultural, environmental factors, health behaviors, and health literacy. Such issues that may be potential seeds of health disparities, placing older adults at higher risk for adverse health outcomes in comparison with other age groups in Jordan as well as their counterparts in surrounding countries.
A Qualitative Study of Biracial Identity Among Afro-Germans Living in Germany

The increase of mixed race individuals in Europe is shifting the racial environment, making it increasingly important to understand the experiences of multiracial and biracial individuals in the European context. This study, utilizing a qualitative design, explored racial identity development of biracial Afro-Germans living in Germany. The purpose of the study was to understand the strategies that biracial individuals use to negotiate their racial identity, factors that influence their development, cultural influences, and racial socialization processes. Interviews with biracial Afro-Germans were conducted using phenomenological interviewing techniques. Twelve themes emerged from the data that are best conceptualized in an ecological model. Implications of the findings include a need for continued research with Black-White biracial populations.
REGBASE: a distributed information infrastructure for regulation management and compliance checking

This research is to study the regulations for assuring, for the handicapped, accessibility to buildings. The accessibility regulations are federally enacted by the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA). The intent of the accessibility regulations is to provide the same or equivalent access to a building and its facilities for disabled persons (for example, persons restricted to a wheelchair, persons with hearing and sight disabilities) and persons without qualifying disabilities. To fulfill this intent, the Americans with Disabilities Act Accessibility Guide (ADAAG [1]) has prescribed measures such as various clearances and reach thresholds for building components. Furthermore, the guidelines are continuously being updated and new rules are proposed (and commented by the public). There are two basic research objectives: (1) to develop a design-aid framework to support disabled access analysis for building design; (2) to develop a framework for the management of accessibility regulations.
Microstructure and magnetic anisotropy of ultrathin Co/Pt multilayers grown on GaAs (1̄1̄1̄) by molecular‐beam epitaxy

Multilayers of (Co3 A, Pt15 A)x, x=15 or 30 repeats, with or without a 200 A silver buffer layer, were grown on GaAs (111) substrates by molecular‐beam epitaxy. Vibrating sample magnetometry measurements confirmed that the samples with the Ag buffer layer show strong uniaxial magnetic anisotropy perpendicular to the surface. The perpendicular anisotropy exhibited by these metallic superlattices is discussed in terms of the microstructure of the overall multilayer stack, as well as the structural characteristics of the Co interface layer. Samples grown on the Ag buffer layer show strong (111) texture with 30–40‐nm‐size twin‐related grains. These grains, correspond to the two possible (111) stacking sequence for an fcc lattice, i.e., double positioning. However, direct growth on GaAs (111) results in randomly oriented 10–20 nm grains. All samples exhibit a repeat period of 1.83 nm in both low‐angle reflectivity and high‐angle Θ–2Θ x‐ray scattering measurements. In addition, transverse scans through the low‐...
The architecture of a proteomic network in the yeast

We describe an approach to clustering the yeast protein-protein interaction network in order to identify functional modules, groups of proteins forming multi-protein complexes accomplishing various functions in the cell. We have developed a clustering method that accounts for the small-world nature of the network. The algorithm makes use of the concept of k-cores in a graph, and employs recursive spectral clustering to compute the functional modules. The computed clusters are annotated using their protein memberships into known multi-protein complexes in the yeast. We also dissect the protein interaction network into a global subnetwork of hub proteins (connected to several clusters), and a local network consisting of cluster proteins.
Transport coefficients from the two particle irreducible effective action

We show that the lowest nontrivial truncation of the two-particle irreducible (2PI) effective action correctly determines transport coefficients in a weak coupling or $1/N$ expansion at leading (logarithmic) order in several relativistic field theories. In particular, we consider a single real scalar field with cubic and quartic interactions in the loop expansion, the $O(N)$ model in the 2PI-$1/N$ expansion, and QED with single and many fermion fields. Therefore, these truncations will provide a correct description, to leading (logarithmic) order, of the long time behavior of these systems, i.e. the approach to equilibrium. This supports the promising results obtained for the dynamics of quantum fields out of equilibrium using 2PI effective action techniques.
Use, usability, usefulness, and impact of an infobutton manager.

BACKGROUND We sought to understand how clinical information systems users access online information resources through an Infobutton Manager (IM) that provides direct, context-specific queries. METHODS We used 5.7 years of system log files, one year of pop-up surveys and user feedback, and an e-mail survey to collect information about our users' experience with online resources and the IM. RESULTS 4,577 users used the IM 30,374 times to access information resources 20,249 times. We obtained 195 pop-up surveys, 108 instances of online feedback, and 70 e-mail surveys. User satisfaction with the IM ranged from 69% to 92% for various aspects and user groups; 74% felt that the IM had a positive effect on patient care decisions and 20% reported specific positive impact on patient care. CONCLUSIONS Context-specific access to health knowledge resources has been successfully accomplished, although the success varies with context and user type. Impact on patient care decisions has been positive. Our findings suggest ways to further increase use of the IM.
Lagoonal Topography of Caroline and Marshall Islands

During a two-month investigation of sea level changes in the Caroline-Marshall Island area, hundreds of miles of traverses were made across coral reef lagoons with precision depth recorders. The profiles are from lagoons inside barrier reefs, from atolls with rims consisting predominantly of islands and reefs in the tidal zone, from an atoll with a rim largely below the tidal zone (semi-drowned atoll), and from a bank with a rim that is entirely below the tidal zone (drowned atoll). Lagoonal depths of all these types are close to the 45-m average found in previous studies, suggesting that a sea-level control operated during the last glacial episode and that subsequently the platforms have been stable. Typical lagoon profiles show a rolling topography alternating with hills and basins having a relief of 10 to 20 m. Relatively smooth floors with occasional coral knolls are common only in banks with submerged rims. Dives in one of the more irregular areas of Truk Lagoon established the nature of the basins. Almost the entire floor was covered with Halimeda, while the higher knolls are either Halimeda-covered or support active coral growth. The hills and basins may have resulted from extensive limestone solution during Pleistocene low sea-level stages, producing a karst topography, modified primarily by Halimeda growth following the last sea level rise. Echo profiles showed few terraces in the lagoons. Steep slopes descend from surrounding reefs to lagoon floors. The much discussed 15-to 18-meter terrace could not be demonstrated in the fathograms, but was found occasionally by scuba divers on the seaward margin of atolls. Small areas of relatively flat floors were seen mostly below the rolling topography, locally as deep as 70 m.
A Social Query Framework

In recent times, there has been a huge increase in Social-networking based activities on the Internet. Users have started using the Internet, not only for collaborating with each other but also taken on a new role of being Information prosumers (producers + consumers). The standardization of the really simple syndication (RSS) platform, which allows for a cross-domain sharing of content (user generated or otherwise) has helped by making information access easier, giving rise to online phenomena such as Blogging, Vlogging and Podcasting. Users have increased their reach into the world of Internet users, leading to a huge growth in their (mostly online) Social Network. Yet, such a network is being primarily used for sharing user-generated content or by the web-sites for generating advertisement revenues. More ever, existing technologies only facilitate a User to consume that, which is pushed by others. There are no easy or standardized mechanisms for a user, to leverage this social base for pulling out specific information from their social network. In this paper, we argue that due to the lack of a standard cross-domain query mechanisms, users are not able to take full advantage in the collective intelligence of their social community. We propose a generic Social Query Framework, which allows a user to propagate application-specific queries within their social network and receive appropriate answers.
Remarks on linear selections for the metric projection

Abstract The aim of this paper is to give a characterization of the finite-dimensional subspaces of L p , 1 ⩽ p C 0 ( T ) whose metric projections admit linear selections. The paper also gives a characterization of finite co-dimensional subspaces of l 1 and c 0 whose metric projections have linear selections.
Data feed-forward for improved optical CD and film metrology

Advanced integrated circuit (IC) manufacturing requires high quality metrology for process disposition and control in order to achieve high yields. As the industry advances in high volume manufacturing of 3x and 2x nm nodes with the associated advanced materials and complex structures, understanding and reducing film and critical dimension (CD) measurement uncertainty is more critical than ever. Optical film metrology is used for measurement of critical film parameters such as n & k, thickness and composition, while optical CD metrology is used for measurement of CD, sidewall angle (SWA), height, and other structure-related parameters. Both optical film and CD metrologies utilize advanced structure modeling that includes fitting parameters of the device stack for multiple layers simultaneously. These methods have been proven and established in both R&D and high volume manufacturing scenarios. As film stacks and structures become more complex and design tolerances shrink, however, additional parameters need to be included in the modeling, in some cases leading to reduced parameter precision and unwanted parameter correlation. In this paper we discuss a new methodology, Data Feed Forward, that utilizes multiple metrology steps, and the feed forward of the derived parameters to next metrology steps, for improved measurement sensitivity and quality. In addition, we discuss Data Feed Forward requirements for fab-wide implementation.
The phttoconversion of colloidal iron oxyhydroxides in seawater

Abstract The marine photochemistry of colloidal Fe oxyhydroxides was studied in order to determine its role in modifying the availability of Fe for phytoplankton. Using a new technique that measures a labile portion of total Fe in seawater, the lability of synthetic crystalline and non-crystalline colloidal Fe oxyhydroxides was found to increase in pH8 seawater upon irradiation with UV light, and simulated and natural full spectrum sunlight. The increased lability appeared to result from an organic-dependent Fe photoreduction followed by very rapid Fe(II) oxidation and Fe(III) reprecipitation as ferrihydrite. Aging in the dark caused significant reductions in the lability of the photoproduced ferrihydrites, with both synthetic iron oxides and natural iron from sunlit surface seawater. The results suggest that the lability of Fe in surface seawater varies in response to competing processes of photoredox and aging of Fe on oxyhydroxide surfaces. Because the lability of colloidal Fe correlates positively with its availability to marine algae, the photolysis of colloidal Fe has direct implications for phytoplankton.
A Technique to Obtain Accurate Impact Multipliers for Individual Firms by Means of Existing Input—Output Models

A low-cost technique is developed that allows individual firms and establishments to estimate accurately their output, income, and employment multipliers by integrating their regional coefficients (the proportion of the purchases of a firm from each sector of the regional economy) with an existing regional input-output model. The empirical tests of this method on three actual survey-based input-output models produced excellent results.
Monthly to interannual variability of microbial eukaryote assemblages at four depths in the eastern North Pacific.

The monthly, seasonal and interannual variability of microbial eukaryote assemblages were examined at 5 m, the deep chlorophyll maximum, 150 m and 500 m at the San Pedro Ocean Time-series station (eastern North Pacific). The depths spanned transitions in temperature, light, nutrients and oxygen, and included a persistently hypoxic environment at 500 m. Terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism was used for the analysis of 237 samples that were collected between September 2000 and December 2010. Spatiotemporal variability patterns of microeukaryote assemblages indicated the presence of distinct shallow and deep communities at the SPOT station, presumably reflecting taxa that were specifically adapted for the conditions in those environments. Community similarity values between assemblages collected 1 month apart at each depth ranged between ∼20% and ∼84% (averages were ∼50–59%). The assemblage at 5 m was temporally more dynamic than deeper assemblages and also displayed substantial interannual variability during the first ∼3 years of the study. Evidence of seasonality was detected for the microbial eukaryote assemblage at 5 m between January 2008 and December 2010 and at 150 m between September 2000 and December 2003. Seasonality was not detected for assemblages at the deep chlorophyll a maximum, which varied in depth seasonally, or at 500 m. Microbial eukaryote assemblages exhibited cyclical patterns in at least 1 year at each depth, implying an annual resetting of communities. Substantial interannual variability was detected for assemblages at all depths and represented the largest source of temporal variability in this temperate coastal ecosystem.
A Domain Decomposition Approach for Incompressible Flows Past Multiple Objects

A domain decomposition approach has been developed to solve for flow around multiple objects. The method combines features of mask and multigrid algorithm implemented within the general framework of a primitive variable, pseudospectral elements formulation of fluid flow problems. The computational domain consists of a global rectangular domain, which covers the entire flow domain, and local subdomains associated with each object, which are fully overlapped with the rectangular domain. There are two key steps involved in calculating flow past multiple objects. The first step approximately solves the flow field by the mask method on the Cartesian grid alone, including on those grid points falling inside an object (a fuzzy boundary between the fluid-object interface), but with the restriction that the velocity on grid points within and on the surface of an object should be small or zero. The second step corrects the approximate flow field predicted from the first step by taking account of the object surface, i.e., solving the flow field on the local body-fitted (curvilinear) grid surrounding each object
Relation between the Δ2 effect and the solution conformational entropy of aldohexoses and select methyl glycosides

Configurational differences between monosaccharides directly impact properties such as cryoprotectant ability and binding selectivity. Here, we examine how diastereomeric differences among select aldohexoses and methyl glycosides affect the flexibility of the sugars in solution. Our analysis takes advantage of the entropic nature of the separation in size-exclusion chromatography (SEC). Particular attention is given to the influence of the Δ2 effect, the greater destabilization of the pyranose ring conformation when the hydroxyl group at carbon 2 (C2) is in the axial position, on solution conformational entropy (ΔS) in aqueous solvent as well as in N,N-dimethyl acetamide (DMAc) and in DMAc/LiCl. For example, the rankings of the ΔS values of mannose and talose in water, relative to the other aldohexoses examined, can be directly attributed to the influence of the Δ2 effect. As part of this study, we have also investigated how the pyranose:furanose and α:β ratios affect the relative flexibilities of the sugars in solution. Several differences, not all of which we are currently able to explain, are noted between the behavior of the sugars in aqueous versus organic solvent.
Rate-distortion optimization for multichannel audio compression

Multichannel audio coding is studied from a rate-distortion theoretical viewpoint. Two practical coding techniques, both of which are based on rate-distortion optimization, are also proposed. The first technique decorrelates a multichannel signal hierarchically using elementary unitary transforms. The second method rearranges a multichannel signal into sub-signals and compresses them at optimized bit rates using a conventional codec. Both objective and subjective tests were conducted to illustrate the efficiency of the methods.
Cardiac Arrest in Schools

Background— The purpose of the present study is to improve understanding of the epidemiology of cardiac arrest in the school setting, with a special focus on the role of school-based automated external defibrillators. Methods and Results— The investigation was a retrospective study of emergency medical service–treated, nontraumatic, out-of-hospital cardiac arrests in Seattle and King County, Washington, that occurred in schools between 1990 and 2005. Cases were identified with cardiac arrest location data from emergency medical service cardiac arrest registries. Patient characteristics, cardiac arrest characteristics, and outcome information were abstracted from the registries and incident report forms. During the study period, 97 cardiac arrests occurred in schools, accounting for 0.4% of all treated cardiac arrests and 2.6% of public location cardiac arrests. Of the 97 cases, 12 cardiac arrests were among students, 33 among faculty and staff, and 45 among adults not employed by the school (7 adults with...
Elevated interleukin-10 levels in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.

Objective. Interleukin-10 (IL-10) has been shown to exert both antiinflammatory and immunostimulatory effects in vivo and in vitro. We therefore sought to examine the role of this cytokine in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) by assessing serum and synovial fluid IL-10 levels.
Proteolytic activity in bovine milk xanthine oxidase preparations.

Bovine milk xanthine oxidase isolated in the presence of pancreatin was found to copurify with proteases from pancreatin. The effect of these proteases was observed by incubating azo-albumin with different xanthine oxidase preparations and by the observation of polypeptide degradation products with sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoreses. A commercial preparation of xanthine oxidase exhibited significant proteolytic activity.
Sorting Out Clinical Medicine: Evidence-Based Medicine, Best Available Evidence, and Clinical Controversies

In an ideal world, there would be a clear-cut method to evaluate, diagnose, and treat every patient that we see in the emergency department (ED). However, in the real world, medicine is as much an art as a science. In response to feedback from the readership, Annals of Emergency Medicine has developed a couple of novel features that will be rolled out over the next year. There are a few areas of medicine where enough knowledge exists such that specific guidelines, based on clinical trials, have been developed. One example would be the treatment of patients with acute coronary syndromes. In some other areas, there exists enough literature to perform focused, ‘‘evidencebased’’ reviews, such as those done by the Cochrane Library. Annals has been bringing summaries of these reviews to the readership for several years. However, in many (if not most) areas of medicine, emergency physicians must make decisions regarding patient management without such clear-cut data. Patients somehow still manage to come to the ED, whether or not researchers have defined specific ‘‘evidence-based’’ criteria about how to best manage their complaints. Therefore, in this edition, Annals introduces a new feature entitled ‘‘Best Available Evidence.’’ This section is designed to succinctly address specific clinical questions of importance to emergency physicians. Each month, a single specific question will be asked and answered on the basis of the best available evidence in the literature. Authors review all the literature on a particular topic and reach a reasonable recommendation based on the data already published on the particular question. Topics presented in the Best Available Evidence section must be relevant to emergency physicians and have a sufficient literature base to draw a reasonable conclusion, but not such a large literature base that a traditional ‘‘evidence-based’’ review, meta-analysis, or systematic review can be performed. Topics published in this section will undergo the same rigorous peer review process as original manuscripts. In the near future, Annals will also introduce another new section where leaders in the field will discuss clinical controversiesdthose questions upon which two reasonably
Markov State Model Reveals Folding and Functional Dynamics in Ultra-Long MD Trajectories

Two strategies have been recently employed to push molecular simulation to long, biologically relevant time scales: projection-based analysis of results from specialized hardware producing a small number of ultralong trajectories and the statistical interpretation of massive parallel sampling performed with Markov state models (MSMs). Here, we assess the MSM as an analysis method by constructing a Markov model from ultralong trajectories, specifically two previously reported 100 μs trajectories of the FiP35 WW domain (Shaw, D. E.Science 2010, 330, 341−346). We find that the MSM approach yields novel insights. It discovers new statistically significant folding pathways, in which either beta-hairpin of the WW domain can form first. The rates of this process approach experimental values in a direct quantitative comparison (time scales of 5.0 μs and 100 ns), within a factor of ∼2. Finally, the hub-like topology of the MSM and identification of a holo conformation predicts how WW domains may function through a...
Theory of the multi-cavity phase locked gyrotron oscillator

ABSTRACT A perturbation theory is developed for investigation of the two cavity phase locked oscillator. In this theory, the unperturbed state is the free running oscillator. The prebunching current then slightly perturbs the frequency and field profile, and one can calculate the condition for phase lock. The theory is analytically tractable, and as in the analogous case of the gyroklystron amplifier, the dimensionality of the parameter space is greatly reduced.
Level set reinitialization at a contact line

When a level-set signed distance function is reinitialized in the vicinity of a contact line, there is a ''blind spot'' that prevents an accurate reconstruction of a signed distance function. The numerical method can create parasitic velocity currents near this region. If additional contact-line physics are included, the parasitic velocity currents would pollute the solution and alter the physical behavior. In this study, a modified reinitialization routine is proposed that combines the standard Hamilton-Jacobi equation with a relaxation equation for those grid cells along a wall in the blind spot. Two test cases, an angled fluid wedge (zero curvature) and a circular fluid arc (constant curvature), are used to evaluate the numerical error induced by different methods. The proposed method has less numerically-induced interface distortion than other techniques examined. Furthermore, this routine can be easily extended to three dimensions. Drops sliding on a wall are simulated in both two and three dimensions to demonstrate the advantages of this method. A spreading fluid interface further shows that this method allows contact lines to merge naturally.
Moduli of ADHM sheaves and the local Donaldson–Thomas theory

Abstract The ADHM construction establishes a one-to-one correspondence between framed torsion free sheaves on the projective plane and stable framed representations of a quiver with relations in the category of complex vector spaces. This paper studies the geometry of moduli spaces of representations of the same quiver with relations in the abelian category of coherent sheaves on a smooth complex projective curve X . In particular it is proven that this moduli space is virtually smooth and related by relative Beilinson spectral sequence to the curve counting construction via stable pairs of Pandharipande and Thomas. This yields a new conjectural construction for the local Donaldson–Thomas theory of curves as well as a natural higher rank generalization.
Metabolic Correlates of Anuran Behavior

Frogs exhibit extensive diversity in their repertoires of social, reproductive, defensive, and predatory behavior, and in the metabolic processes that support these activities. Three aspects of anuran biology (foraging mode, post-metamorphic ontogenetic changes in ecology, and reproductive behavior) are analyzed for their correlations with metabolic capacities. Anurans that forage widely for prey have greater capacities for aerobic ATP production than do sedentary foragers. This relationship appears to extend to intraspecific analyses; significant differences in aerobic capacity among populations of a species of dart-poison frog are associated with differences in feeding ecology. Ontogenetic change in metabolic capacity is directly coupled with ontogeny of behavior. The magnitude of post-metamorphic changes in physiology, behavior, and ecology appears to be related to differences in life history. A relatively short larval stage and small body size at metamorphosis, such as that found in American toads, are associated with extensive post-metamorphic changes in oxygen carrying capacity of the blood, cardiac muscle mass, and aerobic capacity of predispersal juveniles. In contrast, predispersal juveniles of species with long larval periods and large body size at metamorphosis possess adult physiological and behavioral features. Anuran reproductive activities, especially calling to attract mates, are energetically demanding, suggesting that the behavior of male frogs at a breeding pond may be limited by their metabolic capacities. However, the only study that has attempted to relate individual variation in reproductive behavior to individual variation in aerobic capacity found no correlation between those characteristics. The complexity of anuran biology ensures that physiological characteristics of anurans reflect many aspects of ecologyand behavior, some of which act independently, others in concert. Carefully designed experiments that incorporate both field and laboratory data are required to assess these interlocking features.
Physical Properties of Laminar Helium Deflagrations

The physical properties of laminar deflagrations propagating through helium-rich compositions are determined for a wide range of temperatures and densities. The speeds, thermal widths, reactive widths, density contrasts, critical temperatures, and trigger masses are analyzed, along with their sensitivity to the input thermal transport coefficients, nuclear reaction rates, nuclear reaction network employed, and equation of state. A simple fitting formula of modest accuracy for the laminar flame speed is given, as well as detailed tables that list all of the physical properties. These physical properties may be incorporated into hydrodynamic programs as subgrid models for flame-tracking algorithms, and have applications toward models of X-ray bursts and the thin-shell helium flash of intermediate-mass stars.
Finding Hamming weights without looking at truth tables

This paper studies degree 3 Boolean functions in n variables x1, ..., xn which are rotation symmetric, that is, invariant under any cyclic shift of the indices of the variables. These rotation symmetric functions have been extensively studied in the last dozen years or so because of their importance in cryptography. We start from the 2012 paper of Bileschi, Cusick and Padgett, which gave an algorithm for finding a recursion for the truth table of any n-variable cubic rotation symmetric Boolean function generated by a monomial, as well as a homogeneous recursion for its (Hamming) weight as n increases. This greatly reduced the computational complexity of computing the weights of such functions for large n, but it was still necessary to calculate the truth tables of the functions for the values of n needed to give the initial conditions for the recursion. This computation could be infeasible if the recursion order is large, since the truth tables have 2n entries. The present paper shows how to use the roots of the characteristic polynomial of the recursion to find the initial conditions without looking at any truth tables, given the mild and plausible assumption that these roots are distinct. This results in a huge decrease in the computational complexity (including the time needed to find the roots) to something linear in n, apart from logarithmic factors.
A graphite resistance heater for a hypersonic wind tunnel using nitrogen: Part I. Description of tunnel and heater

Abstract A heater system has been developed for a hypersonic wind tunnel which uses nitrogen as the test gas, and operates continuously at Mach numbers up to 20. The system uses a small electrically heated graphite element containing a spiral gas passage. A small pilot hypersonic nitrogen tunnel has been used in the development of the heater system. The tunnel is designed to operate ultimately at a gas stagnation pressure of 10 000 1bf/in2, but the work described here refers to operation at up to 1000 1bf/in2 stagnation pressure. This paper is concerned principally with the development of the heater system, and not with the establishment of high Mach number flow in the test section (for which purpose a second hypersonic nitrogen tunnel is being used). The stagnation temperature required to avoid condensation of the nitrogen in the test section at a Mach number of 20 is about 5000°R. The major problems encountered in achieving such a temperature, which is below that at which nitrogen begins to dissociate and so starts to react with graphite, have been caused by chemical reactions involving substances other than pure nitrogen and pure graphite. The purity of the gas supply, the cleanliness of the equipment and the grade of graphite are of the utmost importance. A thin impermeable coating of pyrolytic graphite over the outside of the heater element has been found to prevent the formation of holes in the outer wall, which occurred with uncoated elements. Such coated elements have regularly been used to provide steady gas temperatures up to 5000°R at 1000 1bf/in2 pressure. (The results are presented in detail in Part II.) Extending operation of the heating system to higher pressures is expected to present only minor problems. Gases other than nitrogen have been successfully used with the present heater and it is further suggested that experience gained with the described system will have application in the design of a similar heater for air as suitable non-oxidizing materials become available.
Combustion times and emission profiles of micron-sized aluminum particles burning in different environments

Abstract Optical signatures and combustion times for micron-sized aluminum particles are measured in oxidizing environments including nitrogen mixtures with oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water. Particles in a room temperature oxidizing gas stream are fed into a CO2 laser beam where they are ignited. Prior to entering the CO2 laser beam, each particle crosses a second, low energy laser beam and produces a scattered light signal used to determine the particle size in real time. The correlation between the measured particle sizes and their burn times produces an experimental trend that is compared to various correlations reported in the literature. In addition to the burn time measurements, detailed optical signatures are recorded for micron-sized aluminum particles burning in different environments. For aluminum burning in water vapor, the optical signature of the particle is substantially weaker than in other environments, possibly indicating a primarily surface oxidation. It is shown that semi-empirical and widely used τb–Dn expressions for the particle burn time, τb, as a function of its diameter, D, are inaccurate for the conditions that are different from those used to establish respective trends initially. It is observed that the effect of oxygen concentration on combustion time of micron-sized aluminum particles is weak when oxygen concentrations exceed 21%. Combustion times increase substantially for lower oxygen concentrations. Aluminum particle combustion times are substantially longer than predicted for experiments with water and carbon dioxide oxidizers. For all environments, the observed effect of particle size is relatively weak and the exponents in the descriptive Dn relations appropriate for the current experiments vary approximately from 0.3 to 1. The exponent close to 0.3 adequately describes current results for those oxidizing environments for which heterogeneous reactions appear to dominate.
Apical sodium entry in split frog skin: Current-voltage relationship

Apical Na+ entry into frog skin epithelium is widely presumed to be electrodiffusive in nature, as for other tight epithelia. However, in contrast to rabbit descending colon andNecturus urinary bladder, the constant field equation has been reported to fit the apical sodium current (NNa)-membrane potential (ψmc) relationship over only a narrow range of apical membrane potentials or to be inapplicable altogether. We have re-examined this issue by impaling split frog skins across the basolateral membrane and examining the current-voltage relationships at extremely early endpoints in time after initiating pulses of constant transepithelial voltage. In this study, the rapid transient responses in ψmc were completed within 0.5 to 3.5 msec. Using endpoints to 1 to 25 msec, the Goldman equation provided excellent fits of the data over large ranges in apical potential of 300 to 420 mV, from approximately −200 to about +145 mV (cell relative to mucosa). Split skins were also studied when superfused with high serosal K+ in order to determine whether theINa-ψmc relationship could be generated purely by transepithelial measurements. Under these conditions, the basolateral membrane potential was found to be −10±3 mV (cell relative to serosa, mean±se), the basolateral fractional resistance was greater than zero, and the transepithelial current was markedly and reversibly reduced. For these reasons, use of high serosal K+ is considered inadvisable for determining theINa-ψmc relationship, at least in those tissues (such as frog skin) where more direct measurements are technically feasible. Analysis of theINa-ψmc relationships under baseline conditions provided estimates of intracellular Na+ concentration and of apical Na+ permeability of 9 to 14mm and of ∼3 × 10−7 cm · sec−1, respectively, in reasonable agreement with estimates obtained by different techniques.
EARLY DETECTION OF HIGH MORTALITY RISK IN NEWBORN RESPIRATORY FAILURE

Objective measurement of newborn respiratory failure (NRF) is needed to compare treatment methods, compare groups of patients, and define indications for innovative treatment measures such as extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). A neonatal pulmonary insufficiency index (NPII) has been developed which integrates hypoxemia, acidosis, and time into a single cumulative number which can be calculated retroapectively or prospectively. NPII analysis was carried out on 245 patients in the following groups: 81 respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) under 1500 gram, 110 RDS over 1500 gram, 47 meconlum aspiration syndrome (MAS), and 7 persistent fetal circulation syndrome (PFC) with or without congenital diaphragmatic hernia. NPII was calculated at 4 hour intervals in each group and compared to ultimate outcome. The percent survival and mortality was determined for the patients at risk for each level of NPII at each time interval. By defining NPII/mortality isobars for 50, 75, 100%, etc. mortality risk can be determined for an individual patient prospectively. Using this method, 13 infants with 100% mortality risk NRF were treated with ECMO within the first two days of life; six survived (46%).
Direct measurement high resolution wide range extreme temperature optical sensor using an all-silicon carbide probe.

We propose and demonstrate a temperature sensing method using an all-silicon carbide probe that combines wavelength-tuned signal processing for coarse measurements and classical Fabry-Perot etalon peak shift for fine measurements. This method gives direct unambiguous temperature measurements with a high temperature resolution over a wide temperature range. Specifically, temperature measurements from room temperature to 1000°C are experimentally demonstrated with an estimated resolution varying from 0.66°C at room temperature to 0.12°C at 1000°C. The proposed sensor has applications in next-generation greener gas turbines for power production.
RAPID DISSOLUTION OF ALLOPHANE AND KAOLINITE-HALLOYSITE AFTER DEHYDRATION

ABSTRACT Differential dissolution in NaOH solution was investigated as a means of purification of clay. It was discovered that a large quantity of allophane and free alumina and silica were dissolved from clay preparations in 0.5 N NaOH solution by boiling for as little as 2.5 min, provided the ratio of clay weight to solution volume was kept less than 100 mg to 100 ml. Reprecipitation of dissolved silica occurred if a more prolonged digestion or higher sample to solution ratio was employed. Also, prolonged digestion in the NaOH solution (for 80 min) dissolved as much as 50 percent of kaolinite (Merck) and 25 percent of Wyoming montmorillonite, but only a small quantity of these crystalline minerals was dissolved during the 2.5 min digestion period. Subsequent dithionitecitrate-bicarbonate treatment removed the released iron. Marked improvement of x-ray diffraction patterns of the clays resulted. This rapid and selective dissolution of allophane and free oxides greatly improves the quantitative analysis of crystalline minerals by conventional methods. After dehydroxylation at 500°C, kaolinite and halloysite became amorphous and also dissolved by the same differential dissolution procedure. Heat-stable (aluminous) montmorillonite and chlorite were only slightly dissolved by this treatment. The selective removal of the 1: 1 layer aluminosilicates greatly improves the quantitative analysis of the remaining crystalline components of clays by conventional methods.
Strategies and performance in intentional L2 vocabulary learning

This study was designed to identify strategies used during intentional vocabulary learning and to assess the relationship between strategy use and vocabulary learning performance. English-speaking students of Spanish studied new Spanish words while viewing word-picture pairs. The participants then completed posttests and answered questions about their strategy use. Their responses were coded to identify each participant's most frequently used strategy (MFS). Frequency of use of each MFS was determined. A subset of posttest scores were submitted to an analysis of variance with MFS as a between-subjects independent variable, recall type as a within-subjects independent variable, and score as the dependent variable. The results indicated significantly better scores for mnemonic technique and L2–picture association over L2–L1 translation and repetition. A significant positive correlation was also observed between the number of strategies used and vocabulary recall. Theoretical and pedagogical implications of ...
Memory Functions of Nanocrystalline Indium Tin Oxide Embedded Zirconium-Doped Hafnium Oxide MOS Capacitors

A floating gate metal-oxide-semiconductor capacitor memory device utilizing nanocrystalline indium tin oxide (ITO) layer embedded in a zirconium-doped hafnium oxide (Zr-doped HfO 2 ) high-k gate dielectric has been fabricated and studied. The embedded ITO layer has crystalline structure with a grain size of about 5.4 nm. Capacitance-voltage and current-voltage measurements show positive charge trapping under the negative gate bias operation condition. Comparison to a control sample shows a fourfold increase (5.3 X 10 -12 cm -2 to 1.4 X 10 -12 cm -2 ) in oxide trapped charge density and opposite trapped charge polarity, indicating that the observed effects are due to the inclusion of the ITO floating gate layer. The device maintains a large postwrite window (>100 mV) over a ten-year period. Furthermore, the prominent charge transfer mechanism is direct tunneling. The negative differential resistance in the current-voltage curve shows the existence of the coulomb blockade effect that may limit negative charge storing and retention. The asymmetrical barrier of the Zr-doped HfO 2 allows for the enhanced hole retention while eliminating the possibility of electron retention.
Some biochemical properties of lyophilized mitochondria.

Abstract 1. 1. A rapid procedure for large scale preparation of mitochondria is presented. 2. 2. Some biochemical properties of mitochondrial powders have been studied. It was found that these preparations, or modifications thereof, oxidized a number of substrates. 3. 3. Measurements of oxidative phosphorylation, adenosine triphosphatase, and ATP-P i exchange activities have been carried out with these preparations.