cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Patient-Ventilator Asynchrony in a Traumatically Injured Population

BACKGROUND: Prolonged mechanical ventilation, longer hospital stay, and a lower rate of home discharge have been reported with patient-ventilator asynchrony in medical patients. Though commonly encountered, asynchrony is poorly defined within the traumatically injured population. METHODS: Mechanically ventilated trauma patients at an urban, level-1 center were enrolled. Breath waveforms were recorded over 30 min within the first 48 hours following intubation. Asynchronous breaths were defined as ineffective patient triggering, double-triggering, short-cycle breaths, and long-cycle breaths. Asynchronous subjects were defined as having asynchrony in ≥ 10% of total breaths. Demographic, injury, sedation/delirium scores, and clinical and discharge outcomes were prospectively collected. RESULTS: We enrolled 35 subjects: median age 47 y, 77.1% male, 28.6% with penetrating injuries, 16% with a history of COPD, median (IQR) Injury Severity Score 22 (17–27), and median (IQR) chest Abbreviated Injury Scale score 2 (0–6). We analyzed 15,445 breaths. Asynchrony was present in 25.7% of the subjects. No statistical differences between the asynchronous and non-asynchronous subjects were found for age, sex, injury mechanism, COPD history, delirium/sedation scores, PaO2/FIO2, PEEP, blood gas values, or sedative, narcotic, or haloperidol use. Asynchronous subjects more commonly used synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation (SIMV) (100% vs 38.5%, P = .002) and took fewer median spontaneous breaths/min: 4 breaths/min (IQR 3–8 breaths/min) vs 12 breaths/min (IQR 9–14 breaths/min) ( P = .007). SIMV with set breathing frequencies of ≥ 10 breaths/min was associated with increased asynchrony rates (85.7% vs 14.3%, P = .02). We found no difference in ventilator days, ICU or hospital stay, percent discharged home, or mortality between the asynchronous and non-asynchronous subjects. CONCLUSIONS: Ventilator asynchrony is common in trauma patients. It may be associated with SIMV with a set breathing frequency of ≥ 10 breaths/min, though not with longer mechanical ventilation, longer stay, or discharge disposition. (ClinicalTrials.gov [NCT01049958][1]) [1]: /lookup/external-ref?link_type=CLINTRIALGOV&access_num=NCT01049958&atom=%2Frespcare%2F58%2F11%2F1847.atom
Brief of Professors of Civil Procedure as Amici Curiae in Wood v. Moss, No. 13-115

In Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544 (2007), and Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662 (2009), the Court established the standards to determine whether a complaint states a claim upon which relief can be granted. That determination focuses on the elements of the claim and on the non-conclusory, factual matter alleged in that complaint. The sufficiency of a complaint must be established by reference to the alleged facts and the reasonable inferences that may be drawn therefrom. The question is whether those allegations and inferences plausibly suggest a claim upon which relief can be granted. Wood v. Moss, No. 13-115, now pending before the Supreme Court, raises the issue of what constitutes a reasonable inference under the Twombly-Iqbal standard. In our view, a reasonable inference is one on which reasonable minds may differ. It need not be the exclusive inference one may draw from the facts. Rather, it need only fall within the range of sensible, rational alternatives. We argue that the Court should adopt an approach to reasonable inferences that does not impose a restrictive pleading regime that is inconsistent with the principles underlying Rules 8(a)(2) and 12(b)(6) or with the Court’s decisions in Twombly and Iqbal. The endorsed standard should recognize the primary role of district courts in making what is essentially a practical and commonsense judgment as to which inferences may be sufficient to support a claim. Certainly, a mechanical formula intended to instruct courts on how to identify a reasonable inference would serve neither the ends of justice nor principles of sound case-management.
Combination oral contraceptives.

Although an individual assessment of the risks and benefits is always essential combined low-dose oral contraceptives (OCs) are an effective method of fertility control even for women with chronic medical problems. In addition to contraception therapeutic uses of combined OCs include acne anovulatory uterine bleeding control of bleeding with blood dyscrasias dysmenorrhea endometriosis hirsutism hypothalamic amenorrhea ovarian hormone replacement polycystic ovarian syndrome premenstrual syndrome and recurrent functional ovarian cysts. This article presents guidelines for clinicians on the selection of combined OC users counseling contraindications and management of adverse effects. It further outlines general considerations for the prescription of combined OCs to women with hypertension diabetes mellitus migraine headaches and epilepsy.
Enhanced intracellular delivery of small molecules and drugs via non-covalent ternary dispersions of single-wall carbon nanotubes

Albumins are used biologically and pharmacologically as transport proteins to deliver molecules to cells. Albumins also efficiently coat single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and promote their entry into mammalian and immune cells by the millions. Here, we show SWCNTs dispersed with bovine serum albumin (BSA) that are pre-loaded with rhodamine B (RB), small hydrophobic dye molecules that we consider here as models for drugs, drastically increase delivery of RB to HeLa cells and macrophages in culture. We determine spatial and concentration distribution of RB by independently visualizing SWCNTs and RB within the cells using unique SWCNT NIR fluorescence and fluorescence lifetime imaging of RB. The SWCNTs–BSA–RB ternary complexes are stable in water for days, and RB is only released when BSA is thermally or enzymatically denatured. We demonstrate efficacy of this approach by delivering daunomycin, a fluorescent chemotherapeutic drug that reduces proliferation in HeLa cells. Furthermore, we use molecular dynamics simulations to identify separate regions in BSA for drug loading and binding to SWCNTs. Together, our results demonstrate a pathway to enhance the delivery of a wide variety of drugs to cells through SWCNTs coated with albumin pre-loaded with drug molecules.
New Feather Mite Taxa (Acarina: Pterolichoidea) from the Avian Order Caprimulgiformes,

New genera and species of the family Pterolichidae are described as follows: Nyctibiolichus megamerus , N. sinuatus , n. gen., n. spp., from Nyctibius griseus (Nyctibiidae), Panama and Jamaica; Aegothelichus deficiens , n. gen., n. sp., from Aegotheles cristatus (Aegothelidae). Australia.
Cell Saver Use in Acetabular Surgery: Does Approach Matter?

Objective To determine if intraoperative autologous transfusion using a Cell Saver (CS) was routinely indicated for open reduction internal fixation (ORIF) of acetabular fractures, and if so, was there a difference between differing surgical approaches. Design Retrospective single-center cohort study. Setting University Level 1 trauma center. Patients/participants One hundred forty-five consecutive acetabular fractures using intraoperative autologous transfusion, either treated with an anterior ilioinguinal or a posterior-based Kocher-Langenbeck approach, were compared. Intervention Use of CS in ORIF acetabular cases. Main outcome measurements CS utilization and CS blood return for acetabular ORIF. Mean intraoperative blood loss between the 2 approaches. Results CS blood was returned in 29 of the 145 total cases [23/65 anterior (ilioinguinal approach) and 6/80 posterior approach (Kocher-Langenbeck)]. Mean intraoperative blood loss was 786 mL for the anterior approach and 485 mL for the posterior approach. Subgroup analysis identified anterior approach as the only risk factor for elevated blood loss and CS blood return. Conclusions CS is not indicated for routine use when performing ORIF of the acetabulum. Use of the CS may be warranted with anterior approaches if large amounts of blood loss are anticipated. Level of evidence Prognostic Level II. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
MTR-01BEVACIZUMAB-INDUCED MIF DEPLETION: A NOVEL RESISTANCE MECHANISM IN GLIOBLASTOMA.

Clinical trials revealed limited response duration of glioblastomas to the anti-angiogenic therapy bevacizumab, a VEGF-neutralizing antibody. Bevacizumab-resistant glioblastomas exhibit increased invasiveness and 50% more tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), which can be of classical M1 or pro-tumoral M2 subtypes. As macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) regulates tumor invasion and macrophage recruitment, we investigated MIF's role in bevacizumab resistance in glioblastoma. Patient bevacizumab-resistant glioblastomas exhibited 2-fold less MIF protein than bevacizumab-naive glioblastomas (n = 10; p < 0.05). Bevacizumab-resistant xenografts exhibited 6-fold less MIF protein and increased invasiveness than isogeneic bevacizumab-responsive xenografts (p < 0.05). Immunoprecipitation revealed that bevacizumab bound MIF, likely reflecting its 30% homology to the VEGF protein structure. Furthermore, VEGF stimulation of U87 cells in vitro increased MIF transcription and secretion 5-fold (p < 0.05), suggesting VEGF depletion as another mechanism of MIF downregulation. Site-directed biopsies of bevacizumab-naive glioblastomas revealed enriched MIF expression at the enhancing tumor margin, which was lost in bevacizumab-resistant glioblastomas (p < 0.05). A similar regional pattern of expression was seen with VEGF, supporting its role in stimulating tumor cell MIF secretion. Continued bevacizumab treatment of bevacizumab-resistant xenografts increased M2-like CD11b+ TAMs, 3-fold, with preferential localization at the tumor margin (p < 0.05). The same pattern of recruitment and polarization was seen in U87/MIF-shRNA relative to U87/control-shRNA intracranial xenografts (p < 0.05). When co-cultured with cells from bevacizumab-resistant xenografts or U87/MIF-shRNA cells, bone marrow matured to an M2-like phenotype (p < 0.05), while an M1-like phenotype was generated with addition of recombinant MIF in a dose-dependent manner (p < 0.05). In conclusion, MIF expression is enriched at the glioblastoma margin, a pattern that may create a perimeter of inflammatory M1-like TAMs. This pattern is lost with bevacizumab resistance, likely due to bevacizumab-induced MIF depletion and diminished VEGF-induced MIF upregulation. MIF depletion leads to M2-like TAM polarization and recruitment to the tumor margin, thus softening the tumor border and promoting invasive bevacizumab resistance.
The case for pancreas transplantation

More than 6,000 pancreas transplants had been performed by the end of 1994. Insulin-independence currently persists for more than one year in over 75% of diabetic recipients of simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplants, and in approximately 50% of recipients of a pancreas transplant alone. As kidney recipients are obligated to undergo immunosuppression in conjunction with this operation, the addition of a pancreas transplant entails only extra surgery. For non-uremic recipients of a pancreas transplant alone, immunosuppression itself is the trade-off for correction of diabetes. The problems of diabetes must be of a magnitude to justify the use of anti-rejection drugs. Thus, the main pancreas transplant applications have been in patients who are extremely labile or experience hypoglycaemic unawareness syndrome. Application to non-uremic patients without current problems would require randomisation to determine whether the probability of freedom from problems or the occurrence of complications differs over years of follow-up between a non-diabetic condition on immunosuppression and a diabetic status off immunosuppression. In the meantime, pancreas transplantation should be applied routinely to diabetic recipients of a kidney transplant or those whose quality of life is poor because of lability.
Prozeduren und Variable

In diesem Kapitel geht es fur Sie darum zu lernen, wie man ein Programm in einfache Unterprogramme aufteilt, die man “Prozedu­ren” nennt und Speicheradressen im Rechner mit Namen zu ver­sehen, in denen Daten, sogenannte “Variable”, gespeichert werden konnen.
Grid Generation and Adaptation by Monge-Kantorovich Optimization in Two and Three Dimensions

The derivation of the Monge-Ampere (MA) equation, as it results from a variational principle involving grid displacement, is outlined in two dimensions (2D). This equation, a major element of Monge-Kantorovich (MK) optimization, is discussed both in the context of grid generation and grid adaptation. It is shown that grids which are generated by the MA equation also satisfy equations of an alternate variational principle minimizing grid distortion. Numerical results are shown, indicating robustness to grid tangling. Comparison is made with the deformation method [G. Liao and D. Anderson, Appl. Analysis 44, 285 (1992)], the existing method of equidistribution. A formulation is given for more general physical domains, including those with curved boundary segments. The Monge-Ampere equation is also derived in three dimensions (3D). Several numerical examples, both with more general 2D domains and in 3D, are given.
Work-To-Family Conflict and Life Satisfaction: the Moderating Role of Type of Employment

Work-to-family conflict has been consistently found to be one of the factors impacting workers’ life satisfaction. Prior research has also highlighted how type of employment (self-employed versus employee) impacts life satisfaction. No prior research, however, has examined how type of employment moderates the association between work-to-family conflict and life satisfaction. This study adds to the existing literature by examining whether the relationship between work-to-family conflict and life satisfaction is moderated by type of employment. Using data from the 2008 National Study of the Changing Workforce (N = 3204), the study finds that work-to-family conflict is negatively correlated with life satisfaction, and that this negative correlation is stronger for those who are self-employed. Overall, this study contributes to the literature by highlighting the moderating effect of type of employment, and therefore deepens the understanding of the relationship between work-to-family conflict and life satisfaction.
Current and Potential Future Bromide Loads from Coal-Fired Power Plants in the Allegheny River Basin and Their Effects on Downstream Concentrations

The presence of bromide in rivers does not affect ecosystems or present a human health risk; however, elevated concentrations of bromide in drinking water sources can lead to difficulty meeting drinking water disinfection byproduct (DBP) regulations. Recent attention has focused on oil and gas wastewater and coal-fired power plant wet flue gas desulfurization (FGD) wastewater bromide discharges. Bromide can be added to coal to enhance mercury removal, and increased use of bromide at some power plants is expected. Evaluation of potential increases in bromide concentrations from bromide addition for mercury control is lacking. The present work utilizes bromide monitoring data in the Allegheny River and a mass-balance approach to elucidate bromide contributions from anthropogenic and natural sources under current and future scenarios. For the Allegheny River, the current bromide is associated approximately 49% with oil- and gas-produced water discharges and 33% with coal-fired power plants operating wet FGD,...
Geotechnologies, Public Policy, & Practical Applications

The collection of papers in this volume includes standard urban applications of GIS and multi-spectral remote sensing—as well as applications that demonstrate the utility of emerging (and increasingly accessible) technologies, such as LIDAR (J. Jensen et al.). The inclusion of LIDAR examples reflects the growing use of LIDAR technologies in urban planning and civil engineering. The precision of this technology makes it ideal for use in complex urban systems. Similarly, hyper-spectral sensors offer high resolution options to assess a variety of urban surfaces. With respect to both technologies, falling costs associated with both LIDAR and hyperspectral data are making these increasingly viable methods for urban data collection.
Sorption of Benzene, Dichloromethane, and 2-Butanone by Poly(methyl methacrylate), Poly(butyl methacrylate), and Their Copolymers at 323.15 K Using a Quartz Crystal Balance

Isothermal solubilities at 323.15 K of benzene, dichloromethane, and 2-butanone in poly(methyl methacrylate), poly(butyl methacrylate), and two different poly(methyl methacrylate)-poly(butyl methacrylate) copolymers are reported. Results were obtained for the concentrated polymer regime with a quartz crystal balance and are represented to within experimental error by a modified Flory–Huggins equation.
Computational Model-Based Analysis of Strategies to Enhance Scaffold Vascularization.

Abstract Stable and extensive blood vessel networks are required for cell function and survival in engineered tissues. A number of different strategies are currently being investigated to enhance b...
Error Abstraction Accuracy and Fixation during Error-Based Requirements Inspections

Software inspections are widely used as a requirements verification technique. Our research uses the tried-and-tested perspective of cognitive failures (i.e., human errors) to improve the effectiveness of fault detection during requirements inspections. We have previously shown that inspection effectiveness can be significantly improved by augmenting the current fault-based inspection technique with the proposed Error Abstraction and Inspection (supported by a Human Error Taxonomy). This paper investigates the impact of an inspector's ability to accurately abstract human errors on their fault-detection effectiveness.
It Follows : Precarity, Thanatopolitics, and the Ambient Horror Film

ABSTRACTIn the 2014 horror film It Follows, a teenage woman is terrorized by a fatal curse that passes from victim-to-victim via sexual intercourse. The subject of the curse is relentlessly pursued by vacant-minded assassins that take the form of friends, loved ones, and strangers. The film is set near the infamous dividing-line of Detroit’s 8 Mile Road, between what remains of the suburban working-class and the sacrifice zone of post-industrial urban triage. I argue that It Follows confronts audiences with the spectral manifestation of precarity: the deliberate and unequal redistribution of human fragility to populations who are the most socially and economically vulnerable. First, the generic shift from a specific monster to an anonymous and relentless force redeploys horror convention to draw attention to the conditions that induce horror within the prevailing socioeconomic order. Second, the film renders such precarity visible by contrasting the mise-en-scene of the suburban enclave with zones of post...
LEFT ATRIAL ENLARGEMENT IN PATIENTS WITH VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION: INNOCENT BYSTANDER OR MEANINGFUL DETERMINANT OF SURVIVAL?

Background: Left atrial enlargement is frequent in patients with left ventricular dysfunction (LVD) but is construed as secondary to LVD and its prognostic value is unknown. To assess whether left atrial volume index (LAVI) is an independent prognostic marker in LVD, a large series allowing
Effect of rest-pause vs. traditional bench press training on muscle strength, electromyography, and lifting volume in randomized trial protocols

Rest-pause (4-s unloaded rest between repetitions) training effects on one repetition maximum (1 RM), lifting volume, and neural activation via electromyography (EMG) are currently vague in the literature and can benefit strength and conditioning professionals for resistance training programme design. Therefore, this study compared 1 RM, neural activation via (EMG), and volume differences between rest-pause vs. traditional resistance training. Trained males (N = 20) were randomly assigned to either a rest-pause or a traditional training group. Pre- and post-1 RM testing was recorded. Training sessions were completed twice a week for 4 weeks and consisted of four sets of bench press to volitional fatigue at 80% of pre-test 1 RM with a 2-min rest between sets. Total volume completed was recorded on each training day. Neural activation of the pectoralis major was measured on the first and last training days. A two-way repeated-measures ANOVA indicated both groups significantly increased their 1 RMs following the 4-week training protocol (p .05). An independent samples t test indicated that total volume lifted was significantly higher for the rest-pause group (56,778 vs. 38,315 lbs; p < .05) throughout the protocol and independently during weeks 2, 3, and 4. While strength and neural activation changes did not differ between groups, both increased 1 RMs and the rest-pause group achieved greater increases in volume than the traditional group. If volume is the focus of training, the rest-pause method should be utilized.
Insights on the Structure, Molecular Weight and Activity of an Antibacterial Protein–Polymer Hybrid

Protein-polymer conjugates are attractive biomaterials which combine the functions of both proteins and polymers. The bioactivity of these hybrid materials, however, is often reduced upon conjugation. It is important to determine and monitor the protein structure and active site availability in order to optimize the polymer composition, attachment point, and abundance. The challenges in probing these insights are the large size and high complexity in the conjugates. Herein, we overcome the challenges by combining electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy (AFM) and characterize the structure of antibacterial hybrids formed by polyethylene glycol (PEG) and an antibacterial protein. We discovered that the primary reasons for activity loss were PEG blocking the substrate access pathway and/or altering protein surface charges. Our data indicated that the polymers tended to stay away from the protein surface and form a coiled conformation. The structural insights are meaningful for and applicable to the rational design of future hybrids.
Modeling and forecasting hotel room demand based on advance booking information

Abstract This study develops a stochastic approach to the short-term forecasting of hotel booking arrivals. We investigate the key characteristics of booking arrivals, specifically the time-varying arrivals rates, high variability in the final demand, and the strong positive correlations between arrivals in different time periods. We examine three Poisson mixture models to capture these salient features of booking arrivals. In particular, the presence of strong inter-temporal correlations can be leveraged for forecasting future arrivals based on the early realizations. We suggest a new forecasting method that exploits the intrinsic correlations between early and late bookings and then present validation results of data from a major hotel chain along with a comparison to benchmark models. Our empirical study confirms that our dynamic updating method leveraging inter-temporal correlations can significantly improve the short-term forecasting accuracy of hotel room demand.
Mechanisms of resistance to immune checkpoint inhibitors.

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) targeting CTLA-4 and the PD-1/PD-L1 axis have shown unprecedented clinical activity in several types of cancer and are rapidly transforming the practice of medical oncology. Whereas cytotoxic chemotherapy and small molecule inhibitors (‘targeted therapies’) largely act on cancer cells directly, immune checkpoint inhibitors reinvigorate anti-tumour immune responses by disrupting co-inhibitory T-cell signalling. While resistance routinely develops in patients treated with conventional cancer therapies and targeted therapies, durable responses suggestive of long-lasting immunologic memory are commonly seen in large subsets of patients treated with ICI. However, initial response appears to be a binary event, with most non-responders to single-agent ICI therapy progressing at a rate consistent with the natural history of disease. In addition, late relapses are now emerging with longer follow-up of clinical trial populations, suggesting the emergence of acquired resistance. As robust biomarkers to predict clinical response and/or resistance remain elusive, the mechanisms underlying innate (primary) and acquired (secondary) resistance are largely inferred from pre-clinical studies and correlative clinical data. Improved understanding of molecular and immunologic mechanisms of ICI response (and resistance) may not only identify novel predictive and/or prognostic biomarkers, but also ultimately guide optimal combination/sequencing of ICI therapy in the clinic. Here we review the emerging clinical and pre-clinical data identifying novel mechanisms of innate and acquired resistance to immune checkpoint inhibition.
Why Do States Seek to Acquire Nuclear Weapons

Conventional wisdom maintains that security concerns are the primary motivation for states to seek nuclear weapons. Indeed, history has shown that the predominant decisions to go nuclear (starting from the U.S., the Soviet Union, China, Israel, Pakistan, and to North Korea) appear to be motivated by security concerns. Yet, the fact there have been nuclear-capable states with precarious security concerns that have decided not to seek nuclear weapons serve to challenge the aforementioned conventional wisdom. Moreover, further research and case-by-case study coupled with understanding of the fact that each state in the world has different security condition and challenges show that security concerns are, in reality, not always the primary motivation.
Facing Our Failures

In today’s complex medical environment, the potential for error is high. Accountability for patient outcomes extends beyond the individual to include multiple people and the healthcare organization’s systems. As we struggle to accept and attribute accountability and learn from mistakes without blaming individuals, we inevitably encounter issues of fairness, blame, and guilt. A “Just Culture” framework may prove valuable to manage these contentious and emotional issues equitably. Highly trained, skilled, and caring physicians who competently manage the technical aspects of patient complications are poorly trained to face the emotional toll that accompanies harm-producing mistakes. This chapter provides advice and specific recommendations to help physicians and their organizations face their failures.
Fault Tolerant Traffic Engineering in Software-defined WAN

Software-defined networking in a wide area network (SD-WAN) allows intelligent control and management of networking, and efficient utilization of network resources through traffic engineering in real time for higher performance WANs. This paper proposes a fault-tolerant reactive routing system, called a smart routing system, for SD-WAN by investigating a variety of network features to be needed for monitoring in WAN in real time. The system keeps track of various network status data in real time to provide less packet loss and low network latency along with high availability and reliability in Software-defined WAN. We evaluate our system in real network provided by OpenLab at Juniper. Experimental results show that our approach successfully demonstrate resilience and efficiency by applying the programmability of SDN for WAN.
SMEM++: A Pipelined and Time-Multiplexed SMEM Seeding Accelerator for Genome Sequencing

Next-generation sequencing motivates the researchof FPGA acceleration for genome sequencing algorithms. Therecently developed quadratic-time SMEM seeding algorithmbecomes a time-consuming computation kernel in genomesequencing, but it has not been well studied. The fundamentalchallenge of accelerating the SMEM algorithm is to handle itslarge volume of random memory accesses. While the state-ofthe-art SMEM accelerator attempts sacrifices the performanceof individual processing elements to maximize the task-levelparallelism, this methodology suffers a serious resource underutilizationissue. Therefore, we propose SMEM++, a pipelinedand time-multiplexed FPGA accelerator for SMEM algorithm.SMEM++ adopts the canonical non-blocking pipelinemethodology and implements a fully pipelined acceleratorwith initiation interval equal to one. Moreover, we designa communication interface adapter to make the acceleratorcompatible to the target platform interface and increase itsportability. Experiments on the Intel HARPv2 platform showthat SMEM++ outperforms the original software by 24x, andoutperforms the state-of-the-art SMEM accelerator design by6.3x, with 43% less logic resource usage.
Effects of Home Photobiomodulation Treatments on Cognitive and Behavioral Function, Cerebral Perfusion, and Resting-State Functional Connectivity in Patients with Dementia: A Pilot Trial

Abstract Objective: To examine the effects of transcranial and intranasal photobiomodulation (PBM) therapy, administered at home, in patients with dementia. Background: This study sought to replica...
The effect of urbanicity on internalizing disorders.

OBJECTIVES Urbanicity is a known risk factor for psychopathology, yet the term urbanicity has been used to describe multiple constructs, resulting in mixed findings across the social sciences literature. METHODS We used the National Survey of American Life (N = 6,082) to construct a structural equation model of urbanicity and internalizing disorders. Urbanicity was measured using both neighborhood characteristics, as well as population-based measures. We hypothesized that urbanicity would predict higher rates of internalizing disorders. RESULTS Neighborhood quality (b* = 0.18, p < 0.001) was the strongest predictor of psychopathology in the final model. Population-based indicators were not significant predictors of internalizing disorders. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that neighborhood characteristics, rather than population-based indicators, may be better predictors of psychopathology. Future research should continue to develop and examine structural interventions. Integration of allied mental health professionals may help to alleviate negative health outcomes associated with poor neighborhood quality.
Data Collection in Cross-cultural Ethnographic Research:

Collecting data for cross-cultural research is time consuming and expensive. We report on techniques for efficient and effective cross-cultural data collection, drawn from 18 cross-cultural studies...
Histologic Variants of Acinar Adenocarcinoma, Ductal Adenocarcinoma, Neuroendocrine Tumors, and Other Carcinomas

Histologic variants of prostate acinar adenocarcinoma, ductal adenocarcinoma, neuroendocrine tumors, and other carcinomas account for 5–10% of prostate carcinomas and frequently are associated with ordinary acinar prostate adenocarcinoma. The morphologic spectrum of histologic variants of acinar adenocarcinoma ranges from tumors often resembling benign conditions, such as foamy and pseudohyperplastic carcinoma, to highly aggressive forms, such as sarcomatoid carcinoma. These histologic variants of acinar adenocarcinoma, ductal adenocarcinoma, neuroendocrine tumors, and other carcinomas often differ from acinar carcinoma in clinical, immunophenotypic, ultrastructural, or genetic features. Some of this histologic spectrum also differ in prognosis and may necessitate a different therapeutic approach. This chapter outlines important clinical and pathologic characteristics of histologic variants of acinar adenocarcinoma, ductal adenocarcinoma, neuroendocrine tumors, and other carcinomas.
Screening Tall Fescue for Resistance to Rhizoctonia solani and Rhizoctonia zeae Using Digital Image Analysis

Brown patch, caused by Rhizoctonia solani, is a destructive disease on tall fescue. Compared with R. solani, Rhizoctonia zeae causes indistinguishable symptoms in the field but varies in geographic distribution. This may contribute to geographic variability observed in the resistance response of improved brown patch-resistant cultivars. This study examined R. solani and R. zeae susceptibility of four cultivars, selected based on brown patch performance in the National Turfgrass Evaluation Program (NTEP), and nine plant introductions (PIs). Twenty genotypes per PI/cultivar were evaluated by using four clonal replicates in a randomized complete block design. Plants were inoculated under controlled conditions with two repetitions per pathogen. Disease severity was assessed digitally in APS Assess, and analysis of variance and correlations were performed in SAS 9.3. Mean disease severity was higher for R. solani (65%) than for R. zeae (49%) (P = 0.0137). Interaction effects with pathogen were not significant for PI (P = 0.0562) but were for genotype (P < 0.001). Moderately to highly resistant NTEP cultivars compared with remaining PIs exhibited lower susceptibility to R. zeae (P < 0.0001) but did not differ in susceptibility to R. solani (P = 0.7458). Correlations between R. solani and R. zeae disease severity were not significant for either PI (R = 0.06, P = 0.8436) or genotype (R = 0.11, P = 0.09). Breeding for resistance to both pathogens could contribute to a more geographically stable resistance response. Genotypes were identified with improved resistance to R. solani (40), R. zeae (122), and both pathogens (26).
Characterization of high-explosive detonations using broadband infrared external cavity quantum cascade laser absorption spectroscopy

Infrared laser absorption spectroscopy provides a powerful tool for probing physical and chemical properties of high-explosive detonations. A broadly tunable swept-wavelength external cavity quantum cascade laser operating in the mid-wave infrared (MWIR) spectral region is used to measure transmission through explosive fireballs generated from 14 g charges of 4 different explosive types detonated in an enclosed chamber. Analysis of time-resolved transmission and emission at a 2 μs sampling rate shows the evolution of fireball infrared opacity in the first 10 ms after detonation. Broadband high-resolution absorption spectra acquired over the spectral range of 2050–2300 cm−1 (4.35–4.88 μm) at a 100 Hz rate are used to measure properties of fireball evolution over longer time scales out to 100 s. Path-integrated concentrations of combustion products CO, CO2, H2O, and N2O are measured and show evolutions over multiple time scales and significant differences between explosive types. Spectral analysis is used to characterize gas temperature and to measure broadband attenuation from absorption and scattering of particulates. Analysis of the results provides information on the MWIR optical properties, gaseous detonation/combustion products, and particulates throughout the explosive process including initial detonation, fireball expansion and cooling, and diffusive mixing in the chamber.
Uncovering the relationship between food-related discussion on Twitter and neighborhood characteristics.

Objective Initiatives to reduce neighborhood-based health disparities require access to meaningful, timely, and local information regarding health behavior and its determinants. We examined the validity of Twitter as a source of information for neighborhood-level analysis of dietary choices and attitudes. Materials and methods We analyzed the "healthiness" quotient and sentiment in food-related tweets at the census tract level, and associated them with neighborhood characteristics and health outcomes. We analyzed keywords driving the differences in food healthiness between the most and least-affluent tracts, and qualitatively analyzed contents of a random sample of tweets. Results Significant, albeit weak, correlations existed between healthiness and sentiment in food-related tweets and tract-level measures of affluence, disadvantage, race, age, U.S. density, and mortality from conditions associated with obesity. Analyses of keywords driving the differences in food healthiness revealed foods high in saturated fat (eg, pizza, bacon, fries) were mentioned more frequently in less-affluent tracts. Food-related discussion referred to activities (eating, drinking, cooking), locations where food was consumed, and positive (affection, cravings, enjoyment) and negative attitudes (dislike, personal struggles, complaints). Discussion Tweet-based healthiness scores largely correlated with offline phenomena in the expected directions. Social media offer less resource-intensive data collection methods than traditional surveys do. Twitter may assist in informing local health programs that focus on drivers of food consumption and could inform interventions focused on attitudes and the food environment. Conclusions Twitter provided weak but significant signals concerning food-related behavior and attitudes at the neighborhood level, suggesting its potential usefulness for informing local health disparity reduction efforts.
Acute salpingitis in sterilized women.

Women with suspected acute salpingitis admitted to the teaching service of the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at Mount Sinai Hospital between January 1984 and May 1985 (Chicago Illinois) were evaluated according to a standard protocol that included diagnostic laparoscopy. Admission criteria for the study included at least 3 of the following major signs and symptoms of salpingitis: lower abdominal pain rebound or guarding on palpation of the lower abdomen cervical tenderness on pelvic bimanual examination elevated temperature of more than 38 degrees Centigrade abnormal vaginal or cervical discharge blood white cell count of more than 12000 leukocytes/mcgl or elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate of more than 15mm/hour. Blood and cervical cultures for "Neisseria gonorrheae" "Chlamydia trachomatis" aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms "Mycoplasma hominis" and "Ureaplasma urealyticum" were obtained on admission to the hospital. Endometrial cultures were obtained with a sterile Q-tip swab. The patients were hydrated before laparoscopy with intravenous infusion of lactated Ringer solution. Oral and rectal temperature measurements were recorded every 8 hours. Closed laparoscopy was performed with standard equipment. Salpingitis was staged into mild moderate or severe salpingitis according to the criteria established by Hager et al. Among 48 consecutive patients with documented acute salpingitis 4 (8%) had undergone an earlier tubal sterilization. Their oral and rectal temperatures leukocyte counts sedimentation rates and chemical profiles were within normal limits. 3 of the 4 women had positive genital cultures and the 4th patient had abundant leukocytes in her peritoneal fluid. 2 patients had positive cervical cultures; 1 patient had positive culture of the peritoneal fluid. All 4 patients were treated with either mezlocillin or doxycycline according to the study protocols used in the department at that time. Repeated cervical cultures for "N gonorrheae" and "C trachomatis" were negative. This experience suggests that the possibility of acute salpingitis must be considered in clinically symptomatic patients even if they have undergone a previous tubal occlusion.
Asymmetric Control of Coexisting Slow and Fast Rhythms in a Multifunctional Central Pattern Generator: A Model Study

Using a simulation approach, we propose a biophysically feasible mechanism describing how a multifunctional central pattern generator (CPG) can produce co-existing slow and fast rhythms of the patterned motor output. This mechanism suggests that the same core elemental CPG can produce either a locomotion or a paw shaking rhythm in mammals (cat). We built a Hodgkin–Huxley-style biophysical model that generates multistability of a locomotion-like regime and a paw shake-like regime. This model is constructed as a half-center oscillator (HCO), in which two inhibitory neurons (representing the respective neuronal populations in real CPGs) reciprocally inhibit each other. We propose that the locomotion rhythm and the paw shaking rhythm are controlled by two different slowly inactivating intrinsic ion currents. In our model, slowly inactivating low voltage-activated calcium current (ICaS) drives the locomotion-like regime, while slowly inactivating sodium current (INaS) drives the paw shakelike regime. We investigated whether asymmetric characteristics of these regimes could be reliably and separately controlled by asymmetric variation of the conductances of these two currents. We found that variation of the conductance of ICaS in only one neuron, while holding this conductance constant in the other neuron, produces asymmetric changes in bursting characteristics, including the burst duration and interburst interval of the locomotion-like regime without producing notable changes of the paw shake-like regime. We also found that similar variation of the conductance of INaS affects the bursting characteristics of both regimes, although the paw shake-like regime is affected more remarkably than the locomotion-like one.
Association of osteopenia and osteoporosis with higher rates of pseudarthrosis and revision surgery in adult patients undergoing single-level lumbar fusion

Objective Patients with osteopenia or osteoporosis who require surgery for symptomatic degenerative spondylolisthesis may have higher rates of postoperative pseudarthrosis and need for revision surgery than patients with normal bone mineral densities (BMDs). To this end, the authors compared rates of postoperative pseudarthrosis and need for revision surgery following single-level lumbar fusion in patients with normal BMD with those in patients with osteopenia or osteoporosis. The secondary outcome was to investigate the effects of pretreatment with medications that prevent bone loss (e.g., teriparatide, bisphosphonates, and denosumab) on these adverse outcomes in this patient cohort. Methods Patients undergoing single-level lumbar fusion between 2007 and 2017 were identified. Based on 1:1 propensity matching for baseline demographic characteristics and comorbidities, 3 patient groups were created: osteopenia (n = 1723, 33.3%), osteoporosis (n = 1723, 33.3%), and normal BMD (n = 1723, 33.3%). The rates of postoperative pseudarthrosis and revision surgery were compared between groups. Results The matched populations analyzed in this study included a total of 5169 patients in 3 groups balanced at baseline, with equal numbers (n = 1723, 33.3%) in each group: patients with a history of osteopenia, those with a history of osteoporosis, and a control group of patients with no history of osteopenia or osteoporosis and with normal BMD. A total of 597 complications were recorded within a 2-year follow-up period, with pseudarthrosis (n = 321, 6.2%) being slightly more common than revision surgery (n = 276, 5.3%). The odds of pseudarthrosis and revision surgery in patients with osteopenia were almost 2-fold (OR 1.7, 95% CI 1.26-2.30) and 3-fold (OR 2.73, 95% CI 1.89-3.94) higher, respectively, than those in patients in the control group. Similarly, the odds of pseudarthrosis and revision surgery in patients with osteoporosis were almost 2-fold (OR 1.92, 95% CI 1.43-2.59) and > 3-fold (OR 3.25, 95% CI 2.27-4.65) higher, respectively, than those in patients in the control group. Pretreatment with medications to prevent bone loss prior to surgery was associated with lower pseudarthrosis and revision surgery rates, although the differences did not reach statistical significance. Conclusions Postoperative pseudarthrosis and revision surgery rates following single-level lumbar spinal fusion are significantly higher in patients with osteopenia and osteoporosis than in patients with normal BMD. Pretreatment with medications to prevent bone loss prior to surgery decreased these complication rates, although the observed differences did not reach statistical significance.
DeepLiverNet: a deep transfer learning model for classifying liver stiffness using clinical and T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging data in children and young adults

Although MR elastography allows for quantitative evaluation of liver stiffness to assess chronic liver diseases, it has associated drawbacks related to additional scanning time, patient discomfort, and added costs. To develop a machine learning model that can categorically classify the severity of liver stiffness using both anatomical T2-weighted MRI and clinical data for children and young adults with known or suspected pediatric chronic liver diseases. We included 273 subjects with known or suspected chronic liver disease. We extracted data including axial T2-weighted fast spin-echo fat-suppressed images, clinical data (e.g., demographic/anthropomorphic data, particular medical diagnoses, laboratory values) and MR elastography liver stiffness measurements. We propose DeepLiverNet (a deep transfer learning model) to classify patients into one of two groups: no/mild liver stiffening (<3 kPa) or moderate/severe liver stiffening (≥3 kPa). We conducted internal cross-validation using 178 subjects, and external validation using an independent cohort of 95 subjects. We assessed diagnostic performance using accuracy, sensitivity, specificity and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AuROC). In the internal cross-validation experiment, the combination of clinical and imaging data produced the best performance (AuROC=0.86) compared to clinical (AuROC=0.83) or imaging (AuROC=0.80) data alone. Using both clinical and imaging data, the DeepLiverNet correctly classified patients with accuracy of 88.0%, sensitivity of 74.3% and specificity of 94.6%. In our external validation experiment, this same deep learning model achieved an accuracy of 80.0%, sensitivity of 61.1%, specificity of 91.5% and AuROC of 0.79. A deep learning model that incorporates clinical data and anatomical T2-weighted MR images might provide a means of risk-stratifying liver stiffness and directing the use of MR elastography.
Singlet Oxygen Formation vs Photodissociation for Light-Responsive Protic Ruthenium Anticancer Compounds: The Oxygenated Substituent Determines Which Pathway Dominates.

Ruthenium complexes bearing protic diimine ligands are cytotoxic to certain cancer cells upon irradiation with blue light. Previously reported complexes of the type [(N,N)2Ru(6,6'-dhbp)]Cl2 with 6,6'-dhbp = 6,6'-dihydroxybipyridine and N,N = 2,2'-bipyridine (bipy) (1A), 1,10-phenanthroline (phen) (2A), and 2,3-dihydro-[1,4]dioxino[2,3-f][1,10]phenanthroline (dop) (3A) show EC50 values as low as 4 μM (for 3A) vs breast cancer cells upon blue light irradiation ( Inorg. Chem. 2017, 56, 7519). Herein, subscript A denotes the acidic form of the complex bearing OH groups, and B denotes the basic form bearing O- groups. This photocytotoxicity was originally attributed to photodissociation, but recent results suggest that singlet oxygen formation is a more plausible cause of photocytotoxicity. In particular, bulky methoxy substituents enhance photodissociation but these complexes are nontoxic ( Dalton Trans 2018, 47, 15685). Cellular studies are presented herein that show the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and apoptosis indicators upon treatment of cells with complex 3A and blue light. Singlet oxygen sensor green (SOSG) shows the formation of 1O2 in cell culture for cells treated with 3A and blue light. At physiological pH, complexes 1A-3A are deprotonated to form 1B-3B in situ. Quantum yields for 1O2 (ϕΔ) are 0.87 and 0.48 for 2B and 3B, respectively, and these are an order of magnitude higher than the quantum yields for 2A and 3A. The values for ϕΔ show an increase with 6,6'-dhbp derived substituents as follows: OMe < OH < O-. TD-DFT studies show that the presence of a low lying triplet metal-centered (3MC) state favors photodissociation and disfavors 1O2 formation for 2A and 3A (OH groups). However, upon deprotonation (O- groups), the 3MLCT state is accessible and can readily lead to 1O2 formation, but the dissociative 3MC state is energetically inaccessible. The changes to the energy of the 3MLCT state upon deprotonation have been confirmed by steady state luminescence experiments on 1A-3A and their basic analogs, 1B-3B. This energy landscape favors 1O2 formation for 2B and 3B and leads to enhanced toxicity for these complexes under physiological conditions. The ability to convert readily from OH to O- groups allowed us to investigate an electronic change that is not accompanied by steric changes in this fundamental study.