cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hardware development for the surface tension driven convection experiment

The Surface Tension Driven Convection Experiment is a Space Transportation System flight experiment to study both transient and steady thermocapillary fluid flows aboard the USML-1 Spacelab mission planned for March 1992. Hardware is under development to establish the experimental conditions and to perform the specified measurements for both ground-based research and the flight experiment in a Spacelab single rack. Major development areas include an infrared thermal imaging system for surface temperature measurement, a CO2 laser and control system for surface heating, and, for flow visualization, a He-Ne laser and optical system in conjunction with an intensifed video camera. For ground-based work, the components of each system have been individually purchased or designed and tested. The three systems will be interfaced with the balance of the experimental hardware and will constitute a working engineering model.
Penetration of Sulfonamides Through Intact Skin by Iontophoresis and other Means of Local Application

Summary1. The penetration of sodium sulfathiazole (NaSAT) into the intact skin of rats, rabbits, and humans, up to 6 hours'application by iontophoresis and from wet dressings, is essentially equal, while that from an ointment base is less than either of these. Penetration is somewht better from wet dressings than by iontophoresis after longer times.2. Saturated (1.8%) calcium sulfathiazole (CaSAT) penetrates the intact skin of rats to the same extent by iontophoresis as from 5% NaSAT ointment.3. Iontophoresis of NaSAT through the intact skin of rabbits produces a greater concentration of SAT in subcutaneous muscle than wet dressing application, but the concentrations in deep muscle and blood are negligibly small.4. Impaired circulation in rats by ligation of the limbs, has little effect on penetration of CaSAT and NaSAT into these limbs by iontophoresis and from ointment.5. Penetration of CaSAT and NaSAT by iontophoresis and from wet dressings into rabbit skin is essentially the same. Penetration of NaSAT...
On the Capacity-Expansion of Desalination Plants and Storage Tanks

A mathematical programming model is structured to find the optimal time and capacity expansion path of desalination plants and storage tanks for a hypothetical community which depends on desalination as its sole, or major, water supply source. The objective is to determine the least costly combination of sues and times of installation (of both desalting plants and storage tanks) which can meet a rising water demand over a finite planning horizon. The optimality criterion used in the model is based on two major economic elements: the economies of scale inherent in such facilities and the time-value of money represented by the interest rate, the former favoring large capacities and the latter small capacities. The model is applied using three population growth patterns and two interest rates. The water demand components for every year in the planning period are computed using empirical formulas which are based on population and other basic data. The model is solved for each of the above cases with the aid of a computer program based on the method of feasible conjugate directions. The results clearly reflect the balance between the economies of scale and the time-value of money under every demand growth function.
Kazakh Chinggisids, land and political power in the nineteenth century: a case study of Syrymbet

This article tells the story of a piece of land called Syrymbet, which was the patrimony of Middle Horde khans in the eighteenth century, but which had shrunk over the course of the nineteenth century until nothing was left of it but a small plot of privately claimed property. Over this period, which saw the erection of an imperial legal-administrative structure in the steppe, the nomadic political culture and the nature of nomadic land claims within it evolved, as Chinggisids, the traditional elite caste in Kazakh society, struggled to defend their land rights, social status and political power based in patronage. Based on a close reading of archival and published sources, this micro-history traces the actions of Syrymbet's Chinggisid claimants Aighanym and her son Chinggis, from the 1820s to the 1890s, and argues that their adaptation to Russian rule facilitated their downfall, while new elites emerged to play their roles in a transformed nomadic society.
Object Recognition May Distort Size Perception

Size estimation may be influenced by characteristics recalled about the object viewed. This study evaluated the influence of object familiarity on estimation of size. We compared size estimates of several familiar objects with size estimates of undefined objects matched for dimensions of pattern and color. Those estimating the size of the familiar objects made significantly larger errors than those estimating the size of the undefined objects. In a second study size estimation errors from memory were larger than when objects were directly viewed. Experience with the objects appears to decrease accuracy of estimates of size but errors may be reduced by directly observing the object.
The evaluation of two methods to facilitate shared decision making for men considering the prostate-specific antigen test.

OBJECTIVE: California law (Grant H. Kenyon Prostate Cancer Detection Act) requires physicians to inform all patients older than aged 50 years who receive a prostate examination about the availability of the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test. Physicians are not given guidance on how this information should be presented. We sought to evaluate the effects upon PSA screening rates of informing patients about PSA testing by 2 different techniques.
Meaning of aging in women's lives.

As limited resources led me to combine teaching and research responsibilities, my students have been participating in an assignment that involves listening to aging women in order to discover how w...
Variable organization in cortical maps of the skin as an indication of the lifelong adaptive capacities of circuits in the mammalian brain.

Abstract Little is understood about how integrative functions of the brain change over life. Recent studies of cortical somatosensory maps in particular genetic strains of animals and in animals that have different prenatal, postnatal, or adult histories indicate that map organization can be modified at all times between conception and death. These changes in cortical maps provide useful models for understanding changes in the integrative functions of complex brain networks throughout life.
Relating the movement of a rapidly migrating ungulate to spatiotemporal patterns of forage quality

Migratory ungulates exhibit recurring movements, often along traditional routes between seasonal ranges each spring and autumn, which allow them to track resources as they become available on the landscape. We examined the relationship between spring migration of mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) and forage quality, as indexed by spatiotemporal patterns of fecal nitrogen and remotely sensed greenness of vegetation (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index; NDVI) in spring 2010 in the Piceance Basin of northwestern Colorado, USA. NDVI increased throughout spring, and was affected primarily by snow depth when snow was present, and temperature when snow was absent. Fecal nitrogen was lowest when deer were on winter range before migration, increased rapidly to an asymptote during migration, and remained relatively high when deer reached summer range. Values of fecal nitrogen corresponded with increasing NDVI during migration. Spring migration for mule deer provided a way for these large mammals to increase access to a high-quality diet, which was evident in patterns of NDVI and fecal nitrogen. Moreover, these deer “jumped” rather than “surfed” the green wave by arriving on summer range well before peak productivity of forage occurred. This rapid migration may aid in securing resources and seclusion from others on summer range in preparation for parturition, and to minimize detrimental factors such as predation, and malnutrition during migration.
Transgenerational Transmission of Hyperactivity in a Mouse Model of ADHD

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurobehavioral disorder affecting children and adults. Genetic and environmental factors are associated with the etiology of ADHD. Among the environmental factors, exposure of the developing brain to nicotine is considered a major risk factor. Recent evidence suggests that environmental influences on the brain and behavior may be transmitted from one generation to the next. We used a prenatal nicotine exposure (PNE) mouse model of ADHD to test the hypothesis that PNE-induced hyperactivity, a proxy for human ADHD phenotype, is transmitted from one generation to the next. Our data reveal transgenerational transmission of PNE-induced hyperactivity in mice via the maternal but not the paternal line of descent. We suggest that transgenerational transmission is a plausible mechanism for propagation of environmentally induced ADHD phenotypes in the population.
Infectious scleritis after retinal surgery.

Purpose To report a series of patients in whom infectious scleritis developed after vitreoretinal surgery. Design Interventional case series of four patients. Methods Medical records of patients at a single institution in whom infectious scleritis developed after vitreoretinal surgery were reviewed. Results In three patients, infectious scleritis developed after 20-gauge pars plana vitrectomy, and in one patient, infectious scleritis developed after a scleral buckling procedure. Three cases were had positive culture results; the identified organisms were Pseudomonas aeruginosa in two cases and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in one. The fourth patient did not have culture results but responded rapidly to empiric treatment with moxifloxacin. In one patient, surgically induced necrotizing scleritis subsequently developed. Conclusions Although infectious scleritis is an uncommon complication after vitreoretinal surgery, it should be a considered cause in patients with persistent postoperative pain and inflammation.
Cut sharing for multistage stochastic linear programs with interstage dependency

Multistage stochastic programs with interstage independent random parameters have recourse functions that do not depend on the state of the system. Decomposition-based algorithms can exploit this structure by sharing cuts (outer-linearizations of the recourse function) among different scenario subproblems at the same stage. The ability to share cuts is necessary in practical implementations of algorithms that incorporate Monte Carlo sampling within the decomposition scheme. In this paper, we provide methodology for sharing cuts in decomposition algorithms for stochastic programs that satisfy certain interstage dependency models. These techniques enable sampling-based algorithms to handle a richer class of multistage problems, and may also be used to accelerate the convergence of exact decomposition algorithms.
Getting Inside the Black Box: Examining How the Operation of Charter Schools Affects Performance

In recent years, a series of articles have examined the performance of charter schools with mixed results. Some of this research has shown that charter school performance varies by charter type or the age of the school (Bifulco & Ladd, 2006; Buddin & Zimmer, 2005; Hanushek, Kain, & Rivkin, 2002; Sass, 2006). However, this research has not examined the school attributes that lead to high- or low-achieving charter schools. In this article, we examine how student achievement varies with school operational features using student-level achievement and survey data for charter and a matched-set of traditional public schools from California. We did not find operational characteristics that were consistently related with student achievement, but we did identify some features that are more important at different grade levels or in charter schools versus in traditional public schools. We also examined the relationship between greater autonomy within schools, which is a major tenet of the charter movement, and studen...
Relevance of animal models for clinical treatment

The use of animal models has become an integral part of the evaluation of drugs for antimicrobial chemotherapy. Animal models can be used to define the penetration of antimicrobial agents at foci of infections, the time course of in vivo antimicrobial therapy, dose-response relationships, and the influence of therapy on the pathophysiologic consequences of infection. Animal models have been useful in the delineation of many of the basic principles currently used in clinical practice and in the selection of new agents and new therapeutic approaches for clinical trials in humans. In spite of the many positive aspects of animal models, several problems, such as altered pharmacokinetics in animals, can preclude direct application of results to clinical practice. Studies in animal models cannot replace the need for human clinical trials.
Movement Science: Implicit and Explicit Processes during Acquisition of Functional Skills

Two processes are proposed to mediate skill learning. Through an explicit process, the performer develops a set of correspondences between his/her morphology and the environmental constraints leading to goal-attainment. The second, implicit learning process underlies the dynamics of force generation and determines efficiency of performance. These interdependent processes operate in parallel, change at different rates, and give rise to internal models regulating different motor control functions. To facilitate these two learning processes, therapy should differ. For explicit learning, therapists can tap into consciously available processes and directly instruct the performer about key environmental features, movement organization, and task-relevant feedback. These interventions are not useful to enhance force generation, as such processes are not consciously available. For implicit learning, therapists must creatively structure the environment to compel appropriate force generation as an indirect consequen...
The Reverend and the Ravens: Comment on Seawright

The purpose of this Comment is to put the current debate regarding testing necessary conditions into perspective and to point out a particularly troubling aspect of the “all cases” research design (Seawright 2002). Prior to the recent spate of books and articles in the social sciences (Ragin 1987; Dion 1988; Braumoeller and Goertz 2000), the debate over the testing or the confirmation of necessary conditions took place in the philosophical literature, mainly in terms of Hempel’s (1945) paradox of the ravens. In what follows, I briefly review Hempel’s paradox and the Bayesian solution to it. I argue that Seawright’s account, while Bayesian in nature, relies on an assumption that no Bayesian would be willing to make.
Domestic Violence, Contested Custody, and the Courts: A Review of Findings from Five Studies with Accompanying Documentary:

In keeping with the 2011 PSA meeting's theme, “Sociologists as Claims Makers: Turning Theory Into Action,” the presidential address reported research findings (scientific sociology) that were accom...
THE EFFECT OF RENNIN UPON CASEIN I. THE SOLUBILITY OF PARACASEIN IN SODIUM HYDROXIDE.

1. The preparation and purification of paracasein was described and certain criteria for the absence of free enzyme provided for. 2. The solubility of purified paracasein in water at low temperature was studied, and found practically identical with the solubility of casein. 3. The capacity of paracasein to bind base was investigated by means of its solubility in NaOH at 5° and at 23° ± 2°C., and found to be distinctly different from that of casein. 4. At these two temperature levels paracasein had a 1.5 greater capacity to bind base than casein. The equivalent combining weights of paracasein and casein were found to stand each to the other, apapproximately, as 2 to 3. 5. This relationship suggested that the temperature coefficients of the solubility of paracasein and casein in NaOH are identical. 6. This evidence indicates that paracasein is a modification of casein, distinguishable by physicochemical means.
Sources of mutagens in contra costa county community aerosols during pollution episodes: Diurnal variations and relations to source emissions tracers

Abstract This study measured the mutagenic activity of ambient aerosol extracts collected in Contra Costa Country, CA, and quantitated a number of organic compounds which contribute to the mutagenicity. Air sampling was carried out at four locations during 36-h pollution episodes in August and October 1981 and in January 1982. Three 12-h daytime and nighttime samples were collected. Solvent extracts of particulate organic matter (POM) were analyzed for mutagenic activity in the Ames Salmonella test and for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detection. Pb, Ni, Fe, NO 3 − , SO 4 2− , O 3 , CO, NO, NO 2 , and SO 2 were also measured. Diurnal variation in mutagenicity and chemical pollutant concentrations were compared. Mutagenicity was found to be consistently and strongly associated with lead-containing fine particles ( μ md a ), emitted primarily by gasoline-powered vehicles without catalysts. During a winter inversion, possible contributions to PAH from residential wood combustion were also noted.
Measurement of Transport and Inelastic Scattering Cross Sections for Fast Neutrons. II. Experimental Results

Measurements of poor geometry scattering and back scattering are described for neutrons of energies of 0.2, 0.6, 1.5, and 3 Mev. The following materials were investigated: C, Be, ${\mathrm{B}}^{10}$, ${\mathrm{B}}^{11}$, BeO, Al, Fe, Cu, Co, Ni, Ta, W, Au, and Pb. Values of the cross sections for inelastic scattering and the transport cross sections are given for these materials.
Size and Productivity in the U.S. Milling and Baking Industries

From the late 1950s through mid-1990s, productivity growth in U.S. grain milling and feed manufacturing has been consistently strong and positive. In grain milling, approximately 15% of the growth is due to size economies. Technical change has been capital-using, increasingly material-saving, and, in recent years, decreasingly labor-saving or increasingly labor-using. The quality of capital has risen relative to that of labor and materials. In all but the baking industry, capital intensification and incentives for plant size growth remain unabated. Copyright 2000, Oxford University Press.
Star RLS lattice adaptive filters

The recursive least squared lattice (LSL) algorithm based on the newly developed scaled tangent rotations (STAR) is derived. Similar to other recursive least square lattice algorithm for adaptive filtering, this algorithm requires only O(N) operations. The algorithm also preserved the desired properties of the STAR-RLS algorithm. Specifically, it can be pipelined at fine-grain level. To this end, a pipelined version of the STAR-LSL (referred to as PSTAR-LSL) is also developed. Computer simulations show that the performance of the STAR-LSL algorithm is as good as the QRD-LSL algorithm. Finite wordlength simulations also verify that this algorithm is robust to roundoff error.
Estimation of Human Ankle Impedance During the Stance Phase of Walking

Human joint impedance is the dynamic relationship between the differential change in the position of a perturbed joint and the corresponding response torque; it is a fundamental property that governs how humans interact with their environments. It is critical to characterize ankle impedance during the stance phase of walking to elucidate how ankle impedance is regulated during locomotion, as well as provide the foundation for future development of natural, biomimetic powered prostheses and their control systems. In this study, ankle impedance was estimated using a model consisting of stiffness, damping and inertia. Ankle torque was well described by the model, accounting for 98 ±1.2% of the variance. When averaged across subjects, the stiffness component of impedance was found to increase linearly from 1.5 to 6.5 Nm/rad/kg between 20% and 70% of stance phase. The damping component was found to be statistically greater than zero only for the estimate at 70% of stance phase, with a value of 0.03 Nms/rad/kg. The slope of the ankle's torque-angle curve-known as the quasi-stiffness-was not statistically different from the ankle stiffness values, and showed remarkable similarity. Finally, using the estimated impedance, the specifications for a biomimetic powered ankle prosthesis were introduced that would accurately emulate human ankle impedance during locomotion.
Adaptation in Distributed Projects: Collaborative Processes in Digital Natives and Digital Immigrants

The emergence and widespread use of collaborative technologies for distributed project management has opened up opportunities for off-shore outsourcing and collaborative development. The use of collaborative technologies by participants in distributed projects varies greatly affecting the success of the projects. This paper investigates collaborative interactions among two sets of globally distributed participants. The two sets of distributed groups vary in size, age and experience with the collaborative technologies. Through a comparative analysis using grounded theory analysis of both sets of group interactions, this paper provides insight into the extent and type of adaptation required for successful distributed projects.
Design guidelines for deep-submicrometer MOSFETs

A comprehensive study of the performance and reliability constraints on the dimensions and power supply of deep-submicrometer non-LDD (lightly doped drain) n-channel MOSFETs is presented. Design guidelines extracted from experimental results are presented that are based on the following factors: short-channel effects; drain-induced barrier-lowering effects, off-state leakage currents, hot-electron reliability, time-dependent dielectric breakdown, current-driving capability, voltage gain, and switching speed. The relative importance of each mechanism for a given technology and design is examined. As an example, a set of design curves using typical performance and reliability criteria is provided for n-channel deep-submicrometer devices. With slight modifications, these design curves can also be extended to other technologies, including p-channel and LDD devices. >
High-resolution positive resists for electron-beam exposure

This paper examines the utility of four newly proposed positive resists whose processing combines electron-beam-induced degradation of certain polymers and, subsequently, in situ fractionation according to molecular weight. Positive-resist action in four systems formulated on this concept has been demonstrated. Typical sensitivity in electron-beam exposure is 10-4 coulomb/cm2. Two resists exhibit resolution better than 1 micron. One resist investigated in detail yields extremely clean edges in electron-beam exposure, is resistant to hydrofluoric acid etching baths, and appears otherwise applicable to the fabrication of circuit elements of submicron size.
The Arctic Climate Modeling Program: Professional Development for Rural Teachers

the arctic Climate modeling Program (a CmP) offered year long science, technology, engineering, and math (Stem) professional development to teachers in rural alaska. teacher training focused on introducing youth to workforce technologies used in arctic research. Due to challenges in making professional development accessible to rural teachers, aCmP modified the traditional IteSt format, instead offer ing unique “curriculum resource-based professional development” that provided a year-round mix of training options for 165 teachers. Sustainable program resources were created in collaboration with scientists from five research centers to mimic the processes and instruments used to study arctic climate. teachers were involved in the iterative design process because research indicates that teacher input into curriculum development builds teacher enthusiasm, pedagogical content knowledge, and a sense of ownership of the end product. this study explores the question: Did the aCmP professional development framework provide teachers in rural alaska schools with the tools and knowledge they needed to improve Stem instruction? a grounded theory approach was used to analyze teacher qualitative feedback. teacher comments were coded and patterns analyzed in three databases. this analysis, along with student field-test data, provides evidence that the aCmP model is a feasible alternative to the IteSt model for offering teacher Stem professional development in rural ar
Hadron and electron response of uranium/liquid argon calorimeter modules for the D0 detector

Abstract We present the results of tests made on two types of uranium/liquid argon calorimeter modules, one electromagnetic and one hadronic, constructed for the D0 detector at the Fermilab Tevatron Collider. For electrons and hadrons with energies between 10 and 150 GeV, we present measurements of energy resolution, linearity of response, electromagnetic to hadronic response ratio ( e π ), and longitudinal hadronic shower development. We have also investigated the effects of adding small amounts of methane to the liquid argon.
Lab-on-a-Tip (LOT): Where Nanotechnology Can Revolutionize Fibre Optics

Recently developed lab-on-a-chip technologies integrate multiple traditional assays on a single chip with higher sensitivity, faster assay time, and more streamlined sample operation. We discuss the prospects of the lab-on-a-tip platform, where assays can be integrated on a miniaturized tip for in situ and in vivo analysis. It will resolve some of the limitations of available lab-on-a-chip platforms and enable next generation multifunctional in vivo sensors, as well as analytical techniques at the single cell or even sub-cellular levels.
The Labor of Pleasure How Perceptions of Emotional Labor Impact Women's Enjoyment of Pornography

Propornography and antipornography literatures have failed to elucidate the complexity of women's consumption of pornography. This article submits that a reconstructed theory of emotional labor, developed from the perspective of the consumer, explains some of women's ambivalence toward pornography. Findings are based on interviews with 30 women who enjoy porn films. The women's ambivalence reflected their perception of emotional labor in pornographic production. Although they found pornography arousing, they faced uncertainty over the authenticity of the porn actresses' pleasure. Furthermore, they perceived emotional authenticity through the lens of their personal biographies. Specifically, their economic backgrounds and experiences with sexual coercion are discussed. This study fills two gaps: (1) By linking the production and consumption of pornography, it enables a deeper exploration of women's ambivalence and the subsequent implications for understanding sexuality, and (2) it features the experiences ...
Isolation and Characterization of Fission Yeast sns Mutants Defective at the Mitosis-to-Interphase Transition

pim1-d1ts was previously identified in a visual screen for fission yeast mutants unable to complete the mitosis-to-interphase transition. pim1+ encodes the guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) for the spi1 GTPase. Perturbations of this GTPase system by either mutation or overproduction of its regulatory proteins cause cells to arrest with postmitotic condensed chromosomes, an unreplicated genome, and a wide medial septum. The septation phenotype of pim1-d1ts was used as the basis for a more extensive screen for this novel class of sns (septated, not in S-phase) mutants. Seventeen mutants representing 14 complementation groups were isolated. Three strains, sns-A3, sns-A5, and sns-A6, representing two different alleles, are mutated in the pim1+ gene. Of the 13 non-pim1ts sns complementation groups, 11 showed genetic interactions with the spi1 GTPase system. The genes mutated in 10 sns strains were synthetically lethal with pim1-d1, and six sns strains were hypersensitive to overexpression of one or more of the known components of the spil GTPase system. Epistasis analysis places the action of the genes mutated in nine of these strains downstream of pim1+ and the action of one gene upstream of pim1+. Three strains, sns-A2, sns-B1, and sns-B9, showed genetic interaction with the spil GTPase system in every test performed. sns-B1 and sns-B9 are likely to identify downstream targets, whereas sns-A2 is likely to identify upstream regulators of the spi1 GTPase system that are required for the mitosis-to-interphase transition.
Changes in inflammatory biomarkers following one-year of moderate resistance training in overweight women.

Changes in inflammatory biomarkers following one-year of moderate resistance training in overweight women
Temperament trait of sensory processing sensitivity moderates cultural differences in neural response

This study focused on a possible temperament-by-culture interaction. Specifically, it explored whether a basic temperament/ personality trait (sensory processing sensitivity; SPS), perhaps having a genetic component, might moderate a previously established cultural difference in neural responses when making context-dependent vs context-independent judgments of simple visual stimuli. SPS has been hypothesized to underlie what has been called inhibitedness or reactivity in infants, introversion in adults,
Feeling Superior Is a Bipartisan Issue Extremity (Not Direction) of Political Views Predicts Perceived Belief Superiority

Accusations of entrenched political partisanship have been launched against both conservatives and liberals. But is feeling superior about one's beliefs a partisan issue? Two competing hypotheses exist: the rigidity-of-the-right hypothesis (i.e., conservatives are dogmatic) and the ideological-extremism hypothesis (i.e., extreme views on both sides predict dogmatism). We measured 527 Americans' attitudes about nine contentious political issues, the degree to which they thought their beliefs were superior to other people's, and their level of dogmatism. Dogmatism was higher for people endorsing conservative views than for people endorsing liberal views, which replicates the rigidity-of-the-right hypothesis. However, curvilinear effects of ideological attitude on belief superiority (i.e., belief that one's position is more correct than another's) supported the ideological-extremism hypothesis. Furthermore, responses reflecting the greatest belief superiority were obtained on conservative attitudes for three issues and liberal attitudes for another three issues. These findings capture nuances in the relationship between political beliefs and attitude entrenchment that have not been revealed previously.
Early Intervention: A Conflict of Therapist and Educator:

Given the motor problems of infants and young children who have cerebral palsy, increasing emphasis is being placed on early therapeutic strategies, such as neurodevelopmental treatment. Although the underlying rationale for neurodevelopmental treatment is the inhibition of abnormal motor development, this approach may in fact also limit the child's interaction with the environment, a prerequisite for subsequent intellectual development. There may be potential conflict for an interventionist who must make a decision between focusing on motoric gain for children with motor problems and facilitation of their cognitive development.
FACTORS SHAPING POLICE RETENTION: DOES HERZBERG'S THEORY OF SATISFACTION HOLD?*

Little research explores factors that shape retention among police officers. This article reports on our work of testing how well the idea of intrinsic variables being related to job satisfaction and extrinsic variables being associated with dissatisfaction at work (Herzberg et al., 1959) holds in understanding workplace issues today. We explore how police officers express the positive and challenging aspects of their job. Responses from interviews with sworn officers have generally support Herzberg’s proposition. We find four theme units related to intrinsic variables have emerged around the positive aspects of police work with impact on retention: helping others, seeing the work as interesting and challenging, having a degree of control in the work environment, as well as the team organisation of police work.
“A Very Pleasant Patriarchal Life”: Professional Authors and Amateur Architects in the Hudson Valley, 1835–1870

In an 1856 issue of Harper's New Monthly Magazine the literary critic and biographer T. A. Richards conducted his readers through a house tour of famous literary residences in the Hudson River Valley. His itinerary and choice of authors were typical of the time. By using the picturesque vocabulary common to antebellum travel literature, Richards offered a vicarious glimpse into the domestic arrangements of successful writers and artists. He painted an edenic picture of gentility in the midst of the Hudson Valley's natural splendor. We read, for example, of the “broad lawns and slopes of Placentia,” the Hyde Park estate of the novelist James Kirke Paulding; and the “mysterious evening shadow” of Susan Warner's home on Constitution Island, just off West Point. “Dearest to us of all,” Richards added, was Sunnyside, Washington Irving's renovated Dutch farmhouse at Tarrytown. These elegant and vaguely romantic properties seemed utterly appropriate for the literary elite of the region. Like Hawthorne's Old Manse, they were architectural spaces indelibly suited to their masters' talents and temperaments.
Experience in critical path selection for deep sub-micron delay test and timing validation

Critical path selection is an indispensable step for AC delay test and timing validation. Traditionally, this step relies on the construction of a set of worse-case paths, based upon discrete timing models. However, the assumption of discrete timing models can be invalidated by timing defects and process variation in the deep sub-micron domain, which are often continuous in nature. As a result, critical paths defined in a traditional timing analysis approach may not be truly critical in reality. In this paper, we propose using a statistical delay evaluation framework for estimating the quality of a path set. Based upon the new framework, we demonstrate how the traditional definition of a critical path set may deviate from the true critical path set in the deep sub-micron domain. To remedy the problem, we discuss improvements to the existing path selection strategies by including new objectives. We then compare statistical approaches with traditional approaches based upon experimental analysis of both defect-free and defect-injected cases.
A theory of die‐swell

An elastic-fluid theory of die-swell for long dies is presented. The theory predicts a swelling ratio De/d asymptotically proportional, for large values of swelling, to the cube root of the recoverable shear evaluated at the die wall. Here the recoverable shear is defined to be half the ratio (first normal stress difference/shear stress). Excellent agreement is shown between predicted De/d and measured De/d for experiments on melts and solutions for which adequate data are available.
Molecular Genetic Study of the Interaction of Sindbis Virus E2 with Ross River Virus E1 for Virus Budding

Glycoprotein PE2 of Sindbis virus will form a heterodimer with glycoprotein E1 of Ross River virus that is cleaved to an E2/E1 heterodimer and transported to the cell plasma membrane, but this chimeric heterodimer fails to interact with Sindbis virus nucleocapsids, and very little budding to produce mature virus occurs upon infection with chimeric viruses. We have isolated in both Sindbis virus E2 and in Ross River virus E1 a series of suppressing mutations that adapt these two proteins to one another and allow increased levels of chimeric virus production. Two adaptive E1 changes in an ectodomain immediately adjacent to the membrane anchor and five adaptive E2 changes in a 12-residue ectodomain centered on Asp-242 have been identified. One change in Ross River virus E1 (Gln-411right-arrowLeu) and one change in Sindbis virus E2 (Asp-248right-arrowTyr) were investigated in detail. Each change individually leads to about a 10-fold increase in virus production, and combined the two changes lead to a 100-fold increase in virus. During passage of a chimeric virus containing Ross River virus E1 and Sindbis virus E2, the E2 change was first selected, followed by the E1 change. Heterodimers containing these two adaptive mutations have a demonstrably increased degree of interaction with Sindbis virus nucleocapsids. In the parental chimera, no interaction between heterodimers and capsids was visible at the plasma membrane in electron microscopic studies, whereas alignment of nucleocapsids along the plasma membrane, indicating interaction of heterodimers with nucleocapsids, was readily seen in the adapted chimera. The significance of these findings in light of our current understanding of alphavirus budding is discussed.
Boolean query mapping across heterogeneous information sources

Searching over heterogeneous information sources is difficult because of the nonuniform query languages. Our approach is to allow a user to compose Boolean queries in one rich front end language. For each user query and target source, we transform the user query into a subsuming query that can be supported by the source but that may return extra documents. The results are then processed by a filter query to yield the correct final result. We introduce the architecture and associated algorithms for generating the supported subsuming queries and filters. We show that generated subsuming queries return a minimal number of documents; we also discuss how minimal cost filters can be obtained. We have implemented prototype versions of these algorithms and demonstrated them on heterogeneous Boolean systems.
Effects of 2003 wildfires on stream chemistry in Glacier National Park, Montana †

Changes in stream chemistry were studied for 4 years following large wildfires that burned in Glacier National Park during the summer of 2003. Burned and unburned drainages were monitored from December 2003 through August 2007 for streamflow, major constituents, nutrients, and suspended sediment following the fires. Stream-water nitrate concentrations showed the greatest response to fire, increasing up to tenfold above those in the unburned drainage just prior to the first post-fire snowmelt season. Concentrations in winter base flow remained elevated during the entire study period, whereas concentrations during the growing season returned to background levels after two snowmelt seasons. Annual export of total nitrogen from the burned drainage ranged from 1Ð53 to 3Ð23 kg ha � 1 yr � 1 compared with 1Ð01 to 1Ð39 kg ha � 1 yr � 1 from the unburned drainage and exceeded atmospheric inputs for the first two post-fire water years. Fire appeared to have minimal long-term effects on other nutrients, dissolved organic carbon, and major constituents with the exception of sulfate and chloride, which showed increased concentrations for 2 years following the fire. There was little evidence that fire affected suspended-sediment concentrations in the burned drainage. Sediment yields in subalpine streams may be less affected by fire than in lower elevation streams because of the slow release rate of water during spring snowmelt. Published in 2008 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Functional Significance of Long-Term Potentiation for Sequence Learning and Prediction

Population coding, where neurons with broad and overlapping firing rate tuning curves collectively encode information about a stimulus, is a common feature of sensory systems. We use decoding methods and measured properties of NMDA-mediated LTP induction to study the impact of long-term potentiation of synapses between the neurons of such a coding array. We find that, due to a temporal asymmetry in the induction of NMDA-mediated LTP, firing patterns in a neuronal array that initially represent the current value of a sensory input will, after training, provide an experienced-based prediction of that input instead. We compute how this prediction arises from and depends on the training experience. We also show how the encoded prediction can be used to generate learned motor sequences, such as the movement of a limb. This involves a novel form of memory recall that is driven by the motor response so that it automatically generates new information at a rate approximate for the task being performed.
Validation Methodology of Hardware Simulators for Spacecraft System Testing

The multi-mission system architecture platform (MSAP) test bed at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory is an integral part of the MSAP Project and provides a hardware-in-the-loop simulation of the developed in-house product line. The goal of the MSAP Project itself is to develop and demonstrate reusable and evolvable core architecture for JPL in-house missions. The MSAP project develops the processes, products, and documentation for the software, hardware, and test environment for the implementation of the architecture. With minimal modifications this architecture will then be easily adaptable to future missions. The overall success of the MSAP Project has been largely due to its hardware-in-the-loop simulation and its rigorous test program. Due to the flight hardware costs, it is desirable to model in software the mission specific hardware that comprises a functional spacecraft. Eventually a library of flight hardware simulations will be accumulated making it possible to build up future mission test beds or to morph the test environment to mimic existing missions for anomaly investigation and problem resolution. This paper will focus on the methodology used to certify the hardware simulations that compose the MSAP test bed.
In situ detection of transcripts for ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase in cyanobacterial heterocysts.

Abstract Heterocysts of free-living cyanobacteria lack ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase activity. Nevertheless, using in situ hybridizations, we demonstrate that transcripts for the rbcL and rbcS genes are present in both heterocysts and vegetative cells of Anabaena spp. in association with, or isolated from, the Azolla-Anabaena symbiosis. In contrast, rbcLS transcripts were detected only in vegetative cells of the free-living cyanobacterium Anabaena strain 7120. Under anaerobic growth conditions that inhibited heterocyst differentiation, transcripts for nitrogenase were present in all cells composing Anabaena strain 7120 filaments, whereas rbcL and rbcS transcripts were not detected. Thus, transcriptional regulation of genes related to photosynthesis and nitrogen fixation is under environmental, as well as developmental, control in Anabaena spp. In addition, these results suggest either the possible retention of regulatory patterns in symbiotically derived cyanobacterial isolates or differences in expression of rbcLS genes in different free-living cyanobacteria.
Visual Search Tasks: Slowing of Strategic and Nonstrategic Processes in the Nonlexical Domain

Some investigators have argued that aging affects the slowing of processes in nonlexical tasks more than it does the slowing of processes in lexical tasks, but that within task domains, the slowing is identical. Other investigators have argued that even within nonlexical tasks there is differential slowing such that aging affects processing speed more in (nonlexical) coordinative tasks than it does in (nonlexical) sequential tasks. Perhaps, more finely still, there is a differential slowing in coordinative nonlexical tasks. Toward this end, latent models of general and process-specific slowing in coordinative nonlexical tasks were formulated for older adults. A visual search task was then used to test the two types of models. It was found that a latent model of process-specific slowing explained significantly more of the variability than a latent model of general slowing, indicating that there is a differential slowing of processes among coordinative tasks within the nonlexical domain. It was also discovered that the coordinative process most greatly affected was that of deciding to terminate the search when no target was present in the display, indicating together with other studies a possible difference in the slowing of strategic processes among both coordinative and sequential tasks within the nonlexical domain, but no difference in the slowing of nonstrategic processes.
Radiation crosslinking of elastomers. I. Polybutadienes

The chemical and physical crosslink densities of irradiated polybutadiene were determined using a precise and consistent method. This method included the use of a statistical theory of crosslinking modified to include chain reactions and the use of Langley's theory for calculating the number of trapped chain entanglements. The number of crosslinks formed per unit radiation dose, G(X), was measured for a series of polybutadienes containing various isomeric forms of unsaturation. The physical crosslink density and the molecular weight between entanglements were determined from measurements of the compression modulus of swollen samples.
How to Use Your Office as a Theater of Operations

Do not make your office majestic, as your associates will imitate you at great expense; use the seating in it to convey a message, and be aware of the time by having many clocks arranged within eyesight.
Chemical Bonding and Elastic Constants of Nickel-Based Intermetallics

The L12-type ordered nickel-based intermetallic series, Ni3X (X = Mn, Al, Ga, Si, Ge), provide a class of systems exhibiting unique mechanical properties that make them attractive for structural applications at elevated temperatures.1 One of the outstanding features of plastic deformation in this class of systems is the anomalous increase in flow stress with increasing temperature in contrast to conventional compounds.2 Their resistance to oxidation, the low density and the high melting temperatures are also of central interest. To interpret the anomalous yield behavior of L12 alloys, Yoo3 proposed that the effect of elastic anisotropy on the temperature dependence of yield stress is as important as the anisotropy of antiphase boundary energy4 in describing dynamic breakway of superpartial screw dislocations from cross-slipped segments.5 Recent measurements6 of single crystal elastic constants for this series of Ni-based type compounds indicate a large elastic anisotropy factor, A, ranging from 2.5 to 3.3, except for Ni3Ge (A = 1.72). An inherent drawback to using this class of intermetallics as useful structural materials is the tendency of polycrystalline ordered stoichiometric alloys (except for polycrystalline Ni3Mn) to undergo brittle intergranular fracture, even though single crystals of Ni3X are highly ductile.1 The available experimental data indicate a strong effect of chemistry on the tendency for brittle intergranular fracture, with the resistance to fracture increasing in the order X = Ge < Si < Ga ~ Al < Mn.7 The trend of intergranular fracture behavior in polycrystalline Ni3X (grain-boundary cohesive strength) has been found to correlate well with the difference in atomic electronegativity,7 the difference in valency,8 and the relative s-orbital electronegativities9 of the atomic constituents of the compound.
Nonlocal nature of the nuclear force and its impact on nuclear structure.

We calculate the triton binding energy with a nonlocal {ital NN} potential that fits the world {ital NN} data below 350 MeV with the almost perfect {chi}{sup 2}/datum of 1.03. The nonlocality is derived from relativistic meson field theory. The result obtained in a 34-channel, charge-dependent Faddeev calculation is 8.00 MeV, which is 0.4 MeV above the predictions by local {ital NN} potentials. The increase in binding energy can be clearly attributed to the off-shell behavior of the nonlocal potential. Our result cuts in half the discrepancy between theory and experiment established from local {ital NN} potentials. Implications for other areas of miscroscopic nuclear structure, in which underbinding is a traditional problem, are discussed. {copyright} {ital 1996 The American Physical Society.}