cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Long-term survival after liver transplantation

Abstract Background: Liver transplantation (LT) remains a high-risk operation, especially during the first months after LT when technical complications and preexisting illness exert their influence on survival. However, there are late deaths. The authors have reviewed their experience to identify factors impacting on long-term survival. Methods: A total of 150 patients who had undergone liver transplantation over an 11-year period were reviewed. Thirty-three patients died after LT (22%). Of these, 18 of 33 (55%) died in the first 3 postoperative months. One hundred thirty-two patients survived beyond 3 months, and 15 patients (11%) suffered late deaths. This review concentrates on the latter group. Results: The primary cause of death was sepsis in 11 of 15 (73%). In two, sepsis complicated retransplantation in chronically debilitated patients. Two additional patients had late-presenting postoperative complications (bile leak or abscess, intestinal obstruction with perforation). In two cases, pneumocystis carinii pneumonia occurred; noncompliance or unplanned discontinuation of prophylaxis was directly responsible. Multiple organ system failure from presumed immunoincompetence developed in four patients; one had undergone bone marrow transplantation for aplastic anemia (AA) after fulminant hepatic failure (FHF). Lymphoproliferative disease (LPD) was the cause of death in 3 of 15 cases (20%). In only three cases was the cause of death related to the patient's primary disease (chronic hepatitis, Alper's syndrome or seizures, and AA with FHF). Pretransplant diagnosis, and UNOS status at the time of LT did not influence the long-term survival. Conclusions: Long-term survival in patients who have undergone LT was compromised by immunosuppressive complications and sepsis. Early mortality factors, such as UNOS status, age at LT, primary diagnosis, and technical complications do not predict late deaths. In children who adhere to their medical regimen and have good initial allograft function, late postoperative infection, especially with Ebstein-Barr virus, accounts for most of the late mortality. Improved and decreased immunosuppression may further improve these long-term results.
I Never Knew I Could Stand up to the System: Families' Perspectives on Pursuing Inclusive Education:

The purpose of this study was to investigate the experiences encountered by parents committed to inclusive education for their children with disabilities. In-depth interviews of nine study participants were analyzed to identify common themes related to their experiences and perceptions. Results revealed that parents desired inclusive education, because they viewed it as a fundamental right for their children. Most importantly, findings indicated that parents employed numerous strategies to obtain inclusive education for their children, often seeking assistance from the courts and media. These findings suggest the need for meaningful family and school collaboration.
The Nutrition Transition and Obesity in the Developing World

Changes in diet and activity patterns are fueling the obesity epidemic. These rapid changes in the levels and composition of dietary and activity/inactivity patterns in transitional societies are related to a number of socioeconomic and demographic changes. Using data mainly from large nationally representative and nationwide surveys, such as the 1989, 1991, 1993 and 1997 China Health and Nutrition Surveys, in combination with comparative analysis across the regions of the world, we examine these factors. First, we show the shifts in diet and activity are consistent with the rapid changes in child and adult obesity and in some cases have been causally linked. We then provide a few examples of the rapid changes in the structure of diet and activity, in particular associated with increased income. Cross-country and in-depth analysis of the China study are used to explore these relationships. People living in urban areas consume diets distinctly different from those of their rural counterparts. One of the more profound effects is the accelerated change in the structure of diet, only partially explained by economic factors. A second is the emergence of a large proportion of families with both currently malnourished and overweight members as is shown by comparative analysis of a number of Asian and Latin American countries.
The organic etiology of infantile autism: a critical review of the literature.

Various theories have been provided in the literature regarding the etiology of infantile autism. It seems that the biological causation dominates the thinking of mental health practitioners and researchers irrespective of discipline. Areas of research include the following: (1) neuropathological studies of the brain, autopsies, electroencephalograms, epileptic seizures, brain lateralization, studies in asymmetry; (2) neurochemistry; (3) genetics; and (4) pre-, peri- and postnatal factors. A critical analysis of these studies has indicated that the evidence of organic factors tends to be rather weak and furthermore has been found to be contradictory. It is felt that the major problem lies in the fact that a large number of investigators include in their sampling children with various mental and physical disabilities and label them autistic. In general, there seems to be little information regarding the selection and little background information is offered on these children. It is suggested that a standar...
Correction to “stochastic comparisons of parallel systems when components have proportional hazard rates”

In our article [3] we have found a gap in the middle of the proof of Theorem 3.2. Therefore, we do not know whether Theorem 3.2 is true for the reverse hazard rate order. However, we could prove the following weaker result for the stochastic order.
Irreversible environmental investments with uncertain benefit levels

Abstract The principal property of irreversibilities is that they generate incentives for policies that are smaller in scale than a myopic policy. The circumstances in which this irreversibility effect occurs are first considered for a model with unit benefit uncertainty and time-invariant cost functions. With changes in cost relationships over time, such as fixed costs for augmenting investment, it may be desirable to adopt policies with scales that are larger than, smaller than, or the same as the scale of a myopic policy. With rising unit benefits over time one adopts a policy scale larger than or the same as that in the myopic case, and with declining unit benefits the opposite result holds. Irreversibilities will, however, lead to underinvestments in comparison with incompletely reversible investments with similar adjustment costs for increasing policy investments.
Auditory-Perceptual Skills and Reading A Response to Kavale's Meta-Analysis

In a recent meta-analysis, Kavale (1982) reported reliable significant correlations between auditory-perceptual skills and reading achievement, arguing that auditory skills should be taught to learning disabled children. This paper reviews his work, citing several erroneous interpretations made by the author. Kavale fails to report that the mean correlation between perceptual skills and reading achievement is merely .358, consistently weaker than correlations found between math computation scores and reading scores. Furthermore, the one ITPA subtest with the highest correlation is Sound Blending, the only auditory-perceptual skill taught in many reading programs. We conclude that Kavale fails to provide evidence that the teaching of auditory-perceptual skills is useful to learning disabled children … unless the skills are functional reading skills.
Single Service Point: It's All in the Design

"Design thinking" principles from a leading design firm, IDEO, were key elements in the planning process for a one-desk service model, the ASK Desk, at the John A. Prior Health Sciences Library. The library administration and staff employed the methodology to enhance customer experiences, meet technology challenges, and compete in a changing education environment. The most recent renovations demonstrate how the principles were applied. The concept of "continuous design thinking" is important in the library's daily operations to serve customers most effectively.
Intravenous prochlorperazine for the rapid control of vomiting in the emergency department

In this study, 40 patients whose active vomiting stemmed from various causes were given 2.5 mg of prochlorperazine by slow intravenous push. If no response was observed within 20 minutes, the dosage was repeated. Of 35 patients, 32 responded to doses of 2.5 to 5.0 mg. Three patients experienced no relief of vomiting while in the emergency department, after a total of 5 mg each, in divided doses. These three patients had received morphine sulphate for acute myocardial infarctions. The mean time to cessation of vomiting was 8.5 minutes, versus 35 minutes for a similar group receiving intramuscular prochlorperazine. This difference was statistically significant using analysis of variance (P
Symbolic timing analysis and resynthesis for low power of combinational circuits containing false paths

This paper presents applications of algebraic decision diagrams (ADDs) to timing analysis and resynthesis for low power of combinational CMOS circuits. We first propose a symbolic algorithm to perform true delay calculation of a technology mapped network; the procedure we propose, implemented as an extension of the SIS synthesis system, is able to provide more accurate timing information than any other method presented so far; in particular, it is able to compute and store the arrival times of all the gates of the circuit for all possible input vectors, as opposed to the traditional methods which consider only the worst case primary inputs combination. Furthermore, the approach does not require any explicit false path elimination. We then extend our timing analysis tool to the symbolic calculation of required times and slacks, and we use this information to perform resynthesis for low power of the circuit by gate resizing. Our approach takes into account false paths naturally; in fact, it guarantees that resizing of the gates does not increase the true delay of the circuit, even in the presence of false paths. Our experiments have shown that many circuits, originally free of false paths, exhibit a large number of these false paths when optimized for area; therefore, the ability to deal with circuits containing false paths is of primary importance. We present experimental results for ADD-based and static timing analysis-based resynthesis, which clearly show that our tool is superior in the case of circuits containing false paths, but at the same time, it provides competitive results in the case of circuits which are free of false paths.
Cerebrospinal Fluid Cytology in Patients With Ependymoma A Bi-institutional Retrospective Study

BACKGROUND. Ependymoma cells are known to occasionally exfoliate into cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). However, the frequency of CSF involvement in patients with ependymoma is unclear, and to the authors' knowledge the cytomorphologic features of the tumor cells have not been described in detail to date. In this study, the CSF findings in patients with ependymal neoplasms are summarized and the cytomorphologic features of ependymoma, including its variants, are illustrated. METHODS. A search of the pathology databases of 2 medical centers was performed to identify all patients with a histologic diagnosis of ependymoma in whom CSF samples were examined. Slides from CSF samples originally reported as atypical, suspicious, or positive were reviewed and the cytomorphologic features assessed. Follow-up included a review of the medical records and histologic correlation. RESULTS. In all, 177 patients with a diagnosis of ependymoma were identified. Of these, 48 had a total of 94 cytologic preparations of CSF. Positive, suspicious, atypical, negative, and nondiagnostic results were noted in 6.4%, 5.3%, 4.3%, 79.7%, and 4.3%, respectively, of the specimens. The detection rate of tumor cells in CSF was 6.7% in 15 adults and 21.2% in 33 children, with an overall rate of 16.7%. Of the 8 patients with positive and/or suspicious diagnoses, 5 ependymomas exhibited anaplastic features and 1 tumor was a myxopapillary ependymoma. The positive samples were usually hypercellular, with cohesive epithelioid cells; long cytoplasmic processes resembling bipolar tanycytes were observed in the tanycytic variant of ependymoma. CONCLUSIONS. Exfoliated cells from ependymomas are recognizable in CSF samples, especially in patients with myxopapillary tumors and tumors with anaplastic features. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2008. © 2008 American Cancer Society.
The causes of variation in the presence of genetic covariance between sexual traits and preferences.

Mating traits and mate preferences often show patterns of tight correspondence across populations and species. These patterns of apparent coevolution may result from a genetic association between traits and preferences (i.e. trait–preference genetic covariance). We review the literature on trait–preference covariance to determine its prevalence and potential biological relevance. Of the 43 studies we identified, a surprising 63% detected covariance. We test multiple hypotheses for factors that may influence the likelihood of detecting this covariance. The main predictor was the presence of genetic variation in mate preferences, which is one of the three main conditions required for the establishment of covariance. In fact, 89% of the nine studies where heritability of preference was high detected covariance. Variables pertaining to the experimental methods and type of traits involved in different studies did not greatly influence the detection of trait–preference covariance. Trait–preference genetic covariance appears to be widespread and therefore represents an important and currently underappreciated factor in the coevolution of traits and preferences.
Land Use Change Impacts on Acequia Water Resources in Northern New Mexico

Rural areas throughout the western United States are undergoing rapid and farreaching land use changes that impact water management, riparian ecosystems, and traditional cultures. Areas that have historically been focused on agricultural activities are being converted to various confi gurations of residential and urban land use (Anella and Wright 2004). Impacts to water resource use and management include: potential risks of ground water contamination due to increased numbers of single household septic systems, potential overdraft of ground water resources, surface water quality impacts, and changes in the distribution of water supplies from agricultural to municipal and industrial uses. In northern New Mexico, the acequia 1 water use regime and attendant acequia-related cultural values are at particular risk due to increasing urbanization pressures and the potential impacts on actual water use, water quality, and riparian vegetation along the Rio Grande and irrigation ditches (Rivera 1998; New Mexico Acequia Association 2006 ). In the research we present in this paper, we employ Geographic Information Systems (GIS), remote sensing, and aerial photography interpretation techniques to create a series of land use maps to assess the impacts of land use change on critical water resources and local communities along the Alcalde Reach of the Upper Rio Grande Basin. Through discussions with acequia members and examination of related archived documents, we also began preliminary exploration into cultural values associated with the acequia system and the traditional way of rural life. The land use maps that we generate depict the intersection of land use changes and the attendant impacts to water resource use and management – risks to ground water, changes in acequia management and water use, and riparian ecosystem impacts. This project is well suited to provide local and state planning programs with constructive methods for further research, and is also applicable to other western states with similar challenges.
3D-FRP: direct Fourier reconstruction with Fourier reprojection for fully 3-D PET

The direct Fourier method (DFM) for three-dimensional (3-D) reconstruction of a 3-D volume is based on the relationship between the 3-D Fourier transform (FT) of the volume and the two-dimensional (2-D) FT of a parallel-ray projection of the volume. The direct Fourier method has the potential for very fast reconstruction, but a straightforward implementation of the method leads to unsatisfactory results. This paper presents an implementation of the direct Fourier method for fully 3-D positron emission tomography (PET) data with incomplete oblique projections (3D-FRP) that gives results as good as, or better than, those of a much slower 3-D filtered backprojection method (3DRP), and in the same time as a fast but less accurate method using Fourier rebinning (FORE) followed by slice-by-slice reconstruction. In common with 3DRP, 3D-FRP is based on a discretization of an inversion formula, so it is geometrically accurate for large oblique angles, and both methods involve reprojection of an initial image. The critical two steps in the 3D-FRP method are the estimations of the samples of the 3-D transform of the image from the samples of the 2-D transforms of the projections on the planes through the origin of Fourier space, and vice versa for reprojection. These steps use a gridding strategy, combined with new approaches for weighting in the transform and image domains. The authors' experimental results confirm that good image accuracy can be achieved together with a short reconstruction time.
The Distributional Effects of IMF Programs: A Cross-Country Analysis

Abstract This paper measures the effects of 58 International Monetary Fund programs during 1975–91 on Gini coefficients and income of the poorest quintile; these variables are traced over the two to five years following program initiation. This research also presents a new technique to control for differences in countries’ initial economic circumstances. The study finds evidence of a significant deterioration in income distribution and the incomes of the poor in Fund program countries relative to their nonprogram counterparts when pre-program external imbalance is severe. In cases where prior external imbalance is not as great, countries participating in Fund programs actually show relative improvements in distributional indicators.
Pretherapy nuclear factor-κB status, chemoradiation resistance, and metastatic progression in esophageal carcinoma

Background: Transcriptional factor nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) seems to be associated with aggressive clinical biology (chemoradiation resistance and metastatic progression) of esophageal cancer. We hypothesized that activated NF-κB would define clinical biology irrespective of the type of chemotherapy or sequence administered. Methods: Pretherapy and/or posttherapy cancer specimens were examined for activated NF-κB and correlated with pathologic response to chemoradiation, metastatic potential, overall survival, disease-free survival, and type of chemotherapy or sequence used. Findings: Eighty patients undergoing chemotherapy and concurrent radiation were studied. Activated NF-κB prior to any therapy was associated with the lack of complete pathologic response (pathCR, P = 0.006). Forty-five (78%) of 58 patients achieving <pathCR had activated NF-κB in pretherapy and/or posttherapy cancer specimens versus 2 (9%) of 22 patients with pathCR ( P = 0.001). Twenty-four (51%) of 47 patients with activated NF-κB in cancer developed metastases versus 7 (21%) of 22 patients with negative NF-κB in cancer ( P = 0.01). At a median follow-up of 32 months, 25 (53%) of 47 patients with activated NF-κB cancer had died versus 3 (9%) of 33 patients with negative NF-κB cancer. NF-κB activation was the only independent predictor of disease-free survival ( P = 0.01) and overall survival ( P = 0.007) in a multivariate model. The class of chemotherapy or its sequence had no effect on NF-κB expression or patient outcome. Conclusions: Our data are the first to show that pretreatment-activated NF-κB significantly correlates with clinical biology of esophageal cancer, and most importantly, with pathCR. To therapeutically exploit NF-κB-regulated genes and their pathways, further research is warranted. [Mol Cancer Ther 2006;5(11):2844–50]
Involvement of Src and Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor in the Signal-transducing Function of Na+/K+-ATPase

Nontoxic concentrations of ouabain, causing partial inhibition of the cardiac myocyte Na 1 /K 1 -ATPase, induce hypertrophy and several growth-related genes through signal pathways that include the activation of Ras and p42/44 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). The aim of this work was to examine the ouabain-induced events upstream of the Ras/MAPK cascade. Treatment of myocytes with genistein antagonized ouabain-induced activation of the MAPK, suggesting that protein tyrosine phosphorylation has a role. Tyrosine phosphorylation of several myocyte proteins was increased rapidly upon cell exposure to ouabain. Lowering of extracellular K 1 had a similar ouabain-like effect. Ouabain also increased protein tyrosine phosphorylation in A7r5, HeLa, and L929 cells. In cardiac myocytes and A7r5 cells, herbimycin A antagonized the ouabain-induced increase in protein tyrosine phosphorylation and MAPK activation. In both cell types, ouabain stimulated Src kinase activity, Src translocation to the Triton-insoluble fraction, Src association with the epidermal growth factor receptor, and the tyrosine phosphorylation of this receptor on site(s) other than its major autophosphorylation site, Tyr 1173 . The findings suggest that (a) the ouabain-induced activation of Src and the Src-induced phosphorylation of the growth factor receptor provide the scaffolding for the recruitment of adaptor proteins and Ras and the activation of Ras/ MAPK cascade; and (b) the activation of such pathways may be a common feature of the signal-transducing
Systemic Treatment of Vitreous Inflammation

Non infectious vitreous inflammation is often vision threatening and can be associated with potentially life-threatening systemic conditions. Treatment is often challenging as it involves systemic medications that can be associated with adverse effects. The classes of drugs are ever expanding and include corticosteroids, antimetabolites, alkylating agents, T-cell and calcineurin agents, biologic agents, and interferons. Each class of systemic therapy for non-infectious vitreous inflammation is reviewed. We discuss the mechanisms of action, usual clinical dosages, the specific conditions that are treated, the adverse effects, and usual course of treatment for each class of therapy.
AN EXTENSION OF THE JONES POLYNOMIAL OF CLASSICAL KNOTS

We define a linear algebraic extension of the Jones polynomial of classical knots, and prove that certain key properties of the classical Jones polynomial are properties of the extension. This shows that these properties are linear algebraic in nature, not topological. We identify a topological property of the classical Jones polynomial, that is, a property of the classical Jones polynomial that the extension does not possess. We discuss ortho-projection matrices, ortho-projection graphs, and their Jones polynomials. We classify, up to isomorphism, the connected ortho-projection graphs with at most eight vertices, and show that each such isomorphism class corresponds to a prime alternating classical knot diagram. We give an example of a connected ortho-projection graph with nine vertices that does not correspond to such a diagram.
Apocalypse in the Long Run: Reflections on Huge Comparisons in the Study of Modernity:

Methodologies of historical sociology face research problems centered on the instability of historical referents, their historical non-independence, and the privileging of objective time of the clock and calendar. The present essay, by reflecting on an analysis of the apocalyptic in the long run ( Hall 2009 ), proposes the potential to solve these problems by way of a phenomenology of history, which analyzes the enactment and interplay of multiple social temporalities. Whereas high-modern theories of modernity tended to portray a secular trend toward the triumph of rationalized social order centred in diachronic time, analysis of the historical emergence of apocalyptic times in relation to other temporalities - especially objective (or diachronic) temporalities, the here-and-now, and the collective synchronic - reveals that the apocalyptic has survived within modernity through the articulation of rationalized diachronic time with the sacred strategic time of apocalyptically framed 'holy war.' Overall, the 'empire of modernity' is a hybrid formation that bridges diachronic and strategic temporalities. Despite diachronic developments that tend toward what Habermas described as the colonization of the lifeworld, a phenomenological analysis suggests the durability of the here-and-now and collective synchronic times. These analyses unveil a research agenda that deconstructs the high-modern 'past' versus 'present' binary in favour of a model that analyzes the interplay of multiple social forms, and thus encourages a retheorization of modernity as 'recomposition' encompassing multiple temporalities.
From Cow Sellers to Beef Exporters: The Impact of Traceability on Cattle Farmers

Increasing Total Factor Productivity in agriculture is crucial to boost economic growth in Latin America, given its comparative advantages. In this paper we evaluate a program that implements a traceability system to electronically identify and track the production cycle of cow herds in small/medium rural enterprises in Argentina. The aim of the program was to enhance their exports to high value markets. Our results suggest that the program was successful. Even in an adverse context for the sector due to discouraging public policies and an intense drought, beneficiaries increased their livestock by 15% and rural skilled employment doubled. Encouraged by the program, the beneficiaries created a cooperative to increase their production scale and social capital and in order to overcome market failures stemming from asymmetric information and coordination problems. The treatment also induced the farmers to improve their sanitation and meat quality standards, which enabled them to export to the EU and thereby increase their profits. They also reported gains in efficiency and risk management.
Quantitative Profiling of Protein S-Glutathionylation Reveals Redox-Dependent Regulation of Macrophage Function during Nanoparticle-Induced Oxidative Stress

Engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) are increasingly utilized for commercial and medical applications; thus, understanding their potential adverse effects is an important societal issue. Herein, we investigated protein S-glutathionylation (SSG) as an underlying regulatory mechanism by which ENPs may alter macrophage innate immune functions, using a quantitative redox proteomics approach for site-specific measurement of SSG modifications. Three high-volume production ENPs (SiO2, Fe3O4, and CoO) were selected as representatives which induce low, moderate, and high propensity, respectively, to stimulate cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and disrupt macrophage function. The SSG modifications identified highlighted a broad set of redox sensitive proteins and specific Cys residues which correlated well with the overall level of cellular redox stress and impairment of macrophage phagocytic function (CoO > Fe3O4 ≫ SiO2). Moreover, our data revealed pathway-specific differences in susceptibility to SSG between EN...
Development, Growth and Policy Reform in the Middle East and North Africa

The September 11 terrorist attacks ignited global interest in the Middle East. Observers in the region and abroad were quick to highlight the development "deficits" in Middle Eastern countries which have been linked to everything from structural economic imbalances to deficient political systems, the curse of natural resources, and even culture and religion. This paper reviews the development history of the Middle East and North Africa region in the post-World War II era, providing a framework for understanding past outcomes, current challenges and the potential for economic and political reform.
MARKETING JOURNAL RANKING, CELEBRITY AUTHORS, AND THE DIMINISHING QUALITY GAP

This study examines the dynamics in the ranking of marketing journals and proposes a simple yet effective way of ranking journals. The authors use a 4 x 3 factorial design to investigate the changes of citations for journals over the three time periods. Two important findings emerge from the study. First, the underlying quality gaps as indicated by citations are narrowing for journals of top and bottom tiers. Second, the impact of celebrity authors on the rankings is diminishing. These findings call for caution when schools utilize existing journal rankings for tenure, promotion and merit pay increases.
Relationship Between Maize Weevil Infestation in Corn at Harvest and Progressive Infestation During Storage

Corn grain containing different levels of infestation of Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky were stored varying lengths of time to determine the effect of the initial maize weevil infestation on subsequent damage to the grain in storage. Grain with initial kernel infestations ranging from 0 to 8% were included in the study. Results of tests showed that grain damage in storage caused by this species was directly related to amount of infestation at time of storage. Grain that contained no infestation when storage began was less than 1% damaged after 7 months. Grain with 1.2, 3.5, and 6.3% infestation when stored was 34.7, 43, and 63% damaged, respectively, after 7 months. The grain test weight decreased in proportion to the amount of insect infestation that developed. Angoumois grain moth infestation developed earlier in corn that contained the higher levels of maize weevil infestations than in corn that contained no weevil infestation when stored.
Transfer Volume Accuracy: Calibrated Wire and Plastic Loops

The urine volume delivered via the calibrated loop technique for quantitating microorganisms can vary by as much as ±50%. This discrepancy results from investigator technique differences, as well as variations in wire gauges and the internal diameters of loops. Using the Evans blue dye procedure, we tested calibrated twisted-wire loops and disposable plastic loops and compared them with standard platinum loops.
Evidence for η 0 and ω 0 Meson Production in the Reaction p + d → He 3 + Missing Mass

Strong ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}$, ${\ensuremath{\eta}}^{0}$, and ${\ensuremath{\omega}}^{0}$ peaks have been observed in the reaction $p+d\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\mathrm{He}}^{3}+\mathrm{missing}\mathrm{mass}$ at incident proton momenta of 3.5-3.8 GeV/c and proton-to-meson momentum transfer $t=\ensuremath{-}1.5$ ${(\mathrm{G}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{V}/\mathit{c})}^{2}$. The mesons are produced with center-of-mass cross sections on the order of ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}34}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$/sr at a center-of-mass angle of about 60\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}. The missing-mass spectrometer combined the "Jacobian peak" and the orthogonal dispersion techniques.
Large-scale self-organizing network measurement infrastructure

Learning network distances, e.g., latency, bandwidth, loss, enhances network applications performance. Internet Distance Map Service (IDMaps) is a measurement infrastructure that enables distance (i.e., latency) estimation between any pair of Internet hosts. The fundamental operation of IDMaps depends on the deployment of several measurement machines, called Tracers , across the Internet. Tracers discover different networks, measure distances to them, and disseminate distance information to higher-level services-IDMaps clients. IDMaps clients collect distance advertisements and build a virtual distance map of the Internet, where the end-to-end distance between any pair of hosts can be estimated. In this dissertation, we design the architecture of a scalable Tracer. More specifically, we develop the main mechanisms used for network discovery, distance measurement, and information dissemination. In addition, we design the protocols used for Tracer-Tracer and Tracer-IDMaps client communications. Due to the Internet's size and the large number of Tracers in the IDMaps infrastructure, the main design principle in our mechanisms is scalability. We develop an efficient and non-intrusive Internet discovery mechanism. The efficiency comes from empirically studying IP address assignment of different hosts. The mechanism exploits the correlation between reachable IP addresses to intelligently probe a small number of IP addresses within each Internet address region. The discovery mechanism utilizes the information revealed by failed probes in a given address region to guide future probes to that region. We also develop a distance measurement mechanism that captures the propagation delay of a path with few probes—8–12 probes. It also detects the condition on the measured path—congestion or route changes—from the delay information revealed by the probes. It determines the accuracy of the measured propagation delay and associates a confidence measure to the captured delay. We also develop a scalable distance advertisement protocol that allows Tracers to self-organize such that each Tracer advertises distances to the proximate Internet address regions. The protocol allows Tracers to detect and transparently recover failures without IDMaps clients intervention. Finally, we study the performance improvement of some network applications. We show, through two examples, that network applications improve their throughput and scalability by augmenting their selection decisions with network distances.
Technological Process of the Hard Anodic Oxidation of the LC4 Bushings

Bushings textile machine accessories is the key parts within the circle of its smooth surface wear resistance and require a higher degree,so its hard anodizing bushings processing to enhance the wear resistance.
Financial Reporting Fraud: Public and Private Companies

ABSTRACT: This study uses survey data gathered by the Association of Certified Fraud Examiners (ACFE) and provided to the Institute for Fraud Prevention (IFP) to examine differences in the profile ...
Quality Control Spreadsheets

Recently developed electronic spreadsheets have considerable potential for increasing productivity in the quality control function because they incorporate both. spreadsheets and graphics. This feature substantially simplifies the use of the conventional control chart. An example is given using Lotus 1–2–3.
Springboards and strategies

The Civil War created the beginnings of a new world for United States foreign policy, but it was another generation before that future could be realized. Out of the deaths of 600,000 Americans emerged, slowly but with certainty, a different nation, which replaced Jacksonian decentralization with centralization, the presidencies of James Buchanan and Rutherford B. Hayes with those of William McKinley and Theodore Roosevelt, the Jeffersonian agrarian-ideal commercial farmer with the Andrew Carnegie–J. P. Morgan ideal of the billion-dollar U.S. Steel Corporation, and the 1840s laissez-faire capitalism of James K. Polk’s Democrats with the late 1890s corporate capitalism of Senator Mark Hanna’s Republicans. Of special importance, the nation built on these four domestic transformations to construct a foreign policy that replaced the Monroe Doctrine of 1823 with the Open Door policy of 1899–1900; that is, Americans were finished with land expansion from sea to sea. They were confident now in their supremacy over much of the Western Hemisphere and embarked on an imperialist course in parts of Asia and Africa. These historic changes, of course, did not start cleanly in the 1860s. Jefferson and Polk, for example, had demonstrated the incredible potential for presidential power long before Theodore Roosevelt’s birth. The faith that supplying China’s market could put depression-ridden Americans to work dated back to the mid-1780s, not the mid-1890s. Even the once firmly held belief that the Civil War gave birth to the industrialized United States has been disproved. The annual growth rate of U.S. manufactures was 7.8 percent between 1840 and 1860, but 6 percent between 1870 and 1900. Between 1860 and 1870, the value added by manufacturing increased by only 2.3 percent annually, the lowest rate of increase in the nineteenth century.
Oligodendrocyte Differentiation from Human Embryonic Stem Cells

Publisher Summary Oligodendrocytes are glial cells that play a critical role in supporting the central nervous system (CNS). Specifically, they insulate axons and nerve cells within the CNS by wrapping them with myelin sheaths. The myelin sheath enables fast, saltatory conduction of impulses along the axons of neurons, controlling functions such as walking, perception of visual stimuli, and cognitive processes. When axons become demyelinated (i.e. lose their myelin sheath), as occurs in multiple sclerosis (MS) and spinal cord injury (SCI), axons cannot properly function. It may be due to loss and/or damage of oligodendrocytes. Therefore, replacement of oligodendrocytes or oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) by cellular replacement therapies may in part restore axonal conduction and normal neuronal function. One approach to produce oligodendrocytes is through differentiation from embryonic stem cells (ESCs). This chapter describes an efficient way to produce OPCs from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs); specific examples are given for the WA01 and WA07 lines. Differentiation into oligodendroglial progenitors is attained by using specialized media supplemented with specific growth and differentiation factors at key time points. The resulting oligodendroglial progenitors are then amplified and positively selected using mechanical enrichment.
Primary and metastatic tumor dormancy as a result of population heterogeneity

Existence of tumor dormancy, or cancer without disease, is supported both by autopsy studies that indicate presence of microscopic tumors in men and women who die of trauma (primary dormancy), and by long periods of latency between excision of primary tumors and disease recurrence (metastatic dormancy). Within dormant tumors, two general mechanisms underlying the dynamics are recognized, namely, the population existing at limited carrying capacity (tumor mass dormancy), and solitary cell dormancy, characterized by long periods of quiescence marked by cell cycle arrest. Here we focus on mechanisms that precede the avascular tumor reaching its carrying capacity, and propose that dynamics consistent with tumor dormancy and subsequent escape from it can be accounted for with simple models that take into account population heterogeneity. We evaluate parametrically heterogeneous Malthusian, logistic and Allee growth models and show that 1) time to escape from tumor dormancy is driven by the initial distribution of cell clones in the population and 2) escape from dormancy is accompanied by a large increase in variance, as well as the expected value of fitness-determining parameters. Based on our results, we propose that parametrically heterogeneous logistic model would be most likely to account for primary tumor dormancy, while distributed Allee model would be most appropriate for metastatic dormancy. We conclude with a discussion of dormancy as a stage within a larger context of cancer as a systemic disease. Reviewers: This article was reviewed by Heiko Enderling and Marek Kimmel.
Developing an Acute Care Surgery Program

Acute Care Surgery fellowships were created to fill the need for expertise in emergency general surgery as well as trauma and critical care. Acute Care Surgery is a subspecialty of general surgery, with its own curriculum, site-verified program requirements, and a certificate of completion. Since its inception there has been both an increase in the number of accredited fellowship programs by the American Association for the Surgery of Trauma and a parallel increase in the number of interested applicants. This is a growing specialty that now has a major presence at many national surgical conferences and will play a major role in the changing health care delivery system.
“They Treat you a Different Way:” Public Insurance, Stigma, and the Challenge to Quality Health Care

Under the Affordable Care Act, Medicaid Expansion programs are extending Medicaid eligibility and increasing access to care. However, stigma associated with public insurance coverage may importantly affect the nature and content of the health care beneficiaries receive. In this paper, we examine the health care stigma experiences described by a group of low-income public insurance beneficiaries. They perceive stigma as manifest in poor quality care and negative interpersonal interactions in the health care setting. Using an intersectional approach, we found that the stigma of public insurance was compounded with other sources of stigma including socioeconomic status, race, gender, and illness status. Experiences of stigma had important implications for how subjects evaluated the quality of care, their decisions impacting continuity of care, and their reported ability to access health care. We argue that stigma challenges the quality of care provided under public insurance and is thus a public health issue that should be addressed in Medicaid policy.
Application of Paleoecology to Ecosystem Restoration: A Case Study from South Florida’s Estuaries

Paleoecological analyses of biotic assemblages from cores collected throughout south Florida’s estuaries indicate gradually increasing salinities over approximately the last 2000 years, consistent with rising sea level. Around the beginning of the twentieth century these gradual patterns of change began to shift, corresponding to the beginning of human alteration of the environment via canal construction, railroad construction and other land use changes. Between 1950 and 1960, at a time of significant construction of water management structures another distinctive shift in the biological assemblages occurred. Analysis of the assemblages provides essential information on long-term patterns of change in the estuaries and provides a basis for predicting future trajectories of change. Paleosalinity estimates derived from the cores are providing input to linear regression models to determine related freshwater flow into the estuaries of south Florida. These analyses are being used to help establish performance measures and targets for the Comprehensive Everglades Restoration, established following an Act of Congress in 2000. Restoration of south Florida’s ecosystems is slated to be a 30–50 year effort that will require detailed knowledge of past decadal to centennial-scale changes in climate, freshwater flow and salinity. This historical perspective provides information that allows land managers to set realistic and sustainable goals for restoration, and provides insight into the potential response of south Florida’s ecosystem to various future scenarios of global change.
Achieving the Promise of Therapeutic Extracellular Vesicles: The Devil is in Details of Therapeutic Loading

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) represent a class of cell secreted organelles which naturally contain biomolecular cargo such as miRNA, mRNA and proteins. EVs mediate intercellular communication, enabling the transfer of functional nucleic acids from the cell of origin to the recipient cells. In addition, EVs make an attractive delivery vehicle for therapeutics owing to their increased stability in circulation, biocompatibility, low immunogenicity and toxicity profiles. EVs can also be engineered to display targeting moieties on their surfaces which enables targeting to desired tissues, organs or cells. While much has been learned on the role of EVs as cell communicators, the field of therapeutic EV application is currently under development. Critical to the future success of EV delivery system is the description of methods by which therapeutics can be successfully and efficiently loaded within the EVs. Two methods of loading of EVs with therapeutic cargo exist, endogenous and exogenous loading. We have therefore focused this review on describing the various published approaches for loading EVs with therapeutics.
The Role of Estrogen in the Development of Age-Related Cognitive Impairment and Dementia

During and after menopause, many women report impairments in cognitive functioning. Should hormones be prescribed in an effort to mitigate cognitive symptoms of menopause?
P36 Physical activity among rural high school students with a previous history of ankle sprain

Study Design Cross-sectional. Objectives To determine the effect of ankle sprain on self-reported physical activity (PA) among rural high school students. Background Ankle sprains and their long-term sequelae are believed to deter individuals from PA, negatively affecting health. College-aged individuals with chronic ankle instability (CAI) have demonstrated decreased PA; however, no evidence exists describing PA levels of high school-aged individuals with ankle injuries. Methods and Measures An electronic survey was distributed to students at a high school in northwestern North Carolina. The instrument collected demographics, ankle injury history, Identification of Functional Ankle Instability (IdFAI), International Physical Activity Questionnaire, functional questionnaires, and participation in recreational activities. Respondents were stratified into 4 groups in accordance with International Ankle Consortium guidelines: uninjured (no history of ankle sprain), unstable (history of sprain and IdFAI ≥11); copers (history of sprain and IdFAI ≤10); and recently injured (history of ankle sprain within previous year). Body mass index (BMI), total MET-minutes per week, and activity choices were compared across groups using analysis of variance, Kruskal-Wallis test, or Pearson’s chi-squared (α=0.05). Results BMI was not significantly different across groups (F=0.41, p=0.74); however, significant differences were detected for total MET-minutes per week (χ2=11.65, p Conclusion Despite a history of injury and sensations of instability in the ankle, respondents with CAI reported higher activity levels than uninjured participants. As this is contrary to pre-existing hypotheses, it is possible continued PA after injury may serve to heighten sensations of instability assessed by self-reported questionnaires.
The connections between powder variability and coating microstructures for cold spray deposition of austenitic stainless steel

Abstract This article explores the variability in austenitic stainless steel feed-stock powders and its effect upon low-pressure cold spray deposition. Four, commercial, austenitic stainless steel powders were deposited using cold spray deposition with helium gas at a temperature of 230 °C and a pressure of 1.7 MPa. Electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction were used to characterize the microstructure of both the powders and the resultant coatings. The particle size for the powders ranged from 17 to 40 μm, while the crystallites ranged from 2 to 6 μm in size. Only the 304L stainless steel powder was purely austenite in phase; while the three 316L powders had ferrite contents ranging from 23 to 50%. The deposition efficiency of the four powders varied considerably from 12 to 42%, but this variation did not correlate with the ferrite content alone. The spatial location of the ferrite in the cold sprayed material was highly dependent upon the powder type used: ferrite primarily on the outside of austenite particles, mixtures of wholly ferrite and wholly austenite particles, and particles with both ferrite and austenite internally. After cold spray deposition, all of the coatings exhibited a composite microstructure containing highly deformed prior particle centers with small (300 nm) crystallites near the prior particle boundaries.