cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Child Guidance Clinics

The National Committee for Mental Hygiene marshaled the child guidance clinic movement, which spanned the decades of the 1920s to 1940s. Child guidance clinics (CGCs) were established for the psychiatric study, treatment, and prevention of juvenile delinquency and conduct and personality disorders in 3- to 17-year-old non-mentally retarded children. The CGC approach to children's mental health represented a shift from traditional treatment models, which were largely individual psychoanalytically oriented play therapy conducted by a psychiatrist or psychologist, toward more innovative modes of intervention. Further, the era of CGCs represented the first time that the mental health of children was considered an independently important focus for treatment. Keywords: child guidance clinic; school-based health care; community mental health
Conceptual Framework for Interpretation of Exchange Processes

Polar firn and ice contain the most detailed, long-term, complete record of past climatic conditions on the Earth. Gas enclosed in bubbles and released from ice when it is brought to atmospheric pressure are samples of ancient atmospheres. Impurities in the ice matrix are related to atmospheric composition at or shortly after the time the snow that forms the ice was deposited. Climate reconstruction from polar ice cores offers the only possible indication of historical concentrations for many atmospheric chemical species that are critical to understanding how the Earth’s atmosphere responds to changes in emissions of the various carbon, nitrogen and sulfur species. These historical records provide the data against which to evaluate chemical/climate models that are designed to simulate how the Earth’s atmosphere will respond to changing patterns of anthropogenic emissions.
Fe/Al binary oxide aerogels and xerogels for catalytic oxidation of aqueous contaminants

Abstract Iron oxides and supported iron materials have been widely used as heterogeneous catalysts to oxidize aqueous organic contaminants in the presence of H2O2. One approach to enhance the catalyst performance is to synthesize micro- or meso-porous iron oxides with large surface areas and to control surface composition and catalyst structure through the use of two metal constituents. In this study, xerogels and aerogels of Fe/Al binary oxides were synthesized using a propylene oxide-driven sol–gel method. The effect of synthesis parameters including the ratio of Fe to Al in the precursor solutions, annealing temperature, and drying method were varied independently. The resultant solids were evaluated for their ability to catalyze H2O2 activation and phenol oxidation. The ratio of Fe/Al was found to have a prominent effect on the catalytic activity of the solids, with an optimal activity occurring at an intermediate Fe loading reflecting the important of Fe dispersion. Higher annealing temperature led to enlarged pore size that facilitates access to the internal reactive surface. Xerogels, despite having moderately smaller surface areas than the aerogel counterparts, exhibited consistently higher oxidant generation efficiency and phenol oxidation rates, indicating it is a more favorable method for making porous iron-containing materials for catalytic wet oxidation applications.
Uma análise reflexiva sobre desejar

Despues de unas pocas notas sobre la metodologia, voy a describir un tipo de encuentro predominantemente afectiva llamado “desear”, y voy a compararlo con “querer algo” (desear) y la esperanza, y tambien se relacionan con la creencia y la voluntad
Ancestral Images: The Iconography of Human Origins

Ancestral Images: The Iconography of Human Origins. Stephanie Moser. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1998. 200 pp.
Behavioral semantics of nonrecursive control structures

Knowledge Based Programming is programming in an environment which has substantial knowledge of the semantic domain for which the programs are being written and of the purposes that the programs are supposed to satisfy. Actors are a semantic concept in which no active process is ever allowed to treat anything as an object; instead a polite request must be extended to accomplish what the activator desires. Using actors the PLANNER Project is constructing a Programming Apprentice to make it easier for expert programmers to do knowledge based programming. The apprentice is to aid in establishing and maintaining consistency of specifications, validating that modules meet their specifications, answering questions about behavioral dependencies between modules, and analyzing the implications of perturbations in modules and their specifications.
Behavioral contrast and type of reward: Role of elicited response topography

Groups of pigeons were exposed to multiple variable-interval variable-interval and multiple variable-interval extinction schedules of either food or water reinforcement for keypecking. Discriminative stimuli associated with component schedules were located either on the operant key or on a second “signal” key. When the stimuli were projected on the operant key, positive contrast appeared during discrimination conditions with either food or water as the reinforcer. When the stimuli were projected on the signal key, overall responding to the operant and signal keys showed contrast with food, but negative induction with water as the reinforcer. In the latter condition, the signal for the variable-interval shcedule of water reinforcement elicited a variety of water-related behavior, only some of which was directed at the signal. Thus, the type of reward and location of discriminative stimuli interacted to determine the presence or absence of behavioral contrast effects. In large part, these results support and extend the autoshaping view of contrast.
Environmental photochemistry of tylosin: Efficient, reversible photoisomerization to a less-active isomer, followed by photolysis

The environmental photochemical kinetics of tylosin, a common veterinary macrolide antibiotic and growth promoter, were investigated under simulated sunlight. An efficient, reversible photoisomerization was characterized using kinetic, mass spectrometry, and proton nuclear magnetic resonance data. The photoisomerization was confirmed to occur by a rotation about the distal alkene of the ketodiene functionality. Concurrent forward (quantum yield = 0.39 +/- 0.09) and back (quantum yield = 0.32 +/- 0.08) reactions lead to a photochemical equilibrium near a tylosin/photoisomer ratio of 50:50, completed in less than 2 min under a spectrum equivalent to noontime, summer sunlight. The activity of the isomer for the inhibition of Escherichia coli DH5alpha growth was observed to be less than that of tylosin. On a longer time scale than that of isomerization, the isomer mixture undergoes photolysis with a quantum yield of (1.4 +/- 0.3) x 10(-3). The observed quantum yields and UV-vis absorbance data allow for the prediction of the photochemical behavior of tylosin in most environmental systems. Indirect photosensitization was not a significant loss process in solutions of Suwannee River fulvic acid with concentrations from 1 to 20 mg L(-1).
Area and Regional Studies in the United States

Area studies in the United States is under siege. Government and foundations are turning their attention and funds elsewhere. Although they operate from very diffrent quarters, critics are taking area studies harshly to task for both alleged errors of commission and omission. Yet mine is an optimistic message. These difficulties must be seen within the context of a change in the demographic composition of graduate studies in the U.S. An infusion of intellectual energy from foreign graduate students and post-docs is leading to a reinvention of traditional area studies as global networks of scholarly engagement. Over the longer term these networks, and the scholarship they will create and sustain, bode well for the continued intellectual vitality of this field of scholarship.
Diazonium Functionalization of Surfactant-Wrapped Chemically Converted Graphene Sheets

Surfactant-wrapped chemically converted graphene sheets obtained from reduction of graphene oxide with hydrazine were functionalized by treatment with aryl diazonium salts. The nanosheets are characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, attenuated total reflectance infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The resulting functionalized nanosheets disperse readily in polar aprotic solvents, allowing alternative avenues for simple incorporation into different polymer matrices.
Adriamycin, 1,3‐bis (2‐chloroethyl)‐1‐nitrosourea (BCNU, NSC 409962), cyclophosphamide plus prednisone (ABC‐P) in melphalan‐resistant multiple myeloma

Fourteen patients with multiple myeloma resistant to melphalan plus prednisone were treated with BCNU 50 mg/m2 plus cyclophosphamide 200 mg/m2 on day 1, adriamycin 20 mg/m2 on day 2 and prednisone 60 mg orally, daily for days 1 through 5. Therapy was repeated every four weeks. Depending upon criteria used, objective antitumor responses were achieved in five to nine of the 14 patients. Mean survival was 9.5 months and actuarial median survival was 7.0 months. Six patients are alive, four to 35 months after initiation of therapy. This preliminary report indicates that this combination may be a useful treatment program in the management of patients with advanced multiple myeloma. A review of studies employing adriamycin plus BCNU suggests that these regimens currently offer the most effective treatment of melphalan-resistant patients.
Mechanical properties of biodegradable polymers and composites proposed for internal fixation of bone

The mechanical properties of biodegradable polymers and composites proposed for use in internal fixation (in place of stainless steel) are crucial to the performance of devices made from them for support of healing bone. To assess the reported range of properties and degradation rates. we searched and reviewed papers and abstracts published in English from 1980 through 1988. Mechanical property data were found for poly(lactic acid), poly (glycolic acid), poly(ϵ-caprolactone), polydioxanone, poly(ortho ester), poly(ethylene oxide), and/or their copolymers. Reports of composites based on several of these materials, reinforced with nondegradable and degradable fibers, were also found. The largest group of studies involved poly(lactic acid). Mechanical test methods varied widely, and studies of the degradation of mechanical properties were performed under a variety of conditions, mostly in vitro rather than in vivo. Compared to annealed stainless steel, unreinforced biodegradable polymers were initially up to 36% as strong in tension and 54% in bending, but only about 3% as stiff in either test mode. With fiber reinforcement, reported highest initial strengths exceeded that of stainless steel. Stiffness reached 62% of stainless steel wiht nondegradable carbon fibers, 15% with degradable inorganic fibers, but only 5% with degradable polymeric fibers. The slowest-degrading unreinforced biodegradable polymers were poly(L-lactic acid) and poly(ortho ester). Biodegradable composites with carbon or inorganic fibers generally lost strength rapidly, with a slower loss of stiffness, suggesting the difficulty of fiber-matrix coupling in these system. The strength of composites reinforced wiht (lower modulus) degradable polymeric fibers decreased more slowly. Low implant stiffness might be expected to allow too much bone motion for satisfactory healing. However, unreinforced or degradable polymeric fiber reinforced materials have been used successfully clinically. The key has been careful selection of applications, plus use of designs and fixation methods distinctly different from those appropriate for stainless steel devices.
INCOMPLETE BEHAVIORAL ISOLATION BETWEEN TWO DISTANTLY RELATED DROSOPHILA SPECIES

Two sympatric, distantly related Drosophila species, D. affinis and D. melanogaster, interact sexually in the laboratory and in the field. When mature males from one species are tested with females or sexually attractive males from the other species, the mature males perform courtship that, in most cases, is indistinguishable from the courtship that attractive conspecific flies elicit. Moreover, some of the D. affinis females that elicit courtship from D. melanogaster males copulate with them.
Chemoreception of heavy metals by the polychaetous annelid Myxicola infundibulum (sabellidae)

Abstract 1. 1. The tubicolous polychaete, Myxicola infundibulum has been shown to utilize chemoreception in connection with its withdrawal response. 2. 2. The worms were found to be sensitive to divalent and trivalent metal cations, reacting strongly to ZnCl2, HgCl2, FeCl2, CuCl2 and FeCl3. 3. 3. Contractions occurred in response to concentrations as low as 10−7 M of these metal ions. 4. 4. The location of the chemoreceptors on Myxicola was found to be in the area of the interior base of the branchial crown and prostomium.
Identification of adducts produced by the reaction of 4-(acetoxymethylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol with deoxyguanosine and DNA.

4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL) is a metabolite of the tobacco specific carcinogen 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK). NNAL is present in the blood and urine of people exposed to tobacco products and has carcinogenic activity in rodents similar to that of NNK. DNA adducts specific to NNAL have not been previously identified. Metabolic activation of NNAL by α-methyl hydroxylation, a pathway known to occur in rodent and human microsomes, would produce pyridylhydroxybutylating agents that could react with DNA. We investigated this possibility in the present study by allowing 4-(acetoxymethylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNALCH2OAc) to react with dGuo and DNA. Products were identified by HPLC with UV detection, liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (LC/ESI-MS) and LC/ESI-tandem mass spectrometry (LC/ESI-MS/MS). In the dGuo reactions, selected ion monitoring for m/z 417, corresponding to pyridylhydroxybutylated dGuo, showed several peaks...
Growth and bone mineral status of discharged very low birth weight infants fed different formulas or human milk

The objective of this study was to determine whether the growth and bone mineral status of discharged preterm infants fed human milk differed from those of infants fed one of three different formulas varying in calcium content (545 mg/L, 660 mg/L, or 1290 mg/L). A randomized, blinded study was conducted for 16 weeks after discharge in 16 human milk-fed and 43 formula-fed infants. All formula-fed infants received one of the three study formulas from discharge to 8 weeks afterward, and the standard formula, which contained 545 mg/L calcium, from 8 to 16 weeks. The human milk-fed infants gained weight more slowly than the formula-fed infants. The human milk-fed infants also had lower gains in length and higher serum alkaline phosphatase values than the formula-fed infants. The infants who received the formula containing the highest calcium concentration (1290 mg/L) had greater bone mineral density during the first 8 weeks of the study. We conclude that preterm infants recently discharged from the hospital may benefit from higher calcium intake than is provided by either human milk or standard term formula.
Cognitive estimation and its assessment.

Purpose. We evaluated the internal consistency and construct and criterion validity of a 10-item revision of the Cognitive Estimation Task (CET–R) developed by Shallice and Evans to assess problem-solving hypothesis generation. Method. The CET–R was administered to 216 healthy adults from the Aging, Brain Imaging, and Cognition study and 57 adult outpatients with schizophrenia. Results. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis (EFA and CFA) of the healthy sample revealed that seven of the 10 CET–R items constitute a more internally consistent scale (CET–R–7). Though EFA indicated that two CET–R–7 dimensions might be present (length and speed/time estimation, respectively), CFA confirmed that a single factor best represents the seven items. The CET–R–7 was modeled best by crystallized intelligence, adequately by fluid intelligence, and inadequately by visuospatial problem solving. Performance on the CET–R–7 correlated significantly with the neuropsychological domains of speed and fluency, but not memor...
The FM spectrum of a single pulse

The spectrum produced by the deviation of an FM carrier by a single unipolar pulse is discussed. Computed power spectrums for a rectangular and a half-sine pulse are given from which the spectrums of other unipolar pulses may be inferred.
Structural, elastic, and thermal properties of cementite ( Fe 3 C ) calculated using a modified embedded atom method

Structural, elastic, and thermal properties of cementite (${\mathrm{Fe}}_{3}C$) were studied using a modified embedded atom method (MEAM) potential for iron-carbon (Fe-C) alloys. Previously developed Fe and C single-element potentials were used to develop a Fe-C alloy MEAM potential, using a statistics-based optimization scheme to reproduce structural and elastic properties of cementite, the interstitial energies of C in bcc Fe, and heat of formation of Fe-C alloys in L${}_{12}$ and B${}_{1}$ structures. The stability of cementite was investigated by molecular dynamics simulations at high temperatures. The nine single-crystal elastic constants for cementite were obtained by computing total energies for strained cells. Polycrystalline elastic moduli for cementite were calculated from the single-crystal elastic constants of cementite. The formation energies of (001), (010), and (100) surfaces of cementite were also calculated. The melting temperature and the variation of specific heat and volume with respect to temperature were investigated by performing a two-phase (solid/liquid) molecular dynamics simulation of cementite. The predictions of the potential are in good agreement with first-principles calculations and experiments.
Self-management of childhood asthma.

The general recommendation on which there was consensus among the authors and conferees at the Washington workshop was that a balanced approach to further research on self-management education for children with asthma and their families needs continuing support. All the studies reviewed emphasized evaluative research to test the effectiveness of interventions. It was concluded from the experience of these experimental studies that such “clinical trial” evaluations needed to be complemented and strengthened with: parallel descriptive research on the natural history of asthma and self-management behavior in children; research on methodology to improve the definition and measurement of independent and dependent variables in asthma self-management, as well as the process or intermediate variables by which programs achieved their effects; and research on service delivery systems in which self-management programs can be developed and maintained. More specific recommendations and considerations in relation to each of these types of research emerged from the workshop deliberations. Descriptive research. Although the results of all of the programs evaluated were positive, further advances in improving their effectiveness, efficiency, and exportability to other populations depend on a better understanding of the natural history of asthma and behavior relevant to its management by children and their families. Research priorities suggested include assessment of how parents, especially in lowincome families, make the decision to seek or not to seek medical care for asthmatic symptoms and attacks. What symptoms can be safely accepted as tolerable? How do factors such as cost influence the decision to seek care? What are the population parameters for incidence and prevalence of behavior exhibited by asthmatic children? What are the characteristics (social, economic, behavioral, educational) of the high utilizers of medical care for asthma (the 10% who make up 80% of the medical visits)? Which
High-throughput on-the-fly scanning ultraviolet-visible dual-sphere spectrometer

We have developed an on-the-fly scanning spectrometer operating in the UV-visible and near-infrared that can simultaneously perform transmission and total reflectance measurements at the rate better than 1 sample per second. High throughput optical characterization is important for screening functional materials for a variety of new applications. We demonstrate the utility of the instrument for screening new light absorber materials by measuring the spectral absorbance, which is subsequently used for deriving band gap information through Tauc plot analysis.
Psychiatric Symptoms, Salivary Cortisol and Cytokine Levels in Young Marijuana Users

Psychological maturation continues into young adulthood when substance abuse and several psychiatric disorders often emerge. Marijuana is the most common illicit drug abused by youths, typically preceding other illicit substances. We aimed to evaluate the complex and poorly studied relationships between marijuana use, psychiatric symptoms, and cortisol levels in young marijuana users. Psychiatric symptoms and salivary cortisol were measured in 122 youths (13–23 years old) with and without marijuana use. Psychiatric symptoms were evaluated using the Symptom-Checklist-90-R and Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale. Mid-day salivary cortisol levels were measured. Additionally, salivary cytokine levels were measured in a subset of participants. Although the cortisol levels and salivary cytokine levels were similar, the young marijuana users had more self-reported and clinician rated psychiatric symptoms than controls, especially anxiety-associated symptoms. Moreover, marijuana users with earlier age of first use had more symptoms, while those with longer abstinence had fewer symptoms. Greater cumulative lifetime marijuana use was also associated with greater psychiatric symptoms. The discordant anxiety (feeling stressed or anxious despite normal cortisol) in the marijuana users, as well as symptom exacerbations with early and continued marijuana use in young marijuana users suggest that marijuana use may contribute to an aberrant relationship between stress response and psychiatric symptoms. The greater symptomatology, especially in those with earlier initiation and greater marijuana usage, emphasize the need to intervene for substance use and perceived anxiety in this population.
Vincristine Overdose: Experience with 3 Patients

Vincristine overdose (7.5 mg/m2) was accidentally administered to 3 children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Treatment included double-volume exchange transfusion, phenobarbital administered prophylactically, and folinic acid rescue 18 mg every 3 hours for 16 doses. Vincristine levels were also assayed and showed a dramatic decline in postexchange levels in the 2 patients who survived and an almost unchanged value in the patient who succumbed. Early signs of toxicity in the 2 survivors were peripheral neuropathy (day 4), bone marrow toxicity (day 5), gastrointestinal toxicity (days 6 and 7), and hypertension (days 7 and 8). Marrow aplasia lasted for 4 and 10 days, peripheral neuropathy for 15 and 42 days, gastrointestinal toxicity for 3 and 5 days, and hypertension for 5 and 14 days. The 2 children were discharged on days 13 and 16 and cytostatic therapy was restarted on days 18 and 25. Both are alive without evidence of leukemia. The third patient developed liver and marrow toxicity on day 3 and died on day 9. Postmortem examination showed leukemia infiltration of the liver and spleen.
Development of a Damage-Based Phenomenological Fatigue Model for Asphalt Pavements

Bottom-up fatigue cracking is one of the major distresses for asphalt pavements. Accurate prediction of fatigue cracking for asphalt pavement is of paramount importance for a cost-effective pavement design. A fatigue model based on mechanistic-empirical pavement design is modified from an Asphalt Institute model. However, there are some controversies about the effectiveness of the mechanistic-empirical pavement design fatigue model. The major concern exists on the use of dynamic modulus as a key parameter and there is no damage property of asphaltic mix to predict fatigue, which is induced by damage to the material. This study developed a damage-based phenomenological fatigue model. The pavements at the Federal Highway Administration’s Accelerated Loading Facility (ALF) were used to test the effectiveness of existing models, including the mechanistic-empirical pavement design fatigue model, and validity of the damage-based fatigue model. The data used in this study included dynamic modulus, critical strain-energy density of hot-mix asphalt (HMA), tensile strain at the bottom of HMA layer, and the fatigue life of ALF pavements. It was found that the damage-based model significantly improved the accuracy of the prediction, when compared with the mechanistic-empirical pavement design fatigue model and other conventional models.
Ethics, Aesthetics, and Artistic Ends

A work of art may be considered with respect to internal relations that may exist between the ethical defects of the work and its artistic or aesthetic value. In some cases moral flaws seem to count as artistic flaws. In other cases, the artistic value of a work seems immune to criticism that the work is morally defective. An evaluation in which reference is made to the constitutive aims, functions, or purposes of a work of art can offer a principled explanation that grounds that sort of distinction.
Effect of bond stretch excitation on the attenuation of bending forces

Abstract Ab initio calculations are used to study the attenuation of HCC bending force constants in ethylene and propylene upon HC bond extension. The attenuations found for these two molecules and for CH 4 and SiH 2 in previous work are nearly the same. To a good approximation, attenuation functions and parameters are transferable between these molecules. In contrast to these similar bend attenuations, a decidedly more rapid attenuation is found for the O 2 ·H bend in HO 2 .
Properties and potential radiative impacts of Antarctic blowing snow

Blowing snow plays an important role in the studies of the Earth’s cryosphere. Not only can it affects the ice sheet mass balance and hydrological processes through redistributing surface mass and driving spatial and temporal variations in snow accumulation, it also has a significant impact on the long wave radiation budget both at the surface and at the top of the atmosphere. In this article, we show that blowing snow has substantial impact on the Antarctic Outgoing Longwave Radiation (OLR). Significant cloud-free OLR differences are observed between the clear and blowing snow sky, with the sign and magnitude depending on season and time of the day.
The role of protective antireflux procedures in neurologically impaired children: A decision analysis

Background/Purpose: Despite normal clinical history and preoperative radiologic and pH studies, gastroesophageal reflux (GER) can become apparent in neurologically impaired (NI) children after gastrostomy tube placement. An antireflux procedure performed at the time of gastrostomy tube placement may prevent postoperative GER and help avoid the need for a subsequent surgical procedure but is associated with a high morbidity and mortality rate in NI children. The purpose of this study was to determine the role of protective antireflux procedures in NI children undergoing gastrostomy tube placement. Methods: Decision analysis was used to evaluate the effect of a protective antireflux procedure on morbidity and mortality in NI children. The rate of postoperative GER, need for secondary antireflux procedures, and morbidity and mortality rates after gastrostomy tube placement with or without an antireflux procedure in NI children were estimated from the literature and expert opinion and used to construct decision trees. Results: At baseline values, gastrostomy tube placement resulted in a lower morbidity (11% v 13%) than gastrostomy tube placement with a protective antireflux procedure. One-way sensitivity analysis showed that gastrostomy tube placement was the favored approach when the morbidity of gastrostomy tube placement was less than 11% or the morbidity of antireflux surgery was greater than 10%. At baseline values, gastrostomy tube placement resulted in a lower mortality rate (0.3% v 0.8%) than gastrostomy tube placement with a protective antireflux procedure. Using 1-way sensitivity analysis, no threshold value of any variable was found that favored the use of a protective antireflux procedure with respect to mortality. Conclusions: Although a protective antireflux procedure may reduce the need for additional surgery, inclusion of this procedure is associated with a higher morbidity and mortality rate. Initial placement of a gastrostomy tube without a protective antireflux procedure is the favored approach for NI children without preoperative evidence of GER.
The area-time complexity of the greatest common divisor problem: a lower bound

Abstract We use multiple “information-flow barriers” to show that any VLSI chip which computes the greatest common divisor (GCD) of two n -bit binary integers requires area A and time T satisfying AT 2 = Ω(n 2 ) . Our result implies that, with respect to VLSI area-time bounds, computing the GCD can be no easier than multiplication. As a corollary we have AT =Ω( n ). This bound is best possible, as is shown by a practical design of Brent and Kung for a systolic binary GCD chip.
An object-centered representation for financial analysis☆

Abstract Our experiences with modeling knowledge for a computer-based problem solving consultant in the domain of financial marketing, using an object-centered knowledge representation facility are discussed. Financial marketing represents a class of problem solving activities that are fairly common in the marketing environments of companies that produce capital equipment. Solving these problems requires combining a wide latitude of skills with a vast repository of market data (past, current, and projected). We have been experimenting successfully in the past few years with a prototype system, FAME, that provides integrated interactive problem solving expertise for financial marketing. Our experiences with the modeling of FAME knowledge bases, and our strategy for the engineering and acquisition of knowledge bases required for large-scale expert systems are presented.
Linear analysis of poststall gyrations

The poststall gyrations of a high-performance aircraft are investigated by approximating the equations of motion with a linear mathematical model. Equilibrium poststall spin conditions are determined, which are not limited to small angles or spin rates and are used as reference conditions about which the linear model is developed. As a result, complete coupling between lateral and longitudinal motions is retained. Three aerodynamic models are evaluated using this linear analysis. These models include pure rotary derivatives obtained from VPI&SU stability tunnel, forced-oscillation data obtained from NASA tests, and a combination of the two which separates the unsteady and pure rotary derivatives. Results indicate that this last model gives better predictions of aircraft motion during poststall gyrations at high angles of attack and large sideslip angles. Comparisons are made with full-scale flight test results.
Winter storm-related injuries in Oklahoma, January 2007.

INTRODUCTION: A January 2007 ice storm occurred in Oklahoma, causing power outages and hazardous travel conditions. The objective of this investigation was to describe the nature of winter storm-related injuries among Oklahoma residents, to determine populations at risk, and to inform prevention-planning personnel. METHODS: Winter storm-related injuries were a temporarily reportable condition; all acute-care hospitals and the state medical examiner logged storm-related injuries and deaths during January 12-30, 2007. Medical records were retrospectively abstracted. Risk of injury was described by demographic group, injury type, and mechanism. RESULTS: Among 6,047 persons experiencing winter storm-related injuries, 74% were injured in falls, 13% in motor-vehicle collisions (MVCs), 8% while sledding, 1% by unintentional carbon monoxide poisoning, 1% in cleanup activities, and 3% by other mechanisms. Median age of injured persons was 39years. Persons aged≥40years were 1.4 times more likely to experience falls as the cause of injury than those aged Language: en
A Compact Integrated Optical Chemical/Biological Sensor

A compact, integrated silicon-on-insulator optical sensor design based on in-plane diffraction gratings for microfluidic detection of gaseous and liquid analytes is presented and analyzed. Optimization, characterization, and sensitivity analysis are performed with rigorous coupled-wave analysis.
Studies on glucagon secretion using isolated islets of Langerhans of the rat.

Glucagon secretion and its control have been studied in perifused isolated islets of Langerhans of the rat. It was shown that a low concentration of glucose per se does not cause increased glucagon secretion, but that at low glucose concentrations the amino acid arginine stimulates a biphasic secretory response. Such amino acid stimulated glucagon secretion can be suppressed by increasing the glucose content of the perifused media from 1.67 to 5.5 or 16.7 mM; insulin secretion is also then increased. Since high concentrations of added porcine insulin (10 mU/ml) did not affect amino acid stimulated glucagon secretion at low glucose concentration, it was concluded that high concentrations of glucose and not insulin secreted in response to that glucose are probably responsible for suppression of glucagon secretion. At low concentrations of glucose, epinephrine (2.5 × 10−7 M) also stimulated glucagon secretion. It is concluded that isolated rat islets of Langerhans can be used for the study of glucagon secretion in vitro, and that substances appearing in the blood in vivo at low glucose concentrations are probably responsible for increased glucagon secretion under conditions associated with hypoglycemia.
Kilogram-Scale Synthesis of a Second-Generation Dendrimer Based on 1,3,5-Triazine Using Green and Industrially Compatible Methods with a Single Chromatographic Step

A kilogram scale, divergent and iterative synthesis of a second generation, triazine dendrimer with 12 protected amines on the periphery using common laboratory equipment is reported. The route benefits from common reaction conditions, inexpensive reagents, and aqueous solvents. From the monomers, the desired product dendrimerthe last uncommitted intermediate that leads to a range of committed, generation three targetscan be obtained in 70% overall yield. Of critical importance in the execution of this divergent synthesis is the differential reactivity of chlorine atoms of trichlorotriazine. The stepwise, nucleophilic aromatic substitution of these atoms with amine nucleophiles is both the basis for the dendrimer growth as well as incorporation of solubilizing piperidine groups. Intermediates are obtained and purified through precipitation and/or extraction protocols with the exception of the final product. Isolation of the target dendrimer requires a single silica gel plug filtration. The purity of this ...
Fluid restitution and blood volume redistribution in anesthetized rabbits in response to vasoactive drugs.

BACKGROUNDVasoactive drugs could alter the fluid restitution from the tissue and redistribute blood volume between the macrocirculation and microcirculation.METHODS AND RESULTSWith bolus injections of vasoactive drugs in anesthetized rabbits, we measured the changes in blood and plasma density for the determination of the volume of restitution and redistribution. Epinephrine 3.5 micrograms/kg caused a fluid loss to the tissue, leading to a transient decrease in total blood volume by 2.30 mL/kg. Because of blood volume redistribution, the peak volume reduction was accompanied by a volume reduction of 0.81 mL/kg from the macrocirculation and 1.49 mL/kg from the microcirculation. Phenylephrine 70 micrograms/kg caused a peak reduction in total blood volume of 1.40 mL/kg (with 0.41 mL/kg from macrocirculation and 0.99 mL/kg from microcirculation). Nitroprusside 7 micrograms/kg increased the blood volume by 1.44 mL/kg (0.83 mL/kg macro and 0.61 mL/kg micro), nitroglycerin 7 micrograms/kg by 1.48 mL/kg (0.97 mL/...
Growth of Larval to Juvenile Green Sturgeon in Elevated Temperature Regimes

Abstract To determine the effect of high river temperatures on post-yolk-sac larval to early juvenile green sturgeon Acipenser medirostris, growth rates at elevated and cycling temperature regimes were measured. Water temperatures were chosen based on temperature regimes in their highly altered natal rivers. Post-yolk-sac fish (15 d after hatching) were placed into twenty-four 60-L tanks. Fish were kept on a natural photoperiod, receiving continuous well water and aeration and ad libitum commercial rations. Significant differences were found between final wet weights, total lengths, and specific growth rates (at 24°C and at cycling 19–24°C > 19°C) because of increases in food consumption, despite increases in activity (both significantly greater at 24°C than at 19–24°C or 19°C). Elevated and cycling temperatures in the 19–24°C range do not adversely affect juveniles (body size range, ∼0.1–10 g), when abundant food and oxygen are available.
On the potential for genetic variability in haplo-diploidy

Some theory pertaining to the genetic variability of haplo-diploid species is examined. Genetic variability due to wholly deleterious alleles is reduced in haplo-diploid species compared with species with both sexes diploid, but a random numbers experiment suggests that there is no a priori reason to believe haplo-diploidy reduces the likelihood of balanced polymorphism.
The postictal state: a neglected entity in the management of epilepsy.

Some of the disability deriving from epilepsy derives from the postictal state (PS). The PS may be complicated by impaired cognition, headache, injuries, or secondary medical conditions. Postictal depression is common, postictal psychosis relatively rare, but both add to the morbidity of seizures. The mechanisms of the PS are poorly understood. Alteration of cerebral blood flow both results from and contributes to the PS. Many neurotransmitters or neuromodulators are involved in the physiology of the PS. Response to glutamate may partially desensitize after a seizure. Endogenous opiates and adenosine serve as natural antiepileptic medications in some circumstances. Nitric oxide has numerous effects on brain excitability, and may be particularly important in regulating postictal cerebral blood flow. Just as the pathophysiology of seizures is complicated, so is that of the PS multifactorial. As a practical issue, it would be very useful to have medications that reduce the morbidity of the PS.
Chemical studies of the antioxidant mechanism of theaflavins: Radical reaction products of theaflavin 3,3′-digallate with hydrogen peroxide

Abstract The objective of the current study is to characterize the reaction products of theaflavin 3,3′-digallate, one of the major characteristic polyphenols of black tea, with hydroxyl radicals generated by hydrogen peroxide, with the aim of gaining insights into specific mechanisms of antioxidant reactions in physiological systems. Two major reaction products were isolated and identified using high-field 1D and 2D NMR spectral analysis. Both of them are A-ring fission products. The observation of these compounds indicates that the A ring rather than the benzotropolone moiety is the initial site for formation of reaction products in the hydrogen peroxide oxidant system.
Guinea pig T-cell in vitro proliferative responses to tyrosine-azobenzenearsonate-pulsed and azobenzenearsonate-coupled macrophages have different specificities.

Abstract The cell interactions involved in azobenzenearsonate-N-acetyl-tyrosine (ABA-tyr)-induced delayed hypersensitivity in the guinea pig were studied by in vitro blastogenesis. The ABA-sensitive lymphocyte was demonstrated to be a T lymphocyte and its presence in peritoneal exudate cells was shown to be much higher than spleen or lymph node populations. The secondary response of ABA-sensitized lymphocytes to ABA-tyr in culture is dependent on the presence of an accessory cell, with both splenic and peritoneal macrophages being equally effective. ABA coupled directly to macrophages as an immunogen induced strong responses to itself and not to ABA-tyr-pulsed macrophages or ABA-tyr in solution. The reverse was true in animals, immunized with ABA-tyr. ABA conjugated to thymocytes, L2C leukemia cells, and guinea pig erythrocytes however, did not elicit significant responses. The results obtained in animals immunized with ABA- or ABA-tyr-modified cells was similar whether or not CFA was used. The difference in specificity shown between ABA-coupled and ABA-tyr-pulsed macrophages favors a single receptor hypothesis for T-cell recognition.
Sonic Synergies: Music, Technology, Community, Identity

Sonic Synergies: Music, Technology, Community, Identity GERRY BLOUSTIEN, MARGARET PETERS and SUSAN LUCKMAN (EDS) Aldershot, Hants: Ashgate, 2008 ISBN 978‐0‐7546‐5721‐7 236 pp., $99.95 (cloth) As th...
Pilot study of combination transcriptional modulation therapy with sodium phenylbutyrate and 5-azacytidine in patients with acute myeloid leukemia or myelodysplastic syndrome

Epigenetic mechanisms underlying tumorigenesis have recently received much attention as potential therapeutic targets of human cancer. We designed a pilot study to target DNA methylation and histone deacetylation through the sequential administration of 5-azacytidine followed by sodium phenylbutyrate (PB) in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) or myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). Ten evaluable patients (eight AML, two MDS) were treated with seven consecutive daily subcutaneous injections of 5-azacytidine at 75 mg/m2 followed by 5 days of sodium PB given intravenously at a dose of 200 mg/kg. Five patients (50%) were able to achieve a beneficial clinical response (partial remission or stable disease). One patient with MDS proceeded to allogeneic stem cell transplantation and is alive without evidence of disease 39 months later. The combination regimen was well tolerated with common toxicities of injection site skin reaction (90% of the patients) from 5-azacytidine, and somnolence/fatigue from the sodium PB infusion (80% of the patients). Correlative laboratory studies demonstrated the consistent reacetylation of histone H4, although no relationship with the clinical response could be demonstrated. Results from this pilot study demonstrate that a combination approach targeting different mechanisms of transcriptional modulation is clinically feasible with acceptable toxicity and measurable biologic and clinical outcomes.
Detection of conformational changes in complex III of the respiratory chain by a maleimido spin label.

Changes in the conformation of Complex III (CoQH2-cytochromec reductase) of the mitochondrial respiratory chain were detected upon oxidoreduction using the nitroxide spin label, 3-(maleimidomethyl)-2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-1-pyrrolidinyloxyl. EPR spectra of the spin label show a transition from a greater to a lesser degree of immobilization when the labeled enzyme, reduced either with ascorbate or sodium dithionite, is oxidized with potassium ferricyanide or ferricytochromec. These observations are interpreted to indicate that Complex III is more compact in the reduced state at least in the locality of the spin label. An apparent increase in the concentration of total spins during oxidation of the complex suggests change in the interaction between the spin label and other paramagnetic centers and not an oxidation of spin label, itself, since reduced free spin label could not be reoxidized. Addition of antimycin A had no effect on the EPR spectrum of the spin-labeled enzyme, indicating that this inhibitor does not initiate a conformational change in the region of the spin label. Experiments in which N-ethyl-[2-3H] maleimide was bound to Complex III show that binding occurs primarily to a subunit with a molecular weight of 45,000. Although no qualitative differences were observed, it was found that less radioactivity appears in samples reduced with dithionite than in those reduced with ascorbate. This difference appears to be caused by decomposition products of dithionite.
What Is Entitlement

In his seminal paper, “Content Preservation,” Tyler Burge defends an original account of testimonial knowledge. The originality of the account is due, in part, to the fact that it is cast within a novel epistemic framework. The central feature of that framework is the introduction of the concept of entitlement, which is alleged to be a distinctive type of positive epistemic support or warrant. Entitlement and justification, according to Burge, are sub-species of warrant. Justification is the internalist form of warrant, but entitlement is epistemically externalist. My focus in this paper is Burge’s conception of entitlement, and there are three primary issues that I wish to address. What is the relationship between entitlement and the more traditional concept of justification? In what sense is entitlement epistemically externalist? Has Burge introduced a new epistemic concept or merely coined a new term for a familiar epistemic concept?
Whole-genome sequencing of multiple myeloma from diagnosis to plasma cell leukemia reveals genomic initiating events, evolution, and clonal tides

The longitudinal evolution of a myeloma genome from diagnosis to plasma cell leukemia has not previously been reported. We used whole-genome sequencing (WGS) on 4 purified tumor samples and patient germline DNA drawn over a 5-year period in a t(4;14) multiple myeloma patient. Tumor samples were acquired at diagnosis, first relapse, second relapse, and end-stage secondary plasma cell leukemia (sPCL). In addition to the t(4;14), all tumor time points also shared 10 common single-nucleotide variants (SNVs) on WGS comprising shared initiating events. Interestingly, we observed genomic sequence variants that waxed and waned with time in progressive tumors, suggesting the presence of multiple independent, yet related, clones at diagnosis that rose and fell in dominance. Five newly acquired SNVs, including truncating mutations of RB1 and ZKSCAN3, were observed only in the final sPCL sample suggesting leukemic transformation events. This longitudinal WGS characterization of the natural history of a high-risk myeloma patient demonstrated tumor heterogeneity at diagnosis with shifting dominance of tumor clones over time and has also identified potential mutations contributing to myelomagenesis as well as transformation from myeloma to overt extramedullary disease such as sPCL.
Divergent Effects of Novel Immunomodulatory Agents and Cyclophosphamide on the Risk of Engraftment Syndrome after Autologous Peripheral Blood Stem Cell Transplantation for Multiple Myeloma

Abstract Engraftment syndrome (ES) is an increasingly observed and occasionally fatal complication after autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation (PBSCT). In this study, we demonstrate that the incidence of ES is significantly increased in patients undergoing autologous PBSCT for multiple myeloma in comparison to patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma or Hodgkin lymphoma. Multivariate analysis revealed that age > 60 (hazard ratio [HR], 1.71; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.12 to 2.62; P = .013) and transplantation for multiple myeloma (HR, 2.80; 95% CI, 1.60 to 4.90; P = .0003) were associated with an increased risk of this complication. When stratified for myeloma patients only, age > 60 (HR, 1.80; 95% CI, 1.13 to 2.87; P = .013) and prior treatment with both lenalidomide and bortezomib (HR, 1.83; 95% CI, 1.11 to 3.04; P = .0001) were associated with an increased incidence of ES. Conversely, lack of exposure to cyclophosphamide from either chemomobilization or as a component of the pretransplantation therapeutic regimen increased the risk of this complication (HR, 3.05; 95% CI, 1.91 to 4.87; P