cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Splenic Function in Amyloidosis

Thirteen of 62 patients (21%) with biopsy-proven amyloidosis seen between 1971 and 1983 had evidence of functional hyposplenism, as defined by the presence of Howell-Jolly bodies on blood smear and anatomic presence of the spleen. The latter was established by various imaging procedures, surgery, or autopsy. The patients with functional hyposplenism (9 men, 4 women) ranged between 33 and 79 years of age. Proteinuria, hepatomegaly, gastrointestinal bleeding, and cardiovascular manifestations were common presenting findings. Twelve patients exhibited Howell-Jolly bodies initially and 9 were anemic. In no case was there evidence of megaloblastic dyspoiesis. Eleven patients had a plasma cell dyscrasia; the light chain component in all was lambda. Marrow plasmacytosis ranged between 3 and 50%; no patient had lytic bone lesions or hypercalcemia. Surgery or autopsy in 8 patients disclosed spleen weights between 110 and 500 grams; all were extensively replaced with amyloid. Three patients had normal spleen scans and normal size spleens at autopsy. None of the patients with functional hyposplenism developed pneumococcal infections and one has survived for 70 months. Although splenic function is generally unaltered or increased in the presence of infiltrative lesions, amyloidosis occasionally causes splenic hypofunction which may serve as a useful diagnostic clue. We are unaware of any instance of functional hypersplenism with amyloidosis.
Prediagnostic Serum Levels of Fatty Acid Metabolites and Risk of Ovarian Cancer in the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian (PLCO) Cancer Screening Trial.

Background: Evidence suggests that inflammation increases risk for ovarian cancer. Aspirin has been shown to decrease ovarian cancer risk, though the mechanism is unknown. Studies of inflammatory markers, lipid molecules such as arachidonic acid, linoleic acid, and alpha-linoleic acid metabolites, and development of ovarian cancer are essential to understand the potential mechanisms. Methods: We conducted a nested case–control study (157 cases/156 matched controls) within the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian (PLCO) Cancer Screening Trial. Unconditional logistic regression was used to estimate the association between prediagnostic serum levels of 31 arachidonic acid/linoleic acid/alpha-linoleic acid metabolites and risk of ovarian cancer. Results: Five of the 31 arachidonic acid/linoleic acid/alpha-linoleic acid (free fatty acids) metabolites were positively associated with ovarian cancer risk: 8-HETE [tertile 3 vs. 1: OR 2.53 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.18–5.39), Ptrend 0.02], 12,13-DHOME [2.49 (1.29–4.81), 0.01], 13-HODE [2.47 (1.32–4.60), 0.005], 9-HODE [1.97 (1.06–3.68), 0.03], 9,12,13-THOME [2.25 (1.20–4.21), 0.01]. In analyses by subtype, heterogeneity was suggested for 8-HETE [serous OR (95% CI): 2.53 (1.18–5.39) vs. nonserous OR (95% CI): 1.15 (0.56–2.36), Phet 0.1] and 12,13-EpOME [1.95 (0.90–4.22) vs. 0.82 (0.39–1.73), 0.05]. Conclusions: Women with increased levels of five fatty acid metabolites (8-HETE, 12,13-DHOME, 13-HODE, 9-HODE, and 9,12,13-THOME) were at increased risk of developing ovarian cancer in the ensuing decade. All five metabolites are derived from either arachidonic acid (8-HETE) or linoleic acid (12,13-DHOME, 13-HODE, 9-HODE, 9,12,13-THOME) via metabolism through the LOX/cytochrome P450 pathway. Impact: The identification of these risk-related fatty acid metabolites provides mechanistic insights into the etiology of ovarian cancer and indicates the direction for future research.
Adaptation of Babinet's Principle for Complementary Antennas in a Dielectric Half-Space

Babinet's principle is widely known to relate the impedances of complementary structures. However, the usefulness of the principle is fundamentally limited by the requirement that the complementary structures be in homogeneous media—preventing its use for modern printed-circuit-board-style constructed antennas with a dielectric backing. This letter shows a modification of Babinet's principle to describe the impedance relationship of complementary structures in a dielectric half-space, providing a deeper theoretical understanding of complementary structure behavior. This provides a first step toward an analytical solution for the Babinet's principle applied to finite dielectric backings.
Threats to Human Rights: A General Review

It has been seventy years since signing the Declaration of Human Rights, yet human right violations are still happening across the globe. This review asks the question – what is the impact of perceived threat on changing support for human rights into support for not-all-humans’ rights? In approaching human rights violations with a four-level model – institutions, cultures, groups, and individuals –, issues of capabilities, historical emotions, connectedness, and personality emerge. At the heart of these is the impact perceived threat has at each level within each issue. Limitations of current work, disagreements across the literature, and future directions are discussed.
Macrophages as delivery vehicles for anticancer agents

The delivery of anticancer agents via passive approaches such as the enhanced permeability and retention effect is unlikely to achieve sufficient concentrations throughout the tumor volume for effective treatment. Cell-based delivery approaches using tumor tropic cells have the potential to overcome the limitations of passive approaches. Specifically, this review focuses on the use of monocytes/macrophages for the delivery of a variety of anticancer agents, including nanoparticles, chemotherapeutics and gene constructs. The efficacy of this delivery approach, both as monotherapy and in combination with light-based phototherapy modalities, has been demonstrated in numerous in vitro and animal studies, however, its clinical potential remains to be determined.
Mechanism of neurotransmitter release coming into focus

Research for three decades and major recent advances have provided crucial insights into how neurotransmitters are released by Ca2+ -triggered synaptic vesicle exocytosis, leading to reconstitution of basic steps that underlie Ca2+ -dependent membrane fusion and yielding a model that assigns defined functions for central components of the release machinery. The soluble N-ethyl maleimide sensitive factor attachment protein receptors (SNAREs) syntaxin-1, SNAP-25, and synaptobrevin-2 form a tight SNARE complex that brings the vesicle and plasma membranes together and is key for membrane fusion. N-ethyl maleimide sensitive factor (NSF) and soluble NSF attachment proteins (SNAPs) disassemble the SNARE complex to recycle the SNAREs for another round of fusion. Munc18-1 and Munc13-1 orchestrate SNARE complex formation in an NSF-SNAP-resistant manner by a mechanism whereby Munc18-1 binds to synaptobrevin and to a self-inhibited "closed" conformation of syntaxin-1, thus forming a template to assemble the SNARE complex, and Munc13-1 facilitates assembly by bridging the vesicle and plasma membranes and catalyzing opening of syntaxin-1. Synaptotagmin-1 functions as the major Ca2+ sensor that triggers release by binding to membrane phospholipids and to the SNAREs, in a tight interplay with complexins that accelerates membrane fusion. Many of these proteins act as both inhibitors and activators of exocytosis, which is critical for the exquisite regulation of neurotransmitter release. It is still unclear how the actions of these various proteins and multiple other components that control release are integrated and, in particular, how they induce membrane fusion, but it can be expected that these fundamental questions can be answered in the near future, building on the extensive knowledge already available.
Morbidity and Mortality of Total Gastrectomy: a Comprehensive Analysis of 90-Day Outcomes.

Total gastrectomy (TG) is a complex procedure that carries a high risk of morbidity and mortality and in which patients may experience post-operative sequelae well past the standard 30-day follow-up period. Large studies from high-volume centers with detailed 90-day follow-up data are needed to provide benchmarks for high-quality care for this complex procedure. Single-institution, retrospective review of a comprehensive gastric cancer database of 148 patients undergoing curative intent TG from 2000 to 2017. Clinicopathologic and treatment factors were analyzed for their impact on 90-day outcomes. The median age of the cohort was 66 years, and 61% were male. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy and radiation therapy were delivered to 32% and 11% of patients, respectively. Open and laparoscopic TG were performed in 93% (n = 137) and 7% (n = 11) of patients, respectively. Extended lymphadenectomy, pancreatectomy, and splenectomy were performed in 37%, 4.7%, and 19% of patients, respectively. The 30- and 90-day mortality rates were 2.0% and 3.4%, respectively. At least one 90-day complication was experienced by 43.9% (n = 65) of patients, and 14% (n = 21) experienced a Clavien–Dindo grade 3 or 4 complication. Anastomotic leak occurred in 5.4% (n = 8) of patients, half of which required an invasive intervention. Median length of stay was 8 days. The readmission rate was 22%, and most readmissions were due to dehydration and/or nutritional compromise. This study defines 30- and 90-day post-operative outcomes after total gastrectomy in a high-volume center. These outcomes data are critical to the improvement of the informed consent process and as benchmarks for future quality improvement initiatives.
Basic Principles of the Princeton Recommendations

The Princeton Consensus Conference released their most recent recommendations for the management of sexual dysfunction in 2012. Newest recommendations updated the 1999 and 2005 conferences, which discussed the management of sexual dysfunction in men and women with known cardiovascular disease (CVD) and risk factor evaluations, lifestyle management in men with erectile dysfunction (ED), and appropriate pharmacologic management (DeBusk et al, Am J Cardiol 86(2):175–181, 2000; Kostis et al, Am J Cardiol 96(2):313–321, 2005), respectively.
From Thorium to Plutonium: Trends in Actinide(IV) Chloride Structural Chemistry.

A series of eighteen tetravalent actinide (An = Th, U, Pu) compounds were synthesized from acidic aqueous solutions containing thorium, uranium, or plutonium and a series of protonated nitrogen heterocycles. The compounds were characterized using Raman, IR, and optical absorption spectroscopies. The structures were determined using single-crystal X-ray diffraction and found to consist of [An(H2O)xCly]4-y (x = 4-7 and y = 2-4) or AnCl62- molecular units. Breaks in the structural chemistry of the early actinides were observed, with Th adopting exclusively Th-aquo-chloro species and Pu forming only PuCl62-; U crystallized as both U-aquo-chloro and UCl62-. The relationship between the solid-state structural units and the solution species was interrogated using UV-vis-near-IR absorption spectroscopy. A comparison of the solution and solid-state spectra suggested that, although prevalent in the solid state, particularly for U and Pu, AnCl62- does not exist to an appreciable extent in the reaction solution. Despite the identification of U-aquo-chloro species in solution, there are limited reports of these complexes in the solid state. Isolation of these unique actinide(IV) chlorides as reported in this work may point to the importance of nonbonding interactions in the stabilization and precipitation of AnIV structural units.
Other Methods of Government Support

Government awards in the form of cash subsidies and service contracts are only one of the methods that public officials use to help new space firms survive. In this penultimate chapter, McCurdy describes how governmental bodies throughout the United States use tax expenditures, provision of facilities, insurance support and favorable regulations to enlarge the value of new space industries.
Efficacy of "Mentoring to Be Active" on Weight Loss, Body Mass Index, and Body Fat among Obese and Extremely Obese Youth in Rural Appalachia.

PURPOSE: This study compares the efficacy of a behavioral skills mentoring program (Mentored Planning to Be Active [MBA]) to a teacher‐led program (Planning to Be Active [PBA]) for increasing physical activity in Appalachian teens on health outcomes (weight loss, body mass index (BMI), and body fat). METHODS: Secondary analysis of a larger group‐randomized controlled trial was conducted in 20 rural Appalachian schools. Descriptive Pearson correlations and multivariate analyses with between‐subject effects were conducted. Effect sizes (ES) using Cohen's d and odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals were calculated. FINDINGS: The obese MBA group lost 77.5% more weight by T3 compared to the PBA group; T2 was (F = 8.51, P = .000) and T3 was (F = 7.62, P = .000). ES was 0.34. OR = 1.45 (95% CI: 0.558‐3.792) at T2 and OR = 3.32 (95% CI: 1.103‐9.978) at T3. Extremely obese in the MBA group lost 80.0% more weight compared to the PBA group; T2 was (F = 5.23, P = .025) and at T3 (F = 6.33, P = .015) ES was 0.58. OR = 4.36 (95% CI: 0.981‐19.34). Extremely obese females lost more weight compared to males (F = 4.75, P = .034). BMI and body fat had similar results; youth in the MBA group had the most improvement. CONCLUSIONS: Rural Appalachian youth are disproportionately extremely obese. BMI does not capture adiposity or cardiovascular risk. BMI, BMI percentile, raw weight, fat mass, and percent body fat are more complete analyses of adiposity and cardiovascular risk.
Progressive Myelomalacia in a Pomeranian Following Spinal Fracture and Surgical Stabilization—A Case Report

A 4-year-old female spayed Pomeranian presented for being unable to use its pelvic limbs after a fall. The dog was paraplegic with absent pelvic limb nociception and a Schiff-Sherrington posture. Radiographs and Computed tomography showed a T11-T12 luxation. Spinal stabilization was performed for pain control. Twenty-four hours following surgery the patient lost pelvic limb reflexes. Twelve hours later she lost cutaneous trunci and forelimb proprioception and had increased respiratory effort. A diagnosis of progressive myelomalacia was made and the patient was euthanized. Most cases of progressive myelomalacia in dogs are due to intervertebral disc herniation. To the authors' knowledge, myelomalacia secondary to spinal fracture has not been reported.
The Constitutionalization of Parole: Fulfilling the Promise of Meaningful Review

Almost 12,000 people in the United States are serving life sentences for crimes that occurred when they were children. For most of these people, a parole board will determine how long they will actually spend in prison. Recent Supreme Court decisions have endorsed parole as a mechanism to ensure that people who committed crimes as children are serving constitutionally proportionate sentences with a meaningful opportunity for release. Yet, in many states across the country, parole is an opaque process with few guarantees. Parole decisions are considered “acts of grace” often left to the unreviewable discretion of the parole board. This article suggests a way to bring the current reality of parole closer to the Court’s promise that parole can render life sentences constitutional. This article considers how the Supreme Court’s decisions in Graham, Miller and Montgomery work to constitutionalize parole and change the conventional understanding of the board’s determination, and details the current standards of judicial review of parole board decisions. Because parole is now operating to make constitutional the sentences of people who were children at the time of the offense, the Eighth Amendment task placed on parole boards’ shoulders necessitates substantive standards for the parole board, as well as judicial scrutiny of the boards’ determinations. The article proposes two essential reforms: first, a presumption of release on parole for people who were children at the time of the crime, absent a determination by clear and convincing evidence that they have not rehabilitated; and second, independent judicial review of the parole board decision to determine if the evidence supports defeating the presumption that life in prison is disproportionate for the vast majority of people who committed crimes as children.
Study on treatment of viral encephalitis of children.by Angong niuhuang pill combined Naloxone

Objective To study the clinical effect of Angong-niuhuang pill combined naloxone in treating viral encephalifis of children.Methotis 86 c88es of viral encephalitis were in eonla,they were divided into two groups by the order of hospitalization,the two groups were treated by injecting naloxone,reducing fever,stopping convulsion,lowering the press inside skull and supporting treatment,treated group was added nasal feeding of angong niuhuang pill.To observe the clinical effect of two groups and chande of tumor nerosis factora(TNF-α)and nitrous oxide(NO)in cerebrospinal fluid(CSF)before and after treatment.Results The clinical effect of treated group was better than control group;the TNF-aand NO in CSF of treated group declined more obvious than control group.Conclusion Angong niuhuang pill combined naloxone can shorten the coma time of children's viral encephalitis,decline the TNF-αand NO in CSF obviously. Key words: Viral encephalitis; Angong niuhuang pill; Naloxone; TNF-α:NO
Investigation of a Sensing Strategy Based on a Nucleophilic Addition Reaction for Quantitative Detection of Bisulfite (HSO3

A reaction-based sensor (NAS-1) showed a high affinity and sensitivity to HSO3- via a nucleophilic addition reaction in the aqueous media, giving dual signals from absorption and emission spectra. NAS-1 was successfully applied in RK13 epithelial cells to detect HSO3- in a cellular environment.
Intranasal Insulin Reduces White Matter Hyperintensity Progression in Association with Improvements in Cognition and CSF Biomarker Profiles in Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer's Disease.

Intranasally administered insulin has shown promise in both rodent and human studies in Alzheimer’s disease; however, both effects and mechanisms require elucidation. We assessed the effects of intranasally administered insulin on white matter health and its association with cognition and cerebral spinal fluid biomarker profiles in adults with mild cognitive impairment or Alzheimer’s disease in secondary analyses from a prior phase 2 clinical trial (NCT01767909). A randomized (1:1) double-blind clinical trial. Twelve sites across the United States. Adults with mild cognitive impairment or Alzheimer’s disease. Participants received either twice daily placebo or insulin (20 IU Humulin R U-100 b.i.d.) intranasally for 12 months. Seventy-eight participants were screened, of whom 49 (32 men) were enrolled. Changes from baseline in global and regional white matter hyperintensity volume and gray matter volume were analyzed and related to changes in cerebral spinal fluid biomarkers, Alzheimer’s Disease Assessment Scale-Cognition, Clinical Disease Rating-Sum of Boxes, Alzheimer’s Disease Cooperative Study-Activities of Daily Living Scale, and a memory composite. The insulin-treated group demonstrated significantly reduced changes in white matter hyperintensity volume in deep and frontal regions after 12 months, with a similar trend for global volume. White matter hyperintensity volume progression correlated with worsened Alzheimer’s disease cerebral spinal fluid biomarker profile and cognitive function; however, patterns of correlations differed by treatment group. Intranasal insulin treatment for 12 months reduced white matter hyperintensity volume progression and supports insulin’s potential as a therapeutic option for Alzheimer’s disease.
Changes in methadone program practices and fatal methadone overdose rates in Connecticut during COVID-19

Abstract Background Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) has relaxed restrictions on methadone treatment in the United States. There is concern that the relaxation may increase fatal overdose rates. This study examines opioid treatment program (OTP) changes to methadone treatment during COVID-19 and changes in fatal methadone-involved overdose rates in Connecticut. Methods From July 8th to August 18th, 2020, we conducted a comprehensive state-wide survey of all eight OTPs that dispense methadone in Connecticut to examine programmatic changes during COVID-19. We also analyzed state-level data on confirmed accidental opioid-involved deaths to assess if relaxation of take-home dosing restrictions and in-person attendance requirements correlated with increased methadone-involved fatal overdose rates. Results OTPs reported implementing multiple changes to methadone treatment in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. The percent of patients receiving 28-day take-home doses increased from 0.1% to 16.8%, 14-day take-home doses increased from 14.2% to 26.8%, and the percent receiving one or no take-home doses decreased from 37.5% to 9.6%. Monthly or more frequent drug testing decreased from 15% to 4.6% and 75.2% of individual counseling for methadone patients transitioned to telehealth. However, changes to methadone treatment varied considerably by program. OTP providers said restrictions on methadone should be relaxed and increases in take-home dosing as well as telehealth should be continued in non-pandemic situations. Methadone-involved fatalities relative to other opioid-involved fatalities did not increase in Connecticut following changes in OTP practices. Conclusions Connecticut OTPs relaxed methadone treatment requirements during COVID-19. Since relaxing restrictions on methadone treatment has not increased fatal overdoses, we recommend that the reductions in-person dosing and attendance requirements implemented during the COVID-19 pandemic should be continued and made permanent.
A LINCS microenvironment perturbation resource for integrative assessment of ligand-mediated molecular and phenotypic responses

SUMMARY The phenotype of a cell and its underlying molecular state is strongly influenced by extracellular signals, including growth factors, hormones, and extracellular matrix. While these signals are normally tightly controlled, their dysregulation leads to phenotypic and molecular states associated with diverse diseases. To develop a detailed understanding of the linkage between molecular and phenotypic changes, we generated a comprehensive dataset that catalogs the transcriptional, proteomic, epigenomic and phenotypic responses of MCF10A mammary epithelial cells after exposure to the ligands EGF, HGF, OSM, IFNG, TGFB and BMP2. Systematic assessment of the molecular and cellular phenotypes induced by these ligands comprise the LINCS Microenvironment (ME) perturbation dataset, which has been curated and made publicly available for community-wide analysis and development of novel computational methods (synapse.org/LINCS_MCF10A). In illustrative analyses, we demonstrate how this dataset can be used to discover functionally related molecular features linked to specific cellular phenotypes.
Simulating Large-Scale Events as a Network of Heterogeneous Queues: Framework and Application:

Large-scale planned special events (PSEs) can pose unique transportation and logistics challenges. Data collection and simulation are important tools to address these challenges, although they are ...
A Theoretical Framework for Environmental and Social Impact Reporting

We provide a theoretical framework for reporting of firms' environmental and social impact (ESI). In our model the characteristics of a ESI report impact managerial efforts related to ESI, cash flows, stock prices, and greenwashing. In particular, we describe the implications of ESI report congruity, whether the report captures ESI inputs or outcomes, and the manager's tradeoffs regarding ESI efforts and reporting bias. Although stock price incentives tend to encourage ESI efforts and greenwashing simultaneously, ESI reports that capture ESI effects on cash flows tend to have a stronger price reactions than ESI reports that capture effects on ESI per se. ESI reports aligned with investors' aggregate preferences provide stronger incentives and lead to more positive outcomes than ESI reports that focus on either ESI or cash flow effects individually.
Personnel and Contamination

Everyone concerned with contamination control dreams of the day when automation will remove the need for employees to actually handle the wafers. This wish arises from the fact that humans are such a major factor in cleanroom contamination. Not only do they generate a large number and variety of contaminants, but they also tend to be in close proximity to the product at many stages during the production process. The introduction of advanced manufacturing technologies, as discussed in Chapter 13, will ultimately allow the separation of employees from the product in an operating facility. However, we must recognize that many of the techniques described are still in their infancy and are likely to remain beyond the reach of most companies (especially the smaller organizations) for some time. Therefore, since we are faced with the continued marriage of people and product, we must use appropriate contamination control equipment and practices for personnel to reduce the human factor in cleanroom contamination.
NEUROMUSCULAR CONTROL DURING PERFORMANCE OF A DYNAMIC BALANCE TASK IN SUBJECTS WITH AND WITHOUT ANKLE INSTABILITY.

Cross-sectional, controlled laboratory study.Lateral ankle sprains are common injuries and often lead to chronic ankle instability (CAI). Individuals who previously sustained a lateral ankle sprain, but did not develop CAI, termed copers, may have altered postural control strategies compared to individuals who have developed CAI. These altered postural control strategies may allow for more appropriate dynamic stabilization of the ankle joint after injury compared to those seen in patients who have developed CAI.To compare lower leg biomechanics, as well as electromyographic (EMG) activation of the tibilias anterior and peroneus longus muscles, during the posteromedial reach of the Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT) in individuals with healthy ankles, copers, and those with CAI.30 participants (12 control, 9 copers, 9 CAI) divided into three groups based on ankle sprain history and Cumberland Ankle Instability Tool score. Kinematic, kinetic, and EMG data were collected during three posteromedial reach trials on the SEBT.Primary outcome measures include SEBT normalized reach distance in the posteromedial direction and average integrated EMG activation of the tibialis anterior and peroneus longus muscles during the reach. Secondary outcome measures included sagittal and frontal plane ankle complex angles and moments and sagittal plane knee angles and moments. Data were analyzed between groups using a one-way ANOVA model.No significant differences in reach distance or kinematic and kinetic outcomes were found between groups. The activation of the tibialis anterior and peroneus longus muscles was significantly different between groups (p=0.033 and p=0.014, respectively). The post-hoc analysis revealed that the coper group had significantly higher muscle activation compared to the control group, but not to the CAI group.CAI did not alter kinematic, kinetic, or reach performance during the SEBT. When compared to controls, copers appeared to have greater activation of the ankle musculature, which may increase stability of the ankle complex during a dynamic balance task.Prospective Cohort level II.
Fidelity & validity in robotic simulation

This work assesses the relationship between common theoretical constructs involved in simulation design and evaluation. Specifically, the degree to which realism is a desired goal in design is examined through a thorough review of the available literature. It was found that, especially for training simulations, high fidelity does not always beget improved outcomes, and this finding was corroborated by the results of an experiment involving a simulated robot. In the within-subjects experiment, participants rated their trust in both live and simulated versions of a robot performing in both reliable and unreliable scenarios. As predicted, strong correlations in both the reliable and unreliable scenarios validate the RIVET simulation engine as a model for trust in HRI and provide further evidence that relatively low-fidelity simulations can sometimes be sufficient or superior to high-fidelity alternatives.
The Friends of Siblings: A Test of Social Homogamy vs. Peer Selection and Influence

SUMMARY Using the full siblings and their friends in the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health), we examined two possible processes of friends' similarity: selection/influence and social homogamy. For two phenotypes, delinquency and verbal intelligence (VIQ), self-reports of siblings and their friends were linked by a computer algorithm. Structural equation models were then applied to a 4 X 4 covariance matrix (siblings 1 and 2, friends of sibling 1, friends of sibling 2) for each phenotype separately. The best-fit model of delinquency included only a selection/influence process and no social homogamy process. In contrast, the best-fit model of VIQ supported a social homogamy process. Friends' resemblance in delinquency rates can be attributed to selection and/or influence. However, friends' intellectual resemblance may be due to friends' placements in ability tracks in schools and in other social contexts instead of being a result of a preference for a particular VIQ level.
Clinical relevance of intracellular vascular endothelial growth factor levels in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia

Strong evidence exists for an association between high vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels and poor prognoses in patients with solid tumors and acute leukemia. Using Western blot analysis and solid-phase radioimmunoassay, we measured cellular VEGF levels in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) samples from 225 patients and correlated these levels with disease characteristics and prognoses. The median VEGF level in CLL samples was 7.26 times the median level detected in normal peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Patients with lower levels of VEGF protein showed a trend toward shorter survival ( P = .07). However, in a subgroup of CLL patients with good prognoses or early-stage disease (Rai stages 0-II, Binet stages A,B; β2-M ≤ 2.8 mg/dL), lower levels of VEGF were associated with shorter survival times. For the entire group of patients, no correlation was found between VEGF levels and β2-M levels or Rai and Binet stage. Most samples from patients with CLL expressed the 43-kd VEGF isoform in addition to the commonly expressed 45-kd isoform. It remains to be seen whether the expression of the 43-kd isoform is responsible for this reversed correlation with outcome.
In Search of Lost Memories: Domestic Spheres and Identities in Roman Amheida, Egypt

Memory and heritage are critical components for identity formation. Within the context of empire, the display of heritage represents and transforms connections between individuals and their relationship to society. This essay examines a Roman Period Egyptian house as emblematic of the complex post-conquest conditions that intertwined memory, identity, and empire. This paper explores the integrative phase of empire, a process that continues long after the dramatic acts of conquest and submission have ended. I explore this process on a microscale in order to understand local negotiations, responses, and influences. Specifically, I focus on domestic contexts from the Roman city of Amheida (ancient Trimithis) in the Dakhleh Oasis. Amheida has a long occupational history, but it was under Roman rule that it reached its greatest extent (1 C AD–4 C AD). This historical trajectory offers a detailed example of a locality that developed during a period of social, religious, economic, and political change.
Whole-body vibration influences lower extremity circulatory and neurological function

Whole-body vibration (WBV) is currently used to enhance performance and treat injuries even though we lack an understanding of how WBV influences physiological processes. An improved understanding of the physiological effects of WBV could lead to protocols to speed healing or treat pathologies. This study examined the acute effects of WBV on peripheral blood perfusion, muscle oxygenation, motoneuron pool excitability, and sensory nerve conduction velocity. Fourteen healthy participants [9 women (21.7 ± 2.4 years); 5 men (20.8 ± 1.1 years)] completed a 5 min bout of WBV (50 Hz, 2 mm amplitude). Measures were assessed pre-treatment and at 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 min post-treatment. WBV significantly increased superficial skin temperature (P < 0.0005) and total hemoglobin (P = 0.009), had no effect of oxyhemoglobin (P = 0.186), increased deoxyhemoglobin (P < 0.0005), inhibited the soleus Hoffmann reflex (P = 0.007), and had no effect on sural sensory nerve conduction velocity (P = 0.695). These results suggest that an acute bout of WBV influences physiological processes in both the circulatory and the nervous systems.
Sensors for Genotoxicity and Oxidized DNA

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the development of sensors based on ultrathin films of DNA and other functional polymeric materials on carbon electrodes designed to detect DNA damage or oxidation, as a basis for screening chemicals for toxicity or for clinical screening of oxidative stress. Recent progress towards developing sensors in the laboratory based on detecting chemical changes in DNA by catalytic voltammetry, using sensors consisting of electrodes coated with ultrathin films designed for the required task, is discussed along with the assembly of the ultrathin sensor films by layer-by-layer alternate electrostatic assembly. The chapter also summarizes the recent applications to the electrochemical and electrochemiluminescent detection of toxic molecules and their metabolites and discusses the specific detection of oxidized DNA by electrochemical and electrochemiluminescent sensors. The films containing DNA and enzymes enable detection of structural damage to DNA by square wave voltammetry (SWV) or electrochemical luminescence (ECL) as a basis for toxicity screening. The sensors containing the appropriate enzymes can bioactivate chemicals to their metabolites that then may react with DNA.
Histopathology of spleen allograft rejection in miniature swine.

Spleen transplantation (SpTx) has established donor-specific tolerance in rodents, but not in large animals or humans. We report the histopathology of rejection in an established model of SpTx in major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-defined miniature swine. Of the 17 SpTx, rejection was observed in two grafts transplanted into untreated, MHC-matched, minor antigen-disparate recipients (group 1, n = 4), but not in the two that received a 12-day course of cyclosporin A (CyA). Rejection also occurred in five grafts transplanted into fully MHC-disparate recipients (group 2, n = 12), one of which was untreated and four of which received some form of immunosuppressive therapy. One recipient of an MHC class-I-mismatched spleen treated with 12 days of CyA did not show rejection. Following biopsy and/or necropsy, fixed allograft tissue sections were treated with multiple stains, immunohistochemical markers and TUNEL assay. Common features of rejection occurred in grafts from both groups, but with varying time courses. Necrosis developed as early as day 8 in group 2 and day 27 in group 1, ranging from focal fibrinoid necrosis of arteriolar walls and sinusoids to diffuse liquefactive necrosis, usually associated with haemorrhage. Other features of rejection included white pulp expansion by atypical cells and decreased staining of basement membranes and reticular fibres. A doubling of the baseline TUNEL index preceded histologically identifiable rejection. This study establishes histologic guidelines for diagnosing and, perhaps, in future studies, predicting acute rejection of splenic allografts transplanted across known histocompatibility barriers in a large-animal model.
Common Enterobacterial Antigen III. Initial Titers and Antibody Response in Bacteremia Caused by Gram-Negative Bacilli

Antibody titers to common enterobacterial antigen (CA) were determined in 141 controls and in acute serum specimens from 206 patients with bacteremia caused by gram-negative organisms. Levels of antibody to CA ranged from 1:160 to 1:2,560 in 95% of control subjects. These levels did not differ significantly from those in acute serum specimens from bacteremic patients with "nonfatal underlying diseases." Patients with more severe underlying diseases, "ultimately fatal underlying diseases," tended to have lower titers of antibody to CA. Human antibody to CA was predominantly of the 19S variety. A fourfold change in antibody titer to CA was observed in convalescent serum obtained after bacteremia in 32% of 108 patients studied. Correlation of titers of antibody to CA in acute serum specimens with the frequency of occurrence of shock or death failed to demonstrate any protective activity of antibody to CA. These complications occurred equally as often in patients with high titers of antibody to CA as in those with low titers.
Detecting High Dynamics Signals From Open-Loop Radio Science Investigations

In the postprocessing of open-loop radio science receiver (RSR) data, the frequency of a received signal is reconstructed and its amplitude estimated. Three types of algorithms can be used for the signal detection: a digital phase lock loop (PLL), fast Fourier transform (FFT) alone, or FTT with an optimization. One optimization, referred to as spectral analysis, is compared with the PLL and FFT detection methods especially for the case of signal with high-frequency dynamics. The reconstruction procedure is an important first step of processing radio science experimental data since its accuracy influences the resulting science observations. The comparisons deduce that the spectral analysis is superior for the cases of high dynamics signals.
Evaluation of commercially available bulk Mg and Al oxides and hydroxides for the production of transparent MgAl2O4

A significant challenge in the fielding of transparent MgAl 2 O 4 (spinel) ceramic parts for a variety of military applications is the limited availability and fairly high cost of starting powder with consistent quality and performance. In addition, available powders often require additional processing (particularly the addition of a sintering aid such as LiF) prior to ceramic forming and sintering. Although the current sources of commercial spinel powder are limited, separate Mg and Al oxides or hydroxides are among the most widely produced ceramic powders on the market. If stoichiometric combinations of such powders could be substituted with modest effort into existing procedures for transparent spinel manufacture, significant gains could be made in cost, availability, and consistency of the resulting ceramic bodies. To this end we have studied the suitability of various commercial sources of MgO, Mg(OH) 2 , γ-Al 2 O 3 , and AlOOH for transparent MgAl 2 O 4 production. Our methods have been kept simple to facilitate comparisons between trials and to maintain a focus on eventual manufacturing feasibility. Stoichiometric mixtures of Mg and Al powders are thoroughly mixed in an aqueous slurry. The solids are collected, dried, calcined, milled with LiF (as a sintering aid), and sieved. The powders are sintered into dense ceramics with standard hot pressing and hot isostatic pressing procedures. Resulting ceramic transmission is measured and correlated with the purity, surface area, and phase composition of the prepared powders.
Improving soybean quality by plant breeding

Treatment of soybean seeds with x-rays has been successful in increasing the incidence of low-linolenic-acid soybean strains both in pure breeding lines and crosses of low-linolenic-acid lines. The incidence of strains high in oleic acid also is increased by x-ray treatment. A procedure for measuring the lipoxygenase content of seed is described. There is a 2- to 3-fold variation in the lipoxygenase activity of the soybean lines tested. The lipoxygenase activity of soybean seed is influenced by the genotype of the maternal parent.
Pelagic and benthic ecology of the lower interface of the Eastern Tropical Pacific oxygen minimum zone

The distributions of pelagic and benthic fauna were examined in relation to the lower boundary of the oxygen minimum zone (OMZ) on and near Volcano 7, a seamount that penetrates this feature in the Eastern Tropical Pacific. Although the broad, pronounced OMZ in this region is an effective barrier for most zooplankton, zooplankton abundances, zooplankton feeding rates, and ambient suspended particulate organic carbon (POC) peaked sharply in the lower OMZ (about 740–800 m), in association with the minimum oxygen concentration and the increasing oxygen levels just below it. Zooplankton in the lower OMZ were also larger in size, and the pelagic community included some very abundant, possibly opportunistic, species. Elevated POC and scatter in the light transmission data suggested the existence of a thin, particle-rich, and carbon-rich pelagic layer at the base of the OMZ. Gut contents of planktonic detrifvores implied opportunistic ingestion of bacterial aggregates, possibly from this layer. Benthic megafaunal abundances on the seamount, which extended up to 730 m, peaked at about 800 m. There was a consistent vertical progression in the depth of first occurrence of different megafaunal taxa in this depth range, similar to intertidal zonation. Although the vertical gradients of temperature, salinity, and oxygen were gradual at the lower OMZ interface (in contrast to the upper OMZ interface at the thermocline), temporal variability in oxygen levels due to internal wave-induced vertical excursions of the OMZ may produce the distinct zonation in the benthic fauna. The characteristics of the lower OMZ interface result from biological interactions with the chemical and organic matter gradients of the OMZ. Most zooplankton are probably excluded physiologically from pronounced OMZs. The zooplankton abundance peak at the lower interface of the OMZ occurs where oxygen becomes sufficiently high to permit the zooplankton to utilize the high concentrations of organic particles that have descended through the OMZ relatively unaltered because of low metazoan abundance. A similar scenario applies to megabenthic distributions. Plankton layers and a potential short food chain (bacteria to zooplankton) at OMZ interfaces suggest intense utilization and modification of organic material, localized within a thin midwater depth zone. This could be a potentially significant filter for organic material sinking to the deep-sea floor.
319 CHRONIC HYPOXEMIA IN THE NEWBORN LAMB

The adaptive mechanisms by which oxygen delivery is maintained during chronic hypoxemia, and the costs of such adaptations, are not well defined. In the newborn lamb, we have induced chronic hypoxemia by placing an inflatable balloon around the pulmonary artery after performing an atrial septostomy. Three days after surgery, the balloon was gradually inflated in 11 lambs to create a right-to-left atrial shunt such that arterial oxygen saturation was between 60 and 75%. Twice weekly studies were performed on these lambs and weekly studies on 12 normoxemic lambs. Growth decreased sharply (47 ± 123 vs 221 ± 82 g/day) at the onset of hypoxemia and remained low, although oxygen consumption followed the normal gradual decline. Systemic blood flow decreased at balloon inflation but quickly returned to normal. Mixed venous and coronary sinus saturations were low, but could decrease further with shivering. Systemic oxygen delivery returned to normal as hemoglobin concentration rose (from 9.4 ± 1.5 to 12.5 ± 2.2 g/dl). P50 did not change. Four of the 11 hypoxemic lambs died during the 2 week study period. These data show that systemic oxygen delivery is maintained primarily by rising hemoglobin in the chronically hypoxemic newborn. There is a signal to decrease growth apparently to maintain some reserve. The limited reserve is shown by a high mortality rate despite normal oxygen delivery at rest.
On the stress state at the yield point in symmetric bicrystals in (110) channel die compression

The stress state at the yield point in symmetric fcc bicrystals is analytically investigated for a range of crystal lattice orientations in (110) channel die compression. Although strain-rates and lattice-rotation rates necessarily are nonuniform, it is proved that the stress field satisfying both equilibrium and yield-locus constraints must lie on an edge of the locus and is thereby uniform.
Evidence of Reynolds number sensitivity in supersonic turbulent shocklets

A local shock wave can destroy the evolution of supersonic combustion in a scramjet. The Reynolds number correlation of the systems of internal shock waves produced in such turbulent free shear layers are presently noted to imply that a direct connection with turbulence intensity exists. By way of this connection, as well as the adjustability of the Reynolds number, opportunities emerge for the control of turbulent shocklets; this will in turn allow control of their influence on supersonic mixing.
Conflict Sensitive Education Sector Planning for Social Cohesion and Resilience In Pakistan

Education is a top priority for the government of Pakistan. Every 5–16 year-old child's right to education is now a constitutional obligation under Article 25-A of the 18th Constitutional Amendment...
Novel use of an ultrasonic bone-cutting device for endoscopic-assisted craniosynostosis surgery

Purpose Endoscopic-assisted craniosynostosis surgery is associated with less blood loss and shorter operative times as compared to open surgery. However, in infants who have low circulating blood volumes, the endoscopic approach is still associated with significant blood loss. A major source of blood loss is the bone that is cut during surgery. We discuss the novel use of an ultrasonic bone-cutting device for craniosynostosis surgery, which decreases bone bleeding. This device, which has primarily only been used for spine and skull base surgery, may help reduce blood loss in these infants.
Children's reactions to the unfamiliar in middle childhood and adolescence: an observational twin/sibling study

Abstract This report presents the results of a twin/sibling observational study of children's reactions to the unfamiliar. The investigation was designed to examine genetic and environmental contributions to children's social and exploratory behavior in novel contexts during middle childhood and adolescence. The study included 156 children in 78 same-sex dyads (20 MZ twin pairs, 19 DZ twin pairs, and 39 full sibling pairs) between the ages of eight and 14 years old and their mothers. Each member of the sibling dyad was filmed in three situations (with an unfamiliar adult, alone, and with an unfamiliar peer) in a structured laboratory setting. Mothers’ reports of the children's extraversion and emotionality were significantly correlated with children's reactions to the unfamiliar. There were significant genetic and nonshared environmental contributions to children's behaviors in all three contexts. There were also significant genetic contributions to stability in children's exploratory behavior from the adult to the peer situation, but not from the alone setting to the adult or to the peer settings. The importance of genetic contributions and context effects for understanding personality differences during middle childhood and adolescence is discussed.
Gender Roles, Occupational Choice and Gender Wage Differential*

This paper addresses the impact of occupational choice and the perception of gender roles on the gender wage differential. We examine the effect of occupational choice upon the level of wages and investigate the determinants of occupational choice. The evidence supports earlier findings that the wage differential is caused by demand discrimination within occupations. We also conclude that if females had a less traditional attitude towards their role in the labour market they would generate an occupational distribution that would produce a higher wage