cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Unquantified Benefits and the Problem of Regulation Under Uncertainty

Regulatory agencies are required to perform cost-benefit analysis of major rules. However, in many cases regulators refuse to report a monetized value for the benefits of a rule that they issue. Sometimes, they report no monetized value; at other times, they report a monetized value but also state that not all benefits have been quantified. On occasion, regulators also refuse to monetize or fully monetize costs. These practices raise a puzzle. If a regulator chooses not to monetize all the benefits or all the costs, it is not doing cost-benefit analysis. If it is not doing cost-benefit analysis, what is it doing? To investigate this question, we compiled a data set consisting of all major regulations issued by agencies from 2010 to 2013. We come to three conclusions. First, there are countless examples where agencies fail to fully monetize the benefits and costs of regulations. Second, in most cases, agencies could easily monetize or partially monetize those benefits and costs. Third, even where monetization would be difficult, the agencies could and should have made explicit the implicit valuations they relied on and supported those valuations as much as possible with empirical evidence. We then proceed to explain how agencies could engage in cost-benefit analysis even when they do not have a reliable basis for estimating valuations. Even where they lack complete data, agency regulators may be able to make reasonable guesses about the harms or benefits from regulations. In many cases, these guesses will be based on the experience and latent knowledge of the agency staff. These preliminary guesses constitute Bayesian prior probabilities. While agencies should be permitted to “guess” — that is, supply a subjective prior probability — they must also be required to update their estimates as they gain new information.
Extent of propionate metabolism during absorption from the bovine ruminoreticulum.

1. Solutions containing acetate, [2-14C]propionate and butyrate were placed into the ruminoreticulum of calves to measure the extent to which propionate is metabolized by ruminoreticulum epithelium. In response to five different combinations of pH and total volatile fatty acid concentrations, propionate absorption rates ranged from 89 to 341mmol/h. 2. The extent of propionate conversion into lactate, calculated from both concentration and specific radioactivity in portal and arterial blood, averaged 4.9 (range 2.5–9.1)%. 3. Circulating glucose synthesized from propionate had a higher specific radioactivity than arterial lactate and was converted into lactate by gastrointestinal tissues. Thus conversion of propionate into lactate was overestimated but was corrected to average 2.3 (1.0–4.6)%. 4. The estimates of propionate conversion into lactate were negatively correlated with its rate of absorption.
Trouble in paradise: a brief review of therapeutic contention in America, 1790-1864.

Deux traditions therapeutiques importees d'Europe, l'une fondee sur les remedes tires des cultures populaires, l'autre developpee a partir des pratiques professionnelles, ont eu une influence aux Etats-Unis a la fin du XVIII e et au debut du XIX e siecle
Room and ultrahigh temperature structure-mechanical property relationships of tungsten alloys formed by field assisted sintering technique (FAST)

Abstract Tungsten based alloys have become of critical importance in a number of applications including plasma-facing materials in nuclear fusion reactors, rocket nozzles for aerospace applications, and in kinetic energy penetrators in the defense industry. Formation of components for these uses by powder metallurgical techniques has proven challenging, due to tungsten's relatively poor sinterability. Here we report the use of field assisted sintering technique (FAST) to produce high density, fine grain alloys with mechanical properties comparable or superior to that of components produced by conventional techniques. Alloys of pure tungsten, W-3 vol%TiC, W-5 vol%TiC, and W-10 vol%Ta were synthesized at 2100 °C, 35 MPa for 25 min using FAST. Microstructural characterization revealed effective reduction of grain size with TiC addition and preferential diffusion of oxygen into the center of tantalum particles in tantalum containing alloys. Tensile testing of alloys revealed TiC addition to W resulted in substantially improved ultimate tensile strength at the cost of ductility in comparison at temperatures up to 1926 °C (3500 °F) however this strengthening effect was lost at 2204 °C (4000 °F). Addition of 10 vol%Ta to W resulted in reduced hardness at room temperature, but substantially increased yield strength at the cost of slightly reduced ductility at 1926 °C and 2204 °C.
Marcus Bell-Shaped Electron Transfer Kinetics Observed in an Arrhenius Plot

The Marcus theory of electron transfer predicts a bell-shaped dependence of the reaction rate on the reaction free energy. The top of the “inverted parabola” corresponds to zero activation barrier when the electron-transfer reorganization energy and the reaction free energy add up to zero. Although this point has traditionally been reached by altering the chemical structures of donors and acceptors, the theory suggests that it can also be reached by varying other parameters of the system including temperature. We find here dramatic evidence of this phenomenon from experiments on a fullerene–porphyrin dyad. Following photoinduced electron transfer, the rate of charge recombination shows a bell-shaped dependence on the inverse temperature, first increasing with cooling and then decreasing at still lower temperatures. This non-Arrhenius rate law is a result of a strong, approximately hyperbolic temperature variation of the reorganization energy and the reaction free energy. Our results provide potentially th...
Materials From Natural Sources and Those Prepared in the Iconographer’s Studio or in the Peasant Household

The materials used by ancient iconographers in the Southeuropean area and which are described in the painter’s manuals and in miscellanea were found in the surrounding nature (ores, local flora) or in the peasant household (beeswax, linseed oil, tallow, soap, vinegar, ethylic solutions). Some materials (pigments, resins, some solvents, siccatives, fillers, dehydrating agents, flocculants) were prepared in their workshops or in those of other iconographers, local or foreign.
Delay Anonymity Tradeoff in Mix Networks: Optimal Routing

Anonymous systems on the Internet aim to protect users from revealing to an external unauthorized entity their identities and their network activities. Despite using layered encryption, these systems are still vulnerable to timing analysis, wherein an eavesdropper can use traffic correlation mechanisms to identify the source of packets arriving at a destination. Mixes are intelligent routers or proxy servers that aim to provide packet source anonymity from timing analysis by delaying and shuffling the order of received packets prior to transmission. Such shuffling strategies naturally increase latency and result in a tradeoff between anonymity and latency. This paper investigates this tradeoff in a network of mixes, by deriving the optimal routing for sources which maximizes weighted sum of anonymity and delay. The achievable anonymity is characterized analytically for a general multipath model, and it is shown that under light traffic conditions, there exists a unique single route strategy, which achieves the optimal delay anonymity tradeoff. A low complexity algorithm is presented that derives the optimal routes to achieve a desired tradeoff. The light traffic results are specialized for a graphical model of existing practical anonymous systems, and optimal scaling behavior with the size of such networks is characterized. In the heavy traffic regime, it is shown that optimal anonymity is achieved for any allocation of rates across the different routes. Simulations on example networks are presented where it is shown that the optimal routes derived under light traffic performs quite well in general traffic regime.
The Judicial Duty to Protect and Enforce Constitutional Rights of Accused Persons Unrepresented by Counsel

This article asserts that judges in Ethiopia (as in other nations governed by a constitution which is the supreme law of the land) have a duty to enforce individual rights provisions of the constitution in the course of adjudicating disputes, and that this duty falls especially heavily on judges sitting in criminal cases where the accused has no lawyer - as is the case in the majority of criminal cases in Ethiopia. The article proceeds from two premises. The first is that the human rights provisions of the Ethiopian Constitution of 1994 that apply to criminal defendants are intended to be enforced (and are not merely aspirational). The second is that, although in Ethiopia the formal power of constitutional interpretation may be lodged elsewhere, the Ethiopian judiciary has the power to enforce constitutional provisions relating to the human rights of persons caught up in the criminal justice system. The article concludes that, at critical stages in Ethiopian criminal procedure - especially in the absence of lawyers for the accused - heightened judicial vigilance and, when appropriate, judicial intervention to assert and protect the constitutional rights of the accused are necessary to protect and enforce the Ethiopian constitution and the rights of Ethiopian citizens under that constitution.
Improving care coordination for brain tumor patients through value-based care redesign of a virtual integrated practice unit.

110Background: Brain tumor care at our institution involves providers from multiple departments in separate clinics and can cause patient frustration and poor patient experience. We previously reported on engaging care teams from Neurosurgery, Neuro-Oncology, Radiation Oncology, Neuroradiology and Neuropathology using lean methodology to re-design the care pathway for patients with brain tumors. A Patient Navigator Program was also established to help with patient’s care coordination. For this study, we evaluate whether this value-based care redesign has improved patient coordination and satisfaction. Methods: The care pathway and navigator process were implemented at the end of Dec 2015. We identified 202 patients who had brain tumor resections and were followed by our Navigator Program from July 2015 – Sept 2016. We evaluated the time from surgery to appointments and whether these appointments were all made within 1 week. We also reviewed our patient satisfaction scores using Press Ganey percentile rank...
Obesity and Co-morbid Conditions Are Associated with Specific Neuropsychiatric Symptoms in Mild Cognitive Impairment.

Background: Neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) in MCI, and midlife obesity increase the likelihood of developing Alzheimer’s disease. It is unknown whether obesity or related health conditions modify the risk of NPS or severity of cognitive impairment in MCI. Methods: One hundred and thirteen subjects with MCI were assessed near the time of MCI diagnosis. The sample was divided by BMI and related disorders, type-2 diabetes (T2D) and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) to measure the relationship of these groups with NPS and severity of MCI. Neuropsychiatric symptoms scores were evaluated based on the Neuropsychiatric Inventory-Questionnaire (NPI-Q) and Geriatric Depression Scale, along with NPI-Q clusters. MCI-severity was estimated based on a composite z-score of neuropsychological tests. Results: Obese and overweight subjects represented 65% of the sample and were on average 7 years younger than normal weight subjects. The presence of obesity, T2D and OSA status modified the prevalence and severity of specific NPI-Q symptom clusters, specifically affective symptoms were more frequent across groups and severe in OB and T2D. Total NPS scores were higher for subjects with T2D and OSA although MCI-severity did not differ across groups. Conclusions: MCI subjects with obesity, T2D and OSA demonstrated a higher susceptibility to psychopathologic changes.
Land use change and habitat fragmentation of wildland ecosystems of the North Central United States

Abstract Wildlands and their ability to conserve biodiversity and provide ecosystem services are threatened by unprecedented land use intensification. Effective conservation of these wildlands depends on identifying their ecological boundaries and assessing land use change trajectories and habitat fragmentation within those boundaries. We evaluated the extent of land use intensification and fragmentation of six land cover classes and six ecosystem types within nine greater wildland ecosystems (GWEs) of three ecoregions in the north-central United States. Land use intensification across the ecoregions was characterized by assessing changes in NLCD land cover classes and housing density from 2000 to 2011. We used LANDFIRE BpS data to assess fragmentation effects on ecosystem types. We found relatively similar trends in land use intensification across the region with overall net changes by 1.2%, 1.1%, and 1% for the Central Plains, Western Mountains, and Western Plains, respectively. The study region has retained 58% of the area of original ecosystem types with a decrease of mean core area by −30% during the post-European period. The analysis revealed that some ecosystems either already lost over 70–80% area or are quickly approaching this threshold leading to an additional extinction of species due to land use intensification. This analysis can help managers in identifying sustainable conservation priorities to minimize surrounding land use patterns impacts on protected systems. We conclude that managers are likely to face multiple challenges to maintaining ecosystem conditions in their present or near present states while establishing connectivity with regional networks of protected lands.
Vertex Operator Algebras: The Axiomatic Basics

In this chapter we begin presenting the axiomatic theory of vertex operator algebras. The notion of vertex algebra was introduced in [B1] and, a variant of the notion, that of vertex operator algebra, was developed in [FLM6] and, [FHL]. The notion of vertex operator algebra is the mathematical counterpart of the notion of “operator algebra,” or “chiral algebra,” in conformai field theory, as formalized in [BPZ], and, many of the algebraic considerations in this chapter were introduced and, exploited in more physical language and, settings in the vast physics literature on conformai field theory and, string theory. Our treatment is based on [B1], [FLM6], [FHL], [DL3] and, [Li3]. In Section 3.3 we include a discussion of the relations between the mathematical treatment of “associativity” presented here and, operator product expansions in the sense of conformai field theory and, string theory.
Use of neural networks to analyze pulse shape data in low-background detectors

Pacific Northwest National Laboratory has accumulated years of data with ultra-low-background proportional counters collected in an on-site shallow underground laboratory. This large dataset of events is exploited to study the impact of using neural networks for data analysis compared to simple pulse shape discrimination (PSD). The PSD method can introduce false positives for overlapping event distributions; however, a neural network can separate and correctly classify these events. This paper describes the training, testing, and validation of a neural network, analysis of challenge datasets, and a comparison between the standard PSD approach and a dense, fully-connected neural network.
Explorations of Temporal Causality Using Partial Coherence

In this paper we explore partial coherence as a tool for evaluating the causal, anti-causal or mixed-causal dependence of one time series on another. The key idea is to establish a connection between partial coherence and questions of causality. Once this connection is established, then a scale-invariant partial coherence statistic is used to resolve the question of temporal causality. This coherence statistic is shown to be a likelihood ratio. It may be computed from a composite covariance matrix or from its inverse, the information matrix. Numerical experiments demonstrate the application of partial coherence to the resolution of temporal causality.
The An Influential Role of Luxury Fashion Store Environment

This empirical research aims to examine the effect of offline store environment on consumer emotion and purchase intention in the context of luxury retailing. The quantitative research was conducted to test a hypothesized relationship among offline store environments related to consumer emotion and purchase intention. To collect information, an online questionnaire was used as a research instrument and distributed to fans who subscribed in online luxury communities. The total number of valid returned questionnaires was 193 (44.67 percent response rate). The results showed that all ambient, design and social cues within luxury store had a positive influence on consumers’ pleasure and arousal. While ambient cues only influenced their pleasure, design cues influenced their arousal. In addition, social cues exhibited the impact on both pleasure and arousal. The layout of luxury fashion store should examine the attributes of its physical facilities including navigability, store and product display, decorations, and visual complexity. Regarding the social cues, the policies towards a number and quality of salesperson and the existence of other customer in the luxury store should be launced. To consolidate the knowledge gained in this area, the research became beneficial in shaping marketing strategy for retailers and even more useful for Thailand in terms of economic analysis. Keywords: Luxury Fashion, S-O-R Model, Store Environment, Purchase Intention
Linear Parameters and the Decoupling Matrix for Linearly Coupled Motion in 6 Dimensional Phase Space

It will be shown that starting from a coordinate system where the 6 phase space coordinates are linearly coupled, one can go to a new coordinate system where the motion is uncoupled by means of a linear transformation. The original coupled coordinates and the new uncoupled coordinates are related by a 6x6 matrix, R. R will be called the decoupling matrix. It will be shown that of the 36 elements of the 6x6 decoupling matrix R, only 12 elements are independent. This may be contrasted with the results for motion in 4-dimensional phase space, where R has 4 independent elements. A set of equations is given from which the 12 elements of R can be computed from the one period transfer matrix.This set of equations also allows the linear parameters for the uncoupled coordinates to be computed from the one period transfer matrix. An alternative procedure for computing the linear parameters and the 12 independent elements of the decoupling matrix R is also given which depends on computing the eigenvectors of the one period transfer matrix. These results can be used in a tracking program, where the one period transfer matrix can be computed by multiplying the transfer matrices of all the elements in a period, to compute the linear parameters and the elements of the decoupling matrix R.
Lots of Movement in Gut and Parkinson's Research.

A new mouse model of Parkinson's disease (PD) demonstrates α-synuclein pathology spreading from the gut to the brain via the vagus nerve (Kim et al., Neuron, 2019). The pathology is associated with motor and non-motor behavioral deficits in wild-type mice. These findings support the idea that the gut could be a starting point for PD.
Parenting Impacts from a Mindfulness-Based Pilot Intervention for Families Facing Pediatric Chronic Pain

The current project examines parenting style and common psychological stressors specific to parenting behavior reported among parents of an adolescent with chronic pain. Parents provide crucial pragmatic and emotional supports for adolescents’ engagement in healthcare behaviors and may also experience significant emotional distress around caring for adolescents with chronic pain. Families coping with pediatric chronic health conditions often report more negative family dynamics, characterized by simultaneously unresponsive and demanding parenting behaviors, than families with healthy children. Participating parents completed the “Parents as Coping Coaches (PaCC),” 3-session, group intervention developed to directly support parent individual needs and parenting behavior. Findings suggest that parent participation in the newly developed PaCC intervention was significantly related to reductions in parenting experiences associated with caring for the adolescent and parent-reported authoritarian parenting style. Significant differences seen pre- to post-intervention suggest that parent experiences and parenting behaviors are amenable intervention targets.
A Rare Case of Benign Luteomas of Pregnancy Masquerading as Malignancy

A luteoma is a benign ovarian mass that can have malignant characteristics on sonography. Pelvic sonography is used to help distinguish benign from malignant masses. The workup of adnexal masses du...
Conservation and divergence in sorgoleone production of sorghum species.

Sorgoleone-358 is an important allelochemical of the oily droplets exuded from root hairs of various species in the Sorghum genus. Due to its hydrophobic nature, sorgoleone-358 can be strongly adsorbed onto soil organic matter, resulting in increased sorgoleone soil persistence. Because of the herbicidal activity of sorgoleone on many small-seeded weeds, concerns have been raised that sorghum residues may have a detrimental effect on emergence of wheat used as a double crop in the southeastern United States. Laboratory experiments were conducted to evaluate root exudate production and its sorgoleone-358 content for 36 cultivated sorghum cultivars as well as eight shattercane [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench ssp. arundinaceum (Desv.) de Wet & Harlan] accessions and one johnsongrass [S. halepense (L.) Pers.] accession. Using a capillary growing mat system, root exudate was extracted with dichloromethane and subjected to chromatography analysis to determine sorgoleone-358 content. Root biomass of 7- to 12-d-old seedlings averaged 18.8 mg g-1 seed, and root exudate production ranged from 0.2 and 4.8 mg g-1 root fresh weight (RFW). The amount of sorgoleone produced varied greatly among sorghum accessions. Sorgoleone-358 amount in the root exudate averaged 0.5 mg g-1 RFW and varied from 0.13 to 1.05 mg g-1 for shattercane cultivar S7 and cultivated sorghum cultivar 992123, respectively. Regarding volume of root biomass, sorgoleone-358 levels averaged 0.49 mg g-1 (range, 0.06-1.46 mg g-1 ) for sorghum cultivar AAS3479 and shattercane cultivar S2, respectively. Segregation of commercial sorghum cultivars according to their maturity group did not show any difference in root biomass and dry extract production, but early-maturing cultivars produced on average 18% less sorgoleone-358 compared with medium- and late-maturing cultivars. These results suggest that sorgoleone production may be genetically constitutive because sorghum growing conditions were identical across cultivars.
Origin of the Institute for Sustainable Communities

Abstract This chapter describes the vision of Institute for Sustainable Communities (IfSC), the evolution of how it came to be, and how its core activities progressed through time in an attempt to achieve its vision. The chapter describes a timeline related to the formation the IfSC, traversing periods from its origins to the interdisciplinary collaborative that it became. The contents cover the background of the IfSC’s founder and director, the university initiative from which the IfSC sprung forth, the seed organization/project that the IfSC began as, its current organizational structure and leaders, and some of its collaborating neighborhoods. It then concludes with a brief description of the IfSC’s current state and overall achievements related to its vision.
Detecting and correlating bacterial populations to visual color change of polydiacetylene-coated filters

Abstract Membrane filters were coated with 10,12-pentacosadiynoic acid (PCDA) then polymerized on the filter for rapid bacterial detection and quantification. The polymerized PCDA (pPDCA)-coated filter changed color in response to Salmonella Typhimurium and Escherichia coli but not to Listeria innocua. The time required for color change of pPCDA-coated filters was determined by a visual panel. A simple linear regression model was generated to fit the observed data and was validated with goodness of fit analysis and residual analysis. The pPCDA-filter method estimated Salmonella Typhimurium populations of 8 to 3 log CFU ml−1 within 1.5–7.5 h, respectively.
A transdiagnostic approach to conceptualizing depression across the perinatal period in a high-risk sample

Clinical guidelines recommend assessing depression during pregnancy and postpartum but often overlook potential changes in symptoms across this developmental period. Such changes contribute to difficulties in conceptualizing maternal depression. This study aimed to situate depressive symptoms and related concerns (anxiety, stress, sleep) across the perinatal period within a transdiagnostic framework and to use this framework to better understand how depressive symptoms change across the perinatal period. First, items from seven symptom scales were a priori categorized into six transdiagnostic factors: four based on Research Domain Criteria (loss, potential threat, frustrative nonreward, and sleep-wakefulness) and two based on the depression literature (somatic and coping symptoms). Second, using prospective data from women with a history of an affective disorder (n = 657) in an observational study of neuropsychiatric illness, factor analyses were performed in seven periods (three trimesters of pregnancy and four quarters of first year postpartum). For each period, a bifactor model with six transdiagnostic factors and a general factor fit data better than models that combined or dropped a factor (p < .003). Except around delivery, item loadings and intercepts could be fixed between consecutive periods and still adequately fit data from both periods. Means of sleep-wakefulness and somatic factors increased significantly from second to third trimester (p < .01), with trends reversing early postpartum. In conclusion, depressive symptoms and related concerns exhibit factor structures that are only partly congruent across the perinatal period. This conclusion suggests that greater attention to specific life phases is warranted in the conceptualization of depression during this time in women's lives. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
Pseudocapacitive Energy Storage and Electrocatalytic Hydrogen-Evolution Activity of Defect-Ordered Perovskites SrxCa3–xGaMn2O8 (x = 0 and 1)

The diverse range of possible arrangements of oxygen vacancies in oxygen-deficient perovskites results in a variety of structure types and fascinating electrochemical properties. Here, we report Ca...
BAG3 regulation of Rab35 mediates the ESCRT/endolysosome pathway and tau clearance

Abstract The decline in proteostasis during aging is a major contributing factor to increased susceptibility to neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease. Although dysfunction of the autophagy pathway is likely one of the contributors, emerging studies implicate that impairment of the endosome-lysosome pathway is also a significant factor in the pathogenesis of these diseases. Our lab was the first to demonstrate that BAG3 facilitates phosphorylated tau clearance through autophagy. However, we did not fully define the mechanisms by which BAG3 regulates endogenous tau proteostasis. Here, we applied mass spectrometric analyses and found a major group of neuronal BAG3 interactors are in the endocytic pathway. Among them were key regulators of small GTPases. Excitingly one of these was the Rab35 GTPase activating protein, TBC1D10B. Our data demonstrate that a BAG3-HSP70-TBC1D10B complex attenuates the ability of TBC1D10B to inactivate Rab35. Thus BAG3, through its interaction with TBC1D10B supports the activation of Rab35 and recruitment of Hrs, which initiates ESCRT-mediated endosomal tau clearance. Further, intrahippocampal expression of BAG3 in P301S mice increased the co-localization of phospho-tau with the ESCRT III protein CHMP2B and reduced the levels of the mutant human tau. Overall, our data provide evidence of a novel BAG3-TBC1D10B-Rab35 regulatory axis in modulating vacuolar dependent protein degradation machinery through ESCRT. These findings expand our understanding of the role of BAG3 in neuronal proteostasis, and how dysregulation could contribute to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease, as well as other neurodegenerative diseases.
Overview of GANs for Image Synthesis and Detection Methods

This chapter provides an overview of Generative Adversarial Network (GAN) architecture, the use of conditional GAN networks in image synthesis, and detection methods for facial manipulation in images and videos. GANs are a type of neural network architecture that utilize adversarial competition between a generator and discriminator to optimize its output. Recently, conditional GANs have been shown to achieve realistic image synthesis. These computer-generated images are difficult to distinguish from photographic images even for human observers. Effective detection methods are important to combat malicious spread and use of damaging fake media. Among the detection methods, Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) have been adopted to classify images taken from videos and to decide if images are real or fake. The current models are able to detect facial manipulations with acceptable accuracy. The chapter also discusses future research directions including benchmarks, challenges, and competitions in improving detection methods against new attacks.
MRI of CNS lymphoma with choroid plexus involvement in five dogs and one cat.

Objectives To describe the clinical features, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings, and outcome of dogs and cats with central nervous system (CNS) lymphoma that involved the choroid plexus. Materials and methods A bi-institutional retrospective study of MRI of dogs and cats with CNS lymphoma, in which the choroid plexus was affected on MRI. Signalment, clinical, MRI, clinicopathologic and histopathologic findings were recorded and evaluated. Results CNS lymphoma with choroid plexus involvement on the MRI was identified in five dogs and one cat. MRI revealed diffuse enlargement and multifocal nodularity in the choroid plexus in most cases, with the fourth ventricle the most common site affected. Five of the cases had signs of extraneural involvement (including the cat), while the sixth case was not staged. Four of five CSF samples analysed provided a diagnosis of lymphoma. Clinical significance We report MRI findings of CNS lymphoma involving the choroid plexus. These results show the importance of recognising novel imaging patterns and the potential utility of CSF collection in diagnosing CNS lymphoma involving the choroid plexus ante mortem.
Parent and teacher warm involvement and student's academic engagement: The mediating role of self-system processes.

Background Parents, teachers, and researchers all share the goal of optimizing students' academic engagement (Handbook of social influences in school contexts: Social-emotional, motivation, and cognitive outcomes, 2016, Routledge, New York, NY). While separate lines of research have demonstrated the importance of high-quality relationships and support from parents and teachers, few studies have examined the collective contributions of adults' warm involvement or the processes by which support from both parents and teachers shapes students' engagement. According to the self-system process model of motivational development, warm involvement from key social partners fosters students' sense of relatedness, competence, and autonomy, (Minnesota Symposium on Child Psychology, Vol. 23: Self processes in development, 1991, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL; Theory and Research in Education, 2009, 7, 133), which subsequently fuels their engagement with academic tasks and challenges (Journal of Educational Psychology, 2003, 95, 148). Aims The current study sought to examine whether a sense of relatedness, competence, or autonomy could explain the relation between parents' and teachers' warm involvement and changes in students' academic engagement across a school year. Sample Data was drawn from 1011 third, fourth, fifth, and sixth graders. Method Students reported on adult warm involvement, self-system processes, and engagement in the fall and spring of a single school year. Results Structural equation␣models demonstrated that parent and teacher warm involvement each uniquely, positively, and indirectly predicted changes in students' academic engagement through a combination of students' sense of relatedness, competence, and autonomy, though these patterns differed slightly across adults. Conclusions Implications for optimizing students' academic engagement are discussed, including the need for intervention efforts focused on both parents and teachers and students' self-system processes.
Comparison of machine learning methods to predict sleep quality from daytime activity and nightly bedroom environmental conditions

The objective of this study is to use measurements of activity and indoor air quality during sleep as features to predict nine sleep quality metrics gathered from wearable devices and ecological momentary assessments. We compare the predictive capabilities of three machine learning models - logistic regression (LR), K-nearest neighbor (KNN), and random forest (RF). Results using data from a field study with 20 participants collected over 2.5 months indicate that the LR and RF models predict device-measured sleep efficiency and self-reported restfulness and sleep time with adjusted F1-scores of 0.90, 0.92, and 0.80, respectfully. Our results show that typical machine learning methods have the power to give insights into how people might sleep based on easily measured parameters.
Conversion from testosterone to oestradiol is required to modulate respiratory long-term facilitation in male rats.

Sex hormones modulate plasticity in the central nervous system, including respiratory long-term facilitation (LTF), a form of serotonin-dependent respiratory plasticity induced by intermittent hypoxia. Since gonadectomy (GDX) attenuates LTF in male rats, we tested the hypotheses that: (1) testosterone replenishment restores LTF in gonadectomized male rats, and (2) that the conversion of testosterone to oestradiol (under the influence of aromatase) is required for these effects. Intact and sham operated male F344 rats were compared to gonadectomized rats implanted with Silastic tubing containing testosterone (T), T plus an aromatase inhibitor (ADT), or 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT), a form of testosterone not converted to oestradiol. Seven days postsurgery, LTF was studied in anaesthetized, neuromuscularly blocked and ventilated rats while monitoring integrated phrenic and hypoglossal (XII) motor output. LTF was elicited by three 5 min hypoxic episodes (P= 35 − 45 mmHg). Although significant phrenic and XII LTF were observed in all rat groups, GDX reduced both phrenic and XII LTF, an effect reversed by T. In contrast, LTF was not restored in T + ADT or DHT-treated gonadectomized rats. We conclude that the conversion of testosterone to oestradiol modulates phrenic and XII LTF in male F344 rats.
Acidification of the World: Natural and Anthropogenic

Most continental environments (e.g., soils, freshwaters) are naturally acidic (pH<7) due to respiration and oxidation reactions in biotic and abiotic systems. In the last 100 years, the acidity of many regions of the world has increased as a consequence of energy and food production. In the last 30 years, the phenomena and impacts of 'acid rain' have been extensively investigated in Europe, North America and Asia. This paper will give a brief historical overview of acid deposition, the impact that food and energy production have had on enhancing the acidity of the environment, and the important role that the International Conferences have had in advancing our understanding of acid rain and its effects. The paper will conclude a look towards the future.
Operations Research in Data Mining

Data mining (DM) and operations research (OR) are two largely independent paradigms of science. DM involves data driven methods that are aimed at extracting meaningful patterns from data instances, whereas OR employs mathematical models and analytical techniques to achieve optimal solutions for complex decision-making problems. DM and OR are also two overlapping disciplines. There is a growing interest in applying OR techniques to determine the optimal underlying fitting data structures in DM problems. This article provides a description of the basic concepts and methodologies of influential DM techniques, and discusses how OR can be applied to these techniques. Keywords: data mining; operations research; optimization
Photophysical characterization of sickle cell disease hemoglobin by multi-photon microscopy

The photophysical properties of human sickle cell disease (SCD) Hemoglobin (Hb) is characterized by multi-photon microscopy (MPM). The intrinsic two-photon excited fluorescence (TPEF) signal associated with extracted hemoglobin was investigated and the solidified SCD variant (HbS) was found to demonstrate broad emission peaking around 510 nm when excited at 800 nm. MPM is used to dynamically induce and image HbS gelling by photolysis of deoxygenated HbS. For comparison, photolysis conditions were applied to a healthy variant of human hemoglobin (HbA) and found to remain in solution not forming fibers. The use of this signal to study the mechanism of HbS polymerization associated with the sickling of SCD erythrocytes is discussed.
Evapotranspiration for plastic-mulched production system for gradually cooling and warming seasons: measurements and modeling

Crop evapotranspiration (ETc) and crop coefficient (K c) for drip-irrigated bell pepper grown on plastic-mulched beds for climatically different growing seasons were quantified using drainage lysimeters located in the Southwest Florida. We tested whether: (1) the literature K c (with climatic adjustment) yields accurate ETc estimates; (2) K c values are applicable across the growing seasons that are climatically different; and (3) a thermal-based generic model can be developed to accurately predict K c for gradually cooling (fall) and warming (spring) seasons. Spring ETc (229 mm) was statistically (p = 0.03) higher than fall (189 mm). Seasonal K c values were also statistically different, and average fall value (0.86) was 20 % higher than spring (0.72), confirming K c’s seasonality. The K c values for the fall were statistically higher than FAO-56 K c’s which underestimated ETc by 22 %. Use of fall K c overestimated spring ETc by 24 %, while it was 12 % underestimation for the opposite. These errors were 16–69 % of rainfall and 26–46 % of farm-scale surface flows highlighting the need for accurate ETc predictions. The seasonal differences in K c could be accurately predicted with a generic growing degree days (GDD) model (r 2 = 0.95). The results not only provide an improved ETc estimate for plastic-mulched pepper in the study area, but also for other regions using the GDD-based model that utilize readily available temperature data. The GDD model can be further improved using additional data in future.
IL-12 Antagonism Enhances Apoptotic Death of T Cells Within Hepatic Allografts from Flt3 Ligand-Treated Donors and Promotes Graft Acceptance

Mouse livers are accepted across MHC barriers and induce donor-specific tolerance without immunosuppressive therapy. By contrast, livers from donors treated with Flt3 ligand, which dramatically increases hepatic interstitial dendritic cells, are rejected acutely (median survival time 5 days). This switch from tolerance to rejection is associated with a marked reduction in apoptotic activity of graft-infiltrating cells. We hypothesized that IL-12 production by enhanced numbers of donor APC might inhibit apoptosis, promote expansion of Th1 cells, and play a key role in liver rejection. Therefore, C3H (H2(k)) recipients of liver grafts from Flt3 ligand-treated B10 donors were given neutralizing anti-IL-12 mAb (200 or 500 microg) on days 0 and 2 after transplant. Graft survival was markedly prolonged at the higher mAb dose, with 50% of grafts surviving >100 days. This effect was associated with reductions in IFN-gamma gene transcripts within the graft-infiltrating cell population and with reductions in circulating IFN-gamma and IL-10 levels, donor-specific CTL and NK cell activities, and circulating alloantibody levels. At the same time, there were marked increases in apoptotic (TUNEL(+)) CD4(+) and especially CD8(+) cells, both within the grafts and in spleens of anti-IL-12 mAb-treated mice. In vitro, exogenous IL-12 inhibited apoptotic death induced in naive allogeneic T cells by liver nonparenchymal cells. These findings suggest that suppression of rejection by IL-12 antagonism, linked to restoration of apoptotic activity within the peripheral alloreactive T cell population, is important for liver allograft survival and tolerance induction.
Carbon dioxide and carbamate formation: the makings of a biochemical control system

Abstract Carbamate formation, the reversible reaction of carbon dioxide with amines, markedly influences the function of two proteins which interact with the gaseous environment — hemoglobin and ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase. Carbamate formation occurs on specific α- and ϵ-amino groups on each of these proteins. However, the facility of carbamate formation and the ubiquity of carbon dioxide suggest that this form of metabolic regulation may be considerably more widespread.
Quark mass effects in high energy neutrino-nucleon scattering

We evaluate the neutrino-nucleon charged-current cross section at next-to-leading order in quantum chromodynamic corrections in the variable flavor number scheme and the fixed flavor number scheme, taking into account quark masses. The number scheme dependence is largest at the highest energies considered here, 10{sup 12} GeV, where the cross sections differ by approximately 13%. We illustrate the numerical implications of the inconsistent application of the fixed flavor number scheme.
A “no causal rivalry” solution to the problem of mental causation

Stephen Yablo has recently argued for a novel solution to the mental causation problem: the mental is related to the physical as determinables are related to determinates; determinables are not causal rivals with their determinates; so the mental and the physical are not causal rivals. Despite its attractions the suggestion seems hard to accept. In this paper I develop the idea that mental properties and physical properties are not causal rivals. Start with property dualism, supervenience, multiple realizability, and the claim that no more than one supervenience base for a mental property can be had by a single instance of the mental property. Then a probabilistic account of causation will be unable to certify either mental properties or physical properties as causal factors for effect types. I suggest that this shows that we should not count mental properties as causal rivals with physical properties.
The fine structure of progressive stages of myocardial mitosis in chick embryos.

The fine structure of mitosis in myocardial cells possessing myofibrils from embryonic chick hearts (4.5–6 days incubation age) is described. In these cells during prophase, chromosomes appear, but the nuclear membrane, Golgi complexes, and Z bands mostly disappear. In metaphase, lipid droplets and large quantities of membranous cisternae localize around the centrioles, while sarcomeric lengths of myofibrils (largely without Z bands) are found disoriented in the periphery, mainly in the polar zones. In anaphase the cisternae collect near the chromosomes, as reconstruction of the nuclear membrane commences. An intact nuclear envelope and well-formed Golgi complexes characterize telophase, but Z bands still are not present. During all of the mitotic stages, junctional complexes between dividing cells and adjacent resting cells persist.
Mesopontine cholinergic and non-cholinergic neurons in schizophrenia

Mesopontine cholinergic neurons influence midbrain dopaminergic neurons, and thalamic and cerebellar structures which have been implicated in the neuroanatomy of schizophrenia. It has been reported that there are approximately twice as many mesopontine cholinergic neurons in schizophrenics than in normals, using nicotinomide adenosine dinucleotide phosphatediaphorase histochemistry to identify the cholinergic neurons. The present study sought to replicate this finding by analysing mesopontine cholinergic neurons using an antibody against choline acetyltransferase. The mesopontine cholinergic neurons are located in the pars compacta and pars dissipata of the pedunculopontine nucleus, and in the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus. Quantitative computer imaging techniques were used to map the distribution of mesopontine cholinergic neurons. In addition, all medium-sized and large neurons in a region of interest containing the middle portion of the pedunculopontine nucleus pars compacta were counted in Nissl-stained sections. There was no difference between schizophrenic and normal brains in terms of: (i) the rostral-caudal length of the cholinergic cell complex, approximately 10 mm; (ii) the estimated total number of cholinergic neurons in the combined pedunculopontine nucleus and laterodorsal tegmental nucleus, approximately 20,000 cells unilaterally; and (iii) the combined number of cholinergic and non-cholinergic Nissl-stained neurons in the middle portion of the pedunculopontine nucleus. The present data do not support the previous observation of increased numbers of mesopontine cholinergic neurons in schizophrenia.
Significant Impairment in Immune Recovery After Cancer Treatment

Background Although immunosuppression from cancer adjuvant therapy has been documented, how these suppressed immune responses recover to baseline values after completion of cancer adjuvant therapy has not been studied systematically. Objectives The objective of this study was to examine the probability of immune recovery after cancer adjuvant therapy and the potential impact of cancer adjuvant therapy type and cancer stage on immune recovery in patients with newly diagnosed breast cancer. Methods In a repeated-measures design, immune responses were measured four times in 80 patients with early-stage breast cancer: before and at 2, 6, and 12 months from the beginning of cancer adjuvant therapy. Natural killer cell activity, lymphokine-activated killer cell activity, lymphocyte proliferation, CD subsets (CD4, CD8, and CD56), and cytokines (interferon-gamma, interleukin [IL]-2, IL-4, IL-6, and IL-1alpha) were selected for their relevance to breast cancer. Immune recovery was defined by the level of immune response reaching to and above baseline levels. Data were analyzed using a multivariate generalized linear mixed-model approach. Results Delayed immune recovery to pretreatment baseline levels continued to the 12-month time point in all parameters. The percentages of immune recovery ranged from 6% to 76% of the patients, varying among immune parameters. Overall, immune recovery was poorer for interferon-gamma, IL-2, IL-4, lymphocyte proliferation, and natural killer cell activity than was for CD subsets and IL-6. The type of cancer adjuvant therapy, not cancer stage, showed selective influence on immune recovery. Chemotherapy or chemotherapy and radiotherapy combination significantly delayed IL-2 recovery, whereas radiotherapy significantly delayed IL-4 recovery. Discussion Immune recovery after breast cancer adjuvant therapy is delayed significantly for an extended time period in numerous immune parameters. The type of cancer adjuvant therapy has selective influence on immune recovery. Future investigations are warranted to elucidate the time course of immune recovery, clinical significance of poor immune recovery, and factors influencing immune recovery to develop potential interventions.