cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Influence of Maximum Magnitude on Seismic-Hazard Estimates in the Central and Eastern United States

The purpose of this erratum is to correct several mistakes and to clarify the rationale for the analysis presented in Mueller (2010). These corrections and clarifications do not affect the quantitative results of the maximum-magnitude (mmax) sensitivity analysis that was presented in the article. In two places (first paragraph of the EPRI/SOG and USGS mmax Distributions for Two CEUS Sites section and last paragraph of the Summary and Discussion section) the author incorrectly states that the U. S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) “required” updates to the mmax distributions in the application for a site. In fact, the NRC “requested” additional information about the updated mmax distribution used by the South Texas combined-license applicant as part of NRC’s ongoing review. The applicant recently (March 2010) replied to the request for additional information, and the NRC is currently reviewing the response. The author acknowledged support by the NRC (Mueller, 2010; acknowledgements section). More correctly, the work wassupportedbytheNRC’sOfficeofNuclearRegulatoryResearch,whichsupportscollaborative,long-rangeresearchthat is designed to inform future assessments of seismic hazards. This support does not imply endorsement of the results of the study by the NRC, especially in the context of seismic-hazard assessments at specific sites. The Electric Power Research Institute/Seismicity Owners Group (EPRI/SOG) mmax data from two nuclear power plantsiteswereusedtoinform thechoicesofalternativemodels for the sensitivity study. One of the sites was still under review by the NRC at the time of publication. The EPRI/ SOG mmax models are complex and difficult to summarize; broad distributions are used to reflect diverse approaches and large uncertainties. The reader should expect to be convinced that the range of alternative mmax models used in the analysis is reasonable, and scientific discussion is often improved through the use of site-specific examples. The two sites chosen represented two mmax “types” that helped to define the range of alternative models. The primary rationale for Mueller (2010) is to present the objective results of themmax sensitivity analysis. As noted in the article, there are other modeling differences that can obscure direct comparisons between U. S. Geological Survey (USGS)–based and EPRI/SOG-based hazard estimates. The article should not be read as expressing any preference for one mmax approach over another. This topic is beyond the scope of a sensitivity study (and the author resisted the suggestions of some reviewers to take the article more strongly in this direction). In particular, the last two paragraphs of Mueller(2010)illustrate thekindsofdifficultiesthatcanarise in defining—and especially in updating—seismic-hazard models. The final sentence is not meant to imply a preference for any particular mmax approach or model.
The Logarithm and the Exponential Function

The natural logarithmic and exponential functions are constructed in this chapter. In addition to establishing the standard properties of these functions we show the number \(e\) is transcendental, construct a smooth compactly supported function (a “bump” function), and define the Euler constant \(\gamma .\)
Health appraisal models in multiple sclerosis

Abstract This study used multi-group path analysis to test the hypothesis that disability's total effect on self-rated health differs for different-aged persons with multiple sclerosis (MS). Data ( n =806) collected as part of a larger study examining quality of life for persons with MS were used to construct and compare models of health appraisal for three age groups, 18 to 45 ( n =347), 46 to 60 ( n =339), and 61 to 78 ( n =120). The results suggest that while the same general model describes health appraisal in each age group, disability's total effect on self-rated health is less in the older and middle-aged groups than in the youngest group. Further, disability's direct effect, rather than the hypothesized indirect effects, accounts for the group differences. The findings support the other work in this area suggesting that age may moderate the effect of “objective” health status on self-rated health. The generally surprising finding was the “break point” for this effect — contrary to other research that suggests older persons may differ from other-aged individuals, in this sample of persons with MS, the youngest group differed from the others. These results are discussed in terms of MS specifically and health appraisal more generally.
Use of Tension Infiltrometer Data with Unsaturated Hydraulic Conductivity Models

A new method is presented to estimate the relationship between unsaturated hydraulic conductivity and soil-water pressure using tension infiltrometer data. In this method, both the early transient and the subsequent quasi-steady stages of the infiltration process underneath a tension infiltrometer disc are analyzed. Our investigation indicates that the infiltration rate at early times closely follows the aquare-root-of-time relationship (Philip, 1969). This behavior permits the evaluation of the sorptivity, which is an integrated measure of soil diffusivity. At later times, three-dimensional quasi-steady flow beneath the infiltrometer disc develops, and the Wooding equation for flow from a circular pond is used to evaluate the sorptive number and the saturated hydraulic conductivity. Simple algebraic expressions are introduced to relate the sorptivity and sorptive number to the parameters of the Brooks and Corey model of unsaturated hydraulic conductivity. The method described here extends the utility of tension infiltrometer data to a large class of hydraulic conductivity models and provides an in situ technique to determine suitable parameters values for these models. An ICP-MS, equipped with an ultrasonic nebulizer and active-film multiplier detector, is used to attempt to determine 54 trace elements directly in ground water. Lithium, arsenic, rubidium, strontium, barium, and antimony are found in the microgram-per-liter (part-per-billion = ppb) range. Most of the other elements are present at nanogram-per-liter (part-per-trillion = ppt) concentrations. Ion exchange preconcentration is utilized in order to improve the sensitivity for measuring the rare earth elements that exist at concentrations as low as 0.05 ppt for lutetium, thulium, and terbium. The formation of molecular species in the plasma produces false positive results for some of the elements. The presence of silicon or carbon dioxide interferes with the measurement of scandium, strontium interferes with rhodium and palladium, and barium interferes with europium. Correction procedures for these interferences are discussed. All together, the concentrations of the 54 elements in water from four Nevada springs span almost seven orders of magnitude.
Ten to Thirteen Year Follow-up on Patients after a Blalock-Taussig Operation

Analysis of 224 patients who were living 5 years after operation showed that at the end of 10 to 13 years, 40 per cent were still doing well, 46 per cent had failed to maintain improvement, 2 per cent had developed cardiac failure, and 12 per cent had died. The majority of patients who had failed to maintain improvement suffered from increasing cyanosis and dyspnea associated with a small heart and clear lung fields; hence these patients can be helped by a second operation:— either a second anastomosis or total correction. The results of a second anastomosis have, however, not been as satisfactory as the first anastomosis. Clearly total correction is the ideal. The age at which total correction is indicated depends not only on the skill of the surgeon but on the severity of the abnormality. The long-time results of total correction are unknown. Inasmuch as abnormal tissue does not grow as fast as normal tissue, the possibility exists that the area in which tissue has been excised and a patch inserted may ...
A Comparison of the Use of Tricyclic Antidepressants by Psychiatrists and Non-Psychiatric Physicians

In a chart review comparing use of tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) by psychiatrists and non-psychiatrists, the psychiatrists performed significantly better in documenting a diagnosis of depression, and in documenting length of treatment and continued need for patients already on a TCA. In other areas including route and frequency of administration, and use of multiple psychoactive drugs, there was no difference between the two groups. The authors conclude that performance by psychiatrists is better than for non-psychiatrists but below what might be set as reasonable standards, particularly in the area of documenting specific signs and symptoms of depression in patients receiving a TCA.
Certification, Empowerment, and Intent to Leave Current Position and the Profession Among Critical Care Nurses

Background This study was based on the American Association of Critical-Care Nurses' (AACNs') interest in determining the value and influence of specialty certification. Objectives To examine relationships between AACN specialty certification and empowerment, and, secondarily, to examine these variables as related to intent to leave the current position and the nursing profession. Methods AACN members were asked to participate in a Web-based survey; 6589 AACN members completed the surveys. Results Perceptions of empowerment differed significantly among nurses certified by AACN and nurses without such certification. Additional analyses revealed significant differences in empowerment related to position, education, salary, ethnicity, sex, intent to leave the current position, and intent to leave the profession. Forty-one percent of the participants indicated intent to leave their current position in the next year; only 6.9% indicated their intent to leave the profession in the next year. Intent to leave current position differed significantly according to age, sex, years of experience, ethnicity, educational level, and certification. Conclusions The value of specialty certification and the importance of empowerment among critical care nurses are affirmed. The next step in the continued journey toward increasing retention of critical care nurses, and thereby improving patient care, is to evaluate existing programs focused on retention and identify needed enhancements.
Explaining Racial/Ethnic Differences in Adolescent Drug Use: The Impact of Background and Lifestyle

Past research has shown large racial/ethnic differences in adolescent drug use, with use highest among Native American youth, somewhat lower among white and Hispanic youth, and lowest among black and Asian youth. The present study uses large nationally representative samples of high school seniors to explore whether the often large racial/ethnic differences in cigarette, alcohol, marijuana, and cocaine use may be attributable to racial/ethnic differences in background and/or in important lifestyle factors. The results indicate that controlling for background alone does not account for most racial/ethnic differences in drug use. In fact, if black youth were as likely as white youth to live in two-parent households and have highly educated parents, their drug use might be even lower than reported. Controlling for background alone does reduce Native American's relatively high drug use, suggesting that their level of use may be linked to their disadvantaged socioeconomic status. When both background and lifestyle factors are controlled, many of the racial/ethnic differences in drug use are considerably reduced or eliminated. Several lifestyle factors—including educational values and behaviors, religious commitment, and time spent in peer-oriented activities—strongly relate to drug use and help to explain the subgroup differences. The authors conclude by discussing theoretical and policy implications of this research, along with directions for future efforts.
Physiological Linguistics, and Some Implications Regarding Disciplinary Autonomy and Unification

Chomsky ' s current Biolinguistic (Minimalist) methodology is shown to comport with what might be called ' established ' aspects of biological method, thereby raising, in the biolinguistic domain, issues concerning biological autonomy from the physical sciences. At least current irreducibility of biology, including biolinguistics, stems in at least some cases from the very nature of what I will claim is physiological, or inter-organ/inter-component, macro-levels of explanation which play a new and central explanatory role in Chomsky ' s inter-componential (interface-based) explanation of certain (anatomical) properties of the syntactic component of Universal Grammar. Under this new mode of explanation, certain physiological functions of cognitive mental organs are hypothesized, in an attempt to explain aspects of their internal anatomy. Thus, the internal anatomy of the syntactic component exhibits features that enable it to effectively interface with (i.e. function in a coordinated fashion with) other ' adjacent ' organs, such as the Conceptual-Intensional (C-I) ( ' meaning ' ) system and the Sensory- Motor (SM) ( ' sound ' ) system. These two interface systems take as their inputs the assembled outputs of the syntactic component and, as a result of the very syntactic structure imposed by the syntax (as opposed to countless imaginable alternatives) are then able to assign their (linearized) sound and (compositional) meaning interpretations. If this is an accurate characterization, Chomsky ' s long-standing postulation of mental organs, and I will argue, the advancement of new hypotheses concerning physiological inter-organ functions, has attained in current biolinguistic Minimalist method a signifi cant unifi cation with foundational aspects of physiological explanation in other areas of biology.
Positively ethical: the establishment of innovation in support of sustainability

Recognising pressing ecological sustainability issues such as global warming and the depletion of natural resources, leaders are challenged to address these concerns amongst competing demands. Therefore, organisations and their members must become innovative in the way they develop and manufacture products, offer services and conduct business. To advance this discussion, we propose a framework that identifies how innovation for sustainability can be fostered in organisations. We explain that innovation for sustainability requires an organisational climate for sustainability grounded in ethics. Furthermore, we illustrate how positive emotions moderate the relationship between this climate and innovation for sustainability.
Potencies of Neuromuscular Blocking Agents at the Receptors of the Atrial Pacemaker and the Motor Endplate of the Guinea Pig

Drug receptor dissociation constants (KB) were determined for four neuromuscular relaxants at the cardiac pacemaker as well as at the motor endplate. The ratios KB(atrium)/KB(lumbrical) were found to be high for d-tubocurarine and dimethyltubocurarine, 264 and 136, respectively. Thus, interaction at muscarinic sites would occur only with large doses of these drugs. In contrast, the ratios were low for pancuronium and gallamine, 5.3 and 2.4, respectively. Hence, the concentrations of these drugs needed for clinical neuromuscular blockade would occupy appreciable fractions of cardiac muscarinic receptors, and thus might produce vagal blockade and thereby produce the tachycardia seen clinically with these two agents.
High Pressure Liquid Chromatographic Assay of Oxymetazoline Hydrochloride

Abstract A rapid and sensitive method is described for the direct assay of oxymetazoline hydrochloride using reversed phased high pressure liquid chromatography. It is as accurate and faster than the U.S.P. or N.F. methods.
Influence of Electric Fields on Exciton Luminescence in ZnSe/(Zn,Mn)Se Superlattices

Application of moderate external electric fields to ZnSe/(Zn,Mn)Se superlattices is shown to yield readily measurable spectral shifts of the exciton ground state resonance in the quantum well limit. This shows that confinement effects increase the classical field ionization threshold. At high applied fields and low temperatures, externally injected hot electron excited luminescence from internal excitations of the Mn-ion is observed.
Taxonomic identification of microorganisms by capture and intrinsic fluorescence detection

Quick and accurate detection of microbial contamination is accomplished by a unique combination of leading edge technologies described in this and the accompanying article. Microbe capture chips, used with a prototype fluorescence detector, are capable of statistically sampling the environment for pathogens (including spores), identifying the specific pathogens/exotoxins, and determining cell viability where appropriate.
Differentiated swine airway epithelial cell cultures for the investigation of influenza A virus infection and replication

Please cite this paper as: Bateman et al. (2013) Differentiated swine airway epithelial cell cultures for the investigation of influenza A virus infection and replication. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses 7(2) 139–150. Background Differentiated human airway epithelial cell cultures have been utilized to investigate cystic fibrosis, wound healing, and characteristics of viral infections. These cultures, grown at an air–liquid interface (ALI) in media with defined hormones and growth factors, recapitulate many aspects of the in vivo respiratory tract and allow for experimental studies at the cellular level. Objectives To optimize growth conditions for differentiated swine airway epithelial cultures and to use these cultures to examine influenza virus infection and replication. Methods Primary swine respiratory epithelial cells were grown at an air–liquid interface with varying amounts of retinoic acid and epidermal growth factor. Cells grown with optimized concentrations of these factors for 4 weeks differentiated into multilayer epithelial cell cultures resembling the lining of the swine respiratory tract. Influenza virus infection and replication were examined in these cultures. Results/Conclusions Retinoic acid promoted ciliogenesis, whereas epidermal growth factor controlled the thickness of the pseudoepithelium. The optimal concentrations for differentiated swine cell cultures were 1·5 ng/ml epidermal growth factor and 100 nm retinoic acid. Influenza A viruses infected and productively replicated in these cultures in the absence of exogenous trypsin, suggesting that the cultures express a protease capable of activating influenza virus hemagglutinin. Differences in virus infection and replication characteristics found previously in pigs in vivo were recapitulated in the swine cultures. This system could be a useful tool for a range of applications, including investigating influenza virus species specificity, defining cell tropism of influenza viruses in the swine respiratory epithelium, and studying other swine respiratory diseases.
Effects of Mammals on Ecosystem Change at the Pleistocene-Holocene Boundary

The present vegetation-climate relationships have been used to deduce past climate based on paleoecological indicators of past vegetation (Grichuk et al. 1984; COHMAP) and to predict future vegegation distribution based on General Circulation Model projections of future climate (Pastor and Post 1988). The implicit assumption behind these climatic reconstructions is that climate is the major factor determining vegetation distribution. However, animals also strongly influence the species composition, structure, and processes of ecosystems (O’Neill 1976), including boreal forest (Pastor et al. 1988; Bryant et al. 1991) and tundra (Batzli et al. 1980). Consequently, changes in animal abundance can radically alter the structure and species composition of vegetation (Bond 1993), for example, converting grassland to shrubland or forest (Owen-Smith 1987; Schlesinger et al. 1990). Predicting the future structure and distribution of ecosystems (Pastor and Post 1988; IGBP 1990) may, therefore, require consideration of animal diversity and trophic interactions as well as direct effects of climate on vegetation.
Dynamic Force Generation by Neural Stem Cells

Mechanical cues may have important roles in tissue morphogenesis; progression through complex functions like differentiation may be associated with changes in cellular force generation and mechanosensing. To explore this concept, we use elastomer pillar arrays to map forces generated by neural stem cells in vitro, and identify two distinct dynamics of force generation. First, cell generated forces decrease as cells transition from a proliferative mode to differentiation, a process covering several days. This change in force generation correlates with a loss of sensitivity to substrate rigidity over a series of polydimethylsiloxane substrates. Second, neural stem cells exhibit a faster pattern of localized contractions at the cell body and outlying processes; each lasts on the order of minutes, and is not synchronized across the cell. This faster process is reminiscent of migratory behavior observed in vivo, and may be involved in controlling the motion of internal structures such as the cell nucleus. These results together provide new clues into the role of forces during development, and may lead to design principles for materials targeted for use in the central nervous system.
Empirical Green function deconvolution of broadband surface waves: rupture directivity of the 1992 Landers, California (Mw = 7.3), earthquake

We present a simple method to determine gross temporal and spatial characteristics of faulting that can uniquely define the fault plane for a relatively large earthquake. The technique involves deconvolution of teleseismic and regional broadband surface waves (and/or body waves) of a small event (an empirical Green function) from the corresponding signals at the same stations for a large mainshock. This deconvolution corrects each mainshock seismic record for propagation and instrument response, and if the focal mechanisms and centroid depths are identical, deconvolution provides relative source time functions for the mainshock. Azimuthal variations of source time function width or subevent interference reveal the mainshock rupture directivity. Changes in the source mechanism during rupture can be evaluated for some classes of events. Our empirical Green function procedure is novel in its application to surface waves and its use for large ( M ≧ 7) earthquakes. We perform synthetic tests to establish intrinsic limitations of the method. The procedure requires very little data processing and can be applied in near-real time with the current distribution of seismic stations that have dial-up data retrieval capability. It also provides a straightforward procedure for reducing bias in source duration estimates resulting from aspherical heterogeneity and for detecting anomalous long-period radiation. We apply the procedure to the 28 June 1992 Landers, California ( Mw = 7.3), earthquake. The Landers earthquake source duration lasted about 25 sec, and was dominated by two subevents with predominantly north-northwestward rupture extending 60 to 70 km. The subevents show counter-clockwise rotations of at least 12° in strike that correlate well with mapped surface rupture.
Surface Evolution of Gallium Arsenide Grown by Molecular Beam Epitaxy

The molecular beam epitaxy growth of GaAs homoepitaxial films have been studied. Scanning tunneling microscopy images show that in the earliest stages of growth the surface morphology oscillates between one with two-dimensional islands and flat terraces. Concomittent with the decay of the RHEED oscilations, the surface morphology evolves to a dynamical steady state characterized by a constant value of the step density. Numerical models of the growth allow a prediction to be made for the asymtotic value of the step density. On a larger length scale (~10 µm) the surface morphology is found to consist of large mounds. The angle of the mounds with respect to the substrate is fixed and is determined by the separation between nucleating islands. This growth instability is found for singular surfaces and is absent for vicinal surfaces grown under step flow conditions.
Measuring Nontechnical Aspects of Surgical Clinician Development in an Otolaryngology Residency Training Program

Importance Surgical competency requires sound clinical judgment, a systematic diagnostic approach, and integration of a wide variety of nontechnical skills. This more complex aspect of clinician development has traditionally been difficult to measure through standard assessment methods. Objective This study was conducted to use the Clinical Practice Instrument (CPI) to measure nontechnical diagnostic and management skills during otolaryngology residency training; to determine whether there is demonstrable change in these skills between residents who are in postgraduate years (PGYs) 2, 4, and 5; and to evaluate whether results vary according to subspecialty topic or method of administration. Design, Setting, and Participants Prospective study using the CPI, an instrument with previously established internal consistency, reproducibility, interrater reliability, discriminant validity, and responsiveness to change, in an otolaryngology residency training program. The CPI was used to evaluate progression in residents’ ability to evaluate, diagnose, and manage case-based clinical scenarios. A total of 248 evaluations were performed in 45 otolaryngology resident trainees at regular intervals. Analysis of variance with nesting and postestimation pairwise comparisons were used to evaluate total and domain scores according to training level, subspecialty topic, and method of administration. Interventions Longitudinal residency educational initiative. Main Outcomes and Measures Assessment with the CPI during PGYs 2, 4, and 5 of residency. Results Among the 45 otolaryngology residents (248 CPI administrations), there were a mean (SD) of 5 (3) administrations (range, 1-4) during their training. Total scores were significantly different among PGY levels of training, with lower scores seen in the PGY-2 level (44 [16]) compared with the PGY-4 (64 [13]) or PGY-5 level (69 [13]) ( P P = .003, to 56 [19], P Conclusions and Relevance Standardized interval evaluation with the CPI demonstrates improvement in qualitative diagnostic and management capabilities as PGY levels advance.
Enzyme Architecture: A Startling Role for Asn270 in Glycerol 3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase-Catalyzed Hydride Transfer

The side chains of R269 and N270 interact with the phosphodianion of dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) bound to glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH). The R269A, N270A, and R269A/N270A mutations of GPDH result in 9.1, 5.6, and 11.5 kcal/mol destabilization, respectively, of the transition state for GPDH-catalyzed reduction of DHAP by the reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. The N270A mutation results in a 7.7 kcal/mol decrease in the intrinsic phosphodianion binding energy, which is larger than the 5.6 kcal/mol effect of the mutation on the stability of the transition state for reduction of DHAP; a 2.2 kcal/mol stabilization of the transition state for unactivated hydride transfer to the truncated substrate glycolaldehyde (GA); and a change in the effect of phosphite dianion on GPDH-catalyzed reduction of GA, from strongly activating to inhibiting. The N270A mutation breaks the network of hydrogen bonding side chains, Asn270, Thr264, Asn205, Lys204, Asp260, and Lys120, which connect the ...
Minimum Radiative Heat Transfer Between Two Planar Metallic Surfaces

For the case of two metallic half-spaces separated by a vacuum whose dielectric function is described by the Drude model, the gap dependence of the radiative energy transfer due to propagating waves is investigated. The minimum radiative heat transfer coefficient, hmin, and the gap, dmin, at which the minimum value of radiative transfer is attained is determined in terms of the parameters of the dielectric function and the absolute temperature T . We show that hmin ∝ T 2 in the high temperature limit and hmin ∝ T 3.5 in the low temperature limit.
U.S. policy impedes innovators.

In their Policy Forum “Doctoral students and U.S. immigration policy” (1 November 2013, p. [562][1]), K. E. Maskus et al. point to the potential economic benefits of expanding opportunities for the brightest international graduate students to remain in this country after graduation. However, the present immigration system creates unnecessary barriers that prevent many international students from obtaining green cards (permanent residency), thus limiting their postgraduation contributions to innovation and job creation in the United States. International graduate students, typically on F-1 visas, are not permitted to declare dual intent (the intent to study and immigrate), and the opportunities for obtaining a green card after graduation are limited regardless of career path. Graduates who pursue postdoctoral positions in academia are often on exchange visitor J-1 visas that grant, by definition, temporary and nonimmigrant status. In the industry, H-1B visas can lead to employer-sponsored green cards, but the number of available visas is drastically short of demand, as is the number of available employment-based green cards for people born in certain backlogged countries such as India and China. Moreover, despite the critical role of innovation and job creation in growing our nation's economy, graduates who start companies—whose products may spring from work accomplished at American universities—face the tallest hurdles. Legally, international graduate student entrepreneurs are often not allowed to found their companies under their own names and, instead, must be sponsored to work for a company owned by another party. An alternative pathway for entrepreneurs is a foreign investor EB-5 visa, but the personal investment of up to $1 million required from applicants places this option out of reach for most recent graduates. Meanwhile, other countries have created programs to capitalize on entrepreneurs who were trained in the United States but cannot find a way to stay ([ 1 ][2]). From a practical standpoint, these restrictions dissuade future innovators from pursuing careers in this country and thereby encourage the development of new technologies elsewhere in the world. Some straightforward reforms that would improve the situation include: (i) authorizing dual intent for student visa holders, (ii) increasing the number of H-1B visas available to recent graduates and increasing the number of green cards awarded to highly educated immigrants in STEM fields, and (iii) creating a new immigration pathway to encourage entrepreneurship. 1. [↵][3] “Where creators are welcome,” The Economist (9 June 2012); [www.economist.com/node/21556636][4]. 2. The authors are writing on behalf of the Legislative Action Subcommittee of the Graduate Student Council at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.1239572 [2]: #ref-1 [3]: #xref-ref-1-1 "View reference 1 in text" [4]: http://www.economist.com/node/21556636
Flight-Propulsion Response Requirements for Directional Stability and Control

The vertical stabilizer is a primary aerodynamic surface responsible for providing directional stability of an aircraft. Directional stability is further augmented by the yaw damping capability of the rudder using feedback control. When the rudder experiences faults or the vertical stabilizer is damaged, directional stability of an aircraft will be compromised. In the worst-case scenario, the vertical stabilizer would become completely separated that would cause a loss of control. While rare, this occurrence was a causal factor for the crash of the American Flight 587 in 2001.1 In an event that directional stability of an aircraft is compromised, aircraft engines can potentially be used in an autopilot mode to regain aircraft stability. The use of engine differential thrust for directional control has been demonstrated by the United Flight 132 accident in Sioux City, Iowa, in 19892 and the DHL incident in Baghdad, Iraq, in 2003.3 As a control actuator, aircraft engines are generally slower than the conventional flight control actuators, and therefore may not be able to respond quickly to changes in aircraft dynamics in order to maintain aircraft stability. In order to integrate aircraft engines into a flight control systems, aircraft engines would need to have a faster response time as well as additional thrust capability. This study examines the engine response time requirements in severe damage situations associated with the vertical stabilizer of a generic transport aircraft. The results of the study could be used to assess requirements for engine design for fast response in an emergency situation.
Panic and panic disorder in the United States

OBJECTIVE The goal of this study was to determine the prevalence of DSM-III-R panic disorder and to describe its correlates. METHOD The study was part of the National Comorbidity Survey, the first psychiatric epidemiologic survey of the entire U.S. population and the first to use DSM-III-R criteria for diagnosis. The 8,098 survey respondents, aged 15-54 years, were given the Composite International Diagnostic Interview. For this report, the data on panic were analyzed, and from them the prevalence of panic disorder and related experiences in the U.S. population was estimated. RESULTS About 15% of the survey respondents reported the occurrence of a panic attack over their lifetimes, and 3% reported a panic attack in the preceding month. About 1% met the DSM-III-R criteria for panic disorder in the month preceding the interview. Panic attacks and panic disorder had a bimodal age distribution and were associated with female sex and lower educational achievement. Fifty percent of the survey respondents with panic disorder reported no symptoms of agoraphobia. The pattern of prevalence of correlated sociodemographic factors was similar for persons with panic attacks, panic disorder, and panic disorder with agoraphobia. CONCLUSIONS There appears to be no obvious threshold for the diagnosis of panic disorder. Panic disorder and agoraphobia, although highly comorbid, also occur separately.
Chemical Perturbation of an Intrinsically Disordered Region of TFIID Distinguishes de novo Transcription Initiation from Reinitiation

Intrinsically disordered protein regions (IDRs) are peptide segments that fail to form stable 3-dimensional structures in the absence of partner proteins. They are abundant in eukaryotic proteomes and are often associated with human diseases, but their biological functions have been elusive to study. Here we report the identification of a tin(IV) oxochloride-derived cluster that binds an evolutionarily conserved IDR within the metazoan TFIID transcription complex. Binding arrests an isomerization of promoter-bound TFIID that is required for the engagement of Pol II during the first (de novo) round of transcription initiation. However, the specific chemical probe does not affect reinitiation, which requires the re-entry of Pol II, thus, mechanistically distinguishing these two modes of transcription initiation. This work also suggests a new avenue for targeting the elusive IDRs by harnessing certain features of metal-based complexes for mechanistic studies, and for the development of novel pharmaceutical interventions. We are currently using single-molecule imaging techniques to analyze the dynamics of the IDR and its perturbation by the inhibitor in the context of a reconstituted human Pol II transcription reaction.
Efficient Quantitative Analysis of Carboxyalkylpyrrole Ethanolamine Phospholipids: Elevated Levels in Sickle Cell Disease Blood.

γ-Hydroxy-α,β-unsaturated aldehydes, generated by oxidative damage of polyunsaturated phospholipids, form pyrrole derivatives that incorporate the ethanolamine phospholipid (EP) amino group such as 2-pentylpyrrole (PP)-EP and 2-(ω-carboxyalkyl)pyrrole (CAP)-EP derivatives: 2-(ω-carboxyethyl)pyrrole (CEP)-EP, 2-(ω-carboxypropyl)pyrrole (CPP)-EP, and 2-(ω-carboxyheptyl)pyrrole (CHP)-EP. Because EPs occur in vivo in various forms, a complex mixture of pyrrole-modified EPs with different molecular weights is expected to be generated. To provide a sensitive index of oxidative stress, all of the differences in mass related to the glycerophospholipid moieties were removed by releasing a single CAP-ethanolamine (ETN) or PP-ETN from each mixture by treatment with phospholipase D. Accurate quantization was achieved using the corresponding ethanolamine-d4 pyrroles as internal standards. The product mixture obtained by phospholipolysis of total blood phospholipids from sickle cell disease (SCD) patients was analyzed ...
Practical Matters: Circuit Boards and Debugging

We will review the basic information that one needs to design and understand circuit boards. The reason we are doing this is so that when we get into concepts like transmission lines and ground bounce, we can use examples from the world of circuit boards.
Abstract 3702: Src phosphorylated Mdm2 requires MdmX to act as a neddylating ligase

Mdm2 is an oncoprotein and, along with its family member MdmX, have been shown to be elevated in human cancers. Like Mdm2, MdmX, is a RING containing protein, yet it lacks intrinsic E3 ligase function. Mdm2 has been shown to facilitate ubiquitination as a monomer, a homodimer, and as a heterodimer with MdmX depending on the cellular stress. Our recent report establishes that under growth conditions that activate Src, Mdm2 functions as a neddylating enzyme. Whether MdmX is necessary for Mdm2 to neddylate p53 has yet to be shown. Here we demonstrate that Src phosphorylation results in increased levels of MdmX, increased binding between Mdm2 and MdmX, and increased neddylation of MdmX and p53. Interestingly, the lack of MdmX (in transient assays or in shRNA cell lines) results in decreased neddylation of p53. These data support a critical role for MdmX as part of the Mdm2 neddylating complex. Citation Format: Paula M. Hauck, Lindsey D. Mayo. Src phosphorylated Mdm2 requires MdmX to act as a neddylating ligase. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 3702.
Patient-Directed Intervention Versus Clinician Reminders Alone to Improve Aspirin Use in Diabetes: A Cluster Randomized Trial

Article-at-a-Glance Background Physician-directed approaches have not eliminated the underuse of effective preventive therapies. Methods In a cluster-randomized design, 19 physicians caring for 334 eligible patients at least 40 years of age were randomized. All clinicians received computerized reminders at office visits. Intervention physicians received e-mails asking whether aspirin was indicated for each patient. If so, patients received a mailing and nurse telephone call addressing aspirin. The primary outcome was self-reported regular aspirin use. Results Outcome assessment telephone interviews were completed for 242 (72.5%) patients. At follow-up, aspirin use was reported by 60 (46%) of the 130 intervention patients and 44 (39%) of the 112 reminder-only patients, a nonsignificant 7.2% difference (95% confidence interval: –3.9 to 18 percentage points, p = .20). In the subgroup reporting no aspirin use at baseline and no contraindications, 33 (43%) of the 76 intervention and 22 (30%) of the 74 reminder-only patients used aspirin, a 10% difference accounting for clustering (95% CI: 2.2 to 18 percentage points, p = .013). Discussion A patient-directed intervention modestly increased aspirin use among diabetes patients beyond that achieved using computerized clinician reminders for ideal candidates. Obstacles included difficulty contacting patients, real or perceived contraindications, and failure to follow the nurse's advice.
Molecular dynamics simulation of nanoscale interfacial phenomena in fluids

Publisher Summary Molecular dynamics (MD) simulation, the computational method that simulates detailed material behavior by simultaneously solving the equations of motion for a system of molecules interacting with given potentials has been applied in various disciplines. Such molecular-level understanding provides scientists and engineers with tremendous opportunities for the exploration of material properties in different length and time scales. This chapter reviews the MD simulation of various nanoscale interfacial phenomena in fluids. The liquid-vapor interface simulation is emphasized because publications in this area outnumber publications concerning all other interfacial studies combined. Determination of transport coefficients is important in studies of interfaces because any interface is highly anisotropic and results in large differences between transport coefficients in different directions and flow, thermal, and diffusion boundary conditions change dramatically. Sonoluminescence and surfactants are very interesting interfacial phenomena that could be simulated by MD methods after some assumptions are made. In MD simulation the computational domain size is extremely small and the simulated period is so short that direct comparison of MD results with macroscopic behavior is almost impossible. It is crucial to apply statistical or scaling theories to bridge this gap. The developments of these "bridges" will not only make MD a versatile tool to calculate micro-nanoscale properties, but also an economical tool to optimize micronanosystems.
The Role of Librarians in Promoting Digital Wellness: A Case Study

Column description. The Technology column examines current and developing technology topics in libraries. The column’s focus is creative uses of technology, introductions to new technologies, and critiques of current technologies, their uses, or their future. Readers interested in contributing ideas or writings to this column may contact column co-editors Suzanne Townsdin and Susan Whitmer.This article describes a digital wellness workshop that was developed for university students at Southern Illinois University Carbondale. The library workshop series explores the physical and psychological issues that can arise from overuse of digital technologies, especially related to academic performance in college students. Workshop participants are encouraged to reflect on their digital technology habits and are provided with strategies to alter those habits in order to increase happiness, productivity, and academic performance. Offering such workshops in the library can facilitate discussions about how library ser...
Fast Forward Protein Folding

Molecular dynamics simulations are increasingly used to understand complex phenomenon such as protein folding; simulations can provide full atomistic details on a level that is currently unavailable to many experimental approaches. Despite this utility, computational resources often limit the timescales accessible to simulations and prevent the observation of protein folding events (i.e. even the fastest folding events occur in the μs-ms regime, yet typical desktop computers only simulate a few ns per day). In lieu of increasing computer power by orders of magnitude, better algorithms for reaching these timescales must be developed. Adaptive sampling algorithms reduce required simulation time by taking advantage of many simulations run in parallel, for which simulations can be pieced together with the construction of a Markov State Model. Adaptive sampling schemes can be described as an undirected approach that follow four main steps: 1) run simulations, 2) build a Markov State Model from current data, 3) analyze the discovered states, and 4) start new simulations from structures that have been analyzed. Structures that are used to restart simulations are traditionally chosen to optimize some statistical ranking. Here, we present a new sampling scheme that additionally ranks states based on physical traits and can follow gradients in conformational space, which we demonstrate reduces the simulation time required to observe protein folding events. In contrast to simulation techniques that perturb energy landscapes, such as steered molecular dynamics, this new sampling scheme provides thermodynamically accurate conformational transitions and pathways to folded states, since simulations are always at equilibrium.
Schooling and Children's Mental Health: Realigning Resources to Reduce Disparities and Advance Public Health

Schools have long been the primary setting for children's mental health services but have neither the resources nor the expertise to manage these services independently. The critical importance of school success for children's adjustment provides a strong rationale for schooling as an essential component of children's mental health services. In this article, we review evidence for how schooling and mental health coalesce, suggesting an alignment of school and community mental health resources that prioritizes successful schooling as a key mental health outcome. We describe collaborative principles and ecological practices that advance a public health focus on children's mental health while also reducing the burden on schools to maintain mental health services. We close with a model of mental health services illustrating these principles and practices in high-poverty urban schools and propose future directions for research and practice to promote positive mental health for all children and youth.
Modeling hydrologic controls on sulfur processes in sulfate-impacted wetland and stream sediments

Recent studies show sulfur redox processes in terrestrial settings are more important than previously considered, but much remains uncertain about how these processes respond to dynamic hydrologic conditions in natural field settings. We used field observations from a sulfate-impacted wetland and stream in the mining region of Minnesota (USA) to calibrate a reactive transport model and evaluate sulfur and coupled geochemical processes under contrasting hydrogeochemical scenarios. Simulations of different hydrological conditions showed that flux and chemistry differences between surface water and deeper groundwater strongly control hyporheic zone geochemical profiles. However, model results for the stream channel versus wetlands indicate sediment organic carbon content to be the more important driver of sulfate reduction rates. A complex nonlinear relationship between sulfate reduction rates and geochemical conditions is apparent from the model's higher sensitivity to sulfate concentrations in settings with higher organic content. Across all scenarios, simulated e− balance results unexpectedly showed that sulfate reduction dominates iron reduction, which is contrary to the traditional thermodynamic ladder but corroborates recent experimental findings by Hansel et al. [2015] that “cryptic” sulfur cycling could drive sulfate reduction in preference over iron reduction. Following the thermodynamic ladder, our models shows that high surface water sulfate slows methanogenesis in shallow sediments, but field observations suggest that sulfate reduction may not entirely suppress methane. Overall, our results show sulfate reduction may serve as a major component making up and influencing terrestrial redox processes, with dynamic hyporheic fluxes controlling sulfate concentrations and reaction rates, especially in high organic content settings.
Anti-melanoma differentiation–associated gene 5 (MDA5) dermatomyositis: A concise review with an emphasis on distinctive clinical features

Melanoma differentiation–associated gene 5 (MDA5) is a recently described autoantigen target in a subset of patients with dermatomyositis. Anti-MDA5 dermatomyositis is characterized by a unique mucocutaneous and systemic phenotype that includes cutaneous and oral ulceration, painful palmar papules, alopecia, panniculitis, arthritis, a lower incidence of myositis, and, importantly, an elevated risk of interstitial lung disease with a potentially fatal course. Because the clinical features can differ substantially from those typically observed in cutaneous dermatomyositis, the diagnosis is often overlooked, which might negatively affect patient outcomes. This review aims to familiarize the clinician with the distinctive clinical features of anti-MDA5 dermatomyositis in order to enhance its recognition and to facilitate an appropriate screening and management strategy.