cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Magnetic Field Dependence of the Knight Shift

The apparent inconsistencies among the theories of de Haas-van Alphen oscillations in the Knight shift due to Das and Sondheimer, to Stephen, and to Dolgopolov and Bystrik are resolved. The calculation of the Knight shift is treated by a method which goes beyond the semiclassical approximation used by these authors. It is found that for polyvalent metals the dominant magnetic field dependence may be due to the behavior of the electronic wave function, rather than to the density of states.
Multiple year effects of a biological control agent (Diorhabda carinulata) on Tamarix (saltcedar) ecosystem exchanges of carbon dioxide and water

Biological control of Tamarix spp. (saltcedar) with Diorhabda carinulata (the northern tamarisk beetle) is currently underway in several western states U.S.A. through historical releases and the natural migration of this insect. Given the widespread dispersal of this biological control agent and its many unknown consequences, this study examines a variety of ecohydrological effects of the beetle on a Tamarix invaded ecosystem in the Great Basin Desert, Nevada. Nearly four years of ecosystem carbon dioxide (CO2) and evapotranspiration (ET) fluxes, measured with an eddy covariance system, are examined in relation to normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) from Landsat imagery and on the ground measures of leaf area index (LAI) with a light attenuation instrument. We predicted that successive years of beetle herbivory should result in a trajectory of reduced ET and reduced CO2 uptake. We found that three and a half years of beetle herbivory and the resulting defoliation events produced short-term decreases in ET and C uptake. However, total ET and C fluxes over multiple growing seasons were not affected in a clear directional trajectory of reduced ET loss and reduced CO2 uptake, perhaps due to variability in beetle density. LAI and NDVI were fairly well correlated with each other and NDVI was correlated with ET during the summer months, indicating that these measures are useful for detecting beetle damage to the canopy.
Root-Derived Oxylipins Promote Green Peach Aphid Performance on Arabidopsis Foliage

Oxylipins function as signaling molecules in plant growth and development and contribute to defense against stress. Here, we show that oxylipins also facilitate infestation of Arabidopsis thaliana shoots by the phloem sap–consuming green peach aphid (GPA; Myzus persicae), an agronomically important insect pest. GPAs had difficulty feeding from sieve elements and tapping into the xylem of lipoxygenase5 (lox5) mutant plants defective in LOX activity. These defects in GPA performance in the lox5 mutant were accompanied by reduced water content of GPAs and a smaller population size of GPAs in the mutant compared with the wild-type plant. LOX5 expression was rapidly induced in roots in response to infestation of shoots by GPAs. In parallel, levels of LOX5-derived oxylipins increased in roots and in petiole exudates of GPA-colonized plants. Application of 9-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid (an oxylipin produced by the LOX5 enzyme) to roots restored water content and GPA population size in lox5 plants, thus confirming that a LOX5-derived oxylipin promotes infestation of the foliage by GPAs. Micrografting experiments demonstrated that GPA performance on foliage is influenced by the LOX5 genotype in roots, thus demonstrating the importance of root-derived oxylipins in colonization of aboveground organs by an insect.
Meteoric sphaerosiderite lines and their use for paleohydrology and paleoclimatology

Sphaerosiderite, a morphologically distinct millimeter-scale spherulitic siderite (FeCO 3 ), forms predominantly in wetland soils and sediments, and is common in the geologic record. Ancient sphaerosiderites are found in paleosol horizons within coal-bearing stratigraphic intervals and, like their modern counterparts, are interpreted as having formed in water-saturated environments. Here we report on sphaerosiderites from four different stratigraphic units, each of which has highly variable 13 C and relatively stable 18 O compositions. The unique isotopic trends are analogous to well-documented meteoric calcite lines, which we define here as meteoric sphaerosiderite lines. Meteoric sphaerosiderite lines provide a new means of constraining ground-water δ 18 O and thus allow evaluation of paleohydrology and paleoclimate in humid
METHODS OF IMPROVING EMPLOYMENT TEST CRITICAL SCORES DERIVED BY JUDGING TEST CONTENT: A REVIEW AND CRITIQUE

Setting critical scores on content valid tests may involve making judgments about test content. A conclusion which has been reached in the testing literature is that the Angoff method is preferred as this type of judgmental method of setting standards or critical scores. The current paper reflects this conclusion, but also discusses several limitations of the Angoff method, and outlines why less than optimal data may be obtained using this preferred method or similar methods. Several techniques are reviewed and critiqued that may be used in conjunction with the Angoff method or similar methods to attempt improvement of the psychometric quality of the critical score data. Components from two psychometric frameworks (generalizability theory and Cronbach's, 1955, accuracy scores) are integrated and applied in assessing the impact that each of the techniques may have on Angoff critical score data. The techniques reviewed can be roughly divided into: (a) procedural methods (involved in the judgment process), and (b) psychometric methods (involved in data analysis following judgment). The present review is intended as a resource to personnel testing specialists who may be interested in methods of bolstering the process of judgmentally deriving critical scores.
The role of methylene blue in serotonin syndrome following cardiac transplantation: a case report and review of the literature.

References 1. Pennathur A, Luketich JD, Abbas G, Chen M, Fernando HC, Gooding WE, et al. Radiofrequency ablation for the treatment of stage I non-small cell lung cancer in high-risk patients. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2007;134:857-64. 2. Lanuti M, Sharma A, Digurmarthy SR, Wright CD, Donahue DM, Wain JC, et al. Radiofrequency ablation for treatment of medically inoperable stage I non-small cell lung cancer. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2009;137:160-6. 3. Schneider T, Reuss D, Warth A, Schnabel PA, Von Deimling A, Herth FJF, et al. The efficacy of bipolar and multipolar radiofrequency ablation of lung neo-
Novel and Stress-Regulated MicroRNAs and Other Small RNAs from Arabidopsis

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) and short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs that have recently emerged as important regulators of mRNA degradation, translational repression, and chromatin modification. In Arabidopsis thaliana, 43 miRNAs comprising 15 families have been reported thus far. In an attempt to identify novel and abiotic stress regulated miRNAs and siRNAs, we constructed a library of small RNAs from Arabidopsis seedlings exposed to dehydration, salinity, or cold stress or to the plant stress hormone abscisic acid. Sequencing of the library and subsequent analysis revealed 26 new miRNAs from 34 loci, forming 15 new families. Two of the new miRNAs from three loci are members of previously reported miR171 and miR319 families. Some of the miRNAs are preferentially expressed in specific tissues, and several are either upregulated or downregulated by abiotic stresses. Ten of the miRNAs are highly conserved in other plant species. Fifty-one potential targets with diverse function were predicted for the newly identified miRNAs based on sequence complementarity. In addition to miRNAs, we identified 102 other novel endogenous small RNAs in Arabidopsis. These findings suggest that a large number of miRNAs and other small regulatory RNAs are encoded by the Arabidopsis genome and that some of them may play important roles in plant responses to environmental stresses as well as in development and genome maintenance.
Mass and volume growth of an insect tracheal system within a single instar

Organisms must accommodate oxygen delivery to developing tissues as body mass increases during growth. In insects, the growth of the respiratory system has been assumed to occur only during molts, whereas body mass and volume increase during the larval stages between molts. This decouples whole-body growth from the growth of the oxygen supply system. This assumption is derived from the observation that the insect respiratory system is an invagination of the exoskeleton, which must be shed during molts for continued growth to occur. Here, we provide evidence that this assumption is incorrect. We found that the respiratory system increases substantially in both mass and volume within the last larval instar of Manduca sexta larvae, and that the growth of the respiratory system changes with diet quality, potentially as a consequence of shifting metabolic demands.
4K-2 3D Acoustic Radiation Force Impulse (ARFI) Imaging using a 2D Matrix Array: Feasibility Study

Acoustic radiation force impulse (ARFI) imaging has been reported as a successful method of measuring mechanical properties of tissue. Current methods use linear arrays to obtain a 2D image of tissue displacement. In this study, we have modified our real-time 3D ultrasound system (Volumetrics Medical Imaging, Durham, NC) to acquire volumetric ARFI data and create 3D displacement images. To ensure that the pulse to pulse correlation values from a 2.5-MHz matrix array transducer with 440 transmit and 256 receive channels were sufficient for ARFI processing, we transmitted a series of 2-cycle pulses into a homogeneous 4 kPa tissue-mimicking phantom (CIRS, Norfolk, VA) and collected corresponding 16:1 parallel received RF lines spaced 1.2deg apart. We found pulse to pulse normalized cross-correlation values were greater than 0.995 for scan depths of 3.5 cm. Our 3D ARFI pulse sequence consists of 3 2-cycle reference pulses followed by a set of 3 256-cycle pushing pulses. A series of 42 2-cycle tracking pulses are then used to monitor the displacement of the sample volume. Displacements between the reference and tracking RF data are estimated with ultrasonic cross-correlation methods. When acquiring a single scan line in a tissue mimicking phantom with a Young's modulus of 4 kPa, we measured maximum displacements of approximately 3 mum near the focus. 3D ARFI images were produced at depths of 0.5-3.5 cm using 9 transmit lines, which produced 144 receive lines to form a 12 line by 12 line 3D pyramid of 13.2deg yielding B-scan and C-scan planes of displacement data. System modifications are ongoing to the 3D Doppler processing algorithm (1D autocorrelation) to permit 3D ARFI processing to occur in realtime
Seasonal cross-shelf distribution of major zooplankton taxa on the northern Gulf of Alaska shelf relative to water mass properties, species depth preferences and vertical migration behavior

The cross-shelf distribution of major zooplankton species was examined on the northern Gulf of Alaska (GOA) shelf during the production season for four years, between October 1997 and October 2001. The zooplankton community on the northern GOA shelf consisted of oceanic and neritic species of the North Pacific subarctic species complex. Cross-shelf distribution of the major zooplankton species was influenced by their depth preferences, vertical migration behavior, salinity-temperature preferences, and by cross-shelf water-mass distribution and movement. The neritic community, dominated by Pseudocalanus spp., Metridia pacifica and Calanus marshallae, had highest abundances on the inner shelf, in the Alaska Coastal Current, and in the adjacent fjords in late spring and early summer. The oceanic community, which contained primarily Neocalanus cristatus and Eucalanus bungii, was observed in the Alaskan Stream and adjacent waters near the shelf break. A mid-shelf transition zone contained a mixture of oceanic and neritic species. Prince William Sound (PWS) contained a unique species complex of large mesopelagic copepods, amphipods and shrimp. Neocalanus flemingeri and Oithona similis were abundant in all four regions during spring and early summer. The transition zone commonly crossed much of the shelf between the shelf break and the ACC, but satellite images and CTD data indicate that occasionally a narrow shelf-break front can form, in which case distinct zooplankton species groups are observed on either side of the front. Satellite data also revealed numerous large and small eddies, which probably contribute to cross-shelf mixing in the transition zone.
Economic Valuation: What and Why

Consider the choices faced by those responsible for managing releases of water at the Glen Canyon Dam on the Colorado River. The size and timing of the releases determine the value of the hydroelectric power generated. But the pattern of the releases influences the nature and value of the recreational activities on Lake Powell above the dam and on the rivers in Glen Canyon and Grand Canyon below the dam. The release patterns also affect, in complex ways, the availability of suitable habitat for and the probabilities of the survival of several endangered species. Thus, managers face choices that involve tradeoffs.1 More hydroelectric power means reduced quality and quantity of recreation opportunities and, perhaps, reductions in the survival of some endangered species. It is necessary to reconcile the sometimes conflicting desires and interests of those affected by management decisions and to make wise choices concerning these trade-offs. To do so, resource managers require information on the value of hydroelectric power and the values that people place on various attributes and types of recreation on and along the Colorado River and on changes in the survival probabilities for endangered species.2
A novel cell-free screen for drugs that modulate the human Fanconi/breast cancer susceptibility protein network

C90 Re-sensitizing tumor cells that have become resistant to chemotherapeutic DNA interstrand crosslinking agents like cisplatin and melphalan has great potential for treating a wide variety of cancers. One approach is to inhibit DNA damage response pathways involved in DNA interstrand crosslink (ICL) repair. In particular, the breast cancer associated (BRCA)/ Fanconi Anemia (FA) DNA damage response pathway is required for cell survival after exposure to DNA ICLs. We designed a novel in vitro assay using Xenopus egg extracts to identify small molecules that suppress activation of the BRCA/FA pathway. The assay is based on the monitoring of the DNA-substrate stimulated monoubiquitylation of a protein central to the pathway, FANCD2. To assess the validity of the system, we screened analogs of curcumin, an inhibitor of the FA pathway recently identified in cell-based assays (Chirnomas, et al., 2006). Among 38 analogs tested, 4 displayed higher activity than curcumin in the Xenopus assay. These results were confirmed in human cells since 3 of the compounds sensitized Fanconi anemia-competent cells to crosslinking agents at concentrations 10-50 times lower than curcumin (the fourth is still under investigation). In contrast, these compounds did not sensitize the isogenic Fanconi-deficient cell line, suggesting that they target the BRCA/FA pathway. We also screened 372 compounds from targeted small molecule libraries and identified several previously unknown inhibitors of the BRCA/FA pathway. Follow-up analysis in human cells demonstrated that at least one compound inhibited the DNA damage-induced monoubiquitylation and foci formation of FANCD2 and chemosensitized cells to DNA crosslinking agents. This approach provides the first example of a rapid and inexpensive in vitro assay for identifying compounds that modulate the BRCA/FA pathway, bridging the gap between biochemical and cell-based assays. Furthermore, because Xenopus egg extracts are naturally synchronized in S-phase, this assay is uniquely suited for identification and targeting of modifications occurring during S-phase. Indeed, in addition to FANCD2 monoubiquitylation, we found that at last 7 other DNA repair proteins are post-translationally modified in our assay. Hence, this system has a strong potential for development as a high-thoughput and multiple target screening tool.
The combination of radiation therapy and immunotherapy for genitourinary cancer treatment: rationale, current evidence, and prospects

Targeted immunotherapy has emerged as a potentially effective systemic treatment for metastatic cancer in the past decade. However, a significant fraction of patients will either not respond or develop resistance to immunotherapy due to the immune-evasive properties of cancer. Radiation therapy can augment immunotherapy to modulate the immune suppressive tumor microenvironment and promote specific tumor targeting by the adaptive immune system. In this review, we will discuss the rationale for combining radiation therapy with immunotherapy and describe clinical studies using this combination strategy to improve the treatment response by inducing synergistic and abscopal effects. We will discuss ongoing prospective clinical trials that employ the combination of radiation therapy and immunotherapy in the treatment of genitourinary malignancies. Further advances in these combination therapy strategies are expected to improve the clinical response and disease course while further providing insight to the complex interactions and regulations between the immune system and cancer cells. Multiple additional clinical trials will be required to find routine application of this concept to the clinic.
Visualizing Redox Dynamics of a Single Ag/AgCl Heterogeneous Nanocatalyst at Atomic Resolution.

Operando characterization of gas–solid reactions at the atomic scale is of great importance for determining the mechanism of catalysis. This is especially true in the study of heterostructures because of structural correlation between the different parts. However, such experiments are challenging and have rarely been accomplished. In this work, atomic scale redox dynamics of Ag/AgCl heterostructures have been studied using in situ environmental transmission electron microscopy (ETEM) in combination with density function theory (DFT) calculations. The reduction of Ag/AgCl to Ag is likely a result of the formation of Cl vacancies while Ag+ ions accept electrons. The oxidation process of Ag/AgCl has been observed: rather than direct replacement of Cl by O, the Ag/AgCl nanocatalyst was first reduced to Ag, and then Ag was oxidized to different phases of silver oxide under different O2 partial pressures. Ag2O formed at low O2 partial pressure, whereas AgO formed at atmospheric pressure. By combining in situ ET...
Some Corollaries to an Integral Inequality

(1974). Some Corollaries to an Integral Inequality. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 81, No. 3, pp. 269-270.
The Effects of Ribbon Thickness and Annealing Temperature on the AC Magnetic Properties of the Fe81.5B14.5Si3C1 Alloy

The a.c. magnetic properties measured at 60 Hz are found to be strongly affected by ribbon thickness and annealing temperature. These magnetic results are further characterized by observations on magnetic domain structure, crystallization, stress relaxation, and ribbon surface finish.
Microencapsulation of Aqueous Compounds Using Hexamethylenediamine and Trimesoyl Chloride: Monodisperse Capsule Formation and Reaction Conditions on Membrane Properties

Efficient microencapsulation of aqueous compounds for dispersion in aqueous media remains challenging. To prepare aqueous microcapsules, we employed interfacial polymerization with hexamethylenediamine (HMDA) and trimesoyl chloride (TMC), which are commonly used for the formation of impermeable reverse-osmosis membranes. We employed an emulsification technique based on a high-viscosity external phase and uniform shear fields to produce monodisperse aqueous drops on the order of 10 μm. The effects of shear stress and HMDA concentration on the drop sizes were studied. The HMDA amount and emulsion drop size were both found to be important for subsequent capsule formation. The stoichiometric ratios of amine to acid chloride affected both the redispersibility of the microcapsules and the release rates of Coomassie Brilliant Blue (Coomassie Blue). Although high encapsulation efficiencies were achieved, the release rate varied with the sizes of the encapsulated molecules/ions. Optimum capsule formation and contr...
Speech Problems in the Aging

Many geriatric patients with speech, voice and language problems can be helped to reduce or overcome them. Although not all older persons can benefit from speech help, age per se is not the determining factor. Language and speech retraining procedures, which do not differ in kind from those used with younger patients, may be significantly efficacious with older patients, representing as they do an optimistic effort on the part of the patients' associates to help them make their lives richer and to combat frustration, withdrawal and silence.
The Art of Endoscopic Instruction

This article discusses the effect that new and changing circumstances of health care will have on training in endoscopic procedures and describes basic elements and principles of training that can make training programs equal to the task.
Examining the relationship between multiple primary cancers and psychological distress: A review of current literature.

Objective The incidence of multiple primary cancers (MPCs) is increasing, but little is known about psychological distress in this population. The purpose of this study is to review and synthesize the literature regarding what is known about psychological distress in adults who have experienced MPC diagnoses. Methods All potentially eligible studies identified in PubMed and CINAHL were reviewed by 2 independent evaluators, and each relevant article was assessed for methodological quality. Data were extracted, organized, and recorded using a coding log, PRISMA flow diagram, and a standardized table of evidence. Effect size (ES) values were calculated using Cohen's d. Results Five of the 562 potentially relevant articles were selected for final analysis. MPC survivors, when compared with single cancer survivors, had lower global quality of life (d = 0.32–0.37), poorer emotional role function and stress (d = 0.08–0.20), greater and more frequent distress (d = 0.11–0.37), and greater subclinical anxiety (d = 0.15). Depressive symptoms were variable (d = 0.01–0.22), and no differences between MPC and single cancer groups were identified for sleep and suicidal ideation. Conclusion There is a substantial lack of evidence focused on psychological distress among the growing MPC survivor population. ES noted in the 5 studies reflect small but potentially significant increases in psychological distress in survivors of MPC compared with survivors of a single cancer. Clinicians should be aware of this at-risk population when screening for distress in cancer survivors. Suggestions for future research are provided.
Mental Health Among Parents of Children With Critical Congenital Heart Defects: A Systematic Review

BackgroundParents of children with critical congenital heart defects (PCCHDs) may be at high risk for mental health morbidity; however, the literature is not well characterized. Given that compromi...
The Juggling Act of Supervision in Community Mental Health: Implications for Supporting Evidence-Based Treatment

Supervisors are an underutilized resource for supporting evidence-based treatments (EBTs) in community mental health. Little is known about how EBT-trained supervisors use supervision time. Primary aims were to describe supervision (e.g., modality, frequency), examine functions of individual supervision, and examine factors associated with time allocation to supervision functions. Results from 56 supervisors and 207 clinicians from 25 organizations indicate high prevalence of individual supervision, often alongside group and informal supervision. Individual supervision serves a wide range of functions, with substantial variation at the supervisor-level. Implementation climate was the strongest predictor of time allocation to clinical and EBT-relevant functions.
Methods for isolation of nuclei and nucleoli.

Publisher Summary Procedures for the isolation of nuclei are important in studies on histones and other nuclear proteins, nuclear enzymes, and nuclear RNA and DNA. The objectives of procedures for isolation of nuclei are to secure a product where (1) the nuclei are morphologically identical to those of the whole cell, (2) the contents of the nuclei as they exist in the cell are all present in the isolated product, and (3) the isolated nuclei do not contain cytoplasmic constituents. The basis for the compression-decompression procedure for isolation of nucleoli is that such delicate structures as chromosomes can be obtained from nuclei without serious damage to their morphology by alternate aspiration and ejection of nuclear suspensions from a syringe. Whereas, the basis of the chemical technique for preparation of the nucleolar fraction is successive extraction of the nuclei with dilute and concentrated saline solution. The chapter also outlines the sucrose–calcium procedure for isolation of nuclei, the citric acid procedure for isolation of nuclei, the use of detergents for nuclear isolation, and the sonication procedure for isolation of nucleoli.
Edge computing enabled smart firefighting: opportunities and challenges

By collectively leveraging advanced communications systems, sensing, drones, wearable technologies and large-scale data analysis, smart firefighting is envisioned as the next generation firefighting with the capacities of gathering massive real-time scene data, transferring them into useful information and insights for fire responders, and even providing them with more safe and accurate decisions. For smart firefighting, timeliness and accuracy are two foremost system requirements, yet they are unsatisfied in many applications. One reason for such dilemma is due to the underlying used computing architecture (i.e. cloud computing) that can produce extra latency in large-scale data transmission. To address this problem, we explore the firefighting field utilizing edge computing and discuss the overall system architecture, opportunities, challenges, as well as some early technical suggestions on building edge-enabled smart firefighting. To validate the feasibility of edge computing, we simulate the firefighting context and respectively deploy a video-based flame detection algorithm on a local Intel's edge computing platform and a remote Amazon EC2. The preliminary results show that edge computing can significantly increase system's reactive speed, with on average 50% reduction in system latency.
Spontaneous splenic rupture due to marginal zone lymphoma.

An 81-year-old man collapsed at home after complaining of left upper quadrant (LUQ) abdominal pain and presented to the local hospital. He was hypotensive on arrival, but stabilized with transfusion of 2 units of packed red blood cells. His abdominal examination was significant for LUQ tenderness with no signs of peritonitis. Abdominal CT scan (figure 1) revealed splenomegaly with grade 3 splenic injury and moderate hemoperitoneum. Blood work was significant for anemia and elevated creatinine (Cr 1.9 mg/dL). Spontaneous splenic rupture (SRS) was suspected and the patient was transferred to the nearest level 1 trauma center for management. Figure 1 Abdominal CT depicting splenic rupture. 1. Non-operative management (NOM). 2. Emergency splenectomy. 3. Splenic angioembolization (SAE). 4. Stabilization and laparoscopic total splenectomy. Correct answer D We stabilized the patient and performed a laparoscopic total splenectomy. The patient’s vital signs were normal on arrival, so he was monitored in the intensive care unit with plan for emergency splenectomy if he destabilized. His creatinine and hematocrit normalized, so he underwent laparoscopic hand-assisted splenectomy. Operative findings revealed splenomegaly with hemoperitoneum. The spleen was mobilized from its attachments, the splenic vessels were …
Expression and function of protein A in Staphylococcus pseudintermedius.

Staphylococcus pseudintermedius is an opportunistic pathogen in dogs and the most frequent cause of canine pyoderma. Protein A, a potent virulence factor in S. aureus is encoded by the spa gene. S....
Mineralogy controls on reactive transport of Marcellus Shale waters.

Abstract Produced or flowback waters from Marcellus Shale gas extraction (MSWs) typically are highly saline and contain chemicals including trace metals, which pose significant concerns on water quality. The natural attenuation of MSW chemicals in groundwater is poorly understood due to the complex interactions between aquifer minerals and MSWs, limiting our capabilities to monitor and predict. Here we combine flow-through experiments and process-based reactive transport modeling to understand mechanisms and quantify the retention of MSW chemicals in a quartz (Qtz) column, a calcite-rich (Cal) column, and a clay-rich (Vrm, vermiculite) column. These columns were used to represent sand, carbonate, and clay-rich aquifers. Results show that the types and extent of water-rock interactions differ significantly across columns. Although it is generally known that clay-rich media retard chemicals and that quartz media minimize water-rock interactions, results here have revealed insights that differ from previous thoughts. We found that the reaction mechanisms are much more complex than merely sorption and mineral precipitation. In clay rich media, trace metals participate in both ion exchange and mineral precipitation. In fact, the majority of metals (~50–90%) is retained in the solid via mineral precipitation, which is surprising because we typically expect the dominance of sorption in clay-rich aquifers. In the Cal column, trace metals are retained not only through precipitation but also solid solution partitioning, leading to a total of 75–99% retention. Even in the Qtz column, trace metals are retained at unexpectedly high percentages (~20–70%) due to precipitation. The reactive transport model developed here quantitatively differentiates the relative importance of individual processes, and bridges a limited number of experiments to a wide range of natural conditions. This is particularly useful where relatively limited knowledge and data prevent the prediction of complex rock-contaminant interactions and natural attenuation.
Interpreting Visual Semiotics With the Music Video Man in the Mirror in Art Education

In this article, we explore how the construction of meaning takes place across audio and visual elements, and how a music video, Man in the Mirror by Michael Jackson,1 can be interpreted through mu...
Employment predictors and outcomes of U.S. state-federal vocational rehabilitation consumers with affective disorders: A CHAID analysis.

Abstract Background This study examined the demographic and rehabilitation service variables affecting employment outcomes of people with affective disorders receiving services from U.S. state-federal vocational rehabilitation (VR) agencies. Methods An ex post facto design, using data mining as a statistical analysis strategy, was used to analyze the Rehabilitation Services Administration Case Service Report (RSA-911) for the fiscal year 2011. The sample included 44,960 customers with affective disorders who were closed either as successfully employed (Status 26) or not employed (Status 28) by their VR agency. The dependent variable is employment outcome. The predictor variables include a set of personal characteristic variables and rehabilitation service variables. Results The chi-squared automatic interaction detector (CHAID) data mining analysis results indicated that job placement services, on-the-job supports, and job search assistance services were significant predictors of successful employment outcomes for individuals with affective disorders. Limitations The study used data from the RSA-911 database. Causality cannot be inferred due to the use of archival data. Conclusions Employment should be viewed as a viable treatment outcome for individuals with affective disorders. Rehabilitation professionals should advocate for their clients to receive VR services, including job placement services, on-the-job supports, and job search assistance services in order to maximize their employment and mental health outcomes.
SLEEP APNEA | Children

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a medical problem that is being increasingly recognized in children. It occurs in 1–3% of children of all ages. The peak presentation is 2–8 years of age when the tonsils and adenoids are largest in relation to upper airway size. OSA is characterized by loud snoring, paradoxical respiratory efforts, and prolonged partial upper airway obstruction or intermittent complete pharyngeal obstruction that disrupts normal ventilation and sleep continuity. If unrecognized or untreated, OSA can lead to neurobehavioral, growth, and cardiovascular sequelae in childhood. Adenotonsillectomy is considered standard therapy, though some children benefit from noninvasive positive pressure ventilation (e.g., CPAP), weight reduction, or management of craniofacial abnormalities.
Consumption as Feelings

Studying consumers refers to how people perceive, learn, remember and feel in the context of acquiring and using products and services. Such an analysis is tremendously complex. In order to better grasp how consumers make choices and decide to buy, the enhanced knowledge of people’s experience of the consumption itself and of all the accompanying sensations proves crucial. Applying the findings of neuroscience, as will be demonstrated in this chapter, provides useful clues. However, one is advised that, not surprisingly for a new discipline, neuromarketing has selectively addressed a diverse range of issues faced in consumer behavior. This is due to the varying complexity of the research tasks, constraints imposed by the available technology and the difficulty in staging different types of experiments.
Parental Social Support and Sources of Knowledge Interact to Predict Children’s Externalizing Behavior Over Time

Parental social support and monitoring are associated with children’s externalizing behavior but clarity is needed on how these mechanisms interact to influence youth. This study examined if parental social support magnifies the protective effects of sources of parental knowledge (Parental Control, Parental Solicitation, Child Disclosure) on the development of substance initiation and delinquency across adolescence. Participants were 6–8th graders (N = 1023; 52% female; 83% White; 87.8% non-Hispanic) from six (one urban, two rural, three suburban) Rhode Island schools assessed annually for four years. Parental control protected against substance initiation, but only in supportive relationships. All sources of parental knowledge were associated with less delinquency, but only in supportive relationships. Interventions focused on increasing children’s perceptions of parental social support may enhance the effectiveness of sources of parental knowledge in buffering against children’s externalizing behavior.
Cultural and service factors related to mental health beliefs among post-9/11 veterans.

Background and aims:The primary purpose of this study was to examine cultural and demographic predictors of dimensions of anticipated stigma and negative mental health beliefs, known barriers to me...
Intensive sound production treatment for severe, chronic apraxia of speech

Massed practice has become a widely used method of treatment administration in the study of aphasia. It is often shown to be as or more effective than treatment provided in a distributed fashion. S...
Evaluation of preference of brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys (Stål) for different colour bell peppers and the role of plant protein

The brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), Halyomorpha halys, (Stal) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) a highly polyphagous invasive pest from Asia, has become a major agricultural pest in the United States. Laboratory experiments were conducted to determine nymph and adult BMSB preference for bell peppers of different colours (red, yellow, green, and orange). Peppers were presented to BMSB using a Dual Choice Arena Test (DCAT) with and without a standard (cowpea pod). The experiments were video recorded using the Noldus ObserverXT video system. A 4-arm olfactometer was used to determine plant volatile involvement in observed preferences. The Pierce Bicinchoninic Acid Protein assay was used to measure total protein concentration of the peppers. Results on preference measured by a Preference Index (PI, range 0–2), showed that nymphs and adults preferred peppers (PI ≥ 1.1) over cowpea pod. In a pairwise DCAT with all possible combinations, orange-coloured pepper was preferred over all the other peppers. Olfactometer test indicated that H. halys were more attracted to red and yellow peppers. Orange peppers showed the highest protein concentration whilst green peppers showed the least protein concentration.
Being treated with compassion by nursing students in their baccalaureate program

Abstract Background/purpose Compassion is an essential component of nursing education. Having nursing students describe situations in which they were treated with compassion may offer guidance for faculty. The purpose of the study was to uncover themes in descriptions of undergraduate nursing students who described self as being treated with compassion during their Baccalaureate nursing education. Method Conventional content analysis was the method used in the study. Results Four themes represent the findings. These are: 1) compassion began in situations where students were lost, confused, frightened, and discouraged; 2) emerged in a relationship focused on being recognized, valued, and understood; 3) developed with the other taking charge, listening carefully, remaining patient, and maintaining presence; and 4) ended with feelings of success, comfort, and belonging. Conclusion The findings offer a description of compassion from the students' point of view. An approach for teaching compassion based on the study findings is proposed.
Adenovirus Viral Kinetics and Mortality in Ex Vivo T Cell-Depleted Hematopoietic Cell Transplant Recipients With Adenovirus Infection From a Single Center

BACKGROUND We report on predictors of adenovirus (ADV) viremia and correlation of ADV viral kinetics with mortality in ex vivo T-cell depleted (TCD) hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT). METHODS T cell-depleted HCT recipients from January 1, 2012 through September 30, 2018 were prospectively monitored for ADV in the plasma through Day (D) +100 posttransplant or for 16 weeks after the onset of ADV viremia. Adenovirus viremia was defined as ≥2 consecutive viral loads (VLs) ≥1000 copies/mL through D +100. Time-averaged area under the curve (AAUC) or peak ADV VL through 16 weeks after onset of ADV viremia were explored as predictors of mortality in Cox models. RESULTS Of 586 patients (adult 81.7%), 51 (8.7%) developed ADV viremia by D +100. Age <18 years, recipient cytomegalovirus seropositivity, absolute lymphocyte count <300 cells/µL at D +30, and acute graft-versus-host disease were predictors of ADV viremia in multivariate models. Fifteen (29%) patients with ADV viremia died by D +180; 8 of 15 (53%) died from ADV. Peak ADV VL (hazard ratio [HR], 2.25; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.52-3.33) and increasing AAUC (HR, 2.95; 95% CI, 1.83-4.75) correlated with mortality at D +180. CONCLUSIONS In TCD HCT, peak ADV VL and ADV AAUC correlated with mortality at D +180. Our data support the potential utility of ADV viral kinetics as endpoints in clinical trials of ADV therapies.
Activation of the kappa opioid receptor / dynorphin system alters stress and threat responding during acute withdrawal from intermittent alcohol drinking in male mice.

The dynorphin/kappa opioid receptor (KOR) system in the brain regulates both stressful experiences and negative, aversive states during withdrawal from drugs of abuse. We explored the role of this system during acute withdrawal from long-term alcohol drinking, focusing on the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST), a region strongly implicated in alcohol-withdrawal induced alterations of behavior. Male C57BL/6J mice were subjected to repeated forced swim tests, home cage exposure to a predator odor, and a visual threat after eight weeks intermittent access to alcohol or water. Systemic injection of KOR antagonist norBNI reversed alcohol-related differences in immobility time during the second swim test and reduced burying behavior in response to predator odor, but did not affect behavioral response to visual threat. In dynorphin-GFP reporter mice, c-Fos immunoreactivity was increased in dynorphin-containing neurons after repeated swim stress and alcohol drinking. Using dynorphin-GFP mice, there was enhanced spontaneous excitatory synaptic drive onto dynorphin neurons in the BNST after alcohol-drinking mice underwent forced swim stress. Finally, knockdown of dynorphin in the BNST using a viral shRNA affected swim stress behavior and responses to TMT in alcohol drinkers and controls, but did not affect alcohol drinking. These studies confirm BNST dynorphin recruitment during acute withdrawal as playing a key role in altered behavioral responses to stressful stimuli.
The elephant in the lab (and field): Contamination in aquatic environmental DNA studies

The rapid evolution of environmental (e)DNA methods has resulted in knowledge gaps in smaller, yet critical details like proper use of negative controls to detect contamination. Detecting contamination is vital for confident use of eDNA results in decision-making. We conducted two literature reviews to summarize (a) the types of quality assurance measures taken to detect contamination of eDNA samples from aquatic environments, (b) the occurrence, frequency and attribution (i.e., putative sources) of unexpected amplification in these quality assurance samples, and (c) how results were interpreted when contamination occurred. In the first literature review, we reviewed 156 papers and found that 91% of targeted and 73% of metabarcoding eDNA studies reported inclusion of negative controls within their workflows. However, a large percentage of targeted (49%) and metabarcoding (80%) studies only reported negative controls for laboratory procedures, so results were potentially blind to field contamination. Many of the 156 studies did not provide critical methodological information and amplification results of negative controls. In our second literature review, we reviewed 695 papers and found that 30 targeted and 32 metabarcoding eDNA studies reported amplification of negative controls. This amplification occurred at similar proportions for field and lab workflow steps in targeted and metabarcoding studies. These studies most frequently used amplified negative controls to delimit a detection threshold above which is considered significant or provided rationale for why the unexpected amplifications did not affect results. In summary, we found that there has been minimal convergence over time on negative control implementation, methods, and interpretation, which suggests that increased rigor in these smaller, yet critical details remains an outstanding need. We conclude our review by highlighting several studies that have developed especially effective quality assurance, control and mitigation methods.
Heat-Moderating Effects of Bus Stop Shelters and Tree Shade on Public Transport Ridership.

Rising temperatures threaten the resilience of public transit systems. We determined whether bus stop shelters and tree canopy surrounding bus stops moderated the effect of warm season temperatures on ridership in Austin, Texas, and whether shelters and trees were equitably distributed. For bus stops (n = 2271) of Capital Metropolitan Transportation Authority, boardings per bus were measured 1 April–30 September 2019. Air temperature data originated from the Camp Mabry weather station. Tree canopy was calculated by classification of high-resolution aerial imagery from the National Agriculture Imagery Program. Data on race, ethnicity, poverty level, median age, and bus commuters within census tracts of bus stops originated from the 2014–2018 American Community Survey. Using multilevel negative binomial regression models, we found that shelters did not moderate the effect of high temperatures on ridership (p > 0.05). During high temperatures, each one-percent increase in tree canopy was associated with a lesser decrease (1.6%) in ridership compared to if there were no trees (1.7%) (p < 0.001). In general, shelters and trees were equitably distributed. Insignificant or modest effects of shelters and trees on ridership during high temperatures may be attributed to the transit dependency of riders. For climate change adaptation, we recommend tree planting at bus stops to protect from ridership losses and unhealthy exposure to extreme heat.
Potato Zebra Chip: An Overview of the Disease, Control Strategies, and Prospects.

Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is an important food crop worldwide. As the demand for fresh and processed potato products is increasing globally, there is a need to manage and control devastating diseases such as zebra chip (ZC). ZC disease causes major yield losses in many potato-growing regions and is associated with the fastidious, phloem-limited bacterium Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum (CLso) that is vectored by the potato-tomato psyllid (Bactericera cockerelli Sulc). Current management measures for ZC disease mainly focus on chemical control and integrated pest management strategies of the psyllid vector to limit the spread of CLso, however, they add to the costs of potato production. Identification and deployment of CLso and/or the psyllid resistant cultivars, in combination with integrated pest management, may provide a sustainable long-term strategy to control ZC. In this review, we provide a brief overview of the ZC disease, epidemiology, current management strategies, and potential new approaches to manage ZC disease in the future.
Connected while apart: Associations between social distancing, computer-mediated communication frequency, and positive affect during the early phases of COVID-19

The COVID-19 pandemic has fundamentally altered life for individuals worldwide. Specifically, at the time of data collection (late April 2020), most forms of face-to-face interactions were limited ...
Retinal Disease Classification from OCT Images Using Deep Learning Algorithms

Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) is a noninvasive test that takes cross-section pictures of the retina layer of the eye and allows ophthalmologists to diagnose based on the retina's layers. Therefore, it is an important modality for the detection and quantification of retinal diseases and retinal abnormalities. Since OCT provides several images for each patient, it is a time consuming work for ophthalmologists to analyze the images. This paper proposes deep learning models that categorize patients' OCT images into four categories such as Choroidal neovascularization (CNV), Diabetic macular edema (DME), Drusen, and Normal. Two different models are proposed. One is using three binary Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) classifiers and the other is using four binary CNN classifiers. Several CNNs, such as VGG16, VGG19, ResNet50, ResNet152, DenseNet121, and InceptionV3, are adapted as feature extractors to develop the binary classifiers. Among them, the proposed model using VGG16 for CNV vs. Other classes, VGG16 for DME vs. other classes, VGG19 for Drusen vs. Other classes, and InceptionV3 for Normal vs. other classes shows the best performance with 0.987 accuracy, 0.987 sensitivity, and 0.996 specificity. The binary classifier for Normal class has 0.999 accuracy. These results show their potential to work as a second reader for ophthalmologists.