cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Response to the Presidential Address.

I am humbled and challenged to have the privilege of taking on the presidency of the American Psychiatric Association, the oldestmedical specialty organization in theUnited States and the world’s largest psychiatric organization. I am especially appreciative of having the pleasure of following the presidential term of Dr. Paul Summergrad. Dr. Summergrad has worked tirelessly for the American Psychiatric Association and has been a superb leader. He has been creative and innovative, as well as efficient and effective. We all owe him a huge debt of gratitude. I would also like to thank my incredibly supportive family, especiallymywonderful husband, Mardi, and my two children, David and Michelle. Without their love and encouragement, I would not be standing here today. The theme of my presidency during the next year will be “ClaimingOurFuture.”Aspsychiatrists,we are the experts in mental health. We have the responsibility to ensure that psychiatrists of the future continue to deliver high-quality care to our patients and have professionally satisfying lives. What type of practicewill the psychiatrist of the future have? How will we fit into the new models of care? How will we integrate new research findings into our clinical practices? Wemust claimour future roles in all of this progress; otherwise, others will define our roles for us! I will specifically focus on five areas:
Clinical Implications of Androgen Synthesis via 5α-Reduced Precursors

During embryogenesis, the male external genitalia are formed by the action of the potent androgen, dihydrotestosterone (DHT). DHT is produced in human genital skin and prostate from testosterone via
Henry Wright, Early State Formation in Central Madagascar: An Archaeological Survey of Western Avaradrano

The book Early State Formation in Central Madagascar: An Archaeological Survey of Western Avaradrano is the culmination of decades of research in the central highlands of Madagascar. The book was written primarily by Henry T. Wright (p. 6), along with fourteen other contributors, and is based on archaeological fieldwork carried out from 1975 to 1996, northeast of the modern capital of Antananarivo. The fieldwork was predominantly surface surveys, complemented by test excavations and specialist studies. Hence the book reads as a survey equivalent of a major site’s final excavation report. Beyond those interested specifically in the archaeology of Madagascar, or the archaeology of Africa or the Indian Ocean, scholars will find this work a useful demonstration of the power of regional surveys in archaeology and a detailed case study in the processes of archaic state formation. I agree with JeanAime Rakotoarisoa who states in the Foreword that this monograph will be an important model for all future studies. The heart of this book is the “Catalogue of Site Information,” which is the first of five appendices (the other appendices are updated versions of previously published articles based on the Avaradrano survey). The site catalogue is the longest section of the book at 152 pages, and contains detailed information on each site recorded, including site maps of the ditched fortifications and drawings of the diagnostic ceramics. Augustin Holl in the Preface to the volume suggests that this site catalogue is also the most important part of the book, since the level of detail will enable an independent evaluation of the author’s conclusions, or even the use of this data set to pursue other questions. In their Introduction, the authors themselves point to Chapter 5 as “arguably the most important in this study”—the chapter that summarizes the seven archaeological phases, from the earliest Fiekena Phase in the Afr Archaeol Rev (2009) 26:59–62 DOI 10.1007/s10437-009-9044-6
Job Competency Expectations for Hospitality and Tourism Employees: Perceptions of Educational Preparation

ABSTRACT This article presents the findings of a central Florida study of hospitality and tourism management practitioners. It reports the findings of practitioner perceptions of desired knowledge, skills, and attitudes. It further demonstrates the overall impressions of practitioners concerning levels of preparation for entry-level positions in the industry. Finally, the authors present conclusions and suggestions for central Florida collaborative initiatives aimed at improving the preparation of individuals from secondary and tertiary institutions for successful entry into hospitality and tourism industry employment.
The Surprising Irrelevance of Islamic Bankruptcy

By any standard of logic, the influence of the shari’a should be far more relevant in the area of bankruptcy than it is. Understanding the sources of the broad marginalization of shari’a as it relates to modern bankruptcy law in the Muslim world tells us much about the sharply limited legal scope of Islamic revivalism as concerns economic and commercial matters and perhaps even a little bit about Islamism’s limited legal ambitions more generally.
Aristotle's Modal Logic: Essence and Entailment in the Organon

1. Introduction 2. The Basic Modal Proposition 3. Syllogisms with Two Necessity Premises 4. Mixed syllogisms: One Assertoric and One Necessity Premise 5. Two-way possibilities: some basic preliminaries 6. Two-way possibility syllogisms 7. Aristotle's perfect syllogisms 8. Principles of construction.
Detect the Unexpected — How to Find and Avoid Unexpected Tolerance Problems in Mechanisms

We discuss the current design process with tolerance analysis as a distinct process step and identify the deficiencies that have an adverse impact on design and product quality. Perhaps the greatest of them is the inability to detect unknown or unexpected tolerance problems.
A vector thermodynamics for anisotropic surfaces: I. Fundamentals and application to plane surface junctions

Abstract In this paper we propose a vector function ξ(n) as an alternative to the scalar function γ(n) with which the free energy of anisotropic surfaces is usually described. The vector function is chosen such that its component on the unit normal (n) represents the tendency of the surface to minimize free energy by contraction; the component of ξ off the normal represents the tendency of the surface to minimize free energy by rotation. By elementary operations one obtains from ξ both the tensile and torque components of the thermodynamic force to be balanced at any exposed edge of a planar surface. The ξ-vectors for surfaces of various orientations on a given solid are, in fact, radius vectors of the corresponding Gibbs-Wulff form for the shape of the equilibrium body. It is therefore suggested that the Gibbs-Wulff form itself is preferable to the gamma plot for representing the free energy of solid surfaces. To demonstrate the incisiveness of the vector formulation we consider equilibrium at the edges and corners of facetted crystals and at the junctions of three and four grains or phases. In particular, analysis of the point junction of four isotropic phases is simplified, while solution of the anisotropic case is achieved for the first time. We conclude that the configurations of interfaces which satisfy equilibrium at the point junction of four crystals are discrete and fixed in space, allowing no freedom in the orientation of any element.
Structural study of Fe (II) adsorption on hematite (1102)

Abstract The structure of α - Fe 2 O 3 ( 1 1 ¯ 02 ) reacted with Fe(II) under anoxic conditions was studied using crystal truncation rod (CTR) diffraction. The CTR results show the crystalline termination of α - Fe 2 O 3 ( 1 1 ¯ 02 ) is modified due to adsorption of Fe(II) at crystallographic lattice sites. In addition, the binding sites for adsorbed Fe are similar for all studied conditions: reaction for 2 h at pH 5.0, for 34 d at pH 5.0, and for 5.5 h at pH 7.0. The occupancy of adsorbed Fe increases with both reaction time and pH, which is consistent with typical cation adsorption behavior on iron (hydr)oxide surfaces. The metal–oxygen bond lengths of the (ordered) surface Fe atoms are characteristic of Fe(III), which provides indirect evidence for oxidation of adsorbed Fe(II) and is consistent with recent studies indicating that Fe(III)-hydroxides are effective oxidants for dissolved ferrous iron. Grazing-incidence X-ray diffraction measurements indicate that no crystalline surface reaction products formed during the course of Fe(II) reaction. Overall, the structural characterization of the Fe(II) adsorption reaction results in an enhanced understanding of how reduced iron affects the structure, stability and reactivity of hematite.
A pilot study of JI-101, an inhibitor of VEGFR-2, PDGFR-β, and EphB4 receptors, in combination with everolimus and as a single agent in an ovarian cancer expansion cohort

JI-101 is an oral multi-kinase inhibitor that targets vascular endothelial growth factor receptor type 2 (VEGFR-2), platelet derived growth factor receptor β (PDGFR-β), and ephrin type-B receptor 4 (EphB4). None of the currently approved angiogenesis inhibitors have been reported to inhibit EphB4, and therefore, JI-101 has a novel mechanism of action. We conducted a pilot trial to assess the pharmacokinetics (PK), tolerability, and efficacy of JI-101 in combination with everolimus in advanced cancers, and pharmacodynamics (PD), tolerability, and efficacy of JI-101 in ovarian cancer. This was the first clinical study assessing anti-tumor activity of JI-101 in a combinatorial regimen. In the PK cohort, four patients received single agent 10 mg everolimus on day 1, 10 mg everolimus and 200 mg JI-101 combination on day 8, and single agent 200 mg JI-101 on day 15. In the PD cohort, eleven patients received single agent JI-101 at 200 mg twice daily for 28 day treatment cycles. JI-101 was well tolerated as a single agent and in combination with everolimus. No serious adverse events were observed. Common adverse events were hypertension, nausea, and abdominal pain. JI-101 increased exposure of everolimus by approximately 22%, suggestive of drug-drug interaction. The majority of patients had stable disease at their first set of restaging scans (two months), although no patients demonstrated a response to the drug per RECIST criteria. The novel mechanism of action of JI-101 is promising in ovarian cancer treatment and further prospective studies of this agent may be pursued in a less refractory patient population or in combination with cytotoxic chemotherapy.
The Land-Bank System in the American Colonies

One need not be very conversant with modern money, credit, and banking to find in them a kinship with the land banks of the Colonial era. In a manner suggestive of our Federal Reserve System, the Colonial land banks exerted a wide influence over the economic life of the times. Indeed, the functions of the land-bank system embraced every phase of the Colonial economy. Its history to a large degree comprises the history of currency, money values, inflation, credit, public finance, and economic development in eighteenth-century America.
Cracked but Not Shattered: Hillary Rodham Clinton's Unsuccessful Campaign for the Presidency, edited by Theodore F. Sheckels Gender and Political Communication in America: Rhetoric, Representation, and Display, edited by Janis L. Edwards

In many ways, the 2008 election, marked by the presence of viable female candidates for both the presidency and vice presidency, renewed popular focus on the contemporary challenges faced by women ...
Modeling of the Three Mile Island Unit 2 Accident with Melprog/Trac and Calculation Results for Phases 1 and 2

Work has been performed to develop a Three Mile Island Unit 2 (TMI-2) simulation model for MELPROG/TRAC capable of predicting the observed plant behavior that occurred during the accident of March ...
Of eagles and flies: orientations toward the site

The macro-micro distinction is one of the most powerful in the human and physical sciences. In this article we challenge the macro by positing an alternative that recognises the intricacies and complexities of material geographies. We employ the Latin proverb – Aquila non captat muscas (Eagles don’t catch flies) – to epitomise our position. Instead of looking to general theory – the bird’s eye view – we argue for interrogating the ontological and methodological implications of a reciprocal, but antithetical, perspective – that of the flies. We call this alternative the site, an ontology that attempts to account for the different and varying political possibilities – virtually infinite and ‘un-catalogue-able’ – constantly at work in the world. The site is a formulation that recognises social life as a realm of infinite singularity and variability, where matter is immanently self-organising and pure difference unfolds. We explore the spatiality of the site through the concepts of topology and difference and then develop four methodological orientations for exploring the terrain of situated practices enmeshed in and unfolding through sites.
Proton conductivity in hydrous and anhydrous thiogermanic acids

Abstract Ionic conductivities have been investigated for hydrous and anhydrous H 4 Ge 4 S 10 and H 2 Ge 4 S 9 thiogermanic acids. The hydrous phases, denoted as H 4 Ge 4 S 10 · x H 2 O (7> x >9), are superprotonic conductors. Proton conductivity and thermal stability are dependent on the Ge 4 S 10 4− cage structure. Two distinct structural units, adamantane-like and a unique more complex cage unit, have been produced in both the hydrous and anhydrous phases. The composition and structure of these phases are discussed in terms of Raman, infrared, mass and thermogravimetric data. Ionic conductivity values of 10 −10 to 10 −3 S/cm were determined from a.c. impedance measurements of the hydrous thiogermanic acids in the temperature range of −55 to 125 °C. Conductivity values of 10 −10 to 10 −7 S/cm were recorded for the corresponding anhydrous phases between 180 and 500 °C. The fast ionic conductivity of the hydrous phases is consistent with loosely bound water, whereas the conductivity of the anhydrous phases is correlated to the presence of thiol (S–H) groups. At higher temperatures these groups are observed to thermally decompose to hydrogen sulfide.
SU-BB-BRB-03: Learning a Foreign Language: Scientists and Media Relations

It seems that each scientific specialty has its own language. Talk to a computer person and you're not sure whether you need to just reboot the system or toss it out completely. Talk to a medical doctor and you're not sure if you really have to exercise or if you can get over it with a pill. So, a physicist and the public? Is it no wonder there is a communication gap when, as scientists, we even find it hard to communicate with and understand other science‐types? What are some basic tips we can use to be better communicators — with other scientists and the public? There are tips that can be offered: • Using common analogies (e.g. alpha = linebacker, beta = running back, gamma = wide receiver). • Emphasizing that radiation is beneficial. • Listening and asking questions (e.g. Why do you think that?) • Using of language that is not trying to convince, but is instead to simply inform. • Not getting into physics 101. • Keeping it short unless additional questions are asked. • Never lying or going “off the record”. • Being professional. • Using visuals whenever possible. • Using whole numbers. A lot, though, falls into experience. This talk will cover some of the listed tips and also discuss lessons learned.
Redefined Nationalism in Building a Movement for Indigenous Autonomy in Southern Mexico

This paper discusses the differential historical meanings of indigenous autonomy in eastern Chiapas and in central and eastern Oaxaca. In the Lacandon jungle region, historical circumstances have given way to a model of indigenous autonomy focused on the creation of pluri-ethnic autonomous regions. In Oaxaca, a tradition of autonomous indigenous municipios and animosity between indigenous communities has resulted in a model of mono-ethnic autonomy realized variously in different settings. The paper also analyzes the way that pueblos indios with different historically-based understandings of �autonomy� come together. The critical factor is a shared sense of reconstructed nationalism as created through local and regional histories generated from below which claim a place in Mexican national culture
Images of occupations: components of gender and status in occupational stereotypes

A multidimensional approach to occupational gender type was explored. In Study 1, participants' spontaneous images of various jobs were elicited. The attributes generated were used to develop a job images questionnaire employed in Study 2 on which participants rated a random sample of 100 occupational titles. Occupational images were primarily structured on two orthogonal dimensions: prestige and gender type. The multidimensional approach to occupational gender-type was supported in that important gender-related occupational attributes (masculine personality trait requirements and analytical skills) did not load on the gender-type factor, but did load highly on the prestige factor. Thus, even though the prestige and gender-type factors were orthogonal, specific gender-related attributes were related to perceived occupational prestige.
Optimal incentive strategy for leader-follower games

An optimal incentive strategy by which the leader suffers the least losses in punishing the follower's deviation from the decision desired by the leader is defined. Sufficient conditions for the existence of optimal incentive strategy are given. Static and dynamic leader-follower games with quadratic cost functionals are investigated. It is shown that leader-follower games with quadratic cost functionals admit optimal incentive strategies under the follower's decision variable being scalar, there exists a unique linear optimal incentive strategy. Such an incentive strategy can be explicitly determined. >
“Visions” of K‐12 Foreign Language Teacher Recruitment in Higher Education

: This article addresses the role of college and university professors in foreign language teacher recruitment (K-12) and lobbies for increased involvement in recruitment efforts. The discussion includes explanations of why many foreign language professors who are not affiliated with Schools or Colleges of Education frequently do not recommend foreign language teaching careers to their students. Also delineated are the benefits of more participation in recruitment efforts by foreign language professors from traditional, humanities-based departments of foreign languages and literatures. The article concludes with 22 reasons to be a foreign language teacher — a resource for presenting the positive aspects of the foreign language profession to potential foreign language teacher candidates.
Thujone exhibits low affinity for cannabinoid receptors but fails to evoke cannabimimetic responses.

Abstract Absinthe, an abused drug in the early 1900s, has been speculated to activate the receptors responsible for marijuana intoxication (the CB1 cannabinoid receptor) (Nature 253:365–356; 1975). To test this hypothesis, we investigated oil of wormwood (Artemisia absinthium) the active plant product found in absinthe, and thujone, the active compound found in oil of wormwood. Radioligand receptor binding assays employing membrane preparations from rat brains containing CB1 cannabinoid receptors, and human tonsils containing CB2 receptors, demonstrated that thujone displaced [3H]CP55940, a cannabinoid agonist, only at concentrations above 10 μM. HPLC analysis of oil of wormwood revealed that only the fractions having mobility close to thujone displaced [3H]CP55940 from the CB1 cannabinoid receptor. [35S]GTPγS binding assays revealed that thujone failed to stimulate G-proteins even at 0.1 mM. Thujone failed to inhibit forskolin-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity in N18TG2 membranes at 1 mM. Rats administered thujone exhibited different behavioral characteristics compared with rats administered a potent cannabinoid agonist, levonantradol. Therefore, the hypothesis that activation of cannabinoid receptors is responsible for the intoxicating effects of thujone is not supported by the present data.
Alumina-Supported Trirhenium Clusters: Stable High-Temperature Catalysts for Methylcyclohexane Conversion

Samples prepared from H3Re3(CO)12 adsorbed on porous γ-Al2O3 were decarbonylated at 773 K in flowing H2 and characterized by X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). X-ray absorption near-edge spectra show that rhenium in the treated sample was cationic, and extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectra show a Re−Re first-shell coordination number of approximately 2, consistent with trirhenium clusters bonded to the support. The samples were tested as catalysts for the conversion of methylcyclohexane in the presence of H2 at atmospheric pressure and at 723 and at 773 K in a flow reactor. A range of hydrocarbon products was observed, indicating the occurrence of dehydrogenation, isomerization, ring opening, and hydrocracking reactions. The catalyst used at 723 K underwent deactivation over a period of several hours, during which the selectivity for the major dehydrogenation product (toluene) increased significantly. At 773 K, the catalyst underwent activation, during which the product distribution changed. ...
Tailoring Plasmon Coupling in Self-Assembled One-Dimensional Au Nanoparticle Chains through Simultaneous Control of Size and Gap Separation.

We investigated the near- and far-field response of 1D chains of Au nanoparticles (NPs) fabricated with high structural control through template guided self-assembly. We demonstrate that the density of poly(ethylene glycol) ligands grafted onto the NP surface, in combination with the buffer conditions, facilitate a systematic variation of the average gap width (g) at short separations of g < 1.1 nm. The overall size (n) of the individual clusters was controlled through the template. The ability to independently vary n and g allowed for a rational tuning of the spectral response in individual NP clusters over a broad spectral range. We used this structural control for a systematic investigation of the electromagnetic coupling underlying the superradiant cluster mode. Independent of the chain length, plasmon coupling is dominated by direct neighbor interactions. A decrease in coupling strength at separations ≲0.5 nm indicates the presence of nonlocal or quantum-mechanical coupling mechanisms.
HABITAT AND LANDSCAPE CHARACTERISTICS UNDERLYING ANURAN COMMUNITY STRUCTURE ALONG AN URBAN–RURAL GRADIENT

Urbanization has been cited as an important factor in worldwide amphibian declines, and although recent work has illustrated the important influence of broad-scale ecological patterns and processes on amphibian populations, little is known about the factors structuring amphibian communities in urban landscapes. We therefore examined amphibian community responses to wetland habitat availability and landscape characteristics along an urban-rural gradient in central Iowa, USA, a region experiencing rapid suburban growth. We conducted call surveys at 61 wetlands to estimate anuran calling activity, and quantified wetland habitat structure and landscape context. We used canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) to examine patterns in anuran community structure and identify the most important variables associated with those patterns. Urban density at the landscape scale had a significant negative influence on overall anuran abundance and diversity. While every species exhibited a decrease in abundance with increasing urban density, this pattern was especially pronounced for species requiring post-breeding upland habitats. Anurans most affected by urbanization were those associated with short hydroperiods, early breeding activity, and substantial upland habitat use. We suggest that broad-scale landscape fragmentation is an important factor underlying anuran community structure in this region, possibly due to limitations on the accessibility of otherwise suitable habitat in fragmented urban landscapes. This study underscores the importance of a regional approach to amphibian conservation in urban and urbanizing areas; in fragmented landscapes, a network of interconnected wetland and upland habitats may be more likely to support a successful, diverse anuran community than will isolated sites.
Parity determination for the new generation of heavy neutral mesons

We consider how best to experimentally determine the parity quantum number of a new heavy neutral meson, including the possibility of exotic ${J}^{\mathrm{PC}}$. Multiquark and gluon bound states can have exotic ${J}^{\mathrm{PC}}$ quantum numbers forbidden to the nonrelativistic $q\overline{q}$ system. If only the existence of easily identifiable two-body hadronic modes is known, it is not possible to establish the parity so an "exotic" meson, $Jg0$, could be misidentified as a "normal" meson. Direction-linear-polarization coefficients, which would identify the parity, are also found to be small for $e\overline{e}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{1}^{\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{1}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}+}\ensuremath{\gamma},{0}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}+}\ensuremath{\gamma}$ with the high-energy photon externally converting into an $e\overline{e}$ pair. However, important parity tests do exist, independent of the polarization state of the decaying particle, which can be used to settle the confusion. These are listed in Sec. III of this paper.
Severe stress switches CRF action in the nucleus accumbens from appetitive to aversive

Stressors motivate an array of adaptive responses ranging from 'fight or flight' to an internal urgency signal facilitating long-term goals. However, traumatic or chronic uncontrollable stress promotes the onset of major depressive disorder, in which acute stressors lose their motivational properties and are perceived as insurmountable impediments. Consequently, stress-induced depression is a debilitating human condition characterized by an affective shift from engagement of the environment to withdrawal. An emerging neurobiological substrate of depression and associated pathology is the nucleus accumbens, a region with the capacity to mediate a diverse range of stress responses by interfacing limbic, cognitive and motor circuitry. Here we report that corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), a neuropeptide released in response to acute stressors and other arousing environmental stimuli, acts in the nucleus accumbens of naive mice to increase dopamine release through coactivation of the receptors CRFR1 and CRFR2. Remarkably, severe-stress exposure completely abolished this effect without recovery for at least 90 days. This loss of CRF's capacity to regulate dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens is accompanied by a switch in the reaction to CRF from appetitive to aversive, indicating a diametric change in the emotional response to acute stressors. Thus, the current findings offer a biological substrate for the switch in affect which is central to stress-induced depressive disorders.
Both purified human 1,N6-ethenoadenine-binding protein and purified human 3-methyladenine-DNA glycosylase act on 1,N6-ethenoadenine and 3-methyladenine.

Abstract We previously described a protein, isolated from human tissues and cells, that bound to a defined double-stranded oligonucleotide containing a single site-specifically placed 1,N6-ethenoadenine. It was further demonstrated that this protein was a glycosylase and released 1,N6-ethenoadenine. We now find that this enzyme also releases 3-methyladenine from methylated DNA and that 3-methyladenine-DNA glycosylase behaves in the same manner, binding to the ethenoadenine-containing oligonucleotide and cleaving both ethenoadenine and 3-methyladenine from DNA containing these adducts. The rate and extent of glycosylase activities toward the two adducts are similar.
Botulinum toxin a injections for the treatment of hand tremors

We conducted an open-label study to determine the utility of treating severe hand tremors with intramuscular injections of botulinum toxin (BTX) in forearm and arm muscles in 26 patients, 12 with Parkinson's disease (PD) and 14 with essential tremor (ET). The effect after 6 weeks for each patient was evaluated using two clinical rating scales, subjective evaluations of functional improvement and global disability, measures of weakness, and computer-assisted quantitative assessments of tremor. Although none of the clinical scores averaged > 3/4 point change, statistical significance was found on comparison of pre- and postinjection scores in the Webster Tremor and Global Disability Scales in the ET patients. Similarly, although average tremor amplitudes decreased by no more than 25% by quantitative analysis, amplitude decrease significantly correlated with patient subjective assessment in ET. In only two of 12 PD (17%) and three of 14 ET patients (21%) were major quantitative changes in tremor amplitude (> 50% reduction) found after BTX injections. Nevertheless, 10 patients (38%; five PD and five ET) reported moderate to marked subjective improvement in functional benefit after BTX. These findings suggest that although there were no major changes in clinical ratings or objective measurements, BTX injections may subjectively improve tremor in some patients, particularly those with ET.
A hot-wire chemical vapor deposition (HWCVD) method for metal oxide and their alloy nanowire arrays

Abstract A concept for synthesizing nanowire arrays of transition metal oxides and their alloys using hot wire chemical vapor deposition (HWCVD) is discussed. Here, unlike conventional HWCVD, the hot filaments act as the source of the metal for the synthesis of one dimensional nanostructures. In the present concept, the chemical vapor transport of metal oxides generated by heating the filaments in low amounts of oxygen, onto substrates maintained at lower temperatures leads to the formation of metal oxide nanowires. Experiments performed using tungsten and molybdenum filaments showed that the nucleation density of the resulting metal oxide nanowires could be varied by varying the substrate temperature. Experiments performed using a magnesium source inside the reactor, in addition to tungsten filaments, resulted in the formation of MgWO4 nanowires. This clearly indicates the possibility of either doping the metal oxide nanowires or alloying during synthesis.
Proteomic approaches for site-specific O-GlcNAcylation analysis

O-GlcNAcylation is a dynamic protein post-translational modification of serine or threonine residues by an O-linked monosaccharide N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc). O-GlcNAcylation was discovered three decades ago and its significance has been implicated in several disease states, such as metabolic diseases, cancer and neurological diseases. Yet it remains technically challenging to characterize comprehensively and quantitatively because of its low abundance, low stoichiometry and extremely labile nature under conventional collision-induced dissociation tandem MS conditions. Herein, we review the recent advances addressing these challenges in developing proteomic approaches for site-specific O-GlcNAcylation analysis, including specific enrichment of O-GlcNAc peptides/proteins, unambiguous site-determination of O-GlcNAc modification and quantitative analysis of O-GlcNAcylation.
Repression of MHC determinants in HIV infection.

Abstract HIV infects CD4 + macrophages and lymphocytes. Before the development of AIDS, HIV weakens the immune system in part by blocking antigen processing and presentation via major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. In this report, we discuss how HIV escapes the immune surveillance by MHC II molecules.
IL-12p40: an inherently agonistic cytokine

IL-12p40 is known as a component of the bioactive cytokines interleukin (IL)-12 and IL-23 but it is not widely recognized as having intrinsic functional activity. Recent publications have altered this perception and support an independent role for IL-12p40. IL-12p40 is induced in excess over the other subunits of IL-12 and IL-23 and can exist in a monomeric or homodimeric form. Its most widely appreciated function is to provide a negative feedback loop by competitively binding to the IL-12 receptor. However, IL-12p40 acts as a chemoattractant for macrophages and promotes the migration of bacterially stimulated dendritic cells. It is associated with several pathogenic inflammatory responses such as silicosis, graft rejection and asthma but it is also protective in a mycobacterial model. An appreciation of the independent function of IL-12p40 is important for improving our understanding of both protective and pathogenic immune responses.
Scene perception and memory revealed by eye movements and receiver-operating characteristic analyses: Does a cultural difference truly exist?

Cultural differences have been observed in scene perception and memory: Chinese participants purportedly attend to the background information more than did American participants. We investigated the influence of culture by recording eye movements during scene perception and while participants made recognition memory judgements. Real-world pictures with a focal object on a background were shown to both American and Chinese participants while their eye movements were recorded. Later, memory for the focal object in each scene was tested, and the relationship between the focal object (studied, new) and the background context (studied, new) was manipulated. Receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curves show that both sensitivity and response bias were changed when objects were tested in new contexts. However, neither the decrease in accuracy nor the response bias shift differed with culture. The eye movement patterns were also similar across cultural groups. Both groups made longer and more fixations on the f...
Computer simulations to stimulate scientific problem solving

Computer simulations were employed by high school biology students in an attempt to enhance their problem solving skills. The simulations were administered under two conditions: (a) unguided discovery and (b) guided discovery. In addition, a control group received no simulations. To ascertain the effectiveness of the simulations in enhancing problem solving abilities, performance was compared on (a) subsequent unit pretests, (b) standardized tests measuring scientific thought processes, and (c) a standardized test of critical thinking. The results indicate that (a) the students using the simulations met the unit objectives at least as well as the control students, and (b) the students using the guided version of the simulations surpassed the other students on the subsequent simulation pretests, on the tests of scientific thinking, and on the test of critical thinking. The authors discuss the apparent usefulness of the programs in terms of the opportunities they provide students (a) to be actively involved in the learning process and (b) to repeatedly practice applying principles that would otherwise be practiced much less often.
Modified roller drum apparatus for analyzing effects of pollutant gases on tissue culture systems.

Abstract Gey's roller drum technique was adapted to expose cell cultures to quantitated volumes of a gaseous pollutant and to determine its effect on cellular and biochemical parameters.
Evaluation of muscle degeneration in inherited muscular dystrophy by nuclear magnetic resonance techniques.

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques were applied to study the muscular dystrophy in chicks. The water proton spin-lattice relaxation times (T1) of fast, slow, and mixed muscles and plasma were measured. The T1 values of dystrophic pectoralis major and posterior latissimus dorsi (PLD) were significantly higher than those of the normal pectoralis and PLD muscles. The present results establish a direct relationship between the differences in T1 values and the severity of muscle degeneration. Consistent with this conclusion, it was also found that the T1 values of muscles unaffected in muscular dystrophy, namely, the gastrocnemius, and anterior latissimus dorsi (ALD), were not different between the normal and dystrophic chicks. Although the affected muscles of dystrophic chicks contained higher percent water and fat than those of normal chicks, the results show that the higher T1 values is dystrophic muscles were not solely due to variations in their water content. The increase in the T1 values is principally a result of altered interaction between cellular water and macromolecules in the diseased muscles. These data also point out the potential use of NMR imaging in evaluating muscle degeneration.
Alarm placement in systems with fault propagation

Abstract In this paper, we consider systems that can be modeled as directed acyclic graphs such that nodes represent components of the system and directed edges represent fault propagation between components. Some components can be equipped with alarms that ring when they detect faulty (abnormal) behavior. We study algorithms that attempt to minimize the number of alarms to be placed so that a fault at any single component can be detected and uniquely diagnosed. We first show that the minimization problem is intractable, i.e., NP-hard, even when restricted to three level graphs in which all nodes have outdegree two or less. We present optimal algorithms for three special classes of graphs – tree structured graphs, single-entry single-exit series–parallel graphs and two level graphs. We then present a polynomial-time approximation algorithm for the general case which guarantees that the ratio of the number of alarms placed to the optimum required is within a factor that is logarithmic in the number of nodes in the graph. Moreover, by showing a reduction from the minimum dominating set problem to the minimum alarm set problem, we argue that this performance guarantee is tight to within a constant factor. Finally, we demonstrate the connection between the minimum alarm set problem and the minimum test collection problem, and prove similar results.
Anything but heavy metal : Symbolic exclusion and musical dislikes

The author provides quantitative evidence of a cultural phenomenon. Using data on musical dislikes from the 1993 General Social Survey, He links literatures on taste, racism, and democratic liberalism by showing that people use cultural taste to reinforce symbolic boundaries between themselves and categories of people they dislike. Contrary to Bourdieu's (1984) prediction, musical exclusiveness decreases with education. Also, political tolerance is associated with musical tolerance, even controlling for educational attainment, and racism increases the probability of disliking genres whose fans are disproportionately non-White. Tolerant musical taste, however, is found to have a specific pattern of exclusiveness : Those genres whose fans have the least education-gospel, country, rap, and heavy metal-are also those most likely to be rejected by the musically tolerant. Broad familiarity with music genres is also significantly related to education. He suggests, therefore, that cultural tolerance constitutes multicultural capital as it is unevenly distributed in the population and evidences class-based exclusion
Fractal mechanism of light scattering for tissue optical biopsy

The interaction of light with tissue and cells is the underlying mechanism for optical biomedical imaging and spectroscopy to detect pathology changes. We use fractal continuous random media to model visible and near infrared light scattering by biological tissue and cell suspensions, which provides a simple relation between the morphological features of the sample and its optical properties (absorption, scattering and anisotropic factor of light scattering). Good agreement with experimental results are found for this fractal continuous random medium model. A novel optical biopsy scheme of oblique incidence Fourier reflectometry is proposed for spectroscopic tissue diagnosis based on the model.
Consequences of herpes simplex virus in pregnancy and their prevention.

Purpose of reviewNew findings reveal that first-time infection of the mother is the most important factor for the transmission of genital herpes from mother to fetus/newborn. Interventions based on these findings will lead to new management of the pregnant patient with genital herpes prior to pregna
Damage to air-dried human blood cells and tissue sections by synchrotron radiation

Abstract Damage to unfixed, air-dried human blood cells and tissues caused by synchrotron radiation was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and by light microscopy (LM). Morphological changes were found in unstained cell specimens after irradiation with photon fluences around 2 × 10 19 photons/cm 2 at an average energy of 15.2 keV. At lower fluences (7 × 10 18 photons/cm 2 ), morphological changes in irradiated cells are seen by LM after, but not before, staining by a standard hematological technique.
Advanced static speckle calibration for exoplanet imaging

In this communication we address the problem of post coronagraphic wavefront reconstruction. In high contrast imaging applications it is crucial to estimate the wavefront after the coronagraph, as close as possible to the science camera, in order to minimize non-common path errors. However closing the loop on such a measurement is a difficult exercise since several low order modes have been cancelled by the coronagraphs, thus leading to ill-posed inversion problems. Moreover sensing at the science detector is an intrusive method that disrupts the course of the observations. The Gemini Planet Imager (GPI) calibration system, based on a post-coronagraphic interferometer, provides an estimate of mid to high spatial frequencies aberrations that alleviates these two issues. However such a measurement have an intrinsic limitations that is related to the differential path errors between the two arm of the interferometer. In this paper we show how to devise wavefront reconstruction algorithms that account for these differential path errors. We identify two regimes, relative and absolute wavefront sensing, that depend on the magnitudes of the aberrations and the design of the coronagraph. We illustrate the performances for each regime. Finally we present experimental results obtained during the validation phase of show the results on laboratory data.
Children's knowledge of prepositional phrase structure: an experimental test.

A test of prepositional phrase structure in 4- to 6-year-old children's language is reported. Children's productions of PP and verb-particle sequences were elicited. Children produced pronominal and full NP objects of sequences corresponding to PPs and verb-plus-particle in the adult grammar. Prepositions freely took both pronominal and full NP objects (“He's jumping over it.” “He's jumping over the table”). In particle verb constructions, pronominal objects were placed immediately after the verb in all but a few cases (“He's pushing it over”not “He's pushing over it”). With full NP objects, the preference was to place the verb after the particle (“He's pushing over the table”). These facts support an analysis in which if the child constructs a PP-over-P—NP structure for prepositional phrases but not for verb-particle sequences, and follows adultlike rules for these structures.
Homogeneous nuclear background for mitochondrial cline in northern range of Notochthamalus scabrosus

A mitochondrial cline along the Chilean coast in the barnacle Notochthamalus scabrosus suggests a species history of transient allopatry and secondary contact. However, previous studies of nuclear sequence divergence suggested population genetic homogeneity across northern and central Chile. Here, we collect single-nucleotide polymorphism data from pooled population samples sequenced with restriction site−associated DNA sequencing procedures, confirm these data with the use of a GoldenGate array, and identify a discordance between population genetic patterns in the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes. This discordance was noted in previous work on this species, but here it is confirmed that the nuclear genome exhibits only slight phylogeographic variation across 3000 km of coastline, in the presence of a strong and statistically significant mitochondrial cline. There are nevertheless markers (approximately 5% of nuclear single-nucleotide polymorphisms) exhibiting cytonuclear disequilibrium relative to mitotype. Although these data confirm our previous explorations of this species, it is likely that some of the nuclear genomic diversity of this species has yet to be explored, as comparison with other barnacle phylogeography studies suggest that a divergence of similar magnitude should be found in the nuclear genome somewhere else in the species range.
Optics of atmopspheric haze

Experiments were carried out primarily to answer two questions concerning the optical properties of the atmosphere near the surface of the earth. The questions were: (A) What is the attenuation for white light (daylight) of the atmosphere as a function of the visual range, the visual range being the distance that one can see through the atmosphere in daylight; (B) what is the angular distribution of the light scattered by the atmosphere during various conditions ranging from clear to foggy?
Analysis of intracellular small RNAs of mouse hepatitis virus: evidence for discontinuous transcription

We have previously shown the presence of multiple small leader-containing RNA species in mouse hepatitis virus (MHV)-infected cells. In this paper, we have analyzed the origin, structure, and mechanism of synthesis of these small RNAs. Using cDNA probes specific for leader RNA and genes A, D, and F, we demonstrate that subsets of these small RNAs were derived from the various viral genes. These subsets have discrete and reproducible sizes, varying with the gene from which they are derived. The size of each subset correlates with regions of secondary structure, whose free energy ranges from -1.6 to -77.1 kcal/mol, in each of the mRNAs examined. In addition, identical subsets were detected on the replicative intermediate (RI) RNA, suggesting that they represent functional transcriptional intermediates. The biological significance of these small RNAs is further supported by the detection of leader-containing RNAs of 47, 50, and 57 nucleotides in length, which correspond to the crossover sites in two MHV recombinant viruses. These data, coupled with the high frequency of RNA recombination during MHV infection, suggest that the viral polymerase may pause in or around regions of secondary structure, thereby generating pools of free leader-containing RNA intermediates which can reassociate with the template, acting as primers for the synthesis of full-length or recombinant RNAs. These data suggest that MHV transcription uses a discontinuous and nonprocessive mechanism in which RNA polymerase allows the partial RNA products to be dissociated from the template temporarily during the process of transcription.
A technique for the display of pressure distributions beneath the foot.

Abstract A new technique is presented for the display of pressure distribution beneath the foot during locomotor activities. Through the use of results obtained from slow walking in shoes the advantages of this technique over the conventional center of pressure display are emphasized. With suitable instrumentation for data acquisition and display, the technique could provide the basis for a visually effective yet quantitative method of presenting pressure distribution data in a clinical environment.