cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
“What Is It That’s Going on Here?”: Community Partner Frames for Engagement

Frames—defined as mental structures built through language and symbols that categorize our thoughts and experiences—have a significant impact on partnerships, shaping how participants understand the nature of the collaboration. While scholars have explored how teachers might frame engagement partnerships for university students and administrators, the field has yet to deeply draw on framing theory to examine community partner frames. This article argues that framing theory can shed light on how intentional frames might foster healthier partnerships for community members, offering a robust tour of framing theory and illustrating its impact through an analysis of how one community leader frames a high school-college writing partnership for local youth—ultimately suggesting that community partners may have much to teach the field of community writing about how to use frames rhetorically in engagement contexts.
Brief of Remedies, Restitution, Antitrust, and Intellectual Property Law Scholars as Amici Curiae in Support of Respondent Federal Trade Commission

An injunction is an equitable remedy with a long history in the courts of equity. The injunctive power historically and necessarily includes the attendant power for a court also to order restitutionary disgorgement of a defendant’s ill-gotten gains, among other forms of equitable monetary relief. That has been a long-standing and steadfast rule in equity jurisprudence for nearly two hundred years. It has also been a consistent holding in this Court’s cases. And this Court has required statutes to be clear and unambiguous in disclaiming traditional equity powers. The FTC Act does not do so. Amici are 43 professors and scholars of remedies, restitution, antitrust, and intellectual property law throughout the United States. Amici include editors of major casebooks and books on Remedies, Antitrust, and Intellectual Property, and one of the amici is the new editor of the leading treatise on Remedies. Many of the amici also have served as Advisers and Members of the Consultative Group to the Restatement (Third) of Restitution and Unjust Enrichment (Am. Law Inst. 2011). Two are the Reporters, and several serve as Advisers, for the Restatement (Third) of Torts: Remedies (in progress). One is President Emeritus of the American Law Institute. All amici have taught at major law schools and regularly publish articles in the areas of remedies, restitution, antitrust, and intellectual property. Amici seek to clarify the history and source of power for equitable remedies incident to injunctions such as disgorgement of a wrongdoer’s profits.
Some Contemporary Interpretations of Hume’s Theory of Imagination

In the present chapter, I shall be offering a detailed exposition, analysis and criticism of four recent interpretations of Hume’s theory of imagination. These interpretations are recent in the sense that none of them were published prior to 1900. The authors of them are: 1 W. C. Gore, Norman Kemp Smith, E. J. Furlong, and Harold Taylor. Although these men are certainly not the only persons who have had something significant to say about Hume’s theory, they do seem to me to have covered (at least, collectively speaking) a fairly wide range of issues in regard to it. Moreover, each of them has proceeded reasonably systematically in the consideration of Hume’s views and has a rather distinctive thesis (or set of theses) to offer. In the course of subsequent chapters, I shall be presenting the views of other Humian commentators; but these four appear to me the only ones whose views merit consideration by themselves and as a unit, as it were.2
Language-Based Security for Malicious Mobile Code

Abstract : This report summarizes progress over the past year in developing language-based technologies for defending software systems against attacks from mobile code and system extensions. The approach promises to support a wide range of flexible, finegrained access-control and information-flow policies. During the past year, the authors developed a more refined characterization of what policies can be enforced using reference monitors. This new work extends earlier work by Schneider by taking into account the limits of computability. Specifically, they developed a model based on standard Turing machines, adapted Schneider's criteria for enforceable security policies, and introduced computability requirements. They also integrated static analysis and program rewriting into the model. By providing this unifying model, and by basing it on Turing machines, they were able to compare the relative power of the various enforcement mechanisms, and to relate them to standard computability results. For instance, it was relatively easy to show that the class of policies precisely supported by static analysis could also be supported by both reference monitors and by program rewriting. In addition, they found that introducing a computability requirement on reference monitors was necessary, but not sufficient, for precise characterization of the class of policies realizable by reference monitors. And they identified a new property, which they call "punctuality," that provides a more accurate upper bound on the power of reference monitors. Most importantly, they were able to show that the class of policies enforceable through rewriting does not correspond to any class of the Kleene hierarchy, which shows that rewriting truly is a powerful security enforcement technique. A list of 28 publications supported under this contract is included.
Ecology of the Major Periphytic Diatom Communities from the Mesta River, Bulgaria

Epilithon, epiphyton, epipelon, epipsammon and plocon diatom samples and water chemistry samples were collected bimonthly from 11 stations along the Mesta River, Bulgaria between December 1989 and April 1991. Principal component analysis (PCA), correlation, and dominance analysis were employed for describing the seasonal dynamics of diatom assemblages and estimating the correlation between diatom distribution and the physico-chemical parameters. All periphytic communities were compared by PCA, MANOVA and Fisher's LSD multiple comparison test. Ionic strength and eutrophication were the major abiotic factors affecting diatom distribution in the epilithon, epiphyton, epipelon and epipsammon. Current velocity had an important influence on the diatom assemblages from the epilithon and epiphyton. Epilithon showed the lowest correlation with most of the environmental factors and had significantly lower species diversity than epiphyton, epipelon and epipsammon. Multivariate analysis of the diatom data suggested that in all benthic habitats of the Mesta River seasonal replacement of diatom assemblages was controlled by the water chemistry rather than substratum, current velocity or discharge. The oligotrophic, mesotrophic and eutrophic diatom communities in the Mesta River comprised early-, mid- and late-successional colonizers respectively. Multiple comparisons of all periphytic communities showed that habitat specificity was positively correlated with current velocity.
Analysis of DDoS Attacks and an Introduction of a Hybrid Statistical Model to Detect DDoS Attacks on Cloud Computing Environment

Cloud service availability has been one of the major concerns of cloud service providers (CSP), while hosting different cloud based information technology services by managing different resources on the internet. The vulnerability of internet, the distribute nature of cloud computing, various security issues related to cloud computing service models, and cloud's main attributes contribute to its susceptibility of security threats associated with cloud service availability. One of the major sophisticated threats that happen to be very difficult and challenging to counter due to its distributed nature and resulted in cloud service disruption is Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks. Even though there are number of intrusion detection solutions proposed by different research groups, and cloud service providers (CSP) are currently using different detection solutions by promising that their product is well secured, there is no such a perfect solution that prevents the DDoS attack. The characteristics of DDoS attack, i.e., Having different appearance with different scenarios, make it difficult to detect. This paper will review and analyze different existing DDoS detecting techniques against different parameters, discusses their advantage and disadvantages, and propose a hybrid statistical model that could significantly mitigate these attacks and be a better alternative solution for current detection problems.
A new mandate for energy conversion: zero emission (electric) vehicles

Current laws require the sale of zero emission vehicles in several states, as early as 1998. This has caused the automotive industry to focus efforts on the development of battery-powered electric vehicles. As a major part of this effort, a cooperative program for the development of advanced batteries has been undertaken by the automotive industry, the electric power industry, and the US Department of Energy. The vehicle for the effort is the United States Advanced Battery Consortium. The author discusses the goals of the consortium and some of the technological options for meeting those goals, including opportunities for the development of high-performance, cost-effective electrochemical systems. Some of the battery systems that may meet most or all of the goals and are closer to production than other related candidates are briefly reviewed. >
The Impact of Tibet-Himalayan Elevation on the Sensitivity of the Monsoon Climate System to Changes in Solar Radiation

Two major agents in the evolution of the Earth’s climate have been the episodic uplift of mountain ranges and plateaus and changes in the seasonal distribution of solar radiation induced by changes in Earth’s orbit around the sun. One approach to identifying the specific regional and global climatic responses that result from changes in orographic and orbital configurations has been the use of atmospheric general circulation models (GCMs). A number of GCM experiments have sought to understand the impact of mountains in general and specifically the uplift of the Tibet-Himalayan complex on the Asian monsoon system.1–8 Recent “mountain” experiments have included surface boundary conditions with no orographic relief, surface elevations at half of modern values, and several variations with lowered mountains.3–7 In general, these experiments have shown that the summer monsoon response is highly sensitive to the surface elevation of the Tibet-Himalayan complex and that at least half of the modern elevation of this complex is required to produce the strong southwesterly winds over the Arabian Sea and significant precipation over India and southern Asia.5
Evolution of Vertical Policy: US Steel's Century of Commitment to the Mesabi

In 1894 Andrew Carnegie began a series of investments in the Mesabi Range that continues today by USX Corporation; the result of a sustained commitment unique in the history of U.S. industry. Our study of this evolutionary process suggests that vertical policy was influenced by a changing mix of locational and contractual advantages, political irreversibilities, and stages of technological maturity. Initially, these selection factors encouraged vertical ownership and, as we found, technological innovation. Later, the strategy toward vertical integration changes as we examine the 1986 decision to decouple the Mesabi from downstream facilities. At this point ownership integration is replaced by coordination integration. The picture that emerges is that of an industry experiencing an evolution in vertical policy, consistent with dynamic, efficient outcomes, but with little change in vertical ownership. Copyright 1996 by Oxford University Press.
Perinatal and early surgical outcome for the fetus with hypoplastic left heart syndrome: a 5-year single institutional experience

Objectives To review our experience with the prenatal diagnosis of hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS). Our goal was to establish the benchmark for perinatal and early surgical outcome in the current era, from a center with an aggressive surgical approach and a cohort with a high level of intention-to-treat. Methods Outcome was assessed in fetuses with HLHS following stratification into high-risk and standard-risk categories. High risk was defined as the presence of any of the following: extracardiac, genetic or chromosomal anomalies; prematurity of < 34 weeks' gestation; additional cardiac findings such as intact or highly restrictive atrial septum, severe degree of tricuspid regurgitation or severe ventricular dysfunction. Standard risk was defined as absence of these risk factors. Results Of 240 fetuses evaluated over 5 years, 162 (67.5%) were in the standard-risk group and 78 (32.5%) were in the high-risk group. Of the 240 sets of parents, 38 (15.8%) chose termination or non-intervention at birth at initial prenatal counseling and 185 of the neonates (77.1%) underwent first-stage Norwood surgery with 155 surviving and 30 deaths, giving an overall Norwood operative survival of 83.8%. Breakdown by risk class reveals a significant Norwood operative survival advantage for the standard-risk group (92.8%) over the high-risk group (56.5%) (P < 0.001). Conclusions Following prenatal diagnosis of HLHS, families should be strongly encouraged to undertake comprehensive prenatal evaluation in order to obtain an accurate prognosis. One-third have additional risk factors that limit survival outcome, however two-thirds do not and have an excellent chance of early survival. Copyright © 2010 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Music genre classification using multiscale scattering and sparse representations

An effective music genre classication approach is proposed that combines the translation-invariance and deformation-robustness property of scattering coefficients and the discriminative power of sparse representation-based classifiers. We argue that these two approaches to feature selection and classification complement each other in reducing the in-class variability of data, and this should lead to enhanced performance. Our results show clear improvement over a variety of previous approaches. A music genre classication accuracy of approximately 91.2% on the GTZAN database is reported.
An ultralight (700 gram) apparatus for the study of energy cost of industrial work and sports.

A very light (700 gram) apparatus is described for the study of energy consumption during work. The nature of the apparatus is such that the subject enjoys complete freedom of movement. The apparatus consists of an aluminium wire frame, a mouth valve and a Latex meteorological balloon. The complete apparatus is much lighter, more compact and materially cheaper than the Douglas Bag technique.
Refractive-index and absorption fluctuations in the infrared caused by temperature, humidity, and pressure fluctuations

The dependence of fluctuations in atmospheric absorption and refraction upon fluctuations in temperature, humidity, and pressure is found for infrared frequencies. This dependence has contributions from line and continuum absorption and from anomalous refraction by water vapor. The functions that relate these fluctuations are necessary for evaluating degradation of electromagnetic radiation by turbulence. They are computed for a given choice of mean atmospheric conditions and graphed as functions of frequency in the wavelength range 5.7 μm to radio waves. It is found that turbulent fluctuations in total pressure give a negligible contribution to absorption and refraction fluctuations. Humidity fluctuations dominate absorption fluctuations, but contributions by temperature and humidity affect refraction fluctuations. Sufficiently strong humidity fluctuations can dominate the refraction fluctuations for some infrared frequencies but not for visible frequencies. We examine the variance of log amplitude for scintillation of infrared light to determine whether absorption or refraction fluctuations dominate under several conditions.
Nonequilibrium Carrier Phenomena in n -Type InSb

Four nonequilibrium carrier phenomena, namely, the hot-electron effect, injection, impact ionization, and bulk negative differential conductivity (BNDC), produce nonlinear conduction in $n$-InSb in a strongly interrelated manner. These interrelationships are shown in detail. The hot-electron effect causes more decrease in average conduction under most transport conditions than injection causes increase and thus injection is not so easily observed. As the electric field strength is increased into the impact ionization range which begins at \ensuremath{\simeq} 225 V/cm, the generation rate progressively exhibits an ${e}^{E}$, an ${e}^{\frac{1}{E}}$, and then an ${e}^{\frac{1}{{E}^{2}}}$ dependence. The distribution of the carriers in energy space shifts from a peaked distribution for $225 \mathrm{V}/\mathrm{c}\mathrm{m} \ensuremath{\lesssim}E\ensuremath{\lesssim}425 \mathrm{V}/\mathrm{c}\mathrm{m}$ to an isotropic distribution for $E\ensuremath{\gtrsim}500$ V/cm. While the carriers are in a peaked distribution, the polar-optical-phonon scattering changes from small-angle scattering to large-angle as $E$ is increased. The origin of type-$S$ BNDC is explained, as is its temporal and spatial relationship to type-$N$ BNDC. The $S$-BNDC results from the presence of copious excess carriers that are generated by impact ionization within the propagating high-field domain (HFD) associated with the Gum effect and the $N$-BNDC. A low-electric-field-strength region is responsible for the $S$-BNDC, a region that propagates in the wake of the HFD associated with type $N$. A HFD in InSb makes a single transit as a result of impact ionization within the domain. The $N$-BNDC in $n$-InSb decays in typically 10 nsec, the transit time for a HFD, whereas the $S$-BNDC persists for several hundred nanoseconds. Radiative recombination measurements show conclusively that the $S$-BNDC is caused by excess carrier generation as proposed. The decay of these excess carriers is found to be characterized by two times. The faster, \ensuremath{\sim}27 nsec, persists for typically \ensuremath{\sim}150 nsec, a much shorter duration than the $S$-BNDC decay time, and is not understood at this time. However, the longer excess-carrier decay time prevails well beyond the $S$-BNDC disappearance, a phenomenon that is explainable by the hot-electron effect.
Adsorption Characterization of Oligo(dimethylsiloxane)-Modified Silicas: An Example of Highly Hydrophobic Surfaces with Non-Aliphatic Architecture

This paper describes adsorption characterization of oligo(dimethylsiloxane)-modified silicas, nonpolar, lyophobic adsorbents with non-aliphatic architecture of the surfaces. Synthesis and spectral and thermal characterization of these surfaces have been recently reported in: Fadeev, A. Y.; Kazakevich, Y. V. Langmuir 2002, 18, 2665. Adsorbents were characterized by low-temperature nitrogen adsorption and by liquid-phase adsorption from methanol−water mixtures. Modification of silica with short oligo(dimethylsiloxane)s resulted in a drop of the specific pore volumes and in a decrease of C constants of the Brunauer−Emmett−Teller equation. The observed C constants were in the range of 12−17, indicating low energy of the adsorption interactions for dimethylsiloxane−silicas. The effective thickness of the grafted layers and the molecular volumes of grafted dimethylsiloxy groups were calculated from the change of the pore volumes due to surface modification and from the chemical analysis data. The thickness of ...
Adaptation to environmental pH in Candida albicans and its relation to pathogenesis

For microorganisms that grow over a wide range of extracellular pH, systems must have evolved to sense and respond appropriately. The human opportunistic pathogen Candida albicans colonizes and infects anatomical sites of diverse pH, including the oral and gastro-intestinal tracts and the vaginal cavity. The ability to sense and respond to neutral-alkaline environments is governed by signal transduction pathways, one of which culminates in the activation of the transcription factor, Rim101p. The RIM101/pacC pathway, which governs pH responses and differentiation, has been the focus of study in both Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Aspergillus nidulans. This pathway has been identified in C. albicans and governs pH responses, dimorphism, and pathogenesis. Although C. albicans and S. cerevisiae are related fungi, it is becoming apparent that there are unique aspects of the pH response and the role the RIM101 pathway plays in this response in C. albicans.
SOME METAL COMPLEXES OF CITRIC AND TRICARBALLYLIC ACIDS

Abstract The formation constants of several metal complexes of citrate and tricarballylate, and of the “hydrogen complexes”, i.e. complexes in which HA2− act as ligands, have been determined by a titrimetric method. For Mn(II), Cd(II), Zn(II) and Ni(II) complexes of citrate, the value of KMA/KKHA varies from 101·6 to 101·9, the ratio increasing with increasing value of KMA. The citrate complexes are more stable than the corresponding tricarballylate complex, as expected. The Co(II) and Mg complexes of citrate have reduction potentials which are too negative for direct polarographic method. In the pH region 1·9 to 2·5 the 1 : 1 uranyl-citrate complex has been shown to be a monomer with log KMA = 8·5.
TOPGAL Mice Show That the Canonical Wnt Signaling Pathway Is Active During Bone Development and Growth and Is Activated by Mechanical Loading In Vitro

We identified cellular targets of canonical Wnt signaling within the skeleton, which included chondrocytes, osteoblasts, and osteocytes in growing bone, but only osteocytes and chondrocytes in the mature skeleton. Mechanical deformation induced Wnt signaling in osteoblasts in vitro. Introduction: Genetic evidence in mice and humans has implicated the canonical Wnt signaling pathway in the control of skeletal development and bone mass. However, little is known of the details of Wnt signaling in the skeleton in vivo. We used Wnt indicator TOPGAL mice to identify which cells activated this pathway during bone development and in the mature skeleton. Materials and Methods: We examined canonical Wnt signaling during embryonic and neonatal bone devel- opment in TOPGAL mice. The TOPGAL transgene consists of a -galactosidase gene driven by a T cell factor (TCF)-catenin responsive promoter so that canonical Wnt activity can be detected by X-gal staining. Ex- pression of Wnt signaling components was examined in primary calvarial cell cultures by RT-PCR. The effect of mechanical deformation on Wnt signaling was examined in primary calvarial cells grown on collagen I and stretched using Flexercell Tension Plus System FX-4000T. Immunohistochemistry was used to examine the localization of -catenin in cartilage, bone, and cultured calvarial cells exposed to physical deformation. Results and Conclusions: Canonical Wnt signaling was active in several cell types in the fetal and neonatal skeleton, including chondrocytes, osteoblasts, and osteocytes. With age, activation of Wnt signaling became less prominent but persisted in chondrocytes and osteocytes. Although osteoblasts in culture expressed many different individual Wnt's and Wnt receptors, the TOPGAL transgene was not active in these cells at baseline. However, Wnt signaling was activated in these cells by physical deformation. Together with the activation of canonical Wnt signaling in osteocytes seen in vivo, these data suggest that Wnt signaling may be involved in the coupling of mechanical force to anabolic activity in the skeleton. J Bone Miner Res 2005;20:1103-1113. Published online on February 14, 2005; doi: 10.1359/JBMR.050210
Audiologic assessment in infants.

Purpose The purpose of this review is to provide the reader with current information regarding the standards for audiologic assessment of infants and very young children. The nature of the appropriate test battery and the need for adjusting test procedures to meet the specific needs of infants and toddlers are emphasized. Recent findings The basic measures in the audiologic test battery include frequency-specific threshold tests by air and bone conduction, predicted by electrophysiologic measures when necessary; immittance measures including tympanometry and acoustic reflex using a high-frequency probe tone for infants under 4 months of age; and otoacoustic emissions. The ABR can be used with frequency-specific stimuli to predict the audiogram in newborns with a great deal of accuracy. Newer techniques, such as Auditory Steady State Response, are promising but need further study before they can be used reliably to predict hearing levels in infants. Finally, infants with hearing loss can be fit with amplification using prescriptive formulae, such as the Desired Sensation Level, which give appropriate hearing aid characteristics for infants based on their hearing thresholds. These fittings must be verified using objective electro-acoustic measures tailored to infants. Summary Infants failing newborn hearing screenings can be evaluated by audiologists to predict all necessary audiologic data and those found to have hearing loss can be fitted with appropriate amplification in the newborn period. Procedures must be carefully tailored to this age group.
Some observations on the classification of mandibular condyle types.

Abstract Four types of mandibular condyle were described, encompassing 97.1% of the condyles in two collections. While condylar Types B and A predominated in the Terry collection, Types C and B occurred most frequently in the pre-Hispanic group. In the Terry material there appeared to be a relationship between incidence of condylar type and state of the dentition. Although no apparent sex dependence was demonstrated in this group, a limited relationship between condylar type and race seemed to occur. In the combined collections, 78.5 per cent of the mandibles showed symmetry of condylar type.
Consensus in the presence of partial synchrony (Preliminary Version)

Abstract : The problem of reaching agreement among separated processors is of fundamental importance to distributed computing, and has provided a rich set of interesting mathematical problems. Previous work has shown that if communication and processing are synchronous there exist consensus protocols resilient to large numbers of failures, the exact number depending on the particular type of faulty behavior to be tolerated. In contrast it has been shown that if either communication or processing are asynchronous, then there is no consensus protocol resilient to even one failure of the weakest type. This paper defines and studies the consensus problem in practically motivated situations which lie between the completely synchronous and the completely asynchronous cases. Additional keywords: Byzantine agreement; fault-tolerance and distributed algorithms. (Author).
A high resolution radar with programmable waveform for applications at VHF and UHF bands

This paper presents a new approach for designing frequency agile, coherent radars with programmable waveform spectrum. The new approach permits the adjustment of the transmitted signal's central frequency, bandwidth, and modulation by the user while at the same time ensuring that the received signal is always detected at baseband.
Further analysis of the altered secondary structure of superhelical DNA. Sensitivity to methylmercuric hydroxide a chemical probe for unpaired bases.

Abstract A previous study in our laboratory of the reaction of formaldehyde with super-helical DNAs (φX replicative form and PM2) has led to a model for superhelical DNA in which there is a region or regions of altered secondary structure containing unpaired bases. Similar experiments using the nicked circular DNA gave no evidence of interruptions of base pairing. In this study we present additional data, which support the above model as well as extending our analysis of the secondary structure of superhelical DNA and the dynamics of the early denaturation process. In a series of experiments involving the binding of methyl-mercury as a chemical probe of unpaired bases, we obtained the following results. (1) Initially, both s 0 20w and the buoyant density of the superhelical form of phage PM2 DNA increased as a function of methylmercuric hydroxide concentration, whereas the nicked form did not. (2) This initial binding is accompanied by an increase in superhelical content τ from −41 to −46 turns. (3) The binding analysis allows us to estimate that 3.7% of the bases contain methylmercury in this phase of the transition. This is in excellent agreement with the extent of formylation. (4) Such a preformylated molecule shows a shift in the transition to lower mercurial concentrations. These results are interpreted as follows. The initial increase in −τ excludes the possibility that binding occurs to normal base-paired structures, since this would produce a coupled unwinding of duplex and superhelical turns. The additive effects of formylation and methylmercury binding support the concept that both chemical probes attack the same sites and induce similar structural changes. Thus the evidence clearly supports the view that superhelical DNA contains localized region(s) of interrupted base pairing. Recent studies from other laboratories using single strand-specific endonucleases are in complete agreement with this model.
Planar photonic crystal microspectrometers in silicon-nitride for the visible range

We demonstrate the feasibility of forming a compact integrated photonic spectrometer for operation in the visible wavelength range using the dispersive properties of a planar photonic crystal structure fabricated in silicon nitride. High wavelength resolution and compact device sizes in these spectrometers are enabled by combining superprism effect, negative diffraction effect, and negative refraction effect in a 45 degree rotated square lattice photonic crystal. Our experimental demonstration shows 1.2 nm wavelength resolution in a 70 microm by 130 microm photonic crystal structure with better performance than alternative structures for on-chip spectroscopy, confirming the unique capability of the proposed approach to realize compact integrated spectrometers.
Negative affect, risk perception, and adolescent risk behavior

The prevalence, etiology, and consequences of adolescent risk behavior have stimulated much research. The current study examined relationships among anger and depressive symptomatology (DS), risk perception, self-restraint, and adolescent risk behavior. Telephone surveys were conducted with 290 14- to 20-year-olds (173 females; M = 15.98 years). Anger and perceptions of risk directly predicted risk behavior. An indirect effect of depressive symptomatology on risk behavior through perceptions of risk was revealed. Anger predicted risk behavior, particularly for adolescents with low self-restraint. The association between risk perception and risk behavior was stronger for older than for younger adolescents. Findings offer insight into the affective influences of risk behavior and may be used to inform prevention and intervention programs aimed at adolescents.
Synthesis and conductivity of proton-electrolyte membranes based on hybrid inorganic-organic copolymers

Abstract A class of new proton-electrolyte membranes (PEM) based on inorganic–organic copolymers were synthesized from 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane (GPTS), sulfonated phenyltriethoxysilane (SPS), tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) and H3PO4. Their thermal stability, microstructure, and proton conductivity were investigated under the conditions for PEM fuel cell operation. TGA–DSC analysis indicated that these membranes are thermally stable up to 180 °C. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) micrographs show that the membranes are dense. A proton conductivity of 1.6×10−3 S/cm was observed at 100 °C in a dry atmosphere for a sample with 0.5 mol GPTS and 1 mol H3PO4 in 1 mol Si, representing the highest proton conductivity in anhydrous state among PEMs ever reported. In an environment with 15% relative humidity (RH), the proton conductivity increased to 3.6×10−2 S/cm at 120 °C. The proton conductivity increases with H3PO4 contents and relative humidity. The hybrid inorganic–organic materials can be readily fabricated in membrane form with thickness as thin as 20 μm on porous electrodes; they have great potential to be used as the electrolytes for high-temperature PEM fuel cells.
Effects of forest clearing and succession on the carbon and nitrogen content of soils in Puerto Rico and US Virgin Islands

Soil samples from mature and secondary forests and agricultural sites in three subtropical life zones of Puerto Rico and the US Virgin Islands were collected to determine the effects of forest conversion to agriculture and succession on soil organic carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) contents. Site characteristics that may affect soil C and N (slope, elevation, aspect, and texture) were as uniform as possible. Carbon contents (to 50 cm depth or bedrock) of cultivated sites, as a percent of corresponding mature forests, were lower in the wet (44%) and moist (31%) than in the dry (86%) life zones whereas N contents were relatively high regardless of life zone (60–130% of the mature forests). Conversion of forests to pasture resulted in less soil C and N loss than conversion to crops. The time for recovery of soil C and N during succession was approximately the same in all three life zones, about 40–50 yr for C about 15–20 yr for N. However, the rate of recovery of soil C was faster in the wet and moist life zone, whereas N appeared to recover faster in the dry life zone. Evidence for loss of soil C during cultivation and gain during succession to soil depths of 50–100 cm is presented.
Studies of the Distribution of Elementary Threading Screw Dislocations in 4H Silicon Carbide Wafer

The density and sense distribution of elementary threading screw dislocations in a physical vapor transport grown 3-inch 4H silicon carbide wafer have been studied. The density of TSDs ranges between 1.6×103/cm2 and 7.1×103/cm2 and the lowest density is observed at positions approximately half radius off the wafer center. The dislocation sense of elementary threading screw dislocations can be readily revealed by the asymmetric contrast of their images in grazing-incidence x-ray topographs using pyramidal plane reflections. The circumferential and radial distributions of the sense of elementary threading screw dislocations have been studied and no clear trends are observed in either distribution.
Single-Crystal Structure Determination of Na4P2S6·6H2O

The single-crystal structure of Na4P2S6·6H2O is reported. Thermogravimetric analysis (23.6% weight loss) showed that Na4P2S6·6H2O converted to Na4P2S6as it was heated from room temperature to 80°C. The room temperature infrared spectrum of Na4P2S6·6H2O was analyzed in terms of the symmetry of the P2S−46group. Na4P2S6·6H2O crystallized in the monoclinic space groupP2(1)/cwitha=25.4761(4) A,b=7.10350(10) A, andc=20.3282(3) A,β=113.482°, andZ=8. The cell volume was calculated to be 3374.12(9) A3, and the density was calculated to be 1.565 Mg/m3. The single crystal structure was also solved at −60°C. The low temperature crystal data werea=25.3961(3) A,b=7.06480(10) A, andc=20.22160(10) A,β=113.431(1)°,Z=8. The −60°C-cell volume was calculated to be 3328.95(6) A3, and the density was calculated to be 1.586 Mg/m3.
ZrCuSiAs: A ``filled'' PbFCl type

ZrCuSiAs is tetragonal, space group P4nmm, a = 3.6736, c = 9.5712A, Z = 2. The structure is a “filled” PbFCl type, or it may alternatively be regarded as a tetragonally distorted MnCu2Al (Heusler) structure. HfCuSiAs is iso-structural. Bonding in PbFCl-related structures is discussed.
Electronic structure of γ phase zirconium hydride

Abstract We have calculated the electronic energy band structure of γ phase ZrH. This can be related to the cubic phase by the ordered removal of four hydrogen atoms from the large cubic unit cell. Very non-rigid band behavior is obtained. New structure is induced in the density of states which is not present in the original phase. A peak occurs at the Fermi energy which may be responsible for the tetragonal distortion but is insufficient to account for the observed magnetic susceptibility.
Study of Cell Nucleation in Microcellular Poly(lactic acid) Foamed with Supercritical CO2 through a Continuous-Extrusion Process

Using a continuous-extrusion foaming process, this study examined the effect of the processing temperature on the melt viscosity, pressure drop rate, and cell-population density of poly(lactic acid...
Comparison of axillary and infrared tympanic membrane thermometry in a pediatric oncology outpatient setting.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether infrared tympanic membrane thermometry can replace mercury-in-glass temperatures as an assessment tool for detecting fevers earlier and more reliably in a pediatric oncology outpatient setting. A total of 313 patient visits had infrared tympanic temperatures (obtained by using the LighTouch LTX Pedi-Q thermometer (Exergen; Watertown, MA) and axillary temperatures taken simultaneously (obtained by using mercury-in-glass thermometers). Those patients with a normal axillary temperature and an elevated tympanic measurement of 38 degrees C or higher had a follow-up axillary temperature conducted that evening to determine whether an elevated tympanic temperature predicted on coming fever or infection. The mean tympanic temperature was 37.5 degrees C and the mean axillary temperature was 36.8 degrees C, a difference of 0.7 degree C (P = .0001). Sixty-two (20%) patients had discrepant temperatures with a febrile tympanic and normal axillary measurement. Three (5%) of these patients were febrile at their follow-up axillary reading. Tympanic thermometry resulted in a significantly higher temperature reading than the axillary method. Elevated tympanic temperatures were not predictive of oncoming fever or infection. Fevers were not missed when using the tympanic method. To prevent unnecessary medical intervention, it is recommended that mercury-in-glass thermometers verify elevated tympanic temperatures.
Preflight performance testing of the Multiangle Imaging Spectroradiometer cameras

The multi-angle imaging spectroradiometer (MISR) will provide global data sets from Earth orbit using nine pushbroom cameras, each viewing in a fixed, unique direction. Data will be acquired for day-lit portions of the orbit at an average rate of 3.3 Mbits s-1 for the entire six year mission. Automated ground processing will make use of the instrument radiometric, spectral, and geometric calibrations, to produce registered images at the nine view angles. This, the Level 1 product, provides top- of-atmosphere scene radiances, weighted by the spectral band profile for the instrument. Initially, processing will proceed with pre-flight determined radiometric response coefficients. In-flight radiometric calibration of the sensor will then provide monthly updates to these coefficients, to account for degradation which may occur during the mission. THe spectral response profiles are invariant in time, and are provided only by the pre-flight measurements. These include an out-of-band spectral calibration of each channel. These spectral data are used as input to the radiometric calibration of the instrument, and also to produce certain Level 2 products for which an out- of-band correction is made. This paper describes the calibration program, with emphasis on results from the recently completed pre-flight calibration.
Effect of the innate immune response on development of Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus-induced demyelinating disease.

Theiler’s murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) infection of susceptible mice leads to the development of demyelinating disease in the central nervous system (CNS) associated with an inflammatory immune response. The demyelinating disease in mice has similarities to multiple sclerosis in humans and is used as an experimental model for the human disease. The innate immune response initiates the immune response to TMEV through innate immune receptors on cells that recognize components of the virus and activate intracellular signaling that leads to the expression of innate immune cytokines, chemokines, and effector molecules. The innate immune response directly affects the development of the adaptive immune response, especially the T cell response, which mediates viral clearance. However, infection of Swiss Jim Laboratory (SJL) mice with TMEV leads to a persistent virus infection of the microglia/macrophage in the CNS which contributes to the development of demyelinating disease. Susceptibility to demyelinating disease has been linked to the T cell response against the virus. However, the current studies will examine the role of the innate immune response to TMEV and the affect it has on the adaptive immune response and development of demyelinating disease following TMEV infection. The innate immune cytokines, chemokines, and effector molecules as well as the innate immune cells, both CNS resident and infiltrating peripheral cells, all contribute to the innate immune response following TMEV and may affect susceptibility to demyelinating disease.
Synthesis and michael reaction of 3,4‐dimethylpyrrole

A two step synthesis of 3,4-dimethylpyrrole via the reduction of 3-carboethoxy-4-methyl-pyrrole is described. Michael addition of methyl vinyl ketone and butyn-2-one to 3,4-dimethylpyrrole gives the bisadducts, 2,5-bis(3-oxobutyl)-3,4-dimethylpyrrole and 2,5-bis(3-oxobutenyl)-3,4-dimethylpyrrole, respectively, while ethyl propiolate affords only the monoadduct, ethyl 3-(3,4-dimethylpyrrol-2-yl)propenoate. Catalytic reduction of the latter ester gives ethyl 3-(3,4-dimethylpyrrol-2-yl)propanoate which with ethyl propiolate gives ethyl 3-(5-carbethoxyethyl-3,4-dimethyl-2-yl)propenoate.
Exploring ultrasound-modulated optical tomography at clinically useful depths using the photorefractive effect

For years, ultrasound-modulated optical tomography (UOT) has been proposed to image optical contrasts deep inside turbid media (such as biological tissue) at an ultrasonic spatial resolution. The reported imaging depth so far, however, has been limited, preventing this technique from finding broader applications. In this work, we present our latest experimental explorations that push UOT to clinically useful imaging depths, achieved through optimizing from different aspects. One improvement is the use of a large aperture fiber bundle, which more effectively collects the diffused light, including both ultrasound-modulated and unmodulated portions, from the turbid sample and then sends it to the photorefractive material. Another endeavor is employment of a large aperture photorefractive polymer film for demodulating the ultrasound-induced phase modulation. Compared with most UOT detection schemes, the polymer film based setup provides a much higher etendue as well as photorefractive two-beam-coupling gain. Experimentally, we have demonstrated enhanced sensitivity and have imaged through tissue-mimicking samples up to 9.4 cm thick at the ultrasonically-determined spatial resolutions.
Extracellular site for econazole‐mediated block of Ca2+ release‐activated Ca2+ current (Icrac) in T lymphocytes

1. Standard whole cell patch clamp recording techniques were used to study the pharmacological characteristics and site of econazole-mediated inhibition of calcium release-activated calcium current (Icrac) in the human leukaemic T cell line, Jurkat. 2. Extracellularly applied econazole blocked Icrac in a concentration-dependent manner (IC50 approximately 14 microM). Block developed over a relatively slow timecourse of 30-60 s (10 microM), and only partially reversed over minutes. 3. Econazole dialysed from the pipette into the cytosol at concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 30 microM did not reduce Icrac, or quantitatively affect Icrac block by extracellularly applied econazole. 4. A less lipophilic quaternary iodide derivative of econazole was synthesized to retard absorption through the cell membrane. When applied extracellularly, this compound blocked Icrac in a concentration-dependent manner with onset kinetics comparable to econazole. 5. Results with intracellularly dialysed econazole and the quaternary econazole derivative provide convergent evidence that econazole blocks Icrac via an extracellular interaction. 6. The inability of intracellularly applied econazole to inhibit Icrac argues against the notion that econazole inhibits capacitative Ca2+ entry pathways secondary to its known inhibitory effects on cytochrome P-450.
Repressive-defensive style and physiological reactivity among children and adolescents with asthma.

Objective: This study evaluates the concordance of two self-report methods of operationalizing repressive-defensive style in children with asthma. It was hypothesized that, compared with low-anxious children, repressive-defensive children would exhibit increased physiological reactivity during a stressful laboratory task, despite comparable self-reports of state anxiety. Methods: Ninety-one children and adolescents (mean age = 11.5 years) with asthma participated in the study. Repressive-defensiveness was operationalized as self-reported low distress coupled with high defensiveness or restraint. Self-report data reflecting trait anxiety, defensiveness, and personality style were used to classify children as repressive-defensive by two independent methods. Physiological reactivity was operationalized as standardized changes in peripheral temperature, heart rate, and/or skin conductance from baseline to a stressful task. For the stressful task, children spoke into a tape recorder about a stressful or embarrassing event. Results: Each method classified 20% of children as repressive-defensive. However, of the children classified as repressive-defensive by either method (n = 26), only 38% (n = 10) were classified as repressive-defensive by both methods. In addition, regardless of the classification method, repressive-defensive children did not consistently differ from low-anxious children with respect to physiological reactivity under stress, one of the hallmarks of repressive-defensiveness in adults. Conclusion: These results cast doubt on our ability to measure repressive-defensiveness reliably using self-report measures. Future research should determine whether children and adolescents can be reliably classified as repressive-defensive, whether this classification is related to physiological reactivity as in adults, and whether repressive-defensiveness plays a role in emotionally triggered asthma symptoms.
Enhancement of insulin secretion in adult onset diabetics by methysergide maleate: evidence for an endogenous biogenic monoamine mechanism as a factor in the impaired insulin secretion in diabetes mellitus.

ABSTRACT To investigate the possible role of endogenous catecholamines and serotonin in the impaired insulin release of adult onset diabetes mellitus, intravenous glucose-stimulated insulin secretion was measured in adult onset diabetic patients and in normal volunteers before and during administration of the serotonin blocker methysergide maleate (2 mg every 6 hr for 2 days) or placebo. The increase in insulin secretion as measured by percent change in area under the insulin curve compared to the control study was significantly greater (p < 0.05) during methysergide treatment (48.8 percent) than during placebo administration 5.1 percent) in the diabetic patients. The normal volunteers showed no significant difference in insulin secretion between the methysergide (5.2 percent) and the placebo (10.2 percent). Glucose disappearance constants were unchanged during methysergide administration in most diabetic patients and in the group of normal volunteers. These studies suggest the existence of an endogenous ...