cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Adverse selection in health insurance markets? Evidence from state small-group health insurance reforms

Abstract The past decade witnessed major changes in state laws governing the sale of health insurance to small employers. States took measures to restrict insurers' ability to distinguish between high and low-risk customers because of concern about the low rate of coverage among workers in small firms, the high prices in the small-group market and the absence of federal health reform. Using both individual-level and employer-level data, I test predictions about the effect of reforms on the employer-provided health insurance market. I estimate these effects for small firms and their workers using large firms and their workers in the same states, as well as large and small firms and their workers in non-reform states, as comparison groups. I find the reforms decreased the rate of employer coverage on average for workers in small firms by less than two percentage points. Within small firms, low-expenditure individuals experienced a larger decline in the rate of coverage through their employer, while the coverage rate of high-expenditure individuals rose slightly in some specifications. There is also evidence that comprehensive reforms increased premiums slightly for small employers, and that most of this increase was passed on to workers through higher employee contributions.
Kernel Representation Approach to Persistence of Behavior

Abstract The optimal control problem of connecting any two trajectories in a behavior ℬ with maximal persistence of that behavior is put forth and a compact solution is obtained for a general class of behaviors. The behavior ℬ is understood in the context of Willems's theory and its representation is given by the kernel of some operator. In general the solution to the problem will not lie in the same behavior and so a maximally persistent solution is defined as one that will be as close as possible to the behavior. A vast number of behaviors can be treated in this framework such as stationary solutions, limit cycles etc. The problem is linked to the ideas of controllability presented by Willems. It draws its roots from quasi-static transitions in thermodynamics and bears connections to morphing theory. The problem has practical applications in finite time thermodynamics, deployment of tensigrity structures and biomimetic locomotion.
Literacy and Text Reading in Middle and High School Social Studies and English Language Arts Classrooms

This study reports vocabulary and reading comprehension instructional practices implemented in middle and high school social studies and language arts classrooms. It also describes text reading practices. We conducted 137 observations of 11 social studies and 9 language arts teachers over the course of 1 academic year. We observed instructional practices supportive of vocabulary and reading comprehension to differing degrees in social studies and language arts. The proportion of time spent reading text was roughly the same across the 2 subjects, with differences by text type, reading mode, and grade level within both subject areas.
Planets in Stellar Clusters Extensive Search. II. Discovery of 57 Variables in the Cluster NGC 2158 with Millimagnitude Image Subtraction Photometry

We have undertaken a long-term project, Planets in Stellar Clusters Extensive Search (PISCES), to search for transiting planets in open clusters. NGC 2158 is one of the targets we have chosen—an intermediate age, populous, rather metal-poor cluster. In this paper we present the results of a search for variable stars in the data from the first season of monitoring at the FLWO 1.2 m telescope. This is the first variability search ever conducted in this cluster. We present a catalog of 57 variable stars, most with low-amplitude variability. Among the variables is a cataclysmic variable (CV) that underwent a 2.5 mag outburst. If it is a member of NGC 2158, this would be the fourth CV known in an open cluster. We have also found five δ Scuti stars, three of which have two or more detectable modes of pulsation. Of the 57 variables discovered, 28 have R-band amplitudes of 5% or below. Six of those vary at or below the 2% level, including one with 0.08% variability.
Topological Quantum Computing and the Jones Polynomial

In this paper, we give a description of a recent quantum algorithm created by Aharonov, Jones, and Landau for approximating the values of the Jones polynomial at roots of unity of the form e2πi/k. This description is given with two objectives in mind. The first is to describe the algorithm in such a way as to make explicit the underlying and inherent control structure. The second is to make this algorithm accessible to a larger audience.
Vortex and momentum theories for hovering rotors

ILLER1 has called attention to a seeming paradox in the vortex theory for hovering rotors. In the usual application of vortex theory for the limiting case of an infinite number of rotor blades to propellers, the induced velocities in the wake are small compared to the forward velocity and the distributed vortices in the wake may be assumed to move downstream at the propeller forward velocity for lightly loaded propellers. Theodorsen showed,2 however, that in the application of the Goldstein theory for optimum circulation distribution on propellers with a finite number of blades, it is necessary, for more heavily loaded propellers representative of practical designs, to take into account the induced velocities in arriving at vortex geometry in the wake. Theodorsen also gave an approximate method for computing slipstream contraction, but for the cases of propellers in cruise flight which he considered, the slipstream contraction was of the order of 1%; the analysis specifically excluded static thrust conditions. For propeller cruise operating conditions it is well known3'4 that the results of vortex theory for an infinite number of blades are essentially identical to the momentum theory of the actuator disk; this remains true for the case of nonconstant blade circulation if both theories are applied to differential annular strips on the blades. It is also true when induced wake rotation is introduced into both theories. A particular result of practical significance in the theories (neglecting wake rotation) is that the induced axial velocity at the propeller vl is one-half the velocity in the ultimate wake, v2. In the propeller case, with negligible slipstream contraction, this follows from the fact that the vortices are assumed to be uniformly distributed over the circumference of a cylinder of approximately constant diameter that has a semi-infinite length viewed from the plane of the propeller and an infinite length viewed from a transverse plane in the ultimate wake, giving rise to a factor of two in the calculated induced velocities. It should be noted, however, that in the momentum theory of the actuator disk it is assumed that the flow velocity in the wake is constant for constant disk loading. In the vortex theory, this is a conclusion arrived at from analyses of the induced flowfield in the vortex cylinder. (Yet another approach is to represent the acutator disk by a doublet layer; this gives results equivalent to vortex theory.) With large slipstream contractions, such as occur for the static thrust condition of a propeller or for a hovering helicopter rotor, it is no longer valid to make this particular calculation since the wake vortices cannot be considered to lie on cylinders of constant diameter in the vicinity of the propeller plane. Yet, even in this case, vortex theory for an
The acid catalyzed cyclization of diazoketones: Preparation of 2,4(3H,5H) furandiones

Abstract Diazoketones derived from substituted ethyl hydrogen malonates produced by the selective hydrolysis of the corresponding malonate esters cyclize in the presence of catalytic amounts of boron trifluoride etherate in methanol to yield 2,4(3H,5H) furandiones. The cyclic keto orthoesters appear to be intermediates in the reaction.
Application of DWF to heavy-light mesons

Abstract We consider application of domain wall fermions to quarks with relatively heavy masses, aiming at precision calculations of charmed meson properties. Preliminary results for a few basic quantities are presented.
Near Bandedge Cathodoluminescence Studies of AlN Films: Dependence on MBE Growth Conditions

Aluminum nitride films were grown by molecular beam epitaxy on sapphire (0001) substrates. In some samples, alternating GaN/AlN thin layers were incorporated prior to the deposition of the main AlN layer in an effort to possibly reduce defects. The cathodoluminescence spectra show a sharp bandedge peak, which we tentatively assign to the optical recombination of a donor bound exciton (D 0 ,X), sometimes accompanied by weak one- and two-longitudinal optical phonon replicas. There is also a broad band with maxima in the range 3200-3700 A. A large value for the ratio (D 0 ,X)/(broad band) tends to be associated with a narrow (D 0 ,X) linewidth.
Minimum interference blind time-offset estimation for OFDM systems

This paper proposes a novel blind time-offset (TO) estimation scheme for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems. Based on the observation that a TO almost surely gives rise to interblock interference (IBI), the proposed TO estimation is accomplished by minimizing the EBI. Borrowing the idea of differential decoding, the need of channel state information is circumvented via joint processing of multiple received blocks. The proposed TO estimator is shown capable of offering reliable TO estimation with a small amount of received data. Unlike some existing blind TO estimators, it performs well in both frequency-flat and frequency-selective fading channels. More importantly, the proposed TO estimator is proved consistent. In addition, since most required computation can be done by using the fast Fourier transform, its computational complexity is fairly low. The merits of the proposed estimator are confirmed by both theoretical analysis and corroborating simulations
MR imaging of soft tissue masses in children.

In approaching a child who has a soft tissue mass, clinical history and physical examination (including lesion location) play a critical role in diagnosis, and patient age also can narrow the differential. The typical presenting complaint is a palpable mass; larger masses are more likely to present with pain. Reactive processes and benign neoplasms are the most common lesions, whereas malignant tumors are rare. Radiography and CT offer limited assistance, being most useful for characterization of calcification or ossification, as in myositis ossificans. Ultrasonography can be helpful in the evaluation of small, superficial masses and in determining the cystic nature of some lesions. In general, however, MR imaging provides the most information, determining lesion extent and, in some cases, specific diagnoses. MR imaging sometimes provides definitive diagnosis of common benign lesions. The most common benign lesions are hemangioma/lymphangioma, lipoma, periarticular cyst, inflammatory masses, fat necrosis, neurofibroma, and giant cell tumor of the tendon sheath. 1 Coincidentally, this list correlates well with those lesions for which definitive diagnosis at MR imaging is possible: hemangioma, lymphangioma, and other vascular tumors; lipoma; periarticular cysts; hematoma; giant cell tumor of the tendon sheath; benign neural tumors; and fat necrosis. Many benign and malignant soft tissue masses have common imaging characteristics. 2–5 Many lesions are iso- or hypointense to muscle on T1weighted (T1-W) imaging and hyperintense on T2-weighted (T2-W) imaging. Although some investigators have found MR imaging capable of determining the benignity of specific lesions (discussed previously), accuracy often is uncertain, necessitating biopsy. When MR imaging appearance is nondiagnostic, benign origin may be more likely if a patient is less than 20 years old, the mass measures less than 10 cm, its position is subcutaneous or fascial, and it appears well circumscribed, homogeneous on T2-W imaging, and with no surrounding edema. 6 Enhancement characteristics may facilitate diagnosis of malignant lesions, which may show less rapid enhancement and more rapid washout. 7 MR imaging also defines the cystic nature of some lesions, provided T1 and T2 characteristics are evaluated carefully and contrast is administered in equivocal cases. 8 Only 1% to 6% of soft tissue masses are malignant. 1 Of the malignant tumors in the 0- to 5-year age group, fibrosarcoma is most common, followed by rhabdomyosarcoma. In the older age group, 6 to 15 years old, malignant fibrous histiocytoma is most common, followed by synovial sarcoma and rhabdomyosarcoma. 9 Even when MR imaging fails to differentiate between benignity and malignancy or provide a tissue diagnosis of a malignant tumor, it does provide essential information, delineating the extent of the lesion, extension beyond facial planes, and involvement of adjacent structures, such as the neurovascular bundle, joints, and bone. It also is useful in assessing response to therapy, although differentiation of residual or recurrent tumor from postoperative edema,
Topological representations of matroids

One of the foundations of oriented matroid theory is the topological representation theorem of Folkman and Lawrence [8]. It says that an oriented (simple) matroid can be realized uniquely as an arrangement of pseudospheres. That there is no similar interpretation for the class of all matroids has been taken for granted. For instance, "A non-coordinatizable matroid of abstract origin may be thought of as a geometric object only in a purely formal way, whereas an oriented matroid may always be thought of as a geometric-topological configuration on the d-sphere (or in projective space)" [3, p. 19]. Our main theorem is that the class of geometric lattices, which is cryptomorphic to the category of simple matroids, is the same as the class of intersection lattices of arrangements of homotopy spheres. The interpretation of a geometric lattice as an arrangement of homotopy spheres is a natural generalization of the Folkman-Lawrence theorem. An oriented matroid realizable over R has a representation with geodesic spheres. Allowing pseudospheres, i.e., those which are homeomorphic, but possibly not isometric to the unit sphere, leads to the category of (simple) oriented matroids. If we further relax the conditions on the spheres to only homotopy equivalence to the standard sphere, then we are led to the category of all (simple) matroids. Some of the theory of oriented matroids which only depends on the underlying matroid can be extended to homotopy sphere arrangements. Zaslavsky's enumerative theory for pseudosphere arrangements can be extended to the homotopy setting. As in the oriented matroid representation theorem, the arrangement can be forced to be antipodal, so a realization as homotopy projective spaces is also possible. The minimal cellular resolutions of orientable matroid ideals developed in [10] can be extended to arbitrary matroids by using arrangements of homotopy spheres. Our point of view is primarily through the lens of oriented matroids. Hence the homotopy spheres which represent the atoms of the geometric lattice have codimension one. In the future we hope to examine the point of view of complex hyperplane arrangements and consider spheres of even codimension. The matroid theory we require is in section 2, while section 3 presents matroid Steiner complexes. We review a very general theory of arrangements of topological
Chemical and optical properties of electrochromic nickel oxide films

Abstract Thin films of nickel oxide-nickel hydroxide are investigated to determine electrochromic switching properties. Crystalline nickel oxide films are synthesized by electrochemical deposition and by anodization of nickel electrodes. Electrochemical deposition using nickel sulfate-based chemistry is used to deposit films directly on doped tin oxide-coated glass. Spectral solar transmittance is obtained for films switched in liquid cells containing a KOH electrolyte. The solar transmittance ( T s ) can be switched from T s ( bleached ) = 0.73 to T s ( colored ) = 0.35 for films with a thickness of about 500 A. Voltammetric data is correlated to known electrochemical processes for nickel electrodes. The nickel oxide films are chemically analyzed using a sputter-Auger microprobe and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. As a result of combined analysis, it was determined that these films transform from uncolored to colored states by the reversible transformation of nickel hydroxide, Ni(OH)2, to nickel oxyhydroxide, NiOOH, and that dehydrated films correspond chemically to NiO.
Shift‐Share Analysis and Changes in Japanese Manufacturing Employment

Shift-share analysis is used to examine the role of spatial structure on changes in regional manufacturing employment, in contrast to the traditional focus of shift-share studies on the role of industrial structure. It is argued that changes in a region's space-economy can be understood not only in terms of the economic subdivisions of the region but also in terms of the contribution of its spatial subdivisions. The latter is illustrated by means of a case study of the contribution of different types of local area to changes in regional manufacturing employment in Japan. Each region was subdivided into four types of local area based on population density. The analysis covered the period from 1981 to 1995, a time of major transformation in Japan's space-economy. The shift-share model was also used to estimate the impact of local area output and productivity on changes in regional employment. In general, the results show that there was a progressive underdevelopment of the core regions, associated with falling output and productivity. The country's peripheral regions were characterized by development, associated with rising output and productivity. Atthe local scale, however, the picture is far more complex. Types of local area contributed to regional employment change in very different ways, with respect to both time, region, and output/productivity. The contribution of local spatial structure to the regional space-economy of Japan is fundamentally fragmented and uneven.
Inflation and the dS/CFT Correspondence

It is speculated that the observed universe has a dual representation as renormalization group flow between two conformal fixed points of a three-dimensional euclidean field theory. The infrared fixed point corresponds to the inflationary phase in the far past. The ultraviolet fixed point corresponds to a de Sitter phase dominated by the cosmological constant indicated in recent astronomical data. The monotonic decrease of the Hubble parameter corresponds to the irreversibility of renormalization group flow.
Arts education and the high school dropout problem

Arts education advocates belief that quality education in the arts can engage at-risk students in ways other subjects cannot and is therefore an important tool in preventing high school dropout. Although some studies point to lower dropout rates, most do not follow a large number of students over time or account for student and school characteristics expected to influence one’s educational path. We fill this gap in the current literature by tracking nearly 175,000 first-time 9th-graders for 5 years using survival analysis with longitudinal administrative data from Texas. We find that cumulative credits in the arts are consistently associated with reduced dropout, even after controlling for prior achievement and contemporaneous course completion in core subjects. Our results provide evidence that the arts are a potential lever in education reform. Experimental and/or quasi-experimental research studies are needed to isolate the salient conditions under which arts participation can reduce dropout.
Hydrothermal Synthesis and Structure of a Potassium Tantalum Defect Pyrochlore

The synthesis and crystal structure of potassium tantalate (KTa2(O,OH)6·1.8H2O) with a defect pyrochlore structure are reported. The compound was crystallized directly from tantalum pentoxide in basic solution under hydrothermal conditions at temperatures as low as 200 °C. Ion exchange of this substance in acid yielded an H-type defect pyrochlore. Both highly crystalline K-type and H-type materials absorb argon and have BET surface areas of about 14 m2/g. The crystal structures were refined by the Rietveld least-squares method from powder X-ray diffraction data. The final Rwp and χ2 were 7.70% and 2.79, respectively. The high thermal stability and control of acidity of these materials, along with the simple and cheap synthesis, may find many applications in sorption, catalysis, and microelectronics.
Bosonization and Lie Group Structure

We introduce a concise quantum operator formula for bosonization in which the Lie group structure appears in a natural way. The connection between fermions and bosons is found to be exactly the connection between Lie group elements and the group parameters. Bosonization is an extraordinary way of expressing the equation of motion of a complex fermion field in terms of a real scalar boson in two dimensions. All the properties of the fermion field theory are known to be preserved under this remarkable transformation with substantial simplification and elucidation of the original theory, much like Lie groups can be studied by their Lie algebras.
CONTRIBUTION OF UNRESOLVED POINT SOURCES TO THE DIFFUSE X-RAY BACKGROUND BELOW 1 keV

We present here the analysis of X-ray point sources detected in several observations available in the XMM-Newton public archive. We focused, in particular, on energies below 1 keV, which are of particular relevance to the understanding of the diffuse X-ray background (DXB). The average field of all the exposures is 0.09 deg–2. We reached an average flux sensitivity of 5.8 × 10–16ergs–1cm–2 in the soft band (0.5-2.0 keV) and 2.5 × 10–16ergs–1cm–2 in the very soft band (0.4-0.6 keV). In this paper, we discuss the log N-log S results, the contribution to the integrated X-ray sky flux, and the properties of the cumulative spectrum from all sources. In particular, we found an excess flux at around 0.5 keV in the composite spectrum of faint sources. The excess seems to be a general property of all the fields observed suggesting an additional class of weak sources is contributing to the X-ray emission at these energies. Combining our results with previous investigations, we have also quantified the contribution of the individual components of the DXB in the 3/4 keV band.
Stability and the Chain Store Paradox

Abstract For the Kreps and Wilson version of Selten′s Chain Store Game, every equilibrium of every stable set induces the same outcome. This unique outcome is that induced by the Kreps and Wilson solution. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Numbers: C72.
The Wage Price Spiral

This paper rehabilitates the old wage price spiral. It shows that, after an increase in aggregate demand, the process of adjustment of nominal prices and nominal wages results from attempts by workers to maintain or increase their real wage and by firms to maintain or increase their markups of prices over wages. Under continuous price and wage setting, the process of adjustment would be instantaneous; under staggering of price and wage decisions, the adjustment takes time. The more inflexible real wages and markups are to shifts in demand, the higher is the degree of price level inertia, and the longer lasting are the effects of aggregate demand on output.
Representing culture in interstellar messages

Abstract As scholars involved with the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (SETI) have contemplated how we might portray humankind in any messages sent to civilizations beyond Earth, one of the challenges they face is adequately representing the diversity of human cultures. For example, in a 2003 workshop in Paris sponsored by the SETI Institute, the International Academy of Astronautics (IAA) SETI Permanent Study Group, the International Society for the Arts, Sciences and Technology (ISAST), and the John Templeton Foundation, a varied group of artists, scientists, and scholars from the humanities considered how to encode notions of altruism in interstellar messages 〈 http://publish.seti.org/art_science/2003 〉 . Though the group represented 10 countries, most were from Europe and North America, leading to the group's recommendation that subsequent discussions on the topic should include more globally representative perspectives. As a result, the IAA Study Group on Interstellar Message Construction and the SETI Institute sponsored a follow-up workshop in Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA in February 2005. The Santa Fe workshop brought together scholars from a range of disciplines including anthropology, archaeology, chemistry, communication science, philosophy, and psychology. Participants included scholars familiar with interstellar message design as well as specialists in cross-cultural research who had participated in the Symposium on Altruism in Cross-cultural Perspective, held just prior to the workshop during the annual conference of the Society for Cross-cultural Research 〈 www.seti.org/altruism 〉 . The workshop included discussion of how cultural understandings of altruism can complement and critique the more biologically based models of altruism proposed for interstellar messages at the 2003 Paris workshop. This paper, written by the chair of both the Paris and Santa Fe workshops, will explore the challenges of communicating concepts of altruism that draw on both biological and cultural models.
Tunnel leveling, depth, and bridge numbers

We use the theory of tunnel number 1 knots introduced in an earlier paper to strengthen the Tunnel Leveling Theorem of Goda, Scharlemann, and Thompson. This yields considerable information about bridge numbers of tunnel number 1 knots. In particular, we calculate the minimum bridge number of a knot as a function of the maximum depth invariant d of its tunnels. The growth of this value is on the order of (1 + 2) d , which improves known estimates of the rate of growth of bridge number as a function of the Hempel distance of the associated Heegaard splitting. We also find the maximum bridge number as a function of the number of cabling constructions needed to produce the tunnel, showing in particular that the maximum bridge number of a knot produced by n cabling constructions is the (n + 2) nd Fibonacci number. Finally, we examine the special case of the "middle" tunnels of torus knots.
Vinyl protecting group for benzimidazole nitrogen: Synthesis of benzimidazole-penam alcohol

Abstract Use of the vinyl moiety as a protecting group for benzimidazole nitrogen in the synthesis of benzimidazole 2-carboxaldehyde is described. The protected carboxaldehyde is an intermediate in the synthesis of 6-(2-benzimidazole)hydroxymethyl penicillanic acid (1). Deprotection is achieved by ozonolysis.
The coverability problem in input-output systems

The notion of a vector replacement system, developed in the computer science literature, is used to analyze the reachability problem in integer-valued input-output models. An integer-valued input-output system with initial resources is a 5-tuple (n,^, A, B, p), where n is the number of commodities, lz the number of production processes, A is the n x m input matrix, B is the nx ln output matrix and p €l)i" is the initial vector of resources. The elements of A, B and p are non-negative integers. A vector p' is reachable from p if it is possible to transform p into p'through a sequence of production processes, without ever violating the feasibility constraint represented by the available resources.
Elastic thickness estimates for the northern lowlands of Mars

Abstract The northern lowlands cover approximately one-third of Mars' surface and are a fundamental part of the geologic evolution of Mars. We examine the admittance signature, the ratio of gravity to topography data in the spectral domain, for four regions in the northern lowlands that are both well resolved in the gravity data and have well constrained lithospheric parameters. These regions also have topographic power spectra similar to many highlands regions. A Cartesian multitaper method is used to calculate admittance. We compare the observed admittance signatures to those predicted from models of lithospheric flexure. On the basis of these comparisons, we estimate the thickness of the Martian elastic lithosphere ( T e ) required to support the observed topographic load since the time of loading. We use both top and bottom loading models to derive values of elastic thickness and crustal thickness or apparent depth of compensation although all four regions are best fit by bottom loading models. We obtain best fit elastic thickness estimates between 10 and 25 km with an acceptable error range of 0 to 45 km. These low elastic thickness estimates are consistent with the formation in the Noachian, when heat flow was high. The consistency in T e estimates between the Noachian highlands and lowlands basement suggests that both regions of the crust formed at similar times. The paucity of crustal magnetization in the lowlands is thus more likely a result of demagnetization than formation following shut down of the dynamo.
Three- to six-year followup for 379 benign image-guided large-core needle biopsies of nonpalpable breast abnormalities.

Abstract Background Determining the negative predictive value of benign large-core needle biopsy of nonpalpable mammographically detected breast abnormalities has been difficult because benign results generally preclude surgical excision. Longterm followup of these patients is important to ensure timely diagnosis of new abnormalities and to identify false negatives. Study design This cohort study comprised 379 patients, all with benign diagnoses following imaging-guided large-core needle biopsy of nonpalpable mammographically detected abnormalities. Mammographic, clinical, and laboratory records (when appropriate) were reviewed for all patients followed at our institution. For patients followed elsewhere, these data were provided by each patient's current primary-care physician after obtaining written informed consent from the patient. Results We obtained followup for 312 patients (82.3% of 379), for whom the mean followup period was 55 months; 67 patients were either lost to followup (44, 11.6%), had no followup by patient choice (18, 4.7%), or died of causes other than breast cancer (5, 1.3%). Of these 312 patients, we found only 1 (0.3%) false negative in which a 4-mm lesion was observed to have grown to approximately 11 mm eight months later, and was found to be an infiltrating ductal cancer at rebiopsy. The negative predictive value was calculated as 0.997 (311/312). Analysis of core histologies indicated the followup group was a representative sample. Conclusions These data suggest that benign mammographically detected abnormalities can be diagnosed with a high level of confidence using image-guided large-core needle biopsy, and that mammographic or ultrasonographic screening or both at 6 and 12 months might be sufficient before returning the patient to routine screening mammography.
Representations of networks

Bit map and list structures are analyzed for representation of a network, using its adjacency matrix. Storage analysis, with reduction for m-partite networks, reveals a fundamental function of problem dimensions, called the "index threshold." Several examples, from industry and government, are cited to illustrate the analysis. Relative processing merits are studied, and an equation is derived to relate "processing ratio" to the ratio of the index threshold to the index size. Finally, conversion algorithms are presented, designed to minimize extra work space.
Platelet activating factor and asthma.

anaphylaxis. And if you research into the 1920s) there a very useful treatment in blocking both thrombocyare articles, particularly in the German literature, that topenia and some of the features of anaphylaxis. The report thrombocytopenia as being a feature of clinical first article (1924) stated that heparin totally prevents asthma. To this day, there are a number of German anaphylaxis in guinea pigs, but whether that has got physicians who have actually reported that heparin is anything to do with asthma, I do not know.
Effect of joule heating in electrochemical measurement of hydrogen transport

It is shown that Joule heating during electrochemical charging at high current densities can produce substantial heating of the specimen and results in an increase in measured anodic current. Localized electrolyte heating and specimen temperature rise is a function of cell geometry and electrolyte circulation. The anodic current increase due to heating depends on the anodic current before charging and the palladium coating used. The steady state corrosion current depends on the strain rate and the method of deposition of the palladium coating on the anodic side. Finally, the present work demonstrates clearly that the increase in anodic current observed immediately after electrochemical charging during plastic deformation in nickel is due to Joule heating of the specimen and not dislocation transport of hydrogen.
Computational complexity of cyclotomic fast Fourier transforms over characteristic-2 fields

Cyclotomic fast Fourier transforms (CFFTs) are efficient implementations of discrete Fourier transforms over finite fields, which have widespread applications in cryptography and error control codes. They are of great interest because of their low multiplicative and overall complexities. However, their advantages are shown by inspection in the literature, and there is no asymptotic computational complexity analysis for CFFTs. Their high additive complexity also incurs difficulties in hardware implementations. In this paper, we derive the bounds for the multiplicative and additive complexities of CFFTs, respectively. Our results confirm that CFFTs have the smallest multiplicative complexities among all known algorithms while their additive complexities render them asymptotically suboptimal. However, CFFTs remain valuable as they have the smallest overall complexities for most practical lengths. Our additive complexity analysis also leads to a structured addition network, which not only has low complexity but also is suitable for hardware implementations.
BOUNDARY S MATRIX FOR THE TRICRITICAL ISING MODEL

The tricritical Ising model perturbed by the subleading energy operator was known to be an integrable scattering theory of massive kinks,14 and in fact it preserves supersymmetry. We consider here the model defined on the half-plane with a boundary and compute the associated factorizable boundary S matrix. The conformal boundary conditions of this model are identified and the corresponding S matrices are found. We also show how some of these S matrices can be perturbed and generate “flows” between different boundary conditions.
The aliasing problem in computer-generated shaded images

Certain defects, such as jagged edges and disappearing detail, have long been an annoyance in digitally generated shaded images. Although increasing the resolution or defocusing the display can attenuate them, an understanding of these defects leads to more effective methods. This paper explains the observed defects in terms of the aliasing phenomenon inherent in sampled signals and discusses prefiltering as a recognized cure. A method for evaluating filters is presented, the application of prefiltering to hidden-surface algorithms is discussed, and an implementation of a filtering tiler is shown accompanied by examples of its effectiveness.
Effect of spin degeneracy on scaling in the quantum Hall regime

We study the delocalization transition for spin-polarized and spin-degenerate noninteracting electrons in the lowest Landau level. We perform finite-size scaling calculations of the Thouless number for varying amounts of potential and spin-orbit scattering. For spin-polarized electrons, we obtain a one-parameter scaling function for the Thouless number that fits scaled experimental data for the longitudinal resistivity. For spin-degenerate electrons with spin-orbit scattering, the Thouless number is peaked away from the band center by an amount proportional to the strength of the spin-orbit scattering. The universality class of the delocalization transition for noninteracting spin-degenerate electrons in the quantum Hall regime is found to be the same as for spin-polarized electrons. We also study the density of states and Thouless number for the model of pure spin-orbit scattering studied by Hikami, Shirai, and Wegner [Nucl. Phys. B 408, 415 (1993)], which represents a different universality class.
Total Dose Radiation Effects In Si Nanocrystal Non-Volatile Memory Transistors

We report results pertinent to the high total dose tolerance of Si nanocrystal non-volatile memory cells. The nc-Si FETs made by ion implantation retained virtually unchanged write / erase characteristics, typical for the two-state devices, to cumulative doses exceeding 15 Mrad(Si).
White dwarfs in cataclysmic variables.

Prior to the last 15 years, the literature on cataclysmic variables (CVs) contained little on the properties of the underlying white dwarf accreter other than estimates of their masses. They were regarded simply as nondescript potential wells for studies of accretion disk structure and stability. Estimates of their masses and associated core compositions were discussed, but only in the context of thermonuclear runaway theory. With the advent of space spectroscopy, especially HST, IUE, EUVE, and HUT, direct spectroscopic observations of exposed white dwarfs in CVs were carried out during dwarf nova quiescence or low brightness states of nova-like variables and magnetic CVs when accretion rates were very low. This review covers new insights and physical properties of white dwarfs in nonmagnetic and magnetic CVs, including surface temperatures, heating and cooling measurements, rotational velocities, CV white dwarf masses (including Einstein redshift masses), photospheric chemical abundances (including composition relics of ancient novae), accretion belts, the physics of accretion heating, and long-term CV evolution. For an ensemble of 37 CV degenerates with secure temperatures, the average Teff=20,800 K, for nonmagnetic CV degenerates Teff=24,100 K, and for magnetic CV degenerates Teff=16,400 K. The lowest Teff values are associated with magnetic CVs and with systems whose orbital periods are less than 2 hr. Thermal e-folding times of the white dwarf envelope in response to accretion heating are in the range 6-600 days, photospheric chemical abundances range from moderately subsolar to greatly above solar, and rotational velocities lie within the range 50 km s–1 < V sin i < 1200 km s–1. If pre-CV white dwarfs had time to cool to 10-3L⊙ prior to the onset of Roche lobe overflow, then their average lower limit lifetime is 2.5 × 108 yr, and they have been accretion heated to an average luminosity log (L/L⊙) = 1.90 or, on average, by ~ 11,000 K since the end of their pre-CV evolution phase.
DIRICHLET SPECTRUM AND HEAT CONTENT

Abstract Let M be a complete Riemannian manifold and D ⊂ M a smoothly bounded domain with compact closure. We use Brownian motion to study the relationship between the Dirichlet spectrum of D and the heat content asymptotics of D . Central to our investigation is a sequence of invariants associated to D defined using exit time moments. We prove that our invariants determine that part of the spectrum corresponding to eigenspaces which are not orthogonal to constant functions, that our invariants determine the heat content asymptotics associated to the manifold, and that when the manifold is a generic domain in Euclidean space, the invariants determine the Dirichlet spectrum.
Progressive failure studies of stiffened panels subjected to shear loading

Experimental and analytical results are presented for progressive failure of stiffened composite panels with and without a notch and subjected to in plane shear loading well into their postbuckling regime. Initial geometric imperfections are included in the finite element models. Ply damage modes such as matrix cracking, fiber-matrix shear, and fiber failure are modeled by degrading the material properties. Experimental results from the test include strain field data from video image correlation in three dimensions in addition to other strain and displacement measurements. Results from nonlinear finite element analyses are compared with experimental data. Good agreement between experimental data and numerical results are observed for the stitched stiffened composite panels studied.
Delayed Care of Pelvic Inflammatory Disease as a Risk Factor for Impaired Fertility

OBJECTIVE: We evaluated the relationship between delayed care of symptomatic pelvic inflammatory disease and impaired fertility. STUDY DESIGN: We used data from a cohort of women with clinically recognized pelvic inflammatory disease. Case patients were women with either ectopic pregnancy or infertility ( n = 76); controls were women with intrauterine pregnancies ( n = 367). RESULTS: Women who delayed seeking care for pelvic inflammatory disease were three times more likely to experience infertility or ectopic pregnancy than women who sought care promptly after adjustment for age, organism, year of diagnosis, and history of recent gynecologic events (95% confidence interval=1.27, 6.11). This association was strongest for women with chlamydia; 17.8% (18/101) of those who delayed seeking care had impaired fertility, whereas 0.0% (0/13) of those who sought care promptly suffered known sequelae. CONCLUSIONS: Women with pelvic inflammatory disease who delay seeking care are at increased risk for infertility and ectopic pregnancy. Furthermore, our data suggest that prompt evaluation and treatment of chlamydia) pelvic inflammatory disease can prevent these sequelae.
Probing the Universe after Cosmological Recombination through the Effect of Neutral Lithium on the Microwave Background Anisotropies

I show that neutral lithium couples strongly to the cosmic microwave background (CMB) through its 6708 A resonant transition after it recombines at z ~ 500. At observed wavelengths of 335 μm, the CMB anisotropies are significantly altered since the optical depth for resonant scattering by neutral lithium is substantial, τ ~ 0.5. The scattering would suppress the original anisotropies but will generate strong new anisotropies in the CMB temperature and polarization on subdegree scales (l 100). Observations at different wavelengths in this spectral regime can probe different thin slices of the early universe. The anisotropy noise contributed by continuum radiation from foreground far-infrared sources could be taken out by subtracting maps at slightly different wavelengths. Detection of the above effects can be used to study structure at z 500 and to constrain the primordial abundance and recombination history of lithium.
Quantum Neural Networks

This paper initiates the study of quantum computing within the constraints of using a polylogarithmic (O(logkn), k?1) number of qubits and a polylogarithmic number of computation steps. The current research in the literature has focussed on using a polynomial number of qubits. A new mathematical model of computation called Quantum Neural Networks (QNNs) is defined, building on Deutsch's model of quantum computational network. The model introduces a nonlinear and irreversible gate, similar to the speculative operator defined by Abrams and Lloyd. The precise dynamics of this operator are defined and while giving examples in which nonlinear Schrodinger's equations are applied, we speculate on its possible implementation. The many practical problems associated with the current model of quantum computing are alleviated in the new model. It is shown that QNNs of logarithmic size and constant depth have the same computational power as threshold circuits, which are used for modeling neural networks. QNNs of polylogarithmic size and polylogarithmic depth can solve the problems in NC, the class of problems with theoretically fast parallel solutions. Thus, the new model may indeed provide an approach for building scalable parallel computers.
Novel one-step method for the conversion of isothiocyanates to 2-alkyl(aryl)aminothiazoles

2-Aminothiazole derivatives are widely used structural motifs in medicinal chemistry due to their broad application in drug development. Herein we demonstrate a novel one-step method for the synthesis of 2-aminothiazole derivatives from the corresponding isothiocyanates via thiourea formation followed by cycloisomerisation in an intramolecular thia-Michael fashion. This method is very mild, simple and highly efficient and versatile enough to accommodate various amino substitutions at the C2 position of thiazoles. This methodology is equally well applicable to synthesise various 2-substituted amino-5-thiazolylmethylphosphonate derivatives.
Characteristics of precession electron diffraction intensities from dynamical simulations

Precession Electron Diffraction (PED) offers a number of advantages for crystal structure analysis and solving unknown structures using electron diffraction. The current article uses many-beam simulations of PED inten- sities, in combination with model structures, to arrive at a better understanding of how PED differs from standard unprecessed electron diffraction. It is shown that preces- sion reduces the chaotic oscillatory behavior of electron diffraction intensities as a function of thickness. An addi- tional characteristic of PED which is revealed by simula- tions is reduced sensitivity to structure factor phases. This is shown to be a general feature of dynamical intensities collected under conditions in which patterns with multiple incident beam orientations are averaged together. A new and significantly faster method is demonstrated for dyna- mical calculations of PED intensities, based on using in- formation contained in off-central columns of the scatter- ing matrix.
GZK photons as UHECR above 10 19 eV

''GZK photons'' are produced by extragalactic nucleons through the resonant photoproduction of pions. We present the expected range of the GZK photon fraction of UHECR, assuming a particular UHECR spectrum and primary nucleons, and compare it with the minimal photon fraction predicted by Top-Down models.
Resuscitation with a hemoglobin-based oxygen carrier after severe brain trauma

Introduction: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is excluded from every clinical trial involving hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers (HBOCs). Furthermore, HBOCs are vasoactive, and pressor use in hemorrhagic shock is generally contraindicated. The purpose of this investigation was to examine low volume resuscitation with a vasoactive HBOC [hemoglobin glutamer-200 (bovine), BioPure Inc., Cambridge, MA] after TBI and hemorrhage. Methods: Anesthetized swine received TBI and hemorrhage (30 +/− 2ml/kg, n = 15). From 30 to 60 min, unlimited lactated Ringer’s (LR, n = 5), unlimited HBOC (n = 5), or 10ml/kg LR+unlimited HBOC (n = 5) was titrated to systolic blood pressure ≥ 100 mmHg. From 60 to 90 min, fluid was titrated to mean arterial pressure (MAP) > 70mmHg and blood (10ml/kg) was transfused for hemoglobin (Hb) 20 mmHg, LR if cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) < 70mmHg, and blood if Hb < 5g/dL. Results: LR+HBOC reduced fluid requirements (30 +/− 12ml/kg vs 280 +/− 40 with LR+mannitol+blood, p < 0.05) and eliminated blood transfusions and mannitol. LR+HBOC attenuated ICP (12 +/− 1 vs 33 +/− 6mmHg with LR+mannitol+blood), and improved brain tissue pO2 (34.2 +/− 3.6 vs 16.1 +/− 1.6mmHg), cerebrovascular reactivity, and intracranial compliance (all p < 0.05). With HBOC and LR+HBOC, MAP and HR rapidly corrected, however with HBOC alone lactate failed to clear and systemic O2 extraction increased. Conclusions: 1. HBOC with initial crystalloid bolus was superior to LR+mannitol+blood following TBI. This may represent a new indication for HBOCs. 2. HBOC eliminated blood transfusions. 3. Vasoactive HBOCs, when used alone, can cause under-resuscitation despite restoration of MAP and HR, suggesting that MAP and HR are inadequate resuscitation endponts with HBOC use.