cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pleural space problems after living lobar transplantation.

Background We reviewed our experience with adult living lobar lung transplant (LL) recipients to assess whether size and shape mismatch of the donor organ to the recipient pre-disposes to the development of pleural space problems (PSP). Methods Eighty-seven LL were performed on 84 adult recipients from 1993 through 2003. Seventy-six patients had cystic fibrosis. Patient records were examined for PSP, defined as air leak or bronchopleural fistula for more than 7 days; pneumothorax, loculated pleural effusions, or empyema in 68 patients for which complete data were available. Results There were 24 PSP identified for an overall incidence of 35%. The most common PSP was air leak/bronchopleural fistula, accounting for 38% of PSP. The second most common PSP was loculated pleural effusion (21% of PSP). Empyema was uncommon (2 patients, 3% of total patients) in our series of patients despite the large population of cystic fibrosis patients. In 4 of these patients, computed tomography-guided drainage was used for loculated effusions after chest tube removal. Three LL patients underwent surgery for persistent air leak and required muscle flap repair. One of these required subsequent omental transfer. Two LL patients required decortication for empyema. Many patients with PSP could be managed without further surgical intervention (14/24 patients). Donor-recipient height mismatch was not significantly different between PSP and non-PSP patients ( p = 0.53). Conclusions The incidence of PSP in LL recipients is similar to that reported in the literature on cadaveric transplant recipients. The relatively small lobe in the potentially contaminated chest cavity of cystic fibrosis recipients does not significantly pre-dispose to development of empyema despite immunosuppression. Many PSP can be managed non-operatively, although early aggressive intervention for large air leaks and judicious chest tube management are essential for a good outcome.
STUDIES IN ULTRAVIOLET MUTAGENESIS IN DROSOPHILA INVOLVING TREATMENT OF INSEMINATED FEMALES.

IN the study of mutagenesis, the employment of ultraviolet light as a mutagenic agent has certain advantages as compared with X rays. For example, relatively few of the mutant changes induced by ultraviolet belong to the class of minute deletions which are difficult to distinguish phenotypically or cytologically from point mutations and more seem to be actual point mutations than in the case of X rays, as first clearly shown by STADLER (1941 ) . Ultraviolet is therefore a very suitable agent in studies which touch on the intimate nature of the mutagenic process. Moreover, it is probable that ultraviolet induced mutations are more like the naturally occurring ones than are the X-ray induced, since chromosomal rearrangements are comparatively rare among both the ultraviolet induced (MULLER and MACKENZIE 1939) and the spontaneous, but not the X-ray. The relative similarity between ultraviolet-induced and spontaneous mutations may be due in part at least to the fact that a photon of ultraviolet as a rule has only enough energy to sensitize chemically a single atom or group of atoms, resulting in a very localized effect, as contrasted to the much greater genetic damage often resulting from X rays and other high energy radiation. Because of the localized action of ultraviolet, the percent of fractionals among the mutations induced by ultraviolet might offhand be expected to be relatively high. However, ultraviolet light (UV) has very low penetrating power, and therefore can be effectively used only on genetic material which is close to the outside surface of the organism, as in the case of microorganisms and the pollen of plants. In Drosophila, it is effective on the polar cap (the early germ track, present at one end of the developing egg). But the statistical error of the mutation rates resulting from treatment of the polar cap is high because mutagenic hits are multiplied in step with the multiplication of the germ cells in the course of development, and unless the experiments are conducted on a very large scale, a few ‘‘lucky’’ hits resulting in large clusters might cause large deviations from the actual rates. Treatment of the mature sperm cells would circumvent this statistical error. Moreover, in order to detect fractional mutations, as revealed by mosaicism among the progeny, it is necessary to apply the treatment to sperm cells or other post-meiotic stages. However, as above implied, the sperm cannot be effectively treated with UV when applied to the surface of a mature Drosophila male. The mutation rate induced early in the present studies by this method was only between .5 and 1
Commissural axon pathfinding on the contralateral side of the floor plate: a role for B-class ephrins in specifying the dorsoventral position of longitudinally projecting commissural axons

In both invertebrate and lower vertebrate species, decussated commissural axons travel away from the midline and assume positions within distinct longitudinal tracts. We demonstrate that in the developing chick and mouse spinal cord, most dorsally situated commissural neuron populations extend axons across the ventral midline and through the ventral white matter along an arcuate trajectory on the contralateral side of the floor plate. Within the dorsal (chick) and intermediate (mouse) marginal zone, commissural axons turn at a conserved boundary of transmembrane ephrin expression, adjacent to which they form a discrete ascending fiber tract. In vitro perturbation of endogenous EphB-ephrinB interactions results in the failure of commissural axons to turn at the appropriate dorsoventral position on the contralateral side of the spinal cord; consequently, axons inappropriately invade more dorsal regions of B-class ephrin expression in the dorsal spinal cord. Taken together, these observations suggest that B-class ephrins act locally during a late phase of commissural axon pathfinding to specify the dorsoventral position at which decussated commissural axons turn into the longitudinal axis.
Comment on the Paper “On the influx of small comets into the Earth's upper atmosphere I. Observations”

The observations of transient decreases or holes in the EUV dayglow reported by Frank et al. (1986) and attributed to an influx of small comets into the earth atmosphere are discussed critically. The techniques used in acquiring and analyzing the observational data are examined, and it is argued that the decreases are probably instrument artifacts. A critique of the geophysical basis of the comet hypothesis is also included. In a reply by Frank et al., the instrument-artifact argument is rejected, in part on the basis of the statistical properties of the holes observed. Additional observational data are presented in graphs and dynamics Explorer 1 images are analyzed in detail.
A Divide-by-3 0.4–1.4 GHz Injection-Locked Frequency Divider Based on Relaxation Oscillator

In this letter, a new topology for divide-by-3 injection-locked frequency divider based on relaxation oscillator is reported. A prototype is designed and implemented in a 90 nm CMOS process technology. The measurement results demonstrate a locking range of 0.4-1.4 GHz with a power consumption of 30 μW.
Phosphorus Removal by Sediment in Streams Contaminated with Acid Mine Drainage

Acid mine drainage (AMD) affects thousands of stream miles in the Appalachian region of the USA and results in elevated concentrations of iron and aluminum in the stream water and sediments and wide ranging pH values. It was hypothesized that these conditions would lead to increased P buffering capacity of the sediments which in turn would cause a decrease in dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP) in the water column. In the lab fresh Fe, Al, and Mn oxide precipitates all adsorbed DRP strongly but over different pH ranges. Sulfate and calcium ions inhibited adsorption of DRP with Fe oxides but the effect was less apparent with Al oxides. In the field DRP concentration was reduced 54–90% just downstream of an AMD input compared to upstream of the input. In addition the sediment buffering capacity increased and equilibrium phosphate concentration decreased dramatically downstream of the AMD inputs. The strength of the effect and the widespread occurrence of AMD suggest that AMD could be altering the P dynamics of streams and rivers throughout the Appalachian region.
The role of temozolomide in the management of patients with newly diagnosed anaplastic astrocytoma: a comparison of survival in the era prior to and following the availability of temozolomide.

Adding temozolomide (TMZ) to radiation for patients with newly-diagnosed anaplastic astrocytomas (AAs) is common clinical practice despite the lack of prospective studies demonstrating a survival advantage. Two retrospective studies, each with methodologic limitations, provide conflicting advice regarding treatment. This single-institution retrospective study was conducted to determine survival trends in patients with AA. All patients ≥18 years with newly-diagnosed AA treated at Johns Hopkins from 1995 to 2012 were included. As we incorporated TMZ into high-grade glioma treatment regimens in 2004, patients were divided into pre-2004 and post-2004 groups for analysis. Clinical, radiographic, and pathologic data were collected. Median overall survival (OS) was calculated using Kaplan–Meier estimates. A total of 196 patients were identified; 74 pre-2004 and 122 post-2004; mean age 47 ± 15 years; 57 % male; 87 % white, 69 % surgical debulking. Mean RT dose 5676 + 746 cGy; duration of concurrent chemoradiation 5.8 ± 0.8 weeks; and mean adjuvant chemotherapy 4.3 + 2.8 cycles. Baseline prognostic factors did not differ between groups. Chemotherapy was administered to 12 % of patients pre-2004 (TMZ = 1, procarbazine, lomustine and vincristine = 2, carmustine wafer = 6) and 94 % post-2004 (TMZ in all, p < 0.001). Median OS was 32 months (95 % CI 23–43). Survival was longer in the post-2004 cohort (37 mo, 24–64) than pre-2004 (27 mo, 19–40; HR 0.75, 0.53–1.06, p = 0.11). Multivariate analysis controlling for age, Karnofsky performance status, and extent of resection revealed a 36 % reduced risk of death (HR 0.64, 0.44–0.91, p = 0.015) in patients treated post-2004. This retrospective review found survival in newly diagnosed patients with AA improved with the addition of temozolomide to standard radiation. Until prospective randomized phase III data are available, these data support the practice of incorporating TMZ in the management of newly-diagnosed AA.
Why humans build fires shaped the same way

Here we see why humans unwittingly build fires that look the same: edifices of fuel, as tall as they are wide. The pile of fuel is permeable, air invades it by natural convection and drives the combustion. I show that the hottest pile of burning fuel occurs when the height of the pile is roughly the same as its base diameter. Future studies may address the shape effect of wind, material type, and packing. Key is why humans of all eras have been relying on this design of fire “unwittingly”. The reason is that the heat flow from fire facilitates the movement and spreading of human mass on the globe.
Probing the ionosphere with rockets and radio waves: Studies of plasma waves and instabilities in the upper atmosphere

Summary form only given. The ionosphere is a low temperature (0.1 eV) and low-beta plasma layer that surrounds the Earth and affects a wide range of radio systems that involve communications, navigation, and radar. The unmodified ionosphere is in an equilibrium state defined by the balance of production, transport and loss of plasma subject to variations in solar irradiation and other natural effects. Artificial perturbations caused by energetic chemical releases and high power radio waves can be used to drive this plasma out of equilibrium. This presentation will focus on experimental data and theoretical analysis of recent experiments using the Space Shuttle, sounding rockets and high power radio waves to cause local perturbations in the upper atmosphere. Artificial disturbances can trigger plasma instabilities leading to the generation of plasma waves. A single 10-second burn of the on-orbit engines on the Space Shuttle locally injects 1 GJoule of energy into the upper atmosphere. The hypersonic exhaust vapors charge exchange and collide with ambient ions to yield energetic ion beams, and to launch a wide range of plasma waves. The High Frequency Active Auroral Research Program (HAARP) transmitter in Alaska produces a 10 MHz radio beam with an effective radiated power (ERP) of 3.6 GW. These radio waves excite parametric decay instabilities that convert an electromagnetic wave into pairs of high and low frequency electrostatic waves that can couple into cyclotron and longitudinal resonances that accelerate electrons to energies greater than 25 eV, sufficient for neutral breakdown. Optical emissions, plasma density fluctuations, enhanced temperatures, and changes in composition may be detected during these experiments. Active ionospheric experiments employ instrumented satellites and ground-based radars, optical instruments, and radio receivers as diagnostics. These studies may ultimately lead to partial control of the environment for radio wave propagation in the ionosphere.
Knowing the Prevalence of Familial Hypercholesterolemia Matters

Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is a common genetic disorder of cholesterol metabolism that leads to lifetime high low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels and markedly increased risk of coronary heart disease (CHD). It is underdiagnosed and undertreated.1,2 Most physicians believe that FH is rare and not often seen in practice. In fact, it is significantly more common than 1:500, the estimate made at the time that Brown and Goldstein identified the LDL receptor. Current studies suggest a prevalence of 1 in 200 to 300 people based on work in the Netherlands, Denmark, and other countries where genetic testing has played a significant role.3,4 There are as many as 34 million people with FH worldwide, with a new person with this condition born every minute.2 Article, see p 1067 In the article by de Ferranti et al5 in this issue of Circulation , the authors have applied a modified version of diagnostic criteria for FH (the Dutch Lipid Clinics criteria) to a large data set to calculate the prevalence in the United States, with an estimate of 1 in 250 adults, with some variation by ethnicity and caveats related to the limitations of the data source. Given the lack of a national health care system, only emerging registry data, and a general lack of cascade testing, it has been difficult to obtain FH prevalence estimates in the United States.6 These data suggest that ≈1.5 million people in the United States are affected. A high percentage are not diagnosed or treated. Without recognition, FH care cannot be accomplished. The recent American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association …
Tumor of Rat Testis Produced by Heterotransplantation of Infantile Testis to Spleen of Adult Castrate

SummaryThe fact that estrogens and androgens are inactivated in the liver, served as the basis for studies on the effect of transplantation of the gonads to the spleen, which is in the portal circulation. Hepatic destruction of the gonadal steroids removes their normal inhibiting influence on the pituitary, permitting excessive secretion of gonadotrophin.Implantation of the testis of an infantile rat into the spleen of an adult male castrate, resulted after 11 months in the development of a large tumor, bearing a striking resemblance to the granulosa cell tumor of the ovary produced by a similar method, previously reported. The cellular component apparently derived from the tubules and the interstitial cell mass in the testicular tumor, are indistinguishable from the granulosa cell and theca cell components, respectively, of the ovarian tumor. In addition, certain portions of the testicular tumor are reminiscent of the structure seen in arrhenoblastoma.
More Generalizations of a Theorem of Pappus

(1970). More Generalizations of a Theorem of Pappus. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 77, No. 9, pp. 961-965.
Recurrent sinus of Valsalva aneurysm with right ventricular outflow tract obstruction.

We present a patient with a recurrent sinus of Valsalva aneurysm after unsuccessful surgical repair associated with right ventricular outflow tract obstruction. Two-dimensional echocardiography accurately localized the aneurysm and played a key role in the diagnosis, since physical signs of right-sided obstruction were absent. Cardiac catheterization confirmed the diagnosis. Postoperatively, two-dimensional echocardiography appears useful in judging the success or failure of surgery.
Organometallic Halide Perovskite Synthesis in Polymer Melt for Improved Stability in High Humidity

A new organometallic halide perovskite (OHP) synthesis method, whereby a polymer melt is used to thermodynamically drive the reaction that forms OHP crystallites, is demonstrated. The synthesis method allows for the facile encapsulation of moisture-sensitive OHP without the loss of simplicity during fabrication, which makes OHP materials so attractive for the photovoltaic industry. Degradation of OHP crystallites embedded in a polystyrene matrix was studied using UV-Vis absorbance over a period of several days. The OHP crystallites degrade as a result of the reversible nature of the reaction that forms the crystallites. After the reversion to precursors (PbI2 and CH3NH3I) the CH3NH3I irreversibly degrades [2] allowing the degradation to be tracked via optical interrogation. Additionally, surface morphology and elemental analysis of fabricated samples was carried out using SEM/EDS techniques.
A Dual Identity Approach for Conceptualizing and Measuring Children's Gender Identity

The goal was to test a new dual identity perspective on gender identity by asking children (n = 467) in three grades (Mage = 5.7, 7.6, 9.5) to consider the relation of the self to both boys and girls. This change shifted the conceptualization of gender identity from one to two dimensions, provided insights into the meaning and measurement of gender identity, and allowed for revisiting ideas about the roles of gender identity in adjustment. Using a graphical measure to allow assessment of identity in young children and cluster analyses to determine types of identity, it was found that individual and developmental differences in how similar children feel to both genders, and these variations matter for many important personal and social outcomes.
Elucidation of Surface Species through in Situ FTIR Spectroscopy of Carbon Dioxide Adsorption on Amine-Grafted SBA-15.

The nature of the surface species formed through the adsorption of CO2 on amine-grafted mesoporous silica is investigated through in situ FTIR spectroscopy with the aid of 15N dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) and 13C NMR spectroscopy. Primary, secondary, and tertiary amines are functionalized onto a mesoporous SBA-15 silica. Both isotopically labeled 13CO2 and natural-abundance CO2 are used for accurate FTIR peak assignments, which are compared with assignments reported previously. The results support the formation of monomeric and dimeric carbamic acid species on secondary amines that are stabilized differently to the monocarbamic acid species on primary amines. Furthermore, the results from isotopically labelled 13CO2 experiments suggest the existence of two carbamate species on primary amines, whereas only one species is observed predominantly on secondary amines. The analysis of the IR peak intensities and frequencies indicate that the second carbamate species on primary amines is probably more asymmetric in nature and forms in a relatively smaller amount. Only the formation of bicarbonate ions at a low concentration is observed on tertiary amines; therefore, physisorbed water on the surface plays a role in the hydrolysis of CO2 even if water is not added intentionally and dry gases are used. This suggests that a small amount of bicarbonate ions could be expected to form on primary and secondary amines, which are more hydrophilic than tertiary amines, and these low concentration species are difficult to observe on such samples.
Taking the STING out of TLR-driven autoimmune diseases: good, bad, or indifferent

Both endosomal and cytosolic-nucleic acid-sensing receptors can detect endogenous ligands and promote autoimmunity and autoinflammation. These responses involve a complex interplay among and between the cytosolic and endosomal sensors involving both hematopoietic and radioresistant cells. Cytosolic sensors directly promote inflammatory responses through the production of type I IFNs and proinflammatory cytokines. Inflammation-associated tissue damage can further promote autoimmune responses indirectly, as receptor-mediated internalization of the resulting cell debris can activate endosomal Toll-like receptors (TLR). Both endosomal and cytosolic receptors can also negatively regulate inflammatory responses. A better understanding of the factors and pathways that promote and constrain autoimmune diseases will have important implications for the development of agonists and antagonists that modulate these pathways.
Inhibition of the Renin Angiotensin System During Autologous Stem Cell Transplant Does Not Impact Time to Engraftment □s€

Abstract 4502 Background: The renin angiotensin system modulates hematopoiesis via local effects in the bone marrow. Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi) and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) may adversely impact hematopoiesis and time to engraftment in patients undergoing stem cell transplant (SCT). Our study assesses whether the use of ACEi or ARBs delays time to engraftment in patients with multiple myeloma undergoing a melphalan based autologous SCT. Methods: A retrospective review of 58 patients who underwent autologous SCT with a melphalan 200 mg/m2 conditioning regimen for multiple myeloma between January 1 and December 31, 2010 was performed. Neutrophil engraftment was defined as an absolute neutrophil count greater than or equal to 500 cells/uL that persisted for at least three days. Platelet engraftment was defined as achieving platelets of at least 20,000 cells/uL that persisted for at least three days. Time to engraftment was defined as number of days from Day 0 of SCT to the first day of platelet or neutrophil engraftment. Results: Of 58 evaluable patients, 47 underwent autologous SCT without an ACEi or ARB (control group), and 11 patients were given an ACEi or ARB (treatment group). Mean time to neutrophil engraftment was 11.5 days in the control group, and 11.3 days in treatment group (p=0.6). Mean time to platelet engraftment in control group was 13.5 days and 15.1 days in treatment group (p=0.2). There was no statistically significant difference between groups in time to neutropenic fever and length of hospital stay. Conclusion: Our study demonstrates no significant difference in time to engraftment, incidence of neutropenic fever, or length of hospital stay between patients receiving ACEi or ARBS compared to control subjects. We demonstrate that use of low to moderate dose ACEi or ARB is not associated with prolonged time to engraftment and is safe to use in patients undergoing autologous SCT for multiple myeloma. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Using the Second Law: Thermodynamic Analysis

Abstract The first law mainly deals with energy balance regardless of the quality of that part of the energy available to perform work. The thermal efficiency, defined as the ratio of the work output to total rate of heat input, may not describe the best performance of a process. On the other hand, the second law brings out the quality of energy, and second law efficiency relates the actual performance to the best possible performance under the same conditions. Reversible process delivers the maximum useful work output. If the operating conditions cause excessive entropy production, the system will not be capable of delivering the maximum useful output. Thermodynamic analysis combines the first and second laws of thermodynamics, and makes use of second law analysis, exergy analysis, and pinch analysis. Second law analysis can identify the sources and quantity of entropy production in various processes in a system. Exergy analysis describes the maximum amount of work theoretically available by bringing a resource into equilibrium with its surrounding through a reversible process; hence, it can relate the impact of energy utilization to environmental degradation. Pinch analysis aims for a better integration of a process with its utility in reducing energy cost. On the other hand, the equipartition principle states that a process would be optimum when the thermodynamic driving forces are uniformly distributed in space and time. Thermodynamic analysis aims at identifying, quantifying, and minimizing irreversibilities in a system. Such analysis is of considerable value when efficient energy conversion is important. This chapter discusses second law analysis, equipartition principle, exergy analysis, pinch technology, and provide some examples.
Smoking and olfactory dysfunction: A systematic literature review and meta‐analysis

Objectives/Hypothesis A systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature was undertaken, examining the association between tobacco smoking and olfactory function in humans, utilizing PubMed and Web of Science (1970–2015) as data sources. Study Design Systematic literature review and meta-analysis. Methods This database review of studies of smoking and olfaction, with a focus on identifying high-quality studies (based on modified versions of the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale), used validated olfactory tests among the generally healthy population. Results We identified 11 studies meeting inclusion criteria. Of 10 cross-sectional studies, two were excluded from meta-analysis because the cohorts they studied were included in another article in the review. In meta-analysis, current smokers had substantially higher odds of olfactory dysfunction compared to never smokers (odds ratio [OR] = 1.59, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.37–1.85). In contrast, former smokers were found to have no difference in risk of impaired olfaction compared to never smokers (OR = 1.05, 95% CI = 0.91–1.21). The single longitudinal study reviewed found a trend toward increased risk of olfactory decline over time in ever smokers; this trend was stronger in current as compared to former smokers. Conclusions Current smoking, but not former smoking, is associated with significantly increased risk of olfactory dysfunction, suggesting that the effects of smoking on olfaction may be reversible. Future studies that prospectively evaluate the impact of smoking cessation on improvement in olfactory function are warranted. Level of Evidence N/A. Laryngoscope, 2017
Comparison of valvar and right ventricular function following transcatheter and surgical pulmonary valve replacement.

Objective Trans-catheter (TC) pulmonary valve replacement (PVR) has become common practice for patients with right ventricular outflow tract obstruction (RVOTO) and/or pulmonic insufficiency (PI). Our aim was to compare PVR and right ventricular (RV) function of patients who received TC vs surgical PVR. Design Retrospective review of echocardiograms obtained at three time points: before, immediately after PVR, and most recent. Patients Sixty-two patients (median age 19 years, median follow-up 25 months) following TC (N = 32) or surgical (N = 30) PVR at Yale-New Haven Hospital were included. Outcome Measures Pulmonary valve and right ventricular function before, immediately after, and most recently after PVR. Results At baseline, the TC group had predominant RVOTO (74% vs 10%, P mild PI: 0% vs 24%, P = .003). Patients younger than 17 years at surgical PVR had the highest risk of developing PVR dysfunction, while PVR function in follow-up was similar in adults. Looking at RV size and function, both groups had a decline in RV size following PVR. However, while RV function remained stable in the TC group, there was a transient postoperative decline in the surgical group. Conclusions TC PVR in patients age <17 years is associated with better PVR function in follow-up compared to surgical valves. There was a transient decline in RV function following surgical but not TC PVR. TC PVR should therefore be the first choice in children who are considered for PVR, whenever possible.
Effects of Test Taking on Retention Learning in Technology Education: A Meta-Analysis

Ten factors were examined in this series of eight related experiments. The methods of the studies were similar except for the treatments related to immediate testing. The dependent variable in all of the studies was a delayed retention test that was common to all groups in all of the studies, enabling clear comparisons among the studies. The instructional materials and tests all concerned technical subject matter about “high tech” materials used by NASA and their applications beyond the space program. The tests went beyond mere memorization of facts to also represent levels 2 and 3 of Bloom’s taxonomy: Comprehension and Application. All ten of the factors were found to have some supportive findings, though for two of them the support was merely non- significant trends in each. The remaining 8 factors all had at least one study with a significant supportive finding. No negative findings were present. The ten factors and the findings related to them are discussed fully in the preceding section of this article.
The gastric parietal cell: at home and abroad

BACKGROUND: The gastric parietal cell (also called oxyntic cell) is a remarkable physiological entity in view of its regulation and participation in digestion, but also as an exemplary model for its exaggerated biophysical and cell biological processes. Moreover, the ability to pharmacologically control parietal cell activity has proven enormous value in treating a number of pathological conditions. METHODS: This review summarizes what is known about some of the most important physiological activities of the gastric parietal cell. RESULTS: Clues from differences in phenotype between resting and actively secreting cells provide a morphological basis for the massive biological process of intracellular membrane recycling, and explain the regulation by recruitment of the primary proton pump, H,K-ATPase, to the secretory surface. The large changes in membrane surface area require the sub-structural support of the filamentous actin cytoskeleton, which together with a dynamic membrane-cytoskeleton linker protein, known as ezrin, offer the scaffold for large membrane elaborations as well as required plasticity of the resulting microvillar extensions. Studies on basic protein/glycoprotein structure of H,K-ATPase have offered autoprotective mechanisms for the proton pump, and suggest the possibility that similar features in other gastric apical surface proteins may provide a molecular basis to why the stomach does not digest itself. An adjacent anatomical area, the esophagus, does not have the power to resist autodigestion resulting from backflux of gastric (and duodenal) juices; this is the pathological condition called gastroesophageal reflux disease, GERD. Interestingly, GERD related metaplastic changes in the distal esophageal epithelium ultimately result in one of two epithelial phenotypes: one called cardio-oxyntic mucosa, rarely leading to more serious consequences; and the other intestinal mucosa, characterized by goblet cells and having increased probability for progression to dysplasia and adenocarcinoma. CONCLUSIONS: Factors that promote lower esophageal metaplasia and dysplasia have interesting similarities with atrophic gastritis and glandular metaplasia of the gastric mucosa, i.e., intestinalization indicative of adenocarcinoma. These comparisons are discussed for the parietal cell in an unusual environment.
The Ontology of Replay: The Zapruder Video and American Conspiracy Films

While European films organize their narratives through flashbacks, US investigative cinema adopts the replay, which typically belongs to television. The Zapruder footage of Kennedy’s assassination is endlessly repeated, retold, and reframed. If Hollywood’s cinematic time can be imagined as a straight line progressing toward a climax, the Zapruder video is circular—it loops like a snake devouring its own tail/tale, indirectly offering investigative filmmakers a new cinematic time. Consequently, the Maysles brothers in Gimme Shelter began exploring if images are able to reveal the true nature of events. Pakula’s The Parallax View and All the President’s Men are centerpieces of the investigative category in the United States, since they evoke the police-state menace and adopt a documentary-like integration of television news footage.
Experimental Estimates of Impacts of Cost-Earnings Information on Adult Aspirations for Children’s Postsecondary Education

Economic information may close aspiration disparities for postsecondary education across socioeconomic, ethnic, and partisan divides. In 2017, we estimated impacts of information on such disparitie...
Cardiac specific Nrf2 expression protects the myocardium from isoproterenol-induced pathological remodeling

Background Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like-2 (NEFL2/Nrf2) is an inducible transcription factor that is crucial to fight against stress caused by various means (i.e. oxidative or xenobiotic stresses). While the Nrf2 has a negligible role on regulating the basal transcription of antioxidant/cytoprotective genes, its activation in response to stress is indispensable. Here, we hypothesize that augmentation of myocardial Nrf2, through transgene expression, will protect the myocardium from isoproterenol-induced pathological remodeling. Methods Cardiac specific Nrf2 transgenic (Nrf2-Tg) and non-transgenic (NTg) litter mates in the C57/BL6 background were subjected to isoproterenol (ISO) treatment (50-mg/kg bw/day, for 7 days), and assessed the myocardial structure, function (Echocardiography) and Nrf2-dependent defense mechanisms. Results Severe infarction and fibrosis along with increased inflammation leading to myocardial dysfunction in NTg mice exposed to ISO, but the Nrf2-TG hearts were found to be resistant to ISO insult. Suppression of infarction and protection of myocardial structure and function in the Nrf2-Tg mice could be attributed to a pro-reductive condition displayed in these hearts. In particular, ISO administration resulted in an excessive generation of reactive oxygen species and oxidation of proteins along with significant downregulation of antioxidant genes and their proteins lead to myocardial damage in NTg mice. Of note, myocardium of ISO-treated TG mice displayed significantly reduced protein oxidation (p Conclusion Thus, we conclude that a modest trans-activation of the global antioxidant defense system through genetic or non-pharmacological approaches might have therapeutic potential than either targeting single or combinations of antioxidant(s) to protect the myocardium in response to oxidative stress.
Natural resource valuation with a tribal perspective: a case study of the Penobscot Nation

The unique settings of tribal lands and preferences of tribal members can complicate the effective application of standard natural resource use valuation tools within these tribal settings. We pres...
Deep Learning and the Cross-Section of Stock Returns: Neural Networks Combining Price and Fundamental Information

Traditional empirical finance research uses hand-engineering and trial-and-error to look for the anomalies in the cross-section of stock returns. In this paper, we take advantage of deep learning and utilize both the price and fundamental information to separate stocks’ winners from losers. For the first model, we used a 2-layer Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) neural network with past 80 days’ return information as inputs to predict the next day’s return and find a before-trading-cost monthly return of 29.58% with a t-statistic of 26.81. The return of the stocks shows a strong short-term reversal pattern. For the second model, we design a novel 2-layer LSTM and Multi-layer Perceptron (MLP) hybrid neural network and utilize the monthly return and annual accounting data to predict the returns in the next month. We achieve a monthly return of 2.37% with a t-statistic of 8.97 before trading cost from 1993 through 2017. We use TAQ intraday data to explicitly estimate the trading cost and find that profits of the daily trading strategy in the first model turn negative. However, the trading strategy utilizing both the price and fundamental information in the second model keeps significantly positive with a monthly return of 1.57% and t-statistic of 6.03 after the trading cost. We show that the 2-layer LSTM and MLP hybrid model performs better than the MLP-only and the hand-engineering momentum and short-term reversal double sort trading strategy.
The Science of Science Communication III.

Three National Academy of Sciences colloquia have sought to create the science of science communication as a unique discipline, fostering collaboration across disciplines and between researchers and practitioners. Each colloquium has engaged researchers from the social, behavioral, and decision sciences needed to connect the scientific community with those who depend on it. Each colloquium has also engaged both communication professionals and consumers of scientific knowledge, to share their expertise and experiences. Each colloquium has produced an open-access special issue of PNAS with peer-reviewed articles based on selected scientific presentations (1, 2) (see also “The Science of Science of Communication,” https://www.pnas.org/content/110/Supplement\_3, and the “Science of Science Communication II,” https://www.pnas.org/content/111/Supplement\_4). Video recordings of the full, rich discussions can be found online for all three of the Sackler Colloquia on The Science of Science Communication on their respective web pages: www.nasonline.org/programs/sackler-colloquia/completed\_colloquia/agenda-science-communication.html; www.nasonline.org/programs/sackler-colloquia/completed\_colloquia/agenda-science-communication-II.html; and www.nasonline.org/programs/sackler-colloquia/completed\_colloquia/Science\_Communication_III.html. This special issue includes articles from the third colloquium, which built on Communicating Science Effectively , a National Academy of Science (2017) consensus report (3), prompted by the previous colloquia. In addition to summarizing past research and future research needs, that report highlights the organizational contexts within which science communications are produced and the political contexts within which they are consumed. Those topics are central to the 10 articles in this issue. Six articles expand the set of sciences whose theory, method, and results can inform—and be informed by—science … [↵][1]1To whom correspondence should be addressed. Email: baruch{at}cmu.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
Animal Models of Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic intestinal inflammatory condition that is medicated by genetic, immune, and environmental factors. At least 66 different kinds of animal models have been established to study IBD, which are classified primarily into chemically induced, cell-transfer, congenial mutant, and genetically engineered models. These IBD models have provided significant contributions to not only dissect the mechanism but also develop novel therapeutic strategies for IBD. In addition, recent advances on genetically engineered techniques such as cell-specific and inducible knockout as well as knockin mouse systems have brought novel concepts on IBD pathogenesis to the fore. Further, mouse models, which lack some IBD susceptibility genes, have suggested more complicated mechanism of IBD than previously predicted. This chapter summarizes the distinct feature of each murine IBD model and discusses the previous and current lessons from the IBD models.
Distributed optimal vehicle grid integration strategy with user behavior prediction

With the increasing of electric vehicle (EV) adoption in recent years, the impact of EV charging activities to the power grid becomes more and more significant. In this article, an optimal scheduling algorithm which combines smart EV charging and V2G gird service is developed to integrate EVs into power grid as distributed energy resources, with improved system cost performance. Specifically, an optimization problem is formulated and solved at each EV charging station according to control signal from aggregated control center and user charging behavior prediction by mean estimation and linear regression. The control center collects distributed optimization results and updates the control signal, periodically. The iteration continues until it converges to optimal scheduling. Experimental result shows this algorithm helps fill the valley and shave the peak in electric load profiles within a microgrid, while the energy demand of individual driver can be satisfied.
Long-term outcomes of breast-conserving therapy for women with ductal carcinoma in situ

Improved imaging, surgical techniques, and pathologic evaluation likely have decreased local recurrence rates for patients with ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). We present long-term outcomes of a large single-institution series after breast-conserving surgery (BCS) and adjuvant radiation therapy (RT). We retrospectively reviewed the records of 245 women treated for DCIS with BCS and RT between 2001 and 2007. Competing risk analysis was used to calculate local recurrence (LR) as a first event with the development of a second non-breast malignancy, contralateral breast cancer, and death as competing first events. At a median follow-up of 10.6 years, 4 patients had a LR (2 DCIS, 2 invasive) as a first event with a cumulative LR incidence of 0.0% and 1.5% at 5 and 10 years, respectively. Most patients had > 2 mm margins (90%), specimen radiographs (93%), and received a tumor bed boost (99%). The majority (60%) of patients with hormone receptor-positive disease received adjuvant endocrine therapy. Ten-year cumulative incidence of contralateral breast cancer (CBC) was 7.9%, second non-breast malignancy was 4.5%, and death unrelated to breast cancer was 3.5%. Family history, age at diagnosis, and receipt of endocrine therapy were not significantly associated with the development of CBC (all P > 0.05). With mature follow-up, our rates of local recurrence following breast-conserving therapy for DCIS remain very low (1.5% at 10 years). The incidence of CBC was higher than the LR incidence. Predisposing factors for the development of CBC are worthy of investigation.
RADIOGRAPHIC BONE CHANGES IN MULTIPLE MYELOMA PATIENTS WHO DEVELOPED MEDICATION-RELATED OSTEONECROSIS OF THE JAW: A CASE CONTROL STUDY

Background Medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ) is a severe adverse effect caused by antiresorptive medications, which are used for multiple myeloma (MM) patients. Currently, new evidence suggests that there are early radiographic changes in the bone of patients that eventually will develop into clinical MRONJ. The detection of early bone changes may be important in early diagnosis and prevention of MRONJ by drug cessation. Objective(s) The aim of this study was to evaluate the radiographic changes in the jaws of patients with MM who developed MRONJ compared with those in whom MRONJ did not develop. Study Design A retrospective study was performed for MM patients who were referred to the oral medicine clinic at the University of Florida College of Dentistry from 2006 to 2018. The patient information and radiographs (panoramic and intraoral radiographs) were retrieved from their dental chart (axiUm). For evaluating the cortical border, the mental index (MI), panoramic mandibular index (PMI), and mandibular cortical index (MCI) were measured. The bone density ratio was measured by using Image J 1.51 j8 (NIH, Bethesda, MD) in 5 locations in the bone and 1 in the dentin. Results Of 87 patients with MM who were examined, 48 were females (56%), and 38 were males (44%). The mean age was 63.97 years. In total, 29 were diagnosed with MRONJ. Our study indicated that patients with MRONJ had denser bone compared with patients without MRONJ (t test P Discussion/Conclusions The increase of radiographic bone density was significantly related to the development of MRONJ in patients with MM. The cortical border thickness and sharpness should be evaluated as prognostic factors for development of MRONJ in patients on antiresorptive medications.
Impact of human immunodeficiency virus, malaria, and tuberculosis on adverse pregnancy outcomes in the United States

To compare rates of adverse pregnancy outcomes for HIV, tuberculosis, and malaria-infected patients in the United States with those of uninfected patients. A nationally representative sample of 24,149,664 singleton live births were identified using pregnancy hospitalizations that resulted in delivery between 1998–2000 and 2009–2011 in this retrospective cohort study. Maternal and fetal outcomes were evaluated. There were 7204 HIV cases, 1450 TB cases, and 296 malaria cases over the two time periods, and the average age of infected subjects was 28.3. The HIV group was more likely to have almost all adverse pregnancy outcomes than the control group in both time periods. The 2009–2011 HIV group was more likely to undergo cesarean delivery than the 1998–2000 HIV group [1959 versus 1649, p < 0.0001]. Out of pregnant women infected with HIV, malaria, or tuberculosis, those infected with HIV are more likely to experience several adverse pregnancy outcomes than uninfected women.
Simulating PFAS transport influenced by rate-limited multi-process retention

The transport of per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in the vadose zone is complicated by the fact that multiple mass-transfer processes can contribute to their retention and retardation. In addition, PFAS transport at some sites can be further complicated by the presence of organic immiscible liquids (OIL). Mass-transfer processes are inherently rate limited and, therefore, have the potential to cause nonideal transport of PFAS. The objectives of this research were to: (1) develop a solute-transport model that explicitly accounts for multiple retention processes, including adsorption at air-water and OIL-water interfaces, adsorption by the solid phase, and diffusive mass-transfer between advective and nonadvective domains, and (2) apply the model to measured transport data to delineate which processes are rate limited and contribute to observed nonideal transport. Breakthrough curves for transport of two PFAS and one hydrocarbon surfactant in sand obtained from prior miscible-displacement experiments exhibited nonideal transport. The multiprocess model effectively simulated the measured transport data. The results of the analyses indicate that adsorption at the air-water and OIL-water interface can generally be treated as effectively instantaneous for transport in porous media. The rate limitations associated with solid-phase adsorption and diffusive mass transfer between advective and nonadvective domains were of greater significance.
Brightening odd-parity excitons in transition-metal dichalcogenides: Rashba spin-orbit interaction, skyrmions, and cavity polaritons

Odd-angular momentum exciton states are dark to light in monolayers of transition-metal dichalcogenides and can be addressed only by two-photon probes. Besides, $2p$-exciton states, are expected to show a fine splitting that arises from the peculiar electronic band structure of the material, characterized by a finite Berry curvature around each valley. In this paper, we study in detail the coupling of photons to $p$-exciton states, and we find that the Rashba spin-orbit interaction or a Skyrmion in the transition-metal dichalcogenide substrate can be exploited to engineer finite optical selection rules. The basis mechanism relies on a matching of the exciton angular momentum with the winding of the Rashba spin-orbit interaction or the Skyrmion topological charge. In a photonic cavity, the coupling is enhanced due to photon confinement and the resulting polaritonic branches acquire a mixing with $2{p}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}$ excitons, thus, providing a useful tool to detect exciton fine-splitting and and enable novel uses of odd-parity dark excitons.