cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sandy Borrow Area Sedimentation—Characteristics and Processes Within South Pelto Dredge Pit on Ship Shoal, Louisiana Shelf, USA

Ship Shoal is an inner-shelf submarine shoal with large amounts of restoration quality sand that was dredged in 2013–2016 for the Caminada Headland Restoration Project in central Louisiana, USA. Here we provide the first assessment of the characteristics and rate of seasonal sediment infilling the South Pelto dredge pit on eastern Ship Shoal, which will inform future restoration initiatives. Vibracore and multicore samples collected in 2017 and 2018 from within and outside of South Pelto dredge pit revealed new interlaminated silts and clays (median grain size 4.3–6 ϕ, 16–48 µm) deposited at the bottom of the dredge pit, underlain by original Ship Shoal sand and older pro-delta deposits. Through analyzing beryllium-7 (7Be) inventories in multicores, we found that sedimentation rate varied seasonally from 4 to 12 cm (sedimentation rate 0.02–0.06 cm day−1) in fall 2017 to 8 to16 cm (0.05–0.15 cm day−1) in spring 2018. Mapping plume distribution along the continental shelf with satellite imagery corroborated with local wind/wave data revealed that the sediments deposited in South Pelto dredge pit are likely sourced from a combination of the Atchafalaya and Mississippi River plumes during the study period, in addition to possible resuspension from the ambient inner continental shelf and fine-grained material exported from proximal bays. Sedimentation in the dredge pit is not greatly affected by wall slope failure or bedload influx of ambient Ship Shoal sand. Infilling rate and material are slower and finer than past model prediction. Restoration quality sand on this sandy shoal in Louisiana is thus not renewable.
Neurotransmitter-Sensitive Adenylate Cyclase in the Teleost Retina

There is now substantial evidence that several neurotransmitters activate the enzyme adenylate cyclase in the central nervous system (CNS). It has been proposed that the resulting increase in intracellular levels of cyclic AMP may mediate some of the postsynaptic effects of these neurotransmitters (Greengard, 1976, 1978; Daly, 1977). The best characterised neurotransmitter-sensitive adenylate cyclase is that activated by dopamine which has been identified in several regions of the CNS (Kebabian et al., 1972; Clement-Cormier et al., 1974; Iversen, 1975), including the retina (Brown and Makman, 1972; Schorderet, 1977). In addition, it has been reported that noradrenaline (Von Hungen and Roberts, 1973), histamine (Hegstrand et al., 1976) and the neuropeptide vasoactive intestinal peptide (Quik et al., 1978) also specifically stimulate cyclic AMP production in certain brain regions. However, despite the enormous amount of information which has been published concerning the biochemical characterisation, regional distribution and neuropharmacology of these neurotransmitter-sensitive adenylate cyclases, comparatively little information is available concerning their functional significance.
Chapter 7 Luminescence in a-Si: H

Publisher Summary Luminescence offers a detailed probe of localized states and recombination processes in a-Si:H. The studies described in this chapter show that several different recombination mechanisms operate and that the relative importance of each depends on the details of the sample and on the experimental conditions. The dominant luminescence near 1.4 eV is identified as a radiative tunneling transition between band-tail states. The other luminescence at 0.9 eV seems to originate from recombination at dangling bonds. Four different nonradiative processes can be identified. Dangling bonds quench the 1.4 eV luminescence by direct tunneling at low temperature and by thermal ionization to the mobility edge followed by trapping at high temperature. The two other nonradiative mechanisms are surface recombination and Auger transitions. Two further aspects of the recombination are emphasized by the disorder. One is the thermalization of carriers down the band-tail states that can be observed to continue for up to 1 μ sec. The second is geminate recombination, which is a consequence of the short mean free path in extended states and of the rapid localization. The role of geminate recombination and the transition to a nongeminate process can be observed and studied in a-Si:H.
Effect of dietary vitamin A or N-acetylcysteine on ethylnitrosourea-induced rat gliomas

It is our hypothesis that low grade gliomas are the glial counterparts of other precancerous lesions such as colon polyps and, therefore, suitable targets for chemoprevention. Steps in the molecular progression of gliomas have been described, indicating that an accumulation of abnormalities is required for progression to a high grade and interruption of this progression might be possible. An animal model of chemical glial carcinogenesis was used to test this hypothesis. Pregnant rats were injected intravenously with ENU (ethylnitrosourea) on the 18th day of gestation to induce gliomas in the offspring, which were randomized to receive control diet, diet supplemented with vitamin A palmitate, or diet supplemented with N-acetylcysteine. Animals exposed to ENU and receiving a control diet developed brain tumors and had a shortened life expectancy compared with rats unexposed to ENU. The animals treated with NAC showed no statistically significant delay in the time to tumor and no change in the histologic grade of the tumors when compared with animals receiving control diet, but the time to death from any cause of NAC treated animals differed significantly from untreated animals. Animals receiving high dose VA had statistically significantly prolonged time to tumor, survived significantly longer than untreated animals, but had no reduction in the total number of tumors or change in the histologic grade of their tumors. The theoretical basis of these results is likely due to the putative mechanism of action of these agents. These data indicate that glioma chemoprevention is possible and deserves further exploration.
Complementary and alternative medicine: assessing the evidence for immunological benefits

With words such as AIDS, allergy and autoimmunity embedded in the popular lexicon, we often equate health with the precision and the tenor of responses to allergens and microorganisms. This leads many people to seek their own solutions to sustain, restore or even boost their immune competence, hoping to live more comfortably and longer. Here, we consider the social and clinical contexts in which these promises of enhanced immunity are pursued through popular practices known as complementary and alternative medicine and the evidence that supports these.
How might acupuncture work? A systematic review of physiologic rationales from clinical trials

Background Scientific interest in acupuncture has led numerous investigators to conduct clinical trials to test the efficacy of acupuncture for various conditions, but the mechanisms underlying acupuncture are poorly understood.
Trauma experience among homeless female veterans: correlates and impact on housing, clinical, and psychosocial outcomes.

This study examined lifetime exposure to traumatic events as reported by 581 homeless female veterans enrolled in a Homeless Women Veterans Program across 11 sites to characterize the types of trauma they experienced; their correlation with baseline characteristics; and their association with housing, clinical outcomes, and psychosocial functioning over a 1-year treatment period. Almost all participants endorsed multiple types and episodes of traumatic events. Among the most common were having someone close experience a serious or life-threatening illness (82%) and rape (67%). Exploratory factor analysis revealed 6 potential trauma categories: being robbed, experiencing accident or disasters, illness or death of others, combat, sexual assault, and physical assault. At baseline, trauma from sexual assault was associated with more days homeless (β = .18, p < .001), trauma from accidents or disasters was associated with poorer physical health (β = -.23, p < .001), and trauma from being robbed was related to greater use of drugs (β = .22, p < .001). Trauma reported at baseline, however, was not predictive of 1-year outcomes, suggesting type and frequency of trauma does not negatively affect the housing gains homeless women veterans can achieve through homeless services.
Lung Transplantation for α1-Antitrypsin Deficiency Emphysema

Lung transplantation is an option for appropriately selected patients with end-stage emphysema caused by α 1 -antitrypsin deficiency. The functional results have been excellent after single or bilateral lung transplantation, and the medium-term survival results have been good. However, the role of α 1 -antitrypsin replacement therapy after lung transplantation remains uncertain, and further investigation is needed.
Electrical stimulation of the gut

Even though there has been an interest in employing pacemaker therapy for gastro-intestinal (GI) motor dysfunction for about 40 years, GI electrical stimulation is yet to move beyond laboratory experimentation. Electrical stimulation in the colon to restore micturition and defecation and in the stomach for treatment of gastroparesis currently hold promise of rapid translation to clinical therapy. Small bowel electrical stimulation is still very experimental.
Posterlet: A Game-Based Assessment of Children's Choices to Seek Feedback and to Revise

We introduce one instance of a game-based assessment designed to measure students’ self-regulated learning choices. We describe our overarching measurement strategy and we present Posterlet, an assessment game in which students design posters and learn graphic design principles from feedback. We designed Posterlet to assess children’s choices to seek informative negative feedback and to revise their work. Middle-school students from New York and Illinois played Posterlet and then took a post-test, for an overall average of 17 minutes of interaction time. Results showed that the frequency of choosing negative feedback and revision correlated with learning graphic design principles from the game. Seeking negative feedback, but less so revision, further correlated with standardized achievement tests of reading and mathematics. Our research presents a first-of-kind behavioural measure of students’ feedback and revision choices and their relations to learning. Within the design context of creating posters, we found correlational evidence that seeking negative feedback and revising are good behaviours for self-regulated learning, and we devised a way to measure these behaviours. This sets the stage for developing and evaluating models of self-regulated learning instruction that help students choose to seek feedback effectively and revise accordingly.
Fear of crime and behavioral restrictions in urban and suburban neighborhoods

Variations in fear of crime and behavioral restrictions were explored within city and suburban neighborhoods of the Chicago metropolitan area. A random telephone survey (n=1,803) gathered information on fear and behavioral restrictions, other crime-related experiences and perceptions, perceptions of the neighborhood physical and social environment, and demographic characteristics. These data were supplemented by merging contextural information (from census and other archival sources) about each respondent's place of residence to the data set. Hierarchial step-wise regression analyses were performed separately for the city and suburban residents. Sets of predictor variables were found that accounted for more than 25 percent of the variance in the criterion measures. Implications of these findings for policy makers and future research are discussed.
A switched-capacitor realization of multiple FIR filters on a single chip

Design techniques for realizing eight 32-tap transversal filters on a single-CMOS IC are discussed. The IC is capable of processing signals at a rate of 500 million multiplications and accumulations per second, while achieving a high dynamic range. The IC contains 32 sample-and-holds, a 32*32 analog multiplexer, eight 32-input summing amplifiers, and all of the needed control circuitry. The chip was fabricated using a standard CMOS, p-well process with double polysilicon. All of the necessary analog sampled-data and digital control circuits were realized on a 307*315 mil/sup 2/ die. >
Strengthening the technological capabilities of domestic industries: Pressures, deterrents and policy alternatives☆

Abstract After calling attention to some misleading conceptions of the industrial sectors facing increasing challenges from abroad, the analysis highlights the primary sources of recent shortcomings in the competitiveness of major industries in the US and in some other long industrialized economies. Suggestions are then offered concerning potential corrective policies available to national governments, to managements, to trade unions and to universities as well. Finally, the need for long term perspectives in formulating and implementing such constructive programs is emphasized along with the need to integrate them with other major programs for promoting the national welfare.
Summer Habitat Use of Large Adult Striped Bass and Habitat Availability in Lake Martin, Alabama

Abstract To identify the summer habitat use by Gulf strain Striped Bass Morone saxatilis in Lake Martin, Alabama, 36 fish greater than 4 kg were tracked weekly from June through September in 2009 and 2010. Temperature and dissolved oxygen profiles were collected biweekly from July to October each year and were incorporated into a hypsographic curve to estimate summertime volumes of Striped Bass habitat. Striped Bass moved downstream in the reservoir and deeper in the water column as the summer progressed in both years. Across all temperatures and dissolved oxygen concentrations (DOCs) measured, fish generally selected cooler temperatures when DOCs were greater than 3.1 mg/L, but below that level, fish selected warmer temperatures. By early July each year, quality Striped Bass habitat (≤21.0°C and ≥3.2 mg/L DOC) comprised 40–50% of the total habitat available in Lake Martin. However, in 2009 all quality habitat was gone from the reservoir by August 1, and total habitat (≤25.0°C and ≥1.6 mg/L DOC) rapidly d...
Reaction pathways in the formation of the Tl–Ca–Ba–Cu superconducting phases

The 2223, 1223, 1324, and 1122 phases in the Tl–Ca–Ba–Cu system were prepared from sample mixtures having the same stoichiometry as the final phase. Powder x-ray diffraction analysis was used to follow the formation of these phases at 867 °C for up to 2 h. The formation of the 2223 phase is shown to occur via the sequential transformations 2021 → 2122 → 2223. For the 1–2–2–3 and 1–3–2–4 samples, the sequential transformations 1021 → 2021 → 2122 → 2223 occur before the final 1223 and 1324 phases are obtained. For the 1122 phase the formation is preceded by the 1021 → 2021 → 2122 transformations. Using scanning electron microscopy, a phase with a glassy appearance was detected in many of the reacted samples. This “glassy” phase appears to be a precursor in the formation of the Tl–Ca–Ba–Cu phases.
Predicted new electromagnetic precursors and altered signal velocity in dispersive media

Abstract New optical precursors are predicted in media exhibiting “non-conventional” dispersion characteristics such as spatial dispersion, surface polaritons and surface plasmons. Numerical estimates are given for the exciton and surface polariton precursors in CdS, and surface plasmon in Al. The signal velocity increases in spatially dispersive media and is essentially constant throughout the “stop” gap. Measurement of these effects may provide new spectroscopic information regarding “non-conventional” dispersion.
The β1-β2 Linker in the Extracellular Domain of ASIC1 Determines Desensitization of ASIC1

ASICs are proton-activated channels expressed in the nervous system of all chordates. Despite high amino acid conservation of the ASICs we have observed significant functional differences among these channels. For instance, ASIC1 from fishes and amphibian are more sensitive to desensitization by preconditioning pH than the mammalian channels. Studies of fish, shark, and frog ASIC1 show that these channels are completely desensitized by pH ≥7.3. We identified three residues in the linker connecting b1 to b2 in the extracellular domain of ASIC1 (corresponding to positions P82, N83, and M84 in the frog sequence) that are responsible to this property. Mutations of those residues for the corresponding ones in rat ASIC1 shift the preconditioning pH from 7.5 to 7.3 and decrease the rate of decay of the peak currents from 3.5±0.2 s-1 to 1.6±0.2-1. Out of the three indicated residues, the one in position 84 has the largest effect in desensitization. Similar results were obtained in shark ASIC1 and in elephant shark ASIC1. We conclude that the b1-b2 linker is an important determinant of the rate of ASIC1 desensitization thereby it may undergo conformational changes during the desensitization process. From a physiological point of view, the b1-b2 linker sets the pH range wherein these channels are functional. The results are also consistent with the notion that the b1-b2 linker has evolved to optimize the response of ASIC1 to the range of physiological extracellular pH of each species, which is higher in amphibians and fishes than in mammals.
Use of Sub-Modeling Techniques to Calculate Peak Stresses in Bolt Head-to-Shank Fillet Radius

There is an ever-increasing use of three-dimensional finite element models in the field of structural analysis to simulate structural response of complex geometries. Although these models are effective in simulating gross structural behavior, they are oftentimes not able to include sufficient detail to simulate small structural details where stress concentrations can occur. To overcome this limitation, sub-models can be used to calculate stresses in areas of peak stress. This paper discusses the process involved in calculating peak stresses in bolt head-to-shank interfaces using sub-modeling methods.Copyright © 2008 by Westinghouse Electric Company
Open season on RNA polymerase

Bacterial RNA polymerase holoenzyme and open complex structures reveal how the σ subunit binds RNA polymerase and mediates the specific recognition of promoter DNA to facilitate transcription initiation.
Parabolic Heat Conduction Specialized Applications Involving Imperfect Contact Surfaces: Local Discontinuous Galerkin Finite Element Method—Part 2

Parabolic heat conduction specialized applications involving imperfect thermal contact surfaces are analyzed via the Local Discontinuous Galerkin (LDG) finite element method. In this paper, we describe the advantages of the LDG finite element formulation over the traditional continuous Galerkin (CG) finite element method for modeling imperfect thermal contact between surfaces. To-date, mostly interface/gap elements have been primarily used to model the imperfect contact between two surfaces to solve thermal contact resistance problems. The LDG method eliminates the use of such interface/gap elements and provides a higher degree of accuracy. Several illustrative 2-D applications highlight the effectiveness of the present LDG finite element formulations for this class of problems.
The role of phytoplankton in the diets of adult and larval shipworms,Lyrodus pedicellatus (Bivalvia: Teredinidae)

The shipwormLyrodus pedicellatus does not feed exclusively on the wood into which it burrows. This paper demonstrates the ability of adults to ingest and incorporate radioactivity from14C-labelled phytoplankton. The free-swimming larvae of this species, however, do not feed while in the plankton. This is related to their limited ability to delay metamorphosis in the absence of a suitable wood substrate.
Poly(methyl methacrylate) membranes

Uniform and symmetric membranes were formed from poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) by making use of the stereocomplex phenomenon which characteristically occurs in the solution of a mixture of isotactic PMMA and syndiotactic PMMA. The water permeability of the membrane was very high compared to a commercially available cellulosic membrane, whereas their NaCl permeabilities were the same. The permeabilities of the membranes are explained by a simple capillary model. By varying the tacticity of the polymer it was found that the finest membrane structure is formed at the isotactic polymer ratio of ca. 30%. This shows the close relationship between complex formation and membrane permeability.
Genetic-algorithm-based reconstruction in diffusion tomography

A genetic algorithm based approach is employed in the inverse problem of reconstructing the interior of a diffusing medium. Diffusion of optical energy in a scattering medium is simulated by a relaxation scheme. The genetic algorithm uses an error measure to successively modify an initial set of solutions yielding new generations of improved solutions. The error measure, which determines the relative merit of a particular solution, is determined by comparing the data obtained by simulating diffusion through the solution with those for the unknown medium. Unlike conventional iterative schemes, successive generations of solutions are generated through a directed parallel search in the solution space without any knowledge of the derivative of the error surface. The parallel search mechanism alleviates the problem of getting trapped in local minima. Results of experiments performed on two-dimensional planar media are presented along with suggestions for hybrid approaches that incorporate other reconstruction schemes.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Modeling bidirectional reflection distribution function of microscale random rough surfaces

The radiative properties of three different materials surfaces with one-dimensional microscale random roughness were obtained with the finite difference time domain method (FDTD) and near-to-far-field transformation. The surface height conforms to the Gaussian probability density function distribution. Various computational modeling issues that affect the accuracy of the predicted properties were discussed. The results show that, for perfect electric conductor (PEC) surfaces, as the surface roughness increases, the magnitude of the spike reduces and eventually the spike disappears, and also as the ratio of root mean square roughness to the surface correlation distance increases, the retroreflection becomes evident. The predicted values of FDTD solutions are in good agreement with the ray tracing and integral equation solutions. The overall trend of bidirectional reflection distribution function (BRDF) of PEC surfaces and silicon surfaces is the same, but the silicon’s is much less than the former’s. The BRDF difference from two polarization modes for the gold surfaces is little for smaller wavelength, but it is much larger for the longer wavelength and the FDTD simulation results agree well with the measured data. In terms of PEC surfaces, as the incident angle increases, the reflectivity becomes more specular.
Strategies for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation

Summary Currently, warfarin is the standard for stroke reduction inatrial ﬁbrillation. Warfarin reduces the risk of systemicembolism and stroke in atrial ﬁbrillation and is indicated aslong-term treatment for patients with atrial ﬁbrillation andrisk factors for stroke, even when a rhythm control strategyis being used. Unless contraindications to anticoagulationdevelop, warfarin should not be stopped in these patients,even if atrial ﬁbrillation is paroxysmal or if sinus rhythmappears to be maintained. Warfarin should be maintained attherapeutic levels (PT/INR 2.0–3.0) for best efﬁcacy andsafety. Therapeutic PT/INRs 2.0 are particularly impor-tant at and prior to cardioversion attempts. Aspirin may beused in some low-risk patients with lone atrial ﬁbrillation,no additional risk factors, and age 65 years.New therapies may revolutionize the approach to strokereduction in atrial ﬁbrillation and include thrombin inhibi-tors and, in selected patients, left atrial occlusion tech-niques. However, safety and efﬁcacy, particularly comparedto warfarin, need to be established prior to routine use ofthese treatments.
Activation of Chymotrypsinogen B

Abstract During the process of activation of chymotrypsinogen B at least 3 stages of activity levels can be distinguished. The first is the least stable, the third the most stable. With the same concentration of enzyme precursors and activating trypsin (EC 3.4.4.4) the initial rate of formation of chymotrypsin B (EC 3.4.4.6) is about 25 times higher than that of α-chymotrypsin (EC 3.4.4.5). With a constant time and varied concentration of trypsin, chymotrypsinogen B reaches a maximum activity level with one-tenth the amount of trypsin required to reach a maximum activity for α-chymotrypsinogen. The first activating cleavage is the same in both enzyme precursors and involves the bond arginine-isoleucine.
Topology of the quasi-ordinary surface singularities

IN this paper we are interested in one type of (local) complex surface singularities (nonisolated in general, (2.4.3) ex. 2) the investigation of which is due essentially to Lipman [20]. Let F be the surface in an open set in C3 defined by the vanishing of a holomorphic function in three variables. Assume that the origin 0 is a singular (nonsmooth) point of F. If there is a projection of F to a complex plane so that the discriminant (branch) curve has a smooth point at the image of 0, then F is equisingular at 0 (along the preimage of the discriminant curve) [27]. The surface singularities that we are interested in are those which are next in order of complexity, namely those whose images in some (local) projections are ordinary double points of the discriminant curves. Such singularities are said to be quasi-ordinary or Jungian (2.1). See [21] for an introduction to the quasi-ordinary singularities and a summary of the fundamental work [20]. Quasi-ordinary singularities are amenable to detailed analysis since they can be “parametrized” by fractional power series in two variables [19, p. 2071, [Z], which are called the parametrizations of the singularities (cf. the irreducible plane curve singularities can always be parametrized by fractional power (Puiseux) series in one variable). From a suitably normalized parametrization of a quasi-ordinary singularity one can single out (in the same way one obtains the characteristic pairs of plane curves) some exponents. called the distinguished pairs, which are shown in [20] to depend only on the analytic type ( = isomorphism type of the analytic local ring) of the singularity. Moreover, like the characteristic pairs for plane curves, the distinguished pairs determine quite a lot of geometry of the singularity [21, p. 1631. The main result of this paper is that the distinguished pairs of (F, 0) depend only on the topological type of (C3, F) at 0. In other words, the local topology of a quasi-ordinary singularity determines its distinguished pairs. Since the distinguished pairs determine the local topology (2.2.3), it follows that topo!ogically the quasi-ordinary singulariries are completely classified by rheir disringuished pairs (2.2.4). As a corollary, the question of Zariski about the topological invariance of multiplicity is answered affirmatively for quasi-ordinary singularities (2.2.5). Another consequence of the main result is that the local topology determines the Zariski tangent cone (up to isomorphism) (2.2.5)-ii, this answers a question of L(LTeissier [ 18, p. 107]in the quasi-ordinary case. The following question may be of some interest to topologists: Question (Lipman [ZO, p. 1683). Is there an explicit topological interpretation of the distinguished pairs, as one has via compound torus knots for the characteristic pairs of plane curves? The main result: “local topology determines the distinguished pairs (2.2.1)” will be proved
Secure mobile authentication and device association with enhanced cryptographic engines

Mobile devices are quickly becoming the most used and abundant electronics used today. The ability to positively identify a mobile device and associate it with a specific person or entity is critical to deter theft and provide enhanced security of stored data. This paper presents a novel method for providing device identification through the use of PUF technology that uniquely labels every supporting device. This method can also be leveraged to create secure communications between devices and to protect on-board data.
Program in BASIC for ferguson plot analysis, using a personal computer: Application to gel electrophoresis in a continuous buffer

A program in BASIC suitable for personal computers is described which is applicable to gel electrophoresis conducted in a single (continuous) buffer. The curve fitting is to a polynomial function, allowing for an objective selection of the most appropriate curve type and order – linear, convex or concave – in the particular application. Results do not differ significantly from previous programs for evaluation of linear Ferguson plots or of curve fitting to an exponential function for evaluating convex plots, executed on mainframe computers such as the DEC-10 (Digital) and IBM 370 computers. Thus, the program combines original versatility with, for the first time, the possibility for widespread application of Ferguson plot analysis on personal computers.
Critical examination of Fe8 as a contrast agent for magnetic resonance imaging

Abstract The compound Fe8 (C36H120O23N18Fe8Br8) was examined for its potential as a contrast agent for magnetic resonance imaging. The compound was prepared, isolated, and shown to exhibit superparamagnetism (S = 10). The structure of Fe8 in aqueous solution was probed by several NMR techniques. Relaxivity of aqueous solutions of Fe8 as well as that of comparison compounds FeCl3, FeCl3(tacn) (tacn = 1,4,7-triazacyclononane), and Gd(DTPA) (DTPA = diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid) were determined by T1 and T2 inversion recovery and CPMG sequences. In contrast to a previous report, the relaxivity of Fe8 solutions was found to be weak compared to Gd(DTPA). However, an interesting dependence upon pH was observed. The influence of environmental factors on relaxivity is of interest in the burgeoning field of molecular imaging.
Inclusions of non-neoplastic thyroid tissue within cervical lymph nodes.

Non-neoplastie thyroid follicle inclusions were found in four cervical lymph nodes and the cervical adipose tissue in a 29-year-old Japanese male who died of acute myelogenous leukemia. Microscopic study of several serial sections of the whole thyroid gland were negative for any neoplastic lesion. The presence of thyroid follicles in the cervical lymph nodes has been explained by theories of embryological displacement, metastatic carcinoma and benign metastasis (thyroidosis). The author strongly suggests the need for a re-evaluation of the embryological relationships between developing cervical lymphatic and thyroid tissues as well as thorough systematic anatomic and pathological studies of the cervical lymph nodes and the thyroid gland proper.
Telemedicine and coping skills groups for Pacific Island veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder: a pilot study.

Patients with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) were randomly assigned to either an eight-week videoconferencing PTSD coping skills group or a traditional face-to-face PTSD coping skills group. Levels of attrition and compliance, patient satisfaction, clinician satisfaction and patients' retention of information were compared between the two conditions. Of the 41 referred veterans, 20 were eligible and agreed to participate in the study. Three of these participants withdrew from the study before randomization. By the end of the study, 89% of the patients remained in the videoconferencing group, whereas only 50% remained in the face-to-face group. Patients in the face-to-face group attended an average of 4.9 sessions and patients in the videoconferencing group attended 6.3 sessions (this difference was not significant). There was no difference between levels of patient satisfaction or clinician satisfaction at weeks 4 or 8. Patients' retention of information was similar in the two groups. The results s...
Acute changes in high energy phosphates, nucleotide derivatives, and contractile force in ischaemic and nonischaemic canine myocardium following coronary occlusion

Studies of ischaemic myocardium following occlusion of coronary arterial branches revealed a substantial decline in creatine phosphate, adenosine triphosphate, and total adenine nucleotide contents over 40 min. Contents of nucleotide breakdown derivatives increased significantly but transiently. Contractile force declined rapidly and stabilized at a low level. In nonischaemic muscle following occlusion creatine phosphate, adenosine triphosphate, and total nucleotide contents declined rapidly, although not to the degree seen in ischaemic muscle. Contents of derivatives increased only slightly. Contractile force increased.
Adrenergic Receptor Subtypes: Pharmacological Approaches

Abstract Although the existence of four distinct adrenergic receptor subtypes (α1, α2, β1, β2) has been recognized for more than 15 years, it has recently become clear that the adrenergic receptor family is much larger than previously suspected. Development of more selective agonists and antagonists and careful comparison of pharmacological properties have led to the realization that there are nine or more adrenergic receptor subtypes. Molecular cloning of many of these subtypes, discussed in an accompanying article, supports this conclusion. The adrenergic receptors fall into three major families (α1, α2, β) based on pharmacology, structure, and signal transduction, with at least three closely related members within each family. Here, we summarize the known pharmacological differences between these receptors and evaluate the best methods currently available for distinguishing these subtypes using selective drugs.
Driving Catalyst Reoxidation in Wacker Cyclizations with Acetal-Based Metal-Hydride Abstractors

In traditional Wacker processes, Pd(II) becomes reduced to Pd(0) after C-O bond formation and β-H elimination and must be reoxidized to the electrophilic Pd(II) state via a stoichiometric oxidant like benzoquinone, CuCl(2), or O(2). We report herein a Pt-catalyzed Wacker-type process that regenerates the electrophilic Pt(2+) state by H(-) abstraction from a [Pt]-H using an oxocarbenium ion generated from an acetal or ketal under acidic conditions.
Innovative practices in public procurement partnerships: The case of the United States

Abstract Public procurement partnerships represent a new approach to conducting government acquisition. These partnerships are predicated on the notion that governments today simply lack the requisite knowledge, skills and financing to provide core public services and acquire sophisticated services, IT and knowledge development by themselves. Instead, governments need to enlist the collective energies of the governmental, business and non-profit (third) sectors. This research looks at the concept of public procurement partnerships in the United States and the major trends promoting their use. Two case examples of public procurement partnerships are presented; one from the perspective of a government partner, the other from the perspective of a private (third) sector partner.
Evaluation of an airborne triple-pulsed 2 μm IPDA lidar for simultaneous and independent atmospheric water vapor and carbon dioxide measurements

Water vapor and carbon dioxide are the most dominant greenhouse gases directly contributing to the Earth's radiation budget and global warming. A performance evaluation of an airborne triple-pulsed integrated path differential absorption (IPDA) lidar system for simultaneous and independent monitoring of atmospheric water vapor and carbon dioxide column amounts is presented. This system leverages a state-of-the-art Ho:Tm:YLF triple-pulse laser transmitter operating at 2.05 μm wavelength. The transmitter provides wavelength tuning and locking capabilities for each pulse. The IPDA lidar system leverages a low risk and technologically mature receiver system based on InGaAs pin detectors. Measurement methodology and wavelength setting are discussed. The IPDA lidar return signals and error budget are analyzed for airborne operation on-board the NASA B-200. Results indicate that the IPDA lidar system is capable of measuring water vapor and carbon dioxide differential optical depth with 0.5% and 0.2% accuracy, respectively, from an altitude of 8 km to the surface and with 10 s averaging. Provided availability of meteorological data, in terms of temperature, pressure, and relative humidity vertical profiles, the differential optical depth conversion into weighted-average column dry-air volume-mixing ratio is also presented.
Anticonvulsant drug mechanisms. Phenytoin, phenobarbital, and ethosuximide and calcium flux in isolated presynaptic endings

• Phenytoin, phenobarbital, ethosuximide, and procaine hydrochloride were evaluated for their ability to inhibit C a flux into isolated presynaptic endings (synaptosomes) prepared from rabbit neocortex. Calcium influx produced by depolarizing concentrations (69 mM) of K + was inhibited 7% to 63% by phenytoin, phenobarbital, or procaine, whereas ethosuximide was ineffective. Decreased Ca 2+ influx was observed with as little as 0.08 mM phenytoin and 0.04 mM phenobarbital. In contrast, 4 mM procaine was needed to produce an effect. These results lead to the conclusion that ability to produce membrane stabilization is not a property of all anticonvulsant drugs; however, this property may be essential for the action of drugs effective in the treatment of major seizures.
Localization in a disordered elastic medium near two dimensions

We describe the transition from extended to localized modes in a disordered elastic medium in $2+\ensuremath{\epsilon}$ dimensions as a phase transition in an appropriate nonlinear $\ensuremath{\sigma}$ model. The latter is derived by considering fluctuations about the mean-field approximation to the replica field Lagrangian for the system. Within this framework, we calculate the averaged one- and two-particle phonon Green's functions obtaining the phonon density of states and frequency-dependent, zero-temperature thermal diffusivity, respectively. Momentum-shell integration of the nonlinear $\ensuremath{\sigma}$ model reveals how this diffusivity renormalizes at longer length scales and hence the nature of normal modes at a given frequency. We demonstrate that all finite-frequency phonons in one and two dimensions are localized with low-frequency localization lengths diverging as $\frac{1}{{\ensuremath{\omega}}^{2}}$ and ${e}^{\frac{1}{{\ensuremath{\omega}}^{2}}}$, respectively, and that a mobility edge, ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{*}$, separating low-frequency extended states from high-frequency localized states exists above $d=2$. The phonon localization length at this mobility edge is shown to diverge as ${|\ensuremath{\omega}\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{*}|}^{\ensuremath{-}\frac{1}{\ensuremath{\epsilon}}}$.
Cytokine-induced patterns of gene expression in skeletal muscle tissue.

Tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and other cytokines induce a state of negative energy balance leading to the breakdown of skeletal muscle. Leptin, another member of the cytokine superfamily, also induces a state of negative energy balance but does not alter lean body mass. The transcription profile of skeletal muscle was compared in animals treated with TNF-α or leptin or in animals pair-fed over a 7-day time course using 11,000-gene microarrays (Affymetrix, Santa Clara, CA). Ten clusters of skeletal muscle genes were identified, each of which showed significantly different expression between TNF-α treatment and pair feeding. Studies comparing leptin treatment and pair feeding revealed that both activate nearly identical programs of gene expression in skeletal muscle. These data indicate that the effects of leptin on skeletal muscle are markedly different from those of TNF-α and that the effects of leptin on skeletal muscle can be largely ascribed to its anorectic effects. Subtle differences between leptin and pair feeding were evident only after 7 days of treatment. In general, pair feeding altered gene expression after the 7-day treatment, whereas leptin did not. The effects of TNF-α on skeletal muscle are distinct from those of pair feeding, a result consistent with its known catabolic effects on this tissue. Analyses of the data from food-restricted animals also identified a set of transcriptional changes associated with this state. Further studies of many newly identified leptin-, TNF-α-, and starvation-regulated genes and the apparent coordinate regulation of these clusters may reveal important insights into the different effects of cytokines on skeletal muscle.
Motivational enhancement therapy and self-help treatment for binge eaters.

Objective The aims of this study were to evaluate whether a single session of motivational enhancement therapy (MET) would increase participant readiness to change, improve the efficacy of self-help treatment for binge eaters, and improve participant compliance with the self-help manual. Method Participants with bulimia nervosa or binge eating disorder were randomly assigned either to attend a 1-hr MET session prior to receiving the self-help manual (n = 45) or to receive the self-help manual only (n = 45). Participants were followed for 4 months for assessment of self-reported eating disorder outcome and compliance. Results The MET intervention resulted in increased readiness to change for binge eating compared with the self-help-only (SH) condition. Few differences were found between the MET condition and the SH condition for changes in eating attitudes and frequency of binge eating and compensatory behaviors. No significant effects were found for compliance. Discussion This research adds to the literature regarding the use of brief motivational interventions to enhance readiness for change in populations with eating disorders.
Controlling Floor Vibration with Active and Passive Devices

This paper reviews research, conducted by the authors over the last decade, pertaining to the control of ex- cessive floor vibration using active and passive devices. The active device studied uses a proof-mass actuator to deliver the control force to the floor system. Effectiveness and stabil- ity characteristics for a single-input/single-output (SISO) con- trol scheme, using velocity feedback, are explored. The SISO system is shown to increase damping to 40% of critical on an experimental floor when amplitudes remain in the linear range. When implemented on two in-place floors, at least a 70% reduction in vibration amplitudes due to walking was ob- served. Next, the benefits of expanding to a practical single- input/multi-output (SIMO) control system are identified. Ad- ditionally, techniques to optimize the SIMO scheme are presented. Because of the stability characteristics of the controlled system, the improvement noted for the SIMO scheme is most dramatic for floors with fundamental frequen- cies near the natural frequency of the actuator. I na2H zfloor example, a SIMO control scheme provided seven times more reduction than that of the SISO system. The passive device research focuses on the experimental implementation of tuned mass dampers (TMDs) to control floor vibration. Two different configurations are explored. The uniqueness of the first device is that liquid filled bladders are used to provide an economical damping mechanism. When implemented on an office floor, a significant improvement of walking vibration lev- els was observed. Satisfaction with the repair was noted from the occupants. The second device utilizes a configuration that has great flexibility in the field, thus allowing for more eco- nomical mass production. Using two TMDs, a significant re- duction of response was noted for the 5 and 6 Hz modes. Research to improve these active and passive strategies continues and will be reported as significant results are achieved.
Anatomy of Viral Persistence

The author has declared that no competing interests exist. This work was supported over the years by NIH grants AI009484 and AI045927. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Coupled boundary layer transport involving particles

Particle deposition by diffusiophoresis and thermophoresis is described using the linearized Fickian multicomponent diffusion equations. For these cases, the diagonal component of the diffusivity matrix for the particle is expected to be much smaller than the other diagonal components. Intuitive arguments, dimensional analyses and the standard interfacial transport theories in multicomponent form suggest that the larger boundary layer due to the larger diffusivity component describes the transition between bulk and surface values for both components.
Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate suppresses early stage, but not late stage prostate cancer in TRAMP mice: mechanisms of action.

BACKGROUND Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second leading cause of cancer-related death in men in the United States. Many men have implemented purported chemopreventive agents into their daily diet in an attempt to delay the early onset of a PCa. Green tea polyphenols, one such agent, has been shown to be chemopreventive in skin, breast, and prostate cancers. We hypothesized that Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate (EGCG), the major polyphenol found in green tea, will exert its chemopreventive effect in the prostate via regulation of sex steroid receptor, growth factor-signaling, and inflammatory pathways. METHODS Five-week-old male TRAMP (Transgenic Adenocarcinoma Mouse Prostate) offspring were fed AIN-76A diet and 0.06% EGCG in tap water. Animals were sacrificed at 28 weeks of age and the entire prostates were scored histopathologically. In addition, animals were sacrificed at 12 weeks of age and ventral (VP) and dorsolateral (DLP) prostates were removed for histopathological evaluation and immunoblot analyses or ELISA. RESULTS EGCG, inhibited early but not late stage PCa in the current study. In the VP, EGCG significantly reduced cell proliferation, induced apoptosis, and decreased androgen receptor (AR), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), IGF-1 receptor (IGF-1R), phospho-extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (phospho-ERKs 1 and 2), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). CONCLUSIONS The attenuation of the AR, the down-regulation of potent growth factor IGF-1, modulation of inflammation biomarkers, and decrease in the MAPK signaling may contribute to the reduction in cell proliferation and induction of apoptosis and hence provide a biochemical basis for EGCG suppressing PCa without toxicity. Prostate 67: 1576–1589, 2007. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
1992 THROUGH 2001: AN INCREDIBLE 10 YEARS FOR HIGH SCHOOL PSYCHOLOGY

Abstract Although psychology has been a part of the high school curriculum for the past 170 years (Benjamin, 2001), the 10 years from 1992 through 2001 witnessed successful activities, events, and initiatives that strengthened the scientific psychology backgrounds of high school psychology teachers, increased the scientific rigor of high school psychology courses, and built partnerships between high school and college faculty. This article traces these developments and concludes that strengthening the interface between high school and college psychology faculty is key to meeting the educational challenges that lie ahead.