cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
S-Adenosylmethionine-dependent alkylation reactions: When are radical reactions used?

Abstract S-Adenosylmethionine (SAM) is a versatile small molecule used in many biological reactions. This review focuses on the mechanistic consideration of SAM-dependent methylation and 3-amino-3-carboxypropylation reactions. Special emphasis is given to methylation and 3-amino-3-carboxypropylation of carbon atoms, for which both nucleophilic mechanisms and radical mechanisms are used, depending on the specific enzymatic reactions. What is the logic behind Nature’s choice of different reaction mechanisms? Here I aim to rationalize the choice of different reaction mechanisms in SAM-dependent alkylation reaction by analyzing a few enzymatic reactions in depth. These reactions include SAM-dependent cyclopropane fatty acid synthesis, DNA cytosine methylation, RNA adenosine C2 and C8 methylation, and 3-amino-3-carboxypropylation involved in diphthamide biosynthesis and wybutosine biosynthesis.
Tracking and elucidating alphavirus-host protein interactions

Viral infections cause profound alterations in host cells. Here, we explore the interactions between proteins of the Alphavirus Sindbis and host factors during the course of mammalian cell infection. Using a mutant virus expressing the viral nsP3 protein tagged with green fluorescent protein (GFP) we directly observed nsP3 localization and isolated nsP3-interacting proteins at various times after infection. These results revealed that host factor recruitment to nsP3-containing complexes was time dependent, with a specific early and persistent recruitment of G3BP and a later recruitment of 14-3-3 proteins. Expression of GFP-tagged G3BP allowed reciprocal isolation of nsP3 in Sindbis infected cells, as well as the identification of novel G3BP-interacting proteins in both uninfected and infected cells. Note-worthy interactions include nuclear pore complex components whose interactions with G3BP were reduced upon Sindbis infection. This suggests that G3BP is a nuclear transport factor, as hypothesized previously, and that viral infection may alter RNA transport. Immunoelectron microscopy showed that a portion of Sindbis nsP3 is localized at the nuclear envelope, suggesting a possible site of G3BP recruitment to nsP3-containing complexes. Our results demonstrate the utility of using a standard GFP tag to both track viral protein localization and elucidate specific viral-host interactions over time in infected mammalian cells.
Macular degeneration secondary to benign orbital mass

Intraocular vascular complications of orbital masses are rare. A patient with a hemangioma abutting the macula is discussed in whom ophthalmoscopic and fluorescein angiographic findings were consistent with either choroidal infarction or disciform degeneration. This case demonstrates a previously unrecognized mechanical etiology for choroidal ischemic lesions of the macula.
Less Invasive Cardiac Surgery

The history of cardiac surgery reflects a constant search by cardiac surgeons for safer and less-invasive ways to treat their patients. Since Dr. F. John Lewis’s pioneering operation in 1952, followed by Dr. C. Walton Lillehei’s first successful series of intracardiac defect repairs in the mid-1950s, cardiac surgery as a surgical subspecialty has expanded dramatically. Notably, one of the most important technological innovations in cardiac surgery was the development and modification of a cardiopulmonary bypass machine. For years, this machine has been used extensively by cardiac surgeons. Its use has enabled cardiac surgery to become a safe and reproducible daily routine in many hospitals across the country. Now, although most cardiac operations are considered somewhat standardized, continued improvements as well as recognition of the importance of postoperative recovery and quality of life remain significant concerns for patients as well as physicians.
Magnesium Oxychloride-Based Foam Thermal Insulation: An Initial Investigation

This study is an initial investigation of the properties and performance of magnesium oxychloride-based foam thermal insulation. Tests and observations were performed on samples prepared in the laboratory and also removedfrom one cavity of a wall of a wood-frame house. The tests to characterize the foam included measurements of density, moisture content, shrinkage, and thermal conductivity, and were combined with analysis using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and thermogravimetry techniques. It was found that the foam had a thermal conductivity comparable to that of other insulations used to retrofit walls of houses. Shrinkage could not be quantified, but was seen to be generally small. The moisture content of the foam removed from the house was about 2%. The results of the analytical measurements indicated that the laboratory-prepared samples and some of those removed from the house were not identical. It was suggested that further analysis be conducted to continue characterization of the foam.
GaAs based HBT large signal modeling using VBIC for linear power amplifier applications

The relevant performance parameters that a large signal device model must predict for linear power amplifier design have been identified. The VBIC model (McAndrew et al., IEEE JSSC vol. 31, no. 10, pp. 1476-83, 1996) was applied to gallium arsenide based heterojunction bipolar transistors and shown to accurately predict all of these performance parameters.
Eosinophil-active cytokine from mononuclear cells cultured with L-tryptophan products : an unexpected consequence of endotoxin contamination

Abstract Background: The eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome, caused by a contaminant or contaminants in epidemiologically implicated L-tryptophan products, is characterized by eosinophilia and eosinophil degranulation. We hypothesized that immune cells are stimulated by implicated L-tryptophan and produce eosinophil-active cytokines. Objectives: This study was designed to identify substances in L-tryptophan causing the eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome. Methods: Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were cultured with L-tryptophan products, and supernatants were tested for their ability to enhance eosinophil degranulation and survival in vitro and for their cytokine content. Subsequently, 46 different L-tryptophan lots were analyzed for their in vitro biologic activities. Results: After peripheral blood mononuclear cells were cultured with implicated L-tryptophan, their supernatants enhanced eosinophil degranulation and survival. These activities were blocked by anti-granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) antibody; immunoreactive GM-CSF was measurable in the supernatants. Monocytes, but not T lymphocytes, were the responding cells. However, no correlation was observed between the in vitro biologic activity and lots of epidemiologically implicated L-tryptophan products. This biologic activity in the L-tryptophan products was characterized as endotoxin. Conclusion: Although L-tryptophan products stimulate peripheral blood mononuclear cells to produce GM-CSF, this response is caused by endotoxin contamination of the L-tryptophan products and not by a specific L-tryptophan contaminant. Endotoxin contamination must be considered as a possible cause of eosinophil-active cytokine production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells. (J ALLERGY CLIN IMMUNOL 1995;95:1261-7.)
Multi-Level Amplitude Modulation of a 16.8-GHz Class-E Power Amplifier With Negative Resistance Enhanced Power Gain for 400-Mbps Data Transmission

Multi-level modulation of a 16.8-GHz class-E power amplifier with negative resistance enhanced power gain is demonstrated in a 130-nm CMOS process. The circuit achieves power gain of ~ 30 dB, and power-added efficiency (PAE) of 16% for the highest output power level of 6.8 dBm. The average efficiency for a random data pattern is ~ 8%. The circuit also exhibits 10-dBm saturated output power and ~ 22% maximum PAE. By realigning the highest output power level to the 10-dBm saturated output power, the efficiency can be improved. For a random data pattern, this PA should achieve ~ 2X higher efficiency than Class A PAs. The circuit supports seven amplitude levels for 400 Megabits per second (Mbps) data transmission. The multi-level output signal levels follow a square-root relation. The circuit including an address decoder occupies ~ 1.4 mm2.
Wave reflection by gradual variations in a dielectric

A plane wave incident on a smoothly stratified dielectric-will experience modulation during propagation. The retlected wave thereby generated is here determined to the first approximation in the "modulation parameter."
Performance of multiple-model filters and parameter-sensitivity analysis for likelihood evaluation with shock variance models

The performance of multiple-model filtering algorithms is examined for shock-variance models, which are a form of linear Gaussian switching models. The primary aim is to determine whether existing multiple-model filters are suitable for evaluating measurement likelihoods in classification applications, and under what conditions such classification models are viable. Simulation experiments are used to empirically examine the likelihood-evaluation performance of suboptimal merging and pruning algorithms as the number of state hypotheses per time step (i.e., algorithm order) increases. The second-order generalized pseudo-Bayes or (GPB(2)) algorithm is found to provide excellent performance relative to higher order GPB algorithms through order five. Likelihoods from fixed-size pruning (FSP) algorithms with increasing numbers of state hypotheses are used to validate the GPB likelihoods, and convergence of the FSP likelihoods to the GPB values is observed. These results suggest that GPB(2) is a reasonable approximation to the unrealizable optimal algorithm for classification. In all cases except very-low-noise situations, the interacting multiple model (IMM) algorithm is found to provide an adequate approximation to GPB(2). Sensitivity of likelihood estimates to certain model parameters is also investigated via a mismatch analysis. As a classification tool, the discrimination capabilities of the measurement likelihoods are tested using an idealized forced-choice experiment, both with ideal and with mismatched models
It's in the Bag!: Going beyond the Science Classroom with Take-Home Literacy Bags

ABSTRACT Although literacy plays a large role in elementary science classrooms, one thing that offers a challenge for educators is meeting the linguistic needs of English language learners (ELLs) while also meeting their content needs. An additional challenge is ensuring that academic literacy extends beyond the classroom. This article presents ways of extending classroom literacy into the home. The suggestions and activities emphasize literacy strategies appropriate for ELLs as well as English-speaking students.
High resolution, high-throughput amide deuterium exchange-mass spectrometry (DXMS) determination of protein binding site structure and dynamics: utility in pharmaceutical design.

Mass spectrometry-based peptide amide deuterium exchange techniques have proven to be increasingly powerful tools with which protein structure and function can be studied, and are unparalleled in their ability to probe sub-molecular protein dynamics. Despite this promise, the methodology has remained labor-intensive and time consuming, with substantial limitations in comprehensiveness (the extent to which target protein sequence is covered with measurable peptide fragments) and resolution (the degree to which exchange measurements can be ascribed to particular amides). I have developed and integrated a number of improvements to these methodologies into an automated high throughput, high resolution system termed Deuterium Exchange Mass Spectrometry (DXMS). With DXMS, complete sequence coverage and single-amide (amino acid) resolution are now rapidly accomplished. DXMS is designed to work well with large proteins and when only small amounts of material are available for study. Studies can be performed upon a receptor-ligand pair as they exist on or within a living cell (in vivo) without prior purification, allowing effective in situ study of integral membrane protein receptors. We have ambitious initiatives underway to make DXMS widely available both for basic academic research studies and commercial drug discovery efforts. In this paper I present an overview of DXMS technology and highlight some of the benefits it will provide in drug discovery and basic proteomics research.
Cross-talk in the gut

Modulation of host signaling by the products of microbial activity in the gut may affect weight gain and fat formation.
Large-Eddy Simulation of Turbulent Flow over a Fixed Two-Dimensional Dune

Turbulent open-channel flow over a two-dimensional dune is studied using an established large-eddy simulation code. The free surface is approximated as a shear free boundary. Turbulence statistics and instantaneous flow structures are examined. Numerical results from two computational grids agree with each other, and are also in good agreement with recently obtained experimental data. The mean velocity profiles show significant changes along the dune and there is no region that conforms to the standard law-of-the-wall. Profiles of the Reynolds stresses show distinct peaks marking the shear layer that originates from flow separation at the dune crest. Secondary peaks found further from the dune are ascribed to the shear layer over the upstream dune. Details of the separated flow and development of the flow after reattachment are well predicted. Quadrant analysis of the Reynolds shear stress shows that turbulent ejections dominate the near-wall motions. Complex water surface flow structures are visualized.
Protecting Privacy Through Copyright Law

A quartet of recent copyright cases have extended protection to privacy and other personal interests of individuals depicted in copyrighted works. Victims of so-called revenge porn are also relying on copyright to protect their privacy interests. This short essay revisits the seminal Warren and Brandeis article on "The Right to Privacy," which relied heavily on copyright cases to support the notion that privacy interests were and should be legally protectable. It asks whether Warren and Brandeis would have approved of this renewed direction for copyright law.
The Flow Z0of [2]: Critical Points at Infinity, False and True

Considering a curve x ∈ Cs, with \(\dot x = a\xi + bv\) the flow Z0 of (2) has three components: (a) First, Z0 tracks the oscillations of |b| above constant values. Namely, each time b (or −b) goes above some value γ and then comes back below the same value over a time interval I and, in addition, \({\smallint _I}b\) is less than a fixed constant c0, Z0 will pick some strength from such an oscillation. Indeed, along a tangent vector to Cβ, z = λξ + μυ + ηw \(\dot \eta = \mu a - \lambda b,\frac{{\text{.}}}{{\lambda + \bar \mu \eta }} = b\eta - \smallint _0^1b\eta\) (see [2]) the first variation of b is $$\dot \mu + a\eta \tau - b\eta d\bar \mu (\xi ),$$ where τ and \(\bar \mu\) are appropriate functions on M.
Gastrin-mediated interleukin-8 and cyclooxygenase-2 gene expression: differential transcriptional and posttranscriptional mechanisms.

Background & Aims: Gastrin induces the expression of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 and interleukin (IL)-8; however, the mechanism(s), especially in gastric epithelial cells, is not well understood. Here, we have determined the intracellular mechanisms mediating gastrin–dependent gene expression. Methods: AGS-E human gastric cancer cell line stably expressing cholecystokinin-2 receptor was treated with amidated gastrin-17. Real-time polymerase chain reaction, Western blot, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were performed to determine COX-2 and IL-8 expression and Akt, Erk, and p38 phosphorylation. Gene promoter activity was determined by luciferase assay. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay analysis was performed for nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) and activator protein-1 activity. RNA stability was determined after actinomycin D treatment. HuR localization was determined by immunocytochemistry. Results: Gastrin induced COX-2 and IL-8 expression in AGS-E cells, which was inhibited by phosphatidylinositol 3′ kinase (PI3K) and p38 inhibitors. Gastrin-mediated Akt activation was observed to be downstream of p38. IL-8 expression was dependent on COX-2–mediated prostaglandin E2 synthesis. In the presence of an NF-κB inhibitor MG132, IL-8 transcription was inhibited, but not that of COX-2. This was confirmed after knockdown of the p65 RelA subunit of NF-κB. Further studies showed that COX-2 gene transcription is regulated by activator protein-1. Gastrin increased the stability of both COX-2 and IL-8 messenger RNA (mRNA) in a p38-dependent manner, the half-life increasing from 31 minutes to 8 hours and approximately 4 hours, respectively. Gastrin, through p38 activity, also enhanced HuR expression, nucleocytoplasmic translocation, and enhanced COX-2 mRNA binding. Conclusions: Gastrin differentially induces COX-2 and IL-8 expression at the transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels by PI3K and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways, respectively.
The relationship between truck accidents and geometric design of road sections: Poisson versus negative binomial regressions.

This paper evaluates the performance of Poisson and negative binomial (NB) regression models in establishing the relationship between truck accidents and geometric design of road sections. Three types of models are considered: Poisson regression, zero-inflated Poisson (ZIP) regression, and NB regression. Maximum likelihood (ML) method is used to estimate the unknown parameters of these models. Two other feasible estimators for estimating the dispersion parameter in the NB regression model are also examined: a moment estimator and a regression-based estimator. These models and estimators are evaluated based on their (i) estimated regression parameters, (ii) overall goodness-of-fit, (iii) estimated relative frequency of truck accident involvements across road sections, (iv) sensitivity to the inclusion of short road sections, and (v) estimated total number of truck accident involvements. Data from the Highway Safety Information System are employed to examine the performance of these models in developing such relationships. The evaluation results suggest that the NB regression model estimated using the moment and regression-based methods should be used with caution. Also, under the ML method, the estimated regression parameters from all three models are quite consistent and no particular model outperforms the other two models in terms of the estimated relative frequencies of truck accident involvements across road sections. It is recommended that the Poisson regression model be used as an initial model for developing the relationship. If the overdispersion of accident data is found to be moderate or high, both the NB and ZIP regression models could be explored. Overall, the ZIP regression model appears to be a serious candidate model when data exhibit excess zeros, e.g. due to underreporting. However, the interpretation of the ZIP model can be difficult.
Elevation dependent sensitivity of northern hardwoods to Ca addition at Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, NH, USA.

Acidic deposition has caused a depletion of calcium (Ca) in the northeastern forest soils. Wollastonite (Ca silicate) was added to watershed 1 (WS1) at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest (HBEF) in 1999 to evaluate its effects on various functions of the HBEF ecosystem. The effects of Ca addition on foliar soluble (extractable in 5% HClO4) ions, chlorophyll, polyamines, and amino acids were studied in three hardwood species, namely sugar maple, yellow birch, and American beech. We further analyzed these effects in relation to elevation at Ca-supplemented WS1 and reference WS3 watersheds. Foliar soluble Ca increased significantly in all species at mid and high elevations at Ca-supplemented WS1. This was accompanied by increases in soluble P, chlorophyll, and two amino acids, glutamate and glycine. A decrease in known metabolic indicators of physiological stress (i.e., the amino acids, arginine and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and the diamine, putrescine) was also observed. In general, these changes were species-specific and occurred in an elevation dependent manner. Despite an observed increase in Ca at high elevation for all three species, only sugar maple exhibited a decrease in foliar putrescine at this elevation indicating possible remediation from Ca deficiency. At higher elevations of the reference WS3 site, foliar concentrations of Ca and Mg, as well as Ca:Mn ratios were lower, whereas Al, putrescine, spermidine, and GABA were generally higher. Comparison of metabolic data from these three species reinforces the earlier findings that sugar maple is the most sensitive and American beech the least sensitive species to soil Ca limitation. Furthermore, there was an increase in sensitivity with an increase in elevation.
Wave–Current Interactions in Finite Depth

The energy, momentum, and mass-flux exchanges between surface waves and underlying Eulerian mean flows are considered, and terms in addition to the classical wave “radiation stress” are identified. The formulation is made in terms of the vertically integrated flow. The various terms are identified with other analyses and interpreted in terms of physical mechanisms, permitting reasonable estimates of the associated depth dependencies. One term is identified with the integrated “CL vortex force” implemented, for example, in simulations of Langmuir circulation. However, as illustrated with a simple example of steady refraction across a shear zone, other terms of the same order can significantly alter the results. The classic example of long waves forced by short-wave groups is also revisited. In this case, an apparent singularity arising in shallow water is countered by finite-amplitude dispersion corrections, these being formally of the same order as the forced long-wave response, and becoming significant or dominant as shallow water is approached.
Detection of DNA Polymorphisms in Homalodisca coagulata (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) by Polymerase Chain Reaction-Based DNA Fingerprinting Methods

DNA polymorphisms were detected in Homalodisca coagulata (Say) (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) with the following DNA fingerprinting methods: inter-simple sequence repeat-polymerase chain reaction (ISSR-PCR) and primer pair-ISSR-PCR (pp-ISSR-PCR), randomly amplified microsatellite polymophisms (RAMP), selective amplification of microsatellite polymorphic loci (SAMPL), and primer pair-random amplification of polymorphic DNA-polymerase chain reaction (pp-RAPD-PCR). But first, a small-scale DNA fingerprinting screening procedure was initiated with these methods with a few individual insects to estimate the most sensitive and efficient method(s). In total, 205 polymorphic markers were generated with the four methods. The efficiency ratio estimated the following order for each method: 1) pp-ISSR-PCR and ISSR-PCR, 2) RAMP, 3) pp-RAPD-PCR, and 4) SAMPL. The screening efficiency ratio estimated that pp-ISSR-PCR and ISSR-PCR were the most efficient methods. DNA polymorphisms were detected in a natural population of 10-30 insects. The number of polymorphic loci ranged from five (pp-RAPD-PCR reaction 6) to 32 (ISSR-PCR primer 13), and the percentage of polymorphic loci was 100% for most primers tested. DNA fingerprinting methods tested were able to detect geographic variation in populations of H. coagulata from Bakersfield and Riverside, CA, and Weslaco, TX. Dendrograms based on Nei's genetic distance showed that H. coagulata from Bakersfield and Riverside formed a cluster separate from Weslaco in three DNA fingerprinting reactions tested incorporating simple sequence repeats. DNA fingerprinting methods tested were also able to distinguish between three Homalodisca sharpshooters: H. coagulata, Homalodisca insolita (Walker), and Homalodisca liturata (Ball). The present results confirmed the utility of the DNA fingerprinting screening procedure and demonstrated, for the first time, genetic variation in natural populations of glassy-winged sharpshooters by PCR-based DNA fingerprinting methods.
Androgens and the Skeleton – Humans

Publisher Summary In men, the role of androgens and their estrogenic metabolites in regulating the skeleton throughout life has become increasingly apparent through a large number of important observational and interventional studies. Furthermore, researchers' understanding has moved beyond general clinical observations that relate the pubertal rise in testosterone (and estradiol) to increases in bone mineral content and the age-associated decline in androgen production to bone loss. The molecular mechanisms by which gonadal steroids influence osteoblast and osteoclast function have now begun to be characterized. Despite this increased understanding, however, much is yet to be learned concerning the relative roles gonadal steroids play in skeletal development, skeletal maintenance and in the pathophysiology of osteoporosis in men. Furthermore, the clinical potential and safety of androgen administration or other hormonal manipulations in the prevention and treatment of bone fragility in men at various stages of life remains unclear. This chapter reviews the role that androgens play in male skeletal metabolism, the skeletal consequences of disorders of gonadal steroid production or action and the therapeutic effects of androgen administration and manipulation in men. The relative roles of androgens and estrogens are also discussed.
A generalized Goodwin business cycle model in random environment

Abstract This work develops a generalization of the Goodwin–Lotka–Volterra models. The traditional model describes the evolution of the employment rate and the labor share. Motivated by recent developments on business cycles and Goodwin-type models, we consider a generalized Goodwin business cycle model with noise. We aim at investigating the impact of telegraph noise and white noise on the evolution of trajectories and the energy on trajectories of the model. It is proved that with the presence of the noises, all trajectories exit any compact subset of the open unit square D = ( 0 , 1 ) × ( 0 , 1 ) and the energy along trajectories can be arbitrarily large. Moreover, under certain additional conditions, the boundary of D is the stable limit cycle of the perturbed model by white noise. Noise impact on the period of business cycles is also discussed. Numerical examples are provided to demonstrate our findings.
Share Repurchase Decisions and Market Reaction: Accounting, Information Asymmetry, and Investment Opportunities

We test whether firms announce share repurchases and the announcement conveys good news, when firms have accounting assets reflecting less of firm value and high general information asymmetry, and bad news when firms have no attractive investment opportunities and idle cash. Proxies for accounting and idle cash are significantly positively related to share repurchase likelihood; general information asymmetry proxies are significantly negatively associated. Returns tests support the accounting and general information asymmetry hypotheses, but not the idle cash hypothesis. Findings are consistent with firms using repurchases to convey firm value not reflected in accounting assets, and the market reacting accordingly.
Cross-Chip: Low power processor-to-memory nanophotonic interconnect architecture

As processors continue towards many-cores, on-chip memory interconnects are anticipated to consume a substantial portion of overall chip power and area. In this paper, we propose Cross-Chip (XChip), a new core-to-memory network-on-chip architecture that significantly improves system power efficiency with minimal network area footprint and high performance communication for future many-core processors. This is achieved by relocating the global shared last-level cache off chip, closer to main memory, and by bridging the processor-to-memory gap with high bandwidth, low power nanophotonics. By implementing the network across separate chips with optical fibers, free-space can be leveraged to avoid additional insertion losses from waveguide intersections. Our simulation and analytical results show that when our proposed interconnect architecture is compared to several other photonic architectures, XChip can reduce total network area by 11%, and reduce laser power consumption by 49% with only small penalties to overall system IPC.
Numerical Investigation of Centerbodiless RDE Design Variations

The pressure gain of detonation has great potential to increase efficiency of cycles involving combustion. Rotating detonation engines (RDEs) have a great deal of promise as a detonation based combustor. The RDE’s advantages over current pulsed detonation cycles include needing only a single initiation, having a more uniform exhaust pressure, compact design, and capability to process high flow rates. However, without consideration for pressure losses due to friction or shock strength, it is possible to lose the efficiency advantages RDEs have over conventional combustion. Some recent numerical studies have shown it may be possible to ignite an RDE that has only the outer wall, with air going through the center instead of a centerbody. These centerbodiless RDE Designs may entrain flow and impart momentum to more air, which may increase the total propulsive efficiency. In addition, their unique design with fewer walls for reflection may result in fewer reversals and blow-outs of the RDE. This may expand the range of operation for certain applications. A numerical study using a Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) program Fluent, by ANSYS is being performed to test three dimensional (3D) configurations of centerybodyless RDE. The effect of various alterations to the design will be studied, including hydrogen injection hole size alteration, longitudinal walls, and an ejector. A simple Spalart-Allmaras turbulence model will be used to better simulate mixing of hydrogen and air. Detonation will test for steady operation for multiple cycles.
Pharmacokinetics and pharmacogenomics of β-lactam-induced neutropenia

Aim: Determine if individuals with β-lactam induced neutropenia have polymorphisms that impair function of MRP4 or OAT1/OAT3. Methods: Subjects with β-lactam induced neutropenia were compared to controls for the presence of MRP4 and OAT1/OAT3 polymorphisms, estimated plasma trough concentrations and area under the curve. Results: Subjects with a homozygous polymorphism at MRP4 3348 A to G were 5.3 times more likely to develop neutropenia (p = 0.171). No statistical differences were noted in pharmacokinetic parameters. Contingency analysis of children greater than 5 years of age showed neutropenia in subjects who were homozygous wild type at MRP4 3348 A to G was significantly associated with standard or high dosing (p = 0.03). Conclusion: MRP4 3348 A to G should be further studied for potential contribution to the development of β-lactam induced neutropenia.
A Navigation Computer

(1947). A Navigation Computer. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 54, No. 8, pp. 453-458.
Research on the Geometrical Parameter In Super-high Speed Point Grinding

It introduced the neoteric wheel which is used in super high speed point grinding.According to the position between the wheel and workpiece in cylindrical grinding process,the geometrical parameter in super high speed point grinding had been built completely.It educed the mechanism of material removal in coarse grinding and finished grinding area and the length of geometric contact arc.It also acquired the dynamic arc length of contact based on the research of single abrasive particle track in point grinding.The connection between the contact arc and α and θ could be described in plot,which could provide the theoretical element of mechanism research in super high speed point grinding.
Response of the renin-angiotensin system to relief of neonatal ureteral obstruction.

Chronic partial ureteral obstruction (CPUO) causes an increase in renal vascular resistance (RVR) that can be prevented by angiotensin II (ANG II)-converting enzyme inhibition. To assess the early effects of CPUO, guinea pigs subjected to neonatal left ureteral obstruction were anesthetized at 11-13 days of age for measurement of cardiac output and renal blood flow (RBF) using radioactive microspheres. Although RBF of the hydronephrotic kidney was not decreased at this age, that of the intact kidney more than doubled (P less than 0.01). To evaluate the hemodynamic response to relief of 5 or 10 days of neonatal left CPUO, animals were studied at 19-28 days of age. Although chronic enalapril maleate administration (30 mg.kg-1.day-1) did not further reduce the ratio of RVR to total vascular resistance (TVR) of the postobstructed kidney, it lowered RVR/TVR of the intact contralateral kidney by 40% (P less than 0.05). Renal renin content [RRC, pg angiotensin I (ANG I).mg protein-1.h-1] was twofold higher in both kidneys of animals with unilateral CPUO compared with those of sham-operated guinea pigs (P less than 0.03), and relief of obstruction normalized RRC. The rise in RVR/TVR resulting from ANG II infusion was not different in left kidneys of sham, CPUO, and CPUO-relief groups. However, for the intact kidney of animals with contralateral relief of CPUO, the increase was greater than in remaining groups (P less than 0.05). We conclude that by reducing intrarenal renin, relief of neonatal unilateral CPUO decreased ANG-mediated vasoconstriction of the postobstructed kidney and increased the vasoconstrictor response of the intact kidney to ANG II.
Raman Amplifiers: Fundamentals

HISTORY SPONTANEOUS SCATTERING Raman + Krishnan 1928 Landsberg + Mandelstahm 1928 Smekal 1923 SRS Woodbury + Ng 1962 Hellwarth 1963 FIBERS Smith 1972 Stolen, Ippen, Tynes 1972 FIBER RAMAN AMP Ippen, Patel, Stolen US Pat. 1971 Aokl 1988
Go west … settle space

In the year 2169, as we commemorate the 200th anniversary of humans landing on the Moon in 1969, we try to imagine how difficult it was during the early part of the last century as proponents of manned space travel and space settlement found themselves regularly discouraged by the progress they were witnessing. After all, only a few viewed space as a critical avenue for human creativity. It was viewed by many as a “special interest” for those who would find financial benefits as a result of manned space activity.1 At that time, many problems existed on Earth (when was this not true!). Therefore, many preferred to minimize public expenditures for NASA and space in the U.S. Many teenagers had no interest in a return to the Moon, and roughly a quarter thought that the Apollo landings were faked!
Active-duty military service members' visual representations of PTSD and TBI in masks.

ABSTRACTActive-duty military service members have a significant risk of sustaining physical and psychological trauma resulting in traumatic brain injury (TBI) and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Within an interdisciplinary treatment approach at the National Intrepid Center of Excellence, service members participated in mask making during art therapy sessions. This study presents an analysis of the mask-making experiences of service members (n = 370) with persistent symptoms from combat- and mission-related TBI, PTSD, and other concurrent mood issues. Data sources included mask images and therapist notes collected over a five-year period. The data were coded and analyzed using grounded theory methods. Findings indicated that mask making offered visual representations of the self related to individual personhood, relationships, community, and society. Imagery themes referenced the injury, relational supports/losses, identity transitions/questions, cultural metaphors, existential reflections, and conf...
Specific gene expression profiles are associated with a pathologic complete response to neoadjuvant therapy in esophageal adenocarcinoma.

Abstract Background Predicting treatment response to chemo-radiotherapy (CRT) in esophageal cancer remains an unrealized goal despite studies linking constellations of genes to prognosis. We aimed to determine if specific expression profiles are associated with pathologic complete response (pCR) after neoadjuvant CRT. Methods Eleven genes previously associated with esophageal cancer prognosis were identified. Esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) patients treated with neoadjuvant CRT and esophagectomy were included. Patients were classified into two groups: pCR and no-or-incomplete response (NR). Polymerase chain reaction was used to evaluate gene expression. Omnibus testing was applied to overall gene expression differences between groups, and log-rank tests compared individual genes. Results Eleven pCR and eighteen NR patients were analyzed. Combined expression profiles were significantly different between pCR and NR groups (p Conclusion EAC tumors that demonstrated a pCR have genetic profiles that are significantly different from typical NR profiles. The genes CCL28 and DKK3 are potential predictors of treatment response.
Projective partitions of vector spaces

Given infinite-dimensional real vector spaces $V,W$ with $|W| \leq |V|$, it is shown that there exists a collection of subspaces of $V$ that are isomorphic to $W$, mutually intersect only at 0, and altogether cover $V$.
Session III. Plant Bioassays for the Detection of Airborne Genotoxic Agents

The first two sessions of this Symposium were devoted to a description of the state-of-the-art technology for in vitro carcinogen/mutagen testing using microorganisms and mammalian cells. Those systems are very amenable to assessment of aqueous and particulate chemical exposure. The emphasis in this session (now) shifts to in vivo assay technology utilizing higher plants. Several higher plants, and Tradescantia in particular, have not only demonstrated the potential for assessing the biological activity of aqueous genotoxic agents but, and more importantly, they have demonstrated the potential for detecting the mutagenicity of gaseous or airborne agents. In most cases the whole organism is exposed to chemical vapors under either laboratory or field conditions. Constraints of sterile culture are not a factor. These eukaryotic plant systems can be exposed for periods of a few minutes to days or weeks, thus simulating acute workplace exposures as well as chronic exposure to ambient atmospheres.
Deinstitutionalization and Reinstitutionalization of the Mentally Ill

In modern history, three great shifts in concepts and practice in the treatment of the mentally ill are recognized. The first “revolution” followed the political and intellectual liberation of humans arising from the struggles of the French Revolution. Its counterpart in the mental hospitals of the day was moral treatment, a philosophy expounded by Philippe Pinel,1 which emphasized kindness, forbearance, and a personalized approach to patients. Pinel claimed that the mentally ill generally did not demonstrate recognizable lesions of the brain and would respond to enlightened tolerance and understanding without the necessity of chains, straitjackets, or other punitive measures. His philosophy spread throughout Europe and then to America, where the early hospitals, founded on principles of moral treatment, boasted gratifying therapeutic results even in seriously ill patients. Indeed, Parke’s2 remarkable follow-up of patients admitted to the Worcester (Massachusetts) State Hospital, the first of its kind in the nation, showed that the majority of persons admitted with less than a year’s evidence of mental illness eventually could be discharged as recovered.
Lipidomic Profiling Links the Fanconi Anemia Pathway to Glycosphingolipid Metabolism in Head and Neck Cancer Cells

Purpose: Mutations in Fanconi anemia (FA) genes are common in sporadic squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (HNSCC), and we have previously demonstrated that FA pathway depletion in HNSCC cell lines stimulates invasion. The goal of our studies was to use a systems approach in order to define FA pathway-dependent lipid metabolism and to extract lipid-based signatures and effectors of invasion in FA-deficient cells.Experimental Design: We subjected FA-isogenic HNSCC keratinocyte cell lines to untargeted and targeted lipidomics analyses to discover novel biomarkers and candidate therapeutic targets in FA-deficient cells. Cellular invasion assays were carried out in the presence and absence of N-butyldeoxynojirimycin (NB-DNJ), a biosynthetic inhibitor of the newly identified class of gangliosides, to investigate the requirement of ganglioside upregulation in FA-deficient HNSCC cells.Results: The most notable element of the lipid profiling results was a consistent elevation of glycosphingolipids, and particularly the accumulation of gangliosides. Conversely, repression of this same class of lipids was observed upon genetic correction of FA patient-derived HNSCC cells. Functional studies demonstrate that ganglioside upregulation is required for HNSCC cell invasion driven by FA pathway loss. The motility of nontransformed keratinocytes in response to FA loss displayed a similar dependence, thus supporting early and late roles for the FA pathway in controlling keratinocyte invasion through lipid regulation.Conclusions: Elevation of glycosphingolipids including the ganglioside GM3 in response to FA loss stimulates invasive characteristics of immortalized and transformed keratinocytes. An inhibitor of glycosphingolipid biosynthesis NB-DNJ attenuates invasive characteristics of FA-deficient HNSCC cells. Clin Cancer Res; 24(11); 2700-9. ©2018 AACR.
New Doppler lidar methods for atmospheric wind measurements: the edge technique

We describe the edge technique, a powerful new method for the detection and measurement of small frequency shifts. It can be used with a lidar to obtain range-resolved measurements of the wind in the atmosphere with high accuracy and high vertical resolution. The technique can be used with a broad range of wavelengths.
Combinatorial methods to engineer small molecules for functional genomics.

The complete sequencing of the human genome will result in the identification of a huge number of coded proteins. However, in order for this information to be useful, the biological function of the coded proteins must be determined. Combinatorial small-molecule libraries will play a critical role in elucidating the function of these proteins. Combinatorial libraries can be used to rapidly assess the natural substrate specificity of newly identified enzymes. In addition, small-molecule libraries can be used to identify cell-permeable ligands that selectively activate or inactivate a protein target and therefore serve as powerful tools for understanding the function of the protein in cells and in animals.
Un nuevo orden en la locura: estructuras disipativas en Desde los blancos manicomios, de Margarita Mateo Palmer

El presente trabajo propone analizar la novela Desde los blancos manicomios , de la autora cubana Margarita Mateo Palmer, a partir de algunos conceptos del mundo de la ciencia, tales como las estructuras disipativas de Ilya Prigogine, la Ley de la Entropia, y los fractales de Benoit Mandelbrot. Dicho analisis permitira mostrar como el diseno de la protagonista y su caracteristica principal, la locura, asi como la estructura fragmentada de la novela, las diferentes voces narrativas y el juego intertextual, permiten una lectura critica y feminista de la literatura cubana y caribena. La locura de la protagonista, ademas, se puede ver como la expresion de un desorden social y un mundo fracturado, que en este caso coincide con la realidad cubana de las decadas de los 90 y los 2000, anos de profunda crisis economica tras la caida de la Union Sovietica y el campo socialista, y como una reaccion de busqueda de agencia intelectual femenina frente a una sociedad machista.
Quantitative Description of Osteopathic Physician Authorship in Prominent Neurosurgery Journals Since 1944: Coming of Age?

Background The Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education and the American Osteopathic Association recently agreed to establish a single graduate medical education system for the United States allopathic and osteopathic resident physicians by 2020. Consequential to this merger, new standards will be implemented for academic and research requirements within medical schools as well as residency programs. In the United States, osteopathic medicine is considered to be a parallel profession to allopathic medicine. However, recent studies have revealed that the percentages of United States osteopathic physicians currently in practice are not proportional to the percentages of editorial board member positions they hold in several high-profile medical journals as well as neurosurgical journals. To our knowledge, there is currently no published literature examining osteopathic physician author representation of any neurosurgical journal. In the present study, we analyze the number of osteopathic physicians and osteopathic neurosurgeons serving as authors in prominent neurosurgical journals. Methods American neurosurgical journals with the highest number of citations plus an affiliation with a neurosurgical society open to osteopathic neurosurgeons were used as criteria for journal selection. The Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group journals (Journal of Neurosurgery, Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine, Journal of Neurosurgery: Pediatrics, and Neurosurgical Focus) fulfilled these criteria. The number of allopathic and osteopathic physicians who have published at least one manuscript in a Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group journal was counted. The specialty of each osteopathic author was examined. Results Our analysis found that allopathic physicians represented 105,157 (99.68%) and osteopathic physicians represented 335 (0.32%) of the 105,492 authorship positions held by these physicians in these journals since 1944. Statistical significance was found comparing the number of allopathic authors versus the number of osteopathic authors (p < 0.0001). The most common specialty represented by osteopathic authors in all journals was neurosurgery (45%). Osteopathic neurosurgeons represented 153 (0.15%) of the total number of allopathic and osteopathic authors. Conclusions These data establish that the percentages of the United States osteopathic physicians and osteopathic neurosurgeons currently in practice are not proportional to the percentages of authorship positions they hold in Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group journals. We postulate that this apparent disproportionality may originate from significant differences between allopathic and osteopathic medical school research funding, research opportunities, scholarly activities, and dual-degree programs.