cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cocaine and morphine self-administration: effects of differential rearing.

Abstract Two groupd of Wistar rats were reared in either enriched or impoverished conditions for 100 days postweaning. These two groups were further divided and tested for cocaine or morphine preference in a two-bottle choice (water alternative) for 16 days. Enriched and impoverished rearing has previously been found to alter emotionality, conditionability, and body weight of adult rats. Validating previous reports of differential rearing effects on body weight, the enriched animals in the present study weighed less than their litter mates reared in impoverished conditions. Animals reared in the enriched environment consumed significantly more cocaine than animals reared in an impoverished one. No significant differences were observed for morphine self-selection as a result of differential rearing.
Polyimidines. VI. The comparison of polyimidines from bis(3,3‐diphenyl‐6‐phthalidyl) ketone

New thermally stable polyimidines have been synthesized from bis(3,3-diphenyl-6-phthalidyl) ketone and five diamines: o-phenylenediamine, m-phenylenediamine, 1,5-diaminonapthalene, 1,8-diaminonapthalene, and benzidine. Polymers of low molecular weight (inherent viscosity up to 0.24 dl/g) were obtained by solution and sealed-tube polymerizations. The structural differences of the amines provided information concerning the effects on the thermal stability properties of the resulting polyimidines. The yellow to black polymers exhibited a 10% loss ranging from 420–510°C in air and 460–555°C in nitrogen and were soluble in chloroform and dimethylformamide.
Effects of amphiphilic diblock copolymer on drug nanoparticle formation and stability

This study systematically compares the effects of amphiphilic diblock copolymer (di-BCP) on stabilizing hydrophobic drug nanoparticles formed by flash nanoprecipitation (FNP), and provides a guideline on choosing suitable di-BCPs. Four widely used di-BCPs, i.e., polystyrene-block-poly(ethylene glycol) (PS-b-PEG), polycaprolactone-block-poly(ethylene glycol) (PCL-b-PEG), polylactide-block-poly(ethylene glycol) (PLA-b-PEG), and poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA-b-PEG), and β-carotene as a model drug were used. The study showed that PLGA-b-PEG was the most suitable one, whose hydrophobic block was biodegradable and noncrystallizable as well as had relatively high glass transition temperature (Tg) and a right solubility parameter (δ). The molecular weight of PLGA block over the range from 5k to 15k showed an insignificant effect on controlling the particle size. Amorphous drug particles with a high drug loading of over 83 wt% can be achieved. Much remarkable evidence supported the nanoparticles with kinetically frozen and non-equilibrium packing structures of polymer chains rather than either the micelles or micellar nanoparticles with two well segregated polymer blocks. The thermodynamic effects of the drug and BCP on the particle stability, size and structures were discussed by using solubility parameters.
New syntheses and chemistry of perfluoroalkyl isocyanates and nitrile oxides

Abstract New syntheses of perfluoroalkyl isocyanates (1) include pyrolysis of dioxazolones (2) and pyrolysis of disilyl esters of hydroxamic acids (3). Reactions of 1 with alkyl isocyanides give the unusual diiminooxiranes 4. Trifluoroacetonitrile oxide (5), an unstable isomer of CF3NCO, is conveniently prepared from NH2OH·HCl, PCl5 and trifluoroacetic anhydride. It can be dimerized to give either the expected furoxan dimer 6 or the unusual dioxadiazine dimer 7, reacts with benzonitrile to form a cycloaddition product, and adds nucleophiles in a stereospecific manner to give Z -oximes.
Clostridium perfringens in Bovine Liversa

SUMMARY Clostridium perfringens, type A, was found in 26% of bovine liver samples perchased from retail meat markets. Liver and bile samples from newly slaughtered cattle were also examined. The organism was found in 12% of the livers from newly slaughtered animals, and in no case in the bile.
Smog Aerosol: Infrared Spectra

Infrared spectra of smog aerosol are similar to those of sulfuric acid aerosol, but they do not show the prominent CH and carbonyl bands of organic aerosols from terpenes. Some features of the smog aerosol spectra are not present in the spectra from either type of synthetic aerosol.
An Experimental Test of the Interaction of the Insurance and Information-Signaling Hypotheses in Auditing*

Three incentives for hiring auditing services have been proposed in the literature: (1) to signal outsiders about the company's prospects, (2) to provide a potential source of loss recovery for investors (insurance), and (3) to reduce agency costs. The objective of this study is to examine the potential for the first two (signaling and insurance) to interact while controlling for agency costs. We conduct an experiment in which highly experienced financial analysts provide stock price estimates for a company that is under financial stress. We manipulate, between participants, the signal provided by the audit opinion (going-concern modification, yes/no) and the ability of investors to recover losses from auditors. The key finding is that the effect of the going-concern opinion on investor value judgements is moderated by the extent to which the auditor provides an insurance function. Specifically, the negative effect of a going-concern opinion on the analysts' stock price estimates is reduced by the extent that the environment treats the auditor as an insurer.
Calculations of Magnesium−Nucleic Acid Site Binding in Solution

The interaction of nucleic acids with metal cations, particularly magnesium, plays an important role in stabilizing their tertiary structure. An accurate quantitative description of these interacti...
Assessing ectomycorrhizal associations and transgene expression in transgenic Castanea dentata

Background American chestnut (Castanea dentata) once dominated the forests of the eastern United States until the introduction of a Chinese fungal pathogen Cryphonectria parasitica(causal agent of the chestnut blight) decimated the species. This tree was important not only ecologically, but also played a significant role economically. Restoration programs are implementing a variety of techniques, including genetic transformation, to develop a blight resistant tree that can be reintroduced into the native chestnut range (S.A. Merkle, 2007, Tree Genetics and Genomics, 3, 111-18). Specific genes involved in plant defense responses are being introduced into American chestnut via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation, with the hope that one gene or a combination of genes will aid in chestnut defense against blight (L.D. Polin, 2006, Plant Cell, Tissue, and Organ Culture, 84, 69-79). One gene of particular interest to the transgenic project is oxalate oxidase, a defense related gene from wheat that has also been shown to enhance the defense response of other plants when introduced through genetic transformation (H. Liang, 2001, Plant Molecular Biology, 45, 619-29). American chestnut transformation with a binary vector containing oxalate oxidase has produced a number of transgenic events, many of which have already been regenerated plants (unpublished data). Before releasing any transgenic plant it is necessary to assess any non-target impacts the introduced genes may have on associated microbial communities. C. parasiticais a fungal pathogen, so we are particularly interested in studying the effects of any transgene on the symbiotic relationship between the host plant and mycorrhizaeforming fungi. Prior studies have examined the potential impact of transgenic plants on ectomycorrhizal fungi (K. L. Oliver, 2008, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 74, 5340-48).
Auditory processing in children's speech perception: results of selective adaptation and discrimination tasks.

Five- to six-year-old children and adults participated in discrimination and selective adaptation speech perception tasks using a synthetic consonant-vowel continuum ranging from [bal to Ida]. In o...
A fast algorithm for grid generation

Abstract The need for fast grid generation has become an important part of solving large complex computational fluid dynamic problems. A new algorithm is developed for this purpose. The two-dimensional system of equations for coordinate generation includes a procedure to force the line spacing in the interior field to reflect the adjacent point distribution. The coordinate generation equations, in Newton's iteration form, are solved with a modified strongly implicit (MSI) procedure. The algorithm is applied to typical H-, O-, and C-type grids and a practical problem configured as a forward facing cavity. The grid generation equations were initialized with their Laplacian counterpart. All computations were performed on a MicroVax 3400 computer. Based on the numerical studies, the proposed solution scheme is faster than the more common point SOR and ADI methods for large grid generation problems of practical interest. The degree of computational saving however is highly problem dependent. Extensions of the solution scheme to problems involving three-dimensions, including surfaces in three-dimensional space, are described.
Cutaneous involvement with Cryptococcus neoformans in AIDS

Patients infected with HIV are susceptible to many opportunistic fungal infections. Cryptococcus neoformans infection is particularly common in patients with AIDS. We describe a patient with disseminated cryptococcosis resembling molluscum contagiosum and review the typical cutaneous manifestations of disseminated cryptococcosis. A synopsis of case reports in the English literature is also presented.
Abundance coefficients, a new method for measuring microorganism relative abundance

A new method of measuring the relative abundance of microorganisms by using a set of interrelated coefficients, termed “abundance coefficients” or “AC”, is proposed. These coefficients provide a means of recording abundance for geometric density categories, and each density measurement represents an approximation of the Poisson parameterλt. The AC is the natural logarithm of a “characteristic value,” which is a particular number for each geometric density category. The “characteristic values” are based upon a probabilistic error statement derived from the Poisson formula, and they present evidence for separation of the geometric category boundaries bye = 2.71828. The proposed AC provide a means for recording species abundance in a manner suitable for arithmetic manipulation, for population structure studies, and for the determination of practical limits for defining the presence or absence of a species. Further, these coefficients provide for both intrasample and intersample abundance comparisons.
Dynamic balance testing with electrically evoked perturbation: A test of reliability☆

Abstract Objective: To investigate the reliability of a newly developed perturbation protocol for assessing dynamic balance. Design: Each subject was tested in two experimental balance conditions, static and dynamic. The dependent variables for the static condition were sway area (SA), sway path length (SPL), sagittal sway standard deviation (SSD), and lateral sway standard deviation (LaSD). During the dynamic condition trials a stimulus was delivered to the tibial nerves of both legs to perturb the subjects. The subjects were instructed to return to the preperturbation level of steadiness as soon as possible after the stimulation. The dependent variables for the dynamic condition were dynamic phase duration (DPD), sway path mean (SPM), linear sway standard deviation (LiSD), and sagittal sway standard deviation (SSD). Setting: The motor control laboratory of a university department of kinesiology. Patients: Ten subjects from a population-based sample of healthy adults. Main Outcome Measure: An intraclass reliability estimate for all dependent measures in the static and dynamic conditions. Results: In the static condition, the variables SA, SPL, SSD, and LaSD had reliabilites of .94, .98, .86, and .92, respectively, and in the dynamic condition the reliability estimates for DPD, SPM, LiSD, and SSD were .90, .71, .80, and .92, respectively. Conclusions: The results indicate the current technique provides a means of objectively measuring a subject's ability to regain static postural stability following electrically induced perturbation.
Adenocarcinoma of the appendix in a child

Adenocarcinoma of the appendix is unusual at any age but occurs mostly in an elderly population. The authors report a unique case presenting in a 10-year-old child and emphasize the importance of subjecting all resected specimens to histological examination.
Geohydrology of the Buried Triassic Basin at the Savannah River Planta

At the Savannah River Plant near Aiken, South Carolina, as at other locations where there are chemical separations plants for the processing of nuclear fuels, the high-level radioactive wastes are stored in concrete and steel tanks buried just beneath the surface of the ground. This waste is of such activity and longevity that it cannot be dispersed into the environment, but it must be contained for periods of time extending at least into hundreds and perhaps thousands of years. One concept for the terminal containment of this waste is to store it in excavated chambers within the bedrock, which is covered by about 1000 feet of Coastal Plain sediments at the plantsite. As part of the safety evaluation of this concept, the geology and hydrology of both the Coastal Plain sediments and the bedrock have been studied. However, intensive investigation of bedrock waste storage has now been deferred pending more detailed evaluation of alternative concepts of waste storage and management. In the studies completed, a buried Triassic basin that might have potential for waste storage was discovered beneath the southern third of the plantsite. Investigation into the characteristics of this basin was started in 1971. This was not an engineering or design study but was aimed at understanding the geohydrology of the Triassic basin to determine its compatibility with the safe storage of waste. Seismic surveys, gravity and magnetic surveys, and the drilling of several exploratory wells indicate that the Triassic basin is about 30 miles long, 6 or more miles wide, and perhaps 5300 feet thick. One well penetrated the Triassic border, a second was in the center of the basin, and a third investigated an inferred intrabasin fault. The rock is predominantly mudstone of very low permeability with a few lenses of poorly sorted gritty sand. The water yield of all the exploratory wells is extremely low, and water-transmitting fractures are virtually nonexistent. In two wells within the basin, heads above land surface have been measured that cannot be explained by connection with a recharge area. Ten possible explanations have been evaluated: aquifer head, fossil head, tectonic compression, rapid loading and compaction of sediments, water derived from igneous intrusions, infiltration of gas, precipitation of minerals, phase changes, temperature increase, and osmotic membrane phenomena. Systematic evaluation, particularly of the time for dissipation of an elevated head to the head of its surroundings, eliminates most of these explanations. Those that remain as possible explanations are: tectonic compression, temperature increase, and osmotic membrane phenomena. It is not known at present whether the high head is general over the entire basin or only in segments of it.
Glycoprotein biosynthesis: purification and characterization of a glycoprotein: galactosyl transferase from Ehrlich ascites tumor cell membranes.

Abstract An enzyme was found in the smooth membranes (Golgi apparatus) of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells which transfers galactose from UDP-galactose to specific glycoprotein receptors. It was purified 46-fold by gel filtration and DEAE-cellulose chromatography following solubilization with Triton X-100. The enzyme shows an absolute requirement for Mn2+, for which the optimal concentration is 0.02 m . The pH optimum lies between 6.4 and 7.2; a temperature optimum of 24 ° was found. Km values with respect to UDP-galactose and receptor were 5 × 10−6 and 3.3 × 10−4 m , respectively. The transfer of galactose to receptor is highly specific, recognizing N-acetylglucosamine either as the monosaccharide or in glycosidic linkage as part of the glycoprotein to give the 4-O-β-galactopyranosyl-N-acetylglucosaminne linkage. The receptor was prepared from α1-glycoprotein in which sialic acid and 80% of its galactose residues had been removed by successive treatment with neuraminidase and β-galactosidase. It was found that 80% of the theoretical receptor sites (galactose removed) of the α1-glycoprotein receptor would react after prolonged incubation. The glycoprotein:galactosyl transferase was localized in the smooth internal membranes following fractionation of the Ehrlich ascites tumor membranes on a sucrose gradient. This enzyme is intimately bound to these membranes but is dissociated and rendered soluble with nonionic detergents or phospholipase A, agents which disrupt the nonpolar bonding in membranes. Addition of Triton X-100 to the alcohol-washed enzyme increased the enzyme activity over 2-fold.
New dideutero-perfluoroalkylated oligopeptide derivatives for protein-sequencing by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.

Summary New volatile peptide derivatives have been prepared by reduction of N-trifluoroacetyl, N-pentafluoropropionyl and N-heptafluorobutyryl oligopeptide methyl esters by lithium aluminum deuteride and subsequent O-trimethylsilylation. The resulting O-trimethylsilylated dideutero-perfluoroalkyl polyamino alcohols are shown to be the most volatile peptide derivatives hitherto known. Their mass spectra exhibit abundant and intensity-balanced sequence-determining ions as well as M-15 ions. These properties permit the determination of the sequence of oligopeptides in the extremely complex mixtures which result from the hydrolysis of polypeptides or proteins (as little as 1 nanomole of a particular peptide can be detected).
The interactive influences of conflict, task interdependence and cooperation on perceptions of virtualness in co-located teams

Purpose – This paper aims to explore the interactive influence of conflict, task interdependence and cooperation on individual perceptions of team virtualness levels. The study attempts to provide additional insight regarding how or why virtual structures might develop in teams with co-located team members. Design/methodology/approach – Data were collected from 355 upper-level business students assigned to the same team in four class integrated business courses. Moderated hierarchical regression was utilized in examining the moderating role of cooperation with conflict and task interdependence in predicting virtualness. Findings – Cooperation positively moderates the relationships between relationship conflict and perceived virtualness and between perceived task interdependence and perceived virtualness. In addition, conditional support exists for a cooperation and process conflict interaction in predicting virtualness. Originality/value – Many teams are mandated to be virtual either by management directi...
STUDIES ON MUTATIONS INDUCED BY ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION IN PARAMECIUM AURELIA WITH SPECIAL EMPHASIS ON PHOTOREVERSAL.

Abstract Studies were made of mutations induced by ultraviolet radiation in Paramecium aurelia . The mutation yield is a maximum when the paramecia are exposed to UV just before or perhaps during the S period and is less the longer the time between irradiation and S. The interpretation is made that UV-induced premutational damage can undergo dark repair until S and that this repair is nearly error-free since the yield when the time to S becomes long enough is nearly zero. About half themutation yield can be eliminated by photoreversal and arguments are presented that this portion of the mutation yield is attributable to pyrimidine dimers. The remainder of the yield could be due to some other lesion or to dimers that are unavailable to the photoreversing enzyme. Photoreversal becomes ineffective in reducing the mutation yield while the cells are still in G 1 . Data are given to show that this is because the nucleus loses the ability to photoreverse even newly produced lesions. This loss in ability to photoreverse lesions is dependent upon prior irradiation; i.e. . it does not occur in unirradiated cells progressing normally through G 1 . Thus, loss of photoreversibility cannot be used in this system to test for mutation fixation.
The equivalence of inertial and passive gravitational mass

Abstract Torsion balance measurements of the difference in ratios of gravitational to inertial mass for different materials have been carried out, confirming to higher precision the null results obtained 60 years ago by Eotvos and assumed by Einstein as the Principle of Equivalence upon which the General Theory of Relativity is founded. If the parameter η(A, B) is defined as η(A, B)=[(M/m) A −(M/m B ]/1/2[M/m) A +(M/m) B ], where M and m represent the passive gravitational and inertial masses respectively of materials A and B, then the results from the most sensitive torsion balance used enable us to conclude with 95% confidence that |η(Au, Al)|
Collagen α1(XI) in normal and malignant breast tissue

Little is known about collagen XI expression in normal and malignant breast tissue. Tissue microarrays, constructed from 72 patients with breast carcinoma and matched normal tissue, were immunohistochemically stained with five antisera against isoform-specific regions of collagen α1(XI) N-terminal domain. Staining intensity was graded on a 0–3 scale in epithelial cytoplasm, stroma, and endothelial staining of the vasculature of each tissue core. The staining was compared to known pathologic parameters: age, tumor size, overall tumor grade, nuclear grade, tubule formation, mitotic counts, angiolymphatic invasion, node status, estrogen receptor status, progesterone receptor status, and HER-2/neu status. Estrogen and progesterone receptor status were used as a control for comparison. With antisera V1a and amino propeptide (Npp), stroma surrounding cancerous cells was found to have decreased collagen α1(XI) staining compared to stroma adjacent to normal epithelium (P=0.0006, P<0.0001). Collagen α1(XI) staining with V1a antiserum in cytoplasm of cancer cells demonstrated decreased intensity in metastasized primary tumors when compared to nonmetastasized primary tumors (P=0.009). Cytoplasmic staining with Npp antiserum in cancer demonstrated an inverse relationship to positive estrogen receptor status in cancer (P=0.012) and to progesterone receptor status (P=0.044). Stromal staining for Npp in cancerous tissue demonstrated an inverse relationship with tubule formation score (P=0.015). This is the first study to localize collagen XI within normal and malignant breast tissue. Collagen α1(XI) appears to be downregulated in stroma surrounding breast cancer. Detection of collagen XI in breast tissue may help predict women who have lymph node metastases.
Long-term Retention of Electronic Theses and Dissertations

This paper examines the increasing trend of universities to pursue electronic thesis and dissertation (ETD) programs. Although the goal of most programs is similar, procedural variations impact a program’s long-term success. As primary research generators, responsibility for providing long-term access to unique materials must be borne by universities. However, this responsibility is in conflict with many ETD program goals, such as increased access and ease of production.
A multiple grid approach for open channel flows with strong shocks

Explicit finite difference schemes are being widely used for modeling open channel flows accompanied with shocks. A characteristic feature of explicit schemes is the small time step, which is limited by the CFL stability condition. To overcome this limitation, in this work, we demonstrate the advantages of using a multiple grid formulation coupled to MacCormack scheme. This formulation is tested by simulating a stationary hydraulic jump and the numerical results compared with the experimental findings. Focus in this work is equally distributed between the accuracy of the solution and on the computational savings.
Helicity effects in neutral heavy lepton decays

The search for the existence of neutral heavy leptons may provide valuable information regarding plausible extensions to the standard model. In order to accurately study the decay of neutral heavy leptons, it is essential to include the helicity effects which arise from their non-zero mass. In this paper, we specifically examine the effects of helicity on the leptonic and semi-leptonic decays of neutral heavy leptons.
A migratory life-cycle release-recapture model for salmonid PIT-tag investigations

Since 1987, millions of juvenile salmonids (smolts; Oncorhynchus species) in the Snake and upper Columbia rivers have been tagged with Passive Integrated Transponder (PIT) tags, and detected at hydroelectric projects as theymigrate downriver to the Pacific Ocean. Since the late 1990s, detection of PIT-tagged adults has been possible at some dams. Existing release-recapture models are designed for either juvenile data or adult data, but not both.We present amigratory life-cycle release-recapture model that follows tagged individuals from their release as juveniles through their return migration as adults, accounting for downstream barge transportation of juveniles, right-censoring due to known removals at dams, and adult age at maturity. This branching model estimates river survival, age-specific probabilities of adult return, and relative effects of smolt transportation on survival. Performance measures are defined using model parameters. We analyze a dataset of 58,447 PIT-tagged summer Chinook salmon released in 2000 in the Snake River. For nontransported fish, juvenile survival from passage at Lower Granite Dam to Bonneville Dam was estimated at 60.3% ( $$\widehat{SE} = 8.1\% $$ ), and the ocean return probability to Bonneville was estimated at 4.5% ( $$\widehat{SE} = 0.7\% $$ ). The smolt-to-adult ratio (SAR) for the entire release group was estimated at 2.0% ( $$\widehat{SE} = 0.09\% $$ ), and perceived inriver adult survival was estimated at 87.1% ( $$\widehat{SE} = 1.7\% $$ ).
Portable real-time sonographya—A valuable adjunct to computed tomography

As fast high-resolution total body computed tomography (CT) scanners have proliferated in hospitals and radiologists' offices across the country, they have tended to eclipse the usefulness of sonography in abdominal and thoracic diagnosis. This paper discusses some of the limitations of CT techniques as applied to common abdominal and thoracic problems. Emphasized here are situations wherein a quick examination with a portable real-time ultrasound device while the patient is on the CT table can result in a definitive CT report.
Surface Re-engineering of Pancreatic Islets with Recombinant azido-Thrombomodulin

Chemoselective conjugation of an azido-functionalized thrombomodulin to pancreatic islets was achieved by Staudinger ligation to a surface-bound bifunctional poly(ethylene glycol) linker. The presence of the tethered thrombomodulin resulted in a significant increase in the production of activated protein C with a reduction in islet-mediated thrombogenicity. This report highlights the potential of tissue-targeted chemistry to reduce donor cell mediated procoagulant and proinflammatory responses.
Short term isothermal aging of epoxy resin and epoxy‐carbon fiber composites

Short term isothermal aging of a neat epoxy resin and one ply epoxy-carbon fiber composite has been performed. The glass transition temperature, T g of the neat epoxy resin aged at 204°C increased with aging time. The weight loss of the neat epoxy resin due to aging increased with aging temperature and aging time. The weight loss of the epoxy-carbon fiber composite during aging was slightly less than that of the neat resin. SEM microscopy showed the presence of voids and pores on the surface of the composite due to loss of low molecular weight volatiles. The amount and the size of the voids formed during aging increased with aging temperature and time.
Bariatric surgery: choosing the optimal procedure.

Choosing the right operation for weight loss continues to be a challenging and subjective process. In experienced hands, most operations have the ability to be successful in providing a given patient with meaningful weight loss and impart better health through loss of adiposity, amelioration of comorbidities, and improvement of overall quality of life. Novel treatments for obesity are also on the horizon, including endoluminal sleeves, endoluminal restrictive mechanisms, intragastric balloons, gastric pacing, and variations of current procedures that target metabolic diseases. The future availability of these procedures may further complicate the decision-making process for patients and surgeons.
The Effective Use of Guest Speakers in the Hospitality and Tourism Curriculum

ABSTRACT It is important for hospitality and tourism programs to maintain good relationships with industry. This happens when industry executives and managers participate in the educational process by speaking to groups of students on campus. This article addresses some of the benefits of having industry speakers on campus, suggests ways to enhance the value of the speaking engagement, and presents a model to ensure a match between the presentation and classroom objectives.
Experimental simulation of trace element evolution from the excluded mineral fraction during coal combustion using GFAAS and TGA–DSC

A combination of graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS) and thermogravimetric analysis–differential scanning calorimetry (TGA–DSC) was used to simulate the gas–melt partitioning of semi-volatile trace elements (TEs), such as As, Sb and Se, from excluded minerals during the initial dynamic step of coal combustion. To properly simulate an exclusion, the effect of carbon in the graphite furnace tubes on TE vaporization was minimized by coating the tube with an inert metal oxide (either ZrO2 or WO3). The Arrhenius activation energies of TE volatilization/atomization obtained upon fast heating in such a carbon-free GFAAS microenvironment, with and without mineral matrices, were compared with those obtained in uncoated tubes to verify that the influence of carbon had been eliminated and to obtain insights on the mechanism of TE evolution. Cationic inorganic matrices, such as calcium and iron, influenced the carbon-free evolution of Se and Sb in a different way than in the presence of carbon thus indicating that TE partitioning from mineral exclusions during coal combustion may be significantly different from TE partitioning from organically associated material and mineral inclusions. Calcium increases the Se (and, to some extent, As) retention in the solid phase due to common acid–base chemistry, whereas iron, as well as anionic matrices, such as aluminate and silicate, do not influence TE atomization in mineral exclusions. By contrast, in inclusions these minerals decrease the extent of TE atomization by shielding it from the reducing action of carbon. A significant chemical reduction of As to its elemental form was observed, which does not appear to be influenced by the presence of carbon. By contrast, the extent of Sb and Se atomization depends on this factor, which is different in exclusions compared to inclusions. Thus, the presented method provides information that can be used to predict the predominant TE speciation in the gas phase.
Large- N droplets in two dimensions

Using lattice effective field theory, we study the ground state binding energy of N distinct particles in two dimensions with equal mass interacting weakly via an attractive SU(N)-symmetric short range potential. We find that in the limit of zero range and large N, the ratio of binding energies B{sub N}/B{sub N-1} approaches the value 8.3(6)
A first-principles polarized Raman method for determining whether a uniform region of a sample is crystalline or isotropic.

Previous methods for determining whether a uniform region of a sample is crystalline or isotropic—what we call the “state of internal orientation” S—require a priori knowledge of properties of the purely crystalline and purely isotropic states. In addition, these methods can be ambiguous in their determination of state S for particular materials and, for a given material, the spectral methods can be ambiguous when using particular peaks. Using first-principles Raman theory, we have discovered a simple, non-resonance, polarized Raman method for determining the state S that requires no information a priori and will work unambiguously for any material using any vibrational mode. Similar to the concept behind “magic angle spinning” in NMR, we have found that for a special set of incident/analyzed polarizations and scattering angle, the dependence of the Raman modulation depth M on the sample composition—and, for crystalline regions, the unit cell orientation—falls out completely, leaving dependence on only wh...
Suppression of net erosion in the DIII-D divertor with detached plasmas

The ability to withstand disruptions makes carbon-based materials attractive for use as plasma-facing components in divertors. However, such materials suffer high erosion rates during attached plasma operation which, in high power long pulse machines, would give short component lifetimes and high tritium inventories. The authors present results from recent experiments in DIII-D, in which the Divertor Materials Evaluation System (DiMES) was used to examine erosion and deposition during short exposures to well defined plasma conditions. These studies show that during operation with detached plasmas, produced by gas injection, net erosion is suppressed everywhere in the divertor. Net deposition of carbon with deuterium was observed at the inner and outer strikepoints and in the private-flux region between strikepoints. For these low temperature plasmas (T{sub e} < 2eV), physical sputtering is eliminated. These results show that with detached plasmas, the location of carbon net erosion and the carbon impurity source, probably lies outside the divertor. Physical or chemical sputtering by charge-exchange neutrals or ions in the main plasma chamber is a probable source of carbon under these plasma conditions.
Quality of Care along the Cancer Continuum: Does Receiving Adequate Lymph Node Evaluation for Colon Cancer Lead to Comprehensive Postsurgical Care?

Background Among surgically treated patients with colon cancer, lower long-term mortality has been demonstrated in those with 12 or more lymph nodes evaluated. We examined whether patients receiving adequate lymph node evaluation were also more likely to receive comprehensive postsurgical care, leading to lower mortality. Study Design We used the 1992 to 2007 Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER)-Medicare data to identify surgically treated American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) stage III colon cancer patients. We used chi-square analyses and logistic regression to evaluate the association between adequate (≥12) lymph node evaluation and receipt of postsurgical care (adjuvant chemotherapy, surveillance colonoscopy, CT scans, and CEA testing) and Cox proportional hazards regression to evaluate 10-year all-cause mortality, adjusting for postsurgical care. Results Among 17,906 surgically treated stage III colon cancer patients, adequate (≥12) lymph node evaluation was not associated with receiving comprehensive postsurgical care after adjustment for patient and tumor characteristics (p > 0.05 for all). Initially, adequate lymph node evaluation was associated with lower all-cause mortality (hazard ratio [HR] 0.88; 95% CI [0.85 to 0.91]), but among 3-year survivors, the impact of adequate lymph node evaluation on lower mortality was diminished (HR 0.94; 95% CI [0.88 to 1.01]). However, receiving comprehensive postsurgical care was associated with continued lower mortality in 3-year survivors. Conclusions Adequate lymph node evaluation for colon cancer was associated with lower mortality among all patients. However, among 3-year survivors, the association between lymph node evaluation and lower hazard of death was no longer significant, while postsurgical care remained strongly associated with lower long-term mortality, indicating that postsurgical care may partially explain the relationship between lymph node evaluation and mortality.
Moufang loops of class 2 and cubic forms

We classify finite Moufang loops which are centrally nilpotent of class 2 in terms of certain cubic forms, concentrating on small Frattini Moufang loops, or SFMLs, which are Moufang loops L with a central subgroup Z of order p such that L/Z is an elementary abelian p-group. (For example, SFM 2-loops are precisely the class of code loops, in the sense of Griess.)More specifically, we first show that the nuclearly-derived subloop (normal associator subloop) of a Moufang loop of class 2 has exponent dividing 6. It follows that the subloop of elements of p-power order is associative for p > 3. Next, we show that if L is an SFML, then L/Z has the structure of a vector space with a symplectic cubic form. We then show that every symplectic cubic form is realized by some SFML and that two SFMLs are isomorphic in a manner preserving the central subgroup Z if and only if their symplectic cubic spaces are isomorphic up to scalar multiple. Consequently, we also obtain an explicit characterization of isotopy in SFM 3-loops. Finally, we extend many of our results to all finite Moufang loops of class 2.
Dependence of the parity-condition parameter on the combat-intensity parameter for Lanchester-type equations of modern warfare

This paper studies the parametric dependence of battle outcome (in particular, force annihilation) for combat between two homogeneous forces modelled by Lanchester-type equations of modern warfare with time-dependent attrition-rate coefficients. Force-annihilation prediction has been shown to depend on a so-called parity-condition parameter, which depends on only the attrition-rate coefficients. New important results are given on how the parity-condition parameter depends on the intensity of combat and the relative fire effectiveness of the combatants. Previous analytical results of the author are shown to apply to a much wider class of attrition-rate coefficients. These new results allow a wide class of Lanchester-type equations of modern warfare with temporal variations in fire effectiveness to be studied almost as easily as Lanchester's classic constant-coefficient model.
A Flexible Phasor Data Concentrator Design Leveraging Existing Software Technologies

Recently, many utility companies have been adding synchrophasor measurement capability to their systems. Synchrophasors can provide operators with additional information about current system state, and can be used to improve the accuracy of state estimation. Currently, many transmission operators do not have the ability to process, store, and utilize the data from their own phasor measurement units (PMUs) locally; instead, they rely on larger data concentrators located elsewhere. We present a design for a phasor system, called the flexible integrated phasor system (FIPS), to provide a more flexible, lower cost alternative to provide independent system operators and transmission owners ready access to their phasor data. This provides a robust foundation for a variety of smart applications.
Three-Dimensional Endmill Dynamics: Modal Development and Experimental Validation

In this paper the three-dimensional dynamic behavior of macro-scale milling tools is modeled using the spectral-Tchebychev technique while considering the actual fluted cross-sectional geometry and pretwisted shape of the tools. The bending and torsional behavior of three different fluted endmills is compared to finite element predictions and experimental results obtained using impact testing with free-free boundary conditions. The percent difference between experiment and the spectral-Tchebychev method predictions is shown to be 3% or less for all three tools while considering the first six bending modes and first two torsional modes. For the same modes, the spectral-Tchebychev and finite element model predictions agreed to better than 1%.© 2011 ASME
Pulsewidth-Modulated Inverters in Man-Made Fiber Industries

The pulsewidth-moduated (PWM) inverter has many inherent characteristics that make it a good choice for use in modern man-made fiber drives. Its wide operating speed range without tap changes and constant dc bus for ease of ``ride through'' are two primary examples. Although drives using PWM inverters are well suited to man-made fiber applications, the inverter design is compatible with general industrial applications using induction motors in single motor, multimotor, and coordinated multimotor drives.
The influence of annealing in the ferrite-plus-austenite phase field on the stability of vanadium carbide precipitates

The influence of rapid excursions into the ferrite-plus-austenite two-phase field on V4C3 precipitates formed by tempering in the ferrite phase was explored. The iron-based alloy studied contained 0.14 carbon and 0.49 vanadium in wt pct. A fine distribution of V4C3 particles was obtained through solution treatment followed by quench and tempering at 973 K. Samples were then rapidly heated to 1088 K for various times between 50 and 300 seconds. The plate-shaped V4C3 precipitates in regions that maintained their original ferrite matrix exhibited a continuous coarsening and decrease in their aspect ratio with increasing hold times. The V4C3 precipitates in regions that transformed to austenite were observed to dissolve by a reversion process if they were below a certain size. If the V4C3 particles were above that size, the matrix change caused them to coarsen and reduce their aspect ratio. Based upon the size of V4C3 particles that did show reversion, the interphase interfacial surface energy between the V4C3 partieles and aus tenite in the nonequilibrium orientation relationships produced in this study was determined to be between 1125 and 1840 mJ/m2. When samples where reversion was observed were retempered at 973 K, the original distribution of fine, plate-shaped V4C3 particles could be reproduced accompanied by a measurable secondary hardening response.
Airborne dust distribution in longwall faces

The generation and transportation of airborne dust is governed mainly by the velocity and the movement pattern of the ventilation air in longwall faces. Generally speaking, the higher the air velocity, the more airborne dust will be generated and the further dust of a given size will be carried away from the source. In order to effectively prevent or reduce the production and spread of the airborne dust, the airborne dust concentration distribution at a longwall face must be known in advance. This paper presents the measurement methodology, data analyses and dust distributions in five longwall faces.
Simulation of Pulsed Electrodeposition for Giant Magnetoresistance FeCoNiCu/Cu Multilayers

A model describing the electrodeposition of FeCoNiCu/Cu nanometric multilayers was developed to simulate both steady-state and pulsed deposition onto a ring-disk electrode. The transient model includes a two-step adsorption mechanism for the description of anomalous codeposition, convective-diffusion mass transport and a displacement mechanism for pulses to zero current. Changes in deposit composition were predicted with various pulse times as a tool for assessing interfacial compositional gradients in multilayer deposits.
Metabolic compensation to reduced oxygen tensions in the sea cucumber,Sclerodactyla briareus (Leseur)

Carbohydrate metabolism of the sea cucumber,Sclerodactyla briareus, was investigated in an effort to find metabolic pathways that might be useful during exposure to hypoxic conditions. The utilization of glucose-U-14C by in vitro longitudinal muscle preparations was not enhanced during exposure to reduced oxygen tensions. Alanine was the most highly labelled compound regardless of incubation conditions. Hypoxic exposure resulted in a four-fold increase in radioactivity in lactate, and decreased radioactivity in alanine, glutamate and aspartate. Succinate and volatile acids were not observed to be significant end products of anaerobic glycolysis inS. briareus longitudinal muscle. The relative activities of a number of glycolytic and gluconeogenic enzymes in longitudinal muscle were consistent with the observations of isotope distribution. Levels of lactate in muscle tissue of sea cucumbers exposed to 24 and 48 h of hypoxia were on the average 20 times higher than the values for aerobic controls. The kinetic characteristics of longitudinal muscle lactate dehydrogenase coupled with hypoxic acid release and the lack of an oxygen debt phenomenon by in vitro longitudinal muscle preparations indicate that lactate may not be appreciably oxidized in this tissue but is released into the body fluids. Unlike many anoxia-tolerant invertebrates which produce primarily succinate during exposure to reduced oxygen tensions, specimens ofSclerodactyla briareus produce lactate as a major glycolytic end product.
A network method for homogeneous, thermally expandable two-phase flow on unstructured triangular grids

Abstract Recently, a numerical method was proposed for the solution of the equations of an incompressible fluid on a two dimensional grid consisting of Delaunay triangles. The method utilized the complementary grid of Voronoi polygons, as well as the dual variable reduction scheme developed by the authors. In this paper we generalize these ideas to thermally expandable, homogeneous, two-phase flow. This includes a derivation of the semi-discrete system, and the dual variable methodology that is used to solve it.
Staged Repair of a Chronic Dissecting Aneurysm With the Two Elephant Trunks Technique

The elephant trunk technique is a novel staged procedure for the treatment of an extensive thoracic aortic aneurysm. Occasionally, entrapment or obstruction in the smaller lumen occurs with the use of the elephant trunk technique in aortic dissection. The general procedure is to excise a generous portion of the dissecting septum distally for a chronic dissecting aneurysm of the descending thoracic aorta. We present the "two elephant trunks" technique. In this procedure, a single side-branched graft is placed in the descending aorta without excising the dissecting septum during a first-stage operation. This modification is simple to perform and has the possibility to prevent interval rupture for a chronic dissecting aneurysm.
A Quarter-Century of Progress in the Development of Correlation and Extrapolation Methods for Creep Rupture Data

Developments in the analysis of creep-rupture data are reviewed with particular reference to time temperature relations for the correlation and extrapolation of creep and stress rupture data, the minimum commitment method, and successive regression methods. Some contributions to the development of time-temperature parameters are noted.
Effects of Ingroup Bias and Gender Role Violations on Acquaintance Rape Attributions

Two studies of ethnically diverse US college students from northern California examined whether ingroup bias and gender norm violations influence acquaintance rape attributions (Study 1, N = 118; Study 2, N = 140). Participants read vignettes depicting acquaintance rape and completed questionnaires. Victims were part of participants’ ingroup or outgroup. Study 1 manipulated the victim’s sexual history (chaste or promiscuous). Study 2 manipulated the victim’s alcohol use (sober or intoxicated). Ingroup victims were perceived more positively than outgroup victims if the victims were promiscuous or intoxicated. More guilt was attributed to rapists of ingroup victims than outgroup victims if the victims were promiscuous or intoxicated. Findings are examined in relation to ingroup bias and gender norm violations.