cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
GIS-based modeling of spawning habitat suitability for walleye in the Sandusky River, Ohio, and implications for dam removal and river restoration

Abstract The Sandusky River (Ohio, USA) is the subject of a controversial river restoration proposal involving the removal of a high-head dam to give walleye ( Sander vitreus ) access to upstream spawning areas. Habitat suitability index (HSI) models can add useful information for making such environmental decisions. In this work, a one-dimensional hydraulic river model is coupled with a collection of GIS routines programmed into the ArcGIS ® interface for calculating spatial distributions of depth, velocity, and spawning habitat suitability for walleye in a section of the river. The model is evaluated against in situ measurements of depth, velocity, and egg density. Results indicate that the model is accurate at predicting depths, but velocity predictions are generally lower than measured in the field. Despite this limitation, egg densities display a significant positive correlation with HSI ( R 2 = 0.19, P = 0.036), indicating that the model can give a general idea of spawning habitat suitability in the river. The model results indicate that the habitat suitability in the river, and hence reproductive success, is dependent on discharge. Habitat suitability is maximized at discharges of 20–25 m 3 /s. Flood events with discharges over 100 m 3 /s reduce the amount of highly suitable habitat in the river to less than 1% of the total area.
Performance improvement of composition-graded AlGaAsSb/InP double heterojunction bipolar transistors

Compositional graded base Al x Ga 1−x AsSb/InP DHBT is demonstrated to show DC current gain of ∼100 with 300A base and base sheet resistance of 1000Ω/□. The improvement is more than 50% compared to uniform base GaAsSb/InP DHBT with the same base thickness and sheet resistance.
A field study in static extraction of runtime architectures

We recently developed a static analysis to extract runtime architectures from object-oriented programs written in existing languages. The approach relies on adding ownership domain annotations to the code, and statically extracts a hierarchical runtime architecture from an annotated program.We present promising results from a week-long on-site field study to evaluate the method and the tools on a 30-KLOC module of a 250-KLOC commercial system. In a few days, we were able to add the annotations to the module and extract a top-level architecture for review by a developer.
The validity of analyses testing the etiology of comorbidity between two disorders: a review of family studies.

Background: Knowledge regarding the causes of comorbidity between two disorders has a significant impact on research regarding the classification, treatment, and etiology of the disorders. Two main analytic methods have been used to test alternative explanations for the causes of comorbidity in family studies: biometric model fitting and family prevalence analyses. Unfortunately, the conclusions of family studies using these two methods have been conflicting. In the present study, we examined the validity of family prevalence analyses in testing alternative comorbidity models. Method: We reviewed 42 family studies that used family prevalence analyses to test three comorbidity models: the alternate forms model, the correlated liabilities model, or the three independent disorders model. We conducted the analyses used in these studies on datasets simulated under the assumptions of 13 alternative comorbidity models including the three models tested most often in the literature. Results: Results suggest that some analyses may be valid tests of the alternate forms model (i.e., two disorders are alternate manifestations of a single liability), but that none of the analyses are valid tests of the correlated liabilities model (i.e., a significant correlation between the risk factors for the two disorders) or the three independent disorders model (i.e., the comorbid disorder is a third, independent disorder). Conclusion: Family studies using family prevalence analyses may have made incorrect conclusions regarding the etiology of comorbidity between disorders.
Top-down Versus Bottom-up Limitation in Benthic Infaunal Communities: Direct and Indirect Effects

Top-down effects of predators and bottom-up effects related to resource availability can be important in determining community structure and function through both direct and indirect processes. Their relative influence may vary among habitats. We examined the effects of nutrient enhancement and predation in southeastern North Carolina to determine relative effects on benthic macrofaunal communities. Short-term nutrient additions and predator exclusions were conducted in two estuaries to examine main and interactive effects on benthic microalgae and infauna. This ex- perimental approach was complemented by comparisons of microalgal biomass, infaunal abundance and composition, predator abundance and predator exclusion among four estuarine systems that varied in background nutrient levels. In the short-term experiments, nutrient enhancement induced increased microalgal biomass but had limited effects on abundances or sizes of infauna. Predator exclusion increased the density of sedentary and near-surface dwelling fauna, but we did not observe interactions between predation and responses to nutrient additions, as might be predicted from a simple cascade model. General patterns of abundance were explained to a larger extent by interannual and among- estuary patterns. These results indicate a lack of simple trophic cascade responses for this community over a short time scale and little evidence for local interactive effects. The lack of interactive effects may reflect the opportunistic nature of the dominant infaunal species and potentially different time and spatial scales for the effects of predation and resource controls.
3D lip shapes from video: a combined physical-statistical model

Tracking human lips in video is an important but notoriously difficult task. To accurately recover their motions in 3D from any head pose is an even more challenging task, though still necessary for natural interactions. Our approach is to build and train 3D models of lip motion to make up for the information we cannot always observe when tracking. We use physical models as a prior and combine them with statistical models, showing how the two can be smoothly and naturally integrated into a synthesis method and a MAP estimation framework for tracking. We have found that this approach allows us to accurately and robustly track and synthesize the 3D shape of the lips from arbitrary head poses in a 2D video stream. We demonstrate this with numerical results on reconstruction accuracy, examples of static fits, and audio-visual sequences.
Interrelationships between maternal and cord prolactin, progesterone, estradiol, 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-prostaglandin F2α, and cord cortisol at delivery with respect to initiation of parturition

Abstract Estradiol, progesterone, prolactin, and 13,14-dihydro-15-keto prostaglandin F 2α (PGFM) were measured in both maternal and cord venous blood obtained at the time of delivery in 24 maternal infant pairs evenly divided among six different physiologic groups. Progesterone and prolactin were significantly higher and estradiol was significantly lower in cord than in maternal blood. There were no significant differences between the groups for cortisol, estradiol, or progesterone in maternal or cord blood. A significant increase in prolactin was demonstrated in women receiving oxytocin for induction of labor. Both estradiol and PGFM were highly correlated between maternal and cord blood. PGFM was significantly higher in cesarean section patients in labor than in those not in labor in both the maternal and cord circulations. Among those delivered vaginally, PGFM tended to be higher in those in spontaneous labor than in those with induced labor. PGFM in induced labor was intermediate between spontaneous labor patients delivered by cesarean section and those delivered vaginally. Duration of labor was negatively correlated with cord estradiol concentration. The physiologic significance of these findings is discussed.
Brain imaging correlates

Because aggressive behavior occurs in so many psychiatric disorders, it is important to have an understanding of the aggression complex of symptoms, which occurs in posttraumatic stress disorder, bipolar disorder, depression, dementia, schizophrenia, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and the obsessive-compulsive spectrum of disorders. The effective treatment of aggression symptoms would benefit from the identification of the neuroanatomical circuitry implicated in aggression, and a number of studies in humans and animals using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography provide evidence that helps identify this circuitry. However, future research still must address several questions.
Pre-Service Teachers’ Assessment of 7th-Grade Students’ Social Studies Learning

The purpose of this study was to examine how 52 pre-service teachers (PSTs) assessed 7 th -grade students’ learning of social studies lessons they planned and taught. The PSTs provided assessment artifacts on 312 students, along with explanations for how they assessed and graded each student. Of the 429 coded assessment explanations, 240 (56%) related directly to students’ social studies achievement, 141 (33%) related to non-achievement factors, and 48 (11%) related to achievement factors not connected with social studies. Consistent with previous research on the assessment practices of in-service teachers, the pre-service teachers in this study used a combination of student achievement, effort, behavior, and ability to make their grading judgments. Assessment of student learning is taking a greater role in education today, and much of the burden for helping new teachers to improve their assessment practices will fall on teacher educators, who should integrate explicit coursework on assessment with authentic field experiences for PSTs to practice planning and teaching lessons, as well as assessing and grading students.
VANISHING DIMENSIONS: A REVIEW

We review a growing theoretical motivation and evidence that the number of dimensions actually reduces at high energies. This reduction can happen near the Planck scale, or much before, the dimensions that are reduced can be effective, spectral, topological or the usual dimensions, but many things point toward the fact that the high energy theories appear to propagate in a lower-dimensional space, rather than a higher-dimensional one. We will concentrate on a particular scenario of "vanishing" or "evolving dimensions" where the dimensions open up as we increase the length scale that we are probing, but will also mention related models that point to the same direction, i.e. the causal dynamical triangulation, asymptotic safety, as well as evidence coming from a noncommutative quantum theories, the Wheeler–DeWitt equation and phenomenon of "asymptotic silence". It is intriguing that experimental evidence for the high energy dimensional reduction may already exist — a statistically significant planar alignment of events with energies higher than TeV has been observed in high altitude cosmic ray experiments. A convincing evidence for dimensional reduction may be found in future in collider experiments and gravity waves observatories.
Analysis and Refinement of Temporal Relation Aggregation

To obtain a complete temporal picture of a relation it is necessary to aggregate fragments of temporal information across relation instances in text. This process is non-trivial even for humans because temporal information can be imprecise and inconsistent, and systems face the additional challenge that each of their classifications is potentially false. Even a small amount of incorrect proposed temporal information about a relation can severely affect the resulting aggregate temporal knowledge. We motivate and evaluate three methods to modify temporal relation information prior to aggregation to address this challenge.
Developmental ecology of the American horseshoe crab Limulus polyphemus

During spawning events, horseshoe crab eggs are released from the female's oviducts, and fertilized by one or more males. Eggs are shaped by the female into discrete clutches deposited in nests at depths of 10−20 cm on intertidal estuarine beaches. Distinguishing between fresh eggs and the early developmental stages is obfuscated by the large amount of dense, opaque yolk. The first unambiguous confirmation of development is the formation of the rudimentary prosomatic appendages at the "limb bud" stage. Several days thereafter, the outer chorion is shed and the developing embryo expands and undergoes a series of molts within the clear inner egg membrane. The trilobite (first instar) stage thus attained may remain within the beach sedi- ments for several more weeks, until hatching is facilitated by environmental factors such as hydration, agitation, and osmotic shock that accompany the infiltration of seawater into the nests. Trilobites exhibit endogenous circatidal swimming rhythms that are entrained by mechanical agitation, suggesting that peaks in larval swimming are timed to coincide with periods of high water and the inundation of the nests. Larval swimming is limited and does not appear to result in long-distance dispersal. The limited dispersal of the larvae has important implications for the population dynamics of relatively isolated populations. The rate of larval development is highly plastic and is influenced by temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, and the presence of pollutants. The broad environmental tolerances of horseshoe crab embryos and larvae are important in understanding their current geographic distribution and their evolutionary persistence (Current Zoology 56 (5): 550-562, 2010).
Neuroimaging studies of reading in bilinguals

The ability to learn a second language is a skill that is often mediated by functional and structural changes in the brain. An inverted U-shaped function has been revealed in the neural response with increased expertise of L2 reading. In particular, the neural response at the left temporo-occipital region increases after initial learning and then decreases with increased expertise and efficiency. Another intriguing question in the literature of bilingual reading is whether brain activation for L2 is similar to or different from that for L1, which seems to be driven by tangled variables such as the proficiency level of L2, age of acquisition in L2, and orthographic transparency of L2 in relation to L1. In addition, the established L1 reading mechanisms and skills constrain how L2 is being learned in the brain, while acquiring a L2 also reversely influences how L1 is processed in the brain.
The effects of lawn signs on vote outcomes: Results from four randomized field experiments

Although lawn signs rank among the most widely used campaign tactics, little scholarly attention has been paid to the question of whether they actually generate votes. Working in collaboration with a congressional candidate, a mayoral candidate, an independent expenditure campaign directed against a gubernatorial candidate, and a candidate for county commissioner, we tested the effects of lawn signs by planting them in randomly selected voting precincts. Electoral results pooled over all four studies suggest that signs increased advertising candidates’ vote shares. Results also provide some evidence that the effects of lawn signs spill over into adjacent untreated voting precincts.
Beyond one term of mentoring: A new approach to the research mentorship of undergraduate students

Abstract Background The Undergraduate Research Mentorship Program (URMP) at the University of Pittsburgh (UPitt), School of Nursing (SoN) was envisioned and implemented in the 2008–2009 academic year to expose undergraduate students to research early in their college educational experiences. Moreover, the URMP is a method to retain current students and attract new high school applicants to the SoN. Methods This article presents (1) the program's conceptualization, objectives, implementation, and outcomes using descriptive statistics and (2) the strengths of the URMP as well as the opportunities gained and lessons learned through conducting the program. Results The program has shown success in attracting students to get involved in research. To date, 63.3%–75.7% of participating students reported gaining various research skills from the URMP. Additionally, URMP students have reported participating in conferences and creating close relationships with their mentors; indeed, 97% of these students are interested in pursuing a graduate education. Moreover, the majority of URMP student participants (85.7%) have reported that not only the research experience met or exceeded their expectations, but also they were very satisfied with the research experience. Conclusion Through the URMP, unlike a traditional didactic class, students can benefit from experiential learning, incentives to participate, and a mentoring relationship without the added pressure of obtaining grades at the end of the term.
On Supersonic Flutter of Long Panels

• (20) (32h2 + diaiPi, 1 + ai/3igi, 1 + jSiSifi, 1; etc.) where 5» = 1 for all n and (3n = &n-i for all n > 1. Using Eq. (20), the method employed in reference 1 can be used to find the governing differential equations for the functions f,g,..., etc. All these functions satisfy the same boundary conditions imposed on 1), namely, Eq. (18).
The “blur” of federal information and services: Implications for university libraries

Abstract Information product content is becoming increasingly interrelated with associated services. This concept is called “blurring” by current management authors Davis and Meyer. In the realm of federal information, there is great potential for “blurred” offerings. Citizens could have access to customized and filtered information from federal websites and could perform transactions with government agencies over the Internet. While some technical, infrastructure, and policy issues will take time to sort out, many innovative products and services will be offered over the Internet. Whether the federal agencies themselves will provide these customized services or whether institutions in the public and/or private sector will provide them remains to be seen. Universities need to re-think how they offer services related to federal information in the networked environment. Such activities as reference service, instruction, access to data archives, and staff training need to be re-examined in light of the changes enabled by the Internet and the development of new types of content and services.
Theoretical Studies of GaAs on Si

The energies of various two-dimensional GaAs on Si films have been calculated using the first principles pseudopotential method and density functional formalism. For GaAs on Si(111), the structures formed by adding a bilayer of GaAs to Si(111)1×1:As are shown to have positive formation energies, even after exchange reactions which eliminate the interface dipole are allowed. For GaAs on Si(100), the dependence of the formation energy of the films on the chemical potentials of the atomic constituents has been calculated. In the limit where μ As =μ As(bulk) , and assuming the films have equilibrated with a bulk GaAs reservoir (μ Ga + μ As = μ GaAs (bulk) ), the lowest energy film is found to be the Si(100)2×1:As surface. In the opposite limit, μ Ga =μ Ga(bulk) , the lowest energy film is the Si(100)2×1:(GaAs) surface. A new metastable structure obtained by adding 1/2 monolayer of Ga to Si(100)2×l:As has been studied.
Transformer la médecine et la santé par la découverte Les grandes orientations en recherche biomédicale

The NIH, which originated from the Marine Hospital Laboratory of Hygiene (1887), was established as the national agency for medical research by President F. D. Roosevelt in 1944. The NIH rests on its independent, world-class peer review process and its distinctive scientific and public advisory structure. The two-fold mission of NIH is to define research priorities based on public health needs and to allocate funding. Eighty-four percent of the budget supports 300,000 extramural scientists and research workers at more than 3,000 universities. Only 16% of the budget is spent within the NIH itself (on administration and the 27 institutes and centers, including some 10,000 intramural scientists, that make up NIH today). The ecosystem of science and biotechnology connects NIH, the public, Congress, universities, the FDA, industry, and investors. The budget, which in 2007 was $29 billion, is submitted to Congress by the Director. The impact of biomedical research over the last 30 years is demonstrated by an increase in life expectancy anda decrease in death and disability from many diseases. Five evolving challenges in public health include acute conditions becoming chronic, the aging of the population, health disparities, emerging or re-emerging infectious diseases, and emerging non-communicable diseases (obesity, mental illness). Medical strategies must clearly be transformed for the 21st century. Molecular diagnosis of preclinical disease is the paradigm of the future: intervening before symptoms appear because the preclinical molecular events are known and because we have the ability to detect at-risk patients constitutes the "future paradigm of the 4 P's." Currently, the fundamental scientific barrier is our limited understanding of the complexity of biologic networks. New theoretical concepts are needed in this "hardware-to-software phase." Any roadmap for the acceleration of medical discovery will have to integrate new pathways, future research teams, and the restructuring of clinical research.
Design on underwater seepage treatment in Baofenghu reservoir dam

Severe seepage appeared in Baofenghu reservoir dam since it put into operation 20 years ago. The seepage problem menaces the dam safety and impacts on project normal benefit. For restrained by project location and environment condition, impervious treatment can not be performed in the dry, underwater repair is also difficult. We draw a feasible plan of underwater treatment for seepage and carry out successfully. The treatment effect is satisfactory.
Numerical simulation of hydroforming process for irregular quadrilateral cross-sectional tube

The irregular quadrilateral cross-section tube has been studied and hydroformed in the text.By use of numerical simulation,the hydroforming finite element model has been established based on dynaform software platform.The affect laws of internal pressure and axial feed to forming shapes,corner filling and wall thinning during the hydroforming process for irregular quadrilateral tube have been studied.The reasons for rupture and wrinkling have been analyzed.The simulation results show that proper decease of the inner pressure and increase of axial feeding volume could prevent the rupture effectively.Meanwhile,the increase of inner pressure and decrease of axial feeding volume is the effective way to prevent and eliminate the wrinkle.But too large inner pressure may cause the rupture.
Biologic therapy of chronic myelogenous leukemia.

Abstract In a study using human IFN-alpha, 36 of 51 patients with chronic phase CML achieved a complete hematologic remission. More significantly, 20 patients showed suppression of Ph-positive metaphases with reappearance of cells with normal karyotype. To date, the authors have treated 44 chronic phase CML patients with recombinant IFN-alpha as their frontline biologic therapy with similar hematologic and cytogenetic responses. Gamma interferon is active against CML but less so than IFN-alpha. Chemotherapy followed by IFN-alpha also shows promise. Interferons have produced only limited responses in terminal phase CML patients.
Determination of HCV-Specific Bulk CD8 + Activity in Liver

The host immune response to hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection comprises both humoral and cellular components, which accompany all viral infections. The cellular immune response involves both nonspecific and antigen-specific phases, with recovery thought to be largely dependent on classical CD4(+) and CD8(+) cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTLs). Intracellular and extracellular antigens present quite different challenges to the immune system, both in terms of recognition and appropriate response. In general, T-cells do not recognize native antigen; rather, they recognize short antigenic peptides that have been processed and presented on the cell surface. For an appropriate response, it is necessary that the T-cell receptor recognize a ligand composed of processed viral immunogenic peptide bound to a major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecule on the surface of an antigen-presenting cell or target cell. Processed peptides are generally presented to CD8(+) cells by MHC class I molecules, which are expressed on virtually all cells.
Management of Invasive Bladder Cancer: A Meticulous Pelvic Node Dissection Can Make a Difference

AbstractDuring an 8-year period 159 patients with primary epithelial carcinoma of the bladder were operated upon in anticipation of cure. At the operation 6 patients (4 per cent) were found to be inoperable because of extensive disease above the aortic bifurcation. Therefore, 153 patients underwent a meticulous bilateral pelvic iliac lymph node dissection with en bloc radical cystectomy and urinary diversion as a single stage procedure. Of these 153 potentially curable patients 36 had positive nodes histologically. Analysis of these 36 patients revealed that the presence or absence of nodal metastases cannot be predicted accurately on the basis of T or P category of the primary tumor, although the frequency of nodal disease increased with deeper penetration of the bladder wall. The incidence of positive pelvic nodes is 5 to 10 per cent in patients with P1 tumors, 30 to 35 per cent in those with P2 or P3A tumors and 50 to 66 per cent in those with P3B and P4 tumors. The presence of positive pelvic nodes do...
Effects of body heating during sleep interruption.

This study assessed the effects that elevating body temperature had on sleep structure in the third and fourth sleep cycles, cycles typically characterized by a high propensity for REM sleep and diminished levels of delta amplitude and incidence. The sleep of eight women and two men was interrupted for 30 min on each of 3 consecutive nights following an undisturbed adaptation night. The subjects were awakened each night following the end of the second REM sleep period. On 2 nights, subjects were immersed to midthorax in water at either 34 degrees C (TW condition) or 41 degrees C (HW condition) for 20 min. A third interruption without immersion (NW condition) was performed to provide a second type of baseline condition. The HW condition induced a mean tympanic temperature rise of 2.5 degrees C, that returned to baseline levels in approximately 60 min. Analysis of sleep patterns focused on the two sleep cycles following interruption. The mean of the two baseline conditions (TW + NW/2) was compared with the HW condition. Sleep onset latency, REM latency, REM duration, and eye movement activity in REM were unaffected by heating. Heating evoked increases in both total NREM and slow wave sleep, though these increases were delayed until the second cycle following sleep onset (i.e., appearing in the fourth, but not the third, NREM period). These were paralleled by increases in two objective measures of delta activity: integrated slow-wave amplitude (33% increase) and slow-wave density (10% increase).
Neuroserpin Differentiates Between Forms of Tissue Type Plasminogen Activator via pH Dependent Deacylation.

Tissue-type Plasminogen Activator (t-PA), initially characterized for its critical role in fibrinolysis, also has key functions in both physiologic and pathologic processes in the CNS. Neuroserpin (NSP) is a t-PA specific serine protease inhibitor (serpin) found almost exclusively in the CNS that regulates t-PA’s proteolytic activity and protects against t-PA mediated seizure propagation and blood-brain barrier disruption. This report demonstrates that NSP inhibition of t-PA varies profoundly as a function of pH within the biologically relevant pH range for the CNS, and reflects the stability, rather than the formation of NSP: t-PA acyl-enzyme complexes. Moreover, NSP differentiates between the zymogen-like single chain form (single chain t-PA , sct-PA) and the mature protease form (two chain t-PA, tct-PA) of t-PA, demonstrating different pH profiles for protease inhibition, different pH ranges over which catalytic deacylation occurs, and different pH dependent profiles of deacylation rates for each form of t-PA. NSP’s pH dependent inhibition of t-PA is not accounted for by differential acylation, and is specific for the NSP-t-PA serpin-protease pair. These results demonstrate a novel mechanism for the differential regulation of the two forms of t-PA in the CNS, and suggest a potential specific regulatory role for CNS pH in controlling t-PA proteolytic activity.
Creative Nonfiction in Ethnography

Just as we straddle disciplinary conventions, ethnographers also straddle writing boundaries. Our writing tends to seek a balance, or perhaps a blurring, of academic and lay worlds, and has the potential to reach a large audience.
Can upper-elementary school students achieve success in the sport education model?

The sport education model (SEM) for physical education is commonly implemented at the middle and high school level, where it is thought that students are mature enough to adequately perform self-gu...
High sensitivity collimators for brain SPECT

In SPECT imaging, converging collimators are known to increase the photon detection efficiency compared to conventional parallel-hole collimators. A converging half-cone-beam (HCB) collimator is especially suitable for human brain SPECT, allowing close positioning of the detector to the patient’s head, while avoiding truncation of the caudal portions of the brain. In this study, we simulated and assessed modified HCB collimators for further gain in photon detection efficiency with the same spatial resolution. Using Monte Carlo simulation, we modeled an astigmatic HCB collimator with axial and transaxial convergence in two orthogonal focal lines. This kind of astigmatic collimation allows utilization of the whole detector field of view, thus increasing the efficiency of the collimator. We also simulated a spatially-variable-focusing (SVF) HCB collimator, which has a set of axial and transaxial focal lines, and may offer a dramatic increase of efficiency for certain regions of the brain without truncating the rest of the brain. Both astigmatic and SVF HCB collimators offer the potential for improved brain SPECT.
The Structure of Metaphor

One notable attempt to define metaphor has been made by Monroe Beardsley (1958, 1962). In this paper I wish to indicate one flaw of Beardsley’s theory, and then to argue that C. S. Peirce’s theory of signs, taken together with his categories, can be utilized to present an account of the structure of metaphor that accounts for everything for which Beardsley accounts, and has the advantage of explaining why Beardsley was forced to re-admit a portion of the Comparison theory. As put forth by Michael and Marianne Shapiro (1976), this structural theory of metaphor views reference as an essential phase in the life cycle of a trope. In addition, this theory of linguistics as put forth by Roman Jakobson, Michael Shapiro, and others, in which the Peircean semiotic is synthesized with a structural account of language such that all signs (from the phoneme to the morpheme, to words, to sentences, to discourse) share the same structure.
Flow Cytometric Panel-Reactive Antibody Results and the Ability to Find Transfusion-Compatible Platelets after Antibody-Desensitization for Allogeneic Bone Marrow Transplant

Background Panel reactive antibody (PRA) reduction protocols are used to decrease anti-HLA antibodies with concomitant PRA monitoring as a measure of successful treatment prior to organ and haploidentical blood and marrow transplant (BMT). We hypothesized that the more sensitive flow cytometry (FC) based assays for PRA [FlowPRA® and Luminex® based Single Antigen Bead (SAB)] would also correlate with the ability to find compatible platelets for allosensitized recipients. Methods A female patient with myelodysplastic syndrome and a high HLA class I PRA [>90% PRA and cPRA by complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) assay and Flow PRA] required allogeneic BMT. Baseline HLA Class I and class II antigen typing was performed and a matched sibling donor was identified. Although baseline anti-HLA class I and class II antibodies measured by FC and CDC revealed no donor specific antibodies (DSA), the decision was made to attempt antibody desensitization to facilitate platelet transfusion during BMT. FC and CDC assays were performed to determine anti-HLA class I antibodies and cPRA/%PRA prior to starting desensitization and at the end of desensitization. Over the course of desensitization and BMT, a total of 194 apheresis platelet units underwent cross-match (XM) using Capture-P®. We compared temporally-related PRA results with platelet XM results. Results High PRA by FC or CDC assays correlates with a high % of XM-positive (incompatible) platelet units. When the CDC PRA fell to 2% after desensitization, platelet XM incompatibility fell from 100% to 63% positive (incompatible). When the FC PRA fell to 5% the positive platelet XM fell to 5%. Conclusions Antibody desensitization facilitated platelet transfusion. PRA determination by FC appeared better correlated than determination by CDC with the ability to find XM-compatible platelets.
Immigration and Border Security

This chapter examines immigration and border security. It begins with a historical overview of immigration trends. The chapter then highlights some of the recent tendencies and policies in immigration and border security. The work highlights deportation policies, particularly during the Bush and Obama administrations. The chapter also examines politicians’ opinions about immigration and border security, focusing on the key statements made by leading politicians from both political parties. The last section concludes with American public opinion about border security and immigration.
Seasonal and Diel Vocal Behavior of the Northern Red-Legged Frog, Rana aurora

Abstract Males of most anuran species use acoustic communication to attract females. Rana aurora (Northern Red-legged Frog) is one of a few anuran species that calls underwater, making it difficult to survey using traditional visual and auditory methods. R. aurora are experiencing significant population declines and are listed as a sensitive species in Oregon. Lack of information on basic life-history strategies may limit conservation efforts. This study explored calling behavior and breeding phenology of R. aurora by quantifying seasonal and diel calling patterns. An audio recorder with an underwater microphone (called a hydrophone) was used to capture underwater vocalizations at Finley National Wildlife Refuge near Corvallis, Oregon, USA. Results suggest that male R. aurora chorus from January until March for up to 14 h per day at a time. This is a significantly longer duration than previously recorded. This study shows that passive acoustic surveys can improve the detection and monitoring of a cryptic ...
What Is Mathematics and What Should It Be

In the classic “The Mathematical Experience,” Reuben Hersh and Philip Davis gave a fresh look at mathematics and mathematicians and showed us that notwithstanding Plato and Hilbert, mathematics is a human activity and culture and its pretensions to absolute truth are unfounded. Mathematics is what mathematicians do!. This leitmotif was further expanded in the wonderful “sequel” Descartes’ Dream: The World According to Mathematics, also with Davis, and the more philosophical “What Is Mathematics, Really?”, written by Reuben all by himself. The fact that mathematics is what (human) mathematicians do is further expounded, beautifully, in Loving and Hating Mathematics, written in collaboration with Vera John-Steiner, that, inter alia, debunks G.H. Hardy’s stupid quip that “Mathematics is a young men’s game,” by describing many excellent women mathematicians and many excellent “old” mathematicians.
Generalized Distribution Network Head-Loss Characteristics

Principles for analysis of complex distribution systems; head losses over wide range of demand and equalizing storage rates can be calculated directly, based on only two or three complete network analyses, under design assumptions employed in normal practice.
Treatment for anal fissure: Is there a safe option?

Abstract Background Surgeons often approach anal fissure with chemical denervation (Botulinum toxin, BT) instead of initial lateral internal sphincterotomy (LIS) due to concerns for long-term incontinence. We evaluated the characteristics and outcomes of patients who received BT or LIS. Methods We performed a retrospective chart review of patients undergoing LIS and BT for anal fissure between 2009 and 2015. In 2015, a telephone survey was performed to evaluate durability, long-term incontinence and patient satisfaction. Results Ninety-four patients met criteria: 73 LIS and 21 BT. Age (BT 49 vs. LIS 52) was similar between groups (p = 1.0). Cleveland Clinic Fecal Incontinence (CCFI) score pre-intervention was higher in BT than LIS patients (2.1 vs. 0.4, p = 0.007) with fewer BT patients with perfect continence (50% vs. 88%). Telephone survey response was 61%. Fissure recurrence was significantly higher for BT than LIS patients (36% vs. 9%, p = 0.03). Conclusion Patients undergoing LIS were less likely to recur. Both LIS and BT patients had some durable changes in continence raising the question of whether there is a safe technique.
Design Knowing & Learning: A Socially Mediated Activity

Publisher Summary This chapter illustrates how the context of the engineering classroom might be transformed to better accord with the context of engineering practice through the introduction of open-ended, design-type exercises. While faculty can energize students with talk of creativity, and engage them in the act itself, the subject matter is considered “soft” and lacking in rigor when compared to courses in control theory, signals and systems, thermodynamics, computer science, or engineering mechanics. The analytic/synthetic distinction is alive and well in engineering education. This chapter explores this dichotomy, not in order to deny the differences between science based, theoretical knowledge, and design thinking and knowing, but rather to understand these two forms better and how they relate to the engineering practice. The way to better prepare students for engineering practice is to transform the context of the engineering classroom, not just in those courses explicitly labeled “design,” but across the board, starting with the engineering science courses at the sophomore level. Through the integration of open-ended, design-type exercises into the curriculum, a dramatic change in the atmosphere and context of the classroom can be achieved, and the fundamentals still be addressed with rigor.
Acetohydroxamic Acid: Initial Investigations in Man

Urinary infection with urea-splitting bacteria is commonly regarded as an etiologic factor in the pathogenesis of struvite and apatite urinary stones. Experimental investigations from our laboratory have suggested that the bacterial enzyme, urease, is the primary and perhaps the sole mechanism of infection-induced urinary stones (1). Urease hydrolyzes urea to form ammonia and hydroxyl ions. The resultant hyperammoniuria and alkalinity promote bacterial invasion of tissues (2) and urinary stone formation.
Uniform redundancy allocation maximizes the robustness of flow networks against cascading failures

We study the robustness of flow networks against cascading failures under a partial load redistribution model. In particular, we consider a flow network of $N$ lines with initial loads ${L}_{1},...,{L}_{N}$ and free spaces (i.e., redundant space) ${S}_{1},...,{S}_{N}$ that are independent and identically distributed with joint distribution ${P}_{LS}(x,y)=\mathbb{P}\left[L\ensuremath{\le}x,S\ensuremath{\le}y\right]$. The capacity ${C}_{i}$ is the maximum load allowed on line $i$ and is given by ${C}_{i}={L}_{i}+{S}_{i}$. When a line fails due to overloading, it is removed from the system and $(1\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\varepsilon})$ fraction of the load it was carrying is redistributed equally among all remaining lines in the system. The rest (i.e., $\ensuremath{\varepsilon}$ fraction) of the load is assumed to be lost or absorbed, e.g., due to advanced circuitry disconnecting overloaded power lines or an interconnected network or material absorbing a fraction of the flow from overloaded lines. We analyze the robustness of this flow network against random attacks that remove a $p$ fraction of the lines. Our contributions include (i) deriving the final fraction of alive lines ${n}_{\ensuremath{\infty}}(p,\ensuremath{\varepsilon})$ for all $p,\ensuremath{\varepsilon}\ensuremath{\in}(0,1)$ and confirming the results via extensive simulations; (ii) showing that partial redistribution might lead to (depending on the parameter $0l\ensuremath{\varepsilon}\ensuremath{\le}1$) the order of transition at the critical attack size ${p}^{★}$ changing from first to second-order; and (iii) proving analytically that flow networks achieve maximum robustness [quantified by the area ${\ensuremath{\int}}_{0}^{1}{n}_{\ensuremath{\infty}}(p,\ensuremath{\varepsilon})dp]$ when all lines have the same free space regardless of their initial load. The optimality of equal free-space allocation is also confirmed on real-world data from the UK National Power Grid.
Gut Microbiota Promotes Tumor Growth in Mice by Modulating Immune Response.

We studied the effects of gut microbiome depletion by oral antibiotics on tumor growth in subcutaneous and liver metastases models of pancreatic cancer, colon cancer, and melanoma. Gut microbiome depletion significantly reduced tumor burden in all the models tested. However, depletion of gut microbiome did not reduce tumor growth in Rag1-knockout mice, which lack mature T and B cells. Flow cytometry analyses demonstrated that gut microbiome depletion led to significant increase in interferon gamma–producing T cells with corresponding decrease in interleukin 17A and interleukin 10–producing T cells. Our results suggest that gut microbiome modulation could emerge as a novel immunotherapeutic strategy.
Design principles for high transition metal capacity in disordered rocksalt Li-ion cathodes

The discovery of facile Li transport in disordered, Li-excess rocksalt materials has opened a vast new chemical space for the development of high energy density, low cost Li-ion cathodes. We develop a strategy for obtaining optimized compositions within this class of materials, exhibiting high capacity and energy density as well as good reversibility, by using a combination of low-valence transition metal redox and a high-valence redox active charge compensator, as well as fluorine substitution for oxygen. Furthermore, we identify a new constraint on high-performance compositions by demonstrating the necessity of excess Li capacity as a means of counteracting high-voltage tetrahedral Li formation, Li-binding by fluorine and the associated irreversibility. Specifically, we demonstrate that 10–12% of Li capacity is lost due to tetrahedral Li formation, and 0.4–0.8 Li per F dopant is made inaccessible at moderate voltages due to Li–F binding. We demonstrate the success of this strategy by realizing a series of high-performance disordered oxyfluoride cathode materials based on Mn2+/4+ and V4+/5+ redox.
Dual-energy X-ray Absorptiometry for the Management of Bone Disease

Professor Emeritus of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin; and President, Lunar Corporation, Madison, Wisconsin
On the Genetic Modification of Psychology, Personality, and Behavior

I argue that the use of heritable modifications for psychology, personality, and behavior should be limited to the reversal or prevention of relatively unambiguous instances of pathology or likely harm (e.g. sociopathy). Most of the likely modifications of psychological personality would not be of this nature, however, and parents therefore should not have the freedom to make such modifications to future children. I argue by examining the viewpoints of both the individual and society. For individuals, modifications would interfere with their capacity for self-determination in a way that undermines the very concept of self-determination. I argue that modification of psychology and personality is unlike present parenting in morally significant ways. For society, modification offers a medium for power to manipulate the makeup of persons and populations, possibly causing biological harm to the species and altering our conceptions of social responsibility.
Green Tea and Control of Glutamate Dehydrogenase Activity

Glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) is found in all living organisms and catalyzes the reversible oxidative deamination of L-glutamate. Mammalian GDH is allosterically regulated by a wide array of metabolites. The importance of this allosteric regulation was made evident by the discovery of the hyperinsulinism/hyperammonemia (HHS) disorder. HHS is caused by spontaneous mutations in GDH that abrogate GTP inhibition. In the pancreas, this causes hypersecretion of insulin. In the kidney, the catabolism of glutamate increases the serum ammonium level while inhibiting the production of urea. HHS has been linked to childhood-onset epilepsy, learning disabilities, and seizures. To control this disorder, we found that EGCG and ECG inhibit GDH activity and block GDH-mediated insulin secretion. Expanding upon these results, the DeBerardinis group demonstrated that EGCG, via inhibition of GDH, can be used to target glioblastoma cells. Finally, the Blenis group demonstrated that EGCG can be used to kill tuberous sclerosis complex benign tumors via GDH inhibition.
Gene Action, Mitotic Frequency, and Morphogenesis in Higher Plants

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the gene action, mitotic frequency, and morphogenesis in higher plants. The hypothesis on the nature and action that protein can be made as an extension of the hypothesis or provisional model based upon the studies of polarization in the cell of Nitella. The cytoplasm adjacent to the cell wall is believed to contain long elements, presumably fibrous structural proteins, which are flow-oriented by the distortions of elongation itself. The predominant longitudinal orientation of mitoses other than those of the GCMC results from the fact that the polarized growth of the leaf as a whole places a maximum strain upon the meristematic cells in a longitudinal direction.When the mitotic spindle forms, it either uses some of these elements or consists of new protein elements oriented in accordance with templates formed by the cytoplasmic framework. The exceptional orientation of the spindle of the dividing GCMC in normal tissue is because of two unusual conditions prevailing in this cell. Gene-controlled substances acting as regulators of the timing of DNA synthesis can increase or decrease the frequency of mitoses in particular regions at specific developmental stages, thereby controlling the shape of the organs of the plant and even features of its overall architecture such as the number and arrangement of the leaves.
Feudal America: Elements of the Middle Ages in Contemporary Society, Vladimir Shlapentokh, Joshua Woods. Pennsylvania State University Press, University Park Penn (2011), 170 pp.

This is an intriguing and thought-provoking book. Shlapentokh and Woods set out to explain how medieval feudalism can be employed as a useful interpretive tool for modern American political, econom...