cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Thesaurus for Bioinspired Engineering Design

Biological systems provide insight into sustainable and adaptable design, which often leads to designs that are more elegant, efficient, and sustainable. There are, however, significant hurdles to performing bioinspired design. This chapter presents a design tool, the engineering-to-biology thesaurus, that addresses several challenges engineers may encounter when performing bioinspired design, allowing engineers without advanced biological knowledge to leverage nature’s ingenuity during engineering design. Along with the thesaurus tables, detailed information on the thesaurus model, structure, population, term placement, term placement review, and limitations is provided. Applications of the design tool are discussed. Examples are provided to demonstrate the goals and applications of the design tool followed by a review of integration with computational design tools.
Mechanical Properties and Dimensional Stability of Rigid PVC Foam Composites Filled with High Aspect Ratio Phlogopite Mica

High aspect ratio Phlogopite mica was used to enhance the dimensional stability and mechanical properties of extruded rigid Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) foam. Mica was added to rigid PVC compound at different concentrations (0 - 20 wt%) and processed using a single screw profile extruder. PVC foam-Mica composites were characterized for their dimensional stability, and structural, thermal, and mechanical properties. Experimental results showed that the dimensional stability increased by 44% and heat resistance of the samples improved as the amount of mica increased in the composites. The storage modulus and tensile strength of the composites were also enhanced with the addition of mica. However, increasing the concentration of mica had no significant effect on the impact and flexural properties of the composites. SEM micrographs show good dispersion and orientation of the mica flakes along the cell walls of the PVC foam. Overall, the platy structure and physical properties of mica seemed to have played an important role in providing good interfacial bonding with the cell membranes of the foam, thus enhancing the dimensional stability of the PVC- Mica foam composites.
Experimental examination of two-pyroxene graphical thermometers using natural pyroxenes with application to metaigneous pyroxenes from the Adirondack Mountains, New York

Clinopyroxene with exsolved orthopyroxene and coexisting orthopyroxene with exsolved clinopyroxene (inverted pigeonite) in metaigneous rocks from the Adirondacks, New York, were experimentally homogenized at temperatures near those inferred for their original crystallization. The purposes were several: (1) to test the graphical two-pyroxene geothermometer of Lindsley (1983); (2) to test the hypothesis of Bohlen and Essene (1978) that these were originally igneous pyroxenes; and (3) to test whether modal recombination of complexly exsolved pyroxenes yields realistic compositions. Experiments on Fe-rich compositions at 930° and 870° C (1 GPa) are compatible with the graphical thermometer of Lindsley (1983); however, this graphical thermometer yields apparent temperatures approximately 50° C too high for experiments at 1050° C and 1100° C (0 MPa). This suggests that at intermediate Mg/Fe the augite isotherms for these temperatures lie at lower wollastonite compositions than shown by Lindsley. The results are, however, in good agreement with isotherms derived from the solution model of Davidson (1985). When these isotherms are applied to a variety of terrestrial and lunar igneous rocks and the metaigneous rocks from the Adirondacks, temperatures given by augite and pigeonite compositions from coexisting pairs are similar. Comparison of the experimentally homogenized compositions with modally recombined compositions of Bohlen and Essene (1978) show that discrepancies between augite and pigeonite temperatures may nevertheless arise if pyroxene grains formed by granular exsolution are not correctly reintegrated.
Genetic and Environmental Factors in Dairy Sire Evaluation. III. Influence of Environmental and Other Extraneous Correlations Among the Daughters

Abstract The practice of regressing dairy sire proofs for the numbers of daughters included and for the average correlation among those daughters has been gaining wide acceptance in recent years. However, the contributions of environmental and other extraneous correlations to the regression factors being used have been generally neglected. Justification for this has been based largely on the assumption that, when deviation records are used, the effects of these residual correlations in artificial insemination (AI) bull proofs are of no practical significance. In several studies with deviation records, the expected correlations of the separate proofs of bulls were computed on the assumption of zero residual correlations among the daughters represented in each proof. The wide discrepancies found between the expected and sample correlations raise some doubts as to the general validity of this assumption.
RAD3 protein of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a DNA helicase.

Abstract The Saccharomyces cerevisiae RAD3 gene, which is required for cell viability and excision repair of damaged DNA, encodes an 89-kDa protein that has a single-stranded DNA-dependent ATPase activity. We now show that the RAD3 protein also possesses a helicase activity that unwinds duplex regions in DNA substrates constructed by annealing DNA fragments of 71-851 nucleotides to circular, single-stranded M13 DNA. The DNA helicase activity is dependent on the hydrolysis of ATP, has a pH optimum of approximately 5.6, and is inhibited by antibodies raised against a truncated RAD3 protein produced in Escherichia coli. The RAD3 helicase translocates along single-stranded DNA in the 5'----3' direction. The direction of RAD3 helicase movement is consistent with the possibility that it unwinds DNA duplexes in advance of the replication fork during DNA replication.
DESIGN AND ECONOMIC STUDY OF A GAS‐TURBINE‐POWERED VAPOR‐COMPRESSION PLANT FOR EVAPORATION OF SEAWATER1

The design and economics of a single-purpose, gas-turbine-powered, vapor-compression distillation plant for evaporation of sea water are discussed. Results are presented from standpoint of process description, vapor-compression optimization, plant design, and economics. For comparison, data are presented for smaller and much larger water-only vapor-compression distillation concepts studied at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory.
Low-resistance titanium/n-type silicon (1 0 0) contacts by monolayer selenium passivation

Low-resistance Ohmic contacts fabricated by selenium passivation between titanium and n-type silicon (1 0 0) substrates have been characterized by the four-point probe and circular transmission line method. Selenium passivation terminates dangling bonds on the Si(1 0 0) surface and reduces the Schottky barrier height between Ti and n-type Si(1 0 0) substrates. Sheet resistance of the Ti–Si contacts on Se-passivated 1019 cm−3 doped Si substrates shows a ~30% reduction as compared with control samples. Accordingly, the extracted contact resistance is reduced by about an order of magnitude for samples with different Ti thicknesses and different annealing temperatures. A 29-times reduction in contact resistivity is achieved by Se passivation on highly-doped Si-on-insulator substrates with a 500 A un-doped Si buffer layer.
Methotrexate treatment in 13 children with severe plaque psoriasis

Summary Background. Severe plaque psoriasis in childhood has a significant morbidity and can warrant the use of systemic agents, although there are no published clinical trials in this group. Objectives. We report a series of 13 children with severe plaque psoriasis treated with low-dose once-weekly methotrexate. Methods. We reviewed the notes of all 13 children treated with low-dose methotrexate at Birmingham Children’s Hospital. Results. Of the 13 patients reviewed, 11 responded with clearance of psoriasis, leaving small residual plaques. Five patients are currently maintained on methotrexate. Three patients needed two courses of methotrexate and one needed three courses, with treatment-free intervals of between 9 and 22 months. One patient stopped treatment due to rises in the results of liver function tests (LFTs) at 6 weeks, and one patient stopped the second course of methotrexate after two doses because of slightly raised baseline LFT results. There were no other adverse events. Conclusions. We propose that when carefully monitored, methotrexate can be a safe and efficacious treatment option for severe psoriasis in children as well as in adults. Obesity may be a relative contraindication, as associated nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is likely to increase hepatotoxicity.
Millimeter-Wave Absorption as a Quality Control Tool for M-Type Hexaferrite Nanopowders

Millimeter wave (MMW) absorption measurements have been conducted on commercial samples of large (micrometer-sized) and small (nanometer-sized) particles of BaFe12O19 and SrFe12O19 using a quasi-optical MMW spectrometer and a series of backwards wave oscillators encompassing the 30-120 GHz range. Effective anisotropy of the particles calculated from the resonant absorption frequency indicates lower overall anisotropy in the nano-particles. Due to their high magnetocrystalline anisotropy, both BaFe12O19 and SrFe12O19 are expected to have spin resonances in the 45-55 GHz range. Several of the sampled BaFe12O19 powders did not have MMW absorptions, so they were further investigated by DC magnetization and x-ray diffraction to assess magnetic behavior and structure. The samples with absent MMW absorption contained primarily iron oxides, suggesting that MMW absorption could be used for quality control in hexaferrite powder manufacture.
Discriminating zooplankton assemblages through multivariate methods: A case for a tropical polluted harbour and Bar-built estuary

A comparative study (June–July 2001) on zooplankton community structure amid polluted conditions in a stagnant harbour and relatively unaffected tidal estuary near Visakhapatnam, on the east coast of India, revealed a marked disparity in species composition and abundance. While the harbour supported a rich population of calanoids (46.4%), the estuary sustained mostly cyclopoids (55.2%). Univariate and multivariate techniques (species diversity, clustering, non-metric multi-dimensional scaling and one-way ANOSIM) revealed the existence of two differing zooplankton assemblages and associated water quality (similarity 50.6%). While the estuary is typified by high amounts of dissolved silica (67.4 ± 17.7 μmol l−1) linked with monsoon influx, the harbour waters revealed abnormal levels of phosphate (40.9 ± 9.2 μmol l−1) and nitrate (15.3 ± 5.41 μmol l− 1) suggestive of intense eutrophication, caused by the discharge of fertilizer-factory waste and domestic sewage. On the basis of routines (e.g. BVSTEP, SIMPER)...
The 007 Benchmark

The OO7 Benchmark represents a comprehensive test of OODBMS performance. In this paper we describe the benchmark and present performance results from its implementation in three OODBMS systems. It is our hope that the OO7 Benchmark will provide useful insight for end-users evaluating the performance of OODBMS systems; we also hope that the research community will find that OO7 provides a database schema, instance, and workload that is useful for evaluating new techniques and algorithms for OODBMS implementation.
INERTIA AND RECOVERY: AN APPROACH TO STREAM CLASSIFICATION AND STRESS EVALUATION'

The concepts of inertia and elasticity were applied to existing fish data from Conowingo Creek. It was determined that these two concepts could form the foundation for a stream classification sys- tem based on the structure and function of fish communities. Inertia appears to be more useful for predicting the effects of potential stress than elasticity (a stress must first occur before elasticity can be fully evaluated). The relationship between structural and functional redun- dancy and their influences on the inertia index is discussed. (KEY TERMS: recovery; inertia; elasticity; stress evaluation; structural and functional redundancy.)
Comment: Redox‐cycling is a property of PQQ but not of ascorbate

We have found that pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) in the presence of glycine at pH 10, efficiently reduces nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) to its formazan [l]. In this reaction, 1 mol of PQQ reduces approximately 1000 mol of NBT in 1 h at room temperature. Since no other biological substance tested to date showed a comparable redox-cycling, we used this property for the detection of PQQ in proteins and biological fluids [2,3]. A recent publication in this Journal [4] states that ascorbic and dehydroascorbic acid promote color formation in the redox-cycling assay to the extent of PQQ on a molar basis. This reactivity and possible in-
Genotypes of Multiple Allozyme Loci Interact With an Experimental Environment to Affect Growth in Juvenile Earthworms (Eisenia fetida andrei)

Biweekly growth and genotypes at seven polymorphic allozyme loci were measured for juvenile Eisenia fetida andrei raised in all combinations of three soil moistures and four temperatures for 10 weeks (n = 1062). There was a significant interaction (P < 0.05) between genotype and the environment that affected growth (repeated measures ANOVA) at six of these loci after the effect of environment alone was taken into account. Genotype × environment interactions for each locus were evaluated by computing the relative growth of each genotype (mean growth of the genotype divided by the maximal mean growth among genotypes) within each environment. For three of six loci, the mean relative growth of the heterozygous genotype among environments was greater than that of the homozygous genotypes. The difference in relative growth among genotypes and environments may be sufficient to maintain polymorphisms of some allozyme loci in earthworms that experience environmental heterogeneity if each combination of environments is inhabited equally and if relative growth is a good predictor of fitness.
Functional morphology of the head of Hawaiian and Mid-Pacific butterflyfishes (Perciformes, Chaetodontidae)

The functional morphology of the jaws of six species of butterflyfishes was investigated and related to their feeding behaviors. Utilizing observations and measurements of fresh-killed specimens as well as scanning electron microscopy of their dentitions, interspecific differences in the size, shape, orientation of the mouth, dentition, degree and function of jaw protrusion were related to their different feeding behaviors. The jaws of the six species showed a variety of adaptations for feeding on or over the reef as well as a repertoire of modulated jaw movements hitherto unnoticed in many studies. This radiation in morphologies was believed to be due to relatively simple changes of a few structural elements, changes that could occur relatively rapidly in the evolutionary time scale. The benefit of naturalistic observations in such functional morphological studies was emphasized.
The history of the metallographic study of the Japanese sword

Abstract The traditional Japanese Sword (Nihon Token) is an object of great beauty and a marvel of empirical technology. The development of metallography in modern Japan is closely tied to the scientific study of the Japanese Sword, with the first metallographic studies started in 1908 by Kuni-ichi Tawara.
Gonadotrophic secretion in male rats subjected to an acute noxious stimulus.

Abstract This study evaluated the effect of an acute noxious stimulus, electric shock, on the pituitary concentration of gonadotrophins and on plasma luteinizing hormone (LH) activity in intact and orchidectomized rats. The ovarian ascorbic acid depletion method of Parlow was used for the assay of pituitary and plasma LH. The adenohypophyseal concentration of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) was determined by means of the augmentation method of Steelman and Pohley. Administration of an electric shock of moderate intensity which was effective in inducing a marked increase in plasma corticosterone did not result in significant changes in pituitary LH and FSH in intact and orchidectomized animals. Plasma LH significantly increased 5 min after the stressful procedure in orchidectomized rats and returned to control levels at 20 min. No significant differences in plasma LH activity were defected in intact rats.
Right and left Ventricular Area and Function Determined by Two-Dimensional Echocardiography in Adults with the Eisenmenger Syndrome from a Variety of Congenital Anomalies

The Eisenmenger syndrome has been associated with right ventricular (RV) enlargement and systolic dysfunction. However, little attention has been directed toward potentially characteristic changes in left ventricular (LV) dimensions or function. Therefore, 2-dimensional echocardiography (short-axis-papillary muscle level) was performed in 24 adults (mean age 33 +/- 7 years) with Eisenmenger syndrome to evaluate RV and LV size and function. A significant correlation was found between RV and LV end-diastolic areas (r = 0.96; regression slope 1.06), and fractional area change (r = 0.88; regression slope 1.03) in patients with a nonrestrictive ventricular septal defect (VSD) (n = 15). In contrast, in patients with Eisenmenger syndrome but no VSD (n = 9), RV and LV end-diastolic areas (r = 0.68; regression slope 0.10), and fractional area change (r = 0.08; regression slope -0.09) were discordant. RV function was preserved in most patients with a VSD, and mean RV fractional area change was significantly greater than in those without a VSD (0.50 +/- 0.13 vs 0.18 +/- 0.08; p < 0.001). No significant difference was apparent in these 2 groups (patients with and without a VSD) with respect to age, pulmonary artery systolic pressure, partial arterial oxygen pressure or hematocrit. Thus, the results indicate a relation between biventricular chamber dimensions and systolic function that is dependent on the nature and locus of the primary intracardiac defect responsible for the Eisenmenger syndrome.
Training secondary school computer science educators

With the increasing use of computers in many areas of society, there is a growing need for competent computer science educators at all levels of education. The need at the secondary school level is a most pressing one at the moment, one which might be met by the preparation of computer science majors in university colleges of education. A program at Bowling Green State University is described in this paper, a program which combines a broad computer science background with teaching experiences and education courses.
Follow-up Studies of Specific Reading Disability

Follow-up studies of children and adolescents with specific reading disability are critically reviewed. Several conclusions are drawn: (1) Of the children who show mild reading disabilities early in grade school, approximately 20 to 25% read at grade level toward the end of grade school. (2) Of those with severe disabilities, relatively few are reading at grade level toward the end of grade school. (3) Most children who demonstrate a severe specific reading disability in preadolescence continue to be significantly retarded in reading during high school. (4) Current research is inadequate for prediction of reading skills in adulthood of disabled readers identified during the school years.
Appetite of the wolf: German foreign assistance for central and eastern Europe

In this article we examine German foreign aid for central and eastern Europe in order to determine which foreign policy course Germany is likely to pursue. We outline the dominant debates over German foreign policy, review German aid programmes to eastern Europe, define the patterns evident within these policies and then analyse their key characteristics in relation to these on‐going debates. In our conclusion we then compare the predictions from the dominant positions to the evidence we present about Germany's foreign aid programme to determine which scenario seems most likely. We suggest that Germany has accommodated its own policies to the institutions of supranational organisation and the interests of its members. Insofar as Germany heeds the advice of its EU partners, articulates its vision of a stable and prosperous Europe, and leads its more reluctant peers and populace in this direction, central and eastern Europe has little to fear from a normalised Federal Republic.
Functional morphology of cercopithecoid primate metacarpals

The primate fossil record suggests that terrestriality was more common in the past than it is today, particularly among cercopithecoid primates. Whether or not a fossil primate habitually preferred terrestrial substrates has typically been inferred from its forelimb anatomy. Because extant large-bodied terrestrial cercopithecine monkeys utilize digitigrade hand postures during locomotion, being able to identify if a fossil primate habitually adopted digitigrade postures would be particularly revealing of terrestriality in this group. This paper examines the functional morphology of metacarpals in order to identify osteological correlates of digitigrade versus palmigrade hand postures. Linear measurements were obtained from 324 individuals belonging to digitigrade and palmigrade cercopithecoid species and comparisons were made between hand posture groups. Digitigrade taxa have shorter metacarpals, relative to both body mass and humerus length, than palmigrade taxa. Also, digitigrade taxa tend to have metacarpals with smaller dorsoventral diameters, relative to the product of body mass and metacarpal length, compared to palmigrade taxa. The size and shape of the metacarpal heads do not significantly differ between hand posture groups. Multivariate analyses suggest that metacarpal shape can only weakly discriminate between hand posture groups. In general, while there are some morphological differences in the metacarpals between hand posture groups, similarities also exist that are likely related to the fact that even digitigrade cercopithecoids can adopt palmigrade hand postures in different situations (e.g., terrestrial running, arboreal locomotion), and/or that the functional demands of different hand postures are not reflected in all aspects of metacarpal morphology. Therefore, the lack of identifiable adaptations for specific hand postures in extant cercopithecoids makes it difficult to determine a preference for specific habitats from fossil primate hand bones.
Group-contribution method for the estimation of vapor pressures

Abstract A group-contribution method has been developed for predicting the vapor pressures of organic liquids. The parameters for 42 organic groups are derived from 5359 experimental vapor pressure data on 342 organic compounds. The various group values are presented as four-constant expressions and can be used to estimate the vapor pressures of organic liquids up to 8000 kPa. With the proposed method vapor pressures have been calculated for 336 organic compounds and when compared with the experimental data, this method produces an average absolute percentage deviation of 5.0%. The proposed method is quite general and relatively easy to use. The required input parameters are the group numbers and the molecular weight of that compound.
Resident job satisfaction: one year of duty hours.

Objective This study was undertaken to assess job satisfaction and quality of life aspects among residents in obstetrics/gynecology before and after the implementation of duty-hour requirements. Study design We administered a survey to residents before and after duty-hour restrictions, addressing satisfaction with residency training, quality of life, and predictions/impressions of the effect of reduced work hours. Results Satisfaction with overall residency training as a discrete survey item did not change; however, the composite score from all responses to specific items increased. Several specific clinical and academic items garnered higher satisfaction scores in 2004. Residents reported less-than-anticipated increases in healthiness of their lifestyle and a decrease in interest in teaching. Conclusion This is a prospective assessment of the effect of duty-hour requirements, improvements in residents' perception of their time and ability to study and pursue research and in clinical areas are encouraging. The perception that there is less interest in teaching is of concern.
Finite element analysis of two‐phase instability for saturated porous hypoelastic solids under plane strain loadings

Investigates the effects of two‐phase instability on finite element (FE) solutions for porous hypoelastic solids saturated with an insterstitial fluid. Demonstrates that two‐phase instability creates definite problems to the FE computations of coupled solid‐fluid systems. The eigenvectors of the tangential finite element matrices which are responsible for problems are not artificial, but are the bifurcating modes of physical solutions. The investigation, although limited to the plane strain undrained compression of hypoelastic models, is relevant to the investigation of the two‐phase instability of other materials and boundary value problems, and may lead towards an explanation for numerical problems in soil liquefaction analysis.
Finite-element analysis of contact between elastic self-affine surfaces

Finite-element methods are used to study nonadhesive, frictionless contact between elastic solids with self-affine surfaces. We find that the total contact area rises linearly with the load at small loads. The mean pressure in the contact regions is independent of load and proportional to the root-mean-square slope of the surface. The constant of proportionality is nearly independent of the Poisson ratio and roughness exponent and lies between previous analytic predictions. The contact morphology is also analyzed. Connected contact regions have a fractal area and perimeter. The probability of finding a cluster of area a(c) drops as a(-tau )(c ) where tau increases with a decrease in roughness exponent. The distribution of pressures shows an exponential tail that is also found in many jammed systems. These results are contrasted to simpler models and experiments.
Characterizing the Topology of Probabilistic Biological Networks

Biological interactions are often uncertain events, that may or may not take place with some probability. This uncertainty leads to a massive number of alternative interaction topologies for each such network. The existing studies analyze the degree distribution of biological networks by assuming that all the given interactions take place under all circumstances. This strong and often incorrect assumption can lead to misleading results. In this paper, we address this problem and develop a sound mathematical basis to characterize networks in the presence of uncertain interactions. Using our mathematical representation, we develop a method that can accurately describe the degree distribution of such networks. We also take one more step and extend our method to accurately compute the joint-degree distributions of node pairs connected by edges. The number of possible network topologies grows exponentially with the number of uncertain interactions. However, the mathematical model we develop allows us to compute these degree distributions in polynomial time in the number of interactions. Our method works quickly even for entire protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks. It also helps us find an adequate mathematical model using MLE. We perform a comparative study of node-degree and joint-degree distributions in two types of biological networks: the classical deterministic networks and the more flexible probabilistic networks. Our results confirm that power-law and log-normal models best describe degree distributions for both probabilistic and deterministic networks. Moreover, the inverse correlation of degrees of neighboring nodes shows that, in probabilistic networks, nodes with large number of interactions prefer to interact with those with small number of interactions more frequently than expected. We also show that probabilistic networks are more robust for node-degree distribution computation than the deterministic ones. Availability: all the data sets used, the software implemented and the alignments found in this paper are available at >http://bioinformatics.cise.ufl.edu/projects/probNet/.
Heat transport and temporal evolution of fluid flow near the Rayleigh-Bénard instability in cylindrical containers

First this paper describes in detail an apparatus for heat-transport measurements in shallow horizontal layers of fluid at low temperatures. Then high-precision results of convective heat transport as a function of the Rayleigh number R are presented for cylindrical cells of aspect ratio L = 2.08,4.72 and 57. The present paper concentrates on the long-time behaviour of Boussinesq systems. Non-Boussinesq effects, transient effects near the convective onset, and time-dependent states are described elsewhere (Walden & Ahlers 1981 Ahlers et al. 1981 Ahlers 1980b and references therein). The measurements show that the convective onset near the critical Rayleigh number Rc is sharp within the experimental resolution of about 0.1 % of the Nusselt number N even in laterally finite containers. Values of R and of the initial slopes of N(R), are obtained and compared with predictions for different flow patterns. Over a wider range of R and for L = 57 and 4.72, N was found within experimental resolution to be a unique, continuous function of R For L = 2.08, hysteretic transitions are revealed by N(R) near R ≈ 3 and R ≈ 10. For L = 4.72, the effect of impulsive heating was studied and revealed complicated, long-lived, but surprisingly repro- ducible transients.
NATIONAL SOCIALISM: TOWARDS AN ACTION‐THEORETICAL INTERPRETATION

Organized in three parts, this paper I. summarizes Parsons's analysis of fascism and National Socialism written during the 1940s; II. places his work into the context of earlier and later theories of fascism; and III. suggests how Parsons's later theoretical work may aid our under standing of National Socialism.
Taming the Tiger of Tissue Aggregation: How Epithelia Control Structural Assembly of Underlying Cells

A recent paper by Ninomiya and Winklbauer explores the role of the epithelium in restricting the natural capacity of mesenchymal cells to form amorphous aggregates. They propose the epithelium controls mesoderm adhesion, thereby ensuring that embryos and, by extension, adults are not multilayered balls of cells, but are instead elongate with a linearly segmented architecture.
Applications of the Weibull Distribution in Inventory Control

This paper is intended to show that the Weibull distribution can effectively be used to approximate the lead time demand in several cases of distributed demands coupled with distributed lead times. With this approximation, the computations involved are shown to be very simple, requiring no numerical or iterative procedures for determining the re-order levels or protection levels. Some pertinent properties of the Weibull distribution are summarized, and necessary tables for estimating the parameters of the Weibull distribution are given. Numerical examples are given in three cases of distributed demands and lead times and, in each case, the Weibull approximation results are compared with exact and/or other approximate results.
You'd better set down for this!: creating a set type for CS1 & CS2 in C#

The authors have developed a set class and other supporting materials that would be useful for a CS1 and CS2 course taught in the C# programming language developed by Microsoft Corporation [1]. The primary goals were to create a data structure that would be simple and intuitive enough for novices to use in CS1 but also powerful enough to be useful for CS2 students. In addition to the set class itself the authors have developed several sample programs and an interactive set environment. In developing these materials the authors explored the expressive capabilities of the C# language and found that it was particularly well suited to this task.
Evaluation of transesophageal atrial pacing in the prone and lateral position

Objective: To develop recommendations for positioning the second-generation pacing esophageal stethoscope for transesophageal atrial pacing in patients positioned prone (P), right lateral decubitus (RLD), and left lateral decubitus (LLD). Design: Prospective; patients assigned consecutively. Setting: Tertiary and university hospitals. Participants: Thirty (10 in each position group) adult patients undergoing surgery. Interventions: The optimal depths of insertions (DOI) where pacing current threshold was minimal (THmin) were determined first when supine, then after positioning. Measurements and Main Results: Transesophageal atrial pacing was successful in all patients supine and after positioning. The optimal DOI varied from 2 cm less deep to 4 cm deeper in positioned patients compared with supine patients. Patients positioned P required equal or up to 8 mA greater current outputs to achieve transesophageal atrial pacing; LLD and RLD patients may require up to 8 mA greater or lesser current compared with supine patients. Conclusion: Transesophageal atrial pacing can be used safely and effectively in patients positioned P, RLD, and LLD. Recommendations are presented for positioning the pacing esophageal stethoscope. Emphasis is given to using the lowest DOIs and smallest currents to reduce the chance of transesophageal ventricular pacing. Copyright © 2001 by W.B. Saunders Company
Discriminative stimulus effects of the cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonist rimonabant in rats.

Objective To examine the discriminative stimulus effects of the cannabinoid CB1 receptor (CB1R) antagonist/inverse agonist rimonabant (SR141716A) using a discriminated taste aversion (DTA) procedure.
Change-link 2.0: a digital forensic tool for visualizing changes to shadow volume data

We present Change Link 2.0, a coordinated and multiple view tool for digital forensics which supports an understanding of how shadow volume data have changed over time. An improvement over the original Change-Link tool [25], Change-Link 2.0 provides an overview, a directory-tree view, a directory content view, and a metadata view in a side-by-side, split-screen, linked-view interface that supports easy browsing and detection of files and directories that have changed over time. This data visualization approach supports faster comprehension of digital forensic data, quick detection of anomalous data, and a better understanding of "what happened?." Input to Change-Link 2.0 is an evidentiary hard drive containing multiple versions of files and directories which have been archived by the Microsoft Volume Shadow Copy Service [28]. Our contributions include data visualization techniques that support an overview of the entire dataset, as well as an understanding of how the directory-tree structure, individual directory content, and file and directory metadata have changed over time. Change-Link 2.0, and its predecessor, are the first data visualization tools that we are aware of which support the forensic examination of shadow volume data.
EXPERIMENTAL TYPE III PNEUMOCOCCUS PNEUMONIA IN MONKEYS : I. PRODUCTION AND CLINICAL COURSE.

It has been possible by the intratracheal or intrabronchial inoculation of Type III Pneumococcus to produce in monkeys of the M. cynomolgos species an experimental pneumonia which in its clinical aspects closely resembles pneumococcus lobar pneumonia in man. The experimental disease is characterized by the development of a well localized pulmonary lesion of lobar distribution which tends to spread, the frequent occurrence of septicemia, a sustained fever, and the termination of the infection after a variable interval, in recovery or death of the animal. Wide variations in the severity of the disease in different monkeys have been noted. These variations appear to be due primarily to differences in the resistance of individual animals. The height of the septicemia accompanying the experimental pneumonia has been found to be the most valuable objective index of the probable outcome of the disease. Other factors which may influence the course and outcome of the disease are discussed.
Spatial Patterns of Protein Secretion on Bacterial Surfaces

Proteins expressed on bacterial cell surfaces must initially cross the cytoplasmic membrane and then either traverse the thick cell wall in Gram-positive organisms or the thinner cell wall plus outer membrane in Gram-negative organisms. We have used protein tagging techniques to explore the spatial and temporal patterns of protein secretion in both types of bacteria. Overall, despite the profound structural differences between Gram-positive and Gram-negative cell surfaces, we find that both are largely immobile environments where protein behavior is dictated by fundamental physical constraints. For the Gram-negative bacterium E. coli, we used exogenous enzyme-based sequence-specific labeling of LamB to detect the location of newly synthesized exported protein. LamB initially appears in discrete puncta distributed over the cylindrical sides of the cell, rather than uniformly. These results are most consistent with a model where all outer membrane material (including transmembrane proteins and lipopolysaccharides) is added in irregular bursts along the cylindrical sides of the cell, and proteins are essentially immobile with respect to their neighbors. For the Gram-positive bacterium Listeria monocytogenes, we have also observed punctate initial secretion of the surface protein ActA along the cylindrical sides of the cell, and very slow accumulation at cell poles. ActA is a transmembrane protein with a large unstructured ectodomain exposed on the cell surface. We have developed a physical model proposing that the entropic constraint imposed by a small periplasmic space could drive the translocation of a large, unstructured protein across a barrier with a thickness and porosity similar to that of the Listeria cell wall. Consistent with this purely physical model for unstructured protein translocation and polarization in Gram-positive bacteria, we have found that eukaryotic nuclear pore proteins expressed in these bacteria will also translocate and polarize.
Modeling and Inverse Compensation of Nonmonotonic Hysteresis in VO $_2$ -Coated Microactuators

Vanadium dioxide ( VO2) undergoes a thermally induced solid-to-solid phase transition, which can be exploited for actuation purposes. VO2-coated silicon cantilevers demonstrate abrupt curvature changes when their temperature is varied across the phase transition. Unlike the monotonic hysteresis phenomena observed in many other smart materials, the curvature-temperature hysteresis of VO2 actuators is nonmonotonic due to competing mechanisms associated with the material's phase transition and the different thermal expansion coefficients of the materials that form the bilayered cantilever. Motivated by the underlying physics, a novel model for the nonmonotonic hysteresis that combines a monotonic Preisach hysteresis operator and a quadratic operator is presented. A constrained least-squares scheme is proposed for model identification, and an effective inverse control scheme is presented for hysteresis compensation. For comparison purposes, a Preisach operator with a signed density function and a single-valued polynomial model are considered. Experimental results show that, for a 300- μm -long actuator, the largest modeling errors with the proposed model, the signed Preisach operator, and the polynomial approximation are 46.8, 80.3, and 483 m-1, respectively, over the actuated curvature range of [ -104, 1846] m-1. In addition, both the largest tracking error and root-mean-square error under the proposed inversion scheme are only around 10% of those under the polynomial-based inversion scheme.
Microtunneling through a Very Soft Soil Condition—The Contractor's Perspective of a Case History 10 Years Later

Waikiki Public Bath Force Main Replacement Project consists of 975m of 400mm force main that carries the wastewater from the Public Bath Pump Station to a gravity sewer on the Ala Wai Blvd. This force main transports wastewater underneath Kalakaua Ave upon which some of the most expensive real state in the world are located. This area is the heart of famous Waikiki beach and it is full of beautiful beaches, resorts, five star hotels, shopping, etc. The soil strata in this area can be briefly described as 2.50 to 3.00m deep of beach sand on top of half a meter to one meter of very hard coral ledge on top of very soft layer of silty sand. The N value in this silty sand layer ranges from zero to 8. The original design of the force main was in the beach sand layer, but an old buried wooden bridge was discovered during the preparation for construction that mandated lowering the elevation to be through and underneath the ledge layer. The specified construction method for this project was microtunneling of 650 mm Permalok steel pipe with a 400mm PVC carrier pipe inside the steel pipe. The annular space between the two pipes was grouted with low density grout. Many problems were encountered during the construction phase of this project. This paper is a retrospective review of the project from the contractor’s point of view. It covers the design and construction aspects of this project in addition to the encountered problems and the lessons learned from that project.
Influence of mental retardation severity and respondent characteristics on self-reported attitudes toward mental retardation and eugenics.

Eugenics refers to the investigation of means of social control to improve the mental or physical qualities of future generations. The present study investigated whether the self-reported attitudes toward mental retardation and eugenics of a sample of 572 respondents would vary as a function of (1) severity of the mental retardation attitude referent; and (2) respondent sociode-mographic characteristics. Among the respondents, 380 were health and human service providers (66% upper division undergraduate students and 34% graduate level professionals) and 192 were upper division undergraduate students majoring in fields other than health and human services. The results supported these conclusions: (1) psychometric characteristics of the scales used to measure attitudes were adequate; (2) increasing mental retardation severity was related to increasing endorsement of eugenic principles, independent of global attitudes toward people with mental retardation; and (3) respondent education was related to the expression of eugenic attitudes toward mild mental retardation, while familiarity with people with mental retardation was related to the expression of eugenic attitudes toward moderate and profound mental retardation.
Wnt signaling during BMP-2 stimulation of mesenchymal chondrogenesis.

Members of both the Wnt and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) families of signaling molecules have been implicated in the regulation of cartilage development. A key component of the Wnt signaling pathway is the cytosolic protein, beta-catenin. We have recently shown that the chondrogenic activity of BMP-2 in vitro involves the action of the cell-cell adhesion protein, N-cadherin, which functionally complexes with beta-catenin. The aim of this study is to test the hypothesis that Wnts may be involved in BMP-2 induced chondrogenesis, using an in vitro model of high-density micromass cultures of the murine multipotent mesenchymal cell line, C3H10T1/2. Expression of a number of Wnt members was detected in these cultures, including Wnt-3A and Wnt-7A, whose levels were up- and downregulated, respectively, by BMP-2. To assess the functional involvement of Wnt signaling in BMP-2 induced chondrogenesis, cultures were treated with lithium chloride, a Wnt-7A mimetic that acts by inhibiting the serine/threonine phosphorylation activity of glycogen synthase kinase-3beta (GSK-3beta). Lithium treatment significantly inhibited BMP-2 stimulation of chondrogenesis as well as GSK-3beta enzymatic activity, and decreased the levels of N-cadherin protein and mRNA. Furthermore, lithium decreased BMP-2 upregulation of total and nuclear levels of LEF-1 and beta-catenin as well as their interaction during later chondrogenesis; similarly, the interaction of beta-catenin with N-cadherin was also decreased. Interestingly, lithium treatment did not affect the ability of BMP-2 to decrease ubiquitination of beta-catenin, although it did reduce the interaction of beta-catenin with GSK-3beta during late chondrogenesis (days 9-13). We suggest that the chondro-inhibitory effect of lithium on BMP-2 induced chondrogenesis indicates antagonism between lithium-like Wnts and BMP-2 during mesenchymal condensation.
NEEDLE BIOPSY OF THE LIVER IN INFANTS AND CHILDREN.

Forty consecutive percutaneous Menghini needle biopsies of the liver in 36 children were reviewed. Biopsy findings were the most useful in children with chronic hepatomegaly without jaundice. Of the 16 children in this category, the biopsy findings established the basis for the hepatomegaly in 11 (56 per cent). These were almost uniformly children in whom extensive diagnostic procedures had failed to yield a diagnosis.
Characterization of a micro spiral flow cell for chemiluminescence detection

Abstract A 5.5 μl spiral micro-flow cell, mounted in front of a photomultiplier, is made from Teflon capillary (75 cm×100 μm ID) with two inlets for the CL reagent and carrier buffer and a waste outlet. It allows the rapid mixing of CL reagent and analyte and simultaneous detection of the emitted light. Using a flow rate of 25 μl/min for a 0.4 mM luminol-8 μM hemin solution (pH 11.6) and 50 μl/min of carrier buffer (pH 11.6), the slight exponential calibration curve for the flow injection–chemiluminescence (FI–CL) determination of H2O2 is 2.5–10 μM and the detection limit is 1.5 μM. The detection limit achieved by using a spiral flow cell is 24 times lower than that obtained from a conventional FI system with a low dead volume tee mixer and a 12 μl flow cell in a HPLC fluorometer with the source lamp off. This luminol CL detection method is successfully applied to the enzymatic determination of l -lactate by FI. The lactate sample is mixed with polyethylene glycol (PEG)-stabilized lactate oxidase (LO) enzyme and then injected into the buffered (pH 7.5) carrier stream for CL detection of the H2O2 product. Using the optimal conditions of reaction temperature set to 37.5 °C and flow rates of 45 μl/min for the CL reagent and 60 μl/min for the carrier buffer, the calibration range for lactate is 5–50 μM and the detection limit is 2.9 μM. This method is applied to the determination of l -lactate in beer.