cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Supernumerary Robotic Fingers as a Therapeutic Device for Hemiparetic Patients

Patients with hemiparesis often have limited functionality in the left or right hand. The standard therapeutic approach requires the patient to attempt to make use of the weak hand even though it is not functionally capable, which can result in feelings of frustration. Furthermore, hemiparetic patients also face challenges in completing many bimanual tasks, for example walker manipulation, that are critical to patients’ independence and quality of life. A prototype therapeutic device with two supernumerary robotic fingers was used to determine if robotic fingers could functionally assist a human in the performance of bimanual tasks by observing the pose of the healthy hand. Specific focus was placed on the identification of a straightforward control routine which would allow a patient to carry out simple manipulation tasks with some intermittent input from a therapist. Part of this routine involved allowing a patient to switch between active and inactive monitoring of hand position, resulting in additional manipulation capabilities. The prototype successfully enabled a test subject to complete various bimanual tasks using the robotic fingers in place of normal hand motions. From these results, it is clear that the device could allow a hemiparetic patient to complete tasks which would previously have been impossible to perform.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Transportation Planning Through Peer-to-Peer Modeling

With many of today’s metropolitan areas experiencing changes in population and land development faster than the traditional transportation planning efforts can be undertaken, new methods for transportation planning are constantly being explored. This paper presents a novel approach to the transportation planning problem through the use of location-based social networking data and the many-to-many modeling structure of peer-to-peer modeling. With smartphone and tablet use increasing in the United States, many popular social networking sites have begun to include geospatial location in their platforms, and location-based social networking data sources have become attractive data sets for the transportation community because of their ability to be representative of populations and to provide detailed spatial–temporal data. The novel origin–destination estimation method through peer-to-peer modeling is presented, and a case study example of Austin, Texas, provides initial findings through a comparison against...
Cybersecurity dynamics

We explore the emerging field of Cybersecurity Dynamics, a candidate foundation for the Science of Cybersecurity.
Effect of lossy compression of quality scores on variant calling

Recent advancements in sequencing technology have led to a drastic reduction in genome sequencing costs. This development has generated an unprecedented amount of data that must be stored, processed, and communicated. To facilitate this effort, compression of genomic files has been proposed. Specifically, lossy compression of quality scores is emerging as a natural candidate for reducing the growing costs of storage. A main goal of performing DNA sequencing in population studies and clinical settings is to identify genetic variation. Though the field agrees that smaller files are advantageous, the cost of lossy compression, in terms of variant discovery, is unclear.Bioinformatic algorithms to identify SNPs and INDELs use base quality score information; here, we evaluate the effect of lossy compression of quality scores on SNP and INDEL detection. Specifically, we investigate how the output of the variant caller when using the original data differs from that obtained when quality scores are replaced by those generated by a lossy compressor. Using gold standard genomic datasets and simulated data, we are able to analyze how accurate the output of the variant calling is, both for the original data and that previously lossily compressed. We show that lossy compression can significantly alleviate the storage while maintaining variant calling performance comparable to that with the original data. Further, in some cases lossy compression can lead to variant calling performance that is superior to that using the original file. We envisage our findings and framework serving as a benchmark in future development and analyses of lossy genomic data compressors.
Reforma social y conflicto político: La huelga médica como preludio a la guerra civil costarricense de 1948

Introduccion Con razon se ha escrito mucho acerca de la decada del cuarenta en Costa Rica. Fue durante este periodo cuando el Estado comenzo a surgir como factor politico y social de importancia: se establecieron las bases legales para una reforma social y se crearon las instituciones para la administracion de esas reformas. Fue tambien durante ese periodo cuando surgieron fundamentales y persistentes segmentaciones politicas. Tambien por primera vez los grupos politicos organizados comenzaron a jugar un papel continuo e importante en la determinacion de una interrogante basico de la problematica social ?Quien consigue que, como y cuando?
Statistical Variability of Ultimate Properties of SBR Gum Vulcanizates

Statistical variability of ultimate properties for eight samples of SBR-sulfur gum vulcanizates
The Platinum/Titanium-Nitride Interface: X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy Studies

Recently published reports suggest that TiN may be a suitable support for Pt and Pt-based electrocatalysts in proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells.[1] In particular, TiN is believed to exhibit higher corrosion resistance compared to high area carbons (HAC). This contribution seeks to gain insight into the nature of the interactions of metallic Pt and TiN using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) to probe the chemical state of the elements involved as the interface is formed.
Viscoelastic Behavior of Polyisobutylene under Constant Rates of Elongation

Abstract A variety of methods has been used to study the viscoelastic properties of polymeric materials. These methods include the response to sinusoidal stress (dynamic measurements), stress relaxation, and creep under constant load and constant stress. The present investigation was made to determine whether or not the viscoelastic properties of rubberlike materials over an extended time scale could be obtained from stress-strain curves measured at different strain rates and temperatures. Polyisobutylene of high molecular weight was selected for study, since its viscoelastic properties have been investigated extensively in a cooperative program sponsored by the National Bureau of Standards. From the data obtained, Marvin has derived the distribution functions of relaxation and of retardation times over a time scale of 10−10 to 107 sec. These functions show quantitatively a change in properties from liquidlike to rubberlike to glasslike with decreasing time scale. The equilibrium stress-strain curves for ...
Relevant deformations and c-extremization

We consider RG flows obtained by a relevant deformation from unitary and compact two-dimensional (0,2) SCFTs. We point out that an N=2 super-Kac-Moody algebra present in the UV is preserved by the flow and does not mix with the R-current. On the other hand, a direct sum of N=2 algebras in the UV theory leads to a few complications in determining the IR R-symmetry; nevertheless, in flows without accidental IR symmetries, we determine the IR R-symmetry and show that it maximizes the IR central charge.
Ligand-promoted alkylation of C(sp3)-H and C(sp2)-H bonds.

9-Methylacridine was identified as a generally effective ligand to promote a Pd(II)-catalyzed C(sp3)–H and C(sp2)–H alkylation of simple amides with various alkyl iodides. This alkylation reaction was applied to the preparation of unnatural amino acids and geometrically controlled tri- and tetrasubstituted acrylic acids.
Room Temperature, Palladium-Mediated P–Arylation of Secondary Phosphine Oxides

We show that a broad range of aryl iodides are efficiently coupled with secondary phosphine oxides using 1 mol % of a catalyst formed in situ from tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium and Xantphos (1). Scalemic (S)-methylphenylphosphine oxide [(S)-2e] is shown to undergo arylation without detectable stereoerosion. The application of this method to the synthesis of novel P-chiral phosphines and PCP ligands is demonstrated.
Implicit slicing for functionally tailored additive manufacturing

One crucial component of the additive manufacturing software toolchain is a class of geometric algorithms known as "slicers." The purpose of the slicer is to compute a parametric toolpath and associated commands, which direct an additive manufacturing system to produce a physical realization of a three-dimensional input model. Existing slicing algorithms operate by application of geometric transformations upon the input geometry in order to produce the toolpath. In this paper we introduce a new implicit slicing algorithm based on the computation of toolpaths derived from the level sets of arbitrary heuristics-based or physics-based fields defined over the input geometry. This enables computationally efficient slicing of arbitrarily complex geometries in a straight forward fashion. Additionally, the calculation of component "infill" (as a process control parameter) is explored due to its crucial effect on functional performance fields of interest such as strain and stress distributions. Several examples of the application of the proposed implicit slicer are presented. Finally, an example demonstrating improved structural performance during physical testing is presented. We conclude with remarks regarding the strengths of the implicit approach relative to existing explicit approaches, and discuss future work required in order to extend the methodology. A novel implicitly-defined slicer for additive manufacturing (AM) is developed.The implict formulation allows for slicing based on design intent.The slicer is intended to produce components with tailored functional properties.A large improvement in the mechanical properties of AM components is demonstrated.
Communicating Multiobjective Risk: A New Geotechnical Need for Transportation

Risk-based asset and performance management was enacted into law for federally funded highway projects in 2012 and has also become part of the business plans of many highway agencies. Implementation guidelines for transportation asset management were published by AASHTO in 2011 to help states in this regard. Parallel to these developments, geotechnical asset management approaches were being explored by some municipalities and states and by TRB through the formation of a subcommittee and specialty conferences. A result of these concurrent activities and the shared interest is the need to convey risk. Given that agencies own many types of assets (including geotechnical ones), that the highway legislation and agency business plans contain multiple performance goals, and that AASHTO identifies multiple risk types, the process of conveying risk is difficult. Although risk is of multiple types and pertains to multiple assets, an important realization in the practice of multigoal performance management is that r...
Photodetachment of H − from intense, short, high-frequency pulses

We study the photodetachment of an electron from the hydrogen anion due to short, high-frequency laser pulses by numerically solving the time-dependent Schr\"odinger equation. Simulations are performed to investigate the dependence of the photoelectron spectra on the duration, chirp, and intensity of the pulses. Specifically, we concentrate on the low-energy distributions in the spectra that result from the Raman transitions of the broadband pulses. Contrary to one-photon ionization, the low-energy distribution maintains an almost constant width as the laser bandwidth is expanded by chirping the pulses. In addition, we study the transitions of the ionization dynamics from the perturbative to the strong-field regime. At high intensities, the positions of the net one- and two-photon absorption peaks in the spectrum shift and the peaks split to multiple subpeaks due to multiphoton effects. Moreover, although the one- and two-photon peaks and low-energy distribution exhibit saturation of the ionization yields, the low-energy distribution shows relatively mild saturation.
Microwave Radar Vehicle Detection Performance at Railroad Grade Crossings with Quad Gates in Normal and Adverse Weather Conditions

This paper presents a comprehensive all-weather evaluation of a dual microwave radar vehicle detection system at a highway–rail grade crossing equipped with four quadrant (quad) gates. Weather conditions ranged from favorable (normal) to adverse and included rain (light and heavy), snow (light and heavy), fog, and wind. Initial assessment of the detection performance in adverse weather showed higher than acceptable error rates mostly in heavy rain (false calls > 30%) and heavy snow (systemwide missed calls > 11%). However, after detailed feedback was provided to the vendor and the system parameters were remodified, a subsequent reevaluation was made by using more than 110,000 radar activations and close to 450 h of data. Final results showed that the remodified setup not only reduced the frequency of errors in heavy rain and heavy snow conditions but also maintained a desirable performance in the other weather conditions (including light rain and light snow). After remodification, there were no systemwide...
Chemotherapy-related cachexia is associated with mitochondrial depletion and the activation of ERK1/2 and p38 MAPKs

Cachexia affects the majority of cancer patients, with currently no effective treatments. Cachexia is defined by increased fatigue and loss of muscle function resulting from muscle and fat depletion. Previous studies suggest that chemotherapy may contribute to cachexia, although the causes responsible for this association are not clear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the mechanism(s) associated with chemotherapy-related effects on body composition and muscle function. Normal mice were administered chemotherapy regimens used for the treatment of colorectal cancer, such as Folfox (5-FU, leucovorin, oxaliplatin) or Folfiri (5-FU, leucovorin, irinotecan) for 5 weeks. The animals that received chemotherapy exhibited concurrent loss of muscle mass and muscle weakness. Consistently with previous findings, muscle wasting was associated with up-regulation of ERK1/2 and p38 MAPKs. No changes in ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis or in the expression of TGFβ-family members were detected. Further, marked decreases in mitochondrial content, associated with abnormalities at the sarcomeric level and with increase in the number of glycolytic fibers were observed in the muscle of mice receiving chemotherapy. Finally, ACVR2B/Fc or PD98059 prevented Folfiri-associated ERK1/2 activation and myofiber atrophy in C2C12 cultures. Our findings demonstrate that chemotherapy promotes MAPK-dependent muscle atrophy as well as mitochondrial depletion and alterations of the sarcomeric units. Therefore, these findings suggest that chemotherapy potentially plays a causative role in the occurrence of muscle loss and weakness. Moreover, the present observations provide a strong rationale for testing ACVR2B/Fc or MEK1 inhibitors in combination with anticancer drugs as novel strategies aimed at preventing chemotherapy-associated muscle atrophy.
Critical SQG in Bounded Domains

We consider the critical dissipative SQG equation in bounded domains, with the square root of the Dirichlet Laplacian dissipation. We prove global a priori interior \(C^{\alpha }\) and Lipschitz bounds for large data.
Ultrathin two-dimensional layered metal hydroxides: an emerging platform for advanced catalysis, energy conversion and storage

The unique properties of graphene are triggering a great deal of attention toward the family of ultrathin two-dimensional (2D) structures. Ultrathin layered metal hydroxides (LMHs) are increasingly being recognized as an important category in 2D nanomaterials, and the corresponding research has been experiencing a significant renaissance. Due to the flexible tunability of metal ions, their naturally positively charged plane and 2D anisotropy with nanometre thickness, ultrathin LMHs and their derived hybrids have shown exciting perspectives in many fields, such as catalysis, and energy storage and conversion. As for practical application, ultrathin 2D LMHs have exhibited high performances in electrocatalysis (e.g. the hydrogen and oxygen evolution reactions), photocatalysis and supercapacitors. In particular, hybrid materials based on ultrathin LMHs have proven to further improve the catalytic performance by synergistic effects derived from the hybrid interfaces. Nevertheless, studies on ultrathin LMHs are still in the infant stage and lag far behind other important 2D nanomaterials. Hence, it is essential to update the reported work in this emerging research area. In this tutorial review, we aim to summarize recent developments in ultrathin LMHs and their derived hybrids. The quite dispersed literature regarding ultrathin LMH-based materials is classified under the framework of catalysis- and energy-related properties and applications.
Annual screening for prostate cancer did not reduce mortality from prostate cancer

Source Citation Andriole GL, Crawford ED, Grubb RL 3rd, et al. Mortality results from a randomized prostate-cancer screening trial. N Engl J Med. 2009;360:1310-9. 19297565
Controls on the stability and composition of amphibole in the Earth’s mantle

Presented here is a suite of new experiments aimed at quantifying the effects of pressure, temperature, bulk composition, and H2O content on the stability and composition of amphibole in the Earth’s mantle. Experiments have been performed from 2 to 4 GPa and 950 to 1100 °C on fertile and depleted mantle compositions. H2O contents of most experiments are 0.65 wt%. In the fertile mantle composition, pargasitic amphibole is stable up to ~3.8 GPa at 1000 °C, approximately 0.5 GPa higher than any previous study. The upper stability limit of amphibole in depleted mantle is 0.7 GPa and 40 °C lower than in fertile mantle. The addition of 3 wt% H2O to fertile mantle destabilizes amphibole by 0.5 GPa and 40 °C relative to the 0.65 wt% H2O experiments. Compared to existing experiments on amphibole stability, these experiments indicate that pargasitic amphibole may be stable in mantle lithosphere to almost 4 GPa (0.5 GPa higher (15 km deeper) than previously thought). The extremely strong destabilizing effect of H2O suggests that deeper portions of the strongly fluid-fluxed mantle wedge may be amphibole-free even at low temperatures near the slab–wedge interface. The molar alkali content of amphibole is shown to be a linear function (R 2 = 0.98) of pressure and temperature and is relatively insensitive to bulk compositional differences between fertile and depleted mantle. This relationship is used to produce an empirical thermobarometer for pargasite-bearing spinel and garnet lherzolites. Comparison to existing experimental data shows that this thermobarometer has predictive ability over the pressure range of 1–4 GPa. Comparisons with pressure–temperature estimates of garnet + amphibole peridotites further corroborate the applicability of this thermobarometer for natural samples. Pressure estimates are presented for four examples of metasomatized spinel peridotites otherwise lacking pressure information, and future avenues for refinement of the thermobarometer are discussed.
Subsidy reforms in the Middle East and North Africa Region : a review

The paper takes stock of eight country studies and a cross-country analysis to review the experience with subsidy reforms in the Middle East and North Africa region between 2010 and 2014. This unprecedented period of subsidy reforms occurred during a period of extraordinary political changes, which makes this particular experience unique. The paper reviews the facts and the different paths to reforms taken by different countries faced with different challenges, and discusses the pros and cons of alternative policy options. It concludes with an assessment of the experiences and a discussion on future prospects.
Waiting for the W and the Higgs

The search for the left-handed W ± bosons, the proposed quanta of the weak interaction, and the Higgs boson, which spontaneously breaks the symmetry of unification of electromagnetic and weak interactions, has driven elementary-particle physics research from the time that I entered college to the present and has led to many unexpected and exciting discoveries which revolutionized our view of subnuclear physics over that period. In this article I describe how these searches and discoveries have intertwined with my own career.
Analyzing signal attenuation in PFG anomalous diffusion via a non-Gaussian phase distribution approximation approach by fractional derivatives

Anomalous diffusion exists widely in polymer and biological systems. Pulsed-field gradient (PFG) techniques have been increasingly used to study anomalous diffusion in nuclear magnetic resonance and magnetic resonance imaging. However, the interpretation of PFG anomalous diffusion is complicated. Moreover, the exact signal attenuation expression including the finite gradient pulse width effect has not been obtained based on fractional derivatives for PFG anomalous diffusion. In this paper, a new method, a Mainardi-Luchko-Pagnini (MLP) phase distribution approximation, is proposed to describe PFG fractional diffusion. MLP phase distribution is a non-Gaussian phase distribution. From the fractional derivative model, both the probability density function (PDF) of a spin in real space and the PDF of the spin’s accumulating phase shift in virtual phase space are MLP distributions. The MLP phase distribution leads to a Mittag-Leffler function based PFG signal attenuation, which differs significantly from the ex...
On the trustworthy fulfillment of commitments

An agent that adopts a commitment to another agent should act so as to bring about a state of the world meeting the specifications of the commitment. Thus, by faithfully pursuing a commitment, an agent can be trusted to make sequential decisions that it believes can cause an intended state to arise. In general, though, an agent's actions will have uncertain outcomes, and thus reaching an intended state cannot be guaranteed. For such sequential decision settings with uncertainty, therefore, commitments can only be probabilistic. We propose a semantics for the trustworthy fulfillment of a probabilistic commitment that hinges on whether the agent followed a policy that would be expected to achieve an intended state with sufficient likelihood, rather than on whether the intended state was actually reached. We have developed and evaluated algorithms that provably operationalize this semantics, with different tradeoffs between responsiveness and computational overhead. We also discuss opportunities and challenges in extending our proposed semantics to richer forms of uncertainty, and to other agent architectures besides the decision-theoretic agents that have been our initial focus of study. Finally, we consider the implications of our semantics on how trust might be established and confirmed in open agent systems.
The man-machine integration era.

7 Through sensor ubiquity, the man-machine integration era is upon us. This integration is taking place in distributed, continuously changing, optimizing/learning, finite precision feedback systems. Security challenges of such systems abound, also due to constantly co-evolving threat actors and changing environments. Are we adequately preparing to defend such systems, and more importantly: how do we ensure they are worth defending? This position paper posits we are ill-prepared, due to perverse incentives affecting methodology, results and foundational corpuses. With respect to the first question, we will corroborate this ill-preparedness in the context of a basic requirement – situational awareness – for so-called Moving Target Defenses. We’ll argue that the second question hinges on a deceptively straightforward permanence invariant: The ability to robustly encode the infinite value of a human being in finite precision systems. Here too, we are failing to develop needed toolsets and skills. Successfully tackling both questions may determine the future winning model of the man-machine integration era; whether we’ll lose the Republic of the People to the People’s Republic. 8
On Resilience and Connectivity of Secure Wireless Sensor Networks Under Node Capture Attacks

Despite much research on probabilistic key predistribution schemes for wireless sensor networks over the past decade, few formal analyses exist that define schemes’ resilience to node-capture attacks precisely and under realistic conditions. In this paper, we analyze the resilience of the $q$ -composite key predistribution scheme, which mitigates the node capture vulnerability of the Eschenauer-Gligor scheme in the neighbor discovery phase. We derive scheme parameters to have a desired level of resiliency, and obtain optimal parameters that defend against different adversaries as much as possible. We also show that this scheme can be easily enhanced to achieve the same “perfect resilience” property as in the random pairwise key predistribution for attacks launched after neighbor discovery. Despite considerable attention to this scheme, much prior work explicitly or implicitly uses an incorrect computation for the probability of link compromise under node-capture attacks and ignores the real-world transmission constraints of sensor nodes. Moreover, we derive the critical network parameters to ensure connectivity in both the absence and presence of node-capture attacks. We also investigate node replication attacks by analyzing the adversary’s optimal strategy.
A Hierarchical Approach for Generating Descriptive Image Paragraphs

Recent progress on image captioning has made it possible to generate novel sentences describing images in natural language, but compressing an image into a single sentence can describe visual content in only coarse detail. While one new captioning approach, dense captioning, can potentially describe images in finer levels of detail by captioning many regions within an image, it in turn is unable to produce a coherent story for an image. In this paper we overcome these limitations by generating entire paragraphs for describing images, which can tell detailed, unified stories. We develop a model that decomposes both images and paragraphs into their constituent parts, detecting semantic regions in images and using a hierarchical recurrent neural network to reason about language. Linguistic analysis confirms the complexity of the paragraph generation task, and thorough experiments on a new dataset of image and paragraph pairs demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach.
Robust control of nonlinear systems in the presence of unknown exogenous dynamics

A robust control is designed for a class of uncertain systems, the proposed control is distinct and novel in that it does not require any information of a bounding function on nonlinear uncertainties in the system. Instead, the uncertainties to be compensated for are generated by an exogenous system whose dynamics are either completely unknown or partially unknown. The only requirements on the exogenous system are that its unknown dynamics are bounded by a known function and that its output is bounded. The proposed robust control is based on a nonlinear observer that estimates the uncertainties. It is shown that, under different sets of conditions, local, semiglobal, or global stability of uniform ultimate boundedness or asymptotic stability can be achieved.
Directly stabilized solitons in silicon-nitride microresonators

We investigate soliton generation dynamics with the influence of thermal effects. Either soliton annihilation or survival can occur in different trials with the same tuning method, and a spontaneous route to soliton formation is observed.
Interplay between dynamic topography and flexure along the U.S. Atlantic passive margin: Insights from landscape evolution modeling

Abstract Global backwards-in time models of mantle convection have resulted in vastly different interpretations of the transient state of dynamic topography on the U.S. Atlantic passive margin (Moucha et al., 2008; Spasojevic et al., 2008; Rowley et al., 2013; Rovere et al., 2015). However, reconciling these geodynamic models with the observed offshore sedimentary record directly is complex because the sedimentary record integrates changes in climate, sea level, lithology, and tectonics. To circumvent this, we instead focus on modeling the observed deformation of the Orangeburg scarp, a well-documented 3.5 million year old mid-Pliocene shoreline (e.g. Rovere et al., 2015). Herein, we present results from a new landscape evolution model and demonstrate that flexural effects along this margin are comparable to changes in dynamic topography (Rowley et al., 2013) and are required to fully explain deformation of the Orangeburg scarp. Moreover, using the Orangeburg scarp as a datum subject to glacial isostatic adjustment, we demonstrate that a 15 m mid-Pliocene sea level above present-day is most consistent with interspersed coastal plain sediment and surface deformation derived from mantle convection and flexural-isostasy.
LIF-imaging and gas-phase diagnostics of laser desorbed MALDI-matrix plumes

The first gated LIF-imaging and absorption spectroscopy has been performed on laser desorbed plumes from organic crystals which are commonly used as MALDI (Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization) matrices. These plasma diagnostic techniques, including ion probe measurements were employed to investigate the desorbed products, densities, fractional ionization, and velocity distributions of the plume of ejecta which is typically employed as the main desorption product in the mass spectrometry analysis of large biomolecules. Ultraviolet pulsed 193-nm and 248-nm irradiation of 3-hydroxypicolinic acid (3-HPA) crystals were studied to understand the effect of very different gas-phase absorption cross sections measured here for this material. In both cases, LIF imaging revealed two plume components: a fast (maximum {approximately} 0.1 cm/{micro}s) low-intensity component which appear to be 3-HPA fragments, and a slower component of 3-HPA expanding at 0.05 cm/{micro}s. In the case of ArF-laser irradiation, optical absorption spectroscopy indicated a breaking of the intramolecular hydrogen bond in the gas-phase matrix material.
Geographic information systems

Geographic information systems (GISs) are defined as software systems. In this article, the relationships between GIS and other activities having to do with geographic information are reviewed. The use of GIS in social and behavioral sciences is discussed as an increasingly essential component of the research infrastructure and as a tool for acquiring and communicating geographic knowledge. Examples are used to discuss the importance of GIS across the social and behavioral sciences. Sources of data are reviewed, and GISs are discussed from the perspectives of client–server architectures, the Internet, Internet-based services, data archives, and digital libraries. GIS use is intimately related to the role of space in scientific explanation. The article ends with a discussion on the future of GIS.
SMALL CANALS, THICK CORTICES IN PATIENTS > 60: THE CEMENTED SOLUTION – OPPOSES

Small canals are usually in small people, but occasionally some normal-sized people have huge cortical thickness with a corresponding small canal. To give adequate strength to the cement mantle, either pure cement or cement/cancellous bone, it must be at least 2mm thick. If the medullary canal is 9mm or less, then the thickest stem, which can be used with cement will be 5mm. This stem is so small that under load, it may deform repetitively, i.e. cycle. If it does cycle, it will break up the cement mantle. In order to get in a stem large enough to prevent cycling, hard reaming will be required, thus, removing most of the cancellous bone so the cement interlock is poor. Small stems are also usually fairly short stems. With a follow-up of more than 15 years, inevitably, some lucency between the cement and bone occurs in zones one and seven. If the stem is long enough, that is of no significance. If the stem is short, i.e. 120mm or less, then the area of distal fixation becomes precariously small. For these reasons, if the canal is small, it is preferable to use a non-cemented stem. The reaming technique for a non-cemented stem is to reach endosteal cortical contact either circumferentially with a canal-filling stem or at the point of wedge for a wedge-shape stem. The metaphyseal bone may be poor quality in the elderly, but it is going to be removed anyway to load the endosteal cortex. This means that a large stem can be used, which is, therefore, stronger and less likely to undergo mechanical failure and fixation failure.
Are changes of organizational form costly? Income shifting and business entry responses to taxes

Abstract Drawing on administrative panel data covering the full population of business owners in the UK, I study the effects of differential tax liabilities across organizational forms on business entry and on income shifting. I find that a 10% increase in savings from incorporation leads to a 1.7% increase in the number of new business owners. However, higher entrepreneurial entry is offset by income shifting – increasing the hazard rate of incorporation of the existing self-employed by up to 2.3% for a 10% increase in tax savings. I show that despite large tax savings from incorporation (exceeding 10 pp. in some years), a substantial proportion of business owners fail to incorporate, suggesting that income shifting through incorporation is not the primary avoidance channel for the self-employed.
True lies in geospatial big data: detecting location spoofing in social media

Location spoofing refers to the act of intentionally falsifying one’s actual locational information. The proliferation of location spoofing in recent years has stirred debate about the reliability ...
Ferroelectric or non-ferroelectric: Why so many materials exhibit "ferroelectricity" on the nanoscale

Ferroelectric materials have remained one of the major focal points of condensed matter physics and materials science for over 50 years. In the last 20 years, the development of voltage-modulated scanning probe microscopy techniques, exemplified by Piezoresponse force microscopy (PFM) and associated time- and voltage spectroscopies, opened a pathway to explore these materials on a single-digit nanometer level. Consequently, domain structures and walls and polarization dynamics can now be imaged in real space. More generally, PFM has allowed studying electromechanical coupling in a broad variety of materials ranging from ionics to biological systems. It can also be anticipated that the recent Nobel prize [“The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2016,” http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2016/ (Nobel Media, 2016)] in molecular electromechanical machines will result in rapid growth in interest in PFM as a method to probe their behavior on single device and device assembly levels. However, the br...
Reflections on tiles (in self-assembly)

We define the Reflexive Tile Assembly Model (RTAM), which is obtained from the abstract Tile Assembly Model (aTAM) by allowing tiles to reflect across their horizontal and/or vertical axes. We show that the class of directed temperature-1 RTAM systems is not computationally universal, which is conjectured but unproven for the aTAM, and like the aTAM, the RTAM is computationally universal at temperature 2. We then show that at temperature 1, when starting from a single tile seed, the RTAM is capable of assembling $$n \times n$$n×n squares for n odd using only n tile types, but incapable of assembling $$n \times n$$n×n squares for n even. Moreover, we show that n is a lower bound on the number of tile types needed to assemble $$n \times n$$n×n squares for n odd in the temperature-1 RTAM. The conjectured lower bound for temperature-1 aTAM systems is $$2n-1$$2n-1. Finally, we give preliminary results toward the classification of which finite connected shapes in $$\mathbb {Z}^2$$Z2 can be assembled (strictly or weakly) by a singly seeded (i.e. seed of size 1) RTAM system, including a complete classification of which finite connected shapes can be strictly assembled by mismatch-free singly seeded RTAM systems.
Stability of the Inverse Resonance Problem for Jacobi Operators

When the coefficients of a Jacobi operator are finitely supported perturbations of the 1 and 0 sequences, respectively, the left reflection coefficient is a rational function whose poles inside, respectively outside, the unit disk correspond to eigenvalues and resonances. By including the zeros of the reflection coefficient, we have a set of data that determines the Jacobi coefficients up to a translation as long as there is at most one half-bound state. We prove that the coefficients of two Jacobi operators are pointwise close assuming that the zeros and poles of their left reflection coefficients are e-close in some disk centered at the origin.
Auditor search periods as signals of engagement risk: Effects on auditor choice and audit pricing

Abstract We examine the effect of auditor search periods (time taken from the dismissal/resignation of the old auditor to the appointment of the new auditor) on successor auditor choice and audit fees. Using a sample of auditor changes during the period 2002–2012, we find that clients associated with long search periods are less likely to be accepted by Big N auditors. Our results also show that successor auditors charge their clients higher initial audit fees following lengthier searches. Finally, we document that delays in appointing successor auditors following resignations are associated with a significantly negative stock market response. Our results suggest that investors, regulators and academics should be heedful of lengthy auditor search periods in their evaluations of audit quality and client risks.
Survey of Automated Vulnerability Detection and Exploit Generation Techniques in Cyber Reasoning Systems

Software is everywhere, from mission critical systems such as industrial power stations, pacemakers and even household appliances. This growing dependence on technology and the increasing complexity of software has serious security implications as it means we are potentially surrounded by software that contains exploitable vulnerabilities. These challenges have made binary analysis an important area of research in computer science and has emphasized the need for building automated analysis systems that can operate at scale, speed and efficiency; all while performing with the skill of a human expert. Though great progress has been made in this area of research, there remains limitations and open challenges to be addressed. Recognizing this need, DARPA sponsored the Cyber Grand Challenge (CGC), a competition to showcase the current state of the art in systems that perform; automated vulnerability detection, exploit generation and software patching. This paper is a survey of the vulnerability detection and exploit generation techniques, underlying technologies and related works of two of the winning systems Mayhem and Mechanical Phish.
Law as Authoritative Fiction

Law, like fiction, is one of those domains in which the saying so makes it so. The main purpose of this essay is to show how various aspects of law and fiction are closely related, and how they exhibit features that are generally shared by expressive artifacts. Both law and fiction belong to a type of intangible artifacts, created by communicative means, giving rise to closed prefixed contexts in which truths in that context are constituted by performative speech acts. The law, however, is very much unlike fiction in that it is essentially authoritative. I conclude by showing how law’s spacio-temporal aspect, which it does not share with most other expressive artifacts, derives from its authoritative nature.
Rapid and Programmable Protein Mutagenesis Using Plasmid Recombineering.

Comprehensive and programmable protein mutagenesis is critical for understanding structure–function relationships and improving protein function. There is thus a need for robust and unbiased molecular biological approaches for the construction of the requisite comprehensive protein libraries. Here we demonstrate that plasmid recombineering is a simple and robust in vivo method for the generation of protein mutants for both comprehensive library generation as well as programmable targeting of sequence space. Using the fluorescent protein iLOV as a model target, we build a complete mutagenesis library and find it to be specific and comprehensive, detecting 99.8% of our intended mutations. We then develop a thermostability screen and utilize our comprehensive mutation data to rapidly construct a targeted and multiplexed library that identifies significantly improved variants, thus demonstrating rapid protein engineering in a simple protocol.
“Better off, as judged by themselves”: a comment on evaluating nudges

Many nudges are designed to make people better off, as judged by themselves. This criterion, meant to ensure that nudges will increase people’s welfare, contains some ambiguity. It is useful to distinguish among three categories of cases: (1) those in which choosers have clear antecedent preferences, and nudges help them to satisfy those preferences (often by increasing “navigability”); (2) those in which choosers face a self-control problem, and nudges help them to overcome that problem; and (3) those in which choosers would be content with the outcomes produced by two or more nudges, or in which ex post preferences are endogenous to nudges, so that without additional clarification or work, the “as judged by themselves” criterion does not identify a unique solution for choice architects. Category (1) is self-evidently large. Because many people agree that they suffer self-control problems, category (2) is large as well. Cases that fall in category (3) create special challenges, which may lead us to make direct inquiries into welfare or to explore what informed, active choosers typically select.
Supersymmetric versus SO(10) models of dark matter

After the results of Run I, can we still “guarantee” the discovery of supersymmetry at the LHC? It is shown that viable dark matter candidates in CMSSM-like models tend to lie in strips (coannihilation, funnel, focus point) in parameter space. The role of grand unification in constructing supersymmetric models is discussed and it is argued that nonsupersymmetric GUTs such as SO(10) may provide alternative solutions to many of the standard problems addressed by supersymmetry.
Beyond Cans and Capacity : Nonprofit Roles and Service Network Objectives in an Emergency Food Network.

Many essential public services are provided through networks of community-based nonprofit organizations. Previous research has demonstrated that simply providing additional resources to these organizations is insufficient to better address demands for public services. We also know little about how and why these organizations adopt network-level objectives related to service provision. In this analysis, we expand the focus of service provision beyond capacity to incorporate the unique roles that define the very existence of nonprofit organizations, and how these roles affect organizational behavior with respect to service network objectives. We use focus group, survey, and administrative data from one hundred community-based nonprofit organizations in an emergency food service network to explore the relationships among capacity, roles, and specific program objectives.
THE DIRECT ANTERIOR APPROACH IS A RISK FACTOR FOR EARLY FEMORAL FAILURE IN CEMENTLESS TOTAL HIP ARTHROPLASTY: A MULTI-CENTRE STUDY

Background The direct anterior approach (DAA) for total hip arthroplasty (THA) is marketed with claims of superiority over other approaches. Femoral exposure can be technically challenging and potentially lead to early failure. We examined whether surgical approach is associated with early THA failure. Methods A retrospective review of 478 consecutive early revision THAs within five years of primary THA at three academic centers from 2011 through 2014 was performed. Exclusion criteria resulted in a final analysis sample of 341 early failure THAs. Primary surgical approach was documented for each revision, along with time to revision, and failure etiology. Results Early femoral component failure was more common with the DAA (49.6%) than the direct lateral (36.6%) and posterior (13.8%) approaches ( p = 0.001). In multivariate regression controlling for age, sex, laterality, Dorr bone type, BMI at revision, bilateral procedure (yes/no), and femoral stem type, the DAA remained a significant predictor of early femoral failure ( p = 0.001). The majority of early revisions for instability were associated with the posterior approach (47.5%) and the DAA (37.5%) compared to the direct lateral approach (15.9%, p = 0.0002). Conclusions Despite claims of early recovery and improved outcomes with the DAA, our findings indicate the DAA likely confers greater risk for early femoral failure and, along with the posterior approach, a greater risk of early instability compared to the direct lateral approach following THA.
Multinationals as global institution: Power, authority and relative autonomy

This article aims to inform the long-standing and unresolved debate between voluntary corporate social responsibility and initiatives to impose binding legal obligations on multinational enterprises. The two approaches share a common feature: neither can fully specify its own scope conditions, that is, how much of the people and planet agenda either can expect to deliver. The reason they share this feature is also the same: neither is based on a foundational political analysis of the multinational enterprise in the context of global governance. Such an analysis is essential for providing background to and perspective on what either approach can hope to achieve, and how. This article begins to bridge the gap by illustrating aspects of the political power, authority, and relative autonomy of the contemporary multinational enterprise. The conclusion spells out some implications for the debate itself, and for further research.
Learned D-AMP: Principled! Neural network based compressive image recovery

Compressive image recovery is a challenging problem that requires fast and accurate algorithms. Recently, neural networks have been applied to this problem with promising results. By exploiting massively parallel GPU processing architectures and oodles of training data, they can run orders of magnitude faster than existing techniques. However, these methods are largely unprincipled black boxes that are difficult to train and often-times specific to a single measurement matrix. It was recently demonstrated that iterative sparse-signal-recovery algorithms can be ``unrolled’' to form interpretable deep networks. Taking inspiration from this work, we develop a novel neural network architecture that mimics the behavior of the denoising-based approximate message passing (D-AMP) algorithm. We call this new network {\em Learned} D-AMP (LDAMP). The LDAMP network is easy to train, can be applied to a variety of different measurement matrices, and comes with a state-evolution heuristic that accurately predicts its performance. Most importantly, it outperforms the state-of-the-art BM3D-AMP and NLR-CS algorithms in terms of both accuracy and run time. At high resolutions, and when used with sensing matrices that have fast implementations, LDAMP runs over $50\times$ faster than BM3D-AMP and hundreds of times faster than NLR-CS.