cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The use of the cathode ray for recording heart sounds and vibrations: II. Studies on the muscular element of the first heart sound

Abstract Studies were made on the muscular elements in the first heart sound, using hearts of dogs, by eliminating normal movement and tensing the auriculoventricular valves. This was accomplished by occluding the venae cavae, by tensing a ligature around the auriculoventricular sulcus to produce an “isometrically” contracting heart, or by inflating small balloons in the ventricular cavities to pressures of 50 mm. Hg or more. It was found that muscular sounds could be recorded and heard as long as the vigor of myocardial contraction was maintained. The possible mechanism underlying the phenomenon is discussed.
Appendix: Survey Questionnaire

We are conducting a cross-cultural survey of the approaches that medical geneticists take to some of the ethical problems that they and their clients face. Medical geneticists and ethicists in 19 countries are collaborating on this study, which will be published by Springer-Verlag in 1987 as a book, to be entitled Ethics and Human Genetics: A Cross-Cultural Perspective. Your responses to the following questionnaire will assist the representatives from your country to write their chapter describing the approaches of the medical geneticists in your country to current ethical problems. Answers will be reported only in statistically aggregate form.
Preoperative Hyponatremia Is Associated with Reoperation and Prolonged Length of Hospital Stay following Total Knee Arthroplasty.

Hyponatremia is a risk factor for adverse surgical outcomes, but limited information is available on the prognosis of hyponatremic patients who undergo total knee arthroplasty (TKA). The purpose of this investigation was to compare the incidence of major morbidity (MM), 30-day readmission, 30-day reoperation, and length of hospital stay (LOS) between normonatremic and hypontremic TKA patients.The American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database was used to identify all primary TKA procedures. Hyponatremia was defined as 145 mEq/L) were excluded. Multivariable logistic regression was used to determine the association between hyponatremia and outcomes after adjusting for demographics and comorbidities. An α level of 0.002 was used and calculated using the Bonferroni correction. Our final analysis included 88,103 patients of which 3,763 were hyponatremic and 84,340 were normonatremic preoperatively. In our multivariable models, hyponatremic patients did not have significantly higher odds of experiencing an MM (odds ratio [OR]: 1.05; 99% confidence interval [CI] 0.93-1.19) or readmission (OR: 1.12; 99% CI: 1-1.24). However, patients with hyponatremia did experience significantly greater odds for reoperation (OR: 1.24; 99% CI: 1.05-1.46) and longer hospital stay (OR: 1.15; 99% CI: 1.09-1.21). We found that hyponatremic patients undergoing TKA had increased odds of reoperation and prolonged hospital stay. Preoperative hyponatremia may be a modifiable risk factor for adverse outcomes in patients undergoing TKA, and additional prospective studies are warranted to determine whether preoperative correction of hyponatremia can prevent complications.
Robust Distributed Gradient Descent with Arbitrary Number of Byzantine Attackers

Due to the grow of modern dataset size and the desire to harness computing power of multiple machines, there is a recent surge of interest in the design of distributed machine learning algorithms. However, distributed algorithms are sensitive to Byzantine attackers who can send falsified data to prevent the convergence of algorithms or lead the algorithms to converge to value of the attackers' choice. Some recent work proposed interesting algorithms that can deal with the scenario when up to half of the workers are compromised. In this paper, we propose a novel algorithm that can deal with an arbitrary number of Byzantine attackers.
Identification of Disulfide Bond Formation between MitoNEET and Glutamate Dehydrogenase 1

MitoNEET is a protein that was identified as a drug target for diabetes, but its cellular function as well as its role in diabetes remains elusive. Protein pull-down experiments identified glutamate dehydrogenase 1 (GDH1) as a potential binding partner. GDH1 is a key metabolic enzyme with emerging roles in insulin regulation. MitoNEET forms a covalent complex with GDH1 through disulfide bond formation and acts as an activator. Proteomic analysis identified the specific cysteine residues that participate in the disulfide bond. This is the first report that effectively links mitoNEET to activation of the insulin regulator GDH1.
Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing for Surgical Risk Stratification in Adults with Congenital Heart Disease

Adult congenital heart disease (ACHD) patients often require repeat cardiothoracic surgery, which may result in significant morbidity and mortality. Currently, there are few pre-operative risk assessment tools available. In the general adult population, pre-operative cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) has a predictive value for post-operative morbidity and mortality following major non-cardiac surgery. The utility of CPET for risk assessment in ACHD patients requiring cardiothoracic surgery has not been evaluated. Retrospective chart review was conducted on 75 ACHD patients who underwent CPET less than 12 months prior to major cardiothoracic surgery at Children’s Hospital of Wisconsin. Minimally invasive procedures, cardiomyopathy, acquired heart disease, single ventricle physiology, and heart transplant patients were excluded. Demographic information, CPET results, and peri-operative surgical data were collected. The study population was 56% male with a median age of 25 years (17–58). Prolonged post-operative length of stay correlated with increased ventilatory efficiency slope (VE/ $${V_{{\text{C}}{{\text{O}}_2}}}$$ slope) (P = 0.007). Prolonged intubation time correlated with decreased peak HR (P = 0.008), decreased exercise time (P = 0.002), decreased heart rate response (P = 0.008) and decreased relative peak oxygen consumption (P = 0.034). Post-operative complications were documented in 59% of patients. While trends were noted between post-operative complications and some measurements of exercise capacity, none met statistical significance. Future studies may further define the relationship between exercise capacity and post-operative morbidity in ACHD patients.
High-accuracy distance measurement using millimeter-wave radar

We present a method to estimate distance using millimeter-wave radar with an accuracy of around a few micro meters. With the radar operating using frequency-modulated continuous waves (FMCW), we show how both frequency and phase of radar beat signal is used to precisely determine the distance between the radar sensor and the object from which the radar signal is reflected. The method was tested using single-chip FMCW radar operating at 77 GHz employing a chirp bandwidth of 4 GHz. We compared the estimated relative distance against the true relative distance at a few different locations of the object. The estimated distance has a variance of less than 10 μm, which approaches the Cramer-Rao lower bound. We will also present a novel solution to minimize estimate bias due to reflections from neighboring objects as well as a solution to the undesired phase ambiguity problem that is associated with phase recovery during distance estimation.
Analysis of Glycoproteins for Biomarker Discovery

Glycoproteins play an important role in cell signaling and cell-cell interaction. The alterations of glycoproteins are often relevant to progression of diseases, and these changed glycoproteins can be important biomarkers. The lectin-based glycoproteomic technology has extensively been used for high-throughput screening of potential glycoprotein biomarkers. Here we describe a multi-lectin affinity chromatography and label-free quantitative glycoproteomic approach for discovery of glycoprotein biomarkers relevant to differentiation of glioblastoma stem cells.
Cement cardiac embolism following kyphoplasty noted on thoracic imaging

Asymptomatic polymethyl methacrylate cardiac embolism is an uncommon complication of kyphoplasty. We report a case of a 56-year-old female with an incidentally noted radiopaque foreign body in the right ventricular cavity on chest x-ray following kyphoplasty. In this report, we discuss how to differentiate between the potential intracardiac foreign bodies and how to establish the diagnosis of polymethyl methacrylate embolism. Once diagnosed, the management of these patients remains controversial.
Places Not Cases? Rethinking Probation: The Effects of Nonprofit Organizations on Rearrest Rates of Probationers:

Although scholars have theorized that nonprofit organizations (NPO) contribute to social control in communities, the relationship between NPO and rates of misconduct on the part of certain at-risk groups has received little empirical attention. The current study extends the literature by adopting a place-based approach to understanding differences in probationer misconduct that highlights the role of NPO in communities. Using longitudinal data from New York State counties, we analyze the linear and nonlinear influences that different NPO have on rearrest rates of probationers. Whereas most criminological theories suggest that NPO have a linear and salutary influence, we find evidence of a more nuanced process: NPO unexpectedly show evidence of exerting both salutary and deleterious influences on probationer outcomes.
Exposure to disinfectant by-products and the risk of stillbirth in Massachusetts

Objectives We examined stillbirths in relation to disinfection by-product (DBP) exposures including chloroform, bromodichloromethane (BDCM), dibromochloromethane, bromoform, trichloroacetic acid, dichloroacetic acid (DCAA), monobromoacetic acid and summary DBP measures (trihalomethanes (THM4), haloacetic acids (HAA5), THMBr (brominated trihalomethanes) and DBP9 (sum of THM4 and HAA5)). Methods We randomly selected 10 controls for each of the 2460 stillbirth cases with complete quarterly 1997–2004 THM4 and HAA5 town-level drinking water data. Adjusted (aORs) were calculated based on weight-averaged second-trimester DBP exposures. Results We detected statistically significant associations for stillbirths and the upper DCAA quartiles (aOR range: 1.50–1.71). We also found positive associations for the upper four HAA5 quintiles and different stillbirth cause of death categories that were examined including unexplained stillbirth (aOR range: 1.24–1.72), compression of umbilical cord (aOR range: 1.08–1.94), prematurity (aOR range: 1.37–2.88), placental separation and haemorrhage (aOR range: 1.44–2.01) and asphyxia/hypoxia (aOR range: 1.52–1.97). Additionally, we found positive associations between stillbirths and chloroform exposure (aOR range: 1.29 – 1.36) and unexplained stillbirths and BDCM exposure (aOR range: 1.51 – 1.78). We saw no evidence of exposure–response relationships for any categorical DBP metrics. Conclusions Consistent with some previous studies, we found associations between stillbirths and chloroform and unexplained stillbirth and BDCM exposures. These findings strengthen existing evidence of prenatal THM exposures increasing the risk of stillbirth. Additionally, we saw statistically significant associations between DCAA and stillbirth. Future research should examine cause-specific stillbirths in relation to narrower critical windows and additional DBP exposure metrics beyond trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids.
Apgar Scores at 10 Minutes and Outcomes in Term and Late Preterm Neonates with Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy in the Cooling Era.

Objective To determine the short-term outcomes (abnormal brain magnetic resonance imaging [MRI]/death) in infants born with a 10-minute Apgar score of 0 who received therapeutic hypothermia and compare them with infants with higher scores. Study Design This is a retrospective review of 293 neonates (gestational age ≥ 35 weeks) born between November 2006 and October 2015 admitted with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy who received therapeutic hypothermia. Results of brain MRIs were assessed by the basal ganglia/watershed scoring system. Short-term outcomes were compared between infants with Apgar scores of 0, 1 to 4, and ≥5 at 10 minutes. Results Eight of 17 infants (47%) with an Apgar of 0 at 10 minutes survived, having 4 (24%) without abnormalities on the brain MRI and 7 (41%) without severe abnormalities. There was no significant difference in the combined outcomes of “death/abnormal MRI” and “death/severe abnormalities on the MRI” between infants with Apgar scores of 0 and 1 to 4. Follow-up data were available for six of eight surviving infants, and none had moderate or severe neurodevelopmental impairment. Conclusion In the cooling era, 47% of infants with no audible heart rate at 10 minutes and who were admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit survived; 24% without abnormalities on the brain MRI and 41% without severe abnormalities.
La epidemia de fiebre amarilla de 1800 y su impacto en La Carlota, capital de las Nuevas Poblaciones de Andalucía

The societies in the Late Old Regime were threatened by different diseases, the yellow fever being one of the most feared because their lethality. This paper shows a general overview of the epidemic of yellow fever of 1800 in Spain. It pays a special attention to the case of La Carlota (Cordoba). This disease had never penetrated before to a place so far from the Spanish coast.
The Problem Of Euthanasia

In our prior examination of attitudes toward death, I argued that the Greek concept of euthanasia (a) referred to a manner of dying; (b) literally translated meant an easy or good death; and (c) logically entailed no one particular theory about what happened to the dead. This account must now be expanded in two important ways.
What Buyers Buy and Sellers Sell: Implications for Marketing Managers

(1996). What Buyers Buy and Sellers Sell: Implications for Marketing Managers. Journal of Professional Services Marketing: Vol. 13, No. 2, pp. 3-16.
The Work of Bartleby The Scrivener

Herman Melville’s Bartleby the Scrivener has confounded readers since its publication. While there has been extensive analysis of the work in many disciplines, its relation to the ethic of work has not received adequate attention. A Foucaultian genealogical approach is used for this analysis in order to reconsider work and its ethical nature as developed through the characters in the story of Bartleby.
Economic Impact of Fluopyram-Amended Seed Treatments to Reduce Soybean Yield Loss Associated with Sudden Death Syndrome.

Soybean (Glycine max) sudden death syndrome (SDS), caused by Fusarium virguliforme, is a key limitation in reaching soybean yield potential, stemming from incomplete disease management through cult...
The cost of illiteracy: A causal inference study on how illiteracy affects physical and mental health:

Objective:The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of illiteracy on physical health and mental health.Design:Matching methods (nearest neighbour matching, Mahalanobis metric matching, an...
Solar activity influences on planetary atmosphere evolution: Lessons from observations at Venus, Earth, and Mars

The Pioneer Venus and Venus Express missions, and the Mars Express and MAVEN missions, along with numerous Earth orbiters carrying space physics and aeronomy instruments, have utilized the increasing availability of space weather observations to provide better insight into the impacts of present-day solar activity on the atmospheres of terrestrial planets. Of most interest among these are the responses leading to escape of either ion or neutral constituents, potentially altering both the total atmospheric reservoirs and their composition. While debates continue regarding the role(s) of a planetary magnetic field in either decreasing or increasing these escape rates, observations have shown that enhancements can occur in both situations in response to solar activity-related changes. These generally involve increased energy inputs to the upper atmospheres, increases in ion production, and/or increases in escape channels, e.g. via interplanetary field penetration or planetary field ‘opening’. Problems arise when extrapolations of former loss rates are needed. While it is probably safe to suggest lower limits based simply on planet age multiplied by currently measured ion and neutral escape rates, the evolution of the Sun, including its activity, must be folded into these estimations. Poor knowledge of the history of solar activity, especially in terms of coronal mass ejections and solar wind properties, greatly compounds the uncertainties in related planetary atmosphere evolution calculations. Prospects for constraining their influences will depend on our ability to do a better job of solar activity history reconstruction.
Masters of the Middle Waters: Indian Nations and Colonial Ambitions along the Mississippi

Review of: Masters of the Middle Waters: Indian Nations and Colonial Ambitions along the Mississippi, by Jacob F. Lee.
St. Francis Visits Rabbit Hill: Visions of Coexistence

Welfare-inclined animal fiction often focuses on ethical questions stemming from familiar interactions with other animals: eating them (Chap. 3), vivisecting them (Chap. 4), hunting them (Chap. 7), and so on. This chapter considers depictions of coexistence between animals and humans, both good and bad. The emphasis is on literary visions of peaceful, cruelty-free interactions that create imaginative spaces to contemplate new possibilities for human-animal engagement. Among selections included for comment are Hugh Lofting’s Doctor Dolittle’s Circus (1924), John Lever’s Me Cheeta: My Life in Hollywood (2008), and Robert Lawson’s Rabbit Hill (1944).
Judges in Lawyerless Courts

The typical American civil trial court is lawyerless. In response, access to justice reformers have embraced a key intervention: changing the judge’s traditional role. The prevailing vision for judicial role reform calls on trial judges to offer a range of accommodation, assistance, and process simplification to people without legal representation. Until now, we have known little about whether and how judges are implementing role reform recommendations or how judges behave in lawyerless courts as a general matter. Our lack of knowledge stands in stark contrast to the responsibility civil trial judges bear – and the discretionary power they wield – in dispensing justice for millions of unrepresented people each year. While today’s civil procedure scholarship focuses on documenting and analyzing growing judicial discretion in complex litigation, a much larger sphere of unexamined and largely unchecked judicial discretion has been hiding in plain sight in state civil trial courts. At the intersection of civil procedure, judicial behavior, and access to justice, this Article presents a theoretically driven multijurisdictional study of judicial behavior. It examines three state civil courts in jurisdictions at the top, above the median, and near the median in the Justice Index (a ranking of state-level access to justice efforts). Despite significant jurisdictional differences, judges’ behavior is surprisingly homogenous in the data. Rather than offering accommodation, assistance, and simplification as reforms suggest, judges maintained courts’ legal complexity and exercised strict control over evidence presentation. The Article theorizes that a fundamental structural problem drives this unexpected finding – civil courts were not designed for unrepresented people. And judicial behavior is shaped by three factors that result: ethical ambiguity and traditional assumptions about a judge’s role in adversarial litigation, docket pressure, and systematic legal assistance provided to petitioners only. The Article concludes judicial role failure is but one symptom of lawyerless courts’ fundamental ailment: the mismatch between courts’ adversarial, lawyer-driven dispute resolution design and the complex social, economic, and interpersonal problems they are tasked with solving for users without legal training.
Barriers and Facilitators to the Collection and Aggregation of Electronic Health Record HIV Data: An Analysis of Study Recruitment Venues Within the Adolescent Medicine Trials Network for HIV/AIDS Interventions (ATN):

Electronic health record (EHR) data can be leveraged for prospective cohort studies and pragmatic clinical trials, targeting youth living with HIV (YLH). Using EHRs in this manner may minimize the need for costly research infrastructure in service to lowering disease burden. This study characterizes HIV prevention and care continua variables and identifies factors likely to impede or facilitate EHR use for research and interventions. We conducted telephone-based qualitative interviews with National Experts (n = 10) and Key Stakeholders (n = 19) from subject recruitment venues (SRVs), providing care services to YLH and youth at risk for HIV. We found 17 different EHR systems being used for various purposes (e.g., workflow management and billing). Thematic content analysis of interviews highlighted six broad categories of perspectives on barriers to and facilitators of EHR use: specific variable collection, general use barriers, and facilitators, general data collection barriers and facilitators, EHRs for surveillance and research, EHRs for personnel and resource management and capture of HIV specific variables. These findings may inform implementation strategies of future studies, in which we conduct routine monitoring of the youth HIV prevention and care continua using EHRs and test an eHealth intervention.
Prophylactic anticoagulation for preterm premature rupture of membranes: a decision analysis.

Background The current standard of care in the setting of preterm premature rupture of membranes involves antenatal hospitalization until delivery. The reduced physical activity during this time compounds the heightened risk for venous thromboembolism in pregnancy. Prophylactic anticoagulation can decrease this risk of venous thromboembolism; however, this benefit must be balanced against the risks of precluding neuraxial analgesia or increasing the risk of postpartum hemorrhage. Objective The objective of this study was to determine the optimal modality for venous thromboembolism prophylaxis during hospitalization for preterm premature rupture of membranes using a decision analysis model. Study Design A decision-analytical Markov model was constructed using the TreeAge software comparing the use of unfractionated heparin, low-molecular-weight heparin or no anticoagulation in women with a singleton pregnancy who were hospitalized for preterm premature rupture of membranes after 24 weeks and remained hospitalized until delivery. Maternal outcomes examined included attainment of neuraxial analgesia (vs no analgesia for vaginal delivery or general anesthesia for cesarean delivery), venous thromboembolism, postpartum hemorrhage, and maternal death. Probabilities and utilities were derived from existing literature. Sensitivity analyses were performed to interrogate model assumptions, and a Monte Carlo probabilistic sensitivity analysis was performed to examine the robustness of the model. Results In this decision-analytical model, no prophylactic anticoagulation maximized maternal utilities. Clinical outcomes among a theoretical cohort of 100,000 women are shown in the Table. The 1- and 2-way sensitivity analyses supported this conclusion. Monte Carlo probabilistic sensitivity analysis indicated that no prophylaxis was the preferred choice in 56% of simulations, unfractionated heparin in 34% of simulations, and low-molecular-weight heparin in 10% of simulations. Conclusion Our results do not support the routine use of prophylactic anticoagulation in women admitted to the hospital for preterm premature rupture of membranes. These findings can be used to inform clinical decisions when admitting low-risk singleton pregnancies to the hospital in the setting of preterm premature rupture of membranes.
Role of Lithium Doping in P2-Na0.67Ni0.33Mn0.67O2 for Sodium-Ion Batteries.

P2-structured Na0.67Ni0.33Mn0.67O2 (PNNMO) is a promising Na-ion battery cathode material, but its rapid capacity decay during cycling remains a hurdle. Li doping in layered transition-metal oxide (TMO) cathode materials is known to enhance their electrochemical properties. Nevertheless, the influence of Li at different locations in the structure has not been investigated. Here, the crystallographic role and electrochemical impact of lithium on different sites in PNNMO is investigated in Li x Na0.67-y Ni0.33Mn0.67O2+δ (0.00 ≤ x ≤ 0.2, y = 0, 0.1). Lithium occupancy on prismatic Na sites is promoted in Na-deficient (Na < 0.67) PNNMO, evidenced by ex situ and operando synchrotron X-ray diffraction, X-ray absorption spectroscopy, and 7Li solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance. Partial substitution of Na with Li leads to enhanced stability and slightly increased specific capacity compared to PNNMO. In contrast, when lithium is located primarily on octahedral TM sites, capacity is increased but at the cost of stability.
μSteal: a theory-backed framework for preemptive work and resource stealing in mixed-criticality microservices

Modern internet services are moving towards distributed microservice architectures, wherein a complex application is decomposed into numerous discrete microservices to improve programmability, reliability, manageability, and scalability. A key property of microservice-based architectures is that common microservices may be shared by multiple end-to-end cloud services. As an example, a speech-recognition microservice might serve as an early node in the microservice graphs of several end-to-end services. However, given the dissimilarities across microservice graphs and varying end-to-end latency constraints across services, shared microservices may need to operate under differing latency constraints for each service. As a result, in existing systems, most providers either deploy multiple instance pools for each latency constraint, or require all requests to needlessly meet the most stringent constraint. In this paper, we argue that sharing microservice instances across multiple services can reduce significantly the number of instances, especially under highly asymmetric latency constraints. We propose a request scheduling mechanism, called μSteal, which leverages preemptive work and resource stealing to schedule the arriving requests to cores within a ``mixed-criticality'' microservice instance. μSteal provisions ``core reservations'' for each request class based on their latency requirements, but allows a class to steal cores from other classes if they would otherwise remain idle. But, when a class requires its full reservation, μSteal preempts stolen cores, returning them to their reserved class. μSteal employs a runtime feedback controller augmented by a queuing theory-based analytical model to tune core reservations across classes, seeking to maximize the request throughput within each instance while meeting all classes' latency constraints. We show that μSteal reduces required instances for several shared microservice deployments by 1.29x as compared to deploying multiple, segregated instance pools.
Clinical characteristics and outcomes of adult lymphoma-associated hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH).

e19526Background: Lymphoma is a major cause of secondary HLH, a life-threatening hyperinflammatory syndrome due to immune dysregulation. This study examines the clinical and biological characterist...
Youth Court: A Restorative Practice? A Case to Consider:

The current case demonstrates the complexities of utilizing Youth Court as a restorative practice in an urban high school, by focusing on the complexities it presents for one student in particular....
Transforming Surgical Subspecialty Care Through Clinical Integration

Background: Access to specialty care challenges all healthcare systems. The Los Angeles County Department of Health Services (LAC-DHS), the second-largest public healthcare system in the United States, attempted to improve access through clinical integration, which was pursued through empanelment, deployment of eConsult, and the development of Expected Practices. We assessed the impact of clinical integration on access to surgical subspecialty care. Methods: In a pre-post cohort analysis, of the 3669 eConsults placed for urology review from July 2012 to November 2016, 8% from each calendar year were randomly selected for granular review and cross-referenced from three data sources. We assessed the rates of non face-to-face specialty care touches (patients who were cared for with specialty input, but without a face-to-face visit), inefficient care, and intensity of touch (iterative dialogue between primary care and specialty care provider), as well as wait times for clinic visits. Findings: Thirty-nine percent of all patients for whom an eConsult was placed were cared for with the input of a specialist without a face-to-face clinic visit. Of the patients seen in clinic, 73% received inefficient care prior to eConsult implementation, compared with 22% during the eConsult timeframe. Wait times were reduced from 22 weeks to 4 weeks, and over 90% of patients were seen in clinic within the intended timeframe. Average intensity of touch via eConsult was 3.1, and this iterative dialogue was completed in an average of 5 days. Interpretation: Clinical integration is an innovative approach that may improve access to surgical specialty care. Funding Statement: The authors state: "None." Declaration of Interests: The author states: "There are no financial disclosures from any of the authors." Ethics Approval Statement: The OVMC Institutional Review Board approved the study.
Tax-Loss Harvesting Under Uncertainty

Numerical calculations imply that tax-loss harvesting is valuable to holders of taxable stock accounts. These calculations are based on the assumption that a capital loss on a stock portfolio can always be netted against ordinary income (up to a limit) or a capital gain on the same stock portfolio. We provide market-based evidence that a capital loss that is realized in the beginning of the year is substantially less valuable than a loss that is taken at the end of the year. A simple binomial tree model that captures the resolution of tax rate uncertainty closely mimics observed market prices. Allowing investors to postpone unused losses into the future does not alter the conclusion that realized losses are less valuable early in the year.
Measuring time preferences: A comparison of experimental methods ☆

a b s t r a c t Eliciting time preferences has become an important component of both laboratory and field experiments, yet there is no consensus as how to best measure discounting. We examine the predictive validity of two recent, simple, easily administered, and individually successful elicitation tools: convex time budgets (CTB) and double multiple price lists (DMPL). Using similar methods, the CTB and DMPL are compared using within- and out-of-sample predic- tions. While each perform equally well within sample, the CTB significantly outperforms
Hispanics and Group Work

This article reviews the literature on group work with Hispanics and highlights key practice issues and considerations. A total of 28 publications are analyzed with reference to such elements as group member and leader characteristics and possible facilitating factors.
Theoretical study of electron dynamics in graphene interacting with ultrafast and ultrastrong laser pulses

In this paper, we investigate the dynamics of electron system in graphene monolayer from the theoretical and numerical points of view. We have shown that graphene subjected to an ultrafast (near-single-oscillation pulse) and strong (on the order of interatomic field) pulse, exhibits fundamental behavior dramatically different from both insulators and metals. In such an ultrafast and ultrastrong field, the electron dynamics is coherent and is described by time-dependent Schrodinger equation. Electron transfer from Valence band to Conduction band is deeply irreversible which implies non-adiabaticity of the system in which the residual Conduction band population (after the pulse ends) is close to the maximum one. The residual Conduction band populations a function of wave vector is non-uniform with a few strongly localized spots near the Dirac points, at which the Conduction band is almost fully populated.
Sexually Predatory Parents and the Children in Their Care: Remove the Threat, Not the Child

This Chapter examines one of the most critical questions Child Protective Services agencies face thousands of times a day: whether to remove a child who is a possible victim of abuse or neglect from his or her home. Few decisions are as determinative of a child's well-being and long-term success as the decision to remove a child from his or her own home following an allegation of abuse by a parent. This Chapter shows that the choice to remove the child rather than the alleged offender is driven largely by two suppositions: misunderstandings about the legality of excluding alleged offenders from their home, compounded by the equally entrenched, but wrong-headed view that a non-abusing parent who fails to protect once will do so again. Ironically, many caseworkers and other decision makers falsely believe that only the child-victim is at risk from the alleged offender, and therefore remove only that child. Yet, in cases of intra-familial sexual abuse, perpetrators rarely stop with the first victim. This Chapter argues that CPS agencies legally can, and should, place the burden of homelessness on the alleged offender rather than compromising children's safety. It begins by dissecting the empirical factors driving the decision to remove children from their home, and illustrates that baseless suppositions of "maternal culpability" have led caseworkers reflexively to remove the victim, rather than pursuing the more direct and meaningful remedy of removing the threat to the child's safety. It also demonstrates that a shift in CPS' default remedy protects not only the victim, but his or her siblings who, left within the alleged offender's immediate grasp, would likely become the next victim. The Chapter then examines how judges and legislators in nine states have laid the groundwork for excluding the alleged offender pending a full investigation. It considers and rejects several possible limitations of accepting exclusion of the alleged offender as the default remedy in cases of alleged child abuse. This Chapter ultimately concludes that we have come a long way since Florence Rush asked in 1974, "[h]as anyone thought of the fantastic notion of getting rid of the [accused] father?"
Navigation with place representations and visible landmarks

Existing navigation techniques do not scale well to large virtual worlds. We present a new technique, navigation with place representations and visible landmarks that scales from town-sized to planet-sized worlds. Visible landmarks make distant landmarks visible and allow users to travel relative to those landmarks with a single gesture. Actual and symbolic place representations allow users to detect and travel to more distant locations with a small number of gestures. The world's semantic place hierarchy determines which visible landmarks and place representations users can see at any point in time. We present experimental results demonstrating that our technique allows users to navigate more efficiently than a modified panning and zooming W1M, completing within-place navigation tasks 22% faster and between-place tasks 38% faster on average.
From cores to stars

Dense cores associated with low mass stars generally have mean density 3×104 cm−3within 0.1 pc, and temperature 10 K, while cores of similar density forming more massive stars are generally larger and warmer, according to observations of molecular lines of NH3, HC3N, CS, and C18O. These cores are near virial equilibrium, taking into account both the thermal and nonthermal parts of the line width. They are associated with the youngest stars, having the reddest broadband spectra and the greatest column density of circumstellar gas and dust. Their nonthermal motions probably arise from magnetohydrodynamic waves. Their nonthermal and thermal kinetic energy density are comparable when their associated star has mass ≈ 2 M⊙; cores associated with less (more) massive stars are dominated by thermal (nonthermal) motions. Core maps are generally elongated, with aspect ratio ≈2, and a substantial fraction of cores with elongated maps are prolate. Core velocity gradients are of order one line width per map size, and correspond to rotational kinetic energy density less than 0.1 of the gravitational kinetic energy density. Core magnetic energy density is comparable to the nonthermal kinetic energy density, in the few cases where the Zeeman effect is detected. The nonthermal part of the line width in a core increases with the size of the map in the same line, as a power law with exponent 0.3–0.5. Equilibrium models of core-cloud systems, based on observed line widths and map sizes, indicate that cores in Orion A and B have star-forming mass infall rates up to an order of magnitude greater than in low-mass regions such as Taurus. Cores differ significantly in their typical size, velocity dispersion, and extinction from one molecular cloud complex to another. These differences correlate with the size and mass of the complex, and with the incidence of young stars in the complex.
Apoptotic cells suppress TNF production by tissue resident macrophages through a CD73-dependent mechanism (INM7P.433)

Apoptotic cells (AC) trigger an anti-inflammatory, pro-resolution phenotype in macrophages, but the mechanisms of this suppression and the consequences for resolution of tissue inflammation remain poorly understood. ACs also facilitate phagocyte recruitment through the release of the ‘find-me’ signal ATP. Interestingly, extracellular ATP can be hydrolyzed to adenosine (Ado), a potent inhibitor of macrophage inflammatory responses, via the ecto-enzymes CD39 (ATP→AMP) and CD73 (AMP→Ado). We therefore hypothesized that ATP released by AC could act to suppress macrophage inflammation via CD73-dependent generation of Ado. CD73 function in macrophages remains largely unexplored, and in fact we found that the commonly used macrophage models BMDM, RAW264.7, J774 and BV-2 express CD39 but not CD73. By contrast, we observed high levels of both CD39 and CD73 on murine CD11b+/F4/80 hi resident peritoneal macrophages (RPM). In co-culture experiments, AC potently suppressed TNF production by LPS-treated WT but not Cd73 -/- RPM. Inhibition of CD73 enzymatic activity, depletion of extracellular Ado and inhibition of adenosine receptors also abrogated the suppressive effects of AC on WT RPM. Together these studies reveal a novel role for CD73 in controlling the immunoregulatory actions of AC on tissue resident macrophages and further our understanding of apoptotic cell clearance as an important component of immune resolution.
Acute physical dependence in man: effects of naloxone after brief morphine exposure.

This study assessed the effects of i.m. naloxone (10 mg) 6 hr after acute i.m. injections of morphine (0, 1, 3, 5.6, 10 and 17 mg). Naloxone reversed residual morphine-produced respiratory depression, miosis and subjective reports of drug "high." In addition, naloxone precipitated signs and symptoms characteristic of opioid withdrawal. Subjective report measures of "bad" drug effects and specific opioid withdrawal symptoms increased as a function of morphine pretreatment dose, as did observer-rated signs of withdrawal. Yawning was the most prominent observed sign, whereas yawning and irritability were the most consistently reported subjective symptoms. Peak withdrawal effects were seen within 15 min post-naloxone. The results of this study confirm previous reports of acute physical dependence in man and extend those findings by demonstrating a morphine dose-response function.
Thorstein Veblen and Piero Sraffa: A New Level of Economic Theory

Economic theories are integrally related to the social and historical processes from which they emerge. They evolve from, reflect, and seek to communicate explanations of the on‐going phenomena in which they participate. While, therefore, economic theories are mostly the product of the socio‐economic matrices in which they are conceived, the most influential political economists in history have also reflected the most advanced principles of science in their work. This they have done as their common calling to build a science of economic activity that would prove adequate to serving the most basic needs of people throughout the world and to meeting the growing requirements of public policy making. It is in these senses that the economic theories of Thorstein Veblen and Piero Sraffa have revealed the poverty and sterility of marginal utility speculations, while their combined innovations offer a hopeful prospect for continuing the classical heritage of production and social surplus theory which preceded the century‐long dominance of the demand‐and‐supply approach in political economy.
Abundance, Distribution, and Diversity of Viruses in Alkaline, Hypersaline Mono Lake, California

Mono Lake is a large (180 km2), alkaline (pH ~10), moderately hypersaline (70–85 g kg−1) lake lying at the western edge of the Great Basin. An episode of persistent chemical stratification (meromixis) was initiated in 1995 and has resulted in depletion of oxygen and accumulation of ammonia and sulfide beneath the chemocline. Although previous studies have documented high bacterial abundances and marked seasonal changes in phytoplankton abundance and community composition, there have been no previous reports on the occurrence of viruses in this unique lake. Based on the high concentrations and diversity of microbial life in this lake, we hypothesized that planktonic viruses are also abundant and diverse. To examine the abundance and distribution of viruses and bacteria, water samples were collected from four stations along 5 to 15 vertical depths at each station. Viral abundance ranged from 1 × 108 to 1 × 109 mL−1, among the highest observed in any natural aquatic system examined so far. Increases (p 400 kb with most of the DNA in the 30 to 60 kb size range. Cluster analysis grouped the anoxic bottom-water viral community into a unique cluster differentiating it from surface and mid-water viral communities. A hybridization study using an indigenous viral isolate as a probe revealed an episodic pattern of temporal phage distribution with strong niche stratification between oxic and anoxic waters.
Effect of the structure of carbon adsorbents on the adsorption of gold cyanide

Abstract Research investigations on the chemistry of the adsorption of gold cyanide on activated carbon have mostly reduced the role of activated carbon as the provider of the large surface area needed for adsorption. Most do not go beyond suggesting that oxygen functional groups on carbon play a key role in the adsorption process. Our research shows that the nature of the material, specifically its structure, is a crucial factor in the adsorption equation. To delineate the effect of adsorbent properties, gold cyanide was adsorbed on a series of carbonaceous adsorbents, including lignite, coals, anthracites, carbon blacks, graphite and activated carbon, which covers wide variations of composition, surface acid group content, and degree of graphitization. The results show that the adsorption of gold cyanide per unit area of adsorbent is not related to the amount of oxygen groups on the surface or even the total oxygen content of the material. However, they show very strong correlation with the degree of graphitization of the adsorbent, which indicates that the graphitic plates of activated carbon play the most important role. The findings suggest that majority of the adsorption occurs on the plate faces of the graphite crystallites of activated carbon.
Potentially missed detection with screening mammography: does the quality of radiologist's interpretation vary by patient socioeconomic advantage/disadvantage?

Abstract Purpose We examined whether quality of mammography interpretation as performed by the original reading radiologist varied by patient sociodemographic characteristics. Methods For 149 patients residing in Chicago and diagnosed in 2005–2008, we obtained the original index mammogram that detected the breast cancer and at least one prior mammogram that did not detect the cancer performed within 2 years of the index mammogram. A single breast imaging specialist performed a blinded review of the prior mammogram. Potentially missed detection (PMD) was defined as an actionable lesion seen during a blinded review of the prior mammogram that was in the same quadrant as the cancer on the index mammogram. Results Of 149 prior mammograms originally read as nonmalignant, 46% (N = 68) had a potentially detectable lesion. In unadjusted analyses, PMD was greater among minority patients (54% vs. 39%, P = .07) and for patients with incomes below $30,000 (65% vs. 36%, P Conclusions Disadvantaged socioeconomic status appears to be associated with PMD of breast cancer at mammography screening.
A semantically enabled metadata repository for scientific data

The LASP Extended Metadata Repository (LEMR) is a semantically enabled repository of information (metadata) about the scientific datasets that LASP offers to the public. The repository enables the provision of consistent, current, verified metadata to our users. It serves as a Single Source of Truth for this information, enabling more rigorous metadata management and addressing problems related to duplication of information. The linked open data aspect of the repository allows interlinking of concepts both within and across organizations and web sites. Associated interfaces allow users to browse and search the metadata. This information can be dynamically incorporated into web pages, so web page content is always up-to-date and consistent across the lab. With this information we can generate metadata records in a variety of schemas, such as ISO or SPASE, allowing federation with other organizations interested in our data. We leveraged open source technologies to build the repository and the dynamic web pages that read from it. VIVO, an open source semantic web application, provided key capabilities such as ontology and triple store management interfaces. AngularJS, an open source JavaScript framework for building web dynamic applications, was also invaluable in developing web pages that provide semantically enabled public interfaces to the metadata. In this paper we discuss our use of these tools and what we had to craft in order to meet our lab-specific needs.