cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Weight management interventions in adults with a serious mental illness: A meta-analytic review

ABSTRACTPersons with a serious mental illness have more physical health problems and shorter life expectancy compared to the general population, in part due to modifiable at-risk health behaviors like obesity. This study provides a systematic review and meta-analysis of the available evidence on the efficacy of weight management interventions when compared to treatment as usual. Fourteen studies were included in the meta-analysis, analyzing data from a total of 1779 participants. Across all studies, an effect in favor of the intervention groups, with a reduction in mean absolute weight of −2.01 kg, compared to control groups (95% CI: −2.93 kg to −1.10 kg, p< 0.001) over a period ranging from 3 months to 12 months. Subgroup meta-analyses indicate programs that incorporate individual sessions and are implemented at the onset of illness may have the greatest impact on weight management for this population. Despite the statistically significant findings of mean weight change in the intervention groups compare...
Abstract 1945: Self-phosphorylation primes JNK2 for activation by MKK4 in glioblastoma and non-small cell lung carcinoma

Proceedings: AACR 106th Annual Meeting 2015; April 18-22, 2015; Philadelphia, PA JNKs (c-Jun N-terminal kinases) are members of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family, known primarily for their response to cell stress. JNK activation is mediated cooperatively by both MKK4 and MKK7. Uniquely, c-Jun N-terminal kinase 2 (JNK2) isoform has been reported to be constitutively activated (without MKK4/7). Recent studies in glioblastoma and lung carcinoma have identified important roles for JNK2 constitutive activation (but not JNK1). Using phospho-specific antibodies, recombinant activated (MKK4 & MKK7), inactivated (JNK1 & JNK2) and phos-tag PAGE, we have identified that JNK2 self-phosphorylation results in the production of active JNK2 (phosphorylated on both Thr-183 and Tyr-185) and a form of mono-phosphorylated JNK2 (phosphorylated only on Thr-183) whose activation is MKK4-dependent (phosphorylates Tyr-185), but MKK7-independent. The effect of MKK4 on JNK2 constitutive activation has been further investigated in mouse embryonic stem cells that have MKK4 and/or MKK7 knocked out. MKK4 but not MKK7 existence in these cell lines enhanced JNK2 autoactivation. Interestingly, knockdown of MKK4 or JNK2 in U78MG glioblastoma cell line, A549 non-small cell lung carcinoma cell line and HEK293 cells dramatically decreased JNK2 constitutive activation and inhibited A549 cellular growth and anchorage-independent growth that have been reported to be regulated by JNK2 constitutive activity. As a conclusion, our data demonstrates for the first time that JNK2 autophosphorylation primes its activation by MKK4. This phenomenon can allow JNK2 activity to be further regulated by discrete cellular signals. Citation Format: Tamer S. Kaoud, Kevin N. Dalby. Self-phosphorylation primes JNK2 for activation by MKK4 in glioblastoma and non-small cell lung carcinoma. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 1945. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-1945
Band Structures of Crystalline Solids

This chapter presents methods of calculating the bandstructure (energy versus wavevector relation) of a crystalline solid based on time-independent perturbation theory. Since bandstructure plays a vital role in the operation of many devices, particularly optical devices, it is included in this book. More importantly, it is one more application of time-independent perturbation theory to an actual problem. We discuss four different bandstructure calculation methods—the nearly-free electron method, the orthogonalized plane wave (OPW) expansion method, the tight-binding approximation (TBA) and the \(\vec{k} \cdot \vec{ p}\) theory—three of which invoke time-independent perturbation theory. Bandstructure results are then applied to calculate the density of states of electrons and holes as a function of particle energy in bulk (three-dimensional systems) and nanostructured systems such as quantum wells (quasi two-dimensional) and wires (quasi one-dimensional). Based on the density of states, analytical expression are derived for equilibrium carrier concentrations in three-, two- and one-dimensional structures. This chapter ends with a derivation of the phonon and photon density of states in a crystal.
Other One-Parameter Models and Their Conjugate Priors

You encountered the Poisson distribution in problems at the end of the previous chapter. The Poisson distribution is useful when the random variable is a count of the number of rare events occurring per unit time, unit volume, unit distance, etc. For example, the number of new cases of rhabdomyosarcoma (a rare form of cancer) occurring in Johnson County, Iowa, each year might be represented as a Poisson random variable.
The VA/Q resolution of inert gas data

The non-uniqueness of\(\dot V_A /\dot Q\) distributions satisfying inert gas retention data without error is studied. The ability of such data to resolve blood flows at particular\(\dot V_A /\dot Q\) values is discussed through the application of linear programming and Backus-Gilbert theory. It is shown that the resolution deteriorates away from the extremes of low and high\(\dot V_A /\dot Q\).
Outcomes of acellular dermal matrix for immediate tissue expander reconstruction with radiotherapy: A retrospective cohort study

BACKGROUND Despite increasing literature support for the use of acellular dermal matrix (ADM) in expander-based breast reconstruction, the effect of ADM on clinical outcomes in the presence of post-mastectomy radiation therapy (PMRT) has not been well described. OBJECTIVES To analyze the impact ADM plays on clinical outcomes on immediate tissue expander (ITE) reconstruction undergoing PMRT. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed patients who underwent ITE breast reconstruction from 2004 to 2014 at MD Anderson Cancer Center. Patients were categorized into four cohorts: ADM, ADM with PMRT, non-ADM, and non-ADM with PMRT. Outcomes and complications were compared among cohorts. RESULTS Over 10 years, 957 patients underwent ITE reconstruction (683 non-ADM, 113 non-ADM with PMRT, 486 ADM, and 88 ADM with PMRT) with 1370 reconstructions. Overall complication rates for the ADM and non-ADM cohorts were 39.0% and 16.7%, respectively (P < 0.001). Within both cohorts, mastectomy skin flap necrosis (MSFN) was the most common complication, followed by infection. ADM use was associated with a significantly higher rate of infections and seromas in both radiated and non-radiated groups; however, when comparing radiated cohorts, the incidence of explantation was significantly lower with the use of ADM. CONCLUSIONS The decision to use ADM for expander-based breast reconstruction should be performed with caution, given higher overall rates of complications, including infections and seromas. There may, however, be a role for ADM in cases requiring PMRT, as the overall incidence of implant failure is lower than non-ADM cases. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 3
Products and Processes

Products and processes are the fundamental building blocks of a company’s operations, and they play a major role in determining the competitive positioning of a company. A product can be conceptualized as a bundle of attributes. Each such bundle is a version of the product and, the set of versions of a product offered by a manufacturing company is the product-variety. While the attributes of quality and customization are stipulated by the customer, others such as technology, manufacturing processes, components, logistics, and postponement are controlled by the manufacturer along with the distributor and retailer. Product realization requires processes: manufacturing, and services. They are the steps by which value is added to satisfy the expectations of customers. Processes transform inputs (actions, methods, and operations) into outputs (products). They interact with other processes in the supply chain, as outputs from one process become the inputs to another. Each process is therefore part of a larger process.
Altered small bowel motility in irritable bowel syndrome is correlated with symptoms

Abstract The pathogenesis of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) has been related more to dysmotility of the colon than to abnormalities of the small intestine. To look for small bowel abnormalities, we recorded ultraluminal pressures in 16 patients with IBS. All patients complained of abdominal pain, and diarrhea (n = 8) or constipation (n = 8) were also prominent symptoms. Comparable studies were performed on 16 age-matched controls. The observations include diurnal and nocturnal fasting recordings and the response to a fatty meal. Periodicities of the interdigestive migrating myoelectric complexes were shorter in IBS (p
Genetics of Breast and Ovarian Cancer

Genetics contributes to the risk of breast and ovarian cancer to a variable degree Rare families show dramatic clustering of breast and ovarian cancer, with cancers occurring at an early age.1 Most such families carry genetic alterations (or mutations) conferring an inherited predisposition to cancer. These families are often referred to as cancer-prone or high risk families; women from these families, if they inherit the cancer predisposition, may face a lifetime probability of cancer as high as 85–90%.1
Making a Wiser Crowd: Benefits of Individual Metacognitive Control on Crowd Performance

The wisdom of the crowd refers to the finding that judgments aggregated over individuals are typically more accurate than the average individual’s judgment. Here, we examine the potential for improving crowd judgments by allowing individuals to choose which of a set of queries to respond to. If individuals’ metacognitive assessments of what they know is accurate, allowing individuals to opt in to questions of interest or expertise has the potential to create a more informed knowledge base over which to aggregate. This prediction was confirmed: crowds composed of volunteered judgments were more accurate than crowds composed of forced judgments. Overall, allowing individuals to use private metacognitive knowledge holds much promise in enhancing judgments, including those of the crowd.
Integrating ridesourcing services with public transit: An evaluation of traveler responses combining revealed and stated preference data

Abstract Inspired by the success of private ridesourcing companies such as Uber and Lyft, transit agencies have started to consider integrating ridesourcing services (i.e. on-demand, app-driven ridesharing services) with public transit. Ridesourcing services may enhance the transit system in two major ways: replacing underutilized routes to improve operational efficiency, and providing last-mile connectivity to extend transit’s catchment area. While an integrated system of ridesourcing services and public transit is conceptually appealing, little is known regarding whether and how consumers might use a system like this and what key service attributes matter the most to them. This article investigates traveler responses to a proposed integrated transit system, named MTransit, at the University of Michigan Ann Arbor campus. We conducted a large-sample survey to collect both revealed preference (RP) and stated preference (SP) data and fit a RP-SP mixed logit model to examine the main determinants of commuting mode choice. The model results show that transfers and additional pickups are major deterrents for MTransit use. We further applied the model outputs to forecast the demand for MTransit under different deployment scenarios. We find that replacing low-ridership bus lines with ridesourcing services could slightly increase transit ridership while reducing operations costs. The service improvements offered by ridesourcing mainly come from reductions in wait time. Though relatively small in our study, another source of improvement is the decrease of in-vehicle travel time. Moreover, we find that when used to provide convenient last-mile connections, ridesourcing could provide a significant boost to transit. This finding verifies a popular notion among transit professionals that ridesourcing services can serve as a complement to public transit by enhancing last-mile transit access.
The Compatibility of Zero-Sum Logic and Mutualism in Sport

This essay argues that within competitive sport zero-sum logic and the theory of mutualism are compatible and complementary. Drawing on Robert Simon’s theory of mutualism and Scott Kretchmar’s argu...
57 Effects of particle size and heat treatment on in situ and in vitro digestion of dry-rolled Enogen® Feed Corn.

Enogen Feed Corn (EFC; Syngenta Seeds, LLC) has amplified expression of heat-stable amylase. Our objectives were to evaluate impacts of particle size and heat treatment on digestibility of EFC using a 4 x 4 x 3 factorial treatment arrangement. Mill-run corn (CON) and EFC were ground in a Wiley Mill through 9-, 6-, and 4-mm screens. CON and EFC were then blended to produce mixtures of 0, 33.3, 66.7, or 100% EFC. Duplicate samples were heated in a forced-air oven to internal temperatures of 50, 75, or 100oC, and a non-heated control also was used. In situ dry matter disappearance (14 h; ISDMD) was measured in triplicate using 6 fistulated steers. In vitro gas production (IVGP) and volatile fatty acid (VFA) profiles were measured in duplicate after incubating for 24 h at 39oC using fermentation bottles equipped with pressure sensing modules (ANKOM Technology, Macedon, NY). Production of VFA was measured by gas chromatography. There were no 2- or 3-way interactions (P > 0.10). ISDMD, IVGP, and concentrations of propionate and butyrate increased linearly in response to decreasing particle size (P 0.16). ISDMD and IVGP increased linearly in response to increasing proportions of EFC (Table 1), but VFA production was not affected by proportion of EFC. Enogen Feed Corn is more susceptible to degradation by ruminal microbes compared to non-Enogen corn, but absence of a quadratic response suggests that its impact on other dietary components is minimal. Open in a separate window
Controlled α-mono- and α,α-di-halogenation of alkyl sulfones using reagent–solvent halogen bonding

The direct and selective α-mono-bromination of alkyl sulfones was achieved through base-mediated electrophilic halogenation. The appropriate combination of solvent and electrophilic bromine source was found to be critical to control the nature of the products formed, where reagent–solvent halogen bonding is proposed to control the selectivity via alteration of the effective size of the electrophilic bromine source. Conversely, the α,α-di-brominated sulfones were selectively obtained in good yields following polyhalogenation followed by selective de-halogenation during workup. Both procedures can be applied on gram scale, and the mono-halogenation was successfully extended to the fully selective α-chlorination, α-iodination and α-fluorination of alkyl sulfones.
A Comparison of High-Quality Finance Journals and High-Quality Information Systems Journals

Journal reputation is often used as a surrogate for research quality when making decisions on retention, tenure, and promotion. This research adds to the bibliometric literature in the business arena by identifying key journal characteristics that differentiate journal quality by comparing key differences in high-quality finance and information systems journals. The potential impact of discipline-based variation in frequency of issue, journal sustainability over time, total reviewers, county of origin, and journal review process are put forth as potential exogenous factors that may impact the perception of journal quality. To the extent that these factors vary across disciplines, as demonstrated by our investigation of journals with the highest reputation in both disciplines, factors beyond the endogenous quality of the research should be considered when making inferences about research quality.
Five Case Studies

This brief chapter introduces the reader to the five aerospace firms whose experiences follow. Each of the business firms represents a primary approach to the challenge of financing commercial space flight. The Boeing Company uses government awards to reduce the risk of business failure. SpaceX uses government awards to leverage additional private investment. Blue Origin relies upon the personal wealth of its founder. Virgin Galactic grew out of a privately funded prize. Orbital Sciences shows how a firm securing a commercial foothold retreats to government contracts when financial difficulties appear.
Chapter 31 – The Mucopolysaccharidoses

The mucopolysaccharidoses are a group of inherited disorders caused by specific enzyme deficiencies in the degradation of the glycosaminoglycans (mucopolysaccharides). Enzyme deficiencies result in the accumulation of glycosaminoglycans in lysosomes of various tissues and in the excessive excretion of partially degraded glycosaminoglycans in urine. Clinical manifestations of the mucopolysaccharidoses depend on the specific enzyme deficiency, the end organ affected, and the accumulation of glycosaminoglycans in the affected organs. In diseases in which the brain is not involved, there is no mental retardation. On the other hand, if the brain is affected and other somatic manifestations are minimal, the coarse features that are characteristic of the mucopolysaccharidoses are not as prominent. Specific degradative lysosomal enzyme deficiencies have been identified for all the mucopolysaccharidoses. The glycosaminoglycans that are stored and excreted in the urine of the various mucopolysaccharidoses are dermatan sulfate, heparan sulfate, keratan sulfate, and chondroitin 4/6 sulfates.
Moving Faster Than the Speed of Regulation: Can State-Authorized Sports Wagering Dodge a Game-Fixing Bullet Without the Help of the Feds?

The Professional and Amateur Sports Protection Act (PASPA), was a 1992 law that, as has been well-documented, effectively restricted sports betting to Nevada. PASPA accomplished this by dictating that states could not "sponsor, operate, advertise, promote, license, or authorize by law or compact," sports wagering. A separate provision forbade private parties from operating state-authorized sportsbooks. In 2018, the Supreme Court invalidated PASPA as a violation of the 10th Amendment to the US Constitution. The Court held that Congress did not have the constitutional authority to tell a state how to legislate and PASPA's provision that states could not authorize sports betting dictated to state legislatures what they were permitted to do and not do. The Court's ruling unleashed an explosion of pent-up energy for sports betting that had been building since PASPA became effective in 1993. Since that decision, several states have authorized sports betting in one of the most rapid expansions of a form of gambling in US history. Even more states are considering legislation that would permit sports betting, and the number of states legalizing and regulating sports betting will inevitably increase in 2020 and beyond. The controversy over sports betting has pivoted from whether states could legally offer sports betting, to whether they should legalize sports wagering, and if so, how they should go about regulating it.
DARK MATTER HALO PROFILES OF MASSIVE CLUSTERS: THEORY VERSUS OBSERVATIONS

Dark-matter-dominated cluster-scale halos act as an important cosmological probe and provide a key testing ground for structure formation theory. Focusing on their mass profiles, we have carried out (gravity-only) simulations of the concordance ΛCDM cosmology, covering a mass range of 2 × 1012 to 2 × 1015 h –1 M ☉ and a redshift range of z = 0-2, while satisfying the associated requirements of resolution and statistical control. When fitting to the Navarro-Frenk-White profile, our concentration-mass (c-M) relation differs in normalization and shape in comparison to previous studies that have limited statistics in the upper end of the mass range. We show that the flattening of the c-M relation with redshift is naturally expressed if c is viewed as a function of the peak height parameter, ν. Unlike the c-M relation, the slope of the c-ν relation is effectively constant over the redshift range z = 0-2, while the amplitude varies by ~30% for massive clusters. This relation is, however, not universal: using a simulation suite covering the allowed wCDM parameter space, we show that the c-ν relation varies by about ±20% as cosmological parameters are varied. At fixed mass, the c(M) distribution is well fit by a Gaussian with σ c /c 1/3, independent of the radius at which the concentration is defined, the halo dynamical state, and the underlying cosmology. We compare the ΛCDM predictions with observations of halo concentrations from strong lensing, weak lensing, galaxy kinematics, and X-ray data, finding good agreement for massive clusters (M vir > 4 × 1014 h –1 M ☉), but with some disagreements at lower masses. Because of uncertainty in observational systematics and modeling of baryonic physics, the significance of these discrepancies remains unclear.
Burnback: the role of pulse duration and energy on fiber-tip degradation during high-power laser lithotripsy

High-power holmium lasers have become popular for ureteroscopic laser lithotripsy and dusting. Our aim was to investigate the effect of pulse duration and pulse energy on fiber-tip degradation when using high-power settings for popcorn lithotripsy. BegoStones were fragmented in a glass bulb to simulate renal calyx, using a 120 W Ho:YAG laser. A 242 μm fiber was placed via the ureteroscope 2 mm distance from stones (popcorn model). To assess the effect of pulse duration on fiber-tip degradation, long pulse (LP) and short pulse (SP) settings were compared at settings of 1.0Jx20Hz (20 W), 0.5Jx70Hz (35 W), and 1.0Jx40Hz (40 W). To assess the effect of pulse energy on tip degradation, 40 W SP settings (0.5Jx80Hz, 0.8Jx50Hz, and 1.0Jx40Hz) were tested. Pulse duration was measured using a photodetector and peak power was then calculated using the pulse duration and pulse energy. Experiments were conducted for 4 min. Fiber-tip length was measured before and after using a digital caliper. Fiber-tip degradation was least when using LP for all settings tested (p < 0.01). For 40 W settings, tip degradation was significantly lower when using a pulse energy of 0.5 J compared to 0.8 J or 1.0 J (p < 0.004). LP mode results in less fiber burnback for all power settings tested. Total power is more important than frequency in the development of burnback. However, high-power 40 W settings can be utilized with less burnback if lower pulse energies are used. Understanding these parameters can improve the longevity of the laser fiber and improve procedural efficiency.
Multi-Level Access Protection for Future IEEE P1687.1 IJTAG Networks

Embedded instruments are responsible for aiding in a wide range of tasks engineers must perform on integrated circuits (ICs), including testing, debugging, and analysis. The IEEE 1687 IJTAG standard provides efficient access to these instruments without specifying proper measures to establish access control to sensitive data on the ICs. Previously, the impact of this exposure was generally limited to local attackers obtaining proprietary information from a device to which they have physical access. However, newer endeavors such as IEEE P1687.1 aim to extend IJTAG access to other serial ports, broadening the attack surface to additional local and remote attackers alike. In order to protect these components from local and remote attackers, we describe a lightweight and low-cost protocol to authenticate users that offers solutions to access control, key distribution, and insecure secrets stored on-chip.
Introduction: Cultural Constructions of Race and Racism in the Middle East and North Africa / Southwest Asia and North Africa

In recent years, scholars in the fields of cultural studies, American studies, history, ethnic studies, and Middle East area studies have approached questions of race and racism in this geographic region with renewed critical vigor. Recent work deconstructing anti-Arab racism and Islamophobia in the Americas and Europe has put these patterns of discrimination into intersectional conversation with anti-Black and anti-Indigenous racism. New historical efforts have drawn attention to the legacies of slavery in the Ottoman, Persian, and Arab Empires, working to understand how forms of racialization and racial hierarchization predated and were exacerbated by the arrival of European imperial forces. At the same time, activists in the region draw attention to prevailing racism against migrant laborers, marginalized indigenous populations, and others as the afterlives of colonialism, war, austerity, and revolution carry on. Together, this academic and activist work asks for attention by leaders, community members, and scholars of this region to the particularities of racecraft in the region: How are "Blackness" and "whiteness" constructed in the Arabic, Hebrew, Persian, and Turkish speaking worlds? What are the obstacles to discussing and identifying race particular to the histories of this region, its peoples, and its histories? This forum uses close readings of popular culture and political discourse across the Middle East and North Africa / Southwest Asia and North Africa (MENA/SWANA) in pursuit of these questions and others.
The Effect of Stress, Acculturation, and Heritage Identity on Depression in Arab Americans.

Introduction: Arab Americans are significantly affected by depression with prevalence as high as 50%. Our study assesses whether unique causes of depression such as stress, acculturation, and herit...
Using Extinction-Renewal to Circumvent the Memory Strength Boundary Condition in Fear Memory Reconsolidation

Reconsolidation is a process by which memories are destabilized, updated, and then restabilized. Strong memories are resistant to undergoing reconsolidation. Here, we addressed whether an overtrained fear memory could be made susceptible to reconsolidation by first extinguishing, and then renewing, the memory. Rats were trained with ten tone-footshock pairings, followed by eight days of tone extinction in the training context. The next day, rats were placed into a second context and memory for the tone was renewed/reactivated with a single tone presentation. Immediately following reactivation, rats received an injection of midazolam or vehicle. Rats were then tested for freezing to the tone in a third context. Midazolam had no effect in rats that did not undergo tone extinction, but significantly attenuated freezing to the tone in extinguished rats. Thus, rats that received tone extinction underwent tone memory reconsolidation following its renewal. In a second experiment, we administered the reactivation session and midazolam injections prior to extinction. Midazolam had no effect and rats extinguished at a rate similar to controls. These data suggest that strong emotional memories are capable of updating following weakening of memory expression through extinction.
On the Equation

We consider certain quartic twists of an elliptic curve. We establish the rank of these curves under the Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer conjecture and obtain bounds on the size of Shafarevich-Tate group of these curves. We also establish a reduction between the problem of factoring integers of a certain form and the problem of computing rational points on these twists.
Ranking and Selection Procedures

We first provide a brief account of the beginnings and the early developments in the field of ranking and selection theory. The basic formulations and generalization of goals are then discussed. This is followed by a brief summary of subsequent developments. Keywords: identification problems; indifference-zone approach; multiple comparisons; probability of correct decision; ranking and selection procedures; selective inference procedures; slippage tests; subset selection
Residual strength of five boron/aluminum laminates with crack-like notches after fatigue loading

Boron/aluminum specimens were made with crack-like slits in the center and with various proportions of 0 and + or - 45 deg plies. They were fatigue loaded and then fractured to determine their residual strengths. The fatigue loads were generally in the range of 60 to 80 percent of the static tensile strength of the specimen as determined from a previous study, and the stress ratio was .05. For virtually all of the specimens the fatigue loading was continued for 100,000 cycles. The specimens were radiographed after the fatigue loading to determine the nature of the fatigue damage. A few specimens were sectioned and examined in a scanning electron microscope after being radiographed in order to verify the interpretation of the radiographs and also to get a better insight into the nature of the fatigue damage. The results indicate that the fatiguing does not significantly affect the strength of the specimens tested. The results of the radiography and of the scanning electron microscopy indicate that the 45 deg plies suffer extensive damage in the form of split and broken fibers and matrix cracking in the vicinity of the ends of the split. By contrast, the only significant damage to the 0 deg plies was a single 0 deg matric crack growing from the ends of the slit and between the 0 deg fibers.
Learning from the Mistakes of Others: A Look at Scientific Misconduct in Research.

This article examines the issue of scientific misconduct and its implications for the training of social work researchers. An analysis is presented of an increasing body of cases in which allegations have been made and violations of legal and ethical research standards have been substantiated. Case examples illustrate that fields closely related to social work are developing their own set of case experiences of scientific misconduct. Implications for faculty and curriculum development are explored. The authors make recommendations toward the prevention and resolution of potential or actual instances of scientific misconduct in social work research.
Spontaneous switching of the sucrose-promoted colony phenotype in Streptococcus sanguis.

Streptococcus sanguis on media containing 3% sucrose gives rise to characteristic hard cohesive colonies (designated Spp+). Populations of Spp+ bacteria (strain Challis) on sucrose media switch to a soft noncohesive phenotype (designated Spp-) at a frequency of 10(-4) to 10(-3). Spp- bacteria switch back to Spp+ bacteria at a similar frequency. Successive rounds of Spp variation were observed. The Spp phenotypic switch was associated with changes in extracellular glucosyltransferase activity. Images
Optimizing Microwave‐Assisted Extraction of Phenolic Antioxidants from Red Delicious and Jonathan Apple Pomace

Microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) of phenolic antioxidants from the pomace of Red Delicious and Jonathan apple varieties was optimized using response surface methodology. Optimization parameters included solvent type, microwave power, solvent volume to sample ratio and extraction time. Optimum conditions were based on the total polyphenol content (TPC) of extracts. Antioxidant activities of optimized extracts were also measured by inhibition percentage (IP) of the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) free radical. High-performance liquid chromatography was used to identify and quantify some of the major phenolics extracted. Red Delicious pomace had the highest TPC (15.8 mg GAE/g) obtained under the optimum extraction conditions of 735 W power and 149 s extraction time with 10.3 mL of ethanol per gram dry sample. The DPPH IP of this extract was 77.1%. Phloridzin, caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid and quercetrin were some of the major polyphenols identified in the extracts. MAE was found to be an effective method of extracting antioxidant compounds from apple pomace. Practical Applications Extraction of phenolics from apple pomace using microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) has significant potential compared with traditional extraction methods, as it significantly reduces extraction time and solvent consumption while generating higher extraction yields. The optimized extraction conditions obtained in this study resulted in extracts with high concentrations of polyphenols and high DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical-scavenging activity. Optimized extraction conditions were found to be independent of apple variety and therefore can be extended to extraction of phenolics from the pomace of other apple cultivars. This work opens the door for further research on the feasibility of an industrial-scale continuous MAE process for the recovery of these valuable compounds from apple pomace. In addition, there is promise for these value-added extracts to be used in a number of applications, including the extension of product shelf life (as an alternative to synthetic antioxidants), functional food ingredients and dietary supplements.
The use of dynamic segment scoring for language-independent question answering

This paper presents a novel language-independent question/answering (Q/A) system based on natural language processing techniques, shallow query understanding, dynamic sliding window techniques, and statistical proximity distribution matching techniques. The performance of the proposed system using the latest Text REtrieval Conference (TREC-8) data was comparable to results reported by the top TREC-8 contenders.
Effects of Salmon Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone on Follicle Stimulating Hormone Secretion and Subunit Gene Expression in Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch)

Abstract Previous work has indicated that, during the process of gametogenesis in salmon, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) are differentially synthesized and released. Although substantial information is available on the regulation of LH in many fish species, relatively little is known about the regulation of FSH biosynthesis and secretion or the regulation of two types of α subunit in salmon. In this study, the effects of salmon gonadotropin-releasing hormone (sGnRH) on in vitro secretion of FSH, and α1, α2, LH β, and FSH β subunit gene expression were investigated in coho salmon ( Oncorhynchus kisutch ) using primary pituitary cell cultures. To quantify FSH β, LH β, α1, and α2 subunit transcript levels, a multiplex RNase protection assay (RPA) was developed. Probes for the β subunits of coho salmon FSH and LH were available from previous studies. To generate probes for the α subunit RPAs, α1 and α2 subunit cDNAs were cloned using reverse transcriptase PCR. Release of FSH and LH into cell culture medium was quantified by radioimmunoassays. The effects of sGnRH on gonadotropin release and gene expression were tested at two points during the spring (April and May) prior to spawning in the autumn; a period when plasma and pituitary FSH levels are increasing and females are in early stages of secondary oocyte growth. In both experiments, sGnRH increased steady-state mRNA levels of FSH β, α1, and α2, whereas LH β mRNA levels were not detectable. Secretion of FSH was stimulated by sGnRH in a concentration-dependent manner. Medium LH was not detectable in the first experiment (April) and was measurable only after sGnRH treatment in the second experiment (May). Control levels of medium FSH and transcripts for FSH β and α1 subunits increased approximately fourfold between April and May, whereas α2 transcript levels remained relatively constant, suggesting that the seasonal increase in FSH release may involve increased production of α1. Therefore, sGnRH has direct stimulatory effects on both secretion of FSH and FSH subunit biosynthesis, most likely due to increased transcription. However, alterations in rates of transcript degradation cannot be ruled out.
ROCKY SUBSTRATE AND THE LOWER TREELINE ECOTONE OF YELLOWSTONE'S NORTHERN RANGE

Lower treeline ecotones are influenced by several processes, including fire, grazing, and climatic variables, but rocky substrate is an under-recognized factor affecting their patterns and dynamics. On the Northern Range of Yellowstone National Park, we hypothesized that north-facing slopes and riparian zones would explain the distribution of most forested areas, but that rocky substrate would explain a substantial additional portion of the lower treeline, and that advancement of conifers into grassland has occurred along rocky substrate. We used GIS software and change detection analysis to assess the spatial distribution and change of the forest with respect to north-facing slopes, riparian areas, and rocky substrate. As in other lower treeline studies, we found that north-facing slopes and riparian zones contained the majority of forested land (63%). However, areas with rocky substrate accounted for more forested area than north-facing slopes and riparian zones combined (67.4%), including 28% of forest...
Heteropolypeptides from hydrogen cyanide and water? Solid state15N NMR investigations

Cross-polarization magic-angle spinning15NMR spectra have been used to determine the composition of hydrogen cyanide polymers both before and after treatment with water. The unambiguous presence of secondary amide groups (as in peptide links) has been established by double-cross-polarization studies on the polymers synthesized from equimolar amounts of H13CN and HC15N. The NMR results are consistent with the hypothesis that the original heteropolypeptides on Earth were synthesized directly from hydrogen cyanide and water without the intervening formation of α-amino acids.
Biochemical and immunological characterization of a histone variant associated with spermatogenesis in the mouse

A chromosomal histone, H2S, specific to the mouse testis has been purified. Amino acid analysis indicated lack of cysteine and a high basic amino acid content typical of histones. Specific antibodies against histones H2S have been generated in rabbits and partially purified using (NH4)2SO4 precipitation and ion-exchange chromatography. Protein transfer experiments indicate presence of antigenically similar histones in the rat and rabbit testes but not in the guinea pig and dog testes. In addition, histone complement of somatic tissues such as lung, kidney, liver and spleen lacked antigenically similar proteins. Immunocytochemical studies using peroxidase-antiperoxidase complex indicated presence of immunoreactive cells in the seminiferous epithelium which were lacking in the interstitium. These data demonstrate histone H2S to be a unique histone associated with spermatogenesis in the mouse.
Measurements of atmospheric pollutants in the St. Louis area.

Abstract Measurements of the concentrations of trace gases and particles have been made in the plume from metropolitan St. Louis at 80 and 120 km from the urban center. The concentrations of SO2, NO2, NO, NH3, H2S, aldehydes, CO, total hydrocarbons, and CFCl3 were determined. The concentrations of many of these gases were found to be significantly higher in the plume than outside the plume at these distances. Measurements were made near the ground and from an aircraft. The width of the plume was usually between 20° and 30°, which is less than had been expected. By comparing the concentrations measured at 80 km from the city with those measured at 120 km from the city, and using the decrease of conservative trace gases to account for loss through physical process, we have arrived at preliminary estimates of the decay rates for a few trace gases. The evidence is most compelling for sulfur dioxide, and it appears that, at ca. 100 km from the city, the overall half-life of SO2 is between 2 and 8 h.
Conformational analysis via vicinal carbon–hydrogen coupling

The fully coupled (FUCOUP) correlation experiment was used to analyze conformation and stereochemistry on two dissimilar compounds, strychnine and camphor. This experiment detects the vicinal coupling between hydrogens and carbons, and the magnitude of this coupling is appraised by the presence or absence of cross-peaks in the spectrum. This correlates with a first-order approximation of the Karplus torsional angle relationship, although angles near 45° and 135° are not useful. The FUCOUP experiment works better than other related methods because it has no delays that modify the signal intensity of the coupling.
EPIDEMIOLOGIC ASPECTS OF THROMBOSIS IN CHILDREN: EXPERIENCE OF G. GASLINI CHILDREN'S RESEARCH HOSPITAL

EPIDEMIOLOGIC ASPECTS OF THROMBOSIS IN CHILDREN: EXPERIENCE OF G. GASLINI CHILDREN'S RESEARCH HOSPITAL
Feather Release Force in Minimally Scalded Broilers Stunned with Carbon Dioxide or Electricity

Abstract Broilers were stunned with carbon dioxide or electricity prior to slaughter to evaluate feather release force (FRF) following scalding with conventional or abbreviated scald methods. Broilers (n = 72) were stunned using an electrical saline stunner (35 mA, 60 Hz AC, 7 s) or shackle-line CO2 gas stunning tunnel (15 to 40% CO2 gradient for 90 s). After bleeding for 90 s, the broilers were then scalded with a soft scald (53 C for 120 s) or a softer scald (53 C for 90 s). Within 2 min after scalding, feathers from the right femoral feather tract were removed perpendicularly using a force gauge to evaluate FRF. The FRF for the soft scald was higher than that for the softer scald. The FRF results indicated that there were no significant differences between the two stunning treatments (CO2 and electrical) for either scalding treatment.
Public Opinion in the 1980s Clear Consensus, Ambiguous Commitment

(1991). Public Opinion in the 1980s Clear Consensus, Ambiguous Commitment. Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development: Vol. 33, No. 8, pp. 10-37.
Transient expression and sequence of the matrix (M1) gene of WSN influenza A virus in a vaccinia vector

Abstract A cDNA encoding the entire amino acid sequence of the matrix (M 1 ) protein of influenza A/WSN/33 virus was cloned, sequenced, and expressed in a vaccinia virus system consisting of the T7 bacteriophage RNA polymerase and a plasmid carrying the M 1 gene flanked by T7 polymerase promoter and terminator sequences. The transiently expressed M 1 gene product comigrated on SDS-polyacrylamide gels with the endogenous WSN virus M 1 protein and was recognized in Western blot analysis by three epitope-specific monoclonal antibodies directed to the M 1 protein. The nucleotide sequence and the predicted amino acid sequence of the cloned WSN virus M, coding region was found to be more than 97% homologous to that of the M 1 gene of influenza virus A/PR/8/34 reported by G. Winter and S. Fields ( Nucleic Acids Res. 8, 1965–1974, 1980).
The constriction of the trapping rings in Dactylaria brochopaga.

The mechanism of ring constriction of a nematophagous fungus has been studied in vitro. The process of ring constriction in vivo normally requires less than one second. However, precise observations of the mechanism are difficult due to this rapidity, as well as the obstruction of the ring by the nematode.
Carbon nanotube growth on carbon fibers

Abstract Carbon nanotubes (CNT) were synthesized on graphite fibers by thermal CVD. On the fiber surface, iron nanoparticles are coated and act as catalysts for CNT growth. The growth temperature ranges from 550 to 1000 °C at an ambient pressure. Methane and hydrogen gases with methane contents of 10–100% are used for the CNT synthesis. At high growth temperatures (>800 °C), the rapid inter-diffusion of the transition metal iron on the graphite surface results in a rough fiber surface with no CNT grown on the surface. When the growth temperature is relatively low (650–800 °C), CNT are fabricated on the graphite surface with catalytic particles on the nanotube top ends. Using micro Raman spectroscopy in the breath mode region, single-walled or multi-walled CNT can be determined, depending on methane concentrations.
Bis(cyclopentadienyl)yttrium Complexes of the Ligand [N(QPPh2)2]- (Q = S, Se): Synthesis, Structure, and NMR Properties of Cp2Y[η3-N(QPPh2)2]

The compounds Cp2Y[η3-N(QPPh2)2] (Q = S (1), Se (2)) have been synthesized in good yield from the protonolysis reaction between Cp3Y and HN(QPPh2)2 in tetrahydrofuran. In both compounds, the [N(QPPh2)2]- ligand is bound η3 to the Y center which, in 1, represents the first example of that mode of binding for the sulfur-containing ligand. The Y atom is also coordinated to two (C5H5)- ligands and so is formally 9-coordinate. Both 1 and 2 are stable in inert environments for prolonged periods of time. Each is soluble in THF and CH2Cl2. 1H, 31P, 77Se, and 89Y NMR data were collected to lend insight into the solution properties of these molecules. Crystallographic data for 1 (−120 °C): C34H30NP2S2Y, triclinic, P1, a = 9.685(5) A, b = 12.176(6) A, c = 13.978(7) A, α = 87.382(9)°, β = 87.358(9)°, γ = 68.689(9)°, V = 1533(1) A3, Z = 2, and R1(F) = 0.047 for the 4023 reflections with I > 2σ(I). Crystallographic data for 2 (−120 °C): C34H30NP2Se2Y, triclinic, P1, a = 9.745(5) A, b = 12.222(6) A, c = 13.930(7) A,...
Designing for autonomy in unmanned underwater vehicles

The number and variety of unmanned vehicles tasked with operational support of Navy missions has increased significantly over the past decade. This trend continues under the direction of CNO to utilize these technologies for reduced cost and risk in future military applications. As the use of these assets expands across all forces, expectations in the capabilities and performance of unmanned vehicles continue to grow to meet increasingly complex mission profiles and relative reductions in operator:platform ratios. Technology can address some of these expectations through improvements to hardware, system design, and software. These upgrades have had significant impact in the warfighting effect to date, and they will continue to be a substantial component of overall effectiveness of unmanned vehicles.
Ni-NTA-gold clusters target His-tagged proteins.

Addition of six histidines to recombinant proteins has proved useful in their purification by nickel-affinity columns. This technology was adapted by synthesizing the chelator for nickel (nitrilotriacetic acid, NTA) onto the surface of gold clusters. These Ni-NTA-gold clusters were shown to specifically target the 6His region of tagged proteins. Results were verified by column chromatography, dot and overlay blots, UV-Vis spectroscopy, and scanning transmission electron microscopy. A 6His-tagged adenovirus "knob" protein was also shown to maintain receptor binding activity after gold labeling. Two types of gold clusters were used: 1.4-nm Nanogold and a new 1.8-nm "PeptideGold" coated with an NTA-dipeptide-thiol. These novel labels should be useful in site-specific high-resolution EM labeling, as well as in metallographic development, detection in the light microscope, or direct visualization.
Finite Amplitude Waves in Bounded Media. Nonlinear Free Vibrations of an Elastic Panel

The equations governing the stretching of a nonlinear elastic panel of finite length are integrated in the limit when the strains are small but the strain rates are comparable with the natural frequency of the panel. Such a theory is needed to describe many small amplitude but nonlinear phenomena, such as near-resonant oscillations. It is shown that such a theory must be used when investigating the distortion and decay of free vibrations. These are discussed in detail. A brief discussion of the effect of friction on such vibrations is also given. The mathematical problem reduces to solving nonlinear difference equations and involves functions whose values repeat at a sequence of times which are separated by a time interval which depends on the value repeated. Although the problem is stated in the language of elasticity theory the results are directly applicable to nonlinear optical systems and gas flows in Kundt tubes.