cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Prevalence of population smoking cessation by electronic cigarette use status in a national sample of recent smokers.

Abstract Introduction Amid decreasing rates of cigarette smoking and a rise in e-cigarette use, there is a need to understand population patterns of use to inform tobacco control efforts and evaluate whether e-cigarettes may play a role in tobacco harm reduction. Methods This study merged data from the 2014 and 2015 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) and restricted the sample to recent smokers [i.e., current smokers and former smokers who quit in 2010 or later (n = 15,532)]. Log-binomial regression estimated adjusted prevalence ratios (aPR) for being quit by e-cigarette use status (i.e., daily, some day, former trier, never). All analyses controlled for factors traditionally correlated with smoking cessation. Results A quarter of the sample (25.2%) were former smokers. The prevalence of being quit was significantly higher among daily e-cigarette users compared to those who had never used e-cigarettes [52.2% vs. 28.2%, aPR: 3.15 (2.66, 3.73)]. Those who used e-cigarettes on some days were least likely to be former smokers (12.1%). These relationships held even after accounting for making a quit attempt and use of other tobacco products. Conclusions Among those with a recent history of smoking, daily e-cigarette use was the strongest correlate of being quit at the time of the survey, suggesting that some smokers may have quit with frequent e-cigarette use or are using the products regularly to prevent smoking relapse. However, the low prevalence of cessation among infrequent e-cigarette users highlights the need to better understand this subgroup, including the individual factors and/or product characteristics that may inhibit cessation.
Complement-activation fragment C4a mediates effector functions by binding as untethered agonist to protease-activated receptors 1 and 4

C4a is a small protein released from complement component C4 upon activation of the complement system’s classical and lectin pathways, which are important constituents of innate immune surveillance. Despite the structural similarity between C4a and well-described anaphylatoxins C3a and C5a, the binding partner and biological function of C4a have remained elusive. Using a cell-based reporter assay, we screened C4a against a panel of both known and orphan G protein-coupled receptors and now provide evidence that C4a is a ligand for protease-activated receptor (PAR)1 and PAR4. Whereas C4a showed no activity toward known anaphylatoxin receptors, it acted as an agonist for both PAR1 and PAR4 with nanomolar activity. In human endothelial cells, ERK activation by C4a was mediated through both PAR1 and PAR4 in a Gαi-independent signaling pathway. Like other PAR1 activators, C4a induced calcium mobilization through the PAR1/Gαq/PLCβ signaling axis. Moreover, C4a increased stress fiber formation and enhanced endothelial permeability, both of which were reduced by PAR1 antagonists. In sum, our study identifies C4a as an untethered agonist for PAR1 and PAR4 with effects on cellular activation and endothelial permeability, thereby revealing another instance of cross-talk between the complement system and other host defense pathways.
Ripples of Hope: How Ordinary People Resist Repression Without Violence

In Ripples of Hope, Robert M. Press tells the stories of mothers, students, teachers, journalists, attorneys, and many others who courageously stood up for freedom and human rights against repressive rulers and who helped bring about change through primarily nonviolent means. Global in application and focusing on Kenya, Liberia and Sierra Leone, this tribute to the strength of the human spirit also breaks new ground in social movement theories, showing how people on their own or in small groups can make a difference.
Risk Adjustment Tools in Congenital Heart Disease: A Consumer's View.

Article, see p 2009 The use of risk adjustment methods to assess the safety of procedures for congenital heart disease began 15 years ago.1,2 It is a good thing. Like many cardiologists and surgeons, I do not develop the tools, and I have never learned any of the arcana of methods and statistics used to develop those tools. However, I have relied on and continue to use them as an integral part of understanding the performance of an individual, program, or field. The current article by Jayaram et al3 in Circulation improves our understanding of the risks of catheterization for congenital heart disease, extending prior work4 to the many more patients and centers in the IMPACT Registry (Improving Pediatric and Adult Congenital Treatments). This article is a welcome addition to the field. Given this work, a consumer should perhaps be thinking about 3 questions. What are the probable weaknesses of all such tools? What are the weaknesses specific to this one? How …
Long-term survival of older patients with MDS treated with HMA therapy without subsequent stem cell transplantation.

TO THE EDITOR: The approval of the hypomethylating agents (HMAs) azacitidine and decitabine for therapy of myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) has been celebrated by the MDS community as a major milestone in improving the clinical outcomes of patients.[1][1],[2][2] Although both drugs lead to
Gender, Colonialism, and Italian Difference: Duras and The Aspern Papers

Les Papiers d’Aspern (1961) is Marguerite Duras’s untranslated play based on Henry James’s 1888 novella The Aspern Papers. French scholars generally have viewed this play as a direct translation of an earlier English-language adaptation by Michael Redgrave, but the differences between the two versions are substantive. Quite differently than Redgrave, Duras interprets James’s novella as an account of gendered racialization and linguistic difference that resonates with the emergence of French and Francophone postcolonial writing in Paris during the late 1950s and early 1960s. Her reading of James presents a systematic, period-specific analysis that should be considered within the larger histories of both feminist scholarly interpretations and French readings of his work. Additionally, in its analysis of Italy and the Italian language, this under-read play merits attention in discussions of Duras’s ambivalent portrayals of colonialism and ethnic gendering.
Commonsense knowledge of space: learning from experience

The TOUR model is a computational model of human commonsense Knowledge of large-scale space. It shows how observations are assimilated into a description, from multiple perspectives, of the spatial environment. In this paper we propose a representation for sensory events at a level suited to this investigation, and an inference strategy by which these sensory events are assimilated into descriptions of spatial structure. We also discuss the states of partial Knowledge that occur during the learning process, and show that the representation exhibits graceful degradation of performance under resource limitations.
Other Psychiatric Disorders

Dysfunctional phospholipid methylation and folate metabolism are certainly not the underlying cause of all mental illnesses. That having been said, these two factors may make significant contributions to a number of such illnesses. In this Chapter we will explore these possibilities, making connections wherever possible, with the hope of provoking new thinking and stimulating exploration of new possibilities.
The Gulf Information War| Car Decals, Civic Rituals, and Changing Conceptions of Nationalism

With the onset of the Gulf diplomatic crisis in June 2017, citizens and expatriate residents in Qatar affixed patriotic decals to their cars in a show of support. Using visual evidence and ethnographic interviews gathered between August 2017 and September 2018, we analyze Qatari and expatriate participation in this shared ritual of nationalism, and what each group’s participation meant to the other. Our conclusions highlight the growth of civic nationalism narratives in Qatar as a response to the diplomatic crisis, and a corresponding reduction in regional ethnic narratives of communal belonging
Reticular Chemistry: Molecular Precision in Infinite 2D and 3D

The long-standing dream of scientists to be able to link molecules together into crystalline, extended (infinite) 2D and 3D structures is now realized by the establishment of reticular chemistry th...
From Public Engagement to Publication

This essay responds to an invitation by the editors of Sociologica to write about publication strategy.
Vitamin D is Equal to Placebo for Preventing Cognitive Decline in African-American Women with Low Vitamin D Levels.

The findings are completely unexpected. Although recent studies by this group and other groups of researchers have failed to find a cardiovascular benefit, likely because of better control of other cardiovascular risk factors, this study found increased all-cause mortality, primarily due to increased cancer-related mortality.
Hot and cool dimensionality of executive function: Model invariance across age and maternal education in preschool children

Abstract The structure of executive function (EF), as it pertains to distinct “hot” (affectively salient) and “cool” (affectively neutral) dimensions, in early childhood is not well understood. Given that the neural circuitry underlying EF may become increasingly differentiated with development and enriched experiences, EF may become more dissociable into hot and cool factors with age and advantaged socioeconomic circumstances. We used confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to compare a multidimensional hot and cool EF model with a unidimensional model in early childhood, and to investigate model invariance across age and maternal education. Participants were 1900 children (2–5 years of age) from socioeconomically diverse families in an urban area in the southern United States. We aggregated data from four previously collected studies that included EF tasks, thus this study includes secondary data analysis. We tested model fit across (1) children older and younger than 4 years of age and (2) higher (college experience) versus lower (no college) maternal education. Results indicated that a two-factor hot and cool EF model provided the best fit to the data across all groups. Although the number of factors was invariant, only partial metric invariance was met for age, suggesting that how certain tests represent EF changes with age. For maternal education, partial scalar invariance was met, with higher maternal education associated with higher scores on certain EF tasks. Findings with this large sample suggest that EF includes two factors characterized as hot and cool. However, the study raises questions about model invariance, particularly across age.
How to Review Conference Proposals (and Why You Should Bother)

This essay provides advice for effectively reviewing conference proposals, including how to write comments that are helpful to proposal authors, how to use the “Comments to Program Chair” box, and ...
A UML Profile for Software Requirements Prioritization

The increasing complexity of software systems makes Requirements Engineering an important phase in a system’s development life cycle. When RE is carried out poorly, multiple problems may arise, such as failures, cost overrun and delays. In this context, prioritization is of significant importance to organize requirements in their order of comparative significance and consequent development releases. It is the most important step taken in making fundamental resolutions so as to increase the commercial significance of a system. Evaluating requirement prioritization in model-driven context is a super difficult task. Hence, there exists a solid need for a model-based approach that allows for the ranking procedure in SDLC. This article introduces UML profile for Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP); to rank the software requirements in the context of model-driven engineering. Mapping its basic concepts into stereotypes to extend SysML’s Requirement’s Diagram. Thus, providing a way of ranking requirements in the model-driven context for the first time. AHP is a well-proven process for collaborative decision making to achieve better outcomes. Later, the applicability of this profile is authenticated through BuyMobilePhone case study.
Bystanders get in the game

Tissue-resident memory T cells respond in a nonspecific manner to reduce bacteria in the lungs of mice.
Defining "Ideal Abs" Through a Crowdsourcing-Based Assessment.

BACKGROUND There were almost 12 million nonsurgical cosmetic procedures performed in the United States in 2016, which represented a 12% increase from the previous year, and popularity is expected to continue rising. Furthermore, nonsurgical fat reduction and body contouring have experienced a dramatic increase in popularity among both men and women. However, there has been very little work focused on the public's perception of the ideal abdominal muscles. OBJECTIVES The authors sought to analyze patient perspectives on ideal abdominal contours and attitudes towards methods of improving the appearance of the abdomen. METHODS A prospective cross-sectional study of 718 random volunteers recruited through Amazon Mechanical Turk was conducted. A survey instrument was administered to all study participants to assess the importance of ab symmetry, pec muscle definition, serratus muscle definition, and natural feel. RESULTS Study participants across all ages, gender, ethnicity, and marital status indicated that a 6-pack was the ideal abdominal muscle count. They also rated the symmetry (61.06 ± 1.87) and natural feel of abs (60.72 ± 1.75) as the 2 most important aesthetic features in consideration of ideal abs. Study participants who reported exercising more than twice a week expressed a greater interest in nonsurgical procedures to achieve ideal abs (P = 0.007). CONCLUSIONS "Ideal abs" are 6 in number, symmetric, and feel natural. Millennials are much more willing to consider nonsurgical options to achieve ideal abs instead of surgery. Individuals who maintain a high level of fitness are, interestingly, more likely to want ideal abs and nonsurgical methods to achieve them.
ASSESSING SEA LEVEL RISE VULNERABILITY AND COSTS IN A DATA LIMITED ENVIRONMENT

“Resiliency” for communities at risk from sea level rise and its effects means preserving as much property and associated economic activity as possible without disrupting current activity or expending funds on projects that provide limited long-term utility or social value. Of interest is how the coincidence of these events impacts the need for storm water improvements and the financial obligations they will entail. This research project focused on the impacts of a non-coastal, groundwater influenced southeast Florida community and the long-term funding they will need to reduce flooding in the community using GIS. This research involved defining surface elevations and groundwater levels, assessing the impacts of sea level rise on groundwater, assessing impacts to storm water from rainfall, identifying likely improvements, and assessing the scale for improvements. The analysis used three extreme rainstorm events under the 0-, 1-, 2-, and 3-foot sea level rise scenarios to determine the magnitude of the cost of the improvements. For a 35-square mile community, our research estimated that the cost could exceed $300 million. For a community not directly adjacent to the coast, the magnitude of these costs should be of interest to similarly placed communities.
Methods for Obtaining Excitation Curves and Remanence of Transformers by De-energizing and Energizing Test

Excitation curves of ultra-high-voltage-transformers under conditions of deep saturation are difficult to obtain accurately. In addition, it is difficult to directly measure the remanence of the transformer cores after de-energizing. In this paper researches are made on the above problems. By theory analysis, changes of flux linkage are calculated during energizing and de-energizing processes of transformers. The flux linkage coupling, caused by electric connection of tertiary windings of single phase transformers, is proposed. Methods are proposed to obtain excitation curves and remanences by energizing and de-energizing tests. Results of simulations and experiments show that excitation curve of the transformers under conditions of deep saturation can be corrected by above method, and the remanence after de-energizing can be estimated accurately, thus a good practicability is found for the proposed methods.
The role of asymptomatic screening in the detection of recurrent ovarian cancer.

Abstract Objective To investigate the utility of asymptomatic screening, including CA-125, imaging, and pelvic exam, in the diagnosis and management of recurrent ovarian cancer. Methods Women with ovarian cancer whose cancer recurred after remission were categorized by first method that their provider suspected disease recurrence: CA-125, imaging, symptoms, or physical exam. Differences in clinicopathologic, primary treatment characteristics, and outcomes data including secondary cytoreductive surgery (SCS) outcome and overall survival (OS) were collected. Results 102 patients were identified at our institution from 2003 to 2015. 20 recurrences were detected by symptoms, while 62 recurrences were diagnosed first by asymptomatic rise in CA-125, 5 by pelvic exam, and 15 by imaging in the absence of known exam abnormality or rise in CA-125. Mean time to recurrence was 18.9 months, and median survival was 45.8 months. These did not vary by recurrence detection method (all p > 0.4). Patients whose disease was detected by CA-125 were less likely to undergo SCS than those detected by other means (21.7% vs. 35.0%, p = 0.007). In addition to the 5 patients whose recurrence was detected primarily by pelvic exam, an additional 10 (total n = 15) patients had an abnormal pelvic exam at time of diagnosis of recurrence. Discussion Recurrence detection method was not associated with differing rates of survival or optimal SCS, however those patients detected by CA-125 were less likely to undergo SCS. The pelvic exam was a useful tool for detecting a significant proportion of recurrences.
‘Is it wise to open up America again now?’ Learning from government responses to COVID-19 and economy reopen points in three Asia-Pacific countries

With the continuously increasing number of new confirmed COVID-19 cases, many health experts worried about the possibility of a ‘second wave’ outbreak, which might cause more deaths and hit economi...
Prenatal alcohol exposure reduces posterior dorsomedial striatum excitability and motivation in a sex- and age-dependent fashion.

Abstract Prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE)-induced clinical symptoms have been widely reported but effective treatments are not yet available due to our limited knowledge of the neuronal mechanisms underlying behavioral outputs. Operant behaviors, including both goal-directed and habitual actions, are essential for everyday life. The dorsomedial striatum (DMS) and the dorsolateral striatum (DLS) have been identified as mediating each type of instrumental behavior, respectively. The current studies were designed to evaluate the effects of PAE (i.e., 3 g/kg, twice a day on gestational days 17–20) on goal-directed vs. habitual behaviors in both females and males during their adolescent and adult stages. We found that PAE-treated adult, but not adolescent, males display similar habitual oral sucrose self-administration but reduced goal-directed sucrose self-administration, compared to those treated by prenatal control (water) exposure (PCE). There were no differences in either habitual or goal-directed sucrose taking between PCE- vs. PAE-treated adolescent and adult females. These results indicate sex- and age-specific effects of PAE on operant behaviors. Further, whole-cell patch clamp recordings showed that the excitability of medium-sized spiny neurons (MSNs) in the posterior DMS (pDMS), but not the anterior DMS (aDMS), was significantly decreased in PAE-treated adult male rats. Notably, chemogenetic enhancement of MSN excitability in the pDMS by the DREADD agonist, compound 21, rescued the motivation of PAE-treated male adult rats. These data suggest that the pDMS may be a key neuronal substrate mediating the PAE-induced low motivation in male adults.
Urban-Rural Disparities in Access to Low-Dose Computed Tomography Lung Cancer Screening in Missouri and Illinois.

Introduction Low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) lung cancer screening is recommended for current and former smokers who meet eligibility criteria. Few studies have quantitatively examined disparities in access to LDCT screening. The objective of this study was to examine relationships between 1) rurality, sociodemographic characteristics, and access to LDCT lung cancer screening and 2) screening access and lung cancer mortality. Methods We used census block group and county-level data from Missouri and Illinois. We defined access to screening as presence of an accredited screening center within 30 miles of residence as of May 2019. We used mixed-effects logistic models for screening access and county-level multiple linear regression models for lung cancer mortality. Results Approximately 97.6% of metropolitan residents had access to screening, compared with 41.0% of nonmetropolitan residents. After controlling for sociodemographic characteristics, the odds of having access to screening in rural areas were 17% of the odds in metropolitan areas (95% CI, 12%-26%). We observed no association between screening access and lung cancer mortality. Southeastern Missouri, a rural and impoverished area, had low levels of screening access, high smoking prevalence, and high lung cancer mortality. Conclusion Although access to LDCT is lower in rural areas than in urban areas, lung cancer mortality in rural residents is multifactorial and cannot be explained by access alone. Targeted efforts to implement rural LDCT screening could reduce geographic disparities in access, although further research is needed to understand how increased access to screening could affect uptake and rural disparities in lung cancer mortality.
Predictors of poor mental health among nurses during COVID‐19 pandemic

AIMS To examine the impact of various factors affecting nurses' mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic. DESIGN An online cross-sectional study. METHODS Registered nurses who graduated from a nursing school in Southern California, USA, participated in the study from 20 April-10 May 2020 (N = 320). Kendall's tau correlations and multivariate logistic regression procedures were performed with stress, anxiety and depression as outcome variables. RESULTS Most nurses reported moderate/high stress (80.1%), while 43% and 26% reported moderate/severe anxiety and depression, respectively. COVID-19 patient care was positively associated with moderate/severe high stress (OR = 2.25; p = .012) and moderate/severe anxiety (OR = 3.04; p < .001), whereas quarantine was associated with moderate/severe depression (OR = 2.68; p < .001). High levels of family functioning, resilience and spirituality predicted two- to sixfold lower odds of moderate/severe stress, anxiety or depression. High resilience, spirituality and family functioning appear to be good coping mechanisms for nurses against stress, anxiety and depression during the pandemic.
Levinas and the political problem of original peace

By prioritizing the ethical encounter with the Other over politics, Levinas appears to relegate political concerns to a secondary status. Not only does politics appear to be less important than the face-to-face, it even appears to be morally compromised. Nevertheless, Levinas insists that politics are necessary for a moral society. This paper attempts to navigate this tension between morality and politics by exploring Levinas’s account of original peace as opposed to competing accounts of original violence in Hobbes and Derrida. This original peace not only serves as a foundation of the political order, but also provides the context in which to understand Levinas’s famous account of the third. The introduction of the third party appears to problematize the self-other account and opens an aporia in the ethical relation. Far from being a necessary evil, politics instead appears as a necessary good to both remain true to the ethical imperative of the face-to-face and solve the problem introduced by the third party. It is by recognizing that the political is already implicated in the face-to-face relation that Levinas seeks to bridge the gap between peace with the Other and peace within a political society.
A comparative study of design for testability methods using high-level and gate-level descriptions

A comparative study of a gate-level test generator and a high-level test generator by benchmarking them on a common suite of circuits is presented. Based on the examination of the results DFT techniques that use high-level circuit information are proposed. The results obtained after partial scan selection by a high-level DFT tool are compared with results obtained by a gate-level partial scan tool. This detailed comparative study demonstrates that a DFT tool can make a more effective selection of partial scan flip-flops by exploiting the high-level circuit information, and by accurately predicting the hard-to-test areas of a circuit. >
Engineering, Judgement and Engineering Judgement: A Proposed Definition

What is engineering judgement? A tautological definition might be that engineering judgement is the ability to apply scientifically derived principles to real world situations to solve problems. This definition is both helpful and unhelpful. A person with good engineering judgement consistently produces desirable engineering outcomes, but just what is this ability? This paper will attempt to develop a definition of engineering judgement. We compare engineering judgement with the classical Greek virtue of phronesis. Being a component of an ancient conceptualization system foreign to our own, phronesis is not a direct equivalency but we do find that phronesis provides a regulatory function within its system of virtues similar to the role of engineering judgement in regulating the process of engineering. Never satisfied with the status quo, our society wants to make changes to the world. Engineers respond to that desire by defining reality in terms of problems and solutions. Unlike Greek philosophy, with its desire to find universal truths, engineers view the mathematical formulas and theories of science, not as universal truths but as heuristics, that is, ideas and techniques for problem solving found to be valid in certain, but not all circumstances. How does the engineer determine which theories or formulas are applicable in a given, particular situation? The answer is engineering judgement. Not a set technique, procedure or algorithm, engineering judgement is a creative process. Like a Greek virtue, one acquires engineering judgement by mimicry and practice. The paper concludes with a definition of engineering judgement that the author does not submit as complete and final but as an interim working heuristic to be criticised and improved upon by others, hopefully stimulating additional thought and research into the nature of engineering judgement.
Lessons Learned: Mediation as a Healing Art

Thirty years ago, then Chief Justice of the United States Warren Burger stated, "Our legal system has become too costly, too painful, too destructive, too inefficient for a truly civilized people." In making this comment, Chief Justice Burger was leading the charge for alternative forms of dispute resolution, including mediation, to "produce acceptable results in the shortest possible time, with the least possible expense and with minimum stress on participants." Today more than ever litigants need to make choices about the allocation of scarce resources, because today's legal environment is radically and fundamentally different than it was 30 years ago. The role of mediation has become a firm part of the practice of law, and its implementation offers skills for peacemaking and healing.
A machine learning-based analytical framework for employee turnover prediction

Employee turnover (ET) can cause severe consequences to a company, which are hard to be replaced or rebuilt. It is thus crucial to develop an intelligent system that can accurately predict the like...
Pharmacology of estrogens

Publisher Summary Estrogens for hormone therapy may be separated by chemical composition or by route of administration. Natural estrogens include estradiol, estrone, estriol, and their conjugates as well as conjugated equine estrogens (CEEs). Synthetic estrogens include ethinyl estradiol, mestranol, quinestrol, diethylstilbestrol, and raloxifene. Parenteral routes of administration include injection, transvaginal, transdermal patches, subcutaneous pellets, intranasal, and percutaneous gel administration. No matter the type of estrogen or the route of administration, large intraindividual and interindividual variations of serum concentrations occur. Estrogen replacement is beneficial for symptomatic relief of hot flushes and genitourinary symptoms and for prevention of osteoporosis. The lowest dosage that relieves symptoms and is effective in preventing osteoporosis should be used. There is limited information on the interaction of diseases and drugs with estrogen in postmenopausal women receiving replacement therapy.
The Biosynthesis of 6-Methylsalicylic Acid CRUDE ENZYME SYSTEMS FROM EARLY AND LATE PRODUCING STRAINS OF PENICILLIUM PATULUM

Two strains of Penicillium patulum have been isolated from cultures of NRRL 2159A. One produces 6-methylsalicyclic acid (MSA) very soon after transfer of mycelium from a germinating medium to Czapek-Dox medium and is designated an early MSA strain. In the other, 6-methylsalicyclic acid production begins only after 24 to 36 hours on Czapek-Dox medium, and it is designated a late MSA strain. Cell-free extracts of the early MSA strain incorporate about 3 mµmoles of 1,3-14C-malonylcoenzyme A per mg of protein into 6-methylsalicylic acid in a 10-min incubation. This activity is only a small fraction of the synthetic capacity in vivo of the mycelium but is about 7-fold higher than the maximum activity found in the late MSA strain extracts and is higher than activities reported for other crude preparations. Chemical degradation of the product after recrystallization with carrier shows that one-third of the radioactivity is in the carboxyl group, which is consistent with an acetyl polymalonyl biosynthetic mechanism.
An Overview of Corrosion Issues for the Design and Operation of High-Temperature Lead- and Lead-Bismuth-Cooled Reactor Systems

The viability of advanced Pb- or Pb-Bi–cooled fast reactor systems will depend on the development of classes of materials that can operate over the temperature range 650–1200°C. We briefly review t...
The Consequences of Dysphoric Rumination

Running head: DYSPHORIC RUMINATION The Consequences of Dysphoric Rumination Sonja Lyubomirsky and Chris Tkach University of California, Riverside Reference: Lyubomirsky, S., & Tkach, C. (2003). The consequences of dysphoric rumination. In C. Papageorgiou & A. Wells (Eds.), Rumination: Nature, theory, and treatment of negative thinking in depression (pp. 21-41). Chichester, England: John Wiley & Sons
A Soluble Cytochrome P-450 Functional in Methylene Hydroxylation

1. A methylene hydroxylase system from camphor induced Pseudomonas putida strain C1 cells has been separated into three fractions: a putidaredoxin reductase, putidaredoxin (an iron-sulfur protein), and a hydroxylase (shown to be a soluble cytochrome P-450). 2. This system of enzymes catalyzes the hydroxylation of methylene carbon 5 of camphor with reduced disphosphopyridine nucleotide as a primary electron donor and molecular oxygen as acceptor. 3. The redoxin serves as the electron carrier from the reduced pyridine nucleotide and reductase to the cytochrome P-450-substrate complex. 4. The coupling of the hydroxylase (P-450) to the reduced diphosphopyridine nucleotide dehydrogenase (reductase), and the putidaredoxin is demonstrated, and substrate is shown to be required for the over-all reaction.
Breathing Life into Shapes

Shape articulation transforms a lifeless geometric object into a vibrant character. Computers enrich artists' toolsets dramatically. They not only endow artists with the power to manipulate virtual 2D and 3D scenes, but they also eliminate tedium and expedite prototyping, freeing artists to focus on creative aspects. With such power comes a temptation to lean entirely on the computer. Computationally intensive animation systems sacrifice real-time feedback for physical accuracy. How can we leverage modern computational power to create the best possible shape deformations while maintaining real-time performance as a mandatory invariant? This article summarizes efforts to answer this, culminating in a deformation system with the quality of slow, nonlinear optimization, but at lightning speed.
Extraneural metastases of medulloblastoma: desmoplastic variants may have prolonged survival.

Background Extraneural metastases from CNS medulloblastoma are rare and poorly described. The purpose of this study is to describe the clinical and radiological characteristics of a large single institution series of patients with medulloblastoma who developed extraneural metastases. Procedure We retrospectively reviewed a departmental database over a 20 year period for all patients with medulloblastoma who developed extraneural metastases. Chart and imaging reviews were performed, and overall survival (OS) estimated by the Kaplan–Meier method. Results We found 14 patients with medulloblastoma and extraneural metastases. The median age at initial diagnosis was 16.3 years (range, 3.2–44.2), and the most common subtype was desmoplastic (n = 6, 42.9%). After initial gross total resection, most patients received radiation therapy alone (n = 10, 71.4%). Metastases to bone were most common (n = 11, 78.6%) followed by metastases to bone marrow (n = 6, 42.9%), usually to the spine. The median time from initial diagnosis to first extraneural metastasis was 1.5 years (range, 0.2–17.4), and the median OS from extraneural metastasis to death was 3.3 years (range, 0–18). The Kaplan–Meier estimate of 5 year OS from extraneural metastasis diagnosis was 40.0% (95% CI, 20.2–79.2). Conclusions Extraneural metastases from medulloblastoma may rarely develop after initial diagnosis to involve bone and bone marrow. We found that desmoplastic variant extraneural tumors had longer survival than nondesmoplastic variants, suggesting that histopathological and more recent molecular subtyping have important roles in determining the prognosis of medulloblastoma patients. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2015;62:611–615. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Behavior of Justice Douglas in Federal Tax Cases

During his first years on the Supreme Court, Justice Douglas wrote many tax opinions usually sustaining the Government's position. Then a change occurred. He began to dissent more frequently, usually in favor of the taxpayer. And he often dissented alone, without opinion, or with only a few words. In the last decade and a half particularly, Justice Douglas' positions in tax cases have been marked by a strong disposition in favor of taxpayers' positions, a lack of sympathy with the administration of the Internal Revenue Service, and an increasing failure to explain his votes in well-reasoned opinions. Assisted by the statistical tables we have compiled, we will attempt to pinpoint where and how Justice Douglas changed course in tax cases.
Dendrimer-Based Responsive MRI Contrast Agents (G1–G4) for Biosensor Imaging of Redundant Deviation in Shifts (BIRDS)

Biosensor imaging of redundant deviation in shifts (BIRDS) is a molecular imaging platform for magnetic resonance that utilizes unique properties of low molecular weight paramagnetic monomers by detecting hyperfine-shifted nonexchangeable protons and transforming the chemical shift information to reflect its microenvironment (e.g., via temperature, pH, etc.). To optimize translational biosensing potential of BIRDS we examined if this detection scheme observed with monomers can be extended onto dendrimers, which are versatile and biocompatible macromolecules with modifiable surface for molecular imaging and drug delivery. Here we report on feasibility of paramagnetic dendrimers for BIRDS. The results show that BIRDS is resilient with paramagnetic dendrimers up to the fourth generation (i.e., G1-G4), where the model dendrimer and chelate were based on poly(amido amine) (PAMAM) and 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid (DOTA(4-)) complexed with thulium ion (Tm(3+)). Temperature sensitivities of two prominent signals of Gn-PAMAM-(TmDOTA(-))x (where n = 1-4, x = 6-39) were comparable to that of prominent signals in TmDOTA(-). Transverse relaxation times of the coalesced nonexchangeable protons on Gn-PAMAM-(TmDOTA(-))x were relatively short to provide signal-to-noise ratio that was comparable to or better than that of TmDOTA(-). A fluorescent dye, rhodamine, was conjugated to a G2-PAMAM-(TmDOTA)12 to create a dual-modality nanosized contrast agent. BIRDS properties of the dendrimer were unaltered with rhodamine conjugation. Purposely designed paramagnetic dendrimers for BIRDS in conjunction with novel macromolecular surface modification for functional ligands/drugs could potentially be used for biologically compatible theranostic sensors.
Nurse-client perceptions: the double standard of touch.

(1989). Nurse-Client Perceptions: The Double Standard of Touch. Issues in Mental Health Nursing: Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 1-13.
Spin concentration measurements of high-spin (g' = 4.3) rhombic iron(III) ions in biological samples: theory and application.

Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) signals at g′ = 4.3 are commonly encountered in biological samples owing to mononuclear high-spin (S = 5/2) Fe3+ ions in sites of low symmetry. The present study was undertaken to develop the experimental method and a suitable g′ = 4.3 intensity standard and for accurately quantifying the amount of Fe3+ responsible for such signals. By following the work of Aasa and Vanngard (J. Magn. Reson. 19:308–315, 1975), we present equations relating the EPR intensity of S = 5/2 ions to the intensities of S = 1/2 standards more commonly employed in EPR spectrometry. Of the chelates tested, Fe3+–EDTA (1:3 ratio) in 1:3 glycerol/water (v/v), pH 2, was found to be an excellent standard for frozen-solution S = 5/2 samples at 77 K. The spin concentrations of Cu2+–EDTA and aqua VO2+, both S = 1/2 ions, and of Fe3+–transferrin, an S = 5/2 ion, were measured against this standard and found to agree within 2.2% of their known metal ion concentrations. Relative standard deviations of ±3.6, ±5.3 and ±2.9% in spin concentration were obtained for the three samples, respectively. The spin concentration determined for Fe3+–desferrioxamine of known Fe3+ concentration was anomalously low suggesting the presence of EPR-silent multimeric iron species in solution.
Colorectal Cancer Incidence in Asian Populations in California: Effect of Nativity and Neighborhood-Level Factors

Colorectal Cancer Incidence in Asian Populations in California: Effect of Nativity and Neighborhood-Level Factors
Subsurface patch of a dinoflagellate (Ceratium tripos) off Southern California: Patch length, growth rate, associated vertically migrating species

Ceratium tripos dominated a multi-species dinoflagellate patch in the sub-surface chlorophyll maximum in August 1978 on the Southern California shelf. The specific growth rate (μ) ofC. tripos averaged 0.25 d-1. Patch length was about 45 km along the shelf. Several members of the subsurface dinoflagellate assemblage were also present in surface samples, but only during the daytime. These apparent vertical migrators includedProrocentrum micans, C. furca, Gonyaulax polyedra and other less common forms. The growth ofC. tripos in the California patch is compared with that in aC. tripos patch off New York in 1976.
Effects of heteroatom substituents on the properties of 1,2-dioxetanes

Abstract Nitrogen and sulfur-substituted dioxetanes exhibit dramatically lower activation energies for decomposition compared to the corresponding oxygen-bearing dioxetane. A mechanism involving intramolecular electron-transfer processes is proposed for the cleavage of these unstable dioxetanes.
A chronology of the study of older women's health: data, discoveries, and future directions.

Women have been traditionally ignored in health and medical research. Some reasons for this mentality include a fear of harming a woman's reproductive ability, fear that variations in the menstrual...
Using a Hazard Quotient to Evaluate Pesticide Residues Detected in Pollen Trapped from Honey Bees (Apis mellifera) in Connecticut

Analysis of pollen trapped from honey bees as they return to their hives provides a method of monitoring fluctuations in one route of pesticide exposure over location and time. We collected pollen from apiaries in five locations in Connecticut, including urban, rural, and mixed agricultural sites, for periods from two to five years. Pollen was analyzed for pesticide residues using a standard extraction method widely used for pesticides (QuEChERS) and liquid chromatography/mass spectrometric analysis. Sixty pesticides or metabolites were detected. Because the dose lethal to 50% of adult worker honey bees (LD50) is the only toxicity parameter available for a wide range of pesticides, and among our pesticides there were contact LD50 values ranging from 0.006 to >1000 μg per bee (range 166,000X), and even among insecticides LD50 values ranged from 0.006 to 59.8 μg/bee (10,000X); therefore we propose that in studies of honey bee exposure to pesticides that concentrations be reported as Hazard Quotients as well as in standard concentrations such as parts per billion. We used both contact and oral LD50 values to calculate Pollen Hazard Quotients (PHQ = concentration in ppb ÷ LD50 as μg/bee) when both were available. In this study, pesticide Pollen Hazard Quotients ranged from over 75,000 to 0.01. The pesticides with the greatest Pollen Hazard Quotients at the maximum concentrations found in our study were (in descending order): phosmet, Imidacloprid, indoxacarb, chlorpyrifos, fipronil, thiamethoxam, azinphos-methyl, and fenthion, all with at least one Pollen Hazard Quotient (using contact or oral LD50) over 500. At the maximum rate of pollen consumption by nurse bees, a Pollen Hazard Quotient of 500 would be approximately equivalent to consuming 0.5% of the LD50 per day. We also present an example of a Nectar Hazard Quotient and the percentage of LD50 per day at the maximum nectar consumption rate.
Estimates of in Situ Larval Development Time for the Lobster, Homarus Americanus

Abstract Larval development time is a critical factor in assessing the potential for larval transport, mortality, and subsequently, the connectivity of marine populations through larval exchange. Most estimates of larval duration are based on laboratory studies and may not reflect development times in nature. For larvae of the American lobster (Homarus americanus), temperature-dependent development times have been established in previous laboratory studies. Here, we used the timing of seasonal abundance curves for newly hatched larvae (stage I) and the final plankonic instar (postlarva), coupled with a model of temperature-dependent development to assess development time in the field. We were unable to reproduce the timing of the seasonal abundance curves using laboratory development rates in our model. Our results suggest that larval development in situ may be twice as fast as reported laboratory rates. This will result in reduced estimates of larval transport potential, and increased estimates of instan...
Optogenetics through windows on the brain in the nonhuman primate.

Optogenetics combines optics and genetics to control neuronal activity with cell-type specificity and millisecond temporal precision. Its use in model organisms such as rodents, Drosophila, and Cae...
Spinal disease in neurologically symptomatic HIV-positive patients.

We review the MRI findings of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive patients with “spinal” symptoms and review the literature. In 23 consecutive HIV-positive patients presenting with acute neurologic complaints thought to be referable to the spine, we reviewed spinal MRI, medical charts, and laboratory, pathologic, and autopsy data. In the early stages of HIV infection, the common causes of spinal complaints (i. e., degenerative spine and disc disease) predominated. However, pathology may be missed without contrast-enhanced MRI of the spine. In more advanced cases, the differential diagnosis includes one or more neoplastic and/or infectious causes which require contrast-enhanced MRI for detection. In these cases, normal cerebrospinal fluid findings should not preclude contrast-enhanced MRI of the spine. Imaging of the brain may also be indicated in cases when the spinal study is negative.
Improving the accuracy and precision of disease assessments: selection of methods and use of computer-aided training programs

L'exactitude et la precision des notations de maladies peuvent etre ameliorees en selectionnant les methodes les plus appropriees et en donnant la formation necessaire aux evaluateurs. Jusqu'ici, tres peu d'etudes ont ete faites pour aider les chercheurs a choisir la methode ou le systeme de notation des maladies qui va le mieux satisfaire leurs exigences en terme d'exactitude, de precision et des ressources disponibles. Le choix de la methode d'evaluation est tres important, considerant le cout eleve de la recherche sur le terrain. L'utilisation de modeles et methodes statistiques tres perfectionnes pour traiter des notations de variation inconnue a aussi ete mise en doute. En plus d'utiliser l'analyse de variance, l'analyse de correlation et le coefficient de variation, pour evaluer et comparer les methodes de notation et les evaluateurs, la regression du moindre carre peut etre utilisee pour determiner s'il y a une relation lineaire significative entre des notations repetees par le meme evaluateur (reproduction intra-evaluateurs) et s'il y a une relation significative entre les notations par differents evaluateurs (correlation entre-evaluateurs). Les parametres de l'equation des regressions (pente, point d'intersection, erreur type de l'estime-Y, coefficient de determination) peuvent etre utilises pour comparer l'exactitude et la precision des methodes et des evaluateurs. L'exactitude des evaluations peut etre amelioree avec de l'entrainement approprie. Le logiciel Disease. Pro, programme de formation pour evaluer les maladies, a ete developpe pour aider les evaluateurs a ameliorer leur capacite a estimer l'intensite des maladies. Apres une seance d'une heure de formation avec Disease. Pro, 70 evaluateurs sur 80 ont ameliore significativement leur habilite a estimer l'intensite de la tache tardive sur les feuilles d'arachide.
Experimental Study on Residence Time Distribution of New Type Multi-Tubular Stirred Reactor

Multi-tubular stirred reactor is an efficient pressure reactor. It is designed and developed to strengthen the mixing and mass transfer process. In order to research the flow characteristics in this reactor, the residence time distribution is measured at different rotation speeds from 50rpm to 350rpm and different flow rates from 1.8m3/h to 3.9m3/h. The relationship among mean residence time, flow flux and rotate speed is obtained.