cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The United States Supreme Court (Mostly) Gives up its Review Role with Ineffective Assistance of Counsel Cases

On the fiftieth anniversary of Gideon v. Wainwright, just a few years ago, both legal and lay commentators wrote and spoke glowingly of this “landmark case, guaranteeing the right to counsel in criminal cases, [which] forever changed America’s criminal justice system.” “Gideon, like several other of the landmark cases . . . seemed to offer a promise to all people in the American criminal justice system. In this case it was supposed to be complete equality before the law, even if one could not afford counsel.” Congressman John Conyers said this about Gideon: “Fair trials, wherein everyone — no matter their ability to pay — is equal before the law through the right to counsel, is at the core of our country’s judicial system. The Supreme Court made history in recognizing this fundamental right, and extending it to defendants at the state level.” As then Attorney General Robert Kennedy said: If an obscure Florida convict named Clarence Earl Gideon had not sat down in his prison cell with a pencil and paper to write a letter to the Supreme Court, and if the Court had not taken the trouble to look for merit in that one crude petition . . . the vast machinery of American law would have gone on functioning undisturbed. But Gideon did write that letter, the Court did look into his case . . . and the whole course of American legal history has been changed. To be sure, I would go even a step beyond this celebratory language and note that the Gideon decision remains the single most significant criminal justice decision ever written by an American court. More important than the death penalty cases, Miranda v. Arizona, or even the exclusionary rule holdings. The reason can be stated plainly: prior to Gideon, many criminal defendants were not represented by lawyers even in serious criminal cases. It is, certainly, difficult to give precise empirical support for this conclusion more than fifty years after the fact. Still, with but a few observations, the statement seems more than reasonable. The vast majority of criminal cases are resolved in state courts, not in the federal system. Also, the vast majority of criminal defendants are indigent, unable to pay for their own lawyers.
Cold Sintering: A Paradigm Shift for Processing and Integration of Ceramics

This paper describes a sintering technique for ceramics and ceramic-based composites, using water as a transient solvent to effect densification (i.e. sintering) at temperatures between room temperature and 200 °C. To emphasize the incredible reduction in sintering temperature relative to conventional thermal sintering this new approach is named the "Cold Sintering Process" (CSP). Basically CSP uses a transient aqueous environment to effect densification by a mediated dissolution-precipitation process. CSP of NaCl, alkali molybdates and V2 O5 with small concentrations of water are described in detail, but the process is extended and demonstrated for a diverse range of chemistries (oxides, carbonates, bromides, fluorides, chlorides and phosphates), multiple crystal structures, and multimaterial applications. Furthermore, the properties of selected CSP samples are demonstrated to be essentially equivalent as samples made by conventional thermal sintering.
Determinants of Community Governance for Effective Basic Service Delivery in Nepal

Community governance is an approach of shift from governmentality to governance. This is more flexible approach extends beyond government, and the place of its agencies, to a greater sharing of power between the state, the market and civil society via new network and partnership structures. This paper analyses the determinants of community governance at the grassroots level in Nepal for the efficient delivery of basic services based on primary data sources. 110 locally constituted community based organisations were selected for an organisational survey. Additionally, three focus group discussions and 40 in-depth interviews were employed for information collection. A multiple linear regression model was used for data analysis, which revealed 12 variables such as Inclusive participation (X1), Empowerment of the people (X2), Transparency and accountability (X3) Enabling environment (X4), Practice of local democracy (X5), Service effectiveness (X6), Service integrity (X7), Social capital development (X8), Institution building (X9), Community mobilisation (X10) Planning, implementation, and monitoring (X11), Coordination, linkage, and partnership (X12) are significantly influencing governance practice. Results indicated a 14 percent variance between dependent and independent variables. This shows the overall practice of governance at the community level was malfunctioned, which can be attributed to a number of factors. First, many community-based organisations (CBOs) do not adopt governance mechanisms in their approach to development. Second, despite a crisis in governance, some CBOs have participated in the service delivery process. Third, this crisis has been a foremost obstacle in the working culture of CBOs. This analysis further explores the problem from the perspective of socio-economic structure, power politics and interests, institutional issues, and capacity and resource constraints.
The Effect of Sustainability Standard Uncertainty on Certification Decisions of Firms in Emerging Economies

Voluntary sustainability standards that establish global rules for firms’ environmental and/or social conduct and allow for verification of firm compliance via third-party certification hold the promise to govern firms’ sustainability conduct in a globalizing world economy. However, the recent proliferation of competing and overlapping global sustainability standards that have been developed by various stakeholders with different agendas, creates uncertainties for firms that likely reduce their propensity to adopt any standard. Without widespread adoption these standards cannot effectively govern firm conduct and in contrast create barriers for firms’ access to export markets. We suggest that the uncertainties associated with competing standards and the effect of these uncertainties on standard certification decisions are especially large for firms in emerging economies because these firms lack access to information about current and future standards and the resources to obtain certifications to multiple standards. We theoretically propose and empirically identify three distinct sources of sustainability standard uncertainty: (i) diversity of customer requirements, (ii) dynamism of customer requirements, and (iii) the unpredictability of the future evolution of standard and propose that each of these sources reduces firms’ propensity to obtain certification to any standard. Our empirical results based on certifications to food safety standards by a sample of 97 Mexican food exporting firms confirm that three distinct sources of sustainability standard uncertainty exist and that all of them negatively impact certification. We discuss ethical implications and offer recommendations for both suppliers as well as standard setting organizations.
Negative energy cyclotron resonance maser

A novel high power cyclotron resonance device is introduced which requires zero initial transverse velocity, tolerates a large beam velocity spread, and can yield a large cyclotron frequency upshift ratio. The negative energy cyclotron wave will couple to a positive energy, slow waveguide mode with a growth rate which can be even larger than the space charge mode for intense, high-voltage electron beams. 2-D fluid theory, 1-D Vlasov theory, and 1 1/2-dimensional simulations are presented along with the design parameters for a proposed proof-of-principle experiment. >
Accurate inverses for computing eigenvalues of extremely ill-conditioned matrices and differential operators

This paper is concerned with computations of a few smallest eigenvalues (in absolute value) of a large extremely ill-conditioned matrix. It is shown that a few smallest eigenvalues can be accurately computed for a diagonally dominant matrix or a product of diagonally dominant matrices by combining a standard iterative method with the accurate inversion algorithms that have been developed for such matrices. Applications to the finite difference discretization of differential operators are discussed. In particular, a new discretization is derived for the 1-dimensional biharmonic operator that can be written as a product of diagonally dominant matrices. Numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the accuracy achieved by the new algorithms.
Optimal Local and Remote Controllers With Unreliable Uplink Channels

We consider a networked control system consisting of a remote controller and a collection of linear plants, each associated with a local controller. Each local controller directly observes the state of its colocated plant and can inform the remote controller of the plant's state through an unreliable uplink channel. We assume that the downlink channels from the remote controller to local controllers are perfect. The objective of the local controllers and the remote controller is to cooperatively minimize a quadratic performance cost. We provide a dynamic program for this decentralized control problem using the common information approach. Although our problem is not a partially nested problem, we obtain explicit optimal strategies for all controllers. In the optimal strategies, all controllers compute common estimates of the states of the plants based on the common information obtained from the communication network. The remote controller's action is linear in the common state estimates, and the action of each local controller is linear in both the actual state of its colocated plant and the common state estimates. We illustrate our results with numerical experiments using randomly generated models.
Association-based image retrieval

With advances in the computer technology and the World Wide Web there has been an explosion in the amount and complexity of multimedia data that are generated, stored, transmitted, analyzed, and accessed. In order to extract useful information from this huge amount of data, many content-based image retrieval (CBIR) systems have been developed in the last decade. A typical CBIR system captures image features that represent image properties such as color, texture, or shape of objects in the query image and try to retrieve images from the database with similar features. Recent advances in CBIR systems include relevance feedback based interactive systems. The main advantage of CBIR systems with relevance feedback is that these systems take into account the gap between the high-level concepts and low-level features and subjectivity of human perception of visual content. In this paper, we propose a new approach for image storage and retrieval called association-based image retrieval (ABIR). We try to mimic human memory. The human brain stores and retrieves images by association. We use a generalized bi-directional associative memory (GBAM) to store associations between feature vectors. The results of our simulation are presented in the paper.
Research and innovation for the future

The investigation of new piezoelectric crystals, materials, coatings, piezoresistive semiconductor structures and optical measurement principles underpins the sensors of the future at Kistler. The trend is towards enhanced functionality, system capability and miniaturization. The establishment of a global network of technological expertise is proving to be one of the successful formulas in order to meet future system requirements.
The cumulative cost of regulations

Abstract We estimate the effects of federal regulation on the value added to GDP for a panel of 22 industries in the United States over a period of 35 years (1977–2012). The structure of our linear specification is explicitly derived from the closed-form solutions of a multisector Schumpeterian model of endogenous growth. We allow regulation to enter the specification in a fairly flexible manner. Our estimates of the model's parameters are then identified from covariation in some standard sector-specific data joined with RegData 2.2, which measures the incidence of regulations on industries based on a text analysis of federal regulatory code. With the model's parameters fitted to real data, we confidently conduct counterfactual experiments on alternative regulatory environments. Our results show that regulatory restrictions have had a net effect of dampening economic growth by approximately 0.8 percent per annum since 1980. Had regulation been held constant at levels observed in 1980, our model predicts that the economy would have been nearly 25 percent larger by 2012 (i.e., regulatory growth since 1980 cost GDP $4 trillion in 2012, or about $13,000 per capita).
Never make the same mistake twice-using configuration control and error analysis to improve software quality

To provide a controlled environment, changes to the Space Shuttle primary avionics system software have been grouped into operational increments (OIs) that identify a predefined set of changes and discrepancy corrections (a baseline) for that OI. Two early processes implemented were an automated configuration management database and a prologue in all the code modules. This allows a causal analysis program that permits each problem to be analyzed to determine the change authorization that caused the code modification that results in the problem. This causal analysis provides the information that is used for process improvement and to measure effectiveness. >
The experience of patients with ABI and their families during the hospital stay: A systematic review of qualitative literature.

ABSTRACTBackground: Patients with acquired brain injury (ABI) and their families have unique experiences and needs during the hospital stay; yet, limited literature exists on this topic. The purpose of this systematic review was to compile and synthesize literature on the experience of patients with ABI and their families during the hospital stay.Methods: A systematic review of qualitative studies was conducted by searching for studies from seven databases. Content analysis was used to analyse and synthesize studies’ findings separately for the patient and family experience.Results: The initial search provided 2871 records. Ultimately, 11 studies relevant to the research question were included in this review. No studies were excluded based on critical quality appraisal. Findings on the patient experience showed patients had negative perceptions of the rehabilitation environment and a perceived need for information. Findings on the family experience included difficulty adjusting after the patient’s injury,...
Discriminatory Lossy Source Coding: Side Information Privacy

A lossy source coding problem is studied in which a source encoder communicates with two decoders, one with and one without correlated side information with an additional constraint on the privacy of the side information at the uninformed decoder. Two cases of this problem arise depending on the availability of the side information at the encoder. The set of all feasible rate-distortion-equivocation tuples is characterized for each case. The difference between the informed and uninformed cases and the advantages of encoder side information for enhancing privacy are highlighted for a binary symmetric source with erasure side information and Hamming distortion.
Superheat: An R Package for Creating Beautiful and Extendable Heatmaps for Visualizing Complex Data

The technological advancements of the modern era have enabled the collection of huge amounts of data in science and beyond. Extracting useful information from such massive datasets is an ongoing ch...
CONSTANT CONTROLLED RELEASE OF ANTIBIOTICS ERADICATING LOCAL INFECTION/CONTAMINATION IN PATIENTS WITH GUSTILO 3 OPEN FRACTURES: RESULTS ON 16 PATIENTS

Purpose Gustilo type III open fractures are associated with high infection rates in spite of instituting a standard of care (SOC) consisting of intravenous antibiotics, irrigation and debridement (I&D), and delayed wound closure. Locally-delivered antibiotic has been proven to assist in reducing infection in open fractures. The aims of this study are to determine the effectiveness and safety of a new implantable and biodegradable antibacterial product 1 in preventing bacterial infections and initiating bone growth in open fractures. Methods The osteoconductive antibacterial BonyPid TM used is a synthetic bone void filler (comprised of ≤1 mm β-tricalcium phosphate granules) coated by a thin layer (≤20 µm) of PolyPid nanotechnology formulation − . Upon implantation, the coating releases doxycycline at a constant rate for a predetermined period of 30 days. One BonyPid TM vial of 10 grams contains 65 mg of formulated doxycycline. After approval, sixteen subjects with Gustilo type III open tibia fractures, were implanted with the BonyPid TM immediately on the first surgical intervention (I&D), followed by external fixation. Patients had periodic laboratory, bacteriology and radiology follow-up. Results Six months results showed that no infection developed and only one BonyPid TM implantation was needed with no subsequent ID by skin grafting (5) or suturing (2). Early callus formation was seen at 8–12 weeks post-surgery, followed by bone healing seen from 16 weeks onwards. Safety of implantation was remarkable, with only one deep infection at a fibular open fracture without BonyPid TM implantation. One BonyPid TM -related adverse event caused delay in skin healing due to excessive granules in the superficial soft tissues. Conclusion BonyPid TM is effective in reducing bone infection and promoting early callus formation, resulting in early bone healing. BonyPid TM is safe for immediate implantation into contaminated/infected severe open-bone fractures. Results support that one month release of doxycycline in a controlled manner provides an effective way for treating open fractures. This new local antibiotic delivery system is applicable in unmet medical situations associated with localised infections.
Clinical outcomes of EUS-guided drainage of debris-containing pancreatic pseudocysts: a large multicenter study

Background and study aims Data on clinical outcomes of endoscopic drainage of debris-free pseudocysts (PDF) versus pseudocysts containing solid debris (PSD) are very limited. The aims of this study were to compare treatment outcomes between patients with PDF vs. PSD undergoing endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)-guided drainage via transmural stents. Patients and methods Retrospective review of 142 consecutive patients with pseudocysts who underwent EUS-guided transmural drainage (TM) from 2008 to 2014 at 15 academic centers in the United States. Main outcome measures included TM technical success, treatment outcomes (symptomatic and radiologic resolution), need for endoscopic re-intervention at follow-up, and adverse events (AEs). Results TM was performed in 90 patients with PDF and 52 with PSD. Technical success: PDF 87 (96.7 %) vs. PSD 51 (98.1 %). There was no difference in the rates for endoscopic re-intervention (5.5 % in PDF vs. 11.5 % in PSD; P = 0.33) or AEs (12.2 % in PDF vs. 19.2 % in PSD; P = 0.33). Median long-term follow-up after stent removal was 297 days (interquartile range [IQR]: 59 – 424 days) for PDF and 326 days (IQR: 180 – 448 days) for PSD (P = 0.88). There was a higher rate of short-term radiologic resolution of PDF (45; 66.2 %) vs. PSD (21; 51.2 %) (OR = 0.30; 95 % CI: 0.13 – 0.72; P = 0.009). There was no difference in long-term symptomatic resolution (PDF: 70.4 % vs. PSD: 66.7 %; P = 0.72) or radiologic resolution (PDF: 68.9 % vs. PSD: 78.6 %; P = 0.72) Conclusions There was no difference in need for endoscopic re-intervention, AEs or long-term treatment outcomes in patients with PDF vs. PSD undergoing EUS-guided drainage with transmural stents. Based on these results, the presence of solid debris in pancreatic fluid collections does not appear to be associated with a poorer outcome.
Prospective comparison of long-term pain relief rates after first-time microvascular decompression and stereotactic radiosurgery for trigeminal neuralgia.

OBJECTIVE Common surgical treatments for trigeminal neuralgia (TN) include microvascular decompression (MVD), stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS), and radiofrequency ablation (RFA). Although the efficacy of each procedure has been described, few studies have directly compared these treatment modalities on pain control for TN. Using a large prospective longitudinal database, the authors aimed to 1) directly compare long-term pain control rates for first-time surgical treatments for idiopathic TN, and 2) identify predictors of pain control. METHODS The authors reviewed a prospectively collected database for all patients who underwent treatment for TN between 1997 and 2014 at the University of California, San Francisco. Standardized collection of data on preoperative clinical characteristics, surgical procedure, and postoperative outcomes was performed. Data analyses were limited to those patients who received a first-time procedure for treatment of idiopathic TN with > 1 year of follow-up. RESULTS Of 764 surgical procedures performed at the University of California, San Francisco, for TN (364 SRS, 316 MVD, and 84 RFA), 340 patients underwent first-time treatment for idiopathic TN (164 MVD, 168 SRS, and 8 RFA) and had > 1 year of follow-up. The analysis was restricted to patients who underwent MVD or SRS. Patients who received MVD were younger than those who underwent SRS (median age 63 vs 72 years, respectively; p 5 years of follow-up (60 of 164 and 64 of 168 patients, respectively). Immediate or short-term (< 3 months) postoperative pain-free rates (Barrow Neurological Institute Pain Intensity score of I) were 96% for MVD and 75% for SRS. Percentages of patients with Barrow Neurological Institute Pain Intensity score of I at 1, 5, and 10 years after MVD were 83%, 61%, and 44%, and the corresponding percentages after SRS were 71%, 47%, and 27%, respectively. The median time to pain recurrence was 94 months (25th-75th quartiles: 57-131 months) for MVD and 53 months (25th-75th quartiles: 37-69 months) for SRS (p = 0.006). A subset of patients who had MVD also underwent partial sensory rhizotomy, usually in the setting of insignificant vascular compression. Compared with MVD alone, those who underwent MVD plus partial sensory rhizotomy had shorter pain-free intervals (median 45 months vs no median reached; p = 0.022). Multivariable regression demonstrated that shorter preoperative symptom duration (HR 1.005, 95% CI 1.001-1.008; p = 0.006) was associated with favorable outcome for MVD and that post-SRS sensory changes (HR 0.392, 95% CI 0.213-0.723; p = 0.003) were associated with favorable outcome for SRS. CONCLUSIONS In this longitudinal study, patients who received MVD had longer pain-free intervals compared with those who underwent SRS. For patients who received SRS, postoperative sensory change was predictive of favorable outcome. However, surgical decision making depends upon many factors. This information can help physicians counsel patients with idiopathic TN on treatment selection.
Horizontal depth : a new database on the content of preferential trade agreements

Preferential trade agreements are an important feature of the global trade system. Several questions, ranging from the rationale for preferential arrangements to their impact on members, non-members and the broader multilateral trade system, are at the forefront of academic and policy debates in trade policy. This paper contributes to the literature in two ways. First, it presents a new database that offers a detailed assessment of the content of preferential arrangements, examining the coverage and legal enforceability of provisions. The database covers 279 agreements signed by 189 countries between 1958 and 2015, which reflects the entire set of preferential trade agreements in force and notified to the World Trade Organization as of 2015. Second, the paper presents some novel stylized facts on preferential arrangements based on the analysis of the data. The key insight is that preferential trade agreements became deeper over time. A growing number of these treaties cover an extended set of policy areas, frequently with legally enforceable provisions, in areas under the current World Trade Organization mandate and in four leading areas outside the current World Trade Organization mandate: competition policy, investment, movements of capital, and intellectual property rights protection. Accounting for the changing coverage of preferential trade agreements, that is, their “horizontal depth,” is essential to gain a more complete and accurate understanding of where the global trading system is going and how its governance can be improved.
A Study of Stress Relaxation with Finite Strain

Abstract Two simple types of constitutive equations appropriate to materials exhibiting viscoelasticity are presented, one of a basic solid nature and one of a basic fluid nature. The predictions of the equations for a stress relaxation experiment are worked out and compared to the data from some experiments on various elastomers. The fluid theory is shown to be most appropriate in a certain sense.
INTRA-OPERATIVE MEASUREMENTS OF GLENOHUMERAL CONTACT FORCES DURING REVERSE TOTAL SHOULDER ARTHROPLASTY

Introduction Reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (RTSA) is a commonly performed operation for a variety of pathologies. Despite excellent short-term outcomes, complications are commonly encountered. Recurrent instability occurs in up to 31% of cases, often due to components placed with too little tension. Acromial stress fractures can occur in up to 7% of cases, often due to components placed in too much tension. Despite these concerns, there is little evidence evaluating the intraoperative tension and glenohumeral contact forces (GHCF) during RTSA. The purpose of this study was to measure the intraoperative GHCF during RTSA. Methods 26 patients were enrolled after obtaining IRB approval. Inclusion criteria were patients undergoing primary RTSA. An instrumented strain gauge implant was designed to attach to an Exactech Equinoxe (Gainesville, FL) baseplate during RTSA. A specially designed trial glenosphere was then attached to the instrumented baseplate. Wires from the strain gauges were connected to a 24-bit analog input and placed outside the operative field to a computer that measure the forces. After joint reduction, GHCF were measured in neutral, passive flexion, passive abduction, passive scaption and passive external rotation (ER). Five patients were excluded due to wire calibration issues. Results 21 patients were enrolled. The average age was 70 (range 54–84). The average height was 169.5cm (range 154.9–182.9), and average weight was 82.7 kg (range 45.4–129.3) There were 11 females and 10 males. There were thirteen 42mm glenospheres and eight 38mm glenospheres used. The mean GHCF values were 135N at neutral, 123N at ER, 165N in flexion, 110N in scaption, and 205N in abduction. The mean force values were significantly affected by joint position (p=0.002). The mean force at terminal abduction is significantly greater than the mean force at terminal ER and terminal scaption (p Conclusion This study demonstrates that an intraoperative measurement of GHCF can be successfully performed during RTSA using strain gauges. GHCF during RTSA are at their lowest in scaption and ER. They are at their maximum in abduction. Surgeons should keep these findings in mind during trialing to potentially reduce complications associated with inappropriate intraoperative tensioning.
Coordinated ground-based and geosynchronous satellite-based measurements of auroral pulsations

We describe a technique that uses a ground-based all-sky video camera and geosynchronous satellite-based plasma and energetic particle detectors to study ionosphere-magnetosphere coupling as it relates to the aurora. The video camera system was deployed in Eagle, Alaska for a seven month period at the foot of the magnetic field line that threads geosynchronous satellite 1989-046. Since 1989-046 co-rotates with the earth, its footprint remains nearly fixed in the vicinity of Eagle, allowing for routine continuous monitoring of an auroral field line at its intersections with the ground and with geosynchronous orbit. As an example of the utility of this technique, we present coordinated ground-based and satellite- based observations during periods of auroral pulsations and compare this data to the predictions of both the relaxation oscillator theory and flow cyclotron maser theory for the generation of pulsating aurorae. The observed plasma and energetic particle characteristics at geosynchronous orbit during pulsating aurorae displays are found to be in agreement with the general predictions of both theories, lending further support to the belief that a cyclotron resonance mechanism is responsible for auroral pulsations.
Metallic multilayers at the nanoscale

Abstract The development of multilayer structures has been driven by a wide range of commercial applications requiring enhanced material behaviors. Innovations in physical vapor deposition technologies, in particular magnetron sputtering, have enabled the synthesis of metallic-based structures with nanoscaled layer dimensions as small as one-to-two monolayers. Deposition process parameters effect the formation and stability of these small layer dimensions. Synthesis and characterization techniques will be reviewed which emphasize experimental studies of mechanical properties in metallic multilayers at the nanoscale.
Multimodal Network Alignment.

A multimodal network encodes relationships between the same set of nodes in multiple settings, and network alignment is a powerful tool for transferring information and insight between a pair of networks. We propose a method for multimodal network alignment that computes a matrix which indicates the alignment, but produces the result as a low-rank factorization directly. We then propose new methods to compute approximate maximum weight matchings of low-rank matrices to produce an alignment. We evaluate our approach by applying it on synthetic networks and use it to de-anonymize a multimodal transportation network.
First hitting time of integral diffusions and applications

ABSTRACTWe study the first hitting time of integral functionals of time-homogeneous diffusions, and characterize their Laplace transforms through a stochastic time change. We obtain explicit expressions of the Laplace transforms for the geometric Brownian motion (GBM) and the mean-reverting GBM process. We also introduce a novel probability identity based on an independent exponential randomization and obtain explicit Laplace transforms of the price of arithmetic Asian options and other derivative prices that non-linearly depend on the integral diffusions. Numerical examples are given to demonstrate the accuracy and efficiency of the proposed method.
Entry into Nascent Industries: Disentangling a Firm's Capability Portfolio at the Time of Investment Versus Market Entry

Research Summary This paper examines the capability antecedents of firm entry into nascent industries. Because a firm's technological investments in nascent industries typically occur before market entry, this study makes a distinction between firm capabilities at the time of market entry and at the time of initial investment. At the time of market entry, core technical capabilities and complementary assets influence the likelihood of entry. However, at the time of investment, a firm's integrative capabilities as well as the initial stocks of related technical capabilities and complementary assets become critical, as they enable endogenous development of core technical capabilities and complementary assets by the time of entry. The empirical sample consists of firms involved in field experiments in agricultural biotechnology during the period 1980–2010. Managerial Summary New product commercialization in a nascent industry typically requires access to not only core technologies of the focal industry, but also supporting commercialization assets. However, firms may not possess these critical capabilities when they first invest in the industry. Instead, empirical evidence from the context of agricultural biotechnology shows that at the time of first investment, a firm's integrative capabilities partly explain their likelihood of entry. Integrative capabilities encompass a set of practices that enable effective coordination and communication, and in turn put firms in an advantageous position to develop the needed capabilities by the time of entry.
Understanding growth patterns in US health care expenditures

We study the steady upward trend of Health Care Expenditures (HCE) over GDP for a sample of OECD countries between 1970 and 2007. Although the United States is clearly an outlier, almost all of the additional increase in US HCE happened during the 1978–1990 period. We perform two growth accounting exercises to explore sources of variability of HCE over GDP across countries. In the first growth accounting exercise based on value added we find that factor accumulation is unable to replicate the observed growth patterns. We also show that the additional increase in markups in the US corporate medical sector mimics well the ratio of HCE over GDP in the United States. This suggests that differences in the relative price of health care—rather than technology, product quality, and factor accumulation—could explain the divergent growth patterns of HCE over GDP across these countries. In the second growth accounting exercise, we filter out prices from HCE over GDP, and confirm that there is very little variability for the product quality residual to explain the variation in HCE across countries.
GPDs and Orbital Angular Momentum

Generalized Parton Distributions provide information on the distribution of quarks in impact parameter space. For transversely polarized nucleons, these impact parameter distributions are transversely distorted and this deviation from axial symmetry leads on average to a net transverse force from the spectators on the active quark in a DIS experiment. This force when acting along the whole trajectory of the active quark leads to transverse single-spin asymmetries. For a longitudinally polarized nucleon target, the transverse force implies a torque acting on the quark Orbital Angular Momentum (OAM). The resulting change in OAM as the quark leaves the target equals the difference between the Jaffe–Manohar and Ji OAMs. In the context of the scalar diquark model we demonstrate that the effect from that torque contributes at the same order as single-spin asymmetries.
Performance Evaluation and Favoritism: Evidence From Mixed Martial Arts

This article investigates various types of bias and favoritism that may be present in the performance evaluations of state-licensed and state-selected judges for mixed martial arts (MMA) events. Us...
Polar codes for covert communications over asynchronous Discrete Memoryless Channels

We develop a covert communication scheme for binary-input asynchronous Discrete Memoryless Channels based on binary polar codes, in which legitimate parties exploit uncertainty created by both the channel noise and the time of transmission. The proposed code jointly ensures reliable communication for a legitimate receiver and low probability of detection with respect to an adversary, both observing noisy versions of the codewords. Binary polar codes are used to shape the weight distribution of codewords and ensure that the average weight decays as the block length grows. The performance of the proposed code is limited by the speed of polarization, which in turns controls the decay of the average codeword weight with the block length. Although the proposed construction falls short of achieving the performance of random codes, it inherits the low-complexity properties of polar codes.
Corporate governance and firm value at dual class firms

Abstract This study explores whether corporate governance at dual class firms differs from that of their single class counterparts and whether firm value at dual class firms is associated with governance. Employing a sample of 1309 U.S. dual class firm-year observations for the period 1996–2006, we show evidence that dual class firms are more likely to employ more shareholder rights provisions while exhibiting lower board and board committee independence than single class firms. The results also show that shareholder rights increase while board provisions decrease in wedge at dual class firms. Further findings underscore that firm value at dual class firms decreases in wedge, and increases in shareholder rights and in board-related provisions, particularly in director independence. While strong board-related governance at dual class firms is significantly positively related to firm value in a multivariate setting, shareholder rights are significantly associated with firm value only in instances of the weakest board provisions. Following unification, firms employ more antitakeover provisions while strengthening their board and board committee independence.
Gaia Reveals a Metal-rich, in situ Component of the Local Stellar Halo

We use the first Gaia data release, combined with the RAVE and APOGEE spectroscopic surveys, to investigate the origin of halo stars within ≾3 kpc from the Sun. We identify halo stars kinematically as moving at a relative speed of at least 220 km s^(−1) with respect to the local standard of rest. These stars are generally less metal-rich than the disk, but surprisingly, half of our halo sample is comprised of stars with [Fe/H] > -1. The orbital directions of these metal-rich halo stars are preferentially aligned with the disk rotation, in sharp contrast with the intrinsically isotropic orbital distribution of the metal-poor halo stars. We find similar properties in the Latte cosmological zoom-in simulation of a Milky Way-like galaxy from the FIRE project. In Latte, metal-rich halo stars formed primarily inside of the solar circle, whereas lower-metallicity halo stars preferentially formed at larger distances (extending beyond the virial radius). This suggests that metal-rich halo stars in the solar neighborhood actually formed in situ within the Galactic disk, rather than having been accreted from satellite systems. These stars, currently on halo-like orbits, therefore have likely undergone substantial radial migration/heating.
Graft versus leukemia: quantification of adoptive immunotherapy in murine leukemia

Quantification of the antileukemic reactivity of transplanted immunocompetent cells from various allogeneic donors was achieved against a long-passage lymphocytic leukemia of AKR mice. Adoptive immunotherapy was the exclusive antileukemic treatment. Cells from DBA/2 donors exhibited maximal antileukemic effect, inactivating up to an estimated 107 leukemia cells. The cellular events were interpreted by using a theoretical cytokinetic construct.
School segregation and the foreclosure crisis

Abstract One overlooked consequence of America's foreclosure crisis is the impact it had on school segregation. Using data on Florida schools, we find that the crisis reduced the racial segregation of elementary schools by opening up affordable housing opportunities to black families in predominantly white neighborhoods. Our analysis has the added importance of providing a natural experiment testing whether more affordable housing in predominantly white school attendance zones will decrease segregation.
Magnetic Anomalies on Io and Their Relationship to the Spatial Distribution of Volcanic Centers

Abstract Forward modeling of planetary-scale magnetic anomalies due to induced crustal magnetization of Io is developed. The approach involves finite difference modeling of a temporally- and spatially-averaged steady state geotherm superimposed by the thermal evolution of an instantaneously emplaced volcanic pipe with and without an underlying magma chamber. A slight adjustment to previous studies results in a preferred steady state geotherm. The crustal magnetization is based on the calculated distribution of temperature, the strength of an idealized Jovian magnetic field, and a temperature-dependent susceptibility. Magnetite is assumed to be the dominant magnetic mineral. Synthetic satellite flyby data are generated along selected meridional swaths of Io’s surface, based on observed locations of volcanic centers, hotspots, and accumulations of ejected volcanic material. This work produces a 1-D geotherm which remains at approximately the surface temperature to within a few kilometers of the thermal lithosphere/mantle boundary. This solution shows little dependence on porosity due to the depth at which rapid temperature change occurs. These conclusions hold for largely varying mantle temperatures. Silicate volcanic centers cool to the temperature of sulfur eruptions rapidly and become indistinguishable from sulfur volcanism within 10,000 years. The magnetic anomaly due to temperature variation is smaller than detectable for nominal conditions. The modeling herein requires a flyby altitude of ∼25 km and a pipe radius of ∼640 m for detection, or, for a more reasonable flyby altitude of 100 km, a pipe radius of ∼6000 m. If a crustal anomaly is detected by future satellite missions, it would suggest different conditions at Io than modeled here.
A unified architecture for the design and evaluation of wireless fair queueing algorithms

Fair queueing in the wireless domain poses significant challenges due to unique issues in the wireless channel such as location-dependent and bursty channel errors. In this paper, we present a wireless fair service model that captures the scheduling requirements of wireless scheduling algorithms, and present a unified wireless fair queueing architecture in which scheduling algorithms can be designed to achieve wireless fair service. We map seven recently proposed wireless fair scheduling algorithms to the unified architecture, and compare their properties through simulation and analysis. We conclude that some of these algorithms achieve the properties of wireless fair service including short-term and long-term fairness, short-term and long-term throughput bounds, and tight delay bounds for channel access.
Postinfectious Glomerulonephritis in a Renal Allograft Associated With a Mycotic Aneurysm of a Coronary Artery

Abstract Postinfectious glomerulonephrltis is well known to occur after various infections but is rare in renal allografts, perhaps as a result of immunosuppressive therapy. This report describes a 47-year-old man who, seven years after receiving a cadaveric renal transplant, had biopsy-proved crescentic glomerulonephritls presenting with gross hematuria and rapidly progressive renal failure. The patient underwent cardiac surgery to define an abnormal structure shown on echocardiography, and a mycotic aneurysm of the left circumflex artery was discovered. Such aneurysms are uncommon and rarely diagnosed during life. This case appears to be the first report of glomerulonephritis associated with a mycotic aneurysm of a coronary artery and one of the few reports of postinfectious glomerulonephritis in a renal allograft.
Bladder Cancer: Pelvic Lymphadenectomy Revisited

The value of pelvic lymphadenectomy in patients undergoing cystectomy for bladder cancer is controversial. While perhaps 1-2 percent of all patients may be cured after excision of positive nodes, the overall contribution of this procedure to survival is minimal. Pelvic lymphadenectomy is however becoming more valuable for staging and therapy in combination with more effective systemic chemotherapy and its role in the overall management of patients with invasive bladder cancer is presently being redefined.
Cyclophosphamide Induced Hemorrhagic Cystitis: The Role of Protein Deficiency in its Occurrence

Cyclophosphamide (CPM) is an alkylating agent that has proved an effective anti-metabolite in the treatment of many tumors. One of its adverse effects is the development of severe hemorrhagic cystitis often requiring cessation of treatment. This report evaluates the influence of a protein deficient diet on the incidence of this severe complication in an animal model with a tumor burden. Seventy-two ACI Rats (200 g) were implanted with Morris Hepatoma. Following two weeks of tumor growth, animals were divided into four groups. Group I ( n =18) and Group III ( n =18) rats were fed a regular diet and a protein free diet respectively but received no chemotherapy. Animals in Group II ( n =18) and Group IV ( n =18), each received CPM 100 mg/kg IP once weekly for two weeks while being maintained respectively on a regular diet or protein free diet. The animals were evaluated for nutritional intake, serum protein, hematuria, weight change, tumor size, morbidity and mortality. Animals were sacrificed at 2 wk and evaluated for gross and microscopic bladder and renal pathology. Hemorrhagic cystitis was noted in 7/18 (38.9%) Group IV rats. No other treatment group experienced this complication. Hydroureter and renal cystic degeneration was noted in three (16.7%) animals in Group IV and once each in Groups II and III. All groups had equivalent caloric intake but a deficient protein intake occurred in Groups III and IV characterized by decreased serum albumin. Weight loss, morbidity and mortality was greatest in Group IV. These data suggest that the development of CPM induced hemorrhagic cystitis is related to the state of nutrition. Protein deficiency significantly increases the risk of this complication. Careful nutritional assessment prior to therapy and nutritional support of cancer patients receiving CPM might prove beneficial.
Endoscopic Correction of Primary Vesicoureteric Reflux: Results in 94 Ureters

Sixty one patients with primary vesicoureteric reflux were treated by endoscopie injection of Mentor Polytef paste. Seventy six of the 94 treated ureters showed complete disappearance of vesicoureteric reflux after one injection. Eight re fluxing ureters required a second injection, one required a third, and one a fourth. Six ureters showed improvement in the grade of reflux after the first injection. Two ureters did not show any change in the grade of reflux after endoscopie injection. The amount of paste injected to correct reflux in the 94 ureters varied from 0-1 to 10 ml (mean 0-33 ml). Patients were followed up for three to 25 months (mean 13*4 months). Follow up micturating cystograms in the 94 ureters showed absence of reflux in 83. Eleven ureters showed recur? rence of reflux. Recurrence of reflux was attributed to early technical difficulties and to insufficient amounts of polytef paste used in some cases. Follow up urograms did not show evidence of ureteric obstruction in the treated ureters. Endoscopie injection of polytef paste is a safe, simple, and effective procedure for primary vesicoureteric reflux and averts the need for open operation.
A Framework to Decompose Wind-Driven Biases in Climate Models Applied to CCSM/CESM in the Eastern Pacific

AbstractAnnual cycle biases in climate models are suspected to be largely wind driven along the equator, with winds first driving SST changes that then influence the overlying atmospheric circulation. This study utilizes an experimental approach to test the hypothesis that seasonally varying climatological wind stress directly contributes to the SST and ITCZ biases in the eastern equatorial Pacific. Results show that removing the wind stress annual cycle from the ocean forcing, without constraining the atmosphere and ocean dynamics or buoyancy coupling in the NCAR CCSM4/CESM1.2.0 models, results in a remarkable reduction in the SST annual cycle and springtime ITCZ biases. Improvements in the SST occur primarily because wind-driven errors in the variability of horizontal temperature advection are damped. The ITCZ problem is closely tied to biases in the wind-driven near-equatorial SST. Additional model experiments and analyses reveal that the contributions from zonal and meridional wind stress to the biase...