cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparison of physiologic and performance variables in male and female cross‐country runners during a competitive season

Five men and five women from a university cross‐country team were tested during the first 2 weeks and at the conclusion of a 7‐week cross‐country season. Maximal and submaximal cardiorespiratory responses, body composition, and performance variables were compared for seasonal and gender differences by analysis of variance and analysis of covariance. Male runners had significantly less (p ≤0.05) body fat, more fat‐free body (FFB) mass, a larger cardiorespiratory capacity, and ran more economically and faster than female runners. The difference in cardiorespiratory capacity and performance may have been due to a larger FFB (muscularity) and the increased training volume practiced by the male runners. Several gender but no seasonal differences were observed during a running economy test (214 m·min−1). A difference in oxygen uptake (VO2; ml·min−1‐kg BW−1) during the running economy test between male and female runners was unexpected and may have been due to fatigue in the female runners since their late seaso...
δ13C depth profiles from paleosols across the Permian-Triassic boundary: Evidence for methane release

Stable carbon isotopic analyses of organic carbon (δ 13 C) in individual paleosol profiles from Permian–Triassic sequences of Antarctica reveal systematic isotopic variations with profile depth. These variations are in many cases analogous to those in modern soils, which are functions of redox conditions, soil development, and degree and type of microbial decay. In modern soils, these isotopic depth functions develop independently from vegetation changes (C 3 versus C 4 vegetation) and can be diagnostic of soil orders. This study shows that soil-intrinsic functions can be preserved in the δ 13 C values of paleosols as old as 260 Ma and constitute valuable data for paleoecological interpretations. A large carbon isotopic offset of as much as 10‰ in whole paleosol profiles across the Permian-Triassic boundary indicates significant changes in the soil biogeochemistry and the soil-atmosphere system. Early Triassic paleosols are distinctive in their extremely low δ 13 C values (to −42‰) and often show an anomalous δ 13 C depth distribution compared to both Permian paleosols and modern soils. Highly depleted δ 13 C values, as the ones in Early Triassic paleosols, are suggested to be associated with microbial methane oxidation (methanotrophy). This hypothesis implies increased methane concentrations in the Early Triassic soil-atmosphere system. Increased atmospheric methane was probably partly responsible for the global carbon isotopic shift documented in marine and terrestrial sediments across the Permian–Triassic boundary.
G-protein—coupled receptors, hedgehog signaling and primary cilia

The Hedgehog (Hh) pathway has become an important model to study the cell biology of primary cilia, and reciprocally, the study of ciliary processes provides an opportunity to solve longstanding mysteries in the mechanism of vertebrate Hh signal transduction. The cilium is emerging as an unique compartment for G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling in many systems. Two members of the GPCR family, Smoothened and Gpr161, play important roles in the Hh pathway. We review the current understanding of how these proteins may function to regulate Hh signaling and also highlight some of the critical unanswered questions being tackled by the field. Uncovering GPCR-regulated mechanisms important in Hh signaling may provide therapeutic strategies against the Hh pathway that plays important roles in development, regeneration and cancer.
Identification of Small Molecules with Type I Interferon Inducing Properties by High-Throughput Screening

The continuous emergence of virus that are resistant to current anti-viral drugs, combined with the introduction of new viral pathogens for which no therapeutics are available, creates an urgent need for the development of novel broad spectrum antivirals. Type I interferon (IFN) can, by modulating the cellular expression profile, stimulate a non-specific antiviral state. The antiviral and adjuvant properties of IFN have been extensively demonstrated; however, its clinical application has been so far limited. We have developed a human cell-based assay that monitors IFN-β production for use in a high throughput screen. Using this assay we screened 94,398 small molecules and identified 18 compounds with IFN-inducing properties. Among these, 3 small molecules (C3, E51 and L56) showed activity not only in human but also in murine and canine derived cells. We further characterized C3 and showed that this molecule is capable of stimulating an anti-viral state in human-derived lung epithelial cells. Furthermore, the IFN-induction by C3 is not diminished by the presence of influenza A virus NS1 protein or hepatitis C virus NS3/4A protease, which make this molecule an interesting candidate for the development of a new type of broad-spectrum antiviral. In addition, the IFN-inducing properties of C3 also suggest its potential use as vaccine adjuvant.
19-Nor-corticosteroids in genetic hypertension. Effects of inhibitors of 11μ,18,19-hydroxylase activity

The long-term objective is to understand the role of the adrenal in altering systemic arterial blood pressure. This paper summarizes research on genetic hypertension in the rat and bears a relationship to several forms of human hypertension in which defects of steroid hydroxylases lead to increased secretion of mineralocorticoids other than aldosterone in genetic and experimental hypertension in rats. We demonstrated that 19-nor-corticosteroids are produced in excess in genetic and experimental hypertension in rats and man. We studied the enzymatic alteration responsible for excessive production of 19-nor-deoxycorticosterone (19-nor-DOC) in the salt-sensitive hypertensive rat S/JR. Biosynthesis of 19-nor-steroids involves hydroxylation of the C-19 methyl group. We characterized the adrenal 11 beta, 18,19-hydroxylase enzyme system in inbred salt-sensitive and resistant rats (R/JR). This system is capable of all three hydroxylations. The Km for 19-hydroxylation was different from S/JR and R/JR but was much greater for 11 beta- and 18-hydroxylation in both. This suggested that the catalytic site for 19-hydroxylation is different from that for 11 beta and 18. The S/JR adrenal enzyme binds the substrate with higher affinity than does the R/JR adrenal enzyme. We were unable to distinguish the cDNAs of the S/JR from the R/JR adrenal enzyme from bovine 11 beta-hydroxylase cDNA by restriction mapping. We were unable to demonstrate restriction length polymorphism. 19-Acetylenic DOC is an inhibitor which preferentially inhibits the 19-hydroxylation of DOC, and does not interfere with the 18- and 11 beta-hydroxylation. This inhibition leads to a reduction in blood pressure in the S/JR Dahl rat. We suggest that an S/JR 19-nor-DOC is involved in the development of salt-sensitivity and hypertension and that inhibition of its formation by acetylenic DOC and other aromatase and non-aromatase inhibitors is associated with reversal of these phenomena.
Why and How Do State Governments Adopt and Implement “Managing for Results” Reforms?

Managing for results reforms were proposed as solutions to the problems identified by implementation theory, but such reforms must themselves be implemented. Based on case analysis in three states, this article proposes a theory of adoption and implementation of managing for results policies. This theory argues that why and how elected officials adopt results-based reform are based on their understanding of the relative costs and benefitsprimarily symbolic-of the reform. Adopting performance information systems is popular, has no natural opposition, and requires little work or loss of power on the part of elected officials. Managers at the agency level react by using the reform where their authority allows, often in ways not predicted by reform doctrine. Agency leadership identifies how such reforms may be used to add positive value to the organization, or at least limit costs, given the organization's context and the leader's agenda. The case evidence suggests that symbolic action is not inconsistent with consequential outcomes that provide real public management benefits.
X-ray, NMR, and mutational studies of the catalytic cycle of the GDP-mannose mannosyl hydrolase reaction.

GDP-mannose hydrolase catalyzes the hydrolysis with inversion of GDP-{alpha}-D-hexose to GDP and {beta}-D-hexose by nucleophilic substitution by water at C1 of the sugar. Two new crystal structures (free enzyme and enzyme-substrate complex), NMR, and site-directed mutagenesis data, combined with the structure of the enzyme-product complex reported earlier, suggest a four-stage catalytic cycle. An important loop (L6, residues 119-125) contains a ligand to the essential Mg{sup 2+} (Gln-123), the catalytic base (His-124), and three anionic residues. This loop is not ordered in the X-ray structure of the free enzyme due to dynamic disorder, as indicated by the two-dimensional 1H-15N HMQC spectrum, which shows selective exchange broadening of the imidazole nitrogen resonances of His-124 (k{sub ex} = 6.6 x 10{sup 4} s{sup -1}). The structure of the enzyme-Mg{sup 2+}-GDP-mannose substrate complex of the less active Y103F mutant shows loop L6 in an open conformation, while the structure of the enzyme-Mg{sup 2+}-GDP product complex showed loop L6 in a closed, 'active' conformation. 1H-15N HMQC spectra show the imidazole N of His-124 to be unprotonated, appropriate for general base catalysis. Substituting Mg{sup 2+} with the more electrophilic metal ions Mn{sup 2+} or Co{sup 2+} decreases the pK{sub a} in the pH versus k{sub cat}more » rate profiles, showing that deprotonation of a metal-bound water is partially rate-limiting. The H124Q mutation, which decreases k{sub cat} 103.4-fold and largely abolishes its pH dependence, is rescued by the Y103F mutation, which increases k{sub cat} 23-fold and restores its pH dependence. The structural basis of the rescue is the fact that the Y103F mutation shifts the conformational equilibrium to the open form moving loop L6 out of the active site, thus permitting direct access of the specific base hydroxide from the solvent. In the proposed dissociative transition state, which occurs in the closed, active conformation of the enzyme, the partial negative charge of the GDP leaving group is compensated by the Mg2+, and by the closing of loop L2 that brings Arg-37 closer to the -phosphate. The development of a positive charge at mannosyl C1, as the oxocarbenium-like transition state is approached, is compensated by closing the anionic loop, L6, onto the active site, further stabilizing the transition state.« less
Determination of steroids by paper strip elution chromatography

Abstract A technique is described for the separation and quantitative analysis of Δ4-3-ketosteroids using paper strip elution chromatography. The method is sensitive to quantities of steroid of the order of 5 μg.
Gravitational Force Spectroscopy Reveals Separation of Myosin Heads at the S1/S2 Hinge

In order for striated muscle myosin to interact productively with thin filaments, it must both span the gap between thin and thick filaments and possess sufficient degrees of freedom to align its actin binding site with protomers of various helical orientations. This flexibility requires extensions and rotations of the coiled coil S2 domain of myosin including the S1/S2 hinge. To examine the ability of the coiled coil to separate, a novel gravitational force spectrometer was created that can apply femtonewton to piconewton forces with high accuracy to regions of a single myosin molecule defined by site-specific antibodies. Force-distance curves indicate that when the piconewton forces are applied perpendicular to the long axis of the S2 coiled coil at the S1/S2 hinge, the strands separate readily in a force dependent manner. However when similar levels of force are applied parallel to the long axis of the S2 coiled coil, there is much less extension. Computational force spectroscopy simulations on the atomic model of human S2 provided confirming results and with atomic resolution detail. As a control, simulations on scallop myosin S2 indicated that its coiled coil separates with less force than human S2 which is consistent with previously published reports. Furthermore, several familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy causing mutations in the S1/S2 hinge were introduced into the human S2 simulations and resulted in further destabilization of its nanomechanical properties. These results indicate that the myosin S2 has intrinsic structural functions that may be independent of its interactions with other proteins. It is possible that interactions with myosin binding proteins may modulate these properties. (Supported by NSF 084273 ARRA)
BOUNDEDNESS OF HIGHER ORDER HANKEL FORMS, FACTORIZATION IN POTENTIAL SPACES AND DERIVATIONS

We prove a bounded decomposition for higher order Hankel forms and characterize the first order Hochschild cohomology groups of the disk algebra with coefficients in the space of bounded Hankel forms of some fixed order. Although these groups are non-trivial, we prove that every bounded derivation is inner and necessarily implemented by a Hankel form of order one higher. In terms of operators, this result extends the similarity result of Aleksandrov and Peller. Both of the main structural theorems here rely on estimates involving multilinear maps on the $n$-fold product of the disk algebra and we obtain several higher order analogues of the factorization results due to Aleksandrov and Peller. 2000 Mathematics Subject Classification: 47B35, 46E15, 46E25.
PREVALENCE AND OUTCOMES OF ACUTE STEMI PATIENTS WHO WERE ON CHRONIC VITAMIN K ANTAGONIST THERAPY AT THE TIME OF PRESENTATION

Prevalence and outcomes of patients who are on chronic Vitamin K antagonist therapy (VKA) in acute STEMI populations are largely unknown as they were excluded from prospective clinical trials. It is unclear whether chronic VKA is associated with increased longterm mortality. In a large academic
USING STRUCTURAL EQUATION MODELS WITH LATENT VARIABLES TO STUDY STUDENT GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

Calls for accountability, coupled with a desire to improve teaching and learning, have prompted many colleges and universities to consider ways of assessing the effects of postsecondary education on student growth and development. Despite widespread support for the concept of assessing student change, relatively few institutions have implemented this type of assessment, in part because of a concern about the best method of measuring change. This article describes the use of structural equation models with latent variables to assess the effects of education on change. Advantages of using structural equation models with latent variables include error-free measurement of change, direct tests of the assumptions underlying change research, along with the power and flexibility of maximum likelihood estimation. An analysis of data on freshman-to-senior gains provides evidence of the advantages of latent variable structural equation modeling and also suggests that the group differences identified by traditional analysis of variance and covariance techniques may be an artifact of measurement error.
Geometric Design of Spherical Serial Chains With Curvature Constraints in the Environment

ABSTRACT This paper builds up on recent results on planar kinematicsynthesis with contact direction and curvature constraints on theworkpiece. We consider the synthesis of spherical serial chainsto guide a rigid body, such that it does not violate normal direc-tionandcurvatureconstraintsimposedbycontactwithobjectsinthe environment. We show how to derive these constraints fromthe geometry of the task and transform them into conditions onvelocity and acceleration of points in the moving body to obtainsynthesis equations which can be solved by algebraic elimina-tion. Trajectoryinterpolationformulasyieldthemovementofthechainwiththedesiredcontactpropertiesineachofthetaskposi-tions. An example shows the application of the developed theoryto the failure recovery of a robot manipulator, using kinematicsynthesis techniques. 1 INTRODUCTION Recent results on planar kinematic synthesis with contactdirections and curvature constraints on a work piece [1] are ex-pandeduponinthispaper. Thedesignofsphericallinkagesbasedon the contact and curvature constraints imposed on the workpiece is considered. The speciﬁcations on the end points of theend effector which are in contact with objects in the environmentare derived from the task geometry and transformed into speci-ﬁcations on the end effector origin and frame orientation. ThesespeciﬁcationsarethenusedtosynthesizeaserialTSchain,where
Nitric oxide adsorption on the Pt(111) surface

Abstract The adsorption of nitric oxide has been studied on the Pt(111) surface using electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS), thermal desorption spectroscopy (TDS), low energy electron diffraction (LEED) and Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) over the temperature range 100 K to 1100 K. The chemisorption of nitric oxide is predominantly molecular on the Pt(111) surface, however a small amount of dissociation occurs with heating. The low temperature vibrational spectrum for a saturation coverage of adsorbed NO is dominated by two nitrogen-oxygen stretching bands at 1490 and 1710 cm−1. These bands can be rationalized using either a site model or a dimerization model. The low frequency mode could be assigned either to adsorption in a multiply bonded bridge site or to an adsorbed nitric oxide monomer. The high frequency mode could be assigned either to singly bound nitric oxide adsorbed in a terminal configuration or to nitric oxide dimers. The authors feel that data available favors the adsorption site model. The thermal desorption spectrum resulting from NO adsorption is complex. At least three distinct desorption processes are observed as well as some dissociation to form molecular nitrogen and oxygen. The desorption peaks below 350 K apparently correspond to desorption from nitric oxide adsorbed in a terminal configuration. As desorption proceeds with increasing temperature the adsorbed nitric oxide changes from an adsorbed configuration containing primarily terminally bonded nitric oxide at saturation coverage to bridge bonded nitric oxide at lower coverages. Some of the nitric oxide which desorbs in the high temperature shoulders above, 350 K is adsorbed molecularly in a distinct configuration as evidenced by the observation of new EELS bands at 1600 and 1820 cm−1. The thermal desorption results suggest some of this adsorbed nitric oxide is also dissociatively adsorbed as evidenced by the observation that some of this nitric oxide exchanges oxygen with preadsorbed oxygen eighteen. The nitric oxide which adsorbs above 350 K is responsible for most of the nitrogen formation which occurs with heating.
Acquired Dependence of Acute Myeloid Leukemia on the DEAD-Box RNA Helicase DDX5

Summary Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) therapy involves compounds that are cytotoxic to both normal and cancer cells, and relapsed AML is resistant to subsequent chemotherapy. Thus, agents are needed that selectively kill AML cells with minimal toxicity. Here, we report that AML is dependent on DDX5 and that inhibiting DDX5 expression slows AML cell proliferation in vitro and AML progression in vivo but is not toxic to cells from normal bone marrow. Inhibition of DDX5 expression in AML cells induces apoptosis via induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS). This apoptotic response can be blocked either by BCL2 overexpression or treatment with the ROS scavenger N-acetyl-L-cysteine. Combining DDX5 knockdown with a BCL2 family inhibitor cooperates to induce cell death in AML cells. By inhibiting DDX5 expression in vivo, we show that DDX5 is dispensable for normal hematopoiesis and tissue homeostasis. These results validate DDX5 as a potential target for blocking AML.
Fundamentals of graded ferroic materials and devices

A generalized Landau-Ginzburg model is constructed and used to develop a methodology for analyzing graded ferroic materials. Material system inhomogeneities are assumed to arise from compositional, temporatore, or stress gradlents. These spatial nonuniformities are shown to give rise to local order parameters having corresponding spatial variation. Functionally graded ferroic systems are thus found to result in nonuniform free energies with aueadant ubtrnal potentials, the latter of which are evidenced by displacements of the materials's stimulus-response hysteresis plots along the response axis (e.g., polarization, magnetization, or strain axis).
Analytic characterization of measurement uncertainty and initial orbit determination on orbital element representations

This paper presents an approach to characterize the uncertainty associated with the state vector obtained from the Herrick-Gibbs orbit determination approach using transformation of variables. The approach is applied to estimate the state vector and its probability density function for objects in low Earth orbit using sparse observations. The state vector and associated uncertainty estimates are computed in Cartesian coordinates and Keplerian elements. The approach is then extended to accommodate the $$J_2$$ perturbation where the state vector is written in terms of mean orbital elements. The results obtained from the analytical approach presented in this paper are validated using Monte Carlo simulations and compared with the often utilized similarity transformation for Kepler, mean, and nonsingular elements. The measurement uncertainty characterization obtained is used to initialize conventional nonlinear filters as well as operate a Bayesian approach for orbit determination and object tracking.
Erythropoiesis lagging? pIgA1 steps in to assist Epo

Although erythropoietin (Epo) is commonly used as a therapy for anemia, recent studies have suggested that Epo therapy is associated with adverse outcomes. A new study shows that polymeric IgA1 positively regulates erythropoiesis through binding to transferrin receptor 1 (Tfr1), suggesting new therapeutic routes for anemia (pages 1456–1465).
Polyamine oxidase of primary leaves is apoplastic in oats but symplastic in barley

Abstract Peeling away the lower epidermis and vacuum-infiltrating six-day-old primary leaves with buffered 200 mM NaCl extracted an intercellular washing solution (IWS) containing up to 99% of the polyamine oxidase (PAO) activity from oats, none of the PAO activity from barley, and no cytoplasmic glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6P-D) from either species. In barley, but not oats, PAO activity was recovered from either isolated mesophyll protoplast or leaves from which the IWS had been extracted. We conclude that PAO is apoplastic and weakly ionically bound to mesophyll cell walls of oat primary leaves, but symplastic in primary leaves of barley. Implications of this differential localization including the involvement of PAO in providing hydrogen peroxide for lignification are considered.
Little v and parametric variation

Much current work assumes that “little v” (henceforth v) is a universal functional category directly involved in the building of predicates. As a functional category, one would expect v to be the locus of parametric variation, as predicted by Hagit Borer’s (1984) original hypothesis. Some analyses have shown that v is involved in parametric variation concerning Case (Legate 2008) and probably Object Shift (Chomsky 2001). In this article, we argue that v is also involved in other forms of cross-linguistic variation, thus extending parameter theory in some unexpected directions. In particular, we argue that v is involved in three different features of cross-linguistic variation: the order of verb and complements, their prosodic structure and the expression of focus/background articulation. Our data come from a code-switching variety called Esplugish, part and parcel of the I-language of a community of German/Spanish bilinguals. In Esplugish, as in other code-switching varieties, it is possible to switch between v (L1) and its complement VP/RootP (L2). Surprisingly, we find that the grammatical properties of the VP/RootP are those of L1 and not those of L2, a fact that we account for by arguing that the source of those properties is the v.
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN CORRELATIONS IN A SINGLE SAMPLE: A CORRECTION AND AMPLIFICATION

An error is corrected in a formula published earlier (Humphreys, 1976). The derivation of the formula and its applicability to the statistical comparison of two correlations involving three variables in a single sample are briefly described.
Gender and the manumission of slaves in colonial Brazil: The prospects for freedom in Sabará, Minas Gerais, 1710–1809

(1997). Gender and the manumission of slaves in colonial Brazil: The prospects for freedom in Sabara, Minas Gerais, 1710–1809. Slavery & Abolition: Vol. 18, No. 2, pp. 1-29.
Probability calculations for transitivity of simple majority rule with anonymous voters

Let P(n, 4) denote the probability that there is a pairwise simple majority rule winner on four candidates with n voters under the impartial anonymous culture condition. Similarly, let Pt(n, 4) denote the probability that the complete ranking obtained by pairwise simple majority voting on four candidates with n voters is transitive under the impartial anonymous culture condition. We obtain representations for P(n, 4) and Pt(n, 4), and computed values for each for odd n with 3 ≤ n ≤ 19.
Pathophysiologically based drug treatment of sickle cell disease.

Sickle cell disease is a systemic disorder that is caused by a mutation (Glu6Val) in the gene that encodes β globin. The sickle hemoglobin molecule (HbS) is a tetramer of two α-globin chains and two sickle β-globin chains, and has the tendency to polymerize when deoxygenated. HbS facilitates abnormal interactions between the sickle erythrocyte and leukocytes and endothelial cells, which trigger a complex pathobiology. This multifaceted pathophysiology provides the opportunity to interrupt the disease at multiple sites, including polymerization of HbS, erythrocyte density and cell–cell interactions. For example, it is possible to induce higher concentrations of fetal hemoglobin, which disrupts the pathology-initiating step of HbS polymerization. Furthermore, it is possible to improve the hydration of sickle erythrocytes and it might be feasible to counteract the endothelial, inflammatory and oxidative abnormalities of sickle cell disease. A therapeutic approach that targets several sites of pathobiology might be most promising.
Using Math and Reading Curriculum-Based Measurements to Predict State Mathematics Test Performance Are Simple One-Minute Measures Technically Adequate?

This study investigated the technical adequacy of 3 simple, 1-min curriculum-based measurements (CBM) for predicting third (n = 35) and fifth (n = 49) graders' performance on a state standards test of mathematics. Measures included 2 numeric CBMs: a traditional basic facts measure and a new “cloze” math facts measure, designed to require deeper understanding of fact families. A silent reading measure served as third predictor CBM. Results indicated that reliability and criterion validity of 1-min administrations were insufficient. When scores from 2 administrations were aggregated, moderate correlations were achieved. Results of aggression analysis showed that reading and cloze math measures each made significant unique contributions to explaining performance on the state math test and together explained 52% of variance at fifth grade and 27% at third grade.
International Business Competencies Required for All Business School Graduates

ABSTRACT Two Delphi studies were conducted to identify international business competencies required for all baccalaureate graduates of a school of business. Business school administrators and international business instructors composed the two panels. These panels validated and ranked fifty international business topics, divided into ten competency areas, for importance for inclusion in the curriculum for all business students. The experts also suggested a level of competency for each topic.
Mitochondrial DNA differentiation between populations of black sea bass (Centropristis striata) across Cape Hatteras, North Carolina (USA)

Aim Phylogeographical ‘breaks’ often occur at biogeographical province boundaries, suggesting common causative factors. Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, on the US Atlantic coast, separates water masses of sharply differing temperature and divides the Virginian and Carolinian provinces, but has not often been detected as a phylogeographical break. We studied the black sea bass, Centropristis striata (Linnaeus, 1758), a species with philopatric adults but long-lived planktonic larvae. An earlier study of only two Atlantic populations, and lower-resolution mitochondrial RFLP markers, showed strong separation between the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic, but not across Cape Hatteras. Location Over 300 adults were collected from populations from the Gulf of Mexico, the US south Atlantic (North Carolina south of Cape Hatteras, the east coast of Florida, and South Carolina), and the US mid-Atlantic (North Carolina north of Cape Hatteras, Virginia, Delaware, New Jersey and Massachusetts). Methods We sequenced the mitochondrial control region, analysed DNA sequence and haplotype frequency differentiation and haplotype networks, and performed coalescent analyses of population sizes and migration rates. Results Sequences formed three clusters – Gulf of Mexico, south Atlantic and mid-Atlantic – the Atlantic clusters being divided at Cape Hatteras. Analyses of molecular variance (AMOVA) showed that 31% of sequence variation was between populations on opposite sides of Cape Hatteras, while only 5% was between populations on the same side, yet migrate analysis detected asymmetric migration across the Cape, greater from north to south than in the opposite direction. A transitional population with roughly equal frequencies of south and mid-Atlantic haplotypes occupied a narrow stretch between Cape Hatteras and the Virginia border. Main conclusions Strong barriers to gene flow exist between the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic, and across Cape Hatteras. Adult migratory and spawning behaviours that separate mid-Atlantic and south Atlantic populations, limited larval exchange, and selection imposed by thermal gradients are each potentially responsible. In addition, these data indicate that fishery stocks of black sea bass north and south of Cape Hatteras are genetically distinct, supporting their separate management.
Evaluation of the IRMA TRUpoint and i-STAT creatinine assays

Abstract Background The i-STAT®(Abbott Diagnostics, East Windsor, NJ) and IRMA TRUpoint™ (ITC, Edison, NJ) POCT analyzers were evaluated in an oncology center. Methods Precision and agreement with our core laboratory creatinine was judged by comparison of 50 consecutive chemotherapy patient results against the Roche rate-blanked Jaffe and enzymatic creatinine methods. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was estimated using the Cockroft–Gault (CG) calculation and Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study (MDRD) equation. Results Precision varied from 1% (enzymatic)–6.1% (TRUpoint). Correlation was good (r > 0.9948) with slopes within 5% of the Jaffe and enzymatic methods. Intercepts were 0.60) than the i-STAT (by CG estimation) (Kappa = 0.41–0.60). Conclusion Small biases in the calibration of analytical creatinine methods can lead to differences in clinical concordance using estimated GFR. Selecting an optimal POCT method depends on the institution's current creatinine method and tolerance for analytical performance and clinical concordance.
Endoscopic ultrasound-guided anterograde cholangiopancreatography

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) may fail in 10–15% of cases. A growing percentage of such cases are due to the inaccessible papilla after gastric bypass surgery for the treatment of obesity. Endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) offers an alternative route of access to the bile and pancreatic ducts. Using the curved linear array echoendoscope, access to the bile and pancreatic ducts is possible under real-time EUS guidance. The route of access is ‘anterograde’, in contrast to the ‘retrograde’ approach of ERCP. We have coined the term “EUS-guided anterograde cholangiopancreatography (EACP)” to cover the spectrum of EUS-guided techniques for accessing and draining the bile and pancreatic ducts. These techniques are reviewed in this paper. The literature has validated the feasibility of EACP but complication rates have been high; the safety profile of EACP must improve. This will require tools, designed for EUS-guided applications, that enable safer transenteric access and drainage.
The most under-used statistical method in corpus linguistics: multi-level (and mixed-effects) models

Much statistical analysis of psycholinguistic data is now being done with so-called mixed-effects regression models. This development was spearheaded by a few highly influential introductory articles that (i) showed how these regression models are superior to what was the previous gold standard and, perhaps even more importantly, (ii) showed how these models are used practically. Corpus linguistics can benefit from mixed-effects/multi-level models for the same reason that psycholinguistics can – because, for example, speaker-specific and lexically specific idiosyncrasies can be accounted for elegantly; but, in fact, corpus linguistics needs them even more because (i) corpus-linguistic data are observational and, thus, usually unbalanced and messy/noisy, and (ii) most widely used corpora come with a hierarchical structure that corpus linguists routinely fail to consider. Unlike nearly all overviews of mixed-effects/multi-level modelling, this paper is specifically written for corpus linguists to get more o...
Metabolism of Tritium-Labeled Pyridoxine in Rats.∗:

BS>Urine, blood, and fecal samples from rats injected intravenously with tritium-labeled pyridoxine hydrochloride were collected at various time intervals post injection for excretion and chromatographic study. Approximately 70% of the administered label was excreted in the urine in 5 hours. Fecal excretion was less than 0.03% in 96 hours post injection. There were 2 rates of excretion: the initial rapid rate with a half-time of about 45 minutes, followed by a slower rate with a half-time of 17 days. Chromatographic studies of urine showed that the pyridoxine was excreted primarily unchanged with a small amount of only one metabolite, most likely 4-pyridoxic acid. (auth)
Adults' Understanding of Conservation of Horizontality

(1992). Adults' Understanding of Conservation of Horizontality. The Journal of General Psychology: Vol. 119, No. 1, pp. 99-100.
Age and Gender Differerences In a Social Process Model of Adolescent Cigarette Use

This study examines how age and gender influence the ability of social process theory to explain adolescent cigarette use. Differences in the causal effects of social process variables for three age periods for male and female adolescents are examined. Longitudinal data from a sample of midwestern adolescents are analyzed using path analyses procedures. Findings from these analyses indicate that social process theory is better able to account for cigarette use among older females than any other age and gender group. For females, commitment to education and school activities were better predictors of cigarette smoking at a later age than an earlier age, whereas the opposite was found for belief in conventional societal rules. For males, previous smoking was the major variable in all three age groups to directly affect subsequent smoking. These findings are discussed in terms of previous age and gender research.
INTRAVENOUS SALINE HAS NO EFFECT ON BLOOD ETHANOL CLEARANCE

For patients presenting to emergency departments with ethanol intoxication, intravenous (i.v.) fluids are initiated for varied reasons. This investigation determined the effect of i.v. fluid therapy on the rate of blood ethanol clearance in such patients. Volunteers received a predetermined dose of ethanol on two separate occasions. On the second occasion, volunteers rapidly received a liter of i.v. saline directly following ethanol ingestion. At intervals on both occasions, blood ethanol levels were estimated using a breath analyzer. Using linear regression analysis, no difference was found in rates of alcohol clearance with or without i.v. fluid intervention. The common rate of clearance between both groups was 15 mg/dL/h (95% CI 12 to 18). We conclude that i.v. fluid therapy does not accelerate ethanol clearance in intoxicated patients. While such therapy may be justified for other reasons, practitioners are cautioned against initiating fluids in such patients solely to expedite ethanol elimination.
Help! I'm the New Distance Librarian-: Where Do I Begin?

This paper informally presents the results of a study using a combined survey/interview technique that asked experienced extended, distance and/or distributed library services librarians for their advice to novice librarians in the field. The primary recommendation is to build relationships. Other strategies are offered in the areas of marketing, gathering information, evaluating policies, remaining flexible, keeping up with technology, and using the ACRL (Association of College and Research Libraries) Guidelines for Distance Library Services.
Urinary polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon metabolites as biomarkers to woodsmoke exposure - results from a controlled exposure study.

Woodsmoke contains harmful components — such as fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) — and impacts more than half of the global population. We investigated urinary hydroxylated PAH metabolites (OH-PAHs) as woodsmoke exposure biomarkers in nine non-smoking volunteers experimentally exposed to a wood fire. Individual urine samples were collected from 24-h before to 48-h after the exposure and personal PM2.5 samples were collected during the 2-h woodsmoke exposure. Concentrations of nine OH-PAHs increased by 1.8–7.2 times within 2.3–19.3 h, and returned to baseline approximately 24 h after the exposure. 2-Naphthol (2-NAP) had the largest post-exposure increase and exhibited a clear excretion pattern in all participants. The level of urinary OH-PAHs, except 1-hydroxypyrene (1-PYR), correlated with those of PM2.5, levoglucosan and PAHs in personal PM2.5 samples. This finding suggests that several urinary OH-PAHs, especially 2-NAP, are potential exposure biomarkers to woodsmoke; by contrast, 1-PYR may not be a suitable biomarker. Compared with levoglucosan and methoxyphenols — two other urinary woodsmoke biomarkers that were measured in the same study and reported previously — OH-PAHs might be better biomarkers based on sensitivity, robustness and stability, particularly under suboptimal sampling and storage conditions, like in epidemiological studies carried out in less developed areas.
Children speak about neighborhoods: using mixed methods to measure the construct neighborhood

This study contributes to the knowledge base of community practice and research by examining the construct neighborhood from qualitative and quantitative perspectives. Mixed methodology was employed to explore the associations and discrepancies between a census measure of neighborhood based in social disorganization theory and a qualitative measure based on the voices of children (N=59). Qualitative results indicate nine dimensions of the construct neighborhood that are not found in census-based measures of the construct. Mixed methods results demonstrate that children in both higher and lower socially disorganized neighborhoods express the presence of neighborhood resources and neighborly affiliations as well as negative neighborhood experiences. Expressions of fear, needs for safety, and qualities of unsavory characters distinguish the two types of neighborhoods. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Components of evoked potentials in cerebral cortex.

Abstract Data are presented on the nature of the potential in two types of evoked responses of the cerebral cortex, the cortical response (SCR) produced by a stimulus to the surface and the transcallosally evoked response (TCR). A combination of exploration in depth and of modification of the responses by GABA shows that the SCR is produced by activity only in the superficial 0.5 mm. of cortex and chiefly in the upper portion of this layer. The TCR, on the other hand, is generated by activity probably in the full depth of the cortex, including responses of the superficial dendrites. Block of responsiveness in the superficial layer by KCl or by topical Nembutal eliminates the SCR or TCR, but in the latter case a small positivity reflects negativity of underlying deep structures. In neither case does the effect resemble that produced by GABA. Modifications of the SCR by intravenous Nembutal and of the TCR by brain stem stimulation and repetitive activity also indicate that p.s.p.'s of the superficial layer are involved in the responses.
Postembedment Labeling of Intracellular Concanavalin A-Binding Sites in Freeze-Substituted Fungal Cells

Abstract Bourett, T. M., Picollelli, M. A., and Howard, R. J. 1993. Postembedment labeling of intracellular concanavalin A-binding sites in freeze-substituted fungal cells. Experimental Mycology 17, 223-235. We have successfully identified specific intracellular concanavalin A (Con A) binding sites in cells of the fungal rice blast pathogen, Magnaporthe grisea. A postembedding procedure, lectin-gold complex, and freeze-substituted material were used to localize Con A binding within (1) smooth membrane cisternae, (2) the plasmalemma, (3) vesicular and nonvesicular components of the Spitzenkorper exclusive of the core region, (4) the contents of vacuoles distal to the hyphal tip, (5) a population of vesicles in conidia just prior to germination, and (6) the cortical region of cytoplasm in hyphae. These results offer new biochemical information concerning fungal cell physiology, not readily available through other analytical methods, and demonstrate a promising means for the further characterization of the enigmatic endomembrane system in fungi.
Enhancing understanding and improving prediction of severe weather through spatiotemporal relational learning

Severe weather, including tornadoes, thunderstorms, wind, and hail annually cause significant loss of life and property. We are developing spatiotemporal machine learning techniques that will enable meteorologists to improve the prediction of these events by improving their understanding of the fundamental causes of the phenomena and by building skillful empirical predictive models. In this paper, we present significant enhancements of our Spatiotemporal Relational Probability Trees that enable autonomous discovery of spatiotemporal relationships as well as learning with arbitrary shapes. We focus our evaluation on two real-world case studies using our technique: predicting tornadoes in Oklahoma and predicting aircraft turbulence in the United States. We also discuss how to evaluate success for a machine learning algorithm in the severe weather domain, which will enable new methods such as ours to transfer from research to operations, provide a set of lessons learned for embedded machine learning applications, and discuss how to field our technique.
An Efficient Computational Inverse Approach for Optimal Design of Localized Activation and Actuation for Morphing SMP Structures

A strategy is presented to identify the optimal localized activation and actuation for a morphing thermally-activated SMP structure or structural component to obtain a targeted shape change subject to design objectives such as minimal total required energy and time. This strategy combines numerical representations of the SMP structure’s thermo-mechanical behavior subject to activation and actuation with nonlinear optimization methods to efficiently solve the morphing inverse problem that includes minimizing cost functions which address thermal and mechanical energy, morphing time, and damage. The details of this strategy are presented along with simulated examples to display the capabilities and limitations, as well as potential future directions for improving these techniques.© 2012 ASME
Reciprocal Effects between Burying Behavior of a Larval Dragonfly (Odonata: Macromia illinoiensis) and Zebra Mussel Colonization

Invasive zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) often colonize dragonfly larvae, especially spawling species whose survivorship to emergence as terrestrial predators is consequently reduced. Using individuals of the sprawler, Macromia illinoiensis, as their own controls, we compared the burying behavior of penultimate instar larvae before (i.e. baseline) and after their colonization by zebra mussels under ambient conditions. Individuals that took longer to bury themselves when mussel-free had a higher rate of colonization by mussels over a five-day period compared to those that buried faster. In contrast, the depth at which individuals buried when mussel-free was not predictive of subsequent colonization rate. Although mean bury time did not differ between baseline and when an individual carried one or more mussels, colonized larvae buried more shallowly than when mussel-free. Moreover, attached mussels increased the risk of subsequent colonization by zebra mussels. After naturally losing all of their attached mussels, bury time and depth of individuals did not differ from their baseline behavior, indicating that the changes in the behavior of colonized individuals were due to mussel loads and not their time in captivity. Under natural conditions, the positive feed-back between mussel attachment and increasing vulnerability to colonization helps explain how mussel loads, which are lost at molting, can accumulate quickly over the duration of the final larval stadium. Because zebra mussel attachment decreases the crypsis that that a M. illinoiensis gains from burying, the invasive mussel may also make dragonfly larvae more detectable to visual predators.
Ranking and mapping of applications to cloud computing services by SVD

Cloud computing promises to provide high performance, on-demand services in a flexible and affordable manner, it offers the benefits of fast and easy deployment, scalability and service oriented architecture. It promises substantial cost reduction together with increased flexibility than the traditional IT operation. Cloud service providers typically come with various levels of services and performance characteristics. In addition, there are different types of user applications with specific requirements such as availability, security and computational power. Currently, there are no standard ranking and classification services for the users to select the appropriate providers to fit their application requirements. Determining the best cloud computing service for a specific application is a challenge and often determines the success of the underlying business of the service consumers. In this paper, we propose a set of cloud computing specific performance and quality of service (QoS) attributes, an information collection mechanism and the analytic algorithm based on Singular Value Decomposition Technique (SVD) to determine the best service provider for a user application with a specific set of requirements. This technique provides an automatic best-fit procedure which does not require a formal knowledge model.
Histamine secretion induced by N-acetyl cysteine.

The mucolytic drugN-acetyl cysteine has been shown to release histamine from cultured mouse mast cells and from human basophils. At neutral pH the release was moderate and non-cytotoxic. If the acidity of the drug was not neutralized, this histamine release was markedly potentiated, but was then associated with a reduction in the viability of the cells. However, the high level of release could not be reproduced by simply exposing the cells to an acidic medium. The results are discussed in terms of a possible mechanism for the adverse reactions sometimes observed duringN-acetyl cysteine therapy.