cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Portage Glacier and Portage Pass, Alaska: Little Ice Age dynamics and the chronology of glacial retreat

Abstract Portage Glacier currently acts as a lacustrine calving glacier discharging icebergs into Portage Lake, Alaska. This glacier advanced during the Little Ice Age, and from 1799 to 1911 completely filled the lake basin and deposited three large moraines downvalley of the modern lakeshore. During this time the glacial ablation regime was dominated by melting and a large outwash stream flowed from the glacier to Turnagain Arm. Portage Lake, approximately 5 km long, 2 km wide and 200 m deep, began to form in 1914 after the glacier retreated off the 1852 AD moraine. The deep water of the lake caused calving to become the dominant ablation process. From 1799 to 1914, the retreat rate averaged 3.8 m/year when the ablation regime was dominated by melting, but this rate increased to 56.3 m/year from 1914 to 1994 as the ablation became dominated by calving into the deep lake. Since 1994, the terminus of Portage Glacier has become stabilized where it rests on the bedrock shoreline at the east end of the lake. ...
A Critical Incidents Approach to Outcomes Assessment.

Standardized questionnaires often have been used to elicit student opinions on issues regarding accreditation by the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business—International (AACSB). These questionnaires require students to rate a wide range of items that may or may not be important to them. In this study, the authors supplemented these questionnaires by asking graduating business students to evaluate their university experiences by describing aspects that were especially successful and factors that needed improvement. This open-format, "critical incidents" approach to outcomes assessment readily generated recollections of incidents useful in guiding program change. The incidents provided additional perspective on data obtained from the College Student Experiences Questionnaire.
Diurnal variation : reliability of measurement and relationship to typical and atypical symptoms of depression

We used three rating scales to study diurnal variation of mood in 37 patients with major depressive disorder (17 drug-free patients and 20 treatment refractory patients on stable regimens of antidepressant medication). The three rating scales included global self-ratings administered twice a day; an itemized, prospective, observer-rated scale administered twice a day; and the retrospective item on the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale. Z scores and Intraclass Correlation Coefficients demonstrated a poor level of agreement between the itemized, prospective scale and the self-ratings. In addition, stepwise multiple regression analysis and point bi-serial correlation showed no systematic relationship between atypical diurnal variation (i.e., mood worsening in the evening) and atypical depressive symptoms (weight gain, hypersomnia, etc.), or between typical diurnal variation (i.e., mood worsening in the morning) and typical depressive symptoms (weight loss, insomnia, etc.). This lack of relationship was observed in both drug-free and medicated patients using each of the three rating scales. We discuss possible explanations for these negative findings.
Molecular characterization of the SerL paralogs of Tetrahymena thermophila.

In the pond ciliate Tetrahymena thermophila, expression of genes encoding variant forms of the cell surface immobilization antigen (i-ag) is regulated by environmental conditions. Multiple isoforms of the L i-ags are found on the surface of cells grown at <20°C as well as on the surface of rseC mutants which express SerL genes constitutively. Five cDNAs encoding variant L i-ags of rseC were sequenced and their expression studied. Two additional SerL genes from natural isolates were sequenced. Members of the SerL family encode polypeptides with 148, 316, or 371 amino acids, and the i-ags have two, five, or six imperfect repeats, respectively, flanked by putative ER translocation and GPI addition signals. Each repeat contains six periodic cysteines, in contrast to eight or ten in other i-ags of T. thermophila. At least three of the five genes constitutively expressed in rseC mutants are differentially expressed in cells expressing other i-ags. Northern analysis and RT-PCR indicate that expression of some members of the SerL family is regulated by both transcription and mRNA stability while another member is regulated primarily by mRNA stability.
Modeling of N2+ first negative spectra excited by electron impact on N2

Abstract Previously published intensity formulas for the calculation of N2+ first negative spectra excited by electron impact on N2 given by Herzberg and Muntz are generalized and adapted to arbitrary N2X vibrational temperatures. The formulation includes all the quantities necessary for detailed computer modeling. Despite the refinements, the rotational structure and band profiles generated by the different methods agree to within a few percent at both normal (300°K) and elevated (5000°K) rotational and vibrational temperatures. Discrepancies in published A-values are noted and a recalculated array is given.
Proton exit channels in bovine cytochrome c oxidase.

Cytochrome c oxidase (CcO) is the terminal transmembrane enzyme of the respiratory electron transport chain in aerobic cells. It catalyzes the reduction of oxygen to water and utilizes the free energy of the reduction reaction for proton pumping, a process which results in a membrane electrochemical proton gradient. Although the structure of the enzyme has been solved for several organisms, the molecular mechanism of proton pumping and proton exit pathways remain unknown. In our previous work (Popovic, D. M.; Stuchebrukhov, A. A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2004, 126, 1858. Popovic, D. M.; Stuchebrukhov, A. A. FEBS Lett. 2004, 566, 126), the continuum electrostatic calculations were employed to evaluate the electrostatic potential, energies, and protonation state of bovine cytochrome c oxidase for different redox states of the enzyme. A possible mechanism of oxygen reduction and proton pumping via His291 was proposed. In this paper, using electrostatic calculations, we examine the proton exit pathways in the enzyme...
Discrete Element Method Study on Effect of Shear-Induced Anisotropy on Thermal Conductivity of Granular Soils

AbstractIn this study, a simple idealization of heat transfer by conduction at the interparticle contacts is utilized for the evaluation of thermal conductivity of granular soils when subjected to external loading conditions. Discrete element method simulations employing this idealization were performed to examine the impact of loading the soil in a consolidated drained triaxial test environment on soil thermal conductivity. Results of conducted simulations show that shear-induced anisotropy results in an anisotropic thermal conductivity tensor. The results also indicate that contact density affects the average thermal conductivity of granular materials. The larger the average number of contacts per particle, or the coordination number, the larger the thermal conductivity. During shearing, the coordination number tends to decrease, resulting in a reduction in soil thermal conductivity with dense soils, showing a larger decrease in thermal conductivity upon shearing.
‘Congenital’ hydronephrosis: limitations of diagnosis by fetal ultrasonography

Objective To determine whether children presenting clinically with pelvi-ureteric junction obstruction had fetal hydronephrosis. Patients and methods Forty-three children, born during or after 1985, presented clinically with pelvi-ureteric junction obstruction. Records of the maternal pregnancies were reviewed with reference to the findings of any fetal ultrasonography. Results In 25 patients fetal ultrasonography was per-formed at or beyond 30 weeks' gestation (mean 33.2). None had significant fetal hydronephrosis. Conclusion Hydronephrosis due to pelvi-ureteric obstruction is not necessarily congenital and patients presenting clinically may differ inherently from those detected fetally.
Investigations in high-precision sorting.

We have investigated the accuracy with which droplets containing cells can be sorted individually onto known and thus relocatable positions. The presence and random arrival of cells and particles in the sorter jet disturbs the orderly production and deflection of droplets, causing a dispersion of sorted droplet trajectories. The magnitude of this dispersion is a function of the phase relationship between the arrival of a cell at the end of the jet and the droplet formation. Using a modified Becton Dickinson Fluorescence-Activated Cell Sorter, we selected for sorting only those droplets that formed with a cell near the center of the droplet. We used this technique to sort Lewis lung tumor cells. The dispersion of droplet positions was reduced from over 3% to about 1% of an average deflection of typically 15 mm for a nozzle with a 50-micron diameter orifice. Sorting onto a surface such as magnetic tape or a microscope slide introduces another uncertainty in position because the cell may be located anywhere ...
Overweight girls who internalize fat stereotypes report low psychosocial well-being

Objective: This study examines developmental change and intraindividual stability in girls' fat stereotypes and associations between girls' internalization of stereotypes and their psychosocial well-being. Methods and Procedures: Participants included 163 non-Hispanic white girls. Girls' fat stereotypes were assessed at ages 9 and 11 years and their height and weight and all measures of psychosocial well-being, including global self-worth, perceived physical appearance, and maladaptive eating attitudes, were assessed at ages 9, 11, and 13 years. Change in girls' fat stereotypes between ages 9 and 11 was assessed using Repeated Measures ANOVA. Intraindividual stability in stereotypes was assessed using Spearman rank correlation analysis. Planned comparisons were used to test the hypothesis that overweight girls who internalize fat stereotypes are at heightened risk of poor psychosocial well-being. Results: Girls' fat stereotypes decreased significantly between ages 9 and 11. Moderate intraindividual stability was observed in overweight girls', but not nonoverweight girls', reported stereotypes. As predicted, overweight girls who reported high fat stereotypes reported significantly lower psychosocial well-being than all other girls in the sample, independent of their weight status. Discussion: Findings suggest that overweight girls may be particularly sensitive to weight-based stereotypes and may experience poor psychosocial well-being when they internalize stereotypes. Health practitioners working with overweight girls need to be aware of girls' sensitivity to weight-based stereotypes and should actively work against condoning and reinforcing such stereotypes.
Medical costs of war in 2035: long-term care challenges for veterans of Iraq and Afghanistan.

ABSTRACTWar-related medical costs for U.S. veterans of Iraq and Afghanistan may be enormous because of differences between these wars and previous conflicts: (1) Many veterans survive injuries that would have killed them in past wars, and (2) improvised explosive device attacks have caused “polytraumatic” injuries (multiple amputations; brain injury; severe facial trauma or blindness) that require decades of costly rehabilitation. In 2035, today's veterans will be middle-aged, with health issues like those seen in aging Vietnam veterans, complicated by comorbidities of post-traumatic stress disorder, traumatic brain injury, and polytrauma. This article cites emerging knowledge about best practices that have demonstrated cost-effectiveness in mitigating the medical costs of war. We propose that clinicians employ early interventions (trauma care, physical therapy, early post-traumatic stress disorder diagnosis) and preventive health programs (smoking cessation, alcohol-abuse counseling, weight control, stre...
Impurity effects in the interaction of oxygen with Rh(111)

Abstract High resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) and Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) have been used to study a stable oxide-like species that can form on Rh(111) under ultrahigh vacuum dosing conditions. The results presented here demonstrate that this species develops because of the interaction of oxygen with low level boron impurities at the surface of the rhodium crystal. Although this oxide is difficult to detect and identify using Auger spectroscopy, even very small amounts of the boron oxide can be easily detected using EELS.
Transient excess-radon profiles in Pacific bottom water

Abstract Five near-bottom excess-radon profiles have been measured at the Geosecs-I station in the northeast Pacific, at varying intervals over a period of two and a half years. These profiles vary considerably in both structure and radon concentration, indicating transient characteristics of the bottom water in the deep Pacific. Only two of the five profiles are of the quasi-exponential type (Y. Chung and H. Craig); the stationary vertical eddy diffusivities calculated from these two profiles are 129 cm 2 /sec in November, 1971, and 22 cm 2 /sec obtained five months later. A single bottom-radon profile was measured in the western-boundary-current region of the South Pacific at the Geosecs-III station. This profile is also of the quasi-exponential type, with a vertical diffusivity of 32 cm 2 /sec. Although the radon concentrations of the three quasi-exponential profiles and the calculated diffusivities are quite different, the integrated excess-radon inventory in the water column, and the calculated flux of radon across the sediment—water interface, vary by only a factor of two in the two areas studied.
Cardiac Angiotensin-(1-7) in Ischemic Cardiomyopathy

Background— Accumulating evidence suggests that angiotensin-(1-7) (Ang-[1-7]) may play an important role in counteracting the pressor, proliferative, and profibrotic actions of angiotensin II in the heart. Thus, we evaluated whether Ang-(1-7) is expressed in the myocardium of normal rats and those in which myocardial infarction was produced 4 weeks beforehand. Methods and Results— The left coronary artery in 10-week-old Lewis rats was either ligated (n=5) or exposed but not occluded in age-matched controls (sham; n=5). Left ventricular end-diastolic pressures were significantly elevated 4 weeks after myocardial infarction (25±1 versus 5±1 mm Hg for sham; P<0.001), whereas left ventricular systolic pressures were significantly reduced (ligated 86±4 versus sham 110±5 mm Hg; P<0.01). Hemodynamic effects of coronary artery ligation were accompanied by significant cardiac hypertrophy (heart weight to body weight: ligated 4.3±0.1 versus sham 2.9±0.1 mg/g; P<0.001). In both ligated and sham rats, Ang-(1-7) immun...
Anti-Inflammatory Treatment of Muscular Injuries in Sports

Stretch-induced muscle injuries or strains, muscle contusions and delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) are common muscle problems in athletes. Anti-inflammatory treatment is often used for the pain and disability associated with these injuries. The most recent studies on nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in strains and contusions suggest that the use of NSAIDs can result in a modest inhibition of the initial inflammatory response and its symptoms. However, this may be associated with some small negative effects later in the healing phase. Corticosteroids have generally been shown to adversely affect the healing of these acute injuries. Animal studies have suggested that anabolic steroids may actually aid in the healing process, but clinical studies are not yet available and the exact role of these drugs has yet to be determined. Studies on anti-inflammatory treatment of DOMS have yielded conflicting results. However, the effect of NSAIDs on DOMS appears small at best. Future research may have to focus on different aspects of these injuries as the emphasis on anti-inflammatory treatment has yielded somewhat disappointing results.
Reliable clustering on uncertain graphs

Many graphs in practical applications are not deterministic, but are probabilistic in nature because the existence of the edges is inferred with the use of a variety of statistical approaches. In this paper, we will examine the problem of clustering uncertain graphs. Uncertain graphs are best clustered with the use of a possible worlds model in which the most reliable clusters are discovered in the presence of uncertainty. Reliable clusters are those which are not likely to be disconnected in the context of different instantiations of the uncertain graph. We present experimental results which illustrate the effectiveness of our model and approach.
LDO Design Methodology and an Intelligent Power Management Sub-System IC for CDMA Handsets

This paper describes the design methodology of a low dropout regulator (LDO). It was used to develop a power management sub-system IC for CDMA handsets which is also described in this paper. This IC contains 11 LDOs, bandgap reference, battery charger, control logic and some other peripheral circuits. For CDMA applications, very small ground current in the order of µA in standby mode is required for LDOs. An LDO architecture to meet this requirement and achieve stable operation over the process variation was developed. The on-chip logic efficiently controls all LDOs and battery charger to reduce the power dissipation as much as possible. This mixed signal subsystem has been implemented in the in-house 0.6-µm BCDMOS process. The very low LDO ground current down to 3µA has been achieved with stable operation.
Improving business school courses by applying lean principles and practices

Describes the application of lean principles and practices to the design and delivery of a graduate business course on leadership taken by part‐time working professional students in a classroom setting. The principal objectives were to improve consistency between what was taught in the course and how the course was taught, eliminate waste, improve the quality and relevance of course materials, and deliver greater value as perceived by students. Results indicate a higher level of student satisfaction, in part through clearer expectations, less ambiguity regarding lectures and assignments, standard formats for assignments, smoothing individual and team assignments over the semester, and better management of students' time both in and outside class. This joins a growing body of work that demonstrates the applicability of lean principles and practices to service businesses, and the achievement of improved outcomes.
Purple Plague Revisited

Intermetallic formation in gold-aluminum systems has been studied at 200°C to 460°C using butt-welded diffusion couples. The predominant intermetallic phase was found to be Au5Al2, but all five equilibrium phases of the system were present in the couples after annealing at long times. The kinetics of the process were measured and the activation energy for overall intermetallic formation was found to be 15.9 kcal/mol. The effect of silicon on intermetallic formation was also investigated. It was found that while silicon had little effect on the growth rate of AuAl, Au2Al, Au5Al2, and Au4Al, it substantially increased the amount of purple phase in the couples. An electron microprobe traverse indicated that this purple phase contained 6 wt% Si. The relative tensile strengths of the intermetallics were determined indirectly by measuring the tensile properties of the diffused couples. It was found that all the intermetallics were stronger than gold or aluminum. However, appreciable voiding occurred in Au5Al2 after long times above 300°C and in AuAl2 after long times above 400°C weakening these phases catastrophically. The voiding was greatly accelerated by intermittent aging.
Prevalence of natural fungal mortality of green peach aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae) on potatoes and nonsolanaceous hosts in Washington and Idaho

Green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Selzer), populations were monitored and examined for pathogens at Moscow and Troy, ID, in 1991 and near Yakima, WA, in 1991–1992. M. persicae infesting a peach orchard, broadleaf weeds within and around the periphery of the orchard, and nearby potato fields near Yakima were observed from March until November. Potatoes and nonsolanaceous plants in home gardens in Moscow and Troy also were monitored for M. persicae and examined for pathogens during the growing season. In 1991, aphid numbers reached a maximum of 6,070 per 5–15-cm peach twig segments on 29 May but only nine per 15–0.15-m twig segments in 1992. Fungal pathogen activity was barely discemable on tree-borne aphids in the orchard but was observed more frequently from aphids infesting weeds beneath the trees. An epizootic of Entomophthorales occurred on aphids infesting solanaceous (potatoes) and nonsolanaceous hosts in home gardens in Moscow and Troy, (Latah County), Idaho, in 1991. Verticillium lecanii (Zimmerman) Viegas was identified from M. persicae on peach leaves; Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuillemin and Conidiobolus sp. were identified from aphids on potatoes. Aphids collected from weeds growing in and near the peach orchard were infected with Entomophthora chromaphidis Cornu, Conidiobolus coronatus (Constantin) Batko, C. obscurus (Petch) Hall & Dunn, and V. lecanii. Aphids on potatoes and nonsolanaceous hosts at Moscow and Troy were infected with Pandora neoaphidis (Remaudiere & Hennebert) Humber, E. chromaphidis , and Conidiobolus spp. Aphid populations were much lower in 1992 both within the orchard and in potatoes.
Use of Cone-Beam Computed Tomography to Identify Root Canal Systems In Vitro

This study investigated the use of cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) as a diagnostic tool for identifying root canal systems (RCSs) when compared with images obtained by using charged coupled device (CCD) and photostimulable phosphor plate (PSP) digital radiography in vitro. Seventy-two extracted teeth were exposed with CCD, PSP, and CBCT radiography. Specimens included 24 maxillary molars, mandibular premolars, and mandibular incisors each. Tooth-type selections were based on the greater possibility of multiple RCSs. Three board-certified endodontists evaluated CCD and PSP images to determine the number of RCSs. CBCT images were used to establish "ground truth" for the comparisons and were evaluated by a board-certified oral and maxillofacial radiologist who determined the number of RCSs. Descriptive statistical analysis revealed that the endodontists consistently agreed among themselves. When compared with CBCT evaluation, the endodontists, on average, failed to identify 1 or more RCSs in 41% of the teeth with CCD and 40% of the time with PSP. CBCT evaluations identified an average of 3.58 RCSs per maxillary molar, 1.21 per mandibular premolar, and 1.5 per mandibular incisor. Evaluation of CCD images demonstrated an average number of 1.0 RCSs per mandibular incisor, 1.0 per mandibular first premolar, and 3.1 per maxillary molar. Evaluation of PSP images demonstrated an average number of 1.3 RCSs per mandibular incisor, 1.1 per mandibular first premolar, and 3.0 per maxillary molar. In summary, endodontist evaluators with either CCD or PSP methods failed to identify at least 1 RCS in approximately 4 of 10 teeth, which can result in a less optimal healing outcome if a missed RCS is left uninstrumented and unobturated.
A study of the natural history of adrenal-regeneration hypertension.

The natural history of adrenal-regeneration hypertension was studied over a period of 21 weeks. The blood pressure remained elevated in a high percentage of rats with severe adrenal-regeneration hypertensive disease following removal of the regenerated adrenal. Rats with less severe adrenal-regeneration hypertensive disease showed a moderate decline in blood pressure following either removal of the regenerated adrenal or substitution of water for saline drinking solution. A marked fall in blood pressure resulted when the regenerated adrenal was removed and water substituted for saline.
The mechanics of deformation-induced subgrain-dislocation structures in metallic crystals at large strains

We present a streamlined limiting case of the theory of Oritz & Repetto for crystals with microstructure in which the crystals are assumed to exhibit infinitely strong latent hardening. We take this property to signify that the crystal must necessarily deform in single slip at all material points. This requirement introduces a non–convex constraint that renders the incremental problem non–convex. We have assessed the ability of the theory to predict salient aspects of the body of experimental data compiled by Hansen et al. regarding lamellar dislocation structures in crystals deformed to large strains. Although the comparisons with experiment are somewhat indirect, the theory appears to correctly predict salient aspects of the statistics of misorientation angles and lamellar–boundary spacings, and the scaling of the average misorientation and spacing with increasing macroscopic strain.
Important placement considerations for modern VLSI chips

In recent years the role of placement in the Physical Design of large chips has grown dramatically. One factor for this growth is that wire delays are increasing as a percentage of overall cycle time. As a result, placement needs to consider more than just routability of the final design. Placement is now a major contributor to timing closure results. The problem space for placement now covers a broad range of design styles, including ASIC, SOC, and Microprocessor. Each of these introduce unique challenges to placement algorithms. In addition, the ability of the placement algorithms to operate incrementally within a timing closure system is growing in significance. This talk will outline the variety of placement problems that are routinely encountered, describe major algorithmic approaches that are used to solve the problems, and discuss timing closure characteristics of different approaches.
A reliable and efficient two-stream algorithm for spherical radiative transfer: Documentation of accuracy in realistic layered media

We present a fast and well documented two-stream algorithm for radiative transfer and particle transport in vertically inhomogeneous, layered media. The physical processes considered are internal production (emission), scattering, absorption, and Lambertian reflection at the lower boundary. The medium may be forced by internal sources as well as by parallel or uniform incidence at the top boundary. This two-stream algorithm is based on a general purpose multi-stream discrete ordinate algorithm released previously. It incorporates all the advanced features of this well-tested and unconditionally stable algorithm, and includes two new features: (i) corrections for spherical geometry, and (ii) an efficient treatment of internal sources that vary rapidly with depth. It may be used to compute fluxes, flux divergences and mean intensities (actinic fluxes) at any depth in the medium. We have used the numerical code to investigate the accuracy of the two-stream approximation in vertically inhomogeneous media. In particular, computations of photodissociation and warming/cooling rates and surface fluxes of ultraviolet and visible radiation for clear, cloudy and aerosol-loaded atmospheres are presented and compared with results from multi-stream computations. The O3 +hv → O(1D) + O2 and O3 +hv → O(3P) + O2 photodissociation rates were considered for solar zenith angles between 0.0–70.0° and surface albedos in the range 0.0–1.0. For small and moderate values of the solar zenith angle and the surface albedo the error made by the two-stream approximation is generally smaller, <10%, than the combined uncertainty in cross sections and quantum yields. Surface ultraviolet and visible fluxes were calculated for the same range of solar zenith angles and surface albedos as the photodissociation rates. It was found that surface ultraviolet and visible fluxes may be calculated by the two-stream approximation with 10% error or less for solar zenith angles less than 60.0° and surface albedos less than 0.5. For large solar zenith angles and/or large surface albedos, conditions typical at high latitudes, the error made by the two-stream approximation may become appreciable, i.e. 20% or more for the photodissociation rates in the lower stratosphere and for ultraviolet and visible surface fluxes for large surface albedos. The two-stream approximation agrees well with multi-stream results for computation of warming/cooling rates except for layers containing cloud and aerosol particles where errors up to 10% may occur. The numerical code provides a fast, well-tested and robust two-stream radiative transfer program that can be used as a ‘software tool’ by aeronomers, atmospheric physicists and chemists, climate modellers, meteorologists, photobiologists and others concerned with radiation or particle transport problems. Copies of the FORTRAN77 program are available to interested users.
A Person-Issue Approach to Explaining Entrepreneurs' Propensity to Engage in Political Corruption

Since Schumpeter's early work on economic growth, entrepreneurs have been characterized as the heroes of human development. Lauded for their creativity, risk-taking, and passion, entrepreneurs are ...
Spatially distributed alternative splice variants of the renal Na-K-Cl cotransporter exhibit dramatically different affinities for the transported ions.

Abstract Three splice variants of the renal Na-K-Cl cotransporter (NKCC2 F, A, and B) are spatially distributed along the thick ascending limb of the mammalian kidney. To test whether NKCC2 splice variants differ in ion transport characteristics we expressed cDNAs encoding rabbit NKCC2 F, A, and B inXenopus oocytes and determined the ion dependence of bumetanide-sensitive 86Rb influx. The three splice variants of NKCC2 showed dramatic differences in their kinetic behavior. The medullary variant F exhibited 3–4-fold lower affinity than variants A and B for Na+ and K+. Chloride affinities also markedly distinguish the three variants (K mF = 111.3, K mA = 44.7, andK mB = 8.9 mm Cl−). Thus, the kinetic properties of the NKCC2 splice variants are consistent with the spatial distribution of the variants along the thick ascending limb as they are involved in reabsorbing Na+, K+, and Cl− from a progressively diluted fluid in the tubule lumen. Variant B also showed an anomalous inhibition of rubidium influx at high extracellular Na+ concentrations, possibly important in its highly specialized role in the macula densa. The adaptation of the kinetic characteristics of the NKCC2 variants to the luminal concentrations of substrate represents an excellent example of functional specialization and diversity that can be achieved through alternative mRNA splicing.
1. Chilling Poultry Meat—Why the Surge of Interest

Abstract In 1971, the European Economic Community (EEC) passed a ruling which would ban immersion chilling as of January 1, 1977. Alternative methods available at present are not adequate for the job in the United States or overseas. Suggested alternatives include spray chilling or air chilling. Limitations of each method have been explored. The water requirement for spray chilling is excessive and air chilling would necessitate some major changes in processing techniques. The symposium speakers will review the current situation from several viewpoints, with the final speaker reporting on the most recent developments in Europe.
The effect of glucola, diet cola and water ingestion on blood glucose and plasma insulin.

SummaryA study was undertaken to investigate the effect of neurogenic influences on carbohydrate metabolism. Four normal subjects were given a cola flavored glucose preparation, a diet cola containing saccharin, and water. Only the glucose preparation produced significant changes in blood glucose and plasma insulin levels.
Changes in Bone Mineral Density May Predict the Risk of Fracture Differently in Older Adults According to Fall History

Objectives: To determine whether the association between change in bone mass density (BMD) over 4 years and risk of hip and nonvertebral fracture differs according to an individual's history of falls. Design: Population-based cohort study. Setting: Framingham, Massachusetts. Participants: Individuals with two measures of BMD at the femoral neck (mean age 78.8; 310 male, 492 female). Measurements: Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) for the association between percentage change in BMD (per sex-specific standard deviation) and risk of incident hip and nonvertebral fracture. Models were stratified based on history of falls (≥1 falls in the past year) and recurrent falls (≥2 falls) ascertained at the time of the second BMD test. Interactions were tested by including the term “fall history * change in BMD” in the models. Results: Mean change in BMD was −0.6%/year; 27.8% of participants reported falls, and 10.8% reported recurrent falls. Seventy-six incident hip and 175 incident nonvertebral fractures occurred over a median follow-up of 9.0 years. There was no difference in the association between change in BMD and hip fracture according to history of falls (P for interaction = .57). The HR associated with change in BMD and nonvertebral fracture was 1.31 (95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.10–1.56) in participants without a history of falls and 0.95 (95% CI 0.70–1.28) in those with a fall (interaction P = .07). Results for recurrent fallers were similar. Conclusion: The effect of BMD loss on risk of nonvertebral fracture may be greater in persons without a history of falls. It is possible that change in BMD contributes less to fracture risk when a strong risk factor for fracture, such as falls, is present.
Influence of Amorphous Grain Boundary Phases on the Superplastic Behavior of 3‐mol%‐Yttria‐Stabilized Tetragonal Zirconia Polycrystals (3Y‐TZP)

Amorphous silicate grain boundary phases of varying chemistry and amounts were added to 3Y-TZP in order to determine their influence on the superplastic behavior between 1,200 and 1,300C and on the room-temperature mechanical properties. Strain rate enhancement at high temperatures was observed in 3Y-TZP containing a glassy grain boundary phase, even with as little as 0.1 wt% glass. Strain rate enhancement was greatest in 3Y-TZP with 5 wt% glass, but the room-temperature hardness, elastic modulus, and fracture toughness were degraded. The addition of glassy grain boundary phases did not significantly affect the stress exponent of 3Y-TZP, but did lower the activation energy for superplastic flow. Strain rate enhancement was highest in samples containing the grain boundary phase with the highest solubility for Y[sub 2]O[sub 3] and ZrO[sub 2], but the strain rate did not scale inversely with the viscosity of the silicae phases. Grain boundary sliding accommodated by diffusional creep controlled by an interface reaction is proposed as the mechanism for superplastic deformation in 3Y-TZP with and without glassy grain boundary phases.
Toward a transcending conceptualization of relationship: a service‐dominant logic perspective

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to propose and elaborate on a service‐dominant‐logic‐based conceptualization of relationship that transcends traditional conceptualizations.Design/methodology/approach – The paper consists of a review of traditional conceptualizations of relationship, a review of service‐dominant logic foundational premises that are useful in reframing the concept, and supporting views from the institutional economics and business ecosystems literature.Findings – A transcending, service‐dominant‐logic‐based conceptualization of relationship as a general term representing the network‐with‐and‐within‐network nature of value creation, with transactions as “temporal isolates” of relationships is suggested.Originality/value – This higher‐order conceptualization of relationship provides a foundation for better understanding the role of relationship in value creation, as well as its correspondence to transactions and products.
A new circuit breaker for aircraft electric system: 40¿125 amperes, 120 volts A-C or D-C

RECOGNITION of the need for better protection of aircraft electric systems is indicated by the increasing use of reverse current circuit breakers in d-c generator circuits. Improved protection, however, must be extended to the entire electrical system and not confined to the generating equipment. Protective equipment for low capacity circuits in 28-volt d-c systems has been available. There has been a lack of protective equipment, however, for similar and higher capacity circuits in both a-c and d-c 120-volt systems. A new circuit breaker with ratings up to 125 amperes, 115 volts, a-c or d-c, recently developed is described. The requirements for such a circuit breaker are: 1. Interrupting capacity, 5,000 amperes sea level to 50,000 feet. 2. Ultimate trip current, 138 per cent of rated current at 25 degrees centigrade. 3. Continuous current capacity, 115 per cent of rated current at 25 degrees centigrade. 4. Two hundred per cent current calibration, 10?100 seconds at 25 degrees centigrade. 5. Ambient temperature range, ?55 degrees centigrade to 71 degrees centigrade.
The effect of glass‐resin interface strength on the impact strength of fiber reinforced plastics

The effect of glass-resin interface strength on the impact energy of glass fabric (style 181) reinforced epoxy and polyester laminates has been determined. The interface strength was altered by surface treatment of the fabrics with silane coupling agents and with a silicone fluid mold release and the interlaminar shear strength was determined as a means to evaluate the interface strength. An instrumented Charpy impact test was used on unnotehed specimens and thus both initiation and propagation energies could be determined as well as dynamic strength. It was found that the initiation energy for both polyester and epoxy laminates increased with increasing interlaminar shear strength, The propagation energy and thus the total energy for polyester laminates displays a minimum at a critical value of interlaminar shear strength (ILSS). Below this critical value, the total impact energy increases with decreasing shear strength and the dominant energy absorption mode appears to be delamination. Above the critical value, the impact energy increases with increasing values of ILSS and the fracture mode is predominantly one of fiber failure. In all cases, even with mold release applied, the shear strength of epoxy laminates was above this critical value and-thus the total impact energy increases with Increasing values of ILSS. The maximum energy absorbed for the epoxy laminate and the polyester laminate is nearly identical. However, the maximum for the epoxy laminate occurs when the shear strength is maximized while for the polyester laminate the shear strength must be minimized. For the polyester laminate when delamination is predominant, it was found that the glass surface treatment affects the amount of delamination as opposed to the specific value of delamination fracture work.
Spacesuit Dust Removal Techniques in Microgravity

Preventing and removing the build-up of regolith on an astronautâ€™s space suit is a major issue facing future manned exploration missions. The dust poses a health threat to astronauts; it also adversely affects their equipment. The Field Integrated Regolith Cleaning Experiment (FIRCE) was designed to study different techniques for removing regolith as well as reviewing what commercial off-the-shelf products were best suited for cleaning space suit orthofabric and polycarbonate (used on the astronautâ€™s visor). All of the commercial products worked well in both the 1-g environment as well as the 0-g environment. All were ranked above a 7.0/10 for ease of use and above 7.6/10 for cleaning effectiveness. A custom made magnetic brush, designed to attract the regolithâ€™s static charge was not effective at removing dust because the humidity in the air prevented the build-up of static charge on the regolith.Â
Precambrian tholeiitic-dacitic rock-suites and Cambrian ultramafic rocks in the Pennine nappe system of the Alps: Evidence from Sm-Nd isotopes and rare earth elements

Major element, trace element and Sm-Nd isotope analyses were made of polymetamorphic hornblendefelses, plagioclase amphibolites and banded amphibolites from the Berisal complex in the Simplon area (Italy, Switzerland) to determine their age, origin and genetic relationships. In light of major and rare earth element data, the hornblendefelses are inferred to have originally been pyroxene-rich cumulates, the plagioclase amphibolites and the dark layers of the banded amphibolites to have been tholeiitic basalts and the light layers dacites. The Sm-Nd isotope data yield isochron ages of 475±81 Ma for the hornblendefelses, 1,018±59 Ma for the plagioclase amphibolites and 1,071±43 Ma for the banded amphibolites. The 1 Ga magmatic event is the oldest one ever found in the crystalline basement of the Pennine nappes. The Sm -Nd isotope data support the consanguinity of the tholeiitic dark layers and the dacitic light layers of the banded amphibolites with the tholeiitic plagioclase amphibolites and the ultramafic hornblendefelses.
Development of a radial combiner-a tribute to Nathan Marcuvitz

Marcuvitz played a key coordinating role in his classic book The Waveguide Handbook, which had an enormous impact on developing the microwave field. The Waveguide Handbook is the most important and most widely used book in the history of the microwave field. The book contained the largest collection of theoretical expressions for waveguide discontinuities available anywhere and, in this respect, it is still unsurpassed. In a masterful summary, Marcuvitz described how these waveguide discontinuities can be represented rigorously in network form, how they can be measured accurately, and how they can be analyzed theoretically. An example, of such impact is touched upon by the story of developing one component-the radial combiner.
Relation of uptake and metabolism of (1,2,6,7-3H)testosterone to individual differences in sexual behavior in male guinea pigs.

Male guinea pigs were given 3 tests for sexual behavior. Animals that never ejaculated were classified as low activity (LA), animals that ejaculated on one test were classified as medium activity (MA), and animals that ejaculated on two or more tests were classified as high activity (HA). Subsequently, animals from each group were castrated and given an s.c. injection of 43 muCi of [1,2,6,7-3H]testosterone and were killed 0.5, 1, or 4 h after injection. There were no significant differences in uptake or metabolism of radioactive testosterone among LA, MA, and HA males in homogenates of anterior and posterior hypothalamus, cerebral cortex, midbrain, or seminal vesicle. Thus, differences in sexual behavior could not be attributed to differences in testosterone uptake in tissue homogenates. At the 1 h time interval (time of peak plasma radioactivity), radioactivity in the seminal vesicles of all males was primarily in the form of steroids with the chromatographic mobility of dihydrotestosterone. In all males, anterior and posterior hypothalamus contained a higher proportion of steroids with the mobility of testosterone than did midbrain, and midbrain contained more testosterone zone radioactivity than cerebral cortex at 1 h. The highest proportion of dihydrotestosterone zone radioactivity in neural tissues was found in anterior hypothalamus. These results are discussed in terms of androgenic mediation of sex behavior by the anterior hypothalamus in guinea pigs.
The Fear of Equality.

We move in equalitarian directions; the distribution of income flattens out; the floor beneath the poorest paid and least secure is raised and made more substantial. Since the demise of Newport and Tuxedo Park, the very rich have shunned ostentatious display. The equality of opportunity, the chance to rise in the world is at least as great today as it was thirty years ago. The likelihood of declining status is less. Where does the energy for this movement come from? Who is behind it? Since 1848, it has been assumed that the drive for a more equalitarian society, its effective social force, would come from the stratum of society with the most to gain, the working classes. This was thought to be the revolutionary force in the world—the demand of workers for a classless society sparked by their hostility to the owning classes. It was to be the elite among the workers, not the lumpenproletariat, not the “scum,” who were to advance this movement. Just as “liberty” was the central slogan of the bourgeois revolution, so “equality” was the central concept in the working class movement. Hence it was natural to assume that whatever gains have been made in equalizing the income and status of men in our society came about largely from working class pressure.
Tactile and chemical perception in earthworms—II responses to acid pH solutions

Abstract 1. (1) An attempt to explain the distribution of earthworms on the basis of the sensitivity to pH is described. 2. (2) A. longa will not burrow into soil having a pH below 4·5; L terrestris will not enter soil of pH 4·1 while L. rubellus will tolerate soils below either of these limits. 3. (3) Experiments involving dipping earthworms into buffer solutions confirm these observations since rejection of pH 4·4 by A. longa, pH 4·2 by L. terrestris and pH 3·8 by L. rubellus is very swift. 4. (4) Recordings from the nervous system, taken from intact or pared segmental nerves show that acid-sensitive fibres are present universally over the earthworm body surface. There is no indication that the prostomium is more sensitive than the rest of the body surface. 5. (5) The threshold values at which these organs respond are pH 4·6-4·4 for A. longa; pH 4·3–4·1 for L. terrestris and pH 3·8 for L. rubellus. They are specific to acid stimuli, not reacting to sodium chloride, quinine or sucrose. 6. (6) The different threshold responses reflect the different field distributions of these three species.
Effect of strain on surface morphology in highly strained InGaAs films.

The early stages of growth of highly strained ${\mathrm{In}}_{\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{Ga}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$As on GaAs(100) have been investigated as a function of composition. The evolution of the film microstructure as determined by in situ STM and RHEED is from a two-dimensional rippled surface in the beginning stages of growth to a three-dimensional island morphology. A growth mode is proposed whereby strain relaxation is initially achieved through the kinetically limited evolution of surface morphology. In contrast to traditional critical-thickness theories, significant strain relief is accommodated by a coherent island morphology. This study represents a new view for both the growth mode and initial strain relaxation in thin films.
Accumulation of periplasmic enterobactin impairs the growth and morphology of Escherichia coli tolC mutants.

Summary TolC is the outer membrane component of tripartite efflux pumps, which expel proteins, toxins and antimicrobial agents from Gram-negative bacteria. Escherichia coli tolC mutants grow well and are slightly elongated in rich media but grow less well than wild-type cells in minimal media. These phenotypes have no physiological explanation as yet. Here, we find that tolC mutants have highly aberrant shapes when grown in M9-glucose medium but that adding iron restores wild-type morphology. When starved for iron, E. coli tolC mutants synthesize but cannot secrete the siderophore enterobactin, which collects in the periplasm. tolC mutants unable to synthesize enterobactin display no growth or morphological defects, and adding exogenous enterobactin recreates these aberrations, implicating this compound as the causative agent. Cells unable to import enterobactin across the outer membrane grow normally, whereas cells that import enterobactin only to the periplasm become morphologically aberrant. Thus, tolC mutants grown in low iron conditions accumulate periplasmic enterobactin, which impairs bacterial morphology, possibly by sequestering iron and inhibiting an iron-dependent reaction involved in cell division or peptidoglycan synthesis. The results also highlight the need to supply sufficient iron when studying TolC-directed export or efflux, to eliminate extraneous physiological effects.