cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Infection and Invasion of Roots by Symbiotic, Nitrogen-Fixing Rhizobia during Nodulation of Temperate Legumes

Bacteria belonging to the genera Rhizobium, Mesorhizobium, Sinorhizobium, Bradyrhizobium, and Azorhizobium (collectively referred to as rhizobia) grow in the soil as free-living organisms but can also live as nitrogen-fixing symbionts inside root nodule cells of legume plants. The interactions between several rhizobial species and their host plants have become models for this type of nitrogen-fixing symbiosis. Temperate legumes such as alfalfa, pea, and vetch form indeterminate nodules that arise from root inner and middle cortical cells and grow out from the root via a persistent meristem. During the formation of functional indeterminate nodules, symbiotic bacteria must gain access to the interior of the host root. To get from the outside to the inside, rhizobia grow and divide in tubules called infection threads, which are composite structures derived from the two symbiotic partners. This review focuses on symbiotic infection and invasion during the formation of indeterminate nodules. It summarizes root hair growth, how root hair growth is influenced by rhizobial signaling molecules, infection of root hairs, infection thread extension down root hairs, infection thread growth into root tissue, and the plant and bacterial contributions necessary for infection thread formation and growth. The review also summarizes recent advances concerning the growth dynamics of rhizobial populations in infection threads.
SHE3D-a code for the three dimension steady-state helium-cooled CICC conductors

The superconducting magnets needed for the next generation of fusion tokamaks such as ITER and TPX must operate under steady-state conditions. The conductors are wound in pancakes and several pancakes are usually required for each winding pack. Supercritical helium is used to cool the conductors, and carry away the heat from such sources as neutrons and eddy currents. The analysis of the steady-state heat removal is very important in the magnet design. A code, SHE3D (steady-state helium-cooled conductor in 3D), has been developed for this purpose. This code includes the turn-to-turn and pancake-to-pancake heat conduction for steady-state conditions. The entire winding pack can be treated for a self-consistent study that includes several flow channels, different heat loads in each channel, and different magnetic fields (which impacts the critical current). Typical results for TPX toroidal field coil cooling are presented. >
The Struggle For Knowledge: The Case of Emergent Oromo Studies

Taking the Oromo as historical actors, the emergent Oromo studies identify some deficiencies of “Ethiopian studies” that primarily focus on the Amhara and Tigray ethnic groups and their rulers, and ignore the history of the Oromo people. Many Ethiopian and Ethiopianist scholars do not recognize the positive cultural achievements of this people. As Shack (1994, 642) notes, “The lack of critical scholarship has inadvertently distorted the human achievements of conquered peoples like the Oromo, including transformations of their social, cultural, and political institutions.” Although the Oromo have no political power, they are the largest ethnonation in the Ethiopian Empire, comprising about half of the 52 million Ethiopian population. Ethiopia (former Abyssinia), with the help of the European colonial powers, colonized and annexed the Oromo people during the last decades of the 19th century, when Africa was partitioned among the European colonial powers (Jalata 1995a). Since then they have been treated as colonial subjects and second-class citizens. With their colonization and incorporation into Ethiopia (Jalata 1991, 1993a; Holcomb and Ibssa 1990), the Oromo could not develop independent institutions that would allow them to produce and disseminate their historical knowledge freely. Currently, they are fighting for national self-determination: to regain their political freedom and rebuild independent institutions. The Ethiopian knowledge elites have treated the Oromo as historical objects or have ignored them because of their subordination and powerlessness. Current publications on Oromo cultural and social history challenge a top-down paradigm to historiography and make the Oromo subjects rather than objects of history. Studying people as subjects or agents helps scholars avoid producing false knowledge. As Haraway (1991, 198) expounds, “Situated knowledges require that the object of knowledge be pictured as an actor and agent, not a screen or a ground or a resource, never finally as slave to the master that closes off the dialectic in his unique agency and authorship of ‘Objective’ knowledge.” The emergent Oromo studies attempt to replace colonial history by a history of liberation, and to refute historical myths that have been produced to justify Ethiopian colonialism. This essay explores how the emergent Oromo studies have identified some deficiencies of Ethiopian studies, and how many Ethiopian and Ethiopianist knowledge elites have reacted to these fields of study.
Transcriptional activation of lck by retrovirus promoter insertion between two lymphoid-specific promoters.

p56lck, a member of the src family of cytoplasmic tyrosine protein kinases, is expressed primarily in lymphoid cells. Previous RNase protection data demonstrated the existence of at least two lck mRNAs (type I and type II) with different 59 untranslated regions in most T cells. These have been found here to arise from two separate promoters. S1 nuclease analysis and primer extension were used to locate the site of initiation of type I lck mRNA. The nucleotide sequence of the region upstream of this start site contains no classical promoter motifs. A cDNA clone of type II lck mRNA was isolated. The promoter of this mRNA must be more than 10 kilobases upstream of the type I promoter region. In two murine thymoma cell lines, LSTRA and Thy19, lck is expressed at elevated levels as a result of Moloney murine leukemia virus retrovirus promoter insertion. p56lck is encoded in these cells by a hybrid virus-lck mRNA containing the 59 untranslated region of Moloney virus mRNA. The structures and the sites of integration of the proviruses upstream of lck in these cells were examined by molecular cloning and Southern analysis. A truncated and rearranged provirus, flanked by 554 nucleotides (nt) of duplicated cellular sequences, was found 962 nt upstream of the start site for type I lck mRNA in LSTRA cells. What appears to be a Moloney mink cytopathic focus-forming provirus was found between 584 to 794 nt upstream of the start site for type I lck mRNA in Thy19 cells. Thus in both tumor cell lines, viral DNA is present between the promoters for type I and type II lck mRNAs. Comparison of the sequences of the 59 ends of the lck and c-src genes suggests that divergence of these two genes involved exon shuffling and that a homolog of the neuronal c-src(+) exon is not present in lck. Images
Analog Computer Analysis of Static Beams

Solutions to two beams on elastic foundation problems are obtained by use of a repetitive analog computer. The stiffness is non-linear in the first case and varies with the length coordinate of the beam in the other. The results are compared with an approximate solution made by the Galerkin method. The solutions obtained on the analog computer provide an accuracy which compares favorably with typical numerical approximation methods. In some cases it is seen to be superior to the approximation methods. Analog computer solutions are faster and more easily displayed than on the typical digital computer, and the parameters are more easily varied. It also provides insight into the problem and can be useful in further study.
Critical Undercooling in DNA-Mediated Nanoparticle Crystallization.

The nucleation of DNA-functionalized nanoparticle superlattices is observed to exhibit a temperature hysteresis between melting (superlattice dissociation) and freezing (particle association) transitions that allows for the study of nucleation thermodynamics. Through detailed study of the assembly of these particles, which can be considered programmable atom equivalents (PAEs), we identify this hysteresis as critical undercooling—a phase transition phenomenon related to a thermodynamic barrier to nucleation. The separable nature of the DNA bonding elements and nanoparticle core enables the PAE platform to pose unique questions about the microscopic dependencies of critical undercooling and, ultimately, to control the nucleation pathway. Specifically, we find that the undercooling required to initiate nucleation increases as the nanoparticle coordination number increases (number of particles to which a single particle can bind).
Sources of Certification and Civil Rights Advocacy Organizations: The JACL, The NAACP, and Crises of Legitimacy

*The Dynamics of Contention program emphasizes the role of external authorities as key to the certification of social movement actors. Its examples highlight the power of authorities to legitimate and affect the flow of resources to challengers. We focus on the continual work done by a social movement organization to be certified by multiple sources as the legitimate representative of its respective group or constituency, through an iterative and dynamic process. Using a comparative case study of two long-lived civil rights organizations in the United States, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People and the Japanese American Citizens League, we argue that social movement organizations must gain certification from multiple certifiers, including those whom they claim to represent, government authorities, and the media. Certification from one authority may undermine its likelihood from another, and therefore an organization must negotiate these tensions as it works toward its larger goals.
Behavior of Grain Boundaries Near the Melting Point

The absolute grain boundary energies of {011} tilt boundaries in bismuth at a temperature very near the melting point were measured over the range of misorientations 0.5° to 14.5°. A study of the structure of these boundaries was extended as far as 27°. The results at small tilt angles (θ≤6°) can be described accurately in terms of a heterophase dislocation model. This model also correctly predicts the grain boundary energies of [001] tilt boundaries in copper near the melting point, again for tilt angles less than about 6°. The heterophase dislocation model is unique, inasmuch as it permits the calculation of absolute grain boundary energies in terms of usually available thermodynamic and elastic quantities and a simple macroscopic parameter related to the boundary structure. In addition, the theory provides a basis for interpreting the structural transition observed in bismuth tilt boundaries at intermediate misorientations (θ=15°). Finally, the failure of current theories to predict the correct energy-misorientation dependence over a wide range of misorientations is ascribed to linear and nonlinear interactions among the misfit dislocations—interactions which increase rapidly in importance for misorientations above about 5°. For a quantitative description of the energetic behavior of higher angle grain boundaries than are treated at present, a theory which accounts for such interactions appears to be required.
The ?Third Way? Or the Old Way?

This paper is part of a Symposium entitled ?American Regulatory Policy: Have We Found A Third Way?? In the decades following World War II, until the oil shocks of the 1970s, Western European countries developed generous, inclusive, exemplary welfare states. Despite the differences between the countries, the defining principle was inclusion ? all citizens within the nation were deserving of support. Unions, under corporatist bargaining arrangements, exercised wage restraint in return for benefits. The welfare states rested on full employment prosperity. In other words, most people contributing to the welfare state rather than drawing benefits. In the past two decades, these countries have been suffering from sluggish economies and, most seriously, high rates of long-term unemployment. Many policymakers are looking to emulate the United States and, more recently, the United Kingdom. They argue that the welfare state is too generous and that labor has to be made more flexible. The paper then examines the U.S. welfare system, where the emphasis is on work and exclusion. It argues that rather than being the so-called ?Third Way,? this has been the historic mission of the liberal welfare state. The paper concludes with proposals for reform.
Double penetrating nail injury to the eye: a case report.

We report an unusual double penetrating eye injury in which a 26 mm carpenter's nail pierced the eye. The nail penetrated the sclera equatorially and pierced the retina posteriorly just above the superior temporal retinal vascular arcade. Six hours following the injury the nail was removed from the eye, trans-scleral cryotherapy was applied to the entry site, and an episcleral silicone band was used to create an encircling buckle. Visual acuity at 2 months and most recently at 33 months following the injury was 20/30. This case demonstrates that selected double penetrating injuries of the posterior segment may be successfully managed with conventional scleral buckling techniques and underscores the importance of protective eye wear for hobby work or leisure activities. Language: en
Measurements of Jet Noise Aboard US Navy Aircraft Carriers

(Control ID# 1073211) Modern tactical military supersonic aircraft continue to increase in performance and capability. There is continuing concern over the very high noise levels produced by such aircraft. The requirements of launching supersonic aircraft from US Navy aircraft carriers demands that carrier deck crews routinely experience perhaps the loudest working conditions in which people regularly work. This paper reports measurements of the noise environment aboard US and British aircraft carriers while conducting flight operations.
Management of the Biceps Tendon

The long head of the biceps tendon (LHBT) is a common source of pathology in overhead athletes. The biceps-labrum complex is the combined anatomy of the LHBT and superior labrum, and it is imperative to understand this complex anatomical relationship for both diagnosis and management of these conditions. The etiology of LHBT pathology can be classified into the following 3 categories: inflammation, instability, and trauma. Although there are many physical examination tests for biceps tendon and superior labrum anterior to posterior lesions, many of these lack reproducible sensitivity or specificity to be clinically useful. Owing to the difficulty in diagnosing LHBT disorders, treatment should be guided by a combination of history and clinical examination findings as well as advanced imaging studies, including magnetic resonance imaging and ultrasound. Initial nonoperative treatment of LHBT pathology includes guided physical therapy, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications, and corticosteroid injections. When nonoperative management fails, surgical treatment includes the following 3 common procedures: superior labrum anterior to posterior repair, biceps tenotomy, and biceps tenodesis. When treated appropriately, overhead athletes with LHBT pathology often experience excellent clinical outcomes.
English Advertising language and The Culture

English Advertising language is the important component of modem English. It has unique language features which are the reflection of the English culture. English Advertising language plays an important role in the intercultural communication.
Intracellular [Ca2+] related to rate of force development in twitch contraction of heart

The relation between the rate of rise of tension (dF/dt) and intracellular free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) during twitch contraction was investigated in mammalian ventricular myocardium. [Ca2+]i was assessed from luminescence emitted by ferret papillary muscles microinjected with the calcium-regulated photoprotein aequorin. Evidence was found that during the phase of rising tension following maximum positive dF/dt, there was an approximately linear relationship between dF/dt at a given instant and the estimated [Ca2+]i at that same instant. A single such instantaneous relationship held true for physiological contractions of widely varying strength (n = 5 preparations), up to 65.3 +/- 6.0% (means +/- SE) of maximal Ca2+-activated force, as assessed from maximally activated cardiac tetani. Furthermore, the identical relationship determined from physiological contractions also held true for virtually the entire rising phase of tension in contractions with [Ca2+]i transients slowed (approximately 4- to 5-fold) by exposure of muscles to 5 microM ryanodine (n = 5 preparations). That a unique relation applies to contractions of both vastly different strength and time course provides evidence that the correlation between instantaneous dF/dt and [Ca2+]i is not merely fortuitous but indicates a fundamental property of myocardium. Such a property provides considerable insight into many features of physiological contraction and may represent a central clue as to the mechanism of activation in mammalian cardiac muscle.
Management of the Trauma Patient With Pre-Existing Renal Disease

Trauma patients with pre-existing renal disease pose special management problems. Resuscitation and maintenance of adequate tissue perfusion, avoidance of nephrotic agents, and minimization of renal insults are vital to preventing further renal injury. Invasive hemodynamic monitoring may be helpful in guiding resuscitation and fluid management. Continuous arteriovenous hemofiltration with or without dialysis is an effective modality for acute water and solute removal.
SU‐F‐T‐70: A High Dose Rate Total Skin Electron Irradiation Technique with A Specific Inter‐Film Variation Correction Method for Very Large Electron Beam Fields

Purpose: Rotational total skin electron irradiation (RTSEI) is used in the treatment of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Due to inter-film uniformity variations the dosimetry measurement of a large electron beam of a very low energy is challenging. This work provides a method to improve the accuracy of flatness and symmetry for a very large treatment field of low electron energy used in dual beam RTSEI. Methods: RTSEI is delivered by dual angles field a gantry of ±20 degrees of 270 to cover the upper and the lower halves of the patient body with acceptable beam uniformity. The field size is in the order of 230cm in vertical height and 120 cm in horizontal width and beam energy is a degraded 6 MeV (6 mm of PMMA spoiler). We utilized parallel plate chambers, Gafchromic films and OSLDs as a measuring devices for absolute dose, B-Factor, stationary and rotational percent depth dose and beam uniformity. To reduce inter-film dosimetric variation we introduced a new specific correction method to analyze beam uniformity. This correction method uses some image processing techniques combining film value before and after radiation dose to compensate the inter-variation dose response differences among films. Results: Stationary and rotational depth of dose demonstrated that the Rp is 2 cm for rotational and the maximum dose is shifted toward the surface (3mm). The dosimetry for the phantom showed that dose uniformity reduced to 3.01% for the vertical flatness and 2.35% for horizontal flatness after correction thus achieving better flatness and uniformity. The absolute dose readings of calibrated films after our correction matched with the readings from OSLD. Conclusion: The proposed correction method for Gafchromic films will be a useful tool to correct inter-film dosimetric variation for the future clinical film dosimetry verification in very large fields, allowing the optimizations of other parameters.
From Global Environmental Change to Sustainability Science: Ecosystem Studies in the Yaqui Valley, Mexico

This chapter discusses the Yaqui Valley case study, a project centered on fertilizer use and nitrogen flows in the intensive wheat agricultural systems of the Yaqui Valley. This case study is useful in terms of identifying dynamics of change in human-environment systems, and in providing tools and approaches that can help people in decision-making for human and environmental well-being.
Current depression as a potential barrier to health care utilization in adult cancer survivors.

Abstract Background Depression in cancer survivors is a major concern and is associated with poor health related quality of life (HRQOL). Delaying or forgoing care due to depression may further augment poor HRQOL. Although several studies have documented depression as a barrier to health care utilization in non-cancer populations, the impact of current depression on health care utilization among adult cancer survivors (ACS) has not been fully elucidated. The objective of this study was to examine the association between current depression and health care utlization among ACS. Methods Data from the 2010 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System involving ACS were used in this study. The Patient Health Questionnaire 8 (PHQ-8) item scale was used to measure current depression. Two indicators of health care utilization were examined as outcomes of interest: cost as a barrier to medical care and not having a routine care. Logistic regression models were used to examine the association between current depression and health care utilization. Results Overall, 13.0% of ACS reported symptoms of current depression. Despite no differences in having access to care, current depression in ACS was a significant barrier to health care utilization: cost as a barrier to medical care (AOR: 5.3 [95% CI: 3.1–9.1]), and not having a routine care (AOR: 2.0 [95% CI: 1.2–3.3]). Conclusions Our findings have implications for future studies to further understand the association between depression and health care utlization among ACS, its impact on their overall wellbeing, and efforts to detect and treat depression in ACS. Routine assessment of depression in ACS and effective treatment interventions may aid in seeking timely and appropriate medical care.
Estimating Circuit Aging Due to BTI and HCI Using Ring-Oscillator-Based Sensors

The performance of nanometer-scale circuits is adversely affected by aging induced by bias temperature instability (BTI) and hot carrier injection (HCI). Both BTI and HCI impact transistor electrical parameters at a level that depends on the operating environment and usage of the circuit. This paper presents a novel method, using on-chip sensors based on ring oscillators (ROSCs), to detect the delay shifts in circuits as a result of aging. Our method uses presilicon analysis of the circuit to compute calibration factors that can translate BTI- and HCI-induced delay shifts in the ROSC to those in the circuit of interest. Our simulations show that the delay estimates are within 1% of the true values from presilicon analysis. Further, for post-silicon analysis, a refinement strategy is proposed where sensor measurements can be amalgamated with infrequent online delay measurements on the monitored circuit to partially capture its true workloads. This leads to about 8% lower delay guardbanding overheads compared to the conventional methods as demonstrated using benchmark circuits.
Magnetoresistive detection of strongly pinned uncompensated magnetization in antiferromagnetic FeMn

Here we observed and studied pinned uncompensated magnetization in an antiferromagnet using magnetoresistance measurements. For this, we developed antiferromagnet-ferromagnet spin valves (AFSVs) that consist of an antiferromagnetic layer and a ferromagnetic one, separated by a nonmagnetic conducting spacer. In an AFSV, the uncompensated magnetization in the antiferromagnet affects scattering of spin-polarized electrons giving rise to giant magnetoresitance (GMR). By measuring angular dependence of AFSVs' resistance, we detected pinned uncompensated magnetization responsible for the exchange bias effect in an antiferromagnet- only exchange bias system Cu/FeMn/Cu. The fact that GMR measured in this system persists up to 110 kOe indicates that the scattering occurs on strongly pinned uncompensated magnetic moments in FeMn. This strong pinning can be explained if this pinned uncompensated magnetization is a thermodynamically stable state and coupled to the antiferromagnetic order parameter. Finally, using the AFSV technique, we confirmed that the two interfaces between FeMn and Cu are magnetically different: The uncompensated magnetization is pinned only at the interface with the bottom Cu layer.
Liquid phase propylene oxidation with tert-butyl hydroperoxide over titanium containing wrinkled mesoporous silica

Titanium containing wrinkled mesoporous silica (Ti-WMS) was prepared by direct synthesis and showed unique conical pores with wrinkled pore walls. The pores of this type of titanosilicate radiate from the center of each particle to the surface of the sphere with gradually increased pore size. These catalysts showed superior performance over traditional Ti-MCM-41 for liquid phase propylene oxidation with tert-butyl hydroperoxide as the oxidant in a batch reactor.
Bi-directional audiovisual influences on temporal modulation discrimination

Cross-modal interactions of auditory and visual temporal modulation were examined in a game-like experimental framework. Participants observed an audiovisual stimulus (an animated, sound-emitting fish) whose sound intensity and/or visual size oscillated sinusoidally at either 6 or 7 Hz. Participants made speeded judgments about the modulation rate in either the auditory or visual modality while doing their best to ignore information from the other modality. Modulation rate in the task-irrelevant modality matched the modulation rate in the task-relevant modality (congruent conditions), was at the other rate (incongruent conditions), or had no modulation (unmodulated conditions). Both performance accuracy and parameter estimates from drift-diffusion decision modeling indicated that (1) the presence of temporal modulation in both modalities, regardless of whether modulations were matched or mismatched in rate, resulted in audiovisual interactions; (2) congruence in audiovisual temporal modulation resulted in more reliable information processing; and (3) the effects of congruence appeared to be stronger when judging visual modulation rates (i.e., audition influencing vision), than when judging auditory modulation rates (i.e., vision influencing audition). The results demonstrate that audiovisual interactions from temporal modulations are bi-directional in nature, but with potential asymmetries in the size of the effect in each direction.
Abstract 124: Fetal-Like RNA Splicing Remodeling in Failing Heart Revealed by Total Transcriptome Analysis

The complexity of transcriptome and proteome is contributed by alternative splicing of mRNA. Altered mRNA splicing is also implicated in many human diseases including cancer. However, little knowledge is available about the scope of alternative splicing at whole genome level in heart diseases and even less about the mechanisms underlying the regulation of mRNA splicing in response to pathological injury in heart. Using a genome-wide RNA-Seq analysis, we have identified global alternative splicing changes associated with both development and pathological remodeling in mouse heart. Most significantly, the alternative RNA splicing events observed in failing heart mimicked the splicing profile in fetal hearts, suggesting a fetal like RNA splicing remodeling in failing hearts. After examining the expression profiles of splicing regulators in neonatal, normal adult, and failing adult hearts, Fox-1 was identified as one to be significantly down regulated in the failing and fetal hearts. Morpholino mediated Fox-1 knock-down in zebrafish embryos led to lethal phenotype associated with impaired cardiac development and function. This phenotype could be rescued by re-expressing both zebrafish and mouse Fox1 gene. Therefore, our established functional significance of Fox1 mediated RNA alternative splicing serves as a key molecular player in transcriptome remodeling during cardiac development and pathology.
Imaging of Posttraumatic Arthritis, Avascular Necrosis, Septic Arthritis, Complex Regional Pain Syndrome, and Cancer Mimicking Arthritis

This article focuses on the imaging of 5 discrete entities with a common end result of disability: posttraumatic arthritis, a common form of secondary osteoarthritis that results from a prior insult to the joint; avascular necrosis, a disease of impaired osseous blood flow, leading to cellular death and subsequent osseous collapse; septic arthritis, an infectious process leading to destructive changes within the joint; complex regional pain syndrome, a chronic limb-confined painful condition arising after injury; and cases of cancer mimicking arthritis, in which the initial findings seem to represent arthritis, despite a more insidious cause.
Closeness matters: monotonicity failure in IRV elections with three candidates

A striking attribute of instant runoff voting (IRV) is that it is subject to monotonicity failure—that is, getting more (first-preference) votes may result in defeat for a candidate who would otherwise have won and getting fewer votes may result in victory for a candidate who otherwise would have lost. Proponents of IRV have argued that monotonicity failure, while a mathematical possibility, is highly unlikely to occur in practice. This paper specifies the precise conditions under which this phenomenon arises in three-candidate elections and applies them to a number of large simulated data sets in order to get a sense of the likelihood of IRV’s monotonicity problem in varying circumstances. The basic finding is that the problem is significant in many circumstances and very substantial when IRV elections are closely contested by three candidates.
Traveling Poetry and the Presence of Soul An Interview with Wang Jiaxin

Few Chinese poets who have come to prominence after the Misty Poetry phenomenon of the early to mid 1980s have cast a longer shadow than Wang Jiaxin. Wang, Professor of Literature at Renmin Univers...
Heightened cortisol response to exercise challenge in women with functional hypothalamic amenorrhea.

Background Functional hypothalamic amenorrhea is characterized by anovulation caused by reduced gonadotropin-releasing hormone drive and is associated with hypercortisolemia that has been linked to heightened hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal reactivity to common psychological and metabolic challenges. Objective We hypothesized that women with functional hypothalamic amenorrhea would display greater cortisol responses to exercise challenge than ovulatory women with eumenorrhea. Study Design We completed a cross-sectional comparison of 9 women with functional hypothalamic amenorrhea and 11 women with eumenorrhea who were of reproductive age, who weighed 90–110% ideal body weight, who did not exercise excessively, and who had no formal psychiatric diagnosis. Subjects completed a 20-minute submaximal exercise challenge using a cycle ergometer in a research exercise laboratory. Heart rate and circulatory cortisol, glucose, and lactate were measured at 10-minute intervals before, during, and after the exercise challenge. Results Baseline (t= –10 minutes) cortisol, glucose, lactate, and heart rate were comparable between groups. Glucose levels rose modestly during exercise by 2.9% in women with eumenorrhea (P=.4) but declined by 10.6% in functional hypothalamic amenorrhea (P Conclusion The heightened cortisol response to exercise in women with functional hypothalamic amenorrhea was associated with a decline in blood glucose level that was not observed in women with eumenorrhea. Women with functional hypothalamic amenorrhea appear to be more reactive at the endocrine level to the metabolic demand of exercise. Submaximal challenge unmasks underlying stress sensitivity in women with functional hypothalamic amenorrhea and highlights the importance of the use of psychological interventions for stress reduction in this population.
The effect of cigarillo packaging elements on young adult perceptions of product flavor, taste, smell, and appeal.

Introduction Product packaging has long been used by the tobacco industry to target consumers and manipulate product perceptions. This study examines the extent to which cigarillo packaging influences perceptions of product flavor, taste, smell, and appeal. Methods A web-based experiment was conducted among young adults. Participants viewed three randomly selected cigarillo packs, varying on pack flavor descriptor, color, type, branding, and warning—totaling 180 pack images. Mixed-effects models were used to estimate the effect of pack elements on product perceptions. Results A total of 2,664 current, ever, and never little cigar and cigarillo users participated. Cigarillo packs with a flavor descriptor were perceived as having a more favorable taste (β = 0.21, p < .001) and smell (β = 0.14, p < .001) compared to packs with no flavor descriptor. Compared to packs with no color, pink and purple packs were more likely to be perceived as containing a flavor (β = 0.11, p < .001), and were rated more favorably on taste (β = 0.17, p < .001), smell (β = 0.15, p < .001), and appeal (β = 0.16, p < .001). While warnings on packs decreased favorable perceptions of product taste (pictorial: β = -0.07, p = .03) and smell (text-only: β = -0.08, p = .01; pictorial: β = -0.09, p = .007), warnings did not moderate the effects of flavor descriptor or color. Conclusions To our knowledge, this study provides the first quantitative evidence that cigarillo packaging alters consumers’ cognitive responses, and warnings on packs do not suffice to overcome the effects of product packaging. The findings support efforts at federal, state, and local levels to prohibit flavor descriptors and their associated product flavoring in non-cigarette products such as cigarillos, along with new data that supports restrictions on flavor cues and colors.
Palliative radiation and fractionation in medicare patients with incurable non-small cell lung cancer.

Abstract Purpose Palliative radiation therapy (RT) can improve quality of life but also incurs time and financial costs. The aim of this study was to evaluate factors associated with use and intensity of palliative RT for incurable non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Methods and materials This was a retrospective analysis of Medicare's Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results data. We identified patients who were diagnosed with incurable (American Joint Committee on Cancer 6th edition stage IIIB with malignant effusion or stage IV) NSCLC between 2004 and 2011. Univariable and multivariable logistic regressions were used to identify factors associated with the receipt of palliative RT and the use of >10 fractions during the first course of radiation. Among patients who were treated with radiation, freestanding versus hospital-based center information was collected on the basis of the location of the RT delivery claim. Results Among 55,258 patients with incurable NSCLC, 38% (21,053 patients) received palliative RT during the first year after diagnosis. Among patients who received RT, 56% (11,717 patients) received >10 fractions. On multivariable analysis, factors associated with greater RT use included younger age group (overall P 10 fractions were chemotherapy use (OR: 1.7; P Conclusions More than a third of patients diagnosed with incurable lung cancer receive palliative RT and 56% received >10 fractions. The use of RT varied by region and patient characteristics, and patients treated at freestanding RT centers were more likely to receive >10 fractions. Further research into factors that influence treatment decisions including potential financial incentives may contribute to the high value and strategic utilization of palliative RT.
Filtering and Prediction of Blood Flow and Oxygen Consumption for Patient Monitoring

Suppose data is to be electronically acquired at discrete times Δ, 2Δ, 3Δ,..., tΔ,... (starting from an arbitrary origin) on arterial and venous oxygen concentration as well as an independent variable which is either blood flow rate or oxygen consumption, and that the remaining dependent variable (O2 consumption or blood flow) is to be predicted from the data. We refer to “time tΔ” merely as “time t”. Let y1t be the observed value of the independent variable at time t and let y2t, y3t. be the observed values of the arterial and venous O2 concentrations respectively at time t. The observations are physiological state values corrupted by noise or observation error. For j = 1,2,3 corresponding to the observation subscripts, let xj (t) be the jth physiological state (existing in continuous time) and let vjt be the noise or observation error of the jth observation at time t.
Predictors of adverse events and medical errors among adult inpatients of psychiatric units of acute care general hospitals

Objective:The aim of this study was to identify factors associated with the occurrence of adverse events (AEs) or medical errors (MEs) during inpatient psychiatric hospitalizations.Methods:A full-p...
On manufacturing constraints for tow-steered composite design optimization

Abstract Automatic fiber placement machines have made it viable to manufacture composites where fiber angles vary continuously—tow-steered composites. The additional freedom provided by tow-steered composites has the potential to increase structural performance; however, this approach comes with added design complexity. Numerical optimization can address this complexity, though it is critical that constraints are enforced to ensure that the resulting optimal tow-steered designs are manufacturable using current automatic fiber placement machines. In this work, we consider two manufacturing constraints: tow path curvature and gaps/overlaps. To develop these constraints, we consider a general tow-steered layer pattern as a 2D unit vector field, where the field streamlines represent the tow paths laid down by the automated fiber placing machine. This mathematical formulation provides a relationship between tow path curvature, gap/overlap propagation rate, vector curl, and divergence. These relationships also lead to a constraint on the minimum cut/add length of a tow for a given tow-steered pattern. We demonstrate the developed constraint formulations on two analytical examples, as well as on a structural optimization. We also explore the relationship between curl and divergence of rotated tow patterns. This analysis leads to the conclusion that layups featuring such patterns require strict constraints on bounds to ensure satisfaction of manufacturability requirements. Finally, we use these relationships to motivate a family of gap/overlap-free and curvature-free tow-steered patterns.
Color calibration of digital images for agriculture and other applications

Abstract Image processing in agriculture relies primarily on correlating color changes within images’ region of interest to specific quality attributes (e.g., plant phenology, plant health, crop stress, maturity). Changes in lighting conditions during image acquisition affect image color, even though there is no change in quality, and produces misleading inference when used without calibration. The focus of this study was to develop a method for calibrating images to make them homogeneous to improve phenological comparisons. The method was developed with synthetic images and validated with actual plant images in laboratory and field conditions using a standard ColorChecker (X-Rite) chart. Six different color schemes were tested to determine the effect of patch order, and minimum number of patches required for efficient calibration. A user-coded ImageJ plugin named ‘ColorCal’ was developed in Fiji package for color calibration that derived and applied a [ 3 × 3 ] color calibration matrix, based on selected color patches and standard values. Modified total error and calibration performance index (CPI) were developed to evaluate calibration performance. Calibration using any 12 color patches taken in any order gave equal performance ( 0.14 ⩽ CPI ⩽ 0.26 ). Calibration performance using only commonly followed neutral color patches (e.g., white, gray) was poor ( 0.26 ⩽ CPI ⩽ 1.0 ). Using red (R), green (G), and blue (B) color patches was recommended as it produced visually similar images, the performance was comparable with 24 color patches ( 0.21 ⩽ CPI ⩽ 0.24 ), and was simple and practical. The developed plugin took ≈7 s for calibration (Windows laptop, Intel Core i5, and 8 GB RAM). Determining phenological and other applications using the plugin was more reliable than using the raw images.
Reading behind the scene of public stories: Quantum storytelling triangulation

Abstract Storytelling helps clarify the concealed or less visible elements of reality in its authentic context. Story analysis read between the lines of written or oral narratives to obtain richer understanding of an event. However, storytelling practice is a double-edge sword. Skilled storytellers may employ the power of storytelling to reframe an event in a favorable or undesirable way. In contemporary business world, corporations broadly employ expert authors who proficiently apply storytelling practices in corporate public documents. Accordingly, corporate public documents declare desirable corporate image and promising reflection of business activities hence the corporate attracts more stockholders and obtains extra resources. In current business world, corporates that do not appropriately employ storytelling would fail to take the opportunity to brainwash stockholders, hence suffer from competitive disadvantage. This case study analyses Sears Holdings Corporation public report to explore how its business activities are revealed to public stakeholders. This study also proposes hypotheses of the consequences of ineffective storytelling.
Visual Discourse Parsing

Text-level discourse parsing aims to unmask how two segments (or sentences) in the text are related to each other. We propose the task of Visual Discourse Parsing, which requires understanding discourse relations among scenes in a video. Here we use the term scene to refer to a subset of video frames that can better summarize the video. In order to collect a dataset for learning discourse cues from videos, one needs to manually identify the scenes from a large pool of video frames and then annotate the discourse relations between them. This is clearly a time consuming, expensive and tedious task. In this work, we propose an approach to identify discourse cues from the videos without the need to explicitly identify and annotate the scenes. We also present a novel dataset containing 310 videos and the corresponding discourse cues to evaluate our approach. We believe that many of the multi-discipline Artificial Intelligence problems such as Visual Dialog and Visual Storytelling would greatly benefit from the use of visual discourse cues.
ERK1/2 signaling induces skeletal muscle slow fiber-type switching and reduces muscular dystrophy disease severity

Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling consists of an array of successively acting kinases. The extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2) are major components of the greater MAPK cascade that transduce growth factor signaling at the cell membrane. Here we investigated ERK1/2 signaling in skeletal muscle homeostasis and disease. Using mouse genetics, we observed that the muscle-specific expression of a constitutively active MEK1 mutant promotes greater ERK1/2 signaling that mediates fiber-type switching to a slow, oxidative phenotype with type I myosin heavy chain expression. Using a conditional and temporally regulated Cre strategy as well as Mapk1 (ERK2) and Mapk3 (ERK1) genetically targeted mice, MEK1-ERK2 signaling was shown to underlie this fast-to-slow fiber type switching in adult skeletal muscle as well as during development. Physiologic assessment of these activated MEK1-ERK1/2 mice showed enhanced metabolic activity and oxygen consumption with greater muscle fatigue resistance. Moreover, induction of MEK1-ERK1/2 signaling increased dystrophin and utrophin protein expression in a mouse model of limb-girdle muscle dystrophy and protected myofibers from damage. In summary, sustained MEK1-ERK1/2 activity in skeletal muscle produces a fast-to-slow fiber-type switch that protects from muscular dystrophy, suggesting a therapeutic approach to enhance the metabolic effectiveness of muscle and protect from dystrophic disease.
Elemental Abundances of Sharp-Lined Pop I Main Sequence B, A, and F Stars and Pop II A Stars

The elemental abundances of late B and early A stars should be among the most reliably derived as these stars have well known atmospheric physics, and non-crowded optical spectra with lines of many species with good oscillator strengths. We obtained elemental abundances of sharp-lined stars from high dispersion, S/N > 50, spectra taken at DAO and KPNO. We performed fine analyses using ATLAS6 and more recently ATLAS9 model atmospheres. Our papers (mostly in MNRAS) contain consistent studies of about 35 B3 to F7 superficially normal, Mercury-Manganese (HgMn), Am, and Field Horizontal Branch (FHB) A stars. The abundances of the normal main sequence B, A, and F stars are indicators of Galactic metallicity during the most recent epoch of Galactic history.
Stable Isotope Analysis of Human Diet at Chelechol ra Orrak, Palau

Stable isotope studies of early human populations in Remote Oceania, the last major region to be settled by humans, have the potential to shed light on our understanding of dietary adaptations to small island environments. However, little research has focused on western Micronesia, which was settled ca. 3500–3000 cal B.P., contemporaneous with the better-known Lapita culture. Human skeletal remains recovered from three archaeological sites in Palau, Micronesia, dating between ca. 3000 and 1500 cal B.P., were tested for light stable isotope ratios to determine patterns of paleodiet. Results from bone collagen of 23 samples are characterized by moderately high δ15N values (avg. 11.4‰) and δ13C values (avg. –14.8‰), reflecting significant consumption of marine protein resources. Bone apatite δ13C values (avg. –7.3‰) suggest consumption of 13C-enriched dietary carbohydrates, which could potentially include seaweed or sugarcane. Results correspond well with complementary archaeological evidence, demonstrating that early Palauans were heavily dependent on marine food resources and are similar to contemporary Lapita groups, suggesting that endemic marine resources were critical to successful colonization of these small, remote island environments. Aika el kmal mlo uriul el beluu el ng mlo er ngii a delengchokl er ngii, a omesubir a rechad er a mesechesechel a beluu er a taiheio el ousbech a kar el isotope, a ngar er ngii a techellel el meskid e klemedengei er kid e kirel a kall el lulenga a rechad er aika el iungs. E ng di kekere el omesuub a mla mo er ngii, el kuk kmal di melutk el kirel a iungs er a ngebard er a Micronesia el mlo er ngii a delengchokl er ngii er a bekord ede el telael me a eim el dart el mo er a ede el telael el rak, (3500–3000 BP) el ngii el taem a kmal di mengaisisu er a temel se el merael a chisel Lapita Culture (uchelir a rechad er a taiheio el bekai er tir a le biltik er ngii er a Lapita el beluu er a New Caledonia). Tia el babier a mo mesaod a chiuesir a rechad el mlengai er a klde el basio er a beluu er a Belau el mirrael a ureor er ngii el kirel a chuodel el delengchokl, el rekil a ngar er a delongelel a ede el telael mo ta el telael me a eim el dart el rak (3000–1500 BP) e mlengai el mo er a skeng el ousbech a kar el isotope el mo omeketakl a teletelel a omengelir a rechad er a rechuodel.Me a skeng el mlegai er a lluich me a klde el ngerdel a chiuis a mlo meketeklii el kmo ng telkib er a bab δ15N values (avg. 11.4‰) me a δ13C values (avg –14.8‰) el ngii a ochotii el kmo a omengelir a rechad a kmal mle klou el utluil er a kall el mengai er a daob. A skeng er a bedengel a chiuis δ13C values (avg –7.3‰) a ochotii el kmo omengelel el kall el mui er a 13C a ochotii el kmo kall el lulenga tirka el chad a locha mlengai er a dellomel el uldimukl er ngii a char me a lechub e ng deb.