cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Olfactory receptor cell responses of dog and box turtle to aliphatic n-acetates and aliphatic n-fatty acids.

Electrophysiological studies of groups of olfactory receptor cells in the dog and the box turtle have shown that an olfactory nerve twig response is generated when odorous air (aliphatic n-acetates C2-C9 and aliphatic n-fatty acids C3-C10) is applied to the mucosa. The dog's response to n-pentyl acetate is vigorous, like that of other air-breathing animals. It is concluded from this study that the sensitivity of olfactory receptor cells is similar in the dog and the box turtle. The behavioral discrepancy of olfactory sensitivity among many animals may be accounted for by the larger population of olfactory receptors. The relative response magnitudes plotted against the carbon chain length of aliphatic n-acetates show similar curves for the dog and the box turtle, although the relative response magnitudes plotted against the carbon chain length of aliphatic n-fatty acids show slightly different curves.
A response generation mechanism for an intelligent active assistance system

This paper describes the response generator for an intelligent active assistance system for small computers. This system runs under Unix (a trademark of AT&T Bell Laboratories). A user can produce a response generator for any microcomputer using the techniques described here since the system is flexible, portable and can be tailored to the size and capabilities of the microcomputer. The goal of the assistance system is to help the user learn more about Unix and its capabilities. It accomplishes this in two ways. First it allows the user to ask questions about different system features and commands. Second it monitors the user, maintaining a history and prompting the user on more efficient command sequences. Because of these two modes, this system is considered both intelligent and active.
An improved LMI-based approach for stability of piecewise affine time-delay systems with uncertainty

The stability problem for uncertain piecewise affine (PWA) time-delay systems is investigated in this article. It is assumed that there exists a known constant time delay in the system and the uncertainly is norm-bounded. Sufficient conditions for the stability of nominal systems and the stability of systems subject to uncertainty are derived using the Lyapunov–Krasovskii functional with a triple integration term. This approach handles switching based on the delayed states (in addition to the states) for a PWA time-delay system, considers structured as well as unstructured uncertainty and reduces the conservativeness of previous approaches. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is demonstrated by comparing with the existing methods through numerical examples.
Rate of recovery of D1 and D2 dopaminergic receptors in young vs. adult rat striatal tissue following alkylation with ethoxycarbonyl-ethoxy-dihydroquinoline (EEDQ)

The rate of recovery of D1 and D2 receptor binding sites in rat striatal tissue labeled with [3H]SCH-23390 or [3H]YM-09151-2 was followed daily after irreversible blockade of these receptors with the alkylating agent ethoxycarbonyl-ethoxy-dihydroquinoline (EEDQ). These rates were significantly higher in young post-weaning rats than in young adults (14% vs. 7% per day). The findings suggest that rates of synthesis of new D1 and D2 receptor proteins may be increased during a phase of neurodevelopment in the first postnatal month when the accumulation of both receptor types, especially of D1 receptors, is about maximal.
Lack-of-fit testing of a regression model with response missing at random☆

Abstract This paper proposes a class of lack-of-fit tests for fitting a linear regression model when some response variables are missing at random. These tests are based on a class of minimum integrated square distances between a kernel type estimator of a regression function and the parametric regression function being fitted. These tests are shown to be consistent against a large class of fixed alternatives. The corresponding test statistics are shown to have asymptotic normal distributions under null hypothesis and a class of nonparametric local alternatives. Some simulation results are also presented.
Packaged sentiments - The social meanings of greeting cards

This paper analyzes the social uses and meanings of greeting cards. It argues that cards occupy an intermediate and shifting place in between the opposing social categories of ‘gift’ vs. ‘commodity’. The fact that the card is not a pure gift is the source of social criticisms of cards as impersonal. But the card’s ambiguous status is also at the heart of its unique communicative potential. Analysis of specific cards and card categories shows how card senders can exploit various and multiple dimensions of the card’s gift and commodity-like qualities to express socially authenticated identities and sentiments, as well as to send subtle and complex new messages about identities and relationships. Card use also shows how commodities can be ‘appropriated’ as gifts in the act of shopping and choosing; moreover, the consumption of cards is depicted as a dynamic site of ‘virtual’ interactions between sender and receiver. The specific case of greeting cards is used to illustrate the more general point that most th...
Multiple excitation of neon by photon and electron impact

Abstract It is shown that the shakeoff theory holds for both photon and electron excitation. Relative intensities are given for diagram and satellite lines of K-Auger spectrum of neon.
The influence of high-energy electron irradiation on the 10.6 μm absorption of mixed KCl crystals

Polycrystalline potassium chloride crystals alloyed with either RbCl, KBr, or EuCl2 have been irradiated with 1 MeV electrons at a dose rate of approximately 3.3 × 105 R/s. Measurements of the 10.6 μm absorption coefficient after each exposure indicated that the radiation induced infrared absorption saturated rapidly as a function of increasing electron exposure time. Measurements of the visible and near-infrared absorption spectra indicated no positive correlation between F-absorption centers and increased infrared absorption at 10.6 μm. A definite correlation was found between the density of F-aggregate centers and the change in 10.6 μm absorption. In particular, it is found that the largest changes in 10.6 μm absorption can be associated with the presence of R-centers in the mixed crystals. Polykristalline Kaliumchloridkristalle wurden mit Beigaben von RbCl, KBr oder EuCl2 hergestellt und mit 1 MeV-Elektronen bestrahlt. Die Dosis betrug annahernd 3,3 × 105 R/s. Messungen des Absorptionskoeffizienten bei 10,6 μm nach jeder Bestrahlung zeigen, das die durch die Strahlung hervorgerufene Infrarotabsorption sich mit zunehmender Elektronenbestrahlungsdauer sehr schnell einem Sattigungswert nahert. Messungen im sichtbaren und im nahen IR-Spektralbereich zeigen keine positive Korrelation zwischen F-Absorptionszentren und steigender Infrarotabsorption bei 10,6 μm. Ein ausdrucklicher Zusammenhang wird zwischen der Dichte der F-Aggregatzentren und der Veranderung der Absorption bei 10,6 μm gefunden. Insbesondere stellt sich heraus, das die grosten Veranderungen der Absorption bei 10,6 μm mit der Anwesenheit von R-Zentren in den Mischkristallen in Zusammenhang gebracht werden konnen.
Interfacial Electronic Structure in Thiolate Self-Assembled Monolayers: Implication for Molecular Electronics

Thiolate self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on metal surfaces have been explored recently to address the assembly and connection issue in molecular electronics. In these systems, the molecule−metal contact is detrimental to electron transport. This is manifested not only in contact resistance, but also in the nature of the molecular device, which depends on the extent of wave function mixing between the molecule and the metal surface. We probe interfacial electronic structure, particularly unoccupied electronic states, in thiolate SAMs on Cu(111) using laser two-photon photoemission spectroscopy, in conjunction with ab initio calculations of model molecules. We find that the interfacial electronic structure is dominated by two virtual orbitals localized to the thiolate anchor and strongly coupled to the metal substrate. The shapes and energies of these interfacial σ*-like orbitals are independent of the nature of the hydrocarbon group (conjugated aromatics or saturated alkyls). As low-lying acceptor orbital...
On a relation between labeled graphs and permutations

Abstract It has been shown that a connection can be made between labeled trees and representations of cyclic permutations by associating each edge ( X i ,X j ) with a transposition t ij . The same association can be applied to labeled graphs. It is shown that each element of the alternating group of permutations on m elements is representable by a product of transpositions associated with the edges of a complete graph of m vertices so long as the number of edges is even.
ESTIMATING THE COST OF DIRECT REIMBURSEMENT OF MARRIAGE AND FAMILY THERAPY UNDER MEDICARE

In this article, we investigated the estimated cost to the Medicare program for covering psychotherapy services provided by marriage and family therapists (MFTs). Historical trends were identified by using psychotherapy cost and utilization data for the years 1999-2001. Using these trends, projections for the years 2002-2006 were made with MFTs included as providers. Employing this methodology, the 5-year estimated net increase and gross increase in cost due to the provision of psychotherapy services by MFTs was found to be approximately dollar 10.5 million (or dollar 2.1 million per year) and dollar 13.9 million (or dollar 2.8 million per year), respectively. This represents an increase of less than 1/2 of 1% of the Medicare mental health budget, and less than .0015% of Medicare expenditures overall.
Transient enlargement of craniopharyngioma after radiation therapy: pattern of magnetic resonance imaging response following radiation

Clinical experience suggests that craniopharyngiomas may temporarily increase in size after radiation therapy (RT). The study goal is to determine the incidence and natural history of this response in a cohort of patients managed at Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta (CHOA) or Emory Healthcare (EHC). Between 08/1998 and 06/2009, 41 children and young adults were diagnosed with craniopharyngioma at CHOA and/or EHC. Of these, 21 received external-beam radiation and were included in our analysis. Serial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies were evaluated volumetrically to assess response to RT. Median age at diagnosis was 8.2 years (range 3.2–23.5 years). Median radiation dose was 54.0 Gy using standard fractionation (1.8–2.0 Gy/day). With median follow-up of 41.3 months (range 7.2–121.8 months), actuarial local control and overall survival rates at 5 years were 78.7 % and 100 %, respectively. Of subjects, 52.4 % of subjects (11 of 21) were noted on serial MRI evaluation to have tumor enlargement (mostly cystic component) after radiation before eventual shrinkage without further intervention. For tumors that expanded, the median volume increase was 33.9 % (range 15.6–224.4 %). Median time to maximal tumor/cyst expansion was 1.5 months (range 1.0–5.0 months). Finally, nearly all patients (20 of 21) showed a measurable objective response to therapy by MRI regardless of ultimate disease control. Median time to maximal response post-radiation, as defined by MRI, was 9.5 months (range 3.5–39.9 months). In summary, RT is effective for managing craniopharyngioma. However, despite good ultimate responses, approximately 50 % of the patients show tumor/cyst expansion on MRI over the first few months post-radiation. Caution should be taken not to subject these patients to “salvage surgery” or cyst aspiration during this early time unless there are other overriding surgical indications. Understanding the natural history of this phenomenon could potentially help guide the management of these craniopharyngioma patients.
Fujifilm-Kodak Duopolistic Competition in Japan and the United States

This article analyzes the duopolistic competition of Fujifilm and Kodak according to the product life cycle and “game theoretic” exchange-of-hostage hypothesis of international trade and investment. It shows how each firm used its home-team and first-mover advantages to compete with the other. It shows that Fujifilm's strategic use of marketing logistics and innovative products reduced Kodak's market share in Japan and elsewhere. This article has implications for the global competition of multinationals' policies and for market competition and trade policies of the U.S., Japan, and other countries.
Sites and mechanisms of action of histamine in the central thermoregulatory pathways of the rat

Abstract Behavioural thermoregulation studies, in which rats were exposed to a heat lamp, indicated that the fall in temperature induced by systemic injection of histidine is due to activation of efferent heat loss pathways. This response was blocked by injection of the H 2 -receptor antagonist, burimamide into the third ventricle. The hypothermia following intraventricular injection of histamine appears to be due to a lowering of the set point of the rostral hypothalamic thermostat. Pyrilamine, an H 1 -receptor antagonist, prevented this effect of histamine.
Chemotherapy of malignant melanoma

Surgery is the treatment of choice for all accessible primary malignant melanomas (MM), 1 at least partly because of the poor response rate to other therapeutic measures. Excisional therapy is often impossible for extensive primary, recurrent, or metastatic lesions, and in such patients alternate treatment regimens must be employed. The surgical management of MM was reviewed in an earlier article appearing in this section of the Joumar'; this month's issue highlights the chemotherapy of this aggressive cutaneous neoplasm. Effective chemotherapy for MM remains more of a dream than a reality; a consistently effective drug regimen has yet to be developed for any stage of the disorder. This relative treatment resistance may be at least partially explained by the growth kinetics of the tumor; only a small proportion of cells is actively dividing at any one time, making toxicity a serious problem at therapeutic drug levels. Nitrosourea compounds, including carmustine (BCNU) and lomustine (CCNU), alone or in combination with dacarbazine (DTIC-Dome), have been used with limited success,a'4 as have the vinca alkaloids, vincristine and vinblastine, 4'~ and the alkylating agent cyclophosphamide, t~ Methotrexate, a powerful antitumor agent which disrupts cellular DNA synthesis by inhibiting the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase, is conspicuously ineffective against MM. 7 Kufe et al 8 studied the natural resistance of human MM to methotrexate. The ability of nonmelanoma tumor cells to develop resistance to this drug has been described previously ~ and appears to correlate with increased intracellular levels of dihydrofolate reductase and/
Carbodiimide modification analyse of aminoacylated yeast phenylalanine tRNA: evidence for change in the apex region

Abstract The G- and U-specific reagent, carbodiimide was used to probe the solution structure of aminoacylated yeast phenylalanine tRNA. Both quantitative and qualitative changes in modification were observed when the modification patterns of tRNA-CCA(3'OH), tRNA-CCA(3'NH2) and phe-tRNA-CCA(3'NH2) were compared. Five nucleotides were modified in all cases, D16 and G20 in the D-loop, U33 and Gm34 in the anticodon loop and U47, in the region of the extra arm. Small changes occurred in the D-loop with incorporation of the adenosine analogue manifest as new, low levels of modification of G22 (D-stem) and a loss of sensitivity to Mg+2 in modification of D16. Aminoacylation resulted in new modification of G19, modification of a residue in the T psi CG sequence, and a 2.5-fold increase in modification of G22. Taken together the results show that aminoacylation causes increased exposure of bases in the apex region of the L-shaped molecule where the D- and psi-loops are joined. The effects observed could occur as a consequence of stable or dynamic changes in conformation.
Dual fluorescence from an Isonido ReIII rhenacarborane phosphine complex, [7,10-μ-H-7-CO-7,7-(PPh3)2-isonido-7,8,9- ReC2B7H9]

The complex [7,10-μ-H-7-CO-7,7-(PPh3)2-isonido-7,8,9-ReC2B7H9] has been synthesized by treatment of the complex salt [NHMe3][3,3-Cl2-3,3-(CO)2-closo-3,1,2-ReC2B9H11] with PPh3 in refluxing THF (tet...
Relationship Between PPVT and WISC-R in Children with Reading Disabilities.

The Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT), Form A was compared to the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised (WISC-R) in two samples of children with reading disabilities. One group of 14 children, referred to a university clinic, were administered the WISC-R, followed by the PPVT. The second group of 38 children from a private learning disability center were administered the PPVT first, followed by the WISC-R. In the combined sample, the PPVT IQ (X = 109.2) was significantly higher than the WISC-R Verbal IQ (X = 98.9), Performance IQ (X = 97.0), and Full Scale IQ (X = 97.5). Similarly, the PPVT IQ was significantly higher than the WISC-R Full Scale in both samples separately, regardless of which test was administered first. In one case, the PPVT IQ was 50 points higher than the WISC-R IQ. Correlations between the PPVT and WISC-R Verbal, Performance, and Full Scale IQs were significant (rs = .56, .29, and .50, respectively). The results suggest that the two tests do not provide interchangeable IQs for a population of reading disabled children.
Effects of exercise-training on the thermic effect of food and body fatness of adult women

Resting metabolic rate (RMR), thermic effect of food (TEF), aerobic capacity (VO2max), body fat, and food intake were measured in 10 healthy women before and after a 10 week graded exercise program of jogging. Pretraining TEF was a linear function of VO2max. Following exercise training, the women showed a significant increase (20%) in VO2max and loss (10.4%) of body fat; body weight did not change. Fat loss was directly related to changes in VO2max and RMR. The women showed a wide variation of changes in RMR (-21 to +2%) and TEF (-32 to +66%) from their pretraining levels. The changes in RMR and TEF were significantly positively correlated with improvements in VO2max. Analyses using multiple regression techniques, indicated that the changes in RMR and TEF accounted for 96.2% of the total variation in the changes of VO2max. Analyses of food intake indicated that diet composition (but not caloric intake) was highly related to the changes in VO2max, RMR, TEF and body fatness. Present results support further our hypothesis, that VO2max is an important physiological index of dietary thermogenesis and fat loss of individuals of normal body weight and fatness. Possible nutritional and physiological factors that may explain the wide variation in RMR and TEF of the women are discussed.
Effects of oligohydramnios on lung growth and maturation in the fetal rat.

Oligohydramnios (OH) retards fetal lung growth by producing less lung distension than normal. To examine effects of decreased distension on fetal lung development, we produced OH in rats by punctur...
E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes regulate the deubiquitinating activity of OTUB1

OTUB1 is a Lys48-specific deubiquitinating enzyme that forms a complex in vivo with E2 ubiquitin (Ub)-conjugating enzymes including UBC13 and UBCH5. OTUB1 binds E2~Ub thioester intermediates and prevents ubiquitin transfer, thereby noncatalytically inhibiting accumulation of polyubiquitin. We report here that a second role of OTUB1-E2 interactions is to stimulate OTUB1 cleavage of Lys48 polyubiquitin. This stimulation is regulated by the ratio of charged to uncharged E2 and by the concentration of Lys48-linked polyubiquitin and free ubiquitin. Structural and biochemical studies of human and worm OTUB1 and UBCH5B show that the E2 enzyme stimulates binding of the Lys48 polyubiquitin substrate by stabilizing folding of the OTUB1 N-terminal ubiquitin-binding helix. Our results suggest that OTUB1-E2 complexes in the cell are poised to regulate polyubiquitin chain elongation or degradation in response to changing levels of E2 charging and available free ubiquitin.
The stability of99mTc phosphorus compounds in plasma both in vivo and in vitro

The in vivo and in vitro stability of99mTc hydroxyethlylidene diphosphonate, 99mTc methylenediphosphonate and99mTc pyrophosphate in plasma has been studied using paper chromatographic technique as the analytical tool. The results indicate that the amounts of99mTc activity found both at the origin and Rf range of99mTcO4 − for in vivo experiments are slightly greater than those for either in vitro or control experiments. However, this amount of99mTc activity represents about 0.16–0.4% of the injected dose. Therefore, it is suggested that99mTc phosphorus radiopharmaceuticals are stable in vivo and neither oxidation nor hydrolysis of these bone imaging agents occurs in the blood.
Antiviral therapy for hepatitis C is associated with improved clinical outcomes in patients with advanced fibrosis.

Evaluation of: Cardosa AC, Moucari R, Figueiredo-Mendes C et al. Impact of peginterferon and ribavirin therapy on hepatocellular carcinoma: incidence and survival in hepatitis C patients with advanced fibrosis. J. Hepatol. 52, 652–657 (2010).End-stage liver disease from hepatitis C is a leading cause of decompensated cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, liver transplantation and liver-related deaths. The goals of antiviral therapy are to prevent these sequelae and prolong life. Clinical trials of α-interferons and ribavirin have used sustained viral response as an outcome because it is considered synonymous with cure and is assumed to be associated with decreasing complications caused by cirrhosis. However, it is only recently that data has emerged supporting this assumption. This study demonstrates that meaningful clinical end points are seen in patients who achieve a sustained virologic response (SVR) with a reduction in liver-related deaths, rates of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and liver-related com...
Patterns of Periphlebitis in Intermediate Uveitis using Ultra Wide Field Fluorescein Angiography

Intermediate uveitis is a collection of diseases which can be caused by sarcoidosis in approximately fifty percent of patients. We performed a retrospective chart review of 6 patients with acquisition and interpretation of ultra wide field fluorescein angiograms. Two eyes had central, large vessel staining; six eyes had peripheral, small vessel staining; and two eyes had both patterns of staining. We conclude that ultra wide field fluorescein angiography is important to detect inflammation early and follow treatment in patients with intermediate uveitis. Future studies with ultra wide field fluorescein angiography may help to diagnose different types of intermediate uveitis and offer insights into the pathogenesis of disease.
IN VITRO AND IN VIVO HOST RANGE OF ANTICARSIA GEMMATALIS MULTIPLE NUCLEAR POLYHEDROSIS VIRUS

A clone of the wild type (wt) Anticarsia gemmatalis multiple nuclear polyhedrosis virus AgMNPV, derived from a geographical isolate (Hondrina, Brazil) and designated AgMNPV-CL4-3A1, was used to determine the host range of this virus in six established lepidopteran cell lines: Anticarsia gemmatalis (BCIRL-AG-AM1), Helicoverpa zea (BCIRL-HZ-AM1), Heliothis virescens (BCIRL-HV-AM1), Helicoverpa armigera (BCIRL-HA-AM1), Trichoplusia ni (TN-CL1), Bombyx mori (BMN), and a coleopteran cell line Anthonomus grandis (BRL-AG-1). In addition, the in vivo host range of this clone was also assayed in larvae of Helicoverpa zea, Heliothis virescens, Trichoplusia ni, and the homologous species Anticarsia gemmatalis by probit analysis. On the basis of temporal studies of TCID50 values, BCIRL-HV-AM1 cells gave the highest extracellular virus (ECV) titer (9.7 x 10(6) TCID50/ml) followed by BCIRL-HA-AM1 cells (8.3 x 10(5) TCID50/ml) and BCIRL-AG-AM1 cells (3.2 x 10(5) TCID50/ml). In addition, a low ECV titer of 1.37 x 10(3) TCID50/ml was detected from TN-CL1 cells 96 h postinoculation, while BRL-AG-1, BMN, and BCIRL-HZ-AM1 cells were nonpermissive to AgMNPV-CL4-3A1 on the basis of TCID50 results. AgMNPV-CL4-3A1 and the wild type AgMNPV had similar restriction profiles that were different from wild type AcMNPV. The LC50 values were 96.9, 564.6, 733.3, and 1.1 x 10(4) occlusion bodies/cm2 of diet for A. gemmatalis, Helicoverpa zea, Heliothis virescens, and T. ni, respectively.
Development of a Consensus Standard for Verification and Validation of Nuclear System Thermal-Fluids Software

Abstract With the resurgence of nuclear power and increased interest in advanced nuclear reactors as an option to supply abundant energy without the associated greenhouse gas emissions of the more conventional fossil fuel energy sources, there is a need to establish internationally recognized standards for the verification and validation (V&V) of software used to calculate the thermal–hydraulic behavior of advanced reactor designs for both normal operation and hypothetical accident conditions. To address this need, ASME (American Society of Mechanical Engineers) Standards and Certification has established the V&V 30 Committee, under the jurisdiction of the V&V Standards Committee, to develop a consensus standard for verification and validation of software used for design and analysis of advanced reactor systems. The initial focus of this committee will be on the V&V of system analysis and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software for nuclear applications. To limit the scope of the effort, the committee will further limit its focus to software to be used in the licensing of High-Temperature Gas-Cooled Reactors. Although software verification will be an important and necessary part of the standard, much of the initial effort of the committee will be focused on the validation of existing software and new models that could be used in the licensing process. In this framework, the Standard should conform to Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) and other regulatory practices, procedures and methods for licensing of nuclear power plants as embodied in the United States (U.S.) Code of Federal Regulations and other pertinent documents such as Regulatory Guide 1.203, “Transient and Accident Analysis Methods” and NUREG-0800, “NRC Standard Review Plan”. In addition, the Standard should be consistent with applicable sections of ASME NQA-1-2008 “Quality Assurance Requirements for Nuclear Facility Applications (QA)”. This paper describes the general requirements for the proposed V&V 30 Standard, which includes: (a) applicable NRC and other regulatory requirements for defining the operational and accident domain of a nuclear system that must be considered if the system is to be licensed, (b) the corresponding calculation domain of the software that should encompass the nuclear operational and accident domain to be used to study the system behavior for licensing purposes, (c) the definition of the scaled experimental data set required to provide the basis for validating the software, (d) the ensemble of experimental data sets required to populate the validation matrix for the software in question, and (e) the practices and procedures to be used when applying a validation standard. Although this initial effort will focus on software for licensing of High-Temperature Gas-Cooled Reactors, it is anticipated that the practices and procedures developed for this Standard can eventually be extended to other nuclear and non-nuclear applications.
Holographic particle diagnostics

Abstract Holography is now an accepted method of interrogating particle fields and multiphase flows. Yet, holography systems are not produced in a commercially available form due to the complexity and variety of systems needed for different applications. As such, individual researchers must design and construct their own systems, systems which are usually tailored to specific applications. The process of designing and constructing a holographic system is complex and, to our knowledge, there is only one summary of the issues to be considered during this procedure. Consequently, holography is not as widely used as it might be. In addition, while several excellent reviews of holographic particle diagnostic systems have been published in the past, an updated review is overdue. Two contributions worthy of special note are “Selected Papers on Holographic Particle Diagnostics” (an SPIE publication) edited by C. Vikram, and the recent book entitled Particle Field Holography by C. Vikram. The SPIE publication is an excellent source of early papers on holographic particle diagnostics. The book is an excellent and thorough description of the foundations of holography and is highly recommended reading for anyone interested in the field. The purpose of this review article is therefore twofold. First, we hope to inform engineers and scientists of the issues to be considered and the options available to them when designing and constructing a holographic particle diagnostic system. Second, we hope to provide them with a history of previous efforts in the field so that if work has been done in an area similar to theirs they will be able to locate it and use it to facilitate their own research. Types of holographic techniques discussed in this paper include in-line, in-line Fraunhofer (far-field), and off-axis, using either diffracted or reflected light. Film types and light sources are also briefly noted. Some of the applications discussed are: spray injection systems (including rocket engine injection, aerosols, and coal injection), combustion processes, cavitation studies and internal two-phase flows, bubble chamber studies, and microbiology. Finally, a number of papers are discussed that describe innovations in the field of automated analysis of particle field holograms. This area must be pursued if holography is to become a time efficient diagnostic tool.
A trilinear form for the third Janko group

Abstract In this paper we describe the action of the sporadic simple group J3 on a vector space M of dimension 85 over Q(√−3, √−19). In doing so, we shall prove that J3 is uniquely determined, up to isomorphism, by the conditions given by Z. Janko [Ist. Naz. Alta Math. 1 (1968), 25–64] in 1967. We also describe a J3-invariant symmetric trilinear form ϑ on M. This form, which is uniquely determined up to scalar multiplication, can be used to define a multiplication on A = M ⊕ M ∗ that makes A into a non-associative algebra.
Immersion multimedia for adult chiricahua language learners

This study investigated effects of context versus list word presentation, and moving versus static target presentation in a 2×2 between-subjects design using Athapascan revitalization materials developed in Macromedia Flash® for adult learning. The within-subjects factor was word type, presented in two randomized sets of four nouns, adjectives, and verbs. Macromedia Flash® was chosen to simulate immersion learning. Twenty-three Native American adults from a local reservation and 20 adults from the University engaged 48 words for 15 min (average) of self-directed study. Macromedia Flash® immersion test materials presented three target choices for each of eight text and eight spoken presentations (graphemic and phonemic association tasks), and eight words spoken in context (disambiguation task). Populations were similar enough to be combined; the total percent correct was 77.64% (SD=12.70%; range = 50–100%). Results indicate that immersion-style, multi-media materials offer strong support for revitalization...
NEUTRALIZING ANTI-VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR ANTIBODY INHIBITS FURTHER GROWTH OF ESTABLISHED PROSTATE CANCER AND METASTASES IN A PRE-CLINICAL MODEL

AbstractPurpose: The formation of new blood vessels from the pre-existing vasculature is necessary for support of primary tumor growth and appears coincident with the development of metastasis. In previous studies, inhibition of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), a potent angiogenic factor and mediator of vascular permeability, inhibited tumor neovascularization with consequent inhibition of both primary tumor growth and micrometastases when administered at the time of tumor inoculation. In the present study, we examined the effect of inhibiting VEGF on primary tumor growth and metastases in an in vivo model of established metastatic prostate cancer.Materials and Methods: The human prostate cancer cell line DU-145 was found to secrete VEGF. DU-145.luciferase, a subclone stably transfected with an expression vector encoding the luciferase gene, injected subcutaneously, consistently formed tumors in C.B.-17 scid/scid mice. After 6 weeks, assay of whole lung lysates showed significant luciferase acti...
Analysis of protamines isolated from alcohol preserved epididymides

Protamines 1 and 2 have been isolated from the sperm of frozen and isopropanol preserved Syrian hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) epididymides and analyzed by gel electrophoresis, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and amino acid analysis and sequencing. The results show that alcohol preservation does not alter the primary structure of the two sperm nuclear proteins and that the preservation of mammalian reproductive organs in alcohol is a viable alternative to freezing tissues collected in the field. Sperm were isolated from tissues fixed in isopropanol for as long as 7 months without detectable adverse effects on either the isolation of sperm or the primary structure of the protamines.
Catalysis challenges in fluid catalytic cracking: a 49 year personal account of past and more recent contributions and some possible new and future directions for even further improvement

Abstract Generally speaking, catalytic cracking is an old process. However, it is impressive to observe how many improvements have been made over the years, and continue to be made. Advances in the catalyst and the process have been numerous, and every prediction pointing to the demise of the process has proven to be wrong. This paper will relate some personal involvement and contributions to the improvement of the catalyst and process, both as they relate to gas oils and metal laden reduced crude and residuum. Among others these include the incorporation of kaolin into synthetic silica-alumina microspheres so as to reduce cost, and more importantly create a ‘house of cards’ pore structure for large pore formation; 40 years later kaolin is still the predominant additive (25–75% by weight). A later contribution included the widely used XZ-36 Davison catalyst of the late 60s. In the late 70s, through the 80s, and continuing into the 90s for reduced crude, there has been the introduction and incorporation of the acidic matrix, vanadia immobilizers, vanadia traps, sacrificial sieves, nickel sinks, highly ground sieves, further enhanced large pores for the catalyst and vanadia valence control and hydrogen recycle for the process. More recent developments include the Magnacat™ process for selectively retaining higher activity catalyst and process additive chemicals for enhancing catalyst performance. Future process developments include the ‘Magnetic Hook’ concept and still more recently, the patented ‘triangular process’ and use of ‘Magnetic Hooks’ to retain high cost specialty additives. Speculation is also offered as to the future use of CO2 for catalyst regeneration and the use of manganese for cracking catalyst activity.
Geologic setting of Parícutin volcano

A wide belt of young volcanoes, more than 500 miles long, crosses Mexico approximately along the 19th parallel, separating a region of comparative stability to the north from one to the south marked by instability, strong seismicity, and negative anomalies of gravity. To this volcanic belt belong such giant cones as Orizaba, Popocatepetl, Nevado de Toluca, and Collma, as well as the recently active cone of Jorullo and the new volcano, Paricutin. During Early and Middle Tertiary times, volcanism in Mexico was much more wide-spread, not only along the belt just mentioned but also to the north; during and since the Pliocene period, activity has been confined increasingly to this east-west zone.
Large-eddy simulations on distributed shared memory clusters

The practicality of Large-eddy simulation (LES) of turbulent combustion, as is found in gas turbine engines, on clusters of commodity PC-based symmetric multi-processor (SMP) systems in 2-, 4-, and 8-way configurations has been investigated. Bandwidth demands from both memory and networking in the benchmark LES algorithm are shown to the primary performance inhibitors. Contention in the various SMP architectures tested is shown to compound these two hardware limitations. To investigate the ability of the parallel clustered systems, low-level hardware studies are conducted in conjunction with bench-marking of the LES application. The hardware tests focus on memory and communication contention under loads found in the LES algorithm. For comparison, the benchmarks are also applied to two industry leading high-performance super-computing architectures. It is found that contention in the 4- and 8-way SMP architecture studied here limits their applicability while the 2-way systems shows competitive performance and speed-up compared to its industry counter-parts. It is concluded that design-level combustion LES on clusters of commodity hardware, when equipped with sufficient memory and communication bandwidth, are a viable substitute for more expensive super-computing platforms.
Design and Fabrication of a Pre-aligned Free-space Optical Interconnection Device

In this paper, we report the design and fabrication of a pre-aligned free-space optical interconnection (FSOI) device. A simple FSOI prototype device is designed based on Gaussian beam propagation calculation. All optical components of a FSOI device were designed in a single one mask, and the alignment between the optical components was achieved in the mask design stage. All optical components including microlens array and micro mirrors were positioned in an out-of-plane fashion. The fabrication was based on a tilted Ultraviolet (UV) lithography of the SU-8 mold and fast replication using a UV curable polymer. This method allows the production of integrated optical systems similar to conventional optical benches in microscale and eliminates the need for tedious high-precision assembly.
Types of Carbohydrates and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease

The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the role of dietary carbohydrates in the etiology of cardiovascular disease (CVD) among women. Many factors are thought to affect insulin resistance, and little is known about the role of diet. Through effects on postprandial glucose and insulin, dietary glycemic load may have an important role in the insulin resistance syndrome (IRS). Dietary fiber, through its influence on the glycemic load or through other pathways, may also have important effects on this syndrome. Many short-term experimental studies have supported these hypotheses. Interestingly, associations may be stronger among overweight individuals than among nonoverweight individuals. Similar to findings for fruits and vegetables, whole grain intake has been found to be consistently associated with a reduction in risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) among both men and women. Several large randomized trials of primary and secondary prevention to date have demonstrated the efficacy of diets ...
Ultrasimple alignment-free ultrashort pulse measurement devices

We describe two novel, practical ultrashort laser pulse measurement devices, which are also experimentally very simple. The first one is an "ultra-broadband" pulse characterization device that is based on FROG, but uses transient grating (TG) process. TG FROG involves forming an induced grating in a piece of glass by crossing two pulses in space and time and then diffracting a third pulse off it to create a fourth diffracted pulse. The TG process is inherently very broadband and automatically phasematched. We have implemented an ultrasimple TG FROG device, which can also operate single-shot. First, three beams are created using a simple mask. Then, a cylindrical beams line-focuses the beams horizontally, where the induced grating is generated. The variation of the relative delay is achieved by crossing the two grating-creation beams at an angle using a Fresnel biprism. Then, by detecting the diffracted pulse with spatial resolution, the TG FROG trace is captured. The second device that we present aims to measure ultrashort pulses with complex spectral and temporal structure. Spectral interferometry (SI) works perfectly for this purpose. SI simply involves measuring the spectrum of the sum of the unknown (shaped) and known (reference) light waves. Unfortunately, SI is very difficult to align and maintain aligned, as it requires that the two beams be nearly perfectly collinear . We solved this problem by utilizing optical fibers. Spectral resolution is also significantly improved by using spatial fringes, avoiding time-domain filtering.
Bilateral Markov mesh random field and its application to image restoration

This paper introduces bilateral Markov mesh random field to overcome the shortcomings of the conventional Markov random fields in image modeling. These shortcomings consist of (a) the computational intractability of such fields when expressing the image probability function in the form of the Gibbs distribution function, and (b) the formulation of the image probability function via the product of low-dimensional densities at the expense of obtaining non-symmetrical image models. The properties of bilateral Markov mesh random field are presented and used to derive an image model to address the above shortcomings. As an application, a framework for image restoration is then provided. Restoration results based on this new bilateral Markov mesh random field are compared to the conventional fields to demonstrate its effectiveness.
A hybrid deterministic/stochastic optimization approach for the shape configuration design of structures

This paper presents a computer-based shape configuration design methodology to generate optimum design of specified structures satisfying the structural performance requirements and the geometric connectivity of the model. Mathematically, this problem can be categorized as a large-scale, nonconvex and nonlinear problem. The solution methods, grouped into two main categories, deterministic and stochastic approaches, require enormous computational efforts to find global optimum designs, a matter of major importance since many local suboptimal solutions can exist. In this study, two popular methods belonging to each class are examined and compared. The methods understudied are selected as the enumeration technique for deterministic approach and the simulated annealing for the stochastic method. The advantages and disadvantages of each technique are investigated. Using the best properties of each method and an algorithm for phase change between the two, a hybrid global shape optimization approach is formulated. The hybrid method is structured to combine the enumeration method for local minimization process and the simulated annealing for global minimum search phase. The hybrid method can find global optimum designs in a robust and efficient way, contrary to the signle phase solutions examined in this study. To demonstrate the hybrid method and its effectiveness, several design examples are presented.
Teaching a modern numerical analysis course

The traditional introductory undergraduate numerical analysis course typically begins by addressing some mathematical preliminaries and computer arithmetic followed by one or more major topic areas. For each of these areas, specific problems are proposed, algorithms for their solution are derived and implemented, results are obtained, and an associated error analysis is made. The algorithms and associated software are usually sequential in nature and the error analysis is often simplified. Increasingly, students need to be made aware of the additional hardware and software advances that can make the solution of these problems more efficient and their error analysis easier. This paper discusses an approach that incorporates Mathematica to help provide problem insight and an improved error analysis, and a parallel processing simulation program called Multi-Pascal, to help teach effective algorithm implementation.
Effect of hormonal and neuronal agents on adenylate cyclase from smooth muscle of the gastric antrum

Smooth muscle adenylate cyclase of a membrane preparation of canine gastric antrum has been characterized, and the effect of hormonal and neuronal agents examined. The enzyme is active in the presence of Mg2+ or Mn2+, but is inhibited by Ca2+. The Km is 0.5 mM ATP, similar to the Km of skeletal muscle adenylate cyclase. The enzyme is activated by isoproterenol but not norepinephrine, consistent with a β2-catecholamine receptor-adenylate cyclase interaction. Secretin activates the enzyme in concentrations as low as 1 · 10−11 M, while glucagon was effective only at 1 · 10−6 M. Prostaglandin E1 and E2 have a biphasic effect with activation of adenylate cyclase at 1 · 10−5 M and a small but significant inhibition of enzyme activity at 1 · 10−11 M.
Mechanisms of regulating the Raf kinase family.

Abstract The MAP Kinase pathway is a key signalling mechanism that regulates many cellular functions such as cell growth, transformation and apoptosis. One of the essential components of this pathway is the serine/threonine kinase, Raf. Raf (MAPKK kinase, MAPKKK) relays the extracellular signal from the receptor/Ras complex to a cascade of cytosolic kinases by phosphorylating and activating MAPK/ERK kinase (MEK; MAPK kinase, MAPKK) that phosphorylates and activates extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK; mitogen-activated protein kinase, MAPK), which phosphorylates various cytoplasmic and nuclear proteins. Regulation of both Ras and Raf is crucial in the proper maintenance of cell growth as oncogenic mutations in these genes lead to high transforming activity. Ras is mutated in 30% of all human cancers and B-Raf is mutated in 60% of malignant melanomas. The mechanisms that regulate the small GTPase Ras as well as the downstream kinases MEK and extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK) are well understood. However, the regulation of Raf is complex and involves the integration of other signalling pathways as well as intramolecular interactions, phosphorylation, dephosphorylation and protein–protein interactions. From studies using mammalian isoforms of Raf, as well as C. elegans lin45-Raf, common patterns and unique differences of regulation have emerged. This review will summarize recent findings on the regulation of Raf kinase.
Opportunities for public relations research in public health

Abstract While communication researchers have developed a solid body of knowledge in the health field, we know little about the activities of public relations practitioners in public health bodies. This is unfortunate, because public health bodies at the federal, state, and local level have faced considerable criticism for what amounts to poor public relations. Public relations scholarship and practice have much to offer the field of public health in helping public health bodies meet their challenges. In order for public relations scholars to assist public health bodies, however, scholars first must fill a void in the research by investigating the public relations functions of public health bodies. The author suggests six avenues of public relations research in the field of public health.
A Comparative Biochemical Study of Two Species of Ochromonas

SYNOPSIS. The heterotrophic, phototrophic, and phagotrophic nutrition of the chrysomonad flagellates Ochromonas malhamensis and O. danica were compared. Unlike O. malhamensis, O. danica, which is much richer in chloroplast pigments, grew readily photoautotrophically in a substrate-free medium in 5% CO2. Utilization of bound biotin in bacterial (Thiobacillus) bodies served to demonstrate phagotrophy in both flagellates. This nutritional versatility suggests that this group of flagellates will be exceptionally valuable for studying the evolutionary steps connecting photoautotrophy, heterotrophy, and phagotrophy.