cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Students’ Feelings of Safety, Exposure to Violence and Victimization, and Authoritative School Climate

Although many students feel unsafe at school, few malleable factors have been identified to increase students’ feelings of safety. Drawing on criminological behavior control theories, this study posits authoritative school climate as one such factor. With data from two nationally representative datasets, this study uses path analysis to examine the relationship between authoritative school climate and feelings of safety, as well as the extent to which this relation is explained by exposure to violence and victimization. Across both datasets, a more authoritative school climate was associated with increased feelings of safety at school. Both models also indicated that this relationship was explained in part by reduced exposure to violence and victimization, although the strength of this indirect effect varied across models. These findings suggest that strengthening students’ relationships with adults and increasing the fairness and consistency of rules in the school may both reduce exposure to violence and victimization and help students feel safer at school.
The Puerto Ricans

According to the US Census Bureau (Campbell, 1996 p. 2), the Hispanic origin population is projected to increase rapidly over the 1995 to 2025 projection period, accounting for 44 percent of the growth in the Nation’s population (32 million Hispanics out of a total of 72 million persons added to the Nation2019;s population).
The Future Belongs to Those with Imagination

Having a futuristic product portfolio, as discussed in Chap. 12, is one thing; having a futuristic orientation is something else. Managing the future is admirable, but inventing the future is outstanding. An active imagination and free thinking enables a firm to invent its future. However, having an active imagination has very little to do with innovation per se. The imagination must be fostered, but it must also be used for innovation.
ANALYSIS OF THE CATHODE FALL OF GLOW DISCHARGES IN A He/SF6 GAS MIXTURE

ABSTRACT A Monte-Carlo code was used to calculate the electron energy distributions and the transport and rate coefficients in the cathode fall region of glow discharges in a He/SF6 gas mixture. The charge carrier densities and the current densities were computed by means of a continuum model. Through an iterative procedure a self consistent solution for the cathode fall was approached. In order to study the influence of externally applied magnetic fields on the cathode fall, the calculations were repeated for a transverse magnetic field of 0.5 Tesla.
Epistemological Constraints When Evaluating Ontological Emergence with Computational Complex Adaptive Systems

Natural complex adaptive systems are of particular scientific interest in many domains, as they may produce something new, like structures, patterns, or properties, that arise from the rules of self-organization. These novelties are emergent if they cannot be understood as any property of the components, but as a new property of the system. One of the leading methods to better understand complex adaptive systems is the use of their computational representation. In this paper, we make the case that emergence in computational complex adaptive systems can only be epistemological, as the constraints of computer functions do not allow for the creation of something new, as required for ontological emergence. As such, computer representations of complex adaptive systems are limited in producing emergence, but nonetheless useful to better understand the relationship between emergence and complex adaptive systems.
Together and apart: transnational life in the US–Mexico border region

The term ‘transnationalism’ evokes notions of unity and strong bonds cultivated across international borders, and scholars of transnationalism have highlighted the ways in which international migra...
Contemporary Theories and Frameworks for Use in Financial Counseling

Through a case study, this chapter introduces the reader to four theoretically rooted postmodern approaches, including solution-focused brief therapy, motivational interviewing, positive psychology, and appreciative inquiry. The transtheoretical model of change is overviewed as a basis for understanding the client’s readiness for change and how each approach can move the client forward.
Target-dependent nickase activities of the CRISPR-Cas nucleases Cpf1 and Cas9.

Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) machineries are prokaryotic immune systems that have been adapted as versatile gene editing and manipulation tools. We found that CRISPR nucleases from two families, Cpf1 (also known as Cas12a) and Cas9, exhibit differential guide RNA (gRNA) sequence requirements for cleavage of the two strands of target DNA in vitro. As a consequence of the differential gRNA requirements, both Cas9 and Cpf1 enzymes can exhibit potent nickase activities on an extensive class of mismatched double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) targets. These properties allow the production of efficient nickases for a chosen dsDNA target sequence, without modification of the nuclease protein, using gRNAs with a variety of patterns of mismatch to the intended DNA target. In parallel to the nicking activities observed with purified Cas9 in vitro, we observed sequence-dependent nicking for both perfectly matched and partially mismatched target sequences in a Saccharomyces cerevisiae system. Our findings have implications for CRISPR spacer acquisition, off-target potential of CRISPR gene editing/manipulation, and tool development using homology-directed nicking. The CRISPR–Cas nucleases Cas9 and Cpf1 have nickase activity, including in vivo in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which could be explored for genome engineering.
Real-time visualization of impact damage in monolithic silicon carbide and fibrous silicon carbide ceramic composite

Abstract Impact resistance from foreign debris is a critical requirement for brittle ceramic and ceramic composite materials intended for use in the hot-section of gas turbine engines. A design to mitigate against such impact failures necessitates a detailed understanding of the driving failure mechanisms. The present study introduces a unique time-resolved experimental method which advances the latter effort. Specifically, a pulsed synchrotron X-ray source, in phase contrast imaging (PCI) configuration, is used as a medium, to visually characterize the evolution of damage inside the target materials during impact. As a proof of concept, two types of ceramic materials were tested: monolithic silicon carbide and fibrous silicon carbide composite. Impact was performed using a light-gas gun and 1.5 mm diameter spheres of partially stabilized zirconia (PSZ) and silicon nitride (Si3N4). The retrieved dynamic X-ray image sequences provided clear outlines of the damage features. In the case of the monolithic ceramic, the impact by a PSZ projectile initially produced a cone crack and complete failure resulted by extension of a median crack. By contrast, the fibrous composite deformed readily prior to cone crack formation. Nearly identical damage features were observed in the monolith for the Si3N4 projectile, with the exception of the added vertical tensile crack. For this same projectile, the fibrous ceramic showed very limited surface deformation and enhanced cone cracking and kinking of laminates along the crack path. The latter response is attributed to the change in projectile properties. Some of the target materials were recovered, and post-mortem analysis via scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed correlation with observed X-ray damage profiles. Moreover, simple Hertzian contact was used to estimate damage for the elastic portion of impact. This approach was found to yield a reasonable match with experimental results for the surface displacement near the contact interface.
Identification of differentially expressed gene sets using the Generalized Berk-Jones statistic.

MOTIVATION Cancer genomics studies frequently aim to identify genes that are differentially expressed between clinically distinct patient subgroups, generally by testing single genes one at a time. However, the results of any individual transcriptomic study are often not fully reproducible. A particular challenge impeding statistical analysis is the difficulty of distinguishing between differential expression comprising part of the genomic disease etiology and that induced by downstream effects. More robust analytical approaches that are well-powered to detect potentially causative genes, are less prone to discovering spurious associations, and can deliver reproducible findings across different studies are needed. RESULTS We propose a set-based procedure for testing of differential expression and show that this set-based approach can produce more robust results by aggregating information across multiple, correlated genomic markers. Specifically, we adapt the Generalized Berk-Jones statistic to test for the transcription factors that may contribute to the progression of estrogen receptor positive breast cancer. We demonstrate the ability of our method to produce reproducible findings by applying the same analysis to 21 publicly available datasets, producing a similar list of significant transcription factors across most studies. Our Generalized Berk-Jones approach produces results that show improved consistency over three set-based testing algorithms: Generalized Higher Criticism, Gene Set Analysis and Gene Set Enrichment Analysis. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION Data are in the MetaGxBreast R package. Code is available at github.com/ryanrsun/gaynor_sun_GBJ_breast_cancer. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Space-charge limited conduction in epitaxial chromia films grown on elemental and oxide-based metallic substrates

We study temperature dependent (200 – 400 K) dielectric current leakage in high-quality, epitaxial chromia films, synthesized on various conductive substrates (Pd, Pt and V2O3). We find that trap-assisted space-charge limited conduction is the dominant source of electrical leakage in the films, and that the density and distribution of charge traps within them is strongly dependent upon the choice of the underlying substrate. Pd-based chromia is found to exhibit leakage consistent with the presence of deep, discrete traps, a characteristic that is related to the known properties of twinning defects in the material. The Pt- and V2O3-based films, in contrast, show behavior typical of insulators with shallow, exponentially-distributed traps. The highest resistivity is obtained for chromia fabricated on V2O3 substrates, consistent with a lower total trap density in these films. Our studies suggest that chromia thin films formed on V2O3 substrates are a promising candidate for next-generation spintronics.We study temperature dependent (200 – 400 K) dielectric current leakage in high-quality, epitaxial chromia films, synthesized on various conductive substrates (Pd, Pt and V2O3). We find that trap-assisted space-charge limited conduction is the dominant source of electrical leakage in the films, and that the density and distribution of charge traps within them is strongly dependent upon the choice of the underlying substrate. Pd-based chromia is found to exhibit leakage consistent with the presence of deep, discrete traps, a characteristic that is related to the known properties of twinning defects in the material. The Pt- and V2O3-based films, in contrast, show behavior typical of insulators with shallow, exponentially-distributed traps. The highest resistivity is obtained for chromia fabricated on V2O3 substrates, consistent with a lower total trap density in these films. Our studies suggest that chromia thin films formed on V2O3 substrates are a promising candidate for next-generation spintronics.
Evaluation of Media Consisting of a Cotton Waste for the Production of Tropical Foliage Species

Abstract Media consisting of composted cotton waste (CW) alone and CW in combination with bark or peat moss or both were evaluated for producing two tropical foliage species. Asian bell tree (Rader...
ANTERIOR MIGRATION OF INTRAVITREAL FLUOCINOLONE ACETONIDE IMPLANTS: A CASE REPORT.

BACKGROUND/PURPOSE To describe management of anterior migration of a fluocinolone acetonide(FAc) intravitreal implant. METHODS A retrospective case report. A 61-year-old man with diabetic macular edema and prior vitrectomy had anterior migration of a FAc implant. Anterior segment photos and optical coherence tomography were performed. RESULTS Approximately 3 months after FAc implant was administered, it was noted to have migrated into the anterior chamber. Vision, intraocular pressure, and optical coherence tomography imaging initially remained stable, and no evidence of detectable corneal edema developed in 30 months of follow-up. However, at 36 months of follow-up, after second FAc implant injection, mild corneal edema developed,suspected to be related to the migrating implants. CONCLUSION Anterior migration of a FAc implant may lead to less rapid and severe corneal decompensation compared with other steroid implants. Despite this, delayed corneal edema may occur. Careful monitoring of the cornea and intraocular pressure is recommended in cases of anterior FAc migration.
Melt pool geometry and microstructure of Ti6Al4V with B additions processed by selective laser melting additive manufacturing

Abstract This paper documents an investigation into the microstructures and melt pool geometry features of Ti6Al4V + (0, 1, 2, 5, 10, wt%) B alloys processed by selective laser melting (SLM). Single laser-deposited tracks were made on powder-free surface of arc-melted Ti6Al4V-xB buttons. The applicability of powder-free results was supported by evaluation of Ti6Al4V melt pool geometry deposited with and without powder. For each Ti6Al4V-xB composition, melt pools were produced over wide ranges of laser beam power (P) and scan speed (V), with melt pool geometry and microstructure information gathered into mapping in P-V space to develop P-V process window. By varying wt% B and P-V parameter, a variety of microstructures were produced. A promising microstructure consisted of a TiB network with submicron spacing. Melt pool microhardness was characterized, showing evident enhancement from arc-melted baseline for all Ti6Al4V-xB composition. This work identified Ti6Al4V-xB with 2–5 wt% B as a promising composition range for SLM processing and showed the powder-free methodology can provide melt pool scale information for trial alloy composition evaluation.
Digitally-Mediated Practices of Geospatial Archaeological Data: Transformation, Integration, & Interpretation

Digitally-mediated practices of archaeological data require reflexive thinking about where archaeology stands as a discipline in regard to the ‘digital,’ and where we want to go. To move toward this goal, we advocate a historical approach that emphasizes contextual source-side criticism and data intimacy—scrutinizing maps and 3D data as we do artifacts by analyzing position, form, material and context of analog and digital sources. Applying this approach, we reflect on what we have learned from processes of digitally-mediated data. We ask: What can we learn as we convert analog data to digital data? And, how does digital data transformation impact the chain of archaeological practice? Primary, or raw data, are produced using various technologies ranging from Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)/Global Positioning System (GPS), LiDAR, digital photography, and ground penetrating radar, to digitization, typically using a flat-bed scanner to transform analog data such as old field notes, photographs, or drawings into digital data. However, archaeologists not only collect primary data, we also make substantial time investments to create derived data such as maps, 3D models, or statistics via post-processing and analysis. While analog data is typically static, digital data is more dynamic, creating fundamental differences in digitally-mediated archaeological practice. To address some issues embedded in this process, we describe the lessons we have learned from translating analog to digital geospatial data—discussing what is lost and what is gained in translation, and then applying what we have learned to provide concrete insights to archaeological practice.
Deleuze's Infernal Book: Reflections on Difference and Repetition

Deleuze's Difference and Repetition is a notoriously difficult work of philosophy. Moreover, it is a work of philosophy that has led to quite divergent interpretations. How are we to account for th...
Care Workers on Strike

This paper investigates a moral conflict that care workers, defined as workers who care for dependent others, confront when they go on strike. Care workers who confront decisions about whether to go on strike are, in my analysis, caught between impossible options: Should they prioritize the needs of those who are currently dependent upon them, and forego striking, or prioritize their long-term ability to provide the best possible care, and partake in strikes? I argue that care workers who confront these decisions are often caught in a tragic moral conflict where “moral failure” is inevitable. However, I argue that we should place blame for said moral failures not upon striking care workers themselves but upon employers and others responsible for creating the decision contexts in which care workers must morally fail. I also argue that those responsible for creating the decision contexts in which care workers must morally fail are guilty of various moral and material harms to care workers.
Return to Play in Athletes After Thumb Ulnar Collateral Ligament Repair With Suture Tape Augmentation

Background:Thumb ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) tears are common in competitive athletes. These tears often occur as a result of a radially directed force on an extended thumb. To date, no literat...
Using CGMF to estimate corrections for fission yields measured via γ-ray spectroscopy

Fission product yields have been inferred using γ -ray spectroscopy for several decades. Typically, these efforts have focused on even-Z even-A fission products as their nuclear structure are less complicated. To further simplify the situation, it is often assumed that no side-feeding to the ground-state occurs and multiplicity cuts have a negligible effect on the inferred yields. Using CGMF, a Hauser-Feshbach statistical decay model for the primary fission fragments, we estimate the impact of these assumptions and determine corrections for specific fission product yields. We report on these corrections and investigate their sensitivity to various nuclear parameters, specifically the spin distribution of the fission fragments and the assumed nuclear structure. Our results indicate that even in the simplest of cases, say the 2+ → 0+ transitions in even-Z even-A fragments, average level corrections are on the order of 75%.
Interactive digital art for individuals with intellectual disabilities.

Interactive digital art can be a beneficial therapeutic intervention for a variety of populations, but specifically for the population of intellectual and developmental disabilities. Interactive di...
The last cartwheel

I have this strong childhood memory of doing cartwheels in my front lawn. The grass is always green in this memory. The sky is always sunny with a few white, billowy clouds. There is a perfect temp...
“Nature Preached a Milder Theology”; Or, Melmoth the Wanderer

Charles Robert Maturin’s most famous novel, Melmoth the Wanderer is one of the most epigenetic of all of these texts in that it foregrounds the intimate connection between conception and writing and weaves a tale that displays Gigante’s “relentless fecundity” and Muller-Sievers’ “endless narration.” The novel begins with Biddy Brannigan, a witchy midwife figure, giving birth to this story in which several identities—Alonzo, Adonijah, Immalee/Isidora—powerfully illustrate the conflict between internal passions and external controls that is a hallmark of epigenetic literature. Also, the novel is significantly more engaged with the supernatural than either Radcliffe’s or Shelley’s, which parallels the struggle that epigenesists had with vitalism, the temptation to offer supernatural explanations for how life begins. Finally, the novel’s monstrous form and its inconclusive conclusion suggest that origins will never be found and that the story will continue ad nauseum, paralleling the epigenetic search for origins in the field of embryology.
A perspective on ordered vacancy compound and parent chalcopyrite thin film absorbers for photoelectrochemical water splitting

Chalcopyrites could fill the gap between the low-cost, poor-efficiency single junction metal oxide photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting cells and the high efficiency, yet costly III–V tandems. In this Perspective, we first review the key barriers that must be addressed by the community to enable economical chalcopyrite-based PEC water splitting. Then, we highlight how theoretical modeling can be used to identify promising ordered vacancy compound absorbers with improved energetics compared to their chalcopyrite parents. Finally, we describe how advanced spectroscopic analysis performed on chalcopyrite photocathodes after PEC testing uncovered a new passivation layer candidate for prolonged durability.
Measurements of intracrater flow dynamics utilizing a mound-bearing crater in a refractive index matched environment

The processes controlling crater mound formation are the subject of ongoing research (Bennett and Bell III, 2016). Several theories exist on the formation of a central mound, with those pointing to wind processes as the predominant driving mechanisms being among the most compelling (Kite et al., 2013; Day et al., 2016; Anderson and Day, 2017). Few experimental studies have been conducted to uncover impact crater driven flow dynamics. As such, direct and experimental flow measurements that could be used to validate previously developed fluid-topography interaction theories are not yet available. The objective of this study is to elucidate the intra- and extra-crater circulation induced by unidirectional winds using experimentation on scaled models coupled with high spatial and temporal resolution flow measurements.
Integration of INS, GPS and Doppler for Helicopter Navigation

The Canadian Helicopter Integrated Navigation System (HINS), designed for an ASW helicopter, is described. The HINS Advanced Development Model is configured with an F-cubed RUG inertiaI navigator, GPS receiver and Doppler velocity sensor, and integrated using multiple Kalman filters and redundancy management algorithms. The system offers high levels of performance, fault tolerance and reliability. Performance characteristics are described, as are possible future developments and applications of the technology.
Conceptualizations of Social Validity

The original conceptualization of social validity presented by Wolf asked behavior analysts to extend their views of how to measure the overall importance of their treatments. Most previous indicators of treatment importance were related to systematic demonstrations of the effectiveness of a treatment to change a specified target behavior. Wolf proposed incorporating a subjective method of determining the importance of treatment programs, which involved asking consumers of treatments how satisfied they were with the treatment. While this use of verbal report was a direct deviation from the traditional dimensions of behavior analysis established by Baer, it did follow a more basic tenet of the scientific approach of incorporating the principle of parsimony. The value of focusing on socially important behaviors has always been a primary focus of applied behavior analysis but has appeared to play a secondary role to demonstrations of effectiveness. Finney points out that Wolf offered a simple, pragmatic solution to including information about the importance of treatments from consumers; previously, this importance may have been determined by journal editors and reviewers who had no direct connection to the actual treatment. This proposed shift by Wolf to include more consumer input may also have been a hallmark in the field of behavior analysis because of the potential contribution it may have provided to the survival of the field—even though the proposal by Wolf stepped beyond the boundaries of what was previously considered acceptable practice in the field of applied behavior analysis. While adherence to strict protocols and highly objective data collection have separated the field of applied behavior analysis from other less rigorous disciplines, it may have been necessary for the field to expand beyond its original confines.
Does Capacity Analysis Help us Meet Fishery Policy and Management Objectives

There is a United Nations Food and Agricultural Organization International Plan of Action for the management of fishing capacity where countries agree to, among other things, periodically provide measures of their fishing capacity. For the past several years, many fisheries economists have conducted a significant amount of research measuring capacity in several different ways. However, even after considerable effort to measure capacity has been made, policies such as buyback schemes to reduce capacity have not achieved their goals. The purpose of this special Thalassorama section is to look more closely at questions such as:
Reliability of immunostaining using pan‐melanoma cocktail, SOX10, and microphthalmia transcription factor in confirming a diagnosis of melanoma on fine‐needle aspiration smears

BACKGROUND Accurate fine-needle aspiration (FNA) diagnosis of metastatic melanoma is of therapeutic and prognostic significance and often requires ancillary studies. To the authors' knowledge, the reliability of immunostaining using a pan-melanoma cocktail, Sry-related HMG-BOX gene 10 (SOX10), and microphthalmia transcription factor (MITF) in confirming a diagnosis of melanoma on FNA smears has not been studied to date. METHODS This retrospective study included 50 FNA cases with a definitive diagnosis of melanoma. Twenty-nine cases were epithelioid type (group 1), and 21 cases were predominantly spindle cell type with or without an epithelioid component (group 2). Each case was immunostained using pan-melanoma cocktail, SOX10, and MITF. Staining intensity and the percentage of positive cells were recorded. RESULTS The pan-melanoma cocktail was positive in 43 cases (86%), SOX10 was positive in 50 cases (100%), and MITF in 45 cases (90%). SOX10 and MITF demonstrated nuclear staining with stronger and more diffuse staining with less or no background staining compared with pan-melanoma cocktail, which displayed cytoplasmic staining. For pan-melanoma cocktail and SOX10, the detection rates were identical in groups 1 and 2 (86% with pan-melanoma cocktail and 100% with SOX10). For MITF, the detection rate was higher in group 1 compared with Group 2 (93% vs 86%). CONCLUSIONS In the current study, SOX10 was found to have the highest overall detection rate, followed by MITF and pan-melanoma cocktail. The pan-melanoma cocktail and SOX10 performed equally well for groups 1 and 2, and MITF had a higher detection rate in group 1. Overall, SOX10 and MITF appeared to be superior to the pan-melanoma cocktail and SOX10 seemed better than MITF in confirming a diagnosis of melanoma on FNA smears. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2014;122:779–785. © 2014 American Cancer Society.
What Makes the Smart Card “Smart”?

In this chapter, we describe the different types of smart cards, explain their features and benefits, and give some recommendations on when to use which type. We also introduce the smart card hardware in this chapter. Since the focus of this book is on the software side, we will provide only a basic introduction to hardware terminology and concepts. If you have worked with smart cards before, you will probably want to skip this chapter.
Circulating Biomarkers of Response to Sunitinib in Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors

After years of limited progress in the treatment of patients with advanced-stage gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (GEP-NETs), strategies using targeted agents have been developed on the basis of increased knowledge of the biology of these tumors. Some of these agents, targeting vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway, have shown efficacy in randomized clinical trials. The tyrosine kinase inhibitor sunitinib and the mTOR inhibitor everolimus have received international approval for the treatment of advanced well differentiated pancreatic NETs after showing survival benefit in randomized phase III trials. There is now an imperative need to identify biomarkers of the biologic activity of such targeted therapies in specific disease contexts, as well as new markers of response and prognosis. This approach may allow rational development of drugs and early identification of patients who may obtain benefit from treatments. In this article, we review recent developments in circulating biomarkers of the clinical benefit of targeted therapies for GEP-NET, including soluble proteins and circulating cells, with an emphasis on sunitinib. No validated molecular biomarkers are yet integrated into clinical practice for sunitinib in NET, although some markers have shown correlation with clinical outcomes and may be implicated in resistance. The VEGF-pathway proteins and interleukin-8 (IL-8) are possibly prognostic in GEP-NET; other possible soluble markers of the activity of sunitinib and everolimus include stromal cell-derived factor 1α, chromogranin A, and neuron-specific enolase. We additionally discuss treatment-induced modulation of circulating endothelial cells and progenitors and subpopulations of cells of the myeloid lineage. These candidate markers should be considered in the development of future combination or sequential therapies.
Preserving authenticity in the digital age

Purpose – In this increasingly digital world, archivists have had to reconsider early definitions and measures of authenticity in order to ensure their applicability to the process of preserving digital records. This paper sets out to explore the complexities involved in defining and preserving the authenticity of digital files.Design/methodology/approach – The paper draws on literature from the field to present a comprehensive overview of traditional definitions of authenticity and highlight the shifting nature of those definitions in the digital age. The discussion begins with a look at traditional archival understandings of authenticity as they relate to physical objects. The paper goes on to examine these challenges and efforts and includes a look at the resource demands and technology tools currently used to evaluate digital authenticity. The paper conducted extensive research on the subject to compile source materials and draw conclusions.Findings – This paper highlights the inherent challenge of es...
VERTICAL MIGRATION BY RHIZOSOLENIA SPP. (BACILLARIOPHYCEAE): IMPLICATIONS FOR FE ACQUISITION.

Available data support a mechanism of buoyancy-mediated vertical migration by large-sized diatoms of Rhizosolenia spp. as a means to access "new" nitrogen from deep waters. To assess whether phytoplankton simultaneously satisfy their Fe requirements by this mechanism, field samples collected during summer 1996 at stations located along a transect through the central North Pacific gyre were assayed for the presence of flavodoxin and ferredoxin via Western blot analysis. All samples, regardless of their buoyancy status and the station from which they were collected, had accumulated flavodoxin but not ferredoxin. To understand better the significance of the field results, cultures of Rhizosolenia formosa H. Peragallo were grown in the laboratory with varying levels of total Fe (200 nM-10,000 nM). Fe had little effect on the physiological and photochemical parameters measured for each treatment. Growth rates did not exceed 0.17 d-1 and values of Fv /Fm ranged from 0.48 to 0.62. In addition, R. formosa accumulated only flavodoxin at each level of Fe addition. From these results, it appears that for some rhizosolenids, flavodoxin is constitutively expressed. The underlying basis for the constitutive nature of this flavodoxin is unclear at present, although it is likely that it is ultimately related to chronic Fe deficit incurred in natural waters.
Testing for Genetic Association With Constrained Models Using Triads

Wang and Sheffield (2005) showed that it is preferable to use a robust model that incorporated constraints on the genotype relative risk rather than rely on a model that assumes the disease operates in a recessive or dominant fashion. Wang and Sheffield’s method is applicable to case-control studies, but not to family based studies of case children along with their parents (triads). We show here how to implement analogous constraints while analyzing triad data. The likelihood, conditional on the parents genotype, is maximized over the appropriately constrained parameter space. The asymptotic distribution for the maximized likelihood ratio statistic is found and used to estimate the null distribution of the test statistics. The properties of several methods of testing for association are compared by simulation. The constrained method provides higher power across a wide range of genetic models with little cost when compared to methods that restrict to a dominant, recessive, or multiplicative model, or make no modeling restriction. The methods are applied to two SNPs on the methylenetetrahy-drofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene with neural tube defect (NTD) triads.
Amenable actions of nonamenable groups

We present two methods of constructing amenable (in the sense of Greenleaf) actions of nonamenable groups. In the first part of the paper, we construct a class of faithful transitive amenable actions of the free group using Schreier graphs. In the second part, we show that every finitely generated residually finite group can be embedded into a bigger residually finite group, which acts level-transitively on a locally finite rooted tree, so that the induced action on the boundary of the tree is amenable on every orbit. Bibliography: 25 titles.
What are 'tissue ACE inhibitors,' and should they be used instead of other ACE inhibitors?

Improvement in surrogate end points may not necessarily translate into improvement in “hard” clinical end points.
Cannabinoid signaling in glial cells

The cannabinoid signaling system is composed of cannabinoid (CB) receptors, their endogenous ligands, the endocannabinoids, and the enzymes that produce and inactivate them. It is well known that neurons communicate between each other through this signaling system. Delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol, the main psychoactive compound of marijuana, interacts with CB receptors, impinging on this communication and inducing profound behavioral effects such as memory impairment and analgesia. Recent evidence suggests that glial cells also express components of the cannabinoid signaling system and marijuana-derived compounds act at CB receptors expressed by glial cells, affecting their functions. This review summarizes this evidence, discusses how glial cells might use the cannabinoid signaling system to communicate with neighboring cells, and argues that nonpsychotropic cannabinoids, both marijuana-derived and synthetic, likely constitute lead compounds for therapy aimed at reducing acute and chronic neuroinflammation, such as occurs in multiple sclerosis.
Erythropoietic response of hypertransfused neonatal rats suckled by anemic mothers.

Twelve-day-old hypertransfused neonatal rats nursed for four days by a twice-bled mother exhibited higher 48-hour RBC-59Fe incorporation than control neonates nursed by a normal mother. Erythropoietin (Ep) in plasma of 12-day-old hypertransfused neonates suckled for four days by twice-bled mothers was initially equivalent to approximately 0.5 IU/day. This calculation was based on the observation that reticulocytosis induced in these animals was similar to that produced in neonates of the same age injected intra-peritoneally with 0.5 IU Ep for four days while nursing from normal mothers. The reticulocyte maturation curve was shifted to the left in 12-day-old hy-pertransfused neonates suckled by anemic mothers, and in 12-day-old normal neonates rendered anemic by bleeding, while nursing from normal mothers. This left-shift of the reticulocyte maturation curve was also evident in 12-day-old hypertrans fused neonates injected with Ep. Decreases in relative percentages of nucleated RBC was evident in spleens of 12-day-old neonates nursed by anemic mothers and spleens of 12-day-olds injected with Ep. Significant reduction in nucleated RBC were noted in both spleen and marrow of 12-day-old anemic neonates. These results suggest: (1) Ep, present in increased amounts in the anemic mother, is transmitted through milk to nursing neonates thereby stimulating erythropoiesis in these animals; (2) Ep may not stimulate stem cell differentiation towards the erythroid compartment but rather acts on already differentiated erythroid cells by influencing their rate of maturation.
Energy Approach for Prediction of Mechanical Behavior of 2-D Triaxially Braided Composites Part II: Parameter Analysis:

A 2-arcsmodel of 2-D braided composite is developed. Fiber volume fraction is evaluated by this model and compared with experimental results. Predicted valuesof Exx, Eyy, νxy, and νyx by energy approach are compared with results of experiment and other approaches [Reference 1]. Effective stiffness of 2-D braided composite is obtained in a closed form by the analysis of elastic deformation energy in repeat-unit-cell (RUC) of braided composites. Independent parameters of 2-D braided composite are separated from dependent parameters. There are three groups of independent parameters. The first group is yarn geometrical parameters which include filament packing fraction, axial yarn and braiding yarn count number ma, mb, filament diameter df, yarn thickness to width ratio ξ. The second group is composite geometric parameters which include braiding angle Θ and yarn space L. The last group is material constants which include material constants of both resin and yarn. Three dimensional parameter analysis is done b...
Treatment of bacterial meningitis with once daily ceftriaxone therapy

Ceftriaxone, a cephalosporin with an extended half-life and excellent antibacterial activity was used to treat bacterial meningitis, given as a single daily intravenous dose of 100 mg/kg on day one, followed by 80 mg/kg daily. A total of 22 patients were treated, of whom 14 had Haemophilus influenzae type b, five had Streptococcus pneumoniae and three Neisseria meningitidis isolated from their CSF. The CSF of all patients became sterile within 24-48 h. The CSF ceftriaxone concentrations 24 h after dosing were 10 to 100-fold higher than the MIC of the pathogenic bacteria early in therapy, and five to 50-fold higher at the end of therapy. Side effects encountered included mild diarrhoea (32%), thrombocytosis (77%) and neutropenia (9%), but none caused therapy to be stopped. Ceftriaxone is a safe and effective antibiotic for the treatment of bacterial meningitis when administered once daily.
Hemodynamic Correlates of the Third Heart Sound and Systolic Time Intervals

Bedside diagnostic tools remain important in the care of patients with heart failure. Over the past two centuries, cardiac auscultation and phonocardiography have been essential in understanding cardiac pathophysiology and caring for patients with heart disease. Diastolic heart sounds (S3 and S4) and systolic time intervals have been particularly useful in this regard. Unfortunately, auscultation skills have declined considerably, and systolic time intervals have traditionally required carotid pulse tracings. Newer technology allows the automated detection of heart sounds and measurement of systolic time intervals in a simple, inexpensive, noninvasive system. Using the newer system, the authors present data on the hemodynamic correlates of the S3 and abnormal systolic time intervals. These data serve as the foundation for using the system to better understand the test characteristics and pathophysiology of the S3 and systolic time intervals, and help to define their use in improving the bedside diagnosis and management of patients with heart failure.
Photoionization of N,N,N‘,N‘-Tetramethylphenylenediamine Studied by Q-Band Time-Resolved EPR Spectroscopy. Separation of Singlet and Triplet Ionization Channels

The photoionization of N,N,N‘,N‘-tetramethylphenylenediamine (TMPD) in alcohols at room temperature was studied by time-resolved electron paramagnetic resonance (TREPR) spectroscopy at Q-band (35 G...
The short-term blood biocompatibility of poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate-co-methyl methacrylate) in an in vitro flow system measured by digital videomicroscopy

An in vitro flow system for short-term blood biocompatibility testing of solution-castable polymeric biomaterials was developed. This system was relatively free of artefacts resulting from blood contact with materials other than the test material itself. In conjunction with epifluorescence videomicroscopy and digital image processing, this method provided a high resolution, quantitative, continuous analysis of platelet adhesion, aggregation, thrombus formation, and embolization on the biomaterial surface. This system was well suited for performing biochemical assays on post-contact blood for assessment of platelet activation and release as additional measures of the thrombogenicity of the test material. This method for biomaterials evaluation in vitro was demonstrated by a detailed examination of copolymers of hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) and methyl methacrylate (MMA). Videomicroscopic analysis of fluorescently labelled platelets adhering per unit area of the polymer surface after 5 min of flow at a wall shear rate of 500 s-1 showed a dramatic decrease with increasing HEMA fraction in the polymer. The release of serotonin and thromboxane A2 by platelets decreased with increasing HEMA fraction. Reflection interference contrast microscopy was used to examine focal contacts of platelets on the copolymer surfaces as a qualitative measure of the platelet-surface interaction. A polymer-dependent gradation in contact extent and morphology was observed, ranging from large contacts on P(MMA) to none on P(HEMA). [on SciFinder (R)]
Stretching short biopolymers using optical tweezers.

Optical tweezers is a useful technique to study single molecules. It has been applied to stretch biopolymers in several approaches. However, these approaches may not be appropriate to measure short biopolymers. In the present study, the optical signals of beads in different situations were studied. A new method was developed for stretching short biopolymers, as short as 300 nm in length. This new method was successfully applied to determine the stiffness of procollagen I molecules.
Quality process modelling: an application to the continuous electrical resistance annealing of copper wire

Abstract The objective of our research is to develope for process manufacturing an inferential quality control system that combines theoretical and experimental knowledge of physical processes with the judgement and experience of experts in plant operations. In this paper, we propose a quality process model, and apply the model to the continuous electrical resistance annealing of copper wire. Theory is used to develop the relationship between the control variables and measurable characteristics of the process, and experimental information is used to develop the relationships that link the process characteristics to the quality characteristics specified by the customer. The approach is illustrated by the manufacturing process, the continuous annealing of copper wire.
Slippered Feet Aboard the African Queen

Milner Ball's essay, and all of his work, ring with hope; that is, both with his clear-sighted, scholar's interest in finding and telling the truth, and with the optimism that comes of his belief that chaos has been overcome.1 His thought is an inspiration; and his lyrical prose is, for all of its somber truth, a joy to read. In the spirit he brings to his work, I suggest that the Hebraic religious tradition contains a richer theological basis for the claim that law is a medium (or, perhaps more modestly, a conversation) than he seems to allow for;2 and I suggest that there is perhaps more hope to be found in human relationships in a lawyer's professional life than there is in the institutional forms provided by the governmentmore in the law office than in the administrative apparatus that Professor Ball prefers to invoke for examples of medium.3 With those suggestions out of the way, I want to argue that Professor Ball's characterization of property ownership as "the apparatus of bulwark law" is premature. I want to suggest that the bulwark-like
An essential and highly conserved role for Zic3 in left-right patterning, gastrulation and convergent extension morphogenesis

Abstract Mutations in ZIC3 result in X-linked heterotaxy in humans, a syndrome consisting of left–right (L–R) patterning defects, midline abnormalities, and cardiac malformations. Similarly, loss of function of Zic3 in mouse results in abnormal L–R patterning and cardiac development. However, Zic3 null mice also exhibit defects in gastrulation, neural tube closure, and axial patterning, suggesting the hypothesis that Zic3 is necessary for proper convergent extension (C-E) morphogenesis. To further investigate the role of Zic3 in early embryonic development, we utilized two model systems, Xenopus laevis and zebrafish, and performed loss of function analysis using antisense morpholino-mediated gene knockdown. Both Xenopus and zebrafish demonstrated significant impairment of C-E in Zic3 morphants. L–R patterning was also disrupted, indicating that the role of Zic3 in L–R axis development is conserved across species. Correlation of L–R patterning and C-E defects in Xenopus suggests that early C-E defects may underlie L–R patterning defects at later stages, since Zic3 morphants with moderate to severe C-E defects exhibited an increase in laterality defects. Taken together, these results demonstrate a functional conservation of Zic3 in L–R patterning and uncover a previously unrecognized role for Zic3 in C-E morphogenesis during early vertebrate development.
IDIOPATHIC MYOCARDIOPATHY OF THE PUERPERIUM (POSTPARTAL HEART DISEASE).

It should be clearly understood that no evidence was uncovered to indicate an unequivocal etiology for this uncommon disease. One is tempted to qualify "uncommon" in that it no longer connotes the same extreme degree of rarity that would appear from medical literature. Over the same period that these cases were collected an equal number were recognized but unavailable for study for various reasons. Unfortunately, the size of our series precludes statistical analysis. The apparent tendencies to hypercholesteremia, blood-group predilection, and increased incidence of abnormal hemoglobin types are in need of further exploration. One would be remiss not to note at this point that at least one report20 related several instances of familial incidence of postpartal heart disease. We are more certain of the significance of malnutrition as a factor in the genesis of this syndrome, although we are unable to assign a precise role. Similarly, the deleterious effects on such patients of hypertension, pyelonephritis, a...