cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Carbon deposition during brittle rock deformation: Changes in electrical properties of fault zones and potential geoelectric phenomena during earthquakes

[1] To investigate potential mechanisms for geoelectric phenomena accompanying earthquakes, we have deformed hollow cylinders of Sioux quartzite to failure in the presence of carbonaceous pore fluids and investigated the resulting changes in electrical conductivity and carbon distribution. Samples were loaded at room temperature or 400°C by a hydrostatic pressure at their outer diameter, increasing pressure at a constant rate to ∼290 MPa. Pore fluids consisted of pure CO, CO2, and CH4 and a 1:1 mixture of CO2 and CH4, each with pore pressures of 2.0 to 4.1 MPa. Failure occurred by the formation of Mode II shear fractures transecting the hollow cylinder walls. Radial resistivities of the cylinders fell to 2.9 to 3.1 MΩ-m for CO tests and 15.2 to 16.5 MΩ-m for CO2:CH4 tests, compared with >23 MΩ-m for dry undeformed cylinders. Carbonaceous fluids had no discernable influence on rock strength. On the basis of mapping using electron microprobe techniques, carbon occurs preferentially as quasi-continuous films on newly formed fracture surfaces, but these films are absent from preexisting surfaces in those same experiments. The observations support the hypothesis that electrical conductivity of rocks is enhanced by the deposition of carbon on fracture surfaces and imply that electrical properties may change in direct response to brittle deformation. They also suggest that the carbon films formed nearly instantaneously as the cracks formed. Carbon film deposition may accompany the development of microfracture arrays prior to and during fault rupture and thus may be capable of explaining precursory and coseismic geoelectric phenomena.
Si binding and nucleation on Si(100).

Si adatoms deposited on Si(100)-( $2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1$) below $200{}^{\ensuremath{\circ}}$C assume metastable binding configurations, each distinct from the dimer string topology ordinarily observed following deposition at higher temperatures. Isolated ad-dimers which nucleate predominantly on substrate dimer rows at room temperature do not constitute the precursors for dimer strings. Instead, they transform upon annealing at $\ensuremath{\approx}$ $120{}^{\ensuremath{\circ}}$C to metastable, dimerized lines assembled end to end, parallel to the substrate's dimer bonds.
β-d-Xyloside-mediated alteration in the synthesis of basement membrane proteoglycan

Abstract The effect of nitrophenyl-β- d -xyloside (xyloside), a synthetic initiator of glycosaminoglycan synthesis, on proteoglycan and glycosaminoglycan synthesis by a basement membrane producing tumor was studied. While xyloside markedly stimulated the formation of chondroitin sulfate chains, it depressed the formation of a basement membrane heparan sulfate proteoglycan and caused only little formation of free heparan sulfate chains. However, when the synthesis of the core protein of the proteoglycan was inhibited by cycloheximide, heparan sulfate chains were produced by xyloside treatment. These heparan sulfate chains had a sulfate content higher than that of heparan sulfate found on the proteoglycan. The data indicate that xyloside can substitute for the heparan sulfate initiation site on the core protein of the proteoglycan and that this initiation is enhanced in the absence of core protein. This suggests that under normal conditions the formation of heparan sulfate chains may be tightly linked to the production of the Core protein.
Multivariate Continuous Blocking to Improve Political Science Experiments

Political scientists use randomized treatment assignments to aid causal inference in field experiments, psychological laboratories, and survey research. Political research can do considerably better than completely randomized designs, but few political science experiments combine random treatment assignment with blocking on a rich set of background covariates. We describe high-dimensional multivariate blocking, including on continuous covariates, detail its statistical and political advantages over complete randomization, introduce a particular algorithm, and propose a procedure to mitigate unit interference in experiments. We demonstrate the performance of our algorithm in simulations and three field experiments from campaign politics and education.
Examining perception of digital information space

A study using a modified think aloud protocol of University of Rochester undergraduate students' interactions with a general, humanities scholarly database helped a research team gain insight into their information-seeking behavior and thus the impact of the digital library.
Substrate specificity of potato lipoxygenase

Abstract The substrate specificity of potato lipoxygenase was examined using a partially purified enzyme preparation from tubers of a potato variety with low lipolytic acyl hydrolase activity. Potato lipoxygenase is fully active only on free linoleic acid or linolenic acid, and only acts directly on more complex glyceride moieties in the absence of any significant endogenous lipolytic acyl hydrolase activity.
Analysis of Porcine Bone Extract Soup

Compounds at the surface of oil droplets in a porcine bone extract soup were investigated. Adsorbed proteins and phospholipids from the cream phase were analyzed. Amino acid analysis revealed that the proteins contained a higher amount of hydrophobic amino acids than gelatin. Enzymatic hydrolysis of the protein and sequencing analysis revealed that the peptide had sequences such as Val-Phe-Pro and Val-Tyr-Pro. As a result of homology searching with the protein database (Pub-Med, NCBI), Val-Phe-Pro corresponded with proteins in myosin heavy chain or α-actin, and Val-Tyr-Pro corresponded with that in hemoglobin. Phospholipids were detected with molybdenum blue reagent on thin-layer chromatography. It was revealed that the phospholipids consisted of phosphatidilcholine, lyso-phosphatidilcholine and sphingomyelin. A model emulsification experiment was then performed in which a gelatin containing soy lechithin was obtained from an oil-in-water emulsification under boiling conditions.
Self-Assembly and Disassembly of Regioregular, Water Soluble Polythiophenes: Chemoselective Ionchromatic Sensing in Water

The development of polythiophene (PT) derivatives with essentially 100% head-to-tail (HT) couplings1,2 has led to the discovery of materials that self-assemble both in solution and in the solid state. Light-scattering studies on regioregular, HTpoly(3-dodecylthiophene) (HT-PDDT) show that a supramolecular organization occurs via intermolecular aggregation.3 This solution aggregation is precursive to a microcrystalline, self-assembled structure which has been characterized by X-ray studies.1,2,4 Polythiophenes possessing this metastable organization evidence high electrical conductivities1,2,5-8 and very small bandgaps. Previous work in our lab has shown that both conformational order and solid state organization in regioregular PT derivatives are remarkably sensitive to the placement and nature of the substituent chains.1,6,7,9 This sensitivity provides the opportunity to design new conducting polymers in which self-assembly is controlled by environmental factors. One remarkable example is HT-2,5-poly(thiophene-3-propionic acid) (3, PTPA). This polymer was designed such that upon deprotonation, water soluble polythiophene salts are formed.10 Both 3 and its partially deprotonated derivative 5 undergo protein-like hydrophobic assembly, with subsequent H-bond stabilization, to generate a self-assembled conducting polymer aggregate. Varying the size of the counterion in the carboxylate polymer changes the effective steric bulk of the substituent. Small cations favor a self-assembled (purple) state and large cations can completely disrupt the aggregated phase. In fact, a remarkable chemoselective counterion size-dependent chromaticity (Figure 1) is observed for polymer 5. The UV-vis λmax can be varied over a 130 nm range (from purple to yellow) simply by changing the countercation. Initially, we prepared the carboxylate precursor polymer 2 using the Ni(dppp)Cl2 cross-coupling method for the synthesis of HT polythiophenes.5,6,9 This method leads to low molecular weights (Mn ) 1.5-3.0 K), low yields (<5%), and polymers that show variable ionic chromaticity. However, the regioregular oxazoline polythiophene (2) (Mn ) 8 K, PDI ) 1.2) is prepared (Scheme 1) from monomer11 1 in high yields (84%)
ATHLETE Mobility Performance in Long-Range Traverse

The All-Terrain Hex-Limbed Extra-Terrestrial Explorer (ATHLETE) is a modular mobility and manipulation platform being developed to support NASA operations in a variety of missions, including exploration of planetary surfaces. The agile system consists of a symmetrical arrangement of six limbs, each with seven articulated degrees of freedom and a powered wheel. This design enables transport of bulky payloads over a wide range of terrains and is envisioned as a tool to mobilize habitats, power-generation equipment, and other supplies for long-range exploration and outpost construction.
Nonsuppressability of gluconeogenesis by glucose in septic patients

Abstract The contribution of alanine to the synthesis of glucose and the oxidation of alanine was evaluated in normal and septic patients using ( 14 C)L-alanine. The data indicate that there is a twofold increase in the conversion of alanine into glucose in sepsis and, further, this increase was observed while the patients were receiving a constant glucose infusion (100 mg/min) prior to and during the single injection of ( 14 C)L-alanine. Failure of glucose to decrease this gluconeogenic response in these septic patients clearly indicates that the controlling mechanism for glucose synthesis is modified following injury and undoubtedly plays a role in the abnormal carbohydrate metabolism observed in injury. The contribution of alanine carbon to oxidation was the same in the control and septic group as measured by the per cent of the ( 14 C)L-alanine dose expired in 3 h. Since the control subjects received glucose continuously during the study with and without amino acids, it is clear that nutritional intake and injury has minimal effect on the oxidation of alanine. This suggests that transamination is not affected by sepsis nor is there an inhibition of pyruvate oxidation following sepsis.
Diffraction by a plane sector

The problem of diffraction by a perfectly reflecting screen occupying an infinite sector of the equatorial plane is addressed by the random–walk method. The solution is represented as a superposition of the wave field completely determined by an elementary ray analysis and of the field formed by the waves diffracted by the tip of the screen. The diffracted field is explicitly represented as the mathematical expectation of a specified functional on trajectories of the random motion, the radial component of which runs in a complex space while the two–dimensional angular component remains real valued. The numerical results confirm the efficiency of the random–walk approach to the analysis of diffraction by wedge–shaped screens of arbitrary angles.
Rapid 3-D Electromagnetic Simulation of Quasi-Periodic Structures

We describe a new 3-D electromagnetic simulation technique capable of fast, accurate modeling of complex cavity/waveguide structures. The method subdivides the structure into sections that can be analyzed independently, using 3-D finite element modeling, then reassembled to compute a reduced-order matrix representation of Maxwell's equations. Eigensolutions of the reduced order matrix equations correspond to eigenmodes of the complete 3-D structure, but total solution time can be orders of magnitude less than direct simulation for large complex structures. We demonstrate the method using examples in both 2-D and 3-D, having up to 50 cavities with non-uniform properties. The technique is shown to be numerically robust, even when strong losses exist in the system.
A “traffic control” role for TGFβ3: orchestrating dermal and epidermal cell motility during wound healing

Cell migration is a rate-limiting event in skin wound healing. In unwounded skin, cells are nourished by plasma. When skin is wounded, resident cells encounter serum for the first time. As the wound heals, the cells experience a transition of serum back to plasma. In this study, we report that human serum selectively promotes epidermal cell migration and halts dermal cell migration. In contrast, human plasma promotes dermal but not epidermal cell migration. The on-and-off switch is operated by transforming growth factor (TGF) β3 levels, which are undetectable in plasma and high in serum, and by TGFβ receptor (TβR) type II levels, which are low in epidermal cells and high in dermal cells. Depletion of TGFβ3 from serum converts serum to a plasmalike reagent. The addition of TGFβ3 to plasma converts it to a serumlike reagent. Down-regulation of TβRII in dermal cells or up-regulation of TβRII in epidermal cells reverses their migratory responses to serum and plasma, respectively. Therefore, the naturally occurring plasma→serum→plasma transition during wound healing orchestrates the orderly migration of dermal and epidermal cells.
Efficient modeling of substrate eddy currents for integrated spiral inductor design automation

The automated design of integrated spiral inductors requires efficient substrate eddy current modeling techniques for initial design space exploration. In this paper, we introduce a new multi-layer substrate modeling technique for spiral inductors based on complex image theory. Our substrate modeling approach combines explicit closed-form expressions with techniques that exploit the spiral inductor's geometry. The new approach provides up to 5 orders of magnitude performance improvement over traditional methods using field solvers while providing an average error of 0.1% for inductance and 3.9% for resistance over a wide range of inductor geometries and substrate configurations. Due to its speed, our technique provides a practical substrate modeling solution for rapid inductor automated synthesis.
Magnetic Lineations over the Line Islands Ridge

Aeromagnetic studies of the Line Islands Ridge between Kingman Reef and Christmas Island show a predominant magnetic lineation direction at 310° paralleling the strike of the ridge. On the average, the amplitude of the anomalies is less than 200 gammas, although the largest anomaly, observed over Kingman Reef, reaches 900 gammas peak to peak. The anomalies appear to have formed as the result of volcanic intrusions and extrusions during the formation and growth of the island ridge.
A framework for intentionally fostering student learning

Recognizing the mismatch between a philosophy of holistic development and evaluation focused on external, quantitative criteria led Miami University's Honors and Scholars Program to revise its curriculum in accordance with student development theory.
Medical treatment as the initial therapy for open-angle glaucoma.

HE GOALS OF THERAPY in the treatT ment of open-angle glaucoma are threefold. First, we strive to prevent the progression of damage to the visual system. This has conventionally been assessed in terms of the ophthalmoscopic appearance of the optic nervehead and the fullness of the visual field. Currently, numerous other measures of both anatomic and functional integrity are also being vigorously investigated. Second, we endeavor to achieve a lowering of intraocular pressure (IOP). This goal has become an accepted short-term focus of therapy even in the absence of signs of progressive damage. The third goal of therapy is to minimize side effects and complications. As in any medical field, in planning therapy for glaucoma we must always be thinking of the least invasive and least risky intervention that is likely to achieve the desired level of protection or cure. This last goal is far from trivial. Consider, as an example, that this is the reason we do not perform cyclodestructive procedures on all newly diagnosed ocular hypertensive patients, although we would likely lower pressure and prevent some visual loss in some patients. In other words, the goals of preserving sight and lowering pressure must always be conducted in a context of minimizing the hazard, inconvenience, and cost of therapy.
The partial reinforcement effect and the subjective value of collectibles

The paper describes the application of the partial reinforcement effect to the acquisition of value by collectibles such as stamps, coins, and antiques. These items acquire value by long exposure to the marketplace. The subject may follow the price of these items, and, as he sees them go up in price, he may expect them to go up indefinitely, but they do not. They go up in price in small steps and he is reinforced every time they go up. He, therefore, becomes emotionally attached to them and cannot let go in time to get out of the situation when the prices collapse. The solution to this problem is to sell the item in question when it reapproaches the original value and never to expect to reach the peak value from which it plunged.
Adaptive Frequency-Domain Equalization in Mode-Division Multiplexing Systems

Long-haul mode-division multiplexing (MDM) employs adaptive multi-input multi-output (MIMO) equalization to compensate for modal crosstalk and modal dispersion. MDM systems must typically use MIMO frequency-domain equalization (FDE) to minimize computational complexity, in contrast to polarization-division-multiplexed systems in single-mode fiber, where time-domain equalization (TDE) has low complexity and is often employed to compensate for polarization effects. We study two adaptive algorithms for MIMO FDE: least mean squares (LMS) and recursive least squares (RLS). We analyze tradeoffs between computational complexity, cyclic prefix efficiency, adaptation time and output symbol-error ratio (SER), and the impact of channel group delay spread and fast Fourier transform (FFT) block length on these. Using FDE, computational complexity increases sublinearly with the number of modes, in contrast to TDE. Adaptation to an initially unknown fiber can be achieved in ~3-5 μs using RLS or ~15-25 μs using LMS in fibers supporting 6-30 modes. As compared to LMS, RLS achieves faster adaptation, higher cyclic prefix efficiency, lower SER, and greater tolerance to mode-dependent loss, but at the cost of higher complexity per FFT block. To ensure low computational complexity and fast adaptation in an MDM system, a low overall group delay spread is required. This is achieved here by a family of graded-index graded depressed-cladding fibers in which the uncoupled group delay spread decreases with an increasing number of modes, in concert with strong mode coupling.
Keying Hash Functions for Message Authentication

The use of cryptographic hash functions like MD5 or SHA-1 for message authentication has become a standard approach in many applications, particularly Internet security protocols. Though very easy to implement, these mechanisms are usually based on ad hoc techniques that lack a sound security analysis. We present new, simple, and practical constructions of message authentication schemes based on a cryptographic hash function. Our schemes, NMAC and HMAC, are proven to be secure as long as the underlying hash function has some reasonable cryptographic strengths. Moreover we show, in a quantitative way, that the schemes retain almost all the security of the underlying hash function. The performance of our schemes is essentially that of the underlying hash function. Moreover they use the hash function (or its compression function) as a black box, so that widely available library code or hardwair can be used to implement them in a simple way, and replaceability of the underlying hash function is easily supported.
Robust distributed estimation in sensor networks using the embedded polygons algorithm

We propose a new iterative distributed algorithm for linear minimum mean-squared-error (LMMSE) estimation in sensor networks whose measurements follow a Gaussian hidden Markov graphical model with cycles. The embedded polygons algorithm decomposes a loopy graphical model into a number of linked embedded polygons and then applies a parallel block Gauss-Seidel iteration comprising local LMMSE estimation on each polygon (involving inversion of a small matrix) followed by an information exchange between neighboring nodes and polygons. The algorithm is robust to temporary communication faults such as link failures and sleeping nodes and enjoys guaranteed convergence under mild conditions. A simulation study indicates that energy consumption for iterative estimation increases substantially as more links fail or nodes sleep. Thus, somewhat surprisingly, energy conservation strategies such as low-powered transmission and aggressive sleep schedules could actually be counterproductive.
Body temperature and locomotor capacity in a heterothermic rodent

SUMMARY We quantify the locomotor capacity of the round-tailed ground squirrel ( Spermophilus tereticaudus ), a mammal that can lower energetic costs by relaxing thermoregulatory limits without becoming inactive. We measured maximum sprint speed, maximum limb cycling frequency and maximum force production in animals at body temperatures ranging from 31°C to 41°C. We found no thermal dependence in any of these parameters of locomotion. Results (means ± s.e.m.) across this range of body temperatures were: sprint speed = 4.73±0.04 m s -1 , limb cycling frequency = 19.4±0.1 Hz and maximum force production = 0.012±0.0003 N g -1 . The neuro-muscular system of this species may thus be less thermally dependent at these temperatures than that of other mammals, allowing for the maintenance of whole-animal performance across a broader range of body temperatures. The absence of any significant loss of locomotor capabilities associated with either a decrease of 7-8°C or a rise of 3-4°C in body temperature from typical mammalian values raises significant questions regarding our understanding of the evolution and physiology of the mammalian mode of thermoregulation.
Characteristic lipid profiles of canine non-Hodgkin's lymphoma from surgical biopsy tissue sections and fine needle aspirate smears by desorption electrospray ionization – mass spectrometry

Canine non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) is a heterogeneous group of cancers representing approximately 15% of all canine cancers. Further, canine NHL mimics human disease in regards to histopathology and clinical behavior and could function as a comparative model. Diagnosis is currently performed by histopathological evaluation of surgical biopsy specimens and fine needle aspirate (FNA) cytology, an alternative and less invasive method for diagnosis. Desorption electrospray ionization - mass spectrometry (DESI-MS) imaging was performed on tissue sections of surgical biopsies and FNA smears. Mass spectra acquired from normal lymph nodes and NHL tumors were explored using multivariate statistics (e.g. principal component analysis). Tissue sections yielded a predicted sensitivity of 100% for normal and 93.1% for tumor. Further, preliminary results suggest B-cell and T-cell lymphoma can be discriminated (CV sensitivity of 95.5% and 85.7%, respectively). Normal and B-cell NHL FNA samples analyzed by DESI produced spectra that were similar to spectra obtained from surgical biopsies. FNA samples were evaluated using a PCA-LDA classification system built using tissue section data, exploring if the chemical information obtained from the different sample types is similar and whether DESI-MS performed on FNA samples is of diagnostic value. FNA prediction rate for normal (85.7%) and B-cell NHL (89.3%) indicated that DESI-MS analysis of FNA, not previously explored, could provide rapid preliminary diagnosis. Certainly, MS provides complementary molecular information to be used in conjunction with histopathology/cytology, potentially improving diagnostic confidence. The methodology outlined here is applicable to canine NHL, further supports canine models of human NHL, and translation to humans is envisioned.
Treatment of alcoholism by physicians in private practice. A national survey.

Of 88,302 physicians in private practice mailed a questionnaire, 17.5% returned usable responses. Most had seen 3 or more problem-drinking patients in the previous 2 months, of whom over 25% were w...
Abstract 17076: Prognostic Implications of 12-Lead Surface ECG Characteristics in Patients With Cardiac Sarcoidosis and Preserved Ejection Fraction

Introduction: Among patients with cardiac sarcoidosis (CS) and preserved left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), there is little evidence for risk stratification to guide device therapy, and the prognosis of these patients is not well defined. We sought to determine if 12-lead surface ECG characteristics predict adverse events (AE) in patients with biopsy proven extra-cardiac sarcoidosis, preserved LVEF, and late-gadolinium enhancement (LGE) cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR), demonstrating CS. Methods: Forty-eight patients (age 54 +/- 11 years, 63% female), referred for CMR to evaluate for CS between April 2008 and December 2012, were found to have LGE and preserved LVEF (>50%). Medical records, including ICD interrogations, were reviewed and patients contacted to determine AE (death, ventricular fibrillation, or sustained ventricular tachycardia). ECG characteristics assessed include ventricular rate, PR interval, QRS duration, QT interval, corrected QT interval (QTc), axis deviation, ventricular hypertrophy, and the presence of a bundle branch block, among others. In the setting of a bundle branch block, 40ms was subtracted from the QTc interval, in-line with previous studies. AE-free survival analysis was performed, comparing patients with and without a prolonged QTc (>440ms). Patients with CS and AE were compared to those with no AE using a student’s t-test. Results: Ten of forty-eight patients with CS had an AE during follow-up (average of 2.6 years). AE-free survival was significantly less for those patients with QTc >440ms (p=0.002). Patients with CS and AE have longer QTc intervals compared to those without AE (462 vs. 435ms, p=0.003). Other ECG characteristics were not significantly different. Conclusions: In patients with CS and preserved LVEF, a QTc greater than 440ms is a negative prognostic marker and may play a role in risk stratification to guide device therapy. ![][1] [1]: /embed/graphic-1.gif
A "Grand Tour" of Computer Science: Re-Designing CS1 for Breadth and Retention (Abstract Only)

We have transformed our first programming course from an introduction to programming, to an introduction to Computer Science. We have done this in part by broadening the topics discussed. We now incorporate discussion of social topics like privacy and humanitarian technology, and "big ideas in CS" like how the Internet and databases work. We have also embedding many of our programming examples in applications from fields like biology and psychology. The other major feature of this course is that we have separated teaching problem-solving from teaching a programming language. In lecture, we discuss problem-solving with high-level programming constructs like conditionals and loops, using only pseudocode. In our new lab section, students are taught how to translate those ideas into C++ code. This allows us to free the initial learning of problem-solving from the complications of a language like C++. A unique feature of these changes is that it is possible to offer multiple different labs, in different languages, in conjunction with the same lecture section. It is our intention to start offering labs in different languages starting in Fall 2016.Our primary goal in making these changes was to improve recruitment and retention, especially among women. We also hoped to improve the course's utility as an elective for non-majors. Our evaluation of a pilot offering suggests that the re-designed course is likely to improve retention, without negatively impacting programming knowledge. We have now completely adopted the re-designed course, and are continuing to gather data to evaluate the new design.
Assessing instructional strategies for training robot-aided ISR tasks in simulated environments

Simulation-based Training (SBT) bridges the gap between classroom instruction and live military training exercises. Simulation offers the opportunity to train events in the absence of a live training range, tasks too difficult or too dangerous to train in a live setting, and familiarization training for emerging technologies. As the role of Unmanned Ground Systems (UGSs) in the operational environment expands to include Intelligence, Surveillance, Reconnaissance (ISR) missions, SBT is primed to support emerging UGS operator training requirements. However, the use of simulation technology does not guarantee improved performance. In fact, in the absence of skilled instruction, SBT has been shown to impart negative training [1]. The research presented focuses on identifying specific instructional strategies most beneficial for training the perceptual skills involved in Robot-aided ISR tasks within a SBT paradigm. The specific objective of the experiment presented was to empirically assess the training effectiveness of two strategies, Highlighting and Massed Exposure, which have been identified as effective instructional strategies for perceptual skills training in related domains [2]. Perceptual skills, specifically behavior cue analysis, play a critical role in intelligence gathering activities and the identification of High Value Individuals (HVI). During the experiment presented in this paper, participants (n=90) performed a behavior cue analysis task, which involved detecting virtual human targets and classifying the behaviors exhibited within a virtual SBT testbed. Participants in the treatment groups received either the Highlighting or Massed Exposure instructional support during training scenarios, while participants in the Control group did not receive instructional support to guide their practice. Performance measures, including detection accuracy, classification accuracy, and response time, were compared between groups to assess the impact of the instructional strategies on performance outcomes. This timely investigation of instructional strategies provides recommendations for the SBT acquisition community driven by empirical findings.
ApoE knockout and knockin mice: the history of their contribution to the understanding of atherogenesis

ApoE is a multifunctional protein that is expressed by many cell types that influences many aspects of cardiovascular physiology. In humans, there are three major allelic variants that differentially influence lipoprotein metabolism and risk for the development of atherosclerosis. Apoe-deficient mice and human apoE isoform knockin mice, as well as hypomorphic Apoe mice, have significantly contributed to our understanding of the role of apoE in lipoprotein metabolism, monocyte/macrophage biology, and atherosclerosis. This brief history of these mouse models will highlight their contribution to the understanding of the role of apoE in these processes. These Apoe(-/-) mice have also been extensively utilized as an atherosensitive platform upon which to assess the impact of modulator genes on the development and regression of atherosclerosis.
Use of Added Labeled Substrate Conversion Ratio to Measure Endogenous Substrate Concentration and Enzyme Activity

A method for measuring the concentration of an enzyme's substrate was developed from the Michaelis-Menten hypothesis, and its validity demonstrated with the hydrolysis of p-nitrophenylacetate by a-chymotrypsin.To arrive at a simple method for measuring angiotensin in the blood, we have made use of the competition of endogenous angiotensin and added 14C labeled angiotensin for plasma angiotensinase (1). Because plasma angiotensinase was not isolated we first tested the validity of the method with a model system. The method requires that both substrate and enzyme concentrations be rate-limiting and the enzymatic reaction be free from significant product inhibition. Under these conditions, an increase in the amount of substrate will result in a decrease in the conversion ratio (the amount of product formed per unit of substrate). If a known amount of exogenous substrate (S∗), identical to endogenous substrate except that it is radioactively labeled in a moiety which gives a labeled product, is added to the o...
Prevalence of Salmonellae in Meat and Poultry Products.

Evidence to implicate meat and poultry products as potential sources of Salmonella infection for man has been presented by a number of investigators (Cherry et al, 1943; Felsenfeld et al, 1950; Galton et al, 1954, 1955). A further study was undertaken to compare the prevalence of salmonellae in these food products in the Cincinnati area with results obtained elsewhere and to investigate the effects of differing production and marketing practices. Results are reported here on the examination of approximately 1800 specimens obtained from retail markets in Cincin-
Comparative lipid analyses of cortex and medulla of beef adrenals.

SummaryWhile the data above are not extensive, we believe them to be of importance in demonstrating lack of agreement between chemical findings and accepted histological technique. (1) Comparative analysis of extracts of both cortex and medulla indicates that the total lipid content of the medulla and cortex of beef adrenals is essentially the same. (2) Study of the individual lipids shows more phosphatide and fatty acids in the cortex and more total, free and combined cholesterol in the medulla.
A Comparative Study on Judging Method between Sanda and Similar Combat Sports

To compare judging method between Sanda and similar combat sports,especially in Olympic events,allows us to improve Sanda competition judging way continuously in accordance with the relevant requirements of the Olympic Games,and pave the way in technology for Sanda becoming an Olympic sport.Through comparative analysis,this paper found out that the competition judging method of Sanda,boxing and taekwondo are basically the same,but the major difference is that the principle of majority and each of them is reasonable.The display way of the valid point that the athletes achieve in Sanda is not open,while the others are open,and thus the display way in Sanda does not comply with the competition principles of openness and transparency.It needs to be improved urgently to Sanda competition.
Sentience, Rationality, and Moral Status: A Further Reply to Hsiao

Timothy Hsiao argues that animals lack moral status because they lack the sort of higher-level rationality required for membership in the moral community. Stijn Bruers and Laszlo Erdős have already raised a number of objections to this argument, to which Hsiao has replied with some success. But I think a stronger critique can be made. Here I raise further objections to three aspects of Hsiao’s view: his conception of the moral community, his idea of root capacities grounded in one’s nature, and his explanation of why cruelty is wrong. I also argue that sentience is a more plausible candidate for the morally salient capacity than rationality.
Is the Device-Oriented Subjective Outcome (DOSO) Independent of Personality?

Background Self-report questionnaires are a frequently used method of evaluating hearing aid outcomes. Studies have shown that personality can account for 5-20% of the variance in response to self-report measures. As a result, these influences can impact results and limit their generalizability when the purpose of the study is to examine the technological merit of hearing aids. To reduce personality influences on self-report outcome data, the Device-Oriented Subjective Outcome (DOSO) was developed. The DOSO is meant to demonstrate outcomes of the amplification device relatively independent of the individual's personality. Still, it is unknown if the DOSO achieves its original goal. Purpose The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between personality and the DOSO. The relationship between personality and several widely used hearing-related questionnaires was also examined. Research design This is a nonexperimental study using a correlational design. Study sample A total of 119 adult hearing aid wearers participated in the study. Data collection and analysis The NEO Five-Factor Inventory was used to measure five personality traits (Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness). The initial (unaided) hearing disablement, residual (aided) hearing disablement, and hearing aid benefit and satisfaction was measured using the DOSO, Hearing Handicap Inventory for the Elderly/Adult, Abbreviated Profile of Hearing Aid Benefit, and Satisfaction with Amplification in Daily Life. The relationship between personality and each questionnaire was examined using a correlation analysis. Results All of the DOSO subscales were found to be significantly correlated to personality, regardless of whether age and better-ear hearing thresholds were controlled. Individuals who reported poorer hearing aid outcomes tended to have higher Neuroticism scores, while those who scored higher in Extraversion, Openness, and Agreeableness were more likely to report better outcomes. Across DOSO subscales, the maximum variance explained by personality traits ranged from 6% to 11%. Consistent with the literature, ∼3-18% of the variance of other hearing-related questionnaires was attributable to personality. Conclusions The degree to which personality affects the DOSO is similar to other hearing-related questionnaires. Although the variance accounted for by personality is not large, researchers and clinicians should not assume that the results of the DOSO are independent of personality.
Advanced Computational Methods

State-of-the-art methods for role mining and analysis continue to be developed. These methods are not easily classified into equivalence-based, deterministic blockmodeling, or stochastic blockmodeling because they may not rely on a notion of equivalence and they may not assume that relationships among nodes only depend on role assignments. Furthermore, the underpinning methodology to discover roles vary widely. This chapter gives a glimpse into recent, experimental approaches for role mining and discovery. The intention is to give the reader a flavor of the diversity of methods used in the current research direction of the field.
Increasing Student Interest in Data Structures Courses with Real-World Data and Visualizations Using BRIDGES (Abstract Only)

This workshop introduces participants to the concepts and use of BRIDGES, a software infrastructure designed to facilitate hands-on experience for solving traditional problems in sophomore level computer science courses (data structures, algorithms) using data from real-world systems that are of interest to students, such as social networks (Twitter, Facebook), scientific or engineering datasets (USGIS Earthquake data), Google Maps, etc. BRIDGES provides easy access (typically function calls) to real-world data sets for use in routine data structures programming assignments, without requiring students to work with complex and varied APIs to acquire such data. BRIDGES also provides visualization capabilities, allowing the students to visualize the data structure they have created as part of their assignment. BRIDGES visualizations can be easily shared, via a web link, with peers, friends, and family. Workshop attendees will engage in hands-on experience with BRIDGES and multiple data sets, and will have the opportunity to discuss how BRIDGES can be used to support various introductory computer science courses. A laptop with internet connection is required to participate in hands-on activities.
Sabina’s Story

In my difficult childhood, I had been forced to leave two countries, my father was murdered, I was forced to learn several languages, and I experienced many forms of discrimination. Here is my story.
Seed Production Estimation for Mountain Big Sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata ssp. vaseyana)

Seed production is an essential component of postdisturbance recovery for mountain big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata Nutt, ssp vaseyana [Rydb] Beetle; MBS). We tested a method for rapid estimation of MBS seed production using measurements of inflorescence morphology. We measured total stem length, stem length from first branchlet to stem tip, stem diameter, fresh weight, and number of stem branchlets for 750 inflorescences collected from five central and southern Utah sites. Florets per inflorescence were counted to provide an estimate of seed production potential. We used regression analysis to assess associations between morphological traits and potential seed production and evaluated the efficiency and scalability of each measure for field application. Site means for morphological measures varied ∼2 to 11-fold while mean number of florets per inflorescence varied ∼ 8-fold. Inflorescence weight was the best predictor of seed production potential (P < 0.0001, r2 = 0.897), although correlations for all tested variables were highly significant. Among-site differences in regression equations for this relationship were not significant (P = 0.226), suggesting that a single conversion factor may have broad application. However, validation will require additional testing across a broader range of sites and field conditions. Scalable methods for efficient estimation of sagebrush seed production potential, such as those evaluated in this study, could be useful for managers charged with assessing variability in sagebrush community stability.
Paul's Place in a First-Century Revival of the Discourse of “Equality”*

In 2 Corinthians 8, Paul appeals to the principle of “equality” (ἰσότης) in order to encourage the Corinthians to contribute to the collection for the poor in Jerusalem. What is this “equality” of which Paul speaks and to which he exhorts his readers? Is it a principle of fairness, an equitable balance between the “haves” and the “have-nots” that might find expression in spirited generosity and charitable initiatives? Or is it “a regulative principle of mutual assistance,” which sets in motion a process of equalization between those who have surplus and those who have need? Or does Paul intend something more radical, more democratic? Is Paul asserting that all believers in Christ Jesus are “equal” and on this basis (ἐξ ἰσότητος) should engage in redistributive action, “so that there may be equality” (ὅπως γένηται ἰσότης)?
A multi-loop low-dropout FVF voltage regulator with enhanced load regulation

This paper introduces a multi-loop fast transient response flipped voltage follower (FVF) low-dropout (LDO) voltage regulator suitable for system-on-chip (SOC) applications. While typical FVF-based LDOs exhibit fast transient response, which is critical for SOC applications, their output DC accuracy is limited due to low loop gain of the FVF. In this work, we introduce a multi-loop design aimed at improving the DC accuracy while preserving the transient performance. The LDO is implemented in a 180-nm CMOS process to provide an output voltage of 1.5V at a maximum load current of 10mA from an input line voltage of 1.8V. The designed LDO's quiescent current is 53μA at minimum load. Simulation results showcase the advantages of the multi-loop design with a transient response time of 0.73ns and a figure of merit (FOM) of 3.9ps.
Association between kidney intracapsular pressure and ultrasound elastography

Kidney congestion is a common pathophysiologic pathway of acute kidney injury (AKI) in sepsis and heart failure. There is no noninvasive tool to measure kidney intracapsular pressure (KIP) directly. We evaluated the correlation of KIP with kidney elasticity measured by ultrasound surface wave elastography (USWE). We directly measured transcatheter KIP in three pigs at baseline and after bolus infusion of normal saline, norepinephrine, vasopressin, dopamine, and fenoldopam; infiltration of 2-L peritoneal dialysis solution in the intra-abdominal space; and venous, arterial, and ureteral clamping. KIP was compared with USWE wave speed. Only intra-abdominal installation of peritoneal dialysis fluid was associated with significant change in KIP (mean (95% CI) increase, 3.7 (3.2–4.2)] mmHg; P < .001). Although intraperitoneal pressure and KIP did not differ under any experimental condition, bladder pressure was consistently and significantly greater than KIP under all circumstances (mean (95% CI) bladder pressure vs. KIP, 3.8 (2.9–4.) mmHg; P < .001). USWE wave speed significantly correlated with KIP (adjusted coefficient of determination, 0.71; P < .001). Estimate (95% CI) USWE speed for KIP prediction stayed significant after adjustment for KIP hypertension (−0.8 (− 1.4 to − 0.2) m/s; P = .008) whereas systolic and diastolic blood pressures were not significant predictors of KIP. In a pilot study of the swine model, we found ultrasound surface wave elastography speed is significantly correlated with transcatheter measurement of kidney intracapsular and intra-abdominal pressures, while bladder pressure overestimated kidney intracapsular pressure.
A New Second-Order Approximate Reliability Method Based on Hyper-Parabolic Failure Surfaces

The first-order and second-order methods for structural reliability analysis are reviewed with attendant new interpretation for the first-order method and a new approximate result for the second-order method. Exact and approximate solutions for the example case - reliability of a shaft subject to random bending moments and a random torque are obtained. The comparison of the approximate results with exact ones shows that the first-order approximation is only applicable to the case where the failure surface is “far” from the origin, while the suggested second-order approximation yields quite accurate results even when the failure surface is “close” to the origin.
Materials and Energy Recovery from E-Waste Plastics

The objective of the current study was to investigate environmentally sustainable and energy efficient processes to recover value added material and energy from e-waste as a means to divert these nondegradable materials from landfills. We studied two different types of plastics (1) simple mixtures like polycarbonate/polyamide (PC/PA)) found in cell phone plastics for solvent extraction and (2) complex mixtures like PC/PA/acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS)/poly methyl methacrylate (PMMA) found in many other e-waste streams for pyrolysis. Solvent extraction using N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) was performed as an alternate to using dichloromethane (DCM) for selective dissolution and recovery of PC from simple mixtures of cell phone plastic (CPP) to avoid the use of chlorinated compounds. Using distillation a recovery of 89% and 87% pure PC was observed for NMP and DCM, respectively. Relatively close to the first run, the recycled NMP also recovered 87% of pure PC. However, in order to reduce energy consump...
Millennial-scale decline in coho salmon abundance since the middle Holocene in a coastal Oregon watershed, USA

The population size of anadromous salmon in the Pacific Northwest is strongly influenced by decadal variation in watershed and oceanographic conditions and therefore should also be influenced by larger magnitude millennial-scale variations in these conditions. We studied δ15N of bulk organic matter in lake sediment from Woahink Lake, Oregon, as a proxy of marine-derived nutrients (MDN) from spawning coho salmon. We compared this site to a control lake with a natural barrier to salmon migration. From 7.5 to 5.4 ka, a dune was emplaced, breached, and emplaced again, forming Woahink Lake in a former estuary. δ15N decreased steadily since 5.4 ka at Woahink but not at the control lake. δ15N reached a minimum just prior to anthropogenic nutrient loading, which caused an increase in δ15N, thus precluding a comparison with the historical decline in salmon abundance. A mixing model of lake-water nitrate, developed to explore alternate scenarios for the observed range of δ15N, could not explain these results without invoking MDN input from at least several hundred salmon annually. Our results show a previously unreported pattern of a millennial-scale decline in salmon that has plausible linkages to parallel changes in ocean circulation and productivity.