cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
THE FINANCES OF THE NATIONAL GOVERNMENT OF ARGENTINA

s of Doctoral Dissertations 67 are treated in chapters v and vi respectively. Chapters vii and viii are concerned with the historical development of the debt of the national government from the date of the first loan-1824-up to 1950. Chapter vii traces the major loans secured in the years previous to 1914, giving the features of each loan, and the qualitative and quantitative changes in the debt structure during the period. Chapter viii does the same for the period since 1914. The more significant features of the finances of the Argentine government that emerge from the study are as follows: Those in regard to expenditures are (1) the extremely large increase since the end of World War II and the increased commitments of the government which make it likely that the increases will continue at a more rapid rate; and (2) the notable changes in the nature and pattern of the expenditures attributable to the accelerated extension of the Estado Intervencionista. In respect of the tax regime, besides the quantitative increases in the total yield of the system and in the number of different and varied sources, such new quantitative features as using the taxes as instruments of social and economic policy-as for example, in eliminating the latifundia system and in offering inducements in the form of tax reductions to businessmen who spend a certain amount on plant expansion-are especially significant. The most notable characteristics of the public debt are the well-balanced structure of the debt as a whole, the low rates of interest at which the government is able to borrow, the ease with which it secures ample funds even at the low rate of interest, and, finally, the fact that the debt is held internally and for the first time in the financial history of the Republic little or no income leaves the country for service of the public debt. This content downloaded from 157.55.39.39 on Wed, 14 Sep 2016 05:30:45 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
Tension Pneumocephalus: Acute Neurological Deterioration Associated with Pleocytosis of the CSF

Tension pneumocephalus is an uncommon condition characterized by dramatic neurological deterioration and massive accumulations of intracranial air. Inflammatory changes in the CSF may mimic an infectious process. In this report we describe a case of tension pneumocephalus in which the patient presented with pleocytosis of the CSF.
RIFT VALLEY FEVER : A REPORT OF THREE CASES OF LABORATORY INFECTION AND THE EXPERIMENTAL TRANSMISSION OF THE DISEASE TO FERRETS.

Three cases of Rift Valley fever in human individuals are reported. The virus was recovered from the respiratory tract of the patients and was transmitted to ferrets by the intranasal route. The experimental disease so produced in ferrets is characterized by fever, marked pulmonary lesions, and hemorrhagic phenomena. The results indicate that the virus of Rift Valley fever belongs to the group of filterable viruses which may gain entrance to the human body through the respiratory tract. The differential diagnosis of Rift Valley fever and influenza is discussed. While, clinically, this is a difficult problem, the diagnosis may be readily established through animal experimentation. Certain observations concerning the influence of the route of administration on the protective action of immune serum in serum-virus mixtures are presented.
Alcohol Education in the School

In American society the prevention and reduction of undesirable conditions have always centered around education. However, the field of alcohol education is in a rudimentary stage and adequate programs are almost nonexistent. This study reports on the perception of alcohol education among a representative sample of high school students. The data show the students to be interested in this type of subject matter. However, few are receiving information, and the quality of that transmitted is questionable.
I. Fecal residue of fat, protein and carbohydrate in the normal dog

The utilization of foodstuffs by normal dogs was found to be highly efficient. The fecal excretion of fat varied from 2.11 per cent to 3.99 per cent, most of which was fatty acids. The fecal nitrogen was found to be fairly constant in absolute amount except for a variation roughly proportional to the bulk of the feces. When calculated as percentage of the protein of the diets used, the nitrogen of the feces increased in percentage as the amount of protein of the diet decreased. With diets low in protein as much as 50 per cent of the nitrogen intake may be excreted in the feces. Carbohydrate excretion in the feces was only slightly affected by diet, varying from 1.0 per cent to 3.0 per cent.
A healthier start: The effect of conditional cash transfers on neonatal and infant mortality in rural Mexico

Abstract Conditional cash transfer programs seek to break the intergenerational transmission of poverty by building the human capital of poor children. Despite their popularity throughout the developing world, relatively little is known about their effect on children's health outcomes. This paper evaluates the impact of the Mexican conditional cash transfer program, Progresa, on two important health outcomes: infant and neonatal mortality. It exploits the phasing-in of Progresa over time throughout rural Mexico to identify the impact of the program. The paper shows that Progresa led to a large 17% decline in rural infant mortality among the treated, but did not reduce neonatal mortality on average. The benefit–cost ratio is between 1.3 and 3.6. Tests for heterogeneity show larger declines for some groups including those municipalities whose pre-program levels of mortality were above the median, and those that prior to the program had higher illiteracy rates, and less access to electricity.
Hydrogen system using novel additives to catalyze hydrogen release from the hydrolysis of alane and activated aluminum

Abstract Herein, we present a new system for the generation of hydrogen for use in portable power systems utilizing a two-step process that involves the thermal decomposition of α-AlH3 (10 wt% H2) followed by the hydrolysis of the activated aluminum (Al*) byproduct to release additional H2. This study focuses on the use of promoter additives (PA) to catalyze the hydrolysis of Al*. Our study has shown that the addition of water to a Al*:PA composite results in an instantaneous release of hydrogen at room temperature, without the use of transition metal catalysts. This secondary reaction increases the overall hydrogen content of the material even when the weight of the added water is accounted for. Additionally, a one-step process, in which water is added directly to the α-AlH3:PA composite, was also examined. Large amounts of H2 and heat are released immediately following the addition of water and could serve a means to shorten the start-up time of the fuel cell as well as assist in the thermal decomposition of α-AlH3. Our study compares the use of different PA’s and presents novel composites made of α-AlH3 and ionic hydride additives in an attempt to obtain the best performance of a hydrogen source based on α-AlH3. The composites were characterized by TGA-RGA, XRD, and SEM before and after H2 release.
“Underprepared” and “At-Risk”: Disrupting Deficit Discourses in Undergraduate STEM Recruitment and Retention Programming

AbstractThis paper highlights deficit-oriented descriptions of underrepresented undergraduate students in STEM intervention programs at large public 4-year universities. Drawing from interview data and using critical discourse analysis, the author identifies how deficit discourses are mobilized among program staff and argues that such descriptions reproduce discriminatory perceptions of underrepresented students. Recommendations for practice are provided as they relate to campus-wide recruitment and retention efforts.
Distillation Columns Containing Structured Packings: A Comprehensive Model for Their Performance. 2. Mass-Transfer Model

This is the second part of a two-part paper dealing with the fluid mechanics and mass transfer in structured packings for distillation column service. The first part elucidated pressure drop, flooding, and liquid holdup. The second part covers the generation of effective interfacial area and provides a general correlation for predicting the mass-transfer efficiency as a function of surface type, packing geometry, phase flow conditions, and fluid properties. The mass-transfer model has been tested against a variety of commercial structured packings, for distillation pressures ranging from 0.33 to 20.4 bar. In all cases the fit of the data is excellent, with the possible exception of the highest pressures, where additional factors of axial mixing appear to have an effect.
Transmission through barriers and resonant tunneling in an interacting one-dimensional electron gas.

We study theoretically transport of a one-dimensional single-channel interacting electron gas through barriers or constrictions. We find that electrons with repulsive interactions, incident upon a single barrier, are completely reflected at zero temperature. At finite temperature (T), the conductance is shown to vanish as a power of T, and at zero temperature, power-law current-voltage characteristics are predicted. For attractive interactions, we predict perfect transmission at zero temperature, with similar power-law corrections. We also study resonant tunneling through a double-barrier structure and related effects associated with the Coulomb blockade. Resonant peaks in the transmission are possible, provided the interactions are not too strongly repulsive. However, in contrast to resonant tunneling in a noninteracting electron gas, we find that in the presence of interactions the width of the resonance vanishes, as a power of temperature, in the zero-temperature limit. Moreover, the resonance line shapes are shown to be described by a universal scaling function, which has power law, but non-Lorentzian tails. For a particular choice of interaction strengths, we present an exact solution of our model, which verifies the scaling assumptions and provides an explicit expression for the scaling function. We also consider the role played by the electron-spin degree of freedom in modifying the trasnsmission through barriers. With spin, there are four possible phases corresponding to perfect transmission or perfect reflection of charge and spin. We present phase diagrams for these different behaviors and analyze the nontrivial transitions between them. At these transitions we find that the conductance or transmission is universal---depending only on the dimensionless conductance of the leads and not on the details of the barriers. In the case of resonant tunneling with spin, we discuss the ``Kondo'' resonance, which occurs when there is a spin degeneracy for electrons between the two barriers. Many of the predictions should be directly testable in gated GaAs wires.
Front surface crystalline silicon contacts formed via thick film silver pastes

In the coming years, the crystalline silicon solar cell industry will continue to decrease module costs through a variety of enhancements to productivity and cell efficiency. Of these, advances in processing and formulation of front and back side metallization pastes/inks have the potential to lead to significant cost reductions while at the same time maintaining or even increasing cell performance. Considering the front side silver-containing pastes, four methods have been outlined in the silicon PV technology roadmap as crucial to significant cost reduction: (1) a removal of heavy metal (Cd, Pb) containing glasses for environmental reasons; (2) a reduction in the use of, and eventual replacement of the precious metal silver as a conductive medium; (3) a reduction of finger width to reduce shading losses; and (4) reliable contact to shallow/high sheet resistivity emitters in order to reduce recombination losses [1]. As a current industrial supplier of high quality front side metallization pastes, Ferro Corporation will play a role in engineering and supplying pastes that address these four issues. Towards that end, here we review the microscopic structural and electrical mechanisms of front contact formation via metallization pastes/inks and report on initial attempts to further quantify the nature of the difficulties with reliably contacting high sheet resistivity wafers.
Optical characteristics of the whipple observatory TeV gamma-ray imaging telescope

In TeV γ-ray astronomy, large mirrors are used to collect Cerenkov light from electromagnetic cascades in the atmosphere in order to obtain low energy thresholds. The flux sensitivity of TeV γ-ray detectors is limited by background due to Cerenkov light bursts from isotropic, cosmic-ray showers which are much more numerous than γ-ray showers. It has recently been established that most of this background can be eliminated on the basis of the shapes of Cerenkov light images on the focal plane of a telescope. In order for this technique to work, the light collector must have adequate resolution over a relatively wide field of view. In this paper, the optical characteristics of the 10 m reflector used in the imaging detection of the Crab Nebula are examined and contrasted with those of a standard parabolic design. This 10 m reflector has a unique (Davies-Cotton) design with small spherical facet mirrors placed on spherical support structure with radius equal to exactly 1/2 the curvature radius of the facet mirrors. The off-axis focusing properties of this type of telescope have not been examined previously.
Management of residual life cycle costs for sustainability in middle of life phase

The aim of this work is to propose a decision support system (DSS) to manage product life cycle in the middle of life phase in order to obtain data which may impact on the whole value chain. In particular, a new maintenance approach based on the integration of information gathered from different actors is taken under consideration and the evaluation of residual life cycle costs (LCCs) is used to define and plan maintenance actions. The system enables to create new value by transforming information into knowledge available for all phases of the life cycle improving product and service quality, efficiency and sustainability. The integrated DSS here described goes in the direction of predictive maintenance for machine tools and trucks to reduce the number of unexpected stops and minimise LCCs of the product avoiding component breakdowns.
Ranking and Semi-supervised Classification on Large Scale Graphs Using Map-Reduce

Label Propagation, a standard algorithm for semi-supervised classification, suffers from scalability issues involving memory and computation when used with large-scale graphs from real-world datasets. In this paper we approach Label Propagation as solution to a system of linear equations which can be implemented as a scalable parallel algorithm using the map-reduce framework. In addition to semi-supervised classification, this approach to Label Propagation allows us to adapt the algorithm to make it usable for ranking on graphs and derive the theoretical connection between Label Propagation and PageRank. We provide empirical evidence to that effect using two natural language tasks -- lexical relat-edness and polarity induction. The version of the Label Propagation algorithm presented here scales linearly in the size of the data with a constant main memory requirement, in contrast to the quadratic cost of both in traditional approaches.
‘(N)Ostalgie’ for the present: Memory, longing, and East German things

Abstract The last several years have witnessed the birth and boom of a nostalgia industry in the former East Germany that has entailed the recuperation, (re)production, marketing, and merchandising of GDR products as well as the ‘museumification’ of GDR everyday life. This paper interrogates a distinction between ‘mere’ nostalgia and socially sanctioned commemorative practices by tracing the social lives of East German things, including their paths, diversions, and recuperations, in the context of eastern Germany's transition to a late industrial society. I seek to elucidate not only the social, political, and economic conditions that have produced the recent explosion of ‘Ostalgie’ (nostalgia for the East) in the former GDR, but an interplay between hegemonic and oppositional memories as well. In flaming resistance to western German hegemony in terms of product choices and mass merchandising, I argue, practices and products of ‘Ostalgie’ both contest and affirm the new order.
An improved primer for PCR amplification of mitochondrial DNA in a variety of insect species

A PCR primer from the mitochondrial COI gene is described that enhances the amplification of the COI-COII region of insect mtDNA. When used in conjunction with a primer from the COII gene identified by R. Crozier, a 1600-1700 bp segment is amplified in nine species of insects representing the orders Lepidoptera, Diptera, Coleoptera and Hymenoptera.
Two combinatorial properties of a class of simplicial polytopes

Letf(P s d ) be the set of allf-vectors of simpliciald-polytopes. ForP a simplicial 2d-polytope let Σ(P) denote the boundary complex ofP. We show that for eachf ∈f(P s d ) there is a simpliciald-polytopeP withf(P)=f such that the 11 02 simplicial diameter of Σ(P) is no more thanf 0(P)−d+1 (one greater than the conjectured Hirsch bound) and thatP admits a subdivision into a simpliciald-ball with no new vertices that satisfies the Hirsch property. Further, we demonstrate that the number of bistellar operations required to obtain Σ(P) from the boundary of ad-simplex is minimum over the class of all simplicial polytopes with the samef-vector. This polytopeP will be the one constructed to prove the sufficiency of McMullen's conditions forf-vectors of simplicial polytopes.
Onset of turbulent convection in large cells

Abstract Convection experiments in small aspect ratio (=lateral size/depth) cells have shown many of the sharp changes in temporal properties that are characteristic of low order dissipative dynamical systems1). In large cells; there are generally no sharp transitions between regimes with different temporal signatures and broad band noise develops relatively smoothly from low frequencies. One infers that the multiplicity of spatial patterns allowed in the larger cells is responsible for this differences (see for instance the review of J. Gollub; these proceedings p. 329). Because of the complexity of doing realistic calculations with the Boussinesq equations a number of effects which act together in a real experiment have been isolated for theoretical study. Refs. 2 and 3 examine under varying assumptions what stationary patterns will emerge if one waits sufficiently long and one is close to onset. There is no obvious analogy between dislocations, as understood by metallurgists, and an extra roll pair that terminates in the middle of an otherwise ideal convection pattern. Ref. 4 examines the dynamics of these hydrodynamic “dislocations”. In a third class of problems one seeks to determine the effective long wavelength dynamics of a locally ordered convection pattern following much the same reasoning that takes one from microscopic physics to hydrodynamics The first equations of this kind that get beyond the Ginzburg-Landau from (which obviously cannot describe persistent time dependent flow) were described in ref. 5.
Sexual dimorphism of auditory activity in the zebra finch song system.

While the tracheosyringeal motor neurons of anesthetized male zebra finches fire in response to acoustic stimuli, the same motor neurons in females show no such response. Females masculinized by estradiol implants on Days 1 or 2 after hatching may develop auditory responses in their tracheosyringeal motor neurons; the presence of the response is directly related to the degree of masculinization of the estradiol-treated females' telencephalic song centers. In male zebra finches, neurons in HVc (Hyperstriatum Ventrale pars caudalis) respond to sound, and the HVc is necessary for the tracheosyringeal auditory response. Multiunit auditory activity was demonstrated in the HVc of female zebra finches. A single 20-μA pulse delivered to the male HVc elicits a large volley in the tracheosyringeal nerve; microstimulating the female HVc does not evoke a response in the motor nerve. This failure of both auditory and HVc stimulation to elicit a response in the female tracheosyringeal nerve is attributed to the lack of a functional HVc—nucleus Robustus Archistriatalis projection in females. If, as has been suggested, the tracheosyringeal auditory response may be important for the processing of song, female zebra finches might not process song in the same manner as do males.
A case report of fibrolipoma with t(12;16)(q13;q24)

Abstract Chromosomal analysis of a fibrolipoma of the shoulder of a 55-year-old man showed the following abnormal complement: 46,XY,t(12;16)(q13;q24). Comparison with two previously characterized fibrolipomas showed abnormalities reportedly observed in "classic lipoma." A unique or distinguishing anomaly for fibrolipoma was not detected. Therefore, fibrolipoma appears to be distinct histologically but not cytogenetically.
External sector ‘closing’ rules in applied general equilibrium models

Abstract This paper examines formulations of external sector behavior adopted in some of the recent applied general equilibrium models. In many cases these models are constructed for single economies and the model-builder attempts to use a convenient external sector specification to close the model. Issues and difficulties with export demand and import supply functions for foreigners which satisfy trade balance, and the modeling of small economy price taking behavior are explored.
Hyperinsulinemia and obesity in the dorsolateral tegmental rat

Adult female rats (N = 26) were prepared with either sham lesions or electrolytic lesions of the dorsolateral tegmentum (DLT). Body weight gain, adiposity, 72-hour food intake and day/night food intake, serum glucose and serum insulin levels were measured 15 and 17 days post-operatively. Dorsolateral tegmental lesions produced moderate weight gains and enhanced adiposity as assessed by the Lee Index. Although dorsolateral tegmental rats were hyperphagic only at night, hyperinsulinemia was observed during the day and the night. Hyperinsulinemia may contribute to the obesifying action of tegmental lesions in rats fed high-fat diets.
Cover-Up and Collective Integrity: On the Natural Antagonisms of Authority Internal and External to Organizations

This paper traces the roots of organizational cover-up to the sources of collective integrity. It develops a perspective on tensions between the vitality of authority within organizations and the penetration of moral authority respresenting the external society. In the white-collar ranks of formal organizations, persons construct authority to govern internal relations by shielding members from external scrutiny and by declining to force members to accept their responsibilities according to externally defined norms. Accepting these practices as proper, external authorities recognize the legitimacy of a collectivity's moral autonomy. I examine several forms of shielding and non-enforcement practices, noting each for each: how it builds authority to integrate the collectivity by weakening the penetration of external authority; uses of the method routinely accepted as legitimate by external authority; and how members may drift from legitimate uses to illegitimate “cover-ups.” I also discuss some implications for the study of white-collar deviance and the experience of complicity in occupational life.
A user study on tactile graphic generation methods

Methods to automatically convert graphics into tactile representations have been recently investigated, creating either raised-line or relief images. In particular, we briefly review one raised-line method where important features are emphasized. This paper focuses primarily on the effects of such emphasis and on comparing both raised-line and relief methods (produced by a Tiger Braille printer) through psychophysical experiments including discrimination, identification, and comprehension (involving 14 sighted and 6 blind subjects). Results show that raised-line pictures outperform relief images in all three tasks. Also, emphasizing important features significantly increases comprehension of tactile graphics. Raised-line images, however, disregard intensity/colour information unlike relief pictures. A technique incorporating intensity into raised-line graphics is also presented. Further experiments show the validity of this technique.
The Social Studies Debate Goes On.

Social studies in the K- 12 school curriculum entered the decade of the 1990s under heavy attack from many critics. National studies focusing on subjects such as civics, history, and geography implied the need for major reforms in the total social studies program.
From Old to New to Old in Economic History

The President of this Association is like a species of short-lived insect, whose only function in life is to lay an egg, and then to die. Yet, like the walking candle, a President has this brief moment on stage, and his obscurity before and after it makes him determined to burn all the more brightly.
Management of patients with ICDs at the end of life (EOL): a qualitative study.

Purpose. Implantable cardioverter defibrillator shocks at the end of life are distressing and warrant consideration of implantable cardioverter defibrillator deactivation discussions. A nationwide ...
Microstructural development during solidification of stainless steel alloys

The microstructures that develop during the solidification of stainless steel alloys are related to the solidification conditions and the specific alloy composition. The solidification conditions are determined by the processing method,i.e., casting, welding, or rapid solidification, and by parametric variations within each of these techniques. One variable that has been used to characterize the effects of different processing conditions is the cooling rate. This factor and the chemical composition of the alloy both influence (1) the primary mode of solidification, (2) solute redistribution and second-phase formation during solidification, and (3) the nucleation and growth behavior of the ferrite-to-austenite phase transformation during cooling. Consequently, the residual ferrite content and the microstructural morphology depend on the cooling rate and are governed by the solidification process. This paper investigates the influence of cooling rate on the microstructure of stainless steel alloys and describes the conditions that lead to the many microstructural morphologies that develop during solidification. Experiments were performed on a series of seven high-purity Fe-Ni-Cr alloys that spanned the line of twofold saturation along the 59 wt pct Fe isopleth of the ternary alloy system. High-speed electron-beam surface-glazing was used to melt and resolidify these alloys at scan speeds up to 5 m/s. The resulting cooling rates were shown to vary from 7°C/s to 7.5×106°C/s, and the resolidified melts were analyzed by optical metallographic methods. Five primary modes of solidification and 12 microstructural morphologies were characterized in the resolidified alloys, and these features appear to be a complete “set” of the possible microstructures for 300-series stainless steel alloys. The results of this study were used to create electron-beam scan speedvs composition diagrams, which can be used to predict the primary mode of solidification and the microstructural morphology for different processing conditions. Furthermore, changes in the primary solidification mode were observed in alloys that lie on the chromium-rich side of the line of twofold saturation when they are cooled at high rates. These changes were explained by the presence of metastable austenite, which grows epitaxially and can dominate the solidification microstructure throughout the resolidified zone at high cooling rates.
HIV transmission by organ and tissue transplantation

Purpose: Published reports in English of HIV infection in organ and tissue recipients were reviewed to examine (1) the effect of donor screening, allograft type, and allograft processing on risk of HIV transmission by transplantation; (2) the antibody response to HIV infection in organ recipients taking antirejection therapy; and (3) survival following transplantation for HIV-infected organ recipients. Data extraction: Date of transplant, timing of HIV infection in relation to transplant, type of allograft, type of antirejection therapy, duration of follow-up, time to death, and time to antigen and antibody appearance were recorded for each of 32 reports
Polarizability dyadics of small bianisotropic spheres

The low-frequency scattering response of a homogeneous sphere made of a general linear bianisotropic material is quantified in terms of polarizability dyadics. The polarizability dyadics are then used to generalize the Maxwell-Garnet model for a composite obtained by randomly suspending small bianisotropic spheres in an isotropic achiral host medium
Probability Distributions: What’s in a Shape?

Probabilities provide a measure of the uncertainty in our world, just as a ruler can describe its geometry. We live in at least 4 dimensions and require more complex measuring devices than a ruler to understand it. Similarly, a single probability that something is present now or will happen in the future can sometimes be an inadequate representation of uncertainty. Increasingly, we turn to describing the likelihood of events as probability distributions that have shape and moments, especially when we perform sensitivity analyses. Costeffectiveness acceptability curves have become standard fare. But what about intuition and System I reasoning? When we teach the principles of decision making and logic to students and when we explore them ourselves, we soon discover that it is difficult to provide an intuitive understanding of probabilities. The difficulty increases by orders of magnitude when we focus on probability distributions. In this issue of Medical Decision Making (MDM), Van den Ende and colleagues demonstrate these misperceptions in a small study in which clinicians and students were presented with a scenario of suspected tuberculosis and asked to visualize the post-workup probability distribution. Although the participants proposed a variety of distributions, the vast majority proposed unimodal distributions, whether uniform, symmetric, or skewed; only 2 of 41 participants proposed a bimodal ‘‘U-shaped’’ distribution, which the authors suggest is the correct answer, based on their prior study of suspected tuberculosis in Rwanda. The authors go on to suggest that the lack of intuition about the shape of the posttest distributions can lead clinicians to overestimate the effect of small or modest changes in the therapeutic threshold and therefore to believe that thresholds are unstable in that small changes might recruit many more unaffected patients into the empiric treatment arm of the decision tree or may move many more affected patients into the no-treatment arm. Van den Ende and colleagues provide a second example of a U-shaped bimodal posterior distribution from the classic study by Diamond and others of exercise stress testing in patients who may have coronary disease. Although they posit that such bimodal posterior distributions are common, 2 examples may not establish a general principle. Of course, if such U-shaped posterior distributions were common, then indeed small or even moderate changes in the threshold for empiric treatment in a population might shift relatively few individuals from one strategy to the other (depending on where the threshold was located), making therapeutic thresholds far more stable and perhaps more trustworthy. Although Van den Ende’s work has been in populations, the same principles might apply to our belief in posttesting distributions in individual patients.
Correlation of MRI findings with clinical findings of trochanteric pain syndrome.

Greater trochanter pain syndrome due to tendinopathy or bursitis is a common cause of hip pain. The previously reported magnetic resonance (MR) findings of trochanteric tendinopathy and bursitis are peritrochanteric fluid and abductor tendon abnormality. We have often noted peritrochanteric high T2 signal in patients without trochanteric symptoms. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the MR findings of peritrochanteric fluid or hip abductor tendon pathology correlate with trochanteric pain. We retrospectively reviewed 131 consecutive MR examinations of the pelvis (256 hips) for T2 peritrochanteric signal and abductor tendon abnormalities without knowledge of the clinical symptoms. Any T2 peritrochanteric abnormality was characterized by size as tiny, small, medium, or large; by morphology as feathery, crescentic, or round; and by location as bursal or intratendinous. The clinical symptoms of hip pain and trochanteric pain were compared to the MR findings on coronal, sagittal, and axial T2 sequences using chi-square or Fisher’s exact test with significance assigned as p < 0.05. Clinical symptoms of trochanteric pain syndrome were present in only 16 of the 256 hips. All 16 hips with trochanteric pain and 212 (88%) of 240 without trochanteric pain had peritrochanteric abnormalities (p = 0.15). Eighty-eight percent of hips with trochanteric symptoms had gluteus tendinopathy while 50% of those without symptoms had such findings (p = 0.004). Other than tendinopathy, there was no statistically significant difference between hips with or without trochanteric symptoms and the presence of peritrochanteric T2 abnormality, its size or shape, and the presence of gluteus medius or minimus partial thickness tears. Patients with trochanteric pain syndrome always have peritrochanteric T2 abnormalities and are significantly more likely to have abductor tendinopathy on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). However, although the absence of peritrochanteric T2 MR abnormalities makes trochanteric pain syndrome unlikely, detection of these abnormalities on MRI is a poor predictor of trochanteric pain syndrome as these findings are present in a high percentage of patients without trochanteric pain.
Approximation theory and feedforward networks

Abstract Approximation of real functions by feedforward networks of the usual kind is shown to be based on the fundamental principle of approximation by piecewise-constant functions. This principle underlies a simple construction given for three-layer networks and suggests possible difficulties in determining two-layer networks.
Effect of Polyvinylpyrrolidone Additions on the Rheology of Aqueous, Highly Loaded Alumina Suspensions

The control of the rheological behavior of highly loaded ceramic/polymer suspensions affords the development of near-net shape forming techniques. In this study, suspensions containing sub-micrometer diameter alumina (up to 56 vol%) were fabricated using an anionic dispersant (≈4 vol%) and water-soluble polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). The amount and ratio of molecular weights of PVP in the suspension were varied to influence flow behavior. The final pH of the system, ≈9.5, was higher than the isoelectric point (IEP) of alumina implying that the alumina powder possesses a negative surface charge. In the case of alumina at this pH, PVP does not adsorb onto the surface of the powder. The flow behavior of the PVP-containing suspensions displayed yield-pseudoplastic characteristics that closely agreed with the Herschel–Bulkley fluid model. The addition of PVP significantly changed the rheology of the system, increasing the shear yield stress and altering flow behavior. Interparticle interaction approximations of the suspensions were modeled to correlate with experimental observations.
Anatomic segmentectomy for the solitary pulmonary nodule and early-stage lung cancer

Background Anatomic segmentectomy is a versatile sublobar resection approach that can be both diagnostic and therapeutic in the setting of the indeterminate pulmonary nodule (IPN), metastasectomy, as well as small, peripheral cancers. We analyzed the clinical indications and perioperative outcomes after anatomic segmentectomy and explored its utility in the diagnosis and treatment of IPNs and small stage IA lung cancers. Methods This study is a retrospective review of 785 consecutive patients undergoing anatomic segmentectomy from 2002 to 2010. Primary outcome variables include perioperative course, morbidity, mortality, recurrence patterns, and survival. Results Surgical indications included IPN (62.4%), known lung cancer (27.6%), suspected metastasis (4.1%), bullous disease (3.7%), or other (2.2%). Video-assisted thoracic surgery was employed in 468 (59.6%) and open thoracotomy in 317 (40.4%) patients. Median length of stay was 6 days. Overall complication rate was 34.9%. Thirty-day mortality was 1.1%. Among 490 patients with an IPN, 381 (77.7%) were found to have lung cancer, 41 (8.4%) metastatic cancer, and 68 (13.9%) benign disease. Among patients with pathologic stage IA lung cancer, there was no difference in recurrence rates (14.5% vs 13.9%) or 5-year freedom from recurrence estimates (78% in each group, p = 0.738) when comparing segmentectomy and lobectomy. Conclusions Anatomic segmentectomy provides acceptable morbidity and mortality when approaching the IPN. Cancer is identified in 86% of lesions. Complete surgical resection can be achieved with generous parenchymal margins and thorough nodal staging for small, peripheral stage IA non-small cell lung cancer. The use of anatomic segmentectomy should be considered in this era of competing image-guided diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to peripheral lung pathology.
Novel role for p21-activated kinase 2 in thrombin-induced monocyte migration

To understand the role of thrombin in inflammation, we tested its effects on migration of THP-1 cells, a human monocytic cell line. Thrombin induced THP-1 cell migration in a dose-dependent manner. Thrombin induced tyrosine phosphorylation of Pyk2, Gab1, and p115 RhoGEF, leading to Rac1- and RhoA-dependent Pak2 activation. Downstream to Pyk2, Gab1 formed a complex with p115 RhoGEF involving their pleckstrin homology domains. Furthermore, inhibition or depletion of Pyk2, Gab1, p115 RhoGEF, Rac1, RhoA, or Pak2 levels substantially attenuated thrombin-induced THP-1 cell F-actin cytoskeletal remodeling and migration. Inhibition or depletion of PAR1 also blocked thrombin-induced activation of Pyk2, Gab1, p115 RhoGEF, Rac1, RhoA, and Pak2, resulting in diminished THP-1 cell F-actin cytoskeletal remodeling and migration. Similarly, depletion of Gα12 negated thrombin-induced Pyk2, Gab1, p115 RhoGEF, Rac1, RhoA, and Pak2 activation, leading to attenuation of THP-1 cell F-actin cytoskeletal remodeling and migration. These novel observations reveal that thrombin induces monocyte/macrophage migration via PAR1-Gα12-dependent Pyk2-mediated Gab1 and p115 RhoGEF interactions, leading to Rac1- and RhoA-targeted Pak2 activation. Thus, these findings provide mechanistic evidence for the role of thrombin and its receptor PAR1 in inflammation.
Immunosuppression by pyrimidine nucleoside analogs.

Abstract Pyrimidine nucleoside analogs have been examined in mice for their ability to suppress the primary immune response to the intraperitoneal injection of sheep erythrocytes. 5-Fluorodeoxyuridine was more effective than the corresponding 5-bromo-compound, while 5-iododeoxyuridine was essentially inactive in practical dosage levels. In all cases, the drugs were more effective when given intraperitoneally than subcutaneously, and this observation applied also to 6-mercaptopurine and to azathioprine. Cytosine arabinoside was the most potent agent tested, and its immuno-suppressive effects could be inhibited by the concurrent administration of deoxycytidine. The combination of chloramphenicol with 6-azauridine exhibited potentiation of the weak immunosuppressive activity exerted by 6-azauridine, while no such activity was demonstrated by chloramphenicol under the conditions of the experiments.
Thermodynamics and the structural aspects of the ternary complexes of Am(III), Cm(III) and Eu(III) with Ox and EDTA + Ox

The stability constants and the associated thermodynamic parameters of formation of the binary and the ternary complexes of Am3+, Cm3+ and Eu3+ were determined by a solvent extraction to measure the variation in the distribution coefficient with temperature (0–60 °C) for aqueous solutions of I = 6.60 m (NaClO4). The formation of ternary complexes is favored by both the enthalpy (exothermic) and the entropy (endothermic) values. 13 C NMR, TRLFS and EXAFS spectral data was used to study the coordination modes of the ternary complexes. In the formation of the complex M(EDTA)(Ox)3−, the EDTA retained all its coordination sites with Ox binding via two carboxylates and with one water of hydration remaining attached to the M3+. In the complex M(EDTA)(Ox)25−, one carboxylate, either from EDTA or Ox, is not bounded to M3+ and there were no water of hydration attached to these cations
Did climatic warming trigger the onset and development of yellow‐cedar decline in southeast Alaska*

Yellow cedar (Chamaecyparis nootkatensis) is a valuable tree species that is experiencing an extensive forest decline on over 200000 ha of unmanaged forest in southeast Alaska. Biotic factors appear secondary and some abiotic factor is probably the primary cause of this naturally occurring decline. A warming climate, which coincided with the onset of extensive tree mortality about 100 years ago, may have triggered one of the possible abiotic causes such as freezing damage and/or soil toxicity.
Development of simplified in-situ fan curve measurement method using the manufacturers fan curve

Abstract A simplified in-situ fan curve measurement procedure has been developed using the manufacturers fan curve and one point (air flow and fan head) measurement. This paper presents the background theory, methodology, error analysis and step-by-step procedure developed for the practitioners. This in-situ method has been experimentally proven in full-scale air handling unit (AHU) systems. The results show that the fan curve identified using this simplified approach agrees with the fan curve identified using the point-by-point direct measurement method. Both the error analysis and the experiment show that the generated in-situ fan curve with least system resistance most closely matches the measured in-situ curve (cv-RMSE = 4.7%). The differences of the fan heads predicted by the fan curves are within the experimental error range.
Formation of microtwins in TmP/GaAs heterostructures

Abstract Microtwins in semi-metal thulium phosphide (TmP) epilayers grown on (0 0 1) GaAs substrates by molecular beam epitaxy have been studied by transmission electron microscopy. Selected area diffraction patterns show extra spots along 〈1 1 1〉 and 〈2 2 4〉 corresponding to three times the normal rock-salt periodicity. Only one or two twin variants are found in the crystal. The occurrence of the observed microtwins in the TmP-GaAs heterostructure can be accounted for by the growth-accident mechanism, i.e., the formation of microtwins is via growth accidents in the stacking sequence on {1 1 1} and {1 1 2} planes. The growth accidents appear to occur due to rapid growth rates and/or contamination.
An experimental design for determining the effects of illumination models in particle visualization

Effective visualization of large particle datasets requires communication of the three-dimensional structure and spatial organization of the particles as a simulation progresses. Typical visualization systems employ local illumination models when rendering such data. These models rely solely on local information and may not capture other illumination effects that can aid attempts to comprehend the spatial characteristics of complex particle datasets.
The B7–CD28/CTLA-4 costimulatory pathways in autoimmune disease of the central nervous system

Abstract The past year has seen significant advances in our understanding of the role of the B7–CD28/CTLA-4 pathway in regulating the responses of self-reactive T cells, giving impetus to manipulation of this pathway for treating human autoimmune diseases. Recent studies have demonstrated that B7–CD28 costimulation has critical roles in stimulating both the initiation and effector phases of autoimmunity and that CD28 regulates the threshold for activation of self-reactive T cells. Recent work has also revealed critical roles for CTLA-4 in limiting the extent of Th1/Th2 cell differentiation and in downregulating the responses of self-reactive T cells during both the initiation and progression of autoimmune disease.
Ferromagnetism, Antiferromagnetism and Paramagnetism in Vanadium Phosphates Prepared From Hydrothermal Conditions

Abstract Several metal phosphate solids have been prepared from hydrothermal reaction methods that involve vanadium and either alkali metal ions or organic amine templating agents. A variety of magnetic behavior is observed, depending on the structures of the solids that are isolated. Binuclear [(VO)2Cl2(H2O)2(PhAsO3H)2Ph4PCl, trinuclear [(C2H5NH3)2(V0)3H2O- (C2H5PO3)6, hexanuclear [(C2H5)4N2(vO)6(H2O)2(C2H5PO3)6, 16-atom cluster [V16O20(OCH2CCH2O)8(H2O)4 and polymeric [AVOPO4, A= Na, NH3 materials have been prepared. Some materials exhibit long range antiferromagnetic phase transitions that result from strong lattice interactions between magnetic centers. Ferromagnetic behavior is also observed in [H3N(CH2)3NH3(VO)3(OH)2(H2O)2(PO4)2 with a ferromagnetic phase transition at Tc=5K. The magnetic data are interpreted in terms of the molecular and crystallographic data.
c-Myc quadruplex-forming sequence Pu-27 induces extensive damage in both telomeric and nontelomeric regions of DNA.

Quadruplex-forming DNA sequences are present throughout the eukaryotic genome, including in telomeric DNA. We have shown that the c-Myc promoter quadruplex-forming sequence Pu-27 selectively kills transformed cells (Sedoris, K. C., Thomas, S. D., Clarkson, C. R., Muench, D., Islam, A., Singh, R., and Miller, D. M. (2012) Genomic c-Myc quadruplex DNA selectively kills leukemia. Mol. Cancer Ther. 11, 66–76). In this study, we show that Pu-27 induces profound DNA damage, resulting in striking chromosomal abnormalities in the form of chromatid or chromosomal breaks, radial formation, and telomeric DNA loss, which induces γ-H2AX in U937 cells. Pu-27 down-regulates telomeric shelterin proteins, DNA damage response mediators (RAD17 and RAD50), double-stranded break repair molecule 53BP1, G2 checkpoint regulators (CHK1 and CHK2), and anti-apoptosis gene survivin. Interestingly, there are no changes of DNA repair molecules H2AX, BRCA1, and the telomere maintenance gene, hTERT. ΔB-U937, where U937 cells stably transfected with deleted basic domain of TRF2 is partially sensitive to Pu-27 but exhibits no changes in expression of shelterin proteins. However, there is an up-regulation of CHK1, CHK2, H2AX, BRCA1, and survivin. Telomere dysfunction-induced foci assay revealed co-association of TRF1with γ-H2AX in ATM deficient cells, which are differentially sensitive to Pu-27 than ATM proficient cells. Alt (alternating lengthening of telomere) cells are relatively resistant to Pu-27, but there are no significant changes of telomerase activity in both Alt and non-Alt cells. Lastly, we show that this Pu-27-mediated sensitivity is p53-independent. The data therefore support two conclusions. First, Pu-27 induces DNA damage within both telomeric and nontelomeric regions of the genome. Second, Pu-27-mediated telomeric damage is due, at least in part, to compromise of the telomeric shelterin protein complex.