cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Improved figure-of-merit metric for CMOS transistor performance and its application to 0.25 um CMOS technologies

This paper presents an improved figure-of-merit (FOM) for CMOS performance which includes the effect of gate resistance. Performance degradation due to resistive polysilicon gates is modeled as an additional delay proportional to the RC product of a polysilicon line. The new FOM is verified from delay measurements on inverter chains fabricated using a 0.25 micrometers CMOS process. A furnace TiSi 2 process is used to underscore the effect of increased sheet resistance of narrow polysilicon lines. Excellent correlation between measured and predicted inverter chain delays is obtained over a variety of design, process and bias conditions. An expression for the gate sheet requirement is derived from the new FOM. Using this expression requirements on the gate sheet are calculated corresponding to a technology roadmap for performance and oxide thickness.
Severe hepatotoxicity due to Hydroxycut: a case report.

A 28-year-old male was transferred to our institution with 3 weeks of fatigue, dyspnea on exertion, jaundice, and dark urine. In an effort to lose weight, he had been taking Hydroxycut, two tablets, two to three times per day (which is within the manufacturer’s suggested dosing), from 3 months prior to admission up until the development of symptoms. Additionally, for soreness associated with his aerobic exercise program, he took an over-the-counter pain-reliever containing acetaminophen 250 mg, aspirin 250 mg, and caffeine 65 mg, four tablets per day for the 10 days leading up to the development of his symptoms. He was not a heavy drinker of ethanol, drinking 2–3 beers per week. Physical examination was unremarkable and without stigmata of chronic liver disease. Laboratory analysis revealed a serum aspartate aminotransferase of 1049 U/l (normal range 7–36 U/l), alanine aminotransferase of 2272 (normal 4–45 U/l), alkaline phosphatase of 152 U/l (normal 31–103 U/l), total bilirubin of 18.1 mg/dl (normal 0.2–1.1 mg/dl), conjugated bilirubin of 9.0 (normal 0.0–0.2 mg/dl), albumin level of 4 g/dl (normal 3.7–5.1 g/dl), prothrombin time of 12.8 s (normal 9.2–10.6 s), normal complete blood count, normal electrolyte panel, and normal estimated glomerular filtration rate. Aminotransferase levels and prothrombin time began to decline immediately after admission and bilirubin peaked on hospital day 2 at 22.4 mg/dl. Acetaminophen level was undetectable. Tests for viral hepatitis were negative. Ferritin was markedly elevated at 9519 ng/ml (normal 10–210 ng/ml). HFE genotyping was negative for H63D or C282Y mutations. Antinuclear antibody titer was 1:40 (normal, \1:40), smooth muscle antibody titer was 1:20 (normal, \1:20), liver kidney microsomal antibody was negative, and soluble liver antigen antibody was negative. Serum copper level was 96 mcg/dl (normal 70–140 mcg/dl) and ceruloplasmin was 31 mg/dl (normal 18–54 mg/dl). Twenty-four hour urine copper level was 290 mcg/dl (normal 3–50 mcg/ dl). Slit-lamp examination for Kaiser-Fleischer rings was equivocal. Abdominal ultrasound with Doppler and computed tomography (CT) scan with intravenous contrast were both normal. The patient’s liver function tests continued to improve and he was discharged on hospital day 9.
Ordering tendencies in Pd-Pt, Rh-Pt, and Ag-Au alloys

First-principles quantum-mechanical calculations indicate that the mixing enthalpies for Pd-Pt and Rh-Pt solid solutions are negative, in agreement with experiment. Calculations of the diffuse-scattering intensity due to short-range order also exhibits ordering tendencies. Further, the directly calculated enthalpies of formation of ordered intermetallic compounds are negative. These ordering tendencies are in direct conflict with a 1959 prediction of Raub that Pd-Pt and Rh-Pt will phase-separate below ~760 °C (hence their mixing energy will be positive), a position that has been adopted by all binary alloy phase diagram compilations. The present authors predict that Pd1-xPtx will order in the L12, L10, and L12 structures ([001] superstructures) at compositionsx = 1/4, 1/2, and 3/4, respectively, while the ordered structures of Rh1-xPtx are predicted to be superlattices stacked along the [012] directions. While the calculated ordering temperatures for these intermetallic compounds are too low to enable direct growth into the ordered phase, diffuse-scattering experiments at higher temperatures should reveal ordering rather than phase-separation characteristics (i.e., off-F peaks). The situation is very similar to the case of Ag-Au, where an ordering tendency is manifested both by a diffuse scattering intensity and by a negative enthalpy of mixing. An experimental reexamination of PdPt and Rh-Pt is needed.
Supersonic rupture of rubber

The rupture of rubber differs from conventional fracture. It is supersonic, and the speed is determined by strain levels ahead of the tip rather than total strain energy as for ordinary cracks. Dissipation plays a very important role in allowing the propagation of ruptures, and the back edges of ruptures must toughen as they contract, or the rupture is unstable. This article presents several levels of theoretical description of this phenomenon: first, a numerical procedure capable of incorporating large extensions, dynamics, and bond rupture; second, a simple continuum model that can be solved analytically, and which reproduces several features of elementary shock physics; and third, an analytically solvable discrete model that accurately reproduces numerical and experimental results, and explains the scaling laws that underlie this new failure mode. Rupture speeds compare well with experiments, but opening angles of the rupture are not yet captured well.
Progress in high-brightness diode laser development based on tailored diode laser bars

The state-of-the-art beam quality from high-brightness, fiber-coupled diode laser modules has been significantly improved in the last few years, with commercially available modules now rivaling the brightness of lamp-pumped Nd:YAG lasers. We report progress in the development of these systems for a variety of applications, such as material processing and pumping of solid state and fiber lasers. Experimental data and simulation results for wavelength stabilized outputs from 200 µm diameter fibers at 975 nm for power levels greater than 200 W will be presented. The enabling technology in these products is supported by key developments in tailored diode laser bars with low slow axis divergence, micro-optics, diode laser packaging, and modular architecture.
In what sense is contemporary medicine dualistic

Medicine's inability to humanely respond to the concerns of its patients has often been attributed to its Cartesian dualism of mind and body. More recently, this inability has been ascribed to medicine's penchant for isolating biological disease as its sole proper concern to the exclusion of experienced illness. This dualism of disease and illness is claimed to be an outgrowth of the Cartesian dualism but the differences and similiarities between these two forms of dualism is not clear. This paper seeks to clarify their relationship through an examination of their historical origins. Disease is currently identified and characterized by a process of clinico-pathological correlation. By this means clinical impressions are corrected in light of autopsy findings. Our current mode of clinico-pathological correlation originated in Paris in the early nineteenth century with the work of Xavier Bichat and others. The theory of knowledge implicit within this clinico-pathological approach to the body is described and compared to that of Descartes. Though medicine does pursue certain Cartesian goals for knowledge, such as knowledge of the patient that does not rely upon his candor, it ultimately espouses neither a Cartesian theory of knowledge nor a Cartesian theory of the body. With pathological inquiry modeled after the autopsy as the final word in the identification and characterization of disease, the patient's capacity for self-knowledge and interpretation — not an entity called mind — is isolated away from his body. This approach to the body means that objective evidence of disease is valued to the exclusion of subjective evidence. If the shortcomings of modern biomedicine are to be effectively addressed, not only must the interdependence of disease and illness be acknowledged. The very canons of medical evidence must be revised. Subjective evidence must be rehabilitated and rejuvenated with better methods of subjective clinical investigation. Host factors relevant to the healing and knowing of sickness must be elucidated so that medicine may rediscover the sentience of its patients. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences University of Washington Seattle, WA 98195, U.S.A.
Replication of DNA microarrays prepared by in situ oligonucleotide polymerization and mechanical transfer.

In this paper, we describe a method for replication of DNA microarrays. The approach involves in situ, enzymatic synthesis of a DNA complement array using a prefabricated master array, followed by mechanical transfer of the complement array to a second substrate. The new findings reported here include the following. DNA spots as small as ∼100 μm can be faithfully replicated, replica arrays consisting of several different oligonucleotide sequences can be prepared, and such arrays are active toward hybridization of their complements. Up to 10 replicas can be prepared from a single master with no detectable progressive degradation of their activity. DNA master arrays consisting of long DNA templates (80-mer) can be replicated, as can large-scale master arrays consisting of ∼2300 spots.
Evaluation issues in the Drake Chemical Workers notification and health registry study

The Drake Chemical Workers' Health Registry combined notification of workers about bladder cancer risk with access to a free program for screening and diagnosis. Evaluation of the project has given rise to several findings and new research questions. Findings in this article illustrate the following evaluation issues: 1) studying the combination of strategies that are most effective and cost effective to notify workers of their disease risks, 2) determining the realistic yield from strategies to gain participation in health screening and other protective services for notified workers, 3) identifying the notification strategies that were most effective for different kinds of participants, 4) using process evaluation to identify key activities for ensuring continued participation of cohort members in screening, and 5) examining the extent to which participants are willing to quit smoking to protect their health. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Modeling Growth Characteristics of Meat-Type Guinea Fowl

This study was conducted to describe the growth pattern of the French guinea fowl, a meat-type variety. Using BW data from hatch to 9 wk, 2 nonlinear mathematical functions (Gompertz and logistic) were used to estimate growth patterns of the French guinea fowl. The French guinea fowl did not exhibit sexual dimorphism for growth characteristics. From the Gompertz model, the asymptotic BW, growth rate, and age at maximum growth were 2.05 kg, 0.25 kg/wk, and 5.74 wk in males, respectively, and 2.03 kg, 0.25 kg/wk, and 5.72 wk in females, respectively. The ages at maximum growth were 5.75 and 5.74 wk for males and females, respectively, using the logistic model. Differences in asymptotic BW between males and females were not significant in both Gompertz and logistic models. However, the average asymptotic BW of about 1.50 kg for both sexes predicted by the logistic model was below the average predicted BW from the Gompertz model (2.04 kg) at 9 wk. Also, the logistic model overestimated hatching weight (0.06 kg) more than the Gompertz model (0.03 kg), suggesting that the growth pattern of the French guinea fowl is Gompertz. The inverse relationship between the asymptotic weight and age at maximum growth of the French guinea fowl is similar to that of the pearl gray guinea fowl, chickens, quail, and ducks. Understanding the growth characteristics of French guinea fowl will contribute to the efforts of improving production efficiency of this least studied avian species.
Preschoolers' communicative competence: register shift in the marking of power in different contexts of friendship group talk

Research has focused on the acquisition of register knowledge, the process by which children choose the appropriate speech (e.g., request forms) for the circumstance. This study examines preschoolers' control act language as a device to index ranking in the friendship group. Are certain children consistently indexed as high ranking and does ranking fluctuate by context? A longitudinal ethnographic study of a preschool classroom was conducted. Children were videotaped on different occasions in friendship groups. Transcripts of play within a girls' and a boys' friendship group were analysed. Control acts were identified and coded for assertiveness/deference and mitigation. Through assertive and deferent control acts, certain children were consistently indexed as high- and low-ranking members of each group. Preschoolers were sensitive to factors like expertise and competence that altered the ranking of group members in specific contexts. Girls used mitigation in some contexts, possibly to index solidarity as...
Presence or absence of TrkA protein distinguishes subsets of small sensory neurons with unique cytochemical characteristics and dorsal horn projections

Investigations into the biological actions of nerve growth factor (NGF) have shown that dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons subserving nociception require NGF for survival and maintenance of phenotype. This discovery suggests that the signaling NGF receptor, TrkA, can be used as a marker for nociceptive neurons. In this study, we have used antibodies to TrkA, in conjunction with cell biological markers that show a restricted distribution in the DRG, to further characterize subsets of DRG neurons that are dependent upon NGF. Staining for TrkA labeled small and medium-sized neurons that composed 47% of all neurons in thoracic ganglia. Double-labeling with antibodies to the high molecular weight neurofilament protein (NFH), a marker for neurons with myelinated axons, demonstrated that TrkA staining is found in only a small subset of myelinated neurons. Surprisingly, many DRG neurons were not labeled by either TrkA or NFH. These neurons had small soma areas, contained the intermediate filament protein peripherin, and were labeled by the lectin BSI, identifying them as neurons likely to have unmyelinated axons. In addition, small TrkA-negative neurons were extensively labeled by antibodies to the intermediate filament protein alpha-internexin, the delta isoform of protein kinase C, and by the BSI isolectin BSI-B4. In order to assess the potential functions of TrkA-negative small neurons, we examined their projections to the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. TrkA-immunoreactivity in the spinal cord was restricted to lamina I and the outer region of lamina II (IIo), similar to staining for calcitonin gene-related peptide. In contrast, the central projections of TrkA-negative neurons, as visualized by BSI-B4 staining, were particularly dense in lamina IIi. Our results suggest that TrkA-expressing and non-TrkA-expressing small neurons compose functionally distinct populations of DRG neurons.
The Langmuir current limit in the presence of a magnetic field

The Langmuir current limit is the theoretical limit, imposed by the thermal velocity distribution, on the ratio of current density collected at a screen at potential V 0 to current density emitted by the cathode. This expression was first derived by D. B. Langmuir for the case of a beam in zero magnetic field and for a single beam temperature. However, realistic electron beams are Characterized by distinct axial and radial temperatures, T z and T r respectively, and are usually focussed by magnetic fields. In this paper an analogous current density limit is derived for a solid electron beam characterized by two temperatures. Both uniform and spatially varying magnetic fields are considered for unintercepted beams and for beams which pass through a limiting aperture. A typical result, for the case of a beam with no limiting aperture is: j=j_{o} \propto [1-\exp{\frac{-eV_{o}}{k(\alpha-1)T_{r}}(\frac{T_{r}(\alpha-1)}{T_{z} + (\alpha-1)T_{r}} α is the ratio of magnetic field at the target to that at the gun, α is greater than one, and j o is the emitted density.
Dynamics of biofilm processes: methods

Abstract Methods available for measuring biofilm accumulation are presented. The methods are conveniently classified as either direct or indirect measurement techniques. The direct techniques involve measurement of biofilm thickness or biofilm mass. The indirect measurement techniques include (1) methods for measuring specific biofilm constituents (e.g. polysaccharide) and (2) methods for determining microbial activity within the biofilm. These methods are discussed in relation to their use in both laboratory studies and in the field for continuous monitoring of biofilm processes.
Turbine Durability Impacts of High Fuel-Air Ratio Combustors: Part 1 — Potential for Intra-Turbine Oxidation of Partially Reacted Fuel

Demand for greater engine efficiency and thrust-to-weight ratio has driven the production of aircraft engines with higher core temperatures and pressures. Such engines operate at higher fuel–air ratios, resulting in the potential for significant heat release through the turbine if energetic species emitted from the combustor are further oxidized. This paper outlines the magnitude and potential for turbine heat release for current and future engines. The analysis indicates that in the future, high fuel-air ratio designs may have to consider changes to cooling strategies to accommodate turbine heat release. A characteristic time methodology is developed to evaluate the chemical and fluid mechanical conditions that lead to combustion within the turbine. The local concentration of energetic emissions partly determines the potential for energy release. An energy release parameter, here defined as a maximum increase in total temperature (ΔTt ), is used to specify an upper limit on the magnitude of impact. The likelihood of such impacts relies on the convective, mixing, and chemical processes that determine the fate and transport of energetic species through the turbine. Appropriately defined Damkohler numbers (Da)—the comparative ratio of a characteristic flow time (τflow ) to a characteristic chemical time (τchem )—are employed to capture the macroscopic physical features controlling the flow-chemistry interactions that lead to heat release in the turbine.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
MAINTAINING THE TRUTH OF SPECIFICATIONS IN EVOLUTIONARY SOFTWARE

In this paper we explore how methods of truth maintenance and nonmonotonic reasoning may be applied in the engineering of integrated, dynamic systems. In the life of a large system, it is not possi...
The involvement of SelB in the expression of cytotoxic necrotizing factor 1 in Escherichia coli

Cytotoxic necrotizing factor 1 (CNF1) plays an important role in meningitis-causing Escherichia coli. Mini-Tn5 mutagenesis of meningitis-causing E. coli revealed that transposon mutants of selA and selB genes failed to express CNF1. We subsequently showed that SelB and selenocysteine, however, are not essential for the expression of CNF1, but the deletion of 47 amino acids of SelB at its C terminus has a dominant negative effect on CNF1 expression at the translational level. Bioinformatic analysis of the mRNA of cnf1 predicted two putative selenocysteine incorporation sequence (SECIS) elements, but we failed to detect any selenocysteine in CNF1 protein. These findings suggest that SelB is involved in translational regulation of CNF1 expression but without incorporation of selenocysteine in CNF1 protein.
Symptoms, causes and remedies for failures in enterprise systems implementation

The purpose of this research is to determine the underlying factors that contribute to failures and provide possible remedies in adopting an enterprise system. A system implemented for an organisation is considered a failure whenever it does not meet the expectations of its stakeholders. This research examines enterprise systems implementation failures and the inter-relationships between symptoms, causes, and remedies. Seven propositions are developed to identify possible key factors of the enterprise systems implementation failures. The propositions are supported with case studies and are intended as guidelines for enterprise systems researchers and practitioners.
Relation of state and trait anxiety to essential hypertension.

This study used an objective measure of state and trait anxiety to clarify the relationship between level of anxiety and essential hypertension. The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory was administered to 30 hypertensives and their normotensive spouses. No significant differences were found between the hypertensives and normotensives on either measure of anxiety (state or trait). A significant correlation was noted, however, between the trait-anxiety scores of hypertensives and those of their spouses. The need to examine the role of anxiety in the development versus the maintenance of essential hypertension is discussed.
Structural, electronic and magnetic properties of metal/semiconductor superlattices: Fe/ZnSe(001)

Abstract The structural, electronic and magnetic properties of a 1 × 1 (monolayer) Fe/ZnSe (001) superlattice are investigated using the highly precise all-electron spin-polarized full-potential linearized augmented plane wave (FLAPW) method. The equilibrium distance between Fe and Se is determined using a total energy approach. Band structure, density of states, and charge and spin density distributions are analyzed and compared with the calculated results for ZnSe bulk and an Fe free film surface. Both the magnetic hyperfine field and the magnetic moment on the Fe sites are studied as a function of Fe-Se distance. The magnetic properties of Fe are found to be remarkably enhanced with respect to the bulk values.
In vitro measurements of RNA polymerase activity in implanting and delayed-implanting mouse embryos.

DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity was measured in whole cell lysates of blastocysts recovered from the uteri of implanting and delayed-implanting mice. It was found that implanting blastocysts contained more activity than those from females with delayed implantation. The results of mixing experiments demonstrated that activity in the two types of embryos was not strictly additive and indicated that the delayed-implanting blastocysts contained an inhibitor of RNA polymerase. It is not known if the observed inhibitory activity is responsible for the metabolic dormancy associated with delayed implantation in vivo .
Derivation of multipotent mesenchymal precursors from human embryonic stem cells.

Background Human embryonic stem cells provide access to the earliest stages of human development and may serve as a source of specialized cells for regenerative medicine. Thus, it becomes crucial to develop protocols for the directed differentiation of embryonic stem cells into tissue-restricted precursors. Methods and Findings Here, we present culture conditions for the derivation of unlimited numbers of pure mesenchymal precursors from human embryonic stem cells and demonstrate multilineage differentiation into fat, cartilage, bone, and skeletal muscle cells. Conclusion Our findings will help to elucidate the mechanism of mesoderm specification during embryonic stem cell differentiation and provide a platform to efficiently generate specialized human mesenchymal cell types for future clinical applications.
Reading Kästner's Emil und die Detektive in the Context of a Literacy-Oriented Curriculum

The focus in many language curricula is shifting from “four skills” to “literacy.” In a literacy-oriented curriculum, texts stand at the center of every course at every level. Teachers introduce content through texts early in the language learning process, assist even advanced students with the challenges of reading and writing in German, and help learners make connections at every level between texts, language, and culture. This article describes approaches and offers materials for teaching a classic German children's novel, Erich Kastner's Emil und die Detektive (1929), in the second year of a literacy-oriented curriculum.
Tissue-specific expression of novel messenger ribonucleic acids cloned from a renin-expressing kidney tumor cell line (As4.1).

As4.1 cells are derived from a renin-expressing kidney tumor induced by tissue-specific oncogene-mediated tumorigenesis in transgenic mice. These cells express high levels of renin messenger RNA (mRNA) and synthesize prorenin and renin; they were therefore used as a model to further investigate the molecular biology of renin-producing kidney cells by cloning and characterizing novel mRNAs expressed in these cells. One clone, designated 1.5, was randomly selected from an As4.1 complementary DNA (cDNA) library, and two other cDNA clones, designated 4.9 and 6.9, were obtained by screening the cDNA library using a strategy to identify As4.1 cell-specific mRNAs. Each clone exhibited a highly restricted tissue-specific expression profile, including high level expression in As4.1 cells and low level expression in kidney. No homology was found between the sequence of the partial 1.5 and 4.9 cDNAs and sequences in Genbank. Southern blot analysis revealed that clone 4.9 is encoded by a single copy gene containing a...
Myocardial injury in thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura: A frequent, perplexing complication

Abstract Background Although thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) typically involves the heart, angina and myocardial injury are uncommonly reported; fatal cardiogenic shock is exceptional. Methods We analyzed 26 patients with TTP who had objective evidence of myocardial injury. Results Myocardial injury was evident in 6 patients. None had coronary disease. Mean age was 43.6 years; four patients (66%) were female. Mean troponin, creatinine and hemoglobin levels were 7.82 ng/dL (≤2.1); 2.63 mg/dL and 7.1 g/dL, respectively. Three patients (50%) expired during the index hospitalization; one as a consequence of massive ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. Conclusions Myocardial injury frequently complicates the TTP syndrome and associated mortality is substantial. In survivors, enduring left ventricular failure is plausible. Widely accepted therapies for myocardial ischemia are not consistently efficacious in the setting of TTP.
Pilot histologic and ultrastructural study of the effects of medium-depth chemical facial peels on dermal collagen in patients with actinically damaged skin

Abstract Background: Chemical peels are employed for a variety of benign and premalignant skin disorders. Objective: We compared clinical and histologic features with ultrastructural changes that occur after medium-depth chemical facial peel. Methods: Three men with actinically damaged facial skin underwent a single 35% trichloroacetic acid peel. Biopsy specimens were taken before the peel, and 2 weeks and 3 months after the peel, for histologic examination, electron microscopy, and gel electrophoresis to assess total collagen type I content. Results: Clinical resolution of actinic damage corresponded with restoration of epidermal polarity. Collagen type I was markedly increased after the peel. Characteristic ultrastructural features of skin after peeling include markedly decreased epidermal intracytoplasmic vacuoles, decreased elastic fibers, and increased activated fibroblasts. Conclusion: Electron microscopic studies after a medium-depth chemical peel of photodamaged skin reveal more profound changes than those seen histologically.
Shaykh Ahmad Shakir and the Adoption of a Scientifically-Based Lunar Calendar

The computation of the Muslim lunar calendar has been a subject of controversy for centuries. In the twentieth century, the debate surfaced again in different parts of the Muslim world. In Egypt, the distinguished jurist Ahmad Shakir added his voice to the debate by writing a short treatise or riscila in which he argued that a calendar based on crescent sighting should be abandoned in favour of one based on scientific and astronomical computation. After providing some background information on Shakir and the lunar debate in Egypt and elsewhere in the Muslim world, I present an annotated translation of Shakir's treatise.
Heterotopic brain tissue in the upper lip of a neonate mimicking bilateral cleft lip features.

Abstract Heterotopic brain tissue is an extremely rare developmental anomaly frequently diagnosed in the newborn period. This entity has been described in various sites of the head and neck, most commonly in the nasal area. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging are necessary for exclude associated cranial communications. Heterotopic brain tissue is an extremely rare developmental anomaly frequently diagnosed in the newborn period. This entity has been described in various sites of the head and neck, most commonly in the nasal area. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging are necessary for exclude associated cranial communications. J Pediatr Surg 37:E25. Copyright 2002, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.
Association of Financial Resources with Parenting and Adolescent Adjustment in African American Families

The association of mothers’ report of the adequacy of family financial resources with African American mothers’ and adolescents’ depressive symptoms was assessed. Findings for families with male ad...
Colonialism, Political Development, and the UN

The United Nations two decades after San Francisco is a very different body from the one which its creators fashioned, and it is a reasonable presumption that there were none or virtually none who presided over its creation who foresaw even dimly what it would become in the short span of twenty years. In particular, few could have believed at that time that the tidal wave of anticolonialism would sweep so drastically over the domains of the imperial powers and leave behind in its wake an organization so largely populated by the new Asian and African states which emerged from the deluge. It is also one of the significant elements in the situation that few could have imagined that the process of decolonization could be carried through with so little needed in the way of violent struggle by the colonial peoples and so much conceded in peaceful acquiescence by their colonial masters. One of the world's great revolutions has been accomplished with a minimum of revolutionary action and sacrifice.
EXPERIENCED HIRING VERSUS COLLEGE RECRUITING: PRACTICES AND EMERGING TRENDS

Although much professional and managerial hiring involves experienced workers, previous recruitment research has focused almost exclusively on new college graduates. To remedy this imbalance, 251 staffing professionals were surveyed concerning experienced-versus-college hiring practices in their organizations. Results suggest that a majority of positions requiring a college degree are filled with experienced workers. Experienced hires are evaluated more highly than new graduates on most characteristics (understanding business, knowledge of competition, realistic expectations, technical skills, interpersonal skills, writing skills, work ethic, likelihood of success, personal ethics), although new graduates are evaluated more highly on open-mindedness and willingness and ability to learn new things. Higher proportions of experienced hiring are associated with organizational growth, short-term staffing strategies, older workforces, and less dynamic business environments. Perceived success of experienced hiring is associated with greater use of effective recruitment sources, older workforces, and more competitive salary offers.
Managers As Subjects In Business Decision Research

The experimental results of this study suggest that there are significant differences in decision making between business managers and academics. This casts doubt upon the validity of using student...
Sequence resources at the Candida Genome Database

The Candida Genome Database (CGD, http://www.candidagenome.org/) contains a curated collection of genomic information and community resources for researchers who are interested in the molecular biology of the opportunistic pathogen Candida albicans. With the recent release of a new assembly of the C.albicans genome, Assembly 20, C.albicans genomics has entered a new era. Although the C.albicans genome assembly continues to undergo refinement, multiple assemblies and gene nomenclatures will remain in widespread use by the research community. CGD has now taken on the responsibility of maintaining the most up-to-date version of the genome sequence by providing the data from this new assembly alongside the data from the previous assemblies, as well as any future corrections and refinements. In this database update, we describe the sequence information available for C.albicans, the sequence information contained in CGD, and the tools for sequence retrieval, analysis and comparison that CGD provides. CGD is freely accessible at http://www.candidagenome.org/ and CGD curators may be contacted by email at ude.drofnats.emoneg@rotaruc-adidnac.
A nurse-midwifery approach to early mother--infant acquaintance.

Abstract Forty low-risk mother-infant pairs were randomly assigned to one of four experimental groups. Twenty primiparous breast-feeding women and their newborn infants (Groups I and II) were observed (pretested) during a feeding episode on the second postpartum hospital day. Before discharge on the third postpartum day, 10 pretested mothers (Group 1) and 10 unpretested mothers (Group III) were given a behavioral orientation to their own infant's behavior. Group IV mothers and infants were added as a control. The 40 mother-infant pairs were observed at home during a feeding episode 2 weeks postpartum, using the Nursing Child Assessment Feeding Scales to determine each mother's adaptive behavior. The data demonstrated that the effects of teaching mothers about their newborn's individual behavior makes a positive difference in the mother's overall adaptive behavior, including their sensitivity to cues, response to distress, and provision of growth-fostering situations.
Synthesis of aminimide monomers and polymers

A convenient and practical synthesis of trimethylamine acrylimide, 1, starting from 1, 1, 1-trimethylhydrazinium p-toluenesulfonate, 3, and 3-chloropropionyl chloride is described. The intermediate, trimethylamine 3-chloropropionimide, 2, is easily transformed into 1 either through a single-step dehydrohalogenation or through a two-step process consisting of very facile thermal rearrangement to 1,1,1-trimethylacrylylhydrazinium chloride, 4, and subsequent deprotonation. Two new polymerizable monomers, 5, and 6, containing aminimide functionality were synthesized from trimethylamine imine, 7, and the appropriate vinyl oxazolones, 8, and 9. Synthesis of hitherto unreported trimethylamine chloroacetimide, 10, which offers unique opportunities for incorporating water-solubilizing and alkali-stable aminimide functionality into a variety of structures through nucleophilic displacement, is also described.
Holding on through DNA Replication: Histone Modification or Modifier?

Histone methylation is widely believed to contribute to epigenetic inheritance by persevering through DNA replication and subsequently templating methylation of daughter chromosome regions. However, a report in this issue (Petruk et al.) suggests that chromatin association of the methytransferase complexes themselves persists through replication and re-establishes histone methylation.
Partial splenectomy before a hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in children

Abstract Hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) engraftment is delayed in children with hypersplenism, and splenectomy may improve HSC engraftment. However, the use of total splenectomy in children is limited because of concerns for postsplenectomy sepsis. In this study, the authors sought to assess the role of partial splenectomy for children with hypersplenism undergoing HSC transplantation. Methods Five children with a variety of conditions and associated hypersplenism underwent partial splenectomy before an HSC transplantation at the authors' institution between 2000 and 2003. Primary outcome measures were rates of neutrophil and platelet engraftment. Secondary outcome measures included perioperative complications, splenic regrowth, graft-versus-host disease, and infection rate. All outcomes were compared with recipients of an HSC transplant from both age-matched nonsplenectomized children (n = 497) and hypersplenic children who underwent total splenectomy (n = 10). Outcomes were compared using Wilcoxon's rank sum test. Results The rate of both neutrophil and platelet engraftment was faster in children who underwent either partial or total splenectomy as compared with nonsplenectomized children (mean rates of neutrophil engraftment were 26, 19, and 19 days for the nonsplenectomy, total splenectomy, and partial splenectomy groups, respectively; mean rates of platelet engraftment were 97, 37, and 45 days for the nonsplenectomy, total splenectomy, and partial splenectomy groups, respectively). Graft-versus-host disease rates were similar between the 3 groups. The mean percentage of splenic regrowth after partial splenectomy was 39%. There were no perioperative complications. Conclusions Partial splenectomy may be safely performed before HSC transplantation and, similar to total splenectomy, may improve the rate of HSC engraftment. Although this series has a limited number of patients, the use of partial splenectomy appears to be safe and may allow for splenic salvage to minimize the risk of postsplenectomy sepsis.
A rapid assay for activity of phospholipase A2 using radioactive substrate

Abstract A rapid method for the assay of phospholipase A2 has been developed using a radioactive substrate, l -α-dipalmitoyl-(2-[9,10(N)-3H]palmitoyl)-phosphatidylcholine. The substrate diluted with cold carrier (1 m m ) is dissolved in 80% ethanol containing 25 m m sodium deoxycholate. The enzymatic reaction is performed in 1.0 ml 0.1 m glycine-NaOH buffer, pH 9.0, containing 2 μmol CaCl2, 10 μg bovine serum albumin, 2.5 μmol sodium deoxycholate, 0.01 unit (or less) phospholipase A2, and 40–100 nmol substrate. The enzymatic reaction is terminated by adding 0.2 ml 5% Triton X-100 solution containing 40 μmol EDTA. The product of the enzymatic reaction, radioactive palmitic acid, is extracted by 10 ml hexane containing 0.1% acetic acid in the presence of anhydrous sodium sulfate (0.5 g/ml). Activity of phospholipase A2 is directly determined from the radioactivity in the hexane extract. The present method achieves a quick separation of the radioactive product, [3H]palmitic acid, from the radioactive substrate, l -α-dipalmitoyl-(2-[3H]palmitoyl)-phosphatidylcholine, without the need of separation by TLC.
A randomized controlled trial of the people with arthritis can exercise program: Symptoms, function, physical activity, and psychosocial outcomes

Objective To evaluate the basic 8-week People with Arthritis Can Exercise (PACE) program for improvements in primary (symptoms, functioning, level of physical activity) and secondary (psychosocial) outcomes. Methods A total of 346 individuals with self-reported arthritis from 18 sites participated in a randomized controlled trial of PACE. Outcomes were measured at baseline and 8 weeks. The intervention group completed self-reported assessments at 3 and 6 months. Two-level multiple linear regression models were estimated to calculate adjusted outcome means in the intervention and control groups. A mixed-effects repeated-measures model was used to calculate adjusted means in the intervention group at 3 and 6 months. Both intent-to-treat (ITT) and as-treated (AT) analyses were conducted. Results At 8 weeks, the intervention group had improvements in the following outcomes: 2 symptom outcomes (pain, fatigue) and 1 psychosocial outcome (self-efficacy for managing arthritis) in the ITT analyses; 1 symptom outcome (pain), 1 function outcome (chair stands), and 1 psychosocial outcome (self-efficacy for arthritis management) in the AT analyses. In addition, completers who attended ≥9 classes had improvements in 3 symptom outcomes (pain, fatigue, stiffness), 2 function outcomes (10-pound lifts, chair stands), and 1 psychosocial outcome (self-efficacy for arthritis management) at 8 weeks. Relative to baseline, PACE participants maintained significant improvements in symptoms at 6 months, but declined in function and self-efficacy for exercise. Conclusion If adults with arthritis attend a majority of PACE classes, they may expect improvements in symptoms, self-efficacy for arthritis management, and upper and lower extremity function. Achieving sustained improvement in outcomes may require continued participation in PACE.
Reuse of manufacturing knowledge to facilitate platform-based product realization

Product platforming is a technique for exploiting commonality across a family of products. While utilizing a common platform can have many advantages when developing and manufacturing products, the approach places greater demands on collaboration, in particular, the sharing and reuse of knowledge and information. Repositories are intended to facilitate information sharing across organizational groups and geographically distributed collaborators. A particular challenge in utilizing repositories is culling a search for the most appropriate information for the problem at hand. The Reuse Existing Unit for Shape and Efficiency (R.E.U.S.E.) method facilitates the search of information in a repository through three stages that consider similarity, efficiency, and configuration. Automated search and filter techniques are implemented with interaction with the user to effectively obtain the desired results. The similarity study uses thresholds to clarify different opportunities for reuse. The user can then select alternatives for further examination based on efficiency of satisfaction of desired characteristics. The degree of modification of the similar alternatives is reported to assist in the configuration of the new design. This method contributes to the field by (a) accounting for the variety of the product family during the reuse of existing process design information; (b) integrating an efficiency assessment for retrieval by considering characteristics beyond cost; and (c) addressing the search with a multicriteria method. The implementation of the R.E.U.S.E method is supported with an example of assembly line design for an air conditioner module in automobile production.
The Reliability of Measurement and the Cross‐Time Stability of Individual and Family Variables

Using data from a 31-year panel study, we evaluate both the reliability of measurement of family attitudes, relationships, and self-concepts and the stability of these variables across time. We also compare the reliability of measurement and the stability of variables across time in these domains of family life with the reliability and stability of behavioral dimensions. Our results provide considerable support for the hypothesis that family relationships, attitudes, and self-concepts can be measured reliably. We also demonstrate that selfconcepts and family relationships and attitudes have high levels of stability across significant periods of time, and that these are comparable to those for the behavioral indicators we examined. Research concerning family and child well-being and the causal forces and processes influencing them requires that the research community have an extensive package of clear and reliable concepts and empirical indicators. There is widespread recognition in the research community that
Sequence Distribution and Polydispersity Index Affect the Hydrogen-Bonding Strength of Poly(vinylphenol-co-methyl methacrylate) Copolymers

A series of poly(vinylphenol-co-methyl methacrylate) (PVPh-co-PMMA) block and random copolymers were prepared through anionic and free radical polymerizations, respectively, of 4-tert-butoxystyrene and methyl methacrylate and subsequent selective hydrolysis of the 4-tert-butoxystyrene protective groups. Analysis of infrared spectra suggests that the random copolymer possesses a higher fraction of hydrogen-bonded carbonyl groups and a larger interassociation equilibrium constant relative to those of a block copolymer containing similar vinylphenol content because of the different sequence distribution that may arise from the so-called intramolecular screening effect. In contrast, the glass transition temperature of the block copolymer, which has the lower polydispersity index, is higher than that of the random copolymer at the same composition.
Acute bacterial meningitis: Prevention and treatment

Summary Appropriate antibiotic therapy is almost always available for the treatment of acute bacterial meningitis and with a better understanding of the pathophysiology of meningitis it may be possible to develop adjunct therapy to lessen the morbidity of this disease. The use of corticosteroids appears to promise an improved outcome in patients with acute bacterial meningitis. Newer concerns are evolving antibiotic resistance with the need to institute appropriate antibiotic therapy. The emergence of antibiotic resistance, especially in S. pneumoniae , has required the laboratory to perform additional testing on these isolates to help in the selection of antibiotic therapy. While H. influenzae has all but disappeared as a cause of meningitis, the laboratory must be prepared to isolate and identify any new or unusual causes of this disease. The development of effective vaccines to prevent meningitis caused by S. pneumoniae and N. meningitidis would further reduce the morbidity and long-term neurological sequelae of meningitis and could also lessen the concern about antibiotic resistance of S. pneumoniae .
Professional Work: A Sociological Approach

The article reviews the book “Professional Work: A Sociological Approach,” by Kevin T. Leicht and Mary L. Fennell.
Measured Response to Identified Suicide Risk and Violence: What You Need to Know About Psychiatric Patient Safety

Within inpatient psychiatric settings exists evidence of a significant risk of violent incidents and incidents of deliberate self-harm. One of the most hidden and preventable mental health problems is the fact that approximately 1,500 suicides take place annually in inpatient hospital facilities throughout the United States. This article focuses on the advantages and disadvantages of risk and suicide assessment procedures while attempting to answer the following questions: What degree of risk currently exists on inpatient psychiatric facilities for harm to self and others? What can be done within the physical environment to protect the psychiatric patient? We discuss a combined risk and quality proactive approach to risk reduction through a safety equation integrating patient assessment, physical environment, program safety, and patient component to formalize a systems approach to the at-risk patient. [Brief Treatment and Crisis Intervention 5:121‐141 (2005)]