cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Thyroid transcription factor-1 expression prevalence and its clinical implications in non-small cell lung cancer: A high-throughput tissue microarray and immunohistochemistry study

Thyroid transcription factor 1 (TTF-1), a homeodomain-containing transcription factor, plays a pivotal role in lung development, cell growth, and differentiation processes. The current literature reports considerable variation in frequency of TTF-1 protein expression in human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). TTF-1 expression has not been extensively investigated as a prognostic marker in NSCLC. To assess the prevalence of TTF-1 expression, and to evaluate its potential role in disease prognosis, 140 stage I-IIIA NSCLCs with long-term follow-up were studied under uniform conditions using high-density tissue microarray (TMA) combined with immunohistochemistry. Patient survival and association of TTF-1 expression with clinicopathologic parameters were analyzed. One hundred twenty-six tumor samples were fully assessable after tissue processing. Sixty-four samples (50.8%) expressed TTF-1 and 62 (49.2%) displayed no expression. TTF-1 expression was significantly (P < 0.001) correlated with histological subtype: 51 adenocarcinomas (AdCs) (51 of 75; 68%) versus 9 squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) (9 of 43; 21%) were TTF-1 positive. TTF-1 expression, performance status, nodal status, and tumor stage were significantly related to patient survival. In multivariate analysis, positive TTF-1 expression tended to favor a better patient outcome (P = 0.05). Overall, NSCLC patients with positive TTF-1 expression had a median survival of greater than 57.3 months, whereas those with negative expression had a median survival of 39.4 +/- 5.2 months (log-rank test, P = 0.0067). In this study we found that TTF-1 is predominately expressed in adenocarcinoma. The loss of TTF-1 expression was associated with aggressive behavior of NSCLCs. The results from this study strongly indicate that further investigation is warranted to better define the role of TTF-1 as a prognostic factor in this malignancy.
Analysis-of-Variance Principles Applied to the Grading of Essay Tests

(1962). Analysis-of-Variance Principles Applied to the Grading of Essay Tests. The Journal of Experimental Education: Vol. 30, No. 3, pp. 279-283.
Telephone-Delivered Motivational Interviewing Targeting Sexual Risk Behavior Reduces Depression, Anxiety, and Stress in HIV-Positive Older Adults

Few studies have examined the secondary benefits of HIV risk reduction interventions to improve mental health functioning. This study aimed to examine the effectiveness of telephone-delivered motivational interviewing (MI) targeting sexual risk behavior to reduce depression, anxiety, and stress in HIV-positive older adults. Participants were 100 HIV-positive adults 45+ years old enrolled in a sexual risk reduction pilot clinical trial of telephone-delivered MI. Participants were randomly assigned to a one-session MI, four-session MI, or standard of care control condition. Telephone interviews at baseline and 3- and 6-month follow-up assessed sexual behavior, depression, anxiety, and stress. Relative to controls, participants in the one- and four-session MI conditions reported lower levels of depression, anxiety, and stress at 6-month follow-up. No between group differences were observed at 3-month follow-up or between one- and four-session MI participants at 6-month follow-up. Preliminary data suggest that telephone-delivered MI to reduce sexual risk behavior may confer secondary benefits of improving mental health functioning in HIV-positive persons.
Architectural reliability analysis of framework-intensive applications: A web service case study

Abstract A novel methodology for modeling the reliability and performance of web services (WSs) is presented. To present the methodology, an experimental environment is developed in house, where WSs are treated as atomic entities but the underlying middleware is partitioned into layers. WSs are deployed in JBoss AS. Web service requests are generated to a remote middleware on which JBoss runs, and important performance parameters under various configurations are collected. In addition, a modularized simulation model in Petri net is developed from the architecture of the middleware and run-time behavior of the WSs. The results show that (1) the simulation model provides for measuring the performance and reliability of WSs under different loads and conditions that may be of great interest to WS designers and the professionals involved; (2) configuration parameters have substantial impact on the overall performance; (3) the simulation model provides a basis for aggregating the modules (layers), nullifying modules, or to include additional aspects of the WS architecture; and (4) the model is beneficial to predict the performance of WSs for those cases that are difficult to replicate in a field study.
Structural Determinants for Signal Sequence Function in the Mammalian Endoplasmic Reticulum

Signal sequences function in protein targeting to and translocation across the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. To investigate the structural requirements for signal sequence function, chimeras of the Escherichia coli LamB signal peptide and prolactin were prepared. The LamB signal peptide was chosen by virtue of the extensive biophysical and biological characterization of its activity. In vitro, nascent prolactin chains bearing the LamB signal peptide (LamB) were targeted in a signal recognition particle (SRP)-dependent manner to rough microsomes but remained protease- and salt-sensitive and translocated at low efficiency. Full translocation activity was obtained in a gain of function mutant (LamB*) in which three hydrophobic residues in the LamB hydrophobic core were converted to leucine residues. Cross-linking studies demonstrated that the LamB* signal sequence displayed markedly enhanced interactions with SRP and integral membrane proteins. In contrast, chemically denatured LamB and LamB*-precursors bound with identical efficiencies and in a salt-resistant manner to rough microsomes, suggesting that during de novo synthesis the signal sequence of LamB-bearing precursors assumes a conformation refractory to translocation. These data indicate that a leucine-rich signal sequence is necessary for optimal interaction with SRP and suggest that SRP, by maintaining the signal sequence in a conformation suitable for membrane binding, performs a chaperone function.
3D fluid simulations of turbulence in detached scrape-off-layer plasmas

In this paper, we present 3D simulations of scrape-off-layer (SOL) turbulence in detached plasmas. The nonlinear evolution of edge turbulence in the electrostatic limit is described by a four-field model of the reduced Braginskii equations in a model x-point geometry, including drives for the (1) conducting-wall mode, (2) Kelvin-Holmhotz mode, (3) curvature-driven mode, (4) V x υ∥-driven mode, and (5) axial shear mode. In a detached plasma with T eo /T ed = 50 and N eo /N ed = 0.2, and without magnetic shear, we find that a conducting-wall-like mode is the dominant drive even if turbulence drive from the sheath is small.
Developments in the molecular biology of DYT1 dystonia

The identification of a mutation of the DYT1 gene as a cause of inherited dystonia has led to many insights regarding the genetics of this disorder. In addition, there is a rapidly expanding list of inherited dystonia syndromes, the genes for some of which have been identified or localized. The DYT1 mutation has been found in a variety of ethnic groups, and it may result in a range of phenotypes. To date, studies of torsinA, the protein product of the DYT1 gene, have not revealed its function, although its widespread distribution throughout the central nervous system suggests a universal role. TorsinA has structural homology to heat shock and chaperone proteins. Evidence from studies in cell cultures and Caenorhabditis elegans, and the presence of torsinA in inclusion bodies in several neurodegenerative diseases may be indicative of a function of this nature. Preliminary studies in humans with DYT1 dystonia and in DYT1 transgenic mice suggest disruption of the dopaminergic nigrostriatal system. A functional interference with neuronal signal processing induced by mutation of torsinA is consistent with current hypotheses regarding impairment of the center-surround mechanism in the striatum. © 2003 Movement Disorder Society
A Novel Method of Studying Wound Healing

In order to study wound healing, it is often necessary to administer various wound-active substances by the systemic route. It is unclear whether the observed effects are the result of local or systemic influence of the agent administered. Furthermore, high systemic doses are often required to achieve activity at the wound level. Direct intrawound administration of substances is traumatic and disruptive to the fragile wound environment and increases the risk of infection. We devised a system for continuous atraumatic delivery of substances directly to subcutaneously implanted polyvinyl alcohol sponges, an adaptation of a well-established model of wound healing. Sponge-catheter constructs were fashioned by feeding identical lengths of silicone catheters through two 40-mg sponge disks (on edge). The distal sponge was fixed 0.5 cm from the distal, ligated end of the catheter and centered over two 1-mm holes in the catheter tubing. The proximal sponge was fixed over nonperforated catheter with its edge 2 cm proximal from the close edge of the distal sponge. Each construct was connected to a mini-osmotic pump (infusion rate 1 μl/h) loaded with an appropriate infusate and inserted subcutaneously on the dorsum of anesthetized male Sprague-Dawley rats. Hydroxyproline (OHP) content of sponges, a measure of collagen deposition, was determined at 7 days postwounding. Infusion of India ink confirmed selective delivery to the distal sponge. Saline infusion alone significantly elevated OHP content compared to noninfused sponges (450 ± 43 vs 328 ± 36 μg OHP/100 mg sponge, P < 0.05). Infusion of S-methylisothiourea (a selective iNOS inhibitor, 84 μg/sponge/24 h) successfully inhibited NO production (35.9 ± 3.1 vs 49.6 ± 3.6 μM, P < 0.05) and decreased sponge OHP content (385 ± 60 vs 568 ± 70 μg OHP/100 mg sponge, P < 0.05) without the toxic side effect (i.e., weight loss) seen with systemic administration. Infusion of an adenoviral solution containing mouse iNOS cDNA resulted in successful transduction of wound cells demonstrating the ability to deliver genes to a healing wound model. The data demonstrate that manipulation of wound physiology is possible by local delivery of low doses of wound-active compounds to the wound site. This promises to be a powerful tool for the study of both normal and impaired wound healing.
A cost‐effectiveness approach to school district decisions and policies

The ability to derive satisfaction from life in a technological society likely will rest heavily on selection of tasks and rolescompatible with one's style and level of intellectual functioning. The more effectively one can cope with judgments and decisions required by environmental complexity, the more likely one will experience life as pleasantly challenging rather than destructively stressful. A recent study of mine of 112 individuals indicated that diverse skills and interests and an occupation chosen for its intrinsic enjoyment constitute the best predicators of life satisfaction. Persons participating in this study considered difficulty in preparing for a career more frequently a sourse of stress than interpersonal relations. Another survey of mine of several hundred predominately white, middle-class high school students indicated they experienced education as tedious and boring, with only a tiny minority having developed any interest or competence in intellectually complex activities. They reported an average of half their school time spent in escapist fantasies and other avoidance devices. Therefore, clearly, the function of education in America must be rationally examined and assessed. The value of an education, undoubtedly, lies primarily in its consequences although we may design it also to be as intrinsically satisfying as possible. The appropriate time to measure the value of an individual's education occurs at the end of his life. This value would consist of that increment of his life satisfaction attributable to his education, satisfaction he would not have received in the absence of a particular education, plus whatever benefits he bestowed on others as a result of his education. A rational school district pursues policies intended to enhance long-term satisfactions of students within its jurisdiction and to develop these students' potential for bestowing satisfaction rather than dissatisfaction on others. As a reasonable goal, education seeks to develop functional intelligence, defined as the capacity to act with dependable foresight. Its presence implies problem-solving ability and accuracy in forecasting the consequences of one's actions in a specific content area. Bruner1 defines learning as the process by which individuals order their environments by successfully specifying patterns or regularities in their experiences. Bruner defines concept formation as classifying as functionally similar stimuli possessing diverse perceptual features. A large number of environmental elements or events can be reduced to a manageable number by the use of concepts or generalizations.
Compartmental model of copper metabolism in adult men

Abstract A compartmental model of copper metabolism in adult men was developed from stable isotope data obtained in a 90-day study during which three levels of dietary copper (1.68, 0.785, 7.52 mg/d) were fed. The tracer 65 Cu was administered intravenously (i.v.) three times and orally four times during the study period. The model contains five compartments, two delay components, and two excretion pathways interpreted as two plasma compartments, two liver compartments, an other-tissue compartment, and fecal and urinary excretion routes. Dietary copper level influences the flow from the second liver compartment to the second plasma compartment and from the second plasma compartment to the other-tissues compartment. The model suggests that the tissue uptake of oral and i.v. copper is different, with flow from plasma to the first liver compartment varying with route of isotopic administration. The model-predicted masses of copper within the compartments and delay components follow a pattern of expected masses within the body. The major storage sites predicted are the second liver compartment, the delay after the other-tissue compartment, and the delay in the fecal excretion pathway. The model predicts that 65% of plasma copper is bound to ceruloplasmin, compared with 56 to 68% calculated from the data. Approximately 4.1 ± 0.8% of total body copper was predicted to be in plasma compared with 2 to 6% expected.
Preparation of the mineral phase of bone using ethylenediamine extraction.

A detailed, efficient method of extracting mineral matter from bone tissue using a Soxhlet apparatus and anhydrous ethylenediamine is presented. The ethylenediamine solubilizes the organic portion, fat and protein, of the tissue with minor, if any, chemical or physical alteration of the mineral phase. After ethylenediamine treatment the sample is washed with cold water to eliminate the solvent. X-ray diffraction, density and chemical analyses and exchange studies have been used to monitor changes within the mineral matter during the extraction and washing procedures.
Aerobic sulfide production and cadmium precipitation by Escherichia coli expressing the Treponema denticola cysteine desulfhydrase gene

The cysteine desulfhydrase gene of Treponema denticola was over-expressed in Escherichia coli to produce sulfide under aerobic conditions and to precipitate metal sulfide complexes on the cell wall. When grown in a defined salts medium supplemented with cadmium and cysteine, E. coli producing cysteine desulfhydrase secreted sulfide and removed nearly all of the cadmium from solution after 48 h. A control strain produced significantly less sulfide and removed significantly less cadmium. Measurement of acid-labile sulfide and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy indicated that cadmium was precipitated as cadmium sulfide. Without supplemental cysteine, both the E. coli producing cysteine desulfhydrase and the control E. coli demonstrated minimal cadmium removal.
The influence of conditioning scores in performing DIF analyses

The effect of the conditioning score on the results of differential item functioning (DIF) analyses was exam ined. Most DIF detection procedures match examinees from two groups of interest according to the examinees' test score (e.g., number correct) and then summarize the performance differences across trait levels. DIF has the potential to occur whenever the conditioning criterion cannot account for the multidimensional interaction between items and examinees. Response data were generated from a two-dimensional item response theory model for a 30-item test in which items were measuring uniformly spaced composites of two latent trait param eters, θ1 and θ2. Two different DIF detection methods— the Mantel-Haenszel and simultaneous item bias (SIBTEST) detection procedure—were used for three dif ferent sample size conditions. When the DIF procedures were conditioned on the number-correct score or on a transformation of θ1 or θ2, differential group perfor mance followed hypothesized patterns. When the con di...
Origins of Extreme Climate States during the 1982–83 ENSO Winter

Abstract The origin of extreme climate states during the exceptional 1982–83 El Nino event has continued to be a source of controversy and debate. On the one hand, empirical analyses of extratropical climate patterns during past El Nino events suggests the observed anomalies during 1982–83 were consistent with tropical forcing. On the other hand, the large amplitude of those anomalies have not been replicated in atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM) simulations for that period performed as part of the Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project (AMIP). It has recently become apparent, however, that the sea surface boundary conditions used to drive the multitude of AMIP simulations were deficient, in that at least 30% of available tropical Pacific SST observations were discarded in the analysis cycle due to excessive trimming constraints. It is shown from a reanalysis of the sea surface temperatures that the observed east equatorial Pacific waters were 1.5°C warmer than original estimates. In order to...
Understanding the Effects of Ionicity in Salts, Solvates, Co-Crystals, Ionic Co-Crystals, and Ionic Liquids, Rather than Nomenclature, Is Critical to Understanding Their Behavior

The incorporation of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) into multicomponent solid forms (such as salts and co-crystals) or liquid forms (such as ionic liquids (ILs) or deep eutectic mixtures) is important in optimizing the efficacy and delivery of APIs. However, there is a current debate regarding the classification of these multicomponent systems based on their ionicity which could interfere with their consideration in important applications. Multicomponent systems of intermediate ionicity can show a combination of properties, leading to behavior that is neither strictly typical of either purely ionic or purely neutral compounds, nor easily described as intermediate between the two. In this perspective, we attempt to illustrate the problems in classifying multicomponent APIs based on one of two categories by discussing selected literature regarding solid and liquid multicomponent APIs and presenting the crystal structures of some relevant systems as case studies. It is clear that a focus on restric...
Quantitative Analysis with the Spectranal Ash Analysis of Compounded Rubber

The quantitative possibilities of visual spectroscopic analysis with the Spectranal have been investigated. A multiple-line standard technique, with the Platinum electrode spectrum as the standard, was devised for simultaneous determination of relative concentration of several elements normally found in the ash of compounded rubber. An accuracy of better than plus or minus 20% of the amount present was achieved. The procedure will be practical wherever convenience, speed and sensitivity of analysis are of greater importance than absolute accuracy.
Distribution of organochlorine pesticides among some milk components.

Abstract Chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides are preferentially concentrated in the surface layers of the fat globule. Electrophoretic evidence suggested that this is the result of binding of the pesticides to the proteins associated with the membrane. Lecithin, casein, and whey proteins increased the solubility of DDT and dieldrin in aqueous model systems. Electrophoretic evidence indicated that solubilization by casein and whey proteins resulted from binding of the pesticide to protein, whereas, binding with lecithin was the result of the formation of a phospholipid-pesticide micelle. Although many milk components were associated with pesticides, most of the pesticide on a total concentration basis was associated with triglycerides in the interior of the fat globule.
Fine organic particle, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde concentrations under and after the influence of fire activity in the atmosphere of Riverside, California.

Abstract Concentrations of gas-phase organic carbons (formaldehyde (HCHO) and acetaldehyde (CH 3 CHO)) and fine particle-phase carbons (organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC)) were measured under and after the influence of fire activity in southern California. The measurement was conducted after the start of the wildfire activities from October 27 through November 6, 2003 at a site in Riverside, southern California. Under the influence of the fire activities, HCHO, CH 3 CHO and EC concentrations were found to be over two times as high as those after the fire activities ended. The total lifetime cancer risk estimated by HCHO and CH 3 CHO concentrations measured was significantly higher under the influence of the wildfire activities than that after the activities ended. OC showed a larger difference in concentrations between the two event periods as compared with gas-phase organic carbons and EC. OC/EC ratios ranged from 3.7 to 12.5 during the study period with the highest OC/EC ratio observed when the study area was under the influence of the fire activities. Correlation analysis and multiple linear regressions between OC/EC concentrations and visibility were performed. It was found that the visibility was even worse under the influence of fire activity as compared to the period after fire activity ended. EC was a stronger contributor to the visibility reduction compared to OC. The influence of air mass pathways on HCHO, CH 3 CHO, OC, and EC concentrations during the wildfire activities was addressed using a backward trajectory model developed by NOAA.
Polychlorinated biphenyls in sea birds from Ascension Island, South Atlantic Ocean.

The widespread occurrence of pollutants such as polychlorinate@ biphenyls (PCB's) and chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides has been well documented for a number of marine organisms in the Atlantic Ocean (JENSEN et al. 1969; RISEBROUGH et al. 1968; RISEBROUGH et al. 1972) as well as in the Pacific Ocean off California and Panama (ZITKO 1971). Specifically~ PCB's have been recently identified in marine birds from Antarctica (RISEBROUGH and CARMIGNANI 1972). Opportunity was provided for collecting vertebrates on Ascension Island~ a remote volcanic island in the South Atlantic O , O , Ocean (7 57 S, 14 22 W). On this island pelagic-feeding birds such as the Sooty Tern (Sterna fuscata) nest in huge colonies on the volcanic "fairs" or "plains" (ASHMOLE 1963) and others, such as the Fairy Tern (Gygis alba) and Brown Booby (Sula leucosaster)~ breed commonly on nearby cliffs (DORWARD 1963). Some of these birds were taken in March 1972 for pollutant and pesticide analyses in our Florida laboratories.
Chiral Organometallic Triangles with Rh−Rh Bonds. 1. Compounds Prepared from Racemic cis-Rh2(C6H4PPh2)2(OAc)2

Reaction of racemic cis-Rh2(C6H4PPh2)2(OAc)2(HOAc)2 with excess Me3OBF4 in CH3CN results in the formation of racemic cis-[Rh2(C6H4PPh2)2(CH3CN)6](BF4)2·0.5H2O (1·0.5H2O), an ionic dirhodium complex which has two cisoid nonlabile orthometalated phosphine bridging anions and six labile CH3CN ligands in equatorial and axial positions. Reactions of 1 with tetraethylammonium salts of the linear dicarboxylates, oxalate, terephthalate, and 4,4‘-biphenyl-dicarboxylate, in organic solvents, produced racemic crystals of the triangular compounds [Rh2(C6H4PPh2)2]3(C2O4)3(py)6·6MeOH·H2O (2·6MeOH·H2O), [Rh2(C6H4PPh2)2]3(O2CC6H4CO2)3(DMF)6·6.5DMF·0.5H2O (3·6.5DMF·0.5H2O), and [Rh2(C6H4PPh2)2]3(O2CC6H4C6H4CO2)3(py)6·4.5CH3OH·0.75H2O (4·4.5CH3OH·0.75H2O), respectively. All compounds are electrochemically active. The relative chiralities of the dirhodium units in each triangle have been established using a combination of data from X-ray crystallography and 31P NMR spectroscopy.
The Influence of an Alternate Host Plant on the Fecundity of the Colorado Potato Beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

Colorado potato beetles fed foliage of Solanum sarrachoides undergo a slower larval development and sexual maturation than beetles fed S. tuberosum. Females fed S. sarrachoides foliage have a lower fecundity than those fed S. tuberosum foliage.
The Egyptian High Command in the 1973 War

The Egyptian military success of crossing the Suez Canal in the October War owed, in large measure, to the reforms implemented within the Egyptian High Command as a direct result of its dismal performance in the 1967 war. Political and military policies prior to the 1967 conflict had weakened the fighting capabilities of the Egyptian armed forces. The creation of major commands between 1964 and 1967 and the concomitant decline in the authority of the chief of the General Staff of the Egyptian armed forces served to undermine unity of command and purpose, whereas personnel assignments encouraged the politicization and de-professionalization of the officer corps. Military reforms after the 1967 debacle brought about structural and personnel changes in the High Command, which itself, in the 1973 war, proved to be an efficient offspring of the reorganization instituted by the Nasserist regime during the War of Attrition (1967-70). The result was that the Egyptians were able to field a professional army under ...
Mutation of superoxide dismutase elevates reactive species: comparison of nitration and oxidation of proteins in different brain regions of transgenic mice with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

As part of our effort to study the role of reactive species in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), the goal of this work is to explore the correlation between nitration and oxidation of proteins and mutation of Cu, Zn-superoxide dismutase (SOD1) in ALS. Transgenic mice overexpressing the mutant Cu, Zn-superoxide dismutase (mSOD1) gene from humans with familial ALS, wild-type mice overexpressing the normal human SOD1 gene and normal mice without gene overexpression were used. Brain sections from different regions of three groups of mice were double immunohistochemically stained with anti-neurofilament plus anti-nitrotyrosine or treated with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine to label protein carbonyls, then double stained with anti-neurofilament plus anti-2,4-dinitrophenyl (anti-DNP). Neurons containing nitrated and oxidized proteins were visualized only in mSOD1 mice in the motor cortex, the cerebellar cortex and nucleus of hypoglossal nerves (regions related with movement). This correlates mutation of SOD1 to nitration and oxidation of neurons in the movement regions. By counting double-stained neurons, we demonstrated that the number of nitrotyrosine- and DNP-positive neurons was significantly higher in the brain sections of both motor and sensory cortex in mSOD1 mice than in the corresponding regions of control mice (P=0.005 to <0.001), further correlating nitration and oxidation of proteins to SOD1 mutation. Neurons underwent significantly more nitration and oxidation in the motor cortex than in the sensory cortex in mSOD1 mice (P=0.002 and 0.02 respectively), indicating enhanced susceptibility of the motor cortex to nitration and oxidation of proteins and thereby targeting oxidation and nitration of proteins in neurons of the motor cortex in ALS. Significantly elevated protein nitration and nitric oxide synthesis were also demonstrated biochemically in the brain tissues and in cerebrospinal fluid of mutant SOD1 mice. Our in vivo evidence correlates mutation of the SOD1 gene to increased nitric oxide, nitration and oxidation of proteins in ALS.
Alignment of 3-D Optical Coherence Tomography Scans to Correct Eye Movement Using a Particle Filtering

Eye movement artifacts occurring during 3-D optical coherence tomography (OCT) scanning is a well-recognized problem that may adversely affect image analysis and interpretation. A particle filtering algorithm is presented in this paper to correct motion in a 3-D dataset by considering eye movement as a target tracking problem in a dynamic system. The proposed particle filtering algorithm is an independent 3-D alignment approach, which does not rely on any reference image. 3-D OCT data is considered as a dynamic system, while the location of each A-scan is represented by the state space. A particle set is used to approximate the probability density of the state in the dynamic system. The state of the system is updated frame by frame to detect A-scan movement. The proposed method was applied on both simulated data for objective evaluation and experimental data for subjective evaluation. The sensitivity and specificity of the x-movement detection were 98.85% and 99.43%, respectively, in the simulated data. For the experimental data (74 3-D OCT images), all the images were improved after z-alignment, while 81.1% images were improved after x-alignment. The proposed algorithm is an efficient way to align 3-D OCT volume data and correct the eye movement without using references.
Air motions at meteoric heights

IN previously reported studies, methods have been described for finding ionospheric winds using the Doppler frequency shift imparted to meteoric echoes by drift of the ionization trails. Both average and root mean square values of mind velocities have been measured by these techniques (MANNIKG, 1950, 1953, 1954). In the original studies the writer and his colleagues found the average horizontal drift velocity of the whole meteoric region to be of the order of 30 m/set. An average vertical drift velocitjy of 1.5 m/see in the downward direction was found with a standard deviation of 2.4 m/see. The r.m.s. value of the instantaneous values of the horizontal wind components was found to be 50 m/set, while the r.m.s_ value of the vertical wind components was found to be of the order of 12 m/set, but with an error of observation that would not exclude a value of zero. It was suggested that a horizontally stratified wind structure would serve to explain the results. Further application of the preceding method was made by ELFORD and ROBERTSON (1953) who found 12 and 24 hr components in mean velocities. GREENHCIW has also applied the method and obtained similar results; he has reported in detail on the changes in mean wind properties with time and with height (GREENHOW, 1954). In the present study the results will be given of a new method of analysing t,he detailed wind structure at meteoric heights. The results are based on t’he fading, diversity and aspect properties of meteoric echoes. It is assumed that when a meteor enters the SO-110 km height region, it produces an initially straight column of ionization perhaps 25 km long (MANNIXG et al., 1953). This straight trail is acted on by horizontal winds whose direction and magnitude vary with height. As the trail partakes of t#he motion of the surrounding air. it is distorted into some sinuous shape determined by the vert,ical wind profile. It is assumed that the deviation from the mean of the north-sout,h and east-west components of the wind profile may be described by Gaussian “noise” functions. There is then some spectrum function describing the relative amplitude of the Fourier components of the wind velocity-height profile. This spectrum function is descriptive of the shears and turbulence. The strengths of radio signals reflected from the distorted trails may be computed by integral methods involving summation of the elementary scattering contributions from each differential length of trail. The results may be shown to be very nearly the same for practical trail dimensions as from a simple analysis based on “glints”. It is assumed that whenever the trail is tangent at a point to an ellipsoid of revolution having the transmitter and receiver as foci, a reflection is obtained. The strength of the reflected power at this “glint” is
A Compact External Combustion Engine With High Part-Load Efficiency

An external combustion engine design using steam is described which has good efficiency at full power and even better efficiency at the low power settings common for passenger vehicles. The engine is compact with low weight per unit power. All of its components fit in the engine compartment of a front-wheel drive vehicle despite the space occupied by the transaxle. It readily fits in a rear-drive vehicle. Calculated net efficiencies, after accounting for all losses, range, depending on engine size, from 28–32% at full power increasing to 33–36% at normal road power settings. A two-stage burner, 100% excess air, and combustion temperature below 1500°C assure complete combustion of the fuel and negligible NOx. The engine can burn a variety of fuels and fuel mixes, which should encourage the development of new fuels. Extensive software has been written that calculates full power and part-load energy balances, structural analysis and heat transfer, and performance in specified vehicles including using SAE driving cycles. Engines have been sized from 30 to 3200 hp. In general, fuel consumption should be at least 1.5 times lower than gasoline engines and about the same as diesels operating at low to moderate load settings. Due to this analysis, a prototype, when built, should perform as expected.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Feinberg on moral rights

(1984). Feinberg on moral rights. Australasian Journal of Philosophy: Vol. 62, No. 3, pp. 237-245.
Research Update: The Community College Survey of Student Engagement:

The Community College Survey of Student Engagement, established in 2001 and administered by the Community College Leadership Program at the University of Texas at Austin, provides systematically co...
A cellular model of Alzheimer's disease therapeutic efficacy: PKC activation reverses Aβ-induced biomarker abnormality on cultured fibroblasts

Abstract PKC signaling is critical for the non-toxic degradation of amyloid precursor protein (APP) and inhibition of GSK3β, which controls phosphorylation of tau protein in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Thus the misregulation of PKC signaling could contribute to the origins of AD. Bryostatin, a potent PKC modulator, has the potential to ameliorate both the neurodegeneration and the recent memory loss associated with AD. As reported herein bryostatin and a potent synthetic analog (picolog) are found to cause stimulation of non-amyloidogenic pathways by increasing α-secretase activity and thus lowering the amount of toxic Aβ produced. Both bryostatin and picolog increased the secretion of the α-secretase product (s-APP-α) of APP at sub-nanomolar to nanomolar concentrations. A peripheral AD-Biomarker has previously been autopsy-validated. This Biomarker, based on bradykinin-induced differential phosphorylation of Erk1 and Erk2, has been used here to test the therapeutic efficacy both for bryostatin and picolog. Both of these PKC activators are then shown to convert the AD Erk1/2 phenotype of fibroblasts into the phenotype of “normal” control skin fibroblasts. This conversion occurred for both the abnormal Erk1/2 phenotype induced by application of Aβ 1–42 to the fibroblasts or the phenotype observed for fibroblasts of AD patients. The Aβ 1–42 -induction, and PKC modulator reversal of the AD Erk1/2 biomarker phenotype demonstrate the AD-Biomarker's potential to monitor both disease progression and treatment response. Additionally, this first demonstration of the therapeutic potential in AD of a synthetically accessible bryostatin analog warrants further preclinical advancement.
Polarization in coincidence electron scattering from nuclei

Abstract Theoretical analysis of the uses of leptonic and nuclear polarization degrees of freedom in the extraction of information on nuclear structure and dynamics from exclusive electron-nucleus scattering is presented. The formalism is discussed in its most general form in terms of multipole matrix elements of the hardronic current with all particles polarized and is then specialized to a variety of cases of interest in intermediate-energy nuclear physics. These studies suggest that control of polarization degrees of freedom will provide an important means to extend the usefulness of lepton-scattering experiments for the measurement of the electromagnetic properties of nuclei.
Measurement of the infrared photodetachment cross section of NO

We have measured the infrared photodetachment cross section of the negative molecular ion ${\mathrm{NO}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ for photons in the range 3000--4150 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ (0.372--0.514 eV), using a coaxial ion-beam--laser-beam apparatus. The cross section declined by 56% as the photon energy increased. There was no evidence for an expected threshold in the cross section near 4000 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ from the channel NO(v'=2)\ensuremath{\leftarrow}${\mathrm{NO}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$(v''=0). This surprising result awaits theoretical interpretation.
Sex difference in neuronal loss induced by axotomy in the rat brain stem motor nuclei.

Abstract The magnitudes of axotomy-induced neuronal loss in male, female, and castrated male rats were compared. Ten to twelve weeks after unilateral transection of the hypoglossal and facial nerves in rats of 3 and 6 weeks of age, a significant reduction in cell number occurred in the axotomized motor nuclei. The cell loss was two times greater in females and male castrates than in males, suggesting that higher levels of androgens in males attenuated neuronal loss. The time course of neuronal loss in females axotomized at 6 weeks of age was followed. Results indicated that the neuronal population on the axotomized side sustained a gradual decline during the 1- to 12-week postaxotomy periods, being reduced eventually by 25–30%. No further cell loss was evident thereafter up to 20 weeks postaxotomy. The present study demonstrates that androgens can influence motoneuron survival not only during development as shown by E. J. Nordeen, K. W. Nordeen, D. R. Sengelaub, and A. P. Arnold (1985, Science 229: 671–673) but also in adulthood.
Evidence for lymphocyte chemotaxis toward monocytes during PHA-induced aggregation in vitro.

An important, early phenomenon during the development of immune cell interactions in vitro is the formation of multicellular aggregates. We have developed a quantitative assay to determine the kinetics of multicellular aggregate formation within a heterotypic population of cells on a flat surface. This assay follows the time rate of change in the value of an aggregation index for cells in undisturbed culture. For an initial, well-separated population of cells, the index is a minimum and remains at this value if the cells do not move and interact. By contrast, for conditions that promote active cell movement followed by interaction, the index value increases with time. The index, which reflects cells’ relative spatial distributions, is an “indirect enumeration” of the number of cells within aggregates as a function of time. We used this index to follow the aggregative behavior of a population of freshly isolated human peripheral lymphocytes and monocytes. Previous studies have shown that monocytes are centrally located within aggregates and that lymphocytes move to surround monocytes. In order to test if lymphocyte movements are random or directed prior to interactions with monocytes, we formulated a simple model to describe changes in the expected number of cells in an “idealized aggregate” as a function of time. A comparison of the model curves with curves generated from the changes in the aggregation index shows that the best fit derives from a model that involves directed movement of lymphocytes toward monocytes. These results suggest that monocytes produce a chemoattracting agent for lymphocytes for these experimental conditions.
Intestinal digestion of dipeptides in experimental diabetes in the rat

Intestinal digestion of two dipeptides, leucyl-leucine and phenylalanyl glycine was studiedin vivo in diabetic and control rats utilizing the segmental perfusion technique. Both proximal and distal segments of the small intestine were perfused with 20 mM of each substrate with 140 mM NaCl and 0.5% polyethylene glycol. There was no statistically significant difference in the rates of luminal disappearance (hydrolysis) of the two dipeptides between the control and diabetic animals.
Trithiacrown palladium(II) complexes with cyclometallating ligands: Isomer effects, intramolecular palladium–sulfur interactions, and reversible PdII/III and PdIII/IV oxidations

Abstract We report the synthesis and characterization of a series of cyclometallated complexes of Pd(II) incorporating the fluxional trithiacrown ligand 1,4,7-trithiacyclononane ([9]aneS3). Reaction of palladium(II) acetate with 2,3′-thienylpyridine (2,3′thpy), 2,2′-thienylpyridine (2,3′thpy), 2-benzothienylpyridine (btp), and 2-phenylbenzothiazole (pbt) resulted in the formation of di-μ-acetate bridged dimers of the form [Pd(CˆN)(μ-O2CCH3)]2 (CˆN = deprotonated cyclometallated ligand). The NMR spectra of these dimers indicate the presence of both anti and syn isomers in each cyclometallated ligand analog. X-ray crystal structures of anti-[Pd(CˆN)(μ-O2CCH3)]2 (CˆN = 2,3′thpy and btp) show intermolecular π-stacking. Reaction of [Pd(CˆN)(μ-O2CCH3)]2 with [9]aneS3 followed by metathesis with NH4PF6 yields [Pd(CˆN)([9]aneS3)](PF6). 1H and 13C NMR studies demonstrate that the coordinated [9]aneS3 ligand is fluxional on the NMR timescale at ambient temperature. X-ray crystallographic studies reveal the elongated square pyramidal structure of these [Pd(CˆN)([9]aneS3)](PF6) complexes which possess two typical equatorial Pd–S bonds and an additional Pd⋯S interaction shorter than van der Waals radii sum. Intermolecular π-stacking features of these [Pd(CˆN)([9]aneS3)](PF6) structures are discussed in light of previously described common motifs found in related structures. NMR and crystallographic evidence are presented that indicate the 2,3′thpy ligand coordinates to Pd(II) in both κC2 and κC3 modes, forming linkage isomers. Electrochemical studies of the [Pd(CˆN)([9]aneS3)](PF6) complexes reveal two reversible one-electron oxidations, an exceptional behavior. These oxidations are assigned as metal-based PdII/III and PdIII/IV processes. The complex cis-[Pd(2,3′thpy)2], synthesized using a room temperature double C–H bond activation procedure, was characterized by 1H NMR and X-ray crystallography.
Importance of the Hematocrit in Interpretation of Blood Sugar

1. The glucose concentration in whole blood may be calculated with reasonable accuracy from the plasma sugar level and the hematocrit by the following formula: WBS = PS (1-0.30 hct.). 2. Anemia must be recognized as a factor contributing to an apparent decreased glucose tolerance seen in chronic diseases.
Oxygen tension measurement by a method of time selection using the static platinum electrode with alternating potential.

1. The possibility of obtaining sustained and reproducible results in the analysis of dissolved oxygen with simple platinum electrodes by means of the application of a periodic potential pattern was explored over a wide range of frequencies and with a variety of wave forms. 2. Satisfactory results were obtained by the application in the frequency range of 5 to 10 C.P.M. of a square wave consisting of a positive and a negative pulse with interposed shorting periods and observing the current flowing at the end of each successive negative pulse. This was found to be linearly proportional to O2 concentration for a pulse duration of the order of 1 second when the RC constant of the circuit was sufficiently small. 3. An instrument was developed to provide the required wave form and record the terminal currents of the negative pulses. The instrument provides either for recording of current voltage curves (polarograms) or for continuous recording at a fixed voltage of diffusion limited current values. 4. Typical measurements of oxygen uptake with yeast suspensions illustrate the application of the technique to problems requiring frequent determinations during short intervals. 5. Applications of this technique to biological and other problems are indicated with its limitations.
Discussing health care costs with patients: an opportunity for empathic communication.

Escalating health care costs are affecting patients across the country. As employers and insurance companies face higher expenses, they may move to a cost-sharing strategy, which potentially increases financial burdens on patients. In this situation, physicians may find themselves serving as both medical and financial advisors for their patients. Clinical encounters in which patients experience financial hardship can be awkward and frustrating for both parties. Physicians must learn to discuss issues of affordability in a manner that builds, rather than detracts, from a therapeutic alliance. This article describes our experiences using several communication skills that can help in the discussion of health care costs with patients. The primary skill, empathic communication, which includes “we” statements and “I wish …” statements, serves to create a platform for shared decision-making, negotiation, and a search for alternatives. In addition, it is helpful if physician offices have resource materials available and strategies identified to assist patients facing financial hardship.
A complete anytime algorithm for number partitioning

Abstract Given a set of numbers, the two-way number partitioning problem is to divide them into two subsets, so that the sum of the numbers in each subset are as nearly equal as possible. The problem is NP-complete. Based on a polynomial-time heuristic due to Karmarkar and Karp, we present a new algorithm, called Complete Karmarkar-Karp (CKK), that optimally solves the general number-partitioning problem, and significantly outperforms the best previously-known algorithms for large problem instances. For numbers with twelve significant digits or less, CKK can optimally solve two-way partitioning problems of arbitrary size in practice. For numbers with greater precision, CKK first returns the Karmarkar-Karp solution, then continues to find better solutions as time allows. Over seven orders of magnitude improvement in solution quality is obtained in less than an hour of running time. Rather than building a single solution one element at a time, or modifying a complete solution, CKK constructs subsolutions, and combines them together in all possible ways. This approach may be effective for other NP-hard problems as well.