cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multi-azimuth velocity estimation

It is well known that the inverse problem of estimating interval velocities from reflection data is poorly constrained in 2-D. We show that the interval velocity estimation problem in 3-D is much better constrained when the velocity function is estimated by jointly inverting the data collected along multiple offset-azimuth, even when the azimuth range is fairly limited. We extend to 3-D the linear operator presented by (Toldi, 1985) for relating stacking velocities with interval velocities. We then apply a Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) analysis to the derived operator. This analysis suggests that methods that take advantage of the azimuth range in the data should yield better velocity functions than currently used velocity estimation methods that neglect the additional information provided by multi-azimuth coverage.
Autonomic Blockade Improves Insulin Sensitivity in Obese Subjects

Obesity is an important risk factor for the development of insulin resistance. Initial compensatory mechanisms include an increase in insulin levels, which are thought to induce sympathetic activation in an attempt to restore energy balance. We have previously shown, however, that sympathetic activity has no beneficial effect on resting energy expenditure in obesity. On the contrary, we hypothesize that sympathetic activation contributes to insulin resistance. To test this hypothesis, we determined insulin sensitivity using a standard hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp protocol in obese subjects randomly assigned in a crossover design 1 month apart to receive saline (intact day) or trimetaphan (4 mg/min IV, autonomic blocked day). Whole-body glucose uptake ( M BW in mg/kg per minute) was used as index of maximal muscle glucose use. During autonomic blockade, we clamped blood pressure with a concomitant titrated intravenous infusion of the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor N -monomethyl-L-arginine. Of the 21 obese subjects (43±2 years; 35±2 kg/m 2 body mass index) studied, 14 were insulin resistant; they were more obese, had higher plasma glucose and insulin, and had higher muscle sympathetic nerve activity (23.3±1.5 versus 17.2±2.1 burst/min; P =0.03) when compared with insulin-sensitive subjects. Glucose use improved during autonomic blockade in insulin-resistant subjects ( M BW 3.8±0.3 blocked versus 3.1±0.3 mg/kg per minute intact; P =0.025), with no effect in the insulin-sensitive group. These findings support the concept that sympathetic activation contributes to insulin resistance in obesity and may result in a feedback loop whereby the compensatory increase in insulin levels contributes to greater sympathetic activation.
An improved random walk model for PCS networks

We propose an improvement to a random walk model for personal communications services networks with hexagonal configuration. The number of states required is reduced from n(n + 1)/2 to (n/sup 2/ + 2n + 4)/4 if n is even, and to (n/sup 2/ + 2n + 5) /4 if n is odd, where n is the layers of a cluster.
Conjugated fatty acids accumulate to high levels in phospholipids of metabolically engineered soybean and Arabidopsis seeds.

Expression of Δ12-oleic acid desaturase-related fatty acid conjugases from Calendula officinalis, Momordica charantia, and Vernicia fordii in seeds of soybean (Glycine max) or an Arabidopsis thaliana fad3/fae1 mutant was accompanied by the accumulation of the conjugated fatty acids calendic acid or α-eleostearic acid to amounts as high as 20% of the total fatty acids. Conjugated fatty acids, which are synthesized from phosphatidylcholine (PC)-linked substrates, accumulated in PC and phosphatidylethanolamine, and relative amounts of these fatty acids were higher in PC than in triacylglycerol (TAG) in the transgenic seeds. The highest relative amounts of conjugated fatty acids were detected in PC from seeds of soybean and A. thaliana that expressed the C. officinalis and M. charantia conjugases, where they accounted for nearly 25% of the fatty acids of this lipid class. In these seeds, >85% of the conjugated fatty acids in PC were detected in the sn-2 position, and these fatty acids were also enriched in the sn-2 position of TAG. In marked contrast to the transgenic seeds, conjugated fatty acids composed 80% of the total fatty acids. These results suggest that soybean and A. thaliana seeds are deficient in their metabolic capacity to selectively catalyze the flux of conjugated fatty acids from their site of synthesis on PC to storage in TAG.
P300 latency variability in normal elderly: effects of paradigm and measurement technique.

Abstract The discrepancy in the literature concerning the sensitivity of delayed P300 latency in dementia revolves around the variability of P300 latency in normal elderly. Previous studies, which have produced conflicting results, have utilized different P300 paradigms and different methods for measuring P300 latency. We demonstrate that the reported differences in the variability of P300 latency in normal elderly are likely to have resulted from these differences in paradigm and measurement method. We gathered auditory P300 data from a sample of 50 normal elderly using both a 3-tone RT paradigm and a 2-tone oddball paradigm and measured P300 latency using both peak-picking on the average EP and a single-trial template-fitting procedure. P300 latency variability was increased for the 3-tone paradigm compared to the auditory oddball paradigm, and for the template-fitting method compared to peak-picking. The increased P300 latency variability when the template-fitting method was employed resulted, in part, from the template-fitting procedure focussing on random noise when the signal-to-noise ratio was low. Increased variability of P300 latency in the 3-tone paradigm resulted from 13 subjects who had a very long-latency positive component (often in addition to an earlier, smaller component) in this paradigm that met the scoring criteria for P300, but that was not seen in the oddball paradigm. We speculate that for the 3-tone task, some subjects may adopt a strategy involving 2 stages of stimulus processing, which results in the generation of 2 positive components, obscuring group differences in P300 latency. These results raise questions concerning the use, in clinical studies designed to yield diagnostic measures, of complicated paradigms in which subjects might adopt varying processing strategies.
The Fat Mass and Obesity-Associated (FTO) Gene is Associated with Intramuscular Fat Content and Growth Rate in the Pig

The association of the FTO gene with obesity has been implicated in various human populations. The FTO gene is also most likely involved in the regulation of energy balance and feed intake. Here, the FTO gene was studied as a candidate gene for fatness and growth rate traits in pigs. The amino acid sequence of the FTO gene showed high conservation among human, pig, and other important domestic animals. Twelve variants including ten SNPs and two indels were detected, and then five SNPs within different genomic regions were genotyped in the ISU Berkshire x Yorkshire pig resource family. The linkage disequilibrium analyses revealed that most of these FTO variants were not in strong LD with each other. The SNPs c.46-139A > T within intron 1 and a synonymous mutation c.594C > G (Ala198Ala) within exon 3 had significant (P < 0.01) associations with average daily gain on test and total lipid percentage in muscle, respectively. Five major haplotypes were identified and the subsequent association analyses suggested that haplotype 2 (-CTTGG-) was the most favorable for increased growth rate, while haplotype 1 (-CTACG-) was unfavorably associated with intramuscular fatness traits.
Future Generation Technology Status Within the High-Performance PV Project

The High-Performance Photovoltaic (HPPV) Project provides funding to NREL in-house and university teams developing high-risk innovative concepts. Research emphases include organic solar cells and novel solar conversion processes having potential for ultra-high efficiency ("Third Generation," >50%) and very low cost. Future generation PV technologies are defined as those not in production and not expected to enter production soon because additional long-term research, development, and innovation are needed. This paper will address some of the recent research accomplishments in the research efforts underway in the subcontracted area.
Ultra rapid prototyping of microfluidic systems using liquid phase photopolymerization

We present a method for the ultra rapid prototyping of microfluidic systems using liquid phase photopolymerization, requiring less than 5 min from design to prototype. Microfluidic device fabrication is demonstrated in a universal plastic or glass cartridge. The method consists of the following steps: introduction of liquid prepolymer into the cartridge, UV exposure through a mask to define the channel geometry, removal of unpolymerized prepolymer, and a final rinse. Rapidly fabricated masters for polydimethylsiloxane micromolding are also demonstrated. The master making process is compared to SU-8 50 photoresist processes. Press-on connectors are developed and demonstrated. All materials used are commercially available and low cost. An extension of these methods (mix and match) is presented that allows for maximal design flexibility and integration with a variety of existing fluidic geometries, components, and processes.
Regulating epithelia from the apical side: new insights. Focus on "Differential signaling and regulation of apical vs. basolateral EGFR in polarized epithelial cells".

There are now well over 50 publications documenting regulation of epithelial function by ligands acting on the luminal side of airway, gut, excretory, and reproductive epithelia. This emerging field of apical membrane receptors, which already lists almost 20 different regulatory ligands, promises to
Modeling infant visual preference as perceptual oscillation

Infants' visual recognition abilities are typically studied using variations of preferential looking paradigms. In this broad class of tasks, the extent to which infants discriminate between, categorize, and recognize complex images is determined by which of two test images they prefer to look at. This preference is usually expressed by calculating the proportion of total looking time allocated to a target stimulus (e.g., the stimulus that is more novel) on each trial. Although this coarse description of infant looking behavior has been sufficient to reveal a wide range of important effects, it also potentially obscures great deal of important visual behavior. As a result, we know less about changes in infant looking over learning and development than we would if visual behavior were measured in other ways. We argue that deeper understanding of learning and development of infants' visual behavior requires appreciation of the dynamics of that behavior: During any individual trial, infants look back and forth between stimuli several times. These oscillations between stimuli may reflect aspects of visual processing that have been heretofore overlooked. We suggest that modeling the distribution of look durations made across trials provides a rich description of looking behavior that makes it possible to approach preferential looking as a form of perceptual oscillation, and may provide additional understanding into learning and development. Here we show how fitting the parameters of a gamma distribution to infants' look durations in a face recognition task allows us to see effects that are not evident when simpler descriptors are used and discuss how this approach supports the interpretation of infant behavioral data in the context of neural models of visual competition.
The Pitfalls and Promises of Special Education Practice

It is imperative that special education enable children with disabilities to achieve at high levels. Problems of equity and pedagogical validity have hindered our efforts thus far, and many children of minority cultures are far overrepresented in classrooms for students with learning disabilities and mild mental retardation. Studies have shown the importance of culturally and linguistically inclusive programs and of heterogenous groupings, as well as more effective diagnostic, remedial, and assessment practices. This article discusses a model and basic principles for such techniques to ensure that the educational outcomes of all children are improved.
Subjects and Objects: Quick Notes on the State of Art History

In his book Work and Commentary (1973) Victor Burgin, in speaking of changes in the discourse on artwork, wrote the following: Neurath spoke of science as a boat which is in the process of reconstruction while simultaneously being kept afloat - a plank-by-plank procedure retaining at any one time the greater bulk of the vessel. The art community tends to behave as if it is in a similar sort of boat, but the reconstruction is not an orderly one. Passengers on the upper deck are irritable because the work keeps them awake. The workers quarrel over what should be done and occasionally hammer each other. Others complain that the results are beginning to be unrecognizable as a boat.
A Simple Relationship Relating Linear Viscoelastic Properties and Chemical Structure in a Model Diels–Alder Polymer Network

Although the gel point conversion of a thermoreversible polymer network is certainly a key parameter in determining the material properties, it is not a conventional liquid–solid transition as in c...
TIMING OF CHROMATIN DIMINUTION IN THE FREE- LIVING, FRESH-WATER CYCLOPIDAE (COPEPODA)

ABSTRACT Chromatin diminution, the fragmentation and elimination of chromosome regions during early embryogenesis, occurs in some species of free-living, fresh-water copepods. We studied the variation in timing of this developmental trait by examining durations of cell stages in several genera of Cyclopidae. Chromatin diminution varied in timing within and among genera, and ranged from the 8-64-cell stage. The timing of chromatin diminution, as measured by the number of hours post fertilization, differs considerably within and among genera. An unusually long cell-stage duration relative to that of other cell stages is indicative of the stage during which chromatin diminution occurs or the preceding stage. Thus, the relative length of cell-stage durations within a species is a reliable assay for the presence or absence of chromatin diminution.
Luteinizing Hormone Secretion from Anterior Pituitary Cells of the Cockerel: Evidence for an Ultradian Rhythm

Abstract Studies were conducted to characterize the secretory pattern of luteinizing hormone (LH) from perifused anterior pituitary cells of the cockerel in the presence and absence of secretagogues. Basal LH secretion was found to occur in a rhythmic pattern, with the mean cycle period for 5 different perfusion columns estimated to be 66.4 ± 4.0 min. By contrast, when cells were repeatedly exposed to luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) at 90-min intervals, the period of the LH rhythm was altered to approximate the interval of LHRH pulses (96.7 ± 6.1 min; n = 3 perfusion columns). Exposure of cells to media containing 50 mM potassium chloride (KCl) augmented the release of LH and slightly decreased the cycle period compared to that which occurs during basal secretion (49.2 min) but did not eliminate the rhythm. Finally, perifusion of cells with medium containing 10 μM colchicine eliminated the rhythm of secretion. These data suggest that there exists an ultradian rhythm of LH secretion from the chicken pituitary which is expressed in the absence of hypothalamic input and is modified by the hypothalamic releasing factor, LHRH. In addition, the rhythm does not seem to be affected in the short-term by a small depolarization of the membrane as occurs with the addition of KCl to the perifusion media but does seem to be dependent upon microtubule function.
The Legal Implications of Report Back in Household Exposure Studies.

Background:Scientists conducting research into household air or dust pollution must decide whether, when, and how to disclose to study participants their individual results. A variety of considerat...
Sensitivity-guided decision-making for wind farm micro-siting

Summary This paper presents a quantitative risk assessment for design and development of a renewable energy system to support decision-making among design alternatives. Throughout the decision-making phases, resources are allocated among exploration and exploitation tasks to manage the uncertainties in design parameters and to adapt designs to new information for enhanced performance. The resource allocation problem is formulated as a sequential decision feedback loop for a quantitative analysis of exploration and exploitation trade-offs. We support decision-making by tracking the evolution of uncertainties, the sensitivity of design alternatives to the uncertainties, and the performance, reliability, and robustness of each design. This is achieved by analyzing the uncertainties in the wind resource, the turbine performance and operation, and the models that define the power curve and wake deficiency. Comparison of the performance, reliability, and robustness of aligned and staggered turbine layouts before and after wind assessment experiments aids in improving micro-siting decisions. The results demonstrate that design decisions can be supported by efficiently allocating resources towards improved estimates of achievable design objectives and by quantitatively assessing the risk in meeting those objectives. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Metaphorics of Discursive Sociality

Metaphors of discursive sociality offer an image of writing processes dramatically different from that of the buried life of the mind. Metaphors of discursive sociality situate the author and text in continuing engagement with an interactive and social field of discourse that extends over time and space. They position authors’ texts as alive or their characters as co-authors—rather than focusing back on hidden origins of thought. Pervasive and powerful, metaphors of discursive sociality reveal the primacy of discourse as the source and field of activity in composing. Were it not for the degree to which our investment in the metanarrative of the buried life focuses our attention on interiority and alterity, the centrality of their claims would not need to be stressed.
Acclimation settings with identical or similar sensation and functional thresholds.

Hypoglossal nerve stimulation with an activated implanted device does not awaken individuals from sleep once they have acclimated to the new sensation of the resulting tongue movement. This case report illustrates the importance of an acclimation period, allowing a patient to become accustomed to stimulation settings below the level at which there is gross tongue movement. Laryngoscope, 2016
Room Acoustic Response Modeling and Equalization with Linear Predictive Coding and Parametric Filters for Speech and Audio Enhancement

Room acoustic response modeling is a challenging problem. Typical applications include speech dereverberation and loudspeaker correction. Traditionally, infinite-duration impulse response (IIR) or finite-duration impulse response (FIR) filters have been used for acoustic response modeling and equalization. The IIR filter, also called a parametric filter, has a bell-shaped magnitude response and is characterized by its center frequency, the gain at the center frequency, and a Q factor (which is inversely related to the bandwidth of the filter) and is easily implemented as a cascade for purposes of room response modeling and equalization. In this paper we present a technique for determining the coefficients of a second order IIR using a linear predictive coding (LPC) model, where the poles or roots of a high-order LPC dictate the parameters of the parametric filter. Due to the band interactions between the IIR filters, forming the cascade to model the room response, we also present a technique to optimize the Q values so as to better characterize the room response. An accurate model allows for better equalization, for correcting the loudspeaker and room acoustics for speech/audio enhancement, particularly at low frequencies. Alternatively, this technique can be utilized for speech dereverberation applications where the room responses have been estimated a priori. The advantages of the proposed method is the fast computation of the IIR filter parameters, from to the LPC model, since (i) the LPC model is efficient to compute since it uses the Levinson-Durbin recursion to solve the normal equations that arise from the least squares formulation, and (ii) a reasonably high-order LPC model is able to accurately model the low-frequency room response modes.
Sleep Quality in an Adult American Indian Community Sample.

Study Objectives:Epidemiological studies have found that insufficient sleep (< 7 h/night) is more common among American Indians/Alaska Natives (AI/AN). In this study we sought to identify specific ...
Abstract 508: Identification of FRA-1 as a potential driver of pro-invasive properties in pancreatic cancer in conjunction with MUC1

The transmembrane mucin, MUC1, contributes to the progression of pancreatic cancer, in part by conducting signals from the cell surface that regulate expression of molecules associated with aggressive tumor behavior. We investigated transcriptional co-regulatory effects mediated by interactions of the MUC1 cytoplasmic tail with activator protein 1 (AP-1). Previous results suggest that MUC1 regulates the capacity of AP-1 to bind specific promoter elements and regulate genes that contribute to tumor progression. The DNA binding activity of AP-1 is controlled in several ways including composition of the protein dimer. The precise mechanism by which MUC1 alters transcriptional complexes remains unknown. We sought to determine how MUC1 influences the formation of AP-1 complexes and potential downstream effects. We found MUC1 increased c-Jun protein levels, the major component of AP-1, in a manner largely independent of transcriptional upregulation (mRNA upregulation was observed in only one cell line of several analyzed). Formation of the AP-1 dimer was assessed by quantitative and semi-quantitative assays. MUC1 promoted the association of c-Jun with the Fos protein, FRA-1. This association was promoted by enhanced ERK2 signaling in MUC1 expressing cell lines. In breast cancer, FRA-1 drives an invasive and metastatic phenotype. Overexpression of FRA-1 in pancreatic cancer cell lines promoted migratory and invasive behaviors in vitro. Blocking FRA-1 activity by shRNA knockdown or ERK inhibition decreased migration and invasion. Analysis of gene expression in pancreatic tumor samples and normal, uninvolved tissue [mined from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO)] revealed that tumor samples had significantly increased levels of FRA-1 mRNA. A subset of these samples exhibited gene expression patterns consistent with a FRA-1:EMT phenotype previously observed in colorectal cancer cells. We evaluated expression of FRA-1 protein in primary pancreatic tumors, liver metastases, and uninvolved non-malignant pancreas. Robust nuclear localization of FRA-1 was observed in primary and metastatic tumor cells whereas uninvolved pancreas showed lower levels of diffuse cytoplasmic staining. Based on these results, we hypothesize that FRA-1 plays an important role in a subset of pancreatic cancers by altering the binding profile of AP-1. Due to a dependence on ERK activity for FRA-1 function, we propose that cancers with activating mutations in the RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK cascade are the most likely candidates for utilization of FRA-1. Citation Format: Ryan L. Hanson, Michael A. Hollingsworth. Identification of FRA-1 as a potential driver of pro-invasive properties in pancreatic cancer in conjunction with MUC1. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 508. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-508
Biofeedback in Grandmothers Raising Grandchildren: Evaluating Intervention Parameters

This study examined the six critical parameters for evaluating interventions, including necessity, acceptability, feasibility, safety, fidelity, and effectiveness, of a heart rate variability (HRV) biofeedback training intervention in a sample of 20 grandmothers who were the primary caregivers of their grandchildren. After the grandmothers completed the HRV biofeedback training, they answered open-ended questions to provide data on the six parameters during face-to-face interviews. The findings of the study provided evidence for the necessity, acceptability, feasibility, safety, fidelity, and effectiveness of the HRV biofeedback intervention for reducing the stress experienced by grandmothers in raising their grandchildren.
Understanding and Interpreting Pharmacy College Admission Test Scores

To fairly and accurately interpret candidates' Pharmacy College Admission Test (PCAT) scores as listed on their official transcripts, it is important to understand how these scores reflect candidates' performances on cognitive tasks involving the identification, interpretation, analysis, and evaluation of information assumed to have been covered in pre-pharmacy science, math, and general education coursework. This paper attempts to facilitate this understanding by explaining how candidates' responses to PCAT test items relate to their scaled scores and percentile ranks and how their writing scores reflect their performance. This paper also suggests how differences between candidates' PCAT subtest scores may reflect different personal experiences, educational backgrounds, and cognitive abilities.
Exploring residual risk for diabetes and microvascular disease in the Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study (DPPOS).

Aim Approximately half of the participants in the Diabetes Prevention Outcomes Study (DPPOS) had diabetes after 15 years of follow-up, whereas nearly all the others remained with pre-diabetes. We examined whether formerly unexplored factors in the DPPOS coexisted with known risk factors that posed additional risk for, or protection from, diabetes as well as microvascular disease. Methods Cox proportional hazard models were used to examine predictors of diabetes. Sequential modelling procedures considered known and formerly unexplored factors. We also constructed models to determine whether the same unexplored factors that associated with progression to diabetes also predicted the prevalence of microvascular disease. Hazard ratios (HR) are per standard deviation change in the variable. Results In models adjusted for demographics and known diabetes risk factors, two formerly unknown factors were associated with risk for both diabetes and microvascular disease: number of medications taken (HR = 1.07, 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) 1.03 to 1.12 for diabetes; odds ratio (OR) = 1.10, 95% CI 1.04 to 1.16 for microvascular disease) and variability in HbA1c (HR = 1.02, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.03 for diabetes; OR = 1.06, 95% CI 1.04 to 1.09 for microvascular disease per sd). Total comorbidities increased risk for diabetes (HR = 1.10, 95% CI 1.04 to 1.16), whereas higher systolic (OR = 1.22, 95% CI 1.13 to 1.31) and diastolic (OR = 1.14, 95% CI 1.05 to 1.22) blood pressure, as well as the use of anti-hypertensives (OR = 1.41, 95% CI 1.23 to 1.62), increased risk of microvascular disease. Conclusions Several formerly unexplored factors in the DPPOS predicted additional risk for diabetes and/or microvascular disease – particularly hypertension and the use of anti-hypertensive medications – helping to explain some of the residual disease risk in participants of the DPPOS. (Clinical Trial Registry Nos: DPP NCT00004992 and DPPOS NCT00038727) This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Correlation Methods of PIV Analysis

As described in the previous chapter, Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) uses images of seeded marker particles in a fluid flow to measure two-dimensional or three-dimensional instantaneous velocity fields in experimental fluid mechanics. The seeded fluid flow is illuminated by short duration pulsed sheets of light at precise time intervals to obtain particle images that are recorded on a digital video camera array, on photographic film or on a hologram. The velocity vector field is obtained by analyzing these recorded images to measure the particle displacements and thus determine the velocity by knowing the time interval. Although many methods of PIV interrogation have been explored experimentally, as discussed by Adrian1, Buchhave2, Gray3 and Hinsch4, the broad range of methods can be reduced to a smaller group of alternative methods based upon the seeding density of particles within the flow field, denoted by C and defined to be the number of seeded particles per unit volume of the fluid. For a sufficiently high seeding density, the local velocity of the fluid in a small volume of the flow can be determined by measuring the particle image displacements within a corresponding digitized region of the image field, known as an interrogation spot.
Role of Nursing Competencies for Accelerating Clinical Trials in Stem Cell Clinics

The California Institute for Regenerative Medicine has formed a group of clinics called the Alpha Stem Cell Clinics Network. Its goal is to accelerate clinical trials of stem cell-based therapies for diseases with unmet medical needs. In this report, we describe our experience in establishing an Alpha Stem Cell Clinic at City of Hope. Implementation and integration of the clinic into the existing institutional structures required collaboration and cooperation with clinical trial units, nursing administration, and creation of new positions. The highlight of this process and the centerpiece to our success has been the definition of the role of the "hybrid nurse," a person with nursing competencies in both clinical care and research. Stem Cells Translational Medicine 2018;7:6-10 Abstract Video Link: https://youtu.be/WOeZrNyXkGU.
Who cares if “service with a smile” is authentic? An expectancy-based model of customer race and differential service reactions

Abstract “Service with a smile” improves performance ratings, but it is unclear whether that smile must always be authentic. We propose that reactions to a service employee’s display authenticity may depend on the customer’s race, due to a history of differential service experiences. Further, we propose that these experiences inform customers’ expectations, such that White customers are more likely than Black customers to expect friendly “service with a smile.” To test this conjecture, we first confirm that Blacks have lower service performance expectations than Whites due to a history of mistreatment in a service context. In two experimental studies and a field study, we then show that authenticity is a stronger predictor of performance-based evaluations (i.e., exceeded expectations) for White customers than for Black customers. Our findings underscore the impact of the racially biased treatment that Black customers have come to expect and the challenge of pleasing a diverse customer base.
The Armadillo: Spain Creates a Curious Horse to Belittle America*

After seeing it for the first time in the Americas, sixteenth-century Spain sparked an armadillo craze across Europe. People bought household objects that contained an armadillo image and its image was produced on maps, in manuscripts and printed books. Elites collected carapaces in curio cabinets and then as display items in the first museums. Armadillo descriptions subsequently inspired the proto field of animal taxonomy. This paper explains why the armadillo was the premier European curiosity animal. Its features reminded people of a war animal—the horse—, and war technology—armour. The sixteenth-century Spanish natural historians Nicolas Monardes, Gonzalo Fernandez de Oviedo and Martin Fernandez de Enciso were the primary sources for this European fascination with the armadillo since they considered the armadillo a little armoured horse. My article also shows that the curiosity cult of the armadillo links to the discourse of race. In contradistinction to the prestige value of European armour and horse varieties, the emblem of the armadillo as little American horse served to belittle fauna and people from the New World.
Organization Interventions for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

Disorganization (of time, tasks, and materials) is a core difficulty underlying the functional impairments associated with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). This chapter discusses the role of organizational deficits in ADHD symptomatology and reviews school-related interventions designed to target these organizational deficits in youth with ADHD, including evidence of their efficacy and limitations of existing studies. Common strategies among intervention programs include teaching youth to more effectively monitor their own behavior, reinforcing progress in organizational strategies, providing organizational instruction and skill-building, and the use of external organizational aids. Evidence suggests that these interventions are efficacious in improving organizational skills and acceptable to parents, teachers, and school staff involved with implementation. Areas for future research are discussed.
20 - Free hormone measurements

The term “free hormone” is used at least in three different contexts in body fluids (Table 20.1). First, this term is used to describe unconjugated hormones, that is, hormones not coupled covalently to glucuronic or sulfuric acid. Examples include “free” steroids (e.g., free cortisol, androstanediol, and testosterone in urine and free estriol in serum) and free catecholamines (e.g., free epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine in urine). Second, the term free hormone may refer to the non-protein bound fraction of thyroid, steroid, and secosteroid 1 hormones. It is this context in which the term free hormone will be used in this chapter. Third, the term free hormone also is used to describe the non-(anti-insulin)antibody-bound fraction of plasma insulin. This distinction is of obvious importance in diabetics receiving heterologous insulin preparations such as pork or beef insulin, but it will not be further discussed here.
Resilience in Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS)

Abstract Many cities are adopting increasingly advanced Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). These systems combine connectivity, coordination, adaptivity, and automated response for transportation policy optimization, thus increasing “smartness” and efficiency. However, the control and sensing systems of implemented ITS can open new vulnerabilities, especially to cyber-attacks. Currently vulnerability is managed within the framework of traditional risk assessment that assesses potential failures of the system in response to specified threats. Emerging technologies by their nature have threats that are not fully known, therefore, resilience, defined as the system's ability to recover and adapt to both known and unknown threats, is an emerging area that holds promise for assessing threats to ITS. To illustrate the applicability of resilience to ITS, we conducted a study of network efficiency and resilience in response to random and targeted disruptions of ITS systems in 10 urban areas. Disruptions were generated to affect either intersections or roadways controlled by ITS under different threat scenarios. Modeled attacks, under worst case scenarios, disrupted 20% of intersections causing on average 14.6% more additional delays than the same severity attacks on roadways. Additionally, locking traffic signal states was found to cause more disruption than fully disabling signals. Thus, as cities adopt ITS and other smart systems resulting in potentially unknown vulnerabilities, it is important to consider resilience of transportation infrastructure affected by potential cyber-attacks.
Microplastic accumulation and biomagnification in a coastal marine reserve situated in a sparsely populated area.

Toxic chemicals within and adsorbed to microplastics (0.05-5 mm) have the potential to biomagnify in food webs. However, microplastic concentrations in highly productive, coastal habitats are not well understood. Therefore, we quantified the presence of microplastics in a benthic community and surrounding environment of a remote marine reserve on the open coast of California, USA. Concentrations of microplastic particles in seawater were 36.59 plastics/L and in sediments were 0.227 ± 0.135 plastics/g. Densities of microplastics on the surfaces of two morphologically distinct species of macroalgae were 2.34 ± 2.19 plastics/g (Pelvetiopsis limitata) and 8.65 ± 6.44 plastics/g (Endocladia muricata). Densities were highest in the herbivorous snail, Tegula funebralis, at 9.91 ± 6.31 plastics/g, potentially due to bioaccumulation. This study highlights the need for further investigations of the prevalence and potential harm of microplastics in benthic communities at remote locations as well as human population centers.
Digital Newspaper Collection

Reviewed December 2018Reviewed by Caitlin Cieslik-MiskimenUniversity of Wisconsin–MadisonThe recent surge in interest in local journalism and community newspapers has created a series of problems f...
Lawrence Martin Brammer (1922–2018).

This article memorializes Lawrence Martin Brammer (1922-2018). Brammer was the president of Division 17 (Counseling Psychology) of the American Psychological Association (APA) from 1986 to 1987 and Fellow of the Society for Counseling Psychology. Over his long career, he received many awards and made major contributions to the field, including extensive international work, a breakthrough theories text with Everett Shostrom, and two terms of service on the APA Council of Representatives. His presidency of Division 17 was marked by a crucial call to take the lead in "professional statesmanship," raising the identity of counseling psychology as a profession. He urged the reduction of turf struggles, stressing collaboration between the fields of counseling, clinical, school, and industrial-organizational psychology, without sacrificing their unique autonomies. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
Insights on the cycling behavior of a highly-prelithiated silicon–graphite electrode in lithium-ion cells

Nanosized silicon materials are being developed for use in the anodes of high-energy lithium-ion batteries. However, the high surface areas of these materials increase the rate of parasitic reactions in the electrode, which consume cyclable Li+ and degrade battery performance. Prelithiation offers a realistic strategy to compensate for this reactivity, by injecting additional charge into the cell to counterbalance the Li+ loss. Interestingly, the benefits offered by prelithiation extend beyond its more obvious purpose. Here, by using a reference electrode in NMC532//Si-Gr cells, we show how prelithiation alters the cycling potentials experienced by the Si-containing anode and how that translates into gains in cycle life. The rate of consumption of the prelithiated charge is lower than that expected from the behavior of non-prelithiated cells. Curiously, the Si particles become partially unresponsive during the C/3 cycling apparently because of kinetic constraints. Electrochemical studies on harvested electrodes in half-cells show that capacities are intact after the long-term cycling and that most of the lithium reservoir is still present in the anode. We conclude that the high capacity retention displayed by the prelithiated cells mainly results from a higher participation of graphite particles during the extended electrochemical cycling.
Effects of Aging and Temperature on Supercapacitor Peukert Constant

This paper examines the effects of the aging condition and the operating temperature on the supercapacitor Peukert constant associated with a constant current discharge process. Recent studies show that the charge delivered by a supercapacitor during a constant current discharge process increases when the discharge current decreases if the discharge current is above a certain threshold, i.e., Peukert's law applies. By sweeping the cutoff voltage of the discharge process, this paper reveals that the Peukert constant increases when the supercapacitor is more heavily aged or the operating temperature is lower. The physical mechanisms leading to the Peukert constant dependence are analyzed by simulating a five-branch RC ladder circuit model.
Indications for Temporary and Permanent Pacemakers

The development of pacemakers represents a major advance in treating rhythm disorders. Initially employed for postoperative heart block, currently pacemakers have much wider clinical use, including treatment of bradycardias and for cardiac resynchronization therapy. Several pacing modalities are available for different clinical scenarios. Temporary pacemakers, including transcutaneous, transesophageal, transvenous, and epicardial pacing, are employed in emergent situations and/or when pacing need may be temporary. Permanent pacemakers, including pacemakers with standard transvenous leads as well as leadless pacemakers, are used not only to treat bradycardias but also for resynchronization therapy in patients with cardiomyopathy and conduction system disease.
Convergence Rate for a Gauss Collocation Method Applied to Unconstrained Optimal Control

A local convergence rate is established for an orthogonal collocation method based on Gauss quadrature applied to an unconstrained optimal control problem. If the continuous problem has a smooth solution and the Hamiltonian satisfies a strong convexity condition, then the discrete problem possesses a local minimizer in a neighborhood of the continuous solution, and as the number of collocation points increases, the discrete solution converges to the continuous solution at the collocation points, exponentially fast in the sup-norm. Numerical examples illustrating the convergence theory are provided.
Importance of pressure-selection in pressure-swing distillation

Abstract Papers dealing with the design of distillation systems continue to be published in which operating pressures are frequently arbitrarily assumed. Since pressure can profoundly affect relative volatilities in both ideal and azeotropic separations, design pressure should be carefully considered as a critical design optimization variable. The purpose of this paper is to illustrate this important concept using a design proposed in a recently published paper of a pressure-swing distillation process. Alternative designs are generated that reduce energy consumption and total annual cost by a factor of two compared to the original design.
Biologic Association Annual Summit: 2020 Report.

Interest and research in biologic approaches for tissue healing are exponentially growing for a variety of musculoskeletal conditions. The recent hype concerning musculoskeletal biological therapie...
Mass Customization and Guardrails: “You Can Not Be All Things to All People”

A mass customization strategy enables a firm to match its product designs to unique consumer tastes. In a classic horizontal product-differentiation framework, a consumer's utility is a decreasing function of the distance between their ideal taste and the taste defined by the most closely aligned product the firm offers. A consumer thus considers the taste mismatch associated with their purchased product, but otherwise the positioning of the firm's product portfolio (or, “brand image”) is immaterial. In contrast, self-congruency theory suggests that consumers assess how well both the purchased product and its overall brand image match with their ideal taste. Therefore, we incorporate within the consumer utility function both product-specific and brand-level components. Mass customization has the potential to improve taste alignment with regard to a specific purchased product, but at the risk of increasing brand dilution. Absent brand dilution concerns, a firm will optimally serve all consumers’ ideal tastes at a single price. In contrast, by endogenizing dilution costs within the consumer utility model, we prove that a mass-customizing firm optimally uses differential pricing. Moreover, we show that the firm offers reduced prices to consumers with extreme tastes (to stimulate consumer “travel”), with a higher and fixed price being offered to those consumers having more central (mainstream) tastes. Given that a continuous spectrum of prices will likely not be practical in application, we also consider the more pragmatic approach of augmenting the uniformly priced mass customization range with preset (non-customized) outlying designs, which serve customers at the taste extremes. We prove this practical approach performs close to optimal.
Discrete Global Grid Systems as scalable geospatial frameworks for characterizing coastal environments

Abstract Data portals and services have increased coastal water quality data availability and accessibility. However, tools to process this data are limited – geospatial frameworks at the land-sea interface are either adapted from open-water frameworks or extended from watershed frameworks. This study explores use of a geospatial framework based on hexagons from a Discrete Global Grid System (DGGS) in a coastal area. Two DGGS implementations are explored, dggridR and H3. The geospatial frameworks are compared based on their ability to aggregate data to scales from existing frameworks, integrate data across frameworks, and connect flows across the land-sea interface. dggridR was simpler with more flexibility to match scales and use smaller units. H3 was more performant, identifying neighbors and moving between scales more efficiently. Point, line and grid data were aggregated to H3 units to test the implementation's ability to model and visualize coastal data. H3 performed these additional tasks well.
Organic Memristive Device

This chapter is dedicated to the detailed technical description of polyaniline based organic memristive devices. Namely this memristive device is the key element of neuromorphic system which are the protagonist in this book. Main material of the device active channel is polyaniline (PANI), because it can vary its conductivity in a wide range according to the doping-dedoping and/or redox state. Polyelectrolyte (PEO) is the other important material of the device, as it provides the possibility of redox reactions, responsible for the resistance switching. It is considered the architecture and assembling techniques of these devices, as well as electrical characteristics in DC and pulse modes. It is suggested the qualitative explanation of the resistance switching in such devices, basing on data, obtained from IR and Raman spectroscopies and X-ray fluorescence. The strategies of the optimization of the devices properties are also considered.
DISTRIBUTION OF CLOVIS POINTS IN ARIZONA AND THE CLOVIS EXPLORATION OF THE STATE, 11,000 B.C.

The distribution of Clovis projectile points in Arizona is updated from the works of Agenbroad (1967) and Huckell (1982) and includes results from the excavation of the Murray Springs Clovis Site. A hypothetical scenario is presented that interprets the distribution as being the result of an initial band of Clovis people entering the state from the Lime Ridge Clovis Site in Utah, exploring the eastern part of Arizona before moving into New Mexico.
Problems with IO to all other IOs ESD stress test: Two case studies

We report an unusual ESD failure when testing according to the recommended stress combination of IO to all other IO pins. In two independent product cases we observed devices failing for this test while the same devices pass when tested for all possible IO pin to IO pin combinations. These results strongly suggest a revision of this test methodology.