cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fear and Humor Appeals in “The Real Cost” Campaign: Evidence of Potential Effectiveness in Message Pretesting

Introduction In tobacco prevention campaigns, fear-appeal messages are widely used and generally shown to be effective, whereas the utility of humor appeals is less clear. This study compares the potential effectiveness of fear and humor ads developed for “The Real Cost” campaign. Methods Adolescents (N=1,315) aged 13–17 years who were either experimenting with smoking or susceptible to smoking initiation were randomized to view either a single ad (of three fear and two humor ads in total) or nothing (control condition). Those in the ad viewing condition completed measures on fear, amusement, and perceived ad effectiveness. All participants completed measures on smoking attitudes and risk perceptions. Data were collected in 2014 and 2015. Analysis was performed in 2016. Results Compared with control, both fear and humor ads produced greater risk perceptions (p Conclusions Both fear and humor appeals have potential to be effective in “The Real Cost” campaign. Concurrent employment of these message strategies should help to diversify messaging and consistently recapture the target audience's attention. Supplement information This article is part of a supplement entitled Fifth Anniversary Retrospective of “The Real Cost,” the Food and Drug Administration's Historic Youth Smoking Prevention Media Campaign, which is sponsored by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.
Effects of full-fat dairy products on subclinical vascular function in adults with elevated blood pressure: a randomized clinical trial.

High consumption of low- and non-fat dairy products improves vascular dysfunction associated with elevated arterial blood pressure (BP). Currently, it is unknown if conventional full-fat dairy products improve vascular functions. To determine if adding whole milk and full-fat dairy products to the normal routine diet improves vascular function in adults with elevated BP. Sixty adults (age ± SEM; 58 ± 2 years) with elevated BP (systolic/diastolic; 120–159/ < 99 mmHg) were randomized into a controlled crossover intervention trial consisting of two 4-week dietary periods. The high dairy condition consisted of adding four daily servings of whole milk or full-fat dairy products to the normal diet and eliminated all dairy intake during the control (no dairy) condition. A 2-week washout period separated the dietary conditions. Carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV) did not differ significantly between high dairy (11.3 ± 0.3 versus 10.9 ± 0.3 m/sec) and no dairy conditions (11.2 ± 0.3 versus 11.0 ± 0.3 m/sec). The results were consistent when ultrasound-derived vascular distension measures (arterial compliance, beta-stiffness index, and elastic modulus) were evaluated. Cardiovagal baroreceptor sensitivity (via Valsalva maneuver) demonstrated no significant difference for either dietary condition. Brachial arterial flow-mediated dilation (FMD) did not differ significantly during the high dairy (5.7 ± 0.5 versus 5.4 ± 0.6%) and no dairy conditions (6.5 ± 0.5 versus 5.6 ± 0.6%). The solitary addition of whole milk and full-fat dairy products has no effect on subclinical vascular function in adults with elevated BP.
The practice of and motivation for equity recycling: Evidence from the Asia-Pacific region

Abstract Equity recycling is the practice of contemporaneously raising equity and paying out to shareholders. We document evidence of equity recycling in the Asia-Pacific region. Exploiting variation in factors across Asia-Pacific markets, we find stronger evidence of recycling when financial constraints are not binding. Specifically, equity recycling is more prevalent in markets with greater financial development and during non-crisis time periods. Also, the practice is most pronounced for firms unlikely to face internal financial constraints. We also find evidence that equity recycling in the Asia-Pacific region is consistent with shareholders' interests and not a result of market timing by managers.
The Legal Framework for Evidence-Based Policing in the United States

This book chapter examines the existing legal framework for evidence-based policing in the United States, identifying three areas in which contemporary constitutional and sub-constitutional law create obstacles to evidence-based policing and exploring how reforms to the legal system could instead create incentives. First, constitutional decision-making by the Supreme Court is often predicated on the justices’ understanding of police practices and the environment in which officers operate. The Court has proven willing to rely on its own factual assumptions even when there is a noticeable lacuna of evidence that support its assertions. With the improved availability of information, evidence-based policing can offer the Court and other judicial decision-makers a more robust and accurate understanding of the world that they are regulating. In the same vein, courts can inspire police agencies to adopt evidence-based practices by relying more heavily on reliably gathered data rather than anecdotes and speculation. Second, when officers testify, they are often asked to provide both their first hand observations and their professional opinions about various matters. Such opinions, including expert opinions, are typically grounded in officers’ “training and experience.” In many cases, however, that training and experience may not support the inference of reliability that expert testimony properly demands. With a rigorous and methodologically sound approach to developing information, opinions grounded in evidence-based practices and instruction would be substantially more dependable than opinions based on more traditional forms of instruction. Third and finally, the legal rules that restrict or permit the introduction of a variety of other forms of evidence can be leveraged to encourage evidence-based policing practices. In the absence of an evidence-based approach to analyzing forensic evidence, eyewitness identification, interrogation procedures, and other sources of information, policing as an industry has had little reason to keep abreast of best practices. Through their adoption of an evidence based inquiry, courts are in a position to create incentives that could dramatically improve police procedures.
Venous Thromboembolism in Pediatric Heart Disease Is Associated with Significant Health Care Burden and Expenditures

Background Most pediatric venous thromboembolism (VTE) occur in children with at least one complex chronic condition (CCC) admitted to a tertiary care pediatric hospital (Setty et al, Pediatr Blood Cancer2012). Reports estimate 14.6%-29% of all inpatient childhood VTE occur in patients with chronic pediatric heart disease (CPHD) (Andrew et al, Blood 1994; Rafinni et al, Pediatrics 2009). The influence of acute VTE risk factors and the impact of non-cardiac CCCs on VTE in CPHD remain unknown. A large cohort of privately-insured children was used to evaluate the odds of VTE, estimate the healthcare burden, and delineate the risk factors associated with VTE diagnoses in CPHD. Methods Children Results There were 120,884 children 0-17 years of age with a CPHD diagnosis. VTE events occurred in 957 (0.79%) of these children, 802 (83.8%) of which were isolated DVT and 155 (16.2%) were PE with or without concomitant DVT. Male gender was significantly associated with VTE (P All CPHD were associated with a significant VTE risk except those with conduction disorders or dysrhythmias (Table 1). VTE occurred in 2.3% of children with single ventricle physiology, 1.9% of those with acquired CPHD, 1.6% with cardiomyopathy, and 0.5% with double ventricle physiology. Children who experienced VTE were significantly (P All measures of healthcare utilization (mean number of inpatient admissions (2.19 vs 0.62), mean inpatient length of stays (55.14 vs 8.7 days), mean number of outpatient visits (28.6 vs 11.22), and mean number of pharmaceutical claims (13.27vs 4.74)) were significantly higher (P Conclusions Although VTE in CPHD patients is rare, it does carry a significantly increased healthcare resource utilization and in-hospital mortality. All of the co-morbid conditions examined were significantly associated with VTE, but when controlling for non-cardiac CCC the odds of VTE was not affected. All of the non-cardiac CCC were significantly associated with VTE except malignancy and GI CCC when accounting for recent cardiac surgery. This suggests that non-cardiac CCCs may be an important determinant of VTE risk for children with CPHD. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Comment on “Acoustic deformation for the extraction of mechanical properties of lipid vesicle populations”

In a recent paper, Silva et al. [Phys. Rev. E 99, 063002 (2019)10.1103/PhysRevE.99.063002] consider the deformation of vesicles in response to the acoustic radiation stresses of ultrasonic standing waves. An important part of the analysis concerns the quadrupole projection of the radial component of radiation stress on a spherical vesicle having a radius much smaller than the acoustic wavelength evaluated with a software-aided expansion approach. Here we note that their projection agrees with results previously found for compressible spheres in the corresponding limit [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 69, 1499 (1981)10.1121/1.385785] provided an error in Eq. (B5) of Silva et al. is corrected.
Complex flows of viscoelastic wormlike micelle solutions

Abstract Micelles are formed by the self-assembly of surfactants in solutions. Wormlike micelles or living polymers are a particularly interesting fluids because their long flexible cylindrical geometry can lead to entanglement even at relatively low concentrations. The rheological response of the wormlike micelles is similar in many ways to polymer solutions. Entangled wormlike micelles provide a model fluid system in many respects. In semi-dilute solutions, wormlike micelles show remarkably simple rheological behaviour; their linear rheology is best described by a single-element Maxwell model with a single relaxation time. The non-linear rheological and flow response of wormlike micelles has proven to be incredibly rich and complex. Wormlike micelles are easy to prepare and not susceptible to aging or shear mechanical degradation. Beyond semi-dilute concentrations, nematic and/or hexagonal phases can be observed, allowing an additional level of complexity to be dialled in by increasing concentration. In strong, steady-shear flows, some wormlike micelles have been shown to shear band. In uniaxial extensional flows, wormlike micelle solutions demonstrate enormous strain hardening of their extensional viscosity and under large extensional stresses, can break apart. This failure and the resulting morphological changes of the micelles in the flow have been linked to a number of interesting elastic instabilities. These rheological properties have led to the broad use of wormlike micelle solutions in consumer products as rheological modifiers. In this review, we will discuss a wide range of complex flows of wormlike micelle solutions with both shear and extensional flow components. We will discuss how flow geometry, flow strength, micelle concentration and micelle structure affect these complex flows with a particular emphasis on flow stability.
Locally efficient semiparametric estimator for zero-inflated Poisson model with error-prone covariates

Overdispersion is a common phenomenon in count or frequency responses in Poisson models. For example, number of car accidents on a highway during a year period. A similar phenomenon is observed in ...
Successful Management of COVID-19 Infection in 2 Early Post-Liver Transplant Recipients.

BACKGROUND: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has affected all facets of life and continues to cripple nations. COVID-19 has taken the lives of more than 2.1 million people worldwide, with a global mortality rate of 2.2%. Current COVID-19 treatment options include supportive respiratory care, parenteral corticosteroids, and remdesivir. Although COVID-19 is associated with increased risk of morbidity and mortality in patients with comorbidities, the vulnerability, clinical course, optimal management, and prognosis of COVID-19 infection in patients with organ transplants has not been well described in the literature. The treatment of COVID-19 differs based on the organ(s) transplanted. Preliminary data suggested that liver transplant patients with COVID-19 did not have higher mortality rates than untransplanted COVID-19 patients. Table 1 depicts a compiled list of current published data on COVID-19 liver transplant patients. Most of these studies included both recent and old liver transplant patients. No distinction was made for early liver transplant patients who contract COVID-19 within their posttransplant hospitalization course. This potential differentiation needs to be further explored. Here, we report 2 patients who underwent liver transplantation who acquired COVID-19 during their posttransplant recovery period in the hospital. CASE DESCRIPTIONS: Two patients who underwent liver transplant and contracted COVID-19 in the early posttransplant period and were treated with hydroxychloroquine, methylprednisolone, tocilizumab, and convalescent plasma. This article includes a description of their hospital course, including treatment and recovery. CONCLUSION: The management of post-liver transplant patients with COVID-19 infection is complicated. Strict exposure precaution practice after organ transplantation is highly recommended. Widespread vaccination will help with prevention, but there will continue to be patients who contract COVID-19. Therefore, continued research into appropriate treatments is still relevant and critical. A temporary dose reduction of immunosuppression and continued administration of low-dose methylprednisolone, remdesivir, monoclonal antibodies, and convalescent plasma might be helpful in the management and recovery of severe COVID-19 pneumonia in post-liver transplant patients. Future studies and experiences from posttransplant patients are warranted to better delineate the clinical features and optimal management of COVID-19 infection in liver transplant recipients.
Agency Problems, Information Asymmetry, and Socially Responsible Investing in the Wake of Citizens United: A Call for the Disclosure of Political Contributions in the United States

This paper argues that with the pervasiveness of socially responsible investing (SRI) and in the wake of the Citizens United decision by the U.S. Supreme Court, economic and public policy environments have dramatically changed. Consequently, in order to fulfill one of accounting’s primary functions (i.e., providing credible information that can be used in monitoring and bonding activities to decrease total agency costs), today’s reports should disclose political contributions made by SEC-filing corporations. In the absence of such disclosure, firms may engage in a new kind of agency problem not anticipated by standard financial and accounting theories: that of agents pursuing profits in ways that are in direct opposition to the preferences of the firm’s ownership.
Transgender and gender-diverse (TGD) individuals’ perspectives on research seeking genetic variants associated with TGD identities: a qualitative study

Recent genetic research has explored how genetic variants may contribute to gender dysphoria and transgender and gender-diverse (TGD) identities. When investigating communities that have been marginalized, it is important for researchers to incorporate perspectives of the communities the research is targeting. Therefore, investigators should incorporate the TGD community's opinions into this research to mitigate potential ethical issues, given the history of pathologization of TGD identities and utilization of genetics for eugenics. The aim of this study was to understand the perspectives of TGD individuals about trans-associated genetic research (TAGR). Eighteen semi-structured interviews were conducted with members of the TGD community to explore how TGD individuals view TAGR. Through inductive content analysis, five major themes were emergent: (1) TAGR could affect self-perception of identity; (2) TAGR could affect external views of TGD people; (3) TAGR could affect access to gender-affirming services; (4) TAGR could contribute to the pathologization and elimination of TGD identities; and (5) researchers should consult TGD community members and consider ethical concerns before conducting research. Participants highlighted concerns about TAGR being used as a tool for discrimination. Those who identified potential advantages of TAGR gave warning that TAGR would be unlikely to solely have positive effects. It is important for genetic researchers to prioritize the perspectives and concerns of TGD people highlighted in this study. Research about the TGD community needs to include TGD individuals as core members of the research team. Moreover, due to the serious ethical issues outlined in this study, TAGR should be reconsidered altogether.
TRAFFIC REPORTER : A REAL-TIME COMMUTER INFORMATION SYSTEM

Traffic Reporter is a PC-based graphical, interactive, traveler information system being developed to meet the informational needs of Seattle-area commuters. The goal of Traffic Reporter is to influence commuter behavior and decision making by delivering up-to-the-minute, useful traffic information. Traffic Reporter's design and development are based on a thorough study and analysis of the behavior and traffic needs of Seattle-area commuters. Traffic Reporter receives traffic data from freeway detectors and converts these data to information that can be explored both for general freeway conditions and specific trip information. The information can then be delivered to (1) commuters, (2) traffic reporters, and (3) traffic managers, planners, and engineers. This paper describes the current version of Traffic Reporter and focuses on how it provides graphically-based commuting information to motorists. It also briefly describes the design and development of Traffic Reporter to date, evaluation of it in its current state, and plans for its expansion and enhancement.
Chronic Rhinosinusitis in Adults

A computerized PubMed search of MEDLINE 1966-April 2006 was performed. Articles mapping to the medical subject heading “sinusitis” and textwords “chronic” or “recurrent” were obtained, yielding 2503 studies. These articles were then cross-referenced with those publications mapping to the medical subject headings “anti-bacterial agents” or “quinolones” or “penicillins” or “macrolides” or “cephalosporins” or “clindamycin” or the textwords “antibiotics” or “antimicrobials.” This search strategy yielded 447 articles. These publications were then reviewed to identify those that met the following inclusion criteria: 1) adult patient population (>15 years old) with chronic or recurrent rhinosinusitis, 2) intervention with comparative oral antibiotic regimens, 3) outcome measured in terms of clinical improvement, 4) randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Articles focusing only on patients with acute rhinosinusitis were excluded.
Allergenicity of the mite, Blomia tropicalis

Abstract Background : Blomia tropicalis (BT) occurs in a significant percentage of homes in tropical and subtropical geographic regions of the United States and Europe and in countries in South America and Asia along with the pyroglyphid mites, Euroglyphus maynei (EM), Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus , and D. farinae. Blomia species may be major sources of allergens in house dust in addition to Dermatophagoides species and E. maynei . Methods : Crossed immunoelectrophoresis and crossed radioimmunoelectrophoresis were used to identify the antigens and allergens of BT and to determine the cross-reactivity between BT and the house dust mites, D. farinae, D. pteronyssinus , and the stored product mite, Tyrophagus putrescentiae . Results : Homologous crossed immunoelectrophoresis of BT resulted in 27 antigen-antibody complexes. Crossed radioimmunoelectrophoresis of these gels showed 21 different immunoglobulin E binding antigens when they were incubated in the sera from 14 patients with asthma whose radioallergosorbent test and skin test results were positive. Heterologous crossed immunoelectrophoresis reactions with BT and rabbit D. farinae body and feces, D. pteronyssinus body and feces, and T. putrescentiae body and feces antisera resulted in one to four precipitin lines. BT extract, reacted with rabbit antisera produced against the bodies of D. farinae, D. pteronyssinus , and T. putrescentiae , produced 3, 2, and 4 antigenic peaks, respectively; whereas crossed radioimmunoelectrophoresis of these gels with the sera of the 14 patients with asthma resulted in immunoglobulin E binding to 2, 2, and 4 peaks, respectively. Conclusions : The results of this study indicated that BT contained multiple allergens of which most were species-specific. There was a limited amount of cross-reactivity between BT and the two common house dust mite species and the stored product mite. The amount of cross-reactivity appears to parallel the phylogenetic relatedness.
Acute dissecting aortic aneurysm resulting from retrograde brachial arterial catheterization: Successful operative intervention

Abstract A case of type I aortic dissection occurring as a complication of retrograde catheterization of the right brachial artery is described. The problem was immediately identified and, after appropriate studies were performed, operative intervention was successfully carried out. Although this lesion is an extremely rare complication of the catheterization procedure, the possibility of its occurrence must be kept in mind. Prompt recognition, accurate diagnostic evaluation and immediate operation can result in a successful outcome.
Some multivariate perspectives on shelf life research

Publisher Summary Multivariate statistics is a key to understanding but it is a set of tools, not an end in itself. These tools can find, and indeed, have found, application in most aspects of shelf life studies. A crucial feature in shelf life research is the accurate identification of the chemicals present and the determination of their concentrations. The time course of the decomposition during the shelf life must be monitored by careful analysis of the metabolic products produced, with a view to determining the reaction kinetics of the decomposition. Whether deterioration is due to bacterial decomposition or to protein denaturation or to oxidation of linoleic acid or related unsaturated fatty acids, the researcher needs accurate and precise determination of the chemical intermediates that are involved in the complex process of food spoilage. Multivariate statistical techniques can facilitate measuring chemical concentration. Multivariate statistics can certainly help in determining a flavor score, that evanescent quantity often determined by the opinion of expert or not-so-expert panels. Processing conditions can have a profound effect on the quality and stability of food and drug products. A wide range of factors can be involved in carrying out a process with the result that multivariate tools are required to monitor and control them. A useful way to quantify the effect of the array of processing conditions on the array of product quality indicators is the multivariate technique of canonical correlation.
Continued Growth of JBO

JBO sustained its healthy growth in 2012. The number of manuscript submissions increased by 5% to 788. JBO’s success is attributed to the contributions of the authors, reviewers, guest editors, and editorial board members.
The general form of constitutive equations in relativistic physics

In this study we propose a principle of objectivity which is appropriate to the theory of relativity. The transformation equations of kinematic, thermodynamic and electromagnetic quantities as well as their spatial and temporal derivatives are derived and their objectivity examined. Finally the restrictions on the form of constitutive equations of continuum physics imposed by the principle of objectivity are studied.
Oral doxycycline increases microglia numbers in the mouse hippocampus

Exposure to indoor mold causes deficits in learning and memory, however the neural mechanisms for these effects have not been established. Earlier work from our labs using a mouse model determined that exposure to the mold Stachybotrys resulted in central inflammation, decreased survival of newly formed hippocampal neurons, and impaired hippocampal-dependent memory. Here we treated mold-exposed animals with a doxycycline diet (DD) to determine whether antibiotic treatment would mitigate the effects of mold exposure. Adult male C57Bl/6 mice were given intact mold spores (IN) intranasally or saline vehicle (VEH) 3x/week for 4 weeks. Half of the IN and VEH animals received doxycycline in their diet (DD). All mice were injected with BrdU 31–37 days prior to sacrifice. We quantified BrdU+/NeuN+ new neurons and iba1-expressing cells within the dorsomedial dentate gyrus. The latter were characterized as ramified, primed, ameboid, rod-like, migratory or monocyte-like. DD increased Iba1+ cells overall, and also ramified cells specifically, in both VEH and IN groups. IN increased monocyte-like cells, which were not attenuated by DD. Interestingly, numbers of migratory microglial cells were positively correlated with numbers of mature new neurons in the subgranular zone across treatment groups, suggesting a potential neuroprotective role for this microglial phenotype. In sum, DD increased numbers of microglial cells in the dentate gyrus but did not prevent infiltration of monocyte-like cells.
The shutdown of Rio de Janeiro The poetics of drug trafficker violence

In September 2002 drug traffickers in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, brought the city to a standstill. In a dramatic esca-lation of a decades-long conflict with the state, Rio’s drug syndicates used fear, threats and strategic innuendo to force businesses to close, schools to cancel classes and buses to stop running, momentarily paralysing a city of over 6 million people. Since that first shutdown, Rio’s traf-fickers have repeatedly used this tactic as a way to send specific messages to local authorities and to demonstrate, as one trafficker put it, that the city’s drug traffickers pos-sess a ‘power that they don’t have’.Drawing upon ethnographic research in a
The Economics of Animal Farm

This paper uses George Orwell’s fictional story Animal Farm to make a comparison between Orwell’s predictions and the Chinese experience with communism. An analogy is made between two characters from his novel, Napoleon the Boar, who attains power, and Boxer the horse, who does not. These are analogous to members and nonmembers of the Communist party, respectively. Readily available data by Griffen and Renwei (1988) are then used to compare the economic conditions of approximately 22,000 individuals. The empirical results strongly support many of Orwell’s predictions. A theoretical predatory growth model that potentially explains the results is also introduced.
Androgen regulation of neuromuscular junction structure and function in a sexually dimorphic muscle of the frog Xenopus laevis

Specific forelimb muscles in anurans are sexually dimorphic and underlie the androgen-dependent clasping response of males during amplexus. Previous studies have reported that androgen treatment slows the contractile properties of these sexually dimorphic forelimb muscles. In amphibians, the expression of functionally distinct acetycholine (ACh) receptors, the levels of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), the extent of multiple innervation, and the structure of individual end plates vary with the contractile properties of the muscle fibers. In higher vertebrates, androgens have been reported to alter the expression of ACh receptors, AChE, and the neuromodulator, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). To determine whether the known androgen-dependent changes in contraction of androgen-sensitive forelimb muscles are accompanied by concomitant changes in synaptic structure or function, we have compared functional neuromuscular transmission, the pattern of innervation, and CGRP immunoreactivity in nerve or muscle preparation from castrated (C) and castrated and testosterone-treated (CT) adult male Xenopus laevis. CGRP expression in androgen receptor (AR)-immunopositive neurons was increased in CT animals. However, no significant differences were found in ACh-mediated single channel or macroscopic currents, the extent of multiple end plates, or end plate morphology for forelimb fibers isolated from C and CT Xenopus. In contrast, analysis of forelimb fibers from gonadally intact adult females and juvenile animals of both sexes revealed that macroscopic synaptic currents were significantly shorter in these animals than in either C or CT adult males. Our data suggest that forelimb fibers in sexually dimorphic muscles of Xenopus do show significant differences in synaptic transmission; however, neither end-plate organization nor functional neuromuscular transmission are subject to activational effects of androgens in adult male frogs. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Effects of monensin and colchicine on myelin galactolipids.

: Monensin and colchicine have been used in a variety of systems to disrupt functioning of the Golgi apparatus and transport of Golgi-derived vesicles to the plasma membrane. In this study the effects of monensin and colchicine on the synthesis of cerebroside and sulfatide and their appearance in myelin were examined to determine whether these myelin components are processed through the Golgi apparatus. Brain slices from rats 17 days old were incubated with [3H]galactose and [35S]sulfate to label cerebroside and sulfatide. Myelin was isolated on sucrose density gradients. Fractions highly enriched in cerebroside and sulfatide were prepared from homogenates and myelin fractions by lipid extraction, alkaline methanolysis, and in some cases TLC. Monensin at 0.1 μM had no significant effect on synthesis of these galactolipids as measured by incorporation of [3H]galactose into cerebroside or [35S]sulfate into sulfatide in homogenates. However, appearance of [35S]sulfatide in the myelin fraction was reduced to 49% of control, while appearance of [3H]cerebroside was not significantly reduced. Colchicine from 1 mM to 0.1 μM had effects similar to monensin, that is, appearance of [35S]sulfatide in myelin was depressed, but again [3H]cerebroside was not affected. Incorporation of [35S]sulfate into sulfatide in homogenate was 93% of control, while appearance of [35S]sulfatide in the myelin fraction was depressed to 58% of control. The inhibition of appearance of sulfatide in myelin by colchicine and monensin is consistent with the view that sulfation of cerebroside occurs in the Golgi and that sulfatide is transported via Golgi-derived vesicles to the forming myelin membrane. Further, synthesis of cerebroside and its appearance in myelin are not inhibited by colchicine or monensin, indicating that cerebroside destined for myelin is not processed through the Golgi apparatus.
Disorganized search on cancellation is not a consequence of neglect

Background: Some studies have suggested that in stroke patients, spatial inattention on the cancellation test is closely related to disorganized visual search. However, methods to assess spatial aspects of search organization on cancellation tests have not been well developed. In this study the authors design and evaluate new methods to quantify strategies of spatial exploration on the cancellation test in stroke patients who showed a broad range of spatial attentional abilities, and test whether disorganization and inattention are related. Methods: Twenty stroke patients were videotaped while they performed a cancellation test. Several variables that reflect spatial aspects of search organization were measured through subsequent video playback. Two patients with severe neglect were excluded from further analysis to avoid constraining the spatial expression of search organization. Spearman correlations were used to assess whether severity of spatial inattention correlated with the individual search organization measures. Results: Of the 18 remaining patients, 10 had mild-moderate spatial neglect (pathologic inattention), while the other 8 omitted at most one target (normal performance). There were no significant correlations between the number of targets omitted and any of the search organization measures. Conclusions: Spatial inattention on cancellation due to neglect following stroke is not closely related to the organization of visual search. Instead, search disorganization during cancellation may reflect disturbance of an unspecified executive control mechanism. NEUROLOGY 2004;63:78 -84 The cancellation test has long been used in stroke patients to assess spatial inattention or neglect (pathologic inattention), partly because it is easy to reproduce and administer. The test presents numer- ous printed images (targets) on a conventionally sized sheet of paper that are to be marked once and individually with a pen or pencil; they are thus "can- celed" as if they are postage stamps. Spatial inatten- tion is measured by the amount of targets left unmarked after the patient indicates test comple- tion. Cancellation neglect is highly correlated with other measures of neglect 1,2 and has repeatedly been found to predict impaired recovery of daily living activities after stroke. 2-6 In contrast, the spatial progression of cancellation by stroke patients has not been comprehensively ex- amined. Several reports have observed that stroke patients with spatial neglect often fail to cancel in a recognizable pattern; they move from target to target erratically. 7-10 This behavior may appear even if the test consists solely of random letters in regular rows, 7 thus showing that experimentally attempting to induce a scanning pattern akin to normal reading may be confounded in some cases. Nonetheless, the extent of disorganization during cancellation, as well as neglect itself, can be influenced by the extent to which the targets themselves are spatially orga-
Semantic and self-referential processing of positive and negative trait adjectives in older adults

The beneficial effects of self-referential processing on memory have been demonstrated in numerous experiments with younger adults but have rarely been studied in older individuals. In the present study we tested young people, younger-older adults, and older-older adults in a self-reference paradigm, and compared self-referential processing to general semantic processing. Findings indicated that older adults over the age of 75 and those with below average episodic memory function showed a decreased benefit from both semantic and self-referential processing relative to a structural baseline condition. However, these effects appeared to be confined to the shared semantic processes for the two conditions, leaving the added advantage for self-referential processing unaffected These results suggest that reference to the self engages qualitatively different processes compared to general semantic processing. These processes seem relatively impervious to age and to declining memory and executive function, suggesting that they might provide a particularly useful way for older adults to improve their memories.
Hydrophobic Hydration Analysis on Amino Acid Solutions by the Microwave Dielectric Method

Hydrophobic hydration was studied by the microwave dielectric method, which has been developed to separate the rotational relaxation of restrained water by hydrophobic side chains from the dielectr...
Pharmacologic stress imaging

Pharmacologic stress imaging has increasingly been employed as an alternative to exercise imaging for detection of coronary artery disease and risk stratification particularly in patients who are unable to perform adequate exercise. Sensitivity and specificity of thallium 201 scintigraphy using intravenous dipyridamole infusion as a stress for coronary artery disease detection average 85% and 91%, respectively. Dipyridamole imaging is also useful for differentiating between ischemia and scar and identifying patients who have an increased risk for subsequent cardiac events. Dipyridamole imaging is particularly useful for preoperative risk stratification in patients undergoing surgery for peripheral vascular or aortic disease. Dipyridamole imaging is also useful for identifying residual myocardial ischemia after myocardial infarction and detecting restenosis after coronary angioplasty. Adverse side effects of dipyridamole are promptly reversed by aminophylline. Dipyridamole stress can also be employed in association with echocardiography for detection of ischemia-induced regional wall motion abnormalities. (JAMA. 1991;265:633-638)
An investigation of interply slip behaviour in AS4/PEEK at forming temperatures

Abstract A test procedure was developed to evaluate the behaviour of the deformation mechanism known as interply slip at temperatures representative of solid-phase and melt-phase forming. The interfaces resulting from plies oriented parallel to the deformation direction and from plies of differing orientation are examined. Results of these tests are presented and observations are noted. The primary influences were found to be temperature and interfacial shear rate. Power-law approximations are determined for the rate variations, and the correlation of these power-law parameters with temperature is discussed.
High temperature tolerance and heat acclimation of Opuntia bigelovii.

The tolerance of Opuntia bigelovii Engelm. (Cactaceae) to high temperature was investigated by subjecting stems to temperatures ranging from 25°C to 65°C for a 1-h period, after which various properties of chlorenchyma cells were examined. The temperatures at which activities depending on membrane integrity decreased by 50% were 60°C for electrolyte leakage, 52°C for staining by neutral red, and 51°C for plasmolysis for plants maintained at day/night air temperatures of 30°C/20°C. Nocturnal acid accumulation, which depends on stomatal opening and enzymatic reactions as well as membrane properties, was half-inactivated at a lower temperature, 46°C. Visual observation indicated that 50% of the stems subjected to a heat treatment of 52°C became necrotic in 2 weeks.
Images of ocean microstructure

Abstract Temperature and salinity structures at the molecular diffisuon scale, which create index of refraction anomalies in the ocean, have been observed using the shadowgraph method in an instrument named “SCIMP”. Images of salt fingers — the convective cells driven by the differential diffusivities of heat and salt — were obtained in the Mediterranean Outflow, in the Caribbean, and in the deep Tyrrhenian Sea. The square-packed domains, which the counterflowing fingers form, converge the light in a pattern of bright vertical bands behind diagonal rows of high index fingers. Random alignment of the domains in a field of fingers makes it probable that some domain is aligned with its diagonal rows parallel to the optic axis. Folded interfaces of high gradient in temperature and salinity appeared in images recorded in the upper 300 m in the Caribbean and near the surface in the other regions. The shadowgraph image of a single interface is a line graded dark on the low index side and bright on the high index side. Curved interface surfaces produce an outline of the portion which lies parallel to the optic axis. Several are produced by deeply convoluted interfaces. Images of salt fingers or folded interfaces are an indication of mixing.
Effect of the CYBER 205 on the choice of method for solving the eigenvalue problem (A-λm)x =0

Abstract We consider the generalized eigenvalue problem. ( A − λ M ) x = 0, where A and M are large, sparse, symmetric matrices. For large problems finding only a few eigenpairs involves a major computational task. In a typical example from structural dynamic analysis with matrices of order 8000, O(10 9 ) operations are required to compute 50 eigenpairs. It is therefore interesting to examine the advantage that vector computers such as CYBER 205 can offer. We adopted our best versions of the Subspace Iteration Method and the simple Lanczos Method in order to take advantage of the special vector processor of the CYBER 205. Both techniques lend themselves to vectorization. Our extensive comparisons support the following general statements. Both methods require the triangular factorization of the same large n by n matrix. This factorization dominates the total computation as n → ∞ provided that the number of wanted eigenpairs, p , remains fixed (independent of n ). However, simple Lanczos is at least an order of magnitude more efficient (in CPU-time) for the remainder of the computation. For p = 40, n = 500 the factorization time is not important and the full order of magnitude difference is seen in the total CPU-time. When p = 40, n = 8000 simple Lanczos is only 4 times faster than Subspace Iteration on the CYBER 205. This confirms experience on serial computers. For problems that cannot fit into primary storage, input/output becomes increasingly important. We found that the cost of input/output dominated over the CPU-cost for a problem that required twice the available primary storage on our CYBER 205. However, this will depend on the billing algorithm of the computer center. We conclude that problems which have a substantial overhead in reading and writing the matrices, should not be solved by the simple Lanczos Method, but by a Block Lanczos Method.
Solar cells efficiency variations with varying atmospheric conditions

Abstract The resuls of model simulations and analyses of operating solar cell efficiencies are reported. Defined as the ratio (%) between the electrical output power of the device and the total incident radiant power, this efficiency is somewhat ambiguous as it ignores the effects of temperature, total irradiance, and the spectral distribution of the light source. Since the total intensity and spectral distribution of sunlight varies with atmospheric conditions such as cloudiness, total column ozone, turbidity, and precipitable water, the efficiency of a cell operating in a field installation may also be a function of the above factors. This paper examines variation of modeled and observed cell efficiencies with atmospheric variations. Variations in turbidity and water vapor content drive the SPCTRAL2 solar spectral radiation model of Bird and Riordan (1986). Model output, coupled with prescribed spectral response functions representing monocrystalline and amorphous solar cells, is used to model the efficiency of these cell types. The modeled efficiency rises with increasing humidity, especially for the simulated amorphous cell. Simulated efficiency decreases with increasing turbidity for both modeled cell types. The amount of increase or decrease dependents on the spectral response specified. The measured performance of different solar cells operating at the PVUSA site in Davis, California is also analyzed. The major factors found to cause variations in operational efficiency are ambient temperature and total irradiance intensity. The authors also observed increases of the apparent efficiency of amorphous cells with decreasing energy in the red portion of the solar spectrum which are consistent with model predictions.
Synthesis, characterization, and reactivity of organometallic Zr(IV) carboxylate complexes

Abstract A series of zirconium(IV) complexes, [ZrX2(XDK)], where XDK is the constrained carboxylate ligand m-xylylenediamine bis(Kemp's triacid imide), were prepared and structurally characterized. The solid state structure of the mononuclear carboxylate alkyl complex [Zr(CH2Ph)2(XDK)] reveals that one benzyl group is bonded in an η2-fashion to the metal center. The reactivity of [Zr(CH2Ph)2(XDK)] displays its electrophilic character toward nucleophiles strong enough to displace the η2-benzyl group. Thus, weak sigma donor ligands such as CO, alkynes and anilines do not react, whereas strong sigma donors, such as pyridines and isocyanides, rapidly form the monoadduct [Zr(CH2Ph)2(4-tert-butylpyridine)(XDK)] and [Zr{η2-2,6-Me2PhNCCH2Ph}2(XDK)], an η2-iminoacyl derivative, respectively. Attempts to prepare zirconium amido complexes with H2XDK generally afforded the eight-coordinate [Zr(XDK)2] complex but use of the small amido ligand precursorZr(NMe2)4 allowed [Zr(NMe2)2(4-tert-butylpyridine)(XDK)] to be isolated in good yield.
Nonadiabatic processes in condensed matter: semi-classical theory and implementation

Abstract The description of nonadiabatic processes is important to the understanding of a wide variety of dynamical processes in condensed matter. We describe technical aspects of our “quantum molecular dynamics” algorithm, focusing on: (1) the interaction between a quantum system and classical bath via a “quantum” force, (2) general properties and advantages of such a semiclassical theory, and (3) significant improvement in two numerical techniques developed for implementation of the theory. The successful application to large-scale simulations is briefly described.
Factors Influencing Recruitment of Crappies in Chautauqua Lake, New York

Abstract Black crappies Pomoxis nigromaculatus and white crappies P. annularis were introduced to Chautauqua Lake from Sodus Bay of Lake Ontario (New York) in the late 1920s to establish a recreational fishery. The abundance of both species rapidly increased, and an intensive recreational fishery developed. Anecdotal accounts from the recreational fishery and catches in pound nets indicate that both species remained at high levels of abundance until the 1970s. However, the catch of age-2 crappies in gill-net samples has declined since 1978. Index trawling from 1978 to 1999 indicated that the year-class strength of black and white crappies was synchronized and fixed between fall of age 0 and fall of age 1. Age-0 crappie abundance was positively associated with the biomass of walleye prey (yellow perch Perca flavescens, sunfish Lepomis spp., and white perch Morone americana) and negatively associated with that of walleye Stizostedion vitreum, showing that availability of alternative prey affects walleye pre...
Radial yield variations in semiconductor wafers

Detailed examination of yield data from several different products in two different technologies and two different wafer sizes has shown a pronounced radial dependence. In all cases, the yield profile has a distinct knee starting at about 10 mm from the wafer periphery, dropping steeply within the final 5 mm. The similarity in yield profile near the periphery across all the products examined suggests that edge yield loss is of a gross nature and is not caused by design, technology, wafer size, or random defects.
MALDI-MS analysis of peptides modified with photolabile arylazido groups.

The ability of MALDI-MS to analyze photolabile arylazido peptide derivatives was investigated. Peptides containing UV-labile p-azidobenzoyl groups were subjected to MALDI-MS analysis in a variety of matrices. As standard MALDI-MS employs a UV laser (337 nm), we investigated conditions that would allow detection of the intact molecule ions for these light-sensitive peptides. When using α-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid (ACHC) or 2,5 dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHB) as the matrix, photoinduced degradation products were prevalent. In contrast, when employing the matrix sinapinic acid, the intact molecule ion corresponding with the azido peptide was the predominant signal. The protection of photolabile azido derivatives correlates with the UV absorbance properties of the matrix employed, i.e., sinapinic acid, which exhibits a strong absorbance near 337 nm, most efficiently protects the azido derivative from photodegradation.
High field magnetoresistance of La1.99Sr0.01CuO4+δ

The in-plane resistance of a La1.99Sr0.01CuO4 single crystal has been measured as a function of temperature (4K<T<300K) and magnetic field (B≤18T). The measurements indicate a strong coupling between the charge carriers and the interlayer order of the out-of-plane Cu2+ spin component.