cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
DECREASED RADIOPHARMACEUTICAL UPTAKE (PHOTOPENIA) IN DELAYED PHASE SCINTIGRAPHIC IMAGES IN THREE HORSES

Decreased radiopharmaceutical uptake, photopenia, in delayed phase scintigraphic images is recognized in people but has only been reported rarely in horses. We describe three horses with septic osteitis, bone sequestrum formation, or distal limb thrombosis that had photopenia of the affected extremity. Photopenia may indicate the presence of ischemia and can be used to facilitate clinical decision making and prognosis assessment in horses.
An adaptive route to innate immunity

Recent notions of the immune response focus on the idea that innate pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs) lead to adaptive immune responses.
Physical Activity and Food Environments: Solutions to the Obesity Epidemic

Context: Environmental, policy, and societal changes are important contributors to the rapid rise in obesity over the past few decades, and there has been substantial progress toward identifying environmental and policy factors related to eating and physical activity that can point toward solutions. This article is a status report on research on physical activity and food environments, and it suggests how these findings can be used to improve diet and physical activity and to control or reduce obesity. Methods: This article summarizes and synthesizes recent reviews and provides examples of representative studies. It also describes ongoing innovative interventions and policy change efforts that were identified through conference presentations, media coverage, and websites. Findings: Numerous cross-sectional studies have consistently demonstrated that some attributes of built and food environments are associated with physical activity, healthful eating, and obesity. Residents of walkable neighborhoods who have good access to recreation facilities are more likely to be physically active and less likely to be overweight or obese. Residents of communities with ready access to healthy foods also tend to have more healthful diets. Disparities in environments and policies that disadvantage low-income communities and racial minorities have been documented as well. Evidence from multilevel studies, prospective research, and quasi-experimental evaluations of environmental changes are just beginning to emerge. Conclusions: Environment, policy, and multilevel strategies for improving diet, physical activity, and obesity control are recommended based on a rapidly growing body of research and the collective wisdom of leading expert organizations. A public health imperative to identify and implement solutions to the obesity epidemic warrants the use of the most promising strategies while continuing to build the evidence base.
Free-ion yield and electron-ion recombination rate in liquefied rare gases: the case of liquid krypton

Abstract Free-ion yield in liquid krypton has been calculated at low LET as a function of the external field according to a re-encounter theory recently proposed by the author. Comparison with experimental results reveals k r / k D ≃0.22 at 120 K, where k r is the specific rate of electron-ion recombination and k D is the corresponding Debye rate. Encounter reaction efficiency for electron-ion recombination is found to lie in the range 0.08–0.11, consistent with initial radial separation of thermalized electrons between 3000 and 6000 nm.
Dichloromethane inhalation, carboxyhemoglobin concentrations, and drug metabolizing enzymes in rabbits.

Abstract The relationship between inhaled dichloromethane (DCM) and percentage of carboxyhemoglobin (% COHb) in blood has been investigated in rabbits. After a single 20-min exposure to DCM, % COHb rose to a maximum within 2–3 hr and usually declined to basal values within 8 hr. The maximum COHb concentration and the time to reach that value were DCM concentration-dependent. In rabbits given a 4-hr exposure to DCM, % COHb increased over the first 2–3 hr, reaching a peak by about 4 hr with a return to basal levels within 24 hr. Studies were carried out to determine whether treatment with modifiers of hepatic mixed-function oxidase changed the % COHb response after DCM exposure. Of the compounds investigated, only CCl 4 and phenobarbital altered % COHb resulting from DCM inhalation. As expected, CCl 4 , a potent hepatotoxin, reduced the % COHb resulting from DCM inhalation. Contrary to expectations phenobarbital also lowered the COHb response from DCM inhalation although the decrease was not as marked as that caused by CCl 4 .
Myocardial adenylate cyclase: studies on the relationship of activity to purity of sarcolemmal preparation.

Abstract Adenylate cyclase activity was assayed in washed particulate preparations and in relatively pure sarcolemmal preparations made from guinea pig and rat hearts. Basal activity in washed particulate preparations of guinea pig hearts was 41 pmol cyclic AMP formed/mg/min. The response of this preparation to epinephrine (10μ m ) was variable, the activity in some experiments being no greater than basal while in other experiments it was stimulated 25%. NaF (8m m ) stimulated activity 4-fold. Basal activity in the purified sarcolemmal preparation was enriched to 71 pmol/mg/min. This preparation was consistently stimulated 2-fold by epinephrine (10μ m ), 1.4-fold by histamine (10μ m ) and 13-fold by NaF (8m m ). Similar results were found in preprations made from rat hearts. Basal activity in the purified preparation made from rat hearts was 13 pmol/mg/min. This activity was stimulated 2.2 fold by epinephrine (10μ m ), 2-fold by glucagon (10μ m ) and 14-fold by NaF (8m m ). These results demonstrate that purification of myocardial plasma membranes not only enriches basal activity of adenylate cyclase but also enhances the responsiveness of the enzyme to hormones and NaF.
Silver acetate gum as a deterrent to smoking.

Silver acetate chewing gum, a nonprescription medication, produces an unpleasant metallic taste in the mouth of individuals who consume tobacco products in conjunction with this smoking deterrent. Use of the product leads to selfinduced aversive conditioning. In the present double-blind controlled study, subjects using silver acetate for three weeks of treatment had a smoking cessation rate of 15 out of 136 (11 percent, p=0.02). Placebo subjects had a smoking cessation rate of 6 out of 146 (4 percent, p = .102). Without further treatment, the group using silver acetate demonstrated a 7 percent nonsmoking rate at four months compared with a 3 percent nonsmoking rate for the placebo group. Silver acetate demonstrated a modest benefit over placebo as a smoking deterrent in a minimal intervention and highly cost-effective treatment setting.
Origin of kink bands in the Golconda allochthon, Toiyabe Range, Nevada

The orientation of monoclinal and conjugate kink bands in three thrust sheets of the Golconda allochthon in the southern Toiyabe Range, Nevada, provides information about shortening directions during the late-stage emplacement of the allochthon. The kink bands are the youngest of the structures within the allochthon and postdate the stacking of internal thrust sheets. The reoriented attitudes of the kink bands along the Golconda thrust, the sole of the allochthon, indicate that the kinks formed before the latest movement along the thrust. Calculated shortening directions from kink bands are interpreted to represent synchronous orthogonal contractions that led to the formation of two discrete groups of monoclinal and local conjugate kink bands. One group apparently was caused by an east-west shortening subparallel to the direction of tectonic transport of the allochthon, and the other, by an approximately north-south shortening subparallel to the strike of the allochthon. The biaxial contraction may have been generated owing to the spoon-shaped configuration of the sole thrust of the allochthon. Kink bands probably were developed during ramping of the allochthon up the continental margin when cleavage rotated to gentler dips and erosional unroofing reduced the normal stress across the cleavage for slip to occur parallel to cleavage.
Feature-Preserving Reconstruction of Singular Surfaces

Reconstructing a surface mesh from a set of discrete point samples is a fundamental problem in geometric modeling. It becomes challenging in presence of ‘singularities’ such as boundaries, sharp features, and non-manifolds. A few of the current research in reconstruction have addressed handling some of these singularities, but a unified approach to handle them all is missing. In this paper we allow the presence of various singularities by requiring that the sampled object is a collection of smooth surface patches with boundaries that can meet or intersect. Our algorithm first identifies and reconstructs the features where singularities occur. Next, it reconstructs the surface patches containing these feature curves. The identification and reconstruction of feature curves are achieved by a novel combination of the Gaussian weighted graph Laplacian and the Reeb graphs. The global reconstruction is achieved by a method akin to the well known Cocone reconstruction, but with weighted Delaunay triangulation that allows protecting the feature samples with balls. We provide various experimental results to demonstrate the effectiveness of our feature-preserving singular surface reconstruction algorithm. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The dividend policies of all‐equity firms: A direct test of the free cash flow theory

This paper finds support for Jensen's (1986) hypothesis that dividends and debt are substitute mechanisms for controlling the agency costs of free cash flow. We find that dividend payout ratios of a sample of all-equity firms are significantly higher than those of a control group of levered firms. Further, within the group of all-equity firms, firms with lower managerial holdings have higher payout ratios. These results hold after controlling for free cash flow and growth rates. Overall, our evidence suggests that dividends and managerial ownership are substitute mechanisms for reducing agency costs in all-equity firms.
Incidental Findings and Ancillary-Care Obligations:

Recent work on incidental findings, concentrating on the difficult problems posed by the ambiguous results often generated by high-tech medicine, has proceeded largely independently from recent work on medical researchers' ancillary-care obligations, the obligations that researchers have to deal with diseases or conditions besides the one(s) under study. This paper contends that the two topics are morally linked, and specifically that a sound understanding of ancillary-care obligations will center them on incidental findings. The paper sets out and defends an understanding of ancillary-care obligations, which is based on the idea that when participants signed up for a study they may -- independently of their beliefs and expectations and of those of the researchers -- be taken to have partially entrusted certain aspects of their health into the researchers' hands. This partial entrustment model of ancillary-care obligations, in turn, has substantive implications for how to deal ethically with incidental findings; for instance, it suggests that researchers have no moral obligation to hunt for incidental findings.
Time trends in cost of caring for people with gastroesophageal reflux disease.

Abstract OBJECTIVE: Increasing acceptance of the many permutations of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) has led to diverse study of the disease and its effects. The goal of this study was to estimate medical care costs attributable to a defined GERD population over time. Methods: A retrospective cohort control design was used. All participants were identified from the database of a managed care organization serving 300,000 people in the northeastern United States. The index population (n = 600) was defined as anyone who obtained medical services during 1997 or 1998, for any International Classification of Diseases (ninth revision, Clinical Modification) codes suggestive of GERD, and/or anyone who received at least one prescription and one refill for antisecretory or GERD medications during at least two 3-month periods in 1997 or 1998. A matched cohort (n = 600) without any diagnosis of GERD was randomly selected as a control group. Both populations were observed restrospectively from January 1, 1990 through December 31, 1998. Results: The cost of treating GERD averaged around $510 per year, about 15% of all medical costs for those with GERD. Treating people with GERD was about 2-fold more costly than treating those without GERD, a marginal cost of $1500 to $2000 per annum. Conclusion: Although GERD is a low-cost disease to treat, the cost of treating people with GERD is subtantially greater than that for a comparable population without GERD. Two explanations may account for the large difference of costs between the study populations. First, the GERD group may be sicker than the control group. Disease severity variables and diagnoses associated with GERD were more commonly diagnosed in the GERD group. Second, an additional disease that is not treated appropriately increases the cost of treatment geometrically for all diseases.
Dietary arginine depletion reduces depressive-like responses in male, but not female, mice

Previous behavioral studies have manipulated nitric oxide (NO) production either by pharmacological inhibition of its synthetic enzyme, nitric oxide synthase (NOS), or by deletion of the genes that code for NOS. However manipulation of dietary intake of the NO precursor, L-arginine, has been understudied in regard to behavioral regulation. L-Arginine is a common amino acid present in many mammalian diets and is essential during development. In the brain L-arginine is converted into NO and citrulline by the enzyme, neuronal NOS (nNOS). In Experiment 1, paired mice were fed a diet comprised either of an L-arginine-depleted, L-arginine-supplemented, or standard level of L-arginine during pregnancy. Offspring were continuously fed the same diets and were tested in adulthood in elevated plus maze, forced swim, and resident-intruder aggression tests. L-Arginine depletion reduced depressive-like responses in male, but not female, mice and failed to significantly alter anxiety-like or aggressive behaviors. Arginine depletion throughout life reduced body mass overall and eliminated the sex difference in body mass. Additionally, arginine depletion significantly increased corticosterone concentrations, which negatively correlated with time spent floating. In Experiment 2, adult mice were fed arginine-defined diets two weeks prior to and during behavioral testing, and again tested in the aforementioned tests. Arginine depletion reduced depressive-like responses in the forced swim test, but did not alter behavior in the elevated plus maze or the resident intruder aggression test. Corticosterone concentrations were not altered by arginine diet manipulation in adulthood. These results indicate that arginine depletion throughout development, as well as during a discrete period during adulthood ameliorates depressive-like responses. These results may yield new insights into the etiology and sex differences of depression.
Partial purification and characterization of phenobarbital‐induced house fly cytochrome P‐450

Two forms of phenobarbital-induced cytochrome P-450 were partially purified from the Rutgers diazinon-resistant strain of house fly using cholate solubilization, polyethylene glycol 6000 precipitation, and chromatography on DEAE cellulose. The preparation of highest purity had an absorbance maximum of 452 nm, a specific content of 10.0 nmol/mg protein, and an apparent molecular weight of 60,000 when examined by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide electrophoresis. The yield of the highly purified cytochrome P-450 was 2–3%. This form contained proportionately less cytochrome P-420 than the original cholate solubilized microsomes, and is thus apparently more stable. A second form of cytochrome P-450 having a specific content of 0.50–0.89 nmol/mg protein was eluted from DEAE cellulose with a 0-0.25 M salt gradient. This is consistent with a previously reported elution pattern for Emulgen 913-solubilized house fly microsomes. Several methods of solubilizing house fly microsomes were examined. High salt, 2M KCI, in the absence of detergents effectively solubilized cytochrome P-450 (50–70% recovery) with little or no conversion to cytochrome P-(420).
NOAA Research Vessel Explores Atlantic Ocean Seamounts

Mike Ford, a biological oceanographer with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), sat rapt in front of a bank of high-definition monitors. They provided live video and data feeds from a tethered pair of instrument-laden remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) that were descending 4692 meters on their deepest dive ever. Their target: an unnamed and unexplored New England seamount discovered in the North Atlantic last year.
Entertainment-Education and Strategic Communication: A Case Study of Sesame Workshop's “Talk, Listen, Connect” Initiative for Military Families

The Sesame Street Talk, Listen, Connect (TLC) initiative is a multimedia example of Entertainment-Education that leveraged the popular Sesame Street platform to deliver key information to military families about how to communicate with children about feelings related to deployment and homecomings, and other tough issues related to military life. This paper is organized as an in-depth case study of the TLC initiative, including interviews with key program developers. The research analyzes the TLC initiative as an exemplar of Entertainment-Education, and compares this example of Entertainment-Education to a strategic communication model. Known and accepted models of strategic communication that appear widely in the literature were referenced. To develop an Entertainment-Education model, a review of the relevant literature was conducted and social cognitive theory, elaboration likelihood model and diffusion of innovation theory were employed as foundational theoretical frameworks. Recommendations for future ...
High-rate, high-yield production of methanol by ammonia-oxidizing bacteria.

The overall goal of this study was to develop an appropriate biological process for achieving autotrophic conversion of methane (CH4) to methanol (CH3OH). In this study, we employed ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) to selectively and partially oxidize CH4 to CH3OH. In fed-batch reactors using mixed nitrifying enrichment cultures from a continuous bioreactor, up to 59.89 ± 1.12 mg COD/L of CH3OH was produced within an incubation time of 7 h, which is approximately ten times the yield obtained previously using pure cultures of Nitrosomonas europaea. The maximum specific rate of CH4 to CH3OH conversion obtained during this study was 0.82 mg CH3OH COD/mg AOB biomass COD-d, which is 1.5 times the highest value reported with pure cultures. Notwithstanding these positive results, CH4 oxidation to CH3OH by AOB was inhibited by NH3 (the primary substrate for the oxidative enzyme, ammonia monooxygenase, AMO) as well as the product, CH3OH, itself. Further, oxidation of CH4 to CH3OH by AOB was also limited by reducin...
Macromolecular synthesis in cells infected by frog virus — VIII. The nucleus is a site of frog virus 3 DNA and RNA synthesis

Abstract The replication of frog virus 3 (FV 3) had been thought to occur exclusively in the cytoplasm. However, we recently reported that FV 3 did not replicate in enucleated or ultraviolet light (uv)-irradiated cells nor was viral DNA or RNA synthesized [Goorha, R., Willis, D. B., and Granoff, A. (1977).]. To elucidate the role of the nucleus in FV 3 replication further, we studied viral DNA and RNA synthesis in infected cells by electron microscopic autoradiography and by biochemical techniques. The results show that a fraction of FV 3 DNA is synthesized in the nucleus and then transported into the cytoplasm. The same is true for a fraction of FV 3-specific RNA. We have characterized the DNA molecules in these cell compartments. Both nuclear and cytoplasmic DNA appeared between 1 and 2 hr after infection. The molecular weight of newly synthesized nuclear viral DNA, as measured by sedimentation in alkaline sucrose gradients, did not exceed 8 × 106 regardless of the labeling period. In contrast, the cytoplasmic fraction contained only DNA sedimenting at a rate expected for a single strand of the viral genome (50 × 106 daltons). Pulse-chase experiments provided evidence for a precursor-product relationship between the nuclear and cytoplasmic DNA: About 35% of the nuclear DNA was chased into the cytoplasm and was genome size at the end of a 4-hr chase period. Nuclear viral DNA synthesis was more sensitive to cycloheximide, which inhibits initiation of DNA synthesis by inhibiting viral protein synthesis, than was cytoplasmic viral DNA synthesis. These data provide strong evidence for the nucleus as a site of FV 3 DNA and RNA synthesis and support the conclusion that FV 3 DNA synthesis is initiated in the nucleus and completed in the cytoplasm.
Asthma and Allergic Disease Centers Workshop

The Asthma and Allergic Disease Centers Workshops, held at thcb National Institutes of Health and sponsored by the National Institute of Allerg?: and Infectious Diseases, arp an annual and eagerly anticipated cvcbnt for the Center program directors and their key staff. Thcsc. workshops provide a forum for free-flowing exchange of ideas, progress reports, discussion of mutual s&ntific and administrative problems pertinent to Center activities, and exploration of future possibilities for coordinated clinical trials. IIaving entered its fourth year. the program now can report substantial progress. 1.ndcr the cffcctivt chairmanship of Dr. K. Frank Austen, the participants of the most recent workshop provided material for an exciting and productive meeting. Some 72 scientists, representing various disciplines from 17 (Yetiters* in 13 of the IJnited States, gathered la& Deeember 5-6 in Bethesda to discuss their most recent findings in the study of allergic disorders. The discussions focua:d on three major topics. each the subject of a separate session.
Carotenoid–radical interactions

Carotenoids have been reported to react with virtually any radical species likely to be encountered in a biological system. The products of such reactions are frequently short-lived radical species that can decay to more stable products. In some cases, stable adducts can be observed, but in the majority of interactions with radicals, carotenoids break down to degradation products very similar to what is seen with oxidative degradation. It is only recently that the biological activity of these breakdown products has begun to be investigated.
VHS domains of ESCRT‐0 cooperate in high‐avidity binding to polyubiquitinated cargo

VHS (Vps27, Hrs, and STAM) domains occur in ESCRT-0 subunits Hrs and STAM, GGA adapters, and other trafficking proteins. The structure of the STAM VHS domain–ubiquitin complex was solved at 2.6 A resolution, revealing that determinants for ubiquitin recognition are conserved in nearly all VHS domains. VHS domains from all classes of VHS-domain containing proteins in yeast and humans, including both subunits of ESCRT-0, bound ubiquitin in vitro. ESCRTs have been implicated in the sorting of Lys63-linked polyubiquitinated cargo. Intact human ESCRT-0 binds Lys63-linked tetraubiquitin 50-fold more tightly than monoubiquitin, though only 2-fold more tightly than Lys48-linked tetraubiquitin. The gain in affinity is attributed to the cooperation of flexibly connected VHS and UIM motifs of ESCRT-0 in avid binding to the polyubiquitin chain. Mutational analysis of all the five ubiquitin-binding sites in yeast ESCRT-0 shows that cooperation between them is required for the sorting of the Lys63-linked polyubiquitinated cargo Cps1 to the vacuole.
Mechanosynthesis of three-dimensional replicated nanostructures by nanolithography-based molecular manipulation

This paper reports a nanoscopic mechanosynthesis of three-dimensional (3D) nanostructures by nanolithography-based molecular manipulation (NMM) of target molecules for the applications requiring both physical and chemical anisotropies. The reported molecular manipulators with nanometer-sized patterns and anisotropic surface functionalities are fabricated by exploiting the hybrid nanometer-scale NMM process. They are then utilized for positional nanoassembly of molecules followed by mechanosynthesis producing 3D nanoreplicas. This approach offers “top-down” design and fabrication of morphological features of nanoparticles (NPs). Three types of replicated sub-10nm polystyrene (PS) nanostructures have been successfully demonstrated in this work, namely, “nanomushrooms”, “nanospikes”, and high-aspect-ratio “nanofibers”.
Characterization of ion implanted deuterium traps in nickel by equilibration with deuterium gas

Abstract Deuterium traps produced in nickel by ion implantation of helium have been characterized using a new experimental approach in which the deuterium is introduced by equilibration with deuterium gas. A differentially pumped target chamber allows the amount of trapped deuterium to be monitored by nuclear reaction analysis during the equilibration. Measurements were made for various temperatures and gas pressures spanning a range of trap occupation from nearly empty to nearly full. Trapping was found to be consistent with the presence of two types of traps with respective binding enthalpies of 0.52 eV and 0.43 eV. The number of traps and their binding enthalpies determined here are in good agreement with the values obtained in earlier studies using dynamic release methods. The number of traps was not changed by annealing at 200°C, consistent with the identification of the two types of traps as helium bubbles and vacancy clusters.
Leopardi's "L'infinito": A Cognitive View

(2006). Leopardi's 'L'infinito': A Cognitive View. Symposium: A Quarterly Journal in Modern Literatures: Vol. 60, No. 2, pp. 67-80.
Binding of Thallous Ion by Casein

Abstract A study of the binding of thallous ion by whole casein by the equilibrium dialysis method at pH 7.0, ionic strength 0.4 and 2C indicates that the ion is bound at 16.72 independent binding sites per 10 5 g of casein with the same intrinsic dissociation constant of 3.995×10 -3 moles/liter.
Occlusion of a recurrent tracheoesophageal fistula with surgisis.

ABSTRACT Recurrent fistula after the repair of esophageal atresia with a tracheoesophageal fistula is a difficult problem that requires a reoperation. Each subsequent operation poses greater risk and morbidity. Therefore, in this paper we describe a case in which a fistula recurred after the initial esophageal aresia repair, then recurred again after a thoracotomy to repair the recurrence. This recurrence was successfully treated with endobronchial obliteration of the fistula tract with a biosynthetic mesh.
Temperature prediction in thermal-lag equipment

IN MISSILE applications, electric equipment is required to function for a relatively short period of time in a hot ambient atmosphere, but is deprived of external cooling media such as air or oil. The dependability of the equipment depends on its ability to absorb its own heat losses or to transmit these losses by conduction to cooler surroundings. The general purpose of this paper is to present a method for predicting simultaneously the transient temperatures in two heat-generating solids such that both materials store some heat, while some heat is transmitted from one to the other and thence possibly to a third region at a fixed temperature. In particular, mean transient temperatures are predicted in the field winding and laminations of an a-c generator which is bolted to a support, but otherwise insulated from the ambient atmosphere. Application of this method to temperature prediction in solid-state devices is natural.
Optimal evasion with a path-angle constraint and against two pursuers

We consider the problem of optimal evasion when the pursuer is known to employ fixed-gain proportional naviga- tion. The performance index is a measure of closest approach. The analysis is done for planar motions at constant speed, and the kinematics are first linearized around a nominal collision course. Two cases are studied. The first involves optimal evasion with a terminal path-angle constraint for the evader, and the second, optimal evasion against more than one pursuer. The latter is studied as an optimal evasion against one pursuer with state constraints imposed by the others. The optimal controls are shown to be "bang-bang," with the number of switches depending on the pursuer's navigation gain and the particular constraints of each case. URSUIT-EVASION problems have been traditionally classified among the classical examples of differential game theory. In the last 15 years, a different approach has been applied to these problems,1"4 namely, to fix the pursuer's strat- egy and form a one-sided optimal control problem for the evader. This approach, being conceptually simpler than the former, enables more realistic models to be applied for the dynamics of the opponents. In general, the fixed pursuer's strategy has been taken as constant gain, proportional naviga- tion that, under some formulations, is an optimal strategy for the pursuer. We shall consider two related problems in which the optimal evasive maneuvers are subjected to some state constraints. The first problem to be considered in this work is the optimal eva- sion with a terminal path-angle constraint. The motivation for this problem is derived from cases in which the evading vehicle is a missile, guiding toward a fixed target, and the pursuer is an interceptor trying to protect this target. Thus, the evasive maneuver is constrained by a terminal path- (or heading) angle constraint to guarantee capture of the fixed target. The inter- ceptor is successful if the evader is destroyed, or if it is made to deviate significantly from its course. It will be shown that this problem has some interesting features whose importance may exceed the bounds of the pursuit-evasion conflict. The motivation for the second problem is self-evident. We shall consider the problem of optimal evasion against more than one, starting with two pursuers. This problem will be studied as an optimal evasion against one pursuer subject to a minimum required miss distance of the others. We shall allow the pursuers to select their launch time so as to minimize the closest approach. The models to be used are all linear, due to the relative complexity of the problems. Consequently, the results will be valid in the vicinity of the nominal collision courses.
EXAMINING THE LOGIC OF WORLD FEDERAL GOVERNMENT

A vast literature advancing the case for world federalism has its origins in our own century. At the same time, there is no reason to suppose that this case rests on more durable intellectual foundations today than it did when Pierre Dubois wrote on the subject in 1306. In volume after volume, there is no evidence to suggest that a systematic examination of the federal model is ever undertaken. Indeed, from the standpoint of effective power-management or war prevention, the improved character of proposed configurations is never even doubted. It is accepted as self-evident. This situation is regrettable. The requirements of effective powermanagement in the world system are extraordinarily complex. Whether or not federal alternatives are more suitable than prevailing arrangements for the mangement of global power depends upon the outcome of painstaking investigation. Intuition and "common sense" are not enough. With this in mind, the following essay will, after reviewing the long tradition of world federalist advocacy, systematically examine the power-management features of the world federal model. This examination will not rest upon the kind of "reasoning by analogy" which ordinarily characterizes such study. (Such reasoning derives from the mistaken assumption that the national actors in world politics are guided by the same preference orderings as their constituent sub-units, e.g., states, provinces, cantons.) Rather, it will seek predictive conclusions by drawing out the implications of certain explicitly-stated assumptions pertaining to the behavior of nations in world politics.
mediated discourse analysis: researching young children’s non-verbal interactions as social practice:

Young children often use actions rather than talk as they interact with objects and each other to strategically shape the social, material, and cultural environment. New dynamic research designs an...
Serotonergic-dopaminergic mediation of MDMA's discriminative stimulus effects in a three-choice discrimination.

Abstract (±)3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; “Ecstasy”) is a common drug of abuse that is often described as both a psychostimulant and a hallucinogen. Two-choice drug discriminations (i.e. drug vs. nondrug) in nonhumans comparing the discriminative stimulus properties of MDMA to psychostimulants or hallucinogens have produced somewhat inconsistent findings. The relative contribution of serotonergic versus dopaminergic actions to MDMA's discriminative stimulus effects may depend on the training stimulus conditions employed. We have previously demonstrated that rats can learn to discriminate the effects of MDMA and d -amphetamine in a three-choice drug discrimination procedure, and that LSD produced nearly complete substitution for MDMA under these conditions, and fenfluramine fully substituted for MDMA. In the present study, 12 rats were trained to discriminate LSD (0.08 mg/kg) and MDMA (1.5 mg/kg) from saline in a three-choice drug discrimination procedure under a fixed-ratio (FR) 10 schedule of food reinforcement. d -Amphetamine produced only partial substitution for MDMA while fenfluramine produced complete stimulus generalization. Low doses of d -amphetamine and fenfluramine produced greater stimulus generalization when administered in combination than when given alone. The serontonin2 antagonist MDL-100,907 only partially blocked the MDMA cue, but completely antagonized LSD discrimination. The dopamine antagonist haloperidol also failed to block MDMA discrimination. These results indicate that 5-HT release is a salient feature to MDMA's discriminative stimulus effects but that MDMA produces a compound discriminative stimulus.
The Importance of Ethnic Cultural Competency in Physical Education.

The importance of cultural competency in physical education is unmistakable. The National Association for Sport and Physical Education (NASPE) has identified elements of cultural competency within both the National Standards for Physical Education and the National Standards and Guidelines for Physical Education Teacher Education. Although there are clearly identified standards for both students and teacher candidates designed to address the needs of diverse populations, many teachers seemingly do not align their teaching approach to these principles. And while there is an abundance of literature delineating the relationship between cultural competency and student learning, there is a lack of literature examining strategies for providing practical methods and resources for faculty to develop and strengthen their own cultural competency. The purpose of this article is to emphasize the importance of developing cultural competency among physical educators from all levels.
Erratic behavior of invariant circles in standard-like mappings

Abstract We study mappings like the standard map but with the sine replaced by another function. By varying a parameter in this function, it changes smoothly from the sine to a piecewise-linear (pwl) function. The function is always analytic, except when it is pwl. Taking the function close enough to the pwl function, it is found that KAM tori can reappear after they disappeared when the nonlinearity is increased. When plotting the boundary around the area where a KAM torus with noble winding number exists, in the plane of the non-linearity versus the “distance” of the function to the pwl function, self-similarity is observed.
Longevity and Growth Rates of the Gumboot Chiton, Cryptochiton stelleri, and the Black Leather Chiton, Katharina tunicata

Few studies have documented chiton growth rates, and lifespans for most chiton species remain unknown. This study presents the first size-at-age and longevity estimates for Cryptochiton stelleri and Katharina tunicata, two of the largest known species of chitons. Age estimates were based on growth ring counts obtained by cross-sectioning and polishing valves. This process alone showed clear growth rings in shell plates of K. tunicata. Valves of C. stelleri did not show conspicuous growth rings in cross section, so the acetate peel technique was used to highlight growth bands. Linear growth in terms of body length and shell width approached an asymptote in both species and was described with the von Bertalanffy growth function. Both C. stelleri and K. tunicata displayed indeterminate growth with regard to tissue weight and shell weight, continuing to maintain a steady growth rate throughout their lifespans. The oldest K. tunicata specimen was estimated to be 17 years old. The oldest C. stelleri was estimated to be 40 years old, making it the longest-lived chiton species known.
Aboveground decomposition in arid environments : Results of a long-term study in central New Mexico

Abstract The literature on aboveground litter decomposition in arid environments, which is dominated by short-term studies (one- to three-year duration), shows no consistent relationship between mass loss rates and factors controlling decomposition in mesic environments. For ten years, we repeated a decomposition study of five species in four arid to semi-arid biomes in central New Mexico. Annual precipitation during the study ranged from 60% to 150% of the long-term mean. Mass remaining after one year of decomposition varied widely between species: Bouteloua eriopoda (47–85%), Bouteloua gracilis (31–87%), Juniperus monosperma (62–85%), Larrea tridentata (14–67%), and Oryzopsis hymenoides (22–88%). No consistent results were found relating percent mass change during several intra-annual intervals with initial litter C:N or current, cumulative or antecedent precipitation for any species at any site. The relative rates of decomposition were L. tridentata ⪢ O. hymenoides > B. eriopoda = J. monosperma > B. gracilis. Except for percent lignin, litter quality measures were not good predictors of relative mass loss rates among species. Although a few significant relationships between decomposition and precipitation and litter quality were found, our study results were overwhelmingly unsupportive of these factors having major impacts on litter decomposition processes in central New Mexico.
Direct, noninvasive measurement of brain glycogen metabolism in humans.

The concentration and metabolism of the primary carbohydrate store in the brain, glycogen, is unknown in the conscious human brain. This study reports the first direct detection and measurement of glycogen metabolism in the human brain, which was achieved using localized 13C NMR spectroscopy. To enhance the NMR signal, the isotopic enrichment of the glucosyl moieties was increased by administration of 80 g of 99% enriched [1-13C]glucose in four subjects. 3 h after the start of the label administration, the 13C NMR signal of brain glycogen C1 was detected (0.36+/-0.07 micromol/g, mean+/-S.D., n=4). Based on the rate of 13C label incorporation into glycogen and the isotopic enrichment of plasma glucose, the flux through glycogen synthase was estimated at 0.17+/-0.05 micromol/(gh). This study establishes that brain glycogen can be measured in humans and indicates that its metabolism is very slow in the conscious human. The noninvasive detection of human brain glycogen opens the prospect of understanding the role and function of this important energy reserve under various physiological and pathophysiological conditions.
Misconceptions and miscommunication among aging women with overactive bladder symptoms.

Objectives To better understand aging women's experience with overactive bladder (OAB) symptoms and the care they receive, with the ultimate goal of improving the quality of care provided to aging women with overactive bladder. Methods Women seen in outpatient female urology clinics were identified by ICD-9 codes for OAB and recruited. Patients with painful bladder syndrome, mixed stress and urge incontinence, prolapse, or recent pelvic surgery were excluded. Patient focus groups were conducted by trained nonclinician moderators incorporating topics related to patients' perceptions of OAB physiology, symptoms, diagnostic evaluation, treatments, and outcomes. Qualitative data analysis was performed using grounded theory methodology. Results Five focus groups totaling 33 women with OAB were conducted. Average patient age was 67 years (range, 39-91). Older women with OAB lacked knowledge about the physiology of their disease and had poor understanding regarding the rationale for many diagnostic tests, including urodynamics and cystoscopy. The results of diagnostic studies often were not understood by older patients. Many women were dissatisfied with the care they had received. This lack of knowledge and understanding was more apparent among the elderly women in the group. Conclusions Findings demonstrated a poor understanding of the physiology of overactive bladder and the rationale for various diagnostic modalities and treatments. This was associated with dissatisfaction with care. There is a need for better communication with older women experiencing OAB symptoms about the physiology of the condition.
Goodman Diagram Via Vibration-Based Fatigue Testing

A new vibration-based fatigue testing methodology for assessing high-cycle turbine engine material fatigue strength at various stress ratios is presented. The idea is to accumulate fatigue energy on a base-excited plate specimen at high frequency resonant modes and to complete a fatigue test in a much more efficient way at very low cost. The methodology consists of (1) a geometrical design procedure, incorporating a finite-element model to characterize the shape of the specimen for ensuring the required stress state/ pattern; (2) a vibration feedback empirical procedure for achieving the high-cycle fatigue experiments with variable-amplitude loading; and finally (3) a pre-strain procedure for achieving various uniaxial stress ratios. The performance of the methodology is demonstrated with experimental results for mild steel, 6061-T6 aluminum, and Ti-6Al-4V plate specimens subjected to a fully reversed bending, uniaxial stress state.
Immunoglobulin Binding in Cardiomyopathic Hearts

Bound gamma globulin was demonstrated by the direct immunofluorescent technique in heart tissue from three patients with severe congestive cardiomyopathy. In two of these patients complement (β1C) was also bound to the heart muscle. Heart tissue from one of six patients who died of myocardial infarction showed a trace of bound gamma globulin, but no bound complement. During life, the heart in advanced cardiomyopathy may preferentially fix heart-reactive immunoglobulins to specific sarcolemmal and subsarcolemmal antigens, and antiheart antibody may not be detectable in the serum.
Chlorpromazine Metabolism VII: New Quantitative Fluorometric Determination of Chlorpromazine and Its Sulfoxide

Abstract A new, sensitive assay is described for chlorpromazine and/or its sulfoxide. The method is based on reacting the tertiary amine base with 9‐bromomethylacridine to form a quaternary compound which, on photolysis, yields highly fluorescent products that are determinable fluorometrically. The procedural steps were standardized, and an optimum assay procedure was developed. The method shows a less than 3% coefficient of variation when applied directly to chlorpromazine samples and is capable of determining 15–20 ng of the drug. The method is readily adaptable to clinical and bioavailability studies.
Effects of d‐amphetamine sulfate given to pregnant mice on activity and on catecholamines in the brains of offspring

Offspring of C57BL/6J mice injected with d-amphetamine sulfate during the last third of pregnancy had slightly reduced body weight at birth, altered concentrations of catecholamines (CA's) in their brains during development, and increased activity after they had matured. Norepinephrine concentrations were depressed at birth, returned to control values by Day 3, and were elevated at 21 and 30 days after birth. Dopamine values were elevated at 30 days after birth. At 75 days of age, animals prenatally exposed to the drug had CA concentrations similar to controls, but had heightened activity levels compared to controls tested in the open field. The results of these experiments demonstrate that d-amphetamine sulfate administered to mice during the last third of pregnancy produce transient alterations in CA concentrations and long-lasting changes in behavior.
Dynamics and Equilibrium of Heme Axial Ligation in Mesoporous Nanocrystalline TiO2 Thin Films

Comparative studies of axial CO and solvent coordination to iron(II) protoporphyrin IX (FeIIPPIX) anchored to the surface of mesoporous nanocrystalline (anatase) TiO2 thin films (FeIIPPIX/TiO2) immersed in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), pyridine (py), and methanol (MeOH) and to FeIIPPIX in fluid DMSO and py solution are reported. The equilibrium constants, KeqCOS, for CO coordination to FeIIPPIX/TiO2 immersed in py (2.4 × 103 M−1) < DMSO (6 × 104 M−1) < MeOH (2.3 × 105 M−1) were quantified. The corresponding values in fluid py or DMSO solution were ∼2 times larger (4.5 × 103 and 1 × 105 M−1, respectively). The observed ligand exchange rates (kobs) measured after pulsed 532 nm laser excitation (5−6 ns fwhm, 1−3 mJ/pulse) of (S)(CO)FeIIPPIX/TiO2, where S is solvent, in saturated CO solutions were measured: py (2.2 s−1), DMSO (460 s−1), MeOH (2.09 × 105 s−1). The corresponding values in fluid solution were 2.0 s−1 (py) and 230 s−1 (DMSO). The observed ligand exchange rate varied linearly with [CO], and second-or...
The effects of salts on the nmr spectra of D2O in collagen fibers

The effects of two salts, MgCl2 and MgSO4 on the wide-line nmr spectrum of D2O in oriented, undernatured collagen fibers have been examined at four different D2O contents. MgCl2 was found to decrease the nmr doublet splitting, as compared with equal quantities of pure D2O while the major effect of MgSO4 was to inhibit the adsorption of D2O without significantly affecting its nmr spectrum. The results, together with a few observations of KCl and LiCl solutions, indicate that even fairly high concentrations of salt have only small effects on the nmr spectrum of D2O in fibrous collagen. It is considered unlikely that either “two-state” or “structured-water” models can satisfactorily account for the D2O-nmr doublet spectrum or the effects of salts on it, over the entire range of observed D2O content.
Micropatterned Treads for In Vivo Robotic Mobility

Despite revolutionary advances in many fields of medicine, there are no active mobile in vivo devices commercially available, or in use, today. Several research groups are actively looking at a number of mobility methods in a number of lumens but little commercial work has been done. While robotic surgery is available today thanks to ex vivo robots, such as the da Vinci surgical system, these methods are very expensive, require heavy external equipment, and are still constrained by entry incisions. An alternative approach may be to place the robot completely inside the patient. Such devices may enable noninvasive imaging and diagnostics. These devices may be significantly less expensive than current minimally invasive methods, without extensive support equipment, which may allow them to be also used routinely in the emergency room (ER)/trauma sites and remote locations. This work explores micropatterned treads that may enable mobile capsule crawlers inside the body. Current research efforts into providing contact locomotion using micro-tread tracks are explored including initial drawbar force generation experimental results, dynamic finite element analysis with these tread designs, and in vivo porcine evaluation and comparison of two leading tread designs.