cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Question Answering using Web Lists

There are many natural questions that are best answered with a list. We address the problem of answering such questions using lists that occur on the Web, i.e. List Question Answering (ListQA). The diverse formats of lists on the Web makes this task challenging. We describe state-of-the-art methods for list extraction and ranking, that also consider the text surrounding the lists as context. Due to the lack of realistic public datasets for ListQA, we present three novel datasets that together are realistic, reproducible and test out-of-domain generalization. We benchmark the above steps on these datasets, with and without context. On the hardest setting (realistic and out-of-domain), we achieve an end-to-end Precision@1 of 51.28% and HITs@5 of 79.38%, effectively demonstrating the difficulty of the task and quantifying the immediate opportunity for improvement. We highlight some future directions through error analysis and release the datasets for further research.
When Iowa Was Washed Away with Milk

By sundown we came to a hidden village Where all the air was still And no sound met our ears, save For the sorry drip of rain from blackened trees And the melancholy song of swinging gates. Then through a broken pane some of us saw A dead bird in a rusting cage, still Pressing his thin, tattered breast against the bars, His beak wide open. And As we hurried through the weed-grown street, A gaunt dog started up from some dark place And shambled off on legs as thin as sticks Into the wood to die at last in peace. No one had told us victory was like this: Not one amongst us would have eaten bread Before he’d filled the mouth of the gray child That sprawled, stiff as stone, before the shattered door There was not one of us who did not think of home.
Stability analysis of dynamic decision-making for vehicle heading control

In this paper, the problem of dynamic decision making for vehicle heading control to intercept moving targets is investigated. It is assumed that the targets arrive in the mission space sequentially. More precisely, there exist infinite number of targets that arrive the mission space one by one. The arrival times and positions of the targets are modeled using stochastic models. Furthermore, targets are assumed to move with unknown dynamics and unknown trajectories. Due to the probabilistic nature of the problem, it is desired to use a model predictive approach to control the heading of the vehicle. A reward allocation strategy is adopted for dynamic decision making and control design in order to move the vehicle toward the targets. Finite-time convergence analysis is presented for the case where the arrivals of targets occur sufficiently infrequently.
Antihypertensive action of propranolol: Specific antirenin responses in high and normal renin forms of essential, renal, renovascular and malignant hypertension*

The antihypertensive effect of propranolol was evaluated in 96 patients with various forms of hypertension preclassified according to plasma renin activity considered in relation to urinary sodium excretion. In essential hypertension (no = 74) 74 percent of high-renin patients (14 of 19) exhibited striking blood pressure reductions and 66 percent of normal-renin patients (25 of 38) achieved diastolic pressures less than or equal to 95 mm Hg. In sharp contrast, propranolol was completely ineffective in 17 low-renin patients. In all 11 patients with unilateral renal artery or parenchymal disease propranolol also lowered blood pressure in proportion to control renin levels. The response was predictive of the antihypertensive benefit of surgery even in six “normal” renin patients. In eight patients with high-renin malignant hypertension, propranolol normalized renin, aldosterone and potassium levels and produced dramatic though often incomplete blood pressure correction. In one low-renin patient with the malignant syndrone propranolol was ineffective. Regardless of etiology, antihypertensive effectiveness of propranolol correlated with control renin levels and with the decrement in renin secretion. Thus, a simple biochemical measurement indexed against sodium excretion predicted antihypertensive drug responsiveness. These observations expose, for the first time, a role for renin in a major fraction of patients with essential hypertension. Renin-induced vasoconstriction appears to cause the hypertension in high renin and also in some normal renin patients in whom renin may be inappropriately high for sodium balance. The antihypertensive action of propranolol strikes at both vasoconstrictor and volume components of hypertension since inhibition of renin secretion naturally retards aldosterone secretion, thus preventing compensatory salt and water retention which often vitiates hypotensive therapy. Accordingly, propranolol added to either vasodilator or diuretic agents ought to improve hypotensive effect by curtailing reactive increases in renin and aldosterone: this should also reduce diuretic-induced potassium loss. Propranolol given alone may prove effective in a sizeable fraction of all hypertensive disorders and without inducing the dehydrated hyperreninemic state caused by diuretics. Therefore propranolol may prove to be an alternate first approach, except in lowrenin hypertensions where this type of therapy is ineffective and contraindicated.
Videotapes and Movies on Fluid Dynamics and Fluid Machines

Chapter 17 of Handbook of Fluid Dynamics and Fluid Machinery: Experimental and Computational Fluid Dynamics, Volume 11. A list of videorecordings and 16mm motion pictures about Fluid Dynamics and Fluid Machines.
Gender specificity in the age-related decline of strength: concentric versus eccentric

Objective: To assess gender specific differences in the decline of quadriceps strength under concentric and eccentric conditions. Design: Sixty volunteer subjects clear of musculoskeletal pathology were gender matched to three age groups (20-29, 40-49, and 60-69) with ten subjects in each gender-age group. Subjects performed concentric and eccentric knee extension at 60° s -1 and 120° s -1 on a Cybex 6000 isokinetic dynamometer. Strength was measured as peak torque (PT) as a percentage of gross body weight. The rate of strength decline between genders at each contraction type and angular velocity was expressed by plotting regression lines and comparing slopes for significant differences. Results: Eleven of twelve inter- and intragender comparisons of strength decline failed to reveal significance with either angular velocity or contraction type (p = 0.09 - 0.97). However, unlike the males, females revealed a more significant rate of decline in eccentric strength than with concentric at 120° s -1 (p < 0.05). Intergender comparison of concentric strength at 120°s -1 was insignificant (p = 0.09). Conclusions: Although there were no significant difference between genders, females displayed a more precipitous rate of decline in eccentric strength than concentric. Furthermore, but statistically insignificant at p = 0.09, males appear to lose concentric strength at a greater rate than do females at the faster angular velocity.
Experimental Evaluation of Friction Characteristics with an Articulated Robotic Hand

In this paper some applications of dexterous robotic hands to fine manipulation operations are discussed. Common to this kind of operations is the important role played by the frictional characteristics of the fingers and of manipulated objects. The paper discusses a procedure for measuring apparent coefficients of friction between the fingertips and manipulated objects. To take into account real contact phoenomena, the distinction is introduced between translational and rotational friction limits. Reported experiments rely on force-based (intrinsic) contact sensing devices, implemented in the phalanges of an articulated robot hand (Salisbury Hand). Data collected during these procedures can be subsequently used for tasks such as recognizing the superficial features of objects, controlling the internal grasp forces exerted by the hand on delicate objects, and following the contours of the surface of unknown objects.
Using Simulation to Teach About Poverty in Nursing Education: A Review of Available Tools

Poverty is one of the most significant social determinants of health, and as such, it is imperative that nurses have an understanding of the impact that living in poverty has upon one's life and health. A lack of such understanding will impede nurses from providing care that is patient centered, treats all patients fairly, and advocates for social justice. It is essential that nursing educators assure that poverty-related content and effective teaching strategies are used in nursing curricula in order to help students develop this understanding. Several poverty-simulation tools are available and may be able to assist with development of accurate knowledge, skills, and attitudes. Unfortunately, little evidence exists to evaluate most poverty simulation tools. This article will provide an introduction to several poverty-related simulation tools, discuss any related research that evaluates their effectiveness, and make recommendations for integration of such simulation tools into nursing curricula.
Energy Cost of Acquiring and Transmitting Science Data on Deep-Space Missions

An empirical correlation is drawn between the science data returned from deep-space missions and the energy required to operate the spacecraft and its payload. This correlation serves to give a simple early estimate of power requirements for planetary missions. Surprisingly, missions follow a linear dependence of the specific energy (joules per bit) with distance from Earth, which is an emergent law that reflects the engineering effort to partially defeat the inverse square law. Proportionalities of 5 mJ/bit/astronomical unit for missions with high-gain antennas and 10 J/bit/astronomical unit for omnidirectional antennas are found. The payload energy costs to acquire the data are examined briefly: except for in situ missions with chemical analyses using relay spacecraft, the acquisition costs are small compared with the spacecraft operation and transmission costs.
Problems in the use of serologic tests for the diagnosis of Lyme disease.

Lyme disease can be reliably diagnosed in the presence of erythema migrans. When erythema migrans is absent, serologic tests are often used to confirm the diagnosis. To choose a test for our Lyme disease diagnostic center, serum samples were obtained from 34 patients and tested for antibodies toBorrelia burgdorferi. We evaluated five enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays from Stony Brook (NY) University Hospital, Cambridge Bioscience (Worcester, Mass), Hillcrest Biologicals (Cypress, Calif), Sigma Diagnostics (St Louis, Mo), and Zeus-Wampole Scientific Inc (Raritan, NJ) and two fluorescent antibody tests (3M [Diagnostic Systems Inc, Santa Clara, Calif] and FIAX [Whittaker M.A. Bioproducts Inc, Walkersville, Md]) A positive sample by any test was further analyzed by Western blot. Using the Centers for Disease Control (Atlanta, Ga) epidemiologic case definitions, patients were classified into those with clinical Lyme disease, patients not meeting the Centers for Disease Control definitions, and asymptomatic patients. Sensitivities of Lyme serologies varied from 13% to 73%, with Hillcrest showing the highest value and Sigma the lowest value. False-positive test results were found in 0% to 27% of patients. Western blot analysis was positive in six of 15 patients with clinical Lyme disease. These results emphasize the need for better serologic testing for Lyme disease and underline their usefulness only as adjuncts in the clinical diagnosis of Lyme disease. (Arch Intern Med.1991;151:1837-1840)
A Two-Component Solubility Model of the Onset of Asphaltene Flocculation in Crude Oils

A new, two-component asphaltene solubility model (ASM) has been developed to predict the phase behavior of asphaltenes in crude oils. Previous asphaltene solubility models have relied for solution upon simplifying assumptions (e.g., nucleation of a pure asphaltene or pure solvent phase) and approximation methods for determining crude oil solubility parameters. No such simplifying assumptions or approximations are needed if a simple correlation between the solubility parameter and the refractive index of nonpolar species is used to characterize the oil. Compositional ranges over which asphaltenes are stable, metastable, or unstable to phase separation can be defined from calculations of changes in Gibbs free energy using the Flory−Huggins theory for mixtures of crude oil and known amounts of hydrocarbon solvents and precipitants. Coupled values of the asphaltene solubility parameter and molar volume represent the only adjustable parameters in the model. Predictions have been tested against an extensive set...
Integration of a NASA faculty fellowship project within an undergraduate engineering capstone design class

Abstract The United States (US) National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Exploration Systems Mission Directorate (ESMD) provides university faculty fellowships that prepare the faculty to implement engineering design class projects that possess the potential to contribute to NASA ESMD objectives. The goal of the ESMD is to develop new capabilities, support technologies and research that will enable sustained and affordable human and robotic space exploration. In order to create a workforce that will have the desire and skills necessary to achieve these goals, the NASA ESMD faculty fellowship program enables university faculty to work on specific projects at a NASA field center and then implement the project within their capstone engineering design class. This allows the senior – or final year – undergraduate engineering design students, the opportunity to develop critical design experience using methods and design tools specified within NASA's Systems Engineering (SE) Handbook. The faculty fellowship projects focus upon four specific areas critical to the future of space exploration: spacecraft, propulsion, lunar and planetary surface systems and ground operations. As the result of a 2010 fellowship, whereby faculty research was conducted at Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) in Huntsville, Alabama (AL), senior design students in the Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering (MAE) department at the University of Alabama in Huntsville (UAH) had the opportunity to complete senior design projects that pertained to current work conducted to support ESMD objectives. Specifically, the UAH MAE students utilized X-TOOLSS (eXploration Toolset for the Optimization Of Launch and Space Systems), an Evolutionary Computing (EC) design optimization software, as well as design, analyze, fabricate and test a lunar regolith burrowing device – referred to as the Lunar Wormbot (LW) – that is aimed at exploring and retrieving samples of lunar regolith. These two projects were implemented during the 2010–2011 academic year at UAH and have proven to significantly motivate and enhance the students understanding of the design, development and optimization of space systems. The current paper provides an overview of the NASA ESMD faculty fellowship program, the 2010 fellowship projects, a detailed description of the means of integrating the X-TOOLSS and LW projects within the UAH MAE senior design class, the MAE student design project results, as well as the learning outcome and impact of the ESMD project had upon the engineering students.
An observation of a fast external atmospheric acoustic-gravity wave

[1] In November 1999 a new near-IR airglow imaging system was deployed at the Starfire Optical Range outside of Albuquerque, New Mexico. This system allowed wide angle images of the airglow to be collected, with high signal to noise, every 3 seconds with a one second integration time. At approximately 1000 UT on November 17, 1999, a fast wavelike disturbance was seen propagating through the OH Meinel airglow layer. This wave had an observed period of ≈215 seconds, an observed phase velocity of ≈160 m/s and a horizontal wavelength of ≈35 km. This phase velocity is among the fastest yet reported using an imager viewing the OH Meinel bands, while the wave period is among the shortest. Simultaneous Na lidar wind and temperature data from 80 to nearly 110 km altitude allow the intrinsic properties of the wave to be calculated. The Einaudi and Hines [1970] WKB approximation for the acoustic-gravity wave dispersion relation was used to calculate the wave's intrinsic properties. Using this approach indicates that the observed disturbance was an external acoustic wave in the 90 to 107 km altitude region and an external gravity wave at other altitudes between 80 and 90 km. Using model atmospheric data for altitudes below and above this altitude regime indicates that the wave is essentially external everywhere except perhaps in narrow regions around 80 and 105–110 km. This is confirmed using a more exact full-wave model analysis. The observations and model results suggest that this wave was not generated in the troposphere and propagated up to the mesosphere, but rather near 100 km altitude where it was possibly generated by a Leonids meteor.
Age effects and gaze patterns in recognising emotional expressions: An in-depth look at gaze measures and covariates

The present study investigated predictors of age effects in emotion recognition accuracy. Older and younger adults were tested on a battery of cognitive, vision, and affective questionnaires; participants' eyes were also tracked while they completed an emotion recognition task. Older adults were worse at recognising sad, angry, and fearful expressions than younger adults. When controlling for covariates related to emotion recognition accuracy, younger adults still outperformed older adults in recognising anger and sadness. Younger adults tended to pay more attention to the eyes than older adults. Results suggest that age-related gaze patterns in emotion recognition may depend on the specific emotion being recognised and may not generalise across stimuli sets.
Formal analysis of correctness of behavioral transformations

Much has been said about the importance of formal verification in hardware synthesis, but little has been done. Where it has been applied at all, it has only been used on simple, idealized examples. This paper describes the application of formal semantic analysis and verification to part of a working high-level synthesis system. The process revealed several significant errors in that system, errors that had previously been undetected. This experience leads to some reflections on the need for a rigorous, formal basis for hardware specification and synthesis, and on the value of formal techniques.
Motion and structure estimation using long sequence motion models

Abstract This paper presents several algorithms for estimating motion and structure parameters from long monocular image sequences by using the most apporpriate of a set of long sequence motion models. We first present a new two-view motion algorithm and then extend it to long sequence motion analysis. The two-view motion algorithm generally requires six pairs of point correspondences to give a unique solution of the motion parameters. However, when the points used for correspondences lie on a Maybank Quadric, the algorithm requires seven pairs of point correspondences to give all possible double solutions. Object-centred motion representations and models of motion described by up to the second order polynomials are analysed. Two long sequence algorithms are presented, one using interframe matches, and the other using point trajectories. The long sequence algorithms automatically find the proper model that applies to an image sequence and gives the globally optimal solution for the motion and structure parameters under the chosen model. Experimental results with several real image sequences undergoing different motions are presented to demonstrate the performance of the algorithm.
Development of a Change-Sensitive Outcome Measure for Children Receiving Counseling

Contemporary testing standards place test purpose as the central focus during test development and subsequent use. This study describes the development of a measure for children designed explicitly to measure change resulting from psychosocial interventions. Parents completed the outcome measure for 896 elementary school-age children receiving psychotherapy interventions from community mental health agencies. Scales formed with change-sensitive items evidenced adequate reliability estimates and larger effect sizes than scales composed of the original item pool. When asked by stakeholders such as parents, principals, and school boards to investigate the effectiveness of provided interventions, school psychologists should consider the use of change-sensitive measures that are sensitive to small and moderately sized treatment effects.
Identification of a testosterone-dependent unique volatile constituent of male mouse urine : 7-exo-ethyl-5-methyl-6, 8-dioxabicyclo [3.2.1]-3-octene

Investigations regarding the chemical composition of the volatiles in male mouse urine have recently enabled the structural elucidation of a hitherto unreported urinary component, 7-exo-ethyl-5-methyl-6,8-dioxabicyclo[3.2.1]-3-octene. This compound's uniqueness to mouse urine and its dependence on testosterone levels in the male suggest its probable role as a mouse pheromone or pheromone adjuvant.
Linear Precoding for MIMO With LDPC Coding and Reduced Complexity

In this paper, the problem of designing a linear precoder for Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) systems employing Low-Density Parity-Check (LDPC) codes is addressed under the constraint of minimizing the dependence between the system's receiving branches, thus reducing the relevant transmitter and receiver complexities. Our approach constitutes an interesting generalization of Bit-Interleaved Coded Modulation with Multiple Beamforming (BICMB) which has shown many benefits in MIMO systems. We start with a Pareto optimal surface modeling of the system and show the difficulty involved in the corresponding optimization problem. We then propose an alternative, practical technique, called Per-Group Precoding (PGP), which groups together multiple input symbol streams and corresponding receiving branches in the “virtual” channel domain (after singular value decomposition of the original MIMO channel), and thus results in independent transmitting/receiving streams between groups. We show with numerical results that PGP offers almost optimal performance, albeit with significant reduction both in the precoder optimization and LDPC EXIT chart based decoding complexities.
Effects of thermal history, crystallinity, and solvent on the transitions and relaxations in poly(bisphenol‐A carbonate)

The following system of nomenclature for the transitions and relaxations in polycarbonate has been proposed: α = Tg = 150, β = 70, γ = −100, and δ = −220°C (frequency range of 10–50 Hz). The three component peaks of the γ relaxation are denoted by γ1, γ2, and γ3 relaxations correspond to phenylene, coupled phenylene-carbonate, and carbonate motions, respectively. Dynamic mechanical analysis of poly(bisphenol-A carbonate) using the DuPont 981–990 DMA system shows that the magnitude of the β relaxation depends upon the thermal history of the polycarbonate; annealing greatly reduces the intensity of the β relaxation. A relaxation map constructed for the β relaxation gives an activation energy of 46 kcal/mol. Exposure of polycarbonate to methylene chloride vapor for various times shows that after an induction period of about 5 min the intensity of the γ3 relaxation at −78°C decreases whereas the intensity of the γ1 relaxation of −30°C is unaffected and the ratio E″(γ1)/E″(γ3) increases linearly with the square root of time. This has been ascribed to the interaction of methylene chloride on the carbonate group in polycarbonate. Thermal crystallization of polycarbonate does not affect the positions of the γ relaxation and the glass transition peaks, but merely reduces their intensity. The glass transition peak intensity falls off sharply in comparison to the γ relaxation intensity. Both the γ3 and γ1 peaks in polycarbonate have been observed simultaneously for the first time by dynamic mechanical analysis. Impact strength measurements show that methylene chloride treatment of polycarbonate results in a change in mode of failure from ductile to brittle with a resultant 40-fold reduction in impact energy for fracture. Thermally crystallized polycarbonate exhibits brittle fracture with very low force and energy at break.
Hadley Cell Widening: Model Simulations versus Observations

Observations show that the Hadley cell has widened by about 28‐58 since 1979. This widening and the concomitant poleward displacement of the subtropical dry zones may be accompanied by large-scale drying near308Nand308S.Suchdryingposesarisktoinhabitantsoftheseregionswhoareaccustomedtoestablished rainfall patterns. Simple and comprehensive general circulation models (GCMs) indicate that the Hadley cell may widen in response to global warming, warming of the west Pacific, or polar stratospheric cooling. The combinationofthesefactorsmayberesponsiblefortherecentobservations.Butthereisnostudysofarthathas compared the observed widening to GCM simulations of twentieth-century climate integrated with historical changes in forcings. Here the Hadley cell widening is assessed in current GCMs from historical simulations of thetwentiethcenturyaswellasfutureclimateprojectionsandpreindustrialcontrolruns.Theauthorsfindthat observedwideningcannotbeexplainedbynaturalvariability.Thisobservedwideningisalsosignificantlylarger than in simulations of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. These results illustrate the need for further investigation into the discrepancy between the observed and simulated widening of the Hadley cell.
Response of the Chicken Pineal Gland, Blood and Reproductive Organs to Darkness

Abstract ANATOMICAL and embryological relationships between the pineal and diencephalon and between the pituitary and the diencephalon have been evaluated in detail for many different animals (Gladstone and Wakeley, 1940; Ariens Kappers and Schade, 1965). Recently Owman (1964) described certain physiological functions in the rat pineal, and Quay (1965) summarized the structural and cytological differences between the avian and mammalian pineal organ. Pineal extracts have successfully decreased castrate-pituitary-hypertrophy in the male chicken (Shellabarger, 1952). Rowan's (1926) classical work with the slate-colored junco focused attention on the influence of light on neuroendocrine mechanisms. Farner (1964) has reviewed the photoperiodic control of the bird's reproductive cycle, and the relationship between light, hypothalamus, and adenohypophysis has been reviewed by Bullough (1959), Donovan and Harris (1955), and Hague (1964). Histochemical studies of the pineal gland indicate acid and alkaline phosphatase as well as other enzyme systems to be present in the pineals of the pig,…
Spatially mediated capacity limits in attentive visual perception

Modern theories conceptualize visual selective attention as a competition between objects for the control of cortical receptive fields (RFs). Implicit in this framework is the suggestion that spatially proximal objects, which draw from overlapping pools of RFs, should be more difficult to represent in parallel and with excess capacity than spatially separated objects. The present experiments tested this prediction using analysis of response time distributions in a redundant-targets letter identification task. Data revealed that excess-capacity parallel processing is possible when redundant targets are widely separated within the visual field, but that capacity is near fixed when targets are adjacent. Even at the largest separations tested, however, processing capacity remained strongly limited.
Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction (HFPEF): Comorbidity Screening and Adherence to Guidelines at Portland Veterans Affairs Medical Center (PVAMC)

Introduction: Acute heart failure (HF) remains one of the main factors contributing to increased mortality in patients with diabetes mellitus. Copeptin is the Cterminal portion of anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) and is secreted in equimolar amounts in acute HF patients. Methods: The Biomarkers in ACute Heart failure (BACH) trial was conducted to test multiple novel biomarkers in patients with heart failure presenting to the emergency department with dyspnea. This analysis aims to evaluate copeptin as a prognostic factor for 90-day mortality, specifically in diabetic patients. Results: Univariate analysis showed MR-proADM significant in predicting all-cause 90-day mortality in non-diabetics (OR 11.18 (1.86-66.9); p50.008) and copeptin in diabetics (OR 3.20 (1.26-8.12); p50.014). On multivariate analysis copeptin (p50.007) and age (p50.003) were significant predictors after adjusting for age, gender, history of chronic renal failure, congestive heart failure and coronary artery disease. Conclusion: Copeptin elevation predicts increased mortality in diabetic patients.
ON SOME ISSUES IN THE THEORY OF THE ‘SOCIALIST ECONOMY'*

SUMMARY A number of debates have taken place among Western economists about efficient allocation under ‘socialism’, interplay of objectives and controls under alternative modes of socialist organization’, and about ways of classifying ‘socialist’ changes and transitions. The paper presents the main thrusts of these debates and examines various interpretations of the concept of a ‘socialist economy’ including those originating in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe. The study is comprised of three parts. The first considers the attempts to define polar types of ‘socialist organization’. The second discusses efforts to ascertain the rationale of socialist changes and to determine the direction of such changes. The third examines the key problems involved in the transition from one system to another.
Debating universality: the case of closed‐chest cardiac massage

Debates why and how some practices become universal – taking as a case in point closed‐chest massage (CCCM). Points out that CCCM was recognized in 1960 and its use generated heated debates, which altered the technique and reshuffled existing infrastructures. Claims that debates act as a catalyst for university. Investigates the emergence of CCCM, the debate on the merits (or otherwise) of closed versus open‐chested cardiac massage, and who could use the method of CCCM. Indicates that CCCM only became universally practised when it was incorporated into the infrastructure for dealing with emergency cases, and thus became taken for granted.
Reducing Pointing Errors During Cassini Reaction Control System Orbit Trim Maneuvers

The effect of altering a gain parameter in the Cassini reaction control system (RCS) delta-V controller on the maneuver execution errors during orbit trim maneuvers (OTMs) is explored. Cassini consists of two reaction control thruster branches (A & B) each with eight thrusters. Currently, the B-branch is operational while the A-branch serves as a back-up. The four Z-thrusters control the X and Y-axes, while the four Y-thrusters control the Z-axis. During an OTM, the Z-thrusters fire to maintain the X and Y-axes pointing within an attitude control dead-zone (-10 to 10 milliradians). The errors do not remain at zero due to pointing error sources such as spacecraft center of mass offset from the geometric center of the Z-facing thrusters, and variability in the thruster forces due to the thruster hardware differences. The delta-V reaction control system (RCS) controller ensures that the attitude error remains within this dead-zone. Gain parameters within the RCS delta-V controller affect the maneuver execution errors. Different parameter values are used to explore effect on these errors. It is found that pointing error decreases and magnitude error increases rapidly for gain parameters 10 times greater than the current parameter values used in the flight software.
Slug, a highly conserved zinc finger transcriptional repressor, protects hematopoietic progenitor cells from radiation-induced apoptosis in vivo

Abstract We show here that a zinc finger transcriptional repressor, Slug, which is aberrantly upregulated by the E2A-HLF oncoprotein in pro-B cell acute leukemia, functions as an antiapoptotic factor in normal hematopoietic progenitor cells. Slug −/− mice were much more radiosensitive than wild-type mice, dying earlier and showing accentuated decreases in peripheral blood cell counts, as well as abundant microhemorrhages and widely disseminated bacterial microabscesses throughout the body. Slug expression was detected in diverse subsets of hematopoietic progenitors, but not in more differentiated B and T lymphoid cells, and there was a significant increase in apoptotic (TUNEL-positive) bone marrow progenitor cells in irradiated Slug −/− mice compared to wild-type controls. These results implicate Slug in a novel survival pathway that protects hematopoietic progenitors from apoptosis after DNA damage.
Investigation of the surface chemistry of crown ethers : the adsorption and reaction of 1,4-dioxane on palladium (111)

Abstract The adsorption of 12-crown-4 on Pd(1 1 1) is investigated using reflection–absorption infrared spectroscopy and temperature-programmed desorption. Analysis of the infrared spectrum of 12-crown-4 suggests that it adsorbs in a flat-lying geometry with C4v symmetry with a saturation coverage of 0.073±0.008 monolayers. This implies that the crown ether bonds to the surface via the lone pair orbitals on the ether oxygen atoms. Estimating the saturation coverage for this geometry using Van der Waals' radii yields a value of 0.088 monolayers in good agreement with the measured value. 12-crown-4 thermally decomposes to leave predominantly CO and ethylidyne species on the surface where the desorbing CO removes three of the four crown ether oxygen atoms, the fourth remaining on the surface. Small amounts of ethylene are also found to desorb along with a high molecular weight product which is tentatively assigned to the formation of C2H5OCH2CHO.
Bringing Conservation Biology into a Position of Influence in Natural Resource Management

: The maintenance of biological diversity has emerged as a primary issue in natural resource management The best chance to establish biological diversity as a land management objective is on the public lands of the United States. Those lands are publicly owned legislation and regulations exist that direct attention to maintaining biological diversity, and cadres of appropriately trained people exist to formulate and carry out managementplam Tbese public lands contain 111 of the 135 Kuchler potential natural vegetation types in the United States, with “adequate” representation of 102 types. It seems unlikely that large-scale reservation of much more land will occur. Therefore, the real test for maintenance of biological diversity will occur on lands dedicated to multiple-use management. Conservation biologists are desperately needed to focus attention on biodiversity as a management goal; to provide information necessary to guide management, to train agency personnel in the philosophy and mechanisms of prescribing biodiversity, and to make sure that conservation biology goes to work on the ground Time is short and opportunities to preserve biodiversity diminish by the day. Speed inputting conservation biology to work on the public lands is essential. El mantenimiento de la diversidad biologica ha surgido como un tema crucial en el manejo de recursos naturales La mejor oportunidad para establecer la diversidad biologica como un objetivo del uso de la tierra esta en las tierras publicas de los Estados Unidos. Estos terrenos son de propiedad publica; existen leyes y regulaciones que dirigen la atencion al mantenimiento de la diversidad biologica; y existen tambien grupos de personas entrenadas apropiadamente para formular y ejecutar planes de manejo. Estos terrenos publicos contienen 111 de los 135 tipos vegetacionales, pontenciales, naturales “Kuchler” en los Estados Unidos con representacion adecuada de 102 tipos. Parece improbable que ocurra la creacion de grandes reservas con mayor. terreno. Por lo tanto, la prueba real para el mantenimiento de la diversidad biologica ocurrira en tierras bajo la categoria de manejo de uso multiple. Se necesita desesperadamente biologos conservacionistas que concentren su atencion en la diversidad biologics como meta de munejo; en proporcionar informacion necesaria para guiar el manejo; en entrenar personal de agencias gubemamentales en la filosofia y en los mecanismos para “recetar” biodiversidad y para asegurar que la biologia de la conservacion funcione en el sitio. El tiempo es corto y las oportunidades para presevar la biodiversidad disminuyen cada dia Rapidez para poner la biologia de la conservacion a trabajar en los terrenos publicos es esencial.
Meta-quotation: The thematic and interactional significance of tte in Japanese comics

This paper explores the thematic and interactional significance of the quotative marker tte in Japanese comics. The quotative expressions examined are 'meta-quotations', their main function being to self-qualify the quoter's speaking act. Although a similar use is observed in the standard quotation marker to followed by the verbs of saying and thinking, this study primarily focuses on tte that appears independently in casual speech as depicted in comics targeted at adolescent girls. Extending beyond the concept of speech act qualification, I argue that meta-quotation offers a device in Japanese discourse to qualify and manipulate multiple discourse organizational and interactional meanings, including theme presentation, 'pseudo-quotation', and quotation across Speakers* Through tte's function as a metalinguistic device, this study illustrates that language not only describes events and states but also reflexively qualifies the speaker's voice that describes these events and states.
Internet and intranet: a new theatre for surgical practice

Despite the technological breakthrough and commercial success of the Internet over the past decade, the web presence of surgery has been marginal and disorganised. Minimal utilisation of Internet applications is apparent in the average surgical practice, although the tools to make substantial improvements in gaining and providing information are readily available and often free of charge. With the widespread availability of broadband residential Internet access, streaming video technology providing high-quality full-screen video streams offers valuable educational potentials. Telemedicine and teleconferencing over the Internet are low-cost alternatives to other means of postgraduate training. In addition, an array of devices, utilising net technologies are presented, and with judicious use of these our efficacy and patient-care may be improved.
An effective finite element modeling/analysis approach for dynamic thermoelasticity due to second sound effects

Of interest here are dynamic thermoelastic problems influenced by second sound effects. In this regard, the effect of the so called ‘heat waves’ on solid continua is investigated employing a ‘unified’ explicit computational architecture which uses the finite element method. The approach is robust and effective for transient interdisciplinary thermal-structural modeling/analysis. The non-classical relaxation model of Green and Lindsay (1972) involving two relaxation times is employed in the present work. Numerical simulations relevant to thermal shock problems in an elastic half-space are described for stainless steel via two different illustrative test cases.
Post-impact residual high strain rate compressive properties of carbon fiber laminates

The purpose of the present study is to investigate the residual high strain rate compressive properties of cross-ply carbon fiber laminates after drop-weight impact. The tested laminate is divided into four quadrants and specimens are extracted from each quadrant for high strain rate compression testing using a split–Hopkinson pressure bar. The testing is conducted in the strain rate range of 1000–1450 s−1. A comparison between pre- and post-impact carbon fiber laminates subjected to high strain rate compression suggested that there is a maximum decrease of 76.1% and 71.6% in the peak stress and absorbed energy of the laminate, respectively, at high strain rate compression. Microscopy was conducted on the failed specimens to determine the failure mode. Extensive delamination observed at the impact point causes significant decrease in compressive strength and energy absorption of the laminate.
Construction of a circular single-stranded DNA template containing a defined lesion

We report a concise and efficient method to make a circular single-stranded DNA containing a defined DNA lesion. In this protocol, phagemid DNA containing Uracil is used as a template to synthesize a complementary DNA strand using T7 DNA polymerase and an oligonucleotide primer including a site-specific DNA lesion. The ligated lesion-containing strand can be recovered after the phage-derived template DNA is degraded by treatment with E. coli Uracil DNA glycosylase and Exonucleases I and III. The resulting product is a circular single-stranded DNA containing a defined DNA lesion suitable for in vitro translesion replication assays.
Bilirubin index: A new standard for intervention?

Abstract The current practice for treating neonates for jaundice centers on the recommendation that bilirubin levels should be kept below 20 mg/dL. Preventing bilirubin levels from exceeding 20 mg/dL, however, does not guarantee the avoidance of kernicterus, lower IQs or neurologic abnormalities. Studies in the 1960s and 1970s reported cases of infants with clinical and pathological kernicterus whose neonatal bilirubin levels were well below 20 mg/dL. It is now well accepted that protein binding, acidosis, hypoxia, intracranial hemorrhage and hemolytic disease play a role in facilitating bilirubin toxicity. This paper reviews previously published studies that were instrumental in identifying the role of hypoxia, acidosis, hemolytic disease, intracranial hemorrhage and protein binding in bilirubin encephalopathy and identifies two key variables which contribute to bilirubin flux — free bilirubin concentration and time. The paper proposes a new approach for evaluating bilirubin levels termed ‘bilirubin index’. Future research should initially focus on healthy term infants without concomitant illness and should record free bilirubin levels as a function of time. The area under the bilirubin versus time curve represents the integration of bilirubin level with respect to time, or simply termed the ‘bilirubin index’. The bilirubin index could then be correlated with parameters for measuring neurological outcome. Assuming a correlation would exist, the bilirubin index may then become the number for guidance with respect to intervention therapy. Attempting to address this issue by starting with a healthy population of neonates and correlating bilirubin index with neurological outcome offers a better chance for uncovering that ‘threshold of toxicity’.
Survival of the very-low-birth-weight infants after cardiopulmonary resuscitation in neonatal intensive care unit.

Survival of the Very-Low-Birth-Weight Infants after Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation in Neonatal Intensive Care Unit
Electron spin-echo modulation for a ‘1 + 2’ pulse train in a weak hyperfine interaction limit

Abstract An analytical description of nuclear modulation for the ‘1 + 2’ electron spin-echo pulse train is derived using the approximation of extremely weak electron-nuclear interaction. Experimental data which were obtained for a model system of hydroquinone radicals stabilized in a frozen solution of phosphoric acid are found to be in good agreement with the calculations. Based on these results a new method of data acquisition is proposed, which allows one to use a ‘1 + 2’ pulse train in 2D format, as a substitute of stimulated echo, which has improved modulation amplitude.
Risk factors associated with self-reported training-related injury before arrival at the US army ordnance school

Summary Objective This study examined risk factors for self-reported injury incurred before arrival at Ordnance School for advanced individual training (AIT). Study design During AIT in-processing, soldiers ( n = 27,289 men and 3856 women) completed a questionnaire that collected demographic and lifestyle information, and asked if the soldier currently had an injury that would affect their AIT performance. Methods Potential risk factors for self-reported injury were explored using logistic regression. Results For men, self-reported injury was associated with older age [odds ratio (OR) ≥30years/17–19 years = 1.9], race (OR Black/Caucasian = 1.2), basic combat training (BCT) site (OR Fort Benning/Fort Jackson = 1.7; OR Fort Leonard Wood/Fort Jackson = 1.6, OR Fort Knox/Fort Jackson = 1.3), smoking on 20 or more days in the 30 days prior to BCT (OR smoker/non-smoker = 1.2) and current illness (OR ill/not ill = 6.2). For women, increased self-reported injury was associated with older age (OR ≥ 30years/17–19 years = 2.0), BCT site (OR Fort Leonard Wood/Fort Jackson = 1.5) and current illness (OR ill/not ill = 5.8). Conclusions Certain demographic characteristics and lifestyle behaviours may be identified as injury risk factors on arrival at Ordnance AIT.
Joule-Thomson effect and internal convection heat transfer in turbulent He II flow

The temperature rise in highly turbulent He II flowing in tubing was measured in the temperature range 1.6-2.1 K. The effect of internal convection heat transport on the predicted temperature profiles is calculated from the two-fluid model with mutual friction. The model predictions are in good agreement with the measurements, provided that the pressure gradient term is retained in the expression for internal convection heat flow.
FREEDOM TO CHOOSE AND DEMOCRACY

Should democracts value the freedom to choose? Do people value facing distinct choices when they make collective decisions? ‘Autonomy’ – the ability to participate in the making of collective decisions – is a paltry notion of freedom. True, democrats must be prepared that their preferences may not be realized as the outcome of the collective choice. Yet democracy is impoverished when many people cannot even vote for what they most want.‘The point is not to be free, but to act freely.’ Rosa Luxemburg