cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sex Differences in Acute Relief of Abstinence-Induced Withdrawal and Negative Affect due to Nicotine Content in Cigarettes

INTRODUCTION Acute cigarette smoking may relieve withdrawal and negative affect due to tobacco abstinence to a greater extent in women versus men. Yet, the relative contribution of the cigarette's nicotine content to this sex difference is not clear. METHODS Non-quitting dependent adult smokers (N = 44; 21 males, 23 females) participated in 2 virtually identical sessions, each after abstaining overnight (CO < 10 ppm) and differing only in the nicotine content of the designated cigarette. While blind to brand markings, they consumed a total of 24 puffs in controlled fashion for 2 hr in each session, either from a nicotine (Quest 1, 0.6 mg) or denicotinized (Quest 3, 0.05 mg) cigarette. Withdrawal symptoms were obtained before and after smoking, and negative affect was assessed after each period of cigarette exposure consisting of 6 puffs every 25 min. RESULTS Men and women did not differ in baseline withdrawal and negative affect due to overnight abstinence, but reductions in each symptom were significantly influenced by the interaction of sex × nicotine/denicotinized cigarette (both p < .05). In men, but not in women, each symptom was generally decreased more by the nicotine versus denicotinized cigarette, and the nicotine cigarette reduced each to a greater degree in men versus women. CONCLUSIONS Sex differences in relief of abstinence-induced withdrawal and negative affect due to the nicotine content in cigarettes are consistent with prior research indicating that nicotine per se, compared to non-nicotine smoke stimuli, is less rewarding in women versus men.
Polyarylmethyl Polyradicals as Organic Spin Clusters

This overview describes the design for very high-spin organic polyradicals (polyarylmethyls), i.e., organic molecules and polymers with large values of spin quantum number S in the ground state.
Multidisciplinary Interoperability for Earth Observations: Some Architectural Issues

The scope and complexity of Earth Observation investigations require advanced digital infrastructures supporting multidisciplinary information sharing and interoperability. The existing cyber(e)-infrastructures are often designed either for disciplinary applications, or for addressing specific challenges (e.g. high performance computing). However, moving towards an effective multidisciplinary support poses new architectural and technological challenges to observation infrastructures. This paper introduces and discusses promising Information Technology (IT) solutions facilitating multidisciplinary interoperability to advance existing Earth Observation interoperability.
Dwelling Place: A Plantation Epic - by Erskine Clarke

Dwelling Place: A Plantation Epic. Erskine Clarke. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. 2005. Xvi, 601 pp. ISBN 0-300-10867-2. $35.00 (cloth), $20.00. (paper) Families, both White and Black, are at the core of this epic of four generations of antebellum, low-country Georgia slaves, and slave owners. Erskine Clarke, professor of American religious history at Columbia Theological Seminary, focuses his tale around Charles Colcock Jones, who experienced a religious conversion as a teenager and resolved the conflict between the morality of slave owning and his own slave ownership by devoting much effort to the religion instruction of slaves and championing their better treatment. Relying on the extensive Jones family correspondence, plantation records, and public records, such as probate, court, and land, Clarke has reconstructed the family relationships of the large Jones family as well as several of the extended slave families-no small feat. More important, he skillfully combines these primary sources with prodigious research in the secondary literature to produce a model composite biography. Especially notable because so difficult, given the paucity of records the slaves left, is his recreation of their lives, individually and collectively. Moreover, embedded in the narrative is a remarkable description of marriage and family life among both Blacks and Whites. Marriages detailed are typical of the time and place. White women married young, often by age 20, and cousin marriages, such as that between Charles Colcock and Mary Jones, were common. Parents did not choose partners for their children, but their consent was important. Charles's cousin Emma married against her father's wishes and found herself disinherited. Many slave marriages were also typical, with women often bearing a child before settling down in a stable marriage relationship. But a few slave marriages broke up as individuals found new partners, and one of the Joneses' slaves, Cassius, had families on three plantations. Demographic patterns also had an important impact on families. Deaths from accidents and disease were common, creating orphans and single parents. By age 6, Charles's father had been killed in an accident and his mother died of a debilitating fever. Charles's uncle Joseph Jones married his third wife at age 41, whereas his aunt Eliza Robarts had been widowed three times by her 28th birthday. In addition, birth rates were high in the first part of the 19th century: Joseph fathered 26 children by his three wives. By contrast, in the next generation, Charles and his sister Susan each had only three children. …
THE GENDERED CONTEXT OF READING

Reading, a micro-level and subjective activity, is a mechanism through which gender is constructed and reinforced. Drawing on insights from cultural studies and feminist literary critics, and applying sociological perspectives and methodologies, we explored how 53 women and men read and interpreted two short stories, William Faulkner's “A Rose for Emily” and Jayne Anne Phillip's “Home.” We found that the gender of the readers had relatively few effects on their interpretations, but that indicators of life experience were influential. In general, more substantial life experience as reflected in greater age, being married, and having children was associated with more sympathetic, empathic reactions to the major characters. Ideological positions also influenced readers' interpretations, when those positions were relevant to the themes of the text; these individual values and attitudes were associated with more particularistic patterns of empathy. Rather than dismissing gender as an influence on reading, howe...
Regulation of Carcinogens

A procedure, suitable for regulatory use, is proposed for estimating individual and societal risks of carcinogenic materials by using information on interspecies comparisons of carcinogenic potency. The consistent treatment of uncertainties allows evaluation of confidence limits and hence regulatory measures of risk which incorporate safety factors and incentives for better information. Numerical examples are given, together with discussion of the treatment of undetected carcinogens. Applications of the procedure to setting priorities for carcinogenicity testing and to product substitution are mentioned.
A geometrical analysis on transmit antenna selection for spatial multiplexing systems with linear receivers

For MIMO diversity schemes, it is well known that antenna selection methods that optimize the post-processing signal-to-noise ratio can preserve the diversity order of the full MIMO system. On the other hand, the diversity order achieved by antenna selection in spatial multiplexing (SM) systems, especially those exploiting practical coding and decoding schemes, has not thus far been rigorously analyzed. In this paper, from a geometrical standpoint, we propose a new framework to theoretically analyze the diversity order achieved by transmit antenna selection for independently encoded SM systems with linear receivers. Our results show that a diversity order of (NT -1)(NR -1) can be achieved for an NRtimesNT SM system in which L = 2 antennas are selected from the transmit side
Laryngeal and diaphragmatic responses to airway occlusion in sleep and wakefulness

Abstract Under anesthesia, electrodes were implanted in 5 adult cats for chronically recording sleep parameters. In the same operation, a tracheal fistula was created that allowed tracheal intubations for recordings of breathing (pneumotachography) and tracheal occlusions in subsequent experiments conducted during the spontaneous sleep-waking cycle. After a recovery period of at least 3 months, electrodes were placed, under ether anesthesia, in the laryngeal abductors. Two days later, electrodes were inserted into the diaphragm, and the responses of the diaphragm and laryngeal abductor muscles to airway occlusion in sleep and wakefulness were studied. Total airway occlusion at end-expiration in NREM sleep caused a progressive augmentation of both laryngeal abductor and diaphragmatic activity. Increases in laryngeal abductor activity exceeded the increases in diaphragmatic activity. The greatest augmentations between one breath and the next were seen when occluded breath ‘n’ occurred in sleep and occluded breath ‘n + 1’ occurred in wakefulness. This augmentation of activity at the transition from sleep to wakefulness was greater for the laryngeal abductors than for the diaphragm, and it signifies an immediate wakefulness stimulus to the response to an occlusion. Occlusions in REM sleep caused a variable augmentation in laryngeal inspiratory activity, but, across animals, there was no clear augmentation of either tonic (expiratory) laryngeal abductor or diaphragmatic activity. In addition, arousal in response to occlusion was delayed in REM sleep.
An examination of some effects of OH rotation in phenol and p-nitrophenol

Abstract A computational analysis of phenol and p -nitrophenol has been carried out with the objective of determining the extent to which the conjugation between the -OH group and the aromatic ring is affected by a 90° rotation of the former. The ab initio SCF-MO GAUSSIAN 82 procedure was used to compute optimized geometries, electronic densities and electrostatic potentials. The effect of rotation upon the structures and distributions of π electronic charge are rather small. However, the electrostatic potential reveals that as a consequence of rotation around the COH bond, there should be an overall preference for the ortho positions as the initial sites for electrophilic attack. The -NO 2 group deactivates the aromatic ring toward electrophiles and increases the positive character of the hydroxyl hydrogen.
The JAK2V617F tyrosine kinase mutation in myeloproliferative disorders: status report and immediate implications for disease classification and diagnosis.

Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) is a cytoplasmic protein-tyrosine kinase that catalyzes the transfer of the γ-phosphate group of adenosine triphosphate to the hydroxyl groups of specific tyrosine residues in signal transduction molecules. JAK2 mediates signaling downstream of cytokine receptors after ligand-induced autophosphorylation of both receptor and enzyme. The main downstream effectors of JAK2 are a family of transcription factors known as signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) proteins. The myeloproliferative disorders (MPD), a subgroup of myeloid malignancies, are clonal stem cell diseases characterized by an expansion of morphologically mature granulocyte, erythroid, megakaryocyte, or monocyte lineage cells. Among the traditionally classified MPD, the disease-causing mutation has been delineated, thus far, for only chronic myeloid leukemia (ie, bcr/abl). In the past 3 months, 7 different studies have independently described a close association between an activating JAK2 mutation (JAK2V617F) and the classic bcr/abl-negative MPD (ie, polycythemia vera, essential thrombocythemia, myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia) as well as the less frequent occurrence of the same mutation in both atypical MPD and the myelodysplastic syndrome. The particular finding is consistent with previous observations that have implicated the JAK/STAT signal transduction pathway in the pathogenesis of bcr/abl-negative MPD, including the phenotype of growth factor independence and/or hypersensitivity. The current article summarizes this new information and discusses its implications for both classification and diagnosis of MPD.
Empathic accuracy of intimate partners in violent versus nonviolent relationships

This study compared the empathic accuracy of men and women who had perpetrated physical intimate partner violence with that of partners in nonviolent but distressed and nonviolent and nondistressed relationships. Examined was the empathic accuracy (a) of partners for one another’s thoughts and feelings during a relationship problem discussion in the laboratory, (b) of partners’ empathic accuracy for each other with the empathic accuracy of objective observers who watched the couples’ interactions, and (c) the males’ empathic accuracy for their female partner to their empathic accuracy for female strangers. No significant group differences were found among women’s empathic accuracy, but the data suggest that violent men exhibit poor empathic accuracy when attempting to understand their female partner’s thoughts and feelings.
Inelastic Scattering Cross Sections I: Theory

Inelastic scattering is characterized by a change in the internal state of one or both collision partners, but with no change in their chemical identities. Thus electronic, vibrational, and rotational excitation and de-excitation are inelastic events, whereas chemical reactions, charge transfer, ionization, and dissociation would be characterized as reactive events. One may also include collisions which change the orientations of the partners (Δm ǂ 0), but do not change the energy state. In the following section and the next three chapters the theory of inelastic collisions of various types is given in considerable detail. In this section we shall define the relations between observables and the theoretical quantities, outline the general quantum theory of such processes and three practical (for small systems) quantum approaches, and give a brief overview of some of the alternative approximate approaches which are given in greater detail in later chapters. There are, of course, many reviews and books covering inelastic scattering; some are given in References 1–7.
Protein-DNA interactions in vivo of an erythroid-specific, human beta-globin locus enhancer

The 5' DNase I-hypersensitive site 2 (5' HS-2) is an erythroid-specific enhancer located 11 kilobases (kb) upstream of the human beta-globin gene cluster. Presence in cis of 5' HS-2 confers a high level of erythroid cell-specific and developmentally regulated promoter activities of human globin genes in transfected cell cultures and in transgenic mice. Combining the use of the methylation protection assay and polymerase chain reaction, we have studied nuclear factor-DNA interactions of the 5' HS-2 enhancer in vitro and in vivo. The data from analyses of three different sequence motifs within 5' HS-2 represent three different modes of protein-DNA interaction with respect to cell-type specificities and in vivo vs. in vitro differences. First, a GATA-1 motif was found to bind nuclear factor(s), presumably the GATA-1 factor, present in K-562 cell extracts and in living K-562 cells. No such binding was seen in nonerythroid HeLa cells or extract. A second motif, NF-E2/AP1 (nuclear factor-erythroid 2/activator protein 1), consists of tandemly arranged dimers of AP1 binding consensus. The presence of either HeLa extract or K-562 extract protects the NF-E2/AP1 motif from methylation, but the footprints are different. This is most likely due to different protein-DNA contacts of the AP1-DNA complex formed in HeLa extract and the NF-E2-DNA complex in K-562 extract. In vivo methylation protection patterns of this motif parallel those observed in vitro, suggesting that it is also bound by NF-E2 in K-562 cells and by AP1 in HeLa cells. Finally, a GT-I motif binds apparently to one or more similar factors in both types of nuclear extracts, but the in vivo methylation protection patterns are not identical between living HeLa and K-562 cells. These data provide direct evidence that specific nuclear factor-DNA complexes form in vivo at functionally important sequence motifs of the 5' HS-2 enhancer in erythroid cells. The detection of conformationally different nuclear factor-DNA complexes at the same sequence motifs in HeLa and Raji cell lines also raises interesting questions regarding the origin and function of these complexes in nonerythroid cells.
Development and applications of multirate digital control

Multiple sample rate digital control systems are of prominent interest in current control research, development, and applications. Modern aerospace vehicles and systems are described by high-order dynamic models which typically include phenomena covering a wide range of characteristic frequencies and instrumentation measurements available at multiple rates. A multirate control structure allows the designer to accommodate multiple information rates and implement required control computations within the finite computational capabilities of an on-board computer. In this paper the historical development, representative design approaches, and example applications of multirate digital control are outlined. A brief survey of traditional design approaches and techniques currently in development is presented. Potential future areas of research and application of multirate control are suggested and discussed.
A simulation study to examine the use of cross-correlation as an estimate of surface EMG cross talk

Cross-correlation between surface electromyogram (EMG) signals is commonly used as a means of quantifying EMG cross talk during voluntary activation. To examine the reliability of this method, the relationship between cross talk and the cross-correlation between surface EMG signals was examined by using model simulation. The simulation results illustrate an increase in cross talk with increasing subcutaneous fat thickness. The results also indicate that the cross-correlation function decays more rapidly with increasing distance from the active fibers than cross talk, which was defined as the normalized EMG amplitude during activation of a single muscle. The influence of common drive and short-term motor unit synchronization on the cross-correlation between surface EMG signals was also examined. While common drive did not alter the maximum value of the cross-correlation function, the correlation increased with increasing motor unit synchronization. It is concluded that cross-correlation analysis is not a suitable means of quantifying cross talk or of distinguishing between cross talk and coactivation during voluntary contraction. Furthermore, it is possible that a high correlation between surface EMG signals may reflect an association between motor unit firing times, for example due to motor unit synchronization.
The uncertainty effects of deformation bands on fluid flow

Reservoir fractures and deformation bands are capable of affecting fluid flow and storage in a variety of ways. In terms of flow effects, we typically encounter an unchanged or increased permeability when considering flow parallel to a fracture, whereas we expect a noticeably reduced permeability when considering flow across (perpendicular to) a deformation band. For this paper, we refine our efforts and focus on the effects of deformation bands on multi-component porous medium flow. The main assumption is that the width of the band is a random (uncertain) variable that follows a certain statistical distribution from which a number of realizations can be generated. Monte Carlo simulations can then be performed to obtain statistical representations of the transport quantity in relation to the nature of uncertainty. As analytical expressions are available for this quantity of interest, we are able to compare them with the Monte Carlo results. Furthermore, we derive a stochastic perturbation model as an alternative to Monte Carlo simulations. Finally, a set of numerical examples is presented to illustrate the performance of these approaches.
Seismic Lateral Earth Pressure Reduction on Earth-Retaining Structures Using Geofoams

Geofoam is a type of cellular geosynthetic that can be used to reduce lateral earth pressures acting on a wide range of earth-retaining structures (ERSs). There are two distinct geosynthetic-functional ways in which geofoams can provide this benefit: as lightweight fill and as a compressible inclusion. These functions can be implemented either in new construction or retroactively with existing ERSs. Depending on the specific design details chosen, it is possible to reduce lateral earth pressures acting on an ERS to almost zero under both gravity and seismic loading. Unfortunately, the existence and capabilities of this geotechnology, which has the potential to revolutionize the way ERSs are designed, are still not widely known and thus have been significantly underutilized to date. This paper summarizes the state of knowledge concerning the use of geofoams to reduce lateral earth pressures on ERSs and addresses both analytical methods (with an emphasis on seismic loading) as well as geofoam materials and products. It is hoped that this will encourage both usage and research of this intriguing geotechnology.
Are dynamical systems the answer

The proposed model is put forward as a template for the dynamical systems approach to embodied cognition. In order to extend this view to cognitive processing in general, however, two limitations must be overcome. First, it must be demonstrated that sensorimotor coordination of the type evident in the A-not-B error is typical of other aspects of cognition. Second, the explanatory utility of dynamical systems models must be clarified.
Copine A plays a role in the differentiation of stalk cells and the initiation of culmination in Dictyostelium development

Background Copines are calcium-dependent phospholipid-binding proteins found in diverse eukaryotic organisms. We are studying the function of copines in Dictyostelium discoideum, a single-celled amoeba that undergoes cell differentiation and morphogenesis to form multicellular fruiting bodies when placed in starvation conditions. Previously, we showed that Dictyostelium cells lacking the copine A (cpnA) gene are not able to complete the developmental cycle, arresting at the slug stage. The aim of this study is to further characterize the developmental defect of the cpnA- cells.
Atypical antipsychotics in the management of delirium: A review of the empirical literature

Objectives: To review the existing literature of atypical antipsychotics in the treatment of delirium and make recommendations regarding their use in the treatment of delirium. Methods: I conducted a literature search in Pubmed, Psychlit, and Embase for studies using atypical antipsychotics in the treatment of delirium. In the absence of studies, case reports were used. Results: Overall 13 studies examined the use of risperidone, olanzapine, and quetiapine, two cases were reported about ziprasidone, and no publication was found using aripiprazole in the treatment of delirium. Among the existing studies were retrospective and prospective, open label studies in addition to one with a double blind design using risperidone. Risperidone, olanzapine, and quetiapine may be all similarly effective in the treatment of delirium, whereas there may be limited efficacy in the use of olanzapine in the hypoactive subtype of delirium in elderly populations, which may generalize to the other atypical antipsychotics. The use of atypical antipsychotics in the treatment of delirium is safe and carries a low burden of side effects. Significance of results: Although atypical antipsychotics are widely used in the treatment of delirium, well-designed studies do not exist. Among the existing studies, stronger data supports the use of risperidone and olanzapine, and also quetiapine may be considered in the treatment of delirium. Recommendations are made based on the existing data and literature. The need for well-designed studies to validate the use of atypical antipsychotics in the treatment of delirium continues.
Estimating Breeding Season Abundance of Golden-Cheeked Warblers in Texas, USA

Population abundance estimates using predictive models are important for describing habitat use and responses to population-level impacts, evaluating conservation status of a species, and for establishing monitoring programs. The golden-cheeked warbler (Setophaga chrysoparia) is a neotropical migratory bird that was listed as federally endangered in 1990 because of threats related to loss and fragmentation of its woodland habitat. Since listing, abundance estimates for the species have mainly relied on localized population studies on public lands and qualitative-based methods. Our goal was to estimate breeding population size of male warblers using a predictive model based on metrics for patches of woodland habitat throughout the species' breeding range. We first conducted occupancy surveys to determine range-wide distribution. We then conducted standard point-count surveys on a subset of the initial sampling locations to estimate density of males. Mean observed patch-specific density was 0.23 males/ha (95% CI ¼ 0.197-0.252, n ¼ 301). We modeled the relationship between patch-specific density of males and woodland patch characteristics (size and landscape composition) and predicted patch occupancy. The probability of patch occupancy, derived from a model that used patch size and landscape composition as predictor variables while addressing effects of spatial relatedness, best predicted patch-specific density. We predicted patch-specific densities as a function of occupancy probability and estimated abundance of male warblers across 63,616 woodland patches accounting for 1.678 million ha of potential warbler habitat. Using a Monte Carlo simulation, our approach yielded a range-wide male warbler population estimate of 263,339 (95% CI: 223,927-302,620). Our results provide the first abundance estimate using habitat and count data from a sampling design focused on range-wide inference. Managers can use the resulting model as a tool to support conservation planning and guide recovery efforts. 2012 The Wildlife Society.
Synergism between Different Germinant Receptors in the Germination of Bacillus subtilis Spores

Rates of commitment to germinate and germination of Bacillus subtilis spores with mixtures of low concentrations of germinants acting on different germinant receptors (GRs) were much higher than the sums of the rates of commitment and germination with individual germinants alone. This synergism with mixtures of nutrient germinants was not seen with spores lacking GRs responsible for recognizing one or several components of the germinant mixtures and was not eliminated by either a gerD mutation or overexpression of one of the GRs involved in this synergism. This synergism was also not seen between the germinant L-valine, which acts via a GR, and the germinant dodecylamine, which does not act via any GR. These results indicate that spores not only integrate but can also amplify signals from multiple germinants and multiple GRs in determining rates of commitment and overall spore germination. This amplification can be explained by a simple mechanism in which a single signal integrator triggers germination above an accumulation threshold. Direct cooperative action between GRs may further add to the synergism seen in germination triggered by multiple GRs. Further experiments and modeling are required to determine the relative contributions of these different mechanisms.
The Cuban Missile Crisis: Leadership as Disturbance, Informed by History

The Cuban missile crisis of October 1962 cannot be over-studied for the lessons it teaches about leadership. As documents have become declassified, it has now become known that President Kennedy and his team of advisors considered the crisis from multiple angles, ranging from a traditional response to perceived aggression to transactional leadership—in this case, secretly trading the removal of Soviet missiles in Cuba for the removal of American missiles in Turkey. The resolution of the Cuban missile crisis involved more than transactional leadership, however. In the complex negotiations that followed the discovery of the missiles, President Kennedy and his team of advisors experienced an evolution in their thinking, while operating under intense strain. The conceptual frameworks that best describe Kennedy's leadership in this context are Voegelin's notion of historical consciousness and Heifetz's conceptions of adaptive leadership.
Early pharmacologic intervention and plaque stability in acute coronary syndromes

Remarkable therapeutic advances in the treatment of acute coronary syndromes (ACS) have been made with antiplatelet and antithrombotic therapy. However, these therapies alone do not appear to completely stabilize culprit lesions. Evidence from a variety of sources suggests that intensive cholesterol lowering with statins favorably influences culprit lesion stabilization in patients with ACS. Potential mechanisms of benefit include improvements in endothelial function, decreased propensity for platelet thrombus formation, and reduction in inflammation at the site of the lesion. The Myocardial Ischemia with Aggressive Cholesterol Lowering (MIRACL) study is the first large-scale clinical trial to examine whether these mechanisms translate into clinical-event reduction in patients with ACS as well as the substantial proved benefits in the chronic coronary syndromes. In this trial, early initiation of atorvastatin after an episode of unstable angina or non-Q-wave myocardial infarction reduced events over the ensuing 16 weeks. It is hoped that a growing awareness of the benefits of early statin therapy to stabilize culprit lesions in ACS will lead to an increase in the proportion of coronary patients who will receive this beneficial therapy.
Spongy Degeneration of the Central Nervous System in Two Canine Littermates

Progressive dysmetria was observed at four months and six months of age in two female Labrador retriever littermates. Neurological examinations indicated a cerebellar disorder. Laboratory analyses were normal. The dogs were studied clinically until they were killed for necropsy at nine months and eleven months of age. Both dogs had normal brain size, shape, and calvarial symmetry; the older dog had body weight loss, reduced brain weight, and muscle atrophy. Microscopically, there were vacuoles, hypertrophied fibrous astrocytes, myelin loss, and prominent blood vessels, distributed symmetrically in the subcortical and deep white matter of all lobes of the cerebrum; in the folial and deep white matter of the cerebellum; in the tracts of some cranial nerves; in the thalamic area, midbrain and brainstem; and in the white matter of the spinal cord. There was no significant myelinolysis, inflammation, or axonal degeneration. Ultrastructurally, there were intramyelinic vacuoles with separation of lamellae at intraperiod lines and larger spaces formed by coalescence of ruptured vacuoles. Hypertrophied fibrous astrocytes had abundant glial filaments, edematous cytosol, membrane-bound crystalline inclusions, dilated cytocavitary systems, and abnormal mitochondria. The clinical, histological, and ultrastructural findings resembled those reported for the juvenile form of Canavan's disease (van Bogaert and Bertrand type) in children.
Developmental constraints on language development in children with cochlear implants

Research on pediatric cochlear implantation has frequently shown that speech perception, speech production, and language outcomes are better for children who are implanted earlier in life than later. These findings are often explained on the grounds that earlier implantation takes advantage of a critical or sensitive period. This paper reviews the literature concerning sensitive periods within the framework of speech and language development. It particularly emphasizes two alternate mechanisms proposed for these periods: an experience-independent mechanism, and an experience-dependent mechanism. Based on this literature review we proposed that research in the field of pediatric cochlear implantation needs to carefully define what kind of evidence is needed to reflect a sensitive period for speech and language learning. The field also needs to consider designing studies that allow the viability of these two mechanisms to be tested. An example of such a study is provided within.
Surgical versus accommodative treatment for Charcot arthropathy of the midfoot.

Background: The treatment of Charcot foot arthropathy is one of the most controversial issues facing orthopaedic foot and ankle surgeons. Although current orthopaedic textbooks are in almost universal agreement that treatment should be nonoperative, accommodating the deformity with orthotic methods, most peer-reviewed clinical studies recommend early surgical correction of the deformity. In a university health system orthopaedic foot and ankle clinic with a special interest in diabetic foot disorders, a moderate approach evolved for management of this difficult patient population. Methods: Patients with Charcot arthropathy and plantigrade feet were treated with accommodative orthotic methods. Those with nonplantigrade feet were treated with surgical correction of the deformity, followed by long-term management with commercial therapeutic footwear. The desired outcome for both groups was long-term management with standard, commercially available, therapeutic depth-inlay shoes and custom-fabricated accommod...
The supporting effects of high luminous conditions on grade 3 oral reading fluency scores

The universality of the impact of daylight is a common thread that defines humanity. Day light affects us in a variety of ways –visually, psychologically and biologically. Artificial lighting research has explored ways in which artificial lighting may substitute for daylight and enhance human health and wellbeing. Recently, a study by Mott et al. 2011 found that the usage of high intensity, yet glare free lighting, (referred to as Focus light setting) during reading instruction increased grade 3 students’ oral reading fluency (ORF) scores, a key index of reading comprehension. The current study further explored the effect of Focus lighting during literacy instruction with at-risk grade 3 students (n = 172). Over the course of an academic year, the Focus lighting students increased their ORF scores at a greater rate than did the Normal lighting students. These findings, in combination with earlier lighting research, suggest that artificial lighting plays a key role in helping to create an effective learning environment to ensure children reach their full potential. More systematic research, however, is needed to understand the mechanisms by which artificial lighting may contribute to the learning environment: visually, biologically and/or psychologically.
KANT AND DOGMATIC IDEALISM: A Defense of Kant's Refutation of Berkeley

L'A. essaie de prouver que les interpretations precedentes du rapport Kant-Berkeley ne situent pas les commentaires kantiens sur Berkeley dans le contexte propre de la philosophie kantienne. L'idealisme critique de Kant ebranle reellement la doctrine de Berkeley. L'A. etudie les textes-cles de la « Critique » et des « Prolegomena » qui portent directement sur la refutation de l'idealisme dogmatique
The effects of airway pressure release ventilation on respiratory mechanics in extrapulmonary lung injury

Lung injury is often studied without consideration for pathologic changes in the chest wall. In order to reduce the incidence of lung injury using preemptive mechanical ventilation, it is important to recognize the influence of altered chest wall mechanics on disease pathogenesis. In this study, we hypothesize that airway pressure release ventilation (APRV) may be able to reduce the chest wall elastance associated with an extrapulmonary lung injury model as compared with low tidal volume (LVt) ventilation. Female Yorkshire pigs were anesthetized and instrumented. Fecal peritonitis was established, and the superior mesenteric artery was clamped for 30 min to induce an ischemia/reperfusion injury. Immediately following injury, pigs were randomized into (1) LVt (n = 3), positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) 5 cmH2O, V t 6 cc kg−1, FiO2 21 %, and guided by the ARDSnet protocol or (2) APRV (n = 3), P High 16–22 cmH2O, P Low 0 cmH2O, T High 4.5 s, T Low set to terminate the peak expiratory flow at 75 %, and FiO2 21 %. Pigs were monitored continuously for 48 h. Lung samples and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were collected at necropsy. LVt resulted in mild acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) (PaO2/FiO2 = 226.2 ± 17.1 mmHg) whereas APRV prevented ARDS (PaO2/FiO2 = 465.7 ± 66.5 mmHg; p 0.05). This was because the pleural pressure was significantly lower in LVt (7.6 ± 0.5 cmH2O) as compared with APRV (17.4 ± 3.5 cmH2O; p < 0.05). Finally, the elastance of the lung, chest wall, and respiratory system were all significantly greater in LVt as compared with APRV (all p < 0.05). APRV preserved surfactant and lung architecture and maintenance of oxygenation. Despite the greater plateau pressure and tidal volumes in the APRV group, the transpulmonary pressure was similar to that of LVt. Thus, the majority of the plateau pressure in the APRV group was distributed as pleural pressure in this extrapulmonary lung injury model. APRV maintained a normal lung elastance and an open, homogeneously ventilated lung without increasing lung stress.
What Temptation Could Not Be

Prominent theories of the criminal law borrow heavily from the two leading theories of temptation — the evaluative conception of temptation, which conceives emotion and desire as essentially involving a kind of evaluation, and the mechanistic conception of temptation, which conceives emotion and desire as essentially involving felt motivation. As I explain, both conceptions of temptation are inconsistent with the possibility of akratic action, that is, action contrary to a person’s conscious better judgment. Both are inconsistent with the possibility of akratic action because both are covertly inconsistent with a two-fold psychological assumption that undergirds common beliefs about human action and lies at the heart of the law of criminal responsibility: that resisting a powerful temptation is extremely difficult yet not ordinarily impossible. I reveal these inconsistencies and offer in place of the leading theories of temptation a theory of affective desire as primitive psychic attraction, an elemental psychological state typically accompanied by evaluation and motivation but not reducible to either one. I then show how this theory of desire is consistent with the possibility of akratic action, with the two-fold psychological assumption at the heart of the law of criminal responsibility, and, in particular, with the defense of provocation.
Can Ten do it Better? Impact of Red Card in the English Premier League

After penalties and goals, red cards are the next most significant event that can impact the outcome of a soccer (football) game. Using data from the English Premier League, this paper statistically analyzes the impact of whether a sending-off of a player actually turns out to be a punishment for the penalized team, or if - as a popular soccer myth states â€“ penalized teams perform better than they would have performed, had they not received a red card. The results show that the sending-offs negatively affect the performance of the penalized team, no matter when the sending-off occurs. Getting a red card doesnâ€™t increase the perceived pressure on the remaining players inducing higher effort levels. This is true for both the home and the visiting teams. It contradicts the repeated soccer clichA© that playing against ten men is more difficult than eleven.
Integration of Single-view Graphs with Diffusion of Tensor Product Graphs for Multi-view Spectral Clustering

Multi-view clustering takes diversity of multiple views (representations) into consideration. Multiple views may be obtained from various sources or dierent feature subsets and often provide complementary information to each other. In this paper, we propose a novel graph-based approach to integrate multiple representations to improve clustering performance. While original graphs have been widely used in many existing multi-view clustering approaches, the key idea of our approach is to integrate multiple views by exploring higher order information. In particular, given graphs constructed separately from single view data, we build cross-view tensor product graphs (TPGs), each of which is a Kronecker product of a pair of single-view graphs. Since each cross-view TPG captures higher order relationships of data under two dierent views, it is no surprise that we obtain more reliable similarities. We linearly combine multiple cross-view TPGs to integrate higher order information. Ecient graph diusion process on the fusion TPG helps to reveal the underlying cluster structure and boosts the clustering performance. Empirical study shows that the proposed approach outperforms state-of-the-art methods on benchmark datasets.
Angiotensin II Stimulation of DPP4 Activity Regulates Megalin in the Proximal Tubules

Proteinuria is a marker of incipient kidney injury in many disorders, including obesity. Previously, we demonstrated that megalin, a receptor endocytotic protein in the proximal tubule, is downregulated in obese mice, which was prevented by inhibition of dipeptidyl protease 4 (DPP4). Obesity is thought to be associated with upregulation of intra-renal angiotensin II (Ang II) signaling via the Ang II Type 1 receptor (AT1R) and Ang II suppresses megalin expression in proximal tubule cells in vitro. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that Ang II will suppress megalin protein via activation of DPP4. We used Ang II (200 ng/kg/min) infusion in mice and Ang II (10−8 M) treatment of T35OK-AT1R proximal tubule cells to test our hypothesis. Ang II-infused mouse kidneys displayed increases in DPP4 activity and decreases in megalin. In proximal tubule cells, Ang II stimulated DPP4 activity concurrent with suppression of megalin. MK0626, a DPP4 inhibitor, partially restored megalin expression similar to U0126, a mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK)/extracellular regulated kinase (ERK) kinase kinase (MEK) 1/2 inhibitor and AG1478, an epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitor. Similarly, Ang II-induced ERK phosphorylation was suppressed with MK0626 and Ang II-induced DPP4 activity was suppressed by U0126. Therefore, our study reveals a cross talk between AT1R signaling and DPP4 activation in the regulation of megalin and underscores the significance of targeting DPP4 in the prevention of obesity related kidney injury progression.
What's wrong in Computopia, April 1992

Professor Mozart burst into my office, waving the January 1992 issue of Physics Today . “What are you doing here, W. A.?” I greeted him in surprise. “I thought you were abroad fund-raising for the SSC!” “Just got back,” he gasped, having apparently run up all five flights of stairs. “Castro says he'll provide all the cigars if we can persuade Bush to lift the sugar quota. Just sent Bromley a memo. Don't see how Congress can drag its feet any longer—especially when we remind them that accelerator physics gave us ride-on lawn mowers, sliced bread, and the compact disc. But what about this response to your call last May for the abolition of journals in favor of electronic bulletin boards? Ten letters to the editor—all but two hostile? As a pundit, you've got it made!” “Thank you,” I replied sourly, “but the fact is I received even more letters that were wildly enthusiastic—by far the biggest response I've ever had.” “Don't tell me,” he said, lighting up an enormous Havana. “All the favorable correspondence came by email. No copies to Physics Today . Shun the print media. Matter of principle.” “You've got it,” I confirmed, suppressing a gasp myself. “My supporters are all children of the network. I doubt they even use the telephone anymore, except as ancillary to a modem. They want me to lead the way into the shining electronic future, writing software, designing hardware, lobbying professional societies, organizing boycotts, raising funds …” “Leave the fund-raising to me,” he ordered through the smoke. “Your immediate problem is to answer your critics. How could you have expected to attack the refereeing process and come out unscathed? Don't you realize most people can't write an acceptable laundry list without peer review? Without referees we'd soon be promulgating inchoate blather. Can you imagine what Hamlet must have looked like the first time Shakespeare submitted it? Why, somebody once told me that Othello is what Titus Andronicus turned into after half a dozen exchanges. And you want to abolish refereeing!” “Never mind how peer review operates under the current system,” I interrupted. “What none of the critics have noticed is how much better it will work in Computopia.” “No doubt you're thinking,” he murmured through the fog, eyes half closed, “of a parallel bulletin board of criticisms and errata.”
Scaling ansatz for the jamming transition

We propose a Widom-like scaling ansatz for the critical jamming transition. Our ansatz for the elastic energy shows that the scaling of the energy, compressive strain, shear strain, system size, pressure, shear stress, bulk modulus, and shear modulus are all related to each other via scaling relations, with only three independent scaling exponents. We extract the values of these exponents from already known numerical or theoretical results, and we numerically verify the resulting predictions of the scaling theory for the energy and residual shear stress. We also derive a scaling relation between pressure and residual shear stress that yields insight into why the shear and bulk moduli scale differently. Our theory shows that the jamming transition exhibits an emergent scale invariance, setting the stage for the potential development of a renormalization group theory for jamming.
Calculation of the g J Factor for the 2 3 S 1 State of Helium

The ${g}_{J}$ factor for the excited $2^{3}S_{1}$ state of helium has been calculated from a generalized Breit equation which includes radiative corrections. The result is ${g}_{J}$ $(\mathrm{He},2^{3}S_{1})={g}_{e}(1\ensuremath{-}40.91640\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}6})=\ensuremath{-}2.002237379$. This result is in good agreement with the previous theoretical value calculated by Perl and Hughes to order ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}^{2}$. Higher-order corrections (${\ensuremath{\alpha}}^{3} \mathrm{and} {\ensuremath{\alpha}}^{2}\frac{m}{M}$) contribute -0.151 ppm. Combining this result with the calculated value for the atomic hydrogen ${g}_{J}$ factor gives the ratio $\frac{{g}_{J}(\mathrm{He},2^{3}S_{1})}{{g}_{J}(\mathrm{H},1^{2}S_{\frac{1}{2}})}=1\ensuremath{-}23.212\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}6}$ with an estimated uncertainty of 3 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}9}$. This value is in agreement with the old experimental and theoretical values of Hughes et al., and improves upon the accuracy of the latter, but disagrees with a recent experimental value obtained by Leduc, Lalo\"e, and Brossel.