cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Parent Marital Quality and the Parent–Adolescent Relationship: Effects on Sexual Activity among Adolescents and Youth

The link between growing up outside of an intact family and the likelihood of engaging in risky sexual behaviors as an adolescent has been explored extensively. However, fewer studies examined the likelihood of risky sexual behaviors among adolescents within intact families and what elements of those married-parent families seem to function as protective factors for adolescents. This study looks at relationships within married-parent families—that is, the parent marital relationship, the youth–parent relationship, and the interaction of the two—to identify potential sources of resilience for adolescents that influence their sexual activity. Overall, the youths' relationship with their parents matters more than the parents' relationship with each other, particularly for male youth and youth in stepparent families. Other covariates with notable influence on youths' risky sexual behaviors include parents' marital disruption and religious activity during the teen years. Analyses are based on data from the NLS...
The thermodynamic properties of binary aromatic systems II. Excess enthalpies and volumes of benzene + toluene and toluene + isomeric xylene mixtures at 25 °C☆

Abstract : Excess enthalpies and volumes of the four binary systems formed by mixing toluene with benzene, o-xylene, m-xylene, and p-xylene were measured at 25C. These results along with similar results for benzene + isomeric xylene systems were analyzed in terms of the theories of Flory and of Barker. Each approach provides a reasonable, but limited, basis for correlation of the results. (Author)
Resistant starches types 2 and 4 have differential effects on the composition of the fecal microbiota in human subjects

Background To systematically develop dietary strategies based on resistant starch (RS) that modulate the human gut microbiome, detailed in vivo studies that evaluate the effects of different forms of RS on the community structure and population dynamics of the gut microbiota are necessary. The aim of the present study was to gain a community wide perspective of the effects of RS types 2 (RS2) and 4 (RS4) on the fecal microbiota in human individuals.
Toward dissipationless spin transport in semiconductors

Spin-based electronics promises a radical alternative to charge-based electronics, namely the possibility of logic operations with much lower power consumption than equivalent charge-based logic operations. In this paper we review three potential means of dissipationless spin transport in semiconductors with and without spin-orbit coupling: the use of spin currents, propagating modes, and orbital currents. Spin and orbital currents induced by electric fields obey a fundamentally different law than charge transport, which is dissipative. Dissipationless spin currents occur in materials with strong spin-orbit coupling, such as GaAs, while orbital currents occur in materials with weak spin-orbit coupling, such as Si, but with degenerate bands characterized by an atomic orbital index. Spin currents have recently been observed experimentally. Propagating modes are the coupled spin-charge movement that occurs in semiconductors with spin-orbit coupling. In contrast to normal charge transport, which is diffusive, the spin-charge mode can exhibit propagating transport, with low energy loss over relatively large distances (>100 µm), by funneling energy between the spin and the charge component through the spin-orbit coupling channel. This opens the possibility for spin-based transport without either spin injection or spin detection. The schemes discussed in this paper are analyzed in comparison with schemes based on molecular electronics phenomena, dilute magnetic semiconductors, etc.
An Infinite-Horizon Maximum Principle with Bounds on the Adjoint Variable

We provide necessary optimality conditions for a general class of discounted infinite-horizon dynamic optimization problems. As part of the resulting maximum principle we obtain explicit bounds on the adjoint variable, stronger than the transversality conditions in Arrow–Kurz form.
The optimal LQG digital shape and orientation control of an orbiting shallow spherical shell system

Abstract The analysis and design of the optimal LQG digital shape and orientation control of an orbiting shallow spherical shell system are presented. In this paper the emphasis is placed on the mathematical models of the dynamics and observation, and the analysis and design of LQG optimal digital controllers and observers. The problem of determining the number and locations of the actuators is also studied by means of the concept of the degree of controllability and related simulations. The analysis and design of the optimal LQG digital control system for the shell has been certified by simulations. Typical figures showing the transient responses of LQG control are included here to show the influence of the different combinations of the controller and observer pole locations on the estimate and control process; also studied here are the influence of different numbers of actuators and for a fixed number of actuators, the effect of varying the actuator locations on the LQG control process.
A practical sublimation source for large-scale chromium gettering in fusion devices

This paper describes the technique of chromium gettering with a large-scale sublimation source which resembles in its design the VARIAN Ti-Ball. It consists of a hollow chromium sphere with a diameter of approximately 3 cm and an incandescent filament for radiation heating from inside the ball. While the fabrication of the source is described in a companion paper, we discuss here the gettering technique. The experimental arrangement consists of an UHV system instrumented for total- and partial-pressure measurements, a film-thickness monitor, thermocouples, an optical pyrometer, and appropriate instrumentation to measure the heating power. The results show the temperature and corresponding sublimation rate of the Cr-Ball as function of input power. In addition, an example of the total pumping speed of a gettered surface is shown.
The preparation of polyfluoroalkyl phosphonitrilates and N-(perfluoracyl) phosphoramidic dichlorides

Abstract The phosphonitrilic fluorides can be made to react readily with sodium polyfluoroalkyl alcoholates, CHF2(CF2)nCH2ONa, to give high yields of the corresponding phosphonitrilic esters, viscous, high boiling liquids, which are soluble in a variety of organic and fluorocarbon solvents, but insoluble in water. The end product of reactions between fluorocarbon amides and PCl5 are N-(perfluoroacyl)-phosphoramidic dichlorides, RfCONHPOCl2, where Rf is a perfluoroalkyl radical. The structure of this type of compound was confirmed by their reactions with fluoroalcohols and hydrazine. Reactions of phosphonitrilic chloride trimer, (NPCl2)3, with fluorocarbon amides, and imide and the barium salt of trifluoroacetic acid were studied. Amides undergo the same chemistry as benzamide, the salt acts similarly to sodium benzoate, while perfluoroglutarimide was converted to the acid-amide adduct of pyridine when pyridine was used as a solvent.
A School of Whale Sharks in the Bahama Islands

FOR years I had received newspaper clippings and second-hand verbal recitals of whale sharks seen off the west side of the Bahamas. Much effort was made to verify these, but for a long time I had no evidence of scientific value. However, in July 1936, there came to me authentic data concerning a specimen seen off Bimini, and shortly thereafter I published a faunal record for Rhineodon in the Bahamas1.
The effects of hip contact aberrations on stress patterns within the human femoral head.

A two-dimensional finite element model incorporating cancellous bone inhomogeneity is used to study femoral head stress alterations caused by changes from the usual articular contact patterns. The contact stress distributions, calculated from an earlier mathematical analysis by Greenwald and O'Connor (16), are found to influence not only the adjacent subchondral bone, but relatively distant parts of the head as well. Both abnormally large joint incongruity and abnormally low cartilage compliance cause load to shift away from the superior “weight-bearing” area, out toward the periphery of the contact region. As a consequence, transverse compressive stresses, which are of appreciable magnitude but which do not contribute to weight bearing, are built up throughout much of the superior and central portions of the femoral head. Most small changes in the overall cartilage thickness or in its thickness distribution, when considered in isolation from hip compliance changes, have only minor effects on the internal stress distribution. An important exception is cartilage thinning at the superior margin, which can result in abrupt longitudinal compressive stress concentrations. It is suggested that such alterations of the normal patterns of stress transmission may contribute to sclerosis or to the formation of osteophytes or cysts in the osteoarthritic hip.
Walking the Good Red Road: Storytelling in the Counseling Relationship Using the Film Dreamkeeper

Counselors frequently use storytelling as a therapeutic technique. Stories allow people to find meaning and form connections by expressing the thoughts and feelings that are sometimes difficult to articulate. The film, Dreamkeeper, presents a series of American Indian legends woven throughout the main story of a journey undertaken by a young man and his grandfather. These legends, coupled with the beautiful cinematography, make this film a powerful tool for use within the counseling relationship. A synopsis of the legends and their meanings are included.
From in silico discovery to intracellular activity: Targeting JNK-protein interactions with small molecules

The JNK–JIP1 interaction represents an attractive target for the selective inhibition of JNK-mediated signaling. We report a virtual screening (VS) workflow, based on a combination of three-dimensi...
Phase-space approach to the density-functional calculation of Compton profiles of atoms and molecules.

The phase-space distribution function corresponding to a ground-state density of a many-electron system proposed earlier is explored as a means for generation of momentum-space properties through density-functional theory. Excellent results are found for the spherically averaged Compton profiles for several atoms and the molecules ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ and ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$, as well as the directional Compton profiles for ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$, thereby providing both a useful scheme for computation of such profiles and confirmation of the basic theory. The entropy-maximization procedure employed is discussed from the point of view of information theory.
Hemoglobin queens: α34 (B15) Leu-Arg structural and functional properties and its association with Hb E

Hemoglobin Queens: alpha 34 (B15) Leu-Arg was found in association with Hb E in a Vietnamese boy. The observed microcytosis and hypochromia were due to Hb E, which also occurred in other members of this family. The functional properties of Hb Queens in the absence and presence of allosteric effectors were normal. The abnormal hemoglobins appear to be unrelated to the hyperbilirubinemia that was observed at birth.
Microwave synthesis of mixed ligand diimine–thiosemicarbazone complexes of ruthenium(II): biophysical reactivity and cytotoxicity

A novel microwave-assisted synthetic method has been used to synthesise a series of mixed ligand ruthenium(II) compounds containing diimine as well as bidentate thiosemicarbazone ligands. The compounds contain the diimine 1,10-phenanthroline (phen) or 2,2′-bipyridine (bpy) and the thiosemicarbazone is derived from 9-anthraldehyde. Based on elemental analyses and spectroscopic data, the compounds are best formulated as [(phen)2Ru(thiosemicarbazone)](PF6)2 and [(phen)2Ru(thiosemicarbazone)](PF6)2 where thiosemicarbazone = 9-anthraldehydethiosemicarbazone, 9-anthraldehyde-N(4)-methylthiosemicarbazone, and 9-anthraldehyde-N(4)-ethylthiosemicarbazone. Fluorescence competition studies with ethidium bromide, along with viscometric measurements suggests that the complexes bind calf thymus DNA (CTDNA) relatively strongly via an intercalative mode possibly involving the aromatic rings of the diimine ligands. The complexes show good cytotoxic profiles against MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 (breast adenocarcinoma) as well as HCT 116 and HT-29 (colorectal carcinoma) cell lines.
Accuracy Of Radiologists' Decision Making

Reliable studies show that under routine conditions radiologists fail to detect approximately 30% of abnormalities present on chest x-ray films. These failures of detection are perceptual in nature and not due to limitations in such physical parameters as resolution or contrast. There are many image processing techniques that are being proposed to help the radiologist. Most of these techniques have been implemented by us in TV process-ing of x-ray films. Each processing technique was evaluated experimentally using radiologists as observers in a test based on concepts originating from signal detection theory. A numerical value for d', an index of merit, was assigned to each technique according to how well it improved the accuracy of the radiologists' decision making.© (1971) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Development of a countercurrent multistage, fused salt-molten metal extractor

A multistage, counter current extractor was developed for use with fused salt-molten metal systems. The most important factors considered in designing the extractor were the ability to create new interfacial area and to maintain high surface to volume ratios for the dispersed phase, other considerations were adequate mixing, increased retention time of the metal in the salt phase, ease of assembling, and flexibility of equipment. The extractor, a modified disk and doughnut type, was constructed of type 316 stainless steel. A system of fused potassium chloride-zinc chloride eutectic and molten bismuth, with cadmium as the transferring element, was used to test the equipment. Problems with valve seals, flow meters, and interface measurements were encountered. Methods of pumping the molten materials and of sealing the equipment were also considered. Final extraction runs were made to measure the stage efficiencies of the column. Stage efficiencies of 37 per cent were obtained. The results indicated that the equipment could operate at higher efficiencies.
YOUNG GUNS: EXAMINING ALTERNATIVE EXPLANATIONS OF JUVENILE FIREARM HOMICIDE RATES

In recent years, youth firearm homicide has become a topic of great public concern in the United States. However, few macrolevel studies have examined intercity variation in juvenile firearm homicide. In the current study, we address this gap in the literature by examining whether intercity variation in firearm-related homicide rates among black and white juveniles is explained by three prominent structural factors: concentrated disadvantage, racial inequality, and the youth illicit drug market activity. Our findings suggest partial support for the concentrated disadvantage and juvenile drug market explanations of homicide. However, contrary to expectations, these relationships are only significant in models for white juveniles.
Monolithically integrated 32-channel client re-configurable optical add/drop multiplexer on planar lightwave circuit

A monolithically integrated 32-channel client re-configurable optical add/drop multiplexer on silica-based planar lightwave circuit is demonstrated. It can be reconfigured to add/drop any of the 32 input channels from/to any of the 4 add/ drop ports.
Carbanion Stabilization by Adjacent Sulfur: Polarizability, Resonance, or Negative Hyperconjugation? Experimental Distinction Based on Intrinsic Rate Constants of Proton Transfer from (Phenylthio)nitromethane and 1-Nitro-2-phenylethane

(Phenylthio)nitromethane, PhSCH2NO2, is about as acidic as PhCH2NO2 and about 4 pKa-units more acidic than CH3NO2 in water or aqueous DMSO, showing the well-known acidifying effect of thio substituents in the α-position of carbon acids. Over the years various interpretations have been offered for the acidifying effect of sulfur groups: d−p π-resonance, polarizability, and negative hyperconjugation. Assuming that the nature of the factors that potentially stabilize the transition state of the proton transfer from the carbon acid are the same as those that potentially stabilize the carbanion, we show that a distinction between these interpretations can be based on the effect of the phenylthio group on the intrinsic rate constants (ko) of proton transfer. Such intrinsic rate constants were determined for the deprotonation of PhSCH2NO2 and PhCH2CH2NO2 by amines in water and 90% DMSO−10% water; in both solvents ko for PhSCH2NO2 was found to be substantially higher than for PhCH2CH2NO2 as well as for other nit...
Support vector machine classification on the web

Summary: The support vector machine (SVM) learning algorithm has been widely applied in bioinformatics. We have developed a simple web interface to our implementation of the SVM algorithm, called Gist. This interface allows novice or occasional users to apply a sophisticated machine learning algorithm easily to their data. More advanced users can download the software and source code for local installation. The availability of these tools will permit more widespread application of this powerful learning algorithm in bioinformatics. Availability: Web interface at svm.sdsc.edu. Binaries and source code at microarray.cpmc.columbia.edu/gist.
Using personality traits to predict police officer performance

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to evaluate the usefulness of personality traits, namely the Big Five, as a means of selection in good police officers.Design/methodology/approach – The current study examines a sample of 96 police officers from eight non‐urban police departments.Findings – Age and attitude were found to be better predictors of job performance measures than were personality traits. A cynical work attitude was negatively related to ratings of job performance. Officer age was found to have a non‐linear relationship to job performance.Research limitations/implications – Difficulties in measuring police performance are discussed, as is the relative importance of individual officer personality versus organizational culture.Originality/value – The study extends the research on police officer selection and issues of job performance and measurement.
Biological Properties of Streptococcal Cell-Wall Particles II. Purification by Density Gradient Column Electrophoresis

Abstract Schwab, John H. (University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill). Biological properties of streptococcal cell-wall particles. II. Purification by density gradient column electrophoresis. J. Bacteriol. 90:1412–1419. 1965.—Sucrose gradient column electrophoresis was utilized as a preparative method to purify streptococcal cell-wall fragments. Enzyme-treated cell-wall preparations could be resolved into two major fractions. All of the cell-wall material was in the fraction of slower electrophoretic mobility. The latent time between injection and appearance of nodular lesions in rabbit skin was significantly shorter with this fraction, compared with crude material. In addition, the incidence of relapses of the nodular lesion was reduced with this purified preparation. Addition of the faster electrophoretic fraction back to the slower cell wall-containing fraction prolonged the latent time between injection and appearance of nodules, and increased the incidence of relapses. The latent time was directly proportional to the ratio of the two fractions. Antigens of the electrophoretic fast fraction were distinct from the C polysaccharide and mucopeptide antigens of the cell wall.
Evaluation of Curricular Approaches to Enhance Preschool Early Literacy Skills

Two curricula designed to enhance the early literacy skills of 4-year-old preschool children were evaluated against a third, comparison condition. Thirty-five Head Start preschool classrooms were assigned randomly to incorporate one of two early literacy curricular approaches, Let’s Begin with the Letter People ® or Waterford Early Reading Program ® Level 1, into their current curriculum, the High/ Scope ® Educational Approach, or to use the High/Scope method alone. Results indicated that children in the literacy intervention classrooms demonstrated significantly stronger outcomes in the areas of emergent writing, book and print knowledge, and general reading readiness skills. Minority language status also played a significant role in outcome, regardless of intervention condition. Implications for early childhood literacy interventions, especially important for children of low-income families, are discussed.
Transplantation of the abdominal wall

Summary Background Closure of the abdomen in patients undergoing intestinal transplantation can be extremely difficult, if not impossible. We describe our initial experience with abdominal wall allotransplantation to facilitate abdominal closure. Methods We undertook nine cadaveric abdominal wall composite allograft transplants in eight patients. The graft's blood supply was based on the inferior epigastric vessels left in continuity with the donor femoral and iliac vessels. Skin biopsies were undertaken randomly and when rejection was suspected. Vessel patency was monitored by doppler ultrasound. Findings Six patients have survived, five of whom have intact, viable abdominal wall grafts. Two patients have had a clinically mild episode of acute rejection of the skin of the abdominal wall that resolved with corticosteroid therapy. No clinically apparent graft-versus-host disease has been noted. Interpretation Transplantation of an abdominal wall composite allograft can facilitate reconstruction and closure of the abdominal compartment in intestinal transplant recipients with complex abdominal wall defects.
Progesterone and Placental Hormone Actions on the Uterus: Insights from Domestic Animals

Progesterone is unequivocally required for maternal support of conceptus (embryo/fetus and associated extraembryonic membranes) survival and development. In cyclic sheep, progesterone is paradoxically involved in suppressing and then initiating development of the endometrial luteolytic mechanism. In cyclic and pregnant sheep, progesterone negatively autoregulates progesterone receptor (PR) gene expression in the endometrial luminal (LE) and superficial glandular epithelium (GE). In cyclic sheep, PR loss is closely followed by increases in epithelial estrogen receptor (ERalpha) and then oxytocin receptor (OTR), allowing oxytocin to induce uterine release of luteolytic prostaglandin F2alpha pulses. In pregnant sheep, the conceptus produces interferon tau (IFNtau) that acts on the endometrium to inhibit transcription of the ERalpha gene and thus development of the endometrial luteolytic mechanism. After Day 13 of pregnancy, the endometrial epithelia do not express the PR, whereas the stroma and myometrium remain PR positive. The absence of PR in the endometrial GE is required for onset of differentiated function of the glands during pregnancy. The sequential, overlapping actions of progesterone, IFNtau, placental lactogen (PL), and growth hormone (GH) comprise a hormonal servomechanism that regulates endometrial gland morphogenesis and terminal differentiated function during gestation. In pigs, estrogen, the pregnancy-recognition signal, increases fibroblast growth factor 7 (FGF-7) expression in the endometrial LE that, in turn, stimulates proliferation and differentiated functions of the trophectoderm, which expresses the receptor for FGF-7. Strategic manipulation of these physiological mechanisms may offer therapeutic schemes to improve uterine capacity, conceptus survival, and reproductive health of domestic animals and humans.
The dry pollen nasal test

Abstract 1.1. A nasal test, consisting of the repeated instillation of small amounts of dry pollen, has been described. 2.2. The test gave a specific reaction in all but 7 per cent of the patients, in whom nonspecific reactions ensued as a result of hyperesthetic mucous membranes. 3.3. The specificity of the nasal test was further demonstrated by its failure to evoke a reaction during the period of active symptomatology, when the membranes are usually in a vulnerable state and tend to react to the slightest irritation. 4.4. The test has its greatest value in distinguishing the etiologic importance of pollens which yield positive skin tests and pollinate simultaneously, such as occur during the tree and grass seasons. It offers the allergist, who is too occupied to practice field observation, a simplified office procedure which can, in a number of cases, yield information that may be instrumental in making an accurate etiologic diagnosis. 5.5. In those patients in whom remissions were believed to have occurred, immediate negative nasal tests resulted, indicating that this method is of value in determining when a patient has had a remission.
LOCALIZATION OF MULTIPLE TYPES OF JET NOISE SOURCES

A small-aperture microphone phased array provides noise source maps for turbulent mixing noise emitted from a cold Mach 0.9 jet in two polar directions. The first direction is at 30 degrees to the jet axis and is associated with noise produced by large-scale turbulence. The second direction is at 90 degrees to the jet axis and is associated with noise generated from fine-scale turbulence. The measurements show similarities and differences between the two noise source maps. At given frequency, the axial distributions of large-scale and fine-scale noise sources have comparable shapes. Both types of noise sources peak near the end of the potential core and move towards the nozzle exit as frequency increases. Along the path of peak noise on the space-frequency diagram, the spectra of the two noise sources are distinct and representative of their respective similarity spectra for single point measurement.
Support from Contemporary Psychology

A great deal has happened in psychology since the time of William James. However, many psychologists, neuroscientists, and philosophers who intended to stay in tune with the basic precepts of physics became locked to the ideas of nineteenth century physicists and failed to acknowledge or recognize the jettisoning by twentieth century physicists of classical materialism and the principle of the causal closure of the physical. Thus while the physicists were bringing effects attributed to the conscious intentions of human agents into the dynamical description of the physically described world, mainline psychologists, embracing behaviorism, sought to remove such features even from psychology, and most philosophers of mind followed suit.
RESPONSE OF CYNOMOLGUS MACAQUES TO IMMUNIZATION AGAINST A SYNTHETIC PEPTIDE FROM THE HUMAN ZONA PELLUCIDA

: This study tested immunogenicity of a synthetic peptide hZP3327–341 from a human zona pellucida (ZP) glycoprotein. After antibody response to various peptide-carrier conjugates was assessed in mice, two female cynomolgus macaques were immunized with the peptide conjugated to keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH). A control macaque was immunized with KLH. The peptide was immunogenic in both species, and included both B and T cell epitopes since low to moderate titers of peptide-specific antibodies and a T cell proliferative response were measured. Profiles of ovarian steroid metabolites indicated unchanged ovarian function in the macaques, but only the control conceived when bred. Ovarian histology was normal except that immunoglobulin was bound to ZP in follicles of the peptide-immune macaques. ZP from these females bound sperm and induced acrosome reactions at rates equal to those of an untreated control. The results support the feasibility of an immunocontraceptive vaccine based on autologous ZP peptides.
DNA functionalization of colloidal II–VI semiconductor nanowires for multiplex nanoheterostructures

Building controlled and tunable multiplex nanoheterostructures (NHSs) is critical for renewable energy and biosensor applications. In this paper, we demonstrate a facile and highly efficient method to functionalize one-dimensional (1D) colloidal II–VI semiconductor nanowires with a high coverage of single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) for the construction of multicomponent, multidimensional NHSs. Our strategy relies on the Watson–Crick base-pairing between complementary ssDNA displayed from the surface of one-dimensional semiconductor ZnTe/ZnS core/shell nanowires and zero-dimensional (0D) plasmonic Au nanoparticles or fluorescent CdTe/CdS core/shell quantum dots. This strategy may lead to solution-processed construction of versatile multiplex heterostructures.
Chemically enhanced bacteriorhodopsin thin-film spatial-light modulator

An optically addressed spatial light modulator that is based on the chemically enhanced bacteriorhodopsin thin film is demonstrated. The underlying principle is the light-induced shift of absorption band of the protein. The device can be chemically or genetically modified for different applications. In our preliminary experiment, a resolution of about 100 line pairs per millimeter with a linear dynamic range of above 100:1 is obtained.
Schumpeter's Misevaluation of Adam Smith's Original Contributions in the Wealth of Nations - What Schumpeter Overlooked in Chapter 10 of Part I

Schumpeter misevaluated Adam Smith’s contributions in the Wealth of Nations in his monumental History of Economic Analysis (1954) by overlooking the originality of Smith’s unique contributions to decision theory, his definition of uncertainty, and his application of the uncertainty versus risk distinction in Smith’s analysis of occupational choice in chapter 10 of Part I of the Wealth of Nations.
How to make a red flower: the combinatorial effect of pigments

Red flowers have evolved repeatedly across angiosperms and are frequently examined in an ecological context. However, less is known about the biochemical basis of red colouration in different taxa. In this study, we examine the spectral properties, anthocyanin composition and carotenoid expression of red flowers in the tomato family, Solanaceae, which have evolved independently multiple times across the group. Our study demonstrates that Solanaceae typically make red flowers either by the sole production of red anthocyanins or, more commonly, by the dual production of purple or blue anthocyanins and orange carotenoids. In using carotenoids to modify the effect of purple and/or blue anthocyanins, these Solanaceae species have converged on the same floral hue as those solely producing red anthocyanins, even when considering the visual system of pollinators. The use of blue anthocyanins in red flowers appears to differ from other groups, and suggests that the genetic changes underlying evolutionary shifts to red flowers may not be as predictable as previously suggested.
Intramolecular [2 + 2] Photodimerization Achieved in the Solid State via Coordination-Driven Self-Assembly.

An intramolecular [2 + 2] photocycloaddition is achieved in the organic solid state via self-assembly of Ag(I) ions and an endo-ditopic bipyridine. The cations aide to organize carbon–carbon double (C═C) bonds attached to the bipyridine for the cycloaddition reaction. The C═C bonds react regioselectively and quantitatively to afford a photoproduct with edge-sharing four-, five-, and six-membered rings. Our study demonstrates the first use of a metal–organic template to direct an intramolecular [2 + 2] photodimerization in the organic solid state.
Multimarket Contact and Service Quality: Evidence From On-Time Performance In the U.S. Airline Industry

We examine the relationship between multimarket contact and service quality. We offer two hypotheses: (1) multimarket contact negatively affects service quality and (2) multimarket contacts in less...
Interference Mediated by a Variant of Sindbis Virus. I. Isolation of an Avirulent Variant and In Vivo Interference

A newly recognized, avirulent large-plaque (ALP) variant of Sindbis virus failed to kill suckling mice after intracerebral inoculation and replicated at the site of inoculation to a lower titer than virulent strains. When this variant was mixed with virulent large-plaque (VLP) or virulent small-plaque (VSP) variants of Sindbis virus or with chikungunya virus and inoculated into suckling mice, the ability of the virulent viruses to kill suckling mice was inhibited. ALP also transiently inhibited replication of VSP in brains of suckling mice. ALP was shown to be ethersensitive; its infectivity and its interfering effect were neutralized by sera immune to Sindbis. Under conditions of the interference test, ALP induced interferon more rapidly than virulent strains of Sindbis virus.
DISCUSSION OF FUZZY METHOD OF COMPREHENSIVE ASSESSMENT ON CUSTOMER-SATISFACTION DEGREE FOR PETROLEUM MACHINERY PRODUCTS

In recent years, with the advancement of scientific theory of Customer-Satisfaction in the whole globe, researches on the degree of Customer-Satisfaction have been increasingly received much attention. This paper adopted a fuzzy method of comprehensive assessment to have a quantitative assessment of Customer-Satisfaction on the petroleum machinery products. In details it discussed the fuzzy feature of degree of Customer-Satisfaction, and then it emphasized to explain fuzzy method of comprehensive assessment on degree of Customer-Satisfaction witha definite example of certain petroleum machinery product. The definite processes are as following: determine factors and hierarchies establish different hierarchy collection; establish the collection of different hierarchy weight; establish assessment collection; have the first class analysis of fuzzily comprehensive assessment; have the second class analysis of fuzzily comprehensive assessment; figure out the average mean of total satisfaction-degree of a product and total satisfaction index of a product. In comparable view, this method will be helpful for petroleum machinery manufacturing enterprises to know clearly the status and image of the products and the services in the consumers hearts so as to continuously refine upon the process of business and improve the degree of Customer-Satisfaction customer loyalty, winning more economic benefits and social benefits.
Relationship of IGFBP-6 and Prognosis of Advanced NPC Patients and Function in NPC Cell CNE2 Proliferation

【Objective】 To evaluate the expression of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-6 (IGFBP-6) in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) patients and determine its clinical and prognostic significance. To study the effect of IGFBP-6 to NPC cell in the proliferation. 【Methods】 In this study,we evaluated immunohistochemical expression of IGFBP-6 in NPC tissue and determined its clinical and prognostic significance. The effect of IGFBP-6 to NPC cell line CNE2 in proliferation were detected by MTS. 【Results】 The 5-year overall survival (OS) rates of IGFBP-6 of negative group and positive group were 27% and 73% (survival analyses P = 0.007). The 5-year loco regional relapse-free survival (LRFS) rates were 38% and 75% (P = 0.001). The 5-year distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS) rates were 53% and 89% (P = 0.002). Multivariate analysis in Cox model showed that IGFBP-6 were independent significant prognostic factor for 76 NPC patients. The positive expression of IGFBP-6 indicates a lower risk of developing loco regional relapse and distant metastasis. MTS showed that IGFBP-6 could decrease proliferation of CNE2 (P 0.05) and this function was dose-dependent. 【Conclusion】 IGFBP-6 is an independent significant prognostic factor for loco regional relapse and distant metastasis. The positive expression of IGFBP-6 indicates a lower risk of developing loco regional relapse and distant metastasis. IGFBP-6 can decrease the ability of proliferation in CNE2 in vitro.
Simulation of viscoelastic fluid flow past a cylinder using the “method of lines”

An investigation is carried out into numerical techniques to solve the unsteady state flow of viscoelastic fluid past a circular cylinder rod. An implicit four-constant time dependent Oldroyd model is employed to separate shear-thinning and elastic effects. The method of lines is found to produce stable solution for low as well as high elasticity number. However, in the case of high elasticity, finer mesh sizes and small time steps had to be used to reach convergence. A downstream shifting of the streamlines is found for low elasticity while an upstream shifting is observed for high elasticity. These predictions are in accordance with the available experimental evidence. The pressure and vorticity distribution around the surface of the cylinder are found to alter in the presence of shear-thinning parameter.
Prostate cancer vaccines: maximizing a suboptimal immune response for improved outcome

As approaches toward isolating tumor-associated antigens have become more refined, vaccines composed of novel cell surface proteins, peptides, or DNA encoding the molecule of interest have been developed. All of these approaches have in some way been shown to break immunologic tolerance, either by the generation of high-titer antibodies against the immunogen or by eliciting T-cell responses as shown by T-cell proliferation assays or specific cytokine release via enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot. No single immunologic approach to date has successfully shown significant durable disease remission in prostate cancer, albeit clinical trials using immune modulators together with vaccines have suggested that radiographic antitumor responses are feasible. This review updates the status of prostate cancer vaccines as tools for induction of active immunity and discusses the issues relevant to their clinical trial development.
Observations of rat fetuses after irradiation with 2450-MHz (CW) microwaves.

AbstractFemale Sprague-Dawley (CD) rats were exposed to 2450-MHz (CW) microwave radiation at incident power densities of O or 28 mW/cm2for 100 min daily on the 6th through 15th day of gestation. The whole-body specific absorption rate at 28 mW/cm2 is estimated to be 4.2 W/kg. These exposure conditions raised rats’ average colonic temperatures to 40.3°C at the end of irradiation. There were 67 sham-irradiated and 70 microwave-irradiated females. When these groups were compared, no significant differences were found in pregnancy rates; in the numbers of live, dead, or total fetuses; in the incidences of external, visceral, or skeletal anomalies or variations; or in the body weight of live fetuses. It is concluded that these conditions do not have an effect on the gross structure of the fetal rat when applied repetitively during post- implantation pregnancy. It is also strongly suspected that this lack of an effect may hold true at any exposure level less than that which will kill a significant number of the...
Inline electrical yield versus optical inspection: Correlations, connections and disconnections

In the state of the art development of chip manufacturing (FinFet technology for example) both optical inspection and inline electrical test are deployed to monitor and facilitate the process development. While optical inspection provides critical process evaluation at the sector inline electrical test (ILT) at M1 provides the information of process impact on the electrical signal, which ultimately is the indication of device operation and performance. It is always tempting but not trivial to compare the optical inspection result (defect density) with the in-line electrical test result (yield) in a quantitative way. Nuances in doing such correlation between the inspection and electrical yield are discussed. In the scenario where a correlation could not be established, ranking the different inspections in terms of yield impact is another source to provide feedback to the process development. To build such yield impact Pareto three different algorithms for counting the sector contribution to the electrical fail are compared.
Passive Acoustic Monitoring in Benthic Marine Crustaceans: A New Research Frontier

Passive acoustic monitoring has been used to study the soundscapes of some shallow-water coastal environments. These studies have revealed distinct patterns that depend upon the physical structure of the environment as well as the species living within it. One underrepresented group in marine bioacoustics is the benthic crustaceans, yet these animals are known to produce and detect sounds. Snapping shrimp are the most ubiquitous benthic crustacean, and their “snaps” can substantially elevate sound levels in the range of 2–15 kHz in a variety of habitats in the mid-latitudes. Clawed and spiny lobsters produce tonal vibrations and broadband “rasps,” respectively, but these sounds occur more intermittently than the snapping shrimp choruses. Finally, burrow-dwelling mantis shrimp produce low-frequency rhythmic “rumbles” which tend to occur as dawn and dusk choruses. Passive acoustic monitoring of these taxa can be useful for revealing broad ecological patterns, by using some species (e.g., snapping shrimp) as ecological indicators. Acoustic measurements can reveal temporal patterns in crustacean sounds and detect species’ occupancy of particular habitats. Finally, acoustic monitoring can demonstrate the temporal and frequency overlap between anthropogenic sounds and natural crustacean sounds, which can help refine research questions on potential impacts.
Evidence? We Don't Need No Stinkin’ Evidence!: How Ambiguity in Some States’ Anti-Slapp Laws Threatens to De-Fang a Popular and Powerful Weapon Against Frivolous Litigation

For nearly thirty years, states have been adopting laws that attempt to stop rich, sophisticated parties from using costly litigation as a weapon to punish and silence their less-affluent critics. Known as “anti-SLAPP” statutes, these measures have been incredibly effective in forcing certain plaintiffs to bring forth evidence at an early stage of litigation to show their claims have merit. Unfortunately, a troubling trend has emerged. Some states’ courts are interpreting particular language within their anti-SLAPP laws to allow plaintiffs to survive early dismissal by merely pointing to unproven and unsworn-to allegations in their pleadings. This movement is on the rise as Congress considers a federal anti-SLAPP bill that just so happens to feature this same ambiguous language.This article explores how state courts are arriving at entirely opposite holdings despite sharing statutory language that is identical in form and purpose. Ultimately, I offer specific suggestions about how Congress and state legislatures can fix their laws to avoid uncertainty and fully effectuate the purpose of anti-SLAPP legislation.
Inflammation as a Mediator of Oxidative Stress and UPS Dysfunction

Neuroinflammation is viewed as a process that occurs in the CNS and that involves primarily glial responses (1). It does not reproduce the classical characteristics of peripheral inflammation. The term neuroinflammation, apparently not used prior to 1995, is associated with chronic CNS inflammation. It is now considered to be an innate immune response in the brain and is implicated in many chronic unremitting neurodegenerative disorders associated with activated glial cells (1). The complex interactions and feedback loops between glia and neuronal cells make it difficult to establish simple linear cause and effect cascades in these disorders. In this chapter we discuss two of the mechanisms, oxidative stress and UPS dysfunction, that can mediate the detrimental aspect of neuroinflammation.
Pushing down user information to enhance smart device system design

Recent popularity in smart devices, for example smartphones, has created an increased interest in carrying small devices with limited battery capacity. Unfortunately, smartphones are notorious for consuming energy far too quickly. Although certain advances have been made on the hardware side such as better batteries, this talk is focused on improving energy management software in the lower layer system to make better use of existing batteries. For modern smartphone, a major cause of battery drain is wireless communications. Most smartphones come equipped with multiple radio transceivers, such as Bluetooth, GPS, WiFi and 4G, among which power hungry WiFi or 4G radios are required for access to the Internet. The frequency of use of these radios is spurred by the popularity of smartphone applications, and many applications require the phone to be constantly connected to the Internet. The wide availability of applications, for instance the Android Market has over 700K registered applications, shows that the need to save smartphone radio energy is highly relevant and urgent today.
The Collateral Consequences of “Criminalized” School Punishment on Disadvantaged Parents and Families

The “criminalization” of school discipline has contributed to a number of negative outcomes for students and scholars have noted important racial, ethnic, and class disparities in school punishment. Yet, prior work provides little information in which to understand how the effects of criminalized school punishment may move beyond the student and impact parents and families—especially parents and families most likely to experience school discipline. By drawing upon what we know about the collateral consequences of criminal justice punishment—such as arrest and incarceration—on families more generally, the goal of this research project is to explore how school punishment affects disadvantaged parents and families. Interviews with primarily poor, single, Black mothers, reveal that as a result of school discipline, parents reported important collateral consequences including negative financial outcomes such as losing their job, negative emotional consequences including depression and emotional turmoil, and a decrease in future expectations for their child. Respondents highlighted that these consequences were largely attributable to social disadvantage and a lack of social capital.
Shape Memory Polymers: A Joint Chemical and Materials Engineering Hands-On Experience.

Hands-on experiences are excellent tools for increasing retention of first year engineering students. They also encourage interdisciplinary collaboration, a critical skill for modern engineers. In this paper, we describe and evaluate a joint Chemical and Materials Engineering hands-on lab that explores cross-linking and glass transition in polymeric materials. We find that the experience provides an engaging introduction to polymers for Chemical and Materials engineers.
Kienböck's disease. II. Risk factors, diagnosis, and ergonomic interventions.

The term CTD has been used to refer to those musculoskeletal impairments that appear to be work-related and tend to be chronic. Upper extremity CTD are categorized in three major groups: tendon disorders, neurovascular disorders, and nerve. Kienbock's disease, on the other hand, has been documented in the workplace and has a similar etiology, but due to current anatomic classifications cannot be considered a CTD. With this in mind, the present article reviews risk factors, diagnosis, and treatment, with the purpose of providing physicians, engineers, and designers with information to reduce the risk of workers developing this potentially debilitating disease. Furthermore, additional support will be accumulated and combined with Part I of this article with the intent of introducing into the literature a new category of upper extremity CTD: Bone Disorders.