cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abstract 4416: Combination of HSP90 and proteasome inhibitor is effective in pancreatic cancer

Background: Heat shock protein (HSP90) and proteasome play an important role in cellular protein trafficking and degradation in pancreatic cancer (PC). Given the overlap in the mechanism of action, we investigated the effects of the combination of pharmacological inhibitors of HSP90 (Ganetespib) and proteasome (Carfilzomib) on PC cells in vitro and in vivo. Methods: The combined effects of ganetespib and carfilzomib were evaluated in MIA PaCa-2 and HPAC cell lines using a cell proliferation assay. Effects on the expression of survival (PI3K/AKT, and ERK), cell cycle (Cdc-2 and cyclin B1), angiogenesis (HIF-1α and VEGF) and autophagy (LC3 A/B, and Atg7) pathways were examined by Western blot. Cell cycle analysis was performed by FACS assay. HPAC cell lines were tested for efficacy to ganetespib, carfilzomib, alone and in combination, using an in vivo tumor xenograft model. Results: The combination of ganetespib and carfilzomib significantly decreased cell proliferation, induced G2-M cell cycle arrest and induced autophagy in both MIA PaCa-2 and HPAC cell lines. Ganetespib and carfilzomib also decreased the activation of ERK, PI3K/AKT, and autophagy signaling molecules (LC3 A/B, and Atg7). In animal models, ganetespib potentiated the effects of carfilzomib, as measured by tumor volume. Western blot analysis from tumors removed from animals confirmed the effects of ganetespib and carfilzomib on survival, cell cycle, autophagy and angiogenesis. Conclusion: These observations provide preclinical proof-of-principle that combinatorial targeting of HSP90 and proteasome is a rational approach for development in PC clinical trials. Citation Format: Ganji Purnachandra Nagaraju, Balney Rajitha, Leah Benton, Bassel F. El-Rayes. Combination of HSP90 and proteasome inhibitor is effective in pancreatic cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 4416.
Decreased Synovial Inflammation in Atraumatic Hip Microinstability Compared With Femoroacetabular Impingement

Purpose To compare the inflammatory profile of hip synovial tissue in those with atraumatic microinstability to patients with femoroacetabular impingement (FAI). Methods Patients with cam and mixed-type FAI (FAI group) and patients with hip instability underwent sampling of the anterolateral synovium. Demographic data, intraoperative measurements, and functional outcome scores (International Hip Outcomes Tool and Short Form-12) were recorded. Cryosections were stained and examined under light microscopy as well as confocal fluorescent microscopy for anti-CD45 (common leukocyte antigen), anti-CD31 (endothelial), and anti-CD68 (macrophage) cell surface markers. A grading system was used to quantify synovitis under light microscopy whereas digital image analysis was used to quantify immunofluorescence staining area. Comparison were made with Student t test, Mann-Whitney U , χ 2 , and regression analysis. Results There were 12 patients in the FAI group and 5 in the instability group. Mean age was not significantly different ( P > .05), but there was a significantly greater proportion of females in the instability group versus the FAI group ( P P = .005) between number of turns needed for 10 mm of distraction and increased synovitis. Synovitis scores also were increased significantly in patients with cam morphology and articular cartilage damage ( P = .024) versus those without. Immunohistochemistry did not reveal differences ( P > .082) between the instability and FAI groups, but CD68 staining was significantly greater in those with cam morphology and cartilage damage ( P Conclusions Increased synovial inflammation was associated with an increased number of turns to achieve joint distraction. Both instability and FAI groups demonstrated baseline levels of synovial inflammation. Synovitis scores also were increased in patients with cartilage damage. Clinical Relevance An understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms behind both hip instability and FAI may lead to novel therapeutic anti-inflammatory therapy, which may serve as an adjunct to treatment of mechanical abnormalities in this conditions.
The Point on the POEM: Comparison Between Different Techniques and Outcomes

Peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) has emerged as a natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) alternative to laparoscopic Heller myotomy (LHM) for the treatment of achalasia. Since the first human POEM, performed in Yokohama, Japan, by Haruhiro Inoue and reported in 2009, POEM has enjoyed explosive growth and became the subject of comprehensive documents by the major US endoscopic societies, the American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ASGE) and Society of American Gastrointestinal and Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES) [1, 2].
IMPACT OF OBESITY ON THE OUTCOMES OF STRESS CARDIOMYOPATHY: AN ANALYSIS OF NATIONAL INPATIENT SAMPLE

Background: It has been shown that in patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS), those who are overweight or mildly obese have better outcomes compared to those with normal body mass index. This is referred to as the “obesity paradox”. However, the impact of obesity on the in hospital
Strategies for Sensor-based Terrain Acquisition by a Mobile Robot * *Supported in part by the National Science Foundation Grants DMC- 8712357 and IRI-8805943.

Abstract The problem of terrain acquisition presents a special case of robot motion planning. In it, a mobile robot is requested to perform a complete, in some sense, exploration of an unfamiliar scene populated with obstacles (objects) of unknown shapes and dimensions, using some sort of sensory feedback (e.g., vision) and generating as short a path during the operation as possible. The result of such exploration can be, for example, a map of the scene. Algorithms considered so far in literature make strong assumptions about the obstacles - e.g., that they are polygonal- and measure the algorithm performance in terms of the number of constraints describing obstacles, such as the Number of obstacle vertices. In this paper, two formulations of the terrain acquisition problem are considered, differing in what the "complete exploration" means; both assume continuous (on-line) motion planning and obstacles of arbitrary shape. Accordingly, two algorithms are described for acquiring planar terrains, and estimates of the algorithm performance are derived as upper bounds on the lengths of generated paths.
Proof that the Natural Logarithm Can Be Represented by the Gaussian Hypergeometric Function

The Gaussian or ordinary hypergeometric function is a special function represented by the hypergeometric series that includes many other special functions as speci fic or limiting cases. It is a solution of a second-order linear ordinary differential equation (ODE). Every second-order linear ODE with three regular singular points can be transformed into this equation. This paper claims that the natural logarithm can be represented by the Gaussian hypergeometric function.
Mouth coloration in nestling Cave Swallows ( Petrochelidon fulva ) differs from that of adults, is carotenoid based and correlated with body mass

The mouth coloration of nestling birds is hypothesized to be uniquely adaptive during the nestling stage, perhaps signalling condition. To identify nestling-specific colours, we compared adult and nestling gapes in Cave Swallows (Petrochelidon fulva). Nestling gapes reflected more ultraviolet (UV) light and tended to be yellower (because they contained carotenoids). Across broods, heavier nestlings had yellower, less bright, and less UV-rich flanges, and less bright gapes. Nestlings with carotenoid-rich plasma had brighter flanges and yellower gapes. Color did not, however, signal within-brood status. Studies of nestling mouth coloration may benefit from considering complementary and/or competing roles of the trait across ontogeny.
Training and Education of a Physician for Regional Anesthesia

Expertise in the practice of regional anesthesia is not achieved with technical skill alone. Although the technically adept can adequately deliver local anesthetic adjacent to target nerves, it is the regional anesthesiologist who combines such applied anatomy with the practice of perioperative medicine. The nontechnical aspects of the practice of regional anesthesia cannot be ignored: clinical judgment, patient selection and communication, complication management and avoidance, a wide breadth of knowledge of physiology and pharmacology, and the formulation of an appropriate care plan with contingencies are examples. A discussion of regional anesthesia education should first acknowledge that the discipline, at its core, is the practice of medicine. Maintaining this perspective, this chapter aims to provide a pertinent overview addressing past, present, and future challenges including competency-based education within this exciting, rapidly evolving field.
High enthalpy storage thermoset network with giant stress and energy output in rubbery state.

Low output in stress and energy in rubbery state has been a bottleneck for wide-spread applications of thermoset shape memory polymers (SMPs). Traditionally, stress or energy storage in thermoset network is through entropy reduction by mechanical deformation or programming. We here report another mechanism for energy storage, which stores energy primarily through enthalpy increase by stretched bonds during programming. As compared to entropy-driven counterparts, which usually have a stable recovery stress from tenths to several MPa and energy output of several tenths MJ/m3, our rubbery network achieved a recovery stress of 17.0 MPa and energy output of 2.12 MJ/m3 in bulk form. The giant stress and energy release in the rubbery state will enhance applications of thermoset SMPs in engineering structures and devices. Energy storage in thermoset shape memory polymers happens through entropy reduction during the programming step, but low energy release is known to be a bottleneck for wide-spread application. Here, the authors show a thermoset network that stores energy primarily through enthalpy increase by bond length change, which leads to an improved energy output.
Connecting Regional Aerosol Emissions Reductions to Local and Remote Precipitation Responses

Abstract. The unintended climatic implications of aerosol and precursor emission reductions implemented to protect public health are poorly understood. We investigate the precipitation response to regional changes in aerosol emissions using three coupled chemistry–climate models: NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory Coupled Model 3 (GFDL-CM3), NCAR Community Earth System Model (CESM1), and NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies ModelE2 (GISS-E2). Our approach contrasts a long present-day control simulation from each model (up to 400 years with perpetual year 2000 or 2005 emissions) with 14 individual aerosol emissions perturbation simulations (160–240 years each). We perturb emissions of sulfur dioxide and/or carbonaceous aerosol within six world regions and assess the significance of precipitation responses relative to internal variability determined by the control simulation and across the models. Global and regional precipitation mostly increases when we reduce regional aerosol emissions in the models, with the strongest responses occurring for sulfur dioxide emissions reductions from Europe and the United States. Precipitation responses to aerosol emissions reductions are largest in the tropics and project onto the El Nino–Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Regressing precipitation onto an Indo-Pacific zonal sea level pressure gradient index (a proxy for ENSO) indicates that the ENSO component of the precipitation response to regional aerosol removal can be as large as 20 % of the total simulated response. Precipitation increases in the Sahel in response to aerosol reductions in remote regions because an anomalous interhemispheric temperature gradient alters the position of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ). This mechanism holds across multiple aerosol reduction simulations and models.
On the Question of Socratic Benevolence

In the Euthyphro, Socrates claims to be benevolent. As specific proof of his benevolence, Socrates points to the fact that he says profusely whatever he happens to possess to every man, free of charge. So in order to understand Socratic benevolence, one should begin by adumbrating his various kinds of speeches. Accordingly, this chapter first briefly surveys several dialogues to search for what motivates Socrates to speak with particular persons. McBrayer aims to contrast cases where Socrates seems particularly interested in speaking to his interlocutors with those cases where Socrates appears to be indifferent or even disinclined to speak with someone, yet nevertheless does. In the next place, McBrayer pays particular attention to Book I of the Republic, where Socrates outlines a rather passive view of justice—understood as doing no one harm—to see whether that discussion can shed light on Socrates’s alleged care for human beings.
Ten Lessons for the Survival of a Mathematics Department

Times are changing: mathematics, once the queen of the sciences and the undisputed recipient of research funds, is now being shoved aside in favor of fields which are (wrongly) presumed to have applications, either because they endow themselves with a catchy terminology, or because they know (better than mathematicians ever did) how to make use of the latest techniques in P.R. The following decalogue was written as a message of warning to a colleague who insisted that all is well and that nothing can happen to us mathematicians as long as we keep proving deep theorems.
Immunological cell markers on lymphoblasts of patients with acute lymphatic leukemia.

The blast cells of 8 patients with acute lymphatic leukemia were investigated for B- and T-cell properties. Membrane-bound immunoglobulins (B-cell marker) were not found, unexpectedly also not on the blasts of a boy with leukemic transformed lymphosarcoma. In contrast, in another patient, who died shortly after diagnosis, the blasts of different compartments repeatedly showed T-cell properties (spontaneous rosette formation with sheep red blood cells).
Research Opportunities in Heterogeneous Computing for Machine Learning

In recent times, AI and deep learning have witnessed explosive growth in almost every subject involving data. Complex data analyses problems that took prolonged periods, or required laborious manual effort, are now being tackled through AI and deep-learning techniques with unprecedented accuracy. Machine learning (ML) using Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) has shown great promise for such applications. However, traditional CPU-based sequential computing no longer can meet the requirements of mission- critical applications which are compute-intensive and require low latency. Heterogeneous computing (HGC), with CPUs integrated with accelerators such as GPUs and FPGAs, offers unique capabilities to accelerate CNNs. In this presentation, we will focus on using FPGA-based reconfigurable computing to accelerate various aspects of CNN. We will begin with the current state of the art in using FPGAs for CNN acceleration, followed by the related R&D activities (outlined below) in the SHREC* Center at the University of Florida, based on which we will discuss the opportunities in heterogeneous computing for machine learning.
Single-Impact Nonlinear Resonant Acoustic Spectroscopy for Monitoring the Progressive Alkali–Silica Reaction in Concrete

Alkali–silica reaction (ASR) is a ubiquitous cause of concrete degradation. The reaction produces an expandable gel that may cause internal over-stressing and cracking. This paper demonstrates the utility of single-impact nonlinear resonant acoustic spectroscopy (SINRAS) for monitoring the progress of ASR over the course of a standard ASR-susceptibility test. In SINRAS, the transient softening and subsequent recovery of resonance frequency due to one strong impact are analyzed. The performance of SINRAS in monitoring ASR is compared to that of multi-impact nonlinear resonant acoustic spectroscopy (MINRAS), where the gradual resonance frequency shifts caused by impacts of increasing intensity is measured. The changes in standard linear expansion and linear resonance frequency are recorded in parallel. Finally, the sensitivity of measured parameters to sample temperature is investigated. Our findings indicate that SINRAS, while being much simpler and faster to conduct, yields results that strongly correlate to those from MINRAS and even gives an additional parameter describing the rate of recovery. The extracted nonlinearity parameters exhibit good sensitivity and clearly differentiate between concrete with reactive and non-reactive aggregates. Further, this study suggests that the influence of sample temperature on the nonlinearity parameters depends on the level of ASR progression and has to be taken account.
The Influence of Cue Presentation Velocity on Skin Stretch Perception

Wearable haptic devices that convey skin stretch have been used in a broad range of applications, from prosthesis proprioception to language transmission. Despite their prevalence, rigorous evaluation of the perception of skin stretch cues is still ongoing. Prior studies indicate that skin stretch cue presentation velocity may impact cue perception, but we lack quantitative data regarding the impact of skin stretch velocity on cue perceptibility. It is important to understand the impact of presentation velocity to ensure the haptic cues are delivered in the most salient manner. In this paper, the Method of Constant Stimuli and Likert surveys were used to capture the just noticeable difference (JND) and participant impressions for two rotational velocities of the Rice Haptic Rocker. The velocities tested did not affect the JND; however, participants reported the faster speed was easier to discern. This study suggests skin stretch devices can be expected to maintain their perceptual performance at varying actuation speeds, meeting the requirements of a variety of applications.
Spinors and Descartes configurations of disks

We define spinors for pairs of tangent disks in the Euclidean plane and prove a number of theorems, one of which may be interpreted as a "square root of Descartes Theorem". In any Apollonian disk packing, spinors form a network. In the Apollonian Window, a special case of Apollonian disk packing, all spinors are integral.
Position Paper on Non-Jewish Partner Policy

This paper was written in 2013 as the faculty of the Reconstructionist Rabbinical College (RRC) was considering a policy barring prospective rabbinical students from being partnered with non-Jews. Composed by Rabbi Deborah Waxman, Ph.D., prior to her assuming the presidency of Reconstructing Judaism, it recommends that RRC set aside this policy and replace it with a clearly articulated preference that rabbinical students create for themselves homes with rich Jewish practice, and a requirement that children in the home be raised exclusively in the Jewish tradition. The recommendation emerges from a review of classical Reconstructionist positions as articulated by Mordecai M. Kaplan, the 1968 and 1979 Reconstructionist stands on patrilineal descent, the nature of religious authority, the impact of second-wave feminism on American Jewish life, and consideration of universalism versus particularism. The ultimate conclusion is that RRC’s mission is to attract Jews to Jewish living and not to police boundaries and that adopting a more inclusive partner status policy is an affirmation of key Reconstructionist principles, including fostering diverse expressions of Jewish identity and inclusive Jewish communities, and an authentic step in an evolving understanding of the Jewish civilization.
A Mutual Coupling Approach to Digital Pre-Distortion and Nonlinear Equalization Calibration for Digital Arrays

A low-cost, in situ digital pre-distortion (DPD) and nonlinear equalization (NLEQ) calibration method for digital arrays is proposed. The proposed calibration method is based on mutual coupling between the Tx and Rx elements and provides straightforward calibration without the need for external components or additional receivers. Simulations of the proposed method for a $9 \times 9$ digital array demonstrate the effectiveness and simplicity of mutual coupling based DPD/NLEQ calibration.
Photography and the Archive

This essay uses the case of an album of tintype portraits from the late nineteenth century to discuss the role of curatorial care for the archivist, curator, contemporary artist and scholar. The no...
Symbolic Death and Rebirth into Womanhood: An Analysis of Stepdaughter Narratives from Heian and Medieval Japan

Through a comparative reading of several premodern Japanese tales with a focus on Ochikubo monogatari (ca. tenth century) and Hachi-kazuki (ca. fifteenth century), this essay attempts to interpret the common literary trope of mamako ijime —stepmothers’ mistreatment of their stepdaughters—in a new light. Within the pre-existing scholarship, the fictional accounts of mamako ijime seem to have been viewed as a reflection of quasi-universal, self-evident phenomena at best. Consequently, little inquiry has been made regarding the ubiquity or functions of this particular form of female-on-female violence in literary texts. The present study, in turn, attributes the blind acceptance of the universality of mamako ijime to negative stereotypes against middle-aged women, shared by the readers of the past and present, and offers a more critical interpretation thereof. Based on the recurrent patterns found in premodern Japanese tales, mamako ijime can be read as the dead birthmothers’ “tough love” for their daughters. By enduring the abusive (albeit not deadly) deeds of the stepmothers—or the evil surrogates of the late mothers—the heroines mature into resilient, caring, and wise women and ultimately achieve strong marriage, wealth, and prestige, all of which would have been what the birthmothers wished upon their daughters.
College Students’ Sustainability Awareness towards Apparel and Cotton Industries

The purpose of this study was to assess students’ level of sustainability awareness towards apparel and cotton industries by examining their knowledge, skills, and attitude. A convenience sample of 170 college students at one of the U.S. south-eastern universities was recruited through an online survey and used for data analysis. The findings reveal that the level of students’ knowledge, skills, and attitude towards sustainability are comparatively greater in apparel industry than cotton industry. Also, students have higher attitude than knowledge and skills towards sustainability. College education may fulfill this gap by offering a comprehensive curriculum to enhance their knowledge and skills on sustainability. If students are truly prepared to influence and be part of textiles and clothing industry changes, the academic curriculum needs to holistically reflect values and vision of sustainability, which will allow them to become the change agents.
When Natural Science Meets the Dismal Science

This article examines how the Supreme Court and appellate courts have taken into account developments in natural science and economics in evaluating Commerce Clause challenges to environmental laws, and applies this examination to the context of wetlands regulation. I present a descriptive claim: that courts, especially the Supreme Court, have already been incorporating new developments in science and economics in their Commerce Clause opinions; this use of developments in scientific and economic research, I contend, arises out of the empirical values embedded in the Constitution. I also argue that apparent doctrinal inconsistencies in Commerce Clause evaluations may arise from inconsistent but unstated commitments to different visions of the nature of science; accordingly, I urge courts to more expressly explore and acknowledge their underlying epistemological commitments in evaluating Commerce Clause challenges.
I'm as Mad as Hell and I'm Not Going to Take This Anymore: On Indignation and Health Care

This paper begins with the assumption that patients become indignant when they are denied care at their preferred provider -- even if the denial is justified under the patient's insurance policy -- and consequently take actions that impose costs upon their insurers or employers. I develop a simple model to explore the effects of such patient indignation on provider prices and profits, as well as on the number of uninsured and total social welfare.
Strong army couples: a case study of rekindling marriage after combat deployment.

Post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS), occurring in 15% of combat-exposed military personnel, are associated with a decrease in couples' relationship quality. The purpose of this analysis was to describe reintegration in Army couples with high couple functioning, despite PTSS in one or both partners. Reintegration refers to readjustment after deployment; returning to previous role(s). In a mixed-methods case study of Army couples with a history of combat deployment, we used existing quantitative data to define sampling boundaries, select cases, and guide interviews. Couples scoring high on couple functioning, resilience, and couple satisfaction were interviewed (N = 5 couples, 10 participants). “Rekindling marriage” required strategies to overcome challenges during couple reintegration. For participants as individuals, those strategies were allowing negative emotions, giving each other time and space to do the work of rediscovery and accepting a changed reality, and recognizing and addressing individual needs of the other. As couples, strategies were to go with the flow, open your heart, become best friends, maintain trust, and communicate effectively. As families, strategies were to normalize schedules and protect family time. Findings offer a preliminary basis for interventions to promote strong relationships for military couples with PTSS. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
2 Once and Future U.S. Litigation

This chapter offers a framework for understanding "transnational litigation avoidance doctrines" as a group. It discusses some of the consequences of their expansion in light of defendants' mistaken assumptions about transnational litigation in the U.S. and abroad. As U.S.-style transnational litigation thus becomes more prevalent in foreign jurisdictions, where corporate defendants may not have assets, those defendants that eschewed U.S. courts in the first instance increasingly have to confront the generous U.S. enforcement regime. The enforcement of these foreign judgments, however, may make transnational litigation avoidance doctrines less attractive in retrospect, and ultimately make them less attractive ex ante . When defendants therefore invoke these doctrines only in cases where they have confidence in the foreign forum, however, the doctrines may become even stronger as courts are more willing to defer to such jurisdictions. The chapter considers the importance of these developments and their effect on various stakeholders. Keywords: foreign money judgment enforcement; stakeholders; transnational litigation avoidance doctrines; U.S.-style transnational litigation
Simon, Herbert A.

Herbert A. Simon (1916–2001) was an American scientist whose research ranged broadly over the cognitive and social sciences, computer science, economics, and the philosophy of science. For his fundamental, innovative, and penetrating contributions he received the highest research awards in the fields of economics, psychology, computer science and artificial intelligence, including the 1978 Nobel Prize for Economics for his model of bounded rationality in decision-making and problem-solving. Keywords: decision-making; problem solving; artificial intelligence; bounded rationality; Nobel Price in Economics
Biosynthesis of gibberellins. IV. Biosynthesis of cyclic diterpenes from trans-geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate.

Abstract A 14C-diterpene alcohol (copalol) was isolated as its 4-(4'-nitrophenylazo)benzoyl ester from a soluble enzyme system which had been prepared from a cell-free extract of mycelia of the fungus Gibberella fujikuroi and incubated with 2-14C-mevalonate, ATP, and MgCl2. Copalol was identified as trans-(-)-labda-8(16),13-dien-15-ol from its properties in comparison with those of the enantiomeric alcohol synthesized from manool. 14C-Geranylgeraniol and 14C-(-)-kaurene were also identified as diterpenes formed in these incubation mixtures. All three diterpenes were also found as products when trans-14C-geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate was used as the substrate in place of 2-14C-mevalonate and ATP. A substance with the properties expected for 14C-copalyl pyrophosphate was also extracted with collidine from these incubation mixtures with either 2-14C-mevalonate or trans-14C-geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate as the substrate. The structure of the purified product was established as copalyl pyrophosphate by showing (a) that it yielded copalol on treatment with alkaline phosphatase and (b) that the doubly labeled product was formed from trans-14C-geranylgeranyl 32P-pyrophosphate with the same 14C:32P ratio as the substrate. Copalyl pyrophosphate was converted to kaurene by a soluble enzyme preparation from G. fujikuroi. The plant growth retardant tributyl-2,4-dichlorobenzylphosphonium chloride (Phosfon) at 1 mm concentration inhibited this conversion, whereas two other retardants, β-chloroethyltrimethylammonium chloride (CCC) and 2'-isopropyl-4'-(trimethylammonium chloride)-5'-methylphenyl piperidine carboxylate (Amo 1618), at the same concentration were not significantly inhibitory. All three retardants inhibit the over-all conversion of trans-14C-geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate to kaurene in this system. Copalyl pyrophosphate was also converted to (-)-kaurene in a soluble enzyme fraction from the endosperm of wild cucumber (Echinocystis macrocarpa) seed and to a mixture of (-)-kaurene, (+)-stachene, (+)-sandaracopimaradiene, and trachylobane in a soluble enzyme fraction prepared from seedlings of castor bean (Ricinus communis).
Effects of Hypophysectomy of Liver Donor on Net Synthesis of Specific Plasma Proteins by the Isolated Perfused Rat Liver: MODULATION OF SYNTHESIS OF ALBUMIN, FIBRINOGEN, α1-ACID GLYCOPROTEIN, α2-(ACUTE PHASE)-GLOBULIN, AND HAPTOGLOBIN BY INSULIN, CORTISOL, TRIIODOTHYRONINE, AND GROWTH HORMONE

Abstract The isolated rat liver perfused for 12 or 24 hours has been used to study effects of total hypophysectomy of the liver donor, and of added cortisol, bovine growth hormone, insulin, and triiodothyronine on the net biosynthesis of five specific plasma proteins, namely, rat serum albumin, fibrinogen, α1-acid glycoprotein, α2-(acute phase) globulin, and haptoglobin. With all four hormonal supplements livers from fed hypophysectomized rats perfused at pH 7.10 synthesized about 50% as much albumin as livers from normal donors. Similarly with a supplement including all four hormones, synthesis of fibrinogen, α1-acid glycoprotein, and haptoglobin was close to that observed in normals. Elimination of either growth hormone, insulin or triiodothyronine, had effects which varied depending on the hormone deleted and the specific plasma protein in question. Fibrinogen synthesis in the absence of triiodothyronine was not different from that with the four hormones; however, deletion of either the supplement of insulin or growth hormone resulted in a small but significant decrease in net synthesis below that seen with the four hormones. Deletion of either triiodothyronine, growth hormone, or insulin was associated with failure to increase synthesis of haptoglobin above that seen in the absence of all hormones at 12 hours, and at 24 hours was only 50% of that with supplementation by all four hormones. In the absence of hormone supplements synthesis of α2-(acute phase) globulin by livers from hypophysectomized donors was undetectable. With all four hormones synthesis of this protein was not significantly different from that by livers of normal donors. Omission of either triiodothyronine, insulin, or growth hormone diminished the net synthesis of the protein in a manner closely similar to that observed with haptoglobin. Of the four hormones, omission of insulin or growth hormone was reflected in a small but significant decrease in net uptake of free amino acid nitrogen. Strongly positive nitrogen balance for the perfusion system was referable mainly to normal amino acid uptake concomitant with significantly decreased urea production and to the presence of insulin. Absence of insulin (even in the presence of growth hormone, triiodothyronine, and cortisol) was associated with increased urea production, negative nitrogen balance, and reduced incorporation of l-[1-14C]lysine into hepatic protien.
Surface acoustic waves on the

Piezoelectric semiconductors such as GaAs are of interest for signal processing devices due to the possibility of monolithic integration of SAW and active electronic circuits on the same substrate. The common crystal orientation of GaAs used in the surface acoustic wave (SAW) devices is the (110) propagating wave in the (100) plane, which supports a leaky wave. In this work, the characteristics of surface wave propagation in the (110) plane of GaAs, which supports both the Rayleigh and the Bleustein-Gulyaev surface wave modes, are studied. A number of devices have been fabricated and studied using laser probe and S-parameter measurement techniques. The SAW velocity, attenuation, piezoelectric coupling constant, slowness surface, beam profile, and the transducer characteristics have been measured, and the experimental results agree well with the theoretical calculations for both types of the surface wave modes. >
Spectral Classification from Copernicus Data

The suitability of Copernicus U2 spectrometer scans (resolution 0.2 A, spectral range roughly 1000–1450 A) for purposes of spectral classification is discussed. The main conclusion is that while many features in the spectra complicate the situation (numerous interstellar features and those related to the phenomenon of mass loss), the general behavior of the lines in the spectra of most of the 22 stars studied is entirely consistent with the presently accepted classifications of these objects. Whether a significant increase in the accuracy of determination of all of the relevant classification parameters can be obtained from this material is not yet certain. It is emphasized that study of the high-resolution Copernicus scans should be of great value for forthcoming classification programs necessarily utilizing spectral data of considerably lower resolution.
Designing Service-Specific Execution Environments

Past work on the active network architectural framework has focused on the NodeOS and Execution Environment (EE), which offer rather standard programming environments. As a result, Active Applications (AAs) must build the desired service from the ground up. Ideally, active applications could be built on higher-level active services that could themselves be "programmed". In this paper, we examine the issues involved in the design and implementation of higherlevel active network services. We describe the issues that arise when using AAs to implement these services and then present our experiences implementing one such service, namely concast, as an AA running on the ASP EE. The paper concludes with performance numbers obtained from an example audio-merge application that shows the viability of using AAs as specialized execution environments.
Methods for evaluating and comparing the use of haptic feedback in human-robot interaction with ground-based mobile robots

A significant amount of research has been conducted regarding the technical aspects of haptic feedback. However, the design of effective haptic feedback behaviors for controlling ground-based mobile robots is not yet well understood from a human-robot interaction perspective. Past research of haptic feedback behaviors for mobile robots has sometimes made use of control paradigms that do not appropriately map to teleoperation or supervision tasks. Furthermore, evaluation of haptic behaviors has not been systematic and often only demonstrates feasibility. As a result, comparing various techniques is difficult. In this article, we focus on how haptic control research could be improved in the domain of teleoperation and supervision of ground-based mobile robots through the introduction of a haptic evaluation toolkit.
Social Work Practice with LGBT Elders at End of Life: Developing Practice Evaluation and Clinical Skills Through a Cultural Perspective

This article focuses on culturally sensitive clinical issues related to best practices with lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender (LGBT) elder patients at end-of-life (EOL) at key points in the therapeutic relationship. Vital concepts, including practice evaluation and clinical skills, are presented through a cultural and oncology lens. There is a paucity of LGBT research and literature as well as a shortfall of MSW graduate school education specific to social work palliative and end-of-life care (PELC) practice with LGBT elders. The content of this article is designed to be adapted and used as an educational tool for institutions, agencies, graduate programs, medical professions, social work, and students. Learning the unique elements of LGBT cultural history and their implications on EOL care can improve social work practice. This article provides an examination from assessment and engagement basics to advance care planning incorporating specific LGBT EOL issues.
Optical scatter imaging of programmed cell death

Optical Scatter Imaging (OSI) was recently developed in our laboratory to study subcellular morphological changes in viable cells. The process utilizes Fourier filtering and the ratio of wide-to-narrow angle scatter intensity (OSIR) to detect alterations in the size of particles with wavelength-scale dimensions. In the present study, we utilize OSI to track subcellular changes during programmed cell death. OSI showed an average 21% decrease in OSIR. The OSIR initial was 183.8/spl plusmn/7.2 and the OSIR final was 145.9/spl plusmn/4.3, p<0.001, n=57 (mean /spl plusmn/95% confidence interval of the mean) upon induction of cell death by 1 /spl mu/M of the kinase inhibitor staurosporine. This decrease was not observed in cells that over expressed Bcl-x, an antiapoptotic protein localized on the mitochondria. Combining OSI with genetic manipulations provides a novel approach and tool, with which to study apoptosis, a fundamental biological process.
Risk assessment and child health

Risk assessment, an approach for organizing information about hazards to health, safety, and the environment, provides a framework for gauging the threat to child health from environmental pollutants. A qualitative risk assessment has 4 components: hazard identification, dose-response assessment, exposure assessment, and risk characterization. In a risk assessment, consideration can be given to a population group that potentially has increased susceptibility, whether arising from having a high level of exposure or from increased susceptibility to the agent of concern on a biological basis. Children have been proposed as being at increased risk from some environmental agents, and there has long been concern and debate that the current approach of determining acceptable exposure levels or intake for a person may not yield safe intake limits for infants and children, who may be placed at greater risk than adults because of exposure patterns and inherent susceptibility. The persistence of debate on this critical public health issue reflects, in part, the difficulty of developing sufficiently sensitive and validated animal bioassays for critical outcomes. Epidemiologic studies can play only a limited role, given the complexity of establishing cohorts and tracking exposures from conception forward to assess risks across the lifespan. Meeting society's call for healthy environments for children poses an extraordinary challenge to researchers and to the policy makers who seek to develop evidence-based policies to protect children.
Minimal requirements for commitment to sporulation in Bacillus megaterium.

Abstract Commitment to sporulation was examined by means of both endotrophic sporulation and rejuvenation experiments. In both cases, a point of commitment to the completion of sporulation occurred at stage II. With 2 × 108 cells/ml, the process by which commitment occurred required 0.5 mm Mg2+, 10.0 mm phosphate, and an energy source (minimum of 5.0 mm acetate). For completion of sporulation and formation of normal, heat-resistant refractile spores, 0.3 mm Ca2+ was required. Except for this Ca2+ requirement, the completion of sporulation after commitment was independent of the nature of the surrounding medium. Some aspects of the utilization of these required substances were examined.
STRUCTURAL FEATURES OF COMPETITIVE RESPONSES.

Repeated verbal responses to short English word stimuli contain more correct letters than do verbal responses given only once. The letter-positions of the repeated verbal responses vary significantly in their content of correct letters.
Pectolyase Y-23 for isolating mesophyll protoplasts from several Medicago species

Abstract Leaflets from plants of a common environment from three of five legume species related to alfalfa (Medicago scutellata, Melilotis alba, and M. officinalis) readily released protoplasts in an isolation medium containing R-10 Macerozyme, Rhozyme and Onozuka R-10 cellulase. Leaflets of the other two (Medicago lupulina and M. disciformis) required the addition of Pectolyase Y-23 for effective protoplast release. Only M. lupulina protoplasts divided and produced significant numbers of calli on alfalfa protoplast media. To date these calli have formed only a few embryoid-like structures after sequential transfer to induction and differentiation media that yielded plantlet formation with alfalfa calli.
Spin mapping, phase diagram, and collective modes in double-layer quantum Hall systems at ν = 2

An exact spin mapping is identified to simplify the recently proposed hard-core boson description [Demler and Das Sarma, Phys. Rev. Lett. $82,$ 3895 (1999)] of the bilayer quantum Hall system at filling factor 2. The effective spin model describes an easy-plane ferromagnet subject to an external Zeeman field. The phase diagram of this effective model is determined exactly, while the Goldstone-mode spectrum, order parameter stiffness and Kosterlitz-Thouless temperature in the canted antiferromagnetic phase are computed approximately.
Data-Intensive Science in the US DOE: Case Studies and Future Challenges

Given its leading role in high-performance computing for modeling and simulation and its many experimental facilities, the US Department of Energy has a tremendous need for data-intensive science. Locating the challenges and commonalities among three case studies illuminates, in detail, the technical challenges involved in realizing data-intensive science.
Drug-polyester conjugated nanoparticles for cancer drug delivery

We report here the synthesis of camptothecin-polylactide conjugate via camptothecin-initiated lactide polymerization and the formation of nanoconjugates for drug delivery applications.
Differences in carrageenan in gametophytes and tetrasporophytes of red algae

Abstract The yield and type of carrageenan in the marine red algae Iridaea cordata , I. heterocarpa , I. lineare , Gigartina exasperata and G. papillata was examined. The yield from the species studied ranged from 52 to 66%. In gametophytes, the carrageenan was 93% κ-carrageenan; in tetrasporophytes, the carrageenan was 95% γ-carrageenan.
Actinomycin D blocks interleukin-1α-induced pial arteriolar dilation and increased prostanoid production in newborn pigs

Abstract Effects of protein synthesis and cyclooxygenase inhibitors on interleukin-1α (IL-1α)- and histamine-induced pial arteriolar dilation and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) prostanoid increases were examined in anesthetized piglets using closed cranial windows. Topical IL-la (10.8 μg) increased pial arteriolar diameter from 15 to 30 min after its infusion, and enhanced CSF prostanoids. Topical protein synthesis inhibitor, actinomycin D, at a concentration of 10−8 M attenuated and 10−8 M completely blocked both IL-1α-induced vasodilation and CSF prostanoid increase. Inhibition of prostaglandin H synthases with indomethacin blocked both vasodilation and CSF prostanoid increase by IL-1α. Topical histamine (10−6 M) also increased pial arteriolar diameter and CSF prostanoids but without the delay seen between IL-1α infusion and responses. These histamine effects were not modified by coinfusion of actinomycin D but blocked by indomethacin. These results suggest that, although IL-1α and histamine do share the same mechanism insofar as activation of prostaglandin synthesis is concerned, an additional step appears to be involved for IL-1α, likely involving de novo protein synthesis.
Challenging the early reader

This article focuses on the young gifted reader. The dominant characteristics of the young gifted reader are presented, as well as the unique needs of this child. Activities and experiences are overviewed which may enhance the early reader's intellectual growth and development.
Depressive Symptoms and Economic Outcomes of Low-Income Women: A Review of the Social Causation, Social Selection, and Interactionist Hypotheses

We review research that connects depression and depressive symptoms to employment and economic factors for low-income women. Women who have low incomes and are unemployed or underemployed are vulnerable to mental health distress. The strain of balancing work and family life can be exacerbated by poor psychological health or nonsufficient economic resources. Research on the barriers that impede self-sufficiency can lead to policies that improve the economic and psychological health of low-income populations. The discussion is framed by contrasting evidence for three theoretical perspectives: the social causation, social selection, and interactionist (bidirectional) hypotheses. The only causal relation reported is an effect of increased income on reduced depressive symptoms. Yet strong associations are found among psychological distress, earnings, employment stability, income, and job characteristics. The effects of programs to increase employment and the benefits of (and barriers to) depression treatment are also discussed. A bidirectional or interactionist perspective best conceptualizes the relationship between depression and economic factors. The reported negative effects of both poor mental well-being and low-quality employment suggest the need for stronger policies in the areas of mental health and work supports. We present policy recommendations addressing mental health treatment and outreach, employment placement, and workplace flexibility.
Foreword to special issue on organometallics for energy conversion

The reasons for organizing this special issue of the Journal of Organometallic Chemistry on Energy Conversion are presented.