cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Assessing impacts of Landuse and Landcover changes on hydrology for the upper San Pedro watershed

Summary The assessment of Landuse and Landcover (LULC) changes on hydrology is essential for the development of sustainable water resource strategies. Specifically, understanding how change in each LULC class influences hydrological components will greatly improve predictability of hydrological consequences to LULC changes and thus can help stakeholders make better decisions. However, given the limited availability of digital LULC maps and simultaneous changes of multiple LULC classes, it is difficult to quantify impacts of change in individual LULC class on hydrology. In this study, an integrated approach of hydrological modeling and multiple regression analysis was applied to quantify contributions of changes for individual LULC classes on changes in hydrological components. As a case study, hydrological modeling was conducted for each of the LULC map in four time periods (1973, 1986, 1992, and 1997) in the upper San Pedro watershed using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT). Changes in hydrological components between two simulations using LULC maps in 1997 and 1973, respectively, were related to changes of LULC in a multiple regression to quantify the effect of changes in LULC to that of hydrological components at the subbasinal scale. While urbanization was the strongest contributor to the increase of surface runoff and water yield from 1973 to 1997, replacement of desertscrub/grassland by mesquite was the strongest contributor to the decreased baseflow/percolation and contributed to the increased ET. Increased runoff, declined percolation, and increased ET have a negative impact on water resources in the upper San Pedro River Basin, thus urbanization and mesquite invasion seems to be major environmental stressors affecting local water resources. Our approach in quantifying the contributions of changes for individual LULC to hydrological components will provide quantitative information for stakeholders in planning and making decisions for land and water resource management. The approach to assess changes in surface hydrology could widely be applied to a variety of other watersheds, where time-sequenced digital LULC is available.
Cluster formation observed with a 4π detector and the question of entropy production in high energy nuclear collisions

Abstract 4π data taken with the Plastic Ball show that the cluster production in relativistic nuclear collisions depends on the size both of the produced cluster and the participant volume. Therefore values of entropy extracted via fragment yields are a strong function of the particle multiplicity.
Saying No to Abstinence-Only Education: An Analysis of State Decision-Making

As a rule, American states try to maximize their share of federal funds. This study addresses an unusual case of states rejecting federal dollars. Here, the spurned monies were block grants for abstinence-only education, intended to discourage adolescent sexual activity. These grants became available in 1998, but by 2009, twenty-five states had rejected them. Using a conceptual framework drawn from fiscal federalism and morality politics, we explore the dynamics of these state decisions through an event history analysis. The results suggest that states’ rejection of abstinence-only funds were largely driven by partisanship and ideology rather than by fiscal maximization or state needs. We argue that this case is a bellwether for fiscal federalism in a polarized polity.
POLYMERIC MATERIALS FOR METAL ION SEPARATIONS

ABSTRACT Liquid-liquid extraction techniques are often employed in metal ion separation schemes. Although these solution techniques are adequate for many applications, there are numerous separations that would be improved by the development of advanced, solid supported organic extractants. Several approaches for the preparation of solid supported ligands suitable for lanthanide and actinlde separations are reported here, and supports utilized include polystyrene and zirconium phosphate.
In vivo elemental analysis by x‐ray fluorescence in heat‐treated bushbean

Abstract Elemental concentrations were determined in leaflets of a living, intact bushbean plant by x‐ray fluorescence analysis. Precision levels were limited principally by the counting statistics, although other considerations were discussed. Some significant changes in elemental content were associated with heat treatment. Following heat treatment there was an increased concentration of K, Ca, Zn, and Br, decreased concentration of Fe, and unchanged concentrations of Mn and Cu. There were no significant differences in mobility rates following heat treatment. However, there seemed to be different degrees of elemental mobility in the leaflets.
Prospective blinded comparison of polyp size on computed tomography colonography and endoscopic colonoscopy.

Background & Aims The size of polyps found on computed tomography colonography (CTC) has been suggested as the major determinant of patient management. We compared polyp size as seen on CTC with endoscopic visualization, in vivo probe measurement, and ex vivo size before and after fixation. Methods Polyps measured on CTC sent for endoscopic removal were evaluated for polyp size in a blinded fashion by endoscopic estimation, in vivo probe measurement, and after removal. Results Fifty-six polyps were included in the study. There was no significant difference between CTC polyp size, real-time colonoscopy size estimation, or probe measurement. The size of polyp measured immediately ex vivo and after pathology fixation was significantly smaller. Management would be altered in 6 of 56 polyps (10.7%) on the basis of differences between size of the polyp on endoscopy and CTC. Conclusions (1) CTC polyp size measurement is not significantly different from colonoscopy in vivo visual estimation and linear probe measurement. (2) Differences in size of polyps as measured on CTC and endoscopy will affect patient management in 10% of cases.
Biology and life history of acorn-infesting weevils of the genus Conotrachelus (Coleoptera : Curculionidae)

The life history and biology of the acorn-inhabiting curculionid weevils Conotrachelus naso LeConte, C posticatus Boheman, and C. carinifer Casey are reviewed and new data on oviposition, larvae, pupae, and adults presented. Rearing methods for all life stages are described.
Family caregivers and guilt in the context of cancer care

Background Guilt as a key emotional phenomenon in the cancer-caregiving experience is an understudied issue. Objective The purpose of this study is to identify demographic characteristics of cancer caregivers and care-related stress factors that are associated with their feelings of caregiver guilt, as well as to explore the effect of caregiver guilt on their adjustment outcomes. Method A total of 739 caregivers of cancer survivors completed a survey (66.7% response rate), of which 635 provided complete data for the measures in this study. Results Hierarchical regression analyses revealed that certain caregiver demographics (i.e., younger age, adult offspring, employed) and care-related stress factors (i.e., greater impact on schedule, less perceived caregiving competence, poorer overall health of the care-recipient) were significantly related to caregiver guilt. Higher levels of psychological distress and poorer mental, social, and physical functioning were significantly associated with caregiver guilt, above and beyond the variance accounted for by the covariates. Conclusion Results suggest that caregiver guilt compromises the psychosocial and somatic adjustment of cancer caregivers. Guilt may be a cardinal feature of the caregiving experience, and to fully understand the implications of this complex phenomenon, more research is needed.
Polarization engineering through nanoengineered morphology

Engineering of both the polarization state and the operating frequency band can be accomplished by nanoengineering the morphology of a complex substance such that it is both anisotropic as well as periodic and/or structurally chiral. Three examples show that sculptured-thin-film technology provides opportunities for polarization engineering in specific spectral regimes through nanoengineered morphology.
Boundary surfaces and accessibility regions for regional structures of manipulators

Abstract The theory of workspace analysis developed in the companion paper is applied for the analysis of workspace of industrial robots whose last three orthogonal axes intersect at a common point called the wrist center. The Jacobian surfaces which separates, inacessible regions, two- and four-way regions have been analytically derived in both manipulator coordinates and cartesian coordinates. The distribution of the number of ways to reach a specified position in the workspace has been investigated. It is found that there are contiguous regions where there may be four ways or two ways and these regions are separated by the Jacobian surfaces. Also, a Jacobian volume index is introduced to reflect the capability of the robot in terms of numbers of ways in the workspace. Several numerical examples have been presented for illustration.
Genetic and structural characterization of the avirulence gene avrBs3 from Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria

The avirulence gene avrBs3 from Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria was cloned and found to be localized on a self-transmissable plasmid. Genetic analysis of an avrBs3 insertion mutation revealed that avrBs3 constitutes a single locus, specifying the resistant phenotype on pepper plants. Southern blot experiments showed that no DNA sequences homologous to avrBs3 were present in other races of X. c. pv. vesicatoria, which are unable to induce a hypersensitive reaction on ECW-30R. However, the DNA of several different pathovars of X. campestris hybridized to the avrBs3 probe. A deletion analysis defined a region of 3.6–3.7 kb essential for avrBs3 activity. The nucleotide sequence of this region was determined. A 3561 nucleotide open reading frame (ORF1), encoding a 125000 dalton protein, was found in the 3.7 kb region that was sufficient for avrBs3 activity. A second long ORF (2351 nucleotides) was identified on the other strand. A remarkable feature of both ORFs is the presence of 17 direct repeats of 102 bp which share 91%–100% homology with each other.
Eddy-mediated transport of warm Circumpolar Deep Water across the Antarctic Shelf Break

The Antarctic Slope Front (ASF) modulates ventilation of the abyssal ocean via the export of dense Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) and constrains shoreward transport of warm Circumpolar Deep Water (CDW) toward marine-terminating glaciers. Along certain stretches of the continental shelf, particularly where AABW is exported, density surfaces connect the shelf waters to the middepth Circumpolar Deep Water offshore, offering a pathway for mesoscale eddies to transport CDW directly onto the continental shelf. Using an eddy-resolving process model of the ASF, the authors show that mesoscale eddies can supply a dynamically significant transport of heat and mass across the continental shelf break. The shoreward transport of surface waters is purely wind driven, while the shoreward CDW transport is entirely due to mesoscale eddy transfer. The CDW flux is sensitive to all aspects of the model's surface forcing and geometry, suggesting that shoreward eddy heat transport may be localized to favorable sections of the continental slope.
A Conceptual Framework for the Role of the Administration Medium in the Personnel Assessment Process

The proposed framework describes the administration of personnel tests and assessments as a communication exchange process, and it defines the administration medium in terms of four attributes: transparency, social bandwidth, interactivity, and surveillance. The structural and dynamic characteristics of these media attributes present sources of systematic and unsystematic variation, which affect construct validity and reliability of measurement. Overall, this framework provides new insight into how the administration medium, defined by its attributes, can affect assessment outcomes.
Purification of rat-liver γ-hydroxyglutamate transminase and its probable identity with glutamate-aspartate transminase

Abstract 1. 1. An enzyme which catalyzes the transamination of γ-hydroxyglutamate has been purified over 300-fold from rat-liver homogenates. 2. 2. The following observations strongly suggest that γ-hydroxyglutamate transminase is identical with glutamate-aspartate transaminase ( L -aspartate: 2-oxo-glutarate aminotransferase, EC 2.6.1.1): a, at all stages of purification from either rat-liver or pig-heart extracts, the glutamate to γ-hydroxyglutamate transminase ratios are not significantly different; b, transaminase activity for both substrates declines at the same rate during controlled heat denaturation of the purified rat-liver enzyme; c, transamination of γ-hydroxyglutamate is strongly inhibited by either L -glutamate or L -aspartate; d, glutarate and maleate function as competitive inhibitors for either glutamate or γ-hydroxyglutamate and determined K1 values for a given inhibitor are the same for either amino acid; and e, the purified rat-liver enzyme has the same pH-activity curve for both substrates. 3. 3. The erythro- and threo-isomers of γ-hydroxy- L -glutamate serve as substrates for both isozymes of the rat-liver enzyme as well as for the pig-heart enzyme, although the former isomer is a somewhat better substrate. The corresponding D -diastereo-isomers are enzymically inactive. 4. 4. With γ-hydroxyglutamate, only α-ketoglutarate and oxaloacetate serve as amino group acceptors; pyruvate, α-ketobutyrate, and β-phenylpyruvate are inactive. 5. 5. Other γ-substituted forms of glutamic acid, including γ-methyleneglutamic acid and γ-hydroxy-γ-methylglutamic acid, are also active with the purified enzymes.
Barium modulates the gating of batrachotoxin-treated Na+ channels in high ionic strength solutions.

Batrachotoxin-activated rat brain Na+ channels were reconstituted in neutral planar phospholipid bilayers in high ionic strength solutions (3 M NaCl). Under these conditions, diffuse surface charges present on the channel protein are screened. Nevertheless, the addition of extracellular and/or intracellular Ba2+ caused the following alterations in the gating of Na+ channels: (a) external (or internal) Ba2+ caused a depolarizing (or hyperpolarizing) voltage shift in the gating curve (open probability versus membrane potential curve) of the channels; (b) In the concentration range of 10–120 mM, extracellular Ba2+ caused a larger voltage shift in the gating curve of Na+ channels than intracellular Ba2+; (c) voltage shifts of the gating curve of Na+ channels as a function of external or internal Ba2+ were fitted with a simple binding isotherm with the following parameters: for internal Ba2+, delta V0.5,max (maximum voltage shift) = -11.5 mV, KD = 64.7 mM; for external Ba2+, delta V0.5,max = 13.5 mV, KD = 25.8 mM; (d) the change in the open probability of the channel caused by extracellular or intracellular Ba2+ is a consequence of alterations in both the opening and closing rate constants. Extracellular and intracellular divalent cations can modify the gating kinetics of Na+ channels by a specific modulatory effect that is independent of diffuse surface potentials. External or internal divalent cations probably bind to specific charges on the Na+ channel glycoprotein that modulate channel gating.
Scanner motion error detection and correction

By design, a typical desktop scanner scans a document, line by line. Therefore, in addition to scanner lens distortion, motion distortion can also be a problem if not controlled well. In particular, when a paper document is fed via an automatic document feeder at high speed, such motion errors can be large and may cause unpleasant visible artifacts in the form of jaggy oblique edges, uneven compressed horizontal lines, unpleasant moire patterns, local color misregistration, and etc. In this paper, we report a method to measure and characterize scanner motion errors. Motion errors are categorized into two types: slow drift errors and sudden change errors. We attempt to investigate their respective impact on perceived image quality. We further report the principle and method to correct such errors via software.
Mediating Social Thought through Digital Storytelling

This paper describes adolescent students' uses of new communication media to create digital stories documenting their understandings of social issues they face in their own lives and within the larger society. I show how in a learning environment organized around multiple forms of mediation, these communication practices help promote agency, literacy and identity development in youth from historically marginalized backgrounds, whose life stories and views of their social worlds might otherwise not be communicated. The students transformed their understandings of social issues and gained a collective, critical consciousness about the steps needed to redefine and reconstitute social problems for social action and change.
Reappraisal of Recycled Concrete Aggregate as Coarse Aggregate in Concretes for Rigid Pavements

State departments of transportation began using recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) as aggregate in portland cement concrete pavement in the United States in the late 1970s. Although RCA is rarely used in current U.S. rigid pavement slabs, the impetus for its continued use remains the same: a lack of landfill space, a shortage of nearby quality natural aggregates, or both. However, as American pavement engineers and researchers place a greater emphasis on sustainable, reusable roadways, the status quo for RCA in American roadways should be reconsidered along with these new priorities. This study proposes to revisit the use of recycled concrete as aggregate in rigid pavement slabs by using overlooked research to address the concerns that prevented the wide-scale adoption of recycled concrete as an aggregate in pavement slabs by state departments of transportation. Experiences encountered in countries (mostly restricted to Europe) where the use of RCA in rigid pavement is more common are also described. New o...
Potentiometric studies of the thermodynamics of iodine disproportionation from 4 to 209°C

The equilibrium constant for the disproportionation of iodine in aqueous solution was determined as a function of temperature from 3.8 to 209.0°C using emf measurements in low ionic strength media. The equilibrium constant and associated molal thermodynamic quantities at 25°C are: K1=1.17±0.62×10−47, ΔHo=273±3 kJ-mol−1, ΔSo=16±9 J-K−1-mol−1, and ΔC p o =−1802±41 J-K−1-mol−1. Although the value of K1 is in excellent agreement with a previous emf measurement at 25°C, these results conflict with the corresponding parameters obtained from the NBS tables. Moreover, at temperatures above ca. 100°C, our measured values for the equilibrium constant diverge strongly from all previous estimates and predictions.
Nitrogenous compounds in the haemolymph of the cricket, Acheta domesticus☆

Abstract The nitrogenous compounds present in the haemolymph of larvae and adults of Acheta domesticus have been determined and are reported with a discussion of the relationship of the results to previously published data.
Effects of chronic imipramine treatment on subclasses of platelet 3H-imipramine binding sites and plasma cortisol.

Abstract A decreased density of platelet 3 H-imipramine ( 3 H-IMI) binding sites has been proposed as a putative trait marker of major depressive illness. However, subsequent studies have demonstrated that the number of such sites is increased so as to be more like normal controls upon chronic treatment with antidepressant drugs. In addition, there is some evidence to suggest that altered 3 H-IMI binding may be secondary to elevated plasma cortisol levels which are common in depressed patients and which normalize with remission. The present study compares platelet 3 H-imipramine binding, plasma cortisol levels, and clinical improvement of 10 endogenous depressed patients before and after 6 weeks of treatment with imipramine-HC1. Total high affinity 3 H-IMI binding sites were further differentiated into two subclasses on the basis of their relative sensitivities to cyanoimipramine (CNIMI) inhibition. Treatment was associated with a significant increase (134%) in CNIMI resistant binding but a decrease (45.2%) in CNIMI sensitive binding. While the former was significantly correlated with posttreatment cortisol levels, no significant correlation was found between cortisol and CNIMI specific binding. Neither site appeared to be directly related to mood state. The significance of these findings to the evaluation of platelet binding as a trait dependent marker is discussed.
The Social Rate of Discount and the Optimal Rate of Investment: Comment

In his recent paper "The Social Rate of Discount and the Optimal Rate of Investment," 1 Dr. Marglin lists as his first conclusion the rejection of "the . . . notion . . . that the rate of interest determined in an atomistic competitive market need have any normative significance in the planning of collective investment." 2 Similar statements, of course, have been made before, but Marglin is unique in that he supports his position with neoclassical arguments. It is the objective of this note to point out that his argument contains an unlikely assumption about the probable shape of individual preference schedules, and that this makes his analysis applicable to the real world only in exceptional cases. In his paper "One Economist's View of Philanthropy," 3 Dr. William S. Vickrey points out that an individual might be willing to make a gift to one of his fellows if he knew that others were doing so even if he would not make the gift on his own. The interdependence of the transfers by different donors is the same as that used by Marglin. Clearly both Vickrey and Marglin are correct. Individuals who would not be willing, as individuals, to contribute to various causes may be willing, as participants in a group to make such contributions. Each may consider the sum of his own sacrifice and the sacrifice of others as less important than the gain derived from the joint gift. Vickrey, however, discusses a gift to the poor of this generation while Marglin uses essentially the same mechanism to argue the desirability of a sort of gift to the entire next generation. Neither offers any arguments as to why these particular groups are likely to be the beneficiaries of such collective gifts. I hope to show that normally gifts to the poor will dominate gifts to future generations as a whole. The easiest way to introduce the subject is to consider Marglin's equation (6): 4
Anyon-fermion mapping and applications to ultracold gases in tight waveguides.

The Fermi-Bose mapping method for one-dimensional Bose and Fermi gases with zero-range interactions is generalized to an anyon-fermion mapping and applied to exact solution of several models of ultracold gases with anyonic exchange symmetry in tight waveguides: anyonic Calogero-Sutherland model, anyons with point hard-core interaction (anyonic Tonks-Girardeau gas), and spin-aligned anyon gas with infinite zero-range odd-wave attractions (attractive anyonic Tonks-Girardeau, or AATG, gas). It is proved that for even N{>=}4 there are states of the AATG gas on A, with anyonic phase slips which are odd integral multiples of {pi}/(N-1), of energy lower than that of the corresponding fermionic ground state. A generalization to a spinor Fermi gas state with anyonic symmetry under purely spatial exchange enables energy lowering by the same mechanism.
The role of protein phosphatases in synaptic transmission, plasticity and neuronal development

In the past year significant advances have been made in our understanding of the role of protein dephosphorylation in the control of neuronal function. Molecular cloning has identified a large number of serine/threonine and tyrosine protein phosphatases in the nervous system. Many of these enzymes are selectively enriched in the nervous system, some are localized to specific neurons, and yet others are expressed only during specific periods of neuronal development. The availability of purified protein phosphatases and selective inhibitors has facilitated the analysis of these enzymes and their role in the regulation of neurotransmitter receptors and ion channels.
AUTOMOTIVE PANEL NOISE CONTRIBUTION MODELING BASED ON FINITE ELEMENT AND MEASURED STRUCTURAL-ACOUSTIC SPECTRA

Abstract The radiated noise contributions of automotive body panels to the interior sound pressure levels are modeled using an approximate spectral formulation that applies the theoretical interior acoustic sensitivity terms derived from a finite element model and measured spatial-averaged structural-acoustic spectra. The finite element calculation is validated by comparison to a set of experimental acoustic transfer functions. A measurement set-up for the sound intensity and structural-acoustic response is applied to acquire the cross and auto power spectra needed to predict the relative mean-squared velocity term of each control plane near the panel surface, and to obtain the individual panel contribution function. The proposed approach also computes the noise spectra in 1/12 octave band form at selected positions in the passenger compartment, which matches well with the overall experimental results. Through an actual passenger car application, the approximate computational scheme is proven to be generally quite robust and effective for analyzing higher frequency interior noise problems.
The Science of Decision-making: Behaviours Related to Gambling

Abstract The behaviour analysis of decision-making has studied three realms of behaviour that play a role in gambling: risk taking, behavioural persistence and self-control. Research from our laboratory and others suggests that in all three areas, the manner in which choices are presented to subjects is of central importance. The paper argues that a behavioural perspective may be useful in understanding the factors controlling gambling and compares this perspective with one based on a cognitive orientation.
A Chinese Hamster Mutant Cell Line with a Defect in the Integral Membrane Protein CII-3 of Complex II of the Mitochondrial Electron Transport Chain

In this study, a respiration-deficient Chinese hamster cell line with a defect in succinate dehydrogenase activity is shown to result from a single base change in a codon in the coding sequence for the membrane anchor protein CII-3 (also referred to as QPs-1). A premature translation stop results in the truncation of 33 amino acids from the C terminus. Bovine cDNA encoding this peptide complements the mutation. There is about 82% identity between these two mammalian proteins. The gene for CII-3 was mapped on human chromosome 1, and because it is also found on minichromosomes characterized by our laboratory, we can localize it on the short arm within 1-2 megabases from the centromere.
Structural materials for fission & fusion energy

Structural materials represent the key for containment of nuclear fuel and fission products as well as reliable and thermodynamically efficient production of electrical energy from nuclear reactors. Similarly, high-performance structural materials will be critical for the future success of proposed fusion energy reactors, which will subject the structures to unprecedented fluxes of high-energy neutrons along with intense thermomechanical stresses. Advanced materials can enable improved reactor performance via increased safety margins and design flexibility, in particular by providing increased strength, thermal creep resistance and superior corrosion and neutron radiation damage resistance. In many cases, a key strategy for designing high-performance radiation-resistant materials is based on the introduction of a high, uniform density of nanoscale particles that simultaneously provide good high temperature strength and neutron radiation damage resistance.
Radiographic Assessment of Renal Trauma: Our 15-year Experience

AbstractPurpose: We sought to evaluate the continuing validity of our criteria for radiographic imaging of renal injuries, that is penetrating flank or abdominal trauma, blunt trauma with gross hematuria or microscopic hematuria and shock, deceleration or major associated abdominal injury and pediatric renal trauma.Materials and Methods: We reviewed the records of 2,254 patients who presented to our institution with suspected renal trauma between 1977 and 1992.Results: Of the 1,588 blunt trauma patients with microscopic hematuria and no shock 3 had significant injury but these cases were discovered during imaging or exploratory laparotomy for associated injuries. Followup in 515 of 1,004 patients (51 percent) who did not undergo initial imaging revealed no significant complications.Conclusions: Adults with blunt renal trauma, microscopic hematuria and no shock or major associated intra-abdominal injuries can safely be spared radiographic imaging.
Growing old and living alone: perceptions of preventive health services

With a growing population of elderly consumers, marketers and providers of health-related services need to understand the motivations and perceptions influencing the actions of this increasingly important target market. This investigation draws from both the consumer behavior and health literatures to examine participation in a preventive health service designed to enable independent living. Empirical findings showed that motivating factors, including perceptions of susceptibility (risk), seriousness of the consequences and benefits of the service, and the barriers (i.e. lack of awareness and perceived social stigma) were significant predictors of participation in a preventive health service. User participation and satisfaction with core benefits significantly influenced continuing loyalty and positive word-of-mouth. Implications for marketing managers of preventive health services in general and personal emergency response systems in particular are outlined.
Recent developments in the measurement of spin-polarized fragments using β-NMR at the NSCL

Abstract The technique of nuclear magnetic resonance on beta-emitting nuclei (β-NMR) has been implemented at the NSCL to measure the ground state g factors of spin-polarized radioactive nuclei produced via projectile fragmentation. Recent developments to extend this technique to very exotic nuclear systems include the implementation of a multiple adiabatic fast passage technique for β-NMR and the use of thick production targets to improve the yield of spin-polarized secondary fragments.
Macromolecular Interactions and Ion Transport in Cystic Fibrosis

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a genetic disease caused by autosomal recessive mutations of the CF transmembrane regulator, CFTR. CFTR functions in the plasma membrane of epithelial cells lining the lung, pancreas, liver, intestines, sweat duct, and the epididymis. The primary problem in CF is that mutations in CFTR affect its ability to be made, processed, and trafficked to the plasma membrane and/or its function as a Cl(-) channel and conductance regulator. Many proteins and processes normally interact with normal CFTR throughout its life cycle and mutant CFTR during the disease process. Understanding the function of these proteins and processes is expected to provide a clearer understanding of how normal CFTR is involved in salt movement and how mutant CFTR is handled by the cell and leads to the pathophysiology of CF. Recently, efforts to find therapies that correct defective CFTR have been intensifying. To facilitate our understanding of normal and mutant CFTR and the identification of new drug targets for developing novel therapies, a panel of experts was convened by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute to explore the critical questions, challenges, and current opportunities to highlight new areas of research that would facilitate a integrated understanding of the processes and proteins that impact CFTR. The meeting highlighted the multiple pathways and interacting proteins involved in CFTR folding and biosynthesis, processing, and trafficking. A number of critical areas for future study were identified. Although these therapies are promising, a big question remains as to whether simply correcting defective CFTR will lead to significant improvement in patient health or whether the symptoms manifested in CF will require therapies in addition to those that target defective CFTR specifically.
A numerical study of the composite surface model for ocean backscattering

A numerical study of 14-GHz backscattering from ocean-like surfaces, described by a Pierson-Moskowitz spectrum, is presented. Surfaces rough in one and two dimensions are investigated, with Monte Carlo simulations performed efficiently through the use of the canonical-grid expansion in an iterative method of moments. Backscattering cross sections are illustrated for perfectly conducting surfaces at angles from 0 to 60/spl deg/ from normal incidence, and the efficiency of the numerical model enables the composite surface theory to be studied in the microwave frequency range for realistic one-dimensional (1D) surface profiles at low wind speeds (3 m/s). Variations with surface spectrum low-frequency cutoff (ranging over spatial lengths from 21.9 to 4.29 cm) are investigated to obtain an assessment of composite surface model accuracy. The 1D surface results show an increase in hh backscatter returns as surface low-frequency content is increased for incidence angles larger than 30/spl deg/, while /spl nu//spl nu/ returns remain relatively constant, all as predicted by the composite surface model. Similar results are obtained for surfaces rough in two dimensions, although the increased computational complexity allows maximum surface sizes of only 1.37 m to be considered. In addition, cross-polarized cross sections are studied in the two-dimensional (2D) surface case and again found to increase as surface low-frequency content is increased. For both 1D and 2D surfaces, backscattering cross sections within 20/spl deg/ of normal incidence are found to be well matched by both Monte Carlo and analytical physical optics (PO) methods for all low-frequency cutoffs considered, and a comparison of analytical PO and geometrical optics (GO) results indicates an appropriate choice of the cutoff wavenumber in the composite surface model to insure an accurate slope variance for use in GO predictions. This choice of cutoff wavenumber is then applied in the composite surface theory for more realistic ocean spectra and compared with available experimental data.
Lack of the ApbC or ApbE Protein Results in a Defect in Fe-S Cluster Metabolism in Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium

The isc genes function in the assembly of Fe-S clusters and are conserved in many prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. In most bacteria studied, the isc operon can be deleted without loss of cell viability, indicating that additional systems for Fe-S cluster assembly must exist. Several laboratories have described nutritional and biochemical defects resulting from mutations in the isc operon. Here we demonstrate that null mutations in two genes of unknown function, apbC and apbE, result in similar cellular deficiencies. Exogenous ferric chloride suppressed these deficiencies in the apbC and apbE mutants, distinguishing them from previously described isc mutants. The deficiencies caused by the apbC and isc mutations were additive, which is consistent with Isc and ApbC's having redundant functions or with Isc and ApbC's functioning in different areas of Fe-S cluster metabolism (e.g., Fe-S cluster assembly and Fe-S cluster repair). Both the ApbC and ApbE proteins are similar in sequence to proteins that function in metal cofactor assembly. Like the enzymes with sequence similarity to ApbC, purified ApbC protein was able to hydrolyze ATP. The data herein are consistent with the hypothesis that the ApbC and ApbE proteins function in Fe-S cluster metabolism in vivo.
Toxicology in the ICU: Part 3: Natural Toxins

This is the third article of a three-part series that reviews the care of poisoned patients in the ICU. This article focuses on natural toxins, such as heavy metals and those produced by plants, mushrooms, arthropods, and snakes. The first article discussed the general approach to the patient, including laboratory testing; the second article focused on specific toxic agents, grouped into categories.
Constant Absolute Risk Aversion Preferences and Constant Equilibrium Interest Rates

This paper constructs a general equilibrium model with endogenous stochastic production and establishes that the equilibrium interest rate can be constant in a closed production economy when the preferences are represented by constant absolute risk aversion utility functions. The results in this paper and their limitations are compared and contrasted with related contributions in the financial economics literature. IN THIS PAPER AN intertemporal allocation problem with endogenous stochastic production is solved for consumption function and the interest rate. Preferences are assumed to be of constant absolute risk aversion type. There are a number of stochastic constant returns to scale production techniques with independently and identically distributed shocks. It is shown that the wealth dynamics of agent can be then approximated by a "square root" diffusion process which is a special case of constant elasticity of variance diffusion. With this as the starting point the consumption function and interest rates are derived and discussed. At equilibrium the interest rate is shown to be a constant and consumption is shown to be drawn from a distribution which belongs to the constant elasticity of variance diffusion class. Restrictions are placed on the form of the problem so that results make economic sense. The assumption of a constant interest rate has been made frequently in the asset pricing literature. We provide a plausible equilibrium model in which this assumption is valid. The findings are compared with those of Bhattacharya [1], Constantinides [2], Rubinstein [8], and Stapleton and Subrahmanyam [10] in subsequent sections. This paper is organized as follows. In the next section the characteristics of the economy are described. Section II develops the dynamic optimization problem facing the consumer in the economy. In Section III, the optimal consumption function is derived and discussed. Section IV contains a result on the equilibrium interest rate. In this section it is shown that the equilibrium interest rate is a constant, and its properties are analyzed. In Section V a discussion of the results is provided.
Paleointensity results from the Jurassic: New constraints from submarine basaltic glasses of ODP Site 801C

[1] Tholeiite of the oldest oceanic crust was drilled during ODP Legs 129 and 185 at Hole 801C in the western Pacific. Fresh appearing submarine basaltic glass (SBG) was recovered from the tholeiites (∼167 Ma) which has been shown to be nearly ideal for determining absolute paleointensity. Paleointensities of the younger, off-axis, alkalic basalts (∼160 Ma), overlying the tholeiites, had been studied earlier. Here we report results from the older tholeiitic (on-axis) sequence. We subjected a total of 73 specimens from 17 cooling units to absolute paleointensity experiments. Of these, 30 specimens and six cooling unit averages met our strictest reliability criteria, yielding an average of 11.9 ± 3.9 μT. The bulk of evidence suggests a paleolatitude of the site of 14°S (with an uncertainty of 10°). This translates the intensity to a value for the virtual axial dipole moment of 28 ZAm2, slightly lower than values determined from the plagioclase crystals in the three cooling units of the younger alkalic basalts overlying the tholeiites (Tarduno & Cottrell, 2005). Our value is low when compared to the long-term median value of the field of 42 ZAm2. Our results and those of the published literature therefore support the contention of a low magnetic field strength in the Jurassic (average of 28 ± 14 ZAm2; N = 138 individual estimates), as initially suggested by Prevot et al. (1990). Our interpretation of the body of available data argue for low field strengths for the entire Jurassic extending into the early Cretaceous.
Line source distributions and slender-body theory

A systematic procedure is presented for the determination of uniformly valid successive approximations to the axisymmetric incompressible potential flow about elongated bodies of revolution meeting certain shape requirements. The presence of external disturbances moving with respect to the body under study is admitted. The accuracy of the procedure and its extension beyond the scope of the present study—e.g. to problems in plane flow - are discussed.
Not making it crazy: The young homeless patients in New York city

Studies show a radical transformation in the ranks and numbers of the homeless, now including large numbers of young, severely disturbed and disabled street people. Without decent, safe, accessible shelter, therapeutic efforts are doomed.
Dissolved iron in the tropical and subtropical Atlantic Ocean

[1] Detailed depth profiles and surface transects of dissolved iron (DFe defined by 0.4-μm filtration) were investigated on three cruises in the subtropical and tropical Atlantic Ocean where dust deposition varied by 3 orders of magnitude. Surface DFe and dissolved Mn concentrations reflected dust deposition trends, but are not proportional to the estimated inputs. Using estimates of the atmospheric flux of DFe, surface DFe residence times were calculated to be on the order of 1 to 5 months. Deepwater DFe concentrations varied with water masses depending on their source, age, and transit pathways. At a site located on the edge of the equatorial system (10°N, 45°W), high DFe (>1 nmol/kg) was associated with an oxygen minimum zone at depths of 130 to 1100 m. DFe concentrations in North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) decreased by 30% from sites in the North Atlantic to a site in the South Atlantic (24.5°S, 37°W), and DFe was lower in the Antarctic derived water masses (∼0.4 nmol/kg) than in NADW at the South Atlantic site. An estimate of deepwater scavenging residence time for DFe was 270 ± 140 years based on decreasing DFe along the NADW flow path.
Are Juries Less Erratic than Individuals? Deliberation, Polarization, and Punitive Damages

How does jury deliberation affect the pre-deliberation judgments of individual jurors? Do deliberating juries reduce or eliminate the erratic and unpredictable punitive damage awards that have been observed with individual jurors? In this paper we make progress on these two questions, in part by reporting the results of a study of over 500 mock juries composed of over 3000 jury eligible citizens. Our principal finding is that juries did not produce less erratic and more predictable awards than individuals, but actually made the problem worse, by making large awards much larger and small awards smaller still, even for the same case. Thus, a key effect of deliberation is often to polarize individual judgments, a pattern that has been found in many other group decision making contexts. This finding of polarization--the first of its kind in the particular context of punitive damage awards--has important implications for jury awards involving both punitive and compensatory damages, and raises questions about the common belief that groups, and in particular juries, generally make better decisions than individuals.
Risk Ritual and the Management of Control and Anxiety in Medical Culture

Medical culture in advanced technological societies is characterized by an abundance of warnings about health hazards, along with an equally abundant flow of prescriptive advice for protecting individuals against them. Knowledge of health hazards also defines living and working environments and has spawned a politics of regulatory control. These features of contemporary health consciousness and action, along with deepening insecurities in the larger body politic, precipitate a spiral of anxiety and control. The spiral disrupts the presumed security derived from medical knowledge and medically informed behaviors and threatens to erode the boundaries of sanctioned action for health protection. In the context of the volatile political economy of health, the spiral, with its excesses of anxiety and demands for unauthorized controls, elicits efforts to contain it. I explore the symbolic dimensions of risk, what I call 'risk ritual'--the prevailing form of managing this troublesome contradiction.
The N-vortex problem on a rotating sphere. II. Heterogeneous Platonic solid equilibria

We describe a new method of constructing point vortex equilibria on a sphere made-up of N vortices with different strengths. Such equilibria, called heterogeneous equilibria , are obtained for the five Platonic solid configurations, hence for ![Graphic][1] . The method is based on calculating a basis set for the nullspace of a matrix obtained by enforcing the necessary and sufficient condition that the mutual distances between each pair of vortices remain constant. By symmetries inherent in the Platonic solid configurations, this matrix is reduced for each case and we call the dimension of the nullspace the degree of heterogeneity of the structure. For the tetrahedron ( N =4) and octahedron ( N =6), the degree of heterogeneity is 4 and 6, respectively, hence we are free to choose each of the vortex strengths independently. For the cube ( N =8), the degree of heterogeneity is 5, for the icosahedron ( N =12) it is 7, while for the dodecahedron ( N =20) it is 4. Thus, the entire set of equilibria based on the Platonic solid configurations is obtained, including substructures associated with each configuration constructed by taking different linear combinations of the basis elements. [1]: /embed/inline-graphic-1.gif
On the design of analysis/synthesis filters for a 2-channel, perfect reconstruction filter bank

This paper will review a design technique for analysis and synthesis filters used in a 2-channel, perfect reconstruction filter bank. Emphasis is laid on the actual design of the filters within the filter bank structure using MATLAB. >
Ectopic Expression of a Loblolly Pine Class II 4-Coumarate:CoA Ligase Alters Soluble Phenylpropanoid Metabolism but not Lignin Biosynthesis in Populus

4-Coumarate:CoA ligase (4CL) catalyzes the formation of hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA esters for phenylpropanoid biosynthesis. Phylogenetically distinct Class I and Class II 4CL isoforms occur in angiosperms, and support lignin and non-lignin phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, respectively. In contrast, the few experimentally characterized gymnosperm 4CLs are associated with lignin biosynthesis and belong to the conifer-specific Class III. Here we report a new Pinus taeda isoform Pinta4CL3 that is phylogenetically more closely related to Class II angiosperm 4CLs than to Class III Pinta4CL1. Like angiosperm Class II 4CLs, Pinta4CL3 transcript levels were detected in foliar and root tissues but were absent in xylem, and recombinant Pinta4CL3 exhibited a substrate preference for 4-coumaric acid. Constitutive expression of Pinta4CL3 in transgenic Populus led to significant increases of hydroxycinnamoyl-quinate esters at the expense of hydroxycinnamoyl-glucose esters in green tissues. In particular, large increases of cinnamoyl-quinate in transgenic leaves suggested in vivo utilization of cinnamic acid by Pinta4CL3. Lignin was unaffected in transgenic Populus, consistent with Pinta4CL3 involvement in biosynthesis of non-structural phenylpropanoids. We discuss the in vivo cinnamic acid utilization activity of Pinta4CL3 and its adaptive significance in conifer defense. Together with phylogenetic inference, our data support an ancient origin of Class II 4CLs that pre-dates the angiosperm-gymnosperm split.