cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Correlation between the Open-Circuit Voltage and Charge Transfer State Energy in Organic Photovoltaic Cells

In order to further improve the performance of organic photovoltaic cells (OPVs), it is essential to better understand the factors that limit the open-circuit voltage (VOC). Previous work has sought to correlate the value of VOC in donor–acceptor (D–A) OPVs to the interface energy level offset (EDA). In this work, measurements of electroluminescence are used to extract the charge transfer (CT) state energy for multiple small molecule D–A pairings. The CT state as measured from electroluminescence is found to show better correlation to the maximum VOC than EDA. The difference between EDA and the CT state energy is attributed to the Coulombic binding energy of the CT state. This correlation is demonstrated explicitly by inserting an insulating spacer layer between the donor and acceptor materials, reducing the binding energy of the CT state and increasing the measured VOC. These results demonstrate a direct correlation between maximum VOC and CT state energy.
Structural Insight into Split Green Fluorescent Protein

Split green fluorescent proteins (GFP) with a structural element removed have potentially useful applications in the control of light-driven protein-protein interactions, and in the preparation of semi-synthetic proteins with novel spectroscopic or functional properties. The truncated GFP generated by removing the 11th β -strand has been previously shown to reassemble with synthetic strand 11 peptide only following light activation (Kent and Boxer, JACS 2011). The light irradiation is thought to drive a photo-isomerization reaction within the chromophore of the protein, switching the truncated protein from the thermally stable trans-like state to the strand-receptive cis-like state. However, neither the process by which this occurs nor the presumed conformational changes that accompany it are understood to any level of structural detail. We utilize the unique reassembly behavior of split GFP in conjunction with solution state NMR to gain some insight into the structure and dynamics of truncated GFP. The rates of hydrogen-deuterium exchange (HDX) of the amide protons in the truncated GFP compared to the rates in an intact GFP (Huang, et al. and Jackson, JMB 2007) serve as a proxy for solvent exposure and protein stability. The HDX experiments show evidence of residual structure in the truncated GFP, based on assignments that correspond to peaks in intact GFP. Obtaining further structural information will be instrumental in solidifying our understanding of the observed phenomena, and perhaps lead to the rational design and engineering of other split fluorescent protein systems with interesting photo-reactive behaviors.
SLIDING-TILE PUZZLES AND RUBIK'S CUBE IN AL RESEARCH

The best-known sliding-tile puzzle is the Fifteen Puzzle, shown in Figure 1a. Other sizes include the 3 × 3 Eight Puzzle and the 5 × 5 Twenty-Four Puzzle. The standard 3 × 3 × 3 Rubik’s Cube (see Figure 1b) also comes in 2 × 2 × 2, 4 × 4 × 4, and 5 × 5 × 5 versions. Both these puzzles had similar histories, about 100 years apart. Finding optimal or shortest solutions to these puzzles has spawned important results in space-efficient search algorithms and admissible heuristic functions.
The Fourth Edition of the CBE Style Manual

A fourth edition of the CBE (Council of Biology Editors) Style Manual is nearing completion and should be available later this year. It is being prepared for authors, editors, redactors, printers, and publishers of the literature of the biological and biomedical sciences. The chapters in this new edition have been rearranged with the first three chapters providing information on preparation of research articles for publication in journals; the next chapter presenting the criteria for editorial review; and seven chapters specifying the details of proof correction, indexing, general style conventions, style in special fields, abbreviations and symbols, and word usage. An annotated bibliography of books that might be useful to writers and editors of biology papers constitutes the last chapter of the fourth edition. The chapter on “style in special fields” has been expanded, and for utility, has been subdivided into animal sciences, plant sciences, and microbiology. The “abbreviations and symbols” chapter has been simplified for easier use, and derived primarily from internationally-recognized authorities, such as the General Conference of Weights and Measures, the International Organization for Standardization, and the IUPAC-IUB Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature. The new edition of the CBE Style Manual should prove even more useful than the third edition.
DDDAS-Based Resilient Cyber Battle Management Services (D-RCBMS)

The integration of data from numerous, disparate sources of a cyber battle space makes the transformation of those data into actionable information extremely complex. Applying dynamic analysis, agile synthesis, and predictive modeling techniques to this problem space using human interaction would be impractical. An example of this type of situation is a hostile area where lives are at risk. By adopting the Dynamic Data-Driven Applications System (DDDAS) paradigm, we can efficiently address cyber battle management challenges through the following capabilities: (a) a simulation infrastructure that encompasses realistically complex scenarios, (b) information integration and informatics capacity to both ingest the massive data sets needed to capture large-scale cyber battle management complexity to process the result in a timely manner in order to support decision making processes, and (c) resilient computations and communications services to enable cyber battle management system to tolerate any type of attacks against command and control operations. In this paper, we will show how the DDDAS paradigm can be used to develop a DDDAS-based Resilient Cyber Battle Management Services (D-RCBMS) that would generate immediate transformative opportunities in development of network centric warfare management capabilities and utilization. The disruptive concept of cyber battle space comes from the potential to treat a weapon as well as all other resources (logical or physical) involved in a cyber battle space as nodes on the network. Within a network-centric environment such as the Global Information Grid (GIG), consuming the data streaming in from hundreds or thousands of data sources (e.g., sensors, observations, etc.) and creating actionable information is a desired capability. However, achieving this vision presents significant computing and computational challenges that require updates to current practices, paradigms and infrastructures in network-centric warfare, which are based on static, pre-orchestrated and centrally mediated models and implementations. The hallmark of D-RCBMS framework is the ability to dynamically couple and autonomically configure, in real-time, complex and customized interaction between physical models, environmental sensors and effectors, and embedded protocols. The D-RCBMS framework is based on a service-oriented cyberinfrastructure for pervasive access to, and coordinated sharing of geographically distributed hardware, software, and information resources, as well as interactions between computations, simulations, information/data, and experts distributed across the global information grid (GIG).
Immersive Analytics for Medicine: Hybrid 2D/3D Sketch-Based Interfaces for Annotating Medical Data and Designing Medical Devices

We explore the role that immersive technologies, specifically virtual reality (VR) and hybrid 2D/3D sketch-based interfaces and visualizations, can play in analytical reasoning for medicine. Two case studies are described: (1) immersive explanations of medical procedures, and (2) immersive design of medical devices. Both tightly integrate 2D imagery and data with 3D interfaces, models, and visualizations. This is an approach we argue is likely to be particularly useful in medicine, where analytical tasks often involve relating 2D data (e.g., medical imaging) to 3D contexts (e.g., a patient's body). User feedback and observations from our interdisciplinary team indicate the utility of the approach for the current case studies as well as some shortcomings and areas for future research. This work contributes to a broader discussion of how hybrid 2D/3D interfaces may form an essential ingredient of future immersive analytics systems across a variety of domains.
“The Immanent Pattern”: Recovering a Self in Mary Austin's Earth Horizon

(1997). “The Immanent Pattern”: Recovering a Self in Mary Austin's Earth Horizon. a/b: Auto/Biography Studies: Vol. 12, Cross-Cultural Autobiography, pp. 261-275.
Mission to Nowhere: Putting Short-Term Missions into Context:

International Bulletin of Missionary Research, Vol. 33, No. 4 S missions have experienced explosive growth in the past two decades.1 In addition to the many parachurch organizations promoting such trips, for many congregations this sort of “mission” has become a key component of youth group activities. In the United States short-term mission trips are widely promoted as a key means through which average church members can become involved in mission outreach and by which they can make a direct, even sacrificial contribution in the foreign missions work of the church. Today more than 1,600,000 adults and young people from the United States travel abroad yearly on short-term mission trips, most for two weeks or less duration.2 A phenomenon of this scope certainly merits social-scientific observation, as well as missiological reflection. My expertise is as an anthropologist. Over a two-year period I observed a high school mission team in their preparation and visit to the Dominican Republic. My research uncovered multiple ways in which the group’s preparation, travel, and return narrative served to minimize the contextual specificity of the trip’s destination in favor of a more generic “short-term mission” Mission to Nowhere: Putting Short-Term Missions into Context
Urbanization reduces and homogenizes trait diversity in stream macroinvertebrate communities.

More than one-half of the world's population lives in urban areas, so quantifying the effects of urbanization on ecological communities is important for understanding whether anthropogenic stressors homogenize communities across environmental and climatic gradients. We examined the relationship of impervious surface coverage (a marker of urbanization) and the structure of stream macroinvertebrate communities across the state of Maryland and within each of Maryland's three ecoregions: Coastal Plain, Piedmont, and Appalachian, which differ in stream geomorphology and community composition. We considered three levels of trait organization: individual traits, unique combinations of traits, and community metrics (functional richness, functional evenness, and functional divergence) and three levels of impervious surface coverage (low [ 10%]). The prevalence of an individual trait differed very little between low impervious surface and high impervious surface sites. The arrangement of trait combinations in community trait space for each ecoregion differed when impervious surface coverage was low, but the arrangement became more similar among ecoregions as impervious surface coverage increased. Furthermore, trait combinations that occurred only at low or medium impervious surface coverage were clustered in a subset of the community trait space, indicating that impervious surface affected the presence of only a subset of trait combinations. Functional richness declined with increasing impervious surface, providing evidence for environmental filtering. Community metrics that include abundance were also sensitive to increasing impervious surface coverage: functional divergence decreased while functional evenness increased. These changes demonstrate that increasing impervious surface coverage homogenizes the trait diversity of macroinvertebrate communities in streams, despite differences in initial community composition and stream geomorphology among ecoregions. Community metrics were also more sensitive to changes in the abundance rather than the gain or loss of trait combinations, showing the potential for trait-based approaches to serve as early warning indicators of environmental stress for monitoring and biological assessment programs.
Comparative Aspects of the Structure and Function of Phosphoglucomutase

Publisher Summary Total amino acid sequence analysis has proved to be a powerful tool for the study of evolution and phylogenetic comparison of proteins. Studies have been conducted with hemoglobin and cytochrome c. Hemoglobin is confined to the vertebrates, and no bacterial cytochrome, from its properties, would suggest it as genetically homologous to the cytochrome c of yeast and higher plant or animal forms. Criteria other than sequence analysis have been applied in phylogenetic characterization of aldolase, triose phosphate dehydrogenase, and lactic dehydrogenase from diverse sources. The present studies were undertaken to identify a protein that, in all living forms, is the expression of a homologous gene. Phosphoglucomutase seemed to offer several advantages for such a study. The reaction that it catalyzes—where glucose 1-phosphate is converted to glucose 6-phosphate—was presumed to be biologically ubiquitous, as it is preliminary to the formation, from glucose, of such compounds as uridine diphosphate glucose. Therefore, the reaction must occur in all living forms, and, because it represents a major metabolic activity, the responsible enzyme should be relatively abundant.
Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome

Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome (NMS) is the result of dopamine receptor blockade in the CNS.Classically it is characterized by the tetrad of altered mental status, rigidity, hyperthermia, and autonomic dysfunction.In practice, however, NMS exists on a spectrum and not all four features need be present for the diagnosis.It is also important to understand that less severe dopamine receptor blockade may present only with dystonia or akathisia.While not classified as NMS, these manifestations are the result of the same pathophysiologic mechanism.
Particulated Autograft Cartilage Implantation for the Treatment of Osteochondral Lesions of the Talus: A Novel Technique:

Osteochondral lesions of the talus often occur following ankle sprains and fractures. Operative intervention is typically required because of the diminished intrinsic repair capability of talar art...
A SURVEY ON REAL TIME CONTROL OF COMBINED SEWER SYSTEMS IN THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA

ABSTRACT Some results of a mailed questionaire survey over real time control of combined sewer systems in USA and Canada are presented. Five existing and operating real time control systems in the USA are described in more detail. In most cases the systems work sufficiently well. Benefits include less overflow, less flooding, better surveillance and maintenance, usually at a much lower cost than separation or additional off-line storage. The survey indicates that there are no physical system characteristics (such as size, population, etc.) which make real time control in combined sewer systems particularly attractive.
Ultrasound assessment of pulmonary edema using multiple scattering

Ultrasound imaging in the lungs is challenging because of air-filled alveoli which induce multiple scattering. Pulmonary edema is characterized by increased extravascular lung water, which causes acute dyspnea. There is an urgent need from pulmonologists to non-invasively quantify pulmonary edema, in order to monitor response to treatment. The present methodology takes advantage of multiple scattering and calculates the scattering mean free path (L*) for the quantitative assessment of pulmonary edema. L* is a semi-local property, which could be correlated to the amount of fluid buildup in the lung. Pulmonary edema was induced in 4 Sprague-Dawley rats using ischemia reperfusion injury. Following a sternotomy, L* was calculated from the time evolution of the backscattered incoherent intensity using an L11-4v linear array connected to a Verasonics scanner. Ex-vivo data were also acquired for 2 edematous pig lungs. For measurements, the left lung was edematous whereas the right lung was treated as control. Significant differences (p<0.001) were found between control (L* = 330±89μm) and edema (L* = 876±179 μm) for in-vivo rats. For ex-vivo pig lungs, L* was found to be 190±84 μm for control and 1074±361 μm for edema. This suggests the potential of L* for the assessment of pulmonary edema.
Inverse TGF-beta signaling between host and tumor induced by omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids in COLO205

2074 Inflammation occurs at sites of foreign invasion or trauma as a result of the induction of cellular signaling hormones called cytokines, which are responsible for changes in tissue physiology, as well as the recruitment of immune cells to damaged areas. Colorectal cancer, the third most frequent cause of cancer death, is intrinsically linked with the inflammatory process. Previous studies have shown that treatment with NSAIDs have a tumor suppressing effect. Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) is a pleiotropic cytokine often seen functioning as a switch that can lead to either apoptosis or proliferation. Ras-mediated signaling through the TGF-beta pathway leads to proliferation, while the Smad-mediated pathway leads toward apoptosis. TGF-beta signaling has been best defined in mouse models where disruption can initiate or promote the neoplastic process. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), particularly omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids have been seen in epidemiological studies to have effects on cancer progression, with eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), an omega-3 PUFA, decreasing tumor vascularity in vivo as well as decreasing pro-inflammatory cytokines. Previous studies in our lab, with athymic nude mice have found that diets with varying ratios of omega-3: omega-6 fatty acids have effects on tumor growth. Increased concentrations of omega-3 fatty acids, particularly docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), have had a suppressive effect, while increased omega-6 fatty acids have had proliferative effects. Recent feeding studies with varying fatty acid ratios have shown an inverse relationship between individual fatty acids and TGF-beta signaling. In high omega-3 PUFA diets, there is an increase within the splenocytes, a site of macrophage production in nude mice, in TGF-beta signaling, while the tumor shows a decrease. High omega-6 PUFA diets show the opposite results. Within the signaling pathway, phosphorylated JNK and p38, which are associated with Ras, are increased in omega-6 diets and decreased within omega-3 diets. Results suggest that omega-3 and omega-6 have markedly different effects on TGF-beta production and signaling that may turn the switch from apoptotic to proliferative based on diets with various PUFAs.
Lead and antimony from bullet weathering in newly constructed target berms: Chemical speciation, mobilization, and remediation strategies.

Abstract Understanding lead (Pb) and antimony (Sb) speciation associated with the weathering of bullets at shooting ranges is essential for identifying species migration potential to local watersheds and for assessing the overall toxicity of shooting range soils. In the present study, we fired 2000 5.56 mm bullets into newly constructed and instrumented target berms composed of well-characterized test soils (sand, sandy loam, loamy sand, silt loam) and collected berm pore water runoff and soil samples over five summers (2011 to 2015). We tracked the chemical transformations of Pb and Sb released during bullet weathering as a function of time and soil properties. During 2014 summer, an amendment of ferrous chloride (FeCl2) with a calcium carbonate (CaCO3) buffer was added to a subset of the berms of each soil type to test this remediation strategy. Bulk speciation analysis coupled with micro-scale spectroscopic methods show that both Sb(III) and Sb(V) species are present in soil solution depending on the soil matrix type, but Sb(III) was not observed after 9 months of weathering. In general, Sb was found to be more mobile than Pb, attributable to the relatively low solubility of the dominant Pb phases present in the crust forming around bullet fragments and within soil. The oxidation of Pb(0) resulted in a mixture of lead oxide, lead carbonate, and lead sorbed onto iron(III) oxides. We found a higher degree of metal(loid) mobilization (higher dissolved metal concentrations) in the berms made from the sandy soils. In contrast, silt loam soil was found to be more effective at immobilizing metal(loid)s. Furthermore, we observed that an iron-oxide type amendment may be effective at further reducing Pb and Sb runoff. Results from this study provide insight into the fate and transport of metal(loid)s within small arms target ranges and address a potential method for metal(loid) immobilization.
Malignant Brenner tumor of the ovary: Case series and review of treatment strategies.

Abstract Malignant Brenner tumor (MBTs) is a rare histological subtype of epithelial ovarian cancer, accounting for For the 10 cases included in our cohort, the median age was 64 and the median tumor stage was IIa/IIb. All patients underwent either a primary or interval debulking surgery and achieved an R0 resection per classifications set by the Union for International Cancer Control (UICC). Lymph node dissections were performed on 6 patients and found no evidence of positive nodal disease. 7 patients received platinum-based adjuvant chemotherapy and experienced a median progression-free survival (PFS) of 37 months. Recurrent disease was varied in terms of locoregional versus distant spread, and these patients had largely suboptimal responses to salvage chemotherapy with doxorubicin, gemcitabine, and eribulin. Sites of metastatic disease included the liver, lungs, bone, and brain. While there is no consensus for the optimal treatment of this rare disease, MBTs seem to respond well to adjuvant platinum-taxane treatment after complete surgical resection, consistent with the current management approach of other epithelial ovarian cancers. Recurrent disease is considerably more difficult to manage, and clinicians may consider a wider avenue of treatment options to include hormonal, biologic, and radiation therapies.
Do Managers Successfully Shop for Compliant Auditors? Evidence from Accounting Estimates

Existing research on opinion shopping focuses primarily on managers’ attempts to switch auditors in order to avoid the receipt of an unfavorable audit opinion. We extend this literature by examining whether managers successfully shop for auditors who will allow questionable accounting practices, as evidenced by opportunistic changes in accounting estimates following auditor switches. Using manually collected data from SEC filings, we find an increase in the frequency and magnitude of discretionary income-increasing changes in accounting estimates (DICE) following auditor switches. We further find that companies reporting DICE following an auditor switch are more likely to subsequently restate earnings downward, receive fewer goingconcern opinions, experience lower abnormal stock returns in the years following the switch, and tend to switch auditors during the fourth quarter or following a disagreement with the predecessor auditor. These findings provide ex-post evidence that managers successfully shop for more lenient auditors. We also find that managers’ switch decisions maximize the ex-ante likelihood of reporting income-increasing changes in estimates, and that companies are more likely to switch to auditors whose clients have a greater likelihood of reporting income-increasing changes in estimates. Taken together, we provide both ex-ante and ex-post evidence that auditor-switch companies shop for compliant auditors that will allow the use of opportunistic accounting that meets management’s reporting objectives.
De-othering “schizophrenia”:

Do psychiatry and clinical psychology have an “other”? This article critically addresses the clinical-scientific fascination with diagnostic challenges and other psychiatric mysteries, focusing on ...
SOILS AND GEOMORPHIC EVIDENCE FOR A HIGH LAKE STAND IN A MICHIGAN DRUMLIN FIELD

The objectives of this study were to determine (1) if and where lithologic discontinuities are present in the late Pleistocene Northport drumlins of NW lower Michigan, and (2) the sedimentary proce...
Playground lead levels in rubber, soil, sand, and mulch surfaces in Boston.

Rubber surfacing is often used in playgrounds due to its potential injury prevention benefits and as a way to recycle waste tires. Available research on chemicals in recycled rubber has focused on synthetic turf applications, but is limited for playground rubber surfacing. Potential lead contamination from vulcanizing agents used in rubber surfacing are a possible concern; however this has not been researched. We examined levels of lead in poured-in-place rubber and compared them to levels in soil, sand, and wood mulch materials from 28 randomly selected playgrounds in Boston, MA, USA using X-ray fluorescence. To evaluate the association between material type and lead concentrations, we conducted a two-way ANOVA with repeated measures and built a linear regression model controlling for distance to major roadway, neighborhood-level status as an environmental justice area, peeling paint on the playground, and rubber condition. Average lead levels were 65.7 μg/g for soil, 22.0 μg/g for rubber, 8.5 μg/g for sand, and 9.0 μg/g for mulch. Our finding of lower concentrations of lead in sand and mulch compared to rubber and soil should be used to inform playground design to optimize children’s health, alongside other chemical and safety considerations.
Respect for Community Narratives of Environmental Injustice: The Dignity Right to be Heard and Believed

Communities that bear the brunt of environmental pollution and lack basic amenities, such as clean drinking water, have a story to tell. One such community is the Bayview-Hunters Point community of San Francisco, California. There, the U.S. Navy extensively contaminated a now-shuttered shipyard with nuclear waste. After twelve years of cleanup under the Navy’s direction, the shipyard is still contaminated. As widely reported, a federal contractor faked the cleanup through falsifying sampling results, manipulating data, and leaving still radioactive soil on-site rather than disposing of it at a licensed facility. The fraud was so extensive that Public Employees for Environmental Responsibility has characterized it as “the biggest case of eco-fraud in U.S. history.” Remedying this fraud is predicted to cost more than $100-300 million. The shipyard story is emblematic of a larger problem. These environmental injustice stories illustrate a confluence of systemic failures, one of which is the failure of various actors in the legal and administrative system to respect community voices. Had these voices been heeded, the government agencies would likely have avoided the terribly botched cleanup and the community’s prolonged exposure to radioactive contamination. The millions of dollars that were ultimately wasted could have been spent instead on meaningfully protecting public health. Using the shipyard case study as a focal point, this article explores the necessity of listening to these stories of environmental injustice from those who are directly affected. Specifically, the article discusses how advocates and clinical teachers addressing environmental injustice should respect the dignity of community narratives by making space for the meaningful telling of these stories. Part I of this article covers the history of the shipyard at Hunters Point in San Francisco and, as told through stories and voices of residents, the disregard government agencies overseeing the cleanup showed the community. Part II connects environmental injustice storytelling to the dignity of communities overburdened by pollution. Part III discusses how advocates and teachers, in particular professors of environmental clinics, can better integrate these narratives in environmental justice advocacy and teaching, in the classroom and beyond.
The Role of Cation Coordination in the Electrical and Optical Properties of Amorphous Transparent Conducting Oxides

Amorphous oxide semiconductor materials have demonstrated numerous advantages without compromise of electrical properties as compared to their crystalline counterparts, yet understanding of the fun...
Inequality, redistribution and the rise of outsider candidates

Abstract We provide a model of electoral competition between an establishment and an outsider candidate in which each candidate has a fixed characteristic that voters care about and promises a policy of redistribution from skilled to unskilled voters. The voters perceive the establishment candidate to be more beholden to special interests and therefore more likely to renege on a promise of a large policy change in favor of the status-quo after the election. The equilibrium features policy divergence and greater targeting of the electorally dominant voter group by the outsider candidate. Furthermore, while higher income inequality leads to polarization of support for the two candidates, it benefits the outsider candidate in a radical equilibrium with promises of greater redistribution. These results provide a theoretical underpinning for the recent evidence that links voters' economic distress due to trade exposure or skill-biased technological change to support for outsider candidates.
Don’t call it collaboration! Reframing creative success in teams from the perspective of participatory creativity

Abstract This chapter differentiates between collaboration and participation and makes a case for participation as being the key to creative success in teams. Viewed from the perspective of participatory creativity, a participatory approach to the creative work of teams emphasizes the distributed efforts of many individuals, each of whom play unique roles as they endeavor to collectively achieve a common purpose. After situating the concept of participatory creativity within the literature on social and cultural approaches to creativity, this chapter provides several examples of participatory approaches to the creative work of teams, including a brief case study of participatory creativity in action. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the prospects of more participatory approaches to teamwork—as well as some pitfalls to look out for along the way. Ultimately, this chapter argues that it is necessary to shift away from the popular concept of collaboration to favor more participatory approaches to practice.
Outcomes from treatment of asymptomatic skull base meningioma with stereotactic radiosurgery

Optimal management of asymptomatic skull base meningiomas is controversial. We evaluated the safety and efficiency of Gamma Knife radiosurgery (GKRS) for the management of asymptomatic skull base meningiomas. This retrospective study involved patients managed with GKRS for asymptomatic, skull base meningiomas from 1997 to 2019. Patient clinico-radiologic data, tumor characteristics, and procedural details were analyzed. Favorable outcome was defined as lack of procedure-related mortality or permanent neurologic morbidity and radiologic evidence of tumor control. Tumor progression and regression were defined as an increase or decrease of > 20% in volume from baseline to the last neuroimaging study respectively. Tumor volumes within ± 20% of baseline volume were considered stable. Thirty-seven patients (30 women), median age 68 years old (range 42–83 months) were managed with a single-session GKRS for 40 asymptomatic, skull base meningiomas. At a median clinical follow-up of 58.5 months (range 14–150 months), no mortality associated with the procedure or the treated tumor was noted. Permanent neurologic morbidity was 2.75%. There was a statistically significant decrease in mean tumor volume (p < 0.001) from 4.04 cc (SD 3.09 cc) prior to radiosurgery to 2.73 cc (SD 2.24 cc) at last follow-up. Higher margin dose was associated with tumor regression at last follow-up (HR = 1.351; 95%CI [1.094–1.669]; p = 0.05). As compared to natural history studies, GKRS affords long-standing tumor control and neurologic preservation in the vast majority of patients treated for asymptomatic, skull base meningiomas. Further study is necessary to identify the optimal management of asymptomatic skull base meningiomas.
The evolution of prenatal care delivery guidelines in the United States.

The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic led to some of the most drastic changes in clinical care delivery ever seen in the United States. Almost overnight, providers of prenatal care adopted virtual visits and reduced visit schedules. These changes stood in stark contrast to the 12 to 14 in-person prenatal visit schedule that had been previously recommended for almost a century. As maternity care providers consider what prenatal care delivery changes we should maintain following the acute pandemic, we may gain insight from understanding the evolution of prenatal care delivery guidelines. In this paper, we start by sketching out the relatively unstructured beginnings of prenatal care in the 19th century. Most medical care fell within the domain of laypeople, and childbirth was a central feature of female domestic culture. We explore how early discoveries about "toxemia" created the groundwork for future prenatal care interventions, including screening of urine and blood pressure-which in turn created a need for routine prenatal care visits. We then discuss the organization of the medical profession, including the field of obstetrics and gynecology. In the early 20th century, new data increasingly revealed high rates of both infant and maternal mortalities, leading to a greater emphasis on prenatal care. These discoveries culminated in the first codification of a prenatal visit schedule in 1930 by the Children's Bureau. Surprisingly, this schedule remained essentially unchanged for almost a century. Through the founding of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, significant technological advancements in laboratory testing and ultrasonography, and calls of the National Institutes of Health Task Force for changes in prenatal care delivery in 1989, prenatal care recommendations continued to be the same as they had been in 1930-monthly visits until 28 weeks' gestation, bimonthly visits until 36 weeks' gestation, and weekly visits until delivery. However, coronavirus disease 2019 forced us to change, to reconsider both the need for in-person visits and frequency of visits. Currently, as we transition from the acute pandemic, we should consider how to use what we have learned in this unprecedented time to shape future prenatal care. Lessons from a century of prenatal care provide valuable insights to inform the next generation of prenatal care delivery.
Seeking Refuge in Invisibility: Rohingya Communities in Malaysia

This chapter focuses on the lives and stories of refugees and stateless communities in Malaysia, specifically on the Rohingya communities living and working in Penang and Kuala Lumpur. Malaysia is home to an estimated 150,000 stateless Rohingya Muslim minorities who had to leave their homeland in Arakan, Burma. Historically, as a predominantly Muslim country with a pro-Islam state, Malaysia has been a sympathetic and stable destination for Muslim minorities facing persecution in neighboring countries such as Burma, Thailand, Philippines, and Cambodia (as well as Syria, India, and Afghanistan). Unofficial estimates of the number of Rohingya and other Muslim minorities from Burma in Malaysia range anywhere between 200,000 and 450,000—of this number, close to 89,000 are registered with the UNHCR as of December 2018. In spite of the non-recognition of refugee status, the notion of Muslim solidarity provides for a different but equally important insurance against denial of acceptance and space—many Malay communities, particularly in urban and peri-urban areas, are motivated by the sense of responsibility and duty toward Muslim brothers and sisters facing persecution in other countries. Because of the problematic construction of Rohingya as ‘illegal Bangladeshi immigrants,’ this population is often subjected to the racialized discrimination suffered by Bengali migrants in Malaysia. The latter group are predominantly temporary migrant workers who make up a substantial portion of the manual labor sectors in construction and services and are the primary victims of xenophobic and racist discourse in public discourse. The role of Malay-Muslim humanitarianism and solidarity helps inform the centrality of assimilation as a form of refugee incorporation in Malaysia. The makeshift informality of life coupled with everyday cosmopolitanism among poorer and more precarious, but highly diverse, subaltern populations in urban Malaysia allow for the practices of making space for refugee communities such as the Rohingya. Members of the community can find homes and opportunities to work, to send their children to school and madrasahs, largely because of these interstitial pockets of informal life that are made available to them. The narratives in this chapter are primarily drawn from engagements with Rohingya communities in places such as the Selayang Wholesale Market and various informal settlements in the outskirts of Kuala Lumpur and Penang.
Higher Education and the Politics of Need

Relying heavily on the work of Georges Bataille, who proposed that political problems result from luxury, not necessity, this chapter makes four major arguments. First, attending to the problems of the economy should raise questions about the expenditure of excess wealth, not utility. Second, competing claims about higher education appear to, but do not actually, deal with utility. Third, higher education should not be understood as a need, but as a luxury that must be spent uselessly; instead of diminishing it value, this understanding should allow us more freedom with which to think about educational problems. Last, in proposing an understanding of higher education as “useless,” the chapter challenges readers to the possibility of a view of a sovereignty from utility, a freedom that sees the pervasiveness of, but also fragilities within, capitalism.
Speaking as a Colonial State: Mass Broadcasting and the Language of Development in Northern Rhodesia, 1941–1963

This article analyses the production and circulation of a discourse of development via a new medium – African-language radio broadcasting – to a mass listening public by the British colonial state ...
Union Professors: Framing Processes, Mobilizing Structures, and Participation in Faculty Unions*

This study traces the development of union loyalties among community college professors. Assuming that activism is motivated by contextual and ideological factors, the paper analyzes the ways that social networks, collegiate workplaces, and framing practices transform political bystanders into committed union members. Using data from a study of junior college professors in Kentucky (N = 329), the study finds that union participation is strongly linked to a distrust of campus administrators and having pro-union friends and colleagues. Likewise, perceptions of union efficacy, a liberal identity as well the professor's education level predicted the actual joining of their campus' faculty union.
Why Not Lump-Sum Taxation?

A long-standing question in public economics is why governments do not rely on lump-sum taxes to satisfy revenue requirements. The previous literature has found that lump-sum taxation may result in ruinous political conflict, but has not disentangled the effects of restrictions on the efficiency of tax instruments from the effects of restrictions on the discretion with which they may be assigned. This paper demonstrates that when policymakers are not allowed discretion in assigning obligations, as when lump-sum taxes must be uniform, the outcome is efficient. In contrast, prohibiting the use of lump-sum taxes without restricting discretion may still lead to ruinously high levels of conflict. A simulation shows that a restriction on the efficiency of tax instruments is only optimal in conjunction with a restriction on discretion, and only then if policymakers are sufficiently inattentive toward distributional issues.
Rigid body motion tracking without linear and angular velocity feedback using dual quaternions

This paper takes advantage of a new, recently proposed representation of the combined translational and rotational dynamic equations of motion of a rigid body in terms of dual quaternions. We show that combined position and attitude tracking controllers based on dual quaternions can be developed with relatively low effort from existing attitude-only tracking controllers based on quaternions. We show this by developing an almost globally asymptotically stable nonlinear controller capable of simultaneously following time-varying position and attitude profiles without linear and angular velocity feedback based on an existing attitude-only tracking controller without angular velocity feedback.
Limit Probabilities for Random Sparse Bit Strings

Let $n$ be a positive integer, $c$ a real positive constant, and $p(n) = c/n$. Let $U_{n,p}$ be the random unary predicate under the linear order, and $S_c$ the almost sure theory of $U_{n,{c\over n}}$. We show that for every first-order sentence $\phi$: $$ f_{\phi}(c) = \lim_{n\rightarrow\infty}{\Pr}[U_{n,{c\over n}} { has\ property\ } \phi] $$ is an infinitely differentiable function. Further, let $S = \bigcap_c S_c$ be the set of all sentences that are true in every almost sure theory. Then, for every $c>0$, $S_c = S$.
Polar behavior of double perovskite (Bi,Pb)ZnNbO6 and (Bi,Sr)ZnNbO6: Density functional calculations

The polar behavior of double perovskite (Bi,Pb)ZnNbO{sub 6} and (Bi,Sr)ZnNbO{sub 6} was investigated using first principles density functional calculations within the local density approximation. These materials have both A-site size disorder and ions with sterochemical activity. We found a strong ferroelectric distortion in both materials. The polarization of the Pb material is >80 muCcm{sup 2} along the rhombohedral direction and the Sr based material is only slightly inferior. The high polarization results mainly from a large off-centering of Bi and the large Born effective charge of Nb, which yields a large contribution polarization although the Nb off-centers by a smaller amount. Neither of these materials favors a tetragonal state, and therefore solid solutions with PbTiO{sub 3} may show morphotoropic phase boundaries.
WELSH SYNTAX AND VSO STRUCTURE.

L'auteur defend l'idee que les langues VSO, comme le gallois, ont une structure de base SVO et que l'ordre VSO est obtenu par moyen d'une regle de montee du verbe. Discussion sur les implications theoriques de cette hypothese dans le cadre theorique du liage et du gouvernement
The Open Archives Initiative: Realizing Simple and Effective Digital Library Interoperability

Summary The Open Archives Initiative (OAI) is dedicated to solving problems of digital library interoperability. Its focus has been on defining simple protocols, most recently for the exchange of metadata from archives. The OAI evolved out of a need to increase access to scholarly publications by supporting the creation of interoperable digital libraries. As a first step towards such interoperability, a metadata harvesting protocol was developed to support the streaming of metadata from one repository to another, ultimately to a provider of user services such as browsing, searching, or annotation. This article provides an overview of the mission, philosophy, and technical framework of the OAI.
Krüppel-like factors 4 and 5: the yin and yang regulators of cellular proliferation

Kruppel-like factors (KLFs) are evolutionarily conserved zinc finger-containing transcription factors with diverse regulatory functions in cell growth, proliferation, differentiation, and embryogenesis. KLF4 and KLF5 are two closely related members of the KLF family that have a similar tissue distribution in embryos and adults. However, the two KLFs often exhibit opposite effects on regulation of gene transcription, despite binding to similar, if not identical, cis-acting DNA sequences. In addition, KLF4 and 5 exert contrasting effects on cell proliferation in many instances; while KLF4 is an inhibitor of cell growth, KLF5 stimulates proliferation. Here we review the biological properties and biochemical mechanisms of action of the two KLFs in the context of growth regulation.
Response of kaolin ACT to heparin: Evaluation with an automated assay and higher heparin doses

Background. Because previous reports suggest that the linear relationship between celite activated clotting time (ACT) values and heparin sodium is disrupted if values exceed 500 to 600 seconds, this study was designed to evaluate the relationship of kaolin activated clotting time (ACT) values to high in vitro heparin concentrations. In addition, the relationship of kaolin ACT to heparin concentration as determined manually was compared with that obtained with an automated heparin dose response assay. Methods. Blood specimens were obtained prior to and after heparin administration from 41 cardiac surgical patients requiring cardiopulmonary bypass in this institutional human studies committee-approved study. Five ACT instruments were used to evaluate the response of kaolin ACT to manually added heparin at two anticoagulation levels: low range (ACT values of less than 500 seconds) and high range (ACT values of 500 seconds or greater). Specimens were also used to measure kaolin ACT values at three heparin concentrations with an automated heparin dose response assay (HDR) using a Hepcon instrument. Results. A greater response of kaolin ACT to heparin was seen with high-range ACT values than low-range ACT values as illustrated by greater ( p = 0.002) mean slope values (low range, 99 ± 30 s · U −1 · mL −1 ; high range, 128 ± 50 s · U −1 · mL −1 ). Good correlations were obtained between heparin concentration and either low-or high-range ACT values as demonstrated by mean correlation coefficients (low range, 0.992; high range, 0.982). The response of low-range kaolin ACT values to heparin was greater than that obtained with the automated heparin dose response assay as illustrated by greater ( p = 0.005) mean slope values (low range, 99 ± 30 s · U −1 · mL −1 ; HDR, 82 ± 21 s · U −1 · mL −1 ). Good correlations were observed for the relationship between heparin and ACT values obtained with the HDR assay ( r = 0.998). Conclusions. A variable response of kaolin ACT to heparin among patients was demonstrated in our study, especially when ACT values exceeded 500 seconds. We found that the response of kaolin ACT to higher heparin concentrations was acceptable for clinical monitoring based on good correlations obtained in individual patients. The HDR assay generally overestimates a patient's heparin requirements; most likely, this is due to a lower response of kaolin ACT to heparin concentration that is reflected by this assay. Because an exceptional correlation can be obtained between kaolin ACT values and heparin concentration using the assay, this automated assay can identify heparin-resistant patients who may need further treatment.