cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Learning IVaV Strategies

Modern business practices are complex. Consider, for example, NASA's software IVV and (b) whether or not specializations of the problem domain can lead to more simple and robust models.
Location and identification for single and multiple faults in testable redundant PLAs for yield enhancement

The authors present the basic structure of a testable and repairable programmable logic array (PLA) and the design modifications which are required for a full diagnosis and yield enhancement. The testing process is fully analyzed, and the conditions for diagnosis are presented. It is proved that identification in the presence of multiple (crosspoint, stuck-at, and bridging) faults is possible with high coverage. The criteria which permit diagnosis are based on a hierarchical organization of the testing process; significant improvements over previous redundant structures can be achieved. This results in a compact structure with a homogeneous layout which has been evaluated with respect to area overhead for VLSI implementation. Simulation results for benchmark devices are presented. These suggest that an efficient repair of VLSI PLAs for yield enhancement can be achieved. >
On the Interaction of 3D Protuberances with a Supersonic Turbulent Boundary Layer

A comprehensive Computational Fluid Dynamics study of the surface pressure fluctuations induced by a cylindrical protuberance in a supersonic turbulent boundary layer is presented. The effects of two important parameters on the surface pressure fluctuations are investigated; protuberance height to boundary layer thickness and surface curvature. The turbulent boundary layer is modeled using a hybrid Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes and Large Eddy Simulation approach known as Detached Eddy Simulation (DES). At first, extensive comparisons to experimental data for surface pressure coefficient and the unsteady surface pressure coefficient were performed. Results from our CFD computations compared well to the experimental data in the wake region downstream of the protuberance and in the vicinity of the protuberance at other upstream and to the sides of the protuberance. Increasing the protuberance height relative to the boundary layer thickness resulted in higher sound pressure levels on the surface. In addition, the surface pressure fluctuation showed more coherence in the spanwise direction ahead of the protuberance and immediately downstream of it. Increasing the surface curvature lowered the sound pressure levels on the surface and resulted in stretched coherent structures in the spanwise direction. Adding a fairing to the protuberance resulted in lowering the sound pressure levels on the surface. As expected, the radiated sound was more intense in the downstream direction and to the sides of the protuberance.
Urethral Responses to Bladder Filling

As with position change, the urethra will also respond to the stress of changes in the bladder volume. Increased bladder volume will lead to increased hydrostatic pressure within the bladder as well as an increased response from stretch receptors in the bladder and the trigone. The normal response to this is further to augment urethral pressure and closure pressure. Fig. 19.1 shows a normal urethrocystometry study where there is increasing urethral pressure during filling. This is associated with augmentation of EMG activity near the end of the study (curved open arrow) and thus reflects increasing skeletal muscle activity in the pelvic floor musculature during bladder filling. In patients who have genuine stress incontinence, although there may be augmentation of EMG activity during filling, there is usually a progressive decrease in urethral pressure and urethral closure pressure which facilitates eventual urinary leakage with increased intra-abdominal pressure.
Environmental Fluctuations in Forward Scatter and Reverberation

Abstract : The long-term goal is to conduct field experiments, data analyses, and modeling exploring the impact of environmental fluctuations on forward scatter and reverberation as well as on the inversion for seafloor geoacoustic parameters.
Transient behavior of collapsing ring solutions in the critical nonlinear Schrödinger equation

Abstract The critical nonlinear Schrodinger equation (NLS) possesses nearly self-similar ring profile solutions. We address the question of whether this profile is maintained all the way until the point of singularity. A perturbative analysis of the rescaled PDE and the resulting self-similar profile uncover slow dynamics that eventually drive the ring structure to the classical peak-shaped collapse instead. A numerical scheme capable of resolving self-similar behavior to high resolutions confirms our analysis. We also consider ring-type blowup arising either from azimuthally polarized solutions of a coupled NLS system or as vortex solutions of the usual NLS. In this case, the ring profile is maintained up to the time of singularity.
Reaction Kinetics on Diamond: Measurement of HI Atom Destruction Rates

We describe the first measurements of reaction kinetics between diamond and a gas phase species—H atoms—involved in its formation. We develop a remarkably simple method to measure H atom concentrations and use the method to measure γd, the destruction probability of H atoms on diamond at 20 torr and 1200 K. We find γd = 0.12. This value is close to that estimated from gas phase alkane rate constants.
Determinants of competitive performance expectancies of young male athletes1

Although performance expectancies have been shown to be important mediators of achievement behavior, few specific determinants of personal expectancies have been identified, the ecological validity of previous results is limited, and factors influencing group performance expectancies have not been determined. Therefore, the purpose of this field study involving 11- and 12-year-old male soccer players was twofold. First, we examined specific intrapersonal and situational factors influencing players' pregame personal and team performance expectancies. Second, we investigated the effects of winning and losing a competitive soccer game on players' postgame team expectancies involving a hypothetical rematch with the identical opponent. The pregame findings revealed that (a) the intrapersonal factors of ability and self-esteem were related to personal performance expectancies while competitive trait anxiety was not, and (b) the situational factors of past win-loss record and a prior game win or loss against the same opponent influenced team performance expectancies. The postgame findings revealed that future expectancies were affected by the interactive effects of game win-loss and self-esteem.
Chinese Verb Sense Discrimination Using an EM Clustering Model with Rich Linguistic Features

This paper discusses the application of the Expectation-Maximization (EM) clustering algorithm to the task of Chinese verb sense discrimination. The model utilized rich linguistic features that capture predicate-argument structure information of the target verbs. A semantic taxonomy for Chinese nouns, which was built semi-automatically based on two electronic Chinese semantic dictionaries, was used to provide semantic features for the model. Purity and normalized mutual information were used to evaluate the clustering performance on 12 Chinese verbs. The experimental results show that the EM clustering model can learn sense or sense group distinctions for most of the verbs successfully. We further enhanced the model with certain fine-grained semantic categories called lexical sets. Our results indicate that these lexical sets improve the model's performance for the three most challenging verbs chosen from the first set of experiments.
The Impact of Immigration on American Import Trade in the Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries

Studies of the contemporary period for the United States and for Canada have established that the presence of an immigrant population is associated with an increase in trade between the immigrants' host and origin countries. We wish to discover if such a protrade phenomenon was systematically associated with the massive inflow of immigrants to the United States during the 40 years preceding World War I. Applying a gravity model to U.S. imports of 78 commodities from 17 countries at five-year intervals, we find support for a broad pro-import immigrant effect, especially for more fmished and more differentiated goods.
Evolution of curative therapies for atrial fibrillation review.

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is one of the most common arrhythmias seen in clinical practice. The incidence of AF increases with age and is seen in up to 8.9% of individuals greater than 80 years of age.1 Although many treatment modalities are available for AF, curative therapy has recently become possible for some patients with atrial fibrillaton. This is partly due to the complexity and incomplete understanding of this arrhythmia. Pharmacological therapies for the management of AF have many limitations such as side effects, cost, inconvenience, breakthrough arrhythmias, drug-drug interactions and continued need for anticoagulation. An improved understanding of the pathophysiology and electrophysiologic basis of AF coupled with the availability of better mapping techniques as well as advances in catheter technology offer promise for curative treatment. This article will briefly review the understanding of the mechanisms of AF and then the evolution of catheter techniques for control and elimination of AF.
Sodium-gradient-stimulated transport of L-alanine by plasma-membrane vesicles isolated from liver parenchymal cells of fed and starved rats. Crucial role of the adrenal glucocorticoids.

Abstract The ability of liver efficiently to take up amino acids, particularly l-alanine, during starvation was studied in a cell-free system by isolating plasma-membrane vesicles in a transport-competent state from rat liver parenchymal cells. These membrane vesicles have the capacity to accumulate l-alanine against an apparent concentration gradient when exposed to an artificial and transient transmembrane Na+ gradient (extravesicular Na+ concentration greater than inside). The rate of accumulation of l-alanine is dependent on the plasma-membrane vesicle concentration, and the steady-state concentration attained is inversely related to the osmolarity of the medium. The Na+-mediated stimulation is not exhibited if the membrane vesicles are pre-equilibrated with NaCl, if K+ or Li+ are substituted for Na+, or if SO42− replaces Cl− as the counterion. The apparent active transport of l-alanine into the membrane vesicles appears to occur by an electrogenic mechanism: (1) the use of NaSCN significantly heightens the early concentrative phase of transport when compared with the effect of NaCl; (2) an enhanced active transport is also observed when a valinomycin-induced K+ efflux occurs concomitant with Na+ and l-alanine influx. Plasma-membrane vesicles isolated from liver parenchymal cells of a 24 h-starved rat exhibit an initial l-alanine transport rate that is 3–4 times that for membrane vesicles derived from a fed animal. The increased rate of l-alanine transport by plasma-membrane vesicles from starved animals can be obliterated by adrenalectomy and restored by administration of glucocorticoid. These results establish that stimulation of the gluconeogenic pathway by starvation involves a plasma-membrane-localized change affecting l-alanine transport which is regulated in part by the glucocorticoid hormones.
The Good, the Bad, or the Indifferent: '12 Angry Men' in Russia, Part of Symposium: The 50th Anniversary of '12 Angry Men'

Sidney Lumet’s 1957 film, 12 Angry Men, based on the screenplay by Reginald Rose, has become the emblem of the American jury trial as an anti-authoritarian institution based on democratic consensus building. This essay discusses the interplay of literature and criminal justice in pre-Revolution Russia, for this is the cultural soil upon which the film 12 Angry Men was received in Soviet Russia, when it was first screened in 1961. It discusses the reception of 12 Angry Men in Soviet Russia in 1961 and the impact it had on Soviet-era citizens in their understanding of American and Soviet criminal justice, and the current revival of 12 Angry Men on stage and screen in Russia and the former Soviet Republics. It also discusses the film itself in relation to Russian jury trial procedure, and whether such a scenario could happen in contemporary Russia.
Antibodies to homologous RNA in the rabbit following stimulation by exogenous RNA.

SummaryRabbits were immunized against yeast RNA, human ribosomes, and mouse myeloma ribosomal protein. Analysis of these antisera by double diffusion in agar against a variety of ribosomes and ribosomal RNAs demonstrated antigenic cross reactivity between ribosomes and isolated rRNA of varied mammalian species including rRNA from the rabbit, but not between ribosomal protein of varied species. Greater interspecies antigenic similarity of RNAs than of proteins appears to be based on a more limited structure of polynucleotides.
A Cost-Benefit Approach to Market Segmentation:

It is important to include cost-benefit issues in the determination of the appropriate level of aggregation in market segmentation plans. This paper offers an alternative view of normative segmenta...
Species-level variability in extracellular production rates of reactive oxygen species by diatoms

Biological production and decay of the reactive oxygen species (ROS) hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and superoxide (O[Formula: see text]) likely have significant effects on the cycling of trace metals and carbon in marine systems. In this study, extracellular production rates of H2O2 and O[Formula: see text] were determined for five species of marine diatoms in the presence and absence of light. Production of both ROS was measured in parallel by suspending cells on filters and measuring the ROS downstream using chemiluminescence probes. In addition, the ability of these organisms to break down O[Formula: see text] and H2O2 was examined by measuring recovery of O[Formula: see text] and H2O2 added to the influent medium. O[Formula: see text] production rates ranged from undetectable to 7.3 × 10(-16) mol cell(-1) h(-1), while H2O2 production rates ranged from undetectable to 3.4 × 10(-16) mol cell(-1) h(-1). Results suggest that extracellular ROS production occurs through a variety of pathways even amongst organisms of the same genus. Thalassiosira spp. produced more O[Formula: see text] in light than dark, even when the organisms were killed, indicating that O[Formula: see text] is produced via a passive photochemical process on the cell surface. The ratio of H2O2 to O[Formula: see text] production rates was consistent with production of H2O2 solely through dismutation of O[Formula: see text] for T. oceanica, while T. pseudonana made much more H2O2 than O[Formula: see text]. T. weissflogii only produced H2O2 when stressed or killed. P. tricornutum cells did not make cell-associated ROS, but did secrete H2O2-producing substances into the growth medium. In all organisms, recovery rates for killed cultures (94-100% H2O2; 10-80% O[Formula: see text]) were consistently higher than those for live cultures (65-95% H2O2; 10-50% O[Formula: see text]). While recovery rates for killed cultures in H2O2 indicate that nearly all H2O2 was degraded by active cell processes, O[Formula: see text] decay appeared to occur via a combination of active and passive processes. Overall, this study shows that the rates and pathways for ROS production and decay vary greatly among diatom species, even between those that are closely related, and as a function of light conditions.
Strain, Stress, and Magnetic Surfaceanisotropy of Epitaxial FE(110)/MO (110) Multilayers

Grazing incidence and asymmetric X-ray diffraction were used to measure the stress and strain state of Fe(110)/Mo(110) multilayers. The highest stress in the Fe constituent of the multilayer was along the % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+- % feaagKart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn % hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngB % PrgifHhDYfgasaacH8srps0lbbf9q8WrFfeuY-Hhbbf9v8qqaqFr0x % c9pk0xbba9q8WqFfea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8fr % Fve9Fve9Ff0dmeaabaqaciGacaGaaeqabaWaaeaaeaaakeaadaWada % qaaiaaigdaceaIXaGbaebacaaIWaaacaGLBbGaayzxaaaaaa!3BE5! $$\left[ {1\bar 10} \right]$$ in-plane direction and was due to interaction with the substrate. The magnetic anisotropy of the Fe multilayer constituent was measured and the magnetic surface anisotropy, which favored in-plane [001] magnetization, was deduced. In contrast, the magnetic surface anisotropy of a single layer of Fe on W preferred in-plane % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+- % feaagKart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn % hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngB % PrgifHhDYfgasaacH8srps0lbbf9q8WrFfeuY-Hhbbf9v8qqaqFr0x % c9pk0xbba9q8WqFfea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8fr % Fve9Fve9Ff0dmeaabaqaciGacaGaaeqabaWaaeaaeaaakeaadaWada % qaaiaaigdaceaIXaGbaebacaaIWaaacaGLBbGaayzxaaaaaa!3BE5! $$\left[ {1\bar 10} \right]$$ magnetization, in agreement with the Neel model.
Increased thromboxane biosynthesis in patients with polycythemia vera: evidence for aspirin-suppressible platelet activation in vivo.

Increased thromboxane (TX) production and modified aspirin sensitivity has been detected in vitro in platelets isolated from patients with polycythemia vera. To verify the relevance of these capacity-related measurements to the actual rate of TXA2 biosynthesis in vivo and its suppression by oral aspirin, we have investigated the urinary excretion of major enzymatic metabolites of TXB2 in 17 patients with polycythemia vera and 23 gender- and age-matched controls. Urinary 11-dehydro-TXB2 and 2,3-dinor-TXB2 were measured by previously validated radioimmunoassays. In addition, urinary immunoreactive leukotriene (LT) E4 was measured to explore the 5-lipoxygenase pathway of arachidonate metabolism. Polycythemic patients had significantly (P < .001) higher excretion rates of both 11-dehydro-TXB2 (1,033 +/- 1,050 v 117 +/- 45 pmol/mmol creatinine; mean +/- SD) and 2,3-dinor-TXB2 (725 +/- 676 v 82 +/- 43 pmol/mmol creatinine) than controls. In contrast, urinary LTE4 was not significantly different. Enhanced metabolite excretion did not correlate with the platelet count or with the hematocrit value, and was not related to the current treatment or to a clinical history of thrombotic complications. Platelet TX receptor studies did not show any significant changes in the binding characteristics of two different ligands. A platelet-selective regimen of aspirin therapy (50 mg/d for 7 to 14 days) was associated with greater than 80% suppression in metabolite excretion in nine patients. These results are consistent with abnormal stimuli operating in polycythemia vera to induce a selective enhancement in the platelet biosynthesis of TXA2 without changes in receptor binding. This in vivo abnormality in platelet biochemistry can be largely suppressed by low doses of aspirin.
Multimodal MRI analysis of brain subnetworks in autism using multi-view EM

Autism, Asperger's syndrome, and Pervasive Developmental Disorder - Not Otherwise Specified (referred to collectively as autism spectrum disorder or ASD) are devastating neurodevelopmental disorders. The discovery of reliable image-derived biomarkers could potentially identify people with ASD, or infants who will subsequently develop or are already developing subtle signs of ASD. We hypothesize that the quantification of regional signal change and connectivity information from particular functional subnetworks in the brain responding to ASD-related biological motion tasks, informed by anatomical and diffusion information, will provide more sensitive and robust image-derived biomarkers for studying ASD. Thus, we focus our efforts on the development of a unique mathematical approach that uses image-derived information regarding gray matter location and white matter pathways to inform the estimation of three functionally connected subnetworks related to ASD. Our computational strategy is aimed at grouping ASD-task-related activation into these functional subnetworks using a new multi-view Expectation Maximization (EM) formulation.
Biosynthesis of the Methanogenic Coenzymes

Our current knowledge of the genes, enzymes, and pathways involved in the biosynthesis of the methanogenic coenzymes methanofuran, methanopterin, coenzyme F420, FMN, FAD, coenzyme B, coenzyme M, coenzyme F430, and corrinoid factor III is updated. Proposed reaction mechanisms for several of the novel reactions involved in their biosynthesis are presented and discussed.
Dynamic abstraction planning

This paper describes Dynamic Abstraction Planning (DAP), an abstraction planning technique that improves the efficiency of state-enumeration planners for real-time embedded systems such as CIRCA. Abstraction is used to remove detail from the state representation, reducing both the size of the state space that must be explored to produce a plan and the size of the resulting plan. The intuition behind this approach is simple: in some situations, certain world features are important, while in other situations those same features are not important. By automatically selecting the appropriate level of abstraction at each step during the planning process, DAP can significantly reduce the size of the search space. Furthermore, the planning process can supply initial plans that preserve safety but might, on further refinement, do a better job of goal achievement. DAP can also terminate with an executable abstract plan, which may be much smaller than the corresponding plan expanded to precisely-defined states. Preliminary results show dramatic improvements in planning speed and scalability.
Development of Appetite Self-Regulation: Integrating Perspectives From Attachment and Family Systems Theory

Appetite self-regulation develops rapidly during the first 2 years of life, with implications for weight-related health and well-being over the life span. Attachment theory suggests that interpersonal interactions between caregivers and children are part of the biobehavioral system designed to promote the development of self-regulation. However, parent–child dyads are embedded within the family system, which also influences individual differences in appetite self-regulation. In this review, we synthesize research on appetite self-regulation from the perspectives of attachment and family systems theories to identify strengths and limits in how we understand the development of appetite self-regulation. We propose an integrative theoretical framework in which familial and dyadic factors influence appetite self-regulation directly and indirectly via modifications to the quality of parent–child interactions during infancy and early childhood. Finally, we identify avenues for research to test pathways of risk, resilience, and well-being toward optimal appetite self-regulation and weight outcomes.
Hispanic dual language learning kindergarten students' response to a numeracy intervention: A randomized control trial

Abstract This study evaluated the impact of the Spanish version of the Building Blocks software program and vocabulary on kindergarten mathematics outcomes. Participants included 270 Hispanic dual language learners from low-income communities. Relative to children in the computer assisted instruction (CAI) literacy control group, those in the Building Blocks CAI group evidenced higher posttest scores for Spanish mathematics, but not for English mathematics, after controlling for pretest numeracy. There were also main effects of English vocabulary and Spanish vocabulary predicting posttest mathematics scores in English and Spanish, after controlling for covariates. These findings support the use of the Building Blocks software as a supplemental method for improving the mathematics competencies of Hispanic dual language learners from low-income backgrounds.
Prevalence of and Factors Associated with the Use of HIV Serosorting and Other Biomedical Prevention Strategies Among Men Who Have Sex with Men in a US Nationwide Survey.

PrEP and treatment-as-prevention (TasP) are biomedical strategies to reduce HIV transmission. Some men who have sex with men (MSM) are combining biomedical strategies with HIV serosorting—termed “biomed matching” when both partners are either on PrEP or TasP, or “biomed sorting” when one partner is using PrEP and the other TasP. Nevertheless, there is limited data on the extent of biomed matching/sorting in large geographically diverse samples. In 2016–2017, 5021 MSM from across the US were surveyed about their HIV status and HIV viral load/PrEP use, as well as that of their recent casual male partners. For each participant, we calculated the proportion of his partners who were (1) HIV-positive and undetectable, (2) HIV-positive and detectable/unknown, (3) HIV unknown/undiscussed, (4) HIV-negative on PrEP, (5) HIV-negative, not on PrEP. In total, 66.6% (n = 3346) of participants were HIV-negative and not on PrEP, 11.9% (n = 599) on PrEP, 14.1% (n = 707) HIV-positive and undetectable, 1.1% (n = 55) HIV-positive and viral load detectable/unknown, and 6.2% (n = 313) HIV unsure/unknown. A participant’s own HIV and PrEP status/was significantly associated with that of his partners (all p < 0.001), evincing evidence of both serosorting and biomed matching. Among men on PrEP and those who were HIV-undetectable, there was also some evidence to suggest these participants dually engaged in biomed matching as well as biomed sorting. We found evidence of biomed matching and sorting, which may compound its effectiveness for those using it (i.e., both partners bring biomedical protection). Unintended consequences of biomed matching/sorting include that men not using a biomedical strategy may be less likely to benefit from a partner’s use of the strategy—potentially further driving disparities in HIV infections. Public health campaigns might be well served to highlight not only the benefits that biomedical HIV prevention strategies provide for their users (e.g., “being on PrEP protects me from getting HIV”), but also the benefits that a user brings to his partners (e.g., “my use of PrEP means my partners won’t get HIV”), and the benefits of being with a partner who is using a biomedical strategy (e.g., “my partner’s use of PrEP/TasP protects me from HIV”).
Microbiology of Controlled Atmosphere Storage of Grains–an Overview

Work has been underway for more than 25 years on the use of modified atmospheres to reduce microbiological spoilage of stored grains. Present technology makes such storage feasible, and worldwide food requirements may make it essential. As an overview, this paper will present information first on the basic considerations that must be addressed in controlled atmosphere storage. Next, the influence of both intrinsic and extrinsic factors on the stability of stored grain actions of these fundamental parameters as the relate to controlling undesirable microorganisms on grain will be assessed.
A Framework for Assessing Knowledge Sharing Risks in Interorganizational Networks

Collaboration technologies are making it easier for organizations and knowledge workers to collaborate across organizational boundaries. However, it is necessary for organizations to monitor, regulate and build appropriate security mechanisms in collaboration systems to prevent loss of strategic knowledge and competitive advantage. In this paper, we present a risk assessment framework that can help organizations identify valuable knowledge assets that can be exposed through collaboration technologies, and help prioritize security strategies that can be used to secure the collaboration systems to prevent the loss of valuable knowledge assets. We present an illustrative case to demonstrate the feasibility of the framework, and discuss issues for future research.
Insider Trading and IRC Section 6103(e)

Tax returns, including corporate returns, are generally confidential and not disclosed to the public. However, in certain circumstances Internal Revenue Code provides that corporate shareholders, who meet a one-percent ownership criterion, can request from the IRS a copy of the corporate tax return. In this paper, we discuss the legislative history of Code Section 6103 and its precursors which provide for disclosure of tax returns to shareholders who own more than one percent of the capital stock. We then provide examples of the valuable proprietary information that is included in corporate tax returns. Next, we provide a history and discussion of the insider trading laws and argue that the information content of a corporate tax return is such that it provides material non-public information that is not readily available in annual reports or other public documents filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (receives the corporate return and who subsequently makes purchases and/or sales of corporate stock should constitute illegal insider trading.
Reducing anticipated non-suicidal self-injury by improving body esteem in individuals with weight suppression: A proof of concept study.

Objective Research suggests that weight suppression (WS) is linked to non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) and that drive for thinness and depression may explain this association. We conducted a proof-of-concept study using a randomized control trial design to determine if improving body esteem and reducing depressive symptoms reduced NSSI in individuals with WS. Method Weight suppressed participants (N = 60) who engaged in NSSI were recruited from the community and randomly assigned to an on-line intervention or control condition. The on-line intervention was adapted from a cognitive-dissonance intervention originally designed to reduce thin-ideal internalization in females to an intervention to reduce internalization of unhealthy body ideals in both genders. Participants' weight/shape concerns, depressive symptoms, and NSSI were assessed at pre- and post-intervention, or at baseline and 2-week follow-up for controls. Results Compared to controls, participants in the treatment condition reported greater decreases in likelihood of future NSSI [Cohen's d (95% CI) = -0.38 (-0.90-0.15)], weight/shape concerns [-1.19 (-1.75 to -0.62)], depressive symptoms [-1.00 (-1.56 to -0.45)], and significant improvements in appearance [1.27 (0.70-1.84)] and weight esteem [1.38 (0.80-1.96)]. Discussion Future work could test this intervention in a larger trial with an active alternative treatment condition.
Evaluation of various types of needle biopsies of the thyroid

Thyroid needle biopsy has been used at the Cleveland Clinic since 1948 in more than 2,000 instances without serious complications. In the years 1979 and 1980, there were 481 needle biopsies performed, and the patients have been followed from 1 to 3 years. One hundred fourteen needle biopsies were with the 18-gauge needle, 119 were with the fine needle, and 248 were Tru-cut® biopsies. One hundred fourteen of the patients had 2 kinds of biopsies at the same time, usually Tru-cut® and fine needle. The Trucut® needle biopsy gave the highest percentage of success in obtaining diagnostic material with only a 4% failure in the hands of the surgeon using it most often. Aspiration with an 18-gauge needle and fixing the aspirate to form a cell block was found to be a safe and satisfactory way of obtaining material from cysts or nodules too small to be safely and easily sampled by a Tru-cut® technique. The fine-needle (ABC) biopsy is safe, simple, and economical and provides material sufficient to diagnose all types of thyroid cancer except the low-grade follicular type. This limits to some extent the usefulness of the ABC biopsy. Even with Tru-cut® core biopsies, it is often impossible to distinguish between cellular adenomas and low-grade adenocarcinomas. Since approximately one-third will prove to be malignant, surgery is adviced for these patients.
Analyzing nuclear reactor simulation data and uncertainty with the group method of data handling

Abstract Group method of data handling (GMDH) is considered one of the earliest deep learning methods. Deep learning gained additional interest in today's applications due to its capability to handle complex and high dimensional problems. In this study, multi-layer GMDH networks are used to perform uncertainty quantification (UQ) and sensitivity analysis (SA) of nuclear reactor simulations. GMDH is utilized as a surrogate/metamodel to replace high fidelity computer models with cheap-to-evaluate surrogate models, which facilitate UQ and SA tasks (e.g. variance decomposition, uncertainty propagation, etc.). GMDH performance is validated through two UQ applications in reactor simulations: (1) low dimensional input space (two-phase flow in a reactor channel), and (2) high dimensional space (8-group homogenized cross-sections). In both applications, GMDH networks show very good performance with small mean absolute and squared errors as well as high accuracy in capturing the target variance. GMDH is utilized afterward to perform UQ tasks such as variance decomposition through Sobol indices, and GMDH-based uncertainty propagation with large number of samples. GMDH performance is also compared to other surrogates including Gaussian processes and polynomial chaos expansions. The comparison shows that GMDH has competitive performance with the other methods for the low dimensional problem, and reliable performance for the high dimensional problem.
Regional gene repression by DNA double-strand breaks in G1 phase cells

DNA damage responses (DDR) to double-strand breaks (DSBs) alter cellular transcription programs at the genome-wide level. Through processes that are less well understood, DSBs also alter transcriptional responses locally, which may be important for efficient DSB repair. Here, we developed an approach to elucidate the cis-acting responses to DSBs in G1 phase cells. We found that DSBs within a gene body silence its expression, as well as the transcription of local undamaged genes at a distance defined by the spread of γ-H2AX from the DSB. Importantly, DSBs not only repress ongoing transcription but also block the inducible expression of regional genes. DSB-mediated transcriptional repression depends on DDR signaling but does not require the generation of inaccessible chromatin. Our findings demonstrate that in G1 phase cells, DDR signaling establishes a robust and extensive region of transcriptional repression spreading from DSB sites and introduce an approach to study the mechanistic impact of targeted DNA breaks in nearly any chromatin environment.
Exploring light-duty internal combustion engine boosting and exhaust compounding strategies:

A set of two-cylinder engine concepts utilizing a supercharger and piston-compounding or turbine-compounding were compared to a supercharged, non-compounded engine modeled with a consistent methodo...
How Entrenched Is the Spatial Structure of Inequality in Cities? Evidence from the Integration of Census and Housing Data for Denver from 1940 to 2016

How entrenched is the spatial structure of inequality in cities? Although recent discussions provide conflicting answers to this question, the absence of long-term, longitudinal neighborhood data c...
RI-Insensitive Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) for Label-Free Profiling and Classification of Living Cancer Cells

By supporting uniform arrays of hot spots with significant SERS enhancement factors (> 107) insensitive to background refractive-index (RI) variations, nanolaminate plasmonic substrates can enable label-free molecular profiling and statistical classification of living cancer cells.
Participatory research in Northwest Atlanta's Proctor Creek Watershed: Using photovoice to explore environmental health risks at the water's edge

In this study we used a participatory research method, photovoice, to explore community perceptions about environmental health risks, community assets, and strengths in and around an urban, degraded watershed in Northwest Atlanta, Georgia. This watershed, formed by Proctor Creek, is a focal point for redevelopment and infrastructure investments for years to come. Using a community-based participatory research approach, 10 Proctor Creek residents (watershed researchers), and a university partner, engaged in data collection; participatory data analysis; internal discussions; translation of research findings into watershed restoration, community revitalization, remedial action, and policy solutions; and dissemination of results to fellow watershed residents, stakeholders, and decision makers. We present a conceptual model linking the watershed researchers' understanding of urban policies and practice in the Proctor Creek Watershed to environmental, neighborhood and housing conditions and their influence on health outcomes and quality of life. Engaging community members in defining their own community environmental health challenges and assets yielded the following primary themes: 1) threats to the natural environment, 2) built environment stressors that influence health, 3) blight and divestment of public resources, and 4) hope for the future. Residents' vision for the future of the watershed - a restored creek, revitalized neighborhoods, and restored people - is fueled by a strong connection to history, memory, and sense of place. We demonstrate the value of local knowledge in identifying previously unaddressed environmental health risks in the Proctor Creek Watershed as well as solutions to reduce or eliminate them.
Oncologic outcomes and subsequent treatment following organ sparing surgery for penile carcinoma: The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center Experience

Abstract Objectives To determine the oncologic outcomes of organ sparing surgery (OSS) for penile cancer and to determine the management of and risk factors for local recurrence at a tertiary referral center in the United States. Methods and Materials Patients undergoing OSS from 1996 to 2018 at The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center were identified using a prospective database. Organ sparing procedures included: wide local excision (WLE; including circumcision and glans resurfacing), partial or total glansectomy, laser therapy, or OSS combined with laser ablation (i.e., laser combination). Clinical and pathologic data were collected for descriptive analysis. Recurrences (local and regional) were identified, and the association between overall and local recurrences was determined using Cox proportional hazards regression. Overall and recurrence free survival analyses were performed using Kaplan-Meier estimates. Results A total of 129 patients undergoing OSS were identified with a median follow up interval of 28.0 months. The most common OSS was laser combination (38.8%), and 65.1% of patients presented with pTis or ≤pT1a disease. Twenty (15.5%) recurrences were identified, of which 17 (13.2%) were local and 3 (2.3%) were regional. There were no distant recurrences as the initial site of recurrence. The median time to local recurrence was 20.9 months, and 88.2% were identified within 5 years of surgery. Most (76.5%) local recurrences were successfully treated with further penile preservation without a detrimental impact on overall survival. Patients with pathologic Ta or T1a disease treated with laser or laser combination surgery were more likely to present with local recurrence. Conclusion OSS using a variety of techniques to achieve negative surgical margins provides long-term effective local control for localized penile cancer. Most local recurrences can be successfully treated with further penile preserving strategies and long follow-up is essential. Laser therapy or laser combination with OSS should be used with caution in patients with invasive penile cancer.
On Novodvorskii’s theorem and the Oka principle

We give an exposition of Novodvorskii’s theorem in Banach algebra K-theory, asserting that the Gelfand transform for a commutative Banach algebra induces an isomorphism in topological K-theory.
Viability of Slow-Roll Inflation in Light of the Non-Zero K_min Measured in the Cmb Power Spectrum

Slow-roll inflation may simultaneously solve the horizon problem and generate a near scale-free fluctuation spectrum $P(k)$. These two processes are intimately connected via the initiation and duration of the inflationary phase. But a recent study based on the latest {\it Planck} release suggests that $P(k)$ has a hard cutoff, $k_{\rm min}\not=0$, inconsistent with this conventional picture. Here we demonstrate quantitatively that most — perhaps all — slow-roll inflationary models fail to accommodate this minimum cutoff. We show that the small parameter $\epsilon$ must be $\gtrsim 0.9$ throughout the inflationary period to comply with the data, seriously violating the slow-roll approximation. Models with such an $\epsilon$ predict extremely red spectral indices, at odds with the measured value. We also consider extensions to the basic picture (suggested by several earlier workers) by adding a kinetic-dominated or radiation-dominated phase preceding the slow-roll expansion. Our approach differs from previously published treatments principally because we require these modifications to — not only fit the measured fluctuation spectrum, but to simultaneously also — fix the horizon problem. We show, however, that even such measures preclude a joint resolution of the horizon problem and the missing correlations at large angles.
Morphological Diversity among Members of the Gastrointestinal Microflora

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the morphological diversity among members of the gastrointestinal microflora. The gastrointestinal tracts of mammals and birds harbor indigenous microorganisms of a variety of morphological forms. Of the eukaryotic microorganisms found in mammalian and avian gastrointestinal tracts, only the yeasts of genus Candida are indigenous that associate with epithelial surfaces. Microorganisms may associate with epithelial surfaces in any area of the tract. Depending upon the animal species involved, microorganisms may be found on surfaces in the stomach, small intestine, or large intestine. In animals of any one species, the morphologies of the microorganisms in one area of the tract may differ from those of the organisms in another area. Areas in comparable locations in animals of different species may have communities of microbial cells of similar morphologies. However, areas in comparable locations in the tracts of animals of diverse species have communities of microorganisms of differing morphologies. Microorganisms of certain morphologies are found in particular epithelial habitats because they are best fitted, genetically and biochemically, to fill niches in those habitats.
Bridging the Communication Gap Between Physicians and Their Patients With Physical Symptoms of Depression

Primary care physicians must understand and effectively communicate to their patients with depression the importance and process of managing the illness because these clinicians are usually the first to diagnose and treat patients with depression, especially depression with physical symptoms. Diagnosing and treating depression presents physicians and patients with a number of challenges, many of which arise because doctors and patients do not share enough information with one another. To improve the management of depression, physicians should explain how depression is diagnosed, how the individual's depression will be treated, how treatment success is defined, what treatment side effects might occur and how they will be addressed, and why adhering to the treatment regimen is important. Unfortunately, patients might not remember everything their physicians say during office visits, and physicians might forget to mention some instructions. To make sure that patients understand as much about depression and its treatment as possible, physicians should provide patients with resources such as pamphlets, videotapes, names of books, and Web site addresses and, if possible, enlist a mental health professional to educate the patient and provide psychotherapy. Physicians should encourage patients to become actively involved in their treatment by recording their symptoms, goals of therapy, side effects, and changes in their condition and by voicing their concerns. If primary care physicians and patients with depression improve their communication, they will ultimately strengthen the doctor-patient relationship and improve the patients' depressive symptoms and quality of life.
Toward the use of remote sensing and other data to delineate functional types in terrestrial and aquatic systems

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the role that remotely sensed data play in improving the ability to document the distribution of global land cover types. If the relationships between the cover types and trace gas fluxes can be determined, then the dynamics of these fluxes can be established. The chapter discusses important aquatic systems—such as wetlands—and the land–water interface. Researchers have a wide variety of options available to utilize the remotely sensed data for the scaling of trace gas fluxes between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems and the atmosphere. An important application of remote sensing for improving the understanding of trace gas fluxes is the classification of land cover types. Remote sensing is a powerful tool for the collection of environmental data. When combined with other more conventional data, they can be analyzed to extract a wide variety of environmental themes. Models can be developed for improving the fundamental understanding of the dynamics of complex interconnected systems that support and sustain life on earth.
Subthalamic deep brain stimulation reduces pathological information transmission to the thalamus in a rat model of parkinsonism

The degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta leads to parkinsonian motor symptoms via changes in electrophysiological activity throughout the basal ganglia. High-frequency deep brain stimulation (DBS) partially treats these symptoms, but the mechanisms are unclear. We hypothesize that motor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease (PD) are associated with increased information transmission from basal ganglia output neurons to motor thalamus input neurons and that therapeutic DBS of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) treats these symptoms by reducing this extraneous information transmission. We tested these hypotheses in a unilateral, 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rodent model of hemiparkinsonism. Information transfer between basal ganglia output neurons and motor thalamus input neurons increased in both the orthodromic and antidromic directions with hemiparkinsonian (hPD) onset, and these changes were reversed by behaviorally therapeutic STN-DBS. Omnidirectional information increases in the parkinsonian state underscore the detrimental nature of that pathological information and suggest a loss of information channel independence. Therapeutic STN-DBS reduced that pathological information, suggesting an effective increase in the number of independent information channels. We interpret these data with a model in which pathological information and fewer information channels diminishes the scope of possible motor activities, driving parkinsonian symptoms. In this model, STN-DBS restores information-channel independence by eliminating or masking the parkinsonism-associated information, and thus enlarges the scope of possible motor activities, alleviating parkinsonian symptoms.