cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Scattered light: the increasing problem for 193-nm exposure tools and beyond

Scattered light, especially in the mid spatial frequency range, is shown to be more prominent and critical for exposure tool at 193nm and beyond in addition to the figure error represented by 37 Zernike polynomials. Image quality is degraded by the scattered light. An imaging model based on the concept of Power Spectral Density (PSD) is developed on a telecentric exposure system with Kohler illumination. The PSD takes into account of the different regime of spatial frequency of the roughness in the system. The imaging model uses two set of PSDs (either Gaussian, K-correlation or Fractal) one from the condenser/reticle roughness and the other from projection optics roughness. Each PSD is described by only 2 parameters. The simulation shows that condenser roughness modifies the source shape and reduces spatial coherence of the source. The projection optics roughness degrades image quality and cause long range light scattering into opaque region. This model provided a efficient framework for the study of the impact of scattered light on various lithographic techniques, including double exposure.
Building an integrated clinical and research network

At the Georgetown University Medical Center Department of Radiology we are currently involved in integrating three diverse networks into a coherent whole. We are installing a new Radiology Information System (RIS) and a new Picture Archiving and Communication System (PACS) as well as upgrading our existing research network, which provides Internet access, to add office automation tools. To accomplish this, many issues have to be resolved. Users of the different systems have different requirements and must have different levels of access to data on the various systems. For example, researchers need access to Internet resources and e-mail while data from the clinical systems must be protected from the outside world. Physicians and some other users on the non-clinical network also require fast and convenient access to the RIS and PACS for clinical uses. Parts of the network should be shielded from the heavy image traffic created by the PACS. On the other hand, because clinical data is also used for research, a connection between the networks is necessary. Our solution for providing adequate access for all users, assuring confidentiality for patient data, and managing network traffic will be described.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Wavelet-based denoising and beat detection of ECG signal

This paper presents the design and implementation of an automatic ECG beat detection system. We proposed modifications to the existing Pan-Tompkins algorithm by introducing only one set of adaptive threshold computations to reduce the amount of data processing significantly. LabVIEW signal processing tools were used to test the performance of wavelet based analysis for denoising and feature extraction of the ECG signal. Our design achieved an overall accuracy of 99.51% when applied on the MIT/BIH Arrhythmia Database, which is far better than the old method of digital filtering.
A woven inverter circuit for e-textile applications

We present a new type of electronic circuits: e-textiles. Such circuits are made by weaving together specialized component fibers. The fibers have electronic components integrated onto them. Various circuits can be formed by weaving these fibers in various patterns. Connections between fibers are made using contact pads, which are free to move against each other, thus keeping the fabric flexible. We use amorphous silicon thin-film transistors as the active devices and present their fabrication on fiber as well as an inverter circuit woven from the fibers.
A Dispatch-Mediated Communication Model for Emergency Response Systems

The current state of emergency communication is dispatch-mediated (the messages from the scene are directed towards the responders and agencies through the dispatch agency). These messages are logged in electronic documents called incident reports, which are useful in monitoring the incident, off-site supervision, resource allocation, and post-incident analysis. However, these messages do not adhere to any particular structure, and there is no set format. The lack of standards creates a problem for sharing information among systems and responders and has a detrimental impact on systems interoperability. In this article, we develop a National Information Exchange Model (NIEM) and Universal Core (UCORE) compliant messaging model, considering message structures and formats, to foster message standardization.
Dispersal of singleleaf pinon pine (Pinus monophylla) by seed-caching rodents

Pinon pines dominate millions of hectares in western North America, but the role of rodents as consumers and dispersers of seeds has been virtually ignored. Here I report the results of a 2-year study on the influence of four seed-caching rodents ( Perognathus parvus, Di-podomys panamintinus, Peromyscus truei , and Peromyscus maniculatus ) on the dispersal of singleleaf pinon pine ( Pinus monophylla ) in western Nevada. During the moderate seed crop of autumn 1993, 11% of the edible pinon seeds fell to the ground, and, during the heavy seed crop of autumn 1994, 57% of the seeds fell. Rodents gathered ca. 80% of the seeds experimentally placed on the ground below trees. Half-lives of seeds (a measure of seed-removal rates) placed below productive pinon pines was 6.6 h in autumn 1993 and 18.6 h in autumn 1994. When 200 radioactively labeled seeds were placed under each of five “source trees,” rodents quickly removed many and cached most of the seeds they removed. At two of the source trees, rodents stored nearly all seeds in their burrow larders. At the other three source trees, rodents scatter hoarded many of the seeds, with most seeds buried 3–29 mm deep. Dispersal distances of scatter-hoarded seeds ranged up to 38.6 m, and 36% of the caches were found under shrubs. During summer 1995, 69% of established seedlings occurred under shrubs, which served nurse plants for young pines. Although pinon pines appear to be coevolved or coadapted with corvid (jay and nutcracker) seed dispersers, rodents also serve as important agents of seed dispersal.
Homeland defense begins in precentral cortex. Focus on "Sensorimotor integration in the precentral gyrus: polysensory neurons and defensive movements".

The reaction of a major league baseball player to a high velocity pitch differs from that of an average individual in a way that transcends mere skill. If most of us are put in the flight path of a 90 mi/h baseball, our response will look qualitatively unlike that of an experienced professional.
On the social psychology of the stock market: Aggregate attributional effects and the regressiveness of prediction.

The expectation that changes will either persist or regress to previous levels depends in large part on whether causal attributions are provided to explain recent changes. If these attributions are provided, then the tendency to make regressive predictions is diminished. It is argued that the news media provide such attributions and so cause aggregate-level changes in the predictions of those who receive these communications and thereby in receivers' subsequent behaviors. Causal attributions by members of the media should be expected to be more frequent and more extreme than those that would be generated by individuals who do not expect to communicate information to others. This aggregate attributional process, whereby one group acts on the attributions provided by another, is illustrated in financial markets. First, this research shows that the financial press explains recent changes in stock prices with good news after price rises and with bad news after price falls. In an experimental study, such news is shown to lead to less regressive predictions. The normative and theoretical implications of the results for economic and psychological processes are discussed.
Local Preparedness for Chemical Accidents: A Survey of U.S. Communities

The preliminary results of a survey designed to assess the state of emergency preparedness in communities across the United States aid in the development of a conceptual approach to emergency management. The approach identifies the relationships among existing emergency-management systems and prac tices and assesses their effectiveness in alerting and notifying the public. A comparison of data gleaned from a survey of emergency-preparedness officials permits comparison of existing public-alert and notification systems with state- of-the-art technology, procedures, and management systems. The study also addresses the potential problems and constraints likely to thwart timely effec tive warning in the advent of an emergency. Finally, the authors make recommendations for improving public-alert and notification systems in chemical emergencies.
Human topoisomerase IIα uses a two-metal-ion mechanism for DNA cleavage

The DNA cleavage reaction of human topoisomerase IIalpha is critical to all of the physiological and pharmacological functions of the protein. While it has long been known that the type II enzyme requires a divalent metal ion in order to cleave DNA, the role of the cation in this process is not known. To resolve this fundamental issue, the present study utilized a series of divalent metal ions with varying thiophilicities in conjunction with DNA cleavage substrates that replaced the 3'-bridging oxygen of the scissile bond with a sulfur atom (i.e. 3'-bridging phosphorothiolates). Rates and levels of DNA scission were greatly enhanced when thiophilic metal ions were included in reactions that utilized sulfur-containing substrates. Based on these results and those of reactions that employed divalent cation mixtures, we propose that topoisomerase IIalpha mediates DNA cleavage via a two-metal-ion mechanism. In this model, one of the metal ions makes a critical interaction with the 3'-bridging atom of the scissile phosphate. This interaction greatly accelerates rates of enzyme-mediated DNA cleavage, and most likely is needed to stabilize the leaving 3'-oxygen.
What Factors Shape Korea's Future? Forces and Fortuna versus Ideas and Free Will

To assess the prospects for peace on the Korean peninsula we must understand the factors that have contributed to tension and to detente in recent decades. Whatever policy goals we pursue, it would be helpful to know how these factors have operated in the past. The most relevant factors can be analyzed under three headings: material hard power; fortuna, and the intangibles of ideas and free will. This essay reviews examples of how these factors have contributed to conflict and – less often – reduced tensions on the Korean peninsula. No single factor explains the ups and downs in North–South relations and the Six-Party Talks in recent years. No single explanation accounts for developments in the past, but the record shows that ideas and determined individuals have sometimes overcome the thrust of material forces and neutered the vagaries of time and chance. In short, free will has often outweighed both forces and fortuna. Where there is a will (on all sides), paths to mutual gain can sometimes be developed.
ECOS: An energy-efficient cluster storage system

Cluster storage systems are essential building blocks for many high-end computing infrastructures. Although energy conservation techniques have been intensively studied in the context of clusters and disk arrays, improving energy efficiency of cluster storage systems remains an open issue. To address this problem, we describe in this paper an approach to implementing an energy-efficient cluster storage system or ECOS for short. ECOS relies on the architecture of cluster storage systems in which each I/O node manages multiple disks - one buffer disk and several data disks. Given an I/O node, the key idea behind ECOS is to redirect disk requests from data disks to the buffer disk. To balance I/O load among I/O nodes, ECOS might redirect requests from one I/O node into the others. Redirecting requests is a driving force of energy saving, and the reason is two-fold. First, ECOS makes an effort to keep buffer disks active while placing data disks into standby in a long time period to conserve energy. Second, ECOS reduces the number of disk spin downs/ups in I/O nodes. The idea of ECOS was implemented in a Linux cluster, where each I/O node contains one buffer disk and two data disks. Experimental results show that ECOS improves the energy efficiency of traditional cluster storage systems where buffer disks are not employed. Adding one extra buffer disk into each I/O node seemingly has negative impact on energy saving. Interestingly, our results indicate that ECOS equipped with extra buffer disks is more energy efficient than the same cluster storage system without the buffer disks. The implication of the experiments is that using existing data disks in I/O nodes to perform as buffer disks can achieve even higher energy efficiency.
Production, Hearing and Listening: Intentional Participation in Musical Culture in the Islamic World

: [commentary, Music and Sound, Islam, Qur'an, prohibitions against music, religion and cosmology]
Meeting children's basic health needs: From patchwork to tapestry

Abstract Few would deny that if a system were to be designed de novo to meet children's basic health needs, it would be radically different from the confusing and fragmented patchwork of programs in place today. While Medicaid and the Children's Health Insurance Program (CHIP), have improved access to care, increased use of health care services, and reduced unmet health needs for low-income children, the impact of these programs on the quality of health care, and on children's health outcomes is less certain. At the same time, the prevalence of childhood chronic illness is increasing, there is an “epidemic” of obesity, and sizeable increases in reported developmental and behavioral problems and mental health issues. Our existing system of care appears ill-equipped to respond to this changing epidemiology. Unmet needs for care in childhood represent “time-bombs,” likely to result in an explosion of chronic illness in mid-life. We propose a new approach to child health policy, based on the life course health development model in which health in childhood is regarded as a foundation for lifelong well-being. A new tapestry of comprehensive children's services, integrated across sectors, which fully address children's health needs and promote positive health, could set children on optimal health trajectories for life. This system could be a major component of the transformative change the nation is seeking to reduce health care costs and improve quality of life across the lifespan.
The activities of 2,2′,5,5′-tetrachlorobiphenyl, its 3,4-oxide metabolite, and 2,2′,4,4′-tetrachlorobiphenyl in tumor induction and promotion assays

Sensitive assays for the induction of lung adenomas in A/J mice or skin papillomas in SENCAR mice failed to show activity for either 2,2',5,5'-tetrachlorobiphenyl or 2,2',5,5'-tetrachlorobiphenyl 3,4-oxide. Injections of the 3,4-oxide into preweanling A/J mice caused considerable mortality, whereas the parent hydrocarbon did not. Both 2,2',5,5'- and 2,2',4,4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl showed promoting activity for hepatic gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase-positive foci initiated in rat liver by treatment with diethylnitrosamine. The promoting activity of 2,2',4,4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl was approximately 10-fold greater than that of the 2,2',5,5'-isomer.
Risk factors for pancreatic cancer: underlying mechanisms and potential targets

Purpose of the review:Pancreatic cancer is extremely aggressive, forming highly chemo-resistant tumors, and has one of the worst prognoses. The evolution of this cancer is multi-factorial. Repeated acute pancreatic injury and inflammation are important contributing factors in the development of pancreatic cancer. This article attempts to understand the common pathways linking pancreatitis to pancreatic cancer.Recent Findings:Intracellular activation of both pancreatic enzymes and the transcription factor NF-kB are important mechanisms that induce acute pancreatitis. Recurrent pancreatic injury due to genetic susceptibility, environmental factors such as smoking, alcohol intake, and conditions such as obesity lead to increases in oxidative stress, impaired autophagy and constitutive activation of inflammatory pathways. These processes can stimulate pancreatic stellate cells, thereby increasing fibrosis and encouraging chronic disease development. Activation of oncogneic Kras mutations through inflammation, coupled with altered levels of tumor suppressor proteins (p53 and p16) can ultimately lead to development of pancreatic cancer. Summary:Although our understanding of pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer has tremendously increased over many years, much remains to be elucidated in terms of common pathways linking these conditions.
The Impact of Stereotype Threat on Age Differences in Memory Performance

This study investigated the hypothesis that age differences in memory performance may be influenced by stereotype threat associated with negative cultural beliefs about the impact of aging on memory. Recall was examined in 48 young and 48 older adults under conditions varying in the degree of induced threat. Conditions that maximize threat resulted in lower performance in older adults relative to both younger adults and to older adults who did not experience threat. The degree to which threat affected older adults’ performance increased along with the value that these individuals placed on their memory ability. Older adults’ memory performance across experimental conditions was observed to covary with degree of activation of the negative aging stereotype, providing support for the hypothesized relationship between stereotype activation and performance. Finally, stereotype threat also influenced mnemonic strategy use, which in turn partially mediated the impact of threat on recall. These results emphasize the important role played by contextual factors in determining age differences in memory performance.
Fever is associated with third ventricular shift after intracerebral hemorrhage: Pathophysiologic implications

Background: Studies have shown the detrimental effect of increased temperature on brain injury. Fever is common after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). The term 'central fever' ? is often used when no cause is identified. Aim: The aim of the study was to determine the correlation of fever with third ventricular shift in 61 patients with ICH and hypothesize about the mechanism of fever. Setting: Neurointensive Care Unit Design: Prospective observational study. Materials and Methods: From August 1999 to April 2000, data from 61 patients with ICH were prospectively collected including maximum temperature (Tmax) and fever (T >37.5° C) at 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours, ICH volume, and third ventricular shift. Outcome measures included discharge mortality, 3-month National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS), modified Rankin Scale (mRS), and Barthel Index (BI). Statistical Analysis: Spearman correlation coefficient, Mann-Whitney test, and logistic regression were used to assess relationships. Results: Fifty-six per cent of patients had fever in the first 24 hours and 53% for at least two consecutive days. There was a correlation between ICH volume and Tmax at 24 hours ( P =0.04) and 72 hours ( P =0.03) and fever at 24 hours ( P =0.039) and 72 hours ( P =0.036). Tmax at 72 hours correlated with third ventricular shift ( P =0.01). Those with shift were more likely to have fever within the first 72 hours ( P =0.049) and worse outcome. Fever at 72 hours was associated with a higher discharge mortality ( P =0.046) and trend of a worse 3-month NIHSS score ( P =0.06). Conclusion: Fever is common after ICH and correlates with ICH volume and third ventricular shift suggesting a role of hypothalamic compression in central fever. There was a trend towards a worse outcome with fever.
A comparison of the ability of the Japanese quail and light breed chicken to metabolize and utilize energy.

Abstract IT HAS been suggested by Wilson et al. (1961) that the Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) is a suitable research animal for conducting pilot experiments for chickens and turkeys because of its close resemblance to these species. Although the Japanese quail has been used extensively in avian research, there have been few direct comparisons of this species with the more commonly used domestic breeds of chickens and turkeys. In view of the increased interest in the use of the Japanese quail in avian research, the experiments reported in this paper were designed to compare the relative abilities of this species and light breed chickens to metabolize and utilize energy from diets of different energy concentrations. EXPERIMENTAL METHODS Two experiments were conducted and, with the exception of the diets, the experimental procedures for both trials were as nearly alike as possible. Chicks of both species were hatched from eggs obtained from . . .
Blastomycotic arthritis and osteomyelitis in childhood: a case series.

Purpose Blastomycosis is caused by the fungus B. dermatitidis endemic around the Great Lakes, the southeast, and the south central United States. Blastomycosis infections in children account for only 3-10% of total reported cases. Disseminated blastomycosis can cause arthritis and osteomyelitis. Juxta-articular involvement may lead to osteomyelitis. We present the first known case series of blastomycotic arthritis and osteomyelitis as presenting symptoms and asymptomatic findings in a pediatric population.
Survey of state melding in virtual worlds

The fundamental goal of virtual worlds is to provide users with the illusion that they are all seeing and interacting with each other in a consistent world. State melding is the core of creating this illusion of a shared reality. It includes two major parts: consistency maintenance and state update dissemination. Well-designed state melding technologies are also critical for developing a virtual world that can scale to a large number of concurrent users and provide satisfying user experiences. In this article, we present a taxonomy of consistency models and categorization of state update dissemination technologies for virtual worlds. To connect theories and practices, we then apply the taxonomy to case study several state-of-the-art virtual worlds. We also discuss challenges and promising solutions of state melding in large-scale virtual worlds. This survey aims to provide a thorough understanding of existing approaches and their strength and limitations and to assist in developing solutions to improve scalability and performance of virtual worlds.
Robotic-assisted Radical Nephrectomy With Retrohepatic Vena Caval Tumor Thrombectomy (Level III) Combined With Extended Retroperitoneal Lymph Node Dissection.

Objective To describe a case of robotic-assisted radical nephrectomy (RARN) with level III retrohepatic vena caval tumor thrombectomy (11 cm) and extended retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (RPLND) for renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Materials and Methods A 52-year-old woman with a large right renal mass, 11-cm (level III) inferior vena cava (IVC) thrombus, with a negative metastatic workup presented to our clinic and was consented to undergo RARN. Intraoperative ultrasound confirmed the presence of tumor thrombus. After the division of the renal artery, control of the vena cava above and below the tumor thrombus as well as contralateral renal vein was obtained. A cavotomy was performed, the thrombus was removed, and the cavotomy was repaired. Additionally, an extended RPLND was performed with robotic assistance. Results Total operative time was 6 hours and 6 minutes. Estimated blood loss was 1200 cc. The final pathology demonstrated an 8.5-cm, Fuhrman grade 3, clear cell RCC with sarcomatoid features and negative surgical margins. All 44 lymph nodes removed (hilar, paracaval, precaval, retrocaval, interaortocaval, and preaortic) were negative. Final staging was pT3b, N0, M0. The patient was discharged to home 36 hours postoperatively and experienced no perioperative or postoperative complications. Conclusion RARN with retrohepatic (level III) vena caval tumor thrombectomy and extended RPLND is technically feasible and has potential benefits. Robotic assistance may allow for improved intracorporal repair of the IVC and shortened recovery time, while maintaining oncologic principles.
An integrated support and information centre in a large U.K. Cancer Centre established in 1993 and replicated in more than 60 units across the United Kingdom and Australia.

The Lynda Jackson Macmillan Centre (LJMC) established in 1993 has been a catalyst for change in the UK. Established in 1993 after a 2 year consultation between professionals and cancer patients it began with a small core staff in a purpose built building next to a cancer centre, networking with outreach workers in 12 surrounding hospitals, with a mission to improve information, communication and support for cancer patients. Since 1996 the LJMC model has been adopted and developed by the charity Macmillan Cancer Support and has been spread to over 60 units across the UK and Australia. Introducing complementary therapies (CAMS) to a cancer centre was a particular early challenge. Establishing a shared understanding as to the role of complementary therapies, developing nationally accredited written information about them, credible recruitment and governance procedures for therapy practitioners, agreed outcome measures and peer reviewed evaluation and research have all been important in engaging cancer physicians and managers but charitable funding is still required to support free access to most complementary therapies. An integrated supportive care service for cancer patients begins with a shift in the culture of cancer treatment organisations, moving from a professional to a patient centred agenda. Real reach and impact requires “new” ideas, and services to be integrated into the routine practice of the cancer care delivery organisations and a key lesson learned over the last 15 years is that an integrated support centre must continually adapt to be viable. Sustaining meaningful user guidance is a particular challenge. Support for self management and testing and developing CAM services are growing parts of the portfolio.
Mid-Aortic Syndrome in a Preterm Infant: A Rare Cause of Hypertension.

An extremely premature male of 27 0/7 weeks gestation was born via spontaneous vaginal delivery. The postnatal course was significant for systemic hypertension with systolic blood pressures ranging from 80–90mmHg (greater than 95% percentile of normal for this gestational age) (1). The infant had a significant patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), which required surgical ligation. The hypertension continued despite surgical closure of the PDA and medical management with hydralazine, propranolol, isradipine and diuretics. Diagnostic imaging of the abdominal vessels demonstrated narrowing of the suprarenal abdominal aorta, however renal arteries and veins were reported as patent. The infant subsequently developed multiorgan failure and disseminated intravascular coagulation, resulting in bilateral grade IV intraventricular hemorrhages (IVH) and family elected to redirect care to comfort measures given the grim prognosis. Post-mortem examination demonstrated coarctation of the abdominal aorta at the level of the renal arteries with fibrointimal thickening of the suprarenal aorta extending into both renal arteries (Figure), consistent with a diagnosis of mid-aortic syndrome (MAS) (2). Additionally, the renal arteries were both severely hypoplastic with numerous collateral vessels, resulting in congested kidneys and acute tubular necrosis. Cardiac evaluation demonstrated biventricular hypertrophy, likely secondary to systemic hypertension. Figure A, Gross image in situ at autopsy showing the aortic narrowing as a ridge (arrow) above the opening of the renal artery. B, Histologic image showing fibrointimal plaque in the aorta (thin arrow) and near-total occlusion at origin of renal artery with ... This case provides documentation of the youngest premature infant with MAS. Although a rare condition, a diagnosis of MAS should be considered in infants with refractory systemic hypertension. Four additional reported cases of MAS in neonates (3–6) have described a mortality of 100%, secondary to IVH or cardiac dysfunction/failure (4, 5). Improved outcomes for premature infants and advances in imaging technology have given us the ability to diagnose MAS in smaller infants. However, recent improvements in diagnosis have not been accompanied by advancements in treatment modalities. Current treatment focuses on medical management, allowing for infant growth until surgical intervention is feasible (7, 8).
The Development of Stereotypes About the Rich and Poor: Age, Race, and Family Income Differences in Beliefs

African American and European American 4th, 6th, and 8th graders rated the competence of rich and poor children in academics (i.e., math, science, reading, writing, school grades, smartness), sports, and music. In contrast to middle school students, 4th graders favored the rich in all 3 domains. Youth of both races reported that the rich were more competent in academics than the poor; these beliefs were especially pronounced among Black youth. White, older, and more affluent students favored the poor in sports, whereas their counterparts either favored the rich or were egalitarian. No interactions were found between grade and race or grade and family income. The implications of these beliefs for policy and identity development theory are discussed.
Mini-review: Proactive biomaterials and bone tissue engineering

Recent advances in cell isolation and culture procedures, combined with growing understanding and use of molecular biology and biochemistry techniques, have resulted in the establishment of a new field of biological/biomedical research: cellular and tissue engineering. In the biomaterials field, cell and tissue bioengineers are investigating the development of proactive biomaterials (for example, bioceramics, chemically modified implant metals, and biodegradable tissue scaffolds) which utilize cellular- or molecular-level methods of manipulating cell/tissue behavior in order to encourage clinically desirable biological events at the tissue-implant interface. In vitro investigations utilizing osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and appropriate precursor cells, combined with long-term (i.e., years) tissue engineering studies in vivo are needed to enhance current understanding of the many mechanisms involved in bone formation and regulation. Such understanding will allow the development of proactive biomaterials for use in bone, which can elicit specific, timely, and clinically desirable responses from surrounding cells and tissues. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Interactive Technology In The Classroom: An Exploratory Look At Its Use And Effectiveness

This paper proposes that Interactive Technology can help professors enhance communication, attitudes, and interest in the classroom. This paper describes Interactive Technology, how professors can use it, and preliminary findings of its effectiveness. These findings suggest that the use of Interactive Technology can enhance students’ attitudes. Additionally, students surveyed, who had used Interactive Technology in a Consumer Behavior course agreed that its use made the course more interesting and attention getting, and they were satisfied with the course. Preliminary findings, however, also suggest that Interactive Technology may not enhance attendance, course preparation, and retention.
Carver’s Harbor

Hill of granite on east side of Carver’s Harbor—It affords fine opportunity for studying glacial erosion and disruption of the hills and general surface —Original deposits of Maine, rocks principally clay, which in time was consolidated into slates, and finally passed into granite and other rocks —Boulders used as rasping, polishing and scratching tools—Terrace-like steps at a quarry west of Carver’s Harbor—A huge slab removed 200 or 300 ft, and placed upon its edge—Nature personified—Thoughts on seeing men at work upon a boulder quarried ages before man appeared upon the globe—Moraines of doubtful existence in the State of Maine—Some hills bare of boulders; others covered with them—The motion of the glacier slow.
Generationally Based Differences in the Workplace: Is There a There There?

Stereotypes about generational differences in the workplace abound, and interventions for helping organizations and managers to deal with these supposed differences are increasing. In addition to popular press articles describing the differences and extolling the practices and strategies to deal with them, there are a growing number of researchers who are attempting to establish that there are such differences. Overall, however, there is little solid empirical evidence supporting generationally based differences and almost no theory behind why such differences should even exist. The purposes of this focal article are to explore the myths surrounding generations, to review the risks in using generations in organizational decisions, and to make recommendations for practitioners and researchers on how to proceed in this area.
Cold War consumption and the marketing of childhood in the Soviet Union and the United States, 1950-1960

Purpose – This paper aims to explore the relationship between childhood, consumption and the Cold War in 1950s America and the Soviet Union. The author argues that Soviet and American leaders, businessmen, and politicians worked hard to convince parents that buying things for their children offered the easiest way to raise good American and Soviet kids and to do their part in waging the economic battles of the Cold War. The author explores how consumption became a Cold War battleground in the late 1950s and suggests that the history of childhood and Cold War consumption alters the way we understand the conflict itself. Design/Methodology/Approach – Archival research in the USA and the Russian Federation along with close readings of Soviet and American advertisements offer sources for understanding the global discourse of consumption in the 1950s and 1960s. Findings – Leaders, advertisers, and propagandists in the Soviet Union and the USA used the same images in the same ways to sell the ethos of consumpti...
Mothers’ Scaffolding Techniques Used During Play in Toddlers with Autism Spectrum Disorder

Play allows toddlers to appropriately engage with others, and an important facilitator of play is scaffolding. Researchers demonstrate that parents of toddlers with typical development scaffold their play beginning at 12 months. However, this pattern is unknown in parents of toddlers with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). This study (n = 3; M age = 26.5 months) examined mothers’ scaffolding techniques used during a social-communication intervention for toddlers with ASD while also assessing the toddlers’ play. Mothers’ scaffolding techniques (comments, requests, prompts) were explored during mother-toddler play samples. Results showed that mothers’ scaffolding techniques increased, and all toddlers exhibited pretend play by the end of intervention. Thus, scaffolding during play is an important contribution in spurring toddlers with ASD to reach their potential.
Athysanella bidentata n.sp. (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae): a probable endemic leafhopper from the San Luis Valley in Colorado

A previously unknown species of Athysanella (subgenus Athysanella) is described and its hostplant association noted. Athysanella bidentata Hicks and Smith, n. sp., from salt grass (Distichlis spicata (L.) Greene) in Colorado’s San Luis Valley, resembles A. galeana Hicks and Blocker and A. parca Ball and Beamer.
Changes of Th1/Th2 cytokines in cytomegalovirus infected infant

Cytomegalovirus(CMV) is one of the herpesviruses.Infant may develop a serious disease with a weakened immune system due to the virus.Cytokines reflect the immune function changes.This article described the changes of Th1/Th2 cytokines in CMV infected infants,and provided suggestions for future research and clinical treatment of CMV infection.
Detection and Treatment of Prostate Cancer: Perspective of the Urologist

AbstractWe examine changes in the detection and treatment of prostate cancer from the perspective of the urologist. There has been an extraordinary increase in the incidence of prostate cancer (60% from 1990 to 1993). We calculated, based on data from the literature and assumptions about changes in urological practice, that 52% of newly diagnosed cases would be treated by radical prostatectomy in 1993. Extrapolating from the work of Catalona, we derived the number of office consultations, prostate biopsies and orchiectomies associated with the diagnosis and treatment of these tumors. Applying Health Care Financing Administration reimbursements to our figures, we calculated that each urologist would realize $45,370 for prostate cancer care in the Medicare population in 1993. If all patients 50 to 70 years old were screened by American Cancer Society and American Urological Association recommended algorithms, this projection would be $107,919. Despite this enormous economic impact of prostate cancer on the ...
Availability and locality in distributed storage

Modern distributed file systems are deploying erasure codes to increase storage efficiency compared to block replication. Initially, classical error-correcting codes (like Reed-Solomon) were used but the benefits of custom code designs are now clear. Multiple companies including Microsoft and Facebook are designing and deploying distributed storage codes. Still, however, the fundamental information theoretic limits are not fully understood. Further, there has been significant activity on explicit code designs that are repair efficient and provide high data-availability. We present an overview of open problems and directions for modern distributed storage coding that offers higher data availability.
Reoperation After Total Knee Arthroplasty

PCL-retaining fixed-bearing TKA is a highly successful operation with the need for more surgery occurring at the rate of approximately 0.35% per year over the first 30 years. The most common cause for revision surgery was related to polyethylene insert failure 10 years ago, but recent reports note that wear-related problems are less frequent while loosening, instability, stiffness, and late infection now predominate. Although there are more young and more very elderly patients undergoing TKA today, the mean age of patients having this surgery remains at about 68 years. Actuaries tell us that people this age die at the rate of 2.7% per year while we have noted that their arthroplasty will fail at the rate of 0.35% per year. It is a sobering thought that the 68-year-old TKA patient has an eight times greater chance of dying than of ever undergoing another operation on their total knee.
Hyperspectral Imaging of Renal Oxygenation (Near-Infrared Tissue Oximetry for Renal Ischemia)

It is recognized that after recovery from acute renal injury, the postischemic kidney is not fully restored to its preinjury state and some exhibit progressive deterioration in renal function. Researchers have attempted to elucidate the mechanisms by which renal ischemia and reperfusion injury lead to the development of chronic kidney disease. Histologically, kidney ischemia/reperfusion injury is characterized by tubular damage. Furthermore, when animal kidneys are microscopically examined in the postischemic recovery period, they demonstrate diminished renal microvasculature, interstitial fibrosis, tubular atrophy, and persistent inflammation. Microarray analyses have shed light on the role genes contribute to the long-term consequences of ischemic acute kidney injury.
A method for examining temporal changes in cyanobacterial harmful algal bloom spatial extent using satellite remote sensing

Cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms (CyanoHAB) are thought to be increasing globally over the past few decades, but relatively little quantitative information is available about the spatial extent of blooms. Satellite remote sensing provides a potential technology for identifying cyanoHABs in multiple water bodies and across geo-political boundaries. An assessment method was developed using MEdium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MERIS) imagery to quantify cyanoHAB surface area extent, transferable to different spatial areas, in Florida, Ohio, and California for the test period of 2008 to 2012. Temporal assessment was used to evaluate changes in satellite resolvable inland waterbodies for each state of interest. To further assess cyanoHAB risk within the states, the World Health Organization's (WHO) recreational guidance level thresholds were used to categorize surface area of cyanoHABs into three risk categories: low, moderate, and high-risk bloom area. Results showed that in Florida, the area of cyanoHABs increased largely due to observed increases in high-risk bloom area. California exhibited a slight decrease in cyanoHAB extent, primarily attributed to decreases in Northern California. In Ohio (excluding Lake Erie), little change in cyanoHAB surface area was observed. This study uses satellite remote sensing to quantify changes in inland cyanoHAB surface area across numerous water bodies within an entire state. The temporal assessment method developed here will be relevant into the future as it is transferable to the Ocean Land Colour Instrument (OLCI) on Sentinel-3A/3B missions.
Association between the neighborhood obesogenic environment and colorectal cancer risk in the Multiethnic Cohort

Abstract Background Information on the role of the neighborhood environment and colorectal cancer risk is limited. We investigated the association between a comprehensive suite of possible obesogenic neighborhood attributes (socioeconomic status, population density, restaurant and retail food environments, numbers of recreational facilities and businesses, commute patterns, traffic density, and street connectivity) and colorectal cancer risk in the Multiethnic Cohort Study. Methods Among 81,197 eligible participants living in California (35,397 males and 45,800 females), 1973 incident cases (981 males and 992 females) of invasive colorectal cancer were identified between 1993 and 2010. Separately for males and females, multivariable Cox regression models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for colorectal cancer risk overall and by racial/ethnic group (African American, Japanese American, Latino, white). Results In males, higher traffic density was associated with an increased risk of colorectal cancer (HR = 1.29, 95% CI: 1.03–1.61, p = 0.03, for quintile 5 vs. quintile 1; p -trend = 0.06). While this association may be due to chance, this pattern was seen (albeit non-statistically significant) in all racial/ethnic groups except whites. There were no other significant associations between other neighborhood obesogenic attributes and colorectal cancer risk. Conclusion Findings from our large racial/ethnically diverse cohort suggest neighborhood obesogenic characteristics are not strongly associated with the risk of colorectal cancer.
PRESTO, a new tool for integrating large-scale -omics data and discovering disease-specific signatures

Background: Cohesive visualization and interpretation of hyperdimensional, large-scale -omics data is an ongoing challenge, particularly for biologists and clinicians involved in current highly complex sequencing studies. Multivariate studies are often better suited towards non-linear network analysis than differential expression testing. Here, we present PRESTO, a 9PREdictive Stochastic neighbor embedding Tool for Omics9, which allows unsupervised dimensionality reduction of multivariate data matrices with thousands of subjects or conditions. PRESTO is intuitively integrated into an interactive user interface that helps to visualize the multi-dimensional patterns in genome-wide transcriptomic data from basic science and clinical studies. Results: PRESTO was tested with multiple input omics9 platforms, including microarray and proteomics from both mouse and human clinical datasets. PRESTO can analyze up to tens of thousands of genes and shows no increase in processing time with a large number of samples or patients. In complex datasets, such as those with multiple time points, several patient groups, or diverse mouse strains, PRESTO outperformed conventional methods. Core co-expressed gene networks were intuitively grouped in clusters, or gates, after dimensionality reduction and remained consistent across users. Networks were identified and assigned to physiological and pathological functions that cannot be gleaned from conventional bioinformatics analyses. PRESTO detected gene networks from the natural variations among mouse macrophages and human blood leukocytes. We applied PRESTO to clinical transcriptomic and proteomic data from large patient cohorts and detected disease-defining signatures in antibody-mediated kidney transplant rejection, renal cell carcinoma, and relapsing acute myeloid leukemia (AML). In AML, PRESTO confirmed a previously described gene signature and found a new signature of 10 genes that is highly predictive of patient outcome. Conclusions: PRESTO offers an important integration of powerful bioinformatics tools with an interactive user interface that increases data analysis accessibility beyond bioinformaticians and 9coders9. Here, we show that PRESTO out performs conventional methods, such as DE analysis, in multi-dimensional datasets and can identify biologically relevant co-expression gene networks. In paired samples or time points, co-expression networks could be compared for insight into longitudinal regulatory mechanisms. Additionally, PRESTO identified disease-specific signatures in clinical datasets with highly significant diagnostic and prognostic potential.
Metrics-based approach to evaluate sustainable manufacturing performance at the production line and plant levels

Abstract Promoting sustainability in manufacturing is becoming increasingly important due to the scarce natural resources, stricter regulations and increasing customer demand for more sustainable products. In order to meet this demand for sustainable products, manufacturing companies have to adopt numerous strategies for sustainable manufacturing through the use of more sustainable processes and systems. To improve performance of any domain, it must first be measured comprehensively. Approaches for evaluating sustainability performance of products and processes have been investigated in previous work where comprehensive product/process sustainability indices are proposed. While numerous studies address the topic, no comprehensive methods are available for sustainable manufacturing performance evaluation at the system level, particularly at the production line and plant levels. To address this gap, this paper presents an index-based method for comprehensively evaluating sustainable manufacturing performance at the production line and plant levels. First, existing literature have been studied and reviewed thoroughly. Then a set of comprehensive sustainability metrics have been identified and proposed for production line and plant levels, respectively, where the three pillars of sustainability, total life-cycle stage emphasis, and 6R concepts are concurrently addressed. These proposed metrics are organized into five-level hierarchy (metric, sub-cluster, cluster, sub-index, index) where lower level items are consolidated to the higher level. Then index-based methods are proposed to evaluate sustainable manufacturing performance at the production line (LiSI) and plant (PlaSI) levels. Finally, the application of the proposed method is illustrated for a satellite television dish manufacturing company at the production line level.