cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cross-lingual Joint Entity and Word Embedding to Improve Entity Linking and Parallel Sentence Mining.

Entities, which refer to distinct objects in the real world, can be viewed as language universals and used as effective signals to generate less ambiguous semantic representations and align multiple languages. We propose a novel method, CLEW, to generate cross-lingual data that is a mix of entities and contextual words based on Wikipedia. We replace each anchor link in the source language with its corresponding entity title in the target language if it exists, or in the source language otherwise. A cross-lingual joint entity and word embedding learned from this kind of data not only can disambiguate linkable entities but can also effectively represent unlinkable entities. Because this multilingual common space directly relates the semantics of contextual words in the source language to that of entities in the target language, we leverage it for unsupervised cross-lingual entity linking. Experimental results show that CLEW significantly advances the state-of-the-art: up to 3.1% absolute F-score gain for unsupervised cross-lingual entity linking. Moreover, it provides reliable alignment on both the word/entity level and the sentence level, and thus we use it to mine parallel sentences for all (302, 2) language pairs in Wikipedia.
The Development of Body Image in School-Aged Girls: A Review of the Literature from Sociocultural, Social Learning Theory, Psychoanalytic, and Attachment Theory Perspectives

This paper outlines the research that has been conducted on the development of body image in young children, particularly in girls. Beginning with a detailed understanding of the developmental progression of body image, and its relationship to self-concept in early life, this review continues to explore the various theoretical perspectives on how body image and body esteem develop at young ages. The research from attachment theory and other psychoanalytic theories, social learning theory, and sociocultural perspectives are reviewed in detail. The review of this literature explains the multiple influential factors on body image and body satisfaction throughout the lifespan. This paper also highlights the need for more empirical research regarding the influence of early parent-child relationships on the full spectrum of body image dissatisfaction, which has become so prevalent amongst women and girls in Western society.
Palatability of Beef Top Loin Steaks Sourced from Three Quality Grade Groups from Texas and Northern Establishments

ObjectivesThere is a long-held perception by some in the foodservice and retail sectors that beef produced in Texas is not of the same quality or does not have the same palatability characteristics as beef from northern (Kansas, Nebraska, and Colorado) establishments. The objectives of this study were to: 1) assess the palatability traits of Texas beef, and 2) compare the palatability traits of Texas beef against similar grades of beef sourced from northern establishments.Materials and MethodsBeef loin, strip loin steaks were collected from foodservice distribution centers to represent 4 Texas and 7 northern commercial beef harvest and processing facilities. USDA Top Choice (n = 174 Texas; n = 180 northern), USDA Choice (n = 180 Texas; n = 156 northern), and USDA Select (n = 176 Texas; n = 174 northern) steaks were evaluated using Warner-Bratzler shear (WBS) force and consumer sensory panel ratings. Consumer panelists (n = 335) were recruited from the Bryan/College Station area using an existing database and email list serves. Data were analyzed using JMP, Version 13.1.0 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC), where main effects and significant 2-way interactions were included in the model. Least squares means were calculated and where appropriate, means were separated using the PDIFF procedure and an ɑ 0.05) in average WBS force values or consumer panel ratings for Texas Choice and northern Choice, or Texas Select and northern Select.ConclusionThe reasons Top Choice steaks from Texas received lower consumer panel ratings than northern Top Choice steaks are unknown. These results indicate that Texas beef should not be a concern for those who purchase Choice or Select striploins.
Effects of Locomotion in Auditory Cortex Are Not Mediated by the VIP Network

Movement has a prominent impact on activity in sensory cortex, but has opposing effects on visual and auditory cortex. Both cortical areas feature a vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) disinhibitory circuit, which in visual cortex contributes to the effect of running. In auditory cortex, however, the role of VIP circuitry in running effects remains poorly understood. Running and optogenetic VIP activation are known to differentially modulate sound-evoked activity in auditory cortex, but it is unknown how these effects vary across cortical layers, and whether laminar differences in the roles of VIP circuitry could contribute to the substantial diversity that has been observed in the effects of both movement and VIP activation. Here we asked whether VIP neurons contribute to the effects of running, across the layers of auditory cortex. We found that both running and optogenetic activation of VIP neurons produced diverse changes in the firing rates of auditory cortical neurons, but with distinct effects on spontaneous and evoked activity and with different patterns across cortical layers. On average, running increased spontaneous firing rates but decreased evoked firing rates, resulting in a reduction of the neuronal encoding of sound. This reduction in sound encoding was observed in all cortical layers, but was most pronounced in layer 2/3. In contrast, VIP activation increased both spontaneous and evoked firing rates, and had no net population-wide effect on sound encoding, but strongly suppressed sound encoding in layer 4 narrow-spiking neurons. These results suggest that VIP activation and running act independently, which we then tested by comparing the arithmetic sum of the two effects measured separately to the actual combined effect of running and VIP activation, which were closely matched. We conclude that the effects of locomotion in auditory cortex are not mediated by the VIP network.
Pediatric dental outcomes among children exposed to chemotherapy in utero

AIM Our study prospectively evaluated dental development in children exposed to chemotherapy in utero compared with unexposed controls. DESIGN Women who received chemotherapy while pregnant were enrolled in a research registry. After age two, each child's dentist was asked to complete a questionnaire about dental abnormalities and malformations, as well as for their unexposed siblings. Multivariate linear regression adjusting for age was used to compare the groups. RESULTS Dental information was received for 67 exposed children and 59 controls. The majority of mothers were treated for breast cancer (79.1%) and primarily received doxorubicin (89.6%) and cyclophosphamide (80.6%). Mean gestational age at first exposure was 20.7 (±5.7) weeks. Mean age at dental evaluation was 8.0 (±4.3) years for exposed and 10.4 (±5.1) years for controls (P < .01). Missing teeth, tooth size, shape, and color did not differ significantly between groups. There was no statistical difference in dental caries, facial abnormalities, or abnormalities of enamel or gingiva. There was no association between any chemotherapy agent or regimen and increased risk of dental abnormalities. CONCLUSIONS Overall, there was no difference in dental abnormalities between groups. These negative findings may be because no one received chemotherapy prior to 14 weeks when formation of primary teeth was beginning.
Clinical Stakeholder Perspectives on Pediatric Inpatient Screening for Social Needs.

Abstract Objectives Social determinants of health are major drivers of health outcomes and quality of life. While several social needs screening tools have been created for use in primary care settings, the best procedures to incorporate these tools into hospital workflow remain unclear. This study aimed to elicit clinical stakeholder perspectives on proposed screening for social needs during pediatric hospitalizations, with particular focus on informing implementation strategies. Methods We conducted 23 semistructured interviews with pediatric clinical stakeholders (physicians, nurses, social workers, and case managers) at 1 tertiary and 2 community hospitals between July 2020 and January 2021, on topics including social needs screening practices, benefits and challenges to inpatient screening, and optimal screening and referral processes within hospital workflow. Interviews were recorded, professionally transcribed, and analyzed thematically. Results Participants ranged in age from 25 to 62 years, with nearly half working in community hospitals. Regarding inpatient social needs screening, themes emerged about benefits, including enabling clinicians to identify vulnerable patients/moments, and providing clinicians with comprehensive understanding of social context; barriers, including prioritization of medical needs, lack of clinician education surrounding screening, and lack of pre-established relationships; facilitators, including duration of time spent with families, and multidisciplinary clinicians; screening process preferences, including verbal screening, and integration into pre-existing systems; and referral process preferences, including resource provision with family empowerment, and care transition to outpatient clinicians. Conclusions Clinical stakeholders identified multiple barriers, facilitators, and process preferences for pediatric inpatient social needs screening, which may inform the future development of feasible and sustainable implementation strategies.
Improving assessments of tidal power potential using grid refinement in the Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere-Wave-Sediment Transport model

Tidal currents are a promising source for future power generation given their periodicity and predictability. Therefore, numerical hydrodynamic models are frequently utilized for resource assessments. However, the relevant scales of the simulations and hence modeling techniques depend on the problem at hand. This paper shows the potential of the grid refinement technique for the assessment of tidal current energy for particular sites given its relatively low computational expense and high accuracy for the regions with the refined resolution. Example applications are described for mapping the tidal resources near two facilities (Portsmouth Naval Shipyard in Maine and Key West Naval Station in Florida) for possible future deployments of Marine Hydro-Kinetic technologies. The grid refinement capability in the coupled ocean-atmosphere-wave-sediment transport modeling system is used to improve the spatial resolution in the regions of interest, and has shown significant advantage over the original simulation results for the tidal power assessment. The numerical simulation results from both the original coarse grids and the refined grids are validated with measured tidal constituents at available locations. This study demonstrates how the enhancement of a model system for a regional tidal energy with grid refinement can assist with the performance of site specific resource assessments with modest computational expense.
Book Review: Reading & Writing Disability Differently: The Textured Life of Embodiment

Author: Tanya Titchkosky Reviewer: Elizabeth DePoy Publisher: University of Toronto, 2007 Paper ISBN: 9780802095060, 192 pages Cost: $24.95 USD
What the Fair Credit Reporting Act Should Teach Us About Mortgage Servicing

The current housing crisis has revealed deep flaws in the way monthly mortgage payments by homeowners are handled by mortgage servicers – the companies that collect monthly mortgage payments from homeowners and forward the payments to investors in those mortgages. This article suggests that the structural flaws in mortgage servicing are directly analogous to the market failures that led to the creation of the Fair Credit Reporting Act of 1970 (FCRA). The FCRA thus serves as a significant model for possible reforms in mortgage servicing. The “robo-signing” scandals of 2010 drew unprecedented public policy attention to the mortgage servicing industry, and that attention has resulted in subsequent consent decrees, enforcement actions, and calls for national mortgage servicing scandals. As a historical matter, the structure of the mortgage servicing market is a recent phenomenon. Historically, most mortgage loans were made locally by thrifts or commercial banks. Where servicing was kept locally, lenders had the usual market incentives to treat borrowers well in hopes of providing other banking services to the family. By the late 1990s and early 2000s, the increased use of mortgage-backed securities and other economic factors meant that a much larger proportion of local lenders sold off the mortgage servicing rights rather than keeping them in-house. In addition, market concentration in the servicing industry skyrocketed, with the 10 largest servicers having 11% market share in 1989, and 40% a decade later. Today, the top four servicers have roughly 70% market share. The comparison between the FCRA and mortgage servicing is straightforward and previously undiscussed. The FCRA emerged in 1970 at a time of rapid concentration in the credit reporting market. Mistakes and decisions about credit can have a large impact on a family, such as whether a loan is approved and on what terms. The clients of the credit reporting agencies, however, are lenders, insurers, employers, and others, but not consumers. The market incentives for credit reporting agencies are to optimize for their corporate clients, rather than worry about how a mistake affects an individual consumer. Mortgage servicing, recently, has seen rapid concentration. Mistakes and decisions by servicers can have a large impact on a family, such as whether to modify a loan or force a foreclosure. The clients of the mortgage servicers, however, are investors rather than the homeowners. The market failures in mortgage servicing, therefore, parallel those in credit reporting. Mortgage servicers lack any legal duty to act in the interest of the homeowners. They also lack any market incentives to act in the interest of homeowners; indeed, a consumer who chooses to exit by refinancing may quite possibly be stuck with the same servicer in any subsequent loan. In light of this structural lack of protection for consumers, new national mortgage standard should address issues such as disclosure, deceptive practices, and conflicts of interest in mortgage servicing.
Carl F. Craver, Explaining what? Review of explaining the brain: mechanisms and the mosaic unity of neuroscience

Carl Craver’s recent book offers an account of the explanatory and theoretical structure of neuroscience. It depicts it as centered around the idea of achieving mechanistic understanding, i.e., obtaining knowledge of how a set of underlying components interacts to produce a given function of the brain. Its core account of mechanistic explanation and relevance is causal-manipulationist in spirit, and offers substantial insight into casual explanation in brain science and the associated notion of levels of explanation. However, the focus on mechanistic explanation leaves some open questions regarding the role of computation and cognition.
Isolation and characterization of a Delta 5-fatty acid desaturase from Caenorhabditis elegans.

Abstract Arachidonic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid are important precursors for the production of prostaglandins and other hormone-like eicosanoid molecules. These fatty acids are synthesized by animals by elongating and desaturating precursor fatty acids such as linoleic acid (18:2Δ9,12) and α-linolenic acid (18:3Δ9,12,15). We have identified a Δ5fatty acid desaturase gene (fat-4) from the nematodeCaenorhabditis elegans.We have expressed this gene product inSaccharomyces cerevisiaeand demonstrate that it readily converts di-homo-γ-linolenic acid (20:3Δ8,11,14) to arachidonic acid (20:4Δ5,8,11,14). The FAT-4 Δ5-desaturase also acts on a number of other substrates, including fatty acids that do not contain a double bond at the Δ8position.
Tie-line bias control and oscillations with variable generation in a two-area power system

Integrating variable generation sources such as utility-scale photovoltaic (PV) plants into the transmission grid is desirable with the increasing quest for cleaner sources of electric power generation and reducing cost of utility-scale PV. In a multi-area power system, inter-area flows have to be controlled according to some power purchase agreements and transaction contracts. Automatic generation control (AGC) with knowledge of PV plant generation is introduced for variable tie-line bias control and maximum utilization of PV power in the power system. Typical results to illustrate the proposed real-time tie-line bias control are presented on a two-area four machine power system with a utility-scale PV plant. Furthermore, an analysis of the tie-line power oscillations due to cloud cover and disturbances for different levels of PV power penetration are carried out and the presence of low frequency modes are pointed out.
Signaling Quality in an E-Commerce Environment

Abstract “Quality” is a unique concern in food marketing with powerful strategic connotations and consumer emotion. Consequently, retailers, with the help of food processors, have built their industry around communications with consumers which compare the value of one product over another using key quality attributes as carriers of that value. This involves both simple and complex signaling techniques that consumers have grown accustom to. With the onset of online food sales, many of these signaling techniques are less effective. This research evaluates food quality communication signals, presenting findings from three related E-Grocery studies, linked through a meta analysis.
Sustainability, Participatory Culture, and the Performance of Democracy: Ascendant Sites of Theory and Practice in Art Education

Art education is a systemic and extensive network within which children, youth, and adults make and learn about material culture. This lecture considers three sites of theory and practice that I see as ascendant in circulating through this network. These sites are sustainability, participatory culture, and performing democracy. I argue that sustainability, participatory culture, performing democracy, and the socio-political discourse associated with them, will inform our research, shape K-12 curriculum, influence professional standards, encourage debate, stimulate advocacy, and provoke innovation.
Short-T2 imaging for quantifying concentration of sodium (23 Na) of bi-exponential T2 relaxation.

Purpose This work intends to demonstrate a new method for quantifying concentration of sodium (23Na) of bi-exponential T2 relaxation in patients on MRI scanners at 3.0 Tesla. Theory and Methods Two single-quantum (SQ) sodium images acquired at very-short and short echo times (TE = 0.5 and 5.0 ms) are subtracted to produce an image of the short-T2 component of the bi-exponential (or bound) sodium. An integrated calibration on the SQ and short-T2 images quantifies both total and bound sodium concentrations. Numerical models were used to evaluate signal response of the proposed method to the short-T2 components. MRI scans on agar phantoms and brain tumor patients were performed to assess accuracy and performance of the proposed method, in comparison with a conventional method of triple-quantum filtering. Results A good linear relation (R2 = 0.98) was attained between the short-T2 image intensity and concentration of bound sodium. A reduced total scan time of 22 min was achieved under the SAR restriction for human studies in quantifying both total and bound sodium concentrations. Conclusion The proposed method is feasible for quantifying bound sodium concentration in routine clinical settings at 3.0 Tesla. Magn Reson Med 74:162–174, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
White Matter Hyperintensity Burden on Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Essential Tremor

Background: Whereas structural abnormalities in the cerebellum have been associated with essential tremor (ET), the contribution of vascular disease via white matter hyperintensities (WMHs) and strokes has not been examined. In this study, we explored these potential associations and hypothesized that ET would be associated with greater overall WMH volume, greater cerebellar WMH volume and greater infarct presence. Methods: In a cross-sectional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study of 540 community-dwelling elderly persons in northern Manhattan, New York, brain measures of total WMH volume and regional WMH volume were derived from T2-weighted FLAIR-weighted MR images. Presence of cerebral infarcts on MRI was determined as well. Results: Total WMH volume was greater among 33 ET cases than 507 controls in both univariate (OR=1.41, p=0.038) and fully adjusted analyses (OR=1.44, p=0.03). Cerebellar WMH volume was associated with marginally increased odds of ET in a univariate model (OR=1.52, p=0.11) and significantly increased odds in a fully adjusted multivariate model (OR=1.74, p=0.049). Temporal lobe WMH volume was associated with significantly increased odds of ET in both univariate (OR=3.36, p<0.001) and fully adjusted models (OR=3.73, p<0.001). Large strokes were significantly more common in cases than controls in unadjusted analyses (OR=3.04, p=0.02) and marginally in adjusted analyses (OR=2.56 - 2.57, p=0.045 - 0.056). The distribution of strokes did not differ by diagnosis. Discussion: MRI data in this study indicated that ET was associated with greater total WMH volume, greater cerebellar WMH volume and possibly more strokes. Cerebrovascular disease could play a role in the development of ET.
Titanium back plate for a PMMA keratoprosthesis: clinical outcomes

Background/Purpose To compare the rate of retroprosthetic membrane (RPM) formation in Boston Keratoprosthesis (BKPro) with polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) versus titanium backplates.
Neoadjuvant Therapy for Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: The Challenge of Translating Biological Concepts into Effective Treatments

With the help of ever more powerful research tools triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is slowly yielding its secrets. The neoadjuvant setting gives us the best opportunity to address questions raised by the biologic heterogeneity of the disease, and eventually design individualized treatment plans for patients who are identified as likely to have a suboptimal response to chemotherapy. However, given a plethora of aberrantly activated pathways, exacerbated by its genomic instability, the challenge is to separate what drives the behavior of TNBC from the consequences of that behavior. This article reviews our current understanding of TNBC, including recent efforts to identify clinically relevant subsets of the disease, the role of treatments that exploit defects in DNA repair, including chemotherapeutic agents such as the platinum analogues, and biologic agents such as the poly ADP-ribose polymerases (PARP) inhibitors, and then discusses potential targeted approaches to its treatment, most of which are still early in development.
A population genetic analysis of the midget faded rattlesnake in Wyoming

Little is known about the population biology of midget faded rattlesnakes, a sensitive subspecies of the Western Rattlesnake, despite conservation efforts to protect them. We conducted a molecular genetic study of midget faded rattlesnakes in southwestern Wyoming to investigate population genetic structure in this area, particularly with reference to Flaming Gorge Reservoir and its associated human activities, and to document levels of genetic diversity. We genotyped 229 snakes from 11 sampling sites using 9 microsatellite loci. We found significant levels of genetic structure among sites that were better explained by geographic region and isolation by distance than by position relative to waterways. Sites on either side of the reservoir at its widest point were not significantly different. Six of the sites showed signatures of a population bottleneck using an alpha value of 0.05. Three of these bottlenecked sites (the three most northern) were the most genetically distinct and occur in areas of greatest impact from human activity.
International Indigenism: A Whole New Word

Over the past fifteen years, a convergence has taken place among three groups of scholars: those who study international relations, those who study social movements, and the newly emerging field of indigenous studies. Increasingly, these researchers are adopting interdisciplinary approaches to the analysis of social change, and the lines between local or domestic and international or transnational events, and processes are blurring. All three fields now demand research that addresses this crossover, and it is precisely this void that Ronald Niezen's The Origins of Indigenism seeks to fill. Niezen's primary goal is to illustrate the emergence of an international indigenous people's movement and to assess its impact. He suggests that the indigenous movement has helped reshape the international arena by introducing new definitions of legal authority and legitimacy for indigenous nonstate actors. This success comes at a price, however. For indigenous peoples, participating in or reaping the benefits of the movement in terms of greater self-determination may require significant cultural adaptation. For nation-states, the activities of the indigenous movement may represent a perceived threat to sovereignty. Niezen centers his discussion on human rights and indigenous identity in order to define the latter and to place the indigenous movement within a contextual framework. Although many of his arguments are philosophical, Niezen's primary methodology is ethnography, which he effectively uses to analyze both historic events and contemporary observations of local and global phenomena. The strength of this work is that Niezen draws from a wealth of personal experience, having been involved in negotiations and community-based research in Canada and Africa and having attended numerous international forums on indigenous rights. As an anthropologist with a profound understanding of social theory and international relations, he is careful to balance his discussions by presenting indigenous worldviews in the words of the leaders themselves and by illustrating the key concepts of indigenism, indigenous identity, and self-determination with unmistakable clarity through the use of narratives. Neizen's most valuable contribution is his development of an etymology of indigenism. He courageously tackles the challenge of defining a universal indigenous identity and articulating what makes the indigenous movement distinctive as a movement. Universal indigenous identity, Niezen postulates, is based on the shared suffering brought about through the victimization begun in the colonial period and perpetuated by nation-states. It is also largely self-defined, not by individuals but by the collective consent of the international indigenous community. Indeed, beginning with the first chapter, Niezen makes a very important distinction between indigenous identity and ethnic identity. Unlike ethnonationalism, indigenism and the indigenous movement are inherently
Cumulative Haploinsufficiency and Triplosensitivity Drive Aneuploidy Patterns and Shape the Cancer Genome

Aneuploidy has been recognized as a hallmark of cancer for more than 100 years, yet no general theory to explain the recurring patterns of aneuploidy in cancer has emerged. Here, we develop Tumor Suppressor and Oncogene (TUSON) Explorer, a computational method that analyzes the patterns of mutational signatures in tumors and predicts the likelihood that any individual gene functions as a tumor suppressor (TSG) or oncogene (OG). By analyzing >8,200 tumor-normal pairs, we provide statistical evidence suggesting that many more genes possess cancer driver properties than anticipated, forming a continuum of oncogenic potential. Integrating our driver predictions with information on somatic copy number alterations, we find that the distribution and potency of TSGs (STOP genes), OGs, and essential genes (GO genes) on chromosomes can predict the complex patterns of aneuploidy and copy number variation characteristic of cancer genomes. We propose that the cancer genome is shaped through a process of cumulative haploinsufficiency and triplosensitivity.
Emergence of segregation in evolving social networks

In many social networks, there is a high correlation between the similarity of actors and the existence of relationships between them. This paper introduces a model of network evolution where actors are assumed to have a small aversion from being connected to others who are dissimilar to themselves, and yet no actor strictly prefers a segregated network. This model is motivated by Schelling’s [Schelling TC (1969) Models of segregation. Am Econ Rev 59:488–493] classic model of residential segregation, and we show that Schelling’s results also apply to the structure of networks; namely, segregated networks always emerge regardless of the level of aversion. In addition, we prove analytically that attribute similarity among connected network actors always reaches a stationary distribution, and this distribution is independent of network topology and the level of aversion bias. This research provides a basis for more complex models of social interaction that are driven in part by the underlying attributes of network actors and helps advance our understanding of why dysfunctional social network structures may emerge.
Scattering of antiplane shear waves by layered circular elastic cylinder

An exact analytical solution for the scattering of antiplane elastic waves by a layered elastic circular cylinder is obtained. The solution and its degenerate cases are compared with other simpler models of circular cylindrical scatterers. The effects of the geometrical and physical properties of the interphase are studied. Numerical results confirm the existence of a resonance mode in which the scatterer's core undergoes a rigid-body motion when the outer layer of the scatterer is very compliant. This resonance mode has been attributed [Liu et al., Science 289, 1734 (2000)] to a new mechanism for the band gap formed in the extremely low frequency range for phononic crystals made of layered spherical scatterers. Numerical results also show the existence of a similar resonance mode when the outer layer of the scatterer has very high mass density.
Influence of varying intensities of supplemental lighting during decreasing daylengths on puberty in gilts

Abstract Thirty-two crossbred gilts were randomly assigned to one of four treatments at 84 days of age: (1) supplemental lighting (1200 lux); (2) supplemental lighting (360 lux); (3) natural lighting (90 lux); and (4) reduced lighting ( 4 8 , 5 8 , 6 8 and 1 8 for treatment groups 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively. The number of gilts attaining puberty was less (P 0.05) among lighting treatment groups. There were twice as many secretory spikes of LH at 220 days than at 135 days of age but the increase was not related to light intensity. Serum concentrations of PRL were higher (P = 0.06) at 135 days than 220 days of age, regardless of light treatment. Data from the present experiment indicate that exposure of gilts to reduced lighting (
Sequence and symmetry in ribosome binding sites of bacteriophage f1 RNA.

Abstract RNA was synthesized in vitro from α-32P-labeled ribonucleoside triphosphates with Escherichia coli RNA polymerase from covalently closed, circular, double-stranded DNA isolated from cells infected with bacteriophage f1. This RNA, which serves as an efficient message in vitro, was bound to ribosomes and the initiation complexes were digested with bovine pancreatic ribonuclease. Ribosome-protected fragments were isolated, purified and separated by two-dimensional analysis using electrophoresis and homochromatography. Sequence analysis, taking advantage of the ability to determine nearest neighbors, was done by conventional techniques. The sequences of the ribosome-protected fragments were found to fall into three classes. One sequence corresponds to the amino-terminal region of the protein product of f1 gene V, a DNA binding protein. It is proposed that a second sequence may correspond to the amino-terminal region of a precursor to the major coat protein. No assignment has yet been made for the third sequence. Comparisons are made between these three sequences and others that are available, both in terms of sequence features that have been pointed out earlier, and in terms of certain considerations of symmetry and syntax † prominent in these binding site sequences that have not been discussed before.
Tissue-specific targeting of the insulin receptor gene.

The techniques to study the mechanisms that underlie the pathogenesis of disease processes have been revolutionized by the development of methods that allow spatiotemporal control of gene deletion or gene expression in transgenic and knockout animals. The ability to interfere with the function of a single protein in a specific tissue allows unprecedented flexibility for exploring gene function in both health and disease. The present review will summarize some of the different knockouts and transgenics generated recently to study type 2 diabetes and critically evaluate the techniques used to examine the function of the insulin receptor in two nonclassical insulin target tissues—the pancreatic islet and the central nervous system.
Transitions in the mechanism of material removal in abrasive wear of alumina

The mechanisms of material removal in abrasive wear are investigated by scratching a fine grain alumina with a diamond indenter. Subsurface damage is examined as a function of load and number of passes using a bonded-interface sectioning technique together with microscopy. Scratching produces classical lateral and median cracks extending from the plastic zone beneath the contact area. Damage within the plastic zone is distributed in nature taking the form of intragrain twin/slip bands and intergranular microcracks. Repeated scratching causes damage accumulation in the material beneath the sliding contact area. After a critical number of passes, a transition is observed from a damage accumulation process to a material removal process that involves mainly grain dislodgement. As the number of passes is increased at large loads, the removal process exhibits a second transition from grain dislodgement to a more severe wear process by lateral crack chipping.
Self-rising synthesis of Ni–SDC cermets as anodes for solid oxide fuel cells

Abstract Ni–SDC cermets have been obtained using a self-rising approach by two different ways, one-step direct synthesis (OS) and ball milling the separately prepared NiO and SDC powders (BM). The results showed that self-rising approach was an efficient way for the synthesis of porous materials composed of evenly distributed uniform size nanocrystals. The as-synthesized powders have been applied as anodes for solid oxide fuel cells, whose electrochemical properties have been systematically studied. Cells with anodes from the BM method showed better performance compared with those of the OS method, achieving a maximum power density of 400 mW cm−2 at 600 °C.
Total Hip Arthroplasty for Post-Traumatic Arthritis After Previous Acetabular Fractures

Management of acetabular fractures has continued to evolve and improve since Letournel first reported results of open reduction and internal fixation of such fractures nearly three decades ago. There has been much improvement in the surgical techniques of anatomic reduction and rigid internal fixation of displaced acetabular fractures.
On copositive matrices and strong ellipticity for isotropic elastic materials

On etablit les conditions necessaires et suffisantes pour une forte ellipticite des equations d'un materiau elastique non lineaire isotrope (compressible) a l'equilibre. On utilise un theoreme de representation de matrices copositives du a Cottle, Habetler et Lemke (1970)
Synthetic Jet Flowfield Database for Computational Fluid Dynamics Validation

A workshop on computational fluid dynamics (CFD) validation of synthetic jets and turbulent separation control was held at the NASA Langley Research Center in 2004 to assess the current CFD capability to predict an unsteady flowfield. Three selected test cases were 1) a basic flowfield generated by a synthetic jet in a quiescent environment, 2) a round oscillatory jet in a crossflow, and 3) the control of separated flow over a wall-mounted hump model. This paper describes the flowfield database for case 1. Flowfield measurements were obtained using three different techniques: particle image velocimetry (PIV), laser Doppler velocimetry (LDV), and hot-wire anemometry. In addition, the actuator operating parameters, including diaphragm displacement, internal cavity pressure, and internal cavity temperature, were documented to provide boundary conditions for CFD modeling. Among activeflow control devices being developed, synthetic jets have demonstrated promising flow control applications [1]. Considerable studies have covered the development of the actuator and the general behavior of the synthetic jets. However, there has not been a complete data set to support the validation of CFD prediction of synthetic jets. Smith and Glezer [2] measured the velocity profile of plane jets from rectangular slots with hot-wire and flow visualization. Crook et al. [3] studied the development of a round jet using an analytical model and compared their results with hot-wire measurements. Mallinson et al. [4] studied a round jet with variable orifice diameters and cavity heights using a hot wire. Chen et al. [5] provided velocity profiles at the centerline of a plane jet, and jet exit velocity profiles with a hot wire. Muller et al. [6] used PIV to measure the detailed flowfield of a circular jet. Bera et al. [7] used PIV to map plane synthetic jet flows from a 2-D slot. Guy et al. [8] studied a plane synthetic jet with hot-wire measurements. This study was not intended to be a parametric survey or performance optimization of synthetic jets. Experiment Setup
Improving the suitability of glass fiber filters for use as culture supports

Commercially available glass fiber filters are useful as physical supports for cultures; however, as received from the manufacturers, the filters frequently contain substances that render them unsuitable for some types of experimental studies. These substances contribute to the formation of precipitates in the culture media, alter the media pH, and repress synchronous development among embryo cultures of eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L.). A simplified technique was developed to remove the contaminants and to saturate the cation exchange sites on the glass fibers with specific ions.
Videogame interventions and spatial ability interactions

Numerous research studies have been conducted on the use of videogames as tools to improve one’s cognitive abilities. While meta-analyses and qualitative reviews have provided evidence that some aspects of cognition such as spatial imagery are modified after exposure to videogames, other evidence has shown that matrix reasoning measures of fluid intelligence do not show evidence of transfer from videogame training. In the current work, we investigate the available evidence for transfer specifically to nonverbal intelligence and spatial ability measures, given recent research that these abilities may be most sensitive to training on cognitive and working memory tasks. Accordingly, we highlight a few studies that on the surface provide evidence for transfer to spatial abilities, but a closer look at the pattern of data does not reveal a clean interpretation of the results. We discuss the implications of these results in relation to research design and statistical analysis practices.
Minimizing Average Path Cost in Colored Trees for Disjoint Multipath Routing

Multi-path routing (MPR) is an effective strategy to achieve robustness, load balancing, congestion reduction, and increased throughput by transmitting data over multiple paths. Disjoint multi-path routing (DMPR) requires the multiple paths to be link- or node-disjoint. Implementation of both MPR and DMPR poses significant challenges in obtaining loop-free multiple (disjoint) paths and effectively forwarding the data over the multiple paths, the latter being significant in data-gram networks. In this paper, we develop a disjoint multipath routing strategy using colored trees with an objective to minimize the total cost of the routing paths in a network. Two trees, namely red and blue, rooted at a given drain is formed. We demonstrate through extensive simulations that the developed technique is extremely effective in optimizing the average cost of the paths. In addition, we also observe that the developed approach minimizes the average minimum (minimum of the two paths) cost, which is lower than that obtained by earlier algorithms. The colored tree approach simply doubles the size of the routing table when two link- or node-disjoint paths to a specific node is needed.
Age of First Words Predicts Cognitive Ability and Adaptive Skills in Children with ASD

Acquiring useful language by age 5 has been identified as a strong predictor of positive outcomes in individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD). This study examined the relationship between age of language acquisition and later functioning in children with ASD (n = 119). First word acquisition at a range of ages was probed for its relationship to cognitive ability and adaptive behaviors at 52 months. Results indicated that although producing first words predicted better outcome at every age examined, producing first words by 24 months was a particularly strong predictor of better outcomes. This finding suggests that the historic criterion for positive prognosis (i.e., “useful language by age 5”) can be updated to a more specific criterion with an earlier developmental time point.
Resistivity and deep impurity levels in silicon at 300 K

Families of curves of the resistivity at 300 K for n- and p-type silicon doped with deep activation energy impurities are presented as a function of impurity concentration. These curves are based on analyses of Irvin's curves, applicable to the shallow activation energy impurities, and on the properties of the deeper activation energy impurities. These curves apply to impurities with activation energies that are independent of concentration. Since Irvin's p-type curve appears to be heavily influenced by Si:Ga data in the 1016-1018-cm-3range, a boron curve is calculated for this range. This curve may be considered a correction to Irvin's p-curve in this impurity range.
A middle-aged female with recurrent sinopulmonary infections: a case report

Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is a form of severe antibody deficiency with an estimated prevalence of 1 in 25,000 to 1 in 100,000. The disorder apparently results from currently undefined immune deregulations resulting in failed B-cell differentiation with impaired secretion of immunoglobulins. It has a broad range of clinical symptoms including recurrent infections of the respiratory tract, chronic lung disease, autoimmune diseases, liver and gastrointestinal disorders, granulomatous infiltrations, lymphoma and solid tumors. A 42-year-old Caucasian female presented with a one-day history of high-grade fever and productive cough associated with retrosternal chest pain. The patient had been discharged one week prior after a prolonged stay in an intensive care unit with multiorgan failure requiring temporary hemodialysis for two weeks secondary to sepsis. Past medical history was significant for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, recurrent pneumonias and recurrent sinus infections since adolescence. She had a temperature of 99.8°F, was tachycardic (137/min), tachypneic (26/min) with a blood pressure of 109/59 mmHg and oxygen saturation of 88% on 2 l/min nasal oxygen. Physical examination was significant for bibasilar rhonchi. Laboratory data were significant for leukocytosis of 15,700/mm3. Chest X-ray demonstrated bibasilar infiltrates. The patient was started on intravenous levofloxacin and vancomycin, and sputum gram stain and cultures were performed. Given the patient's recurrent respiratory infections, an underlying immunologic disorder was considered. Work-up revealed immunoglobulin A (IgA) 11 mg/dl (normal 70–400 mg/dl), immunoglobulin M (IgM) 2 mg/dl (normal 40–230 mg/dl) and IgG 53 mg/dl (normal 700–1,600 mg/dl). The patient was diagnosed with CVID and started on intravenous immunoglobulin. She was initially started on a four-week regimen of intravenous immunoglobulin, which was later switched to a three-week regimen as the patient had respiratory infections on the four-week regimen. She remained asymptomatic on a three times/week intravenous immunoglobulin regimen. This case emphasizes the need for a high index of clinical suspicion for CVID in patients presenting with recurrent sinopulmonary infections. Although intravenous immunoglobulin provides improvement in these patients, early diagnosis is the key to preventing significant morbidity and mortality and improving prognosis.
Radiofrequency ablation: simultaneous application of multiple electrodes via switching creates larger, more confluent ablations than sequential application in a large animal model.

Purpose To compare radiofrequency (RF) ablations created by using a sequential technique to those created simultaneously by using a switching algorithm in ex vivo and in vivo liver models. Materials and Methods RF ablation was performed by using either sequential or switched application of three cooled electrodes in a 2-cm triangular array in ex vivo bovine liver (28 total ablations) and in vivo swine liver (12 total ablations) models. For sequential ablations, electrodes were powered for 12 minutes each with a 5-minute rest interval between activations to simulate electrode repositioning. Switched ablations were created by using a multiple-electrode switching system for 12 minutes. Temperatures were measured during ex vivo experiments at four points in the ablation zone. Ablation zones were measured for minimum and maximum diameter, cross-sectional area, and isoperimetric ratio. Mann-Whitney and Wilcoxon matched pairs tests were used to identify differences between groups. Results The switched application created larger and more circular zones of ablation than did the sequential application, with mean (±standard deviation) ex vivo cross-sectional areas of 25.4 cm 2 ± 5 .3 and 18.8 cm 2 ± 6.6 ( P = .001), respectively, and mean in vivo areas of 17.1 cm 2 ± 5.1 and 13.2 cm 2 ± 4.2 ( P Conclusions Switched application of three electrodes creates larger, more confluent ablations in less time than sequential application. Thermal synergy and ablation-induced ischemia both substantially influence multiple-electrode ablations.