cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ABDUCTION MOMENT ARMS OF ROTATOR CUFF TENDONS AND DELTOID MUSCLES AFTER ACROMIOPLASTY AND CORACOACROMIAL LIGAMENT SECTION

Scientifically, it has been questioned if the coracoacromial ligament has a significant role of serving as a pulley for the supraspinatus tendon. The purpose of this study was to examine the changes of abduction moment arms of the rotator cuff and deltoid muscle after anterior acromioplasty. In normal condition and after sectioning of the coracoacromial ligament and acromioplasty, abduction moment arms of four cuff tendons and three portions of the deltoid were obtained with four cadaver shoulders by computing the slope of the tendon excursion versus the glenohumeral abduction angle curve using a magnetic tracking device. In intact joints, the abduction moment arms of the supraspinatus increased from 20 mm to 27 mm with the arm abducted from 0° to 30°, which showed a better condition of the glenohumeral abduction. Then, they decreased to 23 mm with arm in 60° abduction. After sectioning of the coracoacromial ligament and acromioplasty less than 4 mm thick, the abduction moment arms of supraspinatus did not increase. This finding suggested that the coracoacromial ligament and acromion, anatomically, did not serve as pulleys for the supraspinatus tendon. However, the abduction moment arm of the middle deltoid decreased after an acromioplasty.
Increased forebrain β-adrenergic ligand binding induced by trimethyltin

Abstract Systemic injection of the organometal neurotoxin trimethyltin (TMT) into rats causes impairments in learning and memory. However, there is a discontinuity in dose-response functions, such that the deficit which emerges with a higher, acutely toxic dose, is qualitatively different from the impairment induced after lower doses. To investigate synaptic receptor changes associated with behavioral deficits, neurotransmitter-receptor ligand binding assays were done in forebrain areas of rats given TMT (3,6 or 7.5 mg/kg). Binding of the β-adrenergic ligand, dihydroalprenol in frontal cortex and amygdala/pyriform cortex was an inverted U-shaped function of TMT dose, with rats given the median dose exhibiting increased binding. The curvilinear dose-response functions in behavioral and biochemical assays suggest that altered forebrain noradrenergic neurotransmission could play a role in behavioral deficits.
The virtual-patient pilot: testing a new tool for undergraduate surgical education and assessment.

Background The virtual patient (VP) is a web-based tool that allows students to test their clinical decision-making skills using simulated patients. Methods Three VP cases were developed using commercially available software to simulate common surgical scenarios. Surgical clerks volunteered to complete VP cases. Upon case completion, an individual performance score (IPS, 0-100) was generated and a 16-item survey was administered. Surgery shelf exam scores of clerks who completed VP cases were compared with a cohort of students who did not have exposure to VP cases. Descriptive statistics were performed to characterize survey results and mean IPS. Results Surgical clerks felt that the VP platform was simple to use, and both the content and images were well presented. They also felt that VPs enhanced learning and were helpful in understanding surgical concepts. Mean IPS at conclusion of the surgery clerkship was 69.2 (SD 26.5). Mean performance on the surgery shelf exam for the student cohort who had exposure to VPs was 86.5 (SD 7.4), whereas mean performance for the unexposed student cohort was 83.5 (SD 9). Discussion The VP platform represents a new educational tool that allows surgical clerks to direct case progression and receive feedback regarding clinical-management decisions. Its use as an assessment tool will require further validation.
Riding the technology waves in search of electronic access: CD-ROM, gophers, the WWW and beyond: A viewpoint

Abstract In the past decade, there has been an explosion of electronic access to government information. The Government Printing Office (GPO) and other federal agencies began to provide access to digitized government information by embracing Compact Disc-Read Only Memory (CD-ROM) technology in the late 1980s. In the ensuing time, the government has produced an increasing amount of materials in this format which in turn has required libraries to upgrade their technology and librarians to upgrade their technologic skills. CD-ROM has many advantages, but is essentially an interim technology with significant access drawbacks. The last few years have brought a groundswell of Internet usage, first via gophers and then via graphical browsers of the World Wide Web (WWW). Government resources are widespread on the WWW, but CD-ROM is still a factor. While CD-ROM has some value as an archival format and many government resources are best served by paper publications, a strong commitment to network resources is the best route for government depositories to take. GPO needs to assume a leadership role in the advances of technology. Phasing out federal CD-ROMs would be a good step in that direction.
Modeling and experimental comparison of pulsed plasma deposition of aniline

A model for predicting deposition rates of plasma polymerized aniline films in a pulsed inductively-coupled plasma reactor is presented. The model proposes a two-step deposition mechanism: dissociation of monomer by electron collisions (fast) and subsequent (slow) diffusion of radicals toward the substrate. A free radical mechanism is proposed and the dissociation rate constant is calculated based on the best available cross section information. Results of the model are compared with axial and radial, polyaniline deposition rate profiles measured in the reactor. Plasma parameters such as initial electron temperature, electron density and dissociation cross-section were varied in order to arrive at a good agreement between the model and measured deposition rate data. The effect of these parameters on the model output is described.
Three-dimensional unstructured adaptive multigrid scheme for the Euler equations

We present a solution adaptive multigrid scheme for the three-dimensional Euler equations. The procedure begins with an initial coarse mesh and enriches this mesh by h-refinement in regions of high solution gradient. This adaptive procedure is used to generate the multigrid levels required by the solver. New boundary nodes are added in a way to reflect the underlying surface representation of the geometry. The h-refinement procedure is extremely fast and results in a scheme where only a small percentage of the overall CPU time is spent in the meshing and refinement part of the algorithm. The multigrid flow solver typically reduces the CPU time by an order of magnitude over the same case without multigrid
Catalytic properties of recombinant octameric, hexadecameric, and heterologous cyanobacterial/bacterial ribulose- 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase.

Abstract The recent isolation of a catalytically competent recombinant octameric core of the hexadecameric ribulose-1, 5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase from the cyanobacterium Anacystis nidulans (Synechocoecus) ( B. Lee and F. R. Tabita, 1990 , Biochemistry29, 9352–9357) has provided a useful system for examining the properties of this enzyme in the absence of small subunits. Unlike most sources of hexadecameric ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase, the nonactivated Anacystis holoenzyme was not inhibited markedly by preincubation with ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate. This was also true for the Anacystis octameric core and a heterologous recombinant enzyme that comprised large subunits from Anacystis and small subunits from the bacterium Alcaligenes eutrophus, suggesting that substrate-mediated inactivation is not influenced by small subunits. In addition, the CO 2 O 2 specificity factor was not affected by the source of the small subunits incorporated into the structure of the hexadecameric protein, in agreement with previous in vitro heterologous reconstitution studies. The activated octameric Anacystis enzyme, however, was significantly more sensitive to inhibition by the phosphorylated effector 6-phosphogluconate than were the hexadecameric Alcaligenes and Anacystis enzymes and the heterologous Anacystis-Alcaligenes hybrid.
Oxidative Stress and Systemic Inflammation as Modifiers of Cardiac Autonomic Responses to Particulate Air Pollution

Background The role of oxidative stress and systemic inflammation on the association between personal exposures to ambient fine particulate matter ≤ 2.5 μm in diameter (PM2.5) and cardiac autonomic dysfunction, indicated by reduction in heart rate variability (HRV), has not been examined.
Privatization: Choosing the Optimal Time Path

Abstract We consider a government that wishes to choose the optimal time path of privatization. The government is concerned with maximizing output over some specified period while taking into account (1) the level of unemployment that will be attained as the end of that period, (2) the improvement in labor productivity of workers in the nationalized enterprises as a consequence of growing competition from privatized firms, and (3) the reemployment rate of the redundant workers displaced as their firms become privatized. We present a model exhibiting these features and derive the optimal policy that characterizes the rate of privatization within the period. When all of the elements noted above are present, we show it is never optimal to privatize instantaneously. We also show the relationship of the optimal rate of transition to the underlying objectives of the government. J. Comp. Econom., December 1993, 17 (4), pp. 715-736. Stern School of Business, New York University, New York, New York 10012.
Analysis of neutron-density oscillations resulting from core barrel motion in a PWR nuclear power plant

Abstract Neutron noise signatures were obtained on August 3, 1973, that were due to abnormal movement of the core barrel at the Palisades Nuclear Plant. Frequency spectra, rms noise, and amplitude probability density were recorded as sensed by ex-core and in-core neutron detectors. These signatures will serve as reference data for future studies of core-barrel motion at the Palisades plant. Also, the results are presented in units that should make them useful for noise diagnosis in other pressurized water reactors.
Effect of inhibitors of arachidonic acid metabolism on corneal reepithelialization in the rat.

Abstract We examined the ability of inhibitors of arachidonic acid metabolism to influence the rate of healing of organ-cultured rat corneas with 3-mm diameter central epithelial abrasions. In control corneas, and in the presence of the cyclooxygenase inhibitors indomethacin (1 μM) or flurbiprofen (1 μM), the defect was completely reepithelialized by 25 hr. In contrast, corneas cultured with the lipoxygenase inhibitors quercetin (100 μM), esculetin (100 μM), or baicalein (10 μM) or the dual cyclooxygenase/lipoxygenase inhibitors BW 755C (100 μM) or BW A540C (100 μM) had significantly delayed epithelial healing rates when compared with the controls; complete healing of the epithelial defects required 32·5-40 hr. Dose-response studies with esculetin and BW 755C demonstrated that the concentrations for 50% inhibition of reepithelialization (65·3 μM for esculetin, 39·6 μM for BW 755C) were significantly greater than those for inhibition of 12-lipoxygenase activity (16·6 μM for esculetin, 21·1 μM for BW 755C), the major lipoxygenase activity in normal rat cornea. Addition of 12(S)-5,8,10,14-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid [12(S)-HETE, 0·01-10 μM], the main 12-lipoxygenase metabolite of arachidonic acid in normal rat cornea, to the organ cultures did not influence the rate of epithelial wound healing in the absence or presence of 100 μM esculetin. Our results suggest that lipoxygenase activity is an important factor in regulating corneal epithelial wound healing in the rat, presumably by influencing epithelial cell migration. The lipoxygenase enzyme and metabolite(s) responsible for regulating reepithelialization, and the mechanism of action, remain to be determined.
A Conceptual Design for the Magnets in an IFE Magnetic Intervention Chamber

A conceptual design for a magnetic intervention system is presented in support of a 2 GW IFE direct drive fusion power reactor. The system is designed employing a cusp field to deflect ions generated by an IFE implosion away from the first wall of the reactor core and into specifically designed ion dumps. The magnetic coil system will employ liquid helium cooled 5083 Aluminum alloy casing on a Rutherford NbTi cable. The cables are configured as four double pancakes with a 5083 Aluminum alloy case for structural support. The conceptual design and corresponding preliminary load and field calculations will be presented.
The Spectra of Phosphorus Part II: The Spectra of Doubly, Triply and Quadruply Ionized Phosphorus (P III, P IV, P V). Additions and Corrections to P II

Data taken from spectrograms using a vacuum spark containing red phosphorus supplemented by spectrograms previously described have enabled a complete revision and extension of the spectra of P III, P IV, and P V. Certain quintet terms in P II have also been located. In P III nineteen new terms have been found which classify fifty-nine lines. Six of these terms replace previous terms which have proved erroneous. The ionization potential is found to be 30.012\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.003 volts. Tentative intercombinations between the doublet and quartet systems are given. In P IV twenty-three new terms have been found which classify fifty-one lines. Several intercombinations have been located between the singlet and triplet systems. The various series are badly perturbed. The ionization potential is 51.106\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.013 volts. In P V fourteen new terms have been located which classify twenty lines. The series are very regular and give an ionization potential of 64.698\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.003 volts. The previous data have been entirely revised in view of new measurements and complete term tables as well as complete lists of lines now classified in the Schumann region are given.
Dropping Out of High School: The Effects of Family Structure and Family Transitions

We use the 1988, 1990, and 1992 waves of data from the National Education Longitudinal Study to examine the effects of family structure and family transitions on adolescent high school dropout. Our study differs from previous studies by using a large longitudinal sample (N = 21,420) and applying event history analysis with standard errors corrected for clustered sampling. Our study has two major contributions. First, we examine single-mother, single-father, stepmother, and stepfather families separately. Controlling for socioeconomic status, children from single-mother families are doing better than children from single-father and stepparent families. Second, using event history we can determine the causal order between family transitions and high school dropout rates. We find high school students are not hurt by their parents marrying, remarrying, or starting a cohabiting relationship, but are negatively affected by a parental divorce or separation during the high school years.
Does street network design affect traffic safety

Negative binomial regression models were used to assess the effect of street and street network characteristics on total crashes, severe injury crashes, and fatal crashes. Data from over 230,000 crashes taking place over 11 years in 24 California cities was analyzed at the U.S. Census Block Group level of geography. In our analysis we controlled for variables such as vehicle volumes, income levels, and proximity to limited access highways and to the downtown area. Street network characteristics that were considered in the analysis included street network density and street connectivity along with street network pattern. Our findings suggest that for all levels of crash severity, street network characteristics correlate with road safety outcomes. Denser street networks with higher intersection counts per area are associated with fewer crashes across all severity levels. Conversely, increased street connectivity as well as additional travel lanes along the major streets correlated with more crashes. Our results suggest that in assessing safety, it is important to move beyond the traditional approach of just looking at the characteristics of the street itself and examine how the interrelated factors of street network characteristics, patterns, and individual street designs interact to affect crash frequency and severity.
TGFα is differentially expressed in liver foci induced by diethylnitrosamine initiation and peroxisome proliferator promotion

Transforming growth factor alpha (TGF alpha) is a mitogenic growth factor for hepatocytes that may play a role in the development of liver cancer in rodents and humans. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is the receptor for TGF alpha; its expression is also altered in mitogenic and carcinogenic processes. Homogeneous basophilic foci (HBF), the precursor lesion to hepatocellular carcinomas in peroxisome proliferator (PP)-treated rats, have labeling indices much greater than surrounding liver (approximately 5- to 20-fold) and other types of foci (approximately 2-fold greater than eosinophilic foci; EF). To test the hypothesis that PP-induced HBF over-express TGF alpha and/or EGFR, male F344 rats were treated with the PP WY-14,643 for 22 weeks (1000 p.p.m. in the diet) with (DEN-WY) and without (WY) prior diethylnitrosamine initiation (150 mg/kg body wt i.p.). Serial paraffin sections of liver were stained for TGF alpha or EGFR and with hematoxylin and eosin. DEN-WY and WY abrogated the small amount of centrilobular TGF alpha staining observed in livers from control rats. Increased staining for TGF alpha was not observed in HBF induced by WY (0/22) or DEN-WY (0/101). Additionally, increased EGFR expression was not observed in HBF induced by WY (0/22) or DEN-WY (0/19) or in EF induced by DEN-WY (0/30). An unexpectedly large proportion of EF induced by DEN-WY (6/38) and DEN-control (3/11) were TGF alpha-positive. None of the tumors induced by WY (0/13) or DEN-WY (0/11) over-expressed TGF alpha. All 13 WY-induced tumors also lacked increased expression of EGFR. TGF alpha over-expression noted in a significant proportion of EF was associated only with those regimens including DEN initiation. In conclusion, TGF alpha or EGFR over-expression is not associated with early appearing, rapidly proliferating HBF or tumors induced by PP.
O8.2Putting adoptive T cell therapy on the path to regulatory approval

ABSTRACT There is compelling evidence that the adoptive cell transfer (ACT) of large numbers of tumor-specific T cells induces durable tumor regressions in patients with different cancers. Experiences in melanoma adoptively transferring tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) and T cell receptor (TCR) engineered T cells, and in B cell leukemias and lymphomas adoptively transferring CD19 chimeric antigen receptor (CD19) engineered T cells, have attracted great interest to this field of personalized cell therapy. As there is no question whether the approach is therapeutic, then the main issue is how it can be developed to become a broadly applied therapy. There are two potential avenues to develop ACT clinically for broad applicability: i) the blood bank model, where the manufacture of T cells directed to cancer is provided as a service as it is for blood transfusions or hematopoietic stem cells, and ii) private companies manufacturing patient-specific T cell preparations off-site for reinfusion into patients. Some hospitals and academic groups have established their own CD19 CAR ACT programs, with many more planning to provide this therapy to their patients. In addition, several companies are developing programs of ACT. As a cellular therapy platform, the use of CAR and TCR engineering seems more amenable to commercialization than TIL therapy. TILs are obtained from tumor biopsies and T cells are expanded from them. The input tissue for TIL therapy can be a tiny core biopsy or a large surgical resection, and it may include multiple different contaminants. Not all tumors contain TILs and not all TILs expand ex vivo. As opposed to TIL therapy, CAR or TCR engineering starts from the uniform collection of peripheral blood T lymphocytes by a standard leukapheresis, and these cells are expanded and genetically engineered ex vivo in a reproducible manner. In conclusion, therapies for cancer that work should be approved by regulatory bodies, and there is little doubt that ACT will eventually become an approved mode of therapy. Generating the data from multicenter studies for full regulatory approval requires the involvement of biopharmaceutical industry, but an established business model for a personalized cell therapy does not currently exist.
When do people pay attention? Violence and non-violence in political movements and the differential media attention provided

Media can dictate what people see, but an individual’s choice in media consumption can also determine what stories the media report. This paper demonstrates that people show a greater interest in large-scale protests when the use of violence is employed, though this trend does not strongly hold in every case. Google search Trend data are analysed across five recent political movements to determine at which points in a movement media attention peaks. The data are compared to the timelines of these protests with a specific emphasis on when major violent events occurred. The level of violence that occurs in a movement is potentially correlated with how many times the region experiencing the movement is searched. Some movements however do a good job at generating attention without violence, and violence does not guarantee a large audience. The Google Trend data provide valuable information about what causes people to pay attention to world events and can be used to analyse political movements and potentially ...
Regulation of Angiogenesis and Tumorigenesis by Signal Transduction Cascades: Lessons from Benign and Malignant Endothelial Tumors

Oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes are implicated in the regulation of the angiogenic switch. Much of the data accumulated to date uses NIH 3T3 cells, which are deficient in the tumor suppressor gene p16, as models for these studies. We have used a novel system, derived by sequential introduction of a temperature-sensitive SV40 large T antigen and oncogenic H-ras, to study the angiogenic switch. The results from our studies differ from those using NIH3T3 cells, but have been confirmed by multiple other groups. The data from all of these studies suggest that there is synergy between inactivation of the p53 tumor suppressor gene and activation of the phosphoinositol-3-kinase pathway (PI-3-K), as well as synergy between inactivation of the p16 tumor suppressor gene and activation of the MAP kinase pathway. These findings suggest that there are predictable behaviors of tumors that may be assessed by the status of p53 or p16 in a biopsy, and that these predictable changes in signal transduction may be useful both prognostically and in the design of rationally based drug therapy of benign and malignant tumors.
Kinetics of the thermal degradation of poly(phenylene sulfide)

Abstract The thermal degradation behaviour of two commercial samples of poly(phenylene sulfide) (PPS), Ryton P-4 and Fortron 0205B4, has been examined by both dynamic and isothermal thermogravimetric analysis. The kinetic parameters, i.e. the pre-exponential term, log A , and the apparent activation energy E have been determined by applying the Kissinger and Ozawa-Flynn methods to the dynamic heating rate data, together with the values derived from the isothermal experiments using initial reaction rate data and using the whole data analysed by reduced-time-plots. The E values determined for the Ryton sample using these analyses were found to be 162, 183, 166 and 179 kJ mol −1 respectively. The Fortron sample gave the values 178, 169, 145 and 147 kJ mol −1 . Application of lifetime estimates to the kinetic data yields 10-year maximum temperature values of between 198 and 235°C and between 180 and 222°C for the Ryton and Fortron samples respectively. Lower values were obtained from the isothermal data which may reflect a thermal lag effect upon introduction of the samples.
Trends in fragment heating in the damped reaction 165Ho+56Fe at 7.2 MeV/nucleon.

Neutron folds in two high-efficiency neutron multiplicity meters (NMM) were measured in coincidence with projectilelike fragments from the $^{165}\mathrm{Ho}$${+}^{56}$Fe reaction at a low bombarding energy of ${\mathit{E}}_{\mathrm{lab}}$=7.2 MeV/nucleon. Utilizing a complex Monte Carlo procedure to simulate both the fragment decay cascades and the response of the NMM's, the average excitation energies of the fragments were deduced as functions of the total-kinetic-energy loss. The rather slow evolution of the experimental excitation energy partition from an equipartition at the initial stages of the collision towards its thermal equilibrium limit is found to be in quantitative agreement with the predictions of the one-body nucleon-exchange model.
PREDICTING GENERAL IT USE : APPLYING TAM TO THE ARABIC WORLD

Information technology adoption and use has been extensively studied in the industrialized world, yet there is dearth of knowledge regarding less developed countries (LDCs). The need for understanding how and why technology has or has not adopted by these potential knowledge workers is important for managers and providers alike. This study extends Davisâ€™ diffusion modelâ€”the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) â€” and builds toward an understanding of the problem and possible solutions. Toward that end, this study tested TAM successfully in five LDC Arab nations in the Middle East. In addition to demonstrating the robustness of TAM in the developing world, the study extends TAM methodology. This was accomplished by expanding TAMâ€™s artifact of study from specific technologies to generic personal computing. This is critical for understanding information technology adoption and use in the developing world where there may be formidable barriers to computer technology in general.
Specific heat of single phase Nb3Ge

Abstract For the first time, the specific heat of single phase, stoichiometric, high transition temperature (21.8 K) A-15 Nb 3 Ge has been measured. From the data between 4 and 29 K, the linear term coefficient, γ, of the specific heat is found to be 30.3±1. mJ/mole-K 2 and the Debye temperature, ∅ D , is 302±2 K. The bulk energy gap parameter, 2Δ/kT c , is found to be 4.2±0.2, in agreement with tunneling measurements.
A Fundamental Limit on the Heat Flux in the Control of Incompressible Channel Flow

This paper proves that there are no zero-net wall-transpiration control strategies that can sustain net heat flux below the laminar level in an incompressible channel flow with constant-temperature walls. The result represents a fundamental limit on the performance of a controlled nonlinear system as measured by a linear cost function over a broad class of admissible initial conditions and control inputs, not a zero-sum tradeoff in the frequency domain or time domain. Both buoyancy effects (via the Boussinesq approximation) and viscous heating effects are accounted for, and phenomenological justification for the result is also given. The boundedness of solutions of the two-way coupled Navier-Stokes/energy equations (when both buoyancy and viscous heating are accounted for) is also discussed, and a new proof of existence under an appropriate small-data assumption is provided.
An evaluation of the standard bubble time technique for the measurement of extracorporeal blood flow.

Manual BT is the standard techique to use when measuring Qb for dialysis. An electro-optical system (QB-1) was devised for the measurement of BT and its relationship to real Qb. We investigated the accuracy of standard manual timing methods, the roller pump induced effects of high amplitude low frequency pulses (HALFP), the fundamental pulse of flow (Lp), and the effect of hematocrit (HCT) on BT. Blood with 15, 24 and 38 HCT was used. During dialysis, BT's were measured manually and by QB-1. With Qb>200 ml/min, variations in length became insignificant. HCT did not influence BT at the values studied. In conclusion, 1) QB-1 is more accurate than manual measurements of BT, especially at higher Qb. 2) Qb>200 ml/min dampens the effects of HALFP at any length of tubing. 3) HCT has no effect on BT.
Inpatient Palliative Care and Patient Pain: Pre- and Post-Outcomes

Abstract Context Hospitalized patients with serious illness often receive inadequate pain and symptom management at the end of life. Objectives To test the effectiveness of an interdisciplinary inpatient palliative care (IPC) consultation program in the management of pain among seriously ill patients during hospitalization, and to examine IPC patient pain outcomes 10 days following hospital discharge. Methods A two-year pre-post study was conducted at a nonprofit health maintenance organization medical center in Los Angeles County. Hospital patients (n=484) aged 65 years and older with life-threatening, complex, chronic conditions received comprehensive assessment, pain and symptom relief, care planning, counseling, and other supportive services from an IPC team. Measures included self-reported pain at baseline, two and 24 hours following IPC intervention, discharge, and 10 days post-discharge. Results Mean pain was significantly different between baseline (1.56 ± 2.79) and two hours (0.91 ± 1.59; P Conclusion To the authors' knowledge, this is the first study to follow IPC patient pain after hospital discharge. Findings support IPC teams' effectiveness in managing pain during hospitalization but suggest a lack of continuity in pain management following discharge. Research exploring IPC patient post-discharge transition experiences will likely improve understanding of post-discharge pain outcomes.
Structural and morphological evolution of GaN grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition on SiC substrates using an AlN initial layer

Abstract The morphological and structural evolution is presented for GaN grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition on 25 nm thick or 150 nm thick AlN initial layers on (0 0 0 1) 4 H and 6 H SiC substrates. The 25 nm thick AlN on SiC was a rough, partially coalesced film, whereas the 150 nm thick AlN on SiC was smooth and was characterized by a step-terrace structure. Both the 25 and 150 nm thick AlN layers on SiC were nearly free of elastic strains. For both AlN initial layers, the GaN films grew by a coarse islanding mechanism. Measurement of the GaN (0 0 0 2) interplanar spacing shows that these islands were largely strain relaxed throughout the growth process. Plan view transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed a well developed misfit dislocation network at the GaN island/AlN interface. Cross sectional TEM revealed that these islands are free of threading dislocations (TDs) prior to coalescence. A simple, low-angle grain boundary model based on island misorientation at coalescence provides reasonable agreement with TD densities measured using plan view TEM. An electron mobility value as high as 818 cm 2 /V s has been measured at room temperature confirming a high degree of material quality.
“Shaping” of cell signaling via AKAP-tethered PDE4D: Probing with AKAR2-AKAP5 biosensor

Background PKA, a key regulator of cell signaling, phosphorylates a diverse and important array of target molecules and is spatially docked to members of the A-kinase Anchoring Protein (AKAP) family. AKAR2 is a biosensor which yields a FRET signal in vivo, when phosphorylated by PKA. AKAP5, a prominent member of the AKAP family, docks several signaling molecules including PKA, PDE4D, as well as GPCRs, and is obligate for the propagation of the activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade from GPCRs to ERK1,2.
Cold shock induces apoptosis of dorsal root ganglion neurons plated on infrared windows

The chemical status of live sensory neurons is accessible with infrared microspectroscopy of appropriately prepared cells. In this paper, individual dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons have been prepared with two different protocols, and plated on glass cover slips, BaF2 and CaF2 substrates. The first protocol exposes the intact DRGs to 4 °C for between 20–30 minutes before dissociating individual neurons and plating 2 hours later. The second protocol maintains the neurons at 23 °C for the entire duration of the sample preparation. The visual appearance of the neurons is similar. The viability was assessed by means of trypan blue exclusion method to determine the viability of the neurons. The neurons prepared under the first protocol (cold exposure) and plated on BaF2 reveal a distinct chemical signature and chemical distribution that is different from the other sample preparations described in the paper. Importantly, results for other sample preparation methods, using various substrates and temperature protocols, when compared across the overlapping spectral bandwidth, present normal chemical distribution within the neurons. The unusual chemically specific spatial variation is dominated by a lack of protein and carbohydrates in the center of the neurons and signatures of unraveling DNA are detected. We suggest that cold shock leads to apoptosis of DRGs, followed by osmotic stress originating from ion gradients across the cell membrane leading to cell lysis.
Synthesis of (tBu3SiNH)2ClW⋮WCl(NHSitBu3)2 and Its Degradation via NH Bond Activation

Treatment of NaW2Cl7(THF)5 with 4 equiv of tBu3SiNHLi afforded the C2 W(III) dimer [(tBu3SiNH)2WCl]2 (1, d(W⋮W) = 2.337(2) A), which is a rare, primary amide M2X4Y2 species. Its degradation provided evidence of NH bond activation by the ditungsten bond. Addition of 2 equiv of tBu3SiNHLi or TlOSitBu3 to 1 yielded H2 and hydride (tBu3SiN)2(tBu3SiNH)WH (2, d(WH) = 1.67(3) A) or (tBu3SiN)2(tBu3SiO)WH (3). Thermolysis (60 °C, 16 h) of 1 in py gave (tBu3SiN)2WHCl(py) (4-py, 40−50%), (tBu3SiN)2WCl2(py) (6-py, 10%), and (tBu3SiN)2HW(μ-Cl)(μ-H)2W(NSitBu3)py2 (5-py2, 5%), whereas thermolysis in DME produced (tBu3SiN)2WCl(OMe) (7, 30%), (tBu3SiN)2WCl2 (6, 20%), and (tBu3SiN)2HW(μ-Cl)(μ-H)2W(NSitBu3)DME (5-DME, 3%). Compound 7 was independently produced via thermolysis of 4-py and DME (−MeOEt, −py), and THF and ethylene oxide addition to hydride 2 gave (tBu3SiN)2(tBu3SiNH)WOnBu (8) and (tBu3SiN)2(tBu3SiNH)WOEt (9), respectively. Dichloride 6 was isolated from SnCl4 treatment of 1 with the loss of H2. Sequential NH bo...
N‐Phthaloyl‐dl‐alanine

In the title compound [systematic name: dl-2-(1,3-dioxoiso­indolin-2-yl)­propanoic acid], C11H9NO4, the propanoic acid and planar phthaloyl moieties adopt a staggered conformation. Molecules crystallize as centrosymmetric dimers linked by carboxyl O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds [O⋯O = 2.6005 (12) A and O—H⋯O = 174.8 (15)°].
Treatment of story grammar following traumatic brain injury: a pilot study

Recent investigations have documented a variety of discourse deficits following traumatic brain injuries (TBI). However, there is a paucity of information relating to the treatment of such deficits. The present study investigated the treatment of discourse production deficits, specifically story grammar ability, in an individual with TBI. Treatment emphasized meta-linguistic comprehension of story grammar structure and the identification and generation of episode components within stories. Over the course of treatment, a marked increase in the number of complete episodes generated by the individual with TBI was noted in story grammar probes. Follow-up probes at 1 and 3 months post-treatment, however, indicated limited carryover and poor generalization of the treatment effects. Findings are interpreted in terms of the individual's chronic cognitive deficits, disruptions in managerial knowledge, and the limitations of treating discourse acontextually.
Long-term treatment with lansoprazole of patients with duodenal ulcer and basal acid output of more than 15 mmol/h.

Background: About 10% of patients with duodenal ulcers have marked gastric acid hypersecretion with basal acid output (BAO) of more than 15 mmol/h, which is in the range found in Zollinger–Ellison syndrome. Patients and study design: We report long-term, up to 4 years, prospective treatment using lansoprazole in nine male patients with duodenal ulcers and a BAO of more than 15 mmol/h whose results are compared with those in 10 male Zollinger–Ellison syndrome patients with intact stomachs reported in detail in an accompanying paper. Results: All 19 subjects, except one Zollinger–Ellison syndrome patient who had gastric and oesophageal ulcers, had a history of duodenal ulcers; 22% of those with gastric acid hypersecretion had oesophagitis compared with 60% of those with Zollinger–Ellison syndrome. Each subject had the dose of lansoprazole adjusted to give a BAO of less than 5 mmol/h. At 3-month intervals to 1 year, and then at 6-monthly intervals, basal and pentagastrin stimulated secretions were studied, in addition to gastroscopy with biopsy for gastric mucosal morphology. Basal and maximal acid and pepsin secretions were not different between gastric acid hypersecretion and Zollinger–Ellison syndrome patients before treatment. During treatment, BAO was reduced by over 90% to less than 2 mmol/h, while peak acid output was reduced by 70% in those with gastric acid hypersecretion and 90% in Zollinger–Ellison syndrome patients. Four gastric acid hypersecretion patients had relapses during treatment, three times in one patient and twice in another patient, but all responded to continued treatment with lansoprazole. Of the seven ulcer-related relapses in the gastric acid hypersecretion patients, four occurred with a BAO of less than 2 mmol/h and three with a BAO of 7.1–7.3 mmol/h; five of the seven relapses occurred in the absence of Helicobacter pylori. Lansoprazole remained effective at an average dose of ≈70 mg/day, without causing any side-effects. Conclusion: Lansoprazole is apparently safe and effective for treating hypersecretion, whether due to hypergastrinaemia (Zollinger–Ellison syndrome) or not (non-Zollinger–Ellison syndrome hypersecretors).
Practical Issues in Compiling Typed Unification Grammars for Speech Recognition

Current alternatives for language modeling are statistical techniques based on large amounts of training data, and hand-crafted context-free or finite-state grammars that are difficult to build and maintain. One way to address the problems of the grammar-based approach is to compile recognition grammars from grammars written in a more expressive formalism. While theoretically straight-forward, the compilation process can exceed memory and time bounds, and might not always result in accurate and efficient speech recognition. We will describe and evaluate two approaches to this compilation problem. We will also describe and evaluate additional techniques to reduce the structural ambiguity of the language model.
The Long-Term Outcome of Early Onset Anorexia Nervosa: A Critical Review

Abstract Anorexia nervosa is a serious psychosomatic disorder which most typically begins between 16 and 18 years of age. Clinicians have often held that early age of onset (e.g. age 11 to 15) is associated with a better outcome. This paper reviews the long-term outcome studies on anorexia nervosa and concludes that this contention is not supported by available data. The methodologies of 7 outcome studies which focus on an early onset population are critiqued, and it is concluded that 2 are strong. Because of the increasing prevalence of anorexia nervosa, this once rare disorder can now be more easily investigated, and consequently better follow-up studies which examine potential prognostic factors, including age of onset, should be forthcoming.
Perception of the impact of type 1 diabetes on low-income families.

PurposeThe purpose of this study was to explore the psychosocial impact of type 1 diabetes (T1DM) on low-income families of various racial/ethnic backgrounds.MethodsA qualitative study using qualitative descriptive methods was conducted with a total of 21 patient-parent dyads from African American, Hispanic, and white heritage, respectively. An interview guide was developed to explore each family’s attitudes and beliefs related to diabetes.ResultsAlthough all subjects were in excellent metabolic control (mean A1C levels were between 7.3% and 7.6%), there were a number of identifiable differences in the perception of the impact of T1DM among the 3 groups. Themes in the data demonstrated differences in the following areas: (1) view of diabetes and its effects on the family; (2) ability to successfully treat diabetes; (3) ability to cope with diabetes; and (4) experiences with the health care system. Most notable themes include a disparity across racial/ethnic groups in the preoccupation with the disease aft...
The Ethnic Context of Child and Adolescent Problem Behavior: Implications for Child and Family Interventions

This article links the empirical literature on race and ethnicity in developmental psychopathology with interventions designed to reduce adolescent problem behavior. We present a conceptual framework in which culture is endogenous to the socialization of youth and the development of specific self-regulatory strategies. The importance of cultural influence is identified at three levels: (a) intrapersonal developmental processes (e.g., ethnic identity development, development of coping modifies mechanisms and self-regulatory mechanisms), (b) family socialization processes (e.g., racial and ethnic socialization), and (c) interaction with larger societal contexts (e.g., maintenance of bicultural competence in adapting to mainstream and ethnic cultures). We discuss limitations of current assessment and intervention practices that focus on reducing adolescent problem behavior with respect to the cultural issues identified above. We propose that empirically supported adaptive and tailored interventions for adolescent problem behavior are optimal for serving multicultural children and families. To empower such interventions to better serve children and families of color, it is essential that assessments that guide the adaptation and tailoring process include culturally salient dynamics such as ethnic identity, racial socialization, and culturally informed parenting practices.
From Lévy flights to the fractional kinetic equation for dynamical chaos

Chaotic dynamics of Hamiltonian systems can be described by the random process which resembles the Levy-type flights and trappings in the phase space of a system. The probability distribution function satisfies the fractional in space and time generalization of the Fokker-Planck-Kolmogorov equation. Orders of the fractional derivatives in space and time can be connected to the Pesin's dimensions of the trajectories. A new look on the problem of Maxwell's Demon is discussed in the context of the anomalous (“strange”) kinetics.
Coronary Heart Disease Risks Associated with High Levels of HDL Cholesterol

Background The association between high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and coronary heart disease (CHD) events is not well described in individuals with very high levels of HDL-C (>80 mg/dL). Methods and Results Using pooled data from 6 community-based cohorts we examined CHD and total mortality risks across a broad range of HDL-C, including values in excess of 80 mg/dL. We used Cox proportional hazards models with penalized splines to assess multivariable, adjusted, sex-stratified associations of HDL-C with the hazard for CHD events and total mortality, using HDL-C 45 mg/dL and 55 mg/dL as the referent in men and women, respectively. Analyses included 11 515 men and 12 925 women yielding 307 245 person-years of follow-up. In men, the association between HDL-C and CHD events was inverse and linear across most HDL-C values; however at HDL-C values >90 mg/dL there was a plateau effect in the pattern of association. In women, the association between HDL-C and CHD events was inverse and linear across lower values of HDL-C, however at HDL-C values >75 mg/dL there were no further reductions in the hazard ratio point estimates for CHD. In unadjusted models there were increased total mortality risks in men with very high HDL-C, however mortality risks observed in participants with very high HDL-C were attenuated after adjustment for traditional risk factors. Conclusions We did not observe further reductions in CHD risk with HDL-C values higher than 90 mg/dL in men and 75 mg/dL in women.
Rapid Electron Transfer to Photosystem I and Unusual Spectral Features of Cytochrome c6 in Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002 in Vivo

Cytochrome c6 donates electrons to photosystem I (PS I) in Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002. In this work, we provide evidence for rapid electron transfer (t1/2 = 3 μs) from cytochrome c6 to PS I in this cyanobacterium in vivo, indicating prefixation of the reduced donor protein to the photosystem. We have investigated the cytochrome c6−PS I interaction by laser flash-induced spectroscopy of intact and broken cells and by redox titrations of membrane and supernatant fractions. Redox studies revealed the expected membrane-bound cytochrome f, b6, and b559 species and two soluble cytochromes with α-band absorption peaks of 551 and 553 nm and midpoint potentials of −100 and 370 mV, respectively. The characteristics and the symmetrical α-band spectrum of the latter correspond to typical cyanobacterial cytochrome c6 proteins. Rapid oxidation of cytochrome c6 by PS I in vivo results in a unique, asymmetric oxidation spectrum, which differs significantly from the spectra obtained for cytochrome c6 in solution. The basi...
COAST: the controller's assistant

COAST, the Controller's Assistant, is a semi-automated player of the CBS wargame training simulation. It uses rule-based techniques to maneuver a collection of platoons through a complex infiltration mission in response to a single high-level order from a CBS controller. CBS is driven by orders from controllers of the simulation. It delivers a great deal of internal state information to the controllers' work stations. COAST monitors this information flow, and controls the infiltrating units by sending orders of its own. Infiltrating units are controlled by two tiers of rules. Each unit has a plan, or job-list, containing the jobs it must successfully complete. Each job has a cluster of job rules, which enable the unit to carry out that job. Over the job rules are the control rules, which plan the job-list for each unit and handle contingencies.
IL10 and PD-1 Cooperate to Limit the Activity of Tumor-Specific CD8+ T Cells

Immune checkpoint inhibitors show great promise as therapy for advanced melanoma, heightening the need to determine the most effective use of these agents. Here, we report that programmed death-1high (PD-1high) tumor antigen (TA)-specific CD8+ T cells present at periphery and at tumor sites in patients with advanced melanoma upregulate IL-10 receptor (IL-10R) expression. Multiple subsets of peripheral blood mononucleocytes from melanoma patients produce IL-10, which acts directly on IL-10R+ TA-specific CD8+ T cells to limit their proliferation and survival. PD-1 blockade augments expression of IL-10R by TA-specific CD8+ T cells, thereby increasing their sensitivity to the immunosuppressive effects of endogenous IL-10. Conversely, IL-10 blockade strengthened the effects of PD-1 blockade in expanding TA-specific CD8+ T cells and reinforcing their function. Collectively, our findings offer a rationale to block both IL-10 and PD-1 to strengthen the counteraction of T cell immunosuppression and enhance the activity of TA-specific CD8+ T cell in advanced melanoma patients.