cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chapter 11. Antithrombotic Agents

Publisher Summary Anticoagulant drugs have proven useful in treating or preventing venous thrombosis, their efficacy in cases of arterial thrombosis is open to serious question. The role of platelet aggregation in arterial thrombosis has recently received a great deal of attention, and a number of agents have been described that are capable of inhibiting platelet aggregation. Fibrinolysis remains an intriguing concept for both preventing and treating intravascular thrombosis but also has yet to be proven practical for extensive clinical use. This chapter summarizes important findings with regard to these classes of drugs. The role of platelets in rapidly developing, severe atherosclerosis represents an approach to plaque formation, which may have important therapeutic implications. Immunologic endothelial injury, induced experimentally or clinically because of tissue transplantation, leads to rapid plaque formation. Clinical anticoagulation is currently managed with either heparin or the coumarin like compounds. With respect to progress in the non-enzymatic fibrinolytic category, a series of monosubstituted bis (tetrahydroisoquinolines) related to bisobrin have been reported. Many of these analogues were found to induce parenteral fibrinolytic activity comparable to bisobrin in rats as measured in the dilute whole blood clot-lysis assay but none possessed a useful level of oral activity. Inicarone, a benzarone analogue, has been reported to exert potent, long lasting fibrinolytic effects in plasma and in the vascular wall of experimental animals through activation of plasminogen without effect on coagulation steps.
An Automatic Liquid Nitrogen Distribution System for Twenty-Five Cold Traps

The filling of individual liquid nitrogen cold traps manually or automatically from 50-liter dewars had been standard practice since 1951 at the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory’s accelerator facility. Many LN2 traps are employed in the high-vacuum system between the oil diffusion pumps and the high vacua required in the accelerator beam tubes.
Brief report: stress-inducible nuclear protein 1 regulates matrix metalloproteinase 13 expression in human articular chondrocytes

Objective Nuclear protein 1 (Nupr1) is a stress-inducible protein that is involved in gene transcription. The present study was undertaken to determine whether chondrocytes express Nupr1 and whether Nupr1 regulates matrix metalloproteinase 13 (MMP-13) expression. Methods Paraffin-embedded cartilage sections from normal human and osteoarthritic (OA) cartilage were immunostained using anti-Nupr1 antibody. To measure Nupr1 expression, total RNA was isolated from joint tissue obtained 8 weeks after surgery from young (12-week-old) and older (12-month-old) mice that underwent destabilization of the medial meniscus (DMM) to induce OA. Human chondrocytes were stimulated with 1–10 ng/ml interleukin-1β (IL-1β), 25 μM tert-butyl-hydroperoxide (tBHP), or 2 μM thapsigargin, and Nupr1 expression was analyzed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. In addition, chondrocytes were transfected with small interfering RNA to knock down Nupr1 expression and then stimulated overnight with IL-1β. After incubation, the conditioned medium was collected and MMP levels measured. Results Increased Nupr1 immunostaining was noted in human OA cartilage compared to normal cartilage. Expression was also increased in joint tissue from 12-month-old mice that underwent DMM surgery compared to sham-operated controls. Stimulation of chondrocytes with IL-1β induced a 2-fold increase in Nupr1 messenger RNA (mRNA) within 1 hour, with the increase peaking to 4-fold at 6 hours. Treatment of chondrocytes with tBHP to induce oxidative stress increased Nupr1 mRNA expression by >2-fold; treatment with thapsigargin to induce endoplasmic reticulum stress did not produce a similar effect. Knockdown of Nupr1 inhibited IL-1β–mediated induction of MMP-13. Conclusion Nupr1 is expressed in cartilage, and its levels are increased in OA. Nupr1 expression is required for IL-1β–mediated expression of MMP-13. These findings provide evidence of a novel pathway for regulation of IL-1β–mediated production of MMPs in chondrocytes.
Pedagogical Notes on Classical Casimir Effects

Abstract Quantum electrodynamics (QED) gives finite values for properties for which pre-QED calculations give infinity. One can take the difference between two infinities. For the (Casimir) interactions between two ideal uncapped parallel plates at a temperature T = 0 , for example, the (renormalized) energy per unit area, E ¯ ( T = 0 ) , the difference between the unrenormalized energies of the virtual photons in the region between the plates in the presence and absence of the plates, is finite. The same is true for T > 0 , where real photons are also present: one then considers both E ¯ ( T ) and the (renormalized) free energy per unit area, E ¯ ( T ) . For T ∼ ∞ , the real photons dominate and E ¯ ( T ∼ ∞ ) becomes classical ( ℏ -independent). The (renormalized) classical result E ¯ Cl can also be obtained within a classical framework, the ultraviolet catastrophe notwithstanding. One finds that E ¯ ( T ) ( not E ¯ ( T ) ) is zero. We give a more “physical” proof of that fact than the original proof. Thus, since the classical energy per mode is k B T , E ¯ ( T ∼ ∞ ) = k B T Δ N ¯ , where Δ N ¯ is the difference between the number of modes per unit area in the region between the plates in the presence and absence of the plates. That Δ N ¯ = 0 is not obvious; the plates are uncapped and the adiabatic theorem is not immediately applicable. The evaluation of Δ N ¯ reduces to a one-dimensional problem for which the adiabatic theorem is immediately applicable, so that Δ N ¯ = 0 and therefore E ¯ Cl = 0 . We comment briefly on a few other Casimir effects.
Adaptive regulation in the amoral bazaar

Changes in science, law and society are shaping new directions for administrative law. The traditional doctrinal framework within which we view how law should regulate government and private economic activity is becoming antiquated. To explain why this is the case, the article outlines the basic premises of prevailing doctrine and its growing shortcomings. Then numerous new developments in our understanding of the social ecologies through which law and regulation are transfused are described. Some implications for the way in which we need to think about future regulation in order to be more effective in this complex world are explored. We are moving from a framework of directive regulation to one that has to become much more adaptive. Examples are used from the world of financial services, but they can be found everywhere in the area of regulation. While this article focuses on understanding markets as evolutionary social ecologies and the consequences for administrative law and regulation, it is equally important to emphasise that these 'amoral bazaars' be grounded on a foundation of moral aspiration and integrity. The article therefore concludes that we ignore at our peril the urgent responsibility of redeveloping a moral framework within which markets should operate.
Residential mobility and change and continuity in parenting processes.

This research investigates the association between residential mobility and changes in parenting style and parental monitoring using panel data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 on adolescents aged 14–18 (N = 2,631). Logistic and multinomial logistic regression results indicate that moving is significantly associated with an increase in parental monitoring for fathers and sons, but not mothers and daughters. Residential mobility is also associated with changes in parenting style for mothers and fathers. However, specific changes in parenting styles for residentially mobile mothers and fathers depend upon the parenting style exhibited before the move. These changes also depend upon the gender composition of the parent–child relationship.
Policy coordination and risk premium in foreign exchange markets for major EU currencies

Abstract This study investigates cointegration, policy coordination and the risk premium in foreign exchange markets for major EU currencies since the inception of the EMU in January 1999. The results show that only the krone and the pound are cointegrated with the euro. Tests of inflation convergence and analyses of reduced-form and structural VARs indicate that the cointegration evidence reflects the relatively stronger degree of monetary policy coordination and at least the de facto fixed exchange rate regime of Denmark and the U.K. with the EMU. Additionally, cointegration of spot exchange rates can be considered one of the factors that represent the time-varying risk premium due to its explanatory power for the return to forward speculation.
Nitric Oxide Modulates the Activity of Tobacco Aconitase

Recent evidence suggests an important role for nitric oxide (NO) signaling in plant-pathogen interactions. Additional elucidation of the role of NO in plants will require identification of NO targets. Since aconitases are major NO targets in animals, we examined the effect of NO on tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) aconitase. The tobacco aconitases, like their animal counterparts, were inhibited by NO donors. The cytosolic aconitase in animals, in addition to being a key redox and NO sensor, is converted by NO into an mRNA binding protein (IRP, or iron-regulatory protein) that regulates iron homeostasis. A tobacco cytosolic aconitase gene (NtACO1) whose deduced amino acid sequence shared 61% identity and 76% similarity with the human IRP-1 was cloned. Furthermore, residues involved in mRNA binding by IRP-1 were conserved in NtACO1. These results reveal additional similarities between the NO signaling mechanisms used by plants and animals.
Immunocompetent Cells in the Blood of Immunized Chickens

Abstract INTRODUCTION ANTIGEN stimulation initiates the production of specific antibody that reaches a peak concentration in the blood several days later. Concomittant with the antibody response are characteristic histological changes in the activated lymphoid tissues, the proliferation of lymphocytes and differentiation of plasma cells (Leduc et al., 1955; Urso and Makinodan, 1963; Hanna et al., 1966). Direct correlation between the increase in antibody output and an increase in antibody-forming cells in the activated lymphoid organs of mammals have been clearly demonstrated with the agar plaque technic (Jerne et al., 1963) and the immunocytoadherence test (Biozzi et al., 1967). Adoptive immunity experiments have confirmed that spleen and lymph node of antigen-primed mammals contain cells capable of antibody synthesis in suitable hosts (Mitchison, 1957; Albright et al., 1964). Antigen stimulates immunological stem cells to proliferate and produce (a) populations of antibody-forming cells, and (b) reserves of immunologically activated precursors and memory cells which…
Dielectric-Lined Circular Deflectors for Ultrahigh-Energy Beam Separators

Circular deflectors lined with boron nitride, beryllia, and alumina are studied for application to ultrahigh-energy beam separators. These deflectors are designed at an aperture of 1 cm2 at 5.6 and 8.5 GHz. The attenuation length, transverse shunt impedance, and group velocity are presented in graphs.
Transcriptional Rewiring: The Proof Is in the Eating

Transcriptional rewiring is an emerging evolutionary principle. Analysis of the galactose genetic pathway in Candida albicans and comparison with the classical pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae have revealed remarkable differences in its regulation in the two yeasts.
A Strategy for Long Term Role-Play in the Second Language Classroom.

ABSTRACT: This paper describes an eight-week model role-play project applicable to adult-, college-, and secondary-level second-language classes, in which students create and adopt an assumed identity. The result of this strategy is greater variety in the students' acquired vocabulary, improved written work, enriched cultural knowledge, and a far-from-routine classroom atmosphere
Depressed atrial inotropic response in the rat with chronic ethanol ingestion.

Abstract Consumption of ethanol for long periods of time has been correlated with cardiac dysfunction as well as changes in function of the autonomic nervous system. This study looked at the effect of chronic ethanol ingestion on atrial contractility and atrial muscarinic and beta adrenoreceptors. Male Long-Evans hooded rats were pair-fed on ethanol (E) or normal (N) liquid diet for 40 weeks. The E diet supplied 35–39% of calories as ethanol. The atria from E rats had significantly lower baseline and peak contractility. They also showed a higher incidence of failure induced by isoproterenol. There was no difference in concentration or binding characteristics of β-adrenoreceptors or muscarinic receptors. The data suggest that the negative inotropism caused by ethanol ingestion is the result of some mechanism other than changes in autonomic receptors.
Afghanistan after the Soviets: From jihad to tribalism

In 1989 the Soviet Union withdrew its forces from Afghanistan leaving the embattled Afghan Communist government of President Mohammad Najibullah to fight against an emboldened mujahideen insurgency. Most experts expected a quick mujahideen victory once the Soviets were no longer directly involved in counterinsurgency operations in support of the Afghan government. But in the spring of 1989 the Afghan Communists beat the odds and defeated a mujahideen rebel offensive designed to capture the eastern city of Jalalabad. This proved to be a turning point, and for the next three years the Najibullah regime held out against the mujahideen ‘freedom fighters’. In fact the Afghan Communist regime actually outlasted its sponsor the Soviet Union. The reasons for this remarkable achievement can be traced, in part, to ethnic–tribal divisions among the quarreling mujahideen parties and the Afghan government's ability to exploit them. This largely untold story has obvious implications for understanding the future of post...
Pollution-related variable input-output model: The Tulsa SMSA as a case study☆

Abstract Regional planners face conflicting goals of promoting regional growth and maintaining a cleaner environment since such growth usually causes polluted air. To help understand this complex relationship, pollution-related variable input-output model is developed. An interesting feature of this model is its ability to respond to both income and substitution effects. The pollution may be created not only by an increase in final demand (income effect) but also by a change in input cost (substitution effect). The conventional pollution related input-output model ( W. Leontief and D. Ford, in “Input-Output Techniques” (A. Brody and A. P. Carter, Eds.), North-Holland, Amsterdam (1972) ) fails to capture the pollution effect associated with the substitution effect. Using the Tulsa SMSA as a case study, the operational impact of entry of a bicycle industry in the area to observe the development potential of other industries and resulting impact on air quality is simulated. Industrial impact was measured in terms of industrial output, personal income, employment, and regional import and export. The pollution impact was measured in terms of particulates, sulfur oxides, hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide, and nitrogen oxides. The simulation analysis of antipollution control measures emphasized the substitution effect of the pollution-related variable input-output model. As input cost is increased due to antipollution control measures, equilibrium prices are increased, and technical coefficients are changed as a result of substituting behavior of firms. A change in technical coefficients affects both the output and the pollutants.
Detection of viable Salmonella typhimurium by impedance measurement of electrode capacitance and medium resistance

Three-electrode electrochemical impedance technique was investigated for detection of Salmonella typhimurium by monitoring the growth of bacteria in selenite cystine (SC) broth supplemented with trimethylamine oxide hydrochloride (TMAO.HCl) and mannitol (M). The change in the system impedance during the growth of bacteria was studied using frequency spectral scanning. It was found that the impedance at low frequencies ( 10 kHz), the system impedance mainly depended on the medium resistance. The adsorption of bacteria on the electrode surface was detected by measuring low frequency impedance, and verified with Faradic impedance spectroscopy. Enumeration of S. typhimurium using a low frequency (1 Hz) capacitance measurement and a high frequency (1 MHz) resistance measurement were compared. The detection times were determined for quantitative analysis based on the growth curves of bacteria referring to either the medium resistance or electrode capacitance. The regression equations for the detection times (t(d), h) and the initial cell number (N, cells.ml(-1)) were t(d)=-1.24logN+13.4 with R(2)=0.98 and t(d)=-1.40logN+14.46 with R(2)=0.97 for the medium resistance and electrode capacitance methods, respectively.
Surgical intervention is not required for all patients with subclavian vein thrombosis

Abstract Purpose: The role of thoracic outlet decompression in the treatment of primary axillary-subclavian vein thrombosis remains controversial. The timing and indications for surgery are not well defined, and thoracic outlet procedures may be associated with infrequent, but significant, morbidity. We examined the outcomes of patients treated with or without surgery after the results of initial thrombolytic therapy and a short period of outpatient anticoagulation. Methods: Patients suspected of having a primary deep venous thrombosis underwent an urgent color-flow venous duplex ultrasound scan, followed by a venogram and catheter-directed thrombolysis. They were then converted from heparin to outpatient warfarin. Patients who remained asymptomatic received anticoagulants for 3 months. Patients who, at 4 weeks, had persistent symptoms of venous hypertension and positional obstruction of the subclavian vein, venous collaterals, or both demonstrated by means of venogram underwent thoracic outlet decompression and postoperative anticoagulation for 1 month. Results: Twenty-two patients were treated between June 1996 and June 1999. Of the 18 patients who received catheter-directed thrombolysis, complete patency was achieved in eight patients (44%), and partial patency was achieved in the remaining 10 patients (56%). Nine of 22 patients (41%) did not require surgery, and the remaining 13 patients underwent thoracic outlet decompression through a supraclavicular approach with scalenectomy, first-rib resection, and venolysis. Recurrent thrombosis developed in only one patient during the immediate period of anticoagulation. Eleven of 13 patients (85%) treated with surgery and eight of nine patients (89%) treated without surgery sustained durable relief of their symptoms and a return to their baseline level of physical activity. All patients who underwent surgery maintained their venous patency on follow-up duplex scanning imaging. Conclusion: Not all patients with primary axillary-subclavian vein thrombosis require surgical intervention. A period of observation while patients are receiving oral anticoagulation for at least 1 month allows the selection of patients who will do well with nonoperative therapy. Patients with persistent symptoms and venous obstruction should be offered thoracic outlet decompression. Chronic anticoagulation is not required in these patients. (J Vasc Surg 2000;32:57-67.)
Changes in phosphoglucose isomerase activity in a developmental system

Abstract Phosphoglucose isomerase activity was identified and partially characterized in the root apex of Zea mays , utilizing homogenates and frozen, dried, 50 μ serial sections from the first two millimeters of primary roots. These sections were analyzed for dry weight, protein content and PGI activity. The determinations were related to the number of cells in each section. On the basis of dry weight, protein content or per cell, higher PGI activity was demonstrated in the rootcap than was demonstrated in the root proper. Some evidence was obtained to suggest that a more active isomerase in the rootcap could be responsible for this high level of activity. An 18- to 19-fold purification of the enzyme was achieved by starch gel electrophoresis. Changes in PGI activity along the developmental axis of the root indicated a low level of activity in the region of cell division and a general increase in activity in the region of cell enlargement.
A retrospective comparison of cumulative time spent in remission during treatment with olanzapine or risperidone among patients with schizophrenia

Abstract Background Available studies suggest comparable efficacy of olanzapine and risperidone for the treatment of schizophrenia over the short term. Method This retrospective analysis of data from a 28-week, double-blind, schizophrenia trial compared the cumulative amount of time that patients met severity criteria for remission during olanzapine (10–20 mg/day) or risperidone (4–12 mg/day) treatment. Results The percentage cumulative time spent in remission was 40% for olanzapine- and 31% for risperidone-treated patients ( P = 0.03) using Definition 1 (PANSS items P1, P2, P3, N1, N4, N6, G5, G9 ≤ 3), and 18% and 11% ( P = 0.01), respectively, using Definition 2 (BPRS Total reduced 50%, BPRS psychosis items ≤ 3, CGI-severity ≤ 3). Conclusion During 28 weeks of treatment, olanzapine-treated patients spent more cumulative time in remission than risperidone-treated patients.
Strong Field Ionization Imaging of Electron Dynamics

Theory for ionization imaging for two dissociating nitrogen and bromine molecules is presented. It is shown how strong field ionization can be used to image dynamical electron rearrangement during dissociation.
Imaging of cystic diseases of the pancreas

Although the majority of cystic lesions of the pancreas seen in clinical practice represent postinflammatory pseudocysts, it is important for the radiologist to be knowledgeable of the wide spectrum of cystic masses of the pancreas and the variable prognoses they possess. As a result of similarities in the imaging features of these lesions, a definitive diagnosis is often not possible. By combining imaging features with clinical history, a reasonable differential diagnosis can be offered to the referring physician. In some cases, biopsy or fluid aspiration may be required prior to surgery. In a patient without the appropriate history of pancreatitis and the presence of a cystic pancreatic mass, it is incumbent upon the radiologist to offer alternative diagnoses of cystic neoplasms of the pancreas.
Geometric compression through topological surgery

The abundance and importance of complex 3-D data bases in major industry segments, the affordability of interactive 3-D rendering for office and consumer use, and the exploitation of the Internet to distribute and share 3-D data have intensified the need for an effective 3-D geometric compression technique that would significantly reduce the time required to transmit 3-D models over digital communication channels, and the amount of memory or disk space required to store the models. Because the prevalent representation of 3-D models for graphics purposes is polyhedral and because polyhedral models are in general triangulated for rendering, this article introduces a new compressed representation for complex triangulated models and simple, yet efficient, compression and decompression algorithms. In this scheme, vertex positions are quantized within the desired accuracy, a vertex spanning tree is used to predict the position of each vertex from 2,3, or 4 of its ancestors in the tree, and the correction vectors are entropy encoded. Properties, such as normals, colors, and texture coordinates, are compressed in a similar manner. The connectivity is encoded with no loss of information to an average of less than two bits per triangle. The vertex spanning tree and a small set of jump edges are used to split the model into a simple polygon. A triangle spanning tree and a sequence of marching bits are used to encode the triangulation of the polygon. Our approach improves on Michael Deering's pioneering results by exploiting the geometric coherence of several ancestors in the vertex spanning tree, preserving the connectivity with no loss of information, avoiding vertex repetitions, and using about three fewer bits for the connectivity. However, since decompression requires random access to all vertices, this method must be modified for hardware rendering with limited onboard memory. Finally, we demonstrate implementation results for a variety of VRML models with up to two orders of magnitude compression.
Cultural Determinants of Information Processing Shortcuts in Computer Supported Groups: A Review, Research Agenda and Instrument Validation

Organizations are constantly engaged in actions. If an organization does not take actions, it cannot remain solvent, and if the organization consistently exercises poor judgment in the actions that it takes, it is destined to fail. Organizations do not have minds, and they do not make decisions, they are institutions that empower individual agents to make decisions on their behalf, and empower other individuals to carry out the actions associated with these decisions. These decision making agents can be individuals or groups. The complex nature of organizational decisions creates information overload for individual agents, causing them to engage in a number of information processing shortcuts, which threaten the quality of their decisions. While groups can overcome some of the problems associated with information overload, they are prone to their own shortcomings related to communication and coordination. Decision Support Systems DSS and Group Support Systems GSS respectively have been employed in an attempt to overcome some of these shortcuts and shortcomings and studies have had mixed results but generally indicate that these technologies are effective Chan & Limsuwan, 2012. However information processing researchers have not explored the potential moderators between a information overload and information processing shortcuts or b communication and coordination problems and group shortcomings. The study proposed in this paper is a first attempt at those ends: a first we build hypotheses linking cultural factors to information processing shortcuts, both individual and group; b then we outline a study to test these relationships; c finally, we validate an instrument to test these hypotheses.
A mastery learning model for assessing competency of medical students using portfolios

Introduction: Student assessment in most medical schools relies on a combination of multiple-choice examinations to test factual knowledge, OSCEs (Objective Structured Clinical Examinations) scored by standardized patients or observing faculty to test clinical skills, and global assessments of knowledge, skills and professionalism (“attitudes”) by faculty and residents on clerkships. Such assessment processes reinforce a reliance on “grading” by authority figures, as opposed to the self-assessment needed to become effective self-directed learners. Our objective was to create a student assessment process that would specifically develop students’ skills of reflective practice – their ability to accurately describe, analyze and evaluate their performance and to identify and follow through on effective learning plans – using multiple formative assessments of achievement of faculty-defined competencies.
Coagulation abnormalities in serial double‐filtration plasmapheresis

Intensive plasma exchange can transiently alter the hemostatic system. However, the effect of serial double filtration plasmapheresis (DFP) on the hemostatic system has not been adequately described. In this study, we sought to characterize the hemostatic effects of DFP in 32 myasthenia gravis patients who received one course of DFP treatment for five consecutive sessions within 10 days. Platelet count, prothrombin time (PT), partial thromboplastin time (PTT), and serum levels of albumin, globulin, cholesterol, and fibrinogen were measured before and after the course of DFP. Patients were divided into mild hypofibrinogenemia (MH) and severe hypofibrinogenemia (SH) groups based on post-plasmapheresis residual levels of fibrinogen above or below 70 mg/dl. The baseline fibrinogen level was significantly lower in the SH group (P < 0.01). After five sessions of DFP, the fibrinogen level was reduced to below 70 mg/dl in 14 patients (44%). The percentage of excessive prolongation of PT or PTT was significantly higher in the SH group. The SH group also had higher reduction rates of globulin and cholesterol (P < 0.05). Oozing in the punctured site of the central venous catheter occurred in 6 out of 26 patients, with four cases in the MH group and two in the SH group. There was no difference in the overall incidence of bleeding complications between the two groups. Only one episode of clinically overt bleeding occurred during the study after a large-bore femoral catheter was removed soon after the patient had received five consecutive daily treatments. The bleeding stopped after transfusion of 6 units of fresh frozen plasma. In conclusion, despite the obvious reduction of fibrinogen level and the modest decrease in platelet count after an intensive course of DFP treatment, the low incidence of clinically overt bleeding confirmed the safety of DFP.
Review of Quantitative and Automated Needle Electromyographic Analyses

Conventional clinical electromyography involves subjective interpretation of the signal recorded from human muscle. A variety of recognition techniques have been applied to obtain objective quantitative tmeasures. This paper reviews the evolution of analytic techniques applied to the electromyogram. Included are a discussion of motor unit action potentials (amplitude, duration, and shape), their identification and interaction within an interference pattern, and application of mathematical modeling techniques to the analysis of complex interference patterns. The clinical applications of current electromyographic analyses are summarized.
Simulation for emergency response: JTLS-JCATS federation support of emergency response training

The Joint Warfighting Center (JWFC) supports Combatant Commander exercise programs with several simulation suites. Ten years ago simulated scenarios involved combat. Increasingly, however, scenarios depict crises requiring humanitarian assistance, disaster relief, or similar emergency response (ER). JWFC responded to the change in scenario requirements by developing a simulation suite using existing Joint Simulations and the High Level Architecture (HLA). This paper briefly introduces JWFC's concept of simulation-based exercise support and recommends its application to training and exercising members of an Emergency Operations Center (EOC) or other ER management staff. The bulk of the paper describes federating the Joint Theater Level Simulation (JTLS) with the Joint Conflict and Tactical Simulation (JCATS). The paper presents a notional scenario involving the simulated detonation of a chemical weapon and articulates how the decisions made by the training audience, members of an EOC, result in simulated actions and events taken to mitigate casualties.
Exact solution of the Heisenberg equation of motion for the surface spin in a semi-infinite S=1/2 XY chain at infinite temperatures.

The Heisenberg equation of motion for the surface spin operator in a semi-infinite S=1/2 XY chain is exactly solved at infinite temperatures via the recurrence-relations method of Lee. It is found that the time evolution of the surface spin shows Bessel-like on-site relaxation that is drastically different from the corresponding Gaussian relaxation of a bulk spin. This difference is shown to be related to broken translational symmetry in the former case. The memory function and the random force for the surface spin is exactly determined. It is found that the surface spin dynamics is, in some sense, ``harmonic'' in nature.
Magma migration beneath an ocean ridge

Abstract Basaltic volcanism which forms the oceanic crust at mid-ocean ridges is the result of pressure release melting associated with ascending mantle convection. We present a model that gives the distribution of melting beneath the ridge and the subsequent migration of magma through the asthenosphere. In order to produce the degree of partial melting associated with the basaltic rocks making up the ocean crust, melting must extend to a depth of at least 70 km. Small degrees of partial melting are expected to result in an interconnected permeability along grain intersections. Due to the differential buoyancy of the magma relative to the residual solid the magma will be rapidly driven upwards. Solid-state creep allows the solid matrix to collapse as the magma migrates upwards and the lithostatic pressure in the matrix is nearly equal to the fluid pressure in the magma. The percentage partial melt present is only slightly greater than that necessary for the development of interconnected permeability and is much less than the degree of partial melting. The first partial melt fraction produced at the greatest depths migrates upwards and mixes with the later partial melt fractions produced at shallower depths. The uniformity of this mixing will have a profound effect on the chemistry of the basalts of the oceanic crust.
Comparative analysis of the biodiversity of fungal endophytes in insect-induced galls and surrounding foliar tissue

Insect-induced galls are abnormal plant growths that can provide food and shelter to their inhabitants, resulting in stressed plant tissue that may alter the conditions for the colonization or proliferation of endophytic fungi. We investigated the effect gall formation has on fungal endophyte communities and diversity. Using three closely-related gall-forming aphid species that specialize on poplars, we characterized fungal endophyte diversity in galls and surrounding petiole and leaf lamina tissue. A total of 516 fungal endophyte samples were isolated from 272 tissue samples (32 leaves, 31 petioles, and 209 galls), resulting in 23 distinct morphotypes. Despite sharing a common host plant and often forming spatially contiguous galls, the endophyte profiles within the galls of each aphid species were distinct, not only from the galls of the other species, but also from surrounding plant tissue. These results suggest that insect galls can affect the composition of fungal endophyte species in plant tissues, by altering either the colonization or proliferation of their endophytic mycobiota. Likewise, fungal endophytes may be important in the ecology and evolution of insect galls.
Advances in the Application of X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (ESCA) Part II. New Methods

Abstract Charging occurs in ESCA because a non-conductive sample does not have sufficient de-localized, conduction band electrons available to neutralize the charged centers that build from clustering of the positive holes created with the photoelectron and/or Auger electron ejection. As a result, a positive outer (or Volta) potential builds near the materials surface, producing a retardation or “drag” on the outgoing electrons. This retardation appears in the electron spectrum as an additional positive shift, either subtracting from the uncharged kinetic energy or, correspondingly, adding to the “normal” binding energies of the outgoing electrons. Compared to most of the features in these experiments, charging shifts are often relatively slow in their establishment; thus, in the time frame of a normal experiment, charging has both dynamic and static component. Charging also depends upon the macrosurface and bulk morphology of the measured system, as well as its chemistry, and microstructre. As indicated,...
TH‐D‐BRD‐08: Dose Perturbation Due To High Z Artifacts in IMRT Planning

Purpose: Presence of high‐Z implants inside the patient causes streaking artifacts in the kVCT (kilovoltage computed tomography) scan. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the variation in the computed dose distribution due to these artifacts in kVCT scans as compared with megavoltage (MV)CT, and also to determine a suitable scanning and planning protocol in such situations. Methods and Materials: High‐Z materials produce more artifacts in kVCT images than MVCT images (using Tomotherapy). To quantify the difference in dose distributions due to these artifacts, dose is computed using both datasets for the same plan. Pinnacle 8.1u was used for this study, which provided the option of using different datasets for the same plan. With plan parameters being the same, we derive the variation in dose attributed to the high‐Z artifacts. For this study, two sites with high Z implants were selected — a prostate with hip prostheses (HP) and a breast with a silicon breast expander. For example, the average density of the HP object is 3.55g/cc. KVCT and MVCT scans were obtained for both patients. The dose distributions on both datasets were evaluated using isodose and DVH (dose‐volume histogram) parameters typically used by the physician for plan evaluation. Results: For the prostate plan, PTV coverage for kVCT and MVCT datasets were 98.95% and 93.57% respectively for a 100% prescription. For the breast plan, the respective values were 97.40% and 94.36%. Conclusion: A comparison of the PTVs calculated for both the kVCT and MVCT plans in the presence of high‐Z materials shows that dose computed based on the kVCT dataset underestimates doses by ∼3% in the presence of hip prosthesis, and 4.6% when a silicon breast expander is present. Our preliminary studies show that MVCT provides relatively realistic dose estimate in the presence of high‐Z materials.
Spin Diffusion and Spin Echoes in Superfluid 3 He

The spin-diffusion coefficient for spin-echo experiments is calculated in the $A$ phase and in the $B$ phase of superfluid $^{3}\mathrm{He}$, using a relaxation-time approximation. Spin-wave attenuation is discussed for long wavelengths. It is pointed out that Leggett's result for the NMR lineshift is true over the complete range of frequency.
Developing an integrative therapies program in a tertiary care cardiovascular hospital

This article describes one hospital's approach to developing an inpatient integrative therapies program and the foundation for a broader integrative healthcare vision. Since the program's inception, additional evidence has accumulated in the literature supporting the impact of integrative therapies strategies on patients' quality of life during inpatient stays. These findings and our own evaluation processes have encouraged continued program growth. Several elements were critical to the program's success. Review of the literature and investigation of other programs served as preparation before the actual program started. It was necessary to have administrative, nursing, and physician champions who were able to envision the program and see the value of this approach for patients. We appreciated the need for evidence-based outcomes research and demonstrable patient outcomes. Finally, a program manager was hired who was able to understand the culture of the hospital and the organizational change process. Each of these basic steps, which called for interdisciplinary collaboration, allowed us to accomplish the goal of using integrative therapies as adjuncts to conventional medical care and thereby supported an integrative approach. Consistently linking the integrative vision to patient needs and requirements helped us to identify many new avenues to expand upon this work. The process of program development described may be useful to other inpatient cardiovascular programs inclusive of critical care settings. Adaptations of our experience to other populations in critical care and across other hospital settings may be possible.
DMESH: FAST DEPTH-IMAGE MESHING AND WARPING

In this paper we present a novel and efficient depth-image representation and warping technique called DMesh which is based on a piece-wise linear approximation of the depth-image as a textured and simplified triangle mesh. We describe the application of a hierarchical multiresolution triangulation method to generate adaptively triangulated depth-meshes efficiently from reference depth-images, discuss depth-mesh segmentation methods to avoid occlusion artifacts and propose a new hardware accelerated depth-image rendering technique that supports per-pixel weighted blending of multiple depth-images in real-time. Applications of our technique include image-based object representations and the use of depth-images in large scale walk-through visualization systems.
Laminar heat transfer in electrically conducting fluids flowing in parallel plate channels.

Abstract Predicted wall heat fluxes, bulk fluid temperatures, and Nusselt numbers are presented in the thermal entrance region for a steady, constant-property, uniform laminar flow of an electrically conducting fluid in a constant cross-section, parallel-plate channel with isothermal, electrically nonconducting walls. Uniform magnetic and electric fields are applied perpendicular to each other and to the flow. The predictions, taking into account longitudinal heat conduction, depend upon location along the channel, the product of Reynolds and Prandtl numbers ( Re Pr ), and upon a Joule heating parameter S . The importance of Joule heating is displayed graphically. Thermal entrance lengths, proportional to Re Pr , decrease with Joule heating, and are of the order of the channel height for small Re Pr . Existing predictions of velocity entrance lengths are included for comparative purposes. The fully developed region is also discussed.
Target orientation dependence of the charge fractions observed for low-energy multicharged ions (Neq+ and Fq+) backscattered from RbI(100)

Abstract Using a time-of-flight (TOF) technique we have investigated projectile neutralization in the backscattering from RbI(100) of Ne and F multicharged ions in the keV energy range. The energy distributions and charge fractions were measured as a function of the polar incidence angle and the target azimuthal orientation. We found significant variations in the neutralization probability for the different projectiles suggesting that level matching effects play an important role. The observed scattered charge state distributions show significant dependences on both incidence and azimuth angle. These variations are attributed not only to the presence or absence of encounters with nearest neighbors, but also to the presence of more atoms lying along particular directional strings. Interpretation of the results was facilitated by carrying out detailed trajectory simulations. Sample data for few-keV F 7+ and Ne 8+ incident projectiles are presented to illustrate the underlying concepts.
Superheavy dark matter from thermal inflation

It is quite plausible that the mass of the dark matter particle increases significantly after its freeze-out, due to a scalar field rolling to large values. We describe a realization of this scenario in the context of thermal inflation which naturally gives a cold dark matter particle with the correct cosmological abundance and a mass around ${10}^{10}\mathrm{GeV},$ evading the conventional upper bound of ${10}^{5}\mathrm{GeV}.$ We also discuss another realization which could produce a cosmologically interesting abundance of near Planck mass, possibly electromagnetically charged, particles. The detection and observational consequences of superheavy cold dark matter or wimpzillas are briefly examined.
Beyond Double Consciousness: Black Peace Corps Volunteers in Africa, 1961-1971.

In June 1961, the first director of the Peace Corps flew home to promote his new agency before a special gathering of an older one. "I have in my hand a volunteer questionnaire for Peace Corps service," R. Sargent Shriver told the Catholic Interracial Council of Chicago, which he had founded and supervised for several fractious years. "Nowhere does it ask for the candidate's race." This conscious omission illustrated the Peace Corps's most conspicuous goal: "to see people as peopleto come to terms with human beings as persons apart from qualifying adjectives," as Shriver formulated it. Here he credited the burgeoning civil rights movement of the era, which echoed and inspired the Peace Corps's own color-blind philosophy. "Injustice is done when men place high priority on race or class rather than personality," Shriver intoned. "When will the ugly incidents of Montgomery and Birmingham cease to be? Only when every man becomes a person to every other man." Since the proclamation of the Declaration of Independence, Shriver admitted, Americans' behavior had often contradicted that document's credo of human equality. The Peace Corps would reinvigorate it, stressing "quality of skill" over "color of skin" and prodding the nation to complete its historic task.1 Ten years later, a young recruiter's letter to African American collegians breathed a decidedly different spirit. "I am a Black Returned Peace Corps Volunteer," began Carolyn Gullatt, "who wants to rap with you about the relevance of such an
Guppies as heterospecific facilitators: a precursor of exploratory behavior?

Behavior can explain population-level processes such as dispersal, yet connecting a specific behavioral phenomenon with a larger ecological pattern is often speculative rather than supported by experimental studies. We investigate how exploratory behavior may develop in the killifish, Rivulus hartii through association with another taxon, the guppy, Poecilia reticulata. We hypothesize that exploratory behavior is enhanced by nearby guppies, which embolden Rivulus to move along the river edge, through zones of high predation risk. We tested individual boldness in the presence of both guppies and conspecifics. We also tested for the effect of prior experience with guppies, comparing boldness in Rivulus from locations in which it was either allopatric to or sympatric with guppies. Guppies increased boldness in Rivulus, equivalent to the effect of conspecifics, and prior experience with guppies also increased boldness over that of inexperienced Rivulus. Sympatric Rivulus were shy compared with the allopatric ones when each was tested alone, but this relationship reversed when guppies were present, showing that boldness is a plastic trait that can be influenced by the population of origin. An experimental field-stream test showed that guppies increased movement of Rivulus under predation threat, supporting links in a conceptual framework that connects a behavioral phenomenon, exploratory boldness, with a larger ecological pattern, selection of favorable habitats that, in turn, can lead to increased reproduction and fitness relative to non-dispersers.
SUPER CHARACTERS AND CHIRAL ASYMMETRY IN SUPERCONFORMAL FIELD THEORY

Abstract The super partition function of two-dimensional superconformal field theory on the super torus is analyzed. Its bottom component is the integer index of the Ramond representation. The top component measures chiral asymmetry in the Ramond sector. It is a sesquilinear form in the odd “super characters” of the Ramond algebra. Formulas for the characters are derived for the irreducible unitary highest weight representations. Modular invariance introduces constraints on the chiral asymmetry which can be satisfied for all models in the discrete series.