cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome associated with human metapneumovirus and respiratory syncytial virus.

OBJECTIVES To study the incidence, risk factors, clinical course, and outcome of ARDS in children with HMP and RSV. WORKING HYPOTHESIS We hypothesized that ARDS in children with HMP was similar in incidence, risk factors, clinical course, and outcomes to ARDS in children with RSV. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective, observational study over 2 years. PATIENT-SUBJECT SELECTION Patients included were <18 years old with HMP or RSV detected from nasopharyngeal specimens by commercial reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction assay admitted to a study site. METHODOLOGY We described the incidence of ARDS within 1 week following the detection of HMP or RSV using recently developed Pediatric ARDS (PARDS) criteria. We also assessed risk factors, clinical course, and outcomes of children in the PICU with HMP or RSV and PARDS or non-PARDS. RESULTS We identified 57 patients with HMP and 161 patients with RSV: the proportions of patients with either virus who developed PARDS (HMP: 23%, RSV: 20%) and severe PARDS (HMP: 9%, RSV: 7%) were similar, as were the proportions of patients with acute (or acute-on-chronic) respiratory failure who developed PARDS (HMP: 41%, RSV: 31%). In a logistic regression model, risk factors associated with PARDS included neurologic comorbidity and PIM 3 probability of mortality, but not virus type. The risk factors, clinical course, and outcomes were similar for patients with PARDS associated with HMP and RSV. CONCLUSIONS About 1/3 of children with HMP or RSV and acute (or acute-on-chronic) respiratory failure developed PARDS. Children with either virus and a neurologic comorbidity or an increased PIM 3 probability of mortality were at increased risk for PARDS.
Mid-Infrared Frequency Comb Generation with In-Line Frequency Stabilization

We demonstrate a simple mid-infrared comb source via intra-pulse difference frequency generation in periodically poled lithium niobate crystals. This technique generates an offset frequency beat in the mid-infrared, which we use for comb stabilization.
Desk-Top Selected Laser Sintering of Stereometric Shapes

Solid Freeform Fabrication (SFF) in manufacturing is a rapidly developing technology. The University of Connecticut has a special research position in the development of both CO2 and diode laser based technologies for SFF. Usually, the SFF technologies refer to the fabrication of physical parts directly from computer based solid models described by STL (STereo Lithography) or VRML (Virtual Reality Modeling Language) files generated by Computer-Aided Design (CAD) systems. Most SFF processes produce parts by building each consecutive layer using a row by row pattern, though it is possible to build the part using other patterns. The SFF technology represents a larger than average challenge to designers who, besides making decisions concerning optimum shape and functionality of the entire part, have to take into consideration several other manufacturing factors. These factors can be divided into two groups. The first group depends on design for manufacturing, Computer-Aided Design model generation, and part description files, as well as model slicing, precision of part design, and shape of the part. The second group is made up of factors that depend on fabrication technology i.e. laser path files, and the orientation of residual stress phenomena.
Genetic mapping of Rhizobium meliloti using RP4.

I have developed a genetic system in Rhizobium meliloti based on conjugation. During mating the drug resistance factor RP4 can promote the conjugational transfer of chromosomal markers to produce ultimately recombinant progeny. I have used this system to construct a circular linkage map of R. meliloti.
Handeln und Werte in der menschlichen Gesellschaft

Indiesem Kapitel wollen wir zwischen den bisher beschriebenen Lern- und Motivationsprinzipien und der menschlichen Gesellschaft mit ihren Wertorientierungen eine Verbindung herstellen. Nehmen wir zunachst das Gesetz des Effekts. Auch Menschen handeln diesem Gesetz entsprechend, und sie uben mit seiner Hilfe Einflus aufeinander aus. Auch ohne das Prinzip zu kennen, steuern sie das Verhalten ihrer Mitmenschen, indem sie es durch Anerkennung, Dankbarkeit und Geld belohnen oder durch Gleichgultigkeit, Vorwurf und Beleidigung bestrafen. Was beispielsweise auf einer Party geschieht, hat scheinbar mit einer Kontrolle von Verhalten durch das Effektgesetz keine Ahnlichkeit — doch Partykonversationen sind davon nicht ausgenommen. Auch das Klassenzimmer gehort zu seinem Wirkungsbereich, denn das Verhalten des Lehrers wird durch das Feedback von Seiten seiner Schuler modifiziert.
Barriers to justice in Sierra Leone

Sierra Leoneans attempting to access justice through the country's complex legal system are presented with a number of barriers. These obstacles can be broadly broken down into those that are the results of the system's costs (including costs of services, fines, time, and transportation) or structure (court infrastructure, skills of officials, and lack of ownership), or, in the case of the formal justice system, its incompatibility with social norms. One of the foremost barriers preventing access to Sierra Leone's justice systems, both formal and informal, is cost. With a Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per head of $548 in 2005, Sierra Leone is one of the world's poorest nations. This extreme poverty magnifies the effects of conflicts that are small by western standards, and also amplifies the costs of recovery. The costs of accessing justice in Sierra Leone come in a variety of forms, including direct costs of services, fines, time, and transportation. In Sierra Leone's formal courts, where an inadequate legal aid structure makes contesting parties responsible for court fees, legal representation, and other service fees, costs are prohibitively high for all but the wealthiest of citizens. Yet even in local courts, which are designed to be closer to the people, interviews suggest that costs are often too high to encourage use. The World Bank's justice for the poor program will continue to engage with justice reform efforts led by local and international civil society, international organizations, and formal and informal institutions in an effort to improve and enhance access to justice for the poor.
Editor's Choice - Aortic Re-operation After Replacement of the Proximal Aorta: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Objective/background The aim was to estimate risk of aortic re-operation, and re-operative morbidity and mortality, following replacement of the proximal aorta for aneurysm or dissection. Methods A meta-analysis was performed in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses statement and the Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology guidelines. A comprehensive literature review was performed to identify all articles reporting aortic re-operation after proximal aortic replacement. The proximal aorta was defined as extending to the origin of the brachiocephalic trunk. The incidence rate for aortic re-operation (IRAR) was calculated, and stratified based on presence/absence of connective tissue disorders, as well as initial surgical indication. Pooled in hospital mortality and post-operative complication rates were estimated. Results In total, 7821 patients who underwent proximal aortic replacement from 47 studies were included: 8.3% (n = 649) had Marfan syndrome (MS). During a weighted mean follow up of 4.7 ± 0.3 years, 11.5% (n = 903) underwent aortic re-operation. Mean weighted time between initial surgery and re-operation was 5.2 ± 0.2 years. IRAR was 2.4% per person-year (PPY) (confidence interval [CI] 2.1–2.8%). Patients with MFS had a threefold higher IRAR (6.0% PPY, CI 4.1–8.8%) than did patients without a connective tissue disorders (2.3% PPY, CI 1.9–2.7%; p Conclusion Aortic re-operation occurs at a mean rate of 2.4% per person-year in the five years after proximal aortic replacement and is strongly associated with initial operation for dissection.
Effect of Autoclave Bonding Pressure and Temperature on Polycarbonate Single Lap Joints with polyurethane adhesive

Adhesive joints are good replacement for bolted and welded joints. Adhesive joint performance over the life depends on joint strength. Strength of joint depends upon curing process parameters used ...
From Corporation to Community: Culturally Relevant Pedagogy in an Urban Laboratory for School Reform:

Background/ContextMemphis has, in many ways, become “ground zero” for neoliberal—or corporate—reform efforts, including a statewide turnaround school district, proliferation of charter schools, and...
Iterative Algorithms for Coupled Physics Electrical Conductivity Imaging

Coupled Physics Electrical Conductivity Imaging is a group of new imaging modalities in which the electrical conductivity is recovered from the interior data. In this talk the inverse conductivity problem of Current Density Impedance Imaging (CDII) is considered. The variational approach is applied to solve this problem, and the corresponding weighted least gradient problems are analyzed for the Dirichlet and Robin boundary conditions. Three iterative algorithms for constructing the minimizing sequences for the weighted gradient functionals are presented. Their computational effectiveness is demonstrated in numerical experiments. The presentation is based on some results of a long-term project that has been pursued in collaboration with A. Nachman (University of Toronto, Canada) and A. Tamasan (University of Central Florida, USA).
SMAC mimetics throw a molecular switch to control TH17 responses

IL-17 produced by TH17 cells plays a central role in numerous protective and pathologic immune responses. In this issue of Science Signaling, Rizk et al. define a molecular switch controlled by the cellular inhibitor of apoptosis proteins that regulates TH17 immunity.
Ch'ung i-liao k'an Chung-kuo shih 從醫療看中國史 [Examining Chinese History Through Medicine]

Who is best qualified to study the history of medicine? Physicians with technical training? Historians with a finer appreciation of how to approach the past? This issue has mostly been resolved in ...
Doublon-Hole Correlations and Fluctuation Thermometry in a Fermi-Hubbard Gas

We report on the single atom and single site-resolved detection of the total density in a cold atom realization of the 2D Fermi-Hubbard model. Fluorescence imaging of doublons is achieved by splitting each lattice site into a double well, thereby separating atom pairs. Full density readout yields a direct measurement of the equation of state, including direct thermometry via the fluctuation-dissipation theorem. Site-resolved density correlations reveal the Pauli hole at low filling, and strong doublon-hole correlations near half filling. These are shown to account for the difference between local and nonlocal density fluctuations in the Mott insulator. Our technique enables the study of atom-resolved charge transport in the Fermi-Hubbard model, the site-resolved observation of molecules, and the creation of bilayer Fermi-Hubbard systems.
Chapter 11 – Summary and conclusions

Publisher Summary This chapter presents concluding remarks on the functioning of supply chains. The chapter gives example of how the crisis after hurricane Katrina resulted in increased problems for the supply chain. Had supply chain management done its job properly during the Katrina crisis, the supply chain would have rapidly diverted its attention to alternative transportation methodologies and alternative sources and the flow would have experienced minimal disruptions. The chapter reviews the claim that the Lean methodologies that are structured to help search out optimal opportunities for improvement will make the supply chain (1) perform better on a day-to-day basis, (2) manage abnormalities and disruptions with minimal pain to the end user, and (3) identify alternatives for optimal performance so that if one process does not work correctly, a secondary alternative will pick up the flow. Supply chain management can achieve its peak performance through Lean tools. However, an organization needs to optimize its supply chain ahead of competitors to be successful.
Global patterns and climatic controls of belowground net carbon fixation

Carbon allocated underground through belowground net primary production represents the main input to soil organic carbon. This is of significant importance, because soil organic carbon is the third-largest carbon stock after oceanic and geological pools. However, drivers and controls of belowground productivity and the fraction of total carbon fixation allocated belowground remain uncertain. Here we estimate global belowground net primary productivity as the difference between satellite-based total net primary productivity and field observations of aboveground net primary production and assess climatic controls among biomes. On average, belowground carbon productivity is estimated as 24.7 Pg y−1, accounting for 46% of total terrestrial carbon fixation. Across biomes, belowground productivity increases with mean annual precipitation, although the rate of increase diminishes with increasing precipitation. The fraction of total net productivity allocated belowground exceeds 50% in a large fraction of terrestrial ecosystems and decreases from arid to humid ecosystems. This work adds to our understanding of the belowground carbon productivity response to climate change and provides a comprehensive global quantification of root/belowground productivity that will aid the budgeting and modeling of the global carbon cycle.
The actin polymerization factor Diaphanous and the actin severing protein Flightless I collaborate to regulate sarcomere size.

Abstract: The sarcomere is the basic contractile unit of muscle, composed of repeated sets of actin thin filaments and myosin thick filaments. During muscle development, sarcomeres grow in size to accommodate the growth and function of muscle fibers. Failure in regulating sarcomere size results in muscle dysfunction; yet, it is unclear how the size and uniformity of sarcomeres are controlled. Here we show that the formin Diaphanous is critical for the growth and maintenance of sarcomere size: Dia sets sarcomere length and width through regulation of the number and length of the actin thin filaments in the Drosophila flight muscle. To regulate thin filament length and sarcomere size, Dia interacts with the Gelsolin superfamily member Flightless I (FliI). We suggest that these actin regulators, by controlling actin dynamics and turnover, generate uniformly sized sarcomeres tuned for the muscle contractions required for flight.
Spine coding transition from ICD-9 to ICD-10: Not taking advantage of the specificity of a more granular system

Abstract Background The transition from International Classification of Diseases, 9th Edition (ICD-9) to the 10th edition (ICD-10) in 2015 increased the number and specificity of diagnostic codes with the goal of facilitating clinical care and research possibilities. Considering the potential to default to less specified ICD-10 codes, the current study evaluated the number of codes utilized for spine-related conditions before versus after the transition to ICD-10. Methods The numbers of patients with an index encounter for a primary spine-related non-deformity diagnosis codes indexed as “dorsopathies” were abstracted from the Humana PearlDiver dataset. As the transition from ICD-9 to ICD-10 occurred in 2015, the current study compared the year prior (ICD-9) to the year after (ICD-10). The number of ICD-9 and ICD-10 codes was assessed, and distribution of utilization was compared using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Results: In 2014, 848,623 patients were assigned one of the 100 unique ICD-9 dorsopathy codes, of which 17 codes (17% of available codes) were used for more than 1% of the patients. In 2016, 840,310 patients were assigned one of the 504 unique ICD-10 dorsopathy codes, of which 21 (4% of available codes) were used for more than 1% of the patients. The top 20 codes in 2014 (ICD-9) and the top 20 codes in 2016 (ICD-10) both represented the majority of the patient population and were not statistically differently represented (p = 0.819). Further, analysis of ICD-10 codes demonstrated a clear bias toward utilizing less specified codes. Conclusions Despite a five-fold increase in available diagnostic codes for spine conditions in ICD-10, in the year after implementation providers continued to select a small proportion of less specific diagnostic codes when treating spine patients.
The Value of a Coaching Internship: From the Students’ Perspective: 從學生的角度看教練實習的價值

For many college students completing their education, an internship is a requirement for graduation, the same is true for students that want to become coaches. Interview data from 21 college seniors (10 males & 11 females) at the conclusion of their coaching internship revealed that interns generally found their internship successful and valuable in their preparation to becoming a coach. During the interviews, the interns expressed the importance of communications with the athletes, parents, administrators and the public, the heavy time commitment of coaching, and the importance of relationships. The interns also, expressed a desire to mentor an intern someday when they are coaching.
Alliteration, Restraint, and a Mind at Work

This essay suggests that alliteration, although often overdone, can be an effective focal point when trying to get students to understand two important writerly principles: (1) you are judged by the choices you make; and (2) “restraint” goes a long way.
Differences in lymphoma patients between chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy trials and the general population

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapies appear to be promising treatments for non-Hodgkin's and B-cell lymphoma. However, several CAR-T therapies approved by the US Food and Drug Administration have only been tested for efficacy in relatively few single-arm clinical trials with small sample sizes. We sought to examine the differences between patients in these trials and the general population of patients with non-Hodgkin's and B-cell lymphoma. Five hundred and twenty-two patients from 15 CAR-T trials found in a systematic review and 417,492 patients from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program database were compared. CAR-T study participants appeared to be younger (46.7% under 70 years old vs. 42.2%), more male (68.0% vs. 55.7%), and followed for a shorter period of time compared to patients in the SEER population (mean [M] 45.6 months, 95% confidence interval [CI] 17.7 to 63.3 months follow-up vs. M 57.1 months, 95% CI 57.0 to 57.3 months survival). CAR-T study participants may differ significantly from the general population of patients with non-Hodgkin's and B-cell lymphoma. Effectiveness of CAR-T therapies in the general population of lymphoma patients may differ from effectiveness demonstrated in trials. Newly created CAR-T patient registries are essential to establishing population-level effectiveness of the therapies.
Azoxymethane Alters the Plasma Metabolome to a Greater Extent in Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet Compared to an AIN-93 Diet

Consumption of a high-fat diet (HFD) links obesity to colon cancer in humans. Our data show that a HFD (45% energy fat versus 16% energy fat in an AIN-93 diet (AIN)) promotes azoxymethane (AOM)-induced colonic aberrant crypt foci (ACF) formation in a mouse cancer model. However, the underlying metabolic basis remains to be determined. In the present study, we hypothesize that AOM treatment results in different plasma metabolomic responses in diet-induced obese mice. An untargeted metabolomic analysis was performed on the plasma samples by gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-TOF-MS). We found that 53 of 144 identified metabolites were different between the 4 groups of mice (AIN, AIN + AOM, HFD, HFD + AOM), and sparse partial least-squares discriminant analysis showed a separation between the HFD and HFD + AOM groups but not the AIN and AIN + AOM groups. Moreover, the concentrations of dihydrocholesterol and cholesterol were inversely associated with AOM-induced colonic ACF formation. Functional pathway analyses indicated that diets and AOM-induced colonic ACF modulated five metabolic pathways. Collectively, in addition to differential plasma metabolomic responses, AOM treatment decreases dihydrocholesterol and cholesterol levels and alters the composition of plasma metabolome to a greater extent in mice fed a HFD compared to the AIN.
Dynamically Controlled Spatio-temporal Filamentation of Orbital Angular Momentum Light in Water

We demonstrate a new route for a systematic, dynamical, high-speed, spatio-temporal control of femtosecond light filamentation in water and, more generally, other maritime environments that can be precisely controlled on a pulse by pulse basis.
Nodal Recurrence in Patients With Node-Positive Breast Cancer Treated With Sentinel Node Biopsy Alone After Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy-A Rare Event.

Importance Prospective trials have demonstrated sentinel lymph node (SLN) false-negative rates of less than 10% when 3 or more SLNs are retrieved in patients with clinically node-positive breast cancer rendered clinically node-negative with neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC). However, rates of nodal recurrence in such patients treated with SLN biopsy (SLNB) alone are unknown because axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) was performed in all patients, limiting adoption of this approach. Objective To evaluate nodal recurrence rates in a consecutive cohort of patients with clinically node-positive (cN1) breast cancer receiving NAC, followed by a negative SLNB using a standardized technique, and no further axillary surgery. Design, Setting, and Participants From November 2013 to February 2019, a cohort of consecutively identified patients with cT1 to cT3 biopsy-proven N1 breast cancer rendered cN0 by NAC underwent SLNB with dual tracer mapping and omission of ALND if 3 or more SLNs were identified and all were pathologically negative. Metastatic nodes were not routinely clipped, and localization of clipped nodes was not performed. The study was performed in a single tertiary cancer center. Intervention Omission of ALND in patients with cN1 breast cancer after NAC if 3 or more SLNs were pathologically negative. Main Outcome and Measures The primary outcome was the rate of nodal recurrence among patients with cN1 breast cancer treated with SLNB alone after NAC. Results Of 610 patients with cN1 breast cancer treated with NAC (median [IQR] age, 49 [40-58] years), 555 (91%) converted to cN0 and underwent SLNB; 234 (42%) had 3 or more negative SLNs and had SLNB alone. Median age was 49 years. Median tumor size was 3 cm; 144 (62%) wereERBB2(formerlyHER2)-positive, and 43 (18%) were triple negative. Most (212 [91%]) received doxorubicin-based NAC, 205 (88%) received adjuvant radiotherapy (RT), and 164 (70%) also received nodal RT. At a median follow-up of 40 months, there was 1 axillary nodal recurrence synchronous with local recurrence in a patient who refused RT. Among patients who received RT (n = 205), there were no nodal recurrences. Conclusions and Relevance This cohort study found that in patients with cN1 disease rendered cN0 with NAC, with 3 or more negative SLNs with SLNB alone, nodal recurrence rates were low, without routine nodal clipping. These findings potentially support omitting ALND in such patients.
Do Consumer Tax Credits for Electric Vehicles Work? Implications for Product Substitution and Carbon Emission

Governments worldwide have spent billions of dollars on monetary incentives for consumers, such as tax credits, to encourage the adoption of eco-friendly (“green”) products. However, there is little consensus regarding the effectiveness of tax credit incentives in increasing green product adoption and reducing carbon emissions. The literature is also limited on the mechanisms through which monetary incentives work in general. We address these issues by studying the impact of tax credit incentives on green and non-green vehicle sales in the U.S. auto industry. A tax credit incentive could boost green vehicle sales through cost savings on the vehicle’s price. However, the incentive may prove ineffective due to important barriers to adoption (e.g., long charging times for electric cars). To measure the sales and emissions impacts of tax credit incentives, we study incentive changes across 46 counties in South Carolina and Oregon via various quasi-experimental approaches. Unlike recent studies showing an insignificant or a negative correlation between tax credits and electric vehicle (EV) adoption, our analyses show that unit sales of incentivized plug-in-hybrid electric vehicles–PHEVs–increase by an average of 3.7% (up to 52.7% in some counties) following a $2,000 incentive. In contrast, PHEV sales remain unchanged after the incentive’s termination, implying a positive net sales effect. We also explore the underlying mechanisms for the incentive’s impact by examining various purchase funnel stages. In the awareness stage, the incentive’s positive effect on PHEV demand peaks during the consumers’ tax-filing period; in the consideration stage, our analyses of online consumer search indicate that the incentive does not expand the consumer pool considering PHEVs. As for the conversion stage, the incentive generates more sales for PHEVs in counties where 1) consumers are more likely to have PHEVs in their consideration sets regardless of the incentive (i.e., Democratic counties), and 2) consumers value cost-saving more (i.e., counties with lower-middle income). Also, the heightened demand for PHEVs following the incentive stems from the substitution from gasoline vehicles with high fuel efficiency. We estimate the average cost of reducing carbon emissions through tax credits to be $96 per ton, which is less expensive than tax rebates for conventional hybrids and subsidies for residential solar panels.
Online Reputation Management in Attorney Regulation

Online review sites have become an increasingly important source of consumer information over the last decade. Review sites for professional service providers like doctors and lawyers are following the trail blazed by restaurants and hotels and are beginning to catch up. A 2014 survey found that prospective clients actively seek out lawyer reviews online and will travel farther to hire an attorney with positive reviews. At the same time as reputational data has grown in relevance, however, the media is increasingly reporting stories of individuals and businesses that have handled online reviews in spectacularly counterproductive ways. Lawyers are not exempt: recent disciplinary cases and ethics opinions have demonstrated that lawyers can also be tempted to respond to negative reviews by lashing out at former clients a manner that violates the duties of loyalty and confidentiality. This Article explores the psychological dynamics arising from online reviews, and it explains how these dynamics unleash processes of ego threat and cognitive distortion that encourage overreaction. It examines the limits of attorney responses under the rules of professional conduct, looking at both ex ante strategies to influence and control what is posted, as well as ex post efforts to neutralize or rebut negative reputational information after reviews have been posted. It concludes that both of these strategies fail to serve regulatory goals.The Article therefore proposes broadening the structure of attorney regulation to encompass reputation management. It recommends that states create voluntary proceedings that would allow attorneys to challenge allegedly false or misleading online reviews in a confidential setting — and would also empower disciplinary committees to impose sanctions for instances of lawyer misconduct that come to light during these proceedings. The Article concludes that this shift in regulatory emphasis would improve the reliability of lawyer review sites and would also offer two additional benefits: first, it would help close the regulatory gap arising from an increase in multijurisdictional law practice, and second, it would give the client perspective a greater influence in attorney regulation.
The power of the ordinary: Quotidian framing as a narrative strategy

Abstract In examining various conversations and narratives associated with contents and contexts of psychologically heightened situations, we often find segments that are told from an incongruous perspective, specifically from a perspective of ordinary life, and accompanied by laughter and other signs of animated engagement. This phenomenon, quotidian (re)framing , can function as a discourse strategy to decrease psychological intensity and to reground participants’ sense of self in the quotidian ( quotidian self ). The paper discusses uses and interactional functions of quotidian (re)framing based on examples in a range of linguistic and social contexts from older Japanese women's conversations to a talk show and to two American presidents’ interactions at public events. In contrast to many studies of discourse and in sociolinguistics that have focused on how participants of interactions appropriate or are given various identities, this study illustrates the importance of investigating how people agentively cast away the assumed identities to gain a better sense of self.
Specific Deterrence and Incapacitation

Specific deterrence and incapacitation are two prominent methods for preventing convicted offenders from committing further crimes. Specific deterrence seeks to prevent the offender from further deviant actions through the imposition of punishments that will negate any pleasure or advantage gained by participation in criminal activity. Incapacitation also seeks to prevent future crime on the part of the offender by a simple controlling of the individual which prohibits the physical possibility of future criminal activity. The chapter discusses the studies of specific deterrence, the effectiveness of imprisonment to have a specific deterrent effect, two different forms of incapacitation—collective and selective, findings from the studies of the collective and specific incapacitation of imprisonment. The advent of electronic monitoring (EM) has introduced a new avenue in incapacitation. EM is one possible solution to the call for increased supervision and protection of society when offenders are released into the community. The chapter also discusses the active and passive EM systems, potential advantages of EM, the effectiveness of EM to reduce recidivism, and the problems and concerns with the use of EM.
Estrogen nitration kinetics and implications for wastewater treatment.

Understanding estrogen-removal mechanisms in wastewater treatment is imperative, as estrogens have environmental effects at trace concentrations. Previous research investigating co-metabolic degradation of 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2) by ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) revealed that, in batch tests where high nitrite-nitrogen (NO 2 -N) concentrations occurred as a result of ammonia-nitrogen (NH 4 -N) oxidation by AOB, an abiotic estrogen nitration reaction actually was occurring-not co-metabolic degradation. This paper addresses nitration kinetics. A first-order abiotic nitration model was developed that predicts nitration of EE2, 17β-estradiol (E2), and estrone (El) as a function of temperature, pH, estrogen (EE2, E2, and El), and NO 2 -N concentration. A contact time of 3.6 to 4.1 days is required for 90% estrogen nitration at 500 mg/L NO 2 -N and pH 6.4. At 20°C and pH 6.4, the threshold NO 2 -N concentration for nitration to occur is 9 mg/L; therefore, estrogen nitration is not likely in activated sludge treatment of domestic wastewater, but has potential for high-NH 4 -N-strength wastewaters.
Electronic characteristics of Tl2Ba2CuO6

Abstract A number of properties identifiable from the electronic bands and one-electron wavefunctions have been obtained from a well converged self-consistent calculation of the electronic structure of Tl 2 Ba 2 CuO 6 . The Fermi surface is found to consist of two sheets: a two-dimensional barrel surface arising from the CuO 2 layer, and a three-dimensional spheroid arising from states with strong TlO character but actually extending throughout all layers of the structure. This feature has important implications for the transport properties, and especially for the degree of anisotropy. We compare with transport data on single crystals of Tl 2 Ba 2 CuO 6 . The calculated Fermi surface of the spheroid is found to be in substantial agreement with the measured period of magnetization oscillations in the de Haas-van Alphen effect by Kido et al. The positron wavefunction engulfs the CuO 2 layers, making this material a promising case for mapping out with positron 2D-ACAR the layer-derived Fermi surface that is believed to be central to high-temperature superconductivity. The electric field gradients are predicted and compared with calculations for other cuprates. The Hall coefficient R H xyz (carrier motion on the a-b plane) is found to be positive and within a factor of 1.5 of that measured on ceramic samples, while the other non-vanishing component of the Hall tensor is predicted to be negative.
Cancer knowledge, self‐efficacy, and cancer screening behaviors among Mexican‐American women

Abstract Latina women are at significantly greater risk of death from cancer than Anglo women in the United States. Reasons for this include a lack of knowledge regarding cancer, lack of access to cancer screening services, and feelings of fatalism. This study was designed to determine the relationship between cancer knowledge and cancer screening self‐efficacy in this population. One hundred twelve Mexican‐American women living in southern Texas were surveyed regarding their self‐efficacy toward engaging in age‐appropriate cancer screening activities. Each subject answered questions related to knowledge and self‐efficacy in four topical areas: general cancer knowledge, cervical cancer and Pap smears, breast cancer and breast self‐examination (BSE), and colorectal cancer and sigmoidoscopy. A majority of the responders had significant misconceptions related to cancer causation, symptoms, and treatment and expressed feelings of little control over prevention of the disease. Only a minority felt that they co...
U-slot Circular Patch Antenna for WLAN Application

A dual-frequency microstrip patch antennas has been presented and used for 802.11WLAN applications. The antennas had been designed, simulated and parametrically studied in CST Microwave studio. By introducing u-slot, dual-band operation with its operating mode centered at frequency 2.4GHz, 3.65GHz and 5.2GHz had been obtained. The gain and directivity had been improved by adjusting the parameters of the antennas. The gain of the proposed designs was 6.019dBi, 4.04dBi and 6.22dBi and directivity was 6.02dBi, 4.05dBi and 6.22dBi at resonant frequencies 2.4GHz, 3.6GHz and 5.2GHz respectively. The patch antennas had been proposed to be used in portable devices that require miniaturized constituent parts. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/telkomnika.v14i2.7479
Tumor-specific granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor and interferon γ secretion is associated with in vivo therapeutic efficacy of activated tumor-draining lymph node cells

In this study, cytokine release by tumor-draining lymph node cells sensitized in vitro (IVS-TDLN) was examined and correlated with therapeutic efficacy in adoptive immunotherapy. Mice bearing immunologically distinct MCA 207 and MCA 205 sarcoma tumors were utilized in criss-cross experiments. IVS-TDLN obtained from mice bearing 10-day subcutaneous (s. c.) tumors mediated immunologically specific regression of established 3-day pulmonary metastases, but demonstrated non-specific cytolytic reactivity against both tumors in a 4-h51Cr-release assay. By contrast, these IVS-TDLN cells were found specifically to secrete granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and interferon γ (IFNγ) when restimulated in vitro with irradiated tumor cells. To determine the predictive value of tumor-specific cytokine release with in vivo therapeutic efficacy, a kinetic analysis of antitumor activities of TDLN obtained from animals bearing MCA 207 tumors for increasing lengths of time was performed. IVS-TDLN cells from mice bearing day-7, -10 and-14 s. c. tumors manifested tumor-specific release of GM-CSF and IFNγ, and mediated significant antitumor reactivity in vivo. In contrast IVS-LN cells from day-0 and day-21 tumor-bearing animals did not release significant amounts of GM-CSF and IFNγ, and were not therapeutically efficacious in vivo. Day-4 IVS-TDLN released high levels of GM-CSF and IFNγ non-specifically, and were not therapeutic in adoptive immunotherapy at doses effective for day-7 and day-14 IVS-TDLN cells. In other experiments, IVS cells generated from different lymph node groups in animals bearing 10-day established s. c. tumors were examined and found to have unique profiles of cytokine release. In these studies, the ability of IVS cells to release specifically both cytokines as opposed to one was associated with greater therapeutic efficacy on a per cell basis. Our findings suggest that the tumor-specific releases of GM-CSF and IFNγ are useful parameters to assess the in vivo therapeutic efficacy of immune lymphocytes.
Sensitivity analysis of a pumping test on a well with wellbore storage and skin

Abstract This paper reviews the basic concepts of sensitivity analysis and points out their limitations. A case is then made for logarithmic sensitivity. The magnitude of logarithmic sensitivity alone does not determine the accuracy of an aquifer parameter estimate, especially when the relative measurement errors are not uniform throughout space and time. Deterministic parameter correlations and plausible relative errors in parameter estimates are introduced as imperfect measures of information content in measurements. A plausible relative error in the parameter estimate combines the effect of logarithmic sensitivity with that of relative measurement error. Minimizing the plausible relative errors rather than maximizing the corresponding sensitivities should serve as a guide to identifying the measurements most useful for parameter estimation or as candidate measurements for optimal sampling. Furthermore, avoiding among them measurements with high parameter correlations as much as possible may help ensure that the sensitivity matrix X (or X T X ) is well-conditioned and, thus, that the parameter estimates are accurate. The discussed concepts are then applied to a model of a pumping test conducted on a fully penetrating well situated in a confined aquifer. The model accounts for the wellbore storage and an infinitesimal skin. In contrast to the traditional and normalized sensitivities, the logarithmic sensitivities of the drawdown in the pumping well, the drawdown in an observation well, and the wellface flowrate to transmissivity, T, storativity, S, and the skin factor, η, depend on a small number of parameters. They can thus be represented by a single type curve or a family of a relatively few type curves. The plausible relative errors in T, S, and η estimated from wellbore drawdown rapidly decrease during the wellbore storage phase and reach a plateau or slowly decrease outside the wellbore storage phase. The plausible relative errors from the wellface flowrate rapidly decrease during the wellbore storage phase before reaching a minimum (around the time when the wellface flowrate is equal to about half the pumping rate) and then rapidly increase. This means that transient flowmeter test measurements of drawdown and wellface flowrate should not be made during the early times of the wellbore storage phase.
Cluster analysis for assessing sugarcane borer resistance in sugarcane line trials

Abstract Sugarcane borer, Diatraea saccharalis (F.), damage is complex and can be measured by multiple variables, i.e. visual damage and percentage of internodes bored. Cluster analysis is a statistical technique to summarize similarities among many objects that have multiple measured variables and was used to assess early sugarcane, Saccharum interspecific hybrids, line trials for resistance to sugarcane borer. A selection series of 44 varieties was evaluated by their response to sugarcane borer; four times under artificial infestation and once under natural infestation. The composition of varieties partially changed from year-to-year as low-yielding or poor-performing varieties were dropped from the program and as new varieties were added. Visual injury estimates and percentage of bored internodes at harvest were subjected to traditional analysis of variance with subsequent multiple comparisons and to hierachical cluster analysis. Classification of varieties by analysis of variance was made difficult by the multivariate data collected and multiple comparison test assigning variety means to overlapping groups. With cluster analysis, information from multiple variables can be used to assign varieties to discrete classes. Labels (resistant, susceptible) were placed on these discrete classes with the aid of commercial varieties of known to reaction sugarcane borer included as industry standards. The four-cluster analysis explained more variation among the varieties than the three-cluster and including an additional cluster group provided insight into the mechanisms of resistance to sugarcane borer. Groups with high visual injury ratings and low percent internodes bored may lack tolerance to sugarcane borer feeding. Conversely, groups with low ratings and high percent internodes bored may possess tolerance to sugarcane borer.
Residual strain measurements in a friction-stir processed AZ31B magnesium alloy using neutron diffraction

Residual strain profiles in friction-stir processed (FSP) AZ31B magnesium-alloy plates were measured using neutron diffraction. Two different specimens were prepared to investigate the influences of the tool shoulder and the tool pin on the residual-strain profiles: (Case 1) a plate processed with both the stirring pin and tool shoulder, i.e., a regular FSP plate subjected to both the plastic deformation and frictional heating, and (Case 2) a plate processed only with the tool shoulder, i.e., subjected mainly to the frictional heating. The results show that the strain profiles of both cases are qualitatively quite similar. The longitudinal strain is mainly tensile with its maximum near the bead of the FSP plate. On the other hand, the transverse and normal strains are mildly compressive in both Cases 1 and 2.
Epilepsy Surgery in Children: Why, When and How?

Epilepsy surgery is safe and effective treatment in children who fail to respond to antiepileptic medications. After failure of two appropriate antiepileptic medications, chances that the child will become seizure free with more or different medications is <5 %, and she should be diagnosed with “refractory epilepsy”. A consideration for surgical candidacy should be given to all children who fulfill the definition of refractory epilepsy. In appropriately selected children, epilepsy surgery offers a high chance of seizure freedom without incurring any new post-operative neurological deficits. No age is bar to epilepsy surgery. Even infants can safely have epilepsy surgery if they are surgical candidates. For most children, who are surgical candidates, a good history and physical examination, video EEG evaluation, and a high quality brain MRI are sufficient to make surgical decision. These tools are increasingly available all over the world. Better education of families, Pediatricians, Pediatric Neurologists and community care-givers is necessary to salvage children early from mortality and morbidity of untreated, sometimes life long, epilepsy.
A spatial analysis of social and economic determinants of tuberculosis in Brazil

We investigated the spatial distribution, and social and economic correlates, of tuberculosis in Brazil between 2002 and 2009 using municipality-level age/sex-standardized tuberculosis notification data. Rates were very strongly spatially autocorrelated, being notably high in urban areas on the eastern seaboard and in the west of the country. Non-spatial ecological regression analyses found higher rates associated with urbanicity, population density, poor economic conditions, household crowding, non-white population and worse health and healthcare indicators. These associations remained in spatial conditional autoregressive models, although the effect of poverty appeared partially confounded by urbanicity, race and spatial autocorrelation, and partially mediated by household crowding. Our analysis highlights both the multiple relationships between socioeconomic factors and tuberculosis in Brazil, and the importance of accounting for spatial factors in analysing socioeconomic determinants of tuberculosis.
Improved Dual-Axis Micro Gyroscope Using a Commercially Available Fabrication Processes

A second generation ITRI micro gyroscope design is designed, fabricated, and tested. Major improvements over the original design include using thin film metallization techniques to increase the proof mass to 9.32 times 10-7g for the 500 times 500 mum2 gyro structure, and demonstrating an integrated package with a CMOS ASIC die. The custom-built, capacitance-to-voltage converter ASIC has a calculated noise floor of 6.5times10-7 V/Hz-2 at 19 KHz, a full-scale range of 5 fF, and a target resolution of 5 aF. The gyroscope has a fundamental actuation frequency at 4.33 KHz, with a quality factor of 22.5 under atmospheric conditions
An 8.6GHz 42ps pulse-width electrical mode-locked oscillator

This paper reports on a fully integrated electrical mode-locked oscillator. Mode-locked oscillators are traveling wave oscillators that excite multiple spectral modes of a transmission line resonator and lock them in phase, generating short duration pulses, as illustrated in Fig. 27.8.1. Electrical linear mode-locked oscillators have been reported previously [1,2], but did not produce DC pulses (i.e. no carrier), were not fully integrated, had pulse widths greater than 2ns, and had repetition rates less than 100MHz. The periodic train of short duration pulses generated by the oscillator may find wide application in many areas, such as integrated high-speed sampling, clocking and time-domain metrology [3,4]. The mode-locked oscillator achieves sub−50ps pulse widths at a repetition rate of 8.6GHz.
Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of onion flavours—relationship of onion pyruvate content on flavour yield

Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction has been shown to produce fresh onion-like flavour extracts, a flavour uncharacteristic of distilled commercial extracts. Relationships between onion cultivars and pyruvate content and extract yield were studied in an effort to select high extract oil yielding cultivars and to optimise the overall extract process. Flavour oil yield of five onion cultivars analysed ranged from 0.04 to 0.16 g kg -1 of initial raw product weight. Cultivars, Norstar and MSU selection 3506, showed higher flavour yields than others. Extra sweet yellow onion samples had lowest pyruvate content and gave the lowest flavour yield. A significant positive correlation between pyruvate content of onions and their supercritical carbon dioxide extracted onion flavour yield was obtained.