cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Social Influence and the Social-Psychological Function of Deference: A Study of Psychiatric Nursing

Deference behavior is viewed from two standpoints: (a) as an attempt to influence and (2) its function in maintaining social relationships. Data reveal that psychiatric nurses attempt to influence doctors' treatment decisions by engaging in deferential actions; these actions also perform the function of maintaining the doctor-nurse relationship. Such actions are defined as power strategies-actions that are oriented to a normative order but which are not in conformity with that order. Power strategies are also reactions to a power order-based on conditions of dependency, as well as actions oriented to a normative order-in this study, the authority structure of the doctor-nurse relationship. I n recent years sociologists and social psychologists have shown an active interest in the phenomena of influence attempts1 and deference behavior.2 Researchers and writers interested in each of these phenomena, however, have not turned their attention to the connection between the two-that is, deference as social influence. The first objective of this paper will be to redress this omission by pointing out, with empirical illustrations, how deference behavior may be viewed as an influence
Specificity of acyl-CoA:phospholipid acyltransferases: solvent and temperature effects

Acyltransfer from CoA thiol esters to either the 1- or 2-position of monoacylglycerophosphoryl choline, which is catalyzed by a microsomal preparation from rat liver, had a temperature optimum of 30-35OC. No significant alteration was observed in the ability of the acyltransferases to distinguish among the various thiol esters tested in the range of 1 5-40°C. Acyl-CoA : 1 -acylgl ycerophosphoryl choline acyltransferase activity is inhibited by urea, A'-alkyl ureas, and short-chain alcohols. The effect is not equal for all acyl derivatives, and ethylene glycol has much less inhibitory effect on the transfer of acids with an n - 6 (06) double bond. On the other hand, this inhibition of acyltransfer was relatively insensitive to the configuration of the Ag-double bond of octadecadienoates. The specificity of the enzyme-catalyzed transfer of different acids to the 2-position can be correlated in part with the dissociation constants for the urea clathrate complexes. Added glycol does not appreciably alter the specificity of enzyme-catalyzed transfer to the 1-position, but it inhibits the transfer of all acids in a similar fashion.
Valinomycin and excitation-contraction coupling in skeletal muscle fibres of the frog.

1. Experiments were carried out on intact frog skeletal muscle fibres to study the role of H+ and K+ as counter-ions during the release of Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). A specific focus was to test whether valinomycin, a potassium ionophore, markedly reduces or abolishes H+ counter-ions fluxes across the SR membrane in response to electrical stimulation. 2. Single twitch fibres, mounted on an optical bench apparatus and stretch to long sarcomere length (3.6-4.0 microns), were activated by single action potentials (16 degrees C). Two optical signals related to excitation-contraction coupling were measured: (i) the 'second component' of the intrinsic birefringence signal, which is closely related to the myoplasmic free [Ca2+] transient, and (ii) the transient myoplasmic alkalization (delta pH) detectable from the pH indicator Phenol Red, a signal thought to reflect the movement of protons from the myoplasm into the SR in partial electrical exchange for released Ca2+. 3. Exposure of a fibre to 5 microM-valinomycin produced a slight, progressive decrease in the amplitude of the birefringence signal, approximately 5-6% per hour. This result suggests that, if anything, the peak rate at which Ca2+ is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum is slightly decreased by valinomycin. 4. The amplitude of the Phenol Red delta pH signal, measured after exposure of a fibre to valinomycin for a period of at least 60 min, averaged 0.0020 +/- 0.0002 (+/- S.E.M.); this value is slightly smaller than, but not significantly different from (P greater than 0.05; two-tailed t test) that measured in fibres not exposed to valinomycin (0.0025 +/- 0.0002). This result does not support the idea that valinomycin, but virtue of increasing the flux of K+ into the SR, markedly reduces the flux of protons during Ca2+ release. 5. Our findings of minimal changes in the birefringence and delta pH signals are consistent with the idea that, at the time of Ca2+ release, the potassium conductance of the SR membrane is large and not substantially increased by the addition of valinomycin to Ringer solution.
The TRAIL receptor agonist drozitumab targets basal B triple-negative breast cancer cells that express vimentin and Axl

Previously, we found that GST-tagged tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis inducing ligand preferentially killed triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells with a mesenchymal phenotype by activating death receptor 5 (DR5). The purpose of this study was to explore the sensitivity of breast cancer cell lines to drozitumab, a clinically tested DR5-specific agonist; identify potential biomarkers of drozitumab-sensitive breast cancer cells; and determine if those biomarkers were present in tumors from patients with TNBC. We evaluated viability, caspase activity, and sub-G1 DNA content in drozitumab-treated breast cancer cell lines and we characterized expression of potential biomarkers by immunoblot. Expression levels of vimentin and Axl were then explored in 177 TNBC samples from a publically available cDNA microarray dataset and by immunohistochemistry (IHC) in tumor tissue samples obtained from 53 African-American women with TNBC. Drozitumab-induced apoptosis in mesenchymal TNBC cell lines but not in cell lines from other breast cancer subtypes. The drozitumab-sensitive TNBC cell lines expressed the mesenchymal markers vimentin and Axl. Vimentin and Axl mRNA and protein were expressed in a subset of human TNBC tumors. By IHC, ~15 % of TNBC tumors had vimentin and Axl expression in the top quartile for both. These findings indicate that drozitumab-sensitive mesenchymal TNBC cells express vimentin and Axl, which can be identified in a subset of human TNBC tumors. Thus, vimentin and Axl may be useful to identify TNBC patients who would be most likely to benefit from a DR5 agonist.
Predicting Fecundity of Fathead Minnows (Pimephales promelas) Exposed to Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals Using a MATLAB®-Based Model of Oocyte Growth Dynamics.

Fish spawning is often used as an integrated measure of reproductive toxicity, and an indicator of aquatic ecosystem health in the context of forecasting potential population-level effects considered important for ecological risk assessment. Consequently, there is a need for flexible, widely-applicable, biologically-based models that can predict changes in fecundity in response to chemical exposures, based on readily measured biochemical endpoints, such as plasma vitellogenin (VTG) concentrations, as input parameters. Herein we describe a MATLAB® version of an oocyte growth dynamics model for fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) with a graphical user interface based upon a previously published model developed with MCSim software and evaluated with data from fathead minnows exposed to an androgenic chemical, 17β-trenbolone. We extended the evaluation of our new model to include six chemicals that inhibit enzymes involved in steroid biosynthesis: fadrozole, ketoconazole, propiconazole, prochloraz, fenarimol, and trilostane. In addition, for unexposed fathead minnows from group spawning design studies, and those exposed to the six chemicals, we evaluated whether the model is capable of predicting the average number of eggs per spawn and the average number of spawns per female, which was not evaluated previously. The new model is significantly improved in terms of ease of use, platform independence, and utility for providing output in a format that can be used as input into a population dynamics model. Model-predicted minimum and maximum cumulative fecundity over time encompassed the observed data for fadrozole and most propiconazole, prochloraz, fenarimol and trilostane treatments, but did not consistently replicate results from ketoconazole treatments. For average fecundity (eggs•female-1•day-1), eggs per spawn, and the number of spawns per female, the range of model-predicted values generally encompassed the experimentally observed values. Overall, we found that the model predicts reproduction metrics robustly and its predictions capture the variability in the experimentally observed data.
Facile Assembly Enhanced Spontaneous Fluorescent Response of Ag+ Ion Containing Polyelectrolyte Multilayer Films

Fluorescent organic–inorganic composite materials exhibiting “turn-on” response are often based on conjugated small molecules. Conjugated polymers, however, often exhibit a “turn-off” response in combination with metal ions. Here we present fluorescent turn-on behavior of a branched poly(ethylene imine)-poly(acrylic acid)-Ag+ ion complex in a thin film. The material is characterized by UV–vis, spectrofluorometry, XPS, and ICP-MS. The turn-on response is exhibited only with all three components present, implying that the optically active metal coordination complex contains amine and carboxylic acid groups. This behavior is observed in the solid state, meaning this material could be easily integrated into devices. We demonstrate sensing of formaldehyde vapor as well as halide containing solutions based on fluorescence quenching. This fluorescent material is simply made using the layer-by-layer technique and commercially available polymers.
Thermo-Mechanical Simulation of Crooke’s Cantilevers in the Free-Molecular Flow Regime

Measurement of the displacement of micro-machined cantilevers due to radiometric forces is complicated by the fact that there are also thermal stresses, leading to a separate displacement of the structure. While the two effects cannot be easily separated experimentally, numeric simulation allows the two to be computed independently, and compared against the magnitude of vibrations in heated micro-devices caused by statistical mechanics. The results show that the displacement due to thermal stresses is often greater than, or of the same order of magnitude, when compared to the Knudsen forces in the freemolecular flow regime.
Transplantable mastocytoma in the mouse containing histamine, heparin, 5-hydroxytryptamine.

Summary1. A transplantable mastocytoma of the mouseis described. The tumor is benign and composed of cells indistinguishable from normal mast cells. 2. It contains greater quantities of histamine and heparin than have previously been found in normal or tumorous mast cells. It also contains large amounts of 5-hydroxytryptamine.
NEW METHOD OF RESERVES CALCULATION FOR GAS RESERVOIR IN CARBONATE ROCK

When we calculate reserves with traditional cubature,parameters of reservoir bed we use are average values.This ignores anisotropic factors of reservoirs,so that affects accuracy of calculate.To solve this problem,we built geologic model,and calculated reserves with the model's network data.In this method,we can increase accuracy of calculate.In this paper,we successfully applied GRIDSTATPRO,a kind of modeling software,to build an accuracy geologic model of a real gas reservoir in carbonate rock.And we also calculated reserves,according to data of our model.Compared with the traditional cubature,our result is better,because that our model meets the case of reservoir nature better.In addition,we investigated exploitable reserves of the real gas reservoir,with several methods.
Methoxypromazine maleate in cases of psychoneurosis.

Methoxypromazine maleate apparently has the same sedative and tranquilizing action as chlorpromazine, but is less potent than the latter drug, particularly in cases of acute psychosis.Clinical studies indicate that methoxypromazine maleate is suitable for the treatment of ambulatory patients with predominantly psychosomatic complaints. Studies so far indicate a minimal incidence of toxic or neurovegetative side effects.
Investigaciones arqueológicas recientes en Gonzalo Hernández, un sitio del Posclásico Tardío en el Soconusco

Este articulo analiza los resultados de recientes investigaciones arqueologicas en el sitio Posclasico Tardio de Gonzalo Hernandez, ubicado en la region Soconusco de Chiapas. Los datos proporcionan evidencia de la cronologia y los tipos de actividades llevadas a cabo en el lugar. Aunque la ocupacion predominante se dio en el Posclasico Tardio, se encontraron pruebas de que tambien el sitio fue habitado periodicamente desde el periodo Formativo Temprano hasta dicho Posclasico Tardio. Los artefactos encontrados consisten en materiales domesticos caracteristicos de una pequena comunidad rural. El hecho de que tiene solo unos pequenos monticulos bajos y pedaceria de material domestico indica que la mayoria de las casas eran construidas a nivel del suelo e ilustra por que muchos sitios del Posclasico Tardio en el Soconusco han sido dificiles de encontrar, contribuyendo a un subregistro del numero de sitios del Posclasico Tardio en la region
The broken "Off" switch in cancer signaling: PP2A as a regulator of tumorigenesis, drug resistance, and immune surveillance.

Aberrant activation of signal transduction pathways can transform a normal cell to a malignant one and can impart survival properties that render cancer cells resistant to therapy. A diverse set of cascades have been implicated in various cancers including those mediated by serine/threonine kinases such RAS, PI3K/AKT, and PKC. Signal transduction is a dynamic process involving both “On” and “Off” switches. Activating mutations of RAS or PI3K can be viewed as the switch being stuck in the “On” position resulting in continued signaling by a survival and/or proliferation pathway. On the other hand, inactivation of protein phosphatases such as the PP2A family can be seen as the defective “Off” switch that similarly can activate these pathways. A problem for therapeutic targeting of PP2A is that the enzyme is a hetero-trimer and thus drug targeting involves complex structures. More importantly, since PP2A isoforms generally act as tumor suppressors one would want to activate these enzymes rather than suppress them. The elucidation of the role of cellular inhibitors like SET and CIP2A in cancer suggests that targeting these proteins can have therapeutic efficacy by mechanisms involving PP2A activation. Furthermore, drugs such as FTY-720 can activate PP2A isoforms directly. This review will cover the current state of knowledge of PP2A role as a tumor suppressor in cancer cells and as a mediator of processes that can impact drug resistance and immune surveillance.
Becker's Anthropology: The Shape of Finitude

This article examines the anthropoloy of Ernest Becker through the medium of his notion of creatureliness which represents a dominant focus, especially in his later work. Two elements stand out in this consideration—self-esteem, which as a motivation disguises creaturehood and makes it bearable, and the fear of death, which is the final confirmation of creaturehood. After examining Becker's treatment of these elements, the article explores several dimensions of a religious view of creatureliness which have not been taken up in order to show that Becker is dealing with finitude rather than creatureliness. A fuller treatment of creatureliness would require an approach that does justice to these dimensions, and, if one wishes as Becker does to demonstrate a convergence between religion and the social sciences, it would require a more coherently developed method of correlation. The article concludes with an examination of the spirituality that emerges for Becker out of his perspective on the human.
A survey of power management techniques for phase change memory

The demands of larger memory capacity in high-performance computing systems have motivated the researchers to explore alternatives of dynamic random access memory (DRAM). Since phase change memory (PCM) provides high-density, good scalability and non-volatile data storage, it has received significant amount of attention in recent years. A crucial bottleneck in wide-spread adoption of PCM, however, is that its write latency and energy are very high. Recently, several architecture and system-level techniques have been proposed to address this issue. In this paper, we survey several techniques for managing power consumption of PCM. We also classify these techniques based on their characteristics to highlight their similarities and differences. The aim of this paper is to provide insights to researchers into working of PCM power-management techniques and also motivate them to propose even better techniques for designing future 'green' PCM-based main memory systems.
Developmental Disabilities and Mental Retardation

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the nature of developmental disabilities (DD) and mental retardation (MR), focusing on the diagnostic, assessment, and treatment methods associated with DD and MR. Many types of DD are associated with specific genetic and biological conditions. The disorders include inborn errors of metabolism that are inherited, single-gene abnormalities where the abnormality is known to be related to a specific gene, and chromosomal abnormalities. A major contribution to DD and MR (30%) results from conditions that can occur to a developing fetus during pregnancy. Another contributor to DD and MR consists of the effects of the postnatal environment on the developing neonate. Two types of competency are generally acknowledged: legal competence and clinical competence. All adults are considered legally competent until declared otherwise by a court, whereas those under the age of 18 are considered legally incompetent. Although all psychopathologies may be found at all levels of MR, persons with mild MR tend to be more frequently diagnosed with traditional psychiatric disorders. Those with severe or profound MR are observed to show severe behavioral disturbances.
Chapter 17 - SLE-Associated Tests

A diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is likely if four of eleven of “the American College of Rheumatology criteria for SLE” are met, which are given in a table in this chapter. The detection of autoantibodies in patients is not only useful in establishing a diagnosis of SLE, but may also reflect disease activity, correlate with organ involvement, and predict relapse. It is important to recognize, however, that no one test or test panel can perform all of these activities, as increases in the specificity of a test usually correspond to decreases in sensitivity. Additionally, not all of the clinical features of SLE are mediated by antibodies. The most common screening test is immunofluorescence on rodent liver or human epithelial (Hep-2) tissue, although enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) are available. In selected populations antinuclear antibodies (ANAs) are a highly sensitive test for SLE, and when Hep-2 cells are used, over 98 per cent of patients who fulfill the American College of Rheumatology criteria for lupus have a positive test. .
Unmanned vehicles for anti-submarine warfare

This paper explored the opportunities for using unmanned surface vehicles for anti-submarine warfare. Areas of the problem where such vehicles are likely to contribute value are discussed, along with an approach for developing and utilizing such vehicles.
Genetic analysis of soft white wheat end-use quality traits in a club by common wheat cross

Improved understanding of the genetic architecture of end-use quality traits and identification of associated quantitative trait loci (QTL) allow breeders to target loci and clarify the complex relationships among these traits. A set of 207 recombinant inbred lines from a ‘Coda’ by ‘Brundage’ soft wheat mapping population was grown in five environments over four years at Aberdeen, ID, Moscow, ID, and Pullman, WA, USA. The population was evaluated for grain, milling, and baking end-use quality traits using AACCI methods. A linkage map consisting of 570 single nucleotide polymorphisms and 136 simple sequence repeat markers was developed using JMP Genomics. This linkage map covered 20 of the 21 wheat chromosomes. Multiple interval mapping with the R/qtl package yielded 71 significant QTL associated with 14 end-use quality traits. QTL on chromosomes 2B, 2D, 4B and 6B were consistently associated with multiple end-use quality traits across multiple environments. Depending on the trait, both Coda and Brundage contributed favorable alleles for end-use quality. For some QTL, both Coda and Brundage contributed favorable alleles, but for different end-use quality traits, indicating these alleles may be linked in repulsion. Combining favorable alleles from each parent into a single line can improve the end-use quality. The identified QTL not only provide breeders with potentially useful markers for selection, but also improve understanding of genetic factors related to soft wheat end-use quality traits.
Uniform large-area growth of nanotemplated high-quality monolayer MoS2

Over the past decade, it has become apparent that the extreme sensitivity of 2D crystals to surface interactions presents a unique opportunity to tune material properties through surface functionalization and the mechanical assembly of 2D heterostructures. However, this opportunity carries with it a concurrent challenge: an enhanced sensitivity to surface contamination introduced by standard patterning techniques that is exacerbated by the difficulty in cleaning these atomically thin materials. Here, we report a templated MoS2 growth technique wherein Mo is deposited onto atomically stepped sapphire substrates through a SiN stencil with feature sizes down to 100 nm and subsequently sulfurized at high temperature. These films have a quality comparable to the best MoS2 prepared by other methodologies, and the thickness of the resulting MoS2 patterns can be tuned layer-by-layer by controlling the initial Mo deposition. The quality and thickness of the films are confirmed by scanning electron, scanning tunnel...
EMBRACE: Applying Cognitive Tutor Principles to Reading Comprehension

Reading comprehension is a critical skill, and one where dual language learners can fall behind compared to native English speakers. We developed EMBRACE, an intelligent tutoring system to improve reading comprehension of dual language learners. Based on theories of embodied cognition, EMBRACE tutors children on how to create cognitive simulations of text content. We describe the implementation of EMBRACE and show how it is closely aligned to principles posed by Anderson and colleagues in 1995 for the design of cognitive tutors, a type of intelligent tutoring system.
Packaging Data Analytical Work Reproducibly Using R (and Friends)

Computers are a central tool in the research process, enabling complex and large-scale data analysis. As computer-based research has increased in complexity, so have the challenges of ensuring that...
PROBES OF CYTOCHROME P450 STRUCTURE

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses probes of cytochrome P-450 structure. The cytochrome P-450 monoxygenases assume a leading role in the elucidation of oxygenation and O 2 reduction mechanisms. In measurements with pure components, they supplement Mb and Hb data in the identification of states and structures associated with heme dioxygen binding and activation processes. The proposed reaction cycle of heme states in hepatic microsomes can be taken as appropriate for all P-450 cytochromes, although two basic modes of electron transport have been identified with P-450 monoxygenase systems viz. the microsomal and the mitochondrial-microbial. The emerging properties characterizing the unique features of the ρ450 heme structure, thus, converge in a unified effort to elucidate the molecular mechanism of action. This chapter discusses the essential X-ray diffraction parameters for the three crystalline forms of P-450 CAM determined in the laboratory of Kraut and Poulos. It illustrates single-crystal polarized absorption spectra of P-450 CAM .
Basquiat Before Basquiat: East 12th Street, 1979–1980, Curated by Nora Burnett Abrams / Basquiat Before Basquiat: East 12th Street 1979-1980

Basquiat Before Basquiat: East 12th Street 1979–1980 features Alexis Adler’s personal collection of sketches, scripts, clothing and photographs belonging to a hitherto unknown period of creation fr...
On the dispersion of SiCAl slurries in rotating flows

Abstract An experimental study was conducted to determine the role of fluid flow on dispersion of SiC particles in molten aluminum. In this work, slurries containing up to 18 vol.% SiC were dispersed in rotational Couette flow at high shear rates ranging from 50 to 500 s −1 . The relative viscosity of SiCAl metal matrix composite slurries was also measured. It was found that the particles were uniformly dispersed in the radial direction. No particle agglomeration was observed. Axial dispersion was found to occur under certain stirring conditions. A particulate dispersion number PD based on stirring parameters and particle-settling velocity was developed to describe the dispersion behavior of particles in rotating fluids. The measured viscosities of the SICAl slurries investigatedwere found to be in good agreement with Einstein's equation.
Feeding Value of Grain Sorghum for the Lactating Sow

Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of a corn-soybean meal (C-SBM) and a sorghum-soybean meal (S-SBM) diet on reproductive performance and nutrient utilization by sows. In Exp. 1, 75 sows (39 gilts; 36 primiparous) were fed either a C-SBM or a S-SBM gestation diet from breeding to d 109. On d 110, sows were assigned to lactation diets; half of the sows from each dietary treatment were assigned to a lactation diet based on the opposite grain. Sow weight change from d 54 to farrowing was greater (P less than .06) for sows fed S-SBM than for sows fed C-SBM. There was no difference (P greater than .50) in weight change of sows during lactation. Feed consumption during lactation was greater (P less than .01) for sows fed C-SBM than for sows fed S-SBM. Litter size at birth and d 21 did not differ between treatments (P greater than .13). Litter weights at birth were similar, but litters of sows fed C-SBM gained more weight (P less than .05) during the 21-d lactation than those fed S-SBM. There were no differences (P greater than .30) in the number of days from weaning to estrus. In Exp. 2, the energy and N metabolism of the two diets was compared in 12 lactating, primiparous sows from d 15 to 20 of lactation. Dry matter digestibility, DE and ME percentages were not affected by grain source (P greater than .46).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
XML Conversion of the Windows Registry for Forensic Processing and Distribution

The Windows Registry often contains key data that help determine the activities performed on a computer. While some forensic tools format Registry data for common questions that are required to be answered in digital investigations, their output is geared for standalone use, not for indexable content.
Increasing the buffering capacity of minimal media leads to higher protein yield

We describe a general and simple modification to the standard M9 minimal medium recipe that leads to an approximate twofold increase in the yield of heterologously expressed proteins in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) bacteria. We monitored the growth of bacteria transformed with plasmids for three different test proteins in five minimal media with different concentrations of buffering salts and/or initial media pH. After purification of the over-expressed proteins, we found a clear correlation between the protein yield and change in media pH over time, where the minimal media that were the most buffered and therefore most resistant to change in pH produced the most protein. And in all three test protein cases, the difference in yield was nearly twofold between the best and worst buffering media. Thus, we propose that increasing the buffering capacity of M9 minimal media will generally lead to a similar increase for most of the proteins currently produced by this standard protein expression protocol. Moreover, we have qualitatively found that this effect also extends to deuterated M9 minimal media growths, which could lead to significant cost savings in these preparations.
Leadership, Feminism, and Classroom Politics--Or, How I Gave up the Fight and Learned to Love Resistance.

Most of us resist learning to some extent or another, so it's not surprising that students do as well. But as professionals who bump up against this resistance in our students every day, whether in...
mTMT: An Alternative, Nonisobaric, Tandem Mass Tag Allowing for Precursor-Based Quantification

Stable isotope labeling of peptides is the basis for numerous mass-spectrometry-based quantification strategies. Isobaric tagging and metabolic labeling, namely, tandem mass tagging (TMT) and SILAC...
Health Equity Rounds: An Interdisciplinary Case Conference to Address Implicit Bias and Structural Racism for Faculty and Trainees

Introduction The medical community recognizes the importance of confronting structural racism and implicit bias to address health inequities. Several curricula aimed at teaching trainees about thes...
Alternate Healthy Eating Index is Positively Associated with Cognitive Function Among Middle-Aged and Older Hispanics/Latinos in the HCHS/SOL.

BACKGROUND Diet quality may be an important area of focus for promoting cognitive health; however, the association between diet quality and cognitive function among Hispanics/Latinos remains largely unexamined. We hypothesized that a healthier diet quality will be associated with better cognitive function in middle-aged and older Hispanics/Latinos. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to examine associations between the Alternate Healthy Eating Index (AHEI-2010), a measure of diet quality, and cognitive function in middle-aged and older Hispanics/Latinos. METHODS Data from the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL) Visit 1 (2008-2011) were used (n = 8461; ages 45-74 y). Cognitive function was assessed with tests of verbal learning and memory, verbal fluency, and processing speed; a global cognition score was derived by summing the z scores of individual tests. Dietary intake was assessed via two 24-h recalls. Total AHEI-2010 score was categorized into quintiles (higher quintiles indicating healthier diet). Linear regression models were used to examine associations between AHEI-2010 quintiles and cognitive function adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics, daily energy intake, type 2 diabetes, smoking, and depressive symptoms. RESULTS Compared with the lowest quintile, in the second to fourth AHEI-2010 quintiles, global cognition scores were significantly higher by 0.28, 0.52, and 0.48 units (P-trend = 0.042). In the second to fifth AHEI-2010 quintiles, verbal learning scores were significantly higher by 0.60, 0.62, 0.92, and 0.88 units, and verbal memory scores were higher by 0.33, 0.40, 0.52, and 0.46 units (P-trend = 0.020 and 0.007, respectively). No associations were observed between the AHEI-2010 and verbal fluency or processing speed (P-trend = 0.49 and 0.84, respectively). Among AHEI-2010 components, adequate consumption of vegetables, alcohol, and whole fruits were each associated with better cognitive function. CONCLUSIONS An overall healthier diet quality was associated with better global cognition, verbal learning, and verbal memory in middle-aged and older Hispanics/Latinos.
Roll‐Off at the Top of the Ballot: International Undervoting in American Presidential Elections

Every four years, more than 2% of voters fail to cast a valid vote in the U.S. presidential contest. The 2000 election highlighted the fact that many intended votes are voided because of voter confusion associated with complicated ballot designs or voting equipment. Using survey data, this study provides estimates of the proportion of voided presidential ballots that do not represent errors but rather intentional undervotes. Voters who are older, poorer, and who do not identify with either major party are more likely to intentionally refrain from casting a presidential vote. African American-white differences are very minor, implying that racial disparities in the rate of voided votes cannot be attributed to a stronger tendency among African American voters to intentionally skip the presidential contest.
Generalized Approach for Rapid Aqueous MOF Synthesis by Controlling Solution pH

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are a promising class of functional materials with applications in catalysis, separations, electronics, and drug delivery, among others. Despite a range of technique...
Pilot Study: Texture Analysis of PET Imaging Demonstrates Changes in 18F-FDG Uptake of the Brain After Prophylactic Cranial Irradiation.

Prophylactic cranial irradiation (PCI) is used to decrease the probability of developing brain metastases in patients with small cell lung cancer and has been linked to deleterious cognitive effects. Although no well-established imaging markers for these effects exist, previous studies have shown that structural and metabolic changes in the brain can be detected with MRI and PET. This study used an image processing technique called texture analysis to explore whether global changes in brain glucose metabolism could be characterized in PET images. Methods:18F-FDG PET images of the brain from patients with small cell lung cancer, obtained before and after the administration of PCI, were processed using texture analysis. Texture features were compared between the pre- and post-PCI images. Results: Multiple texture features demonstrated statistically significant differences before and after PCI when texture analysis was applied to the brain parenchyma as a whole. Regional differences were also seen but were not statistically significant. Conclusion: Global changes in brain glucose metabolism occur after PCI and are detectable using advanced image processing techniques. These changes may reflect radiation-induced damage and thus may provide a novel method for studying radiation-induced cognitive impairment.
The impact of segmental spinal alignment on the development of proximal junctional kyphosis after instrumented posterior spinal fusions for idiopathic scoliosis.

To assess if the preservation of preoperative kyphosis within the cephalad two motion segments of instrumented posterior spinal fusions (PSF), for idiopathic scoliosis (IS), would be associated with lower frequency of proximal junctional kyphosis (PJK) at 2 years postoperatively. Previous studies on PJK in IS have reported conflicting findings; none has evaluated the relationship between segmental kyphosis within the cephalad instrumented construct and PJK. One hundred consecutive patients undergoing PSF for IS by a single surgeon with minimum 2-year follow-up were evaluated. Radiographic evaluation focused on sagittal alignment of the upper instrumented vertebrae (UIV), the 1 and 2 vertebrae cephalad (UIV + 1, UIV + 2) and caudal (UIV − 1, UIV − 2). This was measured between the inferior endplate of the UIV and the superior endplate of the UIV + 1 and UIV + 2 or between the superior endplate of the UIV and the inferior endplate of the UIV − 1 and UIV − 2. PJK was defined as present if the final UIV + 2 ≥ 10° and final UIV + 2—preop UIV + 2 ≥ 10°. There were 78 females and 22 males whose mean age was 14.6 (± 2.1) years at surgery; mean follow-up was 3.9 (2–9.3) years. The overall frequency of PJK was 25% (25/100) at final follow-up. Preoperative mean coronal curve measured 63° (40°–107°) with a mean 66% correction at final follow-up. UIV was T2 (n = 15), T3 (n = 47) or T4 (n = 38). More caudal UIVs were associated with PJK development (p = 0.04): T2 (13%), T3 (21%) and T4 (34%). Greater preoperative T5–T12 thoracic kyphosis and UIV − 2, and lower major curve apex (below T12) were more likely to develop PJK (p = 0.019, p = 0.004 and p = 0.007, respectively). Post-operatively, larger values for UIV − 1 (p ≤ 0.001) and UIV − 2 (p = 0.002) were associated with PJK at final follow-up. Longer fusion lengths (10–13 vs. 6–9 segments, p = 0.02) and the presence of thoracolumbar/lumbar structural curves (Lenke 3–6 vs. 1–2, p = 0.032) had higher rates of PJK (32% vs 10% and 37% vs 18%, respectively). Changes in UIV − 1 and UIV − 2 (preoperatively to immediately post-op) did not influence the development of PJK. At final follow-up, no patient required revision surgery for symptomatic proximal junctional kyphosis. In this study, changes in UIV − 1 and UIV − 2 at surgery were not related to PJK. Greater preoperative T5–T12 thoracic kyphosis and UIV − 2, lower major curve apex (T12 and below), and greater post-operative UIV − 1 and UIV − 2 were associated with higher frequencies of PJK. Higher UIV (T2 vs. T4) and LIV levels had a protective effect against PJK. Based on this study, the preservation of segmental kyphosis within the instrumented cephalad two levels of the PSF did not minimize the occurrence of radiographic PJK. Level IV.
The World of Ptolemy

The reading selection included below is comprised of the first several chapters of Book I of the Almagest, translated from Greek by Aaron Jensen. Ptolemy begins in Chap. 1 by explaining the difference between theoretical and practical philosophy. (Where does Ptolemy situate the study of astronomy?) Next, after explaining the outline of the Almagest in Chap. 2, Ptolemy offers a summary of his theory of the heavens and the earth. Thus, Chaps. 3–8 provide a framework for understanding the Almagest as a whole. He argues against those whowould claim that the earth itself is in motion. This, after all, was an ancient opinion espoused by the Pythagoreans but later rejected by Aristotle in his book On the Heavens. The astute reader of the Almagest will recognize many of Aristotle’s arguments and proofs in these chapters. (Can you identify them?)
Chromosome Manipulation by Cre-lox Recombination

Spaital and temporal regulation of Cre activity has led to the development of conditional somatic mutagenesis strategies that allow more precise determination of gene function in metazoans and plants. These strategies have been rapidly and widely adopted, particularly in the study of gene-modified and transgenic mice. In addition, Cre’s modest biochemical requirements have led to the adoption of Cre for use in a variety of other DNA manipulation strategies both in vitro and in vivo. The molecular genetics of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is extraordinarily well developed, particularly in comparison with other eukaryotes. The genetic approach to mapping the spatial organization of the genome in the nucleus promises to provide important insights into the role of chromosome disposition in DNA repair and gene expression. The first successful approach to achieving the on/off expression control needed for inducible recombination-mediated gene ablation in mice was the use of the interferon-inducible Mx promoter to drive cre expression. A second strategy for regulating cre expression in mice is based on the successful adaptations of the prokaryotic tetracycline repressor operator system to regulate gene expression in eukaryotes. Precise engineering of individual chromosomes themselves, with production of defined chromosomal inversions, deletions, and duplications, is now possible using Cre recombinase. Advances in the genetic manipulation of model organisms have consistently led to deeper appreciation and understanding of their basic biology and to insights into the etiology of human disease.
Challenge Problems from Nonassociative Rings for Theorem Provers

The Moufang Identities are proving to be a challenging set of problems for automated theorem proving programs. Aside from one program that uses a new technique that has the axioms of nonassociative ring theorem built in, I know of no other program able to prove these identities. In this short paper I include the axioms for nonassociative rings, statements of the five moufang identities, a natural hand proof of one of the left identities and a human guided paramodulation proof of the same identity. I hope that this paper will provide a starting point for others to attack these interesting problems.
Structure, pretreatment and hydrolysis of cellulose

The structural features of cellulose which are important to enzymatic degradation are discussed. Pretreatments to facilitate the accessibility of cellulose are reviewed; in situ wet milling, semi-chemical pulping, and solvent pretreatment are considered the most effective to-date.
A More Timely and Useful Index of Leading Indicators

Effectively predicting cyclical movements in the economy is a major challenge. While there are other approaches to forecasting, the U.S. leading index has long been used to analyze and predict economic fluctuations. We describe and test a new procedure for making the index more timely. The new index significantly outperforms its less timely counterpart and offers substantial gains in real-time out-of-sample forecasts of changes in aggregate economic activity and industrial production. It provides timely and accurate ex-ante information for predicting, not only the business cycle turning points, but the monthly changes in the economy.
A Spatiotemporal Stochastic Model for Tropical Precipitation and Water Vapor Dynamics

A linear stochastic model is presented for the dynamics of water vapor and tropical convection. Despite its linear formulation, the model reproduces a wide variety of observational statistics from disparate perspectives, including (i) a cloud cluster area distribution with an approximate power law; (ii) a power spectrum of spatiotemporal red noise, as in the ‘‘background spectrum’’ of tropical convection; and (iii) a suite of statistics that resemble the statistical physics concepts of critical phenomena and phase transitions. The physical processes of the model are precipitation, evaporation, and turbulent advection‐diffusion of water vapor, and they are represented in idealized form as eddy diffusion, damping, and stochastic forcing. Consequently, the form of the model is a damped version of the two-dimensional stochastic heat equation. Exact analytical solutions are available for many statistics, and numerical realizations can be generated for minimal computational cost and for any desired time step. Given the simple form of the model, the results suggest that tropical convection may behave in a relatively simple, random way. Finally, relationships are also drawn with the Ising model, the Edwards‐Wilkinson model, the Gaussian free field, and the Schramm‐Loewner evolution and its possible connection with cloud cluster statistics. Potential applications of the model include several situations where realistic cloud fields must be generated for minimal cost, such as cloud parameterizations for climate models or radiative transfer models.
Gender Violence And Hegemonic Projects: INTRODUCTION

This essay introduces the Special Issue theme, gender violence and hegemonic projects. We discuss why re-thinking the relationship between gender violence and hegemonic projects is important for feminist theory and activism. Moving beyond the narrow, representational approach to ‘violence against women’, we argue that the hegemonic projects of the state are constituted through gender violence. Rather than an effect of power, gender violence is thus instrumental to the very operations and existence of hegemonic projects. We insert the contributing essays within this framework, elucidating their examination of three key issues: (1) how hegemonic discourses operate through gendered violence; (2) how dominant political institutions, ideas and discourses determine what ‘counts’ as gender violence; and (3) how responses to gender violence engage metanarratives about gender, race, class and nation/state, both resisting and sustaining hegemonic projects.
GraphTrek: Asynchronous Graph Traversal for Property Graph-Based Metadata Management

Property graphs are a promising data model for rich metadata management in high-performance computing (HPC) systems because of their ability to represent not only metadata attributes but also the relationships between them. A property graph can be used to record the relationships between users, jobs, and data, for example, with unique annotations for each entity. This high-volume, power-law distributed use case is a natural fit for an out-of-core distributed property graph database. Such a system must support live updates (to ingest production information in real time), low-latency point queries (for frequent metadata operations such as permission checking), and large-scale traversals (for provenance data mining). Large-scale property graph traversals are particularly challenging for distributed graph databases, however. Most existing graph databases implement a "level-synchronous" breadth-first search algorithm that relies on global synchronization in each traversal step. This traversal model performs well in many problem domains, but a rich metadata management system is characterized by imbalanced graphs, long traversal lengths, and concurrent workloads, each of which has the potential to introduce or exacerbate stragglers. We define stragglers as abnormally slow steps (or servers) in a graph traversal that lead to low overall throughput for synchronous traversal algorithms. The straggler problem can be mitigated by the use of asynchronous traversal algorithms. Asynchronous traversal has been successfully demonstrated in graph processing frameworks, but such systems require the graph to be loaded into a separate batch-processing framework. In this work, we propose GraphTrek, a general asynchronous graph traversal engine working with graph databases for processing rich metadata management in their native format. We also outline a traversal-aware query language and key optimizations (traversal-affiliate caching and execution merging) necessary for efficient performance. Our experiments show that the asynchronous graph traversal engine is more efficient than its synchronous counterpart in the case of HPC rich metadata processing, where more servers are involved and larger traversals are needed.
A result on the and elliptic genera on non-spin manifolds with circle actions

Abstract We prove the vanishing of the A -genus of compact smooth manifolds with finite second homotopy group and endowed with smooth S1 actions. These manifolds are not necessarily spin, hence, this vanishing extends that of Atiyah and Hirzebruch on spin manifolds with S1 actions. The proof is accomplished by proving a rigidity theorem under circle actions of the elliptic genus on these manifolds. To cite this article: H. Herrera, R. Herrera, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, Ser. I 335 (2002) 371–374.
Ozone oxidizes glutathione to a sulfonic acid.

Biosurfaces are universally covered with fluid microfilms containing reduced glutathione (GSH) and other antioxidants whose putative roles include the detoxification of ambient ozone (O3). It is generally believed that O3 accepts an electron from the thiolate GS2− function [pKa(GS−) = 8.8] of GSH to produce thiyl GS•− radicals en route to the disulfide GSSG. Here, we report novel electrospray mass spectrometry experiments showing that sulfonates (GSO3−/GSO32−), not GSSG, are the exclusive final products on the surface of aqueous GSH microdroplets exposed to dilute O3(g) for ∼1 ms. The higher reactivity of the thiolate GS2− toward O3(g) over the thiol GS− is kinetically resolved in this time frame due to slow GS− acid dissociation. However, our experiments also show that O3 will be largely scavenged by the more reactive ascorbate coantioxidant in typical interfacial biofilms. The presence of GSSG and the absence of GSO3−/GSO32− in extracellular lining fluids are therefore evidence of GSH oxidation by speci...