cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
In Situ Insights

When consuming content in applications such as e-readers, word processors, and Web browsers, users often see mentions to topics (or concepts) that attract their attention. In a scenario of significant practical interest, topics are explored in situ, without leaving the context of the application: The user selects a mention of a topic (in the form of continuous text), and the system subsequently recommends references (e.g., Wikipedia concepts) that are relevant in the context of the application. In order to realize this experience, it is necessary to tackle challenges that include: users may select any continuous text, even potentially noisy text for which there is no corresponding reference in the knowledge base; references must be relevant to both the user selection and the text around it; and the real estate available on the application may be constrained, thus limiting the number of results that can be shown. In this paper, we study this novel recommendation task, that we call in situ insights: recommending reference concepts in response to a text selection and its context in-situ of a document consumption application. We first propose a selection-centric context language model and a selection-centric context semantic model to capture user interest. Based on these models, we then measure the quality of a reference concept across three aspects: selection clarity, context coherence, and concept relevance. By leveraging all these aspects, we put forward a machine learning approach to simultaneously decide if a selection is noisy, and filter out low-quality candidate references. In order to quantitatively evaluate our proposed techniques, we construct a test collection based on the simulation of the in situ insights scenario using crowdsourcing in the context of a real-word e-reader application. Our experimental evaluation demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed techniques.
On Uniqueness of a Solution of $Lu=u^\alpha$ with Given Trace

A boundary trace $(\Gamma, \nu)$ of a solution of $\Delta u = u^\alpha$ in a bounded smooth domain in $\mathbb{R}^d$ was first constructed by Le Gall \cite{LGOne} who described all possible traces for $\alpha = 2, d= 2$ in which case a solution is defined uniquely by its trace. In a number of publications, Marcus, V\'eron, Dynkin and Kuznetsov gave analytic and probabilistic generalization of the concept of trace to the case of arbitrary $\alpha > 1, d \ge 1$. However, it was shown by Le Gall that the trace, in general, does not define a solution uniquely in case $d\ge (\alpha +1)/(\alpha -1)$. He offered a sufficient condition for the uniqueness and conjectured that a uniqueness should be valid if the singular part $\Gamma$ of the trace coincides with the set of all explosion points of the measure $\nu$. Here, we establish a necessary condition for the uniqueness which implies a negative answer to the above conjecture.
Effective strong-coupling Hamiltonians for bipolaron centers and magnetic impurities with on-site electron-phonon coupling.

We have studied a model of bipolaron (negative-U) centers and magnetic impurities which includes a repulsive on-site Coulomb interaction as well as a coupling of the electronic on-site energy to the displacement amplitude of a local phonon mode. By means of a generalized Schrieffer-Wolff transformation, we derive an effective strong-coupling (or weak-hybridization) Hamiltonian for the low-lying states of the system. In the case of a bipolaron center (where the phonon-mediated on-site attraction dominates over the Coulomb repulsion), the effective Hamiltonian describes conduction-electron scattering and electron-pair tunneling processes between the localized impurity orbital and the conduction band of the metallic host. In the limit of very strong electron-phonon coupling, the pair tunneling matrix elements become exponentially small, whereas conduction electron scattering is suppressed only algebraically. The impurity orbital occupation number is then almost ``frozen in'' and the bipolaron center becomes inefficient in enhancing the superconducting pairing correlations of the host. In the case of a magnetic impurity (with a predominant repulsive Coulomb interaction), the effective Hamiltonian reduces to the form of an ordinary Kondo spin-exchange model. The spin-exchange coupling constants are not affected by the presence of the electron-phonon interaction.
Characterization and Angiogenic Potential of Human Neonatal and Infant Thymus Mesenchymal Stromal Cells

Resident mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are involved in angiogenesis during thymus regeneration. We have previously shown that MSCs can be isolated from enzymatically digested human neonatal and infant thymus tissue that is normally discarded during pediatric cardiac surgical procedures. In this paper, we demonstrate that thymus MSCs can also be isolated by explant culture of discarded thymus tissue and that these cells share many of the characteristics of bone marrow MSCs. Human neonatal thymus MSCs are clonogenic, demonstrate exponential growth in nearly 30 population doublings, have a characteristic surface marker profile, and express pluripotency genes. Furthermore, thymus MSCs have potent proangiogenic behavior in vitro with sprout formation and angiogenic growth factor production. Thymus MSCs promote neoangiogenesis and cooperate with endothelial cells to form functional human blood vessels in vivo. These characteristics make thymus MSCs a potential candidate for use as an angiogenic cell therapeutic agent and for vascularizing engineered tissues in vitro.
Ethanol and menstrual cycle interactions in the visual evoked response.

Abstract Right and left hemisphere visual evoked responses from central locations were collected from 10 normal right-handed women in the follicular and luteal phases of their menstrual cycle. Subjects were tested sober and under 3 doses of ethanol. Amplitude and latency characteristics of the N120 and P180 components for each hemispheres were determined. Asymmetry between hemispheres for the various measurements was then calculated. the follicular phase was associated with a significant P180 latency asymmetry under baseline or placebo conditions. Virtually no asymmetry for P180 latency was present in the luteal phase. Ethanol eliminated the follicular P180 latency asymmetry and reduced the amplitude of both N120 and P180 in a dose-related fashion. The latency of the N120 component was prolonged by ethanol in a similar fashion. Interactions between menstrual cycle and ethanol occurred for both amplitude and latency of P180, but only for the response from the left hemisphere. These occurred at low or moderate doses of ethanol and illustrate the need to consider both the biphasic effects of low doses of ethanol and the possibility of lateralization of these effects to one cerebral hemisphere.
Charge-density-wave transport in quasi-one-dimensional conductors. I. Current oscillations.

We present a detailed experimental study of current oscillation phenomena in charge-density-wave (CDW) transport. The amplitude and harmonic content of the quasiperiodic component of the current oscillations remain large and approximately constant even at very high electric fields, suggesting that the form and magnitude of the impurity pinning potential are approximately independent of applied field. A simple single-coordinate model of CDW motion in a nonsinusoidal pinning potential, motivated by the quantum tunneling theory of CDW depinning, accounts for all the qualitative features of our results. Nearly perfect velocity coherence seems to be characteristic of weak-impurity-pinned CDW's in high-quality ${\mathrm{NbSe}}_{3}$. However, other types of crystal defects together with contact effects act to broaden the observed distribution of CDW velocities. This velocity distribution plays a crucial role in the ``ringing'' observed in the CDW response to a current pulse, and also in generating the broadband noise.
Vibrational cooling (and heating) of large molecules in solids

Abstract Large molecules embedded in a solid matrix exchange mechanical energy with their surroundings on the ultrafast time scale. Energy transfer from vibrationally “hot” molecules to the matrix is called vibrational cooling , while energy transfer from a “hot” matrix to the molecule is called multiphonon up pumping . Ultrafast spectroscopy and computer simulations are used to investigate these processes, and some “real world” examples involving laser ablation, energetic solids, and hemerproteins are discussed.
Complexities of Learning with Computer-Based Tools: A Case of Inquiry about Sound and Music in Elementary School

Computer-based technology is increasingly becoming available for students at all grade levels in schools, and its promise and power as a learning tool is being extolled by many. From a constructive perspective, if individuals actively construct meaning from their experiences, then simply having particular tools to work with via a computer doesn't ensure that desired learning will result. Thus, it is important to examine how students construct meaning while using such tools. This study examined what fourth grade students learned from the use of two computer-based tools intended to help them understand sound and music: software that emulated an oscilloscope and allowed students to view sound waves from audio input; and software that turned the computer into an electronic keyboard, which provided students with standard pitches for comparison purposes. Principles ofselective attention andpior knowledge and experiences—foundational ideas of a constructivist epistemology—were useful in understanding learning outcomes from inquiry with these tools. Our findings provide critical information for future instruction with the goal of supporting learning about sound and music from such tools. They also indicate the need for more studies examining learning from computer-based tools in specific contexts, to advance our understanding of how teachers can mediate student activity with computer-based tools to support the development of conceptual understanding.
From Problem-solving to Celebration: Discovering and Creating Meanings through Literacy

This article attempts to demonstrate the ways in which a classroom teacher can get a very distorted picture of students and their resources. Drawing on ethnographic research in Philadelphia's Hmong community, the author illustrates the ways in which her own assumptions were challenged, specifically about three individuals whom she came to know in the context of their communities. Next, this article looks at the intellectual climate which has permitted a new view of literacy, where the emphasis has shifted from cognitive consequences to an interest in literacy in social context as a means through which relationships are negotiated. Finally, it is argued that the ideal classroom is one in which both teachers and students have the opportunity to learn about how the world looks through one another's eyes. Suggestions are made to teachers for creating in their ESL classrooms a setting in which they can discover more about the role of literacy in their students' lives, and where students can both identify and e...
Targeting the tat-binding site of bovine immunodeficiency virus TAR RNA with a shape-selective rhodium complex

The Tat-binding site of the bovine immunodeficiency virus TAR RNA hairpin has been targeted by Rh(phen)_2phi^(3+) (phen = phenanthroline, phi = 9,10-phenanthrenequinone diimine), a photochemical probe of RNA tertiary structure. The primary site cleaved by the rhodium complex, upon photoactivation, is U24, a base which participates in the novel base triple (with bases A13 and U10) characteristic of this folded RNA. Δ-Rh(phen)_2phi^(3+) binds to this site with an affinity of 2 × 10^6M^(−1). Upon mutation of U24 and A13 to A24 and U13, respectively, so that the RNA oligomer is unable to form the base triple, site-specific cleavage by the rhodium complex is abolished. Moreover, as determined through rhodium photocleavage, at a concentration of 20 μM, Rh(phen)_2phi^(3+) inhibits specific binding of BIV-Tat peptide (2 μM) to its target site. Thus the rhodium complex, in matching its shape to the opened major groove of the properly folded RNA, specifically targets its site and is able to compete for its target with the BIV-Tat peptide.
Interpretation of irrigation methods using airborne thermal infrared imagery

Abstract In areas of limited water resources for agriculture, management decisions could be enhanced by the availability of additional data about the amount and type of irrigation systems employed. Imagery produced using an HRB Singer AN/A AS 14 optical-electronic thermal infrared scanning system was found to be of great use for the interpretation of irrigation methods. Comparison of the interpreted irrigation method with ground information show agreement within 18 per cent.
Feature mapping of the HLA class I region: localization of the POU5F1 and TCF19 genes.

The class I region of the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) complex located on chromosome 6p21.3 is gene dense. To define the gene content of the class I region, we are constructing genomic DNA feature maps. Here we report mapping of the POU5F1 and TCF19 genes to an {approximately}0.2-Mb region between the HLA-C and the S genes. Localization of these genes was facilitated by subcloning genomic DNA fragments from the 0.2-Mb region into a transposon {gamma}{delta}-based vector, selecting transposon-mediated deletions in vivo in Escherichia coli, and sequencing a nested subset chosen for their uniform distribution of deletion endpoints. The POU5F1 and TCF19 genes are located {approximately}130 kb telomeric of the HLA-C locus, approximately 0.6 kb apart from each other. Complete sequencing of a 5.5-kb EcoRI fragment containing the TCF19 gene revealed that it is composed of three exons, bounded by consensus splice signals. These experiments illustrate that the transposon-based nested deletion sequencing method provides an easy and efficient approach to feature mapping genomic fragments and to high-resolution analysis of selected subportions. 17 refs., 3 figs., 1 tab.
The Quantum Mechanics of Nano-Confined Water: New Cooperative Effects Revealed with Neutron and X-Ray Compton Scattering

Neutron Compton scattering(NCS) measurements of the momentum distribution of light ions using the Vesuvio instrument at ISIS provide a sensitive local probe of the environment of those ions. NCS measurements of the proton momentum distribution in bulk water show only small deviations from the usual picture of water as a collection of molecules, with the protons covalently bonded to an oxygen and interacting weakly, primarily electrostatically, with nearby molecules. However, a series of measurements of the proton momentum distribution in carbon nanotubes, xerogel, and Nafion show that the proton delocalizes over distances of 0.2-0.3A when water is confined on the scale of 20A. This delocalization must be the result of changes in the Born-Oppenheimer surface for the protons, which would imply that there are large deviations in the electron distribution from that of a collection of weakly interacting molecules. This has been observed at Spring-8 using x-ray Compton scattering. The observed deviation in the valence electron momentum distribution from that of bulk water is more than an order of magnitude larger than the change observed in bulk water as the water is heated from just above melting to just below boiling. We conclude that the protons and electrons in nano-confined water are in a qualitatively different ground state from that of bulk water. Since the properties of this state persist at room temperature, and the confinement distance necessary to observe it is comparable to the distance between the elements of biological cells, this state presumably plays a role in the functioning of those cells.
High-resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy evidence for electron beam-induced decomposition of trimethylsilane adsorbed on Si(100)

Abstract The effects of incident electrons on trimethylsilane ((CH 3 ) 3 SiH) adsorbed onto Si(100) at 110 K are examined using high-resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy (HREELS) and temperature programmed desorption (TPD). TPD from trimethylsilane-covered Si(100) show hydrogen desorption from silicon monohydride states at 780 K ( β 1 ); at high trimethylsilane exposures, two low-temperature (130 K and 155 K) molecular TPD states appear. The absence of silicon dihydride species on the trimethylsilane covered Si(100) surface was demonstrated by comparing the data obtained from this surface with that obtained from disilane-covered Si(100). HREELS and TPD data indicate that carbon deposition on Si(100) is enhanced by irradiating the trimethylsilane covered surface only when the molecular states are present.
Advances in HYDRA and its applications to simulations of inertial confinement fusion targets

A new set of capabilities has been implemented in the HYDRA 2D/3D multiphysics inertial confinement fusion simulation code. These include a Monte Carlo particle transport library. It models transport of neutrons, gamma rays and light ions, as well as products they generate from nuclear and coulomb collisions. It allows accurate simulations of nuclear diagnostic signatures from capsule implosions. We apply it to here in a 3D simulation of a National Ignition Facility (NIF) ignition capsule which models the full capsule solid angle. This simulation contains a severely rough ablator perturbation and provides diagnostics signatures of capsule failure due to excessive instability growth. 1. INTRODUCTION Simulations of indirect drive ignition target designs for the National Ignition Facility (NIF) must model asymmetries originating from a wide variety of sources. These include intrinsic drive asymmetries due to the illumination geometry, and extrinsic asymmetries resulting from pointing and power balance errors between the beams. Roughness on the shell surfaces seed hydrodynamic instabilities which can also degrade capsule performance. These include discrete features such as ice grooves, dust grains, unusually large isolated bumps and the fill tube used to inject fuel into the capsule. The growth factors due to hydrodynamic instabilities are sufficiently large that perturbations progress into the nonlinear saturated regime. Experiments and simulations have established that larger saturation amplitudes are obtained by symmetric 3D perturbation shapes (1-10). In addition the various asymmetries can combine in a capsule implosion so that accurate treatment of the phases between them is essential. Treating accurately the effects of these asymmetries on capsule performance and their manifestation in simulated diagnostics requires 3D simulation (11). Previously we reported results from 3-D integrated simulations of the full ignition target and high resolution simulations of a capsule over a limited solid angle (12-14). Here we report the first high resolution 3D simulation of a full implosion of a NIF ignition capsule carried out over the full 4 solid angle. The simulation includes a Monte Carlo treatment of the burn product transport, enabling simulation of neutron diagnostics.
Is maternal alkalosis harmful to the fetus

Normal pregnancy is characterized by a compensated respiratory alkalosis. The effect of maternal alkalosis on the fetus is less well understood than the more common problem of maternal acidosis. We present a case of maternal alkalosis, complicated by bronchial asthma, in which the fetus was stillborn. The pathophysiology of this condition is discussed with data to support the potential harm of maternal alkalosis in pregnancies complicated by a fetus with borderline reserve. In such instances, the fetus should be carefully monitored and consideration might be given to therapy such as the use of acetozolomide, discouraging hyperventilation by the mother and even early delivery of the fetus.
The infrared spectra of some phenyl-substituted pentavalent antimony compounds

Abstract In compounds of the type Ph3SbY2 and (Ph3Sb-O-SbPh3Y2 the C(Ph)-Sb asymmetric stretching frequency occurs between 471 and 445 cm-2. Absorption due to Sb-O-Sb occurs near 750 cm-2. In triphenylantimony dinitrate the nitrate group is considerably more covalent than in trimethylantimony dinitrate. The spectral results with compounds of the type Ph3SbY2 are consistent with a trigonal bipyramidal molecule. X-ray diffraction studies by previous workers have clearly demonstrated such a structure for only Ph3SbCl2. Oxybis(triphenylantimony) diperchlorate appears to contain a perchlorate ion. The other compounds of the type (Ph3Sb-O-SbPh3)Y2 which we have studied appear to be covalent and probably consist of two trigonal bipyramidal Ph3SbY groups sharing an apical oxygen atom.
Non-monopolizable caches: Low-complexity mitigation of cache side channel attacks

We propose a flexibly-partitioned cache design that either drastically weakens or completely eliminates cache-based side channel attacks. The proposed Non-Monopolizable (NoMo) cache dynamically reserves cache lines for active threads and prevents other co-executing threads from evicting reserved lines. Unreserved lines remain available for dynamic sharing among threads. NoMo requires only simple modifications to the cache replacement logic, making it straightforward to adopt. It requires no software support enabling it to automatically protect pre-existing binaries. NoMo results in performance degradation of about 1p on average. We demonstrate that NoMo can provide strong security guarantees for the AES and Blowfish encryption algorithms.
Combinations of environmental factors and simulated sunlight affecting activity of inclusion bodies of the Heliothis (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) nucleopolyhedrosis virus

When polyhedral inclusion bodies (PIB) of the singly embedded nucleopolyhedrosis virus of Heliothis, Baculovirus heliothis (HzSNPV), were exposed in water to simulated sunlight, there was about a 90% loss of its original viral activity, and the PIB were ≍3 times more sensitive than dry PIB. The pH (at 3,6, or 9) of the suspension had no significant effect on the extent of inactivation of PIB by simulated sunlight. Temperature of exposure (10, 22, 35, or 50%C) also had no effect on sensitivity of PIB exposed to simulated sunlight. Normally encountered field temperatures or pH, or both, coupled with exposure to sunlight, should not adversely affect the stability of PIB of HzSNPV. Presence of free water, however, can significantly increase the extent of PIB inactivation by sunlight.
Aqueous Oxygen A Highly O2-Supersaturated Infusate for Regional Correction of Hypoxemia and Production of Hyperoxemia

Background High levels of hyperoxemia may have utility in the treatment of regional tissue ischemia, but current methods for its implementation are impractical. A catheter-based method for infusion of O 2 , dissolved in a crystalloid solution at extremely high concentrations, ie, I to 3 mL O 2 /g (aqueous oxygen [AO]), into blood without bubble nucleation was recently developed for the potential hyperoxemic treatment of regional tissue ischemia. Methods and Results To test the hypotheses that hypoxemia is correctable and that hyperoxemia can be produced locally by AO infusion, normal saline equilibrated with O 2 at 3 MPa (30 bar; I mL O 2 /g) was delivered into arterial blood in two different animal models. In 15 New Zealand White rabbits with systemic hypoxemia, AO was infused into the midabdominal aorta at 1 g/min. Mean distal arterial Po 2 increased to 236±113 and 593±114 mm Hg on 1-hour periods of air and O 2 breathing, respectively, from a baseline of 70±10 mm Hg (P .05) in temporal changes in blood counts and chemistries were identified. In 10 dogs, low coronary blood flow in the circumflex artery was delivered with a roller pump through the central channel of an occluding balloon catheter. Hypoxemic, normoxemic, and AO-induced hyperoxemic blood perfusates (mean Po 2 , 52±4, 111±22, and 504±72 mm Hg, respectively) were infused for 3-minute periods in a randomized sequence. Short-axis two-dimensional echocardiography demonstrated a significant decrease (P<.05) in left ventricular ejection fraction compared with baseline physiological values with low-flow hypoxemic and normoxemic perfusion but not with low-flow hyperoxemic perfusion. Conclusions Intra-arterial AO infusion was effective in these models for regional correction of hypoxemia and production of hyperoxemia.
Brightness-invariant image segmentation for on-line fruit defect detection

The extraction of defective segments from fruit images is a critical step for on-line fruit defect detection using machine vision. To accommodate the gradient reflectance characteristics of objects with curved surfaces such as apples and to avoid the defect inspection error due to the natural brightness variability of fruit, a novel and practical brightness-invariant image segmentation method is developed. Experi- mental results from our vision-sorting system show that the proposed method is effective for large-scale multiple-line processing of massive numbers of apples. © 1998 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers. (S0091-3286(98)02011-X)
Determination of organic chemicals in human whole blood: preliminary method development for volatile organics.

Extensive commercial, industrial, and domestic use of volatile organic chemicals, virtually assures that the general population will be exposed to some level of this class of chemicals. Because blood interacts with the respiratory system and is a major component of the body, it is likely that the analysis of blood will show exposure to volatile organics. Monitoring of the blood in conjunction with monitoring of xenobiotic levels in urine and adipose tissue is an effective way to assess the total body burden resulting from exposure to a chemical. This article introduces a method for the detection and confirmation of selected volatile organics at parts-per-trillion (ppt) levels in whole human blood. Intended for routine use, the method consists of a dynamic headspace purge of water-diluted blood where a carrier gas sweeps the surface of the sample and removes a quantifiable amount of the volatile organics from the blood and into an adsorbent trap. The organics are thermally desorbed from the adsorbent trap and onto the analytical column in a gas-chromatographic/mass-spectrometric (GC/MS) system where limited mass-scan data are taken for qualitative and quantitative identification. Method validation results and limited population-survey results are also presented here.
The case for repeatable analysis with energy economy optimization models

article i nfo Article history: Energy economy optimization (EEO) models employ formal search techniques to explore the future decision space over several decades in order to deliver policy-relevant insights. EEO models are a critical tool for decision-makers who must make near-term decisions with long-term effects in the face of large future uncer- tainties. While the number of model-based analyses proliferates, insufficient attention is paid to transparency in model development and application. Given the complex, data-intensive nature of EEO models and the gen- eral lack of access to source code and data, many of the assumptions underlying model-based analysis are hidden from external observers. This paper discusses the simplifications and subjective judgments involved in the model building process, which cannot be fully articulated in journal papers, reports, or model docu- mentation. In addition, we argue that for all practical purposes, EEO model-based insights cannot be validated through comparison to real world outcomes. As a result, modelers are left without credible metrics to assess a model's ability to deliver reliable insight. We assert that EEO models should be discoverable through interro- gation of publicly available source code and data. In addition, third parties should be able to run a specific model instance in order to independently verify published results. Yet a review of twelve EEO models sug- gests that in most cases, replication of model results is currently impossible. We provide several recommen- dations to help develop and sustain a software framework for repeatable model analysis.
Dynamic traffic grooming: the changing role of traffic grooming

Traffic grooming refers to the techniques used to aggregate subwavelength traffic onto high speed lightpaths, while at the same time minimizing some measure of network cost, usually optoelectronic equipment cost. In the last few years, traffic grooming has come to be recognized as an important research area, and has produced extensive literature. Recently, the dynamic traffic grooming problem, where traffic carried in the network varies with the time, has gained in interest. This is because of the growing applicability of QoS concerns and associated network design methodologies in networks closer to the indivdual users than backbone networks, where the traffic cannot be well modeled as essentially static. A number of studies in this area have recently appeared in the literature, but there is as yet no good resource that introduces a reader to the problem in all its forms, and provides a review of the literature. In this paper, we fill this void by presenting a comprehensive survey of the literature in this emerging topic, and indicating some essential further directions of research in dynamic traffic grooming.
Plasma corticosterone levels as an index of the strength of illness induced taste aversions.

Data are presented which demonstrate the task generality of pituitary-adrenal changes that accompany avoidance conditioning. In two experiments a conditioned aversion to milk was established by pairing it with lithium chloride (LiCl). In Experiment 1 conditioned pituitary-adrenal activation occurred when, in a conflict situation, animals reexperienced milk that had earlier been paired with LiCl. The relationship between the strength of aversion and corticosterone levels was such that animals showing the greatest avoidance showed the largest elevations in plasma corticosterone. In Experiment 2 this behavior/steroid relationship was manipulated. Dexamethasone (DEX) pretreatment on the day of conditioning was used to attenuate the conditioned aversion. Compared to saline (SAL) controls when reexposed to milk, DEX animals showed an attenuated aversion (i.e., drank more) and a smaller conditioned response (i.e., less adrenocortical activity). The reduction of conditioned elevation in corticosterone was not due to any residual effects of DEX at the time of testing (Experiment 3). Plasma levels of corticosterone represent an index for assessing the strength of illness induced conditioned taste aversions.
On the use of the Financial Option Price Model to Value and Explain Vacant Urban Land

This paper reviews the financial option model of under-utilizing urban land, with primary attention to the question of whether and how the model might move beyond the academic realm toward practical and quantitative applications. It is argued that the theoretical underpinnings that give the option model such power in the financial securities field do not extend to land applications, making it more important to justify the model empirically. Numerical analysis using a “decision analysis” type model of land option value is used in the paper to help guide and focus such empirical study. It is noted that while the option model focuses primary attention on uncertainty in future building values as the cause of land being held undeveloped, previous deterministic models focused on expected future growth in such values as the main cause for land speculation. As these two causes can have different policy implications, it would be desirable to use empirical analysis to gauge their relative importance. A strategy for empirically testing the option model of land is suggested, and concludes that definitive empirical tests will be difficult to achieve, in part because of the subjective nature of many of the model inputs.
Observed Substrate Topography-Mediated Lateral Patterning of Diblock Copolymer Films

We study the morphology of symmetric diblock copolymer films with thicknesses below the bulk equilibrium period supported by both flat and corrugated substrates. In this thickness regime, the film morphology is characterized by the formation of uniformly sized lateral domains. On flat substrates, these domains are randomly arranged. In contrast, on corrugated substrates, similar films exhibit domains which decorate the peaks of the substrate corrugations. Our observations suggest a novel and simple scheme for the lateral nanometer scale patterning of diblock copolymer films.
Scintillating optical fiber trajectory detectors

Abstract Measurements of attenuation in several types of plastic scintillating optical fibers give attenuation lengths varying from 0.8 to 1.5 m. By comparing attenuation as a function of wavelength in fibers of different thicknesses we infer the contributions to the attenuation from reflection losses and bulk scintillation losses. We find good agreement between these values and calculated estimates of attenuation in scintillator. We have also calculated the effective scintillation efficiency of small fibers relative to that of bulk scintillator (for scintillator with dimethyl POPOP as the waveshifting dye) for the two cases of optically coupled and decoupled fibers. Scintillating fiber ribbons made of 200 μm square cross section fibers were exposed to relativistic iron nuclei at the LBL Bevalac, and positional resolution of 70 μm was obtained. Relativistic neon and carbon were also detected in these ribbons. In a similar exposure of 100 μm fibers to 50 MeV/n nitrogen nuclei at the NSCL cyclotron, Michigan State University, a positional resolution of about 50 μm was obtained.
Phenotypic Landscape of a Bacterial Cell

The explosion of sequence information in bacteria makes developing high-throughput, cost-effective approaches to matching genes with phenotypes imperative. Using E. coli as proof of principle, we show that combining large-scale chemical genomics with quantitative fitness measurements provides a high-quality data set rich in discovery. Probing growth profiles of a mutant library in hundreds of conditions in parallel yielded > 10,000 phenotypes that allowed us to study gene essentiality, discover leads for gene function and drug action, and understand higher-order organization of the bacterial chromosome. We highlight new information derived from the study, including insights into a gene involved in multiple antibiotic resistance and the synergy between a broadly used combinatory antibiotic therapy, trimethoprim and sulfonamides. This data set, publicly available at http://ecoliwiki.net/tools/chemgen/, is a valuable resource for both the microbiological and bioinformatic communities, as it provides high-confidence associations between hundreds of annotated and uncharacterized genes as well as inferences about the mode of action of several poorly understood drugs.
Structure of a Swirl-stabilized, Combusting Spray

Measurements of the structure of a swirl-stabilized, reacting spray are presented. The configuration consisted of a research air-assist atomizer located in the center surrounded by a coflowing air stream. Both the air assist and coflow streams had swirl imparted to them in the same direction with 45 degree angle swirlers. The fuel and air entered the combustor at ambient temperature and the combustor was operated in an unconfined environment. The gas phase was seeded with aluminum oxide particles in order to obtain velocity measurements. Velocity measurements for the gas phase are reported for both an isothermal, single-phase case without drops and a reacting spray case at axial distances from 2.5 to 350 mm downstream of the nozzle. Both mean and fluctuating values are reported. Heptane fuel was used for all the experiments. Drop size and velocity, and drop number flux are also reported for five axial distances downstream. Both mean and fluctuating values are reported for the drops. The measurements were performed using a two-component phase/Doppler particle analyzer. Profiles across the entire flowfield where velocities were significant are presented. Mean gas phase temperatures were also measured intrusively using a single pt/pt-13 percent rh thermocouple and are reported at axial distances from 2.5 to 200 mm downstream of the nozzle.
resolution and hybrid knowledge bases

Abstract Hybrid knowledge bases ( HKBs ) (Lu, Nerode, and Subrahmanian, IEEE Trans. Knowledge Data Eng. 8 (5) (1996) 793) were developed to provide formal models for the mediation of data and knowledge bases (Wiederhold, IEEE Comput. (1992) 38; Proceedings of the ACM SIGMOD Conference on Management of Data, 1993, p. 434). They are based on generalized annotated logic programming (Kifer and Subrahmanian, J. Logic Programming 12 (1992) 335) and employ an inference mechanism— HKB-resolution —that is considerably simpler than others that have been proposed for generalized annotated logic programming. In this paper HKB-resolution is shown to be a special case of the inference rule ℧- resolution . This rule is formally defined, and various computational properties of it are examined.
Isolation of human colonic fibrolytic bacteria

Bacteria able to degrade pebble-milled filter paper cellulose (PMC) were detected in only two of five human faecal samples and at very low concentrations (ca 100/g faeces). For another sample, the most probable number of cellulolytic organisms was 8·7 times 108/g with pebble-milled cell walls of New Zealand spinach as substrate, whereas PMC was not degraded. The cellulolytic bacteria isolated from those samples have been tentatively identified as atypical Ruminococcus spp. (two strains) and Eubacterium sp. A hemicellulolytic Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens was also isolated.
Civility Proxies and Social Tolerance in American Marketplaces

Acknowledging the wide–ranging possibilities for diversity in commercial and retail environments, researchers and scholars have long asked the familiar questions of “public for whom” and “public for what,” understanding how much social tolerance in public space is commonly and informally negotiated by its users. Private interests have long played a strong role in controlling behavior in publicly used commercial spaces, and one of the most visible forms of such control has been the appearance of posted signs and notices throughout America’s marketplaces that exhort people to be nice and to act appropriately—to clean up after themselves, to give (or not give) donations or tips, to not solicit, or to refrain from loitering. Such civility proxies have the potential to circumvent the public, face–to–face responsibility for and engagement with civility, and may likewise subvert the mutual trust and presumption of equality that civility can promote. Tolerance of diversity in public, therefore, may be impeded when the policing of civility is usurped by entities that are not direct public space participants. This article proposes that when public civility is dictated by signs–as–proxies instead of by the general public, the public realm’s civility negotiation process that promotes social tolerance can be undermined by private interests.
Visualization and volumetric compression

We performed volume compression on CT and MR data sets, each consisting of 256 X 256 X 64 or 32 images, using three-dimensional (3D) DCT followed by quantization, adaptive bit-allocation, and Huffman encoding. Cuberille based surface rendering and oblique angle slicing was performed on the reconstructed compression data using a multi-stream vector processor. For CT images 3D-DCT was found to be successful in exploiting the additional degree of voxel correlations between image frames, resulting in compression efficiency greater than 2D-DCT of individual images. During rendering operations, a substantial amount of thresholding, resampling, and filtering operations are performed on the data. At compression ratios in the range 6 - 15:1, 3D compression was not found to have any adverse visual impact on rendered output. Of these two methods, oblique angle slicing, which involves the fewest operations was found to be the most demanding of small compression errors. We conclude that 3D-DCT compression is a viable technique for efficiently reducing the size of data volumes which must be analyzed with various rendering methods.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Fuzzy-Logic Modeling of a Rolling Unmanned Vehicle in Antarctica Wind Shear

of wind shear are investigated using the recorded test data during a flight from the Pegasus white ice runway in Antarctica. The main purpose of this paper is to determine the reasons and characteristics of roll oscillations for improvement of autopilot design and ground operator training. The Meridian flight test is conducted with the necessaryrangeconstraint, which precludes steadylevel flight.The measured orestimated data,such as theangle of attack and sideslip angle, are filtered through a nonlinear compatibility analysis. The estimated aerodynamic coefficients are modeled as implicit functions of filtered flight variables in a concept of aerodynamic model identification, instead of parameter identification. A model identification method called fuzzy-logic modeling is used to set up the aerodynamic models without assuming the functional relations. The aircraft’s oscillatory stability and control derivatives are found to be significantly impacted by the environmental disturbances. The exhibited highly oscillatory motion in the manual-control mode is analyzed and identified as the pilot-induced oscillation with a new energy method. It is shown that the pilot-induced oscillation is identified as the motion when the motion energy is increasedbythecontrolinput.Intheautopilot flight,themotionisdeterminedtobewingrock,whichisexcitedbythe pilot-induced oscillation in the manual mode and sustained by the interaction between the wing wake and the V tail.
Potentiation of paclitaxel cytotoxicity in lung and esophageal cancer cells by pharmacologic inhibition of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B (Akt)-mediated signaling pathway.

Abstract Background Constitutive activation of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B survival signal transduction pathway influences the intrinsic chemoresistance of cancer cells. This study evaluates the effect of LY294002, a pharmacologic inhibitor of phosphoinositide 3-kinase, on the sensitivity of lung and esophageal cancer cells to paclitaxel (Taxol) in vitro. Materials and methods Cell viability and apoptosis of cancer cells treated with paclitaxel + LY294002 combinations were quantitated by methyl-thiazol-diphenyl-tetrazolium and terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling-based ApoBrdU assays, respectively. The effect of LY294002-mediated phosphoinositide 3-kinase inhibition on protein kinase B (Akt) activation and nuclear factor-κB signaling was determined by Western blot analysis. Nuclear factor-κB transcription activity in cultured cancer cells either at baseline or after treatments with LY294002 or BAY11-0782 (a pharmacologic inhibitor of nuclear factor-κB) was determined by the nuclear factor-κB-Luciferase reporter system. Results A 4- to more than 20-fold reduction of paclitaxel IC 50 values was observed in cancer cells treated with paclitaxel + LY294002 combinations. This was paralleled with synergistic induction of apoptosis. LY294002 treatment caused a significant dose-dependent inhibition of protein kinase B (Akt) activation and suppression of nuclear factor-κB transcriptional activity that was accompanied by elevation of IκB, the intrinsic inhibitor of nuclear factor-κB, and concomitant reduction of nuclear factor-κB–regulated antiapoptotic proteins cIAP1, cIAP2, and BclXL. Direct inhibition of nuclear factor-κB activity by BAY11-0782 also resulted in profound enhancement of paclitaxel sensitivity and paclitaxel-mediated induction of apoptosis in lung and esophageal cancer cells. Conclusion LY294002-mediated inhibition of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B-dependent survival pathway with secondary suppression of nuclear factor-κB transcriptional activity was associated with enhancement of paclitaxel cytotoxicity in lung and esophageal cancer cells. Direct inhibition of nuclear factor-κB by BAY11-0782 also sensitized these cancer cells to paclitaxel, indicating that nuclear factor-κB may be the crucial intermediary step connecting phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B (Akt) to the intrinsic susceptibility of cancer cells to chemotherapeutic agents.
A Lagrangian dual approach to the Generalized KYP lemma

This paper presents a new, elementary proof for the Generalized Kalman-Yakubovich-Popov lemma based on Lagrangian duality, and a new sufficient Linear Matrix Inequality test for a bandpass type frequency bound. Numerical experiments have failed to find a gap, so it is possible that the new LMI test may be necessary.
Magnetic resonance imaging: Review of imaging techniques and overview of liver imaging

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the liver is slowly transitioning from a problem solving imaging modality to a first line imaging modality for many diseases of the liver. The well established advantages of MRI over other cross sectional imaging modalities may be the basis for this transition. Technological advancements in MRI that focus on producing high quality images and fast imaging, increasing diagnostic accuracy and developing newer function-specific contrast agents are essential in ensuring that MRI succeeds as a first line imaging modality. Newer imaging techniques, such as parallel imaging, are widely utilized to shorten scanning time. Diffusion weighted echo planar imaging, an adaptation from neuroimaging, is fast becoming a routine part of the MRI liver protocol to improve lesion detection and characterization of focal liver lesions. Contrast enhanced dynamic T1 weighted imaging is crucial in complete evaluation of diseases and the merit of this dynamic imaging relies heavily on the appropriate timing of the contrast injection. Newer techniques that include fluoro-triggered contrast enhanced MRI, an adaptation from 3D MRA imaging, are utilized to achieve good bolus timing that will allow for optimum scanning. For accurate interpretation of liver diseases, good understanding of the newer imaging techniques and familiarity with typical imaging features of liver diseases are essential. In this review, MR sequences for a time efficient liver MRI protocol utilizing newer imaging techniques are discussed and an overview of imaging features of selected common focal and diffuse liver diseases are presented.
Spatial Relationship of Convergence Components with Spot Size

The relationship between spot size and magnetic correction of the electron beams for convergence and purity is described for color picture tubes. It is shown how this correction can impair picture resolution in modern electron guns. An optimum arrangement of correction magnets is presented which improves resolution while maintaining convergence and purity functions. Actual receiver tests indicate a 35% improvement in resolution using the same corrective magnets in the optimum positions. This improvement will enable small diameter electron guns as well as einzel focus electron guns to be used in color television receivers.
Amalgamation reaction of tin, silver, and dental alloy (Ag3Sn)

The reactions between liquid mercury and high purity tin, silver, and silver-tin dental alloy (Ag3Sn) were studied at 30°C. Polyhedral-shaped crystals formed both on the tin and Ag3Sn specimens, while no crystalites were detected on the surface of the silver. The crystals on the tin Surface were identified as γ2 by x-ray diffraction methods. Electron microprobe data revealed that the polyhedral crystals which formed on the Ag3Sn consisted only of the silver-mercury compound which dissolved a small amount of tin (Ag 28.5, Hg 71.1, Sn 0.4 wt. %). The diffusion profile for the Hg-Ag3Sn system demonstrated that silver atoms migrate much faster than tin atoms in Ag3Sn, both at the surface and in the area close to the mercury-penetrated grain boundaries. It is clearly demonstrated that the bulk and grain-boundary diffusion of silver is a major factor in the clinical setting reaction of dental amalgam.