cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Proceedings of the 7th international conference on Generative programming and component engineering

Welcome to the Seventh International Conference on Generative Programming and Component Engineering (GPCE'08). GPCE provides a venue for researchers and practitioners interested in foundational techniques for enhancing the productivity, quality, and time-to-market in software development that stems from deploying standard components and automating program generation. This year, GPCE is co-located with OOPSLA, the premier conference on object-oriented technologies, nicely complementing the component engineering aspect of GPCE. This volume contains the papers presented at the GPCE conference as well as abstracts of the invited talks. 55 submissions were received from Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Denmark, France, Germany, Hungary, India, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Netherlands, Norway Singapore, Slovenia, Spain, South Korea, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Each paper received 3 to 5 reviews from the program committee. Papers were discussed during a week-long electronic program committee meeting. As a result of this meeting, 17 papers were selected for the conference. The conference program also includes keynotes by Andrew Fano and Erik Meijer, who work large scale systems integration and programming language design, respectively.
Statistical modeling methods: challenges and strategies

Statistical modeling methods are widely used in clinical science, epidemiology, and health services research to analyze data that has been collected in clinical trials as well as observational stud...
A Survey Study to Explore Comprehension of Autonomous Vehicle’s Communication Features

Autonomous vehicle technology is introducing new capabilities and challenges to the transportation system. Along with its inclusion in the on-road transportation, industries are also adapting this technology for ground vehicles to increase the efficiency and safety of material transport at their facilities. Similar to the issues concerning on-road autonomous vehicle and road-user communication, the implementation of autonomous ground vehicles in industrial settings also requires ways for the vehicles to communicate with operators and people nearby. This study created videos of a simulated autonomous industrial vehicle equipped with different types of communicating features. An online survey collected responses (n = 1008) testing twelve external features for people nearby and ten internal features for operators. The findings reveal that a great deal of training is required for people to understand the features based on colored lights. Redundant features and the inclusion of clear texts and audible messages would facilitate comprehending a vehicle’s intended action.
New Perspectives on Sport and Apartheid: Local and Global

On March 31, 1962, the Rand Daily Mail headlined its front page: ‘Whites Only at Olympics’.1 The newspaper alerted the South African public to the fact that the Minister of the Interior, Jan de Kle...
Moral Foundations Twitter Corpus: A Collection of 35k Tweets Annotated for Moral Sentiment:

Research has shown that accounting for moral sentiment in natural language can yield insight into a variety of on- and off-line phenomena such as message diffusion, protest dynamics, and social dis...
PABLO: Helping Novices Debug Python Code Through Data-Driven Fault Localization

As dynamically-typed languages grow in popularity, especially among beginning programmers, there is an increased need to pinpoint their defects. Localization for novice bugs can be ambiguous: not all locations formally implicated are equally useful for beginners. We propose a scalable fault localization approach for dynamic languages that is helpful for debugging and generalizes to handle a wide variety of errors commonly faced by novice programmers. We base our approach on a combination of static, dynamic, and contextual features, guided by machine learning. We evaluate on over 980,000 diverse real user interactions across four years from the popular PythonTutor.com website, which is used both in classes and by non-traditional learners. We find that our approach is scalable, general, and quite accurate: up to 77% of these historical novice users would have been helped by our top-three responses, compared to 45% for the default interpreter. We also conducted a human study: participants preferred our approach to the baseline ($p = 0.018)$, and found it additionally useful for bugs meriting multiple edits.
Somatomedin/Insulinlike Growth Factor in the Human Fetus

The hormonal regulation of human fetal growth is poorly understood. However, considerable evidence supports a role for insulin. Infants with pancreatic agenesis or transient diabetes mellitus have decreased birth lengths whereas fetal hyperinsulinemia accompanying maternal diabetes mellitus results in overgrowth.(1) Are the IGF’s/SM’s also important for fetal growth? What are the relative roles of IGF-I and IGF-II? Is there a distinct embryonic/fetal IGF? In this chapter we will briefly summarize the indirect evidence that points to a role for the IGF’s in human fetal growth. We will not review data on IGF’s in the maternal circulation or address the question of regulation of IGF levels in the mother and fetus. More general reviews of the regulation of fetal growth in other species as well as in humans have been provided by others.(2–6)
Through the Eyes of Narcissus: Competitive Social Worldviews Mediate the Associations that Narcissism has with Ideological Attitudes

The present research examined whether the associations that the assertive/extraverted, antagonistic/disagreeable, and vulnerable/neurotic aspects of narcissism had with ideological attitudes were m...
Neighbors Do Matter: Between-State Firearm Laws and State Firearm-Related Deaths in the U.S., 2000–2017

Introduction Firearm injury is a major U.S. public health concern. This study aims to evaluate whether the relationship between state firearm laws and state firearm deaths are affected by comparatively lenient firearm laws in neighboring states. Methods This observational study used 2000‒2017 data on firearm deaths and firearm laws of the 48 contiguous states of the U.S. (Alaska, Hawaii, and the District of Columbia excluded). The associations among state firearm deaths, state firearm laws, and presence of neighboring states with more lenient laws were analyzed using negative binomial regression models with state- and year-fixed effects. Analyses were conducted in 2019‒2020. Results There were 578,022 firearm deaths of all intents during the study period or 11.1 firearm deaths (IQR=8.5−14.0) per 100,000 population. The presence of more state firearm laws was associated with decreased firearm deaths (incident rate ratio=0.991, 95% CI=0.987, 0.996). However, weaker firearm laws in neighboring states correlated with more firearm deaths within a state (incident rate ratio=1.016, 95% CI=1.004, 1.028). Failing to account for weaker laws in neighboring states led to the underestimation of the impact of 1 additional law on state's own firearm deaths (incident rate ratio=0.994, 95% CI=0.989, 0.998 vs 0.991, 95% CI=0.987, 0.996) by approximately 20%. Conclusions Weaker firearm laws in neighboring states may undermine the effectiveness of a state's own firearm laws in curbing firearm deaths. Coordinated legislative action across neighboring states may be more effective than an individual state taking legislative action.
Of onions and men: Report of cavitary community acquired pneumonia due to Burkholderia cepacia complex in an immunocompetent patient and review of the literature.

Burkholderia cepacia complex consists of highly antibiotic resistant gram negative bacilli that are plant symbionts and also potential agents of human infection. This bacterial family's claim to fame in clinical medicine is as the scourge of cystic fibrosis patients, in whom it is a notorious respiratory pathogen. Outside of cystic fibrosis, it rarely comes to mind as an etiology of community acquired pneumonia with or without lung cavitation in immunocompetent hosts. We describe a case of an otherwise healthy, community-dwelling man who presented with subacute cavitary lung disease, the causative organism of which turned out to be Burkholderia cepacia complex. Our report is accompanied by a review of the literature, which identified an additional eleven cases in the same category. We analyze all of the available cases for the emergence of any identifiable patterns or peculiarities.
Disturbance Resilience Enhancement of Islanded Hybrid Microgrid Under High Penetration of Renewable Energy Resources by BESS

Maintaining transient stability during grid disturbances in an islanded Hybrid AC/DC Microgrid (HMG) with high penetration of Renewable Energy Sources (RES) exhibiting diverse dynamic characteristics, is a challenging task. This paper investigates an efficient control strategy based on the Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) for the resilience enhancement of the HMG under various operating conditions and grid disturbances. A coordinated control strategy for the wind turbine reactive current requirement has been adopted. In order to evaluate the robustness of the proposed control mechanism, several disruption cases have been considered as small and large signal disturbance case studies. Simulations have been carried out in the MATLAB\Simulink environment. The time-domain simulation results show that the proposed strategy enhances the transient stability of the system during HMG disturbances.
Being Mentorable: First-Generation Students of Color Define 'Mentorability'

Prior research suggests many U.S. postsecondary institutions facilitate mentoring programs for their students, but the majority of these programs do not define a student’s “mentorability” or how students can be mentorable. One’s mentorability relates to the personal characteristics a student can bring to a reciprocal relationship to maximize the benefits of the partnership. Limited research has explored how students themselves define their own “mentorability” and what personal characteristics they believe to be important in a reciprocal mentoring relationship. Moreover, prior research suggests first-generation students and students of color may have the most to benefit from a postsecondary mentoring program meant to help these students navigate a predominantly-White and continued-generation system. As a result, this qualitative study conducted in-depth interviews with 13 first-generation students of color attending a predominantly-White institution in the U.S. South to learn how these students view their own mentorability or what it takes to be mentored. Findings suggest first-generation students of color view open-mindedness, flexibility, listening skills, and persistence to be important mentorability qualities for mentees to bring into a mentoring relationship. However, these students also suggested many students do not possess these qualities upon entering a mentoring relationship, speaking to how students may not be prepared to participate in a mentoring program and maximize its many benefits. Students also indicated they desired a deeper personal relationship with their mentor, hinting at how students’ mentorability may be impacted by their perception of their individual mentor. Implications for research, practice, and mentoring praxis will be addressed.
Quality-Aware Video Offloading in Mobile Edge Computing: A Data-driven Two-stage Stochastic Optimization

Most camera-based mobile devices require ultra low-latency video analytics such as object detection and action recognition. These devices face severe resource constraints, and thus, video offloading to Mobile Edge Computing (MEC) seems a reasonable solution. However, MEC is facing several key challenges-especially due to uncertainties caused by dynamic device mobility-to provide efficient video offloading solutions that enable both maximum performance for video analytics and minimum latency. In this paper, we study the Video Offloading Problem (VOP) in MEC in detail to address these challenges. We formulate VOP as a Two-stage Stochastic Program, called TSP-VOP, to model the uncertainties in the environment. We propose a novel clustering-based Sample Average Approximation to effectively solve TSP- VOP in uncertain dynamic environments, while satisfying the required latency. We perform extensive experiments to validate the effectiveness of our proposed algorithm.
Baseline FDG PET-CT imaging is necessary for newly diagnosed inflammatory breast cancer patients.

OBJECTIVE To review and discuss the rationale behind performing baseline 18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography-computed tomography imaging for staging of inflammatory breast cancer patients. BACKGROUND In the past three decades, the epidemiology of inflammatory breast cancer has resulted in separation of this entity from other breast cancer in staging and treatment. Advances in cancer imaging from 18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography to 18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography-computed tomography have now allowed for anatomic and functional correlation in evaluating extent of disease in cancer patients. Furthermore, studies throughout the past two decades have highlighted how 18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography-computed tomography may play a role in staging inflammatory breast cancer patients given the uniqueness of this entity when compared to other breast cancers. RESULTS Narrative overview of the literature summarizing findings in the literature from searches in computerized databases and authoritative texts. The use of 18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography-computed tomography with respect to regional nodal staging and distant metastasis detection in inflammatory breast cancer patients is reviewed. In addition, an overview of studies conducted to date comparing the sensitivity and specificity of 18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography-computed tomography for baseline staging in inflammatory breast cancer patients is also provided. Therapeutic influences and effect on overall survival is discussed. CONCLUSIONS Baseline 18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography-computed tomography allows for more optimal nodal staging, which has implications in prognosis and treatment of inflammatory breast cancer patients. It also allows for improved detection of metastasis on baseline presentation allowing therapy to potentially target these additional sites of disease.
Reorganization of the Brain

The complex normal organization of the brain in patterns of interconnected nuclei and areas emerges during brain development, but it can be altered or reorganized through life by sensory experience and damage to sensory and motor pathways. The reorganization process allows neurons to acquire new functional properties and roles in behavior. Keywords: plasticity; neocortex; brain maps; motor cortex; sensory systems
Optical and transport properties of dense liquid silica

Using density-functional-theory based molecular dynamics and the Kubo-Greenwood linear response theory, we evaluated the high-pressure equation of state and the optical and transport properties of quartz and fused silica shock-compressed to 2000 GPa. The computed Hugoniots and corresponding optical reflectivity values are in very good agreement with published data for quartz, and new data that we obtained on fused silica using magnetically launched flyer plate experiments. The rise of optical reflectivity upon shock compression appears to be primarily a temperature-driven mechanism, which is relatively insensitive to small density variation. We observed that the electrical conductivity does not display Drude-like frequency dependence, especially at lower temperatures. In addition, the Wiedemann-Franz relation between electrical and thermal conductivities was found to be invalid. It suggests that even at three-fold compression, warm dense liquid silica on the Hugoniot curve is still far away from the degenerate limit.
THE OCCURRENCE AND BEHAVIOR OF DISLOCATIONS DURING PLASTIC DEFORMATION OF SELECTED TRANSITION METAL AND SILICON CARBIDES

The Group IV and Group V transition metal monocarbides (TMMC) possess a combination of some of the highest melting points, hardness values and mechanical strengths of any known materials. Because of these extremes in properties, interest in these materials continues, especially for structural and coating applications for utilization at temperatures where most materials would be molten or would seriously degrade and for employment as abrasives and cutting tools. However, to date, extreme notch-sensitivity, difficulty of fabrication and poor oxidation resistance have limited their acceptance. Several fundamental studies have provided significant information concerning the mechanisms of plastic flow induced by diamond indentation at reduced temperatures and by standard deformation equipment above the ductile-brittle transition temperature. A review of this research as it pertains to single crystals of these materials is presented elsewhere in these Proceedings.1 The principal thrust in this paper is a review of the results and a discussion of the possible mechanisms of high temperature deformation and steady state creep in both single and polycrystalline TMMC, including recent results obtained at NCSU on single crystals of NbCx. This will allow a comparison of the derived results and proposed deformation processes using different materials and applied stress parameters.
Natural marine seepage blowout: Contribution to atmospheric methane

The release of methane sequestered within deep-sea methane hydrates is postulated as a mechanism for abrupt climate change; however, whether emitted seabed methane reaches the atmosphere is debatable. We observed methane emissions for a blowout from a shallow (22 m) hydrocarbon seep. The emission from the blowout was determined from atmospheric plume measurements. Simulations suggest a 1.1% gas loss to dissolution compared to ∼ 10% loss for a typical low-flux bubble plume. Transfer to the atmosphere primarily was enhanced by the rapid upwelling flows induced by the massive discharge. This mechanism could allow methane suddenly released from deeper (>250 m) waters to contribute significantly to atmospheric methane budgets. Copyright 2006 by the American Geophysical Union.
Maintenance chemotherapy prolongs remission duration in adult acute nonlymphocytic leukemia.

The value of maintenance therapy after the achievement of complete remission in adult acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (ANLL) has never been clearly established. A randomized Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) study of postremission therapy compared outcomes in patients who received no further therapy to those administered long-term maintenance chemotherapy. Adverse results in the group administered no further therapy led to early termination of this trial after only 51 patients were randomized. Patients receiving no postremission therapy experienced significantly inferior remission durations (P = .002) compared with patients receiving maintenance therapy. All 26 patients in the group administered no postremission therapy have relapsed, with a median duration of remission of 4.1 months. In contrast, four of 25 patients (16%) who received maintenance therapy remain disease free, with a median duration of remission of 8.1 months.
Lattices of Parabolic Subgroups in Connection with Hyperplane Arrangements

Let W be a Coxeter group acting as a matrix group by way of the dual of the geometric representation. Let L be the lattice of intersections of all reflecting hyperplanes associated with the reflections in this representation. We show that L is isomorphic to the lattice consisting of all parabolic subgroups of W. We use this correspondence to find all W for which L is supersolvable. In particular, we show that the only infinite Coxeter group for which L is supersolvable is the infinite dihedral group. Also, we show how this isomorphism gives an embedding of L into the partition lattice whenever W is of type An, Bn or Dn. In addition, we give several results concerning non-broken circuit bases (NBC bases) when W is finite. We show that L is supersolvable if and only if all NBC bases are obtainable by a certain specific combinatorial procedure, and we use the lattice of parabolic subgroups to identify a natural subcollection of the collection of all NBC bases.
Phase I Study of α2-Interferon plus Doxorubicin in Patients with Solid Tumors

Cytotoxic chemotherapy and interferon have shown synergistic antitumor activity in vitro . The purpose of this study was to determine the maximally tolerated dose of doxorubicin given every 3 weeks, in patients receiving recombinant α2-interferon [10 × 106 IU/m2 s.c. three times per week3 (Monday, Wednesday, and Friday)] during the first 2 weeks of each cycle of doxorubicin. Fourteen patients received a total of 41 cycles. Hematological toxicity was dose limiting with granulocytopenia (total granulocyte count, <1000) occurring in 50% of patients treated with doxorubicin at 40 mg/m2 and in 25% of patients treated with doxorubicin at 30 mg/m2. Nonhematological toxicities included a flu-like syndrome, alopecia, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and transient mild increases in liver function tests. A partial response was seen in one patient with metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the skin and in another patient with metastatic adenocarcinoma of the pancreas. Concomitant administration of recombinant α2-interferon given on this schedule limits the amount of doxorubicin that can be administered. However, the responses noted in this study are encouraging enough to warrant additional studies of doxorubicin plus recombinant α2-interferon.
Performance of laser-ultrasonic F-SAFT imaging

The resolution and signal-to-noise ratio of laser-ultrasonics to detect small and buried defects can be greatly enhanced by using the synthetic aperture focusing technique (SAFT). Originally developed in the time domain, SAFT can also be implemented in the frequency domain (F-SAFT) using the angular spectrum approach for a significant reduction in processing time. In this paper, an F-SAFT based data processing method especially adapted to laser-ultrasonic data is presented. This method allows for further significant improvements towards laser-ultrasonic imaging of small defects. It includes temporal deconvolution of the waveform data, control for an optimal aperture and frequency bandwidth as well as spatial interpolation of the subsurface images. All the above operations are well adapted to the frequency domain calculations and embedded in the F-SAFT data processing. Also, the aperture control and spatial interpolation allow a reduction of sampling requirements to further decrease both inspection and processing times. The above improvements are illustrated using laser-ultrasonic data taken from an aluminum sample with flat-bottom holes.
Understanding: the Drought Phenomenon: The Role of Definitions

(1985). Understanding: the Drought Phenomenon: The Role of Definitions. Water International: Vol. 10, No. 3, pp. 111-120.
Synthesis of novolac resin by acid removal after condensation (ARAC) process

Novolak resins are synthesized by a condensation reaction using a mixture of cresylic acids with a formaldehyde source [paraformaldehyde, trioxane or aqueous (37%) formaldehyde] in the presence of an acid catalyst. After the condensation process, the unreacted cresols, water and solvents are removed using a high temperature (approximately 210 degrees Celsius) vacuum (approximately 20 mm Hg) distillation. The resin is isolated as a molten solid or in solvents such as propylene glycol methyl ether acetate, ethyl lactate, or ethoxy ethyl propionate. During this process, molecular weight changes were noticed. The molecular weight changes were attributed to the presence of residual acid catalyst and the high temperature distillation process. In order to minimize the molecular weight changes, an effort has been made in our laboratories to study the effect of acid removal after the condensation process. Novolak resins with consistent molecular weights could be synthesized using the ARAC process. This paper deals with the novel ARAC process, which has made a major impact on consistency of novolak resins and lithographic characteristics of the resist formulations made with them.
Charm and beauty production in photon-photon collisions

Abstract Inclusive heavy flavour production in γγ collisions has been studied at the LEP collider by ALEPH, L3, and OPAL. Preliminary results on charm and beauty production at = 189 GeV are presented. Hadronic final states containing charm particles were identified either by detecting electrons or muons from their semi-leptonic decays or by reconstruction of charged D * meson decays. The bb cross section, the charm structure function F 2, c γ and the high energy behaviour of σ(γγ → cc ) cross section as function of γγ centre-of-mass energy are measured for the first time in two-photon collisions.
Organization of the retrocerebral gland system in lepidopterous larvae of the family pyralidae

The organization of the retrocerebral gland system in larvae of six species of Lepidoptera belonging to the family Pyralidae was compared using light and electron microscopy. We have demonstrated for the first time the presence of separate corpora cardiaca and corpora allata in the following economically important borers: the southwestern corn borer, Diatraea grandiosella, the sugar cane borer, Diatraea saccharalis, the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis, and the rice stalk borer, Chilo plejadellus. In these species a long nervus corporis allati (ca. 300 μm) runs from the corpus cardiacum to the corpus allatum which is attached to the duct of the mandibular gland. The identity of the corpora allata of D. grandiosella was confirmed by transplantation. Corpora allata removed from pre-diapausing larvae and implanted into the haemocoele of early last stage non-diapausing larvae led to a high incidence of supernumerary larval rather than pupal ecdyses.
The search for a molecular-level understanding of the processes that underpin the Earth's biogeochemical cycles

Evidence of connections between microbial activity and the Earth’s biogeochemical cycles is all around us, and motivates our interest in the mechanisms of microbial transformations, their rates, and the distribution of microbial activities across environment types and over Earth history. In general, the approach to investigating a geomicrobiological process begins with biological and geochemical characterization of the environment of interest. Geochemical characteristics constrain available metabolisms (e.g., McCollom and Shock 1997) and patterns can reveal processes not recognized initially to be microbially mediated. The membership of microbial communities can be assayed through cultivation and cultivation-independent methods. However, this task is not without its challenges. There is little consensus about the ways in which organisms should be grouped into relevant ecological units such as species (Gevers et al. 2005). Even using standard classification techniques, the extent of microbial diversity appears vast, and recent analyses suggest that current estimates may tremendously under predict the amount of genetic diversity in the biosphere. In addition, a single organism type may contain far more genes than expected based on genomic sequencing of an isolate of that species because species populations can exhibit internal heterogeneity. Thus, it seems that comprehensive characterization of the microbial membership of an environment over space and time is a problem of almost incomprehensible magnitude. Furthermore, microbial census taking is only the first step. Beyond documenting the assemblage of organisms present, we need to know how they are distributed, what are they doing, how they are doing it, and the ways that their activities impact the physical and chemical characteristics of their surroundings. In the near future, the only systems in which it will be plausible to tackle the level of characterization required for relatively comprehensive analyses are the simplest ones. For example, in samples of relatively low geochemical and biological complexity, it …
Some comments on models for Fischer-Tropsch reaction in slurry bubble column reactors

The effect of some model parameters on experimental data analysis and prediction of reactor performance for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reaction in a bubble column slurry reactor has been studied, using the experimental data of Schlesinger et al.[5], and the operating conditions similar to the ones used in the Rheinpreussen-Koppers demonstration plant unit as examples. It is shown that the liquid phase mixing and the gas volume contraction have a strong effect on estimation of kinetic parameters and prediction of the reactor performance at high values of hydrogen conversion. The implications of these findings on the previous analysis by Satterfield and Huff[1], and Deckwer et al.[2] are discussed.
Multisurface Method of Pattern Separation for Medical Diagnosis Applied to Breast Cytology

Multisurface pattern separation is a mathematical method for distinguishing between elements of two pattern sets. Each element of the pattern sets is comprised of various scalar observations. In this paper, we use the diagnosis of breast cytology to demonstrate the applicability of this method to medical diagnosis and decision making. Each of 11 cytological characteristics of breast fine-needle aspirates reported to differ between benign and malignant samples was graded 1 to 10 at the time of sample collection. Nine characteristics were found to differ significantly between benign and malignant samples. Mathematically, these values for each sample were represented by a point in a nine-dimensional space of real variables. Benign points were separated from malignant ones by planes determined by linear programming. Correct separation was accomplished in 369 of 370 samples (201 benign and 169 malignant). In the one misclassified malignant case, the fine-needle aspirate cytology was so definitely benign and the cytology of the excised cancer so definitely malignant that we believe the tumor was missed on aspiration. Our mathematical method is applicable to other medical diagnostic and decision-making problems.
PAR1 signaling: more good than harm?

Two studies link signaling of the anticoagulant thrombomodulin–protein C pathway to successful implantation during pregnancy and protection from ischemic brain injury. The data call for a reassessment of the causes of pre-eclampsia, and also provide hope for a new type of stroke therapy ( pages 331–337 and 338–342 ).
Theory and simulation of passive modelocking dynamics using a long-period fiber grating

A novel modelocking technique is presented in which the intensity-dependent mode-coupling dynamics of a long-period fiber grating is used to achieve modelocking in a passive optical fiber laser. By an appropriate choice of the grating period, a resonant coupling occurs between co-propagating core and cladding modes, causing the low-intensity wings of the pulse to be transferred to the cladding mode and be attenuated. In contrast, the higher intensity peaks of a pulse are detuned from resonance by the nonlinearity and remain largely unaffected. Numerical studies of this pulse-shaping mechanism show that the laser produces stable mode-locked soliton-like pulses which are limited in bandwidth by the smaller of either the grating transmission bandwidth or amplifier bandwidth.
Planar waveguide spectrometer

An integrated optic consisting of buried diffraction gratings and a planar waveguide was developed as an internal reflectance element for broad-band spectroscopic analysis of liquids. Polystyrene or tantalum pentoxide waveguides were deposited over a pair of diffraction gratings etched into the surface of a glass slide. Multiwavelength light was focused through the substrate onto the first grating. Component wavelengths were coupled into the waveguide and spatially dispersed by the second grating after propagating through the waveguide. A silicon photodiode array detector was used to collect the spectral data. Our goal is to produce a compact, rapid spectrometer having no moving parts that can take advantage of fiber optics and fast array detectors in the visible and near-infrared regions for industrial process control. The thin planar waveguide provides enhanced sensitivity to analyze weaker absorptions in the near-infrared.
Possible Worlds for Modal Primitivists

Among the most remarkable developments in metaphysics since the 1950’s is the explosion of philosophical interest in possible worlds. This paper proposes an explanation of what possible worlds are, and argues that this proposal, the interpreted models conception, should be attractive to anyone who thinks that modal facts are primitive, and so not to be explained in terms of some non-modal notion of “possible world.” I articulate three constraints on any acceptable primitivist explanation of the nature of possible worlds, and show that the interpreted models conception meets the three constraints.
Quantum Monte Carlo calculations of excited states in A =6-8 nuclei

A variational Monte Carlo method is used to generate sets of orthogonal trial functions, ${\ensuremath{\Psi}}_{T}({J}^{\ensuremath{\pi}};T)$, for given quantum numbers in various light $p$-shell nuclei. These ${\ensuremath{\Psi}}_{T}$ are then used as input to Green's function Monte Carlo (GFMC) calculations of first, second, and higher excited $({J}^{\ensuremath{\pi}};T)$ states. Realistic two- and three-nucleon interactions are used. We find that if the physical excited state is reasonably narrow, the GFMC energy converges to a stable result. With the combined Argonne ${\mathrm{v}}_{18}$ two-nucleon and Illinois-2 three-nucleon interactions, the results for many second and higher states in $A=6\char21{}8$ nuclei are close to the experimental values.
Genetic analysis of BRCA1 function in a defined tumor cell line.

Abstract Retrovirally expressed, wild-type BRCA1 decreased the γ radiation (IR) sensitivity and increased the efficiency of double-strand DNA break repair (DSBR) of the BRCA1 −/− human breast cancer line, HCC1937. It also reduced its susceptibility to DSB generation by IR. By contrast, multiple, clinically validated, missense mutant BRCA1 products were nonfunctional in these assays. These data constitute the basis for a BRCA1 functional assay and suggest that efficient repair of double-strand DNA breaks is linked to BRCA1 tumor suppression function.
Polyomavirus Models of Brain Infection and the Pathogenesis of Multiple Sclerosis

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is generally considered to be an autoimmune disorder with myelin as the target and with several unidentified viruses playing ancillary roles, possibly through molecular mimicry. Although this paradigm has led to important progress on potential mechanisms of myelin loss, neither a target antigen in myelin nor a triggering mechanism has yet been identified, leaving the etiology of MS still unknown. Animal models of viral demyelination and studies showing that JC virus (JCV), the polyomavirus which causes progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), may be latent in some normal human brains suggest another possibility. A host immune response targeting proteins expressed at low levels from viral DNA latent in the central nervous system (CNS) might underlie a focal demyelinating disease such as MS. A shift from autoimmunity to a latent-virus model is not a trivial substitution of target antigens. This shift would expand the search for a definitive laboratory test for MS and could lead to improved therapeutic and preventive approaches.
Crystallographic studies and X-ray diffraction patterns of Ba 5 R 8 Zn 4 O 21 by Rietveld refinements

The structure of the Ba5R8Zn4O21 series (R=lanthanides) was investigated using X-ray Rietveld refinements. The compounds were successfully prepared for R=Eu, Gd, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, and Yb. Ba5R8Zn4O21 crystallizes in the tetragonal space group I4/m; for R=Yb to Eu, a ranges from 13.635 02(5) to 13.960 62(9) A, c from 5.658 46(3) to 5.784 83(5) A, and V from 1051.987(8) to 1127.459(14) A3. The Zn2+ ions adopt a fivefold distorted square pyramidal coordination. The seven-coordinate R3+ reside in monocapped trigonal prisms. These prisms share edges, and form layers stacked along the c axis. There are two types of BaO polyhedra: bicapped square prisms (BaO10), and irregular BaO10 polyhedra. For larger R, Ba5R8Zn4O21 was not stable, and tetragonal BaR2ZnO5(La, Nd) and orthorhombic BaR2ZnO5(Sm) phases were observed instead.
River blindness: reducing the risk in at-risk populations

Onchocerciasis, an eye and skin disease caused by Onchocerca volvulus, is a leading cause of infectious blindness worldwide. Most onchocercal morbidity occurs in sub-Saharan Africa, while small disease foci exist within Latin America and Yemen. Disease control and elimination campaigns currently rely primarily on mass distribution of ivermectin, a therapy that does not cure the infection, but rather prevents the development of the eye and skin disease. Within Latin America, these strategies have dramatically reduced the incidence of new infection, and blindness attributable to onchocerciasis no longer exists in the region. Within Africa, decreases in ocular disease have also been documented. New therapeutic strategies targeting the endosymbiotic bacteria Wolbachia spp. are currently being evaluated in Africa.
Neurotransmitter characteristics of brain grafts: striatal and septal tissues form the same laminated input to the hippocampus.

In previous experiments20,22 we have studied the development of grafts of embryonic septal tissues implanted alongside the hippocampal formation of neonatal rats. In the present study we examined intracerebral implants of corpus striatum, a brain region that contains acetylcholinesterase-positive cells and does not normally project to the hippocampal formation, in order to evaluate the possibility that neurotransmitter identity may be involved in mechanisms guiding patterns of afferent growth and connectivity. Implant cavities were made in the entorhinal cortices of neonatal rat recipients and 3–6 days later embryonic striatal tissues were grafted to these preformed cavities. Implants were examined with acetylcholinesterase histochemistry one month after implantation. Grafts of embryonic striatal tissues did not survive implantation when the implant was introduced at the same time as the cavity was made. Grafts of corpora striata containing acetylcholinesterase-positive neurons were found in 7 of 11 rats in the delayed implant paradigm and, in all but one of these animals, acetylcholinesterase was present within those terminal laminae in the ipsilateral hippocampus and dentate gyrus that normally receive cholinergic input from the septal area. These findings suggest that cues underlying the development of specific connections between native (and implanted) septal efferents and hippocampal target neurons may be recognized by ingrowing acetylcholinesterase-reactive fibers from striatal implants.
An error analysis of truncated starting conditions in step‐by‐step time integration: Consequences for structural dynamics

Les algorithmes d'integration pas a pas dans le temps pour la dynamique des structures requierent un vecteur acceleration initial, en addition aux vecteurs deplacement et vitesse. Ce vecteur acceleration peut etre calcule en resolvant les equations du mouvement a un temps initial, tandis qu'un vecteur acceleration initial, tronque est obtenu en prenant les valeurs des accelerations a zero
The crystal structure of dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthase from Cryptosporidium hominis reveals a novel architecture for the bifunctional enzyme.

Cryptosporidium hominis is an emerging pathogen that primarily affects immune-compromised patients, including those with AIDS. There is no effective cure at this point for the degenerative wasting disease that can follow infection. Dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthase (DHFR-TS) is a bifunctional enzyme in C. hominis and is crucial in the folate cycle for the production of dTMP, one of the four DNA bases. DHFR-TS is an excellent drug target since its inhibition leads to the death of the pathogen. In apicomplexan protozoa, including C. hominis, the gene for DHFR-TS can be partitioned into a DHFR domain, a linker domain and a TS domain. In human cells, DHFR and TS are separate, monofunctional enzymes. We have determined the X-ray crystal structure of DHFR-TS from C. hominis. The structure reveals that the linker polypeptide between the DHFR and TS domains has important structural interactions with the opposite monomer of the homodimeric enzyme. A comparison of the structure of DHFR-TS from C. hominis and structures of DHFR-TS from Plasmodium falciparum [11] and Leishmania major [5] shows that there are significant structural differences between the apicomplexan and kinetoplastid forms of the enzyme. Additionally, the DHFR and TS domains of the C. hominis enzyme have important sequence and structural differences from the human forms of the enzymes. The species-specific differences are important for future inhibitor design targeting C. hominis.
Uroporphyrin formation induced by chlorinated hydrocarbons (lindane, polychlorinated biphenyls, tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin). Requirements for endogenous iron, protein synthesis and drug-metabolizing activity.

Abstract The chlorinated hydrocarbons, lindane (gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane), polychlorinated biphenyls and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, induce chick embryo liver cells in culture to rapidly accumulate uroporphyrin III. This is in marked contrast to the delayed effect in animals. The induction is dependent on protein synthesis (cycloheximide inhibited), endogenous iron (chelators inhibited) and perhaps cytochrome P-450 (SKF-525A inhibited). Evidence was obtained for an unstable intermediate that is generated in the liver from chlorinated hydrocarbons which inhibits uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase thus causing uroporphyrin to accumulate. The data suggest that the intermediate may be a hydroxylated derivative of the chlorinated hydrocarbon.
Numerical analysis of a nonlinear operator equation arising from a monetary model

Abstract Mathematical and numerical analysis are applied to a nonlinear operator equation arising in monetary economics. For the nonlinear operator equation, the contraction property is established, and fixed point iterations are employed to numerically solve the equation using a finite element method. Convergence rate and error estimates are given for the numerical scheme. The finite element method has been implemented as computer programs which make extensive use of computer software packages such as Matlab (for numerical computations and graphics) and Mathematica (for symbolic computation).
The Nosology of Adolescent Substance Abuse

Despite a consensus view that we are experiencing an epidemic of drug and alcohol abuse in adolescents, there is little agreement about the definition of adolescent substance abuse disorders. This review explores past and current efforts at defining psychoactive substance use problems and the relevance of these efforts to adolescents. Current diagnostic classifications and criteria for substance abuse and dependence are often inadequate in describing the clinically relevant patterns of substance use in adolescents. A discussion of future directions in the nosology of adolescent substance abuse focuses on the need for the development of a valid, meaningful classification system for substance use problems, using data from studies of prevalence, natural history, genetics, and treatment outcome among youth.
Effects of Listening Conditions, Error Types, and Ensemble Textures on Error Detection Skills.

This study was designed with three main purposes: (a) to investigate the effects of two listening conditions on error detection accuracy, (b) to compare error detection responses for rhythm errors and pitch errors, and (c) to examine the influences of texture on error detection accuracy. Undergraduate music education students (N = 18) listened to purposefully incorrect performances of band literature in two formats, on recordings and while conducting a live ensemble. Pitch and rhythm errors were inserted into the music excerpts to investigate responses to different types of errors. Half of the excerpts were played by the full ensemble and half by a single section. Participants served as their own controls by completing the error detection tasks under all conditions. Results indicated that participants were significantly more successful in identifying errors in the recording condition than in the conducting condition. A significant interaction existed between the error type (pitch or rhythm) and the ensemb...
Clinical assessment of anaerobic isolates from blood cultures

Patients at two tertiary-care medical centers were evaluated to determine the clinical significance of anaerobic isolates from their blood specimens and to identify whether aerobic and/or anaerobic conditions were necessary for the detection of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates. Significant anaerobes were isolated from only 0.1% and 0.4% of all blood cultures collected. The majority of patients with significant anaerobes had clinical conditions in which anaerobes are known to cause infections. Of the S. pneumoniae organisms, 83% were isolated only from the aerobic bottles of a blood culture set. These data lend support to the recommendations for the selective ordering of anaerobic blood cultures without compromising the isolation of S. pneumoniae.
Considerations on the Effects Produced by Superimposed Electric and Magnetic Fields in Biological Systems and Electrolytes

The total force experienced by a charged object moving in an electric and magnetic field is given by the well-known Lorentz expression: F = eE + (1/c)v × B where e is the charge on the object, v its velocity, c the velocity of light and E and B the respective electric and magnetic field strengths. The effects analysed are due to the second term in equation in case where fields are crossed and synchronized. The motion of microscopic monopoles and dipoles in a liquid medium are determined by the theoretical calculations. Elementary experimental data are presented to demonstrate ionic movement and associated water movement in alternating crossed fields. A speculative analysis of the effect of crossed fields on cellular function and growth is presented.
Immunohistochemistry of endometrial stromal sarcoma

Twenty-three cases (12 low grade, 11 high grade) of endometrial stromal sarcoma were studied with monoclonal antibodies to vimentin, keratin, desmin, muscle actin, epithelial membrane antigen, and collagen type IV, using the avidin-biotin immunoperoxidase method. Tumors were highly variable in the expression of these antigens. Some tumors contained both epithelial and smooth muscle-related antigens; others were immunoreactive only for the intermediate filament vimentin. Immunoreactivity patterns for metastases or recurrences were similar to the respective primary tumor and no correlation was observed between tumor grade and antigen expression. Normal myometrium, when present, was keratin-positive and variably epithelial membrane antigen-positive. We conclude that endometrial stromal sarcoma, as well as normal myometrium, may express both epithelial and/or muscle-related antigens. These findings most likely reflect a common mesodermal-mullerian derivation and illustrate the intimate relationship of the endometrial stromal cell to the endometrial glands and myometrium. Knowledge of these immunoreactivity patterns is essential when evaluating poorly differentiated uterine tumors or spindle cell tumors presenting in extrauterine locations.