cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Glutamate release from the retina during spreading depression.

The retina was charged with 14C labled glutamate in a near isotonic KCl solution containing, in addition to the label, 25 mM unlabeled glutamate. In extracts of retinas thus charged most of the label was present as glutamate, an appreciable amount as glutamine, and some as aspartate, γ-aminobutyric acid and other, probably non-aminated, metabolites of glutamate. The charged retinas, superfused in a chamber, were stimulated either chemically with unlabeled glutamate or KCl solutions, or electrically with direct current. These stimuli caused a transient increase in the transparency of the retina, indicative of spreading depression. Only minute portions of the superfusion solution were collected, and subjected to paper electrophoresis. The radioactivity of the labeled spots was determined with a strip counter. When not stimulated the retina released mostly glutamine, but during and after the various modes of stimulation the release of glutamate increased markedly. Repeated stimulation with short current pulses did not cause a transparency increase and did not enhance the glutamate release. During spontaneous spreading depressions a slight increase in glutamate release was observed. The possibility that glutamate release is the primary mechanism in spreading depression is discussed.
Allocating Scarce Resources in Disasters: Emergency Department Principles

Decisions about medical resource triage during disasters require a planned structured approach, with foundational elements of goals, ethical principles, concepts of operations for reactive and proactive triage, and decision tools understood by the physicians and staff before an incident. Though emergency physicians are often on the front lines of disaster situations, too often they have not considered how they should modify their decisionmaking or use of resources to allow the "greatest good for the greatest number" to be accomplished. This article reviews key concepts from the disaster literature, providing the emergency physician with a framework of ethical and operational principles on which medical interventions provided may be adjusted according to demand and the resources available. Incidents may require a range of responses from an institution and providers, from conventional (maximal use of usual space, staff, and supplies) to contingency (use of other patient care areas and resources to provide functionally equivalent care) and crisis (adjusting care provided to the resources available when usual care cannot be provided). This continuum is defined and may be helpful when determining the scope of response and assistance necessary in an incident. A range of strategies is reviewed that can be implemented when there is a resource shortfall. The resource and staff requirements of specific incident types (trauma, burn incidents) are briefly considered, providing additional preparedness and decisionmaking tactics to the emergency provider. It is difficult to think about delivering medical care under austere conditions. Preparation and understanding of the decisions required and the objectives, strategies, and tactics available can result in better-informed decisions during an event. In turn, adherence to such a response framework can yield thoughtful stewardship of resources and improved outcomes for a larger number of patients.
Variational Approach to the Gradient Method: Theory and Numerical Experiments

An analytical approach to the gradient method is presented within the framework of the Bolza problem of the calculus of variations. The first variation is minimized subject to the linearized differential constraint and an isoperimetric constraint on the control variation. Since the resulting Euler equations are linear, the differential system describing the optimum corrections is linear. The properties of this system are studied, and the solutions are related to the stepsize α. Next, the optimization of α is performed by minimizing the sum of the first variation and the second variation; an analytical expression is derived for the optimum value of α. Thus, the present method is a hybrid, in that the shape of the system of variations is obtained from first-order considerations while the scale factor for the variations is obtained from second-order considerations. Two numerical examples illustrating the convergence properties of the algorithm are supplied.
Cavitation in Hydraulic Structures: Problems Created by Cavitation Phenomena

The damage from cavitation, which has been an increasing problem with the increasing size of hydraulic structures, often results from neglect in the design of these structures. Such design and construction errors as misalinement of conduits and boundary roughness, as well as shortcomings in the design of gate slots, transition sections, and stilling basins have necessitated repairs to many hydraulic structures. Damage from simultaneous spillway and sluice flow has been experienced. Higher heads and increased speed of filling and emptying of navigation locks has lead to damage to these structures also. Corrective measures in the form of repairs have been used on all of these damages. The time to eliminate or at least minimize the danger from cavitation phenomena is in the design stage of the project.
The photon energy spectrum in B →X s + γ in perturbative QCD through O (α s 2 )

Abstract We derive the dominant part of the O ( α s 2 ) correction to the photon energy spectrum in the inclusive decay B → X s + γ . The detailed knowledge of the spectrum is important for relating the theoretical calculations of the B → X s + γ decay rate and the experimental measurements where a cut on the photon energy is applied. In addition, moments of the photon energy spectrum are used for the determination of the b-quark mass and other fundamental parameters of heavy quark physics. Our calculation reduces the theoretical uncertainty associated with uncalculated higher orders effects and shows that, for B → X s + γ , QCD radiative corrections to the photon energy spectrum are under theoretical control.
Liposuction with facelift surgery.

In only a few years, liposuction has become a very valuable adjunct to facelifting, widely accepted by the public and the medical world alike. Its use allows approach and treatment of difficult areas on the face, and the secondary benefit of fat grafting for facial hollows and creases. Liposuction has made the facelift procedure faster, safer, easier, and more effective and has made the psychological benefits of facial rejuvenation all the more available to patients.
Comparison of the Behavior of Trace Elements During Acid Leaching of Ashes from Several Coals

The leaching of fly ash from eastern U.S. coals with strong mineral acid is the initial step in a series of potential processes for producing useful and marketable materials from the ash. This initial leaching step removes most, or all, of the more soluble (generally amorphous) materials from the ash and leaves an inert residue, believed to be mostly mullite and silica. Chemical analyses of the leachate and the residual inert materials indicate the original distribution of the trace elements in the phases. Significant differences in crystallography, composition and leaching behavior have been noted in ash samples from coals from various regions, of various types, and sometimes even in ash samples from the same or similar coals. Trace element analyses of fly ash leachates provide a useful means of studying coal characteristics and of determining how the trace elements are incorporated in various types of fly ashes.
Evidence for marine influence on a low-gradient coastal plain: Ichnology and invertebrate paleontology of the lower Tongue River Member (Fort Union Formation, middle Paleocene), western Williston Basin, U.S.A.

The Paleocene Tongue River Member of the Fort Union Formation contains trace-fossil associations indicative of marine influence in otherwise freshwater facies. The identified ichnogenera include: Arenicolites, Diplocraterion, Monocraterion, Ophiomorpha, Rhizocorallium, Skolithos linearis, Teichichnus, Thalassinoides , and one form of uncertain affinity. Two species of the marine diatom Coscinodiscus occur a few meters above the base of the member. The burrows occur in at least five discrete, thin, rippled, fine-grained sandstone beds within the lower 85 m of the member west of the Cedar Creek anticline (CCA) in the Signal Butte, Terry Badlands, and Pine Hills areas. Two discrete burrowed beds are found in the lower 10 m of the member east of the CCA in the little Missouri River area. Abundant freshwater ostracodes include Bisulcocypridea arvadensis, Candona, and Cypridopsis . Freshwater bivalves include Plesielliptio and Pachydon mactriformis . We recognize four fossil assemblages that represent fluvio-lacustrine, proximal estuarine, central estuarine, and distal estuarine environments. Biostratal alternations between fresh- and brackish-water assemblages indicate that the Tongue River Member was deposited along a low-gradient coastal plain that was repeatedly inundated from the east by the Cannonball Sea. The existence of marine-influenced beds in the Tongue River Member invalidates the basis for the Slope Formation.
Carbon nanotube solar cells

Abstract: Carbon nanotubes have been explored in light-harvesting and photovoltaic devices because of their unique optoelectronic properties. This chapter provides a brief description of the optoelectronic properties of carbon nanotubes, particularly single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs), and their implication in various solar cell applications including donor–acceptor solar cells, polymer solar cells, and dye-sensitized solar cells, where carbon nanotubes are utilized as photoactive materials. Carbon-nanotube-based electrodes in photovoltaic devices are also introduced. Carbon-nanotube-based light-harvesting devices are reviewed in terms of fabrication and material processing as well as performance. Finally, advanced emerging methods and the future outlook for carbon-nanotube-based solar cells are discussed.
Antigen Retrieval in Immunohistochemistry

The antigen retrieval (AR) technique of boiling formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue sections in water is a highly effective method to render immunohistochemical (IHC) staining on FFPE tissue sections, which is a revolution in pathology and a milestone in IHC. The authors intend briefly to summarize developments in AR-IHC-based research and diagnostics, with particular emphasis on current challenges and future research directions based on our data and a wide literature review. This article includes basic principles and essential techniques of AR and several major issues in terms of standardization and quantitative IHC based on AR, extraction of nucleic acids and proteins from FFPE tissue for genomic and proteomic analysis, molecular mechanism of AR, and other related topics. Currently, the AR-IHC-based research is in developing, with describing our plan for future study, we wish that combining the proteomics approach with AR-IHC to establish a sophisticated platform for identifying biomarkers in personalized medicine.
Preoperative Duplex Ultrasonography of the Internal Mammary Artery and Saphenous Vein in Young Persons and Patients with Atherosclerosis

In patients who undergo coronary artery bypass surgery, the internal mammary artery (IMA) is considered to be the bypass conduit of choice. Superior long-term patency rates have been reported for IMA grafts compared with saphenous vein grafts.
A Natural Visual Mind: The Art and Science of Visual Literacy

AbstractThis paper summarizes the keynote address from the 31st Annual Conference of the International Visual Literacy Association (IVLA). The premise of the address is that burgeoning knowledge from the neurosciences and the visual arts gives a unique perspective for understanding and supporting the development of visual literacy efforts. Combined with the extensive knowledge base from IVLA history, a consilience with information from the arts and sciences gives an increasingly sound basis for understanding the natural visual mind. This brain based approach will give the strongest foundation for visual literacy in the future.
PDL structural rearrangements in B-cell NHL

In this issue of Blood, Chong et al report a comprehensive landscape of structural rearrangements (SRs) of the programmed death ligand (PDL) locus (9p24.1), which harbors PDL1 (CD274) and PDL2 (PDCD1LG2) providing novel information about the breakpoint anatomy of the SRs in a large cohort of B-cell lymphomas (eg, non-Hodgkin lymphoma [NHL]). Importantly, the studies were performed by using DNA obtained from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues.1
Molecular Diagnostics Could Help in Coping with Hidden β-Lactamases

Antibiotic-resistant, gram-negative bacteria are a global challenge, with a major concern being widespread resistance to β-lactam antibiotics. The variety of such drugs is impressive, yet their availability for clinical use is dwindling because of expanding resistance. Two main strategies help to curb the development of antibiotic resistance, and they are not mutually exclusive. One strategy is to develop new antibacterial agents and drug combinations faster than resistance develops. However, we have already failed to make this strategy work for gram-negative infections. The second, but often overlooked, strategy is to develop technology to enable rapid surveillance of resistant pathogens in hospital and community settings. Rapidly detecting and identifying resistance in turn could enable us to use antibiotics more judiciously and thus minimize development of further resistance.
Restructuring and Forgiveness in Financial Crises B: Lessons from the Emerging Markets Crises of the 1990s 2-Asia

Asia’s economy, Thailand in particular, was booming when the financial crises hit in the 1990s. However, troubles were brewing underneath the seemingly buoyant economy. With a fragile financial system and ineffective domestic government responses to these troubles, an exchange rate crisis took over Thailand, and this crisis started a financial contagion in the neighboring countries. This case reviews the background and domestic government responses to contain the crisis, and the international intervention provided by the International Monetary Fund including the assistance and the required reforms accompanying the support.
Persistence of marine fish environmental DNA and the influence of sunlight

Harnessing information encoded in environmental DNA (eDNA) in marine waters has the potential to revolutionize marine biomonitoring. Whether using organism-specific quantitative PCR assays or metabarcoding in conjunction with amplicon sequencing, scientists have illustrated that realistic organism censuses can be inferred from eDNA. The next step is establishing ways to link information obtained from eDNA analyses to actual organism abundance. This is only possible by understanding the processes that control eDNA concentrations. The present study uses mesocosm experiments to study the persistence of eDNA in marine waters and explore the role of sunlight in modulating eDNA persistence. We seeded solute-permeable dialysis bags with water containing indigenous eDNA and suspended them in a large tank containing seawater. Bags were subjected to two treatments: half the bags were suspended near the water surface where they received high doses of sunlight, and half at depth where they received lower doses of sunlight. Bags were destructively sampled over the course of 87 hours. eDNA was extracted from water samples and used as template for a Scomber japonicus qPCR assay and a marine fish-specific 12S rRNA PCR assay. The latter was subsequently sequenced using a metabarcoding approach. S. japonicus eDNA, as measured by qPCR, exhibited first order decay with a rate constant ~0.01 hr -1 with no difference in decay rate constants between the two experimental treatments. eDNA metabarcoding identified 190 organizational taxonomic units (OTUs) assigned to varying taxonomic ranks. There was no difference in marine fish communities as measured by eDNA metabarcoding between the two experimental treatments, but there was an effect of time. Given the differences in UVA and UVB fluence received by the two experimental treatments, we conclude that sunlight is not the main driver of fish eDNA decay in the experiments. However, there are clearly temporal effects that need to be considered when interpreting information obtained using eDNA approaches.
The impact of domestic violence exposure on South Asian children in the United States: Perspectives of domestic violence agency staff

The South Asian community is the fastest growing ethnic group in the United States, and past research suggests that South Asian domestic violence (DV) survivors may require culturally-specific resources. Similarly, South Asian children in the US exposed to DV may have unique responses and needs, but this has not been explored to date. The objective of this study was to examine the specific needs of South Asian children exposed to DV from the vantage point of staff from South Asian DV agencies across the United States. Thirty interviews were conducted, with data coded and consolidated into larger themes using thematic analysis. Participants described several factors important to understanding the impact of DV on South Asian children including the role of the extended family, identifying with two cultures, fear about what the South Asian community will think, gender differences, and the importance of projecting an image of perfection. Participants also discussed development of culturally-tailored resources. This study suggests the importance of framing South Asian children's experiences within the context of interweaving South Asian and American cultural values, with careful attention paid to how potential culture clashes between parents and children may impact the way children process trauma. Further work should triangulate these themes with children, parents, and extended family, as well as collaborate with South Asian DV agencies to design child-focused programs.
GeoSparkViz: a scalable geospatial data visualization framework in the apache spark ecosystem

Data Visualization allows users to summarize, analyze and reason about data. A map visualization tool first loads the designated geospatial data, processes the data and then applies the map visualization effect. Guaranteeing detailed and accurate geospatial map visualization (e.g., at multiple zoom levels) requires extremely high-resolution maps. Classic solutions suffer from limited computation resources and hence take a tremendous amount of time to generate maps for large-scale geospatial data.The paper presents GeoSparkViz a large-scale geospatial map visualization framework. GeoSparkViz extends a cluster computing system (Apache Spark in our case) to provide native support for general cartographic design. The proposed system seamlessly integrates with a Spark-based spatial data management system, GeoSpark. It provides the data scientist a holistic system that allows her to perform data management and visualization on spatial data and reduces the overhead of loading the intermediate spatial data generated during the data management phase to the designated map visualization tool. GeoSparkViz also proposes a map tile data partitioning method that achieves load balancing for the map visualization workloads among all nodes in the cluster. Extensive experiments show that GeoSparkViz can generate a high-resolution (i.e., Gigapixel image) Heatmap of 1.7 billion Open-StreetMaps objects and 1.3 billion NYC taxi trips in ≈4 and 5 minutes on a four-node commodity cluster, respectively.
Healing the Blind: Perspectives of Blind Persons on Methods to Restore Sight

According to the American Foundation for the Blind, there are approximately ten million visually impaired persons in the United States. Approximately 1.3 million (five per 1,000 Americans) are legally blind, meaning that they have a visual acuity of 20/200 or worse in the better eye with correction, or a visual field of 20° or less. Of these, 80% reported having some useful vision, while the remaining 20% have light perception or less. Half of all visually impaired Americans are over the age of 65 (American Foundation for the Blind 2007). Due to the aging of the population and improvements in technology to preserve the lives of premature infants, the prevalence of blindness and visual impairment has increased in recent decades and is likely to continue increasing.
A task-specific argument for variable-exposure breast tomosynthesis

Digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) is a young technology, and the current imaging protocols are not yet fully optimized. Numerous recent studies have focused on optimizing DBT scan geometries, but the optimal DBT scan geometry is inextricably linked to the exposure delivery scheme. It is possible that alternative, variable-exposure delivery schemes could change our understanding of the optimal DBT scan. There is a need for strategies to evaluate and optimize DBT exposure delivery on a task- and patient-specific basis. To this end, we developed a simulation framework that uses fast, GPU-enabled Monte Carlo simulations and linear observer models to evaluate variable-exposure DBT systems. We tested three different exposure schemes: Equal, Central, and Oblique exposure. Preliminary results indicate that for the specific task of detecting a small signal in low density breast phantoms (15%), the alternative Central and Oblique exposure schemes may increase detectability.
Tools and techniques for evaluating reliability trade-offs for NANO-architectures

Nano-computing in the form of quantum, molecular and other computing models is proliferating as we scale down to nano-meter fabrication technologies. According to many experts, it is expected that nano-scale devices and interconnections will introduce unprecedented level of defects in the substrates and architectural designs need to accommodate the uncertainty inherent at such scales. This consideration motivates the search for new architectural paradigms based on redundancy based defect-tolerant designs. However, redundancy is not always a solution to the reliability problem, and often too much or too little redundancy may cause lack of reliability. The key challenge is in determining the granularity at which defect tolerance is designed, and the level of redundancy to achieve a specific level of reliability. Various forms of redundancy such as NAND multiplexing, Triple Modular Redundancy (TMR), Cascaded Triple Modular Redundancy (CTMR) have been considered in the fault-tolerance literature. Also, redundancy has been applied at different levels of granularity, such as gate level, logic block level, logic function level, unit level etc. Analytical probabilistic models to evaluate such reliability-redundancy trade-offs are error prone and cumbersome. In this chapter, we discuss different analytical and automation methodologies that can evaluate the reliability measures of combinational logic blocks, and can be used to analyze trade-offs between reliability and redundancy for different architectural configurations. We also illustrate the effectiveness of our reliability analysis tools pointing out certain anomalies which are counter intuitive and can be obtained easily by designers through automation, thereby providing better insight into defect-tolerant design decisions. We foresee that these tools will help furthering research and pedagogical interests in this area, expedite the reliability analysis process and enhance the accuracy of establishing reliability-redundancy trade-off points.
Human coronavirus HCoV-229E enters susceptible cells via the endocytic pathway.

Human coronaviruses (HCoV) are important causes of upper respiratory infections in humans of all ages. In addition, HCoVs have occasionally been associated with pneumonia, meningitis and diarrhea. HCoV RNA has been detected by RT-PCR in up to 40% of adult human brains (Stewart et al., 1992). There are two serotypes of HCoV represented by HCoV-229E and HC0V-0C43. HCoV-229E is a member of Coronavirus serogroup I, which also includes porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) and feline and canine coronaviruses. The viral attachment protein S of HCoV-229E is unlike S proteins of many coronaviruses in serogroup II, in that it is not cleaved during virus assembly, nor does it cause syncytia formation.
Real Time B-Mode Echo-Encephalography

Since the initial development of B-mode ultrasonography, there have been many attempts (Fry et al, 1974; Brinker & Taveras, 1966) to produce high quality cross-sectional images of the brain through the intact adult skull. Real time B-mode echo-encephalography was initially demonstrated by Somer in 1968 using phased array techniques. Despite these efforts, however, B-mode echoencephalography is not used clinically in the United States because of the poor quality of the images obtained with current techniques. The intervening presence of the skull results in poor signal to noise ratio, large reverberation artifacts, limited dynamic range and reduced lateral resolution.
Identifying and Addressing Causes of Failure in Frontal Sinus Surgery

Effective management of the diseased frontal sinus remains one of the most challenging problems facing the rhinologic surgeon. Although advances in instrumentation and image-guided technology have facilitated more effective endoscopic sinus surgery, the complex anatomy of the frontal region poses challenges in sustaining a long-term functional frontal outflow tract. This chapter presents common reasons for failure of frontal sinus surgery as well as options for secondary management.
Internalized Anti-Semitism: A Painful Consequence of Assimilation

External anti-Semitism (i.e., hostility, prejudice, or discrimination against Jews) has existed since ancient times and unfortunately persists today throughout the world. In its most virulent form, it resulted in the Holocaust. A far milder but insidious consequence of external anti-Semitism is “internal anti-Semitism,” also described by numerous authors as Jewish self-hatred or the turning of anti-Semitism against the self. My autobiography as a Jew represents a case in point. An unfortunate and painful consequence of my profound desire to assimilate was an internalization of anti-Semitism which resulted in disturbed identity formation, confused values, and diminished self-esteem. This paper is a personal narrative and psychiatric perspective of my life experience that resulted initially in ambivalence, shame, and rejection of my Jewish identity. However, it then describes my journey and a wide variety of life experiences over many years that gradually enabled me to discover the richness of my Jewish heritage and the enormous personal benefit I would derive as I proudly took ownership of my Jewish identity both privately and publicly.
CHIR99021 and fibroblast growth factor 1 enhance the regenerative potency of human cardiac muscle patch after myocardial infarction in mice.

Abstract Background We have shown that genetic overexpression of cell cycle proteins can increase the proliferation of transplanted cardiomyocytes derived from human induced-pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC-CMs) in animal models of myocardial infarction (MI). Here, we introduce a new, non-genetic approach to promote hiPSC-CM cell cycle activity and proliferation in transplanted human cardiomyocyte patches (hCMPs). Methods Mice were randomly distributed into 5 experimental groups (n = 10 per group). One group underwent Sham surgery, and the other 4 groups underwent MI induction surgery followed by treatment with hCMPs composed of hiPSC-CMs and nanoparticles that contained CHIR99021 and FGF1 (the NPCF-hCMP group), with hCMPs composed of hiPSC-CMs and empty nanoparticles (the NPE-hCMP group); with patches containing the CHIR99021/FGF-loaded nanoparticles but lacking hiPSC-CMs (the NPCF-Patch group), or patches lacking both the nanoparticles and cells (the E-Patch group). Cell cycle activity was evaluated via Ki67 and Aurora B expression, bromodeoxyuridine incorporation, and phosphorylated histone 3 levels (immunofluorescence); engraftment via human cardiac troponin T or human nuclear antigen expression (immunofluorescence) and bioluminescence imaging; cardiac function via echocardiography; infarct size and wall thickness via histology; angiogenesis via isolectin B4 expression (immunofluorescence); and apoptosis via TUNEL and caspace 3 expression (immunofluorescence). Results Combined CHIR99021- and FGF1-treatment significantly increased hiPSC-CM cell cycle activity both in cultured cells (by 4- to 6-fold) and in transplanted hCMPs, and compared to treatment with NPE-hCMPs, NPCF-hCMP transplantation increased hiPSC-CM engraftment by ~4-fold and was associated with significantly better measurements of cardiac function, infarct size, wall thickness, angiogenesis, and hiPSC-CM apoptosis four weeks after MI induction. Conclusions Nanoparticle-mediated CHIR99021 and FGF1 delivery promotes hiPSC-CM cell cycle activity and proliferation, as well as the engraftment and regenerative potency of transplanted hCMPs, in a mouse MI model.
Chapter 8 – Endpoint Security

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the tools that Extensive Instant Virtual Extranet (IVE) provides to help secure the network. These tools are Host Checker, Cache Cleaner, Secure Virtual Workspace, and IVE/ Intrusion Detection and Prevention (IDP) integration. Host Checker can run on Windows, Macintosh, and Linux machines, and is delivered to clients in a similar fashion as other clients that the IVE provides, such as Network Connect. Host Checker provides compliance checking abilities on a remote machine. The Windows module comes with predefined rules, which can check for a wide array of antivirus, antispyware, antimalware, firewall, and operating system-checking packages. Cache Cleaner allows administrators to ensure that a client does not leave data in browser caches and other folders on the machine onto which it is connecting. It is found that Secure Virtual Workspace creates a virtual desktop environment within which all activity can be contained. The IVE supports integration with the Juniper IDP sensor, which allows the IDP to send signals to the IVE when it detects malicious traffic passing through the IDP from the IVE.
Hypoxia-mediated changes in bone marrow microenvironment in breast cancer dormancy

Breast cancer (BC) remains a clinical challenge despite improved treatments and public awareness to ensure early diagnosis. A major issue is the ability of BC cells (BCCs) to survive as dormant cancer cells in the bone marrow (BM), resulting in the cancer surviving for decades with the potential to resurge as metastatic cancer. The experimental evidence indicates similarity between dormant BCCs and other stem cells, resulting in the preponderance of data to show dormant BCCs being cancer stem cells (CSCs). The BM niche and their secretome support BCC dormancy. Lacking in the literature is a comprehensive research to describe how the hypoxic environment within the BM may influence the behavior of BCCs. This information is relevant to understand the prognosis of BC in young and aged individuals whose oxygen levels differ in BM. This review discusses the changing information on vascularity in different regions of the BM and the impact on endogenous hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). This review highlights the necessary information to provide insights on vascularity of different BM regions on the behavior of BCCs, in particular a dormant phase. For instance, how the transcription factor HIF1-α (hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha), functioning as first responder under hypoxic conditions, affects the expression of specific gene networks involved in energy metabolism, cell survival, tumor invasion and angiogenesis. This enables cell fate transition and facilitates tumor heterogeneity, which in turn favors tumor progression and resistance to anticancer treatments Thus, HIF1-α could be a potential target for cancer treatment. This review describes epigenetic mechanisms involved in hypoxic responses during cancer dormancy in the bone marrow. The varied hypoxic environment in the BM is relevant to understand the complex process of the aging bone marrow for insights on breast cancer outcome between the young and aged.
Cytokines and Chemokines as Mediators of Prostate Cancer Metastasis

The consequences of prostate cancer metastasis remain severe, with huge impact on the mortality and overall quality of life of affected patients. Despite the convoluted interplay and cross talk between various cell types and secreted factors in the metastatic process, cytokine and chemokines, along with their receptors and signaling axis, constitute important factors that help drive the sequence of events that lead to metastasis of prostate cancer. These proteins are involved in extracellular matrix remodeling, epithelial-mesenchymal-transition, angiogenesis, tumor invasion, premetastatic niche creation, extravasation, re-establishment of tumor cells in secondary organs as well as the remodeling of the metastatic tumor microenvironment. This review presents an overview of the main cytokines/chemokines, including IL-6, CXCL12, TGFβ, CXCL8, VEGF, RANKL, CCL2, CX3CL1, IL-1, IL-7, CXCL1, and CXCL16, that exert modulatory roles in prostate cancer metastasis. We also provide extensive description of their aberrant expression patterns in both advanced disease states and metastatic sites, as well as their functional involvement in the various stages of the prostate cancer metastatic process.
Ecophysiological studies of Sonoran Desert plants : I. Diurnal photosynthesis patterns of Ambrosia deltoidea and Olneya tesota.

The gas exchange of two Sonoran Desert plants was measured near optimum soil water conditions occurring in the summer and winter. Photosynthesis and stomatal conductance rates of a drought-deciduous shrub, Ambrosia deltoidea, and an evergreen non-riparian tree, Olneya tesota, are mainly affected by plant water potential. During such periods the diurnal gas exchange patterns are characterized by maximum rates of photosynthesis and stomatal conductance occurring early in the day, which decrease progressively thereafter. The effect of plant water potential on gas exchange is both direct and indirect. Decreasing plant water potential indirectly affects 14CO2 assimilation by closure of stomata, and the effect is similar in both species. However, the direct effects of decreasing plant water potential are dissimilar in the two species. Plants of the shrub species have a higher potential maximum photosynthesis, but are more sensitive to plant water stress than are plants of the tree species. Both species respond to favorable growth conditions in the summer and winter, and have the potential for rapid carbon input into the Sonoran Desert ecosystem.
The effect of disinfectants on the density of coliforms in sawdust bedding

Sawdust bedding in pens housing 6 cows was treated twice at an interval of 7 days with orthophenylphenol (1 gal/600 ft2 of a 1:128 dilution on day 1 and 3 gal/600 ft2 of a 1:3 dilution on day 8), slaked lime (8 lb/100 ft2), or paraformaldehyde (14.5 g/yd2 as a 5% suspension). Bedding samples were examined on days 1, 2, 5, 8, 9, 12 and 15 for total bacterial counts (TBC) and coliform counts. Teat swabs collected on the same days were examined for coliforms. TBC, coliform counts and moisture content were all reduced in bedding treated with slaked lime or paraformaldehyde. All three treatments increased the pH of the bedding. Coliform contamination of teat ends was reduced by slaked lime and paraformaldehyde treatments. Slaked lime is preferred because of ease of application and it is less likely to injure cattle or workers.
Self-Control Theory and The Office

Gottfredson and Hirschi’s (1990) self-control theory is perhaps one of the most parsimonious, yet debated, criminological theories. Researchers have applied the theory to several deviant behaviors, and it also addresses the issue of behaviors analogous to crime. Using the Grasmick scale (Grasmick, Tittle, Bursik, & Arneklev, Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 30, 5–29, 1993) with Higgins’ (Criminal Justice and Behavior, 34(2), 157–178, 2007) revisions, this chapter aims to demonstrate specific behaviors that measure individual levels of self-control. Michael Scott of NBC’s The Office often engages in behaviors that reflect the six constructs of the scale: impulsivity, simple tasks, risk-seeking, physical activities, self-control, and temper. Though his actions often led to feelings of frustration, irritation, and anger among his employees, Michael’s hijinks kept viewers enthralled for seven seasons and made the show one of the most iconic in history.
Collaborating with Japanese in Making Entertainment Movies for Chinese Viewers: Chinese Filmmakers at Manchurian Film Association

The article studies the experiences of Chinese filmmakers who collaborated with Japanese film specialists at Manchurian Film Association (Manying 1937–45) to make entertainment movies primarily for...
Childhood maltreatment reports in adult seasonal affective disorder: Associations with sleep disturbances, maladaptive cognitions, and brooding.

Abstract Background Although childhood maltreatment has been studied in multiple psychopathologies, its role in Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) is unknown. The current study examined possible mediators of the relationship between retrospectively-reported childhood maltreatment and adult SAD symptom severity during a major depressive episode in winter. Methods Participants (N = 113), ages 18 to 65, completed measures of childhood maltreatment, SAD severity, sleep disturbances, ruminative brooding, and maladaptive cognitions. Mediation analyses testing the relationship between childhood maltreatment and SAD symptom severity via sleep and cognitive factors were conducted using PROCESS (Hayes, 2012). Results Mediation analyses suggested that insomnia, hypersomnia, brooding, and seasonal maladaptive beliefs may account for the association between childhood maltreatment and SAD symptom severity. Limitations Analyses were cross-sectional and should be interpreted with caution. Participants completed self-report childhood trauma measure retrospectively as adults. Conclusion The present study is the first to examine childhood maltreatment in SAD, a disorder commonly viewed with circadian etiology. Covariance between childhood maltreatment and SAD symptom severity is indirectly explained by sleep difficulties, cognitive factors, and brooding, which may suggest therapeutic targets if replicated in longitudinal or experimental manipulations of sleep and cognition.
Shopping Mall Stores Planning Using K-means

Shopping mall is a concentrated and mature commercial district that is usually located at a city's central area. It is a necessary district for every modern city. As the main components of shopping malls, stores' management and arrangement will heavily influence customers' experience. With a large number of stores in the shopping mall, it is a challenging task to properly design and manage the whole shopping mall. However, with the help of machine learning, we are able to analyze vast amount of data and use the result to help us with the store arrangement and management. In this paper, we will use the machine learning technique to classify the stores of a shopping mall by the transaction data of each stores. This result provides us with insights about the shopping mall planning, arrangement and management, allowing us to form functional districts within a shopping mall appropriately.
Endocytic Uptake of Solid Lipid Nanoparticles by the Nasal Mucosa

Nanoparticles may provide unique therapeutic opportunities when administered via the nasal cavity, yet the primary uptake and transfer pathways for these particles within the nasal mucosa are not well understood. The endocytic pathways involved in the uptake of fluorescently labeled, (Nile Red) solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) of different sizes (~30, 60, and 150 nm) were studied using excised bovine olfactory and nasal respiratory tissues. Endocytic activity contributing to nanoparticle uptake was investigated using a variety of pharmacological inhibitors, but none of the inhibitors were able to completely eliminate the uptake of the SLNs. The continued uptake of nanoparticles following exposure to individual inhibitors suggests that a number of endocytic pathways work in combination to transfer nanoparticles into the nasal mucosa. Following exposure to the general metabolic inhibitors, 2,4-DNP and sodium azide, additional, non-energy-dependent pathways for nanoparticle uptake were also observed. While the smallest nanoparticles (30 nm) were the most resistant to the effects of pharmacologic inhibitors, the largest (150 nm) were still able to transfer significant amounts of the particles into the tissues. The rapid nanoparticle uptake observed demonstrates that these lipid particles are promising vehicles to accomplish both local and systemic drug delivery following nasal administration.
Brugia malayi Glycoproteins Detected by the Filariasis Test Strip Antibody AD12.1

Background: Rapid and accurate prevalence mapping of lymphatic filariasis (LF) is necessary to eliminate this disfiguring and disabling neglected tropical disease. Unfortunately, rapid tests such as the filariasis test strip (FTS) for Wuchereria bancrofti, the causative agent of LF in Africa, can cross-react with antigens circulating in some persons infected by the African eye worm, Loa loa, rendering the test unreliable in eleven co-endemic nations. The intended target of the FTS is a heavily glycosylated W. bancrofti circulating filarial antigen (Wb-CFA). Previously, we determined that the FTS monoclonal antibody, AD12.1, which detects a carbohydrate epitope on Wb-CFA, also detects multiple L. loa proteins in cross-reactive sera from persons with loiasis. Since the carbohydrate epitope recognized by AD12.1 is present on glycoproteins of other parasitic nematodes, including Brugia species, it is unclear why reactive glycoproteins are not detected in infections with other filarial parasites. Methods: To gain a better understanding of the proteins recognized by the FTS diagnostic antibody, we used proteomics and lectin array technology to characterize filarial glycoproteins that are bound by the AD12.1 antibody using Brugia malayi as a model. Results: Distinct but overlapping sets of AD12 glycoproteins were identified from somatic and excretory/secretory worm products. One of the identified proteins, Bm18019 was confirmed as a secreted AD12-reactive glycoprotein by in-gel proteomics and immunoassays. Brugia AD12-reactive glycoproteins express glycans including core fucose, galactose, N-acetylglucosamine and galactose(β1-3)N-acetylgalactosamine in addition to the epitope recognized by AD12.1. None of the lectins that bound B. malayi AD12 glycoproteins had affinity for the Wb-CFA, highlighting a key difference between it and other AD12 glycoproteins. Conclusions: B. malayi somatic and excretory/secretory proteins are similar to L. loa antigens found in FTS-positive human sera, bolstering the hypothesis that circulating L. loa AD12 antigens result from worm tissue damage or death. The difference in glycan and protein composition between the Wb-CFA other AD12 glycoproteins can be used to differentiate LF from cross-reactive loiasis.
Public human microbiome data dominated by highly developed countries

The importance of sampling from globally representative populations has been well established in human genomics. In human microbiome research, however, we lack a full understanding of the global distribution of sampling in research studies. This information is crucial to better understand global patterns of microbiome-associated diseases and to extend the health benefits of this research to all populations. Here, we analyze the country of origin of all 444,829 human microbiome samples that have been collected to date and are available from the world9s three largest genomic data repositories, including the Sequence Read Archive (SRA). We show that more than 71% of publicly available human microbiome samples with a known origin come from Europe, the United States, and Canada, including 46.8% from the United States alone, despite the country representing only 4.3% of the global population. We also find that central and southern Asia is the most underrepresented region: Countries such as India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh account for more than a quarter of the world population but make up only 1.8 percent of human microbiome samples. These results demonstrate a critical need to ensure more global representation of participants in microbiome studies.
Ethical Considerations for Psychologists Addressing Racial Trauma Experienced by Black Americans

Recent police brutality has reminded people in the United States of America that racism and discrimination toward Black Americans is still prevalent. Evidence supports the claim that many Black Ame...
AN ECONOMIC EVALUATION FOR AGREED CONTRACT TO PRODUCE SUBSIDIZED BALADI BREAD

The Ministry of Social Solidarity have signed a new contract with bakeries and public enterprises sector to produce an improved baladi bread (82%). The contract has 18 items, it allows bakeries to purchase the flower 100 kg. bag at only L.E 16 instead of LE 32 in return, bakeries are committed to produce the bread at its standard and specifications. The contract also allows the bakeries to produce bread at 121 gm instead of 130 gm with no punishment fine, but if the loss in weight reached 10-20 gm, or 21-30 gm or more, types of punishments will be applied, as charging the last two weeks flouer purchases at its free market prices, or doubling that for the second punishment. The study aims at evaluating this contract economically. It used a primary field data obtained from three districts in Giza Governorate. The survey sample included consumers, Legal control officers, bakeries, and economic experts. The study showed that the wheat and wheat flouer imports values increased from us$ 544 million in 1990/91 to us$ 1470 million in 2005/06 in spite of the decrease of the quantity from 6.33 m.t to 5.05 m.t in the same period. It indicated also that in Egypt, about 13 thousand bakeries are producing baladi bread, and the average share of bread is less than 2 loafs per person per day, but it increases in border Governorates to 3.09, and decreases in South Egypt to 1.6 loaf.
Mediation and Surrogate Decision-Making for LGBTQ Families in the Absence of an Advance Directive

In this commentary on a clinical ethics case pertaining to a same-sex couple that does not have explicit surrogate decision-making or hospital-visitation rights (in the face of objections from the family-of-origin of one of the queer partners), the authors invoke contemporary legal and policy standards on LGBTQ health care in the United States and abroad. Given this historical moment in which some clinical rights are guaranteed for LGBTQ families whilst others are in transition, the authors advocate for the implementation of clinical ethics mediation as the soundest and most humane form of resolution in matters where there is a dispute between family members about an incapacitated loved one. They argue that clinical ethics mediation is an ideal alternative solution because it works toward consensus about outcome, even where consensus about values is not achievable.