cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Simplexes, Orientations, Boundaries, and Simplicial Subdivisions

This chapter contains an introduction to a number of topics in the geometry of n-dimensional Euclidean space. It treats barycentric coordinates, convex sets, simplexes, the orientation of simplexes, chains of simplexes, boundaries of simplexes and chains, three identities and an inequality for determinants, affine and barycentric transformations, and simplicial subdivisions of cubes and simplexes in ℝ n . The results in this chapter are developed in preparation for their use in the proof of the fundamental theorem of the integral calculus in ℝ n and of other theorems. This introduction begins the treatment of these subjects by reviewing some of the basic facts about (n — l)-dimensional planes in ℝ n , convex sets, and linear independence and dependence of vectors inℝ n .
Abstract 54: Genome-wide CRISPR screen identifies potential therapeutic combination of EGFR and FGFR inhibitors in oral cancer

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a disease with poor survival with few novel treatment options in development. While EGFR is commonly over-expressed, targeting EGFR has had limited success possibly because of compensatory pathways rescuing cell survival. Inhibiting compensatory pathways in combination with EGFR signaling may result in greater efficacy. To identify compensatory pathways, we used a Genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 Knock-Out (GeCKO) library to identify genetic knockouts that sensitized OSCC cell lines to EGFR inhibition. This CRISPR library established a pool of knockouts targeting over 18,000 genes, and upon selection of the GeCKO pool we identified gene knockouts in the FGFR pathway increased sensitivity to the EGFR inhibitor gefitinib. We further profiled this combination with viability assays and found that 6/14 (43%) cell lines responded to the combination of EGFR and FGFR inhibition, suggesting that the FGFR pathway could be a common compensatory mechanism to loss of EGFR signaling. In complement, we again used CRISPR-Cas9 to generate a syngeneic EGFR knockout (KO) OSCC cell line. The parent OSCC cell line is responsive to the EGFR and FGFR dual inhibition, and the EGFR KO derivative retains sensitivity to FGFR-targeted monotherapies. We expect that this EGFR KO cell line will be a useful tool in further evaluating the compensatory mechanism of the FGFR pathway. In total, we describe the use of genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 library to discover the synergistic combination of EGFR and FGFR inhibition, with follow-up indicating that the FGFR pathway could be a common compensatory mechanism to EGFR inhibition. Targeting compensatory mechanisms in combination with EGFR-targeted therapy could be clinically beneficial, including the combination of EGFR and FGFR inhibition. Citation Format: Megan Ludwig, Andrew Birkeland, Sai Nimmagadda, Sue Foltin, Aditi Kulkarni, Hui Jiang, Thomas Carey, J. Chad Brenner. Genome-wide CRISPR screen identifies potential therapeutic combination of EGFR and FGFR inhibitors in oral cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR-AHNS Head and Neck Cancer Conference: Optimizing Survival and Quality of Life through Basic, Clinical, and Translational Research; April 23-25, 2017; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2017;23(23_Suppl):Abstract nr 54.
Stochastic delay forecasts for edge traffic engineering via Bayesian Networks

Traffic engineering at network edges is challenging given the latency-sensitive nature of all applications that need to be supported. End-to-end delay estimation and forecasts were essential traffic engineering tools even before the mobile edge computing paradigm pushed the cloud closer to the end user. In this paper, we model the path selection problem for edge traffic engineering using a risk minimization technique inspired by portfolio theory in economics, and we use machine learning to estimate path selection risks. In particular, using real latency time series measurements, both existing and collected with and without the GENI testbed, we compare four short-horizon latency estimation techniques, commonly used by the finance community to estimate prices of volatile financial instruments. Our results suggest that a Bayesian Network approach may lead to good latency (peak) estimation performance, as long as there are dependencies among the time series path latency measurements.
HieIM: highly flexible in-memory computing using STT MRAM

In this paper we propose a Highly Flexible In-Memory (HieIM) computing platform using STT MRAM, which can be leveraged to implement Boolean logic functions without sacrificing memory functionality. It could pre-process data within memory to further reduce power hungry long distance communication between memory and processing units as in Von-Neumann computing system. HieIM can implement all the Boolean logic functions (AND/NAND, OR/NOR, XOR/XNOR) between any two cells in the same memory array, thus overcoming the 'operand locality' problem in contemporary in-memory computing platform designs. To investigate the performance of HieIM, we test in-memory bulk bit-wise Boolean logic operations using different vector datasets, which shows ∼ 8× energy saving and ∼ 5× speedup compared to recent DRAM based in-memory computing platform. We further implement an in-memory data encryption engine design based on HieIM as another case study. With AES algorithm, it shows 51.5% and 68.9% lower energy consumption compared to CMOS-ASIC and CMOL based implementations, respectively.
Bakhtin's Dialogic Pedagogy : Implications for Critical Pedagogy, Literacy Education, and Teacher Research in the United States

(2004). Bakhtin's Dialogic Pedagogy : Implications for Critical Pedagogy, Literacy Education, and Teacher Research in the United States. Journal of Russian & East European Psychology: Vol. 42, No. 6, pp. 89-94.
The Epistemology of Genealogies

Beliefs have genealogies. Can tracing a belief’s genealogy illuminate the epistemic quality of the belief? This paper sets out a general epistemology of genealogies. As it turns out, genealogies for beliefs come in two sorts: those that trace a belief to some mental event that doubles as evidence for the belief and those that do not. The former have the potential to undercut the belief, rebut the belief, or—importantly—both. The latter have the potential to reinforce the belief or rebut the belief but—importantly—not undercut it. The ultimate conclusion is that there is a role for genealogies in the epistemic appraisal of our beliefs, but this role will be circumscribed by the availability of clear and compelling genealogies.
Role of Comorbidities in Treatment and Outcomes after Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Exacerbations.

Rationale: Hospital readmissions are an important cause of morbidity and mortality among patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Although comorbidities are associated with outco...
Predictors of one-year outcomes following the abdominoperineal resection.

Abstract Purpose This study aimed to determine one-year outcomes and the impact of various factors on the need for readmission and reoperation following abdominoperineal resection (APR). Method A multivariate logistic regression analysis was conducted to determine predictors of readmission and/or reoperation within one year of APR performed between January-2000 and December-2013. Results 536 patients were analyzed for whom the most common indication for surgery was rectal cancer(86.4%). Within one year of operation, 14.2% (n = 76) of patients have major (grade III/IV of Clavien-Dindo [CD]) and 26.1%(n = 140) of patients have minor complications (grade I/II of CD). Respective major and minor perineal wound complication(PWC) rates were 10.4% and 5.6%.Readmission and reoperation rates within 90 days following discharge were 25% and 8.8%, respectively. While PWC (n = 53,39.2%) and small bowel obstruction(n = 23,17%) were the most common causes of readmission within 90 days,PWC(n = 20,23.3%) and distant metastasis(n = 20,23.3%) were the main causes of long-term readmission(90-day to 1 year). Conclusion Perineal wound complications were the most common cause of readmission and reoperation within one year of APR. Well-coordinated efforts aimed at decreasing the perineal wound morbidity may impact the need for readmission and reoperation.
Mechanical reinforcement and thermal properties of PVA tricomponent nanocomposites with chitin nanofibers and cellulose nanocrystals

Abstract Investigating tricomponent materials containing poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), and chitin nanofibers (ChNFs) provides potential for understanding the modulation of material properties. CNCs or ChNFs in polymers have been documented previously; however, composites containing both in combination has been underexplored. The results show that at certain CNC/ChNF ratios, the modulus and tensile strength of the composites are enhanced beyond that possible with either nanofiller alone. However, composites containing CNC/ChNF ratios that corresponded to balanced nanofiller surface charges showed reduced mechanical properties, potentially due to charge-driven association of the nanofillers. Furthermore, changes in thermal degradation behavior suggested that these nanofillers could hinder initial degradation pathways, providing additional benefits to material performance. Overall, these initial results suggest that tricomponent nanocomposites utilizing PVA, CNCs, and ChNFs open additional possibilities for tuning the mechanical and thermal properties of creating high-performance materials with reduced environmental impact.
Intersectional internalized stigma among Black gay and bisexual men: A longitudinal analysis spanning HIV/sexually transmitted infection diagnosis.

Internalized stigma undermines health among people diagnosed with HIV and other sexually transmitted infections (STI), yet limited research has examined how internalized stigma develops. Black gay ...
Geographic variations in fine-scale vegetation patterns: aspect preferences of montane pine stands over Southern Appalachian landscapes

ABSTRACTLandscape mosaics commonly reflect local terrain interactions with broad-scale processes. In the northern hemisphere, insolation interacts with terrain such that south-facing slopes are war...
Water relations of street trees in green infrastructure tree trench systems

Abstract Urban trees provide a number of ecosystem services through the process of transpiration, including evaporative cooling and returning stormwater to the atmosphere. Collocating street trees and engineered stormwater catchments in ‘tree trenches’ is a space-efficient strategy for providing these services and managing stormwater simultaneously; such systems are therefore being installed in a growing number of cities worldwide. However, tree trenches are designed to infiltrate rapidly, which could limit water availability in trenches and soil pits, thereby restricting transpiration between storms and eventually impacting tree health and survival. Focusing on tree trenches in Philadelphia, USA, we sought to determine how the water relations of young trees varied with atmospheric and soil moisture conditions, if water limitation affected photosynthesis and basal growth, and whether interspecific differences in water use were related to leaf economics. Measurements of stomatal conductance (gs) from 13 species and cultivars indicated that water use varied widely across taxa; mean gs ranged from 161 to 507 mmol m−2 s-1, as did the responsiveness of gs to increasing vapor pressure deficit. Mean gs was correlated with photosynthesis across all taxa, with gas exchange appearing to influence growth rates in the majority of species. We found no evidence that the sorting of taxa was related to leaf economics, but it was modestly consistent with prior assessments of tolerance to xylem cavitation risk. Strong differences in leaf water potential between the two taxa for which it was measured (Acer × freemanii and Platanus × acerifolia, both of which are isohydric) suggested that some taxa may have avoided water limitation by accessing supplemental water sources such as the soil beneath trenches. These results demonstrate that young individuals of common street tree taxa vary considerably in their ability to maintain favorable water relations through hot and dry periods in tree trenches as they are typically designed.
Automatic Cell Counting using Active Deep Learning and Unbiased Stereology

Training deep learning models for unbiased stereology requires a large data set with associated ground truth. However manual ground truth annotation is tedious, time-consuming, and expert dependent. We propose an active deep learning method for automatic stereology counts using a snapshot ensemble approach. The method provides a confidence score for each mask in an unlabeled pool that reduces user verification to only images with high information content for training the deep learning model. The proposed method reduces the error rate to less than 1% for unbiased stereology cell counts on immunostained brain cells compared to manual stereology and requires $\sim 25$% less expert verification time compared to a previously proposed iterative deep learning approach.
Invisibility Cloaks and Hot Reactions: Applying Infrared Thermography in the Chemistry Education Laboratory.

Infrared (IR) thermography renders invisible infrared radiation with intuitive coloration in images and videos taken of objects, reactions, and processes. Educators can take advantage of this technology to extend students’ sensory perception of chemical reactions or processes that absorb or release heat in rich detail. In theory, IR thermography can be applied essentially universally for such analysis given that any change in thermal energy must result in, or from, the change of potential energy due to the interactions among atoms, molecules, and photons. Through the use of IR thermography, students can visualize otherwise invisible evidence of what is occurring on the molecular level in a variety of chemical process such as evaporative cooling, phase change, dissolution, titration, and enzymatic reactions. While not new, IR cameras are rapidly becoming affordable with models that connect easily with smartphones and tablets. The price decrease has opened the door for large-scale implementation in the chem...
Control-oriented model for secondary effects of wake steering

Abstract. This paper presents a model to incorporate the secondary effects of wake steering in large arrays of turbines. Previous models have focused on the aerodynamic interaction of wake steering between two turbines. The model proposed in this paper builds on these models to include yaw-induced wake recovery and secondary steering seen in large arrays of turbines when wake steering is performed. Turbines operating in yaw-misaligned conditions generate counter-rotating vortices that entrain momentum and contribute to the deformation and deflection of the wake at downstream turbines. Rows of turbines can compound the effects of wake steering that benefit turbines far downstream. This model quantifies these effects and demonstrates that wake steering has greater potential to increase the performance of a wind farm due to these counter-rotating vortices especially for large rows of turbines. This is validated using numerous large-eddy simulations for three-turbine, five-turbine, and wind farm scenarios.
Improved electrical characteristics and reliability of p-MOSFET with fluorine implant

Abstract The method of fluorine implant directly after a poly gate deposition process step is proposed to improve both electrical characteristics and reliabilities by creating Si-F bonding at a gate oxide interface and negative fixed charged in a gate oxide. Capacitance-voltage (C-V) curve and gate oxide leakage current was used to investigate oxide thickness and flat band voltage (Vfb) shift. Experimental results show fluorine implant induced regrowth of gate oxide ~1 A and Vfb shift ~−40 mV. Owing to the Vfb shift, ~24 mV of drain induced barrier lowering is improved. Furthermore, gate oxide interface quality was evaluated using charge pumping current and negative bias temperature instability (NBTI), and gate oxide quality was evaluated using time-dependent dielectric breakdown (TDDB). The results show that the fluorine implant process which is prosed in this paper reduced 27% of the interface trap and improved ~0.8 order higher NBTI lifetime. TDDB lifetime showed a slight improvement when using the proposed method. Thus, a controlled fluorine implant step improves both DC electrical characteristics and gate oxide reliabilities. These suggest that the fluorine implant step should be carefully selected when fabricating PMOSFETs.
Learning from Taiyuan: Chinese cities as urban sustainability laboratories

Abstract This essay considers China's emerging role as a “laboratory” for innovation in achieving urban sustainability. Its purpose is to highlight, in the context of the Sino-American Symposium on Future Issues Affecting Quality of Life, aspects of Chinese urbanization which contribute to China's increasing global significance as a site for natural experiments in urban sustainability. Such experiments are relevant not only to the future quality of life in China, but also to the growing number of countries participating in development partnerships with China. The essay begins with an overview of urban sustainability and China's particular urban challenges. We then focus on three aspects of Chinese urbanization which stand out as distinct in fostering urban innovation and in serving as appropriate laboratories for the development of innovative practices in urban sustainability for the global south— the pace, scale and governance of urbanization. We use examples from the city of Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, to ground the discussion in a specific place, while acknowledging that, although Taiyuan serves well to illustrate many key points, it is only one case and cannot serve as a basis of generalization about China as a whole.
Thoracic outlet syndrome: Treatment approaches

Abstract Purpose of review: Thoracic Outlet Syndrome (TOS) is a spectrum of neurovascular compression affecting the upper extremity. Recent findings: The structures in the thoracic outlet involved in this compression are the brachial plexus, the subclavian artery, and the subclavian vein. Each of these structures has its own symptom complex. Neurogenic TOS is best treated with physical therapy, with subsequent surgical decompression if there are continued symptoms. Women were reported to have neurogenic TOS more frequently than men in several large series but tend to have a good response to decompression. Venous TOS is an acute-on-chronic process, where chronic injury to the subclavian vein results in acute thrombosis. Treatment involves a staged approach of thrombolysis followed by surgical decompression, allowing for a high rate of success and removing the need for long-term anticoagulation. Arterial TOS is defined by pathologic injury to the subclavian artery due to underlying bony anomalies such as cervical rib or anomalous first rib, which results in distal thrombo-emboli and potential limb-threatening ischemia. Treatment involves surgical decompression with varying types of revascularization depending on the patient presentation. Summary: Decompression of the thoracic outlet is central to the management of all forms of TOS. Women tended to make up a larger percent of the neurogenic case series, with equivalent functional outcomes to men. There was no consistent difference in rates for arterial TOS based on sex, with variable rates of reported prevalence in venous TOS, and the treatment algorithms for both are the same.
Random Order Set Cover is as Easy as Offline.

We give a polynomial-time algorithm for OnlineSetCover with a competitive ratio of $O(\log mn)$ when the elements are revealed in random order, essentially matching the best possible offline bound of $O(\log n)$ and circumventing the $\Omega(\log m \log n)$ lower bound known in adversarial order. We also extend the result to solving pure covering IPs when constraints arrive in random order. The algorithm is a multiplicative-weights-based round-and-solve approach we call LearnOrCover. We maintain a coarse fractional solution that is neither feasible nor monotone increasing, but can nevertheless be rounded online to achieve the claimed guarantee (in the random order model). This gives a new offline algorithm for SetCover that performs a single pass through the elements, which may be of independent interest.
Flat panel display packaging

Flat panel displays (FPDs) have become one of the fastest growing electronics business sectors in the last few years. It is expected that FPDs will become a 20-40 billion dollar business by the end of the century. FPDs are currently being used in all laptop computers, many desk top systems, medical and industrial applications are being designed into new as well as being retrofit into existing military systems. They will appear in many new applications as costs decrease and availability increases. Key features of FPDs are compact size, low power consumption, and high color quality. This paper will describe packaging methods currently in use for connecting driver electronics to flat panel displays. Historical application of display interconnects will be covered as well as current technology and future expectations for technology development.
Thin Film and Near Surface Characterization Using Indentation Systems

In recent years, thin films and ion implanted layers have been the focus of much research. Such surface layers are used for a variety of applications in industry. For example, thin metallic films are used for electrical contacts and for diffusion barriers in the semiconductor industry. Thin ceramic films are used as optical coatings for light emitting diodes and for optical windows. Thin films are also used to enhance wear resistance, and to provide corrosion protection and lubrication. Ion implanted layers are created in both metals and ceramics to enhance the toughness and wear resistance of such things as medical implants and optical materials. Such layers can also provide corrosion resistance and lubrication.
CagA of Helicobacter pylori interacts with and inhibits the serine-threonine kinase PRK2.

CagA is a multifunctional toxin of Helicobacter pylori that is secreted into host epithelial cells by a type IV secretion system. Following host cell translocation, CagA interferes with various host–cell signalling pathways. Most notably this toxin is involved in the disruption of apical–basolateral cell polarity and cell adhesion, as well as in the induction of cell proliferation, migration and cell morphological changes. These are processes that also play an important role in epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and cancer cell invasion. In fact, CagA is considered as the only known bacterial oncoprotein. The cellular effects are triggered by a variety of CagA activities including the inhibition of serine–threonine kinase Par1b/MARK2 and the activation of tyrosine phosphatase SHP-2. Additionally, CagA was described to affect the activity of Src family kinases and C-terminal Src kinase (Csk) suggesting that interference with multiple cellular kinase- and phosphatase-associated signalling pathways is a major function of CagA. Here, we describe the effect of CagA on protein kinase C-related kinase 2 (PRK2), which acts downstream of Rho GTPases and is known to affect cytoskeletal rearrangements and cell polarity. CagA interacts with PRK2 and inhibits its kinase activity. Because PRK2 has been linked to cytoskeletal rearrangements and establishment of cell polarity, we suggest that CagA may hijack PRK2 to further manipulate cancer-related signalling pathways.
Market Design, Reliability and Infrastructure Investment

Structuring efficient markets for electricity that are considered fair and that facilitate both operating reliability and needed investment is an evolving and imperfectly understood art, as evidenced by recent pressure to re-regulate this industry. And while price spikes have been reduced in most regions, this has been accomplished through quasiregulatory mechanisms, and at the same time proposals to add new capacity are diminishing. Traditional analytic methods have been only partially successful in fashioning improvements for these markets since system parameters routinely become choice variables in the interplay between buyers, sellers, operators and market overseers. Thus a wide array of analytic, statistical, numerical and game-theoretic tools are utilized, together with experimental techniques, in order to devise market rules, procedures and institutions to improve the long run performance of this industry.
Overview of the LTE Physical Layer

This chapter discusses the physical layer (PHY) specifications of the long term evolution (LTE) standards. It provides an overview of frequency bands, Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) and Time Division Duplex (TDD) methodologies, flexible bandwidths, time framing, and time‐frequency structure of the LTE standard. The chapter studies both the downlink and uplink processing stacks, which include multicarrier transmission schemes, multi‐antenna protocols, adaptive modulation, and coding schemes, and channel‐dependent link adaptations. The multicarrier schemes of the standard: orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) for downlink transmission and single‐carrier frequency division multiplexing (SC‐FDM) for uplink transmission, are elaborated. The various channels that connect different layers of the communication stacks and details of the signal processing in the PHY applied on each of the downlink and uplink physical channels are described. The details presented are sufficient to model the downlink PHY processing as MATLAB® programs.
Control of Enzymatic Synthesis of Adrenaline in the Adrenal Medulla by Adrenal Cortical Steroids

The activity of phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase, the enzyme that catalyzes the N-methylation of noradrenaline to form adrenaline, falls following hypophysectomy. Enzyme activity can be restored by injections of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) or of dexamethasone, a potent synthetic glucocorticoid. The effect of ACTH on the adrenaline-forming enzyme is not direct, but involves stimulation of the release of endogenous glucocorticoids from the adrenal cortex. These steroids then act to elevate the activity of the transferase, which is principally localized in the adrenal medulla. The stimulation by glucocorticoids of phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase activity can be blocked by the concurrent administration of puromycin or actinomycin D. Glucocorticoids do not stimulate the activity of other adrenal enzymes involved in catecholamine biosynthesis or metabolism, such as tyrosine hydroxylase, catechol O-methyltransferase, or monoamine oxidase.
Market‐level assessment of the economic benefits of atrazine in the United States

1 BACKGROUND Atrazine and other triazine herbicides are widely used in US maize and sorghum production, yet the most recent market-level assessment of the economic benefits of atrazine is for market conditions prevalent in the early 1990s, before commercialization of transgenic crops. Grain markets have changed substantially since that time; for example, the size of the US maize market increased by 170% from 1990–1992 to 2007–2009. This paper reports a current assessment of the economic benefits of atrazine. 2 RESULTS Yield increases and cost changes implied by triazine herbicides are projected to reduce maize prices by 7–8% and sorghum prices by 19–20%. Projected consumer benefits from lower prices range from $US 3.6 to 4.4 × 109 annually, with the net projected economic benefit for triazine herbicides to the US economy ranging from $US 2.9 to 3.4 × 109 annually because lower prices imply reduced producer income. Productivity gains from triazine herbicides maintain an estimated 270 000–390 000 ha of land in non-crop uses that generate environmental benefits not accounted for in this analysis. 3 CONCLUSION Even in the current era, with transgenic varieties dominating crop production, atrazine and the other triazine herbicides continue to be a key part of maize and sorghum production and generate substantial economic benefits. © 2013 The Authors. PestManagement Science published by JohnWiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
FcϵRI-mediated Induction of Nuclear Factor of Activated T-cells

Nuclear factor of activated T-cells (NFAT) is a transcriptional activator that binds to the interleukin-2 promoter and is believed to be responsible for T-cell-specific interleukin-2 gene expression. Here we demonstrate using electrophoretic mobility shift assays that nuclear NFAT can be induced in the rat basophilic leukemia (RBL-2H3) mast cell line and rat bone marrow-derived mast cells upon cross-linkage of the high affinity receptor (FcϵRI) for immunoglobulin E (IgE). Receptor-dependent activation of NFAT was mimicked by the combination of the protein kinase C activator phorbol myristate acetate and the calcium ionophore ionomycin. The induced binding activity was specific for the NFAT recognition motif because competition with nonradioactive NFAT oligonucleotide abolished the DNA binding activity, whereas nonradioactive oligonucleotides recognized by the transcription factors NFκB, glucocorticoid receptors, and TFIID did not. An oligonucleotide representing the AP-1 recognition sequence also blocked the NFAT DNA binding activity, as did a combination of anti-Fos and anti-Jun antibodies. Using electrophoretic mobility shift assays, AP-1-binding proteins were found to be induced in RBL-2H3 cells under the same conditions as was the NFAT binding activity. Together these data suggest that the NFAT complex in mast cells contains Fos and Jun proteins as does NFAT in T-cells. The appearance of nuclear NFAT binding activity was dependent in part upon calcium mobilization, as buffering the antigen-induced calcium rise with intracellular BAPTA strongly inhibited NFAT activation. Prevention of calcium influx with external EGTA also inhibited NFAT activation, indicating that release of calcium from internal stores was insufficient for sustained activation of mast cell NFAT. Cyclosporin A, a potent inhibitor of the calmodulin-dependent phosphatase calcineurin, blocked the induction of NFAT-DNA binding activity, implicating calcineurin as a key signaling enzyme in this pathway. These results suggest that NFAT is present in the mast cell line RBL-2H3 and in primary bone marrow-derived mast cells, is similar in subunit composition to the T-cell NFAT, and may play a role in calcium-dependent signal transduction in mast cells.
The Language of Crime

Many crimes are generally performed by using language. Among them are solicitation, conspiracy, perjury, threatening, and bribery. In this chapter, we look at these crimes as acts of speech, and find that they have much in common – and a few interesting differences. For one thing, they involve different acts of speech, ranging from promises to orders. For another, most language crimes can be committed through indirect speech. Few criminals will say, “I hereby offer you a bribe,” or “I hereby engage you to kill my spouse.” Thus, many of the legal battles involve the extent to which courts may draw inferences of communicative intent from language that does not literally appear to be criminal. Yet the legal system draws a line in the sand when it comes to perjury, a crime that can only be committed through a direct fabrication. We provide a structured discussion of these various crimes that should serve to explain the similarities and difference among them.
Dreaming Sexed Identities and Althusser

SUMMARY Dreams, this article argues, are imaginative experiments in which people think and feel through culturally prescribed identities. Dreams often dramatize the scene of what Althusser calls “interpellation”: they depict how others in a culture “hail” the person and thus position her in power relations. Yet, dreamers also explore potential transgressive identities and dream plots play out the probable consequences of assuming these identities in the waking world.
Self-Explanation and Explanatory Feedback in Games: Individual Differences, Gameplay, and Learning

Previous research has demonstrated the efficacy of two explanation-based approaches for increasing learning in educational games. The first involves asking students to explain their answers (self-explanation) and the second involves providing correct explanations (explanatory feedback). This study (1) compared self-explanation and explanatory feedback features embedded into a game designed to teach Newtonian dynamics and (2) investigated relationships between learning and individual differences. The results demonstrated significant learning gains for all conditions. There were no overall differences between conditions, but learning outcomes were better for the self-explanation condition after controlling for the highest level completed by each student. Analyses of individual differences indicated that certain threshold inhibitory control abilities may be necessary to benefit from the self-explanation in games.
Transient effects in floating body SOI NMOSFETs

The consequence of floating body operation of SOI devices is the existence of several phenomena, like the kink effect and supra ideal subthreshold slope. In this paper, we report the associated transient effects observed for fast gate pulses by high speed measurements and 2-D numerical simulations. It is shown that due to floating body operation, the drain current of SOI devices during fast switching is very different from the DC value. This must be taken into account for accurate simulation of circuits.
Feeding capabilities and limitations in the nauplii of two pelagic estuarine copepods, Pseudodiaptomus marinus and Oithona davisae

In most aquatic ecosystems, copepod nauplii outnumber all other mesozooplankton. Although thousands of studies have examined feeding by later life history stages, the feeding habits of nauplii are poorly known. We offered conspecific adult and naupliar stages of the current-feeding calanoid copepod Pseudodiaptomus marinus and the ambush-feeding cyclopoid copepod Oithona davisae 14 species of phytoplankton from various functional and taxonomic groups that spanned a wide size range. Using a novel epifluorescence microscopy method, we calculated an index of gut pigment for copepods fed each phytoplankton species. We also measured adult and naupliar feeding rates on three species of phytoplankton: the cryptomonad Rhodomonas salina, the prasinophyte Tetraselmis suecica, and the diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana, by an improved gut fluorescence method using a microplate reader. Despite their smaller size, weaker swimming and sensory capabilities, and rudimentary feeding apparatus, nauplii fed on a large range of cell sizes and were capable of consuming many of the same phytoplankton as adults.
Instability of laminated cylinders in torsion

On presente une solution du type Galerkin pour l'analyse du flambage d'une coque mince cylindrique, stratifiee de geometrie parfaite soumise a torsion pure
On the hazards of being a stranger to oneself

This paper traces out the socio-political consequences of self-ignorance and self-deception. These consequences were clearly recognized more than 2,000 years ago by early Greek philosophers, in part along the lines of ‘a conceit of wisdom’. The consequences were more recently spelled out in striking ways by Carl Jung in his psychoanalytic analyses of ‘mass-minded man’ who, through self-ignorance and self-deception, wreaks havoc and cruelty on others. The paper also points up the challenge of attaining self-knowledge and possible paths to its attainment that bolster or augment classic psychotherapeutic approaches. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Large-scale electric fields in post-flare loops

As the electrical conductivity along the magnetic field in solar atmosphere is large, parallel electric fields have been neglected in most investigations. We will first demonstrate their importance for post-flare loops, and then introduce a model for them which takes into account the effect of parallel electric fields. The electric field calculated from the model is consistent with the electric field observed by Foukal et al. (1983).
Carbonate production by coral reefs

Abstract Coral reef CaCO3 production may be conveniently divided into three categories: potential production, gross production, and net production. The first, potential production, is the amount of CaCO3 produced per unit area of reef surface covered by an organism or a colony of organisms. Most calcareous phyla have potential productions near 104 (g CaCO3/m2)/year. Some values may go as high as 105 (g/m2)/year. The second, gross production, is the amount of CaCO3 produced by the reef community per unit area of sea floor. Hypothetical reef associations have gross productions ranging from 4 · 102 to 6 · 104 (mg CaCO3/m2)/year. Environments consisting of combinations of these associations may produce between 3 · 103 and 6 · 104 (g CaCO3/m2)/year. The gross production of entire reef systems is apparently near 104 (g CaCO3/m2)/year. The third, net production, the amount of CaCO3 retained by the reef system, is largely a function of changing sea level. Presently net production is about 103 (g CaCO3/m2)/year. More rapid rates of sea level rise several thousand years ago probably were accompanied by greater net (and gross) production—up to more than 2 · 104 (g CaCO3/m2)/year—or by reef drowning. The above rate estimates are largely hypothetical. However, they appear in reasonable agreement with the data which are available for real reef systems.
The effects of posterolateral spine length and body length on feeding rate in the rotifer, Brachionus calyciflorus

The length of the posterolateral spines in the rotifer, Brachionus calyciflorus, is variable. The effect of the length of these spines on the clearance rates of B. calyciflorus was examined under laboratory conditions using radioactively-labelled yeast (Rhodotorula) and bacteria (Aerobacter). The hypothesis that individuals with longer spines have higher clearance rates than those of similarly-sized individuals with shorter spines was rejected. The effect of body length (L) on the clearance rates (C) of short-spined and long-spined animals was also examined. Statistically significant linear regressions of the form log10 C = aL + b, were derived for both types. The slopes of both regressions were similar and suggest that clearance rate in B. calyciflorus increases as a cube function of body length.
Metachronous Skeletal Osteosarcoma After Therapy

TO THE EDITOR: The article by Aung et al in the January 15, 2003 issue of the Journal of Clinical Oncology requires comment to permit accurate scientific perspective. In contrast to the statement “we are not aware of any published reports from the large, single institutions, reporting outcome for these patients (metachronous skeletal osteosarcoma) when treated with a combined modality treatment approach,” the experience of post-therapy multiple metachronous primary osteosarcoma tumors in the pediatric population was presented in a general poster session at the annual meeting of the American Society of Clinical Oncology in May 2001. The abstract presented data on 11 pediatric patients, following a review of 250 patients under 18 years of age, who presented to the M.D. Anderson Cancer Center (Houston, TX) with primary osteosarcoma of the skeleton without pulmonary metastases over the past 25 years. The interval between appearance of the primary and metachronous tumor varied from 12 to 78 months. Inter alia, the abstract addressed the concordance and discordance of the histologic varieties of the primary and metachronous tumors and referred to a possible increased incidence of the condition in patients with retinoblastoma. The abstract also contradicts the statement “There is little information available on the experience and outcomes of metachronous metastatic skeletal overall survival.” At the time of the report, with the use of cisplatin, adriamycin, high-dose methotrexate, cyclophosphamide, and ifosfamide with surgical resection of the metachronous tumors, five of the 11 patients were alive, 20 to 50 months and disease-free (four are currently still active and disease-free; the patient with a second rib metachronous tumor later succumbed to pulmonary metastases). These facts were not addressed in the Aung et al article. Finally, we also emphasized that diligent follow-up of survivors of osteosarcoma is required to permit early detection and appropriate successful intervention. Addendum: The abstract discussed above was recently published as an article in Cancer, where more details are available.
The role of microbiome in central nervous system disorders

Abstract Mammals live in a co-evolutionary association with the plethora of microorganisms that reside at a variety of tissue microenvironments. The microbiome represents the collective genomes of these co-existing microorganisms, which is shaped by host factors such as genetics and nutrients but in turn is able to influence host biology in health and disease. Niche-specific microbiome, prominently the gut microbiome, has the capacity to effect both local and distal sites within the host. The gut microbiome has played a crucial role in the bidirectional gut–brain axis that integrates the gut and central nervous system (CNS) activities, and thus the concept of microbiome–gut–brain axis is emerging. Studies are revealing how diverse forms of neuro-immune and neuro-psychiatric disorders are correlated with or modulated by variations of microbiome, microbiota-derived products and exogenous antibiotics and probiotics. The microbiome poises the peripheral immune homeostasis and predisposes host susceptibility to CNS autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis. Neural, endocrine and metabolic mechanisms are also critical mediators of the microbiome–CNS signaling, which are more involved in neuro-psychiatric disorders such as autism, depression, anxiety, stress. Research on the role of microbiome in CNS disorders deepens our academic knowledge about host-microbiome commensalism in central regulation and in practicality, holds conceivable promise for developing novel prognostic and therapeutic avenues for CNS disorders.
An ethanolamine-phosphate modified glycolipid in Clostridium acetobutylicum that responds to membrane stress

Two phosphorus-containing glycolipids have previously been observed in Clostridium acetobutylicum. We had shown that the concentration of one of them increases in response to increased unsaturation of the membrane lipid hydrocarbon chains, suggesting a potential role in the regulation of lipid polymorphism in this organism. Mass spectrometry shows that these glycolipids are ethanolamine phosphate (Etn-P)-containing derivatives of a mono- and di-glycosyldiradylglycerol. The content of both diglycosyldiradylglycerol and the Etn-P-monoglycosyldiradylglycerol, which increases upon increased unsaturation of the membrane, also increases upon addition of octanol to the medium. Thus, it appears that the Etn-P-monoglycosyldiradylglycerol along with the diglycosyldiradylglycerol may serve to stabilize the membrane bilayer during membrane stress caused by the presence of the solvents produced during fermentation.
Communication faculty internships

Abstract The present study attempts to initiate and motivate interest in communication faculty internships. Based upon a participant-observer, experiential faculty internship at a major international public relations firm, this paper synthesizes direct experience with a review of the internship literature to advance specific conclusions about this activity. Public relations internships are advantageous for faculty with little or no professional experience, those in need of knowledge or technique updating, and for those who need to understand the student internship experience. Problems and disadvantages of faculty internships include difficulty in arrangements, and an insufficient number of sites. Faculty internships pose a major imposition to the internship host, and they may also involve faculty financial sacrifice. A series of ten experiential realizations accruing from the faculty internship are also presented. These included the pace of professional activity, the importance of good communication skills, and the significance of attitude.
The behavior of the Mg II doublet emissions near 2800 Å observed in late-type giants.

In an ongoing investigation of the Mg II doublet lines near 2800 A in various type stars, spectrophotometry of 20 stars was performed with the balloon-borne stellar spectrometer on the night of 1975, 14 to 15 March. Observations are reported of the five late-type giants which show pronounced emission in the doublet lines. These are ..cap alpha.. Aur (G5 III and G0 III), ..beta.. Gem (K0 IIIb), ..cap alpha.. UMa (K0 IIIa), ..cap alpha.. Hya (K3 II-III), and ..beta.. UMi (K4 III). The variation in the emission as a function of spectral type and absolute magnitude of the stars is discussed. There are noticeable differences in the Mg II emission features among some stars of similar spectral types.
Are smarter groups more cooperative? Evidence from prisoner's dilemma experiments, 1959–2003

Abstract Are more intelligent groups better at cooperating? A meta-study of repeated prisoner's dilemma experiments run at numerous universities suggests that students cooperate 5–8% more often for every 100-point increase in the school's average SAT score. This result survives a variety of robustness tests. Axelrod [Axelrod, R., 1984. The Evolution of Cooperation. Basic Books, New York] recommends that the way to create cooperation is to encourage players to be patient and perceptive; experimental evidence suggests that more intelligent groups implicitly follow this advice.
Patterns of Hispanic Students' Math Skill Proficiency in the Early Elementary Grades

In this article, we describe patterns of Hispanic students' math skill development during elementary school using data from a nationally representative sample of Hispanic students assessed in math skills from kindergarten through 5th grade. Several robust patterns are evident. First, Hispanic students enter kindergarten with average math skills significantly lower than those of native-born, non-Hispanic White students, and similar to those of native-born non-Hispanic Black students. Second, Hispanic-White math proficiency gaps narrow from the start of kindergarten through 5th grade but do not disappear. Third, there is considerable variation in average math skills among Hispanic population subgroups, with recent immigrants and lower socioeconomic groups (Mexican and Central American students, particularly) exhibiting the lowest levels of math skill through elementary school. Fourth, a simple measure of family socioeconomic status accounts for most of the Hispanic–White gaps that remain by 5th grade. Fifth...