cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Adult feeding and lifetime reproductive success in the parasitoid Aphytis melinus

The diet of adult females of the parasitoid Aphytis melinus DeBach (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) includes host insects and sugar-rich foods such as nectar and honeydew. We compared the contributions of host feeding to longevity and fecundity in A. melinus females in the presence and in the absence of honey meals. First, we assessed the longevity of females that were not allowed to oviposit. While the longevity of females fed honey was significantly increased by host feeding (median ages were 30.5 days for host-fed females and 17 days for females not allowed to host feed), the lifespan of parasitoids not fed honey did not exceed 3 days for any individual and there was no effect of host feeding on longevity in this group. In the second set of experiments, we assessed the fecundity and longevity of females allowed to oviposit. We conducted two experiments, one in which honey was continuously available, and one in which honey was not available. In both experiments, daily observations were made of females that were either allowed to host feed or manually prevented from host feeding. In the presence of honey, host feeding significantly increased both fecundity and longevity, and in the absence of honey, parasitoids died within 2 days and host feeding had no significant effect on either fecundity or longevity. The lifetime fecundity of females fed honey but not hosts exceeded the initial egg complement by 60% on average. Approximately one host per day was used for host feeding whether honey was supplied or not, and each host-feeding meal contributed approximately 3.9 eggs to the lifetime fecundity of honey-fed females. In the last experiment, we compared the rate of egg resorption over a 36-h period in A. melinus females that were deprived of hosts and either fed honey or starved. While no egg resorption was detected in honey-fed females over this time period, starved females resorbed approximately 9 eggs. Thus, the availability of a sugar-rich food interacts strongly with host feeding in influencing longevity and fecundity and has a strong direct effect on egg resorption.
Absorptive photon switching by quantum interference

Summary form only given. A coupling laser can create electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) in an absorbing medium such that linear absorption of a weak probe laser at the line center is suppressed by quantum interference. The quantum interference may be modified by adding a pump laser coupled to a separate state, which leads to enhanced third-order nonlinearities in the atomic system. Large nonlinear probe absorption at the EIT center is controlled by the pump laser and may be used to realize absorptive photon switching as proposed by Harris and Yamamoto. We report an experimental study of enhanced third-order nonlinear absorption and absorptive photon switching in /sup 87/Rb atoms cooled and confined in a magneto-optical trap.
Compression experiments with AVHRR data

This paper describes several data compression approaches for producing browse data from AVHRR data, and evaluates these approaches qualitatively and quantitatively. They include a hierarchical data compression scheme based on progressively finer image segmentations, and various vector quantization approaches. They are evaluated in terms of compression ratio (or data rate), computational requirements, and the image and analysis errors introduced due to lossy compression. Analysis products evaluated for error include cloud coverage area and sea surface temperatures. >
Combinatorial Synthesis, Screening, and Binding Studies of Highly Functionalized Polyamino-amido Oligomers for Binding to Folded RNA.

Folded RNA molecules have recently emerged as critical regulatory elements in biological pathways, serving not just as carriers of genetic information but also as key components in enzymatic assemblies. In particular, the transactivation response element (TAR) of the HIV genome regulates transcriptional elongation by interacting specifically with the Tat protein, initiating the recruitment of the elongation complex. Preventing this interaction from occurring in vivo halts HIV replication, thus making RNA-binding molecules an intriguing pharmaceutical target. Using α-amino acids as starting materials, we have designed and synthesized a new class of polyamino-amido oligomers, called PAAs, specifically for binding to folded RNA structures. The PAA monomers were readily incorporated into a 125-member combinatorial library of PAA trimers. In order to rapidly assess RNA binding, a quantum dot-based fluorescent screen was developed to visualize RNA binding on-resin. The binding affinities of hits were quantified using a terbium footprinting assay, allowing us to identify a ligand (SFF) with low micromolar affinity (kd=14 μM) for TAR RNA. The work presented herein represents the development of a flexible scaffold that can be easily synthesized, screened, and subsequently modified to provide ligands specific for binding to folded RNAs.
Modified calculations of hydrocarbon thermodynamic properties

A test set of 65 hydrocarbons was examined to elucidate theoretically their thermodynamic properties by performing the density-functional theory (DFT) and ab initio calculations. All the calculated data were modified using a three-parameter calibration equation and the least-squares approach, to determine accurately enthalpies of formation (ΔHf), entropies (S), and heat capacities (Cp). Calculation results demonstrated that the atomization energies of all compounds exhibited an average absolute relative error ranging between 0.11– 0.13%, and an ΔHf of formation with a mean absolute absolute error (M.|A.E.|) ranging from only 5.7–6.8 kJ/mol (1.3–1.6 kcal/mol) (i.e., those results correlated with those of Dr. Herndon's 1.1 kcal/mol). Additionally, the entropy ranged from 3.5–4.2 J/mol K (0.8–1.0 cal/mol K) M.|A.E.|; a heat capacity between 2.3–2.9 J/mol K (0.5–0.7 cal/mol K) M.|A.E.| was obtained as well. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 27: 537–544, 2006
Rapid identification of bacteria and Candida using PNA-FISH from blood and peritoneal fluid cultures: a retrospective clinical study.

Peptide nucleic acid fluorescent in situ hybridization (PNA-FISH) is a rapid and established method for identification of Candida sp., Gram positive, and Gram negative bacteria from positive blood cultures. This study reports clinical experience in the evaluation of 103 positive blood cultures and 17 positive peritoneal fluid cultures from 120 patients using PNA-FISH. Our study provides evidence as to potential pharmaceutical cost savings based on rapid pathogen identification, in addition to the novel application of PNA-FISH to peritoneal fluid specimens. Identification accuracy and elapsed time to identification of Gram positives, Gram negatives, and Candida sp., isolated from blood and peritoneal fluid cultures were assessed using PNA-FISH (AdvanDx), as compared to standard culture methods. Patient charts were reviewed to extrapolate potential pharmaceutical cost savings due to adjustment of antimicrobial or antifungal therapy, based on identification by PNA-FISH. In blood cultures, time to identification by standard culture methods for bacteria and Candida sp., averaged 83.6 hours (95% CI 56.7 to 110.5). Identification by PNA-FISH averaged 11.2 hours (95% CI 4.8 to 17.6). Overall PNA-FISH identification accuracy was 98.8% (83/84, 95% CI 93.5% to 99.9%) as compared to culture. In peritoneal fluid, identification of bacteria by culture averaged 87.4 hours (95% CI −92.4 to 267.1). Identification by PNA-FISH averaged 16.4 hours (95% CI −57.3 to 90.0). Overall PNA-FISH identification accuracy was 100% (13/13, 95% CI 75.3% to 100%). For Candida sp., pharmaceutical cost savings based on PNA-FISH identification could be $377.74/day. For coagulase-negative staphylococcus (CoNS), discontinuation of vancomycin could result in savings of $20.00/day. In this retrospective study, excellent accuracy of PNA-FISH in blood and peritoneal fluids with reduced time to identification was observed, as compared to conventional culture-based techniques. Species-level identification based on PNA-FISH could contribute to notable cost savings due to adjustments in empiric antimicrobial or antifungal therapy as appropriate to the pathogen identified.
Nonvenomous snakebite in Massachusetts: prophylactic antibiotics are unnecessary.

Study objective: To investigate wound infection in nonvenomous snakebite. Design: Prospective clinical series. Setting: Massachusetts Poison Control System. Participants: Seventy-two consecutive children and adults with nonenvenomated snakebite wounds. Interventions: Patients were examined and advised that there was no published clinical evidence that prophylactic antibiotics were beneficial for nonenvenomated snakebites. They were re-examined five to ten days after the bite. Main results: Four patients used prophylactic antibiotics; 68 did not. There were no wound infections. Plain radiographs revealed a snake tooth fragment in the persistently tender wound of one patient bitten by his pet python. Conclusion: Despite reports that pathogenic bacteria can be isolated from snakes' mouths, nonenvenomated snakebites in Massachusetts usually do not require prophylactic antibiotic therapy. Radiography is occasionally indicated for persistently tender wounds inflicted by large snakes.
Multiple Sleep Latency Test and Maintenance of Wakefulness Test

Excessive daytime sleepiness and fatigue are common complaints in the sleep clinic. The objective evaluation and quantification of these symptoms is important for both the diagnosis of underlying health problems and for gauging treatment response. The multiple sleep latency test measures physiologic sleepiness, whereas the maintenance of wakefulness test (MWT) aims to measure manifest sleepiness. Neither test correlates well with subjective measures of sleep such as the Epworth sleepiness scale and the Stanford sleepiness scale. Although in the past methodological testing differences existed, in 2005 updated practice parameters were published, promoting the standardization of testing procedures. In recent years, there has been an effort to document daytime sleepiness when associated with occupational risk. However, these laboratory-based tests may not reflect or predict real-life experience. Normative data for both tests, particularly the MWT, are limited, and are inadequate for the evaluation of pediatric patients, shift workers, and others.
Inter-Vehicle Data Dissemination in Sparse Equipped Traffic

We address the following question: How can data be disseminated in an inter-vehicle communications (IVC) network when the traffic of IVC-equipped vehicles is very sparse (e.g., one IVC-equipped vehicle every few minutes), using minimal extra-vehicular infrastructure? We present a data-dissemination scheme that uses wireless dead drops (dead letter boxes) as intermediaries between vehicles. These dead drops are simple transceivers with storage and are not connected to other dead drops, the Internet, or other networks. An important question is the placement of such dead drops. We formulate the corresponding optimization problem and prove that it is NP-hard. We present an optimal greedy approximation algorithm for solving the optimization problem. Our algorithm is based on mapping the dead-drop placement problem to the problem of computing a minimum-weight spanning sub-hypergraph
Electrochemistry in near-critical and supercritical fluids

Abstract : We describe here the cyclic voltammetry (CV) and chronamperometry of Fe(bpy)3+2 (bpy=2,2'-bipyridine) in SO2 at temperatures up to 174 C, above the critical point of SO2(Tc=158 C, Pc=77.8 atm), and discuss the effect of temperature on the diffusion coefficient (D) and the electrochemical behavior. Near critical and supercritical fluids are of interest because the solvent properties are very different than those of the liquid form and are adjustable over a wide range by variation of the temperature and pressure. Recent studies have demonstrated that electrochemical experiments can be carried out in supercritical H2O (1), NH3(2), CO2/H2O (3) and MeCN (4). Extension of this methodology to SO2 is important because this solvent has been shown to be a very valuable one for electrochemical studies. Keywords: Iron compounds; Pyridines.
Bipartite recognition of target RNAs activates DNA cleavage by the Type III-B CRISPR–Cas system

CRISPR-Cas systems eliminate nucleic acid invaders in bacteria and archaea. The effector complex of the Type III-B Cmr system cleaves invader RNAs recognized by the CRISPR RNA (crRNA ) of the complex. Here we show that invader RNAs also activate the Cmr complex to cleave DNA. As has been observed for other Type III systems, Cmr eliminates plasmid invaders in Pyrococcus furiosus by a mechanism that depends on transcription of the crRNA target sequence within the plasmid. Notably, we found that the target RNA per se induces DNA cleavage by the Cmr complex in vitro. DNA cleavage activity does not depend on cleavage of the target RNA but notably does require the presence of a short sequence adjacent to the target sequence within the activating target RNA (rPAM [RNA protospacer-adjacent motif]). The activated complex does not require a target sequence (or a PAM) in the DNA substrate. Plasmid elimination by the P. furiosus Cmr system also does not require the Csx1 (CRISPR-associated Rossman fold [CARF] superfamily) protein. Plasmid silencing depends on the HD nuclease and Palm domains of the Cmr2 (Cas10 superfamily) protein. The results establish the Cmr complex as a novel DNA nuclease activated by invader RNAs containing a crRNA target sequence and a rPAM.
Evaluation of Effects of Different Design Parameters on Axial Fan Performance Using CFD

The performance of an industrial fan was simulated using CFD and results were compared with the experimental data. The fan is used to cool a row of resistor networks which dissipate excess energy generated by regenerative power in an inverter application. It has a diameter of 24 inches (0.6096m) and rotates at different speeds ranging from 2500 to 3900 RPM depending on the requirements. CFD simulation results were also verified by simulating performance of the same fan at different speeds and comparing the results with what was expected from fan affinity laws. The CFD results matched almost exactly (with ∼0.2% difference for pressure at a given flow rate) with the performance being predicted by the affinity laws. The effect of variation of different parameters such as the blade length, number of blades, and blade chord length was studied. Increasing the blade length at the same RPM increased the mass flow rate (by ∼17%) for the same pressure. Increasing the chord length while keeping the same number of blades, at a given RPM, made the performance curve (pressure versus flow rate, i.e. PV curve) steeper and blades stalled at a higher mass flow rate (8.77 kg/sec compared to the previous 8.44 kg/sec). For the same total blade surface area, less number of blades with longer chords stalled at lower mass flow rates (9.22 kg/sec for a 33% shorter chord and 36 blades compared to 8.3 kg/sec for the original rotor which had 24 blades).Copyright © 2015 by ASME
The Design, Fabrication, and Performance of the East African Trial Leveraged Freedom Chair

Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Office of the Dean for Graduate Education (Hugh Hampton Young Memorial Fellowship)
Applications of Discrete and Gradient Compositions in Polymer Research

A new general approach for rapid performance screening of polymer compositions is provided. Multiple compositions are generated as one-dimensional libraries in a micro-extruder with step or gradient composition changes in < 1 min. To accelerate testing, an environmental stress is applied to only local regions, followed by high-sensitivity spatially resolved characterization. Applying the methodology to weathering of arrays of polymeric compositions provided a 20X faster ranking of polymer/UV absorber compositions that was equivalent to traditional weathering methods.
Decision analysis model evaluating the cost of a temporary hydrogel rectal spacer before prostate radiation therapy to reduce the incidence of rectal complications.

Abstract Purpose We conducted a decision analysis to evaluate the cost effectiveness of a newly Food and Drug Administration approved rectal spacer gel (SpaceOAR, Augmenix) for the reduction of rectal toxicity of prostate radiation therapy (RT). Methods A decision tree model (TreeAge Pro) was used to compare the strategy of pretherapy placement of a spacing hydrogel before RT to RT alone. The model compared costs associated with rectal complications because of rectal toxicity over a 10-year period across 3 different RT modalities. Rectal toxicity rates were estimated from studies on conformal RT dose escalation, high-dose stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) and low-dose SBRT. Rectal toxicity reduction rates (baseline reduction 70%) were estimated from recently published 15 month data using a rectal spacer. Direct and indirect cost estimates for established grades of rectal toxicity were based on national and institutional costs. Reduction in short-term complications were assumed to carry forward to a reduction in long-term toxicity. One-way and two-way sensitivity analyses were performed. Results The overall standard management cost for conformal RT was $3,428 vs. $3,946 with rectal spacer for an incremental cost of $518 over 10 years. A 1-way sensitivity analyses showed the breakeven cost of spacer at $2,332 or a breakeven overall risk reduction of 86% at a cost of $2,850. For high-dose SBRT, spacer was immediately cost effective with a savings of $2,640 and breakeven risk reduction at 36%. However, 2-way spacer cost to risk reduction sensitivity analyses were performed. Conclusion The use of a rectal spacer for conformal RT results in a marginal cost increase with a significant reduction in rectal toxicity assuming recently published 15 month rectal toxicity reduction is maintained over 10 years. For high-dose SBRT it was cost effective. Further studies would be necessary to validate the long-term benefits of rectal spacers.
Transmission of resistance gene Pi-ta in japonica rice backbone parent and it's derivatives

Hejiang20 is one of the most important backbone parents in cold region.In this paper,the rice blast resistance gene Pi-ta genetic between Hejiang20 and its 25 transmission in derivatives were analyzed by using the dominant rice Pi-ta gene markers.The results showed that frequency of resistance gene Pi-ta was 63% in the first-generations of Hejiang20 derivatives,and the frequency of occurrence in the second-generation derivative varieties was 33%,and the frequency of occurrence in the third-generation of derivative varieties was 9%.Disease transfer of gene Pi-ta Hejiang20 was just like derivative map.The spectral analysis of anti-Pi-ta results indicated that it was a positive correlation for resistance gene between which in the offspring and which in the derived varieties.These results could be caused by the loss of resistance genes in the species,which also might be one of the main reasons to determine rice blast levels of different rice varieties.
On Behaviour of Real Right

Independence of behaviour of real right is objective existance,but its abstract is the product of legislative technology.Abstract theory is not in keeping with the reality of the social life and judicial practice of China,the law of real right of China should affirmate independence of behaviour of real right,and negate its abstract.
Arthritis in Children

Arthritis in children may result from many conditions. The rheumatic diseases, including juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, the spondyloarthropathies, rheumatic fever, lupus erythematosus, dermatomyositis, and the various vasculitis syndromes all can cause arthritis; these diseases are distinguished by their characteristic clinical appearances. Several nonrheumatic disorders such as infections, malignancies, congenital or genetic conditions, orthopedic conditions, and psychological disorders may closely simulate the various rheumatic diseases. The evaluation of children with arthritis rests chiefly on historical and physical findings; radiographs, laboratory tests, and occasionally biopsies also may be helpful. It is particularly important to identify specifically treatable diseases, such as bacterial infections or childhood malignancies, early and to avoid labeling nonrheumatic conditions as rheumatic. Accurate diagnosis of the various rheumatic disease syndromes is important for optimal therapy.
Necrotizing enterocolitis in newborn infant.

Etiology, clinical presentation, medical treatment, and surgical management of neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis are evaluated. With early diagnosis and vigorous therapy, survival should approach 75 per cent in nurseries where there is close liaison between neonatologist, surgeon, and consultants.
Allergic Rhinitis: Diagnosis and Treatment

Rhinitis is a syndrome defined by the symptoms of nasal congestion, postnasal drip, rhinorrhea, sneezing, and nasal itching, usually with physical findings of turbinate edema and increased secretions. The term implies inflammation as an essential component of the pathophysiology, but inflammation may not always be evident or confirmed in the pathophysiology of all rhinitis syndromes. Nevertheless, rhinitis, rather than rhinopathy or another term, is generally used to describe the constellation of symptoms listed. Classification of severity is generally based on symptom intensity and duration rather than physical examination or laboratory findings. Rhinitis may be subdivided into more than nine groups based on probable etiology or associations. These include allergic, idiopathic perennial nonallergic (sometimes referred to as vasomotor rhinitis), infectious, medication related (rhinitis medicamentosa), hormonal, atrophic, polypoid or hyperplastic, and rhinitis associated with systemic diseases. Some authorities divide nonallergic rhinitis into subgroups based on triggers (e.g., weather, odor, alcohol ingestion, or irritants among others), but the symptoms and physical findings of these rhinitis subgroups tend to be more alike than dissimilar, prompting others to classify all into one category, perennial nonallergic rhinitis (PNAR). Occupational rhinitis is a classification sometimes used, referring to irritant, nonallergic rhinitis or allergic rhinitis related to work environments. This chapter focuses on allergic rhinitis and includes the differential diagnosis of other rhinitis syndromes (Table 6.1)
Treating the traveler. A brief guide to emporiatrics.

Physicians today are often called on to treat the special health problems of travelers. In response, a new skill called emporiatrics has emerged, which emphasizes personal preventive medicine and anticipatory guidance.
On the timing of labeling: Deducing Comp-trace effects, the Subject Condition, the Adjunct Condition, and tucking in from labeling

The paper provides a uniform account of a number of locality effects, in particular, the Subject Condition, the Adjunct Condition, Richards’s (2001) tucking in effect, and the full Comp-trace paradigm, including (in addition to the basic cases) relative and extraposed clauses, the impossibility of short-subject topicalization, French que-qui alternation, and the effect of whmovement on agreement in languages like Kinande, which is discussed in some detail. The account is based on a proposal that there is a difference in the timing of labeling between the basic case where a head and a phrase merge and the case where two phrases merge, as well as a particular labeling-based approach to antilocality.
Monitoring Small Molecule and G-Quadruplex Interactions and Kinetics using Single Molecule FRET

Telomestatin and oxazole telomestatin derivatives (OTD) are small molecules stabilizing G-quadruplex (GQ) structures and are prominent due to their anti-cancer drug potential. Despite the observation of enhanced thermodynamic stability imparted by such small molecules on GQ, the underlying dynamics of small molecule-GQ interactions are not known. To have a better understanding of these interactions we employed single molecule Forster resonance energy transfer (smFRET) to study the system, where we utilized a Cy5-labeled OTD (L1Cy5-7OTD).
Erosion boundary effects due to fill fraction variation within quasi-2D granular tumblers

Abstract Simulations of granular flow assume a consistent flowing layer profile observed in circular tumblers that were half full. While the constant shear rate model predicts mixing kinematics adequately, the model has not been empirically tested in systems where the erosion from the solid body has inertial velocity components along the dynamic angle of repose. This paper explores experiments that analyze the relationship between tumbler fill fraction and the kinematics of the erosion boundary transition into the flowing layer. Tumblers greater than 50% full have inertial velocity along the angle of repose whereas fill conditions less than 50% enter with velocity opposite the free surface angle. Results confirm that flowing layer chord length alone properly scales flowing layer depth only when fill fraction is near 50% – otherwise fill fraction must be considered. This is due to the streamwise velocity of particles at the erosion boundary affecting the energy balance of the system. In addition, the asymmetric velocity profile derived from the non-dimensional momentum equation is confirmed for non-half full systems. Lastly, linear and exponential shear models are explored and shown to be qualitatively similar and variation is only exhibited at extreme fill and far ends of the flowing layer.
Vascular endothelial cells take hematopoietic stem cells to school

The bone marrow vascular endothelial cell niche plays a critical role in regulating hematopoietic system aging by influencing the phenotype of hematopoietic stem cells
Reduction of platinum (IV) ions to elemental platinum nanoparticles by anaerobic sludge

Background The future supply of platinum group metals (PGM) is at risk because of their scarcity combined with a high demand. Thus recovery of platinum (Pt) from waste is an option worthy of study to help alleviate future shortages. This research explored the microbial reduction of platinum (Pt). The ability of anaerobic granular sludge to reduce Pt(IV) ions under different physiological conditions was studied. Results X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) analyses demonstrated the capacity of the microbial mixed culture to reduce Pt(IV) to Pt(0) nanoparticles, which were deposited on the cell-surface and in the periplasmic space. Ethanol supported the biologically catalyzed Pt(IV) reduction, meanwhile other electron donors; hydrogen (H2) and formate, promoted the chemical reduction of Pt(IV) with some additional biological stimulation in the case of H2. A hypothesis is proposed in which H2 formed from the acetogenesis of ethanol is implicated in subsequent abiotic reduction of Pt(IV) indicating an integrated bio-chemical process. Endogenous controls also resulted in slow Pt(IV) removal from aqueous solution. Selected redox mediators, exemplified by riboflavin, enhanced the Pt(IV) reduction rate. Conclusion This study reported for the first time the ability of an anaerobic granular sludge to reduce Pt(IV) to elemental Pt(0) nanoparticles. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry
Permaculture in the margins: realizing Central European regeneration

As the adverse effects of intensive, high-input food production are made increasingly obvious, alternatives are ubiquitous; these localized alternatives can also be a model for resistance, creating space for the negotiation of 'progress', particularly in marginal and peripheral places. Using an international permaculture site in rural Bulgaria as a case study, this article explores the permaculture 'web of mutually beneficial relationships' that are both social and ecological, informing a model for sustainable livelihoods in a transformational time. Introducing the work of permaculture co-founder Bill Mollison to the rural postsocialist transition studies of Stahl, Cellarius, and others, permaculture inspires progress re-defined through subsistence and creative response to change. Keywords: permaculture, food systems, sustainable development, Postsocialist Europe
Management of Metastatic Triple-Negative Breast Cancer

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) which is defined by the lack of expression of estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) and absence of human epidermal growth factor receptor type 2 (HER2) overexpression and/or gene amplification accounts for 15–20% of all breast cancers in the United States. TNBC is currently the most lethal subtype of breast cancer and is associated with poor long-term outcomes compared to other breast cancer subtypes. Over the last two decades, institution and/or enhancement of targeted therapies has improved the outcomes of HER2 amplified and hormone receptor-positive breast cancers. However, these recent advances in targeted therapies have evaded TNBC due to its heterogeneity and the lack of defined molecular targets. In this chapter, the diagnosis and clinical behavior of metastatic TNBC, systemic therapy, and the emerging role of newer agents in treatment of metastatic TNBC will be reviewed. Current treatment paradigms for metastatic TNBC will be explored with an emphasis on advances in targeted agents, biologics, and immunotherapy.
Trajectories of Change in Regional-Scale Social-Ecological Water Systems

The six North American case studies described in Part I of this volume provide the opportunity to explore patterns of change over time associated with the development and management of social-ecological systems. The historical assessments show the trajectories that have led to the current heavily regulated and developed social-ecological systems nested within a hierarchical governmental system. This chapter uses Panarchy theory as a general framework to evaluate the interactions between societal and ecological regime shifts and the governance regimes that mediate those interactions. The resilience assessments indicate that complex interactions among the governance and ecosystem components of these systems can produce different trajectories, which include patterns of (a) development and stabilization, (b) cycles of crisis and recovery which include lurches in adaptation and learning, and (c) periods of innovation, novelty, and transformation. Exploration of cross-scale interactions (Panarchy) among levels and sectors of government and society reveals that larger-scale processes and structures may constrain development and growth, but may also provide resources for recovery and renewal following crises or create windows or opportunities for system change. Smaller-scale processes provide opportunities for innovation and novelty, but may also be the source of revolts or crises that lead to broader system transformations. The case studies illustrate different ways that adaptive governance may be triggered, facilitated, or constrained by ecological and social (and particularly legal) processes.
Effect of maturity and temperature on breeding for mid-oleic soybean lines under the high heat conditions of the Mississippi Delta, USA

Soybean (Glycine max (L) Merr.) seed is an important source of oil for human consumption. Increasing the percentage of oleic acid in soybean seed oil is an important breeding objective because increasing the oleic acid content improves the oxidative stability of the oil. Extensive literature shows that temperature during seed-fill is positively correlated with the content of oleic acid in soybeans. In addition, it was shown that a maturity QTL was linked to an oleic acid QTL. The Mississippi Delta in the USA is a hot environment where soybean harvest begins in August, which is the hottest part of the season. The purpose of this research was to determine the possibility of developing both early- and late-maturing lines with consistent > 50% oleic acid content in Mississippi. We selected early and late segregants from three genetically different breeding populations also segregating for mid-oleic acid derived from crosses to germplasm N98-4445A, a non-transgenic freely available line with > 50% oleic acid. The selected lines were grown in 2 years in three trials at Stoneville, MS. Results indicated that no late-maturing lines (MG V) met the targeted mid-oleic acid level, whereas MG III and early MG IV lines with oleic acid over 50% were obtained. No maturity-alone effect on oleic acid content was observed, due to the bias of the strong negative correlation between maturity date and mean temperature during seed-fill. This study demonstrated that breeders can effectively develop early soybeans with oleic acid levels greater than 50% for the midsouthern USA.
ACCELERATED RELATIVE SEA-LEVEL RISE AND RAPID COASTAL EROSION : TESTING A CAUSAL RELATIONSHIP FOR THE LOUISIANA BARRIER ISLANDS

Abstract The role of relative sea-level rise as a cause for the rapid erosion of Louisiana's barrier island coast is investigated through a numerical implementation of a modified Bruun rule that accounts for the low percentage of sand-sized sediment in the eroding Louisiana shoreface. Shore-normal profiles from 150 km of coastline west of the Mississippi delta are derived from bathymetric surveys conducted during the 1880s, 1930s and 1980s. An RMS difference criterion is employed to test whether an equilibrium profile form is maintained between survey years. Only about half the studied profiles meet the equilibrium criterion; this represents a significant limitation on the potential applicability of the Bruun rule. The profiles meeting the equilibrium criterion, along with measured rates of relative sea-level rise, are used to hindcast shoreline retreat rates at 37 locations within the study area. Modeled and observed shoreline retreat rates show no significant correlation. Thus, in terms of the Bruun approach, relative sea-level rise has no power for hindcasting (and presumably forecasting) rates of coastal erosion for the Louisiana barrier islands.
Biological Markers in Risk Assessment

Traditionally, the field of chemical carcinogenesis has relied upon estimates of adminis tered dose and/or human exposure in constructing dose-response curves and assessing cancer risk. Of far greater relevance to risk is the actual amount of carcinogen that has interracted with target cellular molecules such as DNA, RNA, or protein—the biologically effective dose of the carcinogenic substance.
Imaging of Acute Appendicitis in Children: Radiography

Acute appendicitis is the most common cause for emergent abdominal surgery in pediatric patients. Although most children with acute appendicitis typically present with clinical signs and symptoms that suggest acute appendicitis, approximately one-third of children with acute appendicitis have uncertain and non-specific clinical signs and symptoms. In these pediatric patients, further evaluation with imaging studies is often necessary for proper patient management. The overarching goal of this chapter is to review the plain radiographic evaluation of acute appendicitis in children including current imaging technique, characteristic primary and secondary imaging findings, and interpretation of plain radiographs of acute appendicitis in pediatric population.
Independent and incremental value of coronary artery calcium for predicting the extent of angiographic coronary artery disease: comparison with cardiac risk factors and radionuclide perfusion imaging.

Abstract OBJECTIVES The study was done to test the ability to predict the extent of angiographically determined coronary artery disease (CAD) by quantification of coronary calcium using electron-beam computed tomography (EBCT) and to compare it with more conventional parameters for delineating the angiographic extent of CAD, that is, cardiovascular risk factors and radionuclide single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). BACKGROUND The angiographic extent of CAD is a powerful predictor of subsequent events. Use of EBCT may be able to define it by virtue of its ability to determine plaque burden. METHODS We examined 308 patients presenting with suspected but not previously known CAD who underwent selective coronary angiography. As measures of the angiographic extent of CAD, coronary artery greater even 20 (CAGE ≥20) and CAGE ≥50 scores represented the total number of coronary segments with ≥20% or ≥50% stenoses, respectively. The EBCT-derived total calcium scores were obtained in 291 patients, risk factors as defined by the National Cholesterol Education Program in 239 patients, and SPECT scans in 136 patients. RESULTS Using multiple linear regression analysis, total calcium scores were better independent predictors of both CAGE ≥20 and CAGE ≥50 scores than either a SPECT-derived radionuclide perfusion score or the risk factors age, male gender and ratio of total/high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. The association between EBCT and angiographic scores remained highly significant after excluding the influence of all interrelated risk factors and SPECT variables (r = 0.65; p CONCLUSIONS Coronary calcium predicts the angiographic extent of CAD in symptomatic patients and provides independent and incremental information to the more conventional clinical parameters derived from SPECT or risk assessment.
Prevalence, Trends, and Outcomes of Higher-Risk Percutaneous Coronary Interventions Among Patients Without Acute Coronary Syndromes.

BACKGROUND/PURPOSE Patients and lesions at a higher procedural risk for percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) are an understudied population. We examined the frequency, clinical characteristics, and outcomes of higher risk and non-higher risk PCIs at a large tertiary center. METHODS/MATERIALS The following procedures were considered higher risk: unprotected left main PCI, chronic total occlusion PCI, PCI requiring atherectomy, multivessel PCI, bifurcation PCI, PCI in prior coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) patients, pre-PCI left ventricular ejection fraction ≤30%, or use of hemodynamic support. RESULTS Of the 1975 PCIs performed from 6/29/09 to 12/30/2016 in patients without acute coronary syndromes, 1230 (62%) were higher risk. Patients undergoing higher risk PCI were more likely to have a history of CABG, myocardial infarction, PCI, cerebrovascular disease, peripheral arterial disease, or congestive heart failure. Higher risk PCIs required more stents (2.0 vs. 1.0, p < 0.001), and had longer median fluoroscopy times (17.3 vs. 8.5 min, p < 0.001) and higher median contrast doses (160 vs. 120 mL, p < 0.001). In higher risk PCIs, the risks for technical failure and periprocedural complications were 2.9 (95% CI 1.2-7.4) times and 2.2 (95% CI 0.9-5.4) times higher as compared with non-higher risk PCI procedures. CONCLUSIONS In summary, over half of the PCIs performed in non-acute coronary syndrome patients were higher risk and were associated with lower odds of technical success and higher periprocedural complication rates as compared with non-higher risk PCIs. SUMMARY We examined the frequency, clinical characteristics, and outcomes of higher risk and non-higher risk PCIs at a large tertiary center. Higher risk PCI was associated with lower odds of technical and procedural success and higher odds of procedural complications as compared with non-higher risk PCI. However, the risk/benefit ratio may still be favorable for many of these higher-risk patients and should be estimated on a case by case basis.
The Representativeness of Winds-Aloft Observations

By using radar winds accurate to ± 2 fps the hourly turbulent wind variation is found to be approximately ± 6 fps. This limitation is then used to determine optimum procedures for both observing and forecasting accuracy.
Differences in Gender-related Profile Characteristics, Perceptions, and Outcomes of Accelerated Second Degree Nursing Students.

Abstract Background The New Careers in Nursing (NCIN) program provided scholarships and other supports to accelerated degree students at 130 nursing schools and collected data from the scholars at three time-points. Purpose The NCIN database was analyzed to identify gender-based differences in scholars' profile characteristics, program experiences, and post-graduation outcomes. Method An adaptation of Jeffreys's Nursing Universal Retention and Success Model guided the analysis. Gender differences were assessed after multiplicity adjustments for false positive rates. Results Differences based on gender were found for profile characteristics, student affective factors, academic factors, professional integration factors, environmental factors, as well as academic, psychological and NCIN program outcomes. Results suggest that males were influenced by economic factors more than females when choosing nursing as a career. They had fewer concerns about financial aspects associated with being a student again yet secured employment sooner after graduation than female scholars. They did not view support services as important as did female students. They expressed confidence in their leadership competence more than their female counterparts. Conclusion Efforts are needed to better understand and address the nuanced gender-based perceptions and needs of nursing students who are male.
Thermodynamics and spin mapping of quantum excitations in a Heisenberg spin heptamer

In this study, we examine the thermodynamics and spin dynamics of spin-1/2 and spin-3/2 heptamers. Through an exact diagonalization of the isotropic Heisenberg Hamiltonian, we find the closed-form, analytical representations for thermodynamic properties, spin excitations, and neutron-scattering structure factors. Furthermore, we investigate the clusterlike excitations of quantum spin heptamer in the three-dimensional pyrochlore lattice material ${\mathrm{MgCr}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}$. Using a spin mapping of the spin-1/2 heptamer excitations, the calculated structure factors of the spin-3/2 heptamer are to be determined, which provides clarification for the spin excitations in ${\mathrm{MgCr}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}$. Overall, this study demonstrates the ability to use the spin mapping of structure factors for small spin systems to analyze more complex structures.
Max Weber’s Verstehende Soziologie:

This is one of the final volumes in the Max Weber Gesamtausgabe and is entitled Verstehende Soziologie und Werturteilsfreiheit. It is ostensibly on Weber’s methodological writings but most of the c...
Educational Background of ARL Directors

Strong leadership is needed to provide vision and focus in academic libraries during this rapidly changing environment. While leadership skills can be acquired in many ways, this study examines formal education. Graduate degrees of Association of Research Library (ARL) directors were identified to determine whether they have earned library and information science degrees as well as other graduate degrees. Results indicate that 90% of the ARL directors have library degrees but the remaining 10% have graduate degrees in a variety of disciplines though not solely in management or leadership. Additionally, the percentage of ARL directors with doctorates has increased slightly in the past 20 years, while the percentage of those with MLIS degrees has decreased.
The History of Philanthropy in Higher Education: A Distinctively Discontinuous Literature

This essay is organized chronologically and thematically to provide an introduction to the literature on the history of philanthropy in higher education. It focuses on pivotal moments and areas of particular interest. The chronological part begins by considering early writings on philanthropy—what can be called advocacy literature—and then discusses the pioneering academic writings that directly address the history of philanthropy in higher education. Because the relevant literature on the history of philanthropic action in higher education is dispersed across many genres, area studies, and institutional histories, the thematic sections of the essay focus on certain areas: insider accounts, foundations, biographies, black education, and histories of higher education. This essay characterizes the existing literature as “distinctively discontinuous” and calls for more sustained critical inquiry in all the areas of literature presented. In particular, given that foundations were the most powerful of philanthropies in the early development of the university in the United States, this essay calls for greater access to foundation records along with support for the study of foundation archives.
Comment on “Synthesis and properties of high dielectric constant copolymer of a copper phthalocyanine oligomer grafted to amino-capped polyimide” by L. Chen, Y. Ding, T. Yang, C. Wan and H. Hou, J. Mater. Chem. C, 2017, 5, 8371

The purpose of this comment article is to end the myth perpetuated ever since 1982 that the phthalocyanine originating from pyromellitic acid derivatives is a fused, cyclic tetramer (o-CuPc, also often referred to as ‘oligomer’ or ‘polymer’). This material has been attracting attention due to its high dielectric constant and excellent thermal stability, along with inexpensive preparation and facile incorporation into polymers. The resulting electroactive, elastomeric composites have various applications such as electromechanical actuators including artificial muscle and active skin for drag reduction, microelectronic and charge storage devices, and solar cells. As unambiguously demonstrated for the first time in 2012, the product of the reaction reported in 1982 (the structure of which was inadequately characterized at the time) is actually monomeric copper phthalocyanine octacarboxylic acid (m-CuPc). It has also been confirmed that the dielectric constant of pure m-CuPc is essentially the same as the one reported for the assumed “o-CuPc”, and that the high dielectric constant is not a result of extended π-electron delocalization owing to an oligomeric structure, as perpetuated by several recent articles, but proton conduction facilitated by the peripheral carboxylic acid groups.
Aspect shift without coercion: continuous causative verbs in Japanese and Korean

This article discusses special agentive transitive verbs in Japanese and Korean (such as noru/thata ‘board’) that yield concrete result states (which we call target states) that are under the agentive subject’s control throughout their duration. These verbs (continuous causative (CC) verbs) produce two distinct interpretations: accomplishment and target state readings. The latter surface with several distinct constructions: (i) the aspectual morphemes -te iru (Japanese) and -ko iss (Korean); (ii) the simple past tense; and (iii) nominalization. Intuitively, what the agentive subject does is one continuous act: (i) attaining the target state in question, and (ii) preserving it. The name “continuous causative verb” stems from the fact that the agentive subject continues to behave like an agent throughout the complex eventuality. However, when we utter a sentence containing a CC verb, we either refer to the accomplishment portion or the continuation of the target state, not both at the same time. Our formal proposal posits an aspect shift rule in the lexicon, which is responsible for the target state reading of each CC verb. The target state is indicated by a relation that holds between the agent and the theme entity, which in turn predicts that the agent is responsible for keeping the state intact. Positing a semantic rule in the lexicon to predict the aspect shift allows us to account for the two interpretations of CC verbs. The behavior of temporal adverbials also receives a natural account in our proposal.
Society and Future Climate Change

The paper outlines the increasing concern with climatic instability and the potential major dislocations of human societies. An initial presentation of the interaction of climate and society is followed by a range of impacts and alternative responses. The catastrophic preoccupation allows for a concluding speculative section utilizing alternative images of the future and broad strategies for prudent responses to a transforming environment.