cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Evaluation of Methods for the Determination of Organic and Elemental Carbon in Particulate Samples

Methods for separating and measuring organic and elemental carbon in particulate samples collected on filters are evaluated. Included in this evaluation are solvent extraction, nitric acid digestion, optical absorption, and various thermal techniques. Emphasis is placed on the measurement of ambient samples, but samples from diesel- and gasoline-fueled vehicles, as well as wood burning particulate, are also analyzed. It was found that all of the methods have limitations and must be applied carefully. The optical absorption techniques rely on a poorly determined absorption coefficient and are subject to interference by other species. Thermal methods are plagued by carbonization of organic material resulting in overestimation of elemental carbon and underestimation of organic carbon. Despite these problems, an extensive comparison of ambient samples from Denver showed excellent correlation between the various methods. Recommendations are presented for analyzing various sample types.
Electronic Instabilities of Two-Dimensional Metals, K3Cu8S6 and Rb3Cu8S6

The two-dimensional metals K3Cu8S6 and Rb3Cu8S6 show anomalies in their temperature dependent electrical conductivities which suggest charge-density waves. The band structure calculation of the mixed-valence CDW compound K3Cu8S6 shows that the Fermi surface of the compound is mainly composed of sulfur p electrons. The results of the calculations are supported by XPS studies.
Trust‐driven joint operational activities to achieve mass customization: A culture perspective

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to identify relationships among buyer‐supplier trust, joint operational activities, and the degree of mass customization as well as the interactions between cultural factors (i.e. long‐term strategic alignment and autonomy) and trust in the context of supply chain management.Design/methodology/approach – The model of trust is based on joint operational activities and mass customization using theories of social capital and the resource‐based view of the firm. Also, culture‐related antecedents of trust are identified. Based on 208 responses from suppliers in the USA and China, this study uses structural equation modeling to test the hypotheses.Findings – This study empirically supports the notion that trust positively drives manufacturer‐supplier activities in operations. It also supports the claim that joint operational activities contribute to mass customization capabilities in a significant way. Moreover, two culture‐related antecedents are found to be significantly...
The Institutional Dynamics of Transition Relief

Whether and how to provide transition relief from a change in legal regime is a question of critical importance. Legislatures and agencies effect changes to the law constantly, and affected private actors often seek relief from those changes, at least in the short term. Scholarship on transition relief therefore has focused almost entirely on examining when transition relief might be justified and now recognizes that there may be settings where relief from legal transitions is appropriate. Yet largely absent from these treatments is an answer to the question of which institutional actor is best positioned to decide when legal transition relief is appropriate and what form it should assume. In this Article, we address this issue in two parts: Can the private market develop adequate risk-spreading devices such that government relief is unnecessary? If government relief is warranted, what government actors are best suited to provide relief? We find that private markets will be unable to provide adequate transition insurance due to insurmountable pricing difficulties, and that the task must thus fall to governmental actors. We then analyze the available governmental actors and conclude that, in many cases, an independent agency will be best positioned to make reliable and welfare-enhancing decisions regarding transition relief.
Olfactory Bulb: Synaptic Organisation

Odour information is encoded by sensory neurons expressing a large family of ∼102–103 distinct olfactory receptors, and is mapped to an equally numerous population of glomeruli in the olfactory bulb. Each glomerulus is a modular circuit composed of a variety of local interneurons and bulb output neurons that receive primary afferent signals encoded by a single olfactory receptor. Incoming signals are filtered by inhibition from periglomerular cells and amplified by mutual excitation of mitral and tufted cells. Odour codes are further transformed by lateral inhibition between glomeruli mediated by short axon and granule cells that communicate through specialised dendrodendritic reciprocal synapses. These network mechanisms interact with a diversity of cell biophysical properties to shape spiking patterns of bulb output neurons. Synaptic processing in the bulb is also dynamically regulated by feedback from olfactory cortex, centrifugal modulation from basal forebrain nuclei and plasticity of local circuits sustained by adult neurogenesis. Key Concepts: Odour information is mapped to discrete glomeruli in the olfactory bulb that receive sensory inputs encoded by different olfactory receptors. Sensory neuron terminals in glomeruli release the excitatory transmitter glutamate, under control of presynaptic inhibition by dopamine and GABA receptors. Glomeruli contain multiple excitatory and inhibitory circuits for coordinating odour-evoked spike activity of bulb output neurons, the mitral and tufted cells. Most olfactory bulb circuits include dendrodendritic reciprocal synapses with closely linked glutamatergic excitatory and GABAergic inhibitory transmission. Mitral and tufted cell responses are triggered and amplified by dendrodendritic excitation of glomerular dendritic tufts, and are controlled by periglomerular cell inhibition. Glomeruli are connected by pervasive short- and long-range networks of inhibitory superficial short axon cells. Granule cells form complex webs of lateral inhibitory connections between mitral and tufted cells of different glomeruli. Synaptic inhibition in the bulb is coordinated by networks of deep short axon cells that inhibit periglomerular and granule cells. Synaptic inhibition in the bulb is strongly influenced by centrifugal inputs from olfactory cortex and subcortical modulatory centres. Keywords: olfactory bulb; glomeruli; dendrodendritic; lateral inhibition; mitral cell; tufted cell; external tufted cell; granule cell; short axon cell
Geophysical variables and behavior: LVIII. Autonomic activity, hemolysis, and biological psychokinesis: possible relationships with geomagnetic field activity.

Summary.-Several recent reports have indicated significant relations between extrasensory perception (ESP) experiences and performances and the Earth's geomagnetic field (GMF) activity. ESP experiences are reported more frequently, and accuracy of laboratory ESP is more accurate, on days of relatively quiet GMF activity. On the other hand, there are indications that a complementary paranormal process, psychokinesis, may be enhanced by high GMF activity. We conducted retrospective analyses of possible relations between GMF activity and (a) electrodermal activity (as an index of sympathetic autonomic activity), (b) rate of hemolysis of human red blood cells in vitro, (c) attempted distant mental (i.e., psychokinetic) influence of electrodermal activity, and (d) attempred distant mental (psychokinetic) influence of rate of hemolysis. For each of these four measures, high activity was associated with high GMF values, while low activity was associated with low GMF values. The relations were statistically significant for three of the four analyses and showed a consistent trend in the fourth. In the past three years, there have been a surprising number of published reports of possible relations between the earth's geomagnetic field (GMF) activity and a variety of paranormal experiences and performances. Persinger and his coworkers (Persinger, 1985; Schaut & Persinger, 1985; Arango & Persinger, 1988) analyzed previously published collections of reports of spontaneous extrasensory perception (ESP) experiences and observed that, in four independent sets of cases, subjective telepathic experiences concerning death and crises tended to occur on days when the geomagnetic activity was quieter than the days before or afterwards. Other investigators have examined the quality of extrasensory perception performances under well-controlled laboratory conditions and have found that ESP testing which occurred on ge~magneticall~ quiet days yielded significantly better (more accurate) results than tests which occurred on geomagnetically "stormy" days. Such a relation was noted for a variety of ESP tasks, including remote viewing of distant geographical sites (Adarns, 1985), experimental dream telepathy/clairvoyance (Persinger & Krippner, 1986), paranormal functioning under sensory restriction (Ganzfeld) conditions (Adams, 1986), ESP card-guessing (Makarec & Persinger, 1987), and two additional types of general ESP tasks (Tart, 1988). Although the general 'Address correspondence to W. G. Braud, Psychology Laboratory, Mind Science Foundation, 8301 Broadway, Suite 100, San Antonio, Texas 78209.
Duality algorithms for nonconvex variational principles

This paper describes, and analyzes, a method of successive approximations for finding critical points of a function which can be written as the difference of two convex functions. The method is based on using a non-convex duality theory. At each iteration one solves a convex, optimization problem. This alternates between the primal and the dual variables. Under very general structural conditions on the problem, we prove that the resulting sequence is a descent sequence, which converges to a critical point of the problem. To illustrate the method, it is applied to some weighted eigenvalue problems, to a problem from astrophysics, and to some semilinear elliptic equations.
A Framework for Creating a Climate of Transparency for Professional Performance Assessment: Fostering Student Investment in Gatekeeping

Students unfamiliar with their counseling program's professional performance assessment policies may consider such policies pejorative. Moreover, student beliefs about the primacy of ethical service to clients may be confounded when faculty members are reluctant or fail to formally address concerns about deficient professional performance of students. The authors propose a framework intended to promote openness and transparency in professional performance assessment and believe this framework is critical to students' accurate perceptions of the assessment process, their trust in faculty members, and their future investment in safeguarding public welfare and the ethical integrity of the counseling profession through gatekeeping.
The borderland of value: examining student attitudes towards secondary research

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to investigate traditional freshmen value attitudes towards the secondary research process.Design/methodology/approach – The study utilized a single‐question qualitative survey, which asked the open‐ended two‐part question: “Do you like research? Why or why not?” The survey was administered to first semester freshmen communication classes where the students were able to write freely about their feelings towards the research process. These results were then contextualized through the lens of Krathwohl, Bloom, and Masia's Affective Domain.Findings – Based on a content analysis of the written responses, three groups, which comprised eight themes, emerged. A substantial contingent of students (33 percent) described their motivations for conducting research as solely extrinsic in nature and maintained adverse emotions and attitudes towards the process, while a smaller number of students (16 percent) were both intrinsically and extrinsically driven to participate in the re...
Intestine-specific deletion of acyl-CoA:monoacylglycerol acyltransferase (MGAT) 2 protects mice from diet-induced obesity and glucose intolerance.

The absorption of dietary fat involves the re-esterification of digested triacylglycerol in the enterocytes, a process catalyzed by acyl-CoA:monoacylglycerol acyltransferase (MGAT) 2. Mice without a functional gene encoding MGAT2 (Mogat2−/−) are protected from diet-induced obesity. Surprisingly, these mice absorb normal amounts of dietary fat but increase their energy expenditure. MGAT2 is expressed in tissues besides intestine, including adipose tissue in both mice and humans. To test the hypothesis that intestinal MGAT2 regulates systemic energy balance, we generated and characterized mice deficient in MGAT2 specifically in the small intestine (Mogat2IKO). We found that, like Mogat2−/− mice, Mogat2IKO mice also showed a delay in fat absorption, a decrease in food intake, and a propensity to use fatty acids as fuel when first exposed to a high fat diet. Mogat2IKO mice increased energy expenditure although to a lesser degree than Mogat2−/− mice and were protected against diet-induced weight gain and associated comorbidities, including hepatic steatosis, hypercholesterolemia, and glucose intolerance. These findings illustrate that intestinal lipid metabolism plays a crucial role in the regulation of systemic energy balance and may be a feasible intervention target. In addition, they suggest that MGAT activity in extraintestinal tissues may also modulate energy metabolism.
The mechanism of helical transition of proteins by organic solvents

This paper describes a theory for the mechanism of three-state transition of proteins which is often observed in aqueous organic cosolvent systems, i.e., from the native, via intermediate to helical forms. The first transition, accompanied by changes in the tertiary and/or secondary structures, was explained by larger bindings of the organic solvent molecules to the intermediate than to the native state; the second transition, resulting in changes mainly in the secondary structure, i.e., helical transition, was explained by less hydration sites for the helical state. Computer simulations of the transition were carried out using plausible values for the number of alcohol and water binding sites of proteins as well as for the equilibrium constant of the transitions in the absence of cosolvent. A reasonable agreement with the experimental transitions was observed. The stronger effect of alcohols with longer alkyl chains was explained by their greater binding to nonpolar groups and their larger exclusion from peptide groups.
On a problem of A. Pleijel

In 1955, Arne Pleijel proposed the following problem which remains unsolved to this day: Given a closed plane convex curve C and a point x(λ) at a fixed distance λ above the plane, as the point x(λ) varies, characterize the point for which the conical surface with vertex x(λ) and base C attains its minimum, and determine the limits as λ → 0 and λ → ∞ of this minimum point. The purpose of this paper is to solve the cases where λ approach its extremities and in the course of the solution, we obtain an interesting characterization of the limit points, which we shall call the Pleijel points of C. A consequence is that the inner Pleijel point provides an upper bound for the isoperimetric defect of C. We also generalize the problem to higher dimensional spaces, and obtain the corresponding characterizations of the limiting points for convex surfaces.
A simple model of advertising and subscription fees

Abstract Traditional and modern mass media – such as television, newspapers, magazines, and Internet sites – typically derive the bulk of their revenues from advertisements rather than subscriptions. We present a simple model that explains this phenomenon.
Lysis of egg phosphatidylcholine liposomes by singlet oxygen generated in the gas phase.

Singlet molecular oxygen was generated in the gas phase by heterogeneous energy transfer from a film of dry Rose Bengal and bubbled into suspensions of egg phosphatidylcholine liposomes, leading to membrane lysis and lipid peroxidation. The analysis based on large target diffusion kinetics indicates that approximately 3000 interactions were required for lysis of 1.5 μm liposomes. This experimental method makes it possible to measure the reactivity of gas phase singlet oxygen with aqueous biological systems.
The Effect of Cold Drinking Water on Chick Growth and Yolk Absorption

Abstract APPARENTLY it is commonly believed by commercial poultrymen that the drinking water given to young chicks should be warm, or at least not real cold. That belief is fostered by statements similar to the following which appears in a booklet prepared for free distribution by a commercial concern: “Never give chicks cold water. It chills the digestive tract, retards digestion, and may start serious trouble.” The statement is also sometimes made that permitting young chicks to drink cold water will interfere with the normal assimilation of unabsorbed yolk. A review of the literature available to the writer revealed no experimental data concerning the effect of cold water on yolk absorption by young chicks, or its effect on the digestion of nutrients. Accordingly, a series of short tests were made at the Southwest Poultry Experiment Station, Glendale, Arizona, to obtain such data. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE Leghorn chicks were used in all tests.
Daydreaming as a function of cueing and task difficulty.

The effects of demand characteristics and task difficulty upon the reported frequency of daydreaming were investigated. 71 Ss who performed 2 memory tasks of varying difficulty served in one of two...
IS-037 Antenatal Factors That Influence Neonatal Outcome

Dramatic increases in the rates of obesity have occurred in the United States (most states >20%). Women of reproductive age are part of this trend, with obesity during pregnancy associated with increases in inflammation, immune dysregulation, and other complications of pregnancy (e.g. pre-eclampsia, prematurity, diabetes, etc.). Infants can be macrosomic with more NICU admissions, congenital anomalies, and autism. These effects appear to be transgenerational with infants born to obese mothers having an increased risk of childhood and adult obesity. The immune dysregulation leads to increased infections, especially chorioamnionitis and funicitis which are associated with low Apgar scores, encephalopathy, seizures and cerebral palsy. Developing novel interventions to prevent obesity during pregnancy should have a significant impact on short and long term neurodevelopmental outcome. Misuse of opioids during pregnancy is also a significant problem in the US. Neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS) affects most infants exposed to opioids in utero and genetic factors influencing the incidence and severity of NAS have not been studied. We analysed single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and epigenetic changes in the mu opioid receptor (OPRM1) and catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) genes (pharmacogenetic modulators of opioid action) and correlated this with short term outcomes. Genetic variation and epigenetic changes do appear to influence the incidence and severity of NAS. The results of ongoing studies will enhance our understanding of the pathogenesis of NAS, define best treatment practices, promote early identification of those at highest risk for neurodevelopmental impairment, and facilitate targeted interventions to improve outcome in these high risk infants.
The role of the physician in the prevention of periodontal disease.

Abstract Periodontal disease affects a large segment of the world's population. Its prevalence and severity increase with age; however, it can be arrested, particularly in its early stages. The physician has a prime opportunity to guide his patient toward proper preventive and corrective therapy. A brief illustrated review of the periodontium in health and disease as well as basic periodontal terminology is presented. Current thoughts regarding the role of bacteria, plaque, and other etiologic factors both local and systemic are presented along with an overview of therapeutic modalities. The need for the physician to aid the dentist in three preventive areas is stressed.
Reset Behavior of High Duty Cycle Pulse Transformers

Magnetic core pulse transformers operating in a repetitive mode must maintain the core flux density within the saturation bounds of the magnetic material to provide satisfactory performance. The instantaneous flux is established by the time integration of the induced winding voltage. Alternatively, the flux is also determined by the net instantaneous magneto-motive force acting on the core in relation to the core dimensions and material hysteresis characteristics. Core material is typically non-linear and is awkward to model, so the preferred method of flux determination is via the induced voltage integration method. During the output pulse duration, this induced voltage is forced on the core via the winding by the pulsed power source and establishes the instantaneous flux and flux time derivative during the pulse. In the steady state, the integration of the induced voltage that occurs between load pulses, commonly called the back-swing period, must equal the value established by the output or load portion of the pulse to avoid saturation. This back-swing period can be driven by an external forced re-set source or by the stored energy in the transformer acting through the equivalent circuit impedance. In this paper only the stored energy re-set process is analyzed.
Differential sensitivity of types 1 and 2 cholecystokinin receptors to membrane cholesterol

Recent studies indicate that membrane cholesterol can associate with G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and affect their function. Previously, we reported that manipulation of membrane cholesterol affects ligand binding and signal transduction of the type 1 cholecystokinin receptor (CCK1R), a Class A GPCR. We now demonstrate that the closely related type 2 cholecystokinin receptor (CCK2R) does not share this cholesterol sensitivity. The sequences of both receptors reveal almost identical cholesterol interaction motifs in analogous locations in transmembrane segments two, three, four, and five. The disparity in cholesterol sensitivity between these receptors, despite their close structural relationship, provides a unique opportunity to define the possible structural basis of cholesterol sensitivity of CCK1R. To evaluate the relative contributions of different regions of CCK1R to cholesterol sensitivity, we performed ligand binding studies and biological activity assays of wild-type and CCK2R/CCK1R chimeric receptor-bearing Chinese hamster ovary cells after manipulation of membrane cholesterol. We also extended these studies to site-directed mutations within the cholesterol interaction motifs. The results contribute to a better understanding of the structural requirements for cholesterol sensitivity in CCK1R and provides insight into the function of other cholesterol-sensitive Class A GPCRs.
Activation of neutrophil collagenase by cathepsin G.

Collagenase is secreted from neutrophils as a latent or proenzyme. In an effort to understand the mechanism of collagenase activation in inflammation, human peripheral neutrophils (PMNs) were isolated and incubated with the tumor promotor, phorbol myristate acetate (PMA), which induces the neutrophils to degranulate and secrete proteinases. Neutrophil media were then treated with various activators or inhibitors of collagenase and other proteinases, and the collagenase activity was measured. A serine proteinase secreted from neutrophils, cathepsin G, was found to activate latent collagenase, but it was also found to require activation itself. Both hypochlorous acid (HOCl) and oxidized glutathione (GSSG) were tested for their coilagenase-activating ability and were found to be successful only in the presence of active cathepsin G. A specific cathepsin G inhibitor (0.5 mM Z-Gly-Leu-Phe-CH2Cl) prevented the activation of latent collagenase by HOCl. To confirm these results, purified neutrophil cathepsin G was incubated with a neutrophil proteinase mixture which contained latent collagenase. The collagenase was shown to be activated upon incubation with purified cathepsin G. These results indicate that cathepsin G is a key mediator in neutrophil collagenase activation.
NF-κB signaling pathway as a target for human tumor radiosensitization

NF-κB is a critical nuclear transcriptional factor that is activated in response to cellular stresses and regulates the expression of genes involved in cell proliferation and cell death. When regulated NF-κB activation is disrupted, cells undergo apoptosis. That is, constitutively elevated or dysregulated NF-κB activation leads to cell death in response to stress. These mechanisms have been shown experimentally by expressing dominant negative inhibitors of NF-κB (IκB-α) in cancer cells exposed to chemotherapeutic agents or to ionizing radiation. NF-κB also plays an important role in a novel, radiation-inducible signaling pathway that involves the ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) protein kinase. Cells from patients with ataxia-telangiectasia (AT) are exquisitely sensitive to ionizing radiation and exhibit impaired NF-κB activation in response to this stress. Restoration of NF-κB regulation in AT fibroblasts by introducing a dominant negative form of IκB-α has resulted in correction of radiation sensitivity and a reduction of ionizing radiation-induced apoptosis. Expression of introduced ATM in AT cells results in correction of NF-κB regulation and an increase in postradiation survival without reduction in radiation-induced apoptosis. Taken together, these observations support a central role for NF-κB regulation in cellular intrinsic radiation sensitivity and apoptosis after exposure to ionizing radiation. Therefore, we hypothesize that the signaling pathway involving ATM/NF-κB/IκB offers attractive potential molecular targets for radiation sensitization in strategies to enhance the therapeutic ratio in cancer treatment.
Cardiac memory: diagnostic tool in the making.

Classic definition of the term cardiac memory (CM) refers to the persistent T-wave changes on the ECG after a period of wide QRS rhythms that become evident once normal ventricular activation pattern is restored. It is related to the term ventricular electric remodeling sometimes used in basic science literature. Although CM itself is considered as an adaptive reaction to the change in the ventricular activation sequence, its manifestations (usually T-wave inversions, TWIs) are often confused with pathological conditions manifesting with TWI, such as myocardial ischemia or infarction. Although originally CM was described after restoration of the normal ventricular activation (narrow QRS), recently it was described and studied in wide QRS rhythms significantly expanding the clinical relevance of this phenomenon. Although complex molecular mechanisms of CM have been previously reviewed extensively, practical clinical application of this phenomenon received much less attention. In this article, we will focus on the clinically relevant aspects of CM including its diagnostic use in narrow and wide QRS rhythms. We will also examine how the fundamental CM property of being initiated by the changes in the geometry of the ventricular contraction might open new perspectives in wide QRST morphology analysis by establishing parallels between electric and mechanical functions of the heart. In 1915, White1 was the first to observe the phenomenon of transient TWI after single ventricular premature beats. Later in the 1940s, TWIs after conversion to sinus rhythm were described after paroxysmal tachycardias.2 Since then abnormal T waves of various duration have been documented after intermittent ventricular pre-excitation,3–5 ventricular pacing,6,7 intermittent left bundle branch block (LBBB),8,9 ventricular tachycardia,10 and even QRS widening associated with sodium channel blocker toxicity.11 In 1982, Rosenbaum et al10 introduced the term heart memory and presented the …
Structural analysis of caspase-1 inhibitors derived from Tethering.

Caspase-1 is a key endopeptidase responsible for the post-translational processing of the IL-1β and IL-18 cytokines and small-molecule inhibitors that modulate the activity of this enzyme are predicted to be important therapeutic treatments for many inflammatory diseases. A fragment-assembly approach, accompanied by structural analysis, was employed to generate caspase-1 inhibitors. With the aid of Tethering® with extenders (small molecules that bind to the active-site cysteine and contain a free thiol), two novel fragments that bound to the active site and made a disulfide bond with the extender were identified by mass spectrometry. Direct linking of each fragment to the extender generated submicromolar reversible inhibitors that significantly reduced secretion of IL-1β but not IL-6 from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Thus, Tethering with extenders facilitated rapid identification and synthesis of caspase-1 inhibitors with cell-based activity and subsequent structural analyses provided insights into the enzyme's ability to accommodate different inhibitor-binding modes in the active site.
Increasing Interaction of Amygdalar Afferents with GABAergic Interneurons between Birth and Adulthood

Previous work in animal models has shown that projections from the basolateral amygdala (BLA) progressively infiltrate the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) from birth to adulthood, with the most dramatic sprouting occurring during the postweanling period. GABAergic (gamma-aminobutyric acidergic) interneurons in the human homolog of the rat mPFC have been implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia, an illness with an onset that is delayed until late adolescence. Here we investigated the interaction of BLA fibers with mPFC GABAergic interneurons from postnatal day 6 (P6) to P120 using anterograde tracing and immunocytochemistry. We found a 3-fold increase in axosomatic and an 8-fold increase in axo-dendritic contacts in both layers II and V of the mPFC. Ultrastructural analysis using a colloidal gold immunolocalization demonstrated that the greatest proportion of BLA appositions were with GABA-negative spines (30.8%) and GABA-positive dendritic shafts (35.5%). Although GABA-negative interactions demonstrated well-defined axo-spinous synapses, membrane specializations could not be identified with confidence in GABA-positive elements. Our findings suggest that GABAergic interneurons are major targets for BLA fibers projecting to the mPFC. The establishment of this circuitry, largely during adolescence, may contribute to the integration of emotional responses with attentional and other cognitive processes mediated within this region during corticolimbic development.
Variations in Full Service Partnerships and Fidelity to the Housing First Model

In California, the Mental Health Services Act allocated substantial funding to Full Service Partnerships (FSPs): programs that do whatever it takes to improve residential stability and mental health outcomes. The state-guided, but stakeholder-driven, approach to FSPs resulted in a set of programs that share core similarities but vary in their specific approaches. This qualitative study examines FSP variations within the framework of fidelity to the Housing First model. Semistructured interviews with 21 FSP program managers identified through purposeful sampling were coded and analyzed to identify variations across programs in their approaches to housing and services. Through the process of constant comparison, FSP characteristics were condensed into a set of broad themes related to fidelity to the Housing First model. We identified three broad themes: (a) FSPs varied in the degree to which key elements of Housing First were present; (b) program recovery orientation and staff experience were associated wit...
The in vitro effect of l-prolyl-l-leucyl-glycineamide (MIF-1) on the guanylate cyclase system of a crude rat brain mitochondrial fraction

Abstract MIF-1, at concentrations of 10−5 and 10−6M, induced stimulations of 53 and 57% respectively in a particulate, crude, brain mitochondrial fraction when guanosine-3′:5′-cyclic monophosphate (cyclic GMP, c-GMP) formation was measured by a radioimmunoassay method. Evidence is presented that these stimulations occurred only after aging the particulate fraction at −20°C for a period of 5 to 7 days. The stimulation of c-GMP formation disappeared if the brain mitochondrial preparation was stored for more than 2 weeks. Reasons for these changes are discussed. Further experiments indicated that the guanylate cyclase system stimulation was not due to an effect of the MIF-1 on GTP-ase or guanylate phosphodiesterase.
Predicting human interruptibility with sensors

A person seeking another person's attention is normally able to quickly assess how interruptible the other person currently is. Such assessments allow behavior that we consider natural, socially appropriate, or simply polite. This is in sharp contrast to current computer and communication systems, which are largely unaware of the social situations surrounding their usage and the impact that their actions have on these situations. If systems could model human interruptibility, they could use this information to negotiate interruptions at appropriate times, thus improving human computer interaction.This article presents a series of studies that quantitatively demonstrate that simple sensors can support the construction of models that estimate human interruptibility as well as people do. These models can be constructed without using complex sensors, such as vision-based techniques, and therefore their use in everyday office environments is both practical and affordable. Although currently based on a demographically limited sample, our results indicate a substantial opportunity for future research to validate these results over larger groups of office workers. Our results also motivate the development of systems that use these models to negotiate interruptions at socially appropriate times.
Influence of microstructure on the hydrodynamic behavior of poly‐α‐methylstyrene

The theta temperature of poly-α-methylstyrene in cyclohexane has been found to vary with the stereostructure of the polymer. The observed values range from 305.5°K. for highly syndiotactic material (0.95 syndiotactic diads) to 310.0°K. for anio ically polymerized samples (0.67 syndiotactic diads). Results indicate that the unperturbed dimensions of the polymer increase with increasing isotacticity of the chain, whereas the entropy parameter ψ1, measured in cyclohexane, decreased as the structure became more isotactic. Measurements of the second virial coefficient in toluene showed an increasing interaction with the solvent as the polymer became more syndiotactic.
Self-repair of uncore components in robust system-on-chips: An OpenSPARC T2 case study

Self-repair replaces/bypasses faulty components in a system-on-chip (SoC) to keep the system functioning correctly even in the presence of permanent faults. Such faults may result from early-life failures, circuit aging, and manufacturing defects and variations. Unlike on-chip memories, processor cores, and networks-on-chip, little attention has been paid to self-repair of uncore components (e.g., cache controllers, memory controllers, and I/O controllers) that occupy significant portions of multi-core SoCs. In this paper, we present new techniques that utilize architectural features to achieve self-repair of uncore components while incurring low area, power, and performance costs. We demonstrate the effectiveness and practicality of our techniques, using the industrial OpenSPARC T2 SoC with 8 processor cores that support 64 hardware threads. Our key results are: 1. Our techniques enable effective self-repair of any single faulty uncore component with 7.5% post-layout chip-level area impact and 3% power impact. In contrast, existing redundancy techniques impose high (e.g., 16%) area costs. Our techniques do not incur any performance impact in fault-free systems. In the presence of a single faulty uncore component, there can be a 5% application performance impact. 2. Our techniques are capable of self-repairing multiple faulty uncore components without any additional area impact, but with graceful degradation of application performance. 3. Our techniques achieve high self-repair coverage of 97.5% in the presence of a single fault. Our self-repair techniques also enable flexible tradeoffs between self-repair coverage and area costs. For example, 75% self-repair coverage can be achieved with 3.2% post-layout chip-level area impact.
Ab initio molecular orbital studies of polyethylene deformation

A molecular LCAO Hartree-Fock procedure was used to calculate total energies of axially stretched normal paraffins containing up to nine carbon atoms. The results are used to model the mechanical properties of polyethylene.
Working with the sacred: Four approaches to religious and spiritual issues in counseling.

This article examines the advantages and disadvantages of 4 helping orientations of the counselor to religious and spiritual issues in psychotherapy: rejectionism, exclusivism, constructivism, and pluralism. The constructivist and pluralist approaches are advocated as those orientations best suited to work with diverse clients and religious beliefs, and flexible enough to deal respectfully, ethically, and effectively with a variety of religious and spiritual issues in counseling.
Long-term exposure to genistein improves insulin secretory function of pancreatic β-cells

We recently found that genistein, a plant-derived natural compound, is a novel cAMP signaling agonist in pancreatic beta-cells. In the present study, we further show that exposure of clonal insulin secreting (INS-1E) cells to genistein for 48 h enhanced glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS), whereas insulin content was not altered, suggesting that genistein-enhanced GSIS is not due to a modulation of insulin synthesis. This genistein effect is protein tyrosine kinase- and K(ATP) channel-independent. In addition, genistein had no effect on glucose transporter-2 expression or cellular ATP production, but similarly augmented pyruvate-stimulated insulin secretion in INS-1E cells, indicating that the improvement of insulin secretory function by long-term genistein exposure is not related to an alternation in glucose uptake or the glycolytic pathway. The enhanced insulin secretion by genistein was associated with elevated intracellular Ca(2+) concentration and dependent on protein kinase A and new protein synthesis as this effect was completely blocked by N-[2-(p-Bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]-5-isoquinolinesulfonamide or cycloheximide. Similarly, 48 h of genistein exposure also enhanced GSIS in freshly isolated mouse and human pancreatic islets, suggesting a non-species-specific and biologically relevant effect. These findings provide evidence that genistein may be a novel bioactive compound that has an anti-diabetic effect by improving insulin secretion from pancreatic beta-cells.
On estimating the loss of quantification in PET due to finite detector resolution.

In positron emission computed tomography, images and reconstructed from projection data of the slice. Such projection data are inherently subject to bias owing to the detection of coincident annihilation photons with detectors of finite resolution. The influence of these unavoidable effects on reconstructed data is reviewed and a straight forward method is outlined for calculating the loss of quantification of small objects owing to finite detector resolution. A sample calculation using idealized point spread functions is presented.
Two patterns of LDL metabolism in normotriglyceridemic patients with hypoalphalipoproteinemia

The objective of this study was to determine whether normotriglyceridemic patients with low levels of high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol have concomitant defects in the metabolism of low density lipoproteins (LDLs). To address this question, measurements of turnover rates of apolipoprotein A-I (apo A-I) and LDL apolipoprotein B (apo B) were made in 36 middle-aged men with low HDL cholesterol (< 40 mg/dL), normal triglyceride (< 250 mg/dL), and normal total cholesterol (< or = 90th percentile) levels. Similar measurements were made in eight hypertriglyceridemic men having low HDL levels. For control, turnover rates of LDL apo B were measured in 24 healthy, normolipidemic men, and apo A-I kinetics were determined in 20 other healthy men with normal HDL cholesterol levels. In all patients with low HDL levels, fractional catabolic rates (FCRs) for apo A-I were increased compared with control subjects; in contrast, input rates for apo A-I in low-HDL patients were similar to control. Hypertriglyceridemic patients had significantly higher FCRs for LDL (0.463 +/- 0.040 pool/day, [mean +/- SEM]) than control subjects (0.328 +/- 0.008 pool/day, p < 0.001). In normolipidemic patients having low HDL, a bimodal pattern of LDL-apo B kinetics was observed. For 23 low-HDL patients, FCRs for LDL apo B averaged 0.450 +/- 0.017 pool/day and were significantly higher than control values. Additionally, in these patients, levels of very low density lipoprotein plus intermediate density lipoprotein (VLDL+IDL) cholesterol and VLDL+IDL apo B were higher than in control subjects (54 +/- 3 versus 32 +/- 3 mg/dL and 25 +/- 2 versus 18 +/- 1 mg/dL, respectively). The remaining 13 low-HDL patients had lower and essentially normal FCRs for LDL (0.300 +/- 0.009 pool/day); these patients also had relatively low levels of cholesterol and apo B in VLDL+IDL. Thus, two patterns of LDL kinetics were present in normotriglyceridemic patients with low HDL levels. One pattern was indistinguishable from that typically present in patients with hypertriglyceridemia, whereas the other was similar to normal control subjects. These two patterns of LDL-apo B kinetics may reflect different mechanisms for the causation of low HDL cholesterol concentrations.
Adiabatic water absorption properties of an aqueous absorbent at very low pressures in a spray absorber

Abstract In this paper, spray absorber in absorption chillers, a new technique is proposed. This concept of atomization increases the heat and mass transfer rates due to the increases of the expose area of the brine solution compared to falling film technique used in the conventional absorber. Results presented in this paper show the great enhancement of water absorption property by having a pressure atomization. The experimental set up was included a single nozzle adiabatic spray chamber operating at the design pressure, a solution circulating and tempering system, a Laser measurement system to measure the size and the velocity of the droplets, and data acquisition and control system. Based on a first principle “Newman model”, an analytical model was developed to predict the enhance transfer rates. These analytical results were compared with the experimental results that showed good agreement. The experiments were conducted by varying the differential pressure across the nozzle and the liquid desiccant flow rate. The dimensionless viscosity ratio, k , of this disperse/continuous phase flow was around 1300. The nozzles tested were able to produce the expected drop sizes and mean drop velocities. The droplet Reynolds number and Peclet number varied from 10 to 1500 and 0.005 to 0.5, respectively.
Evaluation of newer techniques for the diagnosis of venous thrombosis.

Thirty-two extremities in 30 patients with various venous disorders were comparatively studied by clinical examination, impedence phlebography, Doppler examination, and 99Tc isotopic venography for the presence of venous thrombosis. The only technique in this study that was statistically significant was 99MTc isotopic venography. A review of the literature in regard to the experience of others using various diagnostic techniques was made, and the results are presented and discussed.
Magnetic materials in ultrahigh temperature electronic transformers

Equipment and components to be used in modern aircraft and missiles must be capable of operating at extremely high temperatures. Experimental work has been performed to determine quantitatively the effects of temperature on magnetic materials, in order to obtain data which will be valuable in the design of plate and filament transformers and reactors.
Mobility of Ions in a System of Interacting Bose Particles

The transport property of an ion in a dilute Bose-Einstein gas subject to an external electric field is investigated by means of the Boltzmann equation. The interaction Hamiltonian which describes the ion-phonon scattering processes is obtained by the use of the Bogoliubov transformation and the cross section for the scattering of the ion by phonons is calculated. The solution of the Boltzmann equation is obtained by applying a variation principle and the temperature dependence of the ion mobility is shown to be ${T}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$ at very low temperatures. A comparison of the results with the experimental data in liquid helium and the Khalatnikov and Zharkov theory is given and also the ion mobility in a Fermi system is briefly discussed.
Essay and Reflection: The Munich Crisis Revisited

(1989). Essay and Reflection: The Munich Crisis Revisited. The International History Review: Vol. 11, No. 4, pp. 668-688.
Granular contact force density of states and entropy in a modified Edwards ensemble.

A method has been found to analyze Edwards' granular contact force probability functional for a special case. As a result, the granular contact force probability density functions are obtained from first principles for this case. The results are in excellent agreement with the experimental and simulation data. The derivation assumes Edwards' flat measure---a density of states (DOS) that is uniform within the metastable regions of phase space. The enabling assumption, supported by physical arguments and empirical evidence, is that correlating information is not significantly recursive through loops in the packing. Maximizing a state-counting entropy results in a transport equation that can be solved numerically. For the present this has been done using the ``mean-structure approximation,'' projecting the DOS across all angular coordinates to more clearly identify its predominant nonuniformities. These features are (1) the grain factor related to grain stability and strong correlation between the contact forces on the same grain and (2) the structure factor related to Newton's third law and strong correlation between neighboring grains.
Duplex-duplex interactions catalyzed by recA protein allow strand exchanges to pass double-strand breaks in DNA

Using gapped circular DNA and homologous duplex DNA cut with restriction nucleases, we show that E. coli RecA protein promotes strand exchanges past double-strand breaks. The products of strand exchange are heteroduplex DNA molecules that contain nicks, which can be sealed by DNA ligase, thereby effecting the repair of double-strand breaks in vitro. These results show that RecA protein can promote pairing interactions between homologous DNA molecules at regions where both are duplex. Moreover, pairing leads to strand exchanges and the formation of heteroduplex DNA. In contrast, strand exchanges are unable to pass a double-strand break in the gapped substrate. This apparent paradox is discussed in terms of a model for RecA-DNA interactions in which we propose that each RecA monomer contains two nonequivalent DNA-binding sites.