cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Simplified Model for the Etch Rate of Novolac-Based Photoresist

The novolac-based resins used as positive-tone photoresists are frequently etched in an oxygen plasma. It is desirable to have a predictive model of the photoresist etch rate but, for process improvement, control, and analysis, the development of a rigorous mechanistic model is impractical. Instead, a simplified mechanistic model is derived, here, according to the method proposed by Hougen and Watson for the study of fluid–solid interactions. This model derivation method is employed in order to arrive at a functional form that represents chemical etching of the resist by oxygen radicals, assisted by the plasma ion flux. Values for model parameters are determined from process data by nonlinear regression. The quality of the model fit to the data is tested statistically.
Summary by Chapters

Epidemiology is concerned with the occurrence, cause, and course of disease within populations, and the discovery of factors which tend to precipitate or prevent its appearance. Basic to this study is the definition of the disease, which is a necessary prerequisite to the determination of its frequency. The principal methods to ascertain the latter are the calculation of prevalence and incidence rates, and, for some disorders, mortality rates. The prevalence (rate) of a disease is the number of cases per unit population present at one time, and the incidence and mortality rates refer to the number of new cases or the number of deaths per unit population taking place in a given period, usually one year.
Review of the book Nomadland: surviving America in the twenty-first century

Traveling over 15,000 miles in a three year period, the journalist Jessica Bruder takes the reader inside the partially hidden world of vankamping – an escape from the oppressive expectations of mi...
Complementary Role of CD4+ T Cells in Response to Pneumococcal Polysaccharide Vaccines in Humans

Bacterial pathogens expressing capsular polysaccharides are common causes of mucosal infections (pneumonia, intestinal), as well as often fatal, invasive infections (meningitis, bloodstream infections) in children and adults worldwide. These chemically simple but structurally complex carbohydrate structures on the bacterial surface confer resistance to recognition and clearance by the immune system through a range of mechanisms. Such recognition of capsular polysaccharides may be reduced by their limited ability to directly stimulate B cells and the T cells that may facilitate these humoral responses. The capsules may promote the evasion of complement deposition and activation and may sterically shield the recognition of other subjacent protein antigens by innate factors. Antibodies to capsular polysaccharides, elicited by infection and vaccines, may overcome these obstacles and facilitate bacterial agglutination at mucosal surfaces, as well as the opsonization and clearance of these organisms in tissues and the systemic compartment. However, the immunogenicity of these antigens may be limited by their lack of direct recognition by T cells (“T-independent” antigens) and their restricted ability to generate effective memory responses. In this review, we consider the mechanisms by which polysaccharides may initiate B cell responses and specific antibody responses and the role of T cells, particularly CD4+ follicular helper (TFH) cells to support this process. In addition, we also consider more recent counterintuitive data that capsular polysaccharides themselves may bind major histocompatibility antigen HLA class II to provide a more physiologic mechanism of T cell enhancement of B cell responses to capsular polysaccharides. Defining the contributions of T cells in the generation of effective humoral responses to the capsular polysaccharides will have important implications for understanding and translating this immunobiology for the development of more effective vaccines, to prevent the morbidity and mortality associated with these common mucosal and invasive pathogens in populations at risk.
Self-assembly with fluorescence readout in a free base dipyrrin–polymer triggered by metal ion binding in aqueous solution

A hydrophobic dipyrrin has been attached to a heterotelechelic amphiphilic random copolymer as part of a single-polymer–single-cargo strategy. The polymer–dipyrrin (“Pod-dipyrrin”) exhibits an extended conformation in the organic solvent N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) but in aqueous solution forms a unimeric nanoparticle (i.e., a foldamer) as indicated by dynamic light-scattering (DLS) data (hydrodynamic diameter Dh = 140 nm versus 15 nm in the two solvents, respectively). Treatment of the Pod-dipyrrin with Zn(II) in aqueous solution causes formation of a bis(Pod-dipyrrinato)Zn(II) complex as evidenced by a (1) slight change in absorption spectrum, (2) ∼50-fold increase in fluorescence quantum yield (Φf from 0.0035 to 0.17), and (3) profound increase in Dh (from 15 nm to 260 nm). The Dh value for the bis(Pod-dipyrrinato)Zn(II) complex is only slightly smaller in water (260 nm) than in DMF (310 nm), where a more extended conformation is expected. The increase in fluorescence of the bis(Pod-dipyrrinato)Zn(II) complex is readily observed by visual inspection (i.e., naked-eye readout). The conversion of a compact folded unimer (15 nm) to a more extended dimer (260 nm) triggered by metal ion addition denotes a conformationally malleable, environmentally sensitive molecular architecture. The self-assembly process can be reversed upon treatment with a metal-ion sequestering agent such as EDTA. The facile synthesis of a fluorogenic architecture that undergoes profound spontaneous change in molecular morphology upon binding an exogenous agent in water under physiological conditions may open a number of opportunities for sensory-mechanical studies in the life sciences.
Transoral Tubed Supraglottoplasty: A New Minimally Invasive Procedure for Aspiration:

Objectives:We describe a new procedure for aspiration called tubed supraglottoplasty (TS). TS is a transoral procedure that approximates the aryepiglottic (AE) folds and arytenoids. This narrows th...
Handbook of energy efficiency and renewable energy

Global energy system / D. Yogi Goswami, Frank Kreith -- Energy policy -- Economics methods / Rosalie Ruegg, Walter Short -- Environmental impacts and costs of energy / Ari Rabl, Joseph V. Spadaro -- Distributed generation and demand-side management -- Generation technologies through the year 2025 -- Outlook for U.S. energy consumption and prices in the midterm / Andy S. Kydes -- Transportation systems / Beth Isler -- Infrastructure risk analysis and security -- Electrical energy management in buildings / Craig B. Smith, Kelly E. Parmenter -- Heating, ventilating, and air conditioning control systems / Jan F. Kreider, David E. Claridge, Charles H. Culp -- Energy efficient technologies -- Compact heat exchangers : recuperators and regenerators / Ramesh K. Shah -- Industrial energy efficiency and energy management / Craig B. Smith, Barney L. Capehart, Wesley M. Rohrer Jr. -- Process energy efficiency : pinch technology -- Energy audits for buildings / Moncef Krarti -- Cogeneration / W. Dan Turner -- Energy storage, transmission, and distribution -- Availability of renewable resources -- Solar thermal energy conversion -- Concentrating solar thermal power / Manuel Romero-Alvarez, Eduardo Zarza -- Wind energy conversion / Dale E. Berg -- Photovoltaics fundamentals, technology, and application -- Waste-to-energy combustion / Charles O. Velzy, Leonard M. Grillo -- Biomass conversion processes for energy recovery -- Geothermal power generation / Kevin Kitz -- Hydrogen energy technologies / S.A. Sherif, F. Barbir, T.N. Veziroglu, M. Mahishi, S.S. Srinivasan -- Fuel cells / Xianguo Li -- Appendices / Nitin Goel.
Managing Forest Health through Collaboration on the Allegheny High Unglaciated Plateau

Forests in the High Allegheny Unglaciated Plateau Subsection of Pennsylvania and New York, including the Allegheny National Forest, have been increasingly impacted by an array of native and introduced forest insects, pathogens, plants, and other disturbances for decades. An unbalanced age-class distribution, changing soil nutrient status, seedling establishment issues, droughts, and storm events also threaten forest health and structure. In 2017, the Allegheny National Forest convened a broad cross-section of forest stakeholders to collaboratively assess and prioritize these threats and develop effective strategies to address them. Relying on consensus and shared learning, the Allegheny Forest Health Collaborative assigned priorities and created working groups to address priority threats. This paper describes the collaboration and features a case study of followup, multilandowner work to assign treatment priorities to affected stands and develop silvicultural strategies for stands with poor and decreasing seed source.
Photosynthetic Profiles of Green, Purple, and Spotted-Leaf Morphotypes of Tipularia discolor (Orchidaceae)

Three morphotypes of Tipularia discolor (Cranefly Orchid) occur sympatrically in the piedmont of North Carolina, producing leaves with upper (adaxial) surfaces that are either green, purple, or green with purple spots; all leaves exhibit bright purple lower (abaxial) surfaces. The basis for differences in coloration between individuals in this species is unknown. Because leaf purpling is often a sign of physiological stress, we hypothesized that adaxially purple and/or spotted individuals would exhibit reduced photosynthetic capacity compared to adaxially green individuals, and that adaxially purple tissues would exhibit symptoms of shade acclimation relative to adaxially green tissues (consistent with a photoprotective function of anthocyanin pigments). We made the following measurements on samples of the 3 morphotypes: photosynthetic response to light and intercellular CO2, monthly photosynthetic gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence, and quantification of foliar pigments (chlorophylls, xanthophylls, and anthocyanins). Inconsistent with both hypotheses, the 3 morphotypes did not differ in any of the parameters measured, except anthocyanin content. Furthermore, corms continued to produce leaves with the same pigment patterns in subsequent years, even when sunlight, fertilizer, and water were controlled for in a greenhouse setting. We conclude that leaf purpling and spotting in Cranefly Orchid are most likely not related to physiological stress, and are more likely genetic in nature, perhaps representing alternative phenotypic adaptations related to herbivory defense.
An RNA-Directed Gene Editing Strategy for Attenuating the Infectious Potential of Feline Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Cells: A Proof of Concept.

Modern antiretroviral therapy for immunodeficiency viruses, although remarkably effective in controlling viral transcription, and overt virus-associated morbidity, has failed to absolutely eradicate retroviruses from their infected hosts as a result of proviral integration in long-lived reservoir cells. Immunodeficiency virus-infected patients are therefore consigned to lifelong antiviral therapy as a means to control viremia, viral transmission, and infection-associated morbidity. Unfortunately, lifelong antiviral therapies can be difficult for patients to continuously maintain and may be associated with therapy-specific morbidities. Patient advocates have argued for new methods to achieve retroviral eradication. As a proof-of-concept study, a lentivirus-delivered RNA-directed gene editing strategy was utilized in a series of in vitro experiments in an attempt to attenuate the feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) proviral load, viral transcription, and production of infectious virions. We found that a feline T lymphocyte cell line (MCH5-4) treated with an FIV-specific clustered regularly interspersed short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-associated protein 9 (Cas9) gene editing tool resulted in a reduction of cell-free viral RNA relative to control cells. Decreased infectious potential was demonstrated in a two-step FIV infection study-naive MCH5-4 cells infected with cell-free FIV harvested from FIV-infected and CRISPR lentivirus-treated cells had less integrated proviral DNA than control cells. This study represents the initial steps towards the development of an effective method of proviral eradication in an immunodeficiency virus-infected host.
A New Method of Switching Loss Evaluation for GaN HEMTs in Half-Bridge Configuration

Gallium Nitride (GaN) devices have shown greater potential in high switching frequency operation due to its much lower switching loss compared to Silicon devices. However, the faster switching speed makes it more difficult for device dynamic characterization because it is more sensitive to the parasitic components in the circuit and it requires better testing equipment. Double Pulse Test (DPT) is commonly used to characterize device dynamic performance and proper device drain current probing method is a must for accurate switching loss measurement. However, for GaN devices designed to have loop inductance within sub-nH range, any coaxial shunt to measure drain current will insert enough parasitic inductance to influence switching performance and impact measurement results. In this paper, a novel and simple method is proposed to accurately evaluate switching loss without shunt resistor in series with GaN device in a half bridge configuration, which is a common building block in power electronics circuits. A 130 W GaN based buck converter prototype is built to verify the proposed method.
Direct Look at the Electric Field in Ketosteroid Isomerase and Its Variants

Enzymes catalyze a number of reactions with high efficiency and stereoselectivity. It is thought that strong, direct, and permanent electric fields within the active site of the enzyme contribute t...
THE ORAL MANIFESTATIONS OF MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDOSIS: A CASE REPORT

BACKGROUND Mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) is an inherited metabolic disorder characterized by disturbances in degradation of glycosaminoglycans due to an enzyme deficiency. The accumulation and deposition of glycosaminoglycans leads to a progressive, multi-organ disorder that can result in death in the second decade of life. Nevertheless, there are patients with milder forms who have a relatively normal life expectancy. Patients with MPS may present with a wide range of characteristic craniofacial malformations. CASE REPORT A 16-year-old female patient was referred for a radiology consultation for evaluation of unerupted teeth and malocclusion. The cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) scan revealed multiple permanent teeth that were impacted and ankylosed. There was no evidence of other craniofacial malformations. Family history revealed that 2 of the patient's siblings, including a twin, had similar findings. The patient's mother reported that as a child, she had several deciduous teeth extracted to aid with the eruption of the permanent teeth. The CBCT scan of one of the siblings revealed that multiple permanent and deciduous teeth were ankylosed. The radiologic findings of our patient did not correspond with the dental and chronologic age, which prompted a thorough exploration of the clinical and family history. It was revealed through family history that the patient had an underlying condition of MPS. DISCUSSION/CONCLUSIONS MPS and many other conditions can be distinguished by oral findings. It is thought to be appropriate to medically investigate MPS in patients presenting with multiple impacted teeth, which include kissing molars or rosette formation, because these findings have been linked. Understanding these characteristic oral manifestations along with appropriate diagnostic work-up can help clinicians arrive at a definitive diagnosis and help with early treatment intervention and prevention. It has been mentioned in the literature that receiving enzyme replacement therapy at an early age may lessen the craniofacial malformations.
NormVAE: Normative Modeling on Neuroimaging Data using Variational Autoencoders.

Normative modeling is an emerging method for understanding the heterogeneous biology underlying neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders at the level of the individual participant. Deep autoencoders have been implemented as normative models, where patient-level deviations are modelled as the squared difference between the actual and reconstructed input without any uncertainty estimates in the deviations. In this study, we assessed NormVAE, a novel normative modeling based variational autoencoder (VAE) which calculates subject-level normative abnormality maps (NAM) for quantifying uncertainty in the deviations. Our experiments on brain neuroimaging data of Alzheimer's Disease (AD) patients demonstrated that the NormVAE-generated patient-level abnormality maps exhibit increased sensitivity to disease staging compared to a baseline VAE, which generates deterministic subject-level deviations without any uncertainty estimates.
Bid Prediction for Multi-Robot Exploration with Disrupted Communications

Teams of autonomous mobile robots have potential to contribute to surveillance as well as search and rescue operations. Larger and more complex disaster scenarios with high operational tempo, such as when delay may mean further loss of life, may benefit from cooperative teams of many robots working together for efficient search operations. Unfortunately, these scenarios also exhibit communications disruptions which can limit the ability for distributed algorithms to coordinate the actions of a team of coordinating robots. This paper will present an approach to overcome these communications disruptions by predicting the bids of disconnected teammates in a distributed auction over a spatially partitioned set of exploration tasks.
The molecular characterization of mutations induced in Mutator lines at the Bronzel and Shrunken loci in maize

53 INTRODUCTION 54 MATERIALS AND METHODS 59 Maize Lines 59 DNA Isolation 59 DNA Probes 60 Southern Blot Hybridization 61 Fragment Size Determination 63 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 64 LITERATURE CITED 75 SECTION II: MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF shrunken MUTATIONS INDUCED IN MUTATOR LINES OF Zea mays L. 78 ABSTRACT 79 INTRODUCTION 80 MATERIALS AND METHODS 84 Plant Material 84 DNA Isolation and Southern Blot Hybridization 84 DNA Probes 94 Quantification of Mu Element Copy Number 97 RESULTS 99 All Mutator-induced shrunken Mutant Lines Contain Multiple Mul-like Elements 99 Molecular Lesions Associated with Mutatorinduced sh Mutant Alleles 104
Oral sodium phenylbutyrate therapy in homozygous beta thalassemia: a clinical trial

Butyrate analogues have been shown to increase fetal hemoglobin (HbF) production in vitro and in vivo. Sodium phenylbutyrate (SPB), an oral agent used to treat individuals with urea-cycle disorders, has been shown to increase HbF in nonanemic individuals and in individuals with sickle cell disease. We have treated eleven patients with homozygous beta thalassemia (three transfusion dependent) and one sickle-beta-thalassemia patient with 20 g/d (forty 500-mg tablets) of SPB for 41 to 460 days. All patients showed an increase in the percent of F reticulocytes associated with treatment, but only four patients responded by increasing their Hb levels by greater than 1 g/dL (mean increase, 2.1 g/dL; range, 1.2 to 2.8 g/dL). None of the transfusion-dependent thalassemia subjects responded. Increase in Hb was associated with an increase in red blood cell number (mean increase, 0.62 x 10(12)/L), and mean corpuscular volume (mean increase, 6 fL). Changes in percent HbF, absolute HbF levels, or alpha- to non-alpha-globin ratios as measured by levels of mRNA and globin protein in peripheral blood did not correlate with response to treatment. Response to treatment was not associated with the type of beta-globin mutation, but baseline erythropoietin levels of greater than 120 mU/mL was seen in all responders and only two of eight nonresponders to SPB. Compliance with treatment was greater than 90% as measured by pill counts. Side effects of the drug included weight gain and/or edema caused by increase salt load in 2/12, transient epigastric discomfort in 7/12, and abnormal body odor in 3/12 subjects. Two splenectomized patients who were not on prophylactic antibiotics developed sepsis while on treatment. We conclude that SPB increases Hb in some patients with thalassemia, but the precise mechanism of action is unknown.
Carnapian Inductive Logic for Markov Chains

Carnap’s Inductive Logic, like most philosophical discussions of induction, is designed for the case of independent trials. To take account of periodicities, and more generally of order, the account must be extended. From both a physical and a probabilistic point of view, the first and fundamental step is to extend Carnap’s inductive logic to the case of finite Markov chains. Kuipers (1988) and Martin (1967) suggest a natural way in which this can be done. The probabilistic character of Carnapian inductive logic(s) for Markov chains and their relationship to Carnap’s inductive logic(s) is discussed at various levels of Bayesian analysis.
Creative Activities for Group Therapy

Leading a group is a delicate balancing act of tasks and dynamic group and individual factors, and the group leader’s expertise and skill are fundamental to maintaining this balance. However, no matter how competent and well-prepared the group leader is, there can be situations that present challenges that are not easily addressed, defy conventional interventions, or call for a different approach. The material presented in this book is intended to give group leaders evidence-based creative and inspirational tools, techniques, intervention strategies, and the like to address these dilemmas and difficult situations. They can also enhance members’ growth and development, stimulate self-exploration, assist to soothe and calm, and deepen and broaden thoughts and feelings. The creative activities included were selected because they do not require specialized training, are easy to implement, do not follow a particular theoretical perspective, and can be effective for both the individual and group as a whole. The major categories of expressive processes presented are fairy tales; drawing; writing; imagery and mindfulness; music; movement, exercise, dance, drama, and role play; and collage, flats, and scrapbooks. Each chapter will focus on one of these activities and is designed so that they can be completed in one session. The closing chapters will present applications for member’s concerns, group level challenges, and case examples of group dilemmas and suggested activities to address them.
Growth and Fruit Production of Highbush Blueberry Fertilized with Ammonium Sulfate and Urea Applied by Fertigation or as Granular Fertilizer

Fertigation with liquid sources of nitrogen (N) fertilizers, including ammonium sulfate and urea, were compared with granular applications of the fertilizers in northern highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L. 'Bluecrop') during the first 5 years of fruit production (2008-12). The planting was established in Apr. 2006 at a field site located in western Oregon. The plants were grown on raised beds and mulched every 2 years with sawdust. Liquid fertilizers were injected through a drip system in equal weekly applications from mid-April to early August. Granular fertilizers were applied on each side of the plants, in three split applications from mid-April to mid-June, and washed into the soil using microsprinklers. Each fertilizer was applied at three N rates, which were increased each year as the plants matured (63 to 93, 133 to 187, and 200 to 280 kg·ha L1 N) and compared with non-fertilized treatments (0 kg·ha L1 N). Canopy cover, which was measured in 2008 only, and fresh pruning weight were greater with fertigation than with granular fertilizer and often increased with N rate when the plants were fertigated but decreased at the highest rate when granular fertilizer was applied. Yield also increased with N fertilizer and was 12% to40%greaterwithfertigationthanwithgranularfertilizereachyearaswellas17%greater with ammonium sulfate than with urea in 2011. The response of berry weight to the treatments was variable but decreased with higher N rates during the first 3 years of fruit production. Leaf N concentration was greater with fertigation in 4 of 5 years and averaged 1.68%withfertigationand1.61%withgranularfertilizer.Leaf Nwasalsooftengreaterwith ammonium sulfate than with urea and increased as more N was applied. Soil pH declined with increasing N rates and was lower with granular fertilizer than with fertigation during thefirst3yearsoffruitproductionandlowerwithammoniumsulfatethanwithureainevery year but 2010. Soil electrical conductivity (EC) was less than 1 dS·m L1 in each treatment but wasanaverageoftwotothreetimesgreaterwithgranularfertilizerthanwithfertigationand 1.4 to 1.8 times greater with ammonium sulfate than with urea. Overall, total yield averaged 32 to 63 t·ha L1 in each treatment over the first 5 years of fruit production and was greatest when plants were fertigated with ammonium sulfate or urea at rates of at least 63 to 93 kg·ha L1 N per year.
A Strategy To Eliminate Dethreading during the Preparation of Poly(ester/crown ether rotaxane)s: Use of Difunctional Blocking Groups

A novel strategy to completely eliminate dethreading of captured cyclics during the preparation of polyrotaxanes has been developed. A new difunctional blocking group (BG), namely bis(p-tert-butylphenyl)bis[p-((5-(chlorocarbonyl)pentyl)oxy)phenyl]methane (diacid chloride BG 14), was prepared in an overall yield of 63% by a three-step method. BG 14 polymerized with bis[p-((2-hydroxyethoxy)ethoxy)phenyl]bis(p-tert-butylphenyl)methane (diol BG 15) using 30-crown-10 (30C10) as solvent to afford poly(ester rotaxane)s 17 with unique architectures having two BGs per repeat unit. The formation of the polyrotaxanes was proved by a chemical shift of threaded 30C10 different from that of unthreaded species, hydrolytic recovery of 30C10, and a 2D NOESY study and supported by the GPC analysis. It was found that the resulting polyrotaxanes 17 had threading efficiencies (m/n values, average number of cyclic molecules per repeat unit) 2 times as high as those of poly(ester rotaxane)s 16 made under the same conditions fro...
How faulting keeps the crust strong

Deep drilling and induced seismicity experiments at several locations worldwide indicate that, in general, the brittle crust in intraplate regions is critically stressed, pore pressures are close to hydrostatic, and in situ bulk permeability is ∼10 −17 to 10 −16 m 2 . This high permeability, three or four orders of magnitude higher than that measured on core samples, appears to be maintained by critically stressed faults and greatly facilitates fluid movement through the brittle crust. We demonstrate that such high permeabilities can maintain approximately hydrostatic fluid pressures at depths comparable to the thickness of the seismogenic crust. This leads to the counterintuitive result that faulting keeps intraplate crust inherently strong by preventing pore pressures greater than hydrostatic from persisting at depth.
Development of Engine Bearing Solutions for New High Output Automotive Engines

With the development of advanced engine technologies, which includes direct injected, turbo-charged, variable valve timed, flex-fuel, hybrid start-stop cycles and a general downsizing of engine architectures, bearing surface areas have decreased and connecting rod loading has increased. As a result, modern bearings experience decreased oil film thickness, more frequent non-hydrodynamic lubrication periods and higher surface sliding speeds. Subsequently, bearing applications demand an increase in fatigue and scuffing resistance. In response to this, two new complementary material developments are documented: one a new aluminum based lining material, the other a polymeric surface layer. The new lining material, called A-650, was developed to have improved fatigue strength relative to existing Al engine bearing lining options. Results for rig testing of fatigue and seizure resistance properties are provided, along with engine test evaluations using multiple fuels. The polymeric surface layer, a polyamideimide based resin called IROX™, is intended as a durable surface coating providing exceptional wear and seizure resistance under high sliding speed and start-stop conditions. Furthermore, an increase of the specific load capacity is achieved with aluminum based substrates. A description of the material, with test results, is included.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
A Direct-to-Home TV Satellite System for 1970

A direct-to-home TV broadcasting satellite system for the upper UHF frequencies is feasible by 1970 with today's technology. Receiver installations provide pictures up to class II, depending on cost, which is estimated as not exceeding $75. Stabilization is two-step, with fine beam control achieved by a sequential lobing tracker whose error signals provide controlled warp of a long boom. A multi-port feed is carried on the boom (F/D = 0.44). Thermal control is conductive, and the power amplifier consists of four highly derated tubes working into a three-bridge diplexer. High-efficiency techniques include pulse modulation for sync only and a unique high voltage solar array design. The antenna is a ribbed unfurlable array with less than 0.3 db maximum gain loss at 800 mc, capable of receiving from any point in the U. S. while the transmitting beam axis is directed to any other.
Comparison of randomly cloned and whole genomic DNA probes for the detection of Porphyromonas gingivalis and Bacteroides forsythus

Porphyromonas gingivalis and Bacteroides forsythus are considered to be pathogens in adult periodontitis (1, 2). However, the detection of these bacteria by conventional culturing methods is usually time consuming and technically difficult due to the fastidious nature of these bacteria. The use of specific DNA sequences as probes can be a rapid means of detecting a particular bacterial species. Radiolabeled or non-isotopically labeled whole genomic probes have been used by a number of investigators to detect P. gingivalis and B. forsythus (3–9). One problem related to the use of whole genomic probes has been the cross-hybridization of genetically unrelated species which may share many chromosomal sequences with the target species. To be useful in identifying and quantifying a given bacterial species in a mixed population, it is essential that the DNA probe be species specific. Whole genomic DNA probes work well when pure cultures are analyzed under conditions where cell concentration and hybridization are carefully controlled. However, false-positive signals may result when whole genomic probes are used to analyze subgingival plaque samples directly (22). Another potential problem in using whole genomic probes is the presence of plasmid sequences that might be related to other bacterial species. If the plasmid is integrated into the chromosome, it could cause unwanted hybridization (10). Cloning of specific chromosomal DNA fragments is another approach for making DNA probes (11–15). Randomly cloned probes are obtained by cleaving the chromosomal DNA into smaller fragments with restriction endonucleases and inserting these fragments into a cloning vector. Randomly cloned probes have been used for the identification of Bacteroides sp. such as B. thetaiotaomicron 11) and B. fragilis 12) and have been developed for the identification of oral bacteria such as Peptostreptococcus micros 13) and the spirochetes T. denticola, T. socranskii, T. vincentii and T. pectinovorum 14). Randomly cloned fragments from A. actinomycetemcomitans have also been used for studying the epidemiology of this bacterium in localized juvenile periodontitis (15). Although whole genomic probes have been used in a number of studies to detect P. gingivalis and B. forsythus, non-specific hybridization to other species requires the development of more specific probes for these two microorganisms. The objective of this study was to compare the specificity and sensitivity between cloned and whole genomic probes for the detection of P. gingivalis and B. forsythus.
Pelvic pain and surgeries in women before interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome

Objective The objective of the study was to compare subjects with interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome (IC/PBS) with controls on prior surgeries. Study Design IC/PBS subjects were compared with matched controls on surgeries and possible surgical indications prior to their index dates. Results Adjusted for demographic variables, logistic regression showed subjects exceeded controls in surgeries longer than 12 months and less than 1 month before the index date. However, addition of possible surgical indications showed chronic pelvic pain (CPP) to have a strong association with IC/PBS, whereas associations with surgeries were reduced to nonsignificance. Conclusion Although women with IC/PBS were more likely to have experienced prior surgeries than controls, the apparent indications for surgeries, not the surgeries themselves, were stronger risk factors for IC/PBS. In particular, a prior history of CPP had a strong association with IC/PBS. Several features of study design, including extensive medical record review, suggest that prior CPP was not undiagnosed IC/PBS. Further investigation of CPP may yield insight into the pathogenesis of IC/PBS.
Converting local spectral and spatial information from a priori classifiers into contextual knowledge for impervious surface classification

Abstract A classification model was demonstrated that explored spectral and spatial contextual information from previously classified neighbors to improve classification of remaining unclassified pixels. The classification was composed by two major steps, the a priori and the a posteriori classifications. The a priori algorithm classified the less difficult image portion. The a posteriori classifier operated on the more challenging image parts and strived to enhance accuracy by converting classified information from the a priori process into specific knowledge. The novelty of this work relies on the substitution of image-wide information with local spectral representations and spatial correlations, in essence classifying each pixel using exclusively neighboring behavior. Furthermore, the a posteriori classifier is a simple and intuitive algorithm, adjusted to perform in a localized setting for the task requirements. A 2001 and a 2006 Landsat scene from Central New York were used to assess the performance on an impervious classification task. The proposed method was compared with a back propagation neural network. Kappa statistic values in the corresponding applicable datasets increased from 18.67 to 24.05 for the 2006 scene, and from 22.92 to 35.76 for the 2001 scene classification, mostly correcting misclassifications between impervious and soil pixels. This finding suggests that simple classifiers have the ability to surpass complex classifiers through incorporation of partial results and an elegant multi-process framework.
Vesicular monoamine transporter 2 and dopamine transporter are molecular targets of Pitx3 in the ventral midbrain dopamine neurons

Midbrain dopamine (mDA) neurons play critical roles in the regulation of voluntary movement and their dysfunction is associated with Parkinson's disease. Pitx3 has been implicated in the proper development of mDA neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta, which are selectively lost in Parkinson's disease. However, the basic mechanisms underlying its role in mDA neuron development and/or survival are poorly understood. Toward this goal, we sought to identify downstream target genes of Pitx3 by comparing gene expression profiles in mDA neurons of wild-type and Pitx3-deficient aphakia mice. This global gene expression analysis revealed many potential target genes of Pitx3; in particular, the expression of vesicular monoamine transporter 2 and dopamine transporter, responsible for dopamine storage and reuptake, respectively, is greatly reduced in mDA neurons by Pitx3 ablation. In addition, gain-of-function analyses and chromatin immunoprecipitation strongly indicate that Pitx3 may directly activate transcription of vesicular monoamine transporter 2 and dopamine transporter genes, critically contributing to neurotransmission and/or survival of mDA neurons. As the two genes have been known to be regulated by Nurr1, another key dopaminergic transcription factor, we propose that Pitx3 and Nurr1 may coordinately regulate mDA specification and survival, at least in part, through a merging and overlapping downstream pathway.
Choroidal volume variations with age, axial length, and sex in healthy subjects: a three-dimensional analysis.

mean choroidal volume was 0.2280.077 mm 3 for the center ring and 7.3742.181 mm 3 for the total ETDRS grid. The nasal quadrant showed the lowest choroidal volume, and the superior quadrant showed the highest choroidal volume. The temporal and inferior quadrants did not show different choroidal volume values. Choroidal volume in all the EDTRS rings was significantly correlated with axial length after adjustment for age (P 0.0001), age after adjustment for axial length (P 0.0001), and sex after adjustment for axial length (P 0.05). Choroidal volume decreases by 0.54 mm 3 (7.32%) for every decade and by 0.56 mm 3 (7.59%) for every millimeter of axial length. Male subjects have a 7.37% greater choroidal volume compared with that of female subjects. Conclusions: Enhanced depth imaging SD-OCT is a noninvasive and well-tolerated procedure with an excellent ability to visualize 3-dimensional topography of the choroid and to measure choroidal volume at the posterior pole using manual segmentation. Age and axial length are inversely correlated with choroidal volume, most likely leading to changes in retinal metabolic support in elderly, highly myopic patients. Sexual differences should be considered when interpreting an EDI SD-OCT scan of the choroid. Financial Disclosure(s): The author(s) have no proprietary or commercial interest in any materials discussed in this article. Ophthalmology 2012;119:2572–2578 © 2012 by the American Academy of Ophthalmology.
System level modeling of a transcritical vapor compression system for bistability analysis

This study seeks to understand the multiplicity of stable solutions in a transcritical hot water heat pump as it has been observed in prototype units that two steady states exist (very efficient and inefficient). Reduced order dynamic modeling highlights the state-dependent heat transfer coefficient in the evaporator dynamics as a contributing cause to this bistable phenomena. Specifically, the bilinear nature of the controlled gas cooler and its coupling to the dynamic nonlinearity in the evaporator induces a system-wide bifurcation in the equilibrium conditions with regard to system efficiency. Model results are presented to illustrate this, along with steady-state and dynamic data to confirm the accuracy of the model. Finally, the bifurcation behavior is presented which is comparable to the behavior found in the experiment. The contribution of this paper is a presentation of a dynamic phenomena in a real world application that has previously been unpublished. In addition to this, this paper motivates a reason for this phenomena from first principles. This is a preliminary step to gaining control over unwanted dynamics in this application by either nonlinear control or component redesign.
Regulation of Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 Enhanceosome Formation by Apurinic/Apyrimidinic Endonuclease 1 in Hepatic Acute Phase Response

The signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (STAT3) is a latent IL-6 inducible transcription factor that mediates hepatic and vascular inflammation. In this study, we make the novel observation that STAT3 forms an inducible complex with the apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 (APE1)/redox effector factor-1 (APE1/Ref-1), an essential multifunctional protein in DNA base excision repair, and studied the role of APE1/Ref-1 in STAT3 function. Using a transfection-coimmunoprecipitation assay, we observed that APE1 selectively binds the NH(2)-terminal acetylation domain of STAT3. Ectopic expression of APE1 potentiated inducible STAT3 reporter activity, whereas knockdown of APE1 resulted in reduced IL-6-inducible acute-phase reactant protein expression (C-reactive protein and serum amyloid P) and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 expression. The mechanism for APE1 requirement in IL-6 signaling was indicated by reduced STAT3 DNA binding activity observed in response to small interfering RNA-mediated APE1 silencing. Consistent with these in vitro studies, we also observed that lipopolysaccharide-induced activation of acute-phase reactant protein expression is significantly abrogated in APE1 heterozygous mice compared with wild-type mice. IL-6 induces both STAT3 and APE1 to bind the suppressor of cytokine signaling-3 and gamma-fibrionogen promoters in their native chromatin environment. Moreover, we observed that APE1 knockdown destabilized formation of the STAT3-inducible enhanceosome on the endogenous gamma-fibrionogen promoter. Taken together, our study indicates that IL-6 induces a novel STAT3-APE1 complex, whose interaction is required for stable chromatin association in the IL-6-induced hepatic acute phase response.
Epitaxial intercalation of the Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu-O superconductor series

We have successfully intercalated epitaxial iodine spacers between BiO bilayers of the oxide superconductors ${\mathrm{Bi}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Sr}}_{2}$${\mathrm{CuO}}_{\mathit{x}}$ (Bi 2:2:0:1), ${\mathrm{Bi}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Sr}}_{2}$${\mathrm{CaCu}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{\mathit{x}}$ (Bi 2:2:1:2), and ${\mathrm{Bi}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Sr}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Ca}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{\mathit{x}}$ (Bi 2:2:2:3), thereby forming new c-axis-expanded stage-1 superconducting structures. Although the guest iodine layer expands each BiO bilayer by about 3.6 \AA{} for all three compounds, the materials remain bulk superconductors with transition temperatures ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$ as high as 100 K. The respective shifts in ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$ upon intercalation of the different materials allow examination of the superconductivity mechanism in terms of the role of interplanar and intraplanar Cu-O coupling.
Colony stimulating factor-1 is required to recruit macrophages into the mammary gland to facilitate mammary ductal outgrowth.

Mammary gland development initiates postnatally with the development of terminal end buds (TEBs) at the end of the rudimentary ducts. These grow out through the fat pad and bifurcate to lay down the rudimentary ductal tree. At the initiation of their development, TEBs recruit to their surrounding stroma a substantial population of macrophages. Using mice homozygous for a null mutation in the gene for the macrophage growth factor, colony stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1), that are severely depleted in macrophages, we demonstrated that CSF-1-regulated macrophages are required for normal branching morphogenesis in the mammary gland. However, these mice have a pleiotropic phenotype as a result of the generalized macrophage deficiency. To test that the effect of the mutation observed in the mammary gland was organ-autonomous, we developed a tetracycline-binary system whereby CSF-1 was specifically expressed in the mammary epithelium under the regulation of the MMTV-promoter. This restored mammary macrophage populations but not those in other tissues and corrected the branching morphogenesis defect. Inhibition of CSF-1 expression by tetracycline treatment for varying periods suggested that CSF-1-regulated macrophages are required throughout early mammary gland development. These data show that macrophages acting locally are required for branching morphogenesis of the mammary gland.
The magnetism of di-μ-N,N′-m-phenylenetetrakis(salicylideneiminato)dicopper(II)

Abstract The magnetic susceptibility of the dimer di-μ-N,N′-m-phenylenetetrakis(salicylideneiminato)dicopper(II) obey the Curie-Weiss law over the temperature range 2.7–290°K yielding μeff = 1.73 B. M. The electron paramagnetic resonance spectrum gives evidence for the triplet state as well as lines which apparently arise from transitions between the singlet ground state and the excited triplet state.
Design and quasi-equilibrium analysis of a distributed frequency-restoration controller for inverter-based microgrids

This paper discusses a proposed frequency-restoration controller which operates as an outer loop to frequency droop for voltage-source inverters. By quasi-equilibrium analysis, we show that the proposed controller is able to provide arbitrarily small steady-state frequency error while maintaing power sharing between inverters without need for communication or centralized control. We derive rate of convergence, discuss design considerations (including a fundamental trade-off that must be made in design), present a design procedure to meet a maximum frequency error requirement, and show simulation results verifying our analysis and design method. The proposed controller will allow flexible plug-and-play inverter-based networks to meet a specified maximum frequency error requirement.
Under use of necessary care among cancer survivors

Comorbid conditions are the major threat to life for many cancer survivors, yet little is known about the quality of the noncancer-related health care they receive. The authors analyzed the Medicare claims of 14,884 Medicare-eligible, 5-year colorectal carcinoma survivors who were diagnosed initially while they lived in a region monitored by the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program and compared them with matched controls who had no history of cancer drawn from the Medicare 5% sample. In both univariable and multivariable analyses, cancer survivorship was associated with an increased likelihood of not receiving recommended care across a broad range of chronic medical conditions (odds ratio, 1.19, 95% confidence interval, 1.12-1.27). For example, colorectal carcinoma survivors were less likely than controls to receive appropriate follow-up for heart failure, necessary diabetic care, or recommended preventive services. Having both primary care physicians and oncologists involved in follow-up appeared to ameliorate this effect significantly. African-American, poor, and elderly patients were less likely to receive necessary care in both groups. Whether it was due to patient factors, physician factors, or both, cancer survivors appear to be a vulnerable patient population, because their cancer diagnosis may shift attention away from important noncancer problems and providers. In addition, there may be lack of clarity around the relative roles primary care and specialist physicians will play in a survivor's care. Special attention and education are needed to ensure that survivors receive optimal medical services.
Identification of novel hypothalamic genes that are regulated by leptin and play a role in development of leptin-resistance and obesity

Identification of novel hypothalamic genes that are regulated by leptin and play a role in development of leptin-resistance and obesity