cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Energetic characterization of short helical polyalanine peptides in water: analysis of 13C=O chemical shift data.

Measured at 2 °C in water, NMR chemical shifts of 13CO labeled central alanine residues of peptides W-Lys5-tL3-Alan-tL3-Lys5NH2, n = 9, 11, 13, 15, 19 and W-Lys5-tL3-a-Alan-A-Inp-tL2-Lys5NH2 (a = d-Ala; tL = tert-leucine; Inp = 4-carboxypiperidine) are used to assign jtL and ctL, the N- and C-terminal tL capping parameters and length-dependent values for wAla(n), the alanine helical propensity for Alan peptides. These parameters allow Lifson−Roig characterization of the stabilities of Alan helices in water. To facilitate chemical shift characterization, different 13C/12C ratios are incorporated into specific Ala sites to code up to six residue sites per peptide. Large left/right chemical shift anisotropies are intrinsic to helical polyalanines, and a correcting L−R-based model is introduced. Capping parameters jtL = ctL lie in the range of 0.3 to 0.5; the tL residues are thus moderately helix-destabilizing. For helical conformations of lengths shorter than eight residues, assigned values for wAla approach...
The Golden Cage - Cubans in Miami

The experience of Cuban immigrants in Florida is examined. The authors suggest that the reported success of this immigrant community has been greatly exaggerated. The social and other problems they face are described and an assessment is made of their needs. (SUMMARY IN FRE AND SPA) (ANNOTATION)
Quantitative analysis of vascular response after mandibular fracture repair using microcomputed tomography with vessel perfusion.

Background—Poor healing after mandibular fracture (Mfx) repair can be a devastating morbidity with significant clinical consequences. Elucidating the vascular response after Mfx may help determine potential areas for therapeutic interventions for non-unions. We performed MicroComputed Tomography (μCT) imaging after vessel perfusion to ascertain objective measures of vascular networks. We hypothesize that despite the haversion based, highly cortical structure of the mandible, the vascular response after fracture healing will return to near normal levels soon after bony union, mirroring the results of endochondral, highly trabecular, long bones. Methods—Sprague-Dawley rats (n=12) underwent mandibular osteotomy, and a 2.1 mm fixed gap was set. Animals were sacrificed at 40 days post surgery, and perfused with Microfil. Specimens underwent μCT analysis for stereological vascular metrics. Data was compared to nonfractured controls (n=5). Confidence Intervals (95%) and the independent samples t-test (p ≤ 0.05) were used to determine statistical differences. Results—Quantitative measures for Mfx vs. Control revealed similarities in the following vascular metrics: Vessel Volume Fraction (0.028 vs. 0.032, CI = -0.027, 0.0169); Vessel Number (0.497 mm -1 vs. 0.472 mm -1 , CI = -0.884, 0.975); Vessel Thickness (0.052 mm vs. 0.067 mm, CI = -0.037, 0.008) and Vessel Separation (2.344 mm vs. 2.081 mm, CI = -0.752, 1.278). Conclusions—To our knowledge this is the first study utilizing μCT after perfusion to analyze vascular response following Mfx. Our findings establish quantitative similarities and qualitative
On the effectiveness of API-level access control using bytecode rewriting in Android

Bytecode rewriting on Android applications has been widely adopted to implement fine-grained access control. It endows more flexibility and convenience without modifying the Android platform. Bytecode rewriting uses static analysis to identify the usage of security-sensitive API methods, before it instruments the bytecode to control the access to these API calls. Due to the significance of this technique, the effectiveness of its performance in providing fine-grained access control is crucial. We have provided a systematic evaluation to assess the effectiveness of API-level access control using bytecode rewriting on Android Operating System. In our evaluation, we have identified a number of potential attacks targeted at incomplete implementations of bytecode rewriting on Android OS, which can be applied to bypass access control imposed by bytecode rewriter. These attacks can either bypass the API-level access control or make such access control difficult to implement, exposing weak links in the bytecode rewriting process. Recommendations on engineering secure bytecode rewriting tools are presented based on the identified attacks. This work is the first systematic study on the effectiveness of using bytecode rewriting for API-level access control.
An Early Swanscombe Skull

IN all accounts and discussions which I have seen of the important fossil cranial remains found at Swanscombe in June 1935 and March 1936, there is no mention of an earlier discovery of more complete human skeletal remains made in the same locality some time prior to 1913. A few hours before this present note was written, I stumbled across the reference to this earlier Swanscombe skull. This reference is contained in a footnote to an article written by Dr. W. L. H. Duckworth1.
Single crystal growth by the horizontal levitation zone melting method

Abstract The method used to prepare large single crystals of some rare earth metals and intermetallic compounds is described. A levitated molten zone is passed along a rod shaped sample which is contained in a cold crucible in the horizontal position. The high frequency power system used to both create and levitate the molten zone is also described. The conditions required to grow crystals larger than one cubic centimeter of both incongruwnt and congruent melting compounds are given. The quality and some pertinent property values of the crystals as determined by X-ray and metallographic methods are included.
Carmichael Numbers with a Square Totient

Let denote the Euler function. In this paper, we show that for all large there are more than Carmichael numbers with the property that is a perfect square. We also obtain similar results for higher powers.
Basic assumptions in the Virginia ratification debates: Patrick Henry vs. James Madison on the nature of man and reason

This study examines the assumptions about the nature of man and the role of reason that were reflected in the speeches of Patrick Henry and James Madison in the Virginia Ratification Convention on the Federal Constitution. These assumptions constitute a portion of what was philosophically and rhetorically at issue between the Antifederalist and Federalist leaders and offer a possible explanation for the voting behavior in the Convention.
Materials Science Leaching of Unpolymerized Materials from Orthodontic Bonding Resin

The unpolymerized material extracted from cured orthodontic bonding resin was analyzed by UV spectrophotometry. Under certain conditions, substantial amounts of the material (approximately 14%) were leached from bracketed teeth. The possible carcinogenicity of these unpolymerized materials is discussed.
Perceived Risk of Punishment and Self-Reported Delinquency

Using data from a survey of students in six Arizona high schools, this paper examines the relation between perceived risk of punishment and selfreported delinquency. Consistent with the deterrence doctrine, the relation is inverse regardless of the location of the schools (metropolitan or small town), type of delinquency, or the kind of measure of perceived risk. However, measures of perceived personal risk (the individual's perception of his or her own risk) provide more consistent support for the deterrence doctrine than measures of perceived aggregate risk (perception of the risk for all juveniles in the same community). Moreover, personal risk is inversely related to delinquency even when social condemnation of delinquent offenses, attachment to conventional persons, and several status characteristics (e.g., age, sex) of the students are taken into account.
Production Lot-Sizing Under Learning Effects: An Efficient Solution Technique

Abstract In this paper, we consider a production-inventory model which assumes that learning occurs as a function of the number of units produced. We analyze two cases: the first case allows for no forgetting between production runs and the second case (a generalization of the first case) allows for some given degree of forgetting between production runs. In the first case, we show that learning only has an impact on initial lot-sizes for large order quantities and that steady state lot-sizes will approach the traditional EOQ amount. In addition, we show that succeeding lot-sizes are always nonincreasing. Applying these results to the second case when forgetting occurs, we develop efficient heuristic algorithms with complexity O(N logN) to determine order quantities. Results from our algorithms are compared to optimal solutions; these comparisons indicate that our algorithms usually provide solutions within one percent of the optimal cost.
An Inelastic Nuclear Resonant Scattering Study of Partial Entropies of Ordered and Disordered Fe3Al

Inelastic nuclear resonant scattering spectra were measured on alloys of Fe{sub 3}Al that were chemically disordered, partially-ordered, and DO{sub 3}-ordered. The phonon partial DOS for {sup 57}Fe atoms were extracted from these data, and the change upon disordering in the partial vibrational entropy of Fe atoms was obtained. By comparison to previous calorimetry measurements, it is shown that the contribution of the Fe atoms to the vibrational entropy is a factor of 10 smaller than that of the Al atoms. With the assistance of Born - von Karman model calculations on the ordered alloy, it is shown that differences in the vibrational entropy originate primarily with changes in the optical modes upon disordering. The phonon DOS of {sup 57}Fe was found to change systematically with chemical short range order in the alloy. It is argued that changes in the vibrational entropy originate primarily with changes in the chemical short-range order in the alloy, as opposed to long-range order.
Complication of Bowel Perforation During Insertion of Tension-Free Vaginal Tape

To the Editor. The authors deserve considerable credit for sharing their experience with a serious complication of tension-free vaginal tape (TVT). It has become apparent that even in skilled hands, especially in patients with previous pelvic surgery, serious complications can occur. The frequency of serious early and late complications of TVT, TVT knockoffs and pelvic reconstruction with synthetic material is unknown, as indicated in the accompanying editorial comments by Steers and Clemens. Steers mentions a Food and Drug Administration Web site and its deficiencies, and stresses the importance of monitoring all new techniques. Clemens recommends that preoperative imaging studies be considered for such patients to alter the surgical approach if bowel loops are present in the space of Retzius. This approach is problematic and expensive. For such patients, but not limited to these patients, the relatively new transobturator approach was developed by Delorme. 1 However, there are few reliable data available on this new approach,2 which brings us back to the point made by Steers about the importance of monitoring new techniques. To this end, a large group of Austrian pelvic surgeons created the TVT registry, which also includes TVT knockoffs and transobturator procedures.3 The registry reviews data such as operating time, type of anesthesia, bladder drainage, intraoperative complications, previous pelvic or incontinence surgery, length of time in the hospital and time until residual urine is less than 100 cc. There is no time like the present for the leaders of the various organizations of pelvic surgeons to create a voluntary independent TVT registry along the lines of the Austrian registry. The forms could reside in the hospital operating room and be forwarded to the registry site or headquarters. This practice would give a more accurate database concerning short-term complications of TVT and TVT knockoffs. Furthermore, if patients were given a confidential code, they could be surveyed periodically for late complications as well as clinical success or failure. Our patients would benefit and our understanding of the treatment of stress incontinence with new procedures would greatly increase.
Levels of lead in blood and bone of women giving birth in a Boston hospital.

Abstract Blood lead levels declined among Americans aged 1–74 y between the years 1976 and 1991 (National Health and Examination Survey [NHANES III]). In 1990, umbilical cord blood lead levels were surveyed among 223 women who gave birth in a Boston hospital obstetrical service. In a survey conducted 10 y earlier, women had a mean umbilical cord blood lead level of 6.56 μg/dl (standard deviation = 3.19). In another subgroup of 41 women who were 1–4 wk postpartum, bone lead levels were surveyed with a K-x-ray fluorescence instrument and by analysis of venous blood lead levels. In 1990, umbilical cord blood lead levels were very low (i.e., mean and median of 1.19 [standard deviation = 1.32] and 1.0 μg/dl, respectively). In the subgroup of postpartum women, lead levels in cortical bone (i.e., tibia) and trabecular bone (i.e., patella) were also low (i.e., tibia mean and median of 4.5 [standard deviation = 4.0] and 4 μg/g bone mineral, respectively; patella mean and median of 5.8 [standard deviation = 4.5] an...
A study of IEEE 802.11 standard for use in vehicle to infrastructure communication

In this paper, the IEEE 802.11 standard is assessed for vehicle-to-infrastructure communications for intelligent transportation systems. Specifically, a beaconing mechanism is considered for establishing connection between passing vehicles and roadside units for traffic monitoring, and the probability of successful data exchange between the vehicle and roadside unit is evaluated. The study considers varying beaconing interval duration and random vehicle speeds and presents an analytical evaluation of the probability of successful data exchange. To corroborate analytical results an ns3 simulator is also developed and the empirical values for the probability of successful data exchange are also obtained for comparison. Results indicate that the IEEE 802.11 standard with its beaconing mechanism can be successfully used for V2I communications.
Tomato golden mosaic virus A component DNA replicates autonomously in transgenic plants

Phenotypically normal petunia plants carrying chromosomal inserts of either the tomato golden mosaic virus (TGMV) A or the B component DNA, as single or tandem inserts, were obtained using an Agrobacterium tumefaciens Ti plasmid-based transformation system. Southern hybridization analysis revealed that the tandem, direct-repeat A plants contained free single and double stranded A component DNAs. No free B component DNA was detected in plants carrying tandem repeats of the B component. Progeny of self-fertilized plants appeared normal. In contrast, one-quarter of the progeny from tandem A by tandem B plant crosses showed chlorotic lesions on their leaves similar to virus symptoms. The significance of these results and the use of this method for the study of virus functions involved in TGMV replication and symptom production are discussed.
CuTa2O6 - crystal growth and characterization

The compound CuTa2O6 has been prepared as crystals from a Cu/O melt and found to be tetragonal (a = 7.510A, c = 7.526A) rather than cubic as reported in the literature. The coefficient of thermal expansion between room temperature and 1000°C was found to be 8.0 × 10−6°C−1. Electrical resistivity measurements on a crystal showed semiconductor behavior between room temperature (ϱ = 2 × 103 Ωcm) and 140°K (ϱ = 7 × 106 Ωcm) with an activation energy of EA = 0.2 eV. Magnetic measurements between 4.2°K and room temperature showed Curie-Weiss behavior with a change in μeff at 120°K. For T>120°K, μeff = 1.76μB and θp = 0°K while for T<120°K μeff = 1.91 μB and θp = −15°K.
TREATMENT OF MULTIPLY CONTROLLED DESTRUCTIVE BEHAVIOR WITH FOOD REINFORCEMENT

We evaluated the extent to which the positive reinforcement of communication would reduce multiply controlled destructive behavior in the absence of relevant extinction components. When edible reinforcement for appropriate communication and nonfood reinforcers for problem behavior were available simultaneously, responding was allocated almost exclusively toward the behavior that produced edible reinforcement.
Synthesis and study of peptides with semirigid i and i+7 side-chain bridges designed for α-helix stabilization

Abstract A search for conformational constraints on the peptide α-helical conformation indicated that para-substituted amino acid derivatives of a benzene ring might be suitable for linking pairs of side chains that are separated by two turns of the helix. A 14-residue synthetic, amphiphilic α-helical peptide model system has been used to study the helix stabilizing effects of a series of four such bridges having constitutionally isomeric structures. These bridges were used to link positions 3 and 10 of the model peptides. The peptides were synthesized in good yield by standard solid-phase methods, including cyclization on the solid support. They were then studied for their solution conformations and melting behavior by circular dichroism (CD) spectropolarimetry, and for their elution behavior on reversed-phase HPLC columns. In aqueous solution and in 50% (v/v) trifluoroethanol, the most effective bridge for helix stabilization consisted of a 4-(aminomethyl)phenylacetic acid residue (AMPA) linked by amide bonds to the side chain functional groups of a (S)-2,3-diaminopropionic acid residue (Dap) in position 3 of the model peptide and an aspartic acid residue in position 10. This Dap3(AMPA), Asp10 bridge was about as effective as two Lysi, Aspi+4 lactam bridges incorporated linking residues 3 and 7, and 10 and 14, in the same model peptide sequence. This suggests that it is worth about 1 kcal/mol of helix stabilization energy.
Comparison of Several Induced Molting Methods on Subsequent Performance of Single Comb White Leghorn Hens

Seventy-two-week-old Single Comb White Leghorn hens were induced to molt by 11 different methods 1) to determine the utility of molt-inducing procedures that employ full feeding, limited feeding, and fasting and 2) to determine the postmolt performance of hens induced to molt by fasting to varying degrees of body weight reduction (BWR) then fed postfast, prelay (PF-PL) diets varying in nutrient density. Induced molt treatments were full feeding of 10 and 15% guar meal diets to 30% BWR; limited feeding by withholding feed to 30% BWR, except for 6-hr feeding periods on every 3rd, 4th, and 5th recurring day; fasting to 25, 30, or 35% BWR then feeding either a pullet developer ration or a fortified molt ration (FR) for 21 days. Egg production, egg weight, shell quality, Haugh unit, feed consumption, and mortality were recorded for 33 weeks. Molt treatments produced few significant differences; nonmolted control hens had overall poor performance. Full feeding of the 15% guar meal diet caused a slow cessation and reinitiation of lay with acceptable lay performance. The 10% guar meal diet reduced livability. All recurring day, limited-feeding treatments conserved feed during the first 35 days of molt induction. The 3rd and 5th recurring day-feeding treatments were particularly effective and had acceptable lay performance and feed efficiency. Neither level of BWR nor type of PF-PL diet significantly affected postmolt performance. The 30% BWR-FR induced-molt method produced superior (but not significantly) postmolt lay performance.
DISCOVERY OF A STRUCTURALLY NOVEL OPIOID K-AGONIST DERIVED FROM 4,5-EPOXYMORPHINAN

A new type of K-agonist, 17-cyclopropylmethyl-3, 14β-dihydroxy-4, 5α-epoxy-6β-[N-methyl-trans-3-(3-furyl)acrylamido]morphinan hydrochloride (1, TRK-820), was discoverd by a new working hypothesis. The "message-address concept" for opioid antagonists and the "accessory site" for general antagonists were applied to design TRK-820. A unique structural feature of TRK-820, which is different from other prototypical K-opioid receptor agonists, is the existence of the 4, 5-epoxymorphinan structure with a tyrosine-glysine moiety for endogenous opioid peptides such as dynorphins. TRK-820 exhibited high potency and high K-selectivity in guinea pig ileum (GPI) and mouse vas deferens (MVD) preparations. In the mouse acetic-acid-induced writhing model and mouse tail flick model of antinociception, TRK-820 was 85-140 times more potent than morphine and 85-350 times more potent than U-50488H. This structurally novel K-agonist showed neither aversion nor preference in the Conditioned Place Preference test, in spite of the fact that prototypes of K-agonists (U-50488H derivatives) demonstrated aversion.
When Should Computers Talk: Using Multiple Resource Theory to Determine Whether to add Synthetic Speech to a User Interface

In an effort to maximize user performance and satisfaction, developers have added synthetic speech output to many computer interfaces. Using Multiple Resource Theory as the foundation, the purpose of this paper is to help determine under which conditions the addition of speech to an interface will be beneficial. Participants used a speech enhanced or control interface to complete a verbal and a spatial task. Results demonstrate that the simultaneous presentation of information via synthetic speech can be detrimental to performance on a verbal task and to user satisfaction. No performance or satisfaction differences were found for the spatial task. This paper concludes with design guidelines and suggestions for future research.
Nanophase Structure and Diffusion in Swollen Perfluorosulfonate Ionomer: An NMR Approach

Fluorine-19 NMR was used to study the structure and mobility of the perfluorosulfonate ionomer Nafion (Dupont trademark) in the presence of dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP). Fluorine- 19 resonances arising from the ionomeric side chain narrowed rapidly with increasing DMMP content while the resonances arising from the perfluoroethylene backbone units remained broad. The plasticization of the side chains indicates that the DMMP is primarily associated with this structural unit which forms its own nanophase in Nafion. To further characterize the morphological structure, fluorine-19 spin diffusion experiments between the side chain and backbone resonances were performed. At low DMMP content, swelling of the pendant group domain is observed while at higher concentrations an unusual change in the spin diffusion indicates the development of a new morphology consisting of larger domains associated with the pendant group plus DMMP. To augment information on this system, proton pulse field gradient experiments were performed as a function of concentration and temperature to obtain DMMP self-diffusion constants. In the same concentration range where morphological change occurred, there was a rapid rise in translational mobility of the DMMP. This reflects the influence of the new larger domains which allow longer range motion of DMMP with fewer obstructions from the backbone domains which are relatively impermeable to DMMP. A fraction of the smaller domains originally present in dry Nafion remain even at high levels of DMMP, indicating an inability of all of the Nafion to undergo the morphological transition to the larger domains.
Nonlinear aspects of capital market integration and real interest rate equalization

Abstract In contrast to standard linear regression tests, we consider two nonlinear approaches to evaluate the relationship between international real interest rates. The first, threshold autoregression (TAR) models, confirms the presence of nonlinearities in equilibrating responses to deviations from parity. A second segment of the analysis implements flexible nonparametric regressions and nonparametric versions of TAR models. These results also suggest that important nonlinearities may characterize real interest rate linkages and thus that standard tests, which assume linear relationships, may produce misleading inferences. Additionally, the nonparametric analyses, while generally consistent with the TAR results, imply more complex patterns of adjustment than can be captured with TAR methods.
Finding and estimating chemical property data for environmental assessment

The ability to predict the behavior of a chemical substance in a biological or environmental system largely depends on knowledge of the physicochemical properties and reactivity of that substance. We focus here on properties, with the objective of providing practical guidance for finding measured values and using estimation methods when necessary. Because currently available computer software often makes it more convenient to estimate than to retrieve measured values, we try to discourage irrational exuberance for these tools by including comprehensive lists of Internet and hard-copy data resources. Guidance for assessors is presented in the form of a process to obtain data that includes establishment of chemical identity, identification of data sources, assessment of accuracy and reliability, substructure searching for analogs when experimental data are unavailable, and estimation from chemical structure. Regarding property estimation, we cover estimation from close structural analogs in addition to broadly applicable methods requiring only the chemical structure. For the latter, we list and briefly discuss the most widely used methods. Concluding thoughts are offered concerning appropriate directions for future work on estimation methods, again with an emphasis on practical applications.
Testing the Robustness of the Progressive Phase Burnout Model for a Sample of Entrepreneurs

The robustness of the 8-phase model of burnout was tested by using the Revised Maslach Burnout Instrument (MBI) on a sample of entrepreneurs. The results are consistent with the model's proposition that mean scores on the subdomains of (a) depersonalization, (b) (lack of) personal accomplishment, and (c) emotional exhaustion, increase regularly and predictably as the-experienced level of burnout reported by respondents increases.
Hemophilus Influenzae Pericarditis Associated with Meningitis A Treatable Fatal Disease

An infant with Hemophilus influenzae meningitis and pericarditis was treated successfully with antibiotics and pericardiostomy. Review of the literature revealed 19 cases of Hemophilus in fluenzae pericarditis. Six cases were associated with meningitis.The importance of early diagnosis combined with surgical drainage of purulent pericarditis is stressed.
Pole and zero sensitivity calculation in asymptotic waveform evaluation

Asymptotic waveform evaluation (AWE) is a new method for approximating the behavior of linear(ized) circuits in either the time or the frequency domain in terms of a dominant pole/zero approximation. An efficient method for calculating the sensitivities of the poles and zeros found by AWE has been developed. Using the adjoint sensitivity method, it is possible to inexpensively compute the sensitivities of the poles and zeros with respect to all circuit parameters, as well as to suppressed circuit parasitics. The sensitivities of the approximate poles and zeros found by AWE show excellent correlation with those of the real circuit and provide useful information in both the time and the frequency domain. >
Understanding 'likers' on Facebook: differences between customer and non-customer situations

Social media has grown rapidly over the last decade. In particular, Facebook seems to be gaining ground among all age groups. One of the features that Facebook provides is the ability for consumers to indicate their associations through the 'like' feature. Companies are beginning to utilise that feature to develop relationships with consumers. This paper examines the inter-relationships among constructs such as identity, norm, involvement, and word-of-mouth behaviour in the context of the Facebook 'like' feature. Based upon a preliminary study and an electronic survey we develop and test a few propositions relating to customer and non-customer situations among likers. Several of our propositions are supported but there are some surprising findings as well. These have implications for managers who are attempting to persuade people to 'like' their companies/products.
Global Market Segmentation for Value-Added Agricultural Products

Global market segments for value-added agricultural products are identified using factor and cluster analysis. Twentysix variables, selected as potentially affecting trade and consumption of value-added agricultural products are first analyzed in factor analysis. The resulting factor scores are used in a cluster analysis of 119 countries. Results for 10 clusters are reported and discussed. Clusters with the most growth potential in the near future for value-added trade are identified along with clusters having less potential in the near future but having long-term potential. © 1995 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Sparse Array Construction using Marginal Fisher's Information

This paper presents a design algorithm for the effective construction of sparse sampling arrays. Using a form of Fisher's Information, the algorithm can thin a sampling array in an optimal manner, such that the resulting array pattern has a minimal total integrated sidelobe level. The samples from the resulting array can thus be used to provide spectral estimates with minimized mean-squared error. A particularly powerful aspect of this algorithm is its relative speed, as compared to more traditional construction algorithms such as genetic algorithms. The resulting co-arrays from this method likewise exhibit very low redundancy.
Complex Impact Response of a Beam and Rigid Body Structure to Harmonic Base Excitation

This paper investigates the forced response dynamics of a clamped-clamped beam to which a rigid body is attached, and in the presence of periodic or non-periodic impacts between the body and a comparatively compliant base structure. The assembly is subjected to base excitation at specified frequency and acceleration, and the potentially complex responses that occur are examined analytically. The two sets of natural frequencies and vibration modes of the beam-rigid body structure (in its in- contact state, and in its not-in-contact state), are used to treat the forced response problem through a series of algebraic mappings among those states. A modal analysis based on extended operators for the (continuous) beam and (discrete) rigid body establishes a piecewise linear state-to-state mapping for transition between the in-contact and not-in-contact conditions. The contact force, impulse, and displacement each exhibit complex response characteristics as a function of the excitation frequency. Periodic responses occurring at the excitation frequency, period-doubling bifurcations, grazing impacts, sub-harmonic regions, fractional harmonic resonances, and apparently chaotic responses each occur at various combinations of damping, excitation frequency, and contact stiffness. Parameter studies are discussed for structural asymmetry and eccentricity of contact point’s location.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Implications of Device Timing Variability on Full Chip Timing

As process technologies continue to scale, the magnitude of within-die device parameter variations is expected to increase and may lead to significant timing variability. This paper presents a quantitative evaluation of how low level device timing variations impact the timing at the functional block level. We evaluate two types of timing variations: random and systematic variations. The study introduces random and systematic timing variations to several functional blocks in Intelreg Coretrade Duo microprocessor design database and measures the resulting timing margins. The primary conclusion of this research is that as a result of combining two probability distributions (the distribution of the random variation and the distribution of path timing margins) functional block timing margins degrade non-linearly with increasing variability
Prediction of intrauterine fetal death in small-forgestational-age fetuses: impact of including ultrasound biometry in customized models

Objective Customized growth charts derived from maternal demographic characteristics alone have been shown to improve the prediction of pregnancy complications compared to population growth curves. We sought to estimate the impact of adding ultrasound biometric parameters to the customized chart for the prediction of intrauterine fetal death (IUFD). Methods A retrospective cohort study was undertaken using an ultrasound database including singleton pregnancies followed between 16 and 20 weeks' gestation. After exclusion of preterm births, congenital anomalies, multifetal pregnancies and stillbirths (excluded only from derivation samples), we identified 59 016 births, divided into derivation (34 832) and validation (24 184) samples. Coefficients for significant physiological and pathological variables affecting fetal growth were derived using backward stepwise multiple regression (Cust-chart). The same process was repeated including second-trimester biometric parameters: biparietal diameter, head circumference, femur length and abdominal circumference in the regression models (Cust-plus-USS-chart). The association between small-for-gestational age < 10th centile (SGA) pregnancies, defined using the two customized charts or our population-based growth chart (Pop-chart) and IUFD, were compared. Statistical analyses including OR, 95% CI and screening accuracy using each chart were performed. Results The derived coefficients for fetal growth are comparable to those of previously published series. Of 24 184 pregnancies in the validation sample, IUFD was seen in 169 (0.7%). The pregnancies identified as SGA were: 2482 (10.26%), 2499 (10.33%) and 2634 (10.89%) using the Cust-chart, Cust-plus-USS-chart and Pop-chart, respectively. The OR (95% CI) for the association between SGA defined by the three charts and IUFD was: 7.0 (4.5–11), 6.5 (4.2–10.2) and 2.4 (1.6–3.6) according to the Cust-chart, Cust-plus-USS-chart and Pop-chart, respectively. Screening efficiency for IUFD using both customized charts was similar, with both demonstrating a higher sensitivity compared with the Pop-chart. Conclusions Customized charts are more efficient in identifying pregnancies at risk for IUFD compared with population-based charts. However, adding second-trimester ultrasound biometric parameters to the customized model does not improve the prediction of IUFD compared with using maternal characteristics only. Copyright © 2011 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cognition in schizophrenia and schizo-affective disorder: impairments that are more similar than different.

Background Cognition is increasingly being recognized as an important aspect of psychotic disorders and a key contributor to functional outcome. In the past, comparative studies have been performed in schizophrenia and schizo-affective disorder with regard to cognitive performance, but the results have been mixed and the cognitive measures used have not always assessed the cognitive deficits found to be specific to psychosis. A set of optimized cognitive paradigms designed by the Cognitive Neuroscience Test Reliability and Clinical Applications for Schizophrenia (CNTRACS) Consortium to assess deficits specific to schizophrenia was used to measure cognition in a large group of individuals with schizophrenia and schizo-affective disorder.
Equilibrium of heterogeneous congestion control: optimality and stability

When heterogeneous congestion control protocols that react to different pricing signals share the same network, the current theory based on utility maximization fails to predict the network behavior. The pricing signals can be different types of signals such as packet loss, queueing delay, etc, or different values of the same type of signal such as different ECN marking values based on the same actual link congestion level. Unlike in a homogeneous network, the bandwidth allocation now depends on router parameters and flow arrival patterns. It can be non-unique, suboptimal and unstable. In Tang et al. ("Equilibrium of heterogeneous congestion control: Existence and uniqueness," IEEE/ACM Trans. Netw., vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 824-837, Aug. 2007), existence and uniqueness of equilibrium of heterogeneous protocols are investigated. This paper extends the study with two objectives: analyzing the optimality and stability of such networks and designing control schemes to improve those properties. First, we demonstrate the intricate behavior of a heterogeneous network through simulations and present a framework to help understand its equilibrium properties. Second, we propose a simple source-based algorithm to decouple bandwidth allocation from router parameters and flow arrival patterns by only updating a linear parameter in the sources' algorithms on a slow timescale. It steers a network to the unique optimal equilibrium. The scheme can be deployed incrementally as the existing protocol needs no change and only new protocols need to adopt the slow timescale adaptation.
Evaluating the impact of a Connecticut program to reduce availability of unhealthy competitive food in schools.

BACKGROUND: This article seeks to inform state and local school food policies by evaluating the impact of Connecticut’s Healthy Food Certification (HFC), a program which provides monetary incentives to school districts that choose to implement state nutrition standards for all foods sold to students outside reimbursable school meals. METHODS: Food service directors from all school districts participating in the National School Lunch Program (NSLP) (N = 151) in Connecticut were surveyed about the availability of competitive foods before and after the 2006-2007 implementation of HFC. Food categories were coded as healthy or unhealthy based on whether they met the Connecticut Nutrition Standards. Data on NSLP participation were provided by the State Department of Education. Changes in NSLP participation and availability of unhealthy competitive foods in elementary, middle, and high schools were compared pre- and post-HFC across districts participating (n = 74) versus not participating (n = 77) in HFC. RESULTS: On average, all districts in Connecticut reduced the availability of unhealthy competitive foods, with a significantly greater reduction among HFC districts. Average NSLP participation also increased across the state. Participating in HFC was associated with significantly greater NSLP participation for paid meals in middle school; however, implementing HFC did not increase overall NSLP participation beyond the statewide upward trend. CONCLUSION: The 2006-2007 school year was marked by a significant decrease in unhealthy competitive foods and an increase in NSLP participation across the state. Participation in Connecticut’s voluntary HFC further reduced the availability of unhealthy competitive foods in local school districts, and had either a positive or neutral effect on NSLP participation.
The Fontan procedure in adults.

Abstract Background . A retrospective clinical study was performed to document the course of adult patients undergoing the Fontan procedure. Methods . Between 1982 and 1994, 21 adults aged 18 to 40 years (mean age, 27 ± 7 years) underwent a Fontan procedure. Anatomic diagnosis was tricuspid atresia in 9, double-inlet left ventricle in 4, and various single ventricles in 8. Four underwent a right atria–right ventricle connection, 13 had a right atria–pulmonary artery connection, and 4 had a lateral-tunnel Fontan. Three of these 4 had a snare-adjustable atrial septal defect. Preoperative risk factors assessed were left ventricular end-diastolic pressure greater than 10 mm Hg, ejection fraction lower than 0.45, mean pulmonary artery pressure higher than 15 mm Hg, transpulmonary gradient greater than 10 mm Hg, pulmonary artery abnormalities, and atrioventricular valve regurgitation. Mean preoperative risk score was 1.6 ± 1.1. Mean New York Heart Association class was 2.6 ± 0.5. Results . The operative mortality rate was 5% (1/21). Six patients (30%) had a major complication, four being prolonged effusions. One patient was lost to follow-up; the remaining 20 have been followed for a mean of 7.4 ± 3.8 years. At follow-up, mean New York Heart Association class was 1.7 ± 0.5. There has been one late death (5%) at 923 years, which was probably due to ventricular arrhythmia. Three patients (16%) have required and survived reoperation. During follow-up, 7 patients (37%) have had development of atrial arrhythmias requiring medication, and 2 have been treated for ventricular arrhythmias. Conclusions . These results indicate that properly selected adults can undergo the Fontan procedure with low morbidity and mortality. However, late-developing arrhythmias, need for reoperation, and decreasing ventricular function are serious problems that mandate careful follow-up. (Ann Thorac Surg 1997;63:1085–90)
Calf thymus polymerase.

SUMMARY Ionic strength inhibition of calf thymus polymerase Each tube contained the following concentrations: deoxyribo- nucleoside triphosphates, 40 pM in each (dGTP, 1060 c.p.m./ mpmole); Mg++, 8 mm; potassium phosphate, pH 7, 40 mM; mer- captoethanol, 1 InM; 82 rg of DNA (salmon sperm) ; and 120 pg of Fraction D protein. Final volume, 0.25 ml. All tubes were in- cubated 30 minutes at 35” and aliquots were assayed by the paper disk procedure (4). Molarities are the final concentration of added salt with the exception of the last entry, where molarity is total phosphate. The 0.04 M phosphate reaction, the control for all reactions in this series, incorporated 2.0 mpmoles of dGMPs2. Partial purification of a deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)-synthe- sizing enzyme from calf thymus gland has been achieved. The purified enzyme preparation requires the deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates of adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine, Mg++, and primer DNA for activity. The synthetic reaction is in- hibited by pyrophosphate and, if radioactive pyrophosphate is used, it is incorporated into deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate. The over-all reaction may therefore be written: Deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates , DNA, Mg++
Environmental Variability and Its Impact on the Reproductive Cycle of Antarctic Krill 1

“Recruitment potential” in Antarctic krill in the Palmer Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) study region west of the Antarctic Peninsula varied significantly over the 7-yr time series between January 1993 and January 1999. Timing of ovarian maturation, the percent of the population reproducing, and individual reproductive output (batch volume, embryo diameter) were measured. Indices have been developed to quantify the timing and intensity of reproduction in Antarctic krill. One finding important to estimates of population fecundity for this long-lived species is that the percent of the population reproducing can vary widely, from 10 to 98%. Each season was characterized as having delayed, average or advanced ovarian development. In this study we relate these indices to direct and indirect indicators of spring or annual food availability. The timing of the spring sea ice retreat and the extent of sea ice in the spring (September through November) appear to significantly affect the intensity and timing of reproduction in the population. Intensity of reproduction was highest under “average” conditions, and oocyte development fastest with conditions of a late retreat and high spring sea ice extent.
Transition of a Dental Histology Course from Light to Virtual Microscopy

The transition of the dental histology course at the University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio Dental School was completed gradually over a five-year period. A pilot project was initially conducted to study the feasibility of integrating virtual microscopy into a traditional light microscopic lecture and laboratory course. Because of the difficulty of procuring quality calcified and decalcified sections of teeth, slides from the student loan collection in the oral histology block of the course were outsourced for conversion to digital images and placed on DVDs along with a slide viewer. The slide viewer mimicked the light microscope, allowing horizontal and vertical movement and changing of magnification, and, in addition, a feature to capture static images. In a survey, students rated the ease of use of the software, quality of the images, maneuverability of the images, and questions regarding use of the software, effective use of laboratory, and faculty time. Because of the positive support from the students, our entire student loan collection of 153 glass slides was subsequently converted to virtual images and distributed on an Apricorn pocket external hard drive. Students were asked to assess the virtual microscope over a four-year period. As a result of the surveys, light microscopes have been totally eliminated, and microscope exams have been replaced with project slide examinations. In the future, we plan to expand our virtual slides and incorporate computer testing.
Induction of ovulation rats treated neonatally with androgen.

SummaryFemale rat pups injected sc with 1.0 mg testosterone propionate in 0.1 ml sesame oil on day 5 of life were given a single dose of FSH (200 μg) or LH (25 μg) iv or LHRH (3.0 μg) sc at 1:30 pm on day 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 120, or 150. Normal cyclic rats were given FSH or LH in the same manner on the second day of diestrus at the same days of age. The data indicate that follicles in androgenized rats are ready to respond to exogenous and induced-endogenous gonadotropin, and that the ovarian threshold to gonadotropin decreases with age. However, the androgenized rats require more gonadotropin than their cyclic rat contemporaries receiving exogenous gonadotropin in order to produce the same ovulatory response.The author thanks Dr. Roy O. Greep for his interest and support during the course of this study.
Metal matrix composites for sustainable lotus-effect surfaces.

The lotus effect involving roughness-induced superhydrophobicity is a way to design nonwetting, self-cleaning, omniphobic, icephobic, and antifouling surfaces. However, such surfaces require micropatterning, which is extremely vulnerable to even small wear rates. This limits the applicability of the lotus effects to situations when wear is practically absent. To design sustainable superhydrophobic surfaces, we suggest using metal matrix composites (MMCs) with hydrophobic reinforcement in the bulk of the material, rather than only at its surface. Such surfaces, if properly designed, provide roughness and heterogeneity needed for superhydrophobicity. In addition, they are sustainable, since when the surface layer is deteriorated and removed due to wear, hydrophobic reinforcement and roughness remains. We present a model and experimental data on wetting of MMCs. We also conducted selected experiments with graphite-reinforced MMCs and showed that the contact angle can be determined from the model. In order to...
Victoria A. Farrar-Myers & Justin S. Vaughn (Eds.), Controlling the Message: New Media in American Political Campaigns

The day I sat down to start writing this review, New Jersey Governor Chris Christie held a strange press conference. Two days prior, Christie had introduced Republican presidential hopeful Donald Trump and then stood behind the candidate he’d endorsed wearing what looked like the facial expression of a man slowly realizing he’d made an enormous mistake. People had some fun with this on the Internet, by (among other things) scoring video of Christie’s hilarious expression with the comedic theme song from the TV show Curb Your Enthusiasm.
[A case-control study on the risk factors of hand, foot and mouth disease in children in Tianjin].

手足口病是由数种肠道病毒为病原感染的一种传染病,常见的病毒型别是柯萨奇病毒(CoxA16)和肠道病毒71型(EV71).2008年全国大部分省份报告手足口病,且出现EV71引起的死亡病例.监测表明天津市报告的手足口病例主要病原体为EV71和CoxA16,其中81%为EV71感染.尽管EV71引起的临床症状、病原学、诊断等比较明确,但是EV71感染的传播模式、危险因素等仍然不十分明确,且少有研究[1].为此我们开展了1:2病例对照研究。