cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Understanding High School Students' Perceptions of Their Learning Opportunities: A Doubly Latent Approach

In educational research, the amount of learning opportunities that students receive may be conceptualized as either an attribute of the context or climate in which that student attends school, or as an individual difference difference in perception of opportunity among students, driven by individual factors. This investigation aimed to inform theory-building around student learning opportunities by systematically comparing eleven theoretically plausible latent and doubly latent measurement models that differed as to the locus (i.e., student- or school-level) and dimensional structure of these learning opportunities. A large (N = 963) and diverse sample of high-school students, attending nine fifteen different high-schools, was analyzed. Results suggested that student learning opportunities are best conceptualized as distinct but positively correlated factors, and that these doubly latent factors occurred at the student level, although with a statistical correction for school-based clustering. In this way, student learning opportunities may be best described as individual perceptions, rather than an indicator of school climate or context. In general, these results are expected to inform current conceptualizations of student learning opportunities within schools, and function as an example of the substantive inferences that can be garnered from multi-level measurement modeling.
Genetic and psychological factors interact to predict physical impairment phenotypes following exercise-induced shoulder injury.

Background We investigated interactions between genetic and psychological factors in predicting shoulder impairment phenotypes. We hypothesized that pro-inflammatory genes would display stronger relationships compared with pain-related genes when combined with psychological factors for predicting phenotypic changes. Subjects and methods Altogether, 190 participants completed a 5-day experimental protocol. An experimental shoulder injury model was used to induce physical impairment, and a priori selected genetic (pain-related, pro-inflammatory) and psychological (anxiety, depressive symptoms, pain catastrophizing, fear of pain, kinesiophobia) factors were included as predictors of interest. Impairment phenotypes were injury-induced deficits in range of motion (ROM) and strength. After controlling for age, sex, and race, genetic and psychological predictors were entered separately as main effects and interaction terms in regression models for each phenotype. Results Strong statistical evidence was provided for interactions between: 1) IL-1β (rs1143634) and fear of pain for predicting loss of shoulder flexion and abduction, 2) IL-1β (rs1143634) and anxiety for predicting loss of flexion, and 3) IL-1β (rs1143634) and depressive symptoms for predicting loss of internal rotation. In addition, the interaction between OPRM1 (rs1799971) and fear of pain as well as COMT (rs4818) and pain catastrophizing provided strong statistical evidence for predicting strength loss. Conclusion Pro-inflammatory gene variants contributed more to physical impairment with two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs; IL-1β [rs1143634] and TNF/LTA [rs2229094]) interacting with psychological factors to predict six shoulder impairment phenotypes. In comparison, two pain-related gene SNPs (OPRM1 [rs1799971] and COMT [rs4818]) interacted with psychological factors to predict four shoulder impairment phenotypes (abduction: 5-day average loss; strength loss: 5-day average, peak, and relative loss).
Abstract 312: Upregulation of Notch3 Contributes to Aneurysm Formation in a Murine Model of Marfan Syndrome

Notch3 functions as a receptor for membrane-bound ligands (Jag1, DLL1) in signaling pathways for cell-cell communication, gene regulation and control of cell differentiation during embryonic and ad...
Examining School Administrators’ Perceptions of School-Based Violence Prevention Strategies

Our nation has engaged in a decades-long discussion and debate on the prevention of violence in our nation’s schools. Equipment, strategies, programs, and “cutting-edge” tools have been purchased, piloted, implemented, and employed—all with a common goal in mind: the assurance of a safe learning environment for all students and all educators. In 2018, the Wayland H. Cato, Jr. School of Education at Queens University of Charlotte sought to add to this discussion by seeking out the perceptions of the very administrators who lead in these K-12 learning institutions. Through a representative survey of over 100 North Carolina K-12 school leaders, insight was gathered regarding the school safety strategies that hold the most promise—and those that are the least effective—through the lens of the school leader. Research participants included leaders from private, charter, and traditional public schools, as well as leaders from elementary, middle, and high school levels. The findings and recommendations in this study add to the ongoing national discussion surrounding the safety of our nation’s schools and students.
Heparineless off-pump coronary artery bypass in a patient with gunshot wound to chest and heart.

Objectives Administration of heparin is standard in coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) with or without cardiopulmonary bypass (OPCABG). In some circumstances, the risk of heparinization may outweigh its benefits, and there is scarce literature on how to proceed in these cases. We describe the technique used for OPCABG without heparin. Methods We report the case of a patient with a gunshot wound to the chest resulting in multiple lung lacerations and transection of the proximal left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) leading to hemorrhagic shock with tamponade, and cardiogenic shock due to myocardial ischemia who received OPCABG without heparin. Results A 23-year-old patient suffered multiple gunshot wounds to the chest and was admitted in shock with massive left hemothorax. Emergency left thoracotomy revealed multiple lung lacerations and transection of the proximal left anterior coronary artery. The patient presented acute myocardial ischemia and progressed to cardiogenic shock requiring insertion of intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP) to try to support hemodynamics. OPCABG with a segment of reversed saphenous vein graft to the LAD coronary artery was performed using standard techniques but without heparinization. The graft was flushed with normal saline before completing both anastomosis. Myocardial ischemic changes reversed, and the patient stabilized immediately after completing OPCABG, allowing to wean off IABP in the operating room. Postoperative recovery was unremarkable, and the patient was discharged home on postoperative day 9. Conclusion Benefits of OPCABG include decreased bleeding and lower requirement of blood transfusions. This experience shows that OPCABG can be performed without systemic heparinization in selected cases.
Proton pump inhibitor-induced erythema dyschromicum perstans-like pigmentation.

Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are potent inhibitors of gastric acid secretion by parietal cells in gastric mucosa. Cutaneous pigmentation mimicking ashy dermatosis (AD)/erythema dyschromicum perstans (EDP) has been described with both omeprazole and esomeprazole. This report describes the presentation, histopathologic findings, and treatment of EDP-like pigmentation in the setting of lansoprazole and esomeprazole use.
Current Opioid Prescribing Patterns after Microdirect Laryngoscopy.

Background:The prevalence of opioid abuse has become epidemic in the United States. Microdirect laryngoscopy (MDL) is a common otolaryngological procedure, yet prescribing practices for opioids fol...
Prisoners of the Chaco: the bolivian experience of captivity

When Bolivian forces engaged the Paraguay Army in 1932 to control the desolate Chaco Boreal they began what would be a monumental transformative project. More than a quarter of a million men served...
Vulnerability coverage for adequacy security testing

Mainstream software applications and tools are the configurable platforms with an enormous number of parameters along with their values. Certain settings and possible interactions between these parameters may harden (or soften) the security and robustness of these applications against some known vulnerabilities. However, the large number of vulnerabilities reported and associated with these tools make the exhaustive testing of these tools infeasible against these vulnerabilities infeasible. As an instance of general software testing problem, the research question to address is whether the system under test is robust and secure against these vulnerabilities. This paper introduces the idea of "vulnerability coverage," a concept to adequately test a given application for a certain classes of vulnerabilities, as reported by the National Vulnerability Database (NVD). The deriving idea is to utilize the Common Vulnerability Scoring System (CVSS) as a means to measure the fitness of test inputs generated by evolutionary algorithms and then through pattern matching identify vulnerabilities that match the generated vulnerability vectors and then test the system under test for those identified vulnerabilities. We report the performance of two evolutionary algorithms (i.e., Genetic Algorithms and Particle Swarm Optimization) in generating the vulnerability pattern vectors.
Adolescents' Motivations to Engage in Social Distancing During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Associations With Mental and Social Health.

Abstract Purpose Reducing the spread of infection during the COVID-19 pandemic prompted recommendations for individuals to socially distance. Little is known about the extent to which youth are socially distancing, what motivations underlie their social distancing, and how these motivations are connected with amount of social distancing, mental health, and social health. Using a large sample of adolescents from across the United States, this study examined adolescents' motivations for social distancing, their engagement in social distancing, and their mental and social health. Methods Data were collected on March 29th and 30th, 2020, two weeks after COVID-19 was declared a national emergency in the United States. The sample consisted of 683 adolescents recruited using social media. A series of multiple linear regressions examined unique associations among adolescents' motivations to engage in social distancing, perceived amount of social distancing, anxiety symptoms, depressive symptoms, burdensomeness, and belongingness. Results Almost all respondents (98.1%) reported engaging in at least a little social distancing. The most commonly reported motivations for social distancing concerned social responsibility and not wanting others to get sick. Motivations concerning state or city lockdowns, parental rules, and social responsibility were associated with greater social distancing, whereas motivations concerning no alternatives were associated with less social distancing. Specific motivations for social distancing were differentially associated with adolescents' anxiety symptoms, depressive symptoms, burdensomeness, and belongingness. Conclusions Understanding adolescents' motivations to engage in social distancing may inform strategies to increase social distancing engagement, reduce pathogen transmission, and identify individual differences in mental and social health during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Application of Bibliometric Analysis to Letters Journals in Organic Chemistry

Subject librarians are well-positioned to apply and teach searching techniques using online library resources for assisting researchers and scholars on where to publish. A bibliometric analysis was...
TRPV1, TRPA1, and TRPM8 are expressed in axon terminals in the cornea: TRPV1 axons contain CGRP and secretogranin II; TRPA1 axons contain secretogranin 3.

Purpose The cornea is highly enriched in sensory neurons expressing the thermal TRP channels TRPV1, TRPA1, and TRPM8, and is an accessible tissue for study and experimental manipulation. The aim of this work was to provide a concise characterization of the expression patterns of various TRP channels and vesicular proteins in the mammalian cornea. Methods Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was performed using wholemount and cryostat tissue preparations of mouse and monkey corneas. The expression patterns of TRPV1 and TRPA1 were determined using specific antisera, and further colocalization was performed with antibodies directed against calcitonin-related gene protein (CGRP), neurofilament protein NF200, and the secretogranins ScgII and SCG3. The expression of TRPM8 was determined using corneas from mice expressing EGFP under the direction of a TRPM8 promoter (TRPM8EGFP mice). Laser scanning confocal microscopy and image analysis were performed. Results In the mouse cornea, TRPV1 and TRPM8 were expressed in distinct populations of small diameter C fibers extending to the corneal surface and ending either as simple or ramifying terminals, or in the case of TRPM8, as complex terminals. TRPA1 was expressed in large-diameter NF200-positive Aδ axons. TRPV1 and TRPA1 appeared to localize to separate intracellular vesicular structures and were primarily found in axons containing components of large dense vesicles with TRPV1 colocalizing with CGRP and ScgII, and TRPA1 colocalizing with SCG3. Monkey corneas showed similar colocalization of CGRP and TRPV1 on small-diameter axons extending to the epithelial surface. Conclusions The mouse cornea is abundant in sensory neurons expressing TRPV1, TRPM8, and TRPA1, and provides an accessible tissue source for implementing a live tissue preparation useful for further exploration of the molecular mechanisms of hyperalgesia. This study showed that surprisingly, these TRP channels localize to separate neurons in the mouse cornea and likely have unique physiological functions. The similar TRPV1 expression pattern we observed in the mouse and monkey corneas suggests that mice provide a reasonable initial model for understanding the role of these ion channels in higher mammalian corneal physiology.
Hold on Tight: Lagging-Strand DNA Polymerases Synthesize Multiple Okazaki Fragments without Letting Go.

Kapadia et al. (2020) use an innovative single-molecule imaging approach in yeast cells to measure chromatin association of individual replisome subunits, thereby challenging the notion that lagging-strand DNA polymerases frequently dissociate from replisomes during DNA replication in vivo.
Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Outcomes by Levels of Baseline-Predicted Cardiovascular Risk: The Look AHEAD Study

Abstract Background We evaluated the associations of cardiorespiratory fitness with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) by levels of baseline-predicted ASCVD risk among adults with type 2 diabetes. Methods We analyzed data from 4203 adults with type 2 diabetes in the Look AHEAD (Action for Health in Diabetes) study. Cardiorespiratory fitness was assessed using maximal exercise testing and categorized into low, moderate, and high; baseline-predicted. ASCVD risk was calculated using the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Pooled Cohort Equation. We used Cox regression models to estimate hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for ASCVD events (fatal and nonfatal myocardial infarction and stroke). Results Over a median of 9.6 years, there were 295 ASCVD events. The effect of fitness on outcomes was different across levels of 10-year predicted ASCVD risk (P for interaction Conclusions In a large sample of type 2 diabetes individuals, the association of low fitness with incident ASCVD was modified by the baseline-predicted 10-year ASCVD risk. Our findings suggest the utility of assessing fitness in ASCVD risk stratification in type 2 diabetes, especially among those with intermediate predicted 10-year risk of ASCVD.
T and B Lymphocyte Transcriptional States Differentiate between Sensitized and Unsensitized Individuals in Alpha-Gal Syndrome

The mechanisms of pathogenesis driving alpha-gal syndrome (AGS) are not fully understood. Differences in immune gene expression between AGS individuals and non-allergic controls may illuminate molecular pathways and targets critical for AGS development. We performed immune expression profiling with RNA from the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of seven controls, 15 AGS participants, and two participants sensitized but not allergic to alpha-gal using the NanoString nCounter PanCancer immune profiling panel, which includes 770 genes from 14 different cell types. The top differentially expressed genes (DEG) between AGS subjects and controls included transcription factors regulating immune gene expression, such as the NFκB pathway (NFKBIA, NFKB2, REL), antigen presentation molecules, type 2/allergic immune responses, itch, and allergic dermatitis. The differential expression of genes linked to T and B cell function was also identified, including transcription factor BCL-6, markers of antigen experience (CD44) and memory (CD27), chemokine receptors (CXCR3, CXCR6), and regulators of B-cell proliferation, cell cycle entry and immunoglobulin production (CD70). The PBMCs from AGS subjects also had increased TNF and IFN-gamma mRNA expression compared to controls. AGS is associated with a distinct gene expression profile in circulating PBMCs. DEGs related to antigen presentation, antigen-experienced T-cells, and type 2 immune responses may promote the development of alpha-gal specific IgE and the maintenance of AGS.
Welcome to Georgia

Welcome to Georgia. First of all I would like to show some slides of our college. The learning resources center is used in histology, pathology, and a variety of other courses. There are now eight courses, either partially or wholly taught on the autotutorial system. The building is open from about six in the morning until 12 midnight and gets very heavy use. There are videotape systems which are handy when a student knows he has a certain surgical procedure coming up. He can pull out the tape and at his leisure review this procedure. The library reading room serves both the students and the faculty and the staff of the college. We do have the rudiments of a research farm. Again, this is an area where some research animals are kept separate from the college because of particular disease agents, or sometimes it is used as a holding area for teaching animals. As Dr. Clarkson mentioned, we do have a keen interest in the Animal Health Research Act and the one part of it that could provide some facilities, because we do not have good large animal isolation facilities. We do a lot of things with large animals but we have a pretty tough time working with any highly infectious disease because we just don't have the space or the facilities for it.
Age- and sex-specific predictors of inpatient rehabilitation facility discharge destination for adult patients with traumatic brain injury.

OBJECTIVE : To determine age- and sex-specific predictors of discharge destination among patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) receiving inpatient rehabilitation facility (IRF) care. DESIGN : Secondary analysis of Uniform Data System for Medical Rehabilitation data. METHODS : Logistic regression of patients (N = 221,961) age ≥18, TBI diagnosis, admitted to IRF between 2002 and 2018. OUTCOME : Discharge destination (subacute vs. home/community settings). RESULTS : Approximately 16% were discharged to subacute vs. 84% home. Younger versus older adults had lower odds of subacute discharge [OR = 0.72; 95% CI: 0.69, 0.76]. Younger females had lower odds of subacute discharge (vs. home) than older females [OR = 0.68; 95% CI: 0.63, 0.74]; younger males had lower odds of subacute discharge (vs. home) than older males [OR = 0.74; 95% CI: 0.70, 0.78]. Younger females versus younger males had lower odds of subacute discharge (vs. home) [OR = 0.83; 95% CI: 0.79, 0.87]. Older females versus older males had lower odds of subacute discharge (vs. home) [OR = 0.93; 95% CI: 0.90, 0.97]. Predictors of discharge destination for age- and sex-stratified groups varied. CONCLUSIONS : Younger (vs. older) and female (vs. male) patients had lower odds of subacute discharge vs. home.
We(ed) The People of the United States: A Treatment Effects Model of the Recreational Legalization of Cannabis

Cannabis legalization has changed dramatically in the United States recently, and its potential impact remains unclear. Using survey data in two endogenous treatment regression models, we test (1) how socioeconomic factors influence cannabis use and perception of risk, (2) how those factors affect the likelihood of recreational legalization, and (3) how legalization affects usage and risk perception. Results are intuitive but surprising, showing strong but selective demographic effects. The average treatment effect of recreational legalization is polarizing, showing increased risk perception alongside increased annual consumption of cannabis.
Increased preheat energy to MagLIF targets with cryogenic cooling

The performance of Magnetized Liner Inertial Fusion (MagLIF) experiments is sensitive to the amount of laser energy coupled to the fuel during the preheat stage. 1 A significant source of energy loss in this process comes from the need to heat a laser entrance hole foil (LEH) located at the entrance to the target that is required to contain the gaseous fusion fuel. The energy lost to the LEH is a function of its thickness which can be reduced by cryogenically cooling the fuel, lowering the pressure required for a given fuel density. 2 To realize this, a cryogenically-cooled laser target platform was commissioned in the Pecos chamber that enables rapid testing of preheat configurations, 3 and a cryogenically-cooled MagLIF configuration was tested that symmetrically cools the liner from the top and bottom, minimizing temperature gradients across the target. These new capabilities were utilized to perform a cryogenically-cooled MagLIF experiment that demonstrated >2 kJ of preheat energy coupled to the fuel for the first time on Z.
p27Kip1 as a Biomarker and Target for Treatment of Cancer

p27Kip1 (p27) is a critical cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor that negatively regulates cell cycle progression from G1 to S phase. Levels of nuclear p27 are reduced in many human cancers. Both the levels and function of p27 are regulated by transcriptional, translational, and posttranslational mechanisms. In regulating p27, posttranslational phosphorylation of the protein is particularly important for determining susceptibility to ubiquitination and proteolytic degradation, as well as the levels, subcellular localization, and functional activity of p27. In addition to the control of cell cycle, cytoplasmic expression of p27 can enhance cell motility, increase renewal of stem cells, inhibit apoptosis, induce autophagy, and stimulate tumor metastasis. Persistence of nuclear p27 provides an independent favorable prognostic factor in many human cancers. Expression or induction of p27 may provide a predictive biomarker for response to chemotherapy, hormonal therapy, and at least some targeted therapies including trastuzumab and Src inhibitors. In addition, restoration of nuclear p27 levels might be achieved pharmacologically, inhibiting proliferation of cancer cells. Inhibition of SKP2-mediated p27 ubiquitination provides one additional promising approach.
1,3-Butadiene, styrene and lymphohematopoietic cancer among male synthetic rubber industry workers--Preliminary exposure-response analyses.

We updated the mortality experience of North American synthetic rubber industry workers to include follow-up from 1944 through 2009, adding 11 years of mortality data to previous investigations. The present analysis used Cox regression to examine the exposure-response relationship between 1,3-butadiene (BD) and styrene (STY) parts per million (ppm)-years and leukemia (N = 114 deaths), non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) (N = 89) and multiple myeloma (MM) (N = 48). A pattern of largely monotonically increasing rate ratios across deciles of BD ppm-years and a positive, statistically significant exposure-response trend were observed for BD ppm-years and leukemia. Using continuous, untransformed BD ppm-years the regression coefficient (β) adjusted only for age was 2.6 × 10(-4) (p < 0.01); the regression coefficient adjusted for age, year of birth, race and plant was 2.9 × 10(-4) (p < 0.01). STY ppm-years also displayed a positive exposure-response association with leukemia. STY and BD were strongly correlated, and the separate effects of these two agents could not be estimated. For NHL, a pattern of approximately monotonically increasing rate ratios across deciles of exposure was seen for STY but not for BD; the test of trend was statistically significant in one of five models that used different STY exposure metrics and adjusted for age and other covariates. BD ppm-years and STY ppm-years were not associated with MM. The present analyses indicated a positive exposure-response relationship between BD cumulative exposure and leukemia. This result along with other research and biological information support an interpretation that BD causes leukemia in humans. STY exposure also was positively associated with leukemia, but its independent effect could not be delineated because of its strong correlation with BD, and there is no external support for a STY-leukemia association. STY, but not BD, was associated positively with NHL. The interpretation of this result is uncertain because the exposure-response data were statistically imprecise and because consistent support for causality from other studies is lacking. The current study provides no support for an association between BD or STY and MM.
Disadvantage and Privilege in our Schools: How Teachers, Psychologists and Policymakers can do Better

By examining the ways in which teachers address social class in an economically integrated school, White, Mistry, & Chow (2013) call attention to a critical gap in the educational system. Their analysis indicates that although teachers are comfortable discussing diversity in a number of areas, social class diversity is not covered with the same care as other domains. The current paper uses White at al. (2013) as a starting point to discuss how teachers, psychologists, and policy-makers can better educate students about both social class privilege and disadvantage.
A Robust Analog VLSI Motion Sensor Based on the Visual System of the Fly

Sensing visual motion gives a creature valuable information about its interactions with the environment. Flies in particular use visual motion information to navigate through turbulent air, avoid obstacles, and land safely. Mobile robots are ideal candidates for using this sensory modality to enhance their performance, but so far have been limited by the computational expense of processing video. Also, the complex structure of natural visual scenes poses an algorithmic challenge for extracting useful information in a robust manner. We address both issues by creating a small, low-power visual sensor with integrated analog parallel processing to extract motion in real-time. Because our architecture is based on biological motion detectors, we gain the advantages of this highly evolved system: A design that robustly and continuously extracts relevant information from its visual environment. We show that this sensor is suitable for use in the real world, and demonstrate its ability to compensate for an imperfect motor system in the control of an autonomous robot. The sensor attenuates open-loop rotation by a factor of 31 with less than 1 mW power dissipation.
Splicing UNIX into a genome mapping laboratory

The Whitehead Institute/MIT Center for Genome Research is responsible for a number of large genome mapping efforts, the scale of which create problems of data and workflow management that dictate reliance on computer support. Two years ago, when we started to design the informatics support for the laboratory, we realized that the fluid and ever-changing nature of the experimental protocols precluded any effort to create a single monolithic piece of software. Instead we designed a system that relied on multiple distributed data analysis and processing tools knit together by a centralized database. The obvious choice of operating systems was UNIX. In order to make this choice palatable to the laboratory biologists--who rightly consider it their job to do experiments rather than to interact with computers, and who have come to expect all software to be as intuitive and responsive as the Apple Macintoshes on their desks--we designed a system that runs automatically and essentially invisibly. Whenever it is necessary for the informatics system to interact with a member of the laboratory we have carefully chosen a user interface paradigm that best balances the user's expectations against the system's capabilities. When possible we have chosen to adapt familiar software to our user interface needs rather than to write user interfaces from scratch. We've managed to hide the power of UNIX behind the innocuous personal computer-based front ends our users know and love, using techniques that should be applicable in other environments as well.
Cloning and identification of annexin II as an autocrine/paracrine factor that increases osteoclast formation and bone resorption.

Abstract Autocrine products of osteoclasts such as interleukin-6 may play an important role in normal osteoclast formation and activity. To identify novel stimulatory factors for osteoclasts, we have prepared a mammalian cDNA expression library generated from highly purified human osteoclast-like multinucleated cells (MNC) formed in long term bone marrow cultures and screened this library for autocrine factors that enhance MNC formation. A candidate clone which stimulated MNC formation was isolated. Sequence analysis showed that this cDNA encoded annexin II (AXII). Purified recombinant AXII significantly increased MNC formation in human bone marrow cultures in the absence of 1,25-(OH)2 vitamin D3 and enhanced MNC formation in mouse bone marrow cultures treated with 10(-9) M 1,25-(OH)2 vitamin D3. The enhanced MNC formation in murine marrow cultures resulted in increased bone resorption. Treatment of fetal rat long bones with AXII and 1,25-(OH)2 vitamin D3 significantly increased bone resorption compared to 1,25-(OH)2 vitamin D3 alone. Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction analysis demonstrated that AXII mRNA was expressed at high levels in RNA isolated from highly purified giant cells from osteoclastomas, human osteoclast-like MNC, and pagetic bone. Western blot analysis of conditioned media collected from human marrow cultures showed that AXII was present in the media. Furthermore, approximately 50% of total AXII produced by cells transfected with AXII cDNA was present in the conditioned media. These data suggest that the AXII is an autocrine factor that enhances osteoclast formation and bone resorption and demonstrate a previous unknown function for AXII.
Monte Carlo Analysis of Localization Errors in Magnetoencephalography

In magnetoencephalography (MEG), the magnetic fields created by electrical activity in the brain are measured on the surface of the skull. To determine the location of the activity, the measured field is fit to a parameterized source generator model by minimizing chi-square. In the case of a current dipole model, the parameters computed by the fitting procedure are the location and orientation of the dipole. For current dipoles and other nonlinear source models, the fit is performed by an iterative least squares procedure such as the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm (Press 1986). Once the fit has been computed, analysis of the resulting value of chi-square can determine whether the assumed source model is adequate to account for the measurements. If the source model is adequate, then the effect of measurement error on the fitted model parameters must be analyzed.
Alternative Mechanical Surface Treatments: Microstructures, Residual Stresses & Fatigue Behavior

In comparison to the most widely used mechanical surface treatlnent shot peening, common alternative metl~ods such as deep rolling and less c o n ~ n ~ o n methods such as laser shock peening, ultrasonic shot peening, water peening or various busnishiiig methods have been introduced into practical applications only rarely, or for highly specialized components, or are just on the verge from laboratory research into larger scale applications. However, in the future it is expected that these so called "alternative" ~neclianjcal surface treatment methods will be morc widespread owing to superior benefits for materials' behavior, improving process technology and dramatically decreasing costs. The basic principles of all mechanical surface treatments are well known: In all cases a localized elastic-plastic deformation in 17ear-siirface regions leads to the for~nation of compressive residual stresses and severe microstructusal alterations (usually associated with intense work hardening), enabling the thus strengthened near-surface regions to withstand higher resistance against fdtigue crack initiation and propagation. Moreover, in some cases, additional effects may give rise to lilrther fatigue lifelstrength ellhallcement such as surface smoothening or deforn~ation-induced phase transformations. At closer looli, near surface properties and thus fatigue behavior might be distinctly different for different surface treatment methocls. It is the objective of' this contribution to shed some light on these basic effects and to propose some basic guiclelines for the utilization of 'optimized' treatments f ron~ a materials science perspective.
Strong invariance for switching diffusions

This work is concerned with switching diffusions in which the switching depends on the diffusion process. It has been shown in the literature that if such a process is positive recurrent then it is ergodic. This paper further develops a law of iterated logarithms for the estimates on the aforementioned convergence rate. The law of iterated logarithms gives us a sharp bound on the estimation error sequence.
Behavioral subtyping in object-oriented languages

Modularity and code reuse are two important features of object-oriented programming. Modularity means that adding new components does not require reverification or respecification of existing components. A common form of reuse in object-oriented programs is to add new subtypes to existing types and to invoke already existing procedures with objects of these new types. In such cases, behavior of programs that contain these procedures also depend on the behavior of the new subtype objects. Reverifying the code that uses existing procedures whenever new types are added is not practical and is not modular. Thus, a notion of behavioral subtyping that allows sound modular reasoning is important for object-oriented programming. In this dissertation, we study behavioral subtyping for arbitrary abstract data types in the prescence of mutation and aliasing. We propose two notions of behavioral subtyping. Strong behavioral subtypes have objects that act like supertype objects in all cases, whereas as weak behavioral subtypes have objects that only need to act like supertype objects when manipulated as supertype objects. Both these notions allow sound modular reasoning based on the static types of variables in programs. Weak behavioral subtyping allows conclusions about programs based on the effects of individual procedures but restricts certain forms of aliasing. Strong behavioral subtyping allows all forms of aliasing but permits conclusions based only on the history constraints of the types. History constraints are the reflexive and transitive properties preserved by objects of a type across different states of a program. We prove that both these behavioral subtype notions are sufficient for sound modular reasoning.
Relationships between free and esterified fatty acids and LOX-derived volatiles during ripening in apple

Ripening in intact apple fruit is accompanied by an increase in the autonomous emissions of hexanol and esters derived from hexanol (hexyl esters). It is thought that these compounds are, to some extent, dependent upon hexanal synthesis by the action of lipoxygenase (LOX) on fatty lipids. To better understand the relationship between fatty acid substrates and their volatile products, we determined the content of oleic (18:1), linoleic (18:2), and linolenic (18:3) acids in free and polar (esterified) lipid fractions of the skin and subtending cortex of ‘Jonagold’ fruit throughout ripening. In the free fatty acid fraction, 18:1 and 18:2 content increased several-fold during ripening, but the 18:3 content remained low and unchanged. In the polar lipid fraction, ripening resulted in a modest increase in the 18:1 and 18:2 content and an extensive decline in the 18:3 content. The rise in 18:2 content of the free fatty acid fraction mirrored emissions of hexanol and hexyl esters in intact fruit and the decline in the 18:3 content of polar lipids reflected the drop in cis-3-hexenal emissions found for disrupted fruit tissue. For intact fruit, our results suggest that hexanal and its metabolites, hexanol and hexyl esters, may be derived from the action of LOX on 18:2 free fatty acid. For disrupted fruit tissue, the data suggest cis-3-hexenal and trans-2-hexenal are largely generated from the action of LOX on 18:3 in the polar lipid fraction. The mechanism whereby free 18:1 and 18:2 could accumulate without a concomitant increase in free 18:3 is not clear. To our knowledge, there is currently no synthetic or catabolic pathway characterized that might account for this finding.
Drug Metabolism in Drug Safety Evaluation

Over the past two decades, drug metabolism has become an indispensible component of both research and development activities in the pharmaceutical industry, where it has played an increasingly important role in support of the safety assessment of new chemical entities (NCEs). In response to recent regulatory guidance on the safety evaluation of metabolites of candidate drugs in humans, novel approaches have been adopted to define the identities and levels of circulating metabolites in the plasma of both human subjects and the animal species employed in safety assessment programs. Considering the factors that need to be taken into account in assessing the safety of metabolites of NCEs, biotransformation products can be classified into two categories on the basis of their chemical reactivity: namely, “stable” and “chemically reactive.” In this chapter, the different experimental approaches employed to study these two groups are outlined, and the implications of the findings for lead optimization efforts in drug discovery, and for later phase clinical development programs, are discussed in the context of establishing the human safety of the NCE. Keywords: safety assessment; stable drug metabolites; reactive drug metabolites; metabolic activation; MIST
Dual-Energy CT in the Acute Abdomen

Multi-detector CT (MDCT) plays a crucial role in the evaluation of acutely ill or injured patients especially in patients with an acute abdomen. MDCT has become the initial imaging modality in the emergency department for many acute conditions given the widespread availability, speed of acquisition, and high image quality. With the advent of dual-energy CT, simultaneous scanning with varying kVp spectra has the potential to characterize different materials based on their composition. A broad spectrum of clinical applications has been developed with increasing literature supporting the use of DECT throughout the body including application in the acutely ill patient. In this article, we will discuss the utility of DECT and illustrate examples of various applications in the acute abdomen in the emergency setting.
Feasibility of anaerobic biodegradation of PAHs in dredged river sediments

This report examines the anaerobic biodegradation potentials of PAHs in dredged river sediments under several redox environments. Batch biodegradation tests were conducted in bioslurry reactors containing sediment samples from Jones Island, WI. Tests with unamended sediments relied on PAH biodegradation by native bacteria utilizing background nutrients and electron donors and acceptors in the sediment. The amount of degradation of 15 PAH compounds found in the sediment, ranging from naphthalene to benzo(ghi)perylene, was measured. It was observed that all 15 PAH congeners biodegraded to some extent in unamended sediments. Acenaphthene showed the highest degradation at 79% disappearance. Indeno(123cd)pyrene showed the lowest at 8%. A general trend was observed with more disappearance in the lower molecular weight PAHs than the higher molecular weight PAHs. Addition of sulfate as an electron acceptor somewhat enhanced PAH biodegradation, whereas addition of nitrate did not. Induction of methanogenic conditions by adding dextrene (a simple sugar) did not appreciably enhance biodegradation of any of the 15 measured PAH congeners. It was speculated that the relatively high background sulfate levels, accompanied by sulfate-reducing bacteria native to the sediment may have played a significant role in effecting PAH biodegradation.
Eye Movements, Intelligence and Field Dependency in Schizophrenics

For 25 schizophrenics frequency of eye movements correlated significantly with scores on some WAIS subtests but not clearly with field dependency due to the importance of intelligence in indices of field dependency.
The Abnormal Ostiomeatal Complex and Sinusitis

Abnormalities in the ostiomeatal complex (OMC) constitute a major factor in the pathogenesis of sinusitis. They may be appreciated by the classical anterior rhinoscopy, the endoscopic examination, and/or the coronal computed tomographic (CT) scan. Cases are seen, however, with clinical and radiological evidence of blockage of the OMC with no clinical sinusitis. Conversely, cases with definite sinusitis may have negative clinical examination and CT scans. Some patients continue to have sinusitis despite anatomically successful endoscopic surgery. It should be remembered that sinusitis may be caused by or facilitated by factors other than obstructions of the OMC. The decision to surgically treat sinusitis remains a clinical one based on a comprehensive evaluation.
The animal rule and emerging infections: the role of clinical pharmacology in determining an effective dose.

Drug development for emerging infections offers challenges in translational pharmacology. For drugs and biologics for which adequate and well-controlled efficacy studies in humans cannot be ethically conducted or are not feasible, as would be the case with many emerging infections, translation of preclinical information to humans is the cornerstone of drug development. This article focuses on the role of the clinical pharmacologist in translating pharmacology information to support approval of new agents for emerging infections, under the US Food and Drug Administration's (FDA's) Animal Rule. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2009); 86 3, 328–331. doi:10.1038/clpt.2009.106
The economic and evolutionary basis of selves

This paper aims to reconcile radical anti-individualism about people, according to which people are dynamic products of social dynamics, with neoclassical economic formalism and standard evolutionary game theory. The point of doing so is to face empirical facts coming from the cognitive and behavioral sciences, without throwing away any more of our well established modeling technology than we have to. The paper develops a high-level framework for modeling game determination, the process by which people strategically interact (play games) to determine which ranges of subsequent games will be played by their future selves that will have been sculpted from the preference refinements resulting from the earlier games.
Metabolic and osmoregulatory function at low and high (3800 m) altitude.

Summary Altitude evokes physiological adjustments that include not only respiratory and cardiovascular properties, but also metabolic function, renal and endocrine responses. The purpose of the present study was designed to expand our understanding of the physiological process involved with acclimatisation to high altitude in equids. The study examined temporal effects on metabolic and osmoregulatory function in horses (n = 6) at rest and postexercise at 3800 m. Animals were studied at 225 m (Pb = 743 mmHg) and during a 10 day stay at altitude (Pb = 487 mmHg). Rest samples were taken 90 min postprandial at 0830 h and immediately after the gallop phase of a standard exercise test. Changes in glucose, insulin, cortisol, thyroxine, sodium, potassium, chloride and total protein were assessed at both altitudes. Exercise stimulated increases in cortisol, thyroxine, potassium, and chloride; while the concentrations of glucose, insulin, sodium and total protein (regardless of altitude) decreased. Acute (Day 2) altitude exposure (following transport stress) produced significant increases in glucose, cortisol, thyroxine, chloride and protein at rest and exercise. All variables (except cortisol) appeared to stabilise by Day 4 of altitude exposure. Observations from these data (coupled with haematological and blood gases data) indicate that equids acutely acclimate within 2–3 days to this altitude.
Stem microanalysis by transmission electron energy loss spectroscopy in crystals

Abstract The interpretation of microdiffraction patterns from crystals formed with a coherent electron probe which is “smaller” than the crystal unit cell is discussed, with particular reference to the problem of extracting atomic number information. Some characteristic features of the elastic microdiffraction pattern are demonstrated which allow heavy and light atom sites in the crystal to be distinguished. The formation of a STEM lattice image is also discussed. The theory of energy-filtered microdifraction patterns from localized core-loss excitations in crystal is outlined and the characteristic features of these discussed. The form of energy-filtered characteristic loss STEM lattice images is discussed, and the effects of partial localization on these images described. Experimental microdiffraction patterns and energy loss spectra collected at symmetry points within a single unit cell of a barium alumina specimen are used, together with the results of dynamical calculations, to discuss the interpretation and usefulness of filtered microdiffraction patterns and lattice images.
From Haughty to Nice: How British Fashion Images Changed from the 1950s to the 1960s

Along with rock ‘n’ roll, fashion and its visual representations epitomize 1960s “Swinging London.” The 1950s look of aristocratic, haughty grandeur—where the models looked 30, even if they were 20...
The effects of the use of technology in mathematics instruction on student achievement

Part of the Algebra Commons, Algebraic Geometry Commons, Analysis Commons, Categorical Data Analysis Commons, Curriculum and Instruction Commons, Demography, Population, and Ecology Commons, Design of Experiments and Sample Surveys Commons, Disability and Equity in Education Commons, Educational Psychology Commons, Gender and Sexuality Commons, Geometry and Topology Commons, Inequality and Stratification Commons, Other Education Commons, Other Mathematics Commons, Other Physical Sciences and Mathematics Commons, Other Sociology Commons, Other Statistics and Probability Commons, Probability Commons, Race and Ethnicity Commons, Science and Mathematics Education Commons, Science and Technology Studies Commons, Service Learning Commons, Social Psychology and Interaction Commons, Statistical Models Commons, and the Statistical Theory Commons
A note on alternative petroleum taxation systems

Abstract Previous research has shown how the risk-sharing properties of different petroleum tax systems depend on the joint distribution of a projects revenues and costs. This role shows that the tax system that minimizes the variance of investor returns can depend on the level of expected tax revenues as well as the project's characteristics.
Black Holes as Red Herrings: Topological Fluctuations and the Loss of Quantum Coherence

The topological fluctuations recently suggested by Hawking, by Giddings and Strominger, and by Lavrelashvili, Rubakov, and Tinyakov do not lead to an observable loss of quantum coherence.