cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Application and comparison of generalized propensity score matching versus pairwise propensity score matching.

AIM A comparison of conventional pairwise propensity score matching (PSM) and generalized PSM method was applied to the comparative effectiveness of multiple treatment options for lung cancer. MATERIALS & METHODS Deidentified data were analyzed. Covariate balances between compared treatments were assessed before and after PSM. Cox proportional hazards regression compared overall survival after PSM. RESULTS & CONCLUSION The generalized PSM analyses were able to retain 61.2% of patients, while the conventional PSM analyses were able to match from 24.1 to 77.1% of patients from each treatment comparison. The generalized PSM achieved statistical significance (p < 0.05) in 8/10 comparisons, whereas conventional pairwise PSM achieved 1/10. The noted differences arose from different matched patient samples and the size of the samples.
Role of Interventional Radiology in Laparoscopic Injuries of the Bile Duct

In the years since its introduction in 1987, laparoscopic cholecystectomy has gained widespread acceptance among both surgeons and their patients. With this increased use has come an increased incidence of associated injuries. This chapter discusses the interventional radiological management of bile duct injuries due to laparoscopic surgery, both as primary treatment of an injury and as a temporizing measure in anticipation of future open surgical repair.
The chemical structure of tryptophanase from Escherichia coli. I. Isolation and structure of a pyridoxyl decapeptide from borohydride-reduced holotryptophanase.

Following reduction with NaBH4, carboxymethylation, and chymotryptic digestion, a decapeptide containing the Ne-pyridoxyllysine residue was isolated from the tryptophanase of Escherichia coli by the consecutive use of Dowex 1 column chromatography, paper chromatography, and high voltage paper electrophoresis. The primary structure of this peptide was determined to be [see PDF for sequence] Its structure differs from those found for the corresponding peptides from other enzymes so far studied.
Numerical Substructuring Methods in Finite Element Analysis

The proper coupling of substructures into system assemblies is a key part of achieving acceptable model fidelity and accuracy. Component model reduction leads to the system becoming stiffer and thus residual flexibilities at load and boundary interfaces must be included in the system-level model. The condition of the substructure system matrices can offer insight into properly re-conditioning the system to reduce the residual error associated with model reduction. Numerical experimentation will demonstrate how different substructure matrix conditioning affects the entire system assembly and solution. By taking the simulated results of the substructure, corrupting the mode shapes, and assembling the new model, the differences in solutions can be evaluated and then compared. The methods of numerical experimentation are presented and their results will be used to gain insight into ways to recondition the matrices associated with the residual structural model to minimize model errors. The methods of reconditioning the matrices associated with the residual structural model are being developed to apply to system assemblies where some of the components are defined entirely from experimental data and where it is difficult to pre-assess the condition of the parameters of the matrices associated with experimentally defined components.
DIFFERENT PACING, SAME OUTCOME: SYMPTOMATIC IMPROVEMENT WITH BOTH BI-VENTRICULAR AND HIS-BUNDLE PACING

His-Bundle Pacing (HBP) is an emerging alternative to Bi-Ventricular (BiV) pacing in patients requiring cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT). We present a 54 year old male with combined ischemic and non-ischemic cardiomyopathy with ejection fraction (EF) of 15% who underwent successful non-
Indications for Further Investigation of Headaches

Headache is a very common chief complaint in the emergency department (ED) and office setting. While most patients will present with a primary headache disorder it is important to be alert to signs and symptoms that suggest serious underlying pathology or a secondary headache disorder. In this chapter we will review warning signs and the diagnostic approach.
Drama, Creativity, and Critical Pedagogy

This article focuses on the work of Paulo Freire and the social theory encapsulated within ‘Pedagogy of The Oppressed’ (1996) as applied to a professional educational context; A Year 11 GCSE drama class in preparation for their final assessment piece which was being moderated by an AQA assessor. Drama is a subject which allows for the key concepts of Freire’s theory to be explored due its creative nature. There is an explanation of how this theory has been applied in a professional context whilst drawing on the work of Boal (1992) and Nicholson (2006).
The role of PPM1D in cancer and advances in studies of its inhibitors

A greater understanding of factors causing cancer initiation, progression and evolution is of paramount importance. Among them, the serine/threonine phosphatase PPM1D, also referred to as wild-type p53-induced phosphatase 1 (Wip1) or protein phosphatase 2C delta (PP2Cδ), is emerging as an important oncoprotein due to its negative regulation on a number of crucial cancer suppressor pathways. Initially identified as a p53-regulated gene, PPM1D has been afterwards found amplified and more recently mutated in many human cancers such as breast cancer. The latest progress in this field further reveals that selective inhibition of PPM1D to delay tumor onset or reduce tumor burden represents a promising anti-cancer strategy. Here, we review the advances in the studies of the PPM1D activity and its relevance to various cancers, and recent progress in development of PPM1D inhibitors and discuss their potential application in cancer therapy. Consecutive research on PPM1D and its relationship with cancer is essential, as it ultimately contributes to the etiology and treatment of cancer.
Engaging Patients in their Health Care: Lessons From a Qualitative Study on the Processes Health Coaches Use to Support an Active Learning Paradigm.

BackgroundWhile recent health-care trends rely on activated patients, few studies report direct observations of how to engage and activate patients to be full participants in their own health care....
Optimization of Combined Power and Modeling Attacks on VR PUFs With Lagrange Multipliers

In this brief, optimized combined power and modeling attacks (CPMAs) are proposed to crack lightweight strong physical unclonable functions (PUFs): voltage regulator (VR) PUFs. The relationship between input challenge and output response of a VR PUF is approximately modeled with polynomials at first. Then an objective function based on the polynomials is established for maximizing the accuracy of the model. Furthermore, the transient power consumption associated with the VR PUF is extracted as the critical constraint. After utilizing Lagrange multipliers to solve the optimization problem related to the VR PUF, the optimum polynomial that is able to assist to maximize the efficacy of CPMAs on the VR PUF is obtained. Ultimately, multi-layer perception (MLP) neural networks are built based on the optimum polynomial to successfully break the VR PUF. As shown in the result, the training accuracy of the proposed CPMAs is boosted over 96.98% while the training accuracy of regular CPMAs is only about 83.69%.
Utility of digital Respondent Driven Sampling to recruit community-dwelling emerging adults for assessment of drinking and related risks.

Abstract Introduction Emerging adulthood often entails heightened risk-taking, including risky drinking, and research is needed to guide intervention development and delivery. This study adapted Respondent Driven Sampling, a peer-driven recruitment method, to a digital platform (d-RDS) and evaluated its utility to recruit community-dwelling emerging adult (EA) risky drinkers, who are under-served and more difficult to reach for assessment and intervention than their college student peers. Materials and methods Community-dwelling EA risky drinkers (N = 357) were recruited using d-RDS (M age = 23.6 years, 64.0% women). Peers recruited peers in an iterative fashion. Participants completed a web-based cross-sectional survey of drinking practices and problems and associated risk and protective factors. Results d-RDS successfully recruited EA risky drinkers. On average, the sample reported recent drinking exceeding low-risk drinking guidelines and 8.80 negative consequences in the past three months. Compared to age-matched respondents from the representative U.S. National Survey on Drug Use and Health, the sample reported more past month drinking days and more drinks consumed per drinking day (ps Conclusions Results supported the utility of d-RDS as a sampling method and grassroots platform for research and intervention with community-dwelling EA drinkers who are harder to reach than traditional college students. The study provides a method and lays an empirical foundation for extending efficacious alcohol brief interventions with college drinkers to this underserved population.
Teaching teamwork in the business school

Teamwork skills are widely recognized as important, but are these skills being taught effectively within business courses? Two studies utilizing survey research explore how faculty are currently us...
A natural extension to the convex hull problem and a novel solution

We study a natural extension to the well-known convex hull problem by introducing multiplicity: if we are given a set of convex polygons, and we are allowed to partition the set into multiple components and take the convex hull of each individual component, what is the minimum total sum of the perimeters of the convex hulls? We show why this problem is intriguing, and then introduce a novel algorithm with a run-time cubic in the total number of vertices. In the case that the input polygons are disjoint, we show an optimization that achieves a run-time that, in most cases, is cubic in the total number of polygons, within a logarithmic factor.
The Differences in Coaching Behaviors between Individual and Team Sports at College Varsity level: 大學生代表隊個人與團隊運動項目教練行為之間的差異

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese. This study examined the differences in coaching behaviors between individual sports (ISs) and team sports (TSs). Participants were head-coaches of ten varsity teams from a college in the USA. Twenty practice sessions (two practices per coach) were videotaped and the Arizona State University Observation Instrument was used for data collection. A 2 x 2 MANOVA (sports x observations) revealed that significant differences in five coaching behaviors between the two types of sports. Specifically, ISs coaches demonstrated significantly greater (p .05) were identified in Concurrent Instruction, Positive Modeling, Negative Modeling, Scold, and Management behaviors between the coaches. In conclusion, the coaches from the ISs and TSs employed different coaching behaviors that reflected the features of their specific sports. 本研究檢驗了大學生代表隊個人與團隊運動教練行為之間的差異。研究對象為位於美國東部一所大學的10支運動代表隊的主教練。研究者在他們進行正常訓練時對10名教練員的教練行為進行了錄像記錄 (總共錄了20堂訓練課，每名教練員兩堂)。資料採用亞里桑納州立大學系統觀測儀收集。通過2x2多元方差分析檢驗，在 個人與團隊運動之間有五種教練行為顯出明顯差異 (p .05)。結論：個人與團隊運動項目的教練使用了不同的教練行為而這些教練 行為反映了他們所教運動項目的特點。
Trajectories of relational turbulence and affectionate communication across the post-deployment transition

Affectionate communication may play a key role in how military couples navigate the transition from deployment to reintegration. Informed by relational turbulence theory, this study considered how ...
On the stochastic nature of conductive points formation and their effects on reliability of MoS2 RRAM: Experimental characterization and Monte Carlo simulation

Abstract Two-dimensional (2D) monolayer molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) has been used as the non-volatile resistance switching (NVRS) layer in resistive random-access memory (RRAM) devices. In this work, an electron-beam irradiation treatment on monolayer MoS2 film to modify the defect properties has been applied to improve the reliability of the NVRS devices. Compared to unirradiated devices, the reliability of the devices with a moderate radiation has been shown to improve by up to 1.5× for yield and 11× for average DC cycling endurance. To better understand the mechanism behind, Monte Carlo simulations have been performed based on our previously proposed conductive-point model with the metal ion substitution into sulfur vacancy. The simulation yield and cycle numbers show similar trends with the experimental data. Our results provide additional insights into defect engineering to precisely control the switching properties of 2D-based RRAM devices for a wide range of applications.
Application of AI Image Recognition in the Omnidirectional Monitoring System for Power Transmission Lines

With the continuous advancement of social economy, electric power, as an essential resource, plays an important supporting role for the development of industry and the lives of residents. As electric power itself is dangerous to a certain level, it is crucial to use the electric power rationally and ensure the safe application of electrical equipment. In this paper, AI image recognition technology is introduced to establish a comprehensive monitoring system for power transmission lines. Through the control of the potential risks of the transmission lines, emergency treatment of power transmission lines is implemented, which has provided an application support for the safe use of power equipment. Simulation experiments have verified that the image recognition technology based on AI can support omnidirectional monitoring of power transmission lines effectively.
An undergraduate laboratory experiment with real-world applications: Utilizing templateless polymerase chain reaction and real-time polymerase chain reaction to test for SARS-CoV-2 RNA.

We present a course-embedded undergraduate research module that involves real-time polymerase chain reaction testing for the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in environmental samples. A positive control RNA was constructed and two RNA extraction methods were compared and a range of primers were available to compare. Using a combination of published protocols, we assembled a successful project that illustrated a topical exercise similar to real-world assay development. The exercise is aimed at upper-level undergraduates and requires 3 weeks of laboratory periods. The students were able to design and test experimental protocols, while learning about RNA detection. This project could be utilized in upper-level classes including molecular biology, biochemistry, biotechnology, or for independent research projects.
A Complaint About Payment Law Under the U.C.C.: What You See Is Often Not What You Get

In this Essay, Professor Maggs observes that many provisions of U.C.C. Articles 3, 4, 4A, and 5 are misleading. Although the provisions express certain rules, these rules often actually do not apply because the parties have waived them, because the parties have no practical way to enforce them, or because they are predicated on unrealistic assumptions. Professor Maggs laments that this discrepancy between what the U.C.C. says and reality may have deceived the state legislatures that voted to enact the U.C.C., that it may impose costs on businesses and consumers, and that it clearly hinders the education of lawyers and law students. He suggests that the U.C.C. would be improved if it stated more candidly and accurately the rules that actually apply in real transactions.
Subject switching algorithms for access control in federated databases

Authentication in federated database systems present difficulties because the autonomously operated components may not know the identity of federation users. One proposed solution is subject switching, where the federation translates the federated users identity to that of an agreed upon component subject. This translation may be problematic, due to not having component subjects with the same accesses requested by federation users. Therefore, we propose using proximity measures between requested and provided accesses and present two policy neutral algorithms to find proximity minimizing matches between a federation subject and a collection of component subjects.
Corn leaf phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylases. Purification and properties of two isoenzymes.

Abstract Two phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase proteins (PC-I and PC-II) were extracted and purified close to homogeneity from corn leaves. PC-I contained about 85% and PC-II about 15% of the total phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase activity. PC-I eluted from a DEAE-cellulose column with a buffer having lower ionic strength, had higher K m and V values with respect to phosphoenolpyruvate, Mg 2+ , and Mn 2+ , was more thermolabile and moved more slowly toward the anode during disc gel electrophoresis as compared to PC-II. The enzymes had sedimentation coefficient values ( s 20,W ) of 9.7 and 11.6S and molecular weights, determined by equilibrium centrifugation on sucrose density gradients, of 225,650 and 270,800, respectively. The enzymes used HCO 3 − as the active “CO 2 ” substrate, and the major protein (PC-I) had a temperature optimum for activity of 40 °C.
Spectacle and Surveillance in Émile Zola’s Au Bonheur des Dames

The department store at the centre of Zola’s Au Bonheur des Dames is an environment defined by scopic extravagance. All women seem to invite the speculative gaze of Mouret and his male managerial staff, who view the clerks and customers from afar in order to survey present conditions and plan future projects within the store. What resembles freedom in Mouret’s empire of female pleasure is thus really a form of containment all the more dangerous for being so imperceptible. Considering the changes to the department store implemented by the provincial shop girl Denise, this paper argues that she disrupts these systems of surveillance and introduces new ways of looking. Workers are thus protected, rather than policed, by the paternalistic management and shoppers are encouraged to look around them without fear of how they are being viewed.
Preface by the organizers

The papers collected in this online volume were presented at the 24th Conference on Semantics and Linguistic Theory, North America’s foremost conference devoted to natural language semantics with relevance to linguistic theory. SALT 24 was hosted at New York University from May 30th to June 1st, 2014. The four invited speakers were Emmanuel Chemla (ENS), Valentine Hacquard (Maryland), Lauri Karttunen (Stanford), and Sarah Moss (Michigan). The conference featured 14 talks and 24 posters. They were selected from 246 submissions, based on 955 reviews by 187 reviewer colleagues, by the program committee, consisting of Chris Barker, Lucas Champollion, Simon Charlow, Salvador Mascarenhas, Philippe Schlenker, and Anna Szabolcsi. Not all presenters have submitted papers to this volume. For the full program, with abstracts, slides, handouts, and posters for download, see nyu.edu/salt2014 . 115 people registered for the conference, and audiences over the three days held steady at just under 100. We gratefully thank our graduate students, department chairs Chris Barker and Alec Marantz, and Deans Michael Laver and Thomas J. Carew for their help, which made this conference possible. The lead editor for this volume is Todd Snider, and his fellow editors at the Cornell Linguistics Circle are Sarah D’Antonio and Mia Wiegand. Starting with this year, the SALT proceedings are no longer using eLanguage to host them and are moving to a differently branded server based on Open Journal Systems. As was the case for previous proceedings, this volume is released online for free. Both platforms are hosted by the Linguistic Society of America, whose support we gratefully acknowledge. Lucas Champollion and Anna Szabolcsi for the organizing team
Contraction Kinetics of the Fast Muscles used in Singing by a Katydid

1. The sound-pulse frequency, and by inference the wing-stroke frequency, in the song of the katydid, Euconocephalus nasutus , is 160 Hz. The thoracic temperature during singing is 36 °C, which represents a gradient between the insect's thorax and its environment of 12 °C. 2. Contraction kinetics were measured as a function of temperature for a singing muscle (first tergocoxal forewing muscle of males) and homologous, purely flight muscles (forewing muscles of females, hindwing muscles of males). Because the performance of the singing muscle was found to be easily degraded, the measurements were made from nearly intact animals. 3. At 35 °C the contraction rise time for an isometric twitch of a singing muscle is 7·7 msec. The twitch duration, measured from onset to 90% relaxation, is 12·2 msec. Purely flight muscles are about half as fast, but develop more tension per crosssectional area, both in twitches and tetani. The temporal characteristics of twitch contractions, including the delay between the onset of the muscle action potential and the onset of contraction, have Q10 values between 1·5 and 2. 4. At 35 °C a singing muscle contracts in an unfused tetanus when stimulated at 150 Hz, relaxing about half-way between tension peaks. This result suggests that this is the way the muscle operates during singing. At 25 °C the muscle contracts in a smooth tetanus when stimulated at 150 Hz. A warm thorax is not only a consequence of the intense activity during singing but also necessary for the performance achieved. 5. Isometric twitch tension is maximum at muscle lengths more than one-third greater than the in situ length. Twitch contraction time is nearly independent of muscle length but relaxation time increases as the muscle is stretched.
American Indians in the Lower Mississippi Valley: Social and Economic Histories

During the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, the Native peoples inhabiting the Lower Mississippi Valley confronted increasing domination by colonial powers, disastrous reductions in population, and threatened marginalization by a new cotton economy. Their strategies of resistance and adaptation to these changes are brought to light in this perceptive study. An introductory overview of the historiography of Native peoples in the early Southeast examines how the study of Native-colonial relations has changed over the last century. Usner re-evaluates the Natchez Indians' ill-fated relations with the French, following with an insightful look at the cultural effects of Native population losses from disease and warfare during the eighteenth century. Drawing on his re-conceptualization of the "middle ground" of Indian-colonial relations as a "frontier exchange economy," Usner next examines in detail the social and economic relations the Native peoples forged even in the face of colonial domination and demographic decline. He reveals how Natives adapted to the cotton economy, which displaced their familiar social and economic networks of interaction with outsiders. Finally, Usner offers an intriguing excursion into cultural criticism, assessing the effects of popular images of Natives from this region. Daniel H. Usner Jr. is a professor of history at Cornell University. He is the author of "Indians, Settlers, and Slaves in a Frontier Exchange Economy: The Lower Mississippi Valley before 1783".
Cholangiographic demonstration of the cholecystohepatic duct of Luschka

The cholecystohepatic duct of Luschka is demonstrated. This anomaly directly connects the gallbladder to the bile ducts, draining a portion of the right lobe of the liver. The pertinent embryology is reviewed. When accidentally severed, it may cause a bile leak leading to biloma formation. It should be recognized before surgery to alert the surgeon.
Histopathology of Acute Lung Injury: High Frequency Oscillation of the Perfluorocarbon-Filled Lung ♦ 178

Histopathology of Acute Lung Injury: High Frequency Oscillation of the Perfluorocarbon-Filled Lung ♦ 178
The Rational Deterrence Debate

Although there are important differences between the rational theory of deterrence and the theory of deterrence that is emerging from the psychology and case-study literatures, it is necessary for adherents of both to appreciate the ways in which they complement each other and the problems they share. For example, rational deterrence theory will not describe the way the world works until certain heuristics and biases that can only be discovered through case studies and other inferential methods are either eliminated or integrated into the theory. On the other hand, psychologists and case-study researchers will find it difficult to trace through the implications of their discoveries for strategic behavior until they adopt some relative of formal methods.
A multiscale modeling technique for bridging molecular dynamics with finite element method

In computational mechanics, molecular dynamics (MD) and finite element (FE) analysis are well developed and most popular on nanoscale and macroscale analysis, respectively. MD can very well simulate the atomistic behavior, but cannot simulate macroscale length and time due to computational limits. FE can very well simulate continuum mechanics (CM) problems, but has the limitation of the lack of atomistic level degrees of freedom. Multiscale modeling is an expedient methodology with a potential to connect different levels of modeling such as quantum mechanics, molecular dynamics, and continuum mechanics. This study proposes a new multiscale modeling technique to couple MD with FE. The proposed method relies on weighted average momentum principle. A wave propagation example has been used to illustrate the challenges in coupling MD with FE and to verify the proposed technique. Furthermore, 2-Dimensional problem has also been used to demonstrate how this method would translate into real world applications. A weighted averaging momentum method is introduced for bridging molecular dynamics (MD) with finite element (FE) method.The proposed method shows excellent coupling results in 1-D and 2-D examples.The proposed method successfully reduces the spurious wave reflection at the border of MD and FE regions.Big advantages of the proposed method are simplicity and inexpensive computational cost of multiscale analysis.
Effects of postnatal maturation and castration on rat epididymal carbohydrate metabolism.

SummaryAn increase in epididymal weight and in pentose-shunt enzyme activity of glucose-6-phosphate and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase occurred between 22 and 35 days of age in the rat. Both were prevented by castration. Further epididymal growth to day 60 in normal rats was associated with a decline in isocitrate dehydrogenase activity but no change occurred with the other enzymes. Glycogen concentrations in the epididymis declined in normal and castrated rats with increasing age.
Spatial autoregression modeling of site-specific wheat yield

Abstract This paper illustrates spatial autoregressive response modeling applied to estimating the relationship between site-specific wheat yield and selected terrain variables within a dryland production field in Montana. Yield values for numerous irregularly spaced areal units are obtained with a mass flow yield sensor. Kriging is used to compute spatially weighted averages for new, larger areal units of a regular surface partitioning as needed for implementing autoregression response (AR) modeling. The new units were combined by systematic increments to produce new regularly spaced units in scales ranging from 9.1 m to 329.2 m. Yield data are then related to elevation and a vegetation index computed through processed digital aerial imagery. Correlation and R 2 values between yield and the terrain attributes are obtained at each scale from ordinary least squares (OLS) correlation and regression analyses. Statistical results are obtained from OLS regression and AR regression to assess the negative impact of spatial dependency, or autocorrelation, in these yield data. Though values of regression parameter estimates were unaffected, the primary effect of increasing spatial scale by combining areal units of yield data was to systematically increase the value of correlation coefficients and the R 2 . A slight amount of combining areal units did not seriously affect statistical results. The primary effect of autocorrelation was to underestimate standard errors resulting in too much significance being assigned to parameter estimates of an OLS-based regression model.
The nominal theory of interest under habit formation: evidence for the U.S., 1959–2002

Abstract This paper shows that the debt-to-money ratio and inflation affect the nominal interest rate in a three-period overlapping generations (OG) model with habit formation. Employing monthly U.S. data from 1959:1 to 2002:2, we find a strong and robust relationship for the rate of inflation in the long-run vector. The debt-to-money ratio (inflation rate) is negatively (positively) related to the interest rate in postwar U.S. data, consistent with habit formation and with the Fisher hypothesis, respectively. Vector autoregressions (VARs) suggest similar negative responses of interest rates to shocks in the debt-to-money ratio.
A Management Model for Pediatric Somatization

Medically unexplained physical symptoms are common in pediatric settings, though little systematic research is available to guide the development of treatment efforts for pediatric somatization and somatoform disorders. This paper presents a management model for pediatric somatization based on principles distilled from the available pediatric and adult literature. Careful assessment, frank presentation of the diagnosis, and a cognitive-behavioral and rehabilitative approach are emphasized, along with aggressive psychiatric treatment of comorbid psychopathology. Well-designed empirical studies of intervention are needed that should examine efficacy as well as the relationship between symptomatic improvement, functional improvement, and comorbid anxiety and depressive symptoms.
Electron transport dynamics in partially quaternized poly(4-vinylpyridine) thin films containing ferri/ferrocyanide

Abstract Electron transport dynamics were studied for the Fe(CN)6 3− 4− couple incorporated in partially-quaternized polyvinylpyridine (QPVP) modified electrodes. The goal was to identify the major factors controlling electron diffusion in the electroactive polymer films. Variable-temperature (0–30° C) chronocoulometry was employed to measure the electron diffusion coefficients (DE) and activation energies (Ea) for the electron transport. The Ea values were in the range of 24–80 kJ/mol (6–20 kcal/mol); Ea increased steadily as the concentration of the ferri/ferrocyanide couple was increased in the films; Ea was also influenced strongly by the anionic species (nitrate, p-toluenesulfonate, and perchlorate) in the aqueous electrolyte adjacent to the film. The DE values in the presence of nitrate were compared to those measured by a form of steady-state voltammetry. The electron diffusion coefficients were essentially equal by both methods. The permeability of Fe(dmbpy)32+ ion was measured in QPVP films loaded with Fe(CN)6 3− 4− and exposed to nitrate; the observed permeation rates (DS · κ) were normally much larger than the electron diffusion coefficients. The results suggest that counterion motion is not a factor limiting the electron motion. The polymer lattice clearly becomes more crosslinked upon taking up the redox ions, an effect that induces a loss in short-range ion mobility within the film and causes a decline in DE as the film is more heavily loaded. The anion dependence of Ea was explained on the basis of changes in internal structure reflecting interactions between the cationic polymer lattice, the anionic species in the background electrolyte, and the solvent. Perchlorate produces nearly dehydrated, rather impermeable films. The anion dependence is shown to be a structural, not a dynamic, effect.
A neighborhood magnification method for solving implicit equations in two variables

A geometric approach for solving simultaneous equations in the form f(x,y) = 0 and g(x,y) = 0 in two real variables in a given region is suggested. The method, called the neighborhood magnification method, primarily locates a neighborhood of a point of intersection of the graphs of the functions and, by magnification of successively smaller neighborhoods, computes the numerical values of the coordinates of the point of intersection. A simple procedure for generating rough sketches of implicit functions in a given region is also suggested.
Photosynthetic traits of tree species in response to leaf nutrient content in the central Amazon

Rainforest tree species are often found on poor soils where essential nutrients may be in low concentrations. Here, we determine the effect of nutrients (N, P, Ca, Mg and K) in photosynthetic traits in five rainforest tree species from central Amazonia. Gas exchange parameters were measured with an infrared gas analyzer in four saplings (1–3 m tall) per species using two leaves per plant. Data on gas exchange and leaf nutrient content (N, P, K, Ca and Mg) were collected between August and November, 2010. Specific leaf area (SLA) and leaf thickness (L T) were also determined. Potential photosynthesis per unit mass (A pot-mass), maximum carboxylation velocity of Rubisco (V c-max) and electron transport rate (J max) were responsive to variation in leaf nutrient content per unit mass. On a mass basis, P content was positively correlated with N, Mg, and K content; Mg content was positively correlated with K content. However, no correlation was found between the content of P, Mg, K and Ca, or between Ca, Mg, K and N. SLA and L T were strongly related to A pot-area, V c-max and J max (per unit area). Our study shows in situ evidence on the effect of leaf nutrients on A pot-mass, V c-max and J max (per unit mass) of tree saplings in the central Amazon. The magnitude of changes in photosynthetic capacity of juvenile trees in the forest understory depends not only on N and P use efficiency, but also on the availability of K, Mg and Ca, in decreasing order.
Narrative Unity as a Condition of Personhood

: In this article I critically discuss a claim made by several writers in philosophy and the social sciences that for an individual to count as a person, a single personality, or the subject of a life, the experiences of the subject in question must take a narrative form. I argue that narrativity is a misleading and, in some ways of understanding it, implausible condition of what it is that adds unity to personhood and personality. I pursue this critique by considering canonical accounts of narrativity in philosophy and literary studies. I consider those connections between events that must hold for the sequence to be considered a narrative: causal, teleological, and thematic connections. I argue that for each of these, the condition that experiential sequences (for a given subject) must have this structure is empty: any life sequence that is reflected upon in an interpretive spirit can meet it. What the condition of narrativity amounts to, then, is the more basic requirement that the person must be able to look upon the factors and events of her life with a certain interpretive reflection, whether or not those factors and events have any particular narrative unity in a traditional sense.
M. Depew and D. Obbink (eds), Matrices of Genre: Authors, Canons, and Society . Cambridge, Mass./London: Harvard University Press, 2000. Pp. vi + 346. ISBN 0-674-00338-1. £34.50.

Introduction Mary Depew and Dirk Obbink 1. Generating Genres: The Idea of the Tragic Glenn W.Most 2. Epigram and Reader: Generic Force as (Re-)Activation of Ritual Joseph W.Day 3. Enacted and Represented Dedications: Genre and Greek Hymn Mary Depew 4. Formulas, Voice, and Death in Ehoie-Poetry, the Hesiodic Gunaikon Katalogos, and the Odysseian Nekuia Ian Rutherford 5. Herodotus' Genre(s) Deborah Boedeker 6. From Aristophanes to Menander: Genre Transformation in Greek Comedy Eric Csapo 7. Theocritus and the Demythologizing of Poetry Mario Fantuzzi 8. Lycophron's Alexandra: "Hindsight as Foresight Makes No Sense" Stephanie West 9. Rituals in Ink: Horace on the Greek Lyric Tradition Alessandro Bar Hiesi 10. The Dialectics of Genre: Some Aspects of Secondary Literature and Genre in Antiquity Ineke Sluiter 11. The Didactic Plot Don Fowler 12. Essential Epic: Genre and Gender from Macer to Statius Stephen Hinds Notes Bibliography Contributors Index In Memoriam Don Fowler
Acceptability of male circumcision for prevention of HIV/AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa: a review.

Based on epidemiological, clinical and experimental evidence, male circumcision (MC) could have a significant impact on the HIV epidemic in selected areas. We reviewed studies of the acceptability of MC in sub-Saharan Africa to assess factors that will influence uptake of circumcision in traditionally non-circumcising populations. Thirteen studies from nine countries were identified. Across studies, the median proportion of uncircumcised men willing to become circumcised was 65% (range 29–87%). Sixty nine percent (47–79%) of women favored circumcision for their partners, and 71% (50–90%) of men and 81% (70–90%) of women were willing to circumcise their sons. Because the level of acceptability across the nine countries was quite consistent, additional acceptability studies that pose hypothetical questions to participants are unnecessary. We recommend pilot interventions making safe circumcision services available in conjunction with current HIV prevention strategies and evaluating the safety and acceptability of circumcision.
Exploring Parental Predictors of Child Anxiety: The Mediating Role of Child Interpretation Bias

Background Separate lines of research have shown that higher levels of parental overcontrol and parental anxiety are related to higher levels of child anxiety. The mechanisms of transmission, however, are poorly understood.
Numerical simulation of high-density plasma-arc processing of FePt nanoparticle films

This papers deals with the high-density plasma-arc processing of FePt nanoparticle films. For short processing times, different materials, and multiple length scales of the system considered, the estimation of the optimum combination of process parameters is a difficult task. The process parameters can be obtained efficiently from a combined experimental and computational process analysis. The development of a computational methodology for plasma-arc processing is presented. Data on material properties are used to simplify the analytical model. An effective extinction coefficient was used to describe the absorption, of the radiation into the nanofilm. Experimental data for the surface temperature of the FePt nanofilm were obtained by infrared measurements. Parameters needed for the energy transport model were identified based on measured temperature data. The model presented can be used to for mulate process schedules for given time-temperature constraints.
Finn Brudevold: Discovery of Acidulated Phosphate Fluoride in Caries Prevention

Finn Brudevold was a distinguished leader in dental research, recipient of many honors, and a Past President of IADR. This article traces his scientific career and focuses on his discovery and development of acidulated phosphate fluoride (APF) for practical use in caries prevention. Brudevold noticed that the low pH of stannous fluoride was very effective in getting fluoride into enamel in vitro. He hypothesized that an acidulated preparation that included phosphate to minimize enamel dissolution by a common ion effect would permit faster exchange of hydroxyls with fluoride. The clinical efficacy of APF is compared with other methods of professionally applied topical fluoride agents.
The functional significance of infanticide in a population of California ground squirrels (Spermophilus beecheyi)

Naturally-occurring infanticide was observed in a population of California ground squirrels (Spermophilus beecheyi). In four seasons, 40 infanticides were observed. All victims were post-emergent pups. Of 37 killings in which the killer was sexed 36 were by females. All infanticidal females were mothers at the time they killed, but in no case was a mother seen to kill or harm her own young. The victim was cannibalized in 22 cases and taken immediately into the killer’s burrow in 16 others. In no case did killers gain access to the victimized mother’s burrow or territory and female pups were not killed preferentially over males. In light of evolutionary explanations, infanticide in this population may best fit the resource exploitation hypothesis, in which killers commit infanticide to gain a nutritional benefit. Resource competition is a possible auxiliary explanation, since any time a female kills unrelated young she is eliminating possible competitors to her own offspring. This behavior could confer a fitness advantage on killers or it could be an adaptively neutral, alternative feeding strategy. More data are necessary to distinguish between these hypotheses.
Stayovers in emerging adulthood: Who stays over and why?

Emerging adulthood is an intense period of personal development and interpersonal exploration; most emerging adults engage in several romantic relationships of varying commitment levels throughout their late teens and early twenties. The current study explored whether one relationship behavior, staying over, is related to specific demographic characteristics, previous experiences, and personal beliefs and attitudes. A sample of 627 emerging adults were surveyed about their experiences with staying overnight with their romantic partners, their reasons for doing so, and their attitudes about full-time cohabitation. Participants who were older, had cohabited at some point, lived independently from family, viewed religion as unimportant, and had positive attitudes about cohabitation were found to be more likely to stay over. Over the past 50 years, loosening social and institutional norms for intimate relationships have redefined how people proceed from casual dating to permanent commitments. Guidelines for appropriate behavior have faded, allowing individuals to self-define and self-direct the formation of committed partnerships (Larson, Wilson, Brown, Furstenberg, & Verma, 2002). The result is that many people engage in a series of committed and uncommitted relationships rather than taking a direct path to marriage (Arnett, 2004). This pattern is particularly salient during emerging adulthood, a period between the ages of 18 and 29 when some individuals (mostly those in the middle class) experience a delay in the roles and responsibilities associated with adulthood (e.g., spouse and parent),
Inflammatory Effects of Endotoxin-Like Contaminants in Commonly Used Protein Preparations

Protein preparations from commercial suppliers are contaminated with bacterial endotoxins. The continued use of these preparations indicates that many researchers are unaware of this, and they may attribute all observed effects to the proteins themselves. Intravitreous injection of bovine serum albumin has an initial inflammatory effect on the rabbit eye which occurs before an immune reaction to the antigen itself can develop. This direct inflammatory effect can be fully accounted for by endotoxin-like contaminants which are present in protein preparations obtained from commercial suppliers. A pharmaceutical (U.S. Pharmacopeia) serum albumin preparation contains no detectable endotoxin, and has no initial inflammatory effect on the eye. Since endotoxins, even in minute amounts, have a variety of effects, the use of such contaminated protein preparations in biological research can lead to erroneous conclusions and should, therefore, be avoided.
Newly described muscle attachments to the anterior band of the articular disk of the temporomandibular joint

The discovery of two previously unreported muscle attachments could be helpful in treating temporomandibular disorders. Why they have not been described earlier is a mystery, but it is more understandable when the difficulty of dissection is noted. This article describes the accidental discovery of additional muscle attachments to the temporomandibular joint articular disk. Previously, only one muscle attachment has been reported in the literature. This discovery may provide valuable information for the clinician treating temporomandibular disorders.
Sequential Intrahepatic Metabolic Effects of Enteric Galactose Alimentation in Newborn Rats

We determined metabolic responses after enteric galactose alimentation in 5- to 7-day-old newborn rats fasted for 24 h. The glycemic response was attenuated after enteric galactose feeding compared with the response after enteric glucose-fed rat pups. 14C radioactivity in blood from galactose-fed pups was reduced as counts in blood galactose were lower than counts in blood glucose in glucose-fed pups. Nonetheless within 15 min, [14C] from galactose appeared in blood glucose suggesting rapid conversion of galactose to glucose. The plasma insulin response was also attenuated after galactose feeding compared with the insulin response after enteric glucose. Hepatic glycogen content increased rapidly after enteric galactose feeding and was higher than after glucose feeding at 60, 120, and 180 min. Significant glycogen synthesis after oral glucose was delayed and occurred at 240 min. Carbon radioactivity in glycogen was higher in galactose fed pups between 15 and 360 min of the study. Serial determination of hepatic metabolites revealed an increase of galactose-1-phosphate levels after oral galactose at 240 and 300 min and a transient decline of ATP at 15 min. Other hepatic metabolites did not demonstrate significant differences between the two groups. These data suggest that hepatic glycogen synthesis is more rapid and occurs sooner after galactose than after glucose alimentation in previously fasted newborn rats. Galactose may enter a more direct pathway for neonatal hepatic glycogen synthesis. The relatively delayed entry of glucose label into hepatic glycogen and the delay of net glycogen synthesis after oral glucose suggest that glucose entry is not direct and may require further metabolism before incorporation into glycogen.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Discovery of a β-MSH-derived MC-4R selective agonist

A series of novel, disulfide-constrained human beta-melanocyte stimulating hormone (beta-MSH)-derived peptides were optimized for in vitro melanocortin-4 receptor (MC-4R) binding affinity, agonist efficacy, and selectivity. The most promising of these, analogue 18, was further studied in vivo using chronic rat food intake and body weight models.
Cash in Your Face: The Cost of Racial and Ethnic Discrimination in Housing☆☆☆

Abstract According to recent evidence, racial and ethnic discrimination in housing continues to be widespread. This paper estimates the cost this discrimination imposes on black and Hispanic households. Building on the work of 4 , the paper develops a housing search model and measures the cost of discrimination by its impact on the gain a household can achieve through housing search. The cost of discrimination is then calculated for a representative sample of households. The punchline: Black and Hispanic households pay a discrimination “tax” of almost $4,000, on average, every time they search for a house to buy.
HEAT TRANSFER IN TRIANGULAR CHANNELS WITH ANGLED ROUGHNESS RIBS ON TWO WALLS

Abstract Leading edges of internally cooled gas turbine engine airfoils are often cooled convectively by flow through triangular cross-sectioned passages containing roughness ribs on two of their three sides. The roughness augments heat transfer coefficients and thereby increases the ability of the cooling air to cool the airfoil leading edge. Ribs are normally placed on the two sides of the passage that constitute forward sections of the airfoil pressure and suction surfaces, and the third side, a cooling passage divider or internal bulkhead, is usually left smooth. The present study is an experimental investigation of developing local convection heat transfer in triangular ducts with square ribs at various rib angles, orientations, and pitch-to-diameter ratios on two of the three channel walls in conjunction with a smooth third wall. Stream-wise development of spanwise-averaged Nusselt numbers is presented for both rough and smooth walls, along with typical spanwise variations. Results were obtained for...