cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
AN EFFICIENT TECHNIQUE FOR TWO‐DIMENSIONAL SIMULATION OF VELOCITY OVERSHOOT EFFECTS IN Si AND GaAs DEVICES

A transport model has been developed which is reasonably accurate, and has proven quite efficient for the two‐dimensional numerical simulation of submicron‐scale Si and GaAs devices. In this model an approximate form of the energy‐transport equation is developed; this equation is easily included in otherwise‐conventional device simulation codes, which then require only slightly more solution time than standard models using field‐dependent transport coefficients. Calculations for 0.25 micron gate length Si and GaAs MESFET's show that velocity overshoot effects can be very important, particularly in the latter material; predicted saturation currents in the GaAs devices are almost three times larger than those that would have been predicted using conventional transport models. The model described, and its application in simulation programs, should find use in the design of submicron‐scale devices to properly take advantage of overshoot phenomena.
Inhibition of the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase pathway induces p53-independent transcriptional regulation of p21(WAF1/CIP1) in human prostate carcinoma cells

Progression through the cell cycle is controlled by the induction of cyclins and the activation of cognate cyclin-dependent kinases. The 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitor lovastatin induces growth arrest and cell death in certain cancer cell types. We have pursued the mechanism of growth arrest in PC-3-M cells, a p53-null human prostate carcinoma cell line. Lovastatin treatment increased protein and mRNA levels of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21(WAF1/CIP1), increased binding of p21 with Cdk2, markedly inhibited cyclin E- and Cdk2-associated phosphorylation of histone H1 or GST-retinoblastoma protein, enhanced binding of the retinoblastoma protein to the transcription factor E2F-1 in vivo, and induced the activation of a p21 promoter reporter construct. By using p21 promoter deletion constructs, the lovastatin-responsive element was mapped to a region between -93 and -64 relative to the transcription start site. Promoter mutation analysis indicated that the lovastatin-responsive site coincided with the previously identified transforming growth factor-beta-responsive element. These data indicate that in human prostate carcinoma cells an inhibitor of the HMG-CoA reductase pathway can circumvent the loss of wild-type p53 function and induce critical downstream regulatory events leading to transcriptional activation of p21.
Evidence for critical point effects in high energy particle multiplicities

Abstract Starting from the gas-liquid analog, a theory for charged particle multiplicities is proposed which allows for both short and long range interactions. Based on the assumptions that at infinite energy, 1) the elementary particle fluid is at a critical point, 2) the basic exchange for the inelastic two prong cross section is dominated by α(0) = 1 2 , and 3) the total inelastic cross section is constant up to factors of 1ns, a no-parameter phenomenological theory is obtained and compared to recent very high energy data. Strong support is found for an approach to the predicted limit.
Sexual Dimorphism Characterizes Steroid Hormone Modulation of Rat Aortic Steroid Hormone Receptors

Quantification of aortic androgen and estrogen receptor content and distribution in AXC/SSh rats established that the total androgen receptor content in intact young mature males (mean ± SD, 55 ± 13 fmol/mg DNA) was indistinguishable P > 0.05) from that in proestrous females (50 ± 3 fmol/mg DNA). However, 60% o.f male aortic androgen receptors were in the nuclear fraction, whereas all proestrous female aortic androgen receptors were in the cytoplasmic fraction. The total aortic estrogen receptor content of intact young mature males (70 ± 16 fmol/mg DNA) was indistinguishable (P > 0.05) from that of proestrous (92 ± 12) or diestrous (77 ± 4) females. However, 50% of proestrous female aortic estrogen receptors were in the nuclear fraction, whereas male or diestrous female aortic estrogen receptors were restricted to the cytoplasmic fraction. To assess estrogen receptor function, we characterized aortic cytoplasmic progesterone receptors and established that the receptor content of intact male aortae (101 ± ...
On nonassociative effects of auditory CSs on avoidance behavior

The nonassociative (i.e., sensitization) effect of a discontinuous tone and a clicking CS was studied in rats by comparing free operant avoidance measures obtained during a CS-pretest phase with measures from CS-US and CS-extinction phases. The clicking CS, but not the tone, was found to produce markedly enhanced avoidance behavior during the pretest. Both CSs, however, acquired suppressive control over avoidance under CS-US training. When the US was removed for CS extinction, each CS recovered the kind of influence over avoidance present during the pretest. The sensitization influence of the clicker was discussed as arising from an interaction between unavoided shocks from the avoidance schedule with the abrupt-onset property of that stimulus (and a property not present in a tone).
Putting the Patient Into Patient-Centered Care

Guest Commentary on Cheung, J. M. Y., Bartlett, D. J., Armour, C. L., & Saini, B. (2013). The insomnia patient perspective, a narrative review. Behavioral Sleep Medicine, 11(5), 369–389. Given that...
Exact class of inverse scattering solutions

Abstract After presenting a procedure for finding exact solutions to the Gelfand-Levitan equation for inverse scattering, we present explicit solutions for 3- to 6-pole reflection coefficients. The method is applicable to an arbitrarily large number of poles. Here we give the first explicit treatment of 4, 5, and 6 poles.
Children's Computation of Implicatures

(2004). Children's Computation of Implicatures. Language Acquisition: Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 71-82.
Beta-Cell sparing in transplanted islets by vascular endothelial growth factor

We have reported that vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) promotes the revascularization of transplanted islets, thereby reducing the initial number required to prevent diabetes. The present study was undertaken to assess other mechanisms of beta-cell sparing by VEGF. For in vitro studies, islets were cultured for 14 days with versus without 20 ng/mL VEGF. Viability, necrosis, and apoptosis were examined by specific staining (Alcein AM, propidium iodide, and annexin/phosphatidylserine). The effects of VEGF on islets were also examined in a proteomic study. In vivo streptozotocin-treated diabetic Lewis rats received 1000 Lewis or Sprague-Dawley islets beneath the renal capsule. Oxygen levels at the transplant site were monitored by a Clark-type oxygen electrode. Fasting blood glucose served as an indicator of islet survival and function. VEGF enhanced oxygen levels at the transplant site. Syngeneic recipients were euglycemic for over 6 months, whereas control islets failed within 30 to 60 days. VEGF prevented allograft rejection for over 14 days, whereas controls were rejected within 6 to 7 days. Immunostaining suggested that VEGF inhibited the presentation of MHC II antigen and promoted islet survival by the inhibition of necrosis and apoptosis. Our proteomic study suggested VEGF preserved systems required for cellular preservation (heat shock proteins) and insulin secretion. VEGF promotes the preservation of isolated and transplanted islets by a variety of mechanisms, including enhanced oxygenation and inhibition of immune rejection, necrosis, and apoptosis. The provision of exogenous VEGF may be a useful adjunct to islet transplantation.
Laser trapping of short-lived radioactive isotopes.

We describe an experiment which demonstrates the feasibility of trapping significant quantities of short-lived radioactive atoms with laser light. A thermal beam of 22.5 sec half-life $^{21}\mathrm{Na}$ atoms was produced on-line at the LBL 88'' Cyclotron. After decelerating the beam using a Zeeman-tuned slowing technique we stored about 4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{3}$ $^{21}\mathrm{Na}$ atoms in a magneto-optical trap. The number of trapped atoms is large enough to be used in experimental studies of the beta decay of $^{21}\mathrm{Na}$. The basic method can be adapted for other rare isotopes.
Dendritic Cell–Epithelium Interplay Is a Determinant Factor for Corneal Epithelial Wound Repair

The functions of intraepithelial dendritic cells (DCs) are critical for mucosal innate and adaptive immunity, but little is known about the role of tissue-specific DCs in epithelial homeostasis and tissue repair. By using the epithelial debridement wound model and CD11c–diphtheria toxin receptor mice that express a CD11c promoter–driven diphtheria toxin receptor, we showed that DCs migrate along with the epithelial sheet to cover the wound and that local depletion of DCs resulted in a significant delay in epithelial wound closure. In response to wounding, migratory epithelia produce CXCL10, thymic stromal lymphopoietin, and IL-1β and its antagonist soluble IL-1 receptor antagonist (sIL-1Ra); depletion of corneal DCs reversed their elevated expressions to a different extent, suggesting a DC-mediated positive feedback loop in epithelial gene expression. Furthermore, both CXCL10 and thymic stromal lymphopoietin were localized in migratory epithelia, suggesting that epithelial cells play a key role in DC infiltration and activation in injured corneas. On the other hand, DC depletion resulted in suppressed epithelial AKT activation, increased cell apoptosis, and decreased polymorphonuclear leukocyte infiltration in the healing cornea. These results indicate that DCs and epithelium form a functional entity at mucosal surfaces for maintaining corneal homeostasis and for tissue repair.
Ketamine "unlocks" the reduced clock-speed effects of cocaine following extended training: evidence for dopamine--glutamate interactions in timing and time perception.

The present study examined the clock-speed modulating effects of acute cocaine administration in groups of male rats that received different amounts of baseline training on a 36-s peak-interval procedure prior to initial drug injection. After injection of cocaine (10, 15, or 20mg/kg, ip), rats that had received a minimal amount of training (e.g., or=180 sessions) prior to cocaine (15 mg/kg, ip) administration did not produce this "classic" curve-shift effect, but instead displayed a general disruption of temporal control following drug administration. Importantly, when co-administered with a behaviorally ineffective dose of ketamine (10mg/kg, ip) the ability of cocaine to modulate clock speed in rats receiving extended training was restored. A glutamate "lock/unlock" hypothesis is used to explain the observed dopamine-glutamate interactions as a function of timing behaviors becoming learned habits.
Interaction of cationic polypeptides with electroactive polypyrrole/poly(styrene sulfonate) and poly(N-methylpyrrole)/ poly(styrenesulfonate) films

Abstract Poly(N-methylpyrrole)/poly(styrene sulfonate)(PMP/PSS) composite polymer films, described previously by Miller and Zhou ( Macromolecules , 1987 , 20 , 1594.), are capable of cathodically59 binding and anodically releasing small cations such as protonated dopamine. We have investigated the capability of both PMP/PSS and polypyrrole/poly(styrene sulfonate) (PP/PSS) films to bind cationic polypeptides. In quartz crystal microbalance experiments with arginine-rich histone (H3) in tris buffer (pH = 5.4), we find that PSS is extracted from the films upon electrochemical reduction. In contrast, poly(l-lysine hydrochloride) adsorbs to both the oxidized and reduced forms of the film. A model for the surface structure of the composite films is proposed.
Ambi-Diegetic Music in Films as a Product Design and -Placement Strategy: The Sweet Smell of Success

As an important element in the product design of motion pictures, ambidiegetic music in films – appearing on-screen (diegetically) but helping to advance a film’s dramatic development (non-diegetically) – plays a key role in shaping the consumption experience of a movie audience. Further, ambi-diegetic music in films is a kind of product placement in which the individuals who create a motion picture insert a particular offering – namely, a musical performance – in a manner intended to structure a movie’s meaning and to shape its appreciation. As one illustration, this article examines the role of ambi-diegetic music inSweet Smell of Success (1957). This film attracts the interest of those concerned with marketing theory partly because it represents the battle of artistic integrity against the forces of commercialism and especially because the movie’s design hinges on the manner in which ambi-diegetic cinemusical moments work to develop the characterization of a leading protagonist. Specifically, the ident...
Dose Distribution of Pharmaceutical Aerosols

With the advent of new pharmaceutical agents designed to be delivered in aerosol form to the respiratory tract for local or systemic benefit, the issue of acceptable dose distribution related to generation, delivery, and breathing becomes an important consideration in achieving maximal benefit. This paper examines the definition of aerosol dose for pharmaceutic agents, considers the necessary specification of dose distribution, and reviews data of pharmaceutic aerosol delivery to estimate the factors responsible for variability. It is concluded that the required degree of dose distribution specification is agent dependent, and that efforts to design aerosol delivery systems for pharmaceutical agents must have the desired dose specification established at the beginning of the design effort.
Different timing of increases in activities of four X-chromosome linked enzymes during the cell cycle of synchronized human lymphoblasts

Abstract A permanent human lymphoblast culture was synchronized with repetitive thymidine blocks, and the changes in the levels of activity of four X-chromosome-linked enzymes were followed during the cell cycle. The four enzymes studied were phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK), α-galactosidase (α-Gal), hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRT), and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD). The levels of PGK and α-Gal activities increased simultaneously in G1 and in S, while HGPRT and G6PD increased close together in middle and late S. Therefore, different control mechanisms may be involved in the increases of the activities of these two sets of enzymes.
Revisiting stop-consonant perception for two-formant stimuli.

The purpose of this study was to reexamine the factors leading to stop‐consonant perception for consonant–vowel (CV) stimuli with just two formants over a range of vowels, under both an open‐ and closed‐response condition. Five two‐formant CV stimulus continua were synthesized, each covering a range of second‐formant (F2) starting frequencies, for vowels corresponding roughly to [i,i,1,u,a]. In addition, for the [i] and [a] continua, the duration of the first‐formant (F1) transition was systematically varied. Three main findings emerged. First, criterion‐level labial and alveolar responses were obtained for those stimuli with substantial F2 transitions. Second, for some stimuli, increases in the duration of the F1 transition increased velar responses to criterion level. Third, the response paradigm had a substantial influence on stop‐consonant perception across all vowel continua. The results support a model of stop‐consonant perception that includes spectral and time‐varying spectral properties as integral components of analysis.
Hereditary gastrointestinal polyposis and nonpolyposis syndromes

Colon cancer is one of the most frequent cancers in men and women in the United States.1 There is a 6 percent lifetime risk of colon cancer in the general population.1 Approximately 160,000 new cases arise every year, and despite advances in detection and therapy, 60,000 people die of colon cancer and its complications each year.2 Epidemiologic studies have implicated environmental factors in the pathogenesis of the disease. Support for these findings comes from the wide variations in the incidence of colon cancer among different populations.3 In Western societies, with diets high in fat and low in fiber, the rates . . .
Adrenergic and Cholinergic Innervation of the Hamster Harderian Gland

Examination of Harderian glands of adult male and female golden hamsters by appropriate histochemical techniques reveals that adrenergic nerves are associated only with the blood vessels. Acetylcholinesterase-positive fibers are present in the connective tissue surrounding the gland, along the ducts, and among the acini.
Dilation of the pancreatic duct: An ultrasonographic finding in acute pancreatitis

Dilation of the pancreatic duct in two dogs with acute pancreatitis was identified using ultrasonography. This sign supported the diagnosis of pancreatitis. However, reference to the human medical literature indicates that dilation of the pancreatic duct may occur with a variety of conditions, and should be considered a potentially non-specific finding in dogs.
Thoracic intervertebral disk herniation: a commonly missed diagnosis.

Abstract In the emergency department and the physician's office, it is often difficult to distinguish benign causes of back pain from more serious ones. The diagnosis of thoracic intervertebral disk herniation is often missed because of its complex and variable presentation. In order to further investigate this condition, 78 patient charts were reviewed in the largest single study of thoracic disk herniation in the world's literature. Injury was associated with disk herniation in approximately half of patients, much higher than reported in previous studies. Back pain was the most common presenting symptom (73% of cases) and weakness was the most common physical finding (42% of cases). Eighty-five percent of patients had either historical or physical findings consistent with neuropathy; 26% of patients had multiple thoracic disk herniations. These findings will aid physicians in the diagnosis of this potentially serious condition.
E-Complaint: Lessons to Be Learned from the Service Recovery Literature

SUMMARY This study looks at the recent phenomenon of online or e-consumer complaints often referred to as e-complaints and stresses that travel and tourism professionals should address such complaints. E-complaints are then examined using the service recovery process. A detailed examination of the service recovery literature is undertaken. Suggestions for the future direction of e-complaint research are also made.
Structure and function of the giant fibre system in the cockroach, Periplaneta americana

Abstract All cockroach giant axons surgically separated from the terminal ganglion collapsed in 10 to 30 days after cord transection, indicating that giant fibre somata are located in the last abdominal ganglion. With nerve cord hemisection near the terminal ganglion, giant fibres remained intact in the anterior contralateral connectives, while ipsilateral giant fibres collapsed. In transverse sections of hemisectioned nerve cord, it was evident that the ventral group of giant fibres extend from the terminal to the head ganglia, while the dorsal giants could not be followed beyond the mesothoracic ganglion. Electrophysiological experiments also indicated the presence of long fibres terminating in the mesothoracic ganglion. These fibres were activated by cercal stimulation and had a conduction velocity of 4 to 6 m/sec. Giant axons were traced to clusters of cell bodies in the last abdominal ganglion, indicating a syncytial origin. These axons do not branch in the abdominal ganglia, but branches of giant axons have been identified in the thoracic ganglia. As demonstrated in electrophysiological spike collision experiments, the ventral group of giant axons is activated by cercal stimulation and can conduct descending spikes, although they may not normally do so. Giant axon injury responses and cercal nerve degenerative changes were used to identify axon profiles in thin sections of the terminal ganglion neuropile examined by electron microscopy. Cercal nerve endings contained membrane-bound vesicles 500 A in dia., similar in appearance to vesicles observed at vertebrate cholinergic junctions. These vesicles were sometimes heavily accumulated at electron-dense areas of cercal and giant fibre membrane, with the membranes separated by about a 200 A gap. Observations support the view that the cercalgiant fibre synapse is mediated by a chemical transmitter liberated from vesicles within the axoplasm of the presynaptic fibre.
Vascular intramural strain imaging using arterial pressure equalization

Peripheral vascular strain imaging has limited strain dynamic range because arterial wall deformations only exhibit small strains under physiologic pressures. A noninvasive freehand ultrasound (US) scanning procedure was performed to apply external force, comparable to the force generated in measuring a subject's blood pressure, to achieve higher strains by equalizing the internal arterial baseline pressure. When the applied pressure matched the internal baseline diastolic pressure, intramural strain and strain rate increased by a factor of 10 over a cardiac cycle. Radial arterial strain was assessed within the vessel wall over the entire deformation procedure using a phase-sensitive 2-D speckle-tracking algorithm. The feasibility of this technique to assess vascular nonlinear elastic properties is demonstrated in an ex vivo experiment and further supported by in vivo measurements. With some uncertainty associated with the elastic properties of surrounding tissue, an elastic modulus reconstruction procedure was developed to estimate the nonlinear elastic properties of the vascular wall.
Peripheral nerve regeneration: Comparison of laminin and acidic fibroblast growth factor

Purpose: In an effort to show the differences between neurotrophic factors, laminin and acidic fibroblast growth factor (aFGF) were compared in terms of their abilities to regenerate axons in vivo over an extended distance. Materials and Methods: The sciatic nerve was transected in 15 Sprague-Dawley rats. A 15-mm Silastic tube (Dow Corning, Midland, MI) was placed between the ends of the cut nerve and filled with either laminin, aFGF, or buffer applied to collagen sponges. Results: Ten weeks postimplantation, mean axon counts showed that both laminin (2432) and aFGF (1612) produced significantly higher numbers of axons than controls (1009) (P < .05) and that laminin showed significantly more nerve regeneration than aFGF (P < .05). Conclusion: These results indicate that laminin and aFGF enhance peripheral nerve regeneration across a large gap, presumably through their neurotrophic effects and mitogenic properties on supporting cells. Furthermore, it is concluded that the transient nature of aFGF's effect on the regenerative environment limits its effectiveness at regenerating axons over a prolonged period of time.
An evaluation of the American Community Survey: results from the Oregon test site

The American Community Survey (ACS) is a Census Bureau product designed to provide accurate and timely demographic and economic indicators on an annual basis for both large and small geographic areas within the United States. Operational plans for Census 2010 call for ACS to replace the decennial census long form (Census LF), pending the results of evaluation studies. This plan represents a major change in that variables that traditionally have been collected on a “snapshot” basis once every 10 years would be collected on a “rolling” annual basis. Using a loss function analysis and other tools, this paper reports preliminary findings from a comparison of ACS and Census 2000 results in Multnomah County, Oregon, one of five national “local expert” test sites set up to compare ACS data collected at the time of Census 2000. The preliminary findings suggest that there are notable differences between some of the corresponding variables found in the ACS and Census LF that require more detailed examination. For example, the loss function analysis reveals notable differences for race and disability variables. In other comparisons of corresponding variables between ACS and Census 2000, differences are found within each of the four major areas of interest: (1) demographic characteristics, (2) social characteristics, (3) economic characteristics, and (4) housing characteristics, with housing characteristics showing the least similarity overall. These results also suggest that more detailed examinations are needed to understand differences between corresponding variables collected by ACS and the Census LF.
The polyphosphoinositides, phosphatidylinositol monophosphate and phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate, are present in nuclei isolated from carrot protoplast

Nuclei were isolated from carrot protoplasts and the distribution of [3H]inositol-labeled phospholipids was analyzed by thinlayer chromatography. Phosphatidylinositol (PI), lysophos-phatidylinositol (LPI), phosphatidylinositol monophosphate (PIP), lysophosphatidylinositol monophosphate (LPIP), and phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate (PIP2) were 55.7%, 12.3%, 5.0%, 11.5%, and 3.6% of the respective [3H]inositol-labeled lipids recovered from the nuclear fraction. While both the plasma membrane and nuclear fraction contained polyphosphoinositides, the distribution of the phosphoinositides and the amount of inositol-labeled lipid were distinct. For example, the nuclear fraction had a higher percentage of LPI and PIP2 and less PI and LPIP than the plasma membrane fraction. The amount of [3H]inositol-labeled lipid recovered from the nuclear fraction per mg protein was an order of magnitude lower than that recovered from either the plasma membrane of lower phase fraction isolated by aqueous two-phase partitioning, or from whole cells and protoplasts. In addition, when the ratio of the [3H]inositol-labeled lipid was compared to total [14C]myristate-labeled lipid recovered there was three to ten fold less [3H] relative to [14C] in the nuclear fraction.
Thinking About Prison Release and Budget Crisis in the Blue Grass State

As of 2003, nearly every state in the country is in budget crisis, looking to cut spending or raise taxes, or both. Kentucky is currently facing a severe budget crisis and is seeking ways to lower its prison costs. We interviewed prisoners, parolees, and correctional staff. Our focus is on reentry and structural problems contributing to parole failure. The discussion is organized around the following themes: the lack of meaningful prison programs, preparing for release from prison, problems finding employment, the parolee relationship with parole officers, the need for protection from minor parole violations, loss of credit for good time served on parole, and the lack of economic resources. Based on our findings, 10 recommendations are offered that, if implemented, would serve to lower the prison population, and save the taxpayers millions of dollars. While the research was conducted in one state the discussion may be generalized to apply to many states.
A study of the family burden of 150 family members of schizophrenic patients

Abstract Purpose. – Investigation into the family burden (FB) of schizophrenic patients has recently risen sharply. Nevertheless, to date there has been little consensus as to what factors influence the FB. The purpose of this study is to acquire a greater insight into the variables that influence the FB. Subjects/methods. – The FB was measured with the interview for the family burden (Kluiter H, Kramer JJAM, Wiersma D, et al. Interview voor de belasting van de familie 1997 [Interview for the burden on the family]. Department Sociale Psychiatrie. Groningen: Rijksuniversiteit). One hundred and fifty family members (parents/partners) of schizophrenic patients participated in the study. Results. – The results of our study show (1) that family members experience burden both on a practical and an emotional level, (2) a highly significant correlation between the amount of symptomatic behaviour of the patient and FB, (3) that parents had taken on more tasks, had contributed more financially and had experienced a tenser atmosphere at home than partners did and (4) that family members of patients who have been treated for less than 1 year worry more about the other members of their family than family members of patients who have been receiving treatment for more than 1 year. Conclusions. – Family members of schizophrenic patients experience burden on a practical, financial and emotional level and the extent of the burden is closely linked to the amount of symptomatic behaviour of the patient.
EUV phase-shifting masks and aberration monitors

Rigorous electromagnetic simulation with TEMPEST is used to examine the use of phase-shifting masks in EUV lithography. The effects of oblique incident illumination and mask patterning by ion-mixing of multilayers are analyzed. Oblique incident illumination causes streamers at absorber edges and causes position shifting in aerial images. The diffraction waves between ion-mixed and pristine multilayers are observed. The phase-shifting caused by stepped substrates is simulated and images show that it succeeds in creation of phase-shifting effects. The diffraction process at the phase boundary is also analyzed. As an example of EUV phase-shifting masks, a coma pattern and probe based aberration monitor is simulated and aerial images are formed under different levels of coma aberration. The probe signal rises quickly as coma increases as designed.
A Digital Auto-Zeroing Circuit to Reduce Offset in Sub-Threshold Sense Amplifiers

Device variability in modern processes has become a major concern in SRAM design leading to degradation of both performance and yield. Variation induced offset in the sense amplifiers requires a larger bitline differential, which slows down SRAM access times and causes increased power consumption. The effect aggravated in the sub-threshold region. In this paper, we propose a circuit that reduces the sense amp offset using an auto-zeroing scheme with automatic temperature, voltage, and aging tracking. The circuit enables flexible tuning of the offset voltage. Measurements taken from a 45 nm test chip show the circuit is able to limit the offset to 20 mV. A 16kB SRAM is designed using the auto-zeroing circuit for the sense amps. The reduction in the total read energy and delay is reported for various configurations of the memory.
Sliced Latin Hypercube Designs

This article proposes a method for constructing a new type of space-filling design, called a sliced Latin hypercube design, intended for running computer experiments. Such a design is a special Latin hypercube design that can be partitioned into slices of smaller Latin hypercube designs. It is desirable to use the constructed designs for collective evaluations of computer models and ensembles of multiple computer models. The proposed construction method is easy to implement, capable of accommodating any number of factors, and flexible in run size. Examples are given to illustrate the method. Sampling properties of the constructed designs are examined. Numerical illustration is provided to corroborate the derived theoretical results.
The wine headache: Consumer perceptions of sulfites and willingness to pay for non-sulfited wines

A panel of 223 alcohol consumers recruited in a liquor store participated in a survey/best–worst experiment investigating perceptions on sulfites and willingness to pay for non-sulfited wines. We find that 34% of our sample experiences headaches after consuming moderate amounts of wine, and sulfites are the most frequently attributed cause. Based on a rank ordered logit estimation of best–worst choices, headache syndrome sufferers are willing to pay a ceteris paribus premium of $1.23 per bottle to avoid added sulfites. However, results from a (logit) model of purchase intentions suggest that quality and price are most important, with differentiating labels (no sulfite added, organic) playing only a marginal role. Marketing implications for the wine industry are offered, and negative perceptions toward sulfites are contextualized within the hypothesis of a “lightning rod” effect induced by the “contains sulfites” warning label.
The use of clinical findings in the identification of equine peritonitis cases that respond favorably to medical therapy

Objective: To compare clinical findings in horses/foals with peritonitis that: (1) had no concurrent (NCA) versus a concurrent abnormality found during hospitalization, (2) survived to discharge versus did not survive to discharge, and (3) survived to discharge without surgery versus did not survive to discharge without surgery. Design: Retrospective study. Setting: George D. Widener Hospital for Large Animals at New Bolton Center. Animals: Horses/foals admitted between 1992 and 2002 with a diagnosis of peritonitis. A diagnosis of peritonitis within 4 days of presentation and peritoneal fluid nucleated cell count >10,000/μL were required for study inclusion. Horses/foals were excluded if the peritonitis was secondary to gastrointestinal or reproductive tract perforation, a complication of exploratory celiotomy, or if peritonitis was not diagnosed until surgery or necropsy. Interventions: None. Measurements and main results: Information obtained from the medical records included clinical findings at presentation and during the initial 4 days of hospitalization. Outcome was defined as: (1) NCA (yes/no), (2) survived to discharge (yes/no), and (3) survived to discharge without surgery (yes/no). Forty-two percent (23/55) of horses/foals had NCA; 78% (43/55) survived to discharge, and 68% (36/55) survived to discharge without surgery. Horses/foals with peritonitis that had any one of the following clinical findings were likely to survive to discharge without surgery: no signs of abdominal pain, normal/improved rectal temperature, normal/improved intestinal borborygmi, normal fecal production, no abnormal findings on abdominal palpation per rectum, no nasogastric reflux, or yellow/orange peritoneal fluid. Conclusion: Clinical findings can be used to identify equine peritonitis cases that will respond favorably to medical therapy.
Performance of the new HIV-1/2 diagnostic algorithm in Florida's public health testing population: a review of the first five months of utilization.

Abstract Objective The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the Association of Public Health Laboratories have proposed a new HIV-1/2 Diagnostic Algorithm: a fourth-generation HIV-1/2 Ag/Ab immunoassay (IA) followed, when repeatedly reactive, by an HIV-1/HIV-2 antibody differentiation test, and if that is non-reactive, HIV-1 nucleic acid amplification testing (NAT). The objective of the study was to evaluate performance of the new algorithm after five months of utilization in our high volume, high HIV-1 seroprevalence public health population. Methods Algorithm sensitivity and specificity was evaluated on 51,953 prospective serum or plasma specimens from individuals self-referring for HIV serostatus determination. Specimens were tested on the day of receipt or maintained at 4 °C until the next testing opportunity. If the initial HIV-1/2 Ag/Ab IA (Abbott Combo) was nonreactive, a negative lab interpretation report would follow. If the initial IA was reactive, repeat screening in duplicate was immediately performed. Repeatedly reactive specimens were tested with an HIV-1/HIV-2 differentiation assay (Multispot [MS] HIV-1/HIV-2 Rapid Test) on the same or next workday. If the Abbott Combo-MS assays were discordant, HIV-1 NAT (APTIMA® HIV-1 RNA) was performed. In addition to the algorithm performance, we also evaluated the laboratory “specimen receipt to reporting” turnaround time (TAT). Results The sensitivity and specificity of the new HIV Diagnostic Algorithm with serum and plasma specimens over the initial 5 month period was 100% (922/922) and 99.99% (51,030/51,031), respectively. Two algorithm-defined acute HIV-1 infections (AHI) were detected. In addition only 3 of the 992 MS secondary tests performed were interpreted as HIV-1 Indeterminate (HIV-1 recombinant gp41 reactivity only). Of these, 2 were HIV-1 NAT reactive, defined in-house as an early HIV infection (EHI) and one was HIV-1 NAT nonreactive, indicating a false positive initial screening result. Laboratory TAT for reporting concordant reactive Abbott Combo-MS results in ≤2 workdays was 96%, compared to 22% for reporting concordant reactive 3rd generation IA-Western blot results. Conclusions In our public health testing population, results from the new HIV Diagnostic Algorithm exceeded those of the 3rd generation IA-WB algorithm with respect to HIV-1 sensitivity. The identification of two algorithm-defined AHIs provided the opportunity to inform these individuals of their HIV status and link them to medical care earlier than the scheduled posttest counseling appointment.
Biodegradation-based polymer surface erosion and surface renewal for foul-release at low ship speeds.

Non-toxic foul-release provides an environmentally friendly and sustainable technical solution to control micro- and/or macrofouling on ships' hulls. Silicone-based coatings have been used for foul-release at high or moderate ship speeds (>15 knots). To remove the fouling from slower ships (<15 knots), the macrofoulers in particular, biodegradable polymers may be used to make the coating surface self-renewable. Synthesized by microorganisms for carbon and energy storage under controlled conditions, polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are hydrophobic biopolymers that are gradually decomposed into CO 2 and water in the environment. Because of their hydrophobic property and lack of hydrolysis in sterile aqueous solution, PHAs do not dissolve in water, but erode at the polymer surface (2-5 w m in depth) catalyzed exclusively by microbial enzymes (depolymerases) that are attached on the solid surface. The thin-layer surface erosion behaves like a self-renewable surface coating, which approaches a constant renewal rat...
Formal teaching of surgical skills in an obstetric-gynecologic residency.

Objective: To describe a formal teaching program of basic surgical skills in an obstetric-gynecologic residency program and evaluate its effectiveness. Methods: A surgical skills program was developed for all residents. Using bench and animal laboratory sessions, residents were given instruction and performed both laparoscopic and open abdominal procedures. All were given a pretest and were tested again 6 months later. Residents also evaluated their experiences. Results: To date, the formal teaching sessions have been given to 24 residents, all of whom believed their confidence and technical skills improved as a result of the sessions. On a scale of 1 to 5, the median rating of the bench laboratory experience was 5 (range 4–5), and the pig laboratory was 5 (range 4–5). All residents believed the surgery sessions should be continued and the number of sessions increased. Preliminary evaluation indicated that time to suture a 10-inch incision decreased by 28%, from an average of 225 (standard deviation [SD] 51) seconds to 171 (SD 43) seconds (P < .001), and evaluation of surgical technique significantly improved at the second pretest (P = .013). Laparoscopic placement of pegs on a board in 2 minutes increased from an average of 5 (SD 2.5) to 7.3 (SD 2.6; P = .001). The cost of the bench laboratory sessions was minimal. Each pig was approximately $100, and the facility charge for each 4-hour laboratory session was $1500. Conclusion: When formal surgical training was given to obstetric-gynecologic residents, their surgical skills improved subjectively and objectively.
Mortality of riparian box elder from sediment mobilization and extended inundation

To explore how high flows limit the streamward extent of riparian vegetation we quantified the effects of sediment mobilization and extended inundation on box elder (Acer negundo) saplings along the cobble-bed Gunnison River in Black Canyon of the Gunnison National Monument, Colorado, USA. We counted and aged box elders in 144 plots of 37.2 m2, and combined a hydraulic model with the hydrologic record to determine the maximum shear stress and number of growing-season days inundated for each plot in each year of the record. We quantified the effects of the two mortality factors by calculating the extreme values survived during the lifetime of trees sampled in 1994 and by recounting box elders in the plots following a high flow in 1995. Both mortality factors can be modeled as threshold functions; box elders are killed either by inundation for more than 85 days during the growing season or by shear stress that exceeds the critical value for mobilization of the underlying sediment particles. Construction of upstream reservoirs in the 1960s and 1970s reduced the proportion of the canyon bottom annually cleared of box elders by high flows. Furthermore, because the dams decreased the magnitude of high flows more than their duration, flow regulation has decreased the importance of sediment mobilization relative to extended inundation. We use the threshold functions and cross-section data to develop a response surface predicting the proportion of the canyon bottom cleared at any combination of flow magnitude and duration. This response surface allows vegetation removal to be incorporated into quantitative multi-objective water management decisions. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The synthesis and characterization of amine‐terminated poly(aryl ether ketone)s as a function of side group and molecular weight

It is shown that amine-terminated poly(aryl ether ketone)s based on the reaction of 4,4'-difluorobenzophenone, and a substituted hydroquinone [either methylhydroquinone (MePK), t-butylhydroquinone (tBPK), or phenylhydroquinone (PhPK)] of controlled molecular weight and high amine-termination efficiency can be synthesized by a two-step reaction technique. Attempts to synthesize analogous materials by a one-step method were shown to be unsuccessful. The side groups are shown to have a large influence on the aromatic proton chemical shifts and this effect is characterized. The side groups and molecular weight are also shown to influence the thermal transitions of the respective polymers. The tBPK polymer possessed the highest glass transition temperature, while the MePK polymer was found to be the only semi-crystalline polymer; a unit cell is proposed. The side groups and molecular weight effects are also characterized as a function of thermal stability and mechanical properties. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Myeloid differentiation and susceptibility to HIV-1 are linked to APOBEC3 expression

HIV-1 recognition by, interaction with, and/or infection of CD4+CCR5+ tissue macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs) play important roles in HIV-1 transmission and pathogenesis. By comparison, circulating CD4+CCR5+ monocytes appear relatively resistant to HIV-1, and a fundamental unresolved question involves deciphering restriction factors unique to this precursor population. Not only do monocytes, relative to macrophages, possess higher levels of the innate resistance factor APOBEC3G, but we uncovered APOBEC3A, not previously associated with anti-HIV activity, as being critical in monocyte resistance. Inversely correlated with susceptibility, silencing of APOBEC3A renders monocytes vulnerable to HIV-1. Differences in promiscuity of monocytes, macrophages, and DCs can be defined, at least partly, by disparities in APOBEC expression, with implications for enhancing cellular defenses against HIV-1.
Social Experience and Immune System Measures in Laboratory-housed Macaques: Implications for Management and Research.

Since the revision of the Animal Welfare Act in 1985, the social needs of nonhuman primates living in the laboratory have received continuing attention. The general idea has been that because nonhuman primates are social creatures, their well-being is facilitated by providing social experience, either directly (through social housing, the preferred option) or indirectly (by placement of cages of individually housed animals within sensory (and especially visual) contact with each other) (de Waal 1991). The assessment of an animal's well-being has also been the subject of discussion (Novak and Suomi 1988). In this review, I propose that (1) immune system-related measures are particularly useful indicators of an animal's internal state, (2) social experience of macaques should be viewed more broadly than is currently the norm, (3) research results may suffer when social experience is not so viewed, and (4) individual differences with respect to social experience are important to consider. Some of these ideas are not new. Coe, in particular, has previously raised the issue of whether social housing of primates is always the optimal choice (Coe 1991), also suggesting that immune measures may have utility in studying well-being (Coe and Scheffler 1989). My goal is to place the discussion within a theoretical framework that can help organize the research results to be described and to describe data from psychoneuroimmunological research relevant to the issue of social experience in nonhuman primates. It is worth noting at the outset that many of the data to be presented were not obtained specifically to address issues of psychological well-being in captive primates, but rather were the results of studies focusing on basic psychobiological processes. Furthermore, my review focuses principally on data derived from research on the macaques, in general, and rhesus monkeys, in particular. The rationale for this choice is that the most extensive body of research exists for the macaques. Although many of the results described in this review are likely to be applicable to other primate species, the reader is cautioned that species differences do exist in some psychosocial processes that may be reflected in immune measures.
Analyticity, shapes of semileptonic form-factors, and anti-B ---> pi lepton anti-neutrino

We give a pedagogical discussion of the physics underlying dispersion relation-derived parametrizations of form factors describing $B\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\pi}l\overline{\ensuremath{\nu}}$ and $B\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\mathrm{Dl}\overline{\ensuremath{\nu}}$. Moments of the dispersion relations are shown to provide substantially tighter constraints on the ${f}_{+}(t)$ form factor describing $\overline{B}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\pi}l\overline{\ensuremath{\nu}}$ than the unweighted dispersion relation alone. Heavy quark spin symmetry relations between the $B\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\pi}l\overline{\ensuremath{\nu}}$ and ${B}^{*}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\pi}l\overline{\ensuremath{\nu}}$ form factors enable such constraints to be tightened even further.
Selectivity tuning of serially connected open-tubular (capillary) columns in gas chromatography. Part II. Implementation

As a follow-up to our previous publication (see ref. [1]) dealing with the experimental system and the fundamental relationships of multi-chromatography („polarity tuning”), the present paper deals with the operation, characteristics and performance of the experimental set-up, and presents experimental verification on the validity of the basic relationships. The possibilities of influencing and adjusting the range in which the capacity factor is changed by the proper selection of column parameters are outlined and the observed changes in the retention index demonstrated. Ways to optimize the relative retentivity to achieve the best possible resolution of multi-component mixtures is illustrated. Finally, the possibility of combining temperature-programmed operation with selectivity tuning in a multi-chromatography system is demonstrated.