cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Visual hallucinations in a geriatric psychiatry clinic: prevalence and associated diagnoses.

Visual hallucinations are associated with a variety of psychiatric, medical, neurologic, and ophthalmologic disorders. One hundred forty outpatients presenting to a geriatric psychiatric clinic were screened for visual hallucinations and assessed on a number of descriptive variables, medical history, ophthalmologic history, psychiatric diagnosis, and cognitive score. The data revealed that 14 patients (10%) experienced visual hallucinations. Presence of visual hallucinations was significantly associated with diagnoses of dementia or delirium, living in a nursing home, lower cognitive score, and presence of auditory hallucinations and delusions. There was no association to number of medications, age, gender, or presence of eye disease. No patient had ‘insight’ into their visual hallucinations. Despite the numerous disorders that are associated with visual hallucinations, the most common causes in a geriatric psychiatry clinic are dementia and delirium. Clinicians assessing older patients with visual halluc...
The structural basis of serpin polymerization studied by hydrogen/deuterium exchange and mass spectrometry.

The serpinopathies are a group of inherited disorders that share as their molecular basis the misfolding and polymerization of serpins, an important class of protease inhibitors. Depending on the identity of the serpin, conditions arising from polymerization include emphysema, thrombosis, and dementia. The structure of serpin polymers is thus of considerable medical interest. Wild-type α1-antitrypsin will form polymers upon incubation at moderate temperatures and has been widely used as a model system for studying serpin polymerization. Using hydrogen/deuterium exchange and mass spectrometry, we have obtained molecular level structural information on the α1-antitrypsin polymer. We found that the flexible reactive center loop becomes strongly protected upon polymerization. We also found significant increases in protection in the center of β-sheet A and in helix F. These results support a model in which linkage between serpins is achieved through insertion of the reactive center loop of one serpin into β-sheet A of another. We have also examined the heat-induced conformational changes preceding polymerization. We found that polymerization is preceded by significant destabilization of β-sheet C. On the basis of our results, we propose a mechanism for polymerization in which β-strand 1C is displaced from the rest of β-sheet C through a binary serpin/serpin interaction. Displacement of strand 1C triggers further conformational changes, including the opening of β-sheet A, and allows for subsequent polymerization.
Reporting Vaccine Complications: What Do Obstetricians and Gynecologists Know About the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System?

Background. Obstetrician-gynecologists are increasingly called upon to be vaccinators as an essential part of a woman’s primary and preventive health care. Despite the established safety of vaccines, vaccine adverse events may occur. A national Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS) is a well-established mechanism to track adverse events. However, we hypothesized that many obstetrician-gynecologists are naive to the role and use of VAERS. Methods. We devised a ten-question survey to a sample of ACOG fellows to assess their knowledge and understanding of VAERS. We performed descriptive and frequency analysis for each of the questions and used one-way analysis of variance for continuous and chi-squared for categorical variables. Results. Of the 1000 fellows who received the survey, 377 responded. Only one respondent answered all nine knowledge questions correctly, and 9.2% of physicians had used VAERS. Older physicians were less familiar with VAERS in general and with the specific objectives of VAERS in particular (). Conclusions. Obstetrician-gynecologist familiarity with VAERS is lacking. Only when the obstetrician-gynecologist is completely knowledgeable regarding standard vaccine practices, including the availability and use of programs such as VAERS, will providers be functioning as competent and complete vaccinators.
Fund-Raising Coalitions in Mayoral Campaigns

Electoral coalitions have two parts: the voter coalition and the fund-raising coalition. The voter coalition consists of the individuals and groups that support a candidate through mobilization and voting, whereas the fund-raising coalition supports a candidate through campaign donations. The authors explore the less-studied role of the fund-raising coalition by examining data on the campaigns of Mayors Harold Washington and Richard M. Daley in Chicago. The results point to significant differences in the fund-raising coalitions behind the two candidates and help to explain the distinctiveness of their regimes.
Patientensicherheit und Verantwortungskultur in der ambulanten Versorgung: Strategien für die Praxis

Zusammenfassung Die Entwicklung einer medizinischen Sicherheitskultur breitet sich vom stationaren Versorgungsbereich in die ambulante Ebene aus. Patientensicherheit, definiert als „Abwesenheit unerwunschter Ereignisse“ (primum non nocere), kann als Ausgangspunkt fur die Weiterentwicklung unseres ambulanten Versorgungssystems dienen. Fehleranalysen in hausarztlichen und in spezialistischen Praxen zeigen Lucken in System auf und bieten so den Ausgangspunkt fur Uberlegungen zur Entwicklung und Implementierung neuer Sicherheitsstrategien in der Patientenversorgung. Vor dem Hintergrund der Qualitat von Strukturen und Prozessen hausarztlicher Versorgung werden Sicherheitsaspekte in enge Beziehung zur Ergebnisqualitat gesetzt und exemplarisch diskutiert. Mogliche Strategien zur Verbesserung der Patientensicherheit werden in einer praxis- und patienten-individuellen Betrachtungsweise vorgestellt.
Lipoxygenase-another pathway for glutathione conjugation of xenobiotics: A study with human term placental lipoxygenase and ethacrynic acid.

Abstract In this study, we examined the ability of human term placental lipoxygenase (HTPLO) to catalyze glutathione (GSH) conjugate formation from ethacrynic acid (EA) in the presence of linoleic acid (LA) and GSH. HTPLO purified by affinity chromatography was used in all the experiments. The results indicate that the process of EA-SG is enzymatic in nature. The reaction shows dependence on pH, the enzyme, and the concentration of GSH, LA, and EA. The optimal assay conditions to observe a maximal rate of EA-SG formation required the presence of 0.3 mM LA, 0.2 mM EA, 2.0 mM GSH, and ∼300 μg HTPLO in the reaction medium buffered at pH 9.0. Under the experimental conditions employed, the reaction exhibited K m values of 1.1 mM, 200 μM, and 130 μM for GSH, LA, and EA, respectively. The estimated specific activity of HTPLO-catalyzed EA-GS formation was ∼4.4 ± 0.4 μmol/min/mg protein. This rate is more than twofold greater than the rate noted for the reaction mediated by the purified human term placental glutathione transferase. Under physiologically relevant conditions (20 μM LA, 2.0 mM GSH, at pH 7.4), HTPLO produced EA-SG at 56% of the maximal rate noted under optimal assay conditions. Nordihydroguaiaretic acid, the classical inhibitor of different lipoxygenases, significantly blocked the reaction. It is proposed that free radicals are involved in the process of EA-SG formation by HTPLO. The evidence gathered in this in vitro study suggests for the first time that lipoxygenase present in the human term placenta is capable of EA-SG formation.
Coordinating Development of Medullary Thymic Epithelial Cells

Three papers in this issue of Immunity (Akiyama et al., 2008; Hikosaka et al., 2008; Irla et al., 2008) together reveal coordinating roles for autoreactive T cells and TNF receptor superfamily members in the development of medullary thymic epithelial cells.
Three squares or mostly snacks—What do teens really eat?: A sociodemographic study of meal patterns

Purpose: To categorize U.S. adolescents' meal patterns and related differences in dietary quality. Methods: Using data from the Continuing Survey of Food Intake by Individuals 1989–1991, meal patterns from 3 days of adolescents' (ages 11–18 years) intake ( n = 1310) were examined. Consistency of meal pattern intake and associated nutrient quality was determined. Logistic regression was used to examine the effects of several sociodemographic characteristics on meal pattern consistency. Results: A higher percentage of adolescents consumed a meal pattern that included 3 meals/day than any other meal pattern: 57.4–58.7% on any given day. Forty-one percent of adolescents fell into the consistent (at least two meals on all 3 days), and only 3.5% fell into the inconsistent meal (one meal, with or without snacks, or snacks only, on all 3 days) pattern category. Logistic regression results indicated that being black [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 4.19, 95% confidence interval (CI) (1.90, 9.27)], older (15–18) [AOR = 1.41, 95% CI (1.19, 1.67)], and from a single-parent household [AOR = 2.60, 95% CI (1.23, 5.52)] were predictive of an inconsistent meal pattern. School lunch has a positive impact on intake, increasing a consistent meal pattern from 36.0% to 44.9%. Conclusions: Adolescents who consume at least two meals (with or without snacks) on a consistent basis have an adequate intake of calories and a more nutrient-dense diet with respect to calcium, iron, vitamin E, and fiber than those with other meal patterns. From the perspective of following a diet to prevent chronic diseases in adulthood, adolescents regardless of meal pattern, consume a diet that is too high in fat, sodium, and protein, and too low in fiber.
Aerosolized amphotericin for the treatment of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis.

Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) is a complex hypersensitivity reaction to Aspergillus fumigatus that occur frequently in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). Recurrent episodes of bronchial obstruction, inflammation, and mucoid impaction occur in ABPA and results in bronchiectasis, fibrosis, and respiratory failure. The treatment of ABPA includes corticosteroids to reduce the acute inflammation and intraconazole to reduce the fungal colonization load in order to reduce lung injury. This case discusses the successful use of aerosolized amphotericin B for the treatment of ABPA in a 14-year-old patient with CF listed for lung transplant. The patient required fewer hospitalizations, and both oral corticosteroids and anti-fungal therapy were eventually stopped. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2010;45:1145–1148. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
An Integrating IR Detector

We have recently demonstrated a new integrating mode of IR detection which utilizes charge storage in impurity levels rather than in potential wells associated with device architecture as in CID's or CCD' s. The new mode is based on control of impurity-to-band tunneling via an applied field. The impurities are located in the i-region of a p-i-n diode. IR integration is accomplished by field-assisted impurity photoionization which depletes the population of carriers trapped in impurity levels. The field (0.1 to 0.6 volts/pm for Si:P) yields a very small tunneling dark current which permits integration times of up to 12 hours or more. A high field ( > 1 volt/pm for Si:P) pulse causes rapid impurity-to-band tunneling and ejection of the remaining charge after an IR exposure. Readout is accomplished by measurement of the ejected charge. The zero-field photoionization cross section for Si:P has a maximum at 27μm. Using a liquid helium cooled monochromator we have studied the spectral response of this detector. An analysis of the field dependence of photoionization of semiconductor impurities shows agreement between theory and experiment. We therefore feel confident to predict the performance of improved versions of detectors using this mode of detection. We also explore the possiblities of designing large far infrared detector-arrays. Although functionally different from CID's, arrays of these devices could be used as staring arrays in much the same way as CID's are presently used.© (1984) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Effective Use of Information Systems/Technologies in the Mergers and Acquisitions Environment: A Resource-Based Theory Perspective

In this study, the authors examine the effects of information systems/technologies IS/T on the performance of firms engaged in growth strategies based on mergers and acquisitions M&A. A model derived from a resource-based theory of the firm is developed to predict the influence of IS/T on performance of firms. Data on the financial performance of 133 firms are used to gauge the impact of IS/T on various M&A objectives. The results suggest that IS/Ts implement M&A objectives that seek to increase overall efficiency better than those that seek to introduce new products or efforts to increase sales. Future studies to examine the process of introducing new products from resource-based theory are suggested.
Aligned two‐phase magnets: Permanent magnetism of the future? (invited)

Micromagnetic calculations are used to investigate coercivity and energy products of magnets consisting of an aligned hard‐magnetic skeleton phase and a soft‐magnetic phase with high saturation magnetization. Compared to the present‐day theoretical limit of 516 kJ/m3 for single‐phase Nd2Fe14B, the energy product in suitable nanostructured Sm2Fe17N3/Fe65Co35 composites is predicted to be as high as 1090 kJ/m3. The influence of the skeleton’s texture and shape is discussed, and aligned nanocrystalline two‐phase magnets are compared with remanence‐enhanced isotropic magnets. In particular, it is shown how the nucleation‐based analytical approach breaks down in the isotropic limit. Finally, we outline conceivable processing methods and discuss potential applications of ‘‘megajoule’’ magnets.
Helianthus nighttime conductance and transpiration respond to soil water but not nutrient availability.

We investigated the response of Helianthus species nighttime conductance (gnight) and transpiration (Enight) to soil nutrient and water limitations in nine greenhouse studies. The studies primarily used wild Helianthus annuus, but also included a commercial and early domesticate of H. annuus and three additional wild species (Helianthus petiolaris Nutt., Helianthus deserticola Heiser, and Helianthus anomalus Blake). Well-watered plants of all species showed substantial gnight (0.023–0.225 mol m−2 s−1) and Enight (0.29–2.46 mmol m−2 s−1) measured as instantaneous gas exchange. Based on the potential for transpiration to increase mass flow of mobile nutrients to roots, we hypothesized that gnight and Enight would increase under limiting soil nutrients but found no evidence of responses in all six studies testing this. Based on known daytime responses to water limitation, we hypothesized that gnight and Enight would decrease when soil water availability was limited, and results from all four studies testing this supported our hypothesis. We also established that stomatal conductance at night was on average 5 times greater than cuticular conductance. Additionally, gnight and Enight varied nocturnally and across plant reproductive stages while remaining relatively constant as leaves aged. Our results further the ability to predict conditions under which nighttime water loss will be biologically significant and demonstrate that for Helianthus, gnight can be regulated.
A big picture of a small brain

A detailed map of the neurons that carry information away from the mushroom bodies in the brains of fruit flies has improved our understanding of the ways in which experiences can modify behaviour.
Market distortions and technological progress in agriculture

It is widely believed that price policies have contributed to low rates of productivity growth in agriculture, but there has been little progress to date in work on the relationship between price distortions and agricultural productivity or agricultural research. Given the importance of technological change in agriculture, it is important to know whether price policies impede investments in R&D and productivity growth. In this article, a theoretical analysis indicates that the effects of commodity price policies on incentives of government and industry to invest in agricultural research are ambiguous. While the results suggest a general tendency of policies that protect producers to encourage greater research investments, the opposite result cannot be ruled out. A statistical model using international, cross-sectional, time-series data shows that agricultural research investments are significantly correlated, but negatively, with rates of producer protection. The implication is that some factor other than price policy is responsible for both the low rates of public-sector investments in agricultural research worldwide, and the low rates of productivity growth in less-developed countries. Research administrators in more- and less-developed countries alike typically consider a multiplicity of goals when setting research priorities and research budgets. Therefore, an alternative explanation of low agricultural productivity andmore » underinvestment in agricultural research may be that public-sector research policy has been misguided. 24 refs., 6 figs., 1 tab.« less
Molecular Nonlinear Optics: Nonlinear Optical Process In Organic And Polymer Systems

Physical studies of nonlinear optical properties of organic and polymer structures have demonstrated exceptionally large second and third order nonlinear optical responses that are important to the fields of nonlinear optics and optical device technologies. These unusual responses have been exhibited by a large number of structures, phases, and states that include organic solids and films, single crystal polymers, Langmuir-Blodgett films, liquid crystals, and liquid crystal polymers. Experimental and theoretical studies of such systems have achieved significant advances in the understanding of these exceptional macroscopic nonlinear optical responses based on theoretically calculated microscopic electronic mechanisms, especially the role of electron-electron correlations and highly charge correlated electron excited states. Combined theory and experiment have led to the recent discovery of liquid crystal polymerization of divinyldiacetylene monomers to form highly conjugated liquid crystal polymers exhibiting large second and third order non-linear optical responses.
Microstructure and transport in midrange microemulsions

Abstract In microemulsions containing small amounts of oil in water (or water in oil), the fluid microstructure is usually that of swollen micelles (or swollen inverted micelles), i.e. the solution consists of small globules of oil (or water) coated with a surfactant layer and dispersed in a continuous water (or oil) rich medium. When the volume fractions of both oil and water are appreciable, microemulsions can be bicontinuous, i.e., they have both oil-continuous and water-continuous domains separated by surfactant-rich regions. The transition has been identified as a percolation process since it occurs when water and oil relative proportions reach a percolation threshold. Recently, however a transition between globular and bicontinuous microstructure has been found in microemulsions of nearly equal and fixed volumes of water and oil. In this paper we discuss these apparently different transitions and report the results of new viscosity studies in the equal oil to water volume microemulsions.
Theory of chemical bonding based on the atom–homogeneous electron gas system

Abstract We review recent developments in the theory of chemical bonding based upon replacement of an N-atom system by N individual systems each consisting of an atom embedded in a homogeneous electron gas. These theories include the corrected effective medium and effective-medium-based methods, which are either first principle or semi-empirical, as well as the embedded atom and related methods (e.g. the “glue” and Finnis-Sinclair methods), which are totally empirical. These methods can provide an accurate description of metal-metal interactions for simple or transition metals with weak d bonding, including homogeneous and heterogeneous systems. They also can describe the binding of non-metallic atoms to metals. A number of these methods are efficient enough computationally to be used in molecular dynamics and/or Monte Carlo simulations of systems with many thousands of atoms.
Phones R Us

• Thumb Culture: The Meaning of Mobile Phones for Society, edited by Peter Glotz, Stefan Bertschi, and Chris Locke. Bielefeld: Transcript Verlag, 2005. 293 pp. EUR 27.80 paper. ISBN 3899424034. • M...
Providing dynamically changeable physical buttons on a visual display

Physical buttons have the unique ability to provide low-attention and vision-free interactions through their intuitive tactile clues. Unfortunately, the physicality of these interfaces makes them static, limiting the number and types of user interfaces they can support. On the other hand, touch screen technologies provide the ultimate interface flexibility, but offer no inherent tactile qualities. In this paper, we describe a technique that seeks to occupy the space between these two extremes - offering some of the flexibility of touch screens, while retaining the beneficial tactile properties of physical interfaces. The outcome of our investigations is a visual display that contains deformable areas, able to produce physical buttons and other interface elements. These tactile features can be dynamically brought into and out of the interface, and otherwise manipulated under program control. The surfaces we describe provide the full dynamics of a visual display (through rear projection) as well as allowing for multitouch input (though an infrared lighting and camera setup behind the display). To illustrate the tactile capabilities of the surfaces, we describe a number of variations we uncovered in our exploration and prototyping. These go beyond simple on/off actuation and can be combined to provide a range of different possible tactile expressions. A preliminary user study indicates that our dynamic buttons perform much like physical buttons in tactile search tasks.
Self-consistent Model of Magnetospheric Ring Current and Propagating Electromagnetic Ion Cyclotron Waves. 2. Wave Induced Ring Current Precipitation and Thermal Electron Heating

location of the plasmapause gradient. The strongest fluxes of about 4 � 10 6 (cm 2 s sr) � 1 are observed during the main and early recovery phases of the storm. The very interesting and probably more important finding is that in a number of cases the most intense precipitating fluxes are not connected to the most intense waves in simple manner. The characteristics of the wave power spectral density distribution over the wave normal angle are extremely crucial for the effectiveness of the ring current ion scattering. Second, comparison of the global proton precipitating patterns with the results from RAM (Kozyra et al., 1997a) reveals that although we observe a qualitative agreement between the localizations of the wave induced precipitations in the models, there is no quantitative agreement between the magnitudes of the fluxes. The quantitative differences are mainly due to a qualitative difference between the characteristics of the wave power spectral density distributions over the wave normal angle in RAM and in our model. Third, the heat fluxes to plasmaspheric electrons caused by Landau resonate energy absorption from electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves are observed in the postnoon-premidnight MLT sector and can reach the magnitude of 10 11 eV/(cm 2 s). The Coulomb energy degradation of the RC H + and O + ions maximizes at about 10 11 eV/(cm 2 s) and typically leads to electron energy deposition rates of about 2 � 10 10 eV/(cm 2 s) which are observed during two periods, 32–48 hours and 76–86 hours after 1 May, 0000 UT. The theoretically derived spatial structure of the thermal electron heating caused by interaction of the ring current with the plasmasphere is strongly supported by concurrent and conjugate plasma measurements from the plasmasphere, ring current, and topside ionosphere (Gurgiolo et al., 2005). Finally, the wave induced intense electron heating has a structure of the spot-like patches along the most enhanced density gradients in the plasmasphere boundary layer and can be a possible driver of the observed but still not explained smallscale structures of enhanced emissions in the stable auroral red arcs.
Correction of diabetic nod mice with insulinomas implanted within Baxter immunoisolation devices.

Insulin replacement by injection is clearly not a cure for Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (IDDM). Replacement of the destroyed islets by pancreas or islet allograft transplantation can achieve the good metabolic control required to prevent diabetic complications, but tissue supply is limited. The problem of islet supply to treat the 1 million IDDM patients in the USA could be overcome by using immortalized islet β-cells as a donor source. However, before either allogeneic or xenogeneic immortalized β-cells are used, some major problems have to be overcome: control of immortalized cell growth, allograft or xenograft rejection and recurrence of autoimmunity. To tackle these problems we have used a cell impermeable immunoisolation device containing mouse insulinoma cells. Transplantion of devices with insulinomas from NOD mice carrying the Rat-insulin promoter regulated SV40 T-Antigen transgene (RIP-TAg), normalized the blood glucose levels of diabetic NOD mice. Insulinomas from allogeneic CBA/NOD-RIP-TAg mice were also capable of normalizing diabetic NOD mice. Not only were non-fasting blood glucoses normalized but when given an intraperitoneal injection of glucose, the corrected mice had a near normal clearance of glucose from the blood. When the devices were removed from normalized mice they became diabetic again, demonstrating that the immunoisolation device was capable of protecting against both alloimmune and autoimmune destruction. The results with allogeneic mouse β-cells suggest the possiblity that immortalized human β-cells could be an effective source of tissue to correct diabetes in IDDM patients without the use of immunosuppression.
RNA SYNTHESIS IN HELA CELLS Pattern in Hypertonic Medium and Its Similarity to Synthesis during G2-Prophase

Interphase HeLa cells manifest a stepwise shutoff of RNA synthesis when the tonicity of the extracellular medium is gradually increased. Synthesis of heterogeneous nuclear RNA is most sensitive and is selectively inhibited at 1.5 times isotonicity (450 milliosmols/liter), while 45S ribosomal RNA synthesis is not affected significantly below 2.0 times isotonicity. Transfer RNA synthesis is least sensitive to increased osmolarity and is not completely inhibited until the electrolyte concentration of the medium is elevated to 2.8 times isotonicity. Although the transcription and methylation of 45S ribosomal precursor is unaffected at 1.5 times isotonicity, there is pronounced impairment of its processing into 32S and 18S RNA. Using a refined cell synchronization technique, we have been able to compare these effects of hypertonicity with the shutoff of RNA synthesis which occurs during the G2-prophase interval of the cell division cycle. In this case, as with random cells in hypertonic medium, a selective inhibition of heterogeneous nuclear RNA synthesis and slowed processing of 45S ribosomal RNA were found, whereas synthesis of 45S and transfer RNA continued unabated throughout G2-prophase. While it is known that RNA synthesis essentially ceases during metaphase, we have noted that transfer RNA synthesis continues in metaphase at 10–15% of the interphase rate, which is of particular interest in view of the relative resistance of this species to hypertonicity. The close correlation between the patterns of cessation of RNA synthesis at mitosis and during exposure to hypertonic medium supports our earlier contention that alteration of intracellular electrolyte levels provides a useful model for studying the mechanism of mitosis.
Viral Double-stranded RNAs from Vaccinia Virus Early or Intermediate Gene Transcripts Possess PKR Activating Function, Resulting in NF-κB Activation, When the K1 Protein Is Absent or Mutated

PKR is a potent antiviral molecule that can terminate infection by inhibiting protein synthesis and stimulating NF-κB activation and apoptosis. Originally, it was thought that only intermediate and late gene transcription produced double-stranded (ds) RNA to activate PKR during vaccinia virus (VACV) infection. The VACV E3 or K3 proteins squelch this effect by binding to either dsRNA or PKR. However, in the absence of the K1 protein, VACV infection activates PKR at very early times post-infection and despite the presence of E3 and K3. These data suggest that VACV infection induces PKR activation by a currently unknown mechanism. To determine this mechanism, cells were infected with K1L-containing or -deficient VACVs. By using conditions that limited the progression of the poxvirus replication cycle, we observed that early gene transcripts activated PKR in RK13 cells, identifying a new PKR-activating mechanism of poxvirus infection. Using a similar approach for HeLa cells, intermediate gene transcription was sufficient to activate PKR. RNA isolated from infected RK13 or HeLa cells maintained PKR-activating properties only when dsRNA was present. Moreover, viral dsRNA was directly detected in infected cells either by RT-PCR or immunofluorescent microscopy. Interestingly, dsRNA levels were higher in infected cells in which the K1 protein was nonfunctional. Only K1 proteins with PKR inhibitory function prevented downstream NF-κB activation. These results reveal a new PKR activation pathway during VACV infection, in which the K1 protein reduces dsRNA levels early in VACV infection to directly inhibit PKR and several of its downstream antiviral effects, thereby enhancing virus survival.
Papain-solubilized HL-A Antigens CHROMATOGRAPHIC AND ELECTROPHORETIC STUDIES OF THE TWO SUBUNITS FROM DIFFERENT SPECIFICITIES

Papain-solubilized HL-A antigens contain two subunits, a glycoprotein of molecular weight 30,000 to 31,000 and a small protein of molecular weight 11,000 to 12,000. These subunits have been studied in six different specificities (HL-A2, HL-A3, HL-A7, HL-A10, HL-A12, and W-27) obtained from normal peripheral lymphocytes and from cultured lymphoblastoid lines. The electrophoretic and chromatographic mobility of the small subunits in a variety of systems was identical, but the large glycoprotein subunits of several specificities could be distinguished by electrophoresis in urea gels at either pH 8.7 or at pH 4.5. It is particularly noteworthy that HL-A7 and W-27 which show a high degree of immunological cross-reactivity were nevertheless distinguishable by electrophoresis at pH 8.7.
INCORPORATING VARIABILITY IN ESTIMATES OF HETEROGENEITY IN THE RANDOM EFFECTS MODEL IN META‐ANALYSIS

When combining results from separate investigations in a meta-analysis, random effects methods enable the modelling of differences between studies by incorporating a heterogeneity parameter tau 2 that accounts explicitly for across-study variation. We develop a simple form for the variance of Cochran's homogeneity statistic Q, leading to interval estimation of tau 2 utilizing an approximating distribution for Q; this enables us to extend the point estimation of DerSimonian and Laird. We also develop asymptotic likelihood methods and compared them with this method. We then use these approximating distributions to give a new method of calculating the weight given to the individual studies' results when estimating the overall mean which takes into account variation in these point estimates of tau 2. Two examples illustrate the methods presented, where we show that the new weighting scheme is between the standard fixed and random effects models in down-weighting the results of large studies and up-weighting those of small studies.
Neuroimmunophilin GPI-1046 reduces ethanol consumption in part through activation of GLT1 in alcohol-preferring rats.

We have previously shown that ceftriaxone, β-lactam antibiotic known to upregulate glutamate transporter 1 (GLT1), reduced ethanol intake in alcohol-preferring (P) rats. GLT1 is a glial glutamate transporter that regulates the majority of extracellular glutamate uptake. We tested in this study the effects of neuroimmunophilin GPI-1046 (3-(3-pyridyl)-1-propyl (2S)-1-(3,3-dimethyl-1,2-dioxopentyl)-2-pyrrolidinecarboxylate), known also to upregulate GLT1 expression, in ethanol intake in P rats. Male P rats had concurrent access to free choice of 15% and 30% ethanol, water, and food for five weeks. On Week 6, P rats continued in this drinking and food regimen and they were administered either 10 or 20mg/kg GPI-1046 (i.p.), or a vehicle for five consecutive days. Body weight, ethanol intake, and water consumption were measured daily for 8 days starting on Day 1 of GPI-1046 or vehicle i.p. injections. We have also tested the effect of GPI-1046 (20mg/kg) on daily sucrose (10%) intake. The data revealed significant dose-dependent effects in the reduction of ethanol intake starting 48 h after the first treatment with GPI-1046 throughout treatment and post-treatment periods. There were also dose-dependent increases in water intake. However, GPI-1046 treatment did not affect the body weight of all animals nor sucrose intake. Importantly, GPI-1046 (20mg/kg) increased GLT1 level compared to all groups in nucleus accumbens core (NAc-core). Alternatively, GPI-1046 (10mg/kg) upregulated GLT1 level in NAc-core compared to vehicle (ethanol naive) group. Moreover, both doses of GPI-1046 increased significantly GLT1 level in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) compared to ethanol naive vehicle group. GPI-1046 (20mg/kg) increased GLT1 level in PFC compared to naive control group that was exposed to water and food only. These findings demonstrated that neuroimmunophilin GPI-1046 attenuates ethanol intake in part through the upregulation of GLT1 in PFC and NAc-core.
Using the Developmental Counseling and Therapy Model to Work With a Client in Spiritual Bypass: Some Preliminary Considerations

At a time when attention to spirituality within the counseling profession is unparalleled, 1 potential problem is that clients who engage in spiritual bypass will be supported in this dysfunctional pattern by their counselor. The purpose of this article is to define and describe spiritual bypass and to discuss the use of the developmental counseling and therapy model to assess and intervene with a client who is in spiritual bypass.
Growth of marine bacteria in batch and continuous culture under carbon and nitrogen limitation

In a combination of batch and continuous culture experiments involving natural assemblages of marine bacteria we examined the impact of varying both the carbon and nitrogen substrates and the substrate C : N ratio (C : NS) on the bacterial C : N ratio (C : NB), the gross growth efficiency (GGE), and the ability of marine bacteria to cometabolize amino acids and NH4 1 . We varied the C : NS ratio from 5 : 1 (carbon limitation) to 30 : 1 (nitrogen limitation) with varying combinations of glucose, glutamate, and NH4 1 (and in some cases with an amino acid mixture and with other simple carbon compounds). We found that GGE was unaffected by growth rate, the C : NS ratio, or different combinations of carbon and nitrogen substrates, averaging ;50%. However, the 95% confidence interval was as high as 620%, suggesting that experimental error may be a common problem in determining GGE in laboratory studies and a far more serious problem in making such estimates in field studies. The C : N B ratio was invariant at ;4.5 : 1 (by atoms) under all conditions when carbon was limiting growth, but increased to ;7 : 1‐9 : 1 when reaching the stationary phase during batch growth and up to 13 : 1 at very low growth rates in continuous culture. These results indicate that the C : N B ratio has some value as a diagnostic tool for determining the physiological state of bacterial populations, although there are some concerns about its general applicability. Finally, there was absolutely no evidence that NH4 1 uptake was inhibited in the presence of amino acids. The key to NH4 1 uptake is the presence of a readily assimilated carbon source to balance nitrogen uptake stoichiometrically. These findings have some bearing on the recent suggestions that gradients exist in both GGE and nitrogen preference of marine bacteria from productive inshore regions to the oligotrophic open ocean.
The distribution and metabolism of corticosterone in birds

Abstract The distribution of radioactivity and the metabolism of labeled compounds were studied in the pigeon and the duck during the 60-min period immediately after the intravenous administration of [1,2- 3 H]corticosterone. The rate at which the total and the methylene chloride-extractable radioactivity disappeared from the plasma was significantly slower in adenohypophysectomized pigeons and ducks than in the corresponding groups of sham-operated birds. In the adenohypophysectomized birds of both species, the amount of tritium remaining in the plasma 60 min after injection was greater than in the sham-operated controls. A higher fraction of the total radioactivity in the plasma from adenohypophysectomized pigeons remained in the aqueous phase after extraction with methylene chloride. In contrast, a higher fraction of the total radioactivity in plasma from adenohypophysectomized ducks was extractable with methylene chloride. More than 90% of the methylene chloride-extractable radioactivity in the plasma from both species had chromatographic properties similar to authentic corticosterone. The removal of labeled material from the vascular pool of the adenohypophysectomized duck was severely impaired. This was confirmed by the significantly smaller amounts of tritium found in the contents of the gall bladder, the gut, and the cloaca 60 min after injection. During the first 5 min after the injection of labeled corticosterone, radioactive material accumulated in the liver and the kidneys. Thereafter, the total radioactivity in these organs declined and concomitantly the total tritium recovered from the contents of the gall bladder, gut, and cloaca increased. The contents of the gall bladder, the gut, and the cloaca of intact ducks contained no significant amounts of methylene chloride-extractable radioactivity having chromatographic properties similar to authentic corticosterone. The addition of methylene blue to the contents of the gall bladder, gut, and cloaca prior to extraction with chloroform suggested that one-half of the labeled metabolite in the cloacal contents was an ester sulfate of corticosterone. However, only one-fifth of the total labeled metabolite in the bile and gut contents seemed to be in this form. The MCR of [4- 14 C]corticosterone sulfate was more than twice that of simultaneously injected [ 3 H]inulin. Sixty minutes after injection more than half of the total 14 C excreted appeared in the contents of the cloaca, and 37% of it was found in the contents of the gall bladder and the gut. It is probable that some of the corticosterone metabolite entering the gut from the liver is recycled into the vascular pool via an enterohepatic shunt.
Set- and Code-Specific Activation in the Frontal Cortex: An fMRI Study of Encoding and Retrieval of Faces and Words

The frontal cortex has been described as playing both ''setspecific'' and ''code-specific'' roles in human memory processing. Set specificity refers to the finding of goal-oriented differences in activation patterns (e.g., encoding relative to retrieval). Code specificity refers to the finding of different patterns of activation for different types of stimuli (e.g., verbal/nonverbal). Using a two (code: verbal, nonverbal) by two (set: encoding, retrieval) within-subjects design and fMRI, we explored the influence of type of code and mental set in two regions in the frontal cortex that have been previously shown to be involved in memory. A region in the dorsal extent of the inferior frontal gyrus (BA 6/44) demonstrated code-specific effects. Specifically, an interaction of material type with hemisphere was obtained, such that words produced predominantly left-lateralized activation, whereas unfamiliar faces elicited predominantly right-lateralized activation. A region of the right frontal polar cortex (in or near BA 10), which has been activated in many memory retrieval studies, showed set-specific activation in that it was more active during retrieval than encoding. These data demonstrate that distinct regions in the frontal cortex contribute in systematic yet different ways to human memory processing.
RAPD assessment of California phylloxera diversity

Grape phylloxera, Daktulosphaira vitifoliae Fitch, is a parthenogenetic, aphid-like pest which attacks the roots and leaves of many Vitis L. species. Feeding on the roots of V. vinifera L. cultivars leads to decreased plant productivity and eventual death. Isolates of phylloxera have been grouped into ‘biotypes’ based on the aggressiveness of their feeding behaviour, relative reproductive rates, and abilities to cause decline on V. vinifera and the grape rootstock AXR1. The goal of our research was to determine whether these bio-type definitions were reflected in the genetic diversity among laboratory-cultured colonies of Californian phylloxera. Thirteen phylloxera isolates, encompassing biotypes A, B and non-A or -B types based on their feeding and reproduction, were analysed using the RAPD-PCR method. Results indicate that there were genetic differences among isolates and that there was as much polymorphism within biotypes as among biotypes. This is surprising in a parthenogenetic organism and leads us to suggest that there have been multiple introductions of phylloxera into California, that phylloxera are not obligately parthenogenetic, or that there are other mechanisms whereby phylloxera may evolve relatively rapidly.
EFFECT OF DESINEWING VERSUS GRINDING ON TEXTURAL PROPERTIES OF BEEF

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of mechanical desinewing (a new process whereby the major portion of the sinew or connective tissue and foreign particles is removed) vs grinding on textural properties of comminuted beef. Desinewing generally improved textural properties of beef patties with greatest effects on meat from mature animals. The 0.19 cm desinewing head was superior to 0.25 or 0.32, but further research is needed to refine head selection.
Near infrared detection of ammonium minerals.

Diagnostic near‐infrared spectral features have been identified for minerals with ammonium (NH4+) bound in the crystal structure. Spectral bands near 2.12, 2.02, and 1.56 μm are characteristic of synthetic and natural NH4‐bearing minerals. Laboratory spectra of NH4‐bearing minerals are distinct from spectra of OH‐bearing minerals and have diagnostic shifts in band position among different mineral types. NH4‐bearing minerals were detected at several mineralized hot‐spring deposits in the western U.S. by means of hand‐held and airborne instruments. Near‐infrared detection of NH4‐bearing minerals may provide useful information for prospecting for certain ore deposits and may provide a better understanding of the nitrogen cycle within geologic environments.
Caring for Incompetent Patients: Is There a Physician on the Case?

Betty Wright had strong preferences about her medical care, fearing progressive debilitation and pain such as her husband suffered. When she becomes incompetent to make medical decisions, her previous statements should guide decisions about her care. Many incompetent patients in New York may receive treatment that they would not want and whose burdens outweigh the benefits. Ascribing refusals to some incompetent patients might also be characterized as a legal fiction. Legal fictions may serve important functions. Most important, relatives are presumed to act in the best interests of the incompetent patient. Ties of kinship and affection generally motivate family members to do what they believe is best for the patient. The doctor can also recommend a plan of care that fits best with the patient's preferences and best interests. Such recommendations are particularly useful when the family of an incompetent patient finds it difficult to take responsibility for decisions about life-sustaining treatment.
Multiresolution source coding using entropy constrained dithered scalar quantization

In this paper, we build multiresolution source codes using entropy constrained dithered scalar quantizers. We demonstrate that for n-dimensional random vectors, dithering followed by uniform scalar quantization and then by entropy coding achieves performance close to the n-dimensional optimum for a multiresolution source code. Based on this result, we propose a practical code design algorithm and compare its performance with that of the set partitioning in hierarchical trees (SPIHT) algorithm on natural images.
FGF-2 but not FGF-1 binds fibrin and supports prolonged endothelial cell growth.

Summary. Endothelial cell viability and growth are dependent on both polypeptide growth factors, and integrin-mediated matrix interactions. We have now examined the ability of fibrin-binding and non-binding growth factors to support long-term endothelial cell growth in the presence or absence of the soluble form. Endothelial cells were cultured on a fibrin surface, with or without FGF-1 or FGF-2, and proliferation was determined by 3H-thymidine incorporation. Cells cultured on fibrin with no growth factor showed minimal proliferation up to 96 h. In contrast, when FGF-2 was incorporated into fibrin, proliferation was increased 6.5 ± 0.6-fold, equal to growth on a fibrin surface with FGF-2 continually present in the medium. Thymidine incorporation was similar when cells were cultured on a fibrin surface that had been incubated with FGF-2 and then the growth factor removed (8.6 ± 0.5-fold). In contrast to results with FGF-2, a surface of fibrin exposed to FGF-1 supported minimal growth, whereas growth was comparable to either FGF-1 or FGF-2 present in the medium. Comparable results were observed when proliferation was quantitated by cell counting at times up to 48 h. Binding studies demonstrated no high-affinity interaction of FGF-1 with fibrinogen or fibrin. We conclude that FGF-2 bound to fibrin supports prolonged endothelial cell growth as well as soluble FGF-2, whereas FGF-1 does not bind to fibrin and can support endothelial cell growth only if continually present in soluble form. Fibrin may serve as a matrix reservoir for FGF-2 to support cell growth at sites of injury or thrombosis.