cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Flexible analysis of animal behavior via time-resolved manifold embedding

Abstract Uncovering relationships between neural activity and behavior represents a critical challenge, one that would benefit from facile tools that can capture complex structures within large datasets. Here we demonstrate a generalizable strategy for capturing such structures across diverse behaviors: Time-REsolved BehavioraL Embedding (TREBLE). Using data from synthetic trajectories, adult and larval Drosophila, and mice we show how TREBLE captures both continuous and discrete behavioral dynamics, can uncover variation across individuals, detect the effects of optogenetic perturbation in unbiased fashion, and reveal structure in pose estimation data. By applying TREBLE to moving mice, and medial entorhinal cortex (MEC) recordings, we show that nearly all MEC neurons encode information relevant to specific movement patterns, expanding our understanding of how navigation is related to the execution of locomotion. Thus, TREBLE provides a flexible framework for describing the structure of complex behaviors and their relationships to neural activity.
Patients Use Fewer Opioids Than Prescribed After Arthroscopic Release of Elbow Contracture: An Evidence-Based Opioid Prescribing Guideline to Reduce Excess

Purpose To generate an evidence-based opioid-prescribing guideline by assessing the pattern of total opioid consumption and the factors that may predict opioid consumption following arthroscopic release of elbow contracture and to investigate whether the use of continuous passive motion (CPM), as compared to physical therapy (PT), was associated with a decrease in pain and opioid consumption after arthroscopic release of elbow contracture. Methods Data collected from a randomized controlled trial that compared continuous passive motion (CPM) (n = 24) to physical therapy (PT) (n = 27) following arthroscopic release of elbow contracture was analyzed for opioid use. Fifty-one participants recorded their daily opioid consumption in a postoperative diary for 90 days. Multivariate analysis was performed to identify factors associated with opioid use. Recommended quantities for postoperative prescription were generated using the 50th percentile for patients without and the 75th percentile for patients with factors associated with higher opioid use. Results The median total opioid prescription was 437.5-mg morphine milligram equivalents (MMEs) (58 pills of 5 mg oxycodone) and the median total opioid consumption was 75 MMEs (10 pills of 5-mg oxycodone). Twenty-two percent of patients took no opioid medication, 53% took ≤10 pills, 69% took ≤20 pills and 75% took ≤30 pills. Predictors of higher opioid use were preoperative opioid use, age Conclusion This study suggests that most patients undergoing arthroscopic release of elbow contracture use relatively few opioid pills after surgery. Use of an evidence-based guideline could decrease opioid prescriptions substantially, while still effectively treating patients’ pain.
Performance characteristics of a Ge gamma camera

1400 Objectives The aim of this work is to investigate the potential of a planar imaging germanium detector as a compact gamma camera for preclinical pinhole SPECT. In this work we present an initial performance assessment of a prototype system. Methods The detector system consists of a mechanically cooled 9-cm diameter, 1-cm thick germanium crystal with 16x16 strips arranged orthogonally on opposing surfaces at 5-mm pitch. A slow-shaping filter (T_P ~ 4 μs) provides gamma-ray energy spectroscopy. A fast-shaping filter (T_P ~ 200 ns) provides lateral position information within the collecting strip width. Depth of interaction can be estimated from the CFD time difference between the anode and cathode signals. Planar pinhole projection images of 99mTc-filled capillaries were acquired using a 0.5-mm diameter gold pinhole and a focal length of 4.6 cm. Results The measured energy resolution for the pinhole capillary data was 1.37 keV FWHM (0.98%). Analysis of the projection images using the standard pinhole resolution formulation indicates a detector spatial resolution of 1.4 mm FWHM without depth of interaction correction. Conclusions This preliminary assessment suggests that the germanium detector will offer good imaging performance for preclinical SPECT. A more complete performance assessment is underway and results will be presented. Research Support This research was supported by grant DE-SCOO02437 from the U.S. Department of Energy
CAKE PROPERTY MEASUREMENTS

This chapter is devoted to a presentation and discussion of the methods that have been developed and applied for the determination of cake solidosity and cake permeability. They describe and define cake structure and its resistance to filtrate flow that is crucial information to the analysis and simulation of cake filtration. Beginning with the work of Donald and Hunneman (1933), cake filtration is often described as a problem akin to that of liquid flow through a growing and compacting porous medium characterized by its solidosity and permeability. Accordingly, the problem of cake filtration has often been analyzed using the concept of liquid permeation through porous media. For analyses based on the permeability-solidosity concept, cake structure is described by e s , the cake solidosity which is a function of the cake compressive stress, p s . The generalized Darcy's law defines the relative fluid/solid velocity (liquid permeation). The cake properties determined from various filtration experimental data are discussed in this chapter. Over the years, a large number of experimental studies have been reported in the literature on the determination of filter cake properties of various systems. The variables that strongly influence the constitutive relationships include the particle size, size distribution, shape, and more importantly, the solution variables of the suspending liquid (ionic strength, pH, and the presence of surface active agents).
SPLENECTOMY IN SPHEROCYTOSIS: IS IT WORTH THE RISK?

Splenectomy reduces the incidence of gallstone formation in patients with hereditary spherocytosis (HS). However, this surgical procedure carries an operative risk as well as the risk of postsplenectomy sepsis (PSS). Furthermore, gallstones do not always cause symptomatic biliary tract disease. Using decision analysis, a quantitative approach to problem solving under conditions of uncertainty, we have examined the relative merits of two approaches to patients with mild HS: (1) routine splenectomy in childhood or (2) cholecystectomy for symptomatic gallstones in adulthood. Probability values for critical events were obtained from the medical literature; final outcome is recovery or death. The analysis shows the risk of death associated with the choice of splenectomy to be 40 times greater than the risk of cholecystectomy for symptomatic gallstones (.0245 vs .0006). Sensitivity and threshold analyses show that the decision to avoid splenectomy remains unaltered even if the risk of death from PSS (.022) is reduced four-fold or if the risk of developing gallstones (including symptomatic and silent stones) is increased from .43 to 1.0. The choices become equivalent only if the risk of developing symptomatic gallstones increases from .08 to .50 while the risk of PSS falls from .022 to .001. On the basis of the best data currently available, the preferable course for patients with HS and mild anemia is careful surveillance for symptomatic biliary tract disease rather than routine splenectomy to prevent gallstones.
Towards Optimal Techniques for Solving Global Optimization Problems: Symmetry-Based Approach

In many practical situations, we have several possible actions, and we must choose the best action. For example, we must find the best design of an object, or the best control of a plant. The set of possible actions is usually characterized by parameters x = (x 1, ..., x n), and the result of different actions (controls) is characterized by an objective function f(x).
Colic and diaphragmatic hernias in neonatal foals

Colic in neonatal foals is common and unusual causes of colic are not rare. The case reported in this issue by Tapio et al. (2012) is a good example of an unusual cause of neonatal colic which presents both a diagnostic challenge and unusual consequences. Gastrointestinal disease, especially colic, ranks as one of the most common reasons why foals require veterinary attention during their first week of life, beyond the initial post natal examination. Foals with colic present a special diagnostic challenge, especially to the practitioner who might not have extensive experience in neonatal medicine. With the often rapid progression of neonatal diseases it is important to make a rapid and accurate assessment.
A Subsegmental Correspondence Approach to Contour Tone (Dis)Harmony Patterns

Contour tones, like contour segments, exhibit dualist syntagmatic behavior: as whole units, they can participate in harmony (spreading) and disharmony (OCP-type restriction) processes or their internal, subsegmental components may act independently. Formally, such schizoid behavior from both contour tones and segments in (dis)harmony patterns has challenged previous phonological theory. As a solution, this paper presents a novel, quantized phonological representation for subsegmental units couched in existing surface correspondence theory (Agreement by Correspondence (ABC); Hansson 2001; Rose & Walker 2004; et seq.). The resulting approach, termed ABC+Q, treats tonally contoured segments as strings of tonally simplex subsegments and is thus capable of modeling both whole contour (segment-level) and partial contour (subsegment-level) effects as consequences of (dis)agreement triggered by phonological similarity and proximity. Such an approach makes it possible for the first time to offer a united treatment for the behavior of both contour tones and contour segments across observed patterns of (dis)harmony.
30-micron heterodyne receiver

Advantages and constraints of remote measurements using heterodyne spectroscopy near 30 microns are discussed. The state of the art of wideband HgCdTe photomixers and PbSnSe diode-laser local oscillators being developed for FIR heterodyne receivers is described. The first compact 30-micron heterodyne radiometer was built, and initial results at 28-microns show about 2-percent mixer efficiency for a 500-MHz-bandwidth receiver. Factors limiting receiver performance are discussed, along with the projected sensitivity of new interdigitated-electrode HgCdTe photoconductor mixers being developed for operation up to 200 microns.
Repair of double-strand breaks by nonhomologous end joining in the absence of Mre11

Mre11–Rad50–Nbs1 (MRN) complex involvement in nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ) is controversial. The MRN complex is required for NHEJ in Saccharomyces cerevisiae but not in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. In vertebrates, Mre11, Rad50, and Nbs1 are essential genes, and studies have been limited to cells carrying hypomorphic mutations in Mre11 or Nbs1, which still perform several MRN complex–associated activities. In this study, we analyze the effects of Mre11 loss on the mechanism of vertebrate NHEJ by using a chromatinized plasmid double-strand break (DSB) repair assay in cell-free extracts from Xenopus laevis. Mre11-depleted extracts are able to support efficient NHEJ repair of DSBs regardless of the end structure. Mre11 depletion does not alter the kinetics of end joining or the type and frequency of junctions found in repaired products. Finally, Ku70-independent end-joining events are not affected by Mre11 loss. Our data demonstrate that the MRN complex is not required for efficient and accurate NHEJ-mediated repair of DSBs in this vertebrate system.
Beam Area Determination for Multiple-Beam Satellite Communication Applications

An exact analytical model and a simple numerical solution are presented for determining the surface area of the Earth illuminated by a conical beam, with an elliptical cross section, emanating from a satellite. The model is used to generate sets of parametric curves for determination of the beam area as a function of the different satellite locations, beam locations, and beamwidths. Numerical results show that for a circular beam with a 0.25° beamwidth, the beam illuminating the northern Continental United States (CONUS) can cover an area about five times larger than the area covered by the same size beam illuminating the southern CONUS. Comparisons are also made with the available approximate methods.
Hepatoid adenocarcinoma of the lung: a case report and review of the literature.

Hepatoid adenocarcinoma (HAC) is a rare type of extrahepatic cancer, with pathologic features largely indistinguishable from hepatocellular carcinoma. Thirty cases of HAC have been described. The majority of HAC cases arise in the lung. Extrapulmonary HAC occurs in the stomach [1], and cases have been reported in the mediastinum, esophagus, gallbladder, pancreas, ampulla of Vater, renal pelvis, bladder, endometrium, ovary, and testicle [2–5]. In addition to the pathologic similarities to hepatocellular cancer, a large proportion of HACs produce AFP, and plasma levels may be very high [6]. Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) was first detected in the serum of a patient with a primary liver tumor in 1965 [7] and has since been used as a tumor indicator for either primary liver or yolk sac tumors [8,9]. Certain gastrointestinal tumors such as gastric, rectal, and pancreatic carcinomas as well as lung cancer also secrete AFP [10–12]. We are reporting the second female case of pulmonary HAC who presented with elevated AFP and was treated with lobectomy and 3 cycles of adjuvant platinum-doublet chemotherapy. Case Presentation
The role of alpha and beta adrenoceptors in airway hyperresponsiveness to histamine

Abstract The effect of a specific α 1 -adrenoceptor antagonist, prazosin, on histamine-induced bronchoconstriction was compared to a β 2 -adrenoceptor agonist, salbutamol, in 16 subjects with nonspecific bronchial hyperresponsiveness whose PC 20 H ranged from 0.10 to 5.12 mg/ml. PC 20 H was calculated from a histamine inhalation test performed before and after 0.5 mg of prazosin by dry powder inhalation and 200 mcg of salbutamol by pressurized aerosol. PC 20 M was also measured in six subjects before and after placebo (20 mg lactose) by dry powder inhalation in a randomized double-blind study with prazosin. Mean (±SE) PC 20 H before and after placebo was 1.77 (0.32) and 1.57 (0.38) mg/ml, respectively, an 0.89-fold change. Mean (±SE) PC 20 H before and after prazosin for the 16 subjects was 1.92 (0.34) and 3.10 (0.72) mg/ml, a 1.51-fold change ( p 20 H before and after salbutamol was 2.08 (0.33) and 9.54 (2.51) mg/ml, a 4.08-fold change ( p p 20 H was determined by use of increasing doses of salbutamol until PC 20 H was more than 16 mg/ml. The dose of salbutamol required varied widely between subjects and did not relate to baseline PC 20 H. The results suggest a role for α-adrenoceptors in addition to β-adrenoceptors in histamine-induced bronchoconstriction.
Chemical Rescue by Guanidine Derivatives of an Arginine-Substituted Site-Directed Mutant of Escherichia coli Ornithine Transcarbamylase†

Escherichia coli ornithine transcarbamylase (OTCase) catalyzes the production of l-citrulline and phosphate from carbamyl phosphate and l-ornithine in l-arginine biosynthesis. We show that exogenous guanidines can restore activity to (chemically rescue) a catalytically-impaired site-directed mutant OTCase, R57G, in which glycine replaces an an active site arginine. The best rescue agent is guanidine hydrochloride, which enhances the rate of the mutant 2000-fold. The turnover number for the guanidine-rescued R57G mutant is 10% that of wild-type. The addition of guanidine to the R57G mutant has little effect on KMCP values, and the rescue effect is therefore attributed principally to an increase in kcat. Other compounds were screened as potential rescue agents, but rate enhancement is highly selective for guanidines. Not all guanidines show large increases in kcat. For a comparative series that includes guanidine and alkylguanidines, substituent size is inversely related to kcat. Bronsted analysis of guanid...
Intravenous alcohol self-administration in the rat.

Summary After an initial measure of their operant level of performance in a Skinner box, rats were allowed to acquire alcohol self-injection behavior. During six 12-hr drug sessions each bar-press response resulted in an intravenous injection of 120 μg/kg of ethyl alcohol. Eight of eleven rats gave evidence of primary reinforcement from the alcohol in their acquisition of bar-pressing behavior. The experimental procedure is proposed as a new animal model for the psychopharmacological analysis of factors also operative in human alcohol dependence.
Over expression of miR-100 is responsible for the low expression of ATM in the human glioma cell line: M059J

M059J and M059K cells were isolated from different portions of the same human malignant glioma. M059J cells are more radiosensitive than M059K cells due to the absence of DNA-PKcs and low-expression of ATM. The mechanism concerning the absence of DNA-PKcs in M059J is due to the frameshift mutation in PRKDC (DNA-PKcs gene); however, the reason for the low-expression of ATM in M059J cells remains unclear. We showed here that the main reason for the lower ATM level in M059J cells was not related to the transcriptional regulation or protein degradation but was related to post-transcriptional regulation. Based on database information, we found that the 3'-untranslational region (UTR) of ATM contains a miR-100 binding site. By using an RNase protection assay and qRT-PCR, we identified that miR-100 is highly-expressed in M059J cells. We further demonstrated that miR-100 bound to the 3'-UTR of ATM. Knocking down miR-100 promotes ATM expression in M059J cells. Up-regulating miR-100 in M059K cells and other cancer cells reduces ATM expression and sensitizes these cells to ionizing radiation. These results indicate that ATM is a target of miR-100, elucidating that the low-expression of ATM in M059J cells is mainly due to the high expression of miR-100. These results also suggest that miR-100 could be a useful tool to target ATM and sensitize tumor cells to ionizing radiation.
SU-GG-I-126: Method for Determining Apparent Diffusion Coefficient (ADC) Values for Cerebral Lesions From Diffusion Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging (DWMRI) Examinations

Purpose: This work involves analyzing Apparent Diffusion Coefficient (ADC) values for cerebral lesions from Diffusion Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging (DWMRI) examinations. The methodology presented permits transferring lesion geometry from treatment plan images to sequential DWMRI images for intensity measurement and subsequent ADC determination. Uncertainty in ADC calculation was correlated with image intensity. Method and Materials: DWMRI images were taken for several patients at specific intervals during treatment. Location of lesions were defined by the treatment plan contours and transferred to DWMRI images by use of a geometric algorithm. ADC values were calculated by a least squares line fit to DW intensities at varied b‐values. ADC values for the entire volume of each lesion were calculated by a weighted sum of individual DWMRI slice values. Initially, the weighting was based on the individual slice volume compared to the total volume as determined by the number of lesion voxels in each slice. Results: Greater uncertainty in ADC values were obtained for baseline b‐values (b=0) where the average image intensity was lower. The baseline intensity values were included in the weighting factor for determining the whole volume ADC value, with lower weighting given to individual slices with higher uncertainty. Conclusion: ADC values were determined for cerebral lesions outlined on treatment plan contours and transferred to DWMRI images. Corrections for variation between images and size of individual slice geometries allowed for the calculation of ADC value for whole lesion volumes. Low intensity in the baseline scans was correlated with greater uncertainty in resulting ADC values. For average intensities less than 1000, the uncertainty was more than 10% of the absolute ADC value. When the average intensity was higher than 4000, the ADC uncertainty was less than 5%.
`I'm Out of the Loop': Ostracism Through Information Exclusion:

`Out-of-the-loop' experiences, or situations where people perceive being uninformed of information mutually known by others, pervade people's lives. Two experiments examined the psychological impact of this form of partial ostracism. In Experiment 1, compared to in-the-loop participants, out-of-the-loop participants experienced a variety of deleterious effects (e.g. depleted fundamental needs), even without significant costs for being uninformed. In Experiment 2, out-of-the-loop participants were led to believe that their lack of information resulted from their group members' decisions or chance. Unlike those who experience complete ostracism, participants typically reported negative psychological consequences only when group members were responsible for the exclusion decision. Information exclusion also affected factors related to group dynamics (e.g. liking and trust of group members), which may ultimately harm group functioning. Taken together, these studies demonstrate the social and psychological imp...
Effect of Number of Eating Responses at Reinforcement on Fixed-Ratio Behavior.

Fixed-ratio (FR) size was increased for pigeons (N = 6), while the number of eating responses at reinforcement was either held constant or increased. Also, FR size was held constant while the number of eating responses at reinforcement was increased. Major findings were as follows: (a) when eating responses were held constant, higher FR requirements led to stable key rates and postreinforcement pauses; (b) allowing more eating responses at successively higher FR requirements led to stable key rates and postreinforcement pauses;
Synthesis, adsorption and selectivity studies of N-propyl quaternized magnetic poly(4-vinylpyridine) for hexavalent chromium.

Abstract The ability of solid N-propyl quaternized magnetic poly(4-vinylpyridine) for the extraction of chromium(VI) in aqueous solutions was investigated. For the synthesized Cr(VI) magnetic polymers, the optimum pH obtained was 4 for both the magnetic ion imprinted polymer (IIP) and the corresponding non-ion imprinted polymer NIP. The amount of the adsorbent which gave the maximum adsorption was determined to be 20 and 65 mg for the magnetic IIP and NIP, respectively. A Cr(VI) concentration which was adsorbed maximally was 5 mg L−1 which was therefore taken as the optimum. The maximum adsorption capacities for the magnetic polymers were 6.20 and 1.87 mg g−1 for the magnetic IIP and NIP, respectively. The optimum time for the adsorption of the Cr(VI) analyte was determined as 40 min. The prepared magnetic ion imprinted polymer showed good selectivity towards Cr(VI). The order of selectivity of the investigated anions followed the sequence: Cr 2 O 7 2 − > SO 4 2 − >F−> NO 3 − .
Teaching chest disease; diseases of the chest in a new curriculum.

Basic objectives of good medical education have changed little in the past 50 years. The tremendous advances in the preclinical sciences and in clinical medicine during this time have made it impossible for a faculty to impart this mass of knowledge or, indeed, to expect or require the student to know all of it. This became more apparent with the accelerated program required for undergraduate medical education during World War II. It was also felt that the social and economic changes that have occurred deserved more recognition. Therefore, in 1946, the faculty of the School of Medicine of Western Reserve University, under the leadership of its Dean, Dr. Joseph T. Wearn, began to plan a new curriculum approaching it as a scientific experiment. In 1952, the new curriculum was implemented, and in 1956, the first class under the new curriculum was graduated. I have drawn largely from the reports of Wearn,1 Ham,2 Patterson,3 and Caughey,4 and my own experience as a participating faculty member. The objectives of this curriculum are to graduate a physician with adequate knowledge and skills, who has proper professional ideals and scientific attitudes. Since knowledge is not static, a strong effort is made to develop habits of self-education which, it is hoped, will continue throughout life. It was realized that the example set by the faculty would play an important role. The idea of total coverage was abandoned from the outset. It was agreed to emphasize basic concepts and their -application to the mechanisms of disease. To do this better, the previously existing more or less sharp separation of teaching along purely departmental lines was altered so that from the first day of medical school, teaching would be on an interdepartmental basis. Therefore, the material has been organized into subject groupings. Each subject is taught by a subject committee made up of members from the departments concerned. It was also felt that the introduction of the student to the patient should be early in the first year rather than at the end of his second year. The course in clinical science, described below, is designed to do this. The usual four year curriculum has been divided into three phases. Phase 1, occupying the first year, is concerned with normal structure and function. Phase 2, in the second year and first half of the third year, studies disorders of structure and function. Phase 3, during the last year and one
The Effects of Ghrelin Antagonists [D‐Lys3]‐GHRP‐6 or JMV2959 on Ethanol, Water, and Food Intake in C57BL/6J Mice

Background Alcohol use and abuse patterns have created a need for novel treatment models. Current research has turned its focus on reward pathways associated with intrinsic necessities, such as feeding. Theories suggest that drugs of abuse seize control of natural reward pathways and dysregulate normal function, leading to chronic addiction. One such pathway involving the hunger stimulating peptide, ghrelin, is the focus of our study. Methods Male C57BL/6J mice were randomly assigned to groups and treated with vehicle or a ghrelin antagonist, either [D-Lys3]-GHRP-6 (DLys) or JMV2959. Three experiments tested ghrelin antagonism using different doses; experiment 1 tested 12 mg/kg JMV2959; experiment 2 tested 15 mg/kg DLys; experiment 3 tested 9 mg/kg JMV2959. Using a 2-bottle choice 24-hour access paradigm, data were collected for ethanol intake, preference, water intake, and food intake at 4 and 24 hours after injection. Results Experiment 1 showed that 12 mg/kg of JMV2959 decreased ethanol, water, and food intake, without affecting preference. Experiment 2 showed that 15 mg/kg of DLys decreased ethanol intake, preference, and water intake only on the first day of treatment. Experiment 3 showed that 9 mg/kg of JMV2959 decreased only ethanol and food intake. No change was seen during deprivation, and JMV2959 was still effective at reducing ethanol intake upon reintroduction. Despite the change in food intake, there were no differences in body weight throughout the experiments. It should be noted that the majority of significant effects were only found 4 hours postinjection. Conclusions The results show that compounds that block ghrelin receptor activity are effective at decreasing ethanol intake. However, DLys was only effective at reducing intake and preference on the first day, suggesting a quick tolerance and selectivity for ethanol. JMV2959 consistently reduced ethanol intake, but at the higher dose also reduced all other consummatory behaviors. Thus, ghrelin antagonists provide a viable potential for treatment of alcohol abuse disorders, but further research is needed to determine an appropriate dose and administration paradigm.
Why write real software in a university

Note: Keynote talk Reference EPFL-CONF-192843doi:10.1145/1275165.1275166 URL: http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1275165.1275166 Record created on 2013-12-23, modified on 2017-05-12
Ship navigation using Navstar GPS - An application study

Ocean current measurement applications in physical oceanography require knowledge of inertial ship velocity to a precision of 1-2 cm/sec over a typical five minute averaging interval. The navigation accuracy must be commensurate with data precision obtainable from ship borne acoustic profilers used in sensing ocean currents. The Navstar Global Positioning System is viewed as a step in user technological simplification, extension in coverage availability, and enhancement in performance accuracy as well as reliability over the existing systems, namely, Loran-C, Transit, and Omega. Error analyses have shown the possibility of attaining the 1-2 cm/sec accuracy during active GPS coverage at a data rate of four position fixes per minute under varying sea-states. This paper is intended to present results of data validation exercises leading to design of an experiment at sea for deployment of both a GPS y-set and a direct Doppler measurement system as the autonomous navigation system used in conjunction with an acoustic Doppler as the sensor for ocean current measurement.
Pharmacologica Efects in Mice of Anandamide and Its Related Fatty Acid Ethanolamides, and Enhancement of Cataleptogenic Effect of Anandamide by Phenylmethylsulfonyl Fluoride

Anandamide (N-arachidonoylethanolamine) and six fatty acid ethanolamides were synthesized and their pharmacological effects in mice were assessed using catalepsy, hypothermia and pentobarbital-induced sleep prolongation as indices. The effects of phenylmethysulfonyl fluride (PMSF) pretreatment on anandamide effects were also evaluated and discussed in relation to inhibition of anandamide amidohydrolase in mouse brain and liver. The cataleptogenic effect of anandamide (ED50=6.0 mg/kg, i.v.) was 4 to 6 times more active than those of N-oleoyl-(ED50=26.5 mg/kg, i.v.) and N-linoleoylethanolamine (ED50=37.5 mg/kg, i.v.), although the peak time in the effect was observed within 1 min after i.v. administration. None of the saturated fatty acid ethanolamides (N-myristoyl-, N-palmitoyl-, N-stearoyl- and N-arachidoylethanolamine) showed a positive response in the cataleptogenic effect even at a dose up to 40 mg/kg i.v. Anandamide, N-linoleoyl-, N-oleoyl- and N-myristoylethanolamine (10 mg/kg, i.v.) produced a significant hypothermia (0.19 to 0.59°C) at 5 to 15 min after administration. The duration of the effects of these ethanolamides was also relatively short. Anandamide, N-linoleoyl-, N-oleovl- and N-palmitoylethanolamine (5 or 10 mg/kg, i.v.) significantly prolonged pentobarbital-induced sleeping time by 148-207% of control sleeping time. The cataleptogenic effect of anandamide was markedly potentiated by pretreatment of mice with PMSF (100 mg/kg, i.p.). The ED50 (mg/kg, i.v.) of anandamide was 0.48 (0.24-0.96) in PMSF-pretreated mice. The pretreatment of mice with PMSF significantly decreased the metabolic clearance rate of anandamide in microsomal fractions of liver and brain. Thus, the Vmax/Km values of brain and hepatic microsomes were 26 and 10%, respectively, as compared with those of control mice. The present study demonstrated that anandamide and N-acylethanolamines of unsaturated fatty acids exhibited cannabinoid-like effects in mice, and that anandamide amidohydrolase has an important role in the pharmacological effects of anandamide in vivo.
Filovirus clearance in non-human primates

There has been concern in the USA and Europe about filovirus outbreaks in recently imported monkeys, and possible transmission to human beings. Healthy monkeys have been found to have low-titre immunofluorescence antibody (IFA) to Asian filoviruses (Reston and Pennsylvania viruses) as well as to the African filoviruses that caused fulminating human outbreaks in the 1970s (Ebola [Zaire] and Sudan viruses). We have assessed whether such monkeys are a risk to man. We studied 42 non-human primates; 31 were experimentally infected with African and Asian filoviruses, 6 were infected during a documented Reston filovirus outbreak, and 5 had serological evidence suggestive of recent filovirus infection. During the first 15 days after infection, virus could be routinely recovered from serum or biopsy or necropsy tissue, and Asian filovirus RNA could be detected by polymerase chain reaction. 20 to 600 days after challenge, filovirus could no longer be recovered nor viral RNA detected in 141 serum, liver, spleen, or kidney specimens. Animals surviving filovirus infection develop high-titre, cross-reacting filovirus-specific antibody 14 to 21 days after infection, and this coincides with virus clearance. Healthy monkeys with low-titre filovirus antibody may be regarded as uninfected.
Negotiating Globally: How to Negotiate Deals, Resolve Disputes, and Make Decisions Across Cultural Boundaries

Preface ix Acknowledgments xix The Author xxvii 1. Negotiation Basics 1 2. Culture and Negotiation 25 3. Culture and Strategy for Negotiating Deals 49 4. Resolving Disputes 81 5. Negotiating in Teams 117 6. Social Dilemmas 159 7. Negotiations Between Governments and Foreign Direct Investors 187 8. Will the World Adjust, or Must You? 215 Notes 227 Glossary 263 Name Index 273 Subject Index 281
The Nature and Structure of the Das: Questioning the Test's Organizing Model and Use

The Differential Ability Scales (DAS) is a scale developed in the British empirical tradition and is purported to be useful in making educational decisions for children. This reaction focuses on and questions the DAS factor structure, the developmental theme of differentiation of abilities, and the role of the achievement subtests in the model of human abilities espoused in the DAS. The reaction concludes with a discussion of five areas of practical concern. These areas of concern are framed as questions: the racial differences question, the classification/diagnostic utility question, the ability-achievement discrepancy question, the profile development and use question, and the treatment validity question. Significant information relative to each of these questions is needed for the DAS before consumers can use the instrument meaningfully.
A decision support framework for flexible system design

In this paper a decision support framework is presented for the design of flexible engineering systems. The framework draws on concepts from multi-objective optimization, consumer choice theory, and utility theory. The framework supports the necessary decisions in the design of flexible engineering systems or systems that can change their functionality and embodiment to satisfy multiple performance requirements. The goal of the framework is to determine a design configuration that maximizes corporate utility while setting attribute and budget constraints for the conceptual design phase. The details of the framework are covered and then applied to a simple case study.
Nonpharmacologic approaches to the management of myofascial temporomandibular disorders.

The temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) are a heterogeneous group of painful musculoskeletal conditions that include masticatory muscle pain. TMD is a common condition but its etiology is, as yet, poorly understood. Although TMD can be quite disabling, most patients presenting with symptoms improve regardless of treatment type. This article focuses on nonpharmacologic treatments for TMD; recent articles on etiology, assessment, and treatment for this muscle pain condition are reviewed.
Regulated Reprogramming in the Regeneration of Sensory Receptor Cells

Vision, olfaction, hearing, and balance are mediated by receptors that reside in specialized sensory epithelial organs. Age-related degeneration of the photoreceptors in the retina and the hair cells in the cochlea, caused by macular degeneration and sensorineural hearing loss, respectively, affect a growing number of individuals. Although sensory receptor cells in the mammalian retina and inner ear show only limited or no regeneration, in many nonmammalian vertebrates, these sensory epithelia show remarkable regenerative potential. We summarize the current state of knowledge of regeneration in the specialized sense organs in both nonmammalian vertebrates and mammals and discuss possible areas where new advances in regenerative medicine might provide approaches to successfully stimulate sensory receptor cell regeneration. The field of regenerative medicine is still in its infancy, but new approaches using stem cells and reprogramming suggest ways in which the potential for regeneration may be restored in individuals suffering from sensory loss.
Abstract 92: Odonogenic Ameloblast Associated Protein (ODAM) moderates cell growth and invasion in the human breast cancer line MDA-MB-231 in part through the TGF-β signaling pathway

Breast neoplasms are the second leading cause of cancer deaths of women in the United States. Recently, it has been shown by immunohistochemical staining of tumor biopsy tissue that nuclear localization of the odontogenic ameloblast associated protein (ODAM) correlated with staging and increased survival in patients, leading to the proposal of this protein as a novel biomarker in breast cancer. Further, ectopic expression of recombinant ODAM protein in the invasive breast carcinoma line MDA-MB-231 (231-ODAM) was shown to slow cell growth to 30-50% of that seen in control 231 cells, increase apoptosis, effect developmental change, and decrease the ability of cells to migrate or invade through extracellular matrix in transwell barrier assays. Further, this expression reduced the ability of these cells to form solid tumors by greater than 10-fold in immunodeficient mice, or establish tumor colonization of the lungs after tail vein injection. Herein, we show results of microarray and qRT-PCR data collected from 231-ODAM and control cells revealing effects of ODAM on the expression of a number of genes which have been reported to be affected by or active in the TGF-β pathway including TGF-β I-II, HAS2, Gli-2, SMADs 2, 3 and 7, PLAU and others. This suggests that ODAM interacts in part with the TGF-β pathway. When challenged with neutralizing antibodies to block TGF-β activity we observed an increase in 231-ODAM cell growth which was approximately 80% that of the 231-control line. In addition, antibody blockade of TGF-β signaling restored the ability of 231-ODAM cells to invade and migrate through matrigel-coated barriers to that of the 231-control line. Taken together, these results and others suggest that ODAM acts in part through the TGF-β pathway, which has been implicated with invasion and metastasis in breast cancer and other malignancies. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 92. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-92
Lignin oxidation product and carbohydrate composition of plant tissues from the south-eastern united states

Abstract Twenty-one samples of woody and non-woody angiosperm and gymnosperm tissue from plants dominant in south-eastern U.S. coastal ecosystems were analysed for the distribution of CuO oxidation products and neutral monosaccharides derived from acid hydrolysis of the tissues. Phenolic oxidation products gave the same general distributions as reported for plant species in the Pacific north-west, Buzzards Bay, MA, and the western Gulf of Mexico regions of the U.S. However, monosaccharides derived from these plants had generally lower total yields and wider ranges of weight % distributions than the plants from the other regions. Thus, the phenolic oxidation products appear to be a valid indicator of terrestrial carbon source terms across a wide geographical and climatic area; however, neutral monosaccharide distributions must be used with caution when determining source term.
Translating clinical trial results into practice: the effect of an AIDS clinical trial on prescribed antiretroviral therapy for HIV-infected pregnant women.

The success of Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trials Group 076 in preventing vertical HIV transmission prompted intensive efforts to inform lay persons and professionals about the trial's results. Communi...
The Impact of Muscle Disuse on Muscle Atrophy in Severely Burned Rats

Abstract : Background Severe burn induces a sustained hypermetabolic response, which causes long-term loss of muscle mass and decrease in muscle strength. In this study, we sought to determine whether muscle disuse has additional impact on muscle atrophy after severe burn using a rat model combining severe cutaneous burn and hindlimb unloading. Methods Forty Sprague-Dawley rats ( identical with 300g) were randomly assigned to sham ambulatory (S/ A), sham hindlimb unloading (S/HLU), burn ambulatory (B/A) or burn hindlimb unloading (B/ HLU) groups. Rats received a 40% total body surface (TBSA) full thickness scald burn, and rats with hindlimb unloading were placed in a tail traction system. At day 14, lean body mass (LBM) was determined using DEXA scan, followed by measurement of the isometric mechanical properties in the predominantly fast-twitch plantaris muscle (PL) and the predominantly slow- twitch soleus muscle (SL). Muscle weight (wt), protein wt, and wet/dry wt were determined. Results At day 14, body weight had decreased significantly in all treatment groups; B/HLU resulted in significantly greater loss compared to the B/A, S/HLU and S/A. The losses could be attributed to loss of LBM. PL muscle wt and Po were lowest in the B/HLU group (less than 0.05 vs. S/A, S/HLU or B/A). SL muscle wt and Po were significantly less in both S/HLU and B/HLU compared that of S/A and B/A; no significant difference was found between S/HLU and B/HLU. Conclusions Cutaneous burn and hindlimb unloading have an additive effect on muscle atrophy, characterized by loss of muscle mass and decrease in muscle strength in both fast (PL) and slow (SL) twitch muscles. Of the two, disuse appeared to be the dominant factor for continuous muscle wasting after acute burn in this model.
Inelastic deformation and localization in polycarbonate under tension

It is demonstrated that uniaxial tension deformation in polycarbonate and other polymers that exhibit large inelastic deformation is unstable beyond a certain stretch. The instability first appears as a shear banding phenomenon at a characteristic angle and is then followed by a stabilized neck generation and propagation. The intrinsic material law for polycarbonate is used in a numerical implementation to reproduce completely the deformation behavior observed in uniaxial tension. In particular, it is demonstrated through numerical simulations, that intrinsic material softening is not necessary for the formation of a shear band and continued growth of a stable neck and further that the interpretation of the tensile response in terms of the constitutive behavior of the material poses significant problems.
Effect of Heat Stress on Laying Hens Acclimated to Cyclic Versus Constant Temperatures

Abstract Two trials were conducted to determine the effect of heat stress on commercial layers acclimated to a 24-hr cyclic temperature of 15.6 to 35 to 15.6C versus those acclimated at a constant 25 C temperature, which was the mean temperature of the 24-hr cyclic temperature. Producing eggs for an 8-week period in a 24-hr cyclic temperature regimen (15.6 to 35 to 15.6 C) versus a constant temperature regimen (25 C) did not significantly affect percent egg production, feed consumption, egg weight, body weight change, feed efficiency, egg shell breaking strength, or egg shell thickness. Heat stress (39 C) resulted in a significantly greater reduction in egg production and egg shell breaking strength for the layers acclimated to the constant versus the cyclic temperature regimen.
Multiple Transcription Factor Families Regulate Axon Growth and Regeneration

Understanding axon regenerative failure remains a major goal in neuroscience, and reversing this failure remains a major goal for clinical neurology. Although an inhibitory central nervous system environment clearly plays a role, focus on molecular pathways within neurons has begun to yield fruitful insights. Initial steps forward investigated the receptors and signaling pathways immediately downstream of environmental cues, but recent work has also shed light on transcriptional control mechanisms that regulate intrinsic axon growth ability, presumably through whole cassettes of gene target regulation. Here we will discuss transcription factors that regulate neurite growth in vitro and in vivo, including p53, SnoN, E47, cAMP-responsive element binding protein (CREB), signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), nuclear factor of activated T cell (NFAT), c-Jun activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3), sex determining region Ybox containing gene 11 (Sox11), nuclear factor κ-light chain enhancer of activated B cells (NFκB), and Kruppel-like factors (KLFs). Revealing the similarities and differences among the functions of these transcription factors may further our understanding of the mechanisms of transcriptional regulation in axon growth and regeneration.
Bubble-flux: precise online QoS management for increased utilization in warehouse scale computers

Ensuring the quality of service (QoS) for latency-sensitive applications while allowing co-locations of multiple applications on servers is critical for improving server utilization and reducing cost in modern warehouse-scale computers (WSCs). Recent work relies on static profiling to precisely predict the QoS degradation that results from performance interference among co-running applications to increase the number of "safe" co-locations. However, these static profiling techniques have several critical limitations: 1) a priori knowledge of all workloads is required for profiling, 2) it is difficult for the prediction to capture or adapt to phase or load changes of applications, and 3) the prediction technique is limited to only two co-running applications.To address all of these limitations, we present Bubble-Flux, an integrated dynamic interference measurement and online QoS management mechanism to provide accurate QoS control and maximize server utilization. Bubble-Flux uses a Dynamic Bubble to probe servers in real time to measure the instantaneous pressure on the shared hardware resources and precisely predict how the QoS of a latency-sensitive job will be affected by potential co-runners. Once "safe" batch jobs are selected and mapped to a server, Bubble-Flux uses an Online Flux Engine to continuously monitor the QoS of the latency-sensitive application and control the execution of batch jobs to adapt to dynamic input, phase, and load changes to deliver satisfactory QoS. Batch applications remain in a state of flux throughout execution. Our results show that the utilization improvement achieved by Bubble-Flux is up to 2.2x better than the prior static approach.
SWIRLs promote interdisciplinary collaboration at Fall Meeting

This year, AGU will implement a new path for interdisciplinary collaboration at Fall Meeting. After reviewing the scientific program, the AGU Fall Meeting Program Committee has identified, linked, and organized select sessions from various sections into themes. These themes, called SWIRLs, will provide Fall Meeting attendees with the opportunity to take an interdisciplinary “walk through the week.” For 2012, the AGU Program Committee identified three SWIRL themes: (1) characterizing uncertainty, (2) dust and aerosols, and (3) subduction. Check the Fall Meeting Web site (http://fallmeeting.agu.org/2012/scientific-program/swirls/) to find the schedule of sessions for each of the three SWIRLs. Here is a brief summary of topics in each SWIRL theme: