cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Think Different: Overcoming Challenges to Adopt an Electronic Blood Culture Order That Supports Central Line-Associated Bloodstream Infection (CLABSI) Reduction

Background Central venous catheters (CVC) are a frequent cause of healthcare-associated bloodstream infections. During root-cause analysis of CLABSI, our team observed positive blood cultures obtained from CVC devices when the peripheral culture result was negative. CVCs are often colonized, increasing the likelihood of a false-positive culture. Our health system is comprised of 9 hospitals and over 4000 practicing physicians supported by one unified electronic medical record (EMR) platform. The current blood culture order did not limit options for site selection, allowing variability and inconsistent performance affecting patient outcomes. Methods We reviewed events from June 2018 through October 2019 to determine how many CLABSI were identified based on specimens collected from CVC vs peripherally. We itemized available EMR order selections and identified multidisciplinary stakeholders and frontline providers to influence peers on proposed EMR changes. Infection Prevention proposed modifying the blood culture order to guide the provider to select peripheral source. Results 36% of CLABSI were identified from a CVC source with a negative peripheral culture. The current order allowed free selection of options for specimen source in the EMR. It took over 12 months to approve and implement a re-designed blood culture order across a large hospital system. When a provider selects a CVC source for blood culture collection, additional questions are required to complete the order. These include: unable to obtain from peripheral source OR peripheral source positive and suspecting central line infection. Conclusions Unanticipated adverse events can be caused by poorly designed systems that allow users multiple choices without consciously considering relevant information. Limited, forced functions guide clinicians to select CVC blood culture only when clinically indicated for diagnosis of catheter-related bloodstream infection. System change is successful when a multidisciplinary team led by a physician champion can manage organizational culture to support patient outcomes.
The Clustering of MgII Absorption Systems at z=0.5 and Detection of Cold Gas in Massive Halos

We measure the large-scale clustering of MgII \lambda\lambda 2796,2803 absorbers with respect to a population of luminous red galaxies (LRGs) at z \sim 0.5. From the cross-correlation measurements between MgII absorbers and LRGs, we calculate the mean bias of the dark matter halos in which the absorbers reside. We investigate systematic uncertainties in the clustering measurements due to the sample selection of LRGs and due to uncertainties in photometric redshifts. First, we compare the cross-correlation amplitudes determined using a it flux-limited LRG sample and a volume-limited one. The comparison shows that the relative halo bias of MgII absorbers using a flux-limited LRG sample can be overestimated by as much as \approx 20%. Next, we assess the systematic uncertainty due to photometric redshift errors using a mock galaxy catalog with added redshift uncertainties comparable to the data. We show that the relative clustering amplitude measured without accounting for photometric redshift uncertainties is overestimated by \approx 10%. After accounting for these two main uncertainties, we find a 1-\sigma anti-correlation between mean halo bias and absorber strength that translates into a 1-\sigma anti-correlation between mean galaxy mass and W_r(2796). The results indicate that a significant fraction of the MgII absorber population of W_r(2796)=1-1.5 \AA are found in group-size dark matter halos of log M_h 1.5 \AA are seen in halos of log M_h <12.7. A larger dataset would improve the precision of the clustering measurements and the relationship between W_r and halo mass. Finally, the strong clustering of MgII absorbers down to \sim 0.3 h^{-1} Mpc indicates the presence of cool gas inside the virial radii of the halos hosting the LRGs.
Responses of soil microbial community structure and greenhouse gas fluxes to crop rotations that include winter cover crops

Abstract Agricultural crop diversity has the potential to alter soil microbial communities and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. To test this hypothesis, we conducted a field study on silty clay loam soil in south-east South Dakota under two crop rotations; 2-yr, maize (Zea mays L.)-soybean (Glycine max L.) and 4-yr, maize-soybean-oat (Avena sativa)-winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) managed with a winter cover crop and fallow management under no-till system. Phospholipid fatty acid (PLFAs) profiles were used to assess relative abundance of broad taxonomic groups of soil microorganisms in four active growing seasons. The static chamber technique was used to weekly monitor CO2, CH4, N2O fluxes during the growing seasons of maize and soybean phases in 2017 and 2018, respectively. Total PLFAs and relative abundance of total bacterial and fungal biomass were not affected by the treatments within the sampling event. However, averaged over the study period, the total PLFAs and abundance of total bacterial biomass as well as their sub-groups (Gm+, Gm–, and actinomycetes) were statistically greater with the 4-yr rotation as compared to the 2-yr rotation, whereas, there was no difference between cover crop and fallow plots. Regardless of cover cropping management, the 2-yr rotation had greater CO2 emissions than the 4-yr during the 2017 growing season. However, the 4-yr rotation increased the GHG fluxes during spring thaw of 2018, whereas, its effect was convoluted with cover cropping system (i.e. interaction effect) for summer and fall sampling dates. Cumulative CO2 tended to be greater under cover crop than the fallow when averaged over rotations during 2017 (p = 0.106), however, significant interaction effect during 2018 suggested that cover crops had lower CO2 emissions than the fallow under 2-yr rotation (p = 0.009). This study suggests that cropping system diversification achieved by extending length of rotations through small grains and by growing winter cover crops such as winter rye under no-till system has the potential to alter microbial community composition and mitigate GHG emissions.
Less Is More in the New International Financial Architecture

Reforming the “international financial architecture” is one of the most important and pressing questions facing international policy-makers today. A sturdy structure will help to minimize the risk of collapse, but much disagreement exists about how best to lay a firm foundation. Eichengreen and Litan have provided impressive and extensive overviews of possible reforms of both the international capital markets and the IMF to achieve this goal. Their papers focus on international rescues operations, also known in less polite company as “bailouts.” Both make a convincing case that the IMF cannot take on the deus ex machina role of an international lender of last resort, and I wholeheartedly concur.
Capitalization of Land and Rural Industrialization——A Case Study of Nanhai City

Based on a case study of the rural industrialization in Nanhai city, this paper ar-gues that the land shareholding system originating in the city allows rural residents to participate inrural industrialization by capitalizing their land, shields them from the encroachment of the state,and accelerates rural industrialization. To further protect rural residents'income generated fromtheir land, China should revise herLand Management Law,allowing farmers to trade collectivelyowned land in the market with the same prices obtained by state-owned land.
Astrobiology as a NASA Grand Challenge

"Are we alone" is a question whose ambition can only be met with a NASA-led global collaboration. In this white paper, we describe how this makes "The Search for Life Beyond Earth" a new Grand Challenge for NASA. As described in the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy and the White House National Economic Council, Grand Challenges are "ambitious but achievable goals that harness science, technology, and innovation to solve important national or global problems and that have the potential to capture the public's imagination." NASA had identified an "Asteroid Grand Challenge" centered on the Asteroid Retrieval Mission, which was closed out in June, 2017. Here, we explain how NASA's next Grand Challenge could be focused on "The Search for Life Beyond Earth," with a flagship-scale mission in Astrophysics as its centerpiece.
Poly(triazole) Glassy Networks via Thiol-Norbornene Photopolymerization: Structure–Property Relationships and Implementation in 3D Printing

Photocurable thiol-norbornene resins featuring triazole-embedded norbornene monomers were developed, and the photopolymerized networks showed good to superior ductility in the glassy state with elo...
Central compartment atopic disease: outcomes compared with other subtypes of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps

Background Central compartment atopic disease (CCAD) is a variant of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) characterized by polypoid changes of the superior nasal septum, middle (MT), and/or superior turbinates (ST). This study evaluates surgical outcomes in patients with CCAD compared with other CRSwNP subtypes. Methods Retrospective analysis was performed at Emory University from May 2012 to November 2019. Patients undergoing primary endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) for CCAD, aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease (AERD), allergic fungal rhinosinusitis (AFRS), and CRSwNP not otherwise specified (CRSwNP NOS) were included consecutively, beginning with the earliest date of CCAD patient. Outcome measures included polyp recurrence, revision ESS, oral steroid use, and oral antibiotic use. Pearson chi-square and univariate analysis of variance (ANOVA) were performed for group comparisons. Results Data was collected for 132 patients (CCAD = 38, AERD = 20, AFRS = 37, CRSwNP NOS = 37; 58 females, mean age 42.9 years [range, 13-85 years]). CCAD patients demonstrated polyp recurrence less frequently than expected, whereas AFRS patients had polyp recurrence more frequently than expected (p = 0.003; phi 0.32). CCAD patients underwent revision ESS less frequently than expected; AFRS and CRSwNP NOS underwent revision ESS more frequently than expected (p = 0.03; phi 0.26). CRSwNP NOS patients received more total antibiotic courses than those with CCAD (p = 0.01; eta-squared 0.09) and more courses of antibiotics per month than those with AFRS (p = 0.03; eta-squared 0.07). There was no significant difference in follow-up measures across groups (number of visits, total months, or visits per month). Conclusion Rates of polyp recurrence and revision ESS were significantly lower in CCAD patients compared with patients with other CRSwNP subtypes, suggesting durable benefit of ESS and postoperative medical therapy in CCAD patients.
Physician-Assisted Death: A Selected Annotated Bibliography

Physician-assisted death (PAD) encompasses two means of dying: physician-assisted suicide and physician-administered euthanasia. Physician-assisted suicide involves a physician prescribing life-ending medication to a patient, who then self-administers that medication. In physician-administered euthanasia, the physician will administer the lethal medication to the patient, such as by injection. In the United States, the question of whether to legalize physician-assisted suicide in particular has long been controversial. In recent years, however, there has been a drastic shift in public opinion, with a number of national and state polls conducted since 2012 showing strong and steady support for legalization among a majority of Americans. This corresponds with a trend of increased legalization of PAD both in the United States and around the world. In the United States, as of 2018, physician-assisted suicide is now legal in seven states and the District of Columbia, and nearly two dozen states considered relevant legislation that year. Internationally, several countries or territories have already legalized or are considering legalizing physician-assisted suicide, physician-administered euthanasia, or both. This bibliography compiles selected secondary and primary materials on PAD. Secondary sources include books, book chapters, law review and law journal articles, bibliographies, websites, and current awareness materials, and are mostly limited to publication dates of 2007–2018. Many of these materials discuss multiple issues within the broader topic of PAD, and I have categorized them by subject based on what I perceive to be their primary themes. Most of the included materials focus on the United States, but a number of sources also discuss other countries, and one section is devoted to international experiences with PAD. In addition, PAD is often debated alongside other end-of-life topics, such as withdrawal or refusal of medical treatment, palliative care, hospice care, or the use of advance directives, and some of the scholarship listed in this bibliography concurrently address one or more of these subjects in depth.
Assuming Access to Professional Advice

Access to reliable health advice can make the difference between life and death. But good advice is hard to come by. Within the confines of the professional-client or doctor-patient relationship, the First Amendment operates in a way that protects good and sanctions bad advice. Outside of this relationship, however, the traditional protections of the First Amendment prohibit content- and viewpoint discrimination. Good and bad advice are treated as equal. A core assumption of First Amendment theory is the autonomy of speakers and listeners. Another assumption, as this Article demonstrates in the health context, is the availability of access to professional advice. This assumption, however, is erroneous because access to health advice in fact is unevenly distributed. This Article argues that assuming access to professional advice creates indefensible inequality. Lack of access to expert advice puts some listeners at much higher risk than others. Current First Amendment doctrine is largely unproblematic for those who can afford expert advice, and makes expert advice much costlier where health provider access is needed to obtain good advice. Those who lack access must place a higher degree of trust in widely-available information because they have no more reliable alternative. In other words, First Amendment doctrine places a higher burden on those who can least afford expert advice and who are most dependent on experts in public discourse.
Dexamethasone as an Analgesic Adjunct for Postcesarean Delivery Pain: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Objectives. Dexamethasone has been shown to have analgesic properties in the general surgical population. However, the analgesic effects for women that undergo cesarean deliveries under spinal anesthesia remain unclear and may be related to the timing of dexamethasone administration. We hypothesized that intravenous dexamethasone administered before skin incision would significantly reduce postoperative opioid consumption at 24 h after cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia with intrathecal morphine. Methods. Women undergoing elective cesarean deliveries under spinal anesthesia were randomly assigned to receive 8 mg of intravenous dexamethasone or placebo prior to skin incision. Both groups received a standardized spinal anesthetic and multimodal postoperative analgesic regime. The primary outcome was cumulative opioid consumption at 24 h. Secondary outcomes included cumulative opioid consumption at 48 h, time to first analgesic request, and pain scores at rest and on movement at 2, 24, and 48 h. Results. 47 patients were analyzed—23 subjects that received dexamethasone and 24 subjects that received placebo. There was no difference in the median (Q1, Q3) cumulative opioid consumption in the first 24 hours following cesarean delivery between the dexamethasone group {15 (7.5, 20.0) mg} and the placebo group {13.75 (2.5, 31.25) mg} ( ). There were no differences between the groups in cumulative opioid consumption at 48 h, time to first analgesic request, and pain scores. Conclusions. Intravenous dexamethasone 8 mg administered prior to skin incision did not reduce the opioid consumption of women that underwent cesarean deliveries under spinal anesthesia with intrathecal morphine and multimodal postoperative analgesic regimen.
A case of hemolytic uremic syndrome caused by Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli after pericardiectomy

The majority of cases of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli are self-limited; however, the infection can occasionally be complicated by more severe phenomena, such as thrombotic microangiopathy, with resultant end-organ damage to the kidneys, colon, nervous system, and various other tissues. Shiga toxin-induced hemolytic uremic syndrome (ST-HUS)-the constellation of thrombocytopenia, hemolysis, and renal failure resulting from thrombotic microangiopathy in a subset of infections producing the Shiga toxin-is classically observed in the pediatric population. Nevertheless, the diagnosis should be considered in adults with this presentation, and especially in those with colonic findings suggestive of ischemia. ST-HUS must also be distinguished from other thrombotic microangiopathies and related conditions, such as disseminated intravascular coagulation, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, and complement-mediated HUS, as these diagnoses prompt alternate management strategies. Here, we present a case of ST-HUS in a gentleman following pericardiectomy who was infected with non-O157:H7 E. coli producing Shiga toxin 2.
Regional Climate Models

Regional climate models are numerical models that simulate the climate of geographic regions typically covering a few thousand square kilometers to a continent. Most regional climate models include models that describe the atmosphere and the underlying land surface, but a few also include models of ocean and sea ice and atmospheric aerosols and chemistry. Given the atmospheric state at the lateral boundaries, regional climate models simulate regional climate in the context of the evolving global climate. Because regional domains cover only a fraction of the globe, it is computationally more feasible to apply regional climate models at higher grid resolution compared to global climate models to better resolve atmospheric and terrestrial processes and how they respond to regional forcings such as topography and land cover/land use. While global climate models are generally applied at grid resolution of a few hundred kilometers, regional climate models have been more commonly applied at grid resolution of a few tens of kilometers. Therefore, a common application of regional climate models is the dynamical downscaling of global climate simulations to provide regional climate information related to climate change projections or climate predictions. As such, regional climate models have served an important function of providing regional climate scenarios needed to assess a wide range of societal relevant climate impacts such as climate change effects on water resources and ecosystems. Regional climate models are also used to study regional climate processes, particularly those that are related to the water cycle that is inherently multi-scale; so explicitly representing finer scale processes is important to simulate its variations at multiple time and space scales.
World Humanities and Self‐Reflection of Humanity: A Confucian‐Neo‐Confucian Perspective

This article presents and develops Zhu Xi's Neo-Confucian theory of heart-mind-will and human nature as the source and basis for the understanding of humanity. This article next shows how Kant and Confucius could be said to share the same vision of humanity in light of one particular historical connection between them. Finally, I have explored four forms of knowledge in light of a distinction between feeling and observation as well as their basic unity. This gives rise to our vision of humanity as world-rooted, and so indicates further how it can serve as a grounding for world-humanities.
Arabidopsis β-Amylase Induction during Temperature Stress

Beta-amylase activity is found everywhere starch is present in plants such as in seeds, tubers, and leaves (Avigad and Dey, 1997). It is an exoamylase that hydrolyses α 1,4 glycosidic linkages of polyglucan chains at the non-reducing end to produce maltose (4-O-α-D-Glucopyranosyl-β-D-glucose). The reducing glucose of the maltose disaccharide product of the reaction is in the β-form, hence, the name β-amylase. The primary physiological role of β-amylase is considered to be in starch breakdown. This is somewhat controversial because this enzyme is considered by some to be unable to attack native starch without prior digestion by other amylolytic enzymes like α-amylase (Beck and Ziegler, 1989).
Handheld NMR Systems and Their Applications for Biomolecular Sensing

We have developed a miniature nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) system. By combining the physics of NMR with CMOS radio-frequency ICs, we developed a 0.1-kg palm NMR system that is 1,200 times smaller, 1,200 times lighter, and yet 150 times more spin-mass sensitive than a state-of-the-art 120-kg commercial benchtop system. The small NMR system can be used for disease detection and medical diagnostics. It was demonstrated capable of detecting human cancer cells and cancer marker proteins.
Leveraging the DODAF to model information assurance architectures

The DOD Architecture Framework (DODAF) is the prescribed means for documenting information systems in the DOD and is an integral part of the Joint Capabilities Integration and Development System (JCIDS). The inclusion of DODAF architectures in new system development is mandated in DOD acquisition regulations and is resource intensive. Deriving an information assurance architecture from a DODAF-compliant architecture is a relevant way to leverage the mandatory investment in DODAF architectures. Every software engineer supporting DOD should be aware of the increasing importance of information assurance and the need for holistic approaches to security. Information assurance architectures described in this paper offer a verifiable holistic approach to security. DODAF -- based executable architectures provide a means for the modeling & simulation community to constructively engage in DOD information assurance efforts.
The Art and Craft of International Environmental Law

* Preface * Abbreviations Part 1: General * What Is International Environmental Law? * History * Causes * Policy Part 2: The International Environmental Process * Norms * Actors * Promoting International Cooperation Part 3: Standard-Setting * International Environmental Agreements * Custom Part 4: Implementation and Effectiveness * Implementation * International Facilitation and Enforcement * Effectiveness * Conclusion: Taking Stock * Table of Treaties * Index
Public Health Information Fusion for Situation Awareness

Recent events, including the terrorist attacks in the fall of 2001, the spread of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), and Hurricane Katrina, highlight the need for real-time information exchange to enhance government's awareness and understanding of public health events in order to detect and respond as those events unfold. This paper describes the planned approach of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)'s Office of Critical Information Integration and Exchange (OCIIX) in meeting that need through the programmatic area known as BioPHusion--the identification of critical information requirements (CIRs) and the operationalization of real-time public health information fusion and leadership decision-support activities. Drawing from methodologies for situation awareness used in other domains, we outline the framework being used for the implementation of BioPHusion, including the formalization of information exchange partnerships, systematic information source acquisition, policy development, analysis, research, threat assessments and situational awareness report production. We propose that the framework can be applied to the development of real-time information exchange for situation awareness in other public health practice settings, such as state and local government. And, we suggest that the framework can be used to explore the possibilities around sharing critical information with other components of government involved in the detection of, and response to, public health emergencies.
Screening for Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Inner City Females With Abnormal Cervical Cytology

Objective: This report evaluates the acceptance, results, and predictors of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in inner city women referred to a colposcopy clinic for abnormal cervical cytology. Methods: HIV testing results of 1,908 inner city women referred for abnormal cervical cytology were analyzed retrospectively with respect to acceptance, race, ethnicity, Pap smear results, sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), HIV exposures, and final histologic findings. Results: HIV testing was accepted by 50.4% of patients. Women who agreed to screening were significantly more likely to admit exposure to HIV or to be Hispanic, foreign-born, or have a history of multiple STDs. Of those screened, 3.3% were found to be HIV seropositive. Although higher grades of referral Pap smears were noted in the women found to be HIV seropositive, final histologic findings were not different. The only predictors of unknown HIV seropositivity were admitted HIV exposure and external condyloma. Conclusions: Fifty percent of inner city women of unknown HIV status referred for abnormal cervical cytology will accept HIV serotesting and 3.3% are found to be positive. Most HIV-seropositive women can be detected based on either a history of exposure to HIV or the presence of external condyloma.
Characterization and transfusion of in vitro cultivated hematopoietic progenitor cells.

Our study is to show the safety of transfusion and the number, phenotype, and proliferative potential of in vitro cultivated autologous hematopoietic peripheral blood progenitor/stem cells (PBPCs). An in vitro long-term liquid culture using PBPC suspension from consenting patients with metastatic breast cancer was established. The medium was supplemented with a variety of hematopoietic growth factors. The mononuclear cells (MNCs), their viability, CD34+ subsets, clonogenic cells, and neutrophil function were measured prior to, during, and after liquid culture for 14 days. The total cell number increased during incubation in vitro from 2.5 x 10(8) to 5 x 10(9). The clonogenic and CD34+ cells increased during the first week 6- and 3.5-fold, respectively, and were almost undetectable after 2 weeks. Maturation into the myeloid cell series was demonstrated by standard cytology and increase of CD33+ and CD38+ cell numbers. On average, 1.5 x 10(9) cells were transfused to consenting patients with metastatic breast cancer after high-dose chemotherapy and PBPC transplantation at nadir of WBC or = 20-fold increase of maturing PBPCs for an effective and safe autologous transfusion. This unique approach, when refined, could lead to a safer post-transplant period and a decrease of complications due to neutropenic fever.
Similarities between conflict and cooperation in the marketing channel

Abstract This article examines the relationship between two causes of conflict: domain dissensus and perceptual incongruity, and the levels of conflict and cooperation within a marketing channel dyad. Utilizing a national sample of food broker-food wholesaler dyads, four hypotheses were tested—two relating domain dissensus and two relating perceptual incongruity to conflict/cooperation. Results indicated no significant relationship between either perceptual incongruities or domain dissensus and the level of conflict found in the dyad, while a significant negative relationship was found between both perceptual incongruities and domain dissensus and the level of cooperation in the dyad.
Scotus on the Decalogue: What Sort of Voluntarism

L'A. etudie la nature du volontarisme qui sous-tend la division du decalogue en deux tables des commandements chez Duns Scot. Examinant les differentes conceptions primaires et essentielles du bien naturel et du bien moral, d'une part, et refutant la majorite des interpretations du volontarisme scotiste fondees sur les relations convenables, la creation et la force imperative, d'autre part, l'A. developpe sa propre lecture de la theorie morale de Duns Scot qui met en evidence le role de la loi naturelle, stricte et etendue, dans la conception scotiste de l'harmonie du monde actuel qui explique la contingence de la seconde table des lois
The generation and maintenance of memory T and B cells.

Abstract Much is still unknown regarding the mechanisms involved in the generation and persistence of memory cells and the factors that control their function in vivo. Some 60 researchers met at a recent workshop**The ‘T cell and B cell Memory Workshop' was held at the Trudeau Institute, Saranac Lake, NY, USA, on 24–27 September 1998. to discuss progress in this area.
Immune Responses in Parasitic Diseases. Part A: General Concepts

Parasitic infections are incredibly varied and distinct in terms of interactions between hosts and pathogens as well as in complexity of life cycle, host range, vector or intermediary host requirements, forms of reproduction, and elicited response. A number of protozoan parasites are intracellular pathogens capable of surviving and mutiplying within microbicidal cells such as macrophages. In contrast, nematodes generally do not multiply within the host, a trait that dramatically alters the epidemiologic, clinical, and immunologic consequences of infection. Parasites have acquired apparently effective mechanisms for escape from normal host defenses and clearance. These mechanisms may be classified as antigenic mimicry, antigenic depletion, antigenic variation, immunologic indifference, immunologic diversion, and immunologic subversion. A determination of the importance and relevance of these subterfuges to parasitic infection in humans and to therapeutic or prophylactic strategies is of the utmost urgency. The outcome of the encounter between a pathogenic microorganism and a mammalian host depends on many factors. These include the size of the inoculum (infectious dose), the state of innate or natural resistance (whether of specific immune nature or nonspecific nature), the multiplication rate of the pathogen within the host, the mobilization of host defenses to meet the challenge and the ability of the organism to multiply or overcome these protective host responses, and the virulence factors possessed by the invader. Playfair [1] has recently categorized the events in parasitic infections into six levels of interaction (table 1). The limited success in the development of effective vaccines against most of these agents can be attributed not only to those features of the host-pathogen interaction that permit continuing infection in the "immune host," but in many instances also to features that circumvent, modu
The metabolism of [14C]ribulose diphosphate by spinach chloroplasts.

Abstract Our study of the metabolism of [14C]ribulose diphosphate by sonically ruptured spinach chloroplasts shows that the products of the primary car☐ylation reaction of this system in light are not phosphoglyceric acid and triose phosphate, but only phosphoglyceric acid.
Detailed Kinetic Modeling of Silicon Nanoparticle Formation Chemistry via Automated Mechanism Generation

Thermal decomposition of silane can be used to produce silicon nanoparticles, which have attracted great interest in recent years because of their novel optical and electronic properties. However, these silicon nanoparticles are also an important source of particulate contamination leading to yield loss in conventional semiconductor processing. In both cases, a fundamental knowledge of the reaction kinetics of particle formation is needed to understand and control the nucleation of silicon particles. In this work, detailed kinetic modeling of silicon nanoparticle formation chemistry was carried out using automated reaction mechanism generation. Literature values, linear free-energy relationships (LFERs), and a group additivity approach were incorporated to specify the rate parameters and thermochemical properties of the species in the system. New criteria for terminating the mechanisms generated were also developed and compared, and their suitability for handling an unbounded system was evaluated. Four di...
Heat capacities of aliphatic and aromatic polysulphones

Abstract Heat capacities were measured for three aromatic polysulphones: poly(1,4-phenylene sulphonyl), PAS; poly(oxy-1,4-phenylene-sulphonyl-1,4-phenylene), PPES; and poly[oxy-1,4-phenylene-sulphonyl-1,4-phenylene-oxy-1,4-phenylene-(1-methylidene)-1,4-phenylene], PBISP; from 150 to 620 K using differential scanning calorimetry. These new data, along with the prior ATHAS (Laboratory for Advanced Thermal Analysis, University of Tennessee) recommended experimental heat capacities for three aliphatic polysulphones: poly(1-propene sulphone), P1PS (20–300 K); poly(1-butene sulphone), P1BS (100–300 K); poly(1-hexene sulphone), P1HS (20–300 K), were fitted to an approximate frequency spectrum below their respective glass transition temperatures. The ATHAS computation scheme was used to compute the heat capacities that arise from these vibrations from 0.1 to 1000 K. The ϑ 1 -temperature changed from 685 K for P1PS to 587 K for P1HS while for PPES and PBISP much higher values (799.5 K and 777.8 K) than the other phenylene polymers analysed at ATHAS, were obtained. Using these data and the smoothed experimental liquid heat capacities, the glass transition temperatures for PAS, PPES and PBISP were obtained at 492.6, 497.4 and 458.2 K. The corresponding values for ΔC p were 18.1, 37.7 and 126.6 J K −1 mol −1 , respectively.
A Quantum Question Order Model Supported by Empirical Tests of an A Priori and Precise Prediction

Question order effects are commonly observed in self-report measures of judgment and attitude. This article develops a quantum question order model (the QQ model) to account for four types of question order effects observed in literature. First, the postulates of the QQ model are presented. Second, an a priori, parameter-free, and precise prediction, called the QQ equality, is derived from these mathematical principles, and six empirical data sets are used to test the prediction. Third, a new index is derived from the model to measure similarity between questions. Fourth, we show that in contrast to the QQ model, Bayesian and Markov models do not generally satisfy the QQ equality and thus cannot account for the reported empirical data that support this equality. Finally, we describe the conditions under which order effects are predicted to occur, and we review a broader range of findings that are encompassed by these very same quantum principles. We conclude that quantum probability theory, initially invented to explain order effects on measurements in physics, appears to be a powerful natural explanation for order effects of self-report measures in social and behavioral sciences, too.
Self-Coupling of a Two-Level System by a Mirror

We discuss, from a classical as well as a quantum-mechanical point of view, the effect of the coupling of an excited two-level system with itself due to emission and absorption of electric-dipole radiation, the emitted radiation being reflected by a nearby mirror. Expressions familiar from resonance-scattering theory are found for the shift of the transition frequency and linewidth from their values in the absence of the mirror. This renormalization effect leads to spatial modulation in the transition frequency and width of the excited state due to its resonant interaction with itself via the radiation field reflected from the mirror. This formalism is applied to some recent experiments with monomolecular dye layers. The experimental values of the fluorescence lifetime are in good agreement with the theory for distances from 500 to 6000 \AA{}.
Depression in Kraepelinian schizophrenia

Abstract In order to improve our understanding of depression in chronic schizophrenia, depressive symptoms were assessed in institutionalized, so called Kraepelinian, patients with schizophrenia (N = 43). The patients had been ill and dependent on others for at least 5 years. Depressive symptoms as measured by the Hamilton Depression (HAM-D) scale were less prevalent in this population compared to published data on non-Kraepelinian patients. Only 5% of our Kraepelinian patients had a HAM-D score ≥ 16. There was also a low prevalence of core depressive symptoms (depressed mood, suicidal ideation, and guilt). The relationship of depression to other dimensions of schizophrenia was explored. Depression had a modest positive correlation (r = 0.44) with general psychopathology as measured by the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS), but not with positive symptoms as measured by BPRS positive subscale or negative symptoms as measured by the Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS). Depression also showed a modest positive correlation (r = .48) using the Simpson-Angus Rating Scale (SAS) for extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS). These results indicate that in Kraepelinian schizophrenia, depression is not prevalent, even though patients are severely ill both in symptom and functioning domains. The results of our analysis support that Kraepelinian schizophrenia is a distinct subtype, and raise questions regarding the boundary between schizoaffective disorder and non-Kraepelinian schizophrenia. Finally, the low rate of depression observed revives the notion that preservation of core functional abilities is important for a depressive reaction to evolve in schizophrenia.
Establishing the psychometric properties of a scale for evaluating quality in printed education materials

A study establishing the psychometric properties of a quality standard for quantifying the presence (or absence) of instructional design/learning principles contained in printed education materials (PEMs) was conducted in 4 phases. Content validity, a pretest which included creation of a rating key, inter-rater reliability, and intra-rater reliability levels were established for the Bernier Instructional Design Scale (BIDS). Experts in patient education established content validity by identifying 37 instructional design/learning principles as essential to PEM quality from a 90 item domain. An inter-disciplinary group of 89 health professionals applied the BIDS to a test PEM. Group ratings were compared with a rating key which served as a validated standard for the presence of principles in the test PEM. Reliability of the BIDS achieved acceptable levels when rating categories were collapsed from 4 to 3 levels to be consistent with a measurement model for rating checklists. A revised methodological approach and program of psychometric research are described.
The School-Based Health Center as a Resource for Prevention and Health Promotion.

The importance of school-based health centers (SBHCs) in overall prevention and health promotion programming is growing as they become increasingly common in schools. SBHCs can improve access to comprehensive physical and mental health services for children and families, and make a significant contribution to universal prevention efforts in schools. Partnering with school-based health centers in the overall prevention and health promotion programming provides an opportunity for school psychologists to broaden their impact on the entire school population. This article describes the role and primary functions of SBHCs and how these centers can provide important prevention and health promotion services for children and adolescents. Research regarding SBHCs' primary prevention outcomes is also reviewed with the goal of providing school psychologists the necessary background to work collaboratively with SBHCs. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cirrus detrainment-temperature feedback

In considering the role of cirriform clouds in climate change, it is important to distinguish among the relationships of dierent high cloud types to large-scale at- mospheric dynamics. While cirrostratus and cirrocumulus (CsCc) have a clear relation to deep convective sources, the ensemble behavior of cirrus is more subtle. An empirical relation is found between cirrus fraction and deep cloud top temperature that points to detrainment temperature as a dominant factor governing tropical and subtropical cir- rus. This cirrus-detrainment-temperature (CDT) relation provides a target for modelers, and suggests an additional cloud-climate feedback. As surface temperatures warm, de- trainment temperatures cool as deep cloud top height in- creases. The CDT relation implies that cirrus fraction in- creases. Because cirrus are optically thinner than CsCc, the competition between longwave feedbacks and cloud albedo feedbacks leads to a hypothesized positive climate feedback by cirrus fraction.
Intermittent neural synchronization in Parkinson’s disease

Motor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease are related to the excessive synchronized oscillatory activity in the beta frequency band (around 20 Hz) in the basal ganglia and other parts of the brain. This review explores the dynamics and potential mechanisms of these oscillations employing ideas and methods from nonlinear dynamics. We present extensive experimental documentation of the relevance of synchronized oscillations to motor behavior in Parkinson’s disease, and we discuss the intermittent character of this synchronization. The reader is introduced to novel time-series analysis techniques aimed at the detection of the fine temporal structure of intermittent phase locking observed in the brains of Parkinsonian patients. Modeling studies of brain networks are reviewed, which may describe the observed intermittent synchrony, and we discuss what these studies reveal about brain dynamics in Parkinson’s disease. The Parkinsonian brain appears to exist on the boundary between phase-locked and nonsynchronous dynamics. Such a situation may be beneficial in the healthy state, as it may allow for easy formation and dissociation of transient patterns of synchronous activity which are required for normal motor behavior. Dopaminergic degeneration in Parkinson’s disease may shift the brain networks closer to this boundary, which would still permit some motor behavior while accounting for the associated motor deficits. Understanding the mechanisms of the intermittent synchrony in Parkinson’s disease is also important for biomedical engineering since efficient control strategies for suppression of pathological synchrony through deep brain stimulation require knowledge of the dynamics of the processes subjected to control.
Chronic carbamazepine administration reduces N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-initiated signaling via arachidonic acid in rat brain.

Background Lithium and carbamazepine (CBZ) are used to treat mania in bipolar disorder. When given chronically to rats, both agents reduce arachidonic acid (AA) turnover in brain phospholipids and downstream AA metabolism. Lithium in rats also attenuates brain N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor (NMDAR) signaling via AA. We hypothesized that, like chronic lithium, chronic CBZ administration to rats would reduce NMDAR-mediated signaling via AA. Methods We used our fatty acid method with quantitative autoradiography to image the regional brain incorporation coefficient k* of AA, a marker of AA signaling, in unanesthetized rats that had been given 25 mg/kg/day IP CBZ or vehicle for 30 days, then injected with NMDA (25 mg/kg IP) or saline. We also measured brain concentrations of two AA metabolites, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and thromboxane B2 (TXB2). Results In chronic vehicle-treated rats, NMDA compared with saline increased k* significantly in 69 of 82 brain regions examined, but did not change k* significantly in any region in CBZ-treated rats. In vehicle- but not CBZ-treated rats, NMDA also increased brain concentrations of PGE2 and TXB2. Conclusions Chronic CBZ administration to rats blocks increments in the AA signal k*, and in PGE2 and TXB2 concentrations that are produced by NMDA in vehicle-treated rats. The clinical action of antimanic drugs might involve inhibition of brain NMDAR-mediated signaling involving AA and its metabolites.
Incoherent Scattering and the Concept of Discrete Electrons

Experiment has shown that scattered x-rays contain both a coherent and an incoherent portion. Classical electron theory provides a formula for scattering closely similar to that based on wave mechanics, but includes both coherent and incoherent components only if the atom consists of discrete electrons. From a comparison of the classical and wave-mechanics theories of scattering it is concluded that the most accurate classical analog of Schr\"odinger's $\ensuremath{\psi}{\ensuremath{\psi}}^{*}$ is the probability of occurrence of discrete electrons, and that a particular electron is associated with each particular function ${\ensuremath{\psi}}_{n}{{\ensuremath{\psi}}_{n}}^{*}$.
Nanostructured metal-insulator-metal resonators for high-resolution color filtering and spectral imaging

Color filters and spectroscopes are two key components in an optical system. With the prevalence and miniaturization of liquid crystal displays (LCD), complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) image sensors and light emitting diodes (LED), current research on color filters and spectroscopes is focused on designing a novel component with high efficiency, low power consumption and slim dimension, which poses great challenges to the traditional colorant filtering and prism-based spectrum splitting techniques. In this context, surface plasmon-based nanostructures are attractive due to their small dimensions and the ability of efficient light manipulation. Here we use selective conversion between the free-space waves and spatially confined modes in plasmonic nano-resonators formed by the subwavelength metal-insulator- metal stack arrays to show that the transmission spectra through such arrays can be well controlled by using simple design rules, and high efficiency color filters capable of transmitting arbitrary colors can be achieved. These artificial nanostructures provide an approach for high spatial resolution color filtering and spectral imaging with extremely compact device architectures.