cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Environment, distribution and production of Iridaea☆

Abstract Some species of the genus Iridaea (Rhodophyta, Gigartinales) are harvested as a source of phycocolloid carrageenan which finds use as a gelling and viscosity regulating agent in many food, industrial and biomedical products. In the temperate seas of the northern and southern hemispheres where they occur, Iridaea species amy also be conspicuous components of marine communities on rocky shores. In this study, we discuss what is known about the relationship between environmental factors and the distribution, growth and production of selected species of Iridaea. Such information is limited to only a few species which are currently harvested from wild populations, or which are prospects for such harvesting, candidates for aquaculture or conspicuous elements of marine communities. Improved management of existing wild populations to provide sustained yields and commercial cultivation to supplement wild stocks of Iridaea will require additional research.
Numbers as a cognitive and social technology: on the nature of conventional number sequences used in economic systems

This paper examines the fundamental nature of numbers as they are used in economic systems. In the framework proposed, number sequences are technological objects (‘tools’) that are constituted by both form and function. To do their job, number sequences have to have the necessary internal structure – all elements (e.g. symbols) of the sequence must be distinct from one another, and the sequence must be a progression. In addition, numerical toolkits have to have the right external structure – they must be situated in a social network of economic agents that confers on them quantitative functions (e.g. identifying set sizes). Number sequences are the product of multilevel evolutionary processes, including psychological selection that screens sequences for their learnability by human users. Number tools are a kind of capital; they are material systems that are as real as other everyday objects. Just as changing physical tools alters the structure of productive activity, so too changing number sequences alters cognitive, behavioral, and social routines.
Reactions of electronically excited boron atoms. Quenching rate constants and the radiative lifetime of the 4p 2P state

Abstract Collisional quenching and radiative decay of the 4p 2 P level of the boron atom has been studied in a cell experiment, in which B atoms are prepared by 266 nm multiphoton dissociation of BBr 3 and the 4p 2 P level is prepared by sequential 2-photon absorption through the 3s 2 S level. A radiative lifetime of 360 ± 50 ns is derived for B (4p 2 P) by extrapolation of the measured decay rates versus BBr 3 partial pressure in several Torr helium buffer gas. Bimolecular quenching rate constants were also determined for a number of atomic and molecular species from the dependence of the B (4p 2 P) decay rate on the quencher gas partial pressure. The quenching rate constants for the molecular species were quite large (≈(1–2)×10 −9 molecule −1 cm 3 s −1 ), presumably reflecting the small B (4p 2 P) ionization potential and the rapid removal of the excited state by chemical reaction.
Surface-enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) method and instrumentation for genomics and biomedical analysis

The development of a surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) method and instrument for use in biomedical and genomics analysis is described. The technology uses DNA gene probes based on SERS labels for gene detection and DNA mapping. The detection method uses nanostructured metallic substrates as SERS-active platforms. The surface-enhanced Raman gene (SERGen) probes can be used to detect DNA targets via hybridization to DNA sequences complementary to these probes. The probes do not require the use of radioactive labels and have great potential to provide both sensitivity and selectivity. Advanced instrumental systems designed for point-source spectral measurements and for multi-spectral imaging (MSI) are described. The MSI concept allows recoding the entire SERS spectrum for every pixel on the two-dimensional hybridization platform in the field of view with the use of a rapid-scanning solid-state device, such as the acousto-optic tunable filter (AOTF). The usefulness of the SERGen approach and its applications in biomedical diagnostics, high-throughput analysis and DNA mapping and sequencing are discussed. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
CD15, CD24, and CD29 define a surface biomarker code for neural lineage differentiation of stem cells.

Identification and use of cell surface cluster of differentiation (CD) biomarkers have enabled much scientific and clinical progress. We identify a CD surface antigen code for the neural lineage based on combinatorial flow cytometric analysis of three distinct populations derived from human embryonic stem cells: (1) CD15+/CD29HI/CD24LO surface antigen expression defined neural stem cells; (2) CD15−/CD29HI/CD24LO revealed neural crest-like and mesenchymal phenotypes; and (3) CD15−/CD29LO/CD24HI selected neuroblasts and neurons. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) for the CD15−/CD29LO/CD24HI profile reduced proliferative cell types in human embryonic stem cell differentiation. This eliminated tumor formation in vivo, resulting in pure neuronal grafts. In conclusion, combinatorial CD15/CD24/CD29 marker profiles define neural lineage development of neural stem cell, neural crest, and neuronal populations from human stem cells. We believe this set of biomarkers enables analysis and selection of neural cell types for developmental studies and pharmacological and therapeutic applications. STEM CELLS 2009;27:2928–2940
In vitro and in vivo consequences of VLA-2 expression on rhabdomyosarcoma cells

Cloned integrin alpha 2 subunit complementary DNA was expressed on human rhabdomyosarcoma (RD) cells to give a functional VLA-2 (alpha 2 beta 1) adhesion receptor. The VLA-2-positive RDA2 cells not only showed increased adhesion to collagen and laminin in vitro, but also formed substantially more metastatic tumor colonies in nude mice after either intravenous or subcutaneous injection. These results show that a specific adhesion receptor (VLA-2) can markedly enhance both experimental and spontaneous metastasis. In contrast to the metastasis results, there was no difference in either the in vitro growth rate or apparent in vivo tumorigenicity of RD and RDA2 cells.
The degree to which children conceptualize from science experience

This article was presented as a paper at the 36th Annual Meeting of the National Association for Research in Science Teaching, Washington, D. C., February 20–23, 1963.
Hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell mobilization. A continuing quest for etiologic mechanisms.

: The physiologic egress of mature hemopoietic cells and of hemopoietic stem/progenitor cells from bone marrow to the circulation are poorly understood processes. Likewise, the mechanism of their enforced emigration or mobilization through the use of several agents has not been unraveled. Although mobilization is suspected to be a multi-step process, involving equential and/or overlapping changes in adhesion and migratory capacity, a model of molecular hierarchy, like the one governing the extravasation of mature leukocytes to tissues of inflammation, has not been worked out. Understanding the in vivo mechanism of mobilization has been a challenge. Signals emanating from both stromal cells and from hemopeietic cells are likely involved. However, dissecting out their roles, specificity, and interactions has been difficult. Nevertheless insightful information is rapidly emerging, especially with the current availability of many mouse models bearing targeted disruptions of cytoadhesion or signaling molecules.
“I Took His V-Card”: An Exploratory Analysis of College Student Stories Involving Male Virginity Loss

The focus of this exploratory study was to investigate the experience of male virginity loss involving a sexually experienced (non-virgin) female with an inexperienced (virgin) male. Specifically, this qualitative research focused on the analysis of 237 stories collected from college students. While the stereotypical image is of the experienced male with his inexperienced (virgin) female partner, this study looked at the reverse. Stories described both partners’ experience and were coded for common themes. The three most prevalent themes to emerge from the analysis centered around: disclosing his virginity, emotions surrounding the experience, and issues related to gender role expectations. This exploratory study of male virginity loss provides new insight into young people’s assumptions, feelings, and gender role expectations. The results provide a greater understanding of the issues young people face while navigating their early sexual experiences. The themes offer guidance for sexuality education programs, as well as directions for future research.
Effects of formal supports on stress outcomes in family caregivers of Alzheimer's patients

The aim of this study was to examine whether formal support and coping would mediate the effects of primary stressors and caregiver characteristics on three stress outcomes: yielding of role, anxiety, and physical health. Secondary analysis of longitudinal data from a convenience sample of 452 spouse and adult child caregivers of Alzheimer's patients was used for model testing. Path analysis suggested that decreased physical health of the caregiver was best explained by caregiver overload. Caregiver anxiety was explained by lower levels of care receiver dependency, higher levels of caregiver overload, and higher levels of caregiver anxiety measured 1 year earlier. Yielding of the caregiver role was explained by the direct effect of higher levels of care receiver problem behaviors as well as more use of formal supports. Spouse relationship had a negative effect and care receiver dependency had a positive effect on yielding of the role through the mediating influence of formal support. Neither coping nor formal support mediated primary stressors and caregiver characteristics in the directions hypothesized.
The influence of differing connective tissue substrates on the maintenance of adult stratified squamous epithelia

The interaction between adult stratified squamous epithelium and its supporting connective tissue possibly involves both permissive and directive influences. To examine the effect of vitality and specificity of connective tissue on the maintenance of epithelial structure and histo-differentiation, specimens of skin and oral mucosa from various regions of adult mice were separated using either EDTA or trypsin. Prior to transplantation, the epithelium was recombined with either inverted homologous connective tissue or with connective tissue that had been killed either by heating or repeated freeze-thawing. Epithelial sheets were also transplanted onto the graft bed alone or in combination with striated muscle or tendon.
Quantification of protein-protein interactions using fluorescence polarization

Quantitative determinations of the dissociation constants of biomolecular interactions, in particular protein-protein interactions, are essential for a detailed understanding of the molecular basis of their specificities. Fluorescence spectroscopy is particularly well suited for such studies. This article highlights the theoretical and practical aspects of fluorescence polarization and its application to the study of protein-protein interactions. Consideration is given to the nature of the different types of fluorescence probes available and the probe characteristics appropriate for the system under investigation. Several examples from the literature are discussed that illustrate different practical aspects of the technique applied to diverse systems.
FlowTour: An Automatic Guide for Exploring Internal Flow Features

We present FlowTour, a novel framework that provides an automatic guide for exploring internal flow features. Our algorithm first identifies critical regions and extracts their skeletons for feature characterization and streamline placement. We then create candidate viewpoints based on the construction of a simplified mesh enclosing each critical region and select best viewpoints based on a viewpoint quality measure. Finally, we design a tour that traverses all selected viewpoints in a smooth and efficient manner for visual navigation and exploration of the flow field. Unlike most existing works which only consider external viewpoints, a unique contribution of our work is that we also incorporate internal viewpoints to enable a clear observation of what lies inside of the flow field. Our algorithm is thus particularly useful for exploring hidden or occluded flow features in a large and complex flow field. We demonstrate our algorithm with several flow data sets and perform a user study to confirm the effectiveness of our approach.
Vacancy-tin binding in dilute aluminum-tin alloys

Abstract The most nearly direct experiments here-to-fore used to justify large vacancy-tin binding in aluminum are shown to be equally consistent with small binding. A cautionary comment is also made concerning less direct experiments.
The effect of grain boundary orientation on creep and rupture of IN-738 and nichrome

Creep rupture specimens taken from directionally solidified ingots of IN-738 and Nichrome in which the grain boundaries were oriented longitudinally, transversely, and 45 deg to the stress axis have been tested over a range of temperature and stress. For both alloys, the ductility was appreciably higher in the longitudinal orientation; but in IN-738, the creep strength was higher in the other two orientations. The net effect on rupture life was small for the superalloy. The nichrome showed much greater scatter which was due partly to inhomogeneous deformation and local recrystallization at the higher temperatures. Because of the recrystallization, even the longitudinal specimens showed intergranular failure for nichrome. The microstructural features of intergranular cracking both internally and on the surface are documented. It is suggested that surface cracking may be an important contributory factor in leading to reduced life with decreased section size which is commonly observed in conventionally cast superalloys.
Initial events at the bioactive glass surface in contact with protein-containing solutions.

Upon implantation, bioactive glass undergoes a series of reactions that leads to the formation of a calcium phosphate-rich layer. Most in vitro studies of the changes that occur on the surface of bioactive glass have employed the use of buffer solutions with compositions reflecting the ionic composition of interstitial fluid. Although these studies have documented the physical and chemical changes associated with bioactive glass immersed in aqueous media, they do not reveal the effect of serum proteins and cells that are present at the implantation site. In the present study, we document, using atomic force microscopy (AFM) and Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS), significant differences in the reaction layer composition, thickness, morphology, and kinetics of formation arising from the presence of serum proteins. The data reveal that the uniform and rapid adsorption of serum proteins on the surface may serve to protect the surface from further direct interaction with the aqueous media, slowing down the transformation reactions. This finding is in agreement with previous studies that have shown that the presence of serum proteins significantly delays the formation of hydroxyapatite at the surface of bioactive glass. These data also support the hypothesis that initial reaction layers in vivo interact with cells in order to produce the tissue-bioactive glass interface typically observed on ex vivo specimens.
The Permeability of Thin Lipid Membranes to Bromide and Bromine

Thin lipid (optically black) membranes were made from sheep red cell lipids dissolved in n-decane. The flux of Br across these membranes was measured by the use of tracer 82Br. The unidirectional flux of Br (in 50–100 mM NaBr) was 1–3 x 10-12 mole/cm2sec. This flux is more than 1000 times the flux predicted from the membrane electrical resistance (>108 ohm-cm2) and the transference number for Br- (0.2–0.3), which was estimated from measurements of the zero current potential difference. The Br flux was not affected by changes in the potential difference imposed across the membrane (±60 mv) or by the ionic strength of the bathing solutions. However, the addition of a reducing agent, sodium thiosulfate (10-3 M), to the NaBr solution bathing the membrane caused a 90% reduction in the Br flux. The inhibiting effect of S2O3= suggests that the Br flux is due chiefly to traces of Br2 in NaBr solutions. As expected, the addition of Br2 to the NaBr solutions greatly stimulated the Br flux. However, at constant Br2 concentration, the Br flux was also stimulated by increasing the Br- concentration, in spite of the fact that the membrane was virtually impermeable to Br-. Finally, the Br flux appeared to saturate at high Br2 concentrations, and the saturation value was roughly proportional to the Br- concentration. These results can be explained by a model which assumes that Br crosses the membrane only as Br2 but that rapid equilibration of Br between Br2 and Br- occurs in the unstirred layers of aqueous solution bathing the two sides of the membrane. A consequence of the model is that Br- "facilitates" the diffusion of Br across the unstirred layers.
Enabling instrumentation and technology for 21st century light sources

We present the summary from the Accelerator Instrumentation and Technology working group, one of the five working groups that participated in the BES-sponsored Workshop on Accelerator Physics of Future Light Sources held in Gaithersburg, MD September 15-17, 2009. We describe progress and potential in three areas: attosecond instrumentation, photon detectors for user experiments, and insertion devices.
Localization of actin messenger RNA during early ascidian development

Abstract The spatial distribution of RNA sequences during early development of the ascidian, Styela plicata, was determined by in situ hybridization with poly(U) and cloned DNA probes. Styela eggs and embryos contain three colored cytoplasmic regions of specific morphogenetic fates, the ectoplasm, endoplasm, and myoplasm. These cytoplasmic regions participate in ooplasmic segregation after fertilization and are distributed to different cell lineages during early embryogenesis. In situ hybridization with poly(U) suggests that poly(A)+RNA is unevenly distributed in eggs and embryos, with about 45% in the ectoplasm, 50% in the endoplasm, and only 5% in the myoplasm. In situ hybridization with a histone DNA probe showed that histone RNA sequences were not localized in eggs or embryos and distributed between the three cytoplasmic regions according to their volumes. In situ hybridization with an actin DNA probe showed actin RNA was localized in the myoplasm and ectoplasm of eggs and embryos with about 45% present in the myoplasm, 40% in the ectoplasm, and only 15% in the endoplasm. These results suggest that a large proportion of the egg actin mRNA is localized in the myoplasm, participates in ooplasmic segregation after fertilization, and is differentially distributed to the mesodermal cell lineages during embryogenesis. Analysis of the translation products of egg mRNA suggests that the localized mRNA codes for a cytoplasmic actin isoform.
COLLABORATIVE PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGIC STUDIES EXPLORING CATECHOLAMINE METABOLISM IN PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the collaborative psychopharmacologic studies exploring catecholamine metabolism in psychiatric disorders. Studies of amines and their metabolites in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), likely represent the most direct available means for evaluating amine metabolism in the human subject. The occurrence of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenyl glycol (MHPG) in CSF has been documented. A longitudinal study was carried out in three depressed females and one male manic patient in an attempt to monitor changes in urinary MHPG with change in clinical state during drug treatment. In the manic individual, MHPG levels were measured both in mg/24 h, and by μg/mg creatinine for comparison. In the three depressed females, and despite the marked variability in daily urinary MHPG, all values were within the normal range throughout the study. Two of the depressives showed psychomotor retardation, the third was agitated, and all three individuals showed symptom improvement on imipramine with total remission on 300 mg by the third week of study. The MHPG excretion was generally low in the manic patient during 3 weeks of treatment with chlorpromazine: he was severely manic throughout.
AFM Force−Distance Curve Methods for Measuring the Kinetics of Silicon Chemical Etching and Reactions between Silylating Agents and a Silicon Surface

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to probe the kinetics of several chemical reactions on different silicon surfaces via the force−distance curve technique in air. The reactions included formation and subsequent oxidative aging of porous luminescent silicon. The kinetics of the reactions of silylating agents with various silicon surfaces can also be followed. The use of functionalized AFM tips for such measurements is discussed. This simple method can be used to monitor certain reactions on surfaces that cannot be readily analyzed by traditional spectroscopic techniques.
CORE: a phylogenetically-curated 16S rDNA database of the core oral microbiome

Comparing bacterial 16S rDNA sequences to GenBank and other large public databases via BLAST often provides results of little use for identification and taxonomic assignment of the organisms of interest. The human microbiome, and in particular the oral microbiome, includes many taxa, and accurate identification of sequence data is essential for studies of these communities. For this purpose, a phylogenetically curated 16S rDNA database of the core oral microbiome, CORE, was developed. The goal was to include a comprehensive and minimally redundant representation of the bacteria that regularly reside in the human oral cavity with computationally robust classification at the level of species and genus. Clades of cultivated and uncultivated taxa were formed based on sequence analyses using multiple criteria, including maximum-likelihood-based topology and bootstrap support, genetic distance, and previous naming. A number of classification inconsistencies for previously named species, especially at the level of genus, were resolved. The performance of the CORE database for identifying clinical sequences was compared to that of three publicly available databases, GenBank nr/nt, RDP and HOMD, using a set of sequencing reads that had not been used in creation of the database. CORE offered improved performance compared to other public databases for identification of human oral bacterial 16S sequences by a number of criteria. In addition, the CORE database and phylogenetic tree provide a framework for measures of community divergence, and the focused size of the database offers advantages of efficiency for BLAST searching of large datasets. The CORE database is available as a searchable interface and for download at http://microbiome.osu.edu.
PIV application in He II forced flow research

We report an experimental approach for applying the PIV technique to measurements in He II forced flow. The forced flow of He II is created in a 3.5 m long experimental channel within the Liquid Helium Forced Flow Visualization Facility (LHFVF). We demonstrate that micron size solid hydrogen isotope particles are the best choice for tracing He II forced flow. A novel particle seeding device has been developed to form and seed such solid hydrogen isotope particles directly within He II flow. Velocity field measurements of forced flow He II subjected to a constant locally applied heat flux are presented. Results are compared to analysis based on the two-fluid model.
PCB-induced oxidative stress in endothelial cells: modulation by nutrients

There is an increasing body of evidence suggesting that exposure to Superfund chemicals may have adverse consequences on many organ systems, as well as carcinogenic and atherogenic effects. This is particularly true for polyhalogenated aromatic hydrocarbons such as the polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). The vascular endothelium, which is constantly exposed to blood components including environmental contaminants, is extremely vulnerable to chemical insult as well as necrotic and apoptotic injury. Our recent studies suggest that certain PCBs, especially coplanar PCBs, can compromise normal functions of vascular endothelial cells by activating oxidative stress-sensitive signaling pathways and subsequent proinflammatory events critical in the pathology of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. Our findings suggest that an increase in the level of cellular oxidative stress is a significant event in PCB-mediated endothelial cell dysfunction and that nutrients can modulate PCB-induced oxidative stress and endothelial toxicity. We have demonstrated that the dietary fat linoleic acid, the parent unsaturated fatty acid of the omega-6 family, can increase endothelial dysfunction induced by selected PCBs, probably by contributing to oxidative stress and as the result of the production of toxic metabolites called leukotoxins. The subsequent imbalance in the overall cellular oxidant/antioxidant status can activate oxidative stress- or redoxsensitive transcription factors, which in turn promote gene expression for inflammatory cytokines and adhesion molecules, intensifying the inflammatory response and endothelial cell dysfunction. Our data also suggest that antioxidant nutrients such as vitamin E can protect against endothelial cell damage mediated by PCBs or polyunsaturated dietary fats by interfering with oxidative stress-sensitive and proinflammatory signaling pathways. The concept that nutrition can modify or ameliorate the toxicity of Superfund chemicals is provocative and warrants further study as the implications for human health are significant. The information from such studies could be used to develop dietary recommendations and nutritional interventions for populations at high risk for exposure to PCBs, including communities living near Superfund sites and those exposed via occupation or diet.
Convergence of Map Seeking Circuits

The map-seeking circuit (MSC) is an explicit biologically-motivated computational mechanism which provides practical solution of problems in object recognition, image registration and stabilization, limb inverse-kinematics and other inverse problems which involve transformation discovery. We formulate this algorithm as discrete dynamical system on a set Δ=? ?=1 L Δ(?), where each Δ(?) is a compact subset of a nonnegative orthant of ? n , and show that for an open and dense set of initial conditions in Δ the corresponding solutions converge to either a vector with unique nonzero element in each Δ(?) or to a zero vector. The first result implies that the circuit finds a unique best mapping which relates reference pattern to a target pattern; the second result is interpreted as "no match found". These results verify numerically observed behavior in numerous practical applications.
Online priming of agent and patient thematic roles and related verbs in younger and older adults

Background: Online priming studies have found that verbs (e.g., arrest) provide immediate access to typical agents (e.g., policeman) and patients (e.g., criminal) by generating expectancies from a verb to its related thematic roles and vice versa. These findings have contributed significantly to theories of thematic roles. However, these investigations and theoretical implications have been limited to young adults. Investigating verb–thematic role processing in older adults is important for understanding the semantic system in normal ageing, which aids in assessment, characterisation, and treatment of disorders that affect semantic processing in older adults. Aims: The current study investigates verb–thematic role priming in young adults and extends the investigation to older adults. It was predicted that both groups would show priming effects but that the older adult group would have slower reaction times overall. Methods & Procedures: Using a lexical decision task with a short stimulus onset asynchrony ...
Influence of Density on Growth of White-Tailed Deer

Age and mass data from 9,956 white-tailed deer ( Odocoileus virginianus ) from South Carolina were used to examine the relationship between growth patterns of each sex and population density. Growth parameters for 16 annual cohorts born between 1965 and 1981 were derived with a Richards function; population sizes were estimated with a competing risks model. There were significant relationships of growth parameters for males, but not for females, with population density. Males grew more slowly and reached smaller adult masses at the highest population densities. The growth-density association was weakest in young deer and strongest in males 1.5–2.5 years of age. Sex-specific differences in the growth-density relationship may be due to energetic costs associated with competition among males for mates or to a higher use of marginal habitats by males than by females. One consequence of sex-specific relationships of density with growth rates and adult size is a decrease in sexual dimorphism in size at greater population densities.
KALMAN FILTER FOR DENOISING OF INFRARED IMAGES

In this paper the use of Kalman filter for iterative denoising of the infrared (IR) images is presented. The denoising model employed is a special linearized version of the nonlinear heat equation. Kalman filter is employed as a noise estimator in the denoising algorithm which provides correction to the contaminated image. The technique is applied to several analytic images. The robustness and accuracy of the method is compared with the nonlinear noise removal algorithm of Rudin, Osher and Fatemi [1] which has been recently implemented by Bihari [2] using the constrained optimization approach. The algorithm of Rudin, Osher and Fatemi minimizes the total variation (TV) of the actual image.
ON EXACT SOLUTIONS OF THE MAXWELL-STEFAN EQUATIONS FOR THE MULTICOMPONENT FILM MODEL

A general solution of the Maxwell-Stefan equations for mass transfer in multicomponent mixtures is obtained in terms of the characteristic roots (or eigenvalues) of these equations. The linear dependence among the composition gradients means that only n-1 of the eigenvalues are independent; the additional eigenvalue is always zero. A number of previously published exact solutions of the Maxwell-Stefan equations (obtained by a variety of mathematical methods) are shown to be essentially equivalent since they are special cases of the fundamental results described here. The general solution of Krishna and Standart may also be obtained using the same method. For the commonly encountered delerminacy conditions of transfer through a stagnant component and of equimolar counter transfer at least one of the independent eigenvalues may be evaluated explicitly in advance of calculating the molar rates of transfer thus reducing the computational eigenvalue problem from one of order n-1 to one of order n-1.
The third Mrs. Rochester: Jean Rhys and the Selma Vaz Dias affair

(2000). The third Mrs. Rochester: Jean Rhys and the Selma Vaz Dias affair. Women's Studies: Vol. 29, No. 5, pp. 651-679.
Precipitation of intragranular M23C6 carbides in a nickel alloy: Morphology and crystallographic feature

The important influence of M[sub 23]C[sub 6] carbides on the properties of nickel-base superalloys has long been recognized. Extensive studies have been carried out on their precipitation and the consequent effect on high temperature properties. The studies have concentrated on grain boundary carbides because of the marked tendency of M[sub 23]C[sub 6] to reside at these boundaries and of the complex effect of these carbides on properties; either beneficial or detrimental, depending on their morphology, size and density. Much less effort has been devoted to the study of precipitation of intragranular M[sub 23]C[sub 6] carbides. To facilitate understanding of the role of intragranular M[sub 23]C[sub 6] carbides in creep and creep rupture in superalloys, a detailed study of intragranular precipitation of M[sub 23]C[sub 6] carbides in a simple Ni-Cr-Fe ternary alloy was undertaken. The morphology and crystallographic features of the carbides were determined and mechanisms for precipitation were examined. The results are briefly reported here.
Safety and effectiveness of endovascular treatment after 6 hours of symptom onset in patients with anterior circulation ischemic stroke: a matched case control study.

Background Endovascular treatment within 6 hours of symptom onset appears to be beneficial in carefully selected patients with ischemic stroke. It is unclear whether endovascular treatment beyond 6 hours of symptom onset is safe and efficacious. Methods Over a 6-year period, 52 patients with acute ischemic stroke in the anterior circulation underwent emergent endovascular thrombolytic infusion and mechanical thrombectomy after 6 hours of symptom onset at 3 institutions. Their outcomes were compared to 52 placebo-treated patients matched by baseline National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score and nonlacunar anterior circulation location from the Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment trial using a 1:1 ratio. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed comparing the rates of symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage, early neurologic improvement, favorable outcome at 7 days or discharge, and in-hospital mortality between the 2 groups. Results After adjustment for gender, time interval between symptom onset to treatment, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and history of cigarette smoking, rates of neurologic improvement at 24 hours (odds ratio [OR] 1.15; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.43-3.1) and favorable outcome at 7 days or discharge (OR 1.39; 95% CI 0.47-4.05) were similar in the 2 groups. No differences in the rates of symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage or death were found after adjusting for potential confounders. In an analysis limited to only those patients who underwent computed tomographic perfusion or magnetic resonance imaging before receiving endovascular treatment, the rate of favorable outcome at 7 days or discharge was similar between patients who underwent endovascular treatment and control patients (35.7% v 32.1%; P = .77). Conclusions We did not observe any evidence of benefit in halting neurologic worsening or improving outcomes among patients undergoing endovascular treatment for treatment of an anterior circulation ischemic stroke after 6 hours of symptom onset. Strong evidence of both the safety and efficacy of emergent endovascular treatment when administered to patients with stroke in the anterior circulation is needed.
Cost of Tape versus Disk for Archival Storage

For archiving large datasets in high-performance computing facilities, tape technology has a long history of providing inexpensive capacity. However, as the memory-size of supercomputers continues to grow geometrically, the cost of tape bandwidth is becoming more important. The projected costs for tape-drives, robotics, and maintenance, are creating challenges for tape-based archives. The advent of erasure-coded object storage, driven by the "cloud storage" industry, might make it practical to implement archives using disks, or hybrid disk-and-tape systems. We used linear optimization techniques to investigate when and how this transition might best be made, taking into consideration our significant investment in tape technology. Our models introduce a technique to systematically relax constraints on the relationship between tape-capacity and tape-bandwidth, which governs a trade-off between cost and performance. We ran parameter studies that support some preliminary conclusions about paths forward for archive infrastructure at LANL.
Mechanisms of mutagenesis in the Escherichia coli mutator mutD5: role of DNA mismatch repair.

Abstract To investigate the mechanisms of spontaneous mutation in the Escherichia coli mutD5 mutator strain, 502 mutations generated in this strain in the N-terminal part of the lacI gene were sequenced (i-d mutations). Since the mutator strength of this strain depends on the medium in which it grows, mutations were analyzed in both minimal medium (moderate mutator activity) and rich medium (high mutator activity). In either case, 95% of all mutations were base substitutions and 5% were single-base deletions. However, the nature and site distribution of the base substitutions differed dramatically for the two conditions. In minimal medium (mutation frequency, 480-fold above background), a majority (62%) were transversions, notably A.T----T.A at three 5'-GTGG-3' sequences. Most (64%) of the transitions under this condition occurred at specific sequences that are suggestive of a "dislocation" type of mutagenesis. In rich medium (mutation frequency, 37,000-fold above background), 90% of the base substitutions were transitions. These observations suggest that different modes of mutagenesis operate under the two conditions. mutD5 cells have been reported to be defective in exonucleolytic proofreading during DNA replication. The present data suggest that mutD cells in rich medium also suffer a defect in mutHLS-encoded mismatch correction. This hypothesis was confirmed by the direct measurement of mismatch repair in mutD5 cells by transfection of M13mp2 heteroduplex DNA.
Self-deception as the root of political failure

I consider models of political failure based on self-deception. Individuals discard free information when that information damages their self-image and thus lowers their utility. More specifically, individuals prefer to feel good about their previously chosen affiliations and shape their worldviews accordingly. This model helps explain the relative robustness of political failure in light of extensive free information, and it helps explain the rarity of truth-seeking behavior in political debate. The comparative statics predictions differ from models of either Downsian or expressive voting. For instance, an increased probability of voter decisiveness does not necessarily yield a better result. I also consider political parties as institutions and whether political errors cancel in the aggregate. I find that political failure based on self-deception is very difficult to eliminate.
Fate of parental ∅X174-DNA upon infection of starved thymine-requiring host cells

Abstract Escherichia coli HF 4704, a thymine-requiring host for ∅X174, and a derivative, defective in the replication of ∅X replicative form, were starved in buffer and infected under various conditions with ∅Xam3 containing labeled DNA. If the infection was carried out in buffer without an energy source the parental DNA was recovered as intact single-stranded circles. If starved cells were infected in growth-medium a small percentage of the parental label was found in replicative form DNA whereas the majority was degraded. The noninfectious degradation-product was shown to contain parental DNA of varying sizes shorter than unit-length linear viral strands. The proportion of parental DNA being degraded was independent of the multiplicity of infection and the presence or absence of thymine in the medium. Washing of starved, infected cells with borate-EDTA liberated most of the parental label in particles that sedimented slower than intact phages but faster than intact DNA. They were resistant to sarcosyl but the DNA became freely sedimenting after treatment with sodium dodecyl sulfate and pronase. This DNA showed a similar distribution of degraded material as that recovered from the total lysate of infected cells, except that it contained no replicative form. All replicative form DNA synthesized under these conditions was found remaining with the cells after elution of the viral particles. These observations show that both penetration of the viral strand and synthesis of the complementary strand are impaired in starved cells and suggest, that active DNA-synthesis is required for productive infection—possibly replicating the infecting DNA out of the viral coat into the host cell.
On becoming a Web site

The course Web site is a critical mediator between the instructor and students in online classes. This requires a shift in how instructors think of their presence and influence on the classroom. This essay, based on the author’s personal experience in designing and teaching online, argues that the design of the course Web site needs to carefully reflect the passions and pedagogical philosophy that drive the instructor. It is also an argument against one–size–fits–all approaches to online course design as instantiated in most course management systems.
What is needed from a neuropsychological point of view

This article discusses the neuropsychological aspects of surgery for epilepsy, and what is needed in EEG evaluation to permit the best use of neuropsychological data to help identify the most promising surgical candidates. Neuropsychological changes after surgery are first discussed, and it is noted that changes in memory are most important with less important fluctuations in intelligence and language and with other areas showing few or no changes. Emotional and psychosocial outcomes of surgery are dependent upon relief from seizures, with substantial relief being essential for improvement to be observed. Finally, it is noted that a combination of EEG and neuropsychological variables results in the best prediction of seizure relief, but reliable EEG data are critical to this effort. Obtaining such data frequently necessitates EEG monitoring, frequently with invasive electrodes. Such information often provides the clearest information and the best chance of assisting patients with epilepsy.
Foreign-owned companies’ entry and location strategies in a U.S. market: a study of manufacturing firms in North Carolina

Abstract As more firms expand their business operations across national borders, a better understanding of the motivations and strategies for entering and locating in foreign markets becomes more important to their survival and growth. Much has been written about how U.S.-based firms export and invest overseas, but relatively less is known about how foreign-owned companies choose locations and entry strategies in the United States. Interviews with executives of foreign-owned manufacturing firms indicate that these companies use a contingency approach in selecting locations and entry channels in one U.S. market, the State of North Carolina, based on the characteristics and business climate of the location and the internal capacities and orientations of the firm and that they use the entry experience in organizational learning.
Bivariate odds ratio and association measures

In this paper, we consider a class of bivariate distributions by forming the odds of failure of a two component system. The properties of this odds function and the association between the two variables are investigated by studying the local dependence function and the association measure defined by Clayton (Biometrika 65:141–151, 1978) and Oakes (J Am Stat Assoc 84:487–493, 1989). We also study the effect of the association parameter on the failure rate of a series system and the regression mean residual life function of a parallel system. Some stochastic comparisons with respect to the association parameter are also studied.
Unifying the Named Natural Exponential Families and Their Relatives

Five of the six univariate natural exponential families (NEFs) with quadratic variance functions (QVFs), meaning that their variances are at most quadratic functions of their means, are the Normal, Poisson, Gamma, Binomial, and Negative Binomial distributions. The sixth is the NEF-CHS, the NEF generated from convolved Hyperbolic Secant distributions. These six NEF-QVFs and their relatives are unified in this article and in the main diagram via arrows that connect NEFs with many other named distributions. Relatives include all of Pearson’s families of conjugate distributions (e.g., Inverted Gamma, Beta, F, and Skewed-t), conjugate mixtures (including two Polya urn schemes), and conditional distributions (including Hypergeometrics and Negative Hypergeometrics). Limit laws that also relate these distributions are indicated by solid arrows in Figure 1.
“I Feel Good!” A Weekly Wellness Radio Broadcast for Elementary School Children:

An ideal time to start health promotion education is during the elementary years. However, over the last several years, many elementary schools have eliminated formal health education from their cu...
The carboxy terminus of the colonic H+,K+-ATPase α-subunit is required for stable β subunit assembly and function

The carboxy terminus of the colonic H + ,K + -ATPase α-subunit is required for stable β subunit assembly and function. Background The present experiments were designed to study the importance of the carboxy-terminus of colonic H + ,K + -ATPase α-subunit (HKα 2 ), for both function as well as integrity of assembly with β 1 -Na + ,K + -ATPase. Methods For this purpose, a mutation of 84 amino acids in the carboxy-terminus was created (ΔHKα 2 ) and HEK-293 cells were used as expression systems for functional studies using 86 Rb + -uptake, coimmunoprecipitation using specific antibodies and fluorescence microscopy using green fluorescent protein. Results The results demonstrate that comparable levels of expression of HKα 2 and ΔHKα 2 mRNA were observed when cells were cotransfected with β 1 subunit. However, the abundance of expression of full length HKα 2 protein exceeded that of the truncated protein ΔHKα 2 . Ouabain-sensitive 86 Rb + -uptake was present only in cells cotransfected with HKα 2 /β 1 , indicating that the mutation was incapable of sustaining functionality. Coimmunoprecipitation experiments demonstrated that HKα 2 protein was immunoprecipitated more abundantly than ΔHKα 2 when coexpressed with β 1 . The use of sucrose gradients and green fluorescence protein immunofluorescence demonstrated that while the ΔHKα 2 /β 1 complex was confined to the endoplasmic reticulum, the HKα 2 /β 1 complex translocated to the plasma membrane. Conclusion Taken together, our results are consistent with the view that the carboxy-terminus of HKα 2 facilitates the proper folding of the HKα 2 /β 1 complex allowing translocation of the heterodimer to the plasma membrane where potassium uptake occurs. Otherwise, the α/β complex is destined for degradation.
Surfactant-Based Oil Extraction of Corn Germ

An aqueous surfactant-based extraction system was developed for the extraction of corn oil from corn germ with anionic extended surfactants. The surfactants used in this study were sodium linear-alkyl polypropoxylated polyethoxylated sulfates (C12,14–P10–E2–SO4Na and C10–P18–E2–SO4Na). Interfacial tension, critical microemulsion concentration (CμC), and optimum salinity values of the extended surfactants with corn oil were determined. In the extraction process, the ground corn germ was shaken with predetermined surfactant and salt concentrations at room temperature for 45 min. About 83%, the sum of total free oil and total oil-in-water emulsion, of the corn oil was extracted from the corn germ using a formulation of 0.4% C12,14–P10–E2–SO4Na and 1% NaCl. A solid/liquid ratio of 1/10 performed best for efficient oil recovery. The chemical compositions of the extracted corn oils were found to be similar to that of hexane extracted corn oil.