cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bipolar Microwave Transistors

The Point-Contact Transistor was the first successful three-terminal semiconductor device (Bardeen and Brattain, 1948; Shockley, 1949). The field effect transistor was conceived first, but could not be realized at that time. Instead, this failure led to an intensified effort to investigate the physics of semiconductors, an effort which eventually resulted in a practical device - the point-contact transistor-the solid-state era had dawned (see (Shockley, 1984)). The Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT) then followed three years later. It is hard to find a better illustration to the way the process of inventing and realizing new semiconductor devices works, than by reference to the fact that several of the key microwave devices known to-day were conceived at this time. The BJT was the first three-terminal device to reach the lower microwave frequency range in the 1960s, and is still a frequently used microwave device. The MESFET was originally conceived in the mid-1940s, but had to await the 1970s for its practical microwave realization. The Heterojunction Bipolar Transistor (HBT) was described by Shockley in a patent application in 1948 (see (Kroemer, 1982)), but its time did not come until the 1980s, despite its basic similarity with the BJT. The HBT is perhaps the microwave semiconductor device which is improving its performance most rapidly at the present-1990. The different paths taken by the historical development of these three types of devices illuminate the complicated interrelationship which exists between basic research, the creative process, goal-oriented development, and the role of the store of technological know-how which is available at a particular time. It is thus very appropriate to devote the last chapter of this book to two devices which were the first and and the latest to be realized: the BJT and the HBT.
Benchmarks of Social Treatment for Children with Autism

Data on the social behavior of typical children may inform practitioners and researchers regarding the appropriate goals of intervention for children with autism. This study assessed the ongoing levels of naturally occurring social behavior in 64 preschool-aged children. A 2 × 2 factorial design was used to analyze population (children with autism and typical children) and age (3 years 3 months vs. 4 years 4 months) differences at the time of preschool entry. Predictable population differences were found for key social behaviors of proximity to children, social bids from children, and focus of engagement on children, as well as for behavioral context variables of verbalizations, adult focus, and atypical behaviors. No differences were found in the amount of time spent focused on toys or objects. There were also no differences in the presenting behaviors of younger and older children with autism. Results are discussed in terms of implications for establishing early social intervention goals.
News from the Monopoly Front: Changes in Industrial Concentration, 1992–1997

Comparing concentration ratios between 1992 and 1997 raises difficulties because the 1997 data are arranged according to a new industrial nomenclature. By comparing concentration ratios in industries where the definition did not change, it is possible to make comparisons of changes in concentration between the two years and to document the considerable changes in industrial structure in the manufacturing and retail sectors.
Information disclosure and vaccination externalities

This paper examines the information disclosure problem when both positive and negative externalities can arise for vaccination. During an epidemic outbreak, public disclosure on the level of infectiousness may potentially trigger a sudden increase in the demand for vaccination, which imposes external costs. The government has to choose an information disclosure policy to induce a level of vaccination that balances the benefits and costs of revealing information. I establish conditions under which a full disclosure is optimal in some circumstances and a non-disclosure or partial disclosure is optimal in other circumstances. I show that the feature of partial convexity restricts the scenarios in which pooling is desirable. Indeed, I find that it is never optimal to pool a sufficiently low infectiousness state with other states.
Inelastic Electron Scattering and Spectroscopy

Chapter 4 presented elastic scattering of electrons, and Chap. 5 presents inelastic scattering. The different physical mechanisms important for electron energy loss spectrometry (EELS) are described—interband transitions, plasmons, and core excitations. Near-edge structure and extended fine structure are useful methods for studying the chemical composition and local structure of materials, and these are developed with examples. The operation of an EELS spectrometer and the intensities of measured spectra are explained. Energy-filtered imaging is described. EELS core spectra originate from primary ionizations of atoms, and the subsequent x-ray emissions are the basis for energy dispersive x-ray spectrometry (EDXS). It is fortunate that the EDS method gives good sensitivity for elements over much of the periodic table—the probabilities for ionization and for x-ray emission have strong, but compensating, chemical trends. The EDS method is a workhorse tool for fine-scale chemical analysis of materials. Some practical issues are described, with discussions of spatial resolution, accuracy and sensitivity of EDS methods.
Commodity Prices, Monetary Policy, and Currency Regimes

Commodity prices are back. This paper looks at connections between monetary policy, and agricultural and mineral commodities. We begin with the monetary influences on commodity prices, first for a large country such as the United States, then smaller countries. The claim is that low real interest rates lead to high real commodity prices. The theory is an analogy with Dornbusch overshooting. The relationship between real interest rates and real commodity prices is also supported empirically. One channel through which this effect is accomplished is a negative effect of interest rates on the desire to carry commodity inventories. The paper concludes with a consideration of the reverse causality: the possible influence of commodity prices on monetary policy, under alternative currency regimes. The new proposal for PEPI - Peg the Export Price Index - is compared (favorably) with - the popular regime of CPI targeting - by the criterion of robustness with respect to changes in the terms of trade such as oil price shocks.
A cocaine insensitive chimeric insect serotonin transporter reveals domains critical for cocaine interaction.

Serotonin transporters are key target sites for clinical drugs and psychostimulants, such as fluoxetine and cocaine. Molecular cloning of a serotonin transporter from the central nervous system of the insect Manduca sexta enabled us to define domains that affect antagonist action, particularly cocaine. This insect serotonin transporter transiently expressed in CV-1 monkey kidney cells exhibits saturable, high affinity Na+ and Cl– dependent serotonin uptake, with estimated Km and Vmax values of 436 ± 19 nm and 3.8 ± 0.6 × 10−18 mol·cell·min−1, respectively. The Manduca high affinity Na+/Cl– dependent transporter shares 53% and 74% amino acid identity with the human and fruit fly serotonin transporters, respectively. However, in contrast to serotonin transporters from these two latter species, the Manduca transporter is inhibited poorly by fluoxetine (IC50 = 1.23 µm) and cocaine (IC50 = 12.89 µm). To delineate domains and residues that could play a role in cocaine interaction, the human serotonin transporter was mutated to incorporate unique amino acid substitutions, detected in the Manduca homologue. We identified a domain in extracellular loop 2 (amino acids 148–152), which, when inserted into the human transporter, results in decreased cocaine sensitivity of the latter (IC50 = 1.54 µm). We also constructed a number of chimeras between the human and Manduca serotonin transporters (hSERT and MasSERT, respectively). The chimera, hSERT1–146/MasSERT106–587, which involved N-terminal swaps including transmembrane domains (TMDs) 1 and 2, was remarkably insensitive to cocaine (IC50 = 180 µm) compared to the human (IC50 = 0.431 µm) and Manduca serotonin transporters. The chimera MasSERT1–67/hSERT109–630, which involved only the TMD1 swap, showed greater sensitivity to cocaine (IC50 = 0.225 µm) than the human transporter. Both chimeras showed twofold higher serotonin transport affinity compared to human and Manduca serotonin transporters. Our results show TMD1 and TMD2 affect the apparent substrate transport and antagonist sensitivity by possibly providing unique conformations to the transporter. The availability of these chimeras facilitates elucidation of specific amino acids involved in interactions with cocaine.
Studies of criteria for classification of arterial hypertension: III. Cutaneous lymphatic flow

Abstract Cutaneous lymphatic flow may be increased or normal in patients with high blood pressure. When increased, it is frequently, but not invariably, associated with increased minute vessel pressure.
Experimental study of thermopower of SWCNTs and SiC nanoparticles with B–P (born–phosphorus) sol–gel dopants

Seebeck coefficients of randomly distributed single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) combined with Silicon Carbide (SiC) nanoparticles were experimentally determined. The Seebeck coefficients of pristine SiC/SWCNT samples were compared with those of SiC/SWCNT samples doped with P-type (Boron) and N-type (Phosphorous) sol–gel dopants. Pristine SiC/SWCNT samples were prepared by depositing SiC nanoparticles and SWCNTs on a non-conductive glass substrate. Doped SiC/SWCNT samples were prepared by coating each half of the samples alternately with B and P sol–gel dopants. Thermoelectric circuits were prepared by creating hot and cold junctions on the P and N-doped ends of the SiC/SWCNT samples with conductive Silver epoxy and Alumel (Ni–Al) wire. Voltage, current and resistance were measured across the samples against temperature difference. The SWCNTs used were approximately 60% semiconducting and 40% metallic. The Seebeck coefficient for pristine SWCNTs was 0.10 ± 0.006 mV per degree Celsius. When diffused wi...
Classical Protein Chemistry in a World of Slicing and Splicing

Anfinsen presented this broad overview of the scholarship on protein chemistry, and his contribution to it, at a symposium on biochemistry at the State University of New York (SUNY) at Stony Brook.
Properties of r Mutants of Bacteriophage T4 Photodynamically Induced in the Presence of Thiopyronin and Psoralen

Abstract About 4 × 10−4r mutants were induced per lethal hit, a frequency characteristic of weak mutagens. Collections of mutants produced in the presence of either dye were indistinguishable in most of their properties. The rII mutants differed sharply from spontaneous mutants in their mutational spectra (fine scale map distribution) and their reversion responses to specific mutagens. Few or none of the induced mutants were induced to revert with proflavine (sign mutants; reading frame shift mutants). A majority were induced to revert with base analogues (base pair substitution mutants), and about half of these also responded to the hydroxymethylcytosine-specific agent hydroxylamine. A large minority of the mutants reverted spontaneously but failed to respond either to proflavine or to base analogues. We believe these mutants, as well as some of the mutants which did respond to base analogues, to be transversions (base pair substitutions which reverse the purine-pyrimidine orientation).
Meanings of information: The assumptions and research consequences of three foundational LIS theories

This article addresses the question “what is information?” by comparing the meaning of the term “information” and epistemological assumptions of three theories in library and information science: the “Shannon-Weaver model,” Brookes’ interpretation of Popper's World 3, and the Data-Information-Knowledge-Wisdom model. It shows that the term “information” in these theories refers to empirical entities or events and is conceptualized as having causal powers upon human minds. It is argued that the epistemological assumptions have led to the negligence of the cultural and social aspects of the constitution of information (i.e., how something is considered to be and not to be information) and the unquestioned nature of science in research methodologies.
An axisymmetric dual-phase-lag bioheat model for laser heating of living tissues

Abstract A two-dimensional (2D) axisymmetric dual-phase-lag (DPL) model is proposed to describe heat transfer in living biological tissues with nonhomogeneous inner structures. The DPL constitutive equation is incorporated, for the first time, into the 2D axisymmetric bioheat transfer model in living tissues, and corresponding numerical approach is developed. Two heating schemes (surface heating and body heating) and two beam profiles (flat beam and Gaussian beam) are examined in detail. The numerical results indicate that the DPL bioheat conduction model describes different thermal responses from the thermal-wave and Pennes' bioheat conduction models, depending on the values of the two lagging times. For a local heating with the heated spot smaller than the tissue bulk, the variations of the non-uniform distributions of temperature suggest that the multi-dimensional effects of thermal wave and diffusion not be negligible. It is also found that due to the presence of blood perfusion in living tissues, the present DPL bioheat conduction model reduces to the Pennes' bioheat model only when τ q = τ T = 0 .
Photopigments and pseudo-pigments

Abstract The spectral properties of photopigments are often inferred from physiological measures of spectral sensitivity. From these measures pigments have recently been inferred with properties not corresponding to those of any pigment measured by spectrophotometry. It is proposed that in all these cases the properties of single pigments are not being measured; rather, they are pseudo pigments resulting from a specific form of neural interaction involving several real, known, photopigments. These pseudo-pigments were accepted as being related to single, but unusual, pigments largely because they obeyed the commonly accepted but incomplete criteria for identifying single pigments. Starting from the essential features of a pseudo-pigment, an analysis is developed; the conclusion is that pseudo-pigments can be resolved into standard photopigments, as identified by spectrophotometry, and that these interact in a specified form. A method is described for identifying the number andλmax's of the photopigments involved in any physiological spectral sensitivity function, as well as certain details of the physiological interactions involved.
Cognitive consequences and constraints on reasoning about ritual

The target article adds to the growing body of empirical work supporting the proposal that collective rituals facilitate the transmission of cultural ideas in a number of interesting ways. We agree...
LEARNING TO READ UNDER COMPUTER CONTROL

Abstract Three general levels of CAI are distinguished: drill and practice, tutorial and dialogue. Stanford CAI reading project is tutorial, i.e., involves real time decisions to branch based on the last response or a sub‐set of previous responses. Sixteen student stations, with time sharing imperceptible to the student, have CRT and light pen, projector, typewriter and a tape cartridge audio device. Learning tasks used in teaching reading by decoding, comprehension and games are described. Coursewriter II programming language was used, in particular a macro command technique for several tasks with the same format. Preliminary analysis of comparison study data involving 100 first‐grade children showed a range of progress of thirty‐five to 170 main line problems per hour, and significantly superior attainment after CAI on several standard reading tests.
Experimental production of basement membrane zone antibodies

Sera from animals immunized to basement membrane proteins were collected and studied by indirect immunofluorescence using rat skin, esophagus, kidney, urinary bladder, rabbit skin, and human skin as substrates. Serum of immunized rabbits showed indirect immunofluorescent staining at the basement membrane zone of rat skin, esophagus, glomerulus, Bowman's capsule, rabbit skin, and human skin. In addition, the connective tissue sheaths of muscle fibers showed fluorescent staining. Direct immunofluorescence of skin, esophagus, kidney, and urinary bladder obtained from immunized animals was negative in all cases. This study demonstrates the antibody-inducing capability of basement membrane zone antigens of stratified squamous epithelium and suggests the presence of an antigen common to basement membranes of stratified squamous epithelium, glomerulus, Bowman's capsule, and the connective tissue sheaths of striated muscle. Histopathologic abnormalities were not associated with these antibodies in the immunized animals.
An advanced synthesized ultra-stable oscillator for spacecraft applications

Current ultra-stable oscillator (USO) technology relies on highly precise quartz resonators that are selected based on the desired output frequency and stability. These constraints on the crystal specifications significantly increase the lead time and expense of each USO. Recent research and development efforts in USOs by The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (JHU/APL) have focused on a frequency synthesized USO based on a standardized, fixed-frequency resonator. The result of these efforts is a synthesized USO that will provide a frequency reference for transponders and other on-board users on future space missions. The frequency reference is stable enough for radio-science and navigation applications (Allan deviation <1.5 /spl times/ 10/sup -13/ at /spl tau/ = 10 s), and is electronically adjustable to cover the entire deep-space communications band. This frequency agility allows in flight re-assignment of the transponder frequencies. The synthesized USO offers low mass and DC power consumption yet maintains world-class noise performance and frequency stability performance.
The Relation of Near-Inertial Motions Observed in the Mixed layer During the JASIN (1978) Experiment to the Local Wind Stress and to the Quasi-Geostrophic Flow Field

Abstract Oscillations with near-inertial frequencies were an energetic component of the upper ocean velocity field observed at each of two moorings separated by 44 km during the Joint Air Sea INteraction (JASIN) experiment during the late summer of 1978. At each mooring the amplitude of the inertial motion was highest in the mixed layer, where it was nearly depth-independent. Previous work (Pollard and Millard, 1970; Pollard, 1980) had found that the amplitude and phase of inertial motion in the mixed layer was related to the local wind stress. In this case, the loacal winds, measured at each mooring, were coherent; but the time series of mixed-layer, near-inertial motion at one mooring bore little resemblance to that at the other mooring. During JASIN 1978 the differences in the inertial response at the two moorings coincided with differences in the quasi-geostrophic flow field in the vicinity of the two moorings. Inclusion of the horizontal gradients of the quasi-geostrophic flow in model equations prov...
Using the ADDIE Model in Designing Library Instruction

Librarians are increasingly placed in the role of instructor and are required to design and deliver effective instruction. This article highlights ADDIE, an instructional design model that librarians at Weill Cornell Medical College used to redesign an evidence-based medicine course taken by first-year medical students. The ADDIE model incorporates the five phases of analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation. It was found that the application of ADDIE can result in instruction that focuses on learning outcomes relevant to students, meets students' needs, and facilitates active learning.
Effects of a Continuous Infusion of Tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane on Acidosis, Oxygen Affinity, and Serum Osmolality

The effects of a continuous infusion of tris(hydroxymethyl)-aminomethane (THAM) on pH, base excess, p50, serum osmolality, and plasma drug concentration during respiratory acidosis were studied in new
authUML: a three-phased framework to analyze access control specifications in use cases

Security requirements of a software product need to receive attention throughout its development life cycle. authUML is a framework based on logic programming that analyzes access control requirements in the requirements phase of the life cycle to ensure that they are consistent, complete and conflict-free. The framework is a customized version of Flexible Authorization Framework (FAF) of Jajodia et al. [9] suitable for Unified Modeling Language (UML) based requirement engineering. Our approach analyzes requirements on two levels: Use Cases and the conceptual operations [19]. authUML specifies policies to prevent inconsistent, incomplete and conflicting requirements before the developers proceed to the following phases of the development life cycle.
Fathering Court-Involved Daughters: Fathers' Gender-Specific Concerns about Their Paternal Role

The fatherhood literature has expanded over the past several decades, yet the role that fathers may play in their relationships with their problematic adolescents has not been fully examined. Furthermore, because previous findings have suggested that fathers of court-involved daughters may be experiencing intrapsychic and interpersonal difficulties of their own, the present study examined a range of issues that fathers might be facing in their attempts to parent a daughter engaged in problematic behaviors. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with a purposeful sample of 14 fathers who had been referred to a familybased diversion program for at-risk adolescents. Several genderspecific themes emerged from the interviews. Fathers of female adolescents, in particular, expressed feelings of uncertainty in their parental role in four main areas: (a) a deficient understanding of their daughter’s “female” issues; (b) communication barriers involving topics and style of communication; (c) limited involvement due to a lack of shared interests; and (d) indecision regarding how to effectively address their daughter’s problematic behaviors. Future research is discussed that would further explore the impact that fathers’ parenting concerns have on their own view of their parental role, their mental health, and their adolescent’s well-being as well as how familial and community-based supports could aid in improving the father-daughter relationship in families with court-involved adolescents.
Two dimensional synaptically generated traveling waves in a theta-neuron neural network

Abstract This paper extends some of the previous work on synaptically generated traveling waves from one dimension to two dimensions. Numerical simulations of networks of the so-called theta neurons were used for exploration of the existence, stability and the nature of these waves. The symmetric nature of the traveling waves was justified and a numerical scheme for evaluating the velocity of the traveling waves was constructed. Adding adaptation in the network and imposing special initial conditions gave rise to spiral waves. Moreover, adding delays allowed the formation of the traveling lurching waves. Finally, direction for future work is suggested.
Critical care management of patients before liver transplantation.

Abstract The critical care management of patients before liver transplantation is aimed at optimizing hepatic and extrahepatic organ function before the transplant operation, with a goal to favorably influence perioperative and postoperative graft and patient outcomes. Critical illness in liver disease can present in the context of acute liver failure or acute on chronic liver failure. The differing pathophysiologic processes underlying these 2 types of liver failure necessitate specific approaches to their intensive care management. In their extreme presentations, both types of liver failure present as multiorgan system failure; and therefore, the critical care management of these entities requires a systematic multiorgan system approach to address hepatic and extrahepatic organ dysfunction. This review provides a multiorgan system–based description of critical care management of acute liver failure and acute on chronic liver failure before liver transplantation.
A reduced dimension quantum reactive scattering study of OH + CO⇌H + CO2

Abstract We develop a two-degree of freedom model of OH+CO⇌H+CO2 based on a realistic potential surface. Trajectory and RRKM results for this model are similar to their full dimensional counterparts. Accurate quantum studies of the model show that quantum and nonstatistical effects play an important role in determining HOCO lifetimes.
Visualization: Is it more than extra‐attention?

This study examined how Visualization (VIS) compared with placebo procedures in reducing communication apprehension (CA) in a public speaking class. Students given brief introductions to VIS and placebos reported lower CA scores than students in control classes. Further, those introduced to VIS reported lower CA scores than students given placebo treatments. It appears that VIS is an active treatment procedure that functions to reduce CA above and beyond the reduction in CA that can be attributed to the “extra‐attention”; involved in treatment processes.
Three Experimental Techniques to Duplicate the Net Thermal Output of an Irradiated Collector Array

A relevant and repeatable test method is required to provide a means for rating solar domestic hot water systems. The test method should be independent of the geographical location of the laboratory and the prevailing outdoor environment. Three experimental techniques which reproduce the net thermal output of a normally irradiated solar collector without the use of a solar simulator are investigated. These techniques include the use of an in-line electrical heat source only, use of a nonirradiated collector array in series with a heat source, and the use of electrical strip heaters attached to the back of nonirradiated absorber plates. Two single-tank direct solar domestic hot water systems have been fabricated at the National Bureau of Standards to validate each experimental technique. The solar collector array of one system is subjected to outdoor meteorological conditions. The second system, used to validate the experimental techniques, is located entirely indoors. Daily tests of the solar domestic hot water system with the irradiated collector array were subsequently repeated for the laboratory system using the three experimental techniques. Based on results from several nearly clear and intermittently cloudy days, all three simulation techniques reproduce the net thermal output of the normally irradiated collector arraymore » within 4 percent. Pump controller operation can be closely reproduced using two of the techniques. Advantages and limitations of each method are discussed.« less
Revaluation of ortho-phosphorus and inorganic nitrogen levels in an antarctic meromictic lake

Recent studies of Lake Bonney, a meromictic Antarctic lake, utilized techniques modified for hypersaline waters and produced results significantly different from those of previous investigators. Notably higher values are reported for ammonia and nitrate, while phosphorus levels tend to be in distinct disagreement with those obtained by other workers except for limited data reported by one author using a technique similar to that used in the current studies. The method of standard additions was employed as a partial solution to salinity interferences.
Issues in the readout of FIR- and millimeter-wave bolometers for astrophysical applications

Bolometers are used extensively in astrophysics for imaging and spectroscopy at wavelengths between several millimeters and 10 microns. They are particularly useful for applications requiring high sensitivity; current and planned bolometer systems are nearing the sensitivity limit imposed by background photon noise, even in the low-background conditions achieved in observatories on satellites, aircraft, and balloons. Reaching this limit will require new types of bolometers as well as improved preamplifiers to read them out. We describe two types of bolometers optimized for low-background operation and focus on the design and testing of their preamplifier circuits.
A condition monitoring system for wind turbine generator temperature by applying multiple linear regression model

The development and implementation of condition monitoring system become very important for wind industry with the increasing number of failures in wind turbine generators due to over temperature especially in offshore wind turbines where higher maintenance costs than onshore wind farms have to be paid due to their farthest locations. Monitoring the wind generators temperatures is significant and plays a remarkable role in an effective condition monitoring system. Moreover, they can be easily measured and recorded automatically by the Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) which gives more clarification about their behavior trend. An unexpected increase in component temperature may indicate overload, poor lubrication, or possibly ineffective passive or active cooling. Many techniques are used to reliably predict generator's temperatures to avoid occurrence of failures in wind turbine generators. Multiple Linear Regression Model (MLRM) is a model that can be used to construct the normal operating model for the wind turbine generator temperature and then at each time step the model is used to predict the generator temperature by measuring the correlation between the observed values and the predicted values of criterion variables. Then standard errors of the estimate can be found. The standard error of the estimate indicates how close the actual observations fall to the predicted values on the regression line. In this paper, a new condition-monitoring method based on applying Multiple Linear Regression Model for a wind turbine generator is proposed. The technique is used to construct the normal behavior model of an electrical generator temperatures based on the historical generator temperatures data. Case study built on a data collected from actual measurements demonstrates the adequacy of the proposed model.
Are increases in mammographic screening still a valid explanation for trends in breast cancer incidence in the United States

A number of studies have attributed much of the sharp increase in breast cancer incidence in the United States during the 1980s to the increased detection through mammography. The most recent breast cancer data from the US National Cancer Institute's Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program show that the incidence trend has slowed, while results from the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) of 1987 and 1990 indicate that the percentage of women receiving mammograms continues to increase. This phenomenon suggested the need to reassess the relationship between increasingly early detection of breast cancer and overall incidence trends. A polynomial age-cohort model was used to establish the secular trend in incidence rates excluding the impact of recent increases in detection due to the rising use of mammography. Based on the model, the incidence trend in the youngest age group (40 to 49 years) would peak and then begin to decline in the early 1980s. This pattern would manifest itself later in successively older age groups as these younger cohorts age. Breast cancer trends are seen to be generally consistent with the impact of the increased use of mammography when its effect is superimposed upon the background of declining or slowing secular trends. These results support previous reports linking incidence rates with the increase in screening-mammography.
Radiation From a Uniformly Accelerated Charge

Abstract The electromagnetic field associated with a uniformly accelerated charge is studied in some detail. The equivalence principle paradox that the co-accelerating observer measures no radiation while a freely falling observer measures the standard radiation of an accelerated charge is resolved by noting that all the radiation goes into the region of space time in-accessible to the co-accelerating observer.
Poster: detecting client mobility in WLANs using PHY layer information

The continuously increasing number of smartphones and tablets allow the users to access Wireless LANs (WLANs) while undergoing different types of mobility, posing new challenges to wireless protocols. Current history-based WLAN protocols do not work well in mobile settings where wireless conditions change rapidly. Thus, today's WLANs need to be able to determine the type of the client's mobility and employ appropriate strategies in order to sustain high performance. While previous work tried to detect mobility using hints from sensors available in mobile devices, in this work, we demonstrate how different mobility modes can be distinguished by using physical layer information - Channel State Information (CSI) and Time-of-Flight (ToF) - available at commodity APs, with no modifications on the client side. Our testbed experiments show that our mobility classification algorithm achieves more than 92% accuracy in a variety of scenarios. In addition, we demonstrate how fine-grained mobility determination can be exploited to greatly improve performance of client roaming and MIMO beamforming.
An investigation of Holland's vocational theory across and within selected occupational groups

Abstract A test of Holland's vocational theory across and within selected occupational groups demonstrated concurrent validity for three of the four groups investigated. Statistically significant coefficients of concordance indicated a degree of agreement among individuals in each of the occupational groups investigated. Statistically significant Page's L statistics indicated that a degree of agreement between the theoretical ordering and the observed ordering of the six types or themes was obtained on three of the four groups tested.
Management of primary hyperoxaluria: efficacy of oral citrate administration

The prognosis of primary hyperoxaluria (PH) is not only related to endogenous oxalate production and the response (if any) to pyridoxine (in type I), but is greatly influenced by extrarenal factors like dehydration. The earlier the diagnosis of PH, the better the chances of improving the prognosis in individual patients. Measures to enhance the solubility of calcium oxalate are important. Besides ensuring at all times a generous fluid intake (>2 l/m2), administration of alkali citrate (0.15 g/kg), which has not been advocated so far in PH, appears very promising. We studied the effect of sodium citrate in six patients with PH. Mean urinary citrate excretion (mmol/day per 1.73 m2) without oral citrate was very low (0.57) and rose to 2.49 with citrate administration. This was accompanied by a significant decrease in the calcium oxalate saturation (calculated by equil 2) from 11.7 to 6.9 (P<0.05). Treatment in five patients over 10–36 months resulted in improved (1) or stabilized (4) renal function and reduced passage of stones. Additional measures include restriction of salt and of oxalate-rich food. We conclude that long-term administration of alkali citrate is beneficial in patients with PH.
Two-stage heuristic procedure for scheduling job shops

Abstract In many job shops, a variety of products of different size batches pass through different sequences of machines and operations. As jobs and operations increase, computations increase exponentially, and optimal scheduling is essentially unsolvable with reasonable computer power and time. An alternate approach is to use heuristic scheduling methods to produce feasible, good (although not necessarily optimal) schedules in cost-effective time. This approach is particularly appropriate in low-technology job shops, which generally have modest computing power. A heuristic has been developed for achieving a minimum makespan schedule for the shop. The heuristic considers both jobs in a given queue and those yet to arrive at any machine, to sequence the operations to be processed on all machines. It is a singlepass procedure and creates a feasible, near-minimum makespan schedule. A modification (improvement) stage is then employed to further improve the schedule. This looks only at a subset of the set of feasible schedules. The sequence of operations processed on each machine is interchanged for the job with the maximum makespan such that each interchange introduces minimal disturbance to the existing schedule. Results on benchmark problems indicate that the resulting heuristic is superior to other commonly used heuristics, and the combined algorithm yields results comparable to several optimal scheduling algorithms, yet with vastly fewer and simpler iterations.
Prevention of Air Embolism after Mitral Valve Replacement with a Porcine Heterograft Prosthesis

Abstract The production of prosthetic valve incompetence during atriotomy closure is among the operative maneuvers utilized to prevent air embolism in mitral valve replacement. The leaflets of a porcine bioprosthesis may be retracted safely and effectively, thereby producing temporary valve incompetence, by placing three polypropylene sutures through the valve orifice and around the sewing ring to encircle the leaflets. These traction sutures are easily pulled out through the atriotomy suture line after all air has been displaced from the heart. The technique has been effective, easily accomplished, and without complications.
Volumetric multiplexed transmission holography of the heart with echocardiographic data

Three-dimensional imaging enhances delineation of cardiac anatomy and function. Currently, three-dimensional echocardiography involves complex rendering techniques to imply depth in a given image. Also, display of the final images on a video monitor neutralizes the volume information of the object. A hologram is a true, three-dimensional replica of the original object and does not entail complex data processing. Holography has not been used previously in cardiovascular imaging. In this experiment, 11 excised mammalian whole hearts and five isolated left ventricles were imaged in a water bath. Parallel, tomographic, echocardiographic images comprised the data source from which holograms were obtained by the technique of multiplexed holography. Holograms were mounted on a holographic film and viewed in a special viewing box. High-quality holograms were obtained from every data set. Excellent gray-scale discrimination allowed crisp visualization of cardiac structures and simulated diseases. Electronic sectioning and various projections optimized viewing of the three-dimensional anatomy in surgical orientations. Thus holograms can be produced from tomographic cardiac ultrasound data and could open a new avenue in three-dimensional echocardiography.
Induction of morphine tolerance by material extracted from brain of tolerant animals

Abstract Administration of extracts of brain taken from morphine-tolerant rats and dogs conferred tolerance on mice. This was shown by the significantly lowered analgesic response to morphine in mice treated with tolerant rat brain as compared with untreated controls and animals which received extracts on normal brain. Induced tolerance was also demonstrated by a significant shift in the dose-response curve of morphine. The degree of tolerance depended upon the amount of brain received by the mice. The effect of a single injection of brain extract lasted at least ten days. The factor responsible for the induction of morphine tolerance is water soluble, insoluble in ethanol and acetone, and is dialyzable. On partition with phenol and under the influence of enzymes, it behaves like a small protein or peptide.
The effect of solvent on the unperturbed dimensions of polystyrene

The unperturbed root-mean-square radius of gyration of a polystyrene sample was measured in ten critical consolute mixtures encompassing solubility parameters ranging from 8.1 to 11.4 (cal./cm.3)1/2. The values of the intrinsic viscosity and coil size were found to reach a maximum in the vicinity of δp, the polymer solubility parameter. Preferential adsorption of the solvent component in the mixture, by polystyrene, was observed in each of the ternary systems examined. The variations in coil size and intrinsic viscosity were found to be mainly a function of solvent polarity and were not caused primarily by preferential adsorption, which was comparatively small in most of the mixtures.
Control Of Low Inertia Galvanometers For High Precision Laser Scanning Systems

A high precision controller used to accurately drive low inertia galvanometer scanners is presented. Drift errors introduced by the galvanometer position sensor and its electronic driving circuit are compensated using two synchronization photodiodes or phototransistors. The effect of the temperature is analyzed, and comparisons are made with the conventional method of using an analog-to-digital converter to read the signal directly from the position sensor. Absolute accuracy of 10-5 is measured for a change of 10°C. This accuracy is limited to 10-2 when the galvanometer position sensor is used directly. Nonlinearity variations are negligible.
Lanzerotti to head new AGU journal on Space Weather

Louis J. Lanzerotti has been named editor of a new AGU online publication devoted to the emerging field of near-Earth space conditions and their effects on technical systems. Space Weather: The International Journal of Research and Applications will be the first journal dedicated solely to the subject, and will include peer-reviewed research, as well as news, features, and opinion articles. A quarterly magazine digest will also be published from the online edition and distributed free of charge to space weather professionals.
Paper Trail: One method of information literacy assessment

Abstract Assessing students' information literacy skills can be difficult depending on the involvement of the librarian in a course. To overcome this, librarians created an assignment called the Paper Trail, where students wrote a short essay about their research process and reflected on what they would do differently. Through reviewing and grading these papers, librarians determined whether students understood the difference between the library catalog and article databases, evaluated the students' search terms to see if they used effective topic keywords and Boolean operators, and learned more on how the students reflected on their research process.
Interspecific competition among grasshoppers and their effect on plant abundance in experimental field environments

We tested whether grasshoppers in experimental field environments, i.e. cages (40×40 cm) placed on existing old field vegetation, (1) were limited in density by plant abundance and/or nitrogen content, (2) exhibited interspecific competition, and (3) altered the relative abundance of different plant species. We examined interactions among a pair of early season grasshopper species (May-June; Arphia conspersa and Pardalophora apiculata) and a late season pair (July-August; Melanoplus femur-rubrum and Melanoplus bivittatus). Each grasshopper species was placed in cages by itself and with another grasshopper species. Grasshoppers generally survived at higher density in fertilized cages and they reduced plant abundance relative to empty cages, suggesting that grasshoppers may be food limited at these densities. In unfertilized plots, early season grasshoppers preferred grasses (Schizachyrium scoparium and Poa pratensis) and favored the growth of forbs (especially Solidago spp.). However, late in summer, Melanoplus spp. preferred Solidago spp. and favored the growth of grasses.The pattern of grasshopper survivorship and plant reduction within these experimental environments provide preliminary support for some of the predictions of resource competition theory. Grasshoppers exhibited interspecific competition only if they significantly reduced plant biomass. If two species competed, a grasshopper species was eliminated only if the superior competitor, when living by itself, could reduce plant biomass to a significantly lower level than the inferior competitor. Competitors persisted only if they did not differ in their ability to reduce plant biomass or reduced the abundance of different plant species.
PACAP mediates the neural proliferative pathway of Mastomys enterochromaffin-like cell transformation.

Background and aim: Pituitary adenylate-cyclase activating peptide (PACAP) is a more potent proliferative agent than gastrin for rat enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cell proliferation in vitro. The role of this neurotransmitter during gastrin-mediated ECL cell tumor formation and gastrin-autonomous ECL cell neoplasia is unknown. Methods and results: ECL cell transformation was induced in the Mastomys using 16 wk H2 receptor blockade of acid inhibition. Examination of the epithelial fundic mucosa demonstrated that PACAP-immunoreactivity significantly increased in the tumor mucosa compared to the naive stomach, and was associated with ECL cells. Naive and tumor ECL cells were then purified (∼95%) from Mastomys and the presence of all three PACAP/VPAC receptor subtypes was demonstrated by polymerase chain-reaction amplification. Thereafter, cells were maintained in short-term (48 h) primary cultures. PACAP significantly (p<0.05) increased 24 h bromo-deoxyuridine uptake (∼4-fold) in both cell types with estimated EC50 values of ∼4×10−16 M and ∼2×10−16 M, respectively. Specific receptor antagonists (PAC1/VPAC1) of PACAP competitively inhibited these proliferative effects in naive cells. Oligonucleotide antisense directed against PAC1 significantly inhibited PACAP-stimulated DNA synthesis by ∼85% (p<0.05) in tumor cells. Conclusion: PACAP is a potent and effective modulator of ECL cell proliferation. The expression of this neuropeptide and its receptors, particularly PAC1, suggest the existence of a neural regulatory pathway of ECL cell proliferation and transformation.
Galactic Polities, the Asiatic Mode of Production and Peasant-States: Southeast Asian Pre-Modern Polities

Apres une discussion theorique sur la nature des regimes pre-modernes de l'Asie du Sud-Est (approches cosmologiques et structurelles avec Heine-Geldern, Tambiah, Geertz et Condomina, et procedes universaux avec Christie), l'A. decrit les regimes shan (centres de decisions et dirigeants, villages) a la frontiere thai-burma (fin 19 eme siecle - debut 20 eme siecle). Il analyse la relation entre environnement culturel, conception du monde et la maniere dont celle-ci explique les procedes politiques : les reseaux sont centres sur la relation entre les personnes les plus fortes (le pouvoir s'acquerant par la contrainte) et les plus faibles. En conclusion, l'A. preconise de se referer aux modeles de neutralite ideologique - comme celui fournit par l'Etat-paysan de Greenwood (1973) - comme etant plus adapte a l'analyse des processus politiques pre-modernes.
Design of Photonic Crystal Optical Microcavities

Using the 3-D finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method, we analyzed various designs of optical microcavities based on a thin semiconductor membrane perforated with a hexagonal lattice of air holes. The microcavities consisted of single or multiple lattice defects formed by increasing or decreasing radii of air holes, thereby producing acceptor or donor-like defect states. The analyzed geometries include single acceptor or donor defects, as well as ring, hexagonal and triangular cavities. Properties of these structures (excluding single donor-type defect) have not been analyzed previously in a slab of finite thickness. Frequencies, quality factors and radiation patterns of localized defect modes were analyzed as a function of parameters of photonic crystal (PC) and defects. Finally, we discuss possible applications of these structures in active or passive optical devices.© (2001) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.