cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fliegen und Gleiten

Wenn ein Tier in der Lage ist, sich in der Luft zu halten, sagen wir, dass es fliegen kann und flugfahig ist. Die Prinzipien des Fluges der Vertebraten sind im Grunde verstanden, aber die Analyse ist kompliziert und Vereinfachungen sind auf beinahe jeder Ebene notig. Viel von dem, was wir uber die Aerodynamik des Fluges wissen, stammt aus unserem Verstandnis von Flugzeugen mit starren Flugeln, und wenn diese Prinzipien auf There mit schlagenden Flugeln angewandt werden, schleichen sich unweigerlich Fehler ein. Sogar, wenn Wirbeltiere unter relativ einheitlichen Bedingungen fliegen (im Freien oder in einem Windkanal), mussen she haufig leichte Korrekturen durchfuhren, um Veranderungen der auseren Bedingungen zu kompensieren. Wenn eine Mowe in wechselhaftem Wind manovriert, mussen ununterbrochen und sehr schnell grosere Korrekturen vorgenommen werden, von denen viele von einem Flugzeug, das vom Menschen gebaut ist, nicht ausgefuhrt werden konnten. Es ist eine Herausforderung, die morphologische und verhaltensphysiologische Basis einer solchen Leistung zu untersuchen. Dank genialer Methoden haben wir in den letzten Jahrzehnten grose Fortschritte gemacht. Es ist zu erwarten, dass genaue Beobachtung und die einfallsreiche Anwendung ausgefeilter Technologien uns weiterhin mit Entdeckungen uber diese komplizierten Aktivitaten belohnen werden.
System Dynamics Modeling for Nitrogen Removal in a Subtropical Stormwater Wet Pond

Abstract Stormwater management was originally intended for flood control and minimal water quality improvement. The systems utilized for on-site treatment, most often stormwater ponds, are now a critical best management practice (BMP) tool for preventing nutrient runoff from urban regions discharging into natural water bodies causing eutrophication. This chapter begins with discussing limitations of traditional stormwater ponds followed by a brief introduction of the FTW as an innovative and additive BMP to avoid copper-based algaecide use and improve the pond nutrient removal. This is supported with a field-scale study in terms of hydrologic record, water quality levels, and sediment nutrient contents. This chapter continues with the development of a system dynamics model associated with FTWs in a stormwater wet pond to entail the coupling, feedback, and cycling embedded in these hydrobiogeochemical processes within. This study eventually leads to a deepened understanding of the nitrogen cycle and ecological phenomena in relation to floating islands for nitrogen removal under current management techniques, which apply copper-based herbicides to control algae blooms resulting from available nutrients. The model was designed to be structurally dynamic to evaluate ecosystem dynamics that compound the biochemical removal mechanisms that may result in the altered nitrogen removal capacity due to copper impact. Simulations were conducted with corresponding scenarios associated with potential use of algaecides for algal bloom control in those stormwater wet ponds.
Surgical repair of perforated peptic ulcers: laparoscopic versus open approach

Perforated peptic ulcers are a surgical emergency that can be repaired using either laparoscopic surgery (LS) or open surgery (OS). No consensus has been reached on the comparative outcomes and safety of each approach. Using the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS NSQIP) database, we conducted a 12-year retrospective review (2005–2016) and identified 6260 adult patients who underwent either LS (n = 616) or OS (n = 5644) to repair perforated peptic ulcers. To mitigate selection bias and adjust for the inherent heterogeneity between groups, we used propensity-score matching with a case (LS):control (OS) ratio of 1:3. We then compared intraoperative outcomes such as operative time, and 30-day postoperative outcomes including infectious and non-infectious complications, and mortality. Propensity-score matching created a total of 2462 matched pairs (616 in the LS group, 1846 in the OS group). Univariate analysis demonstrated successful matching of patient characteristics and baseline clinical variables. We found that OS was associated with a shorter operative time (67.0 ± 28.6 min, OS versus 86.9 ± 57.5 min, LS; P < 0.001) but a longer hospital stay (8.6 ± 6.2 days, OS versus 7.8 ± 5.9 days, LS; P = 0.001). LS was associated with a lower rate of superficial surgical site infections (1.5%, LS versus 4.2%, OS; P = 0.032), wound dehiscence (0.3%, LS versus 1.6%, OS; P = 0.030), and mortality (3.2%, LS versus 5.4%, OS; P = 0.009). Fewer than 10% of patients with perforated peptic ulcers underwent LS, which was associated with reduced length of stay, lower rate of superficial surgical site infections, wound dehiscence, and mortality. Given our results, a greater emphasis should be provided to a minimally invasive approach for the surgical repair of perforated peptic ulcers.
Dispersion of Power as an Economic Goal of Antitrust Policy

This chapter surveys the range of objectives ascribed to US antitrust policy from its formative period through the early 1970s. Martin discusses and rejects Robert Bork’s analysis of the legislative intent behind the Sherman Act and considers the Kaldor-Hicks potential Pareto improvement principle, a central element of Bork’s argument. An elementary model shows that social preferences about aspects of market performance not captured by consumer surplus or net social welfare can be included in standard economic models. He further argues that the role of economics as a science in analyzing market performance is limited to characterizing the costs and benefits of pursuing alternative policy objectives and that economics as a science is agnostic concerning what policy goals should be.
Using the WEAI+ to explore gender equity and agricultural empowerment: Baseline evidence among men and women smallholder farmers in Ghana's Northern Region

Abstract We present results from the baseline Women's Empowerment in Agriculture Index+Soybean Modules (WEAI+), which was implemented among men and women smallholder farmers in Ghana's rural Northern Region. The WEAI+ provides a framework for quantitatively analyzing gender equity among respondents in four local districts that varied in soybean production. Analysis across the ten WEAI indicators found that a majority of respondents lacked adequate empowerment in workload and over one-third lacked adequate empowerment in autonomy in production (both percentages were nearly identical when disaggregated by gender). However, women farmers were significantly more likely to lack adequate empowerment in input in productive decisionmaking, purchase, sale, or transfer of assets, and speaking in public. After controlling for education, socioeconomic status, and district, women farmers still lacked adequate empowerment across these indicators, even among men and women farmers within the same household. Results suggest that providing culturally grounded opportunities to enhance women farmers' input into agricultural decisionmaking, control over assets, and public participation regarding important agricultural issues and access to technical trainings are critical entry points to increasing agricultural empowerment among women smallholder farmers in Ghana's Northern Region, and these may be applicable to other countries and regions in sub-Saharan Africa.
How Does Nature Accomplish Spooky Action at a Distance

The enigmatic nonlocal quantum correlation that was famously derided by Einstein as "spooky action at a distance" has now been experimentally demonstrated to be authentic. The quantum entanglement and nonlocal correlations emerged as inevitable consequences of John Bell's epochal paper on Bell's inequality. However, in spite of some extraordinary applications as well as attempts to explain the reason for quantum nonlocality, a satisfactory account of how Nature accomplishes this astounding phenomenon is yet to emerge. A cogent mechanism for the occurrence of this incredible event is presented in terms of a plausible quantum mechanical Einstein–Rosen bridge. Quanta 2018; 7: 111–117.
Abstract TP314: EEG Has High Precision for Diagnosing Stroke Hours After Onset

Background: Improvements are needed in prehospital diagnosis of stroke. The electroencephalogram (EEG) changes immediately after brain ischemia, and advances in EEG technology enable rapid acquisit...
Read, Understand, Learn, & Excel: Development and Testing of an Automated Reading Strategy Detection Algorithm for Postsecondary Students

Purpose An important predictor of postsecondary academic success is an individual's reading comprehension skills. Postsecondary readers apply a wide range of behavioral strategies to process text f...
Consumer Trust in Social Responsibility Communications: The Role of Supply Chain Visibility

Consumers are becoming more knowledgeable about companies' social responsibility (SR) practices. As a result, they are increasingly skeptical when companies do not provide clear information about these practices. One way to overcome this skepticism is to strengthen consumer trust through improved supply chain transparency. To create transparency requires a company to both gain visibility into its supply chain and disclose information to consumers. However, the current SR literature has only focused on the effect that disclosure has on consumer trust, while the effect of visibility on trust in communications is not well understood. Our work addresses this gap. In this paper, we employ an incentivized, human-subject laboratory experiment to investigate the impact of visibility on consumer trust in a company's SR communication, and as a result, its impact on consumers' purchase decisions. To further enhance our understanding of consumer behavior, we examine how consumer heterogeneity and workers' conditions in the upstream supply chain influence our results. We apply causal mediation analysis to answer our research questions. We find that increasing visibility always strengthens consumer trust. Furthermore, opportunities exist for a trust-driven revenue benefit (due to greater visibility) when consumers are highly prosocial or have low general trust beliefs, or when the impact of an SR initiative is small. Our results underscore the crucial role that supply chain visibility plays in engendering consumer trust. Moreover, our identification of trust as a mechanism to help explain the effect of visibility on sales of SR products can provide companies with more actionable recommendations.
Rushing to Appear Virtuous: Time Pressure Increases Socially Desirable Responding

Prosociality increases when decisions are made under time pressure. Here, we investigated whether time pressure increases socially desirable responding outside social interactions (Study 1). Finding that it did, we then examined whether this is because people align their responses with the concept of their "true" self or because of an intuitive tendency to comply with norms (Study 2). In Study 1, we randomly assigned each of 1,500 Americans to answer a measure of social-desirability bias either quickly or slowly and found that quick responding increased social desirability. In Study 2, we recruited a similar sample and tested whether fast-responding effects were moderated by the extent to which people display a good-true-self bias. A greater tendency to ascribe good behaviors to the true self predicted social desirability, but this relationship disappeared under time pressure. These results of socially desirable behavior under time pressure do not reflect people's deep-down good selves but, rather, their desire to present themselves favorably to other people.
Is the place the thing?: The role of place in later life.

Person-environment fit models highlight the role of place as a critical component throughout one’s lifecourse and in the experience of aging. Early models assessed fit using the match of an older a...
A Comprehensive Survey on Machine Learning Techniques and User Authentication Approaches for Credit Card Fraud Detection.

With the increase of credit card usage, the volume of credit card misuse also has significantly increased. As a result, financial organizations are working hard on developing and deploying credit card fraud detection methods, in order to adapt to ever-evolving, increasingly sophisticated defrauding strategies and identifying illicit transactions as quickly as possible to protect themselves and their customers. Compounding on the complex nature of such adverse strategies, credit card fraudulent activities are rare events compared to the number of legitimate transactions. Hence, the challenge to develop fraud detection that are accurate and efficient is substantially intensified and, as a consequence, credit card fraud detection has lately become a very active area of research. In this work, we provide a survey of current techniques most relevant to the problem of credit card fraud detection. We carry out our survey in two main parts. In the first part,we focus on studies utilizing classical machine learning models, which mostly employ traditional transnational features to make fraud predictions. These models typically rely on some static physical characteristics, such as what the user knows (knowledge-based method), or what he/she has access to (object-based method). In the second part of our survey, we review more advanced techniques of user authentication, which use behavioral biometrics to identify an individual based on his/her unique behavior while he/she is interacting with his/her electronic devices. These approaches rely on how people behave (instead of what they do), which cannot be easily forged. By providing an overview of current approaches and the results reported in the literature, this survey aims to drive the future research agenda for the community in order to develop more accurate, reliable and scalable models of credit card fraud detection.
The socio-environmental context of simultaneous alcohol and marijuana use among young adults: Examining day-level associations.

INTRODUCTION AND AIMS Simultaneous alcohol and marijuana (SAM) use is reported by roughly 30% of young adult drinkers. Among SAM users, SAM use days have more negative substance-related consequences than single-substance days. Little information is available about contextual factors contributing to the likelihood of SAM use on a particular day. This study compared days on which individuals reported SAM use relative to days on which they reported alcohol but not marijuana use in terms of physical location, engagement in risky activities and social context of use. DESIGN AND METHODS Participants were 148 young adults (57% female) reporting past-month SAM use and past two-week binge drinking. Participants completed up to 14 daily surveys assessing substance use behaviour and socio-environmental characteristics of use. RESULTS For those <21 years, only using at home was associated with greater odds of SAM use. For those 21+, using at a friend's house and outdoors were associated with increased odds of use; using at a bar/club was associated with lower odds. Using alone was associated with lower odds of use for those 21+. Engagement in risky activities (pre-gaming and drinking games) was not associated with SAM use. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS SAM days are linked with use in private settings and social situations. Despite experiencing more harms on SAM days, SAM use is not more likely than alcohol use alone to occur in certain environments and situations traditionally found to be linked with increased risk. Findings may provide key insight for developing context-informed interventions focused on SAM use.
Nonsteroidal Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists: Exploring Role in Cardiovascular Disease.

ABSTRACT Aldosterone, a mineralocorticoid hormone, plays a role in the pathophysiology of many cardiovascular disease states. Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRAs) have been shown to improve clinical outcomes in select patient populations. However, use of available steroidal receptor antagonists, eplerenone and spironolactone, is often limited by the risk or development of hyperkalemia. Nonsteroidal MRAs have been designed to overcome this limitation. The nonsteroidal MRAs have been studied in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, hypertension, and to lower the risk of cardiac and renal outcomes in those with type 2 diabetes and renal disease. In this review, the pharmacology of the MRAs is compared, the data evaluating the use of nonsteroidal MRAs are examined, and the place of this new generation of therapy is discussed. At this time, it seems that there could be a future role for nonsteroidal MRAs to reduce the risk of renal outcomes in high-risk individuals.
Ventilatory Defects and Treatable Traits in Very Elderly Patients

Though the approach used to classify chronic respiratory diseases is changing to a treatable-traits (TT) approach, data regarding very elderly patients is lacking. The objectives of this study were...
Transformation of Wind Turbine Power Curves Using the Statistics of the Wind Process

A new methodology is derived to transform between an ideal zero-turbulence power curve and practical power curves representing wind turbine performance in irregular winds. The derivation is based on substituting a theoretical distribution of the wind process in place of a single mean wind speed, truncating the wind-speed distribution at the rated power of the turbine, and then applying random process theory to derive analytical expressions based on the expected power and standard deviation of power of the parts of the distribution above and below the rated speed. The resulting expressions explicitly include the effects of turbulence intensity and can be used with higher statistical moments of the wind. The limited number of parameters needed to develop a practical power curve and to predict the standard deviation of the power can be estimated from limited time-domain simulations or from measured field data. The new methodology can also be used to generate a turbulence-free power curve from power data measured in turbulent winds. The accuracy of the new method is demonstrated by benchmarking expected power and standard deviation of power against predictions based on using direct numerical simulation and against an equivalent power curve resulting from direct field measurement.
Real-world Effectiveness and Tolerability of Monoclonal Antibody Therapy for Ambulatory Patients With Early COVID-19

Background Neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) are a promising therapy for early coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), but their effectiveness has not been confirmed in a real-world setting. Methods In this quasi-experimental pre-/postimplementation study, we estimated the effectiveness of MAb treatment within 7 days of symptom onset in high-risk ambulatory adults with COVID-19. The primary outcome was a composite of emergency department visits or hospitalizations within 14 days of positive test. Secondary outcomes included adverse events and 14-day mortality. The average treatment effect in the treated for MAb therapy was estimated using inverse probability of treatment weighting and the impact of MAb implementation using propensity-weighted interrupted time series analysis. Results Pre-implementation (July-November 2020), 7404 qualifying patients were identified. Postimplementation (December 2020-January 2021), 594 patients received MAb treatment and 5536 did not. The primary outcome occurred in 75 (12.6%) MAb recipients, 1018 (18.4%) contemporaneous controls, and 1525 (20.6%) historical controls. MAb treatment was associated with decreased likelihood of emergency care or hospitalization (odds ratio, 0.69; 95% CI, 0.60-0.79). After implementation, the weighted probability that a given patient would require an emergency department visit or hospitalization decreased significantly (0.7% per day; 95% CI, 0.03%-0.10%). Mortality was 0.2% (n = 1) in the MAb group compared with 1.0% (n = 71) and 1.0% (n = 57) in pre- and postimplementation controls, respectively. Adverse events occurred in 7 (1.2%); 2 (0.3%) were considered serious. Conclusions MAb treatment of high-risk ambulatory patients with early COVID-19 was well tolerated and likely effective at preventing the need for subsequent emergency department or hospital care.
Design of nonlinear metamorphic buffer layers for lattice-mismatched InxGa1−xAs/GaAs (001) semiconductor devices

Equilibrium studies of metamorphic (partially relaxed) buffer layers are important in understanding the strain and misfit dislocation density configurations. The authors present a theoretical study of the equilibrium strain and misfit dislocation density profiles as well as appropriate design equations for nonlinearly graded (logarithmic) buffers for use in accommodating the lattice mismatch of heteroepitaxial InxGa1−xAs/GaAs (001) semiconductor devices. Minimum energy calculations show that the nonlinearly graded profile may be beneficial for the control of defect densities in lattice-mismatched devices because they have several characteristics which enhance the mobility and glide velocities of dislocations, thereby promoting longer misfit segments with relatively few threading arms. This study suggest that the use of nonlinear metamorphic buffer layers are beneficial because they contain (1) a misfit dislocation free zone (MDFZ) adjacent to the interface, which avoids dislocation pinning defects associated with substrate defects, (2) a misfit dislocation free zone near the surface, which reduces pinning interactions near the device layer which will be grown on top, and (3) a large built-in strain in the top MDFZ, which enhances the glide of dislocations to sweep out threading arms. In addition, the authors show that the use of nonlinear compositionally grading may be superior to linearly graded layers depending on the specific application of the heterostructure. Moreover, the use of a nonlinearity coefficient (deviation of the average lattice mismatch) enables comparison of nonlinearly graded metamorphic buffer layers to traditionally grown linearly graded heterostructures. The authors also present approximate design equations for the widths of the misfit dislocation free zones, the built-in strain, and peak misfit dislocation density for the general logarithmically graded semiconductor with diamond or zinc blende crystal structure and (001) orientation, and show that these design equations are in fair agreement with detailed numerical energy minimization calculations.
Tracking causal dependencies in an active object-oriented database

As active and deductive databases are applied to more complex domains (e.g. engineering design), the need to track the causality of data which has been derived by rules in the database becomes vital. Truth maintenance systems have been used in the area of artificial intelligence to track the causal dependencies of data derived from rules in knowledge-based systems. These same techniques can be applied to active object-oriented databases to provide the users with the means to track the relationships between data and rules. This paper describes the relevant features of a simple truth maintenance systems and puts forth a model of how truth maintenance systems can be integrated with an active object-oriented database, including the definition of new query operators to interpret the causal information for the end user.
An entropy-based reliability assessment technique for intelligent machines

A new method for measuring the performance of intelligent robot systems is presented. The method utilizes entropy, a concept borrowed from informaton theory, to provide a unified technique for measuring the performance of various combinations of control and sensing algorithms available in an intelligent machine in response to a given task specification. It can be shown that the entropy of a system can be decomposed into two independent terms, i.e., a term associated with the system state description, and a term associated with the task specification. It can be shown that the total system entropy is directly analogous to the reliability of the system. A review of entropy methods in reliability analysis is presented, and the derivation of the proposed reliability assessment technique is shown. The method is demonstrated in a case study. >
When is Online Pornography Viewing Problematic Among College Males? Examining the Moderating Role of Experiential Avoidance

Internet pornography viewing is common among college-aged males, but it is unclear whether and for whom such viewing is problematic. One potential process that may account for whether viewing is problematic is experiential avoidance: seeking to reduce the form, frequency, or situational sensitivity of private experiences even when doing so causes behavioral harm. The current study examined the relationship of Internet pornography viewing and experiential avoidance to a range of psychosocial problems (depression, anxiety, stress, social functioning, and problems related to viewing) through a cross-sectional online survey conducted with a non-clinical sample of 157 undergraduate college males. Results indicated that frequency of viewing was significantly related to each psychosocial variable, such that more viewing was related to greater problems. Furthermore, experiential avoidance moderated the relationship between viewing and two psychosocial variables, such that viewing predicted anxiety and problems re...
ID: 30: Virus MOI affects type I IFN subtype induction profiles and ISGs

Type I interferons (IFNs) are induced upon viral infection and important mediators of innate immunity. While there is 1 IFN- β protein, there are 12 different IFN- α subtypes. It has been reported extensively that different viruses induce distinct patterns of IFN subtypes, but it has not been previously shown how viral MOI can affect IFN induction. In this study, we discovered the novel finding that human U937 cells infected with 2 different concentrations of Sendai virus (SeV) induce 2 distinct type I IFN subtype profiles. Cells infected with a lower MOI induced more subtypes than cells infected with the higher MOI. We found that this was due to the extent of signaling through the IFNAR. The cells infected with the lower viral MOI induced the IFNAR2- dependent IFN- α subtypes 4, 6, 7, 10 and 17, which were not induced in cells infected with higher virus concentrations. IFN- β and IFN- α 1, 2 and 8 were induced in an IFNAR-independent manner in cells infected with both virus concentrations. IFN- α 5, 14, 16 and 21 were induced in an IFNAR-dependent manner in cells infected with lower virus concentrations and in an IFNAR-independent manner in cells infected with higher virus concentrations. These results present the novel finding that different viral MOIs will differentially activate JAK/STAT signaling through the IFNAR, which greatly affects the profile of IFN subtypes that are induced.
Integrative computational frameworks for multiscale digital human modeling and simulation

Integrated digital human modeling has seen increased interest over the last decade. We describe two efforts to develop computational frameworks for digital human modeling and describe the progress toward understanding the requirements for implementation. Both projects addressed data repository, computational environment, and visualization of results. But neither environment was a true problem-solving environment in that integration of computations with visualization capabilities was limited or absent. We detail the development of the computational environments for each effort and then provide proposals for improving the integration of the various components of a future “Digital Human” computational environment.
A Rapid and Simple Method for Isolating Principal Cells from the Rat Caput Epididymidis

A technique is described for the rapid isolation of principal cells from enzymatically dispersed rat caput epididymidis by differential sedimentation into calf serum. Sedimentations were prepared in common glass separatory funnels. Sperm-free, principal cell populations that were 66.6% pure and averaged 106 cells were isolated after 10 minutes of sedimentation. This represents a twofold enrichment in principal cells over that achieved in the dispersed tissue suspension. Based on dye exclusion tests, viability of principal cells after separation was 90% suggesting that the cells are well suited for physiologic study.
A semi-empirical model for the gamma-ray response function of germanium detectors based on fundamental interaction mechanisms

Abstract A model for describing the response function of large volume gamma-ray detectors over the range of incident gamma ray energies between 1.0 and 6.5 MeV has been developed and applied to a 39% high purity germanium detector. Functional forms for describing the various features of the response function are based either on empirical functions or on the shape of exact analytical expressions for the interaction mechanisms as in the case of multiple Compton scattering of the primary and the annihilation photons. These functions are combined and fit by an appropriate linear-nonlinear least squares method to measured single energy photon spectra. The model parameters so obtained are then fit to simple functions of the incident gamma-ray energies to form the complete response function of the detector. Validity of the model is demonstrated by synthesizing a 49Ca spectrum using the response function and comparing it to the equivalent measured spectrum.
Nest surface hydrocarbons facilitate nestmate recognition for the social wasp, Polistes metricus Say (Hymenoptera: Vespidae)

Nestmate recognition was observed inPolistes metricus Say workers only if the workers were exposed to their nest surface hydrocarbons after eclosion. If the newly emerged workers were never exposed to the nest hydrocarbons as adults, they showed no discrimination between nestmates and nonnestmates. Furthermore, the newly emerged workers were accepted more readily by their experienced nestmates than by experienced nonnestmates only if the newly emerged wasps had been exposed to the nest surface hydrocarbons. This reciprocal recognition implies that the nest recognition cues are nest surface hydrocarbons that are learned and that may be acquired byP. metricus workers as adults on the natal nest.
Device drivers should not do power management

We argue that device drivers are not the best place to implement power management policies for components on a system-on-a-chip (SoC). We present empirical evidence that device driver developers are inadequately implementing power management and show the information needed for good power management policies is available outside the device drivers. We implement a software central agent to infer the needed information and accomplish power management without device driver support. We further show that simple hardware support can eliminate the overhead of our approach and extend it to support all SoC components.
Induction and Survival of Hemoglobin-Less and Erythrocyte-Less Tadpoles and Young Bullfrogs

Injection of two 25-microgram-per-gram doses of the hemolytic agent phenylhydrazine reduced the hemoglobin level and the erythrocyte count to less than 1 percent of normal tadpole and young blullfrog blood. These anemic animals survive for weeks with little change in overall metabolism. A slow recovery of hemoglobin levels was observed. The implications of this observation for comparative biochemistry are considered.
HOW MUCH DOES INDUSTRY MATTER, REALLY?

In this paper, we examine the importance of year, industry, corporate-parent, and business-specific effects on the profitability of U.S. public corporations within specific 4-digit SIC categories. Our results indicate that year, industry, corporate-parent, and business-specific effects account for 2 percent, 19 percent, 4 percent, and 32 percent, respectively, of the aggregate variance in profitability. We also find that the importance of the effects differs substantially across broad economic sectors. Industry effects account for a smaller portion of profit variance in manufacturing but a larger portion in lodging/entertainment, services, wholesale/retail trade, and transportation. Across all sectors we find a negative covariance between corporate-parent and industry effects. A detailed analysis suggests that industry, corporate-parent, and business-specific effects are related in complex ways. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of soaking, boiling, and steaming on total phenolic contentand antioxidant activities of cool season food legumes

The effects of soaking, boiling and steaming processes on the total phenolic components and antioxidant activity in commonly consumed cool season food legumes (CSFL's), including green pea, yellow pea, chickpea and lentil were investigated. As compared to original unprocessed legumes, all processing steps caused significant (p<0.05) decreases in total phenolic content (TPC), DPPH free radical scavenging activity (DPPH) in all tested CSFL's. All soaking and atmospheric boiling treatments caused significant (p<0.05) decreases in oxygen radical absorbing capacity (ORAC). However, pressure boiling and pressure steaming caused significant (p<0.05) increases in ORAC values. Steaming treatments resulted in a greater retention of TPC, DPPH, and ORAC values in all tested CSFL's as compared to boiling treatments. To obtain cooked legumes with similar palatability and firmness, pressure boiling shortened processing time as compared to atmospheric boiling, resulted in insignificant differences in TPC, DPPH for green and yellow pea. However, TPC and DPPH in cooked lentils differed significantly between atmospheric and pressure boiling. As compared to atmospheric processes, pressure processes significantly increased ORAC values in both boiled and steamed CSFL's. Greater TPC, DPPH and ORAC values were detected in boiling water than that in soaking and steaming water. Boiling also caused more solid loss than steaming. Steam processing exhibited several advantages in retaining the integrity of the legume appearance and texture of the cooked product, shortening process time, and greater retention of antioxidant components and activities.
Steroid-sparing effect of omalizumab for allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis and cystic fibrosis

Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) is a complication commonly encountered in patients with CF that produces significant respiratory morbidity. Chronic airway colonization with Aspergillus induces strong inflammatory responses with high IgE levels. Current guidelines for therapy include prolonged courses of systemic corticosteroids as the main therapeutic strategy. However this has the potential to induce significant detrimental side effects in children. Omalizumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody directed against IgE that prevents its binding to high- and low-affinity receptors on effector cells. It has been shown to be effective in improving asthma control in patients with a strong allergic component. We present our long term experience with the use of Anti-IgE therapy in three children with CF and ABPA (mean age at start of therapy 14.2 years) who were steroid dependent. All three were already experiencing significant side effects from chronic steroid therapy. After the start of Omalizumab these children have experienced significant and sustained clinical improvements at the same time that they were discontinued from chronic systemic steroids. Our experience suggests that IgE blockade has tremendous potential as a strategy to control this disease in steroid dependent patients. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2008; 43:607–610. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Motion planning for robotic manipulators with independent wrist joints

Advanced modern humanoid robots often have complex manipulators with a large number of degrees of freedom. Thus, motion planning for such manipulators is a very computationally challenging problem. However, often robotic manipulators allow the wrist degrees of freedom to be controlled independently from the configuration of the rest of the arm. In this paper we show how to split the high dimensional planning problem into two lower-dimensional sub-problems—planning for the main arm joints and planning for the wrist joints, without losing guarantees on completeness. This approach is an extension of our previously developed framework for planning with adaptive dimensionality. Experimentally, we show that this approach is very effective in speeding up planning for robotic arms on Willow Garage’s PR2 platform. We compare our algorithm with several popular alternative approaches for performing motion planning for robotic arms. The results we observe illustrate that our algorithm provides a good balance between planning time, planning success rate, path consistency, and path quality.
Telehealth brain injury training for rural behavioral health generalists: Supporting and enhancing rural service delivery networks

Rural psychologists are frontline primary behavioral health care providers for nearly 60 million Americans, but they face limited access to peer consultation and continuing education. This article describes a program thatmatched 70 rehabilitation inpatients who had new brain injury with rural clinicians from patients' home communities. Neuropsychologists provided one-on-one training for clinicians through telehealth video teleconferencing. Clinicians showed gains in brain injury knowledge, and clients rated trained providers higher than untrained providers. Families seeking brain injury services can connect with these trained rural providers through a Web site, which receives more than 800 hits per month. Telehealth offers potential for rural clinicians to receive support, reduce professional isolation, gain working knowledge of specialty conditions, and deliver high-quality services for their rural clients.
Assembly dynamics of the nucleocapsid shell subunit (P8) of bacteriophage phi6.

φ6 is an enveloped dsRNA bacteriophage of Pseudomonas syringae. The viral envelope encloses a nucleocapsid, consisting of an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase complex within an icosahedral shell assembl...
Blood center perspective of granulocyte transfusions: Future applications

The role of the blood bank in provision of an optimal granulocyte concentrate is discussed. The importance of the granulocyte dose is emphasized, and recent developments permitting the collection of larger numbers of cells are reviewed. In particular, the administration of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor to normal donors has been reported to result in dramatically increased neutrophil yields. Recent data has also suggested that increased efficiencies of collection can be realized by the use of hetastarch as the red cell sedimenting agent.
LAWS OF EXCHANGE AND THEIR APPLICATIONS

Extensions of the measurement theory literature regarding laws of exchange are obtained. It is shown that the theorems of Luce and Marley about combining conjoint measurement on a product $A_1 \times A_2 $ with extensive measurement on $A_1 $ and $A_2 $—the theorems give axioms for the conjoint measures to be power functions of the extensive measures—still hold if extensive measurement on one or both of the components is replaced with qualitative probability measurement. The results in the case where one component has qualitative probability measurement and one has extensive measurement are applied to give an extension of the Savage axioms of statistical decision theory to the case of additive utility functions. They are also applied to the foundations of integration and to the measurement of the community noise exposure level. The case of qualitative probability measurement on both components is applied to time preference and solves a problem posed by Jamison (1970).
Synchronous Airway Lesions and Outcomes in Infants With Severe Laryngomalacia Requiring Supraglottoplasty

Objective To quantify the prevalence and the impact of synchronous airway lesions identified by endoscopy in infants undergoing supraglottoplasty for severe laryngomalacia (LM). Design Retrospective study. Setting Tertiary care pediatric hospital. Patients Sixty patients who underwent supraglottoplasty for severe LM from 2002 to 2006. Patients who underwent preoperative tracheotomy, had previous airway surgery, or did not have 6 months of follow-up were excluded. Fifty-two patients met inclusion criteria. Intervention Supraglottoplasty (with carbon dioxide laser). Main Outcome Measures Presence of synchronous airway lesions and their contribution to upper airway obstruction (UAO) and their effect on the postoperative course after supraglottoplasty. Results Fifty-eight percent of patients had synchronous airway lesions (SALs), of whom 77% had subglottic stenosis (SGS) and 47% had tracheomalacia, bronchomalacia, or both. Sixty-three percent of all patients required postoperative nonsurgical airway support. Eight patients had residual UAO requiring additional surgical intervention, with 3 revision supraglottoplasties and 7 tracheotomies performed. Infants with neurological conditions had a high rate of surgical intervention (55%; P = .001). Patients with SGS exceeding 35% but without any neurological condition had a prolonged hospital stay (>3.6 days; P = .02) and an 83% incidence ( P = .04) of postoperative UAO requiring intubation. Infants with LM with laryngeal edema (LE) alone had increased frequency of postoperative nonsurgical airway support ( P = .02) and a prolonged hospital stay of 1 day ( P = .01) compared with infants without edema. Conclusions There is a high incidence of SALs in patients undergoing supraglottoplasty. Neurological conditions, hypoplastic mandible, SGS greater than 35%, and preexisting LE independently adversely affected the postoperative course.
Ambivalence of Nonoffending Guardians after Child Sexual Abuse Disclosure

A concern in the intervention with sexually abused children is the support of their nonoffending guardians after disclosure of the abuse. Approximately a third of nonoffending guardians respond with vacillation in support, and these nonoffending guardians are at greater risk for having their children removed. This article reconceptualizes vacillation in support as an ambivalent response. Drawing on the interdisciplinary literature, this article suggests that ambivalence in support reflects the confluence between the nonoffending guardian's valence toward the child and perpetrator. This article further proposes that ambivalence is normative when the costs of disclosure are high and when the nonoffending guardian is ambivalent/preoccupied in attachment. Ambivalence may also be both a precursor to and an effect of the traumatic experience of the disclosure on the nonoffending guardian. In a study of 30 nonoffending mothers whose partners sexually abused their children, these relationships were supported.
Diagnosis of injuries of the aorta and brachiocephalic arteries caused by blunt chest trauma: CT vs aortography.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the role of chest CT in the triage of patients with potential injuries of the aorta and brachiocephalic arteries caused by blunt trauma and to test the value of chest CT scans in limiting the number of screening aortograms.A prospective study was done with 107 patients who were examined because of possible laceration of the aorta or brachiocephalic vessels. Chest radiographs were obtained in 107 patients, aortograms in 105, and chest CT scans in 90. This evaluation concentrates on the 88 patients who had both CT and aortography. Findings on CT scans were categorized as normal, equivocal, suggestive of, subtly positive for, or grossly positive for mediastinal hematoma.Findings on CT scans were considered normal in 18 patients. Sixteen had normal aortographic findings. Two of the 18 had clinical follow-up without aortography. Findings on CT scans were considered equivocal in 25 patients, suggestive of hematoma in 13, subtly positive for hematoma in 24, and grossly p...
Nonparametric ground-motion evaluation of high frequency shear-wave Fourier spectra in Korea

A nonparametric inversion method has been employed to obtain the detailed attenuation characteristics of horizontal shear-wave Fourier spectra at high frequencies based on the large spectral dataset mostly from small earthquakes occurring at shallow depths in the southern part of the Korean Peninsula. Nonparametric expressions of the spectral attenuation were evaluated for 59 frequency bands in the range of 1 Hz ≤ f ≤ 30 Hz and hypocentral distance ranging from 10 to 400 km by applying the nonparametric inversion method to the observed spectral dataset. Based on the nonparametric expressions, three linear regions roughly separated at 60 and 110 km in distance could be identified and the use of the conventional functional form of Q0fη assuming the geometrical spreading of R−0.5 could be validated for 3 Hz ≤ f ≤ 30 Hz and R ≥ 190 km with the best fitting result of 292f0.53. In the near-source region of R < 70 km, the spectral attenuation due to the geometrical spreading ranged from R−1.3 to R−1.5 irrespective of the Q-values. The distance-attenuation trend of the recent observed dataset from a moderate inland earthquake in Korea was also well predicted by the inverted nonparametric path term.
Mass transfer in axial flows through randomly packed fiber bundles with constant wall concentration

Abstract An analysis of the effects of fiber packing on shell-side mass transfer coefficients for axial fluid flow through fiber bundles with uniform wall concentration is presented. A combined finite element (FE)–finite difference (FD) method is used to solve the governing conservation of momentum and mass equations. Results are given for values of the Graetz number that range from the entry mass transfer limit to the well-developed limit. Effective mass transfer coefficients for randomly packed fiber bundles can be much lower than for regularly packed fiber bundles for a given fiber packing fraction and Graetz number. Regions of higher fiber packing have lower flow and experience greater mass transfer than regions of lower fiber packing. The changes in the low packing regions dominate, because of the higher flow, and lead to a reduction in the overall mass transfer coefficient.
Hidden cues in random-line stereograms

Vernier acuity shows that the human visual system can interpolate the relative position of a feature with astonishing precision, of the order of a fraction of the distance between neighbouring photoreceptors in the fovea. The remarkable properties of this interpolation process have been the subject of many recent studies1–9. A major question that is still unanswered is whether the process is parallel—operating automatically at all times over a large part of the visual field—or serial—operating selectively at isolated locations only when judgments in the hyperacuity range are required (as in a forced choice task). Successful fusion of random-line stereograms having breaks in the vernier acuity range has been previously interpreted10 to suggest that the interpolation process underlying hyperacuity is parallel and preliminary to stereomatching. Here we demonstrate with computer experiments that vernier cues are not needed to solve the stereomatching problem posed by these stereograms, and we provide psychophysical evidence that human stereopsis probably does not use vernier cues alone to achieve fusion of these random-line stereograms.
Conflict-Induced Displacement and Violence in Colombia

Recent work in the refugee literature finds that both insurgents hiding in camps and aid to refugees may increase violence. This article assesses whether this theory applies to Conflict Induced Displaced People (IDPs). Specifically, it asks if the arrival of IDPs increases leftist violence in Colombia. Colombia has high numbers of IDPs, significant insurgent violence, and available sub-national data to enable an examination of IDP flows on leftist violence. In the Colombian case, the arrival of conflict induced displaced people is not associated with increased leftist violence.
Theory of radiation from the open end of a circular waveguide flush-mounted to a flat ground plane

Radiation emission from circular waveguide aperture imbedded in plane conducting surface solved using variational and iteration methods