cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An analytical method for analyzing symmetry-breaking bifurcation and period-doubling bifurcation

Abstract A new modification of homotopy analysis method (HAM) is proposed in this paper. The auxiliary differential operator is specifically chosen so that more than one secular term must be eliminated. The proposed method can capture asymmetric and period-2 solutions with satisfactory accuracy and hence can be used to predict symmetry-breaking and period-doubling bifurcation points. The variation of accuracy is investigated when different number of frequencies are considered.
Morphology and ultrastructure of the antenna of male Periplaneta americana as related to chemoreception.

On the antenna of adult male Periplaneta americana, three size ranges of classical sensilla basiconica were found. Based on SEM, a sensillum of the s. trichodeum shape was revealed, but our TEM efforts indicate that this sensillum has the thin-wall, porous ultrastructure of a sensillum basiconicum. Sensilla basiconica contain flask-shaped cuticular pores. All viewed pores join four or five tubules. The pore tubules clearly contact plasma membranes of dendritic branches. Two sizes of grooved pegs were observed. The terminal segment of the antenna contains a variety of other “receptors”.
The preventive effect and duration of action of nedocromil sodium and cromolyn sodium on exercise-induced asthma (EIA) in adults†

Nedocromil sodium, 4 mg, from a metered-dose inhaler, cromolyn sodium, (cr) 20 mg, from a Spinhaler, and placebo (pl) were compared in their efficacy and duration of action in preventing exercise-induced asthma. Twelve patients with asthma performed treadmill exercise tests 20 minutes, 2 hours, and 4 hours after a single dose of drug in a double-blind, crossover trial. Both active drugs were significantly better than pl at 20 minutes. Two hours after drug administration, only cr was significantly different from pl. The direct comparison between nedocromil and cr demonstrated no significant difference on FEV1, and the only significant difference was with forced expiratory flow between 25% and 75% of vital capacity at 2 hours. It is concluded that at these clinically recommended doses, both drugs are equally effective in preventing exercise-induced asthma with cr possibly having a somewhat longer duration of action.
Overlapping Democracies, Europe's Democratic Deficit, and National Education Policy: Estonia's School Leaders as Heirs to a Soviet Legacy or as Agents of Democracy?.

Eleven years after Estonia regained independence, its government sought admission to the European Union and NATO, which pressured the country to act on issues related to the Holocaust and in particular to adopt a Holocaust education day in schools. The policy, though adopted, was deeply unpopular within the country, leading to the dilemma of overlapping democracies, in which a European majority supported a measure that a national majority strongly opposed. School directors, navigating the policy environment between opposed groups—the international community and the ethnic Estonian majority—emerged as key actors in the policy process, displaying media savvy and publicly challenging (in the case of leaders of elite schools) or privately resisting the new policy. Their general conduct—openly deferential but minimally compliant or noncompliant with the policy—may reflect a deliberate reproduction of practices of resistance developed under Soviet hegemony. These practices of resistance were redirected toward e...
Mitigation of wind damage to structures during construction

Abstract Wind damage during construction is a serious and costly problem. Little information is available on the proper wind speeds for short-term exposure. Building codes and standards are concerned with the completed structure, not with the construction phases. The uncertainties, hence the risks, associated with both the loads and the structure are greater during construction that after completion. Wind damage can be mitigated by anticipating during design, and controlling the sequence of erection during construction.
JAILS AND SERVICES FOR INMATES A Perspective on Some Critical Issues

The nature and scope of the jail role within the criminal justice system is explored. Questions are raised as to the types of functions which jails should perform, the appropriateness of jail services, and alternatives for the administration of jails. The authors suggest that solutions to the various issues require active involvement of an informed public providing policy direction to the criminal justice system. The paper concludes by observing that many of these critical jail issues can find satisfactory solution when there is a joint commitment on the part of practitioners, researchers, and the community sector to actively seek answers.
New or little‐known species of exotic Tipulidae (Diptera). XVIII

SYNOPSIS Eight new species of the Limoniine genus Antocha Osten Sacken are described, all from Kumaon and Assam, India.
Primary and Drug-Induced Disorders of Water Homeostasis in Psychiatric Patients: Principles of Diagnosis and Management

Psychotropic drugs, as well as some psychiatric disorders, can produce neurotoxic and life-threatening abnormalities of water and electrolyte balance that require prompt and appropriate medical intervention. Compulsive fluid intake by psychotic patients (primary polydipsia) can produce delirium due to water intoxication with hyponatremia. Several psychotropic drugs cause water retention by decreasing renal clearance, as in the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion. Lithium and other agents interfere with renal resorption of water to cause nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. Clinical signs In these disorders range from lethargy and confusion to stupor, seizures, coma, and death. This overview provides a conceptual framework for differentiating among and safely managing these relatively common disorders.
Concerning the Theory of Ferromagnetic Resonance Absorption

The first part of this paper gives a simple quantum-mechanical derivation of Kittel's formula for the resonance frequency of ferromagnetic materials. The interactions between the elementary dipoles are handled directly, rather than through the ad hoc introduction of macroscopic demagnetization factors, as is usually done. In Section 3, Kittel's corrections for the effect of anisotropy on frequency are derived from the microscopic standpoint with a model having quadrupolar coupling between atoms. Section 4 discusses qualitatively the effect of exchange narrowing on the line-width. In Section 5 it is shown that Kittel's relation $g\ensuremath{-}2=2\ensuremath{-}{g}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ connecting the spectroscopic splitting factor $g$ and the gyromagnetic ratio ${g}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ is a general consequence of first-order perturbation theory. Throughout the paper it is stressed that ferromagnetic bodies may have important short-range forces of dipolar structure which arise from anisotropic exchange rather than from true magnetic coupling. It is shown that in the first approximation, inclusion of these anomalous forces does not modify Kittel's results.
Nucleotide sequence of a cDNA for the α subunit of human mitochondrial ATP synthase

A full length cDNA clone of the α subunit of mitochondrial ATP synthase (EC 3.6.1.34) has been isolated from a cDNA library prepared from LX-1 human tumor cells in the λ-Zap vector. The clone is 1883 base pairs (bp) in length and contains a 1659 bp open reading frame encoding a polypeptide of 553 residues. The deduced amino acid sequence is highly homologous to ATP synthase from several other species.
Leiomyosarcoma of the Uterus with Intravascular Tumor Extension and Pulmonary Tumor Embolism

We report the case of a 48-year-old woman presenting with recurrent uterine leiomyosarcoma (LMS) associated with right iliac vein and inferior vena cava (IVC) invasion and left lower lobe pulmonary tumor embolus. Because the prognosis and treatment differ from that of thrombotic pulmonary emboli, the differentiating imaging characteristics of intravascular tumor embolism are reviewed. To our knowledge, only two other cases of intravenous uterine leiomyosarcomatosis have been described in the existing literature, and this is the first reported case of the entity with associated intravascular tumor embolism.
Sample size bias in the estimation of means

The present research concerns the hypothesis that intuitive estimates of the arithmetic mean of a sample of numbers tend to increase as a function of the sample size; that is, they reflect a systematic sample size bias. A similar bias has been observed when people judge the average member of a group of people on an inferred quantity (e.g., a disease risk; see Price, 2001; Price, Smith, & Lench, 2006). Until now, however, it has been unclear whether it would be observed when the stimuli were numbers, in which case the quantity need not be inferred, and “average” can be precisely defined as the arithmetic mean. In two experiments, participants estimated the arithmetic mean of 12 samples of numbers. In the first experiment, samples of from 5 to 20 numbers were presented simultaneously and participants quickly estimated their mean. In the second experiment, the numbers in each sample were presented sequentially. The results of both experiments confirmed the existence of a systematic sample size bias.
Decrease of excretion of cholesterol during aging.

Abstract Excretion of tritium was measured in feces after i.v. injection of 3 H-cholesterol to young (2·5 months) and old (14 months) rats. Excretion of catabolic products of 3 H-cholesterol was by about 70 per cent smaller in older animals which may partly explain their higher retention of 3 H-cholesterol in the blood. Excretion of 3 H-cholesterol in the steroid fraction of feces was decreased more than excretion of tritium in the rest of feces which is mainly bile acid fraction. After ligature of the common bile duct which excludes bile secretion the decrease of excretion of 3 H-cholesterol in older animals remains, showing that also intestinal secretion of cholesterol is smaller in older rats. Possible effect of smaller spontaneous food intake of older animals on excretion of cholesterol was excluded by pair-feeding of the younger animals. A hypothesis is advanced that formation of bile acids from cholesterol is decreased in older animals. After parabiotic connection of young and old rats, excretion of 3 H-cholesterol was increased in the old parabiotic partners and also turnover of 3 H-cholesterol tissues was increased to the level observed in young animals. This points to a presence of humoral factors in the blood of young and old animals effecting metabolism of cholesterol.
Band structure aspects of materials with localizing f-orbitals

Abstract In those materials where the f-states are hybridized, a band structure provides a reasonable description of the ground state. This is amply demonstrated by the successful determination of the Fermi surfaces of CeSn3, URh3, UIr3 and UGe3. But when the f-states become more local, inadequacies of the functionals employed yield incomplete localization. Thus, to obtain a good description of the Fermi surface for high field ferromagnetic CeSb, the local character of the f-orbitals is artificially forced to produce the standard rare earth model. When dealing with excited states, the ground state band structure provides only part of the story. Even thermal excitations can provide significant departures from the ground state as evidenced by the large enhancements found for some materials. The series USi3, UGe3 and USn3 (together with CeSn3) demonstrate the effect very well. NpSn3 provides a useful counter example demonstrating that such enhancements need not be a universal property of localization. In photoemission, the excited state can exhibit a more local character than the ground state as is clearly seen in the analysis of the Ce pnictides. But to emphasize this, it is useful to compare Ce and U compounds where it can be asserted in one limited definition that Ce acts more itinerant than U in the ground state. Yet it is Ce which shows the correlation derived second f-peak. The URh3Bx interstitial alloy system provides a concrete example of the situation in the uranium compounds.
Integrating image and text information for biomedical information retrieval

The search for relevant and actionable information is key to achieving clinical and research goals in biomedicine. Biomedical information exists in different forms: as text and illustrations in journal articles and other documents, in "images" stored in databases, and as patients' cases in electronic health records. In the context of this work an "image" includes not only biomedical images, but also illustrations, charts, graphs, and other visual material appearing in biomedical journals, electronic health records, and other relevant databases. The tutorial will cover methods and techniques to retrieve information from these entities, by moving beyond conventional text-based searching to combining both text and visual features in search queries. The approaches to meeting these objectives use a combination of techniques and tools from the fields of Information Retrieval (IK), Content-Based Image Retrieval (CBIR), and Natural Language Processing (NLP). The tutorial will discuss steps to improve the retrieval of biomedical literature by targeting the text describing the visual content in articles (figures, including illustrations and images), a rich source of information not typically exploited by conventional bibliographic or full-text databases. Taking this a step further we will explore challenges in finding information relevant to a patient's case from the literature and then link it to the patient's health record. The case is first represented in structured form using both text and image features, and then literature and EHR databases can be searched for similar cases. Further, we will discuss steps to automatically find semantically similar images in image databases, which is an important step in differential diagnosis. Automatic image annotation and retrieval steps will be described that use image features and a combination of image and text features. We explore steps toward generating a "visual ontology", i.e., concepts assigned to image patches. Elements from the visual ontology are called "visual keywords" and are used to find images with similar concepts. The tutorial will demonstrate some of these techniques by demonstrating our Image and Text Search Engine (ITSE), a hybrid system combining NLM's Essie text search engine with CEB's image similarity engine.
An example of optimal set-point relegation for self-motion control in redundant flexible robots

Consideration is given to the optimal relegation of system set-points as applied to the problem of self-motion control in redundant flexible robotic manipulators. A long planar flexible manipulator equipped with a four-degree-of-freedom rigid end effector is used as an example to illustrate the relegated controller design. The main drawbacks of the proposed scheme are the intensive computation required for computing the optimal set-points and the need for somewhat fast motor dynamics. >
The criteria for the biogeneicity of microbially induced sedimentary structures (MISS) in Archean and younger, sandy deposits

Abstract The identification of fossils or biogenic sedimentary structures in rocks of Archean age is difficult, because similar lithological features could rise from purely physical or chemical processes alone. Therefore it is important to define criteria that serve the secure definition of a fossil or structure in question as of biological origin. Such criteria have been established for stromatolites and microfossils. This contribution discusses the 6 criteria of biogeneicity of ‘microbially induced sedimentary structures’ (MISS). Those structures are found in sandy deposits of early Archean age to the present, and rise from the interaction of benthic microbiota with physical sediment dynamics. The six criteria for their biogeneicity are: (i) MISS occur in rocks of not more than lower greenschist facies; (ii) in stratigraphic sections, MISS correlate with turning points of regression–trangressions; (iii), MISS correlate with a characteristic depositional facies that enhances the development and the preservation of microbial mats; (iv), the distribution of MISS correlates with the ancient average hydraulic pattern; (v), the geometries and dimensions of fossil MISS correspond to that of the modern ones; (vi), the MISS include at least one of 9 specific microtextures.
Nest Sites of the Paper Wasp Mischocyttarus collarellus (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Polistinae) in a Lowland Tropical Rain Forest

Abstract Over a five year period, 419 nests of Mischocyttarus collarellus were found on 128 structures in and around La Selva biological research station in Costa Rica. The nest of this species is different from that of many other independent-founding polistines, in that it has a distinctly horizontal petiole and outward-facing cells (rather than a vertical petiole and downward-facing cells). Nests were sometimes situated on vertical surfaces, but were most often attached to the underside of a substrate leaning up to 20° from vertical. A few nests (about 6%) were found on buildings, but most were found on trees with smooth, peeling, or flaking bark. The four tree species found most commonly to bear nests were Psidium guajava, Cecropia obtusifolia, Vochysia guatemalensis, and Bactris gasipaes. Nests were found on tree trunks and primary branches, never on foliage or twigs. Median nest heights above ground were 250–350 cm, ranging from under 50 to over 850 cm. A systematic search of trees in an area of know...
The stoichiometry of the electrogenic sodium bicarbonate cotransporter NBC1 is cell-type dependent

1. The pancreatic variant of the sodium bicarbonate cotransporter, pNBC1, mediates basolateral bicarbonate influx in the exocrine pancreas by coupling the transport of bicarbonate to that of sodium, with a 2 HCO3-:1 Na+ stoichiometry. The kidney variant, kNBC1, mediates basolateral bicarbonate efflux in the proximal tubule by coupling the transport of 3 HCO3- to 1 Na+. The molecular basis underlying the different stoichiometries is not known. 2. pNBC1 and kNBC1 are 93 % identical to each other with 41 N-terminal amino acids of kNBC1 replaced by 85 distinct amino acids in pNBC1. In this study we tested the hypothesis that the differences in stoichiometry are related to the difference between the N-termini of the two proteins. 3. Mouse renal proximal tubule and collecting duct cells, deficient in both pNBC1- and kNBC1-mediated electrogenic sodium bicarbonate cotransport function were transfected with either pNBC1 or kNBC1. Cells were grown on a permeable support to confluence, mounted in an Ussing chamber and permeabilized apically with amphotericin B. Current through the cotransporter was isolated as the difference current due to the reversible inhibitor dinitrostilbene disulfonate. The stoichiometry was calculated from the reversal potential by measuring the current-voltage relationships of the cotransporter at different Na+ concentration gradients. 4. Our data indicate that both kNBC1 and pNBC1 can exhibit either a 2:1 or 3:1 stoichiometry depending on the cell type in which each is expressed. In proximal tubule cells, both pNBC1 and kNBC1 exhibit a 3 HCO3-:1 Na+ stoichiometry, whereas in collecting duct cells, they have a 2:1 stoichiometry. These data argue against the hypothesis that the stoichiometric differences are related to the difference between the N-termini of the two proteins. Moreover, the results suggest that as yet unidentified cellular factor(s) may modify the stoichiometry of these cotransporters.
Driver performance measurement based on dynamic driver behavior patterns in rural, urban, suburban and freeway traffic

A method of Driver Performance Measurement was developed using a content validity and systems psychology basis. It showed very high reliability. For evaluation purposes two new groups of observers were trained by the original team of experts. Extensive statistical analysis of results showed that their ratings were of similar very high reliability and validity. This method is applicable to research where the conventional large group, long duration type of research in terms of accident records cannot be validly used. The method can be used for research comparing small groups to improve driver education or driver licence examining methods. Reliable and valid results cannot be expected unless the measurements are made by observer/raters with proper background who have had special training of the type which has been demonstrated and evaluated.
Ultra wideband exponentially-tapered antipodal Vivaldi antennas

An ultra wideband antipodal Vivaldi antenna is designed to cover from 8 to 50 GHz. The slot flare is tapered exponentially and the length and width of the slot flare are 1.7 and 0.6 inches, respectively. The measured antenna gain varies from 5 to 10 dBi, and the cross-polarization levels are less than -12 dB over the operating frequencies.
Performance of pi /4-QPSK baseband differential detection under frequency offset conditions

pi /4-QPSK is a suitable modulation scheme for the portable radio environment. Imperfect quadrature mixing to baseband is investigated in an additive white Gaussian noise environment. The performance degradation in bit error rate is analyzed by means of simulation. Simulations are run for roll-off factors ( alpha ) (of the spectral shaping filters) of alpha =0.35 and alpha =0.55. The results show that frequency stability techniques are necessary when implementing a baseband differential demodulator. >
MiSaSiM: A resource-aware programming environment for computer systems engineering education

Practicing computer engineers must be able to build efficient, reliable systems. Today's engineering student learns functionality-focused programming. Design issues that affect system performance, reliability, cost, robustness, and security are rarely covered. This paper presents a design environment where students program systems that are functionally correct and have necessary performance and efficiency. These projects are evaluated for accuracy, performance, and resource efficiency relative to a given specification. This approach is supported by a new educational tool MiSaSiM: a resource-aware execution simulator that enhances system understanding with reversible trace navigation, performance and cost analysis, and instruction profiling. MiSaSiM provides problem domain scaffolding and visualizations to facilitate learning within a semester course. As part of Georgia Tech's commitment to globalization of engineering education, MiSaSiM was developed as a distributed educational laboratory tool. It is an integral part of a computing systems course offered concurrently at several distance-learning locations. In addition to describing a systems-oriented approach to programming using MiSaSiM, this paper includes examples of MiSaSiM projects, assessment techniques, student performance, and lessons learned over three years of experience with local and distance learning students.
Anticancer camptothecin-N-poly(lactic acid) nanoconjugates with facile hydrolysable linker

We report a strategy of conjugating CPT to the terminal carboxylate group of polylactide (PLA) with a facile hydrolysable amino ester linker via a controlled polymerization method. The obtained CPT-N-PLA conjugates were able to self-assemble into 50–100 nanometer-sized conjugates (NCs) with desired in vitro physicochemical properties and showed enhanced in vivo therapeutic efficacy against Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) induced in C57BL/6 mice.
Ring-mold craters in lineated valley fill and lobate debris aprons on Mars: Evidence for subsurface glacial ice

[1] Ring-mold craters (RMCs), concentric crater forms shaped like a truncated torus and named for their similarity to the cooking implement, are abundant in lobate debris aprons (LDA) and lineated valley fill (LVF) in the northern mid-latitudes on Mars, but are not seen in surrounding terrain. LDA and LVF have been interpreted to form by flow of debris, but uncertainty remains concerning the mechanism of flow, with hypotheses ranging from pore-ice-assisted creep of talus to debris-covered glaciers. RMCs average less than a few hundred meters in diameter and occur in association with normal bowl-shaped impact craters whose average diameters are commonly less than RMCs. On the basis of their morphologic similarities to laboratory impact craters formed in ice and the physics of impact cratering into layered material, we interpret the unusual morphology of RMCs to be the result of impact into a relatively pure ice substrate below a thin regolith, with strength-contrast properties, spallation, viscous flow and sublimation being factors in the development of the ring-mold shape. Associated smaller bowl-shaped craters are interpreted to have formed within a layer of regolith-like sublimation till overlying the ice substrate. Estimates of crater depths of excavation between populations of bowl-shaped and ring-mold craters suggest that the debris layer is relatively thin. These results support the hypothesis that LDA and LVF formed as debris-covered glaciers and predict that many hundreds of meters of ice remain today in LDA and LVF deposits, beneath a veneer of sublimation till. RMCs can be used in other parts of Mars to predict and assess the presence of ancient ice-related deposits.
Stochastic UWB wireless channel modeling and estimation from received signal measurements

In this paper, stochastic differential equations (SDEs) are used to model ultra-wideband (UWB) indoor channels. We show that the impulse responses for timevarying wireless channels can be approximated in a mean square sense as close as desired by impulse responses that can be realized by SDEs. The Expected Maximization and Extended Kalman Filter are employed to recursively identify and estimate the channel parameters and states, respectively, from online received signal measurement data. The state variables represent the inphase and quadrature components of the UWB channel. Both resolvable and non-resolvable multipath received signals are considered and represented as small-scaled Nakagami fading. The proposed models together with the estimation algorithm are tested using UWB indoor measurement data and the results are presented.
Synthesis of curacin A, an antimitotic cyclopropane-thiazoline from the marine cyanobacterium Lyngbya majuscula

Abstract Charette asymmetric cyclopropanation, chiral thiazoline synthesis by thioamide cyclization under modified Mitsunobu conditions, Ti( i PrO) 4 /bi-naphthol catalyzed allylstannane addition, and an exceptionally mild two-carbon homologation via dehydrative alkylation with phenylsulfonylacetonitrile/Ph 3 P/ADDP convened in an efficient, stereocontrolled route to the title bioactive heterocycle.
Rationale and Design for the Antihypertensive and Lipid Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT)

Are newer types of antihypertensive agents, which are currently more costly to purchase on average, as good or better than diuretics in reducing coronary heart disease incidence and progression? Will lowering LDL cholesterol in moderately hypercholesterolemic older individuals reduce the incidence of cardiovascular disease and total mortality? These important medical practice and public health questions are to be addressed by the Antihypertensive and Lipid Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT), a randomized, double-blind trial in 40,000 high-risk hypertensive patients. ALLHAT is designed to determine whether the combined incidence of fatal coronary heart disease (CHD) and nonfatal myocardial infarction differs between persons randomized to diuretic (chlorthalidone) treatment and each of three alternative treatments--a calcium antagonist (amlodipine), an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor (lisinopril), and an alpha-adrenergic blocker (doxazosin). ALLHAT also contains a randomized, open-label, lipid-lowering trial designed to determine whether lowering LDL cholesterol in 20,000 moderately hypercholesterolemic patients (a subset of the 40,000) with a 3-hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG CoA) reductase inhibitor, pravastatin, will reduce all-cause mortality compared to a control group receiving "usual care." ALLHAT's main eligibility criteria are: 1) age 55 or older; 2) systolic or diastolic hypertension; and 3) one or more additional risk factors for heart attack (eg, evidence of atherosclerotic disease or type II diabetes). For the lipid-lowering trial, participants must have an LDL cholesterol of 120 to 189 mg/dL (100 to 129 mg/dL for those with known CHD) and a triglyceride level below 350 mg/dL. The mean duration of treatment and follow-up is planned to be 6 years. Further features of the rationale, design, objectives, treatment program, and study organization of ALLHAT are described in this article.
Macrosegregation in Al–Si welds made with dissimilar filler metals

AbstractTo study macrosegregation in arc welds made with filler metals different (dissimilar) from the workpiece in composition, gas metal arc welding of alloy Cu–30Ni was conducted. With a pure Cu filler metal, a large filler rich zone was observed near the weld bottom with islands of partially mixed base metal scattered in the zone well within the fusion boundary. With a pure Ni filler metal, on the other hand, a large filler rich zone was again observed near the weld bottom but with filler rich intrusions penetrating into a thick continuous filler deficient beach along the fusion boundary. These results were explained based on two mechanisms proposed recently by the authors for macrosegregation near the bottoms of dissimilar filler welds, i.e. mechanism 3 for TLW TLB, where TLW is the liquidus temperature of the weld metal and TLB that of the base metal.
GANGLIOSIDE-MEDIATED PROTECTION FROM GLUTAMATE-INDUCED NEURONAL DEATH

Glutamate, an excitatory amino acid (EAA), plays an im- portant role in neuron to neuron signaling by binding to specific re- ceptors. When, during neul?onal firing, quanta of glutamate are released from the neme terminal, they interact with the receptors for a few milliseconds and, thereafter, glutamate is promptly cleared by appro- priate mechanisms. The neurotoxic action of glutamate arises from its capacity to trigger a pathophysiological chain of events when it acts cmtinously and abusively an its receptors (e.g., during cerebral edema associated with trauma, ischemia, stroke). In primary cultures of ce- rabellar granule neurons the abusive stimulation of EAA receptors by glutamate amplifies pathologiealy two early intracellular signals: free cytosolic Ca++ and the tra~nslocatian of protein kinase C (PKC) froan cytwol to neuronal membrane. Both of these signals persist unabated even after removal of glutamate from the incubation medium. Natural gangliosides and their semisynthetic derivatives protect neurons from glutamate toxicity by blocking the consequences of receptor abuse but they leave physiological responses to glutamate unaffected; hence they represent a prototype of a "receptor abuse dependent antagonist" (RADA).
Computer-Aided Pulmonary Embolism Detection Using a Novel Vessel-Aligned Multi-planar Image Representation and Convolutional Neural Networks

Computer-aided detection (CAD) can play a major role in diagnosing pulmonary embolism (PE) at CT pulmonary angiography (CTPA). However, despite their demonstrated utility, to achieve a clinically acceptable sensitivity, existing PE CAD systems generate a high number of false positives, imposing extra burdens on radiologists to adjudicate these superfluous CAD findings. In this study, we investigate the feasibility of convolutional neural networks (CNNs) as an effective mechanism for eliminating false positives. A critical issue in successfully utilizing CNNs for detecting an object in 3D images is to develop a “right” image representation for the object. Toward this end, we have developed a vessel-aligned multi-planar image representation of emboli. Our image representation offers three advantages: (1) efficiency and compactness—concisely summarizing the 3D contextual information around an embolus in only 2 image channels, (2) consistency—automatically aligning the embolus in the 2-channel images according to the orientation of the affected vessel, and (3) expandability—naturally supporting data augmentation for training CNNs. We have evaluated our CAD approach using 121 CTPA datasets with a total of 326 emboli, achieving a sensitivity of 83% at 2 false positives per volume. This performance is superior to the best performing CAD system in the literature, which achieves a sensitivity of 71% at the same level of false positives. We have further evaluated our system using the entire 20 CTPA test datasets from the PE challenge. Our system outperforms the winning system from the challenge at 0mm localization error but is outperformed by it at 2mm and 5mm localization errors. In our view, the performance at 0mm localization error is more important than those at 2mm and 5mm localization errors.
Disambiguating prepositional phrase attachment sites with sense information captured in contextualized distributional data

This work presents a supervised prepositional phrase (PP) attachment disambiguation system that uses contextualized distributional information as the distance metric for a nearest-neighbor classifier. Contextualized word vectors constructed from the GigaWord Corpus provide a method for implicit Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD), whose reliability helps this system outperform baselines and achieve comparable results to those of systems with full WSD modules. This suggests that targeted WSD methods are preferable to ignoring sense information and also to implementing WSD as an independent module in a pipeline.
Migration of Cells With Immunoglobulin/c-myc Recombinations in Lymphoid Tissues of Mice

Recombinations between c- myc and immunoglobulin (Ig) sequences that typically occur in pristane-induced mouse plasmacytomas were detected in secondary lymphoid tissues from normal mice, chiefly in the gut-associated lymphoid tissue. Based on the analysis of recombination sequences as clonotypic markers, migration of c- myc recombination-positive cells was observed between Peyer's patches and into the intestine. Treatment of plasmacytoma-susceptible BALB/cAn mice with pristane induced proliferation and migration of these cells into mesenteric lymph node, spleen, and oil granuloma within 7 days. Plasmacytoma-resistant strains of mice (DBA/2N, C3H/HeJ, C57BL/6) differed in that (1) they harbored fewer clones (Ig/c- myc recombinations were detected in 33% of resistant mice versus 91% of BALB/cAn mice after pristane treatment); (2) Ig/c- myc -positive cells were rarely detected in the oil granuloma, and (3) c- myc recombined predominantly with the Ig α locus in BALB/cAn mice (72%), but with the Igμ locus in DBA/2N and in C57BL/6 (67%). The results demonstrate that normal mice generate a large number of lymphocytes with aberrant c- myc in intestinal tissues without developing tumors.
Hyoid excursion during the swallow in stroke survivors

Purpose: To examine whether duration, distance or velocity of hyoid excursion is associated with aspiration during the swallow in post-stroke survivors. Method: Duration, distance and velocity of hyoid excursion were calculated using videofluoroscopic swallowing examinations (VFSEs) of 39 post-stroke survivors. Statistical comparisons were made by two-way repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) with between subject variable being aspirators and non-aspirators, and within subject variable being bolus volume (5 ml and 10 ml). Significance level was set as p<0.05. Results: The duration of hyoid excursion in aspirators was significantly slower than in non-aspirators. There were no significant differences in hyoid velocity or distance between aspirators and non-aspirators. Conclusion: Slower hyoid excursion duration may put stroke survivors at risk of aspiration. It is necessary for the clinician to design the intervention strategies to compensate for or rehabilitate from slow hyoid excursion in stroke survivors.
Epidemiologic Studies of Populations Exposed to Motor Vehicle Exhausts and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons

Many epidemiologic studies over the last 3 decades have confirmed the association of workplace exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and lung cancer (Lindstedt and Sollenberg 1982). However, most of these studies were of workers with very high exposure from nonmotor vehicle sources (e.g., gas retort and coke oven workers) (Lawther et al. 1965; Lloyd 1971). In addition, exposures in these occupations may also have been qualitatively different from motor vehicle exhausts. More recent epidemiologic studies have focused on workplace exposure to motor vehicle exhaust, with the greatest amount of such work on populations exposed to diesel exhaust. These epidemiologic studies have provided useful data on human risks of lung cancer associated with exposure to diesel exhaust, but have not been useful in evaluating lung cancer risk from gasoline engine exhaust. Population-based studies are limited in their ability to evaluate causal associations of air pollution or PAHs with specific health outcomes, and do not provide useful data for assessing the lung cancer risks associated with motor vehicle exhausts.
Nonlinear Normal Modes in Finite Element Model Validation of Geometrically Nonlinear Flat and Curved Beams

Model Validation is an important step in the design of structures operating under dynamic loading. The natural frequencies and mode shapes associated with linear normal modes (LNMs) have been traditionally used to validate and update finite element models, but their usefulness breaks down when a structure operates in a nonlinear response regime. The concept of nonlinear normal modes (NNMs) has been presented as a capable extension of LNMs into nonlinear response regimes. In this work, linear model updating is performed on one flat and one curved beam using the experimentally measured natural frequencies and mode shapes coupled with gradient based optimization. Throughout the updating process, the first NNM of these structures are numerically calculated and compared with the experimentally measured NNM. This comparison is used for model validation throughout each step of the updating procedure. Results show the importance of the definition of initial geometry and effect of the large variation in boundary conditions contributing to changes in the nonlinear behavior of the model.
Wireless Strain Sensing for Spacecraft Application

This paper presents the application of single antenna unpowered wireless transponder into the wireless strain sensor system, and also the usage of an external VCO for carrier frequency generation. The wireless strain sensing system is powered by solar energy. This system includes a wireless strain sensor that consumes about 6 mW, a wireless solar energy harvesting unit, and a frequency modulation/demodulation unit. To achieve such an ultralow power operation, a voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) is used to convert the directcurrent (DC) strain signal to a high frequency oscillatory signal. Next, this oscillatory signal is transmitted by an unpowered wireless transponder. The single channel is capable of receiving the radio frequency (RF) carrier signal and reflecting the modulated strain signal out via the same antenna. The generic solar panel with energy harvesting circuit is used to power the strain sensor node for a short period of time. The frequency demodulation is based on a Phase Lock Loop (PLL) circuit that tracks the frequency of the received wireless signal and demodulates it into the original strain signal. The system features ultra-low power consumption, completely wireless sensing, solar powering, and portability. This system is also integrated onto portable printed circuit architecture for demonstration of its portability. In the future space program, this system could potentially be applied to both dynamic and static structural measurements. Although the challenge of extreme operational condition for WSS in space and the strict performance requirements, the application of WSS in space is promising and bears the potential in reduction of costs and payloads with great scalability and sensor flexibility.
Optimization models for placement of an energy-aware electric vehicle charging infrastructure

This paper addresses the problem of optimally placing charging stations in urban areas. Two optimization criteria are used: maximizing the number of reachable households and minimizing overall e-transportation energy cost. The decision making models used for both cases are mixed integer programming with linear and nonlinear energy-aware constraints. A multi-objective optimization model that handles both criteria (number of reachable households and transportation energy) simultaneously is also presented. A number of simulation results are provided for two different cities in order to illustrate the proposed methods. Among other insights, these results show that the multi-objective optimization provides improved placement results.
Narrow presentational focus in heritage Spanish and the syntax‒discourse interface

The grammars of bilinguals have been found to differ from those of monolinguals especially with regard to phenomena that involve the interface of syntax and discourse/pragmatics. This paper examines one syntax‒discourse interface phenomenon – presentational focus – in the grammars of heritage speakers of Spanish. The results of a contextualized acceptability judgment task indicate that lower proficiency heritage speakers show some variability in the structures they accept to realize focus, whereas higher proficiency heritage bilinguals pattern with monolinguals. These results suggest that some explanations of domain-specific vulnerability in bilingual grammars, including the Interface Hypothesis ( Sorace, 2011 ), may need to be revised.
I. Malnutrition and learning: Malnutrition, hunger, and behavior

Severe malnutrition affects development of the brain and central nervous system. The effects of moderate malnutrition are less obvious and not fully understood. Knowledge in both areas is reviewed here.
Efficiency and productivity changes in large urban hospitals 1994-2002: ownership, markets, and the uninsured.

Based on the Current Population Survey, 46.6 million Americans did not have health insurance in 2005 (Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, 2006). Lack of insurance is often associated with lower utilization rates, which may in turn adversely affect health status (Ayanian, Weissman, Schneider, Ginsburg, & Zaslavsky, 2000). Since universal health insurance is not provided for in the US, uninsured individuals must either self-pay or rely on charity care provided by hospitals and health clinics. The majority of charity care is produced in the public sector, either at the state, county, or local level (federal hospitals primarily serve a particular segment of the population – e.g., veterans in the case of Veterans Administration hospitals). Public hospital provision of “safety net” hospital services is particularly prevalent in large urban areas (Lipson & Naierman, 1996). These safety net hospitals are defined by the Institute of Medicine as having an “open door policy to serve all patients regardless of their ability to pay and provide substantial levels of care to Medicaid, the uninsured, and other vulnerable patients” (IOM, 2000). Private not-for-profit (NFP) hospitals also provide charity care but to a lesser extent than public providers, especially since the imposition of cost cutting measures both by Medicare and Medicaid (federal programs that fund health care for the elderly and indigent, respectively) and by managed care. Given that approximately 15% of US GDP is allocated to health care, cost cutting measures are laudable; however, care still needs to be provided for individuals who cannot afford it, and the burden of providing this care has to be borne somewhere in the health care system.
Atrial fibrillation induced by oral methylprednisolone

Objective: To report a case of atrial fibrillation (AF) due to oral methylprednisolone. Case Summary: A 45-year-old white man with chronic intermittent paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT) reacted to oral methylprednisolone by developing a PSVT episode that elicited an 18-hour episode of AF. AF was resolved by discontinuing methylprednisolone and administering oral nadolol, and no recurrence was reported for 6 years. Discussion: This appears to be the first published report linking AF to oral methylprednisolone. Based on an analysis of the literature, it is suggested that AF may be triggered by any autonomic paroxysmal event in some individuals. Accepting the clinical evidence linking methylprednisolone to PSVT, the case is elaborated as having involved an initial atrial paroxysmal reaction to the drug, which then triggered AF. Conclusions: Clinicians may wish to consider history of arrhythmias, and to monitor them, when prescribing oral methylprednisololne.
Localization and spectral isolation of special nuclear material using stochastic image reconstruction

Abstract In this work we present a technique for isolating the gamma-ray and neutron energy spectra from multiple radioactive sources localized in an image. Image reconstruction algorithms for radiation scatter cameras typically focus on improving image quality. However, with scatter cameras being developed for non-proliferation applications, there is a need for not only source localization but also source identification. This work outlines a modified stochastic origin ensembles algorithm that provides localized spectra for all pixels in the image. We demonstrated the technique by performing three experiments with a dual-particle imager that measured various gamma-ray and neutron sources simultaneously. We showed that we could isolate the peaks from 22 Na and 137 Cs and that the energy resolution is maintained in the isolated spectra. To evaluate the spectral isolation of neutrons, a 252 Cf source and a PuBe source were measured simultaneously and the reconstruction showed that the isolated PuBe spectrum had a higher average energy and a greater fraction of neutrons at higher energies than the 252 Cf. Finally, spectrum isolation was used for an experiment with weapons grade plutonium, 252 Cf, and AmBe. The resulting neutron and gamma-ray spectra showed the expected characteristics that could then be used to identify the sources.
Crowds in Eighteenth-Century America: Reflections and New Directions

ONE VERSION OF THE CONSENSUS INTERPRETATION of early American history, recently articulated by Jack Greene, argues that "by the mid-eighteenth century, levels of collective vio lence and civil disorder were ordinarily low." Outside New England, according to Greene, all of Great Britain's mainland North American colonies were moving over the course of the eighteenth century "from incoherence to coherence," from sociopolitical instability toward a greater internal tranquility that found "society routinely accepting] existing institutions and leadership structures."1 Even within New England, other scholars find sociopolitical rela tions in the mid-eighteenth century that seem more remarkable for interclass consensus than conflict, and they find this social harmony reflected in the behavior of crowds during the Revolutionary era. Drawing primarily on New England sources, Bernard Bailyn contends
Structure of 10N in 9C+p resonance scattering

Abstract The structure of exotic nucleus 10N was studied using 9C+p resonance scattering. Two l = 0 resonances were found to be the lowest states in 10N. The ground state of 10N is unbound with respect to proton decay by 2.2(2) or 1.9(2) MeV depending on the 2 − or 1 − spin-parity assignment, and the first excited state is unbound by 2.8(2) MeV.