cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The absorptive processes in the embryos of Parabrotula dentiens, a viviparous, deep-sea Brotulid fish

Parabrotula dentiens is a viviparous deep sea Brotulid fish. The embryos at the 6 mm. stage are held within the ovarian cavity as are the embryos of Zoarces, the Embiotocidae, the Goodeidae, the Jenynsiidae and the Anablepidae in the later stages. The embryos of Parabrotula dentiens are equipped with external processes which are attached around the anus and to the ventral wall of the embryo for a short distance in front of the anus. The processes have a spongy connective tissue stroma and are covered with a syncytial layer. It is assumed that the processes augment the body surface of the embryos and have a nutrition-absorbing and an oxygen-absorbing function.
Ketamine and the next generation of antidepressants with a rapid onset of action

Existing treatments for major depressive disorder (MDD) usually take weeks to months to achieve their antidepressant effects, and a significant number of patients do not have adequate improvement even after months of treatment. In addition, increased risk of suicide attempts is a major public health concern during the first month of standard antidepressant therapy. Thus, improved therapeutics that can exert their antidepressant effects within hours or a few days of their administration are urgently needed, as is a better understanding of the presumed mechanisms associated with these rapid antidepressant effects. In this context, the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist ketamine has consistently shown antidepressant effects within a few hours of its administration. This makes it a valuable research tool to identify biomarkers of response in order to develop the next generation of fast-acting antidepressants. In this review, we describe clinical, electrophysiological, biochemical, and imaging correlates as relevant targets in the study of the antidepressant response associated with ketamine, and their implications for the development of novel, fast-acting antidepressants. We also review evidence that alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) to NMDA throughput may represent a convergent mechanism for the rapid antidepressant actions of ketamine. Overall, understanding the molecular basis of this work will likely lead to the ultimate development of improved therapeutics for MDD.
Attitudes about gender integration among Bahraini policewomen

This research explored Bahraini policewomen's attitudes towards gender integration of their police force. It tests two duelling hypotheses. The first hypothesis, embracing the modernisation model of the development of women in policing, predicts that younger generations of policewomen will be more likely to show support for gender integration. The second hypothesis is that the shift in the Bahraini culture from a nationalist secular feminism in the 1970s to the present neo-conservative Islamism predicts that younger generations of policewomen are less likely to support gender integration. In 2005, a survey was distributed to all Bahraini policewomen (N=241) with 46% (N=112) returning the completed questionnaire. Results from multiple regression analysis show that neither hypotheses satisfactorily predicted variations in Bahraini policewomen's attitudes towards gender integration. Suggestions for more nuanced theories were offered to frame analyses of gender and policing in cultural contexts like Bahrain.
Stability of edge states in strained graphene

Spatially inhomogeneous strains in graphene can simulate the effects of valley-dependent magnetic fields. As demonstrated in recent experiments [N. Levy et al., Science 329, 544 (2010) and K. K. Gomes et al., Nature (London) 483, 306 (2012)], the realizable magnetic fields are large enough to give rise to well-defined flat pseudo-Landau levels, potentially having counterpropagating edge modes. In this work, we address the conditions under which such edge modes are visible. We find that, whereas armchair edges do not support counterpropagating edge modes, zigzag edges do so, through a selective-hybridization mechanism. We then discuss effects of interactions on the stability of counterpropagating edge modes and find that, for the experimentally relevant case of Coulomb interactions, interactions typically decrease the stability of the edge modes. Finally, we generalize our analysis to address the case of spontaneous valley polarization, which is expected to occur in charge-neutral strained graphene [P. Ghaemi et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 108, 266801 (2012) and D. A. Abanin and D. A. Pesin, Phys. Rev. Lett. 109, 066802 (2012)] .
Molecular mobility and the glass transition in amorphous glucose, maltose, and maltotriose

Abstract We have used measurements of the phosphorescence intensity decay of the triplet probe erythrosin B, dispersed in amorphous glucose, maltose, and maltotriose at probe:sugar mole ratios of ∼1:10 4 , to monitor the molecular mobility of the sugar matrix in the glass and melt around the glass-transition temperature ( T g ). Intensity decays were well fit using a stretched-exponential decay model in which the Kohlrausch–Williams–Watts lifetime τ and the stretching exponent β are the physically meaningful parameters. When normalized to the glass-transition temperature, the erythrosin lifetime decreased in the order glucose > maltose > maltotriose. Analysis of the lifetime provided an estimate of the collisional quenching constant for deexcitation of the triplet state ( k TS0 ); k TS0 increased in the order glucose T – T g from about −40 to 50 °C. Although approximately constant in the glass, the magnitude of β decreased around T g in the order glucose > maltose > maltotriose, indicating that the lifetime heterogeneity increased in the order glucose
FATAL EARLY-ONSET GROUP B STREPTOCOCCAL INFECTION WITH A NORMAL CBC

Changes in blood neutrophil (neut) number and in degree of left shift are used as diagnostic clues when neonatal sepsis is suspected. However, we report a pitfall in reliance upon CBC changes. We observed 4 cases of fatal group B streptococcal (GBS) sepsis with a normal neut count (mean 7730;range 6140-9610) and a normal immature|total(i/t) neut ratio (0.04;0.00-0.09). In 2 cases this was used as a reason to withhold antibiotics. In 2, the CBC was repeated prior to death (0 and 150|mm3). In an animal model of lethal GBS infection, we determined the length of the "latent period" between bacterial inoculation and CBC changes. Neonatal and adult rats received GBS after which blood and marrow were serially examined. The neonates died by 24 hours, but no change in CBC occurred until after 4 hours when an increase in i|t ratio (0.40 ± 0.05, control vs 0.58±0.3 infected, mean±SEM, p<0.05) and a decrease in marrow neut (78±0.4% of control, p<0.05) was seen. In adult animals, CBC changes were evident after only one hour; i|t ratio increased from 0.25±0.05 to 0.52±0.04 (p<0.001) and marrow reserves dropped to 77 ± 3% of control, (p<0.05) consistent with rapid release of marrow neut. These experiments demonstrate a significant delay, in neonates, between bacterial inoculation and mobilization of storage neut. Therefore, CBC changes during infection are delayed. A normal CBC is expected during the first several hours of neonatal sepsis and antimicrobial therapy must not be withheld because the CBC is normal.
Topological Magnetoelectric Effect Decay

We address the influence of realistic disorder and finite doping on the effective magnetic monopole induced near the surface of an ideal topological insulator (TI) by currents that flow in response to a suddenly introduced external electric charge. We show that when the longitudinal conductivity σ(xx)=g(e(2)/h)≠0, the apparent position of a magnetic monopole initially retreats from the TI surface at speed v(M)=αcg, where α is the fine structure constant and c is the speed of light. For the particular case of TI surface states described by a massive Dirac model, we further find that the temperature T=0 Hall currents vanish when the external potential is screened.
Technology and the Third World: Paul Theroux's the Mosquito Coast

(1985). Technology and the Third World: Paul Theroux's the Mosquito Coast. Critique: Studies in Contemporary Fiction: Vol. 26, No. 4, pp. 217-227.
Mobility, Housing Stress and Neighborhood Contexts: Evidence from Los Angeles

In this paper we examine, in two separate analyses, actual and planned residential moves. Although we now have robust models and substantive empirical analysis of residential mobility, especially of the role of housing consumption and the variables that trigger residential moves, we are less clear about how the model applies to minority households and in diverse ethnic settings. We use data from the Los Angeles Family and Neighborhood Study—a longitudinal study of mobility and neighborhood change in the Los Angeles region—to contrast the mobility outcomes for white and Latino households. In a separate analysis we examine planned mobility and extend the analysis of the role of neighborhood variables in explaining expected mobility. Through the incorporation of measures of neighborhood satisfaction and dissatisfaction we find, as hypothesized, that low levels of satisfaction and whether or not the neighborhood is perceived as ‘close-knit’ are modest predictors of the likelihood of future moves. However, the...
Mimic of the Green Fluorescent Protein β-Barrel: Photophysics and Dynamics of Confined Chromophores Defined by a Rigid Porous Scaffold

Chromophores with a benzylidene imidazolidinone core define the emission profile of commonly used biomarkers such as the green fluorescent protein (GFP) and its analogues. In this communication, artificially engineered porous scaffolds have been shown to mimic the protein β-barrel structure, maintaining green fluorescence response and conformational rigidity of GFP-like chromophores. In particular, we demonstrated that the emission maximum in our artificial scaffolds is similar to those observed in the spectra of the natural GFP-based systems. To correlate the fluorescence response with a structure and perform a comprehensive analysis of the prepared photoluminescent scaffolds, 13C cross-polarization magic angle spinning solid-state (CP-MAS) NMR spectroscopy, powder and single-crystal X-ray diffraction, and time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy were employed. Quadrupolar spin–echo solid-state 2H NMR spectroscopy, in combination with theoretical calculations, was implemented to probe low-frequency vibrat...
Nuclear data sheets for A = 193

Level schemes, spin and parity assignments, and decay properties are presented for all nuclei with mass number A = 193. Experimental data and adopted values are given along with conclusions as to the spin and parity assignments. The presentation of the nuclear properties is given in the light of the data and current theoretical ideas. In this transition region, level decay rates are seen to be of particular importance and so have been summarized in terms of multipole enhancement or hindrance. The compilers have attempted to bring out some inconsistencies in the data and resolve discrepancies when possible. Deficiencies in the data include (a) reaction data leading to 193Pt, (b) rigorous spin assignments for 193Pt, and (c) reaction data leading to 193Au. An abundance of data on stable 193Ir shows that nuclear deformations are already a prominent characteristic in this transitional nucleus.
Imaging and Design Based on Nonlinear Filtering of K-Space Data

The problem of multiple scattering in the context of imaging and the design of diffracting structures is addressed with a nonlinear filter technique. Rigorous diffraction models are used to analyze the filtering technique in detail.
Protective graphite coating on metallic bipolar plates for PEMFC applications

Abstract A new design of metallic bipolar plates with pure graphite coating on metal substrates has been developed. The top layer was a continuous graphite sheet made by the expanded graphite flakes. The pure and layered graphite surface provides high electrical conduction and high chemical inertness in PEMFC environments. Between the graphite sheet and the metal substrate was a binder layer, which mainly consisted of ester resin and conductive fillers. It functions as a binder for the graphite layer and as the second protection layer from acid solution as well. The results from the potentiodynamics tests showed rather low corrosion current densities for our proposed materials, even after soaking tests for over 2000 h. The graphite-coated 316L revealed negative (cathodic) current densities either in the PEMFC cathodic or in the anodic environment for the whole polarization period in the potentiostatic experiments. Thus, the graphite-coated SS316L could potentially be used as a bipolar plate material in the PEM fuel cell applications.
Cognitive and psychiatric predictors of medical treatment adherence among older adults in primary care clinics

Objectives Medical treatment non-adherence among older adults is common and represents a significant public health care concern. Treatment non-adherence has been associated with a number of factors in older adults; however few studies have delineated the role of cognition and psychiatric status. Participants Data were collected from 212 ethnically diverse older primary care patients as part of a larger study. Measurements Cognitive status was evaluated with the Mattis Dementia Rating scale (DRS). Psychiatric status was evaluated using the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) and the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI). Treatment adherence was assessed by the total number of missed healthcare appointments and by physician and patient ratings. Physician ratings of patients' understanding of medical instructions were also obtained. Design A series of multiple regression analyses were conducted to determine cognitive and psychiatric predictors for each measure of treatment adherence. Results GDS and DRS memory scores were both independent predictors of the total number of missed medical appointments, F(7,55) = 2.34, p = 0.038. GDS score was also shown to be a significant predictor of physician ratings of patients' understanding of medical instructions, F(7,33) = 0.89, p = 0.031. Neither cognitive performance nor psychiatric status was associated with patient or physician ratings of treatment adherence. Conclusions Measures of cognitive functioning and depression severity were supported as predictors of objective measures of treatment adherence but they were not associated with physician or patient ratings of adherence. Patient depression may influence physician ratings of patients' comprehension of medical instructions. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Age of the Ørkendalen moraines, Kangerlussuaq, Greenland: constraints on the extent of the southwestern margin of the Greenland Ice Sheet during the Holocene

Abstract Although Greenland ice core records register relatively stable Holocene climate conditions, the lower elevation margins of the Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS) experienced significant Holocene fluctuations. These fluctuations include ice sheet recession during the Holocene Thermal Maximum (9–5 ka) and advance during the Little Ice Age (LIA; ∼A.D. 1350–1880). Determining the extent and timing of these fluctuations is important for understanding the response of the GrIS to interglacial climate conditions both warmer and colder than at present and for developing accurate ice sheet models. Sets of moraines marking past extents of the southwestern GrIS margin occur in the Kangerlussuaq region. We focus on the Orkendalen moraines, a prominent moraine set located within 2 km of the modern ice margin and just outboard of the LIA moraines. We present the first 10Be ages of the Orkendalen moraines indicating they were deposited at 6.8 ± 0.3 ka. The geomorphic relationship between the Orkendalen and LIA moraines indicates that the ice sheet margin was inboard of its Orkendalen extent between ∼6.8 ka and the culmination of the LIA. The age of the Orkendalen moraines provides an important constraint on the extent of the southwestern GrIS during the middle Holocene.
THEORY OF THE UNUSUAL NORMAL AND SUPERCONDUCTING STATES OF UNDERDOPED CUPRATES

Abstract We review our SU (2) formulation of the t – J model as a description of the underdoped cuprates. The model incorporates spin–charge separation and successfully explains many unusual normal state properties, including the existence of a spin gap and the appearance of a Fermi surface segment. Very recently, we extended our theory to the superconducting state to show how BCS-like quasi-particles evolve out of the Fermi surface segment.
Transcription of CABII is regulated by the biological clock in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

The small gene family encoding the chlorophyll a/b-binding proteins of photosystem II (CABII or lhcb) is known to exhibit circadian rhythms of mRNA abundance in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. In this study we investigated the role of transcription in the phenomenon. We used as reporters Chlamydomonas genes that encode nitrate reductase (NITI) and arylsulfatase (ARS2) transcriptionally fused to sequences upstream of one of the CABII genes (called CABII-1). We found that both reporters exhibited the same circadian rhythm of mRNA abundance in phase, period, and amplitude as does the endogenous CABII-1 gene. We also evaluated the efficacy of arylsulfatase enzymatic activity as a reporter and found that its half-life is too long to make it a useful reporter of rhythmic transcription during a circadian or diurnal cycle. The amount of mRNA synthesis from the CABII-1 gene was examined by in vivo labeling experiments and a circadian rhythm in transcription rate was demonstrated. In vivo labeling also revealed a circadian rhythm of mRNA synthesis for the CABII gene family as a whole. The results from the transcriptional reporter assays together with the in vivo labeling experiments strongly support the conclusion that the biological clock regulates the transcriptional activity of the CABII-I gene, and moreover that regulation at the transcriptional level is the predominant mode by which the clock regulates this gene.
Statistical problems encountered in trapping studies of scolytids and associated insects

Traps baited with semiochemicals are often used to investigate the chemical ecology of scolytids and associated insects. One statistical problem frequently encountered in these studies are treatments that catch no insects and, thus, have zero mean and variance, such as blank or control traps. A second problem is the use of multiple comparison procedures that do not control the experimentwise error rate. We conducted a literature survey to determine the frequency of these two statistical problems in Journal of Chemical Ecology for 1990-2002. Simulations were then used to examine the effects of these problems on the validity of multiple comparison procedures. Our results indicate that both statistical problems are common in the literature, and when combined can significantly inflate both the experimentwise and per comparison error rate for multiple comparison procedures. A possible solution to this problem is presented that involves confidence intervals for the treatment means. Options to increase the statistical power of trapping studies are also discussed.
Dehydroepiandrosterone Administration or Gαq Overexpression Induces β-Catenin/T-Cell Factor Signaling and Growth via Increasing Association of Estrogen Receptor-β/Dishevelled2 in Androgen-Independent Prostate Cancer Cells

beta-Catenin/T-cell factor signaling (beta-CTS) plays multiple critical roles in carcinogenesis and is blocked by androgens in androgen receptor (AR)-responsive prostate cancer (PrCa) cells, primarily via AR sequestration of beta-catenin from T-cell factor. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), often used as an over-the-counter nutritional supplement, is metabolized to androgens and estrogens in humans. The efficacy and safety of unregulated use of DHEA are unclear. We now report that DHEA induces beta-CTS via increasing association of estrogen receptor (ER)-beta with Dishevelled2 (Dvl2) in AR nonresponsive human PrCa DU145 cells, a line of androgen-independent PrCa (AiPC) cells. The induction is temporal, as assessed by measuring kinetics of the association of ERbeta/Dvl2, protein expression of the beta-CTS targeted genes, c-Myc and cyclin D1, and cell growth. However, in PC-3 cells, another human AiPC cell line, DHEA exerts no detectible effects, partly due to their lower expression of Galpha-subunits and DHEA down-regulation of ERbeta/Dvl2 association. When Galphaq is overexpressed in PC-3 cells, beta-CTS is constitutively induced, including increasing c-Myc and cyclin D1 protein expression. This effect involved increasing associations of Galphaq/Dvl2 and ERbeta/Dvl2 and promoted cell growth. These activities require ERbeta in DU-145 and PC-3 cells because they are blocked by ICI 182-780 treatment inactivating ERbeta, small interfering RNA administration depleting ERbeta, or AR overexpression arresting ERbeta. These data suggest that novel pathways activating beta-CTS play roles in the progression of AiPC. Although DHEA may enhance PrCa cell growth via androgenic or estrogenic pathways, the effects of DHEA administration on clinical prostate function remain to be determined.
T Cell Factor 1 Is Required for Group 2 Innate Lymphoid Cell Generation

Summary Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2) are innate lymphocytes that confer protective type 2 immunity during helminth infection and are also involved in allergic airway inflammation. Here we report that ILC2 development required T cell factor 1 (TCF-1, the product of the Tcf7 gene), a transcription factor also implicated in T cell lineage specification. Tcf7 −/− mice lack ILC2, and were unable to mount ILC2-mediated innate type 2 immune responses. Forced expression of TCF-1 in bone marrow progenitors partially bypassed the requirement for Notch signaling in the generation of ILC2 in vivo. TCF-1 acted through both GATA-3-dependent and GATA-3-independent pathways to promote the generation of ILC2. These results are reminiscent of the critical roles of TCF-1 in early T cell development. Hence, transcription factors that underlie early steps of T cell development are also implicated in the development of innate lymphoid cells.
Sacrococcygeal pilonidal sinus.

Fifty-three patients treated by surgery for pilonidal sinuses in the sacrococcygeal area during a 2 1/2-year period at The Mount Sinai Hospital of Cleveland were studied. A fourth of the patients were first seen because of an acute episode of infection, and the other patients had chronic lesions. Surgery on an elective basis consisted of 1) excision and primary closure; 2) excision with partial closure of the wound; or 3) marsupialization. Fifty of the 53 patients were followed up for two to three years; the shortest follow-up period was six months. The overall recurrence rate in this group was 6 per cent. It appears that marsupialization results in a better chance for a cure and a shorter period of hospitalization.
Effects of Maillard browned egg albumin on drug-metabolizing enzyme systems in the rat.

Abstract Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a purified diet containing 5% Maillard browned egg albumin (EA-B) or browned hydrolysed egg albumin (HEA-B) for 10 wk. Control animals were pair-fed a corresponding isocaloric, isonitrogenous non-browned egg albumin (EA-C) or hydrolysed egg albumin (HEA-C) diet. At the end of 10 wk, the rats were killed and hepatic, small intestinal and colonic microsomes and cytosol fractions were prepared by ultracentrifugation. Animals fed EA-B exhibited significantly ( P a ]pyrene hydroxylase activity and significantly ( P N -demethylase activity compared to control (EA-C) animals. HEA-B-fed animals also exhibited a significant ( P N -demethylase activity compared with HEA-C controls, but no significant differences were detected in hepatic or small intestinal enzyme activities in this group. These data suggest that Maillard browned protein products may modify hepatic and/or colonic drug-metabolizing enzyme system activities, and may thus contribute to alterations in the metabolism of endogenous substrates and of exogenous drugs, precarcinogens and other xenobiotics.
Calculated interband optical transition spectra of GdN

The imaginary part of the dielectric function $\text{Im}[\ensuremath{\epsilon}(\ensuremath{\omega})]$ of rocksalt GdN is calculated using the linear muffin-tin orbital method in the atomic sphere approximation. The local spin-density approximation with added Hubbard-$U$ terms $(\text{LSDA}+\text{U})$ is used to include orbital-dependent Coulomb interactions for the $\text{Gd}\text{ }4f$ and $5d$ orbitals. The spin-orbit coupling is shown to affect the dominant spin character of the bands only negligibly so that we can analyze the optical interband transitions as being between bands of equal spin only. The separate band-to-band contributions to $\text{Im}[\ensuremath{\epsilon}(\ensuremath{\omega})]$ are analyzed as well as the origin of the main peaks in the Brillouin zone, allowing us to identify critical-point transitions. We find that the transitions from the upper valence band (doubly degenerate along some portions of the Brillouin zone) dominate the spectrum. The transitions to the minority-spin $f$ bands occur as a double peak near 5.5--6 eV. The corresponding transitions of the filled $f$ bands to the conduction band have negligible contribution. Many of the peaks correspond to complex avoided band crossings in the conduction band where local maxima and minima occur.
Intrusive and repetitive thought after a depressing film: a pilot study.

A hypothesis of increased intrusive and repetitive thoughts after any undischarged negative emotional-ideational state was based on previous experiments which involved films which aroused fear and anger and was extended to include a film that arouses sadness. 19 university students saw a film with a separation theme and had levels of intrusions, film references, and negative affect similar to those of subjects who saw films with themes of bodily injury.
Is EGF a physiological inhibitor of mouse mammary casein synthesis? Unphysiological responses to pharmacological levels of hormones.

Abstract It has been observed that EGF inhibits the induction of casein synthesis by mouse mammary tissue in vitro in addition to acting as a promoter of mammary epithelial proliferation. However, since the circulating level of EGF increased during lactation, and since functional EGF receptors are retained by the lactating cells, it seemed unlikely that EGF is an inhibitor of mammary differentiation in vivo . The current studies demonstrate, in fact, that EGF inhibits the induction of casein synthesis in vitro only when insulin is present in the culture medium at unphysiologically high concentrations. Other artifactual responses to high levels of hormones are described.
Contemporary outcomes of intact and ruptured visceral artery aneurysms

Objective The treatment outcomes of ruptured visceral artery aneurysms (rVAAs) have been sparsely characterized, with no clear comparison between different treatment modalities. The purpose of this paper was to review the perioperative and long-term outcomes of open and endovascular interventions for intact visceral artery aneurysms (iVAAs) and rVAAs. Methods This was a retrospective review of all treated VAAs at one institution from 2003 to 2013. Patient demographics, aneurysm characteristics, management, and subsequent outcomes (technical success, mortality, reintervention) and complications were recorded. Results The study identified 261 patients; 181 patients were repaired (77 ruptured, 104 intact). Pseudoaneurysms were more common in rVAAs (81.8% vs 35.3% for iVAAs; P P = .018), and their most common presentation was abdominal pain; 29.7% were hemodynamically unstable. Endovascular intervention was the initial treatment modality for 67.4% (75.3% for rVAAs, 61.5% for iVAAs). The perioperative complication rate was higher for rVAAs (13.7% vs 1% for iVAAs; P = .003), as was mortality at 30 days (13% vs 0% for iVAAs; P = .001), 1 year (32.5% for rVAAs vs 4.1% for iVAAs; P P P = .025). Predictors of mortality for rVAAs included age (odds ratio, 1.04; P = .002), whereas endovascular repair was protective (odds ratio, 0.43; P = .037). Mean follow-up was 26.2 months, and Kaplan-Meier estimates of survival were higher for iVAAs at 3 years (88% vs 62% for rVAAs; P = .045). The 30-day reintervention rate was higher for rVAAs (7.7% vs 19.5% for iVAAs; P = .019) but was similar between open and endovascular repair (8.2% vs 15%; P = NS). Conclusions rVAAs have significant mortality. Open and endovascular interventions are equally durable for elective repair of VAAs, but endovascular interventions for rVAAs result in lower morbidity and mortality. Aggressive treatment of pseudoaneurysms is electively recommended at diagnosis regardless of size.
Relationship between ankle stiffness structure and muscle activation

This paper presents a characterization of the structure of ankle stiffness under multiple levels of muscle activation and the relationship between them. A multi-variable impedance estimation method using a wearable ankle robot enabled clear identification of ankle stiffness structure in the space consisting of the sagittal and frontal planes. With visual feedback showing current and target muscle activation levels, all subjects could successfully maintain multiple target levels (5%∼30% of the maximum voluntary contraction level). Stiffness increased with muscle activation, but the increase was more pronounced in the dorsiflexion-plantarflexion direction than in the inversion-eversion direction, which resulted in a characteristic “peanut” shape. The relation between measured muscle activation level and ankle stiffness was evaluated. All subjects showed a highly linear relation not only for the two principal axis directions of the ankle, i.e., dorsiflexion-plantarflexion and inversion-eversion, but also for the average stiffness value of all directions. These major findings were consistent both for the tibialis anterior and triceps surae activation.
‘Cyberation’ and Just War Doctrine: A Response to Randall Dipert

Abstract In this essay, I reject the suggestion that the just war tradition (JWT) does not apply to cyberwarfare (CW). That is not to say CW will not include grey areas defying easy analysis in terms of the JWT. But analogously ambiguous cases have long existed in warfare without undercutting the JWT's broad relevance. That some aspects of CW are unique is likewise no threat to the JWT's applicability. The special character of CW remains similar enough to other kinds of warfare; the distinctions are more differences of degree than of kind.
Russian Utopians and Soviet Ideologists

S OME years ago, an odd question was frequently being asked which dealt with the meaning or motivation of Soviet world politics. It took the following form: Are Soviet policies to be understood as a continuation of Russian imperialism or are they dictated by the interests of revolutionary communism? After being debated hotly for some time, the question died down, either because the debate turned out to be inconclusive or because the problem was happily "solved" by a verbal synthesis-in other words, by a phrase: "Communist imperialism," which many of us use today. Of course, phrases do not solve such problems, and the question still remains whether Soviet policy is a continuation or restoration of tsarist policies, or is based primarily on motivations superimposed onto the Russian scene by Marxist-Leninist ideology. Similar problems of continuity and change are inherent in the examination of any society; for among the questions we have to ask ourselves are some of the following: What are the society's links with the past? What is old and what is new? And, of the features which have remained from the old society, which are form and which are content, essential or incidental? Problems of this kind are particularly acute in the study of revolutions not only because revolutions are, by definition, periods of rapid and sweeping change, but also because revolutionary thought implies a very specific attitude toward the past. If we glance at some outstanding revolutions, we find that this attitude usually is far from simple. While revolutionary thinkers inevitably reject the immediate past, they have often thought of their revolution as the restoration of old values. Numerous examples could be given for this. Other revolutions change their minds (if we may thus endow them, figuratively, with this human attribute), the Russian revolution among them. "To its more extreme adherents," writes Ernest J. Simmons, in
Calcium intake, polymorphisms of the calcium-sensing receptor, and recurrent/aggressive prostate cancer

Purpose To assess whether calcium intake and common genetic variants of the calcium-sensing receptor (CASR) are associated with either aggressive prostate cancer (PCa) or disease recurrence after prostatectomy.
Selection for Spontaneous Metastasis after Calcium Phosphate-mediated Transfer of DNA

The ras oncogene has been shown to induce metastatic potential in a wide variety of cells. However, one cell line, C127, when transformed by ras (HC127), proved to be an exception in that the transformed cells gained the ability to form tumors in nude mice, but these tumors did not form spontaneous metastases. Because C127 cells do not metastasize after ras transfection, these cells can be used to identify other factors which contribute to the development of metastatic potential. Specifically, these cells can be used as recipients in DNA transfer experiments utilizing DNA from other cells in which H- ras has been used to induce the metastatic phenotype, thus allowing the search for genes in addition to ras itself which may be necessary for metastasis. A system utilizing genomic DNA transfer into C127 cells transformed by ras has been developed. These cells were used as the recipient for genomic DNA in cotransfection with pSV2neo followed by selection both in the experimental i.v. assay and in the spontaneous metastasis assay in nude mice. DNA from two lines with metastatic potential (both transformed by ras genes) gave rise to metastatic clones, whereas DNA from the recipient cells, HC127, NIH 3T3 cells, and two human tumor cell lines, CHP126 and A2058, failed to give rise to transfectants which could metastasize. The metastases after the first cycle were put into culture, and DNA was extracted from these cells and used in a second cycle of transfection. The capacity to metastasize was also transferred in the second cycle. Of seven metastatic clones examined, four showed no detectable rearrangements of the transfected v-H- ras gene, but in three of these clones, there were rearrangements of this gene, which was originally present in the recipient cell, HC127. This indicates that in a subset of the selected clones there may have been selection for rearrangements of the host genome rather than introduction of foreign DNA sequences, and that such effects must be considered in gene transfer experiments. It is also possible that the transfer of particular genomic DNAs are leading to genetic instability in these experiments. mRNA levels were compared in the metastatic variants and the parental cells; H- ras -specific RNA was raised from 4- to 22-fold in the metastatic cell lines, regardless of rearrangement of the v-H- ras gene.
The principle of symmetric criticality

It is frequently explicitly or implicitly assumed that if a variational principle is invariant under some symmetry groupG, then to test whether a symmetric field configuration ϕ is an extremal, it suffices to check the vanishing of the first variation of the action corresponding to variations ϕ + δϕ that are also symmetric. We show by example that this is not valid in complete generality (and in certain cases its meaning may not even be clear), and on the other hand prove some theorems which validate its use under fairly general circumstances (in particular ifG is a group of Riemannian isometries, or if it is compact, or with some restrictions if it is semi-simple).
Identification and Characterization of a Novel ABC Iron Transport System, fit, in Escherichia coli

A putative ABC transporter, fit, with significant homology to several bacterial iron transporters was identified in Escherichia coli. The E. coli fit system consists of six genes designated fitA, -B, -C, -D, -E, and -R. Based on DNA sequence analysis, fit encodes an outer membrane protein (FitA), a periplasmic binding protein (FitE), two permease proteins (FitC and -D), an ATPase (FitB), and a hypothetical protein (FitR). Introduction of the E. coli fit system into E. coli strain K-12 increased intracellular iron content and transformed bacteria were more sensitive to streptonigrin, which suggested that fit transports iron in E. coli. Expression of fit was studied using a lacZ reporter assay. A functional, bidirectional promoter was identified in the intergenic region between genes fitA and fitB. The expression of the E. coli fit system was found to be induced by iron limitation and repressed when Fe2+ was added to minimal medium. Several fit mutants were created in E. coli using an in vitro transposon mutagenesis strategy. Mutations in fit did not affect bacterial growth in iron-restricted media. Using a growth promotion test, it was found that fit was not able to transport enterobactin, ferrichrome, transferrin, and lactoferrin in E. coli.
The role of catheter-directed therapies in the treatment of congenital heart disease

▪ Abstract Over the past decade, transcatheter interventions have become increasingly important in the treatment of patients with congenital heart defects. These procedures may be broadly grouped as dilations (valvuloplasty, angioplasty, and endovascular stenting) or as closures (vascular embolizations and device closure of defects). Balloon valvuloplasty has become the treatment of choice for simple valvar pulmonic stenosis in all age groups and, although not curative, appears at least comparable to surgery for noncalcific aortic stenosis in newborns through young adults. Balloon angioplasty is successfully applied to a wide range of aortic, pulmonry artery, and venous stenoses. Catheter-delivered coils are used to embolize a wide range of arterial, venous, and prosthetic vascular connections. Although still investigational, devices have been successfully used for closure of large numbers of atrial and ventricular septal defects. In this review, the current role of each major catheter intervention is dis...
Proteome-Wide Measurement of Protein Half-Lives and Translation Rates in Vasopressin-Sensitive Collecting Duct Cells

Vasopressin regulates water excretion, in part, by controlling the abundances of the water channel aquaporin-2 (AQP2) protein and regulatory proteins in the renal collecting duct. To determine whether vasopressin-induced alterations in protein abundance result from modulation of protein production, protein degradation, or both, we used protein mass spectrometry with dynamic stable isotope labeling in cell culture to achieve a proteome-wide determination of protein half-lives and relative translation rates in mpkCCD cells. Measurements were made at steady state in the absence or presence of the vasopressin analog, desmopressin (dDAVP). Desmopressin altered the translation rate rather than the stability of most responding proteins, but it significantly increased both the translation rate and the half-life of AQP2. In addition, proteins associated with vasopressin action, including Mal2, Akap12, gelsolin, myosin light chain kinase, annexin-2, and Hsp70, manifested altered translation rates. Interestingly, desmopressin increased the translation of seven glutathione S-transferase proteins and enhanced protein S-glutathionylation, uncovering a previously unexplored vasopressin-induced post-translational modification. Additional bioinformatic analysis of the mpkCCD proteome indicated a correlation between protein function and protein half-life. In particular, processes that are rapidly regulated, such as transcription, endocytosis, cell cycle regulation, and ubiquitylation are associated with proteins with especially short half-lives. These data extend our understanding of the mechanisms underlying vasopressin signaling and provide a broad resource for additional investigation of collecting duct function (http://helixweb.nih.gov/ESBL/Database/ProteinHalfLives/index.html).
Pineal Tumors: Viewpoint—Fractionated Radiation Therapy

Radiotherapy plays a vital role in the vast majority of tumors that arise from the pineal region. While most pineal tumors are quite rare, refinement of radiation techniques and doses over the past several decades, along with concomitant improvements in surgical techniques and chemotherapeutic regimens, have led to improvements in patient outcomes.
A framework of cost-benefit analysis for overhead-to-underground conversions in Florida

The possibility of converting overhead distribution facilities to underground has been increasingly of interest after the 2004–2005 hurricane season. It is well known that overhead-to-underground conversions are costly, but no consistent quantitative cost-benefit analysis approach has yet been available. This paper proposes a framework to quantitatively investigate the implications of overhead-to-underground conversions, in an attempt to add consistency, rigor, and thoroughness to these types of analyses. This framework incorporates hurricane simulation, damage estimation, post-hurricane restoration simulation, and cost-benefit analysis to assess the incremental or avoided costs by the conversion. The framework is also able to provide insights into how different variables affect the costs and the benefits of the conversions. Currently the parameters are customized for Florida, but the methodology is widely applicable.
Excited light meson spectroscopy from lattice QCD

I report on recent progress in calculating excited meson spectra using lattice QCD. With novel techniques we can now extract extensive spectra of excited mesons with high statistical precision, including spin-four states and those with exotic quantum numbers. I review a new calculation of a spectrum of excited light isoscalar mesons, something that has up to now been a challenge for lattice QCD. The flavour content of these mesons has been determined, including the η-η′ mixing angle, providing a window on annihilation dynamics in QCD. I will also comment on recent work which uses lattice QCD to map out the energy-dependent phase shift in ππ isospin-2 scattering and future applications of the methodology to the study of resonances and decays.
‘Earthship’ as Model for an Urban Co-op Health Clinic?

In Fall 2012, the Patch Adams Free Clinic of Philadelphia building committee (PAFCP) optioned a five acre parcel in a North Philadelphia disadvantaged neighborhood upon which they plan to build a co-operative health clinic offering care based on the ideals of Dr. Patch Adams. The desired building typology is an “earthship.” The committee teamed with the Philadelphia University Architecture Program to explore both the site and prospective clinic. A two semester research and design exploration was completed by students as part of their fourth year comprehensive technical integration design studios. Programming sessions were conducted with the client to determine project goals, program needs and components. Design workshops were conducted with the neighborhood association and interested residents to determine community goals and interests. The charge of the studios was for the students, in groups, to explore and propose designs for an energy efficient, urban co-operative healthclinic. Design research explored the following typological categories: 1) The earthship as an energy model, 2) The earthship as a health clinic model, and 3) The earthship as a community building model. This paper summarizes the student / faculty research and the common approaches found in the seventeen group design solutions. Base-line energy modeling of a typical earthship is compared to a conventional clinic building type and basic student solutions to understand its performance and potential use. Conclusion will present the findings on the viability of this building typology as model for an urban health clinic.
A note on Tsypkin's locus

The Tsypkin locus is used to test necessary conditions for the symmetric periodic oscillation of relay feedback systems. The conditions as stated in the literature limit the applicability of the locus to systems whose linear part has at least two more poles than zeros. This communication derives the modification required of the Tsypkin locus in order that it be applicable to systems having only at least as many poles as zeros.
Influence of Restricted Sight Distances on Permitted Left-Turn Operation at Signalized Intersections

Adequate sight distance is an important factor needed to provide safe and efficient operation of left-turn movements at signalized intersections. This factor becomes more crucial for left turners attempting this maneuver during the permitted phase of the traffic signal. The large size median of the major road is commonly designed to accommodate an exclusive left-turn lane. However, studies have proved that if the median of that major road is relatively wide, the simultaneously turning vehicles in the opposite left-turn lanes often restrict driver's sight distances for each other. In this study, a field observation was conducted to analyze the changes of left-turn gap acceptance parameters associated with drivers' restricted sight distances. Theoretical models were developed and used to quantify the negative effect of the restricted sight problem on the left-turn capacity. The results show that the sight-distance problem may contribute to significant increments of the critical gap and follow-up time. This influence on driver's gap-acceptance behavior may result in a 70% reduction in the left-turn capacity when the opposing-through traffic volume increases up to 1,800 vehicles/h. The capacity reduction rate increases with the increase in both the opposing-through traffic volume and the volume-to-capacity ratio of the opposing left-turn traffic.
Robustness analysis for full-structured uncertainties

This paper deals with /spl mu/ problems involving full-structured (rather than block-diagonal) uncertainty, i.e. uncertainty blocks where each sub-block (or element) may be an independent uncertainty. Rearranging this problem into standard (block-diagonal) form results in an explosion in the required computation, and so a number of researchers have proposed more efficient bounds, in particular the use of non-similarity scaling for such problems. Here we show how to map such problems into reduced size standard /spl mu/ problems. The standard bounds applied to the reduced size problem are then shown to be at least as accurate, and require the same computational effort, as earlier techniques, with the added bonus that the standard /spl mu/ upper bound is convex. Moreover this new approach is applicable in a much more general setting, allowing one to efficiently compute both robust stability and robust performance for problems involving multiple real and complex uncertainty blocks, any number of which may be full-structured.