cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Content, Collaboration, and Creativity in Virtual Worlds

In contrast to the bulk of chapters in this volume that focus on computer- based activities that are best described as games, the present chapter is concerned with creativity in virtual settings that are not particularly game-like. Specifically, the chapter examines manifestations of creativity in 3D virtual worlds in which the primary activity is engaging in unscripted social interactions. The term Social Virtual Worlds (SVWs) is used to refer to these types of 3D environments in contrast to Gaming Virtual Worlds (GVWs), which refers to games such as World of Warcraft that generally involve clearly defined quests ( Jung, 2011 ). Perhaps the best known of such SVWs is Second Life , but many others exist, including There , Kaneva , InWorldz , IMVU , and ActiveWorlds .
Special Operations Forces in the Gray Zone: An Operational Framework for Using Special Operations Forces in the Space Between War and Peace

In September of 2015, the United States Special Operations Command published a report on the challenges presented by hostile adversarial actions that exist outside of the “traditional peace/war duality.” Yet neither that paper nor subsequent treatments of the subject address the central question of when and how to employ the most innovative, subtle, and adaptable instruments of national power—special operations forces—in these ambiguous threat environments. This article provides an initial inquiry into this question. After discussing the inadequacy of current operational models to address “gray zone” challenges (however loosely defined), the article introduces and uses an alternative model to illuminate the utility of special operations forces power at various points on the escalatory spectrum. The paper closes with additional questions to spur further research and a synopsis that addresses the implications of the model to the United States’ overall approach to gray zone competition.
Broadway-Bound: La Jolla Playhouse as a Laboratory for New American Musical Theatre

Though a regional theatre, La Jolla Playhouse in San Diego seeks to work beyond its local geography, incubating new plays and musicals as well as revivals before they open on Broadway and in some cases achieve international success. Following Des McAnuff’s long and successful tenure, artistic director Christopher Ashley has continued to develop new musicals prior to their Broadway openings.
Patient-/Person-Centered Care

Person-centered care (PCC) for persons with dementia is based on the belief that personhood can be maintained despite cognitive impairment, and it is considered the gold standard for caring for persons with dementia in long-term care settings. PCC values the individual and honors and facilitates the expression of his/her autonomy. PCC in dementia care is not to be confused with patient-centered care, which is the term used to refer to the engagement of the patient in his/her healthcare in a more general sense. Informal and formal PCC has been utilized in dementia care since the 1990s, with noted differences among countries in implementation, initiatives, progress, and success. This chapter offers an overview of the concept, background, implementation concerns, example PCC models and frameworks, current research evidence, and a list of some useful resources.
Tetranuclear Manganese Models of the OEC Displaying Hydrogen Bonding Interactions: Application to Electrocatalytic Water Oxidation to Hydrogen Peroxide

Toward the development of structural and functional models of the oxygen evolving complex (OEC) of photosystem II, we report the synthesis of site-differentiated tetranuclear manganese complexes featuring three six-coordinate and one five-coordinate Mn centers. To incorporate biologically relevant second coordination sphere interactions, substituents capable of hydrogen bonding are included as pyrazolates with arylamine substituents. Complexes with terminal anionic ligands, OH- or Cl-, bound to the lower coordinate metal center are supported through the hydrogen-bonding network in a fashion reminiscent of the enzymatic active site. The hydroxide complex was found to be a competent electrocatalyst for O-O bond formation, a key transformation pertinent to the OEC. In an acetonitrile-water mixture, at neutral pH, electrochemical water oxidation to hydrogen peroxide was observed, albeit with low (15%) Faradaic yield, likely due to competing reactions with organics. In agreement, 9,10-dihydroanthracene is electrochemically oxidized in the presence of this cluster both via H-atom abstraction and oxygenation with ∼50% combined Faradaic yield.
High efficiency 25 Watt GaN X-band SSPA for deep space missions

Deep space missions often require a rugged, high efficiency, low mass X-Band power amplifier to return science data back to Earth. A high efficiency 25 W GaN solid state power amplifier (SSPA) prototype was developed for NASA's Europa Lander mission concept. The SSPA design consists of three amplifier stages each designed using a die-level GaN on SiC high electron mobility transistor (HEMT). The first two stages are single string amplifiers and the final output stage consists of two stages in a quadrature combined configuration, to provide both soft-redundancy and improved heat spreading, which increases reliability. The design also uses a low-loss isolator on the output to ensure that any changes in the SSPA's load impedance (i.e: the antenna) is minimized, thereby reducing any degradations to the two main requirements of the SSPA, output power and efficiency. Also, an efficient DC-DC converter that converts the Spacecraft Bus voltage (22 V to 36 V) to a regulated 32 V is designed. Each function block in the SSPA is measured individually and the overall cascaded performance is calculated based on these measurements. The final performance of the SSPA results in an output power 25 W, at a box efficiency of 37.5%. This is an improvement from traditional GaAs SSPAs that have previously flown and an improvement from recent published GaN SSPA results. [1]
The Neurotensin NTS1 Receptor Agonist PD149163 Produces Antidepressant‐Like Effects in the Forced Swim Test: Further Support for Neurotensin as a Novel Pharmacologic Strategy for Antidepressant Drugs

Preclinical Research Neurotensin is a nonbrain penetrant neuropeptide neurotransmitter that alters dopaminergic and serotonergic neurotransmission. Previous animal behavioral studies have demonstrated that intra-ventral tegmental administration of neurotensin and system administration of the selective neurotensin NTS1 receptor agonist, PD149163 produce antidepressant-like effects in a forced swim test and a differential reinforcement of low rate task, respectively. The present study sought to expand upon these past findings by assessing systemic administration of PD149163 in a forced swim test, a primary antidepressant preclinical screening model, in mice. The tricyclic antidepressant drug imipramine was tested for comparison, and both compounds were also assessed in an open field test. Both PD149163 and imipramine reduced time spent immobile, an antidepressant-like effect, in the forced swim test. The highest dose of each compound significantly reduced locomotor activity. These findings provide further evidence for the putative antidepressant effects for PD149163 and suggest that NTS1 receptor activation may be a novel pharmacologic strategy for antidepressant drug development. Drug Dev Res 78 : 196-202, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A systematic review of school-based interventions that include inhaler technique education.

Abstract Background Proper use of inhaled medication is essential for the successful treatment of childhood asthma; yet, improper inhaler technique among school-aged children is common. There are many schoolbased asthma education programs, but the extent to which these programs teach inhaler technique is unknown. Methods We systematically reviewed the literature to identify schoolbased asthma interventions that included inhaler technique instruction. We searched several databases, including PubMed, for relevant articles. Studies were included if they were asthma interventions of any type (programs, curriculums, education) conducted at kindergarten through twelfth grade schools that taught inhaler technique and included inhaler technique as an outcome measure. Of the 285 citations identified, the final nine studies (selected from 71 full-text articles) met the inclusion criteria. Results Findings from this systematic review identified a very small number of school-based interventions that evaluated improvements in students' inhaler technique. Two of the nine studies (22%) used a validated measure of inhaler technique. Inhaler technique instruction varied in length, from 15 min to 1 h and nurses implemented inhaler technique instruction in six of the nine (67%) interventions. Existing studies offer mixed evidence for sustained technique improvements up to a 12-month follow-up period. Conclusions Evidence suggests that students benefit from school-based inhaler technique education; however, inconsistencies in how technique was measured limit our ability to draw firm conclusions regarding the effectiveness of inhaler technique education on student outcomes. Future studies are needed to identify the most appropriate and feasible inhaler technique education components for use in comprehensive asthma self management interventions.
Advantages of Cardiopulmonary Ultrasound in Post–Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Tension Pneumothorax

Tension pneumothorax is a life-threatening condition that frequently occurs in the setting of cardiopulmonary resuscitation as a result of positive pressure ventilation and chest compressions. Developing crepitus due to subcutaneous air can severely limit pleural ultrasound (US) views and hinder the diagnosis of pneumothorax by pleural US. Physicians trained in the use of point-of-care US must be familiar with the subcostal cardiac and inferior vena cava views associated with tension pneumothorax. These include a dilated, nondistensible inferior vena cava and hyperdynamic right heart as a result of a reduced preload.
International perspective on nanotechnology papers, patents, and NSF awards (2000–2016)

This paper presents the development of nanotechnology between 2000 and 2016 as reflected in the Web of Science papers, United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO), World International Property Organization (WIPO) patents, and National Science Foundation (NSF) awards, with a special reference to the United States (US), European Union (EU27), P.R. China, Japan, and South Korea. The field of nanotechnology is branching out into novel scientific and technology platforms, and it is increasingly difficult to separate foundational nanoscale components from divergent application areas. The average global growth rate has been sustained at about 15% for both papers and patents in the selected interval. The growth rates among regions are non-uniform. P.R. China and South Korea have increased faster in both the numbers and quality of their scientific publications, and currently P.R. China has the largest volume of nanotechnology publications and South Korea the most publications per capita in the field of nanotechnology. The US, EU27, and Japan are maintaining leadership in the upstream, better cited, conceptual components of nanotechnology research and development.
The White Working-Class and the Foreclosure Crisis: Tracing the Roots of a Failed Movement in Southern California

This article investigates why no major social movement has developed around the foreclosure crisis. Initially, the answer to this question was thought to lie in the individualistic ideological beliefs held by those going through foreclosure. That is, it was hypothesized that self-blame and guilt would account for the lack of activism in the streets. To test this hypothesis, a survey of over 400 residents and over twenty in-depth follow-up interviews were conducted in a working-class suburb of San Diego, California, that had been hard hit by the foreclosure crisis. These data failed to support the hypothesis and, instead, pointed to community individualistic ideology and lack of participation in civic organizations as the determining factors suppressing movement formation.
Traditional Gender Roles and the Stress-Alcohol Relationship among Latina/o College Students.

Background: Latina/o college students have been shown to engage in more high risk drinking behavior than students from other ethnic minority groups, and are more likely to experience certain negati...
Effects of dietary protein levels on growth and body composition of juvenile (age-1) Black Buffalo Ictiobus niger

Abstract Populations of Black Buffalo Ictiobus niger, a broadly-distributed catostomid species native to the Mississippi River basin, are in decline, similar to many other catostomids. Artificial propagation and culture are frequently a part of native species recovery plans, and developing formulated diets is a critical component of these plans. However, studies establishing protein requirements for catostomids are limited, particularly for larger juvenile to sub-adult sizes, even though catostomids are commonly reared to these sizes. Therefore, we conducted a 10-week growth study to evaluate optimal protein levels in juvenile (age-1) Black Buffalo (mean ± SE: total length = 218.7 ± 0.8 mm, weight = 148.5 ± 1.6 g). Five practical diets were formulated to contain 30, 34, 38, 41, and 45% crude protein with each diet fed to four replicate tanks (400-L) containing 10 fish each. Fish fed a diet containing 41% crude protein had greater biomass gain (total weight gain for all fish in the tank) when compared to other diets. Individual weight gain (percent increase) was greater in fish fed diets containing 41% and 45% protein compared to lower protein diets. Results from this study suggest a diet with 41% crude protein would produce optimal growth for juvenile (age-1) Black Buffalo.
Firstness, Shock, Law, and the Hand of the Sheriff

The three: shock, law, and the hand of the sheriff, are an image of a philosophical consideration on legal activity. Shock is inherent to the experience of Firstness. Encountering the law always includes such a shock (a never fully extended suggestion in the center of Peircean philosophy). The hand of the sheriff is a sign, a metaphor, a reality and a symbol: their determination depends on the situation in which the occurrence takes place.
A 3D-printed miniature magnetron gauge for ultra-high vacuum environments

Abstract Miniaturized magnetron gauges are necessary for monitoring vacuum level in miniature vacuum chambers. This paper addresses the challenges of designing the magnetron cavity and configuring the electric and magnetic fields within it while meeting the contradictory constraints of small size and high vacuum level that make electron confinement and accumulation difficult. The resulting gauge has an internal volume of 0.3 cm3 and is designed for and fabricated by advanced 3D printing – including direct metal laser sintering of 316 L stainless steel. Additionally, it is capable of directly attaching to a standard vacuum electrical feedthrough. A particle tracing simulation is used to assess the electron confinement for a range of operating conditions. Experimental characterization shows that the operating pressures extend from 10 nTorr (1.33 μPa) to 1 mTorr (133 mPa). The gauge current is repeatable over the characterized pressures at various values of supply source voltage, VS, from −1000 V to −2500 V, and ranges from ≈1 nA to ≈100 μA over these pressures and voltages. The effects of VS and pressure are examined and compared to prior work. This gauge is at least 30× smaller than commercially available magnetron gauges (e.g., a typical inverted magnetron transducer has an internal volume of 15 cm3).
Comprehensive Library of Photovoltaic Functions on Python for Academic and Educational Purposes

This comprehensive library of photovoltaic functions (PVSimLib) is an attempt to help the photovoltaics community to solve one of its long-lasting problems, the lack of a simple, flexible and comprehensive tool that can be used for photovoltaic calculations. The library contains a collection of useful functions and detailed examples that will show the user how to take advantage of the resources present in this library. The results will show how in combination with other Python libraries (Matplotlib), this library becomes a powerful tool for anyone involved in solar power.
Pegfilgrastim (N) induced bone pain (NIBP): Incidence, risk factors and management in a community practice

8598 Background: In the early clinical trials, the incidence of NIBP was 15–30%, with ‘severe‘ pain in less than 8% of patients (pts). The incidence in clinical practice may be higher and contribut...
Where is the Cash in Clubs

The statement of cash flows and the cash budget are two important tools for clubs to better manage their cash. While the statement of cash flows reflects cash flow activities for a period of time a...
Spectroscopic Characterization of an Eight‐Iron Nitrogenase Cofactor Precursor that Lacks the “9 th Sulfur”

Nitrogenases catalyze the reduction of N2 to NH4 + at its cofactor site. Designated the M-cluster, this [MoFe7 S9 C(R-homocitrate)] cofactor is synthesized via the transformation of a [Fe4 S4 ] cluster pair into an [Fe8 S9 C] precursor (designated the L-cluster) prior to insertion of Mo and homocitrate. We report the characterization of an eight-iron cofactor precursor (designated the L*-cluster), which is proposed to have the composition [Fe8 S8 C] and lack the "9th sulfur" in the belt region of the L-cluster. Our X-ray absorption and electron spin echo envelope modulation (ESEEM) analyses strongly suggest that the L*-cluster represents a structural homologue to the l-cluster except for the missing belt sulfur. The absence of a belt sulfur from the L*-cluster may prove beneficial for labeling the catalytically important belt region, which could in turn facilitate investigations into the reaction mechanism of nitrogenases.
Saddle pulmonary embolism and clot in transit in COVID-19 infection: a case report of catastrophic venous thromboembolism

Background : Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is associated with a coagulopathy favouring thrombosis over bleeding that imparts a poor prognosis Clot in transit (CIT) is considered a rare entity and the most severe form of venous thromboembolism (VTE), carrying a higher mortality than isolated pulmonary embolism (PE) The incidence of this phenomenon in patients with COVID-19 infection is unknown and likely under-recognized Case summary : During the peak of the COVID-19 pandemic in New York City, a 70-year-old Hispanic female presented with syncope due to a saddle PE further complicated by a highly mobile CIT Polymerase chain reaction was positive for COVID-19 infection, however, there was no evidence of lung parenchymal involvement or hyper-inflammation Based on consensus from a multidisciplinary team, aspiration thrombectomy was attempted to treat this extreme case of VTE, however, the patient died during the procedure Discussion : This case raises awareness to the most catastrophic form of VTE, presenting in an early phase of COVID-19 infection without the typical hyper-inflammation and severe lung injury associated with development of COVID-related coagulopathy It also serves to inform on the critical role echocardiography has in the comprehensive evaluation and re-evaluation of hospitalized patients with COVID-19, and the importance of a multidisciplinary organized approach in clinical decision-making for this complex and poorly understood disease and its sequelae
MPRO: A Professionalism Curriculum to Enhance the Professional Identity Formation of University Premedical Students

Limited opportunities exist for university premedical students to gain exposure to the realities of clinical practice through physician shadowing or through a formal curriculum. Medical Professionalism and Observership utilizes didactics, reflective writing, small- and large- group discussions, and clinical observerships to enhance the process of professional identity formation during a critical developmental window of late- adolescence. The pilot semester included a sample of 135 students, all in their sophomore, junior, or senior years of study at Rice University. Students were selected through an application process and paired with physicians at Houston Methodist Hospital based on specialty preference and availability. Students were required to participate in biweekly lectures and discussions and to submit a weekly reflection on topics discussed in the course and their shadowing experiences. Student evaluations were administered to survey changes in students' knowledge and perceptions of the curriculum. Selected reflections were read for evidence of professional identity formation. Lectures increased students' exposure to core competencies within the medical profession and influenced their desire to become physicians. Reflective writings demonstrated integration of these core competencies into the professional identity of students. Structured reflection and didactics, when coupled with physician shadowing, appear to promote integration of the values, beliefs, and attitudes of medical professionalism. Future studies should seek to demonstrate how such a curriculum affects professional identity formation through established measures, and to assess whether such a curriculum may influence students' preparedness for medical training and practice as they progress along their careers.
Algorithms for Energy-Efficient Query-Reduction in Wireless Sensor Networks

A wide area sensor system is a complex, dynamic, resource constrained collection of sensing devices. Typically, queries are sent out by master node(s) and query-satisfying data are aggregated at optimized points in a sensor network and sent back to master node(s). If patterns of queries sent out by master node(s) are studied, replies can be sent back based on patterns observed. This would be especially beneficial in saving energy for large heterogeneous sensor network whose nodes' location is partially unknown and could change. The contribution of this paper is to propose two simple learning algorithms (block based, incremental learning) to learn about the pattern of queries and also to use an associated sensor and data (ASD). Initial results show promising energy savings with this scheme when compared to flooding.
Rising strong: a housing-based intervention to prevent childhood out-of-home placements from families impacted by housing instability, opioid use, and other substance use disorders

Rising Strong is a housing-based intervention created to reunify families involved in the child welfare system by providing housing, opioid and other substance use disorder treatment, and other sup...
Health care practitioners’ confidence assessing lupus-related rashes in patients of color:

Background: Patients with skin of color (P-SOC) are disproportionately burdened by lupus and often have worse disease outcomes than white patients. This is partly because educational materials underrepresent P-SOC, thereby promoting unconscious bias and clinical deficiencies among practitioners.Purpose: We sought to measure providers' confidence in diagnosing the cutaneous manifestations of lupus (i.e., lupus-related rashes) in P-SOC and to assess which factors influenced their confidence.Research Design: We created and distributed a survey that gathered information about participants' personal characteristics, clinical specialty, training, and current practice as well as measuring their confidence assessing lupus-related rashes in various skin tones.Study Sample: Practitioners from the fields of rheumatology, dermatology, and internal medicine in the greater St. Louis area (Missouri, USA) participated in the survey.Analysis: We compared practitioners' mean confidence levels assessing lupus-related rashes in patients with fair skin and P-SOC with a linear mixed effects model and used univariate and multivariate linear regression models to determine if the aforementioned factors correlated with confidence.Results: Participants' mean confidence in diagnosing lupus-related rashes in P-SOC was significantly lower than assessing such findings in patients with fair skin (p = .009). Several factors correlated with confidence level at a univariate level; however, the multivariate model revealed experience as the only factor significantly associated with confidence (p = .001). Conclusions: Providers report significantly less confidence assessing lupus-related rashes in P-SOC than in patients with fair skin. Our analysis demonstrates that experience positively correlates with confidence and suggests that interventions which enhance practitioners' exposure to and experience with these rashes in P-SOC can improve clinical confidence as well as patient outcomes.
Cycles and Circles

Few themes in health and social policy are really new; certainly interest in the relationship between care of the mentally ill and the community is neither new nor an exclusively Western preoccupation.1 This chapter presents a brief review of the development of policies concerned with mental health and human services in the United States, and raises questions about the future.
An Association between Diabetes and Late Hospital Arrival among low-income Hispanic Stroke Patients (P7.144)

OBJECTIVE: Diabetes has been reported to be associated with prehospital delays among patients with acute myocardial infarction but not with acute stroke. We explored this association along with other related factors among low-income Hispanic stroke patients. BACKGROUND: Prehospital delays are a significant rate-limiting step to acute stroke treatment with tissue plasminogen activator (tPA). Factors reported to be associated with pre-hospital delays include race, stroke severity (NIHSS), gender, SES, previous stroke and certain comorbidities, such as hypertension and atrial fibrillation. Diabetes, a major stroke risk factor that is more prevalent among Hispanics (with estimates suggesting that up to 30[percnt] of adults have the disease) has not been fully explored as a potential contributor to prehospital delays among Hispanic stroke patients. We hypothesized that the presence of diabetes causes longer delays to acute stroke care, potentially due to increased self-management from misinterpretation of stroke symptoms as symptoms of low or high blood glucose levels. METHODS: We explored various factors reported to be associated with pre-hospital delays for acute stroke, including EMS activation, gender, age, stroke severity (NIHSS), hypertension, atrial fibrillation, heart failure, previous stroke, and diabetes mellitus in a sample of low-income, Hispanic stroke patients presenting to two stroke centers in Northern Manhattan, NYC (N=380). Data were analyzed using multiple logistic regression. RESULTS: Factors associated with early hospital arrival (within 4.5 hours of symptom onset) (odds ratio;95[percnt]CI) included EMS activation (2.59;1.50-4.46) and atrial fibrillation (2.99;1.43-6.28). Conversely, diabetes was significantly associated with delayed hospital arrival (0.38;0.23-0.62). Factors associated with EMS activation included increasing age (1.02;1.004-1.05) and higher NIHSS (1.17;1.10-1.25). Interestingly, neither hypertension nor previous stroke was associated with early arrival or EMS activation. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of diabetes may be associated with delayed hospital arrival for acute stroke among low-income Hispanic stroke patients. Further studies are needed to confirm these findings. Disclosure: Dr. Ellyn has nothing to disclose. Dr. Williams has nothing to disclose.
Inverse Methods for Parameter Estimations

Estimation of various flow and mass transport parameters can be seen as the inverse problem of groundwater modeling. In this article, current methodologies for parameter estimation are classified according to whether they consider the errors in observation data, in parameter structure, and in model applications. The structures of hydraulic parameters are usually very complex and unknown. This article gives an overview on adaptive parameterization methods for simultaneously identifying the parameter values, the complexity level, and the pattern of parameter structure. Methods for model reliability analysis are described. Finally, a generalized inverse problem is introduced that can find a representative parameter for a given model application. Keywords: parameter estimation; inverse problem; groundwater modeling; sensitivity analysis; reliability assessment; model complexity; experimental design
Region-specific epithelial cell dynamics during branching morphogenesis.

Background: Epithelial cells of developing embryonic organs, such as salivary glands, can display substantial motility during branching morphogenesis. Their dynamic movements and molecules involved in their migration are not fully characterized. Results: We generated transgenic mice expressing photo-convertible KikGR and tracked the movements of individual cells highlighted by red fluorescence in different regions of developing salivary glands. Motility was highest for outer bud epithelial cells adjacent to the basement membrane, lower in inner bud cells, and lowest in duct cells. The highly motile outer cells contacting the basement membrane were pleomorphic, whereas inner cells were rounded. Peripheral cell motility was disrupted by antibodies inhibiting α6+β1 integrins and the nonmuscle myosin II inhibitor blebbistatin. Inner bud cell migration was unaffected by these inhibitors, but their rate of migration was stimulated by inhibiting E-cadherin. Conclusions: Cell motility in developing salivary glands was highest in cells in contact with the basement membrane. The basement membrane-associated motility of these outer bud cells depended on integrins and myosin II, but not E-cadherin. In contrast, motility of inner bud cells was restrained by E-cadherin. These findings identify the importance of integrin-dependent basement membrane association for the morphology, tissue organization, and lateral motility of morphogenetic epithelial cells. Developmental Dynamics 242:1066–1077, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Evaluation of a Short Dietary Assessment Instrument for Percentage Energy from Fat in an Intervention Study

The need for an inexpensive measure of dietary intake in intervention studies led to evaluation of the National Cancer Institute (NCI) Percentage Energy from Fat short instrument (PFat) in a subgroup of the Behavioral Change Consortium (BCC) intervention sites. The PFat's performance was evaluated using multiple nonconsecutive 24-h dietary recalls (24HR) as a reference instrument among participants at baseline in 4 demographically diverse intervention sites of the BCC. Mean estimates of percentage energy from fat for 24HR and PFat were within 2.1 percentage points of each other in all but 2 site/gender comparisons. 24HR and PFat estimates were not significantly different (P < 0.05) among men for 2 of 3 sites, and among women for 2 of 4 sites. Deattenuated Pearson correlation coefficients for the PFat and true intake (as estimated from the 24HR using a measurement error model) were significantly different from 0 (P < 0.05) for men and women in all sites, ranging from 0.52 to 0.77 among men and 0.36 to 0.59 among women. Besides gender and site, no other factors examined (age, education, smoking status, and BMI) consistently moderated validity estimates. If accurate assessment of diet at baseline (and presumably at follow-up) is essential, a more detailed instrument such as multiple 24HR may be warranted. The question of whether the PFat adequately measures change in diet is addressed in another article in this supplement.
Social Distance Drives the Convergence of Preferences in an Online Music Sharing Network

Music sharing websites with social network capabilities now allow us a greater insight into how people sift through cultural product choices through their relationships with others. Here, we look at the social network and listening activity on Herzio.com (http://www.herzio.com). We filter through the data and measure sharing activity based on different network features (social distance, friendship, and community structure) and one of the website's features, music recommendations. We find that social distance drives sharing, with greater sharing occurring at the beginning of a period of activity.
HAND GRASP FUNCTION ANALYSIS BASED ON VF SET

This paper presents a method based on virtual finger (VF) set to analyze the grasp function of bionic hand. In order to exactly represent different function units of human hand or bionic hand a more detailed classification of VF is proposed to divide VF into three types: VFFE, VFAA and VFPalm, of which a VF set describing hand grasp can be composed. The VF set cannot only describe the degree of freedom (DOF) distribution of human hand or bionic hand but also indicate which fingers take part in grasp and what motion types the fingers are. The VF sets of eight classic bionic hands and five basic human hand grasp postures are provided. The inclusion relationship between the VF set of a bionic hand and those of the basic human hand grasp postures is used to analyze the grasp function of a bionic hand. As examples the grasp functions of several classic bionic hands, such as i-LIMB Hand, HIT/DLR Hand, etc. are analyzed.
Sensitivity of inertial confinement fusion hot spot properties to the deuterium-tritium fuel adiabat

We determine the dependence of key Inertial Confinement Fusion (ICF) hot spot simulation properties on the deuterium-tritium fuel adiabat, here modified by addition of energy to the cold shell. Variation of this parameter reduces the simulation to experiment discrepancy in some, but not all, experimentally inferred quantities. Using simulations with radiation drives tuned to match experimental shots N120321 and N120405 from the National Ignition Campaign (NIC), we carry out sets of simulations with varying amounts of added entropy and examine the sensitivities of important experimental quantities. Neutron yields, burn widths, hot spot densities, and pressures follow a trend approaching their experimentally inferred quantities. Ion temperatures and areal densities are sensitive to the adiabat changes, but do not necessarily converge to their experimental quantities with the added entropy. This suggests that a modification to the simulation adiabat is one of, but not the only explanation of the observed simulation to experiment discrepancies. In addition, we use a theoretical model to predict 3D mix and observe a slight trend toward less mixing as the entropy is enhanced. Instantaneous quantities are assessed at the time of maximum neutron production, determined dynamically within each simulation. These trends contribute to ICF science, as an effort to understand the NIC simulation to experiment discrepancy, and in their relation to the high foot experiments, which features a higher adiabat in the experimental design and an improved neutron yield in the experimental results.
Symmetry violating kaon decays

Abstract Some highlights of the physics sessions of the workshop are presented. Particular emphasis is placed on the different investigations which can be carried out with kaons and antiprotons than with pions and protons.
The Russian Civil War in Chinese Turkestan (Xinjiang), 1918–1921: A Little Known and Explored Front

Abstract A very important yet little known front in the Russian Civil War existed in neighbouring Xinjiang, a region in China's northwest, that was at that time self-governing. In Xinjiang, Russian White Commanders and their troops gained sanctuary, financial assistance, food and shelter from Chinese provincial leaders, and then used those sanctuaries to launch operations against Soviet forces. However, by 1921, Red Army troops destroyed any remaining organised White forces, which then melted into the Chinese landscape. The ramifications of the Russian Civil War in Xinjiang had important impacts on the people of Xinjiang, and on Russia and China as well.
Preparation of fatty epoxy alcohols using oat seed peroxygenase in nonaqueous media

Peroxygenase is an enzyme of higher plants that is capable of using hydroperoxide and hydrogen peroxide for oxidation of a double bond to an epoxide. A microsomal fraction was prepared from dry oat (Avena sativa) seeds. The peroxygenase activity of this fraction was tested using fatty acid hydroperoxide 2a [13(S)-hydroperoxy-9(Z), 11(E)-octadecadienoic acid] and its methyl ester 2b as sources of peroxygen. These were prepared by the action of soybean lipoxygenase on linoleic acid. A high-performance liquid chromatographic assay was used to differentiate between peroxygen cleavage and peroxygen cleavage with accompanying double-bond oxidation Higher activity was obtained with 2b compared to 2a, and peroxygen cleavage activity was observed in both aqueous and organic solvent media. Double-bond oxidation activity was high only in aqueous media and nonpolar organic solvents. Structural elucidation of the epoxidized product showed it to be the oxylipid, methyl cis-9,10-epoxy-13(S)-hydroxy-11(E)-octade-cenoate 4b, demonstrating specificity for epoxidation of the cis double bond. Trihydroxy product was not detected, demonstrating that the epoxide was not hydrolyzed.
A Study of Workforce Training Challenges Faced by a US Community College and a Comparable Chinese Institution

This qualitative comparative case study examines the workforce training programs offered in a US community college and the vocational and technical programs offered in a comparable Chinese postsecondary institution. The study sought to identify transferable qualities and characteristics that could contribute to improving the workforce training programs in both countries. Globalization makes international collaboration between institutions and programs ever more important, particularly considering the many shared problems and potential for shared solutions. The studyâ€™s findings resulted in four primary recommendations that could be adopted by both the US and Chinese case institutions: (a) create timely new programs and courses, (b) seek new funding sources and alternatives for reducing operational costs, (c) recruit qualified full-time or part-time faculty who have industry experience, and (d) add a critical thinking component in all courses. Moreover, recommendations for each of the institutions were developed.
An Insight into Communication Barriers between Bank Managers and Their Customers

(1987). An Insight into Communication Barriers between Bank Managers and Their Customers. Journal of Education for Business: Vol. 62, No. 7, pp. 293-296.
Laser Activated Flow For Integrated Circuit Fabrication

A method of planarizing integrated circuit devices which is compatible with VLSI requirements is presented. This method utilizes either cw or pulsed radiation from a tunable CO2 laser to selectively heat, for example, a thin layer of phosphosilicate glass causing it to flow. Flow, which is characterized as a decrease in glass viscosity sufficient to provide smoothing of the device topography, occurs without adversely affecting the under-lying or exposed device materials. Application of the laser activated flow method to the fabrication of integrated circuits with multilevel metallization systems is demonstrated.© (1983) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Coenzym Q, LIX Photochemische Cyclisierung von Coenzym Q zum D, L‐Chromenol

Die Bestrahlung von Coenzym Q in siedendem athanol mit uberwiegend sichtbarem Licht fuhrt zu einer Umwandlung in Chromenole. Bei Bestrahlung mit ultraviolettem Licht tritt Reduktion zum Hydrochinon ein.
Evaluating cell-based components of DANSAT for predicting surface and subsurface transport of pesticides

Accurate simulation of cell-based processes is important for evaluating the impacts of best management practices (BMPs) on surface and ground water. The objective of this study was to evaluate the cell-based component of the Dynamic Agricultural Non-point Source Assessment Tool (DANSAT) for simulating water, sediment, and pesticide movement both in surface and through the soil profile. DANSAT was applied to a maize field in Virginia cultivated by conventional tillage. The model performed well in predicting seasonal and total surface runoff, sediment load, and pesticides loads. Movements of percolated water and pesticides in the soil profile were also well reproduced by the model with 0.57 and 0.82 average index of agreements, respectively. However, the model had difficulty in predicting the temporal changes in sediment load using the dynamic erodibility approach for estimating daily variable rill and interrill erodibility parameters. The overall result showed that the cell-based component of DANSAT could be used for further evaluation of BMP impacts on surface and ground water at the watershed-scale.
Aluminum-silicon Schottky barriers as semiconductor targets for EBS devices

Abstract The ideal semiconductor target for EBS devices is most closely approximated by the Schottky barrier junction, with Al having the highest figure of merit. Accordingly, large area (1·27 mm 2 ), high-field Al  n Si Schottky barrier junctions surrounded by a p - n junction guard-ring have been fabricated in unpassivated, SiO 2 passivated, and Al 2 O 3 passivated configurations. The fabrication procedure is described and data pertaining to forward and reverse characteristics, yield and storage characteristics are presented. The Schottky barrier height is characterized by four independent measurements with excellent agreement between the various measurements. The barrier height is in the 0·710–0·760 V range and the typical ideality factor is ≤1·05. The devices exhibit ideal Schottky barrier behavior at least over the −50−100°C temperature range. The current gain of Schottky barriers with different Al layer thicknesses is measured under static electron bombardment over the 1–30 keV energy range. From these measurements, the average energy required to create a hole-electron pair is determined to be 3·44±0·2 eV. Using the gain-energy characteristic, it is possible to identify an optimum accelerating potential for each target. This optimum accelerating potential is in good agreement with that obtained theoretically from consideration of target losses. No junction instability is observed due to electron irradiation for beam current densities up to 0·314 A/cm 2 and target current densities exceeding 1000 A/cm 2 . Further, no significant device degradation is observed for target dissipated power densities exceeding 50 kW/cm 2 . Under pulse mode dynamic testing, output pulses of 13·1 A with a measured risetime of 0·72 nsec into the 10 Ω optimum load are obtained. When the output risetime is corrected for beam resetime (∼0·60 nsec), an output/risetime of 13·1 A/0·40 nsec is obtained. This is within a factor of 2 of the theoretical output capability of an optimized target; the difference is due to the capacitance of the guard-ring. The amplifier pulse mode efficiency is 85 per cent. The low pass bandwidth is 875 MHz, and the Pf 2 figure is 82 W-GHz 2 . In addition, small-signal transconductance and power gains of 4·35 ℧ and 40 dB, respectively, are achieved. No output pulse distortion or pulse height deterioration is noted for pulse widths up to 130 nsec having 13·0 A amplitude under prolonged bombardment of our devices. This indicates that if any insulator charging is occurring, it does not result in any deleterious effects on the target performance.
Quantitative size-dependent structure and strain determination of CdSe nanoparticles using atomic pair distribution function analysis

The size-dependent structure of CdSe nanoparticles, with diameters ranging from $2\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\text{to}\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}4\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm}$, has been studied using the atomic pair distribution function (PDF) method. The core structure of the measured CdSe nanoparticles can be described in terms of the wurtzite atomic structure with extensive stacking faults. The density of faults in the nanoparticles is $\ensuremath{\sim}50%$. The diameter of the core region was extracted directly from the PDF data and is in good agreement with the diameter obtained from standard characterization methods, suggesting that there is little surface amorphous region. A compressive strain was measured in the Cd--Se bond length that increases with decreasing particle size being 0.5% with respect to bulk CdSe for the $2\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm}$ diameter particles. This study demonstrates the size-dependent quantitative structural information that can be obtained even from very small nanoparticles using the PDF approach.
Occupational performance needs of young veterans

OBJECTIVE. We examined the occupational performance issues facing young U.S. veterans (aged 20-29 yr) who served in Iraq and Afghanistan. Perceived challenges in occupational performance, the most common mental health and brain injuries of war, and motivations for participation in daily occupations upon return to civilian life were identified. METHOD. Thirty young veterans from Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom were interviewed using the Canadian Occupational Performance Measure (Law et al., 2005). They were also screened for posttraumatic stress disorder, traumatic brain injury, major depression, and alcohol abuse or dependency. RESULTS. The top five occupational performance challenges were engagement in relationships, school, physical health, sleeping, and driving. The health conditions screened positive for 23%-77% of respondents. CONCLUSION. This study identified challenges faced by today's young veterans when reintegrating into the community and daily life. Strategies for occupational therapy practitioners to aid veterans in community reintegration are discussed. Language: en
Trisomy for the short arms of chromosome 9 in two generations, with balanced translocations t(15p+;9q−) in three generations

ner canthal and outer orbital dimensions, J. PEDIATR. 74: 465, 1969. 3. Pelz, L.: The intermamillary index in children, Hum. Hered. 22: 204, 1972. 4. Chen, H., Espiritu, C., Casquejo, C., and Wolley, P. V., Jr.: 5. Studies on internipple distance in children (abstract), J. PEDIATR. 83: 158, 1973. Collins, E.: The illusion of widely spaced nipples in the Noonan and the Turner syndromes, J. PEDIATR. 831 557, 1973.
Electrically Coupled Graded Index Metamaterial

We have demonstrated that effective gradient index devices can be fabricated to collimate and steer microwave beams by designing the spatial profile of positive effective permittivity across the slab. Resonant losses in the devices is reduced dramatically by operating at frequency ranges far from the unit cell resonance, and substrate losses is reduced by utilizing low loss material. Using these approaches, we demonstrate large steering angles of up to 22 degrees with only 0.7 dB transmission loss. These pave the way for practical implementation of low-cost microwave beam steering devices using metamaterials.
Electron‐Transfer Reactions on Passive Chromium

The kinetics of electron transfer between electrochemically passivated chromium and several outer-sphere redox couples have been investigated as a function of passive-film thickness, d = 5 to 25/~, in 1M H2SO4. The apparent rate of electron transfer decreased exponentially with increasing thickness of the passivating overlayer. Similarly, during potentiostatic film growth, the electron-transfer rate decreased logarithmically with time, t, as a consequence of'the film-growth kinetics, since d varies with log(t). These relationships indicate an electron-tunneling controlled process. However, variations in the film thickness and defects result in electron transfer occurring at distributed sites of enhanced tunneling probability, making a meaningful quantitative analysis difficult.