cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Constipation in children.

Difficulties with defecation are common in infants and children. Most problems are short-lived and of little consequence. Fluid/dietary alterations often resolve the problem, although a stool softener must be prescribed on occasion. Although chronic constipation may be secondary to anatomic/pathophysiologic abnormalities in a small number of patients (Table 1), it most often follows an inadequately managed acute problem. Persistent difficulty with the passage of stool often leads to impaction, stool withholding, and, eventually, fecal soiling. Weaver and Steiner recently reported their observations on the bowel habits of 350 preschool youngsters living in and around Newcastle upon Tyne, Great Britain. These children consumed a low fiber diet typical for the area. They found that 85% of these 1-to 4-year-old children passed stool once or twice a day, and 96% did so three times daily to once every other day. They observed that most (at all ages studied) produced soft stools of about 25 mL volume. PHYSIOLOGIC STUDIES Anorectal manometric studies have been performed in normal infants and children and in children with significant constipation. Distention of the rectum of normal subjects results in reflex relaxation of the internal anal sphincter and contraction of the external anal sphincter. There appears to be a proportionate relationship between the volume of rectal distention and the amplitude of relaxation and contraction of the anal sphincteric components.
Audiovisual Programs Related to Preservation: A Mediagraphy

The growing interest in sharing information about the preservation of library and archival material has resulted in the production of numerous audiovisual programs on the subject over the past 15 years. Each year more items appear.
Adsorption of Organic Compounds by Commercial Filter Papers and its Implication on Quantitative-Qualitative Chemical Analysis

Eighteen acidic and neutral organic compounds were studied for adsorption onto Filter I (MF-Millipore filter) with a diameter of 17.5 mm. The adsorption after filtration of 3 ml. of solution ranged from zero to almost 100%. The adsorption to Filter II (Whatman filter), however, was much lower and in some cases negligible. The water-soluble or ionic forms of compounds are less adsorbed. The extent of adsorption for each compound might depend on its concentration, filtration rate, volume of solution filtered, and Filter I size used. The adsorption was found to be reversible and could be represented by the Freundlich adsorption isotherm equation. The water-soluble impurities from both types of filters were also studied. Their absorbances below 230 mμ were considerably high. The implication of adsorption and impurities from filters on quantitative-qualitative chemical analysis was discussed.
Eintrübung klarer Hornhauttransplantate durch individualspezifische Sensibilisierung des Empfängers

Eine Gruppe technisch einwandfreier, klarer Hornhauttransplantate beim Menschen trubt sich ohne erkenntliche Ursache 1-6 Wochen nach der Operation ein. Dies geschieht unter einem charakteristischen klinischen Bild. Das Ereignis konnte bisher nicht erklart werden. Es wurde in vorliegenden Untersuchungen tierexperimentell nachgeahmt durch Erzeugung einer spenderspezifisch gerichteten Hyperergie. Durch zusatzliche Uberpflanzung lebenden Gewebes vom ursprunglichen Hornhautspender kann die hyperergische Reaktion des Empfangers gegen den Spender so gesteigert werden, das sie zur Eintrubung eines zuvor klaren homologen Hornhauttransplantates fuhrt. Uberpflanzung entsprechenden Gewebes von einem beliebigen Spender statt von dem ursprunglichen Hornhautspender bleibt zumeist wirkungslos. Mit dieser individualspezifischen Sensibilisierung wurde die Moglichkeit belegt, das es auf dem Boden einer hyperergischen Reaktion zur Eintrubung eines klaren Homotransplantates kommen kann.
An energy systems view of sustainability: emergy evaluation of the San Luis Basin, Colorado.

Energy Systems Theory (EST) provides a framework for understanding and interpreting sustainability. EST implies that "what is sustainable" for a system at any given level of organization is determined by the cycles of change originating in the next larger system and within the system of concern. The pulsing paradigm explains the ubiquitous cycles of change that apparently govern ecosystems, rather than succession to a steady state that is then sustainable. Therefore, to make robust decisions among envi- ronmental policies and alternatives, decision-makers need to know where their system resides in the cycles of change that govern it. This theory was examined by performing an emergy evaluation of the sustainability of a regional system, the San Luis Basin (SLB), CO. By 1980, the SLB contained a climax stage agricultural system with well-developed crop and livestock production along with food and animal waste processing. The SLB is also a hinterland in that it exports raw materials and primary products (exploitation stage) to more developed areas. Emergy indices calculated for the SLB from 1995 to 2005 revealed changes in the relative sustainability of the system over this time. The sustainability of the region as indicated by the renewable emergy used as a percent of total use declined 4%, whereas, the renewable carrying capacity declined 6% over this time. The Emergy Sustainability Index (ESI) showed the largest decline (27%) in the sustainability of the region. The total emergy used by the SLB, a measure of system well-being, was fairly stable (CV ¼ 0.05). In 1997, using renewable emergy alone, the SLB could support 50.7% of its population at the current standard of living, while under similar conditions the U.S. could support only 4.8% of its population. In contrast to other indices of sustainability, a new index, the Emergy Sustainable Use Index (ESUI), which considers the benefits gained by the larger system compared to the potential for local environmental damage, increased 34% over the period. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
EVOLUTION FROM AMINO ACIDS: LUNAR OCCURRENCE OF THEIR PRECURSORS*

Review of the present state of experimentally based concepts of organic evolution from amino acids. Earlier studies of the synthesis of amino acid precursors from meteoritic material, lunar dust, and terrestrial lava are briefly summarized, and laboratory experiments in which polymers of amino acids were obtained either by direct heating of dry amino acids or by heating aqueous solutions of mixtures of amino acids are described. In particular, a process is described by which alpha-amino acids were made to react to form linear chains of proteinoids. It is concluded that a proteinoid microsystem was a common ancestor of all life on earth.
To sleep or not to sleep, that is the question

The chief of surgery finds a recently boarded vascular surgeon, Dr B.R. Ash, on the couch in the doctor's lounge where a resident is trying to awaken him for permission to start the elective schedule. Dr Ash had finished an arduous all-nighter emergency case less than an hour ago and mumbles for the resident to proceed. The chief surgeon knows that the case about to be started is a type IV thoracoabdominal aneurysm repair to be followed by a carotid endarterectomy. AThe chief of surgery should cancel the cases. BThe less demanding case should be moved to be the first case. CThe chief surgeon should appoint another rested surgeon to do the case. DDr Ash should drink a coffee and re-evaluate before starting the case. EDr Ash should be told to postpone the case until he has rested.
Attempts at isolation of lymphocytosis-producing factor from supernatant fluids of Bordetella pertussis cultures.

SummaryThe B. pertussis culture supernatant fluid possessing lymphocytosis-producing factor, histamine-sensitizing factor, lethal and hypoglycemia-producing factors was subjected to Sephadex G-10 and Bio Gel P-100 column chromatography. When chromatographic fractionation was carried out at 4° some fractions, found to retain the lym-phocytosis-producing property, had lost the lethal and hypoglycemia producing factors, and had partially lost the histaminesensitizing factor. Observations indicate that lymphocytosis-producing factor is distinct from other toxic factors.We wish to acknowledge the technical assistance of Mr. Gerd Borner.
Ab initio calculation of the phonon dispersion relation: Application to Si

We demonstrate that by using atomic numbers and masses of constituent elements and crystal structures as the only input information, phonon dispersion curves of crystals can be calculated from first principles within the local-density-functional formalism. As shown by an exemplary calculation for the [001]-direction phonon dispersion curves of Si, the agreement with experiment is excellent. The calculation is carried out using the ab initio pseudopotential method and the Hellmann-Feynman theorem.
Evolution of crystal-settling in magma-chamber convection

Abstract The motion of negatively buoyant particles embedded within kinematically prescribed convective velocity fields is used to study the evolution of crystal settling in magma chambers. We consider the effects of Stokesian settling velocity, crystal growth, aspect ratio of the convective domain and the site of crystal nucleation on mixing and transport of heavy crystals in this system. The percentage of particles retained in a convecting fluid is very sensitive to the site of nucleation. Particles nucleating along the cold roof or within the wall boundary layers are generally not retained. As a consequence, crystal settling can occur even in rapidly convecting magma chambers. Equilibrium crystal densities are reached relatively quickly, within one overturn, and the distribution of particles deposited on the bottom of the chamber is always asymmetric. This feature may facilitate the formation of primary sedimentary structures in plutons. Laboratory experiments using small, negatively buoyant spheres in a highly viscous fluid with axisymmetric thermal convection confirm the basic predictions of this model.
Experience with the Levitronix CentriMag circulatory support system as a bridge to decision in patients with refractory acute cardiogenic shock and multisystem organ failure

Objective Patients with refractory acute cardiogenic shock and multisystem organ failure have a poor outcome with implantation of permanent ventricular assist devices. We review our experience with the use of the CentriMag (Levitronix LLC, Waltham, Mass) circulatory support system in such patients whose neurologic status was uncertain. Methods From January 2004 to June 2006, 30 patients underwent CentriMag circulatory support system placement at the University of Minnesota. Of these patients, 12 were transferred from an outside hospital with refractory acute cardiogenic shock requiring biventricular support; they are the focus of this study. Results Of our 12 study patients, 8 underwent successful bridging to the HeartMate XVE (Thoratec Corp, Pleasanton, Calif) ventricular assist device after biventricular support (mean support time of 9.4 days, range: 5–22 days). Another 2 patients underwent successful explantation (after 8 and 9 days); the remaining 2 patients died (after 4 days). Thus, the survival on CentriMag support, to either bridge or recovery, was 83% (10/12). Of the 8 patients who subsequently underwent HeartMate implantation, 5 also underwent a heart transplant within 6.9 months (range, 4.5-10 months), another 2 are still awaiting a transplant, and 1 died of sepsis and right ventricular failure 3 days after HeartMate implantation. Thus, for our 12 study patients, long-term survival was 75% at 1 month and 62.5% at 1 year. Conclusions Our aggressive strategy in this group of patients involved early operative intervention and implantation of biventricular support. By using this strategy, we avoided the urgent placement of expensive long-term ventricular assist devices in hemodynamically unstable patients with multisystem organ failure whose neurologic status was uncertain until end-organ recovery and excellent hemodynamic stability were achieved with the relatively inexpensive short-term CentriMag circulatory support system. The excellent midterm outcomes in this group of patients whose original prognosis was poor justify this therapeutic strategy.
Doege-Potter syndrome: hypoglycemia associated with malignant solitary fibrous tumor.

We report a case of recurrent solitary fibrous tumor with associated hypoglycemia, the Doege-Potter syndrome.’ These are rare tumors with a 12–13% rate of malignancy. The syndrome of hypoglycemia is seen in less than 5% of the cases, and the associated tumors are large with a high mitotic rate. The cause of hypoglycemia is related to insulin-like growth factors produced by these tumors. Resection in many cases is curable with resolution of the hypoglycemia. We discuss the different signs and symptoms and literature evidence of treatment options and follow-up.
A simultaneous saccharification and fermentation model for dynamic growth environments

Many mathematical models by researchers have been formulated for Saccharomyces cerevisiae which is the common yeast strain used in modern distilleries. A cybernetic model that can account for varying concentrations of glucose, ethanol and organic acids on yeast cell growth dynamics does not exist. A cybernetic model, consisting of 4 reactions and 11 metabolites simulating yeast metabolism, was developed. The effects of variables such as temperature, pH, organic acids, initial inoculum levels and initial glucose concentration were incorporated into the model. Further, substrate and product inhibitions were included. The model simulations over a range of variables agreed with hypothesized trends and to observations from other researchers. Simulations converged to expected results and exhibited continuity in predictions for all ranges of variables simulated. The cybernetic model did not exhibit instability under any conditions simulated.
Stabilizing carbon nanotube yarns using chemical vapor infiltration

Abstract Carbon nanotube (CNT) yarns exhibit high strength, low density, and relatively good conductivity and piezoresistivity, which makes them an ideal candidate for many advanced applications such as reinforcements for multifunctional composites. However, CNT yarns usually lack the required property stability under load. In this paper a method for stabilizing CNT yarn using chemical vapor infiltration (CVI) to infiltrate and deposit pyrocarbon into CNT yarns is reported. The deposited pyrocarbon effectively binds neighboring CNTs to inhibit inter-nanotube sliding under load, which consequently stabilize the CNT yarns. Relaxation tests showed that compared to pristine CNT yarns, the stabilized yarns have higher electrical stability as well as load retention (∼93% versus ∼61%). There was also a concomitant increase in density along with improved electrical conductivity, mechanical strength and stiffness. Furthermore, under sonication the CVI treated yarns resisted disintegration, making them suitable for electrochemical applications.
UNC-98 links an integrin-associated complex to thick filaments in Caenorhabditis elegans muscle.

Focal adhesions are multiprotein assemblages that link cells to the extracellular matrix. The transmembrane protein, integrin, is a key component of these structures. In vertebrate muscle, focal adhesion–like structures called costameres attach myofibrils at the periphery of muscle cells to the cell membrane. In Caenorhabditis elegans muscle, all the myofibrils are attached to the cell membrane at both dense bodies (Z-disks) and M-lines. Clustered at the base of dense bodies and M-lines, and associated with the cytoplasmic tail of β-integrin, is a complex of many proteins, including UNC-97 (vertebrate PINCH). Previously, we showed that UNC-97 interacts with UNC-98, a 37-kD protein, containing four C2H2 Zn fingers, that localizes to M-lines. We report that UNC-98 also interacts with the C-terminal portion of a myosin heavy chain. Multiple lines of evidence support a model in which UNC-98 links integrin-associated proteins to myosin in thick filaments at M-lines.
Adaptive integral method for hybrid FE/BI modeling of 3D doubly periodic structures

The application of hybrid finite element/boundary integral methods to infinite periodic structures (antennas or frequency selective surfaces) is very attractive. For large unit cell apertures there is a CPU and memory bottleneck. To alleviate this we present an acceleration and memory reduction scheme for the boundary integral (BI) portion of the hybrid FE/BI method. The approach is based on the adaptive integral method (AIM) and is adapted here to periodic structures. For the given problem, AIM results in low O(n/sub s/) storage and O(n/sub s/ logns) CPU time requirements for the execution of the matrix vector products in the applied iterative solver (n/sub s/=number of surface unknowns). The paper focuses especially on AIM issues related to infinite periodic structures. Also, we present CPU time and storage comparisons with the more conventional implementation of the FE/BI method.
An isolated multiport DC-DC converter for simultaneous power management of multiple renewable energy sources

This paper proposes a new isolated multiport DC-DC converter for simultaneous power management of multiple sources, which can be of different types and capacities. The proposed DC-DC converter only uses one controllable switch in each port to which a source is connected. Therefore, it has the advantages of simple topology and minimum number of power switches. A general topology of the proposed converter is firstly introduced. Its principle and operation are then analyzed. The proposed converter is applied for maximum power point tracking (MPPT) control of a wind/solar hybrid system consisting of one wind turbine generator (WTG) and two photovoltaic (PV) panels. Simulation studies are carried out in MATLAB Simulink to validate the proposed converter and the MPPT control of the wind/solar hybrid system by using real wind speed and solar radiation data obtained from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). Experimental results are then provided to further validate the effectiveness of using the proposed converter to achieve MPPT simultaneously for WTG and both PV panels.
A Subsynoptic Analysis of the Denver Tornadoes of 3 June 1981

Abstract On the afternoon of 3 June 1981 a severe thunderstorm spawned two tornadoes which moved across a portion of metropolitan Denver. The tornadoes were classified as strong F2 intensity, and caused damage totaling over $1 5 million. The synoptic-scale setting for this event was similar to that associated with many other occurrences of severe convection in eastern Colorado, with post-frontal moist southeasterly upslope flow at low levels and southwesterly flow aloft in advance of an approaching trough. We chose to study this event in part because of its occurrence within the PROFS (Program for Regional Observing and Forecasting Services) surface mesonetwork. Emphasis is placed on mesoscale evolution culminating in the formation of the tornadic storm. A zone of surface convergence and cyclonic vorticity developed during the early daylight hours over and north of Denver between southeasterly flow over the plains and a region of lighter, generally northerly flow just east of the foothills. The tornadic s...
The MacAlpine Hills lunar meteorite and implications of the lunar meteorites collectively for the composition and origin of the Moon

The MAC88104/105 meteorite, a lunar highlands regolith breccia, is described. The rock and a number of its component clasts are characterized. One of the clasts is considered to be a rare pristine nonmare rock containing extraordinarily Fe-rich (Fo40) olivine; the other has silicate compositions that extend the range of the Mg-suite in the direction of the high-mg* end of the ferroan-anorthositic suite. For the major element composition of the crust, the highlands meteorites confirm that the two low-Th central nearside sites, Luna 20 and Apollo 16, are approximately representative. The high Al2O3 composition indicated for the upper crusts supports the magmasphere hypothesis. For the trace-element composition of the crust, the highlands meteorites indicate that the central nearside Apollo and Luna sites are in several respects grossly unrepresentative.
Reversal of somatostatin inhibition of insulin secretion by calcium

Abstract Somatostatin infusion inhibits insulin secretion by perfused rat pancreases. This inhibition is reversed by elevating Ca++ from its control 4.6 meq/l to 8 meq/l or 11 meq/l.
Leminscal and extralemniscal thalamic lesions and tactile discrimination in the rat

Rats with lesions centered in the ventrobasal nuclear complex, the parafascicular-centrum median complex, or the posterior nuclear group were compared to each other and to control groups with and without thalamic damage on a battery of five two-choice tactile discriminations. Almost all animals mastered the first four discriminations, although many rats with lesions did not learn the discrimination with the least difference between positive and negative stimuli. Statistical analyses revealed differences in the raw scores and in the frequency of “deviant” scores between animals with lesions of the ventrobasal complex and controls, as well as between rats with parafascicular damage and controls. Animals with damage in the posterior nuclear group also showed some deficits on the problems. Histological analyses revealed possible differences in lesion size and locus for ventrobasal and parafascicular animals that did and did not master the series of tactile discriminations. Results are interpreted in terms of the roles of lemniscal and extralemniscal systems in somatic sensation and performance.
Hepatic amyloidosis: Clinical appraisal in 77 patients

The purpose of this study was to assess prognostic factors and survival in patients with liver involvement in immunoglobulin light-chain amyloidosis. Comparisons were made with other patients with immunoglobulin light-chain amyloidosis who did not have liver involvement. A total of 77 consecutively seen patients were evaluated: 19 had hepatic amyloidosis and 58 had amyloidosis without liver involvement. Eighteen of 19 patients with liver amyloidosis could be histologically diagnosed without needle biopsy of the liver. All but 2 had a detectable free light chain in the serum or urine, distinguishing this from other infiltrative liver processes. Patients with liver amyloid had significantly higher alkaline phosphatase levels and C-reactive protein levels compared with patients without hepatic amyloid. The majority of patients had extrahepatic involvement predominantly in the kidney (47%) or heart (42%). The presence of hyposplenism was not a good screening test for the presence of hepatic amyloid. Seven of 19 patients responded to chemotherapy with objective regressions of the clinical manifestations of renal, hepatic, or cardiac involvement. We conclude that the survival of patients with liver involvement in amyloidosis is no different than other patients with amyloidosis. This results from the high proportion of patients having associated renal or cardiac involvement. Most patients can be diagnosed without a liver biopsy when a monoclonal protein is found in the serum or urine. Serum albumin and C-reactive protein levels appear to distinguish patients with liver involvement from those without.
Ataxia-telangiectasia or Louis-Bar syndrome

Ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T) is a clinical syndrome that commonly shows oculocutaneous telangiectasia, progressive cerebellar ataxia, recurrent sinopulmonary infections, increased incidence of malignancy, x-ray hypersensitivity, and autosomal recessive inheritance. Profound dysfunction of both humoral and cell-mediated immune systems is demonstrated by low IgA levels, an immature thymus, a poor response to antigenic challenges, and recurrent infections. The high risk of malignancy may be related to poor immune surveillance. Two cases (sisters) are reported demonstrating the typical features of the disease along with the results of a trial of the immunopotentiating drug, levamisole, in one of them. The features of A-T are reviewed and include the more recent findings of elevated serum carcinofetal proteins and chromosomal aberrations.
The outlook for Asian dairy markets: The role of demographics, income, and prices

Abstract The paper first presents a 10-year outlook for major Asian dairy markets (China, India, Indonesia, Japan, South Korea, Malaysia, the Philippines, Thailand, and Vietnam) based on a world dairy model. Then, using Heien and Wessells’s (1988) [Heien, D.M., Wessells, C., 1988. The demand for dairy products: structure, prediction, and decomposition. American Journal of Agricultural Economics 70, 219-28] technique, dairy product consumption growth is decomposed into contributions generated by income growth, population growth, price change, and urbanization and these contributions are quantified. Using the world dairy model, the paper also analyzes the impacts of alternative assumptions of higher income levels and technology development in Asia on Asian dairy consumptions and world dairy prices. The outlook projects that Asian dairy consumption will continue to grow strongly in the next decade. The consumption decomposition suggests that the growth would be mostly driven by income and population growth and, as a result, would raise world dairy prices. The simulation results show that technology improvement in Asian countries would dampen world dairy prices and meanwhile boost domestic dairy consumption.
Multimodal microscopy of immune cells and melanoma for longitudinal studies

Intravital microscopy of cancer is a well established tool that provides direct visualization of the tumor cycle. It traditionally involves one of several strategies: invasive subcutaneous (SC) implantation of tumors followed by surgical opening of skin flaps for imaging, techniques utilizing skin fold chambers and implanted optical windows or intradermal injections under 200μm from the skin surface. All of these techniques allow the use of fluorescent proteins as markers for biologically significant constituents. However, observation methods utilizing skin-flaps, skin-fold chambers and optical windows are invasive and tend to alter the immune environment of the tissue and/or limit the duration of studies that can be performed. If implanted correctly, intradermally injected tumors can be minimally invasive, will not require biopsies or surgical intervention to observe and are accessible for direct transdermal imaging with a number of in vivo modalities. We present our work in the development of a small animal intravital microscopy workstation that allows the acquisition of different contrast imaging modalities: reflectance confocal, wide field epifluorescence, multiphoton and second harmonic generation (SHG). The images are acquired pair-wise simultaneously and sequentially in time. The aim of our instrumentation is to gather all information generated by the single probing beam via the reflected or back-scattered signal, SHG signal and various fluorescence signals. Additionally, we also present our development of a microscopic tissue navigation technique to mark, label and track sites of interest. This technique enables us to revisit sites periodically and record, with different imaging contrasts, their biological changes over time.
Neutrality: A Guide for the Organizational Ombudsperson

Like dispute resolution practitioners in other arenas, organizational ombudspeople face profound challenges in dealing with the issue of neutrality. For ombuds, it is useful to view neutrality as composed of three major dimensions: the definition or terms of reference for the position; its institutional location; and the interactions of the ombuds within the organization. The authors analyze each of these conditions, and offer advice on how ombudspeople can maintain and enhance their neutrality.
Betriebsbedingungen des Tieftemperatur‐Feldionenmikroskopes

Es werden einige weitere experimentelle Erfahrungen mit dem Tieftemperatur-Feldionenmikroskop mitgeteilt.
Maternally-derived antibody to fibroblast growth factor-23 reduced dietary phosphate requirements in growing chicks

Phosphate in manure of monogastric animals pollutes the environment if improperly applied to soil. Strategies that reduce phosphate inputs into animal production systems reduce environmental pollution. Using a novel vaccine to fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF-23), we induced neutralizing antibodies that reduced the phosphate requirement of growing chickens. Breeding hens were injected with a FGF-23 peptide (AFLPGMNP) conjugate. Antibody was passively transferred from hen to chick and chick response to deficient dietary phosphate intake was determined. Chicks without passive anti-FGF-23 antibody had a 43% and 21% reduction in blood phosphate and bone ash, respectively, when fed a phosphate deficient diet and compared to chicks fed a phosphate replete diet (P 0.05). Neutralization of FGF-23 offers a new approach to reduce phosphate requirements of farmed animals and may provide a new means to reduce phosphate pollution related to animal farming.
From microbes to prions the final proof of the prion hypothesis.

Much like the "microbe hypothesis" put forth over 150 years ago, the "prion hypothesis" can be definitely proven only if a prion disease is engendered in a natural host from an infectious prion produced in vitro. In this issue of Cell, Castilla et al. (2005) come very close to accomplishing this goal by producing a prion disease in a natural host from a prion entirely generated in vitro using a PCR-like amplification system.
The Organizational Tension of Othering

In this paper narratives submitted to this issue are reviewed and critiqued using the feminist lenses of othering and organizational irrationality. Four emergent themes in the narratives are identified and discussed, with the themes and the feminist critique of them used to provide a set of recommendations for developing researcher-IRB working relationships.
17.4 A 14nm 1.1Mb embedded DRAM macro with 1ns access

IBM introduced trench capacitor eDRAM into its high performance microprocessors beginning with 45nm and Power 7 [1] to provide a higher density cache without chip crossings. Whereas the 45 and 32nm designs employ a micro sense amplifier [2] and three-level bitline hierarchy, the design implemented for 22nm utilizes a higher gain sense amplifier and two-level bitline architecture that together provide significant reductions in area, latency, and power. This 22nm design style has been migrated into a 14nm FinFET [3] learning vehicle, complete with an ABIST engine, wordline charge pumps (VPP and VWL), and padcage interface circuitry.
Mapping the phosphoprotein binding site on Sendai virus NP protein assembled into nucleocapsids.

Abstract To catalyze RNA synthesis, the Sendai virus P–L RNA polymerase complex first binds the viral nucleocapsid (NC) template through an interaction of the P subunit with NP assembled with the genome RNA. For replication, the polymerase utilizes an NP0–P complex as the substrate for the encapsidation of newly synthesized RNA which involves both NP–RNA and NP–NP interactions. Previous studies showed that the C-terminal 124 amino acids of NP (aa 401–524) contain the P-NC binding site. To further delineate the amino acids important for this interaction, C-terminal truncations and site-directed mutations in NP were characterized for their replication activity and protein–protein interactions. This C-terminal region was found in fact to be necessary for several different protein interactions. The C-terminal 492–524 aa were nonessential for the complete activity of the protein. Deletion of amino acids 472–491, however, abolished replication activity due to a specific defect in the formation of the NP0–P complex. Binding of the P protein of the polymerase complex to NC required aa 462–471 of NP, while self-assembly of NP into NC required aa 440–461. Site-directed mutations from aa 435 to 491 showed, however, that the charged amino acids in this region were not essential for these defects.
Endoscopy-coupled Raman spectroscopy for in vivo discrimination of inflammatory bowel disease

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’s colitis (CC), affects nearly 2 million Americans, and the incidence is increasing worldwide. It has been established that UC and CC are distinct forms of IBD and require different medical care, however the distinction made between UC and CC is based upon inexact clinical, radiological, endoscopic, and pathologic features. A diagnosis of indeterminate colitis occurs in up to 15% of patients when UC and CC features overlap and cannot be differentiated; in these patients, diagnosis relies on long term followup, success or failure of existing treatment, and recurrence of the disease. Thus, there is need for a tool that can improve the sensitivity and specificity for fast, accurate and automated diagnosis of IBD. Here we present colonoscopy-coupled fiber probe-based Raman spectroscopy as a novel in vivo diagnostic tool for IBD. This in vivo study of both healthy control (NC, N=10) and diagnosed IBD patients with UC (N=15) and CC (N=26) aims to characterize spectral signatures of NC, UC, and CC. Samples are correlated with tissue pathology markers and endoscopic evaluation. Optimal collection parameters for detection have been identified based upon the new, application specific instrument design. The collected spectra are processed and analyzed using multivariate statistical techniques to identify spectral markers and discriminate NC, UC, and CC. Development of spectral markers to discriminate disease type is a necessary first step in the development of real-time, accurate and automated in vivo detection of IBD during colonoscopy procedures.
Adaptive Shape Control of Composite Beams with Piezoelectric Actuators

This paper deals with adaptive shape control of laminated composite beams with integrated piezoelectric actuators. The mathematical model is based on a higher order shear deformation theory and accounts for lateral strains. A constrained optimization algorithm has been implemented to calculate the optimal open loop actuator voltages which minimize the error function. A closed loop feedback system is developed to maintain the desired shape even in the presence of quasistatically varying unknown loads. A computationally efficient finite element code is developed for performing the numerical calculations. The effect of stacking sequence and boundary conditions on the actuator voltages for both open loop and closed loop systems is examined. It is observed that the adapted shape achieved by using a full sensor feedback and partial sensor feedback are nearly the same. Thus position sensors at all locations are not required for closed loop shape control.
A new approach to measuring tortuosity

The detection and measurement of the tortuosity - i.e. the bending and winding - of vessels has been shown to be potentially useful in the assessment of cancer progression and treatment response. Although several metrics for tortuosity are used, no single one measure is able to capture all types of tortuosity. This report presents a new multiscale technique for measuring vessel tortuosity. The approach is based on a method - called the ergodicity defect - which gives a scale-dependent measure of deviation from ergodicity. Ergodicity is a concept that captures the manner in which trajectories or signals sample the space; thus, ergodicity and vessel tortuosity both involve the notion of how a signal samples space. Here we begin to explore this connection. We first apply the ergodicity defect tortuosity measure to both 2D and 3D synthetic data in order to demonstrate the response of the method to three types of tortuosity observed in clinical patterns. We then implement the technique on segmented vessels extracted from brain tumor MRA images. Results indicate that the method can be effectively used to detect and measure several types of vessel tortuosity.
Nullomer derived anticancer peptides (NulloPs): differential lethal effects on normal and cancer cells in vitro.

Abstract We demonstrate the first use of the nullomer (absent sequences) approach to drug discovery and development. Nullomers are the shortest absent sequences determined in a species, or group of species. By identifying the shortest absent peptide sequences from the NCBI databases, we screened several potential anti-cancer peptides. In order to improve cell penetration and solubility we added short poly arginine tails (5Rs), and initially solubilized the peptides in 1 M trehalose. The results for one of the absent sequences 9R (RRRRRNWMWC), and its scrambled version 9S1R (RRRRRWCMNW) are reported here. We refer to these peptides derived from nullomers as PolyArgNulloPs. A control PolyArgNulloP, 124R (RRRRRWFMHW), was also included. The lethal effects of 9R and 9S1R are mediated by mitochondrial impairment as demonstrated by increased ROS production, ATP depletion, cell growth inhibition, and ultimately cell death. These effects increase over time for cancer cells with a concomitant drop in IC-50 for breast and prostate cancer cells. This is in sharp contrast to the effects in normal cells, which show a decreased sensitivity to the NulloPs over time.
Site‐Saturation Model for the Optical Efficiency of Tungsten Oxide‐Based Devices

Tungsten oxide films have been investigated extensively for applications in windows and mirrors with controllable variable transmission and/or reflection, passive display devices, and variable-emittance surfaces. A site-saturation model for the variation in optical efficiency of tungsten oxide-based intercalation devices is presented. The model applies to situations in which a dominant fraction of the electrons associated with the intercalating species are appreciably localized. It is predicted that the optical efficiency diminishes with increasing intercalation level, reaching zero when half the sites are occupied. The model is quantitative and predictive. The model is compared to several sets of data which it matches well. The only parameters of the model are film thickness, maximum obtainable optical density, and relative density of the film. The range of suitability of the model and the interpretation of its comparison with experiment are discussed.
Histological characterization of the thyroglossal tract: implications for surgical management.

Objectives: In the current report, we characterized the relationship between the central hyoid bone and the thyroglossal tract and determined the prevalence of ectopic thyroid follicles in the adjacent soft tissues. Study Design: Retrospective pathological analysis. Methods: The resected specimens from 104 patients who underwent a modified Sistrunk procedure with wide-field dissection were retrospectively analyzed. Under light microscopy, serial sections were examined to determine whether the thyroglossal tract passed anterior to, posterior to, or within the hyoid bone. Specimens were also examined for the presence of thyroid follicles in the periductal and pericystic soft tissues. Results: In 50 cases (48%), the tract position in relation to the hyoid bone could not be identified secondary to extensive arborization, marked inflammation, specimen fragmentation or a combination of these. Thyroid follicles were observed in 9 (18%) of these specimens. In the remaining 54 cases (52%) the tract was located anterior to the central arch of the hyoid bone in 39 (72%) and posterior to it in 15 (28%). Thyroid tissue was observed in 46% of specimens (P = .004), regardless of whether the tract was anterior or posterior. Conclusions: These results demonstrate that tract position often cannot be defined, but when a portion is dominant, it is likely to be anterior to the hyoid bone. Ectopic thyroid tissue can be found in almost 50% of specimens when the tract position is identifiable. With appropriate surgical management, a recurrence rate of less than 4% can be expected, despite the presence of ductule multiplicity, marked inflammation, tract position posterior to the hyoid bone, and ectopic thyroid follicles.
The growing spherical seismic source

Summary. A solution is found for the seismic radiation from an arbitrarily growing spherical source in an inhomogeneously prestressed elastic medium. The general problem of the growing seismic source in a prestressed medium is formulated as a boundary value problem. For the special case of the growing spherical source, an expansion in vector spherical harmonics reduces the problem to a set of one-dimensional Volterra integral equations. The equations can be easily formed through the use of Bessel function recursion relations. The integral equations for a growing spherical cavity are solved numerically. Waveforms are then computed for homogeneous and inhomogeneous stress fields for several growth histories. The resulting waveforms are similar to the waveforms of the corresponding instantaneous problem, but stretched out in time and reduced in amplitude. The effects of diffraction and the overshoot of equilibrium are reduced with a reduction in growth rate. The effects caused by inhomogeneity of the stress field are quite strong for the growing as well as for the instantaneous seismic source.
Effect of pressure on the superconducting critical temperature of La[O0.89F0.11]FeAs and Ce[O0.88F0.12]FeAs

We have performed several high-pressure resistivity experiments on the recently discovered superconductors La[O0.89F0.11]FeAs and Ce[O0.88F0.12]FeAs. At ambient pressure, these materials have superconducting onset temperatures Tc of 28 K and 44 K, respectively. While the Tc of La[O0.89F0.11]FeAs goes through a maximum between 10 and 68 kbar, in qualitative agreement with a recent report by Takahashi et al., the Tc of Ce[O0.88F0.12]FeAs decreases monotonically over the measured pressure range. At 265 kbar, the Tc of the cerium-based compound has been suppressed below 1.1 K.
Human neural systems underlying rigid and flexible forms of allocentric spatial representation

r r Abstract: Previous studies suggest the importance of medial temporal lobe, areas of parietal cortex, and retrosplenial cortex in human spatial navigation, though the exact role of these structures in repre- senting the relations of elements within a spatial layout (''allocentric'' representation) remains unre- solved. Hippocampal involvement, in particular, during memory processing is affected by whether a previously formed representation is employed in a novel fashion (''flexible'' usage) or in a manner comparable with how it was encoded originally (''rigid'' usage). To address whether brain systems are differentially involved during flexible vs. rigid utilization of a pre-existing allocentric representation, subjects encoded the position of six different target buildings relative to a centrally located landmark building in a virtual city seen from an aerial view. They then actively searched for the locations of these target buildings using the landmark (rigid retrieval) or using a previously shown target building in a novel fashion (flexible retrieval) while undergoing fMRI. Activations in posterior superior parietal cortex and precuneus were greater during more rigid than flexible forms of allocentric retrieval while activation in the hippocampus decreased linearly over blocks during flexible allocentric retrieval. A functional connectivity analysis further revealed significant interactions between hippocampus and these parietal areas during flexible compared with rigid allocentric retrieval. These results extend pre- vious models of the neural basis of spatial navigation by suggesting that while the posterior superior parietal cortex/precuneus play an important role in allocentric representation, the hippocampus, and interactions between hippocampus and these parietal areas, are important for flexible utilization of these representations. Hum Brain Mapp 00:000-000, 2012. V C 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Biomechanics of the elbow in sports

In throwing activities, the elbow is sometimes stressed to its biomechanical limits. In this article, forces, torques, angular velocities, and muscle activity about the elbow are reviewed for the baseball pitch, the football pass, the javelin throw, the windmill softball pitch, the tennis serve, and the golf swing. The elbow goes through rapid extension in baseball pitching (about 2400 degrees/s) and rapid flexion in the javelin throw (about 1900 degrees/s). During baseball pitching, the elbow joint is subject to a valgus torque reaching 64 Nm, and requires proximal forces as high as 1000 N to prevent elbow distraction. The ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) rupture in baseball pitching, lateral epicondylitis in the tennis backhand, and other injury mechanisms are also discussed.
Control of mobile manipulators following a moving surface

A control algorithm for mobile manipulators is presented. The task for the mobile manipulator is to follow a moving surface. The control algorithm is developed based on the concept of a preferred operating region. The nonholonomically constrained mobile platform is controlled to bring the end point of the manipulator into the preferred operating region. The manipulator is force-controlled to keep in contact with the moving surface. The control algorithm is tested on an experimental mobile manipulator built from a TRC LABMATE mobile platform and a PUMA 250 robot manipulator. Experimental results are presented to demonstrate the efficacy of the control algorithm. >
Equivariant vector fields on non-trivial SO n -torsors and differential Galois theory

Abstract We show how to produce SO n -equivariant vector fields on non-trivial SO n -torsors which correspond to quadratic forms non-equivalent to the unit form. For n ⩾ 3 we then give an example of a Picard–Vessiot extension with group SO n which is the function field of a non-trivial SO n -torsor.
Tyrants and Terrorism: Why Some Autocrats are Terrorized While Others are Not†

Conventional wisdom suggests that reports of terrorism should be sparse in dictatorships, both because such violence is unlikely to result in policy change and because it is difficult to get reliable information on attacks. Yet, there is variance in the number of terrorist attacks reported in autocracies. Why? We argue that differences in the audience costs produced by dictatorships explain why some nondemocracies experience more terrorism than others. Terrorists are more likely to expect a response in dictatorships that generate high domestic audience costs. Using data from multiple terrorism databases, we find empirical evidence that dictatorships generating higher audience costs—military dictatorships, single-party dictatorships, and dynastic monarchies—experience as much terrorism as democracies, while autocracies generating lower audience costs—personalist dictatorships and non-dynastic monarchies—face fewer attacks than their democratic counterparts.
Torque Generated by the Flagellar Motor of Escherichia coli while Driven Backward

The technique of electrorotation was used to apply torque to cells of the bacterium Escherichia coli tethered to glass coverslips by single flagella. Cells were made to rotate backward, that is, in the direction opposite to the rotation driven by the flagellar motor itself. The torque generated by the motor under these conditions was estimated using an analysis that explicitly considers the angular dependence of both the viscous drag coefficient of the cell and the torque produced by electrorotation. Motor torque varied approximately linearly with speed up to over 100 Hz in either direction, placing constraints on mechanisms for torque generation in which rates of proton transfer for backward rotation are limiting. These results, interpreted in the context of a simple three-state kinetic model, suggest that the rate-limiting step in the torque-generating cycle is a powerstroke in which motor rotation and dissipation of the energy available from proton transit occur synchronously.
Alopecia Reduction by Scalp Expansion

Areas of alopecia may be eliminated by scalp expanders. This is accomplished by subgaleal placement of soft tissue expanders under normal scalp adjacent to defect. Subsequent inflation and advancement of the expanded scalp resurfaces the defect with an excellent aesthetic result.