cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Measurement of sustainment of prevention programs and initiatives: the sustainment measurement system scale.

Enhancing the sustainability of evidence-based prevention programs for mental and behavioral health requires tools for measuring both sustainability determinants and sustainment outcomes. The aim of this study was to develop the Sustainment Measurement System Scale (SMSS) and to assess its reliability and construct validity for measuring both determinants and outcomes of efforts to sustain prevention programs and initiatives. A 42-item scale comprised of items identified from qualitative data collected from 45 representatives of 10 programs and 8 SAMHSA program officers was administered to 186 representatives of 145 programs funded by 7 SAMHSA prevention grant initiatives. Cronbach’s alphas were used to determine inter-item reliability. Convergent validity was assessed by comparisons of a global measure of sustainment with current SAMHSA-funding status and continued operation in the same form. Discriminant validity was assessed by comparisons of sustainability determinants with whether or not the program had undergone adaptations. Confirmatory factor analysis provided support for a 35-item model fit to the data. Cronbach’s alpha was .84 for the sustainment outcome construct and ranged from .70 to .93 for the sustainability determinant constructs. All of the determinant constructs were significantly associated with sustainment outcome individual and global measures for the entire sample (p < 0.01 to 0.001) and for community-based programs and programs with a substance abuse focus (p < 0.05 to 0.001). Convergent validity was supported by significant associations between the global sustainment measure and current SAMHSA funding status and continued operation in the same form (p < 0.001). Four of the sustainability determinant constructs (responsive to community needs; coalitions, partnerships, and networks; organizational staff capability; and evaluation, feedback, and program outcomes) were also significantly associated with current SAMHSA funding status (p < 0.5 to 0.01). With the exception of organizational staff capability, all sustainability determinants were unrelated to program adaptation as predicted. The SMSS demonstrated good reliability and convergent and discriminant validity in assessing likelihood of sustainment of SAMHSA funded prevention programs and initiatives. The measure demonstrates potential in identifying predictors of program sustainment and as a tool for enhancing the likelihood of successful sustainment through ongoing evaluation and feedback.
What makes the cell cycle tick? A celebration of the awesome power of biochemistry and the frog egg

The cell cycle, a 19th century discovery of cytologists, only achieved a satisfactory biochemical explanation in the last 20 years of the 20th century. This personal retrospective focuses on how biochemical studies of the frog egg helped identify the cyclin-based mitotic oscillator and how this approach quickly merged with genetic studies in yeast to establish the basic mechanism of the eukaryotic cell division cycle. The key feature that made this a cyclic process was regulated protein degradation, mediated by ubiquitin, catalyzed by a massive enzyme machine, called the Anaphase Promoting Complex.
Book Review: The Protection of Free Exercise of Religion for Minority Faiths in Bruce Ledewitz's American Religious Democracy

This article is a book review of Bruce Ledewitz's American Religious Democracy, which lays out the main thesis of the book and expands the concepts of the book.
Long-Term Effects of Hearing Aids on Hearing Ability in Patients with Sensorineural Hearing Loss.

Background A frequent concern surrounding amplification with hearing aids for patients with sensorineural hearing loss is whether these devices negatively affect hearing ability. To date, there have been few studies examining the long-term effects of amplification on audiometric outcomes in adults. Purpose In the present study, we examined how hearing aids affect standard audiometric outcomes over long-term periods of follow-up. Research Design We retrospectively collected audiometric data in adults with sensorineural hearing loss, constructing a model of long-term outcomes. Study Sample This retrospective cohort study included 802 ears from 401 adult patients with bilateral sensorineural hearing loss eligible for amplification with hearing aids at a single institution. Intervention Of the eligible patients, 88 were aided bilaterally, and 313 were unaided. Data Collection and Analysis We examined the standard three-frequency pure-tone average (PTA3-Freq), a novel extended pure-tone average (PTAExt), and word recognition score (WRS) per-ear at each encounter. We then modeled the association between the use of hearing aids for 5 years and these audiometric outcomes using targeted maximum likelihood estimation. Results In comparing aided and unaided ears at the end of 5 years, there were discernible effects for all measurements. The PTA3-Freq was 5 dB greater in aided ears (95% CI: 1.37–8.64, p = 0.007), WRS was 4.5 percentage points lower in aided ears (95% CI: −9.14 to 0.15, p = 0.058), and PTAExt was 5 dB greater in aided ears (95% CI: 2.18–7.82, p Conclusion Our analysis revealed discernible effects of 5 years of hearing aid use on hearing ability, specifically as measured by the PTA3-Freq, novel PTAExt, and WRS, suggesting a greater decline in hearing ability in patients using hearing aids. Future studies are needed to examine these effects between treatment groups over longer periods of time and in more heterogeneous populations to improve clinical practice guidelines and safety of both prescriptive fitting nonprescriptive amplification.
Measuring Gender Role Conflict, Internalized Stigma, and Racial and Sexual Identity in Behaviorally Bisexual Black Men.

Black men who have sex with men and women (BMSMW) experience pressure to fill hypermasculine ideals and may not identify with "gay" cultural norms. Existing measures of gender role expectations and internalized homophobia are not culturally appropriate for BMSMW. Researchers generally measure categorical identification with race, gender, and sexual orientation groups separately, whereas BMSMW may identify with multiple categories. We modified the Gender Role Conflict Scale to create the M-GRCS and the Internalized Homophobia Scale to include biphobia (Internalized Bi/Homophobia Scale, IBHS). To examine identification at the intersection of race, gender, and sexual orientation, we created 11 Integrated Race and Sexuality Scale (IRSS) items. With data from 429 BMSMW, we conducted exploratory factor analysis of the 59 items using categorical principal axis factoring with unweighted least squares extraction and Promax factor rotation. We created simple-summated multi-item scales and evaluated their construct validity. The rotated solution yielded four factors with 47 items and a simple factor structure: M-GRCS defined two factors (α = .93 for restricted emotionality/affection; .87 for success/power/competition); the IBHS (α = .89) and IRSS (α = .74) each defined a single factor. The IRSS factor was positively correlated with the Lukwago Racial Pride Scale, r(417) = .40. The IBHS factor was negatively correlated with the IRSS factor, r(414) = - .22. The two M-GRCS factors suggest that the construct of hypermasculinity impacts BMSMW. The high IBHS reliability indicates that homophobia and biphobia were positively correlated in this sample. These three scales have potential for future studies with BMSMW.
In vitro–In vivo Hybrid Approach for Studying Modulation of NRF2 in Immortalized Bovine Mammary Cells

Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) plays a key role in the response to oxidative stress. Diets containing known NRF2 modulators could be used to minimize oxidative stress in dairy cows. Currently, studies evaluating the activity of NRF2 in bovine have used the classical in vitro approach using synthetic media, which is very different than in vivo conditions. Furthermore, studies carried out in vivo cannot capture the short-term and dynamic response of NRF2. Thus, there is a need to develop new approaches to study NRF2 modulation. The aim of the present study was to establish an in vitro-in vivo hybrid system to investigate activation of NRF2 in bovine cells that can serve as an intermediate model with results closer to what is expected in vivo. To accomplish the aim, we used a combination of a gene reporter assay in immortalized bovine mammary cells, synthetic NRF2 modulators, and blood serum from periparturient cows. Synthetic agonist tert-butylhydroquinone and sulforaphane confirmed to be effective activators of bovine NRF2 with acute and large effect at 30 and 5 μM, respectively, with null response after the above doses due to cytotoxicity. When the agonists were added to blood serum the response was more linear with maximum activation of NRF2 at 100 and 30 μM, respectively, and the cytotoxicity was prevented. High concentration of albumin in blood serum plays an important role in such an effect. Brusatol (100 nM) was observed to be an effective NRF2 inhibitor while also displaying general protein synthesis inhibition and cytotoxicity when added to synthetic media. A consistent inhibition of NRF2 was observed when brusatol was added to the blood serum but the cytotoxicity was reduced. The synthetic inhibitor ML385 had no effect on modulation of bovine NRF2. Hydrogen peroxide activates NRF2 in bovine mammary cells starting from 100 μM; however, strong cytotoxicity was detected starting at 250 μM when cells were cultivated in the synthetic media, while blood serum prevented cytotoxicity. Overall, our data indicated that the use of synthetic media can be misleading in the study of NRF2 in bovine and the use of blood serum appears necessary.
Evaluation of a Safe Sleep Training for Home Visitors and Their Clients.

Sleep-related deaths are a common preventable cause of death, and such deaths occur disproportionately in families of color. Home visitors provide families with education about infant safe sleep guidelines; however, families face many barriers to engaging in safe sleep practices. This study evaluated the efficacy of a program to train home visitors to talk to clients about infant safe sleep using Motivational Interviewing and cultural sensitivity. We examined the effects of the intervention on home visitors’ (n = 23) knowledge, MI skill use, and cultural sensitivity using a single group pre-post design. We also examined home visiting clients’ (n = 78) knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors using a quasi-experimental design. Home visitors were primarily female (97%), had a college degree (86%), and were primarily white (50%) or African American (43%). The home visiting clients were all female and were primarily African American (43%) and Caucasian (36%). Most clients (59%) earned less than 30,000 dollars per year. Home visitors showed significant improvement in MI skill use and cultural sensitivity from pre- to post-test. Regarding client outcomes, our results indicate a significant group by time interaction when predicting changes in client knowledge such that the treatment group showed larger gains than the control group. There were no significant differences between groups when predicting changes in client attitudes or behavior. MI may be an effective technique for home visitors to help increase families’ safe sleep knowledge. Additional research is needed to examine whether such training can translate to changes in families’ safe sleep behavior.
Spectroscopic investigation of iron(III) cysteamine dioxygenase in the presence of substrate (analogs): implications for the nature of substrate-bound reaction intermediates.

Thiol dioxygenases (TDOs) are a class of metalloenzymes that oxidize various thiol-containing substrates to their corresponding sulfinic acids. Originally established by X-ray crystallography for cysteine dioxygenase (CDO), all TDOs are believed to contain a 3-histidine facial triad that coordinates the necessary Fe(II) cofactor. However, very little additional information is available for cysteamine dioxygenase (ADO), the only other mammalian TDO besides CDO. Previous spectroscopic characterizations revealed that ADO likely binds substrate cysteamine in a monodentate fashion, while a mass spectrometry study provided evidence that a thioether crosslink can form between Cys206 and Tyr208 (mouse ADO numbering). In the present study, we have used electronic absorption and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopies to investigate the species formed upon incubation of Fe(III)ADO with sulfhydryl-containing substrates and the superoxide surrogates azide and cyanide. Our data reveal that azide is unable to coordinate to cysteamine-bound Fe(III)ADO, suggesting that the Fe(III) center lacks an open coordination site or azide competes with cysteamine for the same binding site. Alternatively, cyanide binds to either cysteamine- or Cys-bound Fe(III)ADO to yield a low-spin (S = 1/2) EPR signal that is distinct from that observed for cyanide/Cys-bound Fe(III)CDO, revealing differences in the active-site pockets between ADO and CDO. Finally, EPR spectra obtained for cyanide/cysteamine adducts of wild-type Fe(III)ADO and its Tyr208Phe variant are superimposable, implying that either an insignificant fraction of as-isolated wild-type enzyme is crosslinked or that formation of the thioether bond has minimal effects on the electronic structure of the iron cofactor.
Invincibility Threatens Vaccination Intentions During a Pandemic

Some people feel they are invincible to the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19). They believe that being infected with COVID-19 would not be a serious threat to their health. While these people may or may not be correct in their personal risk assessment, we find that such perceived invincibility may undermine community efforts to achieve herd immunity. Multi-level analysis of survey respondents across 51 countries finds that perceived invincibility from COVID-19 is negatively associated with believing there is a need to prevent the spread of COVID-19 in one’s community (n = 218,956) and one’s willingness to inoculate against the disease (n = 71,148). These effects are most pronounced among individuals from countries lower in cultural collectivism (e.g., USA, UK, Canada) and highlight the need to consider the interplay of individual and cultural factors in our efforts to understand, predict, and promote preventative health behavior during a pandemic.
Working with Advanced Practice Providers

This chapter will discuss the evolving role of advanced practice providers (APPs) in pediatrics. Nurse practitioners and physician assistants are filling an increasing need in both inpatient and outpatient settings. You will find a wide spectrum of how practices with APPs structure their workflow, and what your role as the physician will be.
Inception Based Deep Convolutional Neural Network for Remaining Useful Life Estimation of Turbofan Engines

Accurate estimation of the remaining useful life (RUL) is a key component of condition based maintenance (CBM) and prognosis and health management (PHM). Data-based models for the estimation of RUL are of particular interest because expert knowledge of systems is not always available and physical modeling is often not feasible. In this paper, a deep convolutional neural network (CNN) architecture is investigated for its ability to estimate the RUL of turbofan engines. The input to the model is a window of time series data collected from the engine under test. Inputting raw sensor data allows features to be learned instead of manually determined. To incorporate the ability to detect features of differing lengths, inception modules are used in the neural network architecture. The model is trained and tested using the new Commercial Modular Aero-Propulsion System Simulation (N-CMAPSS) data set and high prognosis accuracy was achieved. The developed model was used in the 2021 PHM Society Data Challenge and received second place, further validating its ability to accurately estimate RUL.
Mechanism of action of rat liver DNA methylase. I. Interaction with double-stranded methyl-acceptor DNA.

Abstract Rat liver DNA methylase forms two types of complexes with DNA which are distinguishable on the basis of their sensitivity to ionic strength. A weak complex which is dissociable by 0.2 m -NaCl is formed at 0 °C. A more tightly bound complex which is stable to 0.2 m -NaCl is formed at higher temperatures. On the basis of a comparison of the effects of salt upon tight complex formation and upon enzyme activity, it would appear that formation of the tightly bound complex is required for DNA methylation to occur. With tightly bound enzyme the methylation of high molecular weight DNA is nearly linear for 30 minutes in the presence of salt. Under the same conditions low molecular weight DNA's give non-linear kinetics which demonstrate a sharp reduction in the rate of methylation with time. The lower the molecular weight of the DNA fragments, the more marked is the deviation from linearity. On the basis of these data it is suggested that rat liver DNA cytosine-methylase which is tightly bound to DNA is able to accomplish several methyl group transfers without becoming detached from the DNA and that the enzyme must therefore walk along the DNA helix. We calculate that the walk is probably not random, but linear, and that the rate of walk may be about 1.5 to 3.5 base pairs per second.
Trypanosoma cruzi: interaction with vertebrate cells in vitro. 1. Individual interactions at the cellular and subcellular levels.

Abstract Individual interactions between Trypanosoma cruzi trypomastigotes and vertebrate cells were observed in vitro as a continuous function of time under highly controlled environmental conditions. These observations form the basis for a description of the complete intracellular cycle of T. cruzi in susceptible vertebrate cells. Trypomastigotes actively penetrated the vertebrate cells. Multiple penetrations of a single cell were observed. A highly variable “lag period” occurred prior to the onset of parasite reproduction. This “lag period” was identical in two different host cell types. Amastigotes reproduced asynchronously, and the number of parasites produced in the host cell was directly proportional to the number of trypomastigotes penetrating the cell. The differentiation of amastigotes to trypomastigotes occurred by a direct “fusiform progression” pathway. The escape of trypomastigotes from the dead host cell occurred approximately 6.5 days post infection of the cell. Trypomastigotes were capable of infecting a vertebrate cell immediately after escaping from the cell in which they had completed their life cycle.
User-controlled design and collaboration

At the heart of a user-centered system for studying, practicing, creating, and teaching engineering design; in collaboration with instructors and other students and across a fiber-optic network; and with access to extensive and ever-expanding sets of digitally stored databases is a user notebook. This article describes the notebook under development, argues the specific attributes of its various tools for the single user to command, and illustrates the anticipated use of the notebook as the center of a computer "creation-station."
Urinary hydroxypyridinium cross-links of collagen in primary hyperparathyroidism

Urinary concentrations of the collagen cross-links, pyridinoline (PYD) and deoxypyridinoline (DPD), were determined in 87 patients with untreated or surgically treated primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT). Eighty-four healthy individuals, matched for age and sex, constituted the control group for the excretion of pyridinium cross-links. In addition, a subgroup of 25 patients with PHPT was followed longitudinally for up to 2 yr after successful parathyroidectomy. Mean urinary excretion of PYD (46.8 +/- 2.7 nmol/mmol creatinine) and DPD (17.6 +/- 1.3 nmol/mmol creatinine) was significantly higher in patients with untreated PHPT than in normal subjects (P less than 0.001). In the group undergoing successful parathyroidectomy, mean urinary concentrations of PYD (34 +/- 2.5) and DPD (9.4 +/- 0.8) were similar to those in normal controls and significantly lower than those in the untreated patient population (P less than 0.001). The urinary concentration of both cross-links was significantly correlated with serum levels of both alkaline phosphatase and PTH. Mean urinary concentrations of both cross-link compounds decreased significantly within 6 months in patients followed longitudinally and as early as 2 weeks after surgery in individual patients compared to presurgical baseline values. These changes preceded the reduction in serum alkaline phosphatase and hydroxyproline by approximately 6 months. The results demonstrate that urinary hydroxypyridinium cross-links of collagen are useful indices in the clinical assessment of bone involvement in PHPT.
The Effect of Temperature on the Stereochemistry of Adducts and Hydrolysis Products Derived from anti-Benzo[a]pyrene Diol Epoxide in the Presence and Absence of Halide Ions

Abstract The activation of benzo[a]pyrene involves the formation of bay region diol epoxides, which can directly alkylate DNA. The products of this reaction are primarily trans exocyclic amino group adducts. Halide-catalyzed alkylation by an SN2 mechanism also occurs and at the same sites in DNA but, in this reaction, the major products are cis adducts. At 0 °C and in the absence of halide ion, 19% of the adducts formed by alkylation of dAMP are cis. This value increases to 43% and 84% in the presence of 100 mM chloride and iodide, respectively. In general, increasing temperature also increases the fraction of cis products in the alkylation and hydrolysis reactions. These effects are reduced in the presence of halide ions. The temperature effect on stereochemistry is probably due to the higher energy of activation required for the formation of cis versus trans adducts.
4719 Helicobacter pyloriin solid organ transplant patients: is the incidence and association with peptic ulcer disease different from the general population?

Helicobacter pylori(H. pylori) is found in 50% of adults in the U.S.A by the age of 60. Ninety percent of duodenal ulcer and 70-90% of gastric ulcer patients are infected with H. pylori. Little is known about the incidence of H. pylori and its association with peptic ulcer disease in the transplant recipient population. To explore this, we reviewed the endoscopic findings in symptomatic transplant patients undergoing esophagogastroduodenoscopy. Between April 1998 and August 1999, 156 kidney and/or pancreas transplant patients underwent 222 upper endoscopes. Indications for endoscopy included nausea, vomiting, dyspepsia, dysphagia, odynophagia, or bleeding. 101/156 patients had gastric biopsy for histology and/or urease test (CLOtest). These patients comprise the basis of this study. Gastritis and/or peptic ulceration was found in 72/101 (71%) patients. 16/101 (16%) had peptic ulcer disease. 10/16 (62%) had duodenal ulcers and 6/16 (38%) had gastric ulcers. H. pylori was detected in 12/101 (12%) patients: eleven patients had a positive CLOtest and one patient had microscopic evidence of H. pylori with a negative CLOtest. 4/12 (33%) patients with H. pylori infection had a grossly normal endoscopic exam. 7/12 (58%) had gastritis and 1/12 (7%) had duodenal ulcers. None of the six patients with gastric ulcer and only 1/10 (10%) patients with duodenal ulcer was found to be infected with H. pylori. H. pylori infection had no correlation with patient symptoms. This study demonstrates an unexpectedly low incidence (12%) of H. pylori infection in our symptomatic transplant recipients when compared to the general population. There is also a low association between H. pylori infection and peptic ulcer disease (1/16 or 6%). Given the frequent use of broad spectrum antibiotics in these patients it is possible that H. pylori is being inadvertently eradicated. This does not explain the relative absence of H. pylori in those transplant patients suffering from peptic ulcer disease.We hypothesize that H. pylori infection may not be as important a factor in peptic ulcer disease of the transplant patient when compared to the general population.
Charged Dislocations in Ionic Crystals

The paper aims to show that the charge clouds around dislocations are important for the mechanical properties of ionic crystals. The previous work of Eshelby, Newey, Pratt, and Lidiard is extended by solving the nonlinear equation giving the potential distribution and by obtaining the boundary condition appropriate at the dislocation core. Three typical examples are worked out in detail. Finally, a series of experimental phenomena are discussed and it is shown how the charge cloud model can be used to understand the experimental behavior. In particular, the minimum in the yield stress versus annealing temperature of NaCl doped with a known concentration of Pb${\mathrm{Cl}}_{2}$ is used to obtain the energy of formation of a positive ion vacancy in NaCl. One finds that ${{E}_{F}}^{+}=0.53$ eV.
Reactions to pain among subjects high and low in dental fear

Differential pain tolerance might account for the diversity of reactions commonly seen in response to stressful medical and dental procedures. College students reporting themselves either highly fearful or nonfearful of dental work were compared in several aspects of their reactions to dental and nondental pain. The two groups did not differ in pain threshold or pain tolerance assessed during tooth pulp stimulation or during electrical stimulation of the forearm. High-dental fear subjects, however, retrospectively rated tooth shock (but not arm shock) more painful than low-fear subjects. High-fear subjects also showed significantly greater affective reactions assessed via the Anxiety Differential during both tolerance tests, with the group differences greater in magnitude during tooth shock than arm shock.
The influence of the horizontal component of Earth's angular velocity on the instability of the Ekman layer

A systematic study is made of the effect of latitude on the linear, normal mode stability characteristics of the laminar barotropic Ekman layer. The outcome depends upon the direction of the geostrophic flow (in the case of flows modelling the atmospheric Ekman layer) or, alternatively, upon the direction of the applied stress (in the case of flows modelling the oceanic Ekman layer). The minimum critical Reynolds number Rc is a function of latitude. For the atmospheric Ekman layer Rc = 30.8 for all latitudes less than 26.2° and increases monotonically with latitude to 54.2. At a latitude of 45° N, Rc is 33.9 and arises for a geostrophic wind directed towards a compass heading 252° (clockwise from north), corresponding to rolls with axes pointing due west and having wavenumber k (with unit of length taken to be the Ekman layer depth) of 0.594. The minimum Rc for the oceanic boundary layer is 11.6 for latitudes less than 81.1°, and increases with latitude to 11.8. At 45° N latitude, the critical condition arises for a surface-current compass heading of 345.2°, roll axis of 351° and a wavenumber k = 0.33. The results for Rc are all symmetric about the equator, with roll axes and associated basic flow directions rotated by 180°. As the Reynolds number R increases, the effects of the perturbation Coriolis acceleration on the instability diminish, as has been previously shown, and the error caused by neglect of the horizontal component of angular velocity therefore decreases. The high Reynolds number limit is systematically explored. It is shown that the lower branch of the neutral curve is not inviscid as R → ∞; rather kR → constant. The upper branch is inviscid in the limit R → ∞, and corresponds to a regular or singular neutral mode depending on whether the angle e between the outer geostrophic flow and the roll axis is greater or less than 15.93°. ‘Inflectional’ modes, thought to be relevant by some investigators, do not exist for e < 15.93°. Lastly, the most unstable inviscid mode corresponding to zero phase speed, a condition to which certain well-known experiments are sensitive, occurs at e = 11.8° with wavenumber k = 0.6. This is in good agreement with published experimental data.
The Effect of Grass Silage on Color of Egg Yolk

Abstract THE use of grass silage in the poultry diet has been under investigation at the Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station since the spring of 1934. Different methods have been used for preserving young oat grass cut when or before the first joints appeared. While the silage made at this early growth stage and by the method used has not been of the highest quality, the carotinoid pigments and protein remained fairly high and the birds ate it readily. Such silage when fed at the rate of four pounds a day per 100 hens usually gave a rich golden color to the egg yolk. It was observed, however, that a number of the hens after 8 or 10 days produced eggs with an olive colored yolk, commonly referred to on the market as “grass eggs.” While grass eggs appear to be high in nutritive value as judged by the chemical analysis and . . .
Non-accidental injury: a two-year study in central Liverpool.

In the two years following the implementation in Liverpool of a case conference system for dealing with non-accidental injury to children, 76 children were discussed at 73 such conferences. Factors in both the children and their families were identified as predisposing to non-accidental injury, notably male sex, illegitimacy, low birthweight, previous injuries in the children, the mothers having become pregnant at an early age, and the families having environmental stress factors. The evolving role of the case conference system in providing support for affected families is discussed.
Meteorite impact ejecta: dependence of mass and energy lost on planetary escape velocity.

The amounts of material and energy which escape a planet in a meteorite impact event is calculated as functions of impact and escape velocities. Results are obtained from the computed flow induced by the impact of iron and gabbroic anorthosite spheres onto a half-space of anorthosite at impact velocities of 5 to 45 km/sec. The impact-induced flows were determined by a numerical method using the mass, momentum, and energy conservation relations in finite-difference approximation, within an Eulerian computational grid. The impact velocities at which ejecta losses equal meteorite mass gains are found to be approximately 20, 35, and 45 km/sec for anorthosite objects and approximately 25, 35, and 40 km/sec for iron objects striking anorthosite surfaces for the gravity fields of the moon, Mercury and Mars.
Military Intervention Decisions Regarding Humanitarian Crises: Framing Induced Risk Behavior

Factors that may affect public support or opposition to U.S. military intervention in humanitarian crises around the world are examined to determine the impact of foreign policy frames on individua...
The prognostic value of the changes in the mode of ventricular tachycardia induction noted during therapy with a marked reduction of ventricular ectopic activity

Abstract The prognostic significance of changes in the mode of induction of ventricular tachycardia (VT) noted during therapy was studied in 49 patients with sustained VT or ventricular fibrillation. Before treatment, all patients had inducible sustained VT by programmed stimulation (one to three extrastimuli) and frequent (≥30/hr) ventricular premature complexes (VPCs). On the discharge regimen, VT was no longer inducible by programmed stimulation in 22 patients (group 1). Twenty-seven patients (group 2) with persistent induction of VT despite extensive serial drug testings were discharged on a regimen that resulted in a marked reduction of VPCs on Holter monitoring (≥50% reduction of VPCs, ≥90% reduction of couplets, and abolition of nonsustained VT). The modes of induction at baseline and on the discharge regimen were compared in each patient in group 2. Induction of VT was more difficult, requiring more aggressive stimulation protocol in 5 of 27 patients, unchanged in 14 patients, and easier in 8 patients. The duration of follow-up was 20 ± 13 months (mean ± SD). Arrhythmia-free survival rates at 6, 12, 18, and 24 months were 95%, 89%, 82%, and 73% in group 1, 92%, 84%, 75%, and 75% in group 2, 93%, 83%, 77%, and 69% in 27 patients with noninducibility or harder induction, and 95%, 90%, 79%, and 79% in 22 patients with the same or easier induction, respectively. The differences were not significant. This nonrandomized study suggests that in selected patients with recurrent VT and frequent VPCs at baseline, changes in the mode of induction of VT (noninducible vs inducible; harder vs not harder) noted during therapy may not have prognostic significance if the therapy is accompanied by a marked reduction of VPCs. Randomized studies should be done to validate the results of this study.
Mixed agglutination in microtiter U-trays.

Abstract The principle of mixed agglutination with cell cultures was applied to those cells which could not be obtained as monolayer cell cultures. Artificial monolayers of freshly isolated cells from various tissues were prepared in poly- l -lysine-coated wells of a microtiter U-tray. By means of this technique, murine alloantigens, H-2 private specificities and Thy-1 antigens were demonstrated on cells from thymus, brain, spleen, kidney and liver. Ia.2 antigen was detected on splenocytes but not on thymocytes or fibroblast L cells. Evidence was also presented that HLA A and B locus antigens could be demonstrated on human thymocytes. Sensitivity of this test was shown to be at least 100 times higher than that of the standard lymphocytotoxicity test for detection of HLA antigens.
Popular music as popular expression in North India and the Bhojpuri region, from cassette culture to VCD culture

In the 1980s the Indian popular music scene was revolutionized by the advent of audio cassettes that dramatically decentralized production and precipitated the rise of syncretic folk-pop hybrids aimed at diverse regional audiences. In the years around 2000, the new medium of the VCD, or video compact disc, came to exert a similarly prodigious impact, enabling inexpensive popular music recordings marketed to diverse audiences to have visual as well as audio components. Song picturizations came to display a variety of approaches, from low-budget Bollywood imitations to new formats evolving in response to local sensibilities. This article outlines some of these developments, looking in particular at VCD production in North India's Bhojpuri region as a representative case study.
A water and heat management model for proton-exchange-membrane fuel cells

Proper water and heat management are essential for obtaining high-power-density performance at high energy efficiency for proton-exchange-membrane fuel cells. A water and heat management model was developed and used to investigate the effectiveness of various humidification designs. The model accounts for water transport across the membrane by electro-osmosis and diffusion, heat transfer from the solid phase to the gas phase and latent heat associated with water evaporation and condensation in the flow channels. Results from the model showed that at high current (> 1A/cm[sup 2]) ohmic loss in the membrane accounts for a large fraction of the voltage loss in the cell and back diffusion of water from the cathode side of the membrane is insufficient to keep the membrane hydrated (i.e., conductive). Consequently, to minimize this ohmic loss the anode stream must be humidified, and when air is used instead of pure oxygen the cathode stream must also be humidified.
Dysgammaglobulinemic antibody deficiency syndrome

Detailed studies including chromosomal analysis are recorded for two male children withthe dysgammaglobulinemic antibody deficiency syndrome, and previously reported cases of this disorder are reviewed.
Viscoelastic Contact of Rough Surfaces in Relative Normal and Sliding Motion

Mathematical formulae are derived for normal and tangential components of the contact force that depend not only on the proximity of the two surfaces but also the rate of approach and relative sliding. The development of the contact model is based on the asperity shoulder-shoulder contact leading to slanted asperity contact force. Thus an asperity force contains both normal and tangential components. Three dimensional consideration of asperity contact force yields directionally dependence of both the normal and tangential force components. A previously reported statistical approach is employed in which the dependence of the asperity normal and tangential contact force components on relative tangential velocity of two asperities are cast as corrective factors in the mathematical description of normal and tangential force components. The two corrective coefficients are the force directionality corrective coefficient and the force-velocity directionality corrective coefficient. Approximate equations are found for each of the normal and half-plane tangential force components that achieve accuracy within five (5) percent error.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Hydrolysis losses in the hydrate desalination process: rate measurements and economic analysis

Abstract Hydrolysis of the agents used in the hydrate process for desalination is an irreversible reaction and represents an economic loss chargeable to the cost of the water produced. Rates of this reaction have been measured for the agents CH 2 ClF-(F-31), CHCl 2 F(F-21), CH 3 CClF 2 (F-142b), and CH 3 Br. Rates for CH 3 Cl and CCl 2 F 2 (F-12) have been found in the literature. An economic analysis of hydrolysis losses for all six agents has been made with the following results: F-21, F-31, F-142b and F-12 are all suitable for use in the hydrate process from the standpoint of hydrolysis; CH 3 Br hydrolyses much too rapidly to be economical; CH 3 Cl requires additional study with metal catalysts before being certified as useful.
Bureaucratic Capacity and Bureaucratic Discretion Does Congress Tie Policy Authority to Performance

This article assesses whether the managerial capacity of agencies influences the volume of policy authority that lawmakers delegate. Examining a sample of agencies whose managerial capacities were assessed along the same criteria, and allowing for the comparison of performance across agencies, we observe that poorly performing agencies are more likely to lose policy authority. Our findings suggest that lawmakers promote effective policymaking by giving agencies the incentive to perform well and that models of discretion that do not account for performance underestimate the effect of another factor—policy conflict between the legislative and executive branches—on how much discretion agencies receive.
Photocurrent generation in multilayer organic-inorganic thin films with cascade energy architectures.

Zirconium organobisphosphonate multilayer thin films of viologen derivatives were grown on copper dithiolate multilayers of 5,15-di(p-thiolphenyl)-10,20-di(p-tolyl)porphyrin (POR) and 5,15-di(p-thi...
Simulation of a turkey house environment

Abstract A simulation model was developed to predict indoor dry-bulb temperature and relative humidity in a turkey house. Existing weather simulation models were combined and modified in order to develop a model for predicting daily dry-bulb temperature and humidity ratio outside the turkey house. The weather simulation model was validated using 20 years of daily observed weather data from Roanoke, Virginia. The thermal environment inside the turkey house was predicted from the simulated outdoor weather using energy and mass balance equations. The house environment prediction part of the model was validated using observed inside and outside temperature data collected at a turkey farm in Virginia. The predicted indoor temperature was close to the observed temperature except on very cold days (with average outside temperature of 2°C or less). Also errors in temperature prediction were less with older birds than with younger birds.
Morphogenetic processes involved in the remodeling of the tail region of the chick embryo

Tail regions from chick embryos at three to ten days of incubation were examined by light and electron microscopy to determine what morphogenetic processes occur during transformation of the embryonic tail into the definitive type. The embryonic tail attained its maximum length (0.6 mm) between four and five days of incubation. Thereafter, the tip and base of the tail developed differently. The diameter of the tip of the tail decreased during four to six days of incubation, and many macrophages and presumptive necrotic cells appeared in this area. The tip of the tail then gradually increased in diameter during six to ten days of incubation, and changed in shape from conical to pyramidal. Only a few macrophages and presumptive necrotic cells were present during these latter stages. In most embryos during seven to ten days of incubation, the caudal end of the neural tube was cystic and small hemorrhagic zones were present in the ventral part of the tip of the tail. Near the end of this period, the ectoderm overlying the cystic portion of the neural tube often ruptured. The base of the tail increased gradually in breadth during all stages. Between six and ten days of incubation, as the leg buds elongated rapidly, the cranial part of the base of the tail became incorporated into the caudal part of the trunk. These results suggest that during morphogenesis of the tail region three morphogenetic events occur: differential growth, incorporation of part of the tail into the trunk, and cell death. The definitive tail of late incubation and posthatching stages is derived from mainly the distal portion of the base of the embryonic tail; the tip of the embryonic tail is mostly lost.
Mechanism of rhodopsin phosphorylation.

A key reaction in the inactivation of rhodopsin is its phosphorylation by rhodopsin kinase. In recent years, extensive studies related to rhodopsin kinase function and enzymatic properties were carried out. Rhodopsin kinase is a Ser/Thr protein kinase and a member of the G protein-coupled receptor kinases sub-family (GRKs) which consists of six recently identified members. Photolyzed rhodopsin is phosphorylated by rhodopsin kinase sequentially, with the first phosphate transferred preferentially to Ser-338, and subsequent phosphates transferred to Ser-343 and Thr-336. The binding of arrestin to the receptor, and reduction of the photolyzed chromophore all-trans-retinal to all-trans-retinol limits physiologically significant phosphorylation at no more than three sites (H. Ohguro, R.S. Johnson, L.H. Ericsson, K.A. Walsh and K. Palczewski, Biochemistry, 33 (1994) 1023). A similar phosphorylation reaction is implicated in most, if not all, G protein-coupled receptors during their desensitization.
STRONG AND ELECTROMAGNETIC DECAY OF MESONS

Partial widths of strong and electromagnetic decays of mesons are calculated within the framework of Schwinger's field theory of matter. Results are consistent with present experimental data. The model requires a two-photon-pseudoscalar-meson interaction and a direct four-pseudoscalar-meson interaction. The former is shown to be consistent with the $\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\gamma}{e}^{+}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ form factor. The latter explains the $\ensuremath{\delta}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\eta}\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{\pi}$ and $\ensuremath{\eta}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{\circ}}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ decays, and the coupling constant also agrees with the $\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{\pi}$ $S$-wave coupling constant. Some justification in terms of the heavy scalar-meson nonet is given for the four-meson interaction.
Solid-phase synthesis and biological activities of gastrointestinal hormones: Secretin and motilin

Abstract Many successful solid-phase syntheses of peptide chains in the region of 20–40 amino acid residues have now been routinely reported. Utilizing standard solid-phase synthetic methodologies but, particularly, new and powerful purification techniques we have been developing rapid and efficient preparative routes for the numerous neuro-gastrointestinal peptides. In the present study, secretin and motilin were obtained in 16% and 10% yields, respectively, after simplified two-step purification of hydrogen fluoride-cleaved peptides by gel filtration followed by preparative high performance liquid chromatography. Peptides were essentially homogeneous by TLC and analytical high performance liquid chromatography. Secretin was found to have full biological activity when tested against a standard sample of natural material for effects on pancreatic secretion in the dog. Motilin exhibited full biological activity on interdigestive motility in the dog. Secretin has been reported to undergo rearrangement with loss of bioactivity during purification and prolonged storage. We observed no obvious problems during our abbreviated purification schedule and have found no loss of purity of peptide which has been kept for 6 months as powder lyophilized from dilute acetic acid.
Book Review: Decision Making in Plastic Surgery

Jeffrey L. Marsh, Chad A. Perlyn, editors. Decision Making in Plastic Surgery. St. Louis, MO: QMP, 2010. ISBN-10: 1576263010 Surely, that old adage holds true—the hardest decision in surgery is to choose when not to operate. The key to success in plastic surgery, then, lies in the indispensible preoperative decision-making process, which is aimed at doing the right things at the right times to avoid complications and achieve excellent outcomes. Decision Making in Plastic Surgery , edited by Drs. Jeffrey Marsh and Chad Perlyn, is designed to make this decision-making process easier. Updated and greatly expanded since its original release in 1993, this 340-page book consists of 137 chapters authored by over 100 contributors, many of whom are renowned leaders in their respective fields. The text is organized into three main sections—Fundamentals of Wound Management (12 chapters), Reconstructive Surgery (97 chapters), and Aesthetic Surgery (28 chapters)—with numerous subsections. The breadth and diversity of the text is impressive; it includes topics as disparate as metacarpal fractures, aesthetic rhinoplasty, lip cancer, and congenital and acquired genitourinary anomalies. The most noteworthy quality of this book lies in its unique and intriguing format: each chapter presents one clinical problem, which is then explained by way of an algorithmic decision tree on one page and corresponding explanatory text on the facing page. The text corresponds to the algorithm so that the reader may refer to the commentary at …
PSI of the Internal Tide on aβPlane: Flux Divergence and Near-Inertial Wave Propagation

AbstractThe dynamics of a forced, low-mode oceanic internal tide propagating poleward on a β plane are investigated numerically. The focus is on the transfer of energy from the tide to near-inertial oscillations (NIOs) initiated by a weakly nonlinear interaction known as parametric subharmonic instability (PSI). It is shown that PSI is a mechanism for generating NIOs in the upper ocean, which subsequently radiate to depth. The exponentially growing NIOs eventually reach finite amplitude, and further interaction with the tide leads to a quasi-steady state in which dissipation is balanced by a reduction in the poleward tidal flux. The results are sensitive to the prescribed value of the vertical eddy viscosity νe that serves to parameterize the background turbulence. This sensitivity suggests that independent processes leading to turbulence in the upper ocean are able to control the rate of energy transfer from the tide to NIOs. For νe = O(10−5 m2 s−1), the poleward tidal flux decreases approximately 15%. T...
The Rb-Sr analyses of some sulfide mineralization

The analyses of sulfide ores reveal that they contain low concentrations of Rb and Sr. The Rb/Sr ratios appear to be adequate for dating these ores.