cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abstract 3518: Piperlongumine, a novel treatment option to overcome BRAF inhibitor resistance in melanoma

Tumor cell metabolism is a hallmark of chemoresistance and its role has been well-defined in BRAF inhibitor resistance in melanoma. Melanoma cells are highly proliferative and are shown to develop addiction towards the metabolic pathways like glycolysis and mitochondrial respiration to meet energy demands. Melanoma cells predominantly utilize cytosolic aerobic glycolysis or Warburg effect to develop resistance towards BRAF inhibitors (vemurafenib and dabrafenib). Our observations indicated that vemurafenib resistant cells possessed 1.5 fold higher extra-cellular acidification rate (ECAR), an indicator of glycolysis when compared to sensitive cells. We also observed that STAT3, a known regulator of glycolysis was up-regulated in A375 and SKMEL28 BRAF inhibitor resistant cells when compared to the parental cell line. In addition, LDH-A, a key glycolytic enzyme was significantly overexpressed in A375 vemurafenib resistant cells when compared to its parental counterpart. Consequently, we observed that vemurafenib and dabrafenib treatment induces the expression of STAT3 in A375 and SKMEL-28 melanoma cells. Our results showed that piperlongumine inhibits the survival of A375 vemurafenib resistant (A375VR) melanoma cells. Our observations indicated that the combination of piperlongumine with vemurafenib and dabrafenib shows synergistic effects by suppressing 75% - 85% of cell survival when compared to vemurafenib/dabrafenib and piperlongumine (25% - 45%) treatment alone in A375 and SKMEL-28 BRAF inhibitor resistant melanoma cells. Moreover, the combination of piperlongumine with vemurafenib or dabrafenib induced 2-8 fold apoptosis when compared to vemurafenib/dabrafenib and piperlongumine treatment alone in A375 and SKMEL-28 BRAF inhibitor resistant melanoma cells. Piperlongumine treatment reduced the ECAR (glycolysis) in a concentration dependent manner after 12h of treatment in A375VR cells and suppressed nearly 50% of ECAR parameters glycolysis and glycolytic capacity. Treatment of A375VR cells with piperlongumine for 48h inhibited the expression of LDH-A and its upstream regulators pSTAT3 (Y705), β-catenin, c-Myc and HIF-1α as evaluated by western blot. In addition, oral administration of piperlongumine and vemurafenib combination suppressed 86% of tumor growth when compared to vemurafenib treatment. Taken together, our study thus indicate that piperlongumine potentiates the effects of BRAF inhibitors by inhibiting Warburg effect and its upstream regulators. [Supported in part by R01 grant CA129038, awarded to (S.K.S) by the National Cancer Institute. Citation Format: Sharavan Ramachandran, Neel Fofaria, Sanjay Srivastava. Piperlongumine, a novel treatment option to overcome BRAF inhibitor resistance in melanoma [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 3518.
Pre-war Fears and Explorations

The chapter opens with a review of Brazil’s political and military history in the 1930s. It stresses the impact that the Chaco War between Paraguay and Bolivia had on Brazilian military planning and its continuous concerns about Argentina, which had supported Paraguay and had concentrated troops on the Bolivian border. Military figures in Buenos Aires were openly calling for reabsorption of Bolivia, which had been part of the colonial viceroyalty of the Rio de la Plata. Brazil lacked arms and turned to the United States for help. Regarding their fleet Roosevelt told Ambassador Aranha that he would facilitate acquisitions, but it had to be kept secret. Because Brazil lacked gold and international currencies, it turned to Germany for arms which it could pay for with natural or agricultural products. Washington protested vigorously to this closed arrangement that detached Brazilian-German trade from the wider international system. Vargas committed himself to arming and equipping the military and building a national steel factory in return for military backing for extending his presidency with dictatorial powers that would eliminate politics. Defense policy produced the dictatorship called the Estado Novo.
Fundamentals of Fuzzy Clustering Methods

Most of the conventional tools for formal modeling, reasoning, and computing are hard, deterministic, and precise. Thereby hard implies unambiguity that is, yes-or-no rather than more-or-less. In traditional bivalent logic, for example, a statement can be true or false—and nothing in-between. Precision assumes that parameter of a model typifies precisely the features of a real system that has been modeled. Usually, precision also implies that a model is doubtless, that is, that it covers no ambiguities (Zimmermann, 2001).
Analysts, Taxes, and the Information Environment

ABSTRACT This paper investigates the extent to which analysts incorporate tax-based earnings information into their earnings forecasts relative to other earnings information. We find that analysts'...
Single-stage revision anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using bone grafting for posterior or widening tibial tunnels restores stability of the knee and improves clinical outcomes

Revision ACL surgery may be complicated by tunnel malposition and/or tunnel widening and often requires a staged treatment approach that includes bone grafting, a period of several months to allow bone graft incorporation and then definitive revision ACL reconstruction. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the results of a single-staged ACL revision reconstruction technique using a cylindrical dowel bone graft for patients who have existing posteriorly placed and/or widened tibial tunnels in the tibia at a minimum of 2 years follow-up. Between 2010 and 2014, patients undergoing single-stage revision ACL reconstruction with the described technique were prospectively enrolled and evaluated. At a minimum of 24 months, patients were evaluated by physical examination, multiple clinical outcome instruments including KOOS, Tegner and Lysholm, and preoperative and postoperative MRIs. At a mean of 35.1 months, 18 consecutive patients had no revision surgery and no subjective knee instability. There were statistically significant improvements in the Tegner (median 2, interquartile range 2.25; p < 0.01), Lysholm (20.0 ± 15.0; p < 0.01), KOOS symptoms scale (12.9 ± 11.8; p < 0.01), KOOS pain scale (15.4 ± 18.7; p < 0.01), KOOS ADL scale (13.5 ± 19.0; p < 0.01), KOOS sports scale (32.8 ± 26.4; p < 0.01), and KOOS QoL scale (18.1 ± 16.9; p < 0.01). Postoperative MRI demonstrated statistically significant anteriorization of the tibial tunnel and a statistically significant decrease in tunnel widening. Revision ACL reconstruction utilizing a single-staged tibial tunnel grafting technique resulted in improved knee pain, function, and stability at a minimum of 24-month follow-up. IV.
Burst-Mode Ultraviolet Laser Pulses at Megawatt Peak Power in a Doubly-Resonant Enhancement Cavity

We demonstrate power enhancement of burst-mode UV (355 nm) laser with 50 ps pulse width and 402.5 MHz repetition rate. Peak intracavity power of > 1.5 MW has been achieved for bunches with $10\ \mu\text{s}$ at 10 Hz rate in a doubly-resonant optical cavity under high vacuum.
Applications of NDE to the Processing of Metals

Presently conceived automated metals processing systems have reached a high degree of complexity and incorporate not only control hardware but algorithms based on computer simulations and models of processes and a multiplicity of sensors for monitoring process and geometrical parameters, as well as material properties during the various stages of processing1-4. In such systems, sensors which can nondestructively measure material properties during processing provide information which can be used to verify, simplify and eventually improve the control algorithms. Also by directly providing the quantities of interest, such sensors relax the requirements on other measurements (such as temperature) from which material properties are traditionally inferred. In addition, material property sensors used near the end of the process insure that specifications are being met, regardless of the performance of automated systems upstream. In some cases the availability of new techniques capable of monitoring the evolution of microstructure during initial phases of processing may also help develop new and simpler metallurgical processes resulting in simultaneous improvements of quality and productivity.
Risk for postpartum readmissions and associated complications based on maternal age

To evaluate risk for postpartum readmissions and associated severe morbidity by maternal age.This retrospective cohort study used the Nationwide Readmissions Database to analyze 60-day all-cause po...
Sleep inertia: current insights

Sleep inertia, or the grogginess felt upon awakening, is associated with significant cognitive performance decrements that dissipate as time awake increases. This impairment in cognitive performance has been observed in both tightly controlled in-laboratory studies and in real-world scenarios. Further, these decrements in performance are exaggerated by prior sleep loss and the time of day in which a person awakens. This review will examine current insights into the causes of sleep inertia, factors that may positively or negatively influence the degree of sleep inertia, the consequences of sleep inertia both in the laboratory and in real-world settings, and lastly discuss potential countermeasures to lessen the impact of sleep inertia.
Ophthalmic Imaging in Uveitis

One of the challenges of managing uveitis is that it comprises a heterogeneous group of diseases that presents in a variety of ways even within a specific disease entity. Traditionally, clinicians have relied mainly on a pattern of clinical presentation on examination for diagnosis, but often times, certain uveitic entities can have characteristics not able to be distinguished by examination alone. Furthermore, with the exception of anterior uveitis, in which the standardization of uveitis nomenclature working group has given us a relatively reliable anterior chamber cell grading system by slit lamp ophthalmoscopy, in intermediate, posterior, and panuveitis, any single examination finding (such as vitreous haze on its own) cannot provide a complete, objective, and reliable assessment of clinical disease activity, course of disease, or response to treatment. These challenges have made ophthalmic imaging integral to the practicing uveitis specialist’s armamentarium. While ophthalmic imaging has, in many ways, improved upon the inadequacy of the examination alone, it should be noted that, in the uveitis patient, imaging absolutely cannot replace a thorough examination and history and should be used to corroborate findings found in the latter rather than be used in isolation. Imaging can, however, allow us to expand our clinical criteria and hone our clinical impression of treatment response or disease progression. This chapter will thus cover how fundus photography, fluorescein angiography (FA), indocyanine green angiography (ICGA), optical coherence tomography (OCT), fundus autofluorescence (FAF) imaging, and ultrasonography can aid in the management of uveitis. When used together, they are referred to as multimodal imaging and can provide a fuller context for examination and historical details to aid in diagnosis and management. Finally, we will touch upon the development of newer imaging modalities that might yield improved clinical endpoints that have future benefit in clinical management and/or as clinical trial endpoints in our uveitis patients.
Melchior Inchofer, Giordano Bruno, and the soul of the world

Following Galileo's trial of 1633, the Jesuit theologian Melchior Inchofer, author of the most negative reports used by the Roman Inquisition against Galileo, repudiated the Copernicans for the 'heresy' of the soul of the world (anima mundi), in an unpublished manuscript. I show that Inchofer's arguments applied far more to the beliefs of Giordano Bruno than to those of Galileo. Since antiquity, various Christian authorities had repudiated several beliefs about the anima mundi as 'heretical', hence I review their critiques against Pythagoras, Origen, and Peter Abelard, for allegedly asserting animistic beliefs about the Earth, or a universal spirit, or that souls move the heavenly bodies. Still, in the Renaissance such beliefs were defended by several advocates of Copernicus, including Bruno, William Gilbert, Johannes Kepler, and Philips Lansbergen, who all claimed that Earth moves because it has a soul. By comparing Inchofer's works and some of the Roman Inquisition's earlier censures against Bruno, I argue that the repudiation by many prominent Catholic theologians of pagan notions of the anima mundi as heretical contributed partly to the later theological opposition to the Copernicans.
Differences in perceived neighborhood environmental supports and barriers for walking between US adults with and without a disability

Abstract People with disabilities are at increased risk of chronic diseases, many of which physical activity can help prevent and manage. Certain environmental features can support or hinder participation in important activities like walking, particularly for people with disabilities. The purpose of this study is to examine differences in the prevalence of perceived neighborhood environmental supports and barriers for walking, by disability status, among US adults. Participants in the 2015 National Health Interview Survey Cancer Control Supplement (N = 15,280) reported their disability status (mobility disability, non-mobility disability, or no disability) and perceptions of neighborhood environmental supports (walkable roads, sidewalks, paths, trails; sidewalks on most streets; and walkable shops; transit; movies, libraries, churches; relaxing places) and barriers (traffic, crime, animals) for walking. Adjusted models conducted in 2019 included demographic characteristics. Prevalence of most supports was lower among adults with mobility or non-mobility disabilities versus no disability. For example, 54.9% and 57.5% of adults with mobility and non-mobility disabilities respectively reported sidewalks on most streets, compared to 64.1% of adults with no disability. After adjustment, significant differences remained when comparing adults with a mobility disability versus no disability for two supports (roads, sidewalks, paths, trails; relaxing places). All perceived barriers were significantly more common among adults with any disability versus no disability, regardless of adjustment. In the United States, adults with disabilities perceive fewer neighborhood environmental supports and more barriers for walking than their counterparts. Strategies that increase supports and address barriers for walking may help promote physical activity among adults with disabilities.
AN INVESTIGATION OF THE UNITED STATES AIRLINE PILOT LABOUR SUPPLY

Over the next 20 years, the United States airline industry is expected to hire in excess of 95,000 pilots. This hiring will be the result of new aircraft growth, pilot retirements, and pilot attrition from the industry for reasons other than retirement. In addition, government regulations may also cause an increase in the number of new pilots required. Given this increased demand, will there be enough new pilots to ensure a long-term and continuous supply? The purpose of this research is to examine the supply and demand for US airline pilots. Several new considerations are having an impact on future supply and demand of airline pilots including cost of training, growth, retirement, regulatory changes, and slowing supply of military pilots. The methodology provides an empirical analysis of the pilot labor supply in the US. A multivariate regression model was developed to forecast demand. To explore supply, a variety of data sources have been included and a survey was implemented. The results of the study indicate that the US airline industry will experience a shortage of approximately 35,000 pilots for the 2013 to 2031 time period. The impact of the shortage on regional and major airlines is examined. Possible solutions are discussed.
Model-Free Dynamic Voltage Control of a Synchronous Generator-Based Microgrid

The main goal of this paper is to present a new dynamic voltage stability mechanism, based on model-free control (MFC), for effective control and coordination of synchronous generator (SG)-based reactive power resources in a microgrid setting. MFC has shown successful operation in various domains, and this paper presents its first use in the voltage stability of a power system. It is utilized as an online controller to achieve the dynamic voltage stability of a microgrid system under different disturbances and fault conditions. A 21-bus microgrid system fed by SG-based distributed energy resources (DERs) is considered as a use case study. The overall dynamic voltage stability of the microgrid system is investigated using time-domain dynamic simulations during emergency, hazard, and disaster events. Simulation results show that there are significant improvements and enhancements on the dynamic load bus voltage profiles of the microgrid system by the effective model-free control and coordination of the reactive power reserves of the SG-based DERs.
Phylogenetic analysis of the salinipostin γ-butyrolactone gene cluster uncovers new potential for bacterial signaling-molecule diversity

Bacteria communicate by small-molecule chemicals that facilitate intra- and inter-species interactions. These extracellular signaling molecules mediate diverse processes including virulence, bioluminescence, biofilm formation, motility, and specialized metabolism. The signaling molecules produced by members of the phylum Actinobacteria are generally comprised of {gamma}-butyrolactones, {gamma}-butenolides, and furans. The best known actinomycete {gamma}-butyrolactone is A-factor, which triggers specialized metabolism and morphological differentiation in the genus Streptomyces. Salinipostins A-K are unique {gamma}-butyrolactone molecules with rare phosphotriester moieties that were recently characterized from the marine actinomycete genus Salinispora. The production of these compounds has been linked to the 9-gene biosynthetic gene cluster spt. Critical to salinipostin assembly is the {gamma}-butyrolactone synthase encoded by spt9. Here, we report the global distribution of spt9 among sequenced bacterial genomes, revealing a surprising diversity of gene homologs across 12 bacterial phyla, the majority of which are not known to produce {gamma}-butyrolactones. Further analyses uncovered a large group of spt-like gene clusters outside of the genus Salinispora, suggesting the production of new salinipostin-like diversity. These gene clusters show evidence of horizontal transfer between many bacterial taxa and location specific homologous recombination exchange among Salinispora strains. The results suggest that {gamma}-butyrolactone production may be more widespread than previously recognized. The identification of new {gamma}-butyrolactone biosynthetic gene clusters is the first step towards understanding the regulatory roles of the encoded small molecules in Actinobacteria. Importance: Signaling molecules orchestrate a wide variety of bacterial behaviors. Among Actinobacteria, {gamma}-butyrolactones mediate morphological changes and regulate specialized metabolism. Despite their importance, few {gamma}-butyrolactones have been linked to their cognate biosynthetic gene clusters. A new series of {gamma}-butyrolactones called the salinipostins was recently identified from the marine actinomycete genus Salinispora and linked to the spt biosynthetic gene cluster. Here we report the detection of spt-like gene clusters in diverse bacterial families not known for the production of this class of compounds. This finding expands the taxonomic range of bacteria that may employ this class of compounds and provides opportunities to discover new compounds associated with chemical communication.
A novel LSTM–CNN–grid search-based deep neural network for sentiment analysis

As the number of users getting acquainted with the Internet is escalating rapidly, there is more user-generated content on the web. Comprehending hidden opinions, sentiments, and emotions in emails, tweets, reviews, and comments is a challenge and equally crucial for social media monitoring, brand monitoring, customer services, and market research. Sentiment analysis determines the emotional tone behind a series of words may essentially be used to understand the attitude, opinions, and emotions of users. We propose a novel long short-term memory (LSTM)–convolutional neural networks (CNN)–grid search-based deep neural network model for sentiment analysis. The study considers baseline algorithms like convolutional neural networks, K-nearest neighbor, LSTM, neural networks, LSTM–CNN, and CNN–LSTM which have been evaluated using accuracy, precision, sensitivity, specificity, and F-1 score, on multiple datasets. Our results show that the proposed model based on hyperparameter optimization outperforms other baseline models with an overall accuracy greater than 96%.
Residency Prep Course Instills Confidence in Interns.

Introduction. Physicians entering surgical residency often feel unprepared for tasks expected of them beginning July 1, including responding to pages, writing orders, doing procedures independently, and a multitude of other requirements. Our aim was to design a surgical boot camp to help graduating senior medical students feel more confident entering residency. Methods. A two-week intensive surgery residency prep course was conducted in the spring of 2019 at an Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education-accredited General Surgery residency program. The course was designed combining aspects from existing prep courses and innovative ideas tailored to resources available at our institution. Medical students participated in the Surgery Residency Prep Course as an elective at the end of their fourth year of medical school. An anonymous survey was given pre- and post-prep course completion evaluating confidence in medical knowledge, clinical skills, and surgical skills. Data were compared using Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test. Results. Six students completed the course as a medical elective. Students felt more confident at course completion in most aspects, were significantly more confident in all areas of surgical skills taught and evaluated, and nearly all areas of medical knowledge. Subjectively, students felt as though the course was beneficial and helped them feel more prepared for starting internship. Conclusions. This course designed at our institution was successful in helping prepare and instill confidence in graduating medical students prior to starting their internship.
Context and Approach to Metastatic Bone Disease

Abstract Metastatic bone disease (MBD) commonly heralds the final progression of many cancers. Skeletal related events (SRE) represent symptomatic bone metastases and usually present as pain, fracture, spinal cord compression, and hypercalcemia of malignancy. As patients with advanced disease live longer due to therapeutic advances, the number of patients with metastatic bone disease is increasing. The optimal management of MBD and SRE requires a coordinated team effort including specialists from surgical and non-surgical disciplines. MBD management is far from a one-size-fits-all approach. Each patient must be evaluated within the context of their expectations and disease status. An appreciation of the underlying tumor biology combined with life expectancy estimates help guide appropriate treatment. This article attempts to provide a framework in which to evaluate and treat patients with metastatic bone disease. In addition, an ask is made for orthopaedic surgeons to develop an awareness for the need of an integrated multidisciplinary approach and consider assuming the lead role of the musculoskeletal team.
THE DEFORMATION ENERGY OF A CHARGED DROP. PART V. RESULTS OF ELECTRONIC COMPUTER STUDIES

Abstract The results of electronic computer studies of equilibrium configurations of an idealized charged drop are presented. The symmetric family of saddle-point shapes has been traced as a function of the fissionability parameter x . The properties of the saddle-point shapes have been tabulated in the interval x = 0.30 to x = 1.00 in steps of 0.02. The appearance of these shapes changes from dumbbell-like for x ≲ 0.67 to cylinder-like for x ≳ 0.67. The transition is fairly rapid, but not discontinuous. The properties tabulated include the energies, moments of inertia, and quadrupole moments of the saddle-point shapes. In addition, the elastic constants (stiffnesses) of the symmetric saddle-point shapes for different types of symmetric and asymmetric distortions have been determined. The shapes were found to be stable against asymmetry down to x = 0.39 4 , at which point an asymmetric family of equilibrium shapes bifurcates. A simple formula is given which reproduces the calculated liquid-drop thresholds with fair accuracy.
Targeted disruption in Arabidopsis

Homologous recombination has been used for two decades to target insertions into cloned genes in bacteria and yeast, and more recently has become a routine method of gene inactivation in mammals. Arabidopsis is one of several multicellular model organisms (along with Drosophila, Caenorhabditis and zebrafish) in which mechanisms controlling development have been studied. Previously, traditional genetic methods have been used, as targeted disruption by homologous recombination has not been successful in any of these organisms. We have now successfully disrupted the AGL5 MADS-box gene in Arabidopsisby homologous recombination, providing a useful tool for future analyses.
Results of pulmonary arterial banding in infancy: Survey of 5 years' experience in the new england regional infant cardiac program

The results of pulmonary arterial banding in 238 infants, 12 percent of the infants admitted to the New England Regional Infant Cardiac Program, is reviewed. Overall survival to age 1 year was 63 percent. Survival was least likely (37 percent) in those who required banding within the 1st month of life. Additional surgery decreased the survival rate in those operated on after 1 month of age. Infants with anomalies for which no corrective surgical procedure is available (23 of 238) have only a 30 percent chance of survival. Those with lesions correctable within the 1st year (133 of 238) have a 74 percent survival rate; 52 percent (82 of 238) of those for whom a curative operation is available after the 1st year survive. These pulmonary arterial banding data coupled with results of primary correction should provide the data base required for an intelligent decision in respect to appropriate surgical treatment of infants with critical heart disease.
Synthetic applications of 2-phenylselenenylenones—III

Abstract 2-Phenylselenenylenones are versatile species which can be selectively converted into a number of different ketones and enones in high overall yields.
Habitually exercising older men do not demonstrate age-associated vascular endothelial oxidative stress

We tested the hypothesis that older men who perform habitual aerobic exercise do not demonstrate age-associated vascular endothelial oxidative stress compared with their sedentary peers. Older exercising men (n=13, 62±2 years) had higher (P<0.05) physical activity (79±7 vs. 30±6 MET hours per week) and maximal exercise oxygen consumption (42±1 vs. 29±1 mL kg(-1) per minute) vs. sedentary men (n=28, 63±1 years). Brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD), a measure of vascular endothelial function, was greater (P<0.05) in the exercising vs. sedentary older men (6.3±0.5 vs. 4.9±0.4%Δ) and not different than young controls (n=20, 25±1 years, 7.1±0.5%Δ). In vascular endothelial cells sampled from the brachial artery, nitrotyrosine, a marker of oxidative stress, was 51% lower in the exercising vs. sedentary older men (0.38±0.06 vs. 0.77±0.10 AU). This was associated with lower endothelial expression of the oxidant enzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase (p47(phox) subunit, 0.33±0.05 vs. 0.61±0.09 AU) and the redox-sensitive transcription factor nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB) (p65 subunit, 0.36±0.05 vs. 0.72±0.09 AU). Expression of the antioxidant enzyme manganese superoxide dismutase (SOD) (0.57±0.13 vs. 0.30±0.04 AU) and activity of endothelium-bound extracellular SOD were greater (6.4±0.5 vs. 5.0±0.6 U mL(-1) per minute) in the exercising men (both P<0.05), but differences no longer were significant after correcting for adiposity and circulating metabolic factors. Overall, values for the young controls differed with those for the sedentary, but not the exercising older men. Older men who exercise regularly do not demonstrate vascular endothelial oxidative stress, and this may be a key molecular mechanism underlying their reduced risk of cardiovascular diseases.
Three-dimensional neutronics analysis for the final optics of the laser fusion power reactor SIRIUS-P

A three-dimensional neutronics calculation has been performed for the final optics of the laser driven reactor SIRIUS-P. The reactor utilizes grazing incidence metallic mirrors (GIMM) and dielectric coated final focusing (FE) mirrors placed at 25 and 40 m from the target, respectively. High aspect ratio neutron traps are attached to the outer reactor containment building. The GIMM can have a lifetime of 14 FPY assuming 80% recovery with annealing for a fluence limit of 10/sup 21/ n/cm/sup 2/. For a trap with an aspect ratio of 3, the flux at the FF mirror is reduced by about two orders of magnitude. The lifetime for the FF mirror will be 0.6 FPY for a fluence limit of 10/sup 18/ n/cm/sup 2/.
Examining Uncertainties in Representations of the Carbon Cycle in Earth System Models

Terrestrial and ocean scientists gathered to pursue intellectual fertilization across the traditional land-ocean disciplinary split in carbon cycle science. The goal was to examine the processes driving uncertainties in representations of the carbon cycle in Earth System Models (ESMs). Ecosystem processes with land and ocean parallels were explored through talks, posters, and breakout sessions on four themes: disturbance, remineralization/decomposition, individual organisms/trophic interactions, and nutrient limitation. Data-model synthesis and observational constraints on ESM behavior were a common thread among themes. Key data resources were summarized, and many of these have now been posted at https://climatedataguide.ucar.edu.
Use of Aldehyde Fixatives to Determine the Rate of Synaptic Transmitter Release

Aldehyde fixation continues to be useful to prepare synapses for freeze-fracture, but it may increase the rate of transmitter release. The effects of different aldehyde fixatives on spontaneous quantal release (m.e.p.p.s), and on the corresponding synaptic vesicle exocytosis at frog nerve-muscle synapses were investigated with the hope of finding a way to minimize side effects of fixation. Increases in m.e.p.p.s of up to 50 S-1 occurred during fixation, despite the species of aldehyde used in the fixative, and this fixative effect decreased only slightly as aldehyde concentration was increased. Increases in m.e.p.p frequency were not blocked by tetrodotoxin, by lowering external calcium and raising external magnesium concentration, or by lowering the total osmotic strength of the fixative. The smallest increase in m.e.p.p. frequency was in 3% glutaraldehyde and corresponded to the lowest level of synaptic vesicle exocytosis seen by freeze-fracture, 0.15 per micrometers of active zone. The effects of aldehyde fixation on m.e.p.p. frequency and synaptic vesicle exocytosis could not be avoided, but this study suggests how its effect on morphological changes in synapses might be minimized.
Gender, Dietary Copper and Carbohydrate Source Influence Cardiac Collagen and Lysyl Oxidase in Weanling Rats

The present investigation was conducted to determine the effects of consumption of diets containing fructose or cornstarch on cardiac collagen metabolism in weanling male and female rats fed copper-deficient or copper-adequate diets for 5 wk. Although both male and female rats that consumed the copper-deficient diet containing fructose were similarly copper deficient, only the males showed severe cardiac pathologies and two died prematurely due to heart-related abnormalities. These pathologies were accompanied by a significant reduction of cardiac lysyl oxidase activity and elevated soluble and total cardiac collagen concentrations compared with rats fed copper-adequate diets. These abnormalities were less severe in copper-deficient rats fed cornstarch. The data show that the activity of the copper-containing enzyme lysyl oxidase is affected by both dietary carbohydrate and gender. The pathologies of heart tissue could be the result of abnormal crosslinking of collagen induced by the combination of copper deficiency, fructose feeding and the sex of the rats.
UNPACKING INTERACTIONS USING BROUSSEAU’S DIDACTICAL MILIEU

In this work we used Brousseau’s Theory of Didactical Situation to examine ways in which interactions with a researcher/teacher influenced mathematical practices of a child. The findings suggest an extension of teaching actions associated with TDS to include the process of stabilizing mathematical understanding of children as they interact with and engage in task-milieu.
Boundary layer roll statistics from SAR

The Atmospheric Boundary Layer (ABL) mean flow frequently consists of an organized secondary circulation in the form of counter rotating rolls embedded in it. Theory predicts this is the case for a range of thermodynamic conditions. Although generally associated with the formation of “cloud streets”, numerical and theoretical studies suggest that rolls should be present whenever there is sufficient shear to organize the convection, including cloud free conditions. Through their association with clouds and their modification of the mean low level flow, ABL rolls alter air-sea interaction processes, surface energy fluxes, and the earth radiational balance. Despite their potential importance to climate there exist no prior studies that can establish the extent and statistical frequency of roll occurrence. Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) can detect ABL roll signature on the ocean surface. A first regional climate scale attempt to construct ABL roll frequency statistics from the RADARSAT SAR observations is described.
Mimetic finite difference method

The mimetic finite difference (MFD) method mimics fundamental properties of mathematical and physical systems including conservation laws, symmetry and positivity of solutions, duality and self-adjointness of differential operators, and exact mathematical identities of the vector and tensor calculus. This article is the first comprehensive review of the 50-year long history of the mimetic methodology and describes in a systematic way the major mimetic ideas and their relevance to academic and real-life problems. The supporting applications include diffusion, electromagnetics, fluid flow, and Lagrangian hydrodynamics problems. The article provides enough details to build various discrete operators on unstructured polygonal and polyhedral meshes and summarizes the major convergence results for the mimetic approximations. Most of these theoretical results, which are presented here as lemmas, propositions and theorems, are either original or an extension of existing results to a more general formulation using polyhedral meshes. Finally, flexibility and extensibility of the mimetic methodology are shown by deriving higher-order approximations, enforcing discrete maximum principles for diffusion problems, and ensuring the numerical stability for saddle-point systems.
Utilization of Lithium Amide in the Synthesis of N-Arylanthranilic Acids and N-Arylanthranilamides

A procedure for the preparation of N-arylanthranilic acids and N-arylanthranilamides was developed. Lithium amide promoted coupling of anilines with 2-fluorobenzoic acids or 2-fluorobenzamides lead...
The detection of hemorrhagic proteins in snake venoms using monoclonal antibodies against virginia opossum (Didelphis virginiana) serum

Most snakes and a few warm-blooded animals have a resistance to snake venoms because of naturally occurring antihemorrhagins found in their sera. The antihemorrhagins in serum of Virginia opossum (Didelphis virginiana) neutralize hemorrhagic activity by binding to hemorrhagins in snake venoms. The binding characteristic of antihemorrhagins in D. virginiana serum was used to develop a five-step western blot. The detection of hemorrhagic proteins were measured indirectly with antihemorrhagins in Virginia opossum serum and with DV-2LD#2, a monoclonal antibody specific for Virginia opossum antihemorrhagins. Snake venoms were separated by native-PAGE, transferred to a Millipore Immobilon-P membrane and then incubated with crude Virginia opossum serum. The hemorrhagins in snake venom bind to antihemorrhagins in Virginia opossum serum which react with DV-2LD#2 a monoclonal antibody that is specific for Virginia opossum antihemorrhagins. DV-2LD#2 monoclonal antibody inhibits antihemorrhagic activity in Virginia opossum serum when mixed in equal amounts. The inhibition of antihemorrhagins by DV-2LD#2 monoclonal antibody suggests specificity. DV-2LD#2 monoclonal antibody does not recognize antihemorrhagins in gray woodrat (Neotoma micropus) serum. The five-step western blot reveals two well-defined bands which represent hemorrhagins found in Western diamondback rattlesnake (Crotalus atrox) venom. Venoms from 15 different snake species were examined to determine the usefulness of the five-step western blot. Other hemorrhagic venoms (Great Basin rattlesnake (C. viridis lutosus), Prairie rattlesnake (C. viridis viridis), Tancitaran dusky rattlesnake (C. pusillus), Northern Mojave rattlesnake (C. scutulatus scutulatus type B) and Northern Pacific rattlesnake (C. v. oreganus)) had one single band in the five-step western blot. DV-2LD#2 did not bind to the non-hemorrhagic venoms and reacted with 50% of the hemorrhagic venoms used in this study. The monoclonal antibody, CAH, reacted with all the hemorrhagic venoms except for the venom of the King cobra (Ophiophagus hannah) and did not react with the non-hemorrhagic venoms. The hemorrhagic binding site of CAH monoclonal antibody and the antihemorrhagin in Virginia opossum are different binding sites. The five-step western blot will be a very useful assay for determining hemorrhagic activity without using live animals.
New investigations of core competencies: perioperative mechanical ventilation and assessment of lung function.

The 2014 Journal Symposium focused on talks and investigations involving mechanical ventilation. The rationale for the symposium topic is that anesthetists likely ventilate more patients than any other care providers. In view of the millions of patients undergoing surgical procedures requiring general anesthesia with mechanical ventilation,* even small percent improvements in morbidity and mortality associated with mechanical ventilation would result in a substantial benefit. Concepts regarding mechanical ventilation have changed significantly with the realization that it is both beneficial and harmful. Just as there is an increasing understanding that we should personalize medication use in patients, the usage of mechanical ventilation will need to be adjusted to meet the needs of our individual patients. This editorial will review the publications associated with the symposium. In addition, this issue contains other articles on the topic of the symposium.
Water content and equilibrium water partition in immature cartilage

The water content, equilibrium water partition, and total thickness for immature bovine articular cartilage were determined and compared to previously determined values for mature tissue. The bulk equilibrium water partition and thickness were significantly greater in immature tissue as compared to mature tissue, while the bulk water content was similar. Spatial differences were noted in each physical parameter.
Real time queue length estimation for signalized intersections using travel times from mobile sensors

Abstract We study how to estimate real time queue lengths at signalized intersections using intersection travel times collected from mobile traffic sensors. The estimation is based on the observation that critical pattern changes of intersection travel times or delays, such as the discontinuities (i.e., sudden and dramatic increases in travel times) and non-smoothness (i.e., changes of slopes of travel times), indicate signal timing or queue length changes. By detecting these critical points in intersection travel times or delays, the real time queue length can be re-constructed. We first introduce the concept of Queue Rear No-delay Arrival Time which is related to the non-smoothness of queuing delay patterns and queue length changes. We then show how measured intersection travel times from mobile sensors can be processed to generate sample vehicle queuing delays. Under the uniform arrival assumption, the queuing delays reduce linearly within a cycle. The delay pattern can be estimated by a linear fitting method using sample queuing delays. Queue Rear No-delay Arrival Time can then be obtained from the delay pattern, and be used to estimate the maximum and minimum queue lengths of a cycle, based on which the real-time queue length curve can also be constructed. The model and algorithm are tested in a field experiment and in simulation.
A framework for an object-oriented approach to modeling basic queues in decision support systems (A framework for queues in a DDS)

Abstract We show that the analysis of queueing systems for decision support systems can be facilitated by describing the natural structure of queues as objects. Moreover, we show that the behavior of queues can be used to dynamically generate those objects.
Contributions toward a monograph of cybianthus (Myrsinaceae): I. Subgenus iteoides and the identity of conomorpha loretensis

A provisional key to the species ofCybianthus subgenusIteoides is presented and one new species, C.colombianus, is described, illustrated and discussed.Conomorpha loretensis Lundell is transferred toCybianthus, its relationships within subgenusWeigeltia are discussed, and a key to its sister species,C. gardneri and C.dubius, is provided.
Reconsidering marrow stem cell cycle status: insights into an actively cycling hematopoietic stem cell population

Reconsidering marrow stem cell cycle status: insights into an actively cycling hematopoietic stem cell population
Image compression and feature stabilization of dynamically displayed coronary angiograms

Eigler et al (1994) proposed an optimized display for coronary angiograms where each image of the sequence is digitally shifted so that the feature of interest within an artery remains fixed at the center of the screen and the background moves (stabilized display). We measure the effect of JPEG and CREW (a wavelet-based software) image compression on the detectability of a simulated morphological feature (filling defect) for the stabilized display and compare it to the conventional moving artery display. Our results show that 15:1 compressed JPEG for the stabilized display and the moving artery display does not significantly degrade human performance but a 19:1 CREW did. The stabilized display significantly improved performance with respect to the conventional moving artery display for the uncompressed and the 15:1 JPEG but not for the 19:1 CREW.
Amazon's vulnerability to climate change heightened by deforestation and man‐made dispersal barriers

Species migrations in response to climate change have already been observed in many taxonomic groups worldwide. However, it remains uncertain if species will be able to keep pace with future climate change. Keeping pace will be especially challenging for tropical lowland rainforests due to their high velocities of climate change combined with high rates of deforestation, which may eliminate potential climate analogs and/or increase the effective distances between analogs by blocking species movements. Here, we calculate the distances between current and future climate analogs under various climate change and deforestation scenarios. Under even the most sanguine of climate change models (IPSL_CM4, A1b emissions scenario), we find that the median distance between areas in the Amazon rainforest and their closest future (2050) climate analog as predicted based on just temperature changes alone is nearly 300 km. If we include precipitation, the median distance increases by over 50% to >475 km. Since deforestation is generally concentrated in the hottest and driest portions of the Amazon, we predict that the habitat loss will have little direct impact on distances between climate analogs. If, however, deforested areas also act as a barrier to species movements, nearly 30% or 55% of the Amazon will effectively have no climate analogs anywhere in tropical South America under projections of reduced or Business-As-Usual deforestation, respectively. These ‘disappearing climates’ will be concentrated primarily in the southeastern Amazon. Consequently, we predict that several Amazonian ecoregions will have no areas with future climate analogs, greatly increasing the vulnerability of any populations or species specialized on these conditions. These results highlight the importance of including multiple climatic factors and human land-use in predicting the effects of climate change, as well as the daunting challenges that Amazonian diversity faces in the near future.
Interdisciplinary Preceptor Teams to Improve the Clinical Nurse Leader Student Experience

The Clinical Nurse Leader (CNL) role was introduced by the American Association of Colleges of Nursing (AACN) in 2003 (AACN, 2003). There are now over 2,500 certified CNLs in the United States. Still some areas of the country have no CNLs in practice; this was true of north central Texas until May 2010 when Texas Christian University (TCU) had its first graduating class. Lack of CNLs to serve as preceptors for the practicum courses in the CNL program was one concern, although AACN does offer options when CNLs are not available. TCU's CNL teaching team developed the interdisciplinary preceptor team (IPT) model to strengthen the practicum component of CNL education at TCU. One advantage of the IPT model is the match it provides with several CNL competencies: lateral integration of care via interdisciplinary teams, member and leader of health care teams, skillful communication within teams, and implementation of an interdisciplinary approach to safe, quality, patient care. Components of the IPT model are discussed with specific information about preceptor selection, team development, and examples of feedback from preceptors and students.
Effects of storage on the toxicity of sediments spiked with fluoranthene to the amphipod, Rhepoxynius abronius

To determine the effect of storage on contaminant bioavailability and toxicity, two sediment types, a fine sand and a silty sand, were spiked with nine concentrations of fluoranthene (0.0-50 mg/dry kg) then stored at 4°C for up to 170 d. Toxicity of the stored sediment was determined eight times during this storage interval using standard 10-d toxicity tests with the marine infaunal amphipod Rhepoxynius abronius. The concentrations of fluoranthene in the sediment and interstitial water were determined on samples taken on each test date. The toxicity of fluoranthene in the silty sand was similar for all storage times with LC50s ranging from 5.3 to 6.6 mg/g organic carbon (OC). The LC50 in the fine sand was 7.4 mg/g OC after 13 d of storage, ranged from 10.2 to 11.8 mg/g OC during 27 to 83 d of storage, and increased to 24.2 and 27.6 mg/g OC after 121 and 170 d of storage. respectively. These data indicate that the toxicity of both the fine and the silty sand remained essentially constant during storage from days 27 to 83. Toxicity tests conducted before or after that period may give misleading results because of disequilibrium or unknown storage effects.