cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Charge-state-dependent sequence analysis of protonated ubiquitin ions via ion trap tandem mass spectrometry.

One of the major factors governing the “top-down” sequence analysis of intact multiply protonated proteins by tandem mass spectrometry is the effect of the precursor ion charge state on the formation of product ions. To more fully understand this effect, electrospray ionization coupled to a quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer, collision-induced dissociation, and gas-phase ion/ion reactions have been employed to examine the fragmentation of the [M + 12H]12+ to [M + H]+ ions of bovine ubiquitin. At low charge states (+1 to +6), loss of NH3 or H2O from the protonated precursor and directed cleavage at aspartic acid residues was observed. At intermediate charge states, (+7, +8, and +9), extensive nonspecific fragmentation of the protein backbone was observed, with 50% sequence coverage obtained from the [M + 8H]8+ ion alone. At high charge states, (+10, +11, +12), the single dominant channel that was observed was the preferential fragmentation of a single proline residue. These data can be readily explained...
The battle over the FCC Blue Book: determining the role of broadcast media in a democratic society, 1945-8

During the 1940s a media reform movement of grassroots activists and a progressive Federal Communication Commission (FCC) emerged to challenge the commercial interests consolidating control of US m...
Lessons learned with PCF: scaling secure computation

The Portable Circuit Format (PCF) system presented by Kreuter et al.[kmsb13] addressed an important bottleneck in the tools developed by the research community for secure computation. The PCF system is based on the idea that circuits can be represented as programs that emit gates on certain state transitions. By dealing with programs rather than circuits, functions have much smaller representations, the PCF compiler is able to apply automatic optimizations to much larger functions, and the runtime system requires far less memory. We present our future plans for the PCF system and our current work-in-progress.
Relation Between Trauma and Psychopathology: Mediating Roles of Dissociation and Fears About Death and Control.

We investigated mediational relations among trauma, dissociation, psychopathology (e.g., PTSD, borderline personality disorder, bulimic behaviors), and fears about death and lacking control in a sample of 325 non-treatment-seeking women. With the use of structural equation modeling, findings indicated that: (1) dissociation accounted for 27% of variance in the trauma-psychopathology relation (significant partial mediation), and (2) general ongoing fears about death and control accounted for an additional 20% of variance in the trauma-psychopathology relation beyond what was already accounted for by dissociation (total of 47% of variance explained in the trauma-psychopathology relation; significant partial mediation). Findings are discussed, and postulations about relations are proposed.
Clinical correlates of environmental endocrine disruptors

Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), such as environmental estrogens, are hypothesized to be associated with a global decrease in sperm counts, other male reproductive tract problems and increasing rates of female breast cancer. Results of human population studies do not support the association between certain organochlorine EDCs and female breast cancer. Moreover, there is minimal evidence linking EDCs or exposure to other environmental chemicals with male reproductive tract problems. With the exception of the increasing incidence of testicular cancer, it is also questionable whether male reproductive tract problems are increasing, decreasing or unchanged. However, several studies report large differences in sperm count and quality and other endocrine-related problems within countries and regions, but the environmental, dietary and/or lifestyle factors responsible remain unknown.
“Smart Homes” for Patients at the End of Life

Smart homes are residential settings equipped with sensors and other devices that enable the monitoring of residents, aiming to improve residents' quality of life and support their independence. Numerous initiatives worldwide have been developed to explore the use of motion sensors, radio frequency sensors, video cameras, wearable devices, and other applications that target older adults. As people approach the end of their lives, such settings may have the potential to support quality of life. This article presents existing smart home applications and discusses their potential for home hospice patients and their families. The concept of obtrusiveness of home technologies is reviewed and ethical considerations are discussed, such as a potential over-reliance on automation, the “medicalization” of the home environment (which may turn the residential setting into a “de-facto intensive care unit”), issues of privacy and security, and the challenge of informed consent for residents.
Mild CF in a ΔF508/R347H compound heterozygote woman : does the manifestation of this genotype differ in the two sexes ?

A woman with unusually mild cystic fibrosis (CF) and normal sweat chloride levels is reported to have delta F508 deletion on one CF chromosome and the rare mutation R347H on the other, the first known female with this mutation. Of the other eight cases with R347H mutation mentioned in the literature, all five patients whose age and sex were given in the reports were men and had congenital bilateral absence of vas deferens (CBAVD). Considering these data, it is not unrealistic to assume that R347H associates more frequently than other CF mutations with CBAVD, which would mean that the clinical significance of this mutation might differ in males and females.
Interpersonal dysfunction and affect-regulation difficulties in disordered eating among men and women.

Abstract Although several studies suggest that negative affect and interpersonal problems serve as important contributors for eating-related problems, much of this research has been conducted among women and less is known about their roles in precipitating and maintaining eating problems among men. Previous studies with undergraduate men suggest that difficulties in emotion regulation are associated with disordered eating even after controlling for differences in body mass index (BMI) and negative affect. The present study sought to replicate these findings and extend them to assess any unique variance explained by problems in interpersonal functioning among both men and women. Participants were men (n = 213) and women (n = 521) undergraduates at a large Midwestern university who completed a demographic information form, the Eating Disorder Examination-Questionnaire (EDE-Q), the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS), the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule, and the Inventory of Interpersonal Problems-Short Circumplex Form (IIP-SC). A series of hierarchical regression analyses indicated that DERS and IIP-SC significantly predicted EDE-Q global scores after controlling for variability in BMI and negative affect and that the results were similar for men and women. Our findings offer preliminary support for models that highlight emotional vulnerability and interpersonal problems for disordered eating for young adult men. Future research extending these findings among treatment-seeking samples and employing multi-method assessment would serve to further clarify the tenability of these theoretical models for both men and women.
SHADOWS OF WAR AND HOLOCAUST: JEWS, GERMAN JEWS, AND THE SIXTIES IN THE UNITED STATES, REFLECTIONS AND MEMORIES

The article reflects on the––muted––“shadows of war and Holocaust” motivating Jewish activists in the civil rights and New Left movements of the “sixties” as well as the women's movement in the 1970s. For children of Jewish refugees from National Socialism, as well as for “red diaper” offspring of American Communists and alienated rebels against the newly comfortable Jewish suburban middle class, participation in these political struggles could serve both as a key form of alternative “Americanization” or “assimilation through protest” and a link to Jewish values of social justice. In a radically forward-looking movement, profoundly influenced by the African-American church, and linked with a few prominent refugee rabbis, the call for “Never Again” admonished young Jews never to be “good Germans,” to reject complicity with unjust policies at home and abroad; the specifically Jewish invocation of “never again a victim” only came later, decades removed from the events of war and Holocaust.
EXAMINING THE IMPACT OF DRIFTED POLYTOMOUS ANCHOR ITEMS ON TEST CHARACTERISTIC CURVE (TCC) LINKING AND IRT TRUE SCORE EQUATING

In a common-item (anchor) equating design, the common items should be evaluated for item parameter drift. Drifted items are often removed. For a test that contains mostly dichotomous items and only a small number of polytomous items, removing some drifted polytomous anchor items may result in anchor sets that no longer resemble mini-versions of the new and old test forms. In this study, the impact of drifted polytomous anchor items on the test characteristic curve (TCC) linking and item response theory (IRT) true score equating for a test containing only a small number of polytomous items was investigated. Simulated tests were constructed to mimic a real large-scale test. The magnitude of the item parameter drift, anchor length, number of drifted polytomous items in the anchor set, and the ability distributions of the groups taking the old form and new form were manipulated. Results suggest that anchor length and number of drifted polytomous items had a relatively large impact on the linking and equating results. The accuracy of linking and equating results were affected by the magnitude of item parameter drift. The ability distributions of the groups had little effect on the linking and equating results. In general, excluding drifted polytomous anchor items resulted in an improvement in equating results.
Risk-Based Maintenance Optimization of Deteriorating Bridges

Risk-based performance measures integrate probability of component or system failure with the consequences of this event. In this paper, a novel risk-based maintenance optimization methodology for deteriorating bridges to find the optimum maintenance options and their timing is proposed. Finding the optimum maintenance types and schedule for different components of bridges is formulated as a multicriteria optimization in which the lifetime maximum value of expected losses associated with failure and the lifetime total expected maintenance cost are considered as the conflicting objectives. The risk-based maintenance approach accounts for different deterioration levels of bridge components and consequences of both component failure and system failure. The methodology is illustrated on a bridge superstructure. The effects of considered life span of the structure and availability of maintenance options on optimum solutions are also investigated.
Electromagnetic-field calculations for irregularly shaped, axisymmetric layered particles with focused illumination

Theoretical procedures are presented for the determination of the internal and the near-surface electromagnetic fields for an arbitrary monochromatic field (e.g., a focused laser beam) incident upon an irregulary shaped, axisymmetric layered particle. The layered spherical particle solution is also given as a special case of the general solution. Systematic calculations are presented that demonstrate the effects of particle shape and incident focused-beam orientation on the electromagnetic-field distributions.
Heart failure in the adult patient with congenital heart disease.

Abstract Background Adult survival is now the rule for most congenital heart defects. However, despite surgical “repair,” heart failure remains a common long-term complication of congenital heart disease. Heart failure specialists are seeing an increasing number of patients with congenital defects as the underlying etiology of their heart failure. Methods and Results Familiarity with the anatomy, physiology, and long-term sequelae of surgical correction are essential for providing care to this complex group of patients. Conclusion This review discusses the diagnosis, pathophysiology, and management of the adult congenital heart patient with concomitant heart failure.
Promoting Client Goal Ownership in a Clinical Setting

Effective goal setting involves collaboration between the client and therapist and is an important component of occupational therapy practice. However, encouraging involvement and collaboration does not necessarily guarantee that client goals are incorporated into the treatment plan. The purpose of this innovative treatment program was to determine if providing a client with a venue for goal identification, documentation, and maintenance might impact participation and satisfaction in a day rehabilitation setting. Responses to a study satisfaction survey (Ss) were taken at baseline and immediately postintervention from the experimental (N = 11) and control (N = 10) groups and attendance rates were compared between groups. Semi-structured postintervention interviews were used to obtain qualitative feedback of the intervention. Minimal differences between the control and experimental group were found on the quantitative measures. However, unanticipated results to components were identified. Qualitative findings suggested that both patients and therapists felt the intervention created positive outcomes. This innovative program approach outlines basic strategies therapists can employ to provide a venue for client goal ownership focusing on client goal identification, client goal documentation, and client goal maintenance. While results do not support increases in self-efficacy, further research to explore the role of client-owned goals is suggested. Comments To view a video about this article with the author, Laura VanPuymbrouck, visit our partner, MedBridge, at: http://ojot.medbridgeeducation.com/breakouts/11-promoting-client-goal-ownership-in-aclinical-setting OJOT is excited to partner with MedBridge to offer online CEUs through Breakouts – short, evidence-based video interviews featuring OJOT authors. Click here to learn more about this unique opportunity for discussions on hot topics in OT by leading researchers.
A new mechanism for the toxicity of ozone

Ozone, with its high reactivity, is entirely consumed as it passes through the first layer of tissue it contacts at the lung/air interface. This layer includes the epithelial cell lining fluid (ELF) and, where the ELF is thin or absent, the membranes of the epithelial cells that line the airways. Thus the biochemical changes that follow the inhalation of ozone must be relayed into deeper tissue strata by a cascade of ozonation products. Lipid ozonation products (LOP) are suggested to be the most likely relay molecules of ozone's signal. This is because unsaturated fatty acids are present in relatively high concentrations in both the ELF and in pulmonary cell bilayers, and ozone reacts with unsaturated fatty acids to produce ozone-specific products. Further, LOP are finite in number, have structures that are predictable from the Criegee ozonation mechanism, and are small, diffusible, stable (or meta-stable) molecules, similar to other lipid-derived signal transduction species. Preliminary data show that individual LOP cause the activation of specific lipases, which trigger the release of endogenous mediators of inflammation.
What linguistically diverse parents know and how it can help early childhood Educators: A case study of a dual language preschool community

While the population of bilinguals and English learners continues to rise in our schools, teachers often feel frustrated with their lack of knowledge about best practices to support their multilingual students’ language, socio-emotional and cognitive development. Teachers’ frustration is compounded by the push for assessments in the early years. The aim of this 24-month ethnographic case study is to explore what information linguistically diverse families hold about their bilingual children’s language development and use, and how this information can help teachers (1) understand formal and informal assessment data, and (2) create linguistically appropriate support for young bilinguals and their families. The research was drawn from an ethnographic case study of a dual language (Italian-English) preschool in a major metropolitan area. The private dual language preschool provided education for ages 2.8 years to 6 years of age. The families who participated in this study were primarily immigrants, bilingual and middle class.
Effects of Human Antisperm Antibodies on Development of Preimplantation Embryos

The effects of antisperm antibodies (ASAs) present in sera of immunoinfertile patients and vasectomized men were investigated on preimplantation embryonic development in mice. Of the nine immunoinfertile sera tested, two were effective in inhibiting blastulation rates of in vitro cultured murine 2-cell embryos (p less than .05 to .002). Similarly, sera from two of the three vasectomized men were capable of affecting early embryonic development in mice (p less than .05 to .002). Specificities of the embryotoxic effects of ASAs were further confirmed by culturing embryos in the presence of affinity-purified monovalent Fab' antibodies isolated from these sera. Fab' antibodies from only one of the two immunoinfertile patients whose sera affected blastulation rates, and from one of the three vasectomized men were effective in influencing blastulation rates of in vitro cultured 2-cell murine embryos (p less than .05 to .001), mainly due to an arrest of development at 2 to 8-cell and morula stages. In the Western blot procedure, none of the immunoinfertile Fab' antibodies recognized any specific band on blots of extracts from murine ova or 2-cell embryos. However, all the immunoinfertile Fab', but not fertile control Fab', specifically recognized a protein band in the M(r) 25 +/- 2 kD region, on the Western blots of extract from murine blastocyst stage embryos. In addition, Fab' from one immunoinfertile serum, which inhibited embryonic development, reacted specifically with a protein band in the lower molecular range (approximate M(r) 12 kD) on Western blot involving exact from blastocysts. Fab' antibodies of sera from vasectomized men did not react with any specific protein band on blots of extracts from murine ova, 2-cell embryo, or blastocyst. These results suggest that ASAs from some immunoinfertile patients and vasectomized men, especially those reacting with 12-kD blastocyst protein, are capable of affecting preimplantation embryonic development in mice, and thus may contribute toward immunologically medicated infertility both at fertilization and postfertilization stages.
Locomotion and adhesion of amphibian gastrula and neurula cells cultured on substrata of varied surface charge.

This paper reports experiments to determine the effects of electrostatic repulsion on cell adhesion and locomotion, and to demonstrate quantitative differences in adhesiveness among cell populations of the amphibian gastrula, where it may be a factor controlling morphogenesis. Rana pipiens gastrula presumptive germ layer cells and neural crest were cultured on substrata of known surface charge and composition; cell-substratum adhesion assayed, and locomotory rate measured. Because electrokinetic mobilities of R. pipiens gastrula cells are known and that of neural crest has been measured here, various cell-substratum combinations have been ranked in order of the electrostatic force between them. Experimental methods include time-lapse cinematography and single-cell electrophoresis. The results indicate differential cell-substratum adhesion for R. pipiens inner neural ectoderm (INE), chordamesoderm (CHM) and neural crest (NC). In addition, it was found that increase in electrostatic repulsion decreases cell-substratum adhesion, and at first increases rate of locomotion, but then, as repulsion continues to increase, locomotor rate decreases. Increase in the surface potential of presumptive pharyngeal endoderm and chordamesoderm may bring about a decrease in cohesiveness thought to be necessary for the beginning of amphibian gastrulation.
Lymphocyte subsets may discern treatment effects in children and young adults with post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder.

: To identify potential alternatives to Epstein–Barr virus (EBV)-specific cytotoxic T-cell responses, peripheral lymphocyte subsets (PLS) (CD4+, CD8+, CD3+, CD19+, CD56+) were measured by flow cytometry in children with abdominal transplants (n = 22) and heart transplants (n = 2), with (n = 14) and without (n = 10, group C) post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD). PTLD resolved with reduced immunosuppression and antiviral therapy in eight children (group B). Recalcitrant PTLD was observed in six children (group A). Recalcitrant PTLD followed prior antilymphocyte therapy [monoclonal anti-CD3 antibody (OKT3) and thymoglobin (n = 3) and thymoglobin (n = 1)] for refractory rejection in four of these six children, and resolved after treatment with rituximab (anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody). Ten children without PTLD served as a control group (group C). Between group comparisons showed a numeric increase in CD8+ cells and significantly lower CD4:CD8 ratios in both PTLD groups (A and B) compared with group C. Group A children also demonstrated significant depletion of natural killer (NK) cells, and post-rituximab depletion of B-cells compared with group B (no rituximab treatment). We conclude that NK cell depletion with a reversed CD4:CD8 ratio may represent a persistent immunosuppressed state, which may result from prior antilymphocyte therapy and may predispose to recalcitrant EBV-PTLD. Clinical remission with rituximab is accompanied by B-cell depletion. Serial monitoring of PLS from the time of diagnosis of PTLD will be necessary to confirm these observations.
Microtubules Tethered at Epithelial Cell Junctions by Dynein Facilitate Efficient Junction Assembly

Efficient remodeling of cell–cell adhesions is critical during development and morphogenesis. Junctional components must be specifically and rapidly transported to sites of junction assembly. In this study, we show a mechanism by which this targeted trafficking may occur. Microtubules target epithelial adherens junctions, and the number of microtubules both projecting to and tethered at sites of contact is increased during junction assembly, consistent with an increased need for new material at the nascent junction. Cytoplasmic dynein is localized to sites of cell–cell contact, and microtubules project to dynein patches where they become tethered. Microinjection of anti-dynein antibodies disrupts the tethering of microtubules, showing that the motor anchors them. Furthermore, disruption of dynein inhibits junction formation. Immunocytochemistry with antibodies to p120 catenin support the hypothesis that tethered microtubules serve as tracks for delivery of new components to forming junctions, suggesting a model in which material is targeted for delivery to sites of need through microtubules tethered by dynein.
Ecology of Abusive and Nonabusive Families Implications for Intervention

Abstract The authors compare family interaction in 70 child abuse cases and 70 nonabuse psychiatric outpatient cases. The children were matched for age level (3–6, 6–12, and 12–17 years), sex, and primary diagnostic impression. Specific parameters focused on within each family included chronic situational stress, income level, mobility, previous psychiatric treatment, family conflict, husband-wife conflict, divorce, family resources, parent-child interaction, and underlying contributory factors with the parent and/or child. Abusive families were uniformly found to show a higher degree of pathology along the same parameters compared with controls. The significance of treating abusive families in the context of social systems is discussed.
Effect of melittin-induced membrane alterations on rat heart adenylate cyclase activity

Abstract Melittin, a surface-active, 26-amino acid polypeptide from bee venom, has been reported to alter a variety of membrane properties including stability, permeability, and fluidity, the latter having been shown to be altered in a biphasic manner. Melittin induced a biphasic alteration of rat heart microsomal adenylate cyclase activity, stimulating it at low concentration ( m ). Basal and fluoride-activated adenylate cyclase exhibited no significant change in the Km for ATP in the presence of melittin at
Alleviating vertical diplopia through contact lenses without the use of prism.

Purpose. To describe a case of a contact lens fitting in a patient with significant vertical imbalance without the use of prism. Methods. A 56-year-old white female with vertical imbalance presented with the desire to wear contact lenses without the aid of spectacles. She was previously unsuccessful with rigid bifocal contact lenses, which incorporated vertical prism. Results. The patient was successfully fit with monovision contact lenses without prism. Conclusions. It may be possible to fit a larger percentage of patients with vertical imbalance in contact lenses than previously thought.
Association between somatostatin receptor 5 gene polymorphisms and pancreatic cancer risk and survival

BACKGROUND: Somatostatin (SST) inhibited cell proliferation and negatively regulated the release of growth hormones by means of specific receptors (SSTR). Genetic variation in SSTR had been associated with risk of human cancers but had never been investigated in pancreatic cancer. METHODS: In this retrospective study the SSTR5 gene in paired tumor and blood samples from 33 pancreatic adenocarcinoma patients using the Sanger method were sequenced. Three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in samples from 863 patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and 876 healthy controls using the TaqMan method were analyzed. The associations between gene polymorphisms and pancreatic cancer risk and survival were analyzed by multivariate logistic regression and Cox proportional hazard models, respectively. RESULTS: No somatic mutations were identified, but 3 nonsynonymous SSTR5 SNPs (P109S, L48M, and P335L) in pancreatic tumors were identified. The SSTR5 P109S variant allele was associated with a 1.62-fold increased risk of pancreatic cancer (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.08-2.43, P = 0.019). Furthermore, the SSTR5 L48M AC variant and smoking had a joint effect on pancreatic cancer risk (pinteraction = 0.035). The odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) were 0.58 (0.34-0.97), 1.49 (1.18-1.89), and 2.27 (1.35-3.83) for the variant genotype alone, smoking alone, and both factors, respectively, compared with no factors. Finally, SSTR5 P335L CC and P109S CC combined were associated with lower overall survival durations in patients with resectable disease. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that SSTR5 genetic variants play a role in pancreatic cancer development and progression. Cancer 2011. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
Regulation of Intracellular Calcium Release Channel Function by Arachidonic Acid and Leukotriene B4

Abstract Arachidonic acid has been shown to affect the intracellular calcium concentration in many cell types (1–5), but the target of this regulation was unclear. Here we show that two types of intracellular calcium release channel, the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate-gated channel (IP 3 R) and the ryanodine receptor (RyR) are modulated in an opposing manner by arachidonic acid and its product leukotriene B 4 (LTB 4 ). The IP 3 R was inhibited by arachidonic acid (K i = 27 nM), whereas the RyR was unaffected by this compound. In contrast, 100 nM LTB 4 fully activated the RyR but did not influence the IP 3 R. The concerted action of arachidonic acid and LTB 4 could provide specific mobilization of stored calcium by terminating IP 3 -induced release and activating the RyR/calcium release channel by its newly identified agonist.
The Well-Being of U.S. Children Adopted From Foster Care, Privately From the United States and Internationally

This article examines differences in the well-being of American children adopted from foster care, from other domestic sources, and from international sources using the National Survey of Adoptive Parents with data merged from the 2007 National Survey of Children's Health. The authors explore the independent associations of child, parent, and family factors such as age of adoptive placement, transracial placement, socioeconomic status, and family structure with 8 child well-being indicators on which children adopted from foster care fare tend to fare worse than other adopted children. Covariates explain the association of adoption type with well-being for 5 out of 8 indicators.
RBDOPT: a general-purpose object-oriented module for distributed campaign optimization of reactive batch distillation

Abstract Reactive batch distillation optimization (RBDOPT) provides a general framework for the simulation and the optimization of multicomponent batch distillation with or without chemical reactions. It models the distillation process as a differential algebraic equation (DAE) system and can handle various modes of operation such as continuous flow of one of the reactants, intermediate feed and inverted distillation. Physical property estimates are obtained from Physical Property Data Service (PPDS) that supports a large number of species and routes to model non-ideal behaviour. RBDOPT is designed specifically for determining optical campaign policies for reactive batch distillation systems with minimal input from a user. Coded in an object-oriented environment (C++), it uses distributed computing techniques to achieve a speedup nearly equal to the number of control variables while solving the optimal control problem. This paper highlights the main features of RBDOPT and demonstrates its application to the optimization of reactive batch distillation operation.
Effects of the α1a-Adrenoceptor Antagonist RS-17053 on Phenylpropanolamine-Induced Anorexia in Rats

Activation of alpha 1-Adrenergic receptors via systemic administration of drugs such as phenylpropanolamine (PPA) and cirazoline results in the suppression of feeding in rats. Whether PPA acts via activation of the three currently identified alpha 1-Adrenoceptor subtypes is unknown. The intent of the present study was thus to examine the effects of systemic administration of the novel alpha 1a-Adrenoceptor antagonist RS-17053 on PPA-induced anorexia. Adult male rats (n = 6 to 8 per group) were pretreated (IP) with either 0, 0.1, 0.5, 2.5, or 10.0 mg/kg RS-17053 or with 2.0 mg/kg of the prototypical alpha 1-Adrenoceptor antagonist prazosin. Five minutes later, each rat was treated (IP) with either 0, 5, 10 or 15 mg/kg PPA. Food and water intakes were recorded for a 30 min period starting 10 min after the the treatment injection. Rats pretreated with vehicle and then treated with PPA exhibited a dose-dependent suppression of feeding with a maximal effect evident at the 15 mg/kg dose of PPA. Pretreatment with 2.0 mg/kg prazosin reversed the anorexic activity of PPA. Pretreatment with RS-17053 (0.1-2.5 mg/kg) did not alter either baseline feeding or the anorexic action of PPA. These results suggest that PPA does not act via the alpha 1a-Adrenergic receptor subtype to suppress food intake.
RELATIONSHIPS OF THE MCCARTHY SCALES OF CHILDREN'S ABILITIES AND THE DETROIT TESTS OF LEARNING APTITUDE

Surnnursy.-A correlational study of the Detroit Tests of Learning Aptitude and the McCarthy Scales of Children's Abilities was conducted. In this sample of 111 children with a mean age of 5 yr. 8 mo., specific subtests or scales of each instrument were compared and analyzed. General abiliry or skill measures of both instruments represented the highest levels of correlation and shared, or common, variance. The only specific learning abilities assessed by both instruments and demonstrating common variance were determined in the motor and/or perceptual areas. Few relationships were determined for verbal or quantitative abilities as assessed by either instrument.
Inhibition of Human Neurotropic Virus (JCV) DNA Replication in Glial Cells by Camptothecin

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy is a subacute demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS) resulting from opportunistic infections in immunocompromised patients infected with a common polyomavirus, JC virus (JCV). Unlike other polyomaviruses, JCV exhibits an unusually narrow tissue tropism by primarily infecting glial cells of the CNS. JCV DNA replication is similar to that of the well-characterized papovavirus, SV40, which requires the viral early protein T-antigen and host-replication factors including DNA polymerases and DNA topoisomerase I. In this study we have been able to effectively block replication of viral DNA in glial cells using camptothecin, a drug which inhibits DNA topoisomerase activity. Pulse-treatment of cells with non-toxic levels of camptothecin specifically blocks viral DNA replication with no inhibitory effect on host transcription and translation processes as examined by viral gene expression in the transfected cells. Furthermore, drug treatment of the cells exhibits no significant effect on DNA topoisomerase I gene transcription. We further demonstrate that repeated pulse-treatment of cells with the drug is required for complete blockage of viral DNA replication. The importance of these findings in the treatment of AIDS encephalopathy is discussed.
Analytic microdosimetry for radioimmunotherapeutic alpha emitters.

Analytic microdosimetry using Fourier transform techniques has been applied to internal alpha emitters. These techniques need revision and simplification for use with short‐lived radionuclides such as those which may be useful for radioimmunotherapy. Analytic methods may have advantages over Monte Carlo methods in some cases (e.g., where time is important). Applications to eight different source geometries show the usefulness of these techniques. Comparisons of some of the results to Monte Carlo calculations prove its accuracy. For a uniform source of 5.867‐MeV alphas spread throughout the volume outside a cell surface, the two methods agree well. Results are within 1% both for the average specific energy and for the number of hits. Analytic microdosimetry provides an alternate method to use for the critical evaluation of models that seek to predict the relation between alpha energy deposition and cell survival data. Similarly, it may be helpful to point the way toward the rational interpretation of general biological results for antibodies labeled with alpha emitters.
Utilization of a second caregiver in the care of a child with a tracheostomy in the homecare setting.

Objective To safely discharge a child with a tracheostomy tube to home, we require two legal guardians/parents to complete a special training program. However, there are times when two parents/guardians are unavailable or unwilling to be trained. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the role of the second caregiver of a child with a tracheostomy tube in the home setting. Methods A retrospective, descriptive, qualitative, pilot study of a convenience sample of parents of 16 children who were discharged from the hospital with a tracheostomy tube between September 2004 and December 2008 was conducted. Data were obtained from the unit's discharge database and from the primary and/or secondary caregivers. Univariate analyses were used to determine the frequency of primary and secondary caregiver participation at home. Themes were generated from caregiver responses regarding utilization of a second caregiver in the home. Results A majority (93.8%, n = 15) reported primary caregivers participating very often in the care of the infant at home; less than half (31.3%, n = 5) reported comparable secondary caregiver participation. Fifty percent (n = 8) said they would not be able to care for the infant at home without another trained caregiver. Analysis of the caregiver responses revealed three major themes: confidence, safety, and respite/support. Conclusion Findings support the importance of training two caregivers in the care of a child being discharged with a tracheostomy tube. Training should include the medical/nursing care of the child as well as anticipatory guidance regarding what to expect and the need for respite services. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2010; 45:656–660. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
UV/visible camera for the Clementine mission

This article describes the Clementine UV/Visible (UV/Vis) multispectral camera, discusses design goals and preliminary estimates of on-orbit performance, and summarized lessons learned in building and using the sensor. While the primary objective of the Clementine Program was to qualify a suite of 6 light-weight, low power imagers for future Department of Defense flights, the mission also has provided the first systematic mapping of the complete lunar surface in the visible and near-IR spectral regions. The 410 g, 4.65 W UV/Vis camera uses a 384 X 288 frame-transfer silicon CCD FPA and operates at 6 user-selectable wavelength bands between 0.4 and 1.1 micrometers . It has yielded lunar imagery and mineralogy data with up to 120 m spatial resolution (band dependent) at 400 km periselene along a 39 km cross-track swath.
Children’s Perceptions of Their Reading Ability and Epistemic Roles in Monologically and Dialogically Organized Bilingual Classrooms

This study examines how bilingual second-grade students perceived of their reading competence and of the work of reading in two contrasting settings where texts were regularly discussed: a monologi...
Implementation, performance and characterization of the DiFrancesco-Noble model

The authors describe their experience in the implementation and the use of the DiFrancesco-Noble model. Clarifying references for the equations are given as well as a way to implement the equations in a propagation model. An estimate of the number of floating point operations required is given as well as the running times of functional programs in some widely used computers. A number of parameters useful in the design of numerical experiments like resting membrane resistance are also given. A short discussion on the accuracy of the equations for the fast sodium current is also included as well as some modifications made to the DiFrancesco-Noble equations, so that the depolarization rate was closer to real tissue experiments. >
A randomized Web-cache replacement scheme

The problem of document replacement in Web caches has received much attention in the literature research, and it has been shown that the eviction rule "replace the least recently used document" performs poorly in Web caches. Instead, it has been shown that using a combination of several criteria, such as the recentness and frequency of use, the size, and the cost of fetching a document, leads to a sizeable improvement in hit rate and latency reduction. However, in order to implement these novel schemes, one needs to maintain complicated data structures. We propose randomized algorithms for approximating any existing Web-cache replacement scheme and thereby avoid the need for any data structures. At document-replacement times, the randomized algorithm samples N documents from the cache and replaces the least useful document from the sample, where usefulness is determined according to the criteria mentioned above. The next M<N least useful documents are retained for the succeeding iteration. When the next replacement is to be performed, the algorithm obtains N-M new samples from the cache, and replaces the least useful document from the N-M new samples and the M previously retained. Using theory and simulations, we analyze the algorithm and find that it matches the performance of existing document replacement schemes for values of N and M as low as 8 and 2 respectively. Rather surprisingly, we find that retaining a small number of samples from one iteration to the next leads to an exponential improvement in performance as compared to retaining no samples at all.
The Adoption and Practice of Mixed Methods: U.S. Trends in Federally Funded Health-Related Research:

Mixed methods research that combines qualitative and quantitative approaches is an emergent method that is achieving increasing acceptance and use across disciplines. Despite the importance of funding to the adoption of a new research approach, there is no clear understanding of U.S. funding agencies’ support for mixed methods. This study examines recent trends in health-related mixed methods projects funded by the National Institutes of Health and similar federal agencies. The results indicate that mixed methods projects are getting funded and their numbers are increasing but that their prevalence is still low overall. The nature of the projects indicates that researchers are adopting many conventions of the field of mixed methods research and planning approaches that integrate advanced qualitative and quantitative designs and procedures. The article concludes with recommendations to enhance the dynamic relationship between researchers’ decisions to propose mixed methods studies and existing extramural f...
Trying hard or doing good

Abstract [Martinez R. Trying hard or doing good? Ann Emerg Med. December 2000;36:624-626.]
Stress modulation on the San Andreas fault by interseismic fault system interactions

During the interseismic phase of the earthquake cycle, between large earthquakes, stress on faults evolves in response to elastic strain accumulation driven by tectonic plate motions. Because earthquake cycle processes induce non-local stress changes, the interseismic stress accumulation rate on one fault is influenced by the behavior of all nearby faults. Using a geodetically constrained block model, we show that the total interseismic elastic strain field generated by fault interactions within Southern California may increase stressing rates on the Mojave and San Bernardino sections of the San Andreas fault within the Big Bend region by as much as 38% relative to estimates from isolated San Andreas models. Assuming steady fault system behavior since the C.E. 1857 Fort Tejon earthquake, shear stress accumulated on these sections due only to interaction with faults other than the San Andreas reaches 1 MPa, ∼3 times larger than the coseismic and postseismic stress changes induced by recent Southern California earthquakes. Stress increases along Big Bend sections coincide with the greatest earthquake frequency inferred from a 1500-yr-long paleoseismic record and may affect earthquake recurrence intervals within geometrically complex fault systems, including the sections of the San Andreas fault closest to metropolitan Los Angeles.
Medical Education: Barefoot Doctors, Health Care, Health Education, Nursing Education, Pharmacy Education, Part I.

(1987). Medical Education: barefoot doctors, health care, health education, nursing education, pharmacy education, Part II. Medical Teacher: Vol. 9, No. 2, pp. 209-217.
Considering Children and Health Literacy: A Theoretical Approach

The theoretical approaches of Paulo Freire, Jean Piaget, and Lev Vygotsky frame the consideration of children and health literacy. This article includes a general discussion of literacy from the Freirian perspective. A definition of health literacy is then presented; first, the established meaning is introduced, but then a Freirian extension is proposed. Next, the theories of cognitive development by Piaget and Vygotsky are discussed, and examples related to children's health literacy are given. Finally, there is a discussion of why it is important to encourage and enable health literacy among children and adolescents.
Predictors of college student support for alcohol control policies and stricter enforcement strategies

Objectives: With alcohol-related problems remaining a concern on college campuses, prevention efforts are increasingly directed to addressing the environmental factors that encourage consumption. This study examined students' support for alcohol control policies, correlates of that support, and actual vs. perceived peer support. Methods: Telephone interviews were conducted with a random sample of 510 college students. We conducted a three-step hierarchical regression analysis to examine predictors of policy support. Levels of personal and perceived peer support for alcohol control policies were compared. Results: Findings revealed a high level of policy support among students, with variability in support by gender, alcohol consumption levels, and drinking and driving tendencies. Additionally, compared to the percentage of students who supported each policy, a smaller percentage thought other students were supportive. Conclusions: Results provide valuable insights to inform the development of media campaig...
Theory and design of a MEMS-enabled diffraction limited adaptive optical zoom system

Micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) deformable mirrors are known for their ability to correct optical aberrations, particularly when the wavefront is expanded via Zernike polynomials. This capability is combined with adaptive optical zoom to enable diffraction limited performance over broad spectral and zoom ranges. Adaptive optical zoom (AOZ) alters system magnification via variable focal length elements instead of axial translation found in traditional zoom designs. AOZ systems are simulated using an efficient approach to optical design, in which existing theories for telescope objective design and third-order aberration determination are modified to accommodate the additional degrees of freedom found with AOZ. An AOZ system with a 2.7× zoom ratio and 100mm entrance pupil diameter is presented to demonstrate the validity and capability of the theory.
Reverse Engineering and Prevention Techniques for Physical Unclonable Functions Using Side Channels

This paper investigates and addresses the vulnerabilities of existing physical unclonable functions (PUFs). We first develop a PUF reverse engineering approach by conducting gate-level characterization (GLC). Based on the gate-level delay properties, we emulate the target PUF by designing a functionally equivalent PUF replication. Furthermore, in order to prevent such an attack, we develop a new sequential PUF architecture that is resilient to side channel-based reverse engineering. We obtain accurate results in emulating the timing behavior of the existing arbiter-based PUFs. Also, the randomness obtained from the sequential PUFs is significantly higher compared to the existing PUFs.