cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reversibility effects in disordered and ordered solids leading to scattered-ion yield enhancements near 180°

Abstract A general review is given of the recently discovered phenomenon of enhanced ion backscattering near 180°. Examples of experimental results are presented that illustrate the nature of the enhancement and its basic dependences on angle and depth. It is shown that the various aspects of the effect can be reproduced by computer simulations that include the effects of trajectory reversibility, nuclear recoils and detector depth resolution. Measured and calculated results are given that illustrate the dependences of the enhancement on ion and target parameters. Results are presented of the enhancement observed in amorphous Ge and in a single crystal of Ge rotated to create a reference spectrum. The enhancement is greater for the rotating crystal case demonstrating crystalline effects on the enhancement. Also presented are some results for the enhancement of the surface yield in a channeling direction of a crystal in the 180° geometry; possible application for surface studies is discussed.
Characteristics of weekly pulmonary hypersensitivity responses elicited in the guinea pig by inhalation of ovalbumin aerosols

We have reported the development of a guinea pig animal model for pulmonary hypersensitivity to inhaled chemicals in which respirations of animals are monitored continuously for 24 hr permitting detection of immediate- (IAR) and late-onset (LAR) airway reactions. Additionally implanted temperature transmitters allow determination of accompanying febrile responses. The current study investigated the relationship between severity of IAR and occurrence of LAR in individual animals. To quantify severity, a grading system was devised which took into account time to response, increase in breathing rate, and occurrence of airway constriction (ACR). Guinea pigs were sensitized by ip injection with 1 mg ovalbumin (OA). On Day 14, inhalation challenge with 12 mg/m3 OA resulted in severe IAR in all animals. No LAR were detected. Subsequent weekly inhalation challenges with OA resulted in less severe IARs and occasionally in absence of response. Febrile reactions were not detected. On one occasion a LAR was observed. It occurred in the animal demonstrating the most severe IARs and having the highest titer of specific homocytotropic antibody. These results are consistent with the mechanism of IAR involving release of spasmogenic mediators from mast cells as a result of antigen crosslinking of surface antibody. The mechanism of the LAR is addressed in the accompanying paper in which LARs are more consistently produced in OA-sensitized guinea pigs.
Reply to “criticism of the O-lattice theory” by K. Sadananda and M.J. Marcinkowski

Abstract 1. a) It is shown that the criticism of the O-lattice approach is based on an unrealistic model (FIG. 1a) as the dimensions of the atoms are not taken into account. 2. b) A model of the 18.9° symmetrical tilt boundary can be constructed which is fully consistent with the results of the O-lattice calculation; it is a natural extension of the structure of a low angle tilt boundary. 3. c) The configuration FIG. 1a cannot be achieved by coalescing dislocations from both grains on the same glide plane. 4. d) As the symmetrical 18.9° tilt boundary can be composed of single dislocations in a natural way, the considerations concerning the orientation of the Burgers vector b −gb = b −1 + b −2 with respect to the boundary plane lose their meaning.
Chemical effects of large impacts on the Earth's primitive atmosphere.

The production of HCN and H2CO by large impacts on the earth's primitive atmosphere is modelled using thermochemical equilibrium and chemical kinetic calculations of the composition of shocked air parcels for a wide range of temperatures, pressures, and initial compositions. For atmospheres with C/O of one or more, the results suggest that bolide impacts cause HCN volume mixing ratios of approximately 10 to the -3rd to -5th in the impact region and global average ratios of 10 to the -5th to the -12th. The corresponding H2CO mixing ratios in the impact region are 10 to the -7th to -9th; nonglobal mixing can occur, however, as H2CO is rapidly destroyed or rained out of the atmosphere within days to hours. Rainout to the oceans of 3-15 percent of the HCN produced can provide 3-14 x 10 to the 11th mol HCN per year.
Oxygen consumption in the prosobranch snail Viviparus contectoides (Mollusca: Gastropoda)—I. Effects of weight and activity

Ah&met--1. Metabolic rate (cm3 Odhr and log cm3 Odhr) of Vivipaw con~ec~oide~ is dependent on weight and log weight at levels of minimum and intermediate activity in males and minimum activity in females. 2. Weight specific oxygen consumption and log weight specific oxygen consumption of I’. contectoides is dependent on weight and log weight at levels of intermediate and maximum activity in males and at all activity levels in females. 3. Respiration coefficients are affected by activity level or time of day. They decrease significantly with increasing activity level in males. Respiration coefficients are generally lower than literature values. 4. The relationship of oxygen consumption to weight is similar for males and females at each level of activity. 5. Mean absolute oxygen consumption (cma/hr) is greater for females than males at each activity level. Mean weight of females is greater than mean weight of males. fN”IXODUCIION METABOLIC rates of animals are influenced by many factors, including ambient temperature, time of day, time of year, sex, age, level of activity, weight, etc. Additionally, oxygen consumption of aquatic invertebrates may be influenced by pH, osmotic pressure, dissolved oxygen availability. substrate composition, etc. This is the tirst in a series of papers dealing with the effects or relationships of most of the above parameters to bioenergetics of a prosobranch snail, Viviparus confecfoides.
Elastase activity in human pancreatic secretions.

IN 1949, Balo and Banga1 first reported the isolation of the pancreatic enzyme elastase, which was unique in its ability to render soluble elastin (an important structural component of arteries, veins, skin and lung). This enzyme was first believed to be mucolytic in action, but it is now established that it is also a potent proteolytic agent2. Kokas, Foldes and Banga3, in a series of acute experiments, cannulated the main pancreatic duct of dogs and reported demonstrable elastolytic activity in canine pancreatic secretions. Grant and Robbins4 in a similar experiment reported that elastase in the pancreas is inactive. They hypothesize that the inactive ‘proelastase’ must be activated (by small amounts of crystalline trypsin or enterokinase) before elastolytic activity can be demonstrated.
Roles of regulatory project managers in the U.S. Food and Drug Administration's Center for drug evaluation and research

The 1992 Prescription Drug User Fee Act (PDUFA) mandate to implement project management within the Center for Drug Evaluation and Research’s new drug review process was clearly the springboard for the evolution of the regulatory project manager position. This role represents a challenging melding of two traditionally separate and fundamentally different functions: regulatory affairs and project management. The creation of this “hybrid” position was initially accomplished within the center by expanding the former consumer safety officer role within the Office of Review Management, an historically coordinator-type position with strong regulatory focus, to include that of project management principles. Regulatory project managers play key roles as coleaders of the review team, managers of the review process, regulatory managers, central communication points, and effectors of the center’s matrix functionality.
Regulation of nonclassical renin-angiotensin system receptor gene expression in the adrenal medulla by acute and repeated immobilization stress.

The involvement of the nonclassical renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in the adrenomedullary response to stress is unclear. Therefore, we examined basal and immobilization stress (IMO)-triggered chang...
Migration of a pattern of plate motion

Abstract A pattern of plate motion is documented to have migrated from the South Pacific into the Indian Ocean during the Cretaceous and Early Tertiary, and then across the Indian Ocean during the Tertiary. The opening of the Gulf of Aden may be a more recent extension of this migration. The migration takes place by the episodic formation of new segments of sea-floor spreading having the new direction of plate motion; or by development of the new direction of motion in segments where sea-floor spreading had previously been active. In this manner plate motions can extend beyond their previously limiting plate boundaries.
Extensions to the sociology of the inept

This paper draws on the satire of Joseph Heller'sCatch-22 to examine the arguments posed by William J. Goode's analysis of the function of the inept in social life. Drawing on methodology developed in our earlier paper onCatch-22 (“Social Death: or What Happened to Doc Daneeka?”) this paper shows first the depiction of Major Major Major Major's group relationships which are useful in developing ideas which further Goode's essentially functionalist orientation; and second how other material from the novel extends the functionalist direction and presents an entirely new look at the sociology of the inept.
Roles of extracellular lactose hydrolysis in cellulase production by Trichoderma reesei Rut C30 using lactose as inducing substrate

Abstract Lactose, an inexpensive, soluble substrate, offers reasonably good induction for cellulase production by Trichoderma reesei . The fungus does not uptake lactose directly. Lactose is hydrolyzed to extracellular glucose and galactose for subsequent ingestion. The roles of this extracellular hydrolysis step were investigated in this study. Batch and continuous cultures were grown on the following substrates: lactose, lactose–glycerol mixtures, glucose, galactose, and glucose–galactose mixtures. Cell growth, substrate consumption, lactose hydrolysis, and lactase and cellulase production were followed and modeled. Cells grew much faster on glucose than on galactose, but with comparable cell yields. Glucose (at >0.3 g/L) repressed the galactose consumption. Cellulase synthesis was growth-independent while lactase synthesis was growth-dependent, except at D −1 where a basal level lactase production was observed. For cellulase production the optimal D was 0.055–0.065 h −1 where the enzyme activity and productivity were both near maxima. The model suggested that lactase synthesis was subject to weak galactose repression. As the galactose concentration increased at high D (>0.1 h −1 ), lactase synthesis became repressed. The insufficient lactase synthesis limited the lactose hydrolysis rate. Extracellular lactose hydrolysis was concluded to be the rate-limiting step for growth of T. reesei Rut C30 on lactose.
Shape measurement and control of deployable membrane structures

The shape inaccuracies of inflatable antennas and the potential shape control of the surface of those structures are investigated. Surface shape inaccuracies are due to geometric nonlinear deformation. Correcting the shape of these inflatables focused on the integration of piezopolymer actuators on the membranes. The out-of-plane displacements of a membrane structure were assessed with the shadow moire method. The experimentally measured shape of the structure confirmed the extent of deviation from the ideal optical surface, a paraboloid of revolution. Active control of the shape of the membrane was tested using a piezoelectric material, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF). The deformation caused by actuation of the membrane structure was evaluated using electronic speckle pattern interferometry. An analytical solution was developed to verify the extent of shape correction that can be achieved by embedded PVDF actuators. It was confirmed that micron-level shape corrections are possible for future space-based sensors that use inflatable antennae technology.
Optimal Discriminant Functions Based on Sampled Distribution Distance for Modulation Classification

In this letter, we derive the optimal discriminant functions for modulation classification based on the sampled distribution distance. The proposed method classifies various candidate constellations using a low complexity approach based on the distribution distance at specific testpoints along the cumulative distribution function. This method, based on the Bayesian decision criteria, asymptotically provides the minimum classification error possible given a set of testpoints. Testpoint locations are also optimized to improve classification performance. The method provides significant gains over existing approaches that also use the distribution distance of the signal features.
Soviet Inflationary Pressures, 1928–1957: Causes and Cures

I. Introduction, 167. — II. The prewar wage and price trends, 172. — III. The wage inflation of the thirties, 175. — IV. Wartime inflation, 181. — V. Postwar deflation, 183. — VI. Concluding remarks, 188.
The structure of PB-1, an unusual toxin isolated from the red tide dinoflagellate

The structure of PB-1, 1, an ichthyotoxin isolated from Ptychodiscus brevis was determined to be O,O-dĩnthenyl-N-cyclooctyl nthosnthoramidate.
Right under our noses: Ambient scent and consumer responses

Despite frequent mention, we know relatively little about the effect of ambient environmental factors on consumer behavior. This paper discusses one important aspect of the environment, ambient scent. Based on research from several disciplines, a model describing the effect of ambient scent on consumers is propossed. Ambient scent is portrayed as an environmental cue that is compared with scent preferences to influence affective responses and ultimately approach-avoidance reactions. Moderators of these presumed relationships are also described. Suggestions for empirical research are provided and implications for marketing management are presented.
Effects of optical-density and phase dispersion of an imperfect band-limited occulting mask on the broadband performance of a TPF coronagraph

Practical image-plane occulting masks required by high-contrast imaging systems such as the TPF-Coronagraph introduce phase errors into the transmitting beam., or, equivalently, diffracts the residual starlight into the area of the final image plane used for detecting exo-planets. Our group at JPL has recently proposed spatially Profiled metal masks that can be designed to have zero parasitic phase at the center wavelength of the incoming broadband light with small amounts of' 00 and phase dispersions at other wavelengths. Work is currently underway to design. fabricate and characterize such image-plane masks. In order to gain some understanding on the behaviors of these new imperfect band-limited occulting masks and clarify how such masks utilizing different metals or alloys compare with each other, we carried out some modeling and simulations on the contrast performance of the high-contrast imaging testbed (HCIT) at .JPL. In this paper we describe the details of our simulations and present our results.
Novel short-term effects of adenovirus Ad-36 on hamster lipoproteins

OBJECTIVE: Human adenovirus Ad-36 induces adiposity and lowers total serum cholesterol in chickens, mice and marmosets and Ad-36 antibodies are associated with human obesity. We examined the early effects of Ad-36 inoculation on plasma cholesterol levels in hamsters fed a hyperlipidemic diet. DESIGN: A total of 32 male Golden Syrian hamsters were divided into two equal weight-matched groups and intranasally inoculated with Ad-36 (INF: infected) or media (CON: control). In each group, the animals were fed either a purified diet (PF, n=8) 40%en fat ±194 mg cholesterol/1000 kcal or chow (C, n=8) ad libitum. Animals were killed 5 weeks postinoculation. RESULTS: Nested PCR assay detected Ad-36 DNA in the lung, liver, visceral adipose tissue and skeletal muscle of the INF group, but not in the CON animals. Ad-36 antibodies were detected in the INF group only. For all animals, total plasma cholesterol (TC) was not significantly affected by Ad-36 treatment (203±92 vs 193±75 mg/dl, P=NS; INF vs CON, respectively). In 5 weeks, Ad-36 infection had no effect on TC concentration in hamsters fed chow (128±39 vs 130±27 mg/dl, INF-C vs CON-C, respectively) or those fed PF (269±70 vs 256±47 mg/dl, INF-P vs CON-P, respectively). However, lipoproteins isolated by density gradient ultracentrifugation showed a greater proportion of LDL cholesterol in INF animals, as compared to CON (28.4±1.6% vs 16.4±1.2%, P=0.02), regardless of dietary treatment (INF-P vs CON-P: 27.3±2.1 vs 15.7±1.5%, P=0.07; and INF-C vs CON-C: 29.4±1.2 vs 17.0±1.1%, P=0.009). This shift appears to be from HDL cholesterol to the LDL fractions. CONCLUSION: These data suggest that in the hamster (a model resembling several aspects of human lipoprotein metabolism), Ad-36 infection may acutely affect the intravascular processing of lipoproteins resulting in a more atherogenic lipoprotein profile.
Similarity to a Group and Desire for Leadership Status

48 college students filled out a 14-item Survey of Attitudes and subsequently received an attitude survey purportedly representing the attitudes and opinions held by most of the members of a small work-group which evidenced either 14% or 86% agreement with each S's own views. Ss then filled out a Group Judgment Scale for their evaluations of the stimulus groups. The hypothesized effect of person-group attitude similarity on one's desire for leadership status in the group (enjoy functioning in a leadership capacity and perceived ease of functioning effectively in a leadership position) was confirmed.
HbA1c and Risk of Severe Hypoglycemia in Type 2 Diabetes: The Diabetes and Aging Study

OBJECTIVE We examined the association between HbA 1c level and self-reported severe hypoglycemia in patients with type 2 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Type 2 diabetic patients in a large, integrated healthcare system, who were 30–77 years of age and treated with glucose-lowering therapy, were asked about severe hypoglycemia requiring assistance in the year prior to the Diabetes Study of Northern California survey conducted in 2005–2006 (62% response rate). The main exposure of interest was the last HbA 1c level collected in the year preceding the observation period. Poisson regression models adjusted for selected demographic and clinical variables were specified to evaluate the relative risk (RR) of severe hypoglycemia across HbA 1c levels. We also tested whether the HbA 1c -hypoglycemia association differed across potential effect modifiers (age, diabetes duration, and category of diabetes medication). RESULTS Among 9,094 eligible survey respondents (mean age 59.5 ± 9.8 years, mean HbA 1c 7.5 ± 1.5%), 985 (10.8%) reported experiencing severe hypoglycemia. Across HbA 1c levels, rates of hypoglycemia were 9.3–13.8%. Compared with those with HbA 1c of 7–7.9%, the RR of hypoglycemia was 1.25 (95% CI 0.99–1.57), 1.01 (0.87–1.18), 0.99 (0.82–1.20), and 1.16 (0.97–1.38) among those with HbA 1c 1c -hypoglycemia relationship. CONCLUSIONS Severe hypoglycemia was common among patients with type 2 diabetes across all levels of glycemic control. Risk tended to be higher in patients with either near-normal glycemia or very poor glycemic control.
Jahn-Teller distortion and ferromagnetism in the dilute magnetic semiconductors GaAs:Mn and cubic GaN:Mn

Using first-principles total-energy methods, we investigate Jahn-Teller distortions in III-V dilute magnetic semiconductors, GaAs:Mn and GaN:Mn in the cubic zinc blended structure. The results for an isolated Mn impurity on a Ga site show that there is no appreciable effect in GaAs, whereas in GaN there is a Jahn-Teller effect in which the symmetry around the impurity changes from ${T}_{d}$ to ${D}_{2d}$ or to ${C}_{2v}$. The large effect in GaN occurs because of the localized ${d}^{4}$ character, which is further enhanced by the distortion. The lower symmetry should be detectable experimentally in cubic GaN with low Mn concentration, and should be affected by charge compensation (reductions of holes and conversion of Mn ions to ${d}^{5}$ with no Jahn-Teller effect). The Jahn-Teller effect is greatly reduced because the symmetry at each Mn site is lowered due to the $\mathrm{Mn}\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{Mn}$ interaction. The tendency toward ferromagnetism is found to be stronger in GaN:Mn than in GaAs:Mn and to be only slightly reduced by charge compensation.
Congenital high-grade sarcoma presenting as skin nodules and respiratory distress in a neonate

Congenital high-grade sarcoma presenting as skin nodules and respiratory distress in a neonate
Individual privacy and computer-based human resource information systems

The proliferation of computers in the business realm may lead to ethical problems between individual and societal rights, and the organization's need to control costs. In an attempt to explore the causes of this potential conflict, this study examined the varying levels of sensitivity 223 respondents assigned to different types of information typically stored in computer-based human resource information systems. It was found that information most directly related to the job — pay rate, fringe benefits, educational history — was considered to be the most sensitive. Participants, however, were more concerned about certain types of individuals/groups accessing these systems than about the kinds of information contained in them. Implications of these findings are discussed.
A New High Intensity K-Beam at the Bevatron

A new high-intensity K-beam has been installed at the Bevatron. The design goal was 2.2 x 105 K+ s per machine pulse at 500 MeV/c, 7.4 × 104 stopped K+ s, and less than 106? contamination. Large horizontal acceptance (± 210 mrad), short length (~ 10 m) and two stages of separation are the most prominent features of the design. The observed optical properties are in reasonable agreement with the calculations. An evaluation of the performance of this beam is presented.
G-Losa: An Efficient Computational Tool for Local Structure-Centric Biological Studies

Molecular recognition such as ligand binding and protein-protein interaction (PPI) is a fundamental way for biological molecules to play their functional roles. These specific interactions are involved in the local regions of the molecules, rather than global structures. Therefore, accurate characterization of local structures in protein is needed to better understand biological mechanisms and to rationally design effective drugs. G-LoSA, a recently developed local structure alignment tool, has the advantages of not only predicting the ligand binding sites with high accuracy, but also identifying a single template ligand that is highly similar to the target ligand. Here, we present an improved version of G-LoSA aiming at extending its applicability to broad local structure-centric biological studies. The method generates all possible alignments between two local structures by iterative maximum clique search and fragment superposition and then determines the final optimal alignment by a G-LoSA alignment scoring function, GA-score. GA-score is a length-independent and physicochemical property-based scoring function to measure structural similarity between two local structures. G-LoSA outperforms its previous version in identifying ligand templates and also shows robust performance in detecting similar ligand binding pockets and PPI interfaces from the benchmark sets. Finally, we introduce its application to in silico fragment-based drug design. As demonstrated by this work, G-LoSA is a promising computational tool that can be universally applied to diverse local structure-centric biological studies.
Cystic fibrosis mutation frequencies in upstate New York.

Upstate New York patients (100) with cystic fibrosis (i.e., 200 CF chromosomes), 72 from the CF center in Syracuse and 28 from a Buffalo CF center, were analyzed for their CF-causing mutations using restriction enzyme digest, single-strand conformation analysis (SSCA), and Heteroduplex (HA) analysis. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplified products from all 27 CFTR exons using primers that included flanking intron junction sequence were investigated. More than 120 known cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) disease-causing mutations were screened. Four novel CFTR disease-causing mutations were identified (N287Y in exon 6b, 1259insA in exon 8, R1070P in exon 17b, and CF?20kbdel14b-18). A detection rate of 96% of the combined Syracuse and Buffalo population CF chromosomes was obtained.
MACROPHAGE AND MICROGLIA-LIKE CELLS IN THE AVIAN INNER EAR

Recent studies suggest that macrophages may influence early stages of the process of hair cell regeneration in lateral line neuromasts; numbers of macrophages were observed to increase prior to increases in hair cell progenitor proliferation, and macrophages have the potential to secrete mitogenic growth factors. We examined whether increases in the number of leukocytes present in the in vivo avian inner ear precede the proliferation of hair cell precursors following aminoglycoside insult. Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) immunohistochemistry was used to identify proliferating cells in chicken auditory and vestibular sensory receptor epithelia. LT40, an antibody to the avian homologue of common leukocyte antigen CD45, was used to label leukocytes within the receptor epithelia. Macrophages and, surprisingly, microglia-like cells are present in normal auditory and vestibular sensory epithelia. After hair cell loss caused by treatment with aminoglycosides, numbers of macrophage and microglia-like cells increase in the sensory epithelium. The increase in macrophage and microglia-like cell numbers precedes a significant increase in sensory epithelial cell proliferation. The results suggest that macrophage and microglia-like cells may play a role in releasing early signals for cell cycle progression in damaged inner ear sensory epithelium.
Clinical predictors of adverse patient outcomes in an experience of more than 5000 chronic endovascular pacemaker and defibrillator lead extractions

Background It is difficult to predict adverse patient outcomes associated with transvenous lead extraction (TLE) procedures. Objective The purpose of this study was to examine the safety and efficacy of chronic endovascular pacemaker and implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) lead extraction and risk factors associated with adverse patient outcomes. Methods Consecutive patients undergoing TLE at the Cleveland Clinic between August 1996 and August 2011 were included in the analysis. Univariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to evaluate for associations with outcomes. Continuous data are given as median (25th, 75th percentile). Categorical data are given as number (percentage). Results In total, 5521 leads (4137 [74.9%] pacemaker, 1384 [25.1%] ICD) were extracted during 2999 TLE procedures (patient age 67.2 [55.2, 76.2] years, 30.2% female). Lead implant duration was 4.7 (2.4, 8.3) years, and 2.0 (1.0, 2.0) leads were extracted per procedure. Powered sheaths were used in 74.9% of procedures. Overall, there was 95.1% complete procedural success, 98.9% clinical success, and 1.1% failure, with 3.6% minor complications and 1.8% major complications. All-cause mortality within 30 days of TLE was 2.2%. Multivariable predictors of major complications included cerebrovascular disease, ejection fraction ≤15%, lower platelet count, international normalized ratio ≥1.2, mechanical sheaths, and powered sheaths. Multivariable predictors of all-cause mortality within 30 days of TLE included body mass index Conclusion TLE in this single-center experience was highly successful. Risk factors associated with adverse patient outcomes were identified.
The fatal snare of proximity: live television, new media and the witnessing of Mumbai attacks

This article explores the phenomenology of live television through analysing the media coverage of the traumatic event of the Mumbai attacks. Carried out over 3 days, the event garnered global attention as its lurid details were transmitted live into living rooms with television channels seeking to gain viewership by getting the closest shot of the action. The competition for eyeballs compromised the rescue operation as trapped hostages were asked to relay crucial details about their location to reporters through the use of new media technologies. This article uses the theory of witnessing to argue that live television's relentless quest for absolute proximity remains an elusive endeavour in the age of new media technologies. In seeking to get as close as possible to the event, live television changes its very nature and becomes enmeshed in the unfolding of reality. In the case of Mumbai's coverage, this erasure of the split between the viewer and the viewed had fatal consequences for the trapped hostages.
Type, Body Size and Breeding Efficiency of Ayrshire Cow Families

Summary Data on type, body size, breeding efficiency and length of service period of 19 cow families were analyzed by the analysis of variance. Estimates of the variance components were obtained by equating the sample values to the expected sums of squares. The family averages for weight, breeding efficiency and length of service period varied considerably. These differences were not significant, however, with 0 -2 f accounting for only a small portion of the total variation. The significant differences between families for type and height at withers could be partially attributed to environment and to the sires that were used on these cow families. Except for wither height, the sire variance was somewhat larger than that attributed to the family influence. The error variance explained more than half the total variation in every characteristic studied. The low relationship between members of the same cow family may account for the small amount of variance attributed to family differences. It appears that under present breeding practices the genetic variance between families is too small for family selection of type, body size and breeding efficiency to be very effective.
An experimental study of the social responsiveness of children with autistic behaviors

Abstract Relative strengths of positive (approach) and negative (avoidance) response tendencies, and the extent to which social responsiveness could be influenced by preliminary interactions with another person, were examined in 45 institutionalized retarded boys with extreme autistic behavior, 45 nonautistic retarded boys from the same institution, and 45 noninstitutionalized normal boys. Subjects played a two-part marble dropping game with an adult male E following preliminary positive, negative, or no initial contact. Results indicated reduced positive responsiveness and active avoidance of interpersonal contact among Autistic S s. Autistic S s spent less total time in the game and were more physically distant from E , compared to Normal S s, and to a lesser extent Retarded S s. Autistic S s showed the same magnitude of differential responsiveness to preliminary interactions as did Retarded S s. Findings suggested further examination of the sensitivity of autistic children to interpersonal events.
An ab initio study on (C5H5V)2C8H8

The bonding in the organometalic compound nu-(eta exp 5-(cyclooctatetraene) bis (eta exp 2 cyclopentadienyl) vanadium) involves a complex mixture of metal-metal and metal-ligand contributions. Although there is a direct V-V 3d interaction it is not as strong as a double bond with some triple bond character as has been suggested based upon experiment. The balance between metal-metal and metal-ligand bonding results in the appearance of a low-lying triplet state which retains the V-V 3d bonding. A small singlet-triplet separation is consistent with the change in magnetic properties with temperature.
Assessing Design Tradeoffs in Deploying Undersea Distributed Sensor Networks

In this paper we explore design issues in the deployment of distributed sensor networks (DSNs). In particular, the search performance of a notional surveillance network, and its dependence on sensor placement (for a fixed number of sensors) is studied. We describe a search objective for systems of sensors that utilize spatio-temporal techniques to combine individual sensor detections (which are spatially consistent with expected target behavior) in order to determine target existence in the field (track coverage). We utilize this objective in a genetic algorithm to optimize the search coverage as a function of the sensor density within a fixed search region. Target dynamics are treated as parameters with associated probability distributions, and enter the search objective as random parameters. We present several examples of optimal placement given target dynamics and sensor characteristics.
Preoperative versus postoperative radiotherapy for rectal cancer in a decision analysis and outcome prediction model.

Purpose Reduction of local recurrences has been achieved by radiotherapy, but also by improved surgical technique (total mesorectal excision). Radiotherapy has adverse effects and cannot exceed local dose limits. Neoadjuvant radiotherapy may result in overtreatment. We aimed to define the minimum local benefit that would have to be postulated for radiotherapy in order to bring a benefit to the overall cohort. We hypothesized that saving radiotherapy as treatment for a subset of patients with high-risk tumors and local recurrences improves the outcome of the overall cohort. We sought to simulate preoperative versus postoperative radiotherapy in theoretical decision analysis model based on published recurrence rates, with overall survival being the primary end point.
Easy and accurate high-performance liquid chromatography retention prediction with different gradients, flow rates, and instruments by back-calculation of gradient and flow rate profiles

Isocratic retention data should make a suitable foundation for an accurate, cross-instrument LC retention prediction system. Our previous work suggested that in order to accurately calculate (or "project") gradient retention times on a wide range of HPLC systems using a single set of isocratic retention data, the precise shape of both the gradient and flow rate profiles produced by each instrument must be properly taken into account. However, accurate measurement of these system properties is difficult and time-consuming. In this work, we describe an approach that uses the measured gradient retention times of a set of standard solutes spiked into the sample along with their known isocratic retention vs. eluent composition relationships to determine the effective gradient and flow rate profiles by back-calculation. Retention "projections" of 20 other solutes using these back-calculated profiles, under various chromatographic conditions typical of metabolomics experiments, were remarkably accurate (as good as 0.23% of the gradient time, R2 up to 0.99996), being very near the level of retention reproducibility. Our calculations suggest that this level of accuracy will allow a quadrupole MS to identify 38-fold more compounds out of a simulated mixture of 7307; it would allow an FTICR-MS to improve its identification rate nearly two-fold with the same mixture. Moreover, very little effort is required of the user. This approach provides a simple way to correct for all instrument-related factors affecting retention, allowing dramatically streamlined and improved retention projection across gradients, flow rates, and HPLC instruments.
A calculator program to determine heparin requirements during hemodialysis

A calculator program has been developed that will compute the sensitivity and clearance of heparin in a patient on hemodialysis prior to reaching steady state. The coagulation time at any time during the dialysis cycle may be determined. A rebolus dose or a duration of time to hold the infusion may also be calculated.
Low pCO2 in the pore water, not in the Archean air.

Arising from M. T. Rosing, D. K. Bird, N. H. Sleep & C. J. Bjerrum , 744–747 (2010)10.1038/nature08955 The solar luminosity during the Archean (3.8 to 2.5 billion years ago) was 20–25% lower than at present, and was probably compensated, at least in part, by a stronger greenhouse effect1,2,3. Rosing et al.4 estimate the Archean partial pressure of carbon dioxide to have been about ≈ 10−3 bar, on the basis of the simultaneous occurrence of magnetite (Fe3O4) and siderite (FeCO3) in banded iron formations (BIFs, a type of chemical sediment). Here, we question a central assumption by Rosing et al.4 that the mineralogy of BIFs reflects near-thermodynamic equilibrium with the atmosphere–ocean system; just as the presence of authigenic pyrite in modern sediments does not imply that the modern atmosphere is anoxic, the mineralogy of BIFs cannot be used to argue for a low- Archean atmosphere. Carbon dioxide is therefore still a viable greenhouse gas candidate with which to explain the warm Archean climate.
On the Bounded Complex of an Affine Oriented Matroid

We prove that the bounded complex of an affine oriented matroid is pure and collapsible. We also generalize Zaslavsky's central decomposition theorem for hyperplane arrangements to affine oriented matroids.
Some consequences of fiscal reliance on extrabudgetary revenues in China

Abstract The central and especially the local governments in China have become increasingly dependent on extrabudgetary revenues (EBRs), which, by 1996, were more than half as large as tax revenues. These many thousand fees and levies are mainly ad hoc and disparate exactions that generate microeconomic inefficiencies and counter economic growth and can become sources of corruption. Regressions on a panel of provincial data indicate that the EBRs fall most heavily on the primary producing sectors, which are mainly agricultural. The regressions also suggest that dependence on these fees has also turned health and education public goods into fee-for-service sectors.
gsaslanguage: a GSAS script language for automated Rietveld refinements of diffraction data

A description of the gsaslanguage software is presented. The software provides input to and processes output from the GSAS package. It allows the development of scripts for the automatic evaluation of large numbers of data sets and provides documentation of the refinement strategies employed, thus fostering the development of efficient refinement strategies. Use of the bash shell and standard Unix text-processing tools, available natively on Linux and Mac OSX platforms and via the free cygwin software on Windows systems, make this software platform independent.
A test of the johnson-mehl-avrami equation

The accuracy of the Johnson-Mehl-Avrami (JMA) equation is evaluated for the special case of two-dimensional crystallization. The volume fraction transformed is determined directly by computer modeling, and the evaluation of the secondary phase obtained is compared with predictions of the JMA equation. The JMA equation if found to be highly acccurate over virtually the entire range of the transformation process.
Standards for Physicians' Expert Endorsements in Advertisements

(2003). Standards for Physicians' Expert Endorsements in Advertisements. Journal of Legal Medicine: Vol. 24, No. 3, pp. 379-394.
Hollow pyramidal lattice truss structures

Abstract Pyramidal lattice core sandwich structures with millimeter scale hollow trusses have been assembled from 304 stainless steel tubes and bilayer face sheets, and bonded using a vacuum brazing approach. Rigid, large interfacial area nodes between the trusses and face sheets could be made by this approach. The through-thickness compression and transverse shear stiffness and strengths of these structures have been measured and compared with analytical predictions based upon plastic yielding and the various modes of lattice strut buckling. The compressive and shear strengths of hollow pyramidal lattices with relative densities of 1 to 6 % were 3 to 5 times those of solid pyramidal lattices of equivalent relative density and were accompanied by significant strength retention of the post buckled structures resulting in very high specific energy absorption.
Localization of appendix with MDCT and influence of findings on choice of appendectomy incision.

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this study was to show the relation between McBurney's point and the appendix in patients undergoing 3D MDCT and to investigate the effect of this information on a surgeon's choice of appendectomy incision.MATERIAL AND METHODS. Among 142 adults undergoing consecutive MDCT studies, 100 patients (35 women, 65 men; mean age, 52.1 years) with an identifiable appendix on abdominopelvic MDCT examinations were selected for the study group. The presence of intraabdominal mass or a history of abdominal surgery were the exclusion criteria. Three-dimensional reconstruction of the CT data was performed with a surface shaded display algorithm. The locations of the base of the appendix and McBurney's point were marked on a single 3D image that allowed display of the skin surface markings for each patient. The superoinferior and mediolateral distances from the level of the appendix to the level of McBurney's point were measured, and the radial distance was calculated from these measurements. A ...
Predicting prejudice from religious fundamentalism and right-wing authoritarianism : a multiple-regression approach

In a study designed to investigate the respective roles of religious fundamentalism and right-wing authoritarianism as predictors of prejudice against racial minorities and homosexuals, participants (47 males, 91 females) responded to a series of questionnaire measures of these constructs. Data were analyzed using multiple regression. Consistent with previous research, authoritarianism was a significant and strong positive predictor of both forms of prejudice. With authoritarianism statistically controlled, however, fundamentalism emerged as a significant negative predictor of racial prejudice but a positive predictor of homosexual prejudice. In a second study, we conducted parallel multiple regressions using the correlations from two previously published studies. The Study I results were replicated exactly, except that fundamentalism was a nonsignificant predictor of homosexual prejudice. We interpret the results as evidence that Christian fundamentalism consists of a second major component other than authoritarianism - related to Christian belief content - that is inversely related to some forms of prejudice (including racial prejudice) but not others (e.g., homosexual prejudice).
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF GLAUCONITE AND THE ASSOCIATED CLAY FRACTION IN MODERN MARINE SEDIMENTS

SUMMARY The crystallinity and mineralogy of both the glauconite and the clay fraction of samples from six contemporary marine environments were investigated by X-ray diffraction. In those areas where glauconite is now forming, the mineralogy and the degree of crystallinity of both the glauconite pellets and the associated clay fraction are similar. In contrast, detrital and relic glauconites are observed to have mineralogies that are different from their clay fractions. No consistent relationship was observed between degree of crystallinity and color of the pellets. Further, only two classes of glauconite as defined by BURST (1958) were common: expandable, interlayered clays and two or more clay minerals in a mixed assemblage. Based on the clay fraction-glauconite similarities and other supporting evidence, glauconite on the Scotia Ridge is concluded to be authigenic. Glauconite from Santa Monica Bay, California and from the continental shelf off Morocco appear to be detrital. Glauconite pellets in the shelf sediments off Guinea and the southeastern Atlantic Shelf of the United States are both detrital and authigenic. The poor crystallinity exhibited by the Chatham Rise glauconite is in contrast to the well-crystallized associated clay fraction and indicates that they are not genetically related. However, the origin of this glauconite remains in doubt.
Interband magnetoreflection of Hg1 − χCdχTe

Abstract Interband magnetoreflection experiments on Hg0.84Cd0.16 Te give a valence band effective mass of 0.3 m0 appropriate to the (100) plane. The Γ6 - Γ8 separation is slightly negative at 4°K and slightly positive at 77°K. About twenty magnetooptical transitions are seen and indicate a high level of homogeneity for this material.
Probing Myosin-VI Processivity using Artificial Lever Arms

The lever arm of myosin VI has an unusual composition in which two different calmodulin-binding domains, a globular three-helix bundle, and an extended single alpha-helix domain may all contribute structural roles. We wish to understand which properties of this lever arm are important for mediating intra-head communication, preventing dissociation from the actin filament, and determining the distribution of stride sizes in a processively stepping dimer. We have replaced parts of the myosin VI lever arm with alpha-actinin repeats in a series of chimeric constructs. In dimers with artifical levers arms, we have found that processivity is surprisingly robust to dramatic changes in the properties of the lever arm, even when the stride size is altered (Liao et al., JMB 2009). In new chimeric constructs, we show that limited processivity is possible even in the absence of both calmodulin-binding regions. We examine the importance of intra-head coordination for processive motion in myosin VI by comparing the predictions of simple kinetic models to measurements of run length distributions for chimeric myosins and for control contructs.
Susceptibility to carcinogenesis.

This report examines qualitative and quantitative evidence that the spontaneous incidence of a specific type of tumor is one of the many factors which determine the incidence of carcinogen-induced tumors of the same type. To avoid selection bias in the choice of data for analysis, all suitable data used in a previous review on a closely related subject are analyzed. One method of attack consists of the mathemetical elimination of factors other than spontaneous incidence which influence carcinogenesis. When unselected carcinogenesis data are examined without such elimination, then the spontaneous incidence often has no apparent effect on induced incidence. The explanation appears to be that the spontaneous incidence is a weak factor which has incomplete penetrance, and frequently is outweighed by other factors. Although the evidence examined is consistent with this conclusion, this does not constitute proof. Regarding mechanism, a carcinogen is seen to enhance the potential for the conversion of normal progenitor cells into cancer cells, which underlies the spontaneous incidence of tumors. It follows that carcinogen assays should be most sensitive, when the type of tumor induced by the carcinogen has a spontaneous incidence which is over but low, or is just barely subthreshold. Cancer 57:2408–2418, 1986.
Massive proteinuria associated with vesico-ureteral reflux.

Abstract Three patients with vesico-ureteral reflux and massive proteinuria are described. The clinical diagnosis in all three was chronic pyelonephritis. Histological examination, however, revealed glomerulonephritis in two and severe nephrosclerosis in one. Massive proteinuria, alone or associated with other renal conditions, is an indication for renal biopsy.
An X-band crevasse detection radar for the Arctic and Antarctic

Sandia National Laboratories has had an ongoing project with New York Air National Guard to develop and deliver X-band crevasse detection imaging radars systems. The radar has successfully collected data and detected crevasses in the Arctic and Antarctica. Recently four radar systems were delivered and transitioned to the Guard. This paper discusses the radar systems and shows results from actual data collections in these regions.