cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evolution of the Digital Revolution: A Radiologist Perspective

The transformation from film-based to filmless operation has become more and more challenging, as imaging studies expand in size and complexity. To adapt to these changes, radiologists must proactively develop new workflow strategies to compensate for increasing work demands and the existing workforce shortage. This article addresses the evolutionary changes underway in the radiology interpretation process and reviews changes that have occurred in the past decade. These include a number of developments in soft-copy interpretation, which is migrating from a relatively static process, duplicating film-based interpretation, to a dynamic process, using multi-planar reconstructions, volumetric navigation, and electronic decision support tools. The result is optimization of the human–computer interface with improved productivity, diagnostic confidence, and interpretation accuracy.
Fredholm determinants, Jimbo‐Miwa‐Ueno τ‐functions, and representation theory

The authors show that a wide class of Fredholm determinants arising in the representation theory of “big” groups, such as the infinite-dimensional unitary group, solve Painleve equations. Their methods are based on the theory of integrable operators and the theory of Riemann-Hilbert problems. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Magnetization transfer effects in multislice RARE sequences

Magnetization transfer effects are demonstrated to be significant in determining the signal intensity from brain tissues on images acquired with multislice rapid acquisition relaxation enhanced (RARE) sequences. We report studies designed to determine how the signal intensities vary with slice number or, equivalently, off-resonance power deposition. The results obtained in fat, gray matter, and white matter are similar in form to those reported in kidney tissues during classic magnetization transfer experiments (J. Eng, T. L. Ceckler, and R. S. Balaban, Magn. Reson. Med. 17, 304 (1991)). Of clinical significance to RARE practitioners is the increase of contrast-to-noise ratios between gray and white matter on proton density-weighted images with increasing slice number.
A Radio Range Beacon Free from Night Effects

A radio range beacon, suitable for the guidance of aircraft along established airways, which is entirely free from atmospheric variations or "night effects", is described. Advantage is taken of the phenomenon that waves of frequencies higher than 30 megacycles per second, or thereabouts, are not usually refracted back to the earth by the Kennelly-Heaviside layer. Multiple path transmission, variation in signal intensity and in polarization are thus avoided. A four-course aural beacon operating on 34.6 megacycles per second was employed for the experimental work. Results and applications are discussed.
P2-065: Volume loss and parahippocampal white matter integrity in amnestic mild cognitive impairment

hypothesized that aMCI patients would show attenuated functional connectivity in medial parietal and temporal cortex compared to age-matched controls. We also hypothesized that functional connectivity in midline cortical regions important for self-appraisal would inversely correlate with level of anosognosia. Methods: Sixteen MCI patients and sixteen age and education control participants were included in the analysis. The vPCC region showing activity to self-appraisal in a sample of 203 cognitively healthy adults was used as the seed region for the analysis; correlation maps were generated guided by published procedures. Results: Our analysis of group differences in functional connectivity revealed that MCI participants show attenuated connectivity in the PCC and a ventromedial prefrontal region (Figure 1). We also examined the relationship between functional connectivity and level of cognitive anosognosia in the MCI group. Results revealed a significant inverse relationship between level of cognitive anosognosia and functional connectivity in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex and bilateral hippocampi (Figure 2). Conclusions: This finding highlights the level of anosognosia in MCI as an important predictor of functional connectivity in brain regions important for self-appraisal that are vulnerable to changes associated with early AD.
Effects of Diet on Population Growth of the Psocids Lepinotus reticulatus and Liposcelis entomophila

We investigated the suitability of 11 diets as culture media for the psocids Lepinotus reticulatus Enderlein (Psocoptera: Trogiidae) and Liposcelis entomophila (Enderlein) (Psocoptera: Liposcelididae). The culture media comprised six diets made of plain cereals, namely, wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), corn (Zea mays L.), milo Sorghum bicolor (L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), oats (Avena sativa L.), and rice (Oryza sativa L.), and five artificial diets. We found that, with the exception of corn, L. reticulatus population increase was greater on plain cereal diets than on artificial diets, and the greatest population growth was on oats. There was an inverse relationship between L. reticulatus population growth and diet compactness. L. entomophila populations grew fastest on wheat, barley, and a mixture of cracked wheat, rice krispies, and brewer's yeast (97:2:1, wt:wt). The proportion of females was greater in diets that were less suitable for L. entomophila population growth compared with that in the more suitable diets. Diet compactness had a weak effect on L. entomophila population growth. This study also has established the relative level of suitability of damaged wheat, corn, milo, barley, oats, and rice to L. reticulatus and L. entomophila.
On the performance of hierarchical distributed correspondence graphs for efficient symbol grounding of robot instructions

Natural language interfaces are powerful tools that enables humans and robots to convey information without the need for extensive training or complex graphical interfaces. Statistical techniques that employ probabilistic graphical models have proven effective at interpreting symbols that represent commands and observations for robot direction-following and object manipulation. A limitation of these approaches is their inefficiency in dealing with larger and more complex symbolic representations. Herein, we present a model for language understanding that uses parse trees and environment models both to learn the structure of probabilistic graphical models and to perform inference over this learned structure for symbol grounding. This model, called the Hierarchical Distributed Correspondence Graph (HDCG), exploits information about symbols that are expressed in the corpus to construct minimalist graphical models that are more efficient to search. In a series of comparative experiments, we demonstrate a significant improvement in efficiency without loss in accuracy over contemporary approaches for human-robot interaction.
Deferoxamine mitigates radiation-induced tissue injury in a rat irradiated TRAM flap model.

Background:Radiation therapy results in permanent damage to the microvasculature, leading to dermal damage and inelasticity in normal tissues. Deferoxamine is a U.S. Food and Drug Administration–approved iron-chelating medication that has also been shown to increase angiogenesis. The authors hypothe
Population statistics for the asparagus aphid, Brachycorynella asparagi (Homoptera: Aphididae), on different ages of asparagus foliage

Life tables were constructed for the asparagus aphid, Brachycorynella asparagi , caged on different ages of asparagus foliage. In trial one of the experiment, foliage age ranged from 16 to 72 d. As foliage aged, the intrinsic rate of aphid increase declined, generation time increased, projected population size decreased, prereproductive and reproductive periods lengthened, and maximum number of offspring per day declined. In trial two, foliage age ranged from 15 to 138 d. Only 3 of 10 aphids survived to reproduce on 97-d-old foliage, and none reproduced on 138-d-oldfoliage. In trial two, prereproductive period was lengthened and day of maximum reproduction was delayed by increased foliage age. The net reproductive rate was not significantly affected in either trial. It appears that the quality of asparagus as food for the asparagus aphid declined as foliage aged.
Evidence of a Protoplasmic Network in the Oenocytes of the Silkworm

In the study of cell morphology the need of discovering some structural framework within the protoplasm has long occupied the mind of the investigators of this field. This subject has received consideration in books published by the late Mr. H. M. Bernard and Dr. Emil Rohde. Independently they have come to the same conclusion, namely, that all tissues and their constituent cells are permeated by a structural network. There is considerable evidence of such a network. In the nucleus the tangle of linin filaments have long been observed. Intracellular filaments have been abundantly demonstrated by a host of workers. Bernard and Rohde have brought out the very significant fact that syncytial tissues are permeated by such networks. The structural character of the cytoplasm has long been a field of controversy. Of the three different early theories—the Fibrillo Reticular Theory, Butschli’s Foam Theory, and Altmann’s Granular Theory—none has received universal acceptance. The discovery of mitochondria by Benda, Meves, Duesberg and others in all types of cells, has led to considerable speculation as to whether these elements can be truly associated with the linin filaments and their chromatin granules. Also whether they too have any architectural significance. These questions have been largely answered by the work of Michaelis, Chambers and the Lewises by staining the mitochondria of live tissue with Janus Green, and also the cell dissection work of Chambers and Kite. Chambers in his summary, draws the conclusion that the mitochondrial threads have tensile and elastic properties; however, this conclusion is qualified by the statement that these networks are not stable elements but that they reconstruct themselves by chemical or mechanical forces in response to changed conditions. In this paper an attempt will be made to show that in one particular case this network has a definite honeycomb structure and that the mitochondria and the linin filaments are continuous.
Detection of Protein–Protein Interactions by Proximity-Driven SNAr Reactions of Lysine-Linked Fluorophores

Critical protein–protein interactions are ubiquitous in biology. To provide a new method to detect these interactions, we designed and synthesized fluorinated bromopyronins as molecular probes. These electrophilic compounds rapidly react with amines via a SNAr mechanism to form modestly electrophilic aminopyronin fluorophores. To investigate whether proteins modified with aminopyronins might selectively transfer these fluorophores between proximal lysine residues at protein–protein interfaces, immunoglobulin-G (IgG) was conjugated to fluorinated pyronins and added to unlabeled Protein A (SpA) from S. aureus. Analysis by gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry revealed transfer of this fluorophore from IgG to specific lysines of its binding partner SpA but not to bovine serum albumin (BSA) as a nonbinding control. Examination of an X-ray structure of IgG bound to SpA revealed that the fluorophore was selectively transferred between amino groups of lysines that reside within ∼10 A at the protein–protein interface. To evaluate whether this approach could be used to identify interactions with endogenous cellular proteins, pyronin-modified Rnase A was added to crude extracts of human HeLa cells. Analysis of interacting proteins by gel electrophoresis revealed the endogenous ribonuclease inhibitor as the primary cellular target. Given that proximal lysine residues frequently reside at protein–protein interfaces, this method may facilitate identification of diverse protein–protein interactions present in complex biological matrices.
Association of Youth and Caregiver Anxiety and Asthma Care Among Urban Young Adolescents

Abstract Objective To examine the association of adolescent asthma-related anxiety, social anxiety, separation anxiety, and caregiver asthma-related anxiety with asthma care by urban adolescents. Methods Participants were 386 ethnic minority adolescents (mean age 12.8 years) with persistent asthma and their caregivers. Adolescents reported what they do to prevent asthma symptoms and to manage acute symptoms, and if they or their caregiver is responsible for their asthma care. Adolescents completed the Youth Asthma-Related Anxiety Scale, and the social and separation anxiety subscales of the Screen for Child Anxiety and Emotional Disorders (SCARED); caregivers completed the Parent Asthma-Related Anxiety Scale. Linearity of the associations was assessed by generalized additive models. When there was no evidence for nonlinearity, linear mixed effects models were used to evaluate the effects of the predictors. Results Adolescent asthma-related anxiety had a strong curvilinear relationship with symptom prevention ( P P = .021) and to asthma responsibility (β = 0.11, P = .015), and of caregiver asthma-related anxiety to adolescent symptom prevention (β = 0.04, P = .001). Adolescent social and separation anxiety had weak to no relationship with asthma care. Results remained consistent when controlling for each of the other anxieties. Conclusions Asthma-related anxiety plays an important, independent role in asthma care. When low, adolescents may benefit from increased support from caregivers and awareness of the consequences of uncontrolled asthma. When elevated, health providers should ensure the adolescents are not assuming responsibility for asthma care prematurely.
Loss of PodJ in Agrobacterium tumefaciens Leads to Ectopic Polar Growth, Branching, and Reduced Cell Division

ABSTRACT Agrobacterium tumefaciens is a rod-shaped Gram-negative bacterium that elongates by unipolar addition of new cell envelope material. Approaching cell division, the growth pole transitions to a nongrowing old pole, and the division site creates new growth poles in sibling cells. The A. tumefaciens homolog of the Caulobacter crescentus polar organizing protein PopZ localizes specifically to growth poles. In contrast, the A. tumefaciens homolog of the C. crescentus polar organelle development protein PodJ localizes to the old pole early in the cell cycle and accumulates at the growth pole as the cell cycle proceeds. FtsA and FtsZ also localize to the growth pole for most of the cell cycle prior to Z-ring formation. To further characterize the function of polar localizing proteins, we created a deletion of A. tumefacienspodJ (podJAt). ΔpodJAt cells display ectopic growth poles (branching), growth poles that fail to transition to an old pole, and elongated cells that fail to divide. In ΔpodJAt cells, A. tumefaciens PopZ-green fluorescent protein (PopZAt-GFP) persists at nontransitioning growth poles postdivision and also localizes to ectopic growth poles, as expected for a growth-pole-specific factor. Even though GFP-PodJAt does not localize to the midcell in the wild type, deletion of podJAt impacts localization, stability, and function of Z-rings as assayed by localization of FtsA-GFP and FtsZ-GFP. Z-ring defects are further evidenced by minicell production. Together, these data indicate that PodJAt is a critical factor for polar growth and that ΔpodJAt cells display a cell division phenotype, likely because the growth pole cannot transition to an old pole. IMPORTANCE How rod-shaped prokaryotes develop and maintain shape is complicated by the fact that at least two distinct species-specific growth modes exist: uniform sidewall insertion of cell envelope material, characterized in model organisms such as Escherichia coli, and unipolar growth, which occurs in several alphaproteobacteria, including Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Essential components for unipolar growth are largely uncharacterized, and the mechanism constraining growth to one pole of a wild-type cell is unknown. Here, we report that the deletion of a polar development gene, podJAt, results in cells exhibiting ectopic polar growth, including multiple growth poles and aberrant localization of cell division and polar growth-associated proteins. These data suggest that PodJAt is a critical factor in normal polar growth and impacts cell division in A. tumefaciens.
Synovectomy of the knee.

Summary Synovectomy of the knee is a useful procedure in diseases of the synovial membrane, which include synovial osteochondromatosis, pigmented villonodular synovitis, arborescent synovial lipoma, diffuse synovial hemangiomata, the unusual case of the synovial phase of tuberculosis, and coccidioidal synovitis. The most widespread usage of synovectomy today is in rheumatoid arthritis. Synovectomy should be performed in rheumatoid arthritis when the joint motion is good, there is no ligamentous instability, and the roentgenograms show little or no erosion. The white line of the subchondral plate of bone of the tibia and femur should be carefully examined for areas of indistinctness or breaks in continuity. Any such areas may represent erosions of bone. The type of rheumatoid arthritis that produces a synovial mass or proliferative synovitis responds well to synovectomy. The adhesive capsulitis or dry form of rheumatoid arthritis, which produces little synovitis, does not respond well to synovectomy. The best results from synovectomy of the knee can be achieved by early postoperative motion. Manipulation is not performed routinely. Relief of pain may be dramatic, and motion is usually maintained. The problem of recurrent synovitis has yet to be settled; it can be the result of either of two factors. One is the obvious recurrence of the rheumatoid disease process; the other is inflammatory synovitis as a result of incongruity of the joint surfaces already damaged by rheumatoid arthritis. It is not possible to distinguish between these two mechanisms at the present time. Synovectomy of the knee is a highly effective means of relieving pain in the patient with rheumatoid arthritis. It should be performed when the disease is progressive but before joint damage is severe, if the best results are to be obtained.
You Say Bully, I Say Bullied: School Culture and Definitions of Bullying in Two Elementary Schools

Abstract Purpose This chapter examines the definitions of bullying used by students and adults in elementary schools and the effects that these definitions had within the broader school culture. Design/methodology/approach I combine interviews with 53 students and 10 adults and over 430 hours of participant observation with fifth grade students at two rural elementary schools. Findings Definitions of bullying held by those in these schools typically differed from those used by researchers. Even when individuals held definitions that were in line with those used by researchers, however, a focus on identifying bullies rather than on behaviors that fit definitions of bullying contributed to a school culture in which negative interactions were normalized and student reports of these behaviors were discouraged. Research limitations/implications This study is limited to two elementary schools in the rural Midwest and cannot be seen as representative of all schools. Support for my findings from other research combined with similar definitions and school cultures in both schools, however, suggest that these definitions and practices are part of a broader cultural context of bullying in the United States. Practical implications These findings suggest that schools might be better served by focusing less on labels like “bully” and more on particular behaviors that are to be taken seriously by students, teachers, staff members, and principals. Originality/value Although other researchers have studied definitions of bullying, none have combined these definitions with observational data on the broader school contexts in which those definitions are created and used.
Academic Detailing in Diabetes: Using Outreach Education to Improve the Quality of Care

Most diabetes care is provided in primary care settings, but typical primary care clinicians struggle to keep up with the latest evidence on diabetes screening, pharmacotherapy, and monitoring. Accordingly, many patients with diabetes are not receiving optimal guideline-based therapy. Relying on front-line clinicians on their own to assess the huge volume of new literature and incorporate it into their practice is unrealistic, and conventional continuing medical education has not proven adequate to address gaps in care. Academic detailing, direct educational outreach to clinicians that uses social marketing techniques to provide specific evidence-based recommendations, has been proven in clinical trials to improve the quality of care for a range of conditions. By directly engaging with clinicians to assess their needs, identify areas for change in practice, and provide them with specific tools to implement these changes, academic detailing can serve as a tool to improve care processes and outcomes for patients with diabetes.
Effects of sub-lethal teratogen exposure during larval development on egg laying and egg quality in adult Caenorhabditis elegans

Background: Acute high dose exposure to teratogenic chemicals alters the proper development of an embryo leading to infertility, impaired fecundity, and few viable offspring. However, chronic exposure to sub-toxic doses of teratogens during early development may also have long-term impacts on egg quality and embryo viability. Methods: To test the hypothesis that low dose exposure during early development can impact long-term reproductive health, Caenorhabditis elegans larvae were exposed to 10 teratogens during larval development, and subsequently were examined for the pattern of egg-laying and egg quality (hatched larvae and embryo viability) as gravid adults. After the exposure, adult gravid worms were transferred to untreated plates and the numbers of eggs laid were recorded every 3 hours, and the day following exposure the numbers of hatched larvae were counted. Results: While fecundity and fertility were typically impaired by teratogens, unexpectedly, many teratogens initially increased egg-laying at the earliest interval compared to control but not at later intervals. However, egg quality, as assessed by embryo viability, remained the same because many of the eggs (<50%) did not hatch. Conclusions: Chronic, low dose exposures to teratogens during early larval development have subtle, long-term effects on egg laying and egg quality.
Die popperschen Herausforderungen für den Materialismus

The paper aims at presenting and analysing two anti-materialistic arguments inspired by Karl R. Popper. An idea of these arguments was originally presented in his short article Language and the body-mind problem and then repeated in the book The self and its brain. The first of these arguments, the argument from rational justification, is intended to show that any materialist theory of mind which assumes a causal interpretation of mind is unable to account for rational justification of thoughts and, therefore, undermines itself. According to the second argument, i.e. the argument from circularity of causal explanation, there does not exist any purely materialistic, non-circular, causal explanation of intentionality what is standardly required by materialism. In the text assumptions of both arguments are clearly specified and commented on. A brief tentative evaluation of the arguments in question is added at the end of the paper.
Presentation graphics: an introduction and review of four systems.

Anyone who presents numeric data visually for a scientific paper or conference knows how hard it can be to obtain good graphics. Even if you are fortunate enough to have a medical illustrations department in your institution, it still takes your time to sketch and label the axes, and secretarial or technician time to plot the points. Then you wait. Three weeks is not rare at our institution. If you find an error, or want a different look, you wait again. The service can be expensive, and provides no opportunity for experimentation. Doing it yourself does not solve the problem. Just imagine asking an employee to throw away he finished product and try again with the X and Y axes reversed after it has taken five hours and ten restarts to get the current product. If you have ever faced these problems in presenting your data in graphic form, you should know about presentation graphics program.
Evidence for a heavily glaciated Antarctica during the late Oligocene “warming” (27.8–24.5 Ma): Stable isotope records from ODP Site 690

High δ18O values (>3.0 ‰) from a 9-kyr resolution benthic foraminiferal stable isotope record from the Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Site 690B located on the Maud Rise, Antarctica indicate a heavily glaciated Antarctic continent during Late Oligocene (27.8-24.5 Ma). Values ranging 2.5-3.0 ‰ during interglacial periods and 3.0-3.6 ‰ during glacial intervals are consistent with an ice sheet near or larger than modern size. In addition, this record does not exhibit the long-term Late Oligocene warming trend seen in records from low-latitude drill sites. Oxygen isotope values from 26.0-24.5 Ma are comparable (ranging between 2.5 and 3.3 ‰) to values that preceded the δ18O event Oi2b at 26.7 Ma, indicating no significant glacial collapse occurred during the Late Oligocene. A gradient between ocean basins during the Oligocene has already been linked to the development of a modern, multi-layered ocean, and worked to bathe the low to mid-latitude, deep-sea records with a warmer water mass. We suggest this masked the significant Antarctic glaciation in low-latitude paleoceanographic records. Additionally, we propose a resolution for conflicting lines of evidence from some Antarctic proximal records suggesting significant glaciation and others suggesting reduced glaciation during the Late Oligocene by allowing a modern-sized ice sheet to grow on an Antarctic continent as more land surface area existed above sea-level during this time. This could allow at least some portions of the Antarctic coastline to remain ice-free during glacial minima while still maintaining modern or near-modern ice volume.
Berries containing anthocyanins with enhanced methylation profiles are more effective at ameliorating high fat diet-induced metabolic damage

Driven by the need for alternative whole food options to manage metabolic syndrome, multiple dietary interventions are suggested to achieve a better control of metabolic risk factors and molecular networks that regulate cellular energy metabolism. It is generally accepted that anthocyanin-rich diets are beneficial for maintaining healthy body weight, improving glucose and lipid metabolism, and determining inflammatory status of key metabolic tissues. However, anthocyanins are a structurally diverse group of phenolic compounds and their individual contributions to improving metabolic health are not clear. In this study, we show that consumption of berries containing anthocyanins with enhanced methylation profiles (malvidin and petunidin) is more effective at reducing high fat diet-induced metabolic damage in the C57BL/6 mouse model of polygenic obesity. Blueberries and Concord grapes (57% and 33% anthocyanins as malvidin, petunidin, or peonidin, respectively) improved body composition through individual significant effects on energy expenditure and increased activity. Methylated anthocyanins are also more effective at enhancing mitochondrial respiration and dissipation of the mitochondrial proton gradient (proton leak) in adipose tissue, thus counteracting mitochondrial dysfunction associated with metabolic stress. Together, these results provide direct proof of the higher protective potential of methylated anthocyanins against the metabolic consequences of chronic exposure to calorie-dense foods.
Transmammary transfer of toxicity to nursing kids from Isocoma pluriflora (rayless goldenrod) dosed to lactating goats.

Abstract Rayless goldenrod (RG; Isocoma pluriflora) poisons livestock in the southwestern U.S., west Texas, and northern Mexico. The putative toxin(s) have historically been thought to be benzofuran ketones. Goats have been used successfully as a model of RG poisoning. The transmammary transfer of toxicity to offspring from lactating goats has not been studied, thus the objective of this study was to determine if nursing kids would become poisoned via mother's milk when the dams were dosed with RG. Twelve lactating goats (6 controls and 6 treated; all with twin kids) were dosed via oral gavage with alfalfa or rayless goldenrod at 2% of BW per day for 14 days. Two kids showed overt clinical signs near the end of the study; however, no dams showed clinical signs, and none developed exercise intolerance or muscle weakness. After day 11 of treatment, the RG kids showed increased (P 300 mg/kg BW of benzofuran ketones from RG over 14 days increased mean CK concentrations in treated kids compared to controls; however kids rapidly recovered when exposure ended. Additional work is needed to better define benzofuran ketone metabolism, toxicity, and animal susceptibility.
Probabilistic Learning: Classification Using Naive Bayes

The introduction to Chap. 7 presented the types of machine learning methods and described lazy classification for numerical data. What about nominal features or textual data? In this Chapter, we will begin to explore some classification techniques for categorical data. Specifically, we will (1) present the Naive Bayes algorithm; (2) review its assumptions; (3) discuss Laplace estimation; and (4) illustrate the Naive Bayesian classifier on a Head and Neck Cancer Medication case-study.
Tumbling from Embodiment to Enfleshment: Art as Intervention in Collective Autoethnography

We, the four authors, found ourselves swept into the tenure process, tumbling as we inquired into what this transition meant to each of us and to all of us. Through a methodological grounding in collective autoethnography – and expanded by art intervention, we came together in our inquiry to explore key experiences as new professors, asking how we individually, collectively, and aesthetically move(d) through our transitions into tenure track assistant professorship. We found it was through the embodied acts of listening, attuning, and responding with/in our flesh as women and as researchers that we felt the friction of Tenure as another body in our collective. Tenure provoked our poems, tears, arguments, victories, aches, paintings, tenderness, stitches through fabric, movements, and identities. This article serves as a methodological unpacking of our arts-based research process that used Tumblr, individual and collective artmaking, and visits to each other’s homes. While our collective work seeks new potentialities of understanding our tumbling selves as women, artists, and researchers new to the academy, we also see this work as opening our stories to the world in order to create new possibilities beyond our project.
Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis

Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA), formerly Wegener’s granulomatosis, is a systemic vasculitis of unknown etiology affecting both small- and medium-sized arteries and veins. GPA manifests as necrotizing granulomatous inflammation in the lungs, kidneys, upper respiratory tract, nerves, and rarely heart. Patients can develop chronic sinusitis, epistaxis, cough, dyspnea, hemoptysis, glomerulonephritis, neuritis, pericarditis, and cardiomyopathy. GPA can also generate thrombosis of arteries and DVTs. Of special consideration, airway compromise can occur due to subglottic stenosis, granulomatous masses, and gingival hyperplasia that can easily bleed during airway manipulation. Treatment consists of corticosteroids and immunosuppressants. Patients with GPA who are pregnant have increased complications consisting of preeclampsia, preterm birth, growth restriction, and fetal demise.
Disease on trial: Medical risk and molecular responsibility in HIV exposure and disclosure jury trials (1994–2015):

More than 30 years have passed since the first HIV-specific criminal laws were enacted, generally making it a crime for people living with HIV to have sex with another person without disclosing the...
Modeling an unmitigated thermal quench event in a large field magnet in a DEMO reactor

Abstract The superconducting magnet systems of future fusion reactors, such as a demonstration power plant (DEMO), will produce magnetic field energies in the 10 s of GJ range. The release of this energy during a fault condition could produce arcs that can damage the magnets of these systems. The public safety consequences of such events must be explored for a DEMO reactor because the magnets are located near the DEMO's primary radioactive confinement barrier, the reactor's vacuum vessel (VV). Great care will be taken in the design of DEMO's magnet systems to detect and provide a rapid field energy dump to avoid any accidents conditions. During an event when a fault condition proceeds undetected, the potential of producing melting of the magnet exists. If molten material from the magnet impinges on the walls of the VV, these walls could fail, resulting in a pathway for release of radioactive material from the VV. A model is under development at Idaho National Laboratory (INL) called MAGARC to investigate the consequences of this accident in a large toroidal field (TF) coil. Recent improvements to this model are described in this paper, along with predictions for a DEMO relevant event in a toroidal field magnet.
The Sorrows of Modern Subjectivity: Capital, Infinity Disease, and Werther's Hysterical Neurois

In this article I analyze Werther, the protagonist of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe’s novel, The Sorrows of Young Werther . I argue that Werther and his sorrows must be understood within the context of the unique configuration of alienation(s) present in modern societies, characterized by the sui generis combination of capital, egoism and anomie, and asceticism. Further, I argue the sociologically alienating conditions of modern societies create neurotic subjects of repression who lack compensatory symbols of moral worth, which drives them to pursue equivalent signification via fantasy. Finally, I argue that Werther represents an extreme case of hysterical neurosis emanating from the configuration of alienation(s) in modern societies, and that his suicide is best interpreted as a magical, sacrificial act whereby he transfixes his hysterical fantasy in fantasy, allowing him to fantasmatically expropriate symbolic compensation in perpetuity. I end the paper with a brief discussion of what might be done today about the problems posed by the course of the analysis.
DIRECT PHOSPHORYLATION OF TYROSINE HYDROXYLASE BY CYCLIC AMP-DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASE: MECHANISM OF ENZYME ACTIVATION

Highly purified tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) from rat tissues and cultured cells of human neuroblastoma (SK-N-BE-2) was directly phosphorylated by incubation with cAMP-dependent protein kinase and ATP. Pure phosphorylated TH (P-TH) was identified by polyacrylamide gel and SDS-gel electrophoresis. Phosphorylation of TH increased the TH activity by more than two fold. Kinetic analysis of P-TH demonstrated that a different mode of enzyme activation by phosphorylation exists between rat TH and neuroblastoma TH. The increase in enzymatic activity of rat TH was due to an increase in Vm without change in Km, reflecting an increase in the amount of enzyme, probably by the conversion from an inactive form to an active one. The increase in neuroblastoma TH activity was associated with a decrease in Km without change in Vm, suggesting an increase in the affinity of cofactor to the enzyme.
Cyber-Physical Security Evaluation in Manufacturing Systems with a Bayesian Game Model

Abstract Cyber-physical security has been taken more seriously recently in manufacturing systems because of highly increasing integration of cyber and network systems with physical production known as cyber-physical manufacturing systems (CPMS). This paper presents a novel proactive approach to forecast the interrelation of attackers and cyber-physical manufacturing systems to suggest a proper defense strategy to the system managerial. In this research, the zero-sum game payoff function developed in our previous studies is transformed into an epistemic type Bayesian game that addresses uncertainties on types of players. The risk preference behavior also is considered as a characteristic of different types of players and to form the Bayesian utility function. Finally, a numerical example is analyzed with a structured method by developing the Bayesian game, computing Bayes-Nash equilibria, and finding quantal response equilibrium. This approach enables managers to decide a proper defense strategy in advance of experiencing cyber-physical dilemma when there are not enough previous data.
Commentary on the Challenges and Benefits of Implementing Standardized Outcome Measures

Abstract The Institute of Medicine (now the National Academy of Medicine) has proposed a Learning Heath system (LHS) as a model to improve health care. A LHS focuses on capturing data from the clinical encounter and applying those data to improve practice. The process can be described as an iterative learning cycle composed of 3 areas: performance to data, data to knowledge, and knowledge to performance or often knowledge translation. Adoption of new knowledge in medicine is notoriously slow, and the relatively new field of knowledge translation is systematically examining the critical success factors. In this issue of the Archives, Moore reports a knowledge translation project in a key aspect of rehabilitation: implementing standardized outcome measures. We report on the challenges and benefits of that project from a practical perspective and identify the critical success ingredient, leadership for implementation, which was composed of 3 key behaviors: setting clear expectations, engaging stakeholders, and providing support. Furthermore, the additional benefits, challenges, and costs are addressed.
Acquisition of Electronic Access to Information: More Money, More Records, More Time

Growth and change characterize the acquisition of electronic access to information as we currently know it. Budgets earmarked for electronic access increase year by year. Acquisitions staff endeavor to plan workflow and create records to track trial or free subscriptions as well as paid orders. It is important to retain record flexibility to accommodate changing order specifications and to provide useful management reports. The challenge of staying abreast of recent developments in the marketplace has increased as well.
Location, Location, Location: The Geographic Impact of Medical School on the Plastic Surgery Match.

Background This resident application cycle posed academic leadership and applicants with an unprecedented challenge: how to virtually match applicants to mutually beneficial programs. The authors sought to refer to previous years' data, specifically geographic trends, to better inform both program directors and applicants. The authors hypothesized that geography, as it pertains to the transition from medical school to residency, impacts match patterns. Methods The study was designed as a cross-sectional analysis including all current integrated plastic surgery residents. The independent websites of all accredited integrated plastic surgery programs were then queried for the desired demographic resident information. Additionally, as an illustrative endpoint, geospatial heat maps were generated to better understand geographic trends. Results All (n = 78) integrated plastic surgery programs and 953 residents were included in the study. Nearly half (47.2%) of current residents remain in the same geographic region in which they obtained their medical degree, with 26% and 17% remaining in the same state and institution, respectively. Students within all regions (North, South, Midwest, West) were more likely to stay within that region for residency (OR 2.59, 2.39, 2.09, 3.80, respectively). Students attending medical schools with affiliated integrated plastic surgery residencies have matched to programs with significantly higher Doximity rankings (p < 0.0001). Conclusions Matched integrated plastic surgery applicants are more likely to continue their training at institutions in closer geographic proximity to their medical schools. Students graduating from medical schools without affiliated integrated plastic surgery programs appear to be at a disadvantage during the match process.
The beliefs about race and culture operating in our discipline strategies: a commentary

The prevalence of racial disparities in discipline outcomes continues despite a prominence of new strategies and research. When implemented with fidelity, PBIS (Positive Behavior Interventions and ...
As-quant: Detection and visualization of alternative splicing events with rna-seq data

(1) Background: A simplistic understanding of the central dogma falls short in correlating the number of genes in the genome to the number of proteins in the proteome. Post-transcriptional alternative splicing contributes to the complexity of the proteome and is critical in understanding gene expression. mRNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) has been widely used to study the transcriptome and provides opportunity to detect alternative splicing events among different biological conditions. Despite the popularity of studying transcriptome variants with RNA-seq, few efficient and user-friendly bioinformatics tools have been developed for the genome-wide detection and visualization of alternative splicing events. (2) Results: We propose AS-Quant, (Alternative Splicing Quantitation), a robust program to identify alternative splicing events from RNA-seq data. We then extended AS-Quant to visualize the splicing events with short-read coverage plots along with complete gene annotation. The tool works in three major steps: (i) calculate the read coverage of the potential spliced exons and the corresponding gene; (ii) categorize the events into five different categories according to the annotation, and assess the significance of the events between two biological conditions; (iii) generate the short reads coverage plot for user specified splicing events. Our extensive experiments on simulated and real datasets demonstrate that AS-Quant outperforms the other three widely used baselines, SUPPA2, rMATS, and diffSplice for detecting alternative splicing events. Moreover, the significant alternative splicing events identified by AS-Quant between two biological contexts were validated by RT-PCR experiment. (3) Availability: AS-Quant is implemented in Python 3.0. Source code and a comprehensive user’s manual are freely available online.
Poly CMP Process Challenges for Embedded Array Devices

Challenges in poly Chemical Mechanical Planarization (CMP) process are scalability in order to achieve low defects for embedded devices. In this paper, we demonstrated the poly CMP process characterization, including process recipe margin check with wafer thickness correlation studies, as well as active pitting and artifact defect improvement. This process is challenging as due to the challenge of thin poly in the embedded flash chip design, low dishing performance is preferred. Thus, Poly CMP process margin is evaluated to be robust, by collecting within-wafer poly thickness measurement of CMP monitoring structure as well as transmission electron microscope (TEM) analysis included. Next, defectivity improvement study had been carried out for poly CMP process. Chronic defect seen is surface roughness defect and overpolish pitting defect. These defects can be gradually reduced by implementing recipe optimization work. Optimum process characterization and robust window margin in poly CMP process can improve scalable embedded poly CMP devices.
Rearranging Attributes in Networked Economies

This work studies an important departure from the classical networked economy. In the benchmark case, an external decision-making observer has full information about the networked economy. In this work, the observer does not have full information, yet must still make decisions that impact the economy's agents. Specifically, the observer does not know how the attributes of the economy sit on the network's nodes. This work develops a creative, complete, closed-form statistical approach that enables the observer to overcome this lack of information and still execute a decision. What the observer must do is consider all possible arrangements of attributes on the network nodes. By exhaustively rearranging attributes, the observer can construct probability distributions to accurately characterize the economy. In this work, we first develop these necessary theoretical tools and we then show how the decision-making observer can employ these tools to better understand the economic environment in the following three settings: (1) education with peer effects, (2) consumption with network externalities, and (3) crime.
RLT Hierarchy for Mixed-Integer Zero-One Problems

Consider a linear mixed-integer zero-one programming problem whose (nonempty) feasible region is given as follows: $$\begin{gathered} X = \{ (x,y):\sum\limits_{j = 1}^n {{a_{rj}}{x_j}} + \sum\limits_{k = 1}^m {{r_{rk}}{y_k}} \geqslant {\beta _r}for = 1, \ldots ,R, \hfill \\ 0 \leqslant x \leqslant {e_n},x\operatorname{int} eger,0 \leqslant y \leqslant {e_m}\} , \hfill \\ \end{gathered} $$ (2.1) where e n and e m are, respectively, column vectors of n and m entries of 1, and where the continuous variables y k are assumed to be bounded and appropriately scaled to lie in the interval [0, 1] for k = 1,...,m. (Upper bounds on the continuous variables are imposed here only for convenience in exposition, as we comment on later in the discussion.) Note that any equality constraints present in the formulation can be accommodated in a similar manner as are the inequalities in the following derivation, and we omit writing them explicitly in (2.1) only to simplify the presentation. However, we will show later that the equality constraints can be treated in a special manner which, in fact, might sometimes encourage the writing of the R inequalities in (2.1) as equalities by using slack variables.
'And Bad Mistakes? I've Made a Few': Sharing Mistakes to Mentor New Lawyers

A new lawyer’s long-term success can be determined by the lawyer’s ability to acknowledge, accept, and learn from mistakes and disappointments. This article helps new lawyers understand that mistakes can be career-boosters, not career-killers. The authors note that mistakes are an inevitable part of any human endeavor, particularly one as complicated, and therefore as thrilling, as the practice of law. New lawyers are often resistant to talking about or recognizing mistakes. The authors urge new lawyers not to be afraid of making mistakes, but to instead embrace mistakes as one part of the journey to becoming a professional. The second section of the article includes examples of the authors’ own mistakes. Hearing about mistakes helps new lawyers learn both the technical knowledge and the ethical conduct required to be a successful lawyer. Sharing these stories of mistakes is a crucial way to help mentor the next generation of lawyers.
Hoffa v. United States: A Retrospective Viewing

Hoffa v. United States presented this question: Is it permissible for government to place an informant (a 'mole') in private premises with instructions to lie in wait and to report any evidence of criminal intent or activity that may turn up? Throughout the course of that trial, Edward Partin was a trusted member of the Hoffa entourage which gathered and held council in a suite of rooms rented by Hoffa in Nashville's Andrew Jackson Hotel. [This case] concerns no design on the part of a government agent to observe or hear what was happening in the privacy of a home; the suspect chose the location where the transaction took place. The pretense resulted in no breach of privacy; it merely encouraged the suspect to say things which he was willing and anxious to say to anyone who would be interested in purchasing [marijuana]. Partin was in the suite by invitation, and every conversation which he heard was either directed to him or knowingly carried on in his presence. The government, however, had no probable cause to believe that Hoffa's suite was a crime site; its objective was simply to spy on him in the hope that something might turn up.