cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Uniqueness Results for Matrix-Valued Schrodinger, Jacobi, and Dirac-Type Operators

Let g(z,x) denote the diagonal Green's matrix of a self-adjoint m × m matrix-valued Schrodinger operator H = − d 2 dx2 Im + Q(x) in L 2(R)m, m ∈ N. One of the principal results proven in this paper states that for a fixed x0 ∈ R and all z ∈ C+, g(z,x0) and g ' (z,x0) uniquely determine the matrix- valued m × m potential Q(x) for a.e. x ∈ R. We also prove the following local version of this result. Let gj(z,x), j = 1,2 be the diagonal Green's matrices of the self-adjoint Schrodinger operators Hj = − d 2 dx2 Im + Qj(x) in L 2 (R) m . Suppose that for fixed a > 0 and x0 ∈ R, k g1(z,x0) − g2(z,x0)k Cm×m + k g' (z,x0) − g ' (z,x0)k Cm×m = |z|→∞ O e −2Im(z 1/2 )afor z inside a cone along the imaginary axis with vertex zero and opening angle less than �/2, excluding the real axis. Then Q1(x) = Q2(x) for a.e. x ∈ (x0 − a,x0 + a). Analogous results are proved for matrix-valued Jacobi and Dirac-type op- erators. This is a revised and updated version of a previously archived file.
Evaluation of an Accelerated Processing System for Precooked Beef Products

Twelve beef carcasses were used to determine the effects of accelerated processing (hot-boning) on cooking, palatability and storage characteristics of precooked beef products. The conventional (CS) and the accelerated processed (AS) sides were fabricated into rib roast, strip loin, chuck roll, and pizza topping and products were precooked by convection oven, broiling, water bath or in a steam kettle, respectively. Products from the AS sides had lower cooking losses for strip loin steaks and chuck rolls and shorter cooking times for loin steaks and rib roasts than did product from CS sides. Rib roasts and chuck rolls from both processing systems were very acceptable in tenderness, but AS loin steaks were unacceptable in tenderness. Loin steaks and rib roasts from AS had less off-flavor than roasts from CS sides.
Cytological characterization of transgenic soybean

Some of the transgenic soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] plants produced by bombarding embryogenic suspension cultures with DNA-coated particles exhibit morphological aberrations, including stunted plant growth, leathery dark green leaves and partialto-total seed sterility. In general, cultures from two Asgrow soybean lines (A2242, A2872) that were maintained for 8 months or longer produced primary transformants with reduced fertility. Cytological examination (mitotic pro-metaphase to metaphase chromosomes) of cells of suspension cultures, of roots from germinating somatic embryos, and of plants (R0 and R1) derived from A2242, revealed, besides diploidy (2n=40), various chromosomal aberrations such as deletions, duplications, trisomics and tetraploidy. Diploid transgenic plants with a normal karyotype from A2242 generally exhibited good fertility. No chromosomal abnormalities were observed in A2872-derived plants. However, plants regenerated from relatively old cultures of A2872 (more than 1 year in culture) showed a range of phenotypic abnormalities although they all contained 2n=40 chromosomes. These results indicate that soybean genotypes differ in their susceptibility to chromosomal instability induced by tissue culture. Therefore, chromosome analysis of cell cultures and the plants derived from them can help eliminate chromosomally and genetically abnormal material from gene-transfer experiments.
Understanding the “Lived Experience” in Residential Care

This brief perspective offers a phenomenological insight into the complexity of lived experience in residential care with children from the point of view of a staff member. The coming together of the world of a child and the world of a child and youth care worker is seen to involve the holistic engagement and awareness of the worker in the process of attuning to the child.
The asiatic clam (Corbicula fluminea) invasion and system-level ecological change in the Potomac River Estuary near Washington, D.C.

The exotic freshwater clam speciesCorbicula fluminea (Asiatic clam) was first reported in the tidal freshwater Potomac estuary near Washington, D.C., in 1977, and was found in benthic surveys, conducted in 1978, 1982, 1984, 1986, and 1992. In 1981 a tripling of water clarity was reported in the region of the clam beds, followed in 1983 by reapperance of submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV) absent for 50 yr. Submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV) has been surveyed and mapped over the entire Potomac estuary region in almost every year from 1976 to 1993 by aerial photography, as part of the United States Environmental Protection Agency's Chesapeake Bay program. Fish surveys in 1986 found populations increased up to 7× in beds of SAV. Starting in 1984, the Washington, D.C. Christmas Bird Census reported significant increases in several aquatic bird populations both nonmigratory and migratory. An extensive benthic survey in September 1986 estimated a spring-summer population of 8.7×106 kg Asiatic clams (wet weight including shell) in the 5-km region of the Potomac below Washington, D.C. This population was calculated as having the capacity to filter one-third to all of the water in this region of the estuary daily, depending on river flow. The 1986 clam population was smaller than that of 1984 and the 1992 population was 25% of that in 1986. Since 1986, SAV acreage has been decreasing in this area of the Potomac. Aquatic bird populations have declined. Yearly nuisance algae (Microcystis) blooms, which had been absent since 1983, reappeared in 1993. This paper presents evidence to support the theory the invasive Asiatic clam population in the 10 km below Washington, D.C., was responsible for SAV resurgence through filtration affecting turbidity. It suggests the clam populations triggered system-level changes in biota, including increase and decrease in local Potomac estuary populations (SAV, bird, fish, algae) over 10 yr, from 1983 to 1993. Major changes in the Asiatic clam population took place approximately 2 yr before parallel changes in SAV acreage were observed.
Identification of a Cellular Protein That Specifically Interacts with the Essential Cysteine Region of the HIV-1 Tat Transactivator

The Tat protein of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a powerful activator of HIV gene expression. Genetic and biochemical evidence suggests that one or more cellular cofactors may be important for Tat activity. We have used two-hybrid interactive cloning in yeast to identify a partial cDNA clone (clone 10) from a human B-lymphoblastoid library that specifically interacts with the N-terminal 31 amino acids of HIV-1 Tat which contains the essential cysteine-rich portion of the Tat activation domain. The encoded protein also binds to purified Tat in vitro. Mutation of single essential cysteine residues in Tat abolishes interaction between Tat and clone 10, suggesting that interaction with the encoded protein is important for Tat activity. We have identified the full-length cDNA for the Tat binding protein and shown that overexpression of the encoded protein, Tip60 (Tat interactive protein, 60 kDa), results in a fourfold augmentation of Tat transactivation of the HIV-1 promoter in transient expression assays without increasing the basal activity of the HIV promoter or activating the heterologous RSV promoter. These data together with the genetic and in vitro binding data support the notion that Tip60 might be a cofactor of Tat involved in the regulation of HIV gene expression.
The cellular mechanisms of circadian clocks

Abstract The neuroscientist, if not studying directly circadian rhythms in the nervous system, should at least be aware of the possible affects they may be having on his/her experimental model. In this article, Jon Jacklet moves from an introduction to the origins and bases of circadian rhythms to a consideration of what it is inside the cell which provides the endogenous clockwork — does it involve protein synthesis mechanisms, controlled membrane gating activity, or sequential transcription from DNA, or a combination of each of these? The conclusion reached tends towards the final alternative, although this may not be the ‘universally' accepted answer.
Master techniques in orthopaedic surgery: The elbow. Second edition

Abstract Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic and Related surgery, Vol 19, No 4 (April), 2003: pp 446–450
Quantum assembly semantics: The fallacious lingo of occupation numbers

The usual heuristic description of quantum mechanical assemblies features so-called “occupation numbers” interpreted quite literally. This essay critically compares that point of view with a more rigorous understanding of composite systems based upon a principal lesson of Einstein's paradox and Bell's inequality, viz., that it is fallacious to regard a subsystem as possessing or “occupying” any state whatever.
The Relationship of [3H]GA9 Metabolism to Photoperiod-induced Flowering in Pisum sativum L.

Summary The late flowering line of pea designated G is an obligate long day plant with respect to flowering. [3H]GA9 metabolism by leaves of G was studied. In short days (SD), [3H]GA9 was converted to a series of polar compounds. The synthesis of these polar compounds was blocked by 1 long day (LD). One LD also induced flowering. Reproductive G plants which reverted to the vegetative state regained the ability to synthesize polar gibberellins from [3H]GA9. These observations support the hypothesis that flowering in Pisum is inhibited by a polar gibberellin produced in SD. LD prevent the synthesis of polar gibberellins, permitting flowering to take place.
Neurohumoral Coding of Brain Function

I: Molecular Correlates of Brain Function.- The Role of ?-Aminobutyric Acid Metabolism in the Regulation of Cerebral Excitability.- Biochemical Neuranatomy of the Basal Ganglia.- Cyclic AMP and the Inhibition of Cerebellar Purkinje Cells by Noradrenergic Synapses.- Evidence for Cholinergic Transmission in the Cerebral Cortex.- II: Neurohumoral Mechanisms in Basic Physiologic Functions.- Coding of Metabolic Information by Hepatic Glucoreceptors.- Neurochemical Mechanisms of Temperature Regulation and Food Ingestion.- Functional Changes of Synapses.- The Chemical Coding of Aggression in Brain.- Regulation of Hippocampal Information Processing by K+ Release and (K+)o Accumulation: Possible Role in Learning.- III. Neurohumoral Mechanisms in Behavioral Regulation.- to Session III.- Modulatory Effects of Acetylcholine and Catecholamines in the Caudate Nucleus during Motor Conditioning.- The Effects of Drugs and Electrical Stimulation of the Brain on Memory Storage Processes.- Neurohumoral Coding of Sleep by the Physiological Sleep Factor Delta.- The Possible Nature of Sleep Inducing Brain Perfusates: Their Relationship to Seizure Inhibition.- 5-Hydroxyindoleacetic Acid in Cerebrospinal Fluid during Wakefulness, Sleep, and After Electrical Stimulation of Specific Brain Structures.- Modulation of Subcortical Inhibitory Mechanisms by Melatonin.- Interaction of Amine Systems in the Central Nervous System in the Regulation of the States of Vigilance.- IV: Neurohumoral Factors and Mental Disorders.- Comparative Biochemical and Behavioral Studies of Chronic Schizophrenic Patients and Normals.- Phenylethylamine: Possible Role in Depression and Anti-depressive Drug Action.- Neurochemical, Neuroendocrine and Biorhythmic Aspects of Sleep in Man: Relationship to Clinical Pathological Disorders.- The Chemical Coding via the Cholinergic System: Its Organization and Behavioral Implications.- A Model of the Vertebrate Nervous System Based Largely on Disinhibition: A Key Role of the GABA System.- List of Contributors.- Author Index.
Relationship of Swelling and Swelling Pressure on Silica−Water Interactions in Montmorillonite

In this work, we have used the previously designed controlled uniaxial swelling (CUS) cell to obtain predetermined extents of swelling in montmorillonite. Using the CUS cell, a simultaneous measurement of swelling pressure is done with controlled swelling. Undisturbed clay samples at well-defined swelling (0%−75%) were removed from the CUS cell and analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. In addition, orientation-dependent microattenuated total reflectance (micro-ATR) spectroscopic investigations are also conducted on the controlled swelled samples. Significant changes in the silicate (Si−O) stretching region (1150−950 cm-1) have been observed with changes in swelling and orientation. The band at 1005 cm-1 (attributed in the literature to arising from Si−O vibrations when montmorillonite platelets are normal to incident radiation) is most pronounced for the 0%-swelled sample and diminishes with swelling. The band associated with perpendicular vi...
Keratin particle-induced osteolysis: a mouse model of inflammatory bone remodeling related to cholesteatoma.

Once established, entrapped keratin accumulates within the cholesteatoma. The enlarging cholesteaWe implanted keratin and poly(methyl methacrylate) toma often becomes chronically infected and has a (PMMA) particles to the surface of mouse calvariae to propensity to erode surrounding bone leading to hearproduce a quantitative, localized, inflammatory bone ing loss, vestibular damage, and even intracranial remodeling similar to that seen in cholesteatoma. Both invasion. types of particles resulted in increased osteoclast den- The study of human cholesteatoma, its developsity compared with controls. Osteoclasts infiltrated ment and pathophysiology, has been advanced by a from marrow and vascular spaces and were active at number of animal models of the disease. Except for the periphery of these spaces leading to significant the human, the only animals known to develop cholesbone remodeling, as demonstrated by the incorpora- teatomas spontaneously are the Mongolia gerbil, Merition of bone-labelling fluorophores. Osteoclasts were ones unguiculatus (Chole et al. 1981) and the fat sand rarely found on the surface of the calvariae, and min- rat, Psommamys obesus (Feinmesser et al. 1988). The eral apposition rate at the ventral surface was not Mongolian gerbil develops aural cholesteatomas with altered in keratin-implanted animals compared with age but they can be accelerated by the ligation of the nonoperated controls. While not useful for the study external auditory canal (McGinn et al. 1982). Furtherof the root cause of cholesteatoma, this model will more, blockage of the eustachian tube in gerbils lead allow the study of pathologic bone remodeling related to retraction of the pars flaccida in a manner identical to cholesteatoma in a genetically defined animal. to human primary acquired cholesteatomas (Wolfman
Autoignition of Hydrogen and Air Inside a Continuous Flow Reactor With Application to Lean Premixed Combustion

With the need to reduce carbon emissions such as CO 2 , hydrogen is being examined as potential "clean " fuel for the future. One potential strategy is lean premixed combustion, where the fuel and air are allowed to mix upstream before entering the combustor, which has been proven to curb NO x formation in natural gas fired engines. However, premixing hydrogen and air may increase the risk of autoignition before the combustor, resulting in serious engine damage. A flow reactor was set up to test the ignition delay time of hydrogen and air at temperatures relevant to gas turbine engine operations to determine maximum possible mixing times. The results were then compared to past experimental work and current computer simulations. The current study observed that ignition is very sensitive to the initial conditions. The ignition delay times follow the same general trend as seen in previous flow reactor studies: ignition within hundreds of milliseconds and relatively low activation energy. An experimentally derived correlation by Peschke and Spadaccini (1985, "Determination of Autoignition and Flame Speed Characteristics of Coal Gases Having Medium Heating Values," Research Project No. 2357-1, Report No. AP-4291) appears to best predict the observed ignition delay times. Homogenous gas phase kinetics simulations do not appear to describe ignition well in these intermediate temperatures. Therefore, at the moment, only the current empirical correlations should be used in predicting ignition delay at engine conditions for use in the design of gas turbine premixers. Additionally, fairly large safety factors should still be considered for any design to reduce any chance of autoignition within the premixer.
Correlation between screening and electron effective mass across the nonmetal-metal transition in ultrathin films.

Angle-resolved photoemission and resonant photoemission have been used to determine the relative changes of the electron effective mass and the screening parameter across the nonmetal to metal transition in the magnesium thin films on Mo(112). Both the screening length and the electron effective mass exhibit a gradual change with Mg coverage in the transition range between half and one monolayer. The relationship of these two different measures of metallicity is in surprisingly good agreement with the relationship predicted by theory for the Mott-Hubbard transition. Our results indicate the importance of electron-electron correlation within the overlayer.
Soil fungal distribution and functionality as affected by grazing and vegetation components of integrated crop–livestock agroecosystems

Abstract Integrated crop and livestock (ICL) agroecosystems are characterized by a mixture of perennial or annual vegetation grazed by livestock and annual harvested crops. Compared to annual crops, ICLs hold the potential to enhance soil organic matter (OM) inputs, carbon sequestration, nutrient cycling, and water conservation. Soil fungi play an essential role in the transformation of OM and nutrients and soil structure stabilization; however their specific role in OM transformations in ICL agroecosystems has not been studied. This study evaluated mycorrhizal and saprophytic fungal populations (via fatty acid methyl ester profiles; FAME) and saprophytic fungal functionality (via FungiLog analysis) under two ICL agroecosystems and a continuous cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) system in the Southern High Plains of the U.S. The first ICL system included non-irrigated perennial native grasses, an annual cotton and foxtail millet (Setaria italica) rotation and deficit-irrigated ‘WW-B. Dahl’ old world bluestem (Bothriochloa bladhii; OWB). The second ICL agroecosystem consisted of deficit-irrigated OWB and bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon). The effect of grazing by cattle was evaluated via grazing exclusion areas. Abundance of saprophytic fungal FAMEs (10–26% of total FAMEs) and mycorrhizal FAMEs (2–24% of total FAMEs) were higher under ICLs compared to the continuous-cotton system at 0–5 cm. Overall, vegetation impacted the distribution of the fungal FAME markers, whereas the fungal saprophytic functionality was more sensitive to grazing. Perennial vegetation of ICLs was associated with an increase in fungal markers (saprophytic and mycorrhizal) as well as increased soil OM content. Greater utilization of multiple C sources and increased saprophytic fungal functional indices were found under cotton, non-grazed perennial vegetation (with exception of bermudagrass) and the rotation under millet. Among the grazed perennial vegetation, bermudagrass showed the highest fungal FAMEs abundance and functional diversity values. These fungal improvements were also reflected in the highest OM content under this grass, potentially indicating improved sustainability under the OWB and bermudagrass agroecosystem.
Postraumatic innominate artery pseudoaneurysm.

i l a w a e o a p w 35-year-old man was the unrestrained driver in a ront-impact high-mechanism motor vehicle collision. valuation of the patient disclosed C1–2 lateral mass ractures, a LeFort III fracture, a mandibular coracoid rocess fracture, a left clavicle fracture, seven left-sided ib fractures, a grade I splenic injury, a grade IV liver aceration, and a left acetabular dislocation. Angiograhy, performed to evaluate a mediastinal hematoma (A), howed a 1-cm pseudoaneurysm of the innominate arery origin (B, solid arrow) and occlusion of the thyroervical trunk (B, dashed arrow).
Synchronous GH- and prolactin-secreting pituitary adenomas

Pituitary adenomas are usually solitary lesions. Rarely, patients may present with two distinct pituitary tumors. We report a case of synchronous secretory pituitary adenomas in a woman who initially presented with elevated prolactin levels. She was initially treated with cabergoline, but, after many years, she began developing symptoms consistent with acromegaly. Imaging revealed two distinct tumors within the pituitary gland. Endocrinological investigation confirmed acromegaly. At the time of surgery, two separate tumors were identified and resected. Pathological analysis demonstrated one tumor as a prolactinoma, and the other tumor as a GH-secreting adenoma. Postoperatively, her GH and IGF1 levels normalized, while the prolactin level remained slightly above normal. This case highlights that GH and prolactin level elevation is not always from co-secretion by the same adenoma. Learning points Synchronous pituitary adenomas represent <0.5% of pituitary tumors requiring surgery. In the setting of elevated GH and prolactin levels, one cannot assume that they are co-secreted by the same adenoma. A careful study of hormonal workup and pre-operative imaging is necessary for synchronous pituitary adenomas to assure resection of both tumors.
Rehabilitation of the shoulder after rotator-cuff repair

Normal shoulder function requires a balanced relationship between glenohumeral mobility and glenohumeral stability. Restoration of shoulder function following an injury or surgery requires an appropriately outlined physical therapy program directed by the treating physician. Rehabilitation of the shoulder following a rotator cuff repair is variable and is dependent not only on the qualityof the repair, but also on the tear size and extent of medial retraction. The first phase of therapy focuses on pain control, restoration of motion within specific guidelines while preserving the integrity of the repair. When tendon healing is complete, active motion exercises are instituted. Strengthening exercises are added during the third phase of therapy, and functional strengthening is instituted prior to a return to full activity. It is important that the operating physician is intimately involved with creating the rehabilitation protocol of each patient and that there is an open line of communication between the physician, patient, and therapist.
Dual roles for Prox1 in the regulation of the chicken betaB1-crystallin promoter.

PURPOSE Lens fiber cell differentiation is marked by the onset of betaB1-crystallin expression and is controlled by the cooperative action of a set of transcription factors including Prox1, an atypical homeodomain protein. Previously, the authors reported that Prox1 directly interacts with the OL2 element found in the chicken betaB1-crystallin basal promoter to activate the expression of this gene. Here they mapped the location of activating and repressing sequences of the full-length chicken betaB1-crystallin promoter (-432/+30) in lens epithelial cells, annular pad cells, and intact lens and characterized Prox1-binding sites found in this region. METHODS Transfection analysis and transgenic mice were used to characterize upstream regions of the chicken betaB1-crystallin gene. DNaseI footprinting and chromatin immunoprecipitation was performed to identify Prox1-binding sites, and transfection analyses were used to characterize these sites functionally. RESULTS Sequences between -152 and -432 of the chicken betaB1-crystallin promoter mediated either promoter activation or repression, depending on the stage of lens differentiation tested. Two new Prox1-binding sites were found in this region that bound Prox1 more avidly than the OL2 element. However, neither binding site conferred Prox1-mediated activation on a heterologous promoter; instead, each allowed Prox1 to repress promoter function. CONCLUSIONS The function of the upstream region of the chicken betaB1-crystallin promoter changes depending on cellular context. These data suggest that Prox1 function as a transcriptional activator could be regulated at the DNA level based on the characteristics of the responsive elements.
PRESSURE-COMPOSITION RELATIONSHIPS OF THE GAS IN THE MARINE BROWN ALGA, NEREOCYSTIS LUETKEANA

Analysis of the gas contained in the cavities of plants has attracted the attention of many investigators. Such analyses have usually been in relation to photosynthetic and respiratory exchanges, and therefore have considered only oxygen and carbon dioxide, residual gas being termed "nitrogen. ' ' The presence of 1 to 12 per cent, of carbon monoxide was reported in the marine brown alga Nereocystis luetkeana by Langdon (5) and confirmed by Langdon and Gailey (6). This seems to be the first and only recorded instance of carbon monoxide being produced by a plant, which therefore merits further study, to which this paper is a contribution. It is of interest to note that the presence of carbon monoxide was claimed in the blood of mammals, including man, in 1898 by Saint-Martin (20) and by Desgrez and Nicloux (1), and in a series of papers by Nicloux (11, 12, 13, 14, 15) who considered the carbon monoxide to be a normal product of metabolism. Several investigators have reported its presence in small quantities in human blood, including McIntosh (10), Rathery et al. (16, 17), Gettler and Mattice (4), Loeper et al. (7, 8, 9), Roffo (19) and Schmidt (21). Nereocystis luetkeana has been described by Langdon but its main characteristics may be recapitulated. It is an annual found only in the sublittoral zone along the west coast of North America. The plant consists of a branched holdfast adhering to the rocks, a long, slender stipe extending from the holdfast to the water surface, and long, ribbon-like fronds attached to the free end of the stipe. The cylindrical stipe is the portion of particular interest. Its growth is very rapid (Sheldon) which results in the attainment of an extreme length of 20 to 25 meters in a single season. Its circumference gradually increases with distance from the holdfast, the stipe terminating in a bulb-shaped end 5 to 10 cm. in diameter. With this increase in circumference a longitudinal cavity develops in the center, leaving a surrounding wall 0.5 to 1.5 cm. in thickness. This hollow portion, or pneumatocyst, is buoyed up by the gas within it. The pressure and composition of this gas are the subject of the present study. Frye (3) found in the examination of a thousand specimens that the average pressure of the gas in the pneumatocyst was 77 mm. of mercury less than atmospheric pressure, the pressure ranging from 316 mm. less to 124 mm. greater. He showed that the pressure in a specimen was highest at 3-4 p.m. and lowest at 7 a.m., averaging 16 mm. difference.
Ethical Challenges in the Care of Infants With Intestinal Failure and Lifelong Total Parenteral Nutrition

Families, pediatric surgeons, and other care givers face difficult ethical challenges as they balance the benefits and burdens of total parenteral nutrition (TPN) and bowel transplantation in the face of uncertainty and the inability to predict which infants with intestinal failure are likely to have good outcomes. This article presents an analysis of 3 TPN cases using a comparison with dialysis and kidney transplantation, an older and more established technology for which ethical guidelines are proposed in the literature. The authors conclude that pediatric surgeons should recommend TPN in cases in which it is expected to be a temporary measure until bowel function is restored. TPN should not be recommended when other comorbidities make survival unlikely or when the infant is neurologically devastated. In the case of lifelong TPN in which bowel transplantation is only an option when TPN fails, pediatric surgeons should defer to parents in their choice about the use of lifelong TPN.
The use of the photographic densitometer in radiography

The examination of radiographic negatives with a photographic densitometer has shown that it is possible to determine the size of a discontinuityin the material with considerable precision from the densitometer readings. A densitometer of the thermoelectric type was used and it is shown theoretically that the galvanometer deflections are connected by a definite relation which is independent of total thickness of the material. The minimum variation in thickness which can be detected by this method has been determined for some of the common metals.
Misprision of Precedent: Design as Creative Misreading

Abstract Literary critic Harold Bloom's concept of misprision, although difficult to translate into architectural terms, offers valuable insights into one way that architects critically engage with other designers' works through a process of creative misreading. Bloom stakes out a theory that governs both criticism and production. Misprision offers critics and historians another tool with which to explain the influence of one architect on another. The concept's pedagogical value includes a broadened understanding of the roles that precedent studies play in the design studio.
MONOPOLY POWER AND DOWNWARD PRICE RIGIDITY UNDER COSTLY PRICE ADJUSTMENT

A method of ‘backward deduction’ is used to analyse the decisions of a firm, setting price and quantity before demand observations are made, with the option to adjust price at a cost after demand is observed. It is shown for such a firm that the events of (1) downward price rigidity; (2) overproduction; and (3) a high degree of monopoly power are closely related. The paper distinguishes itself from the previous literature on costly price adjustment in its treatment of disequilibrium situations and focus on monopoly power in relation to price rigidity. The main results are obtained for a linear demand curve and a uniform demand distribution.
Maternal Coping Style and Perceived Adequacy of Income Predict CRH Levels at 14–20 Weeks of Gestation

Objective This exploratory study examines the role of psychosocial-behavioral variables as predictors of elevated corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) at 14-20 weeks of gestation. Method One hundred and twenty women were enrolled into the study. Blood samples were collected at 14-20 weeks of pregnancy and assayed for CRH. Participants completed questionnaires that included the Perceived Stress Scale, the Center for Epidemiologic Studies (CES) Depression Scale, the Pregnancy-Specific Anxiety (PAS) Scale, the Norbeck Social Support Questionnaire, the Life Orientation Test, the Brief COPE scale, and questions regarding violence/abuse, and work, sleep, and nutritional patterns. Results Pregnant women with high CRH levels (15 pcg/ml and above) perceived their income to be inadequate, slept more hours at night, stood more hours during the day, and used the coping styles of disengagement or religion but not humor. Logistic regression identified three predictors for high CRH (accounting for 42.2% of the variance): perceived inadequacy of income and the use of ''religion'' and ''disengagement'' to cope with stress. Conclusions These results are the first known to identify coping style and perceived income inadequacy as predictors of high CRH. Women with perceived inadequacy of income had almost three times the odds for high CRH. Women who used religion or disengagement to cope with stress had 14 times and 7 times the odds for high CRH levels, respectively. Higher CRH levels are associated with preterm birth (PTB). Thus, it may be important to include maternal coping style and perceptions of income inadequacy in future investigations of CRH levels and PTB.
Specialized proresolving mediator targets for RvE1 and RvD1 in peripheral blood and mechanisms of resolution

Inflammation when unchecked is associated with many prevalent disorders such as the classic inflammatory diseases arthritis and periodontal disease, as well as the more recent additions that include diabetes and cardiovascular maladies. Hence mechanisms to curtail the inflammatory response and promote catabasis are of immense interest. In recent years, evidence has prompted a paradigm shift whereby the resolution of acute inflammation is a biochemically active process regulated in part by endogenous PUFA (polyunsaturated fatty acid)-derived autacoids. Among these are a novel genus of SPMs (specialized proresolving mediators) that comprise novel families of mediators including lipoxins, resolvins, protectins and maresins. SPMs have distinct structures and act via specific G-protein seven transmembrane receptors that signal intracellular events on selective cellular targets activating proresolving programmes while countering pro-inflammatory signals. An appreciation of these endogenous pathways and mediators that control timely resolution opened a new terrain for therapeutic approaches targeted at stimulating resolution of local inflammation. In the present review, we provide an overview of the biosynthesis and actions of resolvin E1, underscoring its protective role in vascular systems and regulating platelet responses. We also give an overview of newly described resolution circuitry whereby resolvins govern miRNAs (microRNAs), and transcription factors that counter-regulate pro-inflammatory chemokines, cytokines and lipid mediators.
Free Energy Perturbation and Molecular Dynamics Studies of [16]Starand with Various Alkali Metal Ions

Strong affinity and high selectivity are desirable characteristics of hosts in host−guest chemistry. Because starands exhibit high rigidity and sphericity, one would expect them to have interesting...
THE EVOLUTION OF BET-HEDGING ADAPTATIONS TO RARE SCENARIOS

When faced with a variable environment, organisms may switch between different strategies according to some probabilistic rule. In an infinite population, evolution is expected to favor the rule that maximizes geometric mean fitness. If some environments are encountered only rarely, selection may not be strong enough for optimal switching probabilities to evolve. Here we calculate the evolution of switching probabilities in a finite population by analyzing fixation probabilities of alleles specifying switching rules. We calculate the conditions required for the evolution of phenotypic switching as a form of bet-hedging as a function of the population size N, the rate theta at which a rare environment is encountered, and the selective advantage s associated with switching in the rare environment. We consider a simplified model in which environmental switching and phenotypic switching are one-way processes, and mutation is symmetric and rare with respect to the timescale of fixation events. In this case, the approximate requirements for bet-hedging to be favored by a ratio of at least R are that sN>log(R) and thetaN>square root R .
The response of the early chick embryo heart to anoxia

Isolated 3- and 5-day chick embryo hearts contain sufficient endogenous substrates to maintain their pulsatile activity for several hours under aerobic conditions, and even after five hours in substrate-free medium the rates are 40 to 50% of the original rates. Carbohydrate appears to be an important component of the endogenous substrates since 1 mM 2-deoxyglucose causes rapid failure of rate, and glycolysis appears to be a major energy pathway since the rate is depressed only about 50% by 2-hour's exposure to 10 mM fluoroacetate. In nitrogen the hearts rapidly become asystolic in the absence of added substrate. Recovery of the rate occurs if oxygen is reintroduced within one hour, but longer periods of anoxia result in progressively less recovery, especially with the 3-day hearts which appear to be particularly susceptible to irreversible damage. With 5.55 mM glucose as substrate there is little decrease in the original aerobic heart rate during five hours, and the hearts can tolerate total anoxia for five hours with rates only slightly less than the aerobic rates. The hypothesis of a preferential pentose phosphate pathway of glucose catabolism in the very young chick embryo heart is discussed, but no direct evidence in support of its existence is revealed in this study.
Light and electron microscopic evidence for a direct corticospinal projection to superficial laminae of the dorsal horn in cats and monkeys.

The anterograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and wheat germ agglutin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) was employed in cats and monkeys to investigate, at both the light and electron microscopical levels, the contribution of the corticospinal tract (CST) to the superficial laminae of the dorsal horn. At the light microscopic level, this approach not only confirmed the previously documented pattern of CST termination, but also revealed a sparse projection to laminae VIII and IX of the cat and a prominent projection to the most superficial parts of the brachial dorsal horn, i.e., laminae I and II. Discrete injections involving particular cytoarchitectonic areas (4, 3a, 3b, and 1-2) of monkeys showed that the superficial laminae receive their corticofugal inputs primarily from areas 3b, 1, and 2. Electron microscopic observations were made on CST fibers and boutons which were labelled, after histochemical processing, with the reaction product of anterogradely transported WGA-HRP. The labelled fibers in the superficial laminae were small (+/- 0.5 micron), and boutons established mainly axodendritic contacts, contained mostly clear, spherical, or pleomorphic vesicles, but sometimes also displayed dense core vesicles. These boutons were primarily in lamina I and outer lamina II, but not in inner lamina II. The possible role of a direct monosynaptic pathway from the cerebral cortex to the superficial laminae of the dorsal horn is discussed in relation to the previous reports that laminae I and II play a significant role in nociception.
Laser Isotope Enrichment for Medical and Industrial Applications

Laser Isotope Enrichment for Medical and Industrial Applications by Jeff Eerkens (University of Missouri), Jay Kunze (Idaho State University), and Leonard Bond (Idaho National Laboratory) The principal isotope enrichment business in the world is the enrichment of uranium for commercial power reactor fuels. However, there are a number of other needs for separated isotopes. Some examples are: 1) Pure isotopic targets for irradiation to produce medical radioisotopes. 2) Pure isotopes for semiconductors. 3) Low neutron capture isotopes for various uses in nuclear reactors. 4) Isotopes for industrial tracer/identification applications. Examples of interest to medicine are targets to produce radio-isotopes such as S-33, Mo-98, Mo-100, W-186, Sn-112; while for MRI diagnostics, the non-radioactive Xe-129 isotope is wanted. For super-semiconductor applications some desired industrial isotopes are Si-28, Ga-69, Ge-74, Se-80, Te-128, etc. An example of a low cross section isotope for use in reactors is Zn-68 as a corrosion inhibitor material in nuclear reactor primary systems. Neutron activation of Ar isotopes is of interest in industrial tracer and diagnostic applications (e.g. oil-logging). . In the past few years there has been a sufficient supply of isotopes in common demand, because of huge Russian stockpiles produced with old electromagnetic and centrifuge separators previouslymore » used for uranium enrichment. Production of specialized isotopes in the USA has been largely accomplished using old ”calutrons” (electromagnetic separators) at Oak Ridge National Laboratory. These methods of separating isotopes are rather energy inefficient. Use of lasers for isotope separation has been considered for many decades. None of the proposed methods have attained sufficient proof of principal status to be economically attractive to pursue commercially. Some of the authors have succeeded in separating sulfur isotopes using a rather new and different method, known as condensation repression. In this scheme a gas, of the selected isotopes for enrichment, is irradiated with a laser at a particular wavelength that would excite only one of the isotopes. The entire gas is subject to low temperatures sufficient to cause condensation on a cold surface. Those molecules in the gas that the laser excited are not as likely to condense as are the unexcited molecules. Hence the gas drawn out of the system will be enriched in the isotope that was excited by the laser. We have evaluated the relative energy required in this process if applied on a commercial scale. We estimate the energy required for laser isotope enrichment is about 20% of that required in centrifuge separations, and 2% of that required by use of "calutrons".« less
Effect of hypothalamic lesions on erythropoietin production in weanling and adult rats.

Es wurde die Wirkung von kunstlichen, bilateralen, elektrolytisch gesetzten Lasionen in verschiedenen Bezirken des Hypothalamus auf die Bildung von Erythropoietin untersucht: Jugendliche (entwohnte) Ratten reagieren nicht gleich wie erwachsene Ratten, und die verschiedenen Kerne des Hypothalamus beeinflussen die Erythropoietin-Bildung verschieden.
Effect of age on brain cortical protein kinase C and its mediation of 5-hydroxytryptamine release.

: The effects of age on the activity and translocation of protein kinase C (PKC) and on the facilitation of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT, serotonin) release induced by PKC activation with the phorbol ester phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate were investigated. The activities of cortical PKC and its translocation in response to K+ depolarization and phorbol ester stimulation were reduced during aging in Fischer-344 rats. Parietal cortical brain slices from 6-, 12-, and 24-month-old animals were preloaded with [3H]5-HT and release was evoked by 65 mM K+ or the calcium ionophore A23187. 5-HT release induced by either K+ or A23187 was found to be reduced in 12- and 24-month-old as compared to 6-month-old animals. This decrease was not reversed by high extracellular Ca2+. Activation of PKC resulted in a facilitated transmitter release in tissue from 6- and 12-month-old animals but reduced [3H]5-HT release in slices from 24-month-old animals. These responses were prevented by the putative PKC inhibitor 1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine (H-7), but not by increasing extracellular or intracellular Ca2+. The results demonstrate an age-related change (1) in brain PKC activity and translocation and (2) in a physiological response to PKC stimulation. These results may have implications for other PKC-mediated functions that are altered during senescence.
Quality of care assessment of public and private outpatient clinics in Metro Cebu, the Philippines

Despite large investments in primary health care in developing countries, evaluation of the quality of services has been neglected. Managers need information on service quality to identify specific ways to improve health-care delivery, and to determine how health programs can achieve their desired effects. We tested several quality-assessment methods in 48 public and private outpatient clinics in Metro Cebu, The Philippines. Structured observations of immunization sessions and clinic logistics highlighted functional problems at particular clinics that contributed to shortages of vaccines, sterilized needles and oral rehydration salts (ORS). Quality assessment of medical records for the treatment of diarrhea revealed a wide variation in the recorded quality of services. Clinical case histories were presented to public and private providers, who advised different approaches for case management, highlighting areas where improvement is needed. For example, public providers were more likely to use ORS to treat dehydration; private providers were more likely to enquire about symptoms of dysentery. Private providers were more likely to treat a mild respiratory infection with antibiotics, but few providers were likely to prescribe antibiotics for a child with signs suggestive of severe pneumonia. Advice to mothers was insufficient in most areas. These quality-assessment methods can be used by managers to develop training curricula and solve problems in the delivery of primary health-care services.
Non-activated metal cluster growth during nozzle jet expansion

Abstract Based on the classical liquid-drop nucleation theory for small clusters, we show quantitatively the existence of a boundary which separates the nucleation and growth and non-activated (physical spinodal) cluster growth regions for supersaturated vapors. We found that for the expansion geometry such as the one used by Yamada and Takagi in their nozzle jet experiments for producing metal clusters, the non-activated growth process may play an important, if not predominant, role in the growth of clusters.
Why simulate cities

This paper consists of three parts. After an introduction that stresses the historical progression of modeling methods, the motivation for urban modeling and simulation is explored, and the terms defined. Next, a meta-review of the literature is conducted, partially in an attempt to show that urban models resemble, and indeed share many overlapping issues with models in parallel fields such as economics and ecology. Lastly, the specific lessons learned from the author’s fifteen-year experience developing and supporting a cellular urban growth and land use change model (SLEUTH) are shared, in the interest of making these issues generic to current and future modeling and simulation efforts. The conclusion stresses that future models face new computing power, new theoretical paradigms, vastly improved ways of visualizing simulations, and a rapidly changing audience for modeling and simulation.
A comparison of trading and non-trading mechanisms for price discovery

Abstract This paper compares trading and non-trading mechanisms for price discovery during the Nasdaq pre-open and examines whether prices discovered though non-trading mechanisms are less efficient or reveal less information than prices discovered through trading. As Nasdaq pre-open trading volume increased, the opening price became more efficient and price discovery shifted from the opening trade to the pre-open. Price discovery shifted from the trading day to the pre-open only for the highest-volume stocks. These results suggest that pre-open trading contributes to the efficiency of the opening price, but that a critical threshold of trading volume is required to increase the amount of information in the opening price.
Serum response factor mediates AP-1-dependent induction of the skeletal alpha-actin promoter in ventricular myocytes.

Abstract “Fetal” gene transcription, including activation of the skeletal α-actin (SkA) promoter, is provoked in cardiac myocytes by mechanical stress and trophic ligands. Induction of the promoter by transforming growth factor β or norepinephrine requires serum response factor (SRF) and TEF-1; expression is inhibited by YY1. We and others postulated that immediate-early transcription factors might couple trophic signals to this fetal program. However, multiple Fos/Jun proteins exist, and the exact relationship between control by Fos/Jun versus SRF, TEF-1, and YY1 is unexplained. We therefore co-transfected ventricular myocytes with Fos, Jun, or JunB, and SkA reporter genes. SkA transcription was augmented by Jun, Fos/Jun, Fos/JunB, and Jun/JunB; Fos and JunB alone were neutral or inhibitory. Mutation of the SRF site, SRE1, impaired activation by Jun; YY1, TEF-1, and Sp1 sites were dispensable. SRE1 conferred Jun activation to a heterologous promoter, as did the c-fos SRE. Deletions of DNA binding, dimerization, or trans-activation domains of Jun and SRF abolished activation by Jun and synergy with SRF. Neither direct binding of Fos/Jun to SREs, nor physical interaction between Fos/Jun and SRF, was detected in mobility-shift assays. Thus, AP-1 factors activate a hypertrophy-associated gene via SRF, without detectable binding to the promoter or to SRF.