cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Extracellular acidification alters lysosomal trafficking in human breast cancer cells.

Cancer cells invade by secreting degradative enzymes, which are sequestered in lysosomal vesicles. In this study, the impact of an acidic extracellular environment on lysosome size, number, and distance from the nucleus in human mammary epithelial cells (HMECs) and breast cancer cells of different degrees of malignancy was characterized because the physiological microenvironment of tumors is frequently characterized by extracellular acidity. An acidic extracellular pH (pHe) resulted in a distinct shift of lysosomes from the perinuclear region to the cell periphery irrespective of the HMECs' degree of malignancy. With decreasing pH, larger lysosomal vesicles were observed more frequently in highly metastatic breast cancer cells, whereas smaller lysosomes were observed in poorly metastatic breast cancer cells and HMECs. The number of lysosomes decreased with acidic pH values. The displacement of lysosomes to the cell periphery driven by extracellular acidosis may facilitate exocytosis of these lysosomes and increase secretion of degradative enzymes. Filopodia formations, which were observed more frequently in highly metastatic breast cancer cells maintained at acidic pHe, may also contribute to invasion.
A marginal likelihood model for family-based data.

Summary This paper presents a marginal likelihood model for family-based data based upon the transmission of marker alleles from each heterozygous parent to his/her affected children. The proposed model, extending the maximum-likelihood-binomial (MLB) method and the disequilibrium maximum-likelihood-binomial (DMLB) method (Abel et al. 1998; Abel & Muller-Myhsok, 1998; Huang & Jiang, 1999), is adaptive to linkage disequilibrium (LD) and linkage heterogeneity. Compared with other procedures, the likelihood ratio test (LRT) derived from the proposed model enjoys superior qualities. First, simulations indicate that the power of the LRT is greater than that of the TDT or DMLB in all of our studied scenarios. Second, when we applied the LRT and other tests to a Tourette Syndrome data, the result was data favorable to the use of the LRT. Therefore, we recommend the use of the LRT as an additional linkage test wherever applicable, especially when the amount of LD is uncertain.
The surface phases of the La0.65Pb0.35MnO3 manganese perovskite surface

Abstract We have studied the surface composition and structure of colossal magneto-resistive perovskite thin films of La0.65Pb0.35MnO3. Depending on the annealing treatments, the thin film surface exhibits wildly different behavior and composition. With a gentle annealing procedure, the surface is dominated by appreciable Pb segregation, whereas a heavily annealed surface undergoes an irreversible restructuring into a Ruddlesden–Popper phase (La1−xPbx)2MnO4. The measured effective Debye temperatures of the two surfaces shows that the Pb-rich La0.65Pb0.35MnO3 surface region is softer than the surface of the Ruddlesden–Popper phase.
Real-Time Display Of 3-D Computed Holograms By Scanning The Image Of An Acousto-Optic Modulator

The invention of holography has sparked hopes for a three-dimensional electronic imaging systems analogous to television. Unfortunately, the extraordinary spatial detail of ordinary holographic recordings requires unattainable bandwidth and display resolution for three-dimensional moving imagery, effectively preventing their commercial development. However, the essential bandwidth of holographic images can be reduced enough to permit their transmission through fiber optic or coaxial cable, and the required resolution or space-bandwidth product of the display can be obtained by raster scanning the image of a commercially available acousto-optic modulator. No film recording or other photographic intermediate step is necessary as the projected modulator image is viewed directly. The design and construction of a working demonstration of the principles involved is also presented along with a discussion of engineering considerations in the system design. Finally, the theoretical and practical limitations of the system are addressed in the context of extending the system to real-time transmission of moving holograms synthesized from views of real and computer-generated three-dimensional scenes.
Calcitriol synthesis is decreased in spontaneously hypertensive rats

Calcitriol synthesis is decreased in spontaneously hypertensive rats. To investigate the mechanisms of abnormal calcium metabolism, such as hypocalcemia, decreased intestinal calcium absorption and hypercalciuria in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), we have measured the plasma concentration of calcitriol and its synthesis in 5-, 8-, 12-, 16-, and 20-week-old normotensive Wistar Kyoto rats (WKY) and SHR. Metabolic clearance rate (MCR) and production rate (PR) of calcitriol were measured by the constant isotope infusion method. Plasma concentration of calcitriol and PR of calcitriol were decreased in SHR after 12 weeks of age. MCR of calcitriol, however, was not different between WKY and SHR in any age group. Therefore, the decreased synthesis of calcitriol accounts for the lower plasma level of calcitriol in SHR afer 12 weeks of age. Metabolic acidosis or decreased renal function could not account for the decreased synthesis of calcitriol, since the blood pH and pCO 2 and creatinine clearance were similar between WKY and SHR at times when the calcitriol synthesis was reduced in SHR. Plasma concentration of ionized calcium was also lower in SHR after 12 weeks of age. Plasma concentration of calcitonin was significantly higher in 16-week-old SHR (41.6 ± 1.5 pg/ml) than in age-matched WKY (30.5 ± 1.7, P
A compact all-carbon tripodal tether affords high coverage of porphyrins on silicon surfaces.

Redox-active molecules designed to give high charge density on electroactive surfaces are essential for applications in molecular information storage. To achieve a small molecular footprint and thereby high surface charge density, a compound consisting of a triallyl tripod attached via a p-phenylene unit to a porphyrin (1) has been synthesized. The zinc chelate of 1 (Zn-1) was attached to Si(100). Electrochemical measurements indicate that the molecular footprint (75 A) in the monolayer is only ∼50% larger than the minimum achievable, indicating high surface coverage. IR spectroscopy indicates that the bands due to the ν(CC) (1638 cm-1) and γ(CH) (915 cm-1) vibrations present in the solid sample (KBr pellet) are absent from the spectra of the monolayers of Zn-1, consistent with saturation of the double bond in each of the three legs of the tripod upon the hydrosilylation process accompanying attachment. Comparison of the relative intensities of the in-plane (998 cm-1) versus out-of-plane (797 cm-1) porphy...
Enhancements to Program LAURA for computation of three-dimensional hypersonic flow

Changes to Program Laura (Langley Aerothermodynamic Upwind Relaxation Algorithm) are presented which enhance both stability and accuracy of the algorithm. A discussion of iteration/sweeping strategies and their relation to computer architectures is included to best exploit the capabilities of serial, vector, and parallel processor machines. Test cases for Mach 10 perfect gas flow and Mach 32 real gas flow in chemical nonequilibrium over a blunt, raked elliptic cone using the thin-layer Navier-Stokes equations are presented in order to demonstrate the current improved capabilities. Algorithm changes include the use of volume averaging, application of a symmetric total variation diminishing (TVD) scheme, and stronger interaction between the grid/shock alignment routine and the relaxation algorithm. Good comparisons with heat transfer and pitching moment data at three different angles of attack for the Mach 10 tests serve to further validate the present algorithm. Parameters are defined which control the coupling of the specie continuity equations with the solution of the mixture conservation equations. A discussion of the consequences involved in the choice of strong versus weak coupling is presented, and a sample nonequilibrium calculation on a fine grid over a full scale model of the Aeroassist Flight Experiment (AFE) demonstrates current capabilities.
Over-reflection and instability

Abstract Stability problems involving parallel shear flow are considered in the context of wave-reflection problems. It is found that if an unstable solution exists and its growth rate is sufficiently small, the growth rate can be connected to the reflection coefficient through a formula as if the unstable growth were the direct result of repeated over-reflections. If the stability problem under consideration has time symmetry, then for every growing solution there exists a corresponding decaying solution. It is shown that a consistent formula can also be derived for the decaying solution, and the existence of at least one critical layer in the corresponding wave-reflection problem is needed in order to account for both the growing and decaying solutions. As an application of these concepts, the small-scale non-geostrophic instabilities found by Stone (1970) are identified to be associated with over-reflection of inertia-gravity waves.
News bust; news boom

News and journalism are in a boom period of innovation and expansion. If that comes as a surprise, it is because the mainstream news media for years has been reporting gloomily on its own demise. But that gloomy story is a narrow business story, where the mainstream news industry is confl ated with the much wider news, information and communication culture. Yes, business models are in fl ux, jobs are vanishing and the news industry as we have known it is in late-stage critical condition. But as anyone with an internet connection knows, news is thriving. Profi ts may be down but information is up. The amount of news material produced each day, access to that material, varieties in form and content, participation in the making and disseminating of it – it’s all booming. In the last year, I have assembled a homepage that delivers eclectic journalism from various mainstream and independent sources to my desktop in realtime. I read mainstream and independent blogs of opinion and analysis. I read local and national reporting from the United States but also local and national and international reporting from around the world. My personalized RSS feeds and email lists point me to additional news sources that I only wish I had time to follow. As a consumer of news I, like many people I know, have never been more satisfi ed with the options, never more engaged in the material being reported and the process through which it is being reported, and I have never been more interested in the question of how all of that might change tomorrow and the next day. We presently enjoy a mix of big-budget, shoestring-budget and free reporting. The fear is that big-budget reporting will disappear. But the market for consistently delivered well-edited beat reporting remains. People still read the New York Times; they’re just not willing to pay for it the way they used to do. Fact is, in 2008 spending on internet advertising will, for the fi rst time, surpass combined spending on television, radio and fi lm advertising (Richard and King, 2008) and, despite the fi nancial crisis, analysts forecast double-digit percentage increases in online advertising over the next fi ve years (Glaser, 2007; IAB, 2008; Ramsey, 2008). That revenue will support a well-branded
Hyperbranched Polyesters on Solid Surfaces

The interfacial behavior of third and fourth generations of hyperbranched polyesters (HBP3 and HBP4) with 32 and 64 hydroxyl-terminal groups was studied with scanning probe microscopy. The molecular adsorption on a bare silicon surface of both hyperbranched polymers was described in the terms of the Langmuir isotherm. A higher adsorption amount under an identical adsorption condition was found for lower generation HPB3. The shape of HBP3 molecules within an adsorbed layer evolved from a pancake with a thickness less than 1 nm for very low surface coverage to densely packed wormlike bilayer structures with a thickness of about 3 nm for the highest surface coverage. The molecules of the fourth generation, HBP4, hold a stable, close-to-spherical shape with a diameter of 2.5 nm throughout the entire range of surface coverage including both dense monolayers and isolated molecules. High intramolecular flexibility of HBP3 molecules as compared with constrained mobility of bulkier branches of HBP4 is considered t...
Propagation properties in short lengths of rectangular epoxy waveguides

The propagation loss and beam spreading in large-core epoxy ridge waveguides on a glass substrate at wavelengths ranging from 630 to 1550 nm have been measured. At the intermediate wavelengths, a loss floor of 1.2 dB/cm is observed which is caused by inclusions and wall imperfections. The theoretical and experimentally determined equilibrium numerical aperture is 0.65 and 0.29 and the modal dispersion is 5.1 and 1.0 ps/cm, respectively. The discrepancy is due to strong scattering. The scattering does not give rise to any noticeable mode mixing. The epoxy waveguides also provide a rapid filling of the modes which is attractive for modal noise suppression. >
Differential affinity of charged local anesthetics to solid-gel and liquid-crystalline states of dimyristoylphosphatidic acid vesicle membranes

Cationic local anesthetics decreased the transition temperature of the anionic phospholipid (dimyristoylphosphatidic acid, DMPA) vesicles. The counterion concentration changes the electrical double layer effect, and affects the magnitude of temperature depression caused by anesthetics. From the counterion effect on the transition-temperature depression, the partition coefficients of cationic local anesthetics to liquid-crystalline and solid-gel DMPA membranes were separately estimated. The differences in the partition coefficients between solid-gel and liquid-crystalline membranes correlated to the nerve blocking potencies. There are at least two states in the nerve membranes: resting state at higher temperature and excited state at lower temperature. We speculate that the resting state corresponds to the liquid-crystalline state, and the excited state to the solid-gel state. The difference in the partition coefficients to the resting and excited states is the cause of local anesthesia.
Antibacterial Activity of Essential Oil Vapors

Vapors of 133 essential oils were screened in vitro for antibacterial activity against six test organisms. One hundred and five vapors were found to possess antibacterial activity on at least one of the test organisms. Vapors of thyme (white), cassia, thyme (red), savory, cinnamon, origanum, and cherry laurel produced prominent zones of inhibition with all test organisms. Gram-positive bacteria were more susceptible to the vapors than Gram-negative bacteria.
Dissipation of linear mountain waves over a ridge

Stationary vertically propagating mountain waves generated by flow over a bell-shaped ridge are considered. Dissipation by momentum diffusion is introduced when the disturbed isentropes become nearly vertical. Momentum diffusion, characterized by a constant eddy diffusion coefficient, partially suppresses the amplitude growth of the wave that is a consequence of conservation of wave-energy density. The propagating wave can continue to grow in amplitude until neutral static stability is achieved. At higher levels, wave overturning could be expected to occur. The present solution is contrasted with the solution over a sinusoid. In the latter case, wave saturation can occur, whereby a constant wave amplitude can be maintained by a balance between exponential growth and dissipative decay. Wave momentum flux and its divergence, calculated from each type of solution, are compared. The results are relevant to the parameterization of wave drag associated with the vertical propagation of internal gravity waves. It is concluded that parameterization schemes that incorporate wave drag by use of a monochromatic wave response need to be modified to include the presence of a spectrum of waves from realistic wave sources, such as orography. It appears that the required modifications are principally quantitative adjustments to eddy diffusion coefficients, which take account of the fact that a saturation wave-amplitude cannot be attained for a unique value of the diffusion coefficient. DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0870.1991.t01-2-00005.x
Estimation of sinusoids by adaptive minimum norm extrapolation

A series of algorithms are described in order of increasing complexity and improved performance. The original scheme of Papoulis and Chamzas (1979) serves as a model for the remaining algorithms. After a review and evaluation of their method, more direct approaches which require less iterations and perform better are then developed by considering adaptive algorithms which produce exact extrapolations at each step. Adaptive conventional bandlimited extrapolation is shown to provide good results in a much smaller number of iterations. Adaptive weighted norm extrapolation which incorporates a spectrum estimation step, rather than thresholding, is then shown to provide almost exact results in the absence of noise. A brief comparison with the principal component linear prediction method is included. The ability to incorporate a priori knowledge about the frequency locations is provided and the potential benefits of its use are briefly illustrated. >
Air pollution and asthma: Effects of exposures to short-term sulfur dioxide peaks

Recent laboratory studies have shown exposures to SO2 at levels as low as 0.1 ppm and lasting as little as 10 min to lead to changes in respiratory functions as well as symptoms in asthmatic individuals exposed during exercise. The present study was conducted to determine whether similar responses to short-term SO2 peaks in the ambient air can be detected in a free-living population. Tests were made for an association between days with SO2 peaks above various levels, as identified from hourly measurements obtained by the New York City Aerometric Network, and days with high numbers of emergency room visits for asthma at three inner-city municipal hospitals in New York City. No association was found.
Overshoot and block of conduction by lipid-soluble acetylcholine analogues☆

Abstract Lipid-soluble quaternary ammonium derivatives, analogues of acetylcholine, have been prepared to test whether they would penetrate the conducting membrane and produce effects suggested to be caused during the physiological process by the action of internally released acetylcholine. 1. 1. The following compounds were prepared: (i) pyridine-2-aldoxime dodeciodide (PAD), a lipid-soluble analogue of the nerve gas antidote pyridine-2-aldoxime methiodide (PAM); (ii) β-acetoxyethyldimethyl dodecyl ammonium iodide, referred to as noracetylcholine dodeciodide in order to preserve in the name its relationship to acetylcholine, and (iii) pyridine methiodide dodeciodide. 2. 2. The effect of these compounds on conduction was tested with crab and lobster nerve and with the single isolated electroplax of Electrophorus electricus and compared with the lipid-insoluble analogues of the three compounds. 3. 3. It was shown that all three lipid-soluble compounds block conduction in relatively low concentration. PAD, for instance, abolishes conduction in 10 −4 M concentration, equivalent to 18 γ/ml acetylcholine chloride. 4. 4. The compounds produce the reversal of polarity of the conducting membrane, the overshoot, which is so characteristic of the physiological process. This is in contrast to the failure of the lipid-insoluble quaternary ammonium derivatives to affect conduction in any way. In combination with all the other data available, these observations are considered to be a striking support for the essential role attributed to acetylcholine in conduction.
Nonlinearity of Cardiac Pacemaker Electrodes

Nonlinear properties of electrodes immersed in saline were studied in the time domain and frequency domain. Three electrode materials were tested: platinum-iridium, Elgiloy, and stainless steel. For time domain measurements, current pulses of 1.0 to 2.0 ms duration and varying amplitudes were applied to the electrodes. Frequency domain measurements of polarization impedance were made with an impedance bridge, utilizing sinusoidal currents of varying amplitudes at frequencies between 0.1 and 10 kHz.
Fusion in multi-criterion feature ranking

Feature ranking, due to its simplicity and computational efficiency, is a widely used dimensionality reduction technique, especially for large dataset where other methods are computationally too expensive. Conventionally feature ranking is done based on a single ranking criterion. One drawback associated with the conventional, single-criterion ranking is that the ranking order of the features is very much dependent on the ranking criterion used. Such dependence calls for a proper determination of ranking criterion for a given problem at hand However, for most real world problems, the designer often times has no a priori knowledge on what ranking criterion is more favorable, which leads to either a time consuming evaluation process of finding a good criterion or an inferior ranking result due to the use of inappropriate criterion. In this paper, an innovative multicriterion feature ranking (MCFR) scheme is proposed The proposed scheme is based on fusion of a collection of different ranking criteria. The MCFR scheme not only alleviates the difficulty on choosing appropriate ranking criterion, but also improves the reliability of feature ranking results. Implementation details of the proposed feature ranking scheme are provided. Three standard datasets are used for validating the effectiveness of the proposed feature ranking scheme.
Activity-based substrate profiling for Gcn5-related N-acetyltransferases: the use of chloroacetyl-coenzyme A to identify protein substrates.

The Gcn5-related N-acetyltransferases (GNAT) comprise one of the largest enzyme superfamilies, with over 10 000 known members represented in all kingdoms of life. ChloroacetylCoenzymeA was prepared and demonstrated to be a substrate for several GNAT members. ChloroacetylCoA (ClAcCoA) is used by the Hat1 histone acetyltransferase to correctly acetylate histone H4 in a mixture of histone proteins. Chloroacetylation can be assessed by the subsequent reaction of the chloroacetylated product with thiol-containing compounds, including those with fluorescent or affinity (His8) tags. The bacterial RimL N-acetyltransferase also uses ClAcCoA to chloroacetyl the α-amino group of its cognate substrate, the ribosomal L12 protein, and this reaction can be observed in crude extracts. ChloroacetylCoA is a reagent that can be used to identify the unknown substrate(s) for this large family of functionally uncharacterized enzymes.
Effects of 7-nitroindazole, a neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) inhibitor, on locomotor activity and contextual fear conditioning in rats.

The effect of 7-nitroindazole (7-NI), a selective neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) inhibitor, on contextual fear conditioning in rats was examined. Systemic administration of 7-NI did not affect the acquisition of contextual fear (measured as freezing), but it did reduce locomotor activity and cause a corresponding increase in the expression of contextual freezing. It is concluded that nNOS activity is not required for either the acquisition or expression of contextual fear conditioning.
Intermittent Cold Exposure Enhances Fat Accumulation in Mice

Due to its high energy consuming characteristics, brown adipose tissue (BAT) has been suggested as a key player in energy metabolism. Cold exposure is a physiological activator of BAT. Intermittent cold exposure (ICE), unlike persistent exposure, is clinically feasible. The main objective of this study was to investigate whether ICE reduces adiposity in C57BL/6 mice. Surprisingly, we found that ICE actually increased adiposity despite enhancing Ucp1 expression in BAT and inducing beige adipocytes in subcutaneous white adipose tissue. ICE did not alter basal systemic insulin sensitivity, but it increased liver triglyceride content and secretion rate as well as blood triglyceride levels. Gene profiling further demonstrated that ICE, despite suppressing lipogenic gene expression in white adipose tissue and liver during cold exposure, enhanced lipogenesis between the exposure periods. Together, our results indicate that despite enhancing BAT recruitment, ICE in mice increases fat accumulation by stimulating de novo lipogenesis.
Synthesis and Characterization of Polyphenothiazene Iodine Complexes

Abstract N-methyl 3,6 dibromophenothiazene has been polymerized by using a nickel complex-assisted Grignard coupling. Vapor phase iodine doping of the organometallic polymerized material led to a conductivity increase of 10−11 ohm−1 cm−1 to 10−5 ohm cm−l at room temperature. The complex thus formed exhibited a semiconductor behavior with a thermal activation energy of 0.1 eV and a strong electronic IR absorbance from 4000–400 cm−1. However, the complexed polymer could be dissolved in liquid I2 and cast into films with air stable, room temperature conductivities as high as 1 ohm−l cm−l. The mechanisms that could give rise to these differences in behavior will be discussed.
Active site-directed inactivation of cystathionine γ-synthetase and glutamic pyruvic transaminase by propargylglycine

Abstract The acetylenic amino acid propargylglycine (2-amino-4-pentynoate) irreversibly inactivates two pyridoxal-P dependent enzymes which generate substrate-derived beta carbanions during catalysis.
ROBUST TESTS FOR THE SIGNIFICANCE OF ORTHANT RESTRICTED MEAN VECTOR

Mudholkar and Srivastava [1]adapted Mudholkar and Subbaiah's [2]modified stepwise procedure, using the trimmed means in place of the means and appropriate studentization, to construct robust tests for the significance of a mean vector. They concluded that the robust alternatives provide excellent type I error control, and a substantial gain in power over Hotelling's T 2test in case of heavy tailed populations without significant loss of power when the population is normal. In this paper we adapt the modified stepwise approach to construct simple tests for the significance of the orthant constrained mean vector of a p-variate normal population with unknown covariance matrix, and also for constructing robust tests without assuming normality. The simple normal theory tests have exact type I error, whereas the robust tests provide a reasonably type I error control and substantial power advantage over Perlman's [3]likelihood ratio test.
Theoretical and experimental characterization of small band gap poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene methine)s

Theoretical and experimental characterization of relatively small band gap methine-bridged poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)(PEDOT) derivatives is reported. AM1 and the modified extended Huckel theory were used to explore the ground-state geometric and electronic structures of poly[(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene-2,5-diyl) methine] (PEDOT-M). The bond length alteration in PEDOT-M was found to be smaller than that in the reported methine-bridged polythiophene, and this resulted in a significantly lower band gap of 0.48 eV in PEDOT-M. The structure and properties of the methine-bridged PEDOT were further verified by synthesis of poly[(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene-2,5-diyl)-benzylidene] (PEDOT-B) and poly[(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene-2,5-diyl)-(p-methoxybenzylidene)] (PEDOT-MB). These polymers were found to be highly dehydrogenated and to contain a conjugated backbone of alternating aromatic and quinoid ethylenedioxythiophene segments. The optical and electrochemical band gaps of PEDOT-B are 0.87 and 1.05 eV, respec...
Non-Abelian quantized Hall states of electrons at filling factors 12/5 and 13/5 in the first excited Landau level

We present results of extensive numerical calculations on the ground state of electrons in the first excited $(n=1)$ Landau level with Coulomb interactions, and including nonzero thickness effects, for filling factors 12/5 and 13/5 in the torus geometry. In a region that includes these experimentally relevant values, we find that the energy spectrum and the overlaps with the trial states support the previous hypothesis that the system is in the non-Abelian $k=3$ liquid phase we introduced in a previous paper.
Explaining Self-Defeating Foreign Policy Decisions: Interpreting Soviet Arms for Egypt in 1973 Through Process or Domestic Bargaining Models?.

How should we explain why a state sometimes adopts a foreign policy in one region that interferes with its concurrent policies elsewhere? In their article in the March 1989 issue of this Review , Stewart, Hermann and Hermann proposed a three-level process model of foreign policy to explain such Soviet behavior towards Egypt in 1973. The analysis has continuing interest because it interprets the puzzling behavior as a manifestation of general problems of information processing in making foreign policy choices. Richard Anderson suggests that a two-level model of domestic bargaining better accounts for the causal sequence in Soviet-Egyptian relations and is in general more parsimonious. Margaret and Charles Hermann defend their substantive analysis and argue in any case for the complementarity of process and bargaining approaches.
Pharmacy students' perceptions of and attitudes towards peer assessment within a drug literature evaluation course.

Objective. To assess pharmacy students’ perceptions of and attitudes towards the use of peer assessment within a drug literature evaluation course.Methods. A 15-item, electronic survey instrument w...
Innovating in the Entrepreneurial Firm: Boundary Spanning Activities and Absorptive Capacity

Entrepreneurial firms often innovate by implementing ideas for new products and services inspired by external search, or boundary spanning activities. This empirical study examines how the degree of boundary spanning activity within a firm affects its ability to absorb the new information and act on it to produce successful market offerings, positively influencing firm innovativeness and firm performance. Internal resource stocks within entrepreneurial firms is also examined as a potential mediating variable.
Riffled Independence for Ranked Data

Representing distributions over permutations can be a daunting task due to the fact that the number of permutations of n objects scales factorially in n. One recent way that has been used to reduce storage complexity has been to exploit probabilistic independence, but as we argue, full independence assumptions impose strong sparsity constraints on distributions and are unsuitable for modeling rankings. We identify a novel class of independence structures, called riffled independence, which encompasses a more expressive family of distributions while retaining many of the properties necessary for performing efficient inference and reducing sample complexity. In riffled independence, one draws two permutations independently, then performs the riffle shuffle, common in card games, to combine the two permutations to form a single permutation. In ranking, riffled independence corresponds to ranking disjoint sets of objects independently, then interleaving those rankings. We provide a formal introduction and present algorithms for using riffled independence within Fourier-theoretic frameworks which have been explored by a number of recent papers.
'Synchronized Transitions' on multiprocessors

Synchronized Transitions, a language for describing digital hardware as concurrent programs, and its implementation on multiprocessors is presented. Synchronized Transitions provides a paradigm in which each operation (circuit element) is described as a separate process; these processes can interact synchronously or asynchronously. Programs can be compiled and executed on uniprocessor or multiprocessor computers, providing a convenient facility for simulating designs and experimenting with the programming paradigms of Synchronized Transitions. The program exhibit extensive parallelism. A partitioning technique utilizes this parallelism on stock multiprocessors. >
Machine Sequencing Via Disjunctive Graphs: An Implicit Enumeration Algorithm

One formulation of the machine sequencing problem is that of finding a mini-maximal path in a disjunctive graph. This paper describes an implicit enumeration procedure that solves the problem by generating a sequence of circuit-free graphs and solving a slightly amended critical-path problem for each graph in the sequence. Each new term of the sequence is generated from an earlier one by complementing one disjunctive arc. The search tree is drastically cut down by the fact that the only disjunctive arcs that have to be considered for being complemented are those on a critical path. An evaluation of these candidates is used to direct the search at each stage. The procedure can start with any feasible schedule like the one actually used in production, or generated by some heuristics, and gradually improve it. Thus one can possibly stop short of the optimum, with a reasonably "good" feasible schedule. Storage requirements are limited to the data pertinent to the current node of the search tree.
Gender-Segregated Schooling: A Problem Disguised as a Solution

Gender-segregated (GS) schooling has become popular in the United States despite the fact that every major review has concluded that GS schooling is not superior to coeducational schooling. Moreover, concern has been raised that GS schooling leads to negative effects, including increased gender stereotyping. We argue that these negative effects result from peer influences in gender-segregated peer contexts—including GS schooling. We also contend that educational policy makers need to understand these peer effects so that better decisions can be made about how children are grouped in classrooms and to create coeducational programs that promote tolerance and acceptance between girls and boys.
Linear Scale and Rotation Invariant Matching

Matching visual patterns that appear scaled, rotated, and deformed with respect to each other is a challenging problem. We propose a linear formulation that simultaneously matches feature points and estimates global geometrical transformation in a constrained linear space. The linear scheme enables search space reduction based on the lower convex hull property so that the problem size is largely decoupled from the original hard combinatorial problem. Our method therefore can be used to solve large scale problems that involve a very large number of candidate feature points. Without using prepruning in the search, this method is more robust in dealing with weak features and clutter. We apply the proposed method to action detection and image matching. Our results on a variety of images and videos demonstrate that our method is accurate, efficient, and robust.
Natural language processing pipelines to annotate BioC collections with an application to the NCBI disease corpus.

BioC is a new format and associated code libraries for sharing text and annotations. We have implemented BioC natural language preprocessing pipelines in two popular programming languages: Cþþ and Java. The current implementations interface with the well-known MedPost and Stanford natural language processing tool sets. The pipeline functionality includes sentence segmentation, tokenization, part-of-speech tagging, lemmatization and sentence parsing. These pipelines can be easily integrated along with other BioC programs into any BioC compliant text mining systems. As an application, we converted the NCBI disease corpus to BioC format, and the pipelines have successfully run on this corpus to demonstrate their functionality. Code and data can be downloaded from http://bioc.sourceforge.net. Database URL: http://bioc.sourceforge.net
Blasphemy in the Christian World: A History – By David Nash

The early years of the twenty‐first century have offered compelling evidence that religion is not a premodern anachronism inching its way toward inevitable extinction. The tragic consequences of re...
Predictive QoS routing to mobile sinks in wireless sensor networks

We present an algorithm for data delivery to mobile sinks in wireless sensor networks. Our algorithm is based on information potentials, which we extend to account for mobility. We show that for local movement along edges in the communication graph, the information potentials can be adapted using a simple iterative distributed computation. However, for non-local movement, the potential field might change significantly, and iterative computation leads to packet loss and packet delivery delays. We address this problem by introducing the mobility graph, which encodes knowledge about likely mobility patterns within the network. The mobility graph can be extracted from training data and is used to predict future relay nodes for the mobile node. Using the mobility graph, we can precompute and efficiently store additional routing states in the network. This enables the algorithm to maintain uninterrupted data streams. We analyze the benefits of computing and maintaining a mobility graph, and show that the information contained therein can be used to improve routing reliability in experiments involving mobile sinks.
Moving Our Data to the Semantic Web: Leveraging a Content Management System to Create the Linked Open Library

While migrating their website and digital library content to the Drupal content management system, the Smithsonian Libraries saw an opportunity to not only improve the management and presentation of their content, but also tomake it available for reuse by its own site and others by publishing it as linked open data 1(LOD). Leveraging the core functionality of Drupal 7 to produce RDF, it embarked on two projects. The first will publish bibliographic data taken from the library catalog as part of its digitization program and present it as RDFa. The second will create LOD from a much-cited botanical reference work.
A “Cognitive Miser” Theory of Cooperators Advantage

We propose a new model of cooperators' advantage depending neither on supplementary incentives nor on cooperators' capacity to recognize, and play selectively with, other cooperators. It depends, rather, on players' making the play-no play decision by the heuristic of projecting their own “cooperate-defect” choices onto potential partners. Cooperators offer to play more often, and fellow cooperators will more often accept their offer. When certain boundary conditions are met, this results in a higher expected payoff for cooperators than for defectors. Empirical support for this heuristic is suggested by expectations data from related social dilemma experiments. Moreover, its use can be justified in Bayesean terms. Our model brings behavioral decision theory's “cognitive miser” paradigm to bear on interdisciplinary concern with the evolution of cooperative behavior and shows how, if other mechanisms provide a suitable “initial kick,” cooperation can evolve in the absence of iteration and in large, mobile societies.
Superplastic deformation in two microduplex stainless steels

The deformation behavior and mechanisms of superplastic flow in two microduplex stainless steels (SuperDux64 and Nitronic 19D) were studied at {similar_to}0.7T{sub m}. The two steels differed in initial grain size by a factor of 3. Both steels exhibited solute-drag-controlled grain boundary sliding in a high temperature {gamma}+{delta} phase field. In a lower temperature {gamma}+{sigma} phase field, the fine-grained steel ({bar L}=5{mu}m) exhibited climb-controlled grain boundary sliding and the coarser- grained steel ({bar L}=15{mu}m) exhibited solute-drag-controlled slip creep.
Bilateral uveitis manifesting as a complication of chronic graft-versus-host disease after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation.

Purpose: To document the rare occurrence of uveitis presumed sec- ondary to chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD). Methods: Observational case report. Results: A 52-year-old Filipino male who had undergone allogeneic BM T1 0years earlier presented with bilateral uveitis and biopsy-proven cuta- neous cGVHD. There was no evidence of infection or other immune-related causes and the inflammation had a temporal correlation with his dermato- logical GVHD. The patient responded to treatment with oral cyclosporin A. Conclusion: The coexistence of uveitis and cGVHD is rare. The ophthalmologist should be aware of such an association and work together with the oncologist to treat these patients appropriately.
Convection Plumes in the Lower Mantle

THE concept of crustal plate motion over mantle hotspots has been advanced1 to explain the origin of the Hawaiian and other island chains and the origin of the Walvis, Iceland-Farroe and other aseismic ridges. More recently the pattern of the aseismic ridges has been used in formulating continental reconstructions2. I have shown3 that the Hawaiian-Emperor, Tuamotu-Line and Austral-Gilbert-Marshall island chains can be generated by the motion of a rigid Pacific plate rotating over three fixed hotspots. The motion deduced for the Pacific plate agrees with the palaeomagnetic studies of seamounts4. It has also been found that the relative plate motions deduced from fault strikes and spreading rates agree with the concept of rigid plates moving over fixed hotspots. Fig. 1 shows the absolute motion of the plates over the mantle, a synthesis which satisfies the relative motion data and quite accurately predicts the trends of the island chains and aseismic ridges away from hotspots.
Are Microbes Optimal Strategists

Several published experiments in the literature have provided main guidelines for a quantitative modeling approach called “cybernetic modeling.” Cybernetic models have correlated bacterial growth with mixed substrate systems with remarkable accuracy.
The Effects of Selling Packaged Goods on Inventory Decisions

In this paper, we study within a newsboy type modeling framework the common business practice of retail firms to sell products not only as independent items, but also as part of multiproduct packets (packaged goods). Our emphasis is on understanding the effects of such practices on the inventory decisions of the firm. We provide insights on the resulting level of suboptimality when inventory decisions are made with demand information only on the independent items and without accounting for the demand substitution structure induced between independent items and packaged goods. Our stylized model studies an environment with two products that are not direct substitutes for each other, sold either independently or as part of a packet that contains one unit of each. We provide necessary and sufficient optimality conditions for this model and suggest an efficient numerical search for obtaining the optimal stocking levels. An extensive computational study allowed us to provide insights on the nature of the optimal stocking policies, the suboptimality of independent newsboy policies, the effects of demand correlation among individual products and multiproduct packets, and the determining role of induced substitution structure among products during stockout occasions on the profitability of the inventory system.
A potential screening tool for IPEX syndrome.

Abstract IPEX syndrome is a rare, inherited condition characterized by immune dysfunction, polyendocrinopathy, enteropathy, and X-linked recessive inheritance. Patients typically present in infancy with severe diarrhea and failure to thrive. Most children die by 1 year of age without therapy. The diagnosis is established by genetic analysis, which often takes several weeks to complete and can sometimes delay crucial immunosuppressive treatment. We attempted to develop a screening tool that allows rapid identification of patients with IPEX syndrome using immunocytochemical staining of FOXP3+ cells in bowel biopsies. We found that 2 patients with classic IPEX syndrome due to protein-truncating mutations in FOXP3 had markedly decreased staining of FOXP3+ T cells in the lamina propria and lymphoid aggregates. One patient with a mild, late-onset presentation and a missense mutation in FOXP3 had intact staining of FOXP3+ cells. This screening test provides a valuable tool for diagnosing IPEX syndrome in extreme...
A. RESTATEMENT OF THE “TRANSITION ZONE” CONCEPT

ABSTRACT The transition zone is a segment of the urban landscape that we readily recognize but little understand. On the basis of an analysis of both historical and contemporary growth processes, the most precise concept of the transition zone thus far developed is presented. This concept is illustrated schematically, described, and interpreted. The zone is a dynamic phenomenon composed of three sectors: Active Assimilation, Passive Assimilation, and a discontinuous sector of General Inactivity. Each sector exhibits land-use nuclei which give essence and meaning to that particular sector. Major nucleations within the zone are wholesaling and related activities; automobile sales and services, and parking; public, organizational, and headquarters office establishments; financial and general offices, retail stores, and transient residences; and homogeneous heavy industrial districts.
Application of gas chromatography to street drug analysis.

(1977). Application of Gas Chromatography to Street Drug Analysis. Clinical Toxicology: Vol. 11, No. 4, pp. 437-442.
What Drives Deforestation and What Stops It? A Meta-Analysis of Spatially Explicit Econometric Studies

We have constructed a comprehensive database of 117 spatially explicit econometric studies of deforestation published in peer-reviewed academic journals from 1996-2013. We present a metaanalysis of what drives deforestation and what stops it, based on the signs and significance of 5909 coefficients in 554 multivariate analyses. We find that forests are more likely to be cleared where economic returns to agriculture and pasture are higher, either due to more favorable climatological and topographic conditions, or due to lower costs of clearing forest and transporting products to market. Timber activity, land tenure security, and community demographics do not show a consistent association with either higher or lower deforestation. Population is consistently associated with greater deforestation, and poverty is consistently associated with lower deforestation, but in both cases endogeneity makes a causal link difficult to infer. Promising approaches for stopping deforestation include reducing the intrusion of road networks into remote forested areas; targeting protected areas to regions where forests face higher threat; tying rural income support to the maintenance of forest resources through payments for ecosystem services; and insulating the forest frontier from the price effects of demand for agricultural commodities.