cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Numerical modeling of the Cenozoic geomorphic evolution of the southern Sierra Nevada, California

Abstract Recent geomorphic studies suggest that significant (∼ 1.5 km) late Cenozoic surface uplift occurred in the southern Sierra Nevada, a conclusion that is difficult to reconcile with recent stable-isotopic paleoaltimetry studies. Numerical modeling can play an important role in resolving this dispute. In this paper I use two models of bedrock channel erosion, the stream-power model and a sediment-flux-driven model, to test hypotheses for the fluvial Cenozoic geomorphic evolution and surface uplift history of the southern Sierra Nevada. Cosmogenic data for upland erosion and river incision rates allow each model parameter to be uniquely constrained. Numerical experiments using the sediment-flux-driven model suggest that the modern southern Sierra Nevada was constructed from a 1.0-km pulse of range-wide surface uplift in the latest Cretaceous (∼ 60 Ma) and a 0.5-km pulse in the late Miocene (∼ 10 Ma). The persistent geomorphic response to latest Cretaceous uplift in this model is the result of limited “cutting tools” supplied from the upland low-relief Boreal Plateau. This uplift history correctly predicts the modern topography of the range, including the approximate elevations and extents of the Chagoopa and Boreal Plateaux and their associated river knickpoints. Numerical experiments using the stream-power model are most consistent with a 1-km pulse of uplift in the late Eocene (∼ 30 Ma) and a 0.5-km pulse in the late Miocene (∼ 7 Ma). Both models suggest that the remaining rock uplift required to produce the 4-km peak elevations of the modern southern Sierra Nevada was produced by flexural-isostatic uplift in response to river incision. The balance of evidence, including the dominance of sediment-flux-driven erosion in granitic rocks, previous paleoaltimetry studies, and the timing of sediment accumulation in the Great Valley, support the conclusions of the sediment-flux-driven model, i.e. that the Sierra Nevada experienced range-wide surface uplift events in the latest Cretaceous and late Miocene. More broadly, these results indicate that nonequilibrium landscapes can persist for long periods of geologic time, and hence low-relief upland landscapes do not necessarily indicate late Cenozoic surface uplift.
Motion planning under uncertainty: application to an unmanned helicopter

A methodology is presented in this work for intelligent motion planning in an uncertain environment using a nonlocal sensor, such as a radar. This methodology is applied to an unmanned helicopter navigating a cluttered urban environment. It is shown that the problem of motion planning in an uncertain environment, under certain assumptions, can be posed as the adaptive optimal control of an uncertain Markov decision process, characterized by a known, control dependent system, and an unknown, control independent environment. The strategy for motion planning then reduces to computing the control policy based on the current estimate of the environment, also known as the "certainty equivalence principle" in the adaptive control literature. The methodology allows the inclusion of a nonlocal sensor into the problem formulation, which significantly accelerates the convergence of the estimation and planning algorithms. Further, the motion planning and estimation problems possess special structure which can be exploited to significantly reduce the computational burden of the associated algorithms. The methodology is applied to the problem of motion planning for an unmanned helicopter through a partially known model of the Texas A&M campus and the testing is done on a flight simulator.
Organotin Toxicity Studies Conducted With Selected Marine Organisms at EPA's Environmental Research Laboratory, Gulf Breeze, Florida

Studies on effect of bis(tri-n-butyltin)oxide (TBTO) and other organotins on marine species have been conducted at the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's laboratory at Gulf Breeze, Florida, since 1983. First studies were done on two species of algae, Skeletonema costatum and Thalassiosira pseudonana, where 72h EC50s for tributyltins and population growth were 0.35 and 1.16 \mu g/l, respectively. Two developmental stages of the lugworm, Arenicola cristata, were sensitive to TBTO ( 96h LC50=4 \mu g/l). Only 0.1 \mu g/l inhibited arm regeneration by the brittle star, Ophioderma brevispina. TBTO was less toxic to the grass shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio, ( 96h LC50 = 20 \mu g/l). Continuing studies include research on effects of TBTO on 1-, 4-and 1O-day-old mysids and estuarine seagrass communities.
Differential effects of gallium nitrate on t lymphocyte and endothelial cell activation

The immunosuppressive agents used clinically to prevent allograft rejection exert their effects by interfering with antigen-dependent T cell activation, endothelial cell function, or both. Gallium nitrate (GN) is immunosuppressive both in vitro and in vivo, and has potential for clinical use in transplant recipients. Therefore, we analyzed the influence of GN on gonadal vein endothelial cell (GVEC) and T cell activation. GVEC were stimulated with IFN gamma or TNF alpha in the presence or absence of GN, and tested for changes in levels of MHC class I, MHC class II, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 expression. GN did not interfere with the baseline or cytokine-enhanced expression of these molecules. Rather, it increased the expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 on GVEC, and this effect was further augmented in the presence of IFN gamma. In contrast, GN inhibited T cell proliferation stimulated by allogeneic GVEC or allogeneic monocytes in a dose-dependent manner. In transwell experiments, GN blocked the induction of MHC class II expression on isolated GVEC caused by alloactivated T cells, but not by recombinant IFN gamma. This suggests that GN can interfere indirectly with inflammatory responses of endothelial cells by interfering with local T cell activation and lymphokine production. Once lymphokines are produced, GN does not interfere with their effects on endothelial cells. GN is thought to act through transferrin receptors, but GVEC, unlike T cells, do not increase their expression of transferrin receptors, after stimulation with cytokines. This may explain their relative lack of sensitivity to GN. In general, GN appears to stimulate endothelial cells but suppress T cells. This paradoxic effect suggests that therapy with GN may enhance T cell-independent inflammatory responses, such as cellular infiltration and repair of tissue damage, while suppressing T cell-dependent responses, such as T cell-mediated tissue destruction and allograft rejection.
Electrorheological Effect at Cryogenic Temperature

We have observed a strong electrorheologial (ER) effect of a suspension of fine aluminum particles in liquid nitrogen. The particles have diameter ~ 10μm and an insulate surface. In an ac field, aluminum particles quickly form chains across the two electrodes. The chains vibrate vigorously as the liquid nitrogen has a constant random flow motion caused by bubbles. In addition to low temperature, liquid nitrogen has extremely low viscosity, and low conductivity. These special properties enable us to observe several interesting phenomena which are absent in ER fluids at room temperature. We have determined the rheological properties of our cryogenic ER fluid.
The future of clinical trials: A panel discussion

A panel discussion on the future of clinical trials addressed several issues raised in the course of the first day of the Workshop. The chair posed questions in six areas which the panel and audience addressed. This paper summarizes the panel discussion.
Probing memory effects in confined fluids via diffusion measurements

Confinement of fluids in porous materials is widely exploited in a variety of technologies, including chemical conversion by heterogeneous catalysis and adsorption separations. Important fundamental phenomena associated with many-molecule interactions occur in such systems, including a remarkably long "memory" of the past when the actual amount of molecules in the pores dramatically depends on the history of how the external conditions have been changed. We demonstrate that the intrinsic diffusivity as measured by NMR serves as an excellent probe of the history-dependent states of the confined fluid. A remarkable feature of our results are differences in diffusivity between out-of-equilibrium states with the same density within the hysteresis loop. This reflects different spatial distributions of the confined fluid that accompany the arrested equilibration of the system in this region.
David Lloyd George: the Reform of British landholding and the Budget of 1914

Between the summer of 1912 and the summer of 1914, while the British political world seethed over Marconi, the National Health Insurance doctors' revolts, Home Rule, and the cost of oil-fired battleships, the chancellor of the exchequer, David Lloyd George, himself a centre of controversy, began to put together a legislative project to reconstruct the system of British land holding. He saw land reform as the major effort of his political career. Not only would it break up the monopoly of the squire in the countryside, but it would snatch away also the untaxed profits of the city land speculator. With a new system of land valuation, uniform throughout the kingdom, local authority rating resources would be immensely broadened, making possible the imposition upon local government of wide new responsibilities in public and personal health, education and housing. Land courts would set higher wages for labourers and lower rents for farmers, all at the expense of the landowner.
Solid-Phase Synthesis of 5-Isoxazol-4-yl-[1,2,4]oxadiazoles

A library of isoxazole and 1,2,4-oxadiazole-containing diheterocyclic compounds has been prepared. Our strategy was explored in solution phase first as follows. PMB-protected 3-butyn-2-ol was deprotonated with nBuLi, acylated with methyl chloroformate, and then employed in a nitrile oxide 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition (benzaldehyde oxime in the presence of bleach) to afford the isoxazole-substituted carboxylic acid methyl ester. Ester saponification with aqueous NaOH followed by a two-step condensation with benzamidoxime gave the final isoxazole-oxadiazole diheterocyclic product in good yield. With some modifications, we next explored this chemistry on Wang resin, which led to 18 final products that were cleaved from polymer beads with 50% TFA in dichloromethane.
Will They Blend?: Exploring Big Data Computation Atop Traditional HPC NAS Storage

The Apache Hadoop framework has rung in a new era in how data-rich organizations can process, store, and analyze large amounts of data. This has resulted in increased potential for an infrastructure exodus from the traditional solution of commercial database ad-hoc analytics on network-attached storage (NAS). While many data-rich organizations can afford to either move entirely to Hadoop for their Big Data analytics, or to maintain their existing traditional infrastructures and acquire a new set of infrastructure solely for Hadoop jobs, most supercomputing centers do not enjoy either of those possibilities. Too much of the existing scientific code is tailored to work on massively parallel file systems unlike the Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS), and their datasets are too large to reasonably maintain and/or ferry between two distinct storage systems. Nevertheless, as scientists search for easier-to-program frameworks with a lower time-to-science to post-process their huge datasets after execution, there is increasing pressure to enable use of MapReduce within these traditional High Performance Computing (HPC) architectures. Therefore, in this work we explore potential means to enable use of the easy-to-program Hadoop MapReduce framework without requiring a complete infrastructure overhaul from existing HPC NAS solutions. We demonstrate that retaining function-dedicated resources like NAS is not only possible, but can even be effected efficiently with MapReduce. In our exploration, we unearth subtle pitfalls resultant from this mash-up of new-era Big Data computation on conventional HPC storage and share the clever architectural configurations that allow us to avoid them. Last, we design and present a novel Hadoop File System, the Reliable Array of Independent NAS File System (RainFS), and experimentally demonstrate its improvements in performance and reliability over the previous architectures we have investigated.
Inside the black box of home visiting: a qualitative analysis of why intended outcomes were not achieved

Abstract A longitudinal qualitative investigation of a home visiting program was conducted to explore why the program was not more effective. The sample included 21 case study families and 9 home visitors, plus 60 other mothers who participated in focus groups. Data from interviews with parents and home visitors, videotapes of home visits, and children’s assessments were used to construct and examine a theory of change for the program. The study found that home visits had a consistent structure and that the home visitors emphasized their social support role and placed little emphasis on changing parenting behavior. The discussion suggests that the program’s flawed theory of change that minimally acknowledged parent–child interaction limited the program’s effectiveness. The findings underscore the need to critically examine the theories that underlie home visiting programs and guide the day-to-day interactions of home visitors.
Characterizing nitrilimines with nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. A theoretical study.

The 13C chemical shifts in selected nitrilimines, nitriles, acetylenes, allenes, and singlet carbenes have been calculated using density-functional theory [PBE0/6-311++G(2df,pd)] and the gauge including atomic orbital (GIAO) method. The effects of substitution on the 13C chemical shifts in nitrilimines, R1−CNN−R2, have been examined. The carbon nucleus is generally found to be deshielded by substituents in the order CH3 < NH2 < OH < F. Comparison with nitriles, acetylenes, and allenes shows that this effect is related to the presence of the cumulated functionality, CNN. Terminal N-substitution is found to have a larger effect than C-substitution due to a large increase in chemical shielding anisotropy. The electronic structure of nitrilimines has recently been shown to possess a carbene component whose resonance contribution varies widely with substitution, and, as previously reported, insight into the electronic structure can be gained by an analysis of the shielding tensor, especially for carbenes. Acco...
Morphological and behavioral adaptations for foraging in generalist primates: The case of the cebines

In addition to being frugivorous, Cebus and Saimiri stand out among the New World primates of similar body size in being heavily dependent on animal matter for protein (faunivory). A detailed description of the morphology and behavior of the two genera is presented with the object of evaluating the interaction and respective contributions of morphological and behavioral adaptations to foraging patterns. Our conclusions include the following: First, body size is extremely important in explaining the observed variation in diet. Second, the emphasis on faunivory is facilitated more by behavioral than by morphological specialization. Third, whatever morphological specializations are present, particularly in Cebus, are probably favored by diet at the most food-depauperate time of year. Fourth, although morphology may well reveal what a primate may potentially eat, to map this potential onto actual diet requires a detailed knowledge of its natural ecosystem. Finally, we consider whether the behavioral data support the tenuous morphological evidence for grouping Cebus and Saimiri within the clade Cebinae.
Equivalency of various methods for estimating osteoid seam width.

We compared the true osteoid seam width (TOSW) as measured by a modification of the orthogonal intercept lengths with various methods of estimating seam widths, including (1) the commonly used length measurements at four equidistant points (O.Wi/4PT), (2) osteoid area divided by the osteoid perimeter (O.Ar/O/Pm) or the bone/osteoid interface (O.Ar/B.Bd), and (3) a novel method for estimating seam width defined as the osteoid area divided by the major axis of the seam (O.Ar/Axis). All methods for approximating osteoid seam width significantly exaggerated the true osteoid seam dimension by an amount that ranged from 16 to 23%. However, the relative accuracy of all methods of estimating osteoid seam width are equivalent as evidenced by the similar mean difference from the TOSW (3.4, 4.1, 5.1, and 3.8) demonstrated by O.Wi/5PT, O.Ar/Axis, O.Ar/O.Pm, O.Ar/B.Bd, respectively. Regression analysis of the various estimates of seam width on TOSW also demonstrated the equivalency of these methods. Moreover, all estimates could be employed to discriminate seams of normal dimensions from abnormally wide seams in bone specimens derived from patients with osteomalacia. Differences between the methods, however, were observed that may have practical importance. In this regard, the direct procedure of determining distance demonstrated less variance than the indirect estimate of width. As a result, the direct measurement required fewer samples (n = 13) to detect a significant difference to normal and could discriminate smaller deviations in seam width (1.7 microns) at a given sample size compared with O.Ar/Axis (n = 28; 2.9 microns), O.Ar/O.Pm (n = 42; 3.4 microns), and O.Ar/B.Bd (n = 42; n = 3.2).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Hemosuccus pancreaticus complicating chronic pancreatitis: an obscure cause of upper gastrointestinal bleeding

Background: Hemosuccus pancreaticus, a rare form of upper gastrointestinal bleeding, may complicate chronic pancreatitis and pose a significant diagnostic and therapeutic dilemma. Aim: To present our experience with this potentially life-threatening complication of chronic pancreatitis. Methods: We reviewed our experience with management (both operative as well as angiographic embolization) of patients with hemosuccus pancreaticus complicating histologically documented chronic pancreatitis between 1976 and 1997. Diagnosis of hemosuccus pancreaticus was based on clinical presentation, preoperative endoscopic and radiographic imaging, operative findings, and pathologic evaluation. Results: During the period, we managed eight patients with hemosuccus pancreaticus (1.5% of all patients with chronic pancreatitis treated surgically). Gastrointestinal bleeding presented as hematemesis in three and hematochezia in three, but all had recent melena and were anemic; three of these patients were hemodynamically unstable. Abdominal pain was present in six. When performed, angiography (n=6) was diagnostic of a pseudoaneurysm; computed tomography (n=7) showed a pseudoaneurysm in two and a pseudocyst in five. Endoscopy (n=8) revealed blood issuing from the ampullary papilla in two patients. Operative management (n=6) involved distal pancreatectomy, pancreatoduodenectomy, or total pancreatectomy in two patients each. Angiographic embolization was successful in one patient, but the other died from uncontrollable hemorrhage. Conclusions: Hemosuccus pancreaticus is rare, but should be considered in patients with chronic pancreatitis and gastrointestinal bleeding. In the absence of pancreatitis-related indications for surgery, angiographic embolization can be definitive treatment. If there are pancreatitis-related indications for operation, angiographic embolization may allow an elective operative procedure based on structural changes of the pancreas. If embolization fails, pancreatic resection is usually required, often on an emergent basis.
Catecholamine and divalent cation effects on frog liver adenylate cyclase

Abstract Frog liver adenylate cyclase was characterized with respect to divalent cation interaction and hormonally stimulated activities. The enzyme catalyzed the synthesis of cyclic [ 32 P]3′,5′-AMP from α- 32 P-labeled ATP. The activity of the enzyme was linear with time and00 protein concentration. The K m for ATP was 0.5 m M , in the presence or absence of stimulators. The temperature optimum was 25°. GTP (10 −4 M ) increased the stimulation of adenylate cyclase by epinephrine. Similar activities were obtained using 5 m M Mg 2+ or Mn 2+ . At higher concentrations, both ions inhibited epinephrine-stimulated, but not basal or fluoride-stimulated activities. Approximately equivalent hormonal stimulation was obtained with maximal stimulating concentrations of epinephrine, isoproterenol, glucagon, and prostaglandin E 1 . Norepinephrine was less stimulatory. Only catecholamine-stimulated activities were inhibited by propranolol (10 −5 M ). The data suggest that catecholamines stimulate frog liver adenylate cyclase through interactions with β adrenergic receptors. The adenylate cyclase in frog liver differs from its mammalian counterpart in its response to temperature and maximally stimulatory concentrations of hormones.
Gendering Climate Change: Geographical Insights

Although climate change is expected to increase vulnerabilities, marginalization, and sufferings of many in the Global South, impacts will be unevenly felt across social strata. Intersectionalities of social difference, especially along gender and class lines, differentiate the ways in which impacts of climate change are experienced and responded to. Feminist political ecology and feminist geography insights can explain how different groups of people understand, respond to, and cope with variability and uncertainties in nuanced and critical ways, thereby elucidating the gendered implications of climate change. With a regional focus on South Asia, the article underscores the key issues that can be applied geographically elsewhere. Gendered implications of climate change in South Asia are particularly poignant as patriarchal norms, inequities, and inequalities often place women and men in differentiated positions in their abilities to respond to and cope with dramatic changes in socioecological relations bu...
Water permeability and lipid content of amphibian skin

Abstract The skin of the aquatic frog, R. septentrionalis , was less permeable to water and had a higher lipid content than that of B. hemiophrys , a terrestrial toad. The skin of a semiaquatic tree frog, Hyla versicolor , was intermediate to these.
Effect of Schmidt number on the structure and propagation of density currents

The results of a numerical study of two- and three-dimensional Boussinesq density currents are described. They are aimed at exploring the role of the Schmidt number on the structure and dynamics of density driven currents. Two complementary approaches are used, namely a spectral method and a finite-volume interface capturing method. They allow for the first time to describe density currents in the whole range of Schmidt number 1 ≤ Sc ≤ ∞ and Reynolds number 102 ≤ Re ≤ 104. The present results confirm that the Schmidt number only weakly influences the structure and dynamics of density currents provided the Reynolds number of the flow is large, say of O(104) or more. On the contrary low- to moderate-Re density currents are dependant on Sc as the structure of the mixing region and the front velocities are modified by diffusion effects. The scaling of the characteristic density thickness of the interface has been confirmed to behave as (ScRe)−1/2. Three-dimensional simulations suggest that the patterns of lobes and clefts are independent of Sc. In contrast the Schmidt number is found to affect dramatically (1) the shape of the current head as a depression is observed at high-Sc, (2) the formation of vortex structures generated by Kelvin–Helmholtz instabilities. A criterion is proposed for the stability of the interface along the body of the current based on the estimate of a bulk Richardson number. This criterion, derived for currents of arbitrary density ratio, is in agreement with present computed results as well as available experimental and numerical data.
Effect of Growth Conditions on Inactivation of Escherichia coli with Monochloramine

Reduced susceptibility of bacteria to disinfection is a serious concern in drinking water distribution systems (DWDS), yet the mechanisms and conditions governing reduced susceptibility are not wel...
Carotenoid analysis by two-dimensional, two-adsorbent thin-layer chromatography

Abstract A thin-layer chromatographic analysis for carotenoids has been developed utilizing a two-adsorbent plate and two-dimensional development with different solvents. The method has been applied to the analysis of alfalfa and corn meal extracts and mixtures of these two. Separation of lutein, zeaxanthin, violaxanthin, neoxanthin, and certain of their isomers, plus isolation of the mono-hydroxy carotenoids, individually or as a group, has been accomplished by this procedure.
Microscopic Description of Quasirotational Bands

A microscopic cranking model is introduced for vibrational nuclei, thus extending the foundation for the phenomenological variable-moment-of-inertia model. The negative value of ${\mathcal{I}}_{0}$ then emerges naturally. The cranking model approximates energies, static moments, and transition probabilities within the quasirotational subspace. An illustrative application is made to the exactly soluble Moszkowski model.
The United States, Iran and the cold war

(1970). The United States, Iran and the cold war. Iranian Studies: Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 2-22.
Defilement and disgust: Theorizing the other

In the last few decades, a sociology and politics of difference has altered the landscape of scholarship and politics. The analytic of difference challenged universalistic notions of the subject, identity, society, inequality and knowledge. The critical category of the Other emerges within this discourse of difference; the former has steadily gained prominence as a powerful resource for analysis and critique. Unfortunately, this concept is often embraced for its rhetorical and political force without careful consideration of its conceptual meaning. In this article, I argue that the concept of the Other must be analytically distinguished from that of ‘difference’. If the latter speaks to patterns of social disadvantage, Otherness is fundamentally about cultural denigration and exclusion. Approaching the notion of the Other as embedded in a world-ordering moral-symbolic division between a state of civil purity and defilement, I outline the rudiments of a theory of the Other.
Co2(CO)8 Catalyzed reaction of oxetanes with trialkylsilanes

Abstract Dicobalt octacarbonyl catalyzed silyl-hydroformylation of oxetanes can be controlled by the choice of trialkylsilane. Triethylsilane gives 1,4- bis -silyl ethers while t -butyl-dimethylsilane yields silyl enol ethers.
The secreted lymphangiogenic factor CCBE1 is essential for fetal liver erythropoiesis

The secreted protein CCBE1 is required for lymphatic vessel growth in fish and mice, and mutations in the CCBE1 gene cause Hennekam syndrome, a primary human lymphedema. Here we show that loss of CCBE1 also confers severe anemia in midgestation mouse embryos due to defective definitive erythropoiesis. Fetal liver erythroid precursors of Ccbe1 null mice exhibit reduced proliferation and increased apoptosis. Colony-forming assays and hematopoietic reconstitution studies suggest that CCBE1 promotes fetal liver erythropoiesis cell nonautonomously. Consistent with these findings, Ccbe1lacZ reporter expression is not detected in hematopoietic cells and conditional deletion of Ccbe1 in hematopoietic cells does not confer anemia. The expression of the erythropoietic factors erythropoietin and stem cell factor is preserved in CCBE1 null embryos, but erythroblastic island (EBI) formation is reduced due to abnormal macrophage function. In contrast to the profound effects on fetal liver erythropoiesis, postnatal deletion of Ccbe1 does not confer anemia, even under conditions of erythropoietic stress, and EBI formation is normal in the bone marrow of adult CCBE1 knockout mice. Our findings reveal that CCBE1 plays an essential role in regulating the fetal liver erythropoietic environment and suggest that EBI formation is regulated differently in the fetal liver and bone marrow.
What are regulatory T cells (Treg) regulating in cancer and why

The role regulatory T cells (Treg) play in cancer development and progression is not clear. Earlier evidence suggested that CD4+FOXP3+CD25high Treg accumulate in tumors and the peripheral blood of patients with cancer and through suppression of anti-tumor immune responses promote tumor growth. However, more recent data indicate that in certain cancers, such as colorectal carcinoma (CRC), Treg suppress bacteria-driven inflammation which promotes carcinogenesis and thus benefit the host. Treg appear to play a dual role in cancer. This might explain why the frequency and functions of Treg are associated with a poor prognosis in some cancers but with favorable outcome in others. The clinical and prognostic significance of Treg in cancer depends on environmental factors, including infectious agents, tumor-derived products and locally-produced cytokines, which shape the nature of immune responses, including Treg generation, recruitment and survival. Adaptive or inducible (i) Treg or Tr1 are the major subset(s) of Treg present in cancer. These iTreg are a distinct subset of regulatory cells that phenotypically and functionally differ from FOXP3+ natural (n) Treg responsible for peripheral tolerance. They mediate powerful suppression of effector T cells via diverse mechanisms, produce immunosuppressive cytokines, notably TGF-β as well as prostaglandin E2 and adenosine, and are resistant to apoptosis or oncological therapies. Strategies for silencing of Tr1 in patients with cancer will require novel approaches that can selectively deplete these cells or block molecular pathways they utilize.
QUARK MODEL AND QUADRATIC MASS FORMULAS FOR MESONS.

Within the framework of the nonrelativistic quark model, a simple field-theoretical prescription is given for using quadratic mass formulas for all mesons and linear mass formulas for all baryons. It is postulated that the unperturbed part of the quark-system Hamiltonian possesses $\mathrm{SU}(6)$ symmetry with respect to the spin and unitary spin of the constituent quarks. Quadratic mass relations within meson multiplets as well as quadratic electromagnetic mass relations are derived, and it is shown that the parameters can be uniquely fitted to experiment, avoiding the serious discrepancy which exists when such a fit is attempted in the standard quark-model framework which uses linear mass relations.
New methodology in determining evidence for single electron transfer in the reaction of Grignard reagents with ketones

Abstract A new method is reported to determine the existence of single electron transfer in the reaction of Grignard reagents with ketones. The method involves the determination of pseudo-first order rate constants by following the rate of disappearance of the paramagnetic intermediate and relating the rate of this disappearance to the appearance of product. The reactions of methyl-, phenyl- and t-butyl-Grignard reagents with substituted benzophenones were examined. This method should be applicable to a wide range of organometallic reactions.
The private nonprofit provision of education: A theoretical model and application to Japan☆

Abstract Why do some countries provide education and other quasi-public goods through government production while others rely heavily on the private sector?. When private provision is used, why does the nonprofit organization (NPO) often prevail over the for-profit form? Why do nonprofits concentrate on the provision of quasi-public human capital-enhancing goods, such as education and health care? This paper examines these interrelated questions. Section 2 argues that the relative size of the private (nonprofit) sector is determined by excess demand and differentiated demand for quasi-public goods and by the supply of religious entrepreneurship in the society and industry under examination. Section 3 applies this theoretical model to the case of Japan.
CHARACTER CONVERGENCE IN MEXICAN FINCHES

The natural history literature contains many striking examples of sympatric species more similar in appearance than common ancestry or chance warrant. Recent papers by Moynihan (1968) and Cody (1969) summarized the relevant literature, termed this phenomenon "character convergence," and emphasized the mutual advantages to convergently similar species in gregarious and aggressive interactions respectively. In particular Cody (1969) suggested that convergence in appearance or voice may evolve as a response to selection for interspecific territoriality between ecologically similar species, as territories are defended by vocalization and/or visual displays. The examples to support this hypothesis were few, because in most apparent cases of convergence attributable to this phenomenon the necessary field observations on interspecific territorial interactions were lacking. Species showing an apparent convergence where their ranges overlapped became, ex hypothesi, good candidates for interspecific territoriality. It will be shown that, in one such instance at least, the speculation was justified.
Oxygen–Peroxide Couple on Platinum

ON the basis of experience with carbon electrodes, the behaviour of platinum electrodes in the presence of oxygen-saturated electrolytes has been explained1–7 in terms of the formation of peroxide. The experimental verification of the standard potential of the oxygen–peroxide couple on platinum in alkaline solution and its Nernst-dependence on the activities of the oxygen and peroxide has not, however, been published, although Bornemann8 did study the couple in acid solution. As a part of this laboratory's investigation of fuel cell electrodes at simulated deep sea pressures, the oxygen–peroxide couple has been investigated on bright platinum9.
Field test results and ambient aerosol measurements using dual wavelength fluorescence excitation and elastic scatter for bio-aerosols

A bioaerosol sensor based on dual wavelength fluorescence excitation and multiple wavelength elastic scattering has been developed and characterized for classifying micron-sized particles on the fly. The UVLIF instrument successfully completed a field trial in which we detected and correctly identified over 90% of the simulant releases over the 2 week testing period.
Negotiating Grit and Glamour: Young Women of Color and the Gentrification of the Lower East Side

This paper examines experiences of gentrification from the perspective of young working class women of color who have grown up on the Lower East Side of New York City in the 1980s and 90s. In a participatory action research project entitled “Makes Me Mad: Stereotypes of young urban womyn of color”, six young women researchers investigate the relationship between the gentrification of their community, public (mis)representations, and their self-understanding. Focusing on how young women negotiate processes of disinvestment and gentrification, this paper offers insights into how globalization is worked out on the ground and in their everyday lives. Bridging the material and psychological, I explore the socio-spatial constitution of young women's identities as they interpret their experiences growing up on the Lower East Side having to live up both to the grittyness of ghetto life and the glamour of the club, cafe and boutique life. Drawing connections between the white-washing sweep of gentrification, and socioeconomic disinvestment of their community, the women express a nuanced understanding of neighborhood change. I maintain that we can learn about the contradictions of globalization from these young women's ambivalent relationship with neighborhood change.
Mechanical performance of asphalt mixtures modified by bio-oils derived from waste wood resources

Abstract Bio-oils derived from waste wood resources are thought to be potential alternatives for petroleum asphalt binders used in asphalt pavement. This study aims to evaluate the effect of bio-oils on asphalt mixture performance after blending bio-oil (5% and 10% by weight, respectively) into the traditional asphalt binder. Three types of bio-oils are used – the original bio-oil (OB), dewatered bio-oil (DWB) and polymer-modified bio-oil (PMB). The asphalt pavement analyzer (APA) test, four-point beam fatigue test, dynamic modulus (|E * |) test and indirect tensile (IDT) strength test were conducted to evaluate the rutting resistance, fatigue performance, dynamic stiffness, and tensile strength, respectively. The test results showed that the addition of bio-oils significantly improves the asphalt mixture fatigue performance, has no significant effect on the rutting performance and dynamic modulus, but slightly impacted the tensile strength. In addition, polymer in the bio-oil was observed to improve the asphalt mixture performance as the PMB modified asphalt mixtures performed better than the two other mixtures. Further, statistical analysis on the laboratory test results are conducted and found to be consistent with the findings above. The study shows that the bio-oils derived from waste wood resources can be a good extender and modifier for petroleum asphalt binders in the pavement industry.
The Effect of Contact Angle on Rolling-Contact Fatigue and Bearing Load Capacity

The NASA five-ball fatigue tester was used to determine the rolling-contact fatigue life of ½-in.-diameter M-1 steel balls applicable for high-temperature bearing use, and modified 204-size angular-contact ball bearings at various contact angles. For a constant Contact stress in the five-ball fatigue tester, fatigue life decreased with increasing contact angle. In contrast, relative thrust-load capacity increased with increasing contact angle. The Lundberg-Palmgren theory correctly predicts capacity at contact angles up to 30 degrees. Presented as an American Society of Lubrication Engineers paper at the Lubrication Conference held in Chicago, Illinois, October 1961.
Antigens in Ocular and Cutaneous Melanomas

We used immunohistochemical techniques employing hybridoma monoclonal antibodies to demonstrate the presence of antigens common to ocular and cutaneous melanomas. Our methodology can be easily adapted for use in the pathology laboratory.
Design guidelines for optical resonator biochemical sensors

We propose a design tool for dielectric optical resonator-based biochemical refractometry sensors. Analogous to the widely accepted photodetector figure of merit, the detectivity D*, we introduce a new sensor system figure of merit, the time-normalized sensitivity S*, to permit quantitative, cross-technology-platform comparison between resonator sensors with distinctive device designs and interrogation configurations. The functional dependence of S* on device parameters, such as resonant cavity quality factor (Q), extinction ratio, system noise, and light source spectral bandwidth, is evaluated by using a Lorentzian peak fitting algorithm and Monte Carlo simulations to provide theoretical insights and useful design guidelines for optical resonator sensors. Importantly, we find that S* critically depends on the cavity Q factor, and we develop a method of optimizing sensor resolution and sensitivity to noise as a function of cavity Q factor. Finally, we compare the simulation predictions of sensor wavelength resolution with experimental results obtained in Ge17Sb12S71 resonators, and good agreement is confirmed.
Effect of 5-Hydroxytryptophan on Serum Cortisol Levels in Major Affective Disorders: I. Enhanced Response in Depression and Mania

• The serum cortisol concentration following administration of 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP), 200 mg orally, a precursor of serotonin (5-HT), was significantly greater in unmedicated depressed and manic patients than in normal controls. Increases in serum cortisol levels greater than 5 ug/dL were significantly more frequent in both unmedicated depressed and manic patients than in the normal controls. There was significant test-retest reliability. Baseline serum cortisol concentration correlated negatively with the cortisol response to 5-HTP in normal controls. These results suggest increased 5-HT receptor sensitivity may be present, possibly in the hypothalamus or pituitary, in some patients with affective disorders. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that decreased serotonergic activity, which would be expected to produce increased 5-HT receptor sensitivity, may be present in both depression and mania.
Qualitative thrombelastographic detection of tissue factor in human plasma.

Background Tissue factor (TF) is the principal in vivo initiator of coagulation, with normal circulating TF concentrations reported to be approximately 23-158 pg/mL. However, patients with atherosclerosis or cancer have been reported to have TF concentrations ranging between 800 and 9000 pg/mL. Of interest, thrombelastographic (TEG)-based measures of clot initiation and propagation have demonstrated hypercoagulability in such patients at risk for thromboembolic events. Thus, our goal in the present investigation was to establish a concentration-response relationship of the effect of TF on TEG variables, and determine specificity of TF-mediated events with a monoclonal TF antibody. Methods Thrombelastography was performed on normal human plasma exposed to 0, 500, 1000, or 2000 pg/mL TF. Additional experiments with plasma exposed to 0 or 750 pg/mL TF in the presence or absence of a monoclonal TF antibody (1:360 dilution, 10 min incubation) were also performed. Clot initiation time (R) and the speed of clot propagation (MRTG, maximum rate of thrombus generation) were determined. Results The addition of TF to normal plasma resulted in a significant, concentration-dependent decrease in R and increase MRTG values. The addition of TF antibody to samples with TF significantly increased R and decreased MRTG values compared to samples with TF addition. Conclusions In conclusion, changes in TEG variables in conjunction with use of a TF antibody can detect pathological concentrations of TF in human plasma in vitro. Further investigation is warranted to determine if TEG(R)-based monitoring could assist in the detection and prevention of TF-initiated thromboembolic events.
Achieving High Quantum Yield Charge Separation in Porphyrin-Containing Donor—Acceptor Molecules at 10 K

In order to study the rates and energetics of electron-transfer reactions related to photosynthesis, two new fixed-distance donor-acceptor molecules have been prepared. The donors are Zn porphyrins, and the acceptor is a high-electron affinity tetracyanonaphthoquinodimethane derivative. These compounds posses very large negative free energies for charge separation at 294 K. It was found that the very low quantum yields for charge separation in low temperature solids exhibited by the porphyrin-based donor-acceptor molecules resulted in a large part from destabilization of the ion pair state in low-temperature solids relative to polar liquids. 15 references, 2 figures, 1 table.
Spin-polarized quantum transport and magnetic field-dependent carrier density in magnetic two-dimensional electron gases

Abstract Low-temperature magneto-transport and magneto-photoluminescence measurements are reported in magnetic two-dimensional electron gas samples formed by modulation doping shallow (Zn,Cd,Mn)Se single quantum wells. The small Fermi energy (∼1–2 meV) and large exchange-induced spin splitting (∼10 meV) results in a completely spin-polarized electron gas at filling factors as high as ν =12. Further, the spin splitting significantly perturbs the confinement potential, resulting in a magnetic field-dependent carrier density.
G-CSF induces membrane expression of a myeloperoxidase glycovariant that operates as an E-selectin ligand on human myeloid cells.

The host defense response critically depends on the production of leukocytes by the marrow and the controlled delivery of these cells to relevant sites of inflammation/infection. The cytokine granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) is commonly used therapeutically to augment neutrophil recovery following chemo/radiation therapy for malignancy, thereby decreasing infection risk. Although best known as a potent inducer of myelopoiesis, we previously reported that G-CSF also promotes the delivery of leukocytes to sites of inflammation by stimulating expression of potent E-selectin ligands, including an uncharacterized ∼65-kDa glycoprotein. To identify this ligand, we performed integrated biochemical analysis and mass spectrometry studies of G-CSF–treated primary human myeloid cells. Our studies show that this novel E-selectin ligand is a glycoform of the heavy chain component of the enzyme myeloperoxidase (MPO), a well-known lysosomal peroxidase. This specialized MPO glycovariant, referred to as “MPO–E-selectin ligand” (MPO–EL), is expressed on circulating G-CSF–mobilized leukocytes and is naturally expressed on blood myeloid cells in patients with febrile leukocytosis. In vitro biochemical studies show that G-CSF programs MPO–EL expression on human blood leukocytes and marrow myeloid cells via induction of N-linked sialofucosylations on MPO, with concomitant cell surface display of the molecule. MPO–EL is catalytically active and mediates angiotoxicity on human endothelial cells that express E-selectin. These findings thus define a G-CSF effect on MPO chemical biology that endows unsuspected functional versatility upon this enzyme, unveiling new perspectives on the biology of G-CSF and MPO, and on the role of E-selectin receptor/ligand interactions in leukocyte migration and vascular pathology.
A generalization of dirac’s theorem

LetG be an (r+2)-connected graph in which every vertex has degree at leastd and which has at least 2d-r vertices. Then, for any pathQ of lengthr and vertexy not onQ, there is a cycle of length at least 2d-r containing bothQ andy.
As It Was in the Beginning: Death and Re-membrance and the Christian Intuition

The author argues that the psyche crafts an affective metaphor for death out of the separation drama of infancy. Emergence of self from the mother–infant dyad can accomplish cohesion of fragmentary unconscious mentation strong enough, following Winnicott, to make possible a belief in God. Through developmental synergy between female and male elements, a sense of participation in an eternal principle of being can be achieved, sustaining the ego against anxieties over disintegration, and death as its analog. Myths of the child god illuminate the equation of fragmentation with death of self. Christianity expresses how the cohered self can transcend fragmentation.
Effect of early postnatal exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) on fertility in male rats.

Males exposed to PCBs during lactation exhibited reduced fertility, i.e., reduced incidence of implantation in normal females mated to experimental males. However, a reduced weight gain during the time of treatment in the pups exposed to the higher doses of PCBs was also observed. After treatment, weight gain was comparable or greater in the experimental pups and by the time of mating and autopsy, body weights in all groups were comparable. The present experiments were designed 1) to determine if the early reduced weight gain (previously observed) has any influence on fertility, and 2) to investigate the effect of early postnatal exposure to PCBs on sperm counts and the ability of the sperm to support normal development.