cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Taste, odor, and tactile discrimination before and after smoking

Differential sensitivity was measured before and after smoking a cigarette by seven smokers, using six non-smokers as controls. Stimuli consisted of the tastes of sucrose, sodium chloride, citric acid, caffeine, and quinine hydrochloride; the odors of vanillin and 2-butanone; and the viscosity produced by a carrageenan gum. No significant jnds were observed between smokers and non-smokers, nor before vs after smoking. Therefore, the data supported neither longterm nor short-term influences of cigarette smoking. Practice effects were noted among the control group, as more correct responses were obtained on the second than on the first set of solutions in most of the test stimuli.
Okadaic acid induces tau phosphorylation in SH-SY5Y cells in an estrogen-preventable manner.

One of the pathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), which are composed of abnormally hyperphosphorylated tau, but the mechanism of tau hyperphosphorylation in AD is still unclear. To investigate the effects of estrogens on tau phosphorylation, SH-SY5Y cells were treated with okadaic acid (OA), a serine/threonine phosphatase inhibitor, to induce tau phosphorylation and the effects of estrogen were observed by co-treatment with 17β-estradiol (E2). We found that OA induced in vitro tau hyperphosphorylation, which was prevented by E2 in a dose-dependent manner. This effect of E2 was partially blocked by an estrogen receptor (ER) antagonist, ICI 182,780. In addition to tau hyperphosphorylation, inhibition of serine/threonine phosphorylation induced upregulation of cdk5 levels, which was attenuated by E2 in a manner that was counteracted by ICI 182,780. Our results show that cdk5 is involved in OA-induced tau hyperphosphorylation, and estrogens ameliorate the tau hyperphosphorylation, which may be mediated in part by ER.
Circular grating interferometer for mapping transverse coherence area of X-ray beams

A circular grating interferometer was used to map the transverse coherence area of an X-ray beam. Due to the radial symmetry of the circular grating, coherence lengths along all transverse directions were obtained simultaneously by measuring the visibility decay of interferograms recorded at different distances behind a single circular π/2 phase grating. The technique is model-free and provides direct measurement of the complex coherence factor of the beam. The use of a circular grating also enables the unique capability of measuring the source shape profile. Sensitivity of this technique was demonstrated by detecting the small source tilt of a few degrees.
Rapid Word Recognition as a Measure of Word-Level Automaticity and Its Relation to Other Measures of Reading.

The present study investigated the relationship between rapid recognition of individual words (Word Recognition Test) and two measures of contextual reading: (1) grade-level Passage Reading Test (IRI passage) and (2) performance on standardized STAR Reading Test. To estabilish if time of presentation on the word recognition test was a factor in predicting contextual reading performance, four computerized presentation times were used: 300 msec, 650 msec, 1000 msec, adn 2000 msec. Regression analyses revealed that, for both third- and fourth-grade students, there was evidence that presentation times of less than 1 second better approximated performance on the two contextual reading measures.
Three-dimensional electromagnetic particle-in-cell with Monte Carlo collision simulations on three MIMD parallel computers

A three-dimensional electromagnetic particle-in-cell code with Monte Carlo collision (PIC-MCC) is developed for MIMD parallel supercomputers. This code uses a standard relativistic leapfrog scheme incorporating Monte Carlo calculations to push plasma particles and to include collisional effects on particle orbits. A local finite-difference time-domain method is used to update the self-consistent electromagnetic fields. The code is implemented using the General Concurrent PIC (GCPIC) algorithm, which uses domain decomposition to divide the computation among the processors. Particles must be exchanged between processors as they move among subdomains. Message passing is implemented using the Express Cubix library and the PVM. We evaluate the performance of this code using a 512-processor Intel Touchstone Delta, a 512-processor Intel Paragon, and a 256-processor CRAY T3D. It is shown that a high parallel efficiency exceeding 95% has been achieved on all three machines for large problems. We have run PIC-MCC simulations using several hundred million particles with several million collisions per time step. For these large-scale simulations the particle push time achieved is in the range of 90–115 ns/particle/time step, and the collision calculation time in the range of a few hundred nanoseconds per collision.
The Relationship Between Multiple Forms of Discrimination, Neighborhood Characteristics, and Depression Among Illicit Drug Users in New York City:

It is plausible that features of the social environment combined with experiences of discrimination may help further explain experiences of depression among illicit drug users. We examined the influence of census tract-level characteristics and multiple forms of individual-level discrimination on lifetime depression among illicit drug users in New York City enrolled in the "Social Ties Associated With Risk of Transition" study. Population average models accounted for clustering of individuals within census tracts. Discrimination based on prior incarceration explained Hispanic/White differences in depression and was independently associated with depression after accounting for neighborhood characteristics. Neighborhood poverty was only marginally related to lifetime depression. These data provide evidence supporting the influence of discrimination on depression among drug users. Research is needed to confirm these findings and highlight specific mechanisms through which discrimination and neighborhood socioeconomic status may operate to influence mental health.
The Functions, Impacts and Effectiveness of Water Pricing: Evidence from the United States and Canada

The paper analyses what is considered to be different ‘prices’ of water: those which depend on the services that are provided, on the revenues structures, and on the types of water markets to which the users may have access to. Conflicting roles of water pricing are also discussed, like the validity of the arguments based on economic efficiency; the generation of adequate revenues for operation, maintenance and expansion of the water system; and the ‘equitable’ treatment towards water users. Water pricing case studies in United States and Canada are presented.
The World Bank Policy for Projects on International Waterways: An Historical and Legal Analysis

Law, Justice and Development (Series), Salman M. A. Salman, Leiden, Martinus Nijhoff and Washington, DC, The World Bank, 2009 In 2009, the Legal Vice-Presidency of The World Bank and Martinus Nijho...
TIMP1 Contributes to Ovarian Anomalies in Both an MMP-Dependent and Independent Manner in a Rat Model

Ovulatory dysfunction occurs in women with endometriosis, yet the mechanisms are unknown. We have shown that endometriotic lesions synthesize and secrete tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP) 1 into the peritoneal cavity in humans and a rat model of endometriosis, where excess TIMP1 localizes in the ovarian theca in endometriosis and modulating peritoneal TIMP1 alters ovarian dynamics. Here, we evaluated whether mechanisms whereby excessive peritoneal fluid TIMP1 negatively impacts ovarian function are matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-dependent and/or MMP-independent actions. Rats were treated with a mutated TIMP1 without MMP inhibitory function (Ala-TIMP1), wild-type TIMP1 (rTIMP1), or PBS. Rats treated with Ala-TIMP1 or rTIMP1 had fewer antral follicles, fewer new corpora lutea, and the presence of luteinized unruptured follicle syndrome compared with PBS rats. Ala-TIMP1 and rTIMP1 differentially caused downstream changes in gene expression and protein localization related to ovulation, as measured by whole-genome microarray with quantitative real-time PCR validation and immunohistochemistry. More vascular endothelial growth factor and FN were expressed and localized in ovaries of Ala-TIMP1-treated rats compared to rTIMP1- and PBS-treated rats inferring MMP-independent functions. Less caspase 3 localized in ovaries of rTIMP1 compared with the other two groups, and was thus dependent on MMP action. Furthermore, after coimmunoprecipitation, more CD63 was bound to TIMP1 in ovaries of rats treated with Ala-TIMP1 than in rTIMP1-treated rats, providing evidence for another MMP-independent mechanism of ovulatory dysfunction. We predict that MMP-dependent and MMP-independent events are involved in improper fortification of the follicular wall through multiple mechanisms, such as apoptosis inhibition, extracellular matrix components and angiogenesis. Collectively, excessive peritoneal TIMP1 causes changes in ovarian dynamics, both dependently and independently of MMP inhibition.
Analgesic Tolerance of Opioid Agonists in Mutant Mu-Opioid Receptors Expressed in Sensory Neurons following Intrathecal Plasmid Gene Delivery:

Background Phosphorylation sites in the C-terminus of mu-opioid receptors (MORs) are known to play critical roles in the receptor functions. Our understanding of their participation in opioid analgesia is mostly based on studies of opioid effects on mutant receptors expressed in in vitro preparations, including cell lines, isolated neurons and brain slices. The behavioral consequences of the mutation have not been fully explored due to the complexity in studies of mutant receptors in vivo. To facilitate the determination of the contribution of phosphorylation sites in MOR to opioid-induced analgesic behaviors, we expressed mutant and wild-type human MORs (hMORs) in sensory dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons, a major site for nociceptive (pain) signaling and determined morphine- and the full MOR agonist, DAMGO,-induced effects on heat-induced hyperalgesic behaviors and potassium current (IK) desensitization in these rats.
Charge storage and persistent photoconductivity in a CdS0.5Se0.5 semiconductor alloy.

Relaxation of stored charge carriers in the persistent-photoconductivity (PPC) mode in a ${\mathrm{CdS}}_{0.5}$${\mathrm{Se}}_{0.5}$ semiconductor alloy has been investigated. The relaxation time constant of PPC is systematically measured as a function of temperature, from which the recombination barrier height ${\mathit{E}}_{\mathrm{rec}}$ has been determined. Low-temperature exciton luminescence has also been investigated and the exciton transition linewidth, which is broadened due to the presence of compositional fluctuations, is measured. The values of ${\mathit{E}}_{\mathrm{rec}}$ deduced from the measured exciton linewidth and the localized-to-delocalized transition temperature in the PPC mode are consistent with the results obtained from the PPC-decay measurements. These experimental results are consistent with our previous interpretation that PPC in ${\mathrm{CdS}}_{0.5}$${\mathrm{Se}}_{0.5}$ semiconductor alloys is caused by random local potential fluctuations induced by compositional fluctuations.
Noise Immunity of High-Precision Low-Temperature Experiments

In the high-precision low-temperature experiments, noise immunity has long been an important issue. We consider the problem of measuring the slowly changing data in the presence of both white noise and sudden, short noise spikes. The Kalman filter is applied to attenuate the white noise and a spike detecting algorithm is applied to remove spikes resulting from the charged particles. Experimental data show that, with the Kalman filter, the RMS of the measurement noise in a 0.5 Hz bandwidth can be attenuated from 4 nK to 0.2 nK in the best case. A simple spike detecting algorithm worked effectively to remove spikes without increasing the random noise level.
The application of melt elasticity measurements to polymer processing

In recent years there has been increasing recognition of the importance of melt elasticity in polymer processing. A new instrument has been developed that determines the elastic properties of polymers in the melt state by measuring both the stress relaxation and strain recovery characteristics as a function of applied rate of strain, temperature, and magnitude of applied strain. Data on several different polymers will be presented together with examples of the significance of melt elasticity in such processing operations as thermoforming, blow molding, and film forming. A material parameter that is very important in the processing of polymers such as polystyrene and poly(methylmethacrylate) is the transition above the glass transition, Tg, referred to as the liquid-liquid transition, TII. At this transition there is an abrupt change in the elasticity of the melt. Processing above or below this transition produces products with very different end use properties.
Partially adaptive multiuser detection

The problem of reducing the complexity of a blind adaptive multiuser detector is addressed. The original detector is based on constrained optimization where the constraint is constructed from knowledge of the desired user's code and timing. Since the number of adaptive weights in the constrained optimization detector is proportional to the code length, this fully adaptive algorithm may be too complex for real-time implementation. In order to reduce the number of adaptive degrees of freedom and, hence, the complexity of the detector, multiple constraints constructed from knowledge of the interfering users' codes may be specified. In scenarios where the information necessary to specify multiple constraints is not available, an alternative technique for rank reduction based on subspace selection is presented. A special implementation for this partially adaptive constrained optimization detector is also proposed. This implementation facilitates the subspace selection technique and has advantages over other proposed implementations. Simulation results that illustrate the detector's performance are presented in the form of bit error rate curves.
Decimal Floating-Point Adder and Multifunction Unit with Injection-Based Rounding

Shrinking feature sizes gives more headroom for designers to extend the functionality of microprocessors. The IEEE 754R working group has revised the IEEE 754-1985 standard for binary floating-point arithmetic to include specifications for decimal floating-point arithmetic and IBM recently announced incorporating a decimal floatingpoint unit into their POWER6 processor. As processor support for decimal floating-point arithmetic emerges, it is important to investigate efficient algorithms and hardware designs for common decimal floating-point arithmetic algorithms. This paper presents novel designs for a decimal floating-point adder and a decimal floating-point multifunction unit. To reduce their delay, both the adder and the multifunction unit use decimal injection-based rounding, a new form of decimal operand alignment, and a fast flag-based method for rounding and overflow detection. Synthesis results indicate that the proposed adder is roughly 21% faster and 1.6% smaller than a previous decimal floating-point adder design, when implemented in the same technology. Compared to the decimal floating-point adder, the decimal floating-point multifunction unit provides six additional operations, yet only has 2.8%more delay and 9.7% more area.
Sequence analysis and expression of the two genes for elongation factor 1 alpha from the dimorphic yeast Candida albicans.

Abstract Two Candida albicans genes that encode the protein synthesis factor elongation factor 1 alpha (EF-1 alpha) were cloned by using a heterologous TEF1 probe from Mucor racemosus to screen libraries of C. albicans genomic DNA. Sequence analysis of the two clones showed that regions of DNA flanking the coding regions of the two genes were not homologous, verifying the presence of two genes, called TEF1 and TEF2, for EF-1 alpha in C. albicans. The coding regions of TEF1 and TEF2 differed by only five nucleotides and encoded identical EF-1 alpha proteins of 458 amino acids. Both genes were transcribed into mRNA in vivo, as shown by hybridization of oligonucleotide probes, which bound specifically to the 3' nontranslated regions of TEF1 and TEF2, respectively, to C. albicans total RNA in Northern (RNA) blot analysis. The predicted EF-1 alpha protein of C. albicans was more similar to Saccharomyces cerevisiae EF-1 alpha than to M. racemosus EF-1 alpha. Furthermore, codon bias and the promoter and termination signals of the C. albicans EF-1 alpha proteins were remarkably similar to those of S. cerevisiae EF-1 alpha. Taken together, these results suggest that C. albicans is more closely related to the ascomycete S. cerevisiae than to the zygomycete M. racemosus.
Habitat succession, hardwood encroachment and raccoons as limiting factors for Lower Keys marsh rabbits

The Lower Keys marsh rabbit (LKMR, Sylvilagus palustris hefneri), a marsh rabbit subspecies endemic to the Lower Keys, Florida was protected in 1990, however, populations continue to decline despite recovery efforts. We hypothesized on-going habitat loss and fragmentation due to succession and hardwood encroachment has lead to increased edge, reduced habitat quality, and increased activity by native raccoons (Procyon lotor). These factors reduce the suitability of patches in a later successional state, thus threatening LKMR recovery and metapopulation persistence. We surveyed 150 LKMR patches in 2008, tallying adult and juvenile rabbit pellets, estimating measures of habitat succession and quality (woody and herbaceous ground cover, distribution of herbaceous species) and recording raccoon activity (number of raccoon signs). We calculated patch edge (patch shape index) using ArcGIS. We evaluated the relationship between patch and habitat attributes and LKMR using regression analysis and model selection. We found both adult and juvenile LKMR pellet counts were lower in patches with higher shape indices and higher in patches with greater occurrence of bunchgrasses and forbs. We also found adult LKMR pellet counts were lower in patches with higher raccoon activity. Our results suggest patch edge, habitat succession and quality, and raccoons pose a threat to the persistence and recovery of LKMR populations. Recovery efforts should focus on reducing these trends through habitat management and raccoon removal implemented in carefully controlled experiments with proper monitoring. Measures of patch and habitat attributes important to LKMR should be incorporated into long-term metapopulation monitoring and used to evaluate recovery actions. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Impact of Raspberry bushy dwarf virus on 'Marion' blackberry

Raspberry bushy dwarf virus (RBDV), genus Idaeovirus, was first observed in 1997 in a planting of 'Marion' blackberry (a complex hybrid with Rubus idaeus, R. procerus, and R. ursinus in its background) established at the North Willamette Research and Extension Center (Aurora, OR) from tissue-cultured plants in 1993. RBDV was detected in 128 of the 280 plants. The incidence of RBDV in this planting did not increase from 1997 through 2001. In 1999 and 2000, we evaluated the impact of RBDV on yield, fruit quality, and plant growth of 'Marion' blackberry. RBDV had no effect on cane growth or fruit number, but it reduced yield (40 to 50%), fruit weight (23 to 40%), and drupelet number per fruit (36 to 39%) compared with uninfected plants. In 2000, we surveyed 32 commercial 'Marion' fields for RBDV using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The locations of sampled fields were selected to reflect the acreage distribution of 'Marion' blackberry production in Oregon. RBDV-infected plants were detected in three fields.
Vielbein to the rescue? Breaking the symmetric vielbein condition in massive gravity and multigravity

Non-minimal matter couplings have recently been considered in the context of massive gravity and multi-gravity. These couplings are free of the Boulware-Deser ghost in the decoupling limit and can thus be considered within an Effective Field Theory setup. Beyond the decoupling limit the ghost was shown to reemerge in the metric formulation of the theory. Recently it was argued that this pathology is absent when formulated in terms of unconstrained vielbeins. We investigate this possibility and show that the Boulware-Deser ghost is always present beyond the decoupling limit in any dimension larger than two. We also show that the metric and vielbein formulations have an identical ghost-free decoupling limit. Finally we extend these arguments to more generic multi-gravity theories and argue that for any dimension larger than two a ghost is also present in the vielbein formulation whenever the symmetric vielbein condition is spoiled and the equivalence with the metric formulation is lost.
Thin Airfoil in Fields of Nonuniform Density, Part 1: Single Density Interface

The classical theory of thin airfoils in unsteady low-speed flow, for example, von Karman and Sears extended to the circumstance where the undisturbed flow contains certain regions of strong density variation. The unique feature of this situation is the vorticity generated in the regions of density gradient, which, in turn, induces additional loading on the airfoil in much the same manner as does the trailing vortex sheet in conventional unsteady airfoil theory. In a special case of this problem, Marble introduced two concepts that substantially simplified an otherwise complicated situation. One was the application of Kelvin's theorem to flows where the fluid density had discontinuities that were transported with the fluid. The second and more essential simplication of the analysis was the development of a representation for the vorticity induced on a convected density interface in the form of image vortices of appropriate strength and location. The present analysis generalizes thin airfoil theory to include a single density interface convected past the airfoil at any angle with respect to the airfoil
Measurement of membrane potential of endothelial cells in single perfused microvessels.

Abstract The membrane potential is an important modulator of calcium ion flux into endothelial cells of venular microvessels. We developed a method to measure the membrane potential of endothelial cells forming the walls of individually perfused microvessels under the same experimental conditions as those used to measure cytoplasmic calcium concentration and microvessel permeability. The membrane potential-sensitive fluorescent dye, bis-oxonol (1 μM), was added to the perfusate and the changes in bis-oxonol fluorescence intensity (FI) were calibrated in terms of changes in membrane potential using the cationic ionophore, gramicidin. FI changes an average of 0.625% per millivolt. The resting membrane potential of endothelial cells measured in single perfused microvessels, each calibrated individually, was 51.6 ± 4.9 mV (n = 9). In the presence of high potassium Ringer's solutions (57.9 and 100 mM, [K+]o), the membrane depolarized 25 ± 3 and 40 ± 5 mV, respectively. Conversely, low potassium solutions (0.1 mM [K+]o) hyperpolarized the membrane by 23 ± 4 mV. The endothelial membrane was also depolarized when the Na-K-ATPase was inhibited with ouabain. This method provides new data to test current hypotheses describing the role of the endothelial cell membrane potential as a modulator of microvessel permeability.
Punching Shear Failure in Progressive Collapse Analysis

A column failure caused by an explosion, impact, or other accidental events can propagate in a flat plate/slab structure through punching shear and lead to progressive collapse. The local post-punching behavior of flat slabs has been investigated experimentally and theoretically at the EPFL, Switzerland, and a mechanical model capable of predicting this behavior was developed. Using the mechanical model, an analytical model is developed here to estimate the initiation of punching shear failure as well as post-punching shear response of flat plates/slabs. The analytical model is used to study the system level post-punching response of structures and nonlinear dynamic finite element analyses are performed using a general purpose finite element software ABAQUS. The analytical model and the results of system level study can be of interest in assessing progressive collapse resistance of existing structures and in design of new structures.
Formal Derivation of Direct Torque Control for Induction Motors using the Singular Perturbation Method

Direct torque control (DTC) is an induction motor control technique that has been successful because it explicitly considers the inverter stage and uses few machine parameters, while being more robust to parameter uncertainty than field oriented control (FOC). This paper presents a formal derivation of DTC based on the singular perturbation method (SPM). The derivation elaborates a link between DTC and feedback linearization and presents an explicit relationship between DTC performance and machine characteristics. It is shown that DTC can be considered a special case of a continuous-time feedback law under quantization of the flux angle and the flux magnitude and torque errors. In addition, the feedback law from which DTC is derived is shown to have equivalent performance and similar information requirements as DTC, while being more robust to parameter uncertainty than FOC. From the analysis, it is shown that low-leakage machines are expected to perform better under both DTC and the SPM controller. The derivation does not require space vector concepts; therefore the traditional link between DTC and space vectors is shown not to be a fundamental one
Accelerating the convergence of higher-order coupled cluster methods

The problem of the generally inferior convergence behavior of higher-order coupled cluster methods, such as CCSDT and CCSDTQ, compared to CCSD is analyzed in terms of Moller-Plesset perturbation theory. A new structure for the CCSDT and CCSDTQ equations (and various approximations of these) is proposed which reorders contributions between the various cluster amplitudes and emphasizes lower-order corrections to the energy at each iteration. Numerical testing of the proposed method compared to the widely used direct inversion in the iterative subspace convergence acceleration technique shows significant improvement in the rate of convergence and total time-to-solution, especially for methods including quadruple excitations.
Three-dimensional base distributed effects of long stripe BJT's: base resistance at DC

An analytical model describing the DC voltage and current distributed effects in the polysilicon and intrinsic base regions of long stripe BJTs with double polysilicon technology is presented. It is shown that the bias dependent debiasing effect in the base polysilicon contacts causes an unequal division of base current between two base polysilicon contacts and results in a redistribution of base current in the base regions at different levels of current injection. The base resistance is also modulated by this current re-distribution effect at different biases. The change of base resistance with bias is calculated and the results show the importance of the distributed effects in the base polysilicon region in determining the base resistance.
X-Ray Contrast Polymers Containing Miscible Organobismuth Compounds

Triphenylbismuth is miscible with a wide range of polymers, making it an attractive X-ray contrast additive. Transparent materials can be obtained with radiopacities exceeding that of aluminum by at least a factor two. The additive can be covalently bound to the polymer by using polymerizable derivatives of this compound. The radiopacities are proportional to the molar concentration of the bismuth compound.
Focus on . . . Safe Harbor 401(K) Plans

The supposedly simpler testing options created by the Small Business Job Protection Act of 1996 have been complicated by complex requirements from the IRS.
Canine pulmonary disease and the urban environment. I. The validity of radiographic examination for estimating the prevalence of pulmonary disease

The validity of radiographic examination of the chest for pulmonary disease was measured in 136 dogs from a veterinary hospital and 200 dogs from a pound. Conventional radiography, 70-mm photofluorography, and portable radiography were employed. Sensitivity exceeded 90% in hospitalized dogs, and specificity was 80.0%. In pound dogs, a significantly lower sensitivity (72.5%) and insignificantly higher specificity (87.1%) were observed. No significant disadvantage was found in using portable radiography or 70-mm photofluorography in a group of 92 dogs radiographed simultaneously with one of these methods and conventional equipment. Errors in reliability of interpretation were found in terms of interindividual and intraindividual variation. Radiographic examination of the chest was found to be a feasible and valid approach to determine prevalence rates of pulmonary disease in canine populations for comparative environmental medical research.
A Centralized Strategy to Collect Comprehensive Institution-Wide Data from Faculty And Staff About Community Engagement And Public Service

“How do I get faculty and staff to record information about their community engagement and public service activities, partnerships, and contributions?” This article describes one institution’s strategies to collect comprehensive community engagement and public service data through a centralized system. Beyond what metrics to collect, we present insights about who to talk with, questions to prepare, and conversations that will increase participation from faculty and staff to report their activities annually.
Quantification of Toxic Response and the Development of the Median Effective Dose (Ed 50)—a Historical Perspective:

The development of the widely-used median effective (or lethal) dose as a summary measure in quantifying toxic response to chemical stimuli is reviewed. Attention is directed at those mathematical properties noted by the originator of the median effective dose, the English physiologist John William Trevan, that make the measure a useful summary statistic for toxicological studies. Consideration is also given to the development of precursor measures to the median effective dose, such as minimal effective dose.
Effects of Catalyst Type and Reaction Parameters on One-Step Acrylation of Soybean Oil

Unlike the conventional synthesis of acrylated soybean oil (ASO) that usually involved several steps, a novel one-step reaction synthesis of ASO was introduced in this study. ASO was prepared directly from the addition reaction of soybean oil (SO) and acrylic acid (AA). Effects of catalyst type, reaction stoichiometry, and conditions of the one-step synthesis of ASO were investigated in detail. The products were characterized using 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and FTIR. BF3·Et2O was found to be the most effective catalyst for this addition reaction. The results indicated that high catalyst and AA concentrations greatly increased the conversion to ASO and accelerated the reaction. Side reactions, such as polymerization of AA and transesterification between triglycerides and AA, were also noted during the reaction and were examined using 1H NMR. The feasibility of recovering and reusing the catalyst and excess AA was evaluated.
A Margin-Return Model for Strategic Market Planning:

Few models are currently available to aid managers in their strategic market planning. The models or frameworks that do exist have a variety of shortcomings. This paper develops a planning model ba...
Community research in other contexts: learning from sustainability science.

In health research, community-based participatory research (CBPR) has seen remarkable growth as an approach that overcomes many of the ethical concerns raised by traditional approaches. A community...
The Research of Regional ecotogical and Industrial Cooperation Model——Example of Beijing & Zhangjiakou ecological cooperation

Zhangjiakou in the direction of dust and water pollution and water shortage in Beijing's ecological environment pose a huge impact.As Zhangjiakou facing ecological preserve and industrial development and become prosperous of the contradictions and difficulties,so that the parties over the years in the Zhangjiakou region into tremendous financial and human ecological environment to strengthen the effectiveness of governance,therefore,need to Beijing and Zhangjiakou in ecological and industrial areas Cooperation.This paper presents both ecological and industrial cooperation with the thinking mode of both ecological and industrial cooperation in resources,and to the ecological and industrial cooperation in the protection of conditions.
Pollination Requirements for Watermelon Seed Production

SummaryWatermelon pollination studies in southern Colorado, USA, indicated that insect pollinators were necessary for commercial seed production, and that honeybees were adequate pollinators.The weight, but not number, of melons, and both number and weight of mature seeds per melon, were significantly higher from plots visited by bees than from those where bees were excluded. Increasing the honeybee populations did not improve melon weight or seed yield.High correlations were obtained between melon weight and number of mature seeds (0·90) and melon weight and total weight of mature seeds (0·85).Six species of native bees, as well as the honeybee, seemed to be active pollinators, and Melissodes bimaculata seemed a more efficient pollinator than the honeybee. Present pollinator populations are probably sufficient for commercial seed production in the area. The small fields used in the study, however, may not be comparable to the larger commercial ones, and the cages may have interfered with pollinating acti...
Anaplastic large cell lymphoma and its morphological variants

Clinicopathological studies have identified CD30+ ALCL as a clinicopathological entity with heterogeneous morphology and a frequent translocation involving t(2;5), with a better prognosis than most other T cell neoplasms and a different natural history and prognosis than Hodgkin's disease. Because of the different natural history and prognosis of CD30+ ALCL, it is important to recognize this entity and its morphological variants. Further studies are indicated to determine whether specific clinical management(s) and therapies are necessary for variants of ALCL such as HD like ALCL and the small cell predominant type.
TU-D-204-00: The Gadget: Making of the Atomic Bomb

Making of the Atomic Bomb 2015 is the 70th anniversary of the detonation of the first atomic bomb. Since then, few scientific issues have aroused so much public controversy as the effects of radiation. This lecture will present the extraordinary historical genesis and the thoughts of great men and women in the development of the atomic bomb. In addition, the difficult military and political decisions will be covered such as: target selection, the debate over whether to give the Japanese government a demonstration of its power and whether to use it at all. Also, were the German and Japanese scientists developing there own bomb? Declassified top secret documents now help in answering some of these questions.
Volar, Intramedullary, and Percutaneous Fixation of Distal Radius Fractures.

Background The management of extra-articular distal radius fractures is highly variable, with no clear consensus regarding their optimal management. Purpose To assess comparatively the biomechanical stability of Kirschner wire (K-wire) fixation, volar plating, and intramedullary nailing for unstable, extra-articular distal radius fractures with both (1) constant and (2) cyclical axial compression, simulating forces experienced during early postoperative rehabilitation. Methods Twenty-six volar locking plate, intramedullary nail, and K-wire bone-implant constructs were biomechanically assessed using an unstable extra-articular distal radius bone model. Bone implant models were created for each type of construct. Three samples from each construct underwent compressive axial loading until fixation failure. The remaining samples from each construct underwent fatigue testing with a 50-N force for 2,000 cycles followed by repeat compressive axial loading until fixation failure. Results Axial loading revealed the volar plate was significantly stiffer than the intramedullary nail and K-wire constructs. Both the volar plate and intramedullary nail required greater than 300 N of force for fixation failure, while the K-wire construct failed at less than 150 N. Both the volar plate and intramedullary nail demonstrated less than 1 mm of displacement during cyclic loading, while the K-wire construct displaced greater than 3 mm. Postfatigue testing demonstrated the volar plate was stiffer than the intramedullary nail and K-wire constructs, and both the volar plate and intramedullary nail required greater than 300 N of force for fixation failure while the K-wire construct failed at less than 150 N. Conclusions Volar plating of unstable extra-articular distal radius fractures is biomechanically stiffer than K-wire and intramedullary fixation. Both the volar plate and intramedullary nail demonstrated the necessary stability and stiffness to maintain anatomic reduction during the postoperative rehabilitation period. Clinical Relevance Both the volar plate and intramedullary nail demonstrated the necessary biomechanical stability to maintain postoperative reduction in extra-articular distal radius fractures, warranting further clinical comparison.
RESTRICTED PREFERENCES AND RATIONAL CHOICE

This chapter describes the restricted preferences and rational choice. If individual preferences have a certain pattern of similarity, then the MMD will yield transitive results. This amounts to a relaxation of condition U as applied to CCRs. The chapter discusses the consequences of relaxing the condition of unrestricted domain by considering restrictions on the patterns of individual orderings. The problem is interpreted more broadly than by Black and Arrow in three respects. One is interested not merely in the transitivity of social preference, but also in generating a social choice function; one is interested in the MMD as a SDF, and not merely in it as a SWF. MMD has certain properties such as neutrality. Some of the sufficiency conditions for majority decision are, in fact, sufficiency conditions for a wider class of collective choice rules satisfying a few but not all of the properties of the MMD.
Benjamin Mays and Morehouse College

In 1867, Richard C. Coulter, an Augusta, Georgia, resident and former slave, Reverent Edmund Turney, educator of freedmen and organizer of the National Theological Institute in Washington, D.C., and William Jefferson White, an Augusta Baptist minister and cabinetmaker, founded the Augusta Institute. With educating the recently emancipated Negroes as their mission, they started a campaign that was highly unpopular in the South. In addition to operating with inadequate facilities during its early years, the Institute also had to deal with protests from the recently formed Ku Klux Klan.
Global Contemporary Art Tourism: Engaging with Cuban Authenticity Through the Bienal de La Habana

This article addresses the role of the Bienal de La Habana in the production of local authenticity for international contemporary art travelers. Since 1984, this biennial art exhibition has mirrore...
Characterization of Thy-1 (CDw90) expression in CD34+ acute leukemia

Thy-1 (CDw90) is a phosphatidylinositol-anchored cell surface molecule which, when coexpressed with CD34 in normal human bone marrow, identifies a population of immature cells that includes putative hematopoietic stem cells. To date, the characterization of Thy-1 expression has been confined largely to normal tissues and cell lines. In this study, we evaluated the frequency and intensity of Thy-1 expression as defined by reactivity with the anti-Thy-1 antibody 5E10 in 38 cases of CD34+ acute leukemia (21 acute myelogenous leukemia [AML], 8 chronic myelogenous leukemia [CML] in blast crisis, and 9 acute lymphoblastic leukemia [ALL]). In 34 of 38 cases (89%) the CD34+ cells lacked expression of the Thy-1 antigen. High-density Thy-1 expression was found in 1 case of CML in lymphoid blast crisis, and low-density Thy-1 expression was identified on a portion of the leukemic cells in 2 cases of AML with myelodysplastic features, and 1 case of CML in myeloid blast crisis, suggesting a possible correlation between Thy-1 expression and certain instances of stem cell disorders such as CML and AML with dysplastic features. In contrast, the dissociation of Thy-1 and CD34 expression in the majority of acute leukemias studied suggests that the development of these leukemias occurs at a later stage than the hematopoietic stem cell. Characterization of Thy-1 expression in acute leukemia may eventually provide insights into the origin of the disease. In addition, separation of leukemic blasts from normal stem cells based on Thy-1 expression may prove useful in assessing residual disease, as well as in excluding leukemic blasts from stem cell preparations destined for autologous bone marrow or peripheral stem cell transplantation.
Notch Signaling and the Developing Skeleton

Notch signaling is an important regulator of skeletogenesis at multiple developmental stages. The Notch signaling pathway is involved in the promotion of somite segmentation, patterning and differentiation into sclerotome pre-chondrogenic cells to allow for appropriate axial skeleton development. In addition, studies performed in vitro and in vivo demonstrate that Notch signaling suppresses chondrogenic and osteoblastic differentiation and negatively regulates osteoclast formation and proliferation. Through the use of in vitro and in vivo approaches, Notch signaling has been shown to regulate somitogenesis, chondrogenesis, osteoblastogenesis and osteoclastogenesis that ultimately affect skeletogenesis. Dysregulation of Notch signaling results in congenital skeletal malformations that could reveal therapeutic potential.
Gearing up for a hunt?: A Great Bend aspect cache from central Kansas

The Johnson cache is a collection of 65 chipped stone artifacts, all made from varieties of Permian chert, which were found in the bank of Cow Creek in Rice County, central Kansas. The artifacts in...
Characterization of sick visits at an enhanced oncology urgent care center.

285Background: The Oncology Care Unit (OCU) is an urgent care center open during after-hours and weekends for patients with cancer and blood disorders at the Mount Sinai Hospital. This 6-bed, nurse...
Exploring the Sustainability-Related Career Outcome Expectations of Community College Students Interested in Science and Engineering Careers

ABSTRACTCommunity colleges are rarely at the forefront of conversations regarding science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) workforce. Attracting diverse students into STEM fields is...
Aqueous-based tape casting of multilayer transparent Nd:YAG ceramics

Abstract Transparent multilayer Nd:YAG ceramics were successfully fabricated by employing an ISOBAM-aqueous tape casting system, followed by oxygen sintering. Homogenous and flexible green tapes were obtained after drying the tapes for >24 h at room temperature in a controlled humidity chamber maintained at >60% relative humidity. The de-bindering and sintering processes were performed in a single heat treatment step conducted in an oxygen atmosphere. After sintering and subsequent polishing were performed, high transparency ceramics were obtained without the need for any additional annealing treatment. SEM characterization of the Nd:YAG ceramic sintered at 1750 °C for 20h revealed a highly homogeneous microstructure, with an average grain size of approximately 5 μm. The transmittance of the ceramic was measured to be 77% at the laser emission wavelength of 1063 nm.
Mesoscale Simulations of High-Velocity Impact on Plain-Weave and 3- D Weave S-2 Glass Targets

Abstract Mesoscale models have been successfully used to simulate impact on fabrics and composites at ordnance velocities. There are many advantages of the mesoscale models: 1) individual components of the model (e.g. yarns) can be easily tested to check if they capture the important physics of the problem, 2) the components of the model often have simple material models (e.g. a yarn is often linear elastic up to failure), and 3) a multi-tier validation with material and ballistics tests at meso- and macroscale levels can be performed. The authors have successfully developed mesoscale models for a glass fiber reinforced composite (S-2 glass fiber with epoxy resin) that were validated by unconventional composite tests (e.g., torsion, out-of-plane delamination). In this paper the models are exercised at impact velocities ranging from 2 to 5 km/s. The original material models have simple constitutive laws (linear-elastic and elasto-plastic) that, in principle, have limited validity for hypervelocity impact. Therefore, modifications are made to better model the high-rate behavior of the epoxy resin matrix. The simulation results capture complicated damage mechanisms that might provide insight into future experimental data.
CRISPR-Cas9 modified bacteriophage for treatment of Staphylococcus aureus induced osteomyelitis and soft tissue infection

Abstract Osteomyelitis, or bone infection, is often induced by antibiotic resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains of bacteria. Although debridement and long-term administration of antibiotics are the gold standard for osteomyelitis treatment, the increase in prevalence of antibiotic resistant bacterial strains limits the ability of clinicians to effectively treat infection. Bacteriophages (phages), viruses that effectively lyse bacteria, have gained recent attention for their high specificity, non-toxicity, and the low likelihood of resistance development by pathogens. Previously, we have shown that CRISPR-Cas9 genomic editing techniques could be utilized to expand bacteriophage host range and enhance bactericidal activity through modification of the tail fiber protein, as well as improve safety with removal of major virulence genes. In a dermal infection study, these CRISPR-Cas9 phages reduced bacterial load relative to unmodified phage. Thus, we hypothesized this bacteriophage would be effective to mitigate infection from a biofilm forming S. aureus strain in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, qualitative fluorescent imaging demonstrated superiority of phage to conventional vancomycin and fosfomycin antibiotics against S. aureus biofilm. Quantitative antibiofilm effects increased over time for fosfomycin, phage, and fosfomycin-phage (dual) therapeutics delivered via alginate hydrogel. We developed an in vivo rat model of osteomyelitis and soft tissue infection that was reproducible and challenging and enabled longitudinal monitoring of infection progression. Using this model, phage (with and without fosfomycin) delivered via alginate hydrogel were successful in reducing soft tissue infection but not bone infection, based on bacteriological, histological, and scanning electron microscopy analyses. Notably, the efficacy of phage at mitigating soft tissue infection was equal to that of high dose fosfomycin. Future research may utilize this model as a platform for evaluation of therapeutic type and dose, and alternate delivery vehicles for osteomyelitis mitigation.
Self-Narratives of Persistent Pimps and Those Anticipating Desistance: Emotions, Conventional Work, and Moral Profitability Calculus

ABSTRACTIdentity, values, and emotional processes underlying desistance and persistence in the illicit sex trade have received little empirical attention. An analysis of qualitative interviews of 4...
Fugitive slaves and spaces of freedom in North America

In his introduction to Fugitive Slaves and Spaces of Freedom in North America, editor Damian Alan Pargas opens with a curious and unexpected scene: the 1825 Fourth of July celebration by the white ...