cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Bellman-Ford approach to energy efficient routing of electric vehicles

Most experts foresee more demand for electric and plug-in electric vehicles. This demand is triggered by environmental concerns, energy dependency, and unstable fuel prices. Available vehicle routing algorithms are designed for fossil-fuelled vehicles. These algorithms optimize for the shortest distance or the shortest travel time between 2 points. Dijkstra or Dijkstra-like algorithms are mostly used for solving such optimization problems. Energy-efficient routing for electric vehicles, on the other hand, requires different approaches as it cannot be solved using Dijkstra or Dijkstra-like algorithms. Negative path costs generated by regenerative braking, battery power and energy limits, and vehicle parameters that are only available at query time, make the task of electric vehicle energy-efficient routing a challenging problem. In this paper, we present a solution approach to the electric vehicle energy efficient routing problem using Bellman-Ford. Bellman-Ford is a deterministic optimization method that is capable of solving routes with negative paths. A model representing electric vehicles is presented. Bellman-Ford search is then applied on the model and is used to find the most energy efficient route. The generated solution is then used to guide the electric vehicle through the desired path. The performance of the Bellman - Ford algorithm is then studied by applying the implemented algorithm on different map sizes.
Molecular cloning of a novel human leukemia-associated gene. Evidence of conservation in animal species.

Abstract We have recently described an 18-kilodalton polypeptide (p18) that is present in much greater abundance in acute leukemic blast cells (myeloid and lymphoid) than in resting or proliferating nonleukemic lymphoid cells or chronic lymphoid and myeloid leukemic cells. In this report we describe the cloning of two different sized full-length cDNAs that code for p18. The two cDNAs differ in their 3'-noncoding regions as a result of alternative polyadenylation. Analysis of the complete nucleotide sequence and the corresponding amino acid sequence did not reveal significant homology to any previously described sequences. We show evidence that this gene is highly conserved in several animal species and low stringency hybridization studies suggest that the p18 gene may be a member of a family of partially homologous genes in the human genome.
Psychoanalysis, the Tyranny of Objectivism, and the Rebellion of the Subjective

The standard definition of psychology as the behavior of living organisms is subject to scrutiny and found to be untenable. Such a view is self-contradictory, puts method before subject matter, and misconstrues the very nature of the psychic. The objectivist view is an index of a materialist culture that defines all value, and even all reality, in quantifiable terms. Some of the damaging consequences of this view are presented, and then the phenomenological alternative is proposed. The latter avoids reification of the psyche by identifying human being in Heideggerean terms as Being-in-the-world, or Dasein, Being-there. This conceptualization provides the basis for understanding human experience by an attitude of openness to the existing subject, precisely the stance of the psychoanalytic clinician. Psychoanalytic therapy, as one of the few bastions left for the study of human subjectivity, constitutes a rebellion against the hegemonic view of reality as quantitative. For that very reason analysis is in a unique position to lead a movement against the dominant ideology of quantification. It is argued that psychoanalysis matters because it is one of the few arenas left in which human subjectivity is appreciated and studied. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Current situation and critical points for paediatric research in Japan

The Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (MHLW) and related government agencies have been implementing strategies to facilitate clinical trials in the last few years [1], and the infrastructure for paediatric clinical trials is being strengthened. The revision of the Pharmaceutical Affairs Law (PAL) in 2002 has enabled physicians to conduct sponsor-investigator trials in Japan. There have been 9 protocols for 6 drugs funded by the MHLW in children completed or ongoing as of August, 2009. The National Centre for Child Health and Development (NCCHD) has been involved in 7 of these protocols. Of these 7 protocols, NCCHD has been involved in project management for 5 protocols.
Re-Imaging Japanese Women

Re-Imaging Japanese Women, Anne E. Imamura. ed. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996.358 pp.
Lineage of radial glia in the chicken optic tectum

In many parts of the central nervous system, the elongated processes of radial glial cells are believed to guide immature neurons from the ventricular zone to their sites of differentiation. To study the clonal relationships of radial glia to other neural cell types, we used a recombinant retrovirus to label precursor cells in the chick optic tectum with a heritable marker, the E. coli lacZ gene. The progeny of the infected cells were detected at later stages of development with a histochemical stain for the lacZ gene product. Radial glia were identified in a substantial fraction of clones, and these were studied further. Our main results are the following. (a) Clones containing radial glia frequently contained neurons and/or astrocytes, but usually not other radial glia. Thus, radial glia derive from a multipotential progenitor rather than from a committed radial glial precursor. (b) Production of radial glia continues until at least embryonic day (E) 8, after the peak of neuronal birth is over (approximately E5) and after radial migration of immature neurons has begun (E6-7). Radial glial and neuronal lineages do not appear to diverge during this interval, and radial glia are among the last cells that their progenitors produce. (c) As they migrate, many cells are closely apposed to the apical process of their sibling radial glia. Thus, radial glia may frequently guide the migration of their clonal relatives. (d) The population of labelled radial glia declines between E15 and E19-20 (just before hatching), concurrent with a sharp increase in the number of labelled astrocytes. This result suggests that some tectal radial glia transform into astrocytes, as occurs in mammalian cerebral cortex, although others persist after hatching. To reconcile the observations that many radial glia are present early, that radial glia are among the last offspring of a multipotential stem cell, and that most clones contain only a single radial glial cell, we suggest that the stem cell is, or becomes, a radial glial cell.
Sickle red cell calcium metabolism: studies on Ca2+-Mg2+ATPase and Ca-binding properties of sickle red cell membranes.

Sickle (Hb SS) red cells, preloaded with 45Ca by reversal of hemolysis, exhibit an incomplete 45Ca extrusion, retaining approximately four times more 45Ca than normal cells. Studies indicated that neither the reduction in Hb SS cell Ca2+-Mg2+ ATPase activity (84% of normal) nor the activation of Ca2+-Mg2+ ATPase by calmodulin was sufficiently different from normal cells to attribute a major role to the calcium pump in 45Ca retention. These results suggested that 45Ca retention may reflect an alteration in the calcium-binding properties of Hb SS cell membranes. Low-affinity calcium- binding (freely dissociable) was similar in normal and Hb SS cell membranes. However, the total calcium bound with high-affinity (tightly bound) was four-to-five times greater in Hb SS cell membranes than in normal membranes. These results are compatible with the hypothesis that Hb SS cell 45 Ca retention reflects an exchange of a fraction of the total 45Ca with a tightly bound calcium pool, larger in Hb SS cell membranes than in normal membranes. A comparable degree of red cell 45Ca retention, which did not correlate with the reticulocyte population, was observed in other chronic anemic states. These findings suggest that the increased high-affinity calcium binding by the membrane may be a consequence of cellular changes induced by the anemic condition.
Non-compact Littlewood-Paley theory for non-doubling measures

We prove weighted Littlewood-Paley inequalities for linear sums of functions satisfying mild decay, smoothness, and cancelation conditions. We prove these for general “regular” measure spaces, in which the underlying measure is not assumed to satisfy any doubling condition. Our result generalizes an earlier result of the author, proved on R with Lebesgue measure. Our proof makes essential use of the technique of random dyadic grids, due to Nazarov, Treil, and Volberg. 0. Introduction. In this note we generalize a slightly non-standard stopping time argument from the usual Euclidean setting on R, with Lebesgue measure, to one in which the underlying measure is not assumed to satisfy any doubling condition. The original motivation for this work came from certain weighted inequalities proved by the author and Richard Wheeden in [WhWi]. They looked for conditions on weights v and non-negative measures μ which ensured that (∫ R + |∇u|q dμ )1/q ≤ (∫ Rd |f |p v dx )1/p (0.1) would hold for all f in some reasonable test class. Here we are assuming that p and q lie strictly between 1 and ∞, and that u is the harmonic (Poisson) extension of f into R + = R × (0,∞). The approach they used was to consider a dual form of (0.1): (∫ Rd |T (g)|p σ dx )1/p′ ≤ (∫ R + |g(t, y)|q dμ )1/q′ . (0.2) Here p′ and q′ are the dual indices to p and q, σ = v1−p ′ , and g is an arbitrary bounded, measurable, compactly-supported function mapping R + → R. The operator T is a certain “balayage”-like object, whose precise definition need not concern us here. The inequality (0.2) turned out, after some juggling, to follow from inequalities like this:  ∫ Rd | ∑ Q λQφ(Q)| ′ σ dx   1/p′ ≤ C  ∑ Q |λQ|qwQ   1/q′ . The summation is indexed over the dyadic cubes Q ⊂ R; the λQ’s are arbitrary real numbers, of which all but finitely many are assumed to be 0, and the wQ’s are certain positive numbers whose precise definition need not concern us. The functions φ(Q) are, if you will pardon the misnomer, non-compactly supported wavelets. This means: each φ(Q) is a bump function centered around Q, with size and smoothness decaying at a nice rate AMS Subject Classfication (2000): 42B25.
Significance of ratios of different volumes of distribution in pharmacokinetics

Multicompartmental pharmacokinetics involves the four volumes: Vc = volume of the central compartment; Vss = volume of distribution steady-state; V beta = volume of distribution beta; and Vext = the extrapolated volume of distribution. The ratio Vc/Vext is indicative of the degree of multicompartmental character of a set of data. The quantity (Vext/V beta)--1 is the fractional error in the total clearance when one assumes a monoexponential rather than a polyexponential equation for disposition of a drug. The ratio Vss/V beta indicates how well the one-compartment body model predicts average amounts of drug in the body when a multicompartmental model is actually operative. The quantity (Vss/Vc)--1 is equal to either k12/k21 or k12/k21 + k13/k31 of the two- and three-compartmental mammillary models. Examples from the literature are reported and discussed.
What are the functions of corporate home pages

Abstract Researchers have identified a number of functions performed by corporate home pages on the World Wide Web. Although commerce and marketing functions are growing, they may be of minor importance in the evolving Internet strategies of corporations. The research presented here examined the functions of corporate home pages in the United States, Germany, and Japan, guided by theories in management studies and communications technology research. Results suggest that image creation rather than marketing, cost control, stakeholder relations, or disclosure is the major function of corporate home pages in each of the countries studied. This raises the question of why image creation is so important.
Comparison of helical and skewed axis gerotor pumps

The gerotor is a planar mechanism consisting of two surfaces whose relative motion can be described by the kinematics of orbiting pitch circles. Typically, gerotor surfaces are prismatic with the axes of rotation parallel to the ruled surfaces. For a given position, the generated cross section of the mechanism in the plane of motion is independent of the location of the section along the axis of rotation. In this work, a mathematical derivation for producing gerotors with non-prismatic surfaces is presented. The implementation results in two types of gerotors, mechanisms with conical surfaces relative to the rotor axis, and mechanisms with helical surfaces. These are relatively new inventions and this is the first publication of the mathematical model describing these mechanisms. The derivations of the mathematics associated with each mechanism are presented. Comparisons of the mechanisms are presented based on the displacement, compression ratio and surface area to volume ratio.
On Fault Identification in Diagnosable Systems

This paper begins by giving a characterization of t1/ t1—diagnosable systems. Then a class of t0-diagnosable systems, denoted by d(n,t0,X), is considered. It is shown for any member of this class that: 1) necessary and sufficient conditions for t1/t1—diagnosability are greatly simplified, 2) optimal diagnosis algorithms of time complexity 0(nt0) exist, and most importantly, 3) given the test results, any set F of faults with |F| ≤ t1 can be identified to within a set F' with F ⊆ F' and |F'| ≤ min {t1, |F| + 1}.
Mechanisms by which the I-ABM12 mutation influences susceptibility to experimental myasthenia gravis: a study in homozygous and heterozygous mice.

The I-Abm12 mutation in C57B1/6 (B6) mice yields the B6.C-H-2bm12 (bm12) strain, which is resistant to Experimental Myasthenia Gravis (EMG) induced by immunization with Torpedo acetylcholine receptor (TAChR), while the parental B6 strain is highly susceptible to EMG. CD4+ cells from bm12 mice immunized with TAChR do not recognize three sequence regions of the TAChR alpha subunit which dominate the CD4+ cell sensitization in B6 mice. We immunized with TAChR bm12, B6 and (bm12 x B6)F1 mice. B6 and F1 mice developed EMG with comparable frequency. Their CD4+ cells recognized the same TAChR alpha subunit peptide sequences (T alpha 150-169, T alpha 181-200 and T alpha 360-378). CD4+ cells from TAChR-sensitized F1 mice were challenged with TAChR and alpha subunit epitope peptides, using F1, B6 or bm12 APC. B6 and F1 APC presented all these Ag efficiently, while bm12 APC presented TAChR and peptide T alpha 150-169 poorly and erratically. Anti-TAChR and anti-alpha subunit epitope CD4+ lines propagated from F1 and B6 mice had similar TcR V beta usage. All lines but those specific for the sequence T alpha 150-169 had unrestricted V beta usage. Anti-T alpha 150-169 lines from both B6 and F1 mice had a strong preferential usage of V beta 6. Anti-T alpha 150-169 lines from F1 mice had also a slightly higher V beta 14 usage. B6, bm12 and F1 mice developed similar anti-TAChR Ab titres, and had Ab bound to muscle AChR in comparable amounts. Therefore EMG resistance of bm12 mice must be due to a subtle shift in the anti-AChR Ab repertoire, and absence of special Ab able to cause destruction and/or dysfunction of muscle AChR. This is probably related to the absence of CD4+ cells sensitized to epitopes within the sequence T alpha 150-160, consequent to the inability of the I-Abm12 molecule to present this sequence.
REM sleep and central monoamine oxidase inhibition.

Our preliminary observations on the relationship of sleep and lumbar CSF acid monoamine metabolite levels suggested a greater decrease in lumbar CSF HVA as compared to 5HIAA following clinical doses of phenelzine in the presence of virtually total REM suppression. This report on nine psychiatric patients confirms these findings in a larger sample and thus supports an inhibitory role for dopamine or other catecholamines in REM sleep mechanisms. The drug-withdrawal results indicate that the four patients with REM rebound showed increases in HVA levels compared to treatment levels, while the single patient with no REM rebound also had no increase in HVA levels.
Mass reduction for advanced winged entry vehicles through integrated thermostructural-trajectory design

This study examines the impact of aerothermo-structure design integration on thermal protection system (TPS) mass for advanced winged entry vehicles. Four basic categories of TPS are considered: external insulation, metallic hot structures, metallic standoff, and hybrid systems. A variety of concepts that fit in these basic categories are examined. Entry trajectories tailored specifically to the characteristics of each TPS concept are generated. An aerodynamic heating program is used with the appropriately tailored trajectories to determine the centerline TPS requirements for each concept. Included in the investigation is the impact on the combined TPS-structure mass of structural materials which maintain their integrity to higher temperatures. Results indicate that significant mass reduction can be realized through appropriate aerothermo-structure design integration. An assessment is made of the relative merits of the TPS/structure/trajectory combinations considered in the study.
Epsilon substitution for first- and second-order predicate logic

Abstract The epsilon substitution method was proposed by D. Hilbert as a tool for consistency proofs. A version for first order predicate logic had been described and proved to terminate in the monograph “Grundlagen der Mathematik”. As far as the author knows, there have been no attempts to extend this approach to the second order case. We discuss possible directions for and obstacles to such extensions.
Automated design of composite plates for improved damage tolerance

The present effort toward design automation for local damage tolerance in composite plates under compressive loading, simulating the local damage condition by a central, through-the-thickness crack-like notch, uses a micromechanical failure model for the fiber kink formation in the load-carrying layers. This accounts for the combined effects of compressive and shearing stresses around the notch. For stiffened plates, minimum-weight configurations are obtained where the crack is isolated in low stiffness plate regions.
Factors That Influence Willingness to Help the Homeless

Homelessness is an ongoing challenge for many families and individuals. Many struggle to meet their basic needs for food, clothing and shelter. Unfortunately, we know very little about the people who directly help homeless people meet these needs. The present study examines the relationships between empathy, religion, household income, political orientation, gender, race, and people's expressed willingness to assist the homeless. Results demonstrate a strong and consistent link between empathy and willingness to help. Moderately consistent associations are found for religion and race. Limitations, suggestions for further research, and for practical application are discussed.
Direct Observation of Multistate Folding in a Single Beta-Helical Protein

Filamentous haemagglutinin (FHA) is the major adhesin of B. pertussis, the bacterium that causes whooping cough. It is the prototypical member of the Two-Partner Secretion pathway family, a class of proteins associated with virulence in Gram-negative bacteria. Such proteins are large yet efficiently exported across the bacterial outer membrane without an obvious energy source, suggesting the hypothesis that translocation is driven by folding. Here, we use magnetic tweezers to apply stable and constant forces to single molecules corresponding to the N-terminal 480 amino acids of FHA (which initiate outer membrane translocation) and observe equilibrium unfolding and refolding in multiple discrete steps. This distributed (rather than cooperative) folding of isolated FHA provides evidence for processive, vectorial folding in vivo.
Changes in length and disk shedding rate of Xenopus rod outer segments associated with metamorphosis.

Histological examination of the retinae of Xenopus tadpoles undergoing the extensive transformations of metamorphic climax revealed a progressive and dramatic decrease in the length of rod outer segments (r. o. s.) (by 1.22 µm/day), which was reversed after the completion of metamorphosis, when r. o. s. grew longer (by 1.11 µm/day). The rate of r. o. s. disk addition during these two periods was determined by examining the incorporation of [ 3 H]-leucine by light microscopic autoradiography. The band of labelled protein in r. o. s. was displaced sclerally at a rate of 1.70 µm/day during the first half of metamorphic climax, and of 1.56 µm/day in young juveniles during the second month after metamorphosis. The similarity of the rate of band displacement at these times indicates that the changes in r. o. s. length associated with metamorphosis result from major changes in the rate of disk shedding and/or phagocytosis, which was about 2.92 µm/day pre-metamorphically and 0.45 µm/day post-metamorphically. E. m. observation at these stages and during the final stages of metamorphic climax revealed no significant alterations in the cellular organization or ultrastructure of rods or pigment epithelium, even though some r. o. s. were only 3 µm long. This large change in r. o. s. length undoubtedly influences the animal’s scotopic sensitivity and the relative mesopic activity of its rods and cones, and may have important effects on the animal’s visual physiology.
The Effects of Information on Change in Death Penalty Support: Race- and Gender-Specific Extensions of the Marshall Hypotheses

This study examines race- and gender-specific tests of the Marshall hypotheses, which assert that increases in knowledge about capital punishment result in decreases in death penalty support, except among those holding retributivistic views. In light of White racism and gender theories, we predicted both racial and gender variation in support for these claims. Using data from a series of 1-group pretest–posttest designs assessing the outcomes of several courses on capital punishment, the analysis reveals that the effects of knowledge gains on changes in death penalty support, “truth” acceptance, and “myth” adherence are neither racially nor gender invariant. The implications of these findings are discussed.
Nested and swaddled positioning support in the prone position facilitates sleep and heart rate stability in very low birth weight infants

The purpose of this study was to observe in very low birth weight infants (VLBWI) the effect of nested and swaddled positioning support in the prone position on heart rate, sleep distribution, and behavior state. A total of 20 VLBWI who were born at a gestational age of 26.5 ± 4 weeks with a birth weight of 709 ± 207 g were studied at an average gestational age of 37.4 ± 0.6 weeks (range 36-39) and a weight of 1590 ± 337 g (range 1192-2372). A prospective and crossover design was used. Infants were observed in the prone position with and without positioning support. Heart rate and electroencephalography were monitored during 3-hour interfeeding epochs. Heart rate and the coefficient of variation of heart rate in prone infants with positioning support were lower than in prone infants without positioning support. The percent of quiet sleep and behavior state 1 in prone infants with positioning support were higher compared to prone infants without positioning support. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that a prone position with nested and swaddled positioning support might facilitate sleep and heart rate stability compared to prone positioning alone in VLBWI.
Surgical Treatment of Severe Pulmonary Hypertension

Summary Surgical therapy is considered for pulmonary hypertension in: 1) high flow left-to-right shunts in a small vascular bed in respect to either obliteration of the shunt or banding the main pulmonary artery; 2) low flow left-to-right shunt with moderately increased pulmonary vascular resistance with complete repair but with a vigorous schema of pre-and postoperative care including chronic tolazoline therapy to remove the vasoconstrictive factor and strict blood gas tension control; 3) balanced systemic-pulmonary vascular systems with an experimental procedure, unilateral pulmonary artery banding; 4) left atrial hypertensive disease with an abnormal pulmonary to atrial pressure gradient with standard operations but exquisite preparation and care; and, 5) acute obliteration of the major portion of the pulmonary arterial tree with accurate diagnosis and medical or surgical embolectomy.
Concurrent chemoradiotherapy in resected extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma.

Purpose Extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma is a rare malignancy. Despite radical resection, survival remains poor, with high rates of local and distant failure. To clarify the role of radiotherapy with chemotherapy, we performed a retrospective analysis of resected patients who had undergone chemoradiotherapy. Methods and Materials A total of 45 patients (13 with proximal and 32 with distal disease) underwent resection plus radiotherapy (median dose, 50.4 Gy). All but 1 patient received concurrent fluoropyrimidine-based chemotherapy. The median follow-up was 30 months for all patients and 40 months for survivors. Results Of the 45 patients, 33 underwent adjuvant radiotherapy, and 12 were treated neoadjuvantly. The 5-year actuarial overall survival, disease-free survival, metastasis-free survival, and locoregional control rates were 33%, 37%, 42%, and 78%, respectively. The median survival was 34 months. No patient died perioperatively. Patient age ≤60 years and perineural involvement adversely affected survival on univariate analysis. Patients undergoing R0 resection had a significantly improved rate of local control but no survival advantage. Despite having more advanced disease at presentation, patients treated neoadjuvantly had a longer survival (5-year survival 53% vs. 23%, p = 0.16) and similar rates of Grade 2-3 surgical morbidity (16% vs. 33%, p = 0.24) compared with those treated in the postoperative setting. Conclusion These study results suggest a possible local control benefit from chemoradiotherapy combined with surgery in patients with advanced, resected biliary cancer. Furthermore, our results suggest that a treatment strategy that includes preoperative chemoradiotherapy might result in improved tumor resectability with similar surgical morbidity compared with patients treated postoperatively, as well as potentially improved survival outcomes. Distant failure remains a significant failure pattern, suggesting the need for more effective systemic therapy.
GPS Measurements of Regional Deformation in Southern California: Some Constraints on Performance

Results from the first major survey of southern California with GPS equipment are presented along with some limited results from late experiments assessing GPS performance by analysis of day-to-day and longer-term repeatability, as well as comparisons with VLBI. GPS performance on longer (50-500 km or longer) baselines, a length range useful for measurement of regional deformation and fault block velocities, is emphasized. The implications of this level of performance for meeting longer-term scientific objectives is addressed. It is concluded that GPS techniques and yield results comparable to those achieved with mobile VLBI techniques in California, assuming that appropriate network design and analysis techniques are used. GPS can thus provide important constraints on regional deformation in California with five yrs or less of measurements.
Supplier's desire to influence related to perceived use of power and performance

Abstract A nationwide brewing industry study provided an opportunity to empirically test, for the first time, the construct “supplier's desire to influence.” The relationships between desire to influence and perceived use of both coercive and noncoercive power sources as well as performance were examined.
WHY DOES CULTURAL CAPITAL MATTER FOR HIGH SCHOOL ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE? An Empirical Assessment of Teacher‐Selection and Self‐Selection Mechanisms as Explanations of the Cultural Capital Effect

Many scholars have argued that students' cultural capital has a positive effect on academic performance because students with cultural capital have better relationships with their teachers (the “teacher-selection” effect). However, theory also points to the importance of a “self-selection” effect, whereby students' cultural capital has a positive effect on academic performance by enhancing students' expectations for future educational attainment. Using National Education Longitudinal Study data, I estimate structural equation models to empirically assess the extent to which teachers' perceptions of students and educational expectations act as mechanisms of the cultural capital effect on grades and standardized test scores. The results show that, contrary to theoretical expectations, teachers' perceptions do not mediate the effect of cultural capital on academic performance. However, educational expectations account for portions of the cultural capital effect on grades and test scores.
Application of biocontrol fungi in granular formulations of pregelatinized starch-flour to control damping-off diseases caused by Rhizoctonia solani

Abstract Pregelatinized starch-flour granules containing fermentor-produced biomass of the biocontrol fungi Gliocladium virens, isolates Gl-3 and Gl-21, and Trichoderma hamatum, isolate TRI-4, protected eggplant, pepper, and zinnia seedlings from damping-off caused by the pathogen Rhizoctonia solani in a soilless mix. The granules contained more than 10 6 colony-forming units/g of product of the biocontrol fungi which represented a 64, 91, and 43% survival of the formulated biomass of Gl-3, Gl-21, and TRI-4, respectively. The survival of R. solani in pathogen-infested beet seed and its ability to grow saprophytically from the beet seed into two soils were significantly reduced in both soils but depended upon the choice of antagonist and the amount of granules used. The saprophytic growth of R. solani was always reduced to a greater extent than was survival of R. solani in the beet seed. Isolates Gl-3 and Gl-21 were more effective in reducing pathogen populations at lower granular concentrations than was isolate TRI-4. The incidence of Rhizoctonia damping-off of eggplant in soilless mix was reduced (> 50%) with as little as 0.2% (w/w) of Gl-3 and Gl-21 granules and 1.0% (w/w) of TRI-4 granules, but plant stands were not as high as that in noninfested soilless mix (92%), Preparations with as little as 2.5% biomass of Gl-21 added to soilless mix at a rate of 1.0% (w/w) were as effective as a rate of 0.20% (w/w) granules containing 20% biomass in reducing damping-off of eggplant. Similar results were observed with damping-off of pepper. These data suggest the importance of spatial distribution of the biocontrol product in disease control. Formulations of Gl-3 and Gl-21 at rates of 0.2, 0.4, and 0.8% (w/w) prepared with 20% biomass were equally effective in reducing damping-off of zinnia in soilless mix. Although high rates of TRI-4 granules also effectively reduced disease, none of the biocontrol formulations yielded a zinnia stand comparable to that in noninfested soilless mix (97%).
TESTIS-PITUITARY INTERRELATIONSHIP: THE RELATIVE INABILITY OF TESTOSTERONE TO REDUCE URINARY GONADOTROPIN IN EUNUCHOID MEN

THE following is a report of studies made to compare the effectiveness of testosterone in therapeutic and greater than therapeutic doses with the effectiveness of estrogens, in lowering urinary gonadotropin levels. The subjects were men with severe eunuchoidism. It is well recognized that high levels of follicle-stimulating hormone are present in the urine of men with testicular deficiency. In the patients studied here this feature has been considered an index of anterior pituitary hyperfunction. Experimentally testosterone has proved capable of preventing histologic as well as physiologic alterations in the pituitary gland of castrate male animals (1). Large doses have usually been employed for such studies. Some clinical evidence has been accumulated which indicates that similar results may, under certain circumstances, be demonstrated in man (2, 3). The relative inefficiency of testosterone for inhibition of pituitary activity has been shown before. For example Hertz and Meyer demonstrated that in para...
Mother–child attachment and cognitive performance in middle childhood: An examination of mediating mechanisms

Abstract Although mother–child attachment has been shown to predict cognitive performance, there has been a lack of attention to the mediating mechanisms that explain these associations. In the present study, we investigated relations of early mother–child attachment and cognitive performance in middle childhood (the latter in terms of both academic performance and IQ), and potential mediating mechanisms. Mother–child attachment was assessed at 15, 24, and 36-months, and child grades and IQ were assessed at grades 3 and 4. Attachment patterns at 15 months and avoidant attachment at 36-months were not related to school performance or IQ in middle childhood. Children more securely attached at 24 or 36-months had better school performance and higher IQs in middle childhood, and parental quality of assistance, encouragement of academics, children's social relationships, and children's regulatory characteristics significantly mediated these relationships. Both insecure-ambivalent attachment and disorganized attachment predicted later cognitive performance, and these associations were primarily mediated by the quality of parental assistance and child cooperation. This study advances our understanding of how and why early mother–child attachment is related to children's cognitive performance during middle childhood.
Effect of narcotic anesthesia and skeletal muscle paralysis on passive and dynamic urethral function of stress continent and incontinent women

The aim of this study was to assess the importance of conscious skeletal muscle activity on the resting and stressed urethral sphincteric mechanism in stress continent and stress incontinent women. We evaluated the effects of loss of consciousness induced by a narcotic-based general anesthetic technique, with and without concurrent skeletal muscle paralysis, urethral sphincteric function. Nine premenopausal women who underwent vaginal hysterectomy without continence surgery had passive and dynamic urethral pressure profilometry performed within 24 hours before surgery, while asleep and totally paralyzed following endotracheal intubation before the start of surgery, while asleep and totally nonparalyzed at the end of surgery, and at the time of discharge from the hospital on the second or third postoperative day. Five subjects were stress incontinent and four had mild genuine stress incontinence but did not desire continence surgery with their hysterectomy. Measurements analyzed included urethral maximum closure pressure (MUCP) and functional length (FUL) from the passive profiles and bladder to urethra pressure transmission ratios (PTR) for each quarter of the urethra from the dynamic profiles. We found significant attenuation of urethral sphincteric function with stress due to muscle paralysis and loss of consciousness independent of muscle paralysis. Passive urethral function was more significantly depressed by paralysis than by loss of consciousness. These changes were statistically sifnificant only in stress continent subjects and not in the stress incontinent subjects, an observation that supports other evidence suggesting that there are important neuromuscular components in the pathogenesis of stress incontinence.
Effects of fatty acids on Na/Ca exchange in cardiac sarcolemmal membranes.

Three structurally distinct amphiphiles palmitic acid, oleic acid, and palmityl carnitine were studied to determine their effects on sodium dependent calcium uptake by purified cardiac sarcolemmal vesicles (PSL). Sodium dependent calcium uptake by PSL when studied over a 20 min reaction period was composed of an initial rapid uptake (20.9 +/- 0.93 nmol/mg X 30 s, mean +/- S.E. n = 20) a plateau in calcium content (42.4 +/- 3.2 nmol/mg, mean +/- S.E. n = 20) and a slow spontaneous release characterized by a first order rate constant of 0.68 +/- 0.08/h (mean +/- S.E. n = 18). Both palmityl carnitine and palmitic acid inhibited, whereas oleic acid stimulated initial calcium uptake. All three amphiphiles shortened the time to peak calcium content, inhibited peak calcium content and increased the rate constant for calcium release. All these effects were observed at fatty acid: membrane phospholipid mole ratios of 0.67 : 1 to 1.67 : 1 for oleic acid and palmityl carnitine and 0.02 : 1 to 0.42 : 1 for palmitic acid. These effects do not reflect disruption of membrane vesicle structure and may be explained, at least in part, by amphiphile induced increases in sarcolemmal membrane ion permeability. Although amphiphile accumulation has been implicated in the pathogenesis of cellular abnormalities in the ischemic myocardium, this study has shown that large amounts of amphiphile relative to membrane lipid are required to alter sarcolemmal membrane function in vitro.
Membrane for in situ optical detection of organic nitro compounds based on fluorescence quenching

Abstract Fluorescent membrane formulations for detecting organic nitro compounds by fluorescence quenching were evaluated. The most sensitive membrane is prepared by solvent casting from cyclohexanone to incorporate pyrenebutyric acid into cellulose triacetate plasticized with isodecyl diphenylphosphate. The response follows the Stern-Volmer law for 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) and 2,4-dinitrotoluene (DNT). The membrane also responds to hexahydro-1,3,5-tri- nitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX). For a given set of conditions, the primary factor determining sensitivity is the extent to which each nitro compound partitions into the membrane. Detection limits are ca. 2 mg l−1 for DNT and TNT and 10 mg l−1 for RDX. Nitrogen purging prior to the measurement enhances the sensitivity and eliminates interference from oxygen. The membrane is designed to be used for remote optical in situ screening of groundwater for contamination by explosives.
The role of sulfhydryl groups in the regulation of spinach leaf sucrose phosphate synthase

Abstract The activation of spinach leaf sucrose phosphate synthase by glucose 6-phosphate (Glc6 P ) was labile in the absence of dithiothreitol, whereas enzyme activity in the absence of activator remained stable. The loss of regulation by Glc6 P proceeded more rapidly by treatment with 24 mM H 2 O 2 and was reversible by 2.5 mM dithiothreitol. Titration of the enzyme with the sulfhydryl reagents N -ethylmaleimide or p -chloromercuribenzenesulfonic acid (0–50 μM) also resulted in elimination of Glc6 P activation and most of the inorganic phosphate inhibition without eliminating catalytic activity. The results suggested that Glc6 P and phosphate bind to a modifier site that is distinct from the catalytic site. The modifier site apparently contains essential and accessible sulfhydryl groups, while the catalytic site does not. Even though sulfhydryl reagents did not eliminate catalysis, changes in substrate affinities occurred. Treatment with 50 μM p -chloromercuribenzenesulfonic acid lowered the K m (fructose 6-phosphate) from 3.0 to 1.0 mM and increased the K m (uridine diphosphate glucose) from 3.0 to 8.9 mM without affecting the V max . Spinach leaf sucrose phosphate synthase extracted in the absence of reductant from leaves in the light (at 15:00 h) or in the dark (at 03:00 h) exhibited similar Glc6 P activation, suggesting that the light/dark status of leaves does not affect the redox status of essential sulfhydryl groups of the modifier site.
Exponential tilt models for two-group comparison with censored data

Abstract We study application of the Exponential Tilt Model (ETM) to compare survival distributions in two groups. The ETM assumes a parametric form for the density ratio of the two distributions. It accommodates a broad array of parametric models such as the log-normal and gamma models and can be sufficiently flexible to allow for crossing hazard and crossing survival functions. We develop a nonparametric likelihood approach to estimate ETM parameters in the presence of censoring and establish related asymptotic results. We compare the ETM to the Proportional Hazards Model (PHM) in simulation studies. When the proportional hazards assumption is not satisfied but the ETM assumption is, the ETM has better power for testing the hypothesis of no difference between the two groups. And, importantly, when the ETM relation is not satisfied but the PHM assumption is, the ETM can still have power reasonably close to that of the PHM. Application of the ETM is illustrated by a gastrointestinal tumor study.
The mixed method of random number generation: A tutorial

For the user who desires to construct his own random number generator we have presented guidelines and design considerations for implementing the mixed congruential method. The mixed generator is illustrated using several different languages and machines. We feel that by adhering to these guidelines, a user should be able to construct a random number generator that is adequate for most applications.
A 3-D Luneburg Lens Antenna Fabricated by Polymer Jetting Rapid Prototyping

In this work, we designed, built, and tested a low-gain 20 dBi Luneburg Lens antenna using a rapid prototyping machine as a proof of concept demonstrator. The required continuously varying relative permittivity profile was implemented by changing the size of plastic blocks centered on the junctions of a plastic rod space frame. A 12-cm ( 4λ0 at 10 GHz) diameter lens is designed to work at X-band. The effective permittivity of the unit cell is calculated by effective medium theory and simulated by full-wave finite-element simulations. The fabrication is implemented by a polymer jetting rapid prototyping method. In the measurement, the lens antenna is fed by an X-band waveguide. The measured gain of the antenna at X-band is from 17.3 to 20.3 dB. The measured half-power beam width is from 19° to 12.7° while the side lobes are about 25 dB below the main peak. Good agreement between simulation and experimental results is obtained.
Solvation dynamics of the fluorescent probe PRODAN in heterogeneous environments: contributions from the locally excited and charge-transferred states.

The coexistence of different excited states with different properties of the same chromophores could have significant consequences for the accurate characterization of solvation dynamics in a heter...
Diagnostics of a DC plasma torch

Optical emission spectroscopy, Langmuir probes, and calorimetric techniques have been used to characterize the plasma jet in a DC plasma torch diamond deposition apparatus. The experimental data are compared to calculations based on a thermodynamic equilibrium model. The ion temperature obtained from the atomic hydrogen emission is within 10% of the calorimetrically deduced gas temperature, while the electron temperature is approximately a factor of two higher. For a wide range of process conditions, the plasma temperature is almost independent of the torch input power, but depends strongly on the hydrogen concentration in the feed gas. Calorimetry provides a means of measuring the concentration of atomic hydrogen produced by the torch.
Isolation-By-Material in Serial Learning: Supplementary Report

Summary In a former study, isolation-by-material was examined while matching total-list item difficulty and while minimizing the confounding influence of response-learning requirements through the use of a reconstruction procedure. The distinctiveness of a discrepantly difficult member of a trigram series was verified. In order to complement that study, a discrepantly high-AV trigram appeared either at the beginning or near the middle of a 12-item series. Results from a reconstruction procedure provided no evidence for an isolation effect, but a second study in which a substantial task requirement for response learning was imposed through the use of the anticipation procedure showed massive effects. Implications concerning item distinctiveness and isolation effects were mentioned.
Modeling user interactions for (fun and) profit: preventing request forgery attacks on web applications

The goal of a web-request forgery attacker is to manipulate the intended workflow of a web application. Applications that fail to enforce the designer-intended interactions are vulnerable to this type of attack. This paper proposes a systematic methodology for designing web applications to strictly enforce the designer-intended interactions. Our approach captures workflow using the Web DFA model and applies four design patterns to strictly enforce the intended interactions. We argue that using patterns in conjunction with a Web DFA model produces web applications that are secure from request forgery attacks by construction; more-over, our mechanism could be useful in designing workflow-based applications in other domains.
Relapsing polychondritis with aortic involvement.

A 35-year-old female with relapsing polychondritis and aortic insufficiency is presented. Cases previously reported are reviewed. Aortic insufficiency appears to be fairly common in cases of relapsing polychondritis.
Synaptojanin 2, a novel synaptojanin isoform with a distinct targeting domain and expression pattern

Synaptojanin (synaptojanin 1) is a recently identified inositol 5′-phosphatase, which is highly enriched in nerve terminals and is implicated in synaptic vesicle recycling. It is composed of three domains: an amino-terminal SacI homology region, a central inositol 5′-phosphatase homology region, and a carboxyl-terminal proline-rich region. We have now identified and characterized a novel form of synaptojanin, synaptojanin 2, which has a broader tissue distribution. Synaptojanin 2 cDNA from rat brain library encodes a protein of 1,248 amino acids with a predictedM r of 138,268. The two synaptojanin isoforms share 57.2 and 53.8% amino acid identity in their SacI and phosphatase domains, respectively. In marked contrast, their carboxyl-terminal proline-rich regions bear little homology. Expression of synaptojanin 2 in COS7 cells produced a 140-kDa protein with inositol 5′-phosphatase actvity. Protein binding assays demonstrated that among the major src homology 3-proteins known to bind to the proline-rich region of synaptojanin 1, Grb2, amphiphysin, and members of SH3p4/8/13 protein family, only Grb2 bound to that of synaptojanin 2. Furthermore, subcellular fractionation studies in transfected Chinese hamster ovary cells revealed that synaptojanin 2 was predominantly associated with the particulate fraction while synaptojanin 1 was mainly localized in the soluble fraction. This observation suggests that the proline-rich regions of synaptojanins 1 and 2 are implicated in different protein-protein interactions and direct the two isoforms to different subcellular compartments. Our results demonstrate the presence of a family of synaptojanin-type inositol 5′-phosphatases with different tissue and subcellular distributions, which may be involved in distinct membrane trafficking and signal transduction pathways in mammalian cells.