cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Smokestacks and Progressives: Environmentalists, Engineers, and Air Quality in America, 1881--1951

The author describes the evolution of one of America's first environmental movements - the anti-smoke crusade of the early 1900s. The roots of modern environmentalism, David Stradling explains, reach into this Victorian era when air quality became an important issue for middle-class residents in coal-dependent cities - how could a city without pure air, they asked, truly be clean, healthful and moral? Stradling shows how activists soon forced environmental issues onto municipal agendas. But as governments began to take the smoke problem seriously, those same activists largely lost their influence. Cities hired "experts" in the form of engineers, who argued smoke abatement for economic rather than aesthetic reasons - smoke meant waste and waste cost money. Gender was an issue as well, Stradling points out, as the balance of power shifted from largely female activists to predominantly male engineers.
Blue-Shifted Narrow Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance from Dipole Coupling in Gold Nanoparticle Random Arrays

In this work, we develop a simple method to produce highly uniform localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) substrates based on self-assembly of colloidal gold nanoparticles onto pretreated glass substrates. The LSPR wavelength of the gold nanoparticle arrays is blue-shifted from that of the gold nanoparticles in solution and the single gold nanoparticles on glass substrate. The LSPR width is narrower than that of the single gold nanoparticles. The blue-shifted LSPR is due to the long-range dipole coupling in the gold nanoparticle random arrays indicated from simulations using the T-matrix method. In addition to the popularly used LSPR wavelength dependence on the dielectric environment, we have found that the LSPR width of the gold nanoparticle random arrays is also sensitive to the change in the dielectric environment. The LSPR substrates are reproducible, uniform, and robust with potential applications in LSPR sensing and imaging.
A kinetic study of ozone decomposition on illuminated oxide surfaces.

The heterogeneous chemistry and photochemistry of ozone on oxide components of mineral dust aerosol, including α-Fe2O3, TiO2, and α-Al2O3, at different relative humidities have been investigated using an environmental aerosol chamber. The rate and extent of ozone decomposition on these oxide surfaces are found to be a function of the nature of the surface as well as the presence of light and relative humidity. Under dark and dry conditions, only α-Fe2O3 exhibits catalytic decomposition toward ozone, whereas the reactivity of TiO2 and α-Al2O3 is rapidly quenched upon ozone exposure. However, upon irradiation, TiO2 is active toward O3 decomposition and α-Al2O3 remains inactive. In the presence of relative humidity, ozone decay on α-Fe2O3 subject to irradiation or under dark conditions is found to decrease. In contrast, ozone decomposition is enhanced for irradiated TiO2 as relative humidity initially increases but then begins to decrease at higher relative humidity levels. A kinetic model was used to obtain...
Managing Party's Primary Organizations Under the Guidance of "The Three Representatives

We must pay more effort to the study of Marxism,Mao Zedong Thought and Deng Xiaoping Theory under the guidance of "the Three Representatives",and combine theory with reality so as to obtain an intensive understanding of "the Three Representatives"for its scientific connotation,spiritual essence and theoretical base,which are most helpful to the management and construction of the Party's primary organizations.
7 An Archaeology of Food Security in Banda, Ghana

Food security is an all-inclusive concept, with a lack of access to sufficient food on one end of the spectrum and access to plentiful, desirable foods on the other. Archaeology's long-term perspective allows us to trace contexts in which food insecurity emerged by investigating the pillars of food security outlined by the World Health Organization (WHO): food availability, access, use, and preference. Using these criteria, I evaluate food security in Banda, Ghana from 1000 to 2009 C.E. by combining ethnographic, archaeological, archaeobotanical, and environmental data. These multiple lines of evidence demonstrate that while changing environmental conditions may have impacted the availability of staple crops during two periods of droughts in the past, a decrease in access to preferred foods occurred only recently in the 1890s.
Nondestructive Deflection Testing based Mechanistic-empirical Overlay Thickness Design Approach for Low Volume Roads: Case Studies

Abstract Illinois Department of Transportation (IDOT) uses an empirical design approach to conduct thickness designs of structural overlays for low volume roads. Modified layer coefficients for a limited number of material types are utilized to assign the structural capacity of in-service pavements. Despite the ease in use and simplicity, such an empirical approach is outdated and lacking in many aspects to characterize recycled and/or nontraditional construction materials nowadays more commonly used in pavements. As far as the rehabilitation of low volume roads is concerned, the lack of testing for evaluating the structural condition of existing, in-service pavements often results in uneconomical and unreliable practices. This paper presents a mechanistic-empirical approach for overlay thickness designs of low volume pavements through a combination of nondestructive deflection testing and pre-established pavement damage models. Twenty different pavement sections were selected from six counties in Illinois with varying structural and traffic characteristics. Falling Weight Deflectometer (FWD) tests were conducted on these road segments and FWD data were analyzed with appropriate temperature correction procedures to determine and monitor the structural conditions of existing, in-service pavement sections. Then, the corresponding required overlay thicknesses were determined for these twenty case sections using three different methods commonly used by local agencies such as, AASHTO 1993 NDT method, IDOT modified layer coefficient method, and Asphalt Institute deflection approach. The M-E Overlay Design method successfully identified structural deficiencies in the original pavement configurations through FWD tests and subsequently led to more economical or safer and more reliable overlay solutions for low volume roads.
Structure versus Composition: A Single-Particle Investigation of Plasmonic Bimetallic Nanocrystals

Stellated bimetallic nanostructures are a new class of plasmonic colloids in which the interplay between composition and overall architecture can provide tunable optical properties and new functionality. However, decoupling the complex compositional and structural contributions to the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) remains a challenge, especially when the monometallic counterparts are not synthetically accessible for comparison. Here, stellated Au–Pd nanocrystals (NCs) with Oh symmetry are used as a model system to decouple structural and complex compositional effects on LSPR. Single-particle correlation of the LSPR with the structure of octopodal Au–Pd NCs was achieved using optical dark-field spectroscopy with scanning electron microscopy. These measurements were compared to calculations of the optical properties of structurally similar Au-only octopods by the finite difference time domain method. This comparison enabled the role of complex composition, which was determined by scanning trans...
The Sampling Theorem in Higher Dimensions

The first generalization of the Shannon sampling theorem to two and more dimensions was done by Peterson and Middleton. Multidimensional signals include black and white images, which can be depicted as two dimensional functions with zero corresponding to black and one as white. Intermediate grey levels are classified between these limits.
Chromatic dispersion variation and its effect on high-speed data signals due to structural parameter changes in a high-contrast-grating waveguide

High-contrast gratings hollow-core waveguides exhibit a low chromatic dispersion (8.6 ps/(nm·km)). High-speed (>100 Gb/s), long-distance (30 m) and low-penalty (&#60;0.2 dB) on-chip data transmission can be achieved.
Synthesis and ring-opening polymerization of 2-substituted 1,3-benzoxazine: the first observation of the polymerization of oxazine ring-substituted benzoxazines

2-Substituted 1,3-benzoxazines (two benzoxazine monomers used in this paper are abbreviated as PH-a-[2]ba and PH-pda-[2]ba) having a phenyl group as an oxazine ring substituent are synthesized with benzaldehyde through 2-hydroxy-N-phenylbenzylamine structures. The polymerization of these monomers is observed for the first time and confirmed using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The poly(PH-a-[2]ba) derived from 2-substituted 1,3-benzoxazines exhibits good thermal properties based on TGA analysis, despite showing slight inferiority to poly(PH-a), an unsubstituted counterpart of PH-a-[2]ba. Additionally, benzylideneaniline is extracted during the polymerization, indicating that this compound is the byproduct of the polymerization mechanism. Structural verification is achieved by synthesizing benzylideneaniline and comparing its 1H-NMR spectrum with the reaction byproduct.
Multivalent Small-Molecule Pan-RAS Inhibitors

Design of small molecules that disrupt protein-protein interactions, including the interaction of RAS proteins and their effectors, may provide chemical probes and therapeutic agents. We describe here the synthesis and testing of potential small-molecule pan-RAS ligands, which were designed to interact with adjacent sites on the surface of oncogenic KRAS. One compound, termed 3144, was found to bind to RAS proteins using microscale thermophoresis, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and isothermal titration calorimetry and to exhibit lethality in cells partially dependent on expression of RAS proteins. This compound was metabolically stable in liver microsomes and displayed anti-tumor activity in xenograft mouse cancer models. These findings suggest that pan-RAS inhibition may be an effective therapeutic strategy for some cancers and that structure-based design of small molecules targeting multiple adjacent sites to create multivalent inhibitors may be effective for some proteins.
Lifelong neurogenesis in the cerebral ganglion of the Chinese mud snail, Cipangopaludina chinensis

Introduction A small group of Gastropods possessing giant neurons have long been used to study a wide variety of fundamental neurophysiological phenomena. However, the majority of gastropods do not have large neurons but instead have large numbers of small neurons and remain largely unstudied. We explored neuron size and rate of increase in neuron numbers in the Chinese mud snail, Cipangopaludina chinensis. Methods Using histological sections and whole mounts of the cerebral ganglia, we collected cross-sectional data on neuron number and size across the lifespan of this animal. Neurogenesis was verified using Click-it EdU staining. Results We found that total neuron number in the cerebral ganglia increases throughout the lifespan of this species at a constant rate. New neurons arise primarily near the nerve roots. Females live longer (up to 7 years) than males (up to 5 years) and thus achieve larger numbers of neurons in the cerebral ganglion. Neuron size is consistently small (<10 μm) in the cerebral ganglia at all ages, however, cells in the posterior section of the cerebral ganglia are modestly but significantly larger than cells at the anterior. Conclusions These features suggest that C. chinensis and similar species of Caenogastropoda are good candidates for studying gastropod neurogenesis, senescence, and sex differences in the nervous system.
Natural History of Pancreatic Cysts

Pancreatic cystic neoplasms are discovered with increasing frequency. Accurate knowledge of the natural history of cystic neoplasms is crucial to develop useful and cost-effective strategies for surveillance and surgical resection. To date, the natural history of cystic neoplasms is still incomplete due to lack of adequate diagnostic accuracy in the absence of surgical pathology. Nevertheless, current evidence points to risk factors for malignant transformation to help clinical management. New biomarkers that accurately distinguish cyst neoplasms and those most likely to progress to cancer would help clarify the natural history of cystic neoplasms.
Mechanism of biofilm-mediated stress resistance and lifespan extension in C. elegans

Bacteria naturally form communities of cells known as biofilms. However the physiological roles of biofilms produced by non-pathogenic microbiota remain largely unknown. To assess the impact of a biofilm on host physiology we explored the effect of several non-pathogenic biofilm-forming bacteria on Caenorhabditis elegans. We show that biofilm formation by Bacillus subtilis, Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Pseudomonas fluorescens induces C. elegans stress resistance. Biofilm also protects against pathogenic infection and prolongs lifespan. Total mRNA analysis identified a set of host genes that are upregulated in response to biofilm formation by B. subtilis. We further demonstrate that mtl-1 is responsible for the biofilm-mediated increase in oxidative stress resistance and lifespan extension. Induction of mtl-1 and hsp-70 promotes biofilm-mediated thermotolerance. ilys-2 activity accounts for biofilm-mediated resistance to Pseudomonas aeruginosa killing. These results reveal the importance of non-pathogenic biofilms for host physiology and provide a framework to study commensal biofilms in higher organisms.
The effect of training methodology on knowledge representation in categorization

Category representations can be broadly classified as containing within-category information or between-category information. Although such representational differences can have a profound impact on decision-making, relatively little is known about the factors contributing to the development and generalizability of different types of category representations. These issues are addressed by investigating the impact of training methodology and category structures using a traditional empirical approach as well as the novel adaptation of computational modeling techniques from the machine learning literature. Experiment 1 focused on rule-based (RB) category structures thought to promote between-category representations. Participants learned two sets of two categories during training and were subsequently tested on a novel categorization problem using the training categories. Classification training resulted in a bias toward between-category representations whereas concept training resulted in a bias toward within-category representations. Experiment 2 focused on information-integration (II) category structures thought to promote within-category representations. With II structures, there was a bias toward within-category representations regardless of training methodology. Furthermore, in both experiments, computational modeling suggests that only within-category representations could support generalization during the test phase. These data suggest that within-category representations may be dominant and more robust for supporting the reconfiguration of current knowledge to support generalization.
Cannabinoid CB1 Discrimination: Effects of Endocannabinoids and Catabolic Enzyme Inhibitors.

An improved understanding of the endocannabinoid system has provided new avenues of drug discovery and development toward the management of pain and other behavioral maladies. Exogenous cannabinoid type 1 (CB1) receptor agonists such as Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol are increasingly used for their medicinal actions; however, their utility is constrained by concern regarding abuse-related subjective effects. This has led to growing interest in the clinical benefit of indirectly enhancing the activity of the highly labile endocannabinoids N-arachidonoylethanolamine [AEA (or anandamide)] and/or 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) via catabolic enzyme inhibition. The present studies were conducted to determine whether such actions can lead to CB1 agonist–like subjective effects, as reflected in CB1-related discriminative stimulus effects in laboratory subjects. Squirrel monkeys (n = 8) that discriminated the CB1 full agonist AM4054 (0.01 mg/kg) from vehicle were used to study, first, the inhibitors of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) or monoacylglycerol lipase (MGL) alone or in combination [FAAH (URB597, AM4303); MGL (AM4301); FAAH/MGL (JZL195, AM4302)] and, second, the ability of the endocannabinoids AEA and 2-AG to produce CB1 agonist–like effects when administered alone or after enzyme inhibition. Results indicate that CB1-related discriminative stimulus effects were produced by combined, but not selective, inhibition of FAAH and MGL, and that these effects were nonsurmountably antagonized by low doses of rimonabant. Additionally, FAAH or MGL inhibition revealed CB1-like subjective effects produced by AEA but not by 2-AG. Taken together, the present data suggest that therapeutic effects of combined, but not selective, enhancement of AEA or 2-AG activity via enzyme inhibition may be accompanied by CB1 receptor–mediated subjective effects.
Stimulus amplification, efficacy, and the operational model. Part II--ternary complex occupancy mechanisms.

Abstract To understand how deviations from simple binary occupancy affect measures of efficacy, the generalized stimulus function developed in Part I was used to examine the actions of drugs in systems where occupation of the receptor was modeled using a two-state, ternary complex, or combination of mechanisms. Amplification of drug responses can occur during formation of an active agonist–receptor complex, during generation of the initial stimulus, and during signal transduction. Expressions were derived to characterize the separate contributions of these three phases. Ideally, comparison of relative intrinsic efficacy measures differences in the ability of the agonists to convert active complex into an active stimulus. In practice, differences in the ability of the drugs to form the stimulus-generating complex may also contribute to the efficacy ratio and must be taken into consideration. Failure to adequately account for differences in occupancy can result in overestimation of the efficacy ratio. The magnitude of the difference between true and experimental measures of intrinsic efficacy may be affected by G protein concentration, by the affinity between the G protein and receptor, and (in some models) by the receptor activation constant. Provided that the dissociation constant between the G protein and receptor is of the same order of magnitude as, or lower than the receptor concentration, however, experimental estimates should provide reasonably accurate estimates of the true efficacy ratio. In agreement with previously published experimental data, total G protein level was found capable of influencing agonist maximal response, Emax, and EC50values in all four ternary complex models. The magnitude of the changes in Emaxand EC50appear to be dependent upon the efficacy of the agonist as well as characteristics of the post-receptor stimulus sequence. Additionally, the concentration–response relations for all four ternary complex models could be reduced to a modified operational format in which the apparent dissociation constant Kappreplaced the true KA, and an apparent operational efficacy, τapp, replaced τ. τappcan be estimated experimentally from measurements of the Kappand EC50, while the operational maximum, Em, may be found from the calculated τappand the measured Emaxof the response curve. These findings support the use of direct operational model-fitting in a variety of systems, regardless of the mechanisms underlying occupancy. Values of Kappcalculated using the exact formula for [ARG] displayed an anomalous rise or discontinuity where the concentrations of total G protein equaled that of the receptor protein. This discontinuity is not observed in the estimates based on approximations to [ARG], and may explain practical difficulties in evaluating the dissociation constant under these conditions.
A molecular test of cyanobacterial phylogeny: inferences from constraint analyses

Parsimony and neighbor-joining analyses of 16S rDNA nucleotide sequences of 68 species and strains of cyanobacteria and prochlorophytes supported a monophyletic Nostocales, a monophyletic Stigonematales, three independent lineages of prochlorophytes within the cyanobacteria, and a paraphyletic Chroococcales (p<0.0001) and Oscillatoriales (p = 0.0147). Within the Oscillatoriales, the genus Oscillatoria formed an unnatural taxon (p<0.0001) and needs major revisions. Using constraint analysis, the genus Microcystis was found to be monophyletic and the paraphyletic positions of Microcystis elabens and M. holsatica are probably due to long-branch attraction. Further, a separation of Chroococcales based on varying levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids is more consistent with nucleotide-based phylogenies than with existing morphological groupings. It is proposed that Chroococcales be redefined to exclude the genus Microcystis, and that a new order be erected for Microcystis. Finally, it is more parsimonious to assume a common cyanobacterial/prochlorophyte ancestor, than to evoke de novo synthesis of chlb in each prochlorophyte lineage plus in the lineage leading to green chloroplasts. This common ancestor is proposed to have contained both chlorophyll a and b plus phycobilins. Subsequent multiple losses of chlb in cyanobacteria and the loss of chla and phycobilins in prochlorophytes, led to the currently observed pigment distribution. It is therefore, recommended that Prochlorales be reclassified as cyanobacteria.
Open-Heart Surgery for Congenital Heart Disease: Minimizing Adverse Psychological Sequelae in Families Facing Major High-Risk Surgery

Ever since the original studies of Spitz (1945), Bowlby (1960), Robertson (1958), and Anna Freud, there has been a growing awareness that separation, hospitalization, and illness of any kind represent a major crisis in the life of a child. However, only in recent years has the immense importance of the family been recognized as essential to the child’s care and prevention of serious psychological sequelae after illness. In addition, the advances of modern medicine and the complexity of the tertiary care hospital have turned certain types of major illnesses into a unique and unusual set of experiences for children and families. Certainly this is true of those illnesses that at one time were uniformly or predominantly fatal in early childhood.
Using Video Modeling to Teach Social Skills for Employment to Youth with Intellectual Disability.

Video modeling is an effective teaching method for supporting individuals with disabilities to learn various skills. Yet, limited research explores the use of video modeling to teach social skills ...
Boosting chipkill capability under retention-error induced reliability emergency

The DRAM based main memory of high embedded systems faces two design challenges: (i) degrading reliability; and (ii) increasing power and energy consumption. While chipkill ECC (error correction code) and multi-rate refresh may be adopted to address them, respectively, a simple integration of the two results in 3x or more SDC (silent data corruption) errors and failing to meet the system reliability guarantee. This is referred to as reliability emergency. In this paper, we propose PlusN, a hardware-assisted memory error protection design that adaptively boosts the baseline chipkill capability to address the reliability emergency. Based on the error probability assessment at runtime, the system switches its memory protection between the baseline chipkill and PlusN --- the latter generates a stronger ECC with low storage and access overheads. Our experimental results show that PlusN can effectively enforce the system reliability guarantee under different reliability emergency scenarios.
The future of competitive intelligence in an AI-enabled world

Competitive intelligence consultancies are a subset of the management consulting industry, and along with business intelligence and knowledge management, competitive intelligence represents one leg of the commercial intelligence triad. Business intelligence and knowledge management benefit considerably from big data and artificial intelligence. As big data, big data analytics, and artificial intelligence continue to significantly transform countless industries, some have asserted that these technologies will disrupt the management consulting world and could even render the role of the human analyst obsolete. This article examines the future of competitive intelligence in an AI-enabled world and identifies trends and proposed changes that will enable competitive intelligence to remain both relevant and valued for decades to come.
Listen to the People! Comparing Perceived and Documented Disruptions in Public Transportation, through Quantitative Quality of Experience, the Case Study of NYC

Public transportation systems are core infrastructures to smart cities and are expected to perform on a daily basis and in a reliable manner. However, such systems can be affected by external and internal events that manifest as delays. There are two sources customers can consult, which will impact their decision rewarding commuting times; either the official (provided by the transportation agency) or the reported by other passengers. It is debated whether the first approach is more accurate than the latter. This work compares both alternatives, using Natural Language Processing techniques and visual analytics to determine the delays on trains and evaluate their resilience process. For this purpose the impact of a massive snowstorm in November, 2018 to New York’s Metro North Railroad system was used as a case study.
Resistance Experiments in a Triangular Channel

400-ft adjustable-slope triangular flume was tested smooth and also roughened with small rectangular battens at various spacings; comparison is made of Manning’s formula with some more recent suggestions and velocity distribution, secondary currents, and other phenomena are reported.
Moving a Large-Lecture Organic POGIL Classroom to an Online Setting

As part of the response to the COVID-19 pandemic in the spring 2020 semester, a large-lecture organic POGIL classroom was moved completely online. Normally the course involved daily group work that was facilitated by undergraduate teaching assistants, and these TAs would also assess student process skills such as critical thinking, information processing, teamwork, and communication. After the move to online instruction, the format of the course dramatically changed. In this communication, we describe the ways in which we attempted to maintain the basic structure of the POGIL classroom in a virtual environment. Changes to the course included the implementation of several online structures to provide students with opportunities to learn in ways that best fit their individual home situations. On the basis of survey data from the students and teaching assistants, we discuss the challenges that these two groups faced, including motivation, organization, and technological issues. We also describe how an online environment requires TAs to play a more active role in encouraging crosstalk between students than a face-to-face setting. Finally, we provide insights into how instructors can address these concerns in future online learning environments, including the use of synchronous and asynchronous activities and changes in assessment practices.
Auto-transform: learning-to-transform by patterns

Data Transformation is a long-standing problem in data management. Recent work adopts a "transform-by-example" (TBE) paradigm to infer transformation programs based on user-provided input/output examples, which greatly improves usability, and brought such features into mainstream software like Microsoft Excel, Power BI, and Trifacta.While TBE is great progress, the need for users to provide paired input/output examples still poses limits on its applicability. In this work, we study an alternative that transforms data based on input/output data patterns only (without paired examples). We term this new paradigm transform-by-patterns (TBP). Specifically, we demonstrate that there is a rich class of transformations in TBP that can be "learned" from large collections of paired table columns. We show the proposed method can harvest such transformations across diverse domains and corpora (e.g., in different languages such as English, Chinese, Spanish, etc.). TBP transformations so obtained can be used in scenarios such as suggesting data-repairs in tables, or automating transformations in ETL pipelines. Extensive experiments on real data suggest that TBP outperforms existing methods on tasks such as data repairs, and is a promising direction for future research.
Modeling the amplitude growth of Richtmyer–Meshkov instability in shock–flame interactions

This paper discusses the shock–flame interactions and the aspects associated with it, including the types of interactions, role of interactions in turbulent flames, high pressure generation during interactions, initial pressure effects on interactions, equivalence ratio effects on turbulent interactions, and the Richtmyer–Meshkov instability (RMI). In particular, the theory of RMI and the models associated with its amplitude growth with time have been discussed. Then, a new analytical model, Al-Thehabey model, is presented based on the impulsive acceleration of Richtmyer, not the gravitational acceleration. This model predicts the amplitude growth of the interface perturbation in terms of Atwood number (A), wave number of the perturbation (k), interface velocity (uc), and time (t). This new model’s prediction of the amplitude growth of the RMI is tested on six different combinations of fluids at different interface velocities. The results of the new model are compared with the results of four other existing analytical models and the new model’s performance fared very well. In addition, the new model’s performance has been compared with the experimental results from a shock wave incident on CO2–air, at Mach number, M = 3.08, interface velocity, u = 699.1 m/s, Atwood number, A = 0.206, and wavelength, λ = 990.0 × 10−6 m. The new model showed much closer results with the experimental ones than all other models used in the evaluation. The advantage of this new model is that it is capable of predicting the amplitude growth for both linear, at the early stages of the instability, and non-linear later regimes of the instability. In addition, it covers a larger time-domain than both the Alon et al. and the Sadot et al. models.
When the student becomes the teacher: Discovering individual teaching style.

Abstract Purpose Insight will be given on the transition from student to teacher along with discovering individual teaching style by utilizing an adaptation of Gibb's model. Description The author will describe her experiences and reflect on her six-week academia advanced pharmacy practice experience (APPE). Additionally, the author will incorporate literature explaining different styles and methods of teaching and how she utilized these to develop her own individual teaching. Analysis/Interpretation The author will share her feelings, evaluation, and analysis on the transformation from student to teacher. She will describe her delivery and feedback of two lectures to first-year pharmacy students and faculty of West Coast University School of Pharmacy. The activities helped her to learn, grow, and prosper into the teacher that she has wanted to become. Conclusions One of the most important discoveries for students on their academia rotation is their teaching style and the importance of using that style to inspire, motivate, and ignite creativity and learning in students. It is crucial to stay true to that teaching style that makes the individual unique. Implications Readers will comprehend the metamorphosis of student to teacher and how an academia APPE promotes growth and self-discovery. Personal reflections and takeaways from these experiences will be discussed. Applying knowledge and self-discovery from an academia APPE related to teaching style will help future students receive the best education possible.
Leveraging non-contrast head CT to improve the image quality of cerebral CT perfusion maps.

Purpose: The purpose of our work is to present a method that utilizes high-quality non-contrast CT (NCCT) images to reduce the noise of CT perfusion (CTP) baseline images to improve the visibility of infarct core in cerebral blood volume (CBV) maps. Methods: First, a theoretical analysis of the CTP imaging system was performed to demonstrate that for both deconvolution- and non-deconvolution-based CTP systems. The noise of CBV maps is profoundly influenced by the baseline image noise. Consequently, baseline noise reduction is extremely effective in improving the contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) of ischemic lesions in CBV maps. Second, a method was proposed to fuse the freely available NCCT images with the original CTP baseline images. An optimal weighting scheme was derived such that the noise of the fused baseline image is minimized. Third, the impact of the proposed NCCT-baseline fusion method was investigated using five in vivo canine subjects with different infarct core sizes. NCCT and CTP scans were performed following a clinical stroke CT imaging protocol using a 64-slice MDCT. Two of the subjects also received a diffusion-weighted imaging scan using a 3T-MRI scanner to establish the reference diagnosis for the infarct core. Results: For all five canine subjects, the proposed method led to lower CBV noise and better conspicuity of the infarct core. Compared with a standard CTP postprocessing method, the proposed method reduced the CBV noise standard deviation by 70 % ± 24 % and increased the CNR of infarct core by 23 % ± 11 % ( p 0.01 ). Conclusions: By utilizing the high-quality NCCT images to reduce CTP baseline image noise, the quality of CBV maps and the conspicuity of ischemic infarct core can be effectively improved. The proposed method can be readily implemented with minimal interruption to the existing clinical workflow.
Quantitative Susceptibility Mapping (QSM) as a biomarker for C9orf72 Familial ALS (P6.027)

OBJECTIVE: To explore quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM), a novel MRI technique, which quantitatively determines tissue susceptibility, primarily determined by iron content, in the motor cortex of patients with C9orf72 familial Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) and controls. BACKGROUND: ALS is a disease characterized by progressive degeneration of both upper and lower motor neurons (UMN/LMN). There are no biomarkers for ALS. QSM has potential utility as a disease biomarker for UMN dysfunction. QSM is a sensitive method to detect iron deposition in grey matter structures, frequently associated with degenerating neurons. DESIGN/METHODS: 4 patients (2 male, 2 female, mean age 53.0) with C9orf72 mutations and 23 controls (mean age 56.6) were identified and imaged with a 3.0T scanner. Routine brain MRIs showed no abnormalities to explain the clinical syndrome. Two neuroradiologists performed QSM scoring of the motor cortex in each of the patients and calculated relative motor cortex susceptibility (RMCS) for each patient (normal cutoff 40.5ppb). RMCS was calculated by subtracting adjacent white matter/CSF signal from the hand lobule of the motor cortex. RESULTS: The relative motor cortex susceptibility average for the 4 C9orf72 ALS patients was abnormal (45.0ppb, average of right and left motor cortices). When significant clinical asymmetry existed, as assessed by differences between right and left upper arm MRC scores, tone, and reflexes, the contralateral motor cortex susceptibility score was used, as opposed to the average. Using this method, the average RMCS score was calculated to be 50.8ppb, being worse on the more clinically affected side. Control subjects had an average RMCS of 35.0 ppb. CONCLUSIONS: QSM has potential utility in serving as an imaging biomarker for upper motor neuron dysfunction in patients with C9orf72 familial ALS. Disclosure: Dr. Brady has nothing to disclose. Dr. Schweitzer has nothing to disclose. Dr. Liu has received personal compensation for activities with Medimagemetric LLC as an employee. Dr. Wang has nothing to disclose. Dr. Shahbazi has nothing to disclose. Dr. Shtilbans has nothing to disclose. Dr. Tsiouris has nothing to disclose. Dr. Lange has received personal compensation for activities with Genzyme as a consultant.
DUI: the drug use insights web server.

MOTIVATION Substance abuse constitutes one of the major contemporary health epidemics. Recently, the use of social media platforms has garnered interest as a novel source of data for drug addiction epidemiology. Often however, the language used in such forums comprises slang and jargon. Currently, there are no publicly available resources to automatically analyse the esoteric language-use in the social media drug-use sub-culture. This lacunae introduces critical challenges for interpreting, sensemaking and modeling of addiction epidemiology using social media. RESULTS Drug-Use Insights (DUI) is a public and open-source web application to address the aforementioned deficiency. DUI is underlined by a hierarchical taxonomy encompassing 108 different addiction related categories consisting of over 9,000 terms, where each category encompasses a set of semantically related terms. These categories and terms were established by utilizing thematic analysis in conjunction with term embeddings generated from 7,472,545 Reddit posts made by 1,402,017 redditors. Given post(s) from social media forums such as Reddit and Twitter, DUI can be used foremost to identify constituent terms related to drug use. Furthermore, the DUI categories and integrated visualization tools can be leveraged for semantic- and exploratory analysis. To the best of our knowledge, DUI utilizes the largest number of substance use and recovery social media posts used in a study and represents the first significant online taxonomy of drug abuse terminology. AVAILABILITY The DUI web server and source code are available at: http://haddock9.sfsu.edu/insight/. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Antiproton-Proton Formation of Charmonium States

An approved experiment (E-760) to study charmonium states using a gas jet in the Fermilab Antiproton Accumulator Ring is reviewed. Physics goals and techniques are discussed and compared with ISR R-704, an experiment which pioneered this method at CERN.
Observing geomagnetic induction in magnetic satellite measurements and associated implications for mantle conductivity

[1] Currents induced in Earth by temporal variations in the external magnetic field have long been used to probe mantle electrical conductivity, but almost exclusively from sparsely distributed land observatories. Satellite-borne magnetometers, such as flown on Magsat, Orsted, and Champ, offer the prospect of improved spatial coverage. The approach we have taken is to isolate induction by harmonic Dst (“disturbance storm time”) excitation of the magnetospheric ring current in satellite magnetic measurements: this is done by removing the magnetic contributions of the main (core) magnetic field, the crustal magnetic field, and ionospheric fields (cause of the daily variation) using Sabaka et al.'s [2000, 2002]CMP3 comprehensive model. The Dst signal is then clearly evident in the midlatitude satellite passes lower than 50 degrees geomagnetic latitude. At higher latitudes, auroral and field aligned currents contaminate the data. We fit the internal and external components of the Dst signal for each equatorial pass, exploiting the fact that the geometry for the internal and external components is different for the azimuthal and radial vector components. The resulting timeseries of internal and external field variations shows that the Dst signals for the dawn passes are half those of the dusk passes. The sum of equatorial external and internal components of the field averaged over dawn and dusk passes provides an excellent estimate for the Dst index, and may in fact be superior when used as a proxy for the purposes of removing induced and magnetospheric fields from satellite magnetic data. We call this estimate satellite Dst. Cross spectral analysis of the internal and external timeseries shows both greater power and higher coherence in the dusk data. We processed the transfer function between internal and external dusk timeseries to provide globally-averaged, frequency dependent impedances that agree well with independently derived estimates. We estimate Earth's radial electrical conductivity structure from these impedances using standard regularized inversion techniques. A near-surface conductor is required, of thickness less than 10 km with a conductivity-thickness product almost exactly that of an average Earth ocean. Inversions suggest that an increase in conductivity at 440 km depth, predicted by recent laboratory measurements on high pressure phases of olivine, is not favored by the data, although, as in previous studies, the 670 km discontinuity between the upper and lower mantle is associated with a two orders of magnitude jump in conductivity. A new feature in our inversions is a further increase in lower mantle conductivity at a depth of 1300 km. A global map of the internal (induced) component of the magnetic field provides a qualitative estimate of three-dimensional (3-D) variations in Earth electrical conductivity, demonstrating graphically that the satellite data are responsive to lateral variations in electrical conductivity caused by the continents and oceans.
Transformation of Testosterone into 17β-Hydroxy-5α-androstan-3-one by Microsomal Preparations of Human Skin

Abstract Enzymic transformation of testosterone to the potent androgen, 5α-dihydrotestosterone, has been shown by incubation of testosterone-4-14C with microsomal preparations of human neonatal foreskin. The activity was stimulated by NADPH but not by NADH, and the reaction proceeded optimally at pH 5.6. Formation of 5α-androstanediol from 5α-dihydrotestosterone was also shown after longer incubation. Purified nuclear preparations of human skin seemed to possess little or no testosterone 5α-reductase activity, in contrast to similar preparations of rat prostate. The testosterone 5α-reductase in skin microsomes exhibited a Km of 1.1 x 10-6 for testosterone. A number of steroids were found to inhibit the 5α-reduction of testosterone. Among these the most potent inhibitor was progesterone, which was converted into 5α-pregnane-3,20-dione, and competed effectively with testosterone for the active site of the enzyme. The Ki of progesterone was approximately 0.7 x 10-6 m, indicating a slightly greater affinity of this steroid for the 5α-reductase than that of testosterone. Other potent inhibitors tested were androstenedione and deoxycorticosterone, while estradiol, hydrocortisone, and the antiandrogen, testololactone, had no inhibitory effect. The necessary structural characteristics of an effective inhibitor seem to be a Δ4-3-keto structure, a 17β but not 17α substituent, and no modification or other substitutions in the steroid nucleus.
Alteration of sodium, potassium-adenosine triphosphatase activity in rabbit ciliary processes by cyclic adenosine monophosphate-dependent protein kinase.

The response of sodium, potassium-adenosine triphosphatase (Na,K-ATPase) to cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-dependent protein kinase was examined in membranes obtained from rabbit iris-ciliary body. In the presence of the protein kinase together with 10(-5) M cAMP, Na,K-ATPase activity was reduced. No change in Na,K-ATPase activity was detected in response to the protein kinase without added cAMP. Likewise cAMP alone did not alter Na,K-ATPase activity. Reduction of Na,K-ATPase activity was also observed in the presence of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit. The response of the enzyme to the kinase catalytic subunit was also examined in membranes obtained from rabbit ciliary processes. In the presence of 8 micrograms/ml of the catalytic subunit, ciliary process Na,K-ATPase activity was reduced by more than 50%. To examine whether other ATPases were suppressed by the protein kinase, calcium-stimulated ATPase activity was examined; its activity was stimulated by the catalytic subunit. To test whether the response of the ciliary process Na,K-ATPase is unique, experiments were also performed using membrane preparations from rabbit lens epithelium or rabbit kidney; the catalytic subunit significantly reduced the activity of Na,K-ATPase from the kidney but not the lens. These Na,K-ATPase studies suggest that in the iris-ciliary body, cAMP may alter sodium pumpmore » activity. In parallel 86Rb uptake studies, we observed that ouabain-inhibitable potassium uptake by intact pieces of iris-ciliary body was reduced by exogenous dibutryl cAMP or by forskolin.« less
LATIN AMERICAN TRADE RELATIONS WITH JAPAN: NEW OPPORTUNITIES IN THE 1990s?

Latin America's interest in Japan has increased substantially during the 1980s. Unfortunately for the region, Japan's priorities have moved in the opposite direction toward more advanced industrial countries, especially the United States and booming Asia. Although the Latin American share of Japan's economic transactions has fallen, the absolute value of those transactions has stayed constant or even increased, thus providing significant help in the face of an otherwise depressing international picture. In addition, and contrary to this downward trend, some Latin American countries have successfully stepped up their relations with Japan, regarding both trade and foreign investment.
Computer Attitudes as a Function of Age, Gender, Math Attitude, and Developmental Status:

The purpose of this study was to examine whether the variables of age, gender, attitudes toward mathematics, and student type are significantly related to the following four dimensions of computer attitude: anxiety, confidence, liking, and usefulness. Data were collected via a survey instrument that combined demographics with the Loyd and Gressard (1984) Computer Attitude Scale and the Fennema-Sherman (1976) Mathematics Attitude Scale. The 351 male and female participants, in three age groups, were approximately equally divided between developmental and non-developmental students. A multiple analysis of variance revealed no main effect for gender with respect to dimensions of computer attitude. A main effect was found for age, indicating that the youngest group of students reported less computer anxiety and higher levels of confidence than did the other age groups. However, the oldest students reported the highest levels of computer liking and perceived usefulness of computers. Also, students with the hig...
Pulmonary function in the newborn infant. I. Methods: ventilation and gaseous metabolism.

An open breathing circuit is described that is suitable for the newborn infant. The addition of an end-tidal sampler allows accurate study of many pulmonary functions. Data obtained with this equipment are quite comparable to those obtained with more classic methods in neonatal physiology. The low alveolar CO2 tension commonly observed in the first days of life may result from decreased CO2 production by the fasting newborn infant. [See Fig 7 in Source Pdf]
Introducing work rules into models of wage-employment contracts

Abstract In this article we incorporate work rules into models of wage-employment contracts. Under maintained hypotheses about the effect of efficiency enhancing rules on workers' utility functions, we generate positive predictions about ranges of output and earnings over which different rules will be invoked. We also explore the implications of work rules for the existence of underemployment equilibrium and labor hoarding.