cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cloning and expression of the human galanin receptor GalR2.

Abstract Galanin is a peptide hormone which modulates a wide variety of physiological processes, including secretion, muscle contraction, cognitive function, the reproductive axis, and feeding. Two galanin receptor subtypes, GalR1 and GalR2, have been cloned; however, for GalR2 only the rat sequence has been reported in the literature. Our cloning of human GalR2 reveals its amino acid sequence to be 85% identical to rat GalR2 and 39% identical to human GalR1. Binding of [ 125 I]galanin to the human GalR2 receptor transiently expressed in COS-7 cells was saturable (K d = 0.24 nM ± 0.06 nM) with a receptor density of 383 ± 66 fmol/mg protein. Human galanin(1-30) bound with high affinity to the human GalR2 receptor, with a K i value of 0.86 ± 0.12 nM. With the identification of a second galanin receptor subtype, the specific functions of human galanin receptor subtypes can now begin to be addressed.
Asbestos-related radiographic findings among household contacts of workers exposed to Libby vermiculite: impact of workers' personal hygiene practices.

Objective To explore the potential impact of worker hygiene by determining the prevalence of radiographic changes consistent with asbestos exposure among household contacts of workers exposed to Libby vermiculite that contained amphibole fibers. Methods Workers and household contacts had chest radiographs and completed questionnaires regarding hygiene and potential exposure pathways. Results Participants included 191 household contacts of 118 workers. One household contact (0.5%) had localized pleural thickening, and three (1.6%) had irregular opacities at profusion category 1/0 or greater. Worker radiographs demonstrated pleural changes in 45% and irregular opacities at profusion category 1/0 or greater in 8%. Conclusions Libby vermiculite-exposed workers demonstrated an elevated prevalence of pleural and interstitial chest radiographic changes. There was, however, no increased prevalence of similar changes among household contacts, likely because of personal hygiene measures taken by the majority of workers.
Family-Friendly Work Practices and Job Satisfaction and Organizational Performance: Moderating Effects of Managerial Support and Performance-Oriented Management

Management literature has emphasized the influence of family-friendly work practices (FFWPs) on work attitudes and organizational performance because there has been an increase in the number of wom...
“I Am Moral, But You Are Deterred”: Differential Attributions About Why People Obey the Law1

This research examined the different attributions that individuals make for law-abiding behavior by different people. Experiment 1 reveals that individuals believe that they and other highly moral people are motivated to obey laws because of internal reasons (e.g., laws reflect valued rules and moral behavior), whereas they believe that criminals are motivated by external reasons (e.g., fear of punishment). However, Experiment 2 shows that even some criminals are seen as motivated to obey laws regarding particular types of crimes because of internal factors. Experiment 3 replicates these general findings using a between-subjects design. Finally, Experiment 4 shows that individuals believe that they are motivated to obey laws regarding minor transgressions (e.g., speed limits) for both internal and external reasons. Discussion focuses on the implications of these findings for both psychological theory and social policy.
Scaling Issues in Miniaturization of Injection Molded Parts

Miniaturization of injection molded parts causes changes in the relative contribution of relevant design and process parameters. As a result, scaling-related size effects occur. Size effects can be either of the first order or of the second order. First-order size effects can be predicted using standard modeling, while second order ones cannot. This paper deals with first-order size effects encountered in injection molding miniaturized parts. Through the scaling analysis of the heat transfer and flow process in injection molding, the size effects on the change of molding characteristics including viscous heating, freezing time, capillary force effect, and moldability were identified. Strategies were consequently proposed to alleviate or eliminate the scaling-related molding difficulties in molding ultrathin-wall parts and microparts. Particularly, a scalable filling process was presented, with experimental verification.
A comparison between traditional shift-and-add (SAA) and point-by-point back projection (BP) -- relevance to morphology of microcalcifications for isocentric motion in Digital Breast tomosynthesis (DBT)

Digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) is a three-dimensional imaging technique providing an arbitrary set of reconstruction planes in the breast with limited series of projection images. This paper describes a comparison between traditional shift-and-add (SAA) and point-by-point back projection (BP) algorithms by impulse response and modulation transfer function (MTF) analysis. Due to the partial isocentric motion of the x-ray tube in DBT, structures such as microcalcifications appear slightly blurred in traditional shift-and-add (SAA) images in the direction perpendicular to the direction of tube's motion. Point-by-point BP improved rendition of microcalcifications. The sharpness and morphology of calcifications were improved in a human subject images. A filtered back projection (FBP) deblurring approach was used to demonstrate deblurred point-by-point BP tomosynthesis images. The point-by-point BP rather than traditional SAA should be considered as the foundation of further deblurring algorithms for DBT reconstruction.
Geology and paleobiology of islands in the Ordovician Iapetus Ocean: Review and implications

A history of islands in the Iapetus Ocean and their destruction is recorded by widespread occurrences of Lower to Upper Ordovician volcanic and epiclastic rocks and some limestone through the axial parts of the Appalachian-Caledonide orogen in North America and northwestern Europe. Assemblages of Arenigian and Llanvirnian benthic shelly fossils, chiefly brachiopods, from these rocks constitute the Celtic biogeographic province that is distinguished by its endemic genera and by some that are older than in other biogeographic provinces, some that are younger than elsewhere, and others that have not hitherto been found together. Evidence from these fossils and from the geology of the rocks pertaining to them suggests that North American terranes that included islands of Arenigian-Llanvirnian age lay at middle to high latitudes, both in mid-ocean and within the Armorican continental margin, whereas coeval rocks in west-central Ireland and Norway that have Toquima–Table Head shelly fossils were originally part of the Laurentian continental margin. Eradication of the Celtic assemblage and the reduction of Ordovician faunal provinciality in the Appalachian-Caledonide region coincide with Llanvirnian obduction-subduction of hundreds of kilometres of Iapetus Ocean crust. Late Llanvirnian and younger Ordovician rocks in the remnant basin, including some of peri-insular origin, have brachiopods of Scoto-Appalachian affinities. No discrete islands of Ashgillian age have been recognized, although fossiliferous volcaniclastic and polymictic conglomerates indicate intermontane basins in some places. Shelly fossils in these rocks, and those in the siltstones and limestones from the Gaspe Peninsula, are like those of Ashgillian age elsewhere.
Contest and scramble competition with a dynamic resource

Abstract A system of difference equations derived from a general matrix population model with a dynamically varying resource is used to study two extreme forms of intra-specific competition. Both the per capita survival probability and birth rate are dependent on an individual's hierarchical ranking in the population. It is shown that contest competition yields a larger equilibrium size than the scramble competition. Moreover, contest competition may also be more stable in the sense that the interior steady state is always locally asymptotically stable if the inherent net reproductive number is larger than 1.
A Review of Great Lakes Ice Research

Abstract A review of over 250 scientific and engineering articles on ice research in the Great Lakes covering the period 1906–91, with emphasis on the period 1960–91, shows a wide diversity of subject material. Studies on ice extent are the most prevalent. The engineering aspects of ice, primarily ice control structures, and ice forecasting have also received significant attention. Brief summaries of the articles are provided. The intention of this review is to provide an overview and a reference source of research conducted on Great Lakes ice.
The delta effect of tin: Second sphere hyperconjugation in cyclohexanes

Abstract The carbon-tin bond participates significantly in the development of positive charge at the delta position through the anti-gaucheanti pathway in the unbiased cyclohexyl framework, possibly through second sphere hyperconjugation.
The effect of tax subsidies on high health care expenditure burdens in the United States

Previous analyses of families with high health care expenditure burdens have ignored the potentially mitigating effects of tax subsidies. This analysis uses data from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS) to fill this gap. A range of health expenditure burden measures are computed, with and without tax subsidies, showing the impact that tax subsidies have on both the prevalence and magnitude of high health care spending burdens among the nonelderly.
Radiosensitization of primary human tumor cell cultures by N-methylformamide.

Abstract The effects of the differentiation-inducing agent N-methylformamide (NMF) on the radiation response of ten primary human tumor cell cultures were investigated. Cell survival was determined using an adhesive tumor cell culture system. NMF (1%) was added to cultures on Day 1 and was left for 6 days; cultures were irradiated with graded doses of X rays (1.0−6.0 Gy) on Day 4. Using survival at 2.0 Gy as a comparative endpoint, eight of ten cultures tested exhibited enhanced radiosensitivity upon exposure to NMF. In sensitized cultures, the dose-enhancement factors ranged from I3 to 2.5. The NMF-mediated radiosensitization did not appear to be dependent on the histologic cell type. The results presented support previous data obtained from established cell lines and suggest that NMF may offer clinical benefits against a variety of tumor types when used in combination with radiotherapy.
Mechanism of anodic dissolution and passivation of iron—I. Behavior in neutral acetate buffer solutions

Abstract The kinetics of the anodic dissolution and passivation of Fe have been studied in neutral and slightly acidic acetic acid/sodium acetate buffer solution as a function of the total acetate buffer concentration and pH. The results have been obtained from potential sweep experiments at 4 mV s−1, which corresponds to quasi-steady state conditions. Two anodic peaks were found in the active dissolution region of the voltammogram. A reaction order of −0.7 ± 0.2 with respect to acetate concentration and of 1.4 ± 0.2 with respect to pH has been found for the Tafel region of the first peak; more complicated behavior was found for the remainder of the voltammogram. Galvanostatic cathodic reduction experiments were used to characterize the surface film formed during the anodic sweep. A mechanism is proposed which accounts for the observed reaction orders, and simulates the observed anodic voltammograms in a semi-quantitative fashion. The mechanism provided a simple, physical expalantion for the observed negative reaction order with respect to acetate concentration.
Cardiac Output of Men and Dogs Measured by in vivo Analysis of Iodinated (I131) Human Serum Albumin

A time-intensity analysis of I131 was carried out with a highly shielded well-collimated scintillation detector placed over the chest of normal men and women, patients and dogs. I131 human serum albumin solution was injected intravenously. The curves thus obtained when analyzed for cardiac output gave values not significantly different from simultaneously obtained direct Fick values.
Chloro polyketides from the cultured fungus (Aspergillus) separated from a marine sponge

Abstract The salt water culture of Aspergillus ?ochraceus separated from the Indo-Pacific sponge Jaspis cf. coriacea has yielded two new chlorine containing polyketides, chlorocarolide A ( 1a ) and B ( 1b ). These compounds have an overall structural analogy to carolic acid whose biosynthesis has been intensely studied. The structures and stereochemical features of the chlorocarolides are reported. Also noted are the similarities of their α-methylene-γ-butyrolactones to those of the litsenolides and mahubenolides, both derived from plants.
Environmental Determinants of Malaria Transmission in Africa

Abstract A new mechanistic and spatially-explicit model of hydrological and entomological processes that lead to malaria transmission has been developed recently at MIT. This unique model was tested against field observations from Africa. HYDREMATS (Hydrology, Entomology, and Malaria Transmission Simulator) is described in (Bomblies, Duchemin, and Eltahir, WRR, 44, 2008). HYDREMATS is suitable for low cost screening of environmental management interventions, and for studying the impact of climate change on malaria transmission. Examples of specific applications will be presented for two villages from Niger in Africa.
The daunting complexity of scaling to 7NM without EUV: pushing DTCO to the extreme

This paper reviews the most critical components of a ‘holistic’ DTCO flow for an advanced technology node and in doing so quantifies the differences between 7nm technology node definitions implemented with extreme ultraviolet and 193nm immersion lithography. The DTCO topics covered include: setting scaling targets for critical pitches, gear-ratios, and cell height; defining a set of patterning solutions, required RET restrictions, and resulting patterning cost; compiling physical design objectives to achieve power, performance, and area scaling; developing a set of standard cell logic cell architectures; and finally assessing achievable cell-level as well as macro-level scaling.
Erythrocyte Lipids in the Neonate

Extract: The lipid composition has been characterized in erythrocytes obtained from the cord blood of fullterm normal infants. There is an increase in total lipid, lipid phosphorous and cholesterol per cell (total lipid = 6.45 × 10 -10 mg; Lipid P = 1.54 × 10 -11mg; cholesterol = 1.79 × 10 -10 mg) when compared with adult controls (total lipid = 5.07 × 10 -10 mg; Lipid P = 1.22 × 10 -11mg; cholesterol = 1.33 × 10 -10mg). Despite the increased lipid content, the percentages of total lipid comprised by lipid phosphorous and cholesterol are similar to those found in the adult (P = 2.40% of total lipid in infants, 2.41% in adults: cholesterol = 27.1% of total lipid in infants, 26.0% in adults). Phospholipid fractionation shows minor variations between the two groups. Cord blood erythrocyte phospholipid has 1.0% lysolecithin, 26.0% sphingomyelin, 27.7% phosphatidylcholine, 15.2% combined phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylinositol, and 29.1% phosphatidylethanolamine. Adult erythrocyte phospholipid has 1.2% lysolecithin, 24.1% sphingomyelin, 29.5% phosphatidylcholine, 13.1% combined phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylinositol and 31.2% phosphatidylethanolamine. Phospholipid fatty acid patterns in cord blood erythrocytes show an increased percentage of palmitic acid (cord = 21.3%, adult = 17.0%), stearic acid (cord = 16.3%, adult = 15.3%) arachidonic acid (cord = 19.6%, adult = 17.4%) and combined 22 and 24 carbon fatty acids (cord = 17.6%, adult = 16.3%) associated with decreased percentages of oleic acid (cord = 11.9%, adult = 14.6%) and linoleic acid (cord = 3.4%, adult = 10.9%). Speculation: The erythrocyte lipids of the newborn show deviations from the adult pattern which may have adaptive value for intrauterine life. These same adaptations may render the cell more vulnerable to oxidative damage in postnatal life.
Old Friends, New Faces: Motivation Research in the 1990s:

This article reports the principal findings of over 200 studies of work motivation published between January 1990 and December 1997. We examined research relevant to seven traditional motivational theories (Motives and Needs, Expectancy Theory, Equity Theory, Goal-Setting, Cognitive Evaluation Theory, Work Design, and Reinforcement Theory) and three emerging topic areas (Creativity, Groups, and Culture). For each area, we summarize the research, identify trends and discuss issues that deserve further research attention. We conclude by examining trends in research in the field overall and considering the implications of these trends for the future role of motivation in organizational behavior research.
Facies and evolution of Silurian coral-microbialite reef complex, Maumee, Ohio, USA

ABSTRACT Silurian dolomite that crops out in a quarry at Maumee, Ohio USA, forms a thick reef complex roughly 600 m in diameter and about 68 m thick. It is composed, in ascending stratigraphic order, of the Lockport Dolomite and the Greenfield Dolomite. The Lockport Dolomite at Maumee contains multistory stromatolite, thrombolite, and coral-microbialite reefs. Such reefs have never been reported previously in this unit in Ohio and Indiana. Thrombolite and stromatolite reefs are interpreted to have formed in a subtidal setting possibly within a hypersaline lagoon. Wave stress affected the coral-microbialite reefs by limiting the number of metazoans and promoting the formation of fibrous cement inferred to have been marine precipitates originally in the form of magnesian calcite. Thrombolites an stromatolites form 20-60% by volume of coral-microbialite reefs, and they contributed substantially to the syndepositional stabilization of these reefs by serving as binders and encrusters of metazoans, especially branching corals. Such stabilization sharply limited the amount of sediment available for the formation of flank beds next to coral-microbialite reefs. Evolution of the Maumee reef complex (MRC) involved two shallowing-upward sequences, each of which was terminated by subaerial exposure. The older interval of subaerial exposure is represented by an intraformational unconformity within the Lockport Dolomite. The younger unconformity at the top of the Lockport Dolomite is correlated with the base of the A-1 evaporite in the Michigan Basin. Parts or all of patterns shown by coral-microbialite reefs and microbialite reefs in the MRC may provide an analogue for better understanding the nature and evolution of pinnacle reefs and patch reefs in the Michigan Basin region and other reefs elsewhere.
Introduction to redundancy coding

An introduction to redundancy encoding as used in digital data communications is described. The need for redundancy is first addressed, followed by a discussion of the binary symmetric channel, burst noise channels, and the use of interleaving to randomize burst errors. The concept of redundancy is presented next, showing how it is used to supply the highest possible degree of error detection or how it can be applied to provide for the detection and correction of a lesser number of errors. The use of some codes to correct some errors and also to detect, but not correct, additional errors is discussed. The properties of block codes are developed beginning with repetition codes then covering single-parity check codes, Hamming (single-error detection) codes, and Bose-Chadhuri-Hocquenghem (BCH)codes. The basic properties and structures of these codes are emphasized with examples of implementation procedures for both encoding and decoding.
Late Quaternary climates and river channels of the Atlantic Coastal Plain, Southeastern USA

Abstract Late Quaternary river patterns and sedimentation styles reflect past climate changes in Atlantic drainages of eastern Georgia and the Carolinas. Past climate episodes for the region are summarized from pollen and eolian sedimentary records that exhibit correlation to major changes in river channel patterns. Records of past river responses are derived from luminescence and radiocarbon dated landforms and strata. Slow tectonic uplift does not explain temporal changes in channel patterns. Drainage networks have not received meltwater from continental or mountain glaciers. Eustatic influence would have been most pronounced on the now-submerged continental shelf prior to 6 ka and currently manifests only within 60–80 km of the present highstand shoreline. Human impact overshadows climatic changes during historic time, but was negligible during prehistoric time. The late Quaternary fluvial system primarily responded to climatic fluctuations that drove changes in vegetation, precipitation, and runoff patterns. Prehistoric meandering paleochannels of the Holocene stand as important references to guide “natural” channel rehabilitation efforts. During the coldest climate phases of the late Wisconsin stage (ca. 30–16 ka), when forest vegetation was sparse and interspersed with grasses and herbs, many rivers and streams were braided with eolian dunes on the floodplains. The terminal Wisconsin stage (ca. 16–11 ka) exhibited rapid warming and forest expansion characterized by pronounced change from braided to meandering patterns with intermediate forms of sandy scroll-bar patterns. The Younger Dryas cold excursion is not readily apparent in the regional fluvial record. Unusually large meandering channels of the terminal Wisconsin stage continue into the first half of the Holocene and indicate significantly larger bankfull flood discharges during those times than during the last half of the Holocene. Bankfull channels during the last half of the Holocene retained meandering patterns, but decreased to modern-like dimensions, suggesting more modern-like flood regimes. No clear fluvial response occurs to the presumed middle Holocene climatic optimum (Hypsithermal), the Medieval warm period and Little Ice Age, or to recent instrumentally-observed fluctuations in climate, but little research has been done in these realms.
Into the fourth dimension—an introduction to dynamic analysis and design

The author critiques the three-dimensional approach to systems design presented by Mastro and proposes a correction. He also shows that the time dimension is not modeled and that it should be. He presents notations for documenting dynamics and shows how these structures can be utilized in the design of software.
A novel SET-domain methyltransferase modifies ribosomal protein Rpl23ab in yeast

Abstract In vivo studies have shown that the ribosomal large subunit protein L23a (Rpl23ab) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is methylated at lysine residues. However, the gene encoding the methyltransferase responsible for the modification has not been identified. We show here that the yeast YPL208w gene product, a member of the SET domain family of methyltransferases, catalyzes the reaction, and we have now designated it Rkm1 (ribosomal lysine (K) methyltransferase 1). Yeast strains with deletion mutations in candidate SET domain-containing genes were in vivo labeled with S-adenosyl-l-[methyl-3H]methionine. [3H]Methyl radioactivity was determined after lysates were fractionated by SDS gel electrophoresis. When compared with the parent strain or other candidate deletion strains, a loss of a radiolabeled 15-kDa species was observed in the rkm1 (Δypl208w) knock-out strain. Treatment of wild-type cell extracts with RNase or proteinase K demonstrated that the methyl-accepting substrate is a protein. Cellular lysates from parent and knockout strains were fractionated using high salt sucrose gradients. Analysis of the gradient fractions by SDS gel electrophoresis demonstrated that the 15-kDa methyl-accepting substrate elutes with the large ribosomal subunit. In vitro methylation experiments using purified ribosomes confirmed that the methyl-accepting substrate is a ribosomal protein. Amino acid analysis of the in vivo labeled 15 kDa polypeptide showed that it contains ϵ-[3H]dimethyllysine residues. Mass spectrometry of tryptic peptides of the 15 kDa polypeptide identified it as Rpl23ab. Analysis of the intact masses of the large ribosomal subunit proteins by electrospray mass spectrometry confirmed that the substrate is Rpl23ab and that it is specifically dimethylated at two distinct sites by Rkm1. These results show that SET domain methyltransferases can be involved in translational roles as well as in the previously described transcriptional roles.
Annual and lifetime prevalence of partner abuse in a sample of female HMO enrollees

Abstract Self-reported data from a survey of roughly 1,100 female health maintenance organization enrollees in the Washington, DC, metropolitan area are used to investigate the lifetime and annual prevalence of emotional, physical, and sexual abuse by intimate partners. The sample consists of a racially balanced and, for the most part, well-educated group of working women. Three dimensions of abuse based on responses to questions from a modified version of the Abuse Assessment Screen are employed. In addition to simple descriptive analyses, logistic regression was performed. The estimated annual prevalence is lower than estimates reported in other studies. However, lifetime prevalence is very similar to estimates found in primary care clinical samples and somewhat higher than those derived from population-based surveys. More highly educated women report the lowest lifetime prevalence of intimate partner abuse. The finding that this sample of well-educated, middle-class working women has lifetime prevalence rates similar to those of women who are not as well off demonstrates that intimate partner abuse is not limited to disadvantaged women from vulnerable population subgroups.
Previous- and following-component contrast effects using a three-component multiple schedule

Behavioral contrast can be defined as an inverse relation between the rate of behavior in one component of a multiple schedule of reinforcement and the conditions of reinforcement in another component. In the present experiment, four pigeons pecked a key for mixed-grain reinforcers delivered by a three-component multiple schedule. During baseline conditions, the same variable-interval schedule was in effect during each component. In contrast conditions, the rate of reinforcement in the second component was increased or decreased. Behavioral contrast was usually observed in both the first and third components. Across-component contrast effects were neither larger nor more reliable when the change in reinforcement occurred in the following component than when it occurred in the previous component. Furthermore, in both the first and third components, the size of contrast was almost always largest early in the component and decreased as the component progressed. Both across- and within-component data were analyzed using the model proposed by Williams and Wixted (1986). The results question the adequacy of the model. The results also pose difficulties for several existing theories of contrast.
On the Symmetry of Robinson Elasticities of Substitution: A Three-Factor Case

1. Along with growing public concern in environmental and urban problems, the keen attention of economists has been paid to studies of production activities which employ three (or more) factors, say, capital, labour and natural resources such as land or energy. Here again, as well as in the aggregate two-factor model of production, various formulae of elasticities of factor substitution (ES) are proved to be useful for the analysis of the internal structure of production in the works of Hicks [5], Binswanger [3], Berndt and Wood [2] and others. However, a question of symmetry of ES seems to have been totally overlooked in the literature. For example, we ask: is the ES of capital for resources always identical with the ES of resources for capital in the presence of labour as a third factor? As long as we follow Joan Robinson's original definition of ES, there is no ready-made answer to this type of question. The purpose of this note is to prove a fact that for a linearhomogeneous, three-factor production function, Morishima's elasticities of substitution (MES) as a special case of Robinson's are symmetric, i.e. cij = cji (i ] j) if and only if a given function is of the constant-elasticity-of-substitution (CES) type.
Histopathologic evaluation of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma: results of a survey among dermatopathologists.

Abstract Background: There are numerous histopathologic features related to prognosis in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC). We hypothesize that there is no uniform approach toward the reporting of these features. This may be related to differing opinions on their prognostic use. Methods: A written survey concerning the microscopic evaluation of CSCC was sent to 120 dermatopathologists in the United States and Canada. Respondents were asked whether they comment on specific microscopic features of CSCC, and whether they believe that each specific feature can predict prognosis. Results: The response rate was 78%. Histologic type, and the presence of perineural or vascular/lymphatic invasion, is reported by most dermatopathologists (90%, 96%, and 95%, respectively). These features are also thought to predict prognosis by the majority of respondents. Only 54% report histologic grade, and 49% think grade predicts prognosis. Depth is reported anatomically by 63%, but by only 8% in actual millimeters of invasion. However, 55% think tumor depth predicts prognosis. A total of 43% report the presence of an associated actinic keratosis, although very few (16%) think it predicts prognosis. Very few comment on the presence of inflammation. Conclusions: Histopathologic reporting of CSCC is not uniform among dermatopathologists. Also, there appears to be differing opinions on the use of certain histopathologic features for predicting prognosis. (J Am Acad Dermatol 2003;48:721-6.)
Synthesis of bridged heteroaromatic compounds as reference standards for coal degradation products

The synthesis of 2-naphthyl 2′-dibenzothienyl ether, 1-(1′-naphthyl)-2-(4″-acridinyl)ethane and a series of naphthylethyldibenzothiophenes is reported.
Preparation and evaluation of new l-canavanine derivatives as nitric oxide synthase inhibitors

Abstract New derivatives of the amino acid l -canavanine were prepared by total chemical synthesis and evaluated as inhibitors of inducible nitric oxide synthase (NOS). Replacement of the δ-methylene group of known NOS inhibitors with an oxygen atom produced dramatic effects as to the ability of these compounds to interact with the enzyme. These results indicate that the addition of an electron withdrawing group in the side chain of l -arginine-derived NOS inhibitors must be considered during inhibitor design depending on the expected mode of interaction with the enzyme.
Real wages and non-traded goods

Abstract This paper examines the connection between a terms-of-trade improvement and the real wage rate for a country that is immersed in a trading world with many traded commodities as well as a non-tradeable. There is an array of commodities that are imported but not produced at home, and the price of one of these commodities is lowered, which would, by itself, raise real wage rates if local wage rates are tied to world prices with sufficient diversity in local production to tie factor prices to world commodity prices. If the improvement is sufficiently great, the home country may cease production of one of its tradeables, and the price of non-tradeables changes to clear its market. Details of how this affects the real wage rate depend upon two attributes: Is the non-tradeable labor-intensive relative to the remaining tradeable, and is the income effect of increasing the demand for non-tradeables overpowered by the substitution effect tending to reduce demand? Furthermore, with large changes new traded commodities enter the production mix, so that factor prices once again are tied to world prices. And a wealthier country with the same technology may find its real wage improving at the same time as the opposite change takes place in the home country.
Postnatal development of a norepinephrine response to light in the rat pineal and salivary glands

Abstract Under the control of environmental lighting, the pineal and salivary glands of the rat showed a 24-hr rhythm in norepinephrine content. In animals maintained in diurnal lighting, the norepinephrine content of both tissues was highest at the end of a dark period and lowest at the end of a light period. When animals were placed in constant darkness, the norepinephrine levels remained high, whereas in constant light, they remained low. At birth, the norepinephrine content of the salivary and pineal glands was low, but adult levels were attained between 6 and 10 days of age. At 6 days, no norepinephrine response to light was evident in either the pineal or salivary glands. Between the eighth and tenth days, constant light levels became significantly lower than constant dark levels in both tissues, demonstrating the development of a response to light. The 24-hr rhythm took 10 days to develop in animals kept in diurnal light. The present experiments indicated that visual control of these sympathetic neurons was functional by the tenth day of life in the rat. In the newborn rat, control of the salivary gland norepinephrine response to light could be mediated by extraretinal photoreceptors, but in the adult animal, the eye was essential.
Electronic and vibronic interactions at weakly bound organic interfaces : The case of pentacene on graphite

The electronic and vibronic processes at the interface between a pentacene monolayer and a graphite surface were characterized using a combination of density-functional theory (DFT) and dynamic vibronic coupling simulations. The electronic interactions were evaluated at the DFT level first between the highest occupied states of pentacene and the graphite surface, as well as among the pentacene molecules within a monolayer. The former are found to be ca. four times stronger than the latter for a parallel molecule/surface geometry. A dynamic vibronic model was used to analyze the interplay between the electronic and electron-vibration couplings and their effects on spectroscopic characteristics. The agreement between the simulated and experimental photoelectron spectra underlines the importance of weak electronic interactions on the vibronic coupling at the interface.
Photoconductivity in Gallium Sulfo-Selenide Solid Solutions

The photoconductivity characteristics of solid solutions of GaSe and GaS have been investigated for proportions of GaS between 10% and 50%. The difference between the room temperature band gaps of GaSe and GaSe(50)\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}GaS(50) is 73% of the total difference between the band gaps of GaSe (2.03 ev) and GaS (2.58 ev). The optical quenching energy and the thermal quenching energy of sensitizing centers are independent of the solid solution composition, thus giving additional evidence that these centers are associated with the crystal cation and that the photoconductivity observed is associated with holes.
High-frequency optoacoustic arrays using parallel etalon detection

Here we present an ultrasound detection system with an optical end capable of parallel probe. An erbium-doped fiber amplifier, driven by a tunable laser, outputs light at 27 dBm. A lens collimates the light to probe a 6-μm thick SU-8 etalon and controls the parallel detection area (total array size). A two-lens system guides the reflected light into a photodetector and controls the active area (array element size) on the etalon surface. A translation stage carries the photodetector to detect signals from different array elements. The output of the photodetector is recorded using an oscilloscope. The system's noise equivalent pressure was estimated to be 6.5 kPa over 10~50 MHz using a calibrated piezoelectric transducer when the -3 dB parallel detection area was 1.8 mm in diameter. The detection bandwidth was estimate to exceed 70 MHz using a focused 50 MHz piezoelectric transducer. Using a single probe wavelength, a 1D array with 41 elements and a 1.06 mm aperture length was formed to image a 49 μm black bead photoacoustically. The final image shows an object size of about 95 μm in diameter. According to the results, realizing high-frequency 2D optoacoustic arrays using an etalon is possible.
Architecture of Y-Family DNA Polymerases Relevant to Translesion DNA Synthesis as Revealed in Structural and Molecular Modeling Studies

DNA adducts, which block replicative DNA polymerases (DNAPs), are often bypassed by lesion-bypass DNAPs, which are mostly in the Y-Family. Y-Family DNAPs can do non-mutagenic or mutagenic dNTP insertion, and understanding this difference is important, because mutations transform normal into tumorigenic cells. Y-Family DNAP architecture that dictates mechanism, as revealed in structural and modeling studies, is considered. Steps from adduct blockage of replicative DNAPs, to bypass by a lesion-bypass DNAP, to resumption of synthesis by a replicative DNAP are described. Catalytic steps and protein conformational changes are considered. One adduct is analyzed in greater detail: the major benzo[a]pyrene adduct (B[a]P-N(2)-dG), which is bypassed non-mutagenically (dCTP insertion) by Y-family DNAPs in the IV/κ-class and mutagenically (dATP insertion) by V/η-class Y-Family DNAPs. Important architectural differences between IV/κ-class versus V/η-class DNAPs are discussed, including insights gained by analyzing ~400 sequences each for bacterial DNAPs IV and V, along with sequences from eukaryotic DNAPs kappa, eta and iota. The little finger domains of Y-Family DNAPs do not show sequence conservation; however, their structures are remarkably similar due to the presence of a core of hydrophobic amino acids, whose exact identity is less important than the hydrophobic amino acid spacing.
WALTER WOELBER DALQUEST: 1917–2000

Walter Woelber Dalquest, Emeritus Professor of Biology at Midwestern State University, Wichita Falls, Texas (Festschrift photo, age 67) On 27 September 2000, Dr. Walter Woelber Dalquest lost his battle with Parkinson's disease. Walt's first wife of 52 years, Peggy, preceded him in death in January 1992. Survivors include his wife of 8 years, Rose; a daughter, Linda Schultz; her husband, Mike; a stepson, Richard Carpenter, and his wife, Marianna; 3 grandchildren; and 2 great grandchildren. Walter was born 11 September 1917 in Seattle, Washington, to Nils Walter and Florence (Woelber) Dalquest. Both sets of grandparents were emigrants from Sweden. He received his B.S. in 1940 and M.S. in 1941 from the University of Washington and his Ph.D. in 1951 from Louisiana State University under the direction of Dr. George Lowery. Walt was an intensely private and self-deprecating man who modestly described himself as a “rat-stuffer,” as a “bone-digger,” and as one who “knew a little about a lot of things but very little about any one thing.” Those of us fortunate enough to spend time with him knew better. His breadth of knowledge reflected an academic background that included biology, geology, and biochemistry. He had a teaching repertoire that included human anatomy and physiology, general zoology, comparative vertebrate anatomy, field zoology, limnology, ornithology, herpetology, ichthyology, mammalogy, vertebrate paleontology, wildlife management, and history and literature of the biological sciences. Walt taught each course without notes and always started his classes exactly where he stopped the previous lecture. Every field trip was a lesson in geologic formations and the lives and natural histories of any vertebrate or invertebrate that came into view. His publication record ran the gamut from geology to fishes and mammals, both fossil and extant. As a young naturalist, Walt was influenced by the field efforts and published works …
Divergent effects of cannabidiol on the discriminative stimulus and place conditioning effects of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol

Cannabis sativa (marijuana plant) contains myriad cannabinoid compounds; yet, investigative attention has focused almost exclusively on Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), its primary psychoactive substituent. Interest in modulation of THC's effects by these other cannabinoids (e.g., cannabidiol (CBD)) has been stimulated anew by recent approval by Canada of Sativex (a 1:1 dose ratio combination of CBD:THC) for the treatment of multiple sclerosis. The goal of this study was to determine the degree to which THC's abuse-related effects were altered by co-administration of CBD. To this end, CBD and THC were assessed alone and in combination in a two-lever THC discrimination procedure in Long-Evans rats and in a conditioned place preference/aversion (CPP/A) model in ICR mice. CBD did not alter the discriminative stimulus effects of THC at any CBD:THC dose ratio tested. In contrast, CBD, at CBD:THC dose ratios of 1:1 and 1:10, reversed CPA produced by acute injection with 10mg/kg THC. When administered alone, CBD did not produce effects in either procedure. These results suggest that CBD, when administered with THC at therapeutically relevant ratios, may ameliorate aversive effects (e.g., dysphoria) often associated with initial use of THC alone. While this effect may be beneficial for therapeutic usage of a CBD:THC combination medication, our discrimination results showing that CBD did not alter THC's discriminative stimulus effects suggest that CBD:THC combination medications may also produce THC-like subjective effects at these dose ratios.
Pertuzumab protects the Achilles' heel of trastuzumab-emtansine

Trastuzumab emtansine (T-DM1) represents a significant advancement in the treatment of HER2(+) breast cancers. Its clinical efficacy however will be limited by the development of therapeutic resistance. In this report, the HER3 ligand neuregulin is shown to mediate T-DM1 resistance, which was overcome by administration of pertuzumab, a steric inhibitor of HER2 dimerization.
The search for submammalian gastrins: the identification of amphibian gastrin.

SummaryExtracts of the digestive tracts of three amphibian species were examined by radioimmunoassay for gastrin-like materials. Gastrin was detected in all three species of amphibia examined. In R. cates-beiana and R. pipiens the largest tissue concentrations of gastrin were found in the antrum, followed by the duodenum and pancreas, respectively, in order of decreasing gastrin content. In the urodele Necturus the duodenum contained the highest tissue content of gastrin followed by the antrum and then the pancreas.Molecular heterogeneity of gastrin was found in the sera of R. catesbeiana and in tissue extracts of R. catesbeiana and Necturus.
Cosmogenic exposure and erosion history of Australian bedrock landforms

Exceptionally high activities of in situ-produced 1 0 Be and 2 6 Al indicate that Australian bedrock surfaces are some of the most stable in the world. These cosmogenic nuclides demonstrate that Australian granite, exposed and sampled at 10 sites along a transect from the Eyre Peninsula (33°S) to the Kakadu area in the Northern Territory (14°S), has in some places eroded only decimeters over the past million years. However, nuclide activities are not saturated in any of the 61 exposed samples we analyzed, mandating that the surfaces we sampled are losing mass, albeit slowly, over time. Such mass loss indicates that inselbergs are dynamic landforms, confounding the assignment of discreet ages to inselberg surfaces. Nevertheless, the differential between slow rates of erosion measured on the very stable uppermost parts of these landforms and the more rapid rates measured below their flanks and below the adjacent grus-covered planes suggests that the forms of many large inselbergs, which stand meters to tens of meters high, must be at least Tertiary in age and possibly much older. Activities of 1 0 Be and 2 6 Al in 61 exposed Australian samples range from 5.1 ′ 0.1 × 10 6 to 5.3 ′ 0.6 x 10 5 atoms.g - 1 and 2.1 ′ 0.1 x 10 7 to 3.4 ′ 0.5 x 10 6 atoms.g - 1 , respectively (normalized to sea level, at latitudes of >60°, using only neutron scaling). Activities of 1 0 Be and 2 6 Al in seven shielded samples (3.5-13 m below the surface) are much lower, ranging from 3.4 ′ 0.2 x 10 4 to 7.0 ′ 0.1 x 10 4 atoms.g - 1 and 1.6 ′ 0.1 x 10 5 to 2.8 ′ 0.2 x 10 5 atoms.g - 1 , respectively. 2 6 Al/ 1 0 Be ratios of exposed samples range from 3.89 ′ 0.19 to 6.29 ′ 0.82. If 2σ uncertainty ranges and a nominal sea-level, high-latitude 1 0 Be-production rate of 5.17 atoms.g - 1 .yr - 1 are considered, ratio data for all but one surface sample are consistent with continuous surface or near-surface exposure and/or erosion. Rock surfaces farther north in Australia, where the climate is more humid, have lower nuclide activities; thus, we infer that surface stability is inversely related to mean annual precipitation. From 61 exposed samples, we calculated maximum limiting, single-nuclide, model erosion rates of 0.3 ′ 0.1 to 5.7 ′ 1.0 m/m.y. and minimum limiting, single-nuclide, model exposure ages of 105 ′ 16 to 1310 ′ 190 ka (by assuming a sea-level, high-latitude 1 0 Be-production rate of 5.17 atoms.g - 1 yr - 1 ). Seven shielded samples, in which the nuclide inventory is muon-generated, also have nuclide activities consistent with similarly low rates of erosion but over even longer time scales. It appears that the Eyre Peninsula inselbergs have been and are eroding so slowly that they may well be direct descendents of Cenozoic and perhaps even Mesozoic forms.
Adaptive scheduling and voltage scaling for multiprocessor real-time applications with non-deterministic workload

The computational workload of some real-time applications varies significantly during runtime, which makes the task scheduling and power management a challenge. One of the major influences to the workload of an application is the selection of conditional branches which may activate or deactivate a large set of operations. Focusing on real-time applications with variable workload which is due to random branch selection, this paper presents a framework of task mapping, scheduling and dynamic voltage and frequency scaling (DVFS) for a multiprocessor system. The proposed framework maintains workload awareness using dynamic profiling of branch probability. The profiled information is utilized by the scheduling and DVFS algorithm that are adopted in this framework to generate statistically optimal solution.
TRANSPORT BARRIERS TO THE EXPANSION OF UNITED STATES EXPORTS OF BULK COMMODITIES : A TEN-YEAR PERSPECTIVE WITH FOCUS ON COAL

A number of forecasts indicate that US bulk commodity exports, especially coal will increase substantially during the next decade in order to accommodate world demand. This boost to the nation's tr...
A dynamic adaptive multi-receiver random access protocol for the code division multiple access channel

We present a packet multiple access protocol that is a hybrid of a pure CDMA protocol and an ALOHA random access protocol. The protocol utilizes the multireception capabilities of spread-spectrum communications together with the "statistical-multiplexing" capabilities of random access. We begin by presenting a multi-receiver random access protocol and analyze its throughput characteristics. We then develop collision resolution algorithms for the protocol that attempt to optimize its performance. These algorithms are analyzed through the use of simulation. We show that with proper choice of protocol parameters our protocol can handle all admissible traffic loads. We then propose a dynamic, adaptive extension to the protocol that uses limited feedback information to allow the protocol to vary its parameters based on the traffic load in the system. This dynamic, adaptive version of the protocol allows it to operate efficiently under a wide variety of traffic load conditions. At very light load conditions the protocol behaves as a pure random access protocol and at very high load it behaves as a pure fixed assignments protocol. Our protocol seems to be a good choice for providing random access on a satellite channel where propagation delays are long. It is also a natural choice for wireless transmission of very short (e.g., ATM) packets.