cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mapping social activities and concepts with social media (Twitter) and web search engines (Yahoo and Bing): a case study in 2012 US Presidential Election

We introduce a new research framework for analyzing the spatial distribution of web pages and social media (Twitter) messages with related contents, called Visualizing Information Space in Ontologi...
Using mobile health to support the chronic care model: developing an institutional initiative

Self-management support and team-based care are essential elements of the Chronic Care Model but are often limited by staff availability and reimbursement. Mobile phones are a promising platform for improving chronic care but there are few examples of successful health system implementation. Program Development. An iterative process of program design was built upon a pilot study and engaged multiple institutional stakeholders. Patients identified having a "human face" to the pilot program as essential. Stakeholders recognized the need to integrate the program with primary and specialty care but voiced concerns about competing demands on clinician time. Program Description. Nurse administrators at a university-affiliated health plan use automated text messaging to provide personalized self-management support for member patients with diabetes and facilitate care coordination with the primary care team. For example, when a patient texts a request to meet with a dietitian, a nurse-administrator coordinates with the primary care team to provide a referral. Conclusion. Our innovative program enables the existing health system to support a de novo care management program by leveraging mobile technology. The program supports self-management and team-based care in a way that we believe engages patients yet meets the limited availability of providers and needs of health plan administrators.
JouleTrack: a web based tool for software energy profiling

A software energy estimation methodology is presented that avoids explicit characterization of instruction energy consumption and pre-dicts energy consumption to within 3% accuracy for a set of bench-mark programs evaluated on the StrongARM SA-1100 and Hitachi SH-4 microprocessors. The tool, JouleTrack, is available as an online resource and has various estimation levels. It also isolates the switch-ing and leakage components of the energy consumption.
Design considerations for a robotic flying fish

This paper details an exploration into the design of an aerial-aquatic robotic vessel. A compact robot that could both swim underwater and glide in the air above water has many potential applications in ocean exploration and mapping, surveillance, and forecasting. In the first phase of this project, we focus on mechanical design concepts that would enable the biomimetic production of adequate thrust underwater. A brief review of precedent research concerning robotic fish and hydrodynamics is first presented, followed by an in-depth analysis of the mathematical theory relevant to the project. A passive model of a flying fish was constructed and launched from approximately 1 ft. underwater to determine the forces associated with overcoming drag underwater and exiting the water. Based on this, A number of conceptual designs which would produce the motion necessary for propulsion were formulated and are discussed from a mechanical design perspective. Various conventional and non-conventional actuators are reviewed, as well as a control scheme for the concepts presented. We end with a discussion of the future directions for this project, as well as the key challenges that remain to be addressed.
INFORMATIONAL FEEDBACK IN TRAINING BEHAVIORAL CODERS

Videotapes of children's behavior in a natural setting were used to train 24 Ss to use a coding system. Ss were randomly assigned to training under conditions of immediate feedback, delayed feedback, and no feedback. Analyses of Ss responses to a criterion videotape following training showed that feedback was superior to no feedback. The superiority of immediate feedback to delayed feedback was shown in evaluating performance during training but not in comparing criterion responses after training. These results were discussed and suggestions for methodology in future studies were offered.
U.S. Treasury Primacy in Monetary Policy Signaling: A Public Choice Perspective

This note reviews the signaling models presented in the monetary economics literature, and offers a supplementary interpretation regarding the observed U.S. Treasury primacy in signaling. It is argued here that the legal authority given to the U.S. Treasury, under the Gold Reserve Act of 1934, for managing the exchange value of the dollar in international markets provides an avenue for the Treasury, and thus the Administration (i.e., the Executive Branch), to use foreign exchange intervention policy to reduce the credibility of the Federal Reserve's monetary policy. This legal relationship is likely the source of much tension between the two institutions, especially during periods for which the Administration and the Federal Reserve are at odds regarding the proper direction for monetary policy. Given that the Federal Reserve is aware of this implicit power of the Treasury, is should not be surprising that monetary policy signals from that quarter have been found to have a dominant influence on monetary policy.
Productivity measurements: essential for reconciling relationships among academic functions

It is noted that faculties, department chairs, deans, and provosts often debate the proper role between pedagogy and research, but to respond meaningfully responsibilities for all academic functions have to be considered in relationship with one another. Faculty renewal is vital to the quality of faculty performance and self-renewal opportunities must be considered in assigning faculty time to each of the four general academic functions. The author holds that, in today's competitive environment, quality performance in teaching cannot exist in isolation and that faculty must be active in one or more of the other parallel academic functions. Conclusions are drawn that productivity measurements are essential for evaluating overall effectiveness and the relative importance of the bifurcated, or diversified, efforts of individual faculty members, and in turn the collective performance of a department, college, or institution. >
The impact of the failure of Continental Illinois and the too‐big‐to‐fail doctrine on changes in operating efficiency

Outlines the US development of the “too‐big‐to‐fail” (TBTF) doctrine following the collapse of the Continental Illinois Bank, reviews relevant research and explores the impact on the efficiency of the banking system. Uses 1983‐1985 call report data, explains the methodology and presents the results, which analyse economies and diseconomies of scope and scale between different types of loans; and levels of inefficiency for TBTF and non‐TBTF banks. Shows that TBTF banks had the greatest increase in inefficiency following Continental’s failure but reduced this in the following year, as did small banks which did not benefit from complete depository coverage. Confirms that the TBTF doctrine increased stability for all banks, but particularly those covered by the doctrine.
“I Still Have the Old Tradition”: The co-production of sweetgrass basketry and coastal development

Abstract Scholars working around the world have drawn attention to the physical and social changes associated with rural gentrification. Case studies from the United States have focused on how these patterns lead to the cultural displacement and replacement of land-based livelihoods, including non-timber forest product (NTFP) practices. Scholars have also documented the persistence of culturally and economically important NTFP practices in urban and suburban areas. We reconcile these disparate outcomes, displacement on the one hand and persistence on the other, by focusing on the social relationships that co-produce land use and livelihood change. Our case investigates how African American sweetgrass basketmakers in Mount Pleasant South Carolina negotiate the complex terrain of a rapidly urbanizing and gentrifying landscape. Analysis of interviews with basketmakers and participant observation at public meetings suggests that gathering materials and selling baskets occur across spaces not typically considered important for NTFP practices. Access to these sites depends upon continually reinforced and negotiated social relationships between a variety of actors. Findings illustrate that, by themselves, development and gentrification are insufficient for explaining livelihood and land use patterns that emerge in places experiencing intensive development. Using a co-production framework, we acknowledge the wide variety of complex trajectories and local power dynamics shaping land use and livelihoods. Findings also have implications for connecting global research on housing, employment, and demographic transitions associated with rural gentrification, to international NTFP research, which is increasingly turning to rural–urban interfaces for insights on how livelihoods are linked to land development and migration.
Competing Pressures and Complex Choices: African Americans and the Death Penalty

African Americans often live in crime-ridden communities, where the need to deter crime is high. They are also likely to be unjustly stopped by law enforcement authorities, arrested, incarcerated, ...
Hydropower as a renewable and sustainable energy resource meeting global energy challenges in a reasonable way

Abstract Central and State Governments in many countries have enacted laws and regulations to promote renewable energy and to encourage sustainable technologies. In doing so, they had to define what they meant by “renewable” and “sustainable”, and they had to decide which particular technologies or organizations would be eligible for subsidies and tax concessions, and which others would be excluded. Not infrequently, a considerable amount of lobbying would precede the passage of such laws and regulations, and the resulting definitions of “renewable” and “sustainable” are often different than their original meaning. As a result, there now exist many laws or regulations, which define “small hydro” as renewable and sustainable, whereas “large hydro” is labeled by some of the legislators as being either not renewable or not sustainable. To further complicate matters, the definition of “small hydro” varies widely from jurisdiction to jurisdiction, from as little as 1 MW capacity to as much as 100 MW capacity. This article traces society's increasing preoccupation with renewability and sustainability issues over the past few decades, and addresses the question of whether large hydropower should be considered renewable and sustainable.
Can Fixed Asset Liquidation Values Predict Stock Market Returns

This study raises the issue of current value-based measurements of long-term assets from a different perspective. The usefulness of the liquidation value of a firm’s fixed assets for decision making purposes (through value-relevance) is demonstrated. By showing a relationship between the liquidation value of a firm’s fixed assets and the firm’s market return, this study will contribute to the existing accounting and finance literature by raising the issue of current value based measurements of long-term assets from a different perspective. Additionally, it provides additional evidence for consideration of long-term asset valuation in today’s context of the planned United States GAAP convergence with International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). IFRS allows the use of current value and the liquidation value of a firm’s fixed assets is one measure of current value. This study examines the relationship between the liquidation values of a firm’s fixed assets and the firm’s stock market returns. The significance of this relationship is demonstrated by comparing it with the relationship between the book value of a firm’s fixed assets and the firm’s stock market returns. A stronger, or enhanced, relationship for liquidation values to stock market returns indicates its usefulness for decision making purposes.
Age and Sex Differences in the Locomotor Skeleton of Australopithecus

Skeletons of juvenile hominoids recovered from the past can provide much information about locomotor patterns, including when and in what order adult morphology appears in the skeleton, how locomotor repertoire during growth affects the skeleton, and how ontogeny relates to the evolution of new locomotor behaviors. The goal of this review is to assess whether the pattern of growth in the Australopithecus skeleton as can now be perceived provides insight into previously developed locomotor hypotheses derived from the adult skeleton. Hypotheses about the developmental underpinnings of skeletal differences between Australopithecus, apes, and humans are also explored. Based on current evidence reviewed here, Australopithecus afarensis , Australopithecus africanus, and Australopithecus garhi were habitually bipedal, but incorporated arboreal grasping postures into their behavior, whether locomotor or positional. Finally, the proposal that hind limb growth in recent Homo species is heterochronic extension of the Australopithecus pattern is probably oversimplified and is confounded because the phylogenetic relationship among A. afarensis , A. africanus, A. garhi, and Homo is not understood.
Independence of heart rate and circadian period in the golden hamster

Cardiac contractions are under the influence of at least two processes of biological timing, one responsible for the mean level of heart rate (oscillations with a frequency of up to several hundred per minute) and another responsible for the circadian rhythm of heart rate (oscillations with a frequency of one per 24 h). To investigate whether the mean level of heart rate is proportional to the frequency of circadian oscillation, we compared the heart rates of normal golden hamsters (circadian period approximately 24 h) and tau-mutant hamsters (circadian period approximately 20 h). Neither in anesthetized preparations nor in freely moving animals was there a difference in heart rate between the two groups despite the 20% difference in circadian period. Thus the mean level of heart rate seems to be independent of the circadian period. It is likely that the tau gene, which affects the frequency of the circadian pacemaker, has no effect on the intrinsic frequency of the cardiac pacemaker. In vitro studies of isolated hearts or myocardial cell cultures are necessary to confirm this inference.
Impact of Transgenic Bacillus thuringiensis Corn and Crop Phenology on Five Nontarget Arthropods

Large-scale Þeld studies were conducted to determine if temporal plantings of Bacillus thuringiensis (Berliner) (Bt) corn (event 176 and Bt11) would affect the seasonal abundance of the following generalist predators: Coleomegilla maculata DeGeer and Cycloneda munda (Say) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae),Orius insidiosus (Say) (Heteroptera: Anthocoridae),Chrysoperla carnea Stephens (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae), and one specialist parasitoid, Macrocentrus cingulum Brischke (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Adult populations were monitored using Pherocon AM yellow sticky traps at three locations in Iowa (1996 Ð1998). At each location, a split-plot design was used withBt and non-Bt corn as main plots and three planting dates as the split plots. Few differences in abundance were observed betweenBt and non-Bt corn for the generalist predators studied. However,M.cingulum, a specialist parasitoid of European corn borer, was signiÞcantly affected by the presence of Bt corn. Densities of adult M. cingulum were 29 Ð 60% lower in Bt corn compared with non-Bt corn. Regression analyses indicatedM.cingulum adults were preferentially recruited to and subsequently increased over time in the non-Bt corn treatments at each location within each year. SigniÞcant differences were observed among planting dates for all Þve species. Abundance effects from Bt corn on these natural enemies were not unexpected given the foraging and searching behaviors of different species and their varying levels of dependence on the presence of European corn borer.
An Empirical Test of Fundamental Analysis in India

Fundamental analysis examines the relation between financial statement data and returns. Previous studies show a link between fundamental signals (which include ratios and other financial performance measures) and returns in the US capital markets. This study extends this line of research by examining the relation between fundamental signals and returns in India. Indian accounting standards and capital markets differ significantly from those in the US. Using the methodology developed by Lev and Thiagarajan (1993), we examine the relationship between these financial measures and returns in India. Our results reveal a significant relationship between fundamental signals and returns in India, suggesting that investors in Indian stock markets find fundamental signals relevant in making investment decisions. Comparison of results obtained using Indian data to those studies based in the US provides insight into the differences between the two countries.
Model-based (passive) heart rate estimation using remote video recording of moving human subjects illuminated by ambient light

This paper addresses the video processing problem of passively estimating the heart rate of a human subject that is being video recorded in ambient light in natural conditions in which some motion is allowable. This extends previous work in which control over lighting and motion are required. A mathematical model is developed for the measured pixels on the subject's forehead. This model includes (1) a Markov process that accounts for the large scale but slowly fluctuating variations in reflected light, and (2) a quasi-periodic process to model the relatively small heart beat component. A framework for estimating these components is proposed and results of applying this method to real data recordings is presented. Results are compared to heart rate obtained from a pulse oximeter attached to the subject's finger.
Abstract 3621: Predicting 90 Day Outcome in Acute Ischemic Stroke Patients

Background and Purpose- Predictive scales for outcome in intracerebral hemorrhage patients have been used to provide prognostic information on mortality. Valid and reliable scales do not exist for acute ischemic stroke patients. The purpose of this study was to create a statistically valid model on which to predict 90 day functional outcome in acute ischemic stroke patients. Methods- This was a retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data on acute ischemic stroke patients. A univariate logistic regression analysis was done to assess for independent predictor variables. Any variable with a p Results- 569 patients were included in the analysis. Age ranged from 21-98 (mean 70), baseline NIHSS 0-40 (median 6), 48% of patients were treated with rt-PA (n=277), 10% were black (n=57), and 15% were Hispanic (n=89). In univariate analysis, independent predictors of outcome were age (p Conclusions- A prognostic scale for acute ischemic stroke patient outcome would be clinically useful. This analysis based on sound statistical procedures can serve as a basis for the creation of a valid and reliable scale for predicting 90 day outcome in acute ischemic stroke patients. A scoring system is currently being developed for testing.
Experimental Work Conducted on MgO Characterization and Hydration.

Magnesium oxide (MgO) is the only engineered barrier certified by the EPA for emplacement in the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP), a U.S. Department of Energy repository for transuranic waste. MgO will reduce actinide solubilities by sequestering CO2 generated by the biodegradation of cellulosic, plastic, and rubber materials. Demonstration of the effectiveness of MgO is essential to meet the U.S Environmental Protection Agency’s requirement for multiple natural and engineered barriers. In the past, a series of experiments was conducted at Sandia National Laboratories to verify the efficacy of Premier Chemicals LLC (Premier) MgO as a chemical-control agent in the WIPP. Since December 2004, Premier MgO is no longer available for emplacement in the WIPP. Martin Marietta Magnesia Specialties LLC is the new MgO supplier. MgO characterization, including chemical, mineralogic, and reactivity analysis, has been performed to address uncertainties concerning the amount of reactive constituents in Martin Marietta MgO. Characterization results of Premier MgO will be reported for comparison. Particle size, solid-to-liquid ratio, and stir speed could affect the rate of carbonation of MgO slurries. Thus, it’s reasonable to hypothesize that these factors will also affect the rate of hydration. Accelerated MgO hydration experiments were carried out at two or three levels for each of the above factors in deionized water at 70 °C. The Minitab statistical software package was used to design a fractional-factorial experimental matrix and analyze the test results. We also fitted the accelerated inundated hydration data to four different kinetic models and calculated the hydration rates. As a result of this study we have determined that different mechanisms may be important for different particle sizes, surface control for large particles and diffusion for small particles.
Influence of dietary Ca, Mg, and P on cyclic-AMP excretion and kidney calcification in the rat.

SummaryA series of five experiments was conducted with young male albino rats to investigate effects of various levels of dietary Ca, P and Mg on urinary cAMP excretion and kidney calcification. Urinary cAMP excretion was shown to be directly correlated with injected parathyroid (PT) hormone dose level and to be inversely associated with dietary Ca intake. Thus, cAMP excretion may be presumed to reflect PT activity in the young rat. Magnesium deficiency tended to reduce cAMP excretion, while P excess did not affect it. Each treatment induced kidney calcification. Calcium deficiency increased cAMP excretion irrespective of Mg status, although nephrocalcinosis appeared only in the Mg-deficient animals. These data support the view that nephrocalcinosis of dietary origin in the rat is not mediated by increased PT activity.
High-Dose Sublesional Bevacizumab (Avastin) for Pediatric Recurrent Respiratory Papillomatosis:

Objectives:We review and report the use of high-dose bevacizumab for the treatment of recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP) in pediatric patients.Methods:We included all patients with pediatri...
Greenland in the center: what happened when the Danish–Norwegian officials met English and Dutch whalers in Disko Bay, 1780–1820

ABSTRACTBetween 1780 and 1820 crucial changes took place in the economic and cultural relationship between Denmark–Norway and its North Atlantic dependencies. In Greenland, the state imposed a stringent set of social and economic controls, at the same time when the restrictions on trade in Iceland and Northern Norway were relaxed. In 1776 the Royal Greenlandic Trading Company was established, but during the eighteenth century the waters around Greenland were a hub of international whaling trade as Dutch, American, and British ships came into contact with the Inuit, who were legally under Danish-Norwegian social regulation. This article uses records of Danish officials in Greenland and those of incidental observers to understand the disjuncture between the law of Denmark–Norway and the realities of Disko Bay. The officials contended with better equipped foreign ships, the Inuit desire to trade with these ships, and communication problems with the capital. This period is characterized by experimentation wit...
AdipoR1 mRNA and 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase-1 activity in adipose tissue of PCOS

Objective To study adipoR1( AR1) mRNA and 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase-1( PDK1) activity of adipose tissue in polycystic ovary syndrome( PCOS) to approach the mechanism of insulin resistance( IR) in PCOS at the tissular and cellular level. Methods Patients with PCOS and healthy controls were divided into obese PCOS group,non-obese PCOS group,obese control group and non-obese control group according to their body mass index( BMI) with 12 cases in each group. AR1 mRNA were studied with semi-quantitative RT-PCR technique with inner-control,PDK1 activity of adipose tissue were studied with immunoprecipitation,western-blot,ECL immunoblotting. Results The expression of AR1 mRNA in adipose of the obese PCOS group( 0. 49 ± 0. 13) and the non obese PCOS group( 0. 74 ± 0. 14) were higher than that in the non-obese control group( 0. 88 ± 0. 15),and the obese PCOS group increased more significantly( P 0. 001). The difference between the obese PCOS group and the obese control group( 0. 60 ± 0. 17) had no significant difference( P 0. 05). PDK1 activity of adipose tissue in the obese PCOS group [( 55. 16 ± 24. 37) %,P 0. 001 ],the obese control group [( 45. 95 ± 22. 18) %,P 0. 001] and in the non obese PCOS group [( 71. 27 ± 26. 42) %,P 0. 05] was lower than that in the non-obese control group[( 84. 33 ± 15. 54) %]. The differences between the obese PCOS group and the obese control group and the two PCOS groups were not significant( P 0. 05). Conclusion The expression of AR1 mRNA in adipose tissue of PCOS patient is abnormally decreased. The lower level of AR1 can down-regulate PDK1 activity in PCOS women which may lead to the disorder of insulinsignaling transduction downstream of insulin receptor and is correlated with IR.
Leukocyte depletion as a mechanism for reducing neutrophil-mediated ischemic-reperfusion injury during transplantation.

Patients undergoing transplantation are at high risk for leukocyte-mediated morbidity because of activated neutrophils and oxygen free radicals. This type of injury is most prominent during the reperfusion stage of transplantation. When tissue becomes ischemic, normal oxidation is altered (2). As oxygen is reintroduced to the system, oxygen free radical formation occurs via the oxidation of hypoxanthine by xanthine oxidase, causing destruction of the endothelium, increased permeability, and decreased organ function (2). In addition, neutrophils that may have already been activated by contact activation from the cardiopulmonary bypass circuit, accumulate in the ischemic organ at reperfusion (9,10). Activated neutrophils then release oxygen metabolites and proteolytic enzymes, which further destroy the integrity of the vascular endothelium (11). This insult can cause edema, capillary plugging, and poor graft function (12). Recent attempts have been made to decrease the mediators of ischemic-reperfusion injury. Perhaps the most advantageous of these attempts is the removal of leukocytes during reperfusion. This has been successfully achieved using leukocyte-depleting filters before exposing the organ to systemic blood flow (14). This article is a review of ischemic-reperfusion injury and the use of leukocyte depletion during reperfusion of transplanted organs.
Parton Distribution Moments

The revelation of the late 1960s that the proton has distinct substructure raised a pivotal question: how are hadron observables generated from more fundamental degrees of freedom? Answering this question—where the generic point-like ‘parton’ constituents originally introduced by Feynman [4] are now identified with the asymptotically-free quarks and gluons of QCD—remains one of the most basic challenges of particle and nuclear physics.
Studies of Saccade and Vergence Eye Movement Interactions in Human Subjects

Under natural conditions, most shifts of the line of sight are to objects that lie in different directions and different distances. Such gaze shifts require a combination of a saccade and vergence movement; electrophysiological studies have indicated that separate neuronal populations generate each type of movement. The research presented here addresses, in three parts, the issue of how the neural control systems that generate these gaze shifts interact. First, the dynamics of anticipatory vergence responses were studied, and it was shown that the vergence system possesses predictive properties similar to, but independent of, the saccadic system. Second, memory-guided saccade-vergence movements were studied to test two current models; the findings supported a Hering model that incorporated separate saccadic and vergence generators but were evidence against a Helmholtz model in which each eye was driven by monocular saccadic generators. Finally, although most saccadic-vergence movements are synchronized, it was found that positioning the near target above the far target caused temporal dissociation of saccadic and vergence components, thus providing an experimental strategy to investigate interaction of the two systems. Synchronized and temporally dissociated responses were used to formally test and extend a model of saccade-vergence interactions, which hypothesized that the saccadic-generating mechanism influences the activity of the vergence-generating mechanism, when the two movements are synchronized. This phenomenon of one class of movements being able to improve the performance of another can be extended to other motor control systems, and has implications for a variety of natural activities.
Measuring flow profiles in heated miniature reactors with X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy

Abstract Density profiles of flowing gases within an opaque, heated, silicon carbide (SiC) miniature flow tube were measured, for the first time, by X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy using krypton as the fluorescent species. The experiments were performed with the flow tube at various fixed exterior wall temperatures between 300 K and 1100 K and a highly focused X-ray beam (5 µm × 7 µm; 15 keV). Spatially resolved raster scan maps of gas densities in the miniature reactor and the nearly supersonic jet eluting from the reactor were obtained. The intensity of the fluorescence signal was attenuated by the SiC, and a signal trapping model based on the tube morphology is required to convert the raw fluorescence signal into gas densities. This model was obtained, in part, from simultaneous measurements of the absorption of the incident X-rays by the SiC. Additional radiographic experiments with an unfocused beam were performed to image the SiC tube and complement the raster scans. Excellent correlation was found between the flow pattern revealed by the fluorescence measurements and the wall structure observed from the absorption measurements. Comments are made regarding refinements of the technique that will result in data of sufficient fidelity for validating computational fluid dynamic models of gas flows in heated miniature tubes.
Living in the city: urban environments shape the evolution of a native annual plant

Urban environments are warmer, have higher levels of atmospheric CO2 and have altered patterns of disturbance and precipitation than nearby rural areas. These differences can be important for plant growth and are likely to create distinct selective environments. We planted a common garden experiment with seeds collected from natural populations of the native annual plant Lepidium virginicum, growing in five urban and nearby rural areas in the northern United States to determine whether and how urban populations differ from those from surrounding rural areas. When grown in a common environment, plants grown from seeds collected from urban areas bolted sooner, grew larger, had fewer leaves, had an extended time between bolting and flowering, and produced more seeds than plants grown from seeds collected from rural areas. Interestingly, the rural populations exhibited larger phenotypic differences from one another than urban populations. Surprisingly, genomic data revealed that the majority of individuals in each of the urban populations were more closely related to individuals from other urban populations than they were to geographically proximate rural areas - the one exception being urban and rural populations from New York which were nearly identical. Taken together, our results suggest that selection in urban environments favors different traits than selection in rural environments and that these differences can drive adaptation and shape population structure.
Comparison of External Rotation in the Upright and Supine Positions in Young, Healthy Shoulders

Introduction: External rotation (ER) of the shoulder is a commonly used clinical measurement to assess the glenohumeral joint; however, the position in which these measurements are obtained varies between clinicians. The purpose of this study was to compare the following: ER in the upright & supine positions, motion capture & goniometric values of ER, active & passive ER, ER in the right & left shoulders, and ER in male & female subjects. Methods: Eighteen subjects (mean age 25.4 yrs) with ‘normal’ shoulders (by screening questionnaire) were enrolled in the study and subject to triplicate measurements of active and passive ER of both shoulders with a goniometer and a 12 camera, high speed optical motion analysis system in both the upright and supine positions. ANOVA was used to compare variables and linear regression used to correlate the goniometer & optical motion capture measurements. Results: On average, shoulder ER in the supine position was 10.0° greater than in the upright position (p 2 value of 0.6573 (p = 2.39E-13); on average, the goniometer readings were 11.0° greater than the corresponding optical measurements. External rotation of the right shoulder was 7.2° greater than the left using the optical measurements (p = 0.02) and 4.4° greater with the goniometer (p = 0.039). In addition, females did have significantly greater external rotation than males using the optical measurements (p Conclusion: Significant differences do exist between measured values of external rotation depending on the position of measurement (upright vs supine), hand dominance, and gender. It does not appear that there is a difference between active and passive external rotation. Our recommendations are for the musculoskeletal clinician to be meticulous when documenting the position of measured external rotation, as values vary depending on the position of measurement. One should also be cautious of comparing external rotation of one shoulder to the contralateral side, as well as comparing values between genders, as these measurements appear to be different as well.
CANARY sensor for rapid, sensitive identification of pathogens

We have developed a new type of sensor, dubbed CANARY (Cellular Analysis and Notification of Antigen Risks and Yields), that is able to identify pathogens in a very rapid, sensitive, and specific manner. The sensor uses genetically engineered white blood cells that emit light within seconds after being exposed to particular pathogens of interest. We have produced cells to identify a variety of bacteria and viruses, including anthrax, smallpox, plague, E. coli, and foot-and-mouth virus, and we have shown that the cells can detect fewer than 50 pathogen particles. Because of its speed and sensitivity, CANARY has the potential to revolutionize biowarfare defense, medical diagnostics, food- and water-quality monitoring, and other applications
Influence of temperature-history on the AC breakdown of isotactic polypropylene

Isotactic polypropylene is rapidly becoming the dielectric material of choice in most of the high voltage and pulsed power capacitor applications. Polymers lend themselves to a variety of heat treatments resulting in samples possessing a wide range of crystal 1 inities and morphologies. There have not been many studies dealing with the effect of temperature history on the breakdown characteristics of polymers. Most of the existing studies have dealt with the effect of temperature history on the DC or impulse strength of polyethylene [1–3].
Relato de vida y análisis de la obra de un artista visual, hijo de ex presidiario político de la dictadura cívico-militar chilena

RELATO DE VIDA Y ANALISIS DE LA OBRA DE UN ARTISTA VISUAL, HIJO DE Ex PRESIDIARIO POLiTICO DE LA DICTADURA CiVICO-MILITAR CHILENA RESUMEN El planteamiento del presente trabajo mostrara, a traves de un diseno exploratorio-comprensivo de caso unico, la influencia de la transmision intergeneracional de memorias asociadas a la violencia politica de la dictadura civico-militar en la obra de un artista de la generacion posdictatorial chilena. Mario Navarro, destacado artista visual chileno, hijo de un detenido politico en la dictadura, fue el autor de este estudio. Se uso el relato de vida como tecnica de produccion de datos e imagenes de las obras entregadas por el artista, y se realizo un analisis narrativo de estos y observacion formal de las obras visuales. Los principales resultados del estudio indican que parte de la eleccion de vida profesional y algunos de los resultados de obras visuales del artista contienen influencia intergeneracional indirecta de la experiencia de detencion politica del padre. PALABRAS CLAVE Arte, memoria, transmision y trauma psicosocial. ACCOUNT OF LIFE AND ANALYSIS OF A VISUAL ARTIST WORK, SON OF A POLITICAL Ex-CONVICT AT CHILEAN CIVIC-MILITARY DICTATORSHIP ABSTRACT The artwork of Mario Navarro, who is a recognized postdictatorship Chilean visual artist and whose father was a political prisoner at the civic-military dictatorship, is presented in this study. Through a comprehensive exploratory unique case, this piece of work shows the influence of intergenerational transition of memories associated with political violence at the Chilean civicmilitary dictatorship. A life account and art creations made by the artist were used as data production technique, moreover a narrative analysis of these two items and formal observation of the visual pieces of work were also taken into consideration. The main results of the research show that part of the professional life choice and some of the artist’s visual works are considerably influenced by an indirect intergenerational political detention experience the artist’s father had to face. KEY WORDS Arts, memory, transmission, and psychological trauma. NUGPAMANDA KAUSAIKUNA SUG RUNPA AMBRA KAASKA KAUI RUNA KASKA DICTARUDA KAADUR CHILEMANDA MAILLALLACHISKA Kaipi kawachiku imasami kallariskakuna kachingapa, kausai nugpamanda chasa mailla mailla kallaruku ruraikuna kaachispa allillakuna, chasallata jiru kauai kuna sug runa Mario Navarro suti, rigsiska kawadur Chilepe kausag, pai kami sug runaa wambra llapa iacha paimanda parlaska kawachispa uiachispa neku imasami kaska paipa taita chasallata munaku kawachinga.
Track monitoring from the dynamic response of a passing train: A sparse approach

Abstract Collecting vibration data from revenue service trains could be a low-cost way to more frequently monitor railroad tracks, yet operational variability makes robust analysis a challenge. We propose a novel analysis technique for track monitoring that exploits the sparsity inherent in train-vibration data. This sparsity is based on the observation that large vertical train vibrations typically involve the excitation of the train’s fundamental mode due to track joints, switchgear, or other discrete hardware. Rather than try to model the entire rail profile, in this study we examine a sparse approach to solving an inverse problem where (1) the roughness is constrained to a discrete and limited set of “bumps”; and (2) the train system is idealized as a simple damped oscillator that models the train’s vibration in the fundamental mode. We use an expectation maximization (EM) approach to iteratively solve for the track profile and the train system properties, using orthogonal matching pursuit (OMP) to find the sparse approximation within each step. By enforcing sparsity, the inverse problem is well posed and the train’s position can be found relative to the sparse bumps, thus reducing the uncertainty in the GPS data. We validate the sparse approach on two sections of track monitored from an operational train over a 16 month period of time, one where track changes did not occur during this period and another where changes did occur. We show that this approach can not only detect when track changes occur, but also offers insight into the type of such changes.
Neuronal Pentraxin 2 Predicts Medial Temporal Atrophy and Memory Decline across the Alzheimer’s Disease Spectrum

PURPOSEChronic neuro-inflammation is an important mechanism underlying normal aging and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) that is thought to potentiate medial temporal lobe (MTL) atrophy and memory decline....
Spatial variation of multiple air pollutants and their potential contributions to all-cause, respiratory, and cardiovascular mortality across China in 2015–2016

Abstract Association of serious air pollution with adverse health effects in China has become a matter of public concern. However, many of studies that focused on a single air pollutant or a single city in China have rarely reflected the overall potential contribution of air pollution to unfavorable health outcomes. Therefore, our study estimated the spatial variation of particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) and gaseous pollutants (SO2, NO2, CO, and O3). Moreover, an additive approach was conducted to evaluate their overall potential contributions to mortality across China in 2015–2016 using the exposure-response coefficients. The results showed that cities with relatively high PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations were mainly distributed in the North China Plain (NCP). The average annual PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations in the NCP was 75.0 ± 14.7 and 131.2 ± 21.6 μg m−3. The potential contributions of six air pollutants ranged from 6.5% (95% confidence interval (CI): 5.4–7.5%) to 25.7% (95% CI: 22.2–28.9%) in all-cause mortality, from 6.5% (95% CI: 4.7–8.3%) to 24.9% (95% CI: 18.6–30.9%) in respiratory mortality, and from 7.0% (95% CI: 5.3–8.6%) to 29.5% (95% CI: 24.3–34.5%) in cardiovascular mortality. Many cities with high potential contributions of the multiple air pollutants were in the NCP. NCP had the average potential contribution of 20.0% (95% CI: 17.2–22.6%) in all-cause mortality, 19.5% (95% CI: 14.5–24.3%) in respiratory mortality, and 23.0% (95% CI: 18.8–27.0%) in cardiovascular mortality. Besides, the Taklimakan Desert (TD) also had high potential contribution of 19.9% (95% CI: 17.1–22.4%) in all-cause mortality, 19.5% (95% CI: 14.3–24.3%) in respiratory mortality, and 23.5% (95% CI: 19.2–27.5%) in cardiovascular mortality.
The Ethical Implications of the Kafala System

Despite regional and culture differences, Persian Gulf countries such as Qatar, the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia are bound together by their use of the kafala system. Established in the 1930s, the kafala system came from the Bedouin custom of providing foreigners protection, or in some cases, affiliation with a tribe when passing through controlled territory. It was described by Azfar Khan of the International Labour Organization in The Guardian as “the best tradition of Arab hospitality,” a high compliment in a culture characterized by generous people and traditions. However, the current incarnation of the kafala system is a bastardization of previous forms, replacing generosity with greed, and honesty with deceit.
Can Biometrics Replace Passwords

The threat of malware and phishing is engulfing the web. It is expected to be an even greater threat in the mobile context as battery power limitations and the lack of handset screen real estate hinder anti-virus and user messaging methods. In addition, people’s continuous handset connectivity makes them more vulnerable to abuse. This paper argues that biometric methods such as fingerprinting could address a large part of this towering threat—but only if properly architected. We describe an architecture that is practically attainable, which would address the problem in a meaningful way, and argue that this is a promising direction—both in terms of security and usability.
Pharmacoperones as Novel Therapeutics for Diverse Protein Conformational Diseases.

After synthesis, proteins are folded into their native conformations aided by molecular chaperones. Dysfunction in folding caused by genetic mutations in numerous genes causes protein conformationa...
Pathology of the Kidney in Essential (Spontaneous) Hypertension

The anatomic pathology of the kidney in hypertension and the relationships between the clinical entity and the morphological changes in cortex and medulla of the kidney are presented in two separate parts. In Part 1, the changes in different components of the cortex and their relationship to different types of clinical hypertensions are described. The data from experimental studies are presented to clarify ambiguities. In Part 2, analyses of papillary interstitial cells and granules in normotensive humans and animals and in hypertensive animals are described. The role of the papillary interstitial cells and granules in guarding against hypertension is explored.
"Leaving footprints": the practice and benefits of hospital chaplains documenting pastoral care activity in patients' medical records.

Points out the importance of charting for chaplains delivering pastoral care in a hospital setting and provides specific illustrations of charting procedures.
Moving Research to Patient Applications through Commercialization: Understanding and Evaluating the Role of Intellectual Property

The advancement of research from discovery to the delivery of medical care can be limited without the support of industry to sponsor its continued development. Federal government financial support is generally crucial in early-stage development through funding from the NIH, National Science Foundation, and other federal agencies; however, government support generally stops shortly after basic research discoveries have been reported. Much of the cessation of financial support derives from the government's regulatory responsibilities, as sponsoring the commercialization of a product conflicts with regulation of the approval for clinical use of a drug or device. Furthermore, differences in goals, resources, and flexibility render government, as compared with private industry, inefficient and less responsive to market demands with regard to stream-lining the development of and enhancing the quality of products and services offered. Thus, industry and private investment provide the bridge that converts new discoveries into healthcare products that are available to consumers and patients. This conversion occurs through commercialization, which involves both high risks and high rewards. Taking advantage of the commercialization option for research development requires an understanding of the technology transfer process. This article reviews 5 topics: 1) industry motivation to invest in academic research; 2) institutional considerations in partnering with industry; 3) academia's interactions with inventors in the commercialization process; 4) the research institution's route to commercialization, and 5) the role of intellectual property and commercialization in the advancement of healthcare.
The Transition from Infancy

There is no day, week, or even month at which one can say that all babies begin to walk. For several reasons, infants begin to walk at different ages. The “average” is 15 months. It is the same thing with talking. There is no one definite month when all babies start talking. This also applies to a great many other occurrences in infancy and childhood. That is why it is safer and more accurate to distinguish stages, epochs, or eras of development. Then, in normal situations, one can say the offspring develops certain skills, during this or that era. Even then, as development proceeds, one must allow for considerable individual differences. One should also allow for differences due to cultural requirements, but this exceeds the scope of this book. If one is curious about some of the differences which are due to cultural factors in societies that are vastly different from American society, he might read some of the works of the ever-popular Margaret Mead or Ruth Benedict.
Building Systems of Care

Patients with chronic disease require care that is highly dependable and accessible. They need to be monitored for disease activity and have their disease controlled by treatments that strike the best balance between efficacy and safety. They need this to occur now (actual yesterday) – not wait 15 years until we can transform best knowledge into routine best practice.