cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Möller, Hermann (1850–1923)

Hermann Moller (1850–1923) received an early classical education but devoted his career to the Germanic languages of his upbringing. After earning a Ph.D. at Leipzig, he joined the Germanic philology faculty at Copenhagen, where he remained until retirement. His earliest works included writings on Indogermanic phonology, Old High German poetics, and his native North Frisian. In later work he offered proofs for the Indo-European ablaut proposed by Schleicher and Saussure and analyzed Saussure's coefficients sonantiques as laryngeals. Moller spent his later career seeking proof for a posited link between Indo-European and Semitic.
Emergency Medicine/Internal Medicine Combined Residency Graduates Have High Career Satisfaction and Commonly Practice in Both Specialties.

Objectives The first combined emergency medicine/internal medicine (EM/IM) residency was established in 1991. As the 30th anniversary of this unique dual-training opportunity approaches, multiple changes to the practice and educational landscape have occurred. Previous surveys examining this topic are now more than 10 years old and occurred prior to the establishment of the EM/IM/critical care medicine (EM/IM/CCM) pathway. We conducted a survey to investigate career trajectories, satisfaction, and opportunities available to EM/IM graduates. Methods Survey questions were developed to both allow for comparison with previously published data and examine new topics not previously investigated. A group of EM/IM and EM/IM/CCM program directors validated the survey questions. Eligible respondents were identified and contacted through their previous residency program leadership. Results Fifty-two percent (152/290) of graduates completed the survey. Thirty-seven percent of respondents practice both EM and IM, 51% practice EM only, and the remainder practice IM only. Thirty-one percent of total respondents completed a fellowship, with critical care being the most popular choice. Seventy-one percent of graduates practice in an academic center, and many hold leadership positions within education, research, and hospital administration. Eighty-seven percent of graduates were "extremely satisfied" with their choice to pursue EM/IM or EM/IM/CCM and 95% reported that they would choose this path again. Conclusions Most respondents are satisfied with their residency choice and would choose to pursue this training again, despite the additional years of training. The proportion of graduates pursuing fellowship is higher than previously published data. Most continue to work in academics, and many are leaders within their institutions. The changing health care landscape offers multiple opportunities to dually trained graduates.
Sp αI/65: A New Variant of the α Subunit of Spectrin in Hereditary Elliptocytosis

Abstract Two molecular defects involving the spectrin heterodimer (SpD) contact site of the α chain (the αI domain) were previously identified using limited tryptic digestion followed by two-dimensional isoelectric focusing/sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Both are characterized by atypical peptide maps which reveal a marked decrease of the 80,000-dalton αI domain and a formation of new major peptides of either 74,000 (Sp α1/74) or 46,000 (Sp α1/46) daltons. We now report a third variant of the spectrin α chain, designated Sp α1/65, in three unrelated black families. In all three probands, the percentage of SpD in the low ionic strength (0 °C) membrane extracts was increased to 19% to 32%. One- and two-dimensional electrophoretic separations of limited tryptic digests of spectrin from all three probands revealed a decrease of the αI domain of spectrin and the concomitant appearance of peptides at 65,000 daltons and isoelectric points ranging from 5.2 to 5.3. The abnormal 65,000-dalton peptides could be stained with an antiserum which had been raised against the αI domain, indicating that it was derived from the αI domain.
Multi-slice ptychography for continuous object within the depth of field

Ptychography has become a popular technique for high-throughput and high-resolution characterization of 2D/3D materials. When objects introduce significantly large phase shifts, a multi-slice model needs to be considered to account for long-distance wave propagation within the sample. Although many groups have demonstrated multi-slice ptychography using specimens that are several times larger than the depth of field (DOF), the benefits of applying the multi-slice ptychography algorithm on small objects within the DOF is rarely discussed. Here we address this question and demonstrate that multi-slice ptychography can play an important role in improving reconstruction quality for continuous objects that are smaller than the DOF.
Multiple management: Magnifying your managerial skills, styles, strategies and situations

August W. Smith is a Management Professor at Texas A&M University at College Station, Texas. His Ph.D. in Management is from The University of Texas at Austin. His dissertation on R&D Management Systems was undertaken as a NASA Resident Research Fellow in 1969. This work has been published nationally and internationally. Dr. Smith's work experiences include Cameron Iron Works, work and consultant roles at Texas Instruments, military missile R& D work as a project manager, and staff consultant with Management Research International. For over ten years, he has been a consultant to the Selective Service System and several Texas-Based organizations. From an international perspective, Dr. Smith has advised Technical Assistance Programs of the United Nations in Latin America. He participated in the Fourth International Congress on Cybernetics and Systems in The Netherlands in 1978. Dr. Smith is President of A.W.S. Associates, a management consulting firm involved in executive development work, planning and policy studies, multicriteria decision making and information systems for management, and international management. He serves on the International Editorial Board of Human Systems Management, and serves as a Reviewer for Manage-
Superconductivity, magnetism, and stoichiometry of single crystals of Fe 1 + y ( Te 1 − x S x ) z

We report synthesis of high-quality ${\text{Fe}}_{1+y}{({\text{Te}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\text{S}}_{x})}_{z}$ single crystals and a comprehensive study of structural, magnetic, and transport properties. We demonstrate the very small upper critical field anisotropy of ${\text{Fe}}_{1+y}{({\text{Te}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\text{S}}_{x})}_{z}$, ${\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{H}={H}_{c2}^{\ensuremath{\parallel}c}/{H}_{c2}^{\ensuremath{\perp}c}$. The value of ${\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{H}$ reaches 1.05 at $T=0.65{T}_{C}$ for ${\text{Fe}}_{1.12}{\text{Te}}_{0.83}{\text{S}}_{0.11}$ while still maintaining large values of upper critical field. There is high sensitivity to material stoichiometry which includes vacancies on the Te(S) site. Our results reveal competition and coexistence of magnetic order and percolative superconductivity for $x\ensuremath{\ge}0.03$ while zero resistivity is achieved for $x\ensuremath{\ge}0.1$.
Ventilation, temperature, and HVAC characteristics in small and medium commercial buildings in California

Abstract This field study of 37 small and medium commercial buildings throughout California obtained information on ventilation rate, temperature, and heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning (HVAC) system characteristics. The study included seven retail establishments; five restaurants; eight offices; two each of gas stations, hair salons, healthcare facilities, grocery stores, dental offices, and fitness centers; and five other buildings. Fourteen (38%) of the buildings either could not or did not provide outdoor air through the HVAC system. The air exchange rate averaged 1.6 (s.d. = 1.7) exchanges per hour and was similar between buildings with and without outdoor air supplied through the HVAC system, indicating that some buildings have significant leakage or ventilation through open windows and doors. Not all buildings had sufficient air exchange to meet ASHRAE 62.1 Standards, including buildings used for fitness centers, hair salons, offices, and retail establishments. The majority of the time, buildings were within the ASHRAE temperature comfort range. Offices were frequently overcooled in the summer. All of the buildings had filters, but over half the buildings had a filter with a minimum efficiency reporting value rating of 4 or lower, which are not very effective for removing fine particles. Practical Implications Most U.S. commercial buildings (96%) are small- to medium-sized, using nearly 18% of the country’s energy, and sheltering a large population daily. Little is known about the ventilation systems in these buildings. This study found a wide variety of ventilation conditions, with many buildings failing to meet relevant ventilation standards. Regulators may want to consider implementing more complete building inspections at commissioning and point of sale.
The Subunit Structure and Subunit Interactions of Cytidine Triphosphate Synthetase

Abstract Cytidine triphosphate synthetase, when purified, has been shown to be a dimer of 105,000 molecular weight, composed of two seemingly identical 50,000 subunits. In the presence of the substrates ATP, UTP, and Mg2+, under assay conditions, the dimer aggregates to the enzymatically active tetramer of 210,000 molecular weight. Two of the four glutamine-binding sites have been covalently labeled using the affinity label, 6-diazo-5-oxo-l-norleucine, which attaches to a cysteine residue. The unavailability of all glutamine sites to the affinity label is discussed in terms of the negative cooperativity with respect to glutamine and 6-diazo-5-oxo-l-norleucine. The finding of four identical subunits in the aggregated tetramer explains the high Hill coefficients and the kinetic requirement for four interacting sites for each substrate. It thus appears that the conformational changes depend on the ligand inducing the changes and hence that different subunit interaction patterns are induced by the different ligands.
A Framework for Efficient Register Allocation through Selective Register Demotion

Decisions made during register allocation greatly influence the overall quality of compiled code. Standard graph-coloring allocators often make spilling decisions which are not guided by program structure or path-sensitive control flow information. This can result in generation and placement of load and store instructions which is inefficient from a global perspective. Quite often, allocation decisions get heavily influenced by the choice of candidates for register residency. We propose a framework which selectively demotes variables in a contained manner to maintain balanced register pressure. The decisions for selective demotion are made through a flow-analytic approach and the loads and stores are inserted in strategic points such that degrading effect of spill code on overall code quality is sufficiently reduced. Our approach tries to keep variables as candidates for register allocation only along the paths where it is profitable to do so. We attempt to identify good local candidates for demotion, however, decisions are taken only after their global demotion costs are captured. We have implemented the framework inside the SGI MIPSPRO compiler and have obtained very encouraging results in improving the allocation of a Briggs-style allocator.
SSN issues with IBIS models

A CMOS driver circuit is simulated in HSPICE and compared with an equivalent circuit created with IBIS (input/output buffer information specification) models of the same drivers. The IBIS models are created using the s2ibis tool from North Carolina State University. IBIS model of the driver is also compared against model created using spline functions with finite time difference approximation modeling techniques. The three modeling techniques are analyzed for accuracy in modeling simultaneous switching noise in drivers.
An Optimization Model to Determine Flexible Servicing Policies for Sustainable Consumption

The focus of this paper is how an electronics manufacturer may be able to exercise greater control or influence over its consumers’ product usage behaviors with the aim of slowing the rate of waste generated. The approach requires manufacturers to extend product life-cycles via better serviceability. We posit that a reduction in the annual volume of consumer products consigned to landfills is an important measure of consumption behavior and would consequently support the larger universal goal of environmental sustainability. Due to intense competition, government regulations, overhead costs, and the fact that equipment may be available on the market at very moderate prices, the effective implementation of optimal service policies is crucial for such a business enterprise and may provide a significant competitive advantage. We measure the effectiveness of mechanisms for sustainable consumption, such as fee-upon-sale penalties. Producers accommodate government fees by establishing servicing options and prices for multiple classes of customers that differ in their willingness to pay to extend the life of the products purchased. The model incorporates dynamic demand of multiple classes of customers, government regulations, and production capacity and uses the flexibility in servicing options to balance supply and demand.
Design of an 11 kW power factor correction and 10 kW ZVS DC/DC converter for a high-efficiency battery charger in electric vehicles

Usually a battery charger for the electric vehicle consists of a power factor correction (PFC) and a DC/DC converter, both of which require the high-efficiency operation. In this study, a three-phase 11 kW full-bridge PFC is designed to transform the grid voltage to 400 VDC and reach the grid-side power factor equal to 1. This circuit adopts the symmetric space vector pulse width modulation, which effectively decreases the electrical stress of switches compared with other algorithms. The generated 400 VDC directly drives a CoolMOS-based 10 kW full-bridge DC/DC converter, that utilises the zero-voltage-switching technique to maintain the high efficiency. Experimental results validate that (i) the PFC part could reach 97-98% efficiency from 5 to 10 kW and (ii) the efficiency of the DC/DC part could reach 97%at10 kW for 200-400 V output and 95.9% for 400-450 V output. Fast reverse recovery diodes and SiC Schottky diodes are also experimentally compared in this prototype.
MEMS-Assisted Cryptography for CPI Protection

The authors present a concept for an anti-tamper system that dynamically generates a cryptographic key derived from microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) arrays encapsulated within a protected system in a single package. The system provides protection in active and passive states with no battery backup.
Adsorption of surfactants on two different hydrates.

The interaction between surfactants and hydrates provides insight into the role of surfactants in promoting hydrate formation. This work aims at understanding the adsorption behavior of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) on cyclopentane (CP) hydrates and its derivative surfactant on tetrabutylammonium bromide (TBAB) hydrates. Cyclopentane (CP) is a hydrophobic former whereas tetrabutylammonium bromide (TBAB) is a salt that forms semiclathrate hydrates. The adsorption on these two hydrates was studied by zeta potential and pyrene fluorescence measurements. CP hydrates have a negative surface charge in the absence of SDS, and it decreases to a minimum as the SDS concentration increases from 0 to 0.17 mM. Then, it increases with further increased SDS concentration. The adsorption density of DS− on CP hydrates reaches a saturated value at 1.73 mM SDS. The micropolarity parameter of the TBAB hydrate/water interface starts to increase rapidly at 0.17 mM SDS and levels off at 1.73 mM SDS. The presence of Br− in TBAB h...
The solubility of carbon monoxide in silicate melts at high pressures and its effect on silicate phase relations

Autoradiographic analysis and gas chromatography were used to measure the solubility in silicate melts of CO-CO2 vapors (30 to 40% CO by thermodynamic calculation) in equilibrium with graphite at temperatures up to 1700 deg C and pressures to 30 kbar. At near-liquidus temperatures CO-CO2 vapors were found to be slightly more soluble than CO2 alone. As a result of the apparently negative temperature dependence of CO solubility, the solubility of CO-CO2 at superliquidus temperatures is less than that of CO2. Melting points of two silicates were depressed more by CO than by CO2. Phase boundary orientations suggest that CO/CO + CO2 is greater in the liquid than in the vapor. The effect of the presence of CO on periodotite phase relations was investigated, and it was found that melts containing both CO and CO2 are nearly as polymerized as those containing only CO2. These results suggest that crystallization processes in planetary interiors can be expected to be about the same, whether the melts contain CO2 alone or CO2 and CO.
Weibull distributions when the shape parameter is defined

The Weibull distribution, depending on parameters of location, scale, and shape, is often useful as a model for fracture data sets. If the location parameter is to be estimated then we have shown that maximum likelihood methods are not recommended. In the data set considered here the shape parameter is known to lie between 2 and 3 or so. We therefore studied the two-parameter model for which the shape parameter is known, or has a probability structure. Simple moment estimators are used and some moments of these are studied and verified by simulation.
Underutilization of transbronchial needle aspiration : Experiences of current pulmonary Fellows

Transbronchial needle aspiration (TBNA) is a valuable, minimally invasive procedure for diagnosing and staging lung cancer in patients, but it is underutilized by practicing pulmonologists. To assess the approach to TBNA of current pulmonary Fellows, we recorded their computerized interactive responses during the 1995 American College of Chest Physicians Fellows' Conference. Among 109 Fellows attending, only 10% reported that they routinely (≥85% of cases) performed TBNA to diagnose or stage malignant disease, and 40% noted that they rarely (≤5% of cases) performed it. They estimated their diagnostic TBNA yields in patients with mediastinal cancer as follows: ≥80% by 2% of Fellows; between 25% and 80% by 54% of Fellows; and
Logo Programming and Geometric Understanding: An In-Depth Study

The Logo work of 30 ninth-grade students was analyzed from three theoretical perspectives: the van Hiele levels of thinking, the SOLO taxonomy, and Skemp's model of mathematical understanding. Using computer dribble files of the students' Logo work, summary analyses across four tasks examined the Logo programming aspects and the geometric aspects of the tasks. Relationships among the three theoretical models and between Logo programming and geometric understanding emerged from the summary analyses. SOLO learning cycles in which students achieve relating level responses to a task are more likely to result in relational understanding of the task when students are able to approach the task with at least a transition towards descriptive level thought. Success in Logo programming appears to be necessary but not sufficient for success with the geometric aspects of the tasks. The results suggest the possibility of constructing an integrated model of teaching and learning based on the three theoretical perspectives. The purpose of this study was to analyze the Logo work of students according to three related theoretical perspectives: the van Hiele levels of thinking, the SOLO taxonomy, and Skemp's model of mathematical understanding. The study documented an analysis of the complexity of students' responses (SOLO levels), quality of understanding (Skemp), and general problem-solving approaches (van Hiele levels) across a sequence of four tasks given to all students in a one-semester Logo class held at two urban high schools (n = 30). Without meaningful knowledge of the defining properties of geometric shapes, students learn at a rote level about relations among shapes and are ill-prepared for the formal study of geometry in high school with its high demands on logical reasoning about those relations. Mathematics learning theorists agree that the understanding of relations is the key to success in formal studies of geometry. Each of the three theoretical perspectives used in this study addresses this problem of understanding relations in complementary ways.
Fictive hindlimb motor patterns evoked by AMPA and NMDA in turtle spinal cord-hindlimb nerve preparations.

Abstract Application of the glutamate agonists α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazoleproprionate (AMPA, 5-10 μM), or N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA, 50–100 μM) to the turtle spinal cord produced fictive hindlimb motor patterns in low-spinal immobilized animals (in vivo) and in isolated spinal cord-hindlimb nerve preparations (in vitro). For in vivo experiments, drugs were applied onto the dorsal surface of 2–4 adjacent spinal cord segments in and near the anterior hindlimb enlargement. Motor output was recorded unilaterally or bilaterally from hindlimb muscle nerves. AMPA elicited vigorous motor patterns in vivo that included strict hip flexor-extensor and right-left alternation. In most turtles, the monoarticular knee extensor nerve FT-KE was active during the HE phase of AMPA evoked burst cycles, similar to the timing of pocket scratch motor patterns. NMDA was less effective in vivo, typically producing only weak and irregular bursting from hip nerves and little or no knee extensor (KE) discharge. Sensory stimulation of a rostral scratch reflex in vivo could reset an ongoing AMPA-evoked motor rhythm, indicating that cutaneous reflex pathways interact centrally with the chemically activated rhythm generator. Most in vitro preparations consisted of six segments of spinal cord, including the entire 5-segment hindlimb enlargement (D8-S2) and the segment immediately anterior to the enlargement (D7), with attached hindlimb nerves. In contrast to in vivo experiments, in vitro preparations exhibited highly regular, long-lasting motor rhythms when NMDA was superfused over the spinal cord. AMPA also produced rhythmic motor patterns in vitro, but these lasted only a few minutes before they were replaced with tonic discharge. FT-KE timing during in vitro chemically elicited activity was similar to that of sensory-evoked pocket scratch motor patterns. Some NMDA-evoked rhythmicity persisted even in 3-segment (D6-D8) and 1-segment (D8) in vitro preparations, demonstrating that neural mechanisms for chemically activated rhythmogenesis reside even in a single segment of the hindlimb enlargement.
Characterization of high-density lipoprotein binding sites in rat liver and testis membranes.

The binding of human 125I-labeled HDL3, to purified rat liver and testis plasma membranes was studied. About 50–65% of the total HDL binding in these membranes was abolished by 1% bovine serum albumin in the incubation medium. The remaining albumin-insensitive binding sites, determined in the presence of albumin were associated with plasma membranes; a good correlation was found between the 125I-labeled HDL3 binding and the 5'-nucleotidase activities of the membrane fractions. The binding sites in these tissues were saturable, specific for HDL (not competed for by LDL) and had similar affinities for 125I-labeled HDL3 (Kd, 11.8 μg protein/ml for liver and 12.7 μg protein/ml for testis membranes); the maximum binding capacity of the testis membranes was higher (1.3 vs. 0.7 μg protein/mg membrane protein). Egg phosphatidylcholine complexes of both human apolipoprotein A-I and apolipoprotein C's competed for the HDL-binding sites, but phosphatidylcholine vesicles alone did not. Chemical modification of the lysine and arginine residues of apolipoproteins did not affect the interaction of HDL3 with its binding sites. Despite the fact that the HDL-binding sites in these tissues are not specific for apolipoprotein A-I, they may have important physiological roles in lipid transport, as they appear to recognize apolipoprotein-phospholipid complexes.
Use of screening algorithms and computer systems to efficiently signal higher-than-expected combinations of drugs and events in the US FDA's spontaneous reports database.

Since 1998, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has been exploring new automated and rapid Bayesian data mining techniques. These techniques have been used to systematically screen the FDA’s huge MedWatch database of voluntary reports of adverse drug events for possible events of concern.
Manipulating coincident charge and spin order with pressure and field in a doped manganite

The onset of charge order occurs simultaneously with the transition from ferromagnetic metal to antiferromagnetic insulator in Nd_(0.05)Sr_(0.5)MnO_3. The application of hydrostatic pressures P≥15 kbar removes the degeneracy, as recorded in both the electrical resistivity and the magnetic susceptibility. The charge-ordered state moves swiftly to higher temperature with increasing pressure at the expense of the ferromagnetic charge liquid, dominating the energetics. An applied magnetic field H suppresses both the pressure-split charge order and the antiferromagnetism, but charge order preferentially, so by H = 2 T the two transitions are reunited. Finally, depinning domains of charge order with electric field deep in the antiferromagnetic insulator permits us to monitor pressure-induced changes in the charge (poly)crystal.
The Physician's Work and Marriage

Medicine and personality characteristics of its practitioners pose for physicians unique hazards to emotional health and marital satisfaction. The attempt to meet too many emotional needs in work m...
Prognostic implications of chromosome 17 abnormalities in the context of monosomal karyotype in patients with acute myeloid leukemia and complex cytogenetics

Abstract Background Chromosome 17 abnormalities are associated with poor outcome in leukemias including AML. Recently, MK was introduced as an independent predictor of dismal outcome in AML. The additional prognostic effect of C17 abns in patients with MK in a CK background is not clear. Patients and Methods We conducted a retrospective analysis of 1086 patients with newly diagnosed AML treated between January 1998 and December 2007. Patients received treatment with one of the institution's first-line protocols. Results Four hundred eighty-three patients had CK. Among them, 370 patients (77%) had CK-MK, and 195 patients (53%) had CK-MK-C17 abns. Patients with CK-MK had significantly shorter OS rates compared with patients with CK without MK (4.4 vs. 8 months, respectively; P = .002). The median OS for patients with CK-C17 abns was shorter than for patients without C17 abns (4 vs. 6.1 months, respectively; P = .004). In a multivariate analysis, the presence of MK among patients with CK was identified as an independent prognostic marker for OS. In addition, presence of C17 abns had a significant negative effect on OS among patients with CK-MK ( P = .04). Conclusion Among patients with CK-AML, MK was associated with poor outcomes. Additional presence of C17 abns further worsens the outcome in these particularly poor-risk patients with AML.
Factors Associated with Misperception of Weight in the Stroke Belt

BACKGROUND Understanding the reasons for overweight and obesity is critical to addressing the obesity epidemic. Often the decision to lose weight is based as much on one’s self-perception of being overweight as on inherent health benefits.
Production of synthesis gas by partial oxidation and steam reforming of biomass pyrolysis oils

As the lowest cost biomass-derived liquids, pyrolysis oils (also called bio-oils) represent a promising vector for biomass to fuels conversion. However, bio-oils require upgrading to interface with existing infrastructure. A potential pathway for producing fuels from pyrolysis oils proceeds through gasification, the conversion to synthesis gas. In this work, the conversion of bio-oils to syngas via catalytic partial oxidation over Rh–Ce is evaluated using two reactor configurations. In one instance, pyrolysis oils are oxidized in excess steam in a freeboard and passed over the catalyst in a second zone. In the second instance, bio-oils are introduced directly to the catalyst. Coke formation is avoided in both configurations due to rapid oxidation. H2 and CO can be produced autothermally over Rh–Ce catalysts with millisecond contact times. Co-processing of bio-oil with methane or methanol improved the reactor operation stability.
High-efficiency, high-speed VCSELs with 35 Gbit=s error-free operation

High-efficiency, high-speed, tapered-oxide-apertured 980 nm vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) with 35 Gbit/s error-free operation have been demonstrated. This is the highest data rate reported for directly modulated VCSELs to date. The devices are also highly efficient, showing a record-high data-rate/power-dissipation ratio of 3.5 Gps/mW.
LINAC/LASER Determination of the Absolute Rate Constant for Thiyl and Hydroxyl Radical Reaction with Sulfhydryls in Aqueous Solution: Mercaptoethanol, Cysteamine, and N-Acetyl-l-cysteine†

The technique of combined pulse radiolysis/laser photolysis has been used to investigate the disulfide radical anion formation reactions for mercaptoethanol, cysteamine, and N-acetyl-l-cysteine over the pH range 7.0−13.0. The photolysis of the transient radical anions, formed by the one electron oxidation of the sulfhydryl, perturbs the disulfide radical anion/thiyl radical equilibrium, allowing rate constants for thiyl radical reaction with the parent sulfhydryl to be uniquely determined from the absorption bleach and subsequent recovery. These pH-dependent values were combined with measured disulfide radical anion equilibrium constants to calculate first-order disulfide radical anion dissociation rate constants. By computer modeling of established mechanisms for the disulfide radical anion growths, rate constants for the reaction of hydroxyl radicals with individual sulfhydryl species were calculated. These values are contrasted with previously reported values determined by using competition kinetics.
Phosphorylation of nitric oxide synthase by protein kinase A.

Abstract Nitric oxide synthase was purified to apparent homogeneity from the cytosolic fractions obtained from rat and porcine cerebellum. Enzyme activity—measured as [3H]citrulline formation after incubation with [3H]arginine—was dependent on Ca 2+ calmodulin , NADPH, and tetrahydro-L-biopterin. Specific activity varied between 450 to 780 nmol/min/mg protein. Purified nitric oxide synthases showed a single band on 8% SDS/PAGE gels and had an apparent molecular mass of 150,000 Da. The purified proteins were used as substrate for phosphorylation with different protein kinases. In the assays using two Ca 2+ calmodulin - dependent protein kinases, CaM kinase II and CaM kinase-Gr, protein kinase C, and the catalytic subunit of protein kinase A, nitric oxide synthase was exclusively phosphorylated by protein kinase A. Such phosphorylation was linear over time for at least 60 min and resulted in nearly stoichiometric phosphate/protein incorporation. The serine in the protein kinase A-consensus sequence KRFGS is probably the site of phosphorylation in nitric oxide synthase. Kemptide, a known protein kinase A substrate, inhibited phosphorylation of nitric oxide synthase in a dose-dependent manner. No changes in nitric oxide synthase activity were observed upon phosphorylation by protein kinase A.
Stem cell antigen-1 (sca-1) regulates mammary tumor development and cell migration.

Background Stem cell antigen-1 (Sca-1 or Ly6A) is a glycosyl phostidylinositol (GPI)-anchored cell surface protein associated with both stem and progenitor activity, as well as tumor initiating-potential. However, at present the functional role for Sca-1 is poorly defined. Methodology/Principal Findings To investigate the role of Sca-1 in mammary tumorigenesis, we used a mammary cell line derived from a MMTV-Wnt1 mouse mammary tumor that expresses high levels of endogenous Sca-1. Using shRNA knockdown, we demonstrate that Sca-1 expression controls cell proliferation during early tumor progression in mice. Functional limiting dilution transplantations into recipient mice demonstrate that repression of Sca-1 increases the population of tumor propagating cells. In scratch monolayer assays, Sca-1 enhances cell migration. In addition, knockdown of Sca-1 was shown to affect cell adhesion to a number of different extracellular matrix components. Microarray analysis indicates that repression of Sca-1 leads to changes in expression of genes involved in proliferation, cell migration, immune response and cell organization. Conclusions/Significance Sca-1 exerts marked effects on cellular activity and tumorgenicity both in vitro and in vivo. A better understanding of Sca-1 function may provide insight into the broader role of GPI-anchored cell surface proteins in cancer.
Capsule Commentary on Liss et al., Specialty Use Among Patients with Treated Hypertension in a Patient-Centered Medical Home

Heather Klusaritz, PhD, MSW While the patient-centered medical home (PCMH) continues to gain momentum as a transformative primary care delivery model, the impact on utilization patterns between primary and specialty care providers is not well understood. Ideally, patients receiving primary care in a PCMH would shift utilization from outpatient specialty to primary care providers for medical needs other than care of complex or rare conditions. Liss et al. examined specialty care utilization of hypertensive patients in an integrated care system undergoing PCMH practice transformation.1 They found decreased specialty care utilization following PCMH transformation for all but the highest morbidity patient groups. These findings offer an important first step in understanding the interplay between primary and specialty care utilization in healthcare systems adopting the PCMH model. However, the study population was almost entirely insured through commercial plans or Medicare, with only 1.3 % insured through Medicaid or state-subsidized insurance. Utilization patterns of Medicaid patient populations may not be as sensitive to the PCMH care model. Medicaid patients face a greater burden of access barriers and life stressors, potentially inhibiting engagement with systems of care. Further, practices that primarily serve a Medicaid population face more complex psychosocial demands that may drain energy away from PCMH activities. Finally, research suggests different care preferences for Medicaid populations; patients with low socioeconomic status may preferentially seek hospital-based specialist care over ambulatory care due to perceptions about quality of care.2 Given that Medicaid patients already have limited access to specialists,3,4 patients from these populations may also be resistant to efforts shifting them away from specialty care related to historical concerns about denied access and further marginalization. The process of PCMH transformation in practices with high Medicaid rates will need to be sensitive to historical factors shaping patient care utilization preferences when shifting care from specialists where appropriate, and focus efforts on trust-building with at-risk populations. Future research studying the impact of PCMH transformation on specialty service utilization will need to focus further on potential differential effects in Medicaid patient populations.
The Relationship between Folic Acid and Risk of Autism Spectrum Disorders

There is considerable scientific evidence that many aspects of diet influence the occurrence of human disease. Many factors such as genetic, psychological, environmental and behavioral characteristics influence development of human disease, and there is a close relationship between nutrition and disease. Though typical Western diets are not overtly deficient in essential nutrients, nutriture of a few micro nutrients such as folic acid has been reported to be sub-optimal, particularly in women of childbearing age. The role of folic acid in the prevention of macrocytic anemia and neural tube defects is well established. However, the relationship between folic acid and risk of autism is still evolving. Furthermore, environmental as well as nutritional factors such as folic acid are now well acknowledged as interacting with the individual genetic background in development of several diseases. In this article, recent research regarding the relationship between folic acid and risk of autism is evaluated.
Identification of Environmental Stressors for Patients in a Surgical Intensive Care Unit

(1981). Identification of Environmental Stressors for Patients in a Surgical Intensive Care Unit. Issues in Mental Health Nursing: Vol. 3, No. 1-2, pp. 89-108.
The effect of salinity on the acute toxicity of cadmium to the tropical, estuarine, hermaphroditic fish, Rivulus marmoratus: A comparison of Cd, Cu, and Zn tolerance with Fundulus heteroclitus

The mangrove-dwelling fish, Rivulus marmoratus, is the only vertebrate that is a synchronous, internally self-fertilizing hermaphrodite. This unique reproductive mode yields offspring with little genetic variation, which offers significant advantages for the use of this species in bioassays. We conducted acute (96 h) LC50 tests of Cd toxicity under four different water chemistry conditions, representing fresh water (low [Ca+Mg] and low [Na+K]), 14 ppt sea water simulated with Cl salts (high [Ca+Mg] and high [Na+K]) and two artificial conditions (high [Ca+Mg], low [Na+K] and low [Ca+Mg], high [Na+K]). Two replicates were conducted at different times for each of the four treatments and the results were very reproducible. The mean LC50's as mg total Cd/L were 2.96 (fresh water), 21.12 (high [Ca+Mg], high [Na+K]), 17.86 (high [Ca+Mg], low [Na+K]) and 12.67 (low [Ca+Mg], high [Na+K]). An additional test in 14 ppt sea water (made up from Instant Ocean salts) yielded a 96h LC50 of 24.48 mg Cd/L, and was thus similar to the high [Ca+Mg]-high [Na+K] treatment, despite some differences in anion and cation concentrations. The degree to which [Ca+Mg], [Na+K] and [Cl] interact to determine Cd toxicity is still unclear, although the role of [Cl] is likely to be equal to or greater than that of [Ca+Mg]. When all solutes are high, it is likely that the formation of a Cd complex with Cl (248 mM) leads to the observed reduction in Cd toxicity in comparison with hard fresh water, not the increased divalent [Ca+Mg] levels.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Definition for idiopathic gastric acid hypersecretion. A statistical and functional evaluation.

Zollinger-Ellison syndrome and other gastric acid hypersecretory states in which a specific etiology is identified are defined as a basal acid output of greater than 15.0 meq/hr. To determine the level of basal acid output that defines idiopathic gastric hypersecretion, basal acid outputs were investigated in normal subjects and patients with duodenal ulcers, and functional and statistical definitions for idiopathic gastric acid hypersecretion were developed. Sixty-five normal subjects were evaluated to define idiopathic gastric acid hypersecretion on a statistical basis, and 22 patients with refractory duodenal ulcers were evaluated to define idiopathic gastric acid hypersecretion on a functional basis. Mean basal acid output for the 65 normal subjects was 3.0±2.7 meq/hr. Even though the mean basal acid output for the group of 28 normal male subjects was slightly higher than for the group of 37 normal female subjects, the groups were not significantly different. The 95% confidence interval around the mean basal acid output for all normal subjects was 2.4–3.7 meq/hr, with little difference between the male and female groups. The mean basal acid output plus two standard deviations and the mean basal acid output plus three standard deviations for the 65 normal subjects were 8.4 meq/hr and 11.1 meq/hr, respectively. Of 109 patients with active duodenal ulcers treated for eight weeks with standard doses of antisecretory medication, 22 showed no healing as documented by endoscopy. The mean basal acid output for these 22 patients with nonhealed duodenal ulcers was 18.7 meq/hr (range 10.1–49.1 meq/hr) while mean basal acid output for the 87 patients with healed duodenal ulcers was 7.5 meq/hr (range 0.0–27.9 meq/hr). The difference in mean basal acid output between these two groups was statistically different (P<0.001). All patients with refractory duodenal ulcers had basal acid outputs of greater than 10.0 meq/hr. Our results indicate that the definition for idiopathic gastric acid hypersecretion should be a basal acid output of greater than 10.0 meq/hr, since, based on refractory duodenal ulcer disease, the functional definition for idiopathic gastric acid hypersecretion is a basal acid output of greater than 10.0 meq/hr, which in our data also corresponds well to the statistically defined range of basal acid output in normal subjects.
The decline of rehabilitation services and its impact on disability benefits.

Working as a National Health Service rheumatology consultant for the past 30 years I have witnessed the decline of British rehabilitation. As chairman of the Disability Living Allowance Advisory Board since 1993 I have watched an escalation in the cost of disability benefits. Are these two phenomena related?
The Relationship Between Perinatal Risk Factors and Sensory Processing Difficulties in Preschool Children

This study examined the relationship between reported perinatal risk factors and sensory processing difficulties in young children. The biological mothers of 152 preschool-age children completed two measures: the Maternal Perinatal Scale (MPS), a maternal self-report that surveys complications of pregnancies and medical conditions of the mother, and the Short Sensory Profile (SSP), a measure designed to provide information about the child’s ability to process sensory information and the sensory system’s effect on functional performance. Using MPS factors as predictors, separate stepwise regression analyses for each SSP section showed early neonatal status, and prenatal and birth/delivery factors to hold the most significant implications for future sensory processing difficulties. Total number of perinatal risk factors was also found to significantly predict some SSP scores. Implications for intervention are discussed.
Magnetic impurities and superconductivity below the Kondo temperature

Abstract A Green function treatment is used to find an expression for the superconducting critical temperature T c for dilute magnetic alloys in the limit T c ⪡ T K , where T K is the Kondo temperature.
The optical rotation of wood xylans

Previously derived equations relating the specific rotation and chemical composition of 4-O-methylghicurono-xylans and arabino-4-O-methylglucurono-xylans have been found to be partly incorrect because of the assignment of an erroneous value to the rotatory contribution of the 4-O-methyl-α-D-glucuronosyl xylose residue. The correct value was calculated from the known molar rotations of xylobiose and 22-(4-O-methyl-α-D-glucuronosyl) xylotriose. Approximately the same values were obtained from the specific rotations of five carefully purified 4-O-methylglucurono-xylans, containing different proportions of acid side chains, and from the rotations of an aldopentaouronic and an aldohexaouronic acid. A revised equation was used for estimating the specific rotation of several arabino-4-O-methylglucunmo-xylans from various softwoods. Contrary to the earlier results, a satisfactory agreement was found to exist in most cases between found and calculated values.
GABAergic mechanisms of heroin-induced brain activation assessed with functional MRI.

Heroin has been hypothesized to activate opiate receptors and inhibit gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) release from inhibitory GABAergic interneurons which, in turn, activates dopamine projection cells. Since the distal sites and consequences of this disinhibition are not well understood on a systems level, heroin-induced brain activity was measured using functional MRI (fMRI) in rats. A significant blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) signal increase was seen in cortical regions, including prefrontal cortex, cingulate, and olfactory cortex following acute heroin administration. In contrast, a significant signal decrease was seen in several subcortical areas, including the caudate and putamen, nucleus accumbens, thalamus, and hypothalamus. Pretreatment of gamma-vinyl GABA (GVG), an irreversible GABA transaminase inhibitor, significantly attenuated the heroin-induced BOLD signal changes. Pretreatment of naloxone, an opiate mu receptor antagonist, eliminated the heroin-induced BOLD signal changes and posttreatment of naloxone reversed the heroin-induced BOLD signal changes. It is suggested that the heroin-induced negative and positive BOLD changes are due to direct inhibitory and indirect disinhibitory mechanisms of GABAergic activities. Administration of GVG altered these mechanisms and further suggested that involvement of the opiate's pharmacological actions can, at least in part, be mediated by inhibiting brain GABA release.
Solubility Parameter of Selected Sulfonamides

This investigation was primarily concerned with the application of Hildebrand's solubility equation to the determination of the solubility parameter of selected sulfonamides. The vapor pressure of several selected solvent systems was determined by an isoteniscopic method. These data were used to calculate the solubility parameter of the mixed solvents. The heat of fusion of each sulfonamide was determined by differential thermal analysis. The solubility of the sulfonamides was measured in a series of solvent blends varying in polarity, and the solubility parameter of the sulfonamides was determined from their solubility data. An attempt was made to correlate the solubility parameter with the dielectric constant. The results were found to be linear with respect to the solvent blends of alcohol-water, alcohol-water-propylene glycol, water-glycerin, and dimethylacetamide-water-glycerin. Hildebrand's solubility concept appears to be a useful tool for predicting drug solubility where the solubility parameters of drug and solvent system are close to each other.
THE EFFECT OF STERIC HINDRANCE OF THE AMIDIC SUBSTITUENTS OF THE CARBAMOYLMETHYLPHOSPHINE OXIDES ON THIRD PHASE FORMATION

Abstract Increasing the steric hindrance of the substituents on the amidic nitrogen of the carbamoylmethylphosphine oxide class of extractants leads to a significant decrease in the tendency of these compounds to form a third phase during the extraction of nitric acid. An increase in steric hindrance leads to a reduction in the accessibility of the nitrogen and in the dipole-dipole and dipole-induced-dipole attractions between extractant molecules, thereby reducing the tendency to form a third phase. A corresponding increase in the amount of uranium that could be extracted without third phase formation was not observed due to a reduction in the interaction of the extractant with the diluent because of coordination with the metal ion by both polar groups.