cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Componential Model of Human Interaction with Graphs. IV: Holistic and Analytical Perception of Star Graphs

Multivariate graphs, such as star graphs, are increasingly popular displays for complex data sets. One advantage claimed for these graphs is that users can engage perceive the data holistically. This experiment used star graphs to examine whether subjects' performance improved when they had an object cue as part of the stars in a task that involved selecting an outlier from a display of four stars. The outlier star differed only on one of five legs with the position of the differing leg varying systematically. Individual subject's response times (RT's) showed two patterns: sensitivity to the position of the different leg (suggesting an analytical strategy) and insensitivity to position (suggesting a holistic strategy). The object cue improved performance for the “holistic perceivers”, but not for the “analytical perceivers”. The research suggests that an object cue can help some, but not all users of a multivariate graph and that assessing users' perceptual processing strategy can be important in evaluati...
Investigations of the mechanism of decreased tumorigenicity of cells grown in BrdU.

Transplantable SV40-transformed hamster cells cultivated in the presence of low concentrations of BrdU for prolonged periods of time and cells made deficient in the enzyme thymidine kinase (dTK) by continued exposure to BrdU became less tumorigenic. In both instances, when grown in BrdU the cells contained analog substituted DNA. The tumorigenicity of dTK+ cells exposed to low concentrations of BrdU, but not the dTK− cells, returned to control values when the cells were grown in medium devoid of BrdU. A tumorigenic mouse cell line made dTK deficient also had diminished oncogenicity. However, transformed hamster cells made deficient in another salvage pathway enzyme, hypoxanthineguanine phosphoribosyl-transferase by growth in eight azaguanine, retained their tumorigenicity. Two of five revertant cell lines, in which thymidine kinase activity was restored, transplanted more readily to hamsters than the dTK− cells from which they were derived. It is concluded that there is a relative loss of tumorigenicity when BrdU is incorporated into the DNA of tumorigenic cell lines, or when there is a genetic modification of thymidine kinase activity.
A Mark in Time Saves Nein

A method for predicting political interactions and policy outcomes based on two political theorems is presented and illustrated with an examination of the decision to merge the two German currencies. Political perceptions and actions are anticipated by combining the substantive knowledge of area experts with the theoretical insights embedded in the median voter theorem and a monotonicity theorem that links expectations to probabilistic statements of action. The proposed model has proven accurate about 90 percent of the time.The proposed forecasting method identifies a sequential strategy that may have been followed by Chancellor Kohl in forging the coalition needed to merge successfully the two German currencies. Using comparative statics, the analysis suggests how subtle and sophisticated Chancellor Kohl had to be to succeed in getting the policy outcome he desired despite stiff opposition.
Vector quantization using the L/sub /spl infin// distortion measure

This paper considers vector quantization of signals using the L/sub /spl infin// distortion measure. The key contribution is a result that allows one to characterize the centroid of a set of vectors for the L/sub /spl infin// distortion measure. A method similar to the Linde-Buzo-Gray (LBG) algorithm for designing codebooks has been developed and tested. The paper also discusses the design of vector quantizers employing the L/sub /spl infin// distortion measure in an application in which the occurrences of quantization errors with larger magnitudes than a preselected threshold must be minimized.
Patient environment microbial burden reduction: A pilot study comparison of 2 terminal cleaning methods

Effective cleaning of the patient environment has been advocated to reduce the risk for nosocomial infection. This pilot study compared 2 terminal cleaning methods, a traditional method in which a disinfectant was applied with a wetted cloth and an alternative method in which the disinfectant was applied using the PureMist system (PureCart Systems, Green Bay, WI). There was no difference in effectiveness, with a mean relative reduction of microbial burden of 84% for the traditional method versus 88% for the PureMist method.
Comparison of the temporal profiles of vasopressin and oxytocin in the cerebrospinal fluid of the cat, monkey and rat

The temporal profiles of oxytocin were examined in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of the cat and rat. Unlike the marked daily rhythm of oxytocin concentrations recently described in the CSF of the rhesus monkey, no daily rhythm of the peptide was evident in the CSF of either the cat or rat. The apparent species specificity of the CSF oxytocin profiles among these mammals is contrasted with the consistent expression of a daily rhythm of arginine-vasopressin in the CSF of each of the three species.
MRI-derived ventricular volume curves for the assessment of left ventricular function

To assess the utility of double oblique, ECG-gated 1H magnetic resonance (MR) derived volume curves for assessing LV function, cardiac short axis images were acquired with a fast field echo technique. We applied this methodology to assess left ventricular function in three groups: normals, patients with left ventricular hypertrophy, and dilated cardiomyopathy. Six slices with 16-20 phases per RR interval were analyzed, representing the initial 75-80% of the cardiac cycle. For each slice, the endocardial border of the left ventricular (LV) chamber was manually traced. Using Simpson's rule, the total LV volume at a given phase was determined considering the traced area, thickness and position in three-dimensional space of each of the six constituent slices. The calculated volumes were plotted against time and the stroke volume, ejection fraction and cardiac output were determined. The volume vs time plots for the systolic and diastolic portions of the curve were individually fit to third degree polynomials using a least squares approximation. From the fit curves, the following data were extracted: the mean slope (dV/dT) during filling and emptying, and the time to 1/4, 1/3 and 1/2 filling and emptying. These parameters are valuable indices of the functional status of the myocardium; thus, accurate and useful estimates of LV function can be obtained using MRI derived volume curves in normal and abnormal states.
α-Glucosidase inhibitors in diabetes: lessons from animal studies

Two rat models for non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) have been used in our laboratory to study the effects of alpha-glucosidase inhibitors. These models become hyperglycaemic and have other characteristics which make them good models for NIDDM, and both prevention and reversal studies have been carried out; the prevention experiments were started before the animal became diabetic while the reversal groups were treated after diabetes had fully developed. In both models blood glucose was significantly lowered toward control levels using a dose of 40 mg per 100 g of diet while there was a less dramatic, but still significant, correction with half that dose. Treatment increased the weight gain of the more diabetic model (ZDF) while there was no effect of treatment on the weight of the Wistar diabetic fatty (WDF) rat. Other parameters such as glycated haemoglobins, nerve conduction velocity and nerve sugar content are also reversed with effective treatment of the hyperglycaemic condition.
Reversible cross-linking combined with immunoprecipitation to study RNA-protein interactions in vivo.

Protein-RNA interactions play indispensable structural, catalytic, and regulatory roles within the cell. Understanding their physical association in vivo provides valuable insight into their assembly, function, and regulation in the cellular milieu. Inspired by the chromatin immunoprecipitation assay, we have developed a ribonucleoprotein (RNP) immunoprecipitation assay to study RNA-protein interactions in vivo. This method takes advantage of the highly reactive, reversible crosslinker formaldehyde, combined with high-stringency immunoprecipitation to identify specific RNAs associated with a given protein. The RNP immunoprecipitation (RIP) assay was developed using RNA-protein interactions of hepatitis delta virus (HDV) as a model system. HDV is an RNA virus with a single-stranded circular RNA genome that encodes one viral protein, hepatitis delta antigen (HDAg). The high affinity of HDAg for the HDV RNA genome, combined with the well-characterized anti-HDAg antibodies, made this system a logical starting point for the development of the RIP assay. Cells with replicating HDV were crosslinked with formaldehyde and the HDV RNPs were immunoprecipitated using anti-HDAg antibodies. The crosslinks were then reversed by heat treatment, and the immunoprecipitated HDV RNAs were identified by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The specificity of this assay was tested using HDV mutants and heterologous antibodies for immunoprecipiation followed by RT-PCR with HDV-specific primers. This experiment showed no nonspecific immunoprecipitation of the HDV RNPs. The method was tested further using protein-RNA interactions known to exist in the U1 snRNP. The results indicate that the RIP assay is a powerful tool to identify RNA-protein interactions in vivo and has the potential to unravel the cellular network of RNP complexes in their native setting.
Social Support as an Interpersonal Construct

Summary: The present article relied upon interpersonal theory (Sullivan, 1953), the interpersonal circumplex model (Leary, 1957), resource exchange theory (Foa & Foa, 1974), and the meta-constructs of agency and communion (Bakan, 1966; Wiggins, 1991) in the attempt to explicate a theoretical and measurement model of social support. The Support Actions Scale - Circumplex (SAS-C; Trobst, in press) provides a circumplex measure of social support whose psychometric characteristics are comparable to the best circumplexes reported in the literature. Empirical findings using this recent measure are summarized and interpreted with respect to an interpersonal theory perspective.
“A Weird Sense for Symmetry”: Obsession and Compulsion in Gottfried Keller's A Village Romeo and Juliet

This article proposes a solution to the aporia according to which Gottfried Keller's novella A Village Romeo and Juliet is structured according to rigid symmetrical patterns and yet falls apart into two seemingly separate parts. Using pioneering research into monomania and delusion in the field of nineteenth century psychopathology, it demonstrates that the novella is contaminated by an intrusive thought that results in its pathological obsession with symmetry. In keeping with the logic of obsessive-compulsive disorder, the text's obsession becomes predominant, while the resistance to the intrusive thought is gradually weakened. As a result, the novella's parallel structures yield to a parallel world, whereby the text becomes deeply entrenched in, indeed becomes itself, a delusion. Hence the formally bifurcated structure of the work paradoxically reinforces the novella's inner coherence, linking obsession to delusion and repressed guilt to the relatively free unfolding of a pedophilic fantasy.
A criterion for primeness of enveloping algebras of Lie superalgebras

Abstract We show that if the determinant of a certain matrix obtained from the Lie product on the odd part of a Lie superalgebra is nonzero, then the enveloping algebra of the Lie superalgebra is a prime ring. We then apply this criterion to show that the enveloping algebra of a classical simple Lie superalgebra not of type b ( n ) is a prime ring.
Role of Matriptase-2 (TMPRSS6) in Iron Metabolism

Iron, an essential element for life, is regulated primarily at the level of uptake, storage, and transport in order to maintain sufficient availability for normal physiology. The key protein in iron homeostasis is a 25-amino-acid peptide, hepcidin, which modulates the amount of iron in the circulation by binding and promoting the degradation of the iron exporter ferroportin. Given the central importance of hepcidin, recent studies have focused on how iron is sensed and how the iron signal is transmitted to hepcidin. Mutations in a type II serine protease, matriptase-2/TMPRSS6, were recently identified to be associated with severe iron deficiency caused by inappropriately high levels of hepcidin expression. A key biologically relevant substrate for the proteolytic activity of matriptase-2/TMPRSS6 was found to be hemojuvelin, a cell surface protein that regulates hepcidin expression through a BMP/SMAD pathway. In this review, we discuss the putative role of matriptase-2/TMPRSS6 in iron homeostasis.
The problem of controls in the evaluation of psychotherapy.

Summary The problem of controls has proven to be one of the most troublesome methodologic issues in the evaluation of psychotherapy. These difficulties have been described as insurmountable by some investigators, while others have minimized the necessity of controls in outcome research. This paper presents several studies which demonstrate the necessity of including controls in any evaluative study, and discusses the methodologic difficulties which complicate the utilization of controls in psychotherapy outcome studies. Prevous psychotherapy studies utilizing controls are reviewed and evaluated. Several partial solutions to the problems encountered in the use of controls are proposed and discussed.
Inhibition of the Na+/H(+)-antiporter by theophylline in growth-arrested monkey kidney cells.

Abstract Treatment of monkey kidney CV-1 cells with theophylline leads to growth arrest, with sensitivity to theophylline being greatly increased in the absence of bicarbonate. Theophylline, like amiloride, increases the sensitivity of cells to intracellular acidification and protects cells from acid shock. These observations and direct measurements of 22 Na uptake suggest that growth-arresting effects of theophylline are mediated by the Na + /H + -antiporter.
Synthesis and characterization of some aminoarsonium chlorides

Abstract R 3 As reacts with NR′R″Cl to give good yields of a new homologous series of aminoarsonium chlorides, [R 3 AsNR′R″]Cl, in which R = Me, Et, n-Pr, and Ph; R′ and/or R″ = H, Me. IR, NMR, mass, and X-ray spectral data suggest that the arsenic is tetra- coordinate. Electfical conductivity and temperature and concentration dependent NMR studies suggest that hydrogen-bonding interactions are important in solution. Quaternization of the arsenic produces a downfield 1 H NMR chemical shift for the protons in the alkyl chains and a change from non-equivalence to equivalence of the C-1 protons. The NMR data are compared with those for the analogous phosphorus compounds. The electron impact, chemical ionization, and negative ion mass spectral data and fragment ion identities are given for the compounds. Ions corresponding to a variety of AsCl containing species, in addition to those associated .with fragmentation of the R 3 As moieties, are observed in the EI mass spectra. AsN, AsNAs, and AsNAsN containing fragments are observed in the Cl mass spectra and AsCl bonding species in the NI mass spectra. A preliminary X-ray diffraction study of [n-Pr 3 AsNH 2 ]Cl indicates near tetrahedral geometry about the arsenic atom.
Generalized Semigroup Kernels

Generalized semigroup kernels, noting conditions for triviality and relations between various kernels
Cell-nonautonomous induction of ovarian and uterine serous cystadenomas in mice lacking a functional Brca1 in ovarian granulosa cells

Summary Women with germline mutations in BRCA1 have a 40% risk of developing ovarian cancer by age 70 [1] and are also predisposed to cancers of the fallopian tubes [2–4]. Given that ovulatory activity is a strong risk factor for sporadic ovarian cancer [5], we hypothesized that reduced BRCA1 expression might predispose to gynecological cancers indirectly, by influencing ovarian granulosa cells. These cells secrete sex steroids that control the ovulatory cycle and influence the growth of ovarian epithelial tumors [6, 7]. Granulosa cells also secrete mullerian inhibiting substance (MIS), a hormone that inhibits both the formation of female reproductive organs in male embryos [8] and the proliferation of ovarian epithelial tumor cells [9, 10]. We tested this hypothesis by using the Cre-lox system to inactivate the Brca1 gene in mouse ovarian granulosa cells. A truncated form of the Fsh receptor promoter [11] served as the Cre driver. Here, we show that indeed, inactivation of the Brca1 gene in granulosa cells led to the development of cystic tumors in the ovaries and uterine horns. These tumors carried normal Brca1 alleles, supporting the view that Brca1 may influence tumor development indirectly, possibly through an effector secreted by granulosa cells.
Basic Concepts and Methods for Joint Models of Longitudinal and Survival Data

Joint models for longitudinal and survival data are particularly relevant to many cancer clinical trials and observational studies in which longitudinal biomarkers (eg, circulating tumor cells, immune response to a vaccine, and quality-of-life measurements) may be highly associated with time to event, such as relapse-free survival or overall survival. In this article, we give an introductory overview on joint modeling and present a general discussion of a broad range of issues that arise in the design and analysis of clinical trials using joint models. To demonstrate our points throughout, we present an analysis from the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group trial E1193, as well as examine some operating characteristics of joint models through simulation studies.
A technique for calculating meteor plasma density and meteoroid mass from radar head echo scattering

Large-aperture radars detect the high-density plasma that forms in the vicinity of a meteoroid and moves approximately at its velocity; reflections from these plasmas are called head echoes. To determine the head plasma density and configuration, we model the interaction of a radar wave with the plasma without using assumptions about plasma density. This paper presents a scattering method that enables us to convert measurements of radar cross-section (RCS) from a head echo into plasma density by applying a spherical scattering model. We use three methods to validate our model. First, we compare the maximum plasma densities determined from the spherical solution using 30 head echoes detected simultaneously at VHF and UHF. Second, we use a head echo detected simultaneously at VHF, UHF and L-band to compare plasma densities at all frequencies. Finally, we apply our spherical solution to 723 VHF head echoes and calculate plasma density, line density and meteoroid mass in order to compare these values with those obtained from a meteoroid ablation and ionization model. In all three comparisons, our results show that the spherical solution produces consistent results across a wide frequency range and agrees well with the single-body ablation model.
Usage patterns of FriendZone: mobile location-based community services

How do users accept, and use, for a long period of time, location based services (LBS) on their mobile handsets? FriendZone, a suite of mobile Location-based Community Services has been launched. The services included Instant Messaging and Locator (IM&L), Location-based Chat, and Anonymous Instant Messaging (AIM), with supporting Privacy Management.A 21 month usage survey of more than 47,000 users, most of them young adults, followed by user interviews, is reported herein. The results indicate that AIM is the most popular and used service, more than IM&L, with lower use of Chat. The interviews showed that young adults are interested in immediate stimulations and therefore use AIM, which could lead them to face-to-face meetings. In addition, IM&L is limited to one carrier and hence is less attractive. Lastly, young adults using this service are more interested in sharing their location than in their privacy.
A Public Domain Dynamic Mouse FDG MicroPET Image Data Set for Evaluation and Validation of Input Function Derivation Methods

A set of over 20 dynamic mouse FDG microPET images has been collected experimentally at UCLA and is made available to the public on the Internet. Accompanying each dynamic image set also is the radioactivity measurements of multiple sequential blood samples taken during the study. The data are expected to be useful for investigators who want to know more about the characteristics of dynamic mouse FDG microPET images before doing their own experiments, and will be especially useful for those who are interested in developing image-based methods for deriving blood activity curves from dynamic mouse microPET images.
Alcohol problems in later life: evaluation of a model community education program.

Described is the development and evaluation of a three hour multi-media community education program on alcohol problems in later life. Designed for families, older adults and service providers, the program provides information and skills needed to recognize and to take appropriate action with regard to alcohol abuse among the elderly. Compared to a control group, program participants had significant gains in knowledge and in their intent to take appropriate action in response to alcohol problems. Language: en
Synthesis and characterization of soluble concanavalin A oligomer

Concanavalin A, (Con A, MW 26,500/monomer unit) was crosslinked with glutaraldehyde to form soluble, high-molecular-weight (larger than MW 300,000) Con A Oligomers. After filtration to remove insoluble and low-molecular-weight portions (below 300,000 daltons), the size and molecular-weight distribution were characterized by laser light scattering and gel-filtration chromatography. The molecular-size determined by laser light scattering ranged from 870 to 4070 A, while the molecular weight determined by gel chromatography ranged from 6 × 105 to higher than 2 × 106 daltons. The affinity and kinetics of Con A oligomer binding to polysaccharide (glycogen) were evaluated by precipitation test and turbidity development, respectively. The binding with glycogen was strongest at neutral pH and showed similar activity to unmodified Con A molecules. The binding constants of α-D-glucose and succinyl-aminophenyl α-D glucopyranoside-insulin to Con A oligomer were 1.0 × 103M−1 and 4.5 × 104M−1, respectively and the binding capacity of the oligomer was nearly 85% to 95% of monomeric Con A. The complexes of saccharides and soluble Con A oligomer were stable for at least 7 days. © 1993 Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Embryonic Stem Cell Grafting in Normal and Infarcted Myocardium: Serial Assessment with MR Imaging and PET Dual Detection

Purpose: To use magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and positron emission tomography (PET) dual detection of cardiac-grafted embryonic stem cells (ESCs) to examine (a) survival and proliferation of ESCs in normal and infarcted myocardium, (b) host macrophage versus grafted ESC contribution to serial MR imaging signal over time, and (c) cardiac function associated with the formation of grafts and whether improvement in cardiac function is related to cardiac differentiation of ESCs. Materials and Methods: All animal procedures were approved by the institutional animal care and use committee. Murine ESCs were stably transfected with a mutant version of herpes simplex virus type 1 thymidine kinase, HSV1-sr39tk, and also were labeled with superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) particles. Cells were injected directly in the border zone of the infarcted heart or in corresponding regions of normal hearts in athymic rats. PET and MR imaging were performed longitudinally for 4 weeks in the same animals. Results: ESCs survived and underwent proliferation in the infarcted and normal hearts, as demonstrated by serial increases in 9-(4-[18F]fluoro-3-hydroxymethylbutyl) guanine PET signals. In parallel, the hypointense areas on MR images at the injection sites decreased over time. Double staining for host macrophages and SPIO particles revealed that the majority of SPIO-containing cells were macrophages at week 4 after injection. Left ventricular ejection fraction increased in the ESC-treated rats but decreased in culture media–treated rats, and border-zone function was preserved in ESC-treated animals; however, cardiac differentiation of ESCs was less than 0.5%. Conclusion: Dual-modality imaging permits complementary information in regard to cell survival and proliferation, graft formation, and effects on cardiac function. © RSNA, 2009
Mitochondrial transduction of ocular teratogenesis during methylmercury exposure.

Background The purpose of the present study was to investigate the correlation between MeHg developmental toxicity and mitochondrial 16S ribosomal RNA (16S rRNA) expression in the embryonic forebrain and pharmacological intervention with PK11195, a ligand for the mitochondrial peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptor (Bzrp). Methods Pregnant CD-1 mice were dosed with methylmercury (II) chloride (MeHg) with or without 4 mg/kg PK11195 on Day 9 of gestation. Fetuses were examined on Day 9 (RT-PCR), Day 15 (histology), and Day 17 (teratology). Results MeHg (10 mg/kg) induced microcephaly, microphthalmia and cleft palate. The mean incidences of malformed fetuses were 47.7% with MeHg (P < 0.001) and 19.2% with PK11195 co-treatment (P < 0.01 for rescue). Cleft palates were 12.8% and 1.5%, respectively. An estimate of neurocranial circumference revealed a small (5%) but highly significant (P < 0.001) reduction that was rescued in a subset of co-treated fetuses (P < 0.05). RT-PCR analysis of the Day 9 forebrain revealed inhibition of 16S rRNA expression 3.0 hr after 5 mg/kg MeHg exposure (P < 0.001). This effect was rescued with PK11195 (P < 0.001). Preliminary findings revealed a similar response-rescue in cultured embryos exposed to 1 μM Hg(II) when exogenous 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) was added. Protoporphyrin-IX (PP9), the penultimate precursor to heme and an endogenous ligand of the Bzrp, increased in a manner that was ALA-dependent and PK11195-sensitive. Conclusion At least some teratological effects of Hg appear linked with late steps in the heme biosynthesis pathway through the Bzrp. PK11195, a ligand for these mitochondrial receptors, significantly lessens the risk of microphthalmia, microcephaly, and cleft palate in Hg-poisoned embryos. Teratology 65:131–144, 2002. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Infant distress: moving toward concept clarity.

Infants’ inability to articulate their pain and distress and the diverse range of behavioral responses evoked by painful stimuli may partially explain the challenges associated with the treatment o...
Sharp Thresholds for High-Dimensional and Noisy Sparsity Recovery Using $\ell _{1}$ -Constrained Quadratic Programming (Lasso)

The problem of consistently estimating the sparsity pattern of a vector beta* isin Rp based on observations contaminated by noise arises in various contexts, including signal denoising, sparse approximation, compressed sensing, and model selection. We analyze the behavior of l1-constrained quadratic programming (QP), also referred to as the Lasso, for recovering the sparsity pattern. Our main result is to establish precise conditions on the problem dimension p, the number k of nonzero elements in beta*, and the number of observations n that are necessary and sufficient for sparsity pattern recovery using the Lasso. We first analyze the case of observations made using deterministic design matrices and sub-Gaussian additive noise, and provide sufficient conditions for support recovery and linfin-error bounds, as well as results showing the necessity of incoherence and bounds on the minimum value. We then turn to the case of random designs, in which each row of the design is drawn from a N (0, Sigma) ensemble. For a broad class of Gaussian ensembles satisfying mutual incoherence conditions, we compute explicit values of thresholds 0 0, if n > 2 (thetasu + delta) klog (p- k), then the Lasso succeeds in recovering the sparsity pattern with probability converging to one for large problems, whereas for n < 2 (thetasl - delta)klog (p - k), then the probability of successful recovery converges to zero. For the special case of the uniform Gaussian ensemble (Sigma = Iptimesp), we show that thetasl = thetas<u = 1, so that the precise threshold n = 2 klog(p- k) is exactly determined.
Structural aspects of adipose tissue: A summary attempting to synthesize the information contained in the preceding chapters

The sections in this article are: 1 Structural Considerations 1.1 Structural “Obstacles” to Lipid Transport 1.2 Structural Specialization of Fat Cells 2 Lipid Storage 3 Lipid Mobilization 4 Accumulation of Lipid 5 Histogenesis of Fat Cells
Progression of Pneumocystis jiroveci Pneumonia in Patients Receiving Echinocandin Therapy

Echinocandins are a novel class of antifungal drugs that target beta (1, 3)-D-glucan synthesis. Animal studies have shown that these agents have activity against Pneumocystis jiroveci infection; however, clinical data are lacking. We reviewed all cases of proven P. jiroveci pneumonia (PCP) in non-human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients at our hospital over a 5 year period (2001-2005). Two patients received conventional PCP treatment and concomitant use of echinocandins for presumed invasive aspergillus. In both cases, PCP progressed, and the patient died. The use of echinocandins in the prevention or treatment of PCP cannot be recommended without evidence to support their effectiveness.
Tiled Composite Laminates

This article describes our efforts to develop a meso-scale in-plane tiling technique for fiber-reinforced composite laminates. Such a technique expands the design space of the laminate, and the ability to tailor local laminate properties may provide a means, for example, to mitigate stress concentrations that arise in places such as along free edges of the laminate. Preliminary fabrication of tiled laminates produced material with an elastic modulus that is nearly equal to that of continuously reinforced laminates; however, the strength of these first specimens was significantly reduced. Finite element analyses were then performed to charac- terize the effects of features unique to tiled composite laminates, such as the existence of resin-rich tile-to-tile interfaces, and to explore the effects of relative arrangement of tiles through the thickness of the laminate. This led to a novel composite joint geometry as well as recommendations to minimize strength reduction. Strength retention of laminates fabricated using the new design guidelines was experimentally found to exceed 92% in comparison with the traditional analogs. Finally, we discuss the potential application of composite tiling for the suppression of free-edge delamination.
Democratic Consolidation and Its Limits in Korea: Dilemmas of Cooptation

Abstract This article uses dilemmas of cooptation to explain progress and limits in South Korea9s democratic consolidation since its transition to democracy in 1987. The series of cooptations employed by both conservative and liberal forces has helped to consolidate democracy but also to limit the extent of democratic reforms.
Adaptive bolus chasing Computed Tomography Angiography: Modeling, identification, control and experimental results

In a Computed Tomography Angiography (CTA) exam, synchronization of contrast peak in the vasculature and the x-ray aperture is highly desirable. The current existing method of moving CT scanner table constantly is far from ideal and needs large amount of contrast material for compensation. We propose an adaptive bolus chasing method, which ensures a high Contrast to Noise Ratio (CNR) of the vascular images in CTA and potentially reduces the radiation exposure and contrast usage. The proposed method is based on a local time and space parameter varying model of the contrast bolus. Optimal scan time for the next segment of the vasculature is estimated and predicted in real time and guides the CT scanner table movement which guarantees that each segment of the vasculature is scanned with the maximum possible enhancement. Simulation and experimental results show that the proposed bolus-chasing method outperforms the conventional constant-speed method substantially.
Assessing the threat to montane biodiversity from discordant shifts in temperature and precipitation in a changing climate.

Mountains are centres of global biodiversity, endemism and threatened species. Elevational gradients present opportunities for species currently living near their upper thermal limits to track cooler temperatures upslope in warming climates, but only if changes in precipitation are sufficiently in step with temperature. We model local population extirpation risk for a range of temperature and precipitation scenarios over the next 100 years for 16 848 vertebrate species populations distributed along 156 elevational gradients. Average population extirpation risks due to warming alone were < 5%, but increased 10-fold, on average, when changes in precipitation were also considered. Under the driest scenarios (minimum predicted precipitation), local extirpation risks increased sharply (50‐60%) and were especially worrisome for hydrophilic amphibians and montane Latin America (c. 80%). Realistic assessment of risks urgently requires improved monitoring of precipitation, better regional precipitation models and more research on the effects of changes in precipitation on montane distributions.
Enhancing Student Understanding of Environmental Sciences Research

E NGAGING students in original inquiry or research is a cornerstone of the national science education reform movement (AAAS 1993; NRC 1996). Ideally, students should participate in each step of the research process, starting with defining a research question and proceeding through carrying out experiments, analyzing and interpreting data, and raising new questions based on their results (Moss et al. 1998). Students who conduct research generally develop a better understanding of science content and processes than do students whose exposure has been limited to traditional classroom science teaching (SRI 1997). However, even students who have conducted all phases of a research project may not have an opportunity to reflect on and discuss key issues in the practice of science, and thus may have an unrealistic picture of how scientists actually conduct research. They may miss key understandings of the "sociology of science," such as science can be "messy" or "fuzzy" and involves creativity and making decisions; scientists often work collaboratively; and an experiment does not always give a definitive answer to the original research question (AAAS 1993; Cunningham & Helms 1998). Students are more likely to gain accurate insights into the nature of scientific research if, in addition to conducting a research project, they also have a framework for discussing and reflecting on concepts related to research (Friedler & Tamir 1986). As part of a summer enrichment program for high ability 111 graders, we developed a class project designed to give students experience conducting research and to enhance their understanding of the sociology of science. The research project focused on the impact of non-indigenous worms on forest soils. We used a series of readings, joumal-writing exercises, and class discussions to address one key sociological understanding of science-the importance of investigator judgment and creativity at all stages of the research process.
Kidney transplantation for rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis.

Abstract Two patients oliguric from rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis received successful kidney grafts from cadaver donors. Each had poststreptococcal immune-complex nephritis. They both tolerated periodic haemodialysis and bilateral nephrectomy well. One patient, despite stable renal function, has had persistent proteinuria since transplantation. Examination of a biopsy specimen, taken 2 years after grafting, showed electron-dense deposits consistent with recurrent immune-complex disease, but no proliferative glomerulonephritis. Patients with renal failure from poststreptococcal rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis can be treated successfully by haemodialysis and transplantation.
Assessment of heat production, heat loss, and core temperature during nitrous oxide exposure: a new paradigm for studying drug effects and opponent responses

Studies using core temperature (Tc) have contributed greatly to theoretical explanations of drug tolerance and its relationship to key features of addiction, including dependence, withdrawal, and r...
Quantification of zooplankton trophic position in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre using stable nitrogen isotopes

We quantify the trophic positions of subtropical open-ocean zooplankton species using amino acid–specific (AA) stable nitrogen isotopic compositions. We model animal trophic position by computing trophic 15N enrichment of glutamic acid relative to phenylalanine, and find that trophic position for primary copepod consumers (Oithona spp., Neocalanus robustior) and secondary copepod consumers (Pleuromamma xiphias and Euchaeta rimana) varied little over a 5–10-yr period in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre (NPSG; mean 6 SD: 2.1 6 0.1 and 2.9 6 0.1, respectively). Comparison of AA 15N enrichment patterns in different copepod species suggests that trophic 15 N enrichment is most consistent in glutamic acid, aspartic acid, and alanine, ‘‘trophic’’ AAs that are intimately involved in the citric acid cycle and energy production. We further test equations involving these trophic AAs and ‘‘source’’ AAs (which appear to retain the nitrogen isotopic composition of the food-web base), and find that such compound-specific models give results that are identical to those calculated using whole-animal (bulk) stable isotopic compositions. However the benefits of our AA-based approach (i.e., the relatively few samples needed for precise TP estimation, elimination of the need for concurrent prey isotopic analyses, and the ability to utilize formalin-preserved specimens from archived collections), make this a powerful technique for the quantitative assessment of trophic position within the pelagic food web. We further discuss how stable isotopic analyses provide a new perspective on the structure of open-ocean food webs and can be used to trace large seasonal fluctuations in nitrogen source in the NPSG.
Accounting for Risk and Return in Equity Valuation

Standard valuation models forecast cash flows or earnings, add a growth rate, and discount the cash flows to their present value with a discount rate that typically reflects the cost of capital. But as the author argues, projecting the long-term growth rate is essentially speculative; and along with uncertainty about the growth rate, analysts generally do not have a good grasp of the discount rate either. Thus, instead of reducing uncertainty, these two features effectively compound uncertainty in valuations in the sense that slight changes in the growth rate or discount rate can change the valuation considerably. In this article, the author proposes an alternative approach that views the investor's problem as one of challenging the speculations that are built into the current market price, particularly the speculation about growth. Rather than building in a speculative growth rate (and thereby treating it as if it were a certainty), the author's approach turns the problem on its head by using an accounting analysis of the firm's current earnings and cash flows that provides a basis for recognizing the speculative component of the current stock price. More specifically, the author's analysis identifies the future earnings growth path that is implied by the market price, which can then be evaluated with the question: Do I want to pay for this growth? Because growth expectations are risky, additional analysis can be used to provide an understanding of the risk and return to buying growth, and of the upside and downside if risk growth expectations are not realized. By taking such an approach, investors incorporate their understanding of risk not by increasing the discount rate, but by recognizing that the primary risk in investing is the risk of overpaying for growth.
New Applications for Polymer Overlays

Polymer concrete (PC) overlays have proven to be a very effective method of extending the lives of bridge decks and improving skid resistance. Many states in the U.S have specifications and have used overlays on hundreds of bridge decks. Multiple-layer epoxy, epoxy and methacrylate slurry, and polyester premixed overlays have been widely used. One of the keys to successful performance is surface preparation. The very light weight, water tightness, good skid resistance, excellent bond to concrete, and excellent durability have made PC overlays a very sustainable solution for increasing the life of bridges and parking garages, But in recent years very thin overlays referred to as high-friction surface treatments (HFST) have been widely used to provide skid resistance for asphalt pavements in high accident zones, particularly on horizontal curves. Several state departments of transportation (DOTs) have reported very significant reductions in accidents after HFST have been applied. The total length of the application is often only a few hundred meters or less. The cost, when compared to other remedial measures, has been very competitive. The treatments are very similar to very thin slurry overlays. The purpose is not to structurally rehabilitate the pavement, but to provide increased skid resistance for safety. There is also an increased use of thin overlays to provide color for applications including pedestrian and bicycle lanes, bus lanes, entrance and exit ramps, cross walks, and rail road crossings. There are few standards in the U.S. for colors in various applications or for where color should be used. But these thin overlays provide high visibility, skid resistance, and long life. A discussion of these applications, materials and installation methods, and where available, costs, will be presented.
Louder Than Words

LOUDER THAN WORDS is a cross-cultural, intergenerational art collective that targets sexual assault, domestic violence, women's reproductive health, and homophobia by combining activism with courag...
Infectious Complications of Circumcision and Their Prevention

Abstract Context A growing body of evidence supports the health benefits of circumcision, but the occurrence of infectious complications is of concern. Objective To review literature presenting past data and studies of infectious complications of circumcision and their prevention. Evidence acquisition A literature search was conducted of the Cochrane Library, Embase, Turning Research into Practice, PubMed, and Medline databases from their inception through June 25, 2015. Results were closely evaluated, and articles and documents that were not pertinent or redundant were excluded. Evidence synthesis Although uncommon, local, systemic, and toxin-related infectious complications of circumcision represent a significant clinical problem. In general, untrained providers create more infectious and noninfectious complications when performing male circumcision than do well-trained providers, regardless of whether they are physicians, nurses, or traditional religious providers. Local complications include staphylococcal and streptococcal infections, cellulitis, impetigo, pyoderma, necrotizing fasciitis, scalded skin syndrome (staphylococcal), Fournier gangrene, glanular necrosis, scrotal abscess, and peritonitis. Ritual circumcision is rarely associated with acquisition of tuberculosis, diphtheria, or herpes virus. Systemic infectious complications include bacteremia, wound sepsis, and meningitis. Circumcision has also been associated with neonatal and adult tetanus. Conclusions Infectious complications following circumcision should be reduced with trained and competent practitioners performing the procedure using sterile techniques. Patient summary Complications of circumcision represent a significant problem. Male circumcision should be performed by trained, competent practitioners using sterile techniques and effective pain management.
Negation in Colonial Valley Zapotec

This paper presents an overview of negation in Colonial Valley Zapotec (CVZ) based on a corpus of texts written in Valley Zapotec between 1565 and 1808. There are four negative markers in CVZ, two bound (ya=, qui=) and two free (aca, yaca). Standard negation employs a negative word and an optional clitic, =ti. Understanding the syntax of an historical form of Valley Zapotec allows us to make some observations about related forms in modern Valley Zapotec languages, in particular San Lucas Quiavini Zapotec (SLQZ). For example, the morpheme =ti, which is required in clausal negation in SLQZ, is not obligatory in any negative constructions in CVZ until around 1800. In Vellon 1808, the youngest text in the corpus, we observe =ti required in one type of clausal negation. This allows us to observe details of the development of the modern Valley Zapotec negation system, including the fact that the remaining changes leading to obligatory =ti in clausal negation in SLQZ must have occurred within the last 200 years.
Embedding Polanyi's Market Society

Karl Polanyi remains one of the most trenchant critics of neoclassical economics. His "embeddedness" thesis, which holds that all economic activities and institutions are enmeshed in social relations and institutions, offers a sound theoretical basis for economic sociology. None- theless, he fails to embed the market concept. This theoretical lacuna man- ifests itself in his classic account of the rise of market society in England, The Great Transformation ((19441 1957), where he neglects to consider institutional diversity and discontinuities in English commercial develop- ment. Polanyi's embeddedness thesis can be taken to its logical conclusion; that is, even the market can be embedded. "Markets" can be treated as social networks or organizations constituted by traders. I offer as an empiri- cal illustration a brief case study of the rise of "market society" in England. Karl Polanyi remains one of the most cogent critics of neoclassical economics.1 He emphasizes the embeddedness of economic activities and institutions and the historical relativity of economic concepts. Nonetheless, he leaves the core concept of the market unchallenged. Despite his embeddedness thesis, market exchange remains a disembedded concept. In this paper, I propose that his argument should be taken to its logical conclusion-that all economic activities and institutions are embedded in social relations. A sociological foundation should be laid for the core of economic theory, the concept of the market. The project is to analyze the nature of markets, hitherto an unquestioned assump- tion, as historically variable social organizations constituted by traders. Thus, my critical examination of Polanyi's economic sociology serves as a step toward constructing a sociological alternative to the neoclassical conception of the mar- ket. The organization of this essay is as follows. First, I delineate the main contours of Polanyi's economic sociology. I stress that he accepts the neoclassical concept of the market and thereby cedes the analysis of contemporary "market" econo-