cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Tea Party: Grassroots Conservatism in the Obama Years & Into the Trump Presidency

The Tea Party is an contemporary American political movement that combines elements of mainstream Republican ideology, such as support for the War on Drugs and lowering taxes; libertarianism, such as drastically shrinking the state and opposing the unionization of workers; and anti-immigrant, pro-Medicare/Social Security populism to form a political nexus that has not been seen before in American political history. From the movement’s “birth” in 2009 to today, the Tea Party has had an active role in changing American politics, particularly in the 2010 congressional elections and the 2016 presidential election. With Tea Party backing, 44 congressional candidates won election in 2010, including 5 Senators, 4 Senators in 2012, and multiple Governors between 2010 and 2016. Despite the end of the House’s Tea Party Caucus and with only a few dozen still in Congress, the Tea Party has reshaped the Republican Party, facilitating a rapid shift in American conservatism and propelling Donald Trump to the White House. In this paper, I will analyze the factors that led to the rise of the Tea Party, their political ideology and stances, the makeup of their voting bloc, their connection to organizations that are openly bigoted and hostile to the federal government, an analysis of several of prominent Tea Party politicians, how the bloc of Tea Party voters contributed to the popularity surge for 2016 Republican candidate Donald Trump, and how the Tea Party’s bloc of voters influenced the Trump presidency while their tactics influenced the anti-Trump Resistance.
Effects of Intense Pulsed Light on Tear Film TGF-β and Microbiome in Ocular Rosacea with Dry Eye.

Purpose To assess tear film transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) and ocular microbiome changes after intense pulsed light with meibomian gland expression (IPL-MGX) vs only MGX in treating ocular rosacea with dry eye symptoms. Methods Twenty patients were randomly assigned to IPL-MGX or MGX. Patients were examined, treated, and administered the ocular surface disease index (OSDI) survey every 4-6 weeks for four total treatments. Tear film and conjunctival samples were collected at first and last visits, and analyzed for TGF-β concentration and 16s rRNA amplicon sequencing of ocular microbiome. Wilcoxon Rank Sum and Sign-Rank were used to examine changes from baseline. Results OSDI revealed significantly greater improvement in symptoms after IPL-MGX (p=0.030) compared to MGX. There was no significant difference in mean TGF-β1, 2, or 3 concentration after IPL-MGX (p=0.385, 0.709, 0.948, respectively). Quantities of Clostridium, Klebsiella, Brevibacterium, Lactobacillus, Neisseria, Streptococcus, Corynebacterium, Butyricicoccus, and Actinomyces were significantly reduced from baseline in both groups but without a significant difference between the two treatment groups. Conclusion IPL-MGX improved dry eye symptoms more than MGX alone. IPL treatment offered no additional benefit to MGX in decreasing virulent bacteria present on the ocular surface and did not influence TGF-β levels in tears. Prospective studies on IPL-MGX with larger sample sizes are needed to further investigate cytokines and IPL in patients suffering from ocular rosacea with dry eye symptoms. ClinicalTrialsgov Identifier NCT03194698.
Engineering advanced logic and distributed computing in human CAR immune cells

The immune system is a sophisticated network of different cell types performing complex biocomputation at single-cell and consortium levels. The ability to reprogram such an interconnected multicellular system holds enormous promise in treating various diseases, as exemplified by the use of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells as cancer therapy. However, most CAR designs lack computation features and cannot reprogram multiple immune cell types in a coordinated manner. Here, leveraging our split, universal, and programmable (SUPRA) CAR system, we develop an inhibitory feature, achieving a three-input logic, and demonstrate that this programmable system is functional in diverse adaptive and innate immune cells. We also create an inducible multi-cellular NIMPLY circuit, kill switch, and a synthetic intercellular communication channel. Our work highlights that a simple split CAR design can generate diverse and complex phenotypes and provide a foundation for engineering an immune cell consortium with user-defined functionalities.
Magneto-rotational dissociation of heavy hadrons in relativistic heavy-ion collisions

Abstract A heavy hadron traversing Quark-Gluon Plasma and dragged along in rotational motion is subject to the Lorentz and centrifugal forces. The Lorentz force, sourced by the valence quarks of heavy-ions, possesses the electric and magnetic components in the hadron comoving frame. The electric component renders the hadron unstable by empowering one of its quarks to tunnel through the potential barrier. Assuming that the magnetic field is parallel to the plasma vorticity, the hadron dissociation probability is computed using the Imaginary Time Method and is found to strongly depend on the sign of the quark electric charge. The dissociation probability monotonically increases as a function of vorticity for negative electric charges, whereas for positive charges it exhibits a minimum at a finite value of vorticity. The dissociation probability for the negative charges is larger than for the positive ones at the same magnetic field and vorticity. In relativistic heavy-ion collisions this implies lower abundance of the negatively charged hadrons as compared to the positively charges ones. This effect is significant at moderate collision energies where the plasma vorticity is comparable or larger than the synchrotron frequency.
D-linking and the semantics of wh-in-situ

Theories of pair-list readings of multiple wh-questions commonly posit an interpretive asymmetry between the fronted and in-situ wh-phrases, where the fronted wh-phrase is argued to function as the sortal key, have a requirement to be interpreted exhaustively, or be obligatorily D-linked. To clarify the empirical landscape of such debate, I present three experiments which tease apart the effects of these often-confounded discourse factors on the order and interpretation of multiple wh-questions. They are found to have either inconsistent or insignificant effects, arguing against a unique discourse-sensitivity of the fronted wh-phrase. Theories of questions which encode such an asymmetry should accordingly be revised.
The Campylobacter jejuni CadF and FlpA fibronectin binding proteins facilitate signaling via host cell focal adhesions to inhibit cell motility and impede wound repair

Campylobacter jejuni is a major foodborne pathogen that exploits the focal adhesions of intestinal cells to promote invasion and cause severe gastritis. Focal adhesions are multiprotein complexes involved in bidirectional signaling between the actin cytoskeleton and the extracellular matrix. We investigated the dynamics of focal adhesion structure and function in C. jejuni infected cells using a comprehensive set of approaches, including confocal microscopy of live and fixed cells, immunoblots, and super-resolution iPALM. We found that C. jejuni infection of epithelial cells results in an increased focal adhesion size and altered topology. The changes resulted in a persistent modulatory effect on the host cell focal adhesion, as evidenced by an increase in cell adhesion strength, a decrease in individual cell motility, and a reduction of collective host cell migration. We discovered that C. jejuni infection causes an increase in phosphorylation of paxillin and an alteration in paxillin assembly/disassembly from the focal adhesion, which together represent a potential mechanistic basis for altered cell motility. Finally, we found that a deletion of the cadF and flpA genes, which encode the two fibronectin-binding proteins, blunts paxillin phosphorylation and partially re-establishes individual host cell motility and collective cell migration. These findings provide a putative mechanistic basis for the restricted intestinal repair observed in C. jejuni-infected animals and raise the possibility that bacterial adhesins that target extracellular matrix components can alter cell behavior after bacterial binding and internalization by manipulating focal adhesions.
Cation and anion topotactic transformations in cobaltite thin films leading to Ruddlesden-Popper phases

Author(s): Chiu, IT; Lee, MH; Cheng, S; Zhang, S; Heki, L; Zhang, Z; Mohtashami, Y; Lapa, PN; Feng, M; Shafer, P; N'Diaye, AT; Mehta, A; Schuller, JA; Galli, G; Ramanathan, S; Zhu, Y; Schuller, IK; Takamura, Y | Abstract: Topotactic transformations involve structural changes between related crystal structures due to a loss or gain of material while retaining a crystallographic relationship. The perovskite oxide La0.7Sr0.3CoO3 (LSCO) is an ideal system for investigating phase transformations due to its high oxygen vacancy conductivity, relatively low oxygen vacancy formation energy, and strong coupling of the magnetic and electronic properties to the oxygen stoichiometry. While the transition between cobaltite perovskite and brownmillerite (BM) phases has been widely reported, further reduction beyond the BM phase lacks systematic studies. In this paper, we study the evolution of the physical properties of LSCO thin films upon exposure to highly reducing environments. We observe the rarely reported crystalline Ruddlesden-Popper phase, which involves the loss of both oxygen anions and cobalt cations upon annealing where the cobalt is found as isolated Co ions or Co nanoparticles. First-principles calculations confirm that the concurrent loss of oxygen and cobalt ions is thermodynamically possible through an intermediary BM phase. The strong correlation of the magnetic and electronic properties to the crystal structure highlights the potential of utilizing ion migration as a basis for emerging applications such as neuromorphic computing.
Teleoperating Multi-robot Furniture

This paper presents the first study evaluating methods in remote teleoperation of multi-robot furniture for realistic applications. In a within-subjects user study (N = 12), we tested two robot control methods designed to work at different levels of abstraction in a custom web-based user interface (UI): clicking and dragging to indicate a desired position and orientation for a single ChairBot (“set goal”), and selecting from a list of preset arrangements for multiple ChairBots (“select arrangement”). Participants were asked to use this UI to rearrange ChairBots in a living room across three birthday-themed arrangement prompts. We found overlapping preferences for how distinct participants set of the room for particular party phases, and received high experience and usability ratings for the novel web-based multi-ChairBot controller design. Self-reported survey responses suggest that our design is easy to learn and usable. Our works provides insight to future controls design for and research on multi-robot furniture systems.
Trainee Perceptions of Live Supervision Phone-Ins

ABSTRACT This paper describes a phenomenological inquiry into trainees' perceptions of phone-ins during live supervision. Using a phenomenological qualitative research design, the authors interviewed doctoral level trainees to gather an understanding of their perceptions regarding the use of phone-ins as a supervisory tool in marriage and family therapy training. Four major themes emerged from the interviews-how phone-ins are used, the effect of phone-ins on clients, the effect of phone-ins on trainees, and the effect of the supervisor-trainee relationships on the use of phone-ins. From these themes emerged profiles of the positive and the negative qualities of supervisors. Recommendations are also provided for the anatomy of a good phone-in.
Prognosis in infantile eczema

The result of a postal follow-up of children who had been treated for infantile eezema in the Children’s Hospital, Temple St. during the years 1932–45 is reported. It was possible to analyse the subsequent history of 42 children.
State Regulation and Administrative Flexibility at Public Universities.

Have regulatory practices changed in the past decade and does flexibility make a difference in campus effectiveness? This study first measures the academic, personnel, and financial dimensions of state regulation, as well as the changes that have occurred since 1983. Second, this study examines the relationship between state regulation and various state characteristics, and tests the hypothesis that state characteristics have an effect on the level of flexibility granted to university campuses. Third, the research analyzes the relationship between state regulation and campus characteristics, and examines whether the level of campus flexibility is associated with measures of university quality.
The impact of radiographic retropharyngeal adenopathy in oropharyngeal cancer.

BACKGROUND We performed this study to define the incidence of radiographic retropharyngeal lymph node (RPLN) involvement in oropharyngeal cancer (OPC) and its impact on clinical outcomes, neither of which has been well established to date. METHODS Our departmental database was queried for patients irradiated for OPC between 2001 and 2007. Analyzable patients were those with imaging data available for review to determine radiographic RPLN status. Demographic, clinical, and outcome data were retrieved and analyzed. RESULTS The cohort consisted of 981 patients. The median follow-up was 69 months. The base of the tongue (47%) and the tonsil (46%) were the most common primary sites. The majority of patients had stage T1 to T2 primary tumors (64%), and 94% had stage 3 to 4B disease. Intensity-modulated radiation therapy was used in 77% of patients, and systemic therapy was administered in 58% of patients. The incidence of radiographic RPLN involvement was 10% and was highest for the pharyngeal wall (23%) and lowest for the base of the tongue (6%). RPLN adenopathy correlated with several patient and tumor factors. RPLN involvement was associated with poorer 5-year outcomes on univariate analysis (P<.001 for all) for local control (79% vs 92%), nodal control (80% vs 93%), recurrence-free survival (51% vs 81%), distant metastases-free survival (66% vs 89%), and overall survival (52% vs 82%) and maintained significance on multivariate analysis for local control (P = .023), recurrence-free survival (P = .001), distant metastases-free survival (P = .003), and overall survival (P = .001). CONCLUSIONS In this cohort of nearly 1000 patients with radiographic RPLN adenopathy in OPC, RPLN involvement was observed in 10% of patients and indicates a negative influence on disease recurrence, distant relapse, and survival. In this cohort of nearly 1000 patients investigating radiographic RPLN adenopathy in OPC, RPLN involvement was observed in 10% of patients and portends a negative influence on disease recurrence, distant relapse, and survival. Cancer 2013;119:3162–3169. © 2013 American Cancer Society.
Chapter 2 - Spaces of Metrics and Curvature Functionals*

This chapter discusses the spaces of metrics and curvature functionals. Two C ∞ metrics on the same manifold may well have very different curvature properties; the case of a bump in the plane can be considered. The component functions g ij of two metrics may be C 0 or C 1 close but not C 2 close, so their curvatures would not be C 0 close. Similarly, the curvature of the sum of two metrics is not related to the curvature of the individual summands. The chapter presents a result of H. Wu on Hermitian metrics. The functional A(g) , B(g) , and D(g) are discussed in the chapter. Metrics of constant curvature and Kahler metrics of constant holomorphic curvature are critical points of D(g). Also, a canonical invariant metric on a compact semisimple Lie group is a critical point of D(g). The chapter discusses the subspaces of metrics associated to a symplectic or contact structure and to other functionals.
Injury Frequency and Head Restraint Effectiveness in Rear-End Impact Accidents

All of the rear-end impact accidents occurring in the City of Rochester, New York, in a three-month period were surveyed by tabliation of the police accident reports. Special police information forms, telephone interviews, and mail questionnaires were used for further data acquisition. Vehicle photographs and medical examinations were conducted for approximately every 20th vehicle. During the data collection period, 691 rear-end impacts occurred. Although a computer program revealed 1371 accidents, defects in the program accounted for the large difference. Whiplash injury frequency based on telephone interview and mail questionnaire data obtained one to seven days after the accident revealed a whiplash frequency of 38%, which was approximately twice that determined by on-scene police investigators. Head restraints reduced whiplash frequency by 14% and fixed head restraints appeared to be more effective. Seventy percent of adjustable head restraints were in the downmost position. Women sustained whiplash injury more frequently (51%) but benefited from head restraints more (whiplash injury frequency 38%). An extensive review of the literature related to whiplash injury and head restraint design and effectiveness is presented. /Author/
Crystalline d-Serine Dehydrase

Abstract A procedure is described for the preparation of crystalline d-serine dehydrase from mutant C6 of Escherichia coli K-12, a constitutive mutant for this enzyme. The molecular weight is 37,300, and 1 mole of pyridoxal 5-phosphate is bound per mole of enzyme. d-Threonine is dehydrated at one-fifth the rate of d-serine, and slight activity is also observed with l-serine and dl-allothreonine.
Genome-wide scan of copy number variation in late-onset Alzheimer's disease.

Alzheimer’s disease is a complex and progressive neurodegenerative disease leading to loss of memory, cognitive impairment, and ultimately death. To date, six large-scale genome-wide association studies have been conducted to identify SNPs that influence disease predisposition. These studies have confirmed the well-known APOE e4 risk allele, identified a novel variant that influences disease risk within the APOE e4 population, found a SNP that modifies the age of disease onset, as well as reported the first sex-linked susceptibility variant. Here we report a genome-wide scan of Alzheimer’s disease in a set of 331 cases and 368 controls, extending analyses for the first time to include assessments of copy number variation. In line with previous reports, no new SNPs show genome-wide significance. We also screened for effects of copy number variation, and while nothing was significant, a duplication in CHRNA7 appears interesting enough to warrant further investigation.
Energy and energy policy: chemistry's role.

This supplement to the Chemistry Central Journal (CCJ) is meant to serve at least two functions. One, consistent with the long-term goal of this journal, is to bring to its audience the full span of topics and areas in which chemistry plays a key role, even if it is not the only key contributing subject. Obviously energy is very much such a subject; chemistry plays an integral role in the acquisition, generation, distribution and efficient use of energy. But its role is only fully meaningful when chemistry’s contributions are integrated with those of other sciences such as climatology, and, every bit as important, with economics, sociology and political decision-making. This brings us to the second function of this supplement. It consists of a set of six papers developed in a course at the University of Chicago in the Fall term of 2010, and then later revised a bit for CCJ. Each paper was the work of an interdisciplinary team, consisting of three to five students; each team had to include at least one student in a natural science and at least one in a social science such as economics or public policy. A primary goal of the course was educating the students, all fourth-year undergraduates or graduate students, in working together across interdisciplinary lines, learning to convey the relevant concepts of their own field to others in very different fields and to integrate the concepts from very different areas to come to a coherent analysis of their chosen topic. Each team made a progress report to the class midway through the term, and then made a final presentation in one of the last sessions. Students were encouraged to ask questions and make critical comments about papers prepared by other teams. Each team could choose a topic from a list of suggestions or request approval of a topic of their own invention. The papers selected for this supplement were ones deemed particularly relevant by the two people giving the course, Professor George Tolley, an economist, and myself. Both of us have worked for many years in various aspects of energy, and a good fraction of that work was done together. It might be relevant here, to give a sense of the environment in which the papers were written, to point out that Professor Tolley and I agreed on some things and openly disagreed and argued in class about some other things. So these papers were written in a context in which questioning, challenging and testing ideas was pervasive. And the course continues!
Special session: Agents for STEM change — Articulating the goals of our community

Engineering and Computer Science (E&CS) Education is an emerging discipline with a brief history and the unfortunate particularity that many folks outside our discipline are confused as to our purpose. In this special session, we will use two case studies to frame the larger questions around E&CS Education goals and help draw the conversation from practice to philosophy while creating a safe space for open conversation.
Experimental and contextual models of program evaluation

Abstract Evaluation research is one of the most rapidly evolving fields of applied behavioral science. As demand for program assessment has increased, the number of alternative evaluation approaches has also grown. As a result, everyday practitioners have often lacked sufficient guidelines for the choice of appropriate evaluation strategies. The present paper articulates an underlying epistemological distinction between (a) experimental evaluation models which simplify program realities in generalizable analyses of discrete causes and effects, and (b) contextual evaluation models which holistically examine particular program operations. These two evaluation approaches are directed at different purposes and are applicable to different program settings. A topology of program characteristics (breadth of goals, scope of treatment, specificity of results, and clarity of theory) is developed and linked to the appropriateness of experimental and contextual evaluation.
A reexamination of accounting student learning styles

Abstract This paper provides additional empirical evidence concerning accounting student learning styles as indicated by the revised Learning Style Inventory (LSI-1985; Kolb, 1985b). Subjects were 536 upper-level undergraduate business students, of which 142 were junior and senior accounting majors. Two versions of the LSI-1985 were administered, standard and scrambled. In addition, 91 accounting majors completed the LSI a second time, after a 5-week interval. Results indicate (a) little evidence that accounting majors exhibit characteristic learning styles different from those of other undergraduate business majors; (b) equivocal evidence that a dominant indicated learning style exists among accounting as well as other undergraduate business majors; (c) that the LSI yields rather unstable learning style classifications over time; and (d) that learning style classifications, as well as classification stability over time, are affected by the format of the LSI administered (standard vs. scrambled). Much of this evidence contrasts to that reported previously in the literature based on the original LSI (Kolb, 1976). In view of these results, caution on the further use of the LSI for predictive and classification purposes in accounting education is called for.
A characterization of the Wald distribution

Suppose X is a random variable having an absolutely continuous distribution function F(x). We assume that F(x) has the Wald distribution. A relation between the probability density function of X−1 with that of X is used to characterize the Wald distribution.
Protein antigen purification by preparative protein blotting

Recent reports have described procedures for recovering proteins from nitrocellulose membrane blots, either by dissolution of the membrane with acetone or dimethyl-sulfoxide (DMSO) or by specific desorption of the immobilized proteins with acetonitrile or pyridine. In the current review, various procedures have been evaluated for the recovery of protein antigens from blots on nitrocellulose, Zeta Probe nylon, Immobilon, or glass fiber membranes. The results of this survey indicate that elution with appropriate concentrations of acetonitrile affects equally efficient desorption of proteins bound to nitrocellulose, Zeta Probe, or Immobilon membranes, while formic acid was effective in eluting proteins from glass fiber or Zeta Probe membranes. Although nitrocellulose blots could be dissolved in acetone or DMSO for antigen production, other membrane matrices were resistant to dissolution by organic solvents, except for Immobilon in DMSO. The use of volatile solvents permits the reconstitution of the isolated lyophilized protein into the buffer of choice with retained protein structure or biological activities (e. g. antigenicity). Nitrocellulose appeared to be most versatile for preparative protein blotting because it displays a protein binding capacity equivalent to other membranes, effectively retains a variety of large and small molecular weight proteins, and is compatible with reversible protein staining by Ponceau S.
Ω-Crystallin of the Scallop Lens A DIMERIC ALDEHYDE DEHYDROGENASE CLASS 1/2 ENZYME-CRYSTALLIN

While many of the diverse crystallins of the transparent lens of vertebrates are related or identical to metabolic enzymes, much less is known about the lens crystallins of invertebrates. Here we investigate the complex eye of scallops. Electron microscopic inspection revealed that the anterior, single layered corneal epithelium overlying the cellular lens contains a regular array of microvilli that we propose might contribute to its optical properties. The sole crystallin of the scallop eye lens was found to be homologous to Ω-crystallin, a minor crystallin in cephalopods related to aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) class 1/2. Scallop Ω-crystallin (officially designated ALDH1A9) is 55–56% identical to its cephalopod homologues, while it is 67 and 64% identical to human ALDH 2 and 1, respectively, and 61% identical to retinaldehyde dehydrogenase/η-crystallin of elephant shrews. Like other enzyme-crystallins, scallop Ω-crystallin appears to be present in low amounts in non-ocular tissues. Within the scallop eye, immunofluorescence tests indicated that Ω-crystallin expression is confined to the lens and cornea. Although it has conserved the critical residues required for activity in other ALDHs and appears by homology modeling to have a structure very similar to human ALDH2, scallop Ω-crystallin was enzymatically inactive with diverse substrates and did not bind NAD or NADP. In contrast to mammalian ALDH1 and -2 and other cephalopod Ω-crystallins, which are tetrameric proteins, scallop Ω-crystallin is a dimeric protein. Thus, ALDH is the most diverse lens enzyme-crystallin identified so far, having been used as a lens crystallin in at least two classes of molluscs as well as elephant shrews.
Victimization and health among indigent young women in the transition to adulthood: a portrait of need.

Abstract Purpose To understand victimization by physical and sexual violence and its association with physical and behavioral health in a probability sample of sheltered homeless and low-income-housed young women in the transition to adulthood (ages 18 through 25). Methods Participants were 224 women ages 18 through 25 who were selected by means of a stratified random sample from 51 temporary shelter facilities (N = 94) and 66 Section 8 private project-based Housing and Urban Development (HUD)-subsidized apartment buildings (N = 130) in Los Angeles County, California. Women completed structured interviews. Results Forty-one percent of the sample had been physically or sexually victimized as children and 51% had been victimized since turning 18. Young women who experienced victimization were significantly ( p Conclusions This study highlights striking rates of victimization and its association with physical and behavioral health problems among indigent young women during the period of emerging adulthood. This portrait of need communicates an urgency to develop multifaceted programs for such women to help them successfully navigate the transition to adulthood and realize their full potential as adults.
BEHAVIOR OF MOIST SOILS IN A THERMAL ENERGY FIELD1

An account is given of the soil thermal resistivity problem faced by the electric power industry and its co-operative engineering solution. Data obtained in this activity and collected from other sources are employed to check the validity of various concepts that hare been developed to explain the phenomena observed when soils, composed of solid, liquid and gaseous phases, are placed in a thermal energy field. It is shown that formulas based on simple parallel or series arrangement of the component phases cannot account for the actual thermal transmission properties of moist soils. Nor can any one of the moisture transfer mechanisms, that have been proposed in explanation of the water movement associated with heat conduction in moist soils, by itself account for the observed magnitudes of thermal conductivity. Analysis of pertinent data renders it very probable that both evaporation-condensation and oriented film mechanisms must be involved in the coupled heat and moisture transport. What really takes place is an intricate interaction of a number of different events that can be understood qualitatively on the basis of the best available knowledge of soil-water interaction and its temperature dependence. Much work, however, remains to be done before a quantitative understanding can even be approached. The nature and magnitude of the remaining scientific problem can be appraised from the following pertinent statement by Szent-Gyorgy. (1958) “The complexity of the situation with its very subtle equilibria makes conditions most colorful and begins to resemble the subtle complexity which characterizes life.”
Single to three-phase conversion by high-leg phase derivation

Since single-phase motors are limited in size and application, electrical power converter devices are used in connecting single-phase utilities with necessary three-phase motor loading and types. This paper explores two novel methods of single to three-phase conversion. Each method relies on creating or deriving a third phase to complement existing singlephase, three-wire configurations. An ideal three-phase voltage source case is modeled and these two cases are compared against the ideal three-phase source conditions. Each case analyzes line and motor current, as well as torque and speed profiles. Required concepts in electrical machinery, power distribution, and power electronics are discussed to familiarize the reader with the proposed conversion techniques. Some concepts are modified for application specific use, but retain basic form and functionality.
The effects of sulfur, silicon, water, and oxygen fugacity on carbon solubility and partitioning in Fe-rich alloy and silicate melt systems at 3 GPa and 1600 °C: Implications for core–mantle differentiation and degassing of magma oceans and reduced planetary mantles

Abstract The partition coefficient of carbon between Fe-rich alloy melt and silicate melt, D C metal / silicate and solubility of C–O–H volatiles in reduced silicate melts are key parameters that need to be quantified in order to constrain the budget and origin of carbon in different planetary reservoirs and subsequent evolution of volatiles in magma oceans (MO) and silicate mantles. In this study, three sets of graphite-saturated experiments have been performed at 3 GPa and 1600 °C to investigate the effects of oxygen fugacity ( f O 2 ), sulfur, silicon, and water on the dissolution and partitioning of carbon between Fe-rich alloy melt and silicate melt. The results show that the presence of 0–5 wt% sulfur in alloy melt does not have considerable effect on carbon solubility (∼5.6 wt%) in alloy melt, determined by electron microprobe, whereas the presence of 0–10 wt% silicon decreases the carbon solubility from ∼5.6 wt% to 1.8 wt%. Carbon solubility (11–192 ppm) in silicate melt, determined by SIMS, is strongly controlled by f O 2 and the bulk water content. Decreasing log ⁡ f O 2 from IW-0.6 to IW-4.7 or increasing bulk water content from 0.07 to 0.55 wt% results in significant increase of carbon solubility in silicate melt. Raman and FTIR spectroscopic analyses of silicate glasses show that the carbon species is mostly methane, which is further confirmed by the strong, positive correlation between the non-carbonate carbon and non-hydroxyl hydrogen in silicate melt. The D C metal / silicate ranging from 180 to 4600 decreases with decreasing f O 2 or increasing bulk water in silicate melt. In addition, increasing Si in alloy melt also decreases D C metal / silicate . Our results demonstrate that f O 2 and bulk water contents in silicate melt play an important role in determining the fractionation of carbon in planetary MO. A reduced, hydrous MO may have led to a considerable fraction of carbon retained in the silicate mantle, whereas an oxidized, dry MO may have lost almost its entire carbon into the core. If delivery of bulk Earth carbon predominantly occurred after >90% of accretion, i.e., in a relatively oxidized MO (IW-2 to IW-1), then with applicable D C metal / silicate > 1000 , most early Earth carbon would also enter the segregating core. Finally, the predominance of methane in reduced silicate melt with f O 2 below IW-1 also indicates that degassing of a hydrous, solidifying MO may have created a reduced early atmosphere, and degassing from lunar and Martian mantle may have released much more methane than carbon dioxide.
Solvent hydrogenation of cottonseed oil

Refined and bleached cottonseed oil was dissolved in a solvent (hexane, isopropyl alcohol, or di-isopropyl ether) and was then hydrogenated in a dead-end hydrogenator. Hydrogenation runs were conducted at temperatures from 115 to 145°C., at hydrogen partial pressures from 44 to 74 p.s.i.a., with catalyst concentrations varying from 0.05 to 0.40% nickel, and at high rates of agitation to climinate mass-transfer resistances. A series of hydrogenation runs was also made in which no solvent was used. The rates of hydrogenation for the various series of runs were in the same order of magnitude but decreased in the following order: nonsolvent, hexane, isopropyl alcohol, and di-isopropyl other runs. Selectivity and isomerization were low in all cases and essentially identical for solvent and nonsolvent runs. The rate of hydrogenation increased in all cases with higher catalyst concentrations. For the isopropanol runs, the reaction rate was maximum as a function of temperature at about 135°C. In the case of the other solvents, the rate of hydrogenation increased with increased temperature in the range from 115 to 145°C., but the rate increases of the solvent runs were less than those of the nonsolvent runs.
Histopathology of benign versus malignant sympathoadrenal paragangliomas: Clinicopathologic study of 120 cases including unusual histologic features

The clinical and pathologic features of 120 adrenal and extraadrenal paragangliomas were studied in an attempt to identify features which might predict malignant behavior. Clinical follow-up was obtained in 98 cases (82%); 64 tumors were clinically benign, and 34 were malignant as evidenced by regional or distant metastases and/or extensive local invasion. Thirty-two of the 34 malignant tumors (94%) were functionally active. Features noted more frequently in malignant tumors included male predominance (74%; P2 [two-sided P value] = .002), extraadrenal location (52%; P2 less than .0001), greater tumor weight (mean 383 g versus 73 g for nonmalignant tumors), confluent tumor necrosis, and the presence of vascular invasion and/or extensive local invasion. Intracytoplasmic hyaline globules were seen in 59% and 32% of benign and malignant tumors, respectively (P2 = .001). Logistic regression analysis of 16 nonhistologic and histologic parameters showed four of them to be most predictive of malignancy--extraadrenal location, coarse nodularity of the primary tumor, confluent tumor necrosis, and absence of hyaline globules. Most malignant paragangliomas had two or three of these features (71%), while 89% of benign tumors had only one (or none; P less than .0001). According to the statistical model developed, there was better than a 95% probability that more than 70% of tumors could be classified correctly on the basis of the four factors indicated. Although limitations still exist, results of this study provide some basis for evaluating malignant potential of these tumors.
Expanding the phenotype of mosaic trisomy 20

Mosaic trisomy 20 is one of the more common cytogenetic abnormalities found on amniocentesis or chorionic villus sampling. Studies have shown that outcome is normal in 90-93% of prenatally diagnosed cases. There are however, reports in the literature of children with mosaic trisomy 20 described as having an assortment of dysmorphic features and varying levels of developmental delay. Unfortunately, the literature has not defined a specific phenotype for this entity. Here we report on three patients with mosaic trisomy 20, two of whom were identified prenatally. Over a number of years of follow-up it has become apparent that there are some striking similarities among the three. Comparison between our patients and the literature cases indicates a more consistent phenotype than has previously been suggested. Recurring features include; spinal abnormalities (including spinal stenosis, vertebral fusion, and kyphosis), hypotonia, lifelong constipation, sloped shoulders, and significant learning disabilities despite normal intelligence. These findings may be overlooked on routine history and physical exam or assumed to be standard pediatric problems. It is not our intention to suggest that there is a distinctive face for this entity but to suggest that a subtle phenotype does exist. We have attempted to identify a set of findings for which any child diagnosed with mosaic trisomy 20 should be assessed or followed even in the presence of an apparently normal physical exam at birth.
Oxidation of geraniol by an enzyme system from orange

Abstract Enzyme preparations from orange juice vesicles reversibly oxidized geraniol in the presence of NADP. NAD was ineffective for this reaction. The enzyme mediating this reaction—geraniol dehydrogenase (GeDH)—was separated from alcohol dehydrogenase by ammonium sulfate fractionation and gel filtration. GeDH also oxidized nerol, farnesol and citronellol, but at slower rates. Whereas pH9·0 was optimal for geraniol oxidation, geranial was reduced maximally at pH 6·5. Thiol-reacting compounds and metal chelators inhibited GeDH activity. Increasing the ratio of the reduced to oxidized forms of NADP progressively depressed the rate of geraniol oxidation. Thus, in juice cells the redox state of the nucleotide coenzyme may regulate the equilibrium between geraniol and geranial.
Education collaboration to promote school participation in northern Ghana: A case study of a complementary education program

Abstract This study explores the perceived benefits and challenges of the collaboration model of a complementary education program which operates in marginalized communities in northern Ghana. The scope of the paper includes the background, collaboration as a transformative process, research methodology, findings, and discussion. The study revealed that: (a) the collaborative partners’ “shared values” were a major drive of the collaboration; (b) the collaboration model was fluid, contextual, and an unstructured process; (c) the process provided new strategies promoting school participation in northern Ghana; and (d) the collaborative partners’ idiosyncrasies posed a major challenge to the collaboration.
Changes of hippocampal CA3-CA1 population nonlinear dynamics across different training sessions in rats performing a memory-dependent task

Delayed-nonmatch-to-sample (DNMS) task is memory-dependent. Hippocampal CA3 and CA1 cells were shown to be encoding the required spatial and temporal information to complete this task. In order to identify possible changes in neural population nonlinear dynamics during learning of the DNMS task, we have first modeled the input-output transformation of spike trains across brain subregions from learning animals using a multiple-input, multiple-output (MIMO) nonlinear dynamic model. The feedforward and feedback kernels describing the relations between hippocampal CA3 and CA1 subregions have shown significant changes at different training sessions.
Kinetic studies on the cyclization of T7 and T1 DNA's

The rates of cyclization of two terminally repetitious phage DNA molecules, T7 and T1, were determined and compared with earlier studies of λ DNA. Though differing over 200-fold in the number of complementary nucleotides in the single-chain terminals, these three DNA's cyclize at about comparable rates, suggesting that excluded volume effects are significant. The first order rate constants for T7 and T1 are strictly dependent on solvent viscosity, consistent with a diffusion limitation of the rate determining step. Whole molecules with exposed single-chain terminals were shear-broken to half-molecules and the second order rate constants for joining were measured. The rates for T7 and T1 were nearly equivalent and some tenfold slower than predicted, suggesting that the long double-helical region appended to the renaturing regions and perhaps other undetermined factors retard the rate of joining of half-molecules.
Environmental Noise, Perceived Control, and Aggression

Summary The effects of aversive noise on aggressive responding were examined under conditions of control or no control over termination of the aversive noise. It was hypothesized that the effects of control would differ under conditions of high and low noise, with control decreasing aggression under high stress. College males (N = 48) were exposed to either loud noise or soft noise under conditions of control or no-control over termination of the noise. Contrary to previous findings control did not reduce aggression under loud noise; however it did lead to increased aggression under soft noise. These results are discussed in terms of predictions derived from Seligman's learned helplessness theory.
Arteriographic morphology and intracoronary thrombus in patients with unstable angina, non-Q wave myocardial infarction and stable angina pectoris

Coronary artery lesions were compared in 71 patients with unstable angina, 15 patients with non-Q wave myocardial infarction (MI), and 40 patients with stable angina. In the unstable angina group, ...
Microfabricated Shear Stress Sensors, Part 2: Testing and Calibration

Three designs of surface-micromachined shear stress sensors have been tested and calibrated in a continuum e ow channel. The e rst design, for moderate shear stress conditions, is composed of passive sensors with optically determined sensitivities of 9 and 5.5 Pa/ πm of e oating-element dee ection for two variants. The second-generation design features e oating elementsintegratedwithon-chipelectronics.Thedee ection isthusmeasured witha voltage output that displays signie cant nonlinearities due to the limitations of drive electronics. Complete calibration of the third design was performed, as these sensors were integrated with complex active element control circuitry. These devices demonstrated a device sensitivity of 1.02 V/Pa § 5% over a sensor range of 0.5‐ 3.7 V. HE design and fabrication of the sensors investigated are described in Ref. 1and use e oatingelements that displace against springsuspensionsystemswhen exposedtoshearforces.Thisdirect measurement of shear stress has the potential for accurate measurements because the spring restoring force is calculated from the dee ection of the e oating element and must counteract the shear force inasteady-statecondition.Becausetheshearforceistheshearstress operating over the area of the e oating element, there exists a direct correlation between element dee ection and shear stress under any e ow conditions. One dife culty in employing e oating-element shear stress sensors stems from the millimeter-range thickness of boundary layers for practical wall shear stress conditions. 2 The e uid e ow’ s ine uence on the e oating element is very sensitive to misalignment of the surface of the element to the surrounding surface. 3 Floating elements that protrude into the e uid e ow alter the e ow over the sensor relative to the surrounding surface. Similarly, a recessed element would encourage boundary-layer separations at the upstream and downstream edges, also resulting in an altered e ow over the face of the element. Both of these conditions can lead to spurious or inaccurate measurements. Because of these accuracy limitations, which are dependent on sensor fabrication, microfabrication techniques described in Ref. 1 are used to manufacture the sensors in this work, an example of which is shown in Fig. 1. This paper describes the effort to test and to calibrate these sensors for both mechanical and electrical characteristics.
Osteoclasts are dispensable for hematopoietic progenitor mobilization by granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in mice.

The contribution of osteoclasts to hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell (HSPC) retention in the bone marrow is controversial. Studies of HSPC trafficking in osteoclast-deficient mice are limited by osteopetrosis. Here, we employed two non-osteopetrotic mouse models to assess the contribution of osteoclasts to basal and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF)-induced HSPC mobilization. We generated Rank −/− fetal liver chimeras using Csf3r −/− recipients to produce mice lacking G-CSF receptor expression in osteoclasts. Basal and G-CSF-induced HSPC mobilization was normal in these chimeras. We next acutely depleted osteoclasts in wild-type mice using the RANK ligand inhibitor osteoprotegerin. Marked suppression of osteoclasts was observed after a single injection of osteoprotegerin-Fc. Basal and G-CSF-induced HSPC mobilization in osteoprotegerin-Fc-treated mice was comparable to that in control mice. Together, these data indicate that osteoclasts are not required for the efficient retention of HSPCs in the bone marrow and are dispensable for HSPC mobilization by G-CSF.
Accurate Three-Nucleon Bound-State Calculation with an Extended Separable Expansion of the Two-Body T-Matrix

An accurate solution for the three-nucleon bound state is obtained within 1 keV in the binding energy and, on the whole, better than 1% in the wave function, using a new systematic and efficient method. The method is based on a recently developed separable expansion for any finite-range interaction, in which a rigorous separable series for the two-body t-matrix is obtained by expanding the wave function in terms of a complete set of basis functions inside the range of the potential. In order to treat a potential with a strong repulsive core, as in the case of the Argonne potential, we develop a two-potential formalism. The expansion starts with a few EST (Ernst, Shakin, and Thaler) terms in order to accelerate the convergence and continues with an orthogonal set of polynomials, avoiding the known difficulties of a pure EST expansion. Thus, several techniques are combined in the present extended separable expansion (ESE). In this way, the method opens a new systematic treatment for accurate few-body calculations resulting in a dramatic reduction in the CPU time required to solve few-body equations.