cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The assessment of childhood sibling relationships: varying perspectives on cooperation and conflict.

Abstract The levels of cooperation and conflict in the relationships of 40 sibling pairs, 11 to 14 years old, were explored from several different perspectives. Ratings of levels of cooperation and conflict in the sibling relationship were obtained from the participants, siblings, and mothers. Amounts of cooperation and conflict were also coded from responses to a projective story test that elicited perceptions of the relationship from each child, and from their conjoint performance on three interactive tasks. Either child's perspective on the sibling relationship evidenced more conflict and less cooperation relative to maternal evaluations. Interactive tasks revealed more cooperation, whereas projective stories revealed more conflict for these siblings. In addition, levels of cooperation varied by sex, birth order, and dyad type, whereas conflict levels differed only by dyad type.
Catching the wave: Big data in the classroom

Many diverse domains-in the sciences, engineering, healthcare, and homeland security-have been grappling with the analysis of “Big Data,” which has become shorthand to represent extremely large amounts of diverse types of data. A recent Gartner report predicts that around 4.4 million IT jobs globally will be created by 2015 to support Big Data, with 1.9 million of those jobs in the United States. Therefore, understanding approaches and techniques for handling and analyzing Big Data from diverse domains has become crucial for not only in computing but also engineering students. The mini-workshop will make use of active and collaborative learning exercises to introduce faculty in computer science, software engineering, and other disciplines to concepts and techniques involved in managing and analyzing Big Data. Approaches for incorporating Big Data into the engineering and computing curricula will also be presented.
Teacher Authority in the Classroom: A Plan for Action

This writer defines and explores the options available to teachers under each of five authority bases, selects examples of classroom intervention skills appropriate for each, and provides a model for classroom use.
Intuitionism and the Secondary-Quality Analogy in Ethics

In the work of John McDowell we find the promise of a new meta-ethical position that illuminates a possible middle-way between moral intuitionism and noncognitivism. This novel account of moral thought is sometimes referred to as sensibility theory, and it is motivated, in large part, by certain similarities McDowell sees between moral properties and secondary qualities. In the hands of a sensibility theorist like McDowell, the so-called secondary-quality analogy in ethics suggests a way in which the motivational force and mind-dependence of moral features might sit happily with the objectivity and cognitive character of moral judgment. While such a novel resolution would be exciting, it will be argued that McDowell ultimately offers us a view that is closer to moral intuitionism than initially supposed. Upon closer scrutiny, the much-discussed secondary-quality analogy seems to be doing little new meta-ethical work for McDowell, or at minimum, the comparison fails alone to do all the work that McDowell sets out for it. A moral intuitionist can avail herself of each of the relevant comparisons McDowell draws between moral value and secondary qualities.
Sound stimulation induces Fos‐related antigens in cells with common morphological properties throughout the auditory brainstem

Cells within the auditory brainstem of cat that respond to sound by producing the transcription factor Fos or related proteins were identified by immunostaining with antisera against Fos and Zif/268. Within the cochlear nucleus, all antisera showed similar staining patterns, however, in the superior olive and inferior colliculus, staining patterns differed between antisera. Immunostained cells were characterized by their size, location, by the presence of perisomatic terminals that immunostained for glutamate decarboxylase or synaptophysin, or by electron microscopy. Most cell classes were not immunopositive. In the ventral cochlear nucleus, roughly 99% of Fos-positive cells had few perisomatic terminals. Within the superior olivary complex (SOC), the majority of immunopositive cells had few perisomatic terminals. Lateral olivocochlear cells were identified as Fos positive by their size, location, lack of perisomatic terminals, and positive costaining for acetylcholinesterase as evidenced by a novel reaction product. This report appears to be the first demonstration of these cells responding to sound stimulation. Within the inferior colliculus, bands of positive cells produced by tonal stimulation extended from the central nucleus throughout the dorsal cortex and the posterior pericentral region, a finding unexpected on the basis of previous electrophysiological recordings and anatomical studies of ascending inputs to the colliculus. Approximately 35% of Fos-positive cells in the inferior colliculus had plentiful perisomatic terminals. Results demonstrate a high degree of specificity of auditory cell types that respond to sound by producing Fos-like proteins and show that previously intractable physiological questions can be addressed by assaying for sound-induced production of these antigens. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
SAFETY RESTRAINT USAGE IN FATAL MOTOR VEHICLE CRASHES

In 1987, following implementation of the Washington safety restraint mandatory usage law, collision statistics indicated an increase in motor vehicle crashes in which occupants had died while utilizing safety restraints. Because of concerns expressed by restraint use law advocates, a "Fatal Collision Research Team" was established to evaluate and reconstruct collisions in which restrained occupants had died. Collisions were analyzed over a three-year period and included 337 crashes involving 1,058 occupants, of whom 446 died. The team analyzed fatal collisions involving restrained occupants and documented restraint usage as well as severity of the crash. Crash severity was measured using either the Collision Deformation Classification (CDC) system, which defines the extent of crush to the vehicle, and/or intrusion into the passenger occupant area, or by measuring deceleration forces (delta v) acting on the vehicle, where sufficient data existed to do so. The survivability of the crash was determined individually for each occupant and independently of whether the occupant lived or died, as well as whether the occupant was restrained or not. The major findings were: (i) that in the majority of cases where a restrained occupant died, the fatality can be attributed to the extent of vehicle crush and deceleration forces, i.e. the crash forces and dynamics made the crash nonsurvivable, and (ii) restraint misuse seemed not to be a major contributory factor in fatal crash injuries.
A tale of two comorbidities: Understanding the neurobiology of depression and pain

The comorbidity of chronic pain and depression has been consistently associated with a poor prognosis and greater disability in patients as compared to those suffering from each illness alone. This further has implications on significant financial costs to the patients and to our society. The biological underpinnings of major depression and chronic pain have considerable overlap in the areas of genetic, structural, functional, neuroendocrine and neurotransmitter functionality. Although the field has evolved in the past decade, more efforts should now focus on understanding the biological underpinnings of this shared comorbidity, while shedding light on treatment implications for these two devastating conditions.
Seasonal trends in US asthma hospitalizations and mortality.

Asthma morbidity is known to exhibit seasonal periodicity. Yet the relationship between trends in morbidity vs mortality is not known. This report describes and compares the seasonal variation in asthma hospitalizations and mortality in the US population. During 1982 through 1986, both mortality and hospitalizations demonstrated periodic seasonal trends that were age specific and did not differ by sex, race, or region. For persons aged 5 through 34 years, hospitalizations peaked in September through November, whereas mortality trends peaked in June through August. A disproportionate number of the summer deaths in this age group occurred out of the hospital. For individuals 65 years old or older, both asthma hospitalizations and mortality demonstrated increases during December through February. The results of this study demonstrate age-specific seasonal variations in the clinical expression of asthma. Perhaps the treatment and prevention of asthma hospitalizations and mortality might be improved through further understanding of these trends. ( JAMA . 1990;263:2323-2328)
The policy of placing older donors into older recipients: is it worth the risk?

Background To expand the donor pool, older donors (≥50 yr) are frequently used in older recipients (≥60 yr). Older recipients and those receiving older donor hearts have independently displayed decreased post-transplant survival. However, outcomes in older patients receiving older donor hearts are contentious. Methods Eight hundred and seventy-nine heart transplant patients between 2000 and 2010 were analyzed, excluding patients with donor coronary artery disease. From 380 patients ≥60 yr, 327 patients with donors <50 yr old were compared with 53 patients with donors ≥50 yr old for: five-yr actuarial survival, freedom from cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV: stenosis ≥30%), non-fatal major adverse cardiac events (NF-MACE: MI, CHF, stroke, need for pacemaker/ICD), one-yr freedom from any treated rejection. Results The older vs. younger donor group demonstrated significantly lower five-yr survival (57% vs. 85%, p < 0.001) and freedom from CAV (83% vs. 92%, p = 0.03). No difference was observed in five-yr freedom from NF-MACE and one-yr freedom from any treated rejection. Multivariate analysis found donor age ≥50 to be an independent risk factor for death (HR 1.8, CI 1.1–2.9, p = 0.008) and CAV (HR 1.9, CI 1.2–2.9, p = 0.004). Conclusions Use of older donors (≥50 yr) in older recipients (≥60 yr) results in lower five-yr survival and freedom from CAV. Caution is required in these cases. Larger studies are warranted to confirm findings.
Probability of alamethicin conductance states varies with nonlamellar tendency of bilayer phospholipids

With few exceptions, membrane lipids are usually regarded as a kind of filler or passive solvent for membrane proteins. Yet, cells exquisitely control membrane composition. Many phospholipids found in plasma membrane bilayers favor packing into inverted hexagonal bulk phases. It was suggested that the strain of forcing such lipids into a bilayer may affect membrane protein function, such as the operation of transmembrane channels. To investigate this, we have inserted the peptide alamethicin into bilayer membranes composed of lipids of empirically determined inverted hexagonal phase "spontaneous radii" Ro, which will have expectably different degrees of strain when forced into bilayer form. We observe a correlation between measured Ro and the relative probabilities of different conductance states. States of higher conductance are more probable in dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine, the lipid of highest curvature, 1/Ro, than in dioleoylphosphatidylcholine, the lipid of lowest curvature.
Hypertext: Technology, Applications, and Research Issues.

This article reviews the historical development and technological features of hypertext, a computerized nonlinear text system. New capabilities and their implications of hypertext are described. Three major areas of applications are identified: instruction, electronic publishing and on-line database, and thinking and authoring tools. Research issues in document processing and education are discussed.
The relationship between age and the fatty acid composition of cerebral cortex and erythrocytes in human subjects

The important role that neural tissue fatty acid composition plays in neurodevelopment and various pathological states is increasingly recognized. However, there are limited data regarding the fatty acid composition of normal human brain at various ages. The purpose of this study was to describe human cerebral cortex fatty acid composition from ages 2 to 88 years. The relationship between cerebral cortex and erythrocyte fatty acid composition was also investigated. Samples of frontal cerebral cortex and of erythrocytes were obtained from 58 human subjects on whom autopsies were performed. The mean age of subjects was 40 +/- 29 years, with a range of 2 to 88 years. The fatty acid composition of tissues was determined, and linear regression models were used to describe the relationship between age and the fatty acid composition of cerebral cortex and erythrocytes. The data were bilinear, with changes occurring after the approximate age of 18 years. Therefore, the cohort was divided into subjects with ages 18 years. In the younger group, the polyunsaturated fatty acids generally decreased with age, with the exception of 22:6n3, which demonstrated a significant increase. The level of mono-unsaturated fatty acids, in contrast, generally increased to the age of 18 years. Several of the polyunsaturated fatty acids also decreased with age in the older cohort, particularly 20:4n6. The levels of 18:2n6, however, increased significantly with age in the older cohort. Among subjects < or =18 years of age, there was no significant relationship between cerebral cortex and erythrocyte fatty acid levels. In the older cohort, there was a significant relationship between brain and erythrocyte levels for several fatty acids, particularly 16:0. These data demonstrate that levels of cerebral cortex fatty acids change from early childhood through late adulthood, and indicate that the levels of several erythrocyte fatty acids may be useful in predicting brain fatty acid levels in adults.
WHAT SUSTAINS AUTHORITARIANISM? FROM STATE‐BASED HEGEMONY TO CLASS‐BASED HEGEMONY DURING THE PARK CHUNG HEE REGIME IN SOUTH KOREA

The long-standing stability of the Park Chung Hee regime (1961–1979) in South Korea rests on the construction of political consent through appeasing the middle classes at the expense of the working class. In the 1960s, both working class and middle class were the beneficiaries of a rapid economic developmental project and hegemony was formed corresponding to the rapid expansion of the entire economy. In the 1970s when income disparity deepened and political repression grew severe, however, we witnessed divergent reactions to the state between middle and working class. While the working class began to challenge state policy, the urban middle class tacitly supported the Park regime and remained indifferent towards the opposition movement. Even when antiregime worker mobilization intensified, the urban middle class opted for the status quo, aligning itself with state ideology. Working-class exclusion and middle-class inclusion constituted the central mechanism for the generation of regime hegemony that blocked democratization.
Supramolecular assemblies of tungsten complexes with unusual chelating groups

Abstract Metal complexes of ligands with η1-O coordinated carbonyl moieties are well-known throughout the inorganic literature. However, metal complexes containing authentic acid chloride ligands have not previously been isolated. The synthesis and characterization of compounds with the formula W(X)Cl3(OPh-2-COCl) (2) [X  O (2a), NC6H3-2,6-(CH3)2 (2b), and Ph2C2 (2c)] are reported. The crystal structures of 2a and 2c were solved, showing the interaction of the acid chloride carbonyl moiety with the tungsten center. Complex 2c adopts a channelled structure having six-fold symmetric voids in the solid state. As was anticipated, the coordinated acid chloride of 2a reacts readily with nucleophiles to produce the ester WOCl3(OPh-2-COPrn) (3) and the amide WOCl3(OPh-2-CONHBut) (4a). A related amide complex WOCl3(OPh-2-CONH2) (4b), synthesized by the reaction of WOCl4 with salicylamide, displays an infinite-chain structure supported by hydrogen bonding between the amide group and the oxo ligand of an adjacent tungsten complex. The η1-O coordinated nitro compounds W(X)Cl3(OPh-2-NO2) (5) [X  O (5a), NC6H3-2,6-(CH3)2 (5b), and Ph2C2 (5c)] have also been isolated and the crystal structure of 5c is reported.
Organizational Report Cards: Significant Impact or Much Ado about Nothing?

Despite a recent spate of organizational report cards, relatively little is known about their impact on consumers ’ choices or public policy. Th is study identifi es 32 report cards that compare government performance across states in a variety of policy domains. Th ese report cards fall into four categories according to their issuer: governments, commercial enterprises, academics, and advocacy groups. Government-generated report cards are directed at improving consumer choice and enhancing service quality. Commercial enterprises seek to increase profi ts and readership. Academics generally take a value-neutral approach, looking to stimulate public policy debate. Public interest groups, think tanks, and foundations indirectly measure public policy impact by the amount of media attention generated.
Learning to learn as a factor in the transfer of stimulus predifferentiation

This experiment attempted to evaluate the contribution of nonspecific learning-to-learn associations (LTLA) to the transfer produced by stimulus-labeling predifferentiation training. Stimulus-labeling training and stimulus-observation training were equated in terms of LTLA by additionally providing stimulus-observation Ss with irrelevant stimulus-labeling training. The results indicate that when LTLA is in this way controlled, the difference in transfer between labeling and observation groups is reduced, if not eliminated.
Economic impact of mechanical cardiac assistance

In contrast to heart transplantation, little effort has been made to estimate the economic implications of mechanical cardiac assistance from either a procedure- or a program-level perspective. With annual direct and indirect expenditures for the treatment of coronary artery disease and congestive heart failure now exceeding $65 billion in the United States, and the treatment options available for these diseases becoming increasingly diverse, it is important that we begin to better understand how expenditures for various treatment options compare. From a disease management perspective, it is also essential that policymakers have credible estimates of total program expenditures. At this time, program expenditures for heart transplantation in the United States are somewhere between $352 and $700 million. Given the availability of viable long-term mechanical cardiac assistance and the current need for cardiac replacement, total direct annual program expenditures could be as low as $5.4 billion or as high as $24 billion, depending on the expenses associated with device implantation and maintenance. By contrast, in 1996 the United States spent $9.8 billion on the treatment of end-stage renal disease. Clearly, the economics are such that viable mechanical cardiac assistance will likely engender considerable public policy debate.
Immunological applications of genomics

A report of the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory meeting 'Gene Expression and Signaling in the Immune System', Cold Spring Harbor, New York, USA, 26-30 April 2006.
Diffusion of Oxygen in Selected Monocrystalline Rare Earth Oxides

The diffusion of oxygen in monocrystalline ScaO3, YzO3, Dy,O2, HosO3, Er2O3, Tm2O2, and Lu2O3 was measured by a thermobalance technique. The reoxidation of partially reduced crystals of these materials was treated as a diffusion-controlled process with a moving boundary. Large diffusion coefficients and fairly low activation energies were found for this process, in agreement with a proposed migration mechanism which involves the inherently defective anion sublattice of these materials.
Clustering data streams

We study clustering under the data stream model of computation where: given a sequence of points, the objective is to maintain a consistently good clustering of the sequence observed so far, using a small amount of memory and time. The data stream model is relevant to new classes of applications involving massive data sets, such as Web click stream analysis and multimedia data analysis. We give constant-factor approximation algorithms for the k-median problem in the data stream model of computation in a single pass. We also show negative results implying that our algorithms cannot be improved in a certain sense.
Electromagnetic Fields and Relative Heating Patterns Due to a Rectangular Aperture Source in Direct Contact with Bilayered Biological Tissue

Expressions are derived and evaluated for the electro-magnetic fields and associated relative heating patterns in two-Iayered biological tissue media exposed to a direct-contact rectangular aperture source. The source consists of a linearly polarized electric field distribution specified in the plane of the aperture. The results may be used for many biomedical applications ranging from the design of diathermy applicators to the establishment of standardized electromagnetic field intensities in connection with research on electromagnetic effects in living biological media.
Colombian strains of Leishmania from man: growth characteristics in culture media and hamsters

Abstract Growth characteristics in culture media and hamsters were studied for 14 isolates obtained from patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis in Colombia. All isolates were identifiable with the Leishmania braziliensis complex having poor to moderate in vitro growth, and producing slow-growing, non-metastasizing lesions in hamsters. Eleven of the isolates originated from coastal areas and had characteristics of L. b. braziliensis; three isolates came from inland sites and had characteristics similar to L. b. panamensis.
Histological and histochemical observations of the hemolymph cells in the crayfish, Orconectes virilis.

Hemolymph cells of Orconectes virilis were stained during the months of August to November by a variety of histological and histochemical techniques. Cells were classified as hyaline cells, small granulocytes, and large granulocytes. Presence of mitochondrial enzymes was indicated by tests for succinic dehydrogenase and cytochrome oxidase. Reaction to test for the hydrolytic enzyme, leucine acylnaphthylamidase was intense in the granules of the large granulocytes. The PAS reaction indicated a mucopolysaccharide at the cell membrane. Lipid was found in all three hemolymph cell types of Orconectes virilis at the time of this study.
Estimating the power spectral density of ultra wideband signals

Ultra wideband (UWB) signals are being considered for a number of applications including short range/high throughput communications, ranging and high resolution radar. One of, the primary concerns in the design and deployment of UWB systems is the interference generated by UWB systems on other co-located UWB systems and more importantly on narrow band (NB) systems such as GSM and GPS. The interference power levels are a function of (1) the power spectral density(PSD) of the UWB signal over the bandwidth of concern; (2) the spatial density of the UWB transmitters, and the (3) the traffic characteristics of the NW of UWB transmitters. This tutorial paper addresses the spectral properties of the UWB signals.
A multi-simulator environment for power supply simulation

An integration of SPICE and a piecewise-linear systems simulator into a multisimulator environment for power supply design is presented. The seamless integration of these complementary simulators allows designers to easily select the simulator best suited to the problem at hand. The resulting design environment allows the designer to take advantage of the speed and ease of use of the piecewise-linear systems simulator for the initial circuit modeling and for long-time transient analyses. Similarly, it allows the designer to take advantage of SPICE for accurate detailed analysis over one or two cycles of operation. It is shown that two complementary power supply simulators can be driven from one schematic, that they give the same accurate results, and that by using them for the tasks for which they are best suited, simulation times can be reduced by one to two orders of magnitude. >
La historia de la psicología en la República Dominicana

Este trabajo revisa el desarrollo de la psicologia academica y profesional en la Republica Dominicana. Se da relevancia a los acontecimientos socio-historicos que sirvieron de contexto para el surgimiento y el avance de la psicologia dominicana. Los aportes de los y las profesionales que contribuyen al impulso de los estudios y el ejercicio profesional de la psicologia en nuestro pais, son senalados y reconocidos. En el trabajo se aborda un analisis de los ambitos de realizacion; asi como de los logros y de las dificultades, en el avance tanto de la psicologia academica, como del ejercio profesional en la psicologia dominicana. Finalmente, se consideran las perspectivas actuales de la psicologia dominicana, para su desarrollo, su integracion y proyeccion en el conjunto de la psicologia en el Caribe y en Latinoamerica.
Cost Sensitive Modulo Scheduling in a Loop Accelerator Synthesis System

Scheduling algorithms used in compilers traditionally focus on goals such as reducing schedule length and register pressure or producing compact code. In the context of a hardware synthesis system where the schedule is used to determine various components of the hardware, including datapath, storage, and interconnect, the goals of a scheduler change drastically. In addition to achieving the traditional goals, the scheduler must proactively make decisions to ensure efficient hardware is produced. This paper proposes two exact solutions for cost sensitive modulo scheduling, one based on an integer linear programming formulation and another based on branch-and-bound search. To achieve reasonable compilation times, decomposition techniques to break down the complex scheduling problem into phase ordered sub-problems are proposed. The decomposition techniques work either by partitioning the dataflow graph into smaller subgraphs and optimally scheduling the subgraphs, or by splitting the scheduling problem into two phases, time slot and resource assignment. The effectiveness of cost sensitive modulo scheduling in minimizing the costs of function units, register structures, and interconnection wires are evaluated within a fully automatic synthesis system for loop accelerators. The cost sensitive modulo scheduler increases the efficiency of the resulting hardware significantly compared to both traditional cost unaware and greedy cost aware modulo schedulers.
Physician-Assisted Suicide

Medical professional codes have long prohibited physician involvement in assisting a patient's suicide. However, despite ethical and legal prohibitions, calls for the liberalization of this ban have grown in recent years. The medical profession should articulate its views on the arguments for and against changes in public policy and decide whether changes are prudent. In addressing such a contentious issue, physicians, policymakers, and society must fully consider the needs of patients, the vulnerability of particular patient groups, issues of trust and professionalism, and the complexities of end-of-life health care. Physician-assisted suicide is prominent among the issues that define our professional norms and codes of ethics. The American College of Physicians-American Society of Internal Medicine (ACP-ASIM) does not support the legalization of physician-assisted suicide. The routine practice of physician-assisted suicide raises serious ethical and other concerns. Legalization would undermine the patient-physician relationship and the trust necessary to sustain it; alter the medical profession's role in society; and endanger the value our society places on life, especially on the lives of disabled, incompetent, and vulnerable individuals. The ACP-ASIM remains thoroughly committed to improving care for patients at the end of life.
Triple boot machines for cash-strapped small college labs

This paper describes a small college computer lab consisting of machines bootable in Windows NT, Linux, and Minix. I argue that such an arrangement allows small departments to use the same machine for projects in operating systems and data communications that would normally require dedicated labs. I offer technical advice on configuring such a lab and suggest some possible extensions to be implemented in the future.
Rituximab (Rituxan) Therapy for Severe Thyroid-Associated Ophthalmopathy Diminishes IGF-1R+ T Cells

Context: Rituximab depletes CD20+ B cells and has shown potential benefit in thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO). The impact of rituximab on T cell phenotype in TAO is unexplored. Objective: The objective of the study was to quantify the abundance of IGF-I receptor-positive (IGF-1R+) CD4 and CD8 T cells in active TAO before and after treatment with rituximab. Design: This was a retrospective case series assessing IGF-1R+ T cells before and after treatment with rituximab with an 18-month follow-up. Setting: The study was conducted at a tertiary care medical center. Patients: Study participants included eight patients with severe TAO. Interventions: Two infusions of rituximab (1 g or 500 mg each) were administered 2 weeks apart. Main Outcome Measures: Quantification of IGF-1R+ T cells using flow cytometry was measured. Results: Eight patients with moderate to severe TAO [mean pretreatment clinical activity score (CAS) 5.1 ± 0.2 (SEM)] were treated. Four to 6 weeks after treatment, CAS improved to 1.5 ± ...
Different and overlapping functions of Arabidopsis LHT6 and AAP1 transporters in root amino acid uptake

Plants acquire nitrogen in the form of amino acids from the soil, and transport proteins located in the plasma membrane of root cells are required for this process. It was found that the Arabidopsis lysine-histidine-like transporter LHT6 is expressed in root cells important for amino acid uptake, including the epidermis, root hairs, and cortex. Transport studies with lht6 mutants using high levels of amino acids demonstrated that LHT6 is in fact involved in amino acid uptake. To determine if LHT6 plays a role in nitrogen acquisition at soil amino acid concentrations, growth and uptake studies were performed with low levels of toxic amino acid analogues and radiolabelled amino acids, respectively. In addition, mutants of AAP1, another root amino acid transporter, and lht6/aap1 double mutants were examined. The results showed that LHT6 is involved in uptake of acidic amino acids, glutamine and alanine, and probably phenylalanine. LHT6 seems not to transport basic or other neutral amino acids, or, alternatively, other transporters might compensate for eliminated LHT6 function. Previous studies suggested that AAP1 only takes up amino acids at high concentrations; however, here it is demonstrated that the transporter functions in acquisition of glutamate and neutral amino acids when present at soil concentrations. When comparing the characterized root uptake systems, it appears that transporters both with overlapping substrate specificity and with preference for specific substrates are required to access the soil amino acid pool.
GENETIC ERRORS ASSOCIATED WITH POPULATION ESTIMATION USING NON‐INVASIVE MOLECULAR TAGGING: PROBLEMS AND NEW SOLUTIONS

Abstract The use of non-invasive DNA-based sampling is becoming increasingly popular. However, the misidentification of individuals due to genotyping error (primarily allelic dropout) is a critical problem, especially when using individuals in the capture–mark–recapture (CMR) approach to estimate population size. We propose 2 simple and cost-effective tests, Examining Bimodality (EB) and Difference in Capture History (DCH), to determine whether a sample contains genotyping errors and the relative magnitude of the problem. These tests formalize currently used approaches for identifying genotyping errors. We evaluate the efficacy of these tests using simulated CMR data. Results show that both tests are effective at detecting genotyping errors and provide a strong indication of whether the data are error free. The EB and DCH tests apply to data in which multiple samples are associated with individuals, such as those generated by CMR sampling. Managers need to be able to identify and eliminate genotyping erro...
The synthesis of novel polycyclic heterocyclic ring systems via photocyclization. 7. [1]Benzothieno[2,3‐c]naphtho[2,1‐h]quinoline and [1]benzothieno[2,3‐c]naphtho[2,1‐h][1,2,4]triazolo[4,3‐a]quinoline

The synthesis of two novel polycyclic heterocyclic ring systems via photocyclization is described. These are [1]benzothieno[2,3-c]naphtho[2,1-h]quinoline and [1]benzothieno[2,3-c]naphtho[2,1-h][1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]-quinoline. In the 1 H nmr spectrum the proton at position 6 is strongly deshielded in the first ring system while the proton at position 6 in the second ring system is shifted considerably upfield while the proton at position 8 in the second ring system is the most deshielded proton in that ring system. The bay regions in both ring systems are severely congested
A Global Investigation of Dividend Yields: Shareholder Demand, Agency Problems, and Market Quality

We compare cross-sectional variation of dividend yields of companies across 32 countries. Beyond the impact of firm-specific accounting and financial variables, this study investigates how the variations in country level variables affect dividend payout policies. The country level variables include shareholder demand due to demographic variations and consumption needs, agency problems manifested in the extent of minority shareholder protection and business disclosures, and market quality in terms of transparency and liquidity. We find that dividend yields are higher when diverse shareholder demands are strong, extents of business disclosures and legal protections are weak, and the market qualities are poor. The empirical evidence supports the demand-based theory in a global setting and the essence of bird-in-the-hand theory - the more the uncertainty the stronger the preference for dividend payout.
A Critical Review of Standardized Patient Examinations as Part of the USMLE.

The primary goals of the current medical licensing exams are to insure clinical competence, but questions have been raised as to the efficiency of these exams. Virtual Mentor is a monthly bioethics journal published by the American Medical Association.
Pedagogy and the Art of Death: Reparative Readings of Death and Dying in Margaret Edson's Wit.

Wit explores modes of reading representations of death and dying, both through the play’s sustained engagement with Donne’s Holy Sonnets and through Vivian’s self-reflexive approach to her illness and death. I argue that the play dramatizes reparative readings, a term coined by Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick to describe an alternative to the paranoid reading practices that have come to dominate literary criticism. By analyzing the play’s reparative readings of death and dying (as well as its representation of the shortcomings of paranoid readings), I show how Wit provides lessons about knowledge-making and reading practices in the field of health humanities.
Absorption Spectroscopy Analysis of Calcium-Phosphate Glasses Highly Doped with Monovalent Copper.

CaO-P2 O5 glasses with high concentrations of monovalent copper ions were prepared by a simple melt-quench method through CuO and SnO co-doping. Spectroscopic characterization was carried out by optical absorption with the aim of analyzing the effects of Cu(+) ions on the optical band-gap energies, which were estimated on the basis of indirect-allowed transitions. The copper(I) content is estimated in the CuO/SnO-containing glasses after the assessment of the concentration dependence of Cu(2+) absorption in the visible region for CuO singly doped glasses. An exponential dependence of the change in optical band gaps (relative to the host) with Cu(+) concentration is inferred up to about 10 mol %. However, the entire range is divided into two distinct linear regions that are characterized by different rates of change with respect to concentration: 1) below 5 mol %, where the linear dependence presents a relatively high magnitude of the slope; and 2) from 5-10 mol %, where a lower magnitude of the slope is manifested. With increasing concentration, the mean Cu(+) -Cu(+) interionic distance decreases, thereby decreasing the sensitivity of monovalent copper for light absorption. The decrease in optical band-gap energies is ultimately shown to follow a linear dependence with the interionic distance, suggesting the potential of the approach to gauge the concentration of monovalent copper straightforwardly in amorphous hosts.
Analyzing Future Water Scarcity in Computable General Equilibrium Models

Incorporating water into a computable general equilibrium (CGE) model operating at global scale can be extremely demanding due to the absence of standardized data, the sheer dimensions caused by intersecting river basins with countries, and difficulties to model demand for and supply of water. This has led many authors to introduce water in their CGE modeling framework in different ways and at different spatial and sectoral aggregation levels. Of course, simplifying market for water and sacrificing the geographical realism risk introducing errors caused by inappropriate aggregation. In this paper, we use an elaborate global CGE model to investigate the three most commonly practiced simplifications: (1) tackling global questions in a national level model; (2) collapsing irrigated and rainfed crop production into a single sector; and (3) removing river basin boundaries within a country. In each case, we compare their performance in predicting the impacts of future irrigation scarcity on international trade, crop output, land use change and welfare, relative to the full scale model. As might be expected, the single region model does a good job of matching outcomes for that region, although changes in bilateral trade can entail significant errors. When it comes to the elimination of sub-national river basins and irrigation location, we find that, if the research question has to do with changes in national-scale trade, production and welfare changes, it may be sufficient to ignore the sub-national hydrological boundaries in global economic analysis of water scarcity. However, when decision makers have an interest in the distribution of inputs and outputs within a region, preserving the river basin and sectoral detail in the model brings considerable added value to the analysis.
Hypnotic control of interpolated activity in a short-term memory task

Hypnotic control may be used as a means of specifying the exact nature of the interpolated interval in short-term memory, allowing for investigation of such items as time of rehearsal, amount of rehearsal and the like in a direct fashion. Conclusions for this demonstrative paper are limited to (a) a strong indication that level of nonspecific emotion is unrelated to memorial capacities and (b) while presence or absence of rehearsal is the dominant factor in determining performance in memory tasks, such variables as stimulus-rehearsal interval bear exploration.
Figure Metrology for X-Ray Focusing Mirrors with Fresnel Holograms and Photon Sieves

We report on interferometric measurements of the figure error of an ultra-precise mirror with the shape of an elliptical toroid for the diffraction limited focusing of hard x-rays from an undulator x-ray source. We describe measurement configurations using Fresnel type holograms and photon sieves, and evaluate the measurement uncertainty.
Increased Hurricane Risk and Insurance Market Responses

The severe hurricane seasons of 2004 and 2005 and the resulting losses are prompting insurers to reassess their risk and business strategies in Southeastern states. This article examines recent trends in the affected homeowners insurance markets and discusses how these markets are likely to change in response to the reassessment of hurricane risk. Our examination of past market trends and current market conditions suggests that significant market restructuring is likely to occur as some insurers with large numbers of exposures will retrench and other insurers step in to fill the gap. The price of insurance also will increase significantly in high-risk areas, although the magnitude and pace of rate hikes will depend on insurers’ risk assessments and regulatory approvals. Greater pricing freedom will allow insurance markets to reach a new equilibrium more quickly, but regulators will also have to contend with strong political resistance to large rate hikes. The supply and price of reinsurance will be an important factor affecting market adjustments as a proposal to establish a federal catastrophe reinsurance program undergoes public debate.
On Open Nesting in Distributed Transactional Memory

Distributed Transactional Memory (DTM) is a recent but promising model for programming distributed systems. It aims to present programmers with a simple to use distributed concurrency control abstraction (transactions), while maintaining performance and scalability similar to distributed fine-grained locks. Any complications usually associated with such locks (e.g., distributed deadlocks) are avoided. In this article, we analyze the use of open nesting in the DTM setting. We extend two DTM algorithms, Transactional Forwarding Algorithm (TFA) and SCORe with support for open nested transactions and we implement them into two frameworks for running distributed transactions, such as Hyflow and Infinispan. We discuss the mechanisms and performance implications of such nesting, and identify the cases where using open nesting is warranted and the relevant parameters for such a decision. To the best of our knowledge, our work also contributes the first ever implementations of DTM systems with support for open-nested transactions.
Analysis of Events Associated with First Charge of Desicooler Material

HB-Line's mission included dissolution of uranium-aluminum scrap left over from a U3O8 scrap recovery program begun in 1972 with material returned from Rocky Flats and Oak Ridge. This material has been stored in desicooler containers, and is commonly referred to as the Desicoolers. The Scrap Recovery process includes the dissolution of scrap material and transfer of the resulting solution to H-Canyon for further disposition. During the first charge of this material into the HB-Line dissolvers, the solution heated to boiling without external heat being added. Yellow-colored fumes, which dissipated rapidly, were noted in the glovebox by operators, and a small amount of liquid was noted in the glovebox by operations after dissolver cooldown. This technical report documents analysis of the data from the event with respect to potential Safety Basis violation and the Integrated Safety Management System process. Based on the analysis presented, the safety basis has shown its ability to protect the worker, the facility and the public.
Cadaveric Renal Transplantation: Surgical Results and Expectations in the cyclosporine Era

During a 36-month period 100 patients received 104 cadaveric renal transplants with cyclosporine-based immunosuppression. Of the patients 26 required 31 additional operations. Of the 19 secondary operations performed 1 month after transplantation 18 were emergency in nature, whereas beyond this period the majority of the procedures were elective. Both deaths in this series were related to the operation. Only 1 graft loss was directly attributed to a secondary operation. The patient undergoing cadaveric renal transplantation is at significant risk (25 per cent) of requiring at least 1 additional operation. However, despite this high probability of reoperation, graft loss and patient death after such procedures should be rare.
TMEM231 Gene Conversion Associated with Joubert and Meckel‐Gruber Syndromes in the Same Family

Joubert and Meckel-Gruber syndromes (JS and MGS) are ciliopathies with overlapping features. JS patients manifest the “molar tooth sign” on brain imaging and variable eye, kidney and liver disease. MGS presents with polycystic kidneys, occipital encephalocele and polydactyly; it is typically perinatally fatal. Both syndromes are genetically heterogeneous; some genes cause either syndrome. Here, we report two brothers married to unrelated women. The first brother had three daughters with JS and a son with polycystic kidneys who died at birth. The second brother's wife had a fetal demise due to MGS. Whole exome sequencing identified TMEM231 NM_001077416.2: c.784G>A; p.(Asp262Asn) in all children and the wife of the first brother; the second brother's wife had a c.406T>G;p.(Trp136Gly) change. In-depth analysis uncovered a rare gene conversion event in TMEM231, leading to loss of exon 4, in all the affected children of first brother. We believe that the combination of this gene conversion with different missense mutations led to a spectrum of phenotypes that span JS and MGS. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved
Computational Models of Conditioning

Since first described, multiple properties of classical conditioning have been discovered, establishing the need for mathematical models to help explain the defining features. The mathematical complexity of the models puts our understanding of their workings beyond the ability of our intuitive thinking and makes computer simulations irreplaceable. The complexity of the models frequently results in function redundancy, a natural property of biologically evolved systems that is much desired in technologically designed products. Experts provide the latest advancements in the field and present detailed descriptions of how the models simulate conditioned behaviour and its physiological bases. It offers advanced students and researchers examples of how the models are used to analyse existing experimental results and design future experiments. This volume is of great interest to psychologists and neuroscientists, as well as computer scientists and engineers searching for ideas applicable to the design of robots that mimic animal behaviour.
The effects of galvanic vestibular stimulation and vision on perception of ground inclination

This paper discusses how galvanic vestibular stimulation (GVS) affects human perception of tilt. Experimental subjects were asked to stand on a tilting platform and guess the elevation level of tilt with and without GVS as well as with and without vision. The study did not show significant differences among subjects' perception between cases where GVS was and was not present.
What Civil Disobedience is (and is not)

In 2003, the Countryside Alliance, a collection of organizations with an interest in promoting ‘the rural way of life’ in Great Britain, threatened to engage in civil disobedience should a ban on hunting with hounds come into effect in the UK. Alliance representatives defended the breaking of a proposed law; the Hunting Act of 2004, which came into effect in February 2005; and offered to support offenders at the time of their trial. The law banning hunting could be broken, it was argued, if it was considered unjust or was a matter of conscience for an individual offender. Alliance officials cited Thoreau, Gandhi, Martin Luther King, and legal theorist Ronald Dworkin in support of proposed acts of civil disobedience, justifying illegal actions in dispute of unjust laws. Officials of the organization added that they would also pursue the matter in the courts and that those who chose to employ civil disobedience should not inconvenience the public and must, as part of the strategy, submit themselves to trial and punishment.1