cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Privacy in pharmacogenetics: an end-to-end case study of personalized warfarin dosing

We initiate the study of privacy in pharmacogenetics, wherein machine learning models are used to guide medical treatments based on a patient's genotype and background. Performing an in-depth case study on privacy in personalized warfarin dosing, we show that suggested models carry privacy risks, in particular because attackers can perform what we call model inversion: an attacker, given the model and some demographic information about a patient, can predict the patient's genetic markers. As differential privacy (DP) is an oft-proposed solution for medical settings such as this, we evaluate its effectiveness for building private versions of pharmacogenetic models. We show that DP mechanisms prevent our model inversion attacks when the privacy budget is carefully selected. We go on to analyze the impact on utility by performing simulated clinical trials with DP dosing models. We find that for privacy budgets effective at preventing attacks, patients would be exposed to increased risk of stroke, bleeding events, and mortality. We conclude that current DP mechanisms do not simultaneously improve genomic privacy while retaining desirable clinical efficacy, highlighting the need for new mechanisms that should be evaluated in situ using the general methodology introduced by our work.
Optical Metamaterials: Invisibility in Visible and Nonlinearities in Reverse

Recent experimental demonstrations of optical metamaterials opened up an entirely new branch of modern optics that can be described as “refractive index engineering” [1–20]. The refractive index of a material is the factor by which an electromagnetic wave is slowed down, compared with a vacuum, when it propagates inside the material. The material properties of conventional materials are largely controlled by the properties of their constituent components, viz., atoms and molecules. Their refractive indices can be modified to some degree by altering material chemical composition, using thermal or electrical tuning, or through nonlinear optical effects. Nevertheless, a majority of existing materials possesses positive, and typically greater than one, index of refraction. In contrast, meta-materials provide almost unlimited opportunities for designing the refractive index through a careful engineering of their constituent components, or meta-atoms. Several examples of engineered optical structures, including magnetic metamaterial and negative index metamaterials (NIMs), are shown in Fig. 13.1. Moreover, metamaterial properties can be tuned [21,22] and even controlled on a level of a single meta-atom [23]. Basic properties of optical metamaterials will be reviewed in Section 13.1. Additional design flexibility provided by metamaterials (discussed in Section 13.2) gives rise to new linear and nonlinear optical properties, functionalities, and applications unattainable with conventional materials. In this chapter, we discuss two examples of refractive index engineering in metamaterials that results in truly fascinating phenomena.
OBJECTIVES AND DESIGN OF THE FAST FLUX TEST FACILITY

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the objectives and design of the fast flux test facility. The objectives for a fast flux test facility are the following: (1) an adequately controlled and instrumented environment in a fast flux for testing instrumented fuel specimens, fuel rods, fuel subassemblies, and clad material, (2) capabilities to test fuel up to and including failure in dynamic sodium, (3) reliable plant performance, (4) means to test fuel for short time periods, and (5) interim nondestructive fuel examination capability. The chapter also describes the following five objectives in the nuclear design area: (1) the fast test reactor should be capable of sustaining very high fast flux levels, (2) inherent safety features must be provided, (3) sufficient alternate nuclear design variants should be available so that the changes in specific power and flux spectra and the utilization of different driver fuels can be accomplished with relatively minor modifications, (4) ample control margins must be available to accommodate low reactivity test assemblies and to allow for substantial driver fuel burnup, and (5) adequate shielding must be provided to reduce the intensity of the nuclear radiation emanating from the reactor to biologically safe levels for the operating crew, to limit radiation damage and heat generation rates in structural components and to provide a suitable radiation environment for the sensors in the reactor instrumentation system.
Obesity and sedentary lifestyles: risk for cardiovascular disease in women.

It is well known that obesity and sedentary behavior coexist and that both are associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) in women. Data from the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) show that in areas of the United States where rates of obesity are higher than 30% (Fig. 1), the prevalence of adults who report no leisure-time physical activity is also higher than 30% (Fig. 2). Likewise, the prevalence of obesity and physical inactivity predicts the presence of CVD death (Fig. 3). To highlight the association between the 3 conditions, one can nearly superimpose these 3 maps from the CDC. Fig. 1 Obesity trends* among U.S. adults. Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 2010. Fig. 2 County-level estimates of leisure-time physical inactivity among adults aged ≥20 years: United States, 2008. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/obesity/data Fig. 3 United States: heart disease death rates. Women, aged 35+, 2000–2006. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/dhdsp/maps/national_maps/hd_women.htm More recently, however, questions have been raised about whether obesity and physical activity are independently associated with CVD risk or if they simply are associated with risk through known risk factors: diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and hypercholesterolemia. If the latter is true, risk reduction with pharmaceutical interventions—in spite of cost, side effects, and incomplete efficacy—might spare providers the difficult task of encouraging weight loss and promoting increases in physical activity. If the former is true, however, weight loss and physical activity are crucial therapies for the prevention of CVD in women.
Geräte zur Betonherstellung und Betonverteilung

Die Bundesrepublik Deutschland ist flachendeckend mit Transportbeton-Anlagen und den dazu erforderlichen Fahrmischern zur Herstellung von Qualitatsbeton versorgt. Nur noch bei Baustellen mit hohem Betonbedarf werden Mischanlagen vor Ort im Baustellenbereich installiert. Zur technischen Ausrustung von Betonmischanlagen gehoren heute Zwangsmischer sowie eichfahige, computergesteuerte Dosier- und Wiegeeinrichtungen fur Zuschlagstoffe und Bindemittel. Fur den Umweltschutz sind Recyclinganlagen fur Restbeton und Waschwasser erforderlich. Zum Betontransport werden Fahrmischer bis 10 m³ Trommelinhalt verwendet. Das Einbringen des Betons in Schalungen erfolgt uberwiegend durch Ubergabe in Krankubel mit Turmdrehkran oder immer mehr durch fahrbare Betonpumpen.
Illuminating Urban Excellence: A Movement of Change within Mathematics Education

LOU EDWARD MATTHEWS is an assistant professor of mathematics education in the College of Education at Georgia State University, 30 Pryor Street, Atlanta, GA, 30303; e-mail: lmatthews@gsu.edu. His research focuses on how teachers incorporate visions of culturally relevant teaching into practice, as well as with the critical examination of mathematics reform ideology, Black masculinity and schooling, and teacher experiences in the context of reform. Dr. Matthews is currently serving as the 2007–2009 President of the Benjamin Banneker Association, a national non-profit organization advocating excellence in mathematics for Black students. Dr. Matthews is also co-founder and currently inaugural editor-in-chief of the Journal of Urban Mathematics Education. EDITORIAL
Managing an entrepreneurial organizational environment: A discriminant analysis of organizational and individual differences between autonomous unit managers and department managers

Abstract Managing an entrepreneurial focus in large, established organizational environments requires innovative finesse in concert with traditional activities. Evidence was generated to determine: (1) what kinds of reward and structural arrangements might differentially influence the performance of different kinds of managers, and (2) what kinds of role requirements, values, and behavioral orientations might differentiate different kinds of managers for training and selection purposes. Upper middle managers in Fortune 500 manufacturing firms were surveyed where the scope of their positions appeared to include the potential for innovation or autonomous action. Manages who were heads of autonomous business units specifically geared towards innovative purposes were classified as autonomous unit managers (AUMs), whereas those who were not heads of such units were classified as departmental managers (DMs). It was hypothesized that specific kinds of formal structural options (venture groups, task forces) and informal structural options (freedom to pursue unofficial projects) as well as financial and recognition awards would more strongly influence the perceived performance of the AUM than the DM. Further, AUMs would exhibit entrepreneurial roles, values, and behavioral orientations to a greater degree than the DMs. A discriminant analysis procedure demonstrated that AUMs prefer formal structural options as outlets for innovative pursuits and financially oriented rewards. Individuals pursuing traditional roles or DMs favored recognition rewards. Goal-setting technques and the ability to conditionally commit resources are advanced as important training areas for AUMs or potential entrepreneurs.
The House Was Quiet and the World Was Calm the Reader Became the Book' - Reading the Bill of Rights as a Poem

The article argues that the Bill of Rights displays a coherent structure similar to the structure underlying a great poem. The vertical structure begins with the articulation in the 1st Amendment of the Founders’ ideal polity, continues in the 2nd and 3rd Amendments with protection of the ideal polity against military overthrow, moves in the 4th through 8th Amendments to protection against civilian attacks on the polity by chronologically summarizing the criminal justice process, and providing protections against its abuse in the 4th (investigation and arrest), 5th (interrogation); 6th (charging and adjudication); and 8th (punishment), and closes in the 9th and 10th with instructions on how to read text in settings involving assertion of individual rights and government powers. No similarly disciplined structure exists in any known charter of rights. The horizontal structure of the First Amendment tracks the half-life of a democratic idea, moving from the recesses of the human conscience in the establishment clause, to shared expressions of conscientious belief in the free exercise clause, to four concentric circles of increasingly public political activity – speech; press; assembly and formal petition. Professor Neuborne argues that it is wrong to pull words and clauses out of the Bill of Rights and to read them in splendid isolation. Instead, he urges a holistic reading that respects its deep structure.
EDUCATING STUDENTS WITH PHYSICAL DISABILITIES IN KENYA: PROGRESS AND PROMISES

The road to provision of educational and other services to individuals with disabilities the world over has been long. From intolerance and extermination, most world communities are now at an age where such phrases as “empowerment” “equal rights”, and “self-determination”, among others, are very significant in handling issues of education and employment for people with disabilities. However, there is not much literature on services for students with physical and/or other disabilities in Kenya. While this paper sheds light on this area of education, it also adds to the meager literature available on educating students with physical disabilities in Kenya. It focuses on identification, assessment, and current educational placement and services for this population. It begins with a brief review of the history of services for students with physical disabilities and discusses assessment, placement options and current services, and vocational and rehabilitative services available for this group of individuals. The article concludes with an overview of the various obstacles that preclude effective educational services for these children and youth in the country.
Reaggregation of Insect Cells as Studied by a New Method of Tissue and Organ Culture

Cells of the dissociated pupal fat of saturniid moths reaggregated when maintained in vitro in a new type of chamber that permits the culture to "respire" through a film of polyethylene. The fat-body cells are mutually cohesive, but depend on ameboid hemocytes to bring them together. The hemocytes are also capable of causing the reaggregation of particles of diethylaminoethyl-Sephadex.
Determination of sex by discriminant function analysis of postcranial skeletal measurements.

Techniques for accurately determining the sex of skeletal material are invaluable to workers concerned with the identification of human remains. Well-known methods that have been employed include traditional qualitative evaluations of morphological characteristics and statistical analyses of metrical data [1–10]. Some measurements have been found to be more valuable discriminators than others, showing that sexual dimorphism differs according to the measurements [11–15].
Age and obesity alter the relationship between femoral articular cartilage thickness and ambulatory loads in individuals without osteoarthritis.

Articular cartilage is sensitive to mechanical loading, so increased risk of osteoarthritis in older or obese individuals may be linked to changes in the relationship between cartilage properties and extrinsic joint loads. A positive relationship has been reported between ambulatory loads and cartilage thickness in young individuals, but whether this relationship exists in individuals who are older or obese is unknown. This study examined the relationship between femoral cartilage thickness and load, measured by weight × height and the peak adduction moment, in young normal-weight (28 subjects, age: 28.0 ± 3.8 years, BMI: 21.9 ± 1.9 kg/m2), middle-aged normal-weight (27 subjects, 47.0 ± 6.5 years, 22.7 ± 1.7 kg/m2), young overweight/obese (27 subjects, 28.4 ± 3.6 years, 33.3 ± 4.6 kg/m2), and middle-aged overweight/obese (27 subjects, 45.8 ± 7.2 years, 31.9 ± 4.4 kg/m2) individuals. On the lateral condyle, cartilage thickness was positively correlated with weight × height for all groups (R2 = 0.26–0.20) except the middle-aged overweight/obese. On the medial condyle, weight × height was significantly correlated only in young normal-weight subjects (R2 = 0.19), as was the case for the correlation between adduction moment and medial–lateral thickness ratio (R2 = 0.20). These results suggest that aging and obesity are both associated with a loss of the positive relationship between cartilage thickness and ambulatory loads, and that the relationship is dependent on the compartment and whether the load is generated by body size or subject-specific gait mechanics. © 2013 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 32:394–402, 2014.
Some Modern Morality Plays: Social Science Models and Methods

Well, the March Shepard's Citator is out, and what a disappointing issue it is. Page upon page, column upon column of odd little numbers and little squiggly letters all bunched together. As usual, there are no pictures and no characters. There is no plot development and virtually no imagery to speak of. Even as a metaphor for the bleak reality and repetitive sameness that is the human condition, the March Shepard's is just plain boring. As with earlier issues, the author refuses to sign his name. Well, I'd be ashamed of it too, if I were the writer. No surprises, I'm afraid.'
Jasplakinolide: interaction with radiation and hyperthermia in human prostate carcinoma and Lewis lung carcinoma.

Purpose: Jasplakinolide is a novel natural product anticancer agent which acts by inducing over-polymerization of actin. The aim of the current study was to explore the activity of jasplakinolide with hyperthermia and radiation. Methods: The response of human PC-3 and DU-145 prostate carcinoma cells and DU-145 xenografts and the response of the Lewis lung carcinoma to jasplakinolide were studied. Results: Jasplakinolide was cytotoxic toward human prostate carcinoma cells, DU-145, PC-3 and LNCaP in culture, killing 1 log of cells with 0.8, 0.3 and 0.07 \(\)m of drug in 24 h, respectively. The combination of jasplakinolide and hyperthermia resulted in primarily additive cell killing by the two modalities in the three prostate carcinoma lines. In combination with radiation, jasplakinolide produced some diminution in the shoulder of the survival curve of normally oxygenated PC-3 cells and was a radiation sensitizer of hypoxic DU-145 cells and hypoxic PC-3 cells. In vivo, jasplakinolide was an active antitumor agent against the Lewis lung carcinoma and the DU-145 prostate carcinoma xenograft. Jasplakinolide was a radiation sensitizer in the Lewis lung carcinoma. Jasplakinolide was also effective against the systemic Lewis lung carcinoma, decreasing lung metastases. Lung metastases were further decreased when jasplakinolide was administered along with radiation to the subcutaneous primary tumor. In the DU-145 tumor, the effects of jasplakinolide and fractionated radiation for 1 or 2 weeks appeared to be primarily additive. Conclusion: Jasplakinolide is an interesting new anticancer agent for which further study both as an anticancer agent and in combined modality regimens is warranted.
Release of radiosterilized males to control Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus (Díptera: Culicidae).

Adult mosquitoes, Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus Say, (24–48 hr old) are rendered sterile when exposed to 10 kR of gamma radiation. Laboratory and field studies indicated that the irradiated males were 1/2 to 1/4 as competitive as native males. Releases of irradiated males were conducted daily for 13 weeks to control a native mosquito population on a small island. There was an average sterile-normal male ratio of 10: 1 throughout this study. Of the egg rafts examined from native females, all exhibited hatch in the prerelease samples; however, by the 13th week, none of the rafts collected over a 3-day period hatched, thus demonstrating the feasibility of controlling native populations of Culex mosquitoes by the release of irradiated males.
Ares V launch vehicle: An enabling capability for future space science missions

Abstract NASA's planned Ares V cargo launch vehicle offers the potential to completely change the paradigm of future space science mission architectures. Future space science telescopes desire increasingly larger telescope collecting aperture. But, current launch vehicle mass and volume constraints are a severe limit. The Ares V greatly relaxes these constraints. For example, while current launch vehicles have the ability to place a 4.5 m diameter payload with a mass of 9400 kg on to a Sun-Earth L2 transfer trajectory, the Ares V is projected to have the ability to place an 8.8 m diameter payload with a mass of approximately 60,000 kg on to the same trajectory, or 180,000 kg into Low Earth Orbit. Also the Ares V could place approximately 3000 kg (13,000 kg with a Centaur upper stage) on to a trajectory with a C3 of 106 km 2 /s 2 , arriving at Saturn in 6.1 years without the use of gravity assists. This paper summarizes the current planned Ares V payload launch capability.
Leukocytoclastic vasculitis presenting with acute haemorrhagic oedema of the scrotum

Fournier’s gangrene is a form of rapidly progressive necrotising fasciitis involving the soft tissues of the male genitalia. The treatment for this urologic emergency is immediate surgical debridement. Misdiagnosis of Fournier’s may lead to unnecessary surgical interventions, making careful recognition of systemic signs of illness crucial. The authors present a case of a 48-year-old patient who presented emergently with massive scrotal oedema, erythema and pain suspicious for Fournier’s gangrene and systemic signs of illness, including palpable purpura and leukocytoclastic vasculitis on biopsy.
Plasticity of the corticospinal tract following midthoracic spinal injury in the postnatal rat.

Rats received a midthoracic spinal cord “overhemisection” including right hemicord and left dorsal funiculus at birth (neonatal operates, N = 15) or 21 days of age (weanling operates, N = 14). In a second experiment neonatal (N = 6), 6-day (N = 3), and 12-day (N = 7) rats sustained a right sensorimotor cortex (SmI) ablation to destroy the left corticospinal tract (CST) at the same time as the spinal injury (double lesion operates). Later (3–12 months) injections of 3H-proline and autoradiography were used to label the left or right CST. The results of the first experiment showed that most right CST axons failed to grow around the spinal lesion in neonatal operates (N = 9). There was an increase in the density of label, mainly to CST projection areas, in a 1-mm zone rostral to the lesion. However, left CST axons bypassed the lesion by growing through the intact tissue in neonatal operates (N = 6). These displaced axons were consistently located within the dorsal portion of the lateral funiculus (dLF) and remained within that location caudal to the lesion, an area normally containing only a few CST axons. In spite of this abnormal position, these axons terminated bilaterally throughout the remainder of the cord in normal CST sites. In weanling operates, CST axons severed by the lesion did not regenerate around the lesion site. An increased density of label over the few spared axons within the left dLF and in CST projection zones immediately caudal to the lesion site suggested axonal sprouting by these axons. The results of the second experiment showed that the lack of growth of right CST axons around this injury in neonatal operates was, at least partially, due to an interaction with left CST axons. In neonatal double lesion operates, right CST axons grew around the spinal injury for a varying distance within the left dLF and distributed bilaterally to normal CST sites. The number of right CST axons bypassing the lesion was related to the configuration of the lesion site. A smaller number of right CST axons bypassed the lesion in 6-day double lesion operates and most terminated within 2–3 mm of the lesion site. Right CST axons failed to grow around this injury in 12-day double lesion operates. We conclude that the availability of intact spinal cord tissue allows uncut developing left CST axons to grow around a lesion when their primary pathway is destroyed. Differences in growth of left and right CST axons appear to be related to an interaction between left and right CST axons which limits the growth of right CST axons across the midline. The ability for CST axons to grow around this injury decreases at the time these axons are elongating through this region and ceases at the time synapses are being formed by these axons. However, further experiments are necessary to determine if these factors in the maturation of the CST, of if other factor in the maturation of the spinal cord, are critical in limiting CST groth after spinal injuryin the developing CNS.
Paleomagnetism of sedimentary rocks from and near the DOSECC Cajon Pass Well, southern California

As part of a larger study of the geologic and tectonic history of the Cajon Pass area, we conducted paleomagnetic studies on sedimentary rocks recovered from the Cajon Pass DOSECC well, and adjacent surface exposures from unit 5 of the late Early to Middle Miocene Cajon Fm. A comparison of the magnetic polarity stratigraphy of the surface and the core sections suggests that they do not match well, which may imply that the rocks at depth have been deformed so that simple extrapolation from the surficial geology to depth is not possible. Although tectonic rotation cannot be inferred from the samples from the core, a clockwise rotation of 30 ± 8.9° was found in unit 5 of the Cajon Fm near the well site at the surface, which is consistent with the results from the same unit 2 km to the west. In contrast, the early Late to late Early Miocene Crowder Fm across the Squaw Peak fault and the youngest unit, unit 6, of the Cajon Fm at the northwestern end of the formation have not been rotated. The rotation of unit 5 near the Squaw Peak fault is thus probably local, caused by drag associated with the fault.
Prospective Study of Outcomes after Percutaneous Biliary Drainage for Malignant Biliary Obstruction

Background Percutaneous biliary drainage (PBD) is used to relieve malignant bile duct obstruction (MBO) when endoscopic drainage is not feasible. Little is known about the effects of PBD on the quality of life (QoL) in patients with MBO. The aim of this study was to evaluate changes in QoL and pruritus after PBD and to explore the variables that impact these changes.
“A Feeling of Absence from Old England:” The Colonial Bungalow

This article explores how the colonial bungalow provided a setting for attempting to bridge perceived distances between English home life and its corollary in colonial India. At the same time, the article suggests that the bungalow gave presence to a kind of “Indian-ness,” a social and material presence that produced anxiety in its European occupants. On the one hand, as the primary realm of English domesticity in India the bungalow provided a setting for the cultivation of habits of self-control thought necessary for comporting the self with authority. On the other hand, the material qualities of the bungalow's construction, along with the social practices it had to accommodate, continually worked against these goals, something discussed in British memoirs, travel accounts, and guides to household management written throughout the latter half of the nineteenth century. What tied these two disparate discourses together was the bungalow itself, as a material artifact with distinctive qualities.
Raman scattering from crystalline and amorphous (GaSb)1-xGex semiconducting films

Abstract The first reported Raman scattering experiments have been performed on single crystal and amorphous films of the metastable alloy (GaSb)1-xGex with compositions across the pseudobinary phase diagram. In crystalline films, the optical phonons exhibit a “one-two” type mode behavior. Broadening and softening of the Raman peaks with increasing alloy concentrations are attributed to a relaxation of q-vector selection rules due to substitutional disorder on both the cation and anion sublattices. Additionally, disorder induced scattering from the zone-edge acoustic phonons was observed. In amorphous alloy films, the reduced Raman spectra were compared to the one-phonon densities of states of the end-member crystals. The resulting apparent lack of polarization dependence indicated that the amorphous films were of the random network type.
Isotopie Transient Kinetic Analysis of the Induction Phenomenon for Methanol Synthesis on Pd/SiO2

Steady-state isotopie transient kinetic analysis (SSITKA) was used to study the induction phenomenon observed for the rate of methanol (MeOH) synthesis on Pd/SiO2 by evaluating the surface concentration of the active intermediates leading to MeOH (NMEOH) and their residence times (τMeOH) for the beginning and for the end of the induction period. The existence of the induction effect was found to be unaffected by the partial pressure of CO and/or H2; how-ever, its magnitude (i.e., the ratio of the maximum rate of formation of MeOH to the initial rate) was higher for lower H2/CO ratios where the catalyst had lower initial activities for MeOH synthesis. By ac-counting for the effect of interparticle readsorption of MeOH on the surface reaction parameters obtained by SSITKA (NMeOH and τMeOH), it was found that, during the induction period, the surface concentration of the active intermediates leading to MeOH (NMeOH) increased significantly while the pseudo-first-order intrinsic activ-ity of the sites leading to MeOH (1/τMeOH) remained constant. Thus, the induction period for MeOH synthesis over Pd/SiO2 can best be attributed to an increase in the number of active sites/intermediates forming MeOH. The possible modifications of the Pd which might cause the induction effect are discussed in detail.
A modification of the jump-flinch technique for measuring pain sensitivity in rats

Abstract The jump-flinch procedure provides a sensitive alternative to the hot-plate and tail-flick procedures. Analysis of the components of motor responses to increasing intensity of foot shock presentation has allowed the observational discrimination of five reliably elicited categories of unlearned responses to inescapable foot shock. Morphine sulfate differentially altered response category thresholds in rats. Response category thresholds also differed between Wistar and Fisher strain rats in analgesic effects of morphine sulfate.
Next Generation Mechanophores for Unraveling the Role of Integrin Tension in Focal Adhesion Assembly

Mechanical stimuli profoundly alter cell fate, yet the mechanisms underlying mechanotransduction remain obscure due to a lack of methods for molecular force imaging. In this presentation, I will describe the development of second and third generation mechanophores (molecules that fluoresce upon experiencing force) for imaging molecular forces exerted by individual integrin cell surface receptors. Specifically, we developed a new class of molecular tension probes that function as a switch to generate a 20-30-fold increase in fluorescence upon experiencing a threshold piconewton force. The probes employ immobilized DNA-hairpins with tunable force response thresholds, ligands, and fluorescence reporters. Quantitative imaging reveals that integrin tension is highly dynamic and increases with an increasing integrin density during adhesion formation. Mixtures of fluorophore-encoded probes show integrin mechanical preference for cyclized-RGD over linear-RGD peptides. Multiplexed probes with variable guanine-cytosine content within their hairpins reveal integrin preference for the more stable probes at the leading tip of growing adhesions near the cell edge. DNA-based tension probes are among the most sensitive optical force reporters to date, overcoming the force and spatial-resolution limitations of traction force microscopy. The application of these sensors to image forces associated with a range of mechano-regulatory processes that occur at the lipid membrane of the cell, such as endocytosis, Notch receptor activation, and integrin adhesion receptors will be described as well.
Evidence of acid phosphatase in the cytoplasm as a distinct entity

A study of subcellular acid phosphatase distribution in mammalian tissues shows that isozymes with specific functions are compartmentalized in the cells. The enzyme may be generalized into two types: type A and type B. They are shown by several means to be distinct entities. Type A is confined to the cytoplasm and is inhibited by Cu2+, HCHO, and the coupling agents (for enzyme staining) fast blue RR salt and fast Garnet GBC salt (newly discovered inhibitors), but is insensitive to fluoride and L-(+)-tartrate. Type B is localized in the organelles, presumably lysosomes, in both soluble form and membrane-bound form, with inhibitor sensitivity exactly opposite to that of type A enzyme. Types A and B consist of different sets of isozymes, with sensitivities to inhibitors resembling those observed with the crude extracts of subcellular fractions. Acid phosphatase that exhibits a phosphoryl transfer property was identified as type A enzyme. Type A enzyme has a slightly higher optimal pH and is inhibited by alloxan, whereas for type B, the addition of alloxan broadens the optimal pH to a higher range and elevates the activity of pH 7.4 from negligible to about 30-40% of that obtained under optimal conditions. The alloxan-mediated elevation of type B enzyme activity to this level at the physiological pH may be of considerable significance. Type B enzyme has a high affinity for metabolic intermediates and nucleotides, while type A has an extremely low affinity for these substrates. Cytoplasmic acid phosphatase (type A) is a significant enzyme population and its activity is not related to the lysosome density in the cells. Type A enzyme in the cytoplasm is thus shown to be an entity distinctly different from type B enzyme in the lysosomes. These findings suggest that the physiological functions of type A acid phosphatase, such as metabolic regulatory processes, merit further studies because of the phosphoryl transfer activity and cytoplasmic localization of the enzyme.
The Mythology of Privatization in Contracting for Social Services

States and municipalities have privatized services in an effort to improve their cost-effectiveness and quality. Competition provides the logical foundation for an expectation of cost savings and quality improvements, but competition does not exist in many local marketplaces—especially in the social services, where governments contract primarily with nonprofit organizations. As government increases its use of contracting, it simultaneously reduces its own public-management capacity, imperiling its ability to be a smart buyer of contracted goods and services. This article examines two questions about the privatization of social services based on interviews conducted with public and nonprofit managers in New York state: Does social services contracting exist in a competitive environment? And do county governments have enough public-management capacity to contract effectively for social services? The findings suggest an absence of competition and public-management capacity, raising the question of why governments contract when these conditions are not met.
OXIDATIVE STRESS INDUCES DNA FRAGMENTATION AND CASPASE ACTIVATION VIA THE C-JUN NH2-TERMINAL KINASE PATHWAY IN H9C2 CARDIAC MUSCLE CELLS

The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that oxidative stress induces apoptosis in the H9c2 cardiac muscle cell line, and that signaling via mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways is involved. Three forms of oxidative stress were utilized: the superoxide generator menadione; hydrogen peroxide; or simulated ischemia followed by reperfusion. Relatively low concentrations of menadione (10 micrometer) or H2O2 (250 micrometer) caused maximal DNA fragmentation and caspase activation, both markers for apoptotic cell death, and preferential activation of the c-Jun NH 2-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 MAPK pathways. In contrast, higher concentrations of menadione or H 2O2 caused less DNA fragmentation, more necrotic cell death and preferential activation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway. Simulated ischemia alone did not induce DNA fragmentation or caspase activation and activated only the p38 MAPK pathway. However, ischemia plus reperfusion resulted in DNA fragmentation, caspase activation, necrotic cell death and activation of all three MAPK pathways. Selective inhibition of the ERK or p38 MAPK pathways (by PD98059 or SB-203580, respectively) had no effect on the extent of oxidative stress-induced DNA fragmentation or caspase activation. In contrast, inhibition of the JNK pathway by transfection of a dominant negative mutant of JNK markedly reduced the extent of DNA fragmentation and caspase activation induced by oxidative stress. In conclusion, these data suggest that the JNK pathway plays an important role in signaling oxidative stress-induced apoptosis of H9c2 cardiac muscle cells.
PrintMarmoset: redesigning the print button for sustainability

In this paper, we discuss some unique challenges of sustainable interaction design (SID) and present our work that aims to reduce paper waste from web printing. We conducted a two-month field study of current behaviors and attitudes around printing, and the results confirmed the affordances of paper, but also revealed many problems associated with printing web content. We then designed and implemented a browser extension, PrintMarmoset, that targets these problems while simultaneously addressing user needs and environmental responsibility. It allows users to effortless select or remove web content for printing. We have also incorporated a data sharing mechanism into our solution to assist in the adoption of the tool and created visualizations to encourage user reflection and exploration.
Enhanced sensitivity to cisplatin and gemcitabine in Brca1-deficient murine mammary epithelial cells

Breast cancers due to germline mutations or altered expression of the BRCA1 gene associate with an aggressive clinical course and frequently exhibit a "triple-negative" phenotype, i.e. lack of expression of the estrogen and progesterone hormone receptors and lack of overexpression of the HER2/NEU oncogene, thereby rendering them relatively insensitive to hormonal manipulation and targeted HER2 therapy, respectively. BRCA1 plays a role in multiple DNA repair pathways, and thus, when mutated, results in sensitivity to certain DNA damaging drugs. Here, we used a Brca1 murine mammary epithelial cell (MMEC) model to examine the effect of loss of Brca1 on cellular sensitivity to various chemotherapy drugs. To explore novel therapeutic strategies, we included DNA damaging and non-DNA damaging drugs whose mechanisms are dependent and independent of DNA repair, respectively, and drugs that are used in standard and non-standard lines of therapy for breast cancer. To understand the cellular mechanism, we also determined the role that DNA repair plays in sensitivity to these drugs. We found that cisplatin and gemcitabine had the greatest specific therapeutic benefit to Brca1-deficient MMECs, and that when used in combination produced a synergistic effect. This sensitivity may be attributed in part to defective NER, which is one of the DNA repair pathways normally responsible for repairing DNA adducts produced by cisplatin and is shown in this study to be defective in Brca1-deficient MMECs. Brca1-deficient MMECs were not differentially sensitive to the standard breast cancer chemotherapy drugs doxorubicin, docetaxel or 5-FU. Both cisplatin and gemcitabine should be explored in clinical trials for first line regimens for BRCA1-associated and triple-negative breast cancer.
On complete subgraphs of color-critical graphs

Abstract A graph G is called k -critical if χ ( G ) = k and χ ( G − e ) χ ( G ) for each edge e of G , where χ denotes the chromatic number. T. Gallai conjectured that every k -critical graph of order n contains at most n complete ( k − 1)-subgraphs. In 1987, Stiebitz proved Gallai's conjecture in the case k = 4, and in 1992 Abbott and Zhou proved Gallai's conjecture for all k ⩾ 5. In their paper, Abbott and Zhou asked the following question: is it true that the number of complete ( k − 1)-subgraphs of any k -critical graph G of order n > k is at most n − k + 3 ( k ⩾, 5)? In this paper, we give a positive answer to the question above for the cases k = 5,6.
Social and emotional problems in children with neurofibromatosis type 1: Evidence and proposed interventions

Abstract Objective: To describe social and emotional problems in children and adolescents with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) and propose interventions. Our hypothesis is that children with NF1 will have significantly more social and emotional problems, compared with their unaffected siblings and children in the general population. Study design: Forty-three children with NF1 and 22 unaffected siblings (ages 5 to 18 years) were assessed with a standardized test completed by parents and teachers (the Child Behavior Checklist). Results: As with other aspects of NF1, there was variable expressivity. However, when rated by parents, children with NF1 had significantly more problems in comparison with test norms or unaffected siblings on 7 of 8 scales: Social Problems, Attention Problems, Anxiety/Depression, Withdrawal, Thought Problems, Somatic Complaints, and Aggressive Behavior. Children with NF1 also scored lower than unaffected siblings on measures assessing sports and other activities. Teachers reported fewer differences. Conclusions: We propose interventions in the form of information for parents; early screening and treatment for speech, motor, and cognitive problems; and an increased level of intervention to prevent and treat psychologic problems, including systematic screening with standardized tests. (J Pediatr 1999;134:767-72)
The solubility of (Ba,Sr)SO4 precipitates: Thermodynamic equilibrium and reaction path analysis

The solubility of (Ba,Sr)SO4 precipitates, varying in SrSO4 mole fraction from 0.05–0.90, was investigated at room temperature with an equilibration period extending to almost three years. The data show that on or before 315 days of equilibration the precipitates reach a reversible equilibrium with the aqueous solution. The reversibility of this equilibrium was verified both by the attainment of steady-state concentrations with time and by heating the samples to perturb the equilibrium and then observing the slow return to the initial equilibrium state. The dissolution of the (Ba,Sr)SO4 precipitates does not, in general, follow limiting reaction paths as defined by the Lippmann solutus or stoichiometric dissolution curves. In addition, activity coefficient calculations for the BaSO4 and SrSO4 components of the solid phase, using either total bulk analysis or near-surface analysis of the component mole fractions, do not satisfy the Gibbs-Duhem equation, demonstrating that a single solid-solution phase does not control both the aqueous Ba and Sr concentrations. Instead, our long-term equilibration data can be explained by the unavoidable formation of small amounts of barite and substitution of Sr into a solid-solution phase with the BaSO4 component of the solid-solution phase never reaching thermodynamic equilibrium with the aqueous phase.
Deddens Algebras and Shift

We consider Deddens algebras associated to operators of the form S−λI, where S is the unilateral shift and λ is a complex number. We show that such an algebra properly contains the commutant of S and that it is always weakly dense in \({{\mathcal L}({\mathcal H})}\). Yet, it contains no rank one operators, unless λ = 0, in which case it equals \({{\mathcal L}({\mathcal H})}\).
Simultaneous asymptotic diophantine approximations to a basic of a real cubic number field

Abstract The units in cubic number fields together with the uniform distribution theorem are used to prove the following theorem. Let 1, β1, β2 be a basis for a real cubic number field. Let C > 0 be a given constant. Let λB equal the number of solutions in integers q, p1, p2 of the inequalities 0 i − p i C q 1 2 (i = 1, 2), 1 ≤ q ≤ B. Then λB = O(1) or there is a constant C′ > 0 such that λB ∼ C′ log B (B → ∞). The stumbling blocks for generalizing this result to higher dimensions are discussed.
Initial spin and magnetic field of the fast pulsar 4C21.53

The newly discovered pulsar 4C21.53 is the fastest pulsar known with a period1 P≃1.6 ms and a rate of change of period2 P≃1.3×10−19. If the spin down rate is due to magnetic dipole radiation from a rotating neutron star its magnetic field is B≃5×108 G. This value is substantially lower than that of all other radio pulsars whose fields lie in the range ∼1010–1013 G with the majority having fields ≳1011 G. It has been suggested3 that 4C21.53 belongs to a class of low-magnetic-field (≪1011 G) pulsars4 which are spun up by accretion in a binary3,5. After accretion ceases such stars could become isolated radio pulsars, as in the case of 4C21.53, or binary radio pulsars depending on whether the binary has disrupted or not. Here we make the alternative and, we believe, simpler suggestion that the neutron star formed in isolation and that it essentially has its original spin and magnetic field.
The anisotropy of Al-4 Wt Pet Cu single crystals tested in plane-strain compression

Plane-strain compression tests were made on Al-4 wt pet Cu single crystals of various orientations in solution-treated and overaged conditions. Shear stress-shear strain curves were constructed using the appropriate Taylor factors, corrected for lattice rotation and observed lateral spreading. These results are compared with data from an earlier study on crystals of the same alloy aged to produce ϑ′. The anisotropy of the shear stress-shear strain curves was found to be the greatest in the normally aged material (ϑ′) and the least in the overaged material(ϑ′).
The evolution of executive information system software

Abstract Executive information systems (EIS) may be developed from three categories of software: Custom-built software; full-featured vendor software specifically designed for EIS; or a combination of custom-built and general purpose vendor software. Based on data gathered from a survey of 50 companies with operational EIS, this study compares and contrasts the three types of EIS software. Twelve of the firms developed their EIS using custom-built software, 16 used full featured EIS vendor-supplied software, and 22 used a combination of custom-built software and general purpose vendor software. Study results suggest an evolution in EIS software from custom-built software toward the other two types of EIS software.
Materials aspects of Ti and Co silicidation of narrow polysilicon lines

Abstract The scalability of Ti and Co self-aligned silicide processes to deep-submicrometer technologies is determined by the fundamental materials aspects controlling phase formation and evolution. The kinetics of the high resistivity phase to low resistivity phase transformation (TiSi 2 C49 to C54 transformation for Ti, and CoSi to CoSi 2 transformation for Co) were studied for films on deep-submicrometer n + gates. For TiSi 2 , results of a detailed Johnson-Mehl-Avrami analysis show that activation energies for the transformation increase with decreasing film thickness in the 28–64 nm range and are insensitive to linewidth in the 0.26-0.8 μm range, while transformation times increase as the linewidth or film thickness decreases. For Co, the transformation is diffusion limited, whih the square of CoSi 2 film thickness depending linearly on time. The transformation rate is also observed to be linewidth dependent, while the activation energy is quite insensitive to linewidth. The Co silicide phase tranformation proceeds faster than the Ti silicide phase transformation at low temperatures, resulting in a range of process parameters for which no linewidth dependence is observed for Co silicide and a strong linewidth dependence is observed for Ti silicide owing to incomplete phase transformation of the narrowest lines.
Tracking contact and free gesture across large interactive surfaces

Built into store windows, museum exhibits, and other communal spaces, these surfaces entice even casual passersby to playfully interact with information---and each other---by knocking on the glass.
Incorporation of regulatory peptide hormones by individual cells of the adrenal cortex: Prolactin-adrenocorticotrophin differences ☆

Recent refinements in methodology now permit the study of endogenous peptide hormones in their individual target cells. The investigations reported here deal with the question of whether endogenous ACTH can be detected in its target cells in the highly active adrenal gland of the normally lactating rat. This question was examined with immunohistochemistry. ACTH was found in both cytoplasm and nuclei of adrenal glomerulosa cells. In cells of the fasciculata and reticularis layers of the adrenal cortex, it did not appear inside nuclei but was present in the cytoplasm and on the nuclear envelope. The distribution of ACTH was compared with and found to be different from that of PRL. PRL, confirming previous findings, was not detectable at all in glomerulosa cells and, in cells of the inner cortical zones, was present in both cytoplasm and nuclei. In neither case was hormone found in the adrenal medulla. The apparent feasibility of studying peptide regulators such as ACTH and PRL in their individual target cells may be a focal point for an acceleration of our understanding of how these peptides work.