cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Democratization under assault: Criminal violence in posttransition Central America

Why does Nicaragua have less violent crime than Guatemala, El Salvador, and Honduras? All these countries underwent political transitions in the 1990s, and most of them faced widespread internal conflicts during the 1980s. Many explanations point to the legacies of war, socioeconomic underdevelopment, neoliberal structural reforms, and a lingering culture of violence. However, these arguments do not fully explain why, despite economic reforms conducted throughout the region, warless Honduras and the wealthier countries of Guatemala and El Salvador are more ripped by crime than Nicaragua. This paper argues that public security reforms carried out during the political transitions shaped the ability of the new regimes to deal with crime. The persistence of violent entrepreneurs in the new security apparatuses, their relationship with new governing elites, and the role of civil society and the U.S. during the transitions, determined later success or failure in tackling crime in Central America.
Ethnic differences in ST height in the multiethnic study of atherosclerosis.

Elevation of ST height in the absence of coronary artery disease was first described in 1936 by Shipley and Hallaran1. This phenomenon has been referred to as “unusual RT segment deviation”, “normal RST elevation variant”, “Benign Early Repolarization” and finally “Early Repolarization” 2,3. Although non-ischemic ST elevation had been thought to be “benign”, patients with Brugada Syndrome who have right bundle branch block and ST elevation in the right precordial leads are at increased risk for sudden death4. In addition, polymorphisms in genes coding for ion channels appear to differ across ethnic groups; some of these polymorphisms might lead to ST elevations associated with sudden death5. Finally, ethnic differences in the incidence of sudden death have been described and could be related to ethnic differences in repolarization properties 6,7. Thus, a better understanding of population and ethnic distribution of ST height could provide information as to whether ST elevation is a marker of arrhythmic risk. Although initially described in non-Hispanic whites, ST elevation appears to be present in all ethnic groups. In one study, early repolarization had 0.9% overall prevalence; the incidence is 1.8% and 0.2 % respectively in men and women8. We are aware of only two studies that examined racial/ethnic differences in ST height or repolarization. Using data from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study, Vitelli et al9 found that ST height in leads V2 to V5 was statistically significantly higher in African Americans compared to Caucasians. In a population-based study conducted by Klatsky et al 8, the incidence of early repolarization, as determined by blinded cardiologists’ reading, was assessed. In that study, which contained predominantly African Americans and Caucasians and a limited number of Asians (less than 10%), the incidence of early repolarization was 1.5% in African American’s, 0.6% in Caucasians and 1.6% in Asians. To date, there are no studies comparing ST height among African Americans, Asians, Hispanics and non-Hispanic white men and women. The Multi-ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis is a longitudinal study of the health of older men and women from each of the four ethnic groups with measurements of lifestyle, anthropometric and coronary heart disease risk factors, and ST height measured at baseline. A comparison of ST height across ethnic groups is of particular interest because of the ethnic differences in inherited arrhythmia syndromes and in sudden death unassociated with the known syndromes noted above.
Primary Succession and Ecosystem Rehabilitation

Natural disturbances such as lava flows, landslides and glacial moraines, and human-damaged sites such as pavement, road edges and mine wastes often leave little or no soil or biological legacy. This 2003 book provided the first comprehensive summary of how plant, animal and microbial communities develop under the harsh conditions following such dramatic disturbances. The authors examine the basic principles that determine ecosystem development and apply the general rules to the urgent practical need for promoting the reclamation of damaged lands. Written for ecologists concerned with disturbance, landscape dynamics, restoration, life histories, invasions, modeling, soil formation and community or population dynamics, this book will also serve as an authoritative text for graduate students and a valuable reference for professionals involved in land management.
What Do the Accreditation Organizations Expect?: American Association of Blood Banks

Abstract In 1958, the American Association of Blood Banks introduced the first edition of Standards for Blood Banks and Transfusion Services. That same year, the association implemented the Inspection and Accreditation Program. This program served the association well for 40 years; however, factors such as the application of Current Good Manufacturing Practices by the Food and Drug Administration, the implementation of the Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments of 1988 by the Health Care Financing Administration, managed care, competition, and increased cost pressures have changed the way the blood banking community conducts its business. In the early 1990s the board of directors recognized the need to reevaluate the Inspection and Accreditation Program and developed a strategic plan for implementation of a new accreditation program, with an emphasis on prevention rather than detection of errors. The first step in the process was the development of the Accreditation Program Committee. The committee wa...
Improved Architectures For Massive Holographic Interconnection Network

Practical difficulties to be encountered in the implementation of massive optical interconnects are outlined and some improved architectures are proposed. The long term optimum design uses currently unavailable large arrays of laser diodes. An interim solution using available spatial light modulators is shown to allow roughly 1011 interconnections per second.
Develop Web Services for Reliable Cross-Platform Web Applications

We have developed reliable web applications based on the web services technology on J2EE and .NET. Web applications implemented using web services are platform and language independent. The web services are available from several servers on different platforms so that the users can have a truly dynamic web services environment with autonomous services with underline server and user credential context automatic transfer for load balancing, security, and robust performance. Our implementation indicated that this cross-platform enterprise application using web services are reliable and secure.
Binary Relations: Finite Characterizations and Computational Complexity

A characterization of a property of binary relations is of finite type if it is stated in terms of ordered T-tuples of alternatives for some positive integer T. The concept was introduced informally by Knoblauch (2005). We give a clear, complete definition below. We prove that a characterization of finite type can be used to determine in polynomial time whether a binary relation over a finite set has the property characterized. We also prove a simple but useful nonexistence theorem and apply it to three examples.
Differentiation of antihemophilic factor (AHF) and von Willebrand factor (vWF) by their interaction with urea and selected amino acids

Abstract The interaction of urea with antihemophilic factor (AHF), von Willebrand factor (vWF) and and von Willebrand factor antigen (vWF-Ag) was studied in fresh plasma, fresh-frozen plasma, and high-purity preparations of factor VIII (AHF/vWF). About 1.5 M urea resulted in complete loss of vWF activity (100%), partial loss of AHF (70%) and vWF-Ag (35%) in 2 hrs, and even 3 M urea resulted in complete loss of vWF activity and incomplete loss of AHF (90%) and vWF-Ag (45%) after 3 hrs. vWF and vWF-Ag partially inactivated by urea could be fully recovered after dialysis, while the AHF activity returned to about 75% of the initial value. When acetamide was substituted for urea the AHF loss was about 50% and the vWF loss was 70% of that observed with urea at each concentration, suggesting that urea may interact with these proteins through the formation of bifunctional hydrogen bonds. Lysine and structural analogs of lysine with free amino groups prevented urea inactivation of the AHF but not the vWF. These data imply that regions on the molecule(s) essential for the biologic activity of AHF, vWF and vWF-Ag are probably denatured by direct interaction with urea. Since vWF-Ag and AHF are more resistant than vWF to reaction with urea, several other bonds or groups may be involved. The difference in denaturation, renaturation and protection against urea inactivation of AHF and vWF by selected amino acids could be explained if the reactive sites for the two activities were located on different molecules, as suggested by other in vitro and in vivo observations, or were on different regions of one molecule.
Fondaparinux Monitoring: Need for a Local Fondaparinux-Calibrated Anti–F actor Xa Assay

1Department of Pharmacy, Clinical and Administrative Sciences, University of Oklahoma College of Pharmacy, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, 2Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, 3Primary Children’s Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, 4Rady Children’s Hospital, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, California, 5Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Oklahoma City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, 6Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
Pursuing Board of Pharmacy Specialties certification

The vision for the future of pharmacy practice is that pharmacists will be acknowledged as health care professionals responsible for medication-use outcomes and disease management and that clinical pharmacy practitioners will become board-certified pharmacy specialists.[1][1] The Board of Pharmacy
The naked word: The trans-corporeal ethics of the protesting body

This essay brings feminist corporeal theories and material feminisms to bear upon the many naked protests occurring worldwide, asking how the naked body functions within these events. While most feminist corporeal theories remain within the demarcation of the Human, the naked protests considered here extend human corporeality into actual places, enacting nakedness as an ethical performance of vulnerability–the allied, mutual vulnerabilities of human/animal/environment. Taking up the concept of intercorporeality, as defined by Gail Weiss and others, I propose the term “trans-corporeality,” which emphasizes the imbrication of human bodies not only with each other, but with non-human creatures and physical landscapes. Feminist theories of performance, particularly those of Peggy Phelan (1993) and Rebecca Schneider (1997), are crucial for understanding the possibilities for expressing this sense of trans-corporeality, which redefines the human as material, and thus requires a critique, subversion, or evasion ...
Waixenicin A inhibits cell proliferation through magnesium-dependent block of transient receptor potential melastatin 7 (TRPM7) channels

Transient receptor potential melastatin 7 (TRPM7) channels represent the major magnesium-uptake mechanism in mammalian cells and are key regulators of cell growth and proliferation. They are expressed abundantly in a variety of human carcinoma cells controlling survival, growth, and migration. These characteristics are the basis for recent interest in the channel as a target for cancer therapeutics. We screened a chemical library of marine organism-derived extracts and identified waixenicin A from the soft coral Sarcothelia edmondsoni as a strong inhibitor of overexpressed and native TRPM7. Waixenicin A activity was cytosolic and potentiated by intracellular free magnesium (Mg2+) concentration. Mutating a Mg2+ binding site on the TRPM7 kinase domain reduced the potency of the compound, whereas kinase deletion enhanced its efficacy independent of Mg2+. Waixenicin A failed to inhibit the closely homologous TRPM6 channel and did not significantly affect TRPM2, TRPM4, and Ca2+ release-activated Ca2+ current channels. Therefore, waixenicin A represents the first potent and relatively specific inhibitor of TRPM7 ion channels. Consistent with TRPM7 inhibition, the compound blocked cell proliferation in human Jurkat T-cells and rat basophilic leukemia cells. Based on the ability of the compound to inhibit cell proliferation through Mg2+-dependent block of TRPM7, waixenicin A, or structural analogs may have cancer-specific therapeutic potential, particularly because certain cancers accumulate cytosolic Mg2+.
HOW TO OBTAIN THE RIGHT OF WAY: AN EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS OF BEHAVIOR AT INTERSECTIONS

Conflicts of interest over who shall assume the right of way at unmarked intersections may be viewed as a subset of a more general class of conflicts whose resolution is shaped by various strategies of deterrence. In order to examine the effects of five variables upon the determination of right of way, a simulated driving situation was developed in the laboratory, involving the presentation of a series of slide photographs of two vehicles, A and B, approaching an unmarked intersection. Male and female Ss were asked to act either as the driver of one of the two vehicles (A) or as the observer of both vehicles; in addition, the size of the second vehicle (B), the sex of its driver, as well as driver B's maintenance or avoidance of eye contact with A were varied. Ss predicted, with greater confidence, that Vehicle B would cross the intersection first (that driver A would be deterred from seizing the right of way) when B was the same size as A, rather than a vehicle either larger or smaller; when driver B was female, rather than male; and when driver B avoided, rather than maintained, eye contact with A. In addition to these three main effects, a number of interactions emerged between the eye contact variable and one or more of the other four. Several of these findings were interpreted as lending support to Schelling's description of the strategic efficacy of "binding oneself" to a course of action.
How we launched a developmental student-as-teacher (SAT) program for all medical students.

AbstractIntroduction: Teaching is a necessary skill for medical trainees and physicians. We designed and launched a developmental Student-as-Teacher program for all students, beginning with the class of 2016.Methods: A task force of faculty and students designed the program. The goal is to enable all students to acquire basic principles of teaching and learning at different stages in their four-year medical school career. Upon completion, students will achieve twenty-eight learning objectives grouped within four competency domains: (1) Adult and Practice-Based Learning; (2) Learning Environment; (3) Instructional Design and Performance; and, (4) Learner’s Assessment and Evaluation. The program combines online learning modules and a field teaching experience.Results: The entire class of 2016 (N = 200) completed the first online module. Students found the module effective, and 70% reported an increase in their level of knowledge. Although most students are expected to complete their field teaching experienc...
Fourth branchial complex anomalies: a case series.

Objective: Anomalies of the fourth branchial arch complex are exceedingly rare, with approximately forty cases reported in the literature since 1972. The authors report experience with six fourth arch anomalies. Methods: Retrospective chart review of six consecutive patients presenting to the pediatric otolaryngology service at a tertiary care center with anomalies referable to the fourth branchial arch. Results: All six patients presented within the first or second decade of life. All six had left-sided disease. Four patients presented with recurrent neck infection, one with asymptomatic cervical masses, and one with a neck mass and respiratory compromise. One patient had prior surgery presented with a recurrence. Diagnosis of fourth arch anomalies was suggested or confirmed by computed tomography and flexible laryngoscopy. Treatment was surgical in five patients; one patient is awaiting surgery. Surgical procedures included resection of the mass and endoscopic cauterization of the inner opening of the cyst. Conclusions: The presentation of a cervical mass, especially with recurrent infections and especially on the left side, in a child in the first or second decade of life heightens suspicion for an anomaly of the fourth branchial arch. Diagnosis can be difficult, but is aided by the use of flexible laryngoscopy, Computed tomography (CT) scanning and ultrasonography. Surgical resection of the cyst and cauterization of its pyriform sinus opening should be undertaken to minimize recurrence.
How to Be an Intentionalist

Author(s): Bevir, Mark | Abstract: The general aim of this paper is to establish the plausibility of a postfoundational intentionalism. Its specific aim is to respond to criticisms of my work made by Vivienne Brown in a paper “On Some Problems with Weak Intentionalism for Intellectual History”. Postfoundationalism is often associated with a new textualism according to which there is no outside to the text. In contrast, I suggest that postfoundationalists can legitimate our postulating intentions, actions, and other historical objects outside of the text. They can do so by reference to, first, philosophical commitments to general classes of objects, and, second, inference to the best explanation with respect to particular objects belonging to such classes. This postfoundational intentionalism sets up a suitable context within which to address Brown’s more specific questions.
The receptive field organization of X-cells in the cat: Spatiotemporal coupling and asymmetry

Abstract The visual responses of retinal X-cells, recorded as s-potentials in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), and geniculate X-cells, recorded as action potentials in the LGN, were studied in urethane anesthetized cats. We tested two widely held hypotheses: that the receptive field is (1) separable into spatial and temporal factors, and (2) even symmetric in space. The tests were applied to the amplitudes and phases of responses to sinusoidal gratings which drifted across the receptive field. The X-cell responses failed the test for spatiotemporal separability, and cases of spatial asymmetry were observed. A modified “Difference of gaussians” (mod DOG) model proved useful in the interpretation of the amplitude and phase data. Application of the mod DOG model to the amplitude and phase data revealed the existence of three forms of spatiotemporal coupling. Changes in the temporal frequency of the stimulus can change (1) the ratio between center and surround strengths, (2) the difference between center and surround phases, and (3) the spatial extent of the surround mechanism. Our results led us to a new view of receptive field organization in the X-cell: the center mechanism is spatially homogeneous in its dynamics whereas the surround mechanism is spatially inhomogeneous.
Defensive behavior and toxicity of ascoglossan opisthobranchMourgona germaineae marcus.

The ascoglossan (= sacoglossan) opisthobranchMourgona germaineae Marcus secretes a viscid mucus and autotomizes cerata when mechanically disturbed. Other small invertebrates, i.e., sea anemones, amphipods, and other ascoglossans, will die when placed with these autotomized cerata or in the water in which they have been autotomized. The toxin is methanol-soluble and water-soluble and thus is probably a small molecule. Simultaneous TLC of chloroform and methanol-water extracts ofM. germaineae and of its food alga,Cymopolia barbata indicates that the toxin is most likely of dietary origin.
Partial Characterization of R-Plasmids from Pasteurella multocida Isolated from Turkeys

Pasteurella multocida, isolated from turkeys during an outbreak of septicemic disease ("fowl cholera"), was found to be resistant to tetracycline, streptomycin, and sulfonamides. Agarose gel electrophoretic analysis of DNA from these isolates indicated the presence of extrachromosomal elements. Plasmid DNA was isolated by cesium chloride-ethidium bromide density centrifugation. Escherichia coli was transformed to antimicrobic resistance with this DNA. Two plasmids were isolated. One of these plasmids had a buoyant density of 1.7158 g/cm(3) (56.9 mol% guanine plus cytosine) and a molecular weight of 4.4 x 10(6) and conferred resistance to tetracycline, streptomycin, and sulfonamides. The other, having a buoyant density of 1.7198 g/cm(3) (61 mol% guanine plus cytosine) and a molecular weight of 3.44 x 10(6), conferred resistance to streptomycin and sulfonamides. Streptomycin resistance was mediated by streptomycin phosphotransferase. Compatibility group testing indicated that neither plasmid belonged to any of 13 compatibility groups (of conjugal plasmids). Both plasmids were also found to be compatible with three small, nonconjugative resistance plasmids.
Fluoroscopically guided balloon dilation of the esophagus.

Balloon dilation has become a common method for treating a variety of esophageal conditions. When properly performed, it is an effective procedure with a high rate of success. Fluoroscopically guided balloon dilation offers distinct advantages over endoscopically performed balloon dilation or blindly performed bougienage, as it allows for better visual control of the procedure and morbidity is low. In our experience, fluoroscopically guided esophageal balloon dilation is safe and easy to perform, provided that the operators are aware of the potential complications and the procedure is properly tailored to the patient's underlying condition. At our institution, over the course of 25 years we have performed more than 2300 fluoroscopically guided esophageal balloon dilations to treat a multitude of disorders including strictures of benign and malignant etiology, anastomotic strictures, radiation-induced strictures, tight gastric fundoplication wraps, esophageal webs and rings, achalasia, and anastomotic leaks. Over the years that we have performed the procedure, we have adapted our technique to maximize postprocedural outcomes and utilize available technology. In this article, we describe our current technique, present the various conditions amenable to balloon dilation, and emphasize modifications for each condition. We also discuss potential problems and complications that we have experienced in our practice.
TELEMARKETING AS A PROMOTIONAL TOOL—ITS EFFECTS AND SIDE EFFECTS

Telemarketing has added a new medium to the marketer's bag of tricks. This article briefly discusses the benefits and limitations of telemarketing as part of an overall marketing campaign. It then proceeds to discuss (via some new findings) the potential side effects that telemarketing may have on the image of the firm using it.
Congenital defects of the skull and scalp.

Summary Five cases of congenital defects of the skull and scalp are presented. The main features, life history, and treatment of these deficiencies are discribed. The historical aspect of the subject is reviewed and the ˦tiology is discussed.
Identification of Riboflavin Transport by MDCK Cells Using Quantitative Fluorescence Video Microscopy

MDCK cells, when examined by low-light level video microscopy displayed an endogenous fluorescence with two differing patterns. A low intensity emission which was punctate and associated with cell organelles was observed with emission and excitation conditions generally used to observe either fluorescein (450-500 nm excitation/greater than 510 nm emission) or rhodamine (514 nm excitation/greater than 530 emission) type dyes. A second 5- to 10-fold brighter emission for 450-500 nm excitation was observed, which was unusual in that each cell appeared to be outlined. Evidence obtained from spectroscopy and from using culture media of altered composition supported the conclusion that the water-soluble vitamin riboflavin accumulated in the basolateral spaces and fluid-filled "domes" and was the source of this fluorescent emission. Quantitative measurements showed that exposure to cultures to 10 microM riboflavin resulted in accumulation in domes of 565 +/- 80 microM. The transport rate was calculated to be 189 +/- 30 pmol/min-cm2. One mM probenecid, a known inhibitor of riboflavin transport in vivo, reduced transport to 54% of control, while 10 mM nearly abolished the uptake. The results demonstrate that removal of riboflavin reduces MDCK cell fluorescence to levels compatible with low-light level imaging. Furthermore, these cells actively transport riboflavin and provide a new in vitro model for this process.
House heating with electricity in the tennessee valley

Many of the factors responsible for the growing trend toward the use of electricity for home heating—both in the Tennessee Valley and elsewhere throughout the United States—are discussed.
Stripe phase in the presence of RVB spin liquid background

Abstract The stripe phase in high Tc cuprates modeled as an isolated stripe coupled to the RVB spin liquid background via the single particle hopping. It is found that the effect of stripe dynamics (including both longitudinal and transverse modes) leads to incipient temporal phase stiffness in the RVB liquid, which tunes quantum phase transition toward a superconducting ground state with global phase order.
Vaginal brachytherapy for early-stage carcinosarcoma of the uterus

Abstract Objective Uterine carcinosarcoma (CS) is an aggressive malignancy and the optimal adjuvant treatment is not well-established. We report outcomes with vaginal brachytherapy (VB) for women with early-stage CS. Methods and Materials A multi-institutional retrospective study of Stage I-II CS treated with hysterectomy, surgical staging, and adjuvant high-dose-rate VB without external-beam pelvic radiotherapy was performed. Rates of vaginal control, pelvic control, locoregional control, disease-free survival, and overall survival were determined using the Kaplan-Meier method. Results 33 patients were identified. Prescribed VB dose was 21 Gy in three fractions ( n = 15 [45%]) or 24 Gy in six fractions ( n = 18 [55%]). Eighteen patients (55%) received chemotherapy. Median followup was 2.0 years. Twenty-seven patients (82%) underwent pelvic lymphadenectomy, 5 (15%) had nodal sampling, and 1 (3%) had no lymph node assessment. Relapse occurred in 11 patients (33%), all of whom had lymph node evaluation. Locoregional relapse was a component of failure in 6 patients (18%), of whom 3 (9%) failed in the pelvis alone. Three patients (9%) had simultaneous distant and locoregional relapse (two vaginal, one pelvic). Five additional patients (15%) had distant relapse. Six of the 11 patients (55%) with disease recurrence received chemotherapy. Two-year vaginal control and pelvic control were 94% and 87%. Two-year locoregional control, disease-free survival, and overall survival were 81%, 66%, and 79%. Conclusions Despite having early-stage disease and treatment with VB, patients in this series had relatively high rates of local and distant relapse. Patients who undergo lymphadenectomy and VB remain at risk for relapse. Novel treatment strategies are needed.
RescuShell: A Biomechanical Design Epistemic Game for First-Year Engineering Education and Potentially Increased Retention of Women

The American engineering workforce lacks the size and diversity needed to maintain its place as the world leader in science and technology. Across the United States, academic institutions are attempting to retain men and especially women in engineering degree paths by providing introductory coursework that motivates them to persist to graduation. Epistemic games provide students with an authentic engineering experience that may increase their persistence towards engineering degrees. This authentic experience, which we refer to as a virtual internship, helps students create an engineering epistemic frame, in which their skills and knowledge are linked a developing engineering identity, values, and epistemology. RescuShell is an epistemic game that was developed to provide this virtual internship experience for first-year engineering students and increase the persistence of women. In RescuShell, students complete a biomechanical engineering design project in which they create an arm joint for a human enhancement suit. Students research the joint’s actuators, control sensors, power sources, types of articulation, and materials. Completed designs are assessed by the company’s various stakeholders for their ability to meet thresholds for safety, agility, payload, work capacity, reliability, and cost. We anticipate that RescuShell will motivate more men and women to persist to engineering degrees and future careers in the engineering profession than traditional first-year engineering coursework.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Time sequence of right and left atrial depolarization as a guide to the origin of the P waves

Abstract 1. 1. The time sequence of right atrial and left atrial depolarization as a guide to the origin of ectopic atrial beats was studied in 46 patients with heart disease: in 36 patients after electrical stimulation of known areas of the two atria and in 10 patients with ectopic atrial rhythms. A direct right atrial and a bipolar esophageal lead were recorded simultaneously with one or more limb and chest leads on a photographic recorder. A catheter-pacemaker assembly was used for electrical stimulation of the atria. 2. 2. Right atrial depolarization always preceded the left by an average of 0.04 sec. in all instances of normal sinus rhythm and after stimulation of the right atrium. Conversely, the left atrial component of the P wave occurred before the right by an average of 0.037 sec. when the wall of the left atrium was stimulated. 3. 3. In retrograde P waves ascending through the atrioventricular junction after stimulation of the ventricles, the right and left atria depolarized either simultaneously or in quick sequence, with an interatrial conduction time not exceeding 0.03 sec. 4. 4. Stimulation of the lower regions of the interatrial septum depolarized both atria very rapidly in a manner analogous to activation of the atria by retrograde P waves. 5. 5. It is concluded that the sequence of right and left atrial depolarization is a useful and possibly indispensable measure for determining the origin of the P waves. More refined studies may eliminate the overlapping encountered in the present investigation and render this technic an essential component in the study of atrial electrophysiology.
Vaccine Delivery Systems: Potential Methods for Use in Antifertility Vaccines

Extensively studied vaccine delivery systems include aluminum salts water-oil emulsions nonionic block polymers saponins liposomes antigen immunotargeting live vectors and biodegradable microspheres. Drug regulatory authorities accept aluminum salts as an antigen delivery system. Researchers should first consider aluminum salts as a delivery system for most newly developed vaccine formulations. They have a low incidence of side effects. Freunds complete adjuvant a water-oil emulsion is the most effective immunological stimulant. It causes necroulcerative lesions at the injection site however. The mycobacteria-free adjuvant Freunds incomplete adjuvant has some potential. The oil-water emulsion must be stable to safely deliver vaccines. Nonionic block polymers used with effective adjuvants stimulate high levels of antibodies and cell-mediated immunity (CMI) and do not cause lesions. The body does not metabolize them and the effect of resistance to degradation in humans is not known. The saponin compound Quil A when combined with lipoproteins or proteins with strong hydrophobic properties is a potent stimulator of humoral immunity and CMI responses. Its toxicity is not yet well understood though. Liposomes are effective as drug carriers in some vaccine formulations and appear to be safe. Upon construction of the recombinant inexpensive technology can produce live vector vaccines that may elicit long-lasting immunity. Since they can by lyophilized they do not need refrigeration. Microspheres of lactide-glycolide copolymers for the controlled release of the human chorionic gonadotropin vaccine have been developed and have potential as an antifertility vaccine (AFV) delivery system. Selection of an AFV delivery system should consider the solubility and immunogenicity of the carrier the adjuvants ability to help achieve high antibody production without promoting T-cell recognition of self-antigens the benefit:risk ratio and the interval between immunizations.
Glutamic acid decarboxylase activity in striatal slices: persistent increase following depolarization.

Abstract When slices prepared from rat corpus striatum were preincubated for 15 min in potassium-enriched Krebs Ringer-Phosphate medium (K + -KRP), the activity of glutamic acid decarboxylase measured upon reincubation in normal Krebs-Ringer-Phosphate (KRP) was doubled as compared to GAD activity in slices preincubated in normal KRP. Similarly, when striatal slices were preincubated in KRP containing 100 μM veratridine, GAD activity upon reincubation in normal KRP was increased 66% as compared to activity in slices preincubated in normal KRP. The observed increase in GAD activity was not a function of alterations in glutamate uptake by the slices. These results suggest that GABAergic neurons may regulate transmitter synthesis during the process of depolarization by increasing GAD activity.
Phylogenetic relationships of the Cochliopinae (Rissooidea: Hydrobiidae): an enigmatic group of aquatic gastropods.

Phylogenetic analysis based on a partial sequence of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene was performed for 26 representatives of the aquatic gastropod subfamily Cochliopinae, 6 additional members of the family Hydrobiidae, and outgroup species of the families Rissoidae and Pomatiopsidae. Maximum-parsimony analysis yielded a single shortest tree which resolved two monophyletic groups: (1) a clade containing all cochliopine taxa with the exception of Antroselates and (2) a clade composed of Antroselates and the hydrobiid genus Amnicola. The clade containing both of these monophyletic groups was depicted as more closely related to members of the family Pomatiopsidae than to other hydrobiid snails which were basally positioned in our topology. New anatomical evidence supports recognition of the cochliopine and Antroselates-Amnicola clades, and structure within the monophyletic group of cochliopines is largely congruent with genitalic characters. However, the close relationship between the Pomatiopsidae and these clades is in conflict with commonly accepted classifications and suggests that a widely accepted scenario for genitalic evolution in these snails is in need of further study.
Weight Loss Programs for Urban-based, Postpartum African-American Women: Perceived Barriers and Preferred Components

There are currently 1.85 million reproductive-aged women in the United States with diabetes or glucose intolerance. While it is known that postpartum weight retention can lead to obesity and diabetes, particularly among African-American women, little is known about African-American women’s preferences for postpartum weight loss programs. Our objective was to explore urban-based African-American women’s attitudes toward weight gain, perceived barriers to postpartum weight loss, and preferences for weight intervention strategies. Focus groups of pregnant African-American women (n = 22) were conducted by a race-concordant moderator. Open-ended questions were posed to stimulate discussions which were audio taped and transcribed verbatim. Transcriptions were independently reviewed by two investigators who extracted quotations and coded each statement to identify major themes. Results: The median age of participants was 26 years. Median pre-pregnancy or first trimester body-mass index was 31 kg/m2. Fifty-seven percent of the women were multiparous and 68% were Medicaid recipients. We identified 16 themes with the majority of participant comments focused on: (1) effect of postpartum depression on motivation to lose weight; (2) strong desire to lose weight; (3) knowledge of adverse effects of obesity; (4) costs of weight loss programs; (5) negative impact of media coverage of successful celebrity postpartum weight loss; (6) limitations of childcare on ability to exercise; and (7) family-centered lifestyle behaviors that promote unhealthy eating. Weight loss interventions for African-American women with postpartum obesity should address psychological effects of childbearing, affordability, and perceptions of body image. Interventions should incorporate family-centered approaches and weight loss maintenance strategies.
cDNA cloning and genomic structure of three genes localized to human chromosome band 5q31 encoding potential nuclear proteins.

Abstract Loss of a whole chromosome 5, or a del(5q), is a recurring abnormality in malignant myeloid diseases. By cytogenetic and molecular analyses, we delineated previously a 1- to 1.5-Mb region that is deleted in all patients with a del(5q). In our efforts to identify a myeloid tumor suppressor gene within the commonly deleted segment (CDS), we have cloned and characterized the genes encoding three putative nuclear proteins, each of which contains a bipartite nuclear localization signal (NLS). In addition, C5ORF5 contains a putative rhoGAP domain at the N-terminus, C5ORF6 has a proline-rich sequence near the N-terminus, and C5ORF7 has a zinc-finger domain that partially overlaps the NLS. All three genes are ubiquitously expressed and encode novel proteins. The C5ORF5 cDNA is 5.47 kb encoding a protein of 915 amino acids (aa) with a predicted molecular mass of ∼105 kDa. C5ORF5 has 23 exons spanning over 27 kb. The C5ORF6 transcript is 4.1 kb encoding a protein of 392 aa with a predicted molecular mass of ∼43 kDa. C5ORF6 has 5 exons and spans ∼11 kb. The C5ORF7 cDNA is 6.3 kb and encodes a protein of 1417 aa with a predicted molecular mass of ∼155 kDa. C5ORF7 has 24 exons spanning ∼64 kb. All three genes were localized to the distal half of the CDS between D5S1983 and D5S500. We evaluated each as a candidate tumor suppressor gene by the analysis of myeloid leukemia cells from patients with −5/del(5q), but no inactivating mutations were identified.
Effects of anxiety on self-monitoring.

This study investigated how one type of internal cue, anxiety, affects self-monitoring tendencies. Using a pretest-posttest, between-subjects design, with three experimental conditions (control, re...
Epigenetic regulation of antigen receptor gene rearrangement

Recent studies of the regulation of antigen receptor rearrangement have revealed several completely new levels of control. Not only do antigen receptor loci undergo changes in histone modifications as they become accessible for recombination, but also the number of different histone modifications and the variation at different parts of each receptor locus reveal great complexity. RAG2 is now known to bind to one of these histone modifications, H3K4me3, and this targets the initial RAG binding events to the J genes. The large megabase receptor loci undergo 3D changes in their structure during rearrangement, and receptor loci move throughout the nucleus, transiently binding to heterochromatin, and transiently pairing with each other. RAG-mediated DNA breaks promote some of these movements, and also result in widespread changes in the transcriptional profile promoting differentiation.
Radiochemical identification of the kil gene product of bacteriophage λ

Abstract We have identified the coliphage λ kil gene product using a differential labeling technique. The kil gene polypeptide has a molecular weight of about 16,000, as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Gel filtration of the kil protein indicates that it may exist as a tetramer in native form.
Avian Influenza: Exploring All the Avenues

In this issue, Luke and colleagues analyze 8 studies that evaluated the effects of therapy with serum or plasma from convalescent patients on the course of clinically diagnosed influenza pneumonia ...
Percolation in combusting sprays I: Transition from cluster combustion to percolate combustion in non-premixed sprays

Percolation theory, which addresses the connectedness of randomly-defined regions of space, is used to investigate the geometry of the flame surface of a combusting spray in the fast-chemistry, flame-sheet limit. In particular, percolation theory predicts the existence of two distinct combustion regimes in non-premixed sprays, regimes defined herein as “cluster combustion” and “percolate combustion.” These regimes are natural generalizations of isolated droplet combustion and external group combustion respectively. The time evolution of the boundary between the two regimes is analyzed for a simple model problem, leading to predictions of the novel phenomena of flame expulsion and flame exclusion due to geometrical effects.
A possible detection of infrared emission from carbon monoxide in Comet Austin (1989c 1)

A cryogenic IR echelle grating spectrometer has been used to probe the nu = 1-0 rovibrational band of the CO molecule in Comet Austin. Line emission has been detected at the Doppler-shifted frequency expected for the cometary P(3) line, in scans which are noted to cover only the first 3000 sec of May 16, 1990 observations; this is suggested to be due to an outburst of comparable duration. No detections were made of the P(2) line, which was predicted by models to occur at the 3.5 sigma level even for relatively high coma temperatures. If the outburst was accompanied by enhanced dust production, an increase by a factor of 2.5 is consistent with the present observational data and CO/dust may have been enriched in the outbursting volume relative to the remainder of the nucleus.
Recent progress in GABAergic excitation from mature brain

The excitatory effect of γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) has been recognized in very young animals and in seizure generation, but not so much in animals after weaning age or in adults. The existence of this phenomenon in mature brain is still controversial. In the course of debate, creative studies have identified and characterized the phenomenon in suprachiasmatic nucleus, cortex, hippocampus and basolateral amygdala, albeit mostly in single neurons. In neural circuit activity, presumed GABAergic excitation was observed in basolateral amygdala during the study of a neuropeptide, cholecystokinin. Though the functional meaning of this phenomenon in vivo remains to be uncovered, it may be implicated in epilepsy or anxiety in the adult brain.
A new species of swiftlet (Aves: Apodidae) from the late Quaternary of Mangaia, Cook Islands, Oceania

ABSTRACT A new species of Collocalia (Aves: Apodidae) is based on six fossils recovered from a Holocene rockshelter deposit on Mangaia, Cook Islands. The coracoid and carpometacarpus of the new species, C. manuoi, are larger and very different qualitatively from those of the extant C. sawtelli on Atiu, Cook Islands, the geographically nearest population of Collocalia. This is the first species of Collocalia to be described from fossils. The Cook Islands become the first Polynesian island group known to have had multiple species of Collocalia.
An application of JBI technology to distributed simulation

The Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) is continually conducting research into new technologies for future aerospace command and control. The Virtual Testbed for Advanced Command and Control (VTAC), an AFRL/IFSD effort under development, provides a realistic context for developing, demonstrating, and assessing information technologies for command and control. VTAC incorporates collaborative technologies with modeling and simulation to drive and evaluate proposed command and control systems. The most recent phase of VTAC development focuses upon applying the AFRL Joint Battlespace Infosphere (JBI) to distribute information efficiently throughout the VTAC. To this end, efforts are under way to integrate JBI with two key components of the VTAC: the AFRL Collaborative Enterprise Environment (CEE) and the High Level Architecture (HLA). CEE is the collaborative framework for VTAC, while HLA provides VTAC a capability for distributed simulation. These integration efforts promise new and interesting information and decision flows within the VTAC. Areas under investigation include data representation methodologies, intelligent agents, and user interfaces. The integration of JBI, CEE, and HLA promises to enhance VTAC capabilities in support of key initiatives such as Agile Research and Development/Science and Technology, Predictive Battlespace Awareness, and Effects-Based Operations.© (2004) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Object detection in ultrasound elastography for use in HIFU treatment of cancer

High intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU), has applications in treating various cancers, such as prostate, liver and breast cancer. In order for HIFU to be effective and efficient it needs to be guided by an imaging modality. While there are several options for guiding HIFU treatment, one of the most promising is ultrasound elastography. Current commercial devices use Brightness-Mode (B-mode) imaging or MRI, and are manual processes. Ultrasound elastography, allows complete automation of HIFU treatment due to the enhanced image, that elastography provides. The elastic image provides more information and less noise. To show that segmentation was possible on elastic images, nine algorithms were implemented in matlab and used on three distinct images for object detection. The three images used, have varying properties regarding object intensity and placement, as well as different noise patterns. Using PSNR, to gauge the effectiveness of each algorithm, it was shown that segmentation was possible on all images using different algorithms. The bilateral-shock-bilateral algorithm proved to be an overall effective algorithm in every situation with a PSNR of 83.87db on the phantom image. The segmentation results clearly highlight any object in the images. Future work includes fine tuning the algorithm with different phantom images and in-vivo images to distinguish between noise and desired object.
On the coarse-to-fine strategy in stereomatching

The coarse-to-fine matching strategy is a computationally efficient search technique often used in stereomatching or motion detection. The coarse-to-fine search is based on the assumption of spectral continuity and does not work when different spatial frequencies carry unrelated information, as frequently occurs in images containing transparent or lacy surfaces. Simple demonstrations are used to illustrate and discuss this issue.
Binary choice probabilities: on the varieties of stochastic transitivity

Abstract Let {Pλ} denote the family of decisiveness relations { P λ : 1 2 ≤ λ } with a Pλb if and only if P(a,b) > λ, where P is a binary choice probability function. Families in which all decisiveness relations are of the same type, such as all strict partial orders or all semiorders, are characterized by stochastic transitivity conditions. The conditions used for this purpose differ in various ways from the traditional forms of strong, moderate, and weak stochastic transitivity. The family {Pλ} is then examined from the viewpoint of interval representation models, the most general of which is a Pλb if and only if I(a, λ) > I(b, λ), where the I's are real intervals with I(a, λ) > I(b, λ) if and only if the first interval is completely to the right of the second. With I(a, λ) = [f(a, λ), f(a, λ) + σ(a, λ)], the specializations of the interval model that are discussed include those where the location function f (for left end-points) depends only on the set A of alternatives or stimuli and where the length function σ depends only on A or on λ or neither.