cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Null-Space Method for the Phase Unwrapping of Multitemporal SAR Interferometric Stacks

Multitemporal differential interferometric synthetic aperture radar analysis is of fundamental importance in the monitoring of Earth surface displacements. In this context, a key role for the reconstruction of the deformation maps and time series is played by the phase unwrapping (PhU) that reconstructs the unrestricted phase signals starting from the measured wrapped versions, i.e., the interferograms. PhU is typically carried out independently for each interferogram in the 2-D azimuth-range domain via the efficient minimum cost flow (MCF) optimization technique. Recently, it has been proposed a two-step (TS) strategy that exploits both the temporal and the spatial structures of the available interferograms. The MCF algorithm is applied in this case also in the temporal/spatial baseline domain, and this step is combined with the classical 2-D space unwrapping. However, the restriction on the use of the MCF algorithm in the baseline domain poses limitations on the interferogram generation scheme. We present a formulation which makes use of the overdetermined nature of the operator that relates the phase differences to the absolute phase values: the problem is addressed in a more general framework that can cope with the 3-D (2-D space and time) nature of the data. This formulation is derived with reference to the sequential (TS) approach to overcome its restrictions on the interferogram generation. The new algorithm is validated on both simulated and real data. Moreover, the use of this new formulation for a full 3-D unwrapping is also addressed.
Recombinant O-GlcNAc transferase isoforms: identification of O-GlcNAcase, yes tyrosine kinase, and tau as isoform-specific substrates

O-linked N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (OGT) catalyzes the transfer of O-linked GlcNAc to serine or threonine residues of a variety of substrate proteins, including nuclear pore proteins, transcription factors, and proteins implicated in diabetes and neurodegenerative disorders. We have identified two nucleocytoplasmic isoforms of OGT (ncOGT and sOGT) and one isoform that localizes to the mitochondria (mOGT). These three isoforms contain identical catalytic regions but differ in the number of tetratricopeptide repeat motifs found at the N-terminus of each enzyme. We expressed each of these OGT isoforms in a soluble form in Escherichia coli and have used them to identify novel targets including the Src-family tyrosine kinase yes and O-GlcNAc-ase. We demonstrate that some substrate proteins, such as Nup62 and casein kinase II, are glycosylated by both ncOGT and mOGT, while others such as O-GlcNAcase and tau are specifically modified by ncOGT. The yes kinase was specifically modified by mOGT. The short isoform of OGT (sOGT) did not glycosylate any of the substrates tested, although it retains a potentially active catalytic domain. Our findings demonstrate the potential utility of recombinant OGT in identifying new targets and illustrate the necessity to examine all active isoforms of the enzyme. The identification of a tyrosine kinase and O-GlcNAcase as OGT targets suggests the potential for OGT participation in numerous signal transduction cascades.
TGF-beta receptor types I and II are differentially expressed during corneal epithelial wound repair.

PURPOSE It has been demonstrated that cells migrating to cover an epithelial debridement wound exit the cell cycle and that the cell-cycle inhibitor p15(INK4b) is upregulated in these cells. TGF-beta signaling has been implicated in both of these processes, and this study was conducted to determine whether the expression and localization of TGF-beta receptor (TbetaR)-I and -II are altered during corneal epithelial wound repair. METHODS Three-millimeter superficial keratectomy wounds and 3-mm debridement wounds were made in central rat cornea and allowed to heal in vivo for 1 to 48 hours. Immunofluorescence microscopy and Western blot analysis were used to determine the localization and expression of TbetaR-I and -II. Unwounded rat corneas served as control samples. To determine the effect of epidermal growth factor (EGF) and TGF-beta1 on p15(INK4b) and TbetaR-I and -II expression, human corneal epithelial cells were grown in culture to 50% to 60% confluence, and EGF (5 ng/ml) and/or TGF-beta1 (2 ng/ml) were added for 6 hours. Cells were harvested and p15(INK4b) and TBR-I and -II levels were assayed by using Western blot analysis. RESULTS In unwounded corneas, TbetaR-I and TbetaR-II were present at low levels across the cornea, with higher levels in limbal epithelium. Both TbetaR-I and -II were upregulated after wounding. However, levels of TbetaR-II appeared to increase in the epithelial cells that had migrated to cover the wound area, whereas TbetaR-I was upregulated in the entire corneal epithelium. Western blot analysis indicated that both TbetaR-I and -II were upregulated threefold after wounding. In cultured cells, EGF and TGF-beta1 stimulated TbetaR-II; however, neither one stimulated TbetaR-I expression. TGF-beta1 stimulated p15(INK4b) protein levels threefold. CONCLUSIONS After wounding, TbetaR-I and TbetaR-II were both expressed at high levels in cells migrating to cover a corneal wound, suggesting that TGF-beta signaling is involved in blocking migrating cells from progressing through the cell cycle. This blockage, at least in part, involves the inhibitor p15(INK4b). In addition, although both TbetaR-I and TbetaR-II are upregulated during wound repair, they appear to be differentially regulated.
Synthesis of 32P-labeled intermediates on the purine biosynthetic pathway

A fast and efficient route to 32P-labeled intermediates on the purine biosynthetic pathway is described. Adenosine kinase catalyzes the phosphorylation of 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleoside (AICARs) to give [32P]-5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide (AICAR). This was then hydrolyzed to [32P]-4-carboxy-5-aminoimidazole ribonucleotide (CAIR). Treatment of CAIR with N5-CAIR mutase gave [32P]-5-aminoimidazole ribonucleotide (AIR) in milligram quantities. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Policy models to protect resource retrieval

Processes need a variety of resources from their operating environment in order to run properly, but adversary may control the inputs to resource retrieval or the end resource itself, leading to a variety of vulnerabilities. Conventional access control methods are not suitable to prevent such vulnerabilities because they use one set of permissions for all system call invocations. In this paper, we define a novel policy model for describing when resource retrievals are unsafe, so they can be blocked. This model highlights two contributions: (1) the explicit definition of adversary models as adversarial roles, which list the permissions that dictate whether one subject is an adversary of another, and (2) the application of data-flow to determine the adversary control of the names used to retrieve resources. An evaluation using multiple adversary models shows that data-flow is necessary to authorize resource retrieval in over 90% of system calls. By making adversary models and the adversary accessibility of all aspects of resource retrieval explicit, we can block resource access attacks system-wide.
Simulated changes in biogenic VOC emissions and ozone formation from habitat expansion of Acer Rubrum (red maple)

A new vegetation trend is emerging in northeastern forests of the United States, characterized by an expansion of red maple at the expense of oak. This has changed emissions of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs), primarily isoprene and monoterpenes. Oaks strongly emit isoprene while red maple emits a negligible amount. This species shift may impact nearby urban centers because the interaction of isoprene with anthropogenic nitrogen oxides can lead to tropospheric ozone formation and monoterpenes can lead to the formation of particulate matter. In this study the Global Biosphere Emissions and Interactions System was used to estimate the spatial changes in BVOC emission fluxes resulting from a shift in forest composition between oak and maple. A 70% reduction in isoprene emissions occurred when oak was replaced with maple. Ozone simulations with a chemical box model at two rural and two urban sites showed modest reductions in ozone concentrations of up to 5–6 ppb resulting from a transition from oak to red maple, thus suggesting that the observed change in forest composition may benefit urban air quality. This study illustrates the importance of monitoring and representing changes in forest composition and the impacts to human health indirectly through changes in BVOCs.
Reflections on Sleeping Beauty

Adam Elga (2000) presents a puzzle, the ‘Sleeping Beauty’ puzzle, which concerns the updating of belief when a person, Sleeping Beauty, finds something out about her temporal location in the world. He claims that in such cases, even though she apparently only learned something about her temporal location in the world, and nothing about the world per se, she should nonetheless change her degrees of belief in what the world is like. And Elga claims that in so doing she will violate Bas van Fraassen’s ‘Reflection Principle’. (See van Fraassen 1984 and van Fraassen 1995.) After presenting Elga’s argument I will present an alternative argument which has as its conclusion that Sleeping Beauty should not change her degrees of belief. I will then argue that neither of these arguments by itself is compelling, that one should distinguish degrees of belief from acceptable betting odds, and that some of the time Sleeping Beauty should not have
Treatment of massive pulmonary embolism utilizing a multidisciplinary approach: a case study

Massive pulmonary embolism (PE) is associated, historically, with a high mortality rate.Treatment options include systemic anticoagulation, catheter-directed thrombolytic therapy, surgical embolectomy, fragmentation techniques, and catheter embolectomy. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) repeatedly has demonstrated effectiveness in providing cardiopulmonary support for the patient with a massive PE too unstable to undergo thrombolysis or embolectomy. The present case study describes a morbidly obese patient, status post gastric bypass surgery, who presented with PE, and acute respiratory and cardiac failure. A description of the patient’s management plan, which includes a simple, rapidly deployed ECMO system (Levitronix® CentriMag® and Jostra Quadrox D), systemic- and catheter-directed thrombolytic therapy and rheolytic thrombectomy (AngioJet® Series 3000, Possis Medical, Minneapolis, MN).
Two-stage ignition in HCCI combustion and HCCI control by fuels and additives

A Rapid Compression Machine (RCM) has been used to study the effects of fuel structure and additives on the Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) of pure hydrocarbon fuels and mixtures under well-determined conditions. Such information is needed for understanding ignition delays and burning rates in HCCI engines, and “knock” in spark-ignition engines. It is also valuable for validating basic chemical kinetic models of hydrocarbon oxidation. The pure fuels used in the study include: paraffins (n-heptane, iso-octane), cyclic paraffins (cyclohexane, methylcyclohexane), olefins (1-heptene, 2-heptene, 3-heptene), cyclic olefins (cyclohexene, 1,3-cyclohexadiene), and an aromatic hydrocarbon (toluene). The additives were 2-ethyl-hexyl-nitrate and di-tertiary-butyl-peroxide. It was found that fuels which contained the structure -CH2-CH2-CH2- showed two-stage ignition with relatively short ignition delays and that the ignition delay depended strongly on the energy released during the first-stage. For primary reference fuel mixtures (n-heptane + iso-octane), the ignition delay depended only on the molar ratio of n-heptane to oxygen and was independent of the octane number (percent iso-octane). On the other hand, the burn rate depended on both these parameters, which uniquely determine the equivalence ratio. When additives were included in the air/fuel mixtures, the ignition delay was reduced but the burn rate was not affected. These results indicate that for HCCI combustion, the ignition delay and the burn rate can be independently controlled using various fuel mixtures and additives.
High-Density Presentation of an Immunodominant Minimal Peptide on B Cells Is MHC-Linked to Th1-like Immunity

Abstract Ligand-directed differences in the amount of peptide presented on a specific APC subset could influence the functional outcome of any given immune response. We have investigated this issue with a biochemically determined immunodominant peptide that is presented at a higher density on the APC of Th1 responders (I-A s genotypes) than on the APC of Th2 responders (I-A b genotypes). MHC-linked high peptide density is expressed on B lymphocytes, predominantly those that bear the B7-2 activation marker/costimulatory ligand. We further investigated the role of I-A s -specific polymorphism with transfected cells bearing an R→Q change at position-70 of Aβ (found only in the I-A s allele). Strikingly, I-A b -restricted Th1 and Th2 clones proliferate at a peptide dose 10- to 100-fold lower than wild-type on transfected fibroblasts bearing this single s-like substitution in Aβ b . Moreover, the shift in the clone dose response is sensitive to the peptide's C-terminus, as is MHC-linked Th1-like immunity to this peptide in vivo. Together, these data suggest that ligand-density can dictate Th1/Th2 selection via a single MHC polymorphism that determines the level of peptide presented to a given TCR on activated B cells.
Mother-daughter differences in menarcheal age in adolescent girls attending national dance company schools and non-dancers.

SummaryA combination of genetic and environmental factors is thought to contribute to age of menarche. Adolescent athletes and dancers are much more likely to have a delayed menarche than are non-athletes. To examine the possible differential influence of heredity and environmental factors on menarcheal age, 350 adolescent dancers and non-dancers and their mothers were surveyed. The dancers had a later age of menarche than did the comparison group; their mothers did not differ with respect to menarcheal age, suggesting that delayed menarche in athletes is not solely due to genetic selection as inferred by maternal menarcheal age. Maternal menarcheal age was the best predictor of menarcheal age in the comparison sample, while leanness was in the dance sample.
Revolution Revisited: The Structuralist-Voluntarist Debate*

There are three ideal types of revolutions: spontaneous, planned and negotiated. The role and importance of structural factors versus human agency vary according to the general category to which a particular revolution belongs. In spontaneous revolutions, both the transition and conslidation phases are heavily conditioned by prevailing structural factors, especially those that result in the weakening of ruling state institutions and the political mobilization of one or more social groups. By contrast, in planned revolutions self-declared revolutionaries take the lead in both mobilizing supporters and weakening the state, in fact often having a highly elaborate ideological—as well as tactical and strategic—blueprint for the acquisition and consolidation of power. Negotiated revolutions see the greatest coalescence of forces involving both structural developments and human agency. The seeds of the revolution have germinated, but the prevailing structural developments are not by themselves sufficient to bring about the revolution's success. Actors representing both state and society must step in to negotiate, and only then might the revolution succeed and be consolidated.
Spatiotemporal regime of climate and streamflow in the U.S. Great Lakes Basin

We analyzed interannual and seasonal regimes of river runoff, precipitation, and air temperature for three nested regions: (1) the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, (2) the U.S. portion of the Great Lakes Basin, and (3) glaciated portions of the northeastern U.S. spanning from the Dakotas to New England. Data sources included historical records of 50 to 105 years duration from 45 USGS gauging stations and 198 U.S. National Climate Network stations, and satellite-derived estimates of global monthly precipitation gridded at 2.5 resolution for 1979-2008 (partly data about precipitations were collected and passed for analysis by Glenn Hodgkins from USGS). We examined the spatiotemporal variability of climate characteristics for these regions as a multidimensional structure obtained from empirical data using factor analysis. The structure consisted of a few (2 to 7) centers of variability for each characteristic, and reflected the diversity of landscapes within the regions examined. Trends and regime shifts for mutual time intervals of river runoff, precipitation and temperature showed different direction of changes. The results obtained at the three scales were generally in agreement.
Kinesin from the plant pathogenic fungus Ustilago maydis is involved in vacuole formation and cytoplasmic migration

A gene encoding the heavy chain of conventional kinesin (kin2) has recently been identified in the dimorphic fungus Ustilago maydis (Lehmler et al., 1997). From the phenotype of kin2 null-mutants it was concluded that Kin2 might be involved in vesicle traffic towards the tip. However, this model did not explain why kin2-null mutant hyphae were unable to create empty cell compartments that are normally left behind the growing tip cell. Here we present a re-investigation of the function of Kin2 in hyphae and sporidia. We provide evidence that suggests a different and unexpected role of this kinesin motor in hyphal growth of Ustilago maydis. In addition, Kin2 was partially purified from U. maydis and in vitro properties were investigated. Isolated kinesin supported in vitro microtubule gliding at speeds of up to 1.8 micron/second, and showed motility properties and hydrodynamic behavior similar to those described for kinesin from N. crassa. It appears to be the product of the kin2 gene. Compared with wild-type sporidia, the kin2-null mutant sporidia grew normally but were defective in accumulation of Lucifer Yellow in their vacuoles, which were smaller than normal and often misplaced. The dikaryotic hyphae, produced by the fusion of two kin2-null sporidia, showed tip growth, but unlike wild-type hyphae, these structures lacked the large, basal vacuole and contain significantly more 200-400 nm vesicles scattered over the hole hypha. This defect was accompanied by a failure to generate regular empty cell compartments that are left behind in wild-type tip cells as the hyphae grow longer. These results suggest that Kin2 is a microtubule-dependent motor enzyme which is involved in the formation of vacuoles. The accumulation of these vacuoles at the basal end of the tip cell might be crucial for the formation of the empty sections and supports cytoplasmic migration during the growth of dikaryotic hyphae.
Synthesis and evaluation of N-(methylthiophenyl)picolinamide derivatives as PET radioligands for metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 4

In recent years, mGlu4 has received great research attention because of the potential benefits of mGlu4 activation in treating numerous brain disorders, such as Parkinson's disease (PD). A specific mGlu4 PET radioligand could be an important tool in understanding the role of mGlu4 in both healthy and disease conditions, and also for the development of new drugs. In this study, we synthesized four new N-(methylthiophenyl)picolinamide derivatives 11-14. Of these ligands, 11 and 14 showed high in vitro binding affinity for mGlu4 with IC50 values of 3.4nM and 3.1nM, respectively, and suitable physicochemical parameters. Compound 11 also showed enhanced metabolic stability and good selectivity to other mGluRs. [(11)C]11 and [(11)C]14 were radiolabeled using the [(11)C]methylation of the thiophenol precursors 20a and 20c with [(11)C]CH3I in 19.0% and 34.8% radiochemical yields (RCY), and their specific activities at the end of synthesis (EOS) were 496±138GBq/μmol (n=6) and 463±263GBq/μmol (n=4), respectively. The PET studies showed that [(11)C]11 accumulated fast into the brain and had higher uptake, slower washout and 25% better contrast than [(11)C]2, indicating improved imaging characteristics as PET radiotracer for mGlu4 compared to [(11)C]2. Therefore, [(11)C]11 will be a useful radioligand to investigate mGlu4 in different biological applications.
Comments on the Preliminary Set of Provisions for the Rules of Procedure of the European Unified Patent Court

This is my response to the public consultation on the rules of procedure (the 15th draft) for the European Unified Patent Court (UPC) that the UPC Committee conducted between June and September 2013. The focus is put on constitutional implications and conflicts of interests.The key points are: a) lack of a reliable impact assessment study; b) the scope of UPC’s judicial competence in light of Article 345 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the EU and member states’ sovereignty to determine proprietary rights; c) language discrimination as a barrier to the internal market (i.e. freedom to provide legal services); d) violation of national and European human rights guarantees, on the grounds of bifurcation and language discrimination; e) conflict of interests surrounding the Committee of the UPC Rules of Procedures and the criteria for the selection of UPC judges.
Designing band-to-band tunneling field-effect transistors with 2D semiconductors for next-generation low-power VLSI

Tunneling field-effect transistors (TFETs) are well known for their potential in low power electronics. The emerging two-dimensional (2D) semiconductors provide an excellent platform for constructing TFETs with desired properties. In this paper, by employing non-equilibrium Green's function (NEGF) based quantum transport simulations, 2D semiconductor based TFETs are innovatively designed and optimized, in terms of performance, energy efficiency, and scalability (up to 3 nm gate length, Lg) improvement w.r.t. ITRS requirements. Firstly, it is found that 2D homojunction TFETs (HMJTs) do not help in low-power very large-scale integration (VLSI), and the cause is identified to be their weak onset strength. Secondly, in order to enhance the onset strength, heterojunction TFET (HTJT) with judiciously selected material combination (WTe2-MoS2), optimized doping concentration, and most importantly, the gated Esaki diode (GED) structure is designed. It is found that the designed TFET provides significant improvement in performance and energy efficiency w.r.t. ITRS requirements, up to Lg = 9 nm. However, it is found that TFET with MoS2 as channel material begins to suffer from source-to-drain tunneling leakage (SDTL) at Lg = 6 nm, which is even earlier than that of its MOSFET counterpart. The cause is identified to be the band-to-band tunneling nature of carrier transport in TFETs in the entire operation region of interest. Thirdly, in order to overcome this scaling obstacle, broken-gap HTJT aided by innovative use of anisotropic and high effective mass 2D material (to fully exploit the advantage of the GED structure) is proposed. The proposed novel TFET is found capable of scaling up to Lg = 3 nm. Furthermore, an energy-delay benchmark is provided for the proposed devices from Lg = 12 nm to 3 nm. Finally, a predictive analysis is provided on the prospects of applying the proposed 2D TFETs for high-density 3D logic integration as a promising pathway for beyond Lg = 3 nm, in terms of alleviating the challenging issue of thermal dissipation in 3D ICs.
On Messes, Systems Thinking, and Evaluation A Response to Patton

To help evaluation professionals better understand what an authentic attempt at Developmental Evaluation (DE) ought to look like and when it is appropriate to use, Michael Patton’s provocative essa...
A Solvent and Initiator Free, Low-Modulus, Degradable Polyester Platform with Modular Functionality for Ambient-Temperature 3D Printing

3D printing has enabled the design of biomaterials into intricate and customized scaffolds. However, current 3D printed biomaterial scaffolds have potential drawbacks due to residual monomers, free-radical initiators, solvents, or printing at elevated temperatures. This work describes a solvent, initiator, and monomer-free degradable polyester platform for room temperature 3D printing. Linoleic acid side chains derived from soybean oil lowers the Tg and prevents packing and entanglement, ensuring that G″ > G′ during room temperature printing. Upon printing, cross-linking of pendant functionalized coumarin moieties fixes the viscous filaments to elastomeric solids. Furthermore, the modular design of the polyester platform enables conjugation of ligands, as demonstrated by the conjugation of FITC to surface amines on the 3D printed scaffolds. This low modulus, printable polyester platform addresses several design challenges in 3D printing of functional biomaterials and could potentially be useful in many ti...
Grandparent coupling and internal dynamics in the b and c resonance states of Ne

Two resonance structures, conventionally labeled b and c, appear between the first and second excitation thresholds in the electron-impact-excitation cross section of neon, and it has been suggested that spectroscopic assignments for these resonances should be based upon the ``grandparent model'' rather than on the ``parent'' model. Supportive evidence comes from both experimental and theoretical studies. In this model, it is assumed that two outer electrons participate in the formation of the resonance state relatively independently of the core electrons. This structure is reflected in the angular momentum coupling used to describe the resonance states. In this work, we validate the grandparent model of these resonances using complex dilated double-configuration Hartree-Fock calculations to determine the resonance eigenstates in the competing coupling schemes. For the b resonance, we also examine the isolation of the core from the two outer electrons as well as the effect of core relaxation. We reveal the roles played by exchange and orthogonality in the b resonance through graphical analysis by making use of special properties of the dilated eigenfunctions. Comparison with the lowest shape resonance in electron-sodium scattering is presented.
Hemagglutination induced by arabinosyl-6-mercaptopurine.

SummaryArabinosyl-6-mercaptopurine, a nucleoside that prolonged the survival of skin homografts, induced non-specific agglutination of either sheep or human red blood cells. The drug was bound to red blood cell stroma and the number of sites occupied on the stroma was determined as approximately 1.2 × 105 per red blool cell for tanned sheep cells and 6.7 × 105 per red blood cell for human type B cells. A heterologous antibody partially inhibited the hemagglutination induced by arabinosyl-6-mercaptopurine.
Effect of Insecticides on Survival, Development, Fecundity, and Sex Ratio in Controlled Infestations of Western Corn Rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

In a 4-yr study, granular soil insecticides were applied at planting time to plots of maize, Zea mays L., infested with population densities of eggs of western corn rootworms, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte, to determine how insecticides affected survival and development of immatures and female fecundity. Survival to adulthood differed among plots treated with different insecticides as well as among years of the study. Survival was generally highest in plots treated with insecticides that were the least water soluble (chlorpyrifos and fonofos) and lowest in plots treated with compounds that were the most water soluble (carbofuran and ethoprop). Survival was highest in years when precipitation and topsoil moisture were below normal during egg hatch and larval development and lowest when these conditions were above normal. Carbofuran, ethoprop, and chlorpyrifos delayed the mean emergence date in 1981. Only carbofuran delayed emergence in 1982, and none of the insecticides affected emergence in 1985. Mean percentage of survivors that were female differed each year (range, 23.2-45.3%). Egg density did not affect sex ratio. As reflected in the significant-year-by-insecticide interaction, some insecticides were inconsistent in their effect on sex ratios. In 1981, fecundity of survivors from plots treated with carbofuran, chlorpyrifos, terbufos, and isofenphos was significantly greater than that of survivors from plots treated with phorate, fonofos, and ethoprop or that were left untreated. Insecticides did not affect timing of oviposition, which began 2 wk after emergence and peaked when beetles were 4 wk old.
Zygosaccharomyces Acidifaciens: A New Acetifying Yeast

The organism to be described in this paper was isolated in the spring of 1938 from a bottle of domestic red wine turning sour. From wine souring to vinegar, one ordinarily expects to isolate bacteria belonging to the genus Acetobacter; however, careful examination both microscopically and by plating on nutrient agar failed to reveal members of this genus as present. On the contrary, a yeast was found in large numbers. So far as could be determined, the yeast was the sole occupant of the liquid in the bottle, thus confronting us with that very rare condition, namely, a pure culture in nature. This condition may have resulted, in part, from the high acidity of the wine for the pH was determined colorimetrically to be 2.2. Single cell isolations of the organism were made using th'e Hansen technique; several isolates kept in culture for over a year showed the same properties and showed no variation in that time. The isolate kept in culture for the past four years, similarly, has shown no sectoring nor other variation. The first attempts at identification of this yeast met with considerable difficulty. I tentatively considered the organism as belonging to the genus Mycoderma which includes imperfect yeasts, widespread in air, and frequently to be found in alcoholic solutions. They ordinarily form a scum on the surface of liquid media and rarely carry out an alcoholic fermentation, but are notorious for the production of acid from alcohol. Mycoderma vini (according to Lodder's 1934 classification) was the closest approach that could be made for this isolate but the position was actually untenable since no pellicle was ever formed by the yeast on any liquid medium and since the yeast did carry out an alcoholic fermentation.
The Influence of Family and Teacher Factors on Early Disruptive School Behaviors: A Latent Profile Transition Analysis

The kindergarten year plays an important role in establishing children’s academic, social, and behavioral adjustment. Early identification of children who experience difficulties with the kindergar...
Optimized Design of the Structure of Electric Spindle Based on ANSYS

An electric spindle used for milling was discussed,a parameterized FEA model of bearing-rotor system established in ANSYS was given,choosing the stiffness of spindle as the optimizing target,its bearing span and the location of the motor were calculated by using the optimized function integrated in ANSYS,and modal analysis on fore-and-aft spindle system was made,then the change of its first set inherent frequency was compared.The result reveals its stiffness and first set inherent frequency both have a certain extent of increase.
Transport and metabolism of ascorbic acid in human placenta

The role of human placenta in cellular transport and metabolism of the potentially toxic oxidized form and the useful reduced form of ascorbic acid was examined in surviving tissue fragments in vitro. At the end of a 60-min incubation with the 14C label nominally present in the reduced form, a tissue-to-medium ratio in excess of unity was reached. The importance of evaluating uptake of the ascorbic acid metabolites is evident from a careful assay of 14C label present in the bathing media. Significant spontaneous oxidation occurs, which is slowed or reversed to a limited extent by the presence of placental tissue. Uptake of the oxidized substrate, dehydro-L-ascorbic acid, proceeds much more rapidly than uptake of ascorbic acid. At the end of a 15-min incubation, most of the substrate taken up was in the reduced form. From an additional evaluation of 14C label in the bath it is calculated that 25% of ascorbic acid formed by the tissue is released within 15 min. The cellular uptake mechanism for dehydro-L-ascorbic acid is not shared by glucose and is not dependent on the presence of Na+ but is dependent on intact cellular metabolism. The finding of avid cellular uptake and reduction of the oxidized form of ascorbic acid supports the concept that the placenta helps to clear the toxic molecule from the maternal circulation, metabolizes it, and delivers the useful reduced form to the fetus.
Evaluation of Collision Cross Section Calibrants for Structural Analysis of Lipids by Traveling Wave Ion Mobility-Mass Spectrometry

Collision cross section (CCS) measurement of lipids using traveling wave ion mobility-mass spectrometry (TWIM-MS) is of high interest to the lipidomics field. However, currently available calibrants for CCS measurement using TWIM are predominantly peptides that display quite different physical properties and gas-phase conformations from lipids, which could lead to large CCS calibration errors for lipids. Here we report the direct CCS measurement of a series of phosphatidylcholines (PCs) and phosphatidylethanolamines (PEs) in nitrogen using a drift tube ion mobility (DTIM) instrument and an evaluation of the accuracy and reproducibility of PCs and PEs as CCS calibrants for phospholipids against different classes of calibrants, including polyalanine (PolyAla), tetraalkylammonium salts (TAA), and hexakis(fluoroalkoxy)phosphazines (HFAP), in both positive and negative modes in TWIM-MS analysis. We demonstrate that structurally mismatched calibrants lead to larger errors in calibrated CCS values while the stru...
Unsupervised Part-Of-Speech Tagging with Anchor Hidden Markov Models

We tackle unsupervised part-of-speech (POS) tagging by learning hidden Markov models (HMMs) that are particularly well-suited for the problem. These HMMs, which we call anchor HMMs, assume that each tag is associated with at least one word that can have no other tag, which is a relatively benign condition for POS tagging (e.g., "the" is a word that appears only under the determiner tag). We exploit this assumption and extend the non-negative matrix factorization framework of Arora et al. (2012) to design a consistent estimator for anchor HMMs. In experiments, our algorithm is competitive with strong baselines such as the clustering method of Brown et al. (1992) and the log-linear model of Berg-Kirkpatrick et al. (2010). Furthermore, it produces an interpretable model in which hidden states are automatically lexicalized by words.
The Faunistic Richness of Insects in the Tropics

The primary purpose of this book is to discuss the various ecological factors that influence both temporal and spatial properties of insect populations in the tropics. Factors such as diet, habitat, altitude, climate, seasonality, and geography are considered to be the major determinants of both past and extant distributions of tropical insect populations. Comparisons of distribution patterns to underlying mechanisms are often made with insect populations of the temperate zones, since overall insect diversity is relatively greater in the tropics than in temperate zones. This book attempts neither to exhaustively cover all of the literature on insects in tropical environments nor to provide a complete, comprehensive unison of broad-scale historical or biogeographical explanations for insect distributions in the tropics with all explanations based upon contemporary ecological interactions. Rather, given the amount of different approaches applied to accounting for the diversity of tropical organisms in general, and insects in particular over the past three centuries, the book draws together some of the pertinent studies relating to the population structure and dynamics of individual species and how such properties of insect populations relate to the more general issue of the great diversity of insect species in tropical regions.
SoK: Towards Grounding Censorship Circumvention in Empiricism

Effective evaluations of approaches to circumventing government Internet censorship require incorporating perspectives of how censors operate in practice. We undertake an extensive examination of real censors by surveying prior measurement studies and analyzing field reports and bug tickets from practitioners. We assess both deployed circumvention approaches and research proposals to consider the criteria employed in their evaluations and compare these to the observed behaviors of real censors, identifying areas where evaluations could more faithfully and effectively incorporate the practices of modern censors. These observations lead to an agenda realigning research with the predominant problems of today.
WUJUD KESANTUNAN BERBAHASA MAHASISWA DALAM WACANA AKADEMIK

Wujud Kesantunan Berbahasa Mahasiswa dalam Wacana Akademik. Penelitian ini bertujuan mendeskripsikan kesantunan berbahasa mahasiswa dalam wacana akademik. Penelitian ini termasuk jenis penelitian kualitatif dengan menggunakan ancangan teori etnografi komunikasi, teori tindak tutur, dan teori kesantunan berbahasa. Data penelitian terdiri atas data tuturan dan catatan lapangan. Pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui teknik perekaman, observasi, wawancara, dan transkripsi. Analisis data dilakukan melalui empat prosedur utama, yakni: pengumpulan data, reduksi data, penyajian data, dan penyimpulan/verifikasi. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa kesantunan mahasiswa direpresentasikan melalui penggunaan diksi, meliputi (1) penamaan diri, (2) penggunaan kata ganti, dan (3) penggunaan gelar. dan penggunaan tuturan, meliputi: (a) tuturan bermodus deklaratif, (b) tuturan bermodus imperatif, dan (c) tuturan bermodus interogatif. Kata kunci: etnografi komunikasi, kesantunan berbahasa, wacana akademik
Abstract 304: A Moderately- Enriched Fructose Diet Increases The Sensitivity Of The Proximal Nephron To Angiotensin II.

Consumption of high-fructose corn syrup as a sweetener has been implicated in diabetes, obesity, and hypertension. We have recently shown that a moderately-enriched fructose diet (20%), an amount consumed by more than 30 million Americans, causes salt-sensitive hypertension. Activation of the renin-angiotensin system in the proximal nephron also increases blood pressure presumably due to augmented salt and water reabsorption. However, whether the effects of angiotensin II (Ang II) on proximal tubule transport are enhanced by moderate fructose consumption is unknown. We hypothesize that a diet containing moderate amounts of fructose increases transport in proximal tubules by enhancing their sensitivity to Ang II. To test this, we measured the effects of Ang II on transport-related oxygen consumption (QO2) in proximal tubule suspensions from rats consuming 20% of their calories as fructose in their drinking water for 1 week. We found that 1 pmol/l Ang II stimulated QO2 by tubules from the fructose-fed group but had no effect on those from controls (21 ± 7 vs. 5 ± 3 nmol/mg/min; p
Overconfidence in Finance: Overview and Trends

Overconfidence in financial markets is a controversial topic that has still much to offer. With heated controversy over its very existence and implications since its early days, research on this topic entered into a quiet period after 2008. Higher levels of financial complexity, market regulation and institutional participation alongside with algorithm trading and high frequency trading seem to be apparently driving psychological features away from final trading decisions. This however, does not mean that overconfidence should be neglected, as there are reasons to believe that this psychological bias evolved, became less visible, but is still playing a relevant role in trading decision making.
Making sense of heritage tourism: Research trends in a maturing field of study

Abstract This essay examines several emerging research trends in the field of heritage tourism. These trends, including experiential connections with heritage, blurred boundaries between tourisms, more accurate portrayals of the commodified past and technological advancements, demonstrate a precipitous growth in heritage tourism scholarship that focuses more on experience, identity, stewardship, place and empowerment than the more descriptive supply v. demand work that preceded it. Changes in how researchers treat the cultural past indicate a maturing field of study that is increasing in popularity as a focus of academic research and also as a consumable tourist product.
No one is naïve: Young infant’s immunity can dodge Darwinian selection

Unlike adults, young infant antibody responses against respiratory syncytial virus are biased toward limited antigenic sites, suggesting a blueprint for future infant and age-specific vaccines.
Toward an effective peripheral visceral analgesic: responding to the national opioid crisis

This mini-review summarizes recent new developments in visceral analgesics. This promising field is important, as a new approach to address abdominal pain with peripheral visceral analgesics is con...
The Solar Radiation Environment in the Eastern Tropical North Pacific Ocean

Solar radiation measurements were made in the DOMES area of the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean, between 5° and 18° North and 126° and 151° West, during the late summer 1975 and winter of 1976, aboard the NOAA ship OSS OCEANOGRAPHER. These were of the net photon irradiance above the surface, and the downward photon irradiance to a depth of 150 m. Measurements were of the broad waveband between 400 and 700 nm, i. e., the photosynthetically active radiation.
Desirablizing Whiteness: A Discursive Practice in Social Justice Leadership That Entrenches White Supremacy:

This article conceptualizes “Desirablizing Whiteness” as a discursive practice. Desirablizing Whiteness occurs when equity efforts aim to include racially minoritized students in actions, situation...
Fast exact planning in Markov decision processes

We study the problem of computing the optimal value function for a Markov decision process with positive costs. Computing this function quickly and accurately is a basic step in many schemes for deciding how to act in stochastic environments. There are efficient algorithms which compute value functions for special types of MDPs: for deterministic MDPs with S states and A actions, Dijkstra's algorithm runs in time O(AS log S). And, in single-action MDPs (Markov chains), standard linear-algebraic algorithms find the value function in time O(S3), or faster by taking advantage of sparsity or good conditioning. Algorithms for solving general MDPs can take much longer: we are not aware of any speed guarantees better than those for comparably-sized linear programs. We present a family of algorithms which reduce to Dijkstra's algorithm when applied to deterministic MDPs, and to standard techniques for solving linear equations when applied to Markov chains. More importantly, we demonstrate experimentally that these algorithms perform well when applied to MDPs which "almost" have the required special structure.
Percutaneous cryoablation for papillary muscle ventricular arrhythmias after failed radiofrequency catheter ablation.

Background Catheter ablation of ventricular arrhythmias (VA) from the papillary muscles (PM) is challenging due to limited catheter stability and contact on the PMs with their anatomic complexity and mobility. Objective This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of cryoablation as an adjunctive therapy for PM VAs when radiofrequency (RF) ablation has failed. Methods We evaluated a retrospective series of patients who underwent cryoablation for PM VAs when RF ablation had failed. The decision to switch to cryoablation was at the operator's discretion when intracardiac echocardiography (ICE) suggested that cryoablation might be more effective in achieving catheter stability and energy delivery. Results Sixteen patients underwent cryoablation of PM VAs between 2014 and 2016 after RF ablation was unsuccessful. VAs originated from the anterolateral left ventricle (LV) PM (six patients), posterolateral LV PM (six patients), and right ventricle PM (four patients). VAs were predominantly frequent premature ventricular complexes (PVCs); however, patients with sustained ventricular tachycardia and PVC-triggered VF were also represented. Fifteen of the 16 patients were treated with cryoablation; in one patient, a procedural complication with retrograde aortic access precluded treatment. In all patients treated with cryoablation, contact and stability was confirmed with ICE to be superior to the RF catheter, and there was acute and long-term elimination of VAs. Conclusion Cryoablation is a useful adjunctive therapy in ablation of PM VAs, providing excellent procedural outcomes even when RF ablation has failed. Cryoablation catheters are less maneuverable than RF ablation catheters and care is required to avoid complications.
Tropical storm-induced landslide-dammed lakes and debris flow hazards at Ocotepeque, Western Honduras

One of the deadliest tropical storms on record in Central America is the 1934 tropical storm that resulted in over 3000 fatalities; the majority of fatalities caused by floods, debris flows, and landslides. The hardest hit region was in western Honduras near the city of Ocotepeque, where 64 cm of rain fell on June 4, 1934. The rainfall caused a rock landslide forming a natural dam in a mountain valley above Ocotepeque. The dam failed 3 days later on June 7. The ensuing debris flow destroyed Ocotepeque killing an estimated 486 people, over 10% of the city’s population. There was little to no reporting of this disaster due to the city’s remote location and lack of adequate communications. Following this event, the city was relocated 4 km north of Ocotepeque and renamed Nueva Ocotepeque. Over time, however, the old location, Ocotepeque, was resettled and called Antigua Ocotepeque. In this study, we examine the 1934 event and the effects of a similar recurrence on both Antigua Ocotepeque and Nueva Ocotepeque. Landslide hazard maps of the area (for shallow landslides) were generated and used to investigate the possibility of landslide dams forming. The potential debris flow inundation areas were predicted, and the effects of potential debris flows were investigated. Deterministic slope stability analyses conducted on the new location indicated that potential landslides could be more significant than suggested by the current hazard maps.
Serratus plane blocks: not quite plane and simple.

To the Editor: We enjoyed the recent publication by Biswas et al [1][1] investigating dye spread in cadaveric serratus plane blocks with different volumes and injections sites. Similar to their findings, we have also noted clinically that an increased volume of local anesthetic increases the
Applying The Intentional Relationship Model To Persons With Dementia: A Retrospective Analysis

AbstractAims: This retrospective study explored how mechanisms and elements of the Intentional Relationship Model may support volition and engagement in occupation for individuals living with demen...
Toward a Synthetic Yeast Endosymbiont with a Minimal Genome.

Based on the endosymbiotic theory, one of the key events that occurred during mitochondrial evolution was an extensive loss of nonessential genes from the protomitochondrial endosymbiont genome and...