cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Energy Efficient Manufacturing and Supply Systems – Case Studies and Results

A supply chain consists of a number of manufacturing sites and distribution centers. Based on energy assessment projects involving 150 manufacturing sites and distribution centers, this paper presents two case studies – one energy intensive manufacturing organization, and one typical distribution center – to illustrate the kind of energy saving opportunities that can be typically identified in manufacturing, and in supply. As a major effort to promote energy efficiency, the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) has developed a new set of standards addressing the use of energy in businesses: ISO50001:2011. This proposes technical and management strategies for companies to follow so that energy use may be maximized, costs may be reduced and there is minimal stress on the environment. In reality, however, industrial companies need understanding and real life cases to be able to plan for actions. The cases in this paper provide a window to look into same fairly common examples of energy saving possibilities that exist in the manufacturing sites and the distribution centers within a supply chain.
Vibration of Overhead Transmission Lines

STUDIES of vibration of overhead conductors have been prosecuted vigorously for several years in laboratory and fields. The importance of magnitude and distribution of stresses in multiplestrand conductors led to the development of a unique method for measuring stresses in vibrating conductors in the laboratory under conditions closely simulating field conditions, and numerous schemes for effecting better stress distribution at conductor supports have been investigated. These tests have been facilitated by the development of special Machinery. Field work has been conducted on special outdoor spans, and observations have been made also upon operating lines at widely separated locations.
Identification of the Rhesus Macaque Rhadinovirus Lytic Origin of DNA Replication

We have identified a lytic origin of DNA replication (oriLyt) for rhesus macaque rhadinovirus (RRV), the rhesus macaque homolog of human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8), also known as Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. RRV oriLyt maps to the region of the genome between open reading frame 69 (ORF69) and ORF71 (vFLIP) and is composed of an upstream A+T-rich region followed by a short (300-bp) downstream G+C-rich DNA sequence. A set of overlapping cosmids corresponding to the entire genome of RRV was capable of complementing oriLyt-dependent DNA replication only when additional ORF50 was supplied as an expression plasmid in the transfection mixture, suggesting that the level of ORF50 protein originating from input cosmid DNA was insufficient. The requirement of RRV ORF50 in the cotransfection replication assay may also suggest a direct role for this protein in DNA replication. RRV oriLyt shares a high degree of nucleotide sequence and G+C base distribution with the corresponding loci in HHV-8.
Flicker illness: an underrecognized but preventable complication of helicopter transport.

A case report of seizure due to photic stimulation from sunlight shining through spinning helicopter rotor blades is discussed. A review of photosensitive epilepsy is provided with particular emphasis on the effects andfrequencies of photic stimulation required to induce symptoms. The frequencies of flashing light produced by spinning helicopter rotor blades commonly used in air medical transport range from 24 to 27 flashes per second. These frequencies are well within the range reported in the literature to produce symptoms in the laboratory setting. The literature provides only a few case reports of individuals sustaining a seizure after photic stimulation from spinning turboprop or helicopter blades. Symptoms range from mild discomfort andheadache to profound spatial disorientation andseizures andmay be an underrecognized but preventable complication of air medical transport.
A tutorial and review of object-oriented design of manufacturing software systems

Object-oriented design represents a relatively new method of software system design that provides a means for the development of robust software systems. This approach is what software developers need to deal with the dynamic nature of the manufacturing organization and the processes contained within. This paper presents a tutorial which focuses on the application of object-oriented design and programming to manufacturing software development. This essay begins with an examination of object-oriented software design (OOD) and how it compares with traditional algorithmic design. The discussion reviews the major elements of an object-oriented system and discusses how these elements support the development of complex software systems using examples from manufacturing as support. This is followed by a discussion of the steps to use as one approach to object-oriented design. The paper concludes with a review of object-oriented manufacturing systems reported in the literature.
Pulmonary venous responses to immersion hyperthermia and hypothermia

Abstract The most significant aspect of these studies is the observation that the pulmonary venous responses to immersion in neutral, hot, and cold water are similar to those which would be predicted from knowledge of the behavior of the peripheral veins. Little information on pulmonary venomotor activity is available for intact animals. However, changes in the distensibility characteristics of the pulmonary veins in response to both physiologic and pathologic stimuli must be taken into consideration, when appropriate, in the interpretation of hemodynamic phenomena.
Estimating Excess Mortality in Post-Invasion Iraq

In a military invasion and ongoing war, the likelihood of obtaining good demographic data plummets. Catherine Brownstein and John Brownstein discuss the accuracy of the data from the Iraq Family Health Survey. Dr. Mohamed Ali discusses violence-related mortality among Iraqi civilians and the methods used to assess health and mortality in a war zone. Dr. Ali is a statistician in the Department of Measurement and Health Information Systems at the World Health Organization in Geneva, Switzerland.
Endovascular mechanical thrombectomy of an occluded superior division branch of the left MCA for acute cardioembolic stroke.

Cardiac embolism accounts for a large proportion of ischemic stroke. Revascularization using systemic or intra-arterial thrombolysis is associated with increasing risks of cerebral hemorrhage as time passes from stroke onset. We report successful mechanical thrombectomy from a distal branch of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) using a novel technique. A 72-year old man suffered an acute ischemic stroke from an echocardiographically proven ventricular thrombus due to a recent myocardial infarction. Intra-arterial administration of 4 mg rt-PA initiated at 5.7 hours post-ictus failed to recanalize an occluded superior division branch of the left MCA. At 6 hours, symptomatic embolic occlusion persisted. Mechanical extraction of the clot using an Attracter-18 device (Target Therapeutics, Freemont, CA) resulted in immediate recanalization of the MCA branch. Attracter-18 for acute occlusion of MCA branches may be considered in selected patients who fail conventional thrombolysis or are nearing closure of the therapeutic window for use of thrombolytic agents.
Determinants of Self-Reported Depressive Symptoms by Frail Elderly Persons Living Alone

This study examined the effeci of life sbessors and psychosocial resources on self-reported depressive symptoms for frail elderly living alone in the 1982-84 National Long-Term Care Channeling Demonstration (N = 2,081). Significant predictors of depressive symptoms were being white, less education, more ADL impairment, more physical illness and poorer perceived health, more perceived unmet needs, less sense of control, and more informal helpers and the interaction of social participation and loss of a signif- icant other. Implications for research on the relation of these factors among the frail elderly are addressed.
Correction of Posttraumatic Enophthalmos

Management of posttraumatic enophthalmos can present as a challenge to the reconstructive surgeon, particularly in cases of late presentation. This article reviews the pertinent anatomy of the orbit, diagnostic modalities, indications for surgery, and surgical approaches as they relate to the treatment of posttraumatic enophthalmos. Internal orbital reconstruction has evolved to an elegant procedure incorporating various biologic or alloplastic implants, including anatomical pre-bent implants. Successful repair of late enophthalmos has been demonstrated in multiple recent studies and is likely related to the precision with which orbital anatomy can be restored.
Informatics in Africa: Lessons from World Bank experience

Abstract Governments' agencies are the dominant information technology (IT) users in Africa. As in the developed countries, the returns of the use of IT are mixed. Analysis of 76 World Bank projects in Africa shows that government and aid agencies alike need to make more intensive efforts in the design of projects with IT components, taking into account clients' limited absorptive capacity. Specific examples of IT use show the core constraining factors to lie in limited human and organizational capabilities.
Analytic inductive definitions

An operator Γ mapping P ( ω ) to itself is inductive if Γ( A ) ⊇ A for all A . For such an inductive operator Γ we define {Γ α : α ∈ ORD} by letting Γ = ⌀, Γ α + 1 = Γ(Γ α ) for all α , and Γ β = ⋃{Γ α : α α such that Γ α +1 = Γ α and the closure is Γ ∣Γ∣ . Let be a class of operators over the natural numbers. The closure ordinal ∣ ∣ of is the supremum of {∣Γ∣: Γ is an inductive operator and }. The closure algebra generated by is { A ⊆ ω : A is 1-1 reducible to for some inductive operator }. The inductive algebra generated by is {Γ α : Γ is an inductive operator in and α For A ∈ P ( ω ), is the supremum of the ordinals of well-orderings recursive in A . For , let be the supremum of . For example, it is well known that ω ( ) = ω (∆ 1 0 = ω 1 , ω (Π 1 1 ) = ω 1 and ω (Δ n 1 ) = δ n 1 for n > 1 (the latter by definition).
Faster methods for random sampling

Several new methods are presented for selecting n records at random without replacement from a file containing N records. Each algorithm selects the records for the sample in a sequential manner—in the same order the records appear in the file. The algorithms are online in that the records for the sample are selected iteratively with no preprocessing. The algorithms require a constant amount of space and are short and easy to implement. The main result of this paper is the design and analysis of Algorithm D, which does the sampling in O(n) time, on the average; roughly n uniform random variates are generated, and approximately n exponentiation operations (of the form ab, for real numbers a and b) are performed during the sampling. This solves an open problem in the literature. CPU timings on a large mainframe computer indicate that Algorithm D is significantly faster than the sampling algorithms in use today.
Cuntz-Krieger algebras associated with Fuchsian groups

For Fuchsian groups of the first kind containing parabolic elements, it is shown that the action on a suitable disconnection of the limit circle generates a Cuntz—Krieger C*-algebra. This clarifies and generalizes the situation of the subalgebra within O2, and provides a new proof of the simplicity and nuclearity of certain Cuntz—Krieger algebras. The proof relies on the Markov partition obtained from a suitable fundamental polygon for the group. Counter examples are given if an unsuitable fundamental polygon is used.
Donor-Derived Infections in Transplant Patients

Abstract Numerous cases of donor-derived infections (DDI) after solid-organ transplantation have been reported in recent times. While some are expected (often due to cytomegalovirus or Epstein-Barr virus), others have been clinically unexpected. Pre-transplant screening is quite helpful in abrogating the risks of DDI but could be optimized further to increase patient safety, reduce risk, augment the number of organs transplanted, and save more lives. Testing thus far has largely been serologic; advances in testing technology have allowed the use of nucleic acid testing, as well as other new testing modalities. The optimal use of such testing in the solid organ transplant setting remains to be determined. Increased awareness of DDI has augmented and will continue to augment our ability to effectively diagnose and care for solid organ transplant recipients.
Solution to papal chemistry challenge.

The papal chemistry challenge sought to find a lesser-known connection between pontiffs and chemistry. In particular, we were given the clue “this element is Pope” [1]. In the absence of context, this clue might be rather obscure and ambiguous. However, for a good reason, the challenge delved into the systematic nomenclature for naming newly discovered or not yet discovered elements. Recall that the symbol of an element in the IUPAC systematic nomenclature is formed by stringing the first letters of the corresponding numeral prefixes (0 = n, 1 = u, 2 = b, 3 = t, 4 = q, 5 = p, 6 = h, 7 = s, 8 = o, 9 = e). Because the symbol of the hypothetical chemical element with the atomic number 5859 is “Pope”, we can certainty say that “this element is Pope”. Although impractical, many other interesting words could be formed from the symbols of hypothetical elements using IUPAC systematic nomenclature. To this end, several other world leaders have their element. For example, (President) Bush furnishes element 2176, the late (Benazir) Bhutto element 271338, and Queen (Elizabeth) element 41990. Such a playful approach to chemical nomenclature might perhaps inspire those who find nomenclature boring.
Strategic approach to computer literacy

Despite experience, many users do not progress from a basic use of computer applications to a more efficient use. To address this problem, we designed a strategic approach to training which focused on teaching efficient strategies in addition to commands. A controlled experiment which compared this approach to traditional command-based instruction revealed that some strategies indeed require explicit training before they are learned. However, others are automatically acquired just by learning commands, and yet others may require more practice than we anticipated. These results have direct implications to instructional design. Because the strategic approach took the same time to teach as the traditional approach but did not harm learning of commands, it offers a promising alternative to command-based instruction.
Childhood peer rejection, aggression, withdrawal, and perceived competence as predictors of self-reported behavior problems in preadolescence

Childhood peer rejection, aggression, withdrawal, and perceived competence were compared as predictors of self-reported behavior problems. Peer sociometric status (Coie, Dodge, and Coppotelli, 1982), teacher ratings of behavior problems (Lorion, Cowen, & Caldwell, 1975), and perceived competence ratings (Harter, 1982) were obtained for 613 second- through fourth-grade children. Two years later, these students completed a modified version of the Youth Self-Report from (Achenbach & Edelbrock, 1987). Rejected children and neglected girls were more likely to have a self-reported nonspecific negative outcome than others. Neglected girls were at heightened risk for depression. A varied set of predictors obtained from different informants emerged for each sex for each of the specific self-reported outcomes of depression, unpopularity, delinquency, aggression, and self-destructive/identity problems. Results are discussed in terms of future directions for longitudinal research on the consequences of poor peer relationships in childhood.
The occurrence and histochemical characterization of giant fibers in the muscle of growing and adult animals.

Giant fibers in porcine muscle have a variable reaction for DPNH-TR, a very negative reaction for amylophosphorylase and a very positive reaction for ATPase. This unusual histochemical reaction pattern, together with the finding that giant fibers occur in the muscle of adult animals, argues against their being the classical Wohlfart B fiber. The association of giant fibers with animal stress-susceptibility and muscle pathology is discussed.
A linear yield surface in plastic cyclic analysis

Abstract A three-parameter, uniaxial symmetric, linear yield surface suitable for tension-weak, as well as equal tension and compression yield stress material, is presented. This yield condition, along with a linear kinematic hardening rule and an associated flow rule, is used to formulate the constitutive laws for sides and comers of the yield surface. The formulation is based on incremental plasticity with the assumption of small displacements and suitable for plane stress problems, under monotonie or cyclic loading. Finite element formulation, numerical solution, and applications are discussed.
Progress in computation and amide hydrogen exchange for prediction of protein–protein complexes

The macromolecular docking problem that must be solved for experimental biologists is prediction of the structures of complexes for which the components are known or reliably modeled in the unbound state, but the structure of the complex is unknown. The current state of the art in macromolecular docking is such that solving this problem usually requires supplementary experimental chemical and/or biological information to evaluate computational predictions. Amide 1H/2H exchange measured by mass spectroscopy is a promising approach for obtaining such information, because it can reveal interfacial regions of each member of the complex and identify regions of conformational flexibility in the structure. In a previous article (Anand et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2003;100:13264–13269), we used 1H/2H exchange data to predict the structure of a complex between regulatory and catalytic subunits of protein kinase A. Comparison of the prediction with a recent crystal structure determination (Kim et al., Science 2005;307:690–696) showed large conformational change in the regulatory subunit on formation of the complex. Analysis of the prediction, previous CAPRI results, novel data processing methods for the 1H/2H exchange data, and new fragment docking computations give grounds for cautious optimism that this method can be useful even in cases of substantial conformational change. Proteins 2005;60:302–307. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Optimum time for administration of indomethacin to inhibit ovulation in the rabbit

The antiinflammatory agent, indomethacin, inhibits ovulation in mammals by interfering with the synthesis of prostaglandins in preovulatory follicles. To determine the optimum time to administer this inhibitor, indomethacin was given at specific intervals from 10 h before, and up to 9 h after, the ovulatory process had been initiated by hCG (50 I.U./kg). The drug dosage ranged from 1.25 mg/kg to 40 mg/kg. The optimum time to give indomethacin was at 7-8 h after hCG (i.e., 2-3 h before expected rupture of the follicle) at which time the minimum effective dose was 2.5 mg/kg. Since a significant elevation in prostaglandin synthesis occurs as early as 3-5 h after hCG stimulation of rabbit follicles (1), these results reveal that nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agents can interrupt the ovulatory process even after the follicle has begun producing substantial amounts of prostaglandins. The data suggest that prostaglandins need to be produced continuously in the follicle up to the time of actual rupture or else that indomethacin is interfering with some other aspect of the ovulatory process which transpires after the elevation of prostaglandins.
Detecting 1/10th scaled structures in dielectric media using monostatic X-band radar scattering measurements

Under the sponsorship of the U.S. Army's National Ground Intelligence Center (NGIC), researchers at U. Mass. Lowell's Submillimeter-Wave Technology Laboratory (STL) and Center for Electromagnetic Materials and Optical Systems (CEMOS) investigated the feasibility of detecting non-metallic structures embedded in various types of soil using a 1-GHz ground penetrating radar by establishing a 1/10th-scale laboratory environment with two spot-focusing X-band (10- GHz) lens antennae and an HP8510B Network Analyzer. Achieving similitude with the full-scale environment required fabricating replicas that were dimensional and dielectric scale-models of the non-metallic structures of interest (i.e. anti-personnel mines), as well as rocks, and soil with various levels of moisture content. The 1/10th- scale replicas were constructed form models at 10.0-GHz. The monostatic X-band measurements were acquired in an anechoic environment, and digital images of the backscattered radar data from the 1/10th-scale composite scenes were processed using inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) signal processing routines, and also PDFT superresolution imaging techniques. Based on the 1/10th-scale signature measurements performed, the feasibility of detecting a VS-50 anti-personnel mine buried in dry loam at a depth of 11.2mm was established. The full-scale radar cross-section of a VS=50 mine in this configuration was estimated to be -25 dBsm. Radar cross section values were not established for the structures embedded in the wet loam due to a change in the intensity scale (an inherent property of the superresolution algorithm), which changed for each image. However, the embedded objects were detected by the PDFT algorithm, showing promise for the future of this research.
High molecular weight hyaluronic acid limits astrocyte activation and scar formation after spinal cord injury

A major hurdle for regeneration after spinal cord injury (SCI) is the ability of axons to penetrate and grow through the scar tissue. After SCI, inflammatory cells, astrocytes and meningeal cells all play a role in developing the glial scar. In addition, degradation of native high molecular weight (MW) hyaluronic acid (HA), a component of the extracellular matrix, has been shown to induce activation and proliferation of astrocytes. However, it is not known if the degradation of native HA actually enhances glial scar formation. We hypothesize that the presence of high MW HA (HA with limited degradation) after SCI will decrease glial scarring. Here, we demonstrate that high MW HA decreases cell proliferation and reduces chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (CSPG) production in cultured neonatal and adult astrocytes. In addition, stiffness-matched high MW HA hydrogels crosslinked to resist degradation were implanted in a rat model of spinal dorsal hemisection injury. The numbers of immune cells (macrophages and microglia) detected at the lesion site in animals with HA hydrogel implants were significantly reduced at acute time points (one, three and ten days post-injury). Lesioned animals with HA implants also exhibited significantly lower CSPG expression at ten days post-injury. At nine weeks post-injury, animals with HA hydrogel implants exhibited a significantly decreased astrocytic response, but did not have significantly altered CSPG expression. Combined, these data suggest that high MW HA, when stabilized against degradation, mitigates astrocyte activation in vitro and in vivo. The presence of HA implants was also associated with a significant decrease in CSPG deposition at ten days after SCI. Therefore, HA-based hydrogel systems hold great potential for minimizing undesired scarring as part of future repair strategies after SCI.
Porous Electrodes for Low-Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells Fabricated by a Combustion Spray Process

A new combustion spray process has been developed for depositing films and coatings from particles (or particulate materials) suspended in a flammable liquid. The suspension is pumped to an atomizer to produce a mist of the droplets, which is then ignited to create a combustion flame. The solid particles are thermally activated for formation of films and coatings on a substrate inserted into or near the flame. Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) with porous electrodes fabricated by combustion spray show better performance than those prepared by other fabrication processes (such as conventional dry-pressing and firing) especially at low operating temperatures.
Arrhythmogenic influence of intracoronary thrombosis during acute myocardial ischemia.

BACKGROUND Patients with acute coronary artery thrombosis often develop primary malignant ventricular arrhythmias (MVA) early after coronary occlusion. In contrast, acute ischemia induced by nonthrombotic balloon occlusion during routine coronary angioplasty rarely elicits such arrhythmias. This study was designed to assess the role of intracoronary thrombosis in arrhythmogenesis during acute ischemia. METHODS AND RESULTS We compared the incidence of MVA associated with acute left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) thrombosis elicited in open-chest anesthetized dogs by electrical injury (n = 10) or intracoronary stent (n = 9) versus LAD balloon occlusion (n = 15). Compared with animals subjected to balloon occlusion, those with thrombotic occlusion had a significantly greater incidence of MVA, defined as nonsustained ventricular tachycardia (total duration > 10 seconds), sustained ventricular tachycardia, or ventricular fibrillation developing within the first 30 minutes of occlusion. In the combined thrombosis groups, MVA developed in 11 of 19 animals (58%) (6 of 10 dogs with electrical injury and 5 of 9 stent animals). In contrast, MVA occurred in only 1 of 15 animals (7%) subjected to balloon occlusion. This striking and significant difference in arrhythmias occurred despite the fact that radioactive microsphere perfusion analysis documented that the extent of left ventricular myocardium rendered ischemic was equal in all groups (percent of left ventricular myocardium with occlusion flow < or = 50% of baseline: electrical injury, 25.2 +/- 5.3%; stent, 27.1 +/- 3.6%; balloon, 34.3 +/- 11.6%; P = NS). Furthermore, there were no differences between the animals with thrombosis or balloon occlusion with respect to changes in echocardiographic parameters of left ventricular function, aortic pressure, or heart rate after occlusion. CONCLUSIONS These data provide evidence that despite equal magnitudes of jeopardized myocardial mass, acute ischemia induced by thrombotic coronary occlusion results in a greater incidence of MVA than does nonthrombotic balloon occlusion. These findings suggest that the process of intracoronary thrombosis itself exerts arrhythmogenic effects above and beyond the impact of ischemia on myocardium induced by coronary occlusion.
Surface electronic structure of Ti O 2 : Atomic geometry, ligand coordination, and the effect of adsorbed hydrogen

The intrinsic electronic surface-state structure in the region of the bulk band gap for the (110), (100), and (001) surfaces of Ti${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ (rutile) has been determined by fracturing single-crystal samples in ultrahigh vacuum and measuring their ultraviolet photoemission spectra. None of the faces exhibits an appreciable density of surface states in the bulk band gap, in disagreement with recent calculations for the Ti${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$(001) surface by Kasowski and Tait. The atomic geometry of both perfect and defect surfaces is examined, and the incomplete screening of pairs of surface cations at defect sites is suggested to give rise to occupied band-gap surface states rather than the coordinative unsaturation of surface cations. Hydrogen-exposure experiments indicate that Ti${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ surfaces may not interact as strongly with hydrogen as has been suggested.
Swept Into the Modern Along with Science

Exploring the Invisible Art, Science, and the Spiritual. Lynn Gamwell. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, 2002. 344 pp. $49.95, £35. ISBN 0-691-08972-8. In this exploration of the impact of modern science on the visual arts, Gamwell argues that the shift to a scientific worldview led to the emergence of abstract art.
Role of splenectomy in immune (idiopathic) thrombocytopenic purpura.

Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) is an immune disorder, which causes an acute or chronic thrombocytopenia, and may result in potentially life-threatening hemorrhage. Splenectomy is one of the treatment options that needs to be weighed in the treatment of ITP, particularly in cases that have shown response failure to medical modalities such as prednisone, IVIg, or anti-D globulin therapy. Although most studies demonstrate good early response following splenectomy, the long-term outcome is less favorable. Furthermore, other negative factors, such as rendering the patient ineligible for anti-D globulin or oral tolerance therapy and vulnerable to possible life-threatening sepsis, must be weighed prior to splenectomy.
Experience and Time Investment Factors in Public School Teacher Evaluation of Educational Microcomputer Software.

Over 200 teachers were involved in evaluation of educational microcomputer software in a statewide project involving nine Indiana school corporations from 1983–85. Analysis of the completed evaluation forms through the use of the sign test and the Spearman rank order correlation helped to identify differences and similarities between groups of teachers based on factors of either experience with software prior to the evaluation, or the amount of time invested in the evaluation process. Conclusions indicate that formal evaluation processes in the public schools should include considerations of various factors which may influence the evaluator's final recommendation including prior experience with the instructional format, prior experience with a program similar to the one being evaluated, and allowances for time to fully examine the program being evaluated.
Lack of NF-κB p50 Exacerbates Degeneration of Hippocampal Neurons after Chemical Exposure and Impairs Learning

The roles of activated NF-κB subunits in the CNS remain to be discerned. Members of this family of transcription factors are essential to diverse physiological processes and can be activated by pathogens, stress, pharmacological agents, and trauma. We are particularly interested in long-term NF-κB activation and its involvement in neuroplastic changes in the brain resulting from acquisition of memory as well as injury. Here, we use lesioning by the limbic-specific neurotoxicant trimethyltin (TMT) as a model in which to examine activation of the NF-κB p50 subunit before, during, and after neuronal degeneration. Neurons in wild-type mice that survived TMT-induced injury contained activated p50 and did not label with Fluoro-Jade, a histochemical marker of degenerating neurons. Granule cells of the wild-type dentate gyrus subregion, an area particularly vulnerable to TMT-induced degeneration, contained less activated p50 protein than CA regions. We compared the extent of degeneration in wild-type and p50-null mice and found a fivefold increase in death of hippocampal neurons in mice lacking p50. The hippocampus is key to processes of learning and memory, and NF-κB has reported involvement in these processes. The enhanced hippocampal degeneration in p50-null mice prompted us to evaluate their basal learning abilities, and we discovered that difficulties in task acquisition were an additional consequence of p50 ablation. These results indicate that absence of p50 negatively modulates learning ability as well as hippocampal responsiveness to brain injury after a chemical-induced lesion.
Tgfb1 expressed in the Tgfb3 locus partially rescues the cleft palate phenotype of Tgfb3 null mutants.

Abstract Although TGF-β isoforms (TGF-β1-3) display very similar biochemical characteristics in vitro, it has been determined that they demonstrate different or even opposing effects in vivo. During embryogenesis, TGF-βs play important roles in several developmental processes. Tgfb3 is strongly expressed in the prefusion palatal epithelium, and mice lacking Tgfb3 display a cleft of the secondary palate. To test whether the effect of TGF-β3 in palatogenesis is isoform-specific in vivo, we generated a knockin mouse by replacing the coding region of exon1 in the Tgfb3 gene with the full-length Tgfb1 cDNA, which resulted in the expression of Tgfb1 in the Tgfb3 expressing domain. The homozygote knockin mice display a complete fusion at the mid-portion of the secondary palate, while the most anterior and posterior regions fail to fuse appropriately indicating that in vivo replacement of TGF-β3 with TGF-β1 can only partially correct the epithelial fusion defect of Tgfb3 knockout embryos. Palatal shelves of Tgfb1 knockin homozygote mice adhere, intercalate, and form characteristic epithelial triangles. However, decreased apoptosis in the midline epithelium, slower breakdown of the basement membrane and a general delay in epithelial fusion were observed when compared to control littermates. These results demonstrate an isoform-specific role for TGF-β3 in the palatal epithelium during palate formation, which cannot be fully substituted with TGF-β1.
Relative sea-level changes from tide-gauge records of eastern Asia mainland

Records from 22 tide-gauge stations along the mainland coast of eastern Asia document low-frequency vertical movements of the land perhaps biased by unevaluated changes of sea level. The land is rising (relative to sea level) as much as 5 mm yr−1 in the areas of massifs and ancient foldbelts and subsiding as much as 9 mm yr−1 in areas of Cenozoic basins and foldbelts. Although the tide-gauge records are sparse, inferences from them are supported by the stratigraphy and structure of the region, and by raised and submerged sea-level terraces. Thus, relative changes of sea level are heavily influenced here by tectonic and isostatic as well as eustatic factors, just as in Japan, Scandinavia, and North America where tide-gauge records are much more abundant. Higher frequency (2–25-yr periods) sea-level fluctuations show broad peaks between 2 and 4 yrs, and near 10 yrs. Some of these fluctuations correlate with behavior of the Kuroshio Current, which along with freshwater inflow dominates the hydrography of the eastern Asian continental shelves. Observations of water mass fluctuations are too sparse to identify direct causes of all high-frequency variability.
Metabolic and Cardiovascular Effects of Smokeless Tobacco

The nation's largest cigarette companies are selling more smokeless tobacco (ST) products as more cities and states pass smoke-free laws. ST use is already common and is expected to get more popular as a result of these recent changes. Unfortunately, the medical and public knowledge of its risks is inadequate. The literature on the cardiovascular side effects of ST is scant, and there are many controversies associated with its use, for various reasons. Study findings show that ST may modestly increase cardiovascular mortality and produces transient changes in heart rate and blood pressure; however, it does not increase the risk of atherosclerosis or myocardial infarction. The association between ST and diabetes, lipoproteins, and stroke is less clear. Quitting ST causes weight gain, but less so than smoking. Although ST appears to be associated with less cardiovascular risk than smoking, nicotine replacement therapy is a safer and more controlled substitute for smoking than ST; however, ST can be considered in high-risk smokers in whom medicinal nicotine replacement therapy has failed.
The Sweet Potato in Oceania: A Reappraisal

The Sweet Potato in Oceania:. Reappraisal. Chris Ballard, Paula Brown, Michael Bourke, and Tracy Harwood, eds. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2005. 227 pp.
Synthesis of detailed hand manipulations using contact sampling

Capturing human activities that involve both gross full-body motion and detailed hand manipulation of objects is challenging for standard motion capture systems. We introduce a new method for creating natural scenes with such human activities. The input to our method includes motions of the full-body and the objects acquired simultaneously by a standard motion capture system. Our method then automatically synthesizes detailed and physically plausible hand manipulation that can seamlessly integrate with the input motions. Instead of producing one "optimal" solution, our method presents a set of motions that exploit a wide variety of manipulation strategies. We propose a randomized sampling algorithm to search for as many as possible visually diverse solutions within the computational time budget. Our results highlight complex strategies human hands employ effortlessly and unconsciously, such as static, sliding, rolling, as well as finger gaits with discrete relocation of contact points.
Implementation of a Capstone Pharmacotherapeutics Course in the Entry-level Doctor of Pharmacy Program

This project was to implement a ”capstone” pharma- cotherapeutics course to: (1) Develop students’ ability in assemblingknowledge from previous courses; (2) Expose students to different aspects of pharmacypractice. The course consisted of 3-h lecture, 1-h recitation and 1-h group project per week. Topics covered include: patient management issues in ambulatory care, critical care, long term care and hospice care, and providing pharrnaceu- ticalconsultation.Students were dividedinto groups and assigned projects to complete and present towards the end of the semester. Projects included developing drug formulary kits, medication utilization criteria, education symposiums and providing medical-legal and market- ing consultation. Overall, students performed well in the course (class average 84%). Students provided neutral feedback to whether the course had achieved its objectives. More assessment in problem-solving skills and student feedback needs to be obtained in order to justify whether this course helps students to apply the growing body of pharmaceuticalknowledge.
Preparation of tert-Amyl Alcohol in a Reactive Distillation Column. 2. Experimental Demonstration and Simulation of Column Characteristics

Reactive distillation has been proposed as a means of enhancing the conversion for reactions whose progress is limited by chemical equilibrium. In the present work, reactive distillation tests were carried out for the hydration of isoamylene (2-methyl-2-butene) to 2-methyl-2-butanol (tert-amyl alcohol or TAA) in a 5.3-cm column using a bale-type catalytic packing. Acetone was used as a solvent to avoid formation of a second liquid phase and also to enhance the rate of reaction. The experimental results showed TAA yields approaching 100% when the distillate stream from the top of the column was essentially suppressed. This yield is more than double that possible thermodynamically in a separate reactor. It was also found that an excess of catalytic packing can generate operational problems. The column was simulated using an equilibrium stage model together with the kinetic expression developed for this reaction and reported in Part 1 of this paper. The simulation and the experimental results matched reasona...
Introgression of Cold (4 C) Chipping from 2x (2 Endosperm Balance Number) Potato Species into 4x(4EBN) Cultivated Potato Using Sexual Polyploidization

Cold-chipping cultivars could reduce microbial spoilage and chemical use due to cold storage of chipping potatoes. Sexual polyploidization breeding schemes that introgress cold chipping from diploid potato species may develop improved cultivars at an accelerated rate. The research objectives were (1) to determine the breeding behavior of cold chipping introgressed from 2× 2 Endosperm Balance Number (EBN) potato species into 4×(4EBN) progeny using sexual polyploidization, and (2) to determine if differences exist between 2n gametes and n tetrasomic gametes for transmission of cold chipping. Experimental families of 4×(4EBN) progeny were synthesized using sexual polyploidization (2× × 4× and 4× × 2×) and 4× × 4× matings using cold-chippingS. phureja and cultivated potato -wild species (C -W) hybrid parents. Control families from 4× × 4× matings using as parents current industry leading germplasm were also made. Progeny were field grown and evaluated for chip color (1 light-10 dark, ≤4.0 is industry acceptable) after 3 and 6 months storage at 4 C. A larger percentage of progeny from experimental families had acceptable chip color compared to control families, likely due to introgression of cold-chipping alleles from diploid potato species. Out of experimental families, the best chip color means, highest phenotypic variance, and greatest percentage of acceptable chipping progeny resulted in 2× × 4× and 4× × 2× matings. The ability of 2n gametes to transmit dominant alleles to high frequencies of 4× progeny may contribute to the superiority of 4× -2× crosses. Breeding schemes that use sexual polyploidization in conjunction with early generation selection should rapidly develop 4× cold-chipping germplasm.
Activist Parenting and GLBTQ Families

ABSTRACT This article utilizes examples from four different feminist, constructionist, sociological research projects to illustrate the centrality of activist parenting to current understandings of GLBTQ-related parenting and GLBTQ family studies. Specifically, we suggest that GLBTQ-related parenting can be better understood if we pay attention to how it is political, relational, and specific. We begin the article by reviewing key work about activist mothering. Next, we discuss research about parents in PFLAG (Parents, Families, and Friends of Lesbians and Gays) to show how a form of activist parenting is central to their narratives. We then briefly discuss three other research examples of GLBT-related parenting to further illustrate how different forms of GLBTQ-related parenting today are political, race/class/gender/sexuality specific, and related to each other.
A theory of the interionic structure of graphite intercalation synthetic metals: Variations with respect to interactions and state

A statistical mechanical theory is developed and applied to study the structural effects that the thermodynamic state of alkali ions have on graphite intercalation compounds. The system considered is that of second stage Rb–graphite. Two‐dimensional diffraction patterns are computed and compared with experimental measurements. Sensitivity to model parameters are considered. A low order density functional expansion is found to adequately describe the interionic structure of the system modeled as a two‐dimensional one component plasma in an anisotropic external field.
Estimates of daily mortality from a neascus trematode in age-0 shortnose sucker (Chasmistes brevirostris) and the potential impact of avian predation

Parasites may be an important component of early life mortality in fishes, but assigning part of total mortality to parasites is difficult. The Chapman-Robson mortality estimator is a robust and potentially valuable way to quantify the added mortality of parasites when age data are available. We used daily age data and the Chapman-Robson catch-curve procedure to estimate daily mortality for 15 years in juvenile age-0 shortnose suckers (Chasmistes brevirostris), and for 6 years, the daily mortality of fish with and without black spot infection, a trematode whose final host is a piscivorous bird. Infected fish always had higher mortality rates than uninfected fish, and for 3 years when those differences were significant, the added daily mortality for infected fish was 3.6–3.7 %. Based on the proportion infected each year, and for durations of 15–50 d, juvenile populations were 18.3–38.6 % lower than they would have been without black spot infections. There were no significant differences in growth between infected and uninfected fish in most years and little indication of a direct metabolic impact of infections. Thus, this added mortality, primarily in July and August, seemed unlikely to be an indirect result of infection and was most likely due to predation. The source of that predation is unknown but the parasite’s final hosts, piscivorous birds, seemed the most obvious candidate for this added mortality.
Entitlement, value and rationality

In this paper I discuss two fundamental challenges concerning Crispin Wright’s notion of entitlement of cognitive project: first, whether entitlement is an epistemic kind of warrant since, seemingly, it is not underwritten by epistemic reasons, and, second, whether, in the absence of such reasons, the kind of rationality associated with entitlement is epistemic in nature. The paper investigates three possible lines of response to these challenges. According to the first line of response, entitlement of cognitive project is underwritten by epistemic reasons—and thus supports epistemic rationality—because, when P is an entitlement, trust in P is a dominant strategy with respect to promotion of epistemic value. The second line of response replaces dominance with maximization of expected utility. I argue that both of these proposals are flawed and develop an alternative line of response.
Regional distribution of messenger RNAs in postmortem human brain

The ability to isolate intact RNAs from postmortem human brain permits analysis of gene expression and may help uncover the nature of the molecular lesions in neurological diseases. Starting with poly(A) RNA from postmortem brain of neurologically normal patients, we have constructed two complementary DNA libraries in the plasmid vector pBR322. Each of these libraries contains 2-3 X 10(4) recombinants. One library represents RNA species from the cerebellar cortex, the other from the neostriatum. Using differential colony hybridization, we identified more than 100 relatively abundant RNA species that appeared to be expressed in brain but not in liver. We then used 16 of these clones to analyze brain and liver RNAs by RNA blot hybridization. Thirteen of the 16 clones hybridized to RNAs of both liver and brain. One clone hybridized only to brain RNA, while seven hybridized to RNA species that were present at higher concentrations in brain than in liver. Eleven of the 16 clones hybridized to more than one species of RNA. None of the RNA species examined by RNA blot hybridization was limited to a single brain region, though seven of the cDNA clones hybridized to RNAs that were present at different concentrations in different regions. We have also examined the regional distribution of the RNA encoding glutamic acid decarboxylase, which catalyzes the production of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). GAD RNA showed differential expression among brain regions and was not detectable in liver or kidney. Our data support a model of gene regulation that is based on cell identity, rather than regional specificity.