cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Plasma emission characteristics in laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy of silicon with mid-infrared, multi-millijoule, nanosecond laser pulses from a Ho:YLF excitation source

We characterized the plasma emission produced by the interaction of multi-millijoule, 40 ns duration, mid-infrared laser pulses with a silicon surface. The laser pulses were produced by a Q-switched Ho:YLF master oscillator power amplifier system. Using spectral measurements and a framing camera, we observed a spatial separation of the plasma plume, increased emission signal with low white-light generation, and a drop in the time- and space-averaged apparent plasma density with increasing pump energy. Our results can be explained by continuous heating of the plasma by the pump pulse due to the more efficient inverse bremsstrahlung absorption at longer wavelengths.
Application of the combined C–H activation/Cope rearrangement as a key step in the total syntheses of the assigned structure of (+)-elisabethadione and a (+)-p-benzoquinone natural product

Abstract The enantioselective total syntheses of the assigned structure of (+)-elisabethadione (3) and the (+)-p-benzoquinone natural product 4 is described. The stereocontrolled formation of the three key stereocenters in the natural products is achieved in a single step through the combined C–H activation/Cope rearrangement, a C–H functionalization process catalyzed by the dirhodium tetraprolinate, Rh2(R-DOSP)4 (DOSP=(N-dodecylbenzenesulfonyl)prolinate).
DNA damage response pathway alterations and clinical outcome in leiomyosarcoma.

11048Background: Leiomyosarcoma (LMS) is a complex karyotype sarcoma with frequent alterations in the homologous recombination (HR) pathway. Genomically unstable tumors with DNA damage repair (DDR)...
Realizable Set Invariance Conditions for Cyber-Physical Systems

There is currently a gap between control-theoretical results and the reality of robotic implementations-this makes it difficult to transfer analytical guarantees to practice. This problem is especially troubling when it comes to safety guarantees for safety-critical systems. In this paper we seek to help bridge this gap. We first make a clear theoretical distinction between a system and a model, and outline how the two need to be related for guarantees to transfer from the latter to the former. We then introduce various imperfections into the model, including uncertainty in actuation and sensing, as well as time discretization effects from digital control implementations. These assumptions lead to new criteria for controlled invariance to be realizable. We investigate these criteria and propose a digital control implementation for enforcing safety in the presence of uncertainty. Our ideas are illustrated with a numerical example where a ground robot satisfies safety constraints in the presence of perception noise.
A comprehensive assessment of groundwater quality for drinking purpose in a Nigerian rural Niger delta community

Abstract This study gives a first time comprehensive report on the quality of groundwater in Emevor community in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria, for dry and wet season monitoring. Water samples were collected from ten (10) bore-holes (BHs) and 10 hand-dug wells (HDWs), on monthly basis, for eight (8) consecutive months spanning from May to August, 2016 (wet season) and October 2016 to January 2017 (dry season). Following standard procedures, thirty-three (33) water quality parameters were analyzed. But for pH being less and Ba higher than the prescribed values of the WHO and SON, all other physicochemical parameters were within the WHO and SON standards. While the low pH value was linked to mineral dissolution, the high Ba value was attributed to oil exploration activities in the area. The main mineral classes in the aquifer (Calcium-Iron, Sodium-Magnesium and Zinc-Potassium) were found to be the determinants of the groundwater chemical composition and ionic exchanges. ANOVA showed a significant difference in the concentration of parameters that exceeded regulatory limits for BHs and HDWs. Microorganisms isolated from the water samples obtained from BHs and HDWs are Enterobacter aerogenes and E. coli. The higher organic pollution recorded for the HDWs corroborated the higher values of E. coli obtained. By implication, this study shows that BHs were safer drinking water sources in the community. Regular monitoring of groundwater in Emevor and neighbouring communities is recommended given the increase in anthropogenic activities in the area of study.
The Evoked Potential: An Experimental Method for Biomechanical Analysis of Brain and Spinal Injury

Abstract : Axial forces were applied between the shoulders and skull of eight male Macaca mulatta monkeys. Forces from 556 to 1444 Newtons produced marked changes in blood pressure, heart rate and distraction of the cervical spinal column with minimal ligamentous disruption. Somatosensory evoked potentials recorded at the cortical and thalamic levels following dorsal column or peripheral nerve stimulation were altered prior to or during changes in heart rate or blood pressure. Similar findings were observed in the efferent responses recorded from electrodes placed on the thoracic spinal cord following stimulation of sensorimotor cortex. Studies in four monkey cadaveric isolated cervical column preparations indicate that disruption occurs with axial loads which are approximately one-third of the maximum used in the in vivo studies.
Search costs decrease prices in a model of spatial competition

type="main" xml:lang="es"> Este articulo examina los precios de equilibrio de Nash de tiendas comerciales dentro de un modelo de busqueda espacial. Se parte del supuesto de que las grandes tiendas almacenan con toda certeza el producto en particular que quiere un consumidor, mientras que la pequena tienda cuenta con una probabilidad w. Las tiendas grandes y pequenas se alternan en una carretera circular. Los consumidores deben visitar las tiendas para buscar. En el precio de equilibrio de Nash, las tiendas grandes cobran precios mas altos que las tiendas pequenas. Quizas, sorprendentemente, todos los precios de equilibrio de Nash son menores que en el modelo de informacion-perfecta-no-busqueda correspondiente (para un valor dado de w). Este ultimo resultado queda demostrado tambien en un modelo que solo cuenta con tiendas pequenas.
HIV Prevention among Gay and Bisexual Men in Small Cities

One consequence of the emergence of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic over a decade ago among homosexually active men in the largest American cities is that most behavioral research on acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) involving gay and bisexual men has been conducted primarily in urban centers. To a very large extent, what we know about gay men’s HIV risk patterns and changes made in behavior in response to AIDS is based upon studies conducted in New York, San Francisco, Chicago, Los Angeles, and a handful of other urban areas traditionally considered as “AIDS epicenters.” Further, behavior change conclusions are often based upon a relatively small number of volunteer cohorts longitudinally followed in those cities. While it is understandable, and was certainly appropriate, to intensively study gay men’s risk behavior in areas where the HIV epidemic struck earliest and most harshly, a byproduct of this focus is that we still know very little about behavior patterns, behavior changes, and intervention approaches pertinent to HIV prevention in other geographical areas. To a large extent, behavioral research to date on HIV risk among gay men is in fact behavioral research among gay men from San Francisco, New York, and Chicago. These findings from urban gay men may or may not be generalizable to homosexually active men who live in smaller cities.
The Patriot War of 1837-1838: Locofocoism With a Gun?

This paper presents a reinterpretation of the causes for the US Patriot movement of 1837-38, which rose up in support of the Canadian rebellion in Upper Canada (UC) initiated by William Lyon Mackenzie (the companion rebellion in Lower Canada is not considered in this paper since its causation was arguably considerably different). Most traditional treatments of this event, by US historians in particular, are stuck in narrative mode and lack convincing interpretation and analysis. The US Patriot war is usually quickly dismissed as the work of a few Anglophobes and adventurers seeking land and coin. The hypothesis advanced here suggests that the US Patriot movement and its progenitor rebellion in UC may be seen as an expression of the social class tensions growing out of the transition from a subsistence-barter/ household economy and culture to the more impersonal commodity market economy —a transition that was proceeding in an uneven and combined manner on both sides of the nominal Canada/US border. Mackenzie's UC rebellion was both motivated by and encouragement to radical Democratic anti-bank forces in the US. Historians are urged to consider the Patriot movement in the larger context of class conflict and accommodation then being played out on a shared Canadian/American stage. Resume Cet article presente une nouvelle interpretation des causes du mouvement des patriotes americains de 1837 a 1838, qui s'est forme pour appuyer la rebellion canadienne du Haut-Canada lancee par William Lyon Mackenzie (la rebellion connexe au Bas-Canada n'a pas ete prise en consideration dans cet article etant donne qu'il est permis de penser que ses causes sont remarquablement differentes). La plupart des traitements traditionnels de cet evenement, par les historiens americains en particulier, se sont arretes au mode narratif et manquent d'interpretation ou d'analyse convaincante. La guerre des patriotes americains est souvent rapidement rejetee comme l'œuvre de quelques anglophones et aventuriers qui cherchaient de la terre et de l'argent. L'hypothese avancee ici suggere que le mouvement des patriotes americains, comme la rebellion du Haut-Canada, peut etre considere comme une expression des tensions de classes sociales provenant de la transition d'une culture ou d'une economie de subsistance, d'echange/menage a une economie de marche de produits de base plus impersonnelle — une transition qui se poursuivait d'une maniere irreguliere et combinee des deux cotes de la frontiere canado-americaine. La rebellion du Haut-Canada de Mackenzie a ete a la fois motivee et imitee par les forces democratiques « anti-banques » aux Etats-Unis. Les historiens sont encourages a prendre en consideration le mouvement des patriotes dans le contexte plus large de conflits et d'accommodation de classes presentes sur une scene partagee entre le Canada et les Etats-Unis.
Impaired matching of perfusion and ventilation in heart failure detected by 133xenon.

In severe chronic heart failure (CHF) the ventilatory cost of CO2 elimination during exercise (VE/VCO2) is increased, suggesting ventilation/perfusion (V/Q) mismatch.
Impact of oncology-related direct-to-consumer advertising: association with appropriate and inappropriate prescriptions.

BACKGROUND: Little is known about the impact of direct-to-consumer advertising (DTCA) on appropriate versus inappropriate prescribing. Aromatase inhibitor (AI) therapy for breast cancer provides an ideal paradigm for studying this issue, because AIs have been the focus of substantial DTCA, and because they should only be used in postmenopausal women, age can serve as a simple surrogate marker of appropriateness. METHODS: Data regarding national DTCA spending for the AIs were obtained from TNS Multimedia; hormonal therapy prescription data were obtained from IMS Health. Time series analyses were performed to characterize the association between monthly changes in DTCA spending for the AIs and monthly changes in the proportion of all new hormonal therapy prescriptions represented by the AIs from October 2005 to September 2007. Analyses were stratified by age, considering prescriptions for women ≤ 40 (likely premenopausal) to be inappropriate and those for women > 60 (likely postmenopausal) to be appropriate. RESULTS: Monthly dollars spent on AI-associated DTCA varied considerably ($118,600 to $22,019,660). Time series analysis revealed that for every million dollars spent on DTCA for the AIs, there was an associated increase 3 months later in the new AI prescription proportion of 0.15% for all ages (P 60 years (P < .0001), but no significant change for those ≤ 40 at any time from 0 to 6 months. CONCLUSIONS: DTCA for the AIs was associated with increases in appropriate prescriptions with no significant effect on inappropriate prescriptions, suggesting that DTCA may not foster inappropriate medication use for certain drug classes. Cancer 2013. © 2012 American Cancer Society.
Nurse staffing. Accurate information at the correct place and time

Abstract Nurse Staffing at this 300 bed acute care hospital is based on the results of calculations of patient care needs performed two hours before the beginning of each shift. This allows the central nurse staffing office to balance staffing levels with patient care needs. Forms and procedures are designed so that the quantification of patient care needs is a result of completing a redesigned patient care plan. The patient care needs are translated into a number (acuity points) and recorded onto a preprinted census sheet. This sheet is sent to a central nurse staffing office during the middle of each shift. The nurse staffing office enters the acuity points by patient room number into a microcomputer. The data is then processed into a report that compares the hours of care needed by nursing unit with the actual hours available. This report is available two hours before the next shift begins, allowing the nurse staffing department to adjust staff assignments based on patient care needs. The nurse staffing clerk also updates the data after changes have been made in staff assignments. This provides accurate historical data which is summarized for productivity and budget calculations. The unique combination of the hospitals main computer, redesigned patient care plan, pneumatic tube, and microcomputer have solved a major nurse staffing problem by providing information in an accurate and timely fashion. The program has been in existence since August, 1984. In a time of lower hospital utilization this system has allowed the hospital to control its nursing resource and avoid layoffs. The microcomputer programs where written by the author using the programming language BASIC.
[A Brief Comparative Summary of the Criminal Law of the] United States

This chapter provides a very brief summary of the central features of American criminal law. Section II describes its source and current form, which is almost exclusively statutory, embodied in the criminal codes of each of the fifty American states and (to a lesser extent) the federal criminal code. Section III sketches the typical process by which a case moves through an American criminal justice system, from the report of a crime through trial and appellate review. Section IV summarizes the most basic objective and culpability requirements necessary to establish liability for an offense and the doctrines that sometimes impute those elements when they do not in fact exist. Section V describes the general defenses that may bar liability, even if the offense elements are satisfied or imputed. Finally, section VI describes the general organization of a typical American criminal code's definition of offenses and gives highlights concerning a few of the most common offenses.
An experimental design for studying how driver characteristics influence headway control

The sample of drivers, representing a random sample of the population of licensed drivers in southeastern Michigan, was selected according to a design that stratified the population by age and prior use of conventional cruise control. An essential element of the design was that each driver's operation with adaptive cruise control (ACC) is compared with the same individual's driving in the "manual" mode of vehicle operation. The experimental design was based, in part, on findings from previous research projects. Specifically, the independent variables of participant age and conventional cruise control usage were previously found to influence both objective and subjective dependent measures. The paper delineates the experimental design and outlines its execution.
A data-driven model for monocular face tracking

This paper describes a two-stage system for 3D tracking of pose and deformation of the human face in monocular image sequences without the use of special markers. The first stage of the system learns the space of all possible facial deformations by applying principal component analysis on real stereo tracking data. The resulting model approximates any generic shape as a linear combination of shape basis vectors. The second stage of the system uses this low-complexity deformable model for simultaneous tracking of pose and deformation of the face from a single image sequence. This stage is known as model-based monocular tracking. There are three main contributions of this paper. First we demonstrate that a data-driven approach for model construction is suitable for tracking non rigid objects and offers an elegant and practical alternative to the task of manual construction of models using 3D scanners or CAD modelers. Second, we show that such a method exhibits good tracking accuracy (errors less than 5 mm) and robustness characteristics. Third, we demonstrate that our system exhibits very promising generalization properties in enabling tracking of multiple persons with the same 3D model.
Genetic polymorphism M235T of angiotensinogen: Effects on endothelial function and arterial stiffness in hypertensives

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Identifying areas with elevated disease incidence rates using empirical Bayes estimators

Using maps of observed disease incidence rates to identify regions with potentially elevated risk may be misleading due to the instability of the observed rates in regions with small populations. We use a simulation study to examine the use of maps based on observed incidence rates in identifying such high-risk areas as compared to maps based on empirical Bayes and constrained empirical Bayes rate estimates. In addition, because the existence of clusters of areas with elevated risk violates the usual distributional assumptions underlying the empirical Bayes approach, we also examine the robustness of the estimates and the impact of incorrect assumptions on identification of high-risk regions. The simulation results indicate that the observed incidence rates were quite sensitive in terms of identifying areas with truly elevated rates. However, due to the instability of the observed rates, maps based on observed incidence incorrectly identified areas as high risk more frequently than did maps based on the estimators. The standard and constrained empirical Bayes estimates were more stable than the observed rates even when based on incorrect distributional assumptions. The standard empirical Bayes estimates, however, were oversmoothed in that too few areas were identified as having elevated risk. The constrained empirical Bayes approach provided sensitivity closer to that of the observed rates yet with the percentage of areas incorrectly identified as high risk equal to that of the standard empirical Bayes estimates. We illustrate an application of these results with an analysis of the geographic distribution of brain cancer mortality among counties in Ohio.
Talking of Human Rights: Histories, Heritages, and Human Remains

While the rhetoric of human rights is now globally pervasive, the reality of rights implementation patently lags behind and violations continue to escalate worldwide. An examination of recent books demonstrates that rights talk occupies an increasingly central place in all subfields of anthropology. Problematically, anthropologists are excessively invoking “human rights” to imply a higher order of magnitude for the cases they study than if those cases were framed in terms of other rights and claims. Labeling everything a fundamental human right is detrimental to both ethics and accuracy, especially in the face of acknowledged differences in cultural and historical contexts.
The torso receptor protein-tyrosine kinase signaling pathway: An endless story

Norbert Perrimon Howard Hughes Medical Institute Department of Genetics Harvard Medical School Boston, Massachusetts 02115 One of the mechanisms by which cells respond to extracel- lular signals involves activation at the membrane of recep- tor protein-tyrosine kinases. Some of the molecules that transduce the signals generated by activated receptor pro- tein-tyrosine kinases and that ultimately activate transcrip- tion factors have been extensively characterized, and a general picture has begun to emerge. Two general conclu- sions can be drawn from studies on the control of cell growth and differentiation of mammalian cells and genetic analyses of pathways that control cell fate determination in both Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila melano- gaster. First, molecules involved in receptor protein- tyrosine kinase signaling have been highly conserved dur- ing evolution. Second, and perhaps more surprisingly, it appears that all receptor protein-tyrosine kinases activate a common set of molecules that includes p21”, Ras- associated regulatory proteins, Raf, MAP kinase (MAPK), and Mek (MAPK or Erk kinase). Here, our current under- standing of the Drosophila torso (tor) receptor protein- tyrosine kinase signaling pathway is described. The torso pathway, together with the Drosophila sevenless pathway required for photoreceptor R7 development and the C. elegans Let-23 pathway required for vulva1 development, has been used genetically to dissect a receptor protein- tyrosine kinase signaling pathway. Biological Role of the Torso Signaling Pathway Genetic and embryologic analyses of the early Drosoph- ila embryo have identified the terminal system, which is involved in cellular determination of both the tail and un- segmented head regions (Nusslein-Volhard et al., 1987). This system differs from the anterior (bicoid) and posterior
Gabapentin treatment of the non-refractory bipolar spectrum: an open case series

Abstract Objective: To determine if gabapentin is effective in monotherapy or add-on treatment of non-refractory bipolar disorder in open prospective treatment. Methods: Charts of 21 outpatients meeting DSM-IV criteria for bipolar spectrum disorder (type I, type II, NOS, and cyclothymia) and who were treated with gabapentin were reviewed and clinical response was assessed based on prospective application of the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS), the Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS), the Clinical Global Impression scale (CGI), and the Global Assessment of Functioning scale (GAF). Also, response was rated retrospectively using the Clinical Global Impression scale for Bipolar Disorder (CGI-BP). Results: Eight patients received gabapentin monotherapy and 13 received adjunctive therapy. Similar improvement in depression was noted in the monotherapy group, without induction of mania. Gabapentin was associated with a 43.8% improvement in manic symptoms and a 27.6% improvement in depressive symptoms in the overall sample. In the depressed subsample (n=10), there was a 57.5% improvement in depressive symptoms (P=0.10). Using the CGI-BP, gabapentin was moderately to markedly effective in 43% of patients for overall bipolar illness, 38% for depressive symptoms, and 25% for manic symptoms. Of those in the study, 62% reported side effects, mainly sedation and nausea, with 14% of the total sample discontinuing treatment due to adverse events. Conclusions: Gabapentin, either alone or as an adjunct, appeared moderately effective in treating depression in this small, uncontrolled, heterogeneous sample of non-refractory bipolar spectrum illness. Coupled with the earlier clinical literature, these data suggest the need for prospective double-blind studies of depressive illness in the bipolar spectrum.
Comparison of the conventional method of lymph node staging with a comprehensive fat-clearing method for gastric adenocarcinoma

Discrepant results in long-term survival between United States and Japanese patients with resectable gastric adenocarcinoma may result from more accurate staging in the Japanese series. The authors compared a comprehensive fat-clearing method with the conventional pathology method of lymph node sampling in 11 patients undergoing curative gastrectomy and extended lymphadenectomy at their institution. Comprehensive fat-clearing doubled total lymph node counts (P less than 0.01), identified smaller lymph nodes (P less than 0.001), and identified more histologically involved nodes of significantly smaller size (P less than 0.001). Comprehensive fat-clearing pathologically upstaged 29% of the authors' eligible specimens. Accurate pathologic staging is necessary when comparing Japanese and United States survival data for resectable gastric adenocarcinomas.
Limits of Theory and Practice in Student Attrition

(1982). Limits of Theory and Practice in Student Attrition. The Journal of Higher Education: Vol. 53, No. 6, pp. 687-700.
Temperature-activated nucleic acid nanostructures.

DNA and poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) are co-assembled onto gold nanoparticles. The DNA sequences can be reversibly exposed or hidden from the polymer surface in response to temperature cues, thereby translating the temperature trigger to the on–off switching of the surface chemistry and function. When exposed by heating (∼30 °C), the DNA rapidly hybridizes to complementary strands, and chain-end biotin groups become readily accessible, while at lower temperatures these activities are largely blocked.
Crinoid assemblages from the Fort Payne Formation (late Osagean, early Viséan, Mississippian) from Kentucky, Tennessee, and Alabama

The Mississippian Fort Payne Formation of Kentucky, Tennessee, and Alabama is well known for its abundant crinoids and a diverse array of autochthonous and allochthonous carbonate and siliciclastic facies. Using Principal Coordinate Analysis and Non-Metric Multidimensional Scaling, it is demonstrated that distinct, contemporaneous, and geographically adjacent autochthonous facies in south-central Kentucky supported distinct crinoid assemblages. The two carbonate buildup facies had different assemblages dominated by camerate crinoids, carbonate channel-fill deposits were dominated by advanced cladid crinoids and the camerate Elegantocrinus hemisphaericus, and green shale facies supported a fauna dominated by disparids and primitive cladid crinoids. Allochthonous facies contain neither distinctive nor exotic taxa. Thus, these transported assemblages are considered a mixture of elements from the recognized, autochthonous facies. Faunal assemblages from Dale Hollow Reservoir are allochthonous; and faunas in north-central Alabama and south-central Tennessee are different from others, which may reflect slight biogeographic distinctions.
Quantitative and qualitative analysis of the working area obtained by endoscope and microscope in pterional and orbitozigomatic approach to the basilar artery bifurcation using computed tomography based frameless stereotaxy: A cadaver study.

Objective: Basilar aneurisms are one of the most complex and challenging pathologies for neurosurgeons to treat. Endoscopy is a recently rediscovered neurosurgical technique that could lend itself well to overcome some of the vascular visualization challenges associated with this pathology. The purpose of this study was to quantify and compare the basilar artery (BA) bifurcation (tip of the basilar) working area afforded by the microscope and the endoscope using different approaches and image guidance. Materials and Methods: We performed a total of 9 dissections, including pterional (PT) and orbitozygomatic (OZ) approaches bilaterally in five whole, fresh cadaver heads. We used computed tomography based image guidance for intraoperative navigation as well as for quantitative measurements. We estimated the working area of the tip of the basilar, using both a rigid endoscope and an operating microscope. Operability was qualitatively assessed by the senior authors. Results: In microscopic exposure, the OZ approach provided greater working area (160 ± 34.3 mm2) compared to the PT approach (129.8 ± 37.6 mm2) (P > 0.05). The working area in both PT and OZ approaches using 0° and 30° endoscopes was larger than the one available using the microscope alone (P 0.05). Conclusion: Integration of endoscope and microscope in both PT and OZ approaches can provide significantly greater surgical exposure of the BA bifurcation compared to that afforded by the conventional approaches alone.
Double-averaged rough-bed open-channel flow with high Glossosoma (Trichoptera: Glossosomatidae) abundance

Spatially averaged velocity distributions, turbulence characteristics, and stream bed roughness elevations were collected in two streams with rough-bed substrate. Variogram analysis of substrate roughness height yielded characteristic length scales of the stream bed over which bed elevations were correlated from 0.14 to 0.41 m. Temporally and spatially averaged (double-averaged) vertical velocity profiles followed a composite distribution consisting of a linear distribution below the roughness crest height and a power or wake law above the crest. Our double-averaged velocity data demonstrated the applicability of both the wake law and power law to open-channel flow for which a low ratio of flow depth to roughness height does not support the development of the universal logarithmic velocity law. A power-law scaling relationship among spatially averaged Glossosoma density, stream bed roughness characteristics, and double-averaged fluid flow conditions was developed. The density of Glossosoma scaled directly with substrate crest elevation, normalized spatial fluctuation of longitudinal velocity in the proximity of the bed, and inversely with the standard deviation of the crest elevation. The proposed dimensionless scaling relationship explains 84 % of the Glossosoma variability.
The Relationship Between State Capacity Measures and Allocations to Children and Youth with Special Needs Within the MCH Services Block Grant

Objectives To examine the association between state economic, political and health services capacity and state allocations for Title V capacity for Children and Youth with Special Health Care Needs (CSHCN). Methods Numerous datasets were reviewed to select 13 state capacity measures: per capita Gross State Product (economic); governor’s institutional powers and legislative professionalism (political); percent of Children with Special Health Care Needs, percent of uninsured children, percent of children enrolled in Medicaid, state health funds as a percent of Gross State Product, ratio of Medicaid to Medicare fees, percent of children in Medicaid enrolled in managed care, per capita Medicaid expenditures for children, ratios of pediatricians/family practitioners and pediatric subspecialists per 10,000 children, and categorical versus functional state definition of CSHCN (health). Five measures of Title V capacity were selected from the Title V Information System, four that reflect allocation decisions by states and the fifth a state assessment of the role of families in Title V decision-making: ratio of state/federal Title V spending; per capita state Title V spending; percent of state Title V spending on CSHCN; state per child spending on CSHCN; and, state Title V Family Participation Score. OLS regression was used to model the association between state and Title V capacity measures. Results The percentage of the state’s gross state product (GSP) accounted for by state health funds and the per capita GSP were positively associated with the per capita expenditures on all children. The percentage of CSHCN in the state was negatively associated with the ratio of state to federal support for Title V and the per child expenditures on CSHCN. Lower family participation scores were associated with having a hybrid legislature; however, higher family participation scores were found in states using a functional definition of special needs. Conclusions Measures of state economic, political and health services capacity do not demonstrate consistent and significant associations with the Title V capacity measures that we explored. States with greater economic capacity appear to devote more financial resources to Title V. Our finding that per capita CSHCN expenditures are negatively associated with the percentage of CSHCN in the state suggests that there is an upper limit on what states devote to CSHCN. Our current understanding of what state factors influence Title V capacity remains limited.
Creating win-win-win experiences: When do virtual internships really work?

Virtual internships, “real experience in a virtual world”, have been showing up on the resumes of students, at first primarily with information technology and software startup companies, but more recently with a growing number of businesses and organisations that want self-reliant interns who are comfortable with Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) such as web conferences, blogs, and social media. Those who have participated in virtual internships from the employer, student, or educator vantage point agree the best way to ensure everyone wins is for all parties to understand the pros and cons of the exchange and to create a virtual workplace that works - for everyone.
Kinetics of engine-generated nitrogen oxides and carbon monoxide

For temperatures characteristic of combustion in the spark-ignition automotive engine chemical equilibrium calculation of combustion product composition yields significant quantities of carbon monoxide and nitric oxide as well as atomic hydrogen, atomic oxygen and the hydroxyl radical. For continuous, equilibrium of combustion products during the engine expansion process, atomic species and free radicals must recombine, nitric oxide must decompose and carbon monoxide should to a considerable extent be oxidized. However, measurements indicate that carbon monoxide and nitric oxide concentrations appearing in engine exhaust correspond more closely to combustion temperature equilibrium values than to exhaust temperature values. It is therefore apparent that certain of the chemical reactions pertinent to carbon monoxide oxidation and nitric oxide decomposition may be kinetically limited during the expansion process. A theoretical analysis of the chemical kinetics of the internal combustion engine expansion process has been undertaken as the objective of the present work. Fourteen coupled non-linear differential equations based on thirty-two elementary chemical reactions were integrated numerically through use of a Runge-Kutta procedure. The integration was performed in a step-wise manner beginning at the initial point of expansion. Initial conditions included a chemical equilibrium distribution of species corresponding to average conditions of real engine combustion products just prior to expansion. Results were obtained in the form of concentration-time histories throughout expansion for each of the thirteen chemical species considered. It was found that the atomic species and the hydroxyl radical fail to recombine at a rate sufficient to maintain a continuous chemical equilibrium. Consequently these species persist in excess quantities throughout the process. Further, it was found that the persistence of excess concentrations of these species severely inhibits the oxidation of carbon monoxide during expansion. It was found that of the five elementary reactions directly involving nitric oxide, none was sufficiently rapid to effect an appreciable decomposition of nitric oxide.
The Influence of “Working Rules” on Police Suspicion and Discretionary Decision Making:

This study examines the role of “working rules” that define what officers interpret as suspicious people, places, and situations. Data were drawn from observational studies of police decision making in Savannah, Georgia and Miami-Dade, Florida. Current theory and research on the use of police discretion and biased policing is focused on the decision to stop, search, or arrest a suspect. Only a few studies focus on processes through which police determine behaviors to be suspicious that influence them to initiate official police action. An analysis of the “working rules” used by officers uncovered 12 substantive categories. The article concludes with a discussion of how this information can be useful in formulating training for police departments.
On the homology of configuration spaces $ C((M,M_0) \times R^n; X)$

The homology with coefficients in a field of the configuration spaces $C(M\times{\bf R}^n,M_0\times{\bf R}^n;X)$ for $n\geq1$ and general space X is determined in this paper.
Characteristics of Doctoral and Nondoctoral School Psychology Programs: Their Implications for the Entry-Level Doctorate.

Abstract In the past 10 years the number of graduates in school psychology has doubled, and student enrollment has tripled. Rapid growth in the psychological profession has brought with it an attempt to make the doctoral degree the minimal credential for entry to independent practice. Examination of the characteristics of doctoral and nondoctoral training programs in school psychology suggests that each type of program has distinct points in its favor.
The optimal private information in single unit monopoly

Abstract A monopolist selling a single unit prefers to let potential buyers privately know only whether the buyer's valuation is definitely above or below the unit production cost.
New approaches to signal-to-noise ratio optimization in background-limited photothermal measurements

Thermal lens spectroscopy (TLS) has demonstrated the ability to make sensitive measurements at the trace level and absorbance detectabilities approaching 2 X 10-7 cm-1 are possible. With proper experimental design it has recently been demonstrated that this same detectability can be achieved with TLS even in the presence of a background signal which is several orders- of-magnitude larger. The basis for this capability is a pump/probe differential thermal lens spectrometer which can effectively minimize the influence of the background signal on the photothermal measurement. The key experimental parameters will be described which allow sensitive measurements to be made under such limiting conditions. The system will be applied to the development of an indirect photothermal detection scheme for microcolumn HPLC and to the photothermal detection of circular dichroism.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
RPA ground state correlations from perturbation theory

Abstract A correlated ground state wave function is derived for a non-degenerate system by explicitly summing up the perturbation theory diagrams of the RPA to all orders. Exact expressions are also given for the correlation energy, wave function normalisation and single-particle occupation probabilities. The major difference from previous results obtained with the quasi-boson approximation lies in the treatment of the lowest order diagrams. These are overcounted by a factor of two by the quasi-boson approximation if antisymmetrised matrix elements are used. As an example the case of 16 O is discussed.
Transcription initiation frequency and translational yield for the tryptophan operon of Escherichia coli.

Abstract The absolute number of Trp messenger RNA molecules in cells of Escherichia coli was estimated by exhaustive hybridization of the Trp-mRNA of a pyrimidine auxotroph grown for several generations on [ 3 H]uridine of known specific radioactivity. The levels of Trp-mRNA found indicate that in exponentially growing trpR − (repressor-negative) cells transcription initiations occur with a frequency of about 2.6 initiations/ trp operon/minute. By comparing transcription initiation frequency with the rate of enzyme synthesis it is estimated that on the average, the tryptophan synthetase region of each Trp-mRNA molecule is translated by about 30 ribosomes in growing cultures of the trpR − strain. Comparable estimates for derepressed cultures of a trpR + strain suggest that there are 5.1 initiations/operon/minute during the first minute of derepression and 1.1 initiations/operon/minute at steady state. The rate of synthesis of tryptophan synthetase α chain in derepressed cultures of the trpR + strain is approximately threefold greater than in log phase cultures of the trpR − strain.
Requirement of protein kinase Calpha, extracellular matrix remodeling, and cell-matrix interaction for transforming growth factorbeta-regulated expression of E-cadherin and catenins.

A hallmark of transforming growth factorbeta (TGFbeta) action is the induction of the synthesis and secretion of extracellular-matrix adhesion molecules and induction of the cell-surface expression of integrin receptors for these molecules (termed extracellular-matrix remodeling). The signal pathways leading to extracellular-matrix remodeling and the significance of extracellular-matrix remodeling in TGFbeta function is not well-understood. In the epithelium-derived human colon cancer cell line Moser, TGFbeta induces extracellular-matrix remodeling in a protein kinase Calpha-dependent manner. In this study we showed that TGFbeta was a potent inducer of the homotypic cell-cell adhesion molecule E-cadherin and its undercoat-associated proteins, the catenins and dramatically increased the amount of E-cadherin/gamma-catenin complex formation. We found that the induction of E-cadherin and alpha- and beta-catenin by TGFbeta was also dependent on protein kinase Calpha, whereas the induction of gamma-catenin was independent of protein kinase Calpha but dependent on other protein kinase C isoforms. We also found that protein kinase Calpha-dependent induction of extracellular-matrix remodeling and subsequent cell-matrix interaction requiring both fibronectin and laminin were a prerequisite for the induction of E-cadherin (and alpha- and beta-catenin but not gamma-catenin) by TGFbeta. We therefore concluded that two signal pathways exist in TGFbeta-regulated expression of E-cadherin and the catenins. We also concluded that a functional significance of TGFbeta-induced extracellular matrix remodeling is the activation of signal transduction mechanisms through increased interaction between extracellular matrix fibronectin and laminin and their cell-surface integrin receptors, which lead to the induction of E-cadherin (and alpha- and beta-catenin).
The Impact of Perceived Organizational Support on the Relationship Between Boundary Spanner Role Stress and Work Outcomes

This study examines the impact of perceived organizational support (POS) on the relationship between boundary spanner role stressors (i.e., role conflict and role ambiguity) and both work attitudes (i.e., job satisfaction and intent to remain) and behavior (i.e., task performance). Results indicate that POS has strong effects on role ambiguity and role conflict, as well as job satisfaction and intent to remain. However, POS is not related to task performance in our sample. POS also has moderating effects on several role stress—outcome relations. The paper discusses the implication of these findings for managers, along with recommendations for future research.
Anticancer therapy targeting the erbB family of receptor tyrosine kinases.

Several agents that target one or more members of the erbB family of receptor tyrosine kinases are currently undergoing clinical investigation. The monoclonal antibody trastuzumab has been shown effective in erbB2-expressing metastatic breast cancer when administered as a single agent or in combination with cytotoxic chemotherapy. Toxicities associated with trastuzumab include infusion-related fever and chills, hypersensitivity reactions, and congestive heart failure. C225 is a monoclonal antibody directed against the epidermal growth factor receptor, which has shown encouraging antitumor activity in early clinical development. The orally active tyrosine kinase inhibitors show encouraging antitumor activity in preclinical models and early clinical trials. Members of this class currently in clinical development include ZD1839, OSI-774, and CI-1033. Evidence to date suggests that the major role for erbB receptor-targeting drugs will be in combined therapy to enhance response to cytotoxic drugs, and in long-term monotherapy to maintain response and prevent disease progression or recurrence.
Generating derivative structures from multilattices: Algorithm and application to hcp alloys

We present an algorithm for generating all derivative superstructures of a nonprimitive parent lattice. The algorithm has immediate application in important materials design problems such as modeling hexagonal-close-packed (hcp) alloys. Extending the work of Hart and Forcade [Phys. Rev. B 77, 224115 (2008)] (which applies only to Bravais lattices), this approach applies to arbitrary multilattices. The algorithm enumerates superlattices and atomic configurations using permutation groups rather than direct geometric comparisons. The key concept is to use the quotient group associated with each superlattice to determine all unique atomic configurations. The algorithm is very efficient; the run time scales linearly with the number of unique structures found. We demonstrate the algorithm in the important case of hcp-derived superstructures. In the list of enumerated hexagonal-close-packed derivative superstructures, we predict several as-yet-unobserved structures as likely candidates for new intermetallic prototypes.
Postcolumn reaction detection with dual-electrode capillary electrophoresis-electrochemistry and electrogenerated bromine.

This is the first report of postcolumn amperometric reaction detection for capillary electrophoresis and dual-electrode detection. Bromide present in the run buffer is oxidized to bromine at the fi...