cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Use of Tris(trimethylsilyl)arsine to Deposit GaAs by OMCVD

Chemical vapor deposition experiments using (Me3Si)3As with either GaCl3 or Me3Ga at ambient pressure have produced films of GaAs on Si and semi-conducting GaAs substrates. The films have been characterized by X-ray diffraction and Auger electron spectroscopy, and each have small amounts of C and O impurities. No desired films were deposited from (C6F5)3GaAs(SiMe3)3 at 500°C and low pressures.
ON THE EFFECTIVE CONDUCTIVITY OF A DILUTE SUSPENSION OF SPHERICAL DROPS IN THE LIMIT OF LOW PARTICLE PECLET NUMBER

Abstract In this paper we consider the effective conductivity of a dilute suspension of neutrally bouyant spherical drops which is undergoing a simple shear flow. The thermal conductivity, viscosity and specific heat capacity of the drops are assumed to be different from those of the suspending fluid, though it is assumed that the local Peclet and Reynolds numbers are small both inside and outside the drop. The analysis consists of three parts: a derivation of the relationship between bulk heat flux on the one hand and the thermal and momentum fields at the microscale of the suspended particles on the other; a calculation of the local temperature field near a single neutrally buoyant spherical drop in shear flow with an imposed transverse temperature gradient at large distances; and a synthesis of the general relationship for bulk heat flux and the calculated local temperature field to determine an effective conductivity for a dilute suspension of spherical drops.
An Extension of the Argument Principle and Nyquist Criterion to a Class of Systems With Unbounded Generators

The Nyquist stability criterion is generalized to systems where the open-loop system has infinite-dimensional input and output spaces and an unbounded infinitesimal generator. The infinitesimal generator is assumed to be a sectorial operator with trace-class resolvent. The main result is obtained through use of the perturbation determinant and an extension of the argument principle to infinitesimal generators with trace-class resolvents.
Nonepitaxial Orientation in Sol–Gel Bismuth Titanate Films

Control over crystallographic orientation in ceramic thin films is important for highly anisotropic structures. Layered perovskites, like Bi 4 Ti 3 O 12 , have interesting properties associated with their ferroelectric nature, which may be fully exploited only when films are highly textured. Textured films of this titanate were fabricated via a sol-gel technique without using epitaxial growth. Orientation in the film is confirmed by XRD and SEM, and supported by refractive index and dielectric measurements. In an attempt to explain the orienting effect, light scattering experiments were conducted to yield information about the molecular size, shape, and conformation of macromolecules as the sol-gel solution ages and condensation reactions proceed. These experiments clearly show an increase in the size of molecular clusters with time. We believe that it is the organization of these large clusters during spin coating, and the relationship of the backbone chemistry to the crystal structure of Bi 4 Ti 3 O 12 , that are responsible for the observed orientation.
64Cu-p-NH2-Bn-DOTA-hu14.18K322A, a PET Radiotracer Targeting Neuroblastoma and Melanoma

The hu14.18K322A variant of the GD2-targeting antibody hu14.18 has been shown to elicit a level of antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity toward human neuroblastoma cells similar to that of the parent antibody. However, hu14.18K322A exhibited a decreased complement activation and associated pain, the dose-limiting toxicity in neuroblastoma immunotherapy. PET with a radiolabeled analog of the same antibody used in treatment will provide insight into the ability of hu14.18K322A to reach its target, as well as nontarget uptake that may cause side effects. Such antibody radiotracers might also provide a method for measuring GD2 expression in tumors, thus enabling the prediction of response to anti-GD2 therapy for individual patients. Methods: The conjugation of hu14.18K322A with p-NH2-Bn-DOTA was accomplished using N-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-N′-ethylcarbodiimide with subsequent 64Cu radiolabeling at 37°C for 30 min. Immunoreactivity of the conjugate was assessed by a dose-escalation blocking experiment measuring binding to purified GD2 versus GD1b as a negative control. Cell uptake and biodistribution studies in M21 (GD2-positive) and PC-3 (GD2-negative) tumor models were performed, as was small-animal PET/CT of M21 and PC-3 tumor–bearing mice. Results: The labeling of 64Cu-p-NH2-Bn-DOTA-hu14.18K322A was achieved at more than 95% radiochemical purity and a specific activity of 127–370 MBq/mg (3.4–10 mCi/mg) after chromatographic purification. Preliminary in vitro data demonstrated a greater than 6-fold selectivity of binding to GD2 versus GD1b and dose-dependent inhibition of binding by unmodified hu14.8K322A. In vivo data, including small-animal PET/CT, showed significant GD2-positive tumor-targeting ability, with a persistent 2-fold-higher uptake of radiotracer than in GD2-negative tumors. Conclusion:64Cu-p-NH2-Bn-DOTA-hu14.18K322A represents a novel PET radiotracer to facilitate clinical investigations of anti-GD2 immunotherapies and to complement other imaging modalities in the staging and treatment of neuroblastoma.
Safety Considerations for Operation of Different Classes of UAVs in the NAS

*† Recognizing the significant effort underway to integrate UAV operations in the NAS, a preliminary hazard analysis was conducted for two critical hazards of UAV operation. Models were developed to describe UAV ground impact and midair collisions. Under several assumptions, a model of ground impact was used to calculate the UAV system reliability required to meet a target level of safety, for different UAV classes differentiated by mass. The model showed a significantly higher reliability required for high-mass UAVs, and a large variation in reliability required with population density, with a two order of magnitude increase over metropolitan areas. Midair collision risk was estimated in the vicinity of airways using a model of aircraft collisions based on the density of air traffic in those regions. There is a two order of magnitude difference in risk between on-airway and onaltitude operation and operation away from airways and off major flight levels. Therefore, there are potential operating strategies that can reduce the risk of UAV operation, such as procedural separation from high population and high traffic areas. There are also additional mitigation possibilities to further reduce the risk of integrating UAVs in the NAS. The integration strategies and mitigation requirements are likely to vary greatly for different classes of UAVs.
The Effect of APR Violations on the Seniority and Timing of Debt Issuance

We present a model that shows how interactions between creditor groups in bankruptcy can affect the debt issuance decisions of firms. In particular, we show that firms that issue debt with a specific seniority level may tend to keep issuing debt at the same level to avoid the costs of conflicts in bankruptcy. Our model also has predictions as to what types of firms may change seniority level in sequential issues. We also find that as bankruptcy costs increase, firms will tend to issue more junior debt. The empirical implications of our model are consistent with the somewhat surprising fact that most firms issue debt at one seniority level only, and quite a few of them cluster at the senior subordinated level. We also find that companies that issue subordinated debt are much smaller than those which issue senior debt, while those that issue at both levels are intermediate on most financial measures. These empirical regularities are broadly consistent with our theoretical analysis. Our model is also supported by the fact that companies that issue only senior debt pay lower spreads than companies that issue at both levels.
The effects of channel estimation on Tomlinson-Harashima precoding in TDD MIMO systems

We develop an analytical method to evaluate the symbol error rate (SER) of Tomlinson-Harashima precoding (THP) for a multiple transmit antenna system operating in a time division duplex (TDD) mode. By making small error assumption the noise due to the channel estimation error for a given channel is investigated thoroughly, which enables one to calculate the SER with channel estimation error.
Recruiting Community-Dwelling Elderly at Risk for Physical Disability Into Exercise Research

The article describes the process of identifying 100 community-dwelling elderly adults at risk for physical disability, yet not functionally disabled, for participation in a research project to develop appropriate exercise programs for at-risk elderly. Over a period of 14 months, initial contact was made with 941 older adults, 11% of whom (101 people) were eligible for and willing to complete all stages of the study protocol. The most successful recruitment strategies were a mass mailing followed by a telephone call and advertising in a newspaper with a large circulation (rather than a local paper). Aspects of the recruitment and retention of study participants are discussed.
A Typology of Virtual Teams: Implications for Effective Leadership

As the nature of work in today’s organizations becomes more complex, dynamic, and global, there has been increasing emphasis on distributed, “virtual” teams as organizing units of work. Despite the...
Effects of Nonlinear Strain-Dependent Permeability and Rate of Compression on the Stress Behavior of Articular Cartilage

The compressive viscoelastic behavior of articular cartilage, a fiber-reinforced, porous, permeable solid matrix filled with water, is predominately governed by the flow of the interstitial water within the tissue and its exudation across the articular surface. The fluid flow is in turn governed by the permeability of the tissue and the loading imposed upon its surface. But for articular cartilage, the permeability depends nonlinearly on the strain; k = ko exp (Me). Here, M is the nonlinear flow-limiting parameter and e is the dilatation. In this investigation, we studied the influence of M and Ro = koHA/Uh (where HA is the elastic equilibrium modulus of the solid matrix, h is the tissue's thickness and U is the rate of compression applied onto the surface via a rigid, porous, free-draining filter) on the stress history of circular plugs of cartilage specimens attached to the bone. It was found that these two parameters have profound effects on the predicted compressive stress history. For very large Ro, the fluid flow effects become negligible. For small Ro and large M, large instantaneous compressive stresses several times larger than those observed at equilibrium are predicted. This amplification of compressive stress is due to the increase of importance of the relative fluid flow effect, i.e., Ro leads to 0, and nonlinear flow-limit effect, i.e., M greater than 0. Also, the theoretical curves predict that the rate of increase of stress initially decreases (convex) and finally becomes a constant. The results of our 5 percent offset compression experiments are in good agreement with the theoretical predictions.
Intra-laboratory reproducibility of human papillomavirus identification in cervical specimens by a polymerase chain reaction-based assay.

Abstract Background: polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based assays for human papillomavirus (HPV) sequences are in wide use in clinical and epidemiological studies. The reproducibility of these assays is not extensively studied. Objectives: to estimate the intra-laboratory reproducibility of generic and type-specific HPV diagnoses by the MY09/MY11/HMB01 consensus L1 primer-based PCR assay. Study design: systematically collected specimens (n=207) were masked and retested. Results: when specimens negative in both initial and repeat assays were excluded from analysis, the diagnostic reproducibility was 98.6% for β-globin, 90.7% for generic HPV (any HPV type), and 76.9% for type-specific HPVs. The reproducibility of type-specific diagnosis increased with increase in signal strength in the hybridization reaction of the initial assay. When a specimen contained five or more HPV types in the initial assay, it was rare to identify all of the HPV types in the repeat assay. Conclusions: the degree of reproducibility of the PCR diagnosis should be taken into account in the interpretation of HPV data in clinical and epidemiological studies.
Personality, Metabolic Rate and Aerobic Capacity

Personality traits and cardiorespiratory fitness in older adults are reliable predictors of health and longevity. We examined the association between personality traits and energy expenditure at rest (basal metabolic rate) and during normal and maximal sustained walking. Personality traits and oxygen (VO(2)) consumption were assessed in 642 participants from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. Results indicate that personality traits were mostly unrelated to resting metabolic rate and energy expenditure at normal walking pace. However, those who scored lower on neuroticism (r = -0.12) and higher on extraversion (r = 0.11), openness (r = 0.13), and conscientiousness (r = 0.09) had significantly higher energy expenditure at peak walking pace. In addition to greater aerobic capacity, individuals with a more resilient personality profile walked faster and were more efficient in that they required less energy per meter walked. The associations between personality and energy expenditure were not moderated by age or sex, but were in part explained by the proportion of fat mass. In conclusion, differences in personality may matter the most during more challenging activities that require cardiorespiratory fitness. These findings suggest potential pathways that link personality to health outcomes, such as obesity and longevity.
Infectious Diseases Subspecialty: Declining Demand Challenges and Opportunities

Recent match results from the National Resident Matching Program for the subspecialty of infectious diseases show an ongoing decline in the number of fellowship positions filled, and, more important, in the number of applicants, particularly from the pool of international medical graduates. The main reasons for this declining application rate are unclear; in the absence of hard data, we present our viewpoint on this issue. Difficulties in securing visas for permanent residency in the United States, perception of a limited job market, and the explosive growth in the number of hospitalist positions may be important contributing factors. Infectious Diseases Society of America members need to focus on medical students and medical residents in their formative years. We present potential solutions to this problem of declining interest in the field of infectious diseases.
Autonomic Cardiovascular Control Following Transient Arousal From Sleep: A Time-Varying Closed-Loop Model

Recent studies suggest that exposure to repetitive episodes of hypoxia and transient arousal can lead to increased risk for cardiovascular disease in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). To obtain an improved understanding of and to quantitatively characterize the autonomic effects of arousal from sleep, a time-varying closed-loop model was used to determine the interrelationships among respiration, heart rate and blood pressure in 8 normal adults. A recursive least squares algorithm was used in combination with the Laguerre expansion technique to estimate the time-varying impulse responses of the 4 model components. We found that during arousal: 1) respiratory-cardiac coupling gain increases in nonrapid-eye movement (NREM) but not in REM sleep; 2) in both NREM and REM sleep, baroreflex gain shows an initial increase, but this is followed by a more sustained decrease below pre-arousal baseline levels, allowing sympathetic tone to be elevated over a relatively long duration; 3) the gains of other model components show increases with arousal that are consistent with the increased sympathetic modulation of systemic vascular resistance and contractility of the heart. These findings establish a normative database against which further measurements of cardiovascular arousal responses in OSAS may be compared.
Differences in the Fears of Elementary School Children in North and South America: A Cross-Cultural Comparison

This study compared the fears of North American and South American children in Grades 2–5. Fears were assessed with English and Spanish versions of the American Fear Survey Schedule (FSSC-AM; Burnham 2005). Specific fears and several most common fears differed across the two countries. Overall, the South American children and the girls from both countries had significantly higher fear intensity scores than North American children and the boys. Fear intensity scores also differed significantly across racial backgrounds. Implications for counsellors and directions for future research are considered.
Increased Synaptic Input to Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone Cells in Preoptic Area Grafts That Support Reproductive Development in Female Hypogonadal Mice

Ultrastructural studies have established that gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) neuronal cell bodies receive sparse synaptic input compared to other neuronal cell types. In the present studies, immunocytochemistry for the presynaptic marker synaptophysin, coupled with confocal microscopy, was employed to evaluate whether there was a difference in synaptic input to GnRH cells within preoptic area grafts (hypogonadal, HPG; preoptic area, POA) in hypogonadal female mice that did or did not show ovarian development. GnRH cells in HPG/POA mice with ovarian development exhibited significantly higher numbers of synaptophysin immunoreactive (syn-IR) appositions as compared with HPG/POA mice without ovarian development. This suggests that synaptic input to the grafted GnRH cells is important for the correction of reproductive functions in HPG/POA mice. Following mating, Fos immunoreactivity was present in several GnRH cells in HPG mice with successful POA grafts, indicating the establishment of neuronal projections conveying somatosensory information to the GnRH cells in these mice. The presence of a higher number of syn-IR appositions to GnRH cells in the successful grafts supports this hypothesis.
iKernel: Isolating Buggy and Malicious Device Drivers Using Hardware Virtualization Support

The users of today's operating systems demand high reliability and security. However, faults introduced outside of the core operating system by buggy and malicious device drivers can significantly impact these dependability attributes. To help improve driver isolation, we propose an approach that utilizes the latest hardware virtualization support to efficiently sandbox each device driver in its own minimal virtual machine (VM) so that the kernel is protected from faults in these drivers. We present our implementation of a low-overhead virtual-machine based framework which allows reuse of existing drivers. We have constructed a prototype to demonstrate that it is feasible to utilize existing hardware virtualization techniques to allow device drivers in a VM to communicate with devices directly without frequent hardware traps into the virtual machine monitor (VMM). We have implemented a prototype parallel port driver which interacts through iKernel to communicate with a physical LED device.
Are sustainable tourists a higher spending market

Abstract Resistance to sustainability practices often stems from the industry's view that sustainable tourism requires a profitability tradeoff where the additional costs associated with sustainability do not pay off in increased economic returns, yet few studies have been attempted to prove or disprove this viewpoint. This study analyzed spending patterns and length of stay of visitors to Montana, USA to determine if strong geotravelers (higher sustainable behaviors) were different than those with less sustainable behaviors. Results found that total trip spending by strong geotravelers (US $1164) was significantly higher than the overall spending of both moderate (US $866) and minimal geotravelers (US $668). These findings suggest that sustainable travelers are a travel market to be reckoned with in the tourism marketing and business world. The combination of their pro-sustainable behavior and increased spending provides evidence of a market segment in which destinations can benefit.
Selectivity data: assessment, predictions, concordance, and implications.

Could high-quality in silico predictions in drug discovery eventually replace part or most of experimental testing? To evaluate the agreement of selectivity data from different experimental or predictive sources, we introduce the new metric concordance minimum significant ratio (cMSR). Empowered by cMSR, we find the overall level of agreement between predicted and experimental data to be comparable to that found between experimental results from different sources. However, for molecules that are either highly selective or potent, the concordance between different experimental sources is significantly higher than the concordance between experimental and predicted values. We also show that computational models built from one data set are less predictive for other data sources and highlight the importance of bias correction for assessing selectivity data. Finally, we show that small-molecule target space relationships derived from different data sources and predictive models share overall similarity but can ...
Growth of Rutile Titanium Dioxide Nanowires by Pulsed Chemical Vapor Deposition

Recently, we developed a surface reaction-limited pulsed chemical vapor deposition (CVD) technique that can grow highly uniform anatase TiO2 nanorods (NRs) over a large area, even inside highly confined submicrometer-sized spaces. Here, we report the growth of rutile TiO2 NWs using this technique by introducing a Au seeding layer at higher deposition temperature, where a small amount of anatase phase was also found. A bifurcated growth of rutile TiO2 NWs was observed. The resulting TiO2 NWs exhibited high-quality crystallinity and large surface areas with exposure of high-index surfaces. Control experiments illustrated the influence of deposition conditions on the TiO2 growth behavior. Higher deposition temperature could convert the TiO2 phase from anatase to rutile. A thin film of Au was able to induce rapid crystal growth resulting in particle formation, while the anisotropic NW growth preferred no Au coating. Shorter purging time could significantly enhance the deposition rate because of the incomplete...
The Effect of Controlled Temperature and Humidity on the Residual Life of Certain Insecticides

The residual life of commercial emulsifiable formulations of heptachlor, aldrin, Diazinon® ( O, O -diethyl O -(2-isopropyl-4-methyl-6-pyrimidinyl) phosphorothioate), parathion, malathion, and an acetone solution of heptachlor epoxied was determined under controlled conditions of temperature and humidity, using three- to four-week-old adults of the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst). At 90° F and a R.H. (relative humidity) of 55%±5%, the residual life in days of aldrin, heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide, and Diazinon was 8, 10, 28, and 99, respectively, whereas at the same R.H. but at 110° F, the residual life was 4, 4, 21, and 28 days, respectively. Parathion lost its effectiveness in 41 days at 90° F and 55%±5% R.H. but still gave 44% mortality on the 18th day at 110. and 55%±5% RH. At 90° F and 55%±5% R.H. malathion gave 78% mortality on the 21st day, whereas, at the same R.H. but at 110° F, it gave 32% mortality on the 28th day. Relative humidity during the time of exposure of the test insects markedly affected mortality. When assayed at a R.H. of 5.5%±5%, Diazinon showed a complete loss of toxicity on the 28th day when held at 110° F and 5,5%±5% R.H., but it gave 100% mortality when held at similar temperature conditions but assayed at 90%± 5% R.H. Likewise, parathion, aldrin, heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide, and malathion also gave higher mortality of the insects when assayed at 90%± 5% R.H. Investigation of the possible causes of increased toxicity at higher R.H. revealed that all these insecticides possessed greater fumigant activity at 90%±5% RH. Diazinon, malathion, and parathion showed no detectable fumigation effect at 55%±5% R.H., but produced mortalities of 100%, 68%, and 55%, respectively, at 90%±5% R.H. with similar temperature conditions prevailing. Heptachlor, heptachlor epoxied, and aldrin residues produced mortalities of 76%, 73%, and 72%, respectively, when assayed at 55%±5% R.H., but when assayed at 90%±5% R.H. the mortalities were 96%, 95%, and 93%, respectively. It may be postulated that the higher mortality obtained at the higher R.H. is caused largely by increased volatility as shown by the increased fumigant action. This view is also supported by a comparison of the loss in weight of heptachlor epoxide residues held at 90%±5% R.H. and at 55%±5% R.H., under similar temperature conditions. It is concluded that atmospheric humidity greatly affects toxicity of chemicals and for the most efficient use of insecticides they should be applied when the R.H. is high.
Crystal structure of boralsilite and its relation to a family of boroaluminosilicates, sillimanite, and andalusite

Boralsilite, Al 16B6Si2O37, is monoclinic, space group C2/m, with a = 14.767(1), b = 5.574(1), c = 15.079(1) A, β = 91.96(1)°, and Z = 2. The structure was solved with direct methods and refined to an unweighted residual of 0.026 using 1193 observed reflections. The structure is closely related to those of sillimanite, andalusite, grandidierite, synthetic aluminum borate (Al 18B4O33), and werdingite. These structures are all based on a backbone of chains of edge-sharing AlO 6 octahedra arranged parallel to c (≅ 5.6 A) and at the vertices and center of a pseudo-tetragonal subcell having a ≅ b ≅ 7.5 A. In the boralsilite structure, AlO 6 octahedral chains are cross-linked by Si 2O7 disilicate groups, BO 4 tetrahedra, BO3 triangles, and AlO5 trigonal bipyramids. A given BO4 or SiO4 tetrahedron or BO3 triangle shares two vertices with two adjacent AlO 6 octahedra of one chain and a third vertex with an octahedron vertex of an adjacent chain, thus cross-linking the AlO 6 octahedral chains. Further linkage is provided through vertex-sharing of AlO 5 trigonal bipyramids. These bipyramids alternate with B or Si polyhedra parallel to AlO 6 octahedral chains to form four kinds of cross-linking chains of polyhedra, with alternate atom pairs [5] Al1-Si, [5] Al2[4] B2, [5] Al3[3] B1, and [5] Al4[3] B3. The units which cross-link between chains of AlO6 octahedra can alternatively be viewed as consisting of Si 2O7 dimers, trimers of edge-sharing AlO 5 trigonal bipyramids (plus a B triangle and B tetrahedron), and dimers of edge-sharing AlO5 trigonal bipyramids (plus B triangles and tetrahedra), Variations on these themes are found in the structures of sillimanite, andalusite, grandidierite, werdingite, mullite, and synthetic Al18B4O33. The interchangeability and variety of the various interchain units appears to result in part from the flexibility produced by the ability of Al and B to assume a variety of coordinations by oxygen and from the potential for partial vacancy of some anion and cation sites.
Effect of chitosan and pectinase on clarification of mulberry wine.

The transmittance of mulberry wine treated with different dosage of chitosan or pectinase under different temperature,pH and treatment time was determined to screen the suitable clarification agent and method for improving quality of mulberry wine.The results showed that the optimum technical condition of pectinase method for clarification of mulberry wine was 0.7g/L pectinase,pH 2.8,and 32℃ for 10.5h and the optimum technical condition of chitosan method for clarification of mulberry wine was 0.25g/L chitosan,pH 4.0 and 23℃ for 5h.The transmittance of mulberry wine treated by chitosan method is up to 88%,which indicates that the chitosan method with lower cost and simple technical condition is of practical application value in clarification of mulberry wine.
Will My Tibial Fracture Heal? Predicting Nonunion at the Time of Definitive Fixation Based on Commonly Available Variables

Accurate prediction of tibial nonunions has eluded researchers. Reliably predicting tibial nonunions at the time of fixation could change management strategies and stimulate further research. We asked (1) whether data from medical records, fracture characteristics, and radiographs obtained at the time of fixation would identify features predictive of tibial fracture nonunion; and (2) whether this information could be used to create a model to assess the chance of nonunion at the time of intramedullary (IM) nail fixation of the tibia. We retrospectively reviewed all tibial shaft fractures treated at our center from 2007 to 2014. We conducted a literature review and collected data on 35 factors theorized to contribute to delayed bone healing. Patients were followed to fracture healing or surgery for nonunion. Patients with planned prophylactic nonunion surgery were excluded because their nonunions were anticipated and our focus was on unanticipated nonunions. Our cohort consisted of 382 patients treated with IM nails for tibial shaft fractures (nonunion, 56; healed, 326). Bivariate and multivariate regression techniques and stepwise modeling approaches examined the relationship between variables available at definitive fixation. Factors were included in our model if they were identified as having a modest to large effect size (odds ratio > 2) at the p 2.0). With these factors, we created the Nonunion Risk Determination (NURD) score. The NURD score assigns 5 points for flaps, 4 points for compartment syndrome, 3 points for chronic condition(s), 2 points for open fractures, 1 point for male gender, and 1 point per grade of American Society of Anesthesiologists Physical Status and percent cortical contact. One point each is subtracted for spiral fractures and for low-energy injuries, which were found to be predictive of union. A NURD score of 0 to 5 had a 2% chance of nonunion; 6 to 8, 22%; 9 to 11, 42%; and > 12, 61%. The proposed nonunion prediction model (NURDS) seems to have potential to allow clinicians to better determine which patients have a higher risk of nonunion. Future work should be directed at prospectively validating and enhancing this model. Level III, diagnostic study.
Design of dynamic power capacity increasing decision system based on the real-time measurement of transmission line sag

The transmission line sag is the main limitation factor of dynamic power capacity increasing,which is difficult to mornitor and forecast online.Traditional sag measurement methods have complex calculation models and low accuracy,they can't satisfy the requirement of power capacity increasing.The line length was measured with the transmission time of traveling wave from one terminal to another terminal,and the whole line sag was thus measured in this paper.The ultrasonic measurement was also applied to test the local line sag that limit the power transmission capacity.The line maximum transmission capacity was dynamically calculated by the model of sag-carrying power capacity.Finally,the dynamic capacity increasing decision system of transmission line was designed.It can achieve safely,accurately,real-time and orderly dynamiccapacity increase for the transmission line.
Risk evaluation of schistosomiasis in potential prevalent areas in Chongqing section of Three Gorges Reservoir areas

Objective To evaluate the transmission risk of schistosomiasis in potential prevalent areas in Chongqing section of Three Gorges Reservoir areas. Methods Wanzhou district and Kaixian county were selected as surveillance sites in potential prevalent areas in Chongqing section of Three Gorges Reservoir areas. Over 300 people of local inhabitants age 6~65 years old were screened by ELISA,and the serum-positives cases were tested by Kato-Katz to investigate possible infection in 2008, 2010 and 2012. The mobile population of Wanzhou district and Kaixian county were investigated by the same way as that of local inhabitants every year during 2008-2012. Infection status in livestock was surveyed in 2009-2012.The imported Oncomelania snails were surveyed in at fixed risk areas and mobile areas of suspected infection. Results 2 807 local residents were examined by ELISA and the serum positive rate of schistosome antibody was 1.28%. 3 518 mobile populations were investigated and the serum positive rate of schistosome antibody was 2.42% during 2008-2012. The positive rate was from 1.38% to 4.11%. Egg of schistosome was not found in the serum positive cases. 485 livestock were investigated and no positive case was found. No snail was found at the fixed surveillance sites of 358 565 m2, the mobile sites of 525 821 m2, and the suspicious floats of 13 050 kg.Conclusion Schistosomiasis transmission and imported snails were not found in Chongqing section of Three Gorges Reservoir areas. But potential risk of transmission exists. The surveillance of imported snails should be strengthened.
The Attenuation of UHF Signals When Passing Through Transformer Oil-Valve

Oil-valve style ultra-high-frequency(UHF) method applies to on line detecting partial discharges(PDs) in transformers. The frequency band and position of UHF detection equipment are the two key factors that affect its sensitivity. The round waveguide theory is used to analyze UHF propagation characters,simulations and experiments are carried out to study the propagation and attenuation of UHF in oil-valve. Research works show that the frequency components of UHF electromagnetic wave lower than the cutoff frequency of TE11 wave attenuates seriously in oil-valve,while the rest of frequency components almost no attenuation. A method was proposed to improve the sensitivity of Oil-valve style UHF detecting system,that is,the sensor should be placed as close as possible to the inner wall of the transformer; the lower cut-off frequency of the detecting system should not be lower than the cutoff frequency of the dominant mode. These conclusions are important to improve on line PD detection technique in transformers.
Research on crystallization behavior and properties of Ni-P-Cg composite coating on titanium

Ni-P-Cg coatings were deposited on titanium surface using chemical deposition.The microstructures and properties of coating were analyzed by methods of SEM,XRD,EDS,microhardness instrument and wear test,and the effects of Cg particles on the structure,crystallizing process and properties of coating were studied.Comparison with Ni-P alloy coating was also conducted.The results indicate that the amorphous Ni-P-Cg plating is deposited with cellular structure on the surface.The graphite embeds in cellular,displaying flesh flower status.The onset of crystallization temperature increases due to graphite addition in composite coating and period of completing crystallization is shortened.Due to the appearance of phase TiC in Ni- P-Cg coating after heat treatment,the hardness of coating increases,and after heat treated at 400 ℃,the hardness of composited coating reaches the highest-1 239HV0.2,which is about five times the value of titanium substrate and higher than Ni-P alloy coating also.
The role of the intellect in the process of defense.

Ordinary intellectual capacities can be used for defensive as well as adaptive purposes. The author focuses on how a particular aspect of the intellect ― language skills ― can serve defensive functions. Using clinical examples, he examines how the defense «mechanism» of isolation operates through the use of common verbal formulas, through the deletion or substitution of conjunctions, through vagueness and indefinite reference. Other expressions of isolation include shifting emphasis away from what is important, excessive generalizing, and the development of an elliptical private language. He concludes with a discussion of how clinicians can learn both to listen to the patient empathically and to recognize and work with these defensive operations
Relationship of glucose oxidation to aggregation of human platelets

The effect of aggregating agents on the hexose monophosphate shunt (HMPS) and the relationship of 14CO2 production to platelet aggregation were studied in normal volunteers. Platelets collected in ACD were suspended in modified Ringer’s bicarbonate buffer without washing and were studied before and after the addition of collagen, adenosine diphosphate (ADP), epinephrine, or thrombin. HMPS and Kreks cycle activities were estimated by the yields of 14CO2 from glucose-1-14C (C1) and glucose-6-14C (C6). 14CO2 production from each substrate was measured continuously during experiments using paired, vibrating reed electrometers and incubation flasks. Both flasks contained aliquots of the same platelet suspension. Baseline 14CO2 production averaged 22 ± 4.5 mµmoles/hr/109 platelets from C6 as compared to 33 ± 6 mµmoles/hr/ 109 platelets from C1. Each aggregating agent gave a prompt and striking increase in 14CO2 production from C1. In contrast, the increase in 14CO2 production from C6 was not detectable for 10 min and then production increased slowly. Inhibition of 14CO2 nate (25 m M ) did not interfere with platelet aggregation. Stimulation of 14CO2 production from C1 by aggregating agents was unaffected by malonate. These data indicate that platelet aggregation coincides with stimulation of the HMPS, but the increase in Krebs cycle activity occurs later and is not essential for platelet aggregation.
Mediator-assisted selective oxidation of lignin model compounds by laccase from Botrytis cinerea

Laccase from Botrytis cinereacatalyzes benzylic oxidations and cleavage of lignin-related diphenylmethanes. Selective reactions with non-phenolic monomeric or b-1-dimeric model compounds using O 2 and redox mediators can also be carried out. At substrate to mediator ratios of 5:1, 1-hydoxybenzotriazole (HOBT) is 8-20 fold more effective than 2,2-azinobis-3-ethylthiazoline-6-sulfonate (ABTS) for such biotransformations. With unblocked phenols, ring couplings are the dominant endproducts either with or without mediators.
A novel block fast array RLS algorithm applied to linear flight strip-map SAR imaging

In this paper, a novel block fast array recursive least squares (FARLS) algorithm is developed that exploits the block Toeplitz structure of a data matrix by using its block rows as block shifted regressors for efficiently solving a regularized system of equations. A new block hyperbolic Householder transformation is used for the hyperbolic rotations. This new BFARLS algorithm is applied to the maximum likelihood (ML) estimation of ground reflectivity from linear flight strip-map synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data, whose solution involves solving a very large system of equations that has the stated structure. Simulation examples are given that illustrate the algorithm and the complexity of the algorithm is analyzed.
Pesticide Interactions: Mechanisms, Benefits, and Risks.

Interactions between pesticides at common molecular targets and detoxification systems often determine their effectiveness and safety. Compounds with the same mode of action or target are candidates for cross resistance and restrictions in their recommended uses. Discovery research is therefore focused on new mechanisms and modes of action. Interactions in detoxification systems also provide cross resistance and synergist and safener mechanisms illustrated with serine hydrolases and inhibitors, cytochrome P450 and insecticide synergists, and glutathione S-transferases and herbicide safeners. Secondary targets are also considered for inhibitors of serine hydrolases, aldehyde dehydrogenases, and transporters. Emphasis is given to the mechanistic aspects of interactions, not the incidence, which depends on potency, exposure, ratios, and timing. The benefits of pesticide interactions are the additional levels of chemical control to achieve desired organismal effects. The risks are the unpredictable interactio...
A comprehensive review of the FDA-approved labels of diabetes drugs: Indications, safety, and emerging cardiovascular safety data.

Abstract Aims FDA-approved drug labels are an important source of information for clinicians who prescribe medications for treatment of diabetes. We reviewed drug labels to (1) understand the landscape of classes of medications approved for type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), (2) explore the indications and safety information and (3) examine their cardiovascular safety. Methods We searched four public references and reviewed all FDA-approved labels for “indication and usage,” “adverse effects,” “warnings and precautions,” and “cardiovascular outcomes” from October 1982 to July 2016. We also reviewed FDA drug-safety communications from January 2015 to May 2017. Results The labels reveal 12 classes of medications approved for T2DM with only 2 classes approved for T1DM. There is emerging evidence about cardiovascular safety and risk reduction from diabetes medications which is now being incorporated in drug labels. Conclusions All currently available diabetes medications are approved for adults with T2DM with a remarkably limited number for adults with T1DM and children with T1DM or T2DM. The incorporation of emerging data on cardiovascular outcomes in FDA drug labels is expected to influence the way physicians treat patients with diabetes.
Identifying diverse life transition patterns from adolescence to young adulthood: The influence of early socioeconomic context

The purposes of the present study are to investigate: (1) the heterogeneity in life transition patterns of youth from adolescence to young adulthood (ages 18-30) involving the timing and sequence of four transition events (college graduation, full-time employment, marriage, and parenthood), (2) the influence of early socioeconomic adversity on life transition patterns from adolescence to young adulthood, and (3) the influence of gender and race/ethnicity on these transition patterns. Using a multivariate discrete-time mixture survival model with a sample of 14,503 adolescents from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health), the study identified four life transition patterns and found that early socioeconomic adversity shapes disrupted life transition patterns from adolescence to young adulthood. Gender and race/ethnicity differences are discussed. These results highlight the need for prevention and intervention programs that selectively target at-risk youth beginning in adolescence and continuing through subsequent transition periods.
Comparison of methods for current measurement in WBG systems

One of the biggest challenges faced in the characterization of wide-band gap (WBG) semiconductors is the accurate measurement of the current through the device. Most measuring techniques available do not have the necessary bandwidth to capture the high-frequency current content in such systems. Many of the solutions that do have the necessary bandwidth introduce a “choke-point” into the system by requiring the DC bus to pass through the small sensor aperture, which is not ideal due to the attendant increase in the bus inductance. Many designers use a coaxial shunt resistor when performing WBG device characterization due to the high bandwidth of this approach. In this study, an alternative method was considered using an array of parallel SMT resistors as a custom shunt. This method was evaluated against other measuring techniques in respect to accuracy and found to be in good agreement. This solution was found to have a lower parasitic inductance than competing methods, while reducing the cost of the components by two orders of magnitude. In addition, this paper demonstrates that a limited bandwidth (20 MHz) current transformer (CT) can be used with reasonable results when evaluating SiC multichip power modules (MCPMs); this is not the case with discrete SiC devices, which require a high-bandwidth current shunt for accurate measurement.
Case—Converting Zip Code Data into Distances: A Case Study for Teaching Business Analytics

In this case study, we demonstrate how to convert a column of zip code data into approximate distances from a default zip code using only standard Microsoft (MS) Excel functions and a free zip code...
Viral Myocarditis: Immunogenetic and Autoimmune Aspects

Chronic inflammatory heart disease has been suggested as a sequela of infection by a variety of microbial agents in man [31]. Several lines of evidence suggest that myocardial autoimmunity is the major pathogenic mechanism in chronic inflammation of the myocardium. Maisch et al. [15] have demonstrated that patients with viral myocarditis develop autoantibodies to cardiac contractile and sarcolemmal proteins. Cardiac-specific autoantibodies to the mitochondrial adenosine di-/triphosphate (ADP/ATP) translocator protein have also been identified in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy [24]. This relationship between viral heart disease and myocardial autoimmunity has been documented using the mouse model. The presence of heart-specific autoantibodies and chronic, late-phase myocarditis suggest that a sequela of coxsackievirus type B3 (CVB3)-induced myocarditis in mice is an autoimmune-based disease [30]. Other findings similarly support the involvement of humoral and cellular autoimmune mechanisms in the pathogenesis [10, 14].
Best Linear Unbiased Prediction: Introduction

The derivation of Best Linear Prediction (Chapter 4) and selection index theory (Chapter 9) assumed that both the first and second moments of the joint distribution of g and y were known constants. That is, the means, variances and covariances are assumed known. In practice, these are never known exactly and estimates must be used (as was done in Chapters 4-10). This means that in all applications of BLP, the predicted breeding values are approximations to BLP. To the extent that the estimated first and second moments closely approximate the true moments, the predicted breeding values closely approximate best linear predictions (see Chapter 7).
Chronic recording and electrochemical performance of Utah microelectrode arrays implanted in rat motor cortex

Multisite implantable electrode arrays serve as a tool to record cortical network activity and enable electrical stimulation to drive plasticity or provide network feedback. The use of rodent model...
The Healthfulness of Food-at-Home Expenditures, the Local Food Environment, and Childhood Obesity

Purpose:Despite the growth of food-away-from-home expenditures, food-at-home (FAH) expenditures still constitute the majority of American families’ food dollars. The FAH expenditures may have impor...
Survival outcomes in elderly patients with muscle invasive bladder cancer: An analysis of the National Cancer Database.

4538Background: Many elderly patients are precluded from radical cystectomy (RC) due to existing comorbidities or morbidities associated with RC. Chemoradiation therapy (CRT) is an alternative trea...
Exercise in Children with Disabilities

The goal of this paper is to review the role and importance of exercise in the overall health and fitness of children with disabilities and to identify unique considerations in specific populations. Exercise and activity are known to be of critical importance to the health and well-being of typically developing children and adolescents. Children with disabling conditions are not immune to the obesity epidemic and even less likely to participate in structured or recreational activities than their typically developing peers. Although barriers to participation exist, studies largely support the same physiologic benefits of exercise in children with medical conditions and disabilities as those without. Providers must be aware of exercise precautions and restrictions specific to children with certain diagnoses. Furthermore, children with disabilities may need additional supports, accommodations, and individualization to facilitate participation. Future research should address activity guidelines for children with specific diagnoses as well as means of engaging children and adolescents with disabilities to participate in exercise. Physical activity and exercise have been proven to be beneficial, safe, and effective for children and adolescents with disabilities, though some individuals will require special precautions for safety or adaptations to permit participation.