cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mice lacking Gad2 show altered behavioral effects of ethanol, flurazepam and gabaxadol.

γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) is synthesized in brain by two isoforms of glutamic acid decarboxylase (Gad), Gad1 and Gad2. Gad1 provides most of the GABA in brain, but Gad2 can be rapidly activated in times of high GABA demand. Mice lacking Gad2 are viable whereas deletion of Gad1 is lethal. We produced null mutant mice for Gad2 on three different genetic backgrounds: predominantly C57BL/6J and one or two generations of backcrossing to 129S1/SvimJ (129N1, 129N2). We used these mice to determine if actions of alcohol are regulated by synthesis of GABA from this isoform. We also studied behavioral responses to a benzodiazepine (flurazepam) and a GABAA receptor agonist (gabaxadol). Deletion of Gad2 increased ethanol palatability and intake and slightly reduced the severity of ethanol-induced withdrawal, but these effects depended strongly on genetic background. Mutant mice on the 129N2 background showed the above three ethanol behavioral phenotypes, but the C57BL/6J inbred background did not show any of these phenotypes. Effects on ethanol consumption also depended on the test as the mutation did not alter consumption in limited access models. Deletion of Gad2 reduced the effect of flurazepam on motor incoordination and increased the effect of extrasynaptic GABAA receptor agonist gabaxadol without changing the duration of loss of righting reflex produced by these drugs. These results are consistent with earlier proposals that deletion of Gad2 (on 129N2 background) reduces synaptic GABA but also suggest changes in extrasynaptic receptor function.
Rockshelter use during the “Late Woodland” Period in the Northeast: Increased use as an Aspect of the Pelt Trade

A recent series of papers (North American Archaeologist, 2010:255-479) relating to the archaeology of rockshelters assembled an important array of information that illustrates the importance of these locations to understanding the culture history of the greater Northeastern Woodlands region. Paul Raber's contribution specifically addressed the apparent increase in the use of these geological features during the Late Woodland period in Pennsylvania, about 900 to 1650 CE. In Ohio the “Late Woodland” period may be differently defined and assigned completely different dates. Raber suggests that rockshelters became important to aspects of foraging strategies that supplemented the horticultural systems of the village dwelling cultures in central and western Pennsylvania, particularly during the Little Ice Age. I suggest that after 1500 CE rockshelters became important in the temporary storage of peltry, the basis for a vast trading system. The European demand for peltry had rapidly changed traditional trading d...
Use of Appropriate Antimicrobials in Wound Management

The primary goal of wound management is to achieve a functional closure with minimal scarring. Preventing infection is important to facilitate the healing process. Most simple, uncomplicated wounds do not need systemic antibiotics but benefit from the use of topical antibiotics. Judicious use of antibiotics reduces unnecessary adverse events and helps reduce the development of resistance. Although antibiotics can help reduce infection risk and promote healing, they are not a substitute for good local wound care, in particular irrigation and surgical debridement. This article reviews the role of antibiotics in emergency department wound management.
GLUT4 but not GLUT1 expression decreases early in the development of feline obesity

Abstract The increase in obesity in people and pets has been phenomenal. As in man, obesity in pets is a risk factor for many diseases including diabetes mellitus. Recently, tissue-specific regulation of glucose metabolism in fat and muscle tissue has been identified as an important factor for insulin sensitivity and it has been hypothesized that glucose uptake into tissues is altered in obesity causing insulin resistance. The purpose of this study was to determine the expression of the glucose transporter proteins GLUT4 and GLUT1 in muscle and fat from lean and obese cats. Seventeen domestic felines were tested in the lean state and again after a 6-month period of ad libitum food intake which led to a significant increase in weight ( P K -value) ( P =0.013, 0.018 and 0.017, respectively) during an intravenous glucose tolerance test, but no change in baseline glucose or glycosylated hemoglobin concentrations. GLUT4 expression was decreased in biopsies of both muscle ( P =0.002) and fat ( P =0.001) in the obese animals. GLUT4 in muscle and fat significantly and negatively correlated with the insulin AUC ( r 2 =0.36, P =0.004 and r 2 =0.18, P =0.040, respectively). GLUT1 expression showed no significant change in the obese cats in either tissue. It is concluded that the changes in GLUT4 are early derangements in obesity and occur before glucose intolerance is clinically evident.
Projection-based face recognition

A face recognition system has been developed and demonstrated at the Rutgers University Center for Computer Aids for Industrial Productivity. The system uses a preliminary data reduction step, gray scale projection, and a fast transform technique to greatly reduce the computational complexity of the problem and, consequently, the cost of high-speed implementation. The decision function is a new, extremely cost-effective neural network, the Mammone/Sankar Neural Tree Network. This paper examines the use of gray scale projection in detail, and demonstrates the use of 1D signal processing techniques in 2D imaging applications. Results are presented showing immunity to changes in expression and small rotations about the vertical axis.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Mapping the Distribution of Ion Positions as a Function of Quadrupole Ion Trap Mass Spectrometer Operating Parameters to Optimize Infrared Multiphoton Dissociation

Infrared multiphoton dissociation (IRMPD) combined with ion trajectory simulations has been used to obtain probability maps of ion position as a function of different operating parameters in a quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer. The factors that contribute to the depth of the pseudopotential trapping well are analyzed, and their effects on the efficiency of IRMPD are demonstrated. Ion trajectory simulations are used to substantiate experimental results and demonstrate in greater detail the dynamic nature of the ion population’s positional distribution. In particular, it is shown that the so-called “qz value” used during photodissociation can be of great consequence, as can the frequency of ac trapping voltage applied to the ring electrode. The results reveal that parameters which increase the pseudopotential well have the effect of decreasing the size of the ion cloud and maximizing overlap between the irradiating laser and the ions. Thus, while the common understanding of IRMPD dictates otherwise, IRM...
The Emerging Genetic Architecture of Type 2 Diabetes

Type 2 diabetes is a genetically heterogeneous disease, with several relatively rare monogenic forms and a number of more common forms resulting from a complex interaction of genetic and environmental factors. Previous studies using a candidate gene approach, family linkage studies, and gene expression profiling uncovered a number of type 2 genes, but the genetic basis of common type 2 diabetes remained unknown. Recently, a new window has opened on defining potential type 2 diabetes genes through genome-wide SNP association studies of very large populations of individuals with diabetes. This review explores the pathway leading to discovery of these genetic effects, the impact of these genetic loci on diabetes risk, the potential mechanisms of action of the genes to alter glucose homeostasis, and the limitations of these studies in defining the role of genetics in this important disease.
Health status of Army Chemical Corps Vietnam veterans who sprayed defoliant in Vietnam.

Background U.S. Army Chemical Corps veterans handled and sprayed herbicides in Vietnam resulting in exposure to Agent Orange and its contaminant 2,3,7, 8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD or dioxin). This study examined the long-term health effects associated with herbicide exposure among these Vietnam veterans. Methods A health survey of these 1,499 Vietnam veterans and a group of 1,428 non-Vietnam veterans assigned to chemical operations jobs was conducted using a computer-assisted telephone interview (CATI) system. Exposure to herbicides was assessed by analyzing serum specimens from a sample of 897 veterans fordioxin. Logistic regressionanalyseswereusedtoestimatetheriskofselectedmedicaloutcomesassociated with herbicide exposure. Results Odds ratios for diabetes, heart disease, hypertension, and chronic respiratory disease were elevated, but not significantly (P>0.05) for those who served in Vietnam. However, they were significantly elevated among those Vietnam veterans who sprayed herbicides: diabetes, odds ratio (OR)" 1.50 (95% confidence interval [95%CI]" 1.15‐1.95); heart disease, OR" 1.52 (1.18‐1.94); hypertension, OR" 1.32 (1.08‐1.61); and chronic respiratory condition, OR" 1.62 (1.28‐2.05). Hepatitis was associated with Vietnam service, but not with herbicide application. Conclusions Vietnam veterans who were occupationally exposed to herbicide experienced a higher risk of several chronic medical conditions relative to other nonVietnam veterans. A potential selection bias is of concern. However, there were relativelyhighparticipationratesinboththeVietnamandnon-Vietnamveterangroups, and the prevalence rates of some of these medical conditions among non-Vietnam veterans were comparable to general populations. Therefore, self-selection factors are considered unlikely to have biased the study results. Am. J. Ind. Med.
The multilayered character of newcomers’ academic identities: Somali female high‐school students in a US school

Drawing from the findings of a qualitative study with female refugee high school students from Somalia in the US, this paper attempts to provide a window to understanding the multilayered character of newcomer students’ academic identity construction. The students’ micro‐level processes of creating spaces for belonging at school are linked to their macro‐level extra‐educational connections at the societal and global levels. The framework presented attempts to sensitise educators to increase their attention to the global‐socio‐cultural contexts of education and strive to create spaces within schools for the recognition and facilitation of students’ complex identities.
Progressive Transformation: A Simple, Customized Approach for Dimensional Reduction and Scalar Parameter Generation for Remotely-Sensed Data Analysis

The extraction of measures of certain properties of objects from multichannel data is a basic process in analytical remote sensing. One approach is the use of standard rotational transformations, e.g., those designed for use in agricultural areas for “soil brightness,” (vegetative) “greenness,” (vegetative) “yellowness,” (plant or soil) “wetness,” etc. from Landsat Multispectral Scanner System data [l] or Landsat Thematic Mapper data [2]. While standard rotational coefficients may work well in many cases, a need exists for a simple approach which will produce a customized set of transformation coefficients which will yield scalar measures of certain physical properties in particular situations. This paper presents, in a tutorial fashion, a technique called the Progressive Transformation for achieving this goal. Key Words: Information extraction, customized transformations, multichannel remote-sensing.
On applicability of symbolic techniques to larger scheduling problems

It has been generally assumed that recently introduced symbolic techniques are applicable only to small scheduling problems. This report demonstrates that applicability of these techniques can be extended to larger dataflow graphs by: (i) using Zero-Suppressed BDDs, (ii) applying a set of interior constraints that reduce the size of intermediate solutions, (iii) implicit application of complex constraints, and (iv) formulation of set-based heuristics that preserve whole sets of partial solutions exhibiting desirable properties. Both heuristic and exact methods are discussed using standard benchmarks and are compared to the previously published work. >
Multiple Choice Versus True-False: A Comparison of Reliabilities and Concurrent Validities.

The purpose of this study was to compare the reliabilities of true-false (TF) and multiple choice (MC) tests and to determine the concurrent validities of both. Two methods, judgmental and discrimination, were devised for objectively converting MC items to TF form. The TF items generated by the two methods from 70-item MC natural science and social studies tests were incorporated in eight final forms which were differentiated by subject matter, conversion method, and item form order. A sample of 1018 nonurban high school students each responded to one of the eight forms. Examinees tried three TF items for every pair of MC items attempted. The TF tests were significantly less reliable than the MC tests but did tend to measure the same thing as the corresponding MC tests.
The Path to Chemotaxis and Transcription Is Smoothened

The Hedgehog (Hh) family of secreted proteins governs the development of numerous tissues by regulating the activity of the Gli family of transcription factors. Emerging evidence shows that Hh also functions as a chemoattractant in several processes through a noncanonical pathway independent of Gli-mediated transcription. How Hh-responsive cells execute transcriptional versus chemotactic responses is a key issue. Data now suggest that altered subcellular localization of the transducer Smoothened, which functions in both the canonical and noncanonical pathways, is responsible for eliciting distinct Hh outputs.
Power system reliability indices to measure impacts caused by transient stability crises

A method is proposed for assessment of composite power system reliability, including both the static and dynamic processes, through the sequential Monte Carlo simulation. The impacts of both the permanent and transient faults on system reliability are considered. The stochastic properties of the contingencies are involved in this paper. Further, to reflect the effects of the system dynamic process and the importance of transient faults, two new reliability indices associated with transient stability are introduced for the integrated reliability evaluation. The approach is illustrated through the WSCC 9-bus system.
Temporal and spatial distribution of the cannabinoid receptors (CB1, CB2) and fatty acid amide hydroxylase in the rat ovary.

Although the effects of D 9 -tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) on ovarian physiology have been known for many decades, its mechanism of action in the rat ovary remains poorly understood. The effects of THC and endocannabinoids on many cell types appear to be mediated through the Gprotein-coupled CB1 and CB2 receptors. Evidence also suggests that the concentration of the endocannabinoid anandamide is regulated by cellular fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH). Therefore, we examined the rat ovary for the presence of CB1 and CB2 receptors and FAAH. The CB1 receptor was present in the ovarian surface epithelium (OSE), the granulosa cells of antral follicles, and the luteal cells of functional corpus luteum (CL). The granulosa cells of small preantral follicles, however, did not express the CB1 receptor. Western analysis also demonstrated the presence of a CB1 receptor. In both preantral and antral follicles, the CB2 receptor was detected only in the oocytes. In the functional CL, the CB2 receptor was detected in the luteal cells. FAAH was codistributed with CB2 receptor in both oocytes and luteal cells. FAAH was also present in the OSE, subepithelial cords of the tunica albuginea (TA) below the OSE, and in cells adjacent to developing preantral follicles. Western analysis also demonstrated the presence of FAAH in oocytes of both preantral and antral follicles. Our observations provide potential explanation for the effects of THC on steroidogenesis in the rat ovary observed by earlier investigators and a role for FAAH in the regulation of ovarian anandamide. Anat Rec, 293:1425–1432, 2010. V C 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Acrylamide exposure preferentially impairs axonal transport of glycoproteins in myelinated axons

The right L5 dorsal root ganglion of adult rats exposed to acrylamide (40 mg/kg body weight/day for nine consecutive days) was injected with either [3H]methionine or [3H]glucosamine. After allowing incorporation into macromolecules and axonal transport to proceed for 5 hr, the distribution of radioactivity in cross sections and longitudinal sections of sciatic nerve was determined by autoradiography. Control and treated animals showed no difference in distribution of label within the sciatic nerve with respect to rapidly transported proteins labelled with [3H]methionine. In control animals the distribution of rapidly transported glycoproteins labelled with [3H]glucosamine was similar to that found for [3H]methionine-labelled proteins. In contrast, acrylamide-exposed rats had a very different distribution of labelled glycoproteins; there was a marked paucity of label in the myelinated axons. We interpret this result as indicating that acrylamide preferentially inhibits glycosylation or axonal transport of glycoproteins in neurons bearing myelinated axons.
Sensitivity of neuroblastoma to the novel kinase inhibitor cabozantinib is mediated by ERK inhibition

Children with high-risk neuroblastoma have poor survival rates, and novel therapies are needed. We hypothesized that cabozantinib would be effective against neuroblastoma tumor cells and tumors in preclinical models via inhibition of receptor tyrosine kinase signaling pathways. We determined neuroblastoma cell viability after treatment with cabozantinib alone and in combination with 13-cis-retinoic acid, topotecan, and temozolomide using MTT assays. Inhibition of RET and intracellular signaling was measured by Western blot analysis of treated and untreated cells. To investigate the efficacy of cabozantinib against neuroblastoma tumors in vivo, neuroblastoma cells were injected orthotopically into immunocompromised mice, and mice were treated with oral cabozantinib. Tumors were evaluated for growth by determination of in vivo luminescence and final tumor weights. All neuroblastoma cell lines were sensitive to cabozantinib, and IC50 values ranged from 1.6 to 16.2 μM. Cabozantinib treatment was synergistic with 13-cis-retinoic acid and chemotherapy agents topotecan and temozolomide. Cabozantinib treatment inhibited RET phosphorylation in all cell lines and ERK phosphorylation in more sensitive neuroblastoma cell lines. In mice with neuroblastoma xenograft tumors, cabozantinib treatment significantly reduced tumor growth. Treatment of neuroblastoma tumor cells with cabozantinib inhibits RET and ERK phosphorylation and is effective against neuroblastoma tumor cell lines alone and in combination with 13-cis-retinoic acid, topotecan, and temozolomide. Cabozantinib treatment is also effective in reducing tumor growth in vivo. Cabozantinib therefore represents a novel therapeutic agent for neuroblastoma, and further preclinical and clinical studies are warranted.
A design for an economic analysis: The Wisconsin child support demonstration

Can alternative ways of administering and guaranteeing the flow of child support payments enhance the welfare of children of separated or divorced parents?
Correlation between radiographic measures of acetabular morphology with 3D femoral head coverage in patients with acetabular retroversion.

determined. Results Compared to control subjects, patients with acetabular retroversion had a negative posterior wall distance, increased extrusion index, and smaller lateral center edge angle. Differences in the acetabular index between groups approached statistical significance. The acetabular angle was similar between groups. Acetabular retroversion was associated with a slight but statistically significant increase in anterior acetabular coverage, especially in the anterolateral region. Retroverted hips had substantially less posterior coverage, especially in the posterolateral region. Interpretation We found that a number of 2D radiographic measures of acetabular morphology were correlated with 3D model-based measures of total and regional femoral head coverage. These correlations may be used to assist in the diagnosis of retroversion and for preoperative planning.
Radiation-induced apoptosis in different pH environments in vitro.

Abstract Purpose: The effect of environmental pH on the radiation-induced apoptosis in tumor cells in vitro was investigated. Methods and Materials: Mammary adenocarcinoma cells of A/J mice (SCK cells) were irradiated with γ-rays using a 137 Cs irradiator and incubated in media of different pHs. After incubation at 37°C for 24–120 h the extent of apoptosis was determined using agarose gel electrophoresis, TdT-mediated dUTP -biotin nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining, flow cytometry, and release of 3 H from 3 H-thymidine labeled cells. The clonogenicity of the cells irradiated in different pH medium was determined, and the progression of cells through the cell cycle after irradiation in different pHs was also determined with flow cytometry. Results: Irradiation with 2–12 Gy of γ-rats induced apoptosis in SCK cells in pH 7.5 medium within 48 h as judged from the results of four different assays mentioned. Radiation-induced apoptosis declined as the medium pH was lowered from 7.5 to 6.4. Specifically, the radiation-induced degradation of DNA including the early DNA breaks, as determined with the TUNEL method, progressively declined as the medium pH was lowered so that little DNA fragmentation occurred 48 h after irradiation with 12 Gy in pH 6.6 medium. When the cells were irradiated and incubated for 48 h in pH 6.6 medium and the medium was replaced with pH 7.5 medium, DNA fragmentation promptly occurred. DNA fragmentation also occurred even in pH 6.6 medium when the cells were irradiated and maintained in pH 7.5 medium for 8 or longer post-irradiation before incubation in pH 6.6 medium. The radiation-induced G 2 arrest in pH 6.6 medium lasted markedly longer than that in pH 7.5 medium. Conclusion: Radiation-induced apoptosis in SCK cells in vitro is reversibly suppressed in an acidic environment. Taking the results of four different assays together, it was concluded that early step(s) in the apoptotic pathway, probably the DNA break or upstream of DNA break, is reversibly halted by an acidic environment in irradiated cells. Radiation-induced G 2 arrest is prolonged in an acidic environment indicating that the suppression of radiation-induced apoptosis and prolongation of radiation-induced G 2 arrest in an acidic environment are related.
Node isolation model and age-based neighbor selection in unstructured P2P networks

Previous analytical studies of unstructured P2P resilience have assumed exponential user lifetimes and only con-sidered age-independent neighbor replacement. In this paper, we overcome these limitations by introducing a general node-isolation model for heavy-tailed user lifetimes and arbitrary neighbor-se-lection algorithms. Using this model, we analyze two age-biased neighbor-selection strategies and show that they significantly improve the residual lifetimes of chosen users, which dramatically reduces the probability of user isolation and graph partitioning compared with uniform selection of neighbors. In fact, the second strategy based on random walks on age-proportional graphs demonstrates that, for lifetimes with infinite variance, the system monotonically increases its resilience as its age and size grow. Specifically, we show that the probability of isolation converges to zero as these two metrics tend to infinity. We finish the paper with simulations in finite-size graphs that demonstrate the effect of this result in practice.
The obscuring object of race: clinical breast exams and coping styles in ethnic subpopulations of women.

Objectives. Differences in breast cancer screening rates have been linked to many factors including race, access to healthcare, and breast cancer knowledge and beliefs; less frequently studied has been the role of characteristic styles of coping. In this study, we examined ethnicity and the role of coping with a possible breast cancer diagnosis in the context of whether or not women obtained clinical breast examinations (CBE). Design. To measure coping, a stressor, in the form of a vignette asking participants to imagine they had just received a breast diagnosis upon a doctor's visit, was used. Method. Three hundred and eight women from seven ethnic subpopulations (and from three racial groups) in the USA were interviewed regarding frequency of breast screening, as well as how they would likely cope with a diagnosis of breast cancer. Results. CBE rates were similar across groups and were differentially predicted by the different coping styles. Analysing the results using typical racial categories (rather than distinct ethnic groupings) obscured these results. Furthermore, avoidance predicted CBE and mammogram rates differently, specifically, predicting mammogram rates differentially for each group, with no relation to CBE rates. Conclusion. Recognition of the roles of problem solving, social support, and avoidance in coping with a possible breast cancer diagnosis may guide the development and provision of interventions that are more sensitive to the characteristics of specific groups of women. Examinations of psychological variables in preventive health behaviours must begin to analyse diversity by paying attention to ethnic specificity, rather than race, as well as to the underlying nature of the screening task.
Total positivity for loop groups II: Chevalley generators

This is the second in a series of papers developing a theory of total positivity for loop groups. In this paper, we study infinite products of Chevalley generators. We show that the combinatorics of infinite reduced words underlies the theory, and develop the formalism of infinite sequences of braid moves, called a braid limit. We relate this to a partial order, called the limit weak order, on infinite reduced words.
Nutrition algorithms and bedside nutrient delivery practices in pediatric intensive care units: an international multicenter cohort study.

Background: Enteral nutrition (EN) delivery is associated with improved outcomes in critically ill patients. We aimed to describe EN practices, including details of algorithms and individual bedside practices, in pediatric intensive care units (PICUs). Methods: Available EN algorithm details from 31 international PICUs were obtained. Daily nutrient intake data from 524 mechanically ventilated patients, 1 month to 18 years old, were prospectively documented, including EN delivery, adjunct therapies, and energy prescription. Practices associated with higher percentage adequacy of EN delivery were determined by regression analysis. Results: Nine EN algorithms were available. All algorithms defined advancement and EN intolerance; 7 of 9 defined intolerance by gastric residual volume; 3 of 9 recommended nutrition screening and fasting guidelines. Few elements were in agreement with the American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition and the European Society of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and...
Physiology of IgD. III. Effect of treatment with anti-IgD from birth on the magnitude and isotype distribution of the immune response in the spleen.

Continued treatment with monoclonal anti-IgD (Ig-5a) from birth in BALB/c mice causes a markedly increased responsiveness to i.v. injected dinitrophenylated ovalbumin (DNP-OVA) with Bordetella pertussis at the age of 8 weeks. The 19S plaque-forming cell (PFC)/spleen response is particularly enhanced, 6-8-fold, but all the other isotypes also show increases of 2-6-fold, including IgA and IgE. Both primary and secondary PFC responses and serum antibody titers are enhanced. After transfer of spleen cells from anti-Ig-treated mice to irradiated recipients the IgM/IgG ratio becomes similar to that of controls. In contrast, the response of anti-IgD-treated mice to i.p. immunization with either 0.2 or 100 micrograms DNP-OVA plus alum is reduced by approximately 80% for each Ig isotype except IgM and remains low upon transfer of spleen cells to recipients. It is concluded that the paucity of B cells in peripheral lymph nodes of the anti-IgD-treated mice causes the low responsiveness to i.p. immunization, but that the IgD- B cells in the spleen are quite able to respond and are, in fact, more responsive than IgD+ B cells. This increased responsiveness, together with the higher IgM/IgG ratios for all Ig isotypes and an otherwise similar order of isotype distribution (gamma 1 greater than gamma 2b greater than gamma 2a = epsilon greater than or equal to alpha) as in controls, suggests that a hyperresponsive, but less mature IgD- B cell population is selectively produced in the spleens of mice treated with anti-IgD from birth.
What Counts in the Death or Transformation of an Organization

This study of conditions making for the decline of an organization examines a college from the advent of charismatic leadership (emerging in a crisis) through its routinization to the period of decline. Critical factors in its decline are revealed as: sharp discontinuities in succession of personnel (faculty, student traits to be processed), absentee leadership and Trustees unable to give or respond to early warning signals, program innovations resisted by workers, or that workers were incompetent to execute, external programs that siphoned resources from the parent organization, and conditions in the social surround that contributed to disruption. The central orienting notion is that factors making for decline or death emerge at the intersection of an organization's legacy-its inherited purpose, procedures, and product-and influences that pour through its permeable boundary from its social and cultural environment. This composition has a minor and a major key. There is on the one hand the astounding decline in an organization's fortunes. On this score, like the ghost in Hamlet, I could a tale unfold whose lightest word Would harrow up thy soul, freeze thy young blood ... (I-v-15). For as with any artistic or intellectual creation, it is sad and perplexing to see a social creation vandalized. But that, except incidentally, is not the tale I would unfold. Mine is a happier tale in a major key, the story of the useful insights from the lore Presidential address delivered at the annual meeting of the Southern Sociological Society, 1985. Support for the research underlying this statement was provided by the Lilly Endowment Inc. I must thank my good teacher, Amos Hawley, for his review of this paper which embodies just a few of the ideas I started swiping from him as far back as 1950. Address correspondence to the author, Department of Sociology, Hamilton Hall 070A, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27514. ? 1985 The University of North Carolina Press
Interventions in School, Home, and Community for Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorders

Over the past several years, society has been witness to attempts to quantify effectiveness. Triggered, in part, by federal and state governments and funding agencies as a means of assessing accountability, the term “evidence-based” has been applied to multiple entities, including medicine, management, mental health, and education. The area of autism spectrum disorders has also experienced this phenomenon as illustrated by the publication of four reports that have attempted to identify evidence-based practice (EBP) for children and youth with this exceptionality. This chapter will briefly (a) review the criteria used in these publications, (b) overview and describe interventions identified across the various reports, (c) briefly describe the interventions, and (d) provide a context for using EBPs.
The New Safety Net: Dairy Margin Protection Program Participation and Payouts

The Dairy Margin Protection Program created by the 2014 Farm Bill offers a new risk management option available for dairy producers. By “insuring” a margin between the price of milk and the cost of feed inputs, producers can have protection from declining milk prices, rising feed costs, or both. More than half of the dairies in the U.S. participated in at least the catastrophic level of coverage for 2014, which locks them into participating through 2018 when a new Farm Bill is written. Coverage level and production history enrolled can change year to year however; therefore, each year producers will be facing tough risk management decisions. Factors influencing their decision to purchase the “correct” level of coverage include operation size (due to premium structure), market outlook, risk preference, and financial position.
The relationship between the acceptance of noise and acoustic environments in young adults with normal hearing: a pilot study.

BACKGROUND The acceptable noise level (ANL) indicates how much background noise a listener is willing to accept while listening to speech. The clinical impact and application of the ANL measure is as a predictor of hearing-aid use. The ANL may also correlate with the percentage of time spent in different listening environments (i.e., quiet, noisy, noisy with speech present, etc). Information retrieved from data logging could confirm this relationship. Data logging, using sound scene analysis, is a method of monitoring the different characteristics of the listening environments that a hearing-aid user experiences during a period. PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to determine if the ANL procedure reflects the proportion of time a person spends in different acoustic environments. RESEARCH DESIGN This was a descriptive quasi-experimental design to collect pilot data in which participants were asked to maintain their regular, daily activities while wearing a data-logging device. STUDY SAMPLE After completing the ANL measurement, 29 normal-hearing listeners were provided a data-logging device and were instructed on its proper use. DATA COLLECTION/ANALYSIS ANL measures were obtained along with the percentage of time participants spent in listening environments classified as quiet, speech-in-quiet, speech-in-noise, and noise via a data-logging device. RESULTS An analysis of variance using a general linear model indicated that listeners with low ANL values spent more time in acoustic environments in which background noise was present than did those with high ANL values; the ANL data did not indicate differences in how much time listeners spent in environments of differing intensities. CONCLUSIONS To some degree, the ANL is reflective of the acoustic environments and the amount of noise that the listener is willing to accept; data logging illustrates the acoustic environments in which the listener was present. Clinical implications include, but are not limited to, decisions in patient care regarding the need for additional counseling and/or the use of digital noise reduction and directional microphone technology.
Further Properties of Stroma Lamella Photosystem 1

Recently we developed a procedure for fractionation of spinach chloroplasts using a French pressure cell (SANE et al. 1970). The procedure, based on the initial work of the MICHELS (1968), is outlined in Fig. 1. We studied the biochemical properties of different fractions and showed that the 10K fraction is enriched in photosystem 2 whereas the 160 K fraction contained only photosystem 1. Table I gives in detail the characteristics of all the fractions together with the results of ANDERSON & BOARDMAN (1966, 1967) on digitonin fractions. The biochemical properties of the fractions obtained by using a French pressure cell and by using digitonin were so similar that we wondered if the source of photosystem 1 was similar in both procedures. We observed that in both procedures the source of photosystem 1 was indeed similar Open image in new window Fig. 1 Procedure for fractionation of spinach chloroplasts.
Sea cows and sea grasses

The review of current developments in paleobotany by Knoll and Rothwell (1981) prompts some supplementary observations on the state of marine paleobotany and, more generally, the problem of investigating groups with a poor fossil record. The marine angiosperms and the larger noncalcareous algae are such groups, being represented by very few fossils widely scattered in time and space (den Hartog 1970; Parker and Dawson 1965). Tropical freshwater macrophytes are likewise poorly known as fossils (Sculthorpe 1967).
EFFECTIVE STRATEGIES FOR TEACHING AND LEARNING ACADEMIC VOCABULARY

The purpose of this paper is to present evidence that intensive reading along, is not the only way nor the most effective approach to learn and acquire vocabulary in a second language. Furthermore, the author presents substantial evidence based on research conducted in class by highly recognized authorities in the field of second language learning that different explicit strategies for teaching vocabulary can enhance the vocabulary range on ELL learners. In addition, the author challenges and questions the idea presented by Steven Krashen that, ELL learners can learn most of the vocabulary through reading, a theory that he supports based on the input hypothesis. The author provides insights on some effective strategies and approaches for teaching vocabulary to second language learners. Based on research data, the author will also present some of the factors that affect vocabulary learning. In addition, the author argues the differences from learning vocabulary through intensive reading versus the explicit teaching of words in an academic environment. The author also provides substantial evidence of the most effective approach to learn vocabulary in an academic environment.
DFGR an Intermediate Graph Representation for Macro-Dataflow Programs

In this paper we propose a new intermediate graph representation for macro-dataflow programs, DFGR, which is capable of offering a high-level view of applications for easy programmability, while allowing the expression of complex applications using dataflow principles. DFGR makes it possible to write applications in a manner that is oblivious of the underlying parallel runtime, and can easily be targeted by both programming systems and domain experts. In addition, DFGR can use further optimizations in the form of graph transformations, enabling the coupling of static and dynamic scheduling and efficient task composition and assignment, for improved scalability and locality. We show preliminary performance results for an implementation of DFGR on a shared memory runtim system, offering
Complementary codes based channel estimation for MIMO-OFDM systems

We present a pilot-assisted method for estimating the frequency selective channel in a MIMO-OFDM (multiple input multiple output -orthogonal frequency division multiplexing) system. The pilot sequence is designed using the DFT (discrete Fourier transform) of the Golay complementary sequences. Novel exploitation of the perfect autocorrelation property of the Golay codes, in conjunction with OSTBC (orthogonal space-time block code) based pilot waveform scheduling across multiple OFDM frames, facilitates simple separation of the channel mixtures at the receive antennas. The DFT length used to transform the complementary sequence into the frequency domain is shown to be a key critical parameter for correctly estimating the channel. NMSE (normalized mean squared error) between the actual and the estimated channel is used to characterize the estimation performance.
Repeated trauma exposure does not impair distress reduction during imaginal exposure for posttraumatic stress disorder

Background Based on experimental research on threat extinction, individuals exposed to repeated traumatic events may have impaired outcome in exposure therapy compared to those who have experienced a single trauma (Lang & McTeague, 2011). This study examined whether repeated trauma exposure predicts smaller changes in self-reported distress during imaginal exposure and worse outcomes for patients with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Methods Adults (N = 116) with chronic PTSD received up to 10 sessions of prolonged exposure (PE) therapy. Trauma exposure was assessed via interview and number of traumatic events were summed for each participant. To examine reductions in distress during treatment, mean and peak values of distress during imaginal exposure were calculated for the first imaginal session (initial distress activation) and subsequent sessions (between-session change in distress). Change in PTSD symptoms from pre- to posttreatment and follow-up provided an additional index of outcome. Results In-session distress during imaginal exposure decreased over the course of treatment. PTSD symptoms also decreased over treatment, with gains being maintained through follow-up. Repeated trauma exposure was not significantly correlated with initial distress activation. Additionally, linear mixed-model analyses showed no significant association between repeated trauma exposure and between-session change in distress or PTSD symptoms. Conclusions Contrary to recent speculation, repeated trauma exposure did not predict less change in self-reported distress during imaginal exposure or worse PTSD outcomes. The bench-to-bedside linkage of threat extinction to exposure therapy is discussed, noting strengths and weaknesses. Patients with repeated trauma exposure show reductions in distress with exposure treatment and benefit from PE as much as patients with single-exposure trauma histories.
Toward Net Zero Energy Military Installations

This Chapter provides definitions of Net Zero Energy Community and different energy parameters which can be used to define community specific energy system(s) optimization goals, i.e. primary and site energy, energy efficiency, energy security, energy independence and energy system resilience.
Nondegenerate nonlinear refraction, absorption, and gain in semiconductors (Conference Presentation)

We have shown both experimentally and theoretically that the effect of intermediate-state resonance enhancement causes highly nondegenerate 2-photon absorption, 2PA, to be strongly enhanced in direct-gap semiconductors. Calculations indicate an additional 10x increase in this enhancement is possible for quantum-well semiconductors. This enhancement leads to interesting applications of 2PA, such as mid-infrared detection, where uncooled, large-gap photodiodes can rival the sensitivity of cooled MCT detectors (for short pulses). Additionally, mid-IR imaging and tomography based on this effect have been shown. Even larger enhancement of 3PA is calculated and observed. In the case of optically-pumped semiconductors, we have now demonstrated that the complementary process of nondegenerate 2-photon stimulated emission can be observed. Theoretically, this results in 2-photon gain (2PG) that is enhanced as much as 2PA, leading to the possibility of large gap devices with tunable mid-infrared gain. However, the effect of nondegenerate enhancement of 3PA can be detrimental to the observation of this gain. Additionally, by causality, Kramers-Kronig relations predict that the enhancement of 2PA is accompanied by an enhancement of the nonlinear refractive index, n2, which is very highly dispersive in the region of 2PA. Our latest experimental results confirm this enhancement and strong dispersion.
The Sex and Gender of Violence

Deconstructing both biological and cultural essentialism, in Chapter 2 Taylor Porter evaluates the ways sex and gender have been constructed in relationship to violence. She traces the divisions within feminism itself regarding violent women and also points out the problematic ways of comparing men and women based on falsely oppositional claims of equality or difference. Most argue for equal opportunity for men and women, until it comes to aggression. Violence is generally accepted as a normative part of masculinity but rejected as an aberration when appearing in women. However, she points out the need to understand violence in all its multiplicity before it can be assessed. Taylor Porter looks at how we socialize male and female children differently and how violent media, particularly films featuring female action heroines as well as video games, provide potentially dangerous roles and scripts for players’ consumption and imitation. The unrealistic and efficacious use of violence in these formats make it attractive to young women, and while traditional expectations for their gender forbid such action, models for not only assertive but also physically violent women are proliferating. Taylor Porter considers the positive and negative impacts of these changing roles and conceptions of femininity. She ends the chapter by discussing the ethics of violence and its long-standing connection with theatre, theorizing how tragedy can give us a lens for viewing criminally violent women.
Does Seeking e-Cigarette Information Lead to Vaping? Evidence from a National Longitudinal Survey of Youth and Young Adults.

Youth and young adults (YYAs) are vulnerable populations for e-cigarette use or vaping. This study examined the effect of YYAs’ health information seeking behavior (HISB) around e-cigarette use and...
Insights Into Upland Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) Genetic Recombination Based on 3 High-Density Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism and a Consensus Map Developed Independently With Common Parents.

High-density linkage maps are vital to supporting the correct placement of scaffolds and gene sequences on chromosomes and fundamental to contemporary organismal research and scientific approaches ...
Effects of interfacial composition on the stability of emulsion and encapsulated bioactives after thermal and high pressure processing

Abstract The composition of the oil-in-water (O/W) interface of emulsion droplets plays a critical role in their physicochemical stability as well as that of encapsulated bioactives during processing. This study evaluates three emulsifiers, whey protein isolate (WPI), Tween 20 and Ludox HS-30 silica (Pickering), which stabilize O/W emulsions containing either all-trans retinol or curcumin, and determines the physicochemical stability of the emulsion and encapsulated bioactives post processing. In addition to thermal methods, this study utilizes high hydrostatic pressure processing (HPP) (600 MPa for 5 min). Physical stability of emulsions was characterized using particle size and ζ-potential measurements. Recovery of bioactives was determined using UV-vis spectrophotometry. WPI emulsions maintained a constant particle size across all processing parameters compared to other formulations. Tween 20 provided the most protective effect to encapsulated bioactives during processing. HPP had no significant effect on the physicochemical stability for any emulsion and had minimum effect on bioactive recovery.