cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Temperature-Compensated DC Transistor Amplifier

The operation of a dc transistor amplifier is greatly affected by drift of the output current. This drift is caused primarily by changes of temperature of transistors since some of the parameters of transistors, like the collector current for zero emitter current, Ico, are very sensitive to temperature. In this paper the problem of the drift in dc transistor amplifiers, caused by changes of temperature, is analyzed and different methods for the solution of this problem are recommended. One of these methods, which provides an effective means for compensation, is based on the use of temperature-sensitive resistors as a compensating element. The second part of this paper contains operating characteristics of such an experimental dc amplifier, employing this method of temperature compensation.
How “Small” Are Small Arts Organizations?

Small arts organizations (SAO) have not been studied in the field of cultural policy and arts administration despite their purported importance. Through a review of the literature and extensive personal communications with professionals in the arts world, various meanings and manifestations of “smallness” across the creative sector are explored, highlighting the significant role of SAOs and their dynamic ecology. Multiple indicators of “smallness” are identified, whose possible combinations can enhance our ability to recognize both the uniqueness and sub-categories of organizations that currently are grouped into a single category of “small” arts organizations.
Are volatile anesthetics cardioprotective agents

T HERE IS A renewed interest in the potential beneficial effects of volatile anesthetics as possible myocardial protective agents during cardiac surgery. The pendulum seems to be swinging away from the perception (in the 1980s) that volatile anesthetics might be harmful in the setting of coronary artery disease, to one in which volatile anesthetics might be protective.1 The now classic study of Slogoff and Keats, 2 which showed that volatile anesthetic maintenance (with isoflurane, halothane or enflurane) for coronary artery bypass graft surgery did not affect outcome differently from an opioid-based technique, suggested that volatile anesthetics did no harm. Recent demonstrations of the ability of volatile anesthetics to exert preconditioning-like effects on the myocardium and protect the myocardium from ischemic reperfusion injury 3 not only add support to this contention, but go even further, suggesting that indeed these agents may be beneticial. Although volatile anesthetics have been shown to have beneficial cardioprotective effects in animal experiments, there is some evidence that the protection conferred by different volatile anesthetics may not be the same. To better understand the potential for volatile anesthetics to protect the myocardium, we will first briefly present the mechanisms involved in ischemic myocardial injury, then discuss the known interactions of volatile anesthetics with this process and present the experimental laboratory and limited clinical data supporting this contention.
A synthetic pabulum vs. yolk-citrate buffer as a diluter of bull semen.

Summary In a trial involving 1,284 field inseminations, the fertility was 15 per cent higher with semen of 19 bulls diluted with egg-yolk citrate buffer than with other portions of the same semen diluted with a synthetic pabulum. The real difference may be considered as lying within the range 7 to 23 per cent.
Production/Operations Management

This article presents reviews of several books including, “Production & Operations Management,” by Richard B. Chase and Nicholas Aquilano, “Production & Operations Management,” by Richard P. Mayer and “Operations Management,” by Arthur C. Laufer.
Pressure drop and interception efficiency of multifiber filters

ABSTRACT The viscous flow fields around multifiber filters have been investigated in a previous paper. The results of the previous work show that the flow becomes periodic immediately after the first fiber array downstream from the entrance if the fibers are arranged uniformly along the flow direction. The characteristics of such flow fields enable the pressure drop and the particle interception efficiency of a multifiber filter to be represented by single-fiber models. The total filtration efficiency, however, cannot be so represented since fibers interact during filtration processes. In this study, the pressure drop and the interception efficiency were investigated by making use of the viscous flow fields modeled in the previous research. The fiber separation ratio was found to have significant effects on pressure drop and efficiency. At a given volume fraction, changes in the fiber separation ratio will result in changes to the patterns of fluid flow and aerosol particle motion. Therefore, the fiber se...
Combined distillation and normal freezing to purify elements of groups II and VI

A practical system and its application to the purification of Te and Cd is described. Single crystals are grown directly in vitreous silica ampoules subsequently used for sealed Bridgman growth of (Hg-Cd)Te. The system also prepares the ampoules by heating in high vacuum. Purification of the elements is by the combined effect of distillation and normal freezing. Transport and segregation are discussed.
R1ρ relaxation for two-site chemical exchange: General approximations and some exact solutions

Abstract Analytic expressions for the nuclear magnetic spin relaxation rate constant for magnetization spin-locked in the rotating reference frame under an applied radiofrequency field, R 1 ρ , are obtained for two-site chemical exchange. The theoretical approach is motivated by Laguerre’s method and obtains R 1 ρ as the root of a ( p 1 , q 1 ) Pade approximant. The general formula for R 1 ρ obtained by this approach is substantially simpler than existing expressions and is equally or slightly more accurate, in most cases. In addition, particular solutions for the R 1 ρ rate constant are presented for two special cases: equal populations of the two exchanging sites, or placement of the radiofrequency carrier at the average resonance frequency of the two sites. The solutions are exact when the R 1 and R 2 relaxation rate constants are identical, and nearly exact under realistic experimental conditions.
Renewing professional organizations and action learning

This account concerns the renewal of established professional organizations though action learning. In order to revitalize one national organization, an executive group of leaders committed to co-leading and co-learning through a friendly, computer-supported governance structure. Manifestations of our work together were an accelerated decision-making process and creation of interdependent committees (e.g., research committee, policy committee). Keys to the innovative learning described are peer learning supported by turn taking of the executive leaders and synchronous learning buoyed by asynchronous communications technology. We awakened to the reality that if our organization was to grow, as executive leaders we had to manage our own teaching and learning and tap one another's expertise. We also learned that while face-to-face meetings and annual conferences foster goal attainment, collaboration and camaraderie, they limit the momentum necessary for organizational revival in a rapidly changing world. Org...
Relations among homotopy operations for simplicial commutative algebras

The homotopy groups of a simplicial commutative algebra over the field with two elements support natural operations. Here we write the relations among these operations in an admissible form. Let A be a simplicial commutative algebra over the field F2. Then A is, among other things, a simplicial set and, as such, has homotopy groups. In fact, 7,rA -H0(A, a) where 0 = di: A, -n A, I is the sum (or alternating sum) of the face operators. By the Eilenberg-Zilber Theorem, 7r.A is a graded commutative F2 algebra. Cartan [2], Bousfield [1], and Dwyer [3] have pointed out the existence of natural operations on these homotopy groups. Indeed, Dwyer proved the following theorem. Theorem 1. Let A be a simplicial commutative F2 algebra. Then there are natural operations i 7rA 7rAn+iA, 2 I1, then x2 = O. Received by the editors October 12, 1993 and, in revised form, January 20, 1994; the second author presented the contents of this paper at the 92nd Annual Meeting of the AMS, January 7-1 1, 1986, New Orleans, LA. 1991 Mathematics Subject Classification. Primary 1 8G30, 55S99.
Iowa cochlear implant clinical project: Results with two single-channel cochlear implants and one multi-channel cochlear implant.†

Cochlear implants have become a realistic alternative for the management of profoundly deaf patients. A variety of implants with differing electrode designs and coding strategies have been developed by nine major implant centers around the world. Each center has their "star" patient, but objective comparisons between these different implant designs are unavailable. In order to determine the performance characteristics of the present generation of cochlear implants, comparison data are vital. We have developed an independent center where uniform objective comparisons of different cochlear implants can be performed longitudinally. This report will present results of nine patients implanted with three different cochlear implant prostheses. Four patients have been implanted with the Los Angeles (House) single-channel implant, three patients have received the Vienna (Hochmair) single-channel intracochlear device, and two patients have been implanted with the Melbourne (Clark) 21-channel unit. All patients have had 11 months or more of experience with their cochlear prostheses. The results of a comprehensive audiologic battery which includes audiovisual and environmental tasks are presented. All implants provide significant improvement in speechreading and sound awareness. The findings to date suggest that there is strong correlation between top-down cognitive processing (as reflected by lip reading skills) and performance with cochlear implants.
Multiple-Cavity Infrared Electro-Optic Tunable Filter

A narrow-band electro-optically tunable infrared filter is described and initial experimental results are reported. The filter is basically a multiple-cavity Fabry-Perot filter. Metal layers, which separate the cavities, serve as electrodes and optically decouple the two or more cavities. The structure has potentially high transmission and may be tuned over a wide range of wavelengths.© (1980) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Robotics With Computer Vision

Pattern recognition and image processing techniques have been developed and applied to automated visual measurement and inspection. These techniques are used to detect objects and to determine their locations, sizes and shapes. The system uses an Apple IIe microcomputer to process data transmitted from a video processing unit and sends commands to robot manipulator to perform the required tasks.
Viruses of reef-building scleractinian corals

Viruses are ubiquitous and abundant pathogens that likely infect and disrupt all cellular organisms. Although a high diversity of viral types has been characterized from corals over the last decade, we are only beginning to understand the distribution, dynamics, and roles of viral consortia in reef ecosystems. This review synthesizes previous work on the viruses associated with corals and their cnidarian relatives, and highlights some strengths and limitations of the methods commonly used for viral analysis. Based on these foundational studies, we present a current working model for stony coral virology. We hypothesize that viruses are present on and within corals and that these consortia commonly include representatives of the Herpesviridae, Phycodnaviridae, and phages and archaeal viruses. Our working model posits that these different viral groups target distinct hosts, specifically the coral itself, its endosymbiotic algae (Symbiodinium spp.), and its resident microbiome, respectively. Corals may also harbor additional viral diversity (e.g., members of the Iridoviridae) that is pathogenic to reef-associated organisms. Viral infections likely underlie some coral diseases and may be responsible for reef epizootics, but evidence for viral-mediated coral disease is currently inconclusive. Future efforts in coral viral ecology should focus on determining if and how viral infection contributes to reduced coral fitness and/or benthic community shifts in reef ecosystems.
Diphenidol: a new agent for the treatment of digitalis-induced arrhythmias. Electrophysiologic and hemodynamic studies.

Abstract Diphenidol, a new antiemetic, has been shown to be effective in treating arrhythmias secondary to digitalis intoxication. In a control series of 20 dogs given toxic doses of digoxin, 14 dogs (67 percent) died in 24 hours. In a second group of dogs, given a similar dose of digoxin followed by 0.5 to 4 mg/kg of diphenidol, there was only 1 death ( P 40 μ g/kg), diphenidol (0.5 to 4 mg/kg) shortened the prolonged A-H time in these animals (−22.8 ± 5 percent). In contrast, diphenidol diluent alone exerted no significant effect. No change in sinus rate of isolated right atrial preparations was seen until exposure to diphenidol (≥1 × 10 −4 M), when a marked negative chronotropic effect was seen. Diphenidol was also observed to suppress the enhanced ventricular automaticity induced by digitalis. Hemodynamic studies in the intact animal, after administration of 4 mg/kg of diphenidol, demonstrated no significant effect on cardiac index, total peripheral vascular resistance, arterial pressure, stroke volume or coronary flow. In isolated cat papillary muscle diphenidol, in contrast to equimolar doses of propranolol, demonstrated no significant negative inotropic effect until exposure to a level of ≥1 × 10 −5 M. In conclusion, the experimental data demonstrate that diphenidol possesses desirable antiarrhythmic properties especially for the treatment of digitalis-induced arrhythmias.
Effect of soil aging on arsenic fractionation and bioaccessibility in inorganic arsenical pesticide contaminated soils.

Abstract Ingestion of As – contaminated soil by children is a growing concern in former agricultural lands converted to residential or recreational land use areas. The mobility and bioavailability of As is controlled by its reactions with soil particles. The degree and strength of As retention by soil constituents may vary greatly with time. The present authors hypothesize that aging results in reduced mobility of As thereby decreasing As release and its bioavailability. The present study is aimed at evaluating the effect of aging on soil As fractionation and bioaccessibility in a temperature and humidity-controlled greenhouse setting. The design allowed the evaluation of dynamic interactions between soils, pesticides, water, and plants. Therefore, 4 soil types (Immokalee, Millhopper, Pahokee Muck, and Orelia) were selected based on their potential differences in As reactivity. The soils were amended with the pesticide Na arsenate at two rates. Rice was used as the test crop. Soil samples collected after different time periods (0, 6 months, 1 a and 3 a) were extracted for soil-As forms via a sequential extraction technique. Bioaccessible As was extracted via an in vitro gastrointestinal method. At time 0, most of the extractable As in soil was in the soluble form, resulting in high bioaccessibility. As expected, soluble and exchangeable fractions decreased with time for up to 6 months, but remained constant thereafter. After 3 a of soil–pesticide equilibration, As bioaccessibility was still high in all the soils except for the Pahokee Muck. No significant difference in As bioaccessibility was observed between the soils. Arsenic was present predominantly as As(V) with 5–10% of the total dissolved As being present as As(III). Data obtained suggest that although aging had an impact on the geochemical forms, gastric pH was the sole important factor effecting As bioaccessibility.
The opposing homeobox genes Goosecoid and Vent1/2 self-regulate Xenopus patterning

We present a loss-of-function study using antisense morpholino (MO) reagents for the organizer-specific gene Goosecoid (Gsc) and the ventral genes Vent1 and Vent2. Unlike in the mouse Gsc is required in Xenopus for mesodermal patterning during gastrulation, causing phenotypes ranging from reduction of head structures—including cyclopia and holoprosencephaly—to expansion of ventral tissues in MO-injected embryos. The overexpression effects of Gsc mRNA require the expression of the BMP antagonist Chordin, a downstream target of Gsc. Combined Vent1 and Vent2 MOs strongly dorsalized the embryo. Unexpectedly, simultaneous depletion of all three genes led to a rescue of almost normal development in a variety of embryological assays. Thus, the phenotypic effects of depleting Gsc or Vent1/2 are caused by the transcriptional upregulation of their opposing counterparts. A principal function of Gsc and Vent1/2 homeobox genes might be to mediate a self-adjusting mechanism that restores the basic body plan when deviations from the norm occur, rather than generating individual cell types. The results may shed light on the molecular mechanisms of genetic redundancy.
An Economic Analysis of the Effects on the World Dairy Sector of Extending Uruguay Round Agreement to 2005

A spatial equilibrium model of the world dairy sector is used to simulate the regional impacts of extending the 1995 Uruguay Round Agreement on Agriculture (URAA) dairy commitments to 2005. In particular, the import quota, within- and over-quota import tariff and export subsidy components of the URAA dairy commitments are analyzed both separately and jointly. This analysis provides insight into the tradeoffs among the various components of the URAA dairy trade liberalization. Extending the URAA to 2005 more than doubles the producer and consumer welfare impacts of the GATT 2000 relative to the BASE scenario for most regions. Aggregate producer and consumer welfare changes are estimated to be in the $2–5 billion range. Results suggest that western Europe remains heavily protected even after the URAA extension to 2005, and its dairy producers will lose the most with further, post-URAA dairy trade liberalization. In contrast, dairy producers in low-cost exporting regions (New Zealand, Australia and South America/South) will gain the most. Impacts of GATT 2005 on Japan, the U.S. and Canada are found to be relatively small. Un modele aequilibre spatial du secteur laitier mondial est utilise pour simuler les impacts regionaux d'une reconduction des engagements laitiers de l'Accord sur l'agriculture de l'Uruguay Round (AAUR) de 1995 jusqu'a 2005. En particulier, nous analysons separement et en interaction les contingents d'importation, les tarifs sur les importations faites a l'interieur et au-dela des contingents et la section des engagements laitiers relative aux subventions des exportations. L'analyse jette un eclairage sur les compromis possibles parmi les divers elements de la liberalisation preconisee par l'AAUR. Une reconduction de l'AAUR jusqu'en 2005 ferait plus que doubler les impacts sociaux du GATT 2000 sur les producteurs et sur les consommateurs dans la plupart des regions, par comparaison au scenario de base. Ces impacts pourraient se chiffrer entre 2 et 5 milliards de dollars. Des calculs modelises, il ressort que l'Union Europeenne resterait lourdement protegee, meme apres l'extension de l'AAUR jusqu'en 2005 et que ses producteurs laitiers seront ceux qui auront le plus a perdre d'une liberalisation plus radicale du commerce al'expiration de l'Accord. En revanche, les producteurs laitiers des regions exportatrices a faibles couts de production, comme la Nouvelle-Zelande, l'Australie et la partie meridionale de l'Amerique du Sud sont ceux qui auront le plus a gagner. Les impacts de GATT 2005 sur le Japan, sur les Etats-Unis et sur le Canada seraient relativement peu importants.
Local comprehensive plan quality and regional ecosystem protection: The case of the Jordan Lake watershed, North Carolina, U.S.A.

To better manage common-pool resources, planners and conservation specialists continue to call for comprehensive and spatial planning functions of local governments to focus on entire ecological units rather than areas defined by jurisdictional boundaries. Local comprehensive plans were quantitatively analyzed and case studies were conducted within an urbanizing lake watershed to determine how well plans support watershed protection. On average, plans are not supportive of lake water resource protection. Plan quality scores revealed a free rider problem, as scores were unexpectedly higher for non-users compared to users of Jordan Lake as a drinking water supply; in other words, local jurisdictions that benefit more from the water supply contributed less in terms of comprehensive planning to protect that supply. Core determinates of watershed protection in comprehensive plans were networks for information exchange, a civic culture supportive of collaborative governance, and a centralized role for planning. To more effectively address regional scale common-pool resources problems, we recommend that (1) state and federal governments require or incentivize coordinated planning among local governments, (2) plan quality principles be applied during creation of comprehensive plans, and (3) plan effectiveness be tracked through time. Integral with these recommendations, future research should identify and test methods and metrics to evaluate plan effectiveness and outcomes.
Traffic Engineering in a Hybrid Format: More Learning with Less Meeting

In the civil engineering curriculum at California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, the 421 traffic engineering course in civil engineering (CE) is intended to provide students with details of driver behavior, traffic characteristics, and design considerations for addressing traffic problems. In fall 2008, this class was taught in traditional face-to-face lecture format. On the basis of student feedback and success in achieving learning outcomes, it was determined that the course should be more student centered and that there should be a two-way feedback mechanism between students and instructor throughout the quarter. The course was redesigned and taught in the new hybrid format during the fall 2009 and spring 2010 quarters. This paper discusses how lessons learned from hybrid redesign of courses in other fields can be applied to a traffic engineering course. The CE 421 hybrid format involved reduced face-to-face meeting time and included learner-centered, online activities. The material was...
Clinical review 65. Evaluation and treatment of the patient with a pituitary incidentaloma.

Incidental pituitary adenomas are being found commonly with our improved neuroradiological imaging procedures. Screening for hormone oversecretion by these tumors appears to be warranted. For patients with macroadenomas, patients should also be screened for hypopituitarism. In the absence of visual field abnormalities or hypothalamic/stalk compression, it may be appropriate to observe such patients carefully with repeated CT or MRI scans. A limited amount of data suggests that significant tumor enlargement will occur in less than 15% of patients with microadenomas (7). However, all macroadenomas must start out as microadenomas, so periodic follow-up is indicated to assess this possibility. Macroadenomas, by their very existence at the time of detection, have already indicated a propensity for growth. Over the limited period of follow-up in the two series reported, significant growth occurred in almost one third of patients with macroadenomas (7, 8). Hemorrhage into such tumors is uncommon, but anticoagula...
Mach-zehnder interferometer based design of all optical reversible binary adder

In recent years reversible logic has emerged as a promising computing model for applications in dissipation less optical computing, low power CMOS, quantum computing, etc. In reversible circuits there exist a one-to-one mapping between the inputs and the outputs resulting in no loss of information. Researchers have implemented reversible logic gates in optical computing domain as it can provide high speed and low energy requirement along with easy fabrication at the chip level [1]. The all optical implementation of reversible gates are based on semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) based Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) due to its significant advantages such as high speed, low power, fast switching time and ease in fabrication. In this work we present the all optical implementation of an n bit reversible ripple carry adder for the first time in literature. The all optical reversible adder design is based on two new optical reversible gates referred as optical reversible gate I (ORG-I) and optical reversible gate II (ORG-II) and the existing all optical Feynman gate. The two new reversible gates ORG-I and ORGI-I are proposed as they can implement a reversible adder with reduced optical cost which is the measure of number of MZIs switches and the propagation delay, and with zero overhead in terms of number of ancilla inputs and the garbage outputs. The proposed all optical reversible adder design based on the ORG-I and ORG-II reversible gates are compared and shown to be better than the other existing designs of reversible adder proposed in non-optical domain in terms of number of MZIs, delay, number of ancilla inputs and the garbage outputs. The proposed all optical reversible ripple carry adder will be a key component of an all optical reversible ALU that can be applied in a wide variety of optical signal processing applications.
Self assembly of 16-mercapto-1-hexadecanol on gold: surface characterization and kinetics

The chemical composition, film structure and surface wetting properties at different self-assembly formation stages for 16-mercapto-1-hexadecanol on gold were investigated in this work. Complementary surface analytical techniques (ESCA, infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (IRAS), time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS), and contact angle measurements) explored the progression of self-assembly at a molecular level from different perspectives. At the earlier stages during the formation of a self-assembled monolayer, molecules adsorbed onto the gold surface in a manner suggesting island growth. This was followed by a slower process where the monolayer underwent a phase transition by conformational reconstruction and realignment of molecular axes with the surface normal. The contact angle behavior can be related to surface coverage as well as molecular orientation. In integrating spectroscopic, thermodynamic and kinetic data, a clearer picture was obtained about mechanistic and structural aspects of self-assembled molecular thin films.
Nonlinear optical contrast enhancement in OCT

We report on a new interferometric technique for measuring Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering and Second Harmonic Generation signals. The exploitation of these optical nonlinearities for molecular contrast enhancement in Optical Coherence Tomography is presented.
Equipment, materials, and process interactions in a surface-imaging process: part II

The advantages of surface-imaging photoresist processes have been well documented in the literature: greater resolution, wider focus budget, and less sensitivity to topography and reflections from the substrate. The diffusion enhanced silylated resist (DESIRE) is a good example of a surface-imaging process. In previous papers we have presented characterization data for this process, and discussed some of the issues involved in its implementation in a manufacturing environment. More recently we have reviewed integration issues evolving from the interactions between the equipment, materials, and process. In this paper we continue our discussion of process integration issues focusing on: (1) electrical discharge, or arcing, during dry-development, and (2) line-width uniformity. Arcing is a very serious problem because of its catastrophic effect on yield. Thus far we have determined that the substrate and equipment influence the occurrence of arching, but further work remains to be done to determine all the possible causes. In previous papers we showed that the linewidth can be controlled across the wafer, and from wafer-to-wafer. By optimizing the magnetic field uniformity in our initial process set up, we were able to control the linewidth to within +/- 8% for 0.63 micrometers lines. However, to maintain this control over time, modifications in the silylation reactor had to be made. Additional improvements in the linewidth uniformity require us to go back and make modifications to the dry-develop reactor to improve the magnetic field uniformity further. These two examples illustrate the need to take a comprehensive or process integration approach to successfully implement this process.
Effect of inhibitors of arachidonic acid metabolism upon IgE and non-IgE-mediated histamine release.

Abstract Inhibitors of arachidonic acid metabolism were tested for their ability to block histamine release from human basophils. Eighteen inhibitors of lipoxygenases, cyclo-oxygenases, prostaglandin isomerases and thromboxane synthetases were tested. Agents inhibitoru to the activity of lipoxygenases were effective blockers of IgE and non-IgE-mediated histamine release; agents antagonistic to cyclo-oxygenases, isomerases and thromboxane synthetases were not. These findings indicate that a functioning lipoxygenase pathway is essential for basophil activation and secretion and that the cyclo-oxygenase, isomerase and thromboxane synthetase pathways are not. Compounds antagonistic to phospholipase A also block histamine release, as does the intracellular Ca 2+ antagonist TMB-8. The data are consistent with the idea that mast-cell and basophil activation and secretion involve phospholipase A generation of arachidonic acid, which is metabolized via the lipoxygenase pathway.
Effect of BaBiO3 and Ba0.6K0.4BiO3 additives on the rechargeability of manganese oxide cathodes in alkaline cells

Abstract The effect of the incorporation of small amounts (1–5 wt%) of semiconducting BaBiO 3 and metallic Ba 0.6 K 0.4 BiO 3 additives on the rechargeability of electrolytic manganese dioxide (EMD) cathodes in alkaline cells in the one-electron regime has been investigated. Both the BaBiO 3 and Ba 0.6 K 0.4 BiO 3 additives lead to better cyclability compared to the previously known binary oxide additive Bi 2 O 3 . X-ray diffraction patterns recorded before and after 30 cycles as well as cyclic voltammograms recorded after first and 30 cycles reveal that the better cyclability in the presence of BaBiO 3 and Ba 0.6 K 0.4 BiO 3 additives is due to the suppression of the formation of unwanted, electrochemically inactive birnessite and hausmannite phases and a shifting of the second-electron capacity of Mn to higher potentials.
Avalanche-induced current enhancement in semiconducting carbon nanotubes.

Electrical transport in one-dimensional (1D) nanomaterials is of much fundamental and practical interest. Among these, single-wall carbon nanotubes have remarkably high performance, displaying quasiballistic transport at submicron lengths [1], and excellent low-field mobility even in longer, diffusive samples [2]. Despite such progress, less is known about diffusivetransport at highfields (> 1V =� m). This regime sets the peak current-carrying ability and provides a glimpse into the behavior under extreme electrical stress conditions. For instance, the maximum current of long metallic single-wall nanotubes (m-SWNTs) is 20‐25 � A when limited by Joule heating and optical phonon scattering [3,4], which appears to be exceeded only in submicron, quasiballistic samples [1]. The maximum current capacity of long semiconducting single-wall nanotubes (s-SWNTs) under diffusive transport is less established, although a 25 � A limit has been suggested for single-band conduction [5]. However, experimental data indicate that this limit is exceeded under ambipolar transport [6], and theoretical estimates suggest that this value can be surpassed when multiple subbands are involved [7]. In this Letter, we report a remarkable current increase beyond the 25 � A ‘‘diffusive limit’’ in Ohmically contacted s-SWNTs under avalanche impact ionization conditions. We investigate transport up to electrical breakdown and find the current in s-SWNTs first plateaus near � 25 � A and then sharply increases at high fields (� 10 V=� m). This behavior is not seen in the many m-SWNTs tested. The current ‘‘up-kick’’ is attributed to the onset of avalanche impact ionization (II), a phenome
A PROSPECTIVE STUDY COMPARING ULTRASOUND, NUCLEAR SCINTIGRAPHY AND DYNAMIC CONTRAST ENHANCED MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING IN THE EVALUATION OF HYDRONEPHROSIS

ABSTRACTPurpose: A combination of nuclear medicine, ultrasound and voiding cystourethrography is typically used to investigate hydronephrosis in children. A major problem is the lack of an accepted gold standard to assess obstruction. In some cases the anatomy is unclear. By combining anatomical and functional information in one study, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has the potential of providing superior information regarding hydronephrosis. We evaluate the role of dynamic enhanced MRI and compare it to other imaging modalities in the investigation of pediatric hydronephrosis.Materials and Methods: One hundred dynamic contrast enhanced MRIs were performed in 96 children (35 girls and 61 boys, mean age 4 years [range 1 month to 17 years]). The information from the various imaging modalities was compared.Results: The MRI protocol was acceptable to all families and was performed without complications in all patients. The morphological imaging with MRI was superior to conventional imaging in all cases. The...
Optimization in energy and power management for renewable-diesel microgrids using Dynamic Programming algorithm

This paper presents an optimization analysis for energy and power management in microgrids with renewable energy resources and diesel generators. Dynamic Programming (DP) algorithm and the simplex method have been used to minimize the total daily cost of the system and also maximize the total efficiency of the energy storage system during charge and discharge. The algorithm is validated on a hybrid system for military forward operating base camps that contain a PV array, wind generator, hydrogen-based fuel cell, batteries and diesel generators.
Stage dependency in eliciting target-dependent enhanced neurite outgrowth from spinal cord explants in vitro.

Abstract Explants of frog tadpole spinal cord exhibit varying degrees of enhanced neuritic outgrowth in tissue culture that is dependent on the presence of appropriately staged limb target tissue. Nerve fiber outgrowth from early larval spinal cords was greatly augmented in the presence of early larval limb tissue, but was unresponsive to older limb tissues. Spinal cord explants of midlarval animals, on the other hand, failed to respond significantly to limb tissues over a broad developmental range. Nerve-target growth interactions must be regarded as developmental time-dependent systems with consideration of the differentiative state of both components.
Interactive fusion in distributed detection: Architecture and performance analysis

Within the Neyman-Pearson framework we investigate the effect of feedback in two-sensor tandem fusion networks with conditionally independent observations. While there is noticeable improvement in performance of the fixed sample size Neyman-Pearson (NP) test, it is shown that feedback has no effect on the asymptotic performance characterized by the Kullback-Leibler (KL) distance. The result can be extended to an interactive fusion system where the fusion center and the sensor may undergo multiple steps of interactions.
Characterizing optimal solutions to weighted mixed sensitivity problems

Optimal weighted mixed sensitivity designs for single-input/single-output, linear, time-invariant systems are characterized by qualitative properties. Conditions for optimality based on flatness of the objective function and the relative numbers of closed right half-plane poles and zeros of the plant and optimal controller are examined.
Thin film synthesis and properties of copper nitride, a metastable semiconductor

Copper nitride (Cu3N) thin films were grown by reactive sputtering using a high-throughput combinatorial approach with orthogonal gradients of substrate temperature and target–substrate distance. This technique enables high-throughput modulation of the anion activity, and is broadly applicable to the combinatorial synthesis of other materials. Stable, phase pure Cu3N thin films were grown on glass substrates at temperatures between 150 and 200 °C, depending on the target–substrate distance. These 00L oriented thin films have 10−3 S cm−1 conductivity and 1.5 eV optical absorption onset, making Cu3N interesting for future studies in the context of solar energy conversion applications. The analysis of the synthetic results provides insights into the thermodynamic origins of the growth of metastable Cu3N, and sets a nitrogen chemical potential of +1 eV per atom as a lower limit of the anion activity that can be achieved in non-equilibrium thin film growth of metastable materials. The first step towards testing the transferability of this result to other materials was made by reactive sputtering of tin, antimony, and bismuth in nitrogen.
Creating non-minimal triangulations for use in inference in mixed stochastic/deterministic graphical models

We demonstrate that certain large-clique graph triangulations can be useful for reducing computational requirements when making queries on mixed stochastic/deterministic graphical models. This is counter to the conventional wisdom that triangulations that minimize clique size are always most desirable for use in computing queries on graphical models. Many of these large-clique triangulations are non-minimal and are thus unattainable via the popular elimination algorithm. We introduce ancestral pairs as the basis for novel triangulation heuristics and prove that no more than the addition of edges between ancestral pairs needs to be considered when searching for state space optimal triangulations in such graphs. Empirical results on random and real world graphs are given. We also present an algorithm and correctness proof for determining if a triangulation can be obtained via elimination, and we show that the decision problem associated with finding optimal state space triangulations in this mixed setting is NP-complete.
Leading from Within: The Effects of Emotion Recognition and Personality on Transformational Leadership Behavior

This study of 145 managers of a large biotechnology/agricultural company examined how leaders' emotion recognition ability and personality characteristics influenced performance of transformational...
Type 2 alveolar cells are stem cells in adult lung

Gas exchange in the lung occurs within alveoli, air-filled sacs composed of type 2 and type 1 epithelial cells (AEC2s and AEC1s), capillaries, and various resident mesenchymal cells. Here, we use a combination of in vivo clonal lineage analysis, different injury/repair systems, and in vitro culture of purified cell populations to obtain new information about the contribution of AEC2s to alveolar maintenance and repair. Genetic lineage-tracing experiments showed that surfactant protein C-positive (SFTPC-positive) AEC2s self renew and differentiate over about a year, consistent with the population containing long-term alveolar stem cells. Moreover, if many AEC2s were specifically ablated, high-resolution imaging of intact lungs showed that individual survivors undergo rapid clonal expansion and daughter cell dispersal. Individual lineage-labeled AEC2s placed into 3D culture gave rise to self-renewing "alveolospheres," which contained both AEC2s and cells expressing multiple AEC1 markers, including HOPX, a new marker for AEC1s. Growth and differentiation of the alveolospheres occurred most readily when cocultured with primary PDGFRα⁺ lung stromal cells. This population included lipofibroblasts that normally reside close to AEC2s and may therefore contribute to a stem cell niche in the murine lung. Results suggest that a similar dynamic exists between AEC2s and mesenchymal cells in the human lung.
State implementation of the Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977

The implementation of the Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act (SMCRA) of 1977 in coal producing states is guided by a partial preemption policy approach that establishes a balance between federal and state decision-making authority. The usefulness of this approach is assessed by analyzing state enforcement actions in relation the institutional capacity of states to shoulder regulatory responsibilities and the propensity of the federal Office of Surface Mining (OSM) to oversee state enforcement actions and, if necessary, to undertake corrective action. The authors results indicated that state administration of SMCRA was constrained by the lack of effective federal oversight but was largely unaffected by interstate differences in political, economic, or administrative characteristics.
Somatic recombination in a murine T-cell receptor gene

A putative T-cell receptor gene was isolated from the DNA of the helper hybridoma, 2B4. Analysis of the sequence components of this rearranged gene indicates the presence of separate variable (V), diversity (D) and joining (J) region elements analogous to those of heavy-chain immunoglobulins. These findings further support the belief that the products of this locus are involved in antigen recognition by T cells. There is no evidence of somatic mutation between the putative germ-line and the expressed variable-region gene.
The three phases of vasospasm.

Abstract We propose the theory that prolonged cerebral vasospasm involves three phases: (1) the initial muscular contraction of the arterial wall; (2) a secondary injury to the artery that consists of endothelial desquamation with adherence of platelets to the denuded internal elastic lamina and mural thrombus formation; and (3) the repair process, which is the proliferative endarteropathy that has been observed in autopsy specimens. Cerebral ischemia can be the end product of any of these three conditions. We have postulated a possible subcycle in the overall scheme by which adherence of platelets to the denuded internal elastic lamina of the artery provide a continuously replenishing supply of spasmogenic chemical factors to the mural receptors and stimulate prolonged contraction of the muscular layer. We propose that this cycle may be interrupted by the administration of heparin. To test this hypothesis, the records of 112 consecutive patients who received systemic heparin in conjunction with carotid ligation were compared with the results of carotid ligation reported in the Cooperative Study, in which heparin was not used. The incidence of ischemic complications in the group of patients receiving heparin was 6%, as compared to 23% in the control group, with a concomitant reduction in mortality from 16% to 10%. The incidence of recurrent sub-arachnoid hemorrhage was slightly less in the patients receiving heparin than in patients in the Cooperative Study. We conclude that the data provide support for our hypothesis of the mechanism of prolonged cerebral vasospasm and cerebral ischemia associated with subarachnoid hemorrhage, and that systemic heparin may be used with relative safety in patients in whom the aneurysm is protected by partial carotid ligation.
Contrasting paired signals arising from the same physiological process

using CRISP-TDMn and STDMn0. Plasma and effect site concentrations (Cp/Ce) were simulated by the PKPD modeling module of the Artemis platform. Encinas' PKPD8 model for fentanyl was used in this retrospective analysis. HRV and RRV were analyzed using the estimated Cp/Ce at the specific point in time. Data from the periods of the infant's NICU hospital course were used for the analysis of the relationship between drug concentration, HRV, RRV, and PIPP score. Results: A fentanyl Ce of 0.02 μg/mL was correlated with a low HRV, statistical significance P = .01 (P b .05), and a PIPP score of 6. The infant's PIPP score was 9 before the increased fentanyl drug dose. There was no detectable effect on RRV for this infant whose respiratory failure was managed with high-frequency jet ventilation at 240 breaths per minute. Conclusions: This case study demonstrates that a high concentration of fentanyl in this critically ill premature infant is associated with a reduction in PIPP score and correlates with decreased HRV. The estimated effect site concentration correlations with low HRV suggests that high-fidelity cardiorespiratory physiological data could serve as an indicator for fentanyl's pharmacodynamics as well as controller variable for a novel pain profile index.
On the role of lagged exogenous variables and spatio–temporal correlations in improving the accuracy of solar forecasting methods

We propose and analyze a spatioetemporal correlation method to improve forecast performance of solar irradiance using gridded satellite-derived global horizontal irradiance (GHI) data. Forecast models are developed for seven locations in California to predict 1-h averaged GHI 1, 2 and 3 h ahead of time. The seven locations were chosen to represent a diverse set of maritime, mediterranean, arid and semi-arid micro-climates. Ground stations from the California Irrigation Management Information System were used to obtain solar irradiance time-series from the points of interest. In this method, firstly, we define areas with the highest correlated time-series between the satellite-derived data and the ground data. Secondly, we select satellite-derived data from these regions as exogenous variables to several forecast models (linear models, Artificial Neural Networks, Support Vector Regression) to predict GHI at the seven locations. The results show that using linear forecasting models and a genetic algorithm to optimize the selection of multiple time-lagged exogenous variables results in significant forecasting improvements over other benchmark models.
The role of the cartilaginous nasal septum in midfacial growth.

Abstract 1. 1. The prenatal development of the cranial base and cartilaginous nasal septum in the midsagittal plane was investigated in normal A/Jax mice and A/Jax mice with spontaneous bilateral clefts of the lip and palate. 2. 2. The emergence of the snout as a prominent rodent characteristic coincided with the extension of the angulated cranial base and was most rapid prior to and during closure of the palatal shelves. 3. 3. There was no significant difference in the amount of extension of the cranial base between the normal fetuses and those with bilateral clefts of the lip and palate. Therefore, the amount of extension of the cranial base was not identified as the important etiologic factor in the formation of a cleft secondary palate in A/Jax mice with bilateral cleft lip. 4. 4. No morphologic or chronologic differences in development of the cranial base were detected between the normal and cleft fetuses. 5. 5. The cartilaginous nasal septum was significantly shorter in the fetuses with bilateral clefts of the lip and palate. This shortness appeared to be the result of a localized anteroposterior deficiency in the anterior third of the septal cartilage. 6. 6. This finding in cleft A/Jax fetuses does not support the view that the nasal septum acts as a “growth center” which set the pace for the downward and forward thrust of the midfacial skeleton during early facial growth.
Measles IgM response during reinfection of previously vaccinated children

Measles IgM antibody was found in the convalescent sera from five of seven childrenwith a primary measles infection, but in only two of seven previously vaccinated children with clinical measles, and in none of seven previously vaccinated children who were revaccinated with attenuated measles virus. Since specific IgM antibody is characteristic of a primary immune response to measles virus, the absence of IgM indicates that some children are experiencing a reinfection despite a primary antigenic stimulus by the vaccine.