cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Discrete Structural Optimization

The application of discrete programming to structural optimization permits the use of tabulated section properties and eliminates the need for approximate relations, such as between weight and section modulus, which may obscure the optimal solution. Linear discrete programming techniques are applied to elastic design problems by linearizing the constraint functions. The AISC Code formulae for allowable compression stresses in truss members are included exactly in the formulation. The program can also select the best material from various grades of structural steel. For computational economy, tables of structural sections are truncated, so that the solution may be restricted to a local optimum. For this reason, a fast approximate procedure may be as effective as an exact, but slower, implicit enumeration algorithm. Since the local optima depend upon the initial design, a search for the global optimum can be made by generating random starting points. Decision rules based on Bayesian statistics are developed to determine the optimal number of alternate designs to be investigated in the design process.
A linear periodically time-varying filter for time-frequency scaling of speech

A method is introduced for finding a signal f(n) with a time-varying spectrum C(n omega ) approximating a geometric transformation C( alpha n, beta omega ) in the mean-square sense. The phases of C(n, omega ) and C( alpha n, beta omega ) are allowed to differ by a smooth function of n and omega selected to minimize the overall difference between these complex functions. The result is a periodically time-varying filter relating f(n) and f(n), which is easy to implement, requiring few arithmetic operations per output sample. The method shows high fidelity in recovering the original signal from its scaled version. It is shown that for the same bit rate reduction, joint time-frequency scaling renders higher signal-to-noise ratios than either time-only or frequency-only scaling. >
Lessons from collecting a million biometric samples

Over the past decade, independent evaluations have become commonplace in many areas of experimental computer science, including face and gesture recognition. A key attribute of many successful independent evaluations is a curated data set. Desired things associated with these data sets include appropriateness to the experimental design, a corpus size large enough to allow statistically rigorous characterization of results, and the availability of comprehensive metadata that allow inferences to be made on various data set attributes. In this paper, we review a ten-year biometric sampling effort that enabled the creation of several key biometrics challenge problems. We summarize the design and execution of data collections, identify key challenges, and convey some lessons learned.
Lifestyle Challenges for Commuter Students

This chapter outlines the unique time management issues and stress factors faced by the typical commuter student, as well as some of the various coping strategies.
Clostridium botulinum and Clostridium tetani

1 Genus and Species Definitions 2 Historical Background of the Pathogenic Clostridia 3 Milestones in the Understanding of Botulism and Tetanus 4 Classification of Neurotoxigenic Clostridia 5 Habitats of Pathogenic Clostridia 6 Physical and Metabolic Properties of Pathogenic Clostridia including C. botulinum and C. tetani 7 Growth Properties of C. botulinum and C. tetani 8 Physiology of C. botulinum and C. tetani 9 Descriptions of the Species C. botulinum, C. tetani, and other Neurotoxigenic Clostridia 10 Botulinum Neurotoxins 11 Detection of Botulinum and Tetanus Neurotoxins 12 Genomics of Clostridium tetani and Clostridium botulinum 13 Susceptibility of Neurotoxigenic Clostridia to Chemical and Physical Agents 14 Epidemiology and Clinical Aspects 15 Use of Botulinum Toxin in Medicine 16 Safety Precautions for Working with C. botulinum, C. tetani, and their Neurotoxins 17 Acknowledgments Keywords: Clostridium botulinum and Clostridium tetani; understanding botulism and tetanus; pathogenic clostridia habitats; C. botulinum and C. tetani growth properties; botulinum neurotoxins; Clostridium tetani and Clostridium botulinum genomics; susceptibility of neurotoxigenic clostridia to chemical and physical agents; botulinum toxin use in medicine
Sensitivity of downward longwave surface radiation to moisture and cloud changes in a high‐elevation region

Several studies have suggested enhanced rates of warming in high-elevation regions since the latter half of the twentieth century. One of the potential reasons why enhanced rates of warming might occur at high elevations is the nonlinear relationship between downward longwave radiation (DLR) and specific humidity (q). Using ground-based observations at a high-elevation site in southwestern Colorado and coincident satellite-borne cloud retrievals, the sensitivity of DLR to changes in q and cloud properties is examined and quantified using a neural network method. It is also used to explore how the sensitivity of DLR to q (dDLR/dq) is affected by cloud properties. When binned by season, dDLR/dq is maximum in winter and minimum in summer for both clear and cloudy skies. However, the cloudy-sky sensitivities are smaller, primarily because (1) for both clear and cloudy skies dDLR/dq is proportional to 1/q, for q>0.5 g/kg, and (2) the seasonal values of q are on average larger in the cloudy-sky cases than in clear-sky cases. For a given value of q, dDLR/dq is slightly reduced in the presence of clouds and this reduction increases as q increases. In addition, DLR is found to be more sensitive to changes in cloud fraction when cloud fraction is large. In the limit of overcast skies, DLR sensitivity to optical thickness decreases as clouds become more opaque. These results are based on only one high-elevation site, so the conclusions here need to be tested at other high-elevation locations.
Honokiol, a natural plant product, inhibits inflammatory signals and alleviates inflammatory arthritis.

Honokiol (HNK), a phenolic compound isolated and purified from magnolia, has been found to have a number of pharmacologic benefits, including anti-angiogenic and anti-inflammatory properties. HNK has long been used in traditional Asian medicine without toxic side effects. We and others have extensively studied signaling to B cells by CD40 and its Epstein Barr viral mimic, latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1), which has been implicated in exacerbation of chronic autoimmune disease. We asked whether HNK could inhibit CD40 and LMP1 inflammatory signaling mechanisms. In vivo, HNK stabilized the severity of symptomatic collagen-induced arthritis in both CD40-LMP1 transgenic mice and their congenic C57BL/6 counterparts. Ex vivo studies, including collagen-specific serum Ab and Ag recall responses, as well as CD40 or LMP1-mediated activation of splenic B cells, supported the anti-inflammatory effects of HNK. In mouse B cell lines expressing the human CD40-LMP1 chimeric receptor, CD40- and LMP1-mediated NF-κB and AP-1 activation were abrogated in a dose-dependent manner, with a concomitant decrease in TNF-α and IL-6. These promising findings suggest that the nontoxic anti-inflammatory properties of HNK could be valuable for blocking the autoimmune response.
The Resuscitation Game

The basic principles of resuscitation of the trauma patient are well-recognized. Evaluation and management of the multiply-injured patient should proceed along the guidelines provided in the American College of Surgeons Advanced Trauma Life Support Course1 listed in Table 1.
Improved transmitter localization through incorporation of phase information

Localization of unknown radio frequency (RF) transmitters is useful for a variety of DSP applications such as clutter cancelation, cognitive radio, cognitive radar, bistatic and multistatic radar. Current methods for localization include triangulation through amplitude and time of arrival measurements. These methods require optimization over a continuous searchable surface to determine the optimal transmitter location estimate, leading to large computational complexity. This paper demonstrates a method that reduces this continuous space to a discrete set of points through the use of phase information. By employing the phase information and discrete domain search, the optimization process for localization significantly reduces required computational complexity. Additionally, parallel processing is exploited to further reduce the computation time. Simulations are conducted to compare the performances and complexities of traditional methods and the proposed discrete domain processing method incorporating phase information. Limitations of this technique and areas for future work are also discussed.
Stability of the rabbit immunogenic marker of RA 27-3 rubella vaccine virus after human passage.

Rabbits were inoculated intravenously with “wild” rubella virus, RA 27/3 rubella vaccine virus, or rubella virus isolated from recipients of RA 27/3 vaccine. Rabbits receiving “wild” virus developed rubella hemagglutination inhibition antibody, and those receiving vaccine virus did not. One of the five reisolates tested produced a low transient antibody response in two of the five rabbits inoculated with this strain. The study indicates that the rabbit immunogenic marker after intravenous injection can be used to determine if a rubella virus isolated from a patient is of “wild” or vaccine origin. There was no significant change in the reduced immunogenicity characteristics of the RA 27/3 vaccine virus after human passage.
We Shall Overcome: A History of Civil Rights and the Law – By Alexander Tsesis

Drawing on a wide array of primary and secondary sources, the author traces the history of civil rights and the law from the founding of the Republic to recent times. “While both equality and liber...
Pharmacological Zinc and Phytase Supplementation Enhance Metallothionein mRNA Abundance and Protein Concentration in Newly Weaned Pigs

The swine industry feeds pharmacological zinc (Zn) to newly weaned pigs to improve health. Because most swine diets are plant-based with a high phytic acid content, we hypothesized that adding phytase to diets could reduce the amount of Zn required to obtain beneficial responses. The role of metallothionein (MT) in Zn homeostasis could be important in this positive response. Thus, the goal of this study was to investigate the effect of dietary Zn and phytase on relative MT mRNA abundance and protein concentration in newly weaned pigs. Diets containing adequate (150 mg Zn/kg) or pharmacological concentrations of Zn (1000 or 2000 mg Zn/kg), as zinc oxide, with or without phytase [0, 500 phytase units (FTU)/kg, Natuphos, BASF] were fed in a 3 x 2 factorial design. Plasma and tissue minerals were measured in pigs killed after 14 d of dietary intervention. Hepatic and renal relative MT mRNA abundance and protein were greater (P < 0.05) in pigs fed 1000 mg Zn/kg with phytase, or 2000 mg Zn/kg with or without phytase vs. the remaining treatments. Intestinal mucosa MT mRNA abundance and protein were greater (P < 0.05) in pigs fed 2000 mg Zn/kg with phytase than in pigs fed 2000 mg Zn/kg alone or 1000 mg Zn/kg with phytase. Pigs fed 1000 mg Zn/kg plus phytase or 2000 mg Zn/kg with or without phytase had higher plasma, hepatic, and renal Zn than those fed the adequate Zn diets or 1000 mg Zn/kg. We conclude that feeding 1000 mg Zn/kg with phytase enhances MT mRNA abundance and protein and Zn absorption to the same degree as 2000 mg Zn/kg with and without phytase.
Area variation with temperature of supergranule network features in the solar transition zone.

Areas of network emission features in C ii λ 1135, C iii λ977, O iv λ544 and O vi λ1032 were measured in and out of coronal holes. In the quiet Sun these areas, on the average, showed a 20% increase between C ii and O vi. In the coronal holes there was no significant average variation, but a number of the features showed an interesting decrease in area at intermediate temperatures.
Submerged electric arc decomposition of methanol for cold-starting methanol-fueled engines

Methanol is an attractive alternative fuel based on its engine performance and emission characteristics. Methanol can be synthesized from biomass or urban waste, and as a result, it does not contribute to the net addition of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. Cold-starting of methanol-fueled engines is difficult at temperatures below 10 C, and at sub-zero temperatures, starting may be impractical without significant engine modifications. In this research, an attempt has been made to study and prevent the cold-starting problem by using hydrogen and carbon monoxide gas mixture produced by decomposing liquid methanol using a submerged electric arc device. The electric arc has the advantage of instantaneous gas production and the experimental data relating to the performance of the device and its design are reported. The device is capable of producing up to 0.01 cu m (10 L) per min of a gas which is primarily carbon monoxide and hydrogen with a thermal efficiency of 18 percent relative to the theoretical energy requirements for methanol decomposition. The feasibility of using this arc device is analyzed based on the simulated cold-starting data collected for a single-cylinder Kawasaki engine at [minus]20 C.
Autonomous GPS Integrity Monitoring Using the Pseudorange Residual

The use of GPS for navigation-critical applications such as aircraft nonprecision approach or harbor and river crossings requires the navigation data to be both extremely accurate and extremely reliable. This paper describes a method for autonomous GPS satellite failure detection and isolation (D/I). The test statistic for the D/I algorithm is the range residual parameter for six or more satellites in view. Based on experiments conducted at Stanford, nominal carrier-aided pseudorange measurement errors are modeled as Gaussian random variables with mean in the range from - 5 m to + 5 m and standard deviation of 0.4 m. The theoretical statistical distribution of the range residual is given. Monte Carlo simulations present results of applying the algorithm to measurement sets containing a biased measurement. With a 100 m biased measurement present, successful detection is achieved 99.9 percent of the time, and successful D/I is achieved 72.2 percent of the time. The user is always aware when isolation is not possible. User positioning errors resulting from application of the algorithm are always the same or better than with the all-in-view solution.
QUANTITATIVE METHODS FOR CROSS-SPECIES MAPPING (CSM)

Cross-species extrapolation will be defined as prediction from one species to another without empirical verification. Cross-species mapping (CSM) is the same except empirical verification is performed. CSM may be viewed as validation of methods for extrapolation. Algorithms for CSM may originate from theory, from empirical observations or a combination of the two. Regardless of their origins, CSM algorithms must be explicated and confidence intervals given around their predictions. This paper offers a quantitative method for constructing CSM equations which is useful in evaluation of the CSM and as an aid in the design of new experiments in CSM and extrapolation. The method requires fitting mathematical models for the physiological or behavioral phenomena to be mapped across species. A CSM equation can then be derived from the models in each species and approximate confidence limits may be obtained for predictions from the equation. The method is useful even when the models in the two species differ in form, implying differences in physiology or behavioral principles between species. The method proposed has a number of remaining uncertainties and possible problems.
Prehospital use of blood and plasma in pediatric trauma patients.

Abstract Objective Our rural trauma center uses packed red blood cells (PRBCs) and plasma onboard our helicopter to offset the delay of transport. We summarize our initial experience with prehospital blood use in pediatric trauma patients. Methods Our air ambulance service began carrying PRBCs in 1987 and plasma in 2009. We performed a 9-year retrospective review including patients ( Results Sixteen patients (6 females) were identified with a mean age of 13 years. The mean transport time was 30 minutes with 75% transferred in from a referring center. Injuries were blunt in 9 patients and penetrating in 2 patients. The mean Injury Severity Score was 30. Fifteen patients received an average of 1.5 units of PRBCs during flight. Indications for PRBCs were severe anemia (6), known blood loss (5), and nonresponder to intravenous fluids (4). Average hemoglobin improved from 9.4 to 11.4 mg/dL at our center. Base deficit improved from −7 to −5.7 at arrival. Five patients received a mean of 1.4 units of plasma. The arrival international normalized ratio was 1.4. The average length of stay was 9.3 days. Four patients died. Trauma Related Injury Severity Score showed 3 patients were unexpected survivors (0.24, 0.24, and 0.38). Conclusion Prehospital use of blood in injured children is rare. However, when indicated, this initial review of our protocol showed increased hemoglobin, decreased acidosis, and unexpected survivors with our program. Because of the rarity of prehospital blood use in children, administration triggers require continued review and refinement.
Lignans and Other Constituents of the Fruits of Euterpe oleracea (Açai) with Antioxidant and Cytoprotective Activities

Using a hydroxyl radical scavenging assay, bioactivity-guided fractionation of a methanol-soluble extract of the fruits of Euterpe oleracea (acai) led to the isolation of 22 compounds of previously known structure. Altogether, 14 of these isolates were found to be active in an in vitro hydroxyl radical scavenging assay and seven of these isolates in a 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging assay. Dihydroconiferyl alcohol, (+)-lariciresinol, (+)-pinoresinol, (+)-syringaresinol, and protocatechuic acid methyl ester exhibited cytoprotective activity in cultured MCF-7 cells stressed by H2O2. Lignans have not been previously reported as constituents of this species and were found to be representative of the aryltetrahydronaphthalene, dihydrobenzofuran, furofuran, 8-O-4′-neolignan, and tetrahydrofuran structural types.
Next Generation OPACs: A Cataloging Viewpoint

Since around 2005 several striking attempts have been made to rethink the design of library catalogs in production systems; the North Carolina State University's (NCSU) Endeca catalog being a notable example. These developments are taking place just as the continued relevance of traditional cataloging is being questioned. This article examines the relationship of these new designs to evolving cataloging practice and the changing discovery environment.
Factors Associated with Amputation or Graft Occlusion One Year after Lower Extremity Bypass in Northern New England

Background Optimal patient selection for lower extremity bypass surgery requires surgeons to predict which patients will have durable functional outcomes following revascularization. Therefore, we examined risk factors that predict amputation or graft occlusion within the first year following lower extremity bypass. Methods Using our regional quality-improvement initiative in 11 hospitals in northern New England, we studied 2,306 lower extremity bypass procedures performed in 2,031 patients between January 2003 and December 2007. Sixty surgeons contributed to our database, and over 100 demographic and clinical variables were abstracted by trained researchers. Cox proportional hazards models were used to generate hazard ratios and surrounding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for our combined outcome measure of major amputation (above-knee or below-knee) or permanent graft occlusion (loss of secondary patency) occurring within the first year postoperatively. Results We found that within our cohort of 2,306 bypass procedures 17% resulted in an amputation or graft occlusion within 1 year of surgery. Of the 143 amputations performed (8% of all limbs undergoing bypasses), 17% occurred in the setting of a patent graft. Similarly, of the 277 graft occlusions (12% of all bypasses), 42% resulted in a major amputation. We identified eight preoperative patient characteristics associated with amputation or graft occlusion in multivariate analysis: age <50, nonambulatory status preoperatively, dialysis dependence, diabetes, critical limb ischemia, need for venovenostomy, tarsal target, and living preoperatively in a nursing home. While patients with no risk factors had 1-year amputation/occlusion rates that were <1%, patients with three or more risk factors had a nearly 30% chance of suffering amputation or graft occlusion by 1 year postoperatively. When we compared risk-adjusted rates of amputation/occlusion across centers, we found that one center in our region performed significantly better than expected (observed/expected ratio 0.7, 95% CI 0.6-0.9, p < 0.04). Conclusion Preoperative risk factors allow surgeons to predict the risk of amputation or graft occlusion following lower extremity bypass and to more precisely inform patients about their operative risk and functional outcomes. Additionally, our model facilitates comparison of risk-adjusted outcomes across our region. We believe quality-improvement measures such as these will allow surgeons to identify best practices and thereby improve outcomes across centers.
Responses to Optical Looming in the Retinal Center and Periphery

Stoffregen (1985, 1986) found that the periphery of the retina is insensitive to radially structured optic flow specifying postural sway. This raised the issue of whether the retinal periphery is sensitive to radially structured flow per se, that is, to radial flow specifying events other than postural sway. In the experiment discussed herein we addressed this question in the context of optical looming. Computer-generated optical displays were presented to the retinal center or periphery of standing participants, who were required to dodge out of the path of the depicted object at the last moment before impact. Depicted trajectories were slightly eccentric, requiring participants to employ a directional response. Results showed that the trajectory and time-to-contact of the simulated object strongly influenced responses for peripheral as well as central looms. In general, responses to peripheral looms closely matched those to central looms. These findings indicate that the periphery of the retina is sensi...
Dynamical theory of spot splitting in RHEED

Abstract The dynamical diffraction explanation of spot splitting in reflection electron microscopy (REM) and reflection high energy electron diffraction (RHEED) is described within a Bloch wave formalism. The positions of the spots match exactly those measured experimentally and described previously using kinematical theory. Numerically calculated results for misoriented GaAs (001) and Pt(111) surfaces are presented.
American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons Position Paper on Bisphosphonate-Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaws—2009 Update

Bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (BRONJ) adversely affects the quality of life, producing significant morbidity in afflicted patients. Strategies for the treatment of patients with, or at risk of, BRONJ were set forth in the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons (AAOMS) Position Paper on Bisphosphonate-Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaws (Position Paper) and approved by the Board of Trustees in September 2006. 1 The Position Paper was developed by a Task Force appointed by the Board and composed of clinicians with extensive experience in caring for these patients and basic science researchers. The knowledge base and experience in addressing BRONJ has expanded, necessitating modifications and refinements to the original Position Paper. The Task Force was reconvened in August 2008 to review the 2006 recommendations, appraise the current published data, and revise the Position Paper and recommendations, where indicated. This update contains revisions to the diagnosis and staging and management strategies and highlights the status of basic science research. AAOMS considers it vitally important that this information be disseminated to other dental and medical specialties.
Selection of sensory information in control of pursuit eye movements

Ss performed fixation shifts between moving and stationary targets that were presented against a visually complex background. Post-saccade pursuit latencies were far shorter than the response lags previously reported for the pursuit control system. This is interpreted as evidence for control of initial post-saccade pursuit velocity by pre-saccade image velocity information selected from a limited region of peripheral retina.
Mechanical shock behavior of Sn-3.9Ag-0.7Cu and Sn-3.9Ag-0.7Cu-0.5Ce solder joints

Abstract Sn–Ag–Cu lead-free solder have been shown to have inferior mechanical shock resistance to that of Pb–Sn alloy. Sn-rich solders containing rare earth elements have been shown to have superior mechanical properties when compared to conventional Sn–Ag–Cu solder, in terms of strain-to-failure. In this paper, we report on the mechanical shock behavior of Sn–3.9Ag–0.7Cu and Ce-containing Sn–3.9Ag–0.7Cu alloys over the strain rate range of 10 −3 –12 s −1 . Failure mechanisms of solders in different strain regimes are investigated based on the fractography analysis. It will be shown that the shock performance of Sn–3.9Ag–0.7Cu solders can be improved with addition of trace amount of Ce in the solder matrix controlled regime. The role of CeSn 3 intermetallics on the enhanced dynamic performance is discussed.
INTERACTIONS OF UNIVERSITY STUDENTS WITH ELDERLY INDIVIDUALS: AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE CORRELATES

This study investigated the nature of the relationship between attitudinal, behavioral, and demographic variables and the self‐reported interactions of university students with elderly individuals. The Multiple Correlation‐Regression analysis sought to isolate the most powerful independent variables that would explain interactions with elderly individuals. Variables under consideration included sex, race, geographical location of hometown, socioeconomic status of parents, quality of elderly interactions, quality of grandparent interactions, personal normative beliefs, social normative beliefs, behavioral intentions, attitudes, and knowledge of the elderly. It was concluded that the variables of sex, quality of interaction with grandparents, personal normative beliefs, social normative beliefs, and knowledge contributed a significant (p < .05) proportion of the variation within the independent variable, interaction with elderly individuals. Females reported significantly higher interactions. As quality of ...
Collagen formation in developing molar teeth of rats.

In terms of collagen production, the odontoblast can be divided into two chief functional parts: a synthetic part (the cell body), and a part engaged in the disposition of the product (the odontoblastic process). The Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, granular endoplasmic reticulum, and free ribosomes are within the cell body, but they are not present in the odontoblastic process. The cell membrane of the odontoblastic process remains intact during fibrogenesis. The outer surface of the cell membrane is closely associated with collagen fibers, but no continuity can be detected between collagen fibers and comparable elements within the cell. Although the odontoblastic process contains a number of formed organelles, on the basis of the morphological and autoradiographic data, none of these are regarded as being, or containing, the collagen precursor. On the other hand, the collagen precursor is regarded as being within the cytoplasmic matrix of the odontoblastic process. A mechanism of fibrogenesis, in predominantly collagen producing cells, is proposed. This takes into account the inherent property of collagen “molecules” to aggregate into fibers in an appropriate cell free medium, and the observation that fibrogenesis appears to occur in relation to the outer surface of the cell membrane.
Postischemic tissue injury by iron-mediated free radical lipid peroxidation

Cell damage initiated during ischemia matures during reperfusion. Mechanisms involved during reperfusion include the effects of arachidonic acid and its oxidative products prostaglandins and leukotrienes, reperfusion tissue calcium overloading, and damage to membranes by lipid peroxidation. Lipid peroxidation occurs by oxygen radical mechanisms that require a metal with more than one ionic state (transitional metal) for catalysis. We have shown that cellular iron is delocalized from the large molecules where it is normally stored to smaller chemical species during postischemic reperfusion. Postischemic lipid peroxidation is inhibited by the iron chelator deferoxamine. Intervention in the reperfusion injury of membranes by chelation of transitional metals is a new and promising therapeutic possibility for protection of the heart and brain.
The role of the pediatric dentist in primary health care service

Abstract This paper presents a rationale for the incorporation of preventive dental sessions into prenatal and postnatal counseling programs and summarizes oral health problems and predisposing factors that contribute to oral dysfunction of the infant and ways to prevent it.
Yoga intervention for adults with mild-to-moderate asthma: a pilot study.

Background Preliminary studies investigating yoga and breath work for treating asthma have been promising. Several randomized controlled trials have shown a benefit from yoga postures and breathing vs control, but the control in these cases involved no intervention other than usual care. This study advances the field by providing an active control. Objective To determine the effectiveness and feasibility of a yoga and breath work intervention for improving clinical indices and quality of life in adults with mild-to-moderate asthma. Methods A randomized, controlled, double-masked clinical trial was conducted between October 1, 2001, and March 31, 2003. Random assignment was made to either a 4-week yoga intervention that included postures and breath work or a stretching control condition. Outcome measures were evaluated at 4, 8, 12, and 16 weeks and included the Mini Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire, rescue inhaler use, spirometry, symptom diaries, and health care utilization. Results Sixty-two participants were randomized to the intervention and control groups, and 45 completed the final follow-up measures. Intention-to-treat analysis was performed. Significant within-group differences in postbronchodilator forced expiratory volume in 1 second and morning symptom scores were apparent in both groups at 4 and 16 weeks; however, no significant differences between groups were observed on any outcome measures. Conclusions Iyengar yoga conferred no appreciable benefit in mild-to-moderate asthma. Circumstances under which yoga is of benefit in asthma management, if any, remain to be determined.
HCV treatment challenges in patients co-infected with HIV

Infection with HCV is one of the most challenging co-morbidities emerging in HIV-infected patients in the post-antiretroviral therapy era. The co-infected population differs from the HCV mono-infected population in several aspects. HIV accelerates hepatic fibrosis progression, cirrhosis, end-stage liver disease, the development of hepatocellular carcinoma and death. Co-infected patients have a lower likelihood of achieving sustained virological response to treatment compared with mono-infected ones. A growing number of co-infected patients have a past history of nonresponse or relapse along with advanced liver disease. The simultaneous treatment of HCV and HIV may be associated with the occurrence of drug interactions, overlapping toxicities, and increased incidence and severity of side effects. This population is sorely in need of treatment. State-of-the-art management requires different strategies to achieve a cure with minimal adverse events. This review focuses on specific treatment challenges encount...
Cavity dynamics of smooth sphere and golf ball at low Froude numbers, part 1: high-speed imaging and quantitative measurements

Investigation into the importance of water entry at low Froude numbers has been of interest since 1932. Implementation of imaging into the study has offered insight of cavity dynamics and influence of variables such as buoyancy, symmetry of the body, and hydrophobicity of the impacting body. Use of CCD camera toward water entry assisted in defining cavity boundary. In this work, a steel smooth ball and a golf ball that is considered as an irregular sphere were experimented and compared. In order to validate the baseline results, gathered image and analysis for the smooth sphere were strongly correlated to available literature data. In the concluding analysis, analogies to the works of flat plate analysis in the literature were drawn in nonsymmetrical bodies. The contribution of this body of work relies on a 3D comparison to the 2D plate analyzed by the available data based on the principles of Wagner theory and graphical comparisons.
Feminist Pioneers, Feminist Classics: Reflections on Age and Generation in Scholarship on Romantic-Era Women's Writings

This essay, conceived as a response to Anne Mellor's Romanticism and Gender (1993), considers the author's Women Writers and Old Age in Great Britain 1750–1850 (2008) in the context of contemporary scholarship on Romantic-era women's writings. First, the author assesses her own work in relation to generations of feminism and feminists, arguing for the importance of adding investigations of age to our collective work. Next, she compares the reviews of her and Mellor's books to illustrate the ongoing benefits and pitfalls of publishing on Romantic-era women's writing.
A comparative study of the effect of various solutions on the phosphorus depletion of the rat tooth using radioactive phosphorus.

Abstract Rat incisors become radioactive when labeled phosphorus is injected iniraperitoneally. A new technique using radioactive isotopes as tracer elements in the study of the effect of various solutions on the teeth is described. Applications of the method are stressed.
GETTING UNDER MY SKIN: WILLIAM JAMES ON THE EMOTIONS, SOCIALITY, AND TRANSCENDENCE

"You are really getting under my skin!" This exclamation suggests a series of psychological, philosophical, and metaphysical questions: What is the nature and development of human emotion? How does emotion arise in social interaction? To what extent can interactive situations shape our embodied selves and intensify particular affective states? With these questions in mind, William James begins to investigate the character of emotions and to develop a model of what he terms the social self. James's studies of mimicry and his interest in phenomena now often investigated using biofeedback begin to explain how affective states develop and how it might be possible for something to "get under one's skin." I situate these studies in the history of psychology between the psychological schools of structuralism and behaviorism. More important, I suggest continuity between James's Psycbology and recent research on mirror neurons, reentrant mapping, and emotional mimicry in the fields of clinical psychology and cognitive neuroscience. This research supports and extends James's initial claims in regard to the creation of emotions and the life of the social self. I propose that James's work in the empirical sciences should be read as a prelude to his metaphysical works that speak of a coordination between embodied selves and wider environmental situations, and his psychological studies should be read as a prelude to his reflections on spiritual transcendence.
Data integrator for ground sensors (DIGS)

We demonstrate an operationally ready system for multi-sensor command and control, display, fusion, and analysis. The demonstration will show integration of seismic, acoustic, passive infrared, magnetic, electromagnetic, electro-optical, and special purpose sensors in an operational scenario against time-critical targets and underground facilities. Unlike other proposed ground stations, DIGS is capable of performing automated target identification, location, and characterization based on all the accumulated evidence from the entire sensor field using a hybrid expert system classifier and a configurable characterization mechanism. These automated capabilities are made possible by operating primarily under an event model rather than a sensor detection model of site activity. DIGS provides all necessary displays for operations including event displays, detailed information, sensor status, sensor control, and a GIS-based map display. In addition, DIGS provides analysis tools to calculate array bearings and Time Difference of Arrival (TDOA) locations, and perform signal analysis of time series or spectral data. DIGS provides an additional layer of fusion to analyze the behavior of targets over time. DIGS is capable of accepting numerous data types including feature vectors, identifications, simple alarms, spectral data, pictures, video, biological and chemical agent information, frequency information, and raw time series data.
RDX (Hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine) Biodegradation in Aquifer Sediments under Manganese-Reducing Conditions

ABSTRACT A shallow, RDX (hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine)–contaminated aquifer at Naval Submarine Base Bangor has been characterized as predominantly manganese-reducing, anoxic with local pockets of oxic conditions. The potential contribution of microbial RDX degradation to localized decreases observed in aquifer RDX concentrations was assessed in sediment microcosms amended with [U-14C] RDX. Greater than 85% mineralization of 14C-RDX to 14CO2 was observed in aquifer sediment microcosms under native, manganese-reducing, anoxic conditions. Significant increases in the mineralization of 14C-RDX to 14CO2 were observed in anoxic microcosms under NO3-amended or Mn(IV)-amended conditions. No evidence of 14C-RDX biodegradation was observed under oxic conditions. These results indicate that microbial degradation of RDX may contribute to natural attenuation of RDX in manganese-reducing aquifer systems.
Extrapolating from spoken to signed prosody via laboratory phonology

Laboratory phonology tests the predictions of phonological analyses through experimental investigations of phonetic behavior. This paper describes how a laboratory phonologist might investigate three issues in the analysis of the prosody of signed languages: the internal structure, if any, of the signed syllable, the realization of lexical and phrasal prominence, and the marking of edges. The paper proposes to investigate the internal structure of the syllable by adapting a variety of psycholinguistic techniques that have been extensively used to study the phonetic packaging of phonological material in spoken languages. Phonological and phonetic arguments are presented in support of the hypothesis that signed languages will increase movement kinematics to convey phrasal and perhaps lexical prominence, and an experiment is sketched that would test this hypothesis. Finally, the paper suggests that the experimental study of the edges of sign articulations might allow a clearer choice between competing phonetic and phonological accounts of external sandhi in language in general.
Gold Nanoparticles Enhance the Anti-Leukemia Action of a 6-Mercaptopurine Chemotherapeutic Agent

6-Mercaptopurine and its riboside derivatives are some of the most widely utilized anti-leukemic and anti-inflammatory drugs. Their short biological half-life and severe side effects limit their us...
All-reflection interferometer for extreme-ultraviolet airglow studies

We describe a possible sounding rocket payload consisting of an interferometer that would observe O I 1304-A solar and airglow emissions simultaneously and a low-resolution (15-A) extreme ultraviolet (EUV) spectrometer with a band pass between 250 and 1050 A to measure the solar EUV flux, a primary source for the O I 1304-A dayglow emission. The solar measurements, the first of their kind, could provide detailed information on the column of O along the line of sight of the instrument as well as information on the full disk solar line profile, which is important to planetary as well as cometary physics. The information gained through line profile studies of the dayglow includes the relative contribution of the two main excitation mechanisms, photoelectron impact and solar resonance scattering, and a means to verify cross sections and branching ratios. Furthermore, valuable information on optically thick cascade enhancement can be ascertained. All such information will substantiate sophisticated models, electron and radiative transport, that can be utilized in the remote sensing of the thermosphere.
An analysis of the role of presynaptic and postsynaptic slow potentials in sympathetic ganglia

Abstract Spontaneous slow potentials arising in rat superior cervical ganglia following infection with pseudo-rabies virus were studied in vitro in these ganglia with standard electrophysiological techniques. The simultaneous appearance of two unlike show potential changes in the ganglion in early infections indicates at least two functional operations are performed within the ganglion. The slow potential recorded in the postganglionic nerve, now referred to as waveformB, is associated with operationB. The slow potential recorded in the preganglionic nerve, now referred to as waveformA, is associated with operationA. In early infections, waveformB is a derivative of waveformA. This precise mathematical relationship between the two waveforms in early infections was used to form two closely related working concepts in order to obtain some insight into operationsA and B . The first working concept is represented by an electrical network consisting of two capacitors discharged through resistances. The second concept consists of a mathematical model based on the fundamental relationship between an integral and its derivative. To conform with this concept, operationsA andB are imagined to be analogous to the mathematical operations of integration and differentiation respectively. WaveformsA andB are analogous to the mathematical concepts of the integral and derivative respectively.
Molecular characterization and analysis of the biosynthetic gene cluster for the antitumor antibiotic mitomycin C from Streptomyces lavendulae NRRL 2564

Background The mitomycins are natural products that contain a variety of functional groups, including aminobenzoquinone- and aziridine-ring systems. Mitomycin C (MC) was the first recognized bioreductive alkylating agent, and has been widely used clinically for antitumor therapy. Precursor-feeding studies showed that MC is derived from 3-amino-5-hydroxybenzoic acid (AHBA), D-glucosamine, L-methionine and carbamoyl phosphate. A genetically linked AHBA biosynthetic gene and MC resistance genes were identified previously in the MC producer Streptomyces lavendulae NRRL 2564. We set out to identify other genes involved in MC biosynthesis. Results A cluster of 47 genes spanning 55 kilobases of S. lavendulae DMA governs MC biosynthesis. Fourteen of 22 disruption mutants did not express or overexpressed MC. Seven gene products probably assemble the AHBA intermediate through a variant of the shikimate pathway. The gene encoding the first presumed enzyme in AHBA biosynthesis is not, however, linked within the MC cluster. Candidate genes for mitosane nucleus formation and functionalization were identified. A putative MC translocase was identified that comprises a novel drug-binding and export system, which confers cellular self-protection on S. lavendulae . Two regulatory genes were also identified. Conclusions The overall architecture of the MC biosynthetic gene cluster in S. lavendulae has been determined. Targeted manipulation of a putative MC pathway regulator led to a substantial increase in drug production. The cloned genes should help elucidate the molecular basis for creation of the mitosane ring system, as well efforts to engineer the biosynthesis of novel natural products.
Environmental enrichment alters locomotor behaviour and ventricular volume in Mecp21lox mice

Rett syndrome (RTT) is an autistic spectrum developmental disorder associated with mutations in the X-linked Mecp2 gene, and severe behavioural and neuropathological deficits. In a mouse model of RTT (Mecp2(1lox)), we examined whether environmental enrichment (EE) alters behavioural performance and regional brain volume. At weaning, Mecp2(1lox) and control mice were assigned to enriched or standard housing. From postnatal day 29 to 43, mice were subjected to behavioural tasks measuring motor and cognitive performance. At postnatal day 44, volumes of whole brain, cerebellum, ventricles, and motor cortex were measured using magnetic resonance imaging. EE provided subtle improvements to locomotor activity and contextual fear conditioning in Mecp2(1lox) mice. Additionally, EE reduced ventricular volumes, which correlated with improved locomotor activity, suggesting that neuroanatomical changes contribute to improved behaviour. Our results suggest that post-weaning EE may provide a non-invasive palliative treatment for RTT.
Hamamelitol purification, identification by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, and quantitation in plant leaves

Branched-chain sugars and sugar alcohols are unusual, but perhaps widespread, plant constituents whose associated biochemistry and function are poorly understood. Herein we show that one such sugar alcohol, hamamelitol (2-C-hydroxymethyl-D-ribitol), does occur in leaves of many different species often in very high amounts. Hamamelitol levels were quantitated by an isotope dilution assay we developed with a detection limit of about 15 nmol per g fresh weight, and its identity was verified using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. The taxonomic distribution of hamamelitol was disjunct: hamamelitol was present in species of distantly related orders such as Laurales, Fabales, and Primulales, but was not necessarily present in different genera of the same family. Species with high leaf levels of carboxyarabinitol (2-C-hydroxymethyl-D-ribonic acid) generally have low hamamelitol levels. Leaves of Hedera helix L. contain the most hamamelitol of any species examined, with levels comparable to those of sucrose. The youngest leaves of H. helix accumulated the most hamamelitol, about 11 μmol per g fresh weight. Growth of H. helix with periodic sub-freezing temperatures did not induce further accumulation of leaf hamamelitol. Hamamelitol levels were also high in leaf petioles of H. helix, which indicates that this sugar alcohol may be translocatable. Further, the mass spectrometry analysis indicates that a non-covalent dimer of hamamelitol may be more prevalent in vivo than is the monomeric form.
Phospha[3]radialenes. Synthesis, Structures, Strain Energies, and Reactions

In situ-generated terminal phosphinidene complex PhPW(CO)5 adds in a 1,2-fashion to the terminal double bond of tetramethylcumulene and cyclic 1,2,3-cyclodecatriene. The resulting alkenylidenephosphiranes 19A and 20A, which are three-membered phosphiranes containing an exocyclic allenic group, subsequently rearrange to the corresponding phospha[3]radiales 19B and 20B, which are phosphiranes having two exocyclic double bonds. All four organophosphorus compounds were characterized by single-crystal X-ray structure determinations. Bicyclic 20A contains a significantly bent (171.5(7)°) and twisted (14.2(8)°) allenic unit in contrast to 19A. The rearrangement to the thermodynamically favored radialenes is considered to occur by a phosphirane ring opening/closure sequence. On using a second equivalent of PhPW(CO)5, insertion takes place into a PC bond of 20B, but not of 19B, to give two new phospha[4]radialene isomers, viz. cis-20C and trans-20C, both of which were characterized by crystal structure determinati...
The impact of medical interpretation method on time and errors.

Background Twenty-two million Americans have limited English proficiency. Interpreting for limited English proficient patients is intended to enhance communication and delivery of quality medical care.