cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Structure and stratigraphy of Home Plate from the Spirit Mars Exploration Rover

Home Plate is a layered plateau observed by the Mars Exploration Rover Spirit in the Columbia Hills of Gusev Crater. The structure is roughly 80 m in diameter, and the raised margin exposes a stratigraphic section roughly 1.5 m in thickness. Previous work has proposed a pyroclastic surge, possibly followed by aeolian reworking of the ash, for the depositional origin for these beds. We have performed a quantitative analysis of the structure, stratigraphy, and sedimentology at this location. Our results are consistent with an explosive volcaniclastic origin for the layered sediments. Analysis of bedding orientations over half of the circumference of Home Plate reveals a radially inward dipping structure, consistent with deposition in the volcanic vent, or topographic draping of a preexisting depression. Detailed observations of the sedimentology show that grain sorting varies significantly between outcrops on the east and west sides. Observations on the western side show a well-sorted population of sand sized grains which comprise the bedrock, while the eastern margin shows a wider range of grain sizes, including some coarse granules. These observations are consistent with primary deposition by a pyroclastic surge. However, aeolian reworking of the upper stratigraphic unit is not ruled out. Identification of explosive volcanic products on Mars may implicate magma interaction with subsurface hydrologic reservoirs in the past.
The effect of population size on effective population size: an empirical study in the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum

Despite the increasing number of studies on the magnitude of Ne/N ratios, much remains unknown about the effects of demographic and environmental variables on Ne/N. We determined Ne/N for seven population size treatments, ranging from N = 2 to N = 960, in the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum. Ne/N decreased with increasing N, as evidenced by a significant negative relationship between log N and Ne/N. Our results are consistent with other published data on the relationship between Ne/N and N. Effective population sizes in large populations may be much smaller than previously recognized. These results have important implications for conservation and evolutionary biology.
Periconceptional dietary intake of myo‐inositol and neural tube defects in offspring

BACKGROUND Periconceptional intake of nutrients in addition to folic acid may contribute to neural tube defect (NTD) etiologies; a likely candidate is myo-inositol. We investigated whether maternal periconceptional dietary intake of myo-inositol influenced NTD risk. METHODS Data were derived from a case-control study of fetuses and infants with NTDs among 1989–1991 California births. Interviews were conducted with mothers of 454 NTD cases and with mothers of 462 nonmalformed controls. A standard 100-item food frequency questionnaire was used to assess nutrient intake. RESULTS We observed small increases in risk, with increases slightly more evident for anencephaly, associated with intakes of myo-inositol less than the highest intake quartile, e.g., risk of anencephaly was 1.3 (0.7–2.4) among fetuses whose mothers consumed lowest versus highest intakes of myo-inositol. These small increases, however, were imprecise, and also did not indicate increasing risk with decreasing level of myo-inositol intake. Adjusted risk estimates did not differ considerably from their unadjusted counterparts. CONCLUSIONS Our results do not indicate that myo-inositol intake, as measured in this study, is strongly associated with risk of human NTDs. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2005. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
USING SURVIVAL OF RODENTS TO ASSESS QUALITY OF PRAIRIE HABITATS

Abstract Estimates of abundance commonly are used for assessing quality of wildlife habitat. However, disparities between abundance and fitness parameters make the utility of abundance for predicting quality of habitat questionable. We used survival of rodents and rates of capture to assess quality of habitat in greasewood scrub and sandhill prairie habitats at the United States Army Pueblo Chemical Depot, Pueblo, Colorado. Only the Ord's kangaroo rat (Dipodomys ordii) and the North American deermouse (Peromyscus maniculatus) were captured and recaptured enough to warrant statistical analysis. Apparent survival was modeled using temporal and seasonal patterns, vegetation cover, type of habitat, abundance of sympatric rodents, and abundance of grasshoppers. The most parsimonious models for survival of Ord's kangaroo rat incorporated abundance of bare ground at trapping sites, while the most parsimonious models for survival of North American deermice included amount of shrub cover at trapping sites. Althoug...
Lactate dehydrogenase changes following several cardiac hypertrophic stresses.

The effects of four different cardiac hypertrophic stresses on cardiac lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) isozyme composition and activity were examined. Altitude-induced right ventricular hypertrophy was accompanied by an increase of 10% in the M subunit of LDH in right ventricle, left ventricle, and atria. Left ventricular hypertrophy induced by aortic stenosis also produced isozyme changes in the ventricles, but of only half the magnitude. Biventricular hypertrophy, induced by running or swimming, was accompanied by 4–5% increases in M LDH in the ventricles only. We conclude that changes in LDH activity are directly related to changes in the M subunit in all three portions of the heart. No changes in H subunit were noted under any of the stresses. It appears that the magnitude of changes in cardiac LDH isozyme composition are only marginally related to extent of hypertrophy.
Component alignment during total knee arthroplasty with use of standard or custom instrumentation: a randomized clinical trial using computed tomography for postoperative alignment measurement.

Background: Patient-specific femoral and tibial cutting blocks produced with use of data from preoperative computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans have been employed recently to optimize component alignment in total knee arthroplasty. We report the results of a randomized controlled trial in which CT scans were used to compare postoperative component alignment between patients treated with custom instruments and those managed with traditional instruments. Methods: The in-hospital data and early clinical outcomes, including Knee Society scores, were determined in a randomized clinical trial of forty-seven patients who had undergone a total of forty-eight primary total knee arthroplasties with patient-specific instruments (twenty-two knees) or standard instruments (twenty-six knees). Orientation of the implants was compared by using three-dimensional CT data. Results: No significant differences were found between the study and control groups with respect to any clinical outcome aftera minimum of six monthsof follow-up. The patient-specifictibialcutting blockwasabandoned in favorof a standard external alignment jig in seven of the twenty-two study knees because of possible malalignment. A detailed analysis of intent-to-treat and per-protocol groups of study and control knees did not show any significant improvement in component alignment, including femoral component rotation in the axial plane, in the patients treated with the custom instruments. The percentage of outliers—defined as less than 23 or more than 3 from the correct orientation of the tibial slope—was significantly higher in the group treated with use of patient-specific blocks than it was in the control group, in both the intent-to-treat (32% versus 8%, p = 0.032) and the per-protocol (47% versus 6%, p = 0.0008) analysis. Conclusions: There were no significant improvements in clinical outcomes or knee component alignment in patients treated with patient-specific cutting blocks as compared with those treated with standard instruments. The group treated with patient-specific cutting blocks had a significantly higher prevalence of malalignment in terms of tibial component slope than the knees treated with standard instruments. Level of Evidence: Therapeutic Level I. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
On the Nature of the Transport Pathway Used for Ca-Dependent K Movement in Human Red Blood Cells

This paper is concerned with the mechanism by which energy-depleted human red cells become permeable to K (but not to Na) when they are exposed to Ca. In an attempt to distinguish a diffusion from a mediated process competitive type effects of different ions and their sidedness of action on K transport are considered as well as the action of certain transport inhibitors. While the nature of the interactions implies the involvement of a mediated process (perhaps an altered form of the Na:K pump apparatus) more direct evidence will be needed to make a definitive assessment.
Observations on the membranous components of amphibian oocyte nucleoli.

Nucleoli in some large yolky oocytes of Plethodon cinereus and Ascaphus truei have attached to them a filament which may or may not have a beaded appearance. These filaments have been called ‘nucleolar tails’. One nucles may contain several hundred of them. They may be up to 200 µm long and are usually about 1 µm wide. The beads which are sometimes attached to the filament are round, refractile and up to 3 µm in diameter. The tails are a feature of nuclei in which the nucleoli have left the nuclear envelope and migrated inward to cluster around the chromosomes in the centre of the nucleus. The tails project radially outwards from the central mass of nucleoli. Tails may be attached to round solid nucleoli, as a usually the case in A. truei , or they may be attached to ring nucleoli, as is often the case in P. cinereus , or they may lie free in the nuclear sap. Those nucleoli which remain atttached to the nucleolar organizing site on the lampbrush chormosomes of P. cinereus never have tails. Nucleolar tails are Feulgen-negative and do not stain with gallocyanine when it is used under the proper conditions for staining nucleic acids. Tails are unaffected by deoxyribonuclease and ribonuclease but are destroyed by proteolyic enzymes. Thin sections of oocytes whose nuclei contained nucleolar tails showed chains of membranous vesicles lying near to many of the nucleoli. These vesicles appeared empty, some of them were confluent with their neighbours, all were bounded by a unit membrane and all were coated on their outer surfaces by a fine fibrous material. The chains of vesicles commonly ended near a depression on the surface of the core of a nucleolus. Chains of vesicles sometimes extended into a long membranous tube. We have interpreted these chains of vesicles and tubes as sections through nucleolar tails. It is suggested that nucleolar tails may be associated with the replication of nucleolar DNA, or with the division of nucleolar cores and nucleoli, or with the production of nuclear membrane at a time when the nucleus in enlarging rapidly. Each of these suggestions is discussed. A likeness between nucleolar tails and the mesosomes of bacteria is proposed and discussed.
What Is the Price of Altruism

Keywords: editorial/personal viewpoint; kidney transplantation/nephrology; donors and donation: living; ethics; economics
New reconstructive proposal for a critical reading of the archaeological documentation of Syracuse in Greek times

[IT] Lo studio ricostruttivo di un monumento antico risente fortemente di lacune informative, errata trascrizione delle fonti, errata traduzione o peggio ancora, di interpretazioni soggettive che possono compromettere drasticamente il risultato finale, portando a ricostruzioni anche notevolmente diverse tra di loro. Questo lavoro vuole presentare i risultati di uno studio ricostruttivo condotto filologicamente su alcuni monumenti di Siracusa in eta greca, cercando di evidenziare il contributo specifico dell'archeologia virtuale nei processi interpretativi, al fine di proporre una presentazione efficace rivolta ad un target specifico di turisti. Seguendo questo approccio sono stati ricostruiti il Tempio di Apollo, il complesso monumentale di piazza Duomo ed il Teatro greco, cercando di fornire output di visualizzazione che fossero adeguati ad una consultazione da smartphone e coerenti alle finalita generali del progetto "PON Energia Smart City". Questo progetto prevede un approccio "smant" alla visita di Siracusa, privilegiando principalmente logiche di fruizione efficiente on-site grazie all'adozione di tecnologie basate sulla Realta Aumentata, la visione dei monumenti da punti inusuali e la visita virtuale multimodale dei punti di interesse. Emerge da questo studio la nuova fisionomia di quei monumenti che, per motivi diversi, sono stati rappresentati negli anni in forme e modi del tutto differnti, tali da rendere a volte irriconoscibili le diverse ricostruzioni dello stesso oggetto. Grazie alle tecnologie di restituzione 3D basate sull'immagine e stato possibile integrare le parti mancanti di alcuni elementi architettonici e scultorei che, ricollocati virtualmente nella posizione originaria, permettono una lettura dinamica che combina l'aspetto reale con quello virtuale.
Contours for planar cracks growing in three dimensions: Coupled thermoelastic solid (planar crack growth in 3D)

ABSTRACTDynamic steady-state growth in 3D of a semi-infinite plane brittle crack in a coupled thermoelastic solid is considered. Compressive loads cause growth by translating on the crack surfaces at constant, subcritical speed. An asymptotic solution is obtained in an analytic form and subjected to a criterion of the Griffith type for the case of a compressive point force. The exact solution to a nonlinear differential equation indicates a rectilinear crack edge deformed by a bulge near the point force. Temperature change near the crack edge is examined in terms of a mathematical norm.
Some Observations on Sociological Research

that the growth of positive knowledge in the sphere of human relations would help in reducing the area of disagreement or at least in giving fuller insight into what the disagreements are about. From this point of view ethical thought stands to gain from the development of the social sciences. But the problems involved cannot be resolved by the social sciences alone. There is needed in addition philosophical analysis designed to bring out the latent assumptions underlying the divergencies of outlook and to inquire how far they can be reconciled or transcended. Whether any fundamental divergencies will remain when the facts have been clarified and the ideals elucidated remains to be seen. The rationalist assumption is that ideals like facts come within the scope of rational inquiry and that we must proceed in the hope that sufficient agreements can be reached in those spheres at least which call for collective action.
The current status of commercial low-temperature silicon epitaxy

Because current structures are inadequate as electronic devices continue to shrink, new silicon epitaxial growth techniques are necessary. Nonselective, base-layer epitaxial structures as thin as 0.6 μm have been achieved at temperatures as low as 850°C, yielding excellent bipolar and bipolar complementary metal oxide semiconductor devices. Also, the use of selective epitaxial growth at these low temperatures has resulted in the realization of advanced device structures that are critical for current and next-generation device technologies.
Early collateral and microvascular adaptations to intestinal artery occlusion in rat

The technique to repeatedly observe exactly the same vessels in the rat intestine was used to investigate vascular compensation during the 1st wk after abrupt arterial ligation. A collateral-dependent tissue region was created by ligation of three to four sequential intestinal arteries. At the center of the collateral-dependent region, arterial pressure decreased from 96 +/- 3.7 to 29 +/- 2.5 mmHg, and intestinal blood flow fell approximately 80% during maximal dilation initially postligation. One week later, pressure and blood flow at the center had increased 31 and 250%, respectively. Relative to preligation values, the only compensatory adaptation was an enlargement (31 +/- 11%) of the collateral arteries located between normal tissue and the center; no increase was observed in the diameter or numbers of arterioles or collateral arteries at the center. Wall shear rate was increased 173 +/- 35% initially postligation at the site where luminal enlargement occurred. The selective enlargement of collateral arteries away from the center region is consistent with the hypothesis that collateral enlargement is induced by chronic increases in wall shear rate and can occur independently of tissue ischemia.
Through Thick and Thin: Identifying Barriers to Bariatric Surgery, Weight Loss Maintenance, and Tailoring Obesity Treatment for the Future

More than one-third of the adults in the United States are obese. This complex metabolic disorder is associated with multiple comorbidities and increased all-cause mortality. Bariatric surgery has been shown to be more effective than medical therapy and has been associated with weight loss maintenance and decreased mortality. In spite of these well-established benefits, less than 1% of candidates undergo surgery due to multiple factors, such as patient and physician perceptions and attitudes, patient-physician interaction, lack of resources, and cost burden. Furthermore, even in patients who do undergo bariatric surgery and/or alternate weight loss interventions, long-term weight control is associated with high-risk failure and weight regain. In this review, we highlight some of the current barriers to bariatric surgery and long-term weight loss maintenance and underscore the importance of an individualized multidisciplinary longitudinal strategy for the treatment of obesity.
Communicating with Library Donors

How do you communicate effectively with donors and potential donors? What does that communication look like? Libraries often envision donor communications as including only direct fundraising requests. Communications with donors, however, encompass a wide range of activities, is ongoing, and may even span decades with an individual donor. Library staff not directly involved with fundraising may not even think about donors as part of their user audience, but almost everyone who works in a library has a potential role in communicating with donors.
Geometry segmentation of voxelized representations of heterogeneous microstructures using betweenness centrality

Abstract We present a robust method for automating removal of “segregation artifacts” in segmented tomographic images of three-dimensional heterogeneous microstructures. The objective of this method is to accurately identify and separate discrete features in composite materials where limitations in imaging resolution lead to spurious connections near close contacts. The method utilizes betweenness centrality, a measure of the importance of a node in the connectivity of a graph network, to identify voxels that create artificial bridges between otherwise distinct geometric features. To facilitate automation of the algorithm, we develop a relative centrality metric to allow for the selection of a threshold criterion that is not sensitive to inclusion size or shape. As a demonstration of the effectiveness of the algorithm, we report on the segmentation of a 3D reconstruction of a SiC particle reinforced aluminum alloy, imaged by X-ray synchrotron tomography.
Studies of Molecular Interactions and Collective Liquid Motions with Two-Dimensional Raman Spectroscopy

Two-dimensional Raman spectroscopy using femtosecond pulse sequences is used to better understand the interactions between molecules and collective dynamics in liquids.
Uneventful versus Successful Reconstruction and Outcome Pathways in Implant-Based Breast Reconstruction with Acellular Dermal Matrices

Background Meaningful data to help guide resource allocation for staged tissue expander/implant-based breast reconstruction are currently lacking. The authors seek to differentiate uneventful from successful reconstruction and identify common outcome pathways and factors that portend a deviation from an uneventful, two-stage, two-operation course. Methods A retrospective analysis of expander/implant reconstructions with or without acellular dermal matrix (2003 to 2009) was performed. Related postreconstructive events (including mastectomy flap necrosis, seroma, wound dehiscence, cellulitis, explantation, hematoma, and capsular revisions) were assessed for 2 years. Uneventful reconstruction was defined as exchange to breast implant within 2 years of tissue expander placement without complications, whereas successful reconstruction was defined as exchange to breast implant within 2 years with or without complications. Factors affecting reconstructive success were analyzed, and patterns of postreconstructive events were summarized as outcome pathways. Results Four hundred thirteen patients (295 with acellular dermal matrix and 118 without), with 602 breasts (432 with acellular dermal matrix and 170 without) underwent reconstruction. Forty-six percent of patients (48 percent with acellular dermal matrix and 40 percent without), experienced uneventful reconstruction. Reconstructive success was achieved in 337 patients (82 percent; 82.0 percent with acellular dermal matrix and 80.5 percent without), with reconstructive failure occurring in 58 patients. Multiple logistic regression analyses determined that cellulitis, seroma, and skin necrosis (OR, 15.8, 7.7, and 8.4, respectively) were highly predictive of reconstructive failure. The authors identified 10 distinct pathways experienced by tissue expander/implant patients that were characterized by specific postreconstructive events. Conclusion The present study will facilitate discussions among patients, providers, and payers by providing a framework for understanding the myriad outcome pathways in implant-based reconstruction. Clinical question/level of evidence Therapeutic, III.
How good are the specs? a study of the bug-finding effectiveness of existing Java API specifications

Runtime verification can be used to find bugs early, during software development, by monitoring test executions against formal specifications (specs). The quality of runtime verification depends on the quality of the specs. While previous research has produced many specs for the Java API, manually or through automatic mining, there has been no large-scale study of their bug-finding effectiveness. We present the first in-depth study of the bug-finding effectiveness of previously proposed specs. We used JavaMOP to monitor 182 manually written and 17 automatically mined specs against more than 18K manually written and 2.1M automatically generated tests in 200 open-source projects. The average runtime overhead was under 4.3x. We inspected 652 violations of manually written specs and (randomly sampled) 200 violations of automatically mined specs. We reported 95 bugs, out of which developers already fixed 74. However, most violations, 82.81% of 652 and 97.89% of 200, were false alarms. Our empirical results show that (1) runtime verification technology has matured enough to incur tolerable runtime overhead during testing, and (2) the existing API specifications can find many bugs that developers are willing to fix; however, (3) the false alarm rates are worrisome and suggest that substantial effort needs to be spent on engineering better specs and properly evaluating their effectiveness
Cellular Analysis of Silencing the Huntington's Disease Gene Using AAV9 Mediated Delivery of Artificial Micro RNA into the Striatum of Q140/Q140 Mice.

Background The genetic mutation in Huntington's disease (HD) is a CAG repeat expansion in the coding region of the huntingtin (Htt) gene. RNAi strategies have proven effective in substantially down-regulating Htt mRNA in the striatum through delivery of siRNAs or viral vectors based on whole tissue assays, but the extent of htt mRNA lowering in individual neurons is unknown. Objective Here we characterize the effect of an AAV9-GFP-miRHtt vector on Htt mRNA levels in striatal neurons of Q140/Q140 knock-in mice. Methods HD mice received bilateral striatal injections of AAV9-GFP-miRHtt or AAV9-GFP at 6 or 12 weeks and striata were evaluated at 6 months of age for levels of Htt mRNA and protein and for mRNA signal within striatal neurons using RNAscope multiplex fluorescence in situ hybridization. Results Compared to controls, the striatum of 6-month old mice treated at 6 or 12 weeks of age with AAV9-GFP-miRHtt showed a reduction of 40-50% in Htt mRNA and lowering of 25-40% in protein levels. The number of Htt mRNA foci in medium spiny neurons (MSNs) of untreated Q140/Q140 mice varied widely per cell (0 to 34 per cell), with ∼10% of MSNs devoid of foci. AAV9-GFP-miRHtt treatment shifted the distribution toward lower numbers and the percentage of cells without foci increased to 14-20%. The average number of Htt mRNA foci per MSN was reduced by 43%. Conclusions The findings here show that intrastriatal infusion of an AAV9-GFP-miRHtt vector lowers mRNA expression of Htt in striatum by ∼50%, through a partial reduction in the number of copies of mutant Htt mRNAs per cell. These findings demonstrate at the neuronal level the variable levels of Htt mRNA expression in MSNs and the neuronal heterogeneity of RNAi dependent Htt mRNA knockdown.
Towards fully autonomous visual inspection of dark featureless dam penstocks using MAVs

In the last decade, multi-rotor Micro Aerial Vehicles (MAVs) have attracted great attention from robotics researchers. Offering affordable agility and maneuverability, multi-rotor aircrafts have become the most commonly used platforms for robotics applications. Amongst the most promising applications are inspection of power-lines, cell-towers, large and constrained infrastructures and precision agriculture. While GPS offers an easy solution for outdoor autonomy, using on-board sensors is the only solution for autonomy in constrained indoor environments. In this paper, we present our results on autonomous inspection of completely dark, featureless, symmetric dam penstocks using cameras and range sensors. We use a hex-rotor platform equipped with an IMU, four cameras and two lidars. One of the cameras tracks features on the walls using the on-board illumination to estimate the position along the tunnel axis unobservable to range sensors while all of the cameras are used for panoramic image construction. The two lidars estimate the remaining degrees of freedom (DOF). Outputs of the two estimators are fused using an Unscented Kalman Filter (UKF). A moderately trained operator defines waypoints using the Remote Control (RC). We demonstrate our results from Carters Dam, GA and Glen Canyon Dam, AZ which include panoramic images for cracks and rusty spot detection and 6-DOF estimation results with ground truth comparisons. To our knowledge ours is the only study that can autonomously inspect environments with no geometric cues and poor to no external illumination using MAVs.
AUTOMATED DETECTION OF MITRAL VALVE ANNULAR AND LEAFLET GEOMETRY: ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY AND CT COMPARISON

Background: Mitral valve (MV) interventions require accurate anatomic data, but existing methods are time-consuming. We compared novel automated MV detection based on machine learning using both 3D transesophageal echo (3DE TEE) and cardiac CT (CCT). Manual 2D TEE (2DE) measurements were also made
Lineage Establishment and Progression within the Inner Cell Mass of the Mouse Blastocyst Requires FGFR1 and FGFR2

Fibroblast growth factor 4 (FGF4) is the key signal driving specification of primitive endoderm (PrE) versus pluripotent epiblast (EPI) within the inner cell mass (ICM) of the mouse blastocyst. To gain insight into the receptor(s) responding to FGF4 within ICM cells, we combined single-cell-resolution quantitative imaging with single-cell transcriptomics of wild-type and Fgf receptor (Fgfr) mutant embryos. Despite the PrE-specific expression of FGFR2, it is FGFR1, expressed by all ICM cells, that is critical for establishment of a PrE identity. Signaling through FGFR1 is also required to constrain levels of the pluripotency-associated factor NANOG in EPI cells. However, the activity of both receptors is required for lineage establishment within the ICM. Gene expression profiling of 534 single ICM cells identified distinct downstream targets associated with each receptor. These data lead us to propose a model whereby unique and additive activities of FGFR1 and FGFR2 within the ICM coordinate establishment of two distinct lineages.
Nutrient-driven O-GlcNAc in proteostasis and neurodegeneration

Proteostasis is essential in the mammalian brain where post-mitotic cells must function for decades to maintain synaptic contacts and memory. The brain is dependent on glucose and other metabolites for proper function and is spared from metabolic deficits even during starvation. In this review, we outline how the nutrient sensitive nucleocytoplasmic posttranslational modification O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) regulates protein homeostasis. The O-GlcNAc modification is highly abundant in the mammalian brain, and has been linked to proteopathies, including neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's. C. elegans, Drosophila, and mouse models harboring O-GlcNAc transferase and O-GlcNAcase knockout (KO) alleles have helped define the role O-GlcNAc plays in development as well as age-associated neurodegenerative disease. These enzymes add and remove the single monosaccharide from protein serine and threonine residues, respectively. Blocking O-GlcNAc cycling is detrimental to mammalian brain development and interferes with neurogenesis, neural migration, and proteostasis. Findings in C. elegans and Drosophila model systems indicate that the dynamic turnover of O-GlcNAc is critical for maintaining levels of key transcriptional regulators responsible for neurodevelopment cell fate decisions. In addition, pathways of autophagy and proteasomal degradation depend on a transcriptional network that is also reliant on O-GlcNAc cycling. Like the quality control system in the endoplasmic reticulum which uses a “mannose-timer” to monitor protein folding, we propose that cytoplasmic proteostasis relies on an “O-GlcNAc timer” to help regulate the lifetime and fate of nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins. O-GlcNAc-dependent developmental alterations impact metabolism and growth of the developing mouse embryo and persist into adulthood. Brain-selective KO mouse models will be an important tool for understanding the role of O-GlcNAc in the physiology of the brain and its susceptibility to neurodegenerative injury. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Quantitative investigation of the edge enhancement in in-line phase contrast projections and tomosynthesis provided by distributing microbubbles on the interface between two tissues: A phantom study

The objective of this study was to quantitatively investigate the ability to distribute microbubbles along the interface between two tissues, in an effort to improve the edge and/or boundary features in phase contrast imaging. The experiments were conducted by employing a custom designed tissue simulating phantom, which also simulated a clinical condition where the ligand-targeted microbubbles are self-aggregated on the endothelium of blood vessels surrounding malignant cells. Four different concentrations of microbubble suspensions were injected into the phantom: 0%, 0.1%, 0.2%, and 0.4%. A time delay of 5 min was implemented before image acquisition to allow the microbubbles to become distributed at the interface between the acrylic and the cavity simulating a blood vessel segment. For comparison purposes, images were acquired using three system configurations for both projection and tomosynthesis imaging with a fixed radiation dose delivery: conventional low-energy contact mode, low-energy in-line phase contrast and high-energy in-line phase contrast. The resultant images illustrate the edge feature enhancements in the in-line phase contrast imaging mode when the microbubble concentration is extremely low. The quantitative edge-enhancement-to-noise ratio calculations not only agree with the direct image observations, but also indicate that the edge feature enhancement can be improved by increasing the microbubble concentration. In addition, high-energy in-line phase contrast imaging provided better performance in detecting low-concentration microbubble distributions.
Inpatient Management of Diabetic Foot Infections: A Review of the Guidelines for Hospitalists

Diabetic foot infections (DFIs) are common and represent the leading cause for hospitalization among diabetic complications. Without proper management, DFIs may lead to amputation, which is associated with a decreased quality of life and increased mortality. However, there is currently significant variation in the management of DFIs, and many providers fail to perform critical prevention and assessment measures. In this review, we will provide an overview of the diagnosis, management, and discharge planning of hospitalized patients with DFIs to guide hospitalists in the optimal inpatient care of patients with this condition.
Investigating the use of Alos Prism data in detecting mangrove succession through canopy height estimation

Abstract Mangroves have been massively degraded and deforested throughout the world, despite their known ecological and economic values. This study demonstrates the use of ALOS Global Digital Surface Model World (AW3D30) DSM dataset acquired between 2006 and 2011 to map canopy height of different succession stages of mangroves. We employed our previously developed canopy height model for assessing mangrove canopy height in three sites that vary in latitudinal position and mangrove degradation levels, ranging from relatively pristine mangrove ecosystems in Mimika Papua, Indonesia and Sundarbans, Bangladesh to severely degraded mangrove ecosystems in the Mahakam Delta, Indonesia. The study demonstrates good agreement between modeled and measured canopy height from these three sites as indicated by small mean absolute errors of 3.38 m at Mimika, 2.54 m at Sundarbans, and 2.89 m in the Mahakam Delta site. These findings further showed that, in the absence of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) based elevation data (such as SRTM and TanDEM-X), the ALOS PRISM data can be used to map mangrove heights (or in combination with SAR-based elevation data). Our results also pointed out that the ALOS data can differentiate the variability of canopy height estimation between an intact mangrove and severely degraded mangrove ecosystem.
Objective predictors of 'early tolerance' to ventral intermediate nucleus of thalamus deep brain stimulation in essential tremor patients.

Abstract Objective To identify pre-operative clinical and computerized spiral analysis characteristics that may help ascertain which patients with Essential Tremor (ET) will exhibit ‘early tolerance’ to ventral intermediate nucleus of thalamus (Vim) deep brain stimulation (DBS). Methods Identification of comparative characteristics of defined cases of ‘early tolerance’ versus patients with sustained satisfactory response treated with Vim DBS surgery for medically-refractory ET, based on retrospective chart review by a clinician blinded to the findings of computerized spiral analysis. Results Statistically significant differences in two spiral analysis indices, SWVI and DoS, were found in the dominant upper limbs of patients who developed ‘early tolerance’, whereas the clinical characteristics were not significantly different. Conclusion Objective measurements of upper limb kinematics using graphonomic tests like spiral analysis should be considered in the pre-operative evaluation for DBS, especially in the setting of moderate-severe predominantly action and proximal postural tremors. Significance Ours is the first investigation looking into the pre-operative clinical and objective physiologic characteristics of the patients who develop ‘early tolerance’ to Vim DBS for the treatment of essential tremor. The study has significant implications for pre-operative evaluation and potential surgical target selection for the treatment of tremors.
IP3S: a Framework for Power-Conserving Multicast and Broadcast Algorithms in Static Wireless Ad Hoc Networks

In this chapter we have discussed the problem of devising algorithms to solve the minimum energy consumption broadcast/multicast problems in static wireless ad hoc networks. A brief overview of existing works, along with a thorough explanation of the IP3S framework were presented.
Positive induction produced by food-pellet reinforcement: Component variations have little effect

Previous results have demonstrated that rats' rates of lever pressing for 1 % liquid sucrose increase if a period of food-pellet reinforcement will soon occur (i.e., positive induction). The present study investigated whether this induction would be altered by changes to the amount of time the reinforcers were available and/or by their temporal relation to one another. In Experiment 1, subjects responded in 50-min sessions in which 1 % sucrose reinforcement was delivered in the initial portion of the session and food pellets were delivered in the final portion. The lengths of these portions varied across conditions. Similar induction effects were observed across conditions. In Experiment 2, subjects responded for sucrose reinforcement in the initial portion of the session followed 25 min of food-pellet reinforcement. The length of the initial portion varied across conditions. Similar induction effects were again observed across conditions. In Experiment 3, subjects responded on a multiple schedule in which 1 % sucrose was always delivered in the first component and food pellets were always delivered in the second. Component duration was varied across conditions. Results showed that response rates for sucrose varied inversely with component duration, but these results may have been due to poor discrimination between components at short component durations. Thus, Experiment 4 replicated the procedure of Experiment 3 except, in the second component, the lever was removed from the chamber and food pellets were delivered independently of responding. Response rates for sucrose did not vary with component duration in this procedure. The present results indicate that the present induction effect is relatively robust against changes in component variables. They also suggest that the effect is fairly general, with the controlling factors likely occurring at a molar level.
Theory in Creativity Research: The Pernicious Impact of Domain Generality

This chapter considers how misguided theoretical assumptions influence both creativity research and teaching. There are many kinds of theories, ranging from unconscious and vague beliefs to explicit and clearly articulated principles, but no matter their nature or how they are acquired theories guide research and teaching practice. A key question about the nature of creativity—how domain-specific are the skills and traits that underlie creativity?—is explored in detail both as an example of how theory impacts practice and as a key determinant of the kinds of creativity research and creativity training that are possible. Domain specificity argues that (a) creativity as a general concept is an abstraction, (b) we can learn little about the nature of creativity as long as we focus on that abstraction rather than concrete instances of creativity, and (c) both creativity research and teaching for creativity must be done domain by domain, just as teaching content knowledge and teaching many skills must be done. This chapter concludes not with a call for more teaching of theory, but with a discussion of the theory-practice connection and the importance of an awareness of the theories that actually guide one’s practice.
Introduction and Overview to This Book

Provide an overview and introduction about the book with highlights on the following special features:
Abstract 025: Association of Dietary Patterns and Lifetime Risk of Heart Failure: The Cardiovascular Disease Lifetime Risk Pooling Project

Introduction: Modifiable healthy lifestyle factors have been associated with lower risk of developing heart failure (HF). However, the role of dietary patterns in relation to lifetime risk (LR) of ...
Crypto-colonialism, French couture, and Thailand’s queens: fashioning the body politic, 1860–1960

The death of Thailand’s King Bhumibol “Rama IX” Adulyadej on 13 October 2016, although not entirely unexpected given the 88-year-old monarch’s known health problems and protracted hospitalizations,...
Traction Power Inverter Design for EV and HEV Applications at General Motors: A Review

General Motors (GM) has always been the global leader of electrified vehicle designs for mass transportation. Power density, volume, cost and efficiency of traction power inverter modules (TPIM) have gone through extensive improvements over generations to deliver best-in-class vehicles to the customers. This paper provides an overview of GM TPIM design evolution over time. Each electric vehicle platform brings different high voltage (HV) DC system mechanization, electric drive performance and packaging challenges requiring significant engineering and design optimization. A technology trend is outlined here starting from vehicle level requirements to key power electronics component sizing. First, a high level electric drive and TPIM requirements for different electrified vehicle architectures are provided. Power stage including IGBT Power modules and DC-bulk capacitor are critical components and comprises largest expenses for a TPIM design. Therefore, a comprehensive review of power modules and DC capacitor is also provided in this paper. Finally, system and component level design verification methods to confirm functional requirements, high reliability and environmental robustness are discussed in details.
FailAmp: Relativization Transformation for Soft Error Detection in Structured Address Generation

We present FailAmp, a novel LLVM program transformation algorithm that makes programs employing structured index calculations more robust against soft errors. Without FailAmp, an offset error can go undetected; with FailAmp, all subsequent offsets are relativized, building on the faulty one. FailAmp can exploit ISAs such as ARM to further reduce overheads. We verify correctness properties of FailAMP using an SMT solver, and present a thorough evaluation using many high-performance computing benchmarks under a fault injection campaign. FailAmp provides full soft-error detection for address calculation while incurring an average overhead of around 5%.
Comparing the Effects of Changes in Performance Incentives and Implementation Activities on Policy Outcomes: Evidence from Air Pollution Emissions in China

In theory, performance rewards motivate agents to undertake activities intended to generate desired policy outcomes, especially in an authoritarian regime. This study examines implementation activi...
A Unique Case of CSF3R-Mutated Chronic Neutrophilic Leukemia with Thrombocytosis

Chronic neutrophilic leukemia (CNL) is a well-recognized, extremely rare myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN) with only ~200 reported cases until 2017. The current WHO diagnostic criteria include leukocytosis of ≥ 25 x 109/L with ≥ 80% neutrophils/bands, We report a 72-year-old man with past medical history of hypertension and hepatitis C status post-treatment, who presented with WBC 38.4k/cmm, Hgb 6.3g/dl, MCV 102 fl and platelet count of 2601k/cmm. Reactive etiology of thrombocytosis was ruled out. Peripheral blood smear revealed rare blasts. Bone marrow biopsy was hypercellular (60-80%) with M:E ratio of 10:1, granulocytic and megakaryocytic hyperplasia, clustering of dyspoietic megakaryocytes, no erythroid or myeloid dysplasia and minimal patchy reticulin fibrosis suggestive of primary MPN. Chromosome analysis showed normal karyotype of 46 XY. Molecular studies were negative for BCR-ABL, JAK-2 V617F, CALR and MPL, Next Generation Sequencing revealed mutations in the CSF3R gene (Q781* and T618I) and concurrent inactivating ASXL1-G646fs*12 and activating U2AF1-Q157P mutations. These findings were compatible with a diagnosis of CNL. We describe an unusual case of CNL confirmed by CSF3R gene mutations (T618I and Q781*) with significant thrombocytosis and without splenomegaly. Although the T618I mutation has commonly been reported in CNL, to the best of our knowledge, the Q781* mutation is novel in CNL, and has only been reported before in severe congenital neutropenia (SCN). Association of Q781* mutation in CSF3R gene with significant thrombocytosis in our patient needs further investigation. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Dynamic consensus and extended high gain observers as a tool to achieve practical frequency synchronization in power systems under unknown time-varying power demand

Abstract In this paper, we consider the frequency synchronization problem in a network of lossless, connected, and network-reduced power system. Frequency synchronization is an important problem in power systems as frequency deviation can lead to degraded power quality, tripping of generators, etc. We present a load-estimator-based consensus algorithm in a network of fourth-order generator models that achieves practical frequency synchronization in the presence of unknown time-varying power demand. We do not assume that the demand is generated by a known model. We follow a multiple time-scale approach for the stability analysis. It is shown that synchronization is achieved for the case of constant power demand, by showing that the system is exponentially stable. For the case of time-varying power demand, we show the error trajectories are ultimately bounded, and the synchronization error is proportional to an upper bound on the derivative of the time-varying power demand. We simulate the controller performance on a four area network which is equivalent to the IEEE New England 39-Bus system.