cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Radiosurgery for cavernous malformations: theory and practice.

Stereotactic radiosurgery is the precise delivery of a therapeutically effective radiation dose to an imaging-defined target. Over the past 5 decades, stereotactic radiosurgery has undergone significant advances that have improved patient outcomes and made it a critical part of modern neurosurgical practice and training. A review of the history of radiosurgery clearly shows a parallel between the development of new imaging technologies and indications for this technique. The first patients treated with radiosurgery had their dose planning based on cerebral angiography or skull radiographs, so the majority of patients in this first phase had arteriovenous malformations (AVMs), tumors adjacent to cranial base landmarks such as the sella, or trigeminal neuralgia with the gasserian ganglion being the target.17 With the advent of computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), the potential use of radiosurgery for both intraand extra-axial tumors expanded greatly since they could be stereotactically defined. Cavernous malformations (CMs) are vascular lesions that comprise the majority of angiographically occult vascular malformations diagnosed in the modern neuroimaging era. Although seen on cerebral angiography, CMs have a typical appearance on MRI that has permitted a better understanding of their incidence and natural history. Cavernous malformations may present with bleeding, seizures, or as incidental findings. Surgical resection of CMs is the preferred management for patients with symptomatic lesions.23,27 Resection of CMs allows clot removal, improvement in seizures, and protection against future intracranial hemorrhage (ICH). Radiosurgery has been performed as an option for a select group of patients with CMs.1,3,6,8,9,12–15,21 The traditional indication for CM radiosurgery is a patient with a history of multiple ICHs from a surgically inaccessible lesion (Fig. 11.1). Despite its clinical use for more than 2 decades, CM radiosurgery remains controversial.
If you expand, they will come: Textbook affordability through expansion of course reserves: The case of UCLA library's course reserves via strategic partnership with the campus independent bookstore

With the rising costs of textbooks, their affordability and accessibility in college and university campuses has emerged as a major financial obstacle for students. This challenge presents an opportunity for academic and research libraries in providing access to textbooks quickly without further straining student financial resources. Textbooks and purchases for course reserves have traditionally been excluded from the majority of academic and research libraries' collection-development policies. Encouraging libraries to re-evaluate and re-strategize this traditional approach to textbook purchasing and course reserves is critical. Embracing more textbooks and expanding the course reserves has the potential to significantly improve user services in learning and teaching across campuses. Ultimately, this evolving role for academic libraries provides another opportunity to demonstrate their value to campus administration and communities.
Genomic Applications of the Neyman–Pearson Classification Paradigm

The Neyman–Pearson (NP) classification paradigm addresses an important binary classification problem where users want to minimize type II error while controlling type I error under some specified level α, usually a small number. This problem is often faced in many genomic applications involving binary classification tasks. The terminology Neyman–Pearson classification paradigm arises from its connection to the Neyman–Pearson paradigm in hypothesis testing. The NP paradigm is applicable when one type of error (e.g., type I error) is far more important than the other type (e.g., type II error), and users have a specific target bound for the former. In this chapter, we review the NP classification literature, with a focus on the genomic applications as well as our contribution to the NP classification theory and algorithms. We also provide simulation examples and a genomic case study to demonstrate how to use the NP classification algorithm in practice.
Giant, nomadic polarization

The recently discovered molecular mode of polarization, nomadic polarization, can provide giant electrical responses as it operates. It now remains to study the phenomenon thoroughly in various molecular realizations to see if it can provide materials with advantageous electrical properties. The evidence to date suggests that it does. Certain polymeric organic solids, containing extended domains of delocalized electronic molecular orbitals, prove to be prime examples. Such materials have been molecularly designed along these lines to show very high dielectric constants (superdielectrics), to have usefully low dielectric loss, excellent chemical and thermal stability, or to have very high piezo-resistance or piezo-polarization responses. The theory for it is in good agreement with observation.
Should the scope of practice for nuclear medicine technologists (NMT) be expanded? A technologist’s perspective

2705 Objectives The purpose of this study is to gather a technologist’s perspective on the expansion of the scope of practice for NMT to include identifying the need for additional rest studies after a stress-first SPECT MPI (SFSM) protocol. This information may be useful in exploring ways to increase efficiency and reduce radiation dose. Methods An anonymous, electronic Qualtrics survey containing 16 questions was sent to the clinical supervisors associated with a nuclear medicine technology training program. A total of 11 clinical affiliates were surveyed. All responses were analyzed using descriptive statistics and coding for trends and themes. Results A total of 22 responses were received. One response was excluded from analysis, as it was not a technologist. Of the 21 remaining respondents, 14(67%) female and 7(33%) male, were included with a range of 1-11+ years of experience. All respondents were CNMT, 19(90%) baccalaureate trained, the other 2(10%) were certificate. 16(71%) were familiar with SFSM protocol. Respondents outlined several advantages and disadvantages to such protocol. Including, but not limited to reduction in radiation dose, increased efficiency and misdiagnosis. 9(60%) agreed that NMT could identify the need for a rest study.13(93%) agreed additional training would be necessary for NMT to fill this role. NMAA, NP and PA were among the other healthcare professionals identified to potentially carry out this duty. None of respondents reported this in their current practice. In this study, 11(79%) stated that the NMT scope of practice should not be expanded without additional education and training. Conclusions While 60% of the respondents agreed that an NMT could identify the need for a rest study, 79% reported that the scope of practice should not be expanded without additional education and training. Further research and follow up surveys may assist in the clarification of these findings Research Support J. Davis, C. Botkin, W. Hubble Department of Medical Imaging and Radiation Therapeutics, Doisy College of Health Sciences, St. Louis University, St. Louis, MO
Exposed: A History of Lingerie. By Colleen Hill. (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press in association with the Fashion Institute of Technology, 2014. Pp. 180. $40.00.)

This book is a companion catalogue to the 2014 exhibition at The Museum at Fashion Institute of Technology. It follows the traditional exhibition format with an introductory essay by Director and C...
Recontacting participants for expanded uses of existing samples and data: a case study.

Facilitating genomic research may require the use of samples and data collected via consent processes that did not include specific descriptions of secondary uses. We explore whether a waiver of consent with notification and the option to withdraw (WNOW) is a viable alternative to written informed consent for secondary uses of samples and data. We developed a retrospective case study of a rare-disease protocol involving 1,978 participants that implemented WNOW for genomic data-sharing activities. We analyzed institutional review board and investigator records and conducted in-depth semistructured interviews with key staff members. WNOW was largely successful at achieving its goals in this case, although the recontact effort, relative to proceeding with a waiver, decreased participation in genomic data sharing by 13.8% (n = 253), primarily because 224 letters were returned as undeliverable. A small number of participants responded (n = 89), and some of them expressed confusion and frustration. In the pediatric arm of the study, the research may have been practicable without a waiver, given the relationship between the pediatric clinicians and families. The practicability of conducting research on existing specimens without a waiver of informed consent, and whether WNOW is a viable alternative, depend on contextual factors, including a reliable way to communicate with participants. Genet Med advance online publication 26 January 2017
Efficient numerical integrator based on Fer expansion: Application to solid-state NMR experiments and to solve quantum Liouville equation and quantum Fokker-Planck equation

There are two important related research areas that I propose to investigate. First, we plan to develop an efficient numerical integrator based on Fer expansion for solid-state NMR simulation of experiments. Second, we intend to extend the method to solve quantum Liouville equation and quantum Fokker-Planck equation in order to improve the understanding of the dynamics of quantum systems subject to dissipation due to its relation to macroscopic quantum phenomena. The goal of the proposed research is to study a numerical integrator based on Fer expansion (Fer integrators of higher orders) in the integration of the time-dependent Schrodinger equation (TDSE) which is a central problem to nuclear magnetic resonance in general and solid-state NMR (SSNMR) in particular. The Fer integrator will provide to experts in quantum mechanics, NMR spectroscopy, and spin dynamics researchers, additional means for controlling spin dynamics in SSNMR. The efficient diagram will be used to compare the different orders of the Fer integrators obtained.
Sexually selected size differences and conserved sexual monomorphism of genital cortex

The mammalian somatosensory cortex shows marked species-specific differences. How evolution in general and sexual selection in particular shape the somatosensory cortical body representation has not been delineated, however. Here we address this issue by a comparative analysis of genital cortex. Genitals are unique body parts in that they show sexual dimorphism, major changes in puberty and typically more pronounced species differences than other body parts (Hosken & Stockley, 2004). To study the evolution of genital cortex we flattened cortical hemispheres and assembled 104 complete body maps, revealed by cytochrome-oxidase activity in layer 4 of 8 rodent and 1 lagomorph species. In two species, we also performed antibody stainings against vesicular glutamate transporter-2, which suggested that cytochrome-oxidase maps closely mirror thalamic innervation. We consistently observed a protrusion between hindlimb and forelimb representation, which in rats (Lenschow et al., 2016) corresponds to the penis representation in males and the clitoris representation in females. Consistent with the idea that this protrusion corresponds to genital cortex, we observed a size increase of this protrusion during puberty. Species differed in external genital sexual dimorphism, but we observed a sexual monomorphism of the putative genital protrusion in all species, similar to previous observations in rats. The relative size of the putative genital protrusion varied more than 3-fold between species ranging from 0.5% of somatosensory cortex area in chipmunks to 1.7% in rats. This relative size of the genital protrusion co-varied with relative testicle size, an indicator of sperm competition and sexual selection.
The Phylogenetic Relationships of the Species within the Section Arachis Utilizing a Fatty Acid Synthesis Gene

The original ancestors of the cultivated peanut (Arachis hypogaea), an allotetraploid, have not been conclusively determined, although several wild diploid species have been suggested. To identify the wild progenitors and to study the phylogenetic relationship of the species in the section Arachis, the sequence of a specific peanut gene was utilized. A cDNA of the fatty acid synthesis gene, stearoyl-ACP desaturase, was isolated and characterized. A region of this gene was then amplified from genomic DNA of nine wild species and sequenced. This sequence data, and the sequence information from the same region for the two cultivated peanut genes, were analyzed to determine the relatedness of the species. The results indicated that the cultivated peanut is derived from two separate lineages and supports the allopolyploid nature of the cultivated peanut. The amplified products were also digested with the Rsal restriction enzyme. A species-specific banding pattern unique to the DNA for some of the diploid species and one of the cultivated peanut genes was demonstrated. This technique provides a method for distinguishing diploid species and for analyzing gene expression in different tissues in the cultivated peanut.
Impact of Demographic Characteristics of Crime Victim on Interaction with Police in India—Gender, Caste, Class and Police Response:

Demographic characteristics of crime victims have an impact on their interaction with the police. The initial mindset of the victim before contact with the police and post interaction assessment of...
Epilog: Bioinformatics Development with Mathematica

Throughout this book we have seen how we can use the Wolfram Language to analyze data, access information online and visualize results. The functions we have used are specific to the task at hand, and in some ways customized to aid us. We have occasionally written functions for repetitive tasks, and used packages such as MathIOmica where code has been already written to help our analyses. As you develop your own code base in the Wolfram Language, you will find that often you will reuse notebooks and simply modify them for specific analysis, or you will have your own functions for specific tasks. As your functions mature in complexity you may want to share your work with the community and help others that are analyzing similar work. You may decide that you want to write your own package and we will briefly introduce packages in this chapter.
Central Venous Catheter Confirmation by Ultrasonography: A Novel Instructional Protocol.

Objectives Ultrasound (US)-only confirmation of central venous catheter (CVC) placement has proven to be accurate and fast when compared with the current standard chest radiograph. This procedure depends on the detection of appropriately timed atrial bubbles during central line flushing, called the rapid atrial swirl sign (RASS). The most obvious barrier to increasing the use of this technique is appropriate education and training; therefore, we proposed a novel educational approach to training emergency department (ED) physicians in the confirmation of CVC location using US and then tested its effectiveness. Methods Using an online educational model, participants were taught the background and procedural steps to confirm CVC placement using US. Subsequently, they were asked to use this knowledge to place central lines in simulation and confirm them using US. They were tested with various scenarios, including correctly and incorrectly placed lines. Their accuracy was measured, and a survey was used to assess their satisfaction with the training and applicability to practice. Results A total of 47 ED physicians completed the online training module and 24 completed the simulation testing that followed. Results showed 100% accuracy in detecting appropriately timed RASS ( 2 seconds), and no RASS in simulation. All of the participants "agreed" or "strongly agreed" that the didactic and simulation sessions improved their understanding of US confirmation of central line placement. Conclusions The use of US to confirm central line placement can be effectively taught to ED physicians using short didactic and simulation-based training. This is a reasonable approach to integrate this protocol into practice, and allow for more widespread use of this emerging technique.
Metabolic Actions of Ethanol

Two of the earliest and most conspicuous features of the hepatic damage produced by alcohol are the deposition of fat and the enlargement of the liver. This hepatomegaly was traditionally attributed to the accumulation of lipids. However, in animals fed alcohol-containing diets, lipids account for only half the increase in liver dry weight (Lieber et al, 1965), and it was recently shown that the other half is almost totally accounted for by an increase in proteins (Baraona et al., 1975) (Fig. 1). The increase involves mainly soluble proteins, the accumulation of which is accompanied by a proportional retention of water. The increases in lipid, protein, and water result in increased size of the hepatocytes. Since the number of hepatocytes and the hepatic content of DNA do not change after alcohol treatment, the hepatomegaly is entirely accounted for by the increased cell volume.
General Purpose Metrics for Solution Variety

When using optimization in the context of a decision support system, a decision maker would often be more interested in seeing a diverse collection of good solutions rather than the one solution that is in some mathematical sense the optimal solution to an approximate problem with imprecise data. A recent paper (Glover, Lokketagen and Woodruff, 2000) describes a method for generating diverse solutions using scatter search. However, very little research has been done on general purpose methods to characterize solution variety. This paper describes and explains desirable characteristics for general purpose methods for characterizing diversity. Field research serves to demonstrate and compare various methods. We provide some fundamental research concerning methods that are fully general and do not rely on any knowledge of the problem.
Prior history of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction is associated with a greater risk of subsequent ACL injury in female collegiate athletes.

Abstract Objectives The risk of a subsequent anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) sprain is greater in high school aged female athletes with prior history of ACL reconstruction (ACLR) than in age-matched controls. The risk of a subsequent ACL injury in female collegiate athletes with prior ACLR is unknown. The primary purpose of this study was to determine the relative risk of a subsequent ACL injury in female collegiate athletes with prior ACLR when compared to age-matched controls. The secondary purpose of this study was to evaluate the ability of jump and hop tests to discriminate ACL injury risk. Design Prospective cohort. Methods Three hundred and sixty female collegiate athletes (mean age 19.3 ± 1.4 years) representing the following sports: volleyball, soccer, and basketball were recruited. Subjects reported prior history of ACLR and standing long jump (SLJ) and single-leg hop (SLH) scores were collected during the preseason. Noncontact time-loss ACL and lower quadrant (i.e., low back and lower extremities) injuries were tracked by university athletic trainers. Results Female collegiate athletes with a prior history of ACLR were 6 times (RR = 6.8 [95% CI: 1.4, 32.9] p-value = 0.007) more likely to experience an ACL injury than controls. Suboptimal performance on a battery of tests (SLJ ≤ 79% height, (B) SLH ≤ 69% height) was associated with a greater risk of lower quadrant injury (RR = 1.6 [95% CI: 1.1, 2.4] p-value = 0.028); however performance on these tests was not associated with ACL injury. Conclusions Female collegiate athletes should be screened for history of ACLR.
Shared Storybook Reading as an Intervention Context

Speech-language pathologists are increasingly using shared storybook reading as a context for providing language intervention to young children. This trend has also been observed in recent applied ...
Profiling Cycling Trauma throughout the Body with and Without Helmet Usage in a Large United States Health-care Network.

Background: This study aimed to characterize bodily injury patterns associated with helmet usage by comparing trauma sustained by helmeted and helmetless cyclists admitted to a large US health-care system. Materials and Methods: A prospective trauma registry associated with a large regional United States health-care network was queried for bicycle injuries resulting in hospital admission over a 5-year period. Data pertaining to helmet usage, demographics, injury description (s), Abbreviated Injury Scale score, Injury Severity Score, and hospital length of stay were collected from 140 patients treated for bicycle-related injuries. Mann–Whitney tests were performed. Results: Fifty-six of the injured cyclists were helmeted (40%) and 84 were not helmeted (60%). A significantly greater proportion of helmeted cyclists exhibited abrasions and a higher incidence of injury across all injury types (P =
Flank-preserving deprimary reverse time migrationFPdpRTM

ABSTRACTDeprimary reverse time migration (RTM) is a newly proposed technology aiming at removing false structures in images computed by RTM. However, a side effect of this new technology is an inab...
Therapeutic Communities in Correctional Institutions

Therapeutic communities are not geared to address all of the attributes of all offenders and their criminality. Rather, they tend to address the problems of substance abusers and their related criminal behavior. In this chapter, we discuss the attributes of therapeutic communities and the research on them. We explore strengthening therapeutic communities through both process and outcome evaluations, which allow the stakeholders to assess their relative worth and weaknesses. We then distill from the research best practices for the operation of therapeutic communities. The chapter concludes with a review of where we have been and where we might go in the evolution of therapeutic communities.
The Structural View

To relate to thought as ‘outside’ perspective on internal experience, the structural approach simulates thought. Kenneth Colby’s computer simulation generated a paranoid psychological mode represented in logic and syntax. This inspires a new structural approach (SV) for philosophical psychology. SV explicates similarities in logical form of linguistic representations of the ‘Trio’—Trump, paranoid person, and Trump follower (Trumper.) SV identifies logical and schematic forms and contingency modes. As the basis of Trio’s thought patterns, they reveal isomorphic relations in levels and types of determinants, despite level distances. The target cognitive patterns cross current psychiatric and socio-political contexts. To broaden to developmental context, Heinz Werner’s orthogenetic view of change provides an SV unlike most structuralist approaches. Resultant understanding becomes a ‘knowledge complex.’
Numerical study of anomalous diffusion of light in semicrystalline polymer structures

This work presents a model for studying anomalous diffusion using methods from fractional calculus and spectral theory. The authors show that the combination of random structural disorder and non-local interactions can result in energy transport in semi-crystalline polymers.
"No Fats, No Femmes, and No Blacks or Asians": The Role of Body-type, Sex Position, and Race on Condom Use Online.

Despite the promises to end HIV infection rates by 2030, several factors continue to contribute to rising HIV infection rates in sexual minority communities. In fact, the CDC predicts that more than half of gay and bisexual men of color will be infected in the coming years if an intervention is not staged. While much focus has been placed on PrEP access, less has been given to the social environment online, which many men who have sex with men use to find sexual partners. This environment, facilitated by the anonymity afforded to men online, is infected with anti-fat, anti-femme, anti-Black bias aimed at men constructed as less desirable and summed up in the phrase, “No fats, No femmes, and No Blacks or Asians.” Considering this online environment and the fact that past research suggests a relationship between weight and condom use, sex position and condom use and race and condom use, the researchers test all three pairings as well as a fourth hypothesis predicting if men who embody all three variables are also more likely to go condom-less. Findings from the analysis were mixed with men with “ideal body types” (slim, athletic and muscular built) and bottom men being more likely to have bareback on their profiles for sex behavior while men of color were more likely than Whites to have safe sex only. Most strikingly, regardless of body-type, sex position, or HIV status, Whites were more likely to have bareback on their profiles.
Teaching an introductory optics lab course online

In fall 2020, the Physics Department was tasked with coming up for a plan for optics, our one credit lab course. Because of the continued COVID-19 pandemic, our institution planned to offer a fully online fall semester, with no students residing on campus. The college announced the plan 5 weeks prior to the start of the semester. This paper will detail how optics was taught online using a hybrid format of delivery. © 2021 The Author(s). Published by IOP Publishing Ltd.
Editorial: Introducing the Collection on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion

Guest Editors Shanhui Fan and Zetian Mi introduce a collection of papers in $P\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}h\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}y\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}s\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}i\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}c\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}a\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}l$ $R\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}e\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}v\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}i\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}e\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}w$ $A\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}p\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}p\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}l\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}i\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}e\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}d$ on photovoltaic energy conversion, a subject of ever-increasing importance.
Supported Employment for Individuals with Severe Mental Illness

Occupational dysfunction is one of the most devastating and disabling consequences of severe mental illness. Supported employment (SE) is an evidence-based practice for assisting clients with severe mental illness to find and keep competitive jobs in the community. The key elements of SE include rapid, individualized job searching, job-based assessment, benefits counseling, time-unlimited job support, and integration of vocational and mental health services. Further, any client who wants to participate is eligible for SE services, and all services are based on the client’s individual preferences.
Timing of Multi-Gigahertz Rapid Single Flux Quantum Digital Circuits

Rapid Single Flux Quantum (RSFQ) logic is a digital circuit technology based on superconductors that has emerged as a possible alternative to advanced semiconductor technologies for large scale ultra-high speed, very low power digital applications. Timing of RSFQ circuits at frequencies of tens to hundreds of gigahertz is a challenging and still unresolved problem. Despite the many fundamental differences between RSFQ and semi- conductor logic at the device and at the circuit level, timing of large scale digital circuits in both technologies is principally governed by the same rules and constraints. Therefore, RSFQ offers a new perspective on the timing of ultra-high speed digital circuits. This paper is intended as a comprehensive review of RSFQ timing, from the viewpoint of the principles, concepts, and language developed for semiconductor VLSI. It includes RSFQ clocking schemes, both synchronous and asynchronous, which have been adapted from semiconductor design methodologies as well as those developed specifically for RSFQ logic. The primary features of these synchronization schemes, including timing equations, are presented and compared. In many circuit topologies of current medium to large scale RSFQ circuits, single-phase synchronous clocking outperforms asynchronous schemes in speed, device/area overhead, and simplicity of the design procedure. Synchronous clocking of RSFQ circuits at multigigahertz frequencies requires the application of non-standard design techniques such as pipelined clocking and intentional non-zero clock skew. Even with these techniques, there exist difficulties which arise from the deleterious effects of process variations on circuit yield and performance. As a result, alternative synchronization techniques, including but not limited to asynchronous timing, should be considered for certain circuit topologies. A synchronous two-phase clocking scheme for RSFQ circuits of arbitrary complexity is introduced, which for critical circuit topologies offers advantages over previous synchronous and asynchronous schemes.
Typicality and Novelty: Schütz and Shackle on the Paradox of Choice

This paper discusses the thoughts of the Austrian/American phenomenologist Alfred Schutz (1899–1959) and the British economist George Shackle (1903–1992) and their views on choice, which are in many ways very different, perhaps even inconsistent, but also complementary and may even have some shared elements. This is in particular so with regard to the problem of the paradox of choice, the overall insight that for choice to be informative, it must neither be predetermined nor random. Shackle has mainly focused on the creative aspect—on how choice originates while Schutz has tended to focus more on how people are able to make non-random choices by referring to the “typical” features of action. The paper argues that there are many differences Schutz and Shackle. The possibility that they are complementary approaches is indicated.
Damage-mitigating control: an interdisciplinary thrust between controls and material science

A major goal in the control of complex mechanical systems such as rocket engines, advanced aircraft, and power plants is to achieve high performance with increased reliability, availability, component durability, and maintainability. The current state-of-the-art of control systems synthesis focuses on improving dynamic performance and stability under constraints that often do not adequately represent the dynamics of material degradation. The reason is that traditional design is usually based upon the assumption of conventional materials with invariant characteristics. In view of high performance requirements and availability of improved materials, the lack of appropriate knowledge about the properties of these materials will lead to either less than achievable performance due to overly conservative design, or over-straining of the structure leading to unexpected failures and drastic reduction of the service life. The key idea of this research concept is that a significant improvement in service life can be achieved by a small reduction in the system dynamic performance. This requires augmentation of the current system-theoretic techniques for synthesis of decision and control laws with governing equations and inequality constraints that would model the properties of the materials for the purpose of damage representation. The major challenge in this research is to characterize the damage generation process in the continuous-time setting, and then utilize this information for synthesizing algorithms of robust control, diagnostics, and risk assessment in complex mechanical systems. This paper presents the concept of damage mitigation for control applications, and explains the potential benefits for life extension of a reusable rocket engine.
Studies of prothrombin biosynthesis in cell-free systems. I. Comparison of coagulation and immunochemical assays.

Abstract Previous claims that prothrombin could be detected in subcellular particles of rat liver by coagulation assays have been shown to be based on the artifactual conversion of residual prothrombin in the reagents to thrombin by lysosomal cathepsin C. The heavy microsome fraction, rich in lysosomes, and "apparent prothrombin" did not carry out general protein synthesis under the conditions of apparent prothrombin biosynthesis. The reduced apparent prothrombin observed in liver microsomes from vitamin K-deficient rats is due to an alteration in the integrity of lysosomes in this deficiency disease. Application of a radiommunoassay for prothrombin to the detection of prothrombin in rat liver microsomes before and after incubation showed that the actual content ranged, respectively, from 2 to 10 ng per mg of microsomal protein. The highest amount of prothrombin detected is only one-tenth of that required to give a reliable coagulation assay.
The Handbook of Practice and Research in Study Abroad: Higher Education and the Quest for Global Citizenship edited by LEWIN, ROSS

The article reviews the book "The Handbook of Practice and Research in Study Abroad: Higher Education and the Quest for Global Citizenship," edited by Ross Lewin.
Metabolites from the reduction of metronidazole by xanthine oxidase.

Metronidazole is reduced by a variety of electron donors in an in vitro system containing milk xanthine oxidase. With hypoxanthine as electron donor, the products and their yields are as follows: N -(2-hydroxyethyl)-oxamic acid, 2.2%; N -glycoylethanolamine, 2.7%; N -acetylethanolamine, 2.4%; ethanolamine, 15.3%; acetate, 4.8%; acetamide, 14.1%; and glycine, 8%. Additional glycine is found when the reaction products are hydrolyzed. These products are consistent with a number of patterns of fragmentation of the imidazole ring which suggest the existence of several labile intermediates in the reduction of metronidazole.
Electron microscopic and biochemical study of lipoprotein synthesis in the isolated perfused rat liver.

The isolated perfused rat liver was used to study the 300-800 A electron-opaque bodies which had previously been described in the liver cell Golgi apparatus, smooth endoplasmic reticulum, and space of Disse. When the perfusion medium was enriched with linoleate, the number and electron opacity of these particles increased markedly. Sequential biopsies showed that they appeared first in the smooth surfaced terminal ends of the rough reticulum, the smooth endoplasmic reticulum proper, and the Golgi apparatus and later in the space of Disse. After 60 min of perfusion, particles of the same size and shape as those in the liver cells could be isolated in large numbers from the d Puromycin markedly depressed the production of 300-800 A particles by livers perfused with an oleate-rich medium; however, it did not interfere with the formation of large cytoplasmic droplets of neutral fat. In keeping with these findings, puromycin blocked the incorporation of oleate-14C into lipoprotein triglyceride isolated from the perfusate, but did not interfere with the appearance of the labeled fatty acid in tissue triglyceride. Puromycin also blocked the incorporation of leucine-3H into both tissue protein and perfusate lipoprotein. We concluded that the 300-800 A particles observed are, in all likelihood, very low density lipoproteins and that their formation is blocked by puromycin, presumably through interference with the synthesis of their apoprotein.
Fluoride in Bone of Rats Anesthetized during Gestation with Enflurane or Methoxyflurane

Fluoride concentrations in maternal and fetal bones were measured following exposure of pregnant rats to methoxyflurane and enflurane anesthesia. Fluoride content in fetal bone increased significantly only after exposure to methoxyflurane, and then only when methoxyflurane was administered after 12 days of gestation, when ossification of fetal bone begins. Fluoride concentrations in maternal bone increased following both anesthetics, except in rats exposed to methoxyflurane after 15 days of gestation, when ossification of many fetal skeletal parts is in progress and fluoride is preferentially deposited in the fetal skeleton.
Superior Mesenteric Artery Syndrome in a Young Military Basic Trainee

We report the case of a 19-year-old military trainee that presented to the emergency department with a 3-week history of diffuse abdominal pain, 1 to 2 hours postprandially. The timing, onset, quality, and location of her pain was concerning for intestinal angina. Her serum chemistry, hematology, and liver function tests were normal. The radiologist's interpretation of the computed tomography angiogram of the abdomen was an abnormally narrow takeoff angle of the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) from the aorta near the third portion of the duodenum. She was diagnosed with SMA syndrome and received additional evaluation and treatment by her gastroenterologist and surgeon. SMA syndrome is rare and can cause bowel obstruction, perforation, gastric wall pneumatosis, and portal venous gas formation. Computed tomography angiography can be used to promptly diagnose this syndrome in the emergency department.
Experience of emerging market firms: The role of cognitive bias in developed market entry and survival

Abstract and Key Results This paper draws on organizational learning theory to explain how experience influences the propensity for emerging market firms (using an event history analysis of a sample of Latin American firms during the 1990s) to enter developed markets, and their likelihood of survival. We argue that developed market experience is positively related to emerging market firms’ entry and survival in developed markets; however, cognitive biases affect the roles played by other types of experience in entry decisions. Alliance experience with developed market firms increases the likelihood of entry, but decreases the likelihood of survival. Failure experience in developed markets reduces the likelihood of entry, but increases the likelihood of survival.
An operational ocean circulation prediction system for the western North Atlantic: Hindcasting during July–September of 2006

Abstract A real-time ocean prediction system for the western North Atlantic (WNA) has been implemented operationally for the Mid-Atlantic Regional Association Coastal Ocean Observing System (MARACOOS). Based on the physical circulation model component of the Harvard Ocean Prediction System (HOPS), this system is built to capture the mesoscale dynamics of the Gulf Stream (GS), its meanders and rings, and its interaction with the shelf circulation, the mid-Atlantic shelf (MAS), and the buoyancy-driven circulation in the Gulf of Maine (GOM). To accomplish this, the multiscale velocity-based feature models for the GS region are melded with the water-mass-based feature model for the GOM and with shelf climatology across the shelf-slope front for a multiscale synoptic initialization. A ring and front analysis is fed into the feature modeling scheme for generating a three-dimensional initial field. The initialization field is dynamically adjusted with wind-forcing and used in an Sea Surface Temperature (SST)-assimilative forecast mode. For this study, 8 weekly forecasts are compared with GS paths and drifter trajectories during the 2006 Shallow Water Experiment (SW06) conducted during the months of July and September. GS path and ring formation/absorption events were compared and presented by Taylor diagrams (TD). For all of 8 weeks, the forecast skills were comparable or higher than that of the persistence. The model shows reasonable skill in simulating drifter trajectories, especially over days 1–3 of simulation.
H2O DISSOCIATION AT LOW-COORDINATED SITES ON (MGO)N CLUSTERS, N = 4,8

We invest the interactions on one and two H{sub 2}O molecules at three-coordinated sites of (MgO){sub 4} and (MgO){sub 8} clusters. Energies of adsorption are calculated and compared to similar work involving periodic and embedded cluster systems. The cluster model results predict that H{sub 2}O chemidissociates without a barrier directly onto adjacent three-coordinated sites. The chemidissociation energy per water molecule is observed to be greater upon the dissociation of two neighboring water molecules compared to the dissociation of a single water molecule: a positive cooperativity effect. Correlation energy treated at the MP2 level of theory reduces the predicted chemidissociation energy by approximately 10 kcal/mol, and it is found that the MP2 single-point energies evaluated at the RHF-optimized geometries, MP2//RHF, differ from the energy of the MP2-optimized structures by approximately 1 kcal/mol. 26 refs., 3 figs., 3 tabs.
Maternal age and the risk of stillbirth throughout pregnancy in the United States.

Objective The objective of the study was to examine the relationship of maternal age with stillbirth risk throughout gestation. Study design A total of 5,458,735 singleton gestations without reported congenital anomalies from the 2001 to 2002 National Center for Health Statistics perinatal mortality and natality files were analyzed. Hazard rates (risk) of stillbirth (fetal death 20 weeks or longer) were calculated for each week of gestation. Results The risk of stillbirth at 37 to 41 weeks for women 35 to 39 years old was 1 in 382 ongoing pregnancies and for women 40 years old or older, 1 in 267 ongoing pregnancies. Compared with women younger than 35 years old, the relative risk of stillbirth was 1.32 (95% confidence interval 1.22, 1.43) for women 35 to 39 years old and 1.88 (95% confidence interval 1.64, 2.16) for women 40 years old or older at 37 to 41 weeks. This effect of maternal age persisted despite accounting for medical disease, parity, and race/ethnicity. Conclusion Women who are of advanced maternal age are at higher risk of stillbirth throughout gestation; the peak risk period is 37 to 41 weeks.
Thermo-mechanical Modeling of Laser Deposited Bimetallic Components

A thermo-mechanical three-dimensional finite element model is developed for use in determining the temperature history and residual stress in a Cu-H13 thin wall plate deposited by means of the laser engineered net shaping process. The same model is also applied to an H13-H13 sample in order to compare the results. The input laser power is adjusted for each layer and three different scanning speeds so as to maintain a steady molten pool size and a predefined pool depth of one and a half layers in thickness. It is observed that for a constant scanning speed, the required laser power decreases with the addition of more layers, and with an increase in the scanning speed the laser power needs to be increased. During the deposition of the first two layers, the required input laser power is significantly higher for the H13-H13 sample than for the Cu-H13 one because of the high heat conduction rate through the Cu substrate. The z-component (growth direction) of the residual stresses is found to be dominant over the other components and is compressive near the center of the wall and tensile at the free edges, which is consistent with the experimental results presented in the literature. The residual stress levels near the free edges are found to be higher in the Cu-H13 sample than in the H13-H13 sample. In these regions, the unidirectional scanning strategy results in a higher stress accumulation than the alternative scanning strategy.
State space modeling and experimental verification of a single channel, moving load cell structural test

Full-scale aircraft structural fatigue tests are extremely complex from a control systems viewpoint. There are usually a large number of actuators with significant interactions between them. Control is made more difficult because the load cells usually move with the actuators. In order to better understand these tests and improve the control, some modeling of the tests is required. This paper presents a linear state space model of a single channel structural test that can be simply expanded to a multi-channel configuration. The model is verified by comparing the predicted frequency response with measured data for several physical systems. The model predictions are shown to be sufficiently accurate to allow a greater understanding of these systems and predict the relative stability of different systems.
Phosphazenes: High molecular weight reference compounds for field desorption mass spectrometry

Because of poor field ionization sensitivity or an insufficient number of peaks, conventional reference materials are inadequate for field desorption mass spectrometry. Hexakis (multifluoroalkoxy)cyclotriphosphazenes satisfy a growing need for high molecular weight reference compounds amenable to either electron impact or field ionization. In comparison with tris(perfluoroalkyl)-s-triazine standards, the substituted phosphazenes offer greater volatility, easier synthesis and better mass spectral characteristics. Phosphazene mixtures, in particular, cover a broad mass range in either ionization mode, creating new measurement capabilities for ions at high masses.
Direct Optimal Controller Identification for Uncertain Systems using Frequency Response Function Data

Abstract Here we present a new approach to optimal controller identification which unifies system identification and optimal control theory. Starting with empirical, open-loop frequency response function (FRF) data from a system, it is shown that the optimal controller can be identified directly without performing the intermediary steps of system identification and controller design. The primary benefit is that we are able to work directly with the measured data and the uncertainties inherent in it. Further, we go on to show a method of incorporating the empirical FRF uncertainty into the cost for robustness against plant uncertainty. This method leads to a more precise identification of H2 and LQG controllers since it avoids the residual errors associated with performing the traditional intermediary step of system identification, while concurrently accounting for measured system uncertainty.
Performance of Broiler Breeders on Slats Versus Slat-Litter Floors

Abstract Factors considered in two experiments using the same strain, feed, housing and equipment were egg production, fertility, hatchability, mortality and cracked eggs. There were 120 hens and 12 males per pen with 4 groups on each treatment. Each bird had 1672 sq. cm. of floor space. Those on combination flooring had 40 percent of the floor space as litter. Hen day production was significantly higher (P