cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Post-script I: How to Raise a Black Son in White America

Raising little black boys to men in the twenty-first century is a laborious undertaking. During a period where white police officers are unmercifully killing unarmed black males, it requires considerable time, effort, and good fortune to protect and ensure their human survival and well-being. The good old days of black folks telling our sons (and daughters) to “pray on it,” trusting the community to collectively raise and protect (“it takes a village”), and disciplining our children (belt and extension cord beatings) in an effort to have a healthy quality of life have lessened. In the past, these parental methods were important to an ongoing conversation on how to raise black children in white America. However, over time the tone and nature of this conversation has changed. White systemic practices within the vexed frame of the onslaught of white police officers—unarmed black male deaths have forced the conversation to be reframed to “Black Lives Matter,” which is a proactive movement to help legitimize the value of countless unarmed black lives claimed in recent years.
pH-Dependent Cellular Internalization of Paramagnetic Nanoparticle

A hallmark of the tumor microenvironment in malignant tumor is extracellular acidosis, which can be exploited for targeted delivery of drugs and imaging agents. A pH sensitive paramagnetic nanoaparticle (NP) is developed by incorporating GdDOTA-4AmP MRI contrast agent and pHLIP (pH Low Insertion Peptide) into the surface of a G5–PAMAM dendrimer. pHLIP showed pH-selective insertion and folding into cell membranes, but only in acidic conditions. We demonstrated that pHLIP-conjugated Gd44-G5 paramagnetic nanoparticle binds and fuses with cellular membrane at low pH, but not at normal physiological pH, and that it promotes cellular uptake. Intracellular trafficking of NPs showed endosomal/lysosomal path ways.
Can Mathematical Problem Solving Be Taught? Preliminary Answers from 30 Years of Research

In this chapter, the authors note that during the past 30 years there have been significant advances in our understanding of the affective, cognitive, and metacognitive aspects of problem solving in mathematics and there also has been considerable research on teaching mathematical problem solving in classrooms. However, the authors point out that there remain far more questions than answers about this complex form of activity. The chapter is organized around six questions: (1) Should problem solving be taught as a separate topic in the mathematics curriculum or should it be integrated throughout the curriculum? (2) Doesn’t teaching mathematics through problem require more time than more traditional approaches? (3) What kinds of instructional activities should be used in teaching through problems? (4) How can teachers orchestrate pedagogically sound, problem solving in the classroom? (5) How can productive beliefs toward mathematical problem solving be nurtured? (6) Will students sacrifice basic skills if they are taught mathematics through problem solving?
Role of silicon in the precipitation kinetics of dilute Al-Sc-Er-Zr alloys

Abstract The precipitate nanostructure and the strength of an Al-0.055Sc-0.005Er-0.02Zr at% alloy with Si additions, in the range 0–0.18 at%, were investigated utilizing micro-hardness, electrical conductivity, scanning electron microscopy and atom-probe tomography techniques. Si-containing alloys are cost-effective due to the existence of Si in commercial purity Al. In all studied alloys, homogenization for at least 0.5 h at 640 °C is needed to eliminate Al 3 Er primary precipitates. Alloys containing the higher Si concentrations achieve higher microhardness by increasing the heterogeneous nucleation current of (Al, Si) 3 (Sc, Zr, Er) precipitates. The alloy containing 0.18 at% Si achieves an 60% improvement in peak-microhardness compared to the Si-free alloy, during isothermal aging at 400 °C. Silicon additions reduce the peak-aging time in the temperature range 300–400 °C, indicating that the Er and Sc diffusion kinetics are accelerated. Silicon also enhance the Zr diffusion kinetics, accelerating precipitate growth during aging at 300 °C and precipitate coarsening at 400 °C. Addition of Si modifies the concentration profiles within the nanoprecipitates, enhancing the chemical homogeneity of Sc and Er in their cores, rather than forming Er-enriched-cores/Sc-enriched-shells that we have observed in prior research. Finally, the microhardness of the alloys, containing 0.12 and 0.18 at% Si, only diminishes slightly from the peak values after isothermal aging at 375 °C for about 2000 h, suggesting that the studied alloys can be practically utilized at this operating temperature.
Large Conjugated Polyenes

In this chapter, we will demonstrate how to extract the maximum amount of data from large molecular graphs with a minimum amount of work. The concept of similarity, which is the degree of overlap between two or more structures (molecular graphs), will be exploited. Two or more structures having molecular graphs with a common subset of eigenvalues will exhibit a degree of similarity. This similarity will be strongest when this eigenvalue subset contains the eigenvalues of the HOMO and LUMO of the structures being compared. Other things being equal, the more eigenvalues in common between two structures, the more they are similar [1]. Two or more molecular graphs with a common subset of eigenvalues are said to be subspectral. Two isomeric molecular graphs that have all their eigenvalues in common are said to be isospectral.
NMR Crystallography of a Carbanionic Intermediate in Tryptophan Synthase: Chemical Structure, Tautomerization, and Reaction Specificity

Carbanionic intermediates play a central role in the catalytic transformations of amino acids performed by pyridoxal-5'-phosphate (PLP)-dependent enzymes. Here, we make use of NMR crystallography-the synergistic combination of solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance, X-ray crystallography, and computational chemistry-to interrogate a carbanionic/quinonoid intermediate analogue in the β-subunit active site of the PLP-requiring enzyme tryptophan synthase. The solid-state NMR chemical shifts of the PLP pyridine ring nitrogen and additional sites, coupled with first-principles computational models, allow a detailed model of protonation states for ionizable groups on the cofactor, substrates, and nearby catalytic residues to be established. Most significantly, we find that a deprotonated pyridine nitrogen on PLP precludes formation of a true quinonoid species and that there is an equilibrium between the phenolic and protonated Schiff base tautomeric forms of this intermediate. Natural bond orbital analysis indicates that the latter builds up negative charge at the substrate Cα and positive charge at C4' of the cofactor, consistent with its role as the catalytic tautomer. These findings support the hypothesis that the specificity for β-elimination/replacement versus transamination is dictated in part by the protonation states of ionizable groups on PLP and the reacting substrates and underscore the essential role that NMR crystallography can play in characterizing both chemical structure and dynamics within functioning enzyme active sites.
Walter Burley on the Simple Supposition of Singular Terms

This paper argues that Burley's theory of simple supposition is not as it has usually been presented. The prevailing view is that Burley and other authors agreed that simple supposition was in every case supposition for a universal, and that the disagreement over simple supposition between, say, Ockham and Burley was merely a disagreement over what a universal was (a piece of the ontology? a concept?), combined with a separate disagreement over what terms signify (the speaker's thoughts? the objects the thoughts are about?).
Intracellular Pharmacokinetics of Antibacterials and Their Clinical Implications

The intracellular pharmacokinetics of the different classes of antimicrobials into surrogate markers of tissue accumulation (alveolar macrophages and/or total alveolar cells collected by means of bronchoalveolar lavage or peripheral white blood cells) was reviewed. The aim of this review was to discuss the clinical implications of the intracellular pharmacokinetics of antibacterials, either from the therapeutic or toxicological perspective. The different pharmacokinetic behaviour of antimicrobials within cells is mainly related to their physicochemical properties (hydrophilicity and lipophilicity), and may have several clinical implications. Therapeutic efficacy against intracellular pathogens has been correlated mainly with the intracellular concentrations achieved by the different antimicrobial agents. This is relevant especially for macrolides, tetracyclines, fluoroquinolones and rifampicin in the treatment of bacterial infections such as Legionella pneumophila pneumonia, Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia, non-gonococcal urethritis and chronic staphylococcal infections. Additionally, intracellular accumulation of antibacterials was correlated with the possibility of causing organ-specific toxicity, as in the case of aminoglycosides in regard to the risk of nephrotoxicity. Finally, it should be kept in mind that intracellular accumulation may also represent a drug reservoir in the case of lipophilic antimicrobials. This may become extremely relevant from the clinical standpoint when treating critically ill patients with sepsis with antibacterials. The pathophysiology of sepsis may explain why it is necessary to start therapy with an increased loading dose of hydrophilic antimicrobials to promptly achieve therapeutically effective concentrations.
A compiler and verifier for page access oblivious computation

Trusted hardware primitives such as Intel's SGX instructions provide applications with a protected address space, called an enclave, for trusted code and data. However, building enclaves that preserve confidentiality of sensitive data continues to be a challenge. The developer must not only avoid leaking secrets via the enclave's outputs but also prevent leaks via side channels induced by interactions with the untrusted platform. Recent attacks have demonstrated that simply observing the page faults incurred during an enclave's execution can reveal its secrets if the enclave makes data accesses or control flow decisions based on secret values. To address this problem, a developer needs compilers to automatically produce confidential programs, and verification tools to certify the absence of secret-dependent page access patterns (a property that we formalize as page-access obliviousness). To that end, we implement an efficient compiler for a type and memory-safe language, a compiler pass that enforces page-access obliviousness with low runtime overheads, and an automatic, modular verifier that certifies page-access obliviousness at the machine-code level, thus removing the compiler from our trusted computing base. We evaluate this toolchain on several machine learning algorithms and image processing routines that we run within SGX enclaves.
Learning to Expect Surprise: Hurricanes Harvey, Irma, Maria, and Beyond

Extreme events often bring unexpected situations and impacts, as the sequence of hurricanes and other natural disasters in summer and fall 2017 demonstrated. To reduce the risks associated with suc...
Give them toys? Military allocations and regime stability in transitional democracies

In contrast to the conventional wisdom that democratization reduces coups, 46% of coups targeted democracies from 2000–2009, twice the rate seen in the prior half-century. Efforts to explain coups ...
Increased Septoria musiva resistance in transgenic hybrid poplar leaves expressing a wheat oxalate oxidase gene.

A cDNA clone of a wheat germin-like oxalate oxidase (OxO) gene regulated by the constitutive CaMV 35S promoter was expressed in a hybrid poplar clone, Populus × euramericana (`Ogy'). Previous studies showed that OxO is likely to play an important role in several aspects of plant development, stress response, and defense against pathogens. In order to study this wheat oxalate oxidase gene in woody plants, the expression of this gene and the functions of the encoded enzyme were examined in vitro and in vivo in transgenic `Ogy'. The enzyme activity in the transformed `Ogy' was visualized by histochemical assays and in SDS-polyacrylamide gels. It was found that the wheat OxO gene is expressed in leaves, stems, and roots of the transgenic `Ogy' plants and the encoded enzyme is able to break down oxalic acid. Transgenic `Ogy' leaves were more tolerant to oxalic acid as well as more effective in increasing the pH in an oxalic acid solution when compared to untransformed controls. In addition, when leaf disks from `Ogy' plants were inoculated with conidia of the poplar pathogenic fungus Septoria musiva, which produces oxalic acid, the OxO-transformed plants were more resistant than the untransformed controls.
Acoustoelectronic Rayleigh Wave Devices

Electrons or charged particles can be made to interact with the electric fields of Rayleigh waves in piezoelectric crystal surfaces. The charged particles can be in vacuum, in semiconductors or bound to traps in solids or on surfaces. During the past two decades a large variety of acoustoelectronic amplifiers, signal processors and image processing devices were demonstrated. I shall discuss in some detail the more successful versions of these devices by quoting or reproducing device characteristics that appeared primarily in the 1972 to 1984 Ultrasonics Symposium Proceedings. The reader interested in the full range of concepts and devices could refer to the references contained in the articles from which this material is drawn.
DNIC Architectural Developments for 0-Knowledge Detection of OPC Malware

We present an anti-malware solution that is able to reliably detect Object Linking and Embedding for Process Control (OPC) malware on machines in production. Detection is attained on the very first encounter with OPC malware, and hence without any prior knowledge of their code and data. We architected the integration of a decoy network interface controller (DNIC) with a layer of kernel code that emulates a target OPC machine. A DNIC displays a (nonexistent) network, which the compromised machine appears to be connected to. OPC emulation displays a valid (but nonexistent) target OPC machine, which appears to be reachable from the compromised machine over the (nonexistent) network. Our code intercepts OPC malware during their search for target machines over the network. Its overall architecture is crafted to validate the infection by leveraging OPC protocol mechanics. The same principles of operation are used to recognize goodware that access a DNIC by accident. Safe co-existence with production functions and real I/O devices is ensured by a monitor filter driver, which removes all decoy data bound for the monitor. We tested our DNIC architectural developments against numerous OPC malware samples involved in the Dragonfly cyber espionage campaign, and discuss the findings in the paper.
Global Migration Governance: Beyond Coordination and Crises

Global migration governance has evolved dramatically over the last quarter-century through increased international forums, bilateral and regional initiatives, and global responses. This article describes why international cooperation on migration has been so difficult by examining the factors that encourage and discourage cooperation. In the face of increasing pressure, the UN and other international organizations have taken up the challenge to build a more reliable and institutionalized architecture that moves beyond coordination and recent crises. This article considers two recent efforts: the Global Migration Group and the 2016 New York Declaration on Migrants and Refugees. Both cases show the conflicting interests of UN member states and competition among UN agencies and international NGOs. While there is much noise and activity around global governance of migration, it is unclear that the emerging norms and institutions will bring greater coherence or have more of an impact on refugee and migration policies worldwide.
The Microbiology of Complicated Acute Sinusitis among Pediatric Patients: A Case Series.

ObjectiveThe microbiology of pediatric complicated acute rhinosinusitis (ARS) has evolved, and our current understanding of pathogenic organisms is limited. The objectives of this study are to desc...
DDFLOW visualized declarative programming for heterogeneous IoT networks on Heliot testbed platform: demo abstract

Programming distributed applications in the IoT-edge environment is a cumbersome challenge. Developers are expected to seamlessly handle issues in dynamic reconfiguration, routing, state management, fault tolerance, and heterogeneous device capabilities. This demo presents DDFLOW, a macroprogramming abstraction and accompanying runtime that offers appropriate distributed system tooling to properly isolate application semantics from arbitrary deployment environments. Using DDFLOW leads to portable, visualizable, and intuitive applications. The accompanying runtime enables dynamic adaptation to improve end-to-end latency while preserving application behavior despite device failures. We evaluate DDFLOW on the Heliot platform, a hybrid emulation testbed for learning-enabled IoT systems. This demo complements the paper "DDFLOW: Visualized Declarative Programming for Heterogeneous IoT Networks" that is to be presented at IoTDI 2019 [6].
Decoding ECoG High Gamma Power from Cellular Calcium Response using Transparent Graphene Microelectrodes

The ECoG has been widely used in human brain research, while 2-photon microscopy has been broadly applied to basic neuroscience studies using animal models. Bridging the gap between the 2-photon microscopy and the ECoG is critical for transferring the vast amount of neuroscience knowledge obtained from animal models to human brain studies. Here we develop an LSTM recurrent neural network model to decode the ECoG high gamma power from the cellular calcium activities obtained by multimodal ECoG recordings and 2-photon calcium imaging enabled by transparent graphene microelectrode arrays. In both awake and anesthetized states, our model can successfully decode the stimulus-induced ECoG high gamma power increases and its spontaneous fluctuations in the absence of stimulus.
Sensing the heat and the host: Virulence determinants of Histoplasma capsulatum

ABSTRACTHistoplasma capsulatum is a member of a group of fungal pathogens called thermally dimorphic fungi, all of which respond to mammalian body temperature by converting from an environmental mo...
Ictal Bradyarrhythmia in a 2-Year-Old Male with Brainstem Embryonal Tumor

Ictal bradyarrhythmia can be challenging to diagnose when motor features of seizures are absent. Associated bradycardia can involve periods of asystole requiring cardiac pacemaker placement. Here, we report a 2-year-old male with a brainstem embryonal tumor with more than 30 seizures per day manifesting as bradycardia, loss of tone, and decreased responsiveness, followed by vomiting. Associated electrographic changes were localized to the right temporal head region, where the patient's tumor exerted mass effect. The patient was treated with lacosamide at higher doses than previously reported (24 mg/kg/d) and became seizure-free on a combination of this medication with clobazam. Oral albuterol was also used to augment his heart rate as the patient was not a candidate for cardiac pacemaker insertion.
Chapter 21 – Magnesium Homeostasis

Publisher Summary Magnesium (Mg) is the fourth most abundant cation and the second most abundant intracellular cation in vertebrates. It is critical for a great number of cellular functions, including oxidative phosphorylation, glycolysis, DNA transcription, and protein synthesis. One-third of skeletal Mg is surface limited and exchangeable, and this fraction may serve as a reservoir for maintaining a normal extracellular Mg concentration. The remainder of Mg in bone is an integral component of the hydroxyapatite lattice, which may be released during bone resorption. Intestinal Mg absorption is proportional to the amount ingested. The mechanism(s) for intestinal Mg absorption is unclear but includes passive diffusion, solvent drag, and active transport. Mg is absorbed along the entire intestinal tract, including the large and small bowel, but the sites of maximal Mg absorption appear to be the ilium and distal jejunum. The kidney is the principal organ involved in Mg homeostasis, and during Mg deprivation in normal subjects, the kidney conserves Mg avidly and less than 1–2 mEq is excreted in the urine per day. Despite the close regulation of Mg by the kidney, there has been no hormone or factor described that is responsible for renal Mg homeostasis. Within the cell, Mg is compartmentalized and most of it is bound to proteins and negatively charged molecules such as ATE ADP, RNA, and DNA, and in the cytoplasm, about 80% of Mg is complexed with ATP. Significant amounts of Mg are also found in the nucleus, mitochondria, and endoplasmic and sarcoplasmic reticulum.
Abstract PR05: Similarities in molecular subtypes and subtype immune patterns between naturally occurring canine and human invasive bladder cancer

Relevant animal models are needed to study treatment strategies related to the molecular subtypes of bladder cancer and the immune response between these subtypes. The purpose of the study was to characterize the molecular subtypes and immune features in naturally occurring canine invasive urothelial carcinoma (InvUC). Canine InvUC is already known to mimic the human condition in pathologic features, metastatic behavior, and chemotherapy response. Molecular subtyping could further increase the utilization of the canine model. RNA-seq data from canine InvUC (n=56) and normal canine bladder mucosa (n=4) were analyzed using Strand NGS (Strand Genomics, San Francisco, CA). Data were normalized (DESeq, TMM), and DEGs selected (2FC, pcorr This abstract is also being presented as Poster A26. Citation Format: Deepika Dhawan, Breann C. Sommer, Jose A. Ramos-Vara, Noah M. Hahn, Deborah W. Knapp. Similarities in molecular subtypes and subtype immune patterns between naturally occurring canine and human invasive bladder cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Bladder Cancer: Transforming the Field; 2019 May 18-21; Denver, CO. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2020;26(15_Suppl):Abstract nr PR05.
Machine Learning Algorithms for Active Monitoring of High Performance Computing as a Service (HPCaaS) Cloud Environments.

Cloud computing provides ubiquitous and on-demand access to vast reconfigurable resources that can meet any computational need. Many service models are available, but the Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) model is particularly suited to operate as a high performance computing (HPC) platform, by networking large numbers of cloud computing nodes. We used the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) cloud computing environment to perform our experiments. A number of cloud computing providers such as Amazon Web Services, Microsoft Azure, or IBM Cloud, offer flexible and scalable computing resources. This paper explores the viability identifying types of engineering applications running on a cloud infrastructure configured as an HPC platform using privacy preserving features as input to statistical models. The engineering applications considered in this work include MCNP6, a radiation transport code developed by Los Alamos National Laboratory, OpenFOAM, an open source computational fluid dynamics code, and CADO-NFS, a numerical implementation of the general number field sieve algorithm used for prime number factorization. Our experiments use the OpenStack cloud management tool to create a cloud HPC environment and the privacy preserving Ceilometer billing meters as classification features to demonstrate identification of these applications.
Analysis and Correlation of Ignition Delay for Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil and Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel and Their Blends in Ignition Quality Tester

Abstract As climate change continues to be a global concern, renewable fuels are considered to be blended or even to replace petroleum-based diesel fuels. The main objective of this investigation is to study the auto-ignition behavior, including—perhaps for the first time—the physical and chemical ignition delay periods, of Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil (HVO) and ultra-low sulfur diesel (ULSD) and their blends in Ignition Quality Tester (IQT). A LabVIEW program for NI DAQ is developed to acquire the data needed to detect the physical delay period. The derived cetane number (DCN) is determined according to ASTM D6890-10 standard where ignition delay is a key parameter. Tests are conducted under steady state conditions at low to intermediate range of charge temperatures. The activation energies are then determined for all the blends. Analysis of the effect of physical properties and chemical composition on auto-ignition is carried out. Correlations are developed for the ignition delay of the different blends of HVO with ULSD for future use in combustion research modeling and design of engine control units.
The effect of information transparency on capital budgeting with privately informed agents: a short research note

This paper reports on an experiment designed to examine the effects of information transparency in a multi-agent capital budgeting setting. Two subordinates with private information regarding their own project costs submit budget requests to a superior who observes both requests before deciding which projects to fund. In the high transparency (low transparency) treatment, subordinates observe (do not observe) each other’s costs. We find that in the high transparency treatment, subordinates’ requests increase when the other subordinate’s cost is known. Further, subordinates submit significantly higher budget requests on average in the high transparency treatment. In response, superiors are more likely to reject budgets in the high transparency treatment, reducing efficiency. These results suggest that while information sharing may improve decision making in many settings, it may also come at a cost when privately informed subordinates have access to information on other subordinates’ projects.
An Exploration of Factors that Mediate the Relationship Between Adverse Childhood Experiences and Sexual Assault Victimization Among LGBTQ+ College Students:

Despite alarming rates of sexual assault on college campuses, little research has examined risk factors for sexual victimization among LGBTQ+ college students. This exploratory study aims to examin...
Analysis of Melt Undercooling and Crystallization Kinetics

While melt undercooling is often observed during solidification, the study of nucleation is challenging due to the numerous possible heterogeneous sites present in even high-purity melts. Identification of active nucleation sites requires developing well-planned experimentation. In samples with well-defined and controlled undercooling the identification can be established for the active sites. The successful identification of nucleation sites reveals that there are a number of possible sites and mechanisms that can act to catalyze nucleation. The sites and mechanisms that have been identified involve primary phases developed during cooling of alloy melts, liquid-added particle interfaces being modified (e.g., by adsorption or reaction) creating a particle type-independent nucleation potency, dissolved impurities precipitating out of the melt at high undercoolings to catalyze nucleation, and nucleation sites resulting from residual solid preserved in cavities in inclusions or surface coatings.
Hydrologic sensitivity of global rivers to climate change

Climate predictions from four state-of-the-art general circulation models (GCMs) were used to assess the hydrologic sensitivity to climate change of nine large, continental river basins (Amazon, Amur, Mackenzie, Mekong, Mississippi, Severnaya Dvina, Xi, Yellow, Yenisei). The four climate models (HCCPR-CM2, HCCPR-CM3, MPI-ECHAM4, and DOE-PCM3) all predicted transient climate response to changing greenhouse gas concentrations, and incorporated modern land surface parameterizations. Model-predicted monthly average precipitation and temperature changes were downscaled to the river basin level using model increments (transient minus control) to adjust for GCM bias. The variable infiltration capacity (VIC) macroscale hydrological model (MHM) was used to calculate the corresponding changes in hydrologic fluxes (especially streamflow and evapotranspiration) and moisture storages. Hydrologic model simulations were performed for decades centered on 2025 and 2045. In addition, a sensitivity study was performed in which temperature and precipitation were increased independently by 2 °C and 10%, respectively, during each of four seasons. All GCMs predict a warming for all nine basins, with the greatest warming predicted to occur during the winter months in the highest latitudes. Precipitation generally increases, but the monthly precipitation signal varies more between the models than does temperature. The largest changes in the hydrological cycle are predicted for the snow-dominated basins of mid to higher latitudes. This results in part from the greater amount of warming predicted for these regions, but more importantly, because of the important role of snow in the water balance. Because the snow pack integrates the effects of climate change over a period of months, the largest changes occur in early to mid spring when snow melt occurs. The climate change responses are somewhat different for the coldest snow dominated basins than for those with more transitional snow regimes. In the coldest basins, the response to warming is an increase of the spring streamflow peak, whereas for the transitional basins spring runoff decreases. Instead, the transitional basins have large increases in winter streamflows. The hydrological response of most tropical and mid-latitude basins to the warmer and somewhat wetter conditions predicted by the GCMs is a reduction in annual streamflow, although again, considerable disagreement exists among the different GCMs. In contrast, for the high-latitude basins increases in annual flow volume are predicted in most cases.
Using evidence on human milk and breastfeeding to transform care.

Diane L. Spatz, PhD, RN-BC, FANN is a professor of perinatal nursing and the Helen M. Shearer Professor of Nutrition at the University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing and is a nurse researcher and the director of the Lactation Program, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA. I n the United States, 79% of women initiate breastfeeding their infants, however, this rate includes all women who breastfeed, even those who breastfeed their infants only one time (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2014). Breastfeeding exclusivity and duration rates quickly drop following initiation, and only 18.8% of infants are exclusively breastfed for the first 6 months after birth (CDC, 2014). One of the documented reasons that women fail to exclusively breastfeed for the first 6 months is that they do not receive evidence-based support and advice from health care providers (HCPs) (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2011). Most HCPs receive little education in their programs of study, which leads them to provide inaccurate breastfeeding advice and counseling or no support at all for the breastfeeding dyad (U.S. Breastfeeding Committee [USBC], 2014). The USBC has developed core competencies for HCPs that have been endorsed by many professional organizations in the United States including the Association of Women’s Health, Obstetric and Neonatal Nurses and the American Academy of Nursing. These core competencies provide detailed information regarding the knowledge, skills, and attitudes that all HCPs must possess to ensure evidence-based lactation support and care (USBC, 2014).
Relaxation-Based Simulation Techniques

The overall goal in circuit simulation is to generate the solution as efficiently as possible while providing the desired level of accuracy. As described in the last chapter, the standard approach to solving Eq. (2.1) is to use a numerical integration method. One way to make the integration process efficient is to simply minimize the total number of time points used. That is, at any stage during the simulation, take the largest step possible that provides the required accuracy. This strategy is effective for linear problems, assuming that the numerical integration method has guaranteed stability properties but does not guarantee a smaller runtime. In fact, for nonlinear problems, it may be more efficient to take smaller steps so that the iterative method used to solve the nonlinear algebraic equations converges in fewer iterations. Using small time-steps also improves the accuracy of the solution. Therefore, minimizing the total number of iterations is a more useful goal in reducing the amount of computation.
Sucrose Efflux from the Maize Scutellum

Sucrose efflux from maize scutellum slices was promoted by high pH and by K+, Na+ or Rb+. Incubation in mannose (which drastically reduces the ATP level) caused high rates of sucrose efflux only when KCl was present at pH 8. The effects of triphenylmethylphosphonium ion (TPMP+, a lipid soluble cation) on sucrose efflux were similar to those of mannose plus KCl. Mannose and TPMP+ caused release of stored sucrose into the cytoplasm, but pH8 and KCl (mannose) or pH 8 (TPMP+) in the bathing solution were necessary for rapid efflux of sucrose. Rb+ uptake took place during sucrose efflux. In mannose, rates of Rb+ uptake and sucrose efflux were low at pH 5.6 and high at pH 8.0, although the time courses for uptake and efflux were different. It is concluded that sucrose efflux is electrogenic and that it occurs as sucrose-H+ symport. A scheme for sucrose transport across plasmalemma and tonoplast is presented.
Application Of Microprocessors In An Upper Atmosphere Instrument Package

A servo-driven magnetometer table measuring offset from magnetic north has been developed by NASA to calculate payload azimuth required to point at a celestial target. Used as an aid to the study of gamma-ray phenomena, the high-altitude balloon-borne instrument determines a geocentric reference system, and calculates a set of pointing directions with respect to the system. Principal components include the magnetometer, stepping motor, microcomputer, and gray code shaft encoder. The single-chip microcomputer is used to control the orientation of the system, and consists of a central processing unit, program memory, data memory and input/output ports. Principal advantages include a low power requirement, consuming 6 watts, as compared to 30 watts consumed by the previous system.
Illuminating the relationship between bullying and substance use among middle and high school youth

The increased prevalence and negative impact of bullying and substance use among youth has been established independently in the literature; however, few researchers have examined the association between involvement in bullying and substance use across middle and high school youth. Thus, the aim of this study was to examine the self-reported prevalence of bullying and substance use (alcohol, cigarettes, and marijuana) among youth in middle and high school. Middle and high school students from 16 school districts across a large metropolitan area (N=78,333) completed a school-based survey. Scales were created to examine involvement in bullying, victimization, and substance use. A link between involvement in bullying and substance use was evident. Youth involved in bullying were more likely than students not involved in bullying to use substances, with bully-victims reporting the greatest levels of substance use. Differences at the school level and across status (i.e., bullies, victims, and bully-victims) are discussed. Implications for practice and prevention and intervention programs are offered. Findings support the need for continued research into risky behaviors, such as substance use, that are correlated with bullying behavior and may contribute to an increase in negative outcomes.
Characterization of a laser plasma water droplet EUV source

We have configured a new type of target for laser plasma x-ray generation. This target consists of an in-vacuum flowing stream of liquid water droplets. We have successfully produced plasmas using this target, and have measured its extreme ultraviolet (EUV) emission spectrum. Bright lines from Li-like and He-like oxygen dominate in the plasma radiation in this region. Most importantly, not target debris related effects were observed for this type of target. A nearby Mo/Si multilayer EUV mirror suffered no reflectivity reduction at 13 nm after exposure to 10 5 laser shots on target. This observation constitutes a major breakthrough in the utilization of laser plasma radiation for practical applications, in particular, for EUV projection lithography of advanced microelectronic circuits. The simplicity and versatility of a continuously-fed target with naturally smooth surface and no associated debris problems meshes strongly with the critical engineering required for envisioned production line EUV projection lithography installations. Additionally, through the use of water based solutions as targets, it should be possible to tailor the EUV emission spectrum to match the source requirements for other potential applications, such as the x-ray microscopy.
A study of binary mixture boiling: boiling site density and subcooled heat transfer

Abstract Boiling site densities and heat-transfer coefficients have been measured for ethanol-water and ethanol-benzene mixtures at 1.01 bar for a heated vertical brass disk. A strong effect of composition on the boiling site density was observed, which was attributed to the nature of the activation of the boiling surface and mass diffusion effects. The boiling heat-transfer coefficient was found to decrease with increasing subcooling, but for the mixtures at a given level of subcooling the decrease was less than that for the single components and azeotropic mixtures. The heat-transfer coefficient at a given heat flux was seen to be quite insensitive to the very large increase in boiling site density in comparing the pure water and the ethanol-water azeotrope results, leading one to question pool boiling models that predict heat-transfer rates on the basis of boiling site density.
Upper extremity injuries in snow skiers.

All skiers with upper extremity injuries seen at the Henry Ford Hospital between 1983 and 1986 were evaluated in terms of age, sex, skill of the skier, type of snow conditions, pole type, grip type, direction of fall, and mechanism of injury. Our primary objective was to evaluate whether the type of pole used had an effect on the injury rate.We found that the strap handled pole without any platform had the lowest injury rate. The saber type pole handle had the highest injury rate. Other observations showed ulnar collateral ligament injury of the thumb to be the most common upper extremity injury to skiers. A proportionally high number of skiers with upper ex tremity injuries were advanced skiers.
An inhibition and kinetic study of acid phosphatase in Paramecium caudatum and Paramecium tetraurelia

. Inhibition, inactivation, pH, and kinetic studies using both homogenates and purified lysosomal fractions of Paramecium caudalum and of P. tetraurelia were carried out to examine the lysosomal acid phosphatase (AcPase) and its relationship to p-nitrophenylphosphatase (pNPPase), glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase), and 5′-nucleotidase (AMPase). The results generally support the idea that Paramecium cells contain a distinct lysosomal AcPase with a broad substrate specificity. The hydrolysis of glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) and adenosine 5′-monophosphate (AMP) was shown to be due to this enzyme, suggesting that true G6Pase and AMPase may be lacking in these two species; however, some hydrolysis of AMP at pH 7.5 catalyzed by an unknown soluble enzyme distinct from alkaline phosphatase and Na+-K+-ATPase was observed. Since the hydrolysis of p-nitrophenylphosphate (pNPP) at acid pH was also shown to be due to AcPase alone, pNPPase could be used as a rapid assay for Paramecium AcPase. At an alkaline pH, however, this activity was catalyzed by an alkaline phosphatase located in the cytosol fraction. P. caudatum AcPase was shown to have kinetic properties similar to those of purified rat liver and human prostatic AcPase and to have relative substrate affinities in the order of G6P < β-glycerophosphate < pNPP < AMP. These different substrate affinities might account for the observed differences in the inhibition of the four lysosomal activities by NaF, L(+)-tartrate, and molybdate, all of which inhibited the hydrolysis of G6P, β-glycerophosphate, and pNPP competitively, but which exhibited a noncompetitive inhibition of a mixed type with the hydrolysis of AMP.
What can knockout mice contribute to an understanding of hypertension

The generation of knockout mice using homologous recombination in embryonic stem cells is a powerful tool for physiologic investigations. This experimental approach has provided unique insights into the study of hypertension. Studies using knockout mice have shed new light on blood pressure regulatory mechanisms, molecular mechanisms of end-organ injury, and genetic mechanisms for hypertension. With the development of more accessible approaches for carrying out sophisticated manipulation of the mouse genome, there will be continuing utility of this technique for future studies of hypertension.
Adaptations of adult lean and obese zucker rats during food restriction

Abstract The adaptations that occur during prolonged food restriction of adult lean and obese Zucker rats were examined. Lean Zucker rats were restricted until they lost 31% (RL-31) or 42% (RL-42) of their starting weight. Obese Zucker rats were restricted until they lost 53% (RO-53) or 78% (RO-78) of their initial weight. Weights of five skeletal muscles, three fat pads and two organs were determined. During restriction, the obese rats catabolized less muscle protein per day than the lean animals. The percentage of muscle lost by the obese was lower than the percentage body weight loss. After prolonged restriction, both lean and obese rats were essentially depleted of fat stores. Obese rats relied to a greater extent on fat stores for energy and to a lesser extent on catabolism of lean body mass than lean rats. The ratios of protein/DNA and RNA/DNA were significantly reduced in muscles from all restricted animals and the DNA content was lower in the groups that lost the most weight (RL-42 and RO-78). In conclusion, obese Zucker rats have an enhanced ability to adapt to restriction with a slower rate of skeletal muscle catabolism. However, “survival” during prolonged restriction is dependent on the initial amount of adipose tissue and not loss of a critical amount of lean body mass.
Using ergonomics to target productivity improvements

Ergonomics has traditionally been used to decrease the number of occupational injuries by discovering those postures and tasks that create significant musculoskeletal stresses. However, the principles which underlie ergonomics can potentially be used to improve productivity as well. Ergonomic guidelines may allow prediction of those postures and workplace layouts that maximize the speed at which employees can work. In this study, fifteen subjects performed a typical industrial task in a variety of layouts designed within an ergonomically acceptable work envelope. The effects of tool mass, work height, and movement distance on performance time were measured. All three variables had significant effects on performance time, even within the ergonomic work envelope, however the magnitudes of the effects varied considerably. The results indicate that workstations can be designed to maximize performance and reduce costs by considering both ergonomics and productivity together.
An experimental investigation of crack initiation in thin sheets of nitinol

An experimental investigation into the fracture properties of 160-μm-thick edge-cracked specimens of austenitic nickel–titanium (nitinol) under uniaxial tension is presented. Using the in situ optical technique of digital image correlation (DIC), strain fields directly relating to phase boundary nucleation and propagation of fracture samples were observed for the first time. The shape and size of the saturation and transformation zones as a function of loading near the crack tip were examined. An average plane strain crack initiation fracture toughness (K_C) of 51.4 ± 3.6 MPa √m for fine grained polycrystalline nitinol sheets at room temperature was measured. The extent and nature of the phase transformation obtained from DIC, combined with the relatively high value of K_C, underscores the importance of crack tip shielding in the fracture of shape memory alloys.
Effects of thyroxine on the expression of alcohol dehydrogenase in rat liver and kidney

We studied the effect of thyroxine on alcohol dehydrogenase activity, immunoreactive protein levels and messenger RNA levels in the livers of thyroidectomized and sham-operated male rats. Effects on kidney alcohol dehydrogenase activity were also examined. Sham-operated rats injected with 100 micrograms thyroxine/kg/day, which induced hyperthyroidism, showed a 30% decrease in liver and a 40% decrease in kidney alcohol dehydrogenase activity compared with sham-operated rats injected with vehicle. Hypothyroid rats exhibited a 1.5-fold increase in alcohol dehydrogenase activity in liver and kidney compared with thyroidectomized rats injected with a replacement dose of 20 micrograms thyroxine/kg/day. We saw a twofold and a 2.5-fold higher level of alcohol dehydrogenase activity in liver and kidney, respectively, of hypothyroid rats compared with hyperthyroid rats. These effects were not accounted for by nutritional differences; daily food intake did not differ between groups. Immunoreactive protein levels as seen on Western blots varied in the same direction as enzyme activity. Northern-blot analysis showed higher levels of liver alcohol dehydrogenase messenger RNA in hypothyroid rats compared with euthyroid rats. These studies show that liver alcohol dehydrogenase activity and protein levels are modulated by thyroxine at pathophysiologically relevant levels and that this effect is not due to changes in food intake; kidney alcohol dehydrogenase activity is regulated in parallel. The change in alcohol dehydrogenase activity appears to be controlled in part by pretranslational mechanisms in hypothyroid animals and by posttranslational mechanisms in hyperthyroid animals.
A Stochastic Single-Molecule Event Triggers Phenotype Switching of a Bacterial Cell

By monitoring fluorescently labeled lactose permease with single-molecule sensitivity, we investigated the molecular mechanism of how an Escherichia coli cell with the lac operon switches from one phenotype to another. At intermediate inducer concentrations, a population of genetically identical cells exhibits two phenotypes: induced cells with highly fluorescent membranes and uninduced cells with a small number of membrane-bound permeases. We found that this basal-level expression results from partial dissociation of the tetrameric lactose repressor from one of its operators on looped DNA. In contrast, infrequent events of complete dissociation of the repressor from DNA result in large bursts of permease expression that trigger induction of the lac operon. Hence, a stochastic single-molecule event determines a cell's phenotype.