cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of membrane mimicking environment on the conformation of a pore‐forming (xSxG)6 peptide

The mechanism of membrane interaction by beta-sheet peptides is important to understand fundamental principles of folding of beta-barrel proteins and various beta-amyloid proteins. Here, we examined the conformational characteristics of a porin-like channel forming (xSxG)(6) peptide in solution and membrane-mimicking environments (CD and ATR-IR) to understand the structural changes of the peptide during membrane association and channel formation. A comparison of the peptide conformations in different microenvironments showed that beta-sheet formation is enhanced in membrane-mimicking liposomes and SDS-micelles. The lipid-induced beta-sheet formation was confirmed by the formation of a characteristic beta-sheet structure on mixing a methanolic solution of the peptide (partially folded) with preformed liposomes. The amphipathicity of the peptide; increased hydrogen bonding, hydrophilicity, and reduction in dimensionality of the membrane surface; membrane-peptide interaction-forces; and presence of flexible glycines might facilitate beta-sheet formation in membranes. Though the CD spectra of both the peptide-bound and peptide-incorporated lipids are reminiscent of a beta-sheet structure, a significant variation in the peak positions of the two beta-sheet structures was noticed. The channel characteristics of (xSxG)(6) in the presence of low ionic strength solutions of NEt(3)BzCl and glucosammonium chloride are comparable to those reported under high ionic strength solutions. Altogether the data suggest that the channel formation by (xSxG)(6) proceeds via beta-sheet aggregate formation at the membrane surface, beta-sheet insertion, and rearrangement into a beta-barrel-like structure. The beta-barrel-like channel formation most likely arises from a sequence similarity to beta-barrel porins whereas the lipid-induced beta-sheet formation is governed by the above-mentioned factors.
Subintimal Arterial Flossing With Antegrade-Retrograde Intervention (SAFARI) and Rertograde Access for Critical Limb Ischemia

Retrograde access techniques involve the addition of a retrograde access into the distal target vessel to aid in recanalization of chronic total occlusions. Many patients with critical limb ischemia are also poor surgical candidates because of comorbidities or lack of suitable landing zone for bypass procedures. This approach may be helpful in the setting of chronic occlusions that cannot be crossed via conventional antegrade true-lumen approaches. Subintimal arterial flossing with antegrade-retrograde intervention technique can be used when the occlusion was crossed in the subintimal plane and antegrade re-entry techniques failed. It may also be useful for flush superficial femoral artery occlusions or those lesions that extend into the trifurcation vessels. Proficiency in these techniques allows limb salvage in patients who lack surgical options and would otherwise undergo amputation.
Binding-induced folding of a natively unstructured transcription factor.

Transcription factors are central components of the intracellular regulatory networks that control gene expression. An increasingly recognized phenomenon among human transcription factors is the formation of structure upon target binding. Here, we study the folding and binding of the pKID domain of CREB to the KIX domain of the co-activator CBP. Our simulations of a topology-based Gō-type model predict a coupled folding and binding mechanism, and the existence of partially bound intermediates. From transition-path and Φ-value analyses, we find that the binding transition state resembles the unstructured state in solution, implying that CREB becomes structured only after committing to binding. A change of structure following binding is reminiscent of an induced-fit mechanism and contrasts with models in which binding occurs to pre-structured conformations that exist in the unbound state at equilibrium. Interestingly, increasing the amount of structure in the unbound pKID reduces the rate of binding, suggesting a “fly-casting”-like process. We find that the inclusion of attractive non-native interactions results in the formation of non-specific encounter complexes that enhance the on-rate of binding, but do not significantly change the binding mechanism. Our study helps explain how being unstructured can confer an advantage in protein target recognition. The simulations are in general agreement with the results of a recently reported nuclear magnetic resonance study, and aid in the interpretation of the experimental binding kinetics.
Highly sensitive and flexible strain sensors based on vertical zinc oxide nanowire arrays

Abstract In this paper, a highly sensitive strain sensor with vertically aligned zinc oxide (ZnO) nanowire arrays on polyethylene terephthalate (PET) film was reported. The device fabrication includes conventional photolithography, metallization, and ZnO nanowire growth through a hydrothermal method. I–V characteristics of the device were highly nonlinear due to the Schottky contact between the nanowire and the gold (Au) electrode. The conductivity of the device is significantly tuned by the change of ZnO/Au Schottky barrier that reflects the strain-induced piezoelectric potential. A gauge factor up to 1813 was obtained from this strain senor, which is higher than the previously reported device based on a lateral ZnO microwire. Theoretical analysis of the piezotronic effect shows that the working nanowire with the largest conductivity change dominates the performance of the device. The non-working nanowire has limited adverse effect on the performance, which explains the robust performance of this novel strain sensor. The stability and fast response of the sensor were also investigated. The sensitive and robust strain sensor is expected to find applications in civil, medical, and other fields.
Gα12 and Gα13 Regulate Extracellular Signal-regulated Kinase and c-Jun Kinase Pathways by Different Mechanisms in COS-7 Cells

Many growth factors and agonists for G protein-coupled receptors activate mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase pathways, including the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway and the c-Jun kinase (JNK) pathway. Transient transfection of dominant negative and constitutively active pathway components in COS-7 cells shows that two G protein subunits, Gα12 and Gα13, inhibit the ERK pathway and stimulate the JNK pathway. Constitutively active (GTPase-deficient) Gα12 and Gα13 both inhibit ERK pathway activation by epidermal growth factor. A Gα13/αz chimera, which responds to stimulation by Gi-coupled receptors, mediates inhibition of ERK via such a receptor, the dopamine-2 receptor. In addition, expression of a dominant negative mutant of the GTPase, Cdc42, blocks activation of the JNK pathway by Gα12 and Gα13 but does not alter inhibition of ERK activation by the same Gα proteins; conversely, mutationally activated Cdc42 stimulates the JNK pathway but has no effect on the ERK pathway. Our results show that different mechanisms mediate two effects of Gα12 and Gα13: the ERK pathway inhibition is mediated at the level of MAP kinase kinase in a Ras- and Raf-independent fashion, whereas the JNK pathway stimulation is mediated by Cdc42.
Context Differences Reveal Insulator and Activator Functions of a Su(Hw) Binding Region

Insulators are DNA elements that divide chromosomes into independent transcriptional domains. The Drosophila genome contains hundreds of binding sites for the Suppressor of Hairy-wing [Su(Hw)] insulator protein, corresponding to locations of the retroviral gypsy insulator and non-gypsy binding regions (BRs). The first non-gypsy BR identified, 1A-2, resides in cytological region 1A. Using a quantitative transgene system, we show that 1A-2 is a composite insulator containing enhancer blocking and facilitator elements. We discovered that 1A-2 separates the yellow (y) gene from a previously unannotated, non-coding RNA gene, named yar for y-achaete (ac) intergenic RNA. The role of 1A-2 was elucidated using homologous recombination to excise these sequences from the natural location, representing the first deletion of any Su(Hw) BR in the genome. Loss of 1A-2 reduced yar RNA accumulation, without affecting mRNA levels from the neighboring y and ac genes. These data indicate that within the 1A region, 1A-2 acts an activator of yar transcription. Taken together, these studies reveal that the properties of 1A-2 are context-dependent, as this element has both insulator and enhancer activities. These findings imply that the function of non-gypsy Su(Hw) BRs depends on the genomic environment, predicting that Su(Hw) BRs represent a diverse collection of genomic regulatory elements.
Linear growth velocity in children with cerebral palsy

Retrospective analysis of an anthropometric database collected prospectively in children with cerebral palsy (CP) was carried out to evaluate linear growth velocity and identify risk factors for poor linear growth. Growth velocity measures were compared with published norms for prepubertal growth velocity and z scores were calculated. Mean growth velocity z score (Gvz) was -0.97+/-1.9. Boys grew more slowly than girls (mean Gvz = -1.5+/-1.9 versus -0.3+/-1.7 P = 0.003). Gvz did not correlate with type of CP or presence/absence of microcephaly. Young age was a risk factor for poor linear growth (mean Gvz = -2.40+/-2.6 for children under 2 years of age versus -0.76+/-1.9 ages 2 to 6 and -0.77+/-1.6 ages 6 to 10, P = 0.04). Children at nutritional risk (triceps skinfold thickness < or =55%) grew poorly (mean Gvz = -1.46+/-1.5 versus -0.30+/-1.8, P = 0.01). For children over 2 years, those with cognitive impairments grew more slowly than those with normal cognition (mean Gvz = -1.25+/-1.9 versus -0.12+/-1.8, P = 0.02) and non-ambulatory children grew more slowly than ambulatory children (mean Gvz = -1.20+/-1.5 versus -0.35+/-1.9, P = 0.03). Prepubertal children with CP grow more slowly than expected compared with age- and sex-based standards. Sex, age, cognitive impairment, ambulatory status, and nutritional state are factors which may contribute to slow growth. These results add to the growing data that children with CP have unique growth patterns. Further study is needed to clarify the factors which contribute to poor linear growth in this population.
The clinical application of emotion research in generalized anxiety disorder: Some proposed procedures

Major psychological theories of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) have begun to suggest that worry may function as avoidance of emotions. On the basis of these findings, a number of researchers have begun to develop techniques to address emotional deficits in GAD. However, most techniques suggested to date have been from outside a cognitive-behavioral (CBT) model of treatment, making the integration of these techniques more difficult for CBT therapists. We propose a CBT model of addressing emotional avoidance through (a) learning to identify emotions and their possible evolutionary functions, (b) creating an emotion hierarchy to systematically address different emotions, (c) using imaginal exposure to increase tolerance to different emotions, and (d) eliminating behavioral avoidance of emotional experiences.
Enhanced PGE production by MAF-treated peritoneal exudate macrophages☆

Abstract Guinea pig peritoneal macrophages were activated in vitro by culturing with MAF (macrophage activating factor)-containing fractions from stimulated lymphocytes. These macrophage preparations demonstrate a 60% increase in the production of prostaglandins of the E series (PGE) when compared with macrophages cultured with fractions from unstimulated lymphocytes. PGE accumulation in macrophage cultures is maximal after 24 hr with MAF; tumor cytotoxicity is also maximal at this time. The final PGE concentration in cultures of activated macrophages averaged 3 × 10 −8 M .
STRUCTURE OF HEAVY ATOMS: THREE-BODY POTENTIALS.

A discussion of the problem of the construction of a configuration-space Hamiltonian describing a many-electron atom with relativistic effects included is given. It appears that the total three-body energy in such an atom must be small if the problem of the construction of this Hamiltonian is to be simply solvable. To that end, a relativistic three-body potential is constructed for a three-electron system. It has novel terms which arise from a pathology of the two-body Hamiltonian previously noted. It is shown that a speculative generalization to the many-electron system results in a total three-body energy which may be many rydbergs but which is still a small perturbation on the total result.
Laterally coupled distributed-feedback GaSb-based diode lasers for atmospheric gas detection at 2 μm

We demonstrate single-mode laterally coupled distributed-feedback diode lasers at 2.05 μm employing low-loss etched gratings. Single-facet CW output exceeds 50 mW near room temperature with linewidth below 1 MHz over 10-ms observation times.
The Biology and Evolution of HIV

▪ Abstract This review examines the current state of knowledge about HIV/AIDS in terms of its origins, pathogenesis, genetic variation, and evolutionary biology. The HIV virus damages the host's immune system, resulting in AIDS, which is characterized by immunodeficiency, opportunistic infections, neoplasms, and neurological problems. HIV is a complex retrovirus with a high mutation rate. This mutation rate allows the virus to evade host immune responses, and evidence indicates that selection favors more virulent strains with rapid replication. While a number of controversial theories attempt to explain the origin of HIV/AIDS, phylogenetic evidence suggests a zoonotic transmission of HIV to humans and implicates the chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes troglodytes) as the source of HIV-1 infection and the sooty mangabey as the source of HIV-2 infection in human populations. New therapies provide hope for increased longevity among people living with AIDS, but the biology of HIV presents significant obstacles to fin...
Psychoses as the presenting manifestation of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in an elderly male

The differential diagnosis of acute psychosis includes delirium, dementia and primary psychiatric disorders. A comprehensive medical evaluation is crucial to make the proper diagnosis. We report the case of a healthy elderly man who presents with acute psychosis. We describe our diagnostic evaluation based on the patient's history and physical examination, which identified Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Avoiding diagnostic error in patients who face such a rapidly progressive and catastrophic illness is paramount.
Loss of TP53 is due to rearrangements involving chromosome region 17p10∼p12 in chronic lymphocytic leukemia

Abstract Loss of tumor protein 53 ( TP53 ) has been associated with aggressive disease and poor response to therapy in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL). TP53 is located at chromosome band 17p13 and its absence can be detected by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) in the interphase nuclei of 8–10% patients with B-CLL. To study the cytogenetic mechanism for loss of TP53 , metaphase and interphase FISH studies were conducted on 16 B-CLL patients to investigate 17p10 to 17p12, a chromosome region known to be rich in low-copy DNA repeats. Loss of TP53 was caused by an isochromosome with breakpoints between 17p10 and 17p11.2 in four patients, an unbalanced translocation involving 17p10 to 17p11.2 in nine patients, and an unbalanced translocation involving 17p11.2 to 17p12 in three patients. These findings indicate that loss of TP53 results from the absence of nearly the entire chromosome 17 p-arm rather than to monosomy 17 or deletions of TP53 . Translocations or isochromosome formations at sites of low-copy DNA repeats in 17p10 to 17p12 appear to be the mechanism for the loss of TP53 in B-CLL.
Measuring risk reduction benefits with discounted longevity

There are many ways to assess the benefits and costs of risk-reduction policies. This paper shows that discounted longevity as a measure of benefits and the negative of net output as a measure of costs can be deduced from the Shepard and Zeckhauser utility-maximization model.
Review of Group Interventions for Pediatric Chronic Conditions

Objective: To identify treatment studies on group interventions for pediatric conditions and to review their efficacy using standardized criteria. Methods: Through a systematic literature review, we identified 125 studies describing group treatments for pediatric populations. Group interventions were classified into one of four types of groups distinguished by their primary goals and intended outcomes: emotional support, psychoeducation, adaptation/skill development, or symptom reduction. A fifth category, summer camps, contained elements of the other categories, but due to their unique setting, we considered them separately. Treatments were evaluated and designated as “promising,” “probably efficacious,” or “well-established,” based on the Chambless/Society for Pediatric Psychology criteria. Results: Group interventions for children and adolescents have been developed to increase knowledge of illness, to increase psychological adaptation, and to decrease physical symptoms and side effects. This literature falls on a broad continuum, ranging from descriptive articles with no empirical assessment of outcome to treatment outcome studies employing randomized control conditions and standardized outcome measures. Conclusions: Although well-established group interventions do exist, much work is required to establish the efficacy of most group treatments for children and adolescents with chronic illness. Recommendations for improving the status of research are offered.
Modeling in Prolog

Logic programming languages require a careful, incremental presentation in order to be understood by students of the standard von Neumann programming languages. In this paper, the characteristics and programming methodology of PROLOG are developed through a sequence of logic-oriented problems of increasing complexity. These activities are essential to fully understanding the mechanisms and internal behavior of this language and A.I. applications programs in general. In this approach, students are more motivated toward non-procedural logic. Even the problems alone have long been a source of interest in academic circles.
Bannatyne Patterns of Caucasian and Mexican-American Learning Disabled Children.

Investigated the measurement properties and practical utility of Bannatyne's (1974) recategorized WISC-R scores. Reliability coefficients, standard deviations, and standard errors of measurement were calculated for the Spatial, Conceptual, and Sequential recategorized scores. These data were utilized to determine how large a difference between each of these scores was needed by individuals in order to reach statistical significance at the.05 and.25 levels. Analyses of the recategorized scores of Caucasian learning disabled children indicated that, as a group, these students were characterized by the Spatial > Conceptual > Sequential pattern which was predicted by Bannatyne (1974). The same was not found to be true for a group of Mexican-American learning disabled children. When the scores of individual children were analyzed, a large majority of both the Caucasian and Mexican-American groups failed to demonstrate the Spatial > Conceptual > Sequential pattern. Implications for using the Bannatyne pattern as a diagnostic tool with learning disabled children are discussed.
A general parametric analysis approach and its implication to sensitivity analysis in interior point methods

Adler and Monteiro (1992) developed a parametric analysis approach that is naturally related to the geometry of the linear program. This approach is based on the availability of primal and dual optimal solutions satisfying strong complementarity. In this paper, we develop an alternative geometric approach for parametric analysis which does not require the strong complementarity condition. This parametric analysis approach is used to develop range and marginal analysis techniques which are suitable for interior point methods. Two approaches are developed, namely the LU factorization approach and the affine scaling approach.
Dry Etching Issues in the Integration of Ferroelectric Thin Film Capacitors

Dry etching is an area that demands a great deal of attention in the large scale integration of ferroelectric thin film capacitors for nonvolatile random access memory applications. In this review, we discuss some of the issues relating to the etching of the ferroelectric films, patterning of the electrodes, device damage caused by the etch process and post-etch residue problems. An etch process that can provide high etch rates and good etch anisotropy for the current candidate ferroelectrics including Pb(Zr, Ti)O3 and layered structure SrBi2Ta2O9 thin films using environmentally benign gases such as hydrochlorofluorocarbons is presented. The etch mechanism for both of these materials was determined to rely substantially on ion bombardment effects. For example, PZT films were etched anisotropically at rates of up to 60 nm/min using CHCIFCF3 gas under high rf power and low gas pressure conditions. Problems remain with respect to the acrosswafer differential etch rates observed when more than one phase is present in the material (e.g., amorphous/pyrochlore + perovskite phases in PZT). Damage caused by the etch process which can lead to changes in device characteristics, including hysteresis and fatigue properties, and the underlying mechanism that causes the damage are discussed. O2 was found to be a suitable etch gas for etching the conductive oxide electrode material RuO2. However, an anomaly in the etch rate was detected upon introduction of a small amount of fluorine containing gas: addition of 2% of CF3CFH2 gas to the O2 plasma increases the etch rate by a factor of four. This can be taken advantage of in obtaining high etch selectivity between the electrode and ferroelectric layers.
Primary geodynamical parameters for the Standard Earth Model

Summary. Most updated and consistent values of certain geodynamical parameters, required as basic input in the development of a density model for the Earth, are given. These are recommended as a uniform data base in Standard Earth Model development.
The future of artificial intelligence: Learning from experience

Abstract We view the future of artificial intelligence from three perspectives: scientific, technological, and educational. The common theme among these views is the central importance of learning, particularly in problem domains where case-based reasoning seems appropriate. From a scientific perspective, an adequate model of the mind must account for the phenomena of learning. Learning must also be considered a technological requirement for computer systems both to facilitate the initial knowledge acquisition and ultimately to adapt to new situations. Finally, a scientific model of learning, together with AI technology, conform the basis for a new mode of education. This technology can be applied to instruction for a wide range of subjects.
Estimating radar positions using cooperative unmanned air vehicle teams

Standard TDOA (time-difference of arrival) estimation techniques are modified and applied to locate networked enemy radars using a cooperative team of unmanned electronic combat air vehicles (ECAVs). The team is engaged in deceiving the radars, which limits where the ECAVs can fly and requires accurate radar positions to be known. Two TDOA measurements of radar pulses taken by two ECAV pairs are used to estimate the position of the middle radar. A nonlinear system model for estimation is formulated and used to perform simulations with "noisy" TDOAs; a linearized time-varying model for straight nominal ECAV trajectories is derived from the nonlinear model. The choice of optimal ECAV trajectories and an observer to minimize the variance of the middle radar position - using the linearized model is addressed. Application of a time-varying Kalman filter to the linearized system shows drastic improvement in reducing the variance of position estimates when compared to the original nonlinear system via simulations.
Utilization of Pathway Signatures to Reveal Distinct Types of B Lymphoma in the Eμ-myc Model and Human Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma

The Emu-myc transgenic mouse has provided a valuable model for the study of B-cell lymphoma. Making use of gene expression analysis and, in particular, expression signatures of cell signaling pathway activation, we now show that several forms of B lymphoma can be identified in the Emu-myc mice associated with time of tumor onset. Furthermore, one form of Emu-myc tumor with pre-B character is shown to resemble human Burkitt lymphoma, whereas others exhibit more differentiated B-cell characteristics and show similarity with human diffuse large B-cell lymphoma in the pattern of gene expression, as well as oncogenic pathway activation. Importantly, we show that signatures of oncogenic pathway activity provide further dissection of the spectrum of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, identifying a subset of patients who have very poor prognosis and could benefit from more aggressive or novel therapeutic strategies. Taken together, these studies provide insight into the complexity of the oncogenic process and a novel strategy for dissecting the heterogeneity of B lymphoma.
A plane-polar approach for far field reconstruction from near-field measurements

It is well-known that the far field of an arbitrary antenna may be calculated from near-field measurements. Among various possible nearfield scan geometries, the planar configuration has attracted considerable attention. In the past the planar configuration has been used with a probe scanning a rectangular geometry in the near field, and computation of the far field has been made with a two-dimensional fast Fourier transform (FFT). The applicability of the planar configuration with a probe scanning a polar geometry is investigated. The measurement process is represented as a convolution derivable from the reciprocity theorem. The concept of probe compensation as a deconvolution is then discussed with numerical results presented to verify the accuracy of the method. The far field is constructed using the Jacobi-Bessel series expansion and its utility relative to the FFT in polar geometry is examined. Finally, the far-field pattern of the Viking high gain antenna is constructed from the plane-polar near-field measured data and compared with the previously measured far-field pattern. Some unique mechanical and electrical advantages of the plane-polar configuration for determining the far-field pattern of large and gravitationally sensitive space antennas are discussed. The time convention exp ( j \omega r ) is used but is suppressed in the formulations.
A Transgene, alv6, that Expresses the Envelope of Subgroup A Avian Leukosis Virus Reduces the Rate of Congenital Transmission of a Field Strain of Avian Leukosis Virus

A major mode of transmission of avian leukosis virus (ALV) is from a dam that is viremic with and immunologically tolerant to ALV, through the egg to the progeny. The authors have produced a line of chickens transgenic for a defective ALV provirus that expresses envelope glycoprotein, but not infectious virus, and is very resistant to infection with Subgroup A ALV. In the present experiment the authors sought to prevent or reduce congenital transmission by mating viremic-tolerant hens to males carrying the inserted provirus, thus introducing a gene for resistance into the progeny. Mature viremic females were mated with males hemizygous for the transgene to produce over 80 progeny each with and without the transgene. The chicks were hatched and maintained for 36 wk and observed for viremia, antibody, and the incidence of bursal lymphomas. Over 90% of the transgene-negative controls remained viremic through 36 wk of age and 51% developed bursal lymphomas. In contrast, 27% of the transgene-positive birds remained viremic and 18% died with bursal lymphomas. Thus, expression of Subgroup A envelope protein in the developing embryo reduced but did not eliminate congenital infection.
Field‐Structured Chemiresistors

A significantly improved material is developed for application to chemiresistors, which are resistance-based sensors for volatile organic compounds. This material is a polymer composite containing Au-coated magnetic particles organized into electrically conducting pathways by magnetic fields. This improved material overcomes the various problems inherent to conventional carbon-black chemiresistors, while achieving an unprecedented response magnitude. When exposed to chemical vapors, the polymer swells only slightly, yet this is amplified into large, reversible resistance changes, as much as (1 × 1011)% at a swelling of only 1.5%. These conductor–insulator transitions occur over such a narrow range of analyte vapor concentration that these devices can be described as chemical switches. The sensitivity and response range of these sensors can be tailored over a wide range by controlling the stress within the composite, including through the application of a magnetic field. Such tailorable sensors can be used to create sensor arrays that can accurately determine analyte concentration over a broad concentration range, or can be used to create logic circuits that signal a particular chemical environment.
Unusually High Optical Transparency in Hexagonal Nanopatterned Graphene with Enhanced Conductivity by Chemical Doping

Graphene has received appreciable attention for its potential applications in flexible conducting film due to its exceptional optical, mechanical, and electrical properties. However increasing transmittance of graphene without sacrificing the electrical conductivity has been difficult. The fabrication of optically highly transparent (≈98%) graphene layer with a reasonable electrical conductivity is demonstrated here by nanopatterning and doping. Anodized aluminium oxide nanomask prepared by facile and simple self-assembly technique is utilized to produce an essentially hexagonally nanopatterned graphene. The electrical resistance of the graphene increases significantly by a factor of ≈15 by removal of substantial graphene regions via nanopatterning into hexagonal array pores. However, the use of chemical doping on the nanopatterned graphene almost completely recovers the lost electrical conductivity, thus leading to a desirably much more optically transparent conductor having ≈6.9 times reduced light blockage by graphene material without much loss of electrical conductivity. It is likely that the availability of large number of edges created in the nanopatterned graphene provides ideal sites for chemical dopant attachment, leading to a significant reduction of the sheet resistance. The results indicate that the nanopatterned graphene approach can be a promising route for simultaneously tuning the optical and electrical properties of graphene to make it more light-transmissible and suitable as a flexible transparent conductor.
Raman spectra of polycrystalline SmBr3 and single crystal NdBr3

Raman spectra of polycrystalline NdBr3 and SmBr3 were recorded at room temperature and pressure and polarized Raman spectra of single crystal NdBr3 were also measured. Based on these polarized spectra, symmetry assignments of eight Raman-active modes were made. The assignments are useful in interpreting the phonon Raman spectra of these and other compounds which exhibit the PuBr3-type orthorhombic structure and in identifying this structure type quickly by Raman spectroscopy.
The Use of Computer‐mediated Communication in an Interorganizational Context

The rapid growth of global telecommunication networks, and in particular the Internet, has placed emphasis on electronic mail's potential as an interorganizational communication medium allowing people from different organizations to communicate, gather information, form teams, and pass knowledge across time and place. An important area of research is to understand those factors affecting interorganizational computer-mediated communication usage decisions. This study examines how interorganizational electronic mail (email) systems are being used and what factors relate to this use. This was accomplished by electronically surveying a randomly selected sample of interorganizational email users. The 613 Internet-based respondents were located in 20 different countries and were from education, business, and government. This research examines the characteristics of interorganizational email users, their perceptions of task and channel attributes, and the relationship between these characteristics and interorganizational email use. Three empirically derived patterns of interorganizational email use emerged that showed it was regularly used for broadcast, task, and social communication. Broadcast usage, which reflects an informationgathering communication function, most likely through public bulletin boards, electronic discussion groups, and list servers, was the most frequent use of interorganizational email. Multivariate regression tests showed that the three different usage types were best predicted from different sets of independent variables. Results support past claims that there is a need to differentiate among types of use in explaining computermediated communication usage behavior. Implications and recommendations for both researchers and practitioners are drawn from the results.
Listening for and Holding Traumatic Rage in an Intersubjective Intercultural Field

This article highlights various constructs from the perspective of D.W. Winnicott, trauma theories, intersubjectivity, and intercultural practice as guides for listening on multiple levels to inform the biopsychosocial–spiritual assessment and treatment. Using a clinical case composite, the author will illustrate the working alliance with a severely traumatized client, emphasizing the intense transference and countertransference rage and enactments that occurred during the course of the clinical social work practice. The therapeutic holding environment was challenged but maintained by working through relationship breakdowns, restoring intercultural subjective space and containing powerless rage.
Legionella pneumophila Replication Vacuoles Mature into Acidic, Endocytic Organelles

After ingestion by macrophages, Legionella pneumophila inhibits acidification and maturation of its phagosome. After a 6-10-h lag period, the bacteria replicate for 10-14 h until macrophage lysis releases dozens of progeny. To examine whether the growth phase of intracellular L. pneumophila determines the fate of its phagosome, interactions between the endosomal network and pathogen vacuoles were analyzed throughout the primary infection period. Surprisingly, as L. pneumophila replicated exponentially, a significant proportion of the vacuoles acquired lysosomal characteristics. By 18 h, 70% contained lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1 (LAMP-1) and 40% contained cathepsin D; 50% of the vacuoles could be labeled by endocytosis, and the pH of this population of vacuoles averaged 5.6. Moreover, L. pneumophila appeared to survive and replicate within lysosomal compartments: vacuoles harboring more than five bacteria also contained LAMP-1, inhibition of vacuole acidification and maturation by bafilomycin A1 inhibited bacterial replication, bacteria within endosomal vacuoles responded to a metabolic inducer by expressing a gfp reporter gene, and replicating bacteria obtained from macrophages, but not broth, were acid resistant. Understanding how L. pneumophila first evades and then exploits the endosomal pathway to replicate within macrophages may reveal the mechanisms governing phagosome maturation, a process also manipulated by Mycobacteria, Leishmania, and Coxiella.
Education, income, and incident heart failure in post-menopausal women: The Women'S Health Initiative Hormone therapy Trials

Objectives The purpose of this study is to estimate the effect of education and income on incident heart failure (HF) hospitalization among post-menopausal women. Background Investigations of socioeconomic status have focused on outcomes after HF diagnosis, not associations with incident HF. We used data from the Women's Health Initiative Hormone Trials to examine the association between socioeconomic status levels and incident HF hospitalization. Methods We included 26,160 healthy, post-menopausal women. Education and income were self-reported. Analysis of variance, chi-square tests, and proportional hazards models were used for statistical analysis, with adjustment for demographics, comorbid conditions, behavioral factors, and hormone and dietary modification assignments. Results Women with household incomes $50,000 a year (16.7/10,000 person-years; p Conclusions Lower income is associated with an increased incidence of HF hospitalization among healthy, post-menopausal women, whereas multivariable adjustment attenuated the association of education with incident HF.
Pharmacological treatment of neonatal seizures: a systematic review.

Pharmacologic treatment options for neonatal seizures have expanded over the past 2 decades, and there is no consensus on optimal treatment strategy. We systematically reviewed the published literature to determine which medication(s) are most effective for treating neonatal seizures, by retrieving trials and observational investigations via PubMed (through August 2011) that focused on pharmacological seizure treatment of neonates (≤ 28 days old) and utilized continuous or amplitude-integrated EEG to confirm seizure diagnosis and cessation. Our search identified 557 initial articles and 14 additional studies after reference reviews, with 16 meeting inclusion criteria. Of these, 2 were randomized trials and only 3 additional investigations included comparison groups. We found limited evidence regarding the best pharmacologic treatment for neonatal seizures, but were able to devise a treatment algorithm from available data. These findings have the potential to serve as a clinical reference and to inform the...
One hundred and fifty years of philosophy

Looking back from 2049 over one-hundred and fifty years of philosophy, a student's essay reveals what became of rival strands in Western philosophy – with a sidelong glance at the special Topoi issue on the theme “Philosophy: What is to be Done?” that was published almost half a century earlier.
A statical interpretation of the stress work-conjugate to Lagrangian-based Almansi strain

Abstract A complete statical interpretation of the stress conjugate to (Lagrangian-based) Almansi strain is presented. This is accomplished through the process of force resolution on a reciprocal element constructed upon the inverse spacing-stretch vectors of an embedded material parallelepiped (deformed from an initial unit cube). Connection is made with a basic contribution of R. Hill.
Utility Run Behavior Programs

From Project economics prospective, Energy Efficiency options are seen as no regrets' policies, since their net financial cost can be negative, i.e., the measures are justified purely on high financial returns. The justifiable factor is aligning programs to behavioral attitudes for utility‘s financial interest. Attitudinal changes can significantly impact successes on energy efficiency programs and the environment. Nations' policy initiatives can significantly reduce climate change related issues. One factual element that can address environmental degradation is pragmatic policies to address fossil fuel use and habitual actions to address behavioral change in energy sector of an economy. By implementing change from all angles of energy use, nations will be doing well to all and sundry. The solution to climate change is how we behave, how we use energy and the preferred individual energy choices. It is evidence that human behavior can improve the predictive power of economics and provide new tools for development policy. The answers to behavioral change can be obtained from this book- Utility Run Behavior Programs. Its time for Change... collectively!!
Online parameter learning for data-driven crowd simulation and content generation

We present an online parameter learning algorithm for data-driven crowd simulation and crowd content generation. Our formulation is based on incrementally learning pedestrian motion models and behaviors from crowd videos. We combine the learned crowd-simulation model with an online tracker to compute accurate, smooth pedestrian trajectories. We refine the motion model using an optimization technique to estimate the agents' simulation parameters. We also use an adaptive-particle filtering scheme for improved computational efficiency. We highlight the benefits of our approach for improved data-driven crowd simulation, including crowd replication, augmented crowds and merging the behavior of pedestrians from multiple videos. We highlight our algorithm's performance in various test scenarios containing tens of human-like agents and evaluate it using standard metrics. Graphical abstractDisplay Omitted HighlightsWe present a trajectory extraction and behavior learning algorithm for datadriven crowd simulation.Our approach is used to generate smooth trajectories for one or more pedestrians in the simulated environment.Furthermore, we can combine the trajectories extracted from two or more different videos to generate mixed datadriven crowd simulation.Our tracking algorithm uses the first few frames to automatically learn the best parameters for each pedestrian and dynamically compute a motion model to extract smooth trajectories for each pedestrian in an online manner.
General Living Systems Theory and Marketing: A Framework for Analysis:

Changes in the nature and scope of marketing require a more holistic and flexible framework for analyzing marketing phenomena. Miller's General Living Systems Theory is offered as such a framework.
Historic Preservation: A Comparative Analyses

Historic preservation has, to date, received relatively little attention from sociologists, usually meriting only brief mention under topics of urban gentrification or community organization. But within the context of its history and its significance in modern society, preservation emerges as a multilevel response to industrialization and related processes of social change: what gets preserved and how it is symbolically interpreted depends upon the class structure of society and the related social mapping of time and place. The following comparative analysis of preservation in Great Britain and the United States demonstrates the importance of these factors.
Shallow water tidal flat use and associated specialized foraging behavior of the great hammerhead shark (Sphyrna mokarran)

AbstractEvidence suggests the great hammerhead shark, Sphyrna mokarran, is vulnerable to a variety of anthropogenic stressors, and is an understudied species of shark due to its cryptic nature and wide-ranging movements. While recognized as both a pelagic-coastal and a highly mobile predator, minimal anecdotal evidence exist describing shallow water habitat use by this species. This report describes six cases in which a great hammerhead shark utilizes an inshore shallow water flats environment (<1.5 m in depth), five of which involve prey capture. These observations permitted identification of two novel behaviors that may allow great hammerheads to inhabit these shallow habitats: a (1) prey-capture technique termed ‘grasp-turning’ that involves burst swimming at tight turning angles while grasping prey and (2) a post-predation recovery period whereby the shark maintains head-first orientation into the current that may facilitate respiration and prey consumption. These behavioral observations provide insig...
Therapeutic strategies for peroxisomal disorders

Therapies are emerging for some of these therapies, and include dietary modification, pharmacological agents, and tissue transplants. Animal models have been developed for several of these disorders, and will increase understanding of disease mechanisms and facilitate the evaluation of current and new therapies, including gene therapy.
Younger African American Adults’ Use of Religious Songs to Manage Stressful Life Events

The aim of this study was to explore the use of religious songs in response to stressful life events among young African American adults. Fifty-five young African American adults aged 18-49 participated in a qualitative study involving criterion sampling and open-ended interviews. Data analysis included content analysis and descriptive statistics. Stressful life events were related to work or school; caregiving and death of a family member; and relationships. Religious songs represented five categories: Instructive, Communication with God, Thanksgiving and Praise, Memory of Forefathers, and Life after Death. The tradition of using religious songs in response to stressful life events continues among these young adults. Incorporating religious songs into health-promoting interventions might enhance their cultural relevance to this population.
Making Remission and Other 'Curative' Mechanisms Part of the Forum Shopping Conversation - A View from the U.S. With Comparative Notes

That international commercial arbitration has a human dimension can readily be confirmed by examining the defects that from time to time slip into arbitral awards. The process by which awards (or draft awards) are perfected or otherwise brought into a serviceable form - sometimes referred to in this essay as "curative mechanisms" - vary as to their architecture, legal source, and the essential actors involved. Nor do all systems of adjudication share the same complement of these devices or coordinate them to the same extent. The aim of this essay is to examine in light of surrounding policies and interests, legal sources, and the chief participants in the process, the principal types of curative mechanisms that operate in international commercial arbitration. Organizationally, this essay moves from general to specific with its final actions representing an effort to reprise earlier material at a more granular level. The emphasis will be on remission. Apart from its implications for choice of arbitral seat and related matters, remission is of particular interest because it has been underexplored in the literature and because it represents a common law doctrine that is in the process of being transplanted elsewhere. These comparisons in turn shed light on whether remission policies and the other admittedly tertiary curative mechanisms should affect the choice of an arbitral seat.
A Multirobot Control Architecture for Collaborative Missions Comprised of Tightly Coupled, Interconnected Tasks

Collaborative systems offer disruptive mission capabilities such as support services, coordinated efforts, and resource sharing. To this end, researchers have explored algorithms for task coordination and resource allocation, but have not effectively addressed the topic of coordinated motion control. We present a unified motion control architecture for tightly coupled, collaborative systems that are emerging in robotics applications. In this article, we discuss the construction of the control architecture elements, present formal stability analysis spanning all tasks and configurations, and provide examples of single-task and multitask missions.