cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Case Study in Manual and Automated Monte Carlo Variance Reduction with a Deep Penetration Reactor Shielding Problem

Certain reactor transients cause a reduction in moderator temperature and, hence, increased attenuation of neutrons and decreased response of excore detectors. This decreased detector response is of concern because of the credit assumed for detector-initiated reactor trip to terminate the transient. Explicit modeling of this phenomenon presents the analyst with a difficult problem because of the dense and optically thick neutron absorption media, given the constraint that precise response characteristics must be known in order to account for this phenomenon. The solution in this study was judged to be the use of Monte Carlo techniques coupled with robust variance reduction to accelerate problem convergence. A fresh discussion on the motivation for variance reduction is included, followed by separate accounts of manual and automated applications of variance reduction techniques. Finally, the results of both manual and automated variance reduction techniques are presented and compared.
First World War, The

This article is a revision of the previous edition article by J. Winter, volume 8, pp. 5688–5694, © 2001, Elsevier Ltd.
Scheduling Restartable Jobs with Short Test Runs

In this paper, we examine the concept of giving every job a trial run before committing it to run until completion. Trial runs allow immediate job failures to be detected shortly after job submission and benefit short jobs by letting them run and finish early. This occurs without inflicting a significant penalty on longer jobs, whose average and maximum waiting time are actually improved in some cases. The strategy does not require preemption and instead uses the ability to kill and restart a job from the beginning, which it does at most once for each job. While others have proposed similar strategies, our algorithm is distinguished by its determination to give each job a fixed-length trial run as soon as possible. Our study is also more focused, including a detailed description of the algorithm and an examination of the effect of varying the length of a trial run.
Robust coordination for large sets of simple rovers

The ability to coordinate sets of rovers in an unknown environment is critical to the long-term success of many of NASA's exploration missions. Such coordination policies must have the ability to adapt in unmodeled or partially modeled domains and must be robust against environmental noise and rover failures. In addition such coordination policies must accommodate a large number of rovers, without excessive and burdensome hand-tuning. In this paper we present a distributed coordination method that addresses these issues in the domain of controlling a set of simple rovers. The application of these methods allows reliable and efficient robotic exploration in dangerous, dynamic, and previously unexplored domains. Most control policies for space missions are directly programmed by engineers or created through the use of planning tools, and are appropriate for single rover missions or missions requiring the coordination of a small number of rovers. Such methods typically require significant amounts of domain knowledge, and are difficult to scale to large numbers of rovers. The method described in this article aims to address cases where a large number of rovers need to coordinate to solve a complex time dependent problem in a noisy environment. In this approach, each rover decomposes a global utility, representing the overall goal of the system, into rover-specific utilities that properly assign credit to the rover's actions. Each rover then has the responsibility to create a control policy that maximizes its own rover-specific utility. We show a method of creating rover-utilities that are "aligned" with the global utility, such that when the rovers maximize their own utility, they also maximize the global utility. In addition we show that our method creates rover-utilities that allow the rovers to create their control policies quickly and reliably. Our distributed learning method allows large sets rovers be used unmodeled domains, while providing robustness against rover failures and changing environments. In experimental simulations we show that our method scales well with large numbers of rovers in addition to being robust against noisy sensor inputs and noisy servo control. The results show that our method is able to scale to large numbers of rovers and achieves up to 400% performance improvement over standard machine learning methods.
Reasoning about knowledge: an overview

In this overview paper, I will attempt to identify and describe some of the common threads that tie together work in reasoning about knowledge in such diverse fields as philosophy, economics, linguistics, artificial intelligence, and theoretical computer science. I will briefly discuss some of the more recent work, particularly in computer science, and suggest some lines for future research.
Energy expenditure in rats maintained with intravenous or intragastric infusion of total parenteral nutrition solutions containing medium- or long-chain triglyceride emulsions.

Energy expenditure was determined in male Fischer 344 rats (235-246 g) fed by intravenous (IV) or intragastric (IG) infusion with total parenteral nutrition solutions providing 65% of nonprotein energy as fat from long-chain triglyceride (LCT) or a 3:1 admixture of medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) and LCT emulsions. Respiratory gas exchange and somatomotor activity were assessed continuously for 24 h during d 5 and 11 of infusion feeding. The MCT infusion resulted in one-third the weight gain noted with LCT infusion (MCT, 10 +/- 2 g/14 d; LCT, 32 +/- 4 g/14 d; P less than 0.0001). Insulin concentration was 60% higher with IV than with IG infusion and approximately 100% higher with IV-MCT than with IG-MCT or LCT infusion (P less than 0.05). Rats receiving IV infusion of MCT displayed similar levels of motor activity but 8-13% greater daily energy expenditure (kJ.kg-0.75.kJ intake-1) than rats receiving IG-MCT or LCT infusion (P less than 0.05). The MCT infusion also resulted in an elevation in respiratory quotient after cessation of nutrient infusion (MCT, 0.87-0.92; LCT, 0.83-0.85; P less than 0.05). Total and resting energy expenditure decreased approximately 13% from 5 to 11 d of infusion feeding. The lower weight gain and greater energy expenditure seen with MCT- compared with LCT-supplemented total parenteral nutrition may be mediated by higher insulin concentrations.
Should symptom frequency be factored into scalar measures of alcohol use disorder severity

Aims To evaluate whether weighting counts of alcohol use disorder (AUD) criteria or symptoms by their frequency of occurrence improves their association with correlates of AUD. Design and participants Data were collected in personal interviews with a representative sample of US adults interviewed in 1991–92. Analyses were conducted among past-year drinkers (12+ drinks, n = 18 352) and individuals with past-year DSM-IV AUD (n = 2770). Measurements Thirty-one symptom item indicators, whose frequency of occurrence was measured in eight categories, were used to create unweighted and frequency-weighted counts of DSM-IV past-year AUD symptoms and criteria. Correlates included density of familial alcoholism and past-year volume of ethanol intake, frequency of intoxication and utilization of alcohol treatment. Findings Although the AUD correlates were associated strongly and positively with the frequency of AUD symptom occurrence, weighting for symptom frequency did not strengthen their association consistently with AUD severity scores. Improved performance of the weighted scores was observed primarily among AUD correlates linked closely with the frequency of heavy drinking and among individuals with AUD. Criterion counts were correlated nearly as strongly as symptom counts with the AUD correlates. Conclusions Frequency weighting may add somewhat to the validity of AUD severity measures, especially those that are intended for use among individuals with AUD, e.g. in clinical settings. For studying the etiology and course of AUD in the general population, an equally effective and less time-consuming alternative to obtaining symptom frequency may be the use of unweighted criterion counts accompanied by independent measures of frequency of heavy drinking.
Can Our Culture Be Saved? The Future of Digital Archiving

The enormous interest and controversy generated by the Google Library project demonstrates three important points. First, the potential of digitization as a way to preserve works to prevent their loss and destruction is tremendous. Second, the potential of digitization as a way to given access to what is preserved without regard to a user's physical location is also both tremendously exciting and, from the copyright owner's perspective, horrifically threatening. Third, copyright as it is currently designed is likely to be a serious barrier to meaningful experimentation with new methods of preservation and access. This article steps behind the Google Library controversy to examine in depth what the enormous public benefits that would flow from allowing a broad right of digitization for preservation purposes, and why such a right by necessity would require changes in existing copyright law. It also then asks whether we can realistically hope to save the fragile embodiments of our cultural life this way without making some provision for public access to the databases in which works are preserved. Finally, the article attempts to identify what the public-regarding goals of digital archiving for purposes of preservation should be, the responsibilities that would attach to the right to archive, and the kinds of compromises between the interests of the copyright owning community and the public that might be feasible to enable citizens of the world to create and protect their modern version of the Library of Alexandria.
A search for truth in dietary epidemiology

Although results from epidemiologic studies of diet have taught us a great deal, much of the evidence remains mired in controversy because of the inconsistency of results among apparently good studies. I conclude that this can be largely explained by the combination of 2 problems: confounding and measurement error. This recognition allows some judgment as to which studies may be less prone to these difficulties and a search for new analytic methods that can produce less biased and more consistent results. The potential correlations between many nutrients, and to a lesser extent foods, make it difficult to know whether the nominated variable is actually the active principle or whether there is some other dietary risk factor that is closely associated. It is not generally recognized that all traditional analyses of this sort are based on a powerful but incorrect assumption: that there are no errors in dietary assessment. If the incorrect assumption is not satisfied, relative risk estimates become distorted-reduced by one-half or more in some cases. Regression calibration is a newer technique that uses a calibration substudy to provide information about errors and to correct results from the main study. There are a number of variants of this technique, all requiring assumptions about the data. Regression calibration methods that use carefully selected biological surrogates (correlates) of the dietary factor of interest in the calibration study seem to use more realistic assumptions.
Newton and God's Sensorium

The primary purpose of this paper is to provide an interpretation of a claim made by Isaac Newton in the Queries appended to his Opticks. Specifically, my goal is to provide an analysis of Newton's...
Alcohol use among black youth in a rural community

The results of this study lead to the conclusion that the circumstances which surround the act of youth drinking in the black population of an abstinence setting are somewhat different from those recorded elsewhere. Although fewer students drink, the drinking styles reveal several dimensions frequently associated with alcohol abuse. As a rule, users do not have parental permission to drink and for the most part they identify with churches that condemn alcohol on moral grounds. Because many of the youth procure their beverages from illegal sources or in an illegal way, they tend to drink in a surreptitious manner in a setting absent of restraint. Consequently, a significant number of youths were drinking without normal propriety and were exhibiting several social complications as a result. This suggests that less drinking can be expected in abstinence settings but, among those young people who drink, problems may be more frequent. This is logical since the user is at variance with the normative prescriptions of the community, church and home. Obviously, drinking under these conditions may actually be an expression of a general test of the limits of the adult world or a symbol of rejection of adult standards. Subsequently, the abuse of alcohol may decrease with maturity. Regardless of their meaning, however, the findings do point to a need for education about alcohol at the school level.
Functional consequences of a Na+ channel mutation causing hyperkalemic periodic paralysis

Hyperkalemic periodic paralysis (HYPP), one of several inheritable myotonic diseases, results from genetic defects in the human skeletal muscle Na+ channel. In some pedigrees, HYPP is correlated with a single base pair substitution resulting in a Met replacing Thr704 in the fifth transmembrane segment of the second domain. This region is totally conserved between the human and rat channels. We have introduced the human mutation into the corresponding region of the rat muscle Na+ channel cDNA and expressed it in human embryonic kidney 293 cells. Patch-clamp recordings show that this mutation shifts the voltage dependence of activation by 10-15 mV in the negative direction. The shift results in a persistent Na+ current that activates near -70 mV; this phenomenon could underlie the abnormal muscle activity observed in patients with HYPP.
Practice management of a multidisciplinary team caring for the child undergoing percutaneous gastrostomy tube placement

Abstract Purpose to discuss, in a panel discussion format, the practice management of a multidisciplinary team caring for a child undergoing percutaneous gastrostomy tube (PGT) placement in interventional radiology (IR). Background Many children require a gastrostomy for nutritional supplementation and gastric decompression. Although the operative gastrostomy, first described in 1837 by Egeberg, is one of the oldest abdominal operations in continuous use, percutaneous gastrostomy, introduced by Sacks and Glotzer in 1979, has gained popularity. Currently, at The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, the IR team performs more than 90 percutaneous gastrostomy procedures yearly. Methods The team, which includes gastroenterology nurse practitioners and physicians, radiology nurses, technologists, nurse practitioners, and interventional radiologists, ensures comprehensive care of the child as it relates to PGT placement. This team systematically evaluates appropriateness of the requested procedure; schedules the procedure with sedation or anesthesia according to patient needs; prepares the patient and family for 24-hour admission and care needs; performs the physical examination with a complete history; performs the procedure with ultrasound and fluoroscopic guidance; evaluates and manages intra- and postprocedure sedation needs, pain control, and complications; initiates enteral nutrition; remains appraised of feeding advancement and tolerance; and follows up for immediate and long-term complications and plans for primary tube change to skin level device when appropriate. Results Each year, more than 90 children successfully undergo percutaneous gastrostomy under fluoroscopic guidance in the IR department. Less than 1% of the patients referred to the service are not eligible for PGT and require a surgical consult. Conclusions Multidisciplinary pediatric teams can provide a service to children for successfully undergoing percutaneous gastrostomy.
Cation exchange resin in the treatment of congestive heart failure. II. Clinical effectiveness and chemical complications during prolonged periods of use.

Thirty-four edematous cardiac patients who were being treated with cation exchange resin were studied for its long term effectiveness and for clinical and chemical complications. In 23 of 27 patients the resin was effective in terms of mobilizing edema fluid previously refractory to other forms of treatment, of partial or complete substitution for mercurial diuretics, and of permitting a slight increase in the salt content of the diet. Gastrointestinal intolerance was the chief clinical complication but prevented therapy in only five patients. Chemical complications of sodium depletion, potassium depletion or excess, and severe chloride acidosis were not seen.
Legitimation, Ambivalence, Condemnation: Three Sociological Visions of the American University in the 1960s and 1970s

This article compares three great works on higher education, all written in the 1960s and 1970s. Special attention goes to how the authors assessed the impact of federal research funding on the identity of professors and their commitment to teaching. The article reveals a spectrum of perspectives, ranging from Parsons and Platt’s justification of the new research complex to Robert Nisbet’s denunciation of the decline of solidarity among professors and students.
Mast Cells Are Key Mediators of Cathelicidin-Initiated Skin Inflammation in Rosacea

Rosacea is a chronic inflammatory skin disease whose pathophysiological mechanism is still unclear. However, it is known that mast cell (MC) numbers are increased in the dermis of rosacea patients. MC proteases not only recruit other immune cells, which amplify the inflammatory response, but also cause vasodilation and angiogenesis. MCs are also one of the primary sources of cathelicidin LL-37 (Cath LL-37), an antimicrobial peptide that has been shown to be an enabler of rosacea pathogenesis. Here, we demonstrate that MCs are key mediators of cathelicidin-initiated skin inflammation. After Cath LL-37 injection into the dermis, MC-deficient B6.Cg-Kit(W-sh)/HNihrJaeBsmJ (KitW-sh) mice did not develop rosacea-like features. Conversely, chymase (P<0.001), tryptase, and Mmp9 (P<0.01) mRNA levels were significantly higher in C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) mice. Treating WT mice with an MC stabilizer significantly decreased the expressions of Mmp9 and Cxcl2 (P<0.01). Our data were confirmed on erythematotelangiectatic rosacea subjects who showed a decrease in matrix metalloproteinase activity (P<0.05), after 8 weeks of topical cromolyn treatment. We conclude that MCs have a central role in the development of inflammation subsequent to Cath LL-37 activation and that downregulation of activated MCs may be a therapy for rosacea treatment.
Diel Feeding Cycle and Some Effects of Light on Feeding Intensity of the Mississippi Silverside, Menidia audens, in Clear Lake, California

Abstract A study of the diel feeding cycle of 940 Mississippi silversides, Menidia audens Hay, in two 24-hour sampling periods in Clear Lake, California, showed a predominance of crustacean zooplankton in the diet. Ceriodaphnia sp., Daphnia pulex, and emerging dipterans were the most important food items. A pronounced morning feeding peak indicated visual feeding. Evidence of visual feeding is further given by statistically significant ingestion of larger food items at night and decreased feeding during the one moonless night. Occurrence of emerging midges in the diet during the second period indicates possible selective predation.
Satisfaction with Life Among Persons Sixty-Five Years and Older: A Causal Model

A fully recursive path model heuristically depicting a causative chain between financial situation, health satisfaction, satisfaction with standard of living, satisfaction with family life, and satisfaction with life as a whole was examined. The model was evaluated via path analysis, with parallel analyses conducted for each sex. The data used in this analysis were collected from a national probability sample of persons aged 18 and over living in noninstitutional dwelling units. This present study includes only those persons 65 years and older (N = 301). The model was shown to be an effective predictor of satisfaction with life for each sex. Satisfaction with family was found to make the greatest single impact on life satisfaction. Moreover, the model was determined to be generally consistent throughout.
VALIDITY OF ROLE-PLAYING TESTS AND SELF-PREDICTIONS OF ASSERTIVE BEHAVIOR

Relationships were explored among self-predictions of assertive behavior in specific situations, actual behavior in identical situations, and role-playing tests in similar situations for two negative assertiveness response classes. Consistent with earlier research, role-playing assessments were minimally predictive of in vivo assertiveness. This minimal relationship was generally consistent for both males and females at high, medium, and low levels of assertiveness. In contrast to some earlier research, self-predictions of assertive responses were generally inaccurate with respect to behavior in role playing.
Effective Approaches to New Faculty Development

The author provides research-based and practical advice on how to foster the career development of new and junior faculty. She first reviews who the new and junior faculty are and highlights research findings on the work and career experiences of these faculty members. She then describes model programs and successful strategies to support the newest members of the professoriat, including exemplary programs for orientation, mentoring, research, and teaching development.
Response to "Methodological Sensitivities to Latent Class Analysis of Long-Term Criminal Trajectories"

This response to “Methodological Sensitivities to Latent Class Analysis of Long-Term Criminal Trajectories” is intended to make three key points: (1) the data sensitivities that are explored in that paper are examples of two generic data problems that transcend the specific methodology used to analyze longitudinal data, (2) while real sensitivities are identified, the overall stability of results is also noteworthy, and (3) the groups must be understood to be approximations.
AAC aphasiology: partnership for future research

This paper explores issues related to augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) interventions for aphasia. Recent literature on functional communication treatment is reviewed with a goal of clarifying how aphasiologists see AAC fitting into aphasia treatment. AAC assessment models are proposed as a method for achieving the objectives of functional communication treatment. Recent AAC and aphasia treatment efficacy studies are critically examined for their use of accepted AAC assessment models. Recommendations address the need to incorporate AAC assessment when addressing questions of effectiveness, efficiency, and generalization in AAC aphasiology research.
The Diffusion of Information Literacy in Academic Business Literature

Abstract This study analyzes academic business journals in order to assess the diffusion of information literacy (IL) concept within the business discipline. Evidence suggests that while progress has been made in making business faculty aware of information literacy and its potential pedagogical value to them, IL is still in the earliest phases of adoption and has not yet reached that desirable tipping point.
Literary contributions of catholics in nineteenth-century Mexico.

A Phase of American history that calls for a more adequate appraisal is the role played by Catholics in the cultural life of Mexico during the nineteenth century, from Hidalgo’s dash for independence in 1810 to the collapse of the Diaz regime in 1910. It is commonly believed that during these hundred years Catholics in Mexico were dolefully sitting on the sidelines and sucking their thumbs, wistfully waiting for a chance to enter once more and enrich with their contribution the temple of national culture. So many imagine that Catholics in nineteenth-century Mexico, being fettered politically and black-listed socially, manifested little interest and made no worthwhile contributions along cultural lines. Belonging generally to the so-called “conservative” party in the political arena, they are supposed to have been debarred from the cultured “liberal” circles of the day and for this reason remained inarticulate, contributing nothing of real importance and enduring value to the culture of independent Mexico and exerting no appreciable influence on contemporary literature, art, science, and education.
Estimating the influence of salinity on sea level anomaly in the ocean

Evidence is found over broad regions of the ocean that variations in salinity have sufficiently large effects on sea level such that they may be detectable by an altimeter. The mechanisms involve the salinity variability within the tropical mixed layer, the tropical and subtropical baroclinic response in the main halocline and the barotropic response in the Southern Ocean. All these processes lead to signals in sea level which range between 2 and 10 cm. An important result is that in the western tropical Pacific Ocean the effect of salinity variability on sea level may be equal to the effect of thermal variability.
High Geomagnetic Intensity During the Mid-Cretaceous from Thellier Analyses of Single Plagioclase Crystals

Recent numerical simulations have yielded the most efficient geodynamo, having the largest dipole intensity when reversal frequency is low. Reliable paleointensity data are limited but heretofore have suggested that reversal frequency and paleointensity are decoupled. We report data from 56 Thellier-Thellier experiments on plagioclase crystals separated from basalts of the Rajmahal Traps (113 to 116 million years old) of India that formed during the Cretaceous Normal Polarity Superchron. These data suggest a time-averaged paleomagnetic dipole moment of 12.5 ± 1.4 × 1022 amperes per square meter, three times greater than mean Cenozoic and Early Cretaceous–Late Jurassic dipole moments when geomagnetic reversals were frequent. This result supports a correlation between intervals of low reversal frequency and high geomagnetic field strength.
Transforming the US–ROK Alliance: Changes in Strategy, Military and Bases*

Since the waning days of the Cold War, the US–ROK alliance has gone through a number of changes. Its transformation has accelerated for the past several years in no small part due to the Bush administration's new strategy, military transformation, and global base realignment as well as the Roh government's desire for self-reliant defense. This article outlines the ways in which the three changes have affected the alliance, and assesses the impacts they are likely to have on the security of the Korean peninsula and Northeast Asia. It concludes with a consideration of the modifications that the new governments in Seoul and Washington are likely to make to the transformation of the alliance in the near future.
The application of the ion-interaction model to multicomponent 1-1 type electrolytes in mixed solvents

The ion-interaction model has been applied to published measurements for the multicomponent electrolytes HCl+MCl (M means Na or K) in mixed solvents (urea + water or methanol + water). The Pitzer parameters βHCl(0), βHCl(1), CHClφ, (βNaCl(0) + θNaH), βNaCl(1), ΨNaHCl in the HCl+NaCl + urea + water system were obtained by the method of least squares. A temperature and molality dependent equation for γHCl in this system was obtained. In the HCl+MCl + methanol + water system, the mixing parameter θHCl was obtained in terms of the Harned Rule. The relationship between Pitzer parameters and the composition of the mixed solvent was discussed.
Commentary on an article by Jeffrey N. Katz, MD, MSc, et al.: "Choice of hospital for revision total hip replacement".

Katz et al., utilizing the Medicare data base, attempt to answer two questions: (1) On a numerical basis, does a revision of a primary total hip arthroplasty occur in the same hospital as the primary procedure, or in a different hospital? and (2) Do higher-volume hospitals perform a disproportionate number of revision arthroplasties (compared with the number of primary arthroplasties performed at the hospital and the expected number of revisions that would be generated)? The results have potentially important health policy implications. Previous studies involving the use of two large databases, the Medicare claims database and the Nationwide Inpatient Sample database, have given insight into the relationship between surgeon volume and the early outcomes of total hip arthroplasty, early complication rates after primary and revision total hip arthroplasty, and the types of revisions performed. In 2008, Manley et al. reported on the effect of surgical volume on early revision rates less than six months after the primary total hip arthroplasty and showed that patients who were managed by a surgeon who performed more than fifty total hip arthroplasties annually were less likely to have undergone a revision total hip arthroplasty than those who …
Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 deficiency protects against aldosterone-induced glomerular injury

This study tests the hypothesis that plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) contributes to aldosterone-induced renal and cardiac injury. The effects of 12-week aldosterone (2.8 μ g/day)/salt (1% drinking water) versus vehicle/salt on renal and cardiac histology and mRNA expression were determined in wild-type (WT) and PAI-1 deficient ( PAI-1 (−/−) ) mice. Systolic blood pressure was similar in aldosterone-infused WT and PAI-1 (−/−) mice until 12 weeks, when it was significantly higher in the WT mice. At 12 weeks, urine volume, sodium excretion, and sodium/potassium ratio were similarly increased in the two aldosterone-infused groups. In contrast, urine albumin excretion was greater in aldosterone-infused WT mice (mean±s.d.: 699.0±873.0 μ g/24 h) compared to vehicle-infused WT (23.6±9.0 μ g/24 h, P =0.003) or aldosterone-infused PAI-1 (−/−) mice (131.6±110.6 μ g/24 h, P =0.007). Aldosterone increased glomerular area to a greater extent in WT (4651±577 versus 3278±488 μ m 2 /glomerulus in vehicle-infused WT, P PAI-1 (−/−) mice (3713±705 μ m 2 /glomerulus, P =0.001 versus aldosterone-infused WT), with corresponding mesangial expansion. Renal collagen content was also increased in aldosterone-infused WT versus PAI-1 (−/−) mice. In WT mice, aldosterone increased renal mRNA expression of PAI-1, collagen I, collagen III, osteopontin, fibronectin, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and F4/80 (all P β ). In PAI-1 (−/−) mice, aldosterone increased renal expression of collagen I, osteopontin, fibronectin, and MCP-1, and tended to increase collagen III. Renal osteopontin expression was diminished in aldosterone-treated PAI-1 (−/−) compared to aldosterone-treated WT mice ( P =0.05). Aldosterone induced cardiac hypertrophy but not fibrosis in WT and PAI-1 (−/−) mice. PAI-1 contributes to aldosterone-induced glomerular injury.
Condensation heat transfer of R-134A flow inside helical pipes at different orientations

This paper presents an experimental investigation of condensation heat transfer of alternative refrigerant R-134a flowing inside a helical pipe with cooling water through the concentric annular passage in a counter-flow direction. The experiments were conducted with the helix axis of the test section in horizontal, vertical, and inclined orientation directions, respectively. The mass flow flux for R-134a ranges from 100 to 400 kg/m 2 s and the Reynolds number of cooling Natter ranges from 1500 to 10000. The results demonstrate the orientation of helical pipe has a significant effect on both refrigerant-side heat transfer and overall heat transfer coefficients.
Workshop: Teaching computer security literacy to the masses: A practical approach

We are losing the battle in cyber security. We heavily rely on technology as the main defense, instead of recognizing that the easiest attack vectors are the people who operate the computers. The general public does not understand the decisions they make each and every day have security implications for themselves, their projects and their companies. Since people are a primary target, education is one of the “secret weapons” in the cyber security battlefield. Further, if everyday users are the targets, then all audiences, not just technical staff, need training and education in cyber security basics. We argue that computer security literacy is not only the next step in computer security defense; it may be one of the most important steps we can take. Through this workshop we want to encourage the profession to reach out to the populous and help make them security literate. The goal of the workshop is to provide an alternative approach to teaching Computer Security Literacy. This approach, developed at Iowa State University, demonstrates how Computer Security Literacy courses for non-technical students benefit them in their daily lives, now as students and in the future as working professionals.
Desensitization Contributes to the Postsynaptic Response of Ionotropic Receptors; A Comparative Study of Cys-Loop, Purinergic, and Glutamate Receptor-Channels

All naturally-occurring ionotropic receptors desensitize significantly in the continuous presence of a sufficiently high concentration of agonist. However, the neurotransmitter lifetime in the synaptic cleft is limited by diffusion, neurotransmitter reuptake, and/or enzymatic cleavage, to an extent such that desensitization does not appreciably occur during the agonist pulse. Nevertheless, channels remain prone to desensitization during the much longer interpulse intervals while they deactivate. As a result, it is of interest to determine the extent to which ligand-gated ion channels (LGICs) known to participate in fast synaptic transmission undergo desensitization upon ligand removal, since entry into these refractory states would progressively decrease the postsynaptic-current response. To address this problem, we have applied high-frequency trains of brief (approximately 1 ms) agonist pulses to outside-out membrane patches expressing these LGICs; receptors under study include the rat purinergic P2X receptor, the rat AMPA-type glutamate receptor, the rat gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor (GABAR), the human glycine receptor (GlyR), and the human ganglionic (alpha3-beta4) and mouse-muscle nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). Our results indicate that all tested receptors exhibit increasingly reduced peak responses in a train-frequency- and receptor-dependent manner, consistent with the notion that the extent of desensitization upon deactivation is substantial. These findings suggest that a) receptor desensitization may contribute to limit the in-vivo postsynaptic response mediated not only by glutamate receptors (which has been proposed earlier), but also by all of the other ionotropic receptors studied here, and b) that the occurrence of desensitization cannot be neglected (as it often is) in attempts to characterize the kinetic behavior of these channels.
The effect of unemployment on children and adolescents

Unemployment is a stressful life event that affects not only the job loser, but also impacts the person's social network. This network includes family members. However, most of the research on unemployment has focused on the effect of job loss on the former worker. This paper reviews this limited literature in order to identify what the potential impact of unemployment is on children. The reason for doing so is to add to the knowledge base that has demonstrated that economic policy decisions have a substantive effect on many aspects of societal health and wellbeing. Information on what these effects are in regard to children and families might serve to inform decision makers in developing appropriate social policy. This information is also an aid that would help professionals in the planning and delivering of needed services.
Recurrent mammary carcinoma after local excision. A segmental problem

Background. The acceptance of local operative therapy for mammary carcinoma has stimulated scrutiny of specific techniques with the goals of minimizing the incidence of local recurrence while optimizing the cosmetic result. Intraductal spread of carcinoma has been established as a major factor in determining the rate of local recurrence after breast-conserving therapy for mammary carcinoma. The relationship of the anatomic location of a recurrent neoplasm to that of the primary tumor is likely to be instructive in evaluating the effectiveness of various proposed approaches to primary excision. Methods. Using the tumor registry of a tertiary care medical center, the authors reviewed all patients with mammary carcinoma treated with primary local excision during a 9-year period (1984-1992; n = 86), and identified all patients who subsequently experienced local recurrence (n = 5). The pathologic anatomic findings in each case were reviewed carefully and correlated with clinical and mammographic data. Results. The rate of local recurrence in this series was 5.8%, similar to that of Veronesi's “lumpectomy” group (7%). In all five patients, the recurrent lesion was located in the same breast quadrant, along a radius from the nipple to the edge of the breast disc that crossed the site of the initial lesion. Conclusion. Local recurrence of mammary carcinoma after breast-conserving operative therapy most often occurs within the same segment; it is therefore proposed that its incidence may be substantially reduced with the use of a primary excision technique (based on normal breast anatomy) that removes en bloc the dominant tumor mass and the associated (possibly disease) duct system. Cancer 1995;75:1612-8.
A short procedure to measure phospholipid exchange in mitochondria and microsomes

Abstract A short procedure is described to study the exchange of phospholipids between rat liver organelles in vitro . 32 P-Labeled microsomes are bound to Ca 2+ , sedimented at 30 g , and incubated with unlabeled post-700 g -supernatant of liver homogenate. After recovering the originally labeled microsomes at 700 g , mitochondria and microsomes of the unlabeled fraction are isolated and specific activity of 32 P measured. Net transfer of phospholipids is comparable to that found after incubation of separate fractions.
Gypsum effects on plant growth, nutrients, ginsenosides, and their relationship in American ginseng

Wild American ginseng is typically found in the shade of deciduous forests, in slightly acidic soils with a relatively high Ca content. Wood-cultivated ginseng is often grown using forest farming agroforestry systems under similar conditions. Supplementing Ca by soil incorporation of gypsum (CaSO4·2H2O) is often recommended for wood-cultivated ginseng. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of gypsum application on ginseng growth, tissue nutrients, and ginsenoside contents in American ginseng. Three-year-old rootlets were grown for 120 days with 0, 2, 4, 8, or 16 Mt·ha−1 gypsum in greenhouse containers. Gypsum application reduced the soil pH slightly and elevated soil electrical conductivity (EC) and available soil Ca and S contents. While the Ca content in the ginseng increased with increasing levels of applied gypsum, shoot and root growth decreased. Root fresh weight prior to transplanting primarily affected the contents of ginsenoside Re, Rb1, Rc, and Rd and total ginsenosides. Gypsum treatment increased ginsenoside Rb1, Rc, and Rd and total ginsenoside contents. Furthermore, soil Ca, Mn, Cu, and Al contents positively correlated with total ginsenoside, but Mg was negatively correlated. HPLC analysis of root ginsenosides revealed that, although the concentrations of ginsenoside Rb1, Rc, and Rd increased with gypsum treatment, the contents of total ginsenosides were reduced. Changes in concentration may result from reduced root growth. Therefore, the results suggest that excess gypsum application (over 2 Mt·ha−1) is not beneficial for American ginseng production due to reduced plant growth.
Intracellular Distribution of Labeled Ribonucleic Acid after Phage Infection of Escherichia coli.

Abstract By rupture of T2r+-infected bacterial cells, and differential centrifugation into component subcellular parts, it can be shown that, during the course of infection, isotopic phosphate is incorporated into the RNA of these constituents in a diverse manner. The RNA of one particulate fraction, though only a small part of the total cell RNA, has the highest specific activity, whereas the major portion of cell RNA, found in another particulate fraction, has extremely low activity. RNA found in the soluble fraction is intermediate in specific activity.
The Encyclopedia of Life, Biodiversity Heritage Library, Biodiversity Informatics and Beyond Web 2.0

Abstract: E.O. Wilson, the noted entomologist at Harvard, “wished” for an authoritative encyclopedia of life that would be freely available on the worldwide Web for the entire world. On May 9th, 2007, The Encyclopedia of Life (EOL) was launched as a multi-institutional initiative whose mission is to create 1.8 million Web sites detailing all the known attributes, history, and behavior, about every known and described species and portraying that information through video, audio, and literature, via the Internet. A major contributor to the Encyclopedia is the Biodiversity Heritage Library that is currently scanning all the core biodiversity literature
Prenatal therapy of genetic disease-methylmalonic acidemia

Abstract Responsiveness of some forms of methylmalonic acidemia to B 12 and the presence of methylmalonic acid in maternal amniotic fluid and urine provides the format for the prenatal treatment of inborn errors of metabolism.
Occurrence of virus particles in the phloem tissue of BYDV-infected barley

Abstract Electron microscopy of leaves and roots of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) infected with barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) has shown densely staining spherical particles, about 24 mμ in diameter, in certain phloem cells. These particles are interpreted as the barley yellow dwarf virions. Size, shape, appearance, and distribution of these particles differentiate them from objects found in uninfected plant cells. Cross sec-sections of a vascular bundle show very few cells in the phloem bundle containing virus particle, thus indicating little lateral spread of the virus from cell to cell. However, longitudinal sections reveal that the virions are spread throughout cells connected in a vertical series. Cells containing virus particles show complete disruption of cell organelles and a fine fibrous network which fills the background cytoplasm. Virus concentration in a cell may very from a few widely scattered particles to dense masses that fill all space not occupied by degenerate cell organelles. The cytological aspects of BYDV infection are discussed in relation to other persistently borne, aphid-transmitted viruses.
The plastic torsion of I-sections with warping restraint

Abstract Tests have been carried out on nineteen I -section specimens in pure torsion to find the torque carrying capacity with restraint of warping. The specimens were machined out of a solid bar and warping restraint was provided by leaving the ends of the specimen solid. Four different I -sections and a series of different lengths of each section have been tested. As might be expected the results show that the torque carrying capacity of an I -section with warping restraint is considerably higher than the sand-heap value. The results are discussed in terms of various theories and it is shown that none of the present theories predict values as high as the experimental values especially for I -sections with thick webs.
How does sexual minority stigma “get under the skin”? A psychological mediation framework.

Sexual minorities are at increased risk for multiple mental health burdens compared with heterosexuals. The field has identified 2 distinct determinants of this risk, including group-specific minority stressors and general psychological processes that are common across sexual orientations. The goal of the present article is to develop a theoretical framework that integrates the important insights from these literatures. The framework postulates that (a) sexual minorities confront increased stress exposure resulting from stigma; (b) this stigma-related stress creates elevations in general emotion dysregulation, social/interpersonal problems, and cognitive processes conferring risk for psychopathology; and (c) these processes in turn mediate the relationship between stigma-related stress and psychopathology. It is argued that this framework can, theoretically, illuminate how stigma adversely affects mental health and, practically, inform clinical interventions. Evidence for the predictive validity of this framework is reviewed, with particular attention paid to illustrative examples from research on depression, anxiety, and alcohol-use disorders.
The Tricardiograph: A Rapid Screening Method for Cardiac Disease

To take slit kymograms of the left hemithorax on 6½ by 8½ inch film, a carrier was designed which can be fitted to the arms of a fluoroscope, replacing the screen. On the lateral and cephalad corner, six seconds of galvanometer trace are recorded, the slit kymograph being exposed during the interval from 3.0 to 4.5 seconds. With two galvanometers, the electrocardiogram and ballistocardiogram can be inscribed, thus timing the motions of the heart border, and permitting correlation of ballistic phenomena with ventricular ejection. This device also has promise as a screening method for detecting cardiac disease.
Legitimacy is Not Authority

The two leading traditions of theorizing about democratic legitimacy are liberalism and deliberative democracy. Liberals typically claim that legitimacy consists in the consent of the governed, while deliberative democrats typically claim that legitimacy consists in the soundness of political procedures. Despite this difference, both traditions see the need for legitimacy as arising from the coercive enforcement of law and regard legitimacy as necessary for law to have normative authority. While I endorse the broad aims of these two traditions, I believe they both misunderstand the nature of legitimacy. In this essay I argue that the legitimacy of a law is neither necessary nor sufficient for its normative authority, and I argue further that the need for legitimacy in law arises regardless of whether the law is coercively enforced. I thus articulate a new understanding of the legitimacy and authority of law.
Toward efficient programming in virtual systems

An approach to improving the processing efficiency of COBOL programs executed on virtual storage systems is suggested. The approach uses program manipulation and system information facilities in solving the problem.