cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Validation of numerical predictions of sonic boom metric variability due to turbulence

Atmospheric turbulence scatters the sonic boom wavefront created by supersonic aircraft, causing random variations in the waveforms and spectra measured at the ground. To help assess the impact of turbulence, a time-domain algorithm based on the nonlinear KZK propagation equation has been developed which simulates turbulent fields via an approximate atmospheric theory. Two sets of recent supersonic overflight measurements at the NASA Neil A. Armstrong Flight Research Center and the Kennedy Space Center offer datasets which have been used to quantify the algorithm’s utility to simultaneously model atmospheric turbulence, nonlinearity, and absorption. The field campaigns simultaneously recorded measurements of both sonic boom waveforms along linear microphone arrays and also turbulence quantities suitable for use in the algorithm. The algorithm’s performance in predicting the measured variation of sonic boom metrics will be discussed. [Work supported by NASA via a subcontract from KBRwyle.]Atmospheric turbulence scatters the sonic boom wavefront created by supersonic aircraft, causing random variations in the waveforms and spectra measured at the ground. To help assess the impact of turbulence, a time-domain algorithm based on the nonlinear KZK propagation equation has been developed which simulates turbulent fields via an approximate atmospheric theory. Two sets of recent supersonic overflight measurements at the NASA Neil A. Armstrong Flight Research Center and the Kennedy Space Center offer datasets which have been used to quantify the algorithm’s utility to simultaneously model atmospheric turbulence, nonlinearity, and absorption. The field campaigns simultaneously recorded measurements of both sonic boom waveforms along linear microphone arrays and also turbulence quantities suitable for use in the algorithm. The algorithm’s performance in predicting the measured variation of sonic boom metrics will be discussed. [Work supported by NASA via a subcontract from KBRwyle.]
Topology Management of Hierarchical Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

Building hierarchical ad hoc network is a promising approach to provide scalability to future large scale ad hoc networks. However, due to node mobility and node failures, the topology management of the wireless backbone network is not as simple as in the wired networks. In this chapter, we introduced two schemes to help managing the hierarchical network structure. The goal is to achieve good distribution of backbone nodes as well as robustness, reliability and stability of the backbone network under node mobility and node failures. Simulation results show that topology managed hierarchical ad hoc network can improve the network performance significantly.
An In Vitro Model of the Kitten Retinogeniculate Pathway

Guido, William, Fu-Sun Lo, and Reha S. Erzurumlu. An in vitro model of the kitten retinogeniculate pathway. J. Neurophysiol. 77: 511–516, 1997. An organotypic explant coculture method is described ...
Neo-Cognitive Learning Theory: Implications for Prevention and Early Intervention Strategies with At-Risk Youth.

A new perspective has emerged in psychological learning theory which provides a more precise understanding of the relationship between cognition, emotion, and delinquent behavior. These new assumptions about learning have now been formalized in the literature as neo-cognitive learning theory. The objectives of the present paper are to describe the theory's major principles and assumptions, cite contemporary research evidence which supports each assumption of this new perspective, distinguish how this model of learning offers a significant advance over first-generation cognitive and reciprocal social learning models of deviance, and discuss the implications of the neo-cognitive learning perspective for prevention and early intervention strategies with at-risk youth.
Educating Professors in a Transition Economy: A Case Study of Bosnia and Herzegovina

The United States Agency for International Development (USAID) and various other governmental and nongovernmental organizations have been expending resources in developing countries for decades to improve the infrastructure of their economies. In recent years, several projects have aimed at reforming the accounting and financial reporting systems of several countries, most notably in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union. Part of that effort often involves expending resources to upgrade accounting education. One problem these projects always face is the educational preparation and experience of the professors who will be expected to teach the new curriculum. This paper presents a case study of how that problem was addressed in Bosnia & Herzegovina.
Evaluating advanced technologies in radiation oncology: when and how should randomized trials be done?

The ultimate goal of radiation therapy (RT) is to deliver enough radiation to eradicate all tumor clonogens within the irradiated field while also minimizing dose to adjacent normal structures so as to cause no (or minimal) normal tissue injury. With few exceptions, the dose of radiation currently delivered to most anatomic sites is limited by the tolerance of these adjacent normal organs, thereby restricting the dose of radiation deposited in tumors to an amount that may or may not be ideal to realize an optimal cure. The goal of many advanced technologies introduced into RT are aimed at addressing this problem.
Foreign Knowledge Seeking and Country Exit: The Joint Impact of Firm and Country Characteristics

We extend work on multinational knowledge seeking by examining the joint effect of firm and country factors on a firm’s decision to exit from a foreign country. We argue that the pursuit of knowled...
Lessons from One Fastidious Bacterium to Another: What Can We Learn about Liberibacter Species from Xylella fastidiosa.

Huanglongbing is causing economic devastation to the citrus industry in Florida, and threatens the industry everywhere the bacterial pathogens in the Candidatus Liberibacter genus and their insect vectors are found. Bacteria in the genus cannot be cultured and no durable strategy is available for growers to control plant infection or pathogen transmission. However, scientists and grape growers were once in a comparable situation after the emergence of Pierce’s disease, which is caused by Xylella fastidiosa and spread by its hemipteran insect vector. Proactive quarantine and vector control measures coupled with interdisciplinary data-driven science established control of this devastating disease and pushed the frontiers of knowledge in the plant pathology and vector biology fields. Our review highlights the successful strategies used to understand and control X. fastidiosa and their potential applicability to the liberibacters associated with citrus greening, with a focus on the interactions between bacterial pathogen and insect vector. By placing the study of Candidatus Liberibacter spp. within the current and historical context of another fastidious emergent plant pathogen, future basic and applied research to develop control strategies can be prioritized.
Monitoring uptake of palmitic acid by glioma cells using stimulated Raman scattering microscopy

Glioblastoma (GBM) is one of the most aggressive cancer types in nervous system. Due to the limited effectiveness of current treatments, prognosis remains poor for GBM patients. Altered lipid metabolism is a hallmark of GBM. Previous studies show that increased lipid droplets (LDs) could protect cancer cells from chemotherapy and other extracellular stresses. In this study, we apply stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy to image LDs to monitor uptake of palmitic acid (PA) by U-87 glioma cells. We observe that uptake of free PA rapidly upregulates adipogenesis in glioma cells. We find that glioma cells exhibit distinctive time-dependent and dose-dependent patterns in PA uptake and adipogenesis. Uptake of extra PA significantly decreases the unsaturation degree of LDs. The decreased unsaturation degree and other lipotoxicity effects lead to clear cell death upon PA treatment at a high concentration. The results indicate that inhibition of adipogenesis may have therapeutic effects for GBM utilizing the lipotoxicity effects induced by free fatty acids. This work demonstrates that SRS microscopy for label-free imaging of LDs distribution and their composition is a promising tool for lipid metabolism studies in cancer.
Cell Injury, Differentiation, and Regeneration in Explant, Organ, and Cell Culture Models

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses cell injury, differentiation, and regeneration in explant, organ, and cell culture models. The keys to understanding the mechanisms of pathology lie at the cellular and subcellular levels. Well-established models for the study of human epithelia have been developed from human tissues obtained at autopsy, surgery, and organ donation. Disease can be regarded as the controlled or uncontrolled reaction of cells, their membranes and organelles, to injurious stimuli. Normally, the cells and their organelles adjust to their environment within defined homeostatic limits. The process of cell blebbing and cell death could be inhibited or delayed by pretreatment with the calmodulin antagonists. Phospholipase and protease inhibitors have also been shown to protect against cell death while having no effect on plasma membrane blebbing. The deregulation is associated with cytoplasmic blebbing during the reversible phase and later with cell death. The process of cell blebbing and cell death could be inhibited or delayed by pretreatment with the calmodulin antagonists.
Preparing Business Students for a Distributed Workforce and Global Business Environment: Gaining Virtual Leadership Skills in an Authentic Context

There is an increased demand for a skilled workforce that is prepared for work in today’s digital economy, which is often done in virtual teams. Thus, while many students today have little or no experience working in this mode, they are often placed in virtual teams early in their careers. We argue that that if students have the opportunity to acquire virtual leadership skills in an authentic setting in their undergraduate program, they will be more prepared when they are placed in virtual teams and virtual leadership roles in the workplace. An instructional strategy was implemented in a large online undergraduate business course to provide students with the experience of working in virtual teams in an authentic setting and the findings of the study highlight the importance of organization, technology management, communication, managing student perceptions, and coaching when using this strategy to teach virtual leadership and virtual team skills.
Cost-effectiveness of first-line vs third-line ibrutinib in patients with untreated chronic lymphocytic leukemia

Abstract The ALLIANCE A041202 trial found that continuously administered ibrutinib in the first-line setting significantly prolonged progression-free survival compared with a fixed-duration treatment of rituximab and bendamustine in older adults with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). In this study, we created a Markov model to assess the cost-effectiveness of ibrutinib in the first-line setting, compared with a strategy of using ibrutinib in the third-line after failure of time-limited bendamustine and venetoclax-based regimens. We estimated transition probabilities from randomized trials using parametric survival modeling. Lifetime direct health care costs, quality-adjusted life years (QALYs), and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) were calculated from a US payer perspective. First-line ibrutinib was associated with an improvement of 0.26 QALYs and 0.40 life-years compared with using ibrutinib in the third-line setting. However, using ibrutinib in the first-line led to significantly higher health care costs (incremental cost of $612 700), resulting in an ICER of $2 350 041 per QALY. The monthly cost of ibrutinib would need to be decreased by 72% for first-line ibrutinib therapy to be cost-effective at a willingness-to-pay threshold of $150 000 per QALY. In a scenario analysis where ibrutinib was used in the second-line in the delayed ibrutinib arm, first-line ibrutinib had an incremental cost of $478 823, an incremental effectiveness of 0.05 QALYs, and an ICER of $9 810 360 per QALY when compared with second-line use. These data suggest that first-line ibrutinib for unselected older adults with CLL is unlikely to be cost-effective under current pricing. Delaying ibrutinib for most patients with CLL until later lines of therapy may be a reasonable strategy to limit health care costs without compromising clinical outcomes.
Composite scoring combining OncotypeDX risk with circulating tumor cell status improves prognostication.

e12577Background: Genomic assays, such as the 21-gene OncotypeDX (ODX) and the 70-gene MammaPrint (MP) panels, can be used to personalize treatment for women with early-stage, hormone receptor-posi...
Metadata Shaping: Natural Language Annotations for the Tail.

Language models (LMs) have made remarkable progress, but still struggle to generalize beyond the training data to rare linguistic patterns. Since rare entities and facts are prevalent in the queries users submit to popular applications such as search and personal assistant systems, improving the ability of LMs to reliably capture knowledge over rare entities is a pressing challenge studied in significant prior work. Noticing that existing approaches primarily modify the LM architecture or introduce auxiliary objectives to inject useful entity knowledge, we ask to what extent we could match the quality of these architectures using a base LM architecture, and only changing the data? We propose metadata shaping, a method in which readily available metadata, such as entity descriptions and categorical tags, are appended to examples based on information theoretic metrics. Intuitively, if metadata corresponding to popular entities overlap with metadata for rare entities, the LM may be able to better reason about the rare entities using patterns learned from similar popular entities. On standard entity-rich tasks (TACRED, FewRel, OpenEntity), with no changes to the LM whatsoever, metadata shaping exceeds the BERT-baseline by up to 5.3 F1 points, and achieves or competes with state-of-the-art results. We further show the improvements are up to 10x larger on examples containing tail versus popular entities.
Restoring Vision: Where are We with Stem Cells?

Photoreceptor degeneration leads to permanent visual loss due to the lack of regenerative mechanisms in the mammalian retina. This can occur due to defects in the photoreceptors as seen in certain forms of retinitis pigmentosa or secondary to retinal pigment epithelium defects as seen in certain forms of Leber congenital amaurosis and age-related macular degeneration. In this short review, we will cover some recent work on promoting retinal repair either by using endogenous cells in the retina or through cell replacement therapy.
The energy metabolism in infants with growth failure due to maternal deprivation, undernutrition, or causes unknown. Metabolic rate calculated from the insensible loss of weight.

The energy metabolism of 37 infants with growth failure and malnutrition was investigated, by use of the insensible loss of weight (IL) as the index of metabolic rate. The IL was measured 4 to 6 (standard IL) and 12 hours (basal IL) after a regular meal, while asleep. Twenty infants were tested repeatedly throughout the recovery period. Control values for the IL, obtained in 27 normal infants, agreed well with established norms for IL and for basal metabolic rate, calculated from oxygen consumption. The initial standard and basal IL of the infants with growth failure fell between the regression lines on height of normal controls representing ±3 SE., but were above normal when related to body weight. The basal IL remained essentially within this range throughout the recovery period. By contrast, the standard IL rose upon realimentation with a high caloric diet sufficient to cause weight gain and declined during periods of weight loss or no weight gain. This rise, representing postprandial heat production in excess of basal (EHP), was greater than normal (up to 96%) for a period following realimentation. Peak values for EHP showed a near linear correlation with the average daily protein intake. This correlation appeared to be induced by the supply of sufficient calories, since the EHP was in a low range on admission and upon recovery regardless of the average daily protein intake. EHP did not correlate with the protein content of the meal given prior to measurement of the standard IL; therefore, factors other than those generally implicated in the specific dynamic action of food seem to be operative.
Mechanism of viral carcinogenesis by DNA mammalian viruses. V. Properties of purified viral-specific RNA from human adenovirus-induced tumor cells.

Abstract Viral-specific RNA was isolated in highly purified form from the nucleus of tumor cells induced by “highly” oncogenic human adenovirus types 12 and 18 and “weakly” oncogenic Ad‡ 7 and 16 by the formation of DNA-RNA hybrids on membrane filters and the elution of the RNA from the filter. The DNA-RNA hybrids formed between Ad 12, 18, 7 and 16 DNA and viral-specific RNA's have T m values of 66 to 68 °C in 0.1 × SSC. The four purified viral-specific RNA's have base compositions of 47 to 48% G + C as determined by [ 32 P]ribonucleotide analysis. The relationship between T m values and base composition is similar to that reported for E. coli DNA-mRNA by Bolton & McCarthy (1964). No significant difference in average G + C content was noted among the four adenovirus RNA's, but distinct differences in individual base contents were found. Base compositions of adenovirus-specific RNA's differed considerably from those of the normal cellular RNA's, ribosomal, transfer and nuclear RNA. The average G + C content of Ad 12 and 18 specific RNA's (47 to 48%) is close to that of their respective DNA's (48 to 49%), but the average G + C content of Ad 7 and 16 specific RNA's (47 to 48%) is 2 to 5% lower than that of Ad 7 and 16 DNA's (50 to 52%). These results imply that viral DNA regions with an average G + C content of 47 to 48% are integrated or preferentially transcribed in adenovirus-indueed tumor cells. Hybridization of purified Ad 12, 18, 7 and 16 specific RNA's with different adenovirus DNA's did not detect common nucleotide sequences between viralspecific RNA's of highly and weakly oncogenic adenoviruses. Thus different viral-coded information appears to be involved in carcinogenesis by these two groups of human adenoviruses.
The Value of Reason: Why Not a Sardine Can Opener?

PREFACE This essay has a history that is deeply rooted in the Philosophy of Education Society. In 1995, Harvey Siegel in his Presidential Address, “What Price Inclusion?” raised the question, “Why care about epistemology, justification, and rationality?” which amounted to asking why anyone should care about the whole set of philosophical concerns that lie at the heart of Harvey’s work. He reported that Nick Burbules had urged him to address this question. Specifically, Nick advised Harvey to “resist the temptation to offer ‘yet another transcendental argument’” and to try instead to teach his critics why they should care about “his” issues. But Harvey confessed that, alas, he could not resist “the temptation to wax transcendental.” Since I, like Harvey, have written about rationality and education, Nick’s question stuck with me. I found myself trying to articulate my sense of why beliefs about truth, rationality, and so on, matter. I asked myself what is at stake, humanly, in work such as this and in the stance toward life and education it promotes. Some of these themes were addressed by Jim Macmillan in his PES Presidential Address, “Love and Logic in 1984.” Jim had been my teacher at Temple University and I was his Program Chair. Many of us remember Jim fondly and miss his wisdom at these meetings. Probably fewer of us remember Paul Dietl, the PES member from whom Jim took the phrase “Love and Logic,” a phrase Jim frequently used as the closing in his correspondence. Paul, too, was my teacher, at Syracuse University. His early death at age forty left us all less wise than we would otherwise have been. Paul was fond of saying that love and logic summed up the requirements of a life worth living. And he frequently added, “Logic isn’t the whole of life, but don’t knock it either.” These men taught me why logic matters, not merely in the classroom but in the way they lived their lives. So this paper is for Paul and for Jim. I hope that it does not fall too far short of their exacting standards.
Issues of cultural diversity in acquired brain injury (ABI) rehabilitation.

INTRODUCTION: With the general population in the United States becoming increasingly diverse, it is important for rehabilitation professionals to develop the capacity to provide culturally sensitive treatment. This is especially relevant when working with minority populations who have a higher risk for brain injury and poorer rehabilitation outcomes. OBJECTIVES: This article presents a number of clinical vignettes to illustrate how cultural factors can influence behavior in patients recovering from brain injury, as well as rehabilitation staff. The main objectives are to raise awareness among clinicians and stimulate research ideas by highlighting some real world examples of situations where a specialized, patient-centered approach needs to consider factors of cultural diversity. CONCLUSION: Because one's own world view impacts the way we see the world and interpret behavior, it is important to understand one's own ethnocentrism when dealing with a diverse population of patients with brain injury where behavioral sequelae are often expected. Being able to see behavior after brain injury with an open mind and taking into account cultural and contextual factors is an important step in developing culturally competent rehabilitation practices. Language: en
RHIC insertion magnets

The Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) has six interaction regions for the colliding beam. Each interaction region is part of an insertion region consisting of several magnets. The required aperture of some of the quadrupoles and dipoles in the insertion regions is much larger than the nominal 80-mm aperture of the other magnets in the accelerator. There will be 82 quadrupole magnets having an aperture of 130 mm and a maximum operating field gradient of 59 T/m, and 12 dipole magnets having an aperture of 200 mm and an operating central field of 4.3 T. The authors discuss the magnetic design of the coil and iron cross section for these magnets. >
THE PREVALENCE OF HEPATITIS C VIRUS (HCV) IN INFANTS AND CHILDREN AFTER LIVER TRANSPLANTATION

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is an important cause of liver injury following liver transplantation in adults. We hypothesized that the prevalence of HCV infection in children following liver transplantation would be lower than the prevalence in adults after liver transplantation because HCV-related liver disease leading to liver transplantation in children is low and children require less blood products than adults during transplantation. We therefore performed a cross-sectional study to determine the prevalence of HCV infection in children who had undergone liver transplantation. Serum samples were obtained from 62 of 65 (95.4%) consecutive patients surviving for more than six months after transplantation. Using a second-generation enzyme-linked, immunosorbent assay (ELISA-2) and a second-generation recombinant immunoblot assay (RIBA-II), antibodies to HCV were detected in 5.1% (3 of 59) of the subjects. Using a single-step, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), HCV RNA was detected in 6.2% (4 of 62). All HCV-positive children had undergone liver transplantation before the initiation of routine screening for HCV in blood donors; overall 30 patients were transplanted prior to routine screening of blood products for HCV. The prevalence of HCV in infants and children after liver transplantation in our study is substantially less than the rates reported in adults. This difference may be due, in part, to the lower volume of blood product exposure and to the fact that children, as opposed to adults, rarely have chronic HCV infection as a cause of end-stage liver disease.
Expert Strategies for Poor-Performing Students in Technical Courses

Poor performing students in technical required courses tend to assume that their failure reflects lack of ability within the discipline. The suggestion made here is that tacit student strategies for learning and problem solving are also crucial factors, and when ineffective, function as concealed contributors to poor performance. It is further suggested that experts in various domains rely on some commonly held tacit strategies, and that these can be partially transferred to students through a set of implementable steps. This process benefits students by addressing some underlying issues and by providing useful interventions.
Enhanced detection of acousto-photonic scattering using a photorefractive crystal

Acousto-photonic imaging (API) is a dual-wave sensing technique in which a diffusive photon wave in a turbid medium interacts with an imposed acoustic field that drives scatterers to coherent periodic motion. A phase-modulated photon field emanates from the interaction region and carries with it information about the local opto-mechanical properties of the insonated media. A technological barrier to API has been sensitivity - the flux of phase-modulated photons is very small and the incoherence of the resulting speckle pattern reduces the modulation of the scattered light leading to low sensitivity. We report preliminary results from a new detection scheme in which a photorefractive crystal is used to mix the diffusively scattered laser light with a reference beam. The crystal serves as a dynamic holographic medium where the signal beam interferes with the reference beam, creating a photorefractive grating from which beams diffract. In addition, the phase modulation is converted to an amplitude modulation so that the API signal can be detected. Measurements of the API signal are presented for gel phantoms with polystyrene beads used as scatterers, showing a qualitative agreement with a simple theoretical model developed.
Nonuniform rotation of the Earth and geomagnetic drift

The transmission of mechanical forces of the magnetic field through the top layers of the core and into the mantle is analyzed. It is shown that moderate fluctuations of the toroidal field near the boundary of the core are adequate to produce the observed variations in the Earth's rate of rotation. A simple model of the boundary layer of the core is worked out and it shown that the angular velocity, on going down from the boundary of the core, must first decrease and then increase again, in agreement with the observations on the westward drift and with the dynamo theory.
Transport of Cryptosporidium Oocysts in Porous Media: Role of Straining and Physicochemical Filtration

The transport and filtration behavior of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in columns packed with quartz sand was systematically examined under repulsive electrostatic conditions. An increase in solution ionic strength resulted in greater oocyst deposition rates despite theoretical predictions of a significant electrostatic energy barrier to deposition. Relatively high deposition rates obtained with both oocysts and polystyrene latex particles of comparable size at low ionic strength (1 mM) suggest that a physical mechanism may play a key role in oocyst removal. Supporting experiments conducted with latex particles of varying sizes, under very low ionic strength conditions where physicochemical filtration is negligible, clearly indicated that physical straining is an important capture mechanism. The results of this study indicate that irregularity of sand grain shape (verified by SEM imaging) contributes considerably to the straining potential of the porous medium. Hence, both straining and physicochemical filtration are expected to control the removal of C. parvum oocysts in settings typical of riverbank filtration, soil infiltration, and slow sand filtration. Because classic colloid filtration theory does not account for removal by straining, these observations have important implications with respect to predictions of oocyst transport.
Cor triloculare biatrium with pulmonary stenosis.

Abstract A report of an adult patient with cyanosis is presented and the difficulties encountered in reaching the diagnosis are mentioned. Most patients with cor triloculare biatrium are severely symptomatic and more than 50 per cent die early in childhood. Those who survive to adolescence or adulthood probably have adaptive mechanisms as have been outlined herein. Most of these patients are born with cyanosis or it develops early in life. In those who are acyanotic or mildly cyanotic a large pulmonary artery arising from the main part of the common ventricle is present, allowing a great volume of blood to be oxygenated in the lungs. Usually the degree of cyanosis is directly proportional to the severity of dyspnea and fatigue. The beneficial effect of pulmonary stenosis in cor triloculare biatrium is also suggested.
C3a and C5a enhance granulocyte adhesion to endothelial and epithelial cell monolayers: epithelial and endothelial priming is required for C3a-induced eosinophil adhesion.

Abstract Effects of the anaphylatoxins C3a and C5a on eosinophil and neutrophil adhesion to HUVEC and to primary culture human bronchial epithelial cells (HBEC) were investigated. Activities on both leukocytes and on structural cells were examined. C3a upregulated β 2 integrin expression and caused shedding of L-selectin on eosinophils, but had no effect on neutrophil adhesion molecule expression. C5a upregulated β 2 integrins and caused shedding of L-selectin on both eosinophils and neutrophils. The potency of C5a was equivalent on both cell types; however, the magnitude of the changes in each of these adhesion molecules was significantly greater in neutrophils than eosinophils. Neither C3a nor C5a altered expression of ICAM-1, VCAM-1, E-selectin or P-selectin on either HUVEC or HBEC. C5a induced adhesion of both neutrophils and eosinophils to unstimulated HUVEC or HBEC, and adhesion was further enhanced when HUVEC and HBEC were “primed” with TNF-α and IFN-γ, respectively. C3a failed to enhance adhesion of either eosinophils or neutrophils to unprimed HUVEC or HBEC, and enhanced only eosinophil adhesion to cytokine-primed HUVEC or HBEC. Similar to C3a, C3a desArg and a C3a-analog peptide E7 also enhanced eosinophil adhesion only to cytokine-primed HUVEC and HBEC. These results support the traditional view of anaphylatoxins as leukocyte-specific mediators. The specificity of C3a for eosinophils implicates this molecule as a potential participant in allergic inflammation. The pro-adhesive effects of C3a desArg suggest that this molecule, previously characterized as a spasmogenically inactive derivative of C3a, may also alter leukocyte dynamics and migration. Finally, activation of endothelium may represent an important control mechanism for C3a-mediated adhesion preventing unchecked eosinophil adhesion to uninflamed systemic vasculature.
Functional analysis of myosin missense mutations in familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

Abstract To analyze potential functional consequences of myosin heavy chain (MHC) mutations identified in patients with familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (FHC), we have assessed the stability of the mutant MHCs and their ability to form thick filaments. Constructs encoding wild-type rat alpha MHC and seven corresponding FHC missense mutants were transfected into COS cells. Immunoblot analysis suggested that FHC mutations do not grossly alter protein stability. Wild-type alpha MHC transfected into COS cells forms structures previously shown to be arrays of thick filaments, which also resemble myosin structures observed early in differentiation of muscle cells. Surprisingly, up to 29% of COS cells transfected with the FHC mutants failed to form filamentous structures. To assess whether this phenotype was specific for the FHC mutants and not generalizable to any myosin mutation, COS cells were transfected with a construct encoding an MHC with a 168-amino acid deletion of the hinge/rod region. This deletion construct formed filamentous structures with the same frequency as wild-type MHC. Biochemical analysis of one FHC mutant (Arg-249-->Gln) demonstrates that the structures formed by the mutant are solubilized at a lower ionic strength than those formed by wild-type MHC. We conclude that although the FHC mutant MHC is not labile, its assembly properties may be impaired.
Spatial-frequency-dependent changes in cortical activation before and after patching in amblyopic children.

PURPOSE. To examine the cortical response under transient stimulus conditions in amblyopic children before and after eye patching. To determine whether improvement in acuity is associated with spatial-frequency-dependent changes in specific peaks of the cortical response. METHODS. Visual evoked potentials (VEPs) to check reversal (163-18 arc min) and onset of sine wave gratings (0.5-4 cyc/deg) were measured in 24 amblyopic children (<7 years of age) before eye patching. VEPs were repeated in nine subjects with 20/40 or better acuity after patching. Age, severity of amblyopia, and VEP amplitudes of positive peak (P)100, P1, and negative peak (N)2 were analyzed by multivariate statistics. RESULTS. Before patching, the amblyopic eye showed decreasing amplitude with increasing spatial frequencies (P < 0.05) when compared with the nonamblyopic eye. Reduced amplitudes occurred at frequencies well below acuity. Latencies were mildly prolonged. After patching, amplitudes increased in the amblyopic eye across all spatial frequencies (ANCOVA; P < 0.0001 for each peak). However, a spatial-frequency-dependent increase in amplitude was significant only for a late negative peak (N2). The patched eye showed no significant changes. CONCLUSIONS. Recovery of acuity after eye patching is associated with an overall increase in cortical activation across a wide range of spatial frequencies below the acuity threshold. A spatial-frequency- dependent increase in a late negative peak suggests that the cortical generator of this peak demonstrates plasticity of acuity recovery.
Cleft lip repair using intramuscular hydroxyzine sedation and local anesthesia.

Abstract Intramuscular hydroxyzine was used alone for sedation in 18 cleft lip repairs with patients under 6 weeks of age. After injection of local anesthesia, the infants were quiet throughout the procedure. Blood pressure, pulse, respiration, and temperatures were normal throughout and the oxygen saturation remained above 94% in all cases. There were no complications noted with this series of patients and no patient required conversion to general anesthesia. Intramuscular hydroxyzine combined with local anesthesia and nerve block has been found to be a safe and effective method for cleft lip repairs in selected neonates under 6 weeks of age.
Effects of phentermine on striatal dopamine and serotonin release in conscious rats: in vivo microdialysis study.

OBJECTIVE: To measure the effects of phentermine, an appetite supressant, on the release of brain dopamine (DA) and serotonin (5-HT) into striatal dialysates of freely moving rats. DESIGN: Microdialysis and high performance liquid chromatography. SUBJECTS: Unanesthetized rats. MEASUREMENTS: Samples collected every 20 min were assayed for both neurotransmitters in a single run, using high performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. RESULTS: Baseline levels of DA and 5-HT in dialysates were 56±16 and 3±0.6 fmol/20 μl, respectively. Administration of phentermine (2 or 5 mg/kg) increased dialysate DA concentrations to 147±17% (P<0.01) and 320±89% (P<0.01) of baseline, respectively, without significantly affecting 5-HT concentrations. Pretreatment with tetrodotoxin (TTX, 60 min, 1 μM), which abolished the basal release of DA and 5-HT into striatal dialysates, diminished the increase in DA concentrations induced by phentermine, but did not completely block it. Phentermine (2 or 5 mg/kg, i.p.) still stimulated DA release to 27±13%and 85±15%of baseline, respectively, in the presence of TTX. CONCLUSION: Phentermine increases brain DA but not 5-HT release in freely moving rats, and TTX reduces, but does not fully block this effect. This pattern is similar to that known to be produced by d-amphetamine.
Response of burley tobacco to banded fertilizer and in-row subsoiling

Abstract Field experiments were conducted during 4 years at two locations in Kentucky to study the response of burley tobacco to phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) fertilizer rate and placement, and to in‐row subsoiling. In one experiment on Pope soil (mesic Fluventic Dystrochrepts), dry matter and P and K uptake 40 days after transplanting, and cured leaf yield and value/ha were increased as application of a 5–13–36 (%N‐P2O5‐K2O) grade fertilizer increased from 310 to 930 kg/ha. Generally, fertilizer placed in 40‐cm wide bands directly under and parallel to the row was more effective than broadcasting and in‐row subsoiling was more effective than not subsoiling. Significant 2‐way and 3‐way interactions suggested that plant responses to band applications over broadcasting were greater in the presence than absence of subsoiling. In another experiment conducted on two silt loam soils, Pope and Maury (typic Paleudalfs), fertilizer applied in a 40‐cm band with in‐row subsoiling was more effective than broadcast...
Longitudinal effects of the midwestern prevention project on regular and experimental smoking in adolescents.

The purpose of this study was to compare longitudinal smoking prevention program effects estimated on a population-based cohort sample of sixth- and seventh-grade students (average n per year = 4,664) using different schools as units of analysis (middle/junior high school as the school of origin or high school as the endpoint school of intervention). Fifty schools in 15 school districts were demographically matched and assigned to either a school and community-based program for prevention of cigarette, alcohol, and marijuana use, or a health education as usual control group. Smoking was measured by questionnaires administered to the students. An expired air (CO) measure of smoking was also administered to increase accuracy of self-reports. Program effects were estimated with regression analyses, controlling for school-level socioeconomic status, racial/ethnic make-up, urbanicity, and grade. Using school of origin as the unit of analysis, program effects showed 1 year net reductions of - 8, - 6, and - 5% in prevalence rates of smoking in the last month, last week, and last 24 hr; 2-year program effects showed similar net reductions of - 6, - 5, and - 3% (P’s < 0.10-0.001). Analyses with endpoint school as the unit showed slightly weaker effects at the 2-year follow-up, the year during which 64% of students had moved to a junior high or high school. The findings are discussed in terms of the potential contamination of experimental groups in longitudinal studies from school consolidations, family mobility, and feeder patterns to high schools, and the different smoking environments represented by middle, junior high, and high schools.
On power means of positive quadratic forms

Abstract Some power means of positive definite quadratic forms are closely related to the fundamental scalar functions of the matrix associated with the quadratic form. This relation can (among other things) be used to give new proofs of some of the classical matrix inequalities.
Electron-Transfer Reactions of Re(CO)(5): Atom-Transfer-Concerted Mechanism vs Bimetallic Intermediate Formation.

Flash photochemically generated Re(CO)5 reacts with halide complexes, Cu(Me4[14]-1,3,8,10-tetraeneN4)X+, Cu(Me2pyo[14]trieneN4)X+, and Ni(Me2pyo[14]trieneN4)X+ (X = Cl, Br, I) and ion pairs, [Co(bipy)33+, X-]. The rate constants for the electron transfers have values, k ≈ 109 M-1 s-1, close to expectations for processes with diffusion-controlled rates. Reaction intermediates, probably bimetallic species, were detected in electron-transfer reactions of Re(CO)5 with Cu(Me6[14]dieneN4)X+, (X = Cl, Br, I). In the absence of the halides X-, the electron-transfer reactions between Re(CO)5 and these complexes are slow, k < 106 M-1 s-1. The results are discussed in terms of inner-sphere pathways, namely an atom-transfer-concerted mechanism. The mediation of bimetallic intermediates in the electron transfer is also considered.
Multiple cutaneous reticulohistiocytomas (reticulohistiocytic granulomas)

Multiple cutaneous reticulohistiocytomas (reticulohistiocytic granulomas) represent a unique pattern in the spectrum of the reticulohistiocytoses. Seven cases have been reported in the English-language literature. A case of multiple cutaneous reticulohistiocytomas observed for 5 years is presented. The spectrum of the reticulohistiocytoses is reviewed, and the distinct clinical patterns of the disease are compared.
The role of laser-pulse phases in the sub-picosecond optimal infrared multiphoton dissociation of HF

Abstract In a simulation of the five-pulse, subpicosecond, optimal infrared multiphoton dissociation of an HF molecule (M. Kaluža, J.T. Muckerman, P. Gross and H. Rabitz, J. Chem. Phys. 100 (1994) 4211), randomizing phases of an optimal pulse reduced the dissociation yield by nearly a factor of two. Here we simulate the response of an HF molecule to ten five-laser pulses which lack shot-to-shot phase reproducibility. We optimize the timings and carrier frequencies of the five pulses to achieve the maximal average dissociation yield over the ensemble of shots, and provide an estimate for the yield in an experiment in which phases of the laser pulses are not controllable.
Ada on a hypercube

The widespread use of parallel machines, and hypercubes in particular, is being held back by the lack of high-order parallel programming languages. In this paper we discuss the issues involved in establishing an existing language that supports parallel processing, Ada, on a hypercube multiprocessor. The majority of the paper addresses the requirements and implementation of the run-time system, which is the key to establishing any parallel language. First, the requirements of the run-time system for Ada are described from a machine-independent point of view. Next, the approach taken toward implementing this system on a hypercube is discussed, with considerations given for language-level program partitioning and interprocessor communication performance. Finally, the status of our current implementation is discussed and some concluding remarks are made about parallel languages in general, based on our experiences.
Genetically induced cholinergic hyper-innervation enhances taste learning.

Acute inhibition of acetylcholine (ACh) has been shown to impair many forms of simple learning, and notably conditioned taste aversion (CTA). The most adhered-to theory that has emerged as a result of this work—that ACh increases a taste’s perceived novelty, and thereby its associability—would be further strengthened by evidence showing that enhanced cholinergic function improves learning above normal levels. Experimental testing of this corollary hypothesis has been limited, however, by side-effects of pharmacological ACh agonism and by the absence of a model that achieves long-term increases in cholinergic signaling. Here, we present this further test of the ACh hypothesis, making use of mice lacking the p75 pan-neurotrophin receptor gene, which show a resultant over-abundance of cholinergic neurons in subregions of the basal forebrain (BF). We first demonstrate that the p75-/- abnormality directly affects portions of the CTA circuit, locating mouse gustatory cortex (GC) using a functional assay and then using immunohistochemisty to demonstrate cholinergic hyperinnervation of GC in the mutant mice—hyperinnervation that is unaccompanied by changes in cell numbers or compensatory changes in muscarinic receptor densities. We then demonstrate that both p75-/- and wild-type mice learn robust CTAs, which extinguish more slowly in the mutants. Further testing to distinguish effects on learning from alterations in memory retention demonstrate that p75-/- mice do in fact learn stronger CTAs than wild-type mice. These data provide novel evidence for the hypothesis linking ACh and taste learning.
An Analysis of Dynamic Balance in a Mesoscale Model

Abstract The degrees to which mesoscale model simulations satisfy forms of the quasi-geostrophic omega-equation and nonlinear balance equation are determined for various vertical and horizontal scales. The forms of the equations are those consistent with the application of Bourke and McGregor's initialization scheme to the simulation model, and the vertical scales are those determined by the model's vertical modes. Results indicate that the degree of balance is primarily a function of vertical (rather than horizontal) scale, with the larger vertical scales better balanced. The balance is observed simultaneously for the fields of velocity divergence and ageostrophic vorticity. Also, it is primarily an adiabatic balance, although at very small horizontal scales, diabatic processes (presumably model diffusion) are an important component of the balance. The degree of balance at any scale is apparently not strongly dependent on synoptic situation, although many significant exceptions are likely. In contrast, t...
A second Eocene primate from California

In several papers, published in the PROCEEDINGS,(1) I have described some of the very late Eocene mammals obtained by the California Institute at Locality 150 in the Sespe deposits of southern California. Among the forms recently recorded(2) is the tarsiid, Chumashius balchi, related to the genera Omomys and Hemiacodon. The present paper deals with a second primate, evidently related to and presumably derived from the Bridger genus Washakius. This type and associated mammals were found at Locality 180, stratigraphically lower in the Sespe deposits than Locality 150. The faunal stage represented here is clearly earlier than that now being recorded from the latter locality, and is presumably upper Eocene in age. In view of the interest which attaches to fossil members of the primate group in North America, the new type is described in advance of a fuller statement of the occurrence of this older Eocene fauna in the Sespe, north of the Simi Valley.
Climate change has indirect effects on resource use and overlap among coexisting bird species with negative consequences for their reproductive success

Climate change can modify ecological interactions, but whether it can have cascading effects throughout ecological networks of multiple interacting species remains poorly studied. Climate-driven alterations in the intensity of plant-herbivore interactions may have particularly profound effects on the larger community because plants provide habitat for a wide diversity of organisms. Here we show that changes in vegetation over the last 21 years, due to climate effects on plant-herbivore interactions, have consequences for songbird nest site overlap and breeding success. Browsing-induced reductions in the availability of preferred nesting sites for two of three ground nesting songbirds led to increasing overlap in nest site characteristics among all three bird species with increasingly negative consequences for reproductive success over the long term. These results demonstrate that changes in the vegetation community from effects of climate change on plant-herbivore interactions can cause subtle shifts in ecological interactions that have critical demographic ramifications for other species in the larger community.