cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Age is associated with postural control performance following youth concussion

PURPOSE To examine the effect of age on postural control outcomes among patients being seen during their initial post-concussion clinical visit. METHODS Youth patients were seen≤14 days post-concussion, and completed a series of postural control evaluations: tandem gait, Romberg, and Balance Error Scoring System (BESS) tests. RESULTS We included 109 children 8-12 years of age (24% female, evaluated median = 7 [interquartile range = 4-10] days post-injury) and 353 adolescents aged 13-18 years (36% female, evaluated median = 7 [4-10] days post-injury). There was a higher proportion of children who demonstrated abnormal tandem gait relative to adolescents (26% vs. 11%; p < 0.001). They also made more BESS errors in single (median = 5 [2-10] vs. 4 [2-6] errors) and tandem (median = 3 [1-6] vs. 2 [0-4]) firm stances. After covariate adjustment, children demonstrated worse tandem gait (adjusted odds ratio = 3.05, 95% CI = 1.68-5.53) and more firm surface BESS errors (double stance β=0.51, 95% CI = 0.22-0.80; single stance β= 1.18, 95% CI = 0.42-1.95; tandem stance β= 0.98, 95% CI = 0.28-1.68) than adolescents. CONCLUSIONS Tandem gait and BESS performance following concussion differ in children compared to adolescents who present within 2 weeks of injury. Clinicians assessing and managing concussion should recognize age differences in postural control performance when assessing those with concussion.
A quantitative assessment of the model form error of friction models across different interface representations for jointed structures

Abstract Hysteretic models are widely used to model frictional interactions in joints to recreate experimental behavior. However, it is unclear which models are best suited for fitting or predicting the responses of structures. The present study evaluates 26 friction model/interface representation combinations to quantify the model form error. A Quasi-Static Modal Analysis approach (termed Rayleigh Quotient Nonlinear Modal Analysis) is adopted to calculate the nonlinear system response, and a Multi-Objective Optimization is solved to fit experimental data of the first mode of the Brake-Reus Beam. Optimized parameters from the first mode are applied to the second and third bending modes to quantify the predictive ability of the models. Formulations for both tracing full hysteresis loops and recreating hysteresis loops from a single loading curve (Masing assumptions) are considered. Smoothly varying models applied to a five patch representation showed the highest flexibility (for fitting mode 1) and good predictive potential (for modes 2 and 3). For a second formulation, which uses 152 frictional elements to represent the interface, the physically motivated spring in series with a Coulomb slip model (elastic dry friction) has high error for fitting mode 1 and performs near the middle for predicting higher modes. For both interface representation, the best fit models are not the most physical, but rather the ones with the most parameters (as expected); however, the more physical models perform somewhat better for predicting the higher modes.
Voices of Modernity: Language Ideologies and the Politics of Inequality

1. Introduction 2. Making language safe for science and society: from Francis Bacon to John Lock 3. Antiquaries and philologists: the construction of modernity and its others in seventeenth- and eighteenth-century England 4. The critical foundations of national epic: Hugh Blair, the Ossian controversy, and the rhetoric of authenticity 5. Johann Gottfried Herder: language reform, das Volk, and the patriarchal state in eighteenth-century Germany 6. The Brothers Grimm: scientizing, textual production in the service of romantic nationalism 7. Henry Rowe school craft and the making of an American textual tradition 8. The foundation of all future researches: Franz Boas, George Hunt, Native American texts and the construction of modernity 9. Conclusion.
A quantitative profile of the synapses on the stellate cell body and axon in the cochlear nucleus of the chinchilla.

Summary. One of the most numerous neurons in the cochlear nucleus is the type I stellate cell. Previous attempts to understand the structural basis for its signal coding assumed that integration of synaptic potentials arising from axodendritic synapses should account for the generation of its response properties. However, the present study documents the importance of excitatory and inhibitory types of synapses on the soma and axon. Retrograde transport of cholera toxin B subunit, injected in the inferior colliculus of chinchillas, was used to label exclusively type I stellate cells in the anteroventral cochlear nucleus. The relative distribution of terminal types by vesicle morphology was pleomorphic < large spherical < flattened < smaller spherical. The somatic perimeter covered by endings ranged from almost none to nearly half. More flattened-vesicle terminals contacted somata in the high-frequency than in the low-frequency region. Eight of twenty axons received endings that contained large spherical vesicles and made asymmetric junctions; half of these extensively apposed the initial segment, forming a collar of presumed excitatory input. Thus, type I stellate cells are a heterogeneous group. Inhibitory synapses probably compose the majority of terminals. Some cells receive mostly inhibitory synapses near the presumed site of the spike generator, but others also have a prominent excitatory input. These findings call for a new look at the mechanisms for signal coding in stellate cells in the auditory system in particular and raise issues concerning the stochastic nature of information processing in sensory systems in general.
A Fast Kohonen Net Implementation for Spert-II

We present an implementation of Kohonen Self-Organizing Feature Maps for the Spert-II vector microprocessor system. The implementation supports arbitrary neural map topologies and arbitrary neighborhood functions. For small networks, as used in real-world tasks, a single Spert-II board is measured to run Kohonen net classification at up to 208 million connections per second (MCPS). On a speech coding benchmark task, Spert-II performs on-line Kohonen net training at over 100 million connection updates per second (MCUPS). This represents almost a factor of 10 improvement compared to previously reported implementations. The asymptotic peak speed of the system is 213 MCPS and 213 MCUPS.
Anoxia in Plants

Flooding is a stress that crop plants frequently encounter and results in huge economic losses. Studies on the effects of flooding at the molecular level may lead to improvements that will result in flood-tolerant crop plants. Keywords: oxygen deprivation; flooding; plant stress; selective translation; gene regulation
MAKO-PM: just-in-time process model

Unlike traditional assembly lines, service-oriented processes require individualized and timely information during the execution of steps or phases. This paper discusses the Multi-layered Analytical Knowledge Organization (MAKO) Just-in-Time Process Model (JITPM), which is a framework and methodology for building service-oriented processes that are interrelated to an organizational knowledge base. Process model instances are connected to a temporal reference, which ensures the timely retrieval of pertinent information, and compliance with procedural constraints
Time-frequency signatures based on fuzzy-clusters: Applications to echoes from absorbing spherical shells

In order to develop an automatic target identification system for underwater objects, it is necessary to extract and classify the features contained in waves scattered from the targets. According to the acoustic scattering theory, the scattered signal contains the “signatures” corresponding to the structure and material content of the target. Pseudo-Wigner Distribution (PWD) function is applied on scattered waves, and the signatures are found and analyzed in the time-frequency plane. A method based on Fuzzy C-Means (FCM) algorithm is then introduced to eliminate the redundant features and represent the useful information (i.e. the time-frequency signatures) by FCM cluster centers. As a result, the amount of data that is required to identify the target is greatly reduced, and a target classification scheme can be simply developed based on the cluster representation.
Searching Ethics: The Role of Search Engines in the Construction and Distribution of Knowledge

Search engines play a crucial role in controlling access to information, and as such they in fact contribute significantly to the social construction of knowledge.
Determination of L-Tyrosine as Tyramine in Urine

A procedure for the determination of l -tyrosine in human urine is described. Tyrosine is converted to tyramine by treating it with the decarboxylase present in an acetone-powder preparation of S. faecalis . The tyramine is then separated from the urine and assayed by the nitrosonaphthol method. Examples of the application of this technic to human urine are presented.
Pulmonary function and left ventricular mass in African Americans: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study.

Purpose: Impaired pulmonary function has been associated with increased cardiovascular disease incidence and mortality. The objective of this study was to investigate associations between pulmonary function and left ventricular (LV) mass. Methods: Participants were African American women (n = 1,069) and men (n = 555) aged 49–73 years, from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study. Mean pulmonary function values at the first (1987–1989) and second (1990–1992) examinations were used. Echocardiograms were performed at the third and early in the fourth examinations (1993–1996). Analysis of covariance and linear regression were used to assess associations. Results: Mean levels of LV mass decreased with increasing quintiles of forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) among female never smokers (P = 0.039). Forced vital capacity (FVC) showed stronger associations than FEV1 with LV mass. Among men, LV mass was positively associated with FEV1 among current and never smokers, and with FVC among never smokers. Additional analyses among never smokers revealed significant inverse associations between LV mass and FVC among women with waist-to-hip ratios of >0.85 and those with no history of diabetes. In contrast, significant positive associations between LV mass and FVC were seen among male never smokers with body mass index (BMI) of ≤24.9 kg/m2, waist-to-hip ratios of ≤0.95, no history of hypertension or diabetes, and ≤60 years old. BMI and waist-to-hip ratio significantly modified associations among men. Conclusions: Among never smokers, LV mass and pulmonary function were inversely associated among women and positively associated among men. Further studies are warranted. (Echocardiography 2012;29:131-139)
FUNCTIONAL BIOLOGY OF INTESTINAL GOBLET CELLS

Goblet cells reside throughout the length of the small and large intestine and are responsible for the production and maintenance of the protective mucus blanket by synthesizing and secreting high-molecular-weight glycoproteins known as mucins. To elucidate the role of goblet cells in the biology of the intestinal tract, an overview of the physiological implications of the mucus gel is presented, including a concise review of the products secreted by the cell. Because of the unique nature of this highly polarized exocrine cell, the maturational reorganization of the cytoarchitecture and the cellular mechanisms by which goblet cells secrete their products are discussed. This includes elucidation of the baseline secretory pathway, which is dependent on the cytoskeleton for granule movement, and the accelerated secretory pathway, which is independent of the cytoskeleton but requires an extracellular signal to occur. Finally, the involvement of goblet cell mucins in the pathophysiology of intestinal neoplasia and ulcerative colitis are presented.
Locomotion of Hermit Crabs (Coenobita Compressus) on Beach and Treadmill

Coenobita compressus (H. Milne Edwards) walk forward on six legs using analternating tripod gait similar to that of insects. The first walking leg provides thedriving force for locomotion aided secondarily by the second walking leg, while thechelipeds act largely as supports. The left appendages are longer and heavier than theright, and they extend further laterally from the midline during their stride, thus compensating for the asymmetry of the crab which has a dextrally coiled shell and anabdomen displaced to the right. The abdomen is normally carried off the ground, but it is dragged when the shell is large. Bilateral leg autotomy alters gait patterns; usually a diagonal quadrupedal gaitwas adopted. Walking was poor in crabs without chelae (L 1 and R 1 ) because of problems of balance. Crabs without their first walking legs (L 2 and R 2 ) were themost accomplished amputee walkers. Crabs lacking legs L 3 and R 3 showed the mostgait diversity. Velocity of travel is a function of crab size and the substrate walked upon. Largecrabs travel faster than small ones on the beach by increasing their stride length rather than stepping frequency. Studies on a miniature treadmill showed individual crabs change velocity by changing both stepping frequency and stride length. Snail shells of the genus Nerita are carried; they are the lightest shells on the beach. Shell mass for an individual may vary three-fold, but usually the masses of the shell and crab are similar. Crabs running with and without shells have the same step frequency and stride length.
Obtaining a high-density clinker based on natural dolomite and magnesite

The main parameters for the production from natural dolomite and magnesite of high-density synthetic periclase-lime clinker containing 20% CaO have been determined under laboratory conditions.
Socially maladjusted adolescents' perceptions of their families.

The Family Environment Scale, a 90-item true-false instrument used to evaluate the social climate of families, was administered to 17 socially maladjusted adolescents. The results showed that these...
TECHNOLOGY IN COMMUNITY-BASED ORGANIZATIONS THAT SERVE OLDER PEOPLE: HIGH TECH MEETS HIGH TOUCH

Appropriate implementation of information technology (IT) can help create a more efficient, less costly, and higher-quality service-delivery environment for community-based organizations that serve older people. Relevant studies and reports on technology in healthcare can be compared and applied to these organizations. This study is the result of an assessment and analysis of the technological needs of 17 community-based organizations that serve older people in Orange County, California. Preliminary results suggest that appropriate implementation of technology, along with complementary workflow processes and positive attitudes toward technology usage, might lead to improvements in the level and quality of service in these agencies.
Abstract 4620: Unconventional genetic determinants of resistance to 5-aza-2’-deoxycytidine.

Proceedings: AACR 104th Annual Meeting 2013; Apr 6-10, 2013; Washington, DC 5-aza-2’-deoxycytidine (DAC) is approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of myelodysplastic syndrome. It is also being tested in Phase I and II clinical trials for efficacy against other malignancies, including brain, prostate, breast, and lung cancers. Identifying modifier genes that could confer resistance to DAC treatments is, therefore, essential in realizing the full potential of DAC as a chemotherapeutic agent. DAC is a cytosine analog that is incorporated into newly synthesized DNA, where it can prevent propagation of DNA methylation by irreversibly trapping DNA methyltransferases. The consequent reversal of epigenetic silencing of tumor suppressor genes contributes to tumor cell death in the therapeutic context. Previous studies have identified relatively few determinants of DAC resistance, including the equilibrative nucleoside transporters, deoxycytidine kinase, and cytosine deaminase. While these genes are logical candidates because of their functions in cellular pyrimidine uptake and metabolism, our large-scale, unbiased random insertional mutagenesis screen in human cancer cell lines have identified additional, unexpected loci involved in DAC resistance. Our initial screen produced 9 mutant clones resistant to DAC at concentrations of 0.1μM and 1μM. In particular, several of the insertional mutants targeted components of the DNA damage response pathway, including ubiquitin conjugating enzymes and Fanconi anemia complementation group genes, indicating that the primary mechanism of killing by DAC may not be DNA demethylation. This is consistent with the observation that DNA double-strand breaks are among the consequences of DAC treatments. Ongoing functional studies of the mutant clones also suggest that cancer cells with increased efficiency at repairing genomic DNA damage may survive DNA demethylation in the presence of DAC. These results not only inform us of the mechanism of action of DAC-mediated cytotoxicity, our findings also have important clinical implications as these genetic modifiers are also valuable biomarkers and therapeutic targets for achieving personalized cancer treatments involving DAC. Citation Format: Angela H. Ting, Lars Matkin. Unconventional genetic determinants of resistance to 5-aza-2’-deoxycytidine. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4620. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-4620
Time-dependent changes in commissural field potentials in the dentate gyrus following lesions of the entorhinal cortex in adult rats.

Abstract Previous neuroanatomical work has shown that lesions of the entorhinal cortex in adult rats cause the commissural projections to spread from their normally restricted locus in the inner molecular layer approximately 40–50 μm into the outer molecular layer (that is, into the zone deafferented by the lesion). In the present study we measured the effects of the entorhinal lesion on the distribution of short-latency potentials elicited by commissural stimulation in the molecular layer. Studies with animals tested at various times after the lesion and with a preparation that permitted recording from the same rat at several post-lesion intervals both indicated that the commissural response spread 100–150 μm towards the deafferented outer molecular layer, while the maximum response spread 50–100 μm. These effects were first detectable by 9 days after the lesion and were fully developed by 15 days post-lesion. These findings suggest that the growth of commissural system seen after entorhinal lesions results in the rapid formation of functional terminals and are discussed in relationship to the behavioral consequences of brain lesions.
Place information in multidigit number comparison

How do we use place information in a number comparison task involving multidigit numbers? In four experiments, subjects identified stimulus numbers as larger or smaller than the number 5,000 in a choice reaction time task. As the difference between the number of places in the stimulus number and the number of places in the standard decreased, response time and errors significantly increased. When the number of places was held constant, the type of numeric information extracted depended on the value of the standard (5,000 or 5,555). In some cases, irrelevant place information affected choice time.
PROTEINS AND ISOZYMES OF ESTERASES AND CHOLINESTERASES FROM SERA OF DIFFERENT SPECIES.

Abstract Serum proteins of the human, cat, rabbit, monkey and rat were separated by starch gel electrophoresis and in addition to protein, cholinesterase, esterase and proteolytic activities were determined. In human serum, as many as 7 esterases were visualized with thiocholine esters. The major band of activity was only partially sensitive to physostigmine. No abnormal cholinesterase pattern was apparent in 7 cases of myasthenia gravis. The patterns of esterase activities in the species studied showed conspicuous differences. Except in the monkey, some activity was associated with the albumin fraction. In human sera, with α-naphthyl propionate and a-naphthyl butyrate as substrates, a pre-albumin band of activity could be elicited. This was not present when α-naphthyl acetate was used. In different species, the resistance and sensitivity of similar enzymes to the inhibitors employed was highly variable. In human serum proteolytic activity developed with N-benzoyl-dl-arginine-β-naphthylamide included at least 2 zones of activity which did not react with thiocholine and naphthyl esters. The partial inhibition by physostigmine of the major band of activity developed in human serum with thiocholine and naphthyl esters is noted and its significance is discussed.
Other People: A child's age predicts a source's effect on memory

Purpose For decades, researchers have investigated the effects of various interviewing techniques used in child witness interviews. One particular technique yet to be explored fully is Other People, that is, mentioning other witnesses’ alleged statements when interviewing a child. This study thus examined how the source of others’ information affects children's memory and source monitoring as a function of age (7–18). Method Children and adolescents (N = 110) watched a 10-min video and were then questioned about the witnessed event 1 week later using a series of yes/no questions. Throughout this series of questions, the source of outside information (peer vs. adult vs. no source) and its veracity (correct vs. incorrect) were manipulated. Results Findings indicated that an adult source was more detrimental to witness accuracy than a peer source or no source, but this detrimental effect diminished as witness age increased. Source monitoring data mirrored this pattern: As age increased, so did accurate source attributions for information attributed to an adult. Conclusion Overall findings suggest that information source in conjunction with witness age should be considered when assessing the effect of outside information on child and adolescent memory.
NMDA receptor antagonists sustain LTP and spatial memory: active processes mediate LTP decay

Although long-term potentiation (LTP) is long-lasting, it is not permanent and decays within weeks after its induction. Little is known about the processes underlying this decay. Here we assessed the contribution of synaptic activity to LTP decay by determining the effect of the competitive NMDA receptor antagonist CPP on the decay of perforant path-dentate LTP. CPP blocked decay over a one-week period when administered daily following the induction of LTP, and blocked decay of the late, protein-synthesis-dependent phase of LTP when administered two days after LTP induction. CPP administered for a five-day period following spatial memory training enhanced subsequent memory retention. These data suggest that LTP is normally a persistent process that is actively reversed by NMDA receptor activation, and that both the early and late phases of LTP are dynamic processes regulated by NMDA receptors. These data also support the view that LTP is involved in maintaining spatial memory.
A revision of the genus Paramyrmoecia with the description of a new species (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae)

The genus Paramyrmoecia is described and illustrated. The previously recorded species, P. bipustulatus and P. sanguinicollis are redescribed and new geographic distribution data are recorded. P. danielssoni sp.n. is described from Senegal and Gambia. A key to species is provided and the relationship of the genus to other genera and subgenera of the Zyrasini is discussed.
Parent Implementation of Function-Based Intervention to Reduce Children's Challenging Behavior: A Literature Review.

The purpose of this literature review was to analyze the research on parent-implemented functional assessment (FA)-based interventions for reducing children’s challenging behaviors. Thirteen studies met the review inclusion criteria. These studies were analyzed across independent variables, types of parent coaching and support provided, measurement of implementation and intervention fidelity, child dependent variables, social validity, and study rigor. Overall, the evidence provide some support that parents can be trained to implement FA-based interventions with follow-up coaching and support, and these interventions reduce children’s challenging behaviors and increase children’s use of appropriate behaviors. However, inadequacies in study rigor and reporting of the implementation and intervention fidelity limit interpretations. Implications for practice and future research are discussed.
The Role of the Statistician: Scientist or Shoe Clerk*

(1974). The Role of the Statistician: Scientist or Shoe Clerk. The American Statistician: Vol. 28, No. 4, pp. 126-127.
The fading affect bias begins within 12 hours and persists for 3 months

Summary Research has shown that the tendency for emotional affect to fade more over time for unpleasant events than for pleasant events, known as the Fading Affect Bias (FAB), increased across 3-month, 9-month and 4.5-year intervals. The current study attempted to determine the temporal locus of the FAB using the data set by Walker et al. as well as two additional data sets. All three data sets showed that the FAB was present after 1 day and persisted for 3 months, even though the affective fading for initially pleasant events slightly increased over time. Moreover, the third data set showed that the FAB was present for events occurring on the test day. Although the results challenge traditional conceptions of the FAB as a healthy coping mechanism that takes place across long periods, they fit well with the Broaden and Build Theory of positive emotions. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ozone, but not nitrogen dioxide, exposure decreases glutathione peroxidases in epithelial lining fluid of human lung.

Antioxidants, such as glutathione peroxidases (GPxs), in epithelial lining fluid (ELF) protect against health effects of oxidant pollutants, which includes O3 or NO2. We hypothesized that GPxs concentration in ELF is responsive to O3 or NO2 exposure. Subjects underwent two 4-h exposures to O3 (0.22 ppm) and one to air. In another experiment, subjects underwent 3-h exposures to air and NO2 (0.6 and 1.5 ppm). Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was performed immediately or 18 h after O3 exposure and 3.5 h after each NO2 exposure. GPx activity and extracellular GPx (eGPx) protein concentrations were determined in ELF, and their relationships to markers of lung function, inflammation, and epithelial permeability were examined. Although the total amounts were not changed, basal (air) GPx activity (223.6 ± 24.4 mU/ml), basal eGPx protein concentration (2.62 ± 0.25 μ g/ml), and basal ELF dilution factor (152.3 ± 8.4) decreased 40% immediately after O3 exposure and remained 30% decreased 18 h after exposure (p = 0.0001)...
Permeability of Insect Cuticle to Water and Lipids

Insect cuticle presents a paradox: permeability to water may vary at different times, while lipids penetrate readily. Electron microscopy shows that the epicuticle is penetrated by filaments of wax 60 to 130 A in diameter. These are believed to be lipid-water liquid crystals in the middle phase. The variable permeability to water, and other properties of the cuticle, may be due to phase changes.
Designing for the Participants

Humanization, participation, presentation style, and feedback are four areas to consider in planning for a group's effective use of the telephone.
Robust asynchronous STBC transceiver for multiple-access frequency-selective channels

In this paper, we propose a robust STBC transmission scheme to combat the timing synchronization errors over frequency-selective multiple-access channels. First, the equivalent channel model in the presence of timing synchronization errors is derived and we find that the synchronization errors result in an equivalent channel model with larger number of correlated channel taps. Based on this correlated equivalent channel model, the statistical power profile is analyzed and a robust statistical bit loading algorithm is proposed. At the receiver, by exploiting the algebraic structure of the Alamouti STBC, a closed-form expression of the QR receiver is derived which further simplifies computational complexity. Simulation results show that our proposed scheme is robust to timing synchronization errors.
Agarose gel filtration of fluorescent labeled protein-sodium dodecyl sulfate complexes.

Abstract A procedure has been developed for estimation of the molecular weight of fluorescent labeled protein-SDS complexes by gel filtration of 4% agarose. The fluorescent label allows high sensitivity while the nature of the technique readily lends itself also to preparative separations. Evidence is presented for the linear dependence of log molecular weight of the fluorescent complexes on the relative elution volume. A representative preparative run is also shown illustrating a separation of the chains of gamma globulin.
Comparative analysis of human chromosomal segments bearing nonallelic dispersed tRNAimet genes.

Abstract About 12 tRNA i met genes have been found at scattered locations in the human genome. Four fragments of human fetal liver DNA ranging in size from 11 to 18 kb, each containing a single tRNA i met gene, were cloned from a recombinant phage library. On the basis of restriction site mapping, electron microscopic analysis of heteroduplex structures and the maps of sequences transcribed in vivo in human fibroblasts, obtained by a novel contract-hybridization method, the fragments were shown to represent two different loci with homologies limited to several dispersed repetitive sequences within each of the chromosomal neighborhoods. Detailed structural analysis of the tRNA regions revealed several blocks of homology at the proximal flanking sequences of the two nonallelic genes, one of which differed from the common vertebrate tRNA i met sequence by a base substitution at position 56 with a T in place of G. Two oligonucleotides identical or very similar to tRNA i met structural sequences were present at the 5′ border of both genes. A review of published sequence data showed other unequivocal examples of tRNA-coding sequences present at the 5′ flanking region of the associated tRNA gene, which in several cases contained the site of transcription initiation.
A Companion to Cultural Studies

A Companion to Cultural Studies. Toby Miller, ed. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishers, 2001. 579 pp.
“Excluded” By Choice: Dynamics of Interracial Unionism on the Philadelphia Waterfront 1910–1930

“Everyone knows,” observed W.E.B. DuBois, writing at the turn of the century, “that in a city like Philadelphia a Negro does not have the same chance to exercise his ability or secure work according to his talents as a white man.” Focusing on what he described as “the practical exclusion of the Negroes from the trades and industries,” DuBois highlighted the role of organized labor in maintaining Philadelphia's segregated economy whereby “each union steadfastly refuses to admit Negroes, and relies on color prejudice to keep up the barrier.”
Teaching point of care ultrasound skills in medical school: keeping radiology in the driver's seat.

Rationale and Objectives Ultrasound is used increasingly in medical practice as a tool for focused bedside diagnosis and technical assistance during procedures. Widespread availability of small portable units has put this technology into the hands of many physicians and medical students who lack dedicated training, leaving the education and introduction of this key modality increasingly to physicians from other specialties. We developed a radiology-led program to teach ultrasound skills to preclinical medical students. Materials and Methods To develop this new ultrasound program we 1) established a program leader, 2) developed teaching materials, 3) created a hands-on interactive program, and 4) recruited the necessary instructors. The program was piloted with the first-year medical student class of 154 students. The introductory session was assessed by pre- and post-activity Likert scale–based surveys. Results Of 154 (68.8%) students, 106 completed a voluntary online survey before starting the program and 145 students (94.2%) completed a voluntary survey after the session. Students found the program educationally valuable (4.64 of 5) and reported that it improved their understanding of ultrasound imaging (4.7 of 5). Students' reported confidence in identifying abdominal organs, intra-abdominal fluid, and Morison pouch that was significantly higher on the postactivity survey compared to the presurvey ( P Conclusions We piloted a radiology-led program to teach ultrasound skills to preclinical medical students. Students found the experience enjoyable and educationally valuable.
Editorial: Special Issue on Active and Interactive Methods in Computer Vision

While traditional computer vision research aims to replace humans in visual analysis tasks, in many emerging applications there is a need for vision algorithms that instead assist humans or cooperate with them to accomplish recognition and learning tasks. Interactive vision methods allow a human-in-the-loop to inject high-level expertise, while the system carries out low-level processing and/or leverages its own sophisticated statistical models, thereby improving with each iteration. Meanwhile, active learning approaches have the potential to limit the human involvement in such systems to only where it is most crucial. For both types of techniques, recent developments in crowdsourcing, large-scale datasets, and social networks have led to new opportunities and technical challenges. This special issue provides a snapshot of a number of interesting developments in the last few years for active and interactive vision methods. The topics solicited included: methods to actively minimize human effort, human-in-the-loop interactive systems, crowdsourcing issues relevant to vision, and ways to instill human input for machine learning beyond traditional labels. Submissions to the special issue closed in Spring of 2013. All submissions were reviewed by at least three reviewers. Three of these manuscripts (including two on which a guest editor was an author) were handled by other IJCV editors to avoid possible conflicts of interest. We have selected a set of nine papers for the special issue.
Differences in the decision to attack between grasshopper mice and hamsters: Effects of novel, noxious, and aversive stimuli

The decision to attack may operate differently in various species. Certain situations may inhibit an attack in one species more readily than in another. This study examined the inhibitory effects of novel, noxious, and aversive stimuli on the predatory attack responses of grasshopper mice and hamsters. A novel test situation suppressed the attack of hamsters more readily than that of grasshopper mice. Noxious stimuli associated with a stinkbug inhibited a hamster’s attack but not a grasshopper mouse’s. Preexposure to crickets mitigated the inhibitory effects of toxicosis on the attack behavior in grasshopper mice but not in hamsters. Possible reasons for these differences between species are discussed.
On the mechanical behavior of a cryomilled Al–Ti–Cu alloy

Abstract The mechanical behavior of a cryomilled Al10Ti2Cu that was later extruded was investigated in compression. The data obtained show that the strength of the extruded alloy parallel to the extrusion axis is higher than that normal to the axis. Also, a comparison between the compression behavior of the alloy and its tensile behavior reveals that there is a small asymmetry of yield strength with respect to deformation mode. Examination of the microstructure of the cryomilled alloy by means of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) indicates the presence of two phases: approximately 90% nanostructured Al(Cu) phase containing a dispersion of Al 3 Ti and 10% coarse-grained Al(Cu) phase. TEM observations indicate that as a result of the extrusion process, the larger (softer) grains of the Al(Cu) phase experience severe deformation, resulting in the development of mechanical fibering. It is suggested that the presence of coarse-grained Al(Cu) ‘islands’ in the matrix of the nanostructured phase and their change during extrusion into elongated bands may be responsible for the anisotropy of the mechanical properties of the extruded cryomilled Al10Ti2Cu.
Construct Validity of the Interpersonal Dependency Inventory: 1977-1992

The construct validity of Hirschfeld, Klerman, Gough, Barrett, Korchin, and Chodoff's (1977) Interpersonal Dependency Inventory (IDI) is assessed via a review of the first 15 years of empirical research involving this measure. Studies examining the internal validity, external validity, and test-retest reliability of the IDI generally support the construct validity of this scale as a measure of interpersonal dependency. However, these investigations also point to some problematic aspects of the IDI and suggest that additional studies are needed before IDI whole-scale scores may be used appropriately in clinical and research settings. The strengths and limitations of the EDI as a measure of interpersonal dependency are discussed, and suggestions for future studies examining the psychometric properties of the IDI are offered.
NON-HERMITIAN LOCALIZATION AND DELOCALIZATION

We study localization and delocalization in a class of non-Hermitian Hamiltonians inspired by the problem of vortex pinning in superconductors. In various simplified models we are able to obtain analytic descriptions, in particular, of the nonperturbative emergence of a forked structure (the appearance of ``wings'') in the density of states. We calculate how the localization length diverges at the localization-delocalization transition. We map some versions of this problem onto a random walker problem in two dimensions. For a certain model, we find an intricate structure in its density of states.
The use of immunoblotting and immunoprecipitation of (U) small nuclear ribonucleoproteins in the analysis of sera of patients with mixed connective tissue disease and systemic lupus erythematosus: A cross‐sectional, longitudinal study

Antibodies to ribonucleoproteins (RNP) and to the Sm antigen in sera from patients with mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD) and systemic lupus erythematosus were studied using the techniques of immunoblotting and immunoprecipitation of U small nuclear RNPs. A cross-sectional study indicated that antibodies reacting with a 68K protein were associated with anti-RNP specificity in MCTD, but rarely occurred in systemic lupus erythematosus patients' sera. A longitudinal study demonstrated the persistence of MCTD blotting patterns over many years, and the subsequent disappearance of those specificities in sera from patients who were in prolonged remission.
Comparison of parallel and perpendicular ferromagnetic resonance in an exchange-biased bilayer

Abstract We have investigated the ferromagnetic resonance spectra of an exchange-biased Ni 80 Fe 20 /CoO bilayer between room temperature and 4 K. Primary attention has been paid to the effect of the antiferromagnetic CoO film on the temperature-dependent resonance field shift of the ferromagnetic Ni 80 Fe 20 film with respect to that of an unbiased film. At low temperatures, the field shift with the magnetic field applied perpendicular to the plane was determined to be more than twice the magnitude of the parallel field shift, and of the same sign , while an unoxidized single ferromagnetic film has much smaller parallel and perpendicular low-temperature shifts (here defined with respect to room temperature) of opposite sign. This observation implies that the anisotropy axis can rotate with the applied field, provided that the primary cause of the anisotropy is the interaction between the adjacent ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic films. Since the perpendicular shift is more than a factor of two larger than the parallel field shift, the rotatable anisotropy is, in fact, anisotropic in this bilayer.
The Xin repeat-containing protein, mXinβ, initiates the maturation of the intercalated discs during postnatal heart development

The intercalated disc (ICD) is a unique structure to the heart and plays vital roles in communication and signaling among cardiomyocytes. ICDs are formed and matured during postnatal development through a profound redistribution of the intercellular junctions, as well as recruitment and assembly of more than 200 proteins at the termini of cardiomyocytes. The molecular mechanism underlying this process is not completely understood. The mouse orthologs (mXinα and mXinβ) of human cardiomyopathy-associated (CMYA)/Xin actin-binding repeat-containing protein (XIRP) genes (CMYA1/XIRP1 and CMYA3/XIRP2, respectively) encode proteins localized to ICDs. Ablation of mXinα results in adult late-onset cardiomyopathy with conduction defects and up-regulation of mXinβ. ICD structural defects are found in adult but not juvenile mXinα-null hearts. On the other hand, loss of mXinβ leads to ICD defects at postnatal day 16.5, a developmental stage when the heart is forming ICDs, suggesting mXinβ is required for ICD formation. Using quantitative Western blot, we showed in this study that mXinβ but not mXinα was uniquely up-regulated during the redistribution of intercellular junction from the lateral membrane of cardiomyocytes to their termini. In the absence of mXinβ, the intercellular junctions failed to be restricted to the termini of the cells, and the onset of such defect correlated with the peak expression of mXinβ. Immunofluorescence staining and subcellular fractionation showed that mXinβ preferentially associated with the forming ICDs, further suggesting that mXinβ functioned locally to promote ICD maturation. In contrast, the spatiotemporal expression profile of mXinα and the lack of more severe ICD defects in mXinα-/-;mXinβ-/- double knockout hearts than in mXinβ-/- hearts suggested that mXinα was not essential for the postnatal formation of ICDs. A two-step model for the development of ICD is proposed where mXinβ is essential for the redistribution of intercellular junction components from the lateral puncta to the cell termini.
Control issues in automated highway systems

This article describes vehicle control issues that must be faced in designing a fully automated highway system (AHS). In particular, requirements for a control system architecture as well as issues of lateral and longitudinal "platoon" control are addressed. Interest in AHS is clearly expanding at a rapid pace due to the ever-increasing problems of freeway congestion and the potential for a technological solution. The approach described is based on five years of research as part of the California PATH program. >
Transgressive segregation, adaptation and speciation

The production of extreme or 'transgressive' phenotypes in segregating hybrid populations has been speculated to contribute to niche divergence of hybrid lineages. Here, we assess the frequency of transgressive segregation in hybrid populations, describe its genetic basis and discuss the factors that best predict its occurrence. From a survey of 171 studies that report phenotypic variation in segregating hybrid populations, we show that transgression is the rule rather than the exception. In fact, 155 of the 171 studies (91%) report at least one transgressive trait, and 44% of 1229 traits examined were transgressive. Transgression occurred most frequently in intraspecific crosses involving inbred, domesticated plant populations, and least frequently in interspecific crosses between outbred, wild animal species. Quantitative genetic studies of plant hybrids consistently point to the action of complementary genes as the primary cause of transgression, although overdominance and epistasis also contribute. Complementary genes appear to be common for most traits, with the possible exception of those with a history of disruptive selection. These results lend credence to the view that hybridization may provide the raw material for rapid adaptation and provide a simple explanation for niche divergence and phenotypic novelty often associated with hybrid lineages.
Seed-borne microorganisms stimulate seedcorn maggot egg laying

LARVAE of the seedcorn maggot, Hylemya platura (Meigen) may damage or kill young plants of many crop species by feeding on the cotyledons and plumules (Fig. 1). Damage may be caused by larvae already present in the soil before the seeds are planted1 or by larvae that hatch from eggs laid near germinating seeds2,3. It has been assumed that the stimulus for oviposition is provided by the germinating seeds themselves but we suspected that seed-borne microoiganisms growing on seed exudates could produce metabolites that promote oviposition. Many metabolic processes begin at the onset of seed germination, and concurrently organic substances are leached from the seeds which provide substrates for microorganisms. We now report that microorganisms growing on substrates from seeds produce metabolites which simulate egg laying in H. platura, and that germinating microorganism-free seeds are not stimulatory. This is an excellent example of a complex ecological interaction between an insect pest, the host plant and organisms of the microenvironment.
Utility of Crossover Designs in Clinical Trials: Efficacy of Desipramine vs. Placebo in Opioid‐Dependent Cocaine Abusers

The utility of the crossover design in substance abuse research was examined in a 26-week, double-blind clinical trial that evaluated the efficacy of desipramine (0 or 150 mg/day) in 109 male and female cocaine- and opiate-dependent patients maintained on buprenorphine (12 mg/day) or methadone (65 mg/day). After being stabilized on buprenorphine or methadone (weeks 1-2), half of the patients were randomly assigned to receive desipramine for the first half of the trial and placebo for the second, with the order reversed for the second half. Analyses using hierarchical linear models (HLM) indicated that desipramine reduced the use of opiates only when administered at the start (rather than the middle) of the trial, whereas cocaine use was reduced when desipramine was introduced at either time.
Gender differences in factor structure of the Self-Administered Alcoholism Screening Test.

Recent studies have revealed differences between men and women alcoholics in symptoms, consequences, and help-seeking behavior related to alcohol usage. Based on these findings, it was hypothesized that gender differences also would appear on alcohol screening instruments. The Self-Administered Alcoholism Screening Test (Colligan, Davis, & Morse, 1988; SAAST: Swenson & Morse, 1975) of 1,920 men and 1,775 women was subjected to a within-gender, principle–components, factor analysis with a varimax rotation. Gender differences at the component level were revealed. Men endorsed the “help-seeking for alcohol-related problems” component while women endorsed the “help-seeking for emotional problems” component. In addition, men expressed concern about receiving a psychiatric label while women expressed concern about receiving a drinker label. The results suggest that different items need to be used in screening women for alcohol-related problems. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Clin Psychol 54: 439–445, 1998.