cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
From bench-to-bedside in catastrophic cerebrovascular disease: development of drugs targeting the endothelin axis in subarachnoid hemorrhage-related vasospasm

Survivors of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) may suffer functional dependence, cognitive impairment, and mood disorders. Cerebral vasospasm and delayed cerebral ischemia are associated with poor outcome in SAH and have been the subjects of intense investigation for decades. Recently a series of clinical trials was performed in SAH patients using an endothelin receptor antagonist. The results of these trials emphasize the disconnect between attenuation of cerebral vasospasm and improvement in functional outcome. The purpose of this review article is to evaluate the utilization of animal models for the development of drugs targeting the endothelin pathway in SAH and, given the recent endothelin receptor antagonist clinical trial results and lessons from the ischemic neuroprotection field, reflect on an alternative approach to in vivo preclinical drug testing in SAH.
Effect of Different Hemodilution Percentages with Fluosol-Da or Normal Saline on Antipyrine Kinetics in the Rat

Antipyrine disposition in conscious, unrestrained rats after 50% hemodilution with Fluosol or 0.9% sodium chloride (saline) has been reported (1). A similar study was conducted in animals 25% hemodiluted with Fluosol or saline to determine the effect of the percentage of hemodilution on antipyrine kinetics. Hemodiluted rats received an intravenous antipyrine dose (20 mg/kg) 0.5, 24, 48, or 72 hours after the exchange procedure, and were compared to non-exchanged (control) animals.
Gender and Job Mobility in Postsocialist China: A Longitudinal Study of Job Changes in Six Coastal Cities

This study examines the gender differences in job mobility in urban China. Conceptualizing China's postsocialist transition as a multi-faceted process, we argue that the emergence of labor markets, gendered role differentiation within the family, and the state's declining involvement in promoting women's rights lead to widened gender gaps in job mobility. Event history analysis of data from six coastal cities finds that married women are less likely than their male counterparts to change jobs for career advancements, but are more likely to experience family-oriented job changes and involuntary terminations. The gender gaps in career-oriented job changes and involuntary terminations have also widened considerably during the reform period. We interpret these findings as the joint results of economic, socio-cultural and political processes.
Mie Scattering Functions for Refractive Index of 2.105

Values of intensity functions and total scattering coefficient are presented for m=2.105 and α=0.2 (0.4) 5.8; 6.0 (0.2) 15.0. The applicability of Penndorf’s approximate methods to the total scattering coefficient is discussed.
Nonoxidative glucose consumption during focal physiologic neural activity

Brain glucose uptake, oxygen metabolism, and blood flow in humans were measured with positron emission tomography, and a resting-state molar ratio of oxygen to glucose consumption of 4.1:1 was obtained. Physiological neural activity, however, increased glucose uptake and blood flow much more (51 and 50 percent, respectively) than oxygen consumption (5 percent) and produced a molar ratio for the increases of 0.4:1. Transient increases in neural activity cause a tissue uptake of glucose in excess of that consumed by oxidative metabolism, acutely consume much less energy than previously believed, and regulate local blood flow for purposes other than oxidative metabolism.
A gene-specific role for the Ssu72 RNAPII CTD phosphatase in HIV-1 Tat transactivation

HIV-1 Tat stimulates transcription elongation by recruiting the P-TEFb (positive transcription elongation factor-b) (CycT1:CDK9) C-terminal domain (CTD) kinase to the HIV-1 promoter. Here we show that Tat transactivation also requires the Ssu72 CTD Ser5P (S5P)-specific phosphatase, which mediates transcription termination and intragenic looping at eukaryotic genes. Importantly, HIV-1 Tat interacts directly with Ssu72 and strongly stimulates its CTD phosphatase activity. We found that Ssu72 is essential for Tat:P-TEFb-mediated phosphorylation of the S5P-CTD in vitro. Interestingly, Ssu72 also stimulates nascent HIV-1 transcription in a phosphatase-dependent manner in vivo. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) experiments reveal that Ssu72, like P-TEFb and AFF4, is recruited by Tat to the integrated HIV-1 proviral promoter in TNF-α signaling 2D10 T cells and leaves the elongation complex prior to the termination site. ChIP-seq (ChIP combined with deep sequencing) and GRO-seq (genome-wide nuclear run-on [GRO] combined with deep sequencing) analysis further reveals that Ssu72 predominantly colocalizes with S5P–RNAPII (RNA polymerase II) at promoters in human embryonic stem cells, with a minor peak in the terminator region. A few genes, like NANOG, also have high Ssu72 at the terminator. Ssu72 is not required for transcription at most cellular genes but has a modest effect on cotranscriptional termination. We conclude that Tat alters the cellular function of Ssu72 to stimulate viral gene expression and facilitate the early S5P–S2P transition at the integrated HIV-1 promoter.
Hypoiodite Oxidation of 3α-Bromo and 3α-Chloro-2β-Hydroxy-5α-Androstan-17-one

Hypoiodite oxidation of 3 α -bromo and 3 α -chloro-2 β -hydroxy-5 α -androstan-17-one gave the expected 2 β ,19-oxide along with lesser amounts of 16-iodinated, 19-hydroxylated, and 19-acetoxylated products. The product composition as well as the yield of each product was found to vary considerably even when the reaction was performed under presumably identical conditions. The structures were assigned on the basis of chemical and spectroscopic evidence. The NMR and other spectroscopic properties of the epimeric 16 α - and 16 β -iodinated derivatives of 3 α -bromo-2 β ,19-oxido-5 α -androstan-17-one are discussed.
Interactions of morphine and nalorphine with physostigmine on operant behavior in the rat

Morphine and nalorphine were tested alone and in combination with physostigmine (0.0625 mg/kg) in rats trained under a continuous avoidance schedule with an escape contingency. When tested alone, nalorphine increased avoidance rate in doses up to 32 mg/kg but exerted no other effects. Morphine, 1 mg/kg, increased avoidance response rate while higher doses produced a graded depression of all behavior. In the presence of physostigmine, nalorphine produced a well-defined graded depression of avoidance responding and increased the number of shocks received by the animals over a 16-fold dose range. Physostigmine failed to potentiate the prominent depressant effects of morphine in the same test situation. The finding that in the presence of cholinesterase inhibition nalorphine acts as a depressant of operant behavior in the rat supports existing evidence that cholinergic mediation should be considered as a factor in some of the actions of strong analgesics.
Thermal annealing study of Au/TiW metallization on silicon

Abstract The vacuum heat treatment of thin film layers of Ti0.3 W0.7 approximately 1500 A thick and gold approximately 1000 A thick, which were r.f. sputtered sequentially onto 〈111〉 silicon, was investigated using scanning electron microscopy and Auger electron spectroscopy. Annealing for 30 min in the range 290–400 °C results in extensive intermixing between the silicon and the gold with the onset temperature being strongly dependent on the oxygen concentration of the TiW film. At approximately 3 at.% oxygen intermixing proceeds at 290 °C, whereas at about 7 at.% oxygen significant reaction does not occur until 400 °C. These results support the view that the diffusion barrier properties of Ti0.3 W0.7 are strongly dependent on incorporated impurities in the film (oxygen in this case).
Evidence for a Western Extracontinental Land Source During the Devonian Period in the Central Andes

A large intracratonic sedimentary basin of mid-Paleozoic age in the central Andes apparently received sediments from a western land source. Lithofacies and isopach data show a thickening and general textural coarsening to the north and west in the Devonian rocks of Bolivia. Early to early Middle Devonian onlap and offlap are recognized. Rate of subsidence in the basin was only slightly exceeded by rate of sedimentation, because the youngest Devonian beds recognized are either very shallow marine (in southern localities) or nonmarine (in at least one northern locality). Devonian brachiopod community studies suggest that a shallow marine environment persisted in the region throughout the time of deposition of the Devonian rocks. An absence of bedded carbonate rocks indicates a cold-climate environment of deposition. It is suggested that the source area yielded abundant muscovite. Outcrops of sialic basement relicts in the Cordillera Occidental are concluded to be portions of a buried land mass.
Development of small-molecule inhibitors of the group I p21-activated kinases, emerging therapeutic targets in cancer

The p21-activated kinases (PAKs), immediate downstream effectors of the small G-proteins of the Rac/cdc42 family, are critical mediators of signaling pathways regulating cellular behaviors and as such, have been implicated in pathological conditions including cancer. Recent studies have validated the requirement for PAKs in promoting tumorigenesis in breast carcinoma and neurofibromatosis. Thus, there has been considerable interest in the development of inhibitors to the PAKs, as biological markers and leads for the development of therapeutics. While initial approaches were based on screening for competitive organic inhibitors, more recent efforts have focused on the identification of allosteric inhibitors, organometallic ATP-competitive inhibitors and the use of PAK1/inhibitor crystal structures for inhibitor optimization. This has led to the identification of highly selective and potent inhibitors, which will serve as a basis for further development of inhibitors for therapeutic applications.
A role for dicer in aging and stress survival.

The link between aging and stress resistance is well established, but the nature of this relationship and which mechanisms are shared is still unknown. Mori et al. (2012) demonstrate that microRNA processing, specifically in adipose tissues, is a major component in aging and stress survival.
Creating Physiologically Realistic Vertebral Fractures in a Cervine Model

Approximately 50% of women and 25% of men will have an osteoporosis-related fracture after the age of 50, yet the micromechanical origin of these fractures remains unclear. Preventing these fractures requires an understanding of compression fracture formation in vertebral cancellous bone. The immediate research goal was to create clinically relevant (midvertebral body and endplate) fractures in three-vertebrae motion segments subject to physiologically realistic compressional loading conditions. Six three-vertebrae motion segments (five cervine, one cadaver) were potted to ensure physiologic alignment with the compressive load. A 3D microcomputed tomography (microCT) image of each motion segment was generated. The motion segments were then preconditioned and monotonically compressed until failure, as identified by a notable load drop (48-66% of peak load in this study). A second microCT image was then generated. These three-dimensional images of the cancellous bone structure were inspected after loading to qualitatively identify fracture location and type. The microCT images show that the trabeculae in the cervine specimens are oriented similarly to those in the cadaver specimen. In the cervine specimens, the peak load prior to failure is highest for the L4-L6 motion segment, and decreases for each cranially adjacent motion segment. Three motion segments formed endplate fractures and three formed midvertebral body fractures; these two fracture types correspond to clinically observed fracture modes. Examination of normalized-load versus normalized-displacement curves suggests that the size (e.g., cross-sectional area) of a vertebra is not the only factor in the mechanical response in healthy vertebral specimens. Furthermore, these normalized-load versus normalized-displacement data appear to be grouped by the fracture type. Taken together, these results show that (1) the loading protocol creates fractures that appear physiologically realistic in vertebrae, (2) cervine vertebrae fracture similarly to the cadaver specimen under these loading conditions, and (3) that the prefracture load response may predict the impending fracture mode under the loading conditions used in this study.
Corporate Power and the Environment: The Political Economy of U.S. Environmental Policy. By George A. Gonzalez. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2001. 160p. $60.00 cloth, $21.95 paper.

George A. Gonzalez has authored a lucid and well-written book with a sharp thesis. He challenges the conventional claim that environmental policy is â€œan oasis of democracyâ€ by developing a series of case studies to demonstrate that â€œmembers of the nation's economic eliteâ€”corporate decision-makers and other individuals of substantial wealthâ€”are the dominant influences in the formation and development of U.S. environmental policiesâ€ (p. ix). In constructing his theoretical argument, Gonzalez combines G. William Domhoff's method of power structure analysis with James Weinstein's and others' historical analysis of corporate liberalism.
Perceptual tools for quality-aware video networks

Monitoring and controlling the quality of the viewing experience of videos transmitted over increasingly congested networks (especially wireless networks) is a pressing problem owing to rapid advances in video-centric mobile communication and display devices that are straining the capacity of the network infrastructure. New developments in automatic perceptual video quality models offer tools that have the potential to be used to perceptually optimize wireless video, leading to more efficient video data delivery and better received quality. In this talk I will review key perceptual principles that are, or could be used to create effective video quality prediction models, and leading quality prediction models that utilize these principles. The goal is to be able to monitor and perceptually optimize video networks by making them “quality-aware.”
PET reporter genes for noninvasive imaging of gene therapy, cell tracking and transgenic analysis.

Abstract Positron-emission tomography (PET) has been used extensively in the clinic for cancer diagnosis, for staging and for monitoring of therapeutic efficacy. PET has not, however, been used extensively in contemporary animal cancer models. Until recently, appropriate instrumentation was not available and the expertise and knowledge necessary to perform PET analyses in murine models has not been widespread. The fabrication of microPET instruments with appropriate resolution for murine experiments has lead to the establishment of non-invasive techniques for functional imaging. The development of “PET reporter genes” whose activity can be monitored in living animals, based on the reporter gene-dependent sequestration of positron-emitting “PET reporter probes,” has lead to innovative analyses of gene expression in transgenic animals, to methods to monitor the location, magnitude and duration of expression for gene therapy vectors and to the ability to non-invasively track the targeting, viability and expansion of cellular therapeutics.
Using General Outcome Measures to Predict Student Performance on State-Mandated Assessments: An Applied Approach for Establishing Predictive Cutscores

Cutscores for reading and math (general outcome measures) to predict passage on New York state-mandated assessments were created by using a freely available Excel workbook. The authors used linear regression to create the cutscores and diagnostic indicators were provided. A rationale and procedure for using this method is outlined. This method allows practitioners to model alternative cutscores and observe effects on correct and incorrect classification of students as passing or failing a high-stakes test. This method of determining cutscores allows school personnel to create defensible and appropriate cutscores on the basis of resources available at the local level.
Bottleneck Problems and Dynamic Programming.

Abstract : The purpose of the paper is to indicate how the theory of dynamic programming provides a mathematical formulation and a systematic approach to an interesting and significant class of production and allocation problems.
RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY OF THE LIFESTYLE EXERCISE INVENTORY

A Lifestyle Exercise Inventory based on the Theoretical Pattern of Physical Activity Model has been developed. To assess the inventory's internal reliability and examine its concurrent validity, a sample of 108 women completed the measure along with two well-established indices of physical activity. The inventory showed satisfactory internal reliability (Cronbach alpha = .73) and equivocal results with regard to concurrent validity (r = .30, r = .08).
Estrogen Receptor α Enhances the Rate of Oxidative DNA Damage by Targeting an Equine Estrogen Catechol Metabolite to the Nucleus

Exposure to estrogens increases the risk of breast and endometrial cancer. It is proposed that the estrogen receptor (ER) may contribute to estrogen carcinogenesis by transduction of the hormonal signal and as a "Trojan horse" concentrating genotoxic estrogen metabolites in the nucleus to complex with DNA, enhancing DNA damage. 4-Hydroxyequilenin (4-OHEN), the major catechol metabolite of equine estrogens present in estrogen replacement formulations, autoxidizes to a redox-cycling quinone that has been shown to cause DNA damage. 4-OHEN was found to be an estrogen of nanomolar potency in cell culture using a luciferase reporter assay and, using a chromatin immunoprecipitation assay, was found to activate ERalpha binding to estrogen-responsive genes in MCF-7 cells. DNA damage was measured in cells by comparing ERalpha(+) versus ERalpha(-) cells and 4-OHEN versus menadione, a reactive oxygen species (ROS)-generating, but non-estrogenic, quinone. 4-OHEN selectively induced DNA damage in ERalpha(+) cells, whereas menadione-induced damage was not dependent on cellular ER status. The rate of 4-OHEN-induced DNA damage was significantly enhanced in ERalpha(+) cells, whereas ER status had no effect on the rate of menadione-induced damage. Imaging of ROS induced by 4-OHEN showed accumulation selective for the nucleus of ERalpha(+) cells within 5 min, whereas in ERalpha(-) or menadione-treated cells, no selectivity was observed. These data support ERalpha acting as a Trojan horse concentrating 4-OHEN in the nucleus to accelerate the rate of ROS generation and thereby amplify DNA damage. The Trojan horse mechanism may be of general importance beyond estrogen genotoxins.
Childhood Emotional Maltreatment and Somatic Complaints: The Mediating Role of Alexithymia

The relationship between childhood emotional maltreatment (CEM) and adverse health-related outcomes is well-documented in the literature. However, mediators of such relationships are not fully understood. The present study examined alexithymia as a potential mediator of the relationship between CEM and somatic complaints in young adults. A sample of 270 undergraduates completed self-report questionnaires assessing CEM, alexithymia, and somatic complaints. All variables were moderately intercorrelated. Controlling for the effects of sex, path analyses supported a model in which alexithymia partially mediated the relationship between CEM and somatic complaints. This study provides further evidence for the occurrence and lasting sequelae of CEM in a sample of young adults. It also illuminates the role of emotions in the relationship between CEM and somatic complaints, suggesting that interventions emphasizing affective education may lessen somatic complaints. Individual differences in CEM and other mediators warrant further investigation.
Virus degradation and nucleic acid release in single-phase phenol systems.

Abstract Methods have been developed for the isolation, without shaking, of intact nucleic acids from viral nucleoproteins in single-phase phenol systems. Addition of compounds, miscible with both water and phenol, to virus suspensions makes it possible to increase the phenol concentration in the aqueous medium without the formation of two phases. Ethanol and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) were used for this purpose. Single-phase phenol methods can readily be applied to viruses available only in small quantities. Because of the high yield, the possibility of selective losses of certain nucleic acid species is reduced. The methods are mild. Exposure of nucleic acid to shear forces, elevated temperature, or unfavorable ionic environment is avoided. Reaction rates are controllable; thus, kinetic studies of virus degradation and isolation of intermediary degradation products are possible. Characteristic and reproducible differences were found in the minimal phenol concentration required for nucleic acid release among the viruses tested. The phenol-ethanol system allows isolation of essentially quantitative yields of intact and infectious RNA from tobacco mosaic virus. The phenol-SDS system leads to complete degradation of virus and release of infectious nucleic acid with all viruses investigated, namely, tobacco mosaic virus, tobacco ringspot virus, southern bean mosaic virus, turnip yellow mosaic virus, cucumber mosaic virus, tomato aspermy virus, and phycovirus SM-1 (a DNA-containing virus).
Absorption of carbon dioxide in aqueous piperazine/methyldiethanolamine

Carbon dioxide absorption in 0.6 M piperazine (PZ)/4 M methyldiethanolamine (MDEA) was measured in a wetted wall contactor. The data were simulated using a model that accounts for chemical reactions and transport effects with the eddy diffusivity theory. PZ/MDEA blends absorb CO 2 faster than monoethanolamine (MEA) or diethanolamine (DEA) blends with MDEA at similar concentrations. The reaction of PZ to form a monocarbamate is dominant at low loading ( 50%) only at the top of the absorber.
The Structure of Bounded Events

To explain the semantic and syntactic compositionality of bounded interpretations, I propose here that events with a definite end point involve interpretation of the verb and either a bounded direct object or a bounded PP in the checking domain of Asp(ect)P, whereas unbounded events involve interpretation in a projection lower in the clause. This analysis explains the syntactic behavior of the ambiguous adverb quickly. In addition, it follows from the analysis that durative adjuncts are adjoined to VP, while time frame adjuncts are adjoined to AspP. Constructions involving preposition stranding, scope of only, parasitic gaps, and semantic restrictions on adjunct PP objects support this approach.
Thymus dependency of cells involved in transfer of delayed hypersensitivity to listeria monocytogenes in mice

Delayed-type hypersensitivity (DH) to Listeria antigens was induced in inbred C3Hf/Umc mice by intravenous injection of a sublethal dose of viable Listeria monocytogenes. Bone marrow, spleen, and lymph node cells from the immune mice were capable of passive transfer of DH to syngeneic neonatally thymectomized or lethally (900 R) irradiated recipients. Immune thymus cells as well as immune serum were ineffective in transferring DH to irradiated animals. In vitro treatment with antitheta isoantibody (anti-θ) and complement abolished the capacity of spleen and bone marrow cells from immune donors to transfer DH to irradiated hosts, indicating the thymus dependency of this cell population. The results with bone marrow indicate the existence of a small, but biologically significant, thymus-dependent population in this tissue.
Associations of Depressive and Anxiety Disorders with Periodontal Disease Prevalence in Young Adults: Analysis of 1999–2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) Data

Background Depression and anxiety have been linked to periodontal disease, an emerging risk factor for chronic diseases. However, this literature is mixed, and few studies have concurrently evaluated depression and anxiety.
25OHD, a circulating vitamin D metabolite in fish

Abstract Serum and hepatic 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD), and serum calcium, phosphate, 25OHD3 binding capacity and binding affinity were measured in male and female trout. Both serum and hepatic 25OHD levels are decreased in female trout with elevations in protein bound calcium and phosphate. Whereas the apparent dissociation constant (Kd) for serum binding of 25OHD3 of 1.0–2.0 × 10−9M is similar in males and females, the 25OHD3 binding capacity of hypercalcemic spawning trout (1.39 × 10−7M) is significantly less than that of male fish (1.88 × 10−7M). At circulating serum concentrations of 25OHD which average 9.5 × 10−9M only 5–7% of trout serum 25OHD binding sites are occupied.
Increased saturated phospholipid in cultured cells grown with linoleic acid

We found that fetal bovine serum supplementation of culture medium provided limited quantities of linoleic acid, an essential fatty acid, to cells grown in culture (2.8 ± 0.3% of total fatty acids in 12 lots). Supplementation of the medium with additional linoleic acid resulted in altered phospholipid acyl composition in cells of two established lines, A549, a putative model of the pulmonary Type II epithelial cell, and SIRC, a line derived from rabbit corneal epithelium. In particular, linoleic acid supplementation induced a relative increase in disaturated choline phosphoglycerides of 33 and 36%, respectively, in cells of the two lines. This observation may be relevant to design of media for primary culture of Type II cells, in which disaturated phospholipid synthesis is used as an index of differentiated function (surfactant production). Linoleate supplementation did not alter growth or size (protein content) of cells of either line and caused a slight increase in accumulation of neutral lipid, in the form of cytoplasmic droplets, in A549 cells. Supplementation of cell cultures with equivalent concentrations of the nonessential fatty acids palmitic and oleic acid did not significantly alter the growth, morphologic appearance, or lipid composition of the cells. However, it was demonstrated in cells of one line that palmitic acid supplementation temporarily stimulated synthesis of disaturated choline phosphoglyceride from radiolabeled choline.
A method for manual endmember selection and spectral unmixing

Abstract The number of spectrally unique signatures needed to reproduce the statistically significant variance observed in multispectral and hyperspectral datasets can be estimated from the eigenvalues of a principal component analysis (PCA) of the data. In this article, we describe a multidimensional visualization method for interactively searching for a feasible set of spectral signatures in the space of the PCA eigenvectors that account for most of the variance. These spectral signatures, referred to as endmembers, are input to a linear mixture model which can be inverted to compute endmember abundances for each data spectrum. The visualization method discussed in this article and referred to as the manual endmember selection method (MESM) is based on Inselberg's (1985) parallel coordinate representation of multidimensional spaces. It is novel in the field of multidimensional visualization in that it includes not only a passive representation of higher-dimensional data but also the capability to interact with and move geometrical objects in more than 3 dimensions. The spectral shape of endmembers selected with the MESM may be influenced by processes such as multiple scatterings by surface materials and other factors such as illumination geometry that affect the signal received by the sensor. These processes and factors may produce significant errors in computed endmember abundances, if not accounted for in the endmember reflectance (Roberts, 1991). The MESM is one method for obtaining endmembers that account for all factors and processes significantly affecting the spectral data.
A Personal Tribute to Milton Sobel: Selecting the Best Treatment

Abstract The paper begins with a sketch of Milton Sobel's life and work, which is followed by a summary of his pioneering collaborations in selecting the best among k(≥2) populations. It takes us back to Bechhofer et al. (1954), where a path-breaking two-stage selection methodology was developed for normal populations with unknown means and a common but unknown variance. Every two-stage methodology begins with a pilot sample. However, no easy practical approach existed for determining an appropriate pilot size until recently. We have summarized two recent ideas to determine a pilot size. Then, the methodology of Bechhofer et al. (1954) is extended for situations where population variances are with σ2(>0) being unknown but c i (>0) being known, not all equal, i = 1,…, k(≥2). This new methodology does not need any new statistical table for its implementation beyond what was required by the original 1954 methodology. Several illustrations are included from practical problems using real data. The paper ends w...
Observation of simultaneous g9/2 proton and neutron alignment in 74Kr.

High spin states in {sup 74}Kr were investigated in the reaction {sup 40}Ca({sup 40}Ca,{alpha},2{ital p}){sup 74}Kr at 125 and 140 MeV. A new decay scheme was established up to probable spin {ital I}=20. The rotational structure was found to be similar to {sup 76}Kr, showing a double alignment in the ground-state band and sidebands with constant moments of inertia. Measured lifetimes using the Doppler-shift attenuation method indicate very collective {ital E}2 transitions in the ground-state band.
Dissensions and Distances of Ideology to Reality: The Origins and Mitigations of Radical System Uncertainty from Dialectic Diagnosis

Market practices since the industrialization in the West have followed a formal dualist system or monist reductionist system, where the former treats the opposites, for example, gain and loss, as m...
The wrinkled-seed character of pea described by Mendel is caused by a transposon-like insertion in a gene encoding starch-branching enzyme

We describe the cloning of the r (rugosus) locus of pea (Pisum sativum L.), which determines whether the seed is round or wrinkled. Wrinkled (rr) seeds lack one isoform of starch-branching enzyme (SBEI), present in round (RR or Rr) seeds. A major polymorphism in the SBEI gene between near-isogenic RR and rr lines shows 100% cosegregation with the r locus, establishing that the SBEI gene is at the r locus. An aberrant transcript for SBEI is produced in rr embryos. In rr lines the SBEI gene is interrupted by a 0.8 kb insertion that is very similar to the Ac/Ds family of transposable elements from maize. Failure to produce SBEI has complex metabolic consequences on starch, lipid, and protein biosynthesis in the seed.
Analysis of the mitogenic effects of toxic Shock toxin on human peripheral blood mononuclear cells in vitro

It has been shown previously that the staphylococcal enterotoxins A and B are T-cell mitogens and also cause inhibition of murine plaque-forming cells generated in vitro. Similarly, toxic shock toxin, a 24,000-MW protein produced by toxic shock-associated strains of Staphylococcus aureus, is mitogenic and inhibits the generation of both murine and rabbit plaque-forming cells. In this study, an analysis of the T-cell response to toxic shock toxin was performed. Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells responded to toxic shock toxin over a broad dosage range (1 ng/ml to 5 μg/ml) with maximum proliferation at day 4 (96 hr) of culture. Heat treatment (100°C for 60 min) of toxic shock toxin attenuated its mitogenic effects by only a small amount, and this attenuation could be reversed with increasing concentration of the toxin. By cytofluorography, both untreated and toxic shock toxin-treated small lymphocytes manifested normal percentages of OKT3+, OKT11+, OKT4+, OKT8+, HLADR+, and Leu-7+ cells. However, toxic shock toxin-induced blasts were 99% OKT11+ and expressed the receptor for interleukin 2 (89%–100% TAC+). Approximately 85% of the blasts were OKT4+, and 25% of the blasts were OKT8+. Proliferation of purified, double-rosetted T cells was enhanced monotonically by the addition of irradiated “non-T” cells. Irradiated, monocyte-enriched non-T cells were 2.5 times more potent than unfractionated non-T cells in producing quantitatively similar proliferation by toxic shock toxin-stimulated, autologous T cells. In addition, preincubation of non-T cells for 24 hr with toxic shock toxin, followed by extensive washing and irradiation, induced substantial proliferation by unexposed, autologous T cells. These data show that toxic shock toxin is mitogenic for T cells and requires accessory cells for maximal activity. Further, this substance appears to induce both a subset of OKT4+ (Class II MHC-restricted) and OKT8+ (Class I MHC-restricted) blasts.
Dimerization of EphA2 in Cell Membranes

EphA2 is a single pass transmembrane protein and a member of the largest Receptor Tyrosine Kinase (RTK) family. EphA2 regulates cell-cell interactions during embryonic development in humans and is known as an oncoprotein as well as a tumor suppressor. The Eph receptors differ from other RTKs since they form oligomers when they bind their ligands. However, the interactions between the EphA2 receptors in the absence of ligand have not been investigated. We used spectral FRET in conjunction with two photon microscopy to probe unliganded EphA2 dimerization in HEK 293 cells. We measured the FRET efficiency with high precision over a concentration range that spans three orders of magnitude and includes the physiological range of receptor expressions. We show that EphA2 forms dimers in the absence of ligand. In addition, mutagenesis studies reveal that contacts between the EphA2 receptors that are important for ligand-mediated clustering are also important for unliganded dimerization. We therefore propose that unliganded EphA2 dimers are an important intermediate in EphA2 signal transduction.
PDT-induced changes in light scattering from cells using lysosomal vs. mitochondrial-localizing photosensitizers

We have previously described changes in angle-resolved light scattering measured from intact cells in suspension subjected to photodynamic therapy using photosensitizers that localize primarily to mitochondria. These changes were analyzed with a Mie theory-based model. For the sensitizers Pc 4 and ALA-induced protoporphyrin IX, the scattering data from PDT-treated cells was consistent with a coated sphere model, in which mitochondrial morphology changes were the predominant mechanism governing the scattering changes. This interpretation was supported by electron microscopy. Here we describe quite different changes in angle-resolved light scattering from cells sensitized with the lysosomal-localizing photosensitizer LS11. Unlike the case of the mitochondrial-localizing photosensitizers, analysis of these post-treatment scattering data reveals a shift toward a larger mean organelle diameter in the larger of the two particle size distributions identified from Mie-theory analysis of scattering from control cells. Further, the posttreatment scattering angular distributions are well interpreted in terms of homogeneous rather than coated spheres. On the basis of these results and results of fluorescence microscopy of LS11-PDT treated monolayers, we propose that the initial, pre-treatment scatterer population is comprised of lysosomes and mitochondria. LS11 PDT ablates a significant fraction of the lysosomes, leaving a relatively unperturbed population of mitochondria to dominate the scattering. These findings suggest that scattering measurements are capable of reporting a variety of PDT-induced changes to cell organelles. They further suggest that photodynamic action is a useful biophysical tool for understanding basic mechanisms of light scattering from intact cells.
The man who listens to behavior: folk wisdom and behavior analysis from a real horse whisperer.

The popular novel and movie The Horse Whisperer are based on the work of several real-life horse whisperers, the most famous of whom is Monty Roberts. Over the last 50 years, Roberts has developed a technique for training horses that is both more effective and less aversive than traditional training techniques. An analysis of Roberts’ methods (as described in his book, The Man Who Listens to Horses) indicates a deep understanding of behavioral principles including positive reinforcement, timeout, species-specific defense reactions, ‘‘learned helplessness,’’ and the behavioral analysis of language. Roberts developed his theory and techniques on the basis of personal experience and folk wisdom, and not as the result of formal training in behavior analysis. Behavior analysts can clearly learn from such insightful yet ‘‘behaviorally incorrect’’ practitioners, just as such practitioners can benefit from the objective science of behavior analysts.
Sociological dimensions of illness behavior

The almost exclusive dependence on the diagnostic disease model limits addressing the burden of illness and disability typically seen in primary medical care. With aging of populations and increasing prevalence of chronic disease and disability and behavioral disorders, new approaches to patient assessment and intervention are needed to extend traditional models. Using illness behavior as a point of departure, I examine the disability process and the types of considerations relevant to promoting function and maintianing patients' quality of life. At the individual level, alternatives include modifying impairments, increasing patient motivation and encouraging helpful attitudes, teaching coping strategies, identifying helpful assistive devices, educating family members and employers and providing support. A broader view also makes clear that varying aspects of the disability process are appropriate issues for social policy and environmental remediation. In examining various examples of the disability process, the paper focusses on self-appraisal and illness behavior and the way social movements help to define and redefine conceptions of illness and disability. Recognizing that the kinds of changes discussed will not come easily, the paper concludes with a discussion of trends encouraging broader practice orientations and the types of interventions that can be helpful in encouraging and reinforcing such developments.
New Resonances in Photon Transition Strength Functions

The strength function, which is the ratio of the average ground-state radiative width to the average level spacing, was displayed in the 135 un. Concent 85% quasi-elastic photon scattering cross sections of Pb/sup 206/, Bi/ sup 209/, Sn, and Zr. The results from Pb/sup 208/ show that for this special case the participating levels have spacings much greater than the experimental resolution. The cross sections measured include at each energy clear energy levels. (C.E.S.)
Intensities, collision-broadened half-widths, and collision-induced line shifts in the second overtone band of 12C16O

Abstract Absolute intensities, self-broadened half-widths, air-broadened half-widths, self-induced and air-induced line shifts were measured in the second overtone (3-0) band of 12 C 16 O at 298 K using a Fourier-transform spectrometer and a multi-spectral-line-fitting technique. The absolute intensity of the band was determined to be (4.62±0.06)×10 −22 cm molecule −1 . The square of the transition moment, |μ0|2, of this band was deduced to be (1.712±0.004)×10 −7 Debye 2 . Herman–Wallis factors were estimated to be C=(1.185±0.009)×10−2 and D=(1.014±0.069)×104. While the line widths were nearly the same as those in the 1-0 and 2-0 bands in both of the cases of broadening studied, the collision-induced line shifts were found to be much larger in the 3-0 band.
Injection of prostaglandin F2α into the bronchial artery in sheep increases the pulmonary vascular permeability to protein

Abstract Lung injury and oedema following smoke inhalation are associated with eicosanoid release and the injury is heavily influenced by the tracheobronchial circulation. We hypothesized that injection of a vasoactive eicosanoid, prostaglandin F2alpha ( PGF2 α ), into the tracheobronchial circulation would induce a permeability leak in that circulation as measured in lung lymph flow and protein content. PGF2 α when injected into the bronchial artery increased lung lymph flow, protein content and lymph protein flux (protein times flow). The increase in lymph to plasma protein concentration after injection of PGF2 α is consistent with an increase in vascular protein permeability since an increase in pressure alone would cause an increase in fluid flow in excess of protein with a fall in protein concentration. Ligation of the bronchial artery 3 min after injection of the PGF2 α largely prevented the late changes suggesting that the protein leak into the lymph was from the bronchial arteries.
Spatial Coupling of Plant and Herbivore Dynamics: The Contribution of Herbivore Dispersal to Transient and Persistent "Waves" of Damage

Abstract Spatial variations in the abundance of insect herbivores and in herbivore damage are both striking an commonplace. The standard explanations for heterogeneity in herbivore attack emphasize spatial variations in plant genetype, soils, or physical environment. Here I examine an alternative hypothesis-that heterogeneity arises in plant-herbivore systems, even in homogeneous environments, as a result of the direct coupling of herbivore movement to herbivore density and plant quality. Using a mathematical model for plant quality and herbivore growth and dispersal, I demonstrate how spatial instabilities about homogeneous steady state values result in both transient and stationary waves of damage to the plant. Key herbivore movement behaviors include the tendendy for herbivores to aggregate over a range of spatial scales for increased feeding efficiency and the tendency for herbivores to move up gradients in plant quality (herbivory-taxis). My approach translates the biased "random walk" behavior of individual herbivores into a continuum partial differential equation model. Analytical and numerical methods are used to demonstrate the nature of the spatio-temporal variations in plant quality and herbivore density.
Messing with gender in feminist political ecology

Abstract Feminist political ecology (fpe) is at a crossroads. Over the last 2 years, feminist political ecologists have begun to reflect on and debate the strengths of this subfield. In this article, we contribute by pointing to the limited theorization of race in this body of work. We argue that fpe must theorize a more complex and messier, notion of ‘gender’, one that accounts for race, racialization and racism more explicitly. Building on the work of feminist geography and critical race scholarship, we argue for a postcolonial intersectional analysis in fpe – putting this theory to work in an analysis of race, gender and whiteness in Honduras. With this intervention we demonstrate how theorizing race and gender as mutually constituted richly complicates our understanding of the politics of natural resource access and control in the Global South.
Fundamentals, Panics and Bank Distress During the Depression

This paper provides the first comprehensive econometric analysis of the causes of bank distress during the Depression. We assemble bank-level data for Fed member banks, and combine those data with county-level, state-level, and national-level economic characteristics to capture cross-sectional and inter-temporal variation in the fundamental determinants of bank failure. We find that fundamentals explain most of the incidence of bank failure, and argue that "contagion" or "liquidity crises" were a relatively unimportant influence on bank failure risk prior to 1933. At the national level, we find that the first two banking crises identified by Friedman and Schwartz in 1930 and 1931 are not associated with positive unexplained residual failure risk, or with changes in the importance of liquidity measures for forecasting bank failures. The third banking crisis they identify is a more ambiguous case, but even if one views it as a bona fide liquidity crisis, the size of the contagion effect could not have been very large. The last banking crisis they identify - at the beginning of 1933 - is associated with important, unexplained increases in bank failure risk. We also investigate the potential role of regional or local contagion and illiquidity for promoting bank failure and find some evidence in support of such effects, but these are of small importance in the aggregate.
Atresia of the Foramen of Monro Resulting in Severe Unilateral Hydrocephalus with Subfalcial Herniation and Infratentorial Diverticulum

A case of severe unilateral hydrocephalus associated with ventricular diverticulum and subfalcial herniation secondary to likely atresia of the foramen of Monro is presented. Both atresia of the foramen of Monro and ventricular diverticulum are rare conditions in hydrocephalus. The case presented here is the third reported case with both unique entities.
Largazole: From discovery to broad-spectrum therapy

Covering up to 2011 The cyclic depsipeptide largazole from a cyanobacterium of the genus Symploca is a marine natural product with a novel chemical scaffold and potently inhibits class I histone deacetylases (HDACs). Largazole possesses highly differential growth-inhibitory activity, preferentially targeting transformed over non-transformed cells. The intriguing structure and biological activity of largazole have attracted strong interest from the synthetic chemistry community to establish synthetic routes to largazole and to investigate its potential as a cancer therapeutic. This Highlight surveys recent advances in this area with a focus on the discovery, synthesis, target identification, structure–activity relationships, HDAC8–largazole thiol crystal structure, and biological studies, including in vivo anticancer and osteogenic activities.
Integrating Interprofessional Collaboration Skills into the Advanced Practice Registered Nurse Socialization Process

The emergence of interprofessional collaboration and practice as a means to provide patient-centered care and to decrease the current fragmentation of health care services in the 21st century provides a clear and unique opportunity for the advanced practice registered nurse (APRN) to assume a key role. For APRNs and other health care providers, to participate effectively as team members requires an interprofessional mindset. Development of interprofessional skills and knowledge for the APRN has been hindered by a silo approach to APRN role socialization. The Institute of Medicine Report (IOM; 2010) states that current health care systems should focus on team collaboration to deliver accessible, high-quality, patient-centered health care that addresses wellness and prevention of illness and adverse events, management of chronic illness, and increased capacity of all providers on the team. The purpose of this article is to demonstrate the need to incorporate interprofessional education (IPE) into the socialization models used in advanced practice nursing programs. IPE requires moving beyond profession-specific educational efforts to engage students of different health care professions in interactive learning. Being able to work effectively as member of a clinical team while a student is a fundamental part of that learning (Interprofessional Education Collaborative Expert Panel, 2011). The objective of IPE curriculum models in graduate nursing programs is to educate APRNs in the development of an interprofessional mindset. Interprofessional collaboration and coordination are needed to achieve seamless transitions for patients between providers, specialties, and health care settings (IOM, 2010). Achieving the vision requires the continuous development of interprofessional competencies by APRNs as part of the learning process, so that upon entering the workforce, APRNs are ready to practice effective teamwork and team-based care. Socialization of the professional APRN role must integrate interprofessional competencies and interactions to prepare APRNs accordingly.