cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Confluent paranoia and memory deficits in schizophrenia among African Americans

Whether or not there is a cultural dimension to paranoid symptom expression among African Americans has been debated for decades. A companion study has demonstrated the significance of culture as a moderator variable in African Americans expression of paranoia in terms of cognitive deficits among schizophrenics. Also, there is evidence that confluent paranoia or the interaction between culture and pathology yields significant correlations with psychosocial outcomes. To date, no study has examined the interaction between culture and pathology on the cognitive functioning of Black schizophrenics. The present study examined the relationship between confluent paranoia and digit span testing among 156 African Americans patients diagnosed with schizophrenia. Patients were classified into Ridley's typology using the Cultural Mistrust Inventory and the scale of False Beliefs and Perceptions. Findings provide preliminary evidence of the protective function of the cultural component of confluent paranoia with regar...
How generalizable are coronary risk prediction models? Comparison of Framingham and two national cohorts.

Abstract Background Previous models used to predict individual risk of death from coronary heart disease (CHD) were developed from data of 3 decades ago from the Framingham Heart Study. CHD mortality rates have declined markedly since that period as a result of improvement in both risk factor status and medical interventions. Generalization of the results from this one study to the population at large remains a matter of concern. We compared predictive functions derived from the major risk factors for CHD from Framingham and 2 more recent national cohorts, the First and Second National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES I and NHANES II). Methods and Results The participants included 1846 men and 2323 women 35 to 69 years of age and free of CHD at the fourth examination (1954 to 1958) from the Framingham Study; 2753 men and 3858 women from the NHANES I (1971 to 1975); and 2655 men and 3050 women from NHANES II (1976 to 1980). The 3 cohorts were monitored for 24, 20, and 15 years, respectively. Significant heterogeneity existed among studies in the magnitude of the Cox coefficients for the individual factors (ie, age, systolic blood pressure, serum total cholesterol, and smoking status), especially among men. When risk factors were considered collectively, however, functions derived from and applied to different cohorts had a similar ability to rank individual risk. The areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves were 0.71 to 0.76 in men and 0.76 to 0.81 in women when different risk functions were applied to their own population or to a second population. The cumulative CHD survival observed in women in the 2 national cohorts was close to what was predicted from the Framingham equation. However, Framingham overestimated the cumulative CHD mortality rates in men in NHANES I and NHANES II. Conclusions The Framingham risk model for the prediction of CHD mortality rates provides a reasonable rank ordering of risk for individuals in the US white population for the period 1975 to 1990. However, prediction of absolute risk is less accurate. (Am Heart J 1999;137:837-45.)
Characteristics of starch in developing pea seeds

Abstract Changes in the physical and chemical properties of pea starch in developing seeds have been investigated. Increase in the iodine-binding capacity of st
Effect of chronic alcohol consumption on Hepatic SIRT1 and PGC-1α in rats

Abstract The nuclear genes, NAD-dependent deacetylase Sirtuis 1 (SIRT1) and the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator1α (PGC-1α) are regulators of energy metabolism. Here, we studied the role of alcohol consumption in expression of these sensing molecules. Alcohol significantly reduced hepatic SIRT1 mRNA by 50% and PGC-1α mRNA by 46% and it significantly inhibited the protein expression of SIRT1 and PGC-1α, while the transcription factor PPAR-γ remained unchanged. However, when the lipid composition of the alcohol diet was changed by replacing long-chain triglycerides (LCT) with medium chain triglycerides (MCT), SIRT1 and PGC-1α mRNA were restored to near control levels. This study demonstrates that alcohol reduces key energy sensing proteins and that replacement of LCT by MCT affects the transcription of these genes. Since there is a pathophysiological link between SIRT1 and PGC-1α and mitochondrial energy, the implication of the study is that mitochondrial dysfunction due to alcohol abuse can be treated by dietary modifications.
Properties of polycrystalline Hg1−xBixBa2Ca2Cu3Oy superconductors

Abstract Polycrystalline Hg1−xBixBa2Ca2Cu3Oy materials, with Bi-content x=0.1, 0.2 and 0.3, were prepared by a direct, one-step synthesis. Characterization methods included X-ray diffraction, SEM, and studies of the magnetization M. The Tc's were 133.5, 133 and 128 K, respectively. The persistent current density Jp falls off roughly exponentially with field H and temperature T. The irreversibility fields Hirr(T)∼(1−T/Tc)n, with n≈3, were similar for the three materials. Analysis of the equilibrium M with London theory provided the London penetration depth λ(T).
Shock synthesis of nanocrystalline Si by thermal spraying

Shock synthesis of nanocrystalline Si was accomplished for the first time using thermal spray in which Si powder is injected into a high-energy flame where the particles melt and accelerate to impact on the substrate. A stream of molten Si particles impacted onto Si wafers of two orientations (100) and (111). The shock wave generated by the sudden impact of the droplets propagated through the underlying Si layer, which experienced a phase transition to a high-pressure form of Si due to propagation of the shock wave. The metastable high-pressure form of Si then transformed to metastable Si-IX, Si-IV (hexagonal diamond-Si), R-8, and BC-8 phases as evidenced by transmission electron microscopy and x-ray diffraction studies. Back-transformed metastable Si grains, with a size range from 2 to 5 nm, were found to be dispersed within Si-I (cubic diamond-Si). The metastable phases formed mostly in deposits on the (100) substrate compared to those of the (111) substrate orientations. This behavior can be correlated with the anisotropic nature of the pressure-induced transformations of Si-I.
A 23.5GHz PLL with an adaptively biased VCO in 32nm SOI-CMOS

A 30% frequency tuning range 23.5GHz 32nm SOI-CMOS PLL features an adaptively biased VCO. Adaptive biasing of the VCO lowers the average PLL power consumption from 34mW to 24mW, while keeping the jitter below 1.5o RMS across all frequency bands.
Examining Change In Rank‐Size Systems Of Cities*

(1975). Examining Change In Rank-Size Systems Of Cities. The Professional Geographer: Vol. 27, No. 1, pp. 43-47.
Synthesis of flexibilene, a naturally occurrring 15-membered-ring diterpene

Abstract A total synthesis of the naturally occurring 15-membered ring diterpene, flexibilene, was accomplished using a titanium-induced cyclization of the keto-aldehyde 3,37,11-tetramethyl- 15-oxohexadeca-4 E ,7 E ,11 E -trienal as the key step.
Adaptive Sampling for Noisy Problems

The usual approach to deal with noise present in many real-world optimization problems is to take an arbitrary number of samples of the objective function and use the sample average as an estimate of the true objective value. The number of samples is typically chosen arbitrarily and remains constant for the entire optimization process. This paper studies an adaptive sampling technique that varies the number of samples based on the uncertainty of deciding between two individuals. Experiments demonstrate the effect of adaptive sampling on the final solution quality reached by a genetic algorithm and the computational cost required to find the solution. The results suggest that the adaptive technique can effectively eliminate the need to set the sample size a priori, but in many cases it requires high computational costs.
I don't like crumbs on my keyboard: eating behaviors of World of Warcraft players

Computer gamers are often categorized as being unhealthy due to lack of physical activity and poor eating habits. This mixed methods study revealed that computer gamers, specifically World of Warcraft players, are highly conscious of their food choices and eating decisions either because they value their health or because certain foods impede game play. In order to facilitate healthy behaviors in the game, researchers must consider the reasons why gamers choose certain foods to consume during game play.
What is the effect of fenofibrate on cardiovascular disease events in patients with type 2 diabetes

What is the effect of fenofibrate on cardiovascular disease events in patients with type 2 diabetes?
Reevaluation of the timing and extent of late Paleozoic glaciation in Gondwana: Role of the Transantarctic Mountains

Evidence from Antarctica indicates that a 2000-km-long section of the Transantarctic Mountains—including Victoria Land, the Darwin Glacier region, and the central Transantarctic Mountains—was not located near the center of an enormous Car- boniferous to Early Permian ice sheet, as depicted in many paleo- geographic reconstructions. Weathering profiles and soft-sediment deformation immediately below the preglacial (pre-Permian) un- conformity suggest an absence of ice cover during the Carbonif- erous; otherwise, multiple glacial cycles would have destroyed these features. The occurrence of glaciotectonite, massive and strat- ified diamictite, thrust sheets, sandstones containing dewatering structures, and lonestone-bearing shales in southern Victoria Land and the Darwin Glacier region indicate that Permian sedimenta- tion occurred in ice-marginal, periglacial, and/or glaciomarine set- tings. No evidence was found that indicates the Transantarctic Mountains were near a glacial spreading center during the late Paleozoic. Although these findings do not negate Carboniferous glaciation in Antarctica, they do indicate that Gondwanan glacia- tion was less widespread, and, therefore, that glacially driven changes to other Earth systems (i.e., glacioeustatic fluctuations, cli- mate) were much smaller than previously hypothesized.
Poly(N-acylethylenimine) copolymers containing pendant pentamethyldisiloxanyl groups. II. Thermal behavior and x-ray diffraction study

Two series of random copolymers of 10-(pentamethyl disiloxanyl) decyl oxazoline (Si) with undecyl (U) (four copolymer compositions) and nonyl (N) (eight copolymer compositions) oxazolines over the whole composition range, with a total degree of polymerization of about 100, were studied by DSC and wide angle X-ray diffraction. All the polymers are crystalline. For the N/Si copolymers, the melting points, normalized ΔH and ΔS of fusion are almost constant in a broad range of copolymer composition from 10 to 65 mol % of Si. The rationale for this behavior is that the copolymers crystallize two dimensionally, with the crystalline polymethylene plates separated by the bulky flexible pentamethyl disiloxanyl (P) groups. In this range, increasing Si only increases the distance between the plates. With more than 65 mol % Si, the bulky P groups interfere with the packing of the alkyl chains and change the crystallization behavior; the polymers show disordered packing as demonstrated by their X-ray patterns and extremely low ΔH. In the U/Si copolymers, since the undecyl side chain has one more carbon than the decyl group to which the P group is attached, the P groups interfere much more strongly with the packing of the side chains than in the N/Si polymers. The copolymer melting points uniformly decrease as the concentration of Si increases. The plateau on the plot of normalized ΔH versus polymer composition is only from 10 to 50 mol % of Si. The average long spacings of the annealed polymers increase linearly from 24 A (N/Si polymers) or 28 A (U/Si polymers) to 34.1 A with the increase of Si up to 50%. With more than 50% Si, the polymers have an identical lamellar thicknesses of 34 A, within the experimental error. Copolymers with less than 75 mol % of Si can crystallize from hexadecane solutions forming gels down to polymer concentrations of 2-3 wt %. The long spacings of the gels are almost identical with those of the pure crystalline polymers and independent of the polymer/solvent ratios. When hexamethyl disiloxane is added to the solutions, it can intercalate and the resulting crystalline gels have long spacings larger than those found in the absence of siloxane.
Data-intensive evaluation of design creativity using novelty, value, and surprise

The increasing availability of large quantities of product-related data provides an opportunity to augment human designers with analytical models for evaluating the creativity of a new design. In this paper we describe three characteristics of a creative design: novelty, value, and surprise. We present an analytical framework for computationally evaluating the creativity of a new design. Building on our previous work, we associate each characteristic with a computational process, and develop a new model for evaluating surprise using predictive analytics. We describe an implementation of our analytical models as applied to a data-set of mobile devices. We report on the most surprising devices identified by our models and their corresponding novelty and value scores, and conclude by discussing the broader applications and implications of an analytical approach to evaluating creative designs.
Natural History of Autografts and Allografts

The increasing demand for bone graft material in revision arthroplasty and tumour reconstruction requires a thorough understanding of the natural history and biology of autografts and processed allografts. A number of reports in the literature indicate that bone grafts may have a failure rate approaching 25% (Mankin et al. 1987). The failure is a result of inadequate revascularisation and mineralisation of the bone graft. Immunological rejection of bone allografts still remains an important consideration in the failure of these grafts. The natural history of bone grafts has been defined from extensive laboratory studies and clinical experience (Goldberg and Stevenson 1987). This chapter will review the present knowledge in this field.
Drought responses of six ornamental herbaceous perennials

Abstract Although low water use landscaping is becoming common in arid regions, little is known about drought tolerance and drought responses of many ornamental plants, especially herbaceous perennials. Drought responses were assessed for six herbaceous ornamental landscape perennials in a 38 l pot-in-pot system in northern Utah over a 2-year period. The first year was an establishment period. During the second year, drought responses were evaluated for established Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench, Gaillardia aristata Pursh, Lavandula angustifolia P. Mill., Leucanthemum × superbum (J.W. Ingram) Berg. ex Kent, ‘Alaska’, Penstemon barbatus Roth var. praecox nanus rondo , and Penstemon × mexicali Mitch. ‘Red Rocks’. Plants were irrigated at frequencies of 1 (control), 2, or 4 weeks between June and September, simulating well-watered conditions, moderate drought, or severe drought. Osmotic potential ( Ψ s ), gas exchange, visual quality, leaf area, and dry weight were assessed. In a confined root zone, P. barbatus showed the greatest tolerance to all levels of drought, avoiding desiccation by increasing root:shoot ratio and decreasing stomatal conductance as water became limiting. L. angustifolia and P . × mexicali showed tolerance to moderate drought conditions, but died after exposure to the first episode of severe drought. Neither G. aristata nor L. superbum were able to regulate shoot water loss effectively. Instead, both species displayed drought avoidance mechanisms, dying back when water was limiting and showing new growth after they were watered. Compared to control plants, G. aristata shoot dry weight was reduced by 50% and 84%, and L. superbum shoot dry weight was reduced by 47% and 99% for the 2- and 4-week irrigation intervals, respectively. Root dry weights were affected similarly for both species. E. purpurea exhibited poor visual quality at all irrigation intervals, in particular wilting severely in both drought treatments, but regaining turgor when watered again. P. barbatus is recommended for ornamental landscapes that receive little or no supplemental irrigation, while E. purpurea is not recommended for low water landscapes because of low visual quality under even mild drought.
Strontium-Rubidium Age of an Iron Meteorite

The isotopic compositions and concentrations of rubidium and strontium were determined in silicate nodules contained in Weekeroo Station meteorite, a brecciated coarse octahedrite. The strontium had a Sr^(87):Sr^(86) range from 0.729 to 0.768, showing considerable enrichment in Sr^(87) in comparison with achondrites. Data for six samples of nodules lie on a straight line on the Sr-Rb evolution diagram, with an initial Sr^(87):Sr^(86) ratio of 0.696 to 0.702; the slope is 0.0674, corresponding to an age of 4.7 x 10^9 years for λ = 1.39 x 10^(-11) year^(-1). These data agree with the previously assigned ages for the formation of stony meteorites and the earth; they support the conclusion that the major period of chemical and physical differentiation in the solar system occurred in a narrow interval at about this time. This result disagrees with the Ar^(40)-K^(40) ages of 5 to 13 x 10^9 years determined from other iron meteorites. A wide variety of isotopic-age investigations now seem experimentally feasible on iron meteorites that contain silicates.
Predicting radial bone mineral content in normal subjects.

Abstract The absorptiometric technique, employing monochromatic photons from 125 I is widely used to measure the bone mineral content (BMC) of parts of the appendicular skeleton. It is necessary to normalize radial BMC measurements to skeletal size or body size in order to intercompare the values of individuals with different metabolic bone disorders. The normal BMC of the radius can be predicted by means of an algorithm based on sex, age, height and weight. On the basis of this calculation, the BMC was predicted for a normal population of 1770 males and females. The ratio of predicted to measured BMC for a male population ranging in age from 6 to 89 yr was 1·001 ± 0·068 SD. In the female population ranging in age from 6 to 59 yr, the ratio was 0·959 ± 0·063 SD. In the older female population, aged 60–99 yr, the mean ratio was 0·868 ± 0·026 SD. Thus while the predicted BMC was systematically higher than the measured BMC in this older age group, it was nevertheless within the SD of the measured BMC.
Theory of the generalized dynamic structure factor of polyatomic molecular fluids measured by inelastic x-ray scattering.

We describe a theory for the calculation of the generalized dynamic structure factor $S(k,\ensuremath{\omega})$ as measured by an inelastic x-ray scattering (IXS) experiment on single-component molecular or polyatomic molecular fluids. IXS spectrum of a simple fluid is proportional to the dynamic structure factor of a single species of atom. In the case of a molecular fluid, however, IXS spectrum is a weighted sum of partial dynamic structure factors of pairs of atomic species. The weighting factors are products of the atomic form factors of the pairs. We call this weighted average dynamic structure factor the generalized dynamic structure factor. We extend the formalism of a three effective eigenmode theory (TEE) developed previously for simple fluids to derive an approximate evolution equation for the generalized dynamic structure factor, which can be considered as a generalized hydrodynamic equation for molecular fluids. As examples, we first study the contributions of the partial dynamic structure factor to the generalized dynamic structure factor computed from molecular dynamics simulation of SPC/E model water. We found that the generalized dynamic structure factor of water measured by IXS can be well approximated by the center of mass or the oxygen atom dynamic structure factors. The generalized TEE model was then employed to analyze IXS spectra of nearly fully hydrated dilauroylphosphatidylcholine. The theory is able to fit all of the spectra in the k range from 5 to $32{\mathrm{nm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ quantitatively and gives their deconvoluted generalized dynamic structure factors.
Large-Eddy Simulations of Perfectly-Expanded Supersonic Jets: Quality Assessment and Validation

Large-eddy simulations of supersonic jets are performed to validate the development of a second-order finite volume unstructured solver for aeroacoustic applications. For two supersonic jet flows (one heated and one unheated) issuing from axisymmetric nozzles at Mach number 1.4, flow and noise results are compared to the experimental database obtained at NASA Glenn Research Center. For the simulations, the actual nozzle is included in the computational domain. The purpose of the paper is to conduct both an extensive validation of the flow results, presenting time-averaged, fluctuating quantities and velocity spectra in the jet, and validation of the sound obtained in the near field and the far field using the integration of the Ffowcs-Williams and Hawkings equation. Quantitative comparisons are obtained both for flow and sound. In view of the disparity of methods used in the literature, it is of main interest to define objective criteria besides validation against experiment to evaluate the quality of the large-eddy simulations presented. With this intention, quality assessment of the results is proposed by evaluating the contributions of the different explicit models introduced in the calculation (artificial dissipation, subgrid model, shock-capturing scheme). Notably, focus is made on reducing the amount of artificial dissipation introduced in the fully turbulent part of the jet.
The northern auroral region as observed in nitric oxide

The distribution of thermospheric nitric oxide in the northern polar region has been measured from the Student Nitric Oxide Explorer (SNOE). A polar image of a one-year average at 106 km shows the maximum density lies between 60° and 70° N geomagnetic latitude. The density around this auroral oval varies as a function of longitude with the larger densities occurring at western geomagnetic longitudes. A polar image of a second year of observations demonstrates the same latitudinal-longitudinal density distribution indicating that the asymmetry is a persistent property of the auroral region. For a period of high geomagnetic activity, the nitric oxide observations indicate that the flux of precipitating electrons at 90° W geomagnetic longitude was 75% larger than the flux at 90° E geomagnetic longitude. We suggest that this asymmetry is caused by the longitudinal variation in the magnetic field strength around the auroral oval.
The Way of Efficiency: Ueno Yoichi and Scientific Management in Twentieth-Century Japan

The profound influence of American management thought on Japanese industrial practice has generally been considered a postwar phenomenon. Stressing the contributions of Deming, Drucker and other American experts, both popular wisdom and scholarly opinion have embraced the notion that ‘the managerial revolution that occurred in Japan after World War II was made in the United States’. Prewar Japanese management, however, has seldom been figured in terms of American inspiration. Historians have commonly conceived prewar Japanese practice as somehow impervious to American theories and techniques, emphasizing instead the importance of indigenous patterns of familialism, German influences, or a capital-labor dynamic largely detached from external stimuli. Thus, in industrial management—as in so many facets of modern Japanese history—the prewar narrative and the postwar narrative have remained separate and unreconciled. Despite recent interest in establishing a fuller genealogy of Japanese management, the question of how American models could thrive in postwar Japan without a prewar legacy of integration has yet to be answered or even seriously addressed.
A comparison of time versus frequency domain antenna patterns

This paper compares the performance of antenna arrays that use sinusoidal and ultra-short pulse waveforms. There are two parts to the paper: first, a comparison of narrowband versus ultra-wideband linear arrays using an analytic approach and second, a series of computer simulations used to extend the analytic results and to show the characteristics of nonstandard array configurations. Analysis shows that antennas using ultra-short waveforms have highly desirable pattern properties that do not appreciably degrade under conditions of high array sparsity, failed elements, or antenna element position errors. Patterns are given that show these properties directly. These results are of particular importance to the emerging technology of base-band or time-domain communications and remote sensing. It addresses the practical problem of designing extremely large aperture space-based arrays without populating those arrays densely with antenna elements and also reducing the traditional fabrication tolerances.
Bcl-2 and Bax in congenital naevi.

Summary Background Melanocytes represent a static component of the epidermis, and the role of apoptosis in basal melanocyte function and melanocytic tumour formation has not been fully elucidated. Objectives The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of Bcl-2 anti-apoptotic and Bax apoptotic proteins in congenital naevi in correlation with p-27 protein and Ki-67 proliferative index. Methods Our material comprised 30 congenital naevi (eight giant) excised from children aged from 15 days to 14 years old. The immunohistochemical streptavidin–biotin method was performed on paraffin sections for the detection of Bcl-2 (cl100/D5), Bax (cl2D2) , Ki-67 (MIB-1) and p-27 (1B4) proteins with monoclonal antibodies. Results Bcl-2 protein was detected in all cases showing a strong diffuse cytoplasmic expression in >70% of the naevocytes and was preserved in the deeper parts of the naevi. On the other hand, Bax was detected in 13 of the cases, showing a fainter cytoplasmic expression in 40–50% of the naevocytes without any particular topographic distribution. Ki-67 was detected in all cases showing a limited expression in 1–2% of the nuclei mainly in the junctional and upper dermal components. p-27 protein showed a broad diffuse nuclear expression (>70% of the nuclei) in all cases with a particular increase in the deeper parts of the naevi. Bcl-2 expression showed a parallel correlation with p-27 protein. Conclusions Broad Bcl-2 expression in congenital naevi suggests that suppression of apoptosis may play an important role in the maintenance of naevocytes despite the low proliferative activity.
Spectrum pricing games with arbitrary bandwidth availability probabilities

We consider price competition among multiple primary users in a cognitive radio network with multiple secondary users. Each primary has unused bandwidth with some probability, possibly different for different primaries, which he would like to lease to a secondary. For the case in which all the primaries and secondaries are in a single location, we explicitly compute a Nash equilibrium (NE) and show its uniqueness. Then we consider the game with spatial reuse of spectrum, and for linear conflict graphs, explicitly compute a NE and show its uniqueness in a natural sub-class of NE.
Dynamic branch decoupled architecture

We propose an alternative approach to branch resolution based on the earlier work on decoupled memory architectures. Branch decoupling is a technique for decoupling a single instruction stream program into two streams. One stream is solely dedicated to resolving branches as early as possible (both the branch condition and the branch target). The resolved branch targets are consumed by the other computing stream through a queue. We have proposed a compiler based static branch decoupling methodology earlier. In this paper, we propose a dynamic branch decoupled (DBD) architecture. Simulations show a speedup of 25.6% for SPEC95 integer benchmarks and 6.1% for SPEC95 FP benchmarks over a 2-level adaptive branch predictor. The average number of branch penalty cycles per instruction for DBD reduces to .0475 compared to .0835 for the 2-level branch predictor.
Unsteady aerodynamic and aeroelastic calculations for wings using Euler equations

A procedure to solve simultaneously the Euler flow equations and modal structural equations of motion is presented for computing aeroelastic responses of wings. The Euler flow equations are solved by a finite-difference scheme with dynamic grids. The coupled aeroelastic equations of motion are solved using the linear-acceleration method. The aeroelastic configuration adaptive dynamic grids are time-accurately generated using the aeroelastically deformed shape of the wing. The unsteady flow calculations are validated with the experiment, both for a semi-infinite wing and a wall-mounted cantilever rectangular wing. Aeroelastic responses are computed for a rectangular wing using the modal data generated by the finite-element method. The robustness of the present approach in computing unsteady flows and aeroelastic responses that are beyond the capability of earlier approaches using potential equations are demonstrated.
Polar loop transmitter for GSM/GPRS/EDGE

An EDGE transmitter using a nonlinear GSM type PA is presented. It is based on a polar loop architecture that employs separate feedback control of the amplitude and the phase of the output signal. With this approach, the problems with AM-to-PM as well as AM-to-AM of the nonlinear PA are essentially eliminated. There is no mode change between GMSK and EDGE, and the transmitter operates seamlessly in multi-slot EGPRS. The polar modulation transmitter meets all the GSM type approval requirements for both EDGE and GMSK in the quad band (850/900/1800/1900 MHz). It is part of an RF subsystem which is in production.
A Comparison of the Degradation in RF Performance Due to Device Interconnects in Advanced SiGe HBT and CMOS Technologies

This paper investigates the impact of the interconnect between the bottom and the top metal layers on the transistor RF performance of CMOS and silicon–germanium (SiGe) heterojunction bipolar transistor (HBT) technologies. State-of-the-art 32-nm silicon-on-insulator (SOI) CMOS and 120-nm SiGe HBT technologies are analyzed in detail. Measured results indicate a significant reduction in the unity-gain frequency ( $f_{T}$ ) from the bottom to the top metal layer for advanced CMOS technology nodes, but only a slight reduction for SiGe HBTs. The 32-nm SOI CMOS and SiGe HBT technologies have a reduction in the maximum oscillation frequency ( $f_{\textrm {max}}$ ) from the bottom to the top metal layer of $\sim 12$ % and 5%, respectively. By analyzing technology scaling trends, it is clear that SiGe HBTs can now achieve a similar peak $f_{T}$ at the top metal layer in comparison with advanced CMOS technology nodes, and a significantly higher $f_{\textrm {max}}$ . Furthermore, in CMOS technologies, the top metal layer $f_{\textrm {max}}$ appears to have reached a peak around the 45–65-nm technology nodes, a result which has significant implications.
Degrees of freedom in some underspread MIMO fading channels

Consider a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) fading channel in which the fading process varies slowly over time. Assuming that neither the transmitter nor the receiver have knowledge of the fading process, do multiple transmit and receive antennas provide significant capacity improvements at high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)? For regular fading processes, recent results show that capacity ultimately grows doubly logarithmically with the SNR independently of the number of transmit and receive antennas used. We show that for the Gauss-Markov fading process in all regimes of practical interest the use of multiple antennas provides large capacity improvements. Nonregular fading processes show completely different high-SNR behaviors due to the perfect predictability of the process from noiseless observations. We analyze the capacity of MIMO channels with nonregular fading by presenting a lower bound, which we specialize to the case of band-limited slowly varying fading processes to show that the use of multiple antennas is still highly beneficial. In both cases, regular and nonregular fading, this capacity improvement can be seen as the benefit of having multiple spatial degrees of freedom. For the Gauss-Markov fading model and all regimes of practical interest, we present a communication scheme that achieves the full number of degrees of freedom of the channel with tractable complexity. Our results for underspread Gauss-Markov and band-limited nonregular fading channels suggest that multiple antennas are useful at high SNR.
Spotting and Striping in Exhibition Classes of Rhode Island Red and New Hampshire Baby Chicks

Abstract IN A PREVIOUS paper (Byerly and Quinn, 1936) it was shown that 47.5 percent of 1,102 Rhode Island Red chicks hatched at the National Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, Maryland, carried black spotting on the head or black striping on either head or body, also that 42.1 percent of 663 chicks from an excellent standard bred flock carried spotting or striping, indicating that these characteristics may be rather widely distributed among Rhode Island Red flocks. It was further shown that 84.9 percent of the striped or spotted Beltsville chicks were females, whereas 77.8 percent of the non-spotted, non-striped chicks were males. Several breeders and hatcherymen have questioned the extent of the distribution of the characteristics mentioned above. They have also pointed out that little melanic pigment (black spotting and striping) appears in the Rhode Island Red Chicks shown in commercial and standard bred exhibition classes. It was the opinion of the . . .
Contrasting Siliciclastic–Evaporite Strata In Subsurface and Outcrop: An Example From the Permian Nippewalla Group of Kansas, U.S.A.

Abstract Geologists tend to expect that rocks as they appear in outcrop are a very good approximation of the same strata in the subsurface. But this is not the case in mixed siliciclastic–evaporite units, strata that contain both a siliciclastic and an evaporite mineral component. Distinct differences in lithologic and stratigraphic descriptions of ancient siliciclastic–evaporite strata exist between outcrop and core. These differences present challenges in stratigraphic nomenclature, lithologic correlation, age determinations, and interpretations about past depositional environments, diagenetic history, and paleoclimate. An example of siliciclastic–evaporite strata is the middle Permian to early Triassic gypsum- and/or anhydrite- (hereby referred to as gypsum/anhydrite) and halite-bearing red beds throughout the midcontinent of North America and equivalent strata from other Pangean deposits. Here, we use core and field observations of the middle Permian Nippewalla Group in Kansas to show the range of similarities and differences in lithologies and thicknesses of specific lithofacies in outcrop and at various depths. For example, the displacive halite lithology, consisting of red mudstones dominated by randomly oriented halite crystals, is abundant in cores and interpreted as saline mudflat deposits. The outcrop counterpart is less common, friable, massive red mudstones with some gypsum/anhydrite pseudomorphs after displacive halite crystals. We interpret these lithologic differences of this saline mudflat lithofacies as the result of excellent preservation of buried displacive halite and late-stage dissolution of near-surface halite. Additionally, bedded halite and intergranular halite cements in siltstones and sandstones are also vulnerable to late-stage dissolution near the surface, further modifying lithologies and thicknesses. Thickness of the Nippewalla Group in the Amoco Rebecca K. Bounds core of western Kansas is 931 feet (∼ 284 meters) thick, but it is estimated to be only half as thick in the outcrop belt of south-central Kansas. To estimate amount of rock lost to late-stage dissolution, we conducted dissolution experiments on displacive halite units from cores, which resulted in 60–95% loss of rock thickness and mass due to dissolution of halite. The unconsolidated red sediment resulting from these dissolution experiments compares favorably with much of the fine massive red siliciclastics that make up the greater part of the Nippewalla Group outcrops. We propose that major lithologic differences resulting from near-surface diagenetic processes must be expected in any evaporite-bearing siliciclastic unit. Besides guiding correlation attempts between surface and subsurface, this knowledge is vital for making accurate interpretations of depositional and diagenetic history of siliciclastic–evaporite units.
Low‐temperature grown compositionally graded InGaN films

A new thin film growth technique known as energetic neutral atomic-beam lithography/epitaxy (ENABLE) provides a large energetic N atom flux and eliminates the need for high substrate temperatures as compared to molecular beam epitaxy, making isothermal growth over the entire InGaN alloy composition range possible without phase separation. 500–800 nm thick compositionally graded InGaN films were grown by ENABLE at ∼450 °C with the following structure types: (1) with the Ga-rich material on the surface and (2) with the Inrich material on the surface. Rutherford backscattering spectrometry, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, absorption spectroscopy, photoluminescence, and Hall effect measurements were used to assess the thickness, composition, crystalline quality, and optical and electrical properties of the films. The results establish the new ENABLE method as uniquely capable of growing compositionally graded InGaN films and, in the future, InN/GaN heterostructures. (© 2008 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Circuit model for shaft voltage prediction in induction motors fed by PWM-based AC drives

The development of high-frequency pulsewidth-modulation-based adjustable-speed drives (ASDs) has increased the efficiency, performance, and controllability in induction motor applications. However, the high switching frequencies and the faster switching times of insulated gate bipolar transistors (the device of choice in these ASDs) introduce disadvantages like overvoltages at the motor terminals when long cables are used between the drive and the motor. Another industry-wide concern is the generation of rotor shaft voltage and the resulting bearing current. The grease film in a bearing acts as a capacitor that charges due to the transitions in the common-mode voltage imposed at the motor terminals by the drive. The breakdown of the film causes a spike of current to flow that can damage the bearing and reduce life. A significant amount of effort has been directed at understanding the shaft voltage phenomenon and the associated bearing current. This paper attempts to develop circuit models to predict the level of the shaft voltage. The circuit models can then be used to predict the shaft voltage levels at different installations, using simulation software like PSpice. Circuit models for two specific motors are developed. The predicted shaft voltage is very close to the actual voltage levels seen on the shaft when the motors are operated by ASDs.
Linking leaf and root trait syndromes among 39 grassland and savannah species

Summary • Here, we tested hypothesized relationships among leaf and fine root traits of grass, forb, legume, and woody plant species of a savannah community. • CO 2 exchange rates, structural traits, chemistry, and longevity were measured in tissues of 39 species grown in long-term monocultures. • Across species, respiration rates of leaves and fine roots exhibited a common regression relationship with tissue nitrogen (N) concentration, although legumes had lower rates at comparable N concentrations. Respiration rates and N concentration declined with increasing longevity of leaves and roots. Species rankings of leaf and fine-root N and longevity were correlated, but not specific leaf area and specific root length. The C 3 and C 4 grasses had lower N concentrations than forbs and legumes, but higher photosynthesis rates across a similar range of leaf N. • Despite contrasting photosynthetic pathways and N 2 -fixing ability among these species, concordance in above- and below-ground traits was evident in comparable rankings in leaf and root longevity, N and respiration rates, which is evidence of a common leaf and root trait syndrome linking traits to effects on plant and ecosystem processes.
A web-based kernel function for measuring the similarity of short text snippets

Determining the similarity of short text snippets, such as search queries, works poorly with traditional document similarity measures (e.g., cosine), since there are often few, if any, terms in common between two short text snippets. We address this problem by introducing a novel method for measuring the similarity between short text snippets (even those without any overlapping terms) by leveraging web search results to provide greater context for the short texts. In this paper, we define such a similarity kernel function, mathematically analyze some of its properties, and provide examples of its efficacy. We also show the use of this kernel function in a large-scale system for suggesting related queries to search engine users.
Permeation peptide conjugates for in vivo molecular imaging applications.

Rapid and efficient delivery of imaging probes to the cell interior using permeation peptides has enabled novel applications in molecular imaging. Membrane permeant peptides based on the HIV-1 Tat ...
Morphing hull concepts for unmanned underwater vehicles

Morphing and adaptive structures are experiencing a surge in research due to their ability to optimize the operational envelopes of complex vehicles. Adaptive structures have been researched heavily and put to use extensively in the Aerospace Industry. This paper examines a possible use and benefit associated with morphing structures with Unmanned Underwater Vehicles (UUVs). The growing resume of applications associated with UUVs as well as their unique abilities make them an excellent subject of study for morphing concepts. This paper focuses on the possible uses of flexible hull morphing, specifically the benefits associated with such adaptability in terms of range, endurance, and speed. This research proposes a UUV system which has a flexible hull wrapped around a standard pressure hull. The annulus created between the pressure hull and the flexible hull is used for the storage of expendable energetics, in this case diesel fuel. Storing fuel in the newly created annulus also eliminates the need to waste space within the pressure hull storing fuel and thus the pressure hull may also be shrunk. This paper focuses on the benefits of morphing where the shape of the flexible hull remains the same but the diameter of the outer hull is shrunk in concert with the consumption of fuel thus decreasing the drag profile of the vehicle, resulting in increased vehicle range. Two different UUV missions are outlined: 1) slow speed scan and 2) slow speed scan with high speed dash. A commercial semi-submersible was used as a baseline. For the slow speed scan mission, semi-submersible heavy vehicles carrying in the range of 50,000 kg of fuel could realize increases of range close to 40% when compared to a similarly sized vehicle without the adaptive capabilities. Small vehicles on the other hand, show limited benefits of diameter morphing, gaining less than 5% in range over the non-adaptive system. Dash missions during which a scanning operation must be augmented with some sort of high speed maneuver show more significant benefits with a morphing system. The results show that diameter morphing is clearly not viable in all situations, yet the concept shows promise for certain long range/long endurance UUV missions, as well as missions that require sporadic high speed operation.
Yes, r > g. So What?

Abstract Piketty argues that r > g is the “the central contradiction of capitalism” and that it will lead to an “endless inegalitarian spiral.” As a result, he argues for a new global tax on capital. In this brief essay, I explain why I am not persuaded by either his prediction or his prescription.
Antibody Response of Young Adults to Experimental Influenza A/ New Jersey/76 Virus Vaccines

In military personnel aged 17-25 years, only one of four experimental influenza A/New Jersey/76 virus vaccines produced a satisfactory hemagglutination-inhibiting (HAI) antibody response when a dose of 200 chick cell-agglutinating (CCA) units was used. A second injection of 400 CCA units of vaccine caused seroconversion in all persons. Although an early comparison of experimental split-product and whole-virus vaccines suggested that the former were relatively ineffective, a later comparison with different lots of the vaccines showed no difference between vaccines of these two types. The influenza A/NJ/76 virus vaccine evoked a high HAI antibody response to influenza A/PR/8/34 (H0N1) virus but not to H1N1 or H3N2 strains.
COMPARATIVE PATTERNS OF CRANIOFACIAL DEVELOPMENT IN EUTHERIAN AND METATHERIAN MAMMALS

The sequence of differentiation of major elements of the skeletal, muscular and nervous systems of the head is examined in developmental series of five eutherian (placental) and four metatherian (marsupial) mammals. The analysis identifies the elements that are conserved across the Theria, those that are unique to the Metatheria and to the Eutheria, and those that are variable. It is shown that although there are slight shifts in the sequence of development within the somatic tissues of the head, the primary difference between marsupial and placental mammals involves the timing and rate of differentiation of structures of the central nervous system (CNS) relative to a specific subset of structures of the cranial skeleton and musculature. In eutherians, CNS morphogenesis is well underway before the somatic tissues of the head begin differentiation. In metatherians, CNS development is delayed considerably and certain elements of the skeletal and muscular systems are advanced. It is concluded that the developmental differences between marsupial and placental mammals are best explained by the interaction of several processes including neurogenesis as a potential rate-limiting step, the developmental requirements of somatic elements, and the extremely short period of organogenesis of marsupial mammals. Several other issues, including the way that these data may be applied to determine the primitive therian developmental condition, and the use of comparative developmental data to address basic questions on morphogenetic processes, are discussed.