cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tangled web of interactions among proteins involved in iron–sulfur cluster assembly as unraveled by NMR, SAXS, chemical crosslinking, and functional studies

Proteins containing iron-sulfur (Fe-S) clusters arose early in evolution and are essential to life. Organisms have evolved machinery consisting of specialized proteins that operate together to assemble Fe-S clusters efficiently so as to minimize cellular exposure to their toxic constituents: iron and sulfide ions. To date, the best studied system is the iron-sulfur cluster (isc) operon of Escherichia coli, and the eight ISC proteins it encodes. Our investigations over the past five years have identified two functional conformational states for the scaffold protein (IscU) and have shown that the other ISC proteins that interact with IscU prefer to bind one conformational state or the other. From analyses of the NMR spectroscopy-derived network of interactions of ISC proteins, small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) data, chemical crosslinking experiments, and functional assays, we have constructed working models for Fe-S cluster assembly and delivery. Future work is needed to validate and refine what has been learned about the E. coli system and to extend these findings to the homologous Fe-S cluster biosynthetic machinery of yeast and human mitochondria. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Fe/S proteins: Analysis, structure, function, biogenesis and diseases.
Chemical and mineralogical analysis of devonian black-shale samples from Martin County, Kentucky; Carroll and Washington counties, Ohio; Wise County, Virginia; and Overton County, Tennessee, U.S.A.

Abstract Core samples of Devonian shales from five localities in the Appalachian basin have been analyzed chemically and mineralogically. The amounts of major elements are similar; however, the minor constituents, organic C, S, phosphate and carbonate show ten-fold variations in amounts. Trace elements Mo, Ni, Cu, V, Co, U, Zn, Hg, As and Mn show variations in amounts that can be related to the minor constituents. All samples contain major amounts of quartz, illite, two types of mixed-layer clays, and chlorite in differing quantities. Pyrite, calcite, feldspar and kaolinite are also present in many samples in minor amounts. Dolomite, apatite, gypsum, barite, biotite and marcasite are present in a few samples in trace amounts. Trace elements listed above are strongly controlled by organic C with the exception of Mn which is associated with carbonate minerals. Amounts of organic C generally range from 3 to 6%, and S is in the range of 2–5%. Amounts of trace elements show the following general ranges in ppm (parts per million): Co, 20–40; Cu, 40–70; U, 10–40; As, 20–40; V, 150–300; Ni, 80–150; high values are as much as twice these values. The organic C was probably the concentrating agent, and the organic C and sulfide S together created an environment that immobilized and preserved these trace elements. Closely spaced samples showing an abrupt transition in color also show changes in organic C, S and trace-element contents. Several associations exist between mineral and chemical content. Pyrite and marcasite are the only minerals found to contain sulfide-S. In general, the illite—chlorite mixed-layer clay mineral shows covariation with organic C if calcite is not present. The enriched trace elements are not related to the clay types, although the clay and organic matter are intimately associated as the bulk fabric of the rock.
Documenting the Positive Case for Affirmative Action

Affirmative action is under intense scrunity and attack across the nation. One historical rationale for affirmative action is the need to redress past discriminatory activities that prevented ethnic minorities from equal access. This article presents the new argument that increasing diversity can benefit the nonminority population. Briefly reviewed are findings relating to academic and intellectual outcomes as well as health outcomes.
Reliability and validity of the acanthosis nigricans screening tool for use in elementary school-age children by school nurses.

The purpose of this study was to test the reliability and validity of an acanthosis nigricans (AN) screening tool for use in elementary school-age children of different ethnic groups. Cross-sectional data were collected via observation of 288, 5- to 12-year-old school-age children. Three nurse clinicians used a 0–4 grade AN screening tool to rate each child’s level of AN independently. AN was consistently and appropriately identified in elementary school-age children from different ethnic groups. All clinicians were within one grade 98% of the time. Substantial agreement among raters was found (kappa statistic = .822, p ≤ .001), indicating similar interpretation and reproducibility of the AN screening tool. There was more consistent detection of grade four AN regardless of the children’s sex, body mass index, or ethnic group. The AN screening tool is easy to use and reliable for use with elementary school-age children of various ethnic groups.
Control of Renal Function and Blood Pressure by Angiotensin II: Implications for Diabetic Glomerular Injury

A principal, and unique, renal effector site for angiotensin II (ANG II) is the efferent arteriole, and that has generated considerable interest regarding potential benefits of ANG II inhibition in th
ADVICE: A virtual environment for Engineering Change Management

In this paper, we analyze Engineering Changes (EC), which are modifications in forms, fits, functions, materials, or dimensions in components constituting the design. We propose a new approach for processing these changes within a Virtual Collaborative Design Environment. This environment, named Active Distributed Virtual Change Environment (ADVICE) offers an Engineering Change Management solution by merging graphical and parametric data involved in the process into a virtual platform, which improves the comprehension of users and hence decreases the time required for review. ADVICE provides smart user support for predicting Engineering Changes to be triggered due to a specific change and for offering priorities to Engineering Change Requests. This is managed by employing Sequential Pattern Mining techniques to process captured Engineering Change history with Prioritization and Change Propagation mechanisms. For verifying these mechanisms, experiments involving synthetic data are conducted. The experiments present the capability of ADVICE to facilitate Engineering Change Management.
Improved Resolution and Flexibility of the SURF II High-Throughput 2-m Normal-Incidence Monochromator

Abstract This paper describes the new optical and vacuum systems designed for coupling the SURF II high-throughput 2-m normal-incidence monochromator to the SURF II storage ring at the National Institute of Standards and Technology. This new system preserves the high output flux of the old configuration and extends the range of both wavelength resolution and sample chamber pressure limits. The new beamline has a toroidal mirror, a plane mirror, an externally-adjustable entrance slit and additional vacuum pumping.
Determinants of Government Bureaucrats' New PMIS Adoption: The Role of Organizational Power, IT Capability, Administrative Role, and Attitude

This study examines factors that influence adoption of new public management information systems (PMIS) by bureaucrats in the Korean government. The author proposes a theory that public bureaucrats' adoption of new PMIS depends on their power within the hierarchical structure, their ability to use existing computer applications, their administrative role, and their attitude toward the effect of information and telecommunication technologies (IT) on managerial values and on the interaction between organizational power and IT capability. The author uses 1998 survey data on electronic approval systems (EAS) of central government agencies and local governments in Korea and finds that at the early stage, public bureaucrats with less power adopted new EAS. However, public bureaucrats with more power adopted new EAS when they had greater IT capability. Public bureaucrats' organizational power influences their adoption of EAS but depends on their IT capability. Also, in central agencies, program professionals adopt EAS earlier, and in local government, IT staff do.
Soil CO2 efflux across four age classes of plantation loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) on the Virginia Piedmont

Abstract Soil CO2 efflux resulting from microbial and root respiration is a major component of the forest C cycle. In this investigation, we examined in detail how soil CO2 efflux differs both spatially and temporally with respect to stand age for loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantations on the Virginia Piedmont. Throughout a 12-month period, efflux rates were measured both near the base of trees and midway between planting rows in stands of four age classes. Mean soil CO2 efflux rates measured during the 12-month study were 1.72, 2.58, 2.84, and 2.90 μmol/m2/s for 1- to 2-year-old, 4- to 6-year-old, 8- to 12-year-old, and 20- to 25-year-old stands, respectively. Time series analysis revealed that stand age had a significant effect on soil CO2 efflux rate. Additionally, mean efflux rates were consistently higher near the tree and time series analysis revealed that measurement position had a significant effect on soil CO2 efflux rate. Mean soil CO2 efflux rates, by position, for the 12-month study were 2.72 and 2.28 μmol/m2/s for the near and away measurement positions, respectively. Regression analysis was used to examine the influence of soil and climatic factors on seasonal changes in soil CO2 efflux. The most influential factors affecting soil CO2 efflux during the 12-month study were soil temperature, soil moisture, stand age, and measurement position. We believe respiring roots significantly influence soil CO2 efflux of plantation loblolly pine and account for differences observed between stands of different ages as well as spatial differences observed within a given stand.
SU‐GG‐T‐252: The Comparison of Matrixx IMRT QA and MapCheck EMRT QA

Purpose: Compare Matrixx and MapCheck IMRT QA techniques and understand their similarity and difference on expressing IMRT QA results. This will help ones set up consistent criteria to evaluate IMRT QA results when both techniques are used (especially at the same clinic). Methods and Materials: Matrixx (IBA Dosimetry) and MapCheck (Sun Nuclear Corporation) IMRT QA techniques were used to perform IMRT QA for the same IMRT treatment plan. Ten IMRT treatment plans on different disease sites including head and neck, prostate, brain, esophagus, and pelvis were used in this study. In order to make a consistent comparison for these two QA methods, for each treatment plan we created the same IMRT QA verification plan with all beam's gantry angles set at zero degree and then exported the 2‐dimension dose plane at a certain water‐equivalent depth. Before doing QA dose measurements, both Matrixx and MapCheck devices were calibrated by using manufactures' manuals and verified by delivering open‐field beams at different sizes and depths. For the same IMRT QA plan, in respectively Matrixx and MapCheck measured the dose at the depth that the calculated dose plane was located. We compared the measured doses and the passing rates for the same DTA and Gamma criteria. Results: The doses measured by Matrixx were consistent with the ones measured by MapCheck, but the passing rate might be quite different depending on how the dose threshold was set for MapCheck and the dose region of interest was set for Matrixx although the same DTA and Gamma criteria for the comparison were used. Conclusion: A higher passing rate for Matrixx IMRT QA compared with the lower one by MapCheck doesn't mean that the treatment plan QA by Matrixx is better than the one QA by MapCheck, and vice versa. Consistent evaluation criteria need to be consent.
The Application of Deconvolution to Adaptive Optics Retinal Images

Adaptive optics images of the human retina can be improved using wavefront derived point spread functions (PSF). Errors in these PSFs call for wavefront sensing constraints to be applied to a blind-deconvolution algorithm.
A Parallel Quadruplex DNA Is Bound Tightly but Unfolded Slowly by Pif1 Helicase

DNA sequences that can form intramolecular quadruplex structures are found in promoters of proto-oncogenes. Many of these sequences readily fold into parallel quadruplexes. Here we characterize the ability of yeast Pif1 to bind and unfold a parallel quadruplex DNA substrate. We found that Pif1 binds more tightly to the parallel quadruplex DNA than single-stranded DNA or tailed duplexes. However, Pif1 unwinding of duplexes occurs at a much faster rate than unfolding of a parallel intramolecular quadruplex. Pif1 readily unfolds a parallel quadruplex DNA substrate in a multiturnover reaction and also generates some product under single cycle conditions. The rate of ATP hydrolysis by Pif1 is reduced when bound to a parallel quadruplex compared with single-stranded DNA. ATP hydrolysis occurs at a faster rate than quadruplex unfolding, indicating that some ATP hydrolysis events are non-productive during unfolding of intramolecular parallel quadruplex DNA. However, product eventually accumulates at a slow rate.
Comparison of the Binding Constant of Decanesulfonate with β-Cyclodextrin as Determined by Liquid Chromatography with a Water Mobile Phase and Flow Injection Analysis Coupled with Dynamic Surface Tension Detection

Abstract This paper compares two independent methods for the determination of the inclusion complex binding constant between β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) and decanesulfonate. First, reverse-phase liquid chromatography (RP-LC) separations of four surfactants are examined under two conditions for the binding constant determination. The first separation relies on RP-LC using a 100% water mobile phase and a cyanopropyl stationary phase. Hexanesulfonate, octyl sulfate, and decanesulfonate were separated in under 10 min. With the addition of only 1 mM β-CD to the water mobile phase, the same three surfactants, in addition to dodecyl sulfate, were separated in 6 min. Limits of detection were in the parts-per-billion range using conductivity detection but did not require a mobile phase conductivity suppressor. The binding constant for decanesulfonate with β-CD using RP-LC with a water mobile phase was found to be (3.13 ± 0.38) × 10 3 M −1 . Second, flow injection analysis (FIA) is coupled with dynamic surface tension detection (DSTD) to provide an independent method to determine the binding constant of β-CD with decanesulfonate. Using FIA with DSTD, a decanesulfonate binding constant with β-CD of (4.75 ± 1.25) × 10 3 M −1 was obtained. The two binding constant values were in close agreement, suggesting that secondary equilibria were minimal in RP-LC with a water mobile phase. The combination of FIA with DSTD is shown to be an excellent method to help study reverse-phase retention mechanisms involving complexation equilibria.
The Effectiveness of Coping Resources and Strategies Used by Bereaved Parents 1 and 5 Years after the Violent Deaths of Their Children

In this study, we examined the effectiveness of the coping resources and coping strategies by following 173 bereaved parents prospectively for five years after their children's deaths by accident, ...
Activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade is necessary but not sufficient for basic fibroblast growth factor- and epidermal growth factor-stimulated expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase in ovine fetoplacental artery endothelial cells.

Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), epidermal growth factor (EGF), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) may play important roles in the placental vasculature, not only by controlling cell growth and differentiation, but also by mediating production of local vasodilators such as nitric oxide. As the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signal cascade has been widely associated with cell growth in response to growth factors, herein we investigate whether bFGF, EGF, and VEGF also stimulate expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) via activation of the MAPK cascade in ovine fetoplacental artery endothelial cells. The presence of the receptors for all three growth factors was confirmed by both immunocytochemistry and a functional cell proliferation assay. All three growth factors at 10 ng/ml rapidly (<10 min) activated MAPK. This activation was inhibited by PD 98059, a specific MAPK kinase inhibitor. bFGF and EGF, but not VEGF, dose- and time-dependently increased eNOS protein leve...
Study of Water−Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate Micellar Solubilization Thermodynamics for Several Solute Homolog Series by Headspace Gas Chromatography

We employed headspace gas chromatography to measure water-to-sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) micellar partition coefficients for homologous series of n-alkylbenzenes, 1-nitroalkanes, 1-alkanols, and 2-ketones. The free energy of transfer per methylene unit is −612 cal/mol for polar solutes and −534 cal/mol for nonpolar solutes. Henry's law was also explored for the n-alkylbenzenes and 2-ketones and found to hold to total solute mole fractions of at least 7 × 10-3 and 3.4 × 10-2 in the SDS micellar phase, respectively. Additionally, we compared water-to-SDS partition coefficients to water-to-bulk organic solvent partition coefficients for methylene units and whole solutes. From these comparisons we conclude that short, polar organic solvents such as methanol and nitromethane make the best models of the solutes' micellar environment and that the solutes and their methylene units are located in the relatively polar palisade and/or Stern layers of the SDS micelles.
Quality costs in education

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to identify the relevance of Feigenbaum's quality costs model to managers in higher education and to put forward a possible way of implementing such a model in an educational area.Design/methodology/approach – Following the author's Master's project into the relevance of TQM to a higher education institution, the need to increase student numbers without pro‐rata increase in costs is discussed along with the subsequent need to “measure”. Feigenbaum's model is described in detail with examples of industrial costs compared with higher education costs. A possible way of implementing the model is suggested with justification for the approach taken. The scope of the paper is limited to the model and its possible use.Findings – The paper finds that taking the decision to implement the model requires a willingness to incur costs before realising savings. The examples show that planning the incurring of costs can result in the realised savings – but accurate measurement of th...
Early perceptual learning.

Until recently, it was commonly believed that within the early stages of sensory processing, the functional properties of neurons and the circuitry of sensory cortex are subject to experience early in cortical development but are fixed in adulthood. It is obvious, however, that some form of neural plasticity must exist well into adulthood, because we continue to be capable of adapting to experience and of learning to recognize new objects. One usually associates learning with the acquisition and storage of complex percepts, such as faces, which is generally believed to be an attribute of advanced stages of cortical processing. There is an accumulating body of evidence indicating that, quite to the contrary, even at the earliest stages of sensory processing, neuronal functional specificity is mutable and subject to experience. In this issue of the Proceedings, Polat and Sagi (1) report an important functional consequence of perceptual learning: Lateral interactions in visual space, an essential component of the integration of local features into a unified percept, can be induced to increase in spatial extent by training (see below). The focus of this review is psychophysical evidence for learning at early stages in sensory pathways, particularly visual. Most of the studies of this form of learning do not require giving subjects error feedback. Rather, there is improvement in performance simply as a result of repeating a perceptual discrimination task many times, which involves exposure to a stimulus and evaluation of a particular visual attribute. Early perceptual learning has been seen in various experiments for over a century. But there has been a flurry of recent studies showing that this form of implicit learning operates on various time scales, ranging from seconds to weeks, and indicating that its mechanism may be found in primary sensory cortex. In parallel with the advances in the psychophysical characterization of perceptual learning, anatomical and physiological studies in primary sensory areas indicate that the properties of neurons and functional architecture of cortex are capable of undergoing modification by experience.
Factors influencing survival after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest

Survival to hospital discharge was related to the clinical history and emergency care system factors in 285 patients with witnessed cardiac arrest due to ventricular fibrillation. Only the emergency care factors were associated with differences in outcome. Both the period from collapse until initiation of basic life support and the duration of basic life support before delivery of the first defibrillatory shock were shorter in patients who survived compared with those who died (3.6 ± 2.5 versus 6.1 ± 3.3 minutes and 4.3 ± 3.3 versus 7.3 ± 4.2 minutes; p A linear regression model based on emergency response times for 942 patients discovered in ventricular fibrillation was used to estimate expected survival rates if the first-responding rescuers, in addition to paramedics, had been equipped and trained to defibrillate. Expected survival rates were higher with early defibrillation (38 ± 3%; 95% confidence limits) than the observed rate (28 ± 3%). Because outcome from cardiac arrest is primarily influenced by delays in providing cardiopulmonary resuscitation and defibrillation, factors affecting response time should be carefully examined by all emergency care systems.
NPIP: A skew line needle configuration optimization system for HDR brachytherapy

Purpose: In this study, the authors introduce skew line needle configurations for high dose rate (HDR) brachytherapy and needle planning by integer program (NPIP), a computational method for generating these configurations. NPIP generates needle configurations that are specific to the anatomy of the patient, avoid critical structures near the penile bulb and other healthy structures, and avoid needle collisions inside the body. Methods: NPIP consisted of three major components: a method for generating a set of candidate needles, a needle selection component that chose a candidate needle subset to be inserted, and a dose planner for verifying that the final needle configuration could meet dose objectives. NPIP was used to compute needle configurations for prostate cancer data sets from patients previously treated at our clinic. NPIP took two user-parameters: a number of candidate needles, and needle coverage radius, δ. The candidate needle set consisted of 5000 needles, and a range of δ values was used to compute different needle configurations for each patient. Dose plans were computed for each needle configuration. The number of needles generated and dosimetry were analyzed and compared to the physician implant. Results: NPIP computed at least one needle configuration for every patient that met dose objectives, avoided healthy structures and needle collisions, and used as many or fewer needles than standard practice. These needle configurations corresponded to a narrow range of δ values, which could be used as default values if this system is used in practice. The average end-to-end runtime for this implementation of NPIP was 286 s, but there was a wide variation from case to case. Conclusions: The authors have shown that NPIP can automatically generate skew line needle configurations with the aforementioned properties, and that given the correct input parameters, NPIP can generate needle configurations which meet dose objectives and use as many or fewer needles than the current HDR brachytherapy workflow. Combined with robot assisted brachytherapy, this system has the potential to reduce side effects associated with treatment. A physical trial should be done to test the implant feasibility of NPIP needle configurations.
Localized structures in kagome lattices

We investigate the existence and stability of gap vortices and multipole gap solitons in a kagome lattice with a defocusing nonlinearity both in a discrete case and in a continuum one with periodic external modulation. In particular, predictions are made based on expansion around a simple and analytically tractable anticontinuum (zero-coupling) limit. These predictions are then confirmed for a continuum model of an optically induced kagome lattice in a photorefractive crystal obtained by a continuous transformation of a honeycomb lattice.
Evidence of Reliability and Validity for Wise's Attitude toward Statistics Scale:

Reliability and validity evidence as well as normative data are provided for Wise's 1985 Attitudes Toward Statistics scale for 36 undergraduate and 38 graduate psychology students. In general, the two subscales of Field and Course appear to be reliable and valid measures of these students' attitudes toward statistics. In addition, normative data suggest different norms should be used for graduate and undergraduate students. Replication is needed.
Microsurgical and Endoscopic Anatomy of Liliequist's Membrane: A Complex and Variable Structure of the Basal Cisterns

Objective Descriptions of Liliequist's membrane, as reported in the literature, vary considerably. In our cadaveric study of Liliequist's membrane, we attempted to clarify and define its anatomic features and boundaries, as well as its relationship with surrounding neurovascular structures. We describe the embryology of this membrane as a remnant of the primary tentorium. The clinical significance of our findings is discussed with respect to third ventriculostomy and surgical approaches to basilar tip aneurysms, suprasellar arachnoid cysts, and perimesencephalic hemorrhage. Methods Thirteen formalin-fixed adult cadaveric heads were injected with colored silicone. After endoscopic exploration of Liliequist's membrane, a bilateral frontal craniotomy was performed, and the frontal lobes were removed to fully expose Liliequist's membrane. Results Liliequist's membrane is a complex and highly variable structure that is composed of either a single membrane or two leaves. The membrane was absent in two specimens without any clear demarcation between the interpeduncular, prepontine, and chiasmatic cisterns. Conclusion Understanding the variable anatomy of Liliequist's membrane is important, particularly to improve current and forthcoming microsurgical and endoscopic neurosurgical procedures. It is important as a surgical landmark in various neurosurgical operations and in the physiopathology of several pathological processes (suprasellar arachnoid cysts and perimesencephalic hemorrhage).
Treatment of Anxiety and Depression in Adolescents and Young Adults With Cancer

Adolescents and young adults (AYAs) with cancer are a unique population of patients who experience a period of intense and dramatic life changes when they are diagnosed. Overall, AYAs with cancer are resilient; however, their psychosocial needs are often underestimated or unmet. Currently, there are inconsistencies in how AYAs are screened and treated for anxiety and depression. Barriers to treatment include clinicians' lack of confidence in distinguishing between side effects of treatment and depression/anxiety. Additional barriers include the black box warning for prescribing antidepressants and difficulty partnering with mental health professionals. This article seeks to provide recommendations for pediatric oncology clinicians on how to identify and address anxiety and depression in AYAs and how to partner with mental health professionals in their treatment, and it suggests directions for future research.
Begging the Question

One of the most effective ways of winning an argument is to show that your opponent has begged the question. If you are sufficiently skilful in asking him leading questions and have a good sense of timing you can usually succeed in stripping him to his bare principles, with no ascertainable means for their support. That such a tactic of debate should be so effective suggests that it is more than just a ploy. Indeed some philosophers would say that it takes advantage of a characteristic which is inherent in the nature of argument itself, for all arguments must be question-begging. However, few would voice this conviction publicly—for fear of being accused of begging the question.
Effect of Pd on the Clinical Performance of Amalgam

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of a small amount of Pd on the clinical performance of a high-copper spherical-particle dental amalgam. Two identical alloys, with and without 0.5% Pd, were investigated. The marginal fracture, surface texture, and surface luster of 193 clinical restorations were evaluated at one year, those of 182 at two years, and those of 144 at three years of service. In vitro corrosion tests of anodic polarization and constant potential coulometry were also conducted. Over the three-year period, the results showed no differences in marginal fracture or surface texture between the two alloys. However, the alloy with Pd showed a significant superiority in surface luster over this time period. Both corrosion tests showed less electrochemical activity on the part of the alloy containing Pd.
Nutrient conservation of baled hay by sprayer application of feed grade fat with or without barn storage

Protection from precipitation increases nutrient recovery from hay. In June of 1992 a third year stand of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) was harvested as baled hay. The experiment was conducted as a completely randomized two way analysis of variance. Hay bales were selected at random, (n = 40), numbered, weighed, core sampled, and assigned to either being stored in a ‘Barn’ or outside as ‘No Barn’. The bales were then assigned to the factor of ‘Fat’ or ‘No Fat’. The Fat factor was the sprayer application of choice white grease at 2% of bale weight. No Fat did not have any fat applied. Baled hay chemical composition at first sampling was: moisture, 16.0%; crude protein, 15.78%: carotene, 18.7 mg kg−1. After one year, bales were visually appraised, weighed, and core sampled. Before and after samples were analyzed for moisture, crude protein, and carotene. Bales stored outside with fat appeared to have more deterioration than untreated outside bales. Fat and no fat treated bales stored in a bam appeared similar. Outside stored bales appeared more deteriorated than barn stored bales. Dry matter, crude protein, and carotene recovery were: Barn and Fat 91.7%, 85.6%, and 43.8%; Barn and No Fat: 92.2%, 85.7%, and 36.1%; No Barn and Fat: 56.5%, 46.4%, and 11.7%; No Barn and No Fat: 61.7%, 53.3%, and 15.6%. Nutrient recovery was significantly higher due to storage in a barn, and was not influenced by application of fat to the bales.
Algorithms and bounds for layer assignment of MCM routing

We present new algorithms for the layer assignment problem of multichip modules (MCM's). Our algorithms produce results that require between 70% and 25% of the number of layers required by the previous algorithms. We also present a new model for the problem that results in a better utilization of the routing area of the MCM, thus reducing the number of required layers even more. We provide lower and upper bounds on the performance of our algorithms which are tighter than the ones obtained before. Through our experimental results we show that the solutions obtained by our algorithms are close to the lower bounds. >
ADENS: Efficient address determination for mobile grids

This article deals with distributed address determination for mobile Grids, realized by ADENS (address determination via neighboring states), where a new mobile host (MH) determines a conflict-free address for itself efficiently according to state information only from neighboring MHs. With low traffic overhead, ADENS achieves higher address space utilization than the best known approach. The optimal design of basic ADENS has been derived analytically for the first time. Enhanced ADENS can be achieved by designating appropriate MHs (instead of permitting all MHs) to respond to address requests of newly arrived MHs, further improving address space utilization markedly while lowering traffic overhead drastically. Our simulation results reveal that enhanced ADENS enables a mobile grid to operate practically as long as it needs.
TiO2 nanowire electron transport pathways inside organic photovoltaics

Charge transport is one of the five main steps in the operation of organic photovoltaics, but achieving balanced hole and electron transport with high mobility has been challenging in devices. Here, we report improved charge transport in organic photovoltaics via incorporation of nanostructured inorganic electron transport materials into the active layers of devices. Co-depositing TiO2 nanowires with the organic active layer solution embeds the nanowires directly within active layers of the solar cell. The ability of these nanowires to transport electrons is compared with neat P3HT:PCBM active layers and also devices containing TiO2 nanotube aggregates. Incorporation of TiO2 nanowires yields a six-fold increase in the electron mobility relative to unmodified devices, leading to a 19% improvement in the power conversion efficiency. Lower energetic disorder of the film and more balanced charge transport are also observed upon incorporating TiO2 nanowires. These advantageous effects correlate with the TiO2 nanowire length.
Negative attributional style, hopelessness depression and endogenous depression

The hopelessness theory of depression [Abramson, L. Y., Metalsky, G. I. & Alloy, L. B. (1989). Hopelessness depression: a theory-based subtype of depression. Psychological Review, 96, 358-372.] postulates that a negative attributional style represents a risk factor for a particular constellation of depressive symptoms, termed 'hopelessness depression'. Four studies tested the relation of negative attributional style to hopelessness depression symptoms versus endogenous depression symptoms. Despite the considerable overlap of hopelessness and endogenous depression symptoms, negative attributional style was more related to the former than the latter, consistent with hopelessness theory.
Variations in collagen fibril structure in tendons.

Variation of collagen fibril structure in tendon was investigated by x-ray diffraction. Anatomically distinct tendons from single species, as well as tendons from different species, were examined to determine the variations that exist in both the axial and lateral structure of the collagen fibrils. The meridional diffraction is derived from the axial collagen fibril structure. Anatomically distinct tendons of a particular species give meridional patterns that are indistinguishable within experimental error. The meridional diffraction patterns from tendons of different mammals are similar but show small species-specific variations, most noticeably in the 14th–18th orders. Tendons of birds also give meridional patterns that are similar to each other, but the avian patterns differ considerably from the mammalian ones. Avian tendons give stronger odd and weaker even low orders, a feature consistent with a reduced gap:overlap ratio, and have a distinctive intensity pattern for the higher meridional orders. Interpretation of these differences has been approached using biochemical data, diffraction by reconsituted fibers of purified collagen, and Fourier transform analysis. From these methods, it appears that the variations observed in the lower orders (2nd–8th) and in the higher orders (29th–52nd) are probably related to differences in the primary structure of the Type I collagen found in the different species. The variations observed in the 14th–18th orders appear not to be related to features within the triple-helical domain of the molecule. Equatorial diffraction yields information on the lateral packing of collagen molecules in the fibrils, and considerable variation was seen in different tendons. Rat tail tendon gives sharp Bragg reflections, demonstrating the presence of a crystalline lateral arrangement of molecules in the fibril. For the first time, sharp lattice reflections similar to those in rat tail tendon have been observed in nontail tendons, including rat achilles tendon, rabbit leg tendon, and wing and leg tendons of quail. In the rabbit and quail tendons, one of the strong equatorial reflections characteristic of the rat tendon pattern, at 1.26 nm, was absent. The positions of the equatorial maxima, which are a measure of intermolecular spacing, varied considerably, being smallest in the specimens displaying crystalline packing. The intermolecular distance in chiken and turkey leg tendons is longer than that found in mammalian tendons, or in avian wing tendons, which supports the hypothesis that a larger intermolecular spacing is characteristic of tendons that calcify. Thus, x-ray diffraction indicates there are reproducible differences in both the axial and lateral structure of collagen fibrils among different tendons. This work on tendon, a tissue containing almost exclusively Type I collagen as its major component, should serve as a basis for analyzing the structure of other connective tissues, which contain different genetic types of collagen and larger amounts of noncollagenous components.
Conservation of threespine and ninespine stickleback radiations in the Cook Inlet Basin, Alaska

Summary Threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) and ninespine stickleback (Pungitius pungitius) are both species complexes with many unique and reproductively isolated biological species throughout their range. Both complexes exhibit phenomenal morphological and ecological diversity, including rare phenotypes, in the Cook Inlet Basin in Southcentral Alaska. The Cook Inlet threespine stickleback radiation has been used intensively since the early 1990s to study the genetic and behavioural mechanisms of rapid evolution and speciation, loss of skeletal elements and armor structures, body shape evolution, evolution of development and developmental abnormalities, behavioural evolution, life history evolution, trophic ecology, parasitism, genetic structure and function, and effects of environmental contaminants. Unique populations from both species complexes should be conserved to protect the scientific investment in these radiations and their future utility for research. Many of these populations are now threatened by invasive northern pike (Esox lucius). Northern pike have already caused the local extinction of a rare, weakly-armored threespine stickleback in Prator Lake, and pike are a potential future threat to threespine stickleback in nearby Bear Paw Lake, the source population for the stickleback genome project. Other threats in the Cook Inlet Basin include salmonid stocking in isolated lakes, human impacts on water quality, water withdrawals for human use, and climate change. These threats should be addressed through targeted pike eradication and educational programs on introduced species, a new lake stocking policy that incorporates stickleback conservation, discontinuation of ichthyocide use, research to improve water quality, restrictions on water withdrawals, and a comprehensive stickleback monitoring program. The goals of these actions should be to secure the future viability of special research populations, as well as the maintenance of phenotypic diversity within both stickleback radiations.
Setting the stage for molecular dissection of the regulatory components of BK channels.

Despite remarkable diversity in the properties of large-conductance, calcium- and voltage-activated K+ channels (also termed “BK” or “maxi-K” channels) in different tissues, (McManus, 1991; Vergara et al., 1998), the defining characteristic of all BK channels is that their activation is controlled by two independent physiological stimuli, membrane voltage and cytosolic Ca2+ concentrations ([Ca2+]i). This dual regulation by Ca2+ and voltage allows BK channels to play a more dynamic role in the regulation of cellular excitability than is possible with strictly voltage-gated K+ channel homologues, as the extent of activation during any particular depolarization is also linked to [Ca2+]i. Since the initial discovery of BK channels, this dual regulation has naturally tantalized those interested in channel gating mechanisms, posing the fascinating question: what is the molecular mechanism by which two independent stimuli each influence the ability of the BK channel to open?
A Replacement for the 30%, 40%, and SRSS Rules for Multicomponent Seismic Analysis

Abstract A response spectrum rule for combining the contributions from three orthogonal components of ground motion to the maximum value of a response quantity is presented. This rule, denoted CQC3, is compared to the 30% and 40% rules and the square‐root‐of‐sum‐of‐squares (SRSS) rule currently specified in many design codes. It is shown that these current rules are special cases of the CQC3 rule, when certain conditions regarding the nature of the ground motion or the structural response are satisfied. Because these conditions are not always satisfied, it is argued that the CQC3 rule should be adopted as a general rule for the multicomponent combination problem. The CQC3 rule additionally offers a simple formula for determining the most critical orientation of the ground motion components for each response quantity of interest. The CQC3 rule is computationally simple and easy to implement in standard dynamic analysis codes.
A Representation for Shape Based on Peaks and Ridges in the Difference of Low-Pass Transform

This paper defines a multiple resolution representation for the two-dimensional gray-scale shapes in an image. This representation is constructed by detecting peaks and ridges in the difference of lowpass (DOLP) transform. Descriptions of shapes which are encoded in this representation may be matched efficiently despite changes in size, orientation, or position. Motivations for a multiple resolution representation are presented first, followed by the definition of the DOLP transform. Techniques are then presented for encoding a symbolic structural description of forms from the DOLP transform. This process involves detecting local peaks and ridges in each bandpass image and in the entire three-dimensional space defined by the DOLP transform. Linking adjacent peaks in different bandpass images gives a multiple resolution tree which describes shape. Peaks which are local maxima in this tree provide landmarks for aligning, manipulating, and matching shapes. Detecting and linking the ridges in each DOLP bandpass image provides a graph which links peaks within a shape in a bandpass image and describes the positions of the boundaries of the shape at multiple resolutions. Detecting and linking the ridges in the DOLP three-space describes elongated forms and links the largest peaks in the tree. The principles for determining the correspondence between symbols in pairs of such descriptions are then described. Such correspondence matching is shown to be simplified by using the correspondence at lower resolutions to constrain the possible correspondence at higher resolutions.
Multiple Choice Learning: Learning to Produce Multiple Structured Outputs

We address the problem of generating multiple hypotheses for structured prediction tasks that involve interaction with users or successive components in a cascaded architecture. Given a set of multiple hypotheses, such components/users typically have the ability to retrieve the best (or approximately the best) solution in this set. The standard approach for handling such a scenario is to first learn a single-output model and then produce M-Best Maximum a Posteriori (MAP) hypotheses from this model. In contrast, we learn to produce multiple outputs by formulating this task as a multiple-output structured-output prediction problem with a loss-function that effectively captures the setup of the problem. We present a max-margin formulation that minimizes an upper-bound on this loss-function. Experimental results on image segmentation and protein side-chain prediction show that our method outperforms conventional approaches used for this type of scenario and leads to substantial improvements in prediction accuracy.
Unsuspected concentric tracheal rings in a 14‐year‐old with scoliosis

A 14-yr-old boy was first found to have tracheal stenosis when anaesthesia was induced for extensive scoliosis surgery in the prone position. There are no guidelines for airway management under these conditions. We describe how we managed the problem and suggest some useful modifications.
Return-to-sensibility problems after penetrating captive bolt stunning of cattle in commercial beef slaughter plants

Objective—To evaluate efficacy of penetrating captive bolt stunning of cattle in commercial beef slaughter plants and identify potential causes of a return to sensibility among stunned cattle. Design—Observational study. Sample Population—21 federally inspected commercial beef slaughter plants. Procedure—In each plant, stunning of at least 100 cattle (19 large plants) or a minimum of 1 hour of production (2 small plants) was observed, and cattle were evaluated for signs of returning to sensibility on the bleed rail. Cattle with a limp, flaccid head, a lack of spontaneous blinking, and an absence of a righting reflex were considered insensible. Results—In 17 of the 21 (81%) plants, all cattle were rendered insensible before they were hoisted onto the bleed rail. The remaining 4 plants had cattle that had signs of returning to sensibility; these cattle were restunned prior to skinning or leg removal. Of 1,826 fed steers and heifers, 3 (0.16%) had signs of returning to sensibility, whereas 8 of 692 (1.2%) bu...
Production of rubella complement fixing antigen in BHK-21 cells.

Discussion and summaryThe assays for antibodies to rubella virus are time consuming and complicated by the lack of simple and accurate indicator systems. The recent development of rubella CF antigen in RK-13 and AGMK cells(2) as well as in BHK-21 cells (1) made it possible to measure complement fixing antibodies quickly and accurately in a well standardized system(7). However, whereas RK-13 and AGMK cells had to be concentrated over 200-fold (30% cell suspension) to yield antigen titers of 1/8(2), BHK-21 cells required only 20-fold concentration (3-4% cell suspension) to produce similar titers without anticomplementary complications.The production procedure described here resulted in improved antigen yields of consistently high titers sufficient to carry out reproducible, highly satisfactory tests for complement fixing antibodies to rubella, Peak antigen titers were preceded by the appearance of cytopathic effect and acidification of the maintenance medium. The antigen produced by this procedure reduced t...