cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A brief review of salient factors influencing adult eating behaviour.

A better understanding of the factors that influence eating behaviour is of importance as our food choices are associated with the risk of developing chronic diseases such as obesity, CVD, type 2 diabetes or some forms of cancer. In addition, accumulating evidence suggests that the industrial food production system is a major contributor to greenhouse gas emission and may be unsustainable. Therefore, our food choices may also contribute to climate change. By identifying the factors that influence eating behaviour new interventions may be developed, at the individual or population level, to modify eating behaviour and contribute to society’s health and environmental goals. Research indicates that eating behaviour is dictated by a complex interaction between physiology, environment, psychology, culture, socio-economics and genetics that is not fully understood. While a growing body of research has identified how several single factors influence eating behaviour, a better understanding of how these factors interact is required to facilitate the developing new models of eating behaviour. Due to the diversity of influences on eating behaviour this would probably necessitate a greater focus on multi-disciplinary research. In the present review, the influence of several salient physiological and environmental factors (largely related to food characteristics) on meal initiation, satiation (meal size) and satiety (inter-meal interval) are briefly discussed. Due to the large literature this review is not exhaustive but illustrates the complexity of eating behaviour. The present review will also highlight several limitations that apply to eating behaviour research.
Antibiotic efficacy in the complex infection environment.

Accurate prediction of antimicrobial efficacy is essential for successful treatment of bacterial infection. Beyond genetically encoded mechanisms of antibiotic resistance, the determinants of antibiotic susceptibility during infection remain poorly understood, and treatment failure is common. Traditional antibiotic susceptibility testing fails to account for extrinsic determinants of antibiotic susceptibility present in the complex infection environment and is therefore a poor predictor of antibiotic treatment outcome. Here we discuss how host–pathogen interaction, microbial interspecies interaction, and metabolic heterogeneity contribute to the success or failure of antibiotic therapy. Consideration of these factors during the treatment of disease will improve our ability to successfully resolve recalcitrant bacterial infection and improve patient health.
Identity Fusion in U.S. Military Members

Identity fusion, the visceral sense of interconnectedness between oneself and the members of a group, has been associated with military service anecdotally and examined among foreign military group...
Interpretation of the Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes guidelines for iron therapy: commentary and emerging evidence

The 'Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes' (KDIGO) Clinical Practice Guideline for Anaemia in Chronic Kidney Disease includes detailed recommendations for the use of iron therapy in a variety of clinical circumstances. However, the evidence base regarding the use of iron therapy in patients with chronic kidney disease was relatively incomplete at the time the guideline was developed. As a result, there has been significant debate as to the appropriate use of iron therapy in this population. In this article, the KDIGO guidelines are discussed in the context of recently published commentary pieces and additional research to provide a richer context in which to interpret and understand the guidelines.
Outcomes following operative management of thoracic outlet syndrome in the pediatric patients

ObjectivesThoracic outlet syndrome, a condition commonly reported in adults, occurs infrequently in the pediatric population. The objective of this study was to assess the outcome of surgical inter...
Effect of Photolysis on Absorption and Fluorescence Spectra of Light-Absorbing Secondary Organic Aerosols

Excitation–emission matrices (EEMs) constructed from fluorescence measurements are increasingly used for the characterization of chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) and light-absorbing atmospheric organic aerosols known as brown carbon (BrC). There is a high uncertainty in the effect of BrC aerosols on climate because their optical properties depend on the amount of time they spent in the atmosphere. In order to aid in the quantification of BrC aerosols’ contribution to radiative forcing, we investigated the effect of solar radiation on the fluorescence, expressed as EEMs, and absorption spectra of the water-soluble fraction of BrC species formed by the high-NOx photooxidation of benzene, toluene, p-xylene, and naphthalene. The BrC samples were prepared in a smog chamber, extracted in water, and irradiated in a solar simulator at a fixed pH of 3, representative of aerosol liquid water, or at a fixed pH of 6, representative of cloudwater. Semicontinuous fluorescence and absorbance measurements wer...
Notes on the end of 'Rome Open City'

Among the most iconic images in world cinema, the final shot of Roberto Rossellini’s Rome Open City has inspired an effusion of critical commentary that bespeaks not only its cinematic significance but also its historical resonance. As Marcello, Romoletto, and their compatriots walk together away from the site of don Pietro’s execution, they convey a sense of hope for the future, but theirs is hope tinged with despair, a future burdened by the weight of the past. They are thus a visual embodiment of post-war Italy in the truest sense, reflecting the country’s recovery in all its complexity by presaging not only the triumph of the Resistance but also the impasse of the “youth question.” They signify a resolution that is decidedly partial, a transformation that is manifestly unfinished, a future that is necessarily deferred. This is only a happy ending, therefore, if it is recognised not to be an ending at all. Rome Open City reaches its true conclusion not with the boys but with the audience. In a moment of historical upheaval, when the consequences of Italy’s past—the “youth problem,” the persistence of Fascism—continued to threaten a fragile future, Rome Open City could aspire only to point the way forward towards an unrealised, uncertain, and perhaps unattainable future resolution that lies beyond the film’s iconic final shot.
Studies on the impact of accounting information and assurance on commercial lending judgments

Abstract This paper reviews studies that have examined how accounting information impacts commercial lending judgments. Issues discussed involve the usefulness of accounting data in lending decisions, effects of different accounting methods on lenders’ judgments, bankruptcy and default judgments, and decision processes pertaining to the use of accounting information in lending decisions. Additionally, the paper reviews the research on how audits and other forms of assurance influence commercial loan officers’ judgments. Topics include the way perceived auditor independence influences loan officers’ judgments, the impact of financial statement audits and audit opinions on lending decisions, how internal control reports and other CPA firm reports influence loan decisions, ways in which audit report disclosures and wording impact lending decisions, how perceived auditor quality affects lending decisions, and the effects of limited assurance engagements on loan officers’ judgments.
Lordship, Bondage, and the Formation of Homo Religiosus

After a brief exploration of Hegel's writing on the formation of self-consciousness, including the place of religiosity in this formation, the article examines Kojeve's response to a Hegelian homo religiosus, followed by a counter-response to Kojeve's atheism through a peculiar, Jaspersian reading of Erich Fromm's discussion of the “x” experience. Finally, it will be argued that the desire for mutual recognition, and humanity's yearning for transcendence, are essential experiences in the formation of self-consciousness.
Effect of Chemotherapy and Radiotherapy on Wound Healing: Experimental Studies

Perioperative chemotherapy is increasing in use and importance, as is indicated by the very fact of this conference. Its use is designed to achieve cure in a larger number of patients than can be cured by surgery alone. Patients now receive chemotherapy or radiotherapy either before surgical resection, to improve the results of standard treatment or to increase the possibility of removal of large lesions, or following surgery, to remove any microscopic remnants of tumor following resection.
Abstract 3358: FOXF1 defines the core-regulatory circuitry in gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST)

The cellular context that integrates upstream signaling and downstream nuclear response dictates the oncogenic behaviour and shapes treatment responses in distinct cancer types. Here, we uncover that in GIST, the forkhead family member, FOXF1, directly controls the transcription of two master regulators, KIT and ETV1, both required for GIST precursor-interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) lineage-specification and GIST tumorigenesis. Further, FOXF1 co-localizes with ETV1 at enhancers and functions as a pioneer factor that regulates the ETV1-dependent GIST-lineage specific transcriptome through modulation of the local chromatin context, including chromatin accessibility, enhancer maintenance and ETV1 binding. Functionally, FOXF1 is required for human GIST cell growth in vitro and murine GIST tumor growth and maintenance in vivo. The simultaneous control of the upstream signaling and nuclear response sets up a unique regulatory paradigm and highlights the critical role of FOXF1 in enforcing the GIST cellular context for highly lineage-restricted clinical behaviour and treatment response. Citation Format: Leili Ran, Yuedan Chen, Wai Pung E. Wong, Dan Li, Zhen Cao, Shipra Shukla, Yuanyuan Xie, Deyou Zheng, Richard P. Koche, Cristina R. Antonescu, Yu Chen, Ping Chi. FOXF1 defines the core-regulatory circuitry in gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 3358.
Trigeminal Nerve Schwannoma of the Cerebellopontine Angle.

Introduction Large and even moderate sized, extra-axial cerebellopontine angle (CPA) tumors may fill this restricted space and distort the regional anatomy. It may be difficult to determine even with high resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) if the tumor is dural-based, or what the nerve of origin is if a schwannoma. While clinical history and exam are helpful, they are not unequivocal, particularly since many patients present with a myriad of symptoms, or conversely an incidental finding. We present an atypical appearing, asymptomatic CPA tumor, ultimately identified at surgery to be a trigeminal schwannoma. Case History A 40-year-old man presented with new-onset seizure. MRI identified an incidental heterogeneously contrast-enhancing CPA lesion ( Fig. 1A - D ). The tumor was centered on the internal auditory canal (IAC) with no tumor extension into Meckel's cave, IAC or jugular foramen. Audiometry demonstrated 10db of relative left-sided hearing loss with 100% word recognition. Physical examination was negative for focal neurologic deficits. A retrosigmoid craniotomy was performed and an extra-axial, yellow-hued mass was encountered and resected, which was ultimately confirmed to originate from the trigeminal nerve ( Video 1 ). Gross total resection was achieved, and the patient recovered from surgery with partial ipsilateral trigeminal sensory loss and no other new neurologic deficits. Conclusion Pure CPA trigeminal schwannomas are rare, but should be considered in the differential for enhancing CPA lesions. Although, Meckel's cave involvement is frequently observed, it is not universal, and pure CPA schwannomas of all cranial nerves IV-XII have been reported in the literature. The link to the video can be found at: https://youtu.be/AlodYCu70F8 .
Epidemiological burden of meningococcal disease in Brazil: A systematic literature review and database analysis.

Abstract Objectives The aim of this study was to evaluate the epidemiological profile of invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) in Brazil, the first Latin American country to introduce the group C meningococcal conjugate vaccine (included in the vaccination schedule in 2010). Methods A systematic review was conducted, covering the years 2005–2017, to identify epidemiological information on IMD and Neisseria meningitidis carriers in Brazil. Documents from the Brazilian Ministry of Health and two public databases were analyzed to determine annual incidence rates, absolute numbers of diagnosed cases, serogroups identified, the relative distribution of cases per serogroup, and the case fatality rate (CFR). Results Sixteen studies were selected. The incidence rate ranged from 0.88 to 5.3 cases per 100 000 inhabitants per year. According to secondary data, the annual incidence of IMD in 2015 was highest in males Conclusions Despite a reduction in cases, the CFR remained stable and similar in the different age groups, even for disease caused by different serogroups. The highest CFR was found to be associated with serogroup W.
Single-dose combination nanovaccine induces both rapid and long-lived protection against pneumonic plague

Abstract Yersinia pestis, the causative agent of pneumonic plague, induces a highly lethal infection if left untreated. Currently, there is no FDA-approved vaccine against this pathogen; however, USAMRIID has developed a recombinant fusion protein, F1-V, that has been shown to induce protection against pneumonic plague. Many F1-V-based vaccine formulations require prime-boost immunization to achieve protective immunity, and there are limited reports of rapid induction of protective immunity (≤ 14 days post-immunization (DPI)). The ST imulator of IN terferon G enes agonists cyclic dinucleotides (CDNs) have been shown to be promising vaccine adjuvants. Polyanhydride nanoparticle-based vaccines (i.e., nanovaccines) have also shown to enhance immune responses due to their dual functionality as adjuvants and delivery vehicles. In this work, a combination nanovaccine was designed that comprised F1-V-loaded nanoparticles combined with the CDN, dithio-RP,RP-cyclic di-guanosine monophosphate, to induce rapid and long-lived protective immunity against pneumonic plague. All mice immunized with a single dose combination nanovaccine were protected from Y. pestis lethal challenge within 14 DPI and demonstrated enhanced protection over F1-V adjuvanted with CDNs alone at challenge doses ≥7000 CFU Y. pestis CO92. In addition, 75% of mice receiving the single dose of the combination nanovaccine were protected from challenge at 182 DPI, while maintaining high levels of antigen-specific serum IgG. ELISPOT analysis of vaccinated animals at 218 DPI revealed F1-V-specific long-lived plasma cells in bone marrow in mice vaccinated with CDN adjuvanted F1-V or the combination nanovaccine. Microarray analysis of serum from these vaccinated mice revealed the presence of serum antibody that bound to a broad range of F1 and V linear epitopes. These results demonstrate that combining the adjuvanticity of CDNs with a nanovaccine delivery system enables induction of both rapid and long-lived protective immunity against Y. pestis. Statement of significance • Yersinia pestis, the causative agent of pneumonic plague, induces a highly lethal infection if left untreated. Currently, there is no FDA-approved vaccine against this biodefense pathogen. • We designed a combination nanovaccine comprising of F1-V antigen-loaded polyanhydride nanoparticles and a cyclic dinucleotide adjuvant to induce both rapid and long-lived protective immunity against pneumonic plague. • Animals immunized with the combination nanovaccine maintained high levels of antigen-specific serum IgG and long-lived plasma cells in bone marrow and the serum antibody showed a high affinity for a broad range of F1 and V linear epitopes. • The combination nanovaccine is a promising next-generation vaccine platform against weaponized Y. pestis based on its ability to induce both rapid and long-lived protective immunity.
AN ONLINE TASK-BASED LANGUAGE LEARNING ENVIRONMENT: IS IT BETTER FOR ADVANCED- OR INTERMEDIATE-LEVEL SECOND LANGUAGE LEARNERS?

This study investigates the relationship of language proficiency to language production and negotiation of meaning that non-native speakers (NNSs) produced in an online task-based language learning (TBLL) environment. Fourteen NNS-NNS dyads collaboratively completed four communicative tasks, using an online TBLL environment specifically designed for this study and a chat tool in WebCT-Vista. Seven dyads were at intermediate-level language proficiency and the remaining seven dyads were at advanced-level language proficiency. Language production was investigated in terms of fluency, accuracy, and complexity including lexical and syntactic complexity, and negotiation of meaning was examined using the ratio of negotiated turns to total turns. The data from the chat-scripts showed that intermediate-level NNSs get involved in more negotiation of meaning than advanced-level NNSs, and advanced-level NNSs produced more accurate language than intermediate-level NNSs.
Production of $X(3872)$ and a Photon in $e^+e^-$ Annihilation

If $X(3872)$ is a weakly bound charm-meson molecule, it can be produced in ${e}^{+}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ annihilation by the creation of ${D}^{*0}{\overline{D}}^{*0}$ from a virtual photon followed by the rescattering of the $P$-wave charm-meson pair into the $X$ and a photon. A triangle singularity produces a narrow peak in the cross section for ${e}^{+}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}X\ensuremath{\gamma}$ about 2.2 MeV above the ${D}^{*0}{\overline{D}}^{*0}$ threshold. We predict the normalized cross section in the region of the peak. We show that the absorptive contribution to the cross section for ${e}^{+}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{D}^{*0}{\overline{D}}^{*0}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}X\ensuremath{\gamma}$, which was calculated previously by Dubynskiy and Voloshin, does not give a good approximation to the peak from the triangle singularity.
Design for stress, fatigue, and workload management

Abstract Preserving or improving the quality of working life of healthcare workers and the quality/safety of patients remains one of the most challenging issues in health care. Contributing to a better understanding of challenges requires in-depth understanding of the mismatch between the various work stressors and individual capabilities that could lead to increased workload, stress, burnout, and fatigue in healthcare workers. This chapter provides a set of design heuristics that address workload, stress, and fatigue management, ranging from individual practices, work system designs, organizational culture, and workplace wellness initiatives. We demonstrate applications of some of these heuristics on a medical resident burnout case study. Finally, the applicability of remote patient/user monitoring systems to address healthcare worker workload, stress, and fatigue is discussed.
US data on children and youth caregivers in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Objective An estimated 1.4 million young caregivers ( Methods Online adult surveys and follow-up youth interviews were conducted with families with ALS across the United States in this cross-sectional study. Participants were accessed through chapters of the ALS Association. Both thematic content analysis and descriptive statistics were used. Results Youth caregivers (n = 38) ranged in age from 8 to 18 years and spent an average of 5 h/d providing care for an average of 12 tasks. Persons with ALS relied on youth primarily due to cost and identified complex feelings about relying on youth caregivers, including feeling like a failure, guilty, but proud. Conclusion Youth are intricately involved in all areas of caregiving in ALS. They are isolated and have little training or guidance in care, yet they are able to identify ways to manage their care burden. Results provide clear implications for health care professionals in designing best care and support practices for persons with ALS and their young caregivers.
Transient phlebitis: an unusual effect of intravenous diphenhydramine

A 29-year-old man with no known allergies and end-stage renal disease due to IgA nephropathy presented for kidney transplantation. In the preoperative area, an 18 G intravenous cannula was placed in the lateral dorsal side of the left hand cephalic vein. Immediately after intravenous injection of
A Parallel LFR-like Benchmark for Evaluating Community Detection Algorithms

Community detection is one of the most widely-used graph analytics. As recent community detection algorithms have been targeting large-scale networks, an emerging problem is how best to evaluate the output of these algorithms. Common measures such as modularity have several well-known issues, so comparisons against a notion of a “ground truth” community structure, such as in the Lancicinetti-Fortunato-Radicchi (LFR) benchmark, is preferred. This current work targets the parallel generation of graphs matching the specifications of the LFR benchmark. We are able to generate such graphs at the billion-edge scale in seconds, giving orders-of-magnitude speedup relative to prior work.
Liver Stiffness by Magnetic Resonance Elastography Predicts Future Cirrhosis, Decompensation, and Death in NAFLD

Objectives Magnetic resonance elastography (MRE) is the most accurate method of liver stiffness measurement (LSM) in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). We aimed to investigate the role of MRE in the prediction of hard outcomes in NAFLD. Methods and Results Adults with NAFLD who underwent MRE between 2007 and 2019 at Mayo Clinic, Rochester were identified. Cox regression analyses were used to explore the predictive role of baseline LSM for 1) development of cirrhosis in noncirrhotic NAFLD and 2) development of liver decompensation or death in those with compensated cirrhosis. A total of 829 NAFLD subjects (54% women, median age 58 years) were identified. Of 639 subjects without cirrhosis, 20 developed cirrhosis after a median follow-up of 4 years. Baseline LSM was predictive of future cirrhosis development: age-adjusted HR = 2.93 (95% CI, 1.86–4.62, p Conclusion In NAFLD, LSM by MRE is a significant predictor of future development of cirrhosis. These data expand the role of MRE in clinical practice beyond the estimation of liver fibrosis and provide important evidence that improves individualized disease monitoring and patient counseling.
Update on Rare Adverse Events from Osteoporosis Therapy and Bisphosphonate Drug Holidays.

Bisphosphonates remain a first-line treatment for osteoporosis and decrease vertebral and hip fractures without side effects in most patients. With extended treatment, osteonecrosis of the jaw and atypical femoral fracture occur rarely, but fear of side effects has led to not starting or discontinuing treatment. Atrial fibrillation and uveitis are less appreciated by the general public, but their rare incidence must be recognized. A strategy for safe long-term treatment is provided based on 2 major studies. Interruption of treatment after 3 to 5 years is possible for some patients, but those remaining at high fracture risk require longer term therapy.
Becoming trauma-informed: a case study of early educator professional development and organizational change

An extraordinary number of young children are exposed to trauma that impacts their development and well-being. Early care and education (ECE) programs are uniquely positioned to support children ex...
The Doctrinal Toll of 'Information as Speech'

The courts over the past two decades have reached a near-consensus that computer code, along with virtually every flow of data on the Internet, is “speech” for First Amendment purposes. Today, newer information technologies such as 3D printing, synthetic biology, and digital currencies promise to remake whole other spheres of non-expressive economic activity in the Internet's image. The rush to claim First Amendment protections for these non-expressive but code-dependent technologies has already begun with a lawsuit claiming First Amendment privileges for the Internet distribution of 3D-printable guns. Many similar suits will surely follow, all pursuing the common dream of a future-shocked Lochner for a highly-informatized and thoroughly-deregulated economy. This Article argues that the theory of these lawsuits poses little genuine risk to the regulatory state. Instead, the threat is to the clarity and strength of core First Amendment principles. In theory, courts will test regulations of technologies such as digital currencies under the same strict standards that define mainstream First Amendment doctrine. But pragmatic concerns about the government's ability to regulate economic affairs will put pressure on the same courts to dilute those standards in practice. Over time, these diluted strains will find their way back to the mainstream of First Amendment litigation. The Article concludes with recommendations to mitigate the damage.
Demoralizing causation

There have recently been a number of strong claims that normative considerations, broadly construed, influence many philosophically important folk concepts and perhaps are even a constitutive component of various cognitive processes. Many such claims have been made about the influence of such factors on our folk notion of causation. In this paper, we argue that the strong claims found in the recent literature on causal cognition are overstated, as they are based on one narrow type of data about a particular type of causal cognition; the extant data do not warrant any wide-ranging conclusions about the pervasiveness of normative considerations in causal cognition. Of course, almost all empirical investigations involve some manner of ampliative inference, and so we provide novel empirical results demonstrating that there are types of causal cognition that do not seem to be influenced by moral considerations.
We are not all the same: The importance of perceived difference in racial ideology and Afrocentricity for African American relationships.

A large body of existing research on African American relationships perpetuates a deficit model that assumes Eurocentric norms and emphasizes between-group differences (e.g., cross-racial comparisons with the majority group-European Americans). The current study examined within-group variability and the influence of culturally unique factors, Afrocentricity, racial ideology, and perceived discrepancy between self and partner on African American relationship processes. Data were collected from 137 self-identified African American adults in same-race, cross-gender relationships. Consistent with the literature on protective values of Afrocentricity, there was an association between reported relationship quality and high levels of one's own and perceived partner's Afrocentricity. Discrepancies between self and partner Afrocentricity were not associated with relationship processes, but higher perceived discrepancies across all four subscales of racial ideology were associated with lower relationship dedication. Higher perceived discrepancies on the humanist and assimilationist subscales were also related to higher levels of conflict. These findings have important clinical implications and demonstrate a need for further research into the nuances of individual factors and dyadic processes that are unique to African American couples.
Dynamics on the Real Line

What makes a fixed point of a continuous map of the interval attracting? Or for that matter, repelling? How large is the interval of attraction? The linearization theorems of Chapter 1 shed little light on the answers to these questions, since they are based on a very special class of continuous maps, namely, those that are linear. For mappings that are not linear, the linearized stability results leave artificial gaps for a given continuous mapping of the interval. For instance, we may infer from the inequality \(\left| {f'\left( {\bar x} \right)} \right| < 1\) that the fixed point \(\bar x\) is asymptotically stable relative to some open neighborhood of itself, though there is no way of telling how large this neighborhood may be; indeed, it could be very small. Further, if the derivative f′ is not continuous at \(\bar x\), or if \(\left| {f'\left( {\bar x} \right)} \right| = 1\) then there is no information at all to be gained form linearization.
A ‘Mixed’ Model of Taste Preference

Publisher Summary One of the most important nutritional needs of an organism is the need for calories, marked in a small animal, such as the rat. It would be useful, therefore, to have innately recognized labels for high calorie foods. On the one hand, for most animals in most habitats, sweets provide a relatively small part of the total caloric intake. If the sweet taste is thought of as a label for calories, then the desirability of sweetness—its hedonic value—should increase with an increase in hunger. The salty taste is also evidently an innate label for the sodium ion and perhaps for minerals in general; the preference for salt should again be expected to increase as the need for the sodium ion increases. There is a little bit of evidence by Booth, Lee, and McAleavey with human subjects indicating that a distinctive taste that is associated with a high calorie meal comes to be preferred to an alternative taste associated with a lower calorie meal.
Cosmic-Ray Composition as Observed by Ulysses

The cosmic ray isotopic composition measurements from the High Energy Telescope (HET) on the Ulysses spacecraft are reviewed. The source isotopic composition of key elements is found to be surprisingly like the Solar system abundances with the notable exception of 22Ne. The average density of interstellar material cosmic rays traverse is found to be ~0.25 atom cm−3, corresponding to a confinement time of ~20 Myr. Vanadium isotopic abundances are shown to be consistent with weak cosmic-ray reacceleration. The implications of these measurements are discussed.
Soft-Wall Reconstruction of the Posterior External Ear Canal Wall:

A simple method of reconstructing a previously removed posterior ear canal with an autogenous, bilaminar membrane is described. The resulting air-filled mastoid cavity is an anatomic extension of the middle ear cleft and is separated from the ear canal by a functional barrier that is continuous with the tympanic membrane. The acoustic characteristics of an associated tympanoplasty are not significantly altered, and many of the problems that are associated with an exteriorized cavity are avoided. In contradistinction to other methods of mastoid obliteration or reconstruction, the semitransparent nature of the soft canal wall allows inspection of the underlying cavity for residual or recurrent disease. The technique can be used to repair either a newly created cavity or a previous radical (or modified radical) mastoidectomy defect. The functional results of thirty ears reconstructed in this fashion are detailed. A variable amount of soft-wall retraction was noted postoperatively in 47% of the ears; however, the long-term functional results in these cases remain satisfactory.
What Matters from the Past: Market Value, Book Value, or Earnings? Earnings Valuation and Sufficient Statistics for Prior Information:

A number of recent analytical and empirical papers seek to identify the variables that best explain stock prices. We derive the relation between prices and earnings for three one-parameter “excess earnings” evolution processes that describe three different ways in which current period shocks to earnings persist in future. In each case, we show that price is a weighted average of capitalized current earnings and a sufficient statistic for all past information. The sufficient statistics are three amounts from last year: book value, market value, and capitalized earnings. Using time-series data over the 1969-1988 period for a sample of 511 firms, we estimate firm-specific excess earnings regressions and price regressions for the three cases. Although the book value model provides the best fit for a majority of firms for the excess earnings regressions, the market value model is far superior for the price regressions. We argue that this latter result is due to prior period price (included in the market value ...
Cytomorphologic overlap of differentiated thyroid carcinoma and lung adenocarcinoma and diagnostic value of TTF‐1 and TGB on cytologic material

Thyroid carcinomas and lung adenocarcinoma share cytomorphological features yet have different prognoses. Thyroid Transcription Factor-1 (TTF-1) is an immunohistochemical (IHC) marker used to confirm pulmonary and thyroid carcinoma, while Thyroglobulin (TGB) is expressed by thyroid carcinoma. The cytopathology archive of The Johns Hopkins Hospital was searched for cases of lung adenocarcinoma versus thyroid carcinoma with TTF-1 and TGB IHC. Forty-four cases of lung adenocarcinoma (25) and thyroid carcinoma (19) were retrieved. One was metastatic lung adenocarcinoma to the thyroid and three were metastatic papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) to the lung. The initial interpretation of two cases from bony lesions was metastatic lung adenocarcinoma. In light of additional clinical information and TGB immunostain, the diagnoses of these two cases changed to metastatic thyroid carcinoma. TTF-1 and TGB is a small immunostain panel that can differentiate lung adenocarcinoma from thyroid carcinoma and prevent misdiagnosis and its consequences.
Surface modification and organic film removal using atmospheric pressure pulsed corona plasma

A laboratory-scale atmospheric pressure plasma reactor, using a nanosecond pulsed corona, was constructed to demonstrate potential applications, ranging from modification of surface energy to removal of surface organic films. For surface modification studies three different substrates were selected to evaluate the surface energies: bare aluminum, polyurethane, and silicon coated with photoresist. The critical surface energy for all materials studied was significantly increased after the plasma treatment. The effects of gas composition and plasma treatment time were also investigated. Photoresist, ethylene glycol and Micro surfactant were used as test organic films. The etching rate of a photoresist coating on silicon was 9 nm/min. Organic film removal using atmospheric pressure plasma technology was shown to be feasible. >
An investigation of pressure algometry and thermal sensitivity tests for assessing pain associated with a sow lameness model and calf disbudding

Sow lameness is an issue in the swine industry that can result in decreased animal health and productivity. The objectives of this study were to evaluate pressure algometry (PA) and thermal sensitivity (TS) as objective pain assessment tools for sow lameness and to evaluate analgesic drugs for mitigating lameness pain. Twelve mixed parity crossbred sows were anesthetized and injected with Amphotericin B in the distal interdigital joint space of both claws of one hind leg to induce transient lameness. Sows were randomly assigned to one of three analgesic treatment groups: 1. Sodium Salicylate (SS; 35mg/kg per os q.12.h + 0.04 ml/kg IM q.24.h sterile saline), 2. Flunixin meglumine (FM; 2.2 mg/kg IM q.24.h), or 3. Control (C; 0.04 ml/kg IM q.24.h sterile saline). All sows received each treatment over three trials, with a two-wk wash-out period between trials. Fortyeight h post-induction, analgesic treatments were administered daily for four consecutive d. Pain was assessed with PA and TS relative to a foot-lift response on each hind leg on d-1, d+1 and d+6 relative to induction (d0). Differences between sound (S) and lame (L) legs by trial d, with a simple effect comparison to analyze effect of treatment on d+6 were analyzed with GLIMMIX in SAS. Sows did not differ in response to PA on d-1 (P>0.05), and tolerated less pressure on L versus S on d+1 (d+1 PA Raw Means in kilograms of force: L 2.11±0.17; S 7.70±0.17 kgf; P<0.01). No treatment alleviated pain as tested with PA on d+6 (Raw Means (kgf): FM-L 5.39±0.34 FM-S 7.71±0.30; SS-L 4.61±0.37 SS-S 7.79±0.31; C-L 5.25±0.40 C-S 7.40±0.29; P<0.05 for all treatments). The TS latency difference from S to L differed on each trial d (d-1 P=0.02, d+1 P<0.01, d+6 P<0.01) regardless of treatment on d+6. (TS Raw means (s): d-1 L 7.34±0.55; d-1 S 9.09±0.64; d+1 L 3.26±0.21; d+1 S 6.80±0.64; d+6 L 5.99±0.56; d+6 S 8.41±0.73). In conclusion, these results support PA as an
Non-equilibrium Phase Change

A continuum theory of non-equilibrium transports of mass, momentum and energy accompanied by a phase change across an interface between two different fluids is developed. An exact solution of the governing differential system is obtained for the case of constant rate rapid evaporation or condensation due to differential heating or cooling across a flat interface in a microgravity environment. The results of the solution are used to demonstrate that the heat transfer to the interface is not only to change the phase of fluid but also to impart momentum and kinetic energy to the vapor and host dry gas mixture. The fraction of the heat transfer which is not used for the phase change is shown to be quite significant in some certain cases. An exact solution for the case of constant rate freezing or melting across a flat interface at microgravity is also obtained. The results of the solution is used to demonstrate how the motion of the liquid ahead of the moving interface is affected by the change of specific volume upon phase change.
Effect of cigarette smoking on pentane excretion in alveolar breath.

The concentrations of acetone, isoprene, and pentane in alveolar breath were examined in 50 smokers and 50 nonsmokers by gas chromatography. The baseline pentane in smokers was 0.17 +/- 0.03 nmol/L (mean +/- SE), which was not different from pentane in nonsmokers (0.23 +/- 0.03 nmol/L). There were also no differences between smokers and nonsmokers in the concentrations of acetone and isoprene. Serial breath samples were obtained from 15 smokers before smoking and at 5, 15, and 60 min after smoking. Although acetone was not altered by smoking, isoprene increased by 86% +/- 26% 5 min after smoking (P 5000 times greater than breath concentrations, whereas pentane could not be detected in mainstream smoke. Because pentane is produced from the peroxidation of n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids, the results provide evidence that cigarette smoking causes an immediate increase in lipid peroxidation.
Genetics of Non-conventional Lipoprotein Fractions

Lipoprotein subclass measures associate with cardiometabolic disease risk. Currently the information that lipoproteins convey on disease risk over that of traditional demographic and lipid measures is minimal, and so their use is clinics is limited. However, lipoprotein subclass perturbations represent some of the earliest manifestations of metabolic dysfunction, and their etiology is partially distinct from lipids, so information on the genetic etiology of lipoproteins offers promise for improved risk prediction, and unique mechanistic insights into IR and atherosclerosis. Here, I review the genetic variants validated as associating with lipoprotein measures to date, and show that the majority of identified variants have functionality that is best understood as related to lipid measures. Until we focus on the genes as they relate to lipoprotein subclass production, we are limiting our understanding of biological mechanisms underlying cardiometabolic disease.
Community Health Worker Home Visits for Medicaid-Enrolled Children With Asthma: Effects on Asthma Outcomes and Costs.

Objectives. We sought to estimate the return on investment of a streamlined version of an evidence-based community health worker (CHW) asthma home visit program.Methods. We used a randomized parallel group trial of home visits by CHWs to Medicaid-enrolled children with uncontrolled asthma versus usual care.Results. A total of 373 participants enrolled in the study (182 in the intervention group and 191 in the control group, of whom 154 and 179, respectively, completed the study). The intervention group had greater improvements in asthma symptom–free days (2.10 days more over 2 weeks; 95% CI = 1.17, 3.05; P < .001) and caretakers’ quality of life (0.43 units more; 95% CI = 0.20, 0.66; P < .001) and a larger reduction in urgent health care utilization events (1.31 events fewer over 12 months; 95% CI = −2.10, −0.52; P = .001). The intervention arm compared with the control arm saved $1340.92 for the $707.04 additional costs invested for the average participant. The return on investment was 1.90.Conclusions....
Growth hormone levels during sleep in normal and growth hormone deficient children.

Plasma growth hormone levels were determined from samples drawn at 15-minute intervals during the first 2 hours of spontaneous, nocturnal sleep in 16 normal children, one nongrowth hormone deficient dwarf, and three children with hypopituitarism. Depth of sleep was assessed by continuous EEC monitoring. Daytime growth hormone responses to insulin-induced hypoglycemia were also assessed in most of these children and in a larger group of normal and hypopituitary children. In the normal children and in the nongrowth hormone deficient dwarf, increases in plasma growth hormone after the onset of the slow wave pattern on EEG were equivalent to those seen after insulin-induced hypoglycemia. No significant changes in growth hormone levels were seen in the hypopituitary patients. Interpretation of growth hormone levels in blood specimens obtained by serial sampling after the onset of deep sleep appears to be as reliable a method of assessing pituitary function as the levels resulting from insulin-induced hypoglycemia. Although growth hormone analysis of a single sample taken about 1 hour after the onset of deep sleep should exclude the diagnosis of growth hormone deficiency in as many as 70% of the nongrowth hormone deficient individuals, a positive diagnosis of hyposomatotropism must be based on either serial sampling during deep sleep or challenge with insulin and/or arginine.
Evidence for a dopaminergic innervation of cat primary visual cortex

Abstract Experiments have been conducted to determine whether dopamine fulfills the criteria to be considered as a neurotransmitter in cat primary visual cortex.N-(2-chloroethyl)-N-ethyl-2-bromobenzylamine, a neurotoxin with high selectivity for noradrenergic terminals, was administered into kitten cerebral ventricles. Two weeks later, the concentration of norepinephrine in visual cortex was reduced to 15% of control while dopamine and serotonin were not depleted. Receptor binding assays with [ 3 H]SCH 23390 showed that membranes prepared from cat primary visual cortex contain a binding site that has the properties of a D 1 receptor. This site was localized by autoradiography to two bands, one in layer VI and the second in upper layers of visual cortex. A dopamine-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity was demonstrated that was inhibited by SCH 23390 but not by alprenolol. Norepinephrine was shown to stimulate adenylate cyclase activity through both a β-noradrenergic receptor and a D 1 receptor. Binding assays with [ 3 H]spiperone indicated that D 2 dopamine receptors are absent from cat visual cortex or present in very low amounts. Taken together these results strongly suggest the existence of a dopamine innervation of cat primary visual cortex. The neurotoxin experiments show that some of the dopamine in cat visual cortex is not in noradrenergic terminals while the receptor assays demonstrate the presence of D 1 receptors functionally linked to the synthesis of cyclic 3′,5′-adenosine monophosphate. The demonstration of a dopaminergic innervation in cat primary visual cortex is also relevant to the interpretation of data on the involvement of catecholamines in developmental plastic phenomena.
In vitro evaluation of the effect of dimethyl sulfoxide on equine articular cartilage matrix metabolism.

Objective— To evaluate the effects of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) on equine articular cartilage matrix metabolism. Study Design— Using a cartilage explant culture system, proteoglycan (PG) synthesis, PG release, lactate metabolism, chondrocyte viability, and metabolism recovery were determined after cartilage exposure to DMSO. Sample Population Cartilage harvested from metacarpophalangeal and metatarsophalangeal joints of 12 horses (age range, 1 to 10 years). Methods— Explants were exposed to concentrations of DMSO (1% to 20%) for variable times (3 to 72 hours). PG synthesis and release were determined by a radiolabel incorporation assay and dimethylmethylene blue (DMMB) dye assay, respectively. Lactate released into culture media was measured, and chondrocyte viability was assessed using the Formizan Conversion Assay and a paravital staining protocol. Metabolism recovery was assessed in explants that were allowed to recover in maintenance media after exposure to DMSO. Results— PG synthesis and lactate metabolism were inhibited in a dose- and time-dependent manner after exposure to DMSO concentrations > 5%; there was no significant alteration in PG release. No change in chondrocyte viability was detected after incubation with DMSO. PG synthesis and lactate metabolism returned to baseline rates when allowed a recovery period after exposure to DMSO. Conclusions— DMSO concentrations > 5% suppress equine articular cartilage matrix metabolism. Suppression of PG synthesis and lactate metabolism is reversible and does not appear to be the result of chondrocyte death. Clinical Relevance— Equine clinicians adding DMSO to intraarticular lavage solutions should be aware that DMSO may have deleterious effects on equine articular cartilage matrix metabolism.
The Stage of Industry Life Cycle and Name Choice of Entrepreneurial Firms in the Biotechnology

In this paper we propose a model that explores how the stage of industry life cycle impacts name choices of entrepreneurial firms in the field of biotechnology. Drawing on the population ecology pe...
A comment on sigma model anomalies

Abstract Some non-linear sigma models with fermions are known to be ill-defined because of a global obstruction to any consistent quantization. Sigma models relevant to phenomenological theories of dynamical symmetry breaking must satisfy the additional constraint of appropriately realizing the flavor symmetries of the underlying theory at the one-loop level. This is possible if and only if 't Hooft's anomaly condition is satisfied. In particular, we show that there always exists a Wess-Zumino term which correctly reproduces the flavor anomalies, and the global obstruction vanishes, whenever 't Hooft's condition is satisfied.