cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modeling and Mitigation of Car-truck Interactions on Freeways

Trucks represent the predominant mode of domestic freight movement. Because of the substantial increase in freight truck traffic on the nation's highways, its influence on traffic flow performance, safety, and the quality of the travel experience is receiving increased attention. The behavior of non-truck drivers is modeled in terms of their interactions with trucks in the traffic stream; existing microscopic freeway traffic flow modeling logic is extended to incorporate these interactions; and alternative strategies to mitigate them are evaluated. The car-truck interactions are modeled by associating a "discomfort level" for every non-truck driver in the vicinity of trucks. This discomfort is affected by driver socioeconomic characteristics and situational factors such as time of day, weather, and ambient traffic congestion levels. Stated-preference surveys of non-truck drivers were used to elicit the factors that influence their behavior when they interact with trucks on highways. A fuzzy logic-based model was used to determine non-truck driver discomfort level. The model characterizes non-truck driver behavior near trucks by using if-then rules constructed with the survey data. The discomfort level is used in conjunction with the car-following and lane-changing logics of a traditional traffic flow model to generate a truck-following model and a corresponding lane-changing model. This redresses a key methodological gap in the literature and provides a capability to analyze alternative strategies to mitigate car-truck interactions. An agent-based freeway segment traffic flow simulator was constructed by using these extended microscopic flow models. Simulation experiments with data from the Borman Expressway (I-80 and I-94) in northwest Indiana were used to analyze the sensitivity of the model to the various parameters and evaluate the effectiveness of alternative mitigation strategies.
Determination of the number of kanbans in JIT systems: A Petri-net approach

This research is directed toward the development of a quantitative methodology for determining the number of kanbans in JIT systems. It involves building a logic structure of the methodology based on coloured-timed Petri-net theory. A computer simulation program is written to implement the methodology. This paper explains the methodology and gives a numerical example.
Real-time surrogate analysis for potential oil and gas contamination of drinking water resources

Public concerns related to the fast-growing shale oil and gas industry have increased during recent years. The major concern regarding shale gas production is the potential of fracturing fluids being injected into the well or produced fluids flowing out of the well to contaminate drinking water resources such as surface water and groundwater. Fracturing fluids contain high total dissolved solids (TDS); thus, changes in TDS concentrations in groundwater might indicate influences of fracturing fluids. An increase of methane concentrations in groundwater could also potentially be due to hydraulic fracturing activities. To understand the possible contamination of groundwater by fracturing activities, real-time groundwater monitoring is being implemented in the Denver-Julesburg basin of northeast Colorado. A strategy of monitoring of surrogate parameters was chosen instead of measuring potential contaminants directly, an approach that is not cost effective or operationally practical. Contaminant surrogates of TDS and dissolved methane were proposed in this study, and were tested for correlation and data distribution with laboratory experiments. Correlations between TDS and electrical conductivity (EC), and between methane contamination and oxidation–reduction potential (ORP) were strong at low concentrations of contaminants (1 mg/L TDS and 0.3 mg/L CH4). Dissolved oxygen (DO) was only an effective surrogate at higher methane concentrations (≥2.5 mg/L). The results indicated that EC and ORP are effective surrogates for detecting concentration changes of TDS and methane, respectively, and that a strategy of monitoring for easy to measure parameters can be effective detecting real-time, anomalous behavior relative to a predetermined baseline.
A study on deep etching of silicon using ethylene-diamine-pyrocatechol-water

Deep etching of silicon using an ethylenediamine-pyrocatechol-water (EPW) solution may result in undesirable residues being deposited on the etched surface. It has been identified that the residue is different from the soluble reaction product of silicon in EPW. The composition of the residue as well as that of the reaction product have been determined. The residue is mostly SiO2 mixed with a small amount of the reaction product, SiC22N4H30O6. It has been found that the residue formation is dependent on the solubility of the reaction product in a formula of EPW solution. the solubility curves of silicon in two types of EWP solutions, ‘B etch’ and catalyzed ‘F etch’, are presented. The conditions for residue formation are determined. When the silicon is etched in an over-saturated EPW solution, the residue may appear. Potential methods for preventing it are explored and the effect of adding the catalyst pyrazine is discussed.
Unchaining the slaves: discovery learning is not being told

The emotional and intellectual advantages claimed for teaching by discovery have a long history, but actual designs for instructional environments in which discovery learning is facilitated are still all too rare. Contrary to many people's assumptions, the Socratic dialogues show no evidence of discovery-based learning, nor are they even examples of good questioning technique. Those who work with hypertext need to give deep thought to what it means to discover while being told.
Comparison of semiconductor pixel array, phosphor plate, and track-etch detectors for alpha autoradiography

Abstract The need to locate “hot particles” during environmental radioactivity characterization benefits from autoradiography. Three detectors are compared for the evaluation of point-source alpha emitters. 238 PuO 2 particles were used to compare a detector based on a pixel array, a phosphor imaging plate system, and a track-etch detector. The pixel-array detector is based on a charge injection device (CID) having nominally 14 μm sized pixels in a 7 mm × 9 mm array. Processing at a 30 frames per second rate allows real-time display of results. Background interference is minimal even in long-duration exposures. The phosphor imaging plate system is subject to background accumulation. Track overlap makes single-event discrimination and quantification impractical, but a large exposure area and ease of use are distinct advantages. A system having a pixel size of 50 μm was used. Track-etch detectors have the largest potential exposure area and best spatial resolution, the latter being limited by the amount of material etched, resolving power of the reading system, and the number of tracks recorded per source. Readout, however, can be time-consuming, and track overlap can make quantification difficult. The best apatial resolution, 10 μm, was obtained with the track-etch detector, with a precision in location of 1 μm. The phosphor plate system was capable of detecting 0.002 Bq sources in 2 d, whereas the track-etch and semiconductor pixel array were capable of detecting 0.0002 Bq sources in 2 d. The track-etch method was the most difficult, whereas the most rapid results were obtained with the real-time display of the semiconductor pixel array.
The Reliability of Distinguishing Primary Versus Secondary Negative Symptoms

The objective appearance of negative symptoms in schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders may be a direct reflection of a primary neural abnormality or may be secondary to a variety of factors such as neuroleptic side effects, depression, positive symptoms, or environmental understimulation. Although there is a consensus that it is important to be able to disentangle "primary" versus "secondary" negative symptoms, optimal strategies for doing so remain unclear. Concerns have been raised about making this distinction based on clinical judgment because of potential low reliability in the absence of extensive training and/or highly specialized rating scales. This is particularly important in terms of the application of DSM-IV criteria for schizophrenia, in which negative symptoms play a prominent role. In the context of the DSM-IV schizophrenia field trial project, we examined the reliability of making the primary versus secondary distinction in a multicenter sample of 462 subjects with nonorganic psychotic disorders. Each subject was assessed by two raters, half in an interrater design (i.e., conjoint interviews) and half in a test-retest design (i.e., independent interviews by two raters conducted 1 day apart). All raters used the same semistructured interview instrument, which included an abbreviated version of the Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS). In addition to the usual SANS ratings, raters were asked to indicate their judgment as to whether the symptom was primary, secondary, or unknown (inadequate information to assess). No formal training was provided. Reliability, as quantified by kapp, indicated only a fair degree of agreement ranging from 0.48 to 0.68 for interrater reliability (median, 0.50) and 0.34 to 0.66 for test-retest reliability (median, 0.38). Negative symptoms were rated as primary approximately twice as often as secondary, and raters believed they had adequate information to make this distinction based only on cross-sectional evaluation in all but 10% of the cases. These data suggest that the primary versus secondary distinction should not be incorporated into the application of operationalized diagnostic criteria. Implications are discussed in terms of balancing reliability and validity in the assessment of negative symptoms.
Neutral pyridylmethylamide ligands and their mononuclear copper(II) complexes

Abstract Mononuclear copper(II) complexes of a family of pyridylmethylamide ligands HL, HLMe, HLPh, HLMe3 and HLPh3, [HL = N-(2-pyridylmethyl)acetamide; HLMe = N-(2-pyridylmethyl)propionamide; HLPh = 2-phenyl-N-(2-pyridylmethyl)acetamide; HLMe3 = 2,2-dimethyl-N-(2-pyridylmethyl)propionamide; HLPh3 = 2,2,2-triphenyl-N-(2-pyridylmethyl)acetamide], were synthesized and characterized. The reaction of copper(II) salts with the pyridylmethylamide ligands yields complexes [Cu(HL)2(OTf)2] (1), [Cu(HLMe)2](ClO4)2 (2), [Cu(HL)2Cl]2[CuCl4] (3), [Cu(HLMe3)2(THF)](OTf)2 (4), [Cu(HLMe3)2(H2O)](ClO4)2 (5a and 5b), [Cu(HLPh3)2(H2O)](ClO4)2 (6), [Cu(HL)(2,2′-bipy)(H2O)](ClO4)2 (7), and [Cu(HLPh)(2,2′-bipy)(H2O)](ClO4)2 (8). All complexes were fully characterized, and the X-ray structures vary from four-coordinate square-planar, to five-coordinate square-pyramidal or trigonal-bipyramidal. The neutral ligands coordinate via the pyridyl N atom and carbonyl O atom in a bidentate fashion. The spectroscopic properties are typical of mononuclear copper(II) species with similar ligand sets, and are consistent their X-ray structures.
Localizing failure-inducing program edits based on spectrum information

Keeping evolving systems fault free is hard. Change impact analysis is a well-studied methodology for finding faults in evolving systems. For example, in order to help developers identify failure-inducing edits, Chianti extracts program edits as atomic changes between different program versions, selects affected tests, and determines a subset of those changes that might induce test failures. However, identifying real regression faults is challenging for developers since the number of affecting changes related to each test failure may still be too large for manual inspection. This paper presents a novel approach FAULTTRACER which ranks program edits in order to reduce developers' effort in manually inspecting all affecting changes. FAULTTRACER adapts spectrum-based fault localization techniques and applies them in tandem with an enhanced change impact analysis that uses Extended Call Graphs to identify failure-inducing edits more precisely. We evaluate FAULTTRACER using 23 versions of 4 real-world Java programs from the Software Infrastructure Repository. The experimental results show that FAULTTRACER outperforms Chianti in selecting affected tests (slightly better, but handles safety problems of Chianti) as well as in determining affecting changes (with an improvement of approximately 20%). By ranking the affecting changes using spectrum-based test behavior profile, for 14 out of 22 studied failures, FAULTTRACER places a real regression fault within top 3 atomic changes, significantly reducing developers' effort in inspecting potential failure-inducing edits.
An Approach for Redesigning in Data Path Synthesis

A new method of redesign at the register-transfer level using a transformational process is proposed. The redesign approach takes into consideration ALU and interconnect cost in addition to layout area estimation. The idea is to start with a design, possibly generated by a synthesis system, and iteratively improve it by means of a reallocation process. The method is based on a set of reallocation transformations along with systematic strategies as to how to apply them together with a layout estimation model.
Solid-solid phase transformation via virtual melting significantly below the melting temperature.

A new phenomenon is theoretically predicted, namely, that solid-solid transformation with a relatively large transformation strain can occur through virtual melting along the interface at temperatures significantly (more than 100 K) below the melting temperature. The energy of elastic stresses, induced by transformation strain, increases the driving force for melting and reduces the melting temperature. Immediately after melting, the stresses relax and the unstable melt solidifies. Fast solidification in a thin layer leads to nanoscale cracking, which does not affect the thermodynamics and kinetics of solid-solid transformation. Seven theoretical predictions are in quantitative agreement with experiments conducted on the $\ensuremath{\beta}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\delta}$ transformation in the HMX energetic crystal.
Nucleophilic Attack of Amides onto Coordinated Ethylene in Platinum Complexes Supported by a Chelating Pyridyl−Pyrrolide Ligand: Azaplatinacyclobutane and Vinylamine Complexes

The platinum ethylene complexes (PyPyr)Pt(C2H4)Cl (1) and (PyPyr)Pt(C2H4)OTf (4) (PyPyr = 3,5-diphenyl-2-(2-pyridyl)pyrrolide) were treated with 1 equiv of LiN(SiMe3)2, LiNiPr2, and LiNH(o-xylyl) to produce the platinum complexes (PyPyr)PtH[η2-CH2═CHN(SiMe3)2] (5), (PyPyr)Pt[κ2C,N-(CH2CH2NiPr2)] (6), and (PyPyr)Pt{κ2C,N-[CH2CH2NH(o-xylyl)]} (7), respectively. X-ray crystallography reveals that 7 adopts a square-planar geometry at the platinum center and the azaplatinacyclobutane ring displays a puckering of the β-carbon out of planarity by 0.270 A. Thermolysis of 5 and 7 at 60 °C for 16 h releases the vinylamines (CH2═CH)N(SiMe3)2 and (CH2═CH)NH(o-xylyl), respectively. Heating 5 and 7 under 1 atm of H2 at 60 °C releases the ethylamines EtN(SiMe3)2 and EtNH(o-xylyl), respectively. Addition of PiPr3 to 7 produces (PyPyr)Pt(PiPr3)[CH2CH2NH(o-xylyl)] (8) in 95% yield, while additions of 1 equiv of a Lewis base (L) to 1 result in displacement of ethylene to give (PyPyr)Pt(L)Cl (L = NEt3 (9), NH2Ph (10), PiPr3 ...
A fabrication technology for multi-layer polymer-based microsystems with integrated fluidic and electrical functionality

Abstract A method to fabricate biocompatible, polymer microsystems with integrated electrical and fluidic functionality is presented. The process flow utilizes laser ablation, microstenciling, and heat staking as the techniques to realize multi-layer microsystems with microchannels, thru and embedded fluidic/electrical vias, and metallic electrodes/contact pads. A six-layer multi-functional cellular analysis system is demonstrated as a test vehicle for the fabrication technology. The analysis system contains fluidic microchannel/via networks for cell positioning and chemical delivery as well as electrodes for electrophysiological studies. The microsystem is constructed out of multiple layers of 50.8 μm thick sheets of Kapton ® (DuPont). Kapton ® provides a biocompatible substrate that is flexible while maintaining structural stability, and it adds the ability to operate in high temperature and other harsh environments. Kapton ® also lends itself well to laser ablation and multi-layer bonding. Microchannels with widths of 400 μm as well as thru-hole fluidic vias with minimum diameters of 4 μm (aspect ratios of over 12:1) are laser ablated through the polyimide sheets using an excimer laser and a CO 2 laser. Electrical traces and contact pads with minimum feature sizes of 10 μm are patterned onto the flexible polyimide sheets using microstenciling. Microstenciling enables the metal patterning to be performed repeatedly without having to use photolithography on any polymer sheet. The patterned layers are bonded using heat staking at a temperature of 350 °C and a pressure of 1.65 MPa for 60 min. Tests show that the multiple layers of the microsystem are bonded adequately and that the fluidic channel can withstand the pressure resulting from a flow forced through the channel at flow rates within the range of interest for this study (0.2–1.4 mL/h) without delaminating or stretching. This multi-layer technology can be used to create microfluidic devices for many application areas requiring biocompatibility, relatively high temperature operation, or a flexible substrate material.
Thermal equation of state of rhenium diboride by high pressure-temperature synchrotron x-ray studies

The unit-cell volume of rhenium diboride $({\text{ReB}}_{2})$ has been measured by synchrotron x-ray diffraction at pressures and temperatures of up to 7.5 GPa and 1100 K with a cubic anvil apparatus. From the pressure $(P)$-volume $(V)$-temperature $(T)$ measurements, thermoelastic parameters were derived for ${\text{ReB}}_{2}$ based on a modified high-$T$ Birch-Murnaghan equation of state and a thermal-pressure approach. With the pressure derivative of the bulk modulus, ${K}_{0}^{\ensuremath{'}}$, fixed at 4.0, we obtain: the ambient bulk modulus ${K}_{0}=334(23)\text{ }\text{GPa}$, temperature derivative of bulk modulus at constant pressure ${(\ensuremath{\partial}K/\ensuremath{\partial}T)}_{P}=\ensuremath{-}0.064(6)\text{ }\text{GPa}\text{ }{\text{K}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, volumetric thermal expansivity ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{T}({\text{K}}^{\ensuremath{-}1})=a+bT$ with $a=1.33(25)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}5}\text{ }{\text{K}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ and $b=1.48(64)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}8}\text{ }{\text{K}}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$, pressure derivative of thermal expansion ${(\ensuremath{\partial}\ensuremath{\alpha}/\ensuremath{\partial}P)}_{T}=\ensuremath{-}5.76(95)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}7}\text{ }{\text{GPa}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}\text{ }{\text{K}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, and temperature derivative of bulk modulus at constant volume ${(\ensuremath{\partial}K/\ensuremath{\partial}T)}_{V}=\ensuremath{-}0.049(11)\text{ }\text{GPa}\text{ }{\text{K}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. The ambient bulk modulus derived from this work is comparable to previous experimental and theoretical results. These results, including the ambient bulk modulus and other thermoelastic parameters determined in present study, extend our knowledge of the fundamental thermophysical properties on ${\text{ReB}}_{2}$ and are important to the development of theoretical and computational modelings of hard materials.
Enhanced Mechanical Properties of Superhydrophobic Microfibrous Polystyrene Mats via Polyamide 6 Nanofibers

In this study, a large-scale superhydrophobic mat surface with an enhanced mechanical property by blending polystyrene (PS) and polyamide 6 (PA6) fibers was fabricated via a four-jet electrospinnin...
Distributed algorithms for secure multipath routing in attack-resistant networks

To proactively defend against intruders from readily jeopardizing single-path data sessions, we propose a distributed secure multipath solution to route data across multiple paths so that intruders require much more resources to mount successful attacks. Our work exhibits several important properties that include: (1) routing decisions are made locally by network nodes without the centralized information of the entire network topology; (2) routing decisions minimize throughput loss under a single-link attack with respect to different session models; and (3) routing decisions address multiple link attacks via lexicographic optimization. We devise two algorithms termed the Bound-Control algorithm and the Lex-Control algorithm, both of which provide provably optimal solutions. Experiments show that the Bound-Control algorithm is more effective to prevent the worst-case single-link attack when compared to the single-path approach, and that the Lex-Control algorithm further enhances the Bound-Control algorithm by countering severe single-link attacks and various types of multi-link attacks. Moreover, the Lex-Control algorithm offers prominent protection after only a few execution rounds, implying that we can sacrifice minimal routing protection for significantly improved algorithm performance. Finally, we examine the applicability of our proposed algorithms in a specialized defensive network architecture called the attack-resistant network and analyze how the algorithms address resiliency and security in different network settings.
Early detection of imperforate hymen prevents morbidity from delays in diagnosis.

Objective Although it is detectable at all ages through inspection of the external genitalia, imperforate hymen (IH) is a diagnosis that is missed commonly. We hypothesized that children with late diagnoses (predefined as > or =8 years of age, chosen to reflect the timing of normal menarche) would be more likely to be symptomatic, undergo more diagnostic testing, and lack appropriate documentation in their medical records, compared with children with earlier diagnoses (ie, Methods All patients with IH were identified through searches of 3 hospital databases with International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, codes. The medical records of eligible subjects were reviewed by a single, blinded researcher. Comparisons were made between children diagnosed at younger versus older ages. Results A bimodal distribution of age at diagnosis was demonstrated; 43% (n = 10) of girls were diagnosed at or =8 years of age. Among older girls, 100% were symptomatic (abdominal pain and/or urinary symptoms; duration of symptoms: 1-120 days), whereas 90% of cases in the younger group were detected incidentally. Documentation was lacking for breast development (77%), pubic hair development (69%), and menstrual history (46%) among the older girls. Older children were more likely to present symptomatically (odds ratio: 42.0; 95% confidence interval: 3.1-1965.7) and to undergo ancillary testing (odds ratio: 20.3; 95% confidence interval: 1.6-983.1). Conclusions Two distinct populations of girls with IH exist, ie, those diagnosed without symptoms at a young age and those not diagnosed until >8 years of age. By incorporating an examination of the external genitalia into their routine practice, clinicians caring for children can prevent the significant delays in diagnosis, misdiagnosis, and morbidity associated with the latter group.
Gigabit rate low-power LDPC decoder

LDPC codes are becoming popular in next generation high throughput wireless standards since they can provide a level of parallelism with sufficient performance to support the high gigabit rate. In this paper, we propose a new method for LDPC decoding called Parallel Processing Layered (PPL). The new method aims to optimize the latency and power efficiency of LDPC decoding to enable significant increase of the processing rate, thereby saving battery power for mobile devices. We provide performance results in different channel models using the newly defined WiGig standards, and compare them to the conventional decoding methods. We show that the new proposed LDPC decoding architecture converges 2x faster than conventional (i.e. Flooding) methods.
Integrating multiple cues for spoken language understanding

As spoken language interfaces for real-world systems become a practical possibility, it has become apparent that such interfaces will need to draw on a variety of cues from diverse sources to achieve a robustness and naturalness approaching that of human performance [1]. However, our knowledge of how these cues behave in the aggregate is still tantalizingly sketchy. We lack a strong theoretical basis for predicting which cues will prove useful in practice and for specifying how these cues should be combined to signal or cancel out potential interpretations of the communicative signal. In the research program summarized here, we propose to develop and test an initial theory of cue integration for spoken language interfaces. By establishing a principled basis for integrating knowledge sources for such interfaces, we believe that we can develop systems that perform better from a computer-human interaction standpoint.
Pyramid and Semicube Decompositions of Multiattribute Utility Functions

We apply the fractional hypercube decomposition theorem for multiattribute utility functions to the quasi-pyramid, the pyramid, and the semicube fractions. The resulting nonadditive utility models illustrate the broad range of decompositions that can be obtained with this fractional hypercube methodology. The pyramid decompositions have nonseparable interaction terms for each pair of attributes, whereas the semicube decomposition has nonseparable interaction terms for each proper subset of attributes. The computations and scaling illustrated here can be performed with other fractional hypercubes to produce various results between these two extremes.
Feasibility Analysis of Standing Desks for Sixth Graders

Background. In this pilot study, the authors aimed to examine the implementation of standing desks on classroom performance and behavior. They also examined how the standing desks affected in-class...
How Well Do MWL and CEL Preparations Represent the Whole Hardwood Lignin

Hardwood lignin preparations were isolated using classical milled wood lignin (MWL) and cellulolytic enzyme lignin (CEL) protocols. Furthermore, we managed to produce a lignin preparation of a very high yield, above 90%, with high purity and minimal structural degradation. This was achieved by dissolution and regeneration of milled wood prior to enzymatic hydrolysis, along with the use of 80% dioxane for lignin extraction. This preparation (RCEL-80) yield was about 4.5 and 2.5 times higher than the yields of the traditional MWL and CEL preparations, correspondingly, at the same milling time. The preparations obtained were comprehensively analyzed with state-of-the-art quantitative NMR techniques and wet chemistry methods. CELs were representative preparations for hardwood lignins as the S/G ratios in the CELs were equivalent to those in lignin in situ. Degradation of the main lignin subunits was very low. Importantly, the structures of CELs were independent of the preparation yield and were very similar t...
Dithiomethylether as a ligand in the hydrogenase h-cluster.

An X-ray crystallographic refinement of the H-cluster of [FeFe]-hydrogenase from Clostridium pasteurianum has been carried out to close-to atomic resolution and is the highest resolution [FeFe]-hydrogenase presented to date. The 1.39 A, anisotropically refined [FeFe]-hydrogenase structure provides a basis for examining the outstanding issue of the composition of the unique nonprotein dithiolate ligand of the H-cluster. In addition to influencing the electronic structure of the H-cluster, the composition of the ligand has mechanistic implications due to the potential of the bridge-head γ-group participating in proton transfer during catalysis. In this work, sequential density functional theory optimizations of the dithiolate ligand embedded in a 3.5−3.9 A protein environment provide an unbiased approach to examining the most likely composition of the ligand. Structural, conformational, and energetic considerations indicate a preference for dithiomethylether as an H-cluster ligand and strongly disfavor the ...
On the properties of optimal weak links in consensus networks

We study consensus networks in which each node updates its state by taking a weighted average of the states of its neighbors. Our objective is to determine the optimal set of weak links whose addition to the network maximally improves the efficiency of reaching consensus. Allocating a small amount of resources to the entire network with which new links can be created, we employ a perturbation method to cast this problem as a linear program. We demonstrate that the set of optimal weak links is sparse and, based on extensive numerical experiments, conjecture that they are also long-range. Examples are provided to illustrate the utility of our developments.
Design of a LISP-based microprocessor

We present a design for a class of computers whose “instruction sets” are based on LISP. LISP, like traditional stored-program machine languages and unlike most high-level languages, conceptually stores programs and data in the same way and explicitly allows programs to be manipulated as data, and so is a suitable basis for a stored-program computer architecture. LISP differs from traditional machine languages in that the program/data storage is conceptually an unordered set of linked record structures of various sizes, rather than an ordered, indexable vector of integers or bit fields of fixed size. An instruction set can be designed for programs expressed as trees of record structures. A processor can interpret these program trees in a recursive fashion and provide automatic storage management for the record structures.We discuss a small-scale prototype VLSI microprocessor which has been designed and fabricated, containing a sufficiently complete instruction interpreter to execute small programs and a rudimentary storage allocator.
Effects of early thrombolytic therapy (anistreplase versus streptokinase) on enzymatic and electrocardiographic infarct size in acute myocardial infarction

Abstract The effects of thrombolytic therapy on enzymatic and electrocardiographic indexes of myocardial infarction were examined in 370 patients who were enrolled within 4 hours of onset of symptoms and were randomized to blinded therapy with intravenous anistreplase (30 U/5 min, n = 188) or Streptokinase (1.5 million IU/1 hour, n = 182). Creatine kinase and its MB isoenzyme were initially measured every 4 to 6 hours, and lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) and its cardiac isoenzyme (LDH-1) every 8 to 12 hours. Electrocardiograms were obtained before, and at 90 minutes and 8 hours after starting thrombolysis, and on discharge. Enzymatic and etectrocardiographic measures of infarction were compared between drug treatment and patency groups. Early patency was associated with significant reductions in peak values for each of 4 cardiac enzymes (averaging 21 to 25%, p
Malposition of central venous catheter in left superior intercostal vein in a patient with superior vena cava syndrome

We report a case of malpositioning of central venous catheter in left superior intercostal vein. The anatomy of left superior intercostal vein and radiographic findings are discussed.
On the intramolecular pyrone Diels–Alder approach to basiliolide B

A unified synthetic approach to the basiliolides/transtaganolides is outlined herein, along with studies illustrating the feasibility of the strategy with respect to the total synthesis of basiliolide B. This work lays the foundation for chemical synthesis of an emerging family of Thapsia metabolites.
What can psychoanalysts learn from the development of literary theory

It is no accident that literary theorists and academicians have become very interested in psychoanalysis. There is a remarkable parallel between the development of literary theory from its origins to the present day and the development of psychoanalysis from the time of Freud to now. The same concerns that have troubled critics of art and literature about how to go about evaluating an artwork are the ones most controversial today in the field of psychoanalysis. The questions, for example, of whether beauty resides in the work of art or in the mind of the audience and its parallel in psychoanalysis, whether the material produced by the patient is essentially from the patient or the product of an interaction between patient and analyst, or even whether it is ever possible to interpret any patient material or artwork all the way down to some basic qualities remain unanswered and polemical today.
Finite deformations of elastic-plastic filamentary networks

Abstract Finite elastic–plastic deformation of a thin sheet formed by several families of perfectly flexible extensible fibers is described using an idealized theory in which the fibers are assumed to be continuously distributed to form a surface. The constitutive properties of the surface are deduced directly from those of the constituent fibers. The equilibrium equations are cast in rate form and associated rate potentials are derived. Physically plausible sufficient conditions for the existence of an exact dual extremum principle are proposed and used to prove uniqueness of solutions. Yielding and plastic flow criteria for individual fibers are given in a strain-space setting and adapted to model the elastic–plastic response of the sheet as a whole.
A new methodology for sensitivity and stability analysis of analytic network models

Abstract In this paper we develop a methodology to study the sensitivity and the stability of models built using the Analytic Network Process. We study two types of stability: core and solution stability. The former deals with finding the region of the perturbation space in which the initial solution (i.e., the alternative that is ranked first) obtained from the ANP model remains most preferred. The latter deals with finding the regions of the perturbation space in which the solutions that were not initially most preferred (i.e., alternatives that were not ranked first) become most preferred (i.e., they are ranked first). The methodology consists of three stages: generation of the perturbation space, finding the boundaries of the regions in the perturbation space in which the different alternatives are ranked first, and finding the stability regions.
Toward a New Paradigm in Sex Therapy

The field of sex therapy has suffered from fragmentation in many areas, from professional organizations to training programs to publications. Though many steps have been taken by other scholars to integrate the various theoretical approaches into a cohesive model of sex therapy, these attempts have instead resulted in technical eclecticism rather than true integration. In this article, we shift the current paradigm of sex therapy by providing an integrative approach based on Sternberg's triangle and the intersystem approach. In a departure from eclectic approaches, this framework synthesizes information from the fields of health care, couples therapy, psychology, sexuality, and communication to inform treatment of sexual problems. A case example is provided. Suggestions for future directions include bridging the gap between professional organizations, understanding sex within a larger context of health care, enhancing sex therapy training in training programs, bridging research and practice, and resisting...
Designing an infrared system to map and detect wildland fires

The 'Firefly' project is developing an infrared remote sensing system to provide near real-time wildland fire information for fire management and suppression. Recent technological advances in several areas now allow the design of an end-to-end, infrared system to map and detect wildland fires. The system components will include an airborne infrared sensor, automatic onboard signal and data processing, telecommunications link, and integration into a ground data terminal. The system will provide improved performance over current systems in terms of increased timeliness of data delivery, quantifiable accuracy, data consistency, reliability, and maintainability. The system will be the next generation of wildland fire mapping and detection system for the United States Forest Service.
Improved specificity for detection of Mycobacterium bovis in fresh tissues using IS6110 real-time PCR.

Background Culture of M. bovis from diagnostic specimens is the gold standard for bovine tuberculosis diagnostics in the USA. Detection of M. bovis by PCR in tissue homogenates may provide a simple rapid method to complement bacterial culture. A significant impediment to PCR based assays on tissue homogenates is specificity since mycobacteria other than M. bovis may be associated with the tissues.
Effect of glucose and galactose loading in normal subjects on red and white blood cell uridine diphosphate sugars.

Abstract In order to test the assumption that red blood cell (RBC) uridine diphosphate galactose content is regulated in part by dietary galactose and to help comprehend factors influencing RBC and white blood cell (WBC) uridine diphosphate hexose concentrations in vivo , oral loading studies were performed With 50 g of galactose or 75 g of glucose in normal adults. While elevations of blood glucose did not influence RBC or WBC UDPhexose levels, increased blood galactose concentrations caused transient increases in both RBC and WBC UDPgalactose. In both RBC and WBC, the UDPgalactose-4-epimerase was rate limiting. In comparison to RBC, WBC had larger changes in UDPgalactose levels, synthesized additional UDPglucose through the action of UDPglucose pyrophosphorylase and began to restore the equilibrium ratio between UDPglucose and UDPgalactose concentrations while the plasma galactose level was still increasing. Thus, galactose ingestion alters the steady-state levels of UDPhexoses in circulating cells. The modulation of UDPglucose and UDPgalactose concentrations, occurring after the presentation of galactose to cells, as a result of the combined actions of GALT and UDPgalactose-4-epimerase, may be important in determining rates of synthesis of complex glycoconjugates.
Thematic fame and melodic originality in classical music: A multivariate computer‐content analysis1

In order to understand the foundation of eminence in cultural activities, an attempt was made at learning why some works creators produce are more famous than others. This paper specifically investigates the differential fame of 5,046 themes by 10 eminent composers of classical music. Hypotheses derived from past research in creativity and esthetics were tested using a computerized content analysis. The results show that (a) the fame of a musical theme is a positive linear function of melodic originality (rather then a curvilinear inverted-U function), and (b) melodic originality is a positive function of biographical stress and of historical time, and an inverted backwards-J function of age.
Comparative fine structure of vertebrate neuroglia: Teleosts and reptiles

Electron microscopic examination of aldehyde perfused fish and reptile brains reveals the presence of three distinct varieties of glial elements; ependyma, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. Ependymal cells line the ventricular cavity, possess cilia and extend long fibrillar processes to the pial surface. Several cytoplasmic organelles and specialized plasma membrane contacts are unique to this glial variety. Astrocytes possess long processes which can be traced as pericapillary and sub-pial end-feet. Their cytoplasm contains fine filaments (less than 100 A) and quantities of glycogen granules. Oligodendrocytes display only occasional long processes and usually have thin cytoplasmic rims, especially when related to myelinated axons. A wide range of nuclear and cytoplasmic matrix densities, numerous free ribosomes and an extensive microtubular system characterize these cells. On the basis of distinctive cytoplasmic organelles it appears possible to establish the homology of lower vertebrate and mammalian glial elements.
Watching the Pendulum in Education.

(1983). Watching the Pendulum in Education. Teaching Political Science: Vol. 10, No. 4, pp. 164-170.
Red meat and poultry, cooking practices, genetic susceptibility and risk of prostate cancer: results from a multiethnic case–control study

Red meat, processed and unprocessed, has been considered a potential prostate cancer (PCA) risk factor; epidemiological evidence, however, is inconclusive. An association between meat intake and PCA may be due to potent chemical carcinogens that are generated when meats are cooked at high temperatures. We investigated the association between red meat and poultry intake and localized and advanced PCA taking into account cooking practices and polymorphisms in enzymes that metabolize carcinogens that accumulate in cooked meats. We analyzed data for 1096 controls, 717 localized and 1140 advanced cases from the California Collaborative Prostate Cancer Study, a multiethnic, population-based case–control study. We examined nutrient density-adjusted intake of red meat and poultry and tested for effect modification by 12 SNPs and 2 copy number variants in 10 carcinogen metabolism genes: GSTP1, PTGS2, CYP1A2, CYP2E1, EPHX1, CYP1B1, UGT1A6, NAT2, GSTM1 and GSTT1. We observed a positive association between risk of advanced PCA and high intake of red meat cooked at high temperatures (trend P = 0.026), cooked by pan-frying (trend P = 0.035), and cooked until well-done (trend P = 0.013). An inverse association was observed for baked poultry and advanced PCA risk (trend P = 0.023). A gene-by-diet interaction was observed between an SNP in the PTGS2 gene and the estimated levels of meat mutagens (interaction P = 0.008). Our results support a role for carcinogens that accumulate in meats cooked at high temperatures as potential PCA risk factors, and may support a role for heterocyclic amines (HCAs) in PCA etiology.
Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA) as Biodegradable Controlled Drug Delivery Carrier

In past two decades poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) has been among the most attractive polymeric candidates used to fabricate devices for drug delivery and tissue engineering applications. PLGA is biocompatible and biodegradable, exhibits a wide range of erosion times, has tunable mechanical properties and most importantly, is a FDA approved polymer. In particular, PLGA has been extensively studied for the development of devices for controlled delivery of small molecule drugs, proteins and other macromolecules in commercial use and in research. This manuscript describes the various fabrication techniques for these devices and the factors affecting their degradation and drug release.
Real-Time Spectral Phase Measurement in Nanoscale Optical Waveguides Using Spectral Interferometry

High-speed, high-resolution, and wideband spectral phase measurement of photonic crystal waveguides at optical communications wavelengths has been demonstrated. The technique is especially important in the study of fast dynamics and in sensing applications.
Influence of hatch pull time, protein, and methionine on bobwhite quail performance

SUMMARY Limited information exists concerning management and nutritional requirements for commercially produced bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus). In an experiment, we investigated the effects of delayed placement after hatching on livability and performance. Bobwhite quail eggs (n = 1,000) were placed into incubation on 2 consecutive days and all hatchlings were removed on d 25 and identified as either normal- (NP) or late (LP)-pull hatchlings. Normal-pull hatchlings (d 0) were significantly heavier compared with the LP hatchlings (6.95 vs. 6.15 g/bird). However, by 7 d of age, LP birds were significantly heavier than NP birds (17.60 vs. 15.31 g/bird). This effect carried through to d 28, where LP birds were significantly heavier than NP birds (85.54 vs. 81.85 g). Feed consumption was also significantly greater for the LP versus NP birds during the 28-d experimental period (173.5 vs. 167.0 g/bird, respectively). At 28 d of age, birds were assigned to 1 of 4 dietary regimens: 22% CP/0.50% Met; 22% CP + Met; 18% CP/0.41% Met; 18% CP + Met, resulting in an increased Met level of 0.12 and 0.09% for the 22 and 18% diets, respectively. No differences in BW, gain, feed consumption, or FCR occurred due to treatment. Based on qualitative feather scores obtained at termination of the experiment at 70 d of age, the 18% CP (without Met) group had a significantly lower score compared with the other treatments.
A joint geophysical analysis of the Coso geothermal field, south-eastern California

Abstract Three-dimensional density models derived from gravity data and two-dimensional resistivity models derived from magnetotelluric data collected in the vicinity of the Coso geothermal field are analyzed in order to determine the source region of the geothermal field. The derived models show zones of both low resistivity and low density at and below 6 km depth in the Devils Kitchen and the Coso Hot Springs areas. These zones agree with seismic reflection and tomography results which found a high amplitude reflector at 5 km and low velocities zones below 5 km. We interpret the density and resistivity zones to indicate the presence of cooling magmatic material that provides the heat for the shallower geothermal system in these regions. A zone marked by high resistivity and low density was found to lie directly above the interpreted partially melted region extending to within 1 km depth below the surface in the reservoir region where it is capped by a low resistivity clay zone. In addition, the density models indicate that the high density bodies occurring under volcanic outcrops may be mafic intrusions.
Prognostic value of 12-lead electrocardiogram during dobutamine stress echocardiography.

The aim of this study was to assess the prognostic value of the 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) obtained during dobutamine stress echocardiography (DSE) in predicting subsequent cardiac events. We retrospectively analyzed 345 patients undergoing DSE in 1992–1994 and selected those patients with negative echo results for ischemia. Of the 200 patients with negative DSE results, a separate analysis of their ECG data was performed with results reported as either positive, negative, or nondiagnostic for ischemia. Follow-up was performed through a physician chart review and direct telephone contact. Event rates were determined for hard (myocardial infarction or cardiac death) and soft (hospitalization for angina and/or congestive heart failure, coronary angioplasty, or coronary artery bypass graft surgery) cardiac events occurring after the negative DSE for up to 6 years after the test. Death was also determined by referencing the patients' data with mortality data available on the Internet. There were 143 patients with ECG data reported as negative and 40 patients with ECG data reported as positive for ischemia. The hard and soft event rates were 1.5% and 9% per patient per year in the ECG negative group and 2% and 11% in the ECG positive group. There were no statistical differences in event rates between the two groups during the 5-year follow-up period. Our results suggest that the ECG result obtained during DSE does not confer any incremental prognostic value over the echo result.
Simulation and Calculation: Improve Work Life of Bearing on Driving Gear of Main Reducer

The driving gear and driven gear in car rear axle have function of transmitting power. As important part of supporting driving gear, work life and situation of bearing have influence on power transmission. This paper improves system stiffness of gear and bearing, improves force situation of bearing by researching span between two bearings on driving gear. Work situation of main reducer can be improved through extending bearing life. The vibration and noise are reduced. Car market competition is improved.