cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Law of Armed Conflict: Command Responsibility and Respondeat Superior

Introduction Command responsibility, also referred to as “superior responsibility,” is the other side of the obedience-to-orders coin. The soldier who obeys a manifestly unlawful order is culpable for any violation of the law of armed conflict (LOAC) resulting. The superior who gave the unlawful order is equally culpable for the subordinate's violation by reason of having given the unlawful order. In the past, it was viewed as a form of the crime of aiding and abetting. No longer. Today, most authorities accept that “[command responsibility] does not mean…that the superior shares the same responsibility as the subordinate who commits the crime…but that the superior bears responsibility for his own omission in failing to act.” The superior is not responsible as an aider and abettor, but is responsible for his neglect of duty in regard to crimes that he knew were committed by his subordinates. “The superior's criminal responsibility flows from the neglect of a specific duty to take the measures that are necessary and reasonable in the given circumstances.” Respondeat superior , “let the master answer,” is a broader legal concept than command responsibility. In case law and in most LOAC/international humanitarian law (IHL) texts there is no distinction between command responsibility and respondeat superior and the distinction is thematic rather than doctrinal. Command responsibility, as the term suggests, indicates the criminal liability a commander bears for illegal orders that he or she issues.
On Coupled Dynamics of Frictional Guides in Tape Transport Systems

Stationary guides introduce friction on to a travelling tape in the longitudinal and lateral directions. The longitudinal friction increases the tape tension and the lateral friction dampens the lateral tape motion (LTM). A comprehensive mathematical model of the coupled longitudinal and lateral tape dynamics is developed. Frictional effects over a cylindrical guide are modeled as concentrated loads in both longitudinal and lateral directions. In the range of tape transport velocities that are of interest to data tape recording, it was shown that frictional damping causes reduction of resonant frequencies and resonance amplitudes. Positioning of the guiding elements could significantly influence the dynamic response of LTM.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Development of Self-Setting Calcium Phosphate Cements

This paper reviews recent studies on self-setting calcium phosphate cements (CPC). Discussions are focused on the cement setting reactions, the products formed, the effects of the products on properties of the cement, and in vivo characteristics of CPC. Although cementation can occur in systems based on several different mixtures, data in the literature at present indicate that mixtures of tetracalcium phosphate and dicalcium phosphate (or dicalcium phosphate dihydrate) may be most desirable because they produce cements that have greater strengths and contain nearly pure hydroxyapatite. The strengths of CPC are considerably lower than ceramic calcium phosphate biomaterial and are also lower than some of the dental cements. On the other hand, the combination of self-setting capability and high biocompatibility makes CPC a unique biomaterial. Near perfect adaptation of the cement to the tissue surfaces in a defect, and an optimum resorption rate followed by new bone formation are some of the distinctive advantages of CPC. In its present state CPC appears to be suitable for a number of applications. Much remains to be done to further improve its properties to meet the requirements for different applications.
The Soil Microfungi of Wet-Mesic Forests in Southern Wisconsin

SUMMARYSample populations of the soil microfungi in 5 southern Wisconsin maple-elm-ash floodplain forests were isolated from dilution plates, and lists of the species present and their frequencies of occurrence were compiled. The average number of microfungal species per community was greater here than in any vegetational unit previously surveyed in Wisconsin. A comparatively high proportion of the species encountered were Penicillia—that genus accounting for 43 species (493 isolates) in a total of 199 species (1082 isolates). The species with highest average frequencies were Penicillium paxilli, Paecilomyces carneus, Gliocladium roseum, Penicillium steckii?, P. brevi-compactum?, P. janthinellum, and Penicillium palitans?; these as a group, especially in association with the slightly less common Humicola brevis, Penicillium multicolor, P. crustosum?, and P. herquei, distinguish the soil microfungal populations of the maple-elm-ash floodplain forests from those of prairie and upland forest communities in W...
Constitutional means to guarantee equality rights among peasants

Nowadays China is at a crucial period of reformation and social transformation.The Problems of Agriculture,Countryside Peasants are considered to be the basic issues of Chinese reformation and development,and the problem ofpeasants is the core of all problems.Therefore,solving the problem of peasants properly is the key to the modernization in China.Due to some historical and practical factors,our citizens have not fully enjoyed the fundamental rights,especially peasants'political rights,social rights and economic rights.We can guarantee the equal rights among peasants through ideological education,adjustment of the Constitution and relevant legal system.
Thinking positively: Optimism and emotion regulation predict interpretation of ambiguous information

AbstractThe way individuals interpret their worlds is influenced by emotion and its regulation. Indeed, negative affect typically increases negative interpretations of ambiguous stimuli and may have a role in dysfunctional psychosocial function. Yet, it is not currently known whether explicit and implicit emotion regulation can counteract this effect. To address this question, undergraduates (N = 103) used cognitive reappraisal under angry and control mood states to disambiguate sentences by selecting either a neutral, positive, or negative word. While explicit cognitive reappraisal decreased negative affect, it had no effect on interpretation of ambiguity. Still, reported use of reappraisal predicted decreased negative and increased positive interpretations. Further, dispositional characteristics such as anger and optimism were key factors in how participants interpreted ambiguity. These findings suggest that regulating emotion may not be sufficient for influencing cognitive interpretations. Yet, individ...
The Cherokee Diaspora: An Indigenous History of Migration, Settlement, and Identity. By Gregory D. Smithers

The Cherokee Diaspora: An Indigenous History of Migration, Settlement, and Identity. The Lamar Series in Western History. By Gregory D. Smithers. (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2015. vii + 358 pp. Illustrations, maps, tables, glossary, notes, bibliography, index. $40.00.) In The Cherokee Diaspora , Gregory D. Smithers places the experience of migration and resettlement at the center of Cherokee history. Focusing on the period between the Seven Years War and World War Two, Smithers charts the myriad ways in which American settler colonialism put Cherokees in motion, from the travel enabled by trade and diplomacy to the disruption of whole communities by war and coercive American policies. He asks how Cherokees responded to migration, both forced and voluntary, and how they defined and redefined themselves … andrewdenson{at}earthlink.net
Academic satisfaction of Latino students: differences and predictors

Using multiple hierarchical regression, this study investigated how Latino/a students’ characteristics, academic major, campus climate, and faculty interactions explained the variance in students’ levels of satisfaction with advising, course availability, and instruction at highly selective institutions. Latino/a students’ satisfaction was found to significantly differ from some of their peers, but not from other White students. The regressions found that campus climate was the most significant predictor of all three areas, followed by student-faculty interactions.
INFLUENCE OF SURFACE CHARGE ON INTERACTION FORCES IN SOLUBLE SALT FLOTATION SYSTEMS AS DETERMINED BY ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPY

The recent nonequilibrium electrophoretic mobility measurements by laser-Doppler electrophoresis coupled with the stability and prevalence of collector colloids in soluble-salt flotation systems suggest that the selective flotation of alkali halides is due to the adsorption of oppositely charged collector colloids by heterocoagulation. Previously reported flotation results confirm this surface charge/collector colloid adsorption model. These results also indicate that the sign of the surface charge has a significant effect on the extent of particle dispersion/aggregation. In this regard, the nature of such particle interaction forces at high ionic strengths are examined to improve our understanding of these systems. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is now being used to directly measure the interaction forces responsible for the stability of these alkali halide aggregates observed in optical microscopy studies. Results from this study indicate that, while repulsive hydration forces exist between similarly charged hydrophilic particles, attractive forces exist between oppositely charged hydrophilic particles in high ionic strength solutions.
Evaluation of Micro-GPS Receivers for Tracking Small-Bodied Mammals

GPS telemetry markedly enhances the temporal and spatial resolution of animal location data, and recent advances in micro-GPS receivers permit their deployment on small mammals. One such technological advance, snapshot technology, allows for improved battery life by reducing the time to first fix via postponing recovery of satellite ephemeris (satellite location) data and processing of locations. However, no previous work has employed snapshot technology for small, terrestrial mammals. We evaluated performance of two types of micro-GPS (< 20 g) receivers (traditional and snapshot) on a small, semi-fossorial lagomorph, the pygmy rabbit (Brachylagus idahoensis), to understand how GPS errors might influence fine-scale assessments of space use and habitat selection. During stationary tests, microtopography (i.e., burrows) and satellite geometry had the largest influence on GPS fix success rate (FSR) and location error (LE). There was no difference between FSR while animals wore the GPS collars above ground (determined via light sensors) and FSR generated during stationary, above-ground trials, suggesting that animal behavior other than burrowing did not markedly influence micro-GPS errors. In our study, traditional micro-GPS receivers demonstrated similar FSR and LE to snapshot receivers, however, snapshot receivers operated inconsistently due to battery and software failures. In contrast, the initial traditional receivers deployed on animals experienced some breakages, but a modified collar design consistently functioned as expected. If such problems were resolved, snapshot technology could reduce the tradeoff between fix interval and battery life that occurs with traditional micro-GPS receivers. Our results suggest that micro-GPS receivers are capable of addressing questions about space use and resource selection by small mammals, but that additional techniques might be needed to identify use of habitat structures (e.g., burrows, tree cavities, rock crevices) that could affect micro-GPS performance and bias study results.
Impact of the Molecular Structure on Olefin Pyrolysis

The objective of this study is to explore the impact of the molecular structure on the rate and product distribution during olefin pyrolysis. Particular focus is on characterizing the reaction pathways, leading to the formation of molecular weight growth species. Propene, the smallest olefin that can form allylic radicals, and the three butene isomers were selected as model olefins. The experimental data were taken from several earlier studies that were conducted in a tubular flow reactor at an absolute pressure of ∼0.82 atm over a temperature range of 535–810 °C with a residence time of ∼2.4 s. The variations among the four olefins in terms of the observed conversions, generation of light products, and formation of molecular weight growth species were compared to the predictions of a fundamentally based detailed kinetic model with generally very satisfactory results. It was found that addition reactions of resonantly stabilized radicals to unsaturated products that can form unusually stable adducts, espe...
Virtual Spirometry and Activity Monitoring Using Multichannel Electrical Impedance Plethysmographs in Ambulatory Settings

Continuous monitoring of respiratory patterns and physical activity levels can be useful for remote health management of patients with conditions such as heart disease and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. In a clinical setting, spirometers serve as the gold standard for monitoring respiratory patterns such as breathing rate and changes in lung volume. However, direct measurements using a spirometer requires placement of a sensor in the patient's airway and is thus infeasible for continuous monitoring in nonclinical, ambulatory settings. Under these conditions, indirect respiration monitoring using electrical impedance plethysmographs (EIP) is more suitable but are susceptible to motion artifacts. In this paper, we investigate whether multichannel EIP can be used to perform virtual spirometry under ambulatory settings. The experiments presented in this paper are based on preliminary data collected from 19 adult human subjects under realistic ambulatory and nonambulatory settings. We first highlight the salient features of the signal acquired from a standard spirometer. We then compare the performance of different biosignal processing algorithms in estimating the spirometer signal using multiple EIP sensors and in the presence of motion artifacts and real-world interferences. We demonstrate that in addition to reliably determining different respiratory patterns and states, multichannel EIP could also be used to reliably extract information regarding different patient physical activity states like bending or stretching.
High-dose interleukin-2 therapy for metastatic renal cell carcinoma: A contemporary experience.

e15604 Background: Despite recent advances in targeted treatment options, high dose interleukin-2 (HDIL-2) remains an important therapeutic option for metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC). We pre...
Follicular lymphoma: Have we made any progress?

Follicular lymphomas are characterized by relatively long median survivals and a continuous pattern of relapse. The heterogeneity in these diseases is increasingly appreciated, leading to concerted efforts to define prognostic factors and risk-adapted strategies. The status of multiple options for treatment including interferon, fludarabine, dose intensification with autologous transplantation, therapy targeting the CD20 antigen and novel approaches is reviewed. The long natural history of follicular lymphoma requires mature data for accurate analysis. However, the achievement of molecular remission as a surrogate endpoint is under active investigation. This is an exciting era for the clinical investigation of follicular lymphoma given the large number of candidate therapies and their potential combinations and permutations. Although the goal of primary treatment remains durable remission and cure, the sequential application of effective, non-cross-resistant treatments may also result in a prolongation of median survival time. It is essential that physicians treating patients with follicular lymphoma demonstrate restraint in the application of new treatments and cooperate in the study of new therapies in carefully designed phase II and phase III trials.
Property Interests in Digital Assets: The Rise of Digital Feudalism

The emergence of digital assets has created a host of new legal questions regarding their status as a property interest. Digital assets consist of intangible interests like e-mail accounts, social media accounts, reward points, and electronic media. These assets seem like a property interest, but because digital assets are a creature of contract, private contracts determine whether an owner can use, sell, transfer, exclude, donate, or dispose of the asset in a testamentary instrument. These digital asset contracts often take an unprecedented step of prohibiting or severely limiting the transfer of digital assets after death. By unilaterally eviscerating a long cherished right of property — the right to devise — these contracts create digital assets that are more akin to a license or tenancy instead of a fee simple absolute. Contractual terms controlling digital assets create a system this Article calls “digital feudalism,” characterized by absolutism, hierarchy, and a concentration of power. This Article examines property interests imbued in digital assets, namely the rights to use, control, exclude, and transfer. It analyzes digital assets under the labor, utilitarian, and personhood theories to justify their existence as a form of property. As a form of property, this Article argues that property law protects an individual’s rights to her digital assets — rights like testamentary disposition that cannot be contracted away. Property law has always mirrored society’s decisions about how to control and allocate resources and our treatment of digital assets are no different. Digital assets themselves function so similarly to property that we must apply traditional property law principles to ensure that our rights over digital assets do not regress into an anti-democratic and archaic form of feudalism in a technologically driven future.
Optimal Solutions for Mixed Bundling of Two Independently-Valued Goods

This paper develops analytical results and insights for the mixed bundling problem of pricing a product line consisting of two component goods and a bundle of the two goods. Consumer valuations for the two goods follow a symmetric bivariate uniform distribution, a setting which has previously been considered analytically intractable. Prior analytical work has demonstrated the superiority of mixed bundling, but failed to provide an explicit specification of the optimal solution or prices. Alternately, researchers have employed numerical solution techniques to solve instances of the mixed bundling problem. I reduce the multi-product pricing problem to a univariate nonlinear optimization problem in the bundle price with a global maximum that can be identified uniquely. I derive tight lower and upper bound functions for the optimal bundle price. The average of these two functions can be used as an alternate, and extremely simple, analytical expression for the optimal bundle price. Another alternative formula for the optimal bundle price is obtained by applying statistical estimation over solutions for a large space of problem instances. Both approximations are highly accurate, producing a pro t that is within half percent of the exact optimal pro t. The optimal bundle price has an elegant analytical expression (a linear function of the marginal costs of the two goods) and prices for component goods are an algebraic function of the bundle price. With a bivariate distribution in the unit square and constant unit marginal costs w1 and w2, the optimal bundle price can be written as 0:86032 0:55929(w1 w2)/2.
Biological Sensitivity to the Effects of Maternal Postpartum Depressive Symptoms on Children's Behavior Problems.

Resting respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) may confer infant susceptibility to the postpartum environment. Among infants with higher RSA, there may be a positive relation between depressive symptoms across the first 6 months postpartum (PPD) and later behavior problems, and toddlers' dysregulation during mother-child interactions may partially explain the effects. Among a sample of low-income Mexican-American families, infant RSA (N = 322; 46% male) was assessed at 6 weeks of age; mothers (Mage = 27.8, SD = 6.5) reported PPD symptoms every 3 weeks from 6 to 24 weeks and infant behavior problems at 36 months. Dysregulation was observed at 24 months. PPD was positively associated with behavior problems only among infants with lower RSA; however, this relation was not mediated by dysregulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
A Comparison of Accuracy and Cost of LiDAR versus Stand Exam Data for Landscape Management on the Malheur National Forest

Foresters are increasingly interested in remote sensing data because they provide an overview of landscape conditions, which is impractical with field sample data alone. Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) provides exceptional spatial detail of forest structure, but difficulties in processing LiDAR data have limited their application beyond the research community. Another obstacle to operational use of LiDAR data has been the high cost of data collection. Our objectives in this study were to summarize, at the stand level, both LiDAR- and Landsat (satellite)-based predictions of some common structural and volume attributes and to compare the cost of obtaining such summaries with those obtained through traditional stand exams. We found that the accuracy and cost of a LiDAR-based inventory summarized at the stand level was comparable to traditional stand exams for structural attributes. However, the LiDAR data were able to provide information across a much larger area than the stand exams alone.
Brush border myosin I has a calmodulin/phosphatidylserine switch and tail actin-binding.

Brush border myosin I (BBMI) interacts with the actin filaments bundled in the structural core of microvilli in intestinal epithelial cells and links the filaments to the microvillar plasma membrane. This highly organized system may provide insights into how actin interacts with cell membranes via the myosin I class of motor proteins. In this paper we present studies of the mechanism and regulation by Ca2+ of myosin I binding to the membrane lipid phosphatidylserine (PS), studies of Ca2+ regulation of the myosin I ATPase activity, and studies of the apparent interaction of BBMI with actin through a site in the COOH-terminal domain of BBMI.
The Spindle: Integrating Architecture and Mechanics across Scales

The spindle segregates chromosomes at cell division, and its task is a mechanical one. While we have a nearly complete list of spindle components, how their molecular-scale mechanics give rise to cellular-scale spindle architecture, mechanics, and function is not yet clear. Recent in vitro and in vivo measurements bring new levels of molecular and physical control and shed light on this question. Highlighting recent findings and open questions, we introduce the molecular force generators of the spindle, and discuss how they organize microtubules into diverse architectural modules and give rise to the emergent mechanics of the mammalian spindle. Throughout, we emphasize the breadth of space and time scales at play, and the feedback between spindle architecture, dynamics, and mechanics that drives robust function.
Towards a semantics for metanormative constructivism

The status of constructivism as a metaethical or metanormative theory is unclear partly due to the lack of a clear semantics for central normative terms such as ‘reason’ and ‘ought’. In a series of recent papers, Sharon Street has attempted to clarify the central commitments of constructivism by focusing on the idea of a practical point of view and what follows from it. We improve upon the informal understanding provided by Street and attempt to provide a semantics for ‘ought’. Our semantics respects the core intuition of the constructivist that normative claims are made true because of our practical commitments as agents and also reflects the constructivist’s commitment to the centrality of practical deliberation to normative truth. On our view, a normative claim of the form ⌜S ought to ϕ⌝ is true if ϕ is entailed from S’s set of evaluative attitudes. We argue that a virtue of our definition is that it allows us to see precisely what is distinctive about constructivism as opposed to realism and expressivism.
Dose calibration uncertainty and plan-specific dose calibration for IMRT QA

Purpose: This study was to investigate IMRT QA dose calibration uncertainty that has not been realized before, and develop plan-specific calibration methods to reduce such uncertainty.&#13; Methods: IMRT plans were created on the Varian Eclipse treatment planning system. IMRT QA used a PTW Octavius phantom with an Octavius 2D array ionization chamber detector and was also tested for a solid water cube with a Farmer chamber. Dose calibration for a solid phantom was analyzed using the AAPM TG-51/TG-21 formulism. The reference fields used for IMRT dose calibration included squared fields and IMRT plan-specific fields that included geometric equivalent fields, and dose-equivalent fields defined by the 50% isodose distributions. &#13; Results: Thirteen IMRT QA cases including three VMAT cases were used for this study. For the single field calibration on the PTW Octavius device, the calibration factors varied with field size by up to 5.6%, and varied with gantry angle by up to 4.9%. Those variations changed IMRT QA passing rates by up to 16.2%. Using the plan-specific calibration, the Gamma passing rate was increased by up to 27.7%. The VMAT passing rates varied by up to 30%, and the equivalent field dose calibration gave the highest passing rate. For absolute point dose measurement using a Farmer chamber, calibration factors varied by up to 3.7% with different field sizes and different gantry angles. The dose equivalent field calibration achieved the best IMRT QA results.&#13; Conclusion: Different fields can have different dose calibration factors. Conventional dose calibration methods for IMRT QA using simple reference fields include significant uncertainty that would affect IMRT QA results. Dose calibration uncertainty is caused by the complex composition of phantom materials and complex design and characteristics of the detectors. The plan-specific dose calibration can reduce dose calibration uncertainty and improve IMRT QA accuracy.
Software Architecture for Automating Cognitive Science Eye-Tracking Data Analysis and Object Annotation

The advancement of wearable eye-tracking technology enables cognitive researchers to capture vast amounts of eye gaze information while participants are completing specific tasks without restrictions on their movement. However, while eye trackers can overlay a gaze indicator on the scene video, identifying the specific objects being looked at and analyzing the resulting dataset are accomplished mostly by manual annotation. This method is a cost-prohibitive and time-consuming approach that is prone to human error. Such analytic difficulty limits researchers’ ability to data mine the information efficiently, ultimately restricting the number of scenarios that can feasibly be conducted within budget. Here, the first fully automated solution for eye-tracking data analysis is presented, which eliminates the need for manual annotation. The proposed software architecture, gaze to object classification (GoC), processes the gaze-overlaid video from commercially available wearable eye trackers, recognizes and classifies the specific object a user is focusing on and calculates the gaze duration time. GoC utilizes an image cross-correlation method to locate the gaze indicator and an image similarity measurement to support faster processing. The presented system has been successfully adopted by cognitive psychologists. GoC's exceptional performance in analyzing a case study spanning over 50 h of mobile eye-tracking is presented. The accuracy and a cost-analysis comparison between GoC and state-of-the-art manual annotation software are provided. GoC has game-changing potential for increasing the ecological validity of using eye-tracking technology in cognitive research.
Southeast Asia's Cold War: An Interpretive History. By Ang Cheng Guan. (Honolulu, HI: University of Hawai'i Press, 2018. Pp. xii, 306. $68.00.)

This book's purpose is to fill the historiographical gap in the study of the Cold War in Southeast Asia by providing a general political history of the Cold War in Southeast Asia (3). The author be...
Measuring and Assessing Latent Variation in Alliance Design and Objectives

The alliance literature is bifurcated between an empirically-driven approach utilizing rigorous data, and a theoretically-motivated approach offering a rich conceptualization of alliances. Within the strength of one, lays the weakness of the other. While the former invokes a non-comprehensive view of alliances that emphasizes capability aggregation, the latter does not provide a systematic or rigorous approach to uncover empirical insights. I unify these perspectives, enumerating the roles a state can adopt within the alliance network and considering the relationship between that role and how they design their local alliance network to accomplish role-based objectives. To uncover this variation, I employ a novel methodological tool, the ego-TERGM. Results indicate that states form alliances to accomplish a variety of foreign policy objectives beyond capability aggregation, including the consolidation of non-security ties and the pursuit of domestic reforms in addition to security-based motivations.
The Surgical Approaches to Renal Masses and Their Impact on Postoperative Renal Function

The data in the literature are confusing and conflicted as to the role of various surgical maneuvers and their impact on postoperative renal function. The aim of this chapter is to review the current literature and to present my own personal experience, regarding the role of warm ischemia and the volume of renal parenchyma preserved on the ultimate postoperative renal functional outcome following partial nephrectomy (PN).
Farm-to-School Programs’ Local Foods Activity in Southern Arizona: Local Foods Foolkit Applications and Lessons

This analysis applies principles and methods from the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Local Foods Toolkit to demonstrate the moderating influence of countervailing effects on the economic impacts of local food purchases through farm-to-school programs in Southern Arizona using USDA Farm to School Census data. The analysis applies and expands upon recommendations in the Toolkit, introducing the concept of export substitution and exploring how water resource constraints create tradeoffs for farms through crop-shifting and cropping rotations. The analysis reveals that for fruit and vegetable exporting regions, export substitution can be a major countervailing effect. Furthermore, the analysis examines the usefulness of the Farm to School Census as a secondary data source for estimating the economic impacts of local food activities, allowing us to make recommendations for how the Census could be expanded and supplemented for regional economic applications.
Is Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury Associated with Adult Alcohol Misuse

Evidence suggests that pediatric traumatic brain injury (TBI) may be causally related to alcohol misuse later in life; however, the nature and extent of the association has not been well described....
Validity of In-Home Teleneuropsychological Testing in the Wake of COVID-19.

Objective Teleneuropsychology (TNP) has been shown to be a valid assessment method compared with in-person neuropsychological evaluations. Interest in delivering TNP directly to patients' homes has arisen in response to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. However, prior research has typically involved patients tested in clinical settings, and the validity of in-home TNP testing has not yet been established. The present study aims to explore the validity and clinical utility of in-home TNP testing in a mixed clinical sample in the wake of COVID-19. Methods Test profiles for 111 in-home TNP patients were retrospectively compared with 120 patients who completed in-person evaluations. The TNP test battery consisted of tests measuring attention/processing speed, verbal memory, naming, verbal fluency, and visuoconstruction. TNP scores of cognitively normal (CN) patients were compared with patients with neurocognitive disorders (NCD), and score profiles were examined among suspected diagnostic groups of Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and vascular disease (VaD). Results TNP test scores did not significantly differ from in-person testing across all tests except the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised Discrimination Index. Within the TNP group, significant differences between the CN and NCD groups were found for all tests, and the memory and semantic fluency tests yielded large effect sizes (d ≥ 0.8). Score profiles among the AD, PD, and VaD groups were explored. Conclusions These findings support the validity of in-home TNP testing compared with in-person neuropsychological testing. Practice considerations, limitations, and future directions are discussed.
Money and the Rule of Law: Generality and Predictability in Monetary Institutions

Contemporary monetary institutions are flawed at a foundational level. The reigning paradigm in monetary policy holds up constrained discretion as the preferred operating framework for central banks. But no matter how smart or well-intentioned are central bankers, discretionary policy contains information and incentive problems that make macroeconomic stability systematically unlikely. Furthermore, central bank discretion implicitly violates the basic jurisprudential norms of liberal democracy. Drawing on a wide body of scholarship, this volume presents a novel argument in favor of embedding monetary institutions into a rule of law framework. The authors argue for general, predictable rules to provide a sturdier foundation for economic growth and prosperity. A rule of law approach to monetary policy would remedy the flaws that resulted in misguided monetary responses to the 2007-8 financial crisis and the COVID-19 pandemic. Understanding the case for true monetary rules is the first step toward creating more stable monetary institutions.
Electronic Cigarette Cessation in Youth and Young Adults: A Case Series.

Introduction Electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) usage use has increased exponentially, especially in youth and young adults. For many, the usage of these products results in a severe addiction, one that is difficult to discontinue. Further, e-cigarette cessation is challenging as there are no specific guidelines directing such medical management for patients and their respective clinicians. Here, we report a case series of patients who we are attempting to wean from e-cigarettes with medical guidance. Methods Six patients who self-reported daily e-cigarette usage and were enrolled in our Tobacco Treatment Clinic (TTC) were followed for 12-months. An inventory of the e-cigarette product and usage was captured, along with responses to identify when the patients experienced majority of their cravings. Co-morbidities, if present, were documented. Documentation of interventions, counseling with or without pharmacological therapies, were captured. Primary outcome was cessation at 6-months. Results The 6 patients enrolled in clinic ranged in age from 17 to 31 years, with 4 of the patients identifying as males and 2 as females. Patients were using e-cigarettes for 1 to 6 years prior to enrolling into the TTC. As for interventions, all patients received counseling and pharmacological interventions in the form of nicotine replacement therapies (NRTs). Three of the 6 patients were weaned off e-cigarettes by 6-months, with a fourth patient weaned off at the 8-month mark. Variables identified as barriers to cessation included non-compliance with medical regimen and peer influence. Discussion Here we present a case series of attempting to wean persons from electronic cigarettes use. Given the lack of international guidelines in e-cigarette addiction management, we believe this case series will be of value for clinicians and their patients. Further studies are warranted to help patients with e-cigarette addiction in their attempt at cessation.
Benzodiazepine augmentation of the treatment of disruptive psychotic behavior

Psychiatry has searched for a humane and effective treatment for the disruptive behavior and agitation that accompanies acute psychosis. Prior to the introduction of psychotropic drugs, baths, physical restraints, wet packs, and ECT [1] were used to manage agitated and assaultive conduct. Early pharmacological therapies included insulin coma, bromides, and barbiturates. Although useful for quieting some patients, these physical and pharmacologic approaches had serious complications and often lost effectiveness over time.
Quick Screen to Detect Current and Future Substance Use Disorder in Female Adolescents.

Background. Prevention of substance use disorder (SUD) is impeded by the large number, complexity and idiosyncratic configuration of etiological factors. Effective prevention of SUD is feasible however when intervention resources are prioritized to individuals who are objectively determined high risk and tailored to their specific characteristics and circumstances.Objective. This study had the aim of developing a rapid accurate screening instrument for determining current presence of and future risk for SUD. Methods. The sample consisted of 182 girls recruited when they were 10-12 years of age and tracked to 22 years of age. From a large item pool the Drug Use Screening Inventory Quick Screen for Females (DQS-F) was derived consisting of the Substance Involvement Index and the Problem Severity Index.Results. The DQS for Females (DQS-F) has high sensitivity for identifying girls who currently qualify for SUD diagnosis. Furthermore, accuracy of predicting future SUD with the DQS-F is in the good range at age 16 and in the very good range at age 19.Conclusions. Requiring only three minutes for administration on the Web the DQS-F is an efficient method for identifying girls requiring thorough assessment prior to implementing individualized intervention.
Molecular characterization of the Trypanosoma brucei RNA polymerase I and III largest subunit genes.

We have sequenced a 7.1-kilobase fragment of the Trypanosoma brucei RNA polymerase (pol) I largest subunit gene. The 6.9-kilobase transcript from this gene is of roughly equal abundance in bloodstream- and procyclic-form trypanosomes and has a 39-nucleotide trans-spliced leader 290 nucleotides upsteam of the putative initiation codon. The 1781-amino acid trypanosome pol I polypeptide is considerably less similar to its yeast homolog than the trypanosome pol II and pol III polypeptides are to their counterparts in yeast. The yeast and trypanosome pol I polypeptides are distinguished from pol II and pol III largest subunits by two inserts, 100-200 amino acids in length, which are found in the nonconserved portions of the polypeptides. We also report our sequence of the trypanosome pol III largest subunit gene, which agrees with that reported by Kock et al. (Kock, J., Evers, R., and Cornelissen, A.W.C.A. (1988) Nucleic Acids Res. 16, 8753-8772) except for 13 nucleotide differences. Four spliced leader addition sites between 60 and 99 nucleotides upstream of the AUG initiation codon were observed for the 5.4-kilobase transcript from this gene. Four short stretches of amino acid homology between the yeast and trypanosome pol III largest subunit polypeptides were identified which appear to be specific to this class of RNA polymerase; only one short pol I-specific sequence was identified in our comparison of the yeast and trypanosome pol I largest subunit polypeptides.
Operational Capabilities: The Secret Ingredient

We develop a theoretical definition of operational capabilities, based on the strategic management and operations management literature, and differentiate this construct from the related constructs of resources and operational practices, drawing upon the resource-based view of the firm as our foundation. We illustrate the key features of operational capabilities using the illustration of a restaurant kitchen. Because the traits of operational capabilities are distinct, they create a barrier to imitation, making them a potential source of competitive advantage. However, operational capabilities are particularly challenging to measure, because they emerge gradually and are tacit, embedded, and manifested differently across firms. In solving this measurement conundrum, we draw upon similar situations experienced by Schein (2004) and Eisenhardt and Martin (2000) in operationalizing organizational culture and dynamic capabilities. A taxonomy of six emergent operational capabilities is developed: operational improvement, operational innovation, operational customization, operational cooperation, operational responsiveness, and operational reconfiguration. A set of measurement scales is developed, in order to measure each of the operational capabilities, and validated using two different datasets. This allows replication of the psychometric properties of the multi-item scales and helps to ensure the validity of the resulting measures.
Metabolic fate of orally administered cGMP in rats

Background Activation of membrane guanylate cyclase type C (GC-C) on the luminal surface of the intestinal epithelium by GCC agonists results in an increase in both intracellular and extracellular levels of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP). Elevation in intracellular cGMP results in the secretion of chloride and bicarbonate anions into the intestinal lumen through the activation of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) ion channel. Physiologically, this results in increased intestinal fluid and accelerated transit. Furthermore, an accompanying increase in the luminal and submucosal concentration of cGMP is observed as intracellular cGMP is transported out of epithelial cells. In animal models, decreased activity of pain-sensing afferent fibers is likely mediated by increased extracellular cGMP in the submucosa [1]. Compared to the pharmacological effects elicited by the increase in cGMP, less is known about the distribution and metabolic fate of this second messenger that is transported out into the luminal space.
Evaluating the Effects of the Removal of the Retirement Earnings Test in 2000

This paper examines reactions in the labor force activity of workers aged 65-69 in response to the 2000 removal of the retirement earnings test (RET), using Social Security administrative data matched with Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) data. This paper used a percentile-based difference-in-differences model to capture uneven impacts across the earnings distribution. Results indicate that after the RET removal, earnings of those in the higher percentiles of the earnings distribution increased, while earnings of those in the lower percentiles did not. There is no clear evidence that the RET removal increased the labor force participation (employment) rate, but acceleration of benefits applications among older workers was evident.
The Deliberative E-Rulemaking project (DeER): improving federal agency rulemaking via natural language processing and citizen dialogue

Many scholars believe that electronic rulemaking has great but largely untapped potential to expand the public's democratic input and improve federal agency regulatory rules. The existing federal rulemaking process, however, elicits many redundant and poorly considered comments, and some participants challenge the legitimacy of agency rulemaking decisions. This Deliberative E-Rulemaking (DeER) project tests the application of Natural Language Processing (NLP) technologies and public deliberation techniques to improve the quality and organization of public comments and the legitimacy of the federal rulemaking process. This paper describes the goals, innovations, research design, technology, and preliminary results of the DeER project. The social science herein advances research on measuring the quality of public deliberation, the effects of deliberation on individuals and communities, and the emergence of distributed intelligence in networked decision making groups.
KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT FOR COMMAND AND CONTROL

This paper highlights some major trends and developments in knowledge management with particular emphasis on knowledge capturing and authoring, and how this technology can be combined with intelligent agents to produce advanced capabilities for command and control systems. Past trends, present accomplishments and future work in knowledge management systems are covered. We also describe an in-house effort to accumulate, validate, and integrate the results of the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) Rapid Knowledge Formation (RKF) program with a view toward the recommendation of specific technologies for transition to operational command centers. This technology will permit scientific, technical, and military experts, such as command-center and intelligence-center personnel to encode massive amounts of knowledge into reusable knowledge bases for application in many different tasks. This paper also presents current and future uses of adaptive and mobile intelligent agents to increase the dependability of FORCEnet by improving network-centric warfare in general, and the battlefield single integrated picture (SIP) in particular. Applications of mobile and adaptive intelligent agents are described. Further research is planned in the area of ontologies, expert systems, knowledge management, intelligent agents and user-interfaces for subject-matter experts under this program.
Pesticide Resistance in Time and Space

Within the evolutionarily insignificant period of just 65 years, beginning when the first case of resistance to a pesticide was reported (Melander, 1914), the phenomenon of resistance has proliferated exponentially so as to constitute today an indispensable consideration in nearly every pest control program.
Racial minorities in the 1980s

time—ten to fifteen years—it is unlikely that any of the changes that are conspicuous in such a short time will be incorporated into the cultural patterns of the society. Racial minorities thought the 1960s would do this—and for a brief time it ap peared that the country was to witness a basic break with the past in the area of racial problems. The racial events of the 1960s were startling in that they focused on attacks on business corporations, the schools, the building industry, unions, political par ties, and the like, and some gains were made. But the social and political strategies did not lead to the anticipated changes in so ciety—to a removal of structural barriers to attaining true equality of opportunity. That these strategies are not sufficient has become evident in the early 1970s. Racial minorities have looked to the fed