cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Perioperative hemodynamic heterogeneity of brain dead organ donors.

Brain death is accompanied by a loss of homeostatic mechanisms leading to physiologic changes which have been shown to be detrimental to donor organs prior to procurement [2,4]. The management of the brain dead organ donor (BDOD) is frequently left to transplant coordinators, often registered nurses, who follow standardized protocols for that management. The use of a standardized protocol assumes that these donors display homogeneity. To investigate this assumption, the anesthesiology fellows and faculty involved in multiorgan transplantation at the Baylor University Medical Center/UTSWMC conducted a study into the perioperative hemodynamics of the BDOD.
WIKIPEDIA AS DOMAIN KNOWLEDGE NETWORKS - Domain Extraction and Statistical Measurement

This paper investigates knowledge networks of specific domains extracted from Wikipedia and performs statistical measurements to selected domains. In particular, we first present an efficient method to extract a specific domain knowledge network from Wikipedia. We then extract four domain networks on, respectively, mathematics, physics, biology, and chemistry. We compare the mathematics domain network extracted from Wikipedia with MathWorld, the web’s most extensive mathematical resource created and maintained by professional mathematicians, and show that they are statistically similar to each other. This indicates that MathWorld and Wikipedia’s mathematics domain knowledge share a similar internal structure. Such information may be useful for investigating knowledge networks.
Tuberculous Peritonitis in a Patient Undergoing Chronic Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis (CAPD)

This report of tuberculous peritonitis in a CAPD patient is the eighth in the world's literature. A 54-year-old black woman presented with fever of recent onset and signs of an acute abdomen after ...
Abstract 18896: The Clinical Course of the Rare Disorder of Segmental Arterial Mediolysis Through Retrospective Review

Introduction: Segmental arterial mediolysis (SAM) is nonatherosclerotic and noninflammatory arteriopathy. It commonly affects the abdominal vasculature. There is uncertainty about its presentation,...
Ge-on-insulator lateral bipolar transistors

We report the first demonstration of thin-base symmetric lateral NPN bipolar transistors built on 8-inch Ge-on-insulator (Ge-OI) wafers. A Ge-OI device can achieve the same collector current as a Si-OI device but at ∼ 460 mV lower V BE due to the bandgap of Ge being 460 meV smaller than that of Si. Lower operation voltage should translate directly into lower power dissipation. CMOS-like process was used to fabricate lateral Ge-OI bipolar transistors. The measured collector and base currents are examined and compared with those of Si-OI and SiGe-OI devices to shed light on process-related device physics. The large observed base current at small V BE is attributed to recombination at the Ge/BOX interface in the emitter-base diode space-charge region.
Less to More Restrictive Settings: Policy and Planning Considerations

Determining educational placements for students with developmental disabilities can be a difficult, and sometimes contentious, task decisions that students’ individualized program planning teams must make. In this chapter we first examine the fundamental legal requirements that teams must follow when making placement decisions. Second, we examine litigation that has clarified team’s responsibilities in placement decisions, especially with respect to determining the least restrictive environment in which to educate a student. Third, we offer a decision-making model to guide IEP teams in making educationally meaningful and legally sound placement decisions for students with developmental disabilities.
Rolling resistance of a spherical pod on a granular bed

The motion of a spherical ball rolling without slipping or plowing on a granular bed is studied. We propose a definition of the rolling resistance force and torque, and carry out experiments with a basketball and medicine ball rolling on a bed of gravel to measure the corresponding rolling resistance coefficients. These experiments reveal, in good agreement with literature, coefficients that are velocity-independent, and show that little to no plowing of the spheres into the granular substrate occurs. This indicates a regime of motion distinctly different from those treated in previous works. A simplified model correctly predicts the velocity independence and suggests an inverse dependence of the rolling resistance coefficient on the reduced inertia of the ball. These predictions match the experimentally observed behavior. Numerical simulations based on soft-sphere DEM shed more light on the mechanics of energy dissipation that occur in this no-plowing regime, and reveal a mass dependency that is not captured by the model. Our results provide insight into an unstudied regime of motion, and are of interest to the mission design of spacecraft to explore the surfaces of asteroids and comets.
Understanding public perceptions of wood-based electricity production in Wisconsin, United States: the place-based dynamics of social representations

ABSTRACTPublic support is critical to renewable energy sector growth, an important element of reducing fossil fuel dependence and mitigating climate change. Prevalent understandings of public support for renewable energy projects often work within a binary framework of acceptance and non-acceptance, arguably unable to capture the nuances of localized public responses to specific projects. Taking a place-based approach and insights from social representation theory, we report on public responses to wood-based electricity production in Wisconsin, USA. Findings indicate that public responses are tied to social and cultural contexts, varying in relation to community histories and identities shaped by other community resources. These results suggest that public perceptions of renewable energy technologies are shaped by representations formed in socio-spatial context, offering insight to inform future decisions in the renewable energy policy process.
Fibroblasts become fat to reduce scarring

Following cutaneous injury in adult mammals, one of two outcomes can occur: successful healing with scar formation or nonsuccessful healing and a chronic wound. In humans, scar formation can be classified in terms of “normal scar” formation versus pathologically increased fibrosis, as seen in hypertrophic scarring and keloids ( 1 ). Although scarring does not look or function like surrounding unwounded skin, it allows one to survive injury (and hence, procreate). However, extensive scarring from burns and conditions such as scleroderma or epidermolysis bulosa are not only unsightly but also contribute to substantial morbidity owing to loss of functionality in affected tissues and limbs. In the United States alone, there are greater than 50 million incisions and lacerations each year, all of which heal with some degree of scarring ( 2 ). Thus, scarring represents an enormous and growing medical burden in our aging population. On page 748 of this issue, Plikus et al. ( 3 ) demonstrate that scarring could be mitigated by controlling fibroblast plasticity. This has very exciting translational implications for treating scar formation during wound repair.
Quantifying intracellular rates of glycolytic and oxidative ATP production and consumption using extracellular flux measurements

Partitioning of ATP generation between glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation is central to cellular bioenergetics but cumbersome to measure. We describe here how rates of ATP generation by each pathway can be calculated from simultaneous measurements of extracellular acidification and oxygen consumption. We update theoretical maximum ATP yields by mitochondria and cells catabolizing different substrates. Mitochondrial P/O ratios (mol of ATP generated per mol of [O] consumed) are 2.73 for oxidation of pyruvate plus malate and 1.64 for oxidation of succinate. Complete oxidation of glucose by cells yields up to 33.45 ATP/glucose with a maximum P/O of 2.79. We introduce novel indices to quantify bioenergetic phenotypes. The glycolytic index reports the proportion of ATP production from glycolysis and identifies cells as primarily glycolytic (glycolytic index > 50%) or primarily oxidative. The Warburg effect is a chronic increase in glycolytic index, quantified by the Warburg index. Additional indices quantify the acute flexibility of ATP supply. The Crabtree index and Pasteur index quantify the responses of oxidative and glycolytic ATP production to alterations in glycolysis and oxidative reactions, respectively; the supply flexibility index quantifies overall flexibility of ATP supply; and the bioenergetic capacity quantifies the maximum rate of total ATP production. We illustrate the determination of these indices using C2C12 myoblasts. Measurement of ATP use revealed no significant preference for glycolytic or oxidative ATP by specific ATP consumers. Overall, we demonstrate how extracellular fluxes quantitatively reflect intracellular ATP turnover and cellular bioenergetics. We provide a simple spreadsheet to calculate glycolytic and oxidative ATP production rates from raw extracellular acidification and respiration data.
Design and validation of a multi-axis robotic platform for the characterization of ankle neuromechanics

This paper presents a novel multi-axis robotic platform for the characterization of two important neuromuscular properties of the human ankle: mechanical impedance and reflex responses. The platform is capable of producing highly accurate position perturbations up to an angular speed of 200°/s and emulating a wide range of haptic environments in two degree-of-freedom (DOF) of the ankle: dorsiflexion-plantarflexion (in the sagittal plane) and inversion-eversion (in the frontal plane). This unique feature allows us to seamlessly simulate realistic mechanical environments and to transiently perturb the ankle for the characterization of its neuromuscular properties. The position controller achieved the accuracy of 0.05° even under the loading condition (a subject of 95 kg standing on the platform). The haptic controller could successfully emulate a wide range of mechanical environments, from compliant to rigid (50–1000 Nm/rad), with an error of 2% of the commanded values. We further validated that the proposed platform could reliably estimate the stiffness of a mockup (17.8–171.0 Nm/rad) that resembles the human ankle within an error of 1.6%. Finally we demonstrated that the platform could be successfully utilized to elicit medium-latency and long-latency reflex responses of the ankle muscles. Implications for future ankle studies are discussed.
Hydrosilylation of Aldehydes and Formates Using a Dimeric Manganese Precatalyst

The formally zero-valent Mn dimer [(Ph2PEtPDI)Mn]2 has been synthesized upon reducing (Ph2PEtPDI)MnCl2 with excess Na/Hg. Single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis has revealed that [(Ph2PEtPDI)Mn]2 possesses a κ4-PDI chelate about each Mn center, as well as η2-imine coordination across the dimer. The chelate metrical parameters suggest single electron PDI reduction and EPR spectroscopic analysis afforded a signal consistent with two weakly interacting S = 1/2 Mn centers. At ambient temperature in the absence of solvent, [(Ph2PEtPDI)Mn]2 has been found to catalyze the hydrosilylation of aldehydes at loadings as low as 0.005 mol % (0.01 mol % relative to Mn) with a maximum turnover frequency of 9,900 min–1 (4,950 min–1 per Mn). Moreover, the [(Ph2PEtPDI)Mn]2-catalyzed dihydrosilylation of formates has been found to proceed with turnover frequencies of up to 330 min–1 (165 min–1 relative to Mn). These metrics are comparable to those described for the leading Mn catalyst for this transformation, the propylen...
Pepsins and Pepsinogens

Early in the nineteenth century, proteins as a class of substances present in animal and vegetable tissues were distinguished from fats and carbohydrates by the fact that they coagulated when heated. At approximately the same time, the ability of gastric juice to dissolve coagulated proteins was found to be the result of the presence of a ferment called pepsin. The history of the knowledge of peptic digestion of proteins in the nineteenth century is the history, first, of the gradual development of understanding of the composition and structure of proteins and, second, of the less complete development of the understanding of the nature of the action of pepsin as a proteolytic enzyme.
Surgical Treatment of Adolescent Breast Disorders: Institutional Experience and National Trends.

Abstract Study Objective Adolescent breast disorders are rare and typically benign in nature; however, surgical treatments might require multiple surgeries. Because of the limited existing data, we sought to evaluate national trends and describe our institutional experience to help guide patient conversations. Design Retrospective review. Setting National database and academic institution. Participants Patients 20 years old or younger who underwent a breast procedure in the Kids' Inpatient Database from January 2000 to December 2012 and at Mayo Clinic-Rochester from January 2000 to July 2016. Conditions were categorized into common and complex breast disorders. Interventions None. Main Outcome Measures To assess any trend of adolescent breast procedures across the United States as a whole, weighted Kids' Inpatient Database data were assessed using a Rao-Scott χ2 test. Within the institutional data, the average number of procedures needed to correct common vs complex breast disorders were compared using an unequal variance t test. Results In recent years, the estimated number of hospitalizations for breast procedures decreased in the United States from 1661 in 2000 to 1078 in 2012 (P Conclusion Inpatient treatment of adolescent breast disorders has been decreasing in recent years, likely reflecting a trend to outpatient procedures. Common adolescent breast disorders might be surgically corrected with 1 procedure, whereas complex disorders often require multiple surgeries to correct. It is important to discuss this with patients and their families to adequately set up expectations.
Integrated Regulation of Growth and of Function

In vivo studies have shown that thyrotropin regulates thyroid growth and function. How TSH is able to exert these dramatic effects is not clear. The last decade has seen such refinements in cell culture systems that this question can finally be addressed. The major advance in cell culture technology has been the removal of serum from the culture medium of primary cultures of thyroid cells released from tissues. Serum can be replaced by a cocktail of hormones and other factors which have been determined empirically to be essential for the maintenance of most cells in culture.1 This chemically-defined medium permits researchers to add hormones both individually and in combination to examine direct, cooperative, and indirect interactions between them. Another unanticipated benefit from serum-free culture of thyroid cells has been that thyroid cell conditioned medium has been found to contain several proteins of potential biological importance.2–5 This finding has opened up a new area examining potential endocrine functions other than thyroid hormone production for the thyroid. Alternatively, these newly discovered products could be for autocrine or paracrine use. In this brief review we shall discuss the direct ways in which TSH is thought to regulate thyroid growth and function and how TSH interacts with other hormones and growth factors to influence these parameters. We shall examine the intracellular pathways thought to be activated by TSH, growth factors and by agents known to be capable of discretely activating second messengers of some partially defined intracellular pathways. We shall use as a model system data we have obtained with the sheep thyroid cell culture system. This culture system differs from FRTL5, dog and human thyroid cells in culture because cells reorganize to form 3D follicles6 and synthesize and secrete physiologic quantities of thyroid hormones.7
Just Representations: Using Critical Pedagogy in Art Museums to Foster Student Belonging

Every week, high school students in Cambridge, Massachusetts, walk across the street to the Harvard Art Museums to participate in a partnership program led by Harvard University graduate students. ...
“Did Those Portly Men Over There Once Rush This Position?”: Virtual Dark Tourism and D-Day Commemorations

Virtual dark tourism played a central role in American D-Day commemoration in the quarter-century following World War II. Dwight Eisenhower, writer Cornelius Ryan, and filmmaker Darryl Zanuck served as virtual tour guides of D-Day battle sites, familiarizing the public with the Normandy landscape and defining its role in the war. While these dark tours defined D-Day’s bloody history in heroic terms, Vietnam and the Cold War cast a gloomy shadow over the twenty-fifth anniversary. Eisenhower’s death prompted a struggle between Ryan and Zanuck over which would inherit the admired general’s mantle. Despite fears that popular conceptions of World War II as the “Good War” were being abandoned, the contested twenty-fifth anniversary was an anomaly, and earlier beliefs were revived with Reagan’s New Patriotism in the 1980s.
Multiresonant Optical Response in Quasi-3D Multilayer Metal-Insulator-Metal Plasmonic Nanostructures

Quasi-3D multilayer Metal-Insulator-Metal (MIM) nanostructures sitting on dielectric nanopillar arrays show unique multiresonant optical response both in far-field and near-field.
Phase I Trial of Brentuximab Vedotin for Steroid-Refractory Chronic Graft-versus-Host Disease after Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation

Abstract We conducted a phase I study of brentuximab vedotin (BV), an antibody–drug conjugate targeting CD30, for the treatment of steroid-refractory chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD). A modified 3 + 3 study design was used with the primary endpoint to determine the maximum tolerated dose of BV in this population. Escalating doses of BV were planned, starting with .6 mg/kg every 3 weeks (dose level 0) and increasing by .3 mg/kg per dose level. BV was administered in 21-day cycles for up to 16 cycles of therapy. Nineteen patients were enrolled on the study, with 2 withdrawing consent before dosing. The median number of cycles of therapy was 4 (range, 1 to 16). Reasons for stopping therapy prematurely included toxicities (n = 9), patient decision (n = 3), lack of response (n = 2), and death (n = 1). There were 2 dose-limiting toxicities observed: posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (cohort 4, grade 3) and sepsis (cohort 4, grade 4). The maximum tolerated dose was not reached because the trial was prematurely closed due to toxicity. Seven patients (41%) developed grade 3 or 4 adverse events that were attributed to therapy, including 4 patients who developed moderate or severe peripheral neuropathy that led to cessation of treatment in each case. According to National Institutes of Health cGVHD response criteria, 8 patients (47%) experienced a partial response, whereas 9 patients (53%) had a lack of response. There were no complete responses observed. Eleven patients (65%) were able to decrease their systemic corticosteroid dose by ≥50% by 6 months after initiation of BV, including 3 patients who were able to stop corticosteroids completely. The median soluble CD30 level before therapy was 61.5 ng/mL (range, 7.8 to 474.9); however, we did not observe any association between soluble CD30 level and cGVHD severity at enrollment or clinical responses to BV. In conclusion, BV may have activity in treatment of steroid-refractory cGVHD, yet its use is limited by treatment-emergent toxicities, including peripheral neuropathy. Continued efforts to investigate targeted approaches to cGVHD that do not cause broad immunosuppression are needed.
3D-specific absorption rate estimation from high-intensity focused ultrasound sonications using the Green's function heat kernel.

PURPOSE To evaluate a numerical inverse Green's function method for deriving specific absorption rates (SARs) from high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) sonications using tissue parameters (thermal conductivity, specific heat capacity, and mass density) and three-dimensional (3D) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) temperature measurements. METHODS SAR estimates were evaluated using simulations and MR temperature measurements from HIFU sonications. For simulations, a "true" SAR was calculated using the hybrid angular spectrum method for ultrasound simulations. This "true" SAR was plugged into a Pennes bioheat transfer equation (PBTE) solver to provide simulated temperature maps, which were then used to calculate the SAR estimate using the presented method. Zero mean Gaussian noise, corresponding to temperature precisions between 0.1 and 2.0°C, was added to the temperature maps to simulate a variety of in vivo situations. Experimental MR temperature maps from HIFU sonications in a gelatin phantom monitored with a 3D segmented echo planar imaging MRI pulse sequence were also used. To determine the accuracy of the simulated and phantom data, we reconstructed temperature maps by plugging in the estimated SAR to the PBTE solver. In both simulations and phantom experiments, the presented method was compared to two previously published methods of determining SAR, a linear and an analytical method. The presented numerical method utilized the full 3D data simultaneously, while the two previously published methods work on a slice-by-slice basis. RESULTS In the absence of noise, SAR distribution estimates obtained from the simulated heating profiles match closely (within 10%) to the initial true SAR distribution. The resulting temperature distributions also match closely to the corresponding initial temperature distributions (<0.2°C RMSE). In the presence of temperature measurement noise, the SAR distributions have noise amplified by the inverse convolution process, while the resulting temperature distributions still match closely to the initial "true" temperature distributions. In general, temperature RMSE was observed to be approximately 20-30% higher than the level of the added noise. By contrast, the previously published linear method is less sensitive to noise, but significantly underpredicts the SAR. The analytic method is also less sensitive to noise and matches SAR in the central plane, but greatly underpredicts in the longitudinal direction. Similar observations are made from the phantom studies. The described numerical inverse Green's function method is very fast - at least two orders of magnitude faster than the compared methods. CONCLUSION The presented numerical inverse Green's function method is computationally fast and generates temperature maps with high accuracy. This is true despite generally overestimating the true SAR and amplifying the input noise.
Intentional Sub-communities and Identity Continuity Among Baby Boomers: Grateful Dead Fans

In this chapter, we discuss intentional communities and their role in maintaining identity continuity and facilitating successful aging. An intentional community is a planned residential community designed from the start to have a high degree of social cohesion and teamwork. According to contemporary theory, successful aging is achieved when older adults maintain as much continuity as possible. To compensate for age-related changes, they modify their behaviors and environments, optimize their resources, and focus on selected priorities, such as living in a community with like-minded people. Some baby boomers are discussing one type of intentional community as a potential retirement option—a community organized around lifestyle preferences such as musical taste. We examine the potential for the development of such lifestyle communities organized around shared musical taste by focusing on the aging fans of one band, the Grateful Dead. Although we argue that having a Deadhead identity alone is not likely to be an adequate basis for an intentional residential community to support successful aging, we do see potential for the formation of such communities among smaller, more homogeneous, and tightly-knit sub-groups of Deadheads. It is thus possible that the potential exists in other fan bases as well.
Rapid Techniques for Measuring and Modeling Turbulent Flows in Complex Geometries

ABSTRACT An approach to measure and model turbulent flows in complex configurations is presented. It is based on the synergistic use of two novel techniques: the experiments are based on magnetic resonance velocimetry, which allows the collection of a large three-dimensional volume of three-component velocity measurements in a short period of time. The numerical predictions are based on the immersed boundary technique that enables simulations to be carried out on Cartesian grids even for realistic, industrial configurations. Computer models of realistic geometries are used without modification in the simulations, and they are accurately reproduced for the experiments using rapid prototyping manufacturing. These two techniques enable analysis of flow systems in great detail by quickly providing a wealth of experimental and numerical data. Moreover, direct comparison between these datasets gives indications of the uncertainties in the data from both methods. Results are presented for the flow in a pipe and in a rib-roughened serpentine. In addition, preliminary measurements and simulations of the flow around a coral reef are included.
Comparison of tractography-assisted to atlas-based targeting for deep brain stimulation in essential tremor.

BACKGROUND Direct targeting of the dentato-rubro-thalamic tract is efficacious in DBS for tremor suppression. OBJECTIVES We sought to compare outcomes and optimal stimulation parameters for tremor control using the technique of directly targeting the dentato-rubro-thalamic tract to those who underwent indirect targeting of the ventral intermediate nucleus thalamus. METHODS Twenty consecutive essential tremor patients obtained preoperative diffusion MRIs, where the dentato-rubro-thalamic tract was individually drawn and used to directly target the ventral intermediate nucleus of the thalamus during surgery. These patients were compared to an earlier cohort of 20 consecutive patients who underwent surgery using atlas-based coordinates. Baseline and 1-year postsurgery tremor amplitude using The Essential Tremor Rating Assessment Scale was recorded, as were the parameters needed for successful tremor control. RESULTS The indirectly targeted group had greater baseline and postop tremor severity relative to those directly targeted (baseline, 2.9 vs. 2.6; P = 0.02; postop, 1.1 vs. 0.8; P = 0.03). Mean voltage, pulse width, and frequency for optimal tremor control in the directly targeted group (38 electrodes) = 2.8 V, 80 μs, 153 Hz; the parameters for the indirectly targeted group (38 electrodes) = 2.9 V, 86 µs, 179 Hz (significantly greater, P < 0.001). Both groups had significant improvement in arm tremor amplitude from baseline (P < 0.001) without sustained side effects. CONCLUSION Direct targeting of the dentato-rubro-thalamic tract provides excellent tremor control, comparable to indirectly targeting the ventral intermediate nucleus of the thalamus. Use of lower stimulation parameters, especially frequency, to control tremor in the directly targeted group suggests that it is a more efficient targeting methodology, which may minimize battery depletion. © 2018 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
Noradrenergic modulation determines respiratory network activity during temperature changes in the in vitro brainstem of bullfrogs.

Abstract Among vertebrate ectotherms, air breathing frequency is generally constrained across warmer temperatures, but decreases during cooling. The brainstem mechanisms that give rise to this ventilatory strategy are unclear. Neuromodulation has recently been shown to stabilize motor circuit output across temperatures. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that an important neuromodulatory system in respiratory control network, norepinephrine, produces this pattern of respiratory motor activity across temperatures. To this end, we used in vitro brainstem-spinal cord preparations from adult bullfrogs, Lithobates catesbeianus, to assess the role of noradrenergic signaling in shaping the frequency response of the respiratory network during temperature changes. We identified that noradrenergic signaling through the α1 adrenergic receptor constrains motor output from the respiratory network across warm temperatures. In contrast, the α2 adrenergic receptor actively inhibits respiratory motor output during cooling. These results indicate that noradrenergic tuning, rather than passive thermal responses, produces temperature responses of the respiratory circuits.
Analysis of Factors Influencing Accuracy of Volume Flow Measurement in Dialysis Access Fistulas Based on Duplex Ultrasound Simulation.

Objective:We developed a duplex ultrasound simulator and used it to assess accuracy of volume flow measurements in dialysis access fistula (DAF) models.Methods:The simulator consists of a mannequin...
Argon metastable and resonant level densities in Ar and Ar/Cl2 discharges used for the processing of bulk niobium

A comparative analysis of two popular spectroscopy techniques is conducted in a coaxial cylindrical capacitively coupled discharge designed for the plasma processing of superconducting radio frequency (SRF) cavities. The density of the metastable and resonant levels in Ar is measured in both Ar and Ar/Cl 2 discharges to properly characterize the unique discharge system and aid in the development of a cavity etching routine. The first method, deemed the “branching fraction method,” utilizes the sensitivity of photon reabsorption of radiative decay to measure the lower state (metastable and resonant) densities by taking ratios of spectral lines with a common upper level. This method has been gaining popularity as it does not require any a priori knowledge about the electron energy distribution. The second method is a tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy technique that measures the thermal Doppler broadening of spectral lines, from which the neutral gas temperature and lower state density of the transition can be evaluated. The two methods were conducted in tandem, while external parameters that were empirically determined to be important to the etching mechanism of SRF cavities are varied. Relationships between the excited state densities and the external parameters are presented for both spectroscopy methods and conclusions about the effects of these parameters on the discharge are stated when appropriate.
Case 4: Eye Droopiness in a 4-year-old Girl

1. Rachel A. Scott* 2. Sheebu V. Chacko, MD† 3. Shabana Yusuf, MD, MEd† 1. *Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 2. †Division of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX A 4-year-old girl with sickle cell trait presented to the emergency department (ED) with an 11-day history of redness, swelling, and droopiness of the right eye. The pediatrician initially diagnosed the child as having periorbital cellulitis, prescribed amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, and referred her to an ophthalmologist. On ophthalmologic evaluation she was found to have mild upper lid proptosis; funduscopic examination findings were normal. A maxillofacial computed tomographic (CT) scan showed normal extraocular muscles and optic nerve, with minimal subcutaneous soft tissue swelling along the right eyelid and intra-orbital fat bilaterally consistent with preseptal cellulitis. On presentation to the ED, she had completed 7 days of antibiotic drug treatment. She had normal findings on physical examination, with no ptosis, anisocoria, afferent pupillary defect, or neurologic deficit and was discharged, with outpatient neurology follow-up the following day. At that time, she was noted to have right eye ptosis with down and out position concerning for right third nerve palsy, left eye ptosis, and left eye adduction abnormality. This examination shifted on repeated evaluation in the ED, where she had right-sided ptosis and right third cranial nerve palsy but her left ocular examination findings were normal. Her white blood cell count was 6,200/μL (6.2×109/L), hemoglobin level was 11.5 g/dL (115 g/L), and platelet count was 358×103/μL (358×109/L). Her hemoglobin electrophoresis showed 35% hemoglobin S. Results of thyroid studies were normal. Findings from magnetic resonance imaging of the brain and magnetic resonance angiography of the head and neck were normal. The differential diagnosis of ptosis with pupil-sparing third cranial nerve palsy is broad and includes ocular …
Directional behaviour of the power radiated by a dipole in a magnetoplasma

In the previous chapter we have seen how to calculate the far field of an antenna located in a homogeneous magnetoplasma by using the method of steepest descent. In this chapter we shall employ the results to study the directional behaviour of the radiated power. We shall plot diagrams to show how the radiated power density varies with the direction of group propagation. In addition, we shall calculate the radiation resistance of the antenna.
Heterogeneous Benefits of Virus Screening for Grapevines in California

The economic losses due to grapevine leafroll-associated virus 3 (GLRaV-3) are substantial and vary significantly across California grape regions. We expand a published economic model designed to estimate the losses associated with GLRaV-3 to accommodate the varied production and market conditions that prevail across these regions. This expanded model provides the basis for assessing the value of screening grapevines for GLRaV-3 across the heterogeneous production conditions that prevail in California, which may have important distributional effects in the industry with implications for producers, consumers, and other stakeholders. We estimate that the total potential value of virus screening statewide is roughly $90 million per year, or 1.6% of the estimated $5.5 billion annual value of production of the California grape industry. Nearly 80% of this accrues to regions outside the high-value North Coast winegrape region. The value of screening varies by region and grape type and according to disease management practices, with the highest value accruing to table grapes in the South Central Valley region and white wine grapes in the Central Coast region. We estimate that growers could pay between $3 and $12 per vine for virus screening at establishment, which is higher than the current market price of most vines, and still break even. If nurseries providing screened vines continue to capture only a fraction of this value through higher vine prices, the vast majority will accrue to growers and, ultimately, to consumers through lower retail prices for grapes and wine. The substantial investments in screening capacity in both the private and public sector will likely generate benefits for years to come.
The Study of Ancient and Medieval Military History: Benefits for professional military education

There is broad agreement that the study of military history is an essential component of professional education for military officers. Although many successful modern commanders, including Napoleon and MacArthur, advocated extending their reading back to ancient times, Clausewitz wrote: “The further back one goes, the less useful mil- itary history becomes.” This essay argues, to the contrary, that officers have much to gain by including pre-modern warfare in their studies. A larger and more diverse data-set of examples and case studies allows for more reliable generalization, gives more opportunities for inspiration, and helps guard against the tempting but unwise assumptions that the next war will be similar to the last one, and the equally tempting and equally unwise presumption that material strength alone will ensure vic- tory. Moreover, historians of ancient and medieval warfare, like officers exercising their core professional responsibility in combat, must grapple with scanty and conflicting evidence. Pre-modern history, like war, is a realm of uncertainty; many of the “facts” can only be known as proba- bilities. The best preparation for seeing through the fog of war, therefore, may be the exercise of peering through the mists of time.
Association between alanine aminotransferase within the normal range and all-cause and cause-specific mortality: A nationwide cohort study.

BACKGROUND AND AIM We sought to determine the association between alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in the normal range and mortality in the absence of liver dysfunction to better understand ALT's clinical significance beyond liver injury and inflammation. METHODS A cohort of 2,708 male and 3,461 female adults aged 20-75 years without liver dysfunction (ALT<30 in males & <19 in females, negative viral serologies, negative ultrasound-based steatosis, no excess alcohol consumption) from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES)-III (1988-1994) were linked to the National Death Index through December 31, 2015. Serum ALT levels were categorized into sex-specific quartiles (Females: <9, 9-11, 11-14, ≥14 IU/L, Male: <12, 12-15, 15-20, ≥20 U/L). The primary outcome was all-cause mortality. Hazard ratios (HRs) were estimated, adjusting for covariates and accounting for the complex survey design. RESULTS Relative to males in the lowest quartile (Q1), males in the highest quartile (Q4) had 44% decreased risk of all-cause mortality (aHR [95% CI]: 0.56 [0.42, 0.74]). Females in Q4 had 45% decreased risk of all-cause mortality (aHR [95% CI]: 0.55 [0.40, 0.77]). Males with BMI <25 kg/m2 in Q4 had significantly lower risk of all-cause mortality than Q1; however, this association did not exist in males with BMI ≥25 (BMI<25: 0.36 [0.20, 0.64], BMI≥25: 0.77 [0.49, 1.22]). Risk of all-cause mortality was lower in males ≥50 years than in males<50 (age≥50: 0.55 [0.39, 0.77], age<50: 0.81 [0.39, 1.69]). These age- and BMI-related differences were not seen in females. CONCLUSION ALT within the normal range was inversely associated with all-cause mortality in U.S. adults.
"Would You Rather Jump Out of a Perfectly Good Airplane or Develop Cardiovascular Disease?" Validity and Reliability of the Cardiovascular Risk Perception Survey Among Military Personnel.

Background and purpose Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a major cause of death in the United States. The military are viewed as fit, ready to fight and that jumping out of perfectly good airplane or going to war is a greater risk than CVD. The purpose of this study was to determine reliability and validity of the Cardiovascular Risk Perception Survey (CRPS). Methods A cross-sectional descriptive design was performed, supported by the Health Belief Model. Internal consistency reliability (Cronbach's alpha) and validity (principal component analysis) were examined. Results Fifty-five participants were included in this study. Construct validity of the CRPS was supported by principal component analysis; indicating one scale that measured cardiovascular risk perception. The Cronbach's alpha is reported .865. Conclusion Initial psychometric testing of the CRPS provides evidence for construct validity and internal consistency reliability.
Immediate Postoperative Insulin Requirements May Predict Metabolic Outcome after Total Pancreatectomy and Islet Autotransplantation.

Chronic pancreatitis (CP) is a progressive disease that leads to eventual loss of endocrine and exocrine function. Total pancreatectomy and islet autotransplantation (TPIAT) is a treatment option for patients with CP; however, predicting postoperative metabolic outcomes remains elusive. In this single-center retrospective study, we report pre-TPIAT characteristics, beta cell function indices, islet yield, and post-TPIAT glucose management data to further understand their relationship. Islet yield, glucose level, and insulin requirement for 72 hours postoperatively were collected for a total of 13 TPIAT recipients between 9-2013 and 9-2018. In addition, their glucose control and basal insulin requirements at 3, 6, and 12 months post-TPIAT were analyzed. All 13 subjects had normal baseline fasting glucose levels. Median islet yield was 4882 IEq/kg (interquartile range 3412 to 8987). Median postoperative total insulin requirement on day 3 was 0.43 units/kg. Pre-TPIAT baseline glucose, insulin, or c-peptide level did not have a significant correlation with the islet yield. Similarly, there was no correlation between islet yield and insulin requirement at 72-hour postoperatively. However, there was an inverse correlation between the absolute islet yield (IEq) and insulin requirement at 6 months and 12 months following post-TPIAT. Further analysis of the relationship between 72-hour post-op insulin requirement and insulin requirement at discharge, 3, 6, and 12 months showed a positive correlation. Despite the finding of inverse correlation of islet yield with long-term basal insulin requirement, this study was not able to detect a correlation between the preoperative parameters to postoperative short-term or long-term outcome as noted in other studies. The 72-hour postoperative insulin requirement is a helpful postoperative predictor of patients needing long-term insulin management following TPIAT. This observation may identify a high-risk group of patients in need of more intensive diabetes education and insulin treatment prior to hospital discharge.
Diverse and competing interests around tobacco: qualitative analysis of two decades of parliamentary questions in India.

Introduction India continues to enhance tobacco control regulations protecting the public health while housing a widespread tobacco industry. This implies complexities in regulating tobacco. As part of a broader inquiry on the political economy of tobacco, we aimed to understand the concerns of Indian parliamentarians around tobacco. Methods We sourced transcripts of tobacco-related questions asked by parliamentarians between the years 1999 and 2019 from the electronic archives of both the houses of Indian parliament. We analysed the frequency of questions during different regimens, segregated by the states and the political parties that parliamentarians belonged to, as well as by the government ministries to which these questions were posed. We also conducted thematic content analysis of these questions, identifying specific themes defining parliamentarians’ concerns. Results 729 unique parliamentarians asked 1315 questions about tobacco, conveying varied concerns related to health, commerce, labour and agriculture sectors. Over time, the focus of the questions shifted from majorly trade to majorly health-related concerns. We show how the tobacco regulations in India are multi-institutional and are a result of negotiations of several legitimate and competing, interests. We found important state-level differences in the number and nature of these questions. Conclusion Parliamentary questions constitute a useful resource in studying tobacco politics. Tobacco regulations are a product of complex negotiation of varied and competing concerns. We identify core arguments in favour and against tobacco control that would help tobacco control advocates and agencies to better prepare and engage with diverse political voices around tobacco.
Prognosis of Distant Metastatic Sites in Anterior Skull Base Malignancies

Objective This study aimed to provide information regarding the prognosis of patients presenting with metastatic anterior skull base malignancies based upon histology and site of distant metastasis (DM). Patients and Methods The National Cancer Database was queried for patients with anterior skull base malignant neoplasms with DM. Outcomes Prognosis was compared between site of DM and tumor histologies. A multivariable Cox proportional hazards model was used to identify prognostic factors for overall survival (OS). Results A total of 481 patients were identified. Lung was the most common site of DM (24.9%), followed by bone (22.2%), liver (5.6%), and brain (2.5%). Lung was the most common site for squamous cell carcinoma (SCCa) (28.3%), melanoma (37.7%), and adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC; 31.4%). The median survival for patients presenting with metastatic disease regardless of tumor histology was 9.0 months (95% confidence interval [CI]: 8.2–10.3), and patients with metastasis to the liver had the best median survival at 15.5 months (95% CI: 10.5–25.6). The median survivals for the most common histologies, SCCa, melanoma, and ACC were 8.2 months (95% CI: 5.5–10.2), 10.5 months (95% CI: 8.7–14.1), and 15.0 months (95% CI: 11.1–61.1), respectively. Multivariable analysis demonstrated worse overall survival (OS) for older patients, higher Charlson-Deyo comorbidity scores, and tumors with higher grade and T stage. Compared with metastasis to bone, lung metastasis had better OS on multivariable analysis (hazard ratio [HR]: 0.70, 95% CI: 0.51–97). Adenoid cystic carcinoma had improved OS compared with SCCa (HR: 0.62, 95% CI: 0.39–99). Conclusion Tumor histology, metastatic sites, and several disease factors affected prognosis in anterior skull base malignancies with DM.
Absorption in exoplanet atmospheres: Combining experimental and theoretical databases to facilitate calculations of the molecular opacities of water

Abstract We developed a method to reduce large theoretical molecular rovibrational line lists to significantly shorter lists that capture both the morphology of the spectrum and the total opacity. Water is used as a test case: the routines are demonstrated using the state-of-the-art POKAZATEL (H2O, 5.7 billion transitions) and VTT (HDO, 700 million transitions) databases. We validate the methods, and, using only 2.3 million transitions, we reproduce spectra from the full databases over the entire wavelength domain, at all resolutions, and in a fraction of the computational time that would be required were the full line lists used. As the variational line lists are applicable to much higher temperatures than commonly used experimentally-based databases, realistic simulations of high-temperature exoplanet atmospheres are possible. The approach is specifically developed to be applied in radiative transfer studies where larger line lists would result in prohibitively large calculation times. In addition to the light line lists, we collected collisional-broadening parameters of water in H2, He, CO2, and self-broadened, from several literature sources, and produced rotational quantum number dependent broadening tables, which can be used in combination with the line list to produce pressure broadened spectra for different atmospheres. The light line lists, in combination with the broadening parameters, allows the calculation of full Voigt line shapes in line-by-line, layer-by-layer calculations of radiative transfer models on personal computers. We demonstrate the new line lists in: 1) James Webb Space Telescope and Large UV/Optical/IR Surveyor simulations to detect HDO in an oxygen dominated atmosphere on Trappist-1 b and 2) simulated high-resolution emission spectra from HD 189733 b, constraining the water detectability using the cross-correlation method.
“The King of the Klondike”: Don Rosa and (Re)envisioning the Frontier

Don Rosa grew up reading Barks’s classic Duck comics, and would eventually follow in his idol’s footsteps after a lifetime in the fan community. Don Rosa’s work, particularly The Life and Times of Scrooge McDuck, helped to introduce a new audience to the Duck universe and, by extension, Barks’s decades of work, while weaving in elements of the work of the European fan community. Rosa created a wholly new entry into a self-contained universe (and fan community) that functions as a significant work of fan writing. Moreover, Rosa presages the modern fan-creator; he had connections with other fans, saw writing for his favorite characters as an end goal rather than a career, and has maintained an effective internet presence throughout his career.