cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Unprotected Sex Among Youth Living with HIV Before and After the Advent Of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy

Since the advent of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in 1996 the incidence of HIV--especially among young men who have sex with men--and the prevalence of unprotected sex among HIV-positive persons have increased. The characteristics associated with unprotected sex among youth living with HIV since the advent of HAART have not been explored. Samples of HIV-positive youth aged 13--24 were taken from two intervention studies that targeted the sexual behaviors of HIV-positive youth--one from 1994 to 1996 (pre-HAART) and the other from 1999 to 2000 (post-HAART). Generalized estimating equations were used to identify characteristics associated with unprotected sex in each sample. The prevalence of unprotected sex in the post-HAART sample was more than twice that in the pre-HAART sample (62% vs. 25%). Among the pre-HAART sample being a man who has sex with men and having sex with a casual partner were negatively associated with the odds of unprotected intercourse (odds ratios 0.5 and 0.2 respectively). Among the post-HAART sample unprotected sex was negatively associated with knowing that a partner was HIV-negative (0.2) and positively associated with poorer mental health (1.02). In analyses among the post-HAART sample poorer mental health was associated with increased odds of unprotected sex among youth living with HIV who were not receiving the treatment (1.02). Interventions for HIV-positive youth must be designed to address the complex needs of those youth who simultaneously suffer from HIV and poor mental health. (authors)
Multivariate determinants of radiocurability I: Prediction of single fraction tumor control doses

Abstract Purpose: The relationship between various laboratory determinants of radiocurability considered alone and in combination, and the observed 50% tumor control dose, has been examined in rodent and xenografted human tumors. Methods and Materials: The single fraction 50% tumor control dose (TCD 50 ) under normal and clamp hypoxic conditions, 50% tumor cell transplant dose (Td 50 ), and in vitro estimated tumor cell radiosensitivity parameters, were determined in each of six tumor types (four isografted murine and two xenografted human tumors). Subcutaneous transplant sites and identical or similar tumor generations were used for both the (Td 50 ), and (TCD 50 ) studies. Radiosensitivity parameters were obtained using the clonogenic assay, after allowing cells to enter the active growth phase to recover from trypsin induced alterations of cell radiosensitivity. Both control and irradiated cells were multiplicity corrected. Results: No single parameter (InTd 50 , hypoxic fraction, or intrinsic radiosensitivity) correlated with the observed tumor control doses under aerobic or hypoxic conditions. However, when considered in combination, clonogenic fraction (estimated by (Td 50 ), and intrinsic radiosensitivity, predicted the rank-order of tumor control doses with a significant degree of accuracy, and tumor hypoxia influenced the value of the control dose. All parameters were demonstrated to be significant determinants of radiocurability, with substantial tumor to tumor variation in the relative importance of each. For the six tumor types, the combined laboratory determinants predicted 50% tumor control doses which differed from the observed TCD 50 s by an average of approximately 9 Gy under hypoxic conditions. Conclusion: The results obtained demonstrate: (a) the necessity of simultaneously considering all determinants of radiocurability if the role of a single determinant is to be assessed; (b) laboratory determinants may accurately predict tumor radiocurability.
Collaboration, product innovation, and sales: an empirical study of Chinese firms

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the role that collaborations, both foreign and domestic, play on product innovation, sales mix, and sales revenue for Chinese firms. Both statistical correlations and marginal (economic) effects of collaborations feature in the analysis. Design/methodology/approach – This study includes 2,700 Chinese firms across 15 industry sectors and 25 cities from a World Bank survey conducted in 2012; the data are stratified by firm size. Given the different types of dependent variables to be estimated, several methodologies are employed: logistic regression, Poisson regression, and ordinary least squares. The marginal effects of key variables are then calculated to demonstrate their economic impact. Findings – Regarding the likelihood of product innovation, collaboration with domestic (Chinese) companies is significant for Chinese micro, medium, and large enterprises. Being a foreign subsidiary is significant for the proportion of new products in the sales mix for sm...
Highly mobile and robust small quadruped robots

This paper describes novel highly mobile small robots called "mini-whegs" that can run and jump. They are derived from our larger whegs series of robots, which benefit from abstracted cockroach locomotion principles. Key to their success are the three spoked appendages, called "whegs", which combine the speed and simplicity of wheels with the climbing mobility of legs. To be more compact than the larger whegs vehicles, mini-whegs uses four whegs in an alternating diagonal gait. These 9 cm long robots can run at sustained speeds of over 10 body lengths per second and climb obstacles that are taller than their leg length. They can run forward and backward, on either side. Their robust construction allows them to tumble down a flight of stairs with no damage and carry a payload equal to twice their weight. A jumping mechanism has also been developed that enables mini-whegs to surmount much larger obstacles, such as stair steps.
Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1976-2008

Objective To analyze longitudinal trends in the incidence, etiology, and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in community residents in Olmsted County, Minnesota, and their survival.
The Shear-Wave Velocity Structure in the Upper Mantle beneath Eurasia

SUMMARY We develop an approach that allows us to invert for the mantle velocity structure within a finely parametrized region as a perturbation with respect to a low-resolution, global tomographic model. We implement this technique to investigate the upper-mantle structure beneath Eurasia and present a new model of shear wave velocity, parametrized laterally using spherical splines with ∼2.9 ◦ spacing in Eurasia and ∼11.5 ◦ spacing elsewhere. The model is obtained from a combined data set of surface wave phase velocities, long-period waveforms and body-wave traveltimes. We identify many features as narrow as few hundred kilometres in diameter, such as subducting slabs in eastern Eurasia and slow-velocity anomalies beneath tectonically active regions. In contrast to regional studies in which these features have been identified, our model encompasses the structure of the entire Eurasian continent. Furthermore, including mantleand body-wave waveforms helped us constrain structures at depths larger than 250 km, which are poorly resolved in earlier models. We find that up to +9 per cent faster-than-average anomalies within the uppermost ∼200 km of the mantle beneath cratons and some orogenic regions are separated by a sharp gradient zone from deeper, + 1t o+2 per cent anomalies. We speculate that this gradient zone may represent a boundary separating the lithosphere from the continental root, which might be compositionally distinct from the overlying lithosphere and remain stable either due to its compositional buoyancy or due to higher viscosity compared with the suboceanic mantle. Our regional model of anisotropy is not significantly different from the global one.
Cel: a framework for enabling an internet learning community

We view the Internet as a “virtual laboratory” and have developed a framework to support experiments in web-based community learning. Our system is called the Community of Evolving Learners, or CEL. The target user group is primary school children, therefore we pay particular attention to privacy issues and provide a safe environment in which learners can succeed and fail incognito. This article describes the CEL system, the types of interactions that it enables and the kinds of data that can be collected. We present preliminary results from a pilot study that was used to validate the CEL mechanism.
Cyclin D1 as a proliferative marker regulating retinoblastoma phosphorylation in mouse lung epithelial cells

Elevations in cyclin D1 content increase the phosphorylation status of retinoblastoma (Rb) protein to encourage cell cycle transit. We sought to determine if cyclin D1 content could be used as an index of cell proliferation in mouse lung epithelia following growth manipulations in vitro and in vivo. Rb protein concentration was high in 82-132 and LM2, two fast-growing neoplastic mouse lung epithelial cell lines. The hyperphosphorylated form of Rb predominated in these two cell lines, while Rb in slower-growing cell lines was predominantly hypophosphorylated. Consistent with this, more cyclin D1 protein was expressed in the fast-growing cell lines than in slower-growing cells. We therefore tested whether cyclin D1 content varied with growth status. The amount of cyclin D1 decreased upon serum removal coincident with growth inhibition and then increased upon serum re-addition which stimulated resumption of proliferation. This correlation between cyclin D1 content and growth status also occurred in vivo. Cyclin D1 content increased when lungs underwent compensatory hyperplasia following damage caused by butylated hydroxytoluene administration to mice and in lung tumor extracts as compared with extracts prepared from uninvolved tissue or control lungs. We conclude that elevated cyclin D1 levels account, at least in part, for the hyperphosphorylation of Rb in neoplastic lung cells, and are associated with enhanced lung growth in vitro and in vivo.
The effects of DNA methyltransferase inhibitors and histone deacetylase inhibitors on digit regeneration in mice.

Method: We injected two drugs that modify the epigenome, the DNA methyltransferase inhibitor 5-aza-2´-deoxycytidine (5-aza-dC) and the histone deacetylase inhibitor trichostatin A (TSA), alone or in combination, into C57Bl/6 mice subjected to amputation through the mid-second phalanx of the third digit. Wound-site tissue was collected. Results: We observed increased staining of the stem cell markers Rex1 (Zfp42) and stem cell antigen-1 at digit amputation sites from drug-treated mice. Samples from 5-aza-dC plus TSA and TSA treated mice also showed increased proliferating cell nuclear antigen staining, a measure of cell proliferation. Drug treatments increased Msx1, but not Cyp26a1 or ALDH1a2 (RALDH2) mRNA. Conclusion: 5-aza-dC and TSA treatments stimulated cell proliferation at the amputation site, possibly via increased expression of genes involved in digit development and regeneration.
{Evolution of symbiosis in the {Vibrionaceae}: a combined approach using molecules and physiology}

The family Vibrionaceae is considered to be one of the most diverse and well-studied groups of bacteria. Here, evolution is assessed within the Vibrionaceae to determine whether multiple origins of eukaryotic associations have occurred within this diverse group of bacteria. Analyses were based on a large molecular dataset, along with a matrix that consisted of 100 biochemical and restriction digest characters. By using direct optimization methods to analyse both datasets individually and in combination, a total-evidence cladogram has been produced, which supports the hypothesis that several important symbionts (both mutualistic and pathogenic) within the Vibrionaceae are not monophyletic. This leads us to consider that symbiosis (and subsequently, associations with Eukarya) has evolved multiple times within the Vibrionaceae lineage.
An Improved Electrothermic Instrument

Discussion and author's closure of a paper by P. M. Lincoln, published in the May 1935 issue, pages 474–81, and presented for oral discussion at the instruments and measurements session at the summer convention, Ithaca, N. Y., June 25, 1935. True McLean (Cornell Univ., Ithaca, N. Y.): In his paper on “Rates and Rate Making” written in 1915, Prof. P. M. Lincoln showed that the instrument shown schematically in improved form in figure 6 of the present article is a true wattmeter. In the present article he has described improvements in the thermal and mechanical systems so that errors due to thermal and mechanical causes can be reduced to very small percentages. In all previous instruments of this general type, the errors were relatively so large that a rather crude electrical system was so much better than the rest of the apparatus, that refinements of the electrical system were a total waste of effort.
Guido Calabresi and the Construction of Contemporary American Legal Theory

This article was written as a contribution to a symposium honoring Judge Guido Calabresi on the occasion of his 80th birthday, and recognizing his contributions to law and economics. It situates Judge Calabresi’s academic writings, starting with his initial contributions to law and neoclassical economics, against the broader backdrop of American legal theory. The article begins with a brief biographical sketch highlighting the author’s personal connection with Judge Calabresi. It then lays out the historical relationship between legal realism and law and neoclassical economics (commonly referred to as law and economics). This provides the background for Judge Calabresi’s initial major intervention — in the form of his historic book, The Costs of Accidents — into the discourse of American legal theory. The article then discusses what the author argues is a fundamental axis around which debates concerning the meaning of law revolve: the science-politics divide. This sets the groundwork for articulating the ways in which the three dominant strands of legal theory in the 1980s — law and economics, critical legal studies, and liberal-rights theory — were centered on the issue of whether law (and legal theory) was fundamentally a political or scientific enterprise. The article ends with an extended discussion of the ways in which Judge Calabresi’s post-The Costs of Accidents writings, too often overlooked, respond to the science-politics debate in a philosophically pragmatic way that reflects (and has paved the way for) the current state of American legal theory.
Generation of ester enolates by reductive a-deacetoxylation

Diethyl allylmalonates or 2-arylalkanoic esters are prepared in good yield by reductive α-deoxygenation of the corresponding α-acetoxy or α-alkony esters. Since the intermediate ester enolates are generated under aprotic conditions, a one pot reductive-alkylation is also possible. One application of this procedure allows diethyl oxomalonate to serve as a conjunctive reagent for stitching together an alkene and an alkyl halide with a malonyl group as linchpin.
Vortex-fin interaction on a fighter aircraft

Water tunnel tests have been conducted to study the flow associated with fin buffet for twin-fin fighter aircraft using 1/48th scale F/A-18 models. Flow visualization made use of colored dyes to determine vortex patterns, and surface hot-film anemometry was used to study the turbulent energy and the frequencies present in the flow. Configurations tested include the full aircraft, aircraft without fins, aircraft without leading-edge-extensions, and aircraft without wings. Test Reynolds number ranged from 4300 to 12,800, with corresponding Mach numbers less than 10 to the -6th. The flow studies show that the LEX vortices burst just forward of the fins at about 25-deg angle-of-attack. Hot film anemometer signals show that fin surface turbulence increases with angle of attack, and that dominant frequencies appear in the flow when bursting occurs. The dominant frequencies correspond to a Strouhal number of about 0.7 for all speeds tested, and for all angles of attack for which vortex bursting was present.
A Science of Law: Legal Method and Law Teaching

The scientific method can be used in law and should be applied to attain justice. A variety of methods which are, have, and/or can be used in the elaboration of legal science. Legal science is one of the human sciences. Human sciences are possible as a description of general tendencies, a probabalistic description of social reality. The dialectical method attains the closest possible approximation to the truth through the comparison of different, usually competing, positions. Dialectical synthesis, terminological analysis, and teleology can all be used effectively in the elaboration of law. Legal science in turn can serve to shape substantive justice. It is the task of reform minded jurists to ensure that law serves justice.
Infection with Agents of Human Granulocytic Ehrlichiosis, Lyme Disease, and Babesiosis in Wild White-Footed Mice (Peromyscus leucopus) in Connecticut

White-footed mice, Peromyscus leucopus, were captured in southern Connecticut during 1997 and 1998 to determine the prevalence of infections caused by granulocytic Ehrlichia sp., Borrelia burgdorferi, and Babesia microti. Of the 50 mice captured and recaptured, 25 of 47 (53.2%) and 23 of 48 (47.9%) contained antibodies to the BDS or NCH-1 Ehrlichia strains, respectively, as determined by indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) staining methods. The majority (83.3%) of 48 mice also contained antibodies to B. burgdorferi, as determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Moreover, 20 of 26 (76.9%) contained antibodies to B. microti by IFA staining methods. In nested PCR tests using the 16S rRNA gene, the DNA of the human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (HGE) agent was detected in 17 of 47 mice (36.2%), but only 4 (23.5%) of these 17 mice were PCR positive at each capture. Antibody-positive reactions to granulocytic Ehrlichia sp. organisms were detected in 17 of 23 (73.9%) of the PCR-positive mice. The sequences from PCR products from nine positive blood samples were identical to the HGE agent. Ehrlichia spp. were cultured from three of five mice captured in April 1998, including one that was PCR positive in April 1997. In addition, 2 of 14 larval Ixodes scapularis pools, which were attached to two PCR-positive mice, contained DNA of the HGE agent. A high percentage of white-footed mice are infected or have been infected naturally by the HGE agent with low-level persistent infection or frequent reinfection in some individual mice. However, the changes noted in the presence of DNA and antibodies in repeated blood and serum samples from individual mice over several months of field collection suggests that infection with granulocytic Ehrlichia is transient in most wild P. leucopus.
Exposing Management Characteristics in Mutual Fund Performance

This article examines the relation between manager tenure, team management, and fund performance. Findings demon - strate that longer manager tenure improves fund performance and that the relationship is dependent on market states. In a down market of low market return and high volatility, manager tenure has a statistically significant positive impact on fund performance. This effect becomes less important, or even negative, in a boom. The times series properties of fund returns show that experienced fund managers, on average, earn higher returns and take on lower risk. In conclusion, manager exp - erience matters, especially in a volatile market. No difference was found in return or risk-taking behavior between teammanaged funds and individually managed funds.
Minimum entropy time-frequency distributions

Re/spl acute/nyi entropy has been proposed as an effective measure of signal information content and complexity on the time-frequency plane. The previous work concerning Re/spl acute/nyi entropy in the time-frequency plane has focused on measuring the complexity of a given deterministic signal. In this paper, the properties of Re/spl acute/nyi entropy for random signals are examined. The upper and lower bounds on the expected value of Re/spl acute/nyi entropy are derived and ways of minimizing the entropy of time-frequency distributions by putting constraints on the time-frequency kernel are explored. It is proven that the quasi-Wigner kernel has the minimum entropy among all positive time-frequency kernels with finite time-support and correct marginals. A general class of minimum entropy kernels is presented. The performance of minimum entropy kernels in signal representation and component counting is also demonstrated.
Cross-Cultural Reflections on the Feminine “Other”: Hebraism and Hellenism Redux

This paper addresses two of the most famous “others” in human history: Hellenism in relation to Hebraism and man in relation to woman. The development of modern psychiatry and psychology has been fundamentally informed by classical Greek thought, leaving the Bible epistemologically maligned as a valid alternative source-text for development of metatheory. This historical dominance of classical Greek thought has likewise directly contributed to the “otherness” status of women, establishing an implicit misogynistic undercurrent in Western history. The biblical worldview offers a destigmatized conception of the woman that affirms her independent status as a psychologically complete individual. This difference dramatically plays out in contrasting biblical and Greek views of women through comparing the story of Prometheus and Pandora with that of Adam and Eve. Pandora is described as a curse to man in retaliation for Prometheus stealing fire for man. In stark contrast, Eve is described as a blessing to man and as a helpmeet-opposite (ezer kenegdo). The biblical narrative of Adam and Eve represents a truly egalitarian approach to women. Despite Freud’s materialistic treatment of religion, the privileged position that classical Greek thought has enjoyed in the West has in fact acted as an illusion, serving as an existential tranquilizer and distracting the scientific conversation away from the life-affirming, hopeful message promoted through the biblical tradition. We can no longer afford to keep the Bible in the “other” category—we must mobilize the biblical tradition in the service of inductively developing a robust new conception of mental health.
Blood Pressure Variability and Dialysis: Variability May Not Always Be the Spice of Life

In 1785, the great English poet William Cowper composed the famous lines, “Variety’s the very spice of life, That gives it all its flavour.” While Cowper was referring to the physical world, his sentiment also captures the importance of variety and variability in numerous biologic processes.
Commentary: Ubiquitous Computing Revisited— A New Perspective

In 2002 representatives from the teacher educator associations representing the core content areas (science, mathematics, language arts, and social studies) and educational technology met at the National Technology Leadership Retreat (NTLR) to discuss potential implications of ubiquitous computing for K-12 schools. The NTLR participants envisioned that students might carry inexpensive, lightweight portable devices containing educational applications and data. The representatives from these associations developed seven statements regarding ubiquitous computing, which were published in a sidebar in our article, “Grand Challenges: Preparing for the Technological Tipping Point” (Bull, Bull, Garofalo, & Harris, 2002):
Cranioskeletal Morphology of Archontans, and Diagnoses of Chiroptera, Volitantia, and Archonta

The seemingly intractable problem of the earliest adaptations and the nature of relationships of the mixodectids, microsyopids, plesiadapiforms, tupaiids, euprimates, colugos, and bats has been in the forefront of mammalian system-atics for quite some time. The literature of the past two decades that has specifically focused on parts, or the whole, of this problem is briefly reviewed below, and a number of the specific character evolution hypotheses are examined. After a general neglect of the issues related to the Archonta, perhaps because of Simpson’s (1945) influential views, there has been a resurgence of interest in the 1970s. Many contributions, on a considerably expanded data base, have grappled with the problems of adaptation and phylogenetic relationships. Beard (1989, 1993, this volume) in particular has clearly and firmly stated his several hypotheses of various character polarities, and of the tax-onomic concepts of Primatomorpha and Eudermoptera, all based on carefully analyzed postcranial evidence. In these works he has rejected, more by implication than strong arguments, the Archonta. His hypotheses are important not only because of the greatly increased postcranial evidence that was analyzed in sophisticated functional-adaptive detail, but also because within their confines the recency of relationships of colugos, plesiadapiforms, euprimates, and bats, in that order, was seemingly supported by a number of apparently well-tested synapomorphies.
Imbalance in Resting State Functional Connectivity is Associated with Eating Behaviors and Adiposity in Children.

Abstract Background and Hypothesis Over the past 30 years, childhood obesity in the US has nearly doubled, while obesity has tripled among adolescents. Non-homeostatic eating, influenced by impulsivity and inhibition, may undermine successful long-term weight loss. We hypothesized that unhealthy eating habits and adiposity among children are associated with functional connectivity between brain regions associated with impulsivity, response inhibition, and reward. Methods We analyzed resting state functional magnetic resonance images from 38 children, ages 8–13. Using seed-based resting state functional connectivity, we quantified connectivity between brain regions associated with response inhibition (inferior parietal lobe [IPL]), impulsivity (frontal pole), and reward (nucleus accumbens [NAc]). We assessed the relationship of resting state functional connectivity with adiposity, quantified by BMI z-score, and eating behaviors, as measured by the Child Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (CEBQ). We computed an imbalance measure—the difference between [frontal pole:NAC] and [ipl:nac] functional connectivity—and investigated the relationship of this imbalance with eating behaviors and adiposity. Results As functional connectivity imbalance is increasingly biased toward impulsivity, adiposity increases. Similarly, as impulsivity-biased imbalance increases, food approach behaviors increase and food avoidance behaviors decrease. Increased adiposity is associated with increased food approach behaviors and decreased food avoidance behaviors. Conclusions In the absence of any explicit eating-related stimuli, the developing brain is primed toward food approach and away from food avoidance behavior with increasing adiposity. Imbalance in resting state functional connectivity that is associated with non-homeostatic eating develops during childhood, as early as 8–13 years of age. Our results indicate the importance of identifying children at risk for obesity for earlier intervention. In addition to changing eating habits and physical activity, strategies that normalize neural functional connectivity imbalance are needed to maintain healthy weight. Mindfulness may be one such approach as it is associated with increased response inhibition and decreased impulsivity.
Two cases of sublingual hematoma as a manifestation of child abuse

Common intraoral manifestations of child abuse include tears of the frenula, burns, and pharyngeal perforations. Sublingual hematomas can also occur as a result of trauma, but to the best of our knowledge, only 1 case has been previously described in the context of child abuse. We report 2 new cases of sublingual hematoma in infants that were the result of physical abuse. Cases of sublingual hematoma in infants and children without a clear and legitimate explanation of the cause should prompt consideration of child abuse.
Canine endotoxin shock: reversal with aldosterone and angiotensin II (hypertensin).

Summary and conclusionsAldosterone, alone, was first shown to protect animals against endotoxin when Halberg, Spink and Bittner(4) used preparations of the steroid in adrenalectomized mice. Bein and Jaques (5) corroborated and extended these observations with more satisfactory preparations of aldosterone in mice, rats and cats. Studies in our laboratory indicate that aldosterone is the most potent corticosteroid available for potentiating the pressor effect of pressor agents in experimental endotoxin shock. The results with the aldosterone-angiotensin II combination are especially impressive.The action of exogenous aldosterone in endotoxin shock is not known. With the doses of aldosterone used, no alterations in serum sodium and potassium concentrations were detected. Although endotoxin shock results in a reduced output of urine, neither aldosterone nor angiotensin II augmented this effect. In fact, urine flow was improved following steroid-pressor therapy.
Salmon Calcitonin and Water and Electrolyte Transport in Rabbit Ileum

SummaryThe administration of SCT, natural and synthetic, had no apparent effect on the ileal water and electrolyte transport in the rabbit. The failure of SCT to influence ileal transport of water and electrolytes in the rabbit, as it does in man, may be due to differences in the rabbit intestinal response to a foreign peptide hormone.The authors wish to acknowledge the assistance of Kathy Dodson and Janet Patterson in the typing of this manuscript.
Earthquakes in Lassen Volcanic National Park, California

A small seismograph network of six stations now monitors earthquakes in and near Lassen Volcanic National Park. The first 14 months of recording has revealed a northwest-trending seismic zone passing through the park. This zone is the resolved equivalent of a diffuse zone of historical epicenters passing through Lassen Park and Truckee, California, and is parallel to nearby lineaments in California, Oregon, and Nevada recognized from surface geology. Three dense concentrations of earthquakes correlate very closely with three geothermal areas. One concentration also outlines the north and east sides of the 4-km-diameter Mt. Tehama caldera. The recent dacite plug domes of Lassen Peak and Chaos Crags are nearly aseismic, however. Several approximate focal mechanism solutions indicate primarily normal faulting with east-west extension. This implies the northwest-trending seismic zone is undergoing extension and right-lateral shear. Extension directions near the center of the network display a radial symmetry that could be caused by a broad updoming or magma injection centered near Lassen Peak or Chaos Crags.
Perceptions of Motivational Interviewing: Validation of the Client Evaluation of Motivational Interviewing Scale With Probation Clients

The practice of motivational interviewing (MI) has gained acceptance as an effective approach to support behavior change in various therapeutic contexts. In recent years, MI has been extended to clients within less traditional therapeutic settings including prisons and probation departments. Despite the known strengths of MI for positively affecting behavioral change in therapeutic contexts, the extent to which probation officers are able to effectively utilize MI remains unknown. The current study utilizes self-report responses from 485 probationers to assess the internal consistency and factor structure of the Client Evaluation of Motivational Interviewing (CEMI) as a tool for gathering feedback on MI fidelity in probation. Confirmatory factor analysis found two distinct MI factors to exist among this client base—technical and relational aspects of MI. Results suggest the CEMI is an effective tool to determine community corrections clients’ self-perceptions of probation officer’s use of MI-consistent te...
Surveillance on aluminum residuals in high aluminum food and dietary exposure assessment in Jinan

Objective To understand the condition of aluminum contamination in high aluminum food,and to assess the risk of dietary exposure to aluminum in Jinan. Methods Surveillance on aluminum residuals in flour products,aquatic products,animal offal and starch products was conducted in Jinan from 2011 to 2012. According to average food consumption from "nutritional and health status survey of Shandong residents in 2002 " and the aluminum PTWI( provisional tolerated weekly intake) 2 mg/kg BW in food established by JECFA in 2011,the point assessment method recommended by Food Safety Risk Analysis-Chemical Hazard Assessment was applied for exposure assessment and safely daily intake estimation. Results 190 food samples of four categories were tested. The average aluminum residual was263. 58 mg / kg,the total detection rate was 65. 79%( 125 /190) and the violation rate was 43. 68%( 83 /190). The average aluminum residual of flour products was 203. 79 mg / kg,the maximum residual was 1 260. 90 mg / kg,the detection rate was 58. 68%( 71 /121) and the violation rate was 33. 06%( 40 /121). The violation rate of fried bread stick was the highest,the detection rate of steam bread was the lowest and no sample exceeded the standard. The average aluminum residual of dried / salted aquatic products was 484. 53 mg / kg,the maximum residual was 2 815. 00 mg / kg,the detection rate was 74. 47%( 35 /47) and the violation rate was 70. 21%( 33 /47). The violation rate of jellyfish and laver was100%. The average aluminum residual of glass noodle products was 80. 65 mg / kg, the maximum residual was423. 00 mg / kg and the detection rate was 75. 00%( 9 /12). The average aluminum residual of animal viscera was168. 10 mg / kg,the maximum residual was 251. 00 mg / kg and the detection rate and violation rate were 100. 00%. The weekly average aluminum intake from four food categories was 9. 07 mg / kg BW,4. 54 times of PTWI. Aluminum exposurefrom flour products was the highest,and dried / salted aquatic products was the second,which estimated to 6. 33 and2. 24 mg / kg BW,3. 17 and 1. 12 times of PTWI,respectively. Conclusion The aluminum residuals of fried bread stick,jellyfish,laver and animal viscera were serious in Jinan. The dietary exposure to aluminum was high which put high risk upon local residents. In order to reduce dietary intake of aluminum,technical guidance on how to use aluminum-containing food additives scientifically and rationally should be strengthened.
Event Study Analysis with Time-Varying Alphas, Betas and Variances : The Case of MaAs

This paper proposes a new approach to control the effects of time-varying parameters on the estimates of abnormal returns. Event studies usually assume that the parameters of the market model are s ...
The Roles and Relationships of the Perpetrators of Abuse and Neglect in the Lives of Children with Disabilities

In this chapter we analyze the data on the roles and relationships of the perpetrators of abuse and neglect in the lives of children with disabilities. We examine the data in large data bases as well as the literature in this area. We present the findings of a study of the newspaper coverage which focuses directly on abuse and neglect in the lives of children with disabilities. We illustrate these findings with stories that illustrate the roles and relationships of the perpetrators of abuse and neglect in the lives of children with disabilities. We conclude this chapter with a set of recommendations for researchers and practitioners.
Air–Sea Interactions in Light of New Understanding of Air–Land Interactions

AbstractAir–sea interactions are investigated using the data from the Coupled Boundary Layers Air–Sea Transfer experiment under low wind (CBLAST-Low) and the Surface Wave Dynamics Experiment (SWADE) over sea and compared with measurements from the 1999 Cooperative Atmosphere–Surface Exchange Study (CASES-99) over land. Based on the concept of the hockey-stick transition (HOST) hypothesis, which emphasizes contributions of large coherent eddies in atmospheric turbulent mixing that are not fully captured by Monin–Obukhov similarity theory, relationships between the atmospheric momentum transfer and the sea surface roughness, and the role of the sea surface temperature (SST) and oceanic waves in the turbulent transfer of atmospheric momentum, heat, and moisture, and variations of drag coefficient Cd(z) over sea and land with wind speed V are studied.In general, the atmospheric turbulence transfers over sea and land are similar except under weak winds and near the sea surface when wave-induced winds and ocean...
Keeping the Peace: Household, Citizenship, and Defense

On an August morning in 1645, Georg Killreitter, a butcher and a citizen of Augsburg, took his horse for a ride outside the city gates. On this particular Sunday, the otherwise innocent activity seemed suspicious, even seditious, to the newly elected members of the city council, for Killreitter’s ride had taken place during the annual swearing-in ceremony. On this day each year, all men who had reached the age of majority were expected to appear at one of three squares in the city to take their oath of citizenship and swear allegiance to the Burgomasters and councilmen. Failure to take the oath was not taken lightly by local authorities, who viewed the butcher’s absence as an act of defiance. Killreitter was arrested upon his return to the city and questioned about why he would choose to avoid swearing allegiance to his hometown.1
Lipid Metabolism Fuels Cancer's Spread.

The ability to prospectively identify metastasis-initiating cells is essential for developing new anti-metastasis therapeutics. In a recent issue of Nature, Pascual et al. (2017) demonstrate that the fatty acid receptor CD36 marks a subpopulation of cancer cells with unique metastasis-initiating potential, highlighting a key role of lipid metabolism in metastatic colonization.
Attending to “Survivors as Experts”: Lessons Learned

Walsh addresses the issue of normativity and attending to survivor experiences as expert in lessons learned from the two case studies. The Peace Institute case study yields lessons of the significance of language and stories, as well as poetic material art and body practices, with opportunities for survivor public testimony. The Unitarian Universalist Trauma Response Ministry case study also yields lessons in the significance of how stories were shaped after the Knoxville church shooting and of a ministerial presence to witness to sacred ambiguity and holy humor in stories. Healing and wholeness as useful language are challenged by participants in both case studies. Differing perspectives on the need for professional clinical training versus credibility derived from shared lived experiences also arise in both case studies.
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in US meat and poultry: 2012-13 levels, trends and estimated consumer exposures.

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are a class of brominated flame retardants whose use has contaminated foods and caused subsequent human exposures. To address the issue of possible human expo...
Development of an angle-scanning spectropolarimeter: Preliminary results

Abstract A fixed-angle spectropolarimeter capable of measuring the Mueller matrix of particle deposits and conventional optical elements over the 300–1100 nm spectral range has been built, calibrated and extensively tested. A second generation of this instrument is being built which can scan from 0° to near 180° in both scattering angle and sample orientation, enabling studies of the bidirectional Mueller matrices of nanoparticle arrays, atmospheric aerosol deposits, and nano- and microstructured surfaces. This system will also provide a much needed metrology capability for fully characterizing the performance of optical devices and device components from the near-infrared through the medium wave ultraviolet. Experimental results taken using the first generation fixed-angle arrangement will be presented along with the rationale for building the second.
Rheological Modification of Liquid Metal for Additive Manufacturing of Stretchable Electronics

One of the challenges to rapidly manufacturing flexible electronics is the complexity involved in printing circuitry from stretchable conductors. Eutectic gallium alloys are typically used as the conductive material because they have unique high conductivity, self-healing, and stretchable properties. However, limited 3D printing has been demonstrated by leveraging the structural stabilization provided by the thin gallium oxide film. Vertical structures are difficult to print with a liquid metal (LM) due to the low viscosity and high surface tension of the gallium alloy, which easily leads to coalescence. A method is presented to alter the physical structure of the liquid metal through the incorporation of a conductive nano- or micronickel fillers. The resulting rheological modification of the liquid metal to a paste drastically increases the fluidic elastic modulus and yield stress, rendering it 3D printable. Further, the modification retains the high electrical conductivity (3.9 × 106 ± 9.5 × 105 S m−1) and stretchability (over 350% strain) of pure liquid metal. The ability to print 3D standing structures using this highly conductive metal paste opens up new opportunities to manufacture more complex stretchable electronics.
The Implications of Saving and Investment Balance on Economic Growth of the Republic Of Moldova

The saving and investment balance can ensure the stability of the financial market. The aim of the study is to analyse the dynamics of the saving-investment balance in the Republic of Moldova and its impact on economic growth. The role and possibilities of attracting foreign investments into fixed assets are presented. The indicator of investment growth with a low level of gross savings is a signal or a harbinger of a decline in economic growth. According to the National Bank of Moldova, legal export of capital from the Republic of Moldova takes only a small part in the process of export of capital. The leading role in the mechanism of transformation of savings into investment should belong to BNM.
Negative Index Materials Using Atomic Transitions: Progress and Challenges

Abstract Optics and optical tools are central to many research areas of physical sciences and engineering. Over the last 2 decades, there has been a growing interest in a new generation of optical tools using materials that are not available in nature. These materials, called negative index materials, offer the promise of devices with unique capabilities; for example, super resolution lenses and optical cloaks. All constructed negative index materials have so far utilized artificial structures such as patterns of metal wires and loops to produce the desired optical property. In this chapter, we will review an alternative and in many ways complementary approach to constructing negative index materials. Instead of relying on engineered patterns, the idea is to utilize the resonances provided to us by nature, i.e., naturally occurring transitions of atoms or ions. We discuss (i) the schemes for negative index using atomic transitions, (ii) recent experiments where resonant magnetic response in a europium-doped crystal was observed, and (iii) future prospects and challenges for constructing negative index materials using atomic transitions.
Maternal mental state language is associated with trajectories of Chinese immigrant children’s emotion situation knowledge:

We investigated the role of mothers’ references to mental states and behaviors and children’s emotion situation knowledge (ESK) in a prospective, cross-cultural context. European American mothers (...
HIV Vaccines Design and Development

Despite the fact that many technologies have been adopted for HIV vaccine design, and many candidate HIV vaccines have entered clinical trials, the prospect of having an efficacious HIV vaccine available in the near future remains uncertain. A lack of knowledge about protective immunity has hindered HIV vaccine development. This obstacle is to some extent offset by the knowledge researchers in the field have gained about HIV diversity, the structure of some key HIV proteins, the events surrounding HIV entry into its target cells, and host responses to HIV antigens. Even though many of these scientific gains have been, and will continue to be translated into HIV vaccine designs, it should be recognized that only through clinical trials will it be possible to evaluate the effectiveness an intended immune response that is elicited by a candidate vaccine. HIV vaccine development needs to be an empirical process, involving repeated rounds of clinical testing of a large array of candidate HIV vaccines. An efficacious HIV vaccine developed from such a process is our best hope of arresting the growing AIDS epidemic both in sub-Saharan Africa and in other regions of the world.
Spatial Filtering Applications: Selected Interval/Ratio Datasets

Chapter 1 presents an overview of a variety of georeferenced interval/ratio datasets (§1.4.1). These data are further analyzed in this chapter to help exemplify diverse features of spatial filtering methodology. Three political department-scale geographic distributions of population in Peru (ratio scale values ranging from small to very large), county Lyme disease rates in Georgia (all relatively small ratio scale values), and a biomass index for the High Peak district of England (all interval/ratio scale values of moderate magnitude) illustrate the general method of spatial filtering. The Puerto Rico data illustrate selected features of correlation in the presence of spatial autocorrelation that are captured by a spatial filtering model specification.
Carbon-Supported Iron Phosphides: Highest Intrinsic Oxygen Evolution Activity of the Iron Triad

We compared the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) activity of carbon-supported iron triad metal phosphide nanoparticles using Fe-purified KOH electrolyte. We prepared these catalysts with nearly identical structural properties using an ammonia-assisted ambient hydrolysis deposition (AHD) method allowing us to explore how their compositions affect their OER activities. We discovered that iron phosphide is far superior to its counterparts with an onset potential lower by 150 mV. Furthermore, we found that the anodic voltammetric scan with associated oxidation of Fe(II) in the phosphide generates OER active sites; however, ambient oxidation of iron phosphide prior to that anodic scan deactivates the catalyst.
Consumers’ Perception of Service Newness and Its Marketing Implications

AbstractResearchers and marketers have spent considerable effort to understand product newness, particularly really-new and incrementally new products, however, the same cannot be said about servic...
Single-Cell Transcriptomic Analysis of Tumor-Derived Fibroblasts and Normal Tissue-Resident Fibroblasts Reveals Fibroblast Heterogeneity in Breast Cancer.

Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are a prominent stromal cell type in solid tumors and molecules secreted by CAFs play an important role in tumor progression and metastasis. CAFs coexist as heterogeneous populations with potentially different biological functions. Although CAFs are a major component of the breast cancer stroma, molecular and phenotypic heterogeneity of CAFs in breast cancer is poorly understood. In this study, we investigated CAF heterogeneity in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) using a syngeneic mouse model, BALB/c-derived 4T1 mammary tumors. Using single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq), we identified six CAF subpopulations in 4T1 tumors including: 1) myofibroblastic CAFs, enriched for α-smooth muscle actin and several other contractile proteins; 2) ‘inflammatory’ CAFs with elevated expression of inflammatory cytokines; and 3) a CAF subpopulation expressing major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II proteins that are generally expressed in antigen-presenting cells. Comparison of 4T1-derived CAFs to CAFs from pancreatic cancer revealed that these three CAF subpopulations exist in both tumor types. Interestingly, cells with inflammatory and MHC class II-expressing CAF profiles were also detected in normal breast/pancreas tissue, suggesting that these phenotypes are not tumor microenvironment-induced. This work enhances our understanding of CAF heterogeneity, and specifically targeting these CAF subpopulations could be an effective therapeutic approach for treating highly aggressive TNBCs.