cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Biological treatment of shrimp production wastewater

Over the last few decades, there has been an increase in consumer demand for shrimp, which has resulted in its worldwide aquaculture production. In the United States, the stringent enforcement of environmental regulations encourages shrimp farmers to develop new technologies, such as recirculating raceway systems. This is a zero-water exchange system capable of producing high-density shrimp yields. The system also produces wastewater characterized by high levels of ammonia, nitrate, nitrite, and organic carbon, which make waste management costs prohibitive. Shrimp farmers have a great need for a waste management method that is effective and economical. One such method is the sequencing batch reactor (SBR). A SBR is a variation of the activated sludge biological treatment process. This process uses multiple steps in the same reactor to take the place of multiple reactors in a conventional treatment system. The SBR accomplishes equalization, aeration, and clarification in a timed sequence in a single reactor system. This is achieved through reactor operation in sequences, which includes fill, react, settle, decant, and idle. A laboratory scale SBR was successfully operated using shrimp aquaculture wastewater. The wastewater contained high concentrations of carbon and nitrogen. By operating the reactors sequentially, namely, aerobic and anoxic modes, nitrification and denitrification were achieved as well as removal of carbon. Ammonia in the waste was nitrified within 4 days. The denitrification of nitrate was achieved by the anoxic process, and 100% removal of nitrate was observed within 15 days of reactor operation.
Utility of nuclear stress imaging for detecting coronary artery bypass graft disease

The value of Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography stress myocardial perfusion imaging (SPECT-MPI) for detecting graft disease after coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG) has not been studied prospectively in an unselected cohort. Radial Artery Versus Saphenous Vein Graft Study is a Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study to determine graft patency rates after CABG surgery. Seventy-nine participants agreed to SPECT-MPI within 24 hours of their coronary angiogram, one-year after CABG. The choice of the stress protocol was made at the discretion of the nuclear radiologist and was either a symptom-limited exercise test (n = 68) or an adenosine infusion (n = 11). The SPECT-MPI results were interpreted independent of the angiographic results and estimates of sensitivity, specificity and accuracy were based on the prediction of a graft stenosis of ≥70% on coronary angiogram. A significant stenosis was present in 38 (48%) of 79 patients and 56 (22%) of 251 grafts. In those stress tests with an optimal exercise heart rate response (>80% maximum predicted heart rate) (n = 26) sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of SPECT-MPI for predicting the graft stenosis was 77%, 69% and 73% respectively. With adenosine (n = 11) it was 75%, 57% and 64%, respectively. Among participants with a suboptimal exercise heart rate response, the sensitivity of SPECT-MPI for predicting a graft stenosis was <50%. The accuracy of SPECT-MPI for detecting graft disease did not vary significantly with ischemic territory. Under optimal stress conditions, SPECT-MPI has a good sensitivity and accuracy for detecting graft disease in an unselected patient population 1 year post-CABG.
Standard fractionation low-dose proton radiotherapy for diffuse choroidal hemangiomas in pediatric Sturge-Weber syndrome

Sturge-Weber syndrome is a nonhereditary congenital neurocutaneous syndrome characterized by leptomeningeal angiomatosis, facial nevus flammeus, and diffuse choroidal hemangioma, which when complicated by total retinal detachment, portend a poor prognosis. Management is often limited to salvage external beam irradiation. We present a modified proton therapy technique for young children with total bullous retinal detachments that uses standard fractionation low-dose proton radiotherapy to decrease the risk of radiation complications. Treatment techniques for young children who cannot cooperate with conventional radiation protocols are also described.
A method of calculating time-course behavior of multi-enzyme systems from the enzymatic rate equations.

Abstract The process of simulating enzyme systems by numerical solution of the corresponding differential equations is often quite slow, as these equations are badly behaved. A much faster method of achieving the same results is described, where the differential equations representing the behavior of an enzyme are replaced by an algebraic rate law. A program for deriving and assembling systems of these rate laws is described. Its applications, limitations, and possible extensions and combinations with other methods are discussed.
Norepinephrine: A Neuromodulator That Boosts the Function of Multiple Cell Types to Optimize CNS Performance

Norepinephrine (NE) is a neuromodulator that in multiple ways regulates the activity of neuronal and non-neuronal cells. NE participates in the rapid modulation of cortical circuits and cellular energy metabolism, and on a slower time scale in neuroplasticity and inflammation. Of the multiple sources of NE in the brain, the locus coeruleus (LC) plays a major role in noradrenergic signaling. Processes from the LC primarily release NE over widespread brain regions via non-junctional varicosities. We here review the actions of NE in astrocytes, microglial cells, and neurons based on the idea that the overarching effect of signaling from the LC is to maximize brain power, which is accomplished via an orchestrated cellular response involving most, if not all cell types in CNS.
Experiments in Text Recognition with Binary n-Gram and Viterbi Algorithms

The binary n-gram and Viterbi algorithms have been suggested as alternative approaches to contextual postprocessing for text produced by a noisy channel such as an optical character recognizer. This correspondence describes the underlying theory of each approach in unified terminology, and presents new implementation algorithms for each approach. In particular, a storage efficient data structure is proposed for the binary n-gram algorithm and a recursive formulation is given for the Viterbi algorithm. Results of extensive experiments with each algorithm are described.
SKS splitting beneath southern California

Measurements of SKS phase splitting were obtained from nineteen seismic stations in southern California. The fast polarization directions are 53° at the southern end of the Great Valley, 82±8° in the western Transverse Ranges and northern Peninsular Ranges, 95±4° in Mojave Desert, and 70° on San Clemente Island. The splitting time ranges from 0.8 to 1.8 seconds, which is consistent with an anisotropic layer of 100 to 200 km thick for 4% anisotropy.
Kinetics of Subcutaneous Absorption of L-Thyroxine-I131 as Measured by Increase of I131 in Blood of Cattle

Summary Three hundred microcuries of I 131 -labeled thyroxine were injected subcutaneously into Holstein and Jersey cattle. At frequent intervals thereafter, I 131 activity was measured both in the blood and in the thyroid gland. Half an hour after injection, I 131 could be detected in blood. The over-all 24-hr. absorption was exponential in character and could be described by a faster and a slower component. The range in half-time \( t 1 2 \) for appearance of radioactivity in blood was 1.5–2.2 hr., with a mean of 1.82 and 1.92 hr., respectively, for Holstein and Jersey cattle. In most of the animals the period of rapid increase in blood-I 131 was complete within 6–10 hr. after thyroxine-I 131 administration. Thyroidal-I 131 determination indicated that I 131 from the metabolism of thyroxine began to reach the thyroid gland within a period of 4 hr. The investigation revealed a gradual and yet sufficiently rapid increase in blood-I 131 to simulate the normal physiological rate of thyroxine secretion. It is concluded that estimation of daily thyroxine secretion rate as determined by a replacement therapy method would not be subject to error by the rate of absorption of thyroxine from the skin.
Network Structure Support: Its Relationship to the Psychosocial Development of Black Females:

People's attitudes toward self and others are a product of the type of interactions experienced in their social environment. Consistent with this reasoning, the object of this study was to ascertain the relative influence of stressful life events and social environmental variables, especially network structure support, on the self-esteem and trust level of Black females. One hundred and fifty-nine Black college females volunteered to complete six questionnaires concerning their attitudes, personality, and background. A significant canonical correlation was found for education level of parents/grandparents, mother's status (the predictor variables) and feelings toward racial discrimination, self-esteem, and trust (the criterion variables). The results of the stepwise multiple regression analyses supported the canonical findings. It was concluded that future research on social and personality development should take into account the background of the subjects from a network structure perspective, and must e...
Beauty of fractals: six different views, edited by Denny Gulick and Jon Scott

Beauty of fractals: six different views, edited by Denny Gulick and Jon Scott, Washington, DC, Mathematical Association of America, 2010, 95pp., PDF (US$25), POD (US$45), ISBN-13: 978-0-8838-5186-9...
The Moral Imperative of Social Justice Leadership: A Critical Component of Effective Practice

This study examined how four principals in urban middle and senior high schools with a social justice orientation responded to hypothetical scenarios involving teacher prejudice. The principals in this study did not reference their leadership preparation programs in describing the evolution of their equity-focused leadership philosophies, nor did they reference theory. Rather, the principals were predisposed to support the goals of equity and fairness because they believed they had a moral obligation to do so. The research suggests that school leaders who enter the position with a predisposition for equity and fighting injustice may be better equipped to handle scenarios involving prejudice in ways that advance the overall goals of social justice.
The Multiple-Partial Correlation Coefficient

Abstract A partial correlation coefficient which is also a multiple correlation coefficient is discussed. Its relationship with other well-known coefficients is explained. Computational methods for computing the estimating equation and the correlation coefficient are suggested. * The writer wishes to thank Professors Harold Hotelling, George E. Nicholson, and John H. Smith for critically reading the manuscript and offering valuable comments. Professor Hotelling indicated the method of computation which he had suggested in an unpublished paper (see note 5). Professor Smith called the writer's attention to some of the earlier references to the subject in the literature. Since the first draft of this paper was written (June, 1951), it has been learned that Professor C. Horace Hamilton, of the North Carolina State College of Agriculture and Engineering, has written an article entitled “Population Pressure and Other Factors Affecting Net Rural-Urban Migration,” in which the coefficient of multiple-partial corr...
A crystallographic view of interactions between Dbs and Cdc42: PH domain-assisted guanine nucleotide exchange.

Dbl-related oncoproteins are guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) specific for Rho guanosine triphosphatases (GTPases) and invariably possess tandem Dbl (DH) and pleckstrin homology (PH) domains. While it is known that the DH domain is the principal catalytic subunit, recent biochemical data indicate that for some Dbl-family proteins, such as Dbs and Trio, PH domains may cooperate with their associated DH domains in promoting guanine nucleotide exchange of Rho GTPases. In order to gain an understanding of the involvement of these PH domains in guanine nucleotide exchange, we have determined the crystal structure of a DH/PH fragment from Dbs in complex with Cdc42. The complex features the PH domain in a unique conformation distinct from the PH domains in the related structures of Sos1 and Tiam1·Rac1. Consequently, the Dbs PH domain participates with the DH domain in binding Cdc42, primarily through a set of interactions involving switch 2 of the GTPase. Comparative sequence analysis suggests that a subset of Dbl-family proteins will utilize their PH domains similarly to Dbs.
Crystallization history of Kilauea Iki lava lake as seen in drill core recovered in 1967-1979

Kilauea Iki lava lake formed during the 1959 summit eruption, one of the most picritic eruptions of Kilauea Volcano in the twentieth century. Since 1959 the 110 to 122 m thick lake has cooled slowly, developing steadily thickening upper and lower crusts, with a lens of more molten lava in between. Recent coring dates, with maximum depths reached in the center of the lake, are: 1967 (26.5 m). 1975 (44.2 m), 1976 (46.0 m) and 1979 (52.7 m). These depths define the base of the upper crust at the time of drilling. The bulk of the core consists of a gray, olivine-phyric basalt matrix, which locally contains coarser-grained diabasic segregation veins. The most important megascopic variation in the matrix rock is its variation in olivine content. The upper 15 m of crust is very olivine-rich. Abundance and average size of olivine decrease irregularly downward to 23 m; between 23 and 40 m the rock contains 5–10% of small olivine phenocrysts. Below 40 m. olivine content and average grainsize rise sharply. Olivine contents remain high (20–45%, by volume) throughout the lower crust, except for a narrow ( 106 poises, and probably had the properties of a Bingham body, rather than a Newtonian fluid, by that date, which was several years after olivine removal ceased.
Quantitative structure--property relationships for enhancing predictions of synthetic organic chemical removal from drinking water by granular activated carbon.

Granular activated carbon is a frequently explored technology for removing synthetic organic contaminants from drinking water sources. The success of this technology relies on a number of factors based not only on the adsorptive properties of the contaminant but also on properties of the water itself, notably the presence of substances in the water which compete for adsorption sites. Because it is impractical to perform field-scale evaluations for all possible contaminants, the pore surface diffusion model (PSDM) has been developed and used to predict activated carbon column performance using single-solute isotherm data as inputs. Many assumptions are built into this model to account for kinetics of adsorption and competition for adsorption sites. This work further evaluates and expands this model, through the use of quantitative structure−property relationships (QSPRs) to predict the effect of natural organic matter fouling on activated carbon adsorption of specific contaminants. The QSPRs developed are ...
Skatole and tridecene: Identification and possible role in a chrysopid secretion

Abstract The secretion from the paired prothoracic glands of the lacewing Chrysopa oculata contains skatole (3-methylindole) and tridecene. The alkene constitutes over 90 per cent of the glandular exudate. Mice fo not feed readily on this chrysopid and the secretion offers some protection against invertebrate predators, such as ants. Since it appears that only the more common species of Chrysopa produce these distasteful secretions, it is possible that the nonodoriferous species constitute Mullerian mimics of these protected forms.
Polling as Ritual

In contemporary U.S. politics, the practice of consulting the latest poll has become a ritual like consulting the oracle was to the Ancient Greeks. In this esay, the author argues that polling is not just an instrumental means to manipulate or reflect public attitudes, but is also a cultural form that sustains and affirms deeply held founding mythologies about community, democracy, and vox populi. By appropriating and controlling the terms of dissent, polling ritual enables the national congregation to affirm its unity in spite of difference. Thus, what is constructed through polling ritual is social solidarity rather than public policy.
Glomerular eicosanoid production in acute serum sickness nephritis.

Abstract To determine if the induction of immune-mediated glomerular injury influences the formation of glomerular cyclooxygenase products, we measured thromboxane B 2 (TXB 2 ), 6-keto-prostaglandin F 1α (6-keto-PGF 1α ) and prostaglandin E 2 (PGE 2 ) production by isolated glomeruli of rabbits induced with acute serum sickness nephritis by the administration of bovine serum ablumin (BSA). Animals were randomly assigned to one of three experimental groups: animals injected with BSA (BSA group; n=11); animals injected with normal saline (control group; n=11); and animals injected with BSA which were treated with the thromboxane synthetase inhibitor, OKY-046 (BSA + OKY-046; n=6). Animals in the BSA and BSA+OKY groups developed severe proteinuria and glomerular histologic lesions of nephritis. No differences in proteinuria, serum creatinine and severity of histologic nephritis were observed between the two groups. Examination of glomerular eicosanoid production at the end of the experiment showed a marked reduction of glomerular PGE 2 and 6-keto-PGF 1α production with a smaller reduction of glomerular TXB 2 production in the BSA group. In the BSA+OKY-046 group, the production of TXB 2 was significantly less than that in the BSA group; despite this, no effect on proteinuria could be discerned.
Observations of interference between portable particle counters and NOx monitors

Abstract Studies in environmental exposure science have developed a preference for smaller devices that can be easily co-located without need for gas standards, such as those instruments utilized in the Near-road Exposures and Effects from Urban Air Pollutants Study (NEXUS). One observation from NEXUS was the potential for instrument interference from alcohol-based particle counters on photometric-based nitrogen oxide (NOx) monitors. This article reports the findings from laboratory tests replicating enclosed-shelter monitoring configurations and operation cycles for a common photometric-based NOx monitor and a widely used alcohol-based particle counter. These tests monitored the NOx response while the particle counter sampling interval and ambient airflow rate were varied to (1) confirm that proximity between the instruments induced interferences, (2) identify any dependencies in NOx monitor recovery on ambient airflow, and (3) determine the time needed for the NOx monitor to recover to pre-interference levels under different atmospheric conditions. During particle counter operations, NOx concentrations responded instantaneously with a several-fold jump above the measurement baseline. When the particle counter was operated for more than 10 min, this interference period also showed a marked decline in the NOx baseline. The overall recovery time of the NOx monitor depended less on the time of particle counter operation, and more on the speed of ambient airflow. If photometric-based NOx monitors need to be operated alongside alcohol-based particle counters, mechanisms must be employed to exhaust alcohol-based vapors from enclosed monitoring environments. Given the strong evidence for interference, however, it is recommended these devices not be operated within close proximity to one another.
Sleep-Disordered Breathing and Heart Failure: Focus on Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Treatment With Continuous Positive Airway Pressure

Abstract Background Among patients with heart failure, sleep-disordered breathing is a common problem, with a prevalence ranging from 24% to 76%. Encompassed within the general category of sleep-disordered breathing are 2 types of sleep apnea: obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) occurs when the oropharyngeal musculature relaxes, causing a collapse of the upper airway, and central sleep apnea occurs when the brain stem fails to stimulate breathing. Methods and Results This article focuses on the relationship between heart failure and OSA, the treatment of OSA with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), and the role of CPAP in improving such effects of heart failure as ejection fraction, blood pressure, sympathetic activity, sleepiness, heart rate, and mortality. Conclusions It is important to distinguish the type of sleep-disordered breathing a patient may have. Further studies are needed to elucidate the effects of CPAP and other therapies.
THE RELATION BETWEEN RISK AND PROTECTIVE FACTORS FOR PROBLEM BEHAVIORS AND DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS, ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR, AND ALCOHOL USE IN ADOLESCENCE

Both externalizing and internalizing psychopathology increase throughout adolescence and a similar set of risk and protective factors may underlie depressive symptoms, antisocial behavior, and alcohol use. Analyses test how risk and protective factors for externalizing behavior in community, school, family, peer and individual domains are related to depressive symptoms, antisocial behavior, and alcohol use concurrently and longitudinally in a sample of 2002 students assessed in 8th and 10th grades (52% male; 58% Caucasian). Findings indicate that risk and protective factors for antisocial behavior and alcohol use are also associated with depressive symptoms, both concurrently and longitudinally. Prevention approaches that target risk and protective factors for externalizing problems may have crossover effects on depressive symptoms during adolescence.
Individual differences in auditory electric responses. III. A replication, with observations of individual vs. group characteristics.

In the first two reports in this series (Lauter & Loomis, 1986, 1988) we presented data on repeated-measures testing with auditors brainstem responses (ABRs) for a group of 7 normal young adults. In this paper, we report data for an additional group of 8 young adults, which replicate the patterns for both latency and amplitude stability observed in the first group, in spite of a number of procedural differences between the two studies Examples are also presented from both groups illustrating the effects of individual-subject characteristics on group characteristics. Results indicate that ABR latency-variability patterns based on 8-week series are quite different from subject to subject, including individual peculiarities in the pattern of responses according to ear-of-presentation, and the detail of these differences may both contribute to and be obscured by the group within-subject calculations. In contrast, ABR amplitude-variability patterns are much more similar across individuals and ear-of-presentati...
Measurement of trace atmospheric species by chemical ionization mass spectrometry: speciation of reactive nitrogen and future directions.

Chemical ionization mass spectrometry (CIMS) has proven to be a powerful method for sensitive, fast time response (t∼1 sec) measurements of various atmospheric compounds with limits of detection (LOD) of the order of tens of pptv and lower. The rapid time response of CIMS is particularly well suited for airborne measurements and its application has largely grown out of airborne measurements in the stratosphere and upper troposphere. This work reviews some of the advances in CIMS technology that have occurred in the past decade. In particular, CIMS methods for selective measurement of reactive nitrogen species (e.g., HNO3, HO2NO2, PAN, and NH3) in the lower atmosphere (altitudes ∼0–8 km) are described. In addition, recent developments in CIMS technology for the selective measurement of gas-phase hydroperoxides and aerosol chemical composition are briefly described. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., Mass Spec Rev 26:166–184, 2007
Influence of ovarian steroids on relaxin-induced distensibility and compositional changes in the porcine cervix.

A study was conducted to examine the influence of ovarian steroids on relaxin-induced changes in distensibility and composition of the uterine cervix in gilts. Ovariectomized, prepubertal gilts received (i.m.) either 1) 0.5 ml corn oil (CO) for 16 days; 2) 0.5 ml CO for 16 days and estradiol benzoate (EB; 200 pig) twice daily on Days 13-14; 3) EB on Days 0-1 followed by CO on Days 3-16 (EB + CO); 4) EB on Days 0-1 followed by CO on Day 2 and twice daily injections of 100 mg progesterone (P) on Days 3-16 (EB + P); or 5) EB on Days 0-1 followed by CO on Day 2 and P on Days 3-16 with additional EB treatment on Days 13-14 (EB + P + EB). One half of each group also received (i.m.) 0.5 ml 0.1 M PBS or 0.5 mg relaxin (RLX) every 6 h for 54 h coinciding with the final 2 days of the experimental period. Administration of RLX increased (p < 0.05) cervical distensibility compared to PBS.treatment, with the response being greater (p < 0.05) in EB-, EB + CO-, and EB + P + EBtreated gilts compared to CO- or EB + P-treated gilts. Water content of cervical tissue was greater (p < 0.05) in EB-, EB + P, and EB + P + EB-treated gilts compared to CO- or EB + CO-treated gilts; and in all treatments, RLX enhanced (p < 0.05) imbibition of water by cervical tissues compared to that in PBS-treated gilts. Compared to administration of CO and EB + CO, administration of steroids reduced (p < 0.05) the cervical concentrations of glycosaminoglycans (GAG) in EB- and EB + Ptreated gilts and those of collagen in EB- and EB + P + EB-treated gilts. Co-administration of RLX depressed (p < 0.05) the concentration of GAGs in cervical tissues from gilts in all steroid treatments except EB + P + EB. Additionally, administration of RIX reduced (p < 0.05) concentrations of collagen in CO- and EB + CO-treated gilts but did not affect concentrations of collagen in those treated with EB, EB + P, or EB + P + EB. These data demonstrate that RLX stimulates cervical dilation in gilts, a response augmented by exposure to estrogen. RLX-induced compositional changes in cervical tissues associated with increased distensibility included the enhanced imbibition of water and reduced concentrations of GAGs and collagen. To a lesser extent, administration of EB or P increased water content and reduced the concentrations of GAGs and collagen in cervical tissues, but these compositional changes were not associated with changes in cervical distensibility.
Mus81-Eme1 Are Essential Components of a Holliday Junction Resolvase

Mus81, a fission yeast protein related to the XPF subunit of ERCC1-XPF nucleotide excision repair endonuclease, is essential for meiosis and important for coping with stalled replication forks. These processes require resolution of X-shaped DNA structures known as Holliday junctions. We report that Mus81 and an associated protein Eme1 are components of an endonuclease that resolves Holliday junctions into linear duplex products. Mus81 and Eme1 are required during meiosis at a late step of meiotic recombination. The mus81 meiotic defect is rescued by expression of a bacterial Holliday junction resolvase. These findings constitute strong evidence that Mus81 and Eme1 are subunits of a nuclear Holliday junction resolvase.
A 900 Mb/s bidirectional signaling scheme

Traditional approaches to the interchip communication problem have consisted of unidirectional signal flow on either a point-to-point interconnect or a shared bus. For systems in which the electrical length of the interconnect is significant in relation to the edge rate or fundamental frequency of the signals traversing them and operation at the highest possible speeds is desired, the interconnect medium consists of controlled impedance traces terminated in their characteristic impedance. The goal of these interconnect designs is to obtain the optimum combination of bandwidth, number of wires, power, and cost. The traditional schemes require a wire for each component output along with the required termination resistors in order to achieve the highest possible bandwidth. The bidirectional method described here allows data transmission simultaneously in two directions over one wire. This doubles the effective bandwidth per pin over a point-to-point unidirectional scheme operating at the same frequency. The line termination is provided by the driver, eliminating discrete terminations from the board. When the drivers at both ends of the line are in the same state, no power is consumed in the I/O's. This can result in significant power savings. Bidirectional schemes have been proposed previously but required current mode signaling and explicit terminations.
Complexity issues in inverse scattering problems

Summary form only given. The paper overviews the inverse scattering problem. It begins by discussing linear inverse scattering problems followed by nonlinear inverse scattering problems. Popular linear inverse scattering methods are diffraction tomography, holographic method, synthetic aperture radar method, and Born inversion method. These methods generally do not account for multiple scattering of the wave field inside a scatterer. Though simple, certain physics is missed in these methods. To account for multiple scattering, one has to resort to nonlinear inverse scattering methods. This can be achieved via the use of the Born iterative method, the distorted Born iterative method, or the Newton-type methods. The computational complexity of linear inverse scattering methods such as diffraction tomography is analyzed, and compared with the computational complexity of the nonlinear inverse scattering method, such as the Born iterative and distorted Born iterative methods. It is essential that fast forward solvers be used to solve the forward scattering problem for the nonlinear inverse scattering methods, since the bottleneck in these methods is the solution of the forward solver.
Emergency department nursing care of the manic patient

Emergency departments are often the first place that the committed patient comes into contact with the health care system. More than 40 states have emergency detention statutes designed to control patients who are thought to be an immediate threat to themselves or to others. Such laws affect the practice of nurses in emergency departments because legislation influences the number and types of patients seen in emergency facilities. This situation places a great deal of responsibility on ED nurses to care for the committed patient who is in the emergency department. We have investigated the nature of emergency commitments in an effort to define the types of persons most often brought to emergency departments for psychiatric conditions.’ We reviewed 222 case records of patients undergoing emergency detention for a l-year period in Linn County, Iowa, for demographic, diagnostic, and dispositional variables of interest to ED personnel. As we had expected, a significant percentage (37%) of ED patients with psychiatric-related problems carried a primary diagnosis related to alcoholism or drug abuse. A much more surprising finding was the high proportion of patients with major affective disorders (35.5%) who were admitted under emergency detention statutes and who later had applications for involuntary hospitalization filed against them. Of those patients diagnosed as having an affective (mood) disorder, the overwhelming majority (88.75%) were undergoing the manic phase of a manic-depressive illness. The behavior of manic patients may be extremely
Hybrid populations selectively filter gene introgression between species.

Abstract Hybrids have long been recognized as a potential pathway for gene flow between species that can have important consequences for evolution and conservation biology. However, few studies have demonstrated that genes from one species can introgress or invade another species over a broad geographic area. Using 35 genetically mapped restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) markers of two species of cottonwoods (Populus fremontii x P. angustifolia) and their hybrids (n = 550 trees), we showed that the majority of the genome is prohibited from introgressing from one species into the other. However, this barrier was not absolute; Fremont cpDNA and mtDNA were found throughout the geographic range of narrowleaf cottonwood, and 20% of the nuclear markers of Fremont cottonwood introgressed varying distances (some over 100 km) into the recipient species' range. Rates of nuclear introgression were variable, but two nuclear markers introgressed as fast as the haploid, cytoplasmically inherited chloroplas...
Semantic Labeling of 3D Point Clouds for Indoor Scenes

Inexpensive RGB-D cameras that give an RGB image together with depth data have become widely available. In this paper, we use this data to build 3D point clouds of full indoor scenes such as an office and address the task of semantic labeling of these 3D point clouds. We propose a graphical model that captures various features and contextual relations, including the local visual appearance and shape cues, object co-occurence relationships and geometric relationships. With a large number of object classes and relations, the model's parsimony becomes important and we address that by using multiple types of edge potentials. The model admits efficient approximate inference, and we train it using a maximum-margin learning approach. In our experiments over a total of 52 3D scenes of homes and offices (composed from about 550 views, having 2495 segments labeled with 27 object classes), we get a performance of 84.06% in labeling 17 object classes for offices, and 73.38% in labeling 17 object classes for home scenes. Finally, we applied these algorithms successfully on a mobile robot for the task of finding objects in large cluttered rooms.
Determination of the Parameters of Native Disorder in α‐Al2O3

Compensation of single-crystal, acceptor-dominated samples of α-Al2O3 by hydrogen leads to samples showing conductivity by protons, electrons, holes, Al‴i, and V‴Al Values of the partial conductivities as a function of temperature are used to determine the parameters of native ionic and electronic disorder.
Pathogenesis of lymphocyte-tropic and macrophagetropic SIVmac infection in the brain

SIVmac 239 replicates productivity in activated CD4+ T lymphocytes, but inefficiently in macrophages from rhesus macrophages. Inoculation of the virus into animals results in an acute, highly productive burst of virus replication in activated T lymphocytes in lymphoid tissues and infected cells invade the central nervous system (CNS). This phase lasts a few weeks and is eventually followed by development of immunosuppression of different degrees of severity, opportunistic infections, and tumors related to the loss of T lymphocytes. On rare occasions, infected immunosuppressed animals develop encephalitis and/or interstitial pneumonia, syndromes that are associated with selection of mutant viruses that replicate efficiently in macrophages of these tissues. Usually, however, brains of animals dying with AIDS caused by SIVmac239 appear histologically normal. Is the brain infected with virus? We report here on a macaque dying with AIDS, a neuroinvasive tumor and interstitial pneumonia associated with macropha...
Functional Similarity between E6 Proteins of Cutaneous Human Papillomaviruses and the Adenovirus E1A Tumor-Restraining Module

The adenovirus E1A C-terminal region restrains oncogenic transformation through interaction with three distinct cellular protein complexes that include the DYRK1A/1B/HAN11 complex. The E6 proteins of beta-human papillomaviruses (beta-HPVs) also interact with the DYRK1/HAN11 complex. A variant of HPV5 E6 frequently found in epidermodysplasia verruciformis skin lesions interacted less efficiently with DYRK1A/HAN11. The E6 variant and E7 of HPV5 efficiently coimmortalized primary epithelial cells, suggesting that naturally arising variants may contribute potential oncogenic activities of beta-HPV E6 proteins.
Unaspis lansivora sp. n. (Hemiptera: Diaspididae), a new pest of Lansium domesticum (Meliaceae), and a key to Unaspis species.

Since 2004, an undescribed species of Unaspis (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) has become a damaging pest on Lansium domesticum Correa in the Philippines. Its attack on the leaves causes premature senescence and defoliation, resulting in the production of few, underdeveloped, sour fruit and sometimes killing the trees. The scale was misidentified initially as Lepidosaphes ulmi (Linnaeus) and then as Unaspis citri (Comstock), but further study indicated that it was an undescribed species of potential plant quarantine significance. The pest is described as U. lansivora sp. n. and an identification key to all 19 species of Unaspis is provided. Its distribution, host range and prospects for its biological control are discussed.
Dog red blood cells. Adjustment of salt and water content in vitro.

Dog red blood cells (RBC) lack a ouabain-sensitive sodium pump, and yet they are capable of volume regulation in vivo. The present study was designed to find in vitro conditions under which dog RBC could transport sodium outward, against an electrochemical gradient. Cells were first loaded with sodium chloride and water by preincubation in hypertonic saline. They were then incubated at 37°C in media containing physiologic concentrations of sodium, potassium, chloride, bicarbonate, glucose, and calcium. The cells returned to a normal salt and water content in 16–20 h. Without calcium in the medium the cells continued slowly to accumulate sodium. Removal of glucose caused rapid swelling and lysis, whether or not calcium was present. The net efflux of sodium showed a close relationship to medium calcium over a concentration range from 0 to 5 mM. Extrusion of salt and water was also demonstrated in fresh RBC (no hypertonic preincubation) when calcium levels in the media were sufficiently raised. The ion and water movements in these experiments were not influenced by ouabain or by removal of extracellular potassium. Magnesium could not substitute for calcium. It is concluded that dog RBC have an energy-dependent mechanism for extruding sodium chloride which requires external calcium and is quite distinct from the sodium-potassium exchange pump.
Globalization and International Democracy

Global Transformations: Politics, Economics and Culture, David Held, Anthony McGrevv, David Goldblatt, Jonathan Perraton (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1999). 540 pp., paper (ISBN: 0-8047-3627-8), $29.95; cloth (ISBN: 0-8047-3625-1), $75.00. Re-Imagining Political Community: Studies in Cosmopolitan Democracy, Daniele Archibugi, David Held, Martin Kohler, eds. (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1998). 352 pp., paper (ISBN: 0-8047-3535). $22.95; cloth (ISBN: 0-8047-5344), $60.00. The Power of Human Rights: International Norms and Domestic Change, Thomas Risse, Stephen C. Ropp, Kathryn Sikkink, eds. (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999). 318 pp., paper (ISBN: 0-521-65882-9), $22.95; cloth (ISBN: 0-521-65093-3). $59.95. Books reviewed in this article: David Held, Anthony McGrew, David Goldblatt, and Jonathan Perraton, Global Transformations: Politics, Economics and Culture Daniele Archibugi, David Held, and Martin Kohler, (eds.) Re-Imagining Political Community: Studies in Cosmopolitan Democracy Thomas Risse, Stephen C. Ropp, and Kathryn Sikkink, (eds.) The Power of Human Rights: International Norms and Domestic Change
Two-photon ionization rates of atomic hydrogen: comparison of numerical and analytical techniques

The photoionization rate and emitted electron angular distribution were computed for ground-state atomic hydrogen, in the two-photon regime (6.80–13.6 eV), for laser irradiances between 1013 and 1015 W/cm2, and for linear polarization. A direct numerical solution of the time-dependent Schrodinger equation (TDSE) was performed by a standard method and with slow laser turnon and turnoff pulse-envelope switching functions incorporated. Comparison is made with the predictions of a two-photon ionization rate formula, as described by Klarsfeld [ Lett. Nuovo Cimemto3, 395 ( 1970)] in second-order perturbation theory, into which a resonance width and threshold shift were inserted. Under the conditions of this problem the width was dominated by the one-photon Rabi rate, and the threshold shift by the ponderomotive energy. Photoionization rates and angular distributions determined from the TDSE agreed well with the values obtained from the extended Klarsfeld formula.
Non-linear tissue elasticity: adaptive elasticity imaging for large deformations

Ultrasound's dynamic and interactive (i.e., real-time) nature is it's major advantage compared to other imaging modalities. For elasticity imaging, real-time data capture provides an excellent foundation for retrospective data processing, including adaptive speckle tracking, incompressibility processing, and adaptive elasticity imaging. In this paper, we explore adaptive imaging of elasticity to estimate nonlinear tissue elasticity. Remote assessment of nonlinear tissue elasticity (i.e., strain hardening) can both increase contrast in elasticity images and present an independent means of tissue differentiation.
Primary nerve repair: Indications and results

Abstract A review of the indications and results from various types of primary nerve repairs is presented. Specific data on parameters found to effect overall nerve functional return are detailed. Although primary end-to-end nerve repair appears the ideal treatment for acute injuries, factors outside the surgeon's control still play an important part in the final outcome.
NeuroPhone: brain-mobile phone interface using a wireless EEG headset

Neural signals are everywhere just like mobile phones. We propose to use neural signals to control mobile phones for hands-free, silent and effortless human-mobile interaction. Until recently, devices for detecting neural signals have been costly, bulky and fragile. We present the design, implementation and evaluation of the NeuroPhone system, which allows neural signals to drive mobile phone applications on the iPhone using cheap off-the-shelf wireless electroencephalography (EEG) headsets. We demonstrate a brain-controlled address book dialing app, which works on similar principles to P300-speller brain-computer interfaces: the phone flashes a sequence of photos of contacts from the address book and a P300 brain potential is elicited when the flashed photo matches the person whom the user wishes to dial. EEG signals from the headset are transmitted wirelessly to an iPhone, which natively runs a lightweight classifier to discriminate P300 signals from noise. When a person's contact-photo triggers a P300, his/her phone number is automatically dialed. NeuroPhone breaks new ground as a brain-mobile phone interface for ubiquitous pervasive computing. We discuss the challenges in making our initial prototype more practical, robust, and reliable as part of our on-going research.
Kinetic Energy Harvesting Using Piezoelectric and Electromagnetic Technologies—State of the Art

This paper presents the latest progress in kinetic energy harvesting for wide applications ranging from implanted devices and wearable electronic devices to mobile electronics and self-powered wireless network nodes. The advances in energy harvesters adopting piezoelectric and electromagnetic transduction mechanisms are presented. Piezoelectric generators convert mechanical strain on the active material to electric charge while electromagnetic generators make use of the relative motion between a conductor and a magnetic flux to induce charge in the conductor. The existent kinetic piezoelectric generators including human-powered and vibration-based devices are comprehensively addressed. In addition, the electromagnetic generators which include resonant, rotational, and ?hybrid? devices are reviewed. In the conclusion part of this paper, a comparison between the transduction methods and future application trends is given.
Testing guidelines for evaluation of the immunotoxic potential of direct food additives

Abstract Immunotoxicity testing is a new addition to the safety assessment guidelines for direct food and color additives. The approaches and philosophy for this area of specialized testing are consistent with the case‐by‐case strategy applied in the regulatory approval process, which is based on structure‐activity relationships, preexisting knowledge, and projected exposure estimates. Specialized testing such as immunotoxicity is not part of the basic testing requirements, but would be applied when indicators are positive. Concepts for immunotoxicity testing have evolved, in part, from research for evaluating various testing methods as well as specific study designs. This research, conducted over the last decade, has focused mainly on the rat as the rodent species of choice. The miniature swine was evaluated as a nonrodent model. Testing is defined by type 1 and type 2 tests, which differ in that type 1 tests are performed on the same animals used in the core study design. Sets of type 1 and type 2 tests...
Ca2+-dependent p47phox translocation in hydroperoxide modulation of the alveolar macrophage respiratory burst

Oxidative stress produces dual effects on the respiratory burst of rat alveolar macrophages. Preincubation with hydroperoxide concentrations [H2O2or tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BOOH); <50 μM] enhan...
Humans Integrate Monetary and Liquid Incentives to Motivate Cognitive Task Performance

It is unequivocal that a wide variety of incentives can motivate behavior. However, few studies have explicitly examined whether and how different incentives are integrated in terms of their motivational influence. The current study examines the combined effects of monetary and liquid incentives on cognitive processing, and whether appetitive and aversive incentives have distinct influences. We introduce a novel task paradigm, in which participants perform cued task-switching for monetary rewards that vary parametrically across trials, with liquid incentives serving as post-trial performance feedback. Critically, the symbolic meaning of the liquid was held constant (indicating successful reward attainment), while liquid valence was blocked. In the first experiment, monetary rewards combined additively with appetitive liquid feedback to improve subject task performance. Aversive liquid feedback counteracted monetary reward effects in low monetary reward trials, particularly in a subset of participants who tended to avoid responding under these conditions. Self-report motivation ratings predicted behavioral performance above and beyond experimental effects. A follow-up experiment replicated the predictive power of motivation ratings even when only appetitive liquids were used, suggesting that ratings reflect idiosyncratic subjective values of, rather than categorical differences between, the liquid incentives. Together, the findings indicate an integrative relationship between primary and secondary incentives and potentially dissociable influences in modulating motivational value, while informing hypotheses regarding candidate neural mechanisms.
Binding of Mg(2+) and Ca(2+) to palmitic acid and deprotonation of the COOH headgroup studied by vibrational sum frequency generation spectroscopy.

At the air/liquid interface, cation binding specificity of alkaline earth cations, Mg2+ and Ca2+, with the biologically relevant ligand carboxylate (COO−) using vibrational sum frequency generation spectroscopy is reported. The empirical evidence strongly supports that the ionic binding strength is much stronger for Ca2+ to COO− than that for Mg2+. We conclude that at a near-neutral pH, the mechanism that governs Ca2+ binding to COO− is accompanied by commensurate deprotonation of the carboxyl headgroup. In addition, surface molecular structure and ion concentration influence the cation binding behavior at the air/liquid interface. In a 0.1 M Ca2+(aq) solution, Ca2+ initially favors forming ionic complexes in a 2:1 bridging configuration (2Ca2+:1COO−) but 1:1 chelating bidentate complexes (1Ca2+:1COO−) gradually emerge as secondary species as the system reaches equilibrium. As the Ca2+ concentration rises to 0.3 M, the primary complexed species exists in the 2:1 bridging configuration. Unlike Ca2+, Mg2+ a...