cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
World War II and the Transformation of the American Chemical Industry

In the aftermath of World War II the American scientific community called for an increased emphasis on basic research to restore the stock of knowledge that had been depleted by four years of war-related research and development (1). Behind this call was a model of technological change that made scientific research the mainspring of innovation. Yet, examination of the impact of World War II on the chemical industry reveals a different scenario. In the 1930s chemists in many corporate laboratories had developed technologies for making polymers or long-chain molecules, which could form the basis for an unlimited number of new materials, but full commercialization had been blocked by numerous obstacles. For the chemical industry the real change of the war was to bridge the gap between development and commercialization — not between science and technology. With government help the industry met the challenge and found itself transformed by its wartime programs.
The Development of the High-Temperature Superconductivity Field

To open the 2nd NEC Symposium devoted to “Mechanisms of High-Temperature Superconductivity,” the progress that occurred since the discovery of the layered cuprate was reviewed. This was done by recalling first the knowledge gained by the end of 1987, and then referring to the substantial results achieved by fall of 1988. The emphasis was put on the experiments and the structural aspects, mainly because the author was more directly following these, but also as these are really relevant regarding the theoretical models. One may even say that so far the main advance took place on the empirical side.
Fertilization in the Rabbit

Discovered by the Phoenicians in ancient times, the rabbit has been bred in captivity for hundreds of years. In the monasteries of the 16th century, domestication of the rabbit (Oryctolagus) and hare (Lepus) led to the continued breeding of rabbits because of their ability to reproduce easily in leporaria (Fox, 1974). Today’s modern laboratory rabbit is a decendent of the European rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus and now exists in dozens of different breeds, from the 15-lb Flemish giant to the 2 1/2h-lb. pound Polish white. Because of such a long history of domestication, evolutionary changes from the true wild type have undoubtedly occurred; nevertheless, researchers have continued to study the reproductive biology of the domestic rabbit for over 300 years. In fact, early observations on ovarian follicles, which later became known as “Graafian follicles,” were made in the rabbit by De Graaf in the late 17th century. For the next 200 years numerous investigators reinvestigated ovulation and early development in the rabbit, using the rabbit as a model for mammalian development because it is easily bred in captivity and ovulation is induced by coitus. By 1839, Barry had clearly established the time of ovulation as 10 hr after coitus, and he made the significant observation that the interaction of the spermatozoon with the egg was responsible for the development of the embryo.
ANALYSIS OF THE AGRICULTURAL SECTOR GROWTH USING MALMQUIST TOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY INDEX FOR 165 COUNTRIES

This study was conducted to estimates the Malmquist productivity indices using the data envelopment analysis (DEA) for 165 countries over 8 regions and classified across 8 groups based on agricultural gross production value during the study period (1980-2007). The total factor productivity including and measure the efforts in the resource allocation, modernization, the technological change, and catch-up efforts in the agriculture sector in any country. While, Malmquist TFP index measures total factor productivity change between two data points by calculating the ratio of the distance function of each data point relative to a common technology. The data used in this study was drawn from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. This paper also estimated the technical efficiency, technical efficiency change and technical change for countries in each group and for all those countries as one group.
Assessment of the Severity of Paravalvular Regurgitation and its Role on Survival After Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement

Background: To evaluate the impact of various measurements of paravalvular regurgitation (PVR) on survival after transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR). PVR can be difficult to grade and bot...
Explaining Police Corruption among Mexican Police Officers through a Social Learning Perspective

This study examines the causes of corruption among Mexican police officers through the lens of social learning theory. Self-administered questionnaires were used to gather information about behavio...
Expanding and Extending the Role Reversal Construct in Early Childhood.

Role reversal or boundary dissolution (BD) refers to the breakdown of expected parent-child roles and poses risk to development. Although retrospective reports in adulthood demonstrate that the emotional aspects of BD negatively influence self-concept, examination of BD in early childhood typically focuses on BD broadly as a reversal of parent-child roles rather than isolating the emotional aspects of BD. In addition, empirical work has yet to distinguish between mother and child engagement in BD despite the strong theoretical emphasis on this distinction. We coded (N = 110 mother-child dyads) mother and child (age 3–6 years) engagement in role reversal during play and in emotional BD during mother-child reminiscing discussions to isolate emotional BD. Child engagement in BD was associated across the contexts of play and mother-child emotional conversations whereas there was no association between maternal engagement in BD across these contexts. We examined associations between mother and child engagement in emotional BD and the extent to which child self-concept was consistent. Maternal engagement in emotional BD during reminiscing emerged as a significant predictor of less consistency in child self-concept in regression models including child engagement in emotional BD, role reversal in play, and child age. Results provide empirical support for critical components of BD theory (e.g., salience of emotional BD, distinguishing parent versus child engagement in BD, impact on self-concept) and the measurement of these aspects of BD in future studies.
Toward an Understanding of Deformation Mechanismsin Metallic Lithium and Sodium from First-Principles

Metallic lithium and sodium are actively investigated as anodes for all solid-state batteries. While the mechanical properties of Li and Na remain poorly understood, there is a growing consensus th...
College Acceleration for All? Mapping Racial Gaps in Advanced Placement and Dual Enrollment Participation:

This article documents the patterns of White-Black and White-Hispanic enrollment gaps in Advanced Placement (AP) and Dual Enrollment (DE) programs across thousands of school districts in the United...
Risk Factors for Estrogen Receptor Positive Ductal Carcinoma in Situ of the Breast in African American Women

BACKGROUND Compared to U.S. white women, African American women are more likely to die from ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). Elucidation of risk factors for DCIS in African American women may provide opportunities for risk reduction. METHODS We used data from three epidemiologic studies in the African American Breast Cancer Epidemiology and Risk Consortium to study risk factors for estrogen receptor (ER) positive DCIS (488 cases; 13,830 controls). Results were compared to associations observed for ER+ invasive breast cancer (n = 2,099). RESULTS First degree family history of breast cancer was associated with increased risk of ER+ DCIS [odds ratio (OR): 1.69, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.31, 2.17]. Oral contraceptive use within the past 10 years (vs. never) was also associated with increased risk (OR: 1.43, 95%CI: 1.03, 1.97), as was late age at first birth (≥25 years vs. <20 years) (OR: 1.26, 95%CI: 0.96, 1.67). Risk was reduced in women with older age at menarche (≥15 years vs. <11 years) (OR: 0.62, 95%CI: 0.42, 0.93) and higher body mass index (BMI) in early adulthood (≥25 vs. <20 kg/m2 at age 18 or 21) (OR: 0.75, 95%CI: 0.55, 1.01). There was a positive association of recent BMI with risk in postmenopausal women only. In general, associations of risk factors for ER+ DCIS were similar in magnitude and direction to those for invasive ER+ breast cancer. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that most risk factors for invasive ER+ breast cancer are also associated with increased risk of ER+ DCIS among African American women.
Abstract WMP50: Age-Specific Female-Male Disparities in Endovascular Thrombectomy Use for Acute Ischemic Stroke in the United States

Introduction: Studies have suggested sex-related and age-related variations in frequency of reperfusion therapy, but have been limited by constrained geographic scope, data from before the modern t...
Crisis and Coercive Pleas

Even in the best of times, trials are rare. In the midst of the current pandemic, trials have vanished altogether in certain parts of the country; in other areas they occur sporadically as courts grapple with how to hold trials safely. This makes sense from a public health perspective, but the lack of trials, along with other challenges posed by the coronavirus crisis, poses a heightened risk that defendants will be coerced into false and unfair pleas. Coercive pleas are part and parcel of the criminal system, but the current crisis provides several avenues for even greater abuse of defendants through the plea process. In Part I of this essay I explore the particular concerns related to plea bargaining during the COVID-19 crisis and address three broad areas: 1.) the particularized fear of a prison or jail sentence during a pandemic, 2.) the difficulty with holding – or complete lack of – jury trials, and 3.) issues with access to counsel and other procedural challenges that defendants will face during and after the crisis. Part II offers some solutions to mitigate the risk of coercive pleas. The essay encourages criminal courts to think about holding jury trials via video, despite the many obvious challenges. The essay also defines several ways in which judges can take a more active role in protecting against coercive pleas during the pandemic. And, as the essay explores, this crisis may also provide opportunities for creative problem solving that can outlast the virus.
Optimal Distribution in Wireless Mesh Network with Enhanced Connectivity and Coverage

This paper considers the optimal distribution of wireless mesh network with reference to connectivity and coverage. The very intensive problem of finding the optimal router node placement (RNP) problem addressed with firefly optimization algorithm. Though there are many contemporary works with the same optimization, the proposed algorithm concentrates on the optimization of the objective function in terms of client coverage and the network connectivity. The generation of the seeds randomly uses the gradient descent method. The obtained results demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed approach when compared to the existing genetic algorithm.
Semiparametric fractional imputation using Gaussian mixture models for handling multivariate missing data

Item nonresponse is frequently encountered in practice. Ignoring missing data can lose efficiency and lead to misleading inference. Fractional imputation is a frequentist approach of imputation for...
In 2021, Presidential Priorities Must Be Pandemic Response, Health Care Access

Health care has been a hot topic in past presidential elections, but never has it been as front and center as in the 2020 race.
Genetically encoded multimode reporter of adaptor complex 3 traffic in budding yeast.

AP-3 (adaptor complex 3) mediates traffic from the late Golgi or early endosomes to late endosomal compartments. In mammals, mutations in AP-3 cause Hermansky-Pudlak Syndrome type 2, cyclic neutropenias, and a form of epileptic encephalopathy. In budding yeast, AP-3 carries cargo directly from the trans-Golgi to the lysosomal vacuole. Despite the pathway's importance and its discovery two decades ago, rapid screens and selections for AP-3 mutants have not been available. We now report GNSI, a synthetic, genetically-encoded reporter that allows rapid plate-based assessment of AP-3 functional deficiency, using either chromogenic or growth phenotype readouts. This system identifies defects in both the formation and consumption of AP-3 carrier vesicles and is adaptable to high-throughput screening or selection in both plate array and liquid batch culture formats. Episomal and integrating plasmids encoding GNSI have been submitted to the Addgene repository. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Improved Ipsilateral Breast and Chest Wall Sparing With MR-Guided 3-fraction Accelerated Partial Breast Irradiation: A Dosimetric Study Comparing MR-Linac and CT-Linac Plans.

Abstract Purpose External beam accelerated partial breast irradiation (APBI) is subject to treatment uncertainties that must be accounted for through planning target volume (PTV) margin. We hypothesize that magnetic resonance–guided radiation therapy with reduced PTV margins enabled by real-time cine magnetic resonance image (MRI) target monitoring results in better normal tissue sparing compared with computed tomography (CT)-guided radiation therapy with commonly used clinical PTV margins. In this study, we compare the plan quality of ViewRay MRIdian Linac forward planned intensity modulated radiation therapy and TrueBeam volumetric modulated arc therapy for a novel 3-fraction APBI schedule. Methods and Materials Targets and organs at risk (OARs) were segmented for 10 patients with breast cancer according to NSABP B39/RTOG 0413 protocol. A 3 mm margin was used to generate MR PTV3mm and CT PTV3mm plans, and a 10 mm margin was used for CT PTV10mm. An APBI schedule delivering 24.6 Gy to the clinical target volume and 23.4 Gy to the PTV in 3 fractions was used. OAR dose constraints were scaled down from existing 5-fraction APBI protocols. Target and OAR dose-volume metrics for the following data sets were analyzed using Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-rank test: (1) MR PTV3mm versus CT PTV3mm plans and (2) MR PTV3mm versus CT PTV10mm. Results Average PTVs were 84.3 ± 51.9 cm3 and 82.6 ± 55 cm3 (P = .5) for MR PTV3mm and CT PTV3mm plans, respectively. PTV V23.4Gy, dose homogeneity index, conformity index (CI), and R50 were similar. There was no meaningful difference in OAR metrics, despite MR PTV3mm being larger than the CT PTV3mm in 70% of the patients. Average PTVs for MR PTV3mm and CT PTV10mm plans were 84.3 ± 51.9 cm3 and 131.7 ± 74.4 cm3, respectively (P = .002). PTV V23.4Gy was 99% ± 0.9% versus 97.6% ± 1.4% (P = .03) for MR PTV3mm and CT PTV10mm, respectively. Dose homogeneity index, CI, and R50 were similar. MR PTV3mm plans had better ipsilateral breast (V12.3Gy, 34.8% ± 12.7% vs 44.4% ± 10.9%, P = .002) and chest wall sparing (V24Gy, 8.5 ± 5.5 cm3 vs 21.8 ± 14.9 cm3, P = .004). Conclusions MR- and CT-based planning systems produced comparable plans when a 3 mm PTV margin was used for both plans. As expected, MR PTV3mm plans produced better ipsilateral breast and chest wall sparing compared with CT PTV10mm. The clinical relevance of these differences in dosimetric parameters is not known.
Inflammation Unleashed in Viral-Induced Epileptogenesis:

Viral infection of the central nervous system increasingly places people at risk of developing life-threatening and treatment-resistant acute and chronic seizures (epilepsy). The emergence of new h...
Psychologists on the March: Epilogue: Science in Search of Self

The postwar alliance for scientific professionalism began to peak around 1970 as the distinctive contours of the psychology community began to merge with the cultural landscape of America. A seemingly limitless market for psychological expertise enabled the profession to continue its remarkable expansion, with no end in sight. In 1970 membership in the American Psychological Association reached more than 30,000, an increase of nearly a hundred-fold over the span of a single professional lifetime. By this time scientific interests and social concerns had coalesced around the study of personality and the concept of the self. Interest in personality theory was high among academic psychologists, reinforced by the “golden age” in the popularization of psychoanalytic ideas in the postwar period. Possessing vast interpretive flexibility, the self was constructed as an object of research and a locus of personal and cultural concern. After disappearing for decades from the psychological literature, theoretical and empirical studies of the self proliferated after the war. Between 1940 and 1970 some two thousand publications related to the concept of the self appeared. The cultural preoccupation with the self was already well established when writer Tom Wolfe christened the 1970s the “Me Decade.” In a series of brilliant essays he captured the widespread and intense self-absorption of the American middle class that was associated with sexual liberation, recreational drug use, psychotherapeutic and religious cults, and various other forms of self-indulgence.
Flinging a New Star: "Fire and Cloud" and "Bright and Morning Star" as Reflections of Richard Wright's Changing Relationship with Communism

Richard Wright's collection of short novella's, Uncle Tom's Children , was originally published in 1938; in 1940, after the success of Native Son, a new printing of the text appeared with two additions. The first was the introductory essay entitled "The Ethics of Living Jim Crow," which was written in 1937, and later served as part of Black Boy. The second was the novella "Bright and Morning Star." Michel Fabre notes that Harper's Magazine rejected this story, "but since it fit Party specifications even better than had the four previous stories, New Masses published it as part of a special literary supplement on May 10, [1938]" (164) . In fact, perhaps because New Masses originally published the final story, critical attention to the revised edition of book almost exclusively posits that the 1940 edition reflects Wright's commitment to Communism at the time. However, several of Wright's other writings-including the introductory essay to the 1940 edition, "The Ethics of Living Jim Crow;" "Blue print for Negro Writing," first published in New Challenge in the fall of 1937; "I Tried to be a Communist," first published in Atlantic Monthly in August and September 1944; and his responses to the Communist party's review of Native Son in 1940-also indicate that his focus in the late 1930s was more on the development of an individual black consciousness than on advancing the causes of the Communist party. By juxtaposing the final two stories, "Fire and Cloud" and "Bright and Morning Star," and considering them in terms of the other writings indicated above, I argue that the 1940 edition of Uncle Tom's Children (with the two additions) demonstrates Wright's growing ambivalence with the Communist Party between the years of 1937 and 1940.
Civil Society in Algeria: The Political Functions of Associational Life

1. Civil society in weak states 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Algeria's weak state 1.3 Civil society in liberalised autocracies 1.4 The political functions of associational life 1.5 Researching Algerian associational life 2. From repression to instrumental use: associational life through colonial and postcolonial times 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Cafes, nadis, and sport clubs in the demise of colonial Algeria 2.3 Independence, incorporation and repression 2.4 From repression to instrumental use 2.5 Conclusions 3. Outsourcing failure: state insulation and scapegoat politics in Algeria 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Structural disadjustment as insulation failure 3.3 Insulation revisited 3.4 Introducing the scapegoats 3.5 Diverting discontent 3.6 Preserving factional equilibria 3.7 From state failure to civic failure 3.8 Conclusions 4. Out of trust? Presidents and families versus Algeria's associative decay 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Social capital in Algeria 4.3 Associative decay 4.4 Out of distrust 4.5 Surviving decay: associative presidentialism 4.6 Surviving decay II: associative familism 4.7 Conclusions 5. Algerian associations from voice to loyalty 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Post-independence loyalty, political exit and civic voice 5.3 The social bases of associational life 5.4 From state-class to associative class? The rise, fall and exit of Algeria's public sector strata 5.5 The associative sphere as political settlement 5.6 From state distribution to distributive associations 5.7 Patrons and clients in associations 5.8 Conclusions 6. Party bypass: associational life and the management of political pluralism 6.1 Introduction: Algerian parties and their discontented 6.2 Hyperpluralism in Algeria 6.3 Associations and parties: from alliance to distance? 6.4 Associations and the state: from opposition to collusion 6.5 Managing associative pluralism 6.7 From electoral committees to civic associations, and back 6.8 Conclusions: associational life and the departification of Algerian politics 7. Civic engagement: Algeria's associative sphere and the international arena 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Threatened civility: associations in the international limelight 7.3 In search of civic voices 7.4 Grassroots legitimacy 7.5 Democracy promotion between stability and change 7.6 The anti-politics of civil society support 7.7 Reaching out to the state 7.8 Conclusions 8. Conclusions 8.1 Institutional cloaking versus political change 8.2 Sheltered grassroots, Faustian pacts? 8.3 Transformational diplomacy References Annex A. List of persons interviewed Annex B. Associations registered at the Maison des Associations in Bologhine.
Effect of Hydroxylysine on the Biosynthesis of Lysine in Saccharomyces

Hydroxylysine acts as a growth inhibitor of Saccharomyces for a certain period of time. The inhibition is concentration-dependent and is reversed by a small amount of lysine in the medium. After the growth-inhibitory period, the wild-type cells are able to grow rapidly even in the presence of hydroxylysine. Both lysine auxotrophs and wild-type cells are unable to utilize hydroxylysine in place of lysine. Hydroxylysine, mimicking lysine, controls the biosynthesis of lysine and thereby limits the availability of biosynthetic lysine to the cells. Hydroxylysine affects the biosynthesis of lysine at a number of enzymatic steps. Accumulation of homocitric acid, the first intermediate of lysine biosynthesis, in the mutant strains 19B and A B9 is reduced significantly in the presence of hydroxylysine. Hydroxylysine, like lysine, exerts a significant inhibition in vitro on the homocitric acid-synthesizing activity. Enzymes following the alpha-aminoadipic acid step respond in a noncoordinate fashion to hydroxylysine. Level of the enzyme saccharopine reductase, but not of alpha-aminoadipic acid reductase or saccharopine dehydrogenase, is reduced significantly. These regulatory effects of hydroxylysine are similar to those observed for lysine.
A polynomial time algorithm for the stochastic uncapacitated lot-sizing problem with backlogging

Since Wagner and Whitin published a seminal paper on the deterministic uncapacitated lot-sizing problem, many other researchers have investigated the structure of other fundamental models on lot-sizing that are embedded in practical production planning problems. In this paper we consider basic versions of such models in which demand (and other problem parameters) are stochastic rather than deterministic. It is named stochastic uncapacitated lot-sizing problem with backlogging. We define a production path property of optimal solutions for this model and use this property to develop backward dynamic programming recursions. This approach allows us to show that the value function is piecewise linear and continuous, which we can further use to define a polynomial time algorithm for the problem in a general stochastic scenario tree setting.
Sequential Analysis Reveals Behavioral Differences Underlying Female-Biased Predation Risk in Stalk-Eyed Flies

Stalk-eyed flies are classic models of how sexual selection can drive morphological and behavioral elaboration. Exaggerated ornaments born by stalk-eyed flies could impose locomotor costs and increase susceptibility to predation; however, a previous study determined that behavior, not eye span, was the major influence on predation risk. Despite the importance of behavior, relatively little is known about how these flies avoid and deter predators. We created an ethogram of behaviors and used it to score individual interactions of male and female Teleopsis dalmanni paired with an actively foraging, generalist arachnid predator (Phidippus audax). Sequential analysis was employed to identify temporal patterns in behavior and determine how males and females differ in their approaches to avoiding predation. Our results indicate that males and females significantly differ when specific behaviors were employed. Patterns in the behavioral transitions suggest that males are more aggressive than females and are more likely to approach a predator to jab, abdomen bob, or display. Males elicited more retreat responses from the predator, whereas females elicited more attacks. Although the behavioral repertoires of male and female stalk-eyed flies are indistinguishable, their uses of the behaviors differ, particularly the sequential order of presentation, suggesting a strong sex difference in anti-predatory behavior.
Modernism and Popular Music

Preface Introduction: popular music and the experience of modernism Part I. Musical Modernism: Popular Music in the Time of Jazz: 1. Classical modernity and popular music 2. Twentieth-century modernism and 'jazz' music Part II. Gershwin, Porter, Waller, and Holiday: 3. Melting pot and meeting place: the Gershwin brothers and the arts of quotation 4. 'What is this thing called love?': Cole Porter and the rhythms of desire 5. Signifying music: Fats Waller and the time of jazz 6. Music without composition: Billie Holiday and ensemble performance Postscript: popular music and the revolution of the word Bibliography Index.
The classical action for a Bianchi VI_h model

An estimate for the classical action for a Bianchi VI_h homogeneous spatially closed cosmology is presented as a function of b, a parameter of the model that is proportional to the relative rotation of the average inertial frame and the bulk of matter in the universe. It is assumed (through the equation of state) that a relativistic early universe is followed by a matter-dominated late universe. The action is used in a saddlepoint approximation to a semiclassical estimate for the wave function in quantum cosmology to explain why our inertial frame seems not to rotate relative to the stars. The saddlepoint is at b=0, as would be expected. Application of the saddlepoint approximation leads to the result that only those classical geometries whose action differs from the saddlepoint value for the action by an amount less than Planck's constant contribute significantly to the integration to give the present value of the wave function. Using estimates for our universe implies that only those classical geometries for which the present relative rotation rate of inertial frames and matter are less than about 10^(-130) radians per year contribute significantly to the integration. This is well below the limit set by experiment. The result depends on the ratio of the Hubble distance to the Planck length, but does not depend on the details of the theory of quantum gravity.
Observation of Superposition of Wake Fields Generated by Electron Bunches in A Dielectric-Lined Waveguide

We report results from an experiment, done at the Accelerator Test Facility, Brookhaven National Laboratory, which demonstrates the successful superposition of wake fields excited by 50MeV bunches which travel ∼ 50cm along the axis of a cylindrical waveguide which is lined with alumina. Wake fields from two short (5-6psec) 0.15− 0.35nC bunches are superimposed and the energy losses of each bunch are measured as the separation between the bunches is varied so as to encompass approximately one wake field period (∼ 21cm). A spectrum of 40 TM 0m eigenmodes is excited by the bunch. A substantial retarding wake field (2.65MV/m·nC for just the first bunch) is developed because of the short bunches and the narrow vacuum channel diameter (3mm) through which they move. The energy loss of the second bunch exhibits a narrow resonance with a 4mm (13.5psec) footprint. This experiment may be compared with a related experiment reported by a group at the Argonne National Laboratory where a ∼ 30 times weaker wake field (∼ 0.1MV/m·nC for the first bunch) having ∼ 10 eigenmodes was excited by a train of much longer bunches [1], and the bunch spacing was not varied.
Quality by Design (QbD), Biopharmaceutical Manufacture

The main concepts of the quality by design (QbD) initiative and applicability to biomanufacturing are described. QbD can lead to a future where product quality will be assured by flexible, science-based approaches. QbD is an umbrella of related concepts and approaches that include quality target product profiles, risk assessments, design spaces, control strategies using process analytical technology, continuous process improvement and others. We will also discuss the regulatory structure supporting the QbD initiative, including the International Conference on Harmonization Quality documents ICH Q8(R1) (Pharmaceutical Development), ICH Q9 (Risk Assessments), ICH Q10 (Quality Systems) and FDA's Process Analytical Technology (PAT) Guidance. A case study is presented for applying QbD to a biopharmaceutical process, viral clearance by anion exchange chromatography. It is believed that QbD will lead to more flexible processes which are justified based on risk and science rather than on a solely empirical approach. Keywords: QbD; ICH; biopharmaceutical development; risk management; design space; PAT; anion exchange chromatography
Green approaches to late-stage fluorination: radiosyntheses of 18F-labelled radiopharmaceuticals in ethanol and water

Green strategies for late-stage fluorination with 18F, in which ethanol and water are the only solvents used throughout the entire radiolabeling process (azeotropic drying, nucleophilic fluorination, purification and formulation), have been developed and applied to the radiosyntheses of a range of radiopharmaceuticals commonly employed in clinical PET imaging.
Ultrahigh temperature vapor core nuclear reactor/MHD generator Rankine cycle space power system

Studies are being conducted on an innovative space power system that combines a uranium tetrafluoride (UF/sub 4/) ultrahigh-temperature vapor core reactor (UTVR) and a disk magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) generator to obtain closed-cycle burst-mode operation (hundreds of MWe power level for a few thousand seconds). Use of UF/sub 4/ as the vapor fuel and metal fluorides as the working fluid in the UTVR/MHD generator allows for operation on a direct, closed-Rankine-type cycle and leads to space power systems with high efficiency ( approximately=20%), small radiator size ( approximately=5 m/sup 5//MWe) and high specific power ( approximately=10 kWe/kg). >
Instantons and Monte Carlo Methods in Quantum Mechanics

In these lectures we describe the use of Monte Carlo simulations in understanding the role of tunneling events, instantons, in a quantum mechanical toy model. We study, in particular, a variety of methods that have been used in the QCD context, such as Monte Carlo simulations of the partition function, cooling and heating, the random and interacting instanton liquid model, and numerical simulations of non-Gaussian corrections to the semi-classical approximation.
Social Movements in Southeast Asia and Latin America

Three recent works – Social Activism in Southeast Asia, Social Movements in Latin America: Neoliberalism and Popular Resistance, and Southeast Asia and the Civil Society Gaze: Scoping a Contested Concept in Cambodia and Vietnam – provide a timely update on the contemporary landscape of social movements in Southeast Asia and Latin America. These works are also relevant for broader theoretical discussions on social movements and provide a basis for future inter-regional comparative studies.
Self-reported alcohol consumption in the Irish community dwelling elderly.

Objectives: To examine the associations of self-reported alcohol consumption in a community based sample of elderly subjects. Methods: A total of 518 non-institutionalised community dwelling elderly identified from general practice registers were interviewed in their own homes using the Geriatric Mental State (GMS-AGECAT), the Mini-Mental State Examination and the sociodemographic questionnaire. Physical health was rated on a six-point scale. Self reported alcohol consumption was recorded in units per week. The group was then divided according to the presence or absence of excessive alcohol consumption (ie. consumption of over 14 units per week for females and 21 units per week for males). Results were analysed using multivariate regression analysis with excessive alcohol consumption as the dependent variable. Results: The mean age of the sample was 73 (range 65-95), 63% (n = 329) were female. Thirty-six per cent of the population were abstinent and 7% reported excessive alcohol consumption. Analysis of the data revealed no association between excessive alcohol consumption and diagnosis, age, cognitive function or poor physical health. Excess consumption was found to be significantly associated with gender (male) and widowed status (p < 0.001, p = 0.013 respectively). Conclusions: As alcohol misuse is commonly missed in the elderly identifying high risk groups is important for the development of intervention strategies. Our results suggest that elderly widowers may be more at risk than their peers of alcohol misuse
Charge-changing cross sections for 8-40-MeV O 7,8+ +(Ar, Ne) collisions

Absolute cross sections for single- and double-electron capture, and single-electron loss, have been determined for O{sup 7,8+} ions colliding with Ar and Ne in the energy range 8{endash}40 MeV. Double-electron-capture cross sections were found to be factors of 5{endash}10 smaller than the single-electron capture cross sections. The present results for electron capture from Ar are systematically larger by about 30{percent} than the corresponding cross sections determined previously by Macdonald and Martin [Phys. Rev. A {bold 4}, 1965 (1971)]. The present single-electron-capture cross sections agree well with the empirical scaling rule of Schlachter {ital et al.} [Phys. Rev. A {bold 27}, 3372 (1983)]. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}
The effect of high magnetic fields on metal foil strain gauges at 4.2 K

Abstract The behaviour of some metal foil strain gauges in magnetic fields up to 6 T at room temperature and at the boiling points of nitrogen and helium has been investigated. At room temperature the Constantan alloy gauges showed a significant magnetically induced negative zero shift. Although at room temperature and liquid nitrogen temperature the Karma-type alloy gauges tested showed no observable magnetoresistance, they all showed a significant positive magnetoresistance at liquid helium temperature.
Megacolon and an abdominal mass

A 38 year old woman presented to the emergency department with a complaint of abdominal pain and distension. She had not had a bowel movement for one week and symptoms were worsening progressively. Her past medical history included hypertension, migraine headaches and occasional constipation relieved by laxatives. Her only medications were enalapril and hydrochlorothiazide. She denied diarrhea and chronic laxative use. Physical examination showed a thin woman in considerable distress with a blood pressure of 170|[sol]|100 mm Hg and a pulse of 120|[sol]|minute. The abdomen was markedly distended, diffusely tender and tympanitic with no bowel sounds. Laboratory data showed a total leukocyte count of 19,000|[sol]||[mu]|l, normal electrolytes and a normal thyroid stimulating hormone level. An abdominal radiograph revealed a grossly dilated colon. The patient's symptoms did not improve with nasogastric suction and rectal tube placement. Attempts at disimpection of stool from the left colon by enemas and flexible sigmoidoscopy likewise were unsuccessful.
CMM feature accessibility and path generation

In this paper, the accessibility of coordinate measuring machines (CMM) and path generation in dimensional inspection are studied. The objective is to develop an algorithm which can determine all the feasible probe orientations for the inspection of a workpiece using a touch trigger probe. The feasible probe orientations ensure that when the probe tip is in contact with the workpiece there should be no collision with either the touch probe or the probe stylus. The algorithm should be able to handle internal holes and complex surfaces and be capable of extending to multiple surfaces. After solving for the probe orientations, a heuristic method determines the number of probe orientations required to inspect the workpiece. It then picks the optimal probe orientation and creates a collision-free inspection path based on the information for probe orientation.
Analytical modeling of MOSFET conductance parameters at cryogenic temperatures

Abstract MOSFET conductance parameters: channel transit-time constant, channel resistance and inversion-layer mobility were studied using a transmission line equivalent circuit for the conductance channel in the 296-77 K temperature range. The temperature dependence of channel transit time constant is modeled using temperature-sensitive parameters such as inversion-layer mobility, the Fermi potential, intrinsic carrier concentration and threshold voltage. It is shown that the channel time constant and channel resistance are strongly sensitive to the temperature variation in the inversion region. Channel inversion layer mobilities are also calculated as a function of effective transverse electric field from the peak frequency in the conductance curve at 296 and 77 K, respectively. It is shown that the peak frequency in the a.c. conductance curve is sensitive to temperature variation due to its dependence on channel time constant.
Sweetpotato whitefly resistance to insecticides in Hawaii: intra-island variation is related to insecticide use

Susceptibility to acephate, methomyl, and permethrin was determined with laboratory bioassays of field-collected adults from 15 populations of the B biotype of sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Homoptera:Aleyrodidae), from Hawaii. Comparisons at the LC50 showed up to 24-fold resistance to acephate, 18-fold resistance to methomyl, and 4-fold resistance to permethrin. Analysis of variance showed significant intra-island variation in susceptibility to each insecticide, but no significant variation among islands. Insecticide use varied from 4 to 103 insecticide sprays per site per season. Acephate and methomyl were used more often than permethrin. The frequency of application and LC50 for each insecticide were positively correlated across sites. These results suggest that local variation in insecticide use was a primary cause of variation in susceptibility. If local insecticide use is a key determinant of resistance, as our results suggest, growers can retard resistance development locally by reducing their own insecticide use.
Osteogenic sarcoma arising in Paget's disease of the mandible

Abstract A case of osteogenic sarcoma arising in a mandible with Paget's disease has been reported. The patient had an extended documented history of Paget's disease involving the humerus, thoracic and lumbar spine, and pelvis. Eight years following the initial diagnosis, the mandible became involved and secondary osteogenic sarcoma was demonstrated.
Euler-Maclaurin Closed Form Finite State Space Model for a String Applied to Broadband Plate Vibrations

The Euler-Maclaurin sun formula is applied to the infinite series Green's function solution in the space-time Laplace transform domain for the one dimensional wave equation for a string fixed at each end. The resulting approximate closed form solution is used to derive a single third order input-output ordinary differential equation to model the string dynamics. The average modal density of a plate is shown to be comparable to a string. A finite three state-space model is developed for the string and applied to the vibrations of a plate subjected to broadband random and impulse inputs. The applications include the direct problem of determining the response to a disturbance input and the inverse problem of identifying the disturbance input with a finite state observer based on the finite string model. Numerical simulations using many plate modes are obtained in the time and frequency domains and are used to compare the multimodal plate model to the finite string based model and to demonstrate how the finite string based model can be used to represent the multimodal vibrations of the plate.
The Quality of Care Provided to Patients With Cirrhosis and Ascites in the Department of Veterans Affairs

Background & Aims Ascites are the most common complication of cirrhosis. Evidence-based guidelines define the criteria and standards of care for patients with cirrhosis and ascites. However, little is known about the extent to which patients with ascites meet these standards. Methods We evaluated the quality of ascites care, measured by 8 explicit Delphi panel–derived quality indicators, in 774 patients with cirrhosis and ascites, seen at 3 Veterans Affairs Medical Centers between 2000 and 2007. We also conducted a structured implicit review of patients' medical charts to determine whether patient refusal, outside care, or other justifiable exceptions to care processes account for nonadherence to the quality indicators. Results Quality scores (maximum 100%) varied among individual indicators, ranging from 30% for secondary prophylaxis of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, to 90% for assays for cell number and type in the paracentesis fluid. In general, care targeted at treatment was more likely to meet standards than preventive care. Only 33.2% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 29.9%−32.9%) of patients received all recommended care. Patients with no comorbidity (Deyo index 0 vs >3; odds ratio=2.21; 95% CI: 1.43−3.43), who saw a gastroenterologist (odds ratio=1.33; 95% CI, 1.01−1.74), or were seen in a facility with academic affiliation (odds ratio=1.73; 95% CI: 1.29−2.35) received higher-quality care. Justifiable exceptions to indicated care, documented in charts, were common for patients with paracentesis after diagnosis with ascites, patients that received antibiotics for gastrointestinal bleeding, and patients that required diuretics. However, most patients did not have an explanation documented for nonadherence to recommended care. Conclusions Health care quality, measured by whether patients received recommended services, was suboptimal for patients with cirrhosis-related ascites. Care that included gastroenterologists was associated with high quality. However, for some of the quality indicators, too many denominator exceptions existed to allow for accurate automated measurement.
Development of an in situ forming biodegradable poly-lactide-coglycolide system for the controlled release of proteins

Abstract Copolymers of polylactic acid (PLA) and polyglycolic acid (PGA) spontaneously form solid depots when a solution of the copolymer in a pharmaceutically acceptable solvent is injected into water. Key formulation variables which affect the performance of these systems were evaluated in the present study. The solubilities of various co-polymer ratios of PLGA were investigated as a function of the solvent solubility parameter, and it was found that the ideal range was 9–11 (cal/cm 3 ) 1/2 . The in vitro release into phosphate buffered saline of fluorescein-labeled bovine serum albumin was evaluated from systems dissolved in either dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) or N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP). For high molecular weight PLGA in NMP, the initial burst (which was found to be inversely proportional to polymer percent) is followed by zero-order release for up to 2 weeks. A significantly different release pattern is observed with DMSO. With low molecular weight PLGA in DMSO or NMP, it was possible to totally eliminate the initial burst, and have zero-order delivery for at least 1 week.
The high-pressure chemistry of potassium¿copper mixtures

Abstract The chemistry of various potassium-copper mixtures placed in a Mao-Bell diamond anvil cell have been investigated up to pressures near 50 GPa. Characterization of these mixtures via X-ray diffraction suggests that several novel K–Cu phases form at these high-pressure conditions. The formation of intermetallic compounds with transition metals is illustrative of an entirely new body of chemistry for the heavy alkali metals, and has profound ramifications on geophysical research suggesting the presence of potassium in Earth's core. Additionally, such alkali metal–transition metal compounds may possess interesting electronic and structural properties, and this research serves as a welcome addition to the study of the K–Cu phase diagram.
Commentary on Freedom, or, Maybe Integration Is Not Just for Counseling Anymore

In this commentary the author identifies her estimation of the most salient points of Hanna's (2011) seminal article. While in agreement that movement toward a unified model is timely, the author suggests alternative conceptualizations to the freedom paradigm, such as Wilber's (1995, 1996) Integral Model, for disciplinary unification.
Subpixel Delay Estimation Using Group Delay Functions

A problem of much interest is the estimation of the delay or shift between two signals or images. In this paper, we investigate the use of recently proposed [Yegnanarayana et.al., IEEE Trans. ASSP, Vol 32, 610, 1984] Group Delay Functions (GDFs) for estimating the delay between two signals. The two types of GDFs (one based on the Fourier phase and the other based on the Fourier magnitude) contain different types of information relevant to the delay estimation problem. The phase-based GDF contains the delay information whereas the magnitude based GDF contains the Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) information. We propose an adaptive delay estimation technique that utilizes both types of information. This adaptive technique weights the delay estimates from the high-SNR regions more than the delay estimates from the low-SNR regions. Since the GDFs take on a continuum of values, the proposed technique does not distinguish between integer delays and fractional delays. Thus the GDF-based delay estimation procedure is inherently capable of subpixel delay estimation. Simulation results are also included to illustrate the capabilities of this procedure.
Design of Experiment for Bioassay

Abstract The one-parameter logistic distribution is used to illustrate certain numerical approximations for finding one- and two-stage bioassay designs which produce small posterior variances. The article discusses the use of two prior distributions, one for design and another for inference. Graphs are given for designing experiments when the prior distributions are normal. These graphs illustrate the importance of using additional dose levels when the variance of the prior distribution is large.