cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mechanisms of rapid cooling in underwater welding

Abstract Two inherent problems, rapid cooling and hydrogen embrittlement, associated with underwater ‘wet’ welding remain unsolved at the present time. Weld defects induced by rapid cooling usually appear in underwater welds. An understanding of the basic mechanisms is probably important and necessary in order to establish solutions to the problems of rapid cooling. Three types of weld defects related to rapid cooling during underwater welding are presented. A discussion on the thermal behaviour of underwater welding is then introduced. This discussion covers some important thermal-physical areas which control the cooling rate during underwater welding. It includes underwater bubble dynamics, underwater arc-heat distribution, Joule heating, heat input mechanism and boundary heat loss mechanism. Several important new concepts of reducing the effect of rapid cooling during underwater welding are finally recommended.
Mean-field approach to disorder effects on ferromagnetism in Ga1−xMnxAs

Abstract Using a numerical mean field treatment, we examine the onset of ferromagnetism and the nature of the ferromagnetic phase in Ga 1− x Mn x As for charge carrier densities in the vicinity of the metal–insulator transition. Our approach, which explicitly takes into account the positional disorder of the Mn ions, shows that the ferromagnetic transition temperature is significantly enhanced by the disorder. Concurrently, a very unusual temperature dependence of the magnetization is obtained in the ferromagnetic phase.
Prevalence of polymorphic 21-hydroxylase gene (Ca21HB) mutations in salt-losing congenital adrenal hyperplasia

Using genomic restriction analysis of 14 unrelated patients with salt-losing congenital adrenal hyperplasia, we identified three different CA21HB mutation patterns: no detectable restriction fragment abnormalities (16/28 haplotypes), deletion of the active CA21HB gene (9/28), and apparent conversion of the active CA21HB gene to the pseudogene CA21HA (3/28). CA21HB gene deletion was associated with HLA-Bw47 in 6 haplotypes and with absent C4B expression in 7. A variety of HLA and C4 types was associated with the other mutations. Apparent conversion of CA21HB to CA21HA was identified by the disparity between the intensity ratios for the major TaqI and BglII hybridization fragments.
Effect of Antibiotics on Protease Production by a Viridans Streptococcus

Abstract A viridans streptococcus (Streptococcus MG intermedius 974) isolated from a confirmed case of subacute bacterial endocarditis was studied for the production of extracellular proteases during exponential growth and after penicillin (0.10 μg/ml) and/or streptomycin (20 μg/ml) treatment. Exponentially growing cultures produced a variety of extracellular proteases, as determined by the elution profiles of active proteins from Sephadex G-100 and Sepharose 4B columns. Examination of supernatant fluids from cultures of S. MG intermedius treated with penicillin or streptomycin for 12 h indicated a reduction of at least 50% in the number of different proteolytic species produced. However, some of the proteases produced by the cultures during penicillin or streptomycin treatment had significantly higher specific activities when compared with proteases produced by exponentially growing cells. The combination of penicillin and streptomycin further reduced both the number and the specific activities of the extracellular proteases on a cell dry weight basis.
Qualitative and quantitative comparisons of B-spline offset surface approximation methods

Surface offset is one of the most useful operations in Computer Aided Geometric Design (CAGD). However, an implementation of this operator is not trivial primarily because the offset surface, in general, does not have the same representation as the original surface. Hence, it is difficult or impossible to represent an exact offset in a system with limited surface forms. For this reason, some CAGD surface offset operators produce results that are, at times, unsatisfactory. In this article, we discuss surface offset approximation methods in B-spline environment: both the original surfaces and their offsets are B-spline surfaces. This article summarizes research contained in the first named author's PhD thesis.
Atomistic Modeling of Conduction and Transport Processes in Micro-Porous Electrodes Containing Nafion Electrolytes

Atomistic modeling and/or experimental methods were conducted to study transport processes in the porous electrodes of polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs) and of mediator enhanced polymer electrolyte supercapacitors (MEPESCs). The simulations show that vibrations of the Pt nanocrystallines on rhe carbon supports significantly impacts diffusion in the Nafion electrolyte clusters between the carbon supports and enhances the diffusivity of hydrogen, oxygen, methanol, water, and hydronium up to 8 times the nominal value. Charging the carbon support alters the diffusivities. It was visualized that charging of Pt nanocrystallines resulted in disintegration of the Pt catalysts leading to a reduction in catalytic activity of the catalyst layer. Re-precipitation and re-crystallization of the Pt under a full discharging condition can also be visualized using the molecular dynamics (MD) modeling method. MD simulations also indicate that the mobility of the iodine mediators is at least 10 times greater than other small ions in the Nafion electrolyte. The degradation of the MEPESC is dominated by the crossover of I− ions but not I2 in Nafion.© 2009 ASME
INFLUENCE OF TOWN AND COUNTRY UPON CHILDREN'S INTELLIGENCE

Summary. The results of a relatively culture-free intelligence test applied to a random sample of fifth grade elementary school classes in the Florence (Italy) area showed a marked superiority of town boys over boys from the country. This superiority remained significant for socio-economic classes 4 and 5 after differences in social class distribution had been controlled. However, no differences between urban and rural girls were found. Possible explanations of the results are discussed and the importance of further enquiry is emphasised.
Understanding the origin of visual percepts elicited by electrical stimulation of the human retina.

· Background: The success of a retinal prosthesis for patients with outer retinal degeneration (ORD) depends on the ability to electrically stimulate retinal cells other than photoreceptors. Experiments were undertaken in human volunteers to ascertain whether electrical stimulation of cells other than photoreceptors will result in the perception of light. · Methods: In two subjects, two areas of laser damage (argon green and krypton red) were created in an eye scheduled for exenteration due to recurrent cancer near the eye. In the operating room prior to exenteration, under local anesthesia, a hand-held stimulating device was inserted via the pars plana and positioned over the damaged areas and normal retina. Subjects’ psychophysical responses to electrical stimulation were recorded. · Results: In both subjects, electrical stimulation produced the following perceptions. Normal retina: dark oval (subject 1), dark half-moon (subject 2); krypton red laser-treated retina: small, white light (both subjects); argon green laser-treated retina: thin thread (subject 1), thin hook (subject 2). Histologic evaluation of the krypton red-treated retina showed damage confined to the outer retinal layers, while the argon green-treated area evinced damage to both the outer and the inner nuclear layers · Conclusion: The perception produced by electrical stimulation was dependent on the retinal cells present. Electrical stimulation of the krypton red-ablated area best simulated the electrically elicited visual perceptions of our blind, ORD patients, suggesting that the site of stimulation in blind patients is the inner retinal neurons.
Acceleration of a flame by flame- vortex interactions☆

The acceleration of a premixed flame propagating in a planar channel past stationary obstacles is investigated using a computer model based on combining the discrete vortex method with a flame interface algorithm. Results presented in this article show that the initial acceleration of the flame is caused by the sudden contraction of the flow due to the presence of the obstacles. Because the burning speed {ital S{sub L}} remains constant, it is the increase in surface area that is responsible for the apparent acceleration. This combustion-generated flow also causes turbulent recirculation regions to form downstream of the obstacles. When the flame interacts with these turbulent eddies, the burning rate increases, producing a stronger velocity field in the channel that further accelerates the flame. In geometries containing a series of obstacles, the higher flow velocities caused by the distorted flame result in stronger turbulent eddies behind subsequent obstacles. Numerical results for these geometries demonstrate the positive feedback mechanism of acceleration as the flame encounters these increasingly stronger turbulent regions. In this article, results are presented for different locations of the series of obstacles, as well as a clustering of obstacles near the ignition source. The effects of blockage ratio, ignition shape,more » and fuel concentration are also investigated with the computer model.« less
Shift and broadening of the KBr:Li resonant mode by internal strains

Abstract The strain broadening theory of Stoneham6 is applied to the results of Clayman et al .1 on the shift broadening of the KBr:Li+ resonance upon alloying with KCl and KI. Good agreement is found for the shift of the resonance frequency as a function of lattice parameter change, but the observed halfwidth suggests that the Li+ ions and impurity anions may be correlated in position.
Lessons learned and concepts formed from study of the pathogenesis of the two negative-strand viruses lymphocytic choriomeningitis and influenza

Viruses have unique lifestyles. To describe the pathogenesis and significance of viral infection in terms of host responses, resultant injury, and therapy, we focused on two RNA viruses: lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCMV) and influenza (Flu). Many of the currently established concepts and consequences about viruses and immunologic tolerance, virus-induced immunosuppression, virus-induced autoimmunity, immune complex disease, and virus–lymphocyte and virus–dendritic cell interactions evolved through studies of LCMV in its natural murine host. Similarly, the mechanisms, aftermath, and treatment of persistent RNA viruses emerged, in large part, from research on LCMV. Analysis of acute influenza virus infections uncovered the prominent direct role that cytokine storm plays in the pathogenesis, morbidity, and mortality from this disease. Cytokine storm of influenza virus infection is initiated via a pulmonary endothelial cell amplification loop involving IFN-producing cells and virus-infected pulmonary epithelial cells. Importantly, the cytokine storm is chemically treatable with specific agonist therapy directed to the sphingosphine 1 phosphate receptor 1, which is located on pulmonary endothelial cells, pointing to the endothelial cells as the gatekeepers of this hyperaggressive host immune response.
Extrachromosomal circular copies of the transposon Tc1

Abstract The 1.6 kb Tc1 transposable element of Caenorhabditis elegans undergoes excision and transposition in the germline. In somatic tissue it is excised at high frequency. Extrachromosomal linear and circular copies of Tc1 have been identified that are likely to be products of somatic and germline excision. In the present study, we have determined the sequences of the sites of circularization in circular extrachromosomal Tc1 molecules. DNA molecules containing these sites were cloned after PCR amplification with primers directed outward from within Tc1. Sequences were obtained with two complete Tc1 ends and one or more intervening copies of the TA dinucleotide, with one complete end and one deleted end, and with two deleted ends. The 24 clones had different structures, indicating the pool of molecules serving as PCR templates was heterogeneous. The predominant circular junction had one or more nucleotides deleted from at least one transposon end. Such a molecule without two complete ends might not be expected to serve as a transposition intermediate. Hence, some extrachromosomal circular Tc1 molecules may result from a deadend excision pathway.
A multiscale homogenization procedure for analysis of processes involving heat deposition using constrained parameter optimization

We present aspects of a general procedure to be used in conjunction with constrained parameter optimization for the analysis of processes involving heat deposition such as welding processes and those involving rapid prototyping by means of powder deposition. Our emphasis in this report is on the construction of generating functions and subdomain elliptic solvers useful for the practical application of constrained parameter optimization for the calculation of thermal histories. The procedure for constructing generating functions and elliptic solvers is based on the concept of multiscale homogenization. We discuss those elements of the theoretical foundation of the general methodology based on constrained parameter optimization as these elements relate to the application of generating functions and subdomain solvers. In addition, we present a prototype weld analysis, which serves to demonstrate many of the details associated with the application of this methodology.
Biodegradation of bis(tri-n-butyltin) oxide

Bis(tri-n-butyltin) oxide can be biodegraded by a mixed bacterial culture from activated sludge in cyclone fermentors under aerobic and anaerobic conditions with half-lives of five and three days respectively. The degradation follows a sequential dealkylation process. All the intermediates and end products are determined in the degradation process for mass balance calculation. Degradation under different nutrient conditions has been investigated. Adsorption losses for each of the butyltin and inorganic tin species on container walls have also been assessed and discussed.
An Examination of Whether Coordinated Community Responses Affect Intimate Partner Violence

This study tests the impact of coordinated community response (CCR) on reducing intimate partner violence (IPV) and on modifying knowledge and attitudes. The authors conduct hierarchical linear modeling of data from a stratified random-digit dial telephone survey (n = 12,039) in 10 test and 10 control sites, which include 23 counties from different regions in the United States, to establish the impact of a CCR on community members’ attitudes toward IPV, knowledge and use of available IPV services, and prevalence of IPV. Findings indicate that CCRs do not affect knowledge, beliefs, or attitudes of IPV, knowledge and use of available IPV services, nor risk of exposure to IPV after controlling for age, gender, ethnicity, income, and education. Women in communities with 6-year CCRs (as opposed to 3-year CCRs) are less likely to report any aggression against them in the past year. These results are discussed within the context of evaluation challenges of CCRs (e.g., IPV activities in comparison communities, va...
Effects of reducing the particle size of corn grain on the concentration of digestible and metabolizable energy and on the digestibility of energy and nutrients in corn grain fed to growing pigs

Abstract Two experiments were conducted to determine the apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of starch and gross energy (GE), the standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of crude protein (CP) and amino acids (AA), the concentration of digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME), and the standardized total tract digestibility (STTD) of P in corn ground to 4 different particle sizes (i.e., 865, 677, 485, and 339 µm). In Experiment 1, 10 growing barrows (initial body weight: 29.2±1.4 kg) were surgically equipped with a T-cannula in the distal ileum and randomly allotted to a replicated 5×5 Latin square design with 5 diets and 5 periods in each square. One lot of corn was divided into 4 batches that were ground to the specified particle sizes and each batch was used in one diet that contained 965.5 g/kg corn (as-fed basis) as the only source of starch, GE, and AA. Results indicated that the AID of starch and GE was increased (linear, P
A Study of the Clinical Test of Sensory Interaction and Balance

Background and Purpose. The ability to maintain an upright position during quiet standing is a useful motor skill. The Clinical Test of Sensory Interaction and Balance is an inexpensive, easily administered test that provides information about the ability to stand upright under several sensory conditions. Subjects. Three groups of neurologically asymptomatic (AS) adults, divided by age into younger, middle-aged, and older groups, participated in the study. A fourth group comprised subjects diagnosed with vestibular disorders. Methods. Timed performances under six different conditions were compared across groups. Results. Subjects with vestibular disorders were significantly impaired on performance when compared with age-matched AS subjects. Older AS and vestibularly impaired subjects had greater variation in their scores than did younger AS subjects. Conclusion and Discussion. This test is a useful screening tool for examining static standing balance.
Very Large Scale Computations of the Free Energies of Eight Low-Lying Structures of Arginine in the Gas Phase

To assess the relative energies and free energies of five canonical and three zwitterionic low-lying structures of the arginine molecule, modern basis set extrapolation techniques and high-level ab initio treatments of electron correlation have been used on state-of-the-art parallel computers. The electronic energy and Gibbs free energy orderings of these eight species turn out to be consistent with previous findings [Rak, J.; Skurski, P.; Simons, J.; Gutowski M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 11695] obtained using smaller basis sets and lower level treatments of electron correlation. Nevertheless, the results presented here represent what the current state of the art can achieve for a molecule of this size and complexity and they offer the best available estimates of the relative stabilities of the eight structures.
Discontinuity and Limited Linkage in the Homologous Recombination System of a Hyperthermophilic Archaeon

Genetic transformation of Sulfolobus acidocaldarius by a multiply marked pyrE gene provided a high-resolution assay of homologous recombination in a hyperthermophilic archaeon. Analysis of 100 Pyr+ transformants revealed that this recombination system could transfer each of 23 nonselected base pair substitutions to the recipient chromosome along with the selected marker. In 30% of the recombinants, donor markers were transferred as multiple blocks. In at least 40% of the recombinants, donor markers separated by 5 or 6 bp segregated from each other, whereas similar markers separated by 2 bp did not segregate. Among intermarker intervals, the frequency of recombination tract endpoints varied 40-fold, but in contrast to other recombination systems, it did not correlate with the length of the interval. The average length of donor tracts (161 bp) and the frequent generation of multiple tracts seemed generally consistent with the genetic properties observed previously in S. acidocaldarius conjugation. The efficiency with which short intervals of diverged pyrE sequence were incorporated into the genome raises questions about the threat of ectopic recombination in Sulfolobus spp. mediated by this apparently efficient yet permissive system.
Hemodynamic Effects of Hyperbaric Oxygenation in Experimental Acute Myocardial Infarction

The hemodynamic effects of hyperbaric oxygenation were investigated in anesthetized dogs with acute myocardial embolism and infarction produced by injecting plastic spheres 325 micra in diameter. In 50 "control" animals with acute myocardial infarction induced while breathing either air at one atmosphere, 100% oxygen at one atmosphere or 7% oxygen at three atmospheres, 24-hour mortality was 85 to 90%. In 23 animals that received the same dose of microspheres and breathed 95 to 100% oxygen at three atmospheres for two hours following embolization, there was significantly less 24-hour mortality (30%), less ventricular fibrillation, and less advanced atrioventricular block. Hyperbaric oxygenation afforded protection against immediate mortality from ventricular fibrillation and also against later death, in shock, occurring within 24 hours of coronary embolization but after the immediate postembolization period had passed. In the animals exposed to hyperbaric oxygenation, declines of cardiac output and of cent...
The safety of obstetrical ultrasound: a review.

Ultrasound is a commonly employed imaging modality in obstetrics and is generally regarded as safe to the fetus. Current ultrasound technology, however, has significantly higher output potential than older machines used in most clinical studies, and the safety profile for the increasing use of Doppler, 3-dimensional (D) and 4-D ultrasound with modern machines is unknown. This article reviews the current status of ultrasound safety within obstetrics, including proposed mechanisms of harm, existing scientific and clinical evidence regarding those mechanisms, and considerations of safety for the clinical user. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Independence Training from a Cross‐Cultural Perspective

Studies relating age of independence training with achievement motivation and achievement have resulted in contradictory findings. The responses of fifty-two Chinese mothers in Hawaii to the independence training questionnaire were analyzed in conjunction with ethnographic data on child rearing practices. The lack of significant relationships between the index of independence training and measures of boys' achievement motivation and achievement behaviors was explained by the failure of the questionnaire to tap the mother's underlying motives for stating particular ages. The Chinese data revealed that cultural factors, such as values, strongly affect the mothers' responses.
Learning signals within sensory environments: Does host cue learning in butterflies depend on background?

Insects must detect and interpret stimuli embedded in a sensory environment of competing stimuli. While sensory environments vary in time and space, individuals may be able to learn local background characteristics, facilitating perceptual learning. This study on host search in butterflies examines the following questions in an ecologically relevant context: i) does cue learning depend on the sensory environment in which learning occurs; and ii) are background characteristics learned, such that performance on novel tasks in the same sensory environment is facilitated? Females of Battus philenor (Papilionidae: Lepidoptera) were trained to different coloured and shaped oviposition targets, against different background colours. Individuals trained to colours on a brown background but tested on a green background performed significantly worse than control individuals which were trained to the same colours but on a green background. Females pre-trained to discriminate green targets from red targets on a green background colour performed significantly better in a novel task (shape learning) involving green shapes on a green background than did individuals trained to discriminate the same colours on a brown background. These two results were unique to particular cue-background combinations, in particular cryptic conditions. Taken together, our results suggest that cue learning depends on an insect's sensory environment, and that learning characteristics of local backgrounds may confer benefits to habitat-faithful individuals.
Capacity Allocation and Flexibility in Primary Care

We discuss capacity allocation for primary care practices at three different planning levels: the strategic, the tactical and the operational. The goal in each case is to maximize two important but often conflicting metrics: (1) timely access and (2) patient-physician continuity. Timely access focuses on the ability of a patient to get access to a physician as soon as possible. Patient-physician continuity refers to building a strong relationship between a patient and a specific physician by maximizing patient visits to that physician. Each primary care provider (PCP) has a panel of patients for whose long term holistic care the PCP is responsible. At the highest or strategic level, the design of physician panels, we demonstrate the impact of case-mix, or the type of patients in a physician’s panel, and show how panels can be redesigned effectively. Panel redesign, however, involves changing existing patient-physician relationships. A viable alternative is managing the inherent flexibility of PCPs to see patients of other physicians. At the tactical level, this requires allocating the flexible capacity to two types of appointments: 1) prescheduled appointments which are booked in advance and require continuity; and 2) same-day appointments. Using a 2-stage stochastic optimization model, we show that greedy algorithms find the optimal capacity allocation, and find that a partially flexible practice provides a good compromise between timely-access and continuity. Finally, at the operational level, the implementation of flexibility during a workday has to be made under partial demand information, as patient calls arrive over the course of a day. We discuss the impact of flexibility and suggest heuristics that practices can use in this dynamic case.
Coreferent Pronominalization in Dire Songhai

The Songhai language is spoken mainly in Mali and Niger, and is classified by Greenberg as belonging to the Nilo-Saharan family. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the syntactic criteria explaining the variant forms of coreferent pronominalization in Songhai, and to point to the semantic implications of the analysis.
Leukopenia in a patient on haloperidol decanoate: a case report

We are reporting a case of leukopenia developed in a patient on haloperidol decanoate injections. A literature review revealed it as an uncommon side effect of antipsychotics; however, regular monitoring of blood cell count is crucial in patients on antipsychotics. In this case report, we discussed the effective doses, side effects, and drug interactions of haloperidol decanoate. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome is a rare but serious side effect of haloperidol.
The Mote in Thy Brother’s Eye: A Review of Human Rights as Politics and Idolatry

Michael Ignatieffs provocatively titled collection of essays, Human Rights As Politics and Idolatry [hereinafter Human Rights], is a careful examination of the theoretical underpinnings and contradictions in the area of human rights. At bottom, both of his primary essays, Human Rights As Politics and Human Rights As Idolatry, make a claim that is perhaps contrary to the instincts of human rights thinkers and activists: namely, that international human rights can best be philosophically justified and effectively applied to the extent that they strive for minimal ism. Human rights activists generally argue for the opposite conclusion: that international human rights be construed as broadly as possible, both in terms of the substantive rights protected and to whom those rights should apply. Ignatieff argues that a minimalist conception of human rights is necessary for human rights to have maximum moral force and acceptance, and he adduces persuasive geopolitical evidence in support of his conclusions. Taken together, these essays advance a minimalist conception of human rights limited to those rights necessary to protect human "agency"; that is, those rights strictly necessary to protect a person's ability to make choices with dignity. In doing so, Ignatieff seeks to defend human rights from criticisms of Western cultural imperialism and lack of moral grounding, while demonstrating that human rights activists need not retreat into cultural relativism to make such a defense. Readers should understand that Ignatieff, despite taking human rights activists to task for certain inconsistencies, is attempting to support human rights by providing a consistent and principled theoretical basis for them. In short, Ignatieffs critique is best seen as a good-faith challenge intended to strengthen the international human rights movement, even if the reader does not agree with his ultimate conclusions.
Validating biometric authentication protocol

Biometric sensor/actuators communicating via wireless body area networks has surged wide applications. From seamless healthcare to driverless transportation, biologically inspired systems benefit with productivity growth, energy efficiency, user convenience, and cost reduction. However, their invasive nature raises concerns. Security becomes the urgent task to realize biologically-enabled systems. Biological phenomena, nevertheless, can also play a vital role to secure software. Recently, several biometric authentication protocols have emerged to verify endpoints, promising one-time key for premium security. In spite of bio-enabled security advances, lack of security analysis theories and tools causes uncertainty of their safety. This paper pioneers an experimentation on assessing security of a well-established biometric authentication protocol. Using the gold standard in software reliability, the work exploits the attack surface leveraging path analysis. The test not only identifies security vulnerabilities in a system but also pinpoints those vulnerabilities at real risk to optimize resource allocation. The automated holistic examination of the authentication process reveals a weakness in the biometric authentication protocol at study. The attack map directs its improvement validated with reexamination. The work also studies the computational complexity of the protocol, thereby, recommends the key length suitable to biometric authentication for wireless body area networks.
How Do Corporate Boards Learn About CEO Ability? Evidence from Structural Estimation

CEO ability is an important determinant of firm performance but is usually not directly observable. I use simulated method of moments (SMM) in order to estimate a dynamic model of learning about CEO ability from the firm’s stock market valuations, operating returns, and CEO turnover. This model features an information asymmetry between the firm’s board of directors and the stock market, as well as misalignment between the board and shareholders. I find that learning about CEO ability is influenced by the stock market’s public signal, the board’s private signal, and operating returns in a ratio of 2.3 : 2.1 : 1. When learning about CEO ability corporate boards rely mostly on public stock market information and inside information available only to the board, but are less concerned with accounting data.
Federal Aid and Afro-American Political Power in Three Mississippi Towns

Since 1967 Afro-Americans have made great strides in electoral politics in the rural South. However, comparable progress in acquiring material resources to satisfy escalating demands from newly mobilized constituents has not been achieved in many instances. This article examines the experiences of three, rural, Mississippi towns which elected theirfirst Afro-American mayors in the 1970s. In responding to the separate demands of representation (direct citizen benefits) and institutionalization (maintenance of Afro-American leadership), the new mayors made successful use of various federal aid programs. While helping the mayors to improve public services and construct new community facilities, the federal aid did not contribute to the more long-range goal of institutionalization. The continuing problem for such local areas under AfroAmerican political control is the lack of independent resources.
Fuzzy Logic Inference for Pong (FLIP)

There are an ever growing number of aerospace applications demonstrating the effectiveness of emulating human decision making using fuzzy logic. Main research challenges include situational awareness and decision making in an uncertain, time-critical, spatio-temporal environment. In an effort to satisfy this demand, a MATLAB simulation of the classic arcade game PONG was utilized in conjunction with a fuzzy logic intelligence system that uses real-time reasoning and situational awareness, to emulate a single human player. In addition, a second simulation was created that incorporates an intelligent team of two players that use real-time collaboration and fuzzy reasoning and awareness capabilities to defeat the opposing team. For each simulation the paddles are capable of moving with two degrees of freedom, both translation (up and down) and rotation (clockwise and counter clockwise), to control the trajectory of the ball. By capitalizing on the opponent's inertia, location, and gaming strategy, the fuzzy logic paddles can react to the infinite number of interactive situations to defeat its challenger. After an iterative process of tuning the fuzzy system, both the singles and doubles games are proved difficult for human players to beat. This game is one of many practical examples of how fuzzy logic can be implemented into real life robotic applications.
Solid State Nonlinear Optics for Entangled Coherent States

Highly nonlinear solid-state systems are discussed as solutions for the generation of phase entangled coherent states. Such states are necessary for many quantum optical information applications including a newly proposed quantum key distribution protocol.
Data-Driven Belief Revision in Children and Adults

The ability to use numerical evidence to revise beliefs about the physical world is an essential component of scientific reasoning that begins to develop in middle childhood. In 2 studies, we explored how data variability and consistency with participants’ initial beliefs about causal factors associated with pendulums affected their ability to revise those beliefs. Children (9–11 years old) and college-aged adults ran experiments in which they generated, recorded, and interpreted data so as to identify factors that might affect the period of a pendulum. In Study 1, several children and most adults used observed evidence to revise their initial understanding, but participants were more likely to change incorrect noncausal beliefs to causal beliefs than the reverse. In Study 2, we oriented participants toward either an “engineering” goal (to get an effect) or a “science” goal (to discover the causal structure of the domain) and presented them with variable data about potentially causal factors. Science goal...
SUBSISTENCE PATTERNS IN THE NARRAGANSETT BAY REGION

Evidence suggests that subsistence practices during the late prehistoric occupation of Narragansett Bay were characterized by continuing attempts to expand and diversify the available resource base. Data from Greenwich Cove and other sites in the region indicate that new items were added to the diet over time, while traditional foods remained important throughout the sequence. Throughout the coastal Northeast, shellfishing gained in importance as sea level stabilized and, over time, provided an increasingly valuable source of protein. Increased sedimentation in the cove after sea level stabilized probably led to this development. There is neither any evidence for the overexploitation of oysters at the end of the Terminal Archaic period nor is there any reason to suspect that changes in technology or food preferences were responsible. Compared with the use of oyster and soft-shelled clam, the use of quahog shows little fluctuation during the sequence represented at Greenwich Cove. Some of the same general trends have been seen in the use of wild plant foods, although plant remains are poorly preserved at Greenwich Cove and at many of the other Narragansett Bay sites. It also considers the relative sedentism of the region's coastal inhabitants in light of the fact that they have not been practicing anything approaching intensive agriculture.
Hyperdense coding with single photons

We discuss quantum hyperdense coding (qHDC), a quantum communication protocol which is capable of transmitting up to 2.58 bits per hyperentangled photon pair (exceeding classical limits). We present current progress on experimental implementation of qHDC using polarization and timing modes of single photons.
In pursuit of human-friendly interaction with a computational system: Computational humor

With AI celebrating its 60th anniversary, questions arise of when (not even if) a computational system will be able to understand humor. These questions open up interesting opportunities, but point out areas of research that yet are insufficient for informal human computer communication. This paper looks at computational humor as a way of verifying computational understanding of text (written or verbal). In particular, we treat ontology as a knowledge representation mechanism and natural language as a vehicle delivering this knowledge. A true ontology should provide a world model for the described domain, identifying its main concepts and tying them together with all relevant contentful properties. The question is how to get this model from text accurately? Assuming, as we do, that there is an accurate and unambiguous way of getting explicitly stated information from text, a lot of information is, in fact, implicit and yet crucial to the world model that we are creating. This implicit information has to be made explicit at the reasoning stage if we hope to come up with the results similar to human reasoning or understanding. In this paper, we will look at various ways, requiring optimal human-computer hybrid collaboration, in which ontology helps text understanding for humor processing, and text helps with dynamic ontology development. We hypothesize that such communication will be helpful for interaction with any computational system in a human-friendly way in general, and for robots in particular.
Flavour chemicals in a sample of non-cigarette tobacco products without explicit flavour names sold in New York City in 2015.

Background Youth who experiment with tobacco often start with flavoured products. In New York City (NYC), local law restricts sales of all tobacco products with ‘characterising flavours’ except for ‘tobacco, menthol, mint and wintergreen’. Enforcement is based on packaging: explicit use of a flavour name (eg, ‘strawberry’) or image depicting a flavour (eg, a fruit) is presumptive evidence that a product is flavoured and therefore prohibited. However, a tobacco product may contain significant levels of added flavour chemicals even when the label does not explicitly use a flavour name. Methods Sixteen tobacco products were purchased within NYC in 2015 that did not have explicit flavour names, along with three with flavour names. These were analysed for 92 known flavour chemicals plus triacetin by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Results 14 of the 16 products had total determined flavour chemical levels that were higher (>0.3 mg/g) than in previously studied flavour-labelled products and of a chemical profile indicating added flavour chemicals. Conclusions The results suggest that the tobacco industry has responded to sales restrictions by renaming flavoured products to avoid explicitly identifying them as flavoured. While chemical analysis is the most precise means of identifying flavours in tobacco products, federal tobacco laws pre-empt localities from basing regulations on that approach, limiting enforcement options. If the Food and Drug Administration would mandate that all tobacco products must indicate when flavourings are present above a specific level, local jurisdictions could enforce their sales restrictions. A level of 0.1 mg/g for total added flavour chemicals is suggested here as a relevant reference value for regulating added flavour chemicals in tobacco products.
Domestic Attitudes Towards International Jurisdiction over Human Rights Violations

Building on research regarding the influence of national identity salience on attitudes towards international institutions and the impact of nationalism on foreign policy preferences, in a case study of America, I explore the role of chauvinistic nationalism to understand its impact on attitudes towards international jurisdiction of punishment for alleged human rights violations by members of the American military. Using binomial regression of survey responses from the 2014 Cooperative Congressional Election Study, I find that respondents with higher levels of chauvinistic nationalist sentiment also have higher levels of opposition to the jurisdiction of international legal institutions to prosecute members of a nation’s military. This study is the first of its kind to offer a systematic and multivariate explanation for public opinion towards the jurisdiction of international human rights institutions over a nation’s armed forces using national survey data.
Frames: Theory and Practice

One objective of this chapter is to give the reader a very basic background on the theory of frames. Another objective is to present an overview of all the core chapters in Parts 2–4 and to emphasize their relations to the main theme of the volume.
Effects of dietary supplementation of organic minerals on the performance of broiler chicks fed oxidised soybean oil

The oxidation (rancidity) of fat is a very common feed quality issue, which can negatively affect growth performance and meat quality of broilers. Besides other factors, metal ions such as Zn, Cu and Fe can facilitate lipid peroxidation in feed. The objective of the current study was to investigate the effect of feeding corn soy diets containing fresh or oxidised soybean oil with different forms of microminerals on production performance of broiler chicks. Dietary treatments consisted of a 2 × 2 factorial structure with two kinds of soybean oil (oxidised or fresh) and two forms of microminerals (inorganic or organic). Mineral proteinate (Bioplex®, Alltech Inc.) including Zn, Mn, Cu and Fe was used as the organic source and was supplemented at the level equivalent to 25% of an inorganic source in the control diets. Organic selenium (Sel-Plex®, Alltech Inc.) at 0.3 mg/kg of diet was used to replace sodium selenite used at 0.3 mg/kg of diet in control diet. Oxidised soybean oil was prepared by convection heat (90°C for a period of seven days in a convection oven). A total of 1152 one-day old chicks were allotted randomly to the four dietary treatments using 12 replicates of 24 chicks per pen. Chicks were raised in floor pens for 42 days in an environmentally controlled room with free access to feed and water. There was no statistical interaction between oil source and mineral form on performance or mineral content of breast meat. Feeding oxidised oil increased (P < 0.05) feed intake and decreased gain to feed ratio (FCE) of chicks. Supplementation with organic minerals improved (P < 0.05) weight gain and FCE of chicks. The breast meat of chicks fed organic mineral had higher (P < 0.01) Se content than those from the control group. The results indicated that the addition of organic minerals to broiler diets can minimise the negative impact of oxidised oil on the performance of broiler chicks.
Dance and Mixed-Media Performance for Building Scientific Understanding and Environmental Respect

Art and science are essential for sustainable development, and art-science interactions can advance both fields and enhance their impact. This is supported by historical, personal, and contemporary examples. Dance and performing arts are especially powerful when representing the physical world studied by environmental science, and for encouraging change in thoughts and actions related to the environment. The ways in which artistic approaches differ from the scientific are helpful in encouraging innovation and scientific discovery. Obstacles to such collaborations are discussed, as well as potential solutions and best practices. One such practice is measuring impacts of interdisciplinary collaborations, and a methodology is proposed to do so. Study of these interactions will enable strategic art-science partnerships and encourage wider acceptance of interdisciplinary innovation.
The Revised National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center's Neuropathology Form-Available Data and New Analyses.

Neuropathologic evaluation remains the gold standard for determining the presence and severity of aging-related neurodegenerative diseases. Researchers at U.S. Alzheimer's Disease Centers (ADCs) have worked for >30 years studying human brains, with the goals of achieving new research breakthroughs. Harmonization and sharing among the 39 current and past ADCs is promoted by the National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center (NACC), which collects, audits, and disburses ADC-derived data to investigators on request. The past decades have witnessed revised disease definitions paired with dramatic expansion in the granularity and multimodality of the collected data. The NACC database now includes cognitive test scores, comorbidities, drug history, neuroimaging, and links to genomics. Relatively, recent advances in the neuropathologic diagnoses of Alzheimer's disease, frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD), and vascular contributions to cognitive impairment and dementia catalyzed a 2014 update to the NACC Neuropathology Form completed by all ADCs. New focal points include cerebrovascular disease (including arteriolosclerosis, microbleeds, and microinfarcts), hippocampal sclerosis, TDP-43, and FTLD. Here, we provide summary data and analyses to illustrate the potential for both hypothesis-testing and also generating new hypotheses using the NACC Neuropathology data set, which represents one of the largest multi-center databases of carefully curated neuropathologic information that is freely available to researchers worldwide.
Non-Response and Its Treatments

Incompleteness or non-response in the form of absence, censoring, or grouping is a troubling issue of many data sets. Statisticians have recognized for some time that failure to account for the stochastic nature of incompleteness or non-response can spoil the nature of data. There are several factors which effect the non-response rate in any particular inquiry. Some of these factors are the type of information being collected, the official status of the surveying agency, the extent of publicity, the legal obligations of the respondents, the time of visit by the enumerator and length of the schedule, etc.. Hansen and Hurwitz (1946) were the first to deal with the problem of incomplete samples in mail surveys. It is a well known fact that mail surveys or telephone surveys are most commonly used by most of the bureaucratic or business organisations because of their low cost. Rubin (1976) has defined three key concepts: Missing at random (MAR), Observed at random (OAR), and parameter distinctness (PD).
Cleaning Protective Apparel to Reduce Pesticide Exposure

Each year 1.04 billion kg of pesticides are used to control insects, weeds, fungi, and other pests in the United States (Wasserstrom and Wiles 1985). Human pesticide exposure continues to be a problem for those who use these chemical tools. The three routes of pesticide entry into the human body are respiratory, dermal, and oral. Dermal absorption has been shown to account for 87% of the total human pesticide exposure (Wolfe 1973; Gold et al. 1982; Maibach et al. 1971). Dermal exposure involves the absorption of toxic chemicals through the skin where they are disseminated throughout the body via the blood (Niles 1985).