cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The (In)Equities of Federal Indian Law

In 2005, the Supreme Court used the equitable defenses of laches, acquiescence and impossibility to dismiss the Oneida Indian Nation's request to remove its land from city tax roles. Later cases have extended the use of these defenses into other New York land claims. This article traces the historical origins of these three defenses, the origins of equity in England and the United States and provides some suggestions to Indian law practitioners bringing either land claims or treaty rights cases.
Towards a Theory of Legitimate Access: Morally Legitimate Authority and the Right of Citizens to Access the Civil Justice System

In this essay, I consider the issue of what resources the state is morally obligated to provide to ensure citizen access to the civil justice system. I begin by describing the general problem of morally legitimate authority and how it bears on what I will call the problem of access as it pertains to the civil justice system. I then identify three different general approaches to the general problem of morally legitimate authority and argue that none of these approaches warrants thinking that the state is morally obligated to provide each citizen with perfectly equal access to the civil justice system. I conclude by arguing that the three approaches to legitimacy converge on two principles: one that defines an affirmative obligation (i.e., the Reasonable Access Principle) to provide to each citizen what is minimally necessary to develop and defend a plausible legal position and one that defines a negative obligation (i.e., the Equality Principle) to refrain from restricting access to the civil justice system for reasons that deny the equality of every moral person.
The Role of Paid, Earned, and Owned Media in Building Entertainment Brands: Reminding, Informing, and Enhancing Enjoyment

We study three ways firms can communicate about their brands—paid media (advertising), earned media (word of mouth and online social media), and owned media (brand websites and other owned content)—and the roles these media types play in reminding (i.e., activating memory), informing (i.e., learning their tastes for the brand), or enhancing enjoyment (e.g., gaining additional utility from socializing about the brand). We do this for a new TV show setting using a data set that contains reported viewing, exposures, expectations, and experiences. We present descriptive analyses and results from a new structural model, which indicate that earned media is more impactful than paid and owned media per exposure. However, paid media has far more exposures, so for a given percentage increase, paid media’s influence dominates earned and owned media. Earned media operate primarily through enhancing enjoyment, whereas paid media operate through reminding and owned media through reminding, but discourage live viewing. ...
Correlation of Intervertebral Disk T2* MRI Presentation with 3D Kinematics:

IntroductionThe causes of low back pain (LBP) are poorly defined and indistinct; the most often implicated tissue as the origin for pain is the intervertebral disk (IVD)1,2. Traditionally, lumbar s...
Search For Type Ia Supernova NUV-Optical Subclasses

In response to a recently reported observation of evidence for two classes of Type Ia Supernovae (SNe Ia) distinguished by their brightness in the rest-frame near ultraviolet (NUV), we search for the phenomenon in publicly available light-curve data. We use the SNANA supernova analysis package to simulate SN Ia-light curves in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Supernova Search (SDSS) and the Supernova Legacy Survey (SNLS) with a model of two distinct ultraviolet classes of SNe Ia and a conventional model with a single broad distribution of SN-Ia ultraviolet brightnesses. We compare simulated distributions of rest-frame colors with these two models to those observed in 158 SNe Ia in the SDSS and SNLS data. The SNLS sample of 99 SNe Ia is in clearly better agreement with a model with one class of SN Ia light curves and shows no evidence for distinct NUV sub-classes. The SDSS sample of 59 SNe Ia with poorer color resolution does not distinguish between the two models.
PHLPP regulates hexokinase 2-dependent glucose metabolism in colon cancer cells

Increased glucose metabolism is considered as one of the most important metabolic alterations adapted by cancer cells in order to generate energy as well as high levels of glycolytic intermediates to support rapid proliferation. PH domain leucine-rich repeat protein phosphatase (PHLPP) belongs to a novel family of Ser/Thr protein phosphatases that function as tumor suppressors in various types of human cancer. Here we determined the role of PHLPP in regulating glucose metabolism in colon cancer cells. Knockdown of PHLPP increased the rate of glucose consumption and lactate production, whereas overexpression of PHLPP had the opposite effect. Bioenergetic analysis using Seahorse Extracelluar Flux Analyzer revealed that silencing PHLPP expression induced a glycolytic shift in colon cancer cells. Mechanistically, we found that PHLPP formed a complex with Akt and hexokinase 2 (HK2) in the mitochondrial fraction of colon cancer cells and knockdown of PHLPP enhanced Akt-mediated phosphorylation and mitochondrial localization of HK2. Depletion of HK2 expression or treating cells with Akt and HK2 inhibitors reversed PHLPP loss-induced increase in glycolysis. Furthermore, PHLPP knockdown cells became addicted to glucose as a major energy source in that glucose starvation significantly decreased cancer cell survival. As HK2 is the key enzyme that determines the direction and magnitude of glucose flux, our study identified PHLPP as a novel regulator of glucose metabolism by controlling HK2 activity in colon cancer cells.
Provider-Induced Demand in the Treatment of Carotid Artery Stenosis: Variation in Treatment Decisions Between Private Sector Fee-for-Service vs Salary-Based Military Physicians.

Importance Although many factors influence the management of carotid artery stenosis, it is not well understood whether a preference toward procedural management exists when procedural volume and physician compensation are linked in the fee-for-service environment. Objective To explore evidence for provider-induced demand in the management of carotid artery stenosis. Design, Setting, and Participants The Department of Defense Military Health System Data Repository was queried for individuals diagnosed with carotid artery stenosis between October 1, 2006, and September 30, 2010. A hierarchical multivariable model evaluated the association of the treatment system (fee-for-service physicians in the private sector vs salary-based military physicians) with the odds of procedural intervention (carotid endarterectomy or carotid artery stenting) compared with medical management. Subanalysis was performed by symptom status at the time of presentation. The association of treatment system and of management strategy with clinical outcomes, including stroke and death, was also evaluated. Data analysis was conducted from August 15, 2015, to August 2, 2016. Main Outcomes and Measures The odds of procedural intervention based on treatment system was the primary outcome used to indicate the presence and effect of provider-induced demand. Results Of 10 579 individuals with a diagnosis of carotid artery stenosis (4615 women and 5964 men; mean [SD] age, 65.6 [11.4] years), 1307 (12.4%) underwent at least 1 procedure. After adjusting for demographic and clinical factors, the odds of undergoing procedural management were significantly higher for patients in the fee-for-service system compared with those in the salary-based setting (odds ratio, 1.629; 95% CI, 1.285-2.063; P P = .002; and asymptomatic: odds ratio, 1.534; 95% CI, 1.186-1.984; P = .001). Conclusions and Relevance Individuals treated in a fee-for-service system were significantly more likely to undergo procedural management for carotid stenosis compared with those in the salary-based setting. These findings remained consistent for individuals with and without symptomatic disease.
Specifying a Structural Matching Game of Trading Networks with Transferable Utility

Structural estimation of matching games with transferable utility, including matching games of trading networks and many-to-many matching, is increasingly popular in empirical work. I explore several modeling decisions that need to be made when specifying a structural model for a matching game. One decision is the choice of a game theoretic solution concept to impose in the structural model. I discuss pairwise stability, competitive equilibrium, and noncooperative games such as auctions. Another decision is whether to work with a continuum of agents or a finite number of agents. I explore other issues as well.
Reverse engineering object-oriented applications into high-level domain models with reoom

Automatically pinpointing those classes in an object-oriented program that implement interesting domain concepts would be valuable for industrial software maintainers. We encode two observations of programmer behavior in Reoom, a novel light-weight static analysis. In a comparison with its most closely related competitor, Womble, on third-party open source applications, Reoom scaled to larger applications and achieved better overall precision and recall.
Continuous Chest Compressions During Sustained Inflations in a Perinatal Asphyxial Cardiac Arrest Lamb Model.

Objective:Continuous chest compressions are more effective during resuscitation in adults. Sustained inflation rapidly establishes functional residual capacity in fluid-filled lungs at birth. We sought to compare the hemodynamics and success in achieving return of spontaneous circulation in an asphy
Influences of Some Task-Irrelevant Factors on Leader Selection

The effect of 3 task-irrelevant factors on leader selection under two conditions of task-reward were studied in a 24 factorial design. 96 groups of 3 female Ss participated in problem-solving sessions with an experimental confederate. The status, verbal participation, and confidence factors all significantly influenced Ss’ voting behavior under both reward conditions. Ss made significantly more self votes under the high reward conditions, however. Results also suggested that Ss estimations of the number of problems solved by the experimental confederate were influenced by the confidence and verbal participation factors.
Prolonged acute care and post-acute care admission and recovery of physical function in survivors of acute respiratory failure: a secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial.

The proportion of survivors of acute respiratory failure is growing; yet, many do not regain full function and require prolonged admission in an acute or post-acute care facility. Little is known about their trajectory of functional recovery. We sought to determine whether prolonged admission influenced the trajectory of physical function recovery and whether patient age modified the recuperation rate. We performed a secondary analysis of a randomized clinical trial of intensive physical therapy for patients with acute respiratory failure requiring mechanical ventilation for ≥4 days. The primary outcome was Continuous Scale Physical Functional Performance, short form (CS-PFP-10), score. Predictor variables included prolonged admission in an acute or post-acute care facility at 1 month, time, and patient age. To determine whether the association between admission and functional outcome varied over time, a multivariable mixed effects linear regression model was fit using an interaction between prolonged admission and time with a primary outcome of total CS-PFP-10 score. Of the 89 patients included, 56% (50 of 89) required prolonged admission. At 1 month, patients who remained admitted had CS-PFP-10 scores that were 20.1 (CI 10.4–29.8) points lower (p < 0.0001) than patients who were discharged to home. However, there was no difference in the rate at which physical function improved from 3 to 6 months for patients who required prolonged admission compared with those who returned home (p = 0.24 for interaction between prolonged admission and time). Adjusted for age, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score, and sex, both groups had CS-PFP-10 scores that were 8.2 (CI 4.5–12.0) points higher at 6 months than at 3 months (p < 0.0001). For each additional year in patient age, CS-PFP-10 recovered 0.36 points slower (95% CI 0.12–0.61; p = 0.004). Patients who require prolonged admission after acute respiratory failure have significantly lower physical functional performance than patients who return home. However, the rates of physical functional recovery between the two groups do not differ. The majority of survivors do not recover sufficiently to achieve functional independence by 6 months. Older age negatively influences the trajectory of functional recovery. ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT01058421 . Registered on 26 January 2010.
Use of Microsimulation to Evaluate Signal-Phasing Schemes at Diverging Diamond Interchanges:

Even though diverging diamond interchanges (DDIs) have been the subject of research for more than a decade, the effort to standardize interchange signal timing has developed only recently. A three-factor fully crossed experiment was conducted to investigate the influence of crossover spacing and increased volumes on the performance of DDI phasing schemes. PTV Vistro software and the dynamic bandwidth assessment tool were used to optimize the split, cycle length, and offset of each of the 72 treatments. PTV Vissim software was used to collect microsimulation data. Mean interchange delay and mean stops per vehicle were selected as measures of effectiveness. Pairwise comparisons were used to determine whether an existing preferred phasing scheme could minimize delays or stops under three cases: (a) given spacing and increased volume, (b) given volume independent of spacing, and (c) given spacing independent of increased volume. The data revealed that a two- or three-critical-movement phasing scheme usually r...
Are culvert assessment scores an indicator of Brook Trout Salvelinus fontinalis population fragmentation

Fragmentation is a major threat to the integrity of stream ecosystems and maintaining connectivity is a primary goal for conservation to promote natural system functioning. In human dominated systems with extensive anthropogenic fragmentation, resource managers are faced with prioritizing restoration actions to provide the most cost-effective conservation strategies. Road crossings, particularly poorly designed culverts, limit fish passage and thus population connectivity and access to seasonally important resources. Culvert assessment protocols, such as the one developed by the North Atlantic Aquatic Connectivity Collaborative (NAACC), are useful tools for managers to evaluate culvert passability and prioritize restoration actions across broad spatial extents, however the justification of such protocols requires empirical field based investigations. In this study we collected Brook Trout genetic samples from 28 headwater streams, of which 17 were separated by a culverted road crossing and 11 were included as a comparison to natural genetic structuring. The objectives of this research were to 1) determine what effect culverts had on the genetics of Brook Trout populations, 2) evaluate the ability of the NAACC culvert assessment protocol to predict genetic patterns and 3) identify the culvert characteristics that best explained genetic variability. We found significant increases in genetic differentiation at sites with culverts compared to those without, but no differences in genetic diversity metrics. Although the NAACC classifications did not predict the extent of genetic differentiation, the openness ratio of culverts (cross sectional area/length) was significantly correlated, suggesting it may need to receive a higher weighting in assessment protocols. Our results highlight the necessity to match appropriate prioritization strategies with desired management objectives in order to design the most effective conservation actions.
The Effects of Exposure to Catcalling on Women’s State Self-Objectification and Body Image

Previous research has shown that sexual harassment has potential influence on women’s well-being and body image. This study evaluated the effects of exposure to catcalling, which is the specific instance of sexual harassment on the street by strangers, on women’s state body image and state self-objectification. The participants were randomized into experimental and control groups and were pre-tested to determine their state body image and self-objectification. The participants then watched one of two videos. The experimental video included four women being catcalled by a man while they walked down the street. The control video was set up on the exact same street, with the exact same women, but without the catcalling. Finally, participants completed a post-test questionnaire to measure their state body image and self-objectification as well as their trait body image and self-objectification. Results showed that there were no significant differences between the control and experimental groups regarding either body image or self-objectification. Bayes factor analyses confirmed the results as null.
A randomized comparison of intravenous sedation using a dosing algorithm compared to standard care during first-trimester surgical abortion.

Abstract Objective The objective was to compare the safety and efficacy of an algorithm for abortion intravenous sedation dosing (AAID) to standard dosing during first-trimester surgical abortion. Study design This was a randomized, single-blinded, controlled trial in which women undergoing first-trimester surgical abortion received fentanyl and midazolam dosed per either an algorithm or clinic standard. Patient-level factors including weight, airway risk, anxiety, and drug and alcohol use determined AAID doses. The primary outcome was pain with suction curettage measured immediately on a 21-point verbal numerical rating scale ranging from 0 to 100. Secondary outcomes included pain with cervical dilation and postprocedure, intraoperative pain as recalled postprocedure, need for additional doses of medication, oxygen saturation Results We enrolled 196 women and randomized 98 to the AAID and 98 to standard care. Baseline factors were similar between groups. Median intraoperative pain scores did not differ between groups when measured immediately (47.5 vs. 50, p=.81) or on recall (30 in both arms, p=.68). There were no significant differences in other secondary outcomes. Women with a body mass index (BMI) 30–35 trended toward improved pain control with the algorithm (60 vs. 27.5, p=.07). Conclusions Intravenous sedation determined by an algorithm did not produce differences in pain scores in a setting with highly experienced providers. Implications An intravenous sedation algorithm did not demonstrate significant benefit for the general population of surgical abortion patients. Providers with less experience titrating intravenous sedation might find it a helpful tool to guide sedation dosing. A possible benefit in obese patients warrants further study.
Boolean Gröbner Basis Reductions on Finite Field Datapath Circuits Using the Unate Cube Set Algebra

Recent developments in formal verification of arithmetic datapaths make efficient use of symbolic computer algebra algorithms. The circuit is modeled as an ideal in polynomial rings, and Grobner basis (GB) reductions are performed over these polynomials to derive a canonical representation. As they model logic gates of the circuit, the ideals comprise largely of Boolean (or pseudo-Boolean) polynomials. This paper considers a logic synthesis analogue of GB reductions over Boolean polynomials, by interpreting symbolic algebra as the unate cube set algebra over characteristic sets. By representing Boolean polynomials as characteristic sets using zero-suppressed binary decision diagrams (ZDDs), implicit algorithms are efficiently designed for GB-reduction for datapath circuits. We show that the imposition of circuit-topology-based monomial orders exposes a special structure on the ZDD representation of the polynomials. The subexpressions employed in the GB-reduction are readily visible as subgraphs on the ZDDs, which are directly used to compose the result. Our division algorithms effectively cancel multiple monomials implicitly in one-step, simplify the search for divisors, and avoid intermediate size explosion. Experiments performed over various finite field arithmetic architectures demonstrate the efficiency of our algorithms and implementations; our approach is orders of magnitude faster as compared to conventional methods.
Peripheral Blood Markers of Cell Cycle Dysregulation are Associated with Alzheimer’s Disease Biomarkers (P4.186)

Objective: This study aims to identify peripheral blood markers implied in cell cycle dysregulation that can be used as biomarkers of neurodegeneration and pathology specific to Alzheimer’s disease. Background: Neurons are fully differentiated cells that do not divide and remain in an arrested, G0, stage of the cell cycle. Analysis of postmortem brain tissue from patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD), however, shows expression of key cell cycle proteins suggesting that neurons have erroneously re-entered the cell cycle. Coupled with other early markers of AD, such as oxidative stress and inflammation, cell cycle dysregulation could be used to understand etiology of AD and indicate early neurodegeneration. Design/Methods: Using gene expression data derived from blood samples from the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI), we compared expression of different cell cycle markers to changes in brain volume, clinical diagnosis, and changes in Aβ42, total tau, and phosphorylated tau CSF levels. Results: The study included subjects (mean age 74.5 ± 7.7 years) with clinical diagnosis of cognitively normal, mild cognitive impairment, or AD. We found an inverse relationship between blood concentrations of BRCA1 and levels of tau in CSF, as well as a direct relationship between blood concentrations of C12ORF5 and levels of tau in CSF, in subjects with mild cognitive impairment (n=235, all p ’s ≤ 0.05). Conclusions: BRCA1 is involved with DNA repair and is a regulator of early cell cycle re-entry, while C12ORF5 indirectly regulates oxidative stress and cell cycle arrest in the presence of DNA damage. Our results indicate higher levels of CSF tau directly related to C12ORF5 and indirectly to BRCA1. Together, our data suggest that BRCA1 and C12ORF5 can be used not only as potential biomarkers for aberrant cell cycle reentry, but also to monitor the burden of AD pathology on DNA repair mechanisms or management of oxidative stress. Disclosure: Dr. Argueta has nothing to disclose. Dr. Pa has nothing to disclose.
Toward Task Connectomics: Examining Whole-Brain Task Modulated Connectivity in Different Task Domains

Human brain anatomical and resting-state functional connectivity have been comprehensively portrayed using MRI, which are termed anatomical and functional connectomes. A systematic examination of tasks modulated whole brain functional connectivity, which we term as task connectome, is still lacking. We analyzed 6 block-designed and 1 event-related designed functional MRI data, and examined whole-brain task modulated connectivity in various task domains, including emotion, reward, language, relation, social cognition, working memory, and inhibition. By using psychophysiological interaction between pairs of regions from the whole brain, we identified statistically significant task modulated connectivity in 4 tasks between their experimental and respective control conditions. Task modulated connectivity was found not only between regions that were activated during the task but also regions that were not activated or deactivated, suggesting a broader involvement of brain regions in a task than indicated by simple regional activations. Decreased functional connectivity was observed in all the 4 tasks and sometimes reduced connectivity was even between regions that were both activated during the task. This suggests that brain regions that are activated together do not necessarily work together. The current study demonstrates the comprehensive task connectomes of 4 tasks, and suggested complex relationships between regional activations and connectivity changes.
International Administrative Law for the Internet: Mechanisms of Accountability

* Dean and Professor of Law; Chicago-Kent College of Law, Illinois Institute of Technology. Comments are welcomed at . 1. See Henry H. Perritt, Jr., The Internet is Changing International Law, 73 Chi. Kent L. Rev. (forthcoming 1999) (manuscript at 101 1-53, on file with author) (describing post-war international governmental organizations). 2. The International Telecommunications Union (ITU) manages electromagnetic spectra and allocates geostationery orbital slots. See World Radiocommunication Conferences (last modified May 7, 1999) (describing spectrum management); see also Mobile Satellite & Radionavigation-Satellite Services (visited Aug. 31, 1998) (discussing satellite orbital management). 3. The United Nations Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea (DOALOS) enforces prohibitions on certain types of fishing. See Oceans and Law of the Sea (visited Aug. 31, 1998) (outlining Convention on Law of
Exercise Stroke Volume in Adult Cystic Fibrosis: A Comparison of Acetylene Pulmonary Uptake and Oxygen Pulse.

Cardiac hemodynamic assessment during cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) is proposed to play an important role in the clinical evaluation of individuals with cystic fibrosis (CF). Cardiac cath...
Behavioral performance and visual strategies during skill acquisition using a novel tool use motor learning task

Habitual tool use is considered a hallmark of human evolution. One potential explanation for humanity's advanced tool using abilities is that humans possess a unique neurobiological system that estimates efficient ways to manipulate objects with novel tools, resulting in rapid tool use motor learning. However, since humans regularly use a multitude of tools, examining these underlying processes is challenging. As such, we developed a tool use motor learning paradigm that utilizes a challenging tool (chopsticks) in order to accomplish a difficult behavioral task that requires extensive practice to continuously improve one's proficiency. We then assessed the paradigm by recruiting participants with little experience using chopsticks and training them over the course of eight training sessions to grasp marbles with chopsticks and drop them in a cylindrical container. Throughout training, we examined behavioral performance and visual strategies to determine whether practicing the task resulted in outcomes congruent with traditional motor learning. Results show that performance increases in a logarithmic pattern and is accompanied by decreased confirmatory visual strategies. Since these findings are congruent with those seen in traditional motor learning, this paradigm is a novel method for use in future research examining the underlying mechanisms that mediate tool use motor learning.
Interferon induction by viruses. XXV. Adenoviruses as inducers of interferon in developmentally aged primary chicken embryo cells.

Chicken embryonic cells (CEC) are nonpermissive hosts for the replication of human adenoviruses, yet they respond to infection by producing interferon (IFN). The nature of the IFN inducer moiety in these viruses has been elusive since its initial study by Ilona Beladi and colleagues some 40 years ago. We tested the hypothesis that viral dsRNA was the IFN inducer molecule--for two reasons: (i) dsRNA has been identified as a potent inducer of IFN, and (ii) developmentally mature CEC cells as cultured in vitro can develop a hyper-responsive state to dsRNA such that a single molecule of dsRNA per cell constitutes the threshold of detection. Furthermore, the number of particles in a virus population capable of inducing-IFN, irrespective of their replication capacity, can be quantified through the analysis of dose (multiplicity)-response (IFN yield) curves, thus allowing a determination of the number particles in virus populations that possess the capacity to induce IFN. This study demonstrates that type 5 wild type adenovirus (Ad5) and mutants dl312, dl334, and ts19 induce from 8,000 to 80,000 IFN U per 10(7) CEC. UV irradiation showed that transcription of about 20-50% of the Ad5 genome was required to produce the IFN inducer moiety. The ratio of IFN-inducing particles to plaque-forming particles (IFP : PFP) was as low as 1:6, indicating that only a small fraction of the total particles in a virus population ever function as IFP. We conclude that adenovirus dsRNA produced during symmetric transcription of some regions of the viral genome, coupled with fine-tuning of the IFN-induction pathway, account for the IFN-inducing capacity of adenoviruses in the non-permissive chicken cell.
Hemopericardium and Cardiac Tamponade Secondary to Migrated Inferior Vena Cava Filter

A 73-year-old female presented with cardiogenic shock secondary to hemopericardium and cardiac tamponade. Imaging revealed two fractured legs of an inferior vena cava filter, with one leg within the anterior myocardium of the right ventricle and another penetrating the inferior septum through the middle cardiac vein. Hemopericardium and cardiac tamponade were treated with pericardiocentesis. A multidisciplinary meeting resulted in deferring further action against the embedded fractured legs of the filter with consideration of the patient's age and comorbidities. This case report should alert clinicians to think about hemopericardium as a cause of cardiac tamponade and cardiogenic shock in a patient with a history of an inferior vena cava filter placement.
Development of a Microwave-assisted Chemoselective Synthesis of Oxime-linked Sugar Linkers and Trivalent Glycoclusters

A rapid, high-yielding microwave-mediated synthetic procedure was developed and optimized using a model system of monovalent sugar linkers, with the ultimate goal of using this method for the synthesis of multivalent glycoclusters. The reaction occurs between the aldehyde/ketone on the sugars and an aminooxy moiety on the linker/trivalent core molecules used in this study, yielding acid-stable oxime linkages in the products and was carried out using equimolar quantities of reactants under mild aqueous conditions. Because the reaction is chemoselective, sugars can be incorporated without the use of protecting groups and the reactions can be completed in as little as 30 min in the microwave. As an added advantage, in the synthesis of the trivalent glycoclusters, the fully substituted trivalent molecules were the major products produced in excellent yields. These results illustrate the potential of this rapid oxime-forming microwave-mediated reaction in the synthesis of larger, more complex glycoconjugates and glycoclusters for use in a wide variety of biomedical applications.
Integrating Hardware Verification with CHDLs

Hardware verification using proof systems has yet to gain acceptance in the VLSI design community[12]. One of the reasons for this is that the hardware description languages (HDLs) used by a designer to describe hardware cannot be direct input to proof systems. In this paper we describe a methodology to transform a designer's HDL specifications into proof system inputs thus making it feasible to integrate these verifiers into the rest of the CAD environment. We show that by applying correctness preserving transformations to algorithmic HDL descriptions, a semantically equivalent description in an intermediate functional form can be derived which can then be mapped to verifier inputs. Our methodology is aimed at coupling HDL specifications and proof systems.
Inflammation, Immunity, and Oxidative Stress in Hypertension-Partners in Crime?

Hypertension is considered as the most common risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Inflammatory processes link hypertension and cardiovascular disease, and participate in their pathophysiology. In recent years, there has been an increase in research focused on unraveling the role of inflammation and immune activation in development and maintenance of hypertension. Although inflammation is known to be associated with hypertension, whether inflammation is a cause or effect of hypertension remains to be elucidated. This review describes the recent studies that link inflammation and hypertension and demonstrate the involvement of oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction—two of the key processes in the development of hypertension. Etiology of hypertension, including novel immune cell subtypes, cytokines, toll-like receptors, inflammasomes, and gut microbiome, found to be associated with inflammation and hypertension are summarized and discussed. Most recent findings in this field are presented with special emphasis on potential of anti-inflammatory drugs and statins for treatment of hypertension.
Teacher Moments: A Digital Simulation for Preservice Teachers to Approximate Parent-Teacher Conversations.

AbstractInteractive simulations allow preservice teachers to connect education theory and pedagogy in scaffolded environments. We created digital simulations with scenarios from in-person simulatio...
Representation and Reconstruction of Finite-Energy Band-Limited Signals via Pulse-Width Modulation

In circuit implementations, pulse-width modulation (PWM) is often used as a convenient quasi-periodic representation of finite-energy, band-limited signals. Due to power and circuit area constraints, an engineering practice is to implement modulation-to-reconstruction as a purely analog pipeline; for modulation , a continuous-time modulating signal is compared dynamically over time to a continuous-time, periodic reference signal and for reconstruction , an analog low-pass filter is applied directly to the continuous-time PWM signal. This practical pipeline creates challenges from theory and implementation perspectives: When generated by an arbitrary reference signal, PWM acts as a sample-and-encode mechanism yet does not necessarily represent the modulating signal without loss of information in the Landau sense. In order to avoid loss of information, high-order approximations of sawtooth reference signals are generated in practice, which requires the use of less power efficient signal generators. Low-pass filter reconstruction is a practical, yet suboptimal reconstruction mechanism, which has been analyzed theoretically only for sinusoidal modulating signals. This paper addresses these challenges: First, for finite-energy, band-limited modulating signals, we characterize reference signals that ensure the existence of a lossless reconstruction mechanism in terms of their amplitude and period, which is related to what is referred as the oversampling factor. As a corollary, we note that even highly non-linear reference signals can ensure a lossless representation. Furthermore, we analyze the frequency domain characteristics of PWM signals with different pulse orientations and show that an analog low-pass filter losslessly reconstructs the underlying finite-energy, band-limited signal asymptotically in oversampling factor.
Combining clinical and candidate gene data into a risk score for azathioprine-associated leukopenia in routine clinical practice.

Leukopenia is a serious, frequent side effect associated with azathioprine use. Currently, we use thiopurine methyltransferase (TPMT) testing to predict leukopenia in patients taking azathioprine. We hypothesized that a risk score incorporating additional clinical and genetic variables would improve the prediction of azathioprine-associated leukopenia. In the discovery phase, we developed four risk score models: (1) age, sex, and TPMT metabolizer status; (2) model 1 plus additional clinical variables; (3) sixty candidate single nucleotide polymorphisms; and (4) model 2 plus model 3. The area under the receiver-operating-characteristic curve (AUC) of the risk scores was 0.59 (95% CI: 0.54–0.64), 0.75 (0.71–0.80), 0.66 (0.61–0.71), and 0.78 (0.74–0.82) for models 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. During the replication phase, models 2 and 4 (AUC = 0.64, 95% CI: 0.59–0.70 and AUC = 0.63, 95% CI: 0.58–0.69, respectively) were significant in an independent group. Compared with TPMT testing alone, additional genetic and clinical variables improve the prediction of azathioprine-associated leukopenia.
Breast Reconstruction with Perforator Flap Transplants from Identical Twins

Many technical advances in the field of microvascular surgery have surfaced since the advent of the first successful kidney transplantation. Identical twin transplantation has the advantage of transferring tissue without immunologic barriers, thus not subjecting patients to the adverse events secondary to immunosuppressive drugs and of rejection. Perforator free flaps, specifically the DIEP flap, have become the gold standard for autologous breast reconstruction (ABR) – resulting in less donor-site morbidity and excellent aesthetic results. Challenges in some patients electing ABR include history of failed breast reconstruction, previous abdominal surgeries, and thin body habitus. When situations such as these arise, it is feasible to perform a perforator free flap transplantation in monozygotic twins. In this chapter, the authors review their unique clinical experience in breast reconstruction with transplantation of perforator free flaps from one identical twin to another.
Managing Production Yields and Rework through Feedback on Speed, Quality, and Quantity

Balancing priorities of production speed and conformance quality is an ongoing challenge in production and operations management. Organizations may emphasize these priorities through various forms of performance feedback. However, the impacts of using feedback to emphasize speed, quality, and quantity remain unclear in production settings. This study employs controlled laboratory experiments to examine the impact of real‐time feedback on production quantities, first time yield percentages, and rework percentages. Drawing on concepts from speed‐accuracy tradeoffs, we study four types of feedback: speed, accuracy, joint speed and accuracy, and yields. Laboratory activities focus on the repetitive task of converting paper‐based medical records to electronic data formats. These tasks are critical inputs to data analytics and are similar in nature to simple independent manufacturing and service tasks. We study feedback effects in a setting critical to practice but rarely studied in research, where workers are incentivized for both speed and quality as they perform production tasks that explicitly allow rework. The results show that production yields worsen under speed feedback but improve under each form of quality‐containing feedback. Results also show that each form of quality‐containing feedback increases the proportion of correctly reworked to produced errors through different mechanisms of increased error fixing, decreased error production, or both.
Cardiovascular disease and its management in children and adults undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation

Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is a potentially curative treatment for many malignancies, hemoglobinopathies, metabolic diseases, bone marrow failure syndromes, and primary immune deficiencies. Despite the significant improvement in survival afforded by HSCT, the therapy is associated with major short and long-term morbidity and mortality. Cardiovascular complications such as cardiomyopathy, arrhythmias, pulmonary hypertension, and pericardial effusions are increasingly recognized as potential outcomes following HSCT. The incidence of cardiac complications is related to various factors such as age, co-morbid medical conditions, whether patients received cardiotoxic chemotherapy prior to HSCT, the type of HSCT (autologous versus allogeneic), and the specific conditioning regimen. Thus, the cardiovascular evaluation has become a core component of the pre-transplant assessment, however, the practice differs from center to center as national guidelines and contemporary high-quality studies are lacking. We review the incidence of cardiotoxicity in pediatric and adult HSCT, potential mechanisms of injury, and effects on long-term outcomes. We also discuss the possible therapeutic approaches when disease arises, as well as the indications and need for surveillance before, during, and after transplantation.
Implementation of general medicine topics for acute care inpatient advanced pharmacy practice experiences

Abstract Introduction The purpose of this study was to describe the development of a general medicine student workbook to standardize acute care inpatient fourth-year pharmacy rotations among faculty with varied pharmacy practice sites. Methods Four faculty designed an advanced pharmacy practice experience (APPE) student workbook on general medicine topics consisting of short answer and multiple-choice questions to ensure standardization by exposing all students to the same topics. A pre- and posttest was administered on the first and last day of the five-week rotation block to evaluate the effects of the APPE workbook on student understanding of general medicine topics. A paired t-test was used to evaluate the significance of the difference in test scores. Results The average of the posttest exam was found to be significantly higher after the completion of the student workbook. The average grade on the pre-rotation 30-item exam was 22.8 (76.73%) and the post-rotation 30-item exam was 25.7 (86.26%), with a difference of 9.53% (P Conclusions Creating a standardized student workbook for an inpatient acute care rotation was a valuable addition. All students assigned to the faculty involved were exposed to the same topics despite variability in preceptors and practice sites. Overall the verbal feedback from the students was positive about the student workbook and discussions, especially since the information was applicable to their patients on rotation. Faculty will continue to use this workbook as a tool to teach various inpatient general medicine topics during the acute care APPE.
Full Employment: Private and Government Policies

Employment is currently decaying in the United States of America. Policies of private firms and government to arrest the situation are now hotly debated. This paper is a readable reflection and extraction from Chukwu’s books, Stability and Time-Optimal Control of Hereditary Systems with Application to the Economic Dynamics of the USA,” 2nd Edition, World Scientific 2001 [1], and “The Omega Problem of all Members of the United Nations”, Atlantis Studies in Mathematics for Engineering and Science, Volume 6. Series editor, C. K. Chui, Stanford University, U.S.A. and World Scientific [2]. Reasonable and verifiable economic policies are deduced from Chukwu.
Analysis of cinnamaldehyde and diallyl disulfide as eco-pesticides in soils of different textures—a laboratory-scale mobility study

This work presents for the first time the development of a method for the analysis of cinnamaldehyde and diallyl disulfide in soil by ultrasound assisted extraction followed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. The optimized method was applied in a laboratory-scale study of mobility of these substances applied within a bio-pesticide embodiment on three different soil textures, fine sand, sandy loam, and silty clay loam. Two initial soil moistures were approached, 20 and 90 % field capacity, in order to cover different climatic site scenarios (dry–wet locations). After the application, which was carried out as a pulse on the top soil surface, three different sprinkler irrigation regimes (1×, 2×, and 3× field capacity water volume) were simulated. Each experiment was carried out in duplicate. The results have shown that irrigation pushes the compounds down, and their mobility is soil texture dependent, with the sandy loam having the least resistance to leachability. In any case, cinnamaldehyde is shown to be more prone to leach down than diallyl disulfide. Mass balances in each scenario were also discussed. When these bio-pesticides are used for agricultural purposes, the irrigation regime should be adjusted so that the pesticides reach the target location without causing unnecessary environmental contamination.
PM-Scl Autoantibodies

Publisher Summary This chapter provides an overview of methods for purifying PM-Sclautoantibodies and characterizes antigenic and biological properties of these autoantibodies. Anti-PM-1 antibody was first detected as a weak precipitation reaction by immunodiffusion in polymyositis-dermatomyositis (PM-DM) patients, including some patients with myositis in overlap with systemic sclerosis (SSc). Anti-PM-Scl is detected by indirect immunofluorescence in all tissues and cell lines tested including human and other mammalian forms. The presence of PM-Scl in fish, turtle, and duck cells suggests that the reactive target protein is conserved and is vital to cellular function. Generally, anti-PM-Scl are detected on initial presentation and persist during subsequent follow-up except for a man whose anti-PM-Scl became undetectable by immunodiffusion and immunofluorescence over 4-5 years while taking D-penicillamine. The presence of anti-PM-Scl is a good prognostic sign, unlike the poor prognosis seen with other myositis- and systemic sclerosis-specific autoantibodies.
The effect of active and passive third body film in friction of carbons Part 2: Characterization of friction film

In the part I of this study, friction tests were conducted using both pin-on-disk and disk-on-disk setups. Despite the nature of the friction scales, similar results were found. In the friction of carbon materials, it has been found that the coefficient of friction is dependent on the total energy absorbed by a given mass and the rate of the energy dissipation. We observed that at high energy conditions, the occurrence of friction transition does not appear related to moisture effects. In this part of the study, the friction of the study, the friction surface wasexamined using various macro and nanoscopic techniques to understand the evolution of friction film before, during and after friction transition. Examination of the friction surfaces display two distinct surface characteristics: shiny and dull bands. Structural changes of friction film have been observed from graphitic allotropic form to amorphous type structure. This sudden change leads to an increase of the coefficient of friction. It seems that the inter-laminar shearing and disruption of the film might cause the friction transition. In this paper, friction behavior of a graphitic carbon at high energy had been studied. At high power input, hot spots had been generated. The current study shows that both the friction transition and hot spots had occurred because of friction film break-off and powdered slits had formed. The presence of these particles surface contributes in the increase of the coefficient of friction (μ>1) and its instabilities.
Control of nonlinear differential-algebraic process systems

This paper addresses the control of a class of nonlinear, multivariable, high-index differential-algebraic-equation systems with disturbances. Initially, an algorithmic procedure is developed and used to derive an equivalent state-space realization of the constrained system. A feedforward/state feedback synthesis problem is then formulated and solved on the basis of the resulting state-space realization.
On fault modeling and fault tolerance of antifuse based FPGAs

The fault modeling, fault location, and fault tolerance of antifuse-based field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) are discussed. The antifuse faults are divided into two categories, i.e., those that can be detected before programmation, and those that can be detected only after programmation. It is shown that some of the antifuse open and short faults may also appear as delay faults. The redundancy inherent in the FPGAs is utilized fully to achieve fault tolerance without extra circuitry. >