cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Functional role of anthocyanins in high-light winter leaves of the evergreen herb Galax urceolata.

Summary • High-light leaves of the evergreen herb Galax urceolata exhibit a striking color change from green to red during winter months due to anthocyanin synthesis in outermost mesophyll cells. Here we investigate three possible functions of this color change. •T o test the hypothesis that anthocyanins function as light attenuators, maximum photosystem II efficiency ( F v /F m ) of red and green leaves was measured during and after exposure to wavelengths either strongly or poorly absorbed by anthocyanin. To determine whether anthocyanins elevate radical-scavenging capacity, antioxidant activity of red and green leaves was assessed using the α , α -diphenyl- β -picrylhydrazyl assay. Nonstructural carbohydrate levels were analyzed to test the hypothesis that anthocyanins function as a carbon sink. • Declines in F v /F m under white and green light were significantly greater for green than red leaves, but were comparable under red light. Anthocyanin content positively correlated with antioxidant activity. Although levels of anthocyanins did not appear to be related to nonstructural carbohydrate concentration, high levels of sugars may be necessary for their photoinduction. • Results suggest that anthocyanins function as light attenuators and may also contribute to the antioxidant pool in winter leaves.
Regulation of 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl Coenzyme A Reductase Activity in Cultured Human Fibroblasts COMPARISON OF CELLS FROM A NORMAL SUBJECT AND FROM A PATIENT WITH HOMOZYGOUS FAMILIAL HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA

The activity of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase, the rate-controlling enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis, is suppressed in normal fibroblasts cultured in medium containing whole serum. The factor responsible for this suppression was localized to the low density and very low density lipoproteins, but was not found in high density lipoproteins. Whole serum from a patient with abetalipoproteinemia, which is deficient in apolipoprotein B (the protein common to low density and very low density lipoproteins), did not suppress the activity of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase. Since cholesterol itself was able to suppress enzyme activity when added to cells in a non-lipoprotein form, the data indicate that low density and very low density lipoproteins reduce enzyme activity by delivering cholesterol to the cell. The cholesterol, in turn, acts to inhibit the synthesis of new 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase molecules. Cultured cells from a homozygote with the disorder familial hypercholesterolemia, which showed a nearly complete failure of suppression of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase activity by low density or very low density lipoproteins, synthesized enzyme molecules at a rate nearly 60 times greater than that of normal cells. But when cholesterol was administered to these mutant cells in a non-lipoprotein form, it was able to exert a full inhibitory effect on 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase activity, suggesting that the primary defect in these cells resides in the transfer of cholesterol from extracellular low density lipoproteins to its presumed site of action on or within the cell. In further studies of the regulation of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase, enzyme activity in normal and mutant fibroblasts was shown to be stimulated by several factors in human serum, one of which is insulin.
Accelerating the magnetic field iterative solutions

Recent years have witnessed considerable research activity in the application of digital-computer methods for the determination of the electromagnetic fields in electrical devices through the solution of Maxwell's equations, while taking full account of the magnetic saturation. Slow rate of convergence towards a meaningful solution and consequent demand for prohibitively large computer time are some of the chief drawbacks of the numerical iterative procedures. Many efforts have been made to find satisfactory methods of accelerating the convergence and thereby minimize the computer time needed for the solution. Various methods such as application of relaxation factors, block-relaxation procedures, and alternating-direction iterative techniques have been developed. It is the purpose of this paper to present a new method of computing an appropriate optimum relaxation factor for the reluctivity at each grid point (in 2- dimensions) or lattice point (in 3-dimensions) depending on the value of the local flux density and its location on the magnetization characteristic.
From microcarriers to hydrodynamics: introducing engineering science into animal cell culture.

Abstract Professor Daniel I.C. Wang has conducted research in animal cell culture for approximately 40 years. Over that long time period and still to this day, he successfully addresses a multitude of engineering challenges, taking a unique, creative, systems-driven but still fundamental approach. As mammalian cell culture has become the predominant method of manufacturing therapeutic proteins, the impact of his leadership, not only in research but also student recruitment and education, has played a key role in the success of the bio/pharmaceutical industry.
Monolithic Ka-band phase shifter using voltage tunable BaSrTiO/sub 3/ parallel plate capacitors

Monolithic Ka-band phase shifter circuit that employs voltage tunable BaSrTiO/sub 3/ (BST) parallel plate capacitors is presented here. The circuit is capable of continuous 0/spl deg/-157/spl deg/ phase shift at 30 GHz with an insertion loss of only 5.8 dB and return loss better than 12 dB. In addition to promising loss performance (27.1/spl deg//dB) at 30 GHz, the circuit reported here has several advantages over previously reported BST phase shifters such as moderate control voltages (20 V), room temperature operation, and compatibility with monolithic fabrication techniques.
Effect of thrombolysis (streptokinase) on left ventricular function during acute myocardial infarction

One hundred ninety-two consecutive patients with acute myocardial infarction were enrolled in a prospective trial of coronary thrombolysis in which either intracoronary or intravenous streptokinase was administered. First-pass radionuclide ejection fraction (EF) was measured early (within 24 hours of admission) and late (10 to 14 days after admission) to assess changes in left ventricular (LV) function. In 68 patients in whom reperfusion was successful, mean EF increased from 39 ± 11% early to 47 ± 13% late. In 36 patients in whom reperfusion was not successful, the mean EF increase was significantly smaller (from 38 ± 10% to 42 ± 11%, p
Rapid detection of aflatoxin contamination in agricultural products

The method, involving rapid blender extraction of the sample with aqueous acetonitrile and subsequent adsorption onto an alumina and silica gel column, was applied to cotton seed, soybean and other seeds, various grains and nuts. As little as 10 mu g aflatoxin/kg was detected and approx. contamination levels could be placed into 5 categories by the test
Invited Review: The crossed phrenic phenomenon: a model for plasticity in the respiratory pathways following spinal cord injury

Hemisection of the cervical spinal cord rostral to the level of the phrenic nucleus interrupts descending bulbospinal respiratory pathways, which results in a paralysis of the ipsilateral hemidiaphragm. In several mammalian species, functional recovery of the paretic hemidiaphragm can be achieved by transecting the contralateral phrenic nerve. The recovery of the paralyzed hemidiaphragm has been termed the "crossed phrenic phenomenon." The physiological basis for the crossed phrenic phenomenon is as follows: asphyxia induced by spinal hemisection and contralateral phrenicotomy increases central respiratory drive, which activates a latent crossed respiratory pathway. The uninjured, initially latent pathway mediates the hemidiaphragm recovery by descending into the spinal cord contralateral to the hemisection and then crossing the midline of the spinal cord before terminating on phrenic motoneurons ipsilateral and caudal to the hemisection. The purpose of this study is to review work conducted on the crossed phrenic phenomenon and to review closely related studies focusing particularly on the plasticity associated with the response. Because the review deals with recovery of respiratory muscles paralyzed by spinal cord injury, the clinical relevance of the reviewed studies is highlighted.
Conceptions of Official Leader Roles in the Air Force

sizeable proportion of the families in the lower ranges of the status system and some families at higher levels also will remain unidentified. Of importance equal to the selective omission of families from certain segments of the hierarchy is the fact that individual judges manifest different and in part erratic limitations of acquaintance. Attempts to fill out the ratings by using judges from particular parts of the status structure ran into the dilemma that our lower class raters who were more likely to know the lower-ranking families rated the upper half of the population higher than did the raters from the upper levels. Unfortunately, these conflicting judgments are not sufficiently graduated to use them as offsetting estimates.8 It is not our purpose here to elaborate upon ways in which the technique of prestige rating might be improved. However, it is evident that a primary problem is the pre-testing of judges with respect to (1) objectivity, (2) scale sense, (3) conservative versus extreme judgments, and (4) prestige discriminating ability in general and for different segments of the status scale. If by the use of these and other refinements we can reduce the unreliability and the ambiguity of the rating process, we will at the same time shed light on the alleged class bias of judges, and we may better distinguish genuine elusiveness of status in American society from errors of the raters' judgment processes.
Selective chromium(VI) ligands identified using combinatorial peptoid libraries.

Hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] is a worldwide water contaminant that is currently without cost-effective and efficient remediation strategies. This is in part due to a lack of ligands that can bind it amid an excess of innocuous ions in aqueous solution. We present herein the design and application of a peptoid-based library of ligand candidates for toxic metal ions. A selective screening process was used to identify members of the library that can bind to Cr(VI) species at neutral pH and in the presence of a large excess of spectator ions. There were 11 sequences identified, and their affinities were compared using titrations monitored with UV–vis spectroscopy. To identify the interactions involved in coordination and specificity, we evaluated the effects of sequence substitutions and backbone variation in the highest affinity structure. Additional characterization of the complex formed between this sequence and Cr(VI) was performed using NMR spectroscopy. To evaluate the ability of the developed sequences...
Probing rhetorical structures of advanced learners' expository prose: A data-based approach

Logic, as the basis of rhetoric, always affects the way ideas, words, and evidence are assembled into one coherent structure. As rhetoric varies from culture to culture, it frequently brings about awkwardness, inappropriateness as well as immaturity of an expository prose if it does not meet the convention of organizational patterns and signals as expected by the readers having that rhetoric. A number of scholars have highlighted the importance and insights of contrastive rhetoric for the teaching of academic writing. This paper describes various rhetorical problems encountered by dozens of advanced Indonesian learners of English taking an academic writing class at AMINEF (American Indonesian Exchange Foundation) who plan to study in the USA. This paper concludes with the caveat that difficulties in adopting English rhetoric is not simply a linguistic problem but includes cultural understanding and awareness of its style. This paper offers insightful writing instructions to cope with the existing problems. Keywords : rhetoric, expository prose, contrastive rhetoric, rhetorical problems, AMINEF
Analysis on sulphur dioxide residues in certain food in Xiamen city from 2006 to 2009

Objective:To understand the situation of the sulphur dioxide residues in certain food in Xiamen so as to provide basis for the health administrative departments to strengthen food safety supervision.Methods:The content of the sulphur dioxide residues in seven categories of food collected from the trading market from 2006 to 2009 were determined according to the method of GB/T5009.34-2003.Results:The qualified rate was 94.3% in 296 samples and improved year by year from 2006 to 2009,the highest was wine,followed by candy,salted vegetables,melon seeds,glass noodles,glazed fruit and dried vegetables.Conclusion:The monitoring and supervision should be further strengthened especially in dried vegetables and glazed fruit to guarantee the consumers′ health.
Recommendations for sports in chronic obstructive pneumopathy (COPD)

Although exercise tolerance can be quite limited in patients with COPD due to dyspnea, arterial desaturation, chronic disuse muscular atrophy, and fear of distressing symptoms, regular daily exercise is an important part of optimal disease management. Patients can be provided with simple exercise instructions tailored to their physiological impairment and recreational interests. The benefits of regular exercise observed even in the most severely obstructed patients include desensitization to dyspnea, increased exercise tolerance, improved capacity for daily activities, greater self esteem and independence, and reduced rates of hospitalization. These benefits of exercise training in COPD are best realized within a multidisciplinary program of supervised pulmonary rehabilitation, that also incorporates education about COPD, proper use of medications and oxygen, and psychosocial counseling.
Water-structuring molecules and nanomaterials enhance radiofrequency heating in biologically relevant solutions

For potential applications in nano-mediated radiofrequency cancer hyperthermia, the nanomaterial under investigation must increase the heating of any aqueous solution in which it is suspended when exposed to radiofrequency electric fields. This should also be true for a broad range of solution conductivities, especially those that artificially mimic the ionic environment of biological systems. Herein we demonstrate enhanced heating of biologically relevant aqueous solutions using kosmotropes and a hexamalonoserinolamide fullerene.
Teaching the Election with Purpose: Toward a Framework of Racial Media Literacy and [Socio] Political Consciousness When Discussing Elections in the Social Studies Classroom

ABSTRACTInfusing content about elections has not been an issue for social studies teachers, but rather contextualizing race discourse in discussions of elections has served as a curricular cessation for social studies teachers. This is especially concerning given that teachers' attempts to remain neutral with regards to race consequently results in a lack of racial awareness and sociopolitical consciousness pertaining to political issues among students. This article advocates for pedagogical frameworks of racial media literacy and (socio)political consciousness to address systemic issues of race as they are discussed in the election. The author argues that students, especially students of color, should be afforded the opportunity to critically interrogate media outlets, messages, and candidates' positioning of race as an effort to promote political consciousness that could potentially impact their immediate or future political decision making. Suggestions for enacting these frameworks are provided within ...
Produce Molecular Brushes with Ultrahigh Grafting Density Using Accelerated CuAAC Grafting-Onto Strategy

A method was developed to synthesize molecular brushes with polymethacrylate backbone and ultrahigh density of grafted side chains (SCs), i.e., 1.34 SCs per backbone carbon atom, using accelerated copper-catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) grafting-onto strategy. This acceleration effect that benefits from the complexation of triazole with Cu was first confirmed in two model CuAAC reactions of (a) 1:1 molar ratio of a diazide compound and an alkynyl-terminated poly(ethylene oxide) (ay-PEO18 with average degree of polymerization DP = 18) and (b) 1:1 molar ratio of a dialkyne compound and an azido-terminated N3-PEO18. It was found that both model reactions produced ditriazoles as major products, although the former reaction exhibited a higher yield of PEO–PEO dimers, demonstrating better CuAAC acceleration effect. Following this principle, polymethacrylate backbones with multiazido dangling groups were subsequently used for grafting-onto reaction with ay-SCs to prepare an array of molecular brushes...
Simulations of disordered proteins and systems with conformational heterogeneity

Intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) and protein regions can facilitate a wide variety of complex physiological processes such as binding, signaling, and formation of membraneless organelles. They can however also play pathological roles by aggregating into cytotoxic oligomers and fibrils. Characterizing the structure and function of disordered proteins is an onerous task, primarily because these proteins adopt transient structures, which are difficult to capture in experiments. Simulations have emerged as a powerful tool for interpreting and augmenting experimental measurements of IDPs. In this review we focus on computer simulations of disordered protein structures, functions, assemblies, and emerging questions that, taken together, give an overview of the field as it exists today.
ELECTRONIC HEALTH RECORD ALGORITHMS TO DETECT PAD

Patients with lower extremity peripheral artery disease (PAD) are difficult to accurately detect in administrative data because some relevant diagnosis codes are indiscriminate. As we use ‘big data’ to study diseases such as PAD, disease classification will be critical for cohort selection,
A Dynamic Heterogeneous Dispersion Model Evaluates Performance of Industrial Catalytic Hydrotreating Systems

Catalyst deactivation is one of the main challenges in industrial reaction operations. In this paper, a dynamic heterogeneous model is developed for the crude terephthalic acid hydropurification process. The model incorporates the effects of axial mixing and deactivation of the commercial catalyst of palladium supported on carbon on efficiency of the hydropurification operation. The transport phenomena governing equations lead to a series of partial differential equations which are simultaneously solved. The model validation is accomplished using the industrial data. The proposed model satisfactorily simulates the real process, and it is more accurate than the plug flow model to forecast the process behaviors. A decline in the catalyst particle size improves the catalyst performance; an increase in the catalyst porosity prolongs the catalyst lifetime, while maintaining an acceptable pressure drop in the catalyst bed. It is concluded that the effective control of p-xylene oxidation reactor (in terms of pro...
Die mathematische Wirklichkeit

Im folgenden sollen einige besondere Beispiele mathematischer Arbeit betrachtet werden, um zu sehen, was fur philosophische Konsequenzen sich fur uns daraus ergeben. Dabei wird sich zeigen, das die mathematische Forschungsarbeit zu dem Schlus zwingt,das die mathematische Wahrheit objektiv ist. In Wirklichkeit ist der «Platonismus» des aktiven Mathematikers kein Glaube an den Plato-Mythos, sondern lediglich die Einsicht in die widersetzliche Natur, den Eigensinn mathematischer Fakten. Sie sind, was sie sind, und nicht, was wir gerne aus ihnen machen wurden.
Bifurcations and Control in a Singular Biological Economic Model

In the natural world, there are many species whose individuals have a life history that takes them through two stages, juvenile stage and adult stage. Individuals in each stage are identical in biological characteristics, and some vital rates (rates of survival, development, and reproduction) of individuals in a population almost always depend on stage structure. Furthermore, there is a strong interaction relationship between the mature population and the immature population , which is to some extent relevant to the persistence and extinction of the related population. Consequently, it is constructive to investigate the dynamics of such ecosystem without ignorance of stage structure for population.
On the Evolutionary Uniqueness of Man

The purpose of this article is to review the unique features of the evolutionary process which gave rise to the human species. These unique features are examined in the light of our modern understanding of the methods which bring evolution about. No originality is claimed for any of the ideas presented in the article. The general conception of the nature of human evolution may nevertheless be controversial. If so, the author hopes to have a powerful ally in George G. Simpson, many of whose writings seem to indicate that we are in a general agreement on most, though not on all subjects, and to whom this article is dedicated with admiration and affection on his 70th birthday.
Management of the solitary pulmonary nodule

Large lesions are often malignant and call for prompt resection. Small lesions are likely to be benign but nonetheless raise difficult questions. For example, how to estimate the potential for malignancy? Or, how to weigh the possible effectiveness of an aggressive surgical approach against possible complications? Probability techniques can provide support for clinical judgment.
Hypothesis Testing Theory

A primary goal of scientific research often concerns the verification or refutation of assertions, conjectures, currently accepted laws, or descriptions relating to a given economic, sociological, psychological, physical, or biological process or population. Statistical hypothesis testing concerns the use of probability samples of observations from processes or populations of interest, together with probability and mathematical statistics principles, to judge the validity of stated assertions, conjectures, laws, or descriptions in such a way that the probability of falsely rejecting a correct hypothesis can be controlled, while the probability of rejecting false hypotheses is made as large as possible. The precise nature of the types of errors that can be made, how the probabilities of such errors can be controlled, and how one designs a test so that the probability of rejecting false hypotheses is as large as possible is the subject of this chapter.
Model Reduction for Complex Adaptive Structures

A complex adaptive structure for the purposes of this paper is treated as a structure with embedded piezoelectric sensors and actuators that are connected through a control loop so that the structure can adaptively or optimally respond to an external disturbance [1–4]. Such structures, also called smart structures, present special challenges in analytical and numerical modeling. The piezoelectric devices involve coupled electric and elastodynamic fields, the devices are multiple in number, the size of the structure is typically much larger in size relative to the sensors and actuators, and in real applications the geometry of the structure is complex. The response of such a structure to an external excitation and the response of the embedded sensors can only be simulated numerically. The finite element method has been successfully used to solve such problems, but the size of the resulting matrices becomes very large even for simple geometries [5–9]. To give an example, to obtain the transient response of a simple clamped plate with five pairs of sensors and actuators it is necessary to retain the first 50 structural modes and this results in an 800 × 800 matrix. In order to then interface such a numerical model with a control algorithm such as an H∞ robust controller including modeling and device uncertainties, may challenge even the fastest computers to provide the required actuator excitations for real time controlled response of the adaptive structure. The objective of this paper is to address this issue and present a technique to condense or reduce the system model while still retaining the essential dynamical features of the smart structure [7].
Abstract TMP37: Social Network Size at Stroke Onset is Associated With 3 and 6-Month Stroke Outcomes

Introduction: Social mechanisms involved in stroke recovery are important and underutilized. For at least three decades, research has shown that social factors such as living alone negatively influ...
Reconstruction of a surgical defect in the popliteal fossa: A case report

Abstract Introduction Surgical defects of the popliteal fossa pose a reconstructive challenge to the surgeon, given the intimate relationship of this area with the knee joint and underlying vital neuro-vasculature. Case presentation An 88-year-old woman was treated for a biopsy proven invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the right popliteal fossa with Mohs micrographic surgery. The resultant defect (4.5 × 4.3 cm) was repaired using a random patterned bilobed flap with an undersized secondary lobe and porcine xenograft with excellent functional and cosmetic outcome. Discussion Numerous approaches to reconstruction of the popliteal fossa have been proposed, including primary closure, secondary intent healing, skin grafting, random flaps, muscle flaps, fasciocutaneous flaps, freeflaps, and tissue expansion. Sub-optimal repair of the popliteal fossa can reduce mobility of the knee joint, carry a high risk of wound dehiscence and may result in significant scarring. Here, we present the use of a bilobed flap with an undersized secondary lobe, in a patient with limited tissue laxity, for the repair of the popliteal fossa. Conclusion Utilizing a random pattern bilobed flap with an undersized secondary lobe is an excellent alternative for the repair of moderate sized popliteal fossa defects.
Reasons for Early Cessation of Breastfeeding Among Women with Low Income

Background: Most women in the United States do not meet their breastfeeding goals, and low-income women breastfeed at lower rates than the general population. While risk factors for early cessation have been documented, specific reasons for discontinuing among this population are less understood. We examined reasons for cessation among low-income mothers to inform the development of targeted strategies to address breastfeeding disparities. Materials and Methods: We performed a secondary data analysis using prospective data collected during a randomized intervention trial of Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC)-eligible women interviewed in the third trimester and at 1, 3, and 6 months postpartum. We included the 221 women who initiated breastfeeding and stopped by 6 months. Women's reasons for discontinuing breastfeeding were grouped by thematic category and compared by time of breastfeeding cessation. Results: The most common reasons reported overall for breastfeeding cessation were concerns about breast milk supply and latch difficulty. Some reasons differed significantly by time of cessation. Latch difficulty was reported most often by women who breastfed for 1 month or less; supply concerns increased with increasing breastfeeding duration. Returning to work/school was uncommonly reported for those who stopped by 1 month, but more frequently reported in those with later cessation. Conclusions: We found that low-income women reported similar reasons for early breastfeeding cessation as have been reported for other populations of women. These results underscore the need for appropriately timed, culturally sensitive interventions to reduce disparities in duration of breastfeeding, specifically to address latch difficulty in the first few weeks and supply concerns as infants grow.
Inheritance in Oral Health Conditions

Conditions affecting oral health typically have a multifactorial or complex mode of inheritance, meaning they are influenced by more than one gene and can also be impacted by the environment. These conditions include dental caries, periodontitis, dental abnormalities of number and structure, cleft lip and palate, craniosynostosis, craniofacial deformities, malocclusion, orofacial pain, oral cancer, and temporomandibular joint dysfunction. There are some exceptions that have a single gene mode of inheritance or are the consequence of a chromosomal abnormality. It is important to understand how genetics operate and approach the issue in terms of probabilities and risks, rather than in fatalistic terms. In this sense, the definition of risks is a vital realization in the practice of more precise medicine and dentistry.
Mississippi’s Forgotten Son: Billy Barton and his Journalistic Battle for Redemption in the “Closed Society”

In the summer of 1960, Billy Barton, a journalism major at the University of Mississippi, worked as an intern at the Atlanta Journal. Barton, a reporter at the university newspaper, the Mississippi...
Modern constraints on the sources and climate signals recorded by sedimentary plant waxes in west Greenland

Abstract The hydrogen isotopic composition (δ2H values) of plant waxes preserved in the sedimentary record is a useful proxy for past hydroclimate, but a number of known biological and environmental factors can confound the climate signal this proxy records. High-latitude ecology and environmental conditions differ from those of the better-studied low latitudes, and the influence of arctic conditions on factors that affect δ2H records of climate is poorly constrained. Direct observations of arctic plant waxes and their δ2H values, particularly from aquatic plants, are very limited. Here we present a study of n-alkane and n-alkanoic acid homologue distributions, δ2H values, and δ13C values from west Greenland, including measurements of terrestrial and aquatic plants, algae, and Nostoc (colonial cyanobacteria). By examining samples collected from the same region and season, we focus on climate-independent factors that may affect the δ2H values of sedimentary plant waxes. We observe that the average abundance of leaf n-alkyl lipids (C20-C31) in common terrestrial plants from this region exceeds that in aquatic sources by up to 30×. We also note weaker source specificity in n-alkanoic acids than in n-alkanes. A comparison of these data with surface sedimentary plant waxes from a lake within the study area, previously reported by McFarlin et al. (2019), indicates that at this site both mid-chain and long-chain sedimentary waxes are likely to derive from dominantly terrestrial sources, particularly biased towards the genus Salix. Abundance-weighted isotope data reveal that while terrestrial plants show taxonomic trends in δ2H values, the amplitude of these trends is unlikely to exceed the error of the proxy (the standard deviation on calculated eapp). n-Alkane eapp values are more variable in aquatic than in terrestrial sources, with median values ranging from −115‰ in n-C31 to −143‰ in n-C21. However, because sedimentary waxes at our study site are most similar to terrestrial plants for all homologues (in isotopic composition and proportional abundance), the large variability in aquatic eapp is unlikely to strongly impact sedimentary wax δ2H values here and in comparable environments. Our findings do not support using comparisons of mid- and long-chain homologues to infer differences between lake water and precipitation without independent validation of the source of mid-chain waxes. Nevertheless, we show that homologue abundance, δ2H values, and δ13C values of sedimentary n-alkanes can inform wax-based reconstructions of paleoclimate at high latitudes. This work provides new insights into the wax contributions from west Greenland plant communities and highlights important areas for future studies of arctic plants and plant wax proxies.
The intestinal microbiome of preterm infants

Abstract Preterm birth causes a disruption in the developmental pattern for which the human is programmed. When prematurely separated from the mother during the last trimester of pregnancy, the fetus may be provided partial developmental continuity with appropriate support measures. As an integral component of this support, exposure to environmental microbes has been found to be critical. Evidence for in utero commensal colonization of the fetus remains controversial, but it is clear that maternal and newborn exposure to appropriate microbes stimulates developmental pathways for the neonate. Perturbations of normal microbiome exposures during pregnancy, parturition, and early infancy by stress, antibiotics, diet, and other environmental factors play major roles in interruption of the developing metabolism, nervous system, and immune system. This chapter focuses on the early interplay between the microbiome of the infant born preterm and how it can influence neurodevelopment and diseases of prematurity, including necrotizing enterocolitis, sepsis, and lung disease.
Perceptions of Sexual Violence in Dating Relationships: Presentation Medium and Couple Characteristics

Undergraduate students evaluated scenarios depicting violence in a long-term dating relationship—in either video or written form, and involving either a male or female aggressor in either a same- or other-gender relationship. Other than the genders of the victims and assailants, the details of the scenarios were identical. Results showed that participants rated written scenarios as more powerful than video scenarios and believed that sexual assault was more likely to have happened in the written than in the video scenarios. Compared to men, women were more emotionally impacted by the scenarios, thought sexual assault was more likely to have happened, were more likely to think the aggressor wanted to have sex with the victim, and were less likely to think the victim wanted to have sex with the aggressor. Participants who rated other-sex scenarios thought sexual assault was more likely to have occurred, that the aggressor more likely wanted to have sex with the victim, and that the victim less likely wanted to have sex with the aggressor than those rating same-sex scenarios. When women were portrayed as the victims, regardless of relationship type, the scenario was more emotionally evocative. On average, participants strongly agreed that sexual assault had occurred in each of the scenarios.
Cognitive Multi-Point Free Space Optical Communication: Real-Time Users Discovery Using Unsupervised Machine Learning

Multi-user free-space optical communication (FSOC) is beginning to draw a significant attention for its ability to support increased system network capacity while using single receiving photodiode and satisfying size, weight, and power (SWaP) constraints imposed by space- and aerial-based mobile communication. Despite these advantages, support of multi-user capabilities cause increased system complexity due to accommodating heterogenous users communications with varying transmission and data rate requirements. Machine learning (ML) has recently been considered as a promising approach for introducing cognition into the network to mitigate some of the complexity. A cognitive method based on unsupervised ML was derived for estimating the number of users communicating and sharing time and bandwidth resources with a single-node receiver. A weighted clustering approach was introduced and experimentally validated when users received with similar amplitude information that results in underestimation. Obtained results confirmed that the proposed methodology was able to accurately differentiate the number of simultaneously transmitting users with accuracy greater than 92%— even in the presence of moderate atmospheric turbulence. An experimental analysis was conducted to determine data size and receiver sampling rate requirements for accurate estimation. Furthermore, an empirical model was derived to evaluate the effect of preamble signal length given a particular sampling rate on the accuracy of the estimation. The model was validated for up-to four users.
Imeglimin: Current Development and Future Potential in Type 2 Diabetes

Imeglimin is the first of the "glimins," a new class of drugs developed for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This review highlights its mechanism of action and its context in the field of T2DM treatment. Preclinical data in multiple rodent models have detailed significant effects on mitochondria, particularly improved mitochondrial bioenergetics. This includes changes favoring complex II and complex III metabolism, a mechanism potentially promoting increased fatty acid oxidation, leading to the decrease in hepatic lipid accumulation observed in these mice. Imeglimin was also shown to increase muscle glucose uptake and decrease hepatic glucose production, both in vitro and in vivo. Though studies have also shown imeglimin to significantly improve insulin secretion and decrease β-cell death, whether its physiologic effects are purely insulin dependent remains unclear. Early preclinical studies have shown evidence for improvements in cardiac and renal function in rats with metabolic syndrome, effects not conferred by most currently available T2DM drugs. Clinical studies of imeglimin in humans have shown increased insulin secretion, along with decreased fasting plasma glucose and glycated hemoglobin. Its observed efficacy was comparable to that of currently available agents metformin and sitagliptin and was increased when given in combination with either agent. When considered alongside its benign safety profile reported in patients with chronic kidney disease, imeglimin shows true promise to provide a novel mechanism for T2DM treatment, with potential application in a larger, more comprehensive patient population.
Nanoparticle size distribution quantification from transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of ruthenium tetroxide stained polymeric nanoparticles.

Abstract Hypothesis Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) generated particle size distributions (PSD) of polymer-stabilized nanoparticles are dependent on the optimization parameters used to generate an inversion solution fit to the measured autocorrelation function. The accuracy of the DLS PSD average and polydispersity can be determined by comparing analyzed Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) images with the DLS results if the TEM measured sizes can be corrected for the thickness of the hydrated polymer corona that impacts particle hydrodynamics but is a collapsed, desiccated shell in the TEM images. Experiments Nanoparticles were prepared by Flash NanoPrecipitation with either poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) or hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate (HPMCAS) stabilizing polymers. Solvated nanoparticle size distributions were measured by DLS in aqueous media. The same nanoparticle dispersions were lyophilized onto TEM grids and stained by ruthenium tetroxide (RuO4) vapor to improve electron contrast. Desiccated particle size distributions were generated by measuring a minimum of 300 particle diameters in the stained TEM images. Findings Using our protocol for staining soft matter nanoparticles in TEM measurements, we have quantitatively analyzed the correlation between DLS and TEM generated PSDs. Average diameters disagree by the hydrated polymer corona thickness for each stabilizer due to the high-vacuum TEM environment, with 21.4 nm for PEG and 51.2 nm for HPMCAS. While corrected average diameter agrees within 10% for each technique, DLS consistently over-estimates the standard deviation of the PSD by 100% compared to the TEM measurement.
Follicular Dendritic Cell Sarcoma of the Chest

Abstract Follicular dendritic cell sarcoma is a rare, low-grade cancer derived from follicular dendritic cells, which serve as accessory cells to the lymphoid system. Here, we describe the case of a 57-year-old man who had a mediastinal mass with aortic involvement incidentally identified during evaluation for indeterminate pulmonary nodules. The mass, later diagnosed as follicular dendritic cell sarcoma, was successfully treated with surgical resection aided by placement of endovascular aortic stent graft.
TempSense: A Four-Channel Temperature Logger Based on a USB Bridge and CircuitPython

Accurate temperature measurements are needed to monitor and reduce energy use and greenhouse gas emissions in building, industrial, and other processes. This paper describes a temperature sensor instrument, named TempSense, developed for classroom demonstrations of thermal phenomena. The instrument can monitor, record, and visualize data from multiple temperature sensors using a K-type amplifier and thermocouples. It has an accuracy of ±2 deg C from -200 to +700 deg C and an accuracy of ±6 deg C from –270 to +1372 deg C. The instrument uses a USB bridge and the Python language to interface with open-source thermocouple amplifiers without the need for byte-level programming. Its design allows novice experimenters to inspect the build and operation and even customize it to their needs. TempSense can be extended via Python libraries to provide internet communication, visualization, and analysis.
High School Students’ Reasons for disliking Mathematics: The Intersection Between Teacher’s Role and Student’s Emotions, Belief and Self-efficacy

The study presented here depicts the reasons for high school students to have a negative attitude toward mathematics. The students were asked to rate mathematics in comparison to other subjects like history, physics, or computer science. In addition, they were asked about their attitude, beliefs, and motivations toward mathematics. To this end a convergent parallel mixed-method approach was implemented using a questionnaire that combines open-ended, closed-ended (e.g., forced ranking scale, or multiple and single responses), and liker-scale items. One of the main reasons for student’s reluctancy toward mathematics is their lack of understanding and self-perception of low content knowledge, which let them to have a negative perception. Students stated that their negative perception was not new, but instead something they knew since elementary.
The role of social media and brand equity during a product recall crisis: A shareholder value perspective

Abstract Utilizing an event study methodology of 185 product recall announcements, this study examines to what extent social media hurts a company’s shareholder value in the event of a product recall. In addition, we explore whether a company’s brand equity and engagement in online chatter potentially mitigate the negative effects of social media surrounding the recall. We operationalize four metrics of online word-of-mouth (WOM) that may moderate negative product recall effects: volume, valence, growth rate, and breadth. The findings suggest that product recalls result in significantly negative abnormal returns for firms. Furthermore, the volume, valence and growth rate of online WOM exacerbate this negative effect of a product recall on firm value. Most importantly, we find negative effects of the volume and the valence of online WOM on firm value are lower for brands with strong brand equity. Surprisingly, we find no effect of company involvement in mitigating the potential negative effects of social media during a product recall. Our findings highlight the threats of product recalls and demonstrate that building brand equity may help protect a company in the social media environment.
Monitoring behavioral disturbances in experimental social systems

Although clinicians and epidemiologists in their work with humans first perceived the details of a relationship between emotional disturbance and physical illness, we make the point in preceding chapters that man is not unique: The life changes confronting him are, in fact, responsible for stimulating or straining the instinctually determined male-female bonding, parental attachment, and territorial behavior that he experiences just like other mammals. Human society also has dominants who control access to desiderata and are high in the social hierarchy (Maclay and Knipe, 1972). All mammals continuously pass down the stream of time—the aged eventually vanish, but the young are trained and incorporated into the establishment to preserve the species. Dramatic crises arising when these life changes suddenly occur are clearly intensely arousing to humans as well as to other mammals.
The use of online discussions for post-clinical conference

Nurse educators, at every level of pre-licensure nursing education, are charged with developing critical thinking skills within their students. Post-clinical conference is one teaching strategy that nurse educators can employ to help promote the development of critical thinking skills in pre-licensure nursing students. However, traditional face-to-face post-clinical conference is marred with issues and concerns, as identified in the nursing education literature. An alternative to face-to-face post-clinical conference, asynchronous online learning environment, mitigates the issues and concerns associated with traditional post-clinical conference. Adult learning theory supports the use of asynchronous online learning environment because the asynchronous online learning environment promotes student-centered teaching strategy in place of teacher-centered learning, which by its nature traditional face-to-face post-clinical conference tends to support.
The Structure of a Source Modified WZW Theory

In 2+1 dimensions, the Chern-Simons Gauge theory of a simple group G on a manifold with boundary is known to lead to a WZW theory. When a source characterized by the Cartan subalgebra H of G is coupled to the Chern-Simons theory, the corresponding WZW theory is modified. We study the consequences of this modification on the corresponding Kac-Moody and the Virasoro algebras. The relevance of this development to the microscopic structure of the AdS3 black hole is pointed out.
Chapter 28 Use of ruthenium photoreduction techniques to study electron transfer in cytochrome oxidase.

Abstract Ruthenium photoreduction methods are described to study electron transfer from cytochrome c to cytochrome c oxidase and within cytochrome oxidase. Methods are described to prepare a ruthenium cytochrome c derivative Ru‐39‐Cc, by labeling the single sulfhydryl group on horse K39C with (4‐bromomethyl‐4′methylbipyridine) (bis‐bipyridine)ruthenium(II). The ruthenium complex attached to Cys‐39 on the opposite side of the heme crevice does not interfere with the interaction with cytochrome oxidase. Laser flash photolysis of a 1:1 complex between Ru‐39‐Cc and bovine cytochrome oxidase results in photoreduction of heme c within 1 μsec, followed by electron transfer from heme c to Cu A in cytochrome oxidase with a rate constant of 60,000 s −1 and from Cu A to heme a with a rate constant of 20,000 s −1 . A new ruthenium dimer, Ru 2 Z, has been developed to reduce Cu A within 1 μsec with a yield of 60%, followed by electron transfer from Cu A to heme a and then to the heme a 3 /Cu B binuclear center. Methods are described to measure the single‐electron reduction of each of the intermediates involved in reduction of oxygen to water by cytochrome oxidase, including P m , F, O H , and E.