cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fine-needle aspiration of inflammatory carcinoma of the breast

Inflammatory carcinoma of the breast is an uncommon clinicopathologic entity which is characterized by a distinctive clinical appearance and poor prognosis. Histopathologically, it is characterized by plugging of dermal lymphatics with tumor emboli. Because this lesion usually does not form a discrete palpable mass, it is not as amenable to diagnosis by fine-needle aspiration (FNA) as other breast lesions. In the following, we report our experience with establishing the diagnosis of inflammatory carcinoma by FNA. Three patients underwent FNA for confirmation of clinically suspected inflammatory carcinoma. All aspirations were performed by a cytopathologist and required multiple passes to obtain diagnostic material. Aspirates were paucicellular and contained fragments of fibrous or adipose tissue. Malignant cells were predominantly distributed in tight, three-dimensional clusters and were identifiable as tumor cells based on large size, nuclear irregularity, and increased nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio. Unlike aspirates from conventional breast carcinoma, individual dispersed cells and cellular discohesiveness were not prominent features. Subsequent histologic material from these patients revealed the characteristic tumor emboli plugging dermal lymphatics. We conclude that in the appropriate setting, the diagnosis of inflammatory carcinoma can be established by FNA.
Time Resolved Diffraction Measurements with an Imaging Plate at High Pressure and Temperature

New developments of the imaging plate diffraction system at beamline X17B1 of the NSLS at Brookhaven National Laboratory for high pressure studies are reported here. Time resolved diffraction patterns can be recorded on an imaging plate by translating the plate in this system. This system was used to observe the olivine-spinel phase transformation in fayalite. The result demonstrates that the phase transformation relaxes stress stored in the sample. Some diffraction peaks of spinel phase, e. g. (400) and (440), were observed to appear prior to the others.
The harm of death, time-relative interests, and abortion

If a lifeboat is sinking with several normal human beings and a dog aboard, where it is clear that all will drown unless someone is thrown overboard, nearly everyone agrees that it is morally right to sacrifice the dog. Why? While many reasons are offered, most quickly prove unsatisfactory. I will suggest that the best explanation for this considered judgment, an explanation that appeals to timerelative interests, contains a key insight about prudential value. This insight, I will argue, also provides a promising—perhaps the most promising—reply to the Future-Like-Ours Argument (FLOA), which is widely regarded as the strongest moral argument against abortion. By providing a solution to a longstanding puzzle in prudential value theory across species while illuminating the morality of abortion, the Time-Relative Interest Account (TRIA) proves worthy of sustained theoretical attention.
Are all readmissions the same

The Patient Protection and Medicare Affordable Care Act (PPACA) is designed to improve the quality and reduce the costs of our health care system. With the Supreme Court recently upholding the tenets of PPACA, hospital readmissions will be further scrutinized: first, payments from the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services will be restricted for 3 conditions (pneumonia, heart failure, and myocardial infarction), and later, these restrictions will be broadened to all readmissions that are deemed to be avoidable. Liver transplantation, a high-cost service prone to readmissions in the first year after transplantation, is a likely target. In this issue of Liver Transplantation, Pereira et al. examine the clinical factors predicting readmission after liver transplantation. They report the largest single-center experience to date and assess readmissions for 766 patients who underwent transplantation between 2003 and 2010. The authors have identified a 45% 30-day readmission rate and disease-specific predictors: portal vein thrombosis before transplantation, hospitalization within 90 days before liver transplantation, renal insufficiency (creatinine > 1.9 mg/dL), and hypoalbuminemia (albumin 60 years old), higher Model for End-Stage Liver Disease scores (>19), preoperative encephalopathy, and marked muscle wasting are associated with a higher requirement for institutional care (eg, a skilled nursing facility) after discharge. These observations, gleaned from a large, single-center cohort, add important knowledge about factors associated with higher readmission rates after liver transplantation. Notwithstanding the laudable intentions behind PPACA provisions and the threat of future penalties imposed by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services on the basis of those provisions, it is important to note that there are subtle but important confounding issues that may affect the present and future recording and reporting of readmission rates. For example, it is intuitive that shortening the original length of stay (LOS) after a procedure without the establishment of safety nets akin to medical homes will result in a higher readmission rate simply because if the LOS is longer, complications after transplantation will be managed during the original admission instead of requiring readmission within a few days of discharge. In addition, there is a recent trend showing a sharp rise in observation status for Medicare beneficiaries associated with a sharp decline in admission status. Although observation is expected to last <48 hours, there is no Medicare rule for how long patients can remain in this status, so observation status can be used to avoid any penalty associated with readmissions. Finally, for non-Medicare beneficiaries, payments for transplant services are already bundled so that case rates include certain readmissions and especially those related to transplant episodes. These contractual agreements include the sharing of financial risk with the provider: both LOS and readmission costs
Hit 'Em Where They Live: Targeting the Cancer Stem Cell Niche

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are thought to be critical for initiation and propagation of many types of cancer. Because these cells are resistant to conventional therapies, they have been very difficult to eliminate. A study in this issue of Cancer Cell suggests that brain tumor CSCs live in a "vascular niche" that promotes their long-term growth and self-renewal. Disrupting this niche impairs CSC self-renewal and thereby significantly inhibits the growth of tumors. Targeting the unique microenvironment of CSCs may be the key to effective cancer therapy.
Gurney Mattress Redesign

One of the most devastating yet survivable injuries today is trauma to the spinal cord. Often times this injury results in the inability of the patient to move and feel below the neck. When transporting these individuals on a gurney to perform routine tests, they are prone to excessive pressures over long periods of time that may result in the breakdown of skin, muscle and other tissues over pressure sensitive areas resulting in the formation of pressure ulcers [1]. The financial burden to treat pressure ulcers is high. The cost to heal a single complex full-thickness pressure ulcer has been estimated to be $70,000 [2] and the total economic burden of treating all pressure ulcers was estimated to be as high as $1.335 billion per year [3]. These costs not only load society with an enormous financial burden, but the patient must undergo a series of treatments that may last for months which will remove them from productive activities.© 2012 ASME
Energetics of potassium ion transport in Aplysia gut.

Abstract Basolateral membranes of Aplysia californica foregut epithelia contain an ATP-dependent Na+/K+ transporter (Na+/K+ pump or Na+/K+ -ATPase). This Na+/K+ pump accounts for both the intracellular Na+ electrochemical potential (μ) being less than the extracelluar Na+ and the intracellular K+ being more than the extracellular K+. Also, K+ channel activity resides in both luminal and basolateral membranes of the Aplysia foregut epithelial cells. Increased activity of the Na+/K+ pump, coupled to luminal and basolateral membrane depolarization altered the K+ transport energetics across the basolateral membrane to a greater extent than the alteration in K+ transport energetics across the luminal membrane. These results suggest that K+ transport, either into or out of the Aplysia foregut epithelial cells, is rate-limiting at the basolateral membrane.
Locus of control and perceived adjustment to life events

Investigated the relationship between locus of control orientation and perceived adjustment to critical life events. The Locus of Control scale and a modification of the Life Events scale were group administered to undergraduate students. No significant difference was found between internal and external scorers in the number of life events experienced during the 2-year assessment period. As predicted, external scorers reported a significantly more difficult adjustment to life events than internal scorers. The results suggest that it may be important for educators and mental health professionals to promote an internal locus of control orientation as a preventive and remedial approach to adjustment problems.
Elimination Behavior of Shelter Dogs Housed in Double Compartment Kennels

For animals in confinement housing the housing structure has tremendous potential to impact well being. Dogs in animal shelters are often housed in one of two types of confinement housing – single kennels and rooms or double compartment kennels and rooms most often separated by a guillotine door. This study examines the effect of housing on the location of elimination behavior in dogs housed in double compartment kennels were the majority of the dogs were walked daily. One side of the kennel contained the food, water and bed and the other side was empty and available except during cleaning time. Location of urination and defecation was observed daily for 579 dogs housed in indoor double compartment kennels for a total of 4440 days of observation. There were 1856 days (41.9%) when no elimination was noted in the kennel. Feces, urine or both were observed in the kennel on 2584 days (58.1%). When elimination occurred in the kennel the probability of fecal elimination on the opposite side of the bed/food/water was 72.5% (95% CI 69.05% to 75.69%). The probability of urination on the opposite side of the bed/food/water was 77.4% (95% CI 74.33% to 80.07%). This study demonstrates the strong preference of dogs to eliminate away from the area where they eat, drink and sleep. Double compartment housing not only allows this – it allows staff the ability to provide safe, efficient, humane daily care and confers the added benefits of reducing risks for disease transmission for the individual dog as well as the population.
Electroinitiated cationic polymerization in the presence of diaryliodonium salts

Rapid and efficient electrochemical initiation of cationic polymerization takes place at low potentials in the presence of diaryliodonium salts bearing non-nucleophilic anions. The mechanism of this polymerization was investigated using cyclic voltammetry and by the analysis of the products of electrolysis. A mechanism involving reduction of the diaryliodonium salts by free radical species formed by electrolysis of trace amounts of water present in the reaction mixture is postulated. The electroinitiated cationic polymerization of typical vinyl and heterocyclic monomers was investigated.
Chromium effects on chondrocytic differentiation in vitro.

A tissue culture study was conducted on the effects of chromium on chondrocytic differentiation. Mesenchymal cells from stage 22-24 chick limb buds were dispersed and cultured as micromasses, where they differentiated into chondrocytes. Addition of chromium (VI) to the cultures indicated that the production of proteoglycans (as detected by Alcian blue staining) was more sensitive to chromium's effects than was cell proliferation. Whereas Alcian blue nodule formation was inhibited by 1 ..mu..M Cr(VI), cell proliferation (as detected by cell counts) was not. Chromium (VI) was added to cultures at daily intervals, and these studies indicated that the interval of d 1-2 wds the most sensitive period. ADP-ribose transferase activity in these cultures was measured; the pattern of enzyme activity in control cultures was high 1 and 24 h after the start of culture, decreased abruptly between 24 and 48 h, and then decreased more gradually. In the presence of Cr(VI), elevated ADP-ribose transferase levels were maintained throughout the culture period. The authors suggest that, in presence of 1.0 ..mu..M chromium (VI) or higher concentrations, the balance of events favors nucleolytic action rather than repair of damage.
Charge and angular distributions and secondary fission of deep inelastic products from the reaction 197Au + 979 MeV 136Xe 1443 08☆

Abstract Kinetic energy spectra, charge and angular distributions are presented for over 40 elements ( Z = 27−68). The kinetic energy spectra show two distinct components: a deep inelastic one and another from secondary fission of the target-like product. The charge distribution widths are comparable to those observed in Kr bombardments, the angular distributions, however, are more extensively side peaked.
Arctic climate and atmospheric planetary waves

Analysis of a fifty-year record (1946-1995) of monthly-averaged sea level pressure data provides a link between the phases of planetary-scale sea level pressure waves and Arctic Ocean and ice variability. Results of this analysis show: (1) a breakdown of the dominant wave 1 pattern in the late 1960's, (2) shifts in the mean phase of waves 1 and 2 since this breakdown, (3) an eastward shift in the phases of both waves 1 and 2 during the years of simulated cyclonic Arctic Ocean circulation relative to their phases during the years of anticyclonic circulation, (4) a strong decadal variability of wave phase associated with simulated Arctic Ocean circulation changes. Finally, the Arctic atmospheric circulation patterns that emerge when waves 1 and 2 are in their extreme eastern and western positions suggest an alternative approach for determining significant forcing patterns of sea ice and high-latitude variability.
Increase in ganglion cell size after optic nerve regeneration in the frog, Rana pipiens.

Abstract Even though optic regeneration is successful in the frog, Rana pipiens, at completion considerable ganglion cell loss has occurred. To determine whether ganglion cell loss affects the size of the remaining ganglion cells, these cells were back-filled with horseradish peroxidase. The size of one class of ganglion cell 6 months to 1 year following nerve crush injury (N = 4) was compared to that of normal cells of this class (N = 4). The average area of the perikaryon was 35% larger than normal (
NMR studies of the secondary structure in solution and the steroid binding site of delta5-3-ketosteroid isomerase in complexes with diamagnetic and paramagnetic steroids.

Backbone and side chain resonances of steroid-bound Δ5-3-ketosteroid isomerase (EC 5.3.3.1), a homodimeric enzyme with 125 residues per monomer, have been assigned by heteronuclear NMR methods with the 15N- and 13C-labeled enzyme. The secondary structure in solution of steroid-bound isomerase, based on interproton NOE's and differences in chemical shifts of backbone Hα, Cα, Cβ, and CO resonances from random coil values, consists of two α-helices (residues 5−21, 48−60), one 310 helix (residues 23−30), seven β-strands (residues 34−38, 44−47, 62−67, 71−73, 78−87, 92−104, and 111−116), and five turns (residues 39−42, 74−77, 88−91, 105−108, and 119−122). Thus isomerase consists of 30% helix, 38% β-sheet, and 16% turns. The remaining 20 residues (16%) are assumed to form coils. With the exception of a parallel interaction between β-strands 1 and 7, all β-strand interactions are antiparallel, forming both a β-hairpin (β1, β2) and a four-stranded β-sheet in which the first strand is interrupted (β3−β4, β5, β6, β7...
THE EFFECT OF ELECTROSHOCK ON REGIONAL CNS ENERGY RESERVES IN MICE

ATP, phosphocreatine, glycogen, glucose and lactate levels were measured in the cerebral cortex, thalamus, cerebellum, brain stem and spinal cord of mice following supramaximal electroshock. During the initial 17 s after the onset of a 2 s electrical stimulus high energy phosphate expenditure exceeded formation in all regions but was slower in spinal cord than in the other regions. In cerebral cortex high energy phosphate utilization continued to exceed formation for 32 s which was twice as long as in any other region studied. Altered levels of metabolites recovered most rapidly in spinal cord and least rapidly in cerebral cortex. Pretreatment with a non-anaesthetic dose of phenobarbitone influenced the effect of electroshock. Most of the clinical seizure was prevented, and increased high energy phosphate utilization was sustained for a much shorter period. Only in cerebral cortex did high energy phosphate expenditure exceed formation for as long as 15 s after the electrical stimulus; but even in this region the excess of expenditure over formation was much less than in untreated animals.
Orifice flow at high Knudsen numbers

Several interesting features of the flow field in free-molecule flow through an orifice are discussed. An estimate is then made of the deviation of the mass flow , shows fair agreement with the measurements of Liepmann. It appears that ‘nearly’ free-molecular conditions prevail up to e ∼ 1.0.
The construction of an alternative quinoa economy: balancing solidarity, household needs, and profit in San Agustín, Bolivia

Quinoa farmers in San Agustin, Bolivia face the dilemma of producing for a growing international market while defending their community interests and resources, meeting their basic household needs, and making a profit. Farmers responded to a changing market in the 1970s by creating committees in defense of quinoa and farmer cooperatives to represent their interests and maximize economic returns. Today farmer cooperatives offer high, stable prices, politically represent farmers, and are major quinoa exporters, but intermediaries continue to play an important role in the local economy. Meanwhile, some farmers rebuff the national cooperatives and intermediaries in favor of a denomination of origin and closer association with local cooperatives. This article, based on 4 months of ethnographic research, explores the reasons for the continued presence of intermediaries on the market landscape and how farmers have worked to create a quinoa economy embedded with fair trade values. Farmers demand stable prices, flexible standards, provision of services, and promises of maintaining the distinctive qualities of San Agustin quinoa. They frame their trades in economic, utility, and solidarity terms to reflect their livelihood strategies, farming capabilities, and personal concepts of fair trade. Meanwhile cooperatives, development initiatives, and intermediaries each argue that their particular buying practices allow farmers to attain household goods, credit, and cash for food and economic security.
TOr1 is a novel, variant form of mouse chromosome 17 with a deletion in a partial t haplotype.

Moutier1 discovered, in a mouse from a noninbred Swiss/Orleans laboratory stock, a spontaneous dominant mutation which mapped to the T locus, and which was named Tor1. Genetic analyses indicated that Tor1 was not a simple mutation at one locus, but rather a deletion over a 3-centimorgan region of chromosome 17 that included both T and quaking (qk)2,3. Further experiments reported by Erickson et al.3, and a more comprehensive study by Hammerberg4, have demonstrated that Tor1 is associated with recessive genetic properties affecting sperm function, characteristic of the proximal region of complete t haplotypes. These results were interpreted as evidence for the location of proximal t haplotype ‘sperm factors’ within the region deleted by Tor1. We now provide conclusive biochemical and genetic evidence that the ‘Tor1 haplotype’ is inseparably associated with a chromosomal region derived from a naturally occurring mouse t haplotype. Hence, it is likely that the t haplotype properties of Tor1 are a consequence not of the deletion itself, but of closely linked mutant t haplotype genes.
Aquarius whole range calibration: Celestial Sky, ocean, and land targets

Aquarius is a spaceborne instrument that uses L-band radiometers to monitor sea surface salinity globally. Other applications of its data over land and the cryosphere are being developed. Combining its measurements with existing and upcoming L-band sensors will allow for long term studies. For that purpose, the radiometers calibration is critical. Aquarius measurements are currently calibrated over the oceans. They have been found too cold at the low end (celestial sky) of the brightness temperature scale, and too warm at the warm end (land and ice). We assess the impact of the antenna pattern model on the biases and propose a correction. We re-calibrate Aquarius measurements using the corrected antenna pattern and measurements over the Sky and oceans. The performances of the new calibration are evaluated using measurements over well instrument land sites.
Geodesy-trends and prospects

A report with the above title recently has been completed by the Committee on Geodesy of the National Research Council [1]. The Committee included members from the fields of geodesy, geophysics, physics and engineering, and the chairman was Professor William M. Kaula of UCLA. An important part of the charge to the Committee was to review and make recommendations concerning scientific and technological advances in modern geodesy and related fields, and planning for space-borne instrumentation pertinent to geodesy in the 1980's. Some of the recommendations of the Committee in the areas of crustal movement measurements and needs for the development of new geodetic instruments are discussed briefly.
Individual Level Examination of Postmaterialism in the U.S.: Political Tolerance, Racial Attitudes, Environmentalism, -aand Participatory Norms:

Inglehart's postmaterialism thesis is a theory of individual value change, yet tests of the postmaterialism thesis have occurred primarily on the macro level. Relatively little attention has been devoted to whether the anticipated changes toward a more economically secure, tolerant, participatory, environmentally conscious, and egalitarian culture are manifested in the values of individuals in society. This research explores the extent to which support for postmaterialist values is relevant and meaningful on the micro-level. This analysis questions what the postmaterialist-materialist index measures, as individual level evidence does not support many of Inglehart's macro-level claims. Though the postmaterialist-materialist classification shows somewhat distinct attitudes on issues of egalitarianism, political ideology, partisanship, and political efficacy, postmaterialists and materialists do not possess any meaningful attitudinal distinctions on political tolerance and civil liberties, racial attitudes, ...
The mechanism of calcium transport by rat intestine

Abstract Short-circuit techniques for the study of ion transport by isolated membrane systems have been applied to defining the mechanism for calcium ion transport in the small intestine of the rat. In the absence of phosphate, the movement of calcium is passive. There is no evidence for a membrane-bound carrier to facilitate its transport. The calcium flux is a linear function of its concentration. However, phosphate ion is actively transported from the mucosal to the serosal surface. In the presence of phosphate, calcium appears to be actively transported, possibly as a counter-ion to the phosphate. The role of chelation in the transport of calcium has also been clarified.
35.2: Direct Observation of Disclination Evolution in Vertically Aligned Liquid Crystal Light Valves

The dynamic evolution processes of fringe-field induced disclinations of vertically aligned LC light valves were directly imaged for the first time by using a CCD camera with 1 ms time resolution. Various switching patterns corresponding to different fringe fields, full off (dark) to full on (bright), interlaced column on and off to full on, checkerboard on to full on, have been studied. Experimental results show that, due to the elastic coupling, the transformation speed of LC directors at the location of disclination between two topologically in-equivalent states depends strongly on display patterns. The observed transformation speed varies from milliseconds to about one second, depending on the alignment conditions.
Rights Variation within a Federalist System: Understanding the Importance of Mobility

Cosmopolitanism at the international level—the recognition of an international human rights regime—has been much defended of late. Little attention has been paid, however, to the federalist analogue: should there be insistence on a national rights regime? Or should variation in the recognition of rights be tolerated at the subnational level, as a necessary concession to moral disagreement, as an effort to contain problematic experiments, or as a way to generate progress about rights? This article argues that subnational variation in the recognition of rights represents a second-best solution to the problem of deep moral disagreement about rights. However, federalism provides a second-best solution only on the condition that citizens are able to move from one subnational jurisdiction to another. To the extent that citizens are able to move to rights regimes that are more favorable to them, intranational variation in the recognition of rights may have advantages over international variation, where national ...
Optimal waveform design for multi-antenna monostatic through-the-wall radar imaging

With recent advances in both algorithm and component technologies, through-the-wall radar imaging (TWRI) is emerging as an affordable sensor technology in civil and military settings. Design of appropriate waveforms is important for improving the performance of TWRI systems. We present optimal waveforms, based on the matched illumination concept, for detection of targets inside enclosed structures using a monostatic multi-antenna radar system. We evaluate the effect of these optimal detection waveforms on the performance of through-the-wall radar imaging. The design flexibility for transmit signal duration and its role in the ultimate range resolution of the TWRI system is investigated. Supporting examples based on numerical electromagnetic modeling are also provided.
Critical periods after stroke study: translating animal stroke recovery experiments into a clinical trial

Introduction: 795,000 Americans will have a stroke this year, and half will have a chronic hemiparesis. Substantial animal literature suggests that the mammalian brain has much potential to recover from acute injury using mechanisms of neuroplasticity, and that these mechanisms can be accessed using training paradigms and neurotransmitter manipulation. However, most of these findings have not been tested or confirmed in the rehabilitation setting, in large part because of the challenges in translating a conceptually straightforward laboratory experiment into a meaningful and rigorous clinical trial in humans. Through presentation of methods for a Phase II trial, we discuss these issues and describe our approach. Methods: In rodents there is compelling evidence for timing effects in rehabilitation; motor training delivered at certain times after stroke may be more effective than the same training delivered earlier or later, suggesting that there is a critical or sensitive period for strongest rehabilitation training effects. If analogous critical/sensitive periods can be identified after human stroke, then existing clinical resources can be better utilized to promote recovery. The Critical Periods after Stroke Study (CPASS) is a phase II randomized, controlled trial designed to explore whether such a sensitive period exists. We will randomize 64 persons to receive an additional 20 hours of upper extremity therapy either immediately upon rehab admission, 2-3 months after stroke onset, 6 months after onset, or to an observation-only control group. The primary outcome measure will be the Action Research Arm Test at one year. Blood will be drawn at up to 3 time points for later biomarker studies. Conclusion: CPASS is an example of the translation of rodent motor recovery experiments into the clinical setting; data obtained from this single site randomized controlled trial will be used to finalize the design of a Phase III trial.
Comparison of image quality between a narrow caliber transesophageal echocardiographic probe and the standard size probe during intraoperative evaluation

Abstract Background Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) has become an integral part of the evaluation and monitoring of patients during cardiac operation. Until recently, the smallest TEE probe with multiplane imaging measured 13 mm in diameter. This size is now standard for adult TEE probes. Recently, a new TEE probe has become available (MiniMulti TEE probe, Philips Medical Systems, Andover, Mass), which has a diameter of 8 mm. Although using a smaller probe is attractive, the quality of images it generates when used in adults has not yet been examined. Objective The purpose of this study was to compare TEE studies done with both probes. Methods After informed consent was obtained, full intraoperative TEE studies were performed in 20 patients with a small pediatric probe. The study was then repeated using a standard adult probe. The studies were read in random order by two experienced echocardiographers blinded to probe used. For each study, 18 anatomic cardiac structures and 5 Doppler patterns were subjectively graded as excellent (1), good (2), fair (3), or poor (4) in quality. The average score for each structure or Doppler profile was computed for each probe. Results The average score for all findings was lower (better) for the adult TEE probe (1.4 ± 0.4 vs 1.7 ± 0.4; P = .003). When each finding was compared separately, several cardiac structures (left ventricle [LV], pericardium, right ventricle [RV], interatrial septum, left atrium, left atrial appendage, mitral valve, aortic valve) had better scores with the adult probe, and the differences for the LV and RV were larger than those for the other findings (LV scores differed by 0.7, P = .0004; RV scores differed by 0.5, P = .01). There was no significant difference between probes when evaluating venous structures (coronary sinus, superior vena cava, pulmonary vein), the thoracic aorta, or the right atrium or tricuspid valve. In addition, Doppler patterns were not significantly different with the two probes. There were two findings that were missed with the small probe and seen with the adult probe (one aortic plaque and one left atrial appendage thrombus). Conclusions In the adult, the larger probe provides better images, particularly of the RV and LV. In addition, important findings may be missed with the smaller probe. However, if the adult probe cannot be passed, the pediatric probe is a reasonable alternative.
Geometrical dependence of optical negative index meta-materials at 1.55 μm

We have studied the geometry dependency of fishnet-like negative refractive index meta-materials (NIMs), and developed a process to fabricate such NIMs using nanoimprint lithography (NIL) in a controlled way for it to achieve negative refractive index in the desired frequency range. As an example, we fabricated a fishnet structure with a minimum negative refractive index of −1.7 at 1560 nm, which was only 10 nm off the targeted wavelength of 1550 nm.
TRANSIENT STEATORRHEA AFTER MILD DIARRHEA OF INFANCY

Chronic and recurrent diarrhea is a recognized antecedent of malabsorption and malnutrition. The relationship of transient mild diarrhea to subsequent malabsorption is unknown. Six normal term infants, for whom 6 d balance control data were available, developed diarrhea in hospital while consuming formula diets (116±22 KcalAg/d). Mean age of onset was 29 d (range 13-37). Treatment: dilute diet (2), Lytren (2), IV + Lytren (2). Full diet was tolerated and all infants clinically well in 3-9 d. Six-day restudy was carried out 7-13 d later while gaining weight on 145±13 KcalAg/d. Results (mean±S.D.) : Apparent N absorption and retention slightly lower and rate of wt gain slightly higher post-diarrhea, neither significantly so. Fecal fat in 9 similarly fed 33 d old infants without diarrhea: 3.3±1.1 g/d, 10.5±3.8% intake (P<0.001). Steatorrhea had resolved 4 wks later in the 2 infants restudied. Mild diarrhea may cause steatorrhea which persists several weeks after illness has clinically resolved. This could be the first step towards malnutrition-chronic diarrhea cycle in marginally fed infants.
A Statistical Examination of Flake Edge Angles Produced During Experimental Lineal Levallois Reductions and Consideration of Their Functional Implications

Recent studies have indicated that Levallois-style core reduction offered potential practical benefits to hominin populations. However, none of these studies have yet considered one of the most important functional attributes of flake tools, which is edge angle. To address this shortcoming, we statistically examined flakes produced experimentally during “classic” or “lineal” Levallois core production and reduction. The primary aim of our analyses was to statistically test the null hypothesis of “no difference” between the edge angles of “Levallois” products and the flakes involved in their production. We employ existing edge angle analytical techniques and develop new comparative methodologies to assess flake blank standardization through the case of Levallois core reduction. Having determined the statistical properties of our experimental Levallois reductions, we thereafter evaluated to what extent edge angles produced may, or may not, have been useful to prehistoric hominins. Our analyses demonstrated that the experimentally produced Levallois edge angles were indeed statistically different from the flakes involved in their production. These differences were evident both in terms of relatively higher (i.e., more obtuse) edge angles than debitage flakes and in being significantly less variable around their higher mean edge angles compared to debitage flakes. However, based on current knowledge of how flake edge angle properties relate to issues of functionality, such differences would not have been detrimental to their functionality. Indeed, the edge angle properties they possess would have provided distinct benefits to hominins engaged in their manufacture. Most notably, Levallois-style core organization and reduction would have provided hominins with a reliable means of consistently producing flakes (i.e., “Levallois flakes”) possessing average flake angles that are beneficial in terms of providing a viable cutting edge yet not being so acute as to be friable upon application. Hence, edge angle properties join an array of other features that provide logical motive for why hominins may have organized core production and reduction around Levallois-style patterns at various times and places during the Mid-Late Pleistocene.
Vortical Structures and Instability Analysis for Athena Wetted Transom Flow with Full-Scale Validation

Vortical structures and associated instabilities of appended Athena wetted transom flow in full-scale conditions are studied using DES to explain the source of dominant transom flow frequency, including verification and validation using full-scale experimental data. The results are also compared with model-scale bare and appended hull predictions and experiments. The grid used for the validation is sufficiently fine as it resolves 70% and 91% of the experimental inertial subrange and turbulent kinetic energy values, respectively. The model-scale bare and appended hull resistance predictions compare within 2.5%D and 5.4%D of the experimental data D, respectively. The full-scale appended hull resistance predictions compare within 4.2%D of the extrapolated data using the ITTC line. The averaged comparison error of the full-scale transom wave elevation mean, RMS and dominant frequency predictions and the experimental data is 8.1%D, and the predictions are validated at an averaged 11.2%D interval. The transom wave elevation unsteadiness is attributed to the Karman-like transom vortex shedding as both show the same dominant frequency. The Karman-like instability shows St = 0.148 for the bare hull and St = 0.103 ± 4.4% for model- and full-scale appended hull. The appended hull simulations also predict: horseshoe vortices at the juncture of rudder-hull with St = 0.146 ± 3.9% and strut-hull with St = 0.053 ± 2%; shear layer instability at the strut-hull intersection with St = 0.0067 ± 3%; and unsteady sinkage and trim induced by transom vortex shedding with St = 2.19. The instabilities do not show significant variation on scale, propeller or motions. The bare hull simulation also predicts flapping-like instability in the wake with St = 0.144.
Standardizing Scenarios to Assess the Need to Respond to an Influenza Pandemic

An outbreak of human infections with an avian influenza A(H7N9) virus was first reported in eastern China by the World Health Organization on 1 April 2013 [1]. This novel influenza virus was fatal in approximately one-third of the 135 confirmed cases detected in the 4 months following its initial identification [2], and limited human-to-human H7N9 virus transmission could not be excluded in some Chinese clusters of cases [3, 4]. There was, and still is, the possibility that the virus would mutate to the point where there would be sustained human-to-human transmission. Given that most of the human population has no prior immunity (either due to natural challenge or vaccine induced), such a strain presents the danger of starting an influenza pandemic. In response to such a threat, the Joint Modeling Unit at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) was asked to conduct a rapid assessment of both the potential burden of unmitigated disease and the possible impacts of different mitigation measures. We were tasked to evaluate the 6 following interventions: invasive mechanical ventilators, influenza antiviral drugs for treatment (but not large-scale prophylaxis), influenza vaccines, respiratory protective devices for healthcare workers and surgical face masks for patients, school closings to reduce transmission, and airport-based screening to identify those ill with novel influenza virus entering the United States. This supplement presents reports on the methods and estimates for the first 5 listed interventions, and in this introduction we outline the general approach and standardized epidemiological assumptions used in all the articles.
Structure and luminescence of Ba2WO3F4

Abstract Ba2WO3F4 crystallizes in acentric monoclinic symmetry, space group Ia with a = 9.281(2), b = 9.361(2), c = 7.183(1) A and β = 92.48(2)o. It exhibits broad band fluorescent emission peaking at 475 nm both under UV and x-ray excitation. The structure and luminescence are described.
Monte Carlo simulation of hydrogen reactions with the diamond surface.

Fractions of a diamond surface covered by radical and diradical sites were calculated with use of a Monte Carlo kinetic method. The formation of surface radicals was assumed to be governed by two gas-surface reactions: abstraction of a surface hydrogen atom by a gaseous hydrogen atom and the addition of a gaseous hydrogen atom to the surface radical formed. The underlying principle of the employed Monte Carlo method is that the probability of a given gas-surface reaction event is assumed equal to the product of the conditional probability of reaction to occur upon the corresponding collision between a given gaseous species with a given surface site and the probability of such collision. This method provides a formalism for description of gas-surface reaction kinetics capable of accounting rigorously for steric factors.
The perceived impact of duty hour restrictions on the residency environment: a survey of residency program directors.

Objective The purpose of this study was to characterize residency program director baseline perceptions regarding the effect of resident duty hour limitations on key components of the graduate medical education environment. Study design This was a survey of directors of accredited obstetrics and gynecology residency programs in the United States (excluding New York State) between June 21st and July 16th, 2004. Participants were queried on views regarding the need for duty hour limitations, and the perceived effect of these changes on various issues related to the residency environment. Results Fifty-eight percent (123/211) of the study population completed the questionnaire. Seventy-one percent of respondents supported duty hour restrictions, 19% opposed restrictions, and 10% were undecided. Forty-one percent of respondents preferred a maximum duty hour limitation of 80 hrs/wk or less, 55% preferred one at least 90 hrs/wk, and 4% preferred no upper limit. A significantly greater proportion of female program directors supported limits >80 hrs/wk than males (73% vs 53%, P = .04). A majority of participants believed resident education, surgical skills, and work ethic have been negatively impacted by the limitations, while patient safety and the overall quality of patient care have remained unchanged or declined, and resident well-being has improved. Opposition to duty hour regulations and a preference for higher limits was associated with a higher prevalence of negative impressions regarding the impact of duty hour regulations on the residency environment. Conclusion Variations in current opinions regarding the impact of residency duty hour restrictions reflect ongoing bias in those most influential to resident education.
Probing the Electronic Structure of Small Molecular Anions by Photoelectron Imaging

We outline the methodology of negative-ion photoelectron imaging and general aspects of interpretation of the results using the CS2- and S2- anions as model systems. The CS2- images are recorded using 800, 530, 400, and 267 nm photons. The observed transitions result in the formation of CS2 in the X 1Σg+, a 3B2, b 3A2, and A 1A2 states. The S2- measurements are carried out at the same wavelengths with the exception of 800 nm. The resulting images reveal the detachment transitions assigned to the X 3Σg-, a 1Δg, b 1Σg+, c 1Σu-, and A‘ 3Δu states of the neutral. The choice of detachment wavelengths serves as a “zoom” selectively focusing on chosen transitions, in some cases allowing the observation of their vibrational structure. The photoelectron spectra and angular distributions obtained from the images are used to discuss the electronic structure and detachment dynamics. In particular, two approaches to interpreting the angular distributions are discussed. One method employs the Cooper−Zare central-potent...
Quenched near-infrared fluorescent peptide substrate for HIV-1 protease assay

The HIV-1 protease enzyme is an excellent target for drug therapy of HIV infection/AIDS. To measure the protease activity and screen for potent protease inhibitors, homogeneous protease assays based on quenched fluorescent peptide substrates have been widely used as a high-throughput screening methods. The major problem in these assays is the compound interference or assay artifacts from colored or insoluble materials in the assay, e.g. assay components, screening library compounds, etc. We report in this paper a near-infrared fluorescence resonance energy transfer (NIRFRET) based HIV-1 protease assay that can dramatically reduce or completely eliminate these assay artifacts by using a novel near-IR donor-quencher pair and long wavelength excitation (780 nm) and detection (820±10 nm). In this assay, a HIV-1 protease peptide substrate is conjugated with a near-IR fluorescent donor (IRDyeTM 800CW), and a novel near-IR non-fluorescent quencher (QC1) on opposite sides of the proteolytic cleavage site. The quencher, QC1, has extremely good spectral overlap of its absorption spectrum with the donor emission spectrum to ensure the efficient quenching of the donor's fluorescence. In the HIV-1 protease assay, this NIR-FRET system shows a large dynamic range, high signal to noise ratio, excellent Z'-factors, a wide range of DMSO tolerance, and no compound interference. This system provides a sensitive, robust assay for high-throughput screening (HTS) and can be readily adapted to other therapeutically significant protease targets.
Revolutionary music of India

(1977). Revolutionary music of India. The Journal of Peasant Studies: Vol. 4, No. 3, pp. 243-257.
FPGA implementation of a parallel EBCOT tier-1 encoder that preserves coding efficiency

Embedded block coding (EBCOT Tier-1) is the most computationally intensive part of the JPEG2000 image coding standard. Past research on fast EBCOT Tier-1 hardware implementations has concentrated on cycle-efficient context formation, and achieve improved throughput at the cost of reduced coding efficiency. In this paper, a new fast EBCOT Tier-1 design called the Split Arithmetic Encoder (SAE) process is presented. The proposed process exploits concurrency to obtain improved throughput with a lower penalty in coding efficiency. The design is for a complete EBCOT Tier-1 process, and considers system-level issues such as the need for buffering. A hardware architecture for the proposed process was developed, realized in VHDL, and synthesized for implementation on an Altera field programmable gate array. Results show, on average, a 55% improvement in processing time over a serial architecture for a set of sixteen test images.
THE NATURE OF ENLARGED “VASCULAR CHANNELS” IN THE NAVICULAR BONE OF THE HORSE

The morphologic features of the areas along the distal margin of the navicular bone, previously termed vascular channels, and their relationship to blood vessels in this area are described. Alterations in these channels have long been considered one of the pathognomonic signs of navicular disease and suggestive of vascular change. This study of the navicular bones of 4 normal yearlings and 12 adult horses from the pathology service demonstrate that the vascular channels are lined not with blood vessels or vascular endothelium, but rather with synovial tissue displaying a normal vascular supply. The channels represent invaginations of synovial tissue from the synovial fossae into the bone and therefore are more correctly termed “synovial invaginations.” The process by which this invagination occurs remains unknown.
What activates inactivation

Voltage-gated sodium channels play a central role in action potential firing throughout the cardiovascular and nervous systems, and their gating is exquisitely sensitive to changes in transmembrane potential. Negative regulation of sodium channel conductance occurs through a process known as
A new method for synchronous generator core quality evaluation

A technique for detecting the presence and severity of inter-laminar short circuits and estimating the status of core compression (or looseness) in synchronous generators (or large motors) with single test equipment is proposed in this paper. The core loss measurement obtained from a flux injection probe that injects flux into adjacent teeth over a localized region, is used as an indicator for detecting and distinguishing the two fault conditions. An injection probe system was developed and tested, in the laboratory using stacks of full size generator laminations with various induced fault conditions. The probe was shown to detect the presence of as few as 5 shorted laminations, and to approximately gage the degree of core compression (looseness). A unique differential probe was developed and tested to demonstrate the potential to detect two shorted laminations.
Oligomerization of paramagnetic substrates result in signal amplification and can be used for MR imaging of molecular targets.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has evolved into a sophisticated, noninvasive imaging modality capable of high-resolution anatomical and functional characterization of transgenic animals. To expan...