cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
HIV prevalence overall and among high-HIV-risk behaviorally defined subgroups among heterosexuals at community-based venues in a Mid-Atlantic, US City.

A clear understanding of local transmission dynamics is a prerequisite for the design and implementation of successful HIV prevention programs. There is a tremendous need for such programs geared towards young African-American women living in American cities with syndemic HIV and injection drug use. In some of these American cities, including Baltimore, the HIV prevalence rate among young African-American women is comparable to that in some African nations. High-risk heterosexual sex, i.e., sex with an injection drug user or sex with someone known to have HIV, is the leading risk factor for these young women. Characterizing transmission dynamics among heterosexuals has been hampered by difficulty in identifying HIV cases in these settings. The case identification method described in this paper was designed to address challenges encountered by previous researchers, was based on the Priorities for Local AIDS Cases methodology, and was intended to identify a high number of HIV cases rather than achieve a representative sample (Weir et al., Sex Transm Infect 80(Suppl 2):ii63-8, 2004. Through a three-phase process, 87 venues characterized as heterosexual sex partner meeting sites were selected for participant recruitment in Baltimore, MD. One thousand six hundred forty-one participants were then recruited at these 87 venues, administered a behavioral risk questionnaire, and tested for HIV. The HIV prevalence was 3 % overall, 3 % among males, and 4 % among females and ranged from 1.7 to 22.6 % among high-HIV-risk subgroups. These findings indicate that attributing HIV transmission to high-risk heterosexual sex vs. other high-HIV-risk behaviors would be difficult. Moving beyond individual risk profiles to characterize the risk profile of venues visited by heterosexuals at high risk of HIV acquisition may reveal targets for HIV transmission prevention and should be the focus of future investigations.
A timing and volume measuring apparatus for indicator dilution in infants and children.

1. Moore, T. C., and Stokes, G. E.: Gastroschisis, Surgery 33: 112, 1953. 2. Moore, T. C.: Gastroschisis with antenatal evisceration of intestines and urinary bladder, Ann. Surg. 158: 263, 1963. 3. Duharnel, B.: Embryology of exomphalos and allied malformations, Arch. Dis. Childhood 38: 142, 1963. 4. Brezin, D., and Mager, R. A.: Report of a case of agenesis of the anterior abdominal wall with repair, Surgery 33: 901, 1953. 5. I-Iutchin, P.: Somatic anomalies of the umbilicus and anterior abdominal wall, Surg. Gynec. & Obst. 120: 1075, 1965. 6. Fonkalsrud, E. W., Ellis, D. G., and Clatworthy, H. W., Jr.: Neonatal peritonitis, J. Pediat. Surg. In press. 7. Hutchin, P.: Gastroschisis with antenatal evisceration of the entire gastrointestinal tract, Surgery 57" 297, 1965.
A Characterization of Janko's Simple Group J4 by Centralizers of Elements of Order 3

In a recent paper [lo], Zvonimir Janko exhibited strong evidence for the existence of a new type of simple group. However, the existence and uniqueness of a simple group satisfying Janko’s hypothesis is still an open question. Therefore we define a simple group, G, to be of type J4 if G satisfies the hypothesis of Theorem A of [lo]. In this paper we give a classification of simple groups of type J4 in terms of centralizers of elements of order 3. More precisely, the main theorem is: THEOREM. Let G be a jinite simple group containing an element a of order 3 such that C,(a) is a perfect central extension of the Mathieu group Mz2 . Assume further that for some Sylow 3-subgroup A containing (a>, (a> is not weakly closed in A with respect to G. Then, G is of type J4 . Let G be a finite group and S be a Sylow p-subgroup of G. A subgroup W of S is weakly closed in S (with respect to G) if WQ = W whenever g E G and Wg C S. We say G is a perfect central extension of a group H if G/Z(G) z H and [G, G] = G.
Re-Framing and de-Pathologizing Behavior in Therapy for Children Diagnosed with Psychosocial Disorders

The increasing number of children diagnosed with psychosocial disorders reflects a trend toward pathologizing behavior that is unusual, challenging or extreme. Although these behaviors may match items on the symptom lists for various disorders, a therapist must first consider the origin and context of those behaviors for an individual child through a non-pathological lens. This paper proposes a framework for understanding the behavior of difficult children based on core issues rather than diagnostic symptoms: arousal/excitability, range of focus, perfectionism, intensity, interpersonal sensitivity, sensory sensitivity, cognitive/perceptual style, perception of time, reaction style, and affiliation/integrity. Each trait is examined from two perspectives: how it can lead to or be interpreted as a problem, and how a therapist can re-frame the trait and build on it to identify effective interventions. This approach affirms children’s strengths and upholds social work values.
Gender stereotypes and the relationship between masculinity and femininity: A developmental analysis.

This study investigated developmental shifts in (a) the use of global gender stereotypes (base rates) and individuating gender-relevant information when making social judgments and (b) the perceived association between masculinity and femininity. Interviews/surveys of kindergartners, 3rd graders, 7th graders, 10th graders, and college students (N = 491) were conducted, in which Ss were presented with descriptions of boys or girls with stereotypical or counterstereotypical attributes and asked to judge other characteristics these boys or girls might have. The data indicated that (a) reliance on gender labels as judgment cues remains stable developmentally, (b) use of individuating information (particularly masculine individuating information) increases with age, and (c) the relationship between masculinity and femininity becomes increasingly negative with age, suggesting that gender may initially be viewed in dualistic terms but later as a unidimensional construct.
Vibration and stability of rectangular strip-plates☆

Abstract The problem considered is that of free vibration and stability of a simply supported rectangular strip-plate subjected to constant in-plane forces. The relevant continuity conditions at the interface between the adjacent regions, which play a significant role in this type of problem, are derived. The eigenfrequencies and the buckling load are estimated by the method of the new quotient which is based on a variational statement proposed by Nemat-Nasser. The results are compared with those obtained by means of the usual Rayleigh quotient and the exact solution. The good accuracy obtained by the application of the method of the new quotient is demonstrated by means of numerical examples.
Hydration Structure and Interfacial Properties of Water near a Hydrophobic Solute from a Fundamental Measure Density Functional Theory

Using a density functional theory (DFT) based on Rosenfeld's formalism for hard spheres, we investigate the influence of model solutes of different sizes on the structure and interfacial properties...
The diurnal pattern of protein and photopigment synthesis in the retina of the crayfish, Procambarus clarkii.

The interrelationship between the diurnal cycle of membrane loss and synthesis of new rhabdom components remains a key element in forming a complete picture of the turnover of photopigment-containing membrane in the crayfish photoreceptor cell. In order to examine this aspect of the turnover process, the diurnal pattern of photopigment synthesis was examined using an in vitro incubation system for incorporation of3H-leucine into photoreceptor protein. The incorporation of3H-leucine into total protein and photopigment specifically was measured in photoreceptors isolated from incubated retinas. The results indicate that for both total protein and photopigment there is no significant variation in the rate of synthesis during the 12-12 light-dark cycle. These data combined with earlier data on diurnal membrane loss from the rhabdom suggest that light-stimulated rhabdom membrane loss is superimposed on a diurnally constant level of synthesis and assembly of new rhabdom constituents.
PLANT GROWTH UNDER CONTROLLED CONDITIONS. VIII. GROWTH AND FRUITING OF THE CHILI PEPPER (CAPSICUM ANNUUM)

IN A SERIES of publications the response of tomato plants to external conditions has been described (Went, 1944, 1944a, 1945). It was found that the night temperature was the most critical single factor in their growth and fruit development, and a number of interactions between light, age, variety and temperature on the one hand and rate of stem elongation on the other were also found. Because of the fairly large size of tomato plants they could be grown in the air-conditioned greenhouses only up to the early fruiting stage. To see whether the conclusions drawn from the experiments with tomatoes have a wider application, a number of other plants must be analyzed in a similar way. In the present paper an investigation is reported in which the chili pepper (Capsicum annuum var. longum) was subjected to analysis.2 On the one hand the chili pepper is related to the tomato. On the other hand the pepper is a smaller plant, which usually stops growing once fruit set is heavy. Therefore it was possible to continue the investigation of the effect of environmental factors on development until complete maturity of fruit. The only similar studies which have been carried out with pepper plants are those by Cochran in 1936 discussed below. 1 Received for publication February 17, 1947. 2 This work was made possible through a research grant from Gentry Incorporated. Chili pepper plants of three varieties, the Mexicant Hungarian and California were grown in inert materials and watered daily with Hoagland's nutrient solution. The cultural conditions, which varied from experiment to experiment, are shown in table 1. When the plants were thoroughly established after transplanting into their containers, they were separated into a number of groups and the treatments in the air-conditioned greenhouses were started. VEGETATIVE GROWTH.-The pepper plant grows with a single stem, until 9-11 leaves have been formed. The main stem terminates with a flower. Two (or sometimes three) branches grow from the axils of the highest leaves. Each of these branches forms two leaves and terminates in a flower. Thus we get repeated seemingly dichotomous branching and the whole plant assumes an inverted conical shape. In contradistinction to the unlimited growth of most tomato plants, the growth of a pepper plant follows a sigmoid curve (fig. 4, 5). EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE.-The effect of temperature on the growth rate of peppers is very-much like that on the tomato plant. While they are young the optimal night temperature is at least as high as 300C., the highest controlled temperature tested. As they become older, the optimal night temperature progressively decreases. At 108 days the warm day plants had their optimal night temperature as
Gorman demand systems and lie transformation groups: A reply

Abstract Jerison has demonstrated an integrable non-full rank Gorman demand system whose income compensation function is not a Lie group. In this case also, however, as in all cases of integrable Gorman systems, the integrability conditions are a consequence of Lie's theorems on the generators of the Lie groups on the real line.
Miniature anechoic room design

The design of a small portable anechoic room is discussed. The room was constructed with double wall vibration-isolated panels. The wall transmission loss was predicted by using London's theory. The room suspension system was designed with a lumped-mass model for isolation from floor vibration. The design of the room utilized nine-inch-long polyurethane foam wedges. By using an impedance tube, measurements were made which predicted a lower cut-off frequency of 270 Hz for the design of wedge chosen. Inverse square-law measurements and noise-reduction measurements of the completed miniature anechoic room are given.
Ring opening and closing reactions of imidazoles and other 1,3-diazaheterocycles with vinyl chloroformate and phenyl chloroformate

Abstract Treatment of imidazole and benzimidazole with vinyl chloroformate or phenyl chloroformate in weakly alkaline aqueous solution leads to their conversion into the corresponding imidazol-2-ones; in weakly acidic solutions these chloroformates convert adenine into isoguanine, 6-methylaminopurine into 1-methylisoguanine and pyrimidine into an acyclic product.
Relationship of fluorescent lights to malignant melanoma: another view.

. In an attempt to determine whether exposure to fluorescent lights may cause an increased risk for developing melanoma, 114 patients with melanoma were compared to 228 age-matched controls. Fluorescent-light exposure, along with 10 other risk factors, was analyzed for its possible relationship to malignant melanoma. No association was found between fluorescent-light exposure and increased risk for acquiring malignant melanoma.
HIERARCHICAL CONTROL FOR A CLASS OF UNCERTAIN PIECEWISE LINEAR HYBRID DYNAMICAL SYSTEMS

Abstract In this paper, we consider the hierarchical control problem for a class of uncertain hybrid dynamical systems. The continuous dynamics of this class of uncertain hybrid systems are described by linear difference state equations, whose right side functions are unknown but lie within some convex hulls of known functions. Our control objective is for the closed loop system to exhibit a desired behavior under the dynamic uncertainty, continuous disturbances and uncontrollable events. One of the main questions is the existence of appropriate controllers. We will focus on this question here, and present a novel methodology for the analysis of uncertain piecewise linear hybrid dynamical systems (PLHDS) based on backward reachability analysis. For this purpose, we derive the predecessor operator for this class of uncertain PLHDS. Then both static control specifications such as safety and reachability, and dynamic control specifications are considered. A temperature control system is used for illustration.
C6 cells express a sodium-calcium exchanger/GM1 complex in the nuclear envelope but have no exchanger in the plasma membrane: comparison to astrocytes.

Previous work demonstrated the presence of an isoform of Na + /Ca 2 + exchanger in the nuclear envelope of neurons and NG108-15 cells that is tightly associated with GM1 ganglioside and potentiated by the latter. This contrasted with the Na + /Ca 2 + exchanger(s) in the plasma membrane, which were suggested to associate more loosely with GM1. To study these aspects of Na + /Ca 2 + exchanger expression in nonneuronal neural cells, we have examined nuclear and plasma membrane exchanger patterns in astrocytes and C6 cells, a glia-derived line. We find both cell types contain the tightly associated exchanger/GM1 complex in the nuclear envelope but, surprisingly, only astrocytes possess Na + / Ca 2 + exchanger activity in the plasma membrane. This is the first reported example of a cell (C6) with Na + /Ca 2 + exchangers in the nuclear envelope but not in the plasma membrane. RT-PCR established the presence of the NCX1 subtype in C6 cells and both NCX1 and NCX2 in astrocytes. Comparison was made with NG108-15 cells, which have Na + /Ca 2 + exchangers in both nuclear and plasma membranes, and Jurkat cells, which have no Na + /Ca 2 + exchanger in either membrane. Culturing of C6 cells in the presence dibutyryl-cAMP caused upregulation of a high molecular weight isoform of the exchanger together with GM1 in the nuclear envelope, resulting in significant elevation of Na + /Ca 2 + exchanger activity in the latter. Application of exogenous GM1 to nuclei from non-treated cells also potentiated exchanger activity, although to a lesser degree. The Na + /Ca 2 + exchanger/GM1 complex occurs in the inner membrane of the nuclear envelope, suggesting a functional role in transferring Ca 2 + between nucleoplasm and the envelope lumen.
Effect of Diamines, Polyamines and Tuna Fish Extracts on the Binding of Histamine to Mucin In Vitro

Binding of [ring-2-14C]-histamine to mucin was studied. Maximum binding of 2.5 μmol histamine/μmol mucin was observed at a histamine concentration of 0.5 mg/ml. Histamine binding was decreased by 46.5% by spermine, 25.3% by spermidine, 9.5% by cadaverine, and 11.1% by putrescine. These maximum effects were observed at molar ratios of histamine to polyamine of 1:1 for spermine and spermidine, 1:2 for cadaverine, and 1:2.3 for putrescine. The relative effects on histamine binding to mucin of extracts from wholesome canned tuna fish and a mixture of spermine, spermidine, cadaverine and putrescine were also examined. Although the total neutral aqueous extract of tuna had little effect on histamine-mucin binding (5.4% inhibition), the extract of bases from tuna and the prepared base mixture showed maximum inhibition of histamine binding to mucin of 23.1% and 21.4%, respectively. Certain other components of tuna extracts (NaCl, aspartic acid and glutamic acid) did not decrease histamine-mucin binding under the conditions used.
Identifying lympholytic and androgenic effects of androgenic steroids.

Abstract Is the lympholytic effect of androgenic steroids separate from the androgenic effect? To answer this question we compared testosterone propionate, a steroid known to cause bursa regression and stimulate comb growth in baby chicks, with two androgenic compounds, Wy 6343 and Wy 4355, possessing a high anabolic/androgenic ratio and a third androgen, androstendiol, which had been reported previously to be without significant influence on bursa growth. Our results revealed that androgenic steroids may be lympholytic without exhibiting androgenic activity. However, the androgenic effect appears to enhance the lympholytic and immunosuppressive parameters of the steroid.
Changes of NADH and Collagen Contents as Biomarkers in Cancerous Prostate Tissue Analyzed by Selective Excitation Fluorescence

The relative content changes of collagen and NADH in cancerous prostate tissue were demonstrated by selective excitation fluorescence (SEF) spectra with pump wavelength of 340nm. The changes may present fluorescent biomarker for prostate cancer detection.
A numerical modeling study of the marine boundary layer over the Gulf Stream during cold air advection

A two-dimensional mesoscale model has been developed to simulate the air flow over the Gulf Stream area where typically large gradients in surface temperature exist in the winter. Numerical simulations show that the magnitude and the maximum height of the mesoscale circulation that develops downwind of the Gulf Stream depends on both the initial geostrophic wind and the large-scale moisture. As expected, a highly convective Planetary Boundary Layer (PBL) develops over this area and it was found that the Gulf Stream plays an important role in generating the strong upward heat fluxes causing a farther seaward penetration as cold air advection takes place. Numerical results agree well with the observed surface fluxes of momentum and heat and the mesoscale variation of vertical velocities obtained using Doppler Radars for a typical cold air outbreak. Precipitation pattern predicted by the numerical model is also in agreement with the observations during the Genesis of Atlantic Lows Experiment (GALE).
Yield optimization for the van de vusse reaction

Abstract The Van de Vusse reaction is the classic example of a complex reaction network for which the general guidelines or steady state reactor selection do not apply. It has been shown earlier by simulation for a restricted range of kinetic parameters that maximum yield of the desired product may be higher in a continuous flow stirred tank reactor (CSTR), in a plug flow tubular reactor (PFR) or in a PFR with recycle. Using analytic solutions for all combinations of the kinetic parameters for the CSTR, PFR and PFR with recycle, a classification of the entire kinetic parameter space on the basis of maximum yield of the desired product versus recycle ratio behavior is presented. Thus region wherein a CSTR, a PFR or a PFR with recycle are optimal can be readily indentified.
Latest approaches for the treatment of obesity

Introduction: Obesity is a body weight disorder characterized by excess adiposity that increases the risk for developing co-morbidities such as type 2 diabetes. A large medical need exists for new anti-obesity treatments capable of promoting 10% or greater weight loss, with minimal side effects.Areas covered: The authors describe the application of monogenic forms of rare obesity and genome-wide association studies in selecting critical pathways for drug discovery. Furthermore, they review in detail several pathways and pharmacological targets in the central nervous system (e.g., the leptin-melanocortin axis, the opioid system, GLP-1/GLP-1 system, and FGF21/FGFR1c/β-Klotho axis) that play an important role in the regulation of feeding behavior and energy homeostasis. Special focus is given to new strategies that engage well-known targets via novel mechanisms in order to circumvent issues seen with previous drug candidates that failed in the clinic. Finally, the authors discuss the recent developments arou...
Model reduction of uncertain interval systems using genetic algorithms

A GA-based approach is presented to derive a reduced model for a high-order interval system. To search for the optimal reduced model, we construct an aggregated error of the Bode envelopes between the original and reduced systems, subsequently minimized by a genetic algorithm. Impulse response energy of the interval systems is obtained to evaluate the performance of the reduced models.
Feminist Identity, Gender Traits, and Symptoms of Disturbed Eating Among College Women

This study explored relationships among feminist identity, gender traits, and symptoms of disturbed eating. Seventy-one college women completed the following: weight-related questions, Feminist Identity Development Scale, Personal Attributes Questionnaire, Figure Rating Scale, and Eating Disorders Inventory. Identification with feminist values negatively correlated with body dissatisfaction, bulimic symptoms, and feelings of ineffectiveness. Identification with stereotypical masculine traits was inversely related to perfectionist tendencies and feelings of ineffectiveness, but was unrelated to body concerns. These results suggest factors promoting body dissatisfaction and disturbed eating may have less impact on college women identifying with feminist values, such as commitment to nonsexist roles and personal empowerment.
Improved Stability and Confinement in a High-β Relaxed Plasma State

Relaxation in low-β plasmas has long been recognized and usually been described by the Taylor relaxation principle. Recently, relaxation has also appeared in an extremely high-β (over 85%) plasma formed by highly super Alfvenic translation of a spheromak-like compact toroid (CT) in the translation, confinement and sustainment (TCS) experiment. Strong flux conversion from toroidal to poloidal occurs during the highly dynamic relaxation process while the magnetic helicity is approximately preserved, leading to a novel relaxed state that exhibits a spherical-torus- (ST-) like field-reversed configuration (FRC). Modeling using the newly developed nearby-fluids theory shows that a broad core of the FRC-ST resembles a two-fluid minimum energy state. This FRC-ST state exhibits a significant improvement in confinement and remarkable stability. The latter is explained by a simple stability model, taking into account magnetic shear and centrifugal effects.
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and sleep disordered breathing in pediatric populations: A meta-analysis

A relationship between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and sleep disordered breathing (SDB) in children and adolescents has been suggested by some authors. Yet, this topic remains highly controversial in the literature. A meta-analysis was conducted in order to examine the extent of relationship between SDB and ADHD symptoms in pediatric populations and whether there are differences in ADHD symptoms pre- versus post-adenotonsillectomy in pediatric populations. PubMed/Medline, PsychInfo and Cochrane databases were searched using the key words "attention deficit hyperactivity disorder" or "ADHD" and "obstructive sleep apnea" or "OSA" or "sleep disordered breathing" (SDB) or "SDB". English language publications through September 2012 were surveyed. Meta-analysis was conducted to assess the relationship between SDB and ADHD symptoms in the first part of the study, and the extent of change in ADHD symptoms before and after adenotonsillectomy in the second part. Eighteen studies satisfied the inclusion criteria for the first part of the study. This represented 1113 children in the clinical group (874 diagnosed with SDB who were examined for ADHD symptoms; 239 diagnosed with ADHD who were examined for SDB) and 1405 in the control-group. Findings indicate that there is a medium relationship between ADHD symptoms and SDB (Hedges' g = 0.57, 95% confidence interval: 0.36-0.78; p = 0.000001). A high apnea hypopnea index (AHI) cutoff was associated with lower effect sizes, while child age, gender and body mass index did not moderate the relationship between SDB and ADHD. Study quality was associated with larger effect sizes. In the second part of the study, twelve studies were identified assessing pre- versus post-surgery ADHD symptoms. Hedges' g was 0.43 (95% confidence interval = 0.30-0.55; p < 0.001; N = 529) suggesting a medium effect, as adenotonsillectomy was associated with decreased ADHD symptoms at 2-13 months post-surgery. The findings of this meta-analysis suggest that ADHD symptoms are related to SDB and improve after adenotonsillectomy. Therefore, patients with ADHD symptomatology should receive SDB screening. Treatment of comorbid SDB should be considered before medicating the ADHD symptoms if present.
Why Corporate Governance Deserves Serious and Creative Thought

In their article, “Learning From Ancient Athens: Demarchy and Corporate Governance” (this issue), Zeitoun, Osterloh, and Frey contribute a useful summary of the debates about corporate governance and suggest a novel way to involve stakeholders in governance. Picking up from their discussion on corporate governance, this paper raises four issues. First, different kinds of corporations should have different kinds of governance policies. In particular, large global corporations are so important and so distinctive that they deserve special thought. Second, humanity must set priorities among goals. Governance policies that enable an individual corporation to operate effectively right now may cause long-term harm to humanity and the earth, and policies that benefit humanity and the earth may harm individual corporations. It is not clear who should set such priorities. Third, ideas about governance should consider technological and social changes that are propelling corporations toward entirely new forms. Much o...
WholeCellKB: model organism databases for comprehensive whole-cell models

Whole-cell models promise to greatly facilitate the analysis of complex biological behaviors. Wholecell model development requires comprehensive model organism databases. WholeCellKB (http:// wholecellkb.stanford.edu) is an open-source webbased software program for constructing model organism databases. WholeCellKB provides an extensive and fully customizable data model that fully describes individual species including the structure and function of each gene, protein, reaction and pathway. We used WholeCellKB to create WholeCellKBMG, a comprehensive database of the Gram-positive bacterium Mycoplasma genitalium using over 900 sources. WholeCellKB-MG is extensively crossreferenced to existing resources including BioCyc, KEGG and UniProt. WholeCellKB-MG is freely accessible through a web-based user interface as well as through a RESTful web service.
Bayesian geometric theory of learning algorithms

The problem of objective evaluation of learning algorithms is analyzed under the principles of coherence and covariance. The theory of Bayesian information geometry satisfies these principles and encompasses most of the commonly used learning criteria. Implications to learning theory are discussed.
Who is Afraid of Griffiths’ Singularities?

In 1969 Griffiths1 considered the statistical mechanics of a random ferromagnetic Ising model, with Hamiltonian given by $$ H = - \sum\nolimits_{{\left\langle {xy} \right\rangle }} {{{J}_{{xy}}}{{\sigma }_{x}}{{\sigma }_{y}} + h\sum\nolimits_{x} {{{\sigma }_{x}}} } $$ (1) where x ∊ Z d , 〈xy〉 denotes a pair of nearest neighbor sites in Z d , σ x = ±1 and the couplings J = {J xy > 0}〈xy〉 are taken as identically distributed random variables. He pointed out that for the site diluted model, i.e., J xy = J ξ x ξ y , where the independent random variables ξ x are 1 or 0 with probability p and 1-p respectively, the quenched magnetization, considered as a function of z = e βh , displayed a non-analytical behavior at z = 1 for values of the inverse temperature β at which the system has neither long-range order nor spontaneous magnetization. His arguments apply to a large class of ferromagnetic models; in particular, if the couplings J xy > 0 are independent identically distributed random variables, which may assume with non zero probability arbitrarily large values, these singularities should occur for every value of the temperature. At the origin of this behavior is the fact that even if, with probability one, the infinite system is not ordered as whole, there are, also with probability one, infinitely many arbitrarily large regions inside which the system is strongly correlated.
Multiple periradicular radiolucencies mimicking endodontic lesions in renal osteodystrophy of the mandible: a case report

Aim To report a finding of multiple periapical radiolucencies mimicking endodontic lesions in a patient with renal osteodystrophy of the mandible. Summary A 47-year-old woman was referred by her general dentist to the postgraduate endodontic clinic for assessment and root canal treatment of multiple teeth with associated periapical radiolucencies. The patient's medical history included chronic renal failure. All mandibular teeth with periapical radiolucencies except tooth 37 had positive responses to pulp sensibility testing. A diagnosis of pulpal necrosis and associated periapical periodontitis was made on tooth 37, and root canal treatment was carried out. To determine the possible relationship between the patient's renal disease and the multiple periapical radiolucencies, an additional physician consultation and laboratory tests were requested. Secondary hyperparathyroidism was confirmed with the laboratory report showing an elevated level of parathyroid hormone and a normal serum calcium level. Renal osteodystrophy of the mandible caused by secondary hyperparathyroidism was the probable aetiology of the multiple mandibular periapical radiolucencies, and no root canal treatment was required. Key learning points Renal osteodystrophy of the mandible caused by secondary hyperparathyroidism can present as multiple periapical radiolucencies but is a rare finding. Diverse orofacial manifestations such as loss of lamina dura, widening of periodontal ligament and demineralization of bone can be observed in renal osteodystrophy. Thorough clinical and radiographic assessment along with the review of patient's medical history and haematological analysis is essential for the diagnosis of renal osteodystrophy.
The milliped genus Mestosoma in Costa Rica (Polydesmida: Paradoxosomatidae) 1

Summary Fresh material of a species of Mestosoma taken in Guanacaste Province, Costa Rica, shows the animal to be undescribed and not identical with M. pulvillatum as reported by Attems in 1933. The species is described as Mestosoma moorei, and compared with the presumably related taxa M. salvadorii and M. semirugosum, both the latter figured from typical material. A list of the species of the Salvadorii Group is given and arranged on the basis of color patterns. It is suggested that perhaps M. semirugosum be relocated from this group, on the basis of a difference in the gonopod telopodite.
Toward a Non-Linear Grayscale Calibration Method for Legacy Photographic Collections

Grayscale image analysis provides a useful means of extracting both stratigraphic depth series and quantitative data useful for compositional analysis of sedimentary cores and lithologic sections. For quantitative application of the method, the user should always consider the context of the complete imaging system (acquisition, processing, storage, output) from which the data arose. Our results demonstrate that bias of mid-tone grayscale values is more sensitive than bias of highlights or shadows. When corrections are applied to the grayscale values that take this nonlinearity into account, the resulting grayscale values compare favorably with sediment carbonate content, a strong influence on sediment brightness in the sediments that were studied. Future implementation of grayscale image analysis will benefit from comparative measurement of sample and grayscale standards to account for this source of bias.
Integrating Ecological and Engineering Concepts of Resilience in Microbial Communities

Many definitions of resilience have been proffered for natural and engineered ecosystems, but a conceptual consensus on resilience in microbial communities is still lacking. We argue that the disconnect largely results from the wide variance in microbial community complexity, which range from compositionally simple synthetic consortia to complex natural communities, and divergence between the typical practical outcomes emphasized by ecologists and engineers. Viewing microbial communities as elasto-plastic systems that undergo both recoverable and unrecoverable transitions, we argue that this gap between the engineering and ecological definitions of resilience stems from their respective emphases on elastic and plastic deformation, respectively. We propose that the two concepts may be fundamentally united around the resilience of function rather than state in microbial communities and the regularity in the relationship between environmental variation and a community's functional response. Furthermore, we posit that functional resilience is an intrinsic property of microbial communities and suggest that state changes in response to environmental variation may be a key mechanism driving functional resilience in microbial communities.
Sampling the intramyocellular triglycerides from skeletal muscle.

To determine the extent and microanatomical distri- bution of extramyocellular adipocytes associated with skeletal muscle, histological, biochemical, nuclear magnetic resonance proton spectroscopic and microcomputed tomography tech- niques were employed to analyze skeletal muscle samples from lean and obese Sprague-Dawley rats. Significant amounts of extramyocellular adipocytes were found on the exterior surface of rat gastrocnemius, soleus, and tibialis anterior muscles. The triglyceride content of these exterior adipocytes in these muscle groups was 2- to 3-fold greater than that of the respec- tive intramyocellular triglyceride pool ( P � 0.01). Thus, the exterior adipocytes associated with skeletal muscle samples are an abundant source of extramyocellular fat potentially contam- inating the intramyocellular triglyceride pool if not carefully and completely removed. On the other hand, no adipocytes were found in the interfascicular space (between muscle bundles) or the intrafascicular space (between muscle fibers) in any of the three rat muscles. The feasibility of and procedures for re- moving extramyocellular fat by microdissection techniques to obtain pure muscle sample were also evaluated. Complete removal of the extramyocellular adipocytes from rat skeletal muscle, using microdissection with a stereo microscope, was found to be practical and effective. It is concluded that pure muscle samples free of contamination by extramyocellular fat can be obtained, but only if microdissection techniques are utilized. — Guo, Z., P. Mishra, and S. Macura. Sampling the intramyocellular triglycerides from skeletal muscle. J. Lipid Res. 2001. 42: 1041-1048.
Implementation of Response Latency Measures

Response latency, which is the amount of time a respondent deliberates before answering a question, can serve as an indicator of the respondent's certainty. This research demonstrates that latency ...
Stable neuropsychiatric status in multiple sclerosis: a 3-year study

Personality changes and neuropsychiatric symptoms are found in multiple sclerosis (MS), but no study has evaluated decline compared to healthy controls. This study assessed personality traits and neuropsychiatric symptoms over 3 years using the NEO Five Factor Inventory and the Neuropsychiatric Inventory. Additional metrics evaluated ambulation, manual dexterity and cognitive function. Contrary to hypothesis, patients showed no significant change in personality or neuropsychiatric status relative to controls. Patients were impaired in motor and cognitive function at baseline and follow-up, but showed only slowing in ambulation over time. The findings indicate that neuropsychiatric status is stable in MS over 3 years.
Anesthetic Management of Patients with Rheumatoid Cervical Joint Disease Undergoing Posterior Spinal Fusion with an Instrument

慢性関節リウマチ(RA)による頸椎亜脱臼に対する頸椎後方固定術患者60例を対象として,最大の問題点である挿管困難の頻度と,全身性疾患であるRAの患者背景,また術中の麻酔管理にっいてretrospectiveに検討した。挿管困難と判断した症例は35.0%,そのうちファイバースコープを用いて挿管した例は全体の11.7%であった。挿管困難への対策として術前の画像診断(意識下脱臼位でのMRI)による頸椎可動域の把握,診察,問診から挿管困難の程度を予測するが,最終的には麻酔導入時にミダゾラム0.02mg/kg,フェンタニール2μg/kgを基準量として投与し,半意識下で喉頭展開を試み喉頭蓋を直視できるかどうかで急速導入の可否を判断した。
Oxalate Concentrations in Human Gastrointestinal Fluid

Abstract Background and Purpose: Urinary oxalate excretion is a risk factor for nephrolithiasis and is a result of endogenous metabolism and gastrointestinal processes. Gastrointestinal absorption of oxalate has been well demonstrated but to our knowledge evidence for secretion of oxalate is absent in humans. The objective of this study was to measure the amount and conformation of oxalate in the stomach and small intestine of adult subjects undergoing gastrointestinal endoscopy. Materials and Methods: Eleven adults participated in this study. Gastrointestinal fluid was collected from the stomach and small intestine during endoscopy. A determination of the soluble and insoluble components of oxalate was made by centrifugation of the sample and subsequent acidification of the resultant pellet and supernatant. Samples were processed and the amount of oxalate was measured by ion chromatography, the limit of which is 1.6 μM. Results: The majority of small intestinal samples contained some degree of oxalate. T...
Therapeutic effects of comprehensive rehabilitative treatment of brachial plexus paralysis in 22 children

Objective To observe therapeutic effects of acupuncture, wax therapy, cheirapsis, and nerve-muscle electric stimulation on brachial plexus paralysis of children. Methods Acupuncture, wax therapy, cheirapsis, and nerve-muscle electric stimulation were used to treat 22 cases of brachial plexus paralysis of children. Changes of biceps brachii muscle force, amyotrophy, and electromyogram were evaluated before and after treatment. Results Recovery (9.1%), improvement (86.4%), and ineffectivess (4.5%) were found in 2, 19, and 1 out of 22 cases, respectively. Conclusion Therapeutic effects of comprehensive rehabilitative treatment of brachial plexus paralysis are significant.
Indoor Positioning Methods Using VLC LEDs

Visible light communications (VLC)‐based techniques employ fluorescent lamps and LEDs. This chapter focuses on several fundamental research areas of indoor positioning using VLC technology based on LEDs. It looks into channel multi‐access which is one of the most important issues, as there are usually multiple light sources involved competing for the same transmission time. The protocol employed directly determines the system performance in terms of complexity and service outage. The chapter discusses the use of basic framed slotted ALOHA (BFSA) protocol that enables the transmitters (LED bulbs) to work asynchronously, thus no physical connections among them are required, lowering system complexity and cost. The accuracy achieved is also better using VLC technology than radio frequency (RF)‐based techniques. The chapter investigates the effects of several realistic factors (e.g., installation of LED bulbs and orientation angle of the receiver) to better simulate system performance when deployed into a real indoor environment.
Hemifacial Spasms and Cerebellar Angle Tumors

Two children, aged 3 years, with hemisomatic spasms caused by tumors in the ipsilateral cerebellopontine angle are reported from the Division of Pediatric Neurology and Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX.
Climate Change, Ethics, and the Wildness of Wild Animals

This chapter is a first attempt to consider ways in which anthropogenic climate change may reduce the wildness of wild animals, and explores ethical and value concerns such a reduction might raise. The chapter begins by outlining key impacts a warming climate may have on animal lives. Then it explores different meanings of “wildness” in the context of wild animals, concluding that climate change might reduce both “constitutive” and “self-willed” animal wildness—forms of wildness that many people value. Ethical responses to these potential value losses are shaped by whether a deontological or consequentialist approach to wildness value is adopted. The chapter suggests that consequentialists about wildness value have a range of positive policy options, because they can pursue the creation of new, future animal wildness. Deontologists about wildness value have fewer options, because their focus is on not compromising existing animal wildness, even when doing so would create more wildness in the future.
lac-1 and lag-1 with ras-1 affect aging and the biological clock in Neurospora crassa.

Using an automated cell counting technique developed previously (Case et al., Ecology and Evolution 2014; 4: 3494), we explore the lifespan effects of lac-1, a ceramide synthase gene paralogous to lag-1 in Neurospora crassa in conjunction with the band bd (ras-1) gene. We find that the replicative lifespan of a lac-1KO bd double mutants is short, about one race tube cycle, and this double mutant lacks a strong ~21-hr clock cycle as shown by race tube and fluorometer analysis of fluorescent strains including lac-1KO. This short replicative lifespan phenotype is contrasted with a very long estimated chronological lifespan for lac-1KO bd double mutants from 247 to 462 days based on our regression analyses on log viability, and for the single mutant lac-1KO, 161 days. Both of these estimated lifespans are much higher than that of previously studied WT and bd single mutant strains. In a lac-1 rescue and induction experiment, the expression of lac-1+ as driven by a quinic acid-dependent promoter actually decreases the median chronological lifespan of cells down to only 7 days, much lower than the 34-day median lifespan found in control bd conidia also grown on quinic acid media, which we interpret as an effect of balancing selection acting on ceramide levels based on previous findings from the literature. Prior work has shown phytoceramides can act as a signal for apoptosis in stressed N. crassa cells. To test this hypothesis of balancing selection on phytoceramide levels, we examine the viability of WT, lag-1KO bd, and lac-1KO bd strains following the dual stresses of heat and glycolysis inhibition, along with phytoceramide treatments of different dosages. We find that the phytoceramide dosage–response curve is altered in the lag-1KO bd mutant, but not in the lac-1KO bd mutant. We conclude that phytoceramide production is responsible for the previously reported longevity effects in the lag-1KO bd mutant, but a different ceramide may be responsible for the longevity effect observed in the lac-1KO bd mutant.
The influence of 5-HTTLPR transporter genotype on amygdala-subgenual anterior cingulate cortex connectivity in autism spectrum disorder

Social deficits in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are linked to amygdala functioning and functional connection between the amygdala and subgenual anterior cingulate cortex (sACC) is involved in the modulation of amygdala activity. Impairments in behavioral symptoms and amygdala activation and connectivity with the sACC seem to vary by serotonin transporter-linked polymorphic region (5-HTTLPR) variant genotype in diverse populations. The current preliminary investigation examines whether amygdala-sACC connectivity differs by 5-HTTLPR genotype and relates to social functioning in ASD. A sample of 108 children and adolescents (44 ASD) completed an fMRI face-processing task. Youth with ASD and low expressing 5-HTTLPR genotypes showed significantly greater connectivity than youth with ASD and higher expressing genotypes as well as typically developing (TD) individuals with both low and higher expressing genotypes, in the comparison of happy vs. baseline faces and happy vs. neutral faces. Moreover, individuals with ASD and higher expressing genotypes exhibit a negative relationship between amygdala-sACC connectivity and social dysfunction. Altered amygdala-sACC coupling based on 5-HTTLPR genotype may help explain some of the heterogeneity in neural and social function observed in ASD. This is the first ASD study to combine genetic polymorphism analyses and functional connectivity in the context of a social task.
Varmints and Victims: Predator Control in the American West. By Frank Van Nuys.

Varmints and Victims: Predator Control in the American West . By Frank Van Nuys. (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2015. xiv + 338 pp. Illustrations, notes, bibliography, index. $29.95, cloth, ebook.) In this detailed and comprehensive book, Frank Van Nuys uses a western focus to chart the rise and fall of a consensus about the benefits of predator control. From the 1870s through the 1940s, most Americans agreed that wolves, bears, coyotes, and lions should be killed to protect livestock, sport hunting, and American progress. Shifting ideas about the value of predators and other changes in the American social fabric frayed this consensus. “This is a story,” Van Nuys explains, “of process and struggle, of an uneven passage from times blessed in a way … feldmanj{at}uwosh.edu
Wittgensteinian Support for Domain Analysis in Classification

Hjorland contends that in order to further the goal of linking researchers to relevant information ‘domain analysis’ should be used in concept classification. He thinks that concept classification should not strive to classify on the basis of the properties of objects, but rather on descriptions of objects that are loosely derived from human activity and social negotiation. Currently, most information scientists operate under a ‘positivist’ view of concept classification, which, Hjorland maintains, mistakenly strives for universal classification schema while muddling the comprehension of individual researchers. Though he tends to include Wittgenstein in the positivist camp for classification, Hjorland’s domain analysis is strongly Wittgensteinian. This work seeks to support the philosophical underpinnings of domain analysis through Wittgenstein’s theory of language. Additionally, we outline Rick Szostak’s criticism of domain analysis. While he levies an important charge against Hjorland, his solution proves inadequate in light of Wittgenstein’s theory of language.