cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of blackbody radiation on highly excited atoms

Transitions between energetically close-lying Rydberg states are characterized by large electric dipole matrix elements and frequencies low enough that at room temperature the photon occupation number is \ensuremath{\simeq} 10. Consequently the absorption of blackbody radiation and the stimulated emission produced by it lead to an efficient redistribution of population among nearby levels. In some cases dramatic effects are observed, for example, radiative lifetimes that are shortened to a small fraction of their $T=0$ values. In addition, the 300-K blackbody field of \ensuremath{\sim}10 V/cm produces ac Stark shifts of the Rydberg levels. Calculations of the population redistribution effects and ac Stark shifts are presented. Examples are given to illustrate that care must be taken in experiments with highly excited atoms to ensure that only one state is being observed rather than a distribution.
Relational and Intrinsic Moral Roots: A Brief Contrast of Confucian and Hindu Concepts of Duty

The recent debate sparked by LIU Qingping 劉清平 and GUO Qiyong 郭齊勇 over the ethical emphasis placed on filial piety (xiao 孝) in passages of the Analects and Mengzi highlights pivotal features of Confucian ethics. The classical texts Analects 13.18 and Mencius 5A3 and 7A35 prompted Liu to assert that, according to Warring States Confucian authors, when confronted with a choice of whether to protect family members guilty of criminal misconduct or turn them in for prosecution by the state, loyalty to the family had to be observed first, at the expense of the more general virtue of “co-humanity” (ren 仁) and the rights of the general public (Liu 2007: 5–7). Though Guo rejects Liu’s contentions that these texts enjoin only filial piety at the unqualified expense of the general public and that the ethical obligations of xiao 孝 are corrupt, he agrees that not only the texts in question but also Chinese law codes from Qin to the Republican period obligate children to shield their elders from legal actions (Guo 2007: 32–33). I wish in this brief essay to contrast the organically relational conception of moral virtue that led classical Confucians to see family loyalty as essential to the upholding of the public order with a well-known classical Hindu organically intrinsic conception of moral virtue that evaluates this priority very differently when the demands of these two spheres come into conflict. This contrast is intended to highlight how diametrically opposed metaphysics of personhood in these respective traditions significantly underwrite their opposed moral imperatives. I will conclude with a brief assessment of the relative merits of these two positions. The narratives at the heart of the Liu–Guo debate hold up Emperor Shun as a model of the relational virtue prized in Confucianism. In Mencius 5A3, Shun enfeoffs his murderous brother in Youbi, outside his realm. Mencius’ students are troubled by this action, as they suspect it contradicts the very reason Shun commands respect among the people, namely that he regularly and actively ensures the punishment of wrongdoers and criminals, people without co-humanity (bu ren 不仁). Mencius points out in Shun’s defense that his brother was not allowed any administrative authority on his feoff, so he could not harm the people Dao (2008) 7:157–163 DOI 10.1007/s11712-008-9063-z
Interaction between juvenile hormone, 20-hydroxyecdysone, the corpus cardiacum-allatum complex, and the ovaries in regulating vitellogenin levels in the housefly, Musca domestica

Abstract This study examines the interaction between the ovaries, corpus cardiacum-allatum complex, juvenile hormone, and 20-hydroxyecdysone to either induce or regulate vitellogenin production in the housefly Musca domestica. All of the unoperated control flies contained vitellogenin and these levels were increased by the application of methoprene, a juvenile hormone analogue or 20-hydroxyecdysone. Flies without the corpus cardiacum-allatum complex had low vitellogenin levels, but these were restored to control amounts by treatment with methoprene, but not 20-hydroxyecdysone. Ovariectomized flies showed a steady increase in vitellogenin levels and only the treatment with 20-hydroxyecdysone increased the amounts of vitellogenin further. Flies without either the corpus cardiacum-allatum complex or the ovaries had undetectable amounts of vitellogenin, but treatment with methoprene gave a control pattern of vitellogenin, while 20-hydroxyecdysone treatment resulted in trace amounts of vitellogenin. In these studies only treatment with 20-hydroxyecdysone elevated vitellogenin to control levels if the corpus cardiacum-allatum complex was present. Treatment with methoprene elevated vitellogenin to control levels in flies without the corpus cardiacum-allatum complex. When ovariectomized insects without the corpus allatum-cardiacum complex were treated with 0.1 μg methoprene and 0.05 or 0.5 μg 20-hydroxyecdysone, vitellogenin levels were increased to control amounts, but neither hormone alone at these doses induced the appearance of vitellogenin. Thus it appears that the production of control levels of vitellogenin requires both juvenile hormone and 20-hydroxyecdysone.
Effect of cell size, age and anatomical location on the lipolytic response of adipocytes

Abstract Studies were conducted on the norepinephrine (NE) stimulated lipolytic sensitivity of adipocytes from epididymal (Epi), perirenal (PR), subcutaneous (SC) and mesentric (M) depots from young (7–8 wk.) and adult (14–16 wk.) male rats. In the young rats dose response curves to NE were similar for Epi, PR and M depots whereas adipocytes from the SC depot showed a diminished effect over the mid-portion of the curve. This difference could not be ascribed to differences in cell size. In the adult rats glycerol release in the Epi depot in response to NE was identical to the younger rats which was in marked contrast to the other depots in which glycerol release was decreased in comparison to the younger animals. This decreased responsiveness was probably largely a result of age and not changes vn adipocyte size within a given depot. In these older rats, glycerol release was greatest in the Epi cells, least in the SC and M depots, and intermediate in PR. When young rats were subjected to a 72-hour fast, loss of triglyceride per cell was the same in all depots as predicted by the in vitro data whereas in old rats (610 g), triglyceride loss was proportional to cell size with Epi ≥ PR > SC ≥ M. This was also essentially in agreement with the in vitro lipolytic data from adult rats. These data demonstrate lipolytic differences between depots that are minimal in young rats and which are accentuated with age.
Effects of the earth's rotation and the balance of zonal kinetic energy

According to the symmetric formulation of the zonal kinetic energy equation, positive generations arise through countergradient transports of angular momentum. Five years of northern hemispheric upper air data are used to investigate two of the terms in the equation, which represent the effects of the transport, by the mean general circulation cells, of the angular momentum associated with the earth's rotation. These two Ω-generation terms do not usually appear in the more traditional form of the conservation equation, and results of their evaluation have not appeared previously. It is found that positive generation largely dominates in the Ω-term involving horizontal (meridional) transports of angular momentum, and negative generation in the Ω-term involving vertical transport. In fall and particularly winter, both terms are responsible for very large amounts of generation of opposing sign for the whole atmosphere. The five years of data are also used to evaluate the balance of zonal kinetic energy implied by the symmetric equation in northern hemispheric polar caps of various pressure thicknesses. The vertical processes involved are not directly measured but rather are obtained from observed horizontal motions through use of continuity of mass and angular momentum requirements. Possible reasons for the lack of a perfect balance are offered, but in any case the residuals are generally not large enough to be of too much concern. Vertical eddies are found to play an important role in the balance of zonal kinetic energy. A study of the balance in the upper half of the atmosphere reveals that in spring the vertical eddies (summed for all scales) must tranport angular momentum and zonal kinetic energy upward toward the jet in order to counter the net effect of the mean cells in reducing the zonal kinetic energy in this volume. In the fall however, there is a dramatic change in the direction in which these vertical eddies act, as they now remove zonal kineticenergy from the upper half of the atmosphere in this season.
Frequency-domain bridging method for the analysis of wave propagation in damaged structures

Abstract This paper proposes a frequency-domain formulation of the bridging multiscale method specifically developed to study the interaction of elastic waves with heterogeneities and defects. The adopted approach utilizes a coarse-scale discretization that captures the global wave behavior, while a localized fine-scale mesh resolves the portion of the domain around the discontinuity. The occurrence of spurious waves at the interface is avoided by imposing proper dynamic compatibility conditions between the two domains. The formulation of such conditions is based on the two scale bridging. The frequency domain implementation of the bridging presented herein simplifies the dynamic compatibility operators between the discretizations which constitutes the major source of computational costs when implemented as part of commonly used time marching schemes. The potentials of the proposed technique are presented in the analysis of propagating elastic waves in several kinds of one- and two-dimensional structures with localized imperfections.
Calculating the Jet Transport Coefficient qˆ in Lattice Gauge Theory

Abstract The formalism of jet modification in the higher twist approach is modified to describe a hard parton propagating through a hot thermalized medium. The leading order contribution to the transverse momentum broadening of a high energy (near on-shell) quark in a thermal medium is calculated. This involves a factorization of the perturbative process of scattering of the quark from the non-perturbative transport coefficient. An operator product expansion of the non-perturbative operator product which represents q ˆ is carried out and related via dispersion relations to the expectation of local operators. These local operators are then evaluated in quenched SU(2) lattice gauge theory.
Development of a graphical user interface for the conformal finite-difference/time-domain (CFDTD) software package

We present the development of the graphical user interface of a conformal FDTD software package utilizing the Visual Basic programming language. We describe a complete interface, including the drawing of three-dimensional objects, the generation of non-uniform and conformal mesh, interfacing with AutoCad and GID, and data post-processing. The engine for the software package is based on a conformal FDTD algorithm, designed to handle general electromagnetic problems, including curved PEC and dielectric surfaces, without the use of "staircasing". To illustrate the versatility of the package, we present several representative simulation examples, viz., the modeling of a microwave stripline, a patch antenna, a triangular antenna, and the evaluation of the surface impedance of Earth. We also provide a comparison between the numerical results derived by using this package and other commercial software for a patch antenna.
Excitatory and inhibitory effects of opioid agonists on respiratory motor output produced by isolated brainstems from adult turtles (Trachemys)

Abstract To determine how central opioid receptor activation alters turtle breathing, respiratory-related hypoglossal (XII) motor bursts were recorded from isolated adult turtle brainstems during 60 min bath applications of agonists for delta- (DOR), kappa- (KOR), or nociceptin/orphanin (NOR) receptors. DADLE (DOR agonist) abolished XII burst frequency at 0.3–0.5 μM. DPDPE (DOR agonist) increased frequency by 40–44% at 0.01–0.1 μM and decreased frequency by 88 ± 8% at 1.0 μM. U-50488 and U-59693 (KOR agonists) decreased frequency by 65–68% at 100 and 50 μM, respectively. Orphanin (NOR agonist) decreased frequency by 31–51% at 1.0–2.0 μM during the first 30 min period. Orphanin (0.5 and 2.0 μM) increased bursts/episode. Although morphine (10 μM) abolished frequency in nearly all brainstems, subsequent co-application of phenylephrine (α 1 -adrenergic agonist, 20–100 μM) with morphine restored activity to 16–78% of baseline frequency. Thus, DOR, KOR, and NOR activation regulates frequency and NOR activation regulates episodicity, while α 1 -adrenergic receptor activation reverses opioid-induced respiratory depression in turtles.
Simulated winter to summer transition in diapausing adults of the lady beetle (Hippodamia convergens): supercooling point is not indicative of cold-hardiness

. Adults of Hippodamia convergens Guerin-Meneville (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) form massive overwintering aggregations in the Sierra Nevada Mountains of California. These diapausing pre-reproductive adults may remain in the aggregations for up to 10 months. Beetles were collected from overwintering sites in Nevada County, California, and held at 4dC for 6 weeks. In order to simulate the winter to summer transition, the beetles were transferred to 20dC and 68% r.h. under a LD 12:12h cycle. Supercooling points increased slightly from - 16dC on day 0 to - 12.9CC on day 21. In contrast, low temperature tolerance decreased markedly within 2 weeks. On day 0 nearly all beetles survive 2 h of exposure to - 5dC, whereas only 50% survived this treatment on day 4. These data demonstrate the general lack of correlation between the supercooling point and the lower lethal temperature in warm-acclimated beetles. Within 1 day of transfer to 20dC, oxygen consumption decreased by 26%. This decrease continued through day 14 when the rate of oxygen consumption had decreased to 40% of initial values. Beetles acclimated to 20dC selected temperatures significantly higher than cold-acclimated beetles. The parametric shifts observed in this study are consistent with a physiological transition from cold-hardiness and energy conservation during winter to one of dispersal, feeding and reproduction in summer beetles.
Relationship of restricted feeding and medication to coccidiosis control.

Hubbard breeder pullets were fed a complete pullet developer ration on an ad libitum (AL) or restricted feeding (RF) regimen. The ration either was unmedicated or contained .0125% amprolium, .0125% clopidol, or .0110% monensin. The relationship between the feeding schedule and coccidial infection was determined on the basis of 1) efficacy of the medication in controlling a single infection in susceptible pullets and 2) the development of immunity to subsequent challenge inoculation after a series of immunizing inoculations. Cage-reared, susceptible pullets were inoculated with sporulated oocysts of either. Eimeria tenella, 2 strains of E. acervulina, or E. maxima. With all three medications, the infection with a least one species was more severe, as measured by intestinal lesion score, in the RF pullets than in the corresponding AL pullets. Other pullets were kept for three weeks in floor pens that contained coccidial oocysts to allow natural infection and immunity to develop. The pullets were then transferred to suspended cages to prevent reinfection and fed an unmedicated ration. After one week, the pullets were challenged with the same coccidial strain as that used for immunizing. All pullets initially exposed to coccidia and given no medication were resistant to challenge inoculation. Control pullets are exposed to coccidia during rearing were susceptible to challenge. The administration of anticoccidial drugs (especially monensin) by ad libitum feeding interfered with development of immunity under these conditions, but, when the same drugs were given with a restricted feeding regimen, they did not interfere with development of immunity.
Decentralized adaptive control for laser beam tracking systems

A successful controller design is crucial for establishing and maintaining an optical link between free-space communication stations engaged in a laser communication session. This task is quite difficult due to nonlinear behavior, cross-coupled dynamics, and time-varying characteristics of all known beam steering technologies. A novel adaptive control technique utilizing Lyapunov function to ensure global asymptotic stability of the system, thus resulting in a highly robust system performance, is developed. The technique applied to a piezo-electric mirror setup results in a highly efficient controller design that does not require prior knowledge of system dynamics, while providing independent access to azimuth and elevation positions of the laser beam. The paper presents the basic algorithm and demonstrates the results of its application.
Inflammation and Gli2 Suppress Gastrin Gene Expression in a Murine Model of Antral Hyperplasia

Chronic inflammation in the stomach can lead to gastric cancer. We previously reported that gastrin-deficient (Gast−/−) mice develop bacterial overgrowth, inflammatory infiltrate, increased Il-1β expression, antral hyperplasia and eventually antral tumors. Since Hedgehog (Hh) signaling is active in gastric cancers but its role in precursor lesions is poorly understood, we examined the role of inflammation and Hh signaling in antral hyperplasia. LacZ reporter mice for Sonic hedgehog (Shh), Gli1, and Gli2 expression bred onto the Gast−/− background revealed reduced Shh and Gli1 expression in the antra compared to wild type controls (WT). Gli2 expression in the Gast−/− corpus was unchanged. However in the hyperplastic Gast−/− antra, Gli2 expression increased in both the mesenchyme and epithelium, whereas expression in WT mice remained exclusively mesenchymal. These observations suggested that Gli2 is differentially regulated in the hyperplastic Gast−/− antrum versus the corpus and by a Shh ligand-independent mechanism. Moreover, the proinflammatory cytokines Il-1β and Il-11, which promote gastric epithelial proliferation, were increased in the Gast−/− stomach along with Infγ. To test if inflammation could account for elevated epithelial Gli2 expression in the Gast−/− antra, the human gastric cell line AGS was treated with IL-1β and was found to increase GLI2 but decrease GLI1 levels. IL-1β also repressed human GAST gene expression. Indeed, GLI2 but not GLI1 or GLI3 expression repressed gastrin luciferase reporter activity by ∼50 percent. Moreover, chromatin immunoprecipitation of GLI2 in AGS cells confirmed that GLI2 directly binds to the GAST promoter. Using a mouse model of constitutively active epithelial GLI2 expression, we found that activated GLI2 repressed Gast expression but induced Il-1β gene expression and proliferation in the gastric antrum, along with a reduction of the number of G-cells. In summary, epithelial Gli2 expression was sufficient to stimulate Il-1β expression, repress Gast gene expression and increase proliferation, leading to antral hyperplasia.
Clinical Tolerance 2008

In 2008, three publications highlighted the transition of tolerance from experimental to experiential. These included the first study to both anticipate and reproducibly deliver human leukocyte antigen-disparate allograft survival without continuous immunosuppressive drug administration. The other two highlighted unique episodes of clinical tolerance. The results from these studies are summarized and discussed.
Capture Collisions of Polyynide Anions with Hydrogen Atoms: Effect of the Ion Dipole, Quadrupole, and Anisotropic Polarizability

Abstract Classical capture rate constants are calculated for a molecular ion with a dipole moment, quadrupole moment, and anisotropic polarizability colliding with a neutral polarizable atom. The free-energy effective potential method is used to average the potential energy over the interaction angle. Numerical methods are used to calculate the effective potential from the full anisotropic induction potential energy function, to solve for the position of the centrifugal barrier, and to determine the thermal rate constants. The capture collision model is applied to the reactions of polyynide anions, HC 4 − , HC 6 − , and HC 8 − , with atomic hydrogen, which are of interest in astrophysical environments, using calculated multipole moments and anisotropic polarizabilities. The dipole moment, quadrupole moment, and polarizability of the ion each contribute significantly toward the total predicted classical capture collision rates for these systems.
Mid-infrared lasers fabricated from III–V compound semiconductors

Abstract Considerable progress has been made in research on mid-infrared semiconductor lasers in terms of their maximum operating temperature and output power. Antimonide-based quantum-well lasers have exhibited continuous wave operation at 2.0 μm up to 400 K, at 2.7 μm to 234 K, at 3.5 μm to 175 K, and at 3.9 μm to 128 K. Diode lasers utilizing type-II transitions have exhibited lasing between 3 μm and 4 μm. Optically pumped lasers emitting at 4 μm have yielded peak power of 2.7 W and average power of 470 mW at 55K. Quantum cascade lasers have operated continuous wave at 4.6 μm up to 85 K, and at 7.8 μm to 110 K.
Theoretical properties of tests for spatial clustering of count data

Testing for spatial clustering of count data is an important problem in spatial data analysis. Several procedures have been proposed to this end but despite their extensive use, studies of their fundamental theoretical properties are almost non-existent. The authors suggest two conditions that any reasonable test for spatial clustering should satisfy. The latter are based on the notion that the null hypothesis should be rejected almost surely as the amount of spatial clustering tends to infinity. The authors show that the chisquared test and the Potthoff—Whittinghill V have both properties but that other classical tests do not. Proprietes theoriques des tests de regroupement spatial a base de frequences La detection de regroupements spatiaux a l'aide de frequences observees revět une certaine importance en analyse spatiale. Plusieurs tests ont ete proposes a cet effet mais en depit de leur usage repandu, leurs proprietes fondamentales ont ete fort peu etudiees au plan theorique. Les auteurs suggerent deux conditions auxquelles devrait repondre tout bon test de regroupement spatial. Celles-ci traduisent le fait que l'hypothese nulle devrait ětre rejetee presque sǔrement quand le degre de regroupement spatial tend vers l'infini. Les auteurs montrent que le test du khi-deux et le V de Potthoff—Whittinghill possedent les deux proprietes mais qu'il en va autrement pour certains autres tests classiques.
Ethanol-induced attenuation of oxidative stress is unable to alter mRNA expression pattern of catalase, glutathione reductase, glutathione-S-transferase (GST1A), and superoxide dismutase (SOD3) enzymes in Japanese rice fish (Oryzias latipes) embryogenesis

Although the mechanism of ethanol toxicity during embryogenesis is unknown, our earlier studies on Japanese rice fish (Oryzias latipes) embryos indicated that the effects might be mediated through oxidative stress. In this study we have determined the oxidative stress and the mRNA content of four antioxidant enzymes (catalase, glutathione reductase, glutathione-S-transferase, and superoxide dismutase) during Japanese rice fish embryogenesis (from 0 day post-fertilization to hatching) and after exposing the embryos to ethanol (100 and 300 mM) for 48 h at three stages (0–2, 1–3 and 4–6 day post fertilization, dpf) of organogenesis. We observed that oxidative stress was minimal in blastula, gastrula or neurula stages, increased gradually with the advancement of morphogenesis and reached its maximum level in hatchlings. The antioxidant enzyme mRNAs were constitutively expressed throughout development; however, the expression pattern was not identical among the enzymes. Catalase and superoxide dismutase (SOD) mRNAs were minimal in the fertilized eggs, but increased significantly in 1 dpf and then either sharply dropped (SOD) or maintained a steady-state (catalase). Glutathione S-transferase (GST) was very high in fertilized eggs and sharply dropped 1 dpf and then gradually increased thereafter. Glutathione reductase (GR) maintained a steady-state throughout the development. Ethanol was able to attenuate oxidative stress in embryos exposed only to 300 mM 1–3 dpf; no significant difference with controls was observed in other ethanol-treated groups. The antioxidant enzyme mRNAs also remained unaltered after ethanol treatment. From these data we conclude that the attenuation of oxidative stress by ethanol is probably due to the inhibition of normal growth of the embryos rather than by inhibiting catalase, GST, GR or SOD- dependent activities.
Stress-strain rate dependence of homogeneous flow in metallic glasses

Abstract The stress dependence of the steady state homogeneous plastic flow rate in amorphous Pd82Si18 has been measured over a large stress range and shown to obey a hyperbolic sine relation. A direct consequence of this relation is a transition from linear, Newtonian viscous flow to a non-linear regime, which we observed at τ ~ 300 MPa. The sheared volume is found to be 48 A3. The apparently conflicting literature data for strain rate sensitivity are reconciled with each other and with this new data by taking into account the stress range of the tests.
Deriving instrumental tolerances from pass‐fail and colorimetric data

Equations such as CIE94 and CMC are now in common use to set instrumental tolerances for industrial color control. A visual experiment was performed to generate a data set to be used in evaluating typical industrial practices. Twenty-two observers performed a pass-fail color tolerance experiment for a single high-chroma yellow color. Thirty-two glossy samples varying in all three CIE-LAB dimensions were compared with a single standard. A near-neutral anchor pair was used to define the quality of match criterion. The pooled pass data were used to fit a 95% confidence ellipsoid. The chromaticness dimension was well estimated by either CMC or CIE94. The lightness dimension was poorly estimated by either equation. Evaluating the sampling distribution of the 32 test samples via a covariance matrix revealed a poor sampling, particularly in the ΔL*Δb* plane. This sampling may have biased the visual experiment. The visual data were used to optimize various color-difference equations based on CIE94 and CMC, where the l:c and total color difference were adjustable parameters. Several methods of optimization are described including minimizing the number of instrumental wrong decisions and logistic multiple-linear regression. Some methods require only pass response data, while others require both pass and fail data. Because industrial tolerances are usually based on a single observer, ellipsoids were fitted for three observers to demonstrate the large variability between observers in judging color differences. It was concluded that when tolerances need to be set based on a single observer's visual responses of samples not well distributed about the standard, typical industrial occurences, one should only adjust the tolerance magnitude based on a statistically valid equation such as CIE94. One should not change l:c or derive a new ellipsoid. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Social Fathering in Low-Income, African American Families with Preschool Children

Although research increasingly focuses on nonresident biological fathers, little attention has been given to the role of other men in children's lives. The authors examine the factors associated with social father presence and their influence on preschoolers' development. Findings indicate that the majority of children have a social father and that mother, child, and nonresident biological father characteristics are all related to social father presence. These associations differ depending on whether the social father is the mother's romantic partner or a male relative. The social father's influence on children's development also depends on his relationship to the child. Male relative social fathers are associated with higher levels of children's school readiness, whereas mothers' romantic partner social fathers are associated with lower levels of emotional maturity.
Effect of adsorbed surface poisons on the loss of hydrogen from nickel

Abstract The decomposition rate of nickel hydride was studied using X-ray, Auger spectroscopy, and SIMS techniques. In high purity nickel, which was cathodically charged with hydrogen, deposition of arsenic on the nickel surface considerably decreased the decomposition rate of nickel hydride. This effect of arsenic on the egress of hydrogen from nickel is related to the influence of adsorbed arsenic on the entry of hydrogen into nickel during cathodic charging. Both effects result from inhibition of the recombination of hydrogen atoms at the surface thus resulting in a higher effective hydrogen fugacity at the surface. The effect of adsorbed arsenic on the decomposition of nickel hydride was influenced by alloying elements such as carbon and sulfur in the nickel, with the arsenic effect being greater in NiS alloys and smaller in NiC alloys than in high purity nickel.
Environmental signaling: a biological context for endocrine disruption.

Endogenous and exogenous chemical signals have evolved as a means for organisms to respond to physical or biological stimuli in the environment. Sensitivity to these signals can make organisms vuln...
Innovation science: a primer

The term innovation resonates broadly in cyberspace, books and journals. A careful analysis of the vast open-source information indicates that the engineering literature on underlying science of innovation is limited. Innovations in any domain can be enhanced by principles and insights from different disciplines. However, the process of identifying the linkages between the diverse disciplines and the target domain is not well understood. The innovation process and conditions triggering innovation set the stage for economic progress. This paper contributes to better understanding of the process of innovation by introducing basic innovation models. The ideas outlined provide a roadmap for areas of future study, as innovation science can provide a pathway for industries to be able to successfully compete in the global market.
Frequency and causes of implantable cardioverter-defibrillator therapies : Is device therapy proarrhythmic?

Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) shocks diminish patients' quality of life, increase health care resource utilization, and may lead to other adverse sequelae. Better understanding of the factors that lead to ICD therapies, and better strategies to avoid unnecessary therapies, are needed to optimize patient outcomes. Data from major randomized clinical trials involving the use of ICDs and cardiac resynchronization therapy-defibrillator devices were reviewed to determine control group mortality rates, control group sudden death rates, and the frequency of appropriate and inappropriate ICD therapies. In all studies that classified deaths, appropriate ICD therapies outnumbered control group sudden cardiac deaths by a factor of 2 to 3. Some of these episodes can be explained by device programming, by the treatment of potentially unsustained tachycardias, and by errors of episode classification. Another underexplored possibility is that device therapy is proarrhythmic. Reasons for frequent therapies and methods to prevent them are discussed, as well as the notion of device proarrhythmia and the potentially detrimental effects of ICD shocks. These issues clearly affect the overall benefit of device therapy and have important implications for patient management and health care delivery.
Psychiatric aspects of bone marrow transplantation: Part I: Special issues during pre‐transplant assessment and hospitalization

Bone marrow transplantation (BMT) has become an important innovative treatment for hematological malignancies, solid tumors, immunodeficiency diseases and metabolic disorders. It has evolved over the last decade from a controversial research procedure to a standard therapeutic modality, which prolongs remission of some patients and cures others. Historically, the BMT procedure is divided into several stages, each of which have accompanying emotional problems. In providing psychological care for transplant recipients, donors and families, care-givers must be familiar with the psychological stages of the procedure, the psychological themes such as body image, rebirth and the patient's mechanisms of coping with the extreme stress of such protocols. Its complex medications, high-dose chemotherapy, total-body irradiation (TBI), germ-free environment, graft-versus-host disease (GvHD), Broviac or Hickman line catheterization and total parenteral nutrition (TPN), can precipitate significant psychological sequelae with immediate and long-term consequences. In response to their illness, transplant patients may also develop emotional disturbances of anxiety, depression, agitation, non-compliance and rare suicidal thoughts. These reactions, and the occasional presence of concurrent psychiatric illness, require recognition and development of guidelines for management. This paper is the first in a series of two and will inform the reader about: (1) the biology, epidemiology, history and economics of BMT; (2) informed consent issues and the psychological/social assessment of patients and families prior to BMT; (3) the psychological care of patients during BMT; and (4) address special issues concerning donation of marrow, donor registries, family issues, children as patients and prevention of staff burn-out. Part II of this series will review the psychosocial adjustment and quality of life of BMT patients as they convalesce and re-enter normal daily routines. A summary is given of research into which psychosocial factors predict better post-BMT outcome.
The first spectroscopic observation of germanium carbide

Abstract The gas phase spectrum of the germanium carbide radical has been observed at low temperature in emission from a corona excited supersonic expansion source. Many vibrational bands involving the Ω = 0, 1, and 2 components of the (2)3Π–X3Π system were recorded and analyzed. The equilibrium transition energy is found at 21120.3 cm−1, in good agreement with theoretical predictions. The fundamental vibrational frequency for the lowest energy ground state Ω = 2 component is 795.3 cm−1.
Rehabilitation of the breast cancer patient.

No treatment program for breast cancer is complete without arrangements for rehabilitation. This includes consideration of the emotional and psy-chosocial factors, as well as the physical problems that arise as the result of the treatments. The most important person in planning rehabilitation is the treating physician, but a multidisciplinary team provides optimal results. In recent years, the most dramatic improvements in rehabilitation have been seen in the psychosocial area, but improvements have also been made in restoring the patient to normal physical activity.
Low phase angle laboratory studies of the opposition effect: search for wavelength dependence

Abstract We measured the reflectance change with phase angle (0.05° 0.543 μm . We searched for changes with respect to wavelength in size of the half-width at half-maximum (HWHM) of the phase curve for each particle size. These changes in HWHM are predicted theoretically and observed experimentally in scattering measurements of widely spaced spherical particles in suspension. We find that at both wavelengths the materials exhibit opposition brightness surges of ∼30% at 0.05° relative to the brightness at 5°. At both wavelengths, and for all particle sizes, the slope of the phase curve and the circular polarization ratio both increase with decreasing phase angle, consistent with the opposition surge being due to the coherent backscattering opposition effect (CBOE). Theoretical models of CBOE predict that the HWHM of the phase curve will vary with λ, as λ/2πL, where L is the transport mean free path in the medium. Our samples were observed at two different wavelengths, therefore theory predicts that HWHM would be smaller by about 15% at 0.543 μm compared to 0.633 μm . We do not observe this. There may be several possible explanations. One possibility is that the particles, while well sorted, nevertheless have a variance about a mean size and therefore the change in HWHM is not as sharp as might be expected were all the particles exactly of the same size. Another possible explanation is that our particles are more closely packed and less spherical than those studied in the experimental observations of particles in suspension and hence, while our experiment more closely approximates a planetary regolith, it produces a different result from similar measurements of widely spaced spherical particles in suspension. Our result may explain the unsuccessful Clementine search for CBOE in the lunar regolith which found only a very small wavelength dependence of the phase curve of the same lunar regions when observed at different wavelengths, a result not consistent with theoretical models of CBOE. One explanation may be that the particle size variation in the lunar soil is greater than it was in our samples. Furthermore, our samples, which are better sorted than the lunar regolith, are less well sorted than the theoretical models. This suggests that measuring the change in phase curve HWHM with λ may not be a good test for CBOE in a planetary regolith unless the measurements include a large range of wavelength.
Bacterial Competition Reveals Differential Regulation of the pks Genes by Bacillus subtilis

Bacillus subtilis is adaptable to many environments in part due to its ability to produce a broad range of bioactive compounds. One such compound, bacillaene, is a linear polyketide/nonribosomal peptide. The pks genes encode the enzymatic megacomplex that synthesizes bacillaene. The majority of pks genes appear to be organized as a giant operon (>74 kb from pksC-pksR). In previous work (P. D. Straight, M. A. Fischbach, C. T. Walsh, D. Z. Rudner, and R. Kolter, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 104:305-310, 2007, doi:10.1073/pnas.0609073103), a deletion of the pks operon in B. subtilis was found to induce prodiginine production by Streptomyces coelicolor. Here, colonies of wild-type B. subtilis formed a spreading population that induced prodiginine production from Streptomyces lividans, suggesting differential regulation of pks genes and, as a result, bacillaene. While the parent colony showed widespread induction of pks expression among cells in the population, we found the spreading cells uniformly and transiently repressed the expression of the pks genes. To identify regulators that control pks genes, we first determined the pattern of pks gene expression in liquid culture. We next identified mutations in regulatory genes that disrupted the wild-type pattern of pks gene expression. We found that expression of the pks genes requires the master regulator of development, Spo0A, through its repression of AbrB and the stationary-phase regulator, CodY. Deletions of degU, comA, and scoC had moderate effects, disrupting the timing and level of pks gene expression. The observed patterns of expression suggest that complex regulation of bacillaene and other antibiotics optimizes competitive fitness for B. subtilis.
A Cognitive Model of Religion's Influence On Health

Research on the relation between religion and health has tended to focus on group identity and specific religious behaviors that are directly linked to improved health. This paper proposes a new model, which incorporates religious beliefs into a system of cognition (illusions and meaning for events) and psychoneuroimmunologic functioning. It is hypothesized that cognition within religious belief systems may be associated with bodily changes in the immune system and lead to particular health outcomes. The discussion highlights the need for psychological process models to study the way life events are interpreted in the context of religious beliefs. Limitations and challenges of such a global model are identified and several directions for future research are discussed.
Suppression of lymphocyte and fibroblast proliferation by Actinomyces viscosus-activated murine macrophages.

Actinomyces viscosus, a normal inhabitant of the oral cavity, has previously been shown to evoke immune responses in the host. Macrophage activation by this microorganism was studied in a murine system. Peritoneal macrophages, activated in vivo by A. viscosus had a suppressive effect on lymphocyte proliferation in vitro; total suppression occurred at a PEC to lymphocyte ratio of 6:10. A. viscosus-activated macrophages also suppressed the proliferation of normal syngeneic fibroblasts, with a 96% suppression at a PEC to fibroblast ratio of 9:1. Resident peritoneal macrophages had no suppressive effect on either target cell population. Suppression of fibroblast proliferation by A. viscosus-activated macrophages was partially reversed by catalase (20000 U/ml) or indomethacin (10-5M), suggesting involvement of hydrogen peroxide and cylo-oxygenase product(s). A. viscosus-activated macrophages produced, upon stimulation, large amounts of H2O2 (256 nmole per mg protein, in 120 min) which were comparable to those produced by C. parvum-activated macrophages. Resident peritoneal macrophages produced only minor quantities of H2O2 under the same conditions. The suppressive effects observed suggest that A. viscosus, by activating macrophages, may modulate the host's immune response and may hamper the repair potential of chronically inflamed connective tissue by inhibition of fibroblast proliferation. Other constitutents of the plaque may share this effect.
Observation of k B T/f frequency noise in ultrahigh Q silicon nitride nanomechanical resonators

In this report, we study the noise characteristics of the high quality factor nanomechanical resonators made of tensile-stressed stoichiometric silicon nitride. Quality factors (Q) of more than 2 million are measured at liquid helium temperature. With such high Q, the resonator noise performance is studied with high precision. We observe that while the amplitude noise agrees well with the thermomechanical noise, the phase noise is significantly higher than that. Such discrepancy is found to be due to the intrinsic resonance frequency fluctuation. We develop a mathematical model to describe the observed phenomenon and derive an expression relating the phase noise and the resonance frequency noise power spectral densities. From the phase noise measurement, we calculate the resonance frequency noise spectrum of the resonators and conclude that it has a k B T/f dependence.
Osteochondral Allograft Transplantation

Full-thickness articular cartilage lesions can produce a variety of debilitating symptoms and lead to progressive arthrosis. Hyaline cartilage, once damaged, has limited or no capacity for intrinsic healing. These lesions are especially challenging to treat in the younger patient population. Many techniques have been used and described to treat these defects. Restoration of articular cartilage may be considered within the context of a complex algorithm and is dependent on a wide array of individualized variables. Osteochondral allograft transplantation (OAT) represents an important option in treating osteochondral defects. OAT has a long, successful history of clinical usage in treating both full-thickness cartilaginous and osteochondral defects. Clinical reports show excellent survivorship of these grafts, with more than 20 years of follow-up. Safety is a foremost concern when using OAT. Although rare, the transmission of disease is a primary consideration when transplanting viable, nonsterilized, biologic tissue. In light of logistical constraints and legally mandated regulations, the storage of osteochondral allografts has been increasingly used in clinical practice. With these considerations in mind, OAT remains a very attractive option to treat full-thickness chondral and osteochondral defects, typically greater than 2 cm 2 .
Clathrin is required for postmitotic Golgi reassembly

During the G2–M transition, the highly organized Golgi apparatus undergoes reversible fragmentation through unstacking of the cisternal ribbon and disassembly into radially dispersed vesicles and tubules. These Golgi-derived fragments redistribute randomly within the cytoplasm, partition stochastically, and in telophase coalesce to generate a functionally and structurally intact Golgi complex. Here we identified a novel step in postmitotic Golgi reassembly that requires the clathrin heavy chain (CHC). We used siRNA-mediated CHC knockdown, biochemistry, and morphological analysis and showed that the spindle- and spindle pole-associated clathrin pools are membrane-bound and required for postmitotic Golgi reassembly. The results presented here show that clathrin remains associated with the spindle poles throughout mitosis and that this clathrin pool is distinct from the previously characterized spindle-associated population. We suggest that clathrin may provide a template for postmitotic Golgi reassembly and...
Temporal variability in the composition and abundance of terrestrially-derived dissolved organic matter in the lower Mississippi and Pearl Rivers

Here we report on temporal changes in the concentration and composition of lignin phenols in high molecular weight (b0.2 μm, N1kDa)dissolvedorganicmatter(HMWDOM)collectedfromthelowerMississippiandPearlRivers(MRandPR)(USA).Monthly water samples were collected at a station in the lower reach in each river from August 2001 to August 2003. Significantly higher concentrations of lignin and Λ8 values (mg lignin phenols in 100 mg organic carbon) in the Pearl River than in the Mississippi River, reflected sporadic inputs of terrestrial DOM during rainstorm events from wetlands and forest soils. Larger seasonal variations in lignin concentration and composition in the Pearl River, compared to the Mississippi River, were attributed to shifts in organic matter sources from topsoil inputs during rainstorm events to groundwater inputs and in situ production during base flow in this small river. Conversely, lower Λ8 and vanillic acid to vanillin ratios [(Ad/Al)v] in the HMW DOM of the lower Mississippi River may be a result of a lower export rate of lignin from agricultural soils due to lower carbon storage in the expansive agricultural systems of the MississippiRiverwatershed,aswellasdilutionofphytoplanktonDOMinputs.Largeseasonalchangesinligninconcentrationand Λ8 (linked at times with river discharge), and minimal variability in the composition of lignin phenols, likely represented an integrated signal of soil-derived vascular inputs from the upstream drainage basin. If we are to better understand the controls of organic matter delivery to the coastal zone from both small and largerivers, sampling strategies need to be adjusted to account for the different scales of hydrologic response time and in situ processing associated with different residence times.