cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Numerical three dimensional calculations of tidally induced binary protostar formation

The manner in which interstellar clouds fragment into subcondensations capable of becoming stars is still unknown. A variety of mechanisms may be responsible for cloud fragmentation. The considered investigation is concerned with a mechanism which is based on tidal forces due to a companion cloud. A 3D code is used to study the tidal effects of point sources of various masses located in the equatorial plane of an initially uniform density, uniformly rotating, isothermal gas cloud. It is found that tidal forces can be quite effective at inducing fragmentation in an initially uniform cloud, although the effects are most pronounced for low thermal energy clouds, perturbed by perhaps unreasonably large tidal forces. It is also seen that tidal forces may be much less efficient at preventing the collapse of a cloud than has previously been supposed.
Out in the country: sprawl and the quest for nature nearby

Residential development at the rural fringe, although contributing to many environmental problems, is steadily attracting new homeowners. Among the appeals of living “out in the country” are being closer to “nature” and having “space.” The purpose of this study is to examine what these concepts mean to individuals who decide to live in new commuter-based subdivisions. Study participants (N=231), drawn from 18 residential communities in the same rural township, responded to a mailed survey that included 24 photographs of natural areas in communities such as theirs. In addition to having the scenes rated in terms of their similarity to the participants’ own setting, the survey included other approaches to assessing the perception of the nearby natural setting. Responses to one of these, an open-ended question about describing their neighborhood to a friend, showed a strong preponderance of nature-related descriptions (33% of all items mentioned). Based on the other questions, a typology of seven distinct kinds of natural areas emerged: manicured/landscaped areas, trees, gardens, mowed areas, forest, open fields, and wetlands. Using these seven nature categories to predict participants’ ratings of community satisfaction, regression analyses showed the overwhelming role played by the availability of forests. The forested scenes were also by far the most preferred. Yet forests are particularly vulnerable as new developments replace existing woodlands. The study thus points to the importance of finding ways to preserve the forested land, for environmental reasons as well as for the satisfactions derived from them by residents, neighbors, and visitors. Such protection of forests, as well as wetlands and open meadows, is more likely if these areas are seen by residents as being integral, communally owned parts of the overall development.
Families and Neighbors as Sources of Disadvantage in the Schooling Decisions of White and Black Adolescents

The effects of neighborhood and family characteristics on completed schooling are estimated with nationally representative longitudinal data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics. Consistent with theories of beneficial institutions and collective socialization, the presence of affluent neighbors appears to confer benefits on white males and on both white and black females, even after family-level factors such as parental income, maternal education, and family structure have been controlled for. Other neighborhood effects were more specialized but did not, in general, support the hypothesis that economically disadvantaged adolescents were especially vulnerable to either the positive or negative influences of neighborhoods. The racial composition of neighborhoods appeared to affect black but not white children. Family-level characteristics such as maternal education and family income were consistently important across all race and sex subgroups and were more powerful than any of the neighborhood character...
Gerstmann syndrome without aphasia: a longitudinal study

Abstract A case of “pure” and complete Gerstmann syndrome resulting from a focal vascular lesion in the posterior parietal area of the left hemisphere and not associated with aphasic disorder or general mental impairment is described. The initial symptom presentation of this patient supported the concept of the autonomous nature of the Gerstmann aggregate but longitudinal findings suggested that these symptoms did not in fact represent a coherent syndrome.
Hepatitis associated with Clostridium difficile in an ostrich chick.

A live 19-day-old male ostrich chick was euthanized and necropsied. It was one of 12 chicks in a group in which 8 had died with history of anorexia, diarrhoea and weight loss. The birds had been treated with amikacin, piperacillin and enrofloxacin. Necropsy of the ostrich revealed dehydration, mild ascites and serous atrophy of fat around the heart. The liver had numerous yellow tan foci on the capsular surface as well as on the cut surface. Caecal contents were watery. Microscopic examination of the liver revealed multifocal necrosis of hepatocytes with infiltration of heterophils mixed with fibrin, few lymphocytes, and multinucleated giant cells. A Gram stain of the liver revealed a few gram-positive bacilli scattered within the necrotic foci. Clostridium difficile was isolated from the liver, and toxin A was detected by ELISA. A retrospective examination of approximately 1000 ostriches submitted during a seven year period to the laboratory system revealed seven cases of hepatitis due to Clostridium per...
Prevalent immunosuppressive strategies in liver transplantation for hepatitis C: results of a multi-center international survey.

Summary To determine current immunosuppression regimens and strategies for acute cellular rejection in hepatitis C virus (HCV) patients after liver transplantation (LT), questionnaires were sent to 264 LT programs worldwide. Surveys from 81 programs were reviewed. In 27 centers (33.8%) the immunosuppression protocol used in HCV differed from non-HCV patients. Tacrolimus-based immunosuppression is utilized in 70 centers (86.42%). Triple therapy using tacrolimus, mycophenolate mofetil and steroids is the most common regimen (41%). Six programs (7.4%) use steroid-free protocols. In nine centers (11%) steroids are discontinued within a week, 56% within 3 months, and 98% within the first year. At 75% of centers, mild rejection is treated by increasing baseline immunosuppression. Moderate rejection is treated by increasing baseline immunosuppression in 38% of centers, steroid bolus in 44%, and either in 16%. For severe rejection, 46% of centers give bolus steroid, and 16% administer antibodies. Among respondents, non-US programs use significantly more cyclosporine than US programs (35.6% vs. 2.8%, P < 0.001). Duration of steroid therapy is significantly shorter in US programs than non-US (10.8 vs. 29.4 weeks, P < 0.001). There is no consensus regarding the best immunosuppressive regimen and rejection treatments in HCV patients after LT. Our results reveal the most prevalent management practices in this difficult group of patients.
GENERALIZED ARITHMETICAL FUNCTIONS OF THREE VARIABLES

The paper is devoted to the study of some properties of generalized arithmetical functions extended to the case of three variables. The convolution in this case is a convolution of the incidence algebra of a Mobius category in the sense of Leroux. This category is a two-sided analogue of the poset (it is viewed as a category) of positive integers ordered by divisibility.
Group communication and employee turnover: How coworkers encourage peers to voluntarily exit

When employees are assigned to work together, the coworker relationship may not always prove to be “a match made in heaven.” From time‐to‐time, coworkers may intentionally try to terminate some of these organizationally sanctioned relationships. This typology of 12 message‐based and seven behavior‐based strategies clearly suggest that coworkers do try to disengage work relationships by encouraging peer exit. This study suggest that the utilization of these strategies by coworkers may motivate turnover. Therefore, studying the particular messages shared and behaviors performed in workgroups may provide greater insight into the relationship between turnover and group communication.
Financial disclosure regulation and its critics

Abstract In February 1985, the Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations of the House Energy and Commerce Committee began a series of hearings that may lead to a proposal to expand the Securities and Exchange Commission's (SEC's) disclosure regulations. This article presents a synthesis of a growing body of literature that questions the need for any such regulation. Three types of critiques are discussed: first, studies that have examined the historical process through which the SEC was formed; second, empirical studies that have analyzed the effects of regulated disclosure on the capital markets; and third, theoretical studies that have questioned the fundamental rationale for financial disclosure regulation. Following these critiques, brief consideration is given to the role of security analysts and to the financial disclosure implications of modern portfolio theory. Finally, two alternatives to conventional financial disclosure regulation are presented. The purpose of this article is to stimulate interest in a critical examination of the SEC's existing disclosure program by providing a basis for discussion and analysis of the issues and the evidence and by presenting some alternatives based on the experiences of other countries. It is directed toward intermediate accounting courses, graduate courses in accounting theory and policy and graduate courses in corporate financial reporting.
Estrogen and progesterone receptors in breast cancer in black americans. Correlation of receptor data with tumor differentiation

It has been observed that 60-70% of breast cancer patients have estrogen receptors (ER) and that nearly two-thirds of such patients respond favorably to endocrine therapy. Cytosolic ER and progesterone receptors (PgR) have been evaluated in the current study, among 146 black women with breast cancer in order to determine whether the distribution of ER and PgR differs from the national norm. The results showed following trends that were similar to reports from other institutions: (1) postmenopausal patients and primary tumors showed higher ER positivity than premenopausal patients and metastatic sites, respectively; (2) a significant correlation between the ER positivity and tumor grade; and (3) a higher PgR positivity in ER-positive patients than in ER-negative patients. However, statistically significant differences were observed in three parameters when compared to reports from other institutions on white patients: (1) a low incidence of ER-positive (46%) and high incidence of ER-negative (42%) tumors; (2) a higher incidence of poorly differentiated (55.5%) and a lower incidence of well differentiated (5.5%) tumors; tumor grade was independent of age, menopausal status, histopathology and stage; and (3) a higher percentage of patients discovered at a more advanced stage of the disease. The clinical implications of these results in explaining the relatively poorer survival of black women with breast cancer compared to whites is discussed. Whether this high incidence of PD tumors and thus a high incidence of ER negativity is due to ethnic differences and/or environmental and other factors remains to be elucidated.
Revisit of the two-dimensional indentation deformation of an elastic half-space

Recently, there is a growing interest in two-dimensional (2D) plane indentation as an imprinting method for creating nanostructures. There is also a strong interest in using 2D flat-ended, wedge, and cylindrical indenters for characterizing mechanical properties of materials. In either case the knowledge of load versus displacement of the indenter is important. However, there has been some confusion about the load–displacement relationships for 2D indentation in the literature. Concerning this confusion on the relationship between the indentation load and the indentation depth for 2D elastic indentations, the symmetric indentation of an elastic half-space is studied. Parameters are introduced in determining the semianalytical relation between the indentation load and the indentation depth for flat-ended indenters and in determining the dependence of the indentation depth on the contact size for non-flat-ended indenters. The indentation load is proportional to the indentation depth for the indentation by flat-ended indenters and is a parabolic function of the indentation depth to the first order of approximation for non-flat-ended indenters including the wedge and cylindrical indenters.
Basic system design of a broad-band real-time phase contrast wavefront sensor for adaptive optics

The most common wavefront sensor for real-time use in high-order adaptive optics systems is the Shack-Hartmann, in part because it is sensitive to a broad optical band. An alternative possibility is based on Zernike's phase contrast technique. Though quite sensitive in principle, at least for monochromatic light, there had been no simple way to obtain the broadband performance needed for competitive sensitivity in an actual adaptive optics system. Recently, we proposed a general achromatization scheme that relies upon the innate π/2 phase shift between the transmitted and reflected beams in a beam splitter. Here, a more detailed study of this broad-band phase contrast wavefront sensor is presented, along with some practical issues concerning component tolerances. These results offer encouraging indications that broad-wavelength-band implementations will be feasible in practice.
Water uptake in the cat flea Ctenocephalides felis (Pulicidae: Siphonaptera).

To counteract water loss due to excretion, cuticular transpiration and respiration, various groups of arthropods have developed mechanisms for active uptake of water vapor from unsaturated air. In this study, active uptake capabilities and water loss rates were examined in the various developmental stages of the cat flea, Ctenocephalides felis. To determine critical equilibrium humidity, the lowest relative humidity at which active water uptake can occur, pre-desiccated immature and adult fleas were placed in a series of humidity regimes ranging from 44 to 93% RH. Active uptake occurred in larval stages at relative humidities above 53% and in pre-pupae at 75–93% RH. Pupae and adults did not demonstrate active uptake at any humidity. Optimal uptake for larvae occurred between 20 and 30 °C. When placed over Drierite® (<10% RH), larval and adult stages demonstrated a higher rate of water loss than pre-pupal and pupal stages. Active water uptake is necessary to ensure proper development of the larvae of C. felis. Active uptake ceases after the larval-pupal ecdysis and it appears that adults have lost the ability to actively uptake water.
Comment on "On Porous-Wall Couette Flow under Slip Flow Conditions"

I the foregoing note, Dix correctly points out the correct boundary conditions at the moving wall and gives the solution of the problem. Consequently, the author's assertion that velocities become indefinitely large as Re(£u/L) -* 1 is incorrect. The correct solution also was kindly pointed out to the author earlier by S. H. Maslen of the Martin Marietta Company, and an errata was being prepared when the forementioned note came to the author's attention. Correct velocity profiles are shown in Fig. 1.
Initiation of endogenous messenger RNA translation on hen oviduct polysomes

The eIF-2A fraction of reticulocyte ribosomal salt wash is capable of maximally stimulating the translation of endogenous messenger RNA by hen oviduct polysomes. The factor increases the initiation of protein synthesis 2--3-fold when measured by the factor-dependent synthesis of NH2-terminal peptides. The addition to these polysomes of elongation factor, EF-1, also increases protein synthesis but at a distinctly different rate and Mg2+ concentration optimum than the eIF-2A fraction. Moreover, there is no stimulation of NH2-terminal peptide synthesis with EF-1 alone. In contrast, all the known initiation factors are required for the translation of exogenous globulin mRNA on oviduct polysomes. Reticulocyte polysomes isolated by an identical procedure to that used for oviduct polysomes or by standard methods also require all the initiation factors for the translation of either endogenous mRNA or exogenous ovalbumin mRNA. Addition of 7-methylguanosine 5'-monophosphate does not inhibit the factor-dependent stimulation of oviduct polysomes except at high concentrations (1.0 mM) indicating that the sites with which 7-methylguanosine 5'-monophosphate normally competes are already occupied. These findings suggest that the messenger RNA remains bound to the oviduct polysomes or initiation factors. Hence the addition of exogenous factors which are involved with mRNA recognition and binding to the ribosome are not required. It has been previously shown that eIF-2A is capable of binding in vitro the initiatior tRNA to an existing Ado-Urd-Gua-40 S complex and initiating protein synthesis when such a complex is present. These present studies indicate that such an initiation complex may exist within the oviduct cell on membrane-associated polysomes. Under these circumstances eIF-2A mediates binding of the initiator tRNA and initiates protein synthesis.
Essay Cultivating simple virtues in medicine

We have all marveled at the gifts of talented clinicians at work, individuals who can put troubled patients at ease with a few simple words or make a complex diagnosis at a glance. Understanding how they acquired excellence and how to pass it on to others, however, poses a challenge. The timeless inquiry into human excellence constitutes the branch of philosophy known as virtue ethics.1 Virtue ethics identifies the individual as a central moral agent and characterizes those dispositions that predispose to right or excellent actions as virtues, and those that predispose to wrong or poor actions as vices. Aristotle used physicians–as well as ship captains–as one of his central models for a virtuous person.1 Both make decisions based on complex and sometimes conflicting observations, and both exemplify the value of virtues such as courage, judgment, fidelity, and prudence. Physicians are well suited to the study of virtue ethics because clinical care provides them an unadulterated view of human virtues and vices, ready familiarity with the language people use to describe them, and direct experience with their consequences. So how do we learn excellence? The great medical virtues–compassion, fidelity (trust), justice, and integrity–develop gradually and frequently build on simpler virtues such as tact, self-awareness, good humor, reverence, and simplicity. These simpler virtues are less celebrated and often overlooked. It may seem odd to consider tact a virtue worthy of mention in that it can neither save a life nor advance technology. If it is taught, it is never taught formally. Highlighting its presence in a colleague might raise suspicions that it is being mentioned in lieu of other, more tangible, capabilities. Tact can be defined as the ability in conversation to say and leave unsaid just the right things. Tact helps protect patients from excessive or needless exposure. …
PRESENCE AND PHOSPHORYLATION OF TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS IN DEVELOPING DENDRITES

In screening amplified poly(A) mRNA from hippocampal dendrites and growth cones in culture to determine candidates for local translation, we found that select transcription factor mRNAs were present. We hypothesized that synthesis of transcription factor proteins within dendrites would provide a direct signaling pathway between the distal dendrite and the nucleus resulting in modulation of gene expression important for neuronal differentiation. To evaluate this possibility, radiolabeled amplified antisense RNA was used to probe slot blots of transcription factor cDNAs as well as arrayed blots of zinc finger transcription factors. The mRNAs encoding the cAMP response element binding protein (CREB), zif 268, and one putative transcription factor were detected. We expanded upon these results showing that CREB protein is present in dendrites, that translation of CREB mRNA in isolated dendrites is feasible and that CREB protein found in dendrites can interact with the cis-acting cyclic AMP reponse element DNA sequence by using an in situ Southwestern assay. Further, CREB protein in dendrites is not transported to this site from the cell body because fluorescently tagged CREB microperfused into the soma did not diffuse into the dendrites. In addition, CREB protein microperfused into dendrites was rapidly transported to the nucleus, its likely site of bioactivity. Lastly, by using the isolated dendrite system we show that phosphorylation of Ser-133 on CREB protein can occur in isolated dendrites independent of the nucleus. These data provide a regulatory pathway in which transcription factors synthesized and posttranslationally modified in dendrites directly alter gene expression bypassing the integration of signal transduction pathways that converge on the nucleus.
Matrix computations and polynomial root-finding with preprocessing☆

Solution of homogeneous linear systems of equations is a basic operation of matrix computations. The customary algorithms rely on pivoting, orthogonalization and SVD, but we employ randomized preprocessing instead. This enables us to accelerate the solution dramatically, both in terms of the estimated arithmetic cost and the observed CPU time. The approach is effective in the cases of both general and structured input matrices and we extend it and its computational advantages to the solution of nonhomogeneous linear systems of equations, matrix eigen-solving, the solution of polynomial and secular equations, and approximation of a matrix by a nearby matrix that has a smaller rank or a fixed structure (e.g., of the Toeplitz or Hankel type). Our analysis and extensive experiments show the power of the presented algorithms.
Effects of single-tryptophan mutations on R67 dihydrofolate reductase.

R67 dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) is an R-plasmid-encoded enzyme that confers clinical resistance to the antibacterial drug trimethoprim. This enzyme shows no sequence or structural homology to th...
Differential induction of sister chromatid exchanges by indirect-acting mutagen-carcinogens at early and late stages of embryonic development

To examine the development of drug-metabolizing enzyme systems in the early chick embryo, the procarcinogens, aflatoxin B1 (AF-B1) and 2-acetylamino-fluorene (2-AAF), and the direct-acting carcinogen, ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) (positive control), were given to embryos; the sister-chromatid-exchange (SCE) technique was used as an indicator of conversion to active mutagenic metabolites. Chick embryos at two stages of incubation (3-day and 6-day) were exposed to the same graded series of dosages of the compounds for a period of 22 hours. All three mutagens increased the frequency of SCE above the control rate of 1,8 SCEs/cell. While a dose-dependent increase in SCE was obtained for both procarcinogens at each age, the mean SCE frequency was significantly higher in the 6-day embryos for each dosage given. In contrast, the direct-acting mutagen, EMS,. gave a reduced level of SCEs at the older age. These results suggest that the ability of early chick embryos to activate promutagens to forms capable of inducing SCE increases as development advances from three to six days of incubation (DI). In the 6-day embryo, the metabolic conversion is enhanced, resulting in a significant increase in the mutagenicity of the test chemicals.
IT divergence in reengineering support: performance expectations vs. perceptions

Abstract Current literature is replete with reports highlighting the successes and failures of business process reengineering (BPR) efforts. Organizations have begun to realize the key enabling role of information technology (IT) in support of these efforts. However, expectations of the influence of IT in BPR as well as aspects of the organization which influence IT, may far outweigh the actual results. A panel of experts was questioned and 43 businesses currently undergoing reengineering were examined in order to determine a ‘divergence’ between expectations and observations on the role of IT in BPR. The organizational groups within the businesses consisted of business managers, executives, administrative/staff personnel, IT personnel, and consultants actually involved in reengineering projects. The study sought answers to three research questions: Are there significant differences in IT in BPR expectations and observations?, Do they vary by constituency group?, and Do they vary according to the level of organizational IT effectiveness? The study identified three factors that represent significant differences in these shortfalls. These are labeled as Strategic Planning Empowerment, IT Support for Process Improvement, and IT/Business Politics. The study also determined differences between groups, as well as between varying levels of IT effectiveness.
Complex Relationship between Ligand Binding and Dimerization in the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor

The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) plays pivotal roles in development and is mutated or overexpressed in several cancers. Despite recent advances, the complex allosteric regulation of EGFR remains incompletely understood. Through efforts to understand why the negative cooperativity observed for intact EGFR is lost in studies of its isolated extracellular region (ECR), we uncovered unexpected relationships between ligand binding and receptor dimerization. The two processes appear to compete. Surprisingly, dimerization does not enhance ligand binding (although ligand binding promotes dimerization). We further show that simply forcing EGFR ECRs into preformed dimers without ligand yields ill-defined, heterogeneous structures. Finally, we demonstrate that extracellular EGFR-activating mutations in glioblastoma enhance ligand-binding affinity without directly promoting EGFR dimerization, suggesting that these oncogenic mutations alter the allosteric linkage between dimerization and ligand binding. Our findings have important implications for understanding how EGFR and its relatives are activated by specific ligands and pathological mutations.
Studies on higher plant protoplasts by scanning electron microscopy

Abstract Methods for isolating and preparing protoplasts for study by scanning electron microscopy, including the labelling of membranes with a Concanavalin A complex, are briefly reviewed and an account given of results obtained with protoplasts from tobacco leaves, vine, petunia and antirrhinum. The appearance of freshly obtained protoplasts as seen by SEM is described and the course of cell wall regeneration reported. The use of the Con A complex as a ‘marker’ for plasma membranes is illustrated by reference to the process of fusion of protoplasts induced by polyethylene glycol. The results are discussed in relation to the properties of the plasmalemma of higher plants and the potential of SEM in this field of research.
Salmeterol Efficacy and Bias in the Activation and Kinase-Mediated Desensitization of β2-Adrenergic Receptors

Salmeterol is a long-acting β2-adrenergic receptor (β2AR) agonist that is widely used as a bronchodilator for the treatment of persistent asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in conjunction with steroids. Previous studies demonstrated that salmeterol showed weak efficacy for activation of adenylyl cyclase; however, its efficacy in the complex desensitization of the β2AR remains poorly understood. In this work, we provide insights into the roles played by the G protein-coupled receptor kinase/arrestin and protein kinase A in salmeterol-mediated desensitization through bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) studies of liganded-β2AR binding to arrestin and through kinetic studies of cAMP turnover. First, BRET demonstrated a much reduced efficacy for salmeterol recruitment of arrestin to β2AR relative to isoproterenol. The ratio of BRETISO/BRETSALM after 5-minute stimulation was 20 and decreased to 5 after 35 minutes, reflecting a progressive decline in BRETISO and a stable BRETSALM. Second, to assess salmeterol efficacy for functional desensitization, we examined the kinetics of salmeterol-induced cAMP accumulation (0-30 minutes) in human airway smooth muscle cells in the presence and absence of phosphodiesterase inhibition. Analysis of shaping of cAMP turnover for both agonists demonstrated significant salmeterol desensitization, although it was reduced relative to isoproterenol. Using an isoproterenol rescue protocol after either short-term (10 minutes) or long-term (2 and 14 hours) salmeterol pretreatments, we found that salmeterol progressively depressed isoproterenol stimulation but did not prevent subsequent rescue by isoproterenol and additional isoproterenol-mediated desensitization. Our findings reveal a complex efficacy for functional desensitization, demonstrating that although salmeterol shows weak efficacy for adenylyl cyclase activation and G protein-coupled receptor kinase/arrestin-mediated desensitization, it acts as a strong agonist in highly amplified protein kinase A-mediated events.
Selective deletion of leptin receptors in gonadotropes reveals activin and GnRH-binding sites as leptin targets in support of fertility.

The adipokine, leptin (LEP), is a hormonal gateway, signaling energy stores to appetite-regulatory neurons, permitting reproduction when stores are sufficient. Dual-labeling for LEP receptors (LEPRs) and gonadotropins or GH revealed a 2-fold increase in LEPR during proestrus, some of which was seen in LH gonadotropes. We therefore investigated LEPR functions in gonadotropes with Cre-LoxP technology, deleting the signaling domain of the LEPR (Lepr-exon 17) with Cre-recombinase driven by the rat LH-β promoter (Lhβ-cre). Selectivity of the deletion was validated by organ genotyping and lack of LEPR and responses to LEP by mutant gonadotropes. The mutation had no impact on growth, body weight, the timing of puberty, or pregnancy. Mutant females took 36% longer to produce their first litter and had 50% fewer pups/litter. When the broad impact of the loss of gonadotrope LEPR on all pituitary hormones was studied, mutant diestrous females had reduced serum levels of LH (40%), FSH (70%), and GH (54%) and mRNA lev...
Circadian rhythms: finer clock control.

The clock that governs circadian rhythms is based on a molecular feedback loop, which has just become more complex — two more proteins have been identified as likely components of the loop.
Disambiguation by community membership.

To interpret utterances in conversations, listeners must often make reference to the common ground they share with speakers. For example, when faced with an utterance such as “That game was a disaster,” listeners must decide whether they share common assumptions about what out-come would be disastrous. In our experiments, we examine how common ground, as encoded in community membership, is used to constrain judgments about the interpretations of ambiguous utterances. In Experiment 1, subjects were sensitive to community membership when they were asked to evaluate the interpretations at a leisurely pace. Experiment 2 replicated this result with greater time pressure. Experiment 3 demonstrated that judgments based on assessments of community membership were equivalent to those based on certain knowledge, except when the judgments were challenged. The results suggest that models of memory retrieval during language comprehension should make mention of access to common ground.
Cross section for the reaction Cl + (CO,O) CCl + : heat of formation of CCl +

Abstract The cross section for thhe reaction Cl+ (CO,O)CCT+ was measured over an energy range from threshold to 18 eV in the center-of-mass system using a tandem mass spectrometer. The threshold value yielded a heat formation of CCl+ of 15.7 ±0.1 eV.
Determination of saliva and dental plaque pH in hamsters with glass micro-electrodes.

Abstract Measurements of the pH of saliva, conjunctival fluid and dental plaques in situ were made in hamsters receiving a caries-conducive diet, by the use of glass microelectrodes specific for hydrogen ions. The pH of conjunctival fluid ranged between 6.3 and 7.3. The pH values for saliva ranged between 6.3 and 9.0 depending on the exposure to air, and presumably the amount of CO 2 lost to the air. All dental plaques fermented sucrose but only in hamsters in which dental caries was developing as a result of infection with cariogenic streptococci did the plaques ferment sucrose rapidly and attain strongly acid values. Thus caries in hamsters, like caries in man, seems to be associated with acidogenic activity of microbial plaques.
From family to peer: A review of transitions of influence among drug-using youth.

The research concerning relative and independent influences of family and peers upon adolescent drug use is reviewed. Although conflict between family and adolescents is one of the oldest, most predictable, and—in Western society—probably least avoidable of developmental conflicts, the sharp focus upon this conflict in the context of adolescent drug use is a more recent development. As interest and concern regarding adolescent drug use has grown, so has the research seeking to explain this behavior. Much of this research has focused upon the role of family and peer influence. After a brief review of the theories which support either the greater impact of family or peer influence on adolescent behavior, a more specific review of the literature concerning the role of these influences on adolescent drug use is presented. The outline of this presentation is derived from Kandel's theory of stages of drug use. Finally, a summary of research findings and specific suggestions for future research are made.
Experimental evidence of non-local shear viscosity correction of the mode-mode coupling theory of Kawasaki in a binary liquid mixture

Abstract Ratios of Rayleigh linewidths of a binary fluid at scattering angles 30° and 120° as a function of the correlation length show good agreement with the self-consistent mode-mode coupling theory of Kawasaki and Lo in the temperature range 0.001° T − T c
Quinacrine Fluorescence Patterns and Terminal DNA Labelling of Human C Group Chromosomes

THE human C group chromosomes have been difficult to study because they have rather similar morphology. Application of the quinacrine fluorescent staining technique developed by Caspersson et al.1 now allows the identification of individual chromosomes and of the chromosome segments involved in translocations because the fluorescent patterns are not altered by the translocation2–4. We have reported the value of this technique in analysing abnormalities of the D4 and G3 groups. We report here a variety of structural changes of C group chromosomes which have been characterized in this way, as well as the terminal DNA replication pattern of the C group chromosomes.
The social organization and territoriality of short-tailed shrew (Blarina brevicauda) populations in old-field habitats

Abstract The social organization of short-tailed shrew (Blarina brevicauda) populations was studied using field and laboratory experiments and observation of a shrew population inside a large enclosure. Short-tailed shrew populations contain resident and nomadic components. Residents occupy small stationary areas at high prey densities and larger areas that are shifted frequently at low prey densities. Areas occupied by residents overlap minimally in winter, non-breeding populations. In summer breeding populations areas occupied by residents of the same sex do not overlap while those of residents of opposite sexes may overlap. Residents defend the area occupied against conspecifics. Scent markings along boundaries appear to maintain the spatial distribution of residents and deter intrusions by nomadic shrews. During encounters vocalizations function as offensive threats, and attacks and chases follow if the intruding shrew does not retreat. Visual communication appears to be less important than chemical and vocal communication in the defence of the area occupied. These data suggest that Blarina is a solitary territorial species.
Alcoholic hyalin-containing hepatocytes — a characteristic morphologic appearance

We studied the morphologic appearance of alcoholic hyalin (AH)-containing hepatocytes in liver biopsies from 14 patients with alcoholic liver disease. Most hepatocytes had a characteristic appearance. The cells were swollen and hydropic with an intact cell membrane. The mitochondria had variable-sized cristae which were both shortened and elongated. The smooth endoplasmic reticulum was markedly decreased. The rough endoplasmic reticulum was bizarre, with detachment of the ribosomes that surrounded the AH. The hepatocytes that contained AH bodies had lost almost all the glucose-6-phosphate activity but had variable amounts of succinic dehydrogenase and diphosphopyridine nucleotide diaphorase activities. The neutrophils admixed with mononuclear cells attached themselves to the hepatocytes and then invaginated into the hepatocytic cytoplasm with focal lysis of the cell membrane mediated via the release of neutrophilic lysosomes. The distortion of protein-synthesizing organelles and decrease in glucose-6-phosphatase activity suggest that the AH-containing hepatocyte is metabolically decompensated. The final cell death may be related to the neutrophilic attack, rather than the metabolic derangement.
Book Review: Introducing Monte Carlo Methods with R

Robert, C. P., Casella, G. (2010). Introducing Monte Carlo Methods with R. New York: Springer. This book in Springer's Use R! series provides a concise and self-contained introduction to Monte Carl...
STAFF DEVELOPMENT FOR UNIVERSITY AND COLLEGE ADMINISTRATORS IN AUSTRALIA

The universities have traditionally seen as one of their major functions the preparation of persons for the higher professions. Though the definition of high profession has been expanded in recent decades to include a wide spectrum of occupations ranging all the way from forestry to accountancy and including various kinds of administration, whether it be business or hospital or school, the universities hate been very slow in recognising university administration as an area requiring their attention. Universities provide preparation for many professions including those relating to administration, but they have been slow to develop courses to meet the requirements of their own complex administrative systems. The reason for this lies in an outmoded perspective of the modern university. In Australia, programmes of training are now being introduced. Some of these are examined and described.
Post-Heart Transplant Diastolic Dysfunction Is a Risk Factor for Mortality

Objectives The purpose of this study was to evaluate the incidence and prognostic implication of diastolic dysfunction (DD) occurring in the first year after transplant. Background Diastolic dysfunction is a recognized complication in heart transplant recipients, but its true incidence and natural history has been poorly characterized. We studied the prognostic implication of DD, as defined by elevated filling pressures with normal systolic function, occurring in the first year after transplant. Methods Between June 1992 and June 2002, all patients who underwent heart transplantation at a single institution were included in the study (231 at 6 weeks and 250 at 6 months and 1 year). Diastolic dysfunction was defined as right atrial pressure (RAP) ≥15 mm Hg (right ventricular [RV] DD) or pulmonary capillary wedge pressure ≥18 mm Hg (left ventricular [LV] DD) with normal systolic function by echocardiogram and without severe mitral or tricuspid insufficiency. In addition, RV DD was defined by a RAP/stroke volume (SV) ratio. Results The incidence of DD was 22%, 8%, and 12% at 6 weeks, 6 months, and 1 year, respectively. The incidence of LV DD was more frequent than that of RV DD at any time point (p Conclusions Diastolic dysfunction is common early after transplant, and its incidence decreases during the first year. Right ventricular DD, as measured by an elevated RAP/SV ratio, but not LV DD is a strong predictor of cardiac mortality. Further studies are needed to evaluate the functional status of patients with RV or LV DD and whether aggressive medical therapy for early DD could alter outcome.
Interactions between human melanoprotein and chlorpromazine derivatives I. Isolation and purification of human melanoprotein from hair and melanoma tissue

Abstract Human melanoprotein was isolated and purified from black hair and melanoma tissues in yields of 3 and 16%, respectively. IR, UV, EPR and mass spectral data were reported and the significance of these data was discussed with respect to the structure of the unknown melanoproteins. A pigment fraction with a molecular weight of 465 was isolated from human hair, and it is suggested that this fraction is a precursor of melanin.
Comparison of Some Approximate Methods for Calculating Re-Entry Ablation of a Subliming Material

calorimeter. This pa t t e rn was observed with other gases also, and it was a reproducible effect. I t is believed t h a t the heat transfer ra te in the thi rd section included a radiative contribution which was absent in the other two sections, and a radiat ive correction would, therefore, bring the observed and the predicted values closer together. I t m a y be concluded t h a t the turbulent pipe flow equation (Eq. [1]) can predict heat transfer rates correctly, within 15 to 20 per cent, in regions as close to the inlet as 7 to 10 diam for a geometry as shown in Fig. 1. Since the observed results represent average conditions over 2\ diameters it is probable t h a t heat transfer rates considerably greater t h a n those measured in section 1 prevail locally in the ups t ream portion of this section.
Building Blocks of an E-Government: A Framework

The movement toward electronic government (e-government) is rapidly advancing as nations exploit new electronic means of communication such as the Internet. The e-government transformation process can be and often is seriously hindered when initiatives are disjointed and uncoordinated by an overall strategy. Although many countries are creating e-government services, there is no documentation of an e-government framework to guide the process. Guidelines for implementation of e-government are also missing from the literature. The purpose of this paper is to conceptualize a framework that could guide the transformation process toward an e-government model. The paper also suggests various actions needed for e-government implementation.
Relationship between Television Viewing Frequency and Scores on Shyness among Philippine High School Students

The association between frequency of watching TV and scores on a measure of shyness was estimated for a sample of 3,307 Philippine high school students (1,267 boys and 1,819 girls). Students who watched more than 5 hours of TV a day scored significantly higher on shyness than students who watch less TV.
Alpha-decay half-life of 151Tb

Abstract The decay of 151 Tb was studied to resolve between conflicting values that have been measured for the alpha-decay half-life of 151 Tb. By determining the alpha-decay and total decay rates of a chemically purified sample that contained mainly 151 Tb activity, an α/total branching ratio of (8.3±2.5) × 10 −5 was calculated. This ratio corresponds to an alpha half-life of 25±7 y. The indication then is that the alpha decay rate of 151 Tb, in comparison to the decay rates of neighboring doubly even alpha emitters, is hindered by a factor of about 4.5 and not≳ 100 as has been reported by some investigators.
PROCEDURES TO INCREASE SOME ASPECTS OF CREATIVITY

Abstract Instructions reinforcement (team points), and practice were applied to four behaviorally defined creative behaviors of eight fourth- and fifth-grade students. All four aspects (number of different responses, fluency; number of verb forms, flexibility; number of words per response, elaboration; and statistical infrequency of response forms, originality) were demonstrated to be under experimental control. The procedures also raised students' scores on Torrance's tests of creativity. Application of the experimental procedures may well be practical for classroom teachers.
Embryonic stem cell neurogenesis and neural specification

The prospect of using embryonic stem cell (ESC)-derived neural progenitors and neurons to treat neurological disorders has led to great interest in defining the conditions that guide the differentiation of ESCs, and more recently induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), into neural stem cells (NSCs) and a variety of neuronal and glial subtypes. Over the past decade, researchers have looked to the embryo to guide these studies, applying what we know about the signaling events that direct neural specification during development. This has led to the design of a number of protocols that successfully promote ESC neurogenesis, terminating with the production of neurons and glia with diverse regional addresses and functional properties. These protocols demonstrate that ESCs undergo neural specification in two, three, and four dimensions, mimicking the cell-cell interactions, patterning, and timing that characterizes the in vivo process. We therefore propose that these in vitro systems can be used to examine the molecular regulation of neural specification.
FINITE TRANSLATIONS IN SOLID-STATE PHYSICS.

Eigenvalues of finite translations are used for specifying a complete set of states in quantum mechanics. A derivation of these states is given and they are shown to be very useful in solid-state physics.
Isotropic distribution approximation in solar energy estimations

Abstract The isotropic distribution approximation commonly used for the estimation of the diffuse solar energy received by a tilted surface, is examined by studying the ratio of the energy computed using this approximation and that computed with an exact procedure. This examination is carried out for a tilted flat surface located at the bottom of five different models of the cloudfree, midlatitude, summer atmosphere. These models are assumed to rest on a ground absorbing all incident energy. The outward normal to the flat surface is confined to the sun's meridian plane. The first model is free of aerosols and absorbing gases. Absorption by average amounts of carbon dioxide, oxygen, ozone, and water vapor is included in the remaining four models. The second model is also free of aerosols, but the last three models contain aerosols in the form of a spherical polydispersion made from a substance with a spectrally independent refractive index of 1.5-0.0li. Models 3 and 4 are expected to represent, respectively, the average and strongly turbid conditions encountered over large continental areas. Models 3 and 5 contain aerosols with different size distribution characteristics, but have the same amount of aerosol mass loading per unit horizontal area. Values of the direct solar radiation and of the diffuse sky radiation incident upon the tilted surface were calculated at 77 unequally spaced wavelengths in the spectral region 0.305-2.5 μm. This spectral resolution provides acceptable values of various wavelength integrals in the presence of absorption by the aforementioned gases. Furthermore, the field of the diffuse radiation was evaluated at a sufficient number of points in the zenith, and azimuth angles for obtaining reliable integrations over the respective parameters under various conditions. The diffuse radiation was calculated after taking into account all orders of scattering. It has been shown that the use of the isotropic distribution approximation results in a significant under- or over-estimation of the diffuse energy depending upon the tilt angle of the surface, position of the sun, and atmospheric conditions.