cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cellular Mechanisms of Mechanotransduction in Bone

Bone is a dynamic tissue that adjusts its structure over time to adapt to changes in mechanical load. This adaptive ability is critical to skeletal development and maintenance of optimal skeletal health throughout life. Imbalances in the ability of bone to keep pace with demands placed on it by mechanical loading results in bone that is fragile and susceptible to fracture. The cells within bone, i.e. osteocytes and osteoblasts, are responsible for detecting and responding to mechanical loading. Understanding how bone cells sense and respond to mechanical signals (the process known as mechanotransduction) has been the focus of considerable research. Despite excellent progress over the past two decades, the precise mechanisms by which bone cells perceive and mediate proper responses to mechanical loading are not fully understood. When bone is loaded, movement of interstitial fluid is generated within the small spaces that surround bone cells. This movement generates fluid shear stress (FSS) that stimulates bone cells, resulting in enhanced anabolic activity. Most research on cellular mechanisms of mechanotransduction is now focused on understanding the mechanisms through which bone cells sense FSS and generate a proper biochemical response. Mechanisms of cellular mechanotransduction likely involve the adhesive junctions, integrins, mechanically-sensitive ion channels, purinergic receptors, gap junctions and primary cilia. The integrin family of cell adhesion molecules may, as their name implies, “integrate” mechanical signals across the cell surface. It is also likely that ion channels, particularly calcium changes, play a critical role in mediating mechanical responses to FSS. This review will focus on recent progress in understanding how bone cells detect and respond to mechanical stimuli using novel multi-protein signaling complexes called “mechanosomes”.
A coupled Lorenz-cell model of Rayleigh-Bénard turbulence

Abstract A lattice of fluid vortices, coupled by viscous and thermal effects, is modeled by coupled Lorenz systems. This model is used to study the turbulent dynamics of a one-dimensional Rayleigh-Benard system. The model displays spatiotemporal intermittency. The transition to turbulence is similar to the one found in experiments and theoretical studies of coupled map lattices.
CHAOTIC MEAN FIELD DYNAMICS OF A BOOLEAN NETWORK WITH RANDOM CONNECTIVITY

Random Boolean networks have been used as simple models of gene regulatory networks, enabling the study of the dynamic behavior of complex biological systems. However, analytical treatment has been difficult because of the structural heterogeneity and the vast state space of these networks. Here we used mean field approximations to analyze the dynamics of a class of Boolean networks in which nodes have random degree (connectivity) distributions, characterized by the mean degree k and variance D .T o achieve this we generalized the simple cellular automata rule 126 and used it as the Boolean function for all nodes. The equation for the evolution of the density of the network state is presented as a one-dimensional map for various input degree distributions, with k and D as the control parameters. The mean field dynamics is compared with the data obtained from the simulations of the Boolean network. Bifurcation diagrams and Lyapunov exponents for different parameter values were computed for the map, showing period doubling route to chaos with increasing k. Onset of chaos was delayed (occurred at higher k) with the increase in variance D of the connectivity. Thus, the network tends to be less chaotic when the heterogeneity, as measured by the variance of connectivity, was higher.
A dilated inferior vena cava is a marker of poor survival

Background The inferior vena cava (IVC) morphology is often used to estimate right atrial pressure; however, the association of IVC morphology and outcome is poorly described. Methods We evaluated 4383 consecutive outpatients (98% men) undergoing echocardiography at 1 of 3 Veterans Affairs laboratories. Results Of the 3729 with adequate images, 3295 (88%) had a normal IVC ( P = .0005) and were more likely to have a history of heart failure (11% vs 18% if dilated with collapse and 38% if dilated without collapse, P P P Conclusion A dilated IVC without collapse with inspiration is associated with worse survival in men independent of a history of heart failure, other comorbidities, ventricular function, and pulmonary artery pressure.
A technique for tagging and tracing air parcels

Successful tagging and tracing experiments have been carried out, using an aerosol of fluorescent pigment and exploring the aerosol “plumes” with an airplane carrying continuously-operating impaction equipment. Particles collected were identified and counted under the microscope, using ultraviolet illumination. Analysis of the data has yielded information on plume widths and concentrations up to 107 mi from the dispersal point.
Optical Architecture For Acousto-Optic Space Integrating Correlator

An architecture for a real-time signal correlation based on optical joint transform correlation is proposed. Two parallel on-plane acousto-optic (AO) cells and square-law converter are employed to produce cross correlation of two electrical signals. Arrangement of the two AO cells on the same plane permits this architecture to be implemented in a compact form. The proposed architecture has a capability of performing parallel multiple cross correlations by addition of AO cells on the input plane. The theoretical analysis and preliminary experimental results are presented.
Can the alternative male tactics ‘fighter’ and ‘sneaker’ be considered ‘coercer’ and ‘cooperator’ in coho salmon?

Females often prefer to mate with males with certain traits. Preferred males might cooperate with females to reduce the direct costs of reproduction. However, unpreferred males use alternative tactics that attempt to alter female choice in their favour, such as coercion. When this occurs, females have to choose whether to pay the costs of coercion and mate with preferred males or avoid the costs of coercion by mating with unpreferred males. The decisions females make are expected to depend on the relative costs and benefits of mating with preferred and unpreferred males and the frequencies of the two male types. Here I present a study of simultaneous coercion and cooperation among wild coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch. This species is well known for its alternative male types, sneakers and fighters. I found evidence that females prefer to mate with, and cooperate with, small sneaker males, but regularly mate with large fighting males to avoid the costs of coercion. Large males were more aggressive towards females than were small males. In addition, females spent more time preparing their nests when they were alone with small males than when they were accompanied by large males, and they oviposited for longer durations when small males were part of the spawning group.
Narrating “White Slavery!” in The Wire: A Generic Genealogy

Home Box Office's The Wire is a cop show that boldly seeks to explore the tensions in the grand narratives that we brought with us into the twenty-first century—mythologies regarding the safety our state can provide us, the postracial society many thought we had built in the United States, the stability of the United States as a superpower, our unshakable economy, the undeniability of social mobility, our unlimited individual potential, our pursuit of the true and the good. Focusing specific attention on the representation of modern slavery in season 2, Laura Murphy locates The Wire in a long tradition of representing slavery that can further inform our reading of the program's interrogation of early twenty-first-century American life, cultures, and literary traditions. Read in the context of two modes of representing slavery in particular—the African American slave narrative tradition and the “white slavery” narratives of the early twentieth century—The Wire becomes an inheritor of and contributor to our ever-changing picture of slavery in the United States and the cultural norms and anxieties that allow it to exist. This article traces some of the cultural contexts that inform the depiction of slavery in the last few centuries of American writing as a way of historicizing and critiquing the way The Wire takes up slavery as its subject in the twenty-first century. This reading reveals the deep-rooted and persistent cultural anxieties regarding race, ethnicity, and sex that intersect in our discourse on forced sex work, a troubling discourse that is alternatingly highlighted by the program and inadvertently replicated.
MPI+ULT: Overlapping Communication and Computation with User-Level Threads

As the core density of future processors keeps increasing, MPI+Threads is becoming a promising programming model for large scale SMP clusters. Generally speaking, hybrid MPI+Threads runtime can largely improve intra-node parallelism and data sharing on shared-memory architectures. However, it does not help much on inter-node communication due to the inefficient integration of existing communication and threading libraries. More specifically, existing MPI+Threads runtime systems use coarse-grained locks to protect their thread safety, which leads to heavy lock contention and limit the scalability of the runtime. While kernel threads are efficient for intra-node parallelism, we found that they are too heavy for computation/communication overlap in an MPI+Threads runtime system. In this paper we propose a new way for asynchronous MPI communication with user-level threads (MPI+ULT). By enabling ULT context switching inside MPI, MPI communication in one ULT can overlap with computation or communication in other ULTs. MPI+ULT can be used for communication hiding in various scenarios, including MPI point-to-point, collective and one-sided calls. We use MPI+ULT in two applications, a high-performance conjugate gradient benchmark and a genome assembly application, to show how MPI+ULT can help effectively hide communication and reduce runtime overhead. Experiments show that our method helps improve the performance of these applications significantly.
Assessing efficiency of public health and medical care provision in OECD countries after a decade of reform

The objective of this study was to examine the change in efficiency of health care systems of 34 OECD countries between 2000 and 2012, a period marked by significant health reform in most OECD countries. This paper uses a novel Dynamic Network Data Envelopment Analysis (DNDEA) model to analyze the efficiency of the public health system and the medical care system of these OECD countries independently along with assessing the efficiency of their overall health system. This helps understand the relative priorities for improving the overall health system. The data for this study was obtained from the OECD Health Facts database. The study findings suggest that countries which improved their public health system were more likely to show overall improvement in efficiency.
Toxoplasma gondii Parasites Take Control within Host Cells: This parasite puppet master lives mostly without causing disease for its hosts, establishing lifelong asymptomatic infections

The extraordinarily successful Toxoplasma gondii protozoan parasite is globally distributed, infects a vast range of mammalian and avian hosts, replicates in a variety of host cells, and can bypass its definitive host to be directly transmitted from one intermediate host to the next. Most importantly, Toxoplasma lives mainly without causing disease for its hosts, establishing life-long asymptomatic infections. More than 1 billion humans are infected with T. gondii.
Nonlinear Model Predictive Controller for Navigation, Guidance and Control of a Fixed-Wing UAV

A Nonlinear Model Predictive Controller (NMPC) is designed to perform guidance, navigation, and control of a fixed-wing UAV in waypoint trajectory tracking. The inherent nonlinear nature of the aircraft together with the limited desired operation ranges of both controls and states variables make the use of an on-line control law computation more appropriate. The MPC theory allows an optimal on-line solution, when enough onboard computational power is available. Using nonlinear guidance laws for both lateral and longitudinal planes, extended Kalman filter estimations if required, and a complete nonlinear model of the UAV, the NMPC generates on-line optimal or suboptimal control signals to keep the UAV in trajectory following.
Effect of Imidazole on Glucose Tolerance and cAMP

SummaryThe in vivo effects of a phos-phodiesterase (PDE) stimulator, imidazole, and a PDE inhibitor, aminophylline, were studied in rats. Imidazole caused an impairment of OGTT but not IVGTT. Aminophylline caused a rise in cAMP levels of liver, muscle, and adipose tissue, whereas imidazole did not alter the cAMP levels in these tissues. It is concluded that the in vitro effect of imidazole is not manifest in vivo and the differing effects of the drug observed during the two routes of glucose administration can be explained better by interference with absorption of glucose through the GI tract rather than alteration of tissue cAMP levels.This study was supported in part by USPHS Grant No. AM16341. The authors are grateful to M. Ezekiel and S. Wilkins for their expert technical assistance.
On the Shape of a Set of Points

Inspired by recent developments in computational morphology, this paper discusses their potential impact on research undertaken in the field of spatial analysis addressing the characterization and recognition of form in point sets. A brief discussion of point pattern recognition methods now common in spatial analysis is included, pointing to their limitations and questioning their success. The main focus of the paper, however, is the examination of recent methods of geometric decomposition that appear more useful for solving questions concerning form. New techniques based in computational morphology may very well revolutionize the characterization of point sets for spatial analysts. Some of these techniques are referenced and briefly discussed here, including their potential applications to point pattern recognition problems in spatial analysis.
The MarginProbe® System: An Innovative Approach to Reduce the Incidence of Positive Margins Found After Lumpectomy

The goal of lumpectomy surgery for breast cancer is to completely remove the tumor and have clear margins, reducing the rates of local recurrence. The MarginProbe® System is a new device that can detect microscopic tumor cells at or close to the margin of the surgical resection intraoperatively, providing the surgeon with the ability to re-excise tissue at the time of surgery, reducing the need for a second surgery to obtain clear margins. .
FLAVOR DEVELOPMENT AND MICROBIOLOGY OF SWISS CHEESE-A REVIEW

This review, appearing in four parts, deals with relationships between flavor development and the microbiology of Swiss cheese. Body and texture characteristics of Swiss cheese also will be discussed, however, to a lesser degree and, wherever possible, in association with the flavor of Swiss cheese. The first section, presented here, discusses use of raw milk and how the bacterial content of raw milk influences Swiss cheese quality. Thereafter, other milk treatments used in the cheese industry are discussed. They include clarification, heat-treatment, homogenization, and H2O2-catalase treatment of cheese milk. Changes in microbial flora and subsequent effects on Swiss cheese quality are included. Production of Swiss cheese with desirable body, flavor, and texture characteristics depends on use of low bacterial count, properly clarified milk. Mild [68 C (154.4 F) to 72 C (161.6 F) for 15 to 18 sec] heat treatment is recommended. Homogenization of cheese milk is not used and the H2O2-catalase treatment is n...
Robinson Crusoe and Isolation in Immigrant America

Once the Homestead Act was passed in 1862, foreign settlers were presented with the prospect of owning extensive amounts of land across the Great Plains of America, provided that they cultivate and enrich their acreage. This promise of land and economic possibility encouraged mass migration from Europe to America, with the pioneering immigrants making their claims and attempting to cultivate the dry prairie soils of the Midwest. An array of characters within Willa Cather's My Antonia (1918) have followed this course and travelled to America under the illusion of finding a better and more profitable life; such is the case with the Shimerda family. However, such promises were often cruelly misleading and the unrelenting farmland proved severely challenging to cultivate in the extreme weather conditions. It is a culmination of this unforeseen difficulty and a sense of dislocation from their culture which leads to tragedy for the Shimerda family, as Mr. Shimerda's overwhelming sense of helplessness and isolation results in him committing suicide. Succeeding this incident, the narrator and protagonist Jim Burden, alludes to an object which exemplifies these concepts of loneliness and dislocation during an analogous time of pioneering expansion: Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe (1719). Burden recalls "[t]hen, for the first time, I realized that I was alone in the house […] I got 'Robinson Crusoe" and tried to read, but his life on the island seemed dull compared with ours" (Cather 43). Although the texts were published two centuries apart, many of the themes and experiences within Defoe's classic novel would have continued to resonate with the nineteenth and twentieth century readership of My Antonia, most frequently the concepts of economy and materialism which prevailed during American modernity. Furthermore, the novel's position within the narrative implies a clear connection between the obstacles of the shipwrecked mariner and the hardships which faced the recently deceased Mr. Shimerda. As Joyce McDonald suggests "Cather's allusions to Robinson Crusoe […] in all of her plains novels […] suggest she perceived prairie life as being shipwrecked on an island, cut off from the civilised world" (McDonald 21). The embedded intertextuality of Robinson Crusoe, both in terms of its physicality as a text and its allegorical implications to My Antonia's wider themes, performs as a symbol of isolation for Mr. Shimerda and the settlers of the Great Plains, particularly during a period of xenophobia at the turn of nineteenth century America.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
Back to Basics with Mixed-Effects Models: Nine Take-Away Points

Multilevel mixed effects models are widely used in organizational behavior and organizational psychology to test and advance theory. At times, however, the complexity of the models leads researchers to draw erroneous inferences or otherwise use the models in less than optimal ways. We present nine take-away points intended to enhance the theoretical precision and utility of the models. We demonstrate our points using two types of simulated data: one in which group membership is irrelevant, and the other in which relationships exist only because of group membership. We then demonstrate that the effects we observe in simulated data replicate in organizational data. Little that we address will be new to methodology experts; nonetheless, we draw together a variety of points that we believe will help advance both theory and analytic rigor in multilevel analyses. We make two points that run somewhat counter to conventional norms. First, we argue that mixed-effects models are appropriate even when ICC(1) values associated with the outcome data are small and non-significant. Second, we show that high ICC(2) values are not a prerequisite for detecting emergent multilevel relationships. The article is designed to be a resource for researchers who are learning about and applying mixed-effects (i.e., multilevel) models.
Abstract 035: Differential Sodium-evoked Activation of Pvn Magnocellular vs. Parvocellular Neurons in Rats Lacking Central GαI<SUB.2 Proteins Contributes to Sustained Elevations in Blood Pressure

Aim: To determine the role of brain Gαi 2 proteins in mediating sodium-evoked PVN neuronal activation and blood pressure regulation in conscious rats. Methods: 24-h intracerebroventricular scrambled (SCR) or Gαi 2 oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN; 25μg/5μl)-pretreated conscious Sprague-Dawley rats were monitored for changes in MAP in response to HS (IV 3M NaCl; 0.14 ml/100g). Rats were sacrificed at control (C), 10, 40, or 100-min post-HS for PVN cFos IHC and analysis of plasma AVP and NE. Separate groups received a V 1a receptor antagonist (IV; 10 μg/ml/kg) 5-min prior to HS. Results: No difference was observed in sodium-evoked peak change in MAP and MAP remained elevated at 100-min in Gαi 2 but not SCR ODN rats (MAP 100-min post-HS [mmHg] SCR 134±2 vs Gαi 2 146±3, P + PVN magnocellular neurons were observed post-HS in SCR and Gαi 2 ODN groups ([Fos + cells] SCR C 3±1 vs 100-min 31±5; Gαi 2 C 2±0 vs 100-min 26±4, P vs 10-min 62.8±6.9, P 2 ODN (plasma AVP [pg/mL] C 12.1±1.5 vs 10-min 67.7±7.7 P + PVN parvocellular neurons ([Fos+ cells] C 15±1 vs 100-min 67±4, P vs 10-min 17.4±3.9, P 2 ODN rats exhibited significantly less Fos + parvocellular neurons compared to SCR ODN rats (100-min [Fos+ cells] SCR 67±4 vs Gαi 2 30±2, P P >0.05). V 1a receptor blockade prevented a HS-evoked increase in MAP in SCR ODN rats while Gαi 2 ODN rats exhibited elevated MAP (MAP 100-min [mmHg] SCR 125±2 vs Gαi 2 135±0, P Conclusion: Brain Gαi 2 proteins are required to mediate sodium-evoked parvocellular sympathetic, but not magnocellular vasopressinergic, responses to maintain physiological blood pressure regulation. A significant component of blood pressure control in this setting is regulated by the sympathetic nervous system, as supported by the attenuated activation of PVN parvocellular neurons and a failure to suppress circulating levels of NE in Gαi 2 ODN rats.
Thyroglossal duct cyst: Operative technique

Thyroglossal duct cysts are the most common congenital neck masses and represent the most likely cause of central neck masses in children. Surgical excision is recommended because of the risk of infection, sinus, or fistula formation, cosmetic concerns and possible site of cancer development. While major complications are rare, recurrence continues to be a concern for the surgeon and the patient or family. Walter Sistrunk made a great contribution to surgical resection technique by using embryological information to better understand the role that the central hyoid bone may play and introducing its partial resection to improve cure rates. Over the last few decades, an improved understanding of the anatomy has further refined surgical techniques and has led to even lower recurrence rates.
Conservatism as a situated identity: Implications for consumer behavior

Abstract Insufficient attention to political ideology as an organizing axis reduces predictive power. Jost (2017 – this issue) makes a significant contribution by outlining and documenting a set of relationships among personality factors, attitudes, values, and conservatism. The value of this approach is highlighting the possibility that ideology sticks when it fits features of the individual and hence has an enduring quality. This approach needs to be balanced by consideration of the power of the immediate situation to define what an identity means and the potential universality of many features associated with conservatism. We discuss both issues using identity-based motivation theory as our organizing framework.
Predictors of Future Volunteering Intent in Professional Association Volunteeers

Volunteer retention in professional associations is problematic (Gazley, 2013) and, although theoretical insights are sparse (Gazley, 2013; Nesbit & Gazley, 2012; Webb & Abzug, 2008), individual motives, such as career and learning orientations, have been linked to volunteer commitment. We assessed the relationship between an individual’s respective career and learning orientations to volunteer commitment, utilizing secondary survey data from ASAE. Through structural equation modeling (SEM), our analyses, across all age groups, suggest that an individual’s learning orientation, not their career orientation, positively influences their satisfaction as a professional volunteer, and in turn, their future intent to volunteer. These findings suggest three important propositions for practice: professional association executives should: 1) Consider de-emphasizing career development / advancement as an overt, expected benefit or outcome of professional volunteering, 2) consider allocating resources to identifying...
Syrian Refugees and Americans: Perceptions, Attitudes and Insights

In recent years, the United States (US) has seen an influx of refugees from the Syrian Crisis, highlighted by a public declaration from then President Obama that 10,000 refugees would be admitted. National surveys suggested that roughly half of US citizens were uncomfortable with this decision. This study serves as an extension of these previous surveys by further elucidating the underlying causes of this discomfort. As such, this study explores Americans’ perceptions of Syrian refugee resettlement as well as Syrians’ perceptions of America using face to face interviews and content analysis. Analyses revealed conflicting meanings of immigration for both Syrians and Americans as well as co-occurring compassion and fear directed towards Syrian refugees. In addition, Syrian refugees perceived their American resettlement as an opportunity for engagement with society and to contribute socially and economically, while also noting their marginalization and stigmatization in their transitional countries. Americans expressed a lack of understanding of the legal status of Syrian refugees, often equating them with undocumented and illegal migrants. Americans held oppositional attitudes towards Syrian refugees, expressing both empathy towards and fear of terrorism. This study extends the literature on immigration through a more dynamic exploration of attitudes of both refugees and citizens in America, capitalizing on the distinct advantages of qualitative approaches.
Running the System: Prediction and Intervention

Among the most valuable uses of simulation models is making predictions of how a real-world situation will develop either on its own or if interventions are carried out. Decision makers are often confronted with developing situations for which being able to predict the outcome with a sufficient degree of likelihood would be extremely useful, such as forecasting the development and course of a disease or predicting the course of an economy.
Plasma Gun Pellet Acceleration Modeling and Experiment

Modifications to the electrothermal plasma gun SIRENS have been completed to allow for acceleration experiments using plastic pellets. Modifications have been implemented to the 1-D, time dependent code ODIN to include pellet friction, momentum, and kinetic energy with options of variable barrel length. The code results in the new version, POSEIDON, compare favorably with experimental data and with code results from ODIN. Predicted values show an increased pellet velocity along the barrel length, achieving 2 km/s exit velocity. Measured velocity, at three locations along the barrel length, showed good correlation with predicted values. The code has also been used to investigate the effectiveness of longer pulse length on pellet velocity using simulated ramp up and down currents with flat top, and triangular current pulses with early and late peaking. 16 refs., 5 figs.
The PDSA cycle at the core of learning in health professions education.

Article-at-a-Glance Background The Plan-Do-Study-Act (PDSA) cycle lies at the heart of continuous improvement and is a redefinition of the scientific method for application to the world of work. Health care as a context for health professions learning Educational institutions could create the best "quality learning" environments for students by relating closely to health care organizations that create improvement environments for workers. When both become "learning" organizations and develop a relationship with each other, an important product will be the integration of processes for individual and organizational learning. The PDSA cycle as learning theory The PDSA cycle can be an integrating theory for both individual and organizational learning. It shares basic features of well-accepted theory about individual and organizational learning, including the concepts of change and action/reflection. Evaluating learning through PDSA cycles An illustration is given of one set of implications of the PDSA cycle as learning theory. It describes an alternative way of thinking about the evaluation of learning, which surpasses the traditional emphasis on judgment in evaluation. Conclusions The potential to place the PDSA cycle at the core of learning in health professions education is great. Contributing factors to this potential include the historical emphasis on the scientific method in health care, the relationship between clinical education and practice, recent improvements in our capacity to define and measure health outcomes, emergent pressures for change in health care and education, and compatible multiple functions of the PDSA cycle.
Assessing Soil Lead Exposure for Gardeners in New York City – A Pilot Study

Urban gardening has become popular in the past decade. Evidences suggest that growing and consuming fresh fruits and vegetables has many health and social benefits. However, urban soils may pose a significant health risk to the public due to contamination from heavy metals, in particular, lead (Pb). Much of the soil in urban areas is contaminated by the historic use of Pb based paints, leaded gasoline, and other industrial activities. This pilot study assesses Pb concentrations in urban garden soils and the behaviors of urban gardeners in New York City. Soil samples from 18 gardens were analyzed for Pb using a field portable XRF Environmental Analyzer. A survey was administered to individuals who tended the gardens to assess their gardening habits. The soil Pb concentrations averaged 373 ppm and ranged 109–1317 ppm. Seventy-three percent of gardeners did not wear any personal protective equipment and half stated that they ate or drank while gardening. The majority of respondents indicated that they just “brushed off” and washed their hands when finished gardening. The findings indicate that these participants work, grow and consume produce from their gardens without knowledge of soil contamination, nor did they take appropriate precautions. The elevated Pb levels in combination of current gardening habits puts the gardening population at risk. Access to soil Pb screening, public outreach and education are clearly necessary.
Development of a Pediatric PICC Team Under an Existing Sedation Service: A 5-Year Experience:

Objective:To examine our institutional experiences with ultrasound-guided peripherally inserted central catheter (US-PICC) placement by a dedicated US-PICC team under the umbrella of an existing pe...
Introduction: Environmental Classism

Chapter 1 explains the reasons for the book—that it is important to think about how to end environmental classism and embrace working-class environmentalism, firstly, so that working-class people do not have to be killed or injured unnecessarily and, secondly, because it will enable us to achieve sustainability, or a habitable planet for all humans in the long term.
Believing and Achieving: Gendered Pathways Toward Upward Educational Mobility in the United States.

Little research has investigated the impact of adolescent motivational resources, other than educational plans, on adult educational attainment, or whether their effects differ by gender and social class. Data from the St. Paul Youth Development Study (n = 874, 55% female, 30% children of college graduates) are used to estimate a second-order latent motivation factor encompassing adolescent (age 15–16) educational plans, academic self-concept, economic self-efficacy, and mastery. Then, using logistic regression, the effect of this second-order factor on odds of college graduation in adulthood (ages 26–27 to 37–38) is estimated. Heterogenous effects of motivation by gender and parental education are investigated. The results show that the second-order motivation factor had strong positive effects on educational attainment after adjusting for family background variables. The effect of motivation did not differ by gender in the whole sample nor among children of college graduates. However, among children of less-educated parents, women were found to benefit more than men from these psychological assets for achieving upward educational mobility. These findings suggest that adolescent motivation, especially among U.S. women whose parents do not have college degrees, may be a resource for higher educational attainment.
Racial disparities in sleep disturbances among patients with and without coronary artery disease: The role of clinical and socioeconomic factors

Abstract Objective To investigate differences in sleep quality by race in participants with and without a prior myocardial infarction (MI). Design Case-control study. Setting Emory-affiliated hospitals in Atlanta, Georgia. Participants Two hundred seventy-three individuals (190 Black) ≤60 years of age with a verified MI in the previous 8 months, and 100 community controls (44 Black) without a history of MI. Measurements Sleep quality was assessed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Psychological factors were assessed using standardized questionnaires and clinical risk factors through medical history and chart review. Results A significant interaction existed between race and MI status on sleep quality (P= .01), such that Black individuals with a history of MI, but not controls, reported worse sleep quality than their non-Black counterparts. Among MI cases, being Black was independently associated with higher PSQI scores after adjusting for baseline demographics (B = 2.17, 95% confidence interval 1.17, 3.17, P = .006). Clinical risk factors, psychological factors and socioeconomic status (household income and years of education) all contributed equally to explain race-related disparities in sleep among MI cases. After further adjustment for these factors, the association was attenuated and no longer significant (B = 0.70, 95% confidence interval = −0.10, 1.21, P = .26). Conclusion Black post-MI patients, but not healthy controls, have significantly poorer sleep quality than non-Blacks. This difference is driven by a combination of factors, including clinical risk factors, psychological factors as well as adverse socioeconomic conditions among Black individuals with MI.
Optical Scattering Characteristics of 3-D Lunar Regolith Particles Measured Using X-Ray Nano Computed Tomography

Shape, in addition to size and material composition, has a strong effect on the optical scattering characteristics of a particle. In this work, we computationally study how the measured 3-D shapes of individual lunar regolith particles affect their optical scattering characteristics. The shapes of 25 lunar regolith particles collected during the Apollo 11 mission were measured using X-ray nano computed tomography (XCT). The scattering cross sections (CSs) of particles that ranged in size between 400 and 1000 nm were computed using the Discrete Dipole Scattering (DDSCAT) software in the visible to the infrared frequency range. The orientation-averaged scattering CS of the lunar regolith particles was then compared with that of spheres of the same volume. The comparison shows that the shape of lunar regolith particles decreases the resonance wavelength by 20%, on average, compared with the spheres of the same volume. On the other hand, the peak scattering CS is found to be nearly independent of shape for the suite of particles studied. Also, lunar regoliths are found to generate a slightly lower single scattering albedo and have a higher phase function asymmetry parameter in comparison to spherical particles of the same volume. These differences highlight the importance of accounting for 3-D shape variations in understanding the optical response of lunar regolith particles.
Teaching NeuroImages: Ganglion Cell Patterns Localize Anterior Visual Pathway Lesions

Measurement of retinal ganglion cell layer thickness by optical coherence tomography provides an objective and reliable evaluation of anterior visual pathway lesions to complement visual field testing in the management of optic chiasm compression from pituitary tumors.1,2 We demonstrated 3 differing patterns of ganglion cell layer thinning—junctional (figure 1, A and D), binasal (figure 1, B and E), and homonymous (figure 1, C and F)—and illustrated how these patterns correspond to the location of chiasmal compression by pituitary adenomas, anteriorly (figure 2A), centrally (figure 2B), or posteriorly (figure 2C). Consideration of the pattern of ganglion cell layer thinning in conjunction with visual field testing is useful for predicting the location of anterior visual pathway lesions.
Indigo Plantations and Science in Colonial India

Introduction: the odyssey of indigo 1. The world of indigo plantations: diasporas and knowledge 2. The course of colonial modernity: negotiating the landscape in Bengal 3. Colony and the external arena: seeking validation in the market 4. Local science: agricultural institutions in the age of nationalism 5. The last stand in science and rationalization 6. A lasting definition of improvement in the era of world war.
A Reduced-Rank Generalized Likelihood-Ratio Test

A generalized likelihood-ratio test (GLRT) is proposed for adaptively detecting a low rank signal in the presence of unknown strong low rank interference plus white Gaussian noise. This approach leads to a test which is closely related to the Principal Component Inverse (PCI) method of rapidly adaptive detection and extends the PCI method to the case where the training data is contaminated by strong signal components. The proposed method is computer simulated and compared to the standard PCI method, the clairvoyant receiver and matched filtering with the signal vector. Computer simulations indicate that the method performs well.
Abstract 18678: Transcutaneous Aortic Valve Replacement -Is Anticoagulation Protective?

INTRODUCTION: Stroke continues to be the most dreaded and quality of life limiting complication of transcutaneous aortic valve replacement [TAVR]. We sought to describe the effects of Anticoagulation[AC] on post TAVR rates of stroke/transient ischemic attack[TIA] and death. METHODS: 196 patients [116 self expanding and 80 balloon expandable] underwent TAVR from December 2010 to August 2013 at our institution. 1 month follow up was completed on all patients and 1 year follow up was available on 105 patients[TAVR prior to September 2012]. Of these, 59 patients were discharged on AC [55 on Coumadin, 4 on Dabigatran] and 137 patients without AC [NO-AC] RESULTS: Atrial fibrillation/flutter[AF] incidence was higher with patients on AC vs NO-AC [ 73% vs 26% ,p CONCLUSION: AC patients showed a trend towards improved survival and stroke rates. This difference can be hypothesized by the reduction in thromboemboli formation at the level of the valve struts. Further studies randomizing TAVR patients to AC and NOAC is needed to see if this observed difference translates to reduction in mortality and strokes.
Fine-Grained Indexing of the Biomedical Literature: MeSH Subheading Attachment for a MEDLINE Indexing Tool

Objective This paper reports on the latest results of an Indexing Initiative effort addressing the automatic attachment of subheadings to MeSH main headings recommended by the NLM’s Medical Text Indexer.
Carbon Capture and Sequestration

This chapter examines U.S. laws applicable to carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) and identifies reforms that will be necessary for CCS to operate as a viable greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions control strategy domestically. In the U.S., few, if any, new coal-fired power plants are some have been designed to facilitate economical retrofitting. In September 2013, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) issued a proposed rule to limit GHG emissions from use of CCS at some new plants. President Obama has directed EPA to propose a rule by 2014 to limit GHG emissions from existing plants. U.S. policy on CCS is potentially critical to its adoption as an emissions control strategy in other countries, as well. Adoption of CCS by high GHG-emitting countries such as China and India may require effective demonstration of both the capture technology and sequestration at commercial scale in the U.S. China has taken steps towards developing CCS technology, but more widespread adoption of CCS globally may be facilitated or accelerated by its development at commercial scale in the U.S.
Surf, turf, and above the Earth [robotics education]

The Santa Clara University School of Engineering conducts a low-cost, aggressive, integrative educational program focused on developing intelligent robotic systems. The centerpiece of this program is a set of yearly undergraduate design projects in which teams of senior students completely design, fabricate, test, operate, and manage high quality robotic systems. These systems include spacecraft, underwater vehicles, terrestrial rovers, airships, telescopes, and industrial robots.
Broadcast Rights, Unjust Enrichment, and the Student-Athlete

The NCAA, conferences and universities license to networks the right to broadcast their live games in exchange for billions of dollars in annual rights fees without anyone questioning either the origin of this right or who constitutes all of the holders of this right. Historically courts recognized a quasi-property right of professional teams to sell the right to broadcast their games; however, team owners put personal funds at risk and are entitled to full ownership of the copyright to the broadcast under the work made for hire doctrine as they pay the players a proportionate share of the rights fees. The putative quasi-property right of NCAA member institutions has gone unchallenged despite the fact that they are tax exempt public institutions lacking the same economic investment and incentive, the rights fees continue to climb at astronomical rates while the grant-in-aid remains stagnant, and the work made for hire doctrine does not protect the entitlement because the players are not employees. Viewed within the construct of common law unjust enrichment which is premised on the idea of distributive justice, this Article argues that universities obtain an unjust benefit at student-athletes’ expense by retaining for themselves the portion of the increasing rights fees that would normally and equitably be paid to the players for their substantial contribution in creating the broadcast. The ill-gotten gains, which do nothing to preserve amateurism, can be disgorged in a fair manner that preserves the amateur sports model.
The Effectiveness of Corrective Feedback in SLA: A Meta-Analysis.

This study reports on a meta-analysis on the effectiveness of corrective feedback in second language acquisition. By establishing a different set of inclusion/exclusion criteria than previous meta-analyses and performing a series of methodological moves, it is intended to be an update and complement to previous meta-analyses. Altogether 33 primary studies were retrieved, including 22 published studies and 11 Ph.D. dissertations. These studies were coded for 17 substantive and methodological features, 14 of which were identified as independent and moderator variables. It was found that (a) there was a medium overall effect for corrective feedback and the effect was maintained over time, (b) the effect of implicit feedback was better maintained than that of explicit feedback, (c) published studies did not show larger effects than dissertations, (d) lab-based studies showed a larger effect than classroom-based studies, (e) shorter treatments generated a larger effect size than longer treatments, and (f) studies conducted in foreign language contexts produced larger effect sizes than those in second language contexts. Possible explanations for the results were sought through data cross-tabulation and with reference to the theoretical constructs of SLA.
A Summary of Recent National-Scale Lightning Fatality Studies

AbstractThere is a major difference in population-weighted lightning fatality rates between the lower fatality rates in developed countries and the higher fatality rates in developing countries. The large decrease in annual rates of population-weighted lightning fatalities in the United States is described over the last century. A similar large reduction in lightning fatality rates has occurred during recent years in Australia, Canada, Japan, and western Europe, where there has also been a change from a mainly rural agricultural society to a primarily urban society. An important accompanying aspect of the lower casualty rates has been the widespread availability of lightning-safe large buildings and fully enclosed metal-topped vehicles, as well as much greater awareness of the lightning threat, better medical treatment, and availability of real-time lightning information. However, lightning exposure for many people in lesser-developed countries is similar to that of a century ago in developed countries. T...
Preparation of Hippocampal Brain Slices

This unit presents a procedure for the preparation of acute mammalian hippocampal slices for electrophysiological recording. Although this protocol should not be taken as the only means of making brain slices, it is a widely-used typical procedure. It is simple and straightforward. It can be used on a variety of mammalian species, though it is discussed here for use in rats.
Formal Specifications as Reusable Frameworks

We use our experience in applying formal methods to the development of electronic instrumentation systems to argue the value of developing formal, domain-specific models that serve as reusable frameworks for a family of software products. To illustrate what we mean by “framework” we present a non-trivial specification for a family of instruments, and show how certain properties of that specification lead to its potential for reusability. Finally, we outline the important research issues that are raised by this approach. In particular, we examine the suitability of existing formal specification notations for explicitly characterizing and instantiating such frameworks.
Self-Efficacy and Career Choice and Development

There are few other decisions that exert as profound an influence on people’s lives as the choice of a field of work, or career. Not only do most people spend considerably more time on the job than in any other single activity (save, arguably, sleep), but also choice of occupation significantly affects lifestyle, and work adjustment is intimately associated with mental health and even physical well-being (Levi, 1990; Osipow, 1986). Despite the relative neglect of work/career issues in the field of psychology at large, researchers in the area of vocational psychology have been studying career choice and work adjustment for decades, and a number of theoretical models of career choice and development have been generated (Hackett & Lent, 1992).