cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma (NLPHL) with CD30-positive lymphocyte-predominant (LP) cells

Nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma (NLPHL) is a distinct neoplasm within the spectrum of Hodgkin lymphomas with characteristic clinical, morphological, and immunohistochemical features. According to the WHO definition, lymph nodes involved by NLPHL should have a nodular or nodular and diffuse proliferation of scattered large neoplastic lymphocyte-predominant (LP) cells in a small cell background that reside in expanded follicular dendritic cell meshworks; the LP cells must also have a distinct immunophenotypic profile. The LP cells are monoclonal B cells that are typically CD20, BCL6, CD79a, and CD45 positive and are CD30 and CD15 negative. In contrast, the Reed-Sternberg cells of classical Hodgkin lymphoma (CHL) are typically positive for CD15 and CD30. However, in CHL, CD20 staining is variable, and CD15 staining may be absent in some cases. Thus, CD30 is often considered to be the most distinctive marker between CHL and NLPHL. In order to better assess CD30 staining in NLPHL, we reviewed 220 cases of NLPHL and found 21 cases that showed at least focal staining of the neoplastic cells for CD30. The CD30 staining was often faint, but occasionally strong, and typically was found only on a subset of the LP cells. We evaluated the clinicopathologic features of these cases to determine whether they showed differences from typical CD30-negative NLPHL and found no significant difference with respect to clinical presentation, histology, other immunophenotypic features or outcome. In summary, we conclude that CD30 expression by LP cells in NLPHL can be seen and should not lead to a misdiagnosis of CHL. The presence of CD30-positive LP cells is not associated with other features of CHL or unusually aggressive behavior.
An empirical model of transfers within a federation, with an application to the European Union

Abstract We construct a stylized model of transfers within a federation and apply it to the European Union. Our approach differs from that of most of the existing literature in that we fix the preferences for redistribution of resources among a federation's members, rather than fix the current budgetary rules or modify them on the basis of assumed scenarios. The model is tested (successfully) by assessing its ability to predict the effects of the last (1995) enlargement on the European budget. We then use the estimated model to predict the reallocation of the Union's net transfers after the upcoming Eastern enlargement. Our estimates of transfers to the incoming member states exceed those of the rest of the literature. Our results can be interpreted in one of two ways: first, either the European Union, in its collective decision-making process (that in the future will include the five incoming countries as voting members), will institute new rules and programs to further reduce the regional disparities in income, or second, if the current rules and programs are maintained, then the Eastern enlargement would result in a reduction in the “depth” of the Union. The approach we introduce can be more generally applied to the analysis of other intergovernmental or international organizations.
Evaluation of Risk Indices in Continuous-Flow Left Ventricular Assist Device Patients

Background The Leitz-Miller (LM), Columbia (COL), Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II), Interagency Registry for Mechanically Assisted Circulatory Support (INTERMACS), and Seattle Heart Failure Model (SHFM) risk scores have been used to risk stratify patients with pulsatile-flow left ventricular assist devices (LVAD). We assessed the predictive ability of these scores in a cohort of continuous-flow LVAD patients. Methods Preoperative scores were calculated from prospective data of patients who received continuous-flow LVADs between June 2000 and May 2009. Cox proportional hazard analysis assessed the effect of preoperative variables and scores on 30-day, 90-day, and 1-year mortality. Patients were stratified by score into low- and high-risk groups. Survival was modeled using the Kaplan-Meier method. Results During the study period, 86 continuous-flow LVADs were implanted. The mean (± standard deviation) preoperative scores were: COL, 1.05 ± 1.59; LM, 11.9 ± 5.4; APACHE II, 15.6 ± 4.3; INTERMACS, 2.64 ± 1.01; and SHFM, 2.97 ± 1 .42. On univariate analysis, the SHFM score best differentiated low- and high-risk patients at all mortality end points; the INTERMACS and APACHE II scores were predictive for 90-day and 1-year mortality. On multivariable analysis, SHFM (hazard ratio [HR], 1.50; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.02 to 2.21; p = 0.04) and APACHE II (HR, 1.10; 95% CI, 1.01 to 1.21; p = 0.04) predicted 1-year mortality. Conclusions Among the LM, COL, APACHE II, INTERMACS, and SHFM scores, the best predictor of mortality in a single institutional cohort of continuous-flow LVAD patients was the SHFM score.
Postbuckling behavior of a periodically laminated medium in compression

Abstract A theory is constructed for geometrically nonlinear behavior of a periodically laminated medium for a class of planar deformation modes which are macroscopically homogeneous in the direction normal to the material interfaces. The theory is used to study microbuckling and initial postbuckling behavior of the medium under compression along the laminates. The results indicate that the bifurcation is of the stable symmetric type so that geometrical imperfections in the form of initial waviness of the reinforcements are not expected to reduce the microbuckling stress significantly.
Perceptions of Beginning Teachers, Their Mentors, and Administrators Regarding Preservice Music Teacher Preparation

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the preservice music teacher preparation program at a large midwestem university (in this article called “BTU” for “Big Ten University”) through an examination of the perceptions of beginning teachers and their mentors and administrators. Primary research participants included seven first-year teachers from BTU's class of 1999 and seven first-year teachers from the class of 2000. Data from these participants included individual interviews, focus group interviews, teacher journals, classroom observations by the researcher, mentor interviews, administrator interviews, and responses on an open-ended “End-of-Year Questionnaire.”In addition, secondary participants (n = 11) completed the End-of Year Questionnaire regarding their first-year experiences and the teacher preparation program. Results and discussion include descriptions of the perceptions regarding the most valuable parts of preparation and the least valuable parts of preparation, as well as suggestions for p...
Source apportionment of exposure to toxic volatile organic compounds using positive matrix factorization

Data from the Total Exposure Assessment Methodology studies, conducted from 1980 to 1987 in New Jersey (NJ) and California (CA), and the 1990 California Indoor Exposure study were analyzed using positive matrix factorization, a receptor-oriented source apportionment model. Personal exposure and outdoor concentrations of 14 and 17 toxic volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were studied from the NJ and CA data, respectively. Analyzing both the personal exposure and outdoor concentrations made it possible to compare toxic VOCs in outdoor air and exposure resulting from personal activities. Regression analyses of the measured concentrations versus the factor scores were performed to determine the relative contribution of each factor to total exposure concentrations. Activity patterns of the NJ and CA participants were examined to determine whether reported exposures to specific sources correspond to higher estimated contributions from the factor identified with that source. For a subset of VOCs, a preliminary analysis to determine irritancy-based contributions of factors to exposures was carried out. Major source types of toxic VOCs in both NJ and CA appear to be aromatic sources resembling automobile exhaust, gasoline vapor, or environmental tobacco smoke for personal exposures, and automobile exhaust or gasoline vapors for outdoor concentrations.
Topological groups: local versus global

It is well known that locally compact groups are paracompact. We observe that this theorem can be generalized as follows: every locally paracompact group is paracompact. We prove a more general version of this statement using quotients. Similar ‘local implies global’ theorems hold also for many other properties, such as normality, metacompactness, stratifiability, etc.
A taxonomic revision of Australian northern sandalwood (Santalum lanceolatum, Santalaceae)

A previously published molecular phylogenetic analysis of the sandalwood genus, Santalum L. (Santalaceae), identified that the Australian endemic northern sandalwood, S. lanceolatum R.Br., is not monophyletic and contains a distinct, yet cryptic, lineage within it as currently circumscribed. This study examines nuclear ribosomal gene sequences of additional specimens from across its geographic range, and 30 morphological characters, in order to revise the taxonomy of S. lanceolatum sensu lat. (s.l.) and the segregate species that should bear the name S. leptocladum Gand. Santalum lanceolatum sensu stricto (s.s.) is distributed in the humid to subhumid regions of northern Australia north of 20°S latitude, whereas S. leptocladum occurs in the arid and temperate regions of central and southern Australia. Putative interspecific hybrids were discovered in two localities, and may represent either natural or human-mediated hybridisation. The results of this study have major economic and conservation implications because S. lanceolatum s.s., which is known to have higher levels of fragrance compounds than S. leptocladum, has a much more restricted range than previously thought.
Complexity and unsolvability properties of nilpotency

A nonassociative algebra is nilpotent if there is some n such that the product of any n elements, no matter how they are associated, is zero. Several related, but more general, notions are left nilpotency, solvability, local nilpotency, and nillity. First the complexity of several decision problems for these properties is examined. In finite-dimensional algebras over a finite field it is shown that solvability and nilpotency can be decided in polynomial time. Over Q, nilpotency can be decided in polynomial time, while the algorithm for testing solvability uses a polynomial number of arithmetic operations, but is not polynomial time. Also presented is a polynomial time probabilistic algorithm for deciding left nillity. Then a problem involving algebras given by generators and relations is considered and shown to be NP-complete. Finally, a relation between local left nilpotency and a set of natural numbers that is 1-complete for the class $\Pi_{2}$ in the arithmetic hierarchy of recursion theory is demonstr...
After 8 Months have Passed: Long-term Recall of Events by 1- to 2-year-old Children

Abstract The time course of development of the ability to remember specific past events is a matter of considerable curiosity and debate. Traditional and contemporary theories alike suggest that infants are unable to consolidate and stabilise event knowledge for recall after a long time period. In two experiments, we used elicited imitation, a nonverbal analogue to cued verbal recall, to test 21-, 24-, and 29-month-old children's recall of events they had experienced eight months previously. At the time of original exposure some of the events were novel, whereas others depicted activities familiar to 1-year-olds. At the eight-month retention test, performance of the experienced children was compared to that of matched naive controls. In both experiments the experienced children produced a greater number of the novel events; there were no differences between the groups on the familiar events. The results demonstrate long-term recall of specific past events by 1- to 2-year-olds. They thus challenge the sugg...
The market value of quality characteristics for US wheat exports

Abstract This study examines whether the grade determining and official criteria identified by the Federal Grain Inspection Service, including such things as test weight, moisture content, percentage of foreign material, percentage of shrunken and broken kernels, protein content, percentage of dockage, falling number, and the presence of insects influence the price of wheat for export and, in turn, the competitiveness of US wheat in the world market. Using shiplot data on the transactions price for hard red winter wheat, hard red spring wheat, and soft white wheat and the associated quality characteristics covering the period January 1990 to December 1991 and exported to 63 countries, the results suggest that the test weight, the percentage of shrunken and broken kernels, the protein content, the presence of aflatoxin, the presence of insects, and falling number are characteristics consistently valued by the market.
Steady-state Kinetics and Inhibitory Action of Antitubercular Phenothiazines on Mycobacterium tuberculosis Type-II NADH-Menaquinone Oxidoreductase (NDH-2)

Abstract Type-II NADH-menaquinone oxidoreductase (NDH-2) is an essential respiratory enzyme of the pathogenic bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) that plays a pivotal role in its growth. In the present study, we expressed and purified highly active Mtb NDH-2 using a Mycobacterium smegmatis expression system, and the steady-state kinetics and inhibitory actions of phenothiazines were characterized. Purified NDH-2 contains a non-covalently bound flavin adenine dinucleotide cofactor and oxidizes NADH with quinones but does not react with either NADPH or oxygen. Ubiquinone-2 (Q2) and decylubiquinone showed high electron-accepting activity, and the steady-state kinetics and the NADH-Q2 oxidoreductase reaction were found to operate by a ping-pong reaction mechanism. Phenothiazine analogues, trifluoperazine, Compound 1, and Compound 2 inhibit the NADH-Q2 reductase activity with IC50 = 12, 11, and 13 μm, respectively. Trifluoperazine inhibition is non-competitive for NADH, whereas the inhibition kinetics is found to be uncompetitive in terms of Q2.
Expression analysis of primary mouse megakaryocyte differentiation and its application in identifying stage-specific molecular markers and a novel transcriptional target of NF-E2

Megakaryocyte (MK) differentiation is well described in morphologic terms but its molecular counterparts and the basis for platelet release are incompletely understood. We profiled mRNA expression in populations of primary mouse MKs representing successive differentiation stages. Genes associated with DNA replication are highly expressed in young MKs, in parallel with endomitosis. Intermediate stages are characterized by disproportionate expression of genes associated with the cytoskeleton, cell migration, and G-protein signaling, whereas terminally mature MKs accumulate hemostatic factors, including many membrane proteins. We used these expression profiles to extract a reliable panel of molecular markers for MKs of early, intermediate, or advanced differentiation and establish the value of this marker panel using mouse models of defective thrombopoiesis resulting from absence of GATA1, NF-E2, or tubulin beta1. Computational analysis of the promoters of late-expressed MK genes identified new candidate targets for NF-E2, a critical transcriptional regulator of platelet release. One such gene encodes the kinase adaptor protein LIMS1/PINCH1, which is highly expressed in MKs and platelets and significantly reduced in NF-E2-deficient cells. Transactivation studies and chromatin immunoprecipitation implicate Lims1 as a direct target of NF-E2 regulation. Attribution of stage-specific genes, in combination with various applications, thus constitutes a powerful way to study MK differentiation and platelet biogenesis.
A systematic approach to the comparison of protein structures

Abstract A systematic method has been developed for comparing the backbone conformations of proteins (Remington & Matthews, 1978). Two proteins are compared by successively optimizing the agreement between all possible segments of a chosen length from one protein, and all possible segments of the same length from the other protein. The method reveals any similarities between the two proteins, and provides an estimate of the statistical significance of any given structure agreement that is obtained. The method has been tested in a number of cases, including comparisons of the dehydrogenases and of the pancreatic and bacterial serine proteases. These examples were chosen to test the ability of the comparison method to detect structural similarities in the presence of large insertions and deletions. The results suggest that the detection of the “nucleotide binding fold” in the dehydrogenases is at the limit of the capability of the comparison technique in its original form, although it may be possible to generalize the method to allow for insertions and deletions in proteins. The results of many protein comparisons, made with different probe lengths, are summarized. For medium and long probe lengths, the average value of the structural agreement does not depend very much on the type of protein being compared. The average value of the structure agreement increases with the square root of the probe length, but for probe lengths above about 40 residues, the standard deviation is independent of probe length. From these observations it is possible to construct a generalized probability diagram to evaluate the significance of any structure agreement that might be obtained in comparing two proteins.
Donepezil Treatment in Ethnically Diverse Patients with Alzheimer Disease

Objective To compare the outcome of donepezil treatment in ethnically diverse Alzheimer disease (AD) patients with ethnically diverse AD patients who did not receive donepezil. Methods Patients meeting NINCDS-ADRA criteria for probable or possible AD from a consortium of California sites were systematically followed for at least 1 year in this prospective, observational study. Their treatment regimens, including prescription of donepezil, were determined by their individual physician according to his or her usual criteria. Patients self-identified their ethnicity. Results The 64 ethnically diverse AD patients who completed the study and received donepezil treatment had an average 1-year decline of 2.30 points (standard deviation: 3.9) on the 30-point Mini-Mental State Exam compared with a 1.70-point (standard deviation: 4.2) decline in the 74 ethnically diverse completers who received no donepezil or other anti-AD drugs during the study period. This difference was not statistically significant. The overall Cohen effect size of this treatment-associated difference was estimated at –0.15. After using propensity analyses and other techniques to assess factors that could bias prescribing decisions, the lack of benefits associated with donepezil treatment remained. The lack of donepezil benefits also remained when more traditional analyses were applied to these data. Conclusion Ethnically diverse AD patients in this study apparently did not benefit from 1 year of donepezil treatment. These unpromising results are in contrast to modest benefits of donepezil treatment measured in a directly comparable California study involving white non-Latino AD patients.
Reactions to flag desecration in American society: Exploring the contours of formal and informal social control

Although flag burnings today rarely draw the amount of attention they received in the late 1980s, efforts to protect the flag have persisted for nearly a decade. Accordingly, the flag protection campaign has captured the interest of intellectuals from various academic backgrounds, including political scientists, egal scholars, and journalists. Conspicuously absent from the literature on flag desecration, however, are sociologists and criminologists. Combining historical evidence with recent cases, this article unveils key sociological aspects of social control, including formal and informal responses to flag desecration.
After drug treatment: are 12-step programs effective in maintaining abstinence?

Although participation in 12-step programs is now widely utilized as a treatment aftercare resource by individuals with drug and alcohol problems, little is known about the effectiveness of such a ...
Accidents—Rhythmic threat to females

THERE ARE STILL SOME UNANSWERED QUESTIONS CONCERNING THE COMPLEXITIES OF THE FEMALE MENSTRUAL CYCLE AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO THE BEHAVIOR OF THE WOMAN IN HER CHILDBEARING YEARS. THIS STUDY SHEDS LIGHT ON SUCH VARIABLES AS SUICIDE, CRIME AND ACCIDENTS AS THEY RELATE TO THE MENUSTRAL CYCLE. USING STUDIES INVOLVING VARIOUS CULTURES THROUGHOUT THE WORLD, THE AUTHOR HAS COMPLETED RESEARCH WITH HIGH SCHOOL AND COLLEGE AGE FEMALES IN AN EFFORT TO EXPOSE ANY EXISTING RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE OCCURRENCE OF ACCIDENTS AND THE MENUSTRAL CYCLE OF THE FEMALE. BASED UPON THE ANALYSIS OF DATA WITHIN THE ABOVE MENTIONED RESEARCH, CONCLUSIONS DO SHOW SIGNIFICANCE CONCERNING THE PRE-MENSTRUAL AND MENSTRUAL PHASE OF THE COMPLETE CYCLE PLUS THE LENGTH OF MENSTRUAL FLOW AND THE RELATIONSHIP THAT BOTH HAVE WITH ACCIDENT INVOLVEMENT. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER STUDY ARE ALSO INCLUDED. /AUTHOR/
Urban minority women's perceptions of and preferences for postpartum contraceptive counseling.

INTRODUCTION: Focused antenatal contraceptive counseling about postpartum contraception may reduce the risk of contraceptive nonuse and misuse although the optimal timing content and communication style of such counseling remain controversial. This study used an in-depth qualitative approach in a population of young postpartum urban minority group women in order to examine womens perspectives toward the optimal provision of comprehensive contraceptive counseling. METHODS: Brief surveys and semistructured interviews were conducted with 30 consenting postpartum women. In-person one-on-one interviews were then reviewed for themes by using an iterative process. Qualitative analysis techniques identifying emergent themes were applied to interview data. RESULTS: In this cohort of African American (63%) and Hispanic (37%) women (median age 26 y) 73% had unplanned pregnancies. Women preferred frequent short sessions of provider-initiated comprehensive contraceptive counseling throughout the antepartum period with reinforcement of decisions during the postpartum period. Participants valued patient-centered counseling that was inclusive of all appropriate methods and personalized to individual needs. DISCUSSION: We recommend that frequent provider-initiated multiple-modality discussions of appropriate postpartum contraceptive options should take place throughout pregnancy in an open individualized manner. Further work should address the long-term effects of improved patient-centered antenatal contraceptive counseling on rates of unintended pregnancy. (c) 2011 by the American College of Nurse-Midwives.
An analysis of potential photosynthetic life on Mars

This project researched the possibility of photosynthetic life on Mars. Cyanobacteria were used as potential analogs and were subjected to various Martian-simulated conditions. Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 was exposed to low pressure, ultraviolet radiation and Martian-simulated atmospheric composition, and proved resistant to the combination of these stresses. However, this organism could neither grow within Martian Regolith Simulant, owing to the lack of soluble nitrogen, nor could it grow in cold temperatures. As a result, later research focused on psychrotolerant cyanobacteria capable of utilizing atmospheric nitrogen. These Antarctic nitrogen-fixing strains were able to grow in Martian Regolith Simulant at temperatures as low as 4 °C. In addition, they proved resistant to salinity, ultraviolet radiation and freeze/thaw conditions. These results suggest that Antarctic nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria are good analogs for potential Martian life and should be considered in future exploratory missions for life on the red planet.
Economics and the Supreme Court: The Case of the Minimum Wage

Abstract In the United States, laissez-faire has been the policy advocated in good times, while social legislation has been called for during crises. One instance of this dichotomy concerns the transformation of the American understanding of minimum wage laws during the early 20th century. During this time, the view of minimum wage laws changed from one that viewed such laws as theft, to one that saw such laws as being required for distributional justness. We examine the legal-historical debate concerning whether the Supreme Court renounced its policy of laissez-faire individualism in its 1937 ruling finding the minimum wage law constitutional, arguing that it did not. We investigate the free market standard that the Court used to find minimum wage laws unconstitutional in 1923. We demonstrate how the economic conditions of the Depression, coupled with the development of economic theory, explain how the Court eventually found the minimum wage law constitutional.
Visualization of mutual fund risk using the consensus theory measure of agreement

A case is made for the use of a consensus theory measure in the form of the agreement measure to determine the risk associated with a mutual fund. Risk can be important in deciding on a stock purchase, or as a factor in determining how best to manage one's portfolio. The beta associated with each stock is used as the basis for the agreement calculation. The individual Beta's are processed by a clustering program to produce three categories of risk, and then the agreement is calculated on those categories. Graphs are used to visualize the risk. Illustrations demonstrate the application of the measure to solving problems, and two components of an actual stock fund are used to visualize the risk associated with each part.
Beyond Independence: Introducing Deweyan Philosophy to the Dialogue on Occupation and Independence

The concept of independence is often explicitly stated or subtly implied to be a human ideal in occupational science literature. While that assumption has been critiqued as culturally-specific, scholars of occupation have yet to firmly critique independence as an ideal within Western culture. There is a taken-for-granted assumption that independence is good because it is traditionally valued in Western societies. Drawing on the philosophy of John Dewey, this paper introduces a critique of the valuation of independence within Western culture as it relates to occupational science and argues that (a) idealizing independence undercuts the connected nature of life, (b) independence is not an end that can be achieved and maintained, and (c) independence and interdependence in fact co-exist in occupation. This argument extends recent trends in occupational science towards a transactional perspective. Dewey's concepts of freedom and growth—when framed as occurring through occupation—can provide guidance for movin...
Structural properties of electrophoretically deposited europium oxide nanocrystalline thin films

The structural properties of nanocrystalline europium oxide (Eu2O3) thin films, produced via electrophoretic deposition (EPD), were investigated. We found that EPD from our Eu2O3 nanocrystal solutions yielded both translucent films, with uniform size and distribution of the microstructure, and opaque films, with marked anisotropy to the size and distribution of the constituents of the microstructure. The disparity in the film morphology arose from the initial temperature conditions of the nanocrystal solution. The translucent films, produced from pre-chilled (−25 °C) EPD solutions, were bimodal films, comprised of homogeneous, tightly packed, glassy nanocrystalline films interspersed with micron-sized nanocrystal aggregates. In contrast, the opaque films, produced from room temperature solutions, consisted of an irregularly distributed and shaped microstructure. The evolution of the microstructure was monitored for the chilled samples as a function of film thickness (deposition time) and juxtaposed with the resultant structure of the room temperature film. Optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy were employed to characterize the films.
Progestin Receptor Induction and Sexual Behavior by Estradiol Treatment in Male and Female Rats

Abstract Sex differences in the induction of cytosolic progestin receptors (CPR) by estrogen priming were correlated with the sex differences in behavioral responses. We evaluated the temporal relationship between CPR in several brain regions and pituitary and the time-course of 17beta-estradiol (E(2)) activation of female sexual behavior in gonadectomized male and female rats implanted with subcutaneous E(2) Silastic capsules for 6 h, 24 h and 48 h. Both CPR levels and mating behavior increase monotonically with the time of E(2) exposure. Induction of CPR was observed in the periventricular region of the preoptic area (PVPOA), arcuate nucleus (ARC), ventromedial nuclei (VMN) and pituitary in both sexes. A small induction of CPR was found in parietal cortex. The VMN in female rats showed a significant E(2)-induced CPR increase at all times of exposure, while in male rats this induction was only significant after 24 h. Significant sex differences in absolute CPR levels and E(2)-induced receptors were found in the following structures: VMN, 18 h after 6 h of E(2) treatment and after 24 h and 48 h of continuous E(2) exposure; PVPOA, only after 48 h of continuous E(2) exposure; ARC at 24 h and 48 h; and pituitary after all E(2) treatment. Mating behavior was tested under two conditions: E(2) alone (2 h after removal of E(2) capsules) and E(2)+progesterone (2 h after a progesterone injection given 10 min after concluding the first test). Receptivity was first observed after 24 h E(2) exposure in female rats, whereas in male rats a small response appeared only after 48 h of E(2) exposure. After progesterone priming, the time of E(2) exposure necessary for expression of female sexual behavior was reduced to 6 h in females and 24 h in males. The appearance of mating behavior appears to follow that of inducible CPR in the VMN in both sexes. In addition, the CPR levels associated with the first receptivity either by male rats (16.6 fmol/mg protein) or female rats (15.3 fmol/mg protein) are very similar suggesting the presence of a threshold level controlling the expression of feminine sexual behavior. It is likely that inhibitory neural input plays a role in determining the threshold level of E(2)-induced CPR, which is sufficient to trigger lordosis behavior.
Rural environmental attitudes

Two frequent beliefs about rural environmental attitudes are examined conceptually and empirically: (1) the common conception that rural environmental concerns are expressed predominantly by wealthy community newcomers; and (2) the related position that long-time rural residents are hostile to the environmental cause. We argue conceptually, through the use of a 2×2 community matrix, that environmental attitudes are equally likely to be expressed by what we term “upper middle income newcomers,” “lower middle income newcomers,” “upper middle income locals,” and “lower middle income locals.” Empirically, we find that although wealthy newcomers express the strongest environmental attitudes in the community, their concerns represent only a small percentage of rural environmental attitudes consisting of respondents who make less than $40,000 a year in household income are over 40 years of age, possess less than a college education, and work in a nonprofessional occupation. This new category expresses environmental concerns at least equal to the rest of the community on three of four measures of environmental attitudes. The findings provide insight into the widespread and cross-sectional nature of rural environmental concern. The implication is that environmental groups will find significant sources of political support in rural communities, provided they craft their environmental message in a language consistent with rural attitudes and values. Things are gettin' bad fast. Easterners and environmentalists comin' down here from the big cities are tryin' to turn our way of life completely upside down. A western US rancher quoted in Krakauer (1991)
Maps into Dynkin diagrams arising from regular monoids

It has been shown by one of the authors that the system of idempotents of monoids on a group G of Lie type with Dynkin diagram Γ can be classified by the following data: a partially ordered set U with maximum element 1 and a map λ: U → 2Γ with λ(1) = Γ and with the property that for all J 1 , J 2 , J 3 ∈ U with J 1 > J 2 > J 3 , any connected component of λ( J 2 ) is contained in either λ( J 1 ) or λ( J 3 ). In this paper we show that λ comes from a regular monoid if and only if the following conditions are satisfied: (1) U is a ∧-semilattice; (2) If J 1 , J 2 ∈ U, then λ( J 1 )∧ λ( J 2 ) λ( J 1 ∧ J 2 ); (3) If θ ∈ Γ, J ∈ U, then max{ J 1 ∈ U|J 1 > J , θ ∈ λ ( J 1 )} exists; (4) If J 1 , J 2 ∈ U with J 1 > J 2 and if X is a two element discrete subset of λ( J 1 ) ∪ λ( J 2 ), then X λ( J ) for some J ∈ U J with J 1 > J > J 2 .
Capacity of a multi-cell cooperative system

The system capacity of a cellular wireless system consisting of a large number of fixed location base stations (BSs) and random location mobile stations (MSs) is studied. Assuming that the BSs in a multi-cell system are connected to a centralized controller which has access to channel state information (CSI), it is possible to optimize transmissions such that capacity is maximized. This paper discusses the theoretic limits of such cooperative multi-cell systems where a large number of BSs and MSs are involved. The evaluation is based on an accurate modeling of multi-cell deployment and practical BS per-antenna transmit power constraint. Performance results are obtained using numerical optimization and compared to the lower and upper bounds derived for different scenarios.
Principles of blood group serology and nomenclature: a critical review.

The A-B-O group system of man is used as a model to explain the principles of blood group serology and nomenclature. A correct nomenclature must take into account three kinds of entities, genes, the gene products (agglutinogens or phenogroups), and the serological specificities (or blood factors). The tendency in the past to equate agglutinogen with blood factor has been a pitfall, which has given rise to fallacies and errors in studies on the human A-B-O groups and especially the Rh-Hr types. The requirements for a suitable terminology for the A-B-O groups are demonstrated, and it is pointed out that the same principles have universal applicability not only to other blood group systems in man, but also to studies on the blood groups of infra-human species, and antigens of soluble proteins, bacteria and viruses.
Brothers Among Nations: The Pursuit of Intercultural Alliances in Early America, 1580–1660 – By Cynthia J. Van Zandt

Focusing upon the oft‐neglected and easily overlooked decades prior to 1660, this book explores the way various individuals and groups built alliances in early America. Europeans, Indians, and Afri...
Kähler-Dirac ghosts for self-dual fields

We present the generalization to space-time dimension D =4 n+2 of the Lorentz covariant quadratic lagrangian for pairs of (anti)self-dual fields previously obtained by the authors in D = 2. In the process of BRSTquantizing this lagrangian a first-order quadratic lagrangian for ghost (anti)self-dual fields is found which, after gauge fixing, can be written in terms of bispinors
Vertebral discitis after laparoscopic resection rectopexy: a rare differential diagnosis

Vertebral discitis usually arises from haematogenous spread of pathogens to the discs and bones. Vertebral discitis can rarely occur as a complication after laparoscopic operations with fixating sutures on the promontory. We report the case of an 81-year-old woman who underwent a laparoscopic resection rectopexy because of rectal prolapse. Weeks after the operation, the patient developed lower back pain with radiation to both legs not responding to symptomatic therapy. Two months later, a magnetic resonance imaging of the lumbar spine showed vertebral osteomyelitis and discitis. A fixation on the promontory may be sufficiently traumatic to the spine to pave the way for subsequent infection. A high index of suspicion should be raised in patients with persistent, severe back pain. Anamnesis, imageing and an adequate specimen from the affected area for microbiological analysis are crucial for timely diagnosis and appropriate management involving targeted and prolonged antimicrobial therapy.
Salience and the Social Meaning of Declarative Contours Three Case Studies of Gay Professionals

Most studies exploring the social meaning of variation have focused on phonological variables at the segmental level. This article investigates the social meaning of intonational variation in the s...
Reprint of “Plant regulation of microbial enzyme production in situ” ☆

Abstract Soil extracellular enzymes regulate the rate at which complex organic forms of nitrogen (N) become bio-available. Much research has focused on the limitations to heterotrophic enzyme production via lab incubations, but little has been done to understand the limitations to enzyme production in situ. We created root and symbiotic mycelia exclusion treatments using mesh in-growth bags in the field to isolate the effect of roots and other portions of the microbial community on enzyme production. When fertilized with complex protein N we found increases in N-degrading enzyme concentrations only when root in-growth was allowed. No response was observed when complex N was added to root-free treatments. Expanding on economic rules of microbial element limitation theory developed from lab incubation data, we suggest this is due to active transport of labile carbon (C) from roots to associated microbial communities in root bags. Roots alleviate C limitation of microbial enzyme synthesis, representing a tradeoff between plants and microbes–plant C for microbially-derived N.
EFFECTS OF LEADERSHIP STYLE AND PROBLEM STRUCTURE ON WORK GROUP PROCESS AND OUTCOMES IN AN ELECTRONIC MEETING SYSTEM ENVIRONMENT

Organizations are increasingly utilizing electronic meeting systems to enhance work group process and outcomes. Because leadership is a key group attribute, it is important to examine how behaviors of leaders influence work groups using electronic meeting systems. Results of a laboratory experiment indicated that (a) Participants made more supportive remarks under a consultative form of participative leadership than directive leadership; (b) Participants proposed more solutions and made fewer critical remarks for a fairly structured problem than for a moderately structured problem; (c) Participative leadership was more conducive to proposal of solutions for a moderately structured problem, while directive leadership was more conducive for a fairly structured problem; and (d) Frequency of solution proposals in turn affected group productivity and satisfaction. Implications for personnel practitioners and research on leadership in electronic meeting environments are presented.
T-cell-independent and T-cell-dependent B-cell responses to exposed variant surface glycoprotein epitopes in trypanosome-infected mice.

The T-cell dependency of B-cell responses to variant surface glycoprotein (VSG) epitopes exposed in their native surface conformation on Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense clone LouTat 1 was investigated. T-cell requirements were examined by analyses of gamma globulin preparations derived from trypanosome-infected BALB/c nude (nu/nu) and thymus-intact (nu/+) mice. A radioimmunoassay was used to selectively quantitate antibody binding to native VSG 1 epitopes present on the surface of viable trypanosomes. Such analyses of VSG-specific antibody in infected mice demonstrated that in the absence of T cells there was a significant B-cell response to exposed VSG epitopes; however, in the presence of T cells these surface epitope-specific responses were greatly enhanced. In contrast to infection, immunization of mice with purified VSG 1 or paraformaldehyde-fixed parasites elicited significant VSG surface epitope-specific responses only in the presence of T cells (i.e., in nu/+ mice only). VSG-specific antibody responses in mice infected with three other clonal T. brucei rhodesiense populations (LouTat 1.2, 1.5, and 1.9) were found to be similar in this pattern, although not identical, to the anti-LouTat 1 responses. An important exception was that mice infected with LouTat 1.8 required T cells to produce VSG surface-specific antibody. Thus, the VSG surface epitope-specific B-cell responses in trypanosome-infected mice represent composite T-cell-independent and T-cell-dependent processes, and a significantly stronger response is made in the presence of T cells. However, immunization with VSG in the absence of infection elicited only T-cell-dependent responses. Since the relative contribution of T-cell-independent and T-cell-dependent processes to the total VSG-specific antibody produced during infection was variable (as seen with the absence of a T-cell-independent response to LouTat 1.8), this may reflect differences in the primary structure or display of VSG molecules on the trypanosome membrane or may represent active parasite interference with some epitope-specific B-cell responses.
Interpretation of three‐component borehole magnetometer data

We have made a theoretical study of the problem of locating and defining a magnetized prism in the vicinity of a drillhole. The study shows that a three-component borehole magnetometer can be very useful in exploration for deep magnetic targets, which are difficult to intersect by drilling.There are nine parameters to be estimated from the data: the x, y, and z positions of the center of the prism; length, width and depth extent; and the three parameters defining the magnetization vector. The parameters are estimated by minimizing the sum of squared differences between the predicted and observed data. Since the problem is non-linear, it must be solved iteratively. At each iteration a singular value analysis of the sensitivity matrix is performed, and a particular solution is chosen from a set of minimal length solutions; each solution corresponds to a different rank of the sensitivity matrix.The main difficulty is an ambiguity involving the position parameters and the parameters defining the magnetization vector. In order to minimize this obstacle, a parameter scaling matrix is introduced. The effects of noise, wrong model, probe orientation errors, borehole length, and data density are analyzed. We have found that the position and depth extent of the body can be estimated with reasonable accuracy.
Delay insensitive RSFQ circuits with zero static power dissipation

Total power dissipation in RSFQ circuits consists of two parts, dynamic and static. Dynamic power is dissipated in Josephson junctions performing useful logical and data transmission operations. This dissipation is fundamental and proportional to the data rate (at 4 K, of the order of 10/sup -18/ Joule per bit). Static power is dissipated in resistors used by RSFQ circuits to distribute dc bias current between Josephson junctions. This part of dissipation is not intrinsic to RSFQ circuits and in principle can be eliminated. The goal of this work is to show that Delay Insensitive (DI) RSFQ primitives can be modified so that resistors are no longer required in the dc power supply distribution network, so that the on-chip static power dissipation is absent. In this report we present the schematics for such primitives, define the class of circuits that allow resistor-free current distribution network, and formulate the requirements to the design of this network.
Genetic Consequences of Tropical Second-Growth Forest Regeneration

Secondary forests are more extensive than old-growth forests in many tropical regions, yet the genetic composition of colonizing populations is poorly understood. We analyzed the parentage of a founder population of 130 individuals of the canopy palm Iriartea deltoidea in a 24-year-old second-growth forest in lowland Costa Rica. Among 66 trees in adjacent old-growth forest, only two individuals contributed 56% of the genes in founders. Second-growth trees had lower genetic diversity and larger patches of similar genotypes than old-growth trees. Recovery of genetic diversity of populations in tropical second-growth forests may take many generations and will require continued dispersal from genetically diverse source populations.
Implementation and evaluation of a two-compartment model for quantification of myocardial perfusion with rubidium-82 and positron emission tomography.

Positron emission tomography offers the ability to noninvasively assess regional myocardial perfusion in absolute terms (i.e., milliliters per gram per minute). Accurate estimates have been difficult to achieve with generator-produced 82Rb because of the complex behavior of this tracer in the myocardium. The aim of the present study was to determine whether regional myocardial blood flow could be assessed quantitatively with 82Rb and positron emission tomography by using a two-compartment kinetic model. Regional perfusion in milliliters per gram per minute was estimated from dynamic tomographic scans after intravenous administration of 82Rb in 18 studies in 13 intact dogs studied without intervention, after 2 and 24 hours of induced ischemia, during reperfusion after transient occlusion, or at rest and after pharmacological hyperemia after induced coronary artery stenosis. Regional flow was estimated along with the forward and backward rates of transport (k1 and k2 [minutes-1]) after the relative volume of distribution of the first compartment was fixed to 0.53 ml/ml and the tomographic parameters, the recovery and spillover fractions, were fixed to averaged values obtained in previous studies. In 36 comparisons, estimates of regional flow with 82Rb correlated well with flow measured with concomitantly administered radiolabeled microspheres (r = 0.91, p less than 0.05) over the flow range from 0.14 to 4.25 ml/g/min. A putative index of viability, k2, increased significantly in regions with severe ischemia. The results suggest that quantification of regional myocardial perfusion is possible in centers using 82Rb for estimates of myocardial perfusion when a physiologically appropriate, two-compartment model is used.
Quantifying Short-Term Wind Power Variability Using the Conditional Range Metric

Quantifying wind power variability is essential to power system operators, since wind power variability has a significant effect on the system operating reserve requirements and an underestimation of these requirements can severely affect the reliability of the system. Moreover, quantifying wind power variability, regardless of its uncertainty, can provide important characteristics generators must have so as to accommodate wind power fluctuations. The objective of this paper is to provide a metric to quantify short-term wind power variability. The general idea lies in comparing and quantifying the variability of a source using its range of outputs over a given period, conditioned on certain influential variables. The proposed conditional range metric (CRM) can be thought of as an “interval estimation” of the wind power over a given length time interval and can be used in conjunction with state-of-the-art forecasting as a valuable input in enhancing decision making under uncertainty.
Mining At Most Top-K% Mixed-drove Spatio-temporal Co-occurrence Patterns: A Summary of Results

Mixed-drove spatio-temporal co-occurrence patterns (MDCOPs) represent subsets of object-types that are located together in space and time. Discovering MDCOPs is an important problem with many applications such as planning battlefield tactics, and tracking predator-prey interactions. However, determining suitable interest measure thresholds is a difficult task. In this paper, we define the problem of mining at most top-K% MDCOPs without using user-defined thresholds and propose a novel at most top-K% MDCOP mining algorithm. Analytical and experimental results show that the proposed algorithm is correct and complete. Results show the proposed method is computationally more efficient than naive alternatives.