cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transistor and solar cell performance of donor–acceptor low bandgap copolymers bearing an acenaphtho[1,2-b]thieno[3,4-e]pyrazine (ACTP) motif

We report the performance of low-bandgap polymers with a new ACTP acceptor in organic transistors (max. field-effect mobility 0.2 cm2V−1s−1), and solar cells (max. efficiency 1.4%).
An analytical closed border irrigation model. II: Experimental verification

Abstract A volume balance model for closed-border irrigation, developed in Part I of the paper, was verified with 15 sets of experimental data. Calculated and observed values of advance distances, vertical recession times, impounding distances and horizontal recession times were compared. The average relative error ( are ) was less than 8% in predicted advance, below 2% in predicted vertical recession, under 5% in predicted horizontal recession, and within 6% for impounding distance. The model is simple, reasonably accurate and easy to apply for modeling the entire closed-border irrigation cycle.
A child survivor/psychiatrist's personal adaptation.

The author is a survivor of the Holocaust. His three older sisters, one older brother, and parents were walled into the ghetto of Czernovitz. All were forced to march to the Ukraine in mid-winter. In a camp in a small village, his parents and brother died of typhus and starvation. After liberation, the author and his sisters escaped from Russia via Roumania, Poland, and Sweden to Canada. Reflections on adaptation and coping, as well as survival skills which served the author then and now, are examined.
Concentrations and speciation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in human amniotic fluid.

Abstract Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are persistent organic chemicals used as flame retardants in textiles, plastics, and consumer products. Although PBDE accumulation in humans has been noted since the 1970s, few studies have investigated PBDEs within the gestational compartment, and none to date has identified levels in amniotic fluid. The present study reports congener-specific brominated diphenyl ether (BDE) concentrations in second-trimester clinical amniotic fluid samples collected in 2009 from fifteen women in southeast Michigan, USA. Twenty-one BDE congeners were measured by GC/MS/NCI. The average total PBDE concentration was 3795 pg/ml amniotic fluid (range: 337–21,842 pg/ml). BDE-47 and BDE-99 were identified in all samples. Based on median concentrations, the dominant congeners were BDE-208, 209, 203, 206, 207, and 47 representing 23, 16, 12, 10, 9 and 6%, respectively, of the total detected PBDEs. PBDE concentrations were identified in all amniotic fluid samples from southeast Michigan, supporting a need for further investigations of fetal exposure pathways and potential impacts on perinatal health.
Lipogenesis in bovine mammary cells: progressive changes with age in culture.

The time sequence of changes in quantitative and qualitative aspects of lipogenesis from [1,2-−14C2]acetate in cultured bovine mammary cells was examined. The incorporation of acetate into lipids was measured at daily intervals for the initial 6 days and then at 2, 6 and 10 weeks of culture. Lipogenesis decreased rapidly with age in culture. Freshly dispersed cells utilized 60% of labeled acetate for fatty acid synthesis but after 6 days in culture the rate of synthesis had decreased to 2% of initial rate. After 20 days in culture lipid synthesis increased and cells in culture for 70 days had about 10% of initial rate. The pattern of fatty acids changed markedly with time in culture. Synthesis of short chain fatty acids butyric through decanoic disappeared within 6 days and the relative production of long chain fatty acids especially stearic and oleic acid markedly increased at progressive stages in culture. There was a corresponding reduction in the production of triglycerides and a relative increase in percentage synthesis of diglycerides, phospholipids and cholesterol esters. These changes are discussed in relation to other examples of functional differentiation of cultured mammary cells.
Habitat alteration and its effects on native fishes in the upper Tennessee River system, east‐central U.S.A.

The upper Tennessee River drainage, which includes portions of the States of Virginia, North Carolina, and Tennessee, supports an exceptionally diverse fish fauna. Recent reductions in abundance and geographic ranges of several freshwater fishes have promulgated the imposition of protective measures for about 115 species among the three states, with nearly half of those species occurring in the upper Tennessee River. Most protected species are darters (Percidae: Etheostomatinae) or minnows (Cyprinidae), and are typically small, benthic invertivores. Major impacts on the fish fauna have resulted from dams, introduced species, toxic spills, mining and agriculture. An important cumulative effect of these impacts is fragmentation of the watershed; nearly 40% of the riverine habitat in major tributaries is either impounded or altered by tailwater discharges. The isolation and stress imposed on tributaries of the river have caused and will continue to cause extirpations of fishes, mussels and other aquatic fauna. Numerous federal, state, and private organizations are co-operating in efforts to protect rare species and habitats, improve agricultural and coal-producing practices, and enforce regulations for industrial and municipal effluents.
Nonlinear Evolution of the Kelvin–Helmholtz Instability of Supersonic Tangential Velocity Discontinuities

Abstract A nonlinear stability analysis using a multiple-scales perturbation procedure is performed for the instability of two layers of immiscible, inviscid, arbitrarily compressible fluids in relative motion. Such configurations are of relevance in a variety of astrophysical and space configurations. For modes ofallwavenumbers on, or in the stable neighborhood of, the linear neutral curve, the nonlinear evolution of the amplitude of the linear fields on the slow first-order scales is shown to be governed by a complicated nonlinear Klein–Gordon equation. Both the spatially dependent and space-independent versions of this equation are considered to obtain the regimes of physical parameter space where the linearly unstable solutions either evolve to final permanent envelope wave patterns resembling the ensembles of interacting vortices observed empirically, or are disrupted via nonlinear modulation instability.
Negative capacitance in organic light-emitting diodes

Negative capacitance has been characterized in organic light-emitting diode (OLED) heterostructures using impedance spectroscopy. Although similar inductive behavior has been previously reported for transient electroluminescence in OLEDs, definitive identification of negative capacitance in impedance spectroscopy data has been elusive due to the high concentration of distributed traps at the anode-organic interface. The addition of a layer of 4,4′-bis[(p-trichlorosilylpropylphenyl)phenylamino]-biphenyl at this interface minimizes these trapping sites, thus enabling the inductive nature of charge transport in OLEDs to be directly observable. By quantitatively correlating the resulting impedance spectroscopy data with equivalent circuit models, a detailed description of charge transport in OLEDs as a function of heterostructure composition is developed.
Aggregation over products and the speed of adjustment in inventory models

Abstract This paper demonstrates that aggregation across firms or products can result in a slow speed of adjustment when the underlying speeds of adjustment are actually quite rapid. The reason for this is that the price and output decisions which alleviate inventory disequilibrium in one market impinge upon stocks in other markets through the demand and cost functions. It is shown that aggregation bias occurs except under a special set of circumstances and that the aggregate speed of adjustment understates the product-line speeds of adjustment when the goods are substitutes or there is a moderate degree of production cost interaction in multi-product firms.
Modeling of multiple-quantum-well solar cells including capture, escape, and recombination of photoexcited carriers in quantum wells

A self-consistent numerical Poisson-Schrodinger-drift-diffusion solver is described for simulation of multiple-quantum-well (MQW) Al/sub x/Ga/sub 1-x/As-GaAs solar cells. The rates of escape, capture, and recombination of photoexcited carriers in quantum wells embedded in the intrinsic region of a p-i-n device are self-consistently incorporated in the model. The performance of the device for various quantum-well configurations is investigated and the device characteristics are related to the dynamics of capture, escape, absorption, and recombination of carriers in the quantum wells. Our results show that the incorporation of MQWs in the intrinsic region of a p-i-n solar cell can improve the conversion efficiency of non-optimal devices, if the device is designed based on careful consideration of the behavior of the photoexcited carriers in the quantum wells. Specifically, we found out that an Al/sub 0.1/Ga/sub 0.9/As-GaAs cell with multiple quantum wells of 150 /spl Aring/ is more efficient than an identical single bandgap Al/sub 0.1/Ga/sub 0.9/As cell with no quantum wells, but less efficient than a single bandgap GaAs cell without such quantum wells.
An Unorthodox Sensory Adaptation Site in the Escherichia coli Serine Chemoreceptor

The serine chemoreceptor of Escherichia coli contains four canonical methylation sites for sensory adaptation that lie near intersubunit helix interfaces of the Tsr homodimer. An unexplored fifth methylation site, E502, lies at an intrasubunit helix interface closest to the HAMP domain that controls input-output signaling in methyl-accepting chemotaxis proteins. We analyzed, with in vivo Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET) kinase assays, the serine thresholds and response cooperativities of Tsr receptors with different mutationally imposed modifications at sites 1 to 4 and/or at site 5. Tsr variants carrying E or Q at residue 502, in combination with unmodifiable D and N replacements at adaptation sites 1 to 4, underwent both methylation and demethylation/deamidation, although detection of the latter modifications required elevated intracellular levels of CheB. These Tsr variants could not mediate a chemotactic response to serine spatial gradients, demonstrating that adaptational modifications at E502 alone are not sufficient for Tsr function. Moreover, E502 is not critical for Tsr function, because only two amino acid replacements at this residue abrogated serine chemotaxis: Tsr-E502P had extreme kinase-off output and Tsr-E502I had extreme kinase-on output. These large threshold shifts are probably due to the unique HAMP-proximal location of methylation site 5. However, a methylation-mimicking glutamine at any Tsr modification site raised the serine response threshold, suggesting that all sites influence signaling by the same general mechanism, presumably through changes in packing stability of the methylation helix bundle. These findings are consistent with control of input-output signaling in Tsr through dynamic interplay of the structural stabilities of the HAMP and methylation bundles.
Governing Nanotechnology: Social, Ethical and Human Issues

This chapter is a human-centered survey of nanotechnologyʼs broader implications, reporting on the early phase of work by social scientists, philosophers, and other scholars. It begins with the social science agenda developed by governments, and the heritage of research on technology and organizations that social science brings to this mission. It then outlines current thinking about nanotechnologyʼs economic impacts, health or environmental impacts, and social contributions. It discusses how technology can be regulated by a combination of informal ethics and formal law, then concludes by considering the shape of popular nanotechnology culture, as reflected in science fiction, public perceptions, and education.
Explaining disparities in treatment seeking: the case of infertility.

Objective To present an integrated model of help-seeking, review empirical work in its support, and show its application to the explanation of racial and ethnic disparities in infertility help-seeking. Design Review. Setting None. Patient(s) None. Intervention(s) None. Main Outcome Measure(s) None. Result(s) None. Conclusion(s) A help-seeking model provides a plausible explanation of observed disparities in infertility help-seeking. In addition to being related to income, race and ethnicity is related to prior experience with doctors, marital status, parity, knowledge and attitudes toward reproductive technology, and attitudes supporting spiritual rather than technological solutions to health problems.
Identification of [Met5]-enkephalin in developing, adult, and renewing tissues by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography and radioimmunoassay

Extracts of adult corneal epithelium, and developing and adult cerebellum, aorta, and heart, from rats were evaluated for [Met5]-enkephalin. Samples were prepared by ultrafiltration and solid phase extraction with a C-18 Sep-pak, separated by reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography, and analyzed by radioimmunoassay (RIA). This qualitative analysis revealed the presence of [Met5]-enkephalin in all tissues but the adult cerebellum. These results confirm and extend earlier reports that have used RIA or immunohistochemistry with regard to the presence of this opioid peptide in developing and renewing tissues, and indicate that [Met5]-enkephalin is indeed being recognized by immunological assays.
Neurologic deterioration in noncomatose patients with supratentorial intracerebral hemorrhage

Objective: To determine the frequency, time course, and predictors of neurologic deterioration (ND) in noncomatose patients with supratentorial intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Background: Patients with worsening ICH may benefit from therapy aimed at reducing mass effect due to active bleeding or cerebral edema. Methods: We analyzed 46 noncomatose (Glasgow Coma Scale [GCS] score ≥ 8) patients with ICH in the Stroke Data Bank (SDB). All subjects were examined within 24 hours of onset (mean, 13.6 hours) and were prospectively followed with serial examinations during hospitalization. ND was defined as (1) a ≥ 2-point decrease in the GCS score, (2) a ≥ 1-point increase in the SDB weakness score, or (3) a new deficit, unrelated to medical or surgical complications. Results: ND occurred in 15 of 46 patients (33%). The frequency of ND was greatest on the first hospital day (eight of 15 patients) and decreased progressively thereafter. Patients with ND had larger hemorrhages (mean volume, 45 ml versus 16 ml, p p p = 0.001). Conclusions: ND occurs in one-third of noncomatose patients with supratentorial ICH and carries a poor prognosis. Large hematoma volume on CT, rather than clinical predictors, identifies patients at high risk for subsequent worsening.
Modernizing African agribusiness: reflections for the future

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to look forward to explore the links between projected rapid rates of agribusiness expansion and Africa's economic growth, equity and spatial development.Design/methodology/approach – The paper draws inferences from 30 years of agribusiness value chain research in Africa.Findings – Africa's agribusinesses stand poised for exceptionally rapid growth over the coming 40 years. Because of strong interdependencies between agribusiness and agriculture, productivity growth in agribusiness systems will critically affect Africa's overall economic growth rate, its spatial development patterns and progress toward poverty reduction. But the necessary efficiency gains in agribusiness performance will not appear automatically. They will require substantial private investments, a competitive private sector and heightened public attention in areas where governments have historically proven weak: promoting regional trade, improving town and regional planning, financing scientific res...
Online aggressor/targets, aggressors, and targets: a comparison of associated youth characteristics

Background: While most youth report positive experiences and activities online, little is known about experiences of Internet victimization and associated correlates of youth, specifically in regards to Internet harassment. Methods: The Youth Internet Safety Survey is a cross-sectional, nationally representative telephone survey of young regular Internet users in the United States. Interviews were conducted between the fall of 1999 and the spring of 2000 and examined characteristics of Internet harassment, unwanted exposure to sexual material, and sexual solicitation that had occurred on the Internet in the previous year. One thousand, five hundred and one regular Internet users between the ages of 10 and 17 years were interviewed, along with one parent or guardian. To assess the characteristics surrounding Internet harassment, four groups of youth were compared: 1) targets of aggression (having been threatened or embarrassed by someone; or feeling worried or threatened by someone’s actions); 2) online aggressors (making rude or nasty comments; or harassing or embarrassing someone with whom the youth was mad at); 3) aggressor/targets (youth who report both being an aggressor as well as a target of Internet harassment); and 4) non-harassment involved youth (being neither a target nor an aggressor online). Results: Of the 19% of young regular Internet users involved in online aggression, 3% were aggressor/targets, 4% reported being targets only, and 12% reported being online aggressors only. Youth aggressor/targets reported characteristics similar to conventional bully/victim youth, including many commonalities with aggressor-only youth, and significant psychosocial challenge. Conclusions: Youth aggressor/targets are intense users of the Internet who view themselves as capable web users. Beyond this, however, these youth report significant psychosocial challenge, including depressive symptomatology, problem behavior, and targeting of traditional bullying. Implications for intervention are discussed. Keywords: Internet, bully, adolescence, computers, depression, child development. Abbreviations: YISS: Youth Internet Safety Survey; AOR: Adjusted Odds Ratio.
An introduction to mechanical engineering technology and computer aided design for women over thirty: a ten year follow-up study

A ten year follow-up study of a course taught to seventeen women over thirty to introduce them to mechanical engineering technology and computer aided design was conducted to assess the effectiveness the course had in achieving the goal of increasing the number of female students in the Mechanical Engineering Technology Department of New York City Technical College, where few women have taken advantage of the educational programs offered. Although none of the women in this experimental course pursued careers in mechanical engineering or computer aided design drafting/computer aided manufacturing, it was successful since it opened up opportunities and led to advancement and recognition these women might not have had otherwise.
FAMILIAL GOITER WITH DEFECT IN INTRINSIC METABOLISM OF THYROXINE WITHOUT HYPOTHYROIDISM

Summary A family of six Negro children,four of whom had goiters, has been described. The goitrous children were found to have a defect in organic binding of iodine, as shown by the release of thyroidal radioiodine after the administration of potassium thiocyanate. Of great interest was the fact that these children have remained euthyroid as determined by clinical and laboratory observations. Studies of thyroid metabolism have been presented and the histopathology of a thyroid biopsy from one of the children has been described. It was concluded that this familyof goitrous children clearly demonstrated examples of “simple” nontoxic goiter due to an intrinsic metabolic defect in thyroxine synthesis.
Relationship between staphylococcal antiserum titer and zone development on immune serum plates.

A workable relationship was established between the standard serum titers of staphylococcal immune antisera and the development of precipitin zones on serum agar around colonies of staphylococcal strains producing homologous antigens (enterotoxins). The standard titer of a serum is defined as the reciprocal of that serum dilution which, with 10 μg of pure enterotoxin per ml, will give a precipitin zone 10 mm in length in single gel-diffusion tubes after 7 days of incubation at 25 C. A numerical scale was set up for determining the intensity of precipitin zones on serum agar. A reading of 3 was considered optimum. This correlated well with a standard serum titer of 25, when 1 ml of such a serum was used per 20 ml of medium per serum plate. From this relationship, the minimum volume of serum required to give optimum precipitin zone development can be calculated.
A phase-noise model for nonlinear piezoelectrically-actuated MEMS oscillators

This paper presents a new empirical exponential-series-based model that describes the measured phase-noise (PN) of a nonlinear piezoelectric MEMS oscillator. Since the order of terms in the Leeson's model can only provide at maximum −30 dB/dec slope, a model with higher order terms is proposed to determine an effective resonator quality factor (Q eff ) and reflect the reduced contribution of the amplifier flicker-noise. The average fitting error of the proposed model to a 23 MHz in-plane shear (IPS) mode oscillator is found to be less than 1%. Nonlinear operation produces an oscillator with a PN of −130 dBc/Hz at 1kHz offset-frequency, which corresponds to an improvement of about 15 dB compared to linear operation.
Flavonoid Phytochemicals Regulate Activator Protein-1 Signal Transduction Pathways in Endometrial and Kidney Stable Cell Lines

Phytochemicals bind to and regulate the human estrogen receptors (ERalpha and ERbeta), mimicking actions of the endogenous estrogen, 17beta-estradiol, and known antiestrogens such as ICI 182,780. Recently, however, some of these estrogenic phytochemicals have been shown to affect other signal transduction pathways, such as receptor tyrosine kinases and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK). Previously, we found that certain phytochemicals, such as flavone, apigenin, kaempferide and chalcone, have potent antiestrogenic activity. However, the antiestrogenicity of these compounds does not correlate with their ER binding capacity, suggesting alternative signaling as a mechanism for their antagonistic effects. In this study, we examined the effects of these compounds on the transcription factor activator protein-1 (AP-1). Using AP-1-luciferase stable human endometrial adenocarcinoma Ishikawa and human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cells, chalcone, flavone and apigenin all stimulated AP-1 activity. Additionally, we determined the effects of the phytochemicals on transcription factors that are downstream targets of various MAPK pathways. To test this, we used HEK 293 cells stably cointegrated with GAL4 transcriptional activation systems of Elk-1, c-Jun or C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP). Chalcone was the only phytochemical that activated all three transcription factors [Elk-1, 2.7-fold (P < 0.001); c-Jun, 2.7-fold (P = 0.025); CHOP, 3.0-fold (P = 0.002)], whereas apigenin stimulated CHOP (3.9-fold; P < 0.001), but inhibited phorbol myristoyl acetate-induced c-Jun activity (71%;P = 0.006). This work suggests that phytochemicals affect multiple signaling pathways that converge at the level of transcriptional regulation. The ability of flavonoids to regulate MAPK-responsive pathways in a selective manner indicates a mechanism by which phytochemicals may influence human health and disease.
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Cocaine Dependence: Order of Onset

To investigate differences between patients whose posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) preceded their cocaine dependence and vice versa, 33 patients with comorbid PTSD and cocaine dependence were divided into two groups: one in which the traum and PTSD occurred before onset of cocaine dependence (primary PTSD) and one in which the PTSD occurred after cocaine dependence was established (primary cocaine). In the primary-PTSD group, the trauma was generally childhood abuse. In the primary-cocaine group, the trauma was generally associated with the procurement and use of cocaine. In the primary PTSD group, there were significantly more women, more other Axis I diagnoses, more Cluster B and C Axis II diagnoses, and more benzodiazepine and opiate use. In the primary-cocaine group, there was a trend toward more cocaine use in the previous month. Significant clinical differences between these two groups may warrant different types of treatment or differing treatment emphasis.
Surface-Based Convective Potential in the Contiguous United States in a Business-as-Usual Future Climate

Abstract To date, neither observational studies nor direct climate model simulations have been able to document trends in the frequency or severity of deep moist convection associated with global climate change. The lack of such evidence is not unexpected as the observational record is insufficiently long and computational limitations prevent modeling at the scales necessary to simulate explicitly such phenomena. Nonetheless, severe deep moist convection represents an important aspect of regional climate, particularly in the central United States, where damage, injuries, and fatalities are a frequent result of such phenomena. Accordingly, any comprehensive assessment of the regional effects of climate change must account for these effects. In this work, the authors present a “perfect prog” approach to estimating the potential for surface-based convective initiation and severity based upon the large-scale variables well resolved by climate model simulations. This approach allows for the development of a st...
A capstone design course in EE

The electrical engineering capstone design course sequence offered at Montana State University is described. The author discusses the effort in implementing the sequence, and offers insights on the successes as well as the problems encountered. The three-quarter, six credit sequence is organized as follows: (a) a one-credit course whose purpose is to introduce the student to the design process and then apply the principles to an engineering problem. The final product of which is a design proposal document that forms the basis for the design project; (b) a three-credit course whose purpose is the implementation of the design project approved in the first course and that results in a prototype if the design project is a hardware project or a preliminary report if the project is a study; and (c) a two-credit course in which the final system is completed together with the reporting phase of the project. A technical manual, if appropriate, is produced with full instructions. >
Evaluation of factors associated with stability of anticoagulation therapy.

Eighty-two patients receiving long-term warfarin therapy provided 199.34 patient-years of data that were evaluated to determine if certain variables could identify those who might be monitored safely at less frequent intervals. Most patient demographics, social habits, medical histories, indications for anticoagulation, and concurrent therapy were not useful in discriminating between patients with stable (n = 67) and unstable (n = 15) anticoagulation. A few trends were noted, but they failed to achieve statistical significance. Patients who never achieved stability (the unstable group) tended to be younger than those who did (p 0.13). Among the stable patients, those with a diagnosis of deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolus, or with elevated alanine aminotransferase values, were significantly more likely to require a dosage change. The probability of requiring a dosage change at monthly visits did not correlate with the time required to become stable, but it did correlate inversely with the duration of stable anticoagulation. This probability declined from almost 16% when monitoring frequency was first extended to monthly intervals to less than 8% at 2 months of stable anticoagulation, and tended to decline further with longer periods of stable therapy. Of the 67 patients who became stable, 23 did not require a dosage change during an average of 526 days of follow-up. Among the 44 stable patients who required a dosage change, the mean time to the change was 250 days after becoming stable. Few complications occurred, almost all of them early in therapy. The declining probability of requiring a dosage change and the very low frequency of complications with longer periods of therapy suggest that less frequent monitoring may be appropriate and safe for patients with 3 or more months of stable anticoagulation.
Assessment and Treatment Planning in Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorders

Adults with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) may present quite differently than children with ASD due to developmental maturation, effects of years of intervention, and differing environmental demands and expectations placed upon them in adulthood as compared to childhood. Support services for adults are much less widely available than for children, and after the age of 21, adults are no longer entitled to a free and appropriate education under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA). With this reduction in supports and services, young adults may struggle to successfully meet the new demands they face. A comprehensive assessment of an individual’s strengths and weaknesses can aid in treatment planning and in identifying areas of support and accommodation that would be beneficial to the adult.
Num espelho de mulher: cegueira normativa e questões de direitos humanos não resolvidas

This paper reviews the constraints governing declarations of human rights, recognizing the major conceptual progress while also directing attention to unresolved issues that are mainly cultural. Normative blindness refers to salient issues regarding sexual and other mutilations, weapons testing, or arms control as viewed from the margins. A recognition of human rights abuses resulting from global commercialism is critical to a non-hegemonic human rights movement while comparison requires us to become more self-conscious about the role of Euro-American human rights activism as a hegemonic project. A leap forward calls for a broad gauged philosophy of human rights in which no place or country or enterprise is exempt.
Oscillation Root-cause Detection and Quantification Under Multiple Faults

In this chapter a model-based oscillation root-cause detection and quantification approach is presented. The objective of this methodology is to devise a strategy to make the diagnosis applicable to most practical situations encountered in industry by considering the presence of multiple faults occurring simultaneously. Power spectral density (PSD) and auto-correlation function (ACF) based oscillation detection method (described in Chap. 4) followed by a model-based approach for identifying and quantifying the root-cause of the oscillations is presented in this chapter. The application of each component of the algorithm is described with appropriate illustrative examples. Overall methodology is validated on simulation case studies involving various cases of stiction, poor controller tuning, and external disturbances.
Infarct size as a determinant of acute and long-term prognosis.

Prognosis after myocardial infarction is determined by many factors, of which the quantity of myocardium injured is of prime importance. The analysis of serial plasma samples for either total or MB creatine kinase provides an accurate estimate of the mass of infarcted myocardium. Enzymatic estimates of infarct size are closely related to the degree of left ventricular dysfunction, the frequency of ventricular ectopy, and the short and long-term prognosis after myocardial infarction.
Batesian Mimicry in Ptecticus cyanifrons (Diptera: Stratiomyidae)

In September 1963 a series of larvae and puparia of Ptecticus cyanifrons (Rondani) were collected from fallen guavas in Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico. Both stages were placed in cages to await emergence. The first adults appeared a few days later, but the flies that emerged from the larvae took about 2 weeks.
RELIGIOUS PRACTICE AND ORTHODOXY AMONG CATHOLIC STUDENTS AS A FUNCTION OF PARENTS' BELIEFS AND RELIGIOUS TRAINING

of the student. The religious orthodoxy items for the student were repeated in Items 47 to 52 for the student's father and in Items 53 to 58 for the student's mother. Orthodoxy scales for the parents were used so that a measure of the similarity berween the students' and their parents' strength of opinion about the teachings of the Catholic church and Catholic doctrine could be developed. Five additional items had to do with religious practices of both the student and his or her parents before the smdent entered college, and the remaining items dealt with family background factors, number and ages of siblings, doubts about religion, fraternity and sorority membership, the frequency of visits home, and the frequency of visits to the campus Catholic Student Center. For these students there was a significant relationship between agreement of college students and their parents on orthodoxy scores and their religious practices scores (x2 = 7.41, df = 1, p < .01). Similarity of orrhodoxy scores of students and parents was positively related to frequency of interaction with both mother (X2 = 5.50, df = 1, p < .02) and father (x9 = 5.14, df = 1, p < .05). Parents who were both Catholic (homogamous with respect to religion) were perceived to be more satisfied with their marriage than parents who were not both Catholic (x' = 9.20, df = 1, p < .01) and parents who were similar in their degree of orthodoxy were perceived to be more satisfied with their marriage than parents who were divergent (X2 = 8.41, df = 1, p < .01). Religious homogamy of the parents was marginally related to religious importance scores of the respondents (xa = 3.03, df = 1, p < .lo). Also, a positive relationship was found between attendance at the Catholic Student Center and previous attendance at a parochial grade or high school (xa = 5.08, df = 1, p < .05). These results suggest a somewhat strong familial influence upon religious beliefs and behaviors among Catholic students.
E-031 cervical access and use of peripheral vascular stent for venous sinus stenosis: technical considerations and mid-term angiographic and clinical results

Introduction Venous sinus stenting has become increasingly accepted as an acceptable treatment for idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) in selected patients who fail medical treatment and in whom a hemodynamically significant stenosis and pressure gradient can be measured. Technical challenges may include navigating past the jugular bulb or area of stenosis without prolapsing the supporting catheter into the heart and the fact that all carotid stenting systems use a 0.014” wire, which often does not provide adequate support in tortuous venous anatomy. Methods We review our initial experience using a peripheral vascular stent using brachial or jugular access, which is delivered over a 0.035" wire. In addition, we review the clinical features and angiographic outcomes of these patients. Results Three patients were available with at least 6 month angiographic follow-up. One patient presented with typical IIH symptoms, one with failure of medical and endovascular treatment for sinus thrombosis, and one with acute severe vision loss, intracranial hypertension and sinus stenosis without obvious thrombus. All patients had documented papilledema and the two acute patients also had bilateral 6th cranial nerve palsies. All patients had venous pressure gradients >20 mmHg across the stenotic segment. All stents were deployed across the target segment from either brachial or cervical venous access with a 6F short sheath and a 0.035" Rosen or glide wire. All stents were 10mm diameter, flexible, open cell stents (LifeStar: Bard PV: Tempe, AZ). One patient required two stents and the remainder required only one. Delayed imaging showed patency of all stents without stenosis (range 6–15 months.) Anti-platelet medications were used in all patients_one with aspirin only, two with aspirin and clopidogrel. All patients had improvement of clinical and ophthalmological symptoms. Conclusions Venous sinus stenting is a promising treatment for restoration of sinus patency and improvement of clinical symptoms in selected patients. Cervical access and the support of a 0.035” wire makes delivery of the device simpler compared to use of standard carotid stents. Disclosures A. Carlson: None. A. Delu: None. C. Taylor: None.
Role of p38 MAPK Signal Pathway in Airway Epithelial Cells Injured by Lipopolysaccharide

Lipopolysaccharide(LPS), one of the main components of the cell walls of Gram-negative bacteria, is one of the most important factors causing cell inflammation and oxidative stress. Airway epithelium is the body's natural defense barrier against the damage of biological and chemical factors such as bacteria, viruses and cigarette smoke, and plays the critical role in maintenance of homeostasis in the airway local microenvironment. Additionally, airway epithelium is the major target for the actions of a number of classes of inhaled medications, and dysfunction of homeostasis in airway epithelium structure or function may be involved in the pathophysiologic processes of many lung diseases such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. LPS can induce airway epithelial injuries, while the underlying molecular mechanism is still unclear. The p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase(p38 MAPK)including p38α, p38β, p38γ and p38δ, is one member lying within the four MAPK subfamilies, and it plays very important roles in regulating a wide variety of biological processes such as inflammation, cell growth, cell differentiation, and cell death, through classical or nonclassical p38 MAPK activation and independent of its kinase activity. This article reviews the role of p38 MAPK signal pathway in airway epithelial cells injured by lipopolysaccharide.
Status of Electric Propulsion Systems for Space Missions

During the past few years, electric propulsion systems have passed from the status of ideas which look interesting but somewhat academic to the status of active research and development, with a firm and growing place in the nation’s space program. How has this come about, and is it really justifiable? The electric propulsion cycle itself looks tremendously cumbersome and roundabout — nuclear or solar energy is first converted to heat, which in turn is converted into electrical energy, which is used, either directly or indirectly, to accelerate the propellant rearward to produce thrust. In each portion of this cycle there are inefficiencies and technological difficulties which are far from negligible. Furthermore, electric propulsion systems are so heavy, relative to the thrust that they can produce, that they must be boosted into orbit before they can be used, and they are almost painfully slow in getting in and out of planetary gravitational fields.
Cranial anatomy and otitis media: a cadaver study

Background: The eustachian tube is regarded as an etiologic factor for otitis media. Although anatomic cranial differences also are suggested as a factor, few scientifically rigorous studies of these differences have been reported. Materials: Thirty-five adult cadaveric crania were examined. Methods: Multiple (32) linear and angular cranial measurements were performed. For evidence of prior otitis media, there were two indicators: small mastoid pneumatization seen radiographically and abnormal tympanic membranes at photographic tympanoscopy. Each measurement and each categorization were done twice, independently. The average of the two measurements was used for each comparison. Only consistent categorizations were used for comparison. Results: Relatively short eustachian tubes were found to associate with both indicators of childhood otitis: r = 0.39, p < 0.05. A relatively short distance from midsella turcica to staphylion, and short distance between the ears, also were associated with otitis. No angular relation of either the bony or cartilaginous eustachian tube correlated with the otitis indicators. Bilateral symmetry of pneumatization and tympanoscopic categorization, and of the various linear and angular measurements. was apparent. Conclusions: The association of otitis media with some cranial base anatomic differences is endorsed. Comparatively long eustachian tubes. long distance from midsella to staphylion, and large interear length correlate with indicators of healthy middle ears.
Coordinating Inventing and Innovating Through Markets in Patents with Prices: Experimental Study of Institutional Behavior and Price Signals

The patent system provides the property rights for organized markets in patents with transparent prices. Such prices are here investigated as signals for Inventors, intermediaries (Traders), and Innovators alike of valuable and searchable technology areas, in an experimental study. They inform decisions of specialized inventor firms on allocation of resources for invention given a search space of induced technology values. The traditional hierarchical model of coordinating invention and innovation in a vertically integrated firm is replaced by coordination of these activities among specialized firms through a market with prices. Inventors, intermediaries (Traders), and Innovators participate in this exchange. The experimental study builds on the study focusing on price mechanisms with exogenous technology values described in Chap. 3 and expands that study to an economic environment with endogenous technology values (defined by a search space of nine possible technology focuses). The concept of willingness to search is related to search theory. The results show that coordination clearly takes place but differs significantly between the institutions and patent validity tested (a 3 × 2 design), except in one case for weak patents. As with the price study, demand-side bidding in both dimensions of the linear contract appears to yield the highest willingness to search for a more valuable technology, and thus the best chances for the allocation of resources for invention among the institutions and validity investigated. Multiple end-states are observed for such searches, especially for institutions with less demand-side bidding, indicating imprecise price signals (uncertainty in price between high- and low-value technologies), for institutions similar to today’s personal exchange mechanisms. Coordination through markets with prices appears to increase the dynamic gains of the patent system through price information that reduce or better inform about the risk and value in investments in new technology (informed by the technology focus).
Spatial Analysis for the Social Sciences: Advanced Spatial Models

Thus far, this book has examined models that are appropriate when the phenomenon of interest is measured as a continuous dependent variable. Often, however, social scientists are interested in explaining phenomena that do not lend themselves to linear models for continuous dependent variables. Spatial autocorrelation also affects phenomena typically studied through these more advanced models, such as limited dependent variable models, count models, or survival models. However, although spatial dependence is likely to be present in many of these more complex phenomena, it is rarely modeled even by applied researchers employing these advanced modeling strategies. Instead, for example, event counts at one location are often assumed to be spatially independent of counts at neighboring locations. Clearly, such an assumption is untenable. This chapter examines how social scientists can incorporate spatial dependence in more advanced modeling approaches beyond the linear model. It examines several types of advanced models familiar to applied researchers in the social sciences: binary dependent variable models, multinomial models, ordinal models, count models, and survival models. SPATIAL BINARY DEPENDENT VARIABLE MODELS Many phenomena of interest to social scientists such as interstate conflict, marital status, recividism, and the like take the form of binary variables. As is well known, estimators for continuous dependent variables such as ordinary least squares (OLS) are not applicable for these dichotomous dependent variables. Estimators such as OLS suffer from heteroskedasticity and non-normality, assume incorrect functional form, and can produce nonsensical predictions when the dependent variable is binary (see, e.g., Long 1997, 38–40). As a consequence, scholars utilize maximum likelihood (ML) estimators such as probit or logit. However, although these estimators are widely applied in the social sciences, rarely do social scientists model spatial dependence in the binary dependent variables of interest to them. This is problematic given the propensity of social science data toward spatial dependence. Interestingly, while spatial binary dependent variable models have been largely absent in the social science literature, these models represent a critical area of interest among current spatial analysis scholars, with many new estimators being developed in the past two decades. In this section, I examine these advances in modeling spatial dependence in dichotomous dependent variables.
Dopamine D3/D2 Receptor Antagonist PF-4363467 Attenuates Opioid Drug-Seeking Behavior without Concomitant D2 Side Effects.

Dopamine receptor antagonism is a compelling molecular target for the treatment of a range of psychiatric disorders, including substance use disorders. From our corporate compound file, we identified a structurally unique D3 receptor (D3R) antagonist scaffold, 1. Through a hybrid approach, we merged key pharmacophore elements from 1 and D3 agonist 2 to yield the novel D3R/D2R antagonist PF-4363467 (3). Compound 3 was designed to possess CNS drug-like properties as defined by its CNS MPO desirability score (≥4/6). In addition to good physicochemical properties, 3 exhibited low nanomolar affinity for the D3R (D3 Ki = 3.1 nM), good subtype selectivity over D2R (D2 Ki = 692 nM), and high selectivity for D3R versus other biogenic amine receptors. In vivo, 3 dose-dependently attenuated opioid self-administration and opioid drug-seeking behavior in a rat operant reinstatement model using animals trained to self-administer fentanyl. Further, traditional extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS), adverse side effects arising ...
Extrusion Expansion Characteristics of Samples of Select Varieties of Whole Yellow and Green Dry Pea Flours

Extrusion expansion characteristics of commercially available whole flours from three green pea varieties (Ariel, Aragorn, and Daytona) and three yellow pea varieties (Carousel, Treasure, and Jetset) were investigated with a corotating twin-screw extruder. Feed moisture content was kept constant at 15 ± 0.5% (wb). Two barrel temperature levels of 140 and 160°C and three screw speed levels of 150, 200, and 250 rpm were studied. A round die with an opening of 3 mm was used. The radial expansion ratio (ER) of whole pea extrudates was 2.75–3.34. It was shown that the varieties had a significant impact on the expansion properties. Daytona green pea had a significantly greater ER compared with all other varieties (P < 0.05) within the conditions studied. ER was also found to have a positive linear correlation with screw speed. The microstructure of extrudate cross-sections showed that the samples with greater expansion had more uniform and relatively small pore structure. The results show the importance of usin...
Enhancement of man-machine communication: the human use of inhuman beings

The enhancement of man-machine communication is introduced by reviewing some aspects of the social impact of computer technology. It is argued that worries that computers will be a dehumanizing influence on everyday life can be partially alleviated by better design of the human interface to the technology. Examples of humans perceptual and motor limitation are cited to show how specific understanding of these limitations can determine ways that computers can be used to enhance man-machine communication. >