cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Concluding Remarks on the Symposium

The speakers with expertise in the various industrial electrochemical areas represented in the Symposium have been generally quite optimistic concerning new technical innovations as well as further growth of these industries. For the remainder of the century, applied electrochemistry can be expected to have increasing importance relative to industry as a whole. The factors responsible were cited in the opening remarks—the energy problem, the raw materials problem, the environment problem.
A Radical Exploration of the Cobalamin-Dependent Radical SAM Enzyme CysS

The cobalamin-dependent radical SAM enzyme CysS performs methylation reactions at an unactivated carbon center using what is predicted to be an unprecedented radical substitution mechanism. Herein, we highlight significant progress made by Wang and Begley in providing support for the enzymatic relevance of this proposal.
"Undiagnosed aortic coarctation with 2 simultaneous acute aortic syndromes: Intramural hematoma and mycotic aneurysm".

Abstract Acute aortic syndrome can be a fatal pathology if not diagnosed and managed early. Although acute aortic syndrome is more often a diagnosis of adulthood, it may occasionally afflict the pediatric patients. We herein present a case of a 5-year-old female that was discovered to have multiple acute and congenital aortic abnormalities after presenting to the emergency department with infectious symptoms and lower extremity pain. Acute aortic syndrome may not be a top differential consideration in children with acute chest pain; however, it is important to consider because delayed diagnosis and management can have fatal implications.
How Bad is Bad?: Dispositional Negativity in Political Judgment

When citizens approach political decision-making tasks, they carry with them differing values and preferences, yielding heterogeneity in their assessments. This study explores one source of variation, the negativity bias, a response tendency in which individuals characteristically react more strongly to highly-salient negative information than to comparable positive information. In political science, most prior research on the negativity bias has been of two forms, either treating the bias as a universal, or seeking to identify correlates of individual-level variation. We advance a third track, one in which the individual-level negativity bias is viewed as a source of heterogeneity in the outcome of judgmental processes. If individual-level variation, labeled here as dispositional negativity, manifests itself in political decision-making, then variation in dispositional negativity may prompt otherwise similar citizens exposed to identical information to produce disparate responses. To explore this, we present a conceptual framework that clarifies the potential role of dispositional negativity in political judgment. Expectations arising from this framework are tested with data from vignette experiments included on two surveys: one with a national sample of Costa Ricans, and a second with respondents from three U.S. states.
Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Vulva

Vulvar squamous cell carcinoma is a rare and heterogeneous disease. Young women who develop vulvar squamous cell carcinoma tend to develop non-keratinizing histological types (warty and basaloid squamous cell carcinomas) in the setting of warty and/or basaloid-type usual vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (uVIN); these tumors are commonly human papillomavirus (HPV) related. Older women who develop vulvar squamous cell carcinoma tend to develop keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma often adjacent to differentiated-type VIN; these tumors are not HPV related, rather they frequently arise in the setting of lichen sclerosus (LS). Keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma is the most commonly encountered histological type, but rare histological variants of squamous cell are sometimes identified such as verrucous carcinoma, keratoacanthoma-like squamous cell carcinoma, sarcomatoid carcinoma, and squamous cell carcinoma with tumor giant cells. Regardless of the tumor histology and etiology, surgery is the mainstay of staging and treatment for patients with resectable disease.
Applications of microwave photonics in radio astronomy and space communication

An overview of narrow band vs wide band signals is given. Topics discussed included signal transmission, reference distribution and photonic antenna metrology. Examples of VLA, ALMA, ATA and DSN arrays are given. . Arrays of small antennas have become more cost-effective than large antennas for achieving large total aperture or gain, both for astronomy and for communication. It is concluded that emerging applications involving arrays of many antennas require low-cost optical communication of both wide bandwidth and narrow bandwidth; development of round-trip correction schemes enables timing precision; and free-space laser beams with microwave modulation allow structural metrology with approx 100 micrometer precision over distances of 200 meters.
The Engineering Approach to the Problem of Biological Integration

Publisher Summary It has been estimated that something like 4 × 10 to the power of l9 bits per sec are processed in macromolecular synthesis, and that macromolecular systems containing blueprints for future development are produced by cells and bacteria, at error-rates of the order of 10-10 per bit. It has also been estimated that the actual error-rate per molecule involved in macromolecular synthesis is of the order of 10-z. Assuming a requirement of 5 bits per molecule, one is led to the conclusion that the system error-rate is much lower than the component error-rate. Within the macromolecular system there exist various integrating mechanisms that effectively control malfunctions in one way or another, to produce a reliable system. The vertebrate central nervous system apparently displays similar integrative features. The necessity to use many-valued logics and/or information theory in the case, in which noisy units and noisy connections are given , is discussed. We demonstrated that redundant computers exhibiting arbitrarily low frequencies of error (apart from errors in the final outputs) may be constructed so that they are not completely redundant, but process a finite fraction of information. However, it is possible to maximize this fraction for given components and codes. Another important result is that such a computer need not be precisely connected and, in fact, a certain bounded fraction of errors in connection may be tolerated. The application of these results to the construction of mathematical models of cortical structure is considered.
Analysis of flow channeling near the wall in packed beds

The phenomenon of flow channeling in packed beds is investigated in the present analysis. A closed-form solution is obtained from the volume-averaged second-order momentum equation with the no-slip condition at the wall, using an exponential porosity distribution typical of packed beds. The predicted velocity profile shows the most important features of flow channeling: the sharp peak in the velocity near the wall, and the approach to the Darcy velocity far from the wall. The predictions are consistent with previous numerical results and with velocity measurements made downstream of a packed bed. The compact expression for the velocity given here is shown to be convenient for analyzing other packed-bed characteristics, such as the effective permeability of a finite-sized bed.
Cancer knowledge and misconceptions among immigrant Salvadorean men in the Washington, D.C. area.

Although Salvadoreans are the fourth largest group of Hispanics in the United States, little is known about their cancer knowledge, attitudes, and practices. There are no publications assessing cancer knowledge among Salvadorean men. In this cross-sectional survey, information was gathered from 706 immigrant Salvadorean men in Washington, D.C. The majority of these men knew that smoking causes cancer and that some cancers can be cured if detected early. However, the men in this survey had inadequate knowledge about symptoms of cancer and early detection methods. The most important predictor of cancer screening among older participants was enrollment in health insurance plans. Our study suggests that Salvadorean men would participate in cancer screening efforts if they had access to medical care. Educational programs to increase awareness of cancer and availability of preventive services may help prevent cancer in this population.
Accurate 3D acquisition of freely moving objects

This work presents a new acquisition method for 3D laser scanners that combines imaging, fast geometrical object tracking, and automatic pose estimation to register range profiles of freely moving objects. The method was developed to solve the constraint of rigidity between free-moving objects and a 3D scanner while preserving the accuracy of the range measurements. Rigidity constraint imposes that a 3D scanner or any external positioning devices must be perfectly stable relative to the object during scanning. This is often impossible for moving structures such as when using scaffolding, industrial conveyers, or robotic arms. The method starts by creating a rough, partial, and distorted estimate of the model of the object from an initial subset of sparse range data. Then, it recursively improves and refines the model by adding new range information. In parallel, real-time tracking of the object is performed to center the scan on the object. A high-resolution and accurate 3D model of a free-floating object, and real-time tracking of its position is obtained.
Isolation and Partial Characterization of the Gene for Goose Fatty Acid Synthase

Fatty acid synthase is regulated by diet and hormones, with regulation being primarily transcriptional. In chick embryo hepatocytes in culture, triiodothyronine stimulates accumulation of enzyme and transcription of the gene. Since the 5'-flanking region of this gene is likely involved in hormonal regulation of its expression, we have isolated and partially characterized an avian fatty acid synthase gene. A genomic DNA library was constructed in a cosmid vector and screened with cDNA clones that contained sequence complementary to the 3' end of goose fatty acid synthase mRNA. A genomic clone (approximately 35 kilobase pairs (kb] was isolated, and a 6.5-kb EcoRI fragment thereof contained DNA complementary to the 3' noncoding region of fatty acid synthase mRNA. Additional cosmid libraries were screened with 5' fragments of previously isolated genomic clones, resulting in the isolation of five overlapping cosmid DNAs. The entire region of cloned DNA spans approximately 105 kb. Exon-containing fragments were identified by hybridization with end-labeled poly(A)+ RNA and by hybridization of labeled exon-containing genomic DNA fragments to fatty acid synthase mRNA. A new set of cDNA clones spanning approximately 3.2 kb was isolated from a lambda-ZAP goose liver cDNA library using the 5'-most exon-containing fragment of the 5'-most genomic DNA clone. This region of mRNA contains a 5'-untranslated sequence and a continuous open reading frame which includes a region that codes for the essential cysteine of the beta-ketoacyl synthase domain. The entire fatty acid synthase gene spans about 50 kb. The 5' 15 kb of the gene contain 7 exons. S1 nuclease and primer extension analyses were used to identify a single site for initiation of transcription, 174 nucleotides upstream from the putative translation initiation codon. Putative "TATA" and "CCAAT" boxes are located 28 and 60 base pairs (bp), respectively, upstream of the site of initiation of transcription. The 5'-flanking 597 bp of DNA contains G/C-rich sequences including several "GC" boxes corresponding to binding sites for the nuclear transcription factor Sp1. Putative sites for AP-2, C/EBP, and the triiodothyronine and glucocorticoid receptors also were found in this region. A chimeric DNA, containing approximately 1.6 kb of 5'-flanking sequence and 139 bp of untranslated sequence of the goose fatty acid synthase gene ligated to the bacterial chloramphenicol acetyl-transferase (CAT) gene, was transfected into chick embryo hepatocytes in culture. Cells treated with triiodothyronine contained increased chloramphenicol acetyltransferase and fatty acid synthase activities.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Long-term antibody synthesis in vitro: VII. Induction of immunologic memory in cultures of horse lymph nodes

Abstract Culture conditions were developed to obtain long-lasting immune responses in vitro with horse lymph nodes. Immunologic memory can be elicited by primary antigenic stimulation in test tubes at the outset of the cultures and can be detected 3 weeks thereafter. Generation of memory can occur in the absence of detectable antibody synthesis. The data, which agree with previous observations in vivo , indicate that memory and antibodies can be produced independently and that generation of memory is the first of these events to occur after a priming antigenic contact.
Understanding and Facilitating Learning: Advancements in Training and Development

Training and development refers to systematic processes initiated by the organization that result in the relatively permanent changes in the knowledge, skills, or attitudes of organizational members. This chapter is organized around broad steps in the classic instructional systems design model: needs assessment, training design and delivery, training evaluation, and transfer of training. For each topic, we define the state of the art with respect to theory and research, and highlight key updates to the literature since Kraiger's (2003) chapter in the first handbook. Under design and delivery, particular attention is paid to technology-delivered instruction, team training, active learning methods such as error management training and adaptive guidance. New sections added since the prior chapter include training older learners and management development. Several themes emerge within the chapter. One is ongoing emergence of better theories that connect individual characteristics and organizational contexts to both training practices and the effectiveness of training. Another is that training practice often lags behind training theory. Keywords: training methods; needs assessment; transfer; training evaluation; management development
Some Remarks on Some Strongly Coupled Reaction-Diffusion Equations

The primary goal of this paper is to characterize solutions to coupled reaction-diffusion systems. Indeed, we use operators theory to show that under suitable assumptions, then the solutions to the reaction-diffusion equations exist. As applications, we consider a mathematical model arising in Biology and in Chemistry.
Detection of Immunodominant Proteins of Felis catus Gammaherpesvirus 1

We recently identified and sequenced a novel herpesvirus of domestic cats, Felis catus gammaherpesvirus 1 (FcaGHV1). FcaGHV1 is a member of the gammaherpesvirus subfamily which also includes the human cancer-associated herpesviruses, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV). As a first step toward developing a serologic assay to detect exposure to FcaGHV1, we are seeking to determine which viral proteins elicit an antibody response in naturally occurring domestic cat infections. We cloned selected FcaGHV1 genes into a mammalian expression vector and performed transfections of a feline cell line for expression of recombinant FcaGHV1 proteins. We fixed cells with paraformaldehyde and methanol-acetone and tested reactivity to serum from cats naturally infected with FcaGHV1 using immunofluorescent antibody staining. An FIV immunoflouresence test was developed as a positive control for transfection and assay function. Serum from specific pathogen-free laboratory cats served as negative controls. Preliminary data from 9 cats with FcaGHV1 infection indicates that capsid protein ORF 65 and tegument protein ORF38 may elicit antibodies during naturally occurring FcaGHV1 infection. Results of this study will suggest which FcaGHV1 proteins are immunodominant during natural infection. With this information we plan to develop a serologic assay and further evaluate FcaGHV1 as a model for EBV and KSHV.
Market Reactions to Messages from Brokerage Ratings Systems

One dimension of the strategies investment houses use to present investment advice is the number of categories in their rating systems. We studied three-, four-, and five-level systems and found that in all rating systems, upgrades outnumber downgrades. Price reactions are more pronounced to multiple-level than to single-level recommendation changes and to recommendation upgrades to the highest rating category. These price reactions confirm that the market gleans new information from analysts' research but suggest that investors, at least partially, recognize analysts' tendency toward optimism and thus react more strongly to downgrades. The price effects also show that adding more rating categories is not simply a way to portion out information in smaller bits. Some of the largest price reactions are to changes between the top two categories in a five-level system, even though the descriptions of the categories would not signal a portfolio action. Our results are consistent with the view that firms try to...
Macrophage Proliferation in Atherosclerosis An Historical Perspective

It seems that every decade seminal observations related to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis are revisited especially when new technology, animal models, or reagents are developed. This is the case with this study by Robbins et al1 from the Massachusetts General Hospital. These investigators have used a variety of powerful techniques to address the question of what roles macrophage proliferation and monocyte recruitment play in accounting for the numbers of macrophages within the intima of atherosclerotic plaques in mice at different stages of lesion development. This study makes an important new contribution because it provides quantitative evidence that monocyte recruitment followed by differentiation into macrophages predominates at early stages of lesion development in mice, whereas macrophage proliferation is predominant at later stages. The authors started by continuously infusing the thymidine analogue, bromodeoxyuridine (BrDU) into 4-month-old apolipoprotein E–deficient (ApoE−/−) mice on a high cholesterol diet. After enzyme digestion of the aorta, they measured the BrDU incorporation into macrophages (Lin− CD11b+ CD11c−/low F4/80high cells) by flow cytometry and found that 92% of the macrophages were labeled. They corroborated these finding by also analyzing 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole staining for S/G2/M phase cells, H3 histone phosphorylation, and positive immunostaining for another proliferation marker Ki67 in tissue sections. Depletion of circulating monocytes had no effect on BrDU incorporation, suggesting that monocyte recruitment was not playing a role in replenishing …
Effect of ozone on metabolic activities of Escherichia coli K-12

Escherichia coli K-12 cell suspensions in buffer were exposed to ozone at a concentration of 600 ppm. Measurements were made of cell viability, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase, glutathione disulfide reductase, nonprotein sulfhydryl and total sulfhydryl compounds. Cell viability was not affected when E. coli K-12 was exposed to ozone for less than 10 minutes. The most sensitive parameter was glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase followed by nonprotein sulfhydryl and total sulfhydryl compounds. Effects on malate dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase and glutathione disulfide reductase were negligible. Cell survival and induction of lipid oxidation were also determined using two strains of E. coli K-12 (rec A, deficient in DNA repair and wild-type). The extent of membrane lipid oxidation correlated with cell viability in a dose-dependent manner and the survival curves of both strains showed similar sensitivity to ozone. The data suggest that the sulfhydryl group in the membrane is the primary target of ozone attack. Rec A DNA repair system does not appear to play a role in ozone resistance.
Observation of asymmetry in inclusive proton production by 6-GeV/c polarized protons

Left-right asymmetries of fast forward protons produced in the inclusive reaction p/sub arrow-up/p ..-->.. pX have been measured using a 6-GeV/c polarized proton beam and the Argonne Effective Mass Spectrometer. The experiment covers the kinematic range p/sub T/ /sup 2/ < or = 0.72 GeV/sup 2/ and M/sub X/ < or = 2.6 GeV with 1.6 x 10/sup 5/ inelastic events. The average asymmetry is 0.047 +- 0.010, with the same sign as the asymmetry in proton-proton elastic scattering and roughly half the magnitude. In order to facilitate comparison with future high-energy data in the triple-Regge region, finite-mass-sum-rule integrals are used to average over the low-M/sub X/ data of this experiment.
Simple techniques for incorporating institutional-preference information in programming transportation investments

Abstract Urban transportation decisions usually involve a multiplicity of public and private institutions and actors. This paper addresses the problem of incorporating institutional preference information in a systematic manner within the methodology for evaluating transportation alternatives. An approach developed in conjunction with a procedure for programming major urban transportation network improvements in Cairo, Egypt is described. It relies on a measure of relative political desirability of alternative project combinations. Different possible types of preference information are compared as to information content and ease of implementation. Alternative analytical models of individual and group preferences towards project combinations under different preferential assumptions are specified and discussed. Finally, specifications are provided for their operational use in the application context for which they were intended.
An application of the SCF, MBPT and CC correlated densities: a graphical display along the potential energy surface of CH 4 —>CH 3 +H

Abstract The potential energy surface for the dissociation of methane CH4 → CH3 + H is investigated by displaying the gradients of the SCF and correlated electron density as colored regions on isodensity surfaces. It is shown that coloring the gradients of the electron density is sensitive enough to show differences among the SCF, MBPT (2), D-MBPT(4) and L-CCD densities.
Aldol condensations of ethyl 1,3-dithiolane-2-carsoxylate and ethyl 1,3-dithiane-2-carboxylate with chiral aldehydes. Exceptional diastereoface selectivity from two convenient acetate equivalents.

Abstract Lithium enolates derived from the title esters show high diastereoface selectivity in their reactions with chiral aldehydes. The resulting 2,2-dithioaldols are desulfurized in good yield with Ni 2 B-H 2 (EtOH, 20°C). With this mild desulfurization protocol, complete retention of stereochemical integrity was observed for all isolated aldols.
Changes in Blood Ketone Acids during Artificial Fever.

SummaryArtificial hyperthermia in man increases ketosis. This, according to available evidence, is due to an increased rate of ketogenesis in the liver. Our observations on human subjects are in accord with the findings of previous investigators, who demonstrated on perfused liver, on liver slices and on living animals, that an inverse relationship exists between the glycogen content of the liver and the rate of ketone formation. The data presented indicate, moreover, that an increased rate of hepatic glycogenolysis per se suffices to increase ketosis, without any appreciable diminution of the glycogen reserves of the liver. An increased ketonemia in artificial fever can be entirely forestalled by the continuous injection of glucose so as to ensure the maintenance of blood sugar at hyperglycemic levels, a condition which enhances glycogen deposition in the liver and at the same time prevents an increase in the rate of glycogenolysis.
On the equivalence of the planet-satellite formation processes

Abstract A common pattern is found to exist both in the planetary system and in the satellite systems of Jupiter and Uranus. A quantitative model of this pattern is obtained from the observed parameters of the Jovian and Uranian systems. Calculated values of the Earth-asteroid mass ratio and spatial separation are consistent with observed values. Application of the model to the Saturnian satellite system suggests the presence of an “asteroid belt” with a mass of ≅8 × 1022 gm orbiting Saturn at a mean distance of 7.9 × 1010 cm. If the pattern is a general one, it seems unlikely that it arises from a post-formation process. Possible implications of these features for hypotheses on the origin of the solar system are discussed.
The international congress as scientific and diplomatic technology: global intellectual exchange in the International Prison Congress, 1860–90 *

In the 1870s, the American prison reformer E. C. Wines attempted to bring together representatives from every country and colony in the world to discuss the administration and reform of the prison, under the auspices of the International Prison Congress. This article tackles the challenge by exploring how the international congress operated as both a social scientific technology and a diplomatic forum that emerged from this short-lived world of amateur social science and diplomacy. It argues that the exigencies of the international congress as a social scientific space forced it to take on diplomatic and political functions that both imprinted a logic of comparability onto the burgeoning international diplomatic system and also caused the eventual exclusion of non-European polities from the congresses. It engages with recent scholarship in history of science specifically to understand the international congress as a technology that mediated intellectual exchange and scientific communication. By examining the challenges posed by the inclusion of non-Western polities in such communication, it attempts to reveal the multiple global histories of the social sciences in the late nineteenth century.
Design and Development of Thermolytic DNA Oligonucleotide Prodrugs

Deoxyribonucleoside phosphoramidites functionalized with the thermolytic 2-(N-formyl-N-methyl)aminoethyl group for phosphorus protection (1a-d) have been prepared and employed in the solid-phase synthesis of CpG ODN fma1555. Given that this modified oligonucleotide can be converted to the immunomodulatory CpG ODN 1555 under neutral conditions at 37 degrees C, its biologic activity was demonstrated in vivo by studies showing that intraperitoneal administration of CpG ODN fma1555 in mice resulted in the activation of cytokine-secreting splenocytes. Furthermore, administration of CpG ODN fma1555 to mice that were challenged intradermally in the ear with live L. major metacyclic promastigotes, reduced the severity of Leishmania skin lesions over time to an extent similar to that obtained with CpG ODN 1555. In another infectious model experiment, CpG ODN fma1555 protected newborn mice from death (65% survival) when administered 3 days before infection with the aggressive Tacaribe (TCRV) virus. A comparable immunoprotection was obtained by treatment of TCRV-infected mice with CpG ODN 1555 administered on the same day of infection (45% survival). However, when TCRV-infected mice were treated with CpG ODN fma1555 on the day of infection, they died as a consequence of the relatively slow conversion of the oligonucleotide prodrug to the bioactive CpG ODN 1555. Co-administration of both CpG ODN 1555 and CpG ODN fma1555 to mice 3 days prior to TCRV infection or on the day of infection provided protection from death (45-65% survival) and thus widened the immunoprotection window against TCRV-infection.
Moisture propagation and resulting stress in heated concrete walls

A mathematical model to simulate the coupled heat and mass transfer in heated porous media, as well as the resulting stress, is described. A finite element analysis, assuming homogeneous elastic material, is used to study the temperature and pore pressure distribution, and the rate of moisture propagation through a concrete containment wall under different time-dependent temperature boundary conditions. Results are also presented for the internal stresses caused by the presence of temperature gradients, pore pressure and the release of chemically bound water at high temperatures. Stress analysis calculations are superimposed over the calculations of the moisture propagation. The temperature, pore pressure and volume change resulting from the loss of bound water, as derived by the thermal mass transport calculation, are used as input for the stress analysis.
Do the Chinese “Keep up with the Jones”?: Implications of peer effects, growing economic disparities and relative deprivation on health outcomes among older adults in China

Abstract What are the health effects of unequal economic growth? What are the health consequences of ‘keeping up with the Jones’? Many developed countries (e.g., US and Japan) have experienced significant income growth between 1950s and 2000s but population survey shows that on average the population is not growing more satisfied with life. Theories that attempt to respond to these findings hypothesize that as income grows, people may spend more on conspicuous consumption because they compare themselves with others in their peer groups and care about their position in socio-economic distributions relative to others. Indeed, public health studies have found a relationship between income inequality and adult health outcomes in developed countries. Specifically, there seems to be a correlation between social hierarchy and mortality, as well as a correlation between social hierarchy and morbidity. China is a prime study site due to its growing spatial inequalities in the past decade. Though China has been committed to economic reform, different regions and cities have encountered very disparate rates of development and growth. In this paper, we utilize a set of panel data collected in China (China Health and Nutrition Survey 1989–2004) to examine the effects of peer groups, relative deprivation, and income disparities on individual health outcomes such as the probability of high waist circumference, body mass index categories, probability of hypertension, nutritional intake as well as health behavior such as smoking. We use a combination of multi-level mixed effects modeling as well as factor analysis to examine these effects and find significant and differential effects of income quartiles, peer groups, relative deprivation, and Gini coefficient on health.
Zooplankton capture by a coral reef fish: an adaptive response to evasive prey

High-speed cinematography and video using modified Schlieren optics and laser illumination helped elicit details of prey capture mechanisms used by Chromis viridis while feeding on calanoid copepods and Artemia. Chromis viridis is capable of a ram-jaw, low-suction feeding, as well as a typical suction feeding behavior described for other species of planktivores. By adjusting the degree of jaw protrusion and amount of suction used during a feeding strike, this fish can modulate its feeding strikes according to the prey type being encountered. The ram-jaw feeding mode enables C. viridis to capture highly evasive calanoid copepods within 6 to 10 msec. The use of specialized feeding behavior for evasive prey and the ability to vary feeding behavior are adaptations for feeding on evasive prey.
Physiological Manifestations of Learning Disability

This article reviews the physiological studies that have been done on non-hyperactive learning disabled youngsters. It excludes the electrocortical and electroencephalographic literature which, because of its voluminous nature, will require a separate article. Most of the physiological research that has been done and reviewed here involves two autonomic functions, heart rate and skin conductance, obtained in experimental paradigms assessing arousal, orienting, and attention. The evidence reviewed indicates some degree of attentional deficit in LD children, but does not necessarily imply brain damage or brain dysfunction.
What should be the data sharing policy of cognitive science

There is a growing chorus of voices in the scientific community calling for greater openness in the sharing of raw data that lead to a publication. In this commentary, we discuss the merits of sharing, common concerns that are raised, and practical issues that arise in developing a sharing policy. We suggest that the cognitive science community discuss the topic and establish a data-sharing policy.
Noninvasive differential diagnosis of dental periapical lesions in cone-beam CT scans.

Purpose: This paper proposes a novel application of computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) to an everyday clinical dental challenge: the noninvasive differential diagnosis of periapical lesions between periapical cysts and granulomas. A histological biopsy is the most reliable method currently available for this differential diagnosis; however, this invasive procedure prevents the lesions from healing noninvasively despite a report that they may heal without surgical treatment. A CAD using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) offers an alternative noninvasive diagnostic tool which helps to avoid potentially unnecessary surgery and to investigate the unknown healing process and rate for the lesions. Methods: The proposed semiautomatic solution combines graph-based random walks segmentation with machine learning-based boosted classifiers and offers a robust clinical tool with minimal user interaction. As part of this CAD framework, the authors provide two novel technical contributions: (1) probabilistic extension of the random walks segmentation with likelihood ratio test and (2) LDA-AdaBoost: a new integration of weighted linear discriminant analysis to AdaBoost. Results: A dataset of 28 CBCT scans is used to validate the approach and compare it with other popular segmentation and classification methods. The results show the effectiveness of the proposed method with 94.1% correct classification rate and an improvement of themore » performance by comparison with the Simon’s state-of-the-art method by 17.6%. The authors also compare classification performances with two independent ground-truth sets from the histopathology and CBCT diagnoses provided by endodontic experts. Conclusions: Experimental results of the authors show that the proposed CAD system behaves in clearer agreement with the CBCT ground-truth than with histopathology, supporting the Simon’s conjecture that CBCT diagnosis can be as accurate as histopathology for differentiating the periapical lesions.« less
Interrater Reliability in the Assessment of Muscle Tone of Infants and Children

The assessment of muscle tone is an integral part of the neurological examination of infants and children. Detection of an alteration in muscle tone aids in establishing a diagnosis, is used as justification for therapeutic services, and is viewed as an indicator of neurological change. The purpose of this study was to establish the degree of interrater reliability among pediatric physical therapists in the assessment of muscle tone in children age birth to three years. Six physical therapists were raters. Each rater was randomly assigned to nine evaluations. Eighteen children were evaluated by a group of three raters. The testing protocol included observation of the child's spontaneous movement for 10 minutes, followed by a 10 minute assessment period in which the raters individually assesssed the child using the rater's preferred method of evaluation. Following the evaluation, each rater completed a tone summary form, scoring: (1) clinical impression of abnormality, (2) tone sumary statement, and (3) to...
Evidence of a negative feedback on photoperiodically induced gonadal development in the white-crowned sparrow, Zonotrichia leucophrys gambelii.

In photostimulated intact white-crowned sparrows ( Zonotrichia leucophrys gambelii ) there is an increase in weight and acid-phosphatase activity of the pars distalis during the period of maximal gonadal growth. In photostimulated castrates these changes are more pronounced and of longer duration. These data, together with the greater increase in acid-phosphatase activities of the median eminence and supraoptic region, suggest the occurrence of a negative gonadal feedback on the hypothalamus in photostimulated intact birds. The eventual return of the adenohypophysis of castrates toward normal weight and activity suggests the possible existence of an additional feedback mechanism beyond that involving the gonads.
A new approach to managing the ‘statin-intolerant’ patient?

This editorial refers to ‘Mipomersen, an apolipoprotein B synthesis inhibitor, lowers low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in high-risk statin-intolerant patients: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial’†, by M.E. Visser et al. , on page 1142 ARTICLE Lowering LDL has consistently proven to decrease mortality and the risk of cardiovascular events, resulting in improved outcomes, in both primary as well as secondary prevention.1,2 Statins, which competitively inhibit HMG-CoA (3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA) reductase activity and decrease cholesterol synthesis in the liver, remain the first-line treatment for lowering LDL. In a large meta-analysis of 26 randomized controlled trials with >170 000 patients, the Cholesterol Treatment Trialists group demonstrated the efficacy of statin therapy, which reduced vascular events by 22% per 1 mmol/L LDL reduction [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.76–0.80, P < 0.0001]. Overall, there was also a 10% risk reduction of all-cause death per 1 mmol/L decrease in LDL (95% CI 0.87–0.93, P < 0.0001) by reducing coronary and cardiac death.3 When comparing the trials of more vs. less statin, the high-dose statin regimens provided an additional 15% risk reduction in major vascular events (95% CI 11–18%, P < 0.001), including coronary death and non-fatal myocardial infarction, over and above the benefit conferred by the low-dose regimen. In PROVE-IT TIMI 22, intensive statin therapy with atorvastatin 80 mg was superior to pravastatin 40 mg in patients with a recent acute coronary syndrome (ACS), resulting in a 16% reduction in hazard for the composite endpoint of death, myocardial infarction (MI), unstable angina requiring hospitalization, revascularization, and stroke.4 Furthermore, high-dose atorvastatin was more likely to achieve the dual therapeutic target of LDL <70 mg/dL and C-reactive protein <2 mg/L than standard dose pravastatin in this secondary prevention population.5 Despite their proven efficacy and extreme utility in achieving LDL targets, however, the use of standard and …
Free knot splines in concave extended linear modeling

Many problems of practical interest can be formulated as the estimation of a certain function such as a regression function, logistic or other generalized regression function, density function, conditional density function, hazard function, or conditional hazard function. Extended linear modeling provides a convenient framework for using polynomial splines and their tensor products in such function estimation problems. Huang (Statist. Sinica 11 (2001) 173) has given a general treatment of the rates of convergence of maximum likelihood estimation in the context of concave extended linear modeling. Here these results are generalized to let the approximation space used in the fitting procedure depend on a vector of parameters. More detailed treatments are given for density estimation and generalized regression (including ordinary regression) on the one hand and for approximation spaces whose components are suitably regular free knot splines and their tensor products on the other hand.
Reliability Assessment of Smart Grids Considering Indirect Cyber-Power Interdependencies

The operation of power systems now relies on extensive applications of digital communication systems, known as cyber networks. These applications are categorized as having either direct or indirect interactions between cyber and power networks. We previously studied direct interdependencies inside cyber-power networks and proposed the state mapping based model to evaluate its impact on the power system reliability. This paper focuses on indirect interdependencies between cyber and power networks. Certain applications of indirect interdependencies in modern power systems are discussed, and a state updating-based model is proposed to quantitatively evaluate the reliability of cyber-power networks under indirect interdependencies. Two optimization models are used to maximize the data connectivity in the cyber network and minimize the load curtailment in the power network. A high-voltage substation equipped with both monitoring and protection systems is studied to show the effectiveness of the proposed solution model.
Dynamic interaction between Arf GAP and PH domains of ASAP1 in the regulation of GAP activity.

ASAP family Arf GAPs induce the hydrolysis of GTP bound to the Ras superfamily protein Arf1, regulate cell adhesion and migration and have been implicated in carcinogenesis. The ASAP proteins have a core catalytic domain of PH, Arf GAP and Ank repeat domains. The PH domain is necessary for both biological and catalytic functions of ASAP1 and has been proposed to be integrally folded with the Arf GAP domain. Protection studies and analytical ultracentrifugation studies previously reported indicated that the domains are, at least partly, folded together. Here, using NMR spectroscopy and biochemical analysis, we have further tested this hypothesis and characterized the interdomain interaction. A comparison of NMR spectra of three recombinant proteins comprised of either the isolated PH domain of ASAP1, the Arf GAP and ankyrin repeat domain or all three domains indicated that the PH domain did interact with the Arf GAP and Ank repeat domains; however, we found a significant amount of dynamic independence between the PH and Arf GAP domains, consistent with the interactions being transient. In contrast, the Arf GAP and Ank repeat domains form a relatively rigid structure. The PH-Arf GAP domain interaction partially occluded the phosphoinositide binding site in the soluble protein, but binding studies indicated the PIP2 binding site was accessible in ASAP1 bound to a lipid bilayer surface. Phosphoinositide binding altered the conformation of the PH domain, but had little effect on the structure of the Arf GAP domain. Mutations in a loop of the PH domain that contacts the Arf GAP domain affected PIP2 binding and the Km and kcat for converting Arf1•GTP to Arf1•GDP. Based on these results, we generated a homology model of a composite PH/Arf GAP/Ank repeat domain structure. We propose that the PH domain contributes to Arf GAP activity by either binding to or positioning Arf1•GTP that is simultaneously bound to the Arf GAP domain.
A new dynamic in vitro model for the multidimensional study of astrocyte-endothelial cell interactions at the blood-brain barrier

Blood-brain barrier endothelial cells are characterized by the presence of tight intercellular junctions, the absence of fenestrations, and a paucity of pinocytotic vesicles. The in vitro study of the BBB has progressed rapidly over the past several years as new cell culture techniques and improved technologies to monitor BBB function became available. Studies carried out on viable in vitro models are set to accelerate the design of drugs that selectively and aggressively can target the CNS. Several systems in vitro attempt to reproduce the physical and biochemical behavior of intact BBB, but most fail to reproduce the three-dimensional nature of the in vivo barrier and do not allow concomitant exposure of endothelial cells to abluminal (glia) and lumenal (flow) influences. For this purpose, we have developed a new dynamic in vitro BBB model (NDIV-BBB) designed to allow for extensive pharmacological, morphological and physiological studies. Bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAEC) developed robust growth and differentiation when co-cultured alone. In the presence of glial cells, BAEC developed elevated Trans-Endothelial Electrical Resistance (TEER). Excision of individual capillaries proportionally decreased TEER; the remaining bundles were populated with healthy cells. Flow played an essential role in EC differentiation by decreasing cell division. In conclusion, this new dynamic model of the BBB allows for longitudinal studies of the effects of flow and co-culture in a controlled and fully recyclable environment that also permits visual inspection of the abluminal compartment and manipulation of individual capillaries.
Linear analog codes: The good and the bad

Analog error correction codes, by mapping real-/complex-valued source data to real-/complex-valued codewords, present generalization of the conventional digital error correction codes. This paper studies the theory of linear analog error correction coding. Since classical concepts of minimum Hamming distance and minimum Euclidean distance fail in the analog context, a new metric, termed the “minimum (squared Euclidean) distance ratio,” is defined. It is shown that the linear analog code that achieves the biggest possible minimum distance ratio also achieves the smallest possible mean square error (MSE) performance. Based on this achievability, a concept of “maximum (squared Euclidean) distance ratio expansible (MDRE)” is established for analog codes, similar in spirit to “maximum distance separable (MDS)” for digital codes. Code design and analysis reveal that the criteria of MDRE and MDS, although evaluated against different distance metrics, need not conflict each other, but can be effectively unified in the same code design. It is shown that unitary codes are best linear analog codes that simultaneously achieves MDRE and MDS; at the same time, however, nonlinear analog codes appear to outperform the best linear analog codes.
Computation of Topological and Geometric Properties of Iso-Surfaces II: Applications

A numerical method for the computation of topological and geometric properties of iso-surfaces with and without boundaries developed by the authors is applied to randomly generated surfaces and surfaces embedded in numerical solutions of the Navier-Stokes equations. The Euler number of level surfaces corresponding to site percolation is shown to change drastically at the critical value for percolation. Numerical solutions of the Navier-Stokes equations are used to investigate the topological and geometric effects of vortex stretching and viscosity on iso-surfaces of enstrophy, dissipation rate and kinetic energy.
Quantitation of Substance-P and Its Metabolites in Plasma and Synovial Fluid from Patients with Arthritis*

Substance-P (SP) and its metabolites, SP-(1-7) and SP-(5-11), were quantitated in arthritic synovial fluids and plasma using a validated procedure. This process involved collection into appropriate enzyme inhibitors, extraction with acid-acetone, high pressure liquid chromatography, and RIA using region-specific antisera. Our results demonstrate that the levels of authentic SP in these fluids are less than 3.5 pmol/L, which is 50- to 10,000-fold less than those previously reported by others. These discrepant findings were not attributable to degradation, because added SP was recovered in good yield, and the measured levels of the metabolites SP-(1-7) and SP-(5-11) were also extremely low. In search of an explanation, we noted that many of the earlier reports involved direct assay of these fluids (without extraction and chromatography). Further work indicated that proteolytic enzymes (e.g. protease 24.11) present in these unextracted fluids can give rise to artifactually high SP measurements. We conclude that if SP is released within the joint space and if it participates in the inflammatory reaction and/or healing process, it most likely does so in a local fashion, which would not involve its accumulation in synovial fluid or plasma.