cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Regulatory interactions involving the proteins of the phosphotransferase system in enteric bacteria

Sugar uptake and cytoplasmic inducer generation as well as cyclic AMP synthesis are regulated by the phosphoenolpyruvate:sugar phosphotransferase system (PTS) in Gram-negative enteric bacteria. In these organisms, the free form of the glucose-specific Enzyme IIA (IIAglc) of the PTS, which can be phosphorylated on a histidyl residue by PEP and the PTS energy coupling proteins, inhibits the activities of non-PTS carbohydrate permeases and catabolic enzymes. By contrast, the phosphorylated form of IIAglc appears to activate adenylate cyclase, the cyclic AMP biosynthetic enzyme. What is known of the molecular details of these regulatory interactions will be summarized, and a novel regulatory mechanism involving the fructose repressor, FruR, which controls the transcription of genes encoding enzymes which catalyze reactions in central pathways of carbon metabolism, will be presented.
Synthesis of human walking: a planar model for single support

A mathematical model for the single support phase of normal, level, human walking is formulated. The motion of the lower extremity is synthesized using a preprogrammed set of inputs, recognized by the model as a simple collection of applied joint moments. Two mechanisms are forwarded as candidates for producing the observed peaks in the vertical ground reaction. The first, stance knee flexion-extension, generates the necessary level of whole-body vertical acceleration during the initial region of single support (opposite toe-off to heel-off). A model accounting for the determinants of foot and knee interaction then predicts the second peak to be the result of an increasing ankle moment in the region from heel-off to opposite heel-strike.
Enhancing network intrusion detection systems with interval methods

Two main approaches for network intrusion detection are misuse detection [6] and anomaly detection [11]. The limitation of the misuse approach is that cannot effectively detect new patterns of intrusions that are not precisely encoded in the system [11]. The anomaly detection approach usually produces a large number of false alarms [1, 7]. In addition, anomaly detection requires intensive computations on a large amount of training data to characterize normal behavior patterns.In this paper, we try to apply interval technology to enhance network intrusion detection systems (IDS). By storing network state data into interval valued bi-temporal database, we better sample the stream of network states. We represent the likelihood of intrusions associated with an m x n interval valued rule matrix that can be obtained from the database with relatively low computational complexity. By grouping nearby patterns with intervals, we may significantly reduce false alarms. The O(n) computational cost of maintaining the rules makes it possible to integrate the IDS with network management systems for almost real-time automatic network control. Our probabilistic approach with the rule matrix model can be further applied to study the pattern evolution of network intrusions.
Activation of α-Keto Acid-Dependent Dioxygenases: Application of an {FeNO}7/{FeO2}8 Methodology for Characterizing the Initial Steps of O2 Activation

The α-keto acid-dependent dioxygenases are a major subgroup within the O2-activating mononuclear nonheme iron enzymes. For these enzymes, the resting ferrous, the substrate plus cofactor-bound ferr...
Understanding post‐adoption IS usage stages: an empirical assessment of self‐service information systems

Organisations have invested in self-service information systems (IS) to provide a direct interface for service delivery. Enriching the usage of these systems can provide organisations with immense benefits. However, limited research has been directed towards understanding post-adoption IS usage behaviour in general and specifically in the context of self-service IS. This study proposes post-adoption IS usage behaviour as a broader concept constituting feature level usage of IS, integration of IS in the work system and exploration of new uses of IS. We evaluate how the new conceptualisation can be used to classify users at different stages of self-service IS usage. Further, we examine user perceptions that differentiate among the users situated at different self-service IS usage stages. Data were collected in the context of a self-service Web-based IS to validate the post-adoption IS usage constructs and to examine the proposed thesis. The newly developed conceptual structure and measures for post-adoption IS usage behaviour exhibit strong psychometric properties. The analysis shows three distinct post-adoption IS usage stages and highlights that usefulness, user-initiated learning, ease of use, satisfaction and voluntariness of use differentiate users at the different stages of post-adoption IS usage. The results show that these variables aggregate into value confirmation and learning orientation as two higher-level concepts. Further, we evaluate the predictive efficacy of the research model in classifying users into different post-adoption self-service IS usage stages. Implications are drawn for future research.
Staging static analyses for program generation

Program generators are most naturally specified using a quote/antiquote facility; the programmer writes programs with holes which are filled in, at program generation time, by other program fragments. If the programs are generated at compile-time, analysis and compilation follow generation, and no changes in the compiler are needed. However, if program generation is done at run time, compilation and analysis need to be optimized so that they will not overwhelm overall execution time. In this paper, we give a compositional framework for defining program analyses which leads directly to a method of staging these analyses. The staging allows the analysis of incomplete programs to be started at compile time; the residual work to be done at run time may be much less costly than the full analysis. We give frameworks for forward and backward analyses, present several examples of specific analyses, and give timing results showing significant speed-ups for the run-time portion of the analysis relative to the full analysis.
Pediatric Cochlear Implantation

A computerized PubMed search of MEDLINE 1966–January 2005 was performed. The medical subject headings “otitis media” and “rniddle ear ventilation” were exploded and the resulting articles were combined. These articles were then cross-referenced with articles mapping to the medical subject headings or text words “cochlear implantation” or “cochlear implants” yielding 61 articles. These articles were then reviewed to identify those that met the following inclusion criteria: 1) pediatric patient population (<18 years old) undergoing cochlear implantation, 2) intervention in children with, ideally versus without, frequent or recent acute otitis media (AOM), 3) outcome measured in terms of episodes of post-implant AOM and its complications. Articles in which serous non-AOM with effusion alone were studied were excluded, as were articles focusing on patients with chronic suppurative otitis media. Also, articles in which data from children were lumped together with data from adults were excluded.
Mechanisms Involved in the Intestinal Digestion and Absorption of Dietary Vitamin A

Dietary retinyl esters are hydrolyzed in the intestine by the pancreatic enzyme, pancreatic triglyceride lipase (PTL), and intestinal brush border enzyme, phospholipase B. Recent work on the carboxylester lipase (CEL) knockout mouse suggests that CEL may not be involved in dietary retinyl ester digestion. The possible roles of the pancreatic lipase-related proteins (PLRP) 1 and 2 and other enzymes require further investigation. Unesterified retinol is taken up by the enterocytes, perhaps involving both diffusion and protein-mediated facilitated transport. Once in the cell, retinol is complexed with cellular retinol-binding protein type 2 (CRBP2) and the complex serves as a substrate for reesterification of the retinol by the enzyme lecithin:retinol acyltransferase (LRAT). Retinol not bound to CRBP2 is esterified by acyl-CoA acyltransferase (ARAT). The retinyl esters are incorporated into chylomicrons, intestinal lipoproteins that transport other dietary lipids such as triglycerides, phospholipids, and cholesterol. Chylomicrons containing newly absorbed retinyl esters are then secreted into the lymph.
Formation of hydroxyl radical from San Joaquin Valley particles extracted in a cell-free surrogate lung fluid

Previous studies have suggested that the adverse health effects from ambient particulate matter (PM) are linked to the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by PM in cardiopulmonary tissues. While hydroxyl radical ((•)OH) is the most reactive of the ROS species, there are few quantitative studies of (•)OH generation from PM. Here we report on (•)OH formation from PM collected at an urban (Fresno) and rural (Westside) site in the San Joaquin Valley (SJV) of California. We quantified (•)OH in PM extracts using a cell-free, phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) solution with or without 50μM ascorbate (Asc). The results show that generally the urban Fresno PM generates much more (•)OH than the rural Westside PM. The presence of Asc at a physiologically relevant concentration in the extraction solution greatly enhances (•)OH formation from all the samples. Fine PM (PM(2.5)) generally makes more (•)OH than the corresponding coarse PM (PM(cf), i.e. with diameters of 2.5 to 10 μm) normalized by air volume collected, while the coarse PM typically generates more (•)OH normalized by PM mass. (•)OH production by SJV PM is reduced on average by (97±6)% when the transition metal chelator desferoxamine (DSF) is added to the extraction solution, indicating a dominant role of transition metals. By measuring calibration curves of (•)OH generation from copper and iron, and quantifying copper and iron concentrations in our particle extracts, we find that PBS-soluble copper is primarily responsible for (•)OH production by the SJV PM, while iron often makes a significant contribution. Extrapolating our results to expected burdens of PM-derived (•)OH in human lung lining fluid suggests that typical daily PM exposures in the San Joaquin Valley are unlikely to result in a high amount of pulmonary (•)OH, although high PM events could produce much higher levels of (•)OH, which might lead to cytotoxicity.
Exploiting algebraic structure in parallel state space search

In this paper we present an approach for performing very large state-space search on parallel machines. While the majority of searching methods in Artificial Intelligence rely on heuristics, the parallel algorithm we propose exploits the algebraic structure of problems to reduce both the time and space complexity required to solve these problems on massively parallel machines. Our algorithm runs in O(N1/4/P) time using O(N1/4) space with P processors where N is the size of the state space and P is the number of processors. The technique we present is applicable to several classes of exhaustive searches. Applications include the knapsack problem and the shortest word problem in permutation groups which is a natural generalization of several common planning benchmarks such as Rubik's Cube and the n-puzzle.
Petrology of Mafic Plutons Associated with Calc-Alkaline Granitoids, Chilliwack Batholith, North Cascades, Washington

Small (<5 km), lithologically diverse gabbro and diorite stocks make up ~2% of the 34 to 2 Ma Chilliwack batholith, and overlap in age with associated calc-alkaline granitoids. These mafic plutons are similar to those in other I-type batholiths, and represent basaltic magmas present during batholith formation. Objectives of this study are: (I) to examine the origins of both interpluton and intrapluton petrologic diversity, and (2) to compare chemical and Sr-Nd isotopic traits of these gabbros with those of Cascade arc basalts. Mafic rocks in the Chilliwack are divided into a medium-K series (MKS) and a low-K series (LKS). The former contain 0-7-2-4 wt % K2O and are similar in composition to calc-alkaline basalts and basaltic andesites. Inverse REE modeling supports derivation of the MKS by 9-27% melting of a garnet free, LREE-enriched source (La/TbN ~ 2). Chilliwack LKS gabbros have chemical characteristics of low-K olivine tholeiites, including low K20 (0-3-0-5 wt%) and La/TbN (1-7-3-4), and high CaO (8-8-11-3 wt%) and Na20/K20 (6-22). These traits suggest a source with more clinopyroxene and lower La/Yb^ than the MKS source. Differences in Nd(0) between MKS and LKS gabbros suggest that lower Nd/Sm is a long-lived LKS source characteristic Lithologic variation within composite plutons of both series resulted primarily from multiple intrusion of related magmas, in some cases differentiates of a common parent. Two contrasting examples were studied in detail. At Mt Sefrit, MKS variation ( gabbronorite-quartz diorite) is modeled by low-pressure fractionation (ol+plag + cpx), accompanied by ~10% wallrock assimilation. In contrast, chemical and Sr-Nd isotopic variation among LKS gabbro—quartz diorite at Copper Lake points to crystallization dominated by clinopyroxene +plagioclase ± Cr-spinel, indicative of differentiation at pressures ~^10 kbar, although the assimilant in this case is poorly constrained. Chemical and isotopic similarities between these mafic plutons and Quaternary Cascade lavas indicate that mafic magmas present during the production of Chilliwack granitoids were lowand medium-K arc basalts.
A model to predict current distributions in bundled cables for electric glass melters

The authors present a model for predicting the current distribution in high current cables that are constructed from bundles of parallel conductors (strands). These cables are typically used in electric glass melters to interconnect the power transformers and the melter secondary bus installations. Due to the skin effect, the magnetic field forces inside the bundled cable will tend to drive the current toward the outermost strands. The model is developed by starting from the fundamentals of the skin effect phenomenon for solid conductors and extending the concept to bundled cables. It can be easily coded in a simple computer program that can be used for ampacity prediction and sizing of bundled cables used to supply large electric glass melters or other similar heavy-current applications. Results obtained using the model for a variety of cable-bundling configurations are presented for demonstration purposes. The results show that currents in the outermost layers of bundled cables can exceed those of the innermost layers by factors of four or more, depending on the total cable size. >
Antidiarrheal agents for the management of treatment-related diarrhea in cancer patients

The efficacy and use of antidiarrheal agents in patients who diarrhea associated with cancer treatments are reviewed. Diarrhea is common in cancer patients and may interfere with cancer treatment. Diarrhea may be induced by chemotherapy, radiation therapy, surgery, graft-versus-hot disease (GVHD) or infection after bone marrow transplantation, and other causes. The general goal of antidiarrheal therapy is to reduce fluid loss in the stool by inhibiting intestinal secretion, promoting absorption, and decreasing intestinal motility. Antidiarrheal agents may be classified as intestinal transit inhibitors, intraluminal agents, proabsorptive agents, and antisecretory drugs. Opiate agonists are the most commonly used intestinal transit inhibitors; they can be effective in treating cancer treatment-related diarrheas but must be used cautiously. Intraluminal agents include clays, activated charcoal, and cholestyramine; these adsorbents and other binding resins can interfere with the absorption of orally administered antidiarrheals and other drugs and are unlikely candidates for use in most cases of diarrhea in cancer patients. Clonidine, a proabsorptive agent, should be used only in patients with secretory diarrhea refractory to opiate agonist treatment. Octreotide is an antisecretory drug that has shown considerable efficacy in clinical trails as a treatment for diarrhea caused by chemotherapy of GVHD; its use for radiation therapy-induced diarrhea, although not studied clinically, is nevertheless an option. In general, opiate agonists and octreotide appears to offer the most efficacy and flexibility. Opiate agonists and octreotide are effective agents for cancer treatment-related diarrhea.
The influence of pen size on toy preference of growing pigs

Twenty-four crossbred gilts, averaging 4 weeks of age and 9.4 kg, were weighed and allotted to either a large pen with a space allowance of 0.8 m2 per pig or a small pen with a space allowance of 0.4 m2 per pig (12 gilts per pen). Pigs were offered four types of toys: (1) a knotted-rope (R) toy consisting of two 30.5 cm lengths of 1.27 cm diameter nylon rope tied in knots at both ends and in the center; (2) a 30.5 cm section of 1.27 cm diameter rubber hose (H); (3) a 30.5 cm long piece of brass-plated chain (C); (4) a Penn-Plax Plantation Rubber™, hourglass-shaped, dog toy (D). Pigs were allowed 3 days to become acclimated to their surroundings prior to the introduction of the first toy. At 07:00 h on the morning of toy presentation, two identical toys were hung in each pen from the ceiling by elastic bungee cord. Play behavior was recorded by time-lapse video cameras for 12 h between 07:00 and 19:00 on each day of toy presentation. Play behavior consisted of a pig maintaining head contact with the toy for at least 10 s. Head contact included open-mouthed bites, any attempt to bite the toy, pushing/nudging the toy with the head or snout; and alertly following the toy followed by a bite, attempted bite, or push. After a 3-day period without toys, the next toy was presented to the pigs following the same procedure. This sequence of events continued until all toys had been presented to the pigs. Three days after the final toy presentation, all pigs were weighed, randomly reassigned to the two different pen sizes (12 pigs per pen), and presented with the same toys in a re-randomized order. The amount of time at least one pig in a pen played with a particular toy was recorded, as was the amount of time pigs spent on other activities, to ensure accurate measures of time. No significant (P>0.15) pen size by toy interactions were identified; therefore, only main effect differences are reported. There was a trend for pigs in the large pen to play less (P=0.08) than pigs in the small pen. Data indicated that pigs in the small pen group played with toys approximately 50 min more than pigs in the large pen group; however, the percentage of time spent playing with toys was unaffected (P<0.10) by pen size. Pigs spent a greater (P<0.05) amount of time playing with D than either R, H, or C. Moreover, pigs spent 18.96, 21.86, and 23.87% more (P<0.05) time playing with D than R, H, and C, respectively. Pigs preferred (P<0.05) or tended to prefer (P≤0.12) D over other toys during the first 7 h of observation. During the eighth hour of observation, pigs spent significantly more (P<0.05) time playing with D and R than H or C. We conclude that the addition of a soft, pliable, rubber dog toy enriches the environment of confined pigs, and could reduce or alter aggressive and stereotypic behaviors commonly associated with confinement operations.
On spin and (quantum) gravity in 2 + 1 dimensions☆

We analyze the interaction of point particles in a gauge theory for gravity in 2 + 1 dimensions with particular emphasis on the effects of spin. It is shown that the known space-time solution for spinning sources in Einstein gravity exhibits torsion at the location of the sources. In the gauge theory of gravity, spin arises naturally as one of the charges of the Poincare group and is not quantized for minkowskian (as opposed to euclidean) signature. Although the full action still looks topological, this property is spoiled by the identification of the coordinates of the particles with “internal” variables of the Poincare group. We demonstrate the calculation of gravitational scattering amplitudes as an Aharonov-Bohm effect for a particle minimally coupled to the Poincare field. The interpretation of the dreibein as a soldering form is abandoned and the results of Einstein's theory are recovered from the gauge theory without constructing a metric.
Utility of the Chronic Disease Score and Charlson Comorbidity Index as Comorbidity Measures for Use in Epidemiologic Studies of Antibiotic-resistant Organisms

Comorbidity is a known risk factor for antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections. Although aggregate comorbidity measures are useful in epidemiologic research, none of the existing measures was developed for use with this outcome. This study compared the utility of two comorbidity measures, the Charlson Comorbidity Index and the Chronic Disease Score, in assessing the comorbidity-attributable risk of nosocomial infections with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) or vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE). Two case-control studies were conducted at the University of Maryland Medical System in Baltimore, Maryland. Cases were inpatients with a first positive clinical culture of MRSA or VRE at least 48 hours postadmission (July 1, 1998-July 1, 2001). Three inpatient controls were randomly selected per case. The MRSA study included 2,164 patients, and the VRE study included 1,948. The scores' discrimination and calibration were measured by using the c statistic and Hosmer-Lemeshow chi-square test. The Charlson Comorbidity Index (c = 0.653) and Chronic Disease Score (c = 0.608) were similar discriminators of MRSA and VRE (c = 0.670 and c = 0.647, respectively). Calibration of the scores was poor for both outcomes (p < 0.05). A revised comorbidity measure specific to resistant infections would likely provide a better assessment of the comorbidity-attributable risk of antibiotic-resistant infections.
Dielectric Behavior in the Systems PbHfO3—BaHfO3 and PbHfO3—SrHfO3

An intermediate antiferroelectric phase was observed in both the systems (Pb, Ba)HfO3 and (Pb, Sr)HfO3 whereas the intermediate antiferroelectric phase has been reported to be observed only in the system (Pb, Sr)SrO3 of the analogous zirconate systems. A ferroelectric phase was observed in the system (Pb, Ba)HfO3. This ferroelectric phase was determined to be rhombohedral with the angle between the rhombohedral axes slightly less than 90 deg . The differences which were observed between the hafnate systems investigated and the analogous zirconate systems are attributed to the lower electronic polarizability of the hafnium ion.
Atypical presentation of henoch-schoenlein purpura in two children

Henoch-Schoenlein purpura (HSP) is a common vasculitic disorder of childhood. Patients with this disorder typically present with palpable purpura or petechia associated with one or more of the following signs and symptoms: abdominal pain, arthritis/arthralgias, and nephritis. The diagnosis may be difficult to make, however, when a patient presents with isolated symptoms such as abdominal pain without the typical rash. A high index of suspicion must be maintained to diagnose HSP in this setting and to avoid unnecessary interventions. This report describes two unusual patients with the presenting complaint of abdominal pain who had delayed onset of the purpuric rash, making the diagnosis of HSP difficult.
Transduction of Tetracycline Resistance in Staphylococcus epidermidis

Abstract Fourteen Staphylococcus epidermidis strains were biotyped according to the scheme of Baird-Parker and tested for their sensitivities to S. epidermidis typing phages. Tetracycline-susceptible strains were tested for the capacity to be transduced to resistance. Five strains, all of biotype 1, were lysed by one or more phages. Five of eight biotype 1 strains were transduced to tetracycline resistance with rates of 10−8 to 10−5. Three strains of other biotypes were not transduced, nor was PS 73, an unusual coagulase-negative strain. The transducing phage 367 was isolated from the lysogenic tetracycline-resistant donor strain. The phage morphologically resembles serological group B S. aureus phages. Restriction and modification were indicated from the efficiency of plating on phage-sensitive strains.
Quantifier elimination for the theory of algebraically closed valued fields with analytic structure

The theory of algebraically closed non-Archimedean valued fields is proved to eliminate quantifiers in an analytic language similar to the one used by Cluckers, Lipshitz, and Robinson. The proof makes use of a uniform parameterized normalization theorem which is also proved in this paper. This theorem also has other consequences in the geometry of definable sets. The method of proving quantifier elimination in this paper for an analytic language does not require the algebraic quantifier elimination theorem of Weispfenning, unlike the customary method of proof used in similar earlier analytic quantifier elimination theorems.
Limit feeding nonlactating, nonpregnant beef cows with bunkered wet distillers grains plus solubles or distillers solubles1

ABSTRACT Nonlactating, nonpregnant beef cows (593 ± 10.0 kg) were used in a completely randomized design to evaluate the performance of limit-fed diets containing bunkered wet distillers grains plus solubles (WDGS; n = 24) or bunkered condensed corn distillers solubles (DS; n = 22) compared with a control diet offered ad libitum (CON; n = 24). Cows were stratified by age and BW and randomly assigned to pens (3 pens/treatment, 7 or 8 cows per pen). The WDGS and DS were mixed and stored with 30% and 59% ground cornstalks (DM basis), respectively, for 30 d before feeding. Diets were fed for 76 d and formulated to maintain BW. Both WDGS and DS diets contained 41% by-product and 59% cornstalks at time of feeding, with DMI limited to 7.7 kg/d. The CON diet consisted of 43% bromegrass hay, 34% cornstalks, and 23% alfalfa haylage and was fed ad libitum (DMI = 10.4 kg/d). The WDGS diet was 4.1% fat and 0.24% sulfur. The DS diet was 5.5% fat and 0.37% sulfur on a DM basis. Initial BW and BCS among treatments were similar. Final BW was greater (P
A fast algorithm for solving a Toeplitz system of equations

A fast algorithm for the solution of a Toeplitz system of equations is presented. The algorithm requires order N(\log N)^{2} computations where N is the number of equations. For banded Toeplitz matrices the order of computations is reduced to only N \log N + m(\log m)^{2} where 2m is the maximum number of nonzero principal subdiagonals of the Toeplitz matrix. The algorithm is in essence a fast implementation of the Trench algorithm in reverse. Thus, the algorithm involves imbedding of the given matrix in a cyclic matrix and a fast HD (half-divisor) algorithm to compute the first row of the inverse matrix. The desired solution is then obtained directly from the first row by applying fast Fourier transform techniques in order N \log N computations. Finally, the extension of the algorithm to block Toeplitz matrices is also presented.
Acting, Singing, Dancing, and So Forth: Theatre (Research) in the University

About midway through Margaret Atwood's dystopian novel Oryx and Crake, the protagonist Jimmy (later known as Snowman, survivor of a genetically engineered global epidemic induced by his childhood friend, Crake) leaves home for the university, or in this case for the Martha Graham Academy. In a culture driven by the collusion of technology and capital it's not surprising that the best students are sent to lavish technical universities (Crake attends the Watson–Crick Institute), while arts and humanities students listlessly rusticate at Martha Graham, learning the pointless yet “vital arts” of “acting, singing, dancing, and so forth” and how to deploy them in the service of commodity culture (Jimmy's skill with language leads him to major in Applied Rhetoric, eventually writing advertising copy for Crake's new life forms). Like much else in Oryx and Crake, Atwood's vision jibes chillingly enough with the rhetoric of today's corporate university: compared to jet propulsion, cancer research, or even the battle of Appomattox (on my campus, history is a social science), the arts and humanities can be made to seem “like studying Latin, or book binding: pleasant to contemplate in its way, but no longer central to anything” (187).
Implementation of Genome Sequencing Assays

The implementation of Whole-Genome Sequencing (WGS) as a clinical test has been a source of speculation, anticipation, and anecdotes for many years. The first clinical (CLIA-certified, CAP-accredited) laboratory to offer this test launched the service in 2009, and despite several significant challenges that still surround the offering and use of WGS for clinical applications, it has largely been embraced by an enthusiastic community of physicians and clinical laboratorians. In this chapter, we discuss the many considerations, caveats, challenges, and opportunities that must be addressed when implementing clinical WGS. Approaches to this implementation are also discussed. The chapter is organized into sections on test definition, staffing and training, infrastructure, validations, and interpretation and reporting considerations.
Electrically-driven carbon nanotube-based plasmonic laser on silicon

Photonic signal processing requires efficient on-chip light sources with higher modulation bandwidths. Today’s conventional fastest semiconductor diode lasers exhibit modulation speeds only on the order of a few tens of GHz due to gain compression effects and parasitic electrical capacitances. Here we theoretically show an electrically-driven carbon nanotube (CNT)-based laser utilizing strong light-matter-interaction via monolithic integration into Silicon photonic crystal nanobeam (PCNB) cavities. The laser is formed by single-walled CNTs inside a combo-cavity consisting of both a plasmonic metal-oxide-semiconductor hybrid mode embedded in the one dimensional PCNB cavity. The emission originates from interband recombinations of electrostatically-doped nanotubes depending on the tubes’ chirality towards matching the C-band. Our simulation results show that the laser operates at telecom frequencies resulting in a power output > 3 (100) µW and > 100 (1000)’s GHz modulation speed at 1 × (10 × ) threshold. Such monolithic integration schemes provide an alternative promising approach for light source in future photonic integrated circuits.
Electrospinning of Single-Crystal Vanadium Oxide Nanorods

Vanadium oxide nanorods intercalated with lithium cations have been successfully formed by the hydrothermal treatment of electrospun precursors. The novelty of this synthesis method is the control of the morphology of the vanadium nanorod precursor by the electrospinning process, and then to convert to the desired compound with loss of the organic polymer while maintaining the morphology through a hydrothermal treatment. Transmission llectron microcopy shows that the single nanorods formed have a square shape cross-section with a width of less than 100nm. Electron diffraction shows that each nanorod is a single crystal, and X-ray diffraction shows that the nanorods have a layered structure with a 10.5 A layer spacing. Their characterization, magnetic and electrochemical behavior and variable chemical composition are described together with the opportunities electrospinning presents for forming novel materials.
John Maynard Keynes’s Upper and Lower Valued Probabilities: A Study of How Statisticians, Philosophers, Logicians, Historians, and Economists Failed to Comprehend Keynes’s Breakthrough Application of G.Boole’s Interval Approach to Probability in the 20th Century

Over the course of their professional lives, Henry E. Kyburg, Isaac Levi, and Jochen Runde have maintained the claim that J M Keynes’s contributions to probability and decision theory were of a comparative, qualitative nature only. They maintained that J M Keynes had some interesting, but undeveloped ideas, hints, suggestions, and intuitions about the structure of his logical approach to probability. They assert that he made some progress in clearing the way for later researchers who would then create the interval estimate approach to probability that he did not. They claimed that Keynes himself had never provided any detailed, formal mathematical structure at any time in his life to support his intuitions and brilliant ideas. It is a rather simple task to demonstrate that these claims are false by pointing out that there are 17 worked out problems provided by J M Keynes in chapters 15 and 17 of his A Treatise on Probability (1921,TP), as well as the applications of interval estimates used by Keynes in chapters 20, 22, and 26 of the TP, that show beyond any doubt that J M Keynes had created the first explicit interval estimate approach to probability in history. George Boole was the first to work out the mechanics of an interval estimate approach. However, Keynes was the first to emphasize the application and importance of such an approach in applied areas like decision theory. I have chosen Kyburg, Runde ,and Levi because they are representative of how academics in the fields of philosophy and economics handle Keynes’s TP. It must be noted here that Kyburg , Levi, and Runde have an understanding of Keynes’s A Treatise on Probability that is superior to that of any statistician or mathematician with the exception of Hailperin (1986) .My disagreement with Kyburg, Levi, and Runde is that they have failed to adequately complete the job of correctly identifying Keynes’s theory because they restricted their analysis to basically one chapter of the TP, chapter III. The worst treatment of the TP comes at the hands of statisticians. This is due to their commitment to the assertion that all probabilities must be precise, single number answers. NO statistician who reviewed the TP had any inkling of the case Keynes was making.
Abstract LB-128: The N-terminus of the ASPP2 tumor suppressor binds Ras and enhances Ras/Raf/MEK activation to promote oncogene-induced cellular senescence

The ASPP2 tumor suppressor is a pro-apoptotic member of a family of p53 binding proteins. It functions in part by selectively enhancing p53 transcriptional activation of pro-apoptotic target genes. Although the ASPP2 C-terminal domain binds the p53 core domain, little is known about the physical and functional interactions of other proteins to the highly structured ASPP2 N-terminus. Moreover, mounting evidence from our lab and others demonstrate that ASPP2 also mediates non-apoptotic p53-independent functions. However, the molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood. Previous reports have found that ASPP2 can localize to the cytoplasm and have identified a potential Ras-association domain in the ASPP2 N-terminus. Therefore, we wondered if novel ASPP2 functions could be mediated by ASPP2 N-terminal interaction with cytoplasmic Ras. Using co-immunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence microscopy, we identified ASPP2 in a complex with active Ras on the plasma membrane. Moreover, we also found that this interaction required the ASPP2 N-terminus since BBP, a naturally occurring alternatively spliced ASPP2 isoform lacking the N-terminus, showed markedly reduced ability to bind Ras. To determine if ASPP2 could modulate Ras function, we ectopically expressed ASPP2 in cells and found enhancement of Ras activation and subsequent stimulation of ERK phosphorylation. Conversely, ASPP2 knockdown by siRNA drastically reduced ERK phosphorylation and activation by EGF. Although it is oncogenic in tumor cells, constitutive Ras activation in normal cells leads to premature senescence in a Raf-MEK-ERK activation dependent manner. To explore if ASPP2 enhanced senescence, we knocked down ASPP2 expression with siRNA and found that senescence induced by RasV12 lentiviral infection in normal human fibroblasts was significantly attenuated. This was similar to the attenuation of senescence achieved by the MEK inhibitor PD98059. Together, our results demonstrate a novel function of the ASPP2 N-terminus in promoting cellular senescence via Ras-interaction and stimulation of Raf-MEK-ERK activity. These findings suggest a novel mechanism by which ASPP2-induced senescence may mediate its tumor suppression ability, and opens new avenues for investigation. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-128. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-LB-128
The Isostatic Green's Function and the Inverse Potential Problem

s 375 The Isostatic Green’s Function and the Inverse Potential Problem L. M. Dorman and B. T. R. Lewis Although the Earth‘s gravity field is simply and directly related to the Earth‘s density, the usefulness of gravity for examination of the density variations within the Earth is limited by the inherent non-uniqueness of solutions to the inverse potential problem. When we are studying isostasy, however, we have the additional constraint that the density variations we are interested in must be systematically related to the variations in elevation of the Earth‘s surface. This additional constraint is sufficient to allow us to extract the isostatic Green’s function from observational data (gravity and surface elevation). The Green’s function thus computed can be used to calculate isostatic anomalies which are not based on any specific model. It is, however, of more use to us than that. By remembering that the Green’s function relates the forcing function of our problem (the topography) to the observable (the gravity anomaly). We can see that the Green’s function must represent the gravity anomaly associated with a concentrated load on the Earth’s surface. If we have knowledge of, or make assumptions about, the mechanical properties of the Earth‘s crust, we can invert this Green’s function and find the density changes as a function of depth which are associated with this concentrated load. For the assumption of local compensation (compensation occurring directly beneath the load), this inversion requires us to invert an integral transform similar to the Laplace transform where the function to be inverted is derived from observations and hence contains errors. Using gravity and elevation from the continental U.S., we have extracted the Green’s function and, using the elegant techniques of Backus and Gilbert, inverted it. These calculations show that compensation occurs at at least two depths. Near the base of the crust, there is over compensation by about 20 per cent. This extra 20 per cent is cancelled out deeper in the mantle, at about 450 km depth. Comparison of the density differences between the Earth beneath low-lying regions and that beneath elevated regions with the differences in seismic P and S wave velocities between these regions gives support for a two-depth compensation mechanism. L. M. Dorman: B. T. R. Lewis: NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic University of Washington, and Meteorological Laboratory, Miami, Florida 33 149, USA Seattle, Washington 98105, USA
Learning Styles Research: Understanding how Teaching Should be Impacted by the Way Learners Learn Part III: Understanding how Learners' Personality Styles Impact Learning:

Over the years, educators have asked questions about how people learn. In this series of ar- ticles, the importance of learning styles has been explored from both the instructors' and students' perspectives. In this third and final article, the correlation between a student's personality and his preferred learning style is examined and implications explored for Christian education contexts.
Imaging of Spinal Cord Injury: Acute Cervical Spinal Cord Injury, Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy, and Cord Herniation

We review the pathophysiology and imaging findings of acute traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI), cervical spondylotic myelopathy, and briefly review the much less common cord herniation as a unique cause of myelopathy. Acute traumatic SCI is devastating to the patient and the costs to society are staggering. There are currently no "cures" for SCI and the only accepted pharmacologic treatment regimen for traumatic SCI is currently being questioned. Evaluation and prognostication of SCI is a demanding area with significant deficiencies, including lack of biomarkers. Accurate classification of SCI is heavily dependent on a good clinical examination, the results of which can vary substantially based upon the patient׳s condition or comorbidities and the skills of the examiner. Moreover, the full extent of a patients׳ neurologic injury may not become apparent for days after injury; by then, therapeutic response may be limited. Although magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the best imaging modality for the evaluation of spinal cord parenchyma, conventional MR techniques do not appear to differentiate edema from axonal injury. Recently, it is proposed that in addition to characterizing the anatomic extent of injury, metrics derived from conventional MRI and diffusion tensor imaging, in conjunction with the neurological examination, can serve as a reliable objective biomarker for determination of the extent of neurologic injury and early identification of patients who would benefit from treatment. Cervical spondylosis is a common disorder affecting predominantly the elderly with a potential to narrow the spinal canal and thereby impinge or compress upon the neural elements leading to cervical spondylotic myelopathy and radiculopathy. It is the commonest nontraumatic cause of spinal cord disorder in adults. Imaging plays an important role in grading the severity of spondylosis and detecting cord abnormalities suggesting myelopathy.
DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT OF ACUTE PANCREATITIS.

Acute pancreatitis is manifested by severe, steady epigastric pain often accompanied by nausea and vomiting. Physical findings are variable and inconsistent. The causative mechanism probably is an obstructive process and an actively secreting gland.The most reliable laboratory test is determining the serum amylase level, which is almost uniformly elevated in the early course of the disease.Treatment is conservative, with symptomatic, supportive and prophylactic measures. Transduodenal sphincteroplasty and exploration of the pancreatic duct may benefit carefully selected patients who do not respond to conservative measures.
Remarks on Integrals

This is an introductory chapter to Part II, dealing with basic properties of integrals with respect to a positive, signed, and complex measure that will be required in the sequel. It does not yet deal with measures on topological spaces. We will not equip the underlying set X with a topology in this chapter, but we will do it from the next chapter onwards. However, to avoid trivialities, we assume that the underlying set X is nonempty. By a positive measure we simply mean a measure \(\mu: \mathcal{X}\!\rightarrow \mathbb{R}\) on a \(\sigma\)-algebra \(\mathcal{X}\) of subsets of a nonempty set X (so that \(\mu (X) \geq 0\)). (Sometimes this is used to specify a nonzero measure; that is, a measure \(\mu\) such that \(\mu (X)> 0\), but we allow the zero measure here.) The term positive measure is employed just to distinguish it from signed measure (also called real measure) and complex measure. In this section we summarize the basic properties of integrals with respect to a positive measure, as discussed in Chapters 3, 4, and 5. These basic properties will be extended to integrals with respect a signed measure and with respect to a complex measure in the forthcoming sections.
Quantifying curb appeal

The curb appeal of a home, which refers to how attractive it is when viewed from the street, is an important decisionmaking factor for many home buyers. Existing models for automatically estimating the price of a home ignore this factor, instead focusing exclusively on objective attributes, such as number of bedrooms, the square footage, and the age. We propose to use street-level imagery of a home, in addition to the objective attributes, to estimate the price of the home, thereby quantifying curb appeal. Our method uses deep convolutional neural networks to extract informative image features. We introduce a large dataset to support an extensive evaluation of several approaches. We find that using images and objective attributes together results in more accurate home price estimates than using either in isolation. We also find that representations learned for scene classification tasks are more discriminative for home price estimation than those learned for other tasks.
Location tracking of individual laying hens housed in aviaries with different litter substrates

Abstract The laying hen industry is phasing out conventional cages in favor of other housing systems such as the aviary – designed to improve hen welfare by providing additional space and resources including a litter area. However, we do not know whether individual hens significantly vary in the time they spend in different areas of these aviaries throughout the day, which may affect individual welfare. Further we do not know if providing different types of litter substrates affects hen use of the litter area. Using direct observations, the locations of 35 individual color-marked hens were tracked across a period of 3 days during mid lay of the production cycle. Hens were housed in 6 separate aviary pens (n = 144 hens/pen), each with one of 3 litter substrates on the open floor area (n = 2 pens/substrate: AstroTurf ® , straw or wood shavings). Hens spent less time on AstroTurf ® litter than on other types of litter ( P = 0.01). Regardless of litter type, individual hens differed in time spent on litter with some hens never observed in the litter area (all P P P ≥ 0.15). These results indicate resources such as the nest box may be a fixed demand for all hens but the extent of utilization for other aviary resources depends on the individual hen. These results have implications for individual hen welfare and add to understanding of individual system-use patterns, which can inform optimal system design and management practices.
A new rebinning algorithm for 3D PET data

3D acquisition mode in PET is a way to increase the sensitivity of the scanner. To reconstruct the 3D data it is necessary to use either a fully 3D reconstruction algorithm or, alternatively, a rebinning algorithm followed by 2D reconstruction. The advantages of the 2nd approach are higher speed and reduced data size. Rebinning algorithms may become more important in the future with time-of-flight PET due to the increased dimensionality of the projection data. Although two exact rebinning algorithms have been developed, the most commonly used method today is the approximate Fourier rebinning algorithm. These three methods are based on analytic solutions in the frequency domain and involve geometric approximations, which may be significant for some scanner geometries. They also require attenuation corrected data, which can lead to complications since some reconstruction algorithms work better with non-attenuation corrected data. We have developed a novel rebinning algorithm, called reprojection rebinning (RP-RB), which is free from theoretical and geometric approximations as well as from the requirement of attenuation correction. It is based on an initial reconstruction of a 2D data-subset, which results in a somewhat sub-optimal utilization of the oblique data. The results can be improved, however, by an iterative procedure. We have tested RP-RB using simulated phantom data, showing an SD reduction in the central transaxial plane after the 1st, 2nd and 3rd iteration by a factor of 3.0, 3.5 and 4.1, respectively, as compared to 2D data only. There was also a very good spatial accuracy in images reconstructed from noiseless data, even for scanner geometries with large acceptance angles.