cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Palatal displacement of canines and maxillary skeletal width

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to determine whether a clinically significant association exists between maxillary skeletal width and palatal canine impaction, also known as palatally displaced canine (PDC). Methods: Seventy-nine patients with PDC were matched for age, sex, and malocclusion to 79 controls. Maxillary and mandibular skeletal widths and nasal cavity widths were measured on posteroanterior cephalograms; maxillary and mandibular intermolar widths were measured on dental casts; and maxillary interalveolar arch widths at 3 levels (canine, premolar, and first molar) were measured on occlusograms. Results: Only maxillary alveolar arch width at the canine level was significantly different between the 2 groups. However, further analysis showed that the presence of erupted deciduous or permanent canines, rather than their absence in the canine area (whether due to extraction, exfoliation, impaction, or not yet having erupted), was strongly associated with maxillary intercanine alveolar arch width. Conclusions: The additional finding in this study that the eruptive status of canines significantly affects maxillary alveolar arch width in this area suggests that maxillary intercanine alveolar arch width as measured in this or other studies is not a good predictor of PDC.
Precision and sensitivity of pharmacokinetic models for cancer risk assessment: Tetrachloroethylene in mice, rats, and humans

Pharmacokinetic analyses have recently been incorporated in risk assessments, with resultant risks sometimes lower and associated "allowable" exposures higher, than would have been otherwise calculated. Predictions of coupled pharmacokinetic and multistage models, as used for regulatory purposes, are evaluated here for tetrachloroethylene carcinogenicity in mice, rats, and humans. Precision is studied by treating parameters as random variables and determining the range of risk estimates once parameter uncertainties are considered via Monte Carlo simulations. The methods developed in this study are of interest for any similar application. The resultant median risk estimate for humans exposed continuously to 1 ng/liter of tetrachloroethylene in the air is 1.6 per million and 5, 25, 75, and 95 percentiles are 0, 0.04, 2.8, and 6.8 per million. Sensitivity of the pharmacokinetic model predictions to its parameters is assessed by analyzing the results of the Monte Carlo simulations. The kinetic parameters defining the metabolic rate are the most important for the case studied.
Inhibition of Interneuron Firing Extends the Spread of Endocannabinoid Signaling in the Cerebellum

Endocannabinoids serve as retrograde messengers in many brain regions. These diffusible lipophilic molecules are released by postsynaptic cells and regulate presynaptic neurotransmitter release. Here we describe an additional mechanism that mediates the spread of endocannabinoid signaling to distant inhibitory synapses. Depolarization of cerebellar Purkinje cells reduced the firing rate of nearby interneurons, and this reduction in firing was blocked by the cannabinoid receptor antagonist AM251. The cannabinoid receptor agonist WIN55,212-2 also reduced firing rates in interneurons, and this inhibition arose from the activation of a small potassium conductance. Thus, endocannabinoids released from the dendrites of depolarized neurons can lead to inhibition of firing in nearby cells. Because interneurons can project over several hundred micrometers, this inhibition of firing allows cells to regulate synaptic inputs at distances well beyond the limits of endocannabinoid diffusion.
Evaluating the First-Order Tau-Omega Model of Terrestrial Microwave Emission

We have formulated a first-order tau-omega model. Compared to the commonly-used zero-order model, this model has four new terms that each represent a scattering mechanism. We found that the first mechanism, the scattering of emission from the vegetation into the upwelling beam, is the most significant. We also found that this term does not affect the overall soil moisture sensitivity such that the zero-order and first-order models at 1.4 GHz have essentially the same sensitivity to soil moisture. Adding this scattering mechanism will allow a new relationship between tau and the amount of vegetation within the canopy that does not increase tau as rapidly with vegetation biomass. The result may be a model that better matches experimental observations of the sensitivity of terrestrial microwave emission to soil moisture while still allowing the model to produce the correct 1.4 GHz brightness temperature.
Antimutagenic potency of chlorophyllin in the salmonella assay and its correlation with binding constants of mutagen‐inhibitor complexes

Chlorophyllin (CHL) is a water-soluble salt of chlorophyll that exhibits antimutagenic activity in short-term genotoxicity assays and inhibits carcinogen-DNA binding in vivo. The antimutagenic potency of CHL was studied against several structurally related heterocyclic amines using the Salmonella assay. The mutagens included 2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5,-f]-quinoline (IQ) and seven related IQ-type compounds, and 3-amino-1-methyl-5H-pyrido[4,3-b]indole (Trp-P-2) and three additional non-IQ-type compounds. No relationship was observed between mutagenic potency (revertants/ng mutagen) and antimutagenic potency when expressed in terms of the CHL dose/plate-inhibiting mutagenicity by 50 percent (I50). However, a correlation was observed between mutagenic potency and the mole ratio of CHL to mutagen giving 50% inhibition (MR50), with most mutagens requiring several hundredfold to several thousandfold molar excess of CHL for inhibition. In spectrophotometric studies, CHL formed noncovalent molecular complexes with the heterocyclic amines, with binding constants in the range 3-13 x 10(3) M-1. Binding constants were inversely correlated with I50 and MR50 values, i.e., with increasing strength of complex formation less CHL/plate and a lower mole ratio of CHL to mutagen was required to inhibit mutagenicity. The results support an inhibitory mechanism in which chlorophylls operate as "interceptor molecules," interacting with carcinogens and mutagens directly and limiting their bioavailability.
Moorefield–Batesville Stratigraphy and Sedimentation in Arkansas

The oldest upper Mississippian strata above the Boone Formation in north Arkansas carry a Goniatites s.s.cephalopod fauna. Of the half–dozen formation names thus far applied to these beds, only two (Moorefield and Batesville) appear to be widely applicable. The previous lack of detailed lithofacies data has prevented consistent treatment of even these units. Available data invalidate the interpretation that the Moorefield Formation of Oklahoma is an extension of the Arkansas Moorefield, although the two may be correlative in time. The Moorefield and Batesville Formations are, respectively, the lower shale and overlying sandstone intervals in a complexly interstratified, inter-tongued, carbonate reef-terrigenous clastic deposit. The present study outlines specific areas in which each of the two formations can be mapped under a particular lithic aspect. It further delineates other areas where major lithofacies elements blend (shale-limestone in the subsurface, sandstone-limestone in northwestern Arkansas, and sandstone-shale in north-central Arkansas). The arenaceous facies conforms to the original lithologic diagnosis of the Batesville Formation, whereas the argillaceous suite is essentially that of the original Moorefield Formation reference lithofacies. A period of post-Boone warping, uplift, and probable faulting comprised the tectonic setting for Moorefield-Batesville sedimentation. Thus, tectonic activity contributed to land-sea configurations and major lithospheric relief features and influenced marine current circulation. Lithologic character of terrigenous sediment derived from local positive areas, however, was largely determined by climatically controlled weathering and erosion processes, and, in spite of the relatively intense tectonic setting (for a cratonic borderland), the derivative sediments are mature.
Dendritic atrophy in the dentate gyrus of the senescent rat

Quantitative electron microscopic analysis of the supragranular zone of the dentate gyrus molecular layer has shown that the number, volume fraction and surface area of dendritic shaft profiles are significantly decreased in senescent rats, relative to young adults. These modifications of dendritic morphology, which are not associated with age-related changes in dimensions of the molecular layer or in numbers of granule cells, may result from a decrease in the number and/or length of dendrites. In either case, the decreases in the number, volume fraction and surface area of dendritic shaft profiles found in the dentate gyrus of senescent rats signify an age-related atrophy of dendrites. Comparison of changes in the number and volume fraction of dendritic shaft profiles has demonstrated that age-related dendritic atrophy involves predominantly smaller dendritic branches.
Instabilities and amplification of counterpropagating waves in a Kerr nonlinear medium

We show that two linearly polarized counterpropagating waves in a Kerr nonlinear medium with linear dispersion can exhibit amplification and multimode temporal instability, which are attributed to the combined effect of nonlinear index grating and linear dispersion. At the onset of the instability, some modes become unstable, and the ensuing oscillations are periodically modulated; as pumping further increases, the motion becomes chaotic. With the pumping below the threshold, the system exhibits large amplification. In an optical fiber, appreciable gain is anticipated even with pumping much below the threshold.
Law Promotion Beyond Law Talk: The Red Cross, Persuasion, and the Laws of War

The International Committee of the Red Cross casts itself as both a unique protector of individual victims of war and a special guardian of the body of international humanitarian law. It manages and reconciles these two roles through a complex, unconventional strategy that includes secret communications with warring parties, ambiguity in conveying its legal views to them, and, at times, a complete avoidance of legal arguments when persuading actors to follow international rules. This modus operandi not only challenges some standard views about the methods used by actors seeking to convince law violators to comply with norms; it also opens the door to a richer theoretical understanding of legal argumentation in that process of persuasion. The resulting construct consists of a matrix of inputs that determine how a persuading entity will deploy legal arguments and outputs that convey the dimensions of the resulting argumentation. Both the theory and the ICRC's work suggest that entities concerned with compliance would often do best to settle for a target to act consistently with a norm rather than to internalize it. They also raise difficult moral questions about whether compliance with international law is the optimal goal if it has adverse consequences for the values an institution seeks to uphold.
Surface modification of biomaterials using He glow-discharge plasma and NH/sub 3/ treatment for augmenting biocompatibility

Helium glow-discharge plasma followed by exposure to ammonia gas was used to enhance biocompatibility of biomaterials. Biocompatibility of polyurethane film was evaluated using endothelial cell growth and contact angle measurements. Human coronary artery endothelial cell (HCAE) growth was studied on (1) untreated, (2) helium plasma-treated and (3) helium plasma-treated polyurethane films followed by exposure to ammonia gas respectively. The untreated polyurethane surface was hydrophobic with a contact angle of 90/spl deg/ and had poor cell growth (cell concentration /spl ap/ 333/cm/sup 2/). The atmospheric pressure helium plasma treatment of the polyurethane film for four minutes increased the hydrophilicity of the surface (contact angle, /spl theta/ = 79/spl deg/) resulting in enhanced HCAE cell growth on the film (cell concentration /spl ap/ 15,208/cm/sup 2/). Further, a polyurethane film was plasma-treated for four minutes followed by one minute exposure to ammonia gas. Although, there was a significant drop in contact angle (/spl theta/ = 52/spl deg/), there was no appreciable increase in the cell growth (cell concentration /spl ap/ 16,719/cm/sup 2/).
Optimal attentional modulation of a neural population.

Top-down attention has often been separately studied in the contexts of eitheroptimal population coding or biasing of visual search. Yet, both are intimatelylinked, as they entail optimally modulating sensory variables in neural populationsaccording to top-down goals. Designing experiments to probe top-down attentionalmodulation is difficult because non-linear population dynamics are hardto predict in the absence of a concise theoretical framework. Here, we describea unified framework that encompasses both contexts. Our work sheds light ontothe ongoing debate on whether attention modulates neural response gain, tuningwidth, and/or preferred feature. We evaluate the framework by conducting simulationsfor two tasks: 1) classification (discrimination) of two stimuli sa and sband 2) searching for a target T among distractors D. Results demonstrate that allof gain, tuning, and preferred feature modulation happen to different extents, dependingon stimulus conditions and task demands. The theoretical analysis showsthat task difficulty (linked to difference D between sa and sb, or T and D) is acrucial factor in optimal modulation, with different effects in discrimination vs.search. Further, our framework allows us to quantify the relative utility of neuralparameters. In easy tasks (when D is large compared to the density of the neuralpopulation), modulating gains and preferred features is sufficient to yield nearlyoptimal performance; however, in difficult tasks (smaller D), modulating tuningwidth becomes necessary to improve performance. This suggests that the conflictingreports from different experimental studies may be due to differences intasks and in their difficulties. We further propose future electrophysiology experimentsto observe different types of attentional modulation in a same neuron.
Modeling of Energy Backscatter via an Algebraic Subgrid-Stress Model

In large-eddy simulation, the subgrid-stress model is included to represent the energy-transfer mechanisms between the resolved and unresolved scales of motion. Although most models represent forward scatter (dissipation) of energy, they fail to account for backscatter properly. The algebraic model, obtained directly from the closure of the subgrid stresses, has an additional term over the mixed model that accounts for the backscatter of energy explicitly. This model has been previously documented in the open literature and shows promising results in accounting for the subgrid-scale energy-transfer mechanisms. Detailed documentation is provided of the backscatter capability of the algebraic model, for a series of test cases including isotropic turbulence, plane channel flow, and two free shear flows. The model performace in predicting turbulent flow quantities is also compared with commonly used subgrid-stress models and with the available direct-numerical-simulation data.
Technology Applicable to Monitoring Deep Seabed Disposal of Nuclear Wastes

Man-kind has long utilized the ocean for disposal of materials which are difficult or hazardous to dispose of ashore. Over the years, this use has tended toward deeper sites further from shore. This has increased the isolation from man, as well as the difficulties associated with monitoring the impact of such disposal. The long lifetimes associated with radioactive wastes imply that any future deep ocean disposal of these wastes might require monitoring for periods of 100 years or more in remote ocean locations. This paper addresses the technological and operational demands that deep ocean disposal of such wastes might present to the community responsible for monitoring its impact on the environment, as well as the limitations of current technology.
Animal Models of Bone Metastasis

Animal models are important tools to investigate the pathogenesis and develop treatment strategies for bone metastases as they occur in humans. However, there are few spontaneous models of bone metastasis despite the fact that rodents (rats and mice) and other animals, such as dogs and cats, often spontaneously develop cancer. Therefore, most experimental models of bone metastasis in rodents require injection or implantation of neoplastic cells into orthotopic locations, bones, or the left ventricle of the heart.
Coating carbon nanotubes with colloidal nanocrystals by combining an electrospray technique with directed assembly using an electrostatic field

A simple method that combines an electrospray technique with directed assembly using an electrostatic field was used for decorating carbon nanotubes (CNTs) with nanocrystals. Colloidal CdSe and Au nanocrystals were electrosprayed and assembled onto random CNTs and vertically aligned CNTs in a controlled manner. The high level of electrical charge on the electrosprayed aerosol nanocrystals was responsible for the assembly. The technique can be used to assemble various compositions of nanomaterials onto different substrates and provides a versatile route for producing novel hybrid nanostructures.
SENSITIZATION OF CELLS TO HEAT BY VISIBLE LIGHT IN PRESENCE OF PHOTODYNAMIC DYES

1. Visible light of high intensity does not injure paramecia or sensitize them to heat. 2. If photodynamic dyes are added, paramecia are readily killed by visible light of high intensity and are sensitized to heat by sublethal dosages of light. 3. Cells so sensitized are killed when subjected to a sublethal exposure to heat. 4. If the light and heat are applied in the reverse order, namely, heat and then light, no ill effects are observed. 5. When the concentration of dye is reduced a larger light dosage is required. 6. Recovery from sensitization is slow, requiring about 4 days for a (3/4) lethal dosage. 7. Sublethal dosages of light in the presence of dyes do not affect the division rate even when (3/4) the lethal dosage has been used. 8. A possible explanation for the photodynamic sensitization to heat is discussed.
The Calculation of Feshbach Resonances Using Coupled Propagator Equations

A coupled channel theory of resonances has been formulated within the propagator approach of manybody theory and applied to the 1.~3~' resonance of e-helium scattering. This system has previously been studied both experimentally and theoretically. Our results for the width of the resonance agree well with these earlier findings. 0 1994 John Wiley &Sons, Inc.
A notion of passivity for hybrid systems

We propose a notion of passivity for hybrid systems. Our work is motivated by problems in haptics and teleoperation where several computer controlled mechanical systems are connected through a communication channel. To account for time delays and to better react to user actions it is desirable to design controllers that can switch between different operating modes. Each of the interacting systems can be therefore naturally modeled as a hybrid system. A traditional passivity definition requires that a storage function exists that is common to all operating modes. We show that stability of the system can be guaranteed even if different storage function is found for each of the modes, provided appropriate conditions are satisfied when the system switches.
A human sex-chromosomal gene family expressed in male germ cells and encoding variably charged proteins

Approximately 12 X-Y homologous gene pairs have been identified in the non-recombining portions of human sex chromosomes. These X-Y gene pairs fall into two categories. In the first category, both X and Y homologs are ubiquitously expressed. In the second category, the X homolog is ubiquitously expressed, whereas the Y homolog is expressed exclusively in the testis. Here we describe a family of human X-Y genes that cannot be assigned to either category. Designated VCX / Y ( Variable Charge X / Y; VCY previously known as BPY1 ), this gene family has multiple members on both X and Y, and all appear to be expressed exclusively in male germ cells. Members of the VCX / Y family share a high degree of sequence identity, with the exception that a 30 nucleotide unit is tandemly repeated in X-linked members but is present only once in Y-linked members. These atypical features suggest that the VCX / Y family has evolved in a manner previously unrecognized for mammalian X-Y genes. We also found that a copy of VCX is present in CRI-S232, a previously described genomic fragment derived from the X chromosome. Studies have shown that aberrant recombination between arrays of CRI-S232-homologous repeats flanking the steroid sulfatase ( STS ) gene results in STS deletion, which is manifested clinically as X-linked ichthyosis. The revelation that CRI-S232 contains VCX offers a more precise description of the genetic etiology of X-linked ichthyosis: it results from aberrant recombination between VCX gene arrays that flank the STS locus.
Deficiency of Kinase Suppressor of Ras1 Prevents Oncogenic Ras Signaling in Mice

In Drosophila and Caenorhabditis elegans , kinase suppressor of ras (KSR) positively modulates Ras/Raf-mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling. The precise signaling mechanism of mammalian KSR1 and its role in Ras-mediated transformation, however, remain uncertain. To gain insight into KSR1 function in vivo , we generated mice homozygous null for KSR1 . ksr1 −/− mice are viable and without major developmental defects. However, an unusual disorganized hair follicle phenotype manifest in epidermal growth factor receptor knockout mice is recapitulated in ksr1 −/− mice, providing genetic support for the notion that epidermal growth factor receptor, Ras, and KSR1 are on the same signaling pathway in mammals. Furthermore, ksr1 −/− mice allow for the definition of KSR1-dependent and -independent mechanisms of c-Raf-1 activation. In embryonic fibroblasts, epidermal growth factor and 12- O -tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate activated the MAPK cascade to a similar extent, yet only c-Raf-1 activation by epidermal growth factor depended on KSR1. Moreover, whereas the genesis of polyomavirus middle T antigen (MT)-driven mammary cancer appears independent of KSR1, KSR1 is obligate for v -Ha- ras -mediated skin tumor formation. The growth of MT-driven mammary tumor was moderately slowed in ksr1 −/− mice, however, consistent with a decreased rate of proliferation of ksr1 −/− cells (T cells and embryonic fibroblasts). Nonetheless, all ksr1 −/− animals succumbed to mammary cancer. In contrast, papilloma formation in Tg.AC mice, resulting from skin-specific v -Ha- ras expression, was completely abrogated in the ksr1 −/− background. Hence, MT-driven mammary tumor genesis, which is signaled through src and phosphatidylinositol 3′-kinase, appears KSR1 independent, whereas v -Ha- ras -mediated skin cancer, signaled through the Raf-1/MAPK cascade, requires KSR1. These results suggest KSR1 may represent a therapeutic target for Ras/MAPK signaling of human tumorigenesis.
Heparinization of Alimentation Solutions

We read with interest the article by Alpan and associates (Pediatrics 1984;74:375-378) concerning heparinization of alimentation solutions administered through peripheral veins. The authors conclude that heparinization of these solutions should be considered because they observed a significant reduction in the incidence of phlebitis and a prolongation of the mean period of catheter patency. The data presented in their table 2, however, reveals (through calculation) that the 13 infants in the heparinized group received peripheral vein alimentation for a mean duration of 20 days whereas those in the nonheparinized group received it for only ten days.
Male vomeronasal organ mediates female-induced testosterone surges in mice.

In many species, the odor of a female can elicit a surge in plasma testosterone in a male. Steroid radioiminunoassays of plasma samples obtained from mice lacking a specific nasal chemosensory structure, the vomeronasal organ, indicate an absence of the expected surge in testosterone after
Intelligent computer-aided-design systems: a synergical approach of artificial intelligence and engineering

A synergism has begun to surface from the artificial intelligence (AI) and engineering communities: an effort to apply AI techniques to engineering problem-solving activities, and to study problems arisen from various engineering fields as a way to develop AI theories and methodologies. The paper first discusses the needs of such a synergical approach and identifies in a broad perspective some AI techniques currently being applied to engineering. It then describes a system, called KREATOR, which applies qualitative reasoning, a subfield of AI, to computer-aided design (CAD). KREATOR is a knowledge capturing scheme that allows the designers to record their qualitative knowledge of how mechanical devices behave. KREATOR then automatically generates qualitative simulations
The effects of altered thyroid status on lipid metabolism in the genetic hyperlipemic Zucker rat.

Abstract Exposure to thyroid hormone (T 4 ) has been known to affect the plasma triglyceride (TG) as well as the plasma cholesterol level, but the mechanisms and degree of response in genetic hyperlipidemic states have not been defined. In the present study, we examined TG secretion and removal in vivo in genetically hyperlipemic Zucker rats maintained in hypothyroid, euthyroid, and hyperthyroid states for 6 weeks. The induction of the hypothyroid state resulted in marked weight loss with reduced food intake, and a parallel reduction in plasma TG concentration, hepatic TG production, and peripheral TG removal. In contrast, a similar degree of weight loss in the hyperthyroid state was associated with increased food intake, but no significant reduction in plasma TG concentration, production, or clearance. The changes in plasma cholesterol concentration in the hyperthyroid state were striking, with a 94% reduction in LDL cholesterol, but only a minimal reduction in the HDL cholesterol level. The hypothyroid state was not associated with significant changes in the pre-existing hypercholesterolemic state in the Zucker rat. The results suggest that the very low density lipoprotein TG metabolism is influenced by hypothyroid but not the hyperthyroid state in this model of human genetic Type IV hyperlipemia. The primary reduction in LDL relative to HDL in response to thyroxine excess, suggests a therapeutic potential in disorders of genetic hyperlipidemia.
The Parkland 12-Minute Checklist Tracheotomy

Purpose To validate the surgical time and propose a new checklist or algorithm to execute a tracheotomy within 12 minutes with optimal outcomes. Materials and Methods The authors designed and implemented a checklist method for tracheotomy based on 6 consecutive patients with respiratory failure and prolonged intubation in a medical intensive care unit. The primary outcome variable was surgical time for a tracheotomy performed by a fifth- or sixth-year resident under the supervision of the senior author (M.Z.). Results Six consecutive patients undergoing tracheotomy (mean, 48 yr; range, 24 to 55 yr; 4 men and 2 women) were included in the study. The average time recorded from the incision to correct insertion of the tracheotomy tube and confirmation of carbon dioxide return by the anesthesiologist was 10.66 minutes (range, 8 to 12 minutes). Conclusion This checklist facilitates the execution of a time-efficient and safe tracheotomy in less than 12 minutes.
Accrual Management and the Decision to Hold the Shares Acquired from the Exercise of Executive Stock Options

This study extends the employee stock option literature by examining the impact of accrual management both prior to and following stock option exercise to examine its effect on the decision to hold shares from option exercise. We find evidence that accrual management prior to exercise is negatively associated with the decision to hold shares for at least 30 days, while accrual management following exercise is positively associated with the decision to hold shares for at least a year. These results suggest that insiders adopt different earnings management strategies related to the decision to sell or hold shares over different horizons. In addition, our evidence that post-exercise accrual management is positively associated with the decision to continue holding shares extends prior research suggesting that insiders are motivated to hold shares based on private information. Finally, we find that the relation between accrual management and long window hold decisions is different for incentive stock options (ISOs) as compared to non-qualified stock options (NQSOs), consistent with individual tax incentives influencing this relation.
Maternal bile acid transporter deficiency promotes neonatal demise

Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP) is associated with adverse neonatal survival and is estimated to impact between 0.4 and 5% of pregnancies worldwide. Here we show that maternal cholestasis (due to Abcb11 deficiency) produces neonatal death among all offspring within 24 h of birth due to atelectasis-producing pulmonary hypoxia, which recapitulates the neonatal respiratory distress of human ICP. Neonates of Abcb11-deficient mothers have elevated pulmonary bile acids and altered pulmonary surfactant structure. Maternal absence of Nr1i2 superimposed on Abcb11 deficiency strongly reduces maternal serum bile acid concentrations and increases neonatal survival. We identify pulmonary bile acids as a key factor in the disruption of the structure of pulmonary surfactant in neonates of ICP. These findings have important implications for neonatal respiratory failure, especially when maternal bile acids are elevated during pregnancy, and highlight potential pathways and targets amenable to therapeutic intervention to ameliorate this condition.
Time dependent models of accretion disks with nuclear burning following the tidal disruption of a white dwarf by a neutron star

We construct time-dependent one-dimensional (vertically averaged) models of accretion disks produced by the tidal disruption of a white dwarf (WD) by a binary neutron star (NS) companion. Nuclear reactions in the disk midplane burn the WD matter to increasingly heavier elements at sequentially smaller radii, releasing substantial energy which can impact the disk dynamics. A model for disk outflows is employed, by which cooling from the outflow balances other sources of heating (viscous, nuclear) in regulating the Bernoulli parameter of the midplane to a fixed value $\lesssim 0$. We perform a comprehensive parameter study of the compositional yields and velocity distributions of the disk outflows for WDs of different initial compositions. For C/O WDs, the radial composition profile of the disk evolves self-similarly in a quasi-steady-state manner, and is remarkably robust to model parameters. The nucleosynthesis in helium WD disks does not exhibit this behavior, which instead depends sensitively on factors controlling the disk midplane density (e.g. the strength of the viscosity, $\alpha$). By the end of the simulation, a substantial fraction of the WD mass is unbound in outflows at characteristic velocities of $\sim 10^9~{\rm cm~s}^{-1}$. The outflows from WD-NS merger disks contain $10^{-4}-3 \times 10^{-3} M_\odot$ of radioactive $^{56}$Ni, resulting in fast ($\sim$ week long) dim ($\sim10^{40}~{\rm erg~s}^{-1}$) optical transients; shock heating of the ejecta by late time outflows may increase the peak luminosity to $\sim 10^{43}~{\rm erg~s}^{-1}$. The accreted mass onto the neutron star is probably not sufficient to induce gravitational collapse, but may be capable of spinning up the NS to periods of $\sim 10~{\rm ms}$. This is a new possible channel for forming isolated recycled pulsars.
Hemolysis and hemagglutination by normal and immune serums of erythrocytes treated with a nonspecies specific bacterial substance.

In the course of this investigation a substance was discovered in broth culture filtrates of group A hemolytic streptococci which prepared erythrocytes for hemolysis or agglutination in the presence of certain human serums. Subsequent study revealed that a similar material was present in filtrates obtained from other gram positive, but not gram negative, organisms. A preliminary report of these observations has been made.2 This paper describes in greater detail the properties of this nonspecies specific substance which is hereafter called "NSS." MATERIALS AND METHODS
Testing the Commonality of Student Conceptual Explanations Across Institutions

To gain insight into the cognitive activities of students during an assessment task, students in Statics courses at three universities were asked to explain their answer to a multiple choice question about the equilibrium of bodies under given loads. Explanations were compared for similarity of terminology using Latent Semantic Analysis and then coded to determine if and when students invoked concepts of force and moment equilibrium. Both terminology and thinking was shown to be consistent across universities. Ideas related to equilibrium were invoked by nearly all students. Students differed principally on whether they applied both force and moment equilibrium consistently and correctly, and if they clearly differentiated between forces and moments. Different codings were sufficiently correlated with the different answer choices, so that one could make a reasonable guess as to a student’s thinking based on the answer choice alone.© 2007 ASME
Pertuzumab for the treatment of breast cancer: a safety review

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Approximately twenty to thirty percent of newly diagnosed breast cancers are human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) positive. The use of trastuzumab, and more recently pertuzumab, has significantly improved the progression free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) in this patient population. However, pertuzumab has side effects that can impact treatment tolerability and quality of life.Areas covered: This review describes the safety and tolerability of pertuzumab, a monoclonal antibody targeted at HER2 approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use in the neoadjuvant and first line metastatic settings.Expert opinion: The combination of trastuzumab, pertuzumab, and chemotherapy is approved in the neoadjuvant and first line metastatic settings and should be strongly considered by providers. Further studies are needed to look at side effect prevention, novel pertuzumab containing regimens, and re-treating patients with pertuzumab.
Severe ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome from treatment with urinary follicle-stimulating hormone: two cases

Deux cas cliniques d'hyperstimulation ovarienne severe sont rapportes apres utilisation de doses relativement faibles de FSH pure chez des patientes qui ont ulterieurement concu avec un traitement classique par HMG. L'avantage theorique des FSH pures sur l'HMG dans la prevention des syndromes d'hyperstimulation doit donc etre reconsidere. Le role joue par l'injection d'HCG pour declencher l'ovulation doit etre pris en compte chez ces patientes traitees par FSH pure
Examining Social Desirability in Measures of Religion and Spirituality Using the Bogus Pipeline

A primary concern in the psychology of religion is the distinct possibility that responses to empirical assessments of individuals’ degree and type of religiosity and spirituality are exaggerated owing to social desirability bias. In spite of increased secularization in American culture and a growing distrust of organized religion, religious involvement, personal religiosity, and spirituality are still viewed as highly desirable characteristics. This study estimates the extent of social desirability biases that affect self-reports of religion and spirituality by utilizing a bogus pipeline procedure. In this procedure, participants are convinced that experimenters can detect disingenuous responses to individual items on questionnaires through the use of physiological measures, although no physiological data are actually collected. If the self-reports of participants in the bogus pipeline condition indicate greater religiosity or spirituality than those in the control condition, self-report bias is indicated. The bogus pipeline procedure has been used in other areas of study to increase veracity of self-reports when social desirability effects are present (such as reporting sexual behaviors or prejudice). The results indicate that social desirability biases influence multiple constructs including religious orientations, religious coping, and daily spiritual experiences. Implications for future research relying on self-reports of religion and spirituality are discussed.
Force- and power-time curve comparison during jumping between strength-matched male and female basketball players.

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to compare force– and power–time curve variables during jumping between Division I strength-matched male and female basketball athletes. Males (n = 8) and females (n = 8) were strength matched by testing a one-repetition maximum (1RM) back squat. 1RM back squat values were normalised to body mass in order to demonstrate that strength differences were a function of body mass alone. Subjects performed three countermovement jumps (CMJ) at maximal effort. Absolute and relative force– and power–time curve variables from the CMJs were analysed between males and females. Average force– and power–time curves were generated for all subjects. Jump height was significantly greater (p ≤ .05) in males than females. Absolute force was higher in males during the concentric phase, but not significantly different (p ≥ .05) when normalised to body mass. Significance was found in absolute concentric impulse between sexes, but not when analysed relative to body mass. Rate of force develo...
Direct Investigation of Mg Intercalation into the Orthorhombic V2O5 Cathode Using Atomic-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy

Batteries based on Mg metal anode can promise much higher specific volumetric capacity and energy density compared to Li-ion systems and are, at the same time, safer and more cost-effective. While previous experimental reports have claimed reversible Mg intercalation into beyond Chevrel phase cathodes, they provide limited evidence of true Mg intercalation other than electrochemical data. Transmission electron microscopy techniques provide unique capabilities to directly image Mg intercalation and quantify the redox reaction within the cathode material. Here, we present a systematic study of Mg insertion into orthorhombic V2O5, combining aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) imaging, electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) analysis. We compare the results from an electrochemically cycled V2O5 cathode in a prospective full cell with Mg metal anode with a chemically synthesized MgV2O5 sample. Results suggest that the electroche...
A role (in)congruity study on Vietnamese journalists’ perception of female and male leadership

This survey study examines the applicability of role congruity theory on journalists in Vietnam. Findings show that journalists hold stereotypical perceptions of female leaders. Journalists see fem...
The Role of Education in National Fitness

(1942). The Role of Education in National Fitness. The Journal of Health and Physical Education: Vol. 13, No. 6, pp. 333-364.
Towards a Conceptual Framework for the Evaluation of Telemedicine Satisfaction

Satisfaction is a key factor in evaluating the success of telemedicine systems. The objective of this research is to develop a conceptual framework to aid research in telemedicine satisfaction. This research performs a developmental review of the telemedicine satisfaction literature obtained from PubMed and Google Scholar. Results are synthesized by reviewers using a concept matrix. Findings support a conceptual framework for telemedicine satisfaction that includes: satisfaction dimensions, stakeholders, type of care, type of system, context and methodologies. The framework can be used by future studies for examining and reporting on telemedicine satisfaction.
Chemicals of Environmental Concern

This article is a revision of the previous edition article by Steve J. D'Surney and Mike D. Smith, volume 1, pp 526–530, © 2005, Elsevier Inc.
Linkage crossover for genetic algorithms

A new "linkage crossover" operator based on probabilistic methodology is proposed. The genetic algorithm using this operator is shown to be particularly successful for deceptive problems with linkages that are not easily captured by linear relationships. Further, adaptive Hebbian mechanisms are shown to be successful in learning the appropriate linkage relationships when faced with new problems. Results demonstrate the efficacy of this approach, compared with traditional general purpose crossover operators.
Scholarly Communication: The Use and Non-Use of E-Print Archives for the Dissemination of Scientific Information.

This study surveyed a randomly chosen sample from a population of 240,000 scholars in nine scientific disciplines from private and public colleges and universities across the United States and Canada. The disciplines included physics/astronomy, chemistry, mathematics/computer science, engineering, cognitive science/psychology, and biological sciences. The survey sought to determine use and non-use of e-print archives in the different disciplines. Results show that 18 percent of the researchers use at least one archive while 82 percent do not use any. Scholars in physics use e-print archives the most and chemistry the least. ArXiv receives the most use and authors' web sites the least use. Reasons for use include dissemination of research results, visibility, and exposure of authors. Reasons for non-use include publishers' policies and technology constraints.
Superconducting YBa2Cu3O7−x fibers from the thermoplastic gel method

The successful fabrication of ceramic superconducting YBa2Cu3O7−x fibers has been investigated. A new method was proposed for synthesis of the fibers through a solution route. The thermoplastic gels were synthesized using Y, Ba, Cu, ethoxides, and diethylenetriamine. The fibers were drawn from the reheated gels. The fibers were characterized by x-ray diffraction, SEM, and shrinkage ratio measurements. The fired and then annealed fiber is shown to have a superconducting transition temperature of 91 K (onset) and zero resistance temperature of 84 K. With regard to the fired fibers, it is found that the surface area increased and superconducting transition temperature decreased with increasing organic content in the initial gel. The usefulness of this method is shown and the structure of the synthesized gel is discussed.
Dynamic Transcriptomic Data Analysis by Integrating Data-driven and Model-guided Approaches

Abstract The rapid development in “omics” technologies offer unprecedented opportunities to help understand cellular metabolism at genome-scale. Among different “omics” data, RNAseq based transcriptome profiling has been used to enhance the understanding of the genome-scale response of the organism to different stimuli. While these studies have provided insightful findings, they are most often limited to studying two-steady-state conditions. From a control perspective, as cellular metabolism is a highly complex dynamic system, the transient response could offer significantly more information on the system dynamics, especially the internal control mechanism. In this work, we present our initial results on analysing the dynamic transcriptomic profiles of Scheffersomyces stipitis during the transition from aerobic growth to oxygen-limited fermentation. Our results confirm that the transient states indeed offer important information that the steady-states cannot, which can be crucial in understanding the cellular metabolism.
Neuropeptide-induced modulation of carcinogenesis in a metastatic breast cancer cell line (MDA-MB-231 LUC+ ).

Metastatic cancer to bone is well-known to produce extreme pain. It has been suggested that the magnitude of this perceived pain is associated with disease progression and poor prognosis. These data suggest a potential cross-talk between cancer cells and nociceptors that contribute not only to pain, but also to cancer aggressiveness although the underlying mechanisms are yet to be stablished. The in vitro dose dependent effect of neuropeptides (NPs) (substance P [SP], calcitonin gene-related peptide and neurokinin A [NKA]) and/or its combination, on the migration and invasion of MDA-MB-231LUC+ were assessed by wound healing and collagen-based cell invasion assays, respectively. The effect of NPs on the expression of its receptors (SP [NK1] and neurokinin A receptors [NK2], CALCRL and RAMP1) and kininogen (high-molecular-weight kininogen) release to the cell culture supernatant of MDA-MB-231LUC+, were measured using western-blot analysis and an ELISA assay, respectively. Statistical significance was tested using one-way ANOVA, repeated measures ANOVA, or the paired t-test. Post-hoc testing was performed with correction for multiple comparisons as appropriate. Our data show that NPs strongly modify the chemokinetic capabilities of a cellular line commonly used as a model of metastatic cancer to bone (MDA-MB-231LUC+) and increased the expression of their receptors (NK1R, NK2R, RAMP1, and CALCRL) on these cells. Finally, we demonstrate that NPs also trigger the acute release of HMWK (Bradykinin precursor) by MDA-MB-231LUC+, a molecule with both tumorigenic and pro-nociceptive activity. Based on these observations we conclude that NPs exposure modulates this breast cancer cellular line aggressiveness by increasing its ability to migrate and invade new tissues. Furthermore, these results also support the pro nociceptive and cancer promoter role of the peripheral nervous system, during the initial stages of the disease.
Post-stroke neuronal circuits and mental illnesses

Stroke is one of the leading causes of death in the United States. It is also associated with severe mental illnesses, such as depression and anxiety, that hinder the rehabilitation of surviving patients. Thus, a better understanding of how stroke causes mental illnesses is crucial, but little is known about the neurological mechanisms involved. In this review, we summarized the most common mental illnesses developed after stroke, as well as the underlying mechanisms at the neuronal circuit level.
Influence of plasma-activated nitrogen species on PA-MOCVD of InN

We report on the influence of various plasma species on the growth and structural properties of indium nitride in plasma-assisted metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. Atomic emission spectroscopy was used to quantify the molecular, neutral, and ionized nitrogen species concentrations above the growth surface. Reflectance and Raman spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction techniques were used to characterize the grown InN films. It has been found that ionized rather than molecular or neutral nitrogen species is positively correlated with the InN growth rate. We conclude that InN formation in the present case is due to the chemical combination of atomic nitrogen ions with indium.
Gastric Ulcers, from Psychosomatic Disease to Infection.

Edited by Jacquelyn H. Flaskerud, RN, PhD, FAAN School of Nursing, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA Janna Lesser, RN, PhD, FAAN School of Nursing, University of Texas Health S...