cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Calretinin and AchE in pathological diagnosis for rectal mucosa biopsy of neonatal Hirschsprung’s disease

Objective To explore the values of Calretinin (CR) and acetylcholinesterase (AchE) in pathological diagnosis for rectal mucosa biopsy of neonatal Hirschsprung’s disease (HSCR). Methods A total of 62 neonatal HSCR cases were examined for rectal mucosa biopsy during January 2015 to January 2016. The predominant symptoms included recurrent abdominal distension, constipation, meconium delay and/or vomiting. There were 47 boys and 15 girls with an average age of 17(3-28) days. Ganglion cells and nerve fibers were observed microscopically. And Calretinin was detected by immunohistochemistry and AchE by histochemistry. They were divided into HSCR and non-HSCR groups by hematoxylin & eosin (HE) stain. Results In HSCR group (n=49), ganglion cells were absent and the average diameter of nerve fiber was 49.6(30-70) μm. And the diameter was ≥40 μm (n=42, 85.7%) and <40 μm (n=7, 14.3%, 30-38 μm). The negative expression of CR was (n=4, 8.2%) and the positive expression of AchE (n=45, 91.8%). In non-HSCR group (n=13), ganglion cells were observed in all cases. And the diameter of nerve fiber was <25 μm (n=12, 92.3%) and 35 μm (n=1, 7.7%). The positive expression of CR was (n=13, 100%) and AchE (n=1, 7.7%). The value of CR in HSCR diagnosis: sensitivity 100%(12/12), specificity 98.0%(49/50), positive predict value 92.3%(12/13) and negative predict value 100%(49/49). The value of AchE in HSCR diagnosis was as follows: sensitivity 93.9%(46/49), specificity 100%(12/12), positive predict value 100%(46/46) and negative predict value 75.0%(12/16). Conclusions Rectal mucosa biopsy by HE staining and expression of CR and AchE are reliable for making a pathological diagnosis of neonatal HSCR. Key words: Hirschsprung disease; Calretinin; Acetylcholinesterase
The iAAMCS Ecosystem: Retaining Blacks/African-Americans in CS PhD Programs

A persistent challenge in computer science (CS) graduate education is the lack of representation, retention, and graduation of certain racial and ethnic groups. Despite increased enrollment in computer science departments across the United States, the persistence of Black/African-American students remains primarily unchanged since the mid-1990s, particularly at the doctoral degree level. The Institute for African-American Mentoring in Computing Sciences (iAAMCS) is an NSF Broadening Participation in Computing Alliance (BPC-A) that provides a national ecosystem by connecting students and faculty through short and long-term programmatic activities to build community and advance Blacks/African-Americans in computing research. This paper presents an analysis of admissions and graduation data of Black/African-American CS PhD students from the CRA Taulbee surveys from 1995 to 2018. The findings suggest that less than 50 percent of the Black/African-American students that enter CS PhD programs finish. However, of those Black/African-American CS PhD students that have engaged in iAAMCS activities, 86 percent completed their PhD.
Modelling Mutual Exclusion in a Process Algebra with Time-outs.

I show that in a standard process algebra extended with time-outs one can correctly model mutual exclusion in such a way that starvation-freedom holds without assuming fairness or justness, even when one makes the problem more challenging by assuming memory accesses to be atomic. This can be achieved only when dropping the requirement of speed independence.
Quantitative dependence of strength on particle orientation of clay

Consolidated-undrained triaxial compression tests were performed on specimens trimmed from eight different labotatory prepared samples of a kaolin clay. The samples covered a wide range of micro-fabrics, and specimens were trimmed parallel and perpendicular to the direction of preferred particle orientation. The micro-fabric of each sample was identified by the combined use of scanning electron microscopy, optical microscopy, and X-ray diffractometry, the latter of which gave a quantitative index that was correlated with the directional dependence of the ultimate strength determined from the triaxial tests.
Simultaneous Tracking and Sampling of Dynamic Oceanographic Features with AUVs and Drifters

We present AUV survey methodologies to track and sample an advecting patch of water. Current AUV-based sampling rely primarily on geographic waypoint track-line surveys that are suitable for static or slowly changing features. When studying dynamic, rapidly evolving oceanographic features, such methods at best introduce error through insufficient spatial and temporal resolution, and at worst completely miss the spatial and temporal domain of interest. In this work, we extend existing oceanographic sampling methodologies to perform Lagrangian observation studies to sample within the context of an advecting feature of interest. We use GPS-tracked Lagrangian drifters to tag a patch of interest, and utilize its periodic position updates to make an AUV perform surveys around it as it gets advected by ocean currents. Two approaches are described and tested in two field trials in 2010 a one day experiment in June, followed by a five-day offshore experiment in September. Results from the experiments are presented along with the analysis of the sources of error.
Language identification using phoneme recognition and phonotactic language modeling

A language identification technique using multiple single-language phoneme recognizers followed by n-gram language models yielded top performance at the March 1994 NIST language identification evaluation. Since the NIST evaluation, work has been aimed at further improving performance by using the acoustic likelihoods emitted from gender-dependent phoneme recognizers to weight the phonotactic likelihoods output from gender-dependent language models. We have investigated the effect of restricting processing to the most highly discriminating n-grams, and we have also added explicit duration modeling at the phonotactic level. On the OGI Multi-language Telephone Speech Corpus, accuracy on an 11-language, closed-set, language identification task has risen to 89% on 45-s utterances and 79% on 10-s utterances. Two-language classification accuracy is 98% and 95% for the 45-s and 10-s utterances, respectively. Finally, we have started to apply these same techniques to the problem of dialect identifications.
The spoIIE Locus Is Involved in the Spo0A-Dependent Switch in the Location of FtsZ Rings in Bacillus subtilis

A switch in the location of FtsZ ring structures from medial to polar is one of the earliest morphological indicators of sporulation in Bacillus subtilis. This switch can be artificially caused during vegetative growth by induction of an active form, Sad67, of the transcription regulator, Spo0A (P. A. Levin and R. Losick, Genes Dev. 10:478-488, 1996). We have used immunofluorescence microscopy to show that the switch in FtsZ ring location during vegetative growth caused by Sad67 induction is blocked by a spoIIE deletion mutation. The spoIIE mutation also impaired polar FtsZ ring formation during sporulation. These results suggest that SpoIIE mediates the Spo0A-directed formation of polar FtsZ rings.
9. Subunit structure of the hexosaminidase isozymes

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the subunit structure of the Hexosaminidase Isozymes. Hex A was a heteropolymer containing α and β subunits, whereas Hex B was a homopolymer of β subunits. This model made it relatively simple to account for all of the known data. As Hex B contained only the β subunits, all antibodies raised against it would be removed by Hex A, which also contains β subunits. However, seeing that Hex A contained a unique subunit, namely, α subunit, antibody directed against α subunit would not be absorbed completely by treatment with Hex B. It made it simple to account for the findings in both Tay-Sachs disease (TSD) and Sandhoff disease. In TSD, the mutation would be one that limited formation of α subunit, so that Hex A could not be made. The model would even predict that the amount of Hex B should be increased in quantity. Structural studies on the enzyme in an effort to test the common subunit theory were also performed.
A Variable Stability Test Vehicle for ITS Applications

A variable stability test bed is under development for the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). The Variable Dynamic Testbed Vehicle (VDTV) is being designed for research and testing of advanced collision warning and avoidance technologies being developed by industry and most likely being made available to consumers in the near future.
Populations of methane-producing bacteria and in vitro methanogenesis in salt marsh and estuarine sediments.

Most probable numbers (MPNs) of methanogens in various salt marsh and estuarine sediments were determined with an anaerobic, habitat-simulating culture medium with 80% H(2) plus 20% CO(2) as substrate. Average MPNs for the short Spartina (SS) marsh sediments of Sapelo Island, Ga., were maximal at the 5- to 7-cm depth (1.2 x 10/g of dry sediment). Populations decreased to approximately 880/g of dry sediment at the 34- to 36-cm depth. There was no significant difference between summer and winter populations. In tall Spartina (TS) marsh sediments, average populations were maximal (1.2 x 10/g of dry sediment) in the upper 0- to 2-cm zone; populations from the 5- to 36-cm zones were similar (average of 9 x 10/g of dry sediment). Methanogenic populations for TS sediments of James Island Creek marsh, Charleston, S.C., were similar (average of 3 x 10/g of dry sediment) for all depths tested (0 to 22 cm), which was comparable to the trend observed for TS sediments at Sapelo Island, Ga. Sediment grab samples collected along a transect of James Island Creek and its adjacent Spartina marsh had MPNs that were approximately 20 times greater for the region of Spartina growth (average of 10/g of dry sediment) compared with the channel (approximately 5 x 10 methanogens per g of dry sediment). A similar trend was found at Pawley's Island marsh, S.C., but populations were approximately one order of magnitude lower. In vitro rates of methanogenesis with SS sediments incubated under 80% H(2)-20% CO(2) showed that the 5- to 7-cm region exhibited maximal activity (51 nmol of CH(4) g h), which was greater than rates for sediments above and below this depth. SS sediment samples (5 to 7 cm) incubated under 100% N(2) and supplemented with formate exhibited rates of methanogenesis similar to those generated by samples under 80% H(2)-20% CO(2). Replacing the N(2) atmosphere with H(2) resulted in an eightfold decrease in the rate of methanogenesis. In vitro methanogenic activity by TS salt marsh sediments, incubated under 80% H(2)-20% CO(2), was similar for all depths tested (0 to 22 cm). TS sediment samples (0 to 7 cm) supplemented with formate and incubated under 100% N(2) had greater rates of methanogenesis compared with unsupplemented samples.
Specific and Somatotopic Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Activation in the Trigeminal Ganglion by Brush and Noxious Heat

We used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to assess activation in the trigeminal ganglion during innocuous mechanical (brush) and noxious thermal (46°C) stimulation of the face within the receptive fields of each of the three divisions of the trigeminal nerve in healthy volunteers. For both stimulus types, we observed signal changes only in the ipsilateral ganglion, and activation occurred somatotopically, as predicted by the known anatomical segregation of the neurons comprising the ophthalmic (V1), maxillary (V2), and mandibular (V3) divisions of the nerve. Signal decreased after brush stimuli and increased after the application of noxious heat. The abilities to detect somatotopic activation within the ganglion and to segregate non-noxious mechanical from noxious thermal stimuli suggest that fMRI will be valuable for measuring changes in the trigeminal ganglion in human models of neuropathic pain and in the clinical condition itself and may also be useful in the evaluation of pain therapies.
Secondary Pre-service Teachers' Perceptions of an Ideal Classroom Environment

The classroom environment can impact students’ motivation and engagement, and can influence students’ academic learning. In some cases, pre-service teachers’ influence on the classroom environment may not always be conducive for student learning. This exploratory study investigated pre-service teachers’ perceptions of an ideal classroom environment. Specifically, this study focused on the effect of a 16 week initial field experience, and the school level (High School or Middle School) of the field experience on secondary pre-service teachers’ perceptual changes of an ideal classroom environment. As a means of collecting data to address the focus of this study, the participants completed the Classroom Environment Scale (Form I) on three different occasions during the initial field experience. Results of the data analysis revealed that the participants’ perceptions of an ideal classroom environment remained consistent but were focused on attributes that contribute to a classroom environment conducive to academic success.
Novel Approach for Visualizing Implants in Deep Submicron Microelectronic Devices Using Dopant Selective Etching and Low keV SEM

There is a significant need for direct dopant profile measurements in deep submicron microelectronic technologies. In this work, a novel approach for implant visualization is reported. The approach consists of two sequential steps: (1) selective chemical wet etch of doped regions with the new dopant selective etching (DSE) recipe, and (2) scanning electron microscopy imaging of the decorated regions under optimized low keV conditions. It was demonstrated that any combination of p/n type, dosage density or implant penetration depth can be visualized simultaneously using this method. The new DSE chemistry and low keV contrast mechanisms are described in detail.
Raman spectroscopy of incommensurate Ba 2 NaNb 5 O 15

We have performed Raman studies of the E-symmetry phonon modes in barium sodium niobate in the tetragonal ferroelectric phase above 582 K and measured carefully their splitting into pairs of ${\mathit{B}}_{1}$ and ${\mathit{B}}_{2}$ symmetry in the incommensurate (IC) phase between 543 and 582 K. For both heating and cooling cycles the data satisfy mean-field predictions with ${\mathit{B}}_{1}$-${\mathit{B}}_{2}$ frequency splitting proportional to the order parameter. The data show that the incommensurate-incommensurate transition at 565 K (heating) does not alter the orthorhombic symmetry; that is, it is not a true 1q-2q transition, and tetragonal symmetry does not set in until the incommensurate-normal transition at 582 K. This is compatible with very recent electron microscopy data (Verweft, Van Tendeloo, and Van Landuyt), which show that the incommmensurate-incommensurate transition near 565 K produces only short-range order in a direction perpendicular to the long-range 1q modulation, and with x-ray studies of this transition (Kiat, Toledano, and Schneck). An analogous situation is observed just below the incommensurate-commensurate transition at 105 K: Here the ${\mathit{C}}_{11}$ and ${\mathit{C}}_{22}$ elastic coefficients have minima at 105 K, signaling a phase transition, but they do not become equal (${\mathit{C}}_{11}$=${\mathit{C}}_{22}$) until approximately 90 K, indicating that there is an incommensurate-incommensurate transition from orthorhombic to tetragonal near 90 K. The 90-K IC-IC transition seems quite analogous to the 565-K IC-IC transition, but electron microscopy shows that these phases are not reentrant.
Photo-Generation of Carbohydrate Microarrays

The unparalleled structural diversity of carbohydrates among biological molecules has been recognized for decades. Recent studies have highlighted carbohydrate signaling roles in many important biological processes, such as fertilization, embryonic development, cell differentiation and cellȁ4cell communication, blood coagulation, inflammation, chemotaxis, as well as host recognition and immune responses to microbial pathogens. In this chapter, we summarize recent progress in the establishment of carbohydrate-based microarrays and the application of these technologies in exploring the biological information content in carbohydrates. A newly established photochemical platform of carbohydrate microarrays serves as a model for a focused discussion.
Implementation issues in clock synchronization

We present some results from an experimental implementation of a recent clock synchronization algorithm. This algorithm was designed to overcome arbitrary processor failures, and to achieve optimal accuracy, i.e., the accuracy of synchronized clocks (with respect to real time) is as good as that specified for the underlying hardware clocks. Our system was implemented on a set of workstations on a local area broad-cast network. Initial results indicate that this algorithm can form the basis of an accurate, reliable, and practical distributed time service.
Reducing risk of overdose with midazolam injection in adults: an evaluation of change in clinical practice to improve patient safety in England

Rationale aims and objectives. This study sought to evaluate potential reductions in risk associated with midazolam injection, a sedating medication, following a United Kingdom National Patient Safety Alert. This alert, ‘Reducing risk of overdose with midazolam injection in adults’, was sent to all National Health Service organisations as a Rapid Response Report detailing actions services should take to minimise risks. Method. To evaluate any potential changes arising from this alert, a number of data sources were explored including reported incidents to a national reporting system for health care error, clinician survey and audit data, pharmaceutical purchasing patterns and feedback from NHS managers. Results. Prior to the Rapid Response Report, 498 incidents were received by the National Patient Safety Agency including 3 deaths. Post implementation of the Rapid Response Report (June 2009), no incidents resulting in death or severe harm had been received. All organisations reported having completed the Rapid Response Report actions. Purchase and use of risk-prone, high-strength sedating midazolam by health care organisations decreased significantly as did the increased use of safer, lower strength doses (as recommended in the Rapid Response Report). Conclusions. Organisations can achieve safer medication practices, better knowledge, awareness and implementation of national safer practice recommendations. Risks from inadvertent overdose of midazolam injection was reduced post implementation of national recommendations. Ongoing monitoring of this particular adverse event will be required with a sustained patient safety message to health services to maintain awareness of the issue and reduction in the number of midazolam related errors.
Quantitative characterization of vascular endothelial cell morphology and orientation using fourier transform analysis

Fourier Transform methods were used to quantify mean elongation, mean orientation, and standard deviation of orientations of cultured vascular endothelial cells. Images of cell populations, which had been subjected to 11 and 20 hours of shear stress at 30 dynes/cm 2 and 20 hours of no shear, were analyzed by Fourier Transform methods. Measurements of cell morphology and orientation characteristics were also obtained using a manual method for comparison purposes. The results of the study showed that mean cell orientation can be determined accurately with the Fourier Transform methods. Attempts to determine the standard deviation of cell orientations, however, resulted in poorer estimates of mean elongation and standard deviation of orientations except in the case of exposure of endothelial cells to 20 hours of shear, where the actual standard deviation of orientations was low. When the value for standard deviation of orientations was constrained to zero, a minimum possible mean elongation was determined reliably using the Fourier Transform methods. Use of the Fourier Transform methods in determining morphological and orientation characteristics of cell monolayers is fast and objective and may provide a basis for identifying other characteristics of cell shape.
Risk Factors and Mortality in Patients with Aortocoronary Vein Bypass Operation

Patients who died one or more years after aortocoronary bypass surgery showed, at the time of the operation, higher prevalence of hypertension, and history of smoking and had higher plasma lipid levels than the patients who survived the operation for similar periods of time. No such differences in risk factors were seen between patients who survived or have died during the first 30 days after the operation. These findings suggest that patients with abnormal risk factors have a poorer long-term prognosis.
Initiation of replication in the Chinese hamster dihydrofolate reductase domain

Two-dimensional (2-D) gel analysis of replication intermediates in the Chinese hamster dihydrofolate reductase domain has suggested that nascent chains can initiate at any of a large number of sites scattered throughout a ∼50 kb “initiation locus” (although the level of initiation detected at any given site within this region was relatively low). This result contrasts markedly with data from anin vitro strand switching assay suggesting that >80% of initiations occur within a single 500 bp fragment lying within the initiation locus. In an effort to reconcile these two disparate views of the initiation reaction, we have questioned the validity of our 2-D gel data in several ways. We show here that: 1) the number of replication bubbles detected in the DHFR locus in the early S period is markedly increased when the cells are released from a synchronizing agent that inhibits initiationper se, rather than from aphidicolin, which is a chain elongation inhibitor; 2) initiation in the DHFR domain occurs only during the first 90 min of the S period, as would be expected of an early-firing origin; 3) a pulse of3H-thymidine moves through the structures observed on 2-D gels with the kinetics expected ofbonafide replication intermediates; and 4) preparations of replication intermediates that are subsequently analyzed on 2-D gels appear, by electron microscopy, to represent the typical theta structures and single-forked molecules expected of bidirectional origins of replication; no unusual structures (e.g., microbubbles) were seen.
CURRENT CAPITAL INVESTMENT PRACTICES

ABSTRACT This paper presents the results of a mail survey of the capital investment practices of the U.S.-based companies in the Standard & Poor's Industrial Index. Unlike earlier studies, which focus on the use of project evaluation and risk analysis tools, this study considers the entire investment decision-making process, from strategic analysis through post-auditing operating performance. Analysis of the responses suggests that most responding companies use a fairly sophisticated capital investment process. They make strategic analysis a cornerstone of their capital investment process, develop quantitative minimum required rate of return and maximum acceptable risk goals, forecast investment returns on a cash basis, use discounted cash flow evaluation measures, control the implementation process, and conduct post-audits of operating performance regularly. The respondents appear less sophisticated in their treatment of risk. Only half use quantitative risk analysis and risk-adjustment techniques.
Future opportunities in nanophotonics

Nanophotonics, dealing with optical science and technology at nanoscale, is an exciting new frontier, which provides numerous opportunities both for fundamental research and new applications of photonics. The Institute for Lasers, Photonics and Biophotonics at Buffalo has a comprehensive multidisciplinary program in Nanophotonics funded by the United States Department of Defense. This program focuses on three major areas of Nanophotonics: (i) interactions involving nanoscale confined radiation, (ii) use of nanoscale photoexcitation for nanofabrication and (iii) design and control of excitation dynamics in nanostructured optical materials. Selected examples of our accomplishments in nanophotonics are presented here which illustrate some of the opportunities.
A Serially Complete Simulated Observation Time Metadata File for U.S. Daily Historical Climatology Network Stations

Abstract A procedure to infer time of observation based on day—to—day temperature variations is refined and applied to the 1060—station daily Historical Climatology Network (HCN), creating a set of ersatz observation time metadata. Testing of the observation time inference procedure on the HCN data, as well as a set of U.S. normals stations at which no reported observation time changes occur from 1951 to 1991, indicates that, on average, the correct observation time category is identified in nearly 90% of the station years. Classification success decreases, however, at stations at which average annual interdiurnal temperature range falls below 1.9°C. At these stations, which represent only 4% of the HCN daily station years, the percentage of correctly classified years falls to 78%. Application of the observation time inference procedure yields a set of annual observation times for stations in the HCN. Primarily, this surrogate dataset provides a means of identifying observation time during years when docu...
Bounded population sizes, fluctuating selection and the tempo and mode of coexistence

Existing theory predicts competitors (species or genetic clones) cannot coexist in a fluctuating environment unless relative fitness is negatively frequency-dependent (relative fitness declines as the frequency of a competitor increases). We develop simple theory to show coexistence does not require frequency-dependent selection, and we confirm this prediction by direct experiment. The conditions for coexistence in a fluctuating environment are precisely the same as those for coexistence in a spatially variable environment, conditions that arise naturally whenever population abundances are bounded. Simulations show the likelihood of coexistence increases with environmental uncertainty. The capacity of temporally variable environments to maintain biological diversity is far broader than generally envisaged.
Parallel finite element modeling of earthquake ground response and liquefaction

Parallel computing is a promising approach to alleviate the computational demand in conducting large-scale finite element analyses. This paper presents a numerical modeling approach for earthquake ground response and liquefaction using the parallel nonlinear finite element program, ParCYCLIC, designed for distributed-memory message-passing parallel computer systems. In ParCYCLIC, finite elements are employed within an incremental plasticity, coupled solid-fluid formulation. A constitutive model calibrated by physical tests represents the salient characteristics of sand liquefaction and associated accumulation of shear deformations. Key elements of the computational strategy employed in ParCYCLIC include the development of a parallel sparse direct solver, the deployment of an automatic domain decomposer, and the use of the Multilevel Nested Dissection algorithm for ordering of the finite element nodes. Simulation results of centrifuge test models using ParCYCLIC are presented. Performance results from grid models and geotechnical simulations show that ParCYCLIC is efficiently scalable to a large number of processors.
Distribution of MAP2 in dendritic spines and its colocalization with actin. An immunogold electron-microscope study.

The distribution of MAP2 and actin in dendritic spines of the visual and cerebellar cortices, dentate fascia, and hippocampus was determined by using immunogold electron microscopy. By this approach, we have confirmed the presence of MAP2 in dendritic spines and identified substructures within the spine compartment showing MAP2 immunoreactivity. MAP2 immunolabeling was mainly associated with filaments which reacted with a monoclonal anti-actin antibody. Also, by immunogold double-labeling we colocalized MAP2 with actin on the endomembranes of the spine apparatus, smooth endoplasmic reticulum, and in the postsynaptic density. Labeling was nearly absent in axons and axonal terminals. These results indicate that MAP2 is an actin-associated protein in dendritic spines. Thus, MAP2 may organize actin filaments in the spine and endow the actin network of the spine with dynamic properties that are necessary for synaptic plasticity.
Transient relationships among BOLD, CBV, and CBF changes in rat brain as detected by functional MRI.

The transient relationship between arterial cerebral blood flow (CBF(A)) and total cerebral blood volume (CBV(T)) was determined in the rat brain. Five rats anesthetized with urethane (1.2 g/kg) were examined under graded hypercapnia conditions (7.5% and 10% CO(2) ventilation). The blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) contrast was determined by a gradient-echo echo-planar imaging (GE-EPI) pulse sequence, and CBV(T) changes were determined after injection of a monocrystalline iron oxide nanocolloid (MION) contrast agent using an iron dose of 12 mg/kg. The relationship between CBV(T) and CBF(A) under transient conditions is similar to the power law under steady-state conditions. In addition, the transient relationship between CBV(T) and CBF(A) is region-specific. Voxels with > or =15% BOLD signal changes from hypercapnia (7.5% CO(2) ventilation) have a larger power index (alpha = 3.26), a larger maximum possible BOLD response (M = 0.85), and shorter T(*)(2) (32 ms) caused by deoxyhemoglobin, compared to voxels with <15% BOLD signal changes (alpha = 1.82, M = 0.16, and T(*)(2) = 169 ms). It is suggested that the biophysical model of the BOLD signal can be extended under the transient state, with a caution that alpha and M values are region-specific. To avoid overestimation of the cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen changes seen using fMRI, caution should be taken to not include voxels with large veins and a large BOLD signal.
The Generalized Diffusion-Convection Equation

Starting from the Boltzmann equation, a transport equation is derived for energetic particles in a moving magnetized plasma in which the scattering centers that keep the particles quasi-isotropic are moving with a velocity that is not necessarily the same as that of the plasma. The scattering is characterized by three very loose constraints: (1) there is a rest frame for each scatterer in which the particles scatter elastically; (2) in this frame the scattering will not disturb an isotropic distribution; and (3) the momentum transfer in an average collision may be described by a tensor operating on the particles original momentum. Since the strength of the scattering is not specified, the derivation should be as valid for plasma microturbulence as for hard-sphere scattering. The results show clearly which phenomena are responsible for tying the particles to the plasma in the transport equation.
Peonidin-3-monoglucoside in Vinifera Grapes

SUMMARY The band-four pigment in the general eight-band pattern for red vinifera grapes as observed in this laboratory was isolated from Freisa grapes with paper chromatographic techniques. Hydrolysis, partial hydrolysis, and alkaline microdegradation studies on the pure pigment demonstrated that it was peonidin-3-monoglucoside.
Charm and dilepton production by neutrinos and antineutrinos

Abstract A review of charm and dilepton production by neutrinos and antineutrinos is presented. A brief status of same sign dileptons is given followed by a detailed review of opposite sign data. Combined results for the three experiments, CCFR, CDHS and FMMF, are used to extract the strange sea content in the nucleon, κ = 2s/( u + d ) = .492 ± .06 and the CKM matrix element, |Vcd| = .204 ± .012. Preliminary results from the CCFR collaboration show that the x distribution of the strange sea is softer than the u and d sea and that the slow rescaling model describes the energy dependence of the charm cross section well with a charm mass of mc = 1.34 ± 0.33GeV/c2.
New Model for Nonlinear Adsorption and Diffusion Based on a Quartic Concentration Profile Approximation

A new model that describes nonlinear adsorption and pore and surface diffusion (including concentration-dependent diffusion) in a single particle was derived using an intraparticle quartic concentration profile approximation and a summation of the gas and adsorbed phases in the material balances. Analytical expressions were obtained for the fractional uptake and adsorbed-phase concentration profile, and a differential expression was obtained for the rate of accumulation in the adsorbed phase that can be used as an accurate simplification in fixed-bed adsorption models. The new model was tested against the exact numerical solution for a variety of adsorbate-adsorbent systems and a broad range of bulk concentrations, with the results always being far superior to those obtained with the LDF approximation and even those obtained with a similarly derived model based on a parabolic profile approximation. This was especially the case at short times, where the other models failed to capture the behavior of the exact solution. The success of this new model was attributed to a set of assumptions that allowed more of the physics to be retained, while still making the solution tractable. This approach led to very useful and also very accurate analytical and differential expressions for nonlinear adsorption and diffusion phenomena.
Ck invariant manifolds for maps of Banach spaces

Abstract In this work we give a unified proof for the existence, under appropriate gap conditions, of the standard invariant manifolds for a Ck map of a Banach space near a fixed point where k ≥ 1 is an integer.
Translocation in the Giant Kelp Macrocystis.

Experiments with C 14 - labeled bicarbonate demonstrate that organic products of photosynthesis are transported through the stipe tissue of Macrocystis. Depending upon conditions, not all of which have been fully ascertained, the direction of transport may be either predominantly apical or toward the base of the plant.
Understanding CO2 Dynamics in Metal–Organic Frameworks with Open Metal Sites

Hopping along: Metal-organic frameworks such as Mg-MOF-74 possess open metal sites that interact strongly with CO2. Molecular simulations reveal detailed CO2 dynamics (hops between metal sites and localized fluctuations), which can be used to accurately explain the experimentally measured 13C NMR chemical shift anisotropy pattern. Copyright © 2013 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.
TH-E-BRF-01: Exploiting Tumor Shrinkage in Split-Course Radiotherapy

Purpose: In split-course radiotherapy, a patient is treated in several stages separated by weeks or months. This regimen has been motivated by radiobiological considerations. However, using modern image-guidance, it also provides an approach to reduce normal tissue dose by exploiting tumor shrinkage. In this work, we consider the optimal design of split-course treatments, motivated by the clinical management of large liver tumors for which normal liver dose constraints prohibit the administration of an ablative radiation dose in a single treatment. Methods: We introduce a dynamic tumor model that incorporates three factors: radiation induced cell kill, tumor shrinkage, and tumor cell repopulation. The design of splitcourse radiotherapy is formulated as a mathematical optimization problem in which the total dose to the liver is minimized, subject to delivering the prescribed dose to the tumor. Based on the model, we gain insight into the optimal administration of radiation over time, i.e. the optimal treatment gaps and dose levels. Results: We analyze treatments consisting of two stages in detail. The analysis confirms the intuition that the second stage should be delivered just before the tumor size reaches a minimum and repopulation overcompensates shrinking. Furthermore, it was found that, for a large range of model parameters, approximately one third of the dose should be delivered in the first stage. The projected benefit of split-course treatments in terms of liver sparing depends on model assumptions. However, the model predicts large liver dose reductions by more than a factor of two for plausible model parameters. Conclusion: The analysis of the tumor model suggests that substantial reduction in normal tissue dose can be achieved by exploiting tumor shrinkage via an optimal design of multi-stage treatments. This suggests taking a fresh look at split-course radiotherapy for selected disease sites where substantial tumor regression translates into reduced target volumes.
Maternal Testosterone Levels are Associated with C-Peptide Levels in the Mexican American Subset of the Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome (HAPO) Study Cohort

Altered sex hormone levels are thought to play an important role in adult-onset diseases including obesity, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes. They contribute to these complex diseases through changes in their availability, which is influenced, in part, by binding proteins. Insulin resistance, which is characteristic of these diseases, along with increased insulin secretion, is a physiologic change that occurs normally during pregnancy. To determine the relationship between insulin resistance and sex hormone levels, we examined the associations of sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) and testosterone with measures of glycemia and insulinemia in a healthy pregnant population. We measured fasting serum SHBG and testosterone levels in 215 Hispanic mothers of Mexican ancestry from the HAPO Study cohort and tested for associations between SHBG and testosterone levels and maternal plasma glucose and C-peptide. After adjusting for confounding variables, serum total testosterone (TT) was positively associated with fasting C-peptide (0.18 μg/l higher for TT higher by 1 SD, p=0.001) and 1-h C-peptide (0.79 μg/l higher for TT higher by 1 SD, p<0.001). Free testosterone (FT) was also positively associated with fasting C-peptide (0.19 μg/l higher for FT higher by 1 SD, p<0.001), and 1-h C-peptide (0.83 μg/l higher for FT higher by 1 SD, p<0.001). Although these findings are from a single cohort, this study provides evidence for an association between testosterone and C-peptide during pregnancy in a nondiabetic Hispanic obstetric population.
A Model for the Formation and Solidification of Grain Boundary Liquid in the Heat-Affected Zone (HAZ) of Welds

The rapid thermal cycle experienced in most welding operations can promote the constitutional liquation of precipitates in certain alloy systems. Grain boundary liquid films form in the subsolidus portion of the heat-affected zone (HAZ) as a consequence of constitutional liquation. Rapid cooling limits the extent of solute diffusion into the matrix from the grain boundary liquid and hence extends its solidification temperature range. Liquation cracking can occur in the HAZ if the grain boundary film exists at a time when the local thermal stresses become tensile. Hence, in order to predict the liquation cracking susceptibility of an alloy under a given welding condition, both the microstructural evolution which centers around grain boundary liquation and the stress generation have to be modeled. This article addresses the issue of microstructural evolution and attempts to present a model for the formation of grain boundary liquid during the heating cycle and its solidifiction during the cooling cycle. The variables which increase the life of the transient grain boundary liquid during the thermal cycle are identified. The onedimensional (1-D) model presented here is an important first step toward the ability to predict liquation cracking susceptibility of an alloy during welding.
High energy gamma ray production in proton-induced reactions at 104, 145, and 195 MeV

Energy spectra and angular distributions have been measured for high energy gamma rays ({ital E}{sub {gamma}}{ge}20 MeV) from proton-nucleus reactions at 104, 145, and 195 MeV on targets of C, Zn, and Pb. Gamma rays were observed with energies up to 170 MeV. The spectra showed differences from the typical exponential shape that is observed in gamma ray production from heavy-ion reactions. The angular distribution of the gamma ray is forward peaked in the laboratory, which is consistent with emission from a moving source. A comparison is made with previous measurements at 72, 140, 168, and 200 MeV. The experimental evidence indicates that first-chance incoherent proton-neutron bremsstrahlung is the main production mechanism.
A replication technique for scanning electron microscopy: Applications for anthropologists

Scanning electron microscopy has become an increasingly useful tool for anthropologists, particularly because of the development of improved methods of replicating specimens. One of the best replication techniques involves silicone-based dental impression materials to make negative impressions, in conjunction with epoxy resins, which are used to make positives or casts. The technique outlined here is particularly useful for anthropologists. Using this technique allows the examination of bone surfaces, teeth, and fossils for taphonomic, microwear, and experimental studies. Reproduction of detail is faithful at magnifications of × 1,500 to × 2,000, routinely giving resolutions of .1 to .25 μm.
Dose-dependent differences in the development of reserpine-induced oral dyskinesia in rats: support for a model of tardive dyskinesia.

Rats treated with reserpine develop spontaneous orofacial dyskinesia that has features similar to tardive dyskinesia (TD) in humans. In contrast to TD, however, reserpine-induced oral dyskinesia develops rapidly reaching a maximal level within 3 days at a dose of 1 mg/kg per day. The present study examined whether rats administered lower doses of reserpine would develop the oral dyskinesia at a slower rate, similar to the protracted development of TD. Rats were administered 0, 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, or 1.0 mg/kg reserpine subcutaneously every other day for 100 days. Oral dyskinesia was measured by recording the incidence of tongue protrusions for 30 min on days 1, 4, 10, 20, 40, 60, and 100. The time course of the development of reserpine-induced oral dyskinesia varied dose-dependently. The response was evident within 4 days at 1 mg/kg, within 20 days at 0.1 mg/kg, within 60 days at 0.05 mg/kg, and was not evident at 0.01 mg/kg at any time during the 100 days of treatment. The protracted development of reserpine-induced oral dyskinesia at the lower doses is consistent with TD. Doses of reserpine that produced an increase in tongue protrusions also produced a 90–95% depletion of dopamine and an increase in the ratio of dopamine metabolites to dopamine in the caudate-putamen. The disruption of dopamine neurotransmission may be involved in development of the oral dyskinesia. Furthermore, it is suggested that the 1 mg/kg dose of reserpine may induce neurochemical changes similar to that produced by long-term neuroleptic treatment, but at an accelerated rate, thereby providing a new efficient model of TD.
Excessive twinning in a rural American genealogy

A family record of 1693 descendants in rural Missouri exhibits a twinning rate of 2 X 2%. Weinberg's Differential Rule estimates the level of monozygosity in this twin sample at 61-83%, unlike previous results dominated by dizygosity . These historical data cannot directly support a genetic basis for monozygosity though. Clinical studies seem the best solution to the genetics of twinning.
Evaluation of thyroid-stimulating hormone, total thyroxine, and free thyroxine concentrations in hyperthyroid cats receiving methimazole treatment.

Background Iatrogenic hypothyroidism (IH) after treatment of hyperthyroidism can impair renal function. No study compared the efficacy of measurement of serum free thyroxine by equilibrium dialysis (fT4ed) or thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) concentrations for monitoring cats receiving methimazole. Objectives To (1) compare the ability of total T4 and fT4ed concentrations in conjunction with TSH to define thyroid function in hyperthyroid cats receiving methimazole, (2) determine the prevalence of IH in cats receiving methimazole, and (3) examine the relationship between thyroid axis hormones and serum creatinine concentration. Animals One hundred and twenty-five serum samples from hyperthyroid cats receiving methimazole and total T4 concentrations ≤3.9 μg/dL. Methods Total T4, fT4ed, and TSH concentrations were measured to evaluate thyroid status and serum creatinine concentration was measured to assess renal function. A low total T4 or fT4ed concentration in combination with an increased TSH concentration defined IH. Results Forty-one cats (33%) had increased TSH concentrations. Of cats with total T4 and fT4ed concentrations below the reference range, 68% and 73%, respectively, had TSH concentrations above the reference range. Only 18% of cats with a normal TSH concentration had an increased serum creatinine concentrations as compared to 39% of those with increased TSH concentrations (P < .001). Conclusions Free T4ed does not identify more cats with potential IH as compared to total T4. The IH prevalence was approximately 20%. Measurement of TSH may be more helpful in indicating that azotemia, if present, is at least in part related to IH. Investigation is needed to define TSH assay utility in identifying possible subclinical IH.
Imaging spectrometer concepts for next-generation planetary missions

In recent years there has been an increasing interest in the imaging spectrometer concept, in which imaging is accomplished in multiple, contiguous spectral bands at typical intervals of 5 to 20 nm. There are two implementations of this concept under consideration for upcoming planetary missions. One is the scanning, or 'whisk-broom' approach, in which each picture element (pixel) of the scene is spectrally dispersed onto a linear array of detectors; the spatial information is provided by a scan mirror in combination with the vehicle motion. The second approach is the 'push-broom' imager, in which a line of pixels from the scene is spectrally dispersed onto a two-dimensional (area-array) detector. In this approach, the scan mirror is eliminated, but the optics and focal plane are more complex. This paper discusses the application of these emerging instrument concepts to the planetary program. Key issues are the trade-off between the two types of imaging spectrometer, the available data rate from a typical planetary mission, and the focal-plane cooling requirements. Specific straw-man conceptual designs for the Mars Geoscience/Climatology Orbiter (MGCO) and the Mariner Mark II Comet Rendezvous/Asteroid Flyby (CRAF) missions are discussed.
Ichangensin: A new citrus limonoid

Abstract A new limonoid, ichangensin, was isolated from seeds of Citrus ichangensis . It is probably a metabolise of deacetylnomilinic acid. In chloroform solution the compound formed an equilibrium mixture of isomers, a ketone and an intramolecular hemiketal, while in aqueous solution and in the solid state it was entirely in the hemiketal form. Ichangensin was prepared by synthesis from methyl deacetylnomilinate.