cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
De novo assembly of Aureococcus anophagefferens transcriptomes reveals diverse responses to the low nutrient and low light conditions present during blooms

Transcriptome profiling was performed on four treatments of the harmful algal bloom-forming pelagophyte Aureococcus anophagefferens strain CCMP 1850 to assess responses to common stressors for dense phytoplankton blooms: low inorganic nitrogen concentrations, low inorganic phosphorus concentrations, low light levels, and a replete control. The de novo assemblies of pooled reads from all treatments reconstructed ~ 54,000 transcripts using Trinity, and ~ 31,000 transcripts using ABySS. Comparison to the strain CCMP 1984 genome showed that the majority of the gene models were present in both de novo assemblies and that roughly 95% of contigs from both assemblies mapped to the genome, with Trinity capturing slightly more genome content. Sequence reads were mapped back to the de novo assemblies as well as the gene models and differential expression was analyzed using a Bayesian approach called Analysis of Sequence Counts (ASC). On average, 93% of significantly upregulated transcripts recovered by genome mapping were present in the significantly upregulated pool from both de novo assembly methods. Transcripts related to the transport and metabolism of nitrogen were upregulated in the low nitrogen treatment, transcripts encoding enzymes that hydrolyze organic phosphorus or relieve arsenic toxicity were upregulated in the low phosphorus treatment, and transcripts for enzymes that catabolize organic compounds, restructure lipid membranes, or are involved in sulfolipid biosynthesis were upregulated in the low light treatment. A comparison of this transcriptome to the nutrient regulated transcriptional response of CCMP 1984 identified conserved responses between these two strains. These analyses reveal the transcriptional underpinnings of physiological shifts that could contribute to the ecological success of this species in situ: organic matter processing, metal detoxification, lipid restructuring, and photosynthetic apparatus turnover.
Spatiality and social change: domestic space use in Mexico and the United States

This article analyzes housing as a culturally mediated phenomenon, as a subtle but powerful means of enculturation by which perceptions of reality are learned and revised. Based on a transnational, multigenerational comparison of the uses and designs of domestic space in parts of Jalisco, Mexico, and the United States, it argues that sociospatial relations are integral to the continuing process of social change for Mexicans living in the United States and migrant workers returning to Mexico. It further suggests that conflicting conceptual and spatial frameworks become a means by which the dominant society attempts to assimilate and control subordinates. [domestic space, Mexico, the United States, social change]
Bounded partial-order reduction

Eliminating concurrency errors is increasingly important as systems rely more on parallelism for performance. Exhaustively exploring the state-space of a program's thread interleavings finds concurrency errors and provides coverage guarantees, but suffers from exponential state-space explosion. Two prior approaches alleviate state-space explosion. (1) Dynamic partial-order reduction (DPOR) provides full coverage and explores only one interleaving of independent transitions. (2) Bounded search provides bounded coverage by enumerating interleavings that do not exceed a bound. In particular, we focus on preemption-bounding. Combining partial-order reduction with preemption-bounding had remained an open problem.We show that preemption-bounded search explores the same partial orders repeatedly and consequently explores more executions than unbounded DPOR, even for small bounds. We further show that if DPOR simply uses the preemption bound to prune the state space as it explores new partial orders, it misses parts of the state space reachable in the bound and is therefore unsound. The bound essentially induces dependences between otherwise independent transitions in the DPOR state space. We introduce Bounded Partial Order Reduction (BPOR), a modification of DPOR that compensates for bound dependences. We identify properties that determine how well bounds combine with partial-order reduction. We prove sound coverage and empirically evaluate BPOR with preemption and fairness bounds. We show that by eliminating redundancies, BPOR significantly reduces testing time compared to bounded search. BPOR's faster incremental guarantees will help testers verify larger concurrent programs.
Density biased sampling: an improved method for data mining and clustering

Data mining in large data sets often requires a sampling or summarization step to form an in-core representation of the data that can be processed more efficiently. Uniform random sampling is frequently used in practice and also frequently criticized because it will miss small clusters. Many natural phenomena are known to follow Zipf's distribution and the inability of uniform sampling to find small clusters is of practical concern. Density Biased Sampling is proposed to probabilistically under-sample dense regions and over-sample light regions. A weighted sample is used to preserve the densities of the original data. Density biased sampling naturally includes uniform sampling as a special case. A memory efficient algorithm is proposed that approximates density biased sampling using only a single scan of the data. We empirically evaluate density biased sampling using synthetic data sets that exhibit varying cluster size distributions finding up to a factor of six improvement over uniform sampling.
The Concept of Income as Related to the Non-Charitable Nonprofit Subsector in Canada

Nonprofit organizations in Canada enjoy exemption from federal income taxation. This paper explores the Canadian definition of income to address whether the exemption accorded these organizations constitute a tax expenditure, or if it merely reflects the proper limitations of an income tax system.
Geometric Description of Dynamin Induced Membrane Fission

The terminal step during the process of clathrin-mediated endocytosis is the scission of the connection between the nascent bud and the parent membrane. Narrowing of the neck is driven by proteins or their complexes, most prominently dynamin, which assembles into rings and spirals that constrict the connection and are believed to generate sufficient force onto the membrane to induce fission. To advance our undertanding of the underlying mechanism, in this work we present a geometric framework to study the conformation of a semi-flexible polymer adhering to, or confined by an axially symmetric membrane. The rotational symmetry of the membrane is exploited to obtain a first integral of the fourth order Euler-Lagrange equation describing the polymer equilibrium states. In particular, we examine and characterize closed and helix-like curves with right-hand chirality, lying on surfaces with the shape of a cylinder and a catenoid. For the cylindrical case, the additional translational symmetry allows to integrate the Euler-Lagrange equation once more, obtaining a quadrature. In this framework the stresses transmitted by the polymer onto the membrane are determined entirely in terms of the local geometry of the combined system of the helical-dynamin coat wrapping around the membrane neck,allowing us to analyze the force and torques involved during the constriction process.
The Effects of Dopants on Surface-Energy-Driven Secondary Grain Growth in Ultrathin Si Films

Secondary or abnormal grain growth has been observed in ultrathin films of silicon ( 50x) and which have uniform (111) texture. This abnormal grain growth is believed to be driven, in part, by surface energy minimization and hence is termed surface-energy-driven secondary grain growth. It was found that n-type dopants, phosphorous and arsenic, markedly enhance the rate of secondary grain growth as seen through a lowering of the temperature required for significant growth. On the other hand, boron (a p-type dopant) appears to neither markedly increase nor decrease the rate of grain growth. Enhancement caused by phosphorous or arsenic is thought to stem from increases in the mobility of the grain boundaries. Enhancement of grain boundary mobility was found to be compensated (reduced or eliminated) by additional doping with boron.
Aggregation Kinetics of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes in Nonaqueous Solvents: Critical Coagulation Concentrations and Transient Dispersion Stability

In this paper we present the aggregation kinetics of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs), when aggregated by NaBr and CaCl2 in the solvents DMF, NMP, and 50/50 DMF/NMP (v/v). We have measured critical coagulation concentrations (CCCs) by finding the diffusion-limited aggregation regime for each salt/solvent combination, as required by DLVO theory. We have observed a “transient stability” effect for dispersions in NMP and DMF/NMP that we attribute to SWCNTs overcoming a torsional energy barrier to bundling that is theoretically predicted for SWCNT aggregation in NMP. Lastly, when comparing our CCCs for pure vs mixed solvents, we do not see any enhancement in dispersion stability for mixed solvents, as was observed in our recently published work studying the significantly lower “onset of aggregation” coagulant concentration range, indicating different aggregation mechanisms in the two regimes.
Maturity Characterization And Ultrasonic Velocities of Coals

Laboratory ultrasonic velocity measurements of the 7 dry coals exhibit different dynamic elastic properties which correlate to coal rank and applied confining pressure. Compressional and shear wave velocities increase as function of coal rank increases. Nevertheless, pressure dependence on coal elastic properties exist for confining pressure under 5 MPa. This sensitivity is affected by the cleats presence. Based on geochemistry – velocity cross plot elastic anisotropy may occur at high maturity coal rank due to the increasing TOC or decreasing hydrogen index (HI).
A Model of Unified Gauge Interactions

Linear spinor fields are a generalization of the Dirac field that have direct correspondence with the known physics of fermions, inherent causality properties in their most fundamental constructions, and positive mass eigenvalues for all particle types. The algebra of the generators for infinitesimal transformations of these fields directly constructs the Minkowski metric \emph{within} the internal group space as a consequence of non-vanishing commutation relations between generators that carry space-time indexes. In addition, the generators have a fundamental matrix representation that includes Lorentz transformations within a group that unifies internal gauge symmetries generated by a set of hermitian generators for SU(3)$\times$SU(2)$\times$U(1), and nothing else. The construction of linearly independent internal SU(3) and SU(2) symmetry groups necessarily involves the mixing of three generations of the mass eigenstates labeling the (massive) representations of the linear spinor fields. The group algebra also provides a mechanism for the dynamic mixing of massless particles of differing "transverse mass" eigenvalues conjugate to the affine parameter labeling translations along their light-like trajectories. The inclusion of a transverse mass generator is necessary for group closure of the extended Poincare algebra, but its eigenvalue must vanish for massive particle representations. A unified set of space-time group transformation operations along with internal gauge group symmetry operations for linear spinor fields will be demonstrated in this paper.
Mindfulness for Health Care Professionals and Therapists in Training

Abstract The potential benefits of integrating mindfulness into the lives of health care professionals and therapists in training are multidimensional and far-reaching. In this chapter, we explore three pathways for this integration. First, for helping professionals, self-care is a prerequisite for providing competent care. Mindfulness training has been shown to reduce depression, anxiety, rumination, and stress, and to improve self-compassion and positive mood states in health care professionals. Second, the practice of mindfulness improves qualities that are critical to effective treatment, such as attention, empathy, emotion regulation, and affect tolerance. Practicing mindfulness appears to help clinicians be more present and effective during sessions. Third, experience with the practice of mindfulness is essential for professionals wishing to provide mindfulness-based treatments. This chapter reviews the empirical evidence demonstrating the impact of mindfulness for health care professionals and offers a case study illustrating the development and implementation of a mindfulness-based course for graduate-level clinical training.
Conjectures. Logic and the Thomistic Debate on Human Freedom and the Divine Causality

In the question of human freedom, the theist is worse off than the non-believer. Both must explain how I can perform a free act in a physically determined universe. But the theist must also explain how I can act freely in a universe where God not only causes everything but also knows what I shall do. If the theist is a Christian, he has one more problem: he must reconcile human freedom not only with divine causality and omniscience (the philosophical problem), but with supernatural grace as well (the theological problem). I wish to reflect here only on the philosophical issue, which I think is fundamental to theological solutions.
New HIF2α inhibitors: potential implications as therapeutics for advanced pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas

Two recent independent studies published in Nature show robust responses of clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) cell lines, preclinical ccRCC xenograft models and, remarkably, a patient with progressive ccRCC despite receiving multiple lines of treatment, to the long-awaited, recently developed inhibitors of hypoxia-inducible factor 2-alpha (HIF2α). This commentary published in Endocrine-Related Cancer is based on the recognition of similar molecular drivers in ccRCC and the endocrine neoplasias pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas (PPGLs), ultimately leading to stabilization of HIFs. HIF-stabilizing mutations have been detected in the von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) gene, as well as in other genes, such as succinate dehydrogenase (SDHx), fumarate hydratase (FH) and transcription elongation factor B subunit 1 (TCEB1), as well as the gene that encodes HIF2α itself: EPAS1HIF2α Importantly, the recent discovery of EPAS1 mutations in PPGLs and the results of comprehensive in vitro and in vivo studies revealing their oncogenic roles characterized a hitherto unknown direct mechanism of HIF2α activation in human cancer. The now available therapeutic opportunity to successfully inhibit HIF2α pharmacologically with PT2385 and PT2399 will certainly spearhead a series of investigations in several types of cancers, including patients with SDHB-related metastatic PPGL for whom limited therapeutic options are currently available. Future studies will determine the efficacy of these promising drugs against the hotspot EPAS1 mutations affecting HIF2α amino acids 529-532 (in PPGLs) and amino acids 533-540 (in erythrocytosis type 4), as well as against HIF2α protein activated by VHL, SDHx and FH mutations in PPGL-derived chromatin cells.
Health Promotion and Disease Prevention

Maintaining good health is a broader and more positive goal than preventing disease. The chapter discusses the role of diet in heart disease and cancer. Obesity, hypertension, and diabetes are also important, on their own and as contributors to heart disease and stroke. Although much public attention has been directed to the role of an adequate supply of calcium in bone health and in reducing the incidence of osteoporosis, attention needs to be directed toward obtaining an adequate supply of this essential nutrient. The chapter provides an overview on the role of nutrition in reducing the incidence of obesity, heart disease, diabetes, hypertension, cancer, and osteoporosis. It is important to remember that nutrition has a broader role to play in health promotion. An optimal intake of protein, vitamins, and minerals is needed to provide for growth of children, successful pregnancies and breast feeding experiences, and good health and well-being for all adults.
Time management in a co-housed social rodent species (Arvicanthis niloticus).

Sociality has beneficial effects on fitness, and timing the activities of animals may be critical. Social cues could influence daily rhythmic activities via direct effects on the circadian clock or on processes that bypass it (masking), but these possibilities remain incompletely addressed. We investigated the effects of social cues on the circadian body temperature (Tb) rhythms in pairs of co-housed and isolated grass rats, Arvicanthis niloticus (a social species), in constant darkness (DD). Cohabitation did not induce synchronization of circadian Tb rhythms. However, socio-sexual history did affect circadian properties: accelerating the clock in sexually experienced males and females in DD and advancing rhythm phase in the females in a light-dark cycle. To address whether synchronization occurs at an ultradian scale, we analyzed Tb and activity rhythms in pairs of co-housed sisters or couples in DD. Regardless of pair type, co-housing doubled the percentage of time individuals were simultaneously active without increasing individual activity levels, suggesting that activity bouts were synchronized by redistribution over 24 h. Together, our laboratory findings show that social cues affect individual “time allocation” budgets via mechanisms at multiple levels of biological organization. We speculate that in natural settings these effects could be adaptive, especially for group-living animals.
Ca2+, caldesmon, and myosin light chain kinase exchange with calmodulin

Wheat calmodulin (CaM) was labeled at Cys-27 with the sulfhydryl-specific fluorescent probe 2-(4'-maleimidoanilino)-naphthalene-6-sulfonic acid (MIANS), to form MIANS.CaM. In the presence of Ca2+, MIANS.CaM undergoes a large fluorescence increase when it binds myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) and caldesmon (CaD), but little fluorescence change when it binds CaM antagonists or Ca2+. MLCK associates with MIANS.CaM at a rate of 2.8 x 10(7) M-1 s-1 and dissociates at 0.031 s-1 (Kd = 1.1 nM). Protein kinase A phosphorylation of MLCK (P-MLCK) produces a 3.5-fold decrease in its association rate with CaM and a 6-fold increase in its dissociation rate (Kd = 23 nM). CaD associates with MIANS.CaM with a rate of 5.3 x 10(8) M-1 s-1 and dissociates at 57 s-1 (Kd = 108 nM). EGTA disrupts the CaM.MLCK, CaM.P-MLCK, and the CaM.CaD complexes at rates of 3.5 s-1, 6.5 s-1, and 13.5 s-1, respectively. MLCK, therefore, dissociates from CaM more quickly by Ca2+ removal while the lower affinity CaD is dissociated more quickly by competition from higher affinity CaM target proteins than by Ca2+ removal. MLCK binding to CaM slowed Ca2+ dissociation from CaM's C-terminal Ca(2+)-binding sites from 30 s-1 to 6 s-1 while CaD had little effect on Ca2+ dissociation from these sites. During a Ca2+ transient, CaM could exchange with MLCK and CaD rapidly enough for these proteins to be directly involved in the contraction/relaxation cycle of smooth muscle.
Dendritic mechanisms of hippocampal place field formation

Place cells in the hippocampus are thought to form a cognitive map of space and a memory of places. How this map forms when animals are exposed to novel environments has been the subject of a great deal of research. Numerous technical advances over the past decade greatly increased our understanding of the precise mechanisms underlying place field formation. In particular, it is now possible to connect cellular and circuit mechanisms of integration, firing, and plasticity discovered in brain slices, to processes taking place in vivo as animals learn and encode novel environments. Here, we focus on recent results and describe the dendritic mechanisms most likely responsible for the formation of place fields. We also discuss key open questions that are likely to be answered in the coming years.
Randomized trial of a symptom monitoring intervention for hospitalized patients with cancer.

10005Background: Hospitalized patients with cancer experience a high symptom burden, which is associated with poor health outcomes and increased healthcare utilization. We conducted a pilot randomi...
Phosphorylation of the AMPAR-TARP Complex in Synaptic Plasticity

Synaptic plasticity has been considered a key mechanism underlying many brain functions including learning, memory, and drug addiction. An increase or decrease in synaptic activity of the α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor (AMPAR) complex mediates the phenomena as shown in the cellular models of synaptic plasticity, long-term potentiation (LTP), and depression (LTD). In particular, protein phosphorylation shares the spotlight in expressing the synaptic plasticity. This review summarizes the studies on phosphorylation of the AMPAR pore-forming subunits and auxiliary proteins including transmembrane AMPA receptor regulatory proteins (TARPs) and discusses its role in synaptic plasticity.
Ectoparasite burden influences the denning behavior of a small desert carnivore

Quantifying the impacts of parasitism on a host can be arduous and is generally understudied for ectoparasites, with known works being either laboratory‐focused, correlational‐based, or only focusing on a few species and spatial extents. Many mammalian species have evolved the modality of denning behavior, a lifestyle that can lead to higher ectoparasite burden, and it has been posited that animals may alter their denning behavior in an attempt to reduce exposure to ectoparasites. We conducted a test of the ectoparasite release hypothesis for kit foxes (Vulpes macrotis) and fleas in the Great Basin Desert of the western United States, a hypothesis that has remained relatively untested for over half a century. We experimentally administered a flea reduction treatment to a subset of kit foxes. We then measured and compared the number of unique den usages and residency time across treatment and control foxes (no flea reduction treatment) while accounting for other factors known to influence denning behavior. Foxes treated with the flea medication reduced the number of unique dens and increased their residency times at dens. All kit foxes continued to use multiple dens on the landscape, suggesting several factors in addition to flea burden influence denning behavior. Our results confirm the long‐dormant ectoparasite release hypothesis and suggest ectoparasites may shape the behavior of burrowing vertebrates to a greater extent than previously recognized.
Implementation and Evaluation of the FUERTE (Family Reunification and Resiliency Training) Program for Recently-Immigrated Latino Adolescents

Background Thousands of children attempt to emigrate to the U.S. each year from Latin America. Many have experienced significant trauma, and the process of reunification with families after prolonged separation is a known stressor. School-based group therapy has the potential to connect this vulnerable population with mental health resources. Through a collaboration with school-based caregivers, therapists, and pediatricians, a five-module curriculum for recently immigrated youth called FUERTE (Family Reunification and Resiliency Training) was created. After refining FUERTE’s modules using stakeholder focus groups, the program was successfully piloted across schools city-wide …
Let Tesla Park Your Tesla: Driver Trust in a Semi-Automated Car

The reality of highly automated vehicles on every road seems increasingly possible. With companies such as Tesla, Google, Toyota, and many others racing to provide a fully autonomous vehicle, the need for research on self-driving cars has never been greater. Until recently, however, most of this research had been conducted in a sterile lab environment devoid of any real consequences. For that reason, we join a host of other researchers in evaluating human-automation interaction in the real world associated with miscalibrated trust. As previous research has shown, drivers can either over- or under trust a vehicle's automated features. To evaluate this in these in a realistic setting, we had participants use the Autopark feature in a Tesla Model X or park the car themselves in both parallel and perpendicular scenarios. Parking times, driver trust, self-confidence in their own ability to park, and workload were all evaluated throughout the experiment. Preliminary analyses into the data are reported. Trends for the interactions between parking condition (self versus auto) and the parking type (parallel versus perpendicular) emerged for both trust/self-confidence and workload. Data collection is still ongoing to evaluate whether these trends hold, and if they emerge as significant. In all, this study contributes to the growing body of literature which seeks to understand the complexities of human-automation interaction in the real world.
Social Knowledge Graph Explorer

We present SKG Explorer, an application for querying and browsing a social knowledge graph derived from Twitter that contains relationships between entities, links, and topics. A temporal dimension is also added for generating timelines for well-known events that allows the construction of stories in a wiki-like style. In this paper we describe the main components of the system and showcase some examples.
Watermarking Public-Key Cryptographic Primitives

A software watermarking scheme enables users to embed a message or mark within a program while preserving its functionality. Moreover, it is difficult for an adversary to remove a watermark from a marked program without corrupting its behavior. Existing constructions of software watermarking from standard assumptions have focused exclusively on watermarking pseudorandom functions (PRFs).
Markets Are Moral Training Grounds

This chapter argues that markets actually have the ability to make us more virtuous. We show how market participants respond to trustworthy and untrustworthy trading partners and highlight the mechanisms through which moral development occurs in markets. Rather than being morally corrupting, markets are spaces of moral development because they offer us opportunities to discover others who have the moral qualities that we admire as well as because virtuous behavior is rewarded and immoral behavior is punished in markets.
Alasdair MacIntyre and Utopia: An Introduction

ABSTRACTFor over sixty years, Alasdair MacIntyre has written on the challenges to human flourishing, first as a Marxist and Christian and now as a Thomistic-Aristotelian who insists on the need to ...
A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS OF PROGNOSTIC IMPACT OF BASELINE ANEMIA ON IN-HOSPITAL OUTCOMES IN PATIENTS WITH ST ELEVATION MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION UNDERGOING PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY INTERVENTION

Randomized controlled trials have reported 10% to 23% prevalence of anemia in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI). Current clinical guidelines fail to offer recommendations for its concurrent management in such patients. We conducted meta-analysis to review impact of
Programmable Nuclear-Spin Dynamics in Ti(IV) Coordination Complexes.

Interstitial patterning of nuclear spins is a nascent design principle for controlling electron spin superposition lifetimes in open-shell complexes and solid-state defects. Herein we report the fi...
U.S. VETERANS AS EMERGING ENTREPRENEURS: SELF-EFFICACY, INTENTIONS AND CHALLENGES

Veterans may acquire technical skills and leadership ability from their military service but have little information concerning specific entrepreneurial tasks, such as developing a business plan. T...
The Effects of Emotional Working Memory Training on Worry Symptoms and Error-Related Negativity of Individuals with High Trait Anxiety: A Randomized Controlled Study

Trait anxiety is characterized by impaired gating of threat from working memory (WM), allowing unnecessary maintenance of anxious cognitions. Improving filtering efficiency of threatening information through computerized WM training might reduce intrusive, worrisome thoughts. We randomized high-trait anxious individuals to 9 sessions of high-potency n-back (n = 19) or low-potency 1-back (n = 18) training to examine their effects on various neurocognitive indices of WM functioning and emotional symptoms. Following the interventions, multilevel modeling analyses revealed both training conditions resulted in significant improvements in attentional (Flanker), WM capacity (operation and spatial span tasks), and WM filtering efficiency (change detection task) measures, and increased N2 amplitudes. However, the high-potency training produced more favorable results at post-training, indexed by larger ERN amplitudes. We also observed significant reductions in trait anxiety and worry symptoms for the high-potency training following the intervention, although, low-potency training caught up at follow-up with comparably reduced symptoms. These results show that emotional WM training can improve neurocognitive processes of attention and WM as well as symptoms of worrying. Overall, this study encourages the development of a standalone or adjunctive cognitive intervention focused on WM for vulnerable populations with high trait anxiety or worry symptoms.
Caby Photometry of the Hyades: Comparisons with the Field Stars

Intermediate-band photometry of the Hyades on the Caby system is presented for dwarf stars ranging from spectral type A through late K. A mean (hk, b-y) relation is constructed using only single stars without anomalous atmospheres and is compared with the field stars of the solar neighborhood. For the F dwarfs, the Hyades relation defines an approximate lower bound in the two-color diagram, consistent with an [Fe/H] between +0.10 and +0.15. These index-color diagrams follow the common convention of presenting stars with highest abundance at the bottom of the plot, although the index values for the metal-rich stars are numerically larger. For field F dwarfs in the range [Fe/H] between +0.4 and -1.0, [Fe/H] = -5.6δhk + 0.125, with no evidence for a color dependence in the slope. For the G and K dwarfs, the Hyades mean relation crosses the field star distribution in the two-color diagram, defining an approximate upper bound for the local disk stars. Stars found above the Hyades stars fall in at least one of three categories: [Fe/H] below -0.7, [Fe/H] above that of the Hyades, or chromospherically active. It is concluded that, contrary to the predictions of model atmospheres, the hk index for cool dwarfs at a given color hits a maximum value for stars below solar composition and, with increasing [Fe/H] above some critical value, declines. This trend is consistent, however, with the predictions from synthetic indices based upon much narrower Ca filters, where the crossover is caused by the metallicity sensitivity of b-y.
Does The Type Of Congenital Heart Disease Affect Neurodevelopmental Results

Background: Congenital heart disease (CHD) patients have a higher rate of developmental disorders and cognitive delay. Routine developmental evaluations throughout childhood can increase the chances of identifying these deficits. We sought to evaluate referral rates and neurodevelopmental (ND) results for specific cardiac lesions after CHD surgery. Design/Methods: A retrospective review was performed on CHD patients requiring cardiac surgery within the first year of life at Doernbecher Children’s Hospital from 1/1/13-12/31/18. A surgical database collected patients’ variables, …
Share2Quit: Web-Based Peer-Driven Referrals for Smoking Cessation

To reach the Healthy People objectives of reducing smoking prevalence in the United States, cessation methods must be readily available. Easily disseminated interventions such as Quitlines and smoking cessation websites can potentially reach a greater number of smokers. Yet, these interventions are under-utilized. Outside healthcare, we see several examples of products going “viral” as friends refer their friends to these products. For e.g., Farmville, a social networking game launched on Facebook, attracted over 75 million active users within a year of its launch exclusively through friend referrals. In behavioral sciences, the idea of peer to peer spread is called chain referrals. Leveraging users’ natural tendencies for chain referrals online to support public health interventions has not been extensively studied. Proactive chain referrals work better than passive approaches. Thus, in Share2Quit, we propose to build and test a proactive toolset of chain-referral tools to facilitate smokers to recruit other smokers to participate in a web-assisted tobacco intervention. Our proactive toolset will include downloadable marketing materials, an email referral mechanism, and social networking “widgets” (e.g, Facebook widget) for marketing and referring current smokers. These tools will be refined using formative interviews and think aloud usability testing with smokers. To maximize the effectiveness of chain referrals, we will implement best practices of Respondent-Driven Sampling (RDS), a chain referral approach designed to remove inherent biases in chain referrals. The chain referral process will be initiated by the recruitment of seeds from among the smoker actively engaged in Decide2Quit. These seeds will be trained to recruit smokers using Share2Quit’s chain referral tools. Newly recruited smokers will in turn be trained to refer other smokers. We will evaluate predictions of RDS recruitment success. Our measures will include Social Connectedness, Age, Race, Ethnicity, and Tool Usage. Share2Quit will provide important data to enhance our understanding of online chain referrals to increase access to health intervention services. In the Medicine 2.0 conference, we will present our Share2Quit concept and preliminary results on the development and evaluation of the Share2Quit chain referral tools. Share2Quit is supported by NIH grant NCI R21CA158968. []
Fragile sites on human chromosomes

Fragile sites have been documented at 2q11, 10q23, 10q25, 11q23, 16q12, 16q22, 20p11 and Xq27. These are heritable chromosome markers which can be demonstrated in lymphocyte culture. Special culture medium is required for all except the one at 16q22: it must be free of folic acid and thymidine to demonstrate all the others with the exception of the site at 10q25 which requires the presence of BrdU. The autosomal sites are without apparent phenotypic effect in the heterozygote but homozygotes have not been documented. The BrdU requiring site is present in about 1 in 35 of the South Australian population, hence if homozygotes are viable about 4 per yr would be born in the State. The fragile site at Xq27 produces a mental retardation syndrome, which is the commonest chromosomally determined cause of mental retardation after Down’s syndrome. From the South Australian population of approximately 1.2 million, 25 such males have been identified and the fra(X)(q27) chromosome has been shown to be segregating in 9 families, most of which are of Anglo-Saxon origin. Difficulties have been encountered in demonstrating this fragile site, especially in females and skin fibroblasts.
War is the Health of the State: The Impact of Military Defense on the History of the United States

Of all the functions of government, or the State, national defense is generally considered to be the most essential. Ideally, national defense should be a service provided by government to the people. The service entails protection from aggressors outside the State’s jurisdiction, usually foreign States although sometimes foreign terrorists. Yet a government’s ability to provide such protection ultimately rests on its power to wage war. Governments therefore have tended to devote more resources to war than to anything else. Indeed, prior to the advent of the modern welfare State, they usually spent more on war than on all other things combined. Governments were essentially war making institutions that did a few other things on the side. As a result, the history of nearly all governments is dominated by the conduct of wars, the preparation for wars, and the consequences of wars; and this is no less true for the United States government than for any other. This manuscript therefore surveys the domestic repercussions of past U.S. wars, from the American Revolution through World War II. Not only did the State swell in authority, reach, and intrusiveness while waging war, but also a postwar ratchet effect almost always left government in America more powerful after the fighting was over. Post-war retrenchment was rarely sufficient to bring government back to its prewar levels. The State had assumed new functions, taken on new responsibilities, and exercised new prerogatives. The impacts of modernization, urbanization, economics, demography, complexity, or other domestic developments pale in comparison. Of all the myriad factors that historians have studied and identified as contributing to the evolution, contours, and scope of government at all levels within this country, none is more crucial, pervasive, and ubiquitous than warfare.
Olfactory Experience I: The Content of Olfactory Experience

Much of the philosophical work on perception has focused on vision. Recently, however, philosophers have been turning their attention to the ‘other modalities’. In a pair of entries, I consider olfaction—a sense modality that, along with gustation, has been largely overlooked by philosophers. In this first entry, I consider the challenge that olfactory experience presents to upholding a representational view of the sense modalities. It is common for philosophers to think that visual experience is world-directed and, in particular, that it is representational. World-directed views contrast with subjectivist views—views according to which experiences are raw feels or mere sensations. Unlike visual experience, olfactory experience doesn't obviously support a representational view. Indeed, given its phenomenology, a subjectivist view of olfactory experience might seem unavoidable. But it is not. Once we begin to unravel ourselves from the dominant visual model of perception, we see that there is a representational view available that honors the phenomenology of olfactory experience. In turn, we learn that although there are some basic similarities between visual experience and olfactory experience, there are significant differences that prevent us from making easy generalizations from the visual case.
Emission spectrometric determination of the gaseous elements in metals—VI: Oxygen in vanadium

Abstract The oxygen impurity content of vanadium metal can be determined spectrometrically by liberating it as carbon monoxide with a d.c. carbon-arc discharge in pure argon. The arc discharge dissociates the evolved carbon monoxide and excites the emission spectrum of oxygen. The intensity ratios of the line pairs O·7772 A/Ar 7891 A and O·7775 A/Ar 7891 A are related to the oxygen concentration. It is shown that the rate and degree of evolution of the oxygen content is sensitively dependent on the environmental conditions in the graphite supporting electrode. Oxygen concentrations in the range from 0·004 to 0·5 weight per cent can be determined with a coefficient of variation of ±5 to 6 per cent of the amount present.
MONOPOLY AND HIGH BARRIERS TO ENTRY

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on cases in which barriers to entry are high and existing firms have some protection from the competition of new firms. Business firms have an incentive to avoid the discipline of competition. In the presence of competitive pressures and low-entry barriers, competition would eliminate economic profit in the long run. Legal restrictions, economies of scale, and control of an essential resource are the common sources of barriers to entry. Monopoly exists when there is a single producer of a product for which there are no good substitutes. A monopolist maximizes profits by expanding output as long as marginal revenue exceeds marginal cost. At this output level, product price exceeds marginal cost. A monopolist might make either profits or losses. If losses occur, the monopolist would go out of business in the long run. As a result of profit, high barriers to entry would shield the monopolist from competitive pressures. Therefore, long-run economic profits are sometimes possible. Economists are critical of a monopoly because of the following reasons: (1) it limits the ability of consumers to control the behavior of the producer, (2) the unregulated monopolist produces too little output and charges a price in excess of his marginal cost, and (3) profits are less able to induce new entry, expanding the supply of the product until price declines to the level of even average production costs. Natural monopoly exists when long-run average total costs continue to decline as the firm size increases. Thus, a larger firm always has lower costs. Cost of production would be lowest when a single firm generated the entire output of an industry.
Use of anteroposterior view fluoroscopy for targeting percutaneous pedicle screws in cases of spinal deformity with axial rotation.

Object Over the past decade percutaneous pedicle screws have become popular for the minimally invasive treatment of spinal disorders. However, until the last 5 years the presence of a significant spinal deformity was regarded as a relative contraindication for percutaneous instrumentation. Recent advances in surgical technique and intraoperative technology have made percutaneous fixation in complex spinal pathologies more commonplace. The authors report their experience using a parsimonious method for uniplanar fluoroscopic targeting of pedicles in challenging cases. Methods The authors performed a retrospective analysis of patients with adult spinal deformity who underwent percutaneous pedicle screw instrumentation from 2008 to 2013. Cases were included if a spiral slice postoperative CT scan was obtained. All cases had a minimum of 10° of axial rotation and typically had additional accompanying anatomical abnormalities. Screws were assessed for any pedicle violations as well as any impingement of the su...
Developing a follow-up survey focused on participation of children and youth with acquired brain injuries after discharge from inpatient rehabilitation.

Objective To describe the development and content of a follow-up survey designed to monitor needs and outcomes of children and youth with acquired brain injuries (ABI) and their families after discharge from inpatient rehabilitation. Preliminary findings pertaining to the core measure of the survey that focused on participation in home, school and community life will be presented as well. Methods The follow-up survey was completed by sixty caregivers of children with ABI discharged from one pediatric inpatient rehabilitation program in the Northeast, USA. Time since discharge ranged from 4 months to 6.5 years. Children's ages at discharge ranged from 4 months to 21 years and at follow-up ranged from 3 to 27 years. Results Preliminary evidence of reliability, internal consistency and criterion-related validity was demonstrated for the participation measure. Results from exploratory factor analyses and Rasch analyses suggest that the participation measure may be measuring essentially one construct that may encompass two dimensions: Participation in movement-related activities and participation in communication and school-based social activities. Age, activity performance and child and environmental factors were associated with children's overall extent of participation. Conclusions The results presented are preliminary yet promising. The follow-up survey is being further developed and tested. Future research also will investigate clinical utility, differences in scores among children and youth with different diagnostic conditions, and feasibility of creating separate versions of the participation measure for different age groups.
Fully Homomorphic Encryption: Cryptography's holy grail

For more than 30 years, cryptographers have embarked on a quest to construct an encryption scheme that would enable arbitrary computation on encrypted data. Conceptually simple, yet notoriously difficult to achieve, cryptography's holy grail opens the door to many new capabilities in our cloud-centric, data-driven world.
The Slippery Slope

The purpose of THE SLIPPERY SLOPE© is to expose participants to a complex process of how individuals and firms deal with ethical issues in business. This experiential game is being developed as a response to continued corporate unethical and often illegal decision making, coupled with perceptions that there is increased cheating in schools across the United States.
Quantitative cerebral blood flow imaging in a patient with the Heidenhain variant of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.

Purpose: This report describes quantitative SPECT cerebral blood flow (CBF) changes in a patient with the confirmed Heidenhain variant of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Materials and Methods: A 60-year-old man reported visual disturbances, including left hemianopsia. An electroencephalogram, magnetic resonance imaging, cerebral arteriogram, and quantitative SPECT CBF imaging with Xe-133, with and without acetazolamide, were performed. After the patient's death, an autopsy was performed. Results: The electroencephalographic findings were nonspecific, those of magnetic resonance imaging were normal, and the cerebral arteriogram showed minimal atherosclerosis. However, the SPECT scan revealed marked depression of perfusion in the parietal and occipital cortices that did not change with the administration of acetazolamide. Autopsy results were consistent with CJD. Conclusions: Although there is no consistent pattern of CBF changes that is characteristic of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, the Heidenhain variant of that disease may be an exception. Clinical symptoms include profound changes in vision, and the pattern of CBF changes in the patient described here included depression of perfusion in areas of primary and associated visual cortex. Also of interest is the finding that although other imaging did not reveal an abnormality, the CBF changes were marked. In addition, vasoreactivity is poor in response to acetazolamide, a finding that occurs only late in other neuronal degenerative conditions such as Alzheimer disease.
Nonfatal Adverse Events After Colorectal Operations

Short-term complications are common after colorectal resection, affecting approximately one quarter of our patients. This article reviews the common types of nonfatal adverse events after colorectal resection, the monetary and long-term patient costs of these events, as well as some of the technical difficulties with valid measurement and comparison of complication rates. We review evidence suggesting that risk-adjusted complication rates vary by hospital, and may be improved by quality improvement initiatives. Promising strategies for decreasing nonfatal adverse events following colorectal operations include: the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program and regional collaborative programs, such as the Keystone Collaboratives and the Michigan Surgical Quality Collaborative.
The problem of impacted teeth

Abstract In the removal of impacted teeth, many problems may arise. The indications and contraindications for removal of the tooth at a particular time are best left to the judgment of the oral surgeon. Improper application of forces under poor surgical exposure may readily displace the tooth into the maxillary sinus, the soft tissues of the face, or the infratemporal space and may result in fracture or paresthesia.