cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A calculation of Saturn's gravitational contraction history

A gravitational-contraction history is calculated for a homogeneous quasi-equilibrium Saturn model of solar composition without a rock-ice core and without allowance for the possible separation of hydrogen and helium. The calculations begin at the time when Saturn's radius was ten times its current value, and the subsequent gravitational contraction is followed for 4.5 billion years. The results obtained are given in terms of the path of the evolving model on the H-R diagram, the variation of central temperature with central density, the time variation of radius and internal luminosity, and the energy changes that take place during the evolution. These results are compared with those of similar calculations for Jupiter, and the internal structure of the evolutionary models is examined in detail. The Saturn calculations yield a radius at the current epoch that is 9% larger than the observed value and an excess luminosity comparable to that observed. It is noted that an inhomogeneous model containing a solar-mix envelope and a central rocky core has a radius equal to the observed value.
Perturbation of natural killer cell function and receptors during HIV infection

Natural killer (NK) cells play an important role in innate host defenses against a variety of pathogens. A recent report described striking perturbations in the expression of NK cell inhibitory and activating receptors in viremic human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients, leading to functional abnormalities in these cells. This finding provides a mechanistic insight into NK cell dysfunction and its possible contribution to the impairment of innate host defenses in HIV-infected individuals.
Adsorption and surface tension of fibrinogen at the air/water interface

Abstract Static and dynamic surface tensiometry, ellipsometry, and infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (IRRAS) were used to probe adsorption of bovine (I-S) fibrinogen (FB) at the air/water interface. Tensiometry data were obtained at 25, 37, or 60 °C and at concentrations from 7.5 to 750 ppm, in water, saline, or phosphate/saline buffer (PBS). The steady state tension decreased with concentration up to 75 ppm and then remained nearly constant at about 50±2 mN m−1. The dynamic surface tension at pulsating area conditions, at 20 or 80 rpm (cycles per min), showed interesting and complex patterns, but tension at minimum area of 38 mN m−1 or higher. Thus, if FB covers the surface, it can inhibit an essential function of effective lung surfactants, which must produce equilibrium tensions between 20 and 30 mN m−1 and minimum tensions below 10 mN m−1. Ellipsometry at 633 nm revealed that the adsorbed layers had refractive indices from 1.35 to 1.39, indicating a high water content, as expected from the non-compact molecular structure of the protein, which has dimensions 5×5×46 nm. The surface layer thicknesses ranged from 14 to 46 nm, and the surface densities ranged from 3 to 16 mg m−2, indicating that if the surface layer is a monolayer, then its average orientation increases with increasing FB concentration. The thicknesses and surface densities were slightly smaller in a PBS solution than in water, with the difference increasing with increasing concentration of FB. This can be attributed to the higher stability, or weaker intermolecular interactions, of the protein molecules in the PBS solution than in water. Unlike ellipsometry and IRRAS, which probe the whole surface layer, tensiometry provides no reliable measures of adsorption densities, probably because only a small portion of the adsorbed protein molecule affects the surface tension.
Parkinson's disease and enhanced inflammatory response.

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the first and second most prevalent motor and neurodegenerative disease, respectively. The clinical symptoms of PD result from a loss of midbrain dopaminergic (DA) neurons. However, the molecular cause of DA neuron loss remains elusive. Mounting evidence implicates enhanced inflammatory response in the development and progression of PD pathology. This review examines current research connecting PD and inflammatory response.
Occurrence of resistance to neomycin and kanamycin in Bacillus popilliae and certain serotypes of Bacillus thuringiensis: mutation potential in sensitive strains.

Abstract Serotypes of Bacillus thuringiensis and the commercial strain of Bacillus popilliae were examined for their inherent resistance to antibiotics and their mutation potential in respect to neomycin and kanamycin, the presence of which would preclude the use of plasmids marked by genes for resistance to the antibiotics. Clones on initial plates were detected by the recurrence of resistance colonies at superimposable sites on serial replicaplates containing the antibiotic. Susceptible strains were selected for the determination of their antibiotic-resistance mutation potential. Three varieties of B. thuringiensis were found to be doubly resistant, seven varieties were singly resistant (Neo r ), and three other varieties, including B. popilliae , were susceptible to both antibiotics. Estimates of mutation ratios revealed that three serotypes developed no resistant mutants to either antibiotics in populations as high as 3.0 × 10 10 ; seven other serotypes developed no resistance to kanamycin in populations as high as 4.6 × 10 9 cells. Three other serotypes exhibited mutation ratios as high as 1.6 × 10 −2 . We were unable to determine the mutation ratio for B. popilliae .
Approximate atomic ionization rates in the stabilization regime of the Kramers–Henneberger picture

We undertake an approximate low-order calculation of the ionization rate of an atom in the strong-field regime, where stabilization, i.e., suppression of ionization, has been predicted. We proceed in the Kramers–Henneberger (K–H) reference frame and take into account time-dependent corrections to the static K–H potential. Using results from a short-range model atomic potential, we conclude that three stages of ionization can be distinguished: (1) An abrupt adjustment to laser turn-on occurs and causes some ionization; (2) very rapid depletion of a major fraction of the ground-state probability ends with stabilization of the remaining fraction; and (3) a residual slower ionization ultimately eliminates stabilization.
Cartilage oligomeric matrix protein and its binding partners in the cartilage extracellular matrix: Interaction, regulation and role in chondrogenesis

Abstract Thrombospondins (TSPs) are widely known as a family of five calcium-binding matricellular proteins. While these proteins belong to the same family, they are encoded by different genes, regulate different cellular functions and are localized to specific regions of the body. TSP-5 or Cartilage Oligomeric Matrix Protein (COMP) is the only TSP that has been associated with skeletal disorders in humans, including pseudoachondroplasia (PSACH) and multiple epiphyseal dysplasia (MED). The pentameric structure of COMP, the evidence that it interacts with multiple cellular proteins, and the recent reports of COMP acting as a ‘lattice’ to present growth factors to cells, inspired this review of COMP and its interacting partners. In our review, we have compiled the interactions of COMP with other proteins in the cartilage extracellular matrix and summarized their importance in maintaining the structural integrity of cartilage as well as in regulating cellular functions.
Single phase flow modeling in packed beds : discrete cell approach revisited

A discrete cell model (DCM), based on the minimization of the total rate of energy dissipation, is applied to compute the fluid velocity field in two-dimensional packed beds. The analysis of the individual terms of the energy dissipation rate equation is also presented. The results obtained by DCM are validated both by comparing them with the solutions of ensemble-averaged momentum and mass conservation equations (CFDLIB code) and by available experimental results. The differences between DCM and CFD simulations were found to be confined to within a 10% band over a wide range of Reynolds numbers (Re′=5–171). Thus, a reasonable agreement between the predictions of the two methods can be claimed for engineering applications. An acceptable agreement of DCM/CFD predictions and the available experimental data in the literature is also achieved. The presented case studies justify the use of DCM for predicting the fluid velocity fields in packed beds with complex internal structures and with irregular distributed gas feeding points.
Effects of midbrain central gray matter lesions on escape-avoidance behavior in rats

Abstract Rats trained on separate levers to escape and avoid electric shock received dorsal mesencephalic lesions. Experimental group animals were deficient in postoperative performance. Control animals showed no behavioral deficit. The lesions of the experimental group typically included the ventrolateral edge of the lateral periaqueductal gray matter (PGM) and the ventral PGM bilaterally. Control group lesions were medial to and dorsal to the experimental group lesions. The results indicate that the vicinity of the ventral and lateral PGM is functionally important for maintenance of conditioned responding to shock. Anatomical connections involving the PGM, lateral spinothalamic tract and rostral limbic regions are discussed relative to the role of the PGM in mediating the conditioned behavior.
Trends in post-operative infections by Gram-positive bacteria.

Abstract Surgical patients are now more prone than ever to have a post-operative infection. On average, they are now older and more have chronic disease histories with reduced immunocompetence or iatrogenic immunosuppression, and many undergo more aggressive, more complex surgical procedures. Moreover, the infectious agents have changed. A comparison of data collected by the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program for the years 1988 and 1998 from North and Latin America and Europe shows important shifts in the nature of the infectious agents. Among the Gram-positive agents, Staphylococcus aureus was the most frequent isolate in both years, but its share has more than doubled. Beta-hemolytic streptococci increased their share from 3 to 5% while enterococci fell from 13 to 8%. Perhaps more important than the shifts in incidence are dramatic changes in the antimicrobial resistance patterns of these agents. Data from the past several years show increasing resistance for the drugs that were previously considered ‘first line’ treatment for post-surgical infections. The majority of S. aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci are now resistant to most classes of antibiotics. Antimicrobial resistance is beginning to be detected in β-hemolytic streptococci, and vancomycin-resistant enterococci, which were not even reported in 1987–1988, now represent 17% of all enterococci isolated in the USA and Canada. To stay ahead in the fight against surgical infections, we must react in a combination of ways, using disinfection, prophylaxis, new antibiotics and, above all, we must practice superb hospital infection control and world-wide antimicrobial epidemiology studies.
What's in a name? Accounts of married women's name choices

This study explores implications of women's marital‐name choices by examining actual accounts women give about their names. It draws on the work of Harre (1984) and Shotter (1984) to assume that accounts of behavior can reveal information about how contemporary women make sense of their experiences as women. Accounts were collected in questionnaires about names sent to three groups of married women—those who use their husbands’ names, those who use their birth names, and those who use hyphenated or new names. The respondents’ accounts reveal concerns about self, concerns about relationships, and concerns about cultural expectations of marriage. Women with their husbands’ names place most importance on relationships, with cultural concerns second and issues of self third. Those who retain their birth names value self first, followed by relationships and then culture. Women with hyphenated or new names value self and relationships equally. These clear differences in world view suggest that women have access...
Modeling technology diffusion of complementary goods: The case of hydrogen vehicles and refueling infrastructure

Abstract Hydrogen has emerged as a possible transportation fuel for addressing long-term, sustainable energy supply, security, and environmental problems. Yet, there are a number of barriers that need to be overcome if hydrogen vehicles are ever to penetrate transportation markets, not the least of which is the development of a vehicle–infrastructure system. Hydrogen vehicles and refueling infrastructure are complementary goods and must both successfully penetrate transportation markets for either to be successful. This paper describes a system dynamics model created to investigate the vehicle–infrastructure phenomenon currently inhibiting the growth of hydrogen transportation systems. Four scenarios explore the phenomenon through analysis of vehicle adoption, infrastructure development rates, and hydrogen market conditions. We conclude that a coordinated policy approach that simultaneously encourages both the purchase of hydrogen vehicles and the building of hydrogen infrastructure is the most effective approach for rapid vehicle–infrastructure adoption.
DRYING OF GELATINIZED WHOLE WHEAT

Whole grains of gelatinized durum and soft wheat were dried by forced and natural convection at 40, 60, 80, and 100°C. Magnetic resonance images taken periodically during drying indicated that Fick's diffusion is not applicable to describe the moisture transfer during drying of the gelatinized wheat grains. A simple mathematical model based on overall moisture balance fitted the experimental data very well. The drying took place in the falling rate period, which was approximated by two regions – first and second falling rate periods (FFRP and SFRP). The internal drying coefficient linearly increased with increasing drying temperature, and was almost an order of magnitude (from 104 to 105 s-1) higher during FFRP than SFRP. The soft wheat dried faster than the durum wheat. The effect of forced convection was more pronounced during FFRP than SFRP.
A simplified high precision 200 million mile tracking, guidance and communication system

Abstract This paper describes techniques suitable for tracking and guiding missiles to Mars and Venus or beyond. In simplest form, a system can be constructed utilizing these techniques, which requires only two ground stations a few thousand miles apart, linked only by voice or teletype communications and a transponder in the spacecraft, to provide precise three-dimensional tracking information. One dimension is determined by making use of Earth motion, another dimension by the difference of distance from the spacecraft and the ground stations, and the third by direct range measurement.
Do nocturnal rodents in the Great Basin Desert avoid moonlight

Rodents make foraging decisions by balancing demands to acquire energy and mates with the need to avoid predators. To identify variations in the risk of predation, nocturnal rodents may use moonlight as a cue of risk. Moonlight avoidance behaviors have been observed in many nocturnal rodent species and are widely generalized to small mammals. However, most prior studies have been limited to 1 species or 1 study site, or occurred in modified habitats. We evaluated desert rodent activity patterns in natural habitats from 1999 to 2006 at 62 study sites across the Great Basin Desert of western North America. Rodent activity was examined by livetrapping in open habitats, using the presence of the sand-obligate kangaroo mouse (Microdipodops) as a habitat indicator. Activity patterns were assessed on 69 nights with clear skies and compared to corresponding moonlight values (moon phase and brightness) to evaluate the frequency of moonlight avoidance. Analyses of total activity of all species in the rodent assemblage relative to moonlight showed a distinct nonrandom (triangular-shaped) pattern but no significant correlations. However, individual genera of desert rodents responded differently to moonlight. Only kangaroo rats (Dipodomys) displayed significant moonlight avoidance patterns; they were maximally active at significantly different moonlight levels and avoided bright moonlight to a greater extent than co-occurring rodents. Moonlight seemed to limit the activity of kangaroo rats most strongly on bright nights during waxing moon phases and summer seasons, but not significantly during the spring or fall seasons, or during waning moons. Rather than avoiding moonlight, the activity of deer mice (Peromyscus), pocket mice (Perognathus), and kangaroo mice may be governed by changes in competition with kangaroo rats. Differences in the body size, locomotion, and space use of kangaroo rats relative to other rodents may explain why different moonlight responses were detected, especially if these traits alter how rodents perceive risk from bright moonlight. These findings indicate that moonlight avoidance may be a specialized trait of kangaroo rats rather than a general behavior of nocturnal desert rodents in the Great Basin.
Mechanical circulatory support and heart transplantation: donor and recipient factors influencing graft survival

Background Mechanical circulatory support is an accepted strategy to bridge patients to heart transplantation (HTx). Among mechanical circulatory support patients who go on to HTx, factors associated with improved graft survival have not been fully elucidated. Methods Using the Scientific Registry for Transplant Recipients, we identified adults who were treated with a left ventricular assist device (LVAD) or total artificial heart (TAH) before HTx. Kaplan-Meier and multivariate Cox regression models were used to identify patient, donor, and device characteristics associated with graft survival. Results Between January 1997 and February 2012, 2,785 adults underwent HTx. Before HTx, 2,674 patients were treated with a LVAD (HeartMate XVE, 724; HeartMate II, 1,882; HeartWare, 68), and 111 were treated with a TAH. Follow-up averaged 25 ± 24 months. Gender mismatch occurred in 23%. Graft survival did not differ between LVAD groups (all p > 0.168), but TAH was associated with reduced graft survival compared with LVADs (p Conclusions TAH was associated with reduced graft survival after transplant, and survival did not differ between the LVAD device groups. Additional variables that were independently associated with graft survival were donor age, recipient peripheral vascular resistance, ischemic time, gender match, and donor-to-recipient body mass index ratio. Recognition of these factors may inform decisions regarding device support and donor suitability.
Transition Services for Young Adults with Severe Disabilities: Defining Professional and Parental Roles and Responsibilities

As transition planning and implementation procedures evolve across the country, professionals and parents are struggling with the roles and responsibilities they need to assume to ensure meaningful adult outcomes for young adults with disabilities. This article outlines “optimal” roles and responsibilities and discusses these roles in interagency and transdisciplinary teams.
Chronic lactic acidosis of infancy.

A 6-month-old girl was followed until age 14 months because of recurrent acidosis and found to have chronically elevated serum and urinary concentrations of lactate, pyruvate, and alpha ketoglutarate. Abnormalities in the patient not described in previous patients with chronic lactic acidosis were anemia with spiculated erythrocytes, nuclear cataracts, and spongy degeneration of the brain. The biochemical findings suggest a deficiency of a factor necessary for the normal decarboxylation of pyruvate. Because of the biochemical similarities of chronic lactic acidosis to conditions of thiamine deficiency and altered thiamine metabolism, and because thamine concentrations in serum and red blood cells of other patients with chronic lactic acidosis have been normal, a defect in thiamine metabolism is postulated.
Pacemaker inhibition by myopotentials detected by Holter monitoring.

Ambulatory eiectrocardiography revealed myopoiential inhibition of a demand ventricular pacemaker in each of two patients. Although it was first regarded as artifact, fine baseline osciliations observed during apparent pacemaker malfunction actualiy signalled skeletal muscie-induced pacemaker inhibition. Though not widely recognized, myopotential inhibition may be a common occurrence in unipolar lead systems. As greater numbers of patients undergo ambulatory monitoring, awareness of this phenomenon should become more widespread
Changes in Motivation of I.S. Managers: Comparison Over a Decade

A research study on motivation perceptions of I.S. managers was conducted in 1978. It was replicated in 1990. Comparisons between the two groups revealed that growth need and motivation potential of the job are not significantly different. Satisfaction levels changed positively -both satisfaction with supervision and pay satisfaction were significantly higher in 1990. General satisfaction was relatively unchanged as was social need. There were gender differences; social need for females continued to be significantly lower. The differences in growth need by gender disappeared, however. Female managers were less satisfied than males in 1990, for all three satisfaction categories. Although growth need and the job's motivating potential were well matched for both males and females on the average, there were cases of individuals whose jobs were not sufficiently rich. An analytical framework is provided for enhancing an individual's job in these cases of mismatch
Minimal entropy probability paths between genome families

We develop a metric for probability distributions with applications to biological sequence analysis. Our distance metric is obtained by minimizing a functional defined on the class of paths over probability measures on N categories. The underlying mathematical theory is connected to a constrained problem in the calculus of variations. The solution presented is a numerical solution, which approximates the true solution in a set of cases called rich paths where none of the components of the path is zero. The functional to be minimized is motivated by entropy considerations, reflecting the idea that nature might efficiently carry out mutations of genome sequences in such a way that the increase in entropy involved in transformation is as small as possible. We characterize sequences by frequency profiles or probability vectors, in the case of DNA where N is 4 and the components of the probability vector are the frequency of occurrence of each of the bases A, C, G and T. Given two probability vectors a and b, we define a distance function based as the infimum of path integrals of the entropy function H( p) over all admissible paths p(t), 0 < or = t< or =1, with p(t) a probability vector such that p(0)=a and p(1)=b. If the probability paths p(t) are parameterized as y(s) in terms of arc length s and the optimal path is smooth with arc length L, then smooth and "rich" optimal probability paths may be numerically estimated by a hybrid method of iterating Newton's method on solutions of a two point boundary value problem, with unknown distance L between the abscissas, for the Euler-Lagrange equations resulting from a multiplier rule for the constrained optimization problem together with linear regression to improve the arc length estimate L. Matlab code for these numerical methods is provided which works only for "rich" optimal probability vectors. These methods motivate a definition of an elementary distance function which is easier and faster to calculate, works on non-rich vectors, does not involve variational theory and does not involve differential equations, but is a better approximation of the minimal entropy path distance than the distance //b-a//(2). We compute minimal entropy distance matrices for examples of DNA myostatin genes and amino-acid sequences across several species. Output tree dendograms for our minimal entropy metric are compared with dendograms based on BLAST and BLAST identity scores.
TEV GRAVITY AND KALUZA–KLEIN EXCITATIONS IN e+e- AND e-e- COLLISIONS

We review the capability of e+e- and e-e- colliders to detect the virtual exchange of Kaluza–Klein towers of gravitons within the large extra dimension scenario of Arkani-Hamed, Dimopoulos and Dvali and in the localized gravity model of Randall and Sundrum with non-factorizable geometry.
Parametric analysis of meandered inverted-F antenna and use of a High impedance surface based ground plane for WBAN applications

An inverted-F antenna with meandered line is characterized in this paper in terms of its proximity to the human body. Radiation characteristics are simulated and analyzed in the context of proximity of the antenna to human body tissue. The dependence of radiation characteristics like radiation pattern, resonant frequency, radiation efficiency, gain and front-to-back ratio; on the type & dimensions of body model is reported and discussed. Furthermore an improvement in the antenna design using a High Impedance Structure (HIS) as a ground plane is suggested. The antenna operation with this ground plane is simulated for radiation characteristics in close proximity to the body.
Two-Year-Olds Use Pragmatic Cues to Differentiate Reference to Objects and Actions

Abstract Previous studies have found that children can use social-pragmatic cues to determine “which one” of several objects or “which one’ of several actions an adult intends to indicate with a novel word. The current studies attempted to determine whether children can also use such cues to determine “what kind” of referent, object, or action, an adult intends to indicate. In the first study, 27-month-old children heard an adult use a nonce word in conjunction with a nameless object while it was engaged in a nameless action. The discourse situation leading into this naming event was manipulated so that in one condition the target action was the one new element in the discourse context at the time of the naming event, and in another condition the target object was the one new element. Results showed that children learned the new word for whichever element was new to the discourse context. The second study followed this same general method, but in this case children in one condition watched as an adult engaged in preparatory behaviors that indicated her desire that the child perform the action before she produced the novel word, whereas children in another condition saw no such preparation. Results showed that children who saw the action preparation learned the new word for the action, whereas children who saw no preparation learned the new word for the object. These two studies demonstrate the important role of social-pragmatic information in early word learning, and suggest that if there is a Whole Object assumption in early lexical acquisition, it is an assumption that may be very easily overridden.
P-572: Clinical study on the role of leptin and insulin resistance in the pathogenesis of obesity related hypertension

Although obesity, hypertension and insulin resistance are closely related in humans, the mechanism of obesity related hypertension is not well understood. Recently, leptin, the gene product of ob gene, is proposed to a key factor for obesity related hypertension. In this study, to assess the role of leptin in the pathogenesis of obesity related hypertension, the relationship between blood pressure (BP), body mass index (BMI), insulin resistance, sympathetic nervous activity and leptin were examined. A cross-sectional study. Eight hundred and forty eight subjects, 584 men and 264 women, mean age of 57 year old who underwent health screening test at our department between January and August in 1999 were enrolled. Body weight, BP, plasma glucose, insulin and leptin were measured after overnight fast. BMI was calculated, and insulin sensitivity was modeled according to a homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) computer-solved model. Also, plasma dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) was determined as a marker of sympathetic nervous activity. According to the increase of BMI, BP, leptin and HOMA were significantly increased in all subjects. Leptin significantly increased BP and HOMA in all, but DBH was only significantly increased in women. HOMA significantly increased BP, leptin and DBH in all. DBH significantly increased HOMA in all. Leptin and insulin resistance increased BP associated with the increase of sympathetic nervous activity in women but not in men. These results suggest that leptin and insulin resistance may play an important role in the pathogenesis of obesity related hypertension, and that interaction between leptin and sympathetic nervous system in obesity related hypertension may be different between men and women.
Does the Model Matter? The Relationship Between Science-Practice Emphasis and Outcomes in Academic Training Programs in Counseling Psychology

The emphasis on the commitment to science and practice varies among counseling psychology training programs, and this article reports two studies that examine whether these different emphases are linked to distinctive outcomes. Study 1 examined outcomes related to students and faculty within science-oriented, balanced science-practice, and practice-oriented counseling psychology programs. Study 2 examined the differential success and placement of doctoral students in matching to predoctoral internships. Against a backdrop of substantial similarity, differential commitments to science and practice within programs were related to selected differences in faculty and student outcomes in conceptually coherent ways. Scholarly productivity and internship placements, for example, varied according the science-practice emphasis of the training program, providing qualified support for future work that might further address the relationship between training models and outcomes in counseling psychology.
Combining biophysical methods for the analysis of protein complex stoichiometry and affinity in SEDPHAT

Reversible macromolecular interactions are ubiquitous in signal transduction pathways, often forming dynamic multi-protein complexes with three or more components. Multivalent binding and cooperativity in these complexes are often key motifs of their biological mechanisms. Traditional solution biophysical techniques for characterizing the binding and cooperativity are very limited in the number of states that can be resolved. A global multi-method analysis (GMMA) approach has recently been introduced that can leverage the strengths and the different observables of different techniques to improve the accuracy of the resulting binding parameters and to facilitate the study of multi-component systems and multi-site interactions. Here, GMMA is described in the software SEDPHAT for the analysis of data from isothermal titration calorimetry, surface plasmon resonance or other biosensing, analytical ultracentrifugation, fluorescence anisotropy and various other spectroscopic and thermodynamic techniques. The basic principles of these techniques are reviewed and recent advances in view of their particular strengths in the context of GMMA are described. Furthermore, a new feature in SEDPHAT is introduced for the simulation of multi-method data. In combination with specific statistical tools for GMMA in SEDPHAT, simulations can be a valuable step in the experimental design.
Roe v. Wade reaffirmed

KIE: The 1983 Supreme Court decision in City of Akron v. Akron Center for Reproductive Health is described by Annas as upholding the basic premise enunciated in Roe v. Wade, that a pregnant woman has a right to an abortion within the constraints of the state's interest in maternal health and fetal viability. Restrictions on nonhospital abortions and detailed informed consent requirements were struck down in the Akron decision. Annas also discusses the dissenting opinion, revolving around the question of fetal viability, which was written by Justice O'Connor and concurred in by Justices White and Rehnquist.
Cardioprotective effects of ingliforib, a novel glycogen phosphorylase inhibitor

Interventions such as glycogen depletion, which limit myocardial anaerobic glycolysis and the associated proton production, can reduce myocardial ischemic injury; thus it follows that inhibition of...
A transformational approach to geophysical inverse problems

A set of coordinate transformations is used to linearize a general geophysical inverse problem. Statistical and analytic techniques are employed to estimate the parameters of such linearization transformations. In the transformed space, techniques from linear inverse theory may be utilized. Consequently, important concepts, such as model parameter covariance, model parameter resolution and averaging kernels, may be carried over to non-linear inverse problems. I apply the approach to a set of seismic cross-borehole traveltimes gathered at the Conoco Borehole Test Facility. the seismic survey was conducted within the Fort Riley formation, a limestone with thin interbedded shales. Between the boreholes, the velocity structure of the Fort Riley formation consists of a high-velocity region overlying a section of lower velocity. It is found that model parameter resolution is poorest and spatial averaging lengths are greatest in the underlying low-velocity region.
A Non-Linear Model for Elastic Dielectric Crystals with Mobile Vacancies

Abstract A framework is developed for electromechanical behavior of dielectric crystalline solids subjected to finite deformations. The theory is formulated in the context of electrostatics; however, vacancies in the lattice may carry an electric charge, and their concentrations may be large. The material is treated as a continuous body with a continuous distribution of point vacancies, but volumes and charges of individual defects enter the description. The deformation gradient is decomposed multiplicatively into terms accounting for recoverable thermoelasticity and irreversible volume changes associated with vacancies. Thermodynamic arguments lead to constitutive relations among electromechanical quantities framed in the elastically unloaded intermediate configuration, with the Cauchy stress tensor consistently non-symmetric as a result of electrostatic effects. The requirement of non-negative dissipation imposes constraints on vacancy migration. Following postulation of a quadratic form for the free energy potential, a kinetic equation for vacancy flux is derived in the intermediate configuration, with diffusion driven by gradients of vacancy concentration, electrostatic potential, hydrostatic pressure, and crystal structure. Effects of geometric non-linearity (i.e. finite elastic strains and large vacancy concentrations) are found to affect vacancy diffusion in a body subjected to biaxial lattice strain, for example a film device with lattice mismatch at its interfaces.
Testing Lorentz Invariance with Neutrinos from Ultrahigh Energy Cosmic Ray Interactions

We have previously shown that a very small amount of Lorentz invariance violation (LIV), which suppresses photomeson interactions of ultrahigh energy cosmic rays (UHECRs) with cosmic background radiation (CBR) photons, can produce a spectrum of cosmic rays that is consistent with that currently observed by the Pierre Auger Observatory (PAO) and HiRes experiments. Here, we calculate the corresponding flux of high energy neutrinos generated by the propagation of UHECR protons through the CBR in the presence of LIV. We find that LIV produces a reduction in the flux of the highest energy neutrinos and a reduction in the energy of the peak of the neutrino energy flux spectrum, both depending on the strength of the LIV. Thus, observations of the UHE neutrino spectrum provide a clear test for the existence and amount of LIV at the highest energies. We further discuss the ability of current and future proposed detectors make such observations.
THE EVOLUTIONARY AND BIOGEOGRAPHIC ORIGINS OF THE ENDEMIC PECTINIDAE (MOLLUSCA: BIVALVIA) OF THE GALÁPAGOS ISLANDS

Abstract New phylogenies of endemic Pectinidae of the Galapagos Islands allow their endemic status to be assessed relevant to the relict theory of insular endemism. Nodipecten magnificus and Leopecten isabelensis n. sp. are neoendemic species that evolved in the Pliocene from ancestors in the tropical eastern Pacific and more remote ancestors in the Tertiary Caribbean Province before closure of transisthmian seaways. Spathochlamys vestalis, an eastern Pacific species whose incipiently neoendemic Galapagos representatives have diverged only slightly from the mainland stock, is related to an extant, broadly distributed western Atlantic sister species, S. benedicti, which has an ancestry traceable back to the Miocene in the Tertiary Caribbean Province. Euvola galapagensis is a paleoendemic whose ancestral lineage is extinct on mainland coasts. Veprichlamys incantata is a paleoendemic with an exclusively Pacific history, with its probable immediate ancestor occurring in the Pliocene of Ecuador and its more re...
Noniterative Method to Approximate the Effective Load Carrying Capability of a Wind Plant

The effective load carrying capability (ELCC) is considered the preferred metric to evaluate the capacity value of added wind generation. However, the classical method of computing this metric requires substantial reliability modeling and an iterative process that is quite computationally intensive. Consequently, a noniterative method of estimating a wind plant's ELCC is proposed in this paper. Inspired by Garver's approximation and derived based on well-known reliability concepts, the proposed method provides an excellent approximation while requiring only minimal reliability modeling and no computationally-intensive iterative process. It computes ELCC estimates from a single function using only the wind plant's multistate probabilistic representation and a graphically determined parameter that characterizes the existing power system. After presenting the complete mathematical derivation of this function, the method is applied to compute the ELCC estimates of various wind plants at different penetration levels. It is shown that the resultant ELCC estimates only slightly overestimate the classically computed values by relative errors of 2.5% or less. Furthermore, the proposed method yields more accurate ELCC estimates than the capacity factor approximation, which is commonly used to approximate the ELCC of a wind plant.
Highly context-specific activation of the HPG axis in the dark-eyed junco and implications for the challenge hypothesis.

One of the best studied hormone-behavior interactions is the transient rise in testosterone (T) associated with male–male aggression. However, recent research on songbirds has demonstrated numerous exceptions to this pattern. One species previously thought to elevate T in response to a simulated territorial intrusion is the dark-eyed junco (Junco hyemalis). Here, we show that under most circumstances male juncos do not elevate circulating T or CORT levels in response to social stimuli, despite being physiologically capable of elevating T as indicated by their response to GnRH. The lack of hormonal response was found regardless of the sex of the social stimulus (singing male vs. soliciting female), its sensory modality (song only, song + live lure, song + taxidermic mount), or the timecourse of sampling. Notably, males did elevate T levels when exposed to a simulated territorial intrusion in the days following simulated predation of their chicks. Whether the high T seen in these narrow circumstances represents stage-dependent social modulation of T or re-activation of male reproductive physiology in preparation for re-nesting (i.e. socially independent T modulation) remains to be determined. It is clear, however, that activation of the HPG axis is highly context-specific for male juncos. These results highlight important and unresolved issues regarding the socially mediated component of the challenge hypothesis and how it relates to the evolution of hormone-mediated traits.
SYNTHESIZING POLITICS, RATIONALITY AND ADVOCACY: ENERGY POLICY ANALYSIS FOR MINORITY GROUPS

This paper explores the interaction between three primary activities (political influence, scientific analysis, and advocacy) in the practice of policy analysis. After arguing that successful practice depends on the ability of policy analysts to synthesize those three activities, the paper describes and critiques one analytical team's recent efforts to define the impacts of federal energy policy and programs on minority groups. It reports that the analytical team failed to maintain critical distance from its client and to communicate effectively with its lay constituency; acting as a “client advocate,” the team unintentionally but systematically distorted knowledge concerning minorities and energy. The paper concludes by urging analysts to recognize that they have three distinct audiences (clients, technical peers, and lay constituencies) and that successful analysis depends on communicating honestly and openly with each of them.
Low-Magnitude Whole-Body Vibration Does Not Enhance the Anabolic Skeletal Effects of Intermittent PTH in Adult Mice

Whole-body vibration (WBV) is a low-magnitude mechanical stimulus that may be anabolic for bone, yet we recently found that WBV did not improve bone properties in adult mice. Because intermittent parathyroid hormone (PTH) enhances the anabolic effects of high-magnitude skeletal loading, we sought to determine the skeletal effects of WBV in combination with PTH. Seven-month-old male BALB/c mice were assigned to six groups (n = 13-14/group) based on magnitude of applied acceleration (0 or 0.3 G) and PTH dose (0, 10, or 40 µg/kg/day). Mice were exposed to WBV (0.3 G, 90 Hz, sine wave) or sham loading (0 G) for 15 min/day, 5 days/week for 8 weeks. Vehicle or hPTH (1-34) was administered prior to each WBV session. Whole-body bone mineral content increased by ~ 5% from 0 to 8 weeks in the 40 µg/kg PTH group only, independent of WBV loading. Similarly, PTH treatment increased tibial cortical bone volume by ~5% from 0 to 8 weeks, independent of WBV loading. Neither PTH nor WBV stimulated trabecular bone formation. Consistent with the cortical bone effect, tibias from the 40 µg/kg PTH group had significantly greater ultimate force and energy to failure than tibias in the 0 and 10 µg/kg PTH groups, independent of WBV treatment. In summary, 8 weeks of intermittent PTH treatment increased cortical bone volume and strength in adult male BALB/c mice. Daily exposure to low-magnitude WBV by itself did not improve skeletal properties and did not enhance the PTH effect. No WBV-PTH synergy was found in this preclinical study.
α-Synuclein A53T substitution associated with Parkinson disease also marks the divergence of Old World and New World primates

The alpha-synuclein mutation Ala53Thr is associated with increased oligomerization, toxicity, and early onset Parkinson disease in humans, but 53Thr is the normal residue in other species. Comparative sequencing of SNCA genes shows that 53Ala marks the divergence of Old World and New World primates, in an otherwise constrained protein region. These results have implications for interpreting Parkinson disease models and suggest that other long-lived mammals have different mechanisms to forestall alpha-synucleinopathy.
Smooth Muscle-Targeted Overexpression of Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor-γ Disrupts Vascular Wall Structure and Function

Activation of the nuclear hormone receptor, PPARγ, with pharmacological agonists promotes a contractile vascular smooth muscle cell phenotype and reduces oxidative stress and cell proliferation, particularly under pathological conditions including vascular injury, restenosis, and atherosclerosis. However, pharmacological agonists activate both PPARγ-dependent and -independent mechanisms in multiple cell types confounding efforts to clarify the precise role of PPARγ in smooth muscle cell structure and function in vivo. We, therefore, designed and characterized a mouse model with smooth muscle cell-targeted PPARγ overexpression (smPPARγOE). Our results demonstrate that smPPARγOE attenuated contractile responses in aortic rings, increased aortic compliance, caused aortic dilatation, and reduced mean arterial pressure. Molecular characterization revealed that compared to littermate control mice, aortas from smPPARγOE mice expressed lower levels of contractile proteins and increased levels of adipocyte-specific transcripts. Morphological analysis demonstrated increased lipid deposition in the vascular media and in smooth muscle of extravascular tissues. In vitro adenoviral-mediated PPARγ overexpression in human aortic smooth muscle cells similarly increased adipocyte markers and lipid uptake. The findings demonstrate that smooth muscle PPARγ overexpression disrupts vascular wall structure and function, emphasizing that balanced PPARγ activity is essential for vascular smooth muscle homeostasis.
The Effect of the American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012: An Empirical Analysis

This paper examines the effect of the American Tax Relief Act of 2012 (ATRA 2012) on federal individual income tax. Based on publicly available tax return data provided by the IRS statistics, this study develops a systematic method to expand the available tax data to perform detailed analysis on tax increases due to the new tax changes.
The relationship of antidiuretic hormone to the control of volume and tonicity in the human.

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the physiologic control mechanisms for the release of normal antidiuretic hormone (ADH). Some of the problems of ADH assay are also described. The naturally occurring ADH of the human is nonapeptide arginine vasopressin (AVP). The secretion of ADH is related to the increased osmolality in the extracellular fluid. The sensor for detecting this change is located in the distribution of the internal carotid arteries—possibly in the hypothalamus. The vascular fullness inhibits the ADH release and the volume depletion stimulates it. When a hemorrhage is massive enough to cause shock, ADH level rises dramatically and exceeds many-fold the increase caused by a prior hypertonic saline infusion. In the nonresting, fluid-deprived, normal human subject it is demonstrated that the blood ADH level changes with position. The chapter also relates the clinical excess to normal control mechanisms.
Cost-effective surgical registration using consumer depth cameras

The high costs associated with technological innovation have been previously identified as both a major contributor to the rise of health care expenses, and as a limitation for widespread adoption of new technologies. In this work we evaluate the use of two consumer grade depth cameras, the Microsoft Kinect v1 and 3DSystems Sense, as a means for acquiring point clouds for registration. These devices have the potential to replace professional grade laser range scanning devices in medical interventions that do not require sub-millimetric registration accuracy, and may do so at a significantly reduced cost. To facilitate the use of these devices we have developed a near real-time (1-4 sec/frame) rigid registration framework combining several alignment heuristics with the Iterative Closest Point (ICP) algorithm. Using nearest neighbor registration error as our evaluation criterion we found the optimal scanning distances for the Sense and Kinect to be 50-60cm and 70-80cm respectively. When imaging a skull phantom at these distances, RMS error values of 1.35mm and 1.14mm were obtained. The registration framework was then evaluated using cranial MR scans of two subjects. For the first subject, the RMS error using the Sense was 1.28 ± 0.01 mm. Using the Kinect this error was 1.24 ± 0.03 mm. For the second subject, whose MR scan was significantly corrupted by metal implants, the errors increased to 1.44 ± 0.03 mm and 1.74 ± 0.06 mm but the system nonetheless performed within acceptable bounds.