cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reply to the Commentaries

Nine experts on Cold War history offer commentaries about John Lewis Gaddis's Pulitzer Prize-winning biography of George F. Kennan, the first head of the U.S. State Department's Policy Planning Staff. The commentators come from several countries and offer a wide range of perspectives about Gaddis's George F. Kennan: An American Life, published by Penguin Books in 2011. Although most of the commentators express highly favorable assessments of the book, they also raise numerous points of criticism. Two of the commentators, Barton J. Bernstein and Anders Stephanson, present extended critiques of Gaddis's biography. The forum concludes with a reply by Gaddis to all the commentaries, especially those by Bernstein and Stephanson.
Unsteady shock generated vorticity

Abstract. A two-dimensional theory is developed for the vorticity just downstream of a curved, unsteady shock wave. By utilizing Crocco's equation, an explicit formula is obtained for the vorticity that does not require a perfect gas and that holds for arbitrary conditions upstream of the shock wave. The analysis is applied to the flow just downstream of the reflected shock that occurs in a single-Mach reflection pattern. Flow conditions are based on an interferometric photograph of Ben-Dor and Glass (1978). In this case, the reflected shock is weak everywhere from its upstream intersection with the wall to the triple point. The vorticity has a singularity and a change of sign near the triple point that indicates the presence of a weak shear layer downstream of this location.
Immunosuppression, hepatitis C infection, and acute renal failure in HIV-infected patients.

Background:Low CD4 cell counts predict HIV-related morbidity and mortality and may be associated with acute renal failure (ARF).Objective:To estimate the effect of CD4 cell count on the incidence rate (IR) of ARF in ambulatory HIV-infected patients with access to highly active antiretroviral therapy
A uniqueness theorem in nonlinear viscoelasticity with application to temperature and irradiation induced creep problems

Abstract A uniqueness theorem is first derived for a constitutive relation in the form of a nonlinear memory integral with aging included. Uniqueness is proved for the solution to the dynamic mixed boundary value problem with small deformations. The theorem is then specialized to a constitutive equation of the isotropic power law type governing thermoirradiation induced creep.
Authigenic dolomite in Bahamian peri-platform slope sediment

Authigenic, calcium-rich dolomite has been discovered in poorly consolidated lower Pliocene-upper Miocene carbonate slope sediments north of Little Bahama Bank. The dolomite was recovered from a 5.6-m-long piston core that penetrated a slide scar in 600 m of water. Below an unconformity at −105 cm, which extends from the late Pleistocene to about the Miocene/Pliocene boundary, X-ray diffraction data indicate only calcite (85%–99%) and dolomite (as much as 15%), and scanning electron microscopy observations indicate in situ precipitation of dolomite. Stable carbon-isotope data indicate a normal, open-marine source of carbon, and oxygen-isotope values are consistent with precipitation of both calcite and dolomite from deep, cold, open-marine waters. Trace-element data reveal that dolomitic sediments are depleted in Sr 2+ and Mg 2+ relative to nondolomitic upper Pleistocene oozes. Dolomitization occurred in a deep, open-marine diagenetic environment via “whole scale” dissolution of aragonite and magnesian calcite and reprecipitation of calcite and dolomite.
The social responsibility of international business scholars

Purpose – The paper aims to argue that the social responsibility of international business (IB) scholars is to seek truth, disseminate learning, and make a difference on issues crucial to the global economy.Design/methodology/approach – Instead of making philosophical and abstract arguments on the importance of the social responsibility of IB scholars, this article focuses on a leading debate of the times: how to view the rise of China's outward foreign direct investment (OFDI)? The article argues that the so‐called “China threat” brought by such OFDI, as it is often portrayed by the (Western) media, is a myth that cannot be substantiated by evidence‐based scholarly analysis.Findings – At present, China's OFDI stock represents a mere 1.21 percent of global OFDI stock. It would be absurd to believe that such a tiny sum can “buy up the world”. Based on findings, three hypotheses on what is behind the myth about China's OFDI are offered.Practical implications – Although some IB (and management) scholarships ...
Congregational Service-Learning Characteristics and Volunteer Faith Development

Abstract A research study surveyed 946 volunteers from congregations who were actively involved in community service, as well as 3,959 other congregational attenders who were not involved in volunteer service, to understand the relationship between service learning and faith development. Findings show that service-learning is powerfully related to a mature faith and to other faith practices such as prayer, Bible study, and worship. Authors explore the characteristics of service-learning that strengthen its contribution to the faith life of volunteers. These findings have important implications for how religious educators and community leaders structure service-learning experiences. The authors conclude that leaders who want to nurture the life of faith need to consider service-learning to be at the core rather than elective in congregational life. 1 1We are grateful to our colleagues Beryl Hugen, Paula Sheridan, Michael Sherr, and David Sherwood who were our partners in this project. This project was fund...
Taxes, pollution, and optimal abatement in an urban economy

Abstract A closed urban spatial model is used to examine the impact on consumer renters and on absentee property owners of pollution abatement and alternative means of financing it. An explicit utility function and a relatively general pollution- or amenity-distribution function are used. The incidence effects are developed for exogenously financed abatement and for its finance through an income tax and an excise tax. Note also is taken of the outcome with a property tax. The model also is used to consider optimal abatement from various vantage points. The results of consumer utility maximization under an income tax regimen are compared with those under an excise regimen, and both results are in turn compared with the outcome when a cost-benefit approach is applied.
Suspension of oysters reduces the populations of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio vulnificus.

UNLABELLED Vibrio parahaemolyticus (Vp) and Vibrio vulnificus (Vv) are associated with the consumption of raw oysters and cause illnesses ranging from simple gastroenteritis to life-threatening septicaemia. These halophilic bacteria are frequently found in marine and estuarine systems, accumulating within the tissues of a number of aquatic organisms and passing on to humans after consumption, through contaminated water, or via open wounds. As benthic organisms capable of filtering 40 gallons of water per hour, sediment is an important source of potentially pathogenic vibrios in oysters destined for raw consumption. This research used off-bottom oyster culture to reduce vibrio concentrations in oysters. Colony hybridization was used to enumerate Vp and Vv in bottom and suspended oysters. Vv and Vp concentrations were generally lower in oysters suspended off-bottom, and suspension decreased vibrio loads in oysters by an average of 13%. Suspension of oysters reduced vibrio concentrations. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study found that oyster suspension significantly reduced some populations of potentially pathogenic vibrios. These results indicate that oyster suspension could be a viable approach for preharvest treatment to reduce illness in consumers of raw oysters.
California’s Determinate Sentencing Law: How California Got it Wrong . . . Twice

Imagine that California’s Determinate Sentencing Law (“DSL”) has been found unconstitutional by the United States Supreme Court. And, suppose the Supreme Court found California was violating a defendant’s Sixth Amendment right to trial by jury. But, after receiving instruction on how the sentencing procedures could be made constitutional, California decides to implement a quick fix—an amendment of the sentencing statute. Instead of following the guidance of the Supreme Court, California adopts an alternate remedy—not used by any other state—that still violates the Constitution. Unfortunately, this is the current reality in California.
Pancreas Modeling from IVGTT Data Using a Deterministic Optimal Search Method

Metabolism modeling has the potential to provideguidance on medicine manufacture and medical treatment inan efficient and economic way. A pancreas model developedfrom a mathematical description of the relevant physiologywill demonstrate insulin dynamics and provide a platform forcomparing metabolic abilities among different health conditions. As a part of whole body metabolism model, the pancreas model is composed of three compartments: insulin clearance (Id), generation (Ig) and release into plasma (Ir). Based on data from intravenous glucose tolerance tests (IVGTT) available in the literature, a deterministic optimal search method called DIRECT (DIviding RECTangles) was implemented to find the model parameters. Validation was performed on data sets that are diffrent from those used for the optimization.
Where's the spleen? Looking for the spleen and assessing its function in the syndromes of isomerism

Despite the close association of certain constellations of cardiac malformations with splenic status (right isomerism / asplenia, left isomerism / polysplenia), the association is not perfect. Given the risk of infection in the patient lacking splenic tissue, it seems prudent to assess the state of the spleen separately from the cardiovascular system, in order to decide on antimicrobial prophylaxis. A wide variety of tests is available to assess splenic function and/or anatomy. Counting pitted erythrocytes or Howell-Jolly bodies in the peripheral blood smear can be a good indicator of the lack of splenic function, although the former appears more sensitive and quantitative than the latter. Radionuclide spleen scans can provide both anatomic and functional information about the spleen, and may be a useful adjunctive test. Relatively poor spatial resolution, and interfering hepatic activity (even with spleen-specific scans), mitigate its usefulness in the young infant. The reliability of computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging in detecting splenic tissue in the heterotaxy syndromes is unproven and perhaps only fair at best. They are probably most helpful as adjunctive tests. Ultrasonography offers excellent spatial resolution, portability, and lack of ionizing radiation, but is operator- and patient-dependent. Nonetheless, ultrasonography, coupled with an examination of the peripheral blood for Howell-Jolly bodies or pitted erythrocytes, is probably the set of tests with highest sensitivity and greatest convenience. Management strategies for the asplenic patient are also discussed.
Eutrophication and the rate of denitrification and N20 production in coastal marine sediments

Large (13 m/sup 3/, 5 m deep) microcosms with coupled pelagic and benthic components were used to measure the effect of nutrient loading and eutrophication in coastal marine ecosystems on the rates of benthic denitrification (N/sub 2/) and N/sub 2/O production. After 3 months or daily nutrient addition, average denitrification rates ranged from about 300 ..mu..mol N m/sup -2/ h/sup -1/ in the sediments of the control microcosm to 880 in the most enriched microcosm, which received 65 times the nutrient input of the control. Increases in the production of N/sub 2/O were more dramatic and increased by a factor of about 100, from 0.56 ..mu..mol N m/sup -2/ h/sup -1/ in the control to 51 in the most enriched microcosm. Although there was a clear increase in the denitrification rate in the more eutrophic systems, the amount of fixed nitrogen removed was a constant or progressively smaller fraction of the nitrogen input. Even in the most enriched microcosm, at least 16% of the N input was removed by denitrification.
Strongly Regular Grammars and Regular Approximation of Context-Free Languages

We consider algorithms for approximating context---free grammars by regular grammars, making use of Chomsky's characterization of non---self---embedding grammars as generating regular languages and a transformation by Mohri and Nederhof on sets of mutually recursive nonterminals. We give an exposition of strongly regular grammars and this transformation, and use it as a subprocedure to obtain tighter regular approximations to a given context-free grammar. In another direction, the generalization by a 1---lookahead extends Mohri and Nederhof's transformation by incorporating more context into the regular approximation at the expense of a larger grammar.
Development of Cast Alumina-Forming Austenitic Stainless Steels

Cast Fe-Ni-Cr chromia-forming austenitic stainless steels with Ni levels up to 45 wt.% are used at high temperatures in a wide range of industrial applications that demand microstructural stability, corrosion resistance, and creep strength. Although alumina scales offer better corrosion protection at these temperatures, designing cast austenitic alloys that form a stable alumina scale and achieve creep strength comparable to existing cast chromia-forming alloys is challenging. This work outlines the development of cast Fe-Ni-Cr-Al austenitic stainless steels containing about 25 wt.% Ni with good creep strength and the ability to form a protective alumina scale for use at temperatures up to 800–850°C in H2O-, S-, and C-containing environments. Creep properties of the best alloy were comparable to that of HK-type cast chromia-forming alloys along with improved oxidation resistance typical of alumina-forming alloys. Challenges in the design of cast alloys and a potential path to increasing the temperature capability are discussed.
Who's who on firsts: A search for challengers

If nobody tells them about this article, perhaps few graduate students will discover the wonderful shortcut that Dr. Lichty has provided them. For generations, theses and dissertations have been written, each claiming to be the “first” in its narrow field of specialization. Each author has claimed that his review of the literature carried him back to the origin of his particular topic. In very few cases has this been true. The inventor of radio was Marconi—or Dolbear, or Stub‐blefield, or Loomis. Television is building upon the technology of 30 years, or 40 or 50 or 100 or (as Hubbell titled his book) on the discoveries of 3000 years. “Who's on first?” is a line from an old Abbott and Costello comedy routine that is singularly apt when one skeptically examines the multitude of claims of primacy in any given field. In the present article, Dr. Lichty did “far more reading . . . than was good for” him, and presents the fruits of his labors as a challenge to other claimants to primacy in the field of the lite...
Educational Perspectives: Difficult Conversations in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit

The ability to communicate effectively with families in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) is an essential skill for clinicians. Parental satisfaction and trust depend on the perception of open communication that reflects compassion, honesty, and caring. Families struggling with difficult situations in the NICU derive great benefit from discussions in which information is provided clearly and with empathy. Strategies for delivering bad news have been developed within the medical community and can be adapted for difficult discussions in the NICU. Such strategies can be integrated within an interactive curriculum that emphasizes simulation and role play to promote competency in communication skills.
Composition Techniques for Tree Communication Schedules

A critical resource in a distributed real-time system is its shared communication medium. Unrestrained concurrent access to the network can lead to collisions that reduce the system's reliability. Therefore in this area, one goal is to develop effective models for coordinating and controlling access to the shared medium and its channels. Network code is a verifiable, executable model for coordinating and controlling access to a shared communication medium in a distributed real-time system. In this paper, we investigate the problem of building an application by composing multiple Network code programs. To reason about the composition, we model Network code programs as tree schedules (TS) and then consider the composition of schedules that describe how the network is accessed by different applications. Specifically, we first define the notions of compatibility and composability of tree schedules, and then provide algorithms for their composition and reason about overhead of composition. We illustrate the techniques by considering the composition of two control applications.
On Embedding Hamiltonian Cycles in Crossed Cubes

We study the embedding of Hamiltonian cycle in the Crossed Cube, which is a prominent variant of the classical hypercube, obtained by crossing some straight links of a hypercube, and has been attracting much research interest in literatures since its proposal. We will show that due to the loss of link-topology regularity, generating Hamiltonian cycles in a crossed cube is a more complicated procedure than in its original counterpart. The paper studies how the crossed links affect an otherwise succinct process to generate a host of well-structured Hamiltonian cycles traversing all nodes. The condition for generating these Hamiltonian cycles in a crossed cube is proposed. An algorithm is presented that works out a Hamiltonian cycle for a given link permutation. The useful properties revealed and the algorithm proposed in this paper can find their way when system designers evaluate a candidate network's competence and suitability, balancing regularity and other performance criteria, in choosing an interconnection network.
Focus groups as a knowledge elicitation technique: an exploratory study

The authors examine whether one technique for group knowledge elicitation, focus groups, can provide different thoughts and judgments about a problem than individual interviews. The experimental situation was based on the resolution of an ill-structured problem by experienced subjects in a field setting. Videotaped scenarios were used to describe the situation for knowledge acquisition. Ten subjects were used, five for individual interviews and five for the focus groups. It was found that focus groups performed better in generating original responses than individual interviews and that focus groups were at least as good as individual interviews in terms of the quality and acceptability of ideas. >
Sorghum expressed sequence tags identify signature genes for drought, pathogenesis, and skotomorphogenesis from a milestone set of 16,801 unique transcripts

Improved knowledge of the sorghum transcriptome will enhance basic understanding of how plants respond to stresses and serve as a source of genes of value to agriculture. Toward this goal, Sorghum bicolor L. Moench cDNA libraries were prepared from light- and dark-grown seedlings, drought-stressed plants, Colletotrichum-infected seedlings and plants, ovaries, embryos, and immature panicles. Other libraries were prepared with meristems from Sorghum propinquum (Kunth) Hitchc. that had been photoperiodically induced to flower, and with rhizomes from S. propinquum and johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense L. Pers.). A total of 117,682 expressed sequence tags (ESTs) were obtained representing both 3′ and 5′ sequences from about half that number of cDNA clones. A total of 16,801 unique transcripts, representing tentative UniScripts (TUs), were identified from 55,783 3′ ESTs. Of these TUs, 9,032 are represented by two or more ESTs. Collectively, these libraries were predicted to contain a total of approximately 31,000 TUs. Individual libraries, however, were predicted to contain no more than about 6,000 to 9,000, with the exception of light-grown seedlings, which yielded an estimate of close to 13,000. In addition, each library exhibits about the same level of complexity with respect to both the number of TUs preferentially expressed in that library and the frequency with which two or more ESTs is found in only that library. These results indicate that the sorghum genome is expressed in highly selective fashion in the individual organs and in response to the environmental conditions surveyed here. Close to 2,000 differentially expressed TUs were identified among the cDNA libraries examined, of which 775 were differentially expressed at a confidence level of 98%. From these 775 TUs, signature genes were identified defining drought, Colletotrichum infection, skotomorphogenesis (etiolation), ovary, immature panicle, and embryo.
Iqra African American Muslim Girls Reading and Writing for Social Change

In this study, the researcher explores the role of literacy—specifically writing in the lives of adolescent Muslim girls who used writing as a sociopolitical tool when participating in a literacy c...
Minimum-time swing-up of a rotary inverted pendulum by iterative impulsive control

The minimum time swing up of a rotary inverted pendulum is considered. For our rotary inverted pendulum, a DC motor rotates a stiff arm at one end in the horizontal plane. The opposite end of the arm is instrumented with a joint whose axis is along the radial direction of the motor. A pendulum is suspended at the joint. The task is to design a controller that swings up the pendulum and maintains it upright and maintains the arm position. From practical tuning point of view, a PID controller plus an impulse controller is proposed for the swing up control. An iterative tuning of the impulsive control actions is applied to achieve the minimum-time swing-up. To make the overall control strategy more robust, a new mode switching control method is also proposed. Compared to the existing dual mode nonlinear controller provided by the manufacturer, the swing up time is significantly reduced as demonstrated by extensive experimental results.
Hiring Recent University Graduates into Internal Audit Positions: Insights from Practicing Internal Auditors

SUMMARY: We survey practicing internal auditors on whether their organizations hire recent university graduates as entry-level internal audit staff and, if they do, what factors are important in their hiring decisions. Approximately 58 percent of the 273 respondents hire, or plan to hire, recent graduates into their internal audit functions. Important factors in the hiring decision include internal audit coursework, internship experience, demonstrated communication and leadership skills, an accounting degree, and a high GPA. The 42 percent of respondents that do not hire recent graduates indicated that the primary reason was a need for auditors with prior audit experience.
Changes in Artificial Feeding Regulations Impact White-Tailed Deer Fine-Scale Spatial Genetic Structure

Human activities can change the spatial distribution of individuals within wildlife populations that in turn alters population allele frequencies and spatial genetic structure at fine scales. Artificial feeding is one such activity whose impact on wildlife physical condition, population dynamics, and transmission of disease has been well documented. To evaluate the impact of artificial feeding on the spatial distribution and social organization of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) we estimated allele frequencies at 3 microsatellite loci for 2,177 hunter-harvested deer and characterized microgeographic genetic structure in 2 regions of the northeast lower peninsula of Michigan, USA, during and following cessation of artificial feeding. While artificial feeding was ongoing we observed no evidence of spatial genetic structure across either region. Spatial homogeneity of allele frequencies over such a large area was surprising given numerous studies that have documented spatial genetic structure in other deer populations, and it was likely a function of the aggregation of multiple kin-structured social groups (i.e., matrilines) at artificial feeding sites. Subsequently, when artificial feeding was banned, we found significant genetic differentiation among groups of deer in both regions. Detection of microgeographic genetic structure consistent with a pattern of isolation-by-distance following the ban on artificial feeding was likely the result of increased spatial segregation of social groups of related deer. Our results illustrate how analyses of the degree to which natural populations are spatially genetically structured can be used to infer the effects of human actions on wildlife movement patterns, breeding behaviors, and disease transmission that are difficult to determine using traditional methods.
Rab7 regulates phagosome maturation in Dictyostelium.

A Dictyostelium Rab7 homolog has been demonstrated to regulate fluid-phase influx, efflux, retention of lysosomal hydrolases and phagocytosis. Since Rab7 function appeared to be required for efficient phagocytosis, we sought to further characterize the role of Rab7 in phagosomal maturation. Expression of GFP-Rab7 resulted in labeling of both early and late phagosomes containing yeast, but not forming phagocytic cups. In order to determine if Rab7 played a role in regulating membrane traffic between the endo/lysosomal system and maturing phagosomes, latex bead containing (LBC) phagosomes were purified from wild-type cells at various times after internalization. Glycosidases, cysteine proteinases, Rab7 and lysosomally associated membrane proteins were delivered rapidly to nascent phagosomes in control cells. LBC phagosomes isolated from cells overexpressing dominant negative (DN) Rab7 contained very low levels of LmpA (lysosomal integral membrane protein) and α-mannosidase was not detectable. Interestingly, cysteine proteinases were delivered to phagosomes as apparent pro-forms in cells overexpressing DN Rab7. Despite these defects, phagosomes in cells overexpressing DN Rab7 matured to form multi-particle spacious phagosomes, except that these phagosomes remained significantly more acidic than control phagosomes. These results suggested that Rab7 regulates both an early and late steps of phagosomal maturation, similar to its role in the endo/lysosomal system.
“Married men had greater responsibilities”: The First World War, the Service Imperative, and the Sacrifice of Single Men

On October 9, 1915, the Dudley Herald devoted a full page to “Recruiting Rallies in Dudley and District,” where soldiers, politicians, and local notables gathered Black Country men to urge them to enlist. Britain had declared war against Germany in the late summer of 1914, and, immediately, military recruiters began traveling the country to persuade men of the necessity of signing on. At the rally in Brierley Hill, a featured recruiter, Mr. Avers, cheered on married men’s enthusiasm to fight the Germans, while calling into question single men’s commitment to the war: A large proportion of men who had joined the ranks were married men, and why? Leaving on one side minor reasons, [Avers] thought the primary reason was that the married men had greater responsibilities. They had wives and children to think of, and they knew what it would mean to those who were dear to them should the Germans succeed in the struggle. The men without responsibilities and ties did not look upon the war in the same serious aspect as the married man.1
Facebook addiction and impulsive decision-making

Introduction: This study examined the relationship between Facebook ‘addiction’ and impulsive decision-making. Impulsive decision-making, as measured by the delay discounting task, is associated wi...
Microscopic Analysis of the ( He 3 , t ) and ( He 3 , He 3 ′) Reactions on 1 p -Shell Nuclei

The ($^{3}\mathrm{He},t$) and ($^{3}\mathrm{He}$,$^{3}\mathrm{He}$\ensuremath{'}) reactions on $^{9}\mathrm{Be}$, $^{12}\mathrm{C}$, $^{13}\mathrm{C}$, $^{14}\mathrm{C}$ [($^{3}\mathrm{He},t$) reaction only], $^{14}\mathrm{N}$, and $^{15}\mathrm{N}$ have been investigated at $^{3}\mathrm{He}$ energies varying between 40 and 50 MeV. Angular distributions were obtained for all prominent states up to excitations of 20 MeV. A microscopic analysis of these data has been carried out, using a local two-body interaction with an arbitrary spin-isospin exchange mixture. Spectroscopic factors were calculated, using intermediate-coupling wave functions for $p$-shell states, while simple $j\ensuremath{-}j$ configurations were assumed for the levels which were populated by promoting a $p$ nucleon to the $s\ensuremath{-}d$ shell. A Yukawa interaction with a range of 1.2 F was found to give the best results. The strength of the effective nucleon-nucleon interaction required to fit these data is in good agreement with recent analyses of the ($p,{p}^{\ensuremath{'}}$) and ($p,n$) reactions on light nuclei. In particular, dominant $L=0$ transitions observed in the ($^{3}\mathrm{He},t$) reaction give values for the isospin-dependent (${V}_{\mathrm{ST}}={V}_{01}$) and spin-isospin-dependent (${V}_{11}$) terms (converted to an effective nucleon-nucleon interaction at a range of 1.0 F) of 20.6 and 16.5 MeV, respectively, while the strengths required to fit ($^{3}\mathrm{He},t$) $L=2,3$ transitions were generally enhanced. For inelastic transitions, the average strengths obtained for ${V}_{00}$, assuming a Serber exchange mixture, varied from 47.2 to 67.3 MeV, depending upon the $L$ transfer involved. A comparison of the ($^{3}\mathrm{He},t$) and ($^{3}\mathrm{He}$,$^{3}\mathrm{He}$\ensuremath{'}) reactions populating analog final states (where ${T}_{f}={T}_{i}+1$) is also presented. In general, these transitions were weak; however, it was possible to observe the lowest $T=\frac{3}{2}$ levels in the mirror nuclei $^{9}\mathrm{B}$-$^{9}\mathrm{Be}$ and $^{13}\mathrm{N}$-$^{13}\mathrm{C}$, and several $T=1$ levels in $^{12}\mathrm{N}$-$^{12}\mathrm{C}$.
Workaholism and incivility: stress and psychological capital’s role

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationships among incivility, stress, workaholism, and psychological capital (PsyCap). Design/methodology/approach – Data on incivility, stress, workaholism, and PsyCap were collected, through administration of an online survey, from 168 employees. Findings – Workaholism and stress were positively related to uncivil behaviors, while PsyCap was negatively linked to incivility. Additionally, workaholism was positively associated with stress and negatively related to PsyCap. Finally, PsyCap acted as a mediator between workaholism and uncivil behaviors. Research limitations/implications – Future researchers should obtain a larger number of minority participants, assess the instigators of incivility, and implement a longitudinal model. Practical implications – Managers should focus on reducing stress and uncivil behaviors, and implement interventions to reduce workaholism and stress and increase PsyCap. Originality/value – It is the first study to exa...
Efficient genetic K-Means clustering for health care knowledge discovery

Data mining and machine learning are becoming the most interesting research areas and increasingly popular in health organizations. The hidden patterns among patients data can be extracted by applying data mining. The techniques and tools of data mining are very helpful as they provide health care professionals with significant knowledge toward a decision. Researchers have shown several utilities of data mining techniques such as clustering, classification, and regression in health care domain. Particularly, clustering algorithms which help researchers discover new insights by segmenting patients and providing them with effective treatments. This paper, reviews existing methods of clustering and present an efficient K-Means clustering algorithm which uses Self Organizing Map (SOM) method to overcome the problem of finding number of centroids in traditional K-Means. The SOM based clustering is very efficient due to its unsupervised learning and topology preserving properties. Two-staged clustering algorithm uses SOM to produce the prototypes in the first stage and then use those prototypes to create clusters in the second stage. Two health care datasets are used in the proposed experiments and a cluster accuracy metric was applied to evaluate the performance of the algorithm. Our analysis shows that the proposed method is accurate and shows better clustering performance along with valuable insights for each cluster. Our approach is unsupervised, scalable and can be applied to various domains.
Enhanced Immunosuppression of T Cells by Sustained Presentation of Bioactive Interferon-γ Within Three-Dimensional Mesenchymal Stem Cell Constructs

The immunomodulatory activity of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) to suppress innate and adaptive immune responses offers a potent cell therapy for modulating inflammation and promoting tissue regeneration. However, the inflammatory cytokine milieu plays a critical role in stimulating MSC immunomodulatory activity. In particular, interferon-γ (IFN-γ)-induced expression of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) is primarily responsible for MSC suppression of T-cell proliferation and activation. Although pretreatment with IFN-γ is commonly used to prime MSCs for immunomodulatory activity prior to transplantation, the transient effects of pretreatment may limit the potential of MSCs to potently modulate immune responses. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate whether microparticle-mediated presentation of bioactive IFN-γ within three-dimensional spheroidal MSC aggregates could precisely regulate and induce sustained immunomodulatory activity. Delivery of IFN-γ via heparin-microparticles within MSC aggregates induced sustained IDO expression during 1 week of culture, whereas IDO expression by IFN-γ-pretreated MSC spheroids rapidly decreased during 2 days. Furthermore, sustained IDO expression induced by IFN-γ-loaded microparticles resulted in an increased and sustained suppression of T-cell activation and proliferation in MSC cocultures with CD3/CD28-activated peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The increased suppression of T cells by MSC spheroids containing IFN-γ-loaded microparticles was dependent on induction of IDO and supported by affecting monocyte secretion from pro- to anti-inflammatory cytokines. Altogether, microparticle delivery of IFN-γ within MSC spheroids provides a potent means of enhancing and sustaining immunomodulatory activity to control MSC immunomodulation after transplantation and thereby improve the efficacy of MSC-based therapies aimed at treating inflammatory and immune diseases. Stem Cells Translational Medicine 2017;6:223-237.
Pathology’s role as guardian of the patient biospecimen and enabler of precision medicine

Pathology rsquo s role as guardian of the patient biospecimen and enabler of precision medicine
Impacts of low-pressure (LP) compressor’s deterioration upon an aero-engine’s high-pressure (HP) turbine blade’s life consumption

Some in-service deterioration in any mechanical device, such as an aero-engine, is inevitable. As a result of experiencing a deterioration of efficiency and/or mass flow, an aero-engine will automatically adjust to a different set of operating characteristics; thereby frequently resulting in changes of rpm and/or turbine entry temperature in order to provide the same thrust. Rises in the turbine entry-temperatures and the high-pressure turbine’s rotational speed result in greater rates of creep and fatigue damage being incurred by the hot-end components and thereby higher engine’s life cycle costs. Possessing a better knowledge of the effects of engine deterioration upon the aircraft’s performance, as well as fuel and life usages, helps the users to take wiser management decisions and hence achieve improved engine utilisation. For a military aircraft, using a computer performance simulation, the consequences of low-pressure (LP) compressor’s deterioration upon an aero-engine high-pressure (HP) turbine blade’s life-consumption have been predicted.
A perspective on nickel-rich layered oxide cathodes for lithium-ion batteries

Abstract Nickel-rich layered oxides are one of the most promising cathode candidates for next-generation high-energy-density lithium-ion batteries. The advantages of these materials are high reversible capacity, high energy density, good rate capability, and low cost. However, they suffer from poor cyclability, particularly at elevated temperatures, and thermal instability which induces thermal runaway. In this review, we highlight the evolution of nickel-rich layered oxides from LiNiO2 to LiNi1−x−yCoxMnyO2 (1−x−y>0.5) in view of cationic substitutions, state-of-the-art understanding of the capacity fading mechanisms that is related to a complex surface chemistry of the particles, and various modification strategies to enhance the surface stability. Based on these considerations, the remaining challenges and the future research direction are also discussed.
Vertical Hole Transport and Carrier Localization in InAs /InAs 1 -x Sb x Type-II Superlattice Heterojunction Bipolar Transistors

InAs${}_{1-x}$Sb${}_{x}$ type-II superlattices (T2SLs) are of significant interest for next-generation infrared photodetectors, due to their long minority-carrier lifetime. However, little is known about hole transport along the growth axis, the direction of photocurrent flow. This study presents quantitative measurements of vertical hole transport in band-engineered T2SL transistors, which turns out to be strikingly similar to electronic transport in disordered bulk semiconductors like amorphous silicon. These results carry significant implications for optimizing T2SLs and devices based on them.
Sexual and Gender Minority Health Curricula and Institutional Support Services at U.S. Schools of Public Health.

Limited research has examined the ways in which public health training programs equip students to address health disparities affecting the lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) community a...
Determination of Glyphosate, Maleic Hydrazide, Fosetyl Aluminum, and Ethephon in Grapes by Liquid Chromatography/Tandem Mass Spectrometry

A simple high-throughput liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS) method was developed for the determination of maleic hydrazide, glyphosate, fosetyl aluminum, and ethephon in grapes using a reversed-phase column with weak anion-exchange and cation-exchange mixed mode. A 5 g test portion was shaken with 50 mM HOAc and 10 mM Na2EDTA in 1/3 (v/v) MeOH/H2O for 10 min. After centrifugation, the extract was passed through an Oasis HLB cartridge to retain suspended particulates and nonpolar interferences. The final solution was injected and directly analyzed in 17 min by LC-MS-MS. Two MS-MS transitions were monitored in the method for each target compound to achieve true positive identification. Four isotopically labeled internal standards corresponding to each analyte were used to correct for matrix suppression effects and/or instrument signal drift. The linearity of the detector response was demonstrated in the range from 10 to 1000 ng/mL for each analyte with a coefficient of determination (...
Septal Leaflet Versus Chordal Detachment in Closure of Hard-to-Expose Ventricular Septal Defects.

Background Different techniques have been used for exposure of ventricular septal defect (VSD) margins when there is crowding of the VSD anatomy by tricuspid valve subvalvar apparatus. This study compared surgical outcomes for the two techniques of tricuspid valve leaflet detachment and the rarely described tricuspid valve chordal detachment for hard-to-expose VSDs. Methods Patients undergoing transatrial VSD repair were identified from our institutional database. Follow-up echocardiography and patient data were obtained from medical records. Between January 2005 and August 2016, 130 isolated conoventricular VSDs were repaired. Among these, 26 patients underwent leaflet detachment, 15 underwent chordal detachment, and 89 underwent regular VSD repair (reference group). Results The groups did not differ significantly in age, weight, postoperative length of stay, genetic/syndromic abnormalities, time to extubation, and left and right ventricular systolic function. The cardiopulmonary bypass and cross-clamp time were significantly longer in the leaflet detachment group than in the reference group (118 ± 28 vs 102 ± 32 minutes [p = 0.02] and 73 ± 20 vs 61 ± 23 minutes [p = 0.01], respectively). Echocardiographic follow-up was available for 87 patients at a mean of 2.6 years (range, 1 month to 11 years). Tricuspid regurgitation was rated as none or trivial in 66 (76%), mild in 20 (23%), and moderate in 1 reference group patient. There was no difference in presence of residual VSD or degree of tricuspid regurgitation among the three groups. There was no reoperation for tricuspid regurgitation. Conclusions Tricuspid valve leaflet and chordal detachment techniques provide an equally viable and safe alternative to closure of hard-to-expose VSDs while maintaining appropriate tricuspid valve function. Their use in our series did not lead to increased tricuspid valve dysfunction at early-to-midterm echocardiographic assessment.
Use of the 5-Strand Hamstring Autograft Technique in Increasing Graft Size in Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction

Background To determine the extent to which a strategy of routinely preparing a 5-strand hamstring autograft would increase graft size in anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. Methods A total of 64 patients were enrolled in a prospective randomized controlled study comparing 5-strand and quadrupled semitendinosus-gracilis autografts in single-bundle ACL reconstruction (5-strand group, n = 32; 4-strand group, n = 32). In the 5-strand group, the diameter of the 4-strand construct and the subsequent 5-strand graft used were measured, whereas in the 4-strand group, the diameter of the quadrupled graft used was measured. Quadrupled graft diameter and hamstring tendon lengths were correlated with patient gender, height, weight, and body mass index (BMI). Results The mean diameter of the final graft used in the 5-strand group was 8.8 ± 0.8 mm, whereas that in the 4-strand group was 7.8 ± 0.7 mm ( P P Conclusions The 5-strand hamstring autograft provides a significantly larger diameter graft compared with the quadrupled hamstring autograft in ACL reconstruction. Graft sizes exceeding 8 mm are achievable in 75% of patients with the routine application of this technique. This is significantly more than that obtained with the standard quadrupled hamstring graft. Hamstring tendon length and quadrupled hamstring graft diameter are also significantly correlated with patient height. Level of Evidence Level 1, prospective randomized controlled trial.
Characterizations of Student’s t Distribution

As pointed out in Chap. 8, characterization of a probability distribution plays an important role in probability and statistics
Memory, Anaphora, and Content Preservation

Tyler Burge defends the idea that memory preserves beliefswith their justifications, so that memory's role in inferenceadds no new justificatory demands. Against Burge's view,Christensen and Kornblith argue that memory is reconstructiveand so introduces an element of a posteriori justificationinto every inference. I argue that Burge is right,memory does preserve content, but to defend this viewwe need to specify a preservative mechanism. Toward thatend, I develop the idea that there is something worthcalling anaphoric thinking, which preserves content inBurge's sense of ``content preservation.'' I providea model on which anaphoric thought is a fundamentalfeature of cognitive architecture, consequentlyrejecting the idea that there are mental pronounsin a Language of Thought. Since preservativememory is a matter of anaphoric thinking, thereare limits on the analogy of memory and testimony.
Monitoring Molecular Interactions in Living Cells Using Flow Cytometric Analysis of Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer

Variants of the green fluorescence protein (GFP) are useful tools in many biological research applications. Two of the GFP spectral variants, the cyan and yellow fluorescence proteins (CFP and YFP), have compatible excitation and emission properties as fluorescence donor and acceptor in fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET). A protocol is described here to study the molecular association between p80 TNFR-2 and TRAF2 fusion proteins containing CFP and YFP using flow cytometric FRET measurement. The utility of this application in the study of protein-protein interaction is discussed.
The Disaggregation of Vulnerability to Depression as a Function of the Determinants of Onset and Recurrence

The investigation of stress and stress-buffering effects has been central to research on psychosocial determinants of mental illness since at least the early 1960s. Most of the early work in this tradition focused on the gross effects of life events (Dohrenwend & Dohrenwend, 1974). There was little interest in stress-buffering effects, although some consideration was given to the modifying effects of social class (Langner & Michael, 1963). More recent research has broadened this focus to consider a much larger range of individual differences and processes that might play a part in modifying the effect of stress on mental health, including personality (Cohen & Edwards, 1989), social support (House, Landis, & Umberson, 1988) and coping (Eckenrode, 1991).
Circadian Rhythm Models

Many organisms undergo 24-h circadian rhythms in physiology and behavior. These rhythms are sustained by complex internal oscillators. In most organisms including mammals, these oscillators appear to be based on cyclic negative feedback that represses transcription of a few core genes. Interlinked positive feedback may increase the amplitude and robustness of these oscillators. Mathematical models are essential to develop a conceptual representation of these complex oscillators and to predict how pharmacological or environmental interventions will affect circadian rhythms. This article discusses insights gained from the rich history of modeling circadian rhythm generation and its coupling to the environment, from early phenomenological models to later detailed molecular models.
Efficient design optimization of nonconventional laminated composites using lamination parameters: A state of the art

Abstract Because of their superior mechanical and environmental properties compared to traditional metals, fiber-reinforced composite materials have earned a prevalent acceptance for different structural applications. The tailoring potential of composites to achieve high specific stiffness and strength has promoted them as promising candidates for constructing lightweight structures. From that aspect, designers have tackled the problem of designing composite laminates, which is inherently challenging due to the presence of non-linear, non-convex, and multi-dimensional problems with discrete and continuous design variables. Witnessing new manufacturing technologies also granted engineers the capability of exploiting the full potential of composites by using nonconventional laminates leading to more complex design problems. To circumvent this difficulty, designers have used lamination parameters as intermediate variables to achieve global optimization. This literature review aims to demonstrate the use of lamination parameters for efficient multi-level optimization of robust and manufacturable nonconventional laminates by integrating the optimization process with manufacturing constraints and industry design guidelines.