cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SU‐E‐T‐542: Impact of Tongue‐And‐Groove Width on MLC‐Defined Small Field Dosimetry for Pinnacle 9.0

Purpose: the dosimetric impact of Tongue‐and‐Groove (TG) width on MLC‐defined small fields of 1cm in X/Y‐jaw directions for Pinnacle Version 9.0. Methods: Open field of 5cmx5cm was created using the Physics Tool of Pinnacle Version 9.0 and then the MLC leaves were placed manually for creating MLC‐defined small fields of 1cmx2cm to 1cmx5cm as well as of 2cmx1cm to 5cmx1cm at the source‐to‐surface distance of 95cm and depth of 5cm. With the commissioned machine data of Varian 6EX, a series of test machines were simulated by changing the size of MLC TG width (no TG gap, 0.1mm, 0.25mm, 0.5mm, 0.75mm, 1.25mm, and 1.5mm). The other machine/MLC parameters were set to the commissioned values of Varian 6EX. In addition, dose grid sizes of 2mm and 4mm were used for dose calculation purpose. Mapcheck measurements were performed for the MLC‐defined fields of 2×1 cm to 5×1 cm to compare with the calculated dose of Pinnacle Version 9.0. Results: Regardless of MLC‐defined small fields with X‐direction size of 1cm, there was negligible variation of calculated dose as TG width varied from zero TG to 1.5mm. The calculated dose was very sensitive to the dose grid size and there was a good agreement of less than 3% in between measurement and calculation with the dose grid size of 2mm. However, there was over 5% discrepancy with the dose grid size of 4mm for the MLC‐defiled small fields. For the MLC‐defined small fields with Y‐direction size of 1cm, there was over 8% decrease of computed dose compared to those of small fields with X‐direction size of 1 cm, even though the TG width was set to zero, which was that the effective field size of MLC 5cm×1cm was identical to that of MLC 1cm×5cm. With the dose grid size of 4mm, the calculated dose was underestimated over 10% compared to that of 2mm dose grid. Conclusions: Pinnacle Version 9.0 was insensitive to the variation of TG width from no TG to 1.5mm for MLC‐defined small fields with X‐direction size of 1cm. For the MLC‐defined small fields with Y‐direction size of 1cm, there was over 8% decrease of calculated doses compared to those of small fields with X‐direction size of 1 cm, even though the TG width was set to zero.
VCSELs for high-speed optical data communications

ABSTRACT We discuss our efforts in evaluating, planar, batch-fabricable, vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) for use in high-speedoptical data communication interconnects. For this manuscript, we focus on the flexibility of the established proton-implantedAlGaAs-based (emitting near 850 nm) technology platform. These designs have more than adequately met performance andproducibility stipulations. Demonstrated reliability is in excess of iO hours MTTF (at room T). and three-decibel modulationbandwidths of 15 GHz. We have also demonstrated a novel technique implementing a minor modification of the established platformto engineer low-threshold, high-speed, single-mode VCSELs. Said VCSELs are demonstrated in optical data links with bit error rates(BERs) 10 km) and much higher data rates (>1 Gbit/s), demanding a laser source and single-mode fiber. Telecomimplementations use fewer nodes, so there was very little pressure to keep transceiver costs low. Furthermore, long-distance optical-fiber telecom links have supplanted copper wire. The sources used in telecom are now exclusively long-wavelength InGaAsPIInP-based single-mode laser diodes operating at 1550 or 1300 nm where embedded silica fiber has a minimum in the attenuation ordispersion, respectively.Presently, with more computing power available at the desktop (home and office) using data-intensive applications, a new networkingenvironment is emerging that demands data rates approaching those more typical of telecom. This technology requires semiconductorlaser transmitters for distances even below 1 km. In fact, about 90% of local-area network (LAN) connections are expected to be<lOOm, and computer interconnections such as those between main processors and "disk farms" are demanding data rates above 1Gbit/s. These specifications for datacom links are increasing demand for laser-based fiber-optic data transmission within moderate-volume markets. Hence VCSEL-based fiber optic interconnects emerge as a promising technical and cost-effective solution.In this paper, we overview the motivation for our research in section 2. Section 3 defines the desired characteristics for a useful high-speed datacom source. Section 4 presents DC and AC component performance of both a single- and a multi-mode VCSEL. Section 5
An Underappreciated Dimension of Human Trafficking: Battered and Trafficked Women and Public Policy

Both domestic violence and trafficking in humans pose serious problems worldwide. However, there are differences in the ways in which battered immigrant women and trafficked immigrant women are responded to by governmental agencies in Greece and in the USA. Trafficking in humans has been securitized, that is, framed as an issue linked to international security risk. As such, countries that do not take legal action to stop human trafficking could face US sanctions such as loss of United States military and economic assistance. Under significant international pressure, Greece, since 2002, passed a law that criminalized trafficking in humans and took necessary steps for providing protection and assistance to trafficked victims. Nevertheless, domestic violence and battered women remain silent in Greek society, and the availability of services to victims of domestic violence has eroded. We argue that, due to different issue framing of victims of trafficking and battered women, the connection of trafficking in humans to national security fosters different legal protection outcomes. The comparison of battered immigrant women and trafficked victims between Greece and the USA reveals significant differences in protection of battered immigrant women in the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) area. This article elucidates why there are public policy differences within OECD states that all grant a priority to prevention of human trafficking.
Purified dietary n − 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids alter diacylglycerol mass and molecular species composition in concanavalin A-stimulated murine splenocytes

A low-dose, short-term dietary supplementation with highly purified (n-3) fatty acid ethyl esters was studied in mice to determine the effect on splenic cell membrane diacylglycerol mass and composition. Mice were fed diets containing either 3% safflower oil (SAF) ethyl esters, 2% SAF plus 1% eicosapentaenoic acid ethyl ester (EPA), or 2% SAF plus 1% docosahexaenoic acid ethyl ester (DHA). Following a 10-day feeding period, pathogen-free mice were sacrificed and splenic cells isolated and stimulated with concanavalin A (Con A) at 10 micrograms/ml. After 0 min (basal), 5 min, and 180 min, 1,2-diacyl, 1-O-alkyl-2-acyl, and 1-O-alkenyl-2-acyl-sn-glycerol subclasses were isolated and quantitated by HPLC. Diacylglycerol (DAG) was found to be the major diradylglycerol (DG) component in murine splenocytes. DHA-fed mice had significantly (P < 0.05) higher levels of DAG at all stimulation time points relative to EPA and SAF animals. Significant effects (P < 0.05) of diet, time, and a diet x time interaction (P < 0.05) were noted for various DAG molecular species. In general, a significantly higher (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) content in the EPA and DHA groups, and a significantly higher (n-6) PUFA content in the SAF group was noted. 18:0-22:5(n-3), 18:1-22:5(n-3) and 16:1-20:5(n-3) species were present only in EPA and DHA-DAG, confirming the incorporation of (n-3) fatty acids into splenocyte DAG. The data indicate that the molecular species composition of murine splenocyte DAG is significantly modulated by low-dose, short-term EPA and DHA feeding. In addition, substitution of SAF with DHA results in an increase in DAG mass. These alterations could potentially influence signal transduction pathways regulating lymphocyte function.
Quantitation of Hsp70 in tissues using a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

Abstract A competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay has been developed to quantitate the Hsp70 levels in bovine tissues. Antibodies that show specificity to the low molecular weight form of Hsp70 (72 kDa) were developed in chickens, isolated from egg yolks, and characterized using Western blotting. Using this assay, we were able to verify quantitatively the previous observation that the low molecular weight form of Hsp70 exists at elevated levels in bovine skeletal muscle. Also, we report that the skeletal muscle contains the majority of the Hsp70 in the sarcoplasm, but a small amount of Hsp70 is localized in the sarcoplasmic reticulum. The amount of Hsp70 in bovine skeletal muscle is not a maximal level because it can be increased by heat stress. The reliability, specificity, and use of enzyme-linked antibodies instead of radioactive materials make this assay preferable over previous quantitation techniques.
Simple and inexpensive fabrication of small-volume density gradients

Abstract Conventional large-volume gradient makers can be used in conjunction with peristaltic pumps to produce density gradients with total volumes as small as desired. The described approach involves continuous sampling of the large-volume gradient at a specific rate.
Performance Monitoring in the Evaluation Process

This article reviews the underlying logic and usefulness of true performance monitoring, as distinguished from the more customary administrative monitoring, and explores the potential contribution of performance monitoring to improved program evaluation in terms of (1) providing an accumulating data base which may serve many different research designs and (2) supporting the evaluation process in general. The article concludes that increased emphasis on performance monitoring will lead to the development of more cost-effective evaluation programs in terms of policy relevance and utilization.
The electrocardiogram in infarction of the anterolateral papillary muscle

Abstract An electrocardiographic syndrome has been described which allows fairly reliable prediction of the presence of infarction of the left ventricular anterolateral papillary muscle. The changes in the electrocardiogram generally fall into three major groups. One consists of moderate to marked depression of junction J in the middle and left precordial leads associated with a concavity-upward deformity of the ST-T interval. Another consists of changes in the same leads with, however, slight depression of junction J and a convexity-upward deformity of the ST-T interval and terminal inversion of the T wave. The third consists of changes in these leads with, however, an extremely marked depression of junction J, associated usually with slight initial convexity-upward deformity of the ST-T interval. The presence of apparent T-U segment depression or U-wave inversion was detectable in the majority of electrocardiograms in all three groups.
Expression and Relationships of Seven Public Idiotypes of DNA-Binding Autoantibodies on Monoclonal Antibodies and Serum Immunoglobulins:

Many studies have shown that DNA-reactive autoantibodies share cross-reactive public idiotypes that are defined, usually, by single anti-idiotype reagents. Because anti-idiotype antibodies or antisera will be limited in their ability to detect all the idiotopes of a particular antibody, their use will tend to underestimate the full extent of idiotype sharing between different antibodies. In order to define more comprehensively the extent of idiotype sharing in DNA autoantibodies, a panel of DNA-binding monoclonal autoantibodies from lupus mice was examined with a range of anti-idiotype antisera prepared in rabbits (five sera), guinea pigs (four sera) and a sheep. Each idiotype was detected on more antibodies than its original reference monoclonal antibody, and idiotopes of each were also present on serum immunoglobulins from lupus mice. Of 23 monoclonal antibodies 65% reacted with one or more of the anti-idiotype reagents. On these criteria, all the idiotypes were public; none was private in its expressio...
Reinforcement of bone cement using zirconia fibers with and without acrylic coating

Acrylic (polymethylmethacrylate or PMMA) bone cement was modified by the addition of high-strength zirconia fibers with average lengths of 200 microm and diameters of 15 microm or 30 microm. A novel emulsion polymerization process was developed to encapsulate individual fibers in PMMA. Improvements in tensile and compressive properties as well as in fracture toughness were investigated upon incorporation of uncoated and acrylic coated zirconia fibers. Bone cements were reinforced with 2% by volume of the 15 microm diameter and 5% by volume of the 30 microm fibers. Results indicate that elastic modulus and ultimate strength of bone cements reinforced with zirconia fibers were higher than controls, being the largest for cements reinforced with 30 microm diameter fibers. The fracture toughness of the cement increased by 23% and 41% by the addition of 15 microm and 30 microm fibers, respectively. Coating of individual zirconia fibers did not result in improved material properties of bone cements. The use of uncoated or acrylic coated 30 microm fibers is recommended based on the significant increases in ultimate strength and fracture toughness of the cements.
Balancing the School Readiness Equation in Early Learning Environments

What does “education” mean for a nation or a society? What does “school readiness” stand for and how does it differ across the world? The authors of this article use examples of teaching practices and insights from education professionals in an urban setting in the United States to conceptualize the implications of elementary education and school readiness in their context. It also provides an understanding of how national and state standards affect educational practices and how national and international trends can shape social expectations of education.
Measuring Copolymer Formation from End-Functionalized Chains at a PS/PMMA Interface Using FRES and SEC

Two experimental techniques, forward recoil spectrometry (FRES) and size exclusion chromatography with fluorescence detection (SEC/fluorescence), have been used to monitor independently the extent of reaction between model end-functional polymers at a PS/PMMA interface. Bilayer samples comprising a polystyrene layer containing ca. 8.4 wt % of amino-terminal deuterated polystyrene (dPS-NH2, M = 22 000 g/mol) on an anhydride-terminal fluorescent poly(methyl methacrylate) (*PMMA-anh, M = 31 200 g/mol) layer were annealed at 174 °C for various periods. An interfacial excess observed in the FRES concentration profiles of the dPS-NH2 in the PS layer was used to determine an interfacial coverage of diblock copolymer and a conversion of dPS-NH2 to diblock copolymer. Similarly, the conversion of the fluorescent *PMMA-anh to diblock copolymer was measured using SEC coupled with a fluorescence detector. Both techniques indicate similar reaction kinetics: the formation of copolymer in the interfacial region continue...
Dual Partisan Identification in the South

The concept of dual partisan identification in the South was explored by Philip E. Converse nearly two decades ago and dismissed when the region was still nearly monolithically Democratic in its politics. This research reexamines the existence of dual partisan identification in light of both the South's changed political context over the last several decades and the recent focus of partisan identification research on intransitivities and dimensionality. The analysis is based on two recent Louisiana state convention delegate surveys and the 1968 CSEP mass survey. Significant numbers of Democratic elite (convention delegates) and mass respondents hold split partisan identifications. The findings attest to the durability of partisan identification, provide an alternative explanation for the partisan identification index intransitivities/dimensionality, and call for the development of time series data to explore the phenomenon further.
Genetics of germ cell development

The germ line represents a continuous cellular link between generations and between species, but the germ cells themselves develop in a specialized, organism-specific context. The model organisms Caenorhabditis elegans, Drosophila melanogaster and the mouse display striking similarities, as well as major differences, in the means by which they control germ cell development. Recent developments in genetic technologies allow a more detailed comparison of the germ cells of these three organisms than has previously been possible, shedding light not only on universal aspects of germline regulation, but also on the control of the pluripotent state in vivo and on the earliest steps of embryogenesis. Here, we highlight themes from the comparison of these three alternative strategies for navigating the fundamental cycle of sexual reproduction.
Optimal capacitor placements in distribution systems. II. Solution algorithms and numerical results

For pt.I see ibid., vol.5, no.2, p.634-42 (1990). A general solution algorithm based on simulated annealing for optimal capacitor placements in distribution systems is proposed and analyzed. The solution algorithm can provide the global optimal solution for the capacitor placement problem. The solution algorithm has been implemented into a software package and tested on a 69 bus system with very promising results. >
Conjugation and genetic recombination in Escherichia coli in sterile and nonsterile soil

Abstract Conjugal transfer of chromosomal DNA and genetic recombination in E. coli occurred in both sterile and nonsterile soil, but the frequency of recombination (F.O.R.) was higher in sterile soil. The F.O.R. was increased when the soil was amended with montmorillonitc but not when amended with kaolinite, and both the survival of the parentals and conjugation (i.e. the F.O.R.) increased as the pH of the soil was increased from 4.7 towards neutrality.
Intracranial pressure in primary open angle glaucoma, normal tension glaucoma, and ocular hypertension: a case-control study.

PURPOSE To compare intracranial pressure (ICP) in subjects with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG), normal-tension glaucoma (NTG; subset of POAG), and ocular hypertension (OHT) with that in subjects with no glaucoma.
An extension on the traditional theory of customer discrimination: Customers versus customers

This study provides an extension on the traditional theory of customer discrimination. The traditional theory looks at customer discrimination via a case in which customers discriminate against a certain type of employee. This paper considers a case of customer discrimination in which customers discriminate against another group of customers. This paper argues that if women choose to attend an all-women college, they are engaging in this previously unexamined form of customer discrimination. Economic theory predicts that firms catering to customers who discriminate will charge higher prices. Thus, this study tests for the existence of customer discrimination by estimating a tuition equation at women's colleges and coeducational schools using ordinary least squares and a dummy-interaction technique. This study finds that, all else held constant, women's colleges do charge higher tuition rates.
Effect of ethanol on maternal and offspring characteristics: comparison of three liquid diet formulations fed during gestation.

Maternal blood alcohol levels, weight gain during pregnancy, parturition time, perinatal mortality, and postnatal growth of offspring were compared in groups of pregnant rats fed one of three ethanol-containing liquid diets (Kahn's formula = BSA diet, Revised Wiener's = RA6 diet, and Lieber-DeCarli's high protein 82C diet = LDA diet). The three ethanol diets all contained the same amount of ethanol-derived energy (36% of total energy), but differed in the amount of energy contributed by protein (17, 30, and 25%), fat (36, 24, and 13%), and carbohydrate (12,10, and 27%), respectively. The experimental design also included dams that were pair-fed isocaloric ethanol-free versions of the three ethanol diets (designated BSP, RP6, and LDA, respectively) and a group of dams fed a pelleted casein-based solid diet (PC diet). All experimental diets were fed ad libitum from gestational day 7 to delivery. The effect of ethanol exposure in utero was most severe in mothers and offspring fed the BSA diet. The feed efficiency ratio (maternal weight gain/total dietary energy consumed) of this low-protein ethanol diet was less than that of RA6 or LDA diets. The feed efficiency ratio calculated for RA6 and LDA diets was not different from that of PC diet. Compared with rats fed RA6 and LDA diets, the rats that were fed BSA diet exhibited deficient maternal weight gain, greater parturition delay, impaired fetal growth, and increased perinatal mortality among the offspring. BSA dams had the highest blood ethanol levels of all groups fed ethanol diets, and exhibited the least difference in blood ethanol concentrations between the day (2 PM) and night (9 PM) periods of the diurnal cycle. These differences in the peak and the day/night pattern occurred despite the observation that all dams ingested equivalent doses of ethanol (∼11 g/kg/day) over the period of the study. It is therefore postulated that the nutritional status of the pregnant animal plays a role in the absorption and/or metabolism of ethanol and thus modulates the exposure of the developing fetus to high blood ethanol levels.
Collective Epithelial Migration and Cell Rearrangements Drive Mammary Branching Morphogenesis

Epithelial organs are built through the movement of groups of interconnected cells. We observed cells in elongating mammary ducts reorganize into a multilayered epithelium, migrate collectively, and rearrange dynamically, all without forming leading cellular extensions. Duct initiation required proliferation, Rac, and myosin light-chain kinase, whereas repolarization to a bilayer depended on Rho kinase. We observed that branching morphogenesis results from the active motility of both luminal and myoepithelial cells. Luminal epithelial cells advanced collectively, whereas myoepithelial cells appeared to restrain elongating ducts. Significantly, we observed that normal epithelium and neoplastic hyperplasias are organized similarly during morphogenesis, suggesting common mechanisms of epithelial growth.
Growth and Characterization of Tungsten Oxide for Applications in Nanoelectronics

Tungsten oxide nanorods were prepared in a hot filament chemical vapor deposition (HFCVD) reactor. A mixture of gases containing hydrogen, oxygen or hydrogen and methane mixed with water vapor were passed into a quartz glass jar reactor and activated using a heated tungsten filament. The resulting deposits were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), x-ray diffraction (XRD), and Raman Spectroscopy. The deposit consisted of tungsten oxide nanorods (5 – 10 nm diameter and 50 – 75 nm long) and tungsten nanospheres with diameters of ~50nm. The tungsten oxide is then reduced to metallic tungsten by annealing in a hydrogen environment.
A New Strategy for Dealing with Social Loafers on the Group Project: The Segment Manager Method.

Professors often give members of a group project the same grade or they use peer evaluations to provide individualized grades. Unfortunately, both these methods have shortcomings. This article describes the segment manager method (SMM), a method for assigning individualized grades on the group project that does not rely on peer evaluations. A quasi-experiment is described where marketing research students are graded in groups either with peer evaluations (the control group) or with the SMM (the treatment group). Students participating in the quasi-experiment were more likely to prefer the SMM over the approach that uses peer evaluations. Moreover, when the SMM is compared with the peer evaluations approach, the SMM appears to be more likely to generate individualized grades on the group project that reflect each student’s academic ability, to deter social loafing, to increase scores on the group project, and to increase scores on an exam that is heavily loaded with project material. Recommendations for fu...
Interaction of cigarette exposure and airway epithelial cell gene expression.

Cigarette smoking is responsible for lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), the leading cause of death from cancer and the second-leading cause of death in the United States. In the United States, 46 million people smoke, with an equal number of former smokers. Moreover, 20–25% of current or former smokers will develop either disease, and smokers with one disease are at increased risk for developing the other. There are no tools for predicting risk of developing either disease; no accepted tools for early diagnosis of potentially curable lung cancer; and no tools for defining molecular pathways or molecular subtypes of these diseases, for predicting rate of progression, or for assessing response to therapy at a biochemical or molecular level. This review discusses current studies and the future potential of measuring global gene expression in epithelial cells that are in the airway field of injury and of using the genomic information derived to begin to answer some of the above ques...
The LIM protein AJUBA recruits protein arginine methyltransferase 5 to mediate SNAIL-dependent transcriptional repression

The SNAIL transcription factor contains C-terminal tandem zinc finger motifs and an N-terminal SNAG repression domain. The members of the SNAIL family have recently emerged as major contributors to the processes of development and metastasis via the regulation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition events during embryonic development and tumor progression. However, the mechanisms by which SNAIL represses gene expression are largely undefined. Previously we demonstrated that the AJUBA family of LIM proteins function as corepressors for SNAIL and, as such, may serve as a platform for the assembly of chromatin-modifying factors. Here, we describe the identification of the protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5) as an effector recruited to SNAIL through an interaction with AJUBA that functions to repress the SNAIL target gene, E-cadherin. PRMT5 binds to the non-LIM region of AJUBA and is translocated into the nucleus in a SNAIL- and AJUBA-dependent manner. The depletion of PRMT5 in p19 cells stimulates E-cadherin expression, and the SNAIL, AJUBA, and PRMT5 ternary complex can be found at the proximal promoter region of the E-cadherin gene, concomitant with increased arginine methylation of histones at the locus. Together, these data suggest that PRMT5 is an effector of SNAIL-dependent gene repression.
Density effects of native and exotic snails on growth in juvenile apple snails Pomacea paludosa (Gastropoda: Ampullariidae): a laboratory experiment

Pomacea paludosa (native Florida apple snail) is found in wetlands in the southeastern United States. Pomacea insularum is an exotic apple snail which has invaded wetlands in Florida and co-occurs with P. paludosa. The effect of changes in density on growth in native juvenile snails was studied by manipulating native juvenile density, native adult density and exotic adult density in a set of laboratory experiments. Growth decreased when native juvenile densities (without adults) increased from four to eight snails per 38-l aquarium. The presence of adults of either species decreased juvenile growth and also decreased juvenile survival. One exotic adult had the equivalent effect of three to four native adults. Based on the response of native juveniles to exotic adults, populations of the native apple snail P. paludosa could be negatively impacted by expansion of the exotic snail P. insularum.
InAs x P 1−x nanowire heterostructures

Optical characterization of InP / InAsxP1-x / InP heterostructures demonstrates that we have grown nanowire heterostructures via MOCVD. Temperature-dependent photoluminescence spectra reveal emission from distinct subbands of the InAsxP1-x material.
The cost of treating substance use disorders: individual versus family therapy

This study examined the cost of substance use disorders treatment in a large healthcare organization. A survival analysis demonstrated that family therapy utilised the least number of sessions (M = 2.41) when treating substance use disorders followed by individual therapy (M = 3.38) and mixed therapy (M = 6.40). Family therapy was the least costly of the three types, at $124.55 per episode of care for a client, with individual therapy costing $170.22 and mixed therapy $319.55. The ratio of family therapists utilising family therapy was more than three to one compared to other licensed professionals. The percentages of clients coming back for more than one episode of care are fewest for family therapy (8.9%) followed by mixed therapy (9.5%) and individual therapy (12.0%).
Latissimus dorsi tendon transfer for irreparable rotator cuff tears: a systematic review.

Background: Massive and irreparable posterior-superior rotator cuff tears present a difficult treatment problem. The purpose of this systematic review was to critically examine the outcomes of latissimus dorsi tendon transfers for the treatment of irreparable rotator cuff tears. Methods: A systematic review of the literature was performed via a search of electronic databases. Two reviewers independently assessed the methodological quality of, and extracted relevant data from, each included study. In cases in which the outcomes data were similar between studies, data were pooled for the purposes of generating summary outcomes through the use of frequency-weighted values. Results: Ten studies that fulfilled all inclusion and exclusion criteria were included. The frequency-weighted mean age was 58.7 years. Patients were followed for a frequency-weighted mean of 45.5 months (range, twenty-four to 126 months). Patients had a frequency-weighted mean adjusted Constant score of 45.9 preoperatively compared with 73.2 postoperatively (p < 0.001). The frequency-weighted mean active forward elevation improved from 101.9° preoperatively to 137.4° postoperatively (p < 0.001), and the frequency-weighted mean active external rotation improved from 16.8° to 26.7° (p < 0.001). Subscapularis muscle insufficiency, advanced teres minor muscle atrophy, and the need for revision surgery were correlated with poor functional outcomes in some studies. Conclusions: Compiled data and frequency-weighted means demonstrated improvement in shoulder function, range of motion, strength, and pain relief after latissimus dorsi tendon transfer for irreparable rotator cuff tears. Patients and physicians should not expect an outcome of “normal” function or complete pain relief. Level of Evidence: Therapeutic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
The rocky road from research to operations for satellite ocean-colour data in fishery management

Wilson, C. 2011. The rocky road from research to operations for satellite ocean-colour data in fishery management. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 68: 677–686.The aim of the SAFARI project is to accelerate the assimilation of earth-observation data into fisheries research and management by facilitating the application of rapidly evolving satellite technology. This assumes that these data will be available in future. However, for ocean-colour data, that assumption may not hold because of possible gaps in data continuity. Of the many types of satellite data, ocean colour is the most important to fisheries, because it is the only biological measurement. However, current ocean-colour sensors are all operating beyond their planned design life, and there are potential problems with future launches. Although the research community is aware of the value of satellite ocean-colour data, advocacy from the operational community, fishery management in particular, has been lacking. In the United States, the absence of an easily identifiable operational need for ocean-colour data is largely responsible for the likely gap in data continuity. A range of current and potential operational uses of ocean-colour data, some reasons why these data have been underutilized in fishery management, and what can be done to mitigate them are discussed and outlined.
Race and Primary, Return, and Onward Interstate Migration

This paper uses the U.S. 1990 Public Use Micro Sample to characterize the 1985-1990 primary, return, and onward interstate migration patterns for blacks and whites. The classification of these three types of migration is based on the state of birth and state of residence at the start and end of the census interval. Major migration streams, migration rates, and net migration are evaluated for each migrant type and compared for blacks and whites. Overall, the migration patterns of blacks resemble those of whites, with an attraction to the South and the Southwest and movement out of the Northeast and the Midwest. Some differences were observed, however, between the two races. Return migration rates were somewhat higher for black migrants as compared with whites, and onward migration rates were lower. Black primary out-migrants represented a larger proportion of the total flows from the southern states as compared with white out-migrant flows, and they represented a larger share of the out-migrants from the r...
Passenger Rail in Indiana: From Our Past to Our Future

The Midwest railroad network connected almost every major city by 1860, accounting for 36% of the United States (U.S.) railroad network mileage. Indiana became famous for the first Union Station in the world, as well as for one of the most developed and luxurious interurban rail system in the U.S. The twentieth century drastically transformed the picture, endowing the country with well-developed and world class highway and aviation networks, but leaving Indiana with a limited passenger rail network.Today, the Hoosier State line, which operates between Indianapolis, Indiana and Chicago, Illinois, is in danger of elimination. As of October 2013, the State of Indiana, local communities, and Amtrak reached an agreement to support the Hoosier State line, an agreement recently extended through January 2015. Amtrak is hesitant to support the corridor, doubting its economic viability. In response, the Indiana Department of Transportation (DOT) was the first nationally to announce a Request for Proposals (1404s1) under the Passenger Rail Investment and Improvement Act in order to obtain competitive bids for the operation of the Hoosier State line.Recent studies suggest that the improvement and enhancement of the Midwest regional rail system to allow higher speeds has the potential to significantly benefit the area. The route from Chicago to Cincinnati via Indianapolis is a strong candidate among the possible routes in the Midwest, and within the second tier nationwide. Studies also suggest that such an upgrade can return great user benefits, reduce travel times, and bring significant regional economic benefits supporting the creation of new permanent jobs in Indiana.This paper presents the chronicle of passenger rail transportation in the U.S., Midwest, and Indiana in particular, from the early 1830s to the recent attempts of the State of Indiana to sustain the Hoosier line. This paper also investigates the effect of the community’s support on Indiana’s passenger rail evolution, as well as the potential of “higher” speed rail in the state.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
A Two-Stage Amplifier Lens Array

A double-layer quasi-optical lens amplifier array with a two-stage amplifier in each element is presented. The lens amplifier is designed for X-band, and consists of two 14-element arrays on separate substrates sharing a common ground plane. The measured antenna gain is 15.1 dB with a power combining efficiency of 75 %. A radiated power of 414mW is measured at the 1-dB saturation point of the array. The devices used in this amplifier are low-cost MESFETs, so the estimated power cost is 85$/Watt for this transmitter.
NO EXTRA-PAIR FERTILIZATION IN FLAMMULATED OWLS DESPITE AGGREGATED NESTING

Abstract We used DNA fingerprinting to estimate the frequency of extra-pair fertilization in the Flammulated Owl (Otus flammeolus), a socially monogamous species often found nesting in aggregations. We observed owls on 44 territories, 42 of which were located in aggregations of 3 to 10 territories with a mean nearest-neighbor distance of 539 m (± 160 m). We sampled a subset of these nests and compared band sharing and numbers of novel fragments among 17 social pairs and 37 offspring. Like other socially monogamous raptors, the Flammulated Owls we studied were genetically monogamous despite their relatively high breeding density. We suggest that the necessity of male parental care may be an important factor contributing to genetic monogamy in this species. Ausencia de Fertilizacion Extra-Pareja en Otus flammeolus a pesar de Nidificacion Agregada Resumen. Usamos huellas dactilares geneticas (i.e., DNA fingerprinting) para estimar la frecuencia de fertilizacion extra-pareja en Otus flammeolus, una especie so...
A high density of cis-information terminates RNA Polymerase III on a 2-rail track

Transcription termination delineates the 3′ ends of transcripts, prevents otherwise runaway RNA polymerase (RNAP) from intruding into downstream genes and regulatory elements, and enables release of the RNAP for recycling. While other eukaryotic RNAPs require complex cis-signals and/or accessory factors to achieve these activities, RNAP III does so autonomously with high efficiency and precision at a simple oligo(dT) stretch of 5–6 bp. A basis for this high density cis-information is that both template and nontemplate strands of the RNAP III terminator carry distinct signals for different stages of termination. High-density cis-information is a feature of the RNAP III system that is also reflected by dual functionalities of the tRNA promoters as both DNA and RNA elements. We review emerging developments in RNAP III termination and single strand nontemplate DNA use by other RNAPs. Use of nontemplate signals by RNAPs and associated transcription factors may be prevalent in gene regulation.
Ag–W electrodeposits with high W content from thiourea–citrate electrolytes

Abstract Thin film deposits containing silver and tungsten were electrodeposited onto rotating cylinder electrodes from non-cyanide, acidic thiourea–citrate electrolytes. The effect of current density and tungsten ion electrolyte concentration on the deposit composition and partial current densities was examined. Deposit composition was measured using X-ray fluorescence with increasing amount of tungsten ion in the electrolyte at high current densities, with silver ion reduction under mass transport control and the tungsten ion reduction under a kinetic control. The highest wt.% W in the deposit was 18 wt.%, SEM-EDS was also used to characterize the deposit morphology and account for sulfur in the deposit, originating from the thiourea in the electrolyte.
THE COMPUTER GRAPHICS SCENE IN THE UNITED STATES

We briefly survey the major thrusts of computer graphics activities, examining trends and topics rather than offering a comprehensive survey of all that is happening. The directions of professional activities, hardware, software, and algorithms are outlined. Within hardware we examine workstations, personal graphics systems, high performance systems, and low level VLSI chips; within software, standards and interactive system design; within algorithms, visible surface rendering and shading, three-dimensional modeling techniques, and animation. Note: This paper was presented at Eurographics'84 in Copenhagen, Denmark. Disciplines Computer Engineering | Computer Sciences Comments University of Pennsylvania Department of Computer and Information Science Technical Report No. MSCIS-85-32. This technical report is available at ScholarlyCommons: http://repository.upenn.edu/cis_reports/994 The Computer Graphics Scene in the United States Norman I. Badler MS-CIS-SS-32 Department of Computer and Information Science Moore School/D2 University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA 19104
Who Shall Quit? Comparison of Volunteer and Population-based Recruitment in Two Minimal-Contact Smoking Cessation Studies

To better understand the generalizability of experimental smoking studies, the authors compare volunteer and population-based recruitment in two randomized clinical trials of smoking cessation methods, one that used a volunteer sample and one that used a random, population-based sample. Participants are compared with nonparticipants within each study, to the participants in the other study, and to the general population. Smokers aged 18-65 years without contraindications to using nicotine polacrilex who were able to quit unassisted were eligible for the two studies. In the first study (1984-1989), advertising recruited 3,758 eligible smokers (75% of all inquiries) who were willing to give a baseline telephone interview. Of these 3,758 eligible smokers, 2,592 attempted to quit and 1,226 succeeded for 48 hours and were randomized. In the second study (1988-1993), 7,135 smokers were identified through a random household telephone survey, and of these 7,135 smokers, 5,124 (72%) agreed to the telephone interview, 2,209 made a quit attempt, and 1,170 succeeded for 24 hours and entered the study. Compared with nonparticipants who provided an interview, subjects in both studies were more likely to be male, married, and employed, and were older and better educated. Compared with population-based recruitment, volunteer recruitment produced subjects who were less likely to be male and married, and were older, more educated, only slightly less representative of all ethnic subgroups, and heavier, more addicted smokers. Women were less likely than men to quit in the first 24-48 hours. The authors conclude that volunteer recruitment to smoking cessation studies appears to produce a reasonable sample of smokers, especially of heavy smokers, and that, compared with men, women may have more difficulty with the initial stages of smoking cessation.
The Forgotten Constituency? Law School Deans and Students

Although law schools unquestionably vary dramatically, law school administrations tend to follow a somewhat formulaic hierarchical model. In essence, the dean supervises the law school administrators and staff who regularly work directly with law students. As any law dean can readily attest, unaddressed student dissatisfaction can make a dean’s life miserable and produce unhappy alumni who are less likely than happy alumni to provide much-needed financial support to the school.Specifically, law school deans at various (often inopportune) times must deal with an array of demands – requests, if you will – from individual students and several different student organizations. In thinking about the dean’s relationship with students, it seems important that deans, as the leaders of their law schools, to some degree must be visible to law students and interact with them on a number of different levels. Students are students, consumers, and future alumni, all rolled into one. Part I of this essay sketches the nature of the relationship between the law school dean and students at UC Davis School of Law, the law school where I have the privilege to serve as Dean. Part II sketches a process-oriented approach to the administration’s response to student interests and concerns.This essay draws some basic lessons from my experience with law students about how a law school dean might build and maintain positive relationships with students. Deans ignore students at their peril, and they cannot satisfy their entire constituency’s or any constituency’s demands, or follow all of their suggestions. As with other leadership roles, deans must work hard to listen to students, faculty, staff, alumni, and other interest groups, and offer the respect, opportunity to be heard, accessibility, and transparency in decision-making that students demand, value, and in my experience and appreciate. Through collaboration with students, just as with other constituencies, deans and law schools can create an environment that ensures students receive a high quality legal education and the support that they need to thrive in law school.
The Effect of Temperature upon the Growth and Survival of Myxoma, Herpes, and Vaccinia Viruses in Tissue Culture

The growth of filterable viruses is associated with living tissues. In all living organisms one of the most important limiting factors for growth is temperature and in most acute diseases, including many of those caused by viruses, fever is a prominent symptom. It is important, therefore, to determine the effect of an elevation in temperature upon the growth and survival of infective agents. For those viruses which will grow in tissue cultures, such information may be obtained by the incubation of cultures at different temperatures and the measurement of the resulting virus content. For others susceptible animals may be inoculated and kept in a warm room. In some cases both methods may be used. The animal inoculation procedure more closely reproduces the fever associated with naturally occurring virus diseases but it is limited by the fact that many experimental animals are unable to withstand an external temperature much greater than that of their normal body. In the experiments to be reported the effect of temperature upon the growth and survival of myxoma, herpes, and vaccinia viruses was determined for tissue cultures.
Large-Eddy Simulation of Turbulent Flames in Syn-Gas Fuel-Air Mixtures

Combustion characteristics of synthetic gaseous fuels (H2 and CO mixture) have been investigated in laminar and turbulent o w congurations with special emphasis on ame structure and propagation characteristics of CO-rich and H2-rich premixed ames. Two reduced CO H2 mechanisms (10-step and 5-step) are rst investigated and it is shown that the 10-step mechanism is quite accurate over a wide range of equivalence ratios and with and without CO2 dilution. The 10-step mechanism is then used for both laminar and turbulent premixed ame calculations of both CO-rich and H2-rich mixtures. The eect of a single isolated vortex interacting with a laminar ame and of a pair of counter rotating vortices with a turbulent premixed ame front are investigated for dieren t turbulence levels. It is shown that H2 reaction zone is much thinner than the CO reaction zone, and that they do not overlap physically. Under certain conditions, the H2 reaction rate contours can become broken even when the CO reaction rate contours remains contiguous. Flame structure and propagation (burning) speed are substantially dieren t depending upon the syn-gas (CO H2) composition. Flame-vortex interaction creates large-scale ame wrinkling, the scale of which also depends on the initial fuel composition. Flame-vortex interactions also causes local enhancement and dissipation of vorticity depending on the local baroclinic torque and dilatation eects.
Environment Matters: Policy Opinions in the Context of Diversity

Numerous democratic theorists have highlighted the vitality of diverse views for a democracy. Yet people’s intrinsic tendency of shunning disagreement and the current media environment make encountering dissimilar views highly unlikely (e.g. Iyengar & Hahn, 2009; Sunstein, 2009). Political discussion in homogeneous groups becomes echo chambers where preexisting opinions are reinforced and resistant to change. Public deliberation creates an exceptional venue where people are exposed to a diversity of perspectives. This study revisits the conventional wisdom on opinion extremity in a deliberative setting. Evidence from two Deliberative Polls shows that heterogeneity of opinions interacts with opinion extremity in influencing the modification of policy opinions, and this effect is more pronounced for people with less political knowledge. The results suggest an environment consisting of diversified opinions matters for citizens’ open-mindedness and considered policy opinions.
From Princess to Chief: Life with the Waccamaw Siouan Indians of North Carolina

As a resident of Wilmington, North Carolina for 34 years and a teacher of memoir at UNC Wilmington, I have high praise for From Princess to Chief: Life with the Waccamaw Siouan Indians of North Car...