cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Automated incremental synthesis of timed automata

In this paper, we concentrate on incremental synthesis of timed automata for automatic addition of different types of bounded response properties. Bounded response - that something good will happen soon, in a certain amount of time - captures a wide range of requirements for specifying real-time and embedded systems. We show that the problem of automatic addition of a bounded response property to a given timed automaton while maintaining maximal nondeterminism is NP-hard in the size of locations of the input automaton. Furthermore, we show that by relaxing the maximality requirement, we can devise a sound and complete algorithm that adds a bounded response property to a given timed automaton, while preserving its existing universally quantified properties (e.g., MTL). This synthesis method is useful in adding properties that are later discovered as a crucial part of a system. Moreover, we show that addition of interval-bounded response, where the good thing should not happen sooner than a certain amount of time, is also NP-hard in the size of locations even without maximal nondeterminism. Finally, we show that the problems of adding bounded and unbounded response properties are both PSPACE-complete in the size of the input timed automaton.
North‐South asymmetry in the modeled phytoplankton community response to climate change over the 21st century

Here we analyze the impact of projected climate change on plankton ecology in all major ocean biomes over the 21st century, using a multidecade (1880–2090) experiment conducted with the Community Climate System Model (CCSM-3.1) coupled ocean-atmosphere-land-sea ice model. The climate response differs fundamentally in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres for diatom and small phytoplankton biomass and consequently for total biomass, primary, and export production. Increasing vertical stratification in the Northern Hemisphere oceans decreases the nutrient supply to the ocean surface. Resulting decreases in diatom and small phytoplankton biomass together with a relative shift from diatoms to small phytoplankton in the Northern Hemisphere result in decreases in the total primary and export production and export ratio, and a shift to a more oligotrophic, more efficiently recycled, lower biomass euphotic layer. By contrast, temperature and stratification increases are smaller in the Southern compared to the Northern Hemisphere. Additionally, a southward shift and increase in strength of the Southern Ocean westerlies act against increasing temperature and freshwater fluxes to destratify the water-column. The wind-driven, poleward shift in the Southern Ocean subpolar-subtropical boundary results in a poleward shift and increase in the frontal diatom bloom. This boundary shift, localized increases in iron supply, and the direct impact of warming temperatures on phytoplankton growth result in diatom increases in the Southern Hemisphere. An increase in diatoms and decrease in small phytoplankton partly compensate such that while total production and the efficiency of organic matter export to the deep ocean increase, total Southern Hemisphere biomass does not change substantially. The impact of ecological shifts on the global carbon cycle is complex and varies across ecological biomes, with Northern and Southern Hemisphere effects on the biological production and export partially compensating. The net result of climate change is a small Northern Hemisphere-driven decrease in total primary production and efficiency of organic matter export to the deep ocean.
Ratio imaging: measuring intracellular Ca++ and pH in living cells.

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the use of ratiometric fluorescent probes for measuring intracellular hydrogen (H+) and calcium ion (Cai++) activities at the single cell level. The development of sensitive and stable probes for monitoring intracellular pH (pHi) and calcium (Cai++) in living cells has provided scientists with invaluable tools for studying a multitude of cellular processes. These probes afford a noninvasive and semiquantitative assessment of pHi and Cai++, thereby eliminating the need to impale cells with microelectrodes. The development and availability of membrane-permeant Ca++- and pH-specific fluorescent probes coupled with major advances in the technology and design of low-light-level charge-coupled devices (CCDs) geared toward biological applications and improved microscope optics have made it possible to visualize a two-dimensional fluorescence signal that is related to Cai++ and pHi. The chapter describes the basis for using dual-excitation ratio imaging and tries to provide a framework for understanding and developing the technique for investigating the roles of Cai++ and pHi in cellular processes.
Evidence suggesting that the two forms of heme oxygenase are products of different genes.

Recently, we have reported on the presence of two forms of heme oxygenase in rat liver and testis microsomes, referred to as HO-1 and HO-2 (M. D. Maines, G. M. Trakshel, and R. K. Kutty (1986) J. Biol. Chem. 261, 411-419; G. M. Trakshel, R. K. Kutty, and M. D. Maines (1986) J. Biol. Chem. 261, 11131-11137). Although the two forms differed in several biochemical properties, we could not ascertain whether they represented two isozymes or whether they were isoforms of heme oxygenase. In the present study, we provide evidence suggesting that the two forms are isozymes and represent different gene products. We also provide data suggesting that HO-1 is the commonly known heme oxygenase form. The molecular weight and immunochemical properties of HO-1 and HO-2 did not vary depending on the tissue source examined, i.e. liver and testis. Major differences, however, were noted in the amino acid composition of the two forms including the presence of 3 cysteine/cystine residues in HO-2 only. Using antibody to HO-2, four testis clones and two liver clones were isolated, and one liver and one testis clone were sequenced. Both clones revealed a 274-base-pair insert, and the sequence of both inserts was the same. The validity of assignment was confirmed by matching a 14-amino-acid peptide obtained from purified HO-2 with the sequence. Approximately 43% amino acid homology was detected between the HO-2 insert and the published amino acid sequence of heme oxygenase. However, amino acid homology search revealed the presence of two regions of homology: one 22-mer sequence with only one unmatched amino acid, and one 10-mer sequence with one unmatched amino acid. Heme oxygenase appeared to be the HO-1 form, an assignment based on its amino acid sequence matching the sequence of 2 peptides obtained from purified HO-1 and the immunochemical properties of the cobalt-, hematin-, and bromobenzene-induced rat liver enzyme. The secondary structure prediction analysis revealed an area of 100% structural homology with only 72% sequence homology. We predict this region may represent the catalytic site of the enzyme.
WebWork: METEOR _2 ‘s Web-Based Workflow Management System

METEOR_2 workflow management systems consist of both (1) design/build-time and (2) run-time/enactment components for implementing workflow applications. An enactment system provides the command, communication and control for the individual tasks in the workflow. Tasks are the run-time instances of intra- or inter-enterprise applications. We are developing three implementations of the METEOR_2 model: WebWork, OrbWork and NeoWork. This paper discusses WebWork, an implementation relying solely on Web technology as the infrastructure for the enactment system. WebWork supports a distributed implementation with participation of multiple Web servers. It also supports automatic code generation of workflow applications from design specifications produced by a comprehensive graphical designer. WebWork has been developed as a complement of its more heavyweight counterparts (OrbWork and NeoWork), with the goal of providing ease of workflow application development, installation, use and maintenance. At the time of this writing, WebWork has been installed by several of the LSDIS Lab‘s industrial partners for testing, evaluation and building workflow applications.
Toll-Like Receptor Ligands Directly Promote Activated CD4 + T Cell Survival

Toll-like receptor (TLR) engagement by pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) is an important mechanism for optimal cellular immune responses. APC TLR engagement indirectly enhances activated CD4 + T cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival by promoting the up-regulation of costimulatory molecules and the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines. However, TLRs are also expressed on CD4 + T cells, suggesting that PAMPs may also act directly on activated CD4 + T cells to mediate functional responses. In this study, we show that activated mouse CD4 + T cells express TLR-3 and TLR-9 but not TLR-2 and TLR-4. Treatment of highly purified activated CD4 + T cells with the dsRNA synthetic analog poly(I:C) and CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG DNA), respective ligands for TLR-3 and TLR-9, directly enhanced their survival without augmenting proliferation. In contrast, peptidoglycan and LPS, respective ligands for TLR-2 and TLR-4 had no effect. Enhanced survival mediated by either poly(I:C) or CpG DNA required NF-κB activation and was associated with Bcl-x L up-regulation. However, only CpG DNA, but not poly(I:C)-mediated effects on activated CD4 + T cells required the TLR/IL-1R domain containing adaptor molecule myeloid differentiation factor 88. Collectively, our results demonstrate that PAMPs can directly promote activated CD4 + T cell survival, suggesting that TLRs on T cells can directly modulate adaptive immune responses.
Cardiac Action Potentials

This article introduces the fundamental principles of cellular electrophysiology and focuses on cardiac cellular bioelectricity. The concepts of resting membrane potential, cardiac action potentials, and the ionic mechanisms are presented. The experimental techniques that are used to quantify ionic mechanisms in cells are described. Mathematical modeling of cardiac cells is introduced. Specifically, computational modeling of the murine ventricular action potentials is presented. Keywords: action potentials; ionic channels; membrane pumps; voltage clamp technique; current clamp technique; mathematical models
Analytical characteristics of an inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometer

Abstract A new instrument is described for inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. The instrument has features which make it useful for both fundamental studies of plasmas and for analytical elemental analysis. Analytical characteristics of the instrument such as the background mass spectrum, the abundance sensitivity, presence of doubly charged and oxide ions, detection limits and analytical calibration curves are presented. Some interference effects commonly seen in atomic emission spectroscopy are evaluated, and comparisons are made between the performance of the new instrument and that of other inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometers.
Variable-order adaptive control of a microelectromechanical steering mirror for suppression of laser beam jitter

We present an adaptive control scheme for laser-beam steering by a two-axis microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) fast steering mirror. Disturbances in the laser beam are rejected by a µ-synthesis feedback controller augmented by the adaptive control loop, which determines control gains that are optimal for the current disturbance acting on the laser beam. The variable-order adaptive controller is based on an adaptive lattice filter that implicitly identifies the disturbance statistics from real-time sensor data. Experimental results demonstrate that the adaptive controller significantly extends the disturbance-rejection bandwidth achieved by the feedback controller alone. The experimental results also illustrate the value of the variable-order capability of the adaptive controller.
Inhibition of DNA repair by cocarcinogens.

Abstract DNA repair replication in normal human lymphocytes has been inhibited by every cocarcinogen tested to date, including anthralin, 12-0-tetradecanolyphorbol-13-acetate, and the neutral fraction from cigarette smoke. Such inhibition of DNA repair is proposed as the general mechanism of action of cocarcinogens.
Postmortem cardiac tissue maintains gene expression profile even after late harvesting

Gene expression studies can be used to help identify disease-associated genes by comparing the levels of expressed transcripts between cases and controls, and to identify functional genetic variants (expression quantitative loci or eQTLs) by comparing expression levels between individuals with different genotypes. While many of these studies are performed in blood or lymphoblastoid cell lines due to tissue accessibility, the relevance of expression differences in tissues that are not the primary site of disease is unclear. Further, many eQTLs are tissue specific. Thus, there is a clear and compelling need to conduct gene expression studies in tissues that are specifically relevant to the disease of interest. One major technical concern about using autopsy-derived tissue is how representative it is of physiologic conditions, given the effect of postmortem interval on tissue degradation. In this study, we monitored the gene expression of 13 tissue samples harvested from a rapid autopsy heart (non-failed heart) and 7 from a cardiac explant (failed heart) through 24 hours of autolysis. The 24 hour autopsy simulation was designed to reflect a typical autopsy scenario where a body may begin cooling to ambient temperature for ~12 hours, before transportation and storage in a refrigerated room in a morgue. In addition, we also simulated a scenario wherein the body was left at room temperature for up to 24 hours before being found. A small fraction (< 2.5%) of genes showed fluctuations in expression over the 24 hr period and largely belong to immune and signal response and energy metabolism-related processes. Global expression analysis suggests that RNA expression is reproducible over 24 hours of autolysis with 95% genes showing < 1.2 fold change. Comparing the rapid autopsy to the failed heart identified 480 differentially expressed genes, including several types of collagens, lumican (LUM), natriuretic peptide A (NPPA) and connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), which allows for the clear separation between failing and non-failing heart based on gene expression profiles. Our results demonstrate that RNA from autopsy-derived tissue, even up to 24 hours of autolysis, can be used to identify biologically relevant expression pattern differences, thus serving as a practical source for gene expression experiments.
Finding hope in the midst of despair: My decade with Parkinson's disease and Lewy body dementia†

Living for 10 years with Parkinson's disease (PD) and Lewy body dementia (LBD) author Thomas B. Graboys, MD recounts the various losses — physical, emotional, social and intellectual — that ultimately add up to a loss of self inflicted by these progressive neurological diseases. No longer able to practice medicine, engage in athletics, or engage fully with his extended family, soon to include 11 grandchildren, Graboys nevertheless writes that there is one aspect of self PD and LBD cannot steal: the soul. © 2012 Movement Disorder Society
Transcription of immunoglobulin heavy-chain sequences from the excluded allele

Production of a functional immunoglobulin heavy-chain gene requires multiple recombination events1–5. In germ-line cells, segments of the classical variable portion are encoded in separate genetic elements: variable (V), diversity (D) and joining (J) regions3,5,6. The genes encoding the different clustered constant-region domains (5′-μ, δ, γ3, γ1, γ2b, γ2a, e, α-3′) are widely separated from the variable region7–12. During differentiation to immunoglobulin production, one allele containing genes coding for the V, D, J and C segments is rearranged to form a coding sequence for the synthesis of heavy chain. In some cells, the other alleles for heavy-chain segments are rearranged, albeit differently8. At the protein level, expression of only one of the alleles is detected (allelic exclusion)13,14. We report here studies on a class of mouse myeloma MOPC 315 variant cell lines which has lost the ability to produce α heavy-chain protein or mRNA. Hybridization analysis indicates that the functional α allele has been lost. However, these variants synthesize unusual RNA species that include α constant-region sequences. We conclude that this transcription is from the ‘excluded’ allele. Expression of these aberrant RNAs is altered in the presence of a productive gene.
Signaling pathways between the plasma membrane and endoplasmic reticulum calcium stores

This review discusses multiple ways in which the endoplasmic reticulum participates in and is influenced by signal transduction pathways. The endoplasmic reticulum provides a Ca2+ store that can be mobilized either by calcium-induced calcium release or by the diffusible messenger inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate. Depletion of endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ stores provides a signal that activates surface membrane Ca2+ channels, a process known as capacitative calcium entry. Depletion of endoplasmic reticulum stores can also signal long-term cellular responses such as gene expression and programmed cell death or apoptosis. In addition to serving as a source of cellular signals, the endoplasmic reticulum is also functionally and structurally modified by the Ca2+ and protein kinase C pathways. Elevated cytoplasmic Ca2+ causes a rearrangement and fragmentation of endoplasmic reticulum membranes. Protein kinase C activation reduces the storage capacity of the endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ pool. In some cell types, protein kinase C inhibits capacitative calcium entry. Protein kinase C activation also protects the endoplasmic reticulum from the structural effects of high cytoplasmic Ca2+. The emerging view is one of a complex network of pathways through which the endoplasmic reticulum and the Ca2+ and protein kinase C signaling pathways interact at various levels regulating cellular structure and function.
Immunocytochemical localization of hyperglycemic hormone (HGH) in the neurosecretory system of the eyestalk of the crayfish Astacus leptodactylus.

Hyperglycemic hormone (HGH) fromAstacus leptodactylus can be visualized by an immunocytochemical procedure using a specific antiserum against HGH and the peroxidase-anti-peroxidase (PAP) method. HGH containing cells are localized in the most distal portion of the x-organ in the medulla terminalis. Their cell diameter is about 47±7 μm; the nucleus measures about 22±2 μm. They form a subgroup of neurosecretory cell type 1, already described for the crayfish. A large amount of this HGH material is homogeneously stored in the sinus gland. A group of fibres in the x-organ — sinus gland — tractus can be followed, due to their positive reaction with the PAP-reagent.
Candidemia is Not an Independent Risk Factor for Threshold Retinopathy of Prematurity in Extremely Low Birth Weight (< 750 g) Neonates: A Cohort Study 1443

Candidemia is Not an Independent Risk Factor for Threshold Retinopathy of Prematurity in Extremely Low Birth Weight (< 750 g) Neonates: A Cohort Study 1443
On stratified sampling and ratio estimation in medicare and medicaid benefit integrity investigations

Billions of dollars are lost each year to Medicare and Medicaid fraud. Using three real payment populations, we consider the operating characteristics of commonly used sampling-and-extrapolation strategies for these audits: simple random sampling using (1) the simple expansion estimator or (2) the ratio estimator; and (3) stratified sampling where the basis of stratification is the payment amount. The achieved confidence level (=rate of under-recoupment) of the lower confidence bound based on the ratio estimator fell far below the government-prescribed 90% level for all three populations in commonly encountered high denial-rate scenarios. For the expansion estimator in simple random sampling, the achieved confidence level depends on the skew of the overpayment population: if it is left skewed, the level will fall below 90%, sometimes far below; if it is right-skewed, it will exceed 90%. In the latter case, careless stratification by payment amount can destroy this conservatism. When there is strong right skew, limited stratification can sometimes preserve the 90% confidence while yielding improvements in overpayment recovery. In any population where 90% under-recoupment is not achieved by extrapolation methods based on the central limit theorem, methods based on sample counts and the hypergeometric distribution (Edwards et al., Health Serv Outcomes Res Methodol 4:241–263, 2005; Gilliland and Feng, Health Serv Outcomes Res Methodol 10:154–164, 2010; Edwards et al., Pennysampling. Technical Report No. 232, Dept. of Statistics, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 2010) should be considered; these mathematically guarantee the 90% confidence level. Regardless of the sampling and extrapolation plan being considered, operating characteristics (under-recoupment rate, overpayment recovery, etc.) should be thoroughly checked in the planning stages with Monte Carlo simulation testing, which we use throughout this paper.
Factors affecting survival in maxillary sinus cancer

Abstract Purpose: The study goal was to determine survival parameters and clinical factors influencing survival for maxillary sinus malignancies. Methods: Cases of maxillary sinus malignancy for the time period 1988 to 1998 were extracted from the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results database. Cases with distant metastatic disease at presentation were excluded. Clinical information, including tumor histology, grade and stage, and extent of surgery and radiation therapy, were determined. Kaplan-Meier survival and Cox proportional hazards analyses were conducted to determine the influence of these factors on overall survival. Results: The study sample was composed of 650 patients with maxillary sinus cancer (mean age, 64 years; male-to-female ratio, 3:2). The most common histology was squamous cell carcinoma (61.7%), followed by adenoid cystic carcinoma (9.8%). The overall mean (median) survival was 52 months (25 months), and 77.5% and 7.4% of patients presented with advanced (T3/T4) disease or cervical metastasis, respectively. Radiation therapy was administered in 441 patients (67.9%) and significantly improved survival mainly for those with T4 lesions. On multivariate analysis, increasing age, T stage, N stage, and tumor grade independently predicted poorer survival, whereas gender did not. Adenoid cystic carcinoma exhibited a significantly improved overall survival ( P Conclusions: Survival for patients with maxillary sinus cancer is determined not only by TNM staging but also by tumor histology and grade. TNM staging effectively stratifies patients according to survival. Radiation therapy significantly improves survival for those with T4 lesions.
3.1.2 Quantitative Assessment of Expected Space Mission Return in Terms of NASA's Institutional Goals

NASA high-level goals of Science, Exploration, and Inspiration present challenges to quantitative analysis. A quantitative method of comparison would assist in future mission design and understanding the return from missions in terms of the high-level goals. In this paper, we propose a method to assign quantitative metrics to model potential return from future missions in NASA's high-level goals in Science, Exploration, and Inspiration. The method uses the high-level goals and engineering metrics to build a hierarchical metric tree. We have selected a set of seventeen future missions, which span a multitude of goals, to help define the metrics and provide a test set; human exploration missions have been included but at this stage the data is still limited. We demonstrate herein the results of the model by closely examining three missions from our test set; the integrated return from these missions is equivalent despite the disparate objectives and approaches of the missions themselves. We conclude by discussing future areas of research.
Teacher Responses to Bullying: Self-Reports from the Front Line.

School climate research emphasizes the critical role teachers play in providing safe and supportive environments for students to learn. Despite numerous negative physical and mental health consequences related to bullying in schools, research investigating teachers' responses to reduce bullying is scarce. Individual in-depth interviews were conducted with 30 fourth through eighth grade teachers to determine their perceptions, experiences, and self-reported responses to address bullying. Results yielded a two dimensional model representing four response types: constructive-direct, constructive-indirect, punitive-direct, and punitive-indirect responses. Implications for this innovative model of teacher responses to bullying and future research agendas are discussed.
Lethal and Sublethal Effects of Avermectin/Milbemycin Parasiticides on the African Malaria Vector, Anopheles arabiensis

Four cattle parasiticides of the avermectin/milbemycin class were examined for lethal and sublethal effects on the zoophilic, African malaria vector Anopheles arabiensis. Ivermectin, moxidectin, doramectin, and eprinomectin were mixed with bovine blood and provided to laboratory-reared An. arabiensis in a membrane feeder. Ivermectin and eprinomectin were lethal to An. arabiensis at low concentrations (LC50s of 7.9 ppb and 8.5 ppb, respectively). While the lethality of doramectin (LC50 of 23.9 ppb), was less than that of ivermectin and eprinomectin, it markedly reduced egg development. The concentration of moxidectin required to reduce survivorship and egg production in An. arabiensis was > 100 fold greater than for ivermectin or eprinomectin. Moxidectin was weak in its actions against An. arabiensis relative to the other three chemicals. These results suggest that cattle treated with ivermectin or eprinomectin in the prescribed range of low dosages as parasiticides have blood toxic to zoophilic malaria vectors. Regionally coordinated, seasonal treatment of cattle could suppress An. arabiensis populations, thereby reducing malaria transmission. Doramectin (although less toxic) would have population level effects on egg production if used in this manner.
Left ventricular "masses" in a patient with protein S deficiency and a recent myocardial infarction: evidence of intraventricular thrombi or a benign observation?

Fig 1. Midesophageal bicommissural TEE image showing apparent “masses” along the anterior-lateral walls beneath papillary muscle. A46-YEAR-OLD, 56 kg, 165 cm man with a history of hypertension, hyperlipidemia, tobacco abuse, transient ischemic attacks, and protein S deficiency was evaluated in a community hospital for acute, severe substernal chest pressure radiating to his left arm, nausea, vomiting, diaphoresis, and dizziness. He denied neurological symptoms. The patient stated that he had not taken any of his prescribed cardiac and anticoagulant medications for three months before admission because he had lost his insurance coverage. An electrocardiogram obtained in the emergency department demonstrated acute inferior wall myocardial ischemia. The laboratory analysis showed that the plasma troponin T concentration was elevated. The patient was taken emergently to the cardiac catheterization laboratory where 3 drug-eluting stents were placed in proximal, mid, and distal segments of the right coronary artery. The distal stent occluded immediately after implantation and could not be reopened with angioplasty, but blood flow was restored using intracoronary administration of tissue plasminogen activator. The patient was also treated with clopidogrel, aspirin, atorvastatin, and metoprolol; he was subsequently discharged after several days in the hospital. Two weeks later, he was readmitted with recurrence of his original symptoms accompanied by nonsustained ventricular tachycardia. He was treated with metoprolol and amiodarone and transferred to the authors’ institution for definitive care. A repeat cardiac catheterization demonstrated that the right coronary artery was occluded; some of its distal branches filled in a retrograde fashion through collaterals from the left coronary circulation. Hemodynamically significant stenoses were present in the left anterior descending and left circumflex coronary arteries. Transthoracic echocardiography revealed severe hypokinesis of the inferior wall and an estimated left
Linking Gender, Minority Group Status and Family Matters to Self‐Control Theory: A Multivariate Analysis of Key Self‐Control Concepts in a Youth‐Gang Context

The variable roles of family, gender, and race are underdeveloped in Gottfredson and Hirschi's general theory of crime, also called self control and propensity-event theory. Using cross-sectional data generated as part of the National Evaluation of the Gang Resistance Education and Training program, we assessed the links between the self-reported gang involvement of 5,935 eighth-grade public school students residing in eleven widely dispersed cities and their levels of self-control, gender, minority group status, and family context. We found that youths with low self-control levels reported that they were more deeply involved in gangs than youths with high self-control, as were youths who were not closely monitored by their parents. We also found differences by gender, minority group status, and family structure. This article explores the limitations and implications of these findings for gang research, theory, and juvenile justice practice.
Error compensation for CMM touch trigger probes

Abstract We present the analysis of a simple mechanical model of a common type of kinematic seat touch trigger probe widely used on modern coordinate measuring machines (CMMs). The model provides a quantitative description of the pretravel variation or “probe-lobing” characteristics that limit the use of such probes for high-accuracy dimensional measurements. We include the effects of stylus bending and the frictional interaction between the stylus ball and the part surface. The model is restricted to probes with simple straight styli, and we demonstrate significant error reduction both for vertically and horizontally oriented styli. In the latter case, gravitational forces are shown to play an important role in probe triggering and pretravel variation. Extensions to arbitrary orientations are discussed.
Electroweak baryogenesis in the two-doublet model

Abstract A new mechanism through which a net baryon asymmetry could be generated at the electroweak phase transition is discussed. It works efficiently in minimal extensions of the standard model such as occur in supersymmetric theories, where the Higgs sector involves more than one doublet.
An approach to the study of strong-field laser-induced autoionization

An approach is presented to the study of laser-induced autoionization which usescomplex dressed states as a basis, instead of the commonly used Fano eigenstates. The complex dressed states are the eigenstates of an effective Hamiltonian governing the equations of motion for the atomic probability amplitudes in the broad background assumption and in the rotating frame at the laser frequency. The electron and photon spectra are described in terms of the eigenvalues associated with the complex dressed states.
EFFECT OF DIETARY PHENYLALANINE AND TRYPTOPHAN ON PINEAL AND HYPOTHALAMIC SEROTONIN LEVELS.

SummaryLong-Evans rats were placed on diets containing 5% L-tryptophan or 7% L-phenylalanine or without supplements, when 4 weeks old and were sacrificed 5, 9, 12, or 19 days later. The high tryptophan diet led to a 250% increase in pineal and a nearly 100% increase in hypothalamic serotonin within 5 to 9 days. The high phenylalanine diet led to a 30% reduction in serotonin content in both tissues. These results are compared with those from whole brain.
When nanoparticles get in the way: impact of projected area on in vivo and in vitro macrophage function.

Previous reports by others establish that particle surface area is related to a change in macrophage function as measured by the ability to clear particles from the alveolar spaces. However, for nanoparticles the relation may not be strictly due to surface chemistry: The cumulative projected area of the particles may reflect the degree to which the inner or outer surface of the macrophage is shielded from other objects or molecules. We apply this alternative interpretation to in vitro measurements of macrophage uptake of 26-nm-diameter fluorescent beads and to in vivo data presented in a classic inhalation toxicology paper on nano-sized TiO2 particles. In their paper, Oberdorster et al. (Environ. Health Perspect. 102[suppl. 5]:173–179, 1994) reported that following inhalation exposure to 20-nm or 250-nm TiO2 particles, the half-times for alveolar clearance of polystyrene test particles were proportional to square centimeters of TiO2 particle surface per million macrophages; macrophage toxicity from TiO2 p...
Cross-cultural small group research: A review, an analysis, and a theory

Abstract The small group research reported in the literature has been conducted predominantly with American subjects. Because these studies have primarily sampled only one culture, it was speculated that the findings may not be applicable to groups in other societies. After examining the available cross-national small group research, the investigator found that group behavior frequently varied from culture to culture, particularly with regard to leadership, conformity, network performance, and risky shift. In discussing cultural differences in group behavior, a value theory of small group development was posited. Essentially, the theory maintains that cultural values determine how a small group and its members behave. Research strategies for testing the theory are also examined in the article.
Terbutaline‐induced desensitization of polymorphonuclear leukocyte β2‐adrenergic receptors in young and elderly subjects

Potential age-related differences in cardiovascular responsiveness and receptor regulation induced by short-term administration of a selective β2-adrenergic receptor agonist were investigated. Young (age range, 23 to 31 years) and elderly (age range, 64 to 73 years) healthy subjects were treated with terbutaline (5 mg, three times daily) for 5 days. Similar plasma terbutaline concentrations were achieved in the two age groups. The elderly group had higher baseline plasma norepinephrine concentrations and mean arterial pressures, neither of which were altered by terbutaline administration. During terbutaline treatment, heart rate increased in both age groups while subjects were supine but consistently increased only in the young group while subjects were standing. In both age groups, the density of β2-adrenergic receptors on polymorphonuclear leukocyte membranes was reduced by 50% during terbutaline administration and returned to baseline values at similar rates after drug administration was stopped. Isoproterenol-stimulated cyclic adenosine monophosphate accumulation in polymorphonuclear leukocytes from elderly subjects was regulated similarly. These findings suggest that the ability of terbutaline to increase standing heart rate is selectively impaired in the elderly, whereas the ability of polymorphonuclear leukocyte β2-adrenergic receptors to down-regulate and to return to baseline values is not. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (1992) 51, 432–439; doi:10.1038/clpt.1992.43
A Critique of Principlism

The authors use the term "principlism" to refer to the practice of using "principles" to replace both moral theory and particular moral rules and ideals in dealing with the moral problems that arise in medical practice. The authors argue that these "principles" do not function as claimed, and that their use is misleading both practically and theoretically. The "principles" are in fact not guides to action, but rather they are merely names for a collection of sometimes superficially related matters for consideration when dealing with a moral problem. The "principles" lack any systematic relationship to each other, and they often conflict with each other. These conflicts are unresolvable, since there is no unified moral theory from which they are all derived. For comparison the authors sketch the advantages of using a unified moral theory.
On The Systolic Arrays Of Brent, Luk, and Van Loan

Systolic architectures due to Brent, Luk, and Van Loan are today the most promising idea for computing the symmetric eigenvalue and singular value decompositions in real time. These systolic arrays, however, are only able to solve problems of a given, fixed size. Here we present two modified algorithms and a modified array that do not have this disadvantage. The results of a numerical experiment show that a combination of one of the new algorithms and the new array is just as efficient as the Brent-Luk-Van Loan method.
Synthesis and NMR Studies of [(C5Me5)Os(L)H2(H2)+] Complexes. Evidence of the Adoption of Different Structures by a Dihydrogen Complex in Solution and the Solid State

Protonation of the osmium(IV) trihydrides (C5Me5)OsH3(L) with HBF4 in diethyl ether affords the molecular dihydrogen complexes [(C5Me5)Os(H2)H2(L)][BF4], where L is PPh3 (1), AsPh3 (2), or PCy3 (3)...
Intracellular Trafficking of Perforin: To Thwart a Killer

How do killer cells restrain perforin, the most potent toxin known to biologists, at its point of synthesis in the endoplasmic reticulum, where conditions are ideal for its activation? In this issue of Immunity, Brennan et al. (2011) study its trafficking, offering insights into protective mechanisms.
Neutron inelastic scattering to octupole states in single-closed-shell nuclei

Abstract Differential cross sections for the excitation of the first octupole-vibrational state in the closed- neutron-shell nuclides 88 Sr and 90 Zr and in the closed-proton shell-nuclei 116, 118, 120, 124 Sn by 11 MeV neutrons are presented. The distorted-wave Born approximation is used to obtain deformation lengths, σ(3 − ), for each state. Results are compared with earlier measurements of inelastic proton scattering to the same states. Although limited resolution in the neutron time- of-flight spectrometer complicates the interpretation of the Sn data, the overall conclusion that σ nn′ (3 − ) ≈ σ pp′ (3 − ) is supported by all of the measurements.
Lissajous-like scan pattern for a gimballed LIDAR

In this paper the use of Lissajous-like scan trajectories is studied for a gimballed LIDAR system. In these systems a planar LIDAR sensor is attached to a gimbal, allowing for the collection of 3D range information. Typical gimballed LIDAR systems use raster scan patterns, where the LIDAR is slowly rotated and each line of LIDAR data is collected in order. In contrast, when using a Lissajous-like scan pattern, the image points are collected while the gimbal is moving more quickly. Thus image data is not collected line by line. This trajectory allows a trade between scan speed and resolution that is not possible when using a raster scan. In order to understand the use of Lissajous-like scan patterns for a gimballed LIDAR systems, relevant theory is developed to understand the scan speed/resolution trade-off, simulations are performed to support the theory, and proof-of-concept experiments are performed to show the feasibility of the approach.
A nuclear reaction chamber system for research with heavy-ion particle beams

Abstract A reaction chamber was designed and constructed to meet the more stringent requirements of experiments with heavy-ion beams and crystalline targets. Deposits and effects of residual gas particles are minimized by operating in the 10 −9 torr range and by the exclusion of organic materials in the construction of the chamber. All features of conventional high-precision target chambers, such as rotatable detector mounts, target air lock, external and remote controls for target and detector orientation, were retained and improved.
Development of Efficient Energy Function for Protein-Small Molecule Interactions in Medusadock

MedusaDock [1, 2] is a flexible docking approach in which both the ligand and the receptor conformational flexibilities are modeled simultaneously. A predetermined discrete set of amino acid rotamers is used for representing receptor flexibility while for ligands, stochastic rotamers are generated on-the-fly during the simulation. Previous benchmark studies and CSAR 2012 blind prediction test suggested [2] that MedusaDock is able to rapidly sample the binding poses and accurately predict near-native binding scores with the scoring function, MedusaScore. However, CSAR2012 benchmark results suggested that the MedusaScore cannot satisfactorily predict the binding affinities [3]. In this work, we developed new scoring functions by introducing free energy penalties of both proteins and ligands upon binding. Specifically, we included ligand entropy loss as well as receptor energy strains induced by binding. We benchmarked the ability to reproduce experimentally determined affinities of 148 protein-ligand complexes [4]. With the inclusion of new energy terms and use of new methods, Medusa's performance was significantly improved in terms of recapitulating the binding affinities.References1. F. Ding, Yin, S., and Dokholyan, N.V. “Rapid flexible docking using a stochastic rotamer library of ligands”, Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling, 50:1623-32 (2010).2. F. Ding and N.V. Dokholyan, “Incorporating backbone flexibility in MedusaDock improves ligand binding pose prediction in the CSAR2011 docking benchmark”, J. Chem. Inf. Model., 53:1871-1879 (2013).3. Fourche, D., Muratov, E., Ding, F., Dokholyan, N.V., Tropsha, A. “Predicting binding affinity of CSAR ligands using both structure-based and ligand-based approaches”, Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling, 53: 1915-1922 (2013).4. 3. 2012 dataset available on CSAR dock website, www.csardock.org.
The synthesis of the 1‐ and 2‐cycloalkyl‐1,2,3‐benzotriazole system

The first reported synthesis of 1- and 2-cycloalkyl-1,2,3-benzotriazoles is reported. Physical and spectral data of the system are reported. Molecular orbital calculations on the 1,2,3-benzotriazole anion show that N1 is a more nucleophilic site than N2.
The effect of preoperative oral droperidol on the incidence of postoperative emesis after paediatric strabismus surgery.

La majorite des enfants vomissent apres chirurgie pour correction de strabisme. Ľadministration intraveineuse de droperidol aux enfants non-premediques apres ľinduction mais avant la manipulation de ľasil reduit significativement ľincidence des vomissements postoperatoires. Cette etude veut verifier ľhypothese que ľadministration plus precoce de droperidol par vote orale avec la premedication orale diminuera ľincidence de vomissement postoperatoire dans ce groupe de patients. Soixante-cinq patients ont ete randomises en trois groupes. Un groupe a recu la premedication orale standard (meperidine 1.5 mg·kg-1, diazepam 0.15 mg·kg-1, atropine 0.02 mg· kg-1 Dans les deux autres groupes, du droperidol a des doses de 50 ou 75 αg·g-1 a ete substitue pour Ie diazepam. Les groupes traites au droperidol ont demontre une diminution significative de ľincidence de vomissement avant leur conge de ľhopital compare au groupe qui a recu la premedication orale standard (standard - 73 pour cent, 50 fig α kg-1 - 33 pour cent, 75 α· kg-1 droperidol - 36 pour cent) sans que leur sejour a ľhopital soit prolonge.
Enrollment in physical education is associated with overall physical activity in adolescent girls

Little is known about population-level contributions of school physical education to overall physical activity (PA) in youth. Because PA levels are lower in girls than boys, it is particularly important that the effects of PE programs in adolescent girls be understood. Thus, the purpose of this study was to determine the association of enrollment in physical education and overall physical activity participation in adolescent girls. A measurement protocol was administered to cross-sectional samples of 8th-, 9th-, and 12th-grade girls participating in a school-based PA intervention study (1998–2003). PA was assessed with the 3-Day Physical Activity Recall. Three-way analyses of variance were performed to compare groups formed on the basis of physical education enrollment. For each grade group of girls, those who were enrolled in physical education reported more moderate-to-vigorous PA and more vigorous PA than nonenrolled girls. When activity in physical education classes was deleted, 8th-and 9th-grade phys...
An Analysis of Teachers' Reasons and Desired Outcomes for Students Referred for Psychoeducational Assessment

The purpose of this investigation was to describe elementary classroom teachers' specific reasons and desired outcomes for referral. Data were collected from 105 teachers at the point when they referred students for psychoeducational assessment. The primary reasons for referral were learning-related and behavioral; most of the major desired outcomes related to special education consideration and/or intervention. A comparison of students referred primarily for learning versus behavior problems is described. Implications and future research needs for the assessment and decision-making process are discussed.
A Survey of Leśniewski’s Logic

In the period between the two world wars the eminent Polish logician Stanislaw Leśniewski (1886–1939) created a hierarchy of logical systems which are unparalleled for their generality, precision, and intuitive foundations. By way of a careful and insightful analysis of the Russell Antinomy he came to distinguish between two notions of class, the distributive class and the collective class. Investigation of these concepts led to the creation of his systems of Ontology and Mereology, respectively. Then, in order to secure the foundations of these systems, he created the most fundamental system, Protothetic.
Cover Picture: High-Performance Organic Single-Crystal Transistors on Flexible Substrates (Adv. Mater. 17/2006)

The cover shows a comparison of thin and thick rubrene single crystals where the flexibility of the thin rubrene crystals is clearly illustrated. On p. 2320, Yang, Bao, and co-workers report that high performance flexible transistors on plastic substrates fabricated by using these rubrene “thin-film” single-crystals demonstrate mobility as high as 4.6 cm2 Vs–1 and ON/OFF ratios of approximately 106.
Research productivity in communication: An analysis, 1996‐2001

The study provides an analysis of those scholars who produced a substantial number of articles in 24 communication journals during the period, 1996‐2001. The purpose of the study was to update the information provided in previous studies. Using data similar to that previously found in the Index to Journals in Communication Studies, the authors found that during the period a number of new names has appeared. As a result, the authors develop a list of the top one percent (50) of those researchers, as well as providing data on the institutions which these scholars represent. The minimum number of articles necessary during the period to be included was nine.
Nanoparticles behaving oddly

Volokitin et al make a compelling case for the presence of quantum size effects in the thermodynamic properties of metal nanoparticles. Their results provide the first experimental glimpse into the effects of having odd and even numbers of electrons, level repulsion and canonical ensemble statistics on the behavior of metal clusters. Studies of this kind are vital to our fundamental understanding and practical exploitation of these systems. Our increasing ability to make clusters of varying types and sizes, together with other recently discovered structures such as quantum dots, fullerenes, nanotubes and nanocrystals, is opening up an exciting new arena for fundamental and applied research on the nanometer scale.