cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Photoemission studies of carbon overlayers on Nb

AbstractWe have studied the electronic properties of the amorphous, graphitic, and carhidic phases ofcarbon layers on niobium. While features of the valence hand photoemission and absorption cross sec-tion spectra have been discussed in separate publications, this presentation focusses on the observa-tion of resonant photoemission and the photon- induced Auger spectra.IntroductionThe electronic properties of carbon layers on surfaces have received growing attention due totwo particular interests. One involves the reported diamond -like properties of amorphous carbonfilms which make them potentially attractive as optical coatings. These properties are generallythought to arise from dominant tetrahedral bonding in the films although very recently evidence forunsaturated threefold coordinated bonds has also been reported.],2 A second area concerns theproperties of carbon surface layers and their relationship to the activity of methanation catalystssuch as carbon on nickel or ruthenium. Active catalysts show a carbon Auger line shape characteris-tic of a carbide, while inactive ones show the presence of a graphitic species.3 We have producedthe analogous carbon layers on niobium which, at different annealing stages, allow the study of allthree types (amorphous, graphitic, and carbidic). The electronic structure of these films will bediscussed in the subsequent paragraphs based on the observation of resonant photoemission and the
Fiber/matrix interphase characterization using the dynamic interphase loading apparatus

The dynamic interphase loading apparatus (DILA) developed to perform microdebonding push-out tests directly characterizes the fiber/matrix interphase properties of composites as a function of loading rate. The use of a piezoelectric transducer allows one to input a variety of displacements and loading rates (quasi-static to 50 mm/s) to the indenter. Transient force and displacement values, recorded during the test, are then used to determine the average shear strength and energy absorbed during debonding and frictional sliding during the microdebonding process. An E-glass/vinyl ester composite was tested under single microdebonding as well as fatigue loading. Test results showed that the strength and energy-absorbing capability of the interphase was sensitive to loading rate.
Fewer interventions in the immediate post-extubation management of pediatric intensive care unit patients: safety and cost containment

Abstract Purpose : The purpose of this article was to compare the safety and patient charges of two postextubation treatment regimens. Materials and Methods : Twenty-two pediatric patients, between the ages of 7 months and 13 years, who were mechanically ventilated for less than 5 days were studied in a prospective randomized nonblinded study at a multidisciplinary pediatric intensive care unit. Immediately after extubation all patients received supplemental oxygen, administered via mask or nasal cannulae, at a flow rate or concentration sufficient to maintain the pulse oximetric arterial oxygen saturations >95%; arterial blood gas analyses were performed at 30 minutes after extubation. The subjects were randomly assigned to one of two protocols. Protocol A (our standard management) consisted of (1) three nebulized albuterol treatments administered 1 hour apart, and (2) a chest radiograph obtained within 60 minutes of extubation. Protocol B included one nebulized albuterol treatment administered immediately after extubation. We measured the heart rate, respiratory rate, and arterial blood pressure immediately after and at 60, 120, and 180 minutes following extubation. The following data were also recorded: arterial blood gas analysis results and continuous pulse oximetric arterial oxygen saturation levels. Any significant complications, such as stridor, respiratory distress, or requirement for reintubation, were noted if they occurred within 24 hours of extubation. Patient charge costs were calculated after obtaining the prevailing hospital and physician charges at the time of the study. Results : Eleven patients completed each arm of the study (total = 22). There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups with respect to arterial pH, serum bicarbonate, pulse oximetric arterial oxygen saturation, arterial blood pressure, respiratory rate, or heart rate (P > .05). Patients treated with Protocol A had a statistically, but not clinically, significant higher mean Pa O 2 and Pa CO 2 (P = .02 and P = .05, respectively) than those in Protocol B. Associated charges per patient for Protocol A were $863.50 versus $476.00 for Protocol B. This is a savings of $387.50 per patient. Our pediatric intensive care unit provides care to over 600 intubated patients per year, which would equate to a charge savings of $232,500.00 per year. Conclusion : A modified postextubation management protocol, consisting of fewer interventions, resulted in significant patient charge savings with no increased risk to the patient.
The individual investor in securities markets: An ethical analysis

In this paper we consider whether one type of individual investor, which we call “at risk” investors, should be denied access to securities markets to prevent them from suffering serious financial harm. We consider one kind of paternalistic justification for prohibiting at risk investors from participating in securities markets, and argue that it is not successful. We then argue that restricting access to markets is justified in some circumstances to protect the rights of at risk investors. We conclude with some suggestions about how this might be done.
Real-time 3D and 4D Fourier domain Doppler optical coherence tomography based on dual graphics processing units

We present real-time 3D (2D cross-sectional image plus time) and 4D (3D volume plus time) phase-resolved Doppler OCT (PRDOCT) imaging based on configuration of dual graphics processing units (GPU). A GPU-accelerated phase-resolving processing algorithm was developed and implemented. We combined a structural image intensity-based thresholding mask and average window method to improve the signal-to-noise ratio of the Doppler phase image. A 2D simultaneous display of the structure and Doppler flow images was presented at a frame rate of 70 fps with an image size of 1000 × 1024 (X × Z) pixels. A 3D volume rendering of tissue structure and flow images—each with a size of 512 × 512 pixels—was presented 64.9 milliseconds after every volume scanning cycle with a volume size of 500 × 256 × 512 (X × Y × Z) voxels, with an acquisition time window of only 3.7 seconds. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that an online, simultaneous structure and Doppler flow volume visualization has been achieved. Maximum system processing speed was measured to be 249,000 A-scans per second with each A-scan size of 2048 pixels.
Application of Current Algebra Techniques to Soft Pion Production by the Weak Neutral Current: S,P,T Case

We develop the cross-section formulas needed to correlate information on neutral currents obtained from deep-inelastic neutrino scattering, neutrino-proton elastic scattering, and neutral-current-induced soft-pion production, in the case of neutral currents with $S$, $P$, $T$ spatial structure. (The necessary $S$, $P$, $T$ current renormalization constants were estimated by us in a previous paper.) The pion-emission amplitude is obtained by current-algebra soft-pion techniques, with the effects of (3,3)-resonance excitation taken into account to leading nonvanishing order in the static approximation. We analyze recently reported Brookhaven National Laboratory results for neutral-current-induced soft-pion production under the simplifying assumption of a purely isoscalar $S$, $P$, $T$ neutral current, while simultaneously imposing existing bounds on neutrino-proton elastic scattering and fitting existing data on neutral-current-induced deep-inelastic scattering. If all $S$, $P$, $T$ renormalization constants are given their central quark-model values, the elastic-scattering and deep-inelastic restrictions constrain the pion-production cross section to be too low compared with experiment; if apparently reasonable deviations of the parameters from the quark-model values are permitted, satisfactory fits to all data are obtained with $S$, $T$, with $P$, $T$ or with $S$, $P$, $T$ mixtures. An isovector tensor or pseudoscalar neutral current is found to lead to a strong (3,3) peak in $\ensuremath{\pi}N$ invariant-mass plots, but an isovector scalar neutral current can be present without producing a visible (3,3) peak, even when ratios of the various $\ensuremath{\pi}N$ charge states produced by the neutral current are appreciably changed from the values which they have in the isoscalar-current case. Two other interesting qualitative features of $\mathrm{CP}$-conserving $S$, $P$, $T$ structures are the following: (1) constructive $T$ interference with $S$ (or $S$ and $P$) in $\ensuremath{\nu}+N\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\nu}+N+\ensuremath{\pi}$ can accompany destructive interference in $\ensuremath{\nu}+p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\nu}+p$, and vice versa, and (ii) observation of unequal neutrino- and antineutrino-induced neutral-current cross sections would not be accompanied by neutral-current-induced parity-violating effects in the $\mathrm{pp}$, $\mathrm{ep}$, and $\ensuremath{\mu}p$ interactions.
An Exploratory Factor Analysis of the Burden Assessment Scale with a Sample of African-American Families

It remains unclear if the factor structures of commonly used caregiver burden scales normed on white samples are similar with samples from different ethnic communities. Our study tests the factor structure of the Burden Assessment Scale (BAS) using Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) with data from low-income, African American families caring for a family member with schizophrenia. The EFA solution included a 2 factor structure of subjective burden and objective burden with strong loadings demonstrating a clear differentiation between the factors. Our results suggest that low income, African American families appear to experience caregiving burden as one major or broad component in their lives similar to other areas that demand ongoing coping and adaptation. Likewise, the factor structure found with this sample as compared to the factor structure found with white samples suggests differences in the perception of and/or the reporting of burden. Study limitations as well as implications for practice are provided.
Capsular blockage syndrome in a child: a case report

Sir, The case report is from Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK. Capsular blockage syndrome (CBS) is a rare complication of cataract surgery. We report a case of 7 year old girl with CBS after lensectomy and PCIOL implantation for uveitic cataract.
Tractable Fragments of Presburger Arithmetic

In this paper we introduce a problem called Quantified Integer Programming, which generalizes the Quantified Satisfiability problem (QSAT). In a Quantified Integer Program (QIP) the program variables can assume arbitrary integral values, as opposed to the boolean values that are assumed by the variables of an instance of QSAT. QIPs naturally represent two-person integer matrix games. The Quantified Integer Programming problem is PSPACE-hard in general, since the QSAT problem is PSPACE-complete. Quantified Integer Programming can be thought of as a restriction of Presburger Arithmetic, in that we allow only conjunctions of linear inequalities. We focus on analyzing various special cases of the general problem, with a view to discovering subclasses that are tractable. Subclasses of the general QIP problem are obtained by restricting either the constraint matrix or quantifier specification or both. We show that if the constraint matrix is totally unimodular, the problem of deciding a QIP can be solved in polynomial time. We also establish the computational complexities of Oblivious strategy games and Clairvoyant strategy games.
ITERATED RANDOM PULSE PROCESSES AND THEIR SPECTRAL PROPERTIES

A new class of scaling random processes is introduced. The processes are obtained as sums of non-negative pulses and are generated through a recursive scheme that proceeds from coarser to finer scales. The representation at any given scale has the form of a filtered doubly-stochastic Poisson point process whose intensity depends linearly on the process at the immediately coarser scale. The filter functions (the pulses) at different scales are related through contractive affine transformations. If the transformations are isotropic in physical space, then the spectral density of the infinitely iterated process, , is found to decay as along any radial direction, where the exponent c depends on the dimension of physical space and the parameters of the affine transformation. Various extensions of the basic scheme are considered, including pulses of random shape and anisotropic affine relations among the pulses at different scales. Processes of this type have several applications, including the representation of width functions in river basin hydrology.
Effect of hydrogen on the magnetic properties of Er and Tm

Magnetization measurements have been made on Er-H and Tm-H over the (4.2-120)-K temperature range. Results show that all of the magnetic ordering temperatures decrease with increasing hydrogen concentrations up to the limit of simple solubility where compound formation sets in. The data establish that hydrogen interstitial solubility limits are 3.6 at.% for Er and 7.7 at.% for Tm.
Merger Component of Growth of Agricultural Cooperatives

A MERICAN economic history is rich with examples of business firms that have combined in some form to achieve growth and other objectives. As a result, the merger component of growth is becoming an area of increasing interest to economists [6, 10]. Growth by merger, in contrast to growth by internal expansion, is of importance because of its capability of drastically and quickly modifying firm, market, and industry structures. Economists and regulatory agencies are concerned with the changes in concentration, conduct, and performance which may occur. In addition, stockholders and management of firms considering mergers are interested in the factors affecting merger success. This paper bears on these issues but is not explicitly a traditional market structure approach. The purpose of this paper is to discuss empirical findings on the extent of merger activity among agricultural cooperatives, the impact on cooperative growth, relative growth of merging and nonmerging cooperatives, and Markov-chain projections of future growth of farmer cooperatives. Studies on the success of cooperative mergers are scarce.' A study by Mueller found that between 1945 and 1955 nearly one-half of the 102 large dairy cooperatives in his study grew, in part, by merger and acquisition [10]. Cooperatives that used merger in this period grew more rapidly than those growing only by internal expansion. Mueller summarizes his study by suggesting that, if growth is a measure of success, then his findings support the hypothesis that merging dairy cooperatives are more successful than those that have relied on internal growth alone. Another study on dairy firms by Hammond and Cook concurs with Mueller's findings that merging firms showed a higher growth rate than nonmerging firms [4].
An analog model of conditioned responses

This report describes the use of an analog computer in modeling of psychological conditioned responses. The model uses a simple track-hold circuit for an analog simu lation of a memory, with a constant input when the circuit is in the track condition. Consequently, the entire model is quite simple. The model is versatile, and produces a quantitative measure of the magnitude of the conditioned response. The data obtained from this simulation agrees well with psychological data. The results of Pavlov's famous experiments with dogs are given in this report for comparison with the results obtained from the model.
Securing user inputs for the web

The goal of this paper is to study secure and usable methods for providing user input to a website. Three principles define security for us: certification, awareness, and privacy. Four principles define usability: contextual awareness, semantic awareness, prodigious use of screen space, and the availability of recommended choices.We first describe how current approaches to the solicitation of user input on the web fail on both fronts: they either can not handle certified data, do not respect user privacy, or have various usability problems which frustrate and perhaps even mislead the user.To address security, we suggest the use of more sophisticated private certificate systems. To address usability, we propose a new contextual, browser-integrated interface for using private certificate systems. Our system incorporates many recent design principles discussed in the security and usability space. It works in the main content area of a webpage; it focuses on making the user aware of the who, what, where, when and why of a data request, and it does not use valuable screen space when it is not relevant.
Soybean host plant resistance mechanisms that alter abundance of whiteflies (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae).

Trichome density and erectness, plant height, plant canopy closure, and epicuticular lipid composition were measured from 14 soybean genotypes at 2 locations in Tift County, Georgia, for potential whitefly resistance mechanisms. Differences were noted in the number of trichomes per 300–mm2 leaf area, plant heights, and canopy closure indices for the 14 soybean entries, but these differences showed no correlation to 1993 and 1994 infestation levels of Bemisia argentifolii Bellows & Perring and Trialeurodes abutilonea (Haldeman). However, differences in trichome erectness ratings corresponded to differences in whitefly populations during both seasons, particularly in 1994 when overall population densities were higher. ‘N88–9l’, ‘Cook’, and ‘Perrin’ had lower seasonal mean densities of whiteflies in 1993 and 1994 than several of the other entries. These entries also had higher erectness ratings (trichomes flat on leaf surface) than the entries with higher whitefly populations. ‘N89–1’ had lower erectness ratings (trichomes erect) and higher whitefly populations than most other entries in both 1993 and 1994. Analysis of the epicuticular lipid composition of 10 soybean genotypes detected differences among the entries of levels for n–hentriacontane, a–amyrin, 13– amyrin, and lupeol (triterpenol). These differences were not correlated to whitefly population densities for any of the chemical constituents. However, entries with low levels of lupeol (below 5 μg/cm2)tended to have higher whitefly populations. B. argentifolii was the predominant whitefly species observed at this test site. Over 85% of the immatures observed on the leaf surface and over 90% of the adult whiteflies captured on yellow sticky cards were B. argentifolii , whereas low numbers of T. abutilonea were observed.
Isotope shifts of C I spectral lines and their application to radioactive dating by laser-assisted mass spectrometry

We have calculated isotope shifts for several one- and two-photon transitions in neutral carbon. The results provide a unified interpretation of existing experimental data, and they demonstrate the applicability of a new method of ultrasensitive isotope trace analysis to carbon.
The effect of desmopressin on short-term memory in children with primary nocturnal enuresis

Purpose: The use of desmopressin in patients with primary nocturnal enuresis is based on the hypothesis of a nocturnal lack of endogenous arginine vasopressin. However, in addition to the kidney, other targets of desmopressin are known. Therefore, we examined whether the administration of desmopressin influences central nervous function in children with primary nocturnal enuresis.Materials and Methods: Our prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled cross-over study was performed on 40 children with nocturnal enuresis. Patients were randomly assigned to receive either 20 μg. desmopressin intranasally or 0.9% saline solution. Each group comprised 19 and 21 to children, respectively. After 2 weeks the groups were switched. The children were tested for short-term memory and reaction time to both treatments. Statistical analysis was done using the Wilcoxon matched pairs test.Results: Median patient age was 8.0 years (range 6 to 13). During desmopressin treatment children in both groups had a sig...
The CMS Masterclass and Particle Physics Outreach

The CMS Masterclass enables high school students to analyse authentic CMS data. Students can draw conclusions on key ratios and particle masses by combining their analyses. In particular, they can use the ratio of W^+ to W^- candidates to probe the structure of the proton, they can find the mass of the Z boson, and they can identify additional particles including, tentatively, the Higgs boson. In the United States, masterclasses are part of QuarkNet, a long-term program that enables students and teachers to use cosmic ray and particle physics data for learning with an emphasis on data from CMS.
Effect of periodontitis on insulin resistance and the onset of type 2 diabetes mellitus in Zucker diabetic fatty rats.

Background Studies indicate that an association exists between periodontitis and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and/or obesity, with chronic inflammation hypothesized as the common denominator. The purpose of this study was to determine the causal effect of periodontitis and the concomitant impact of diet on the onset of insulin resistance (IR) and T2DM using a rat model system that simulates human obesity and T2DM. Methods Twenty-eight, 5-week-old female Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF, fa/fa) rats were divided into four groups of seven animals: high-fat fed-periodontitis (HF/P), high-fat fed-no periodontitis (HF/C), low-fat fed-periodontitis (LF/P), and low-fat fed-no periodontitis (LF/C). Periodontitis was induced by ligature placement. Fasting plasma insulin and glucose levels were measured, and glucose tolerance tests were performed to assess glucose homeostasis, IR, and the onset of T2DM. The level of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), leptin, triglycerides, and free fatty acids were determined in week 13 at sacrifice. Results HF/P rats developed more severe IR compared to HF/C rats (P 125 mg/dl) 2 weeks earlier than HF/C rats. There was no difference in the severity and onset of IR and T2DM between LF/P and LF/C rats. The level of TNF-alpha was significantly higher in HF/P rats compared to HF/C rats (P Conclusion Periodontitis accelerated the onset of severe IR and impaired glucose homeostasis in high-fat fed ZDF rats.
Measuring and quantifying the silent majority on the Internet

Increasingly, researchers are mining social media as a way of inferring public sentiment from the Internet. While ways to measure social media participation are beginning to be well established, there are little ways to measure the silent voice of a passive consumer. Passive consumers refrain from actively offering opinions, and as such cannot be completely quantified using social media crawls alone. Passive consumers account for a significant proportion of the casual Internet user, often amounting to over 90%. We argue that mining the Internet for public sentiments should quantify and consider both active and passive participation. This paper examines various ways of inferring passive participation by investigating methods to measure and quantify these silent voices using publicly available information on the web. Specifically, we take a closer look at two approaches: (i) measuring loading at popular web-portals, which can be used to estimate the number of online users at that web portal, and (ii) DNS caches, which can be probed to inspect browsing requests for a variety of domains. We present a case study using either approach, while identifying potential pitfalls and some ways to overcome them.
Bullies and victims in school: A review and call for research

Bullies are youngsters who systematically victimize a target group of their peers. While there is information from varied samples on bullies and passive victims in school, we know little about aggressive victims. This group in many ways is the most vulnerable of all. In this paper I review this literature on bullies and victims, paying particular attention to aggressive victims. Guided by social cognitive and dominance theories, I consider research questions that are useful in addressing this problem. Specifically, I recommend the use of direct observational techniques to determine the costs and benefits bullies and victims accrue from the relationships with each other.
Emission spectroscopy utilizing an air-cooled argon laser and an optrode-based UV-Vis spectrophotometer: A scaled-down laser spectroscopy configuration for solution-phase fiber optic sensing

The sensitivity of a scaled-down emission spectroscopy configuration was tested with the use of (1) the fluorescence from Rhodamine 6G in ethanol and (2) the Raman emission from acetone, toluene, methanol, and water. The fluorescence results showed a linear intensity response down to a concentration of 3.17 × 10−7 mg/mL, which corresponded to sensitivity of four parts per ten billion by weight. Nonlinear signal levels extended the sensitivity almost two more orders of magnitude lower in concentration. The observation of Raman emission indicated that this system was sensitive enough to detect very weak intensities but was two to three orders of magnitude too insensitive to produce a practical Raman sensor.
Management of acyclovir-resistant herpes simplex virus

In immunocompetent patients, HSV is controlled rapidly by the human host's immune system, and recurrent lesions are small and short lived. When treated with antiviral agents, these patients rarely develop resistance to these drugs. In contrast immunocompromised patients might not be able to control HSV infection. Thus, frequent and severe reactivations are often seen and might lead to fatal herpetic encephalitis or disseminated HSV infection. Treatment in these patients is limited because immunocompromised hosts often develop severe herpes disease refractory to antiviral drug therapy. It is therefore imperative that physicians develop regimens to deal with both receptive and refractory HSV disease. The following treatment protocol (modified from Balfour and colleagues) might serve as a guide until further investigation of new drugs is performed. In all patients standard oral ACV therapy should be initiated at a dose of 200 mg orally, five times a day for the first 3 to 5 days. Prior to treatment, cultures the lesions should be obtained to verify HSV etiology. If the response is poor, the dose of oral ACV should be increased to 800 mg five times a day. If no response seen after 5 to 7 days, it is unlikely that the lesion will respond to intravenous ACV (or chemically and structurally related drugs such as VCV or famciclovir), so an alternative regimen must be assigned. First, repeat cultures for vital, fungal, and bacterial pathogens must be performed. In addition, ACV susceptibility studies should be ordered, if available. If the mucocutaneous lesion is accessible for topical treatment, TFT (as ophthalmic solution) should be applied to the area three to four times a day until the lesion is completely healed. If the lesion is inaccessible or if the response to TFT is poor, therapy with intravenous foscarnet should be given for 10 days or until complete resolution of the lesions. The dosage of foscarnet should be 40 milligrams per kilogram three times per day or 60 milligrams per kilogram twice daily. If foscarnet fails to achieve clinical clearing, consideration should be given to use of intravenous cidofovir (or application of compounded 1% to 3% topical cidofovir ointment). Vidarabine is reserved for situations in which all of these therapies fail. If lesions reoccur in the same location following clearing, the patient should started on high-dose oral ACV (800 mg, five times daily) or intravenous foscarnet (40 mg/kg tid or 60 mg/kg bid) as soon as possible. When lesions occur in a different location, the patient should be treated initially with standard doses of oral ACV (200 mg, five times daily) and the above protocol should be followed should there be clinical failure. In the future, new treatment options for patients with documented HSV resistance will be important in reducing the clinical impact of HSV.
Factors influencing the stability of the tetragonal form of zirconia

The p-italicH of the solution that zirconia is precipitated from defines the crystal phase formed after calcination of the material at 400 /sup 0/ to 600 /sup 0/C. A metastable tetragonal form is obtained for either low (less than about 5) or high (greater than about 13) p-italicH. The tetragonal phase formed at high p-italicH is much more stable at the calcination temperature than the material obtained at a low p-italicH is. For a material obtained by precipitation at a low p-italicH, monoclinic crystallites, determined by x-ray line broadening, were obtained that were smaller than the tetragonal crystals that produced them. A crystallite size effect, based on x-ray line broadening, is not responsible for the formation or stabilization of the tetragonal phase.
The shuttle induced background: Gaseous constituents

The gaseous environment around the Shuttle was evaluated by several instruments flown on many Shuttle flights. The major contaminant turned out to be water vapor. The rear thrusters are a major transitory source of water, N2 and/or CO, and possibly NO. Since effluent fluxes are scattered from the atmosphere into instrument faces, the angle of attack is an important variable in the flux levels.
Successful liver transplantation from a donor with brodifacoum intoxication

We describe our use of a liver allograft from a donor who died of intracranial hemorrhage after brodifacoum ingestion. Because brodifacoum can remain in the human body for months, the recipient's posttransplantation coagulation profiles and serum brodifacoum levels were monitored closely. Her posttransplantation course was excellent, with no coagulation problem. At 15 months posttransplantation, she is well, with normal liver function and coagulation profile. We conclude that brodifacoum toxicity is not a strict contraindication to liver donation.
A frontal procedure using skyline storage

A frontal-skyline method is presented which allows for compact storage while using the frontal method. It is shown that the method requires the same minimum core storage as the frontal method and fewer transfers to and from disk than the blocked-skyline method. Subroutines necessary for its implementation with finite element codes are given.
Clergy Perspectives and Practices Regarding Intimate Violence: A Rural View

Intimate violence has been recognized as a major problem in the United States. The financial and social hardships of declining rural economies, the social isolation of distance and poor transportation, inadequate social services for families in crisis, and limited options for women who might otherwise leave abusive partners are risk factors for intimate violence in rural areas. Church-based prevention programs are considered particularly useful in rural communities. If preventive health programs engage them properly, rural church members' overlapping social structures and their especially interconnected social circles can spread and support new ideas and practices. This study was conducted in four rural, predominately white, southern Illinois counties. The survey instrument used consisted of four subscales, measuring knowledge about, attitudes toward, and practices to prevent intimate violence as well as religious ideology. Overall, clergy knowledge and attitudes about intimate violence in this study did not necessarily translate into actual prevention practices against intimate violence. However, liberal clergy tend to employ prevention practices more often when compared with conservative clergy. Nevertheless, rural churches and their clergy seem to be promising sources for diffusion of intimate violence prevention information, attitudes and acceptable standards of behavior to rural communities.
Behaviour space of a stretch reflex model and its implications for the neural control of voluntary movement.

A nonlinear model for the stretch reflex has recently been used to study the interactions between voluntary and reflex controls during fast, targeted movements. The present study explores the topography of a ‘behaviour space’ generated by computer simulations of this model under various combinations of values for the gain parameters and time constants in the model's feedback loops. In general, we define a behaviour space to be any set of behavioural characteristics of the simulated movement, such as movement time, peak acceleration or peak velocity. The mathematical model can therefore be viewed as an M×N dimensional map from its parameter space N to a behaviour space M. Here, a one-dimensional behaviour space is explored. This provides a method for quantitatively comparing the different control strategies that might be employed by the nervous system for integrating reflex and descending signals during fast, voluntary movements. The results indicate that an optimal strategy will employ proprioceptive feedback as a means of fine-tuning the braking and clamping activities of fast, goal-directed movements and that descending signals are primarily important for initiating the movement and for controlling reciprocal patterns of muscle activity during the end phase of the movement.
Demonstration of JIVE and JOVE: Java as it happens

Dynamic software visualization is designed to provide programmers with insights as to what the program is doing. Most current visualizations either use program traces to show information about prior runs, slow the program down substantially, show only minimal information, or force the programmer to indicate when to turn visualizations on or off. We have developed a dynamic Java visualizer that provides a statement-level view of a Java program in action with low enough overhead so that it can be used almost all the time by programmers to understand what their program is doing while it is doing it.
On Size Ramsey Numbers of Graphs with Bounded Degree

on n vertices with maximum degree three and the size Ramsey number where and c are positive constants.
Enhancement of somatic embryogenesis in orchardgrass leaf cultures by epinephrine.

Epinephrine at 10–100 μM stimulated somatic embryogenesis from orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) leaves cultured on SH medium with 30 μM of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). Ethylene emanation was increased at epinephrine concentrations greater than 10 μM. Decarboxylation by the leaves of [1-14C]IAA included in the medium was decreased almost 3-fold by 10 μM epinephrine. Epinephrine at 10 μM enhanced the number of regenerated plants on SH medium with 30 μM dicamba (SH-30). Ethylene emanation was increased by epinephrine concentrations of 500 μM and greater included in SH-30 but somatic embryogenesis was decreased. Addition of 8 μM CoCl2, 6H2O (an ethylene biosynthesis inhibitor) to medium with 500 μM epinephrine decreased ethylene emanation to the control level but did not alleviate the decreased embryogenic response.
Bootstrapping for standard errors of instrumental variable estimates

Abstract Theil and Finke (1983) used the distance from the equator as an instrumental variable (IV) in the estimation of a cross-country demand system. Here we obtain standard errors of the IV estimates using Efron's (1979) bootstrap technique.
HYPERINSULINEMIA IN TRANSGENIC MICE CARRYING MULTIPLE COPIES OF THE HUMAN INSULIN GENE: EVIDENCE FOR A GENE DOSAGE EFFECT

We are investigating insulin gene expression in transgenic mice carrying multiple copies of the human preproinsulin gene. An 8.8 kb EcoRI-Hind III human genomic DNA fragment containing the insulin gene was introduced into 1-cell mouse embryos by pronuclear microinjection. This DNA fragment includes 2kb of 5′ and 5.5kb of 3′ human flanking sequences. Two lines of insulin transgenie mice have been established that differ in copy number of the human gene: one line has 4 copies integrated per cell, the other 16 copies per cell. Total serum insulin levels were determined by RIA (Cambridge Medical). Fasted insulin levels in transgenie mice (mean ± SEM = 0.48 ± 0.08 ng/ml, n=37) were significantly higher than in controls (0.10 ± 0.01 ng/ml, n=10; p < 0.001). Comparing the 2 transgenic lines, there was considerable variation in insulin levels but those animals with more copies of the human gene have higher insulin levels (0.74 ± 0.20 ng/ml, n=11) than those with fewer copies (0.37 ± 0.06 ng/ml, n=26). Both lines have significantly higher insulin levels than control (p < 0.01). This is in contrast with previously reported insulin transgenics (Bucchini et al, PNAS 83:2511) in which insulin was not overexpressed. In this model system, insulin gene expression correlates with gene copy number, suggesting a direct gene dosage effect.
β‐subunits of Snf1 kinase are required for kinase function and substrate definition

The Snf1 kinase and its mammalian homolog, the AMP-activated protein kinase, are heterotrimeric enzymes composed of a catalytic α-subunit, a regulatory γ-subunit and a β-subunit that mediates heterotrimer formation. Saccharomyces cerevisiae encodes three β-subunit genes, SIP1, SIP2 and GAL83. Earlier studies suggested that these subunits may not be required for Snf1 kinase function. We show here that complete and precise deletion of all three β-subunit genes inactivates the Snf1 kinase. The sip1Δ sip2Δ gal83Δ strain is unable to derepress invertase, grows poorly on alternative carbon sources and fails to direct the phosphorylation of the Mig1 and Sip4 proteins in vivo. The SIP1 sip2Δ gal83Δ strain manifests a subset of Snf phenotypes (Raf+, Gly–) observed in the snf1Δ 10 strain (Raf–, Gly–), suggesting that individual β-subunits direct the Snf1 kinase to a subset of its targets in vivo. Indeed, deletion of individual β-subunit genes causes distinct differences in the induction and phosphorylation of Sip4, strongly suggesting that the β-subunits play an important role in substrate definition.
Efficient view maintenance at data warehouses

We present incremental view maintenance algorithms for a data warehouse derived from multiple distributed autonomous data sources. We begin with a detailed framework for analyzing view maintenance algorithms for multiple data sources with concurrent updates. Earlier approaches for view maintenance in the presence of concurrent updates typically require two types of messages: one to compute the view change due to the initial update and the other to compensate the view change due to interfering concurrent updates. The algorithms developed in this paper instead perform the compensation locally by using the information that is already available at the data warehouse. The first algorithm, termed SWEEP, ensures complete consistency of the view at the data warehouse in the presence of concurrent updates. Previous algorithms for incremental view maintenance either required a quiescent state at the data warehouse or required an exponential number of messages in terms of the data sources. In contrast, this algorithm does not require that the data warehouse be in a quiescent state for incorporating the new views and also the message complexity is linear in the number of data sources. The second algorithm, termed Nested SWEEP, attempts to compute a composite view change for multiple updates that occur concurrently while maintaining strong consistency.
Reversal of μ-opioid-mediated respiratory depression by α2-adrenoceptor antagonism

The present study was performed in order to evaluate the effects of the selective alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonist 6-chloro-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-methyl-1H-3-benzazepine (SK&F 86466) on dermorphin-induced analgesia, respiratory depression and inhibition of locomotor activity in the conscious rat. Intracerebroventricular (icv) administration of dermorphin (3 nmol/rat) decreased respiration rate and relative ventilatory minute volume maximally by 38% and 50% of baseline respectively. SK&F 86466 dose-dependently reversed the dermorphin-induced depression of ventilatory parameters, while SK&F 86466 exerted no effect on dermorphin-induced analgesia or depression of locomotor activity due to catalepsia. It appears, therefore, that alpha 2-adrenoceptors selectively interact with mu 2-opioid-receptor mediated effects, such as respiratory depression, but are not involved in the modulation of mu 1-opioid-related effects, such as supraspinal analgesia and depression of locomotor activity.
Echoes of Virginia Woolf

Abstract There was a central paradox in Virginia Woolf's life and art: experientially, emotionally and politically, women were her most valuable audience; artistically and critically, men seemed to her more serious and respectable. Who then should be the critical critic? She herself acknowledged that the male view of the world accorded little value to expressions of the female view of the world, yet it was the female view of the world that Virginia Woolf wanted to express. Were women ‘literarily reliable’ and valid, perhaps Virginia Woolf's ‘echoes’, her life and her work, would have been very different.
Survival of a Pathogenic Leptospira Serovar in Response to Combined in vitro pH and Temperature Stresses

Leptospira interrogans is a zoonotic pathogen hosted commensally by a variety of mammalian species. On the Western Pacific island of American Samoa a seroprevalence survey conducted in 2004 indicated that 17% of subjects tested had a positive antibody response to two serovars (Bratislava and icterohaemorrhagiae) which have pigs and rats as maintenance hosts. A source of exposure may be drainage from small scale piggeries that contaminate streams. Resource management agencies in Samoa have begun to promote passive composting as a means of reducing the risk of water contamination and human exposure. This study examined the efficacy of composting accumulated pig litter to eradicate L. interrogans from spent litter prior to disposal or subsequent application. We subjected L. interrogans serovar Copenhageni strain M-20 to combined stresses of temperature (25-50 °C) and pH (5.2 - 7.9), ranges commonly expected within compost piles, for varying durations of exposure (4 hr to 96 hr) to determine the probability of bacterial survival in response to single or combined stresses. We found that acidic conditions and temperatures in excess of 45 °C were lethal to L. interrogans at even the shortest duration of exposure tested (4 hours). Temperature data from passively composted piggery waste in American Samoa was recorded throughout compost maturation between April 10 and September 12, 2008. Sterilizing conditions on the basis of temperature alone were not sufficient within the passively composted piggery waste, suggesting that a greater level of compost management and monitoring may be necessary to enhance the sterilizing effects of composting practices.
An open-ended self-consistent field method. A simulation of a molecular orbital technique for small memory computers

The steps in a nonconventional algorithm for self-consistent field calculations are outlined, and calculations on cumulenes are given to demonstrate the convergence properties of the method. The approach is essentially open ended and is likely to be cost effective on computer systems with minimal core.
Crystallization of diphtheria toxin.

Two new crystal forms (forms III and IV) have been grown of diphtheria toxin (DT), which kills susceptible cells by catalyzing the ADP-ribosylation of elongation factor 2, thereby stopping protein synthesis. Forms III and IV diffract to 2·3 A and 2·7 A resolution, respectively. Both forms belong to space group C2; the unit cell parameters for form III are a = 107·3 A, b = 91·7 A, c = 66·3 A and β = 94·7 ° and those for form IV are a = 108·3 A, b = 92·3 A, c = 66·1 A and β = 90·4 °. Both forms have one protein chain per asymmetric unit with the dimeric molecule on a twofold axis of symmetry. Form IV is exceptional among all crystal forms of DT in that it can be grown reproducibly. Thus the form IV crystals should yield a crystallographic structure giving insight into the catalytic, receptor-binding and membrane-insertion properties of DT.
A "water" model for nuclei still holds water.

Recent evidence for a liquid-to-gas phase transition in hot nuclei, a process analagous to the vaporization of water ([1][1]–[4][2]), is described by Charles Seife in his article “Atom smasher probes realm of nuclear ‘Gas’” (News of the Week, 25 Jan., p. [603][3]) The data were obtained at the Brookhaven AGS accelerator by bombarding gold nuclei with highly energetic protons and pions and measuring the multiple subatomic fragments emitted in each collision with the Indiana Silicon Sphere (ISiS) detector array. A critical component of this research that Seife did not mention in his article was theoretical work showing that the observed number and size distributions of the fragments formed in these collisions matched the predictions of general statistical theories for a phase transition. James B. Elliott at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory and Wolfgang Bauer at Michigan State University, along with their colleagues, were responsible for performing these calculations, which appear to provide strong support for the phase transition interpretation. The ISiS studies are part of a broad international effort to understand the nuclear phase transition. Among these programs are those at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (EOS), Texas A&M (NIMROD), GSI in Germany (ALADIN), GANIL in France (INDRA), and Michigan State University, all of which appear to be reaching similar conclusions. 1. [↵][4]1. T. Lefort 2. et al. , Phys. Rev. C 64, (2001)064603. 2. 1. L. Beaulieu 2. et al. , Phys. Rev. C 64, (2001)064604. 3. 1. M. K. Berkenbusch 2. et al. , Phys. Rev. Lett. 88, (2002)022701. 4. [↵][5]1. J. B. Elliott 2. et al. , Phys. Rev. B 88, (2002)042701. [1]: #ref-1 [2]: #ref-4 [3]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.295.5555.603a [4]: #xref-ref-1-1 "View reference 1 in text" [5]: #xref-ref-4-1 "View reference 4 in text"
Characteristics and hedonic pricing of differentiated beef demands

We estimate a CBS system model of U.S. derived demand for meat. We use this model (1) to examine relationships between three quality categories of beef and three other meats and (2) to simulate how taste shifts have affected demands for meats over time. We extend previous studies by disaggregating wholesale beef production into three quality categories: (1) USDA Choice grade or higher, (2) USDA Select or lower, and (3) cow and bull beef. Innovative features of our empirical model include a breakout of ‘table cuts’ into Choice and Select and the use of a hedonic characterization of the two breakouts to value “Choice-ness” and “beef-ness.” Our model demonstrates important shifts in separate demands for Choice and Select beef. We show that, separately, the demand for Choice-grade beef declined in the 1980s and 1990s and the demand for Select beef increased, a departure from the relatively stable demand characterizations of more aggregated measures of combined Choice and Select beef. JEL classification: Q11, Q13
A Single Amino Acid Determinant Governs the Species-specific Sensitivity of APOBEC3G to Vif Action

APOBEC3G (also known as CEM15) is an innate intracellular antiretroviral factor that is counteracted by the Vif protein of lentiviruses. While APOBEC3G orthologues from several species are active against a broad range of retroviruses, given Vif proteins have a narrow spectrum of activity. For instance, HIV-1 Vif efficiently blocks APOBEC3G from human but not African green monkey (AGM), whereas the reverse is observed with SIVAGM Vif. Here, we demonstrate that a single amino acid at position 128 of human and AGM APOBEC3G governs the virus-specific sensitivity of these proteins to Vif-mediated inhibition. Furthermore, we show that this phenotype correlates with the ability of Vif to bind APOBEC3G and interfere with its incorporation into virions. These results shed light on an important determinant of the tropism of primate lentiviruses.