cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Use of oral N-acetylcysteine for protection of melanocytic nevi against UV-induced oxidative stress: towards a novel paradigm for melanoma chemoprevention.

Purpose: Induction of oxidative stress has been implicated in UV-induced melanoma. We sought to determine whether the antioxidant N -acetylcysteine (NAC) could be safely administered to protect melanocytic nevi from the oxidative stress resulting from acute UV exposure. Experimental Design: Patients at increased risk for melanoma were recruited from a screening clinic. Induction and detection of oxidative stress (reactive oxygen species and glutathione depletion) was optimized in nevi following ex vivo UV irradiation. Nevi were removed from patients before, and following, oral ingestion of a single (1,200 mg) dose of NAC, and then these nevi were UV irradiated (4,000 J/m 2 ). Results: Oxidative stress was induced in nevi 24 to 48 hours following ex vivo UV irradiation. A single oral dose of NAC was well tolerated in all patients ( n = 72). Basal levels of reduced glutathione and the NAC metabolite cysteine were well correlated between similar-appearing nevi from the same patient and were significantly increased in nevi removed 3 hours after NAC ingestion compared with nevi removed before drug ingestion. In approximately half (9 of 19) of patients tested, UV-induced glutathione depletion was attenuated in the postdrug (compared with predrug) nevus. Conclusions: NAC can be safely administered to patients for the purpose of modulating UV-induced oxidative stress in nevi. This study suggests the feasibility of patients taking NAC prophylactically before acute UV exposure, to prevent pro-oncogenic oxidative stress in nevi and ultimately reduce long-term melanoma risk. (Clin Cancer Res 2009;15(23):7434–40)
Solvent Dependence of the N-Methylacetamide Structure and Force Field

The N-methylacetamide molecule (NMA) is an important model for peptide and protein vibrational spectroscopy as it contains the main amide chromophore. In the past, some observed NMA geometry and spectral features could not be entirely explained at the harmonic level or by a single-conformer model. In particular, the spectra were found to be very dependent on molecular environment. In this work NMA Raman and infrared (IR) spectra in a variety of conditions were remeasured and simulated theoretically to separate the fundamental, dimer, and anharmonic bands. Under vacuum the MP2, MP4, and CCSD(T) wave function methods predicted a broad anharmonic potential energy well or even a double-well for the amide nitrogen out of plane motion, which density functional methods failed to reproduce. However, eventual nonplanar minima cannot support an asymmetric quantum state or explain band splittings observed in some experiments. In polar solvents the potential becomes more harmonic and the amide plane more rigid. On th...
Teaching manufacturing systems simulation in a computer aided teaching studio

A computer aided teaching studio provides a unique environment for teaching an introductory simulation course to manufacturing engineers. Each meeting can consist of an appropriate combination of lecture and computer-based activities, depending on the topic. Assigned exercises aid students in learning methods. Emphasis can be placed on the solution of case problems that serve as metaphors for realistic simulation projects. Since students have co-op or full time industrial experience, an industry-based project of the student's own definition serves as a course capstone. The case problem and project orientation of the course supported by the computer aided teaching studio makes examinations unnecessary. Case problems are based on a set of case studies derived from topics of interest to practicing manufacturing engineers. Cases are organized into four modules: basic systems organizations, lean manufacturing, material handling, and supply chain management. Only the simulation methods needed to support the case studies are presented.
Integration of the Rutgers Master II in a virtual reality simulation

A novel compact hand master device with force feedback is presented. The Second Generation Rutgers Master (RM-II) integrates position-sensing and force-feedback to multiple fingers in a single structure, without the use of sensing gloves. The paper first discusses the kinematics and calibration followed by the integration of the device into a single-user, ethernet-distributed, virtual reality (VR) environment. The VR simulation features: visual feedback, force feedback, interactive sound and object interaction.
Computer modeling in energy and the environment

Computer modeling has played a significant role in the evaluation of possible sources of energy as well as the consequences of the use of energy on the environment. In this paper the contributions of IBM scientists to improve models in the fields of air pollution, solar energy, plasma physics, coal gasijication, and energy conservation are summarized. These contributions include not only better numerical and programming techniques but improved mathematical models based upon advances in understanding of the physical processes involved.
Theory of Monte Carlo simulations of the magnetic circular dichroism spectra of alkali metal/rare gas systems

The history of magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) spectroscopy in the study of alkali metal/rare gas (M/Rg) cryogenic systems is reviewed in the context of developing a better understanding of alkali metal/hydrogen systems of current interest to the U.S. Air Force as enhanced-performance cryogenic rocket propellants. A new theory for simulating the MCD spectra of M/Rg systems is presented together with a careful discussion of the theory's implicit and explicit approximations and their implications. This theory uses a classical Monte Carlo (MC) simulation scheme to model the perturbing effects of the Rg environment on the 2S 2P MCD-active transition of the M atom. The theory sets up the MC–MCD simulation as a 6 × 6 matrix eigenvalue/eigenvector problem in the 2P manifold in which are included the effects of M–Rg interactions, metal atom spin-orbit coupling in the 2P manifold, magnetic Zeeman perturbations of the 2S and 2P manifolds, Boltzmann temperature factors, and electric dipole transition moment integrals for left circularly polarized (LCP) and right circularly polarized (RCP) light. The theory may be applied to any type of trapping site of the host M in the guest Rg matrix; a single atom substitutional metal atom trapping site (one host Rg atom is replaced by one guest M atom) is modeled in this study for M = Na and Rg = Ar. Two temperature factors are used in these simulations; a lattice temperature to model the mobility of the Rg lattice and a magnetic temperature to model Boltzmann factors in the 2S ground manifold. The 6 × 6 eigenvalue/eigenvector problem is solved for a number of randomly generated and suitably averaged Rg configurations to yield the simulated MC-MCD spectrum for the single substitutional Na/Ar system. The MC–MCD simulations of Na/Ar give the characteristic triplet MCD spectrum with the correct Boltzmann temperature dependence. The simulated MC–MCD spectrum correctly inverts when the direction of the applied magnetic field is reversed. Addition of the LCP and RCP absorbances gives rise to a characteristic 2S 2P triplet absorption feature. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2005
Effect of methylglyoxal modification on stress-induced aggregation of client proteins and their chaperoning by human αA-crystallin

alpha-Crystallin prevents protein aggregation under various stress conditions through its chaperone-like properties. Previously, we demonstrated that MGO (methylglyoxal) modification of alphaA-crystallin enhances its chaperone function and thus may affect transparency of the lens. During aging of the lens, not only alphaA-crystallin, but its client proteins are also likely to be modified by MGO. We have investigated the role of MGO modification of four model client proteins (insulin, alpha-lactalbumin, alcohol dehydrogenase and gamma-crystallin) in their aggregation and structure and the ability of human alphaA-crystallin to chaperone them. We found that MGO modification (10-1000 microM) decreased the chemical aggregation of insulin and alpha-lactalbumin and thermal aggregation of alcohol dehydrogenase and gamma-crystallin. Surface hydrophobicity in MGO-modified proteins decreased slightly relative to unmodified proteins. HPLC and MS analyses revealed argpyrimidine and hydroimidazolone in MGO-modified client proteins. The degree of chaperoning by alphaA-crystallin towards MGO-modified and unmodified client proteins was similar. Co-modification of client proteins and alphaA-crystallin by MGO completely inhibited stress-induced aggregation of client proteins. Our results indicate that minor modifications of client proteins and alphaA-crystallin by MGO might prevent protein aggregation and thus help maintain transparency of the aging lens.
Cell Type–Specific Mechanisms of Interleukin-8 Induction by Dengue Virus and Differential Response to Drug Treatment

In vitro infection with dengue virus induces interleukin (IL)-8 secretion, which increases endothelial cell permeability; this has been proposed as a mechanism for plasma leakage in dengue hemorrhagic fever. We studied the mechanisms of IL-8 induction, using luciferase reporter constructs, and the effect of pharmacological inhibitors of either IL-8 secretion or nuclear factor- kappa B (NF-kappa B) activation on IL-8 induction by dengue 2 virus (DEN2V) infection. IL-8 induction by DEN2V infection was associated with activation of NF- kappa B and activator protein-1 (AP-1) in HEK293A cells but only with activation of AP-1 in HepG2 cells. Treatment with SB203580, a mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitor, and rolipram, a phosphodiesterase IV inhibitor, partially inhibited DEN2V-induced IL-8 secretion in HEK293A cells but increased DEN2V-induced IL-8 secretion in HepG2 cells. In contrast, treatment with dexamethasone increased DEN2V-induced IL-8 secretion in HEK293A cells but had no effect on DEN2V-induced IL-8 secretion in HepG2 cells. These results demonstrate that anti-inflammatory drugs have variable effects on IL-8 secretion in different cell types during DEN2V infection.
Variable Speed Drive Volumetric Tracking for Airflow Control in Variable Air Volume Systems

An airflow control method has been developed for variable air volume (VAV) systems. This airflow control method is named VSD volumetric tracking (VSDVT) since both the supply and return airflows are determined using signals of the variable speed drives (VSD) instead of the flow stations. Its performance is studied and compared with the fan tracking (FT) method using model simulations. The VSDVT maintains a constant building pressure and the required outside airflow under all load conditions, reduces the annual return air fan energy by up to 50%, and the annual supply air fan energy by up to 30%. This paper presents the VSDVT method, the system models, and the simulation results.
ISOLATED PARALYSIS OF THE SERRATUS ANTERIOR MUSCLE

Isolated paralysis of the serratus anterior is an entity that should be more widely understood. Early recognition, followed by treatment that is comparatively simple, although prolonged, usually leads to a satisfactory outcome. The purpose of this paper is to present information pertaining to the clinical picture, anatomy, etiology, and treatment of the condition and to discuss our experience with twenty cases. Less than 250 cases of isolated paralysis of the serratus anterior have been presented in the literature since Velpeau's first report in 1837. Only two series of more than seven cases have been collected3,7. Fully thirty methods of treatment, many of them surgical, have been advocated. Prog­ nosis has varied from very good to very poor. The explanations of the etiology have differed widely. The sole aspect that many descriptions have in common is the clinical picture.
Evaluation of an arthropod sampling technique for measuring food availability for forest insectivorous birds.

Abstract I provide a detailed description of an arthropod sampling technique, “branch clipping,” and evaluate its efficacy in measuring food availability for three foliage-gleaning migratory warbler species wintering in Jamaica. I incorporated foraging observations into the sampling protocol to facilitate a match between the distribution of branch-clip samples and the distribution of warbler foraging attacks over available microhabitats. Where the match was imprecise, I weighted branch clip samples accordingly. Foraging observations indicated that most foraging maneuvers used by the warblers were directed at prey located on foliage, which are likely to be well sampled by branch clipping. Published diet analyses permitted the elimination of prey taxa and sizes that were not eaten by the warblers, and suggested that nearly all of the items eaten were captured by branch clipping. Habitat-specific warbler attack rates, which can be used as independent evaluations of food availability measurements, closely mat...
Pancreatic Cancer and the Possibility of Long-term Survival: A Glimmer of Hope?

Ispancreatic cancer truly curable?Evenpatientsdiagnosedatearly stages of the disease who undergo “successful” surgery (generally defined as an R0 resection) relapse at exceedingly high rates. This leads some to posit—perhaps partially tongue-in-cheek—thata Whipple procedure for pancreatic cancer is only a palliative, rather than a curative, cancer operation. Adjuvant chemotherapyhas been shown to improve relapse-free and overall survival in patients following pancreatic cancer resection in multiple clinical trials, and 10-year overall survival rates of up to 12% have been reported in studies where long-term follow-updata are available.1However, it is debatablewhetherdata collected from such highly selected patients enrolled in therapeutic trials or from longitudinal database cohorts at select highvolume centers accurately reflect the true incidence of long-term survivors (LTSs) in the overall patient population. ThearticlebyPaniccia andcolleagues2 ina recent issueof JAMA Surgery is particularly noteworthy, as theirs is the largest to describehowoften thephenomenonof very-long-termsurvival inpatients with pancreatic cancer truly occurs. Moreover, the study offers important insight into the patientand tumor-specific characteristics that predict for likelihood of such excellent outcomes. The investigators interrogated the National Cancer DataRelated article at jamasurgery.com JAMASURGERY
The effect of distance traveled on disease outcomes in gestational trophoblastic neoplasia.

Background Gestational trophoblastic neoplasia is a rare gynecological malignancy often treated at tertiary referral centers. Patients frequently travel long distances to obtain care for gestational trophoblastic neoplasia, which may affect cancer outcomes in these patients. Objective We examined the association between distance traveled to obtain care and disease burden at time of presentation as well as recurrence. Study Design We performed a retrospective cohort analysis of all patients diagnosed with gestational trophoblastic neoplasia from January 1995 to June 2015 at a high-volume tertiary referral center. Patients were included if they met International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics 2000 criteria for postmolar gestational trophoblastic neoplasia or had choriocarcinoma, placental-site trophoblastic tumor, or epithelioid trophoblastic tumor. Sixty patients were identified. Disease burden at presentation was examined using both the World Health Organization prognostic score and International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics. Patients who traveled more than 50 miles were considered long-distance travelers based on previous literature on the effect of distance traveled on cancer outcomes. Demographic, clinical, and pathological data were obtained by chart review. Bivariable comparisons were performed using the χ 2 test or Fisher exact test for categorical variables. The t test or Wilcoxon rank-sum test was used to compare continuous variables when normally or not normally distributed. Results Most patients presented at stage I (61%) with low-risk gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (70%). Median distance to care was 40 miles (range, 4–384). Eighteen patients (30%) had no insurance and 42 (70%) had either private or public insurance. Patients traveling more than 50 miles for care were more likely to have high-risk gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (46% vs 19%, P = .03), but there was no difference in recurrence (13% vs 11%, P = .89). Patients with high-risk gestational trophoblastic neoplasia lived 63 miles farther (92 vs 28 miles, P P = .009) and were more likely to receive multiagent chemotherapy (86% vs 61%, P = .03). Conclusion In this cohort, long distance traveled to obtain care for gestational trophoblastic neoplasia was associated with an increased risk of presenting with high-risk disease and requiring multiagent chemotherapy for treatment. Patients with high-risk gestational trophoblastic neoplasia traveled nearly 100 miles to obtain care. There may be a delay in diagnosis in women traveling more than 50 miles to obtain care; however, we found no difference in recurrence risk for long-distance travelers.
Contrast in Space and Characters: Han So˘ r-ya`s Counter-Censorship Strategies in the Newspaper Serial, Hwanghon (Dusk, 1936)

email of the author: jlee@artsci.wustl.edu 141 Sungkyun Journal of East Asian Studies Vol.12 No.2 © 2012 Academy of East Asian Studies. 141-163 Introduction Han Sŏr-ya (Han Pyŏng-do, 1900-1976, Sŏr-ya is his penname; hereafter Han Sŏr-ya) is one of the most influential leftist writers in modern Korean literature, including both North and South Korea. In the 1920s, Han led anti-capitalist and anti-imperialist literary movements by participating in the KAPF (Korean Federation of Proletarian Artists). Despite the Japanese police’s violent crackdown on this politico-literary organization in the 1930s, Han never relinquished his socialist views. After liberation in 1945, Han traveled to North Korea and began to realize his proletarian ideals by helping to construct a North Korean literature (So 1999, 89-94). Hwanghon (Dusk, 1936; hereafter Dusk) is Han Sŏr-ya’s first full-length novel, which Han himself revised in North Korea in 1955. The novel articulates the author’s conviction that workers are vital agents in creating a politically and economically egalitarian society through the plotline of the dismissal of factory employees after mechanized production leads to layoffs. Alongside Kang Kyŏng-ae’s In’gan munje (Human predicaments, 1934) and Yi Ki-yŏng’s Kohyang (Hometown, 1933-1934), novels which also focus on national identity conflict and class Jae-Yon LEE Washington University, St. Louis The novel Hwanghon (Dusk) by leftist writer Han Sŏr-ya (1900–1976) portrays the dramatic transformation of a country girl into a revolutionary worker in Korea. Another aspect of the drama, one that reflects the context of its different editions, is the story of the novel’s revision. This paper compares the original censored text, published in 1936 as a newspaper serial, and the revised 1955 text, which removed “unsatisfactory” expressions and reflected the North’s postliberation politics. Examining the 1936 version, I argue that Han deliberately disrupted the regular serialization schedule by skipping days in order to disguise subversive themes and to confound the censor’s memory. The articulation of those scenes, especially the rise of revolutionary workers, is significantly enhanced by Han’s uses of space and characters. By setting up contrasts among his characters, and weaving them into spatial confrontations, Han not only evokes socialist themes, but also creates a multidimensional presence for them that frustrates attempts to locate them in a single source.
The Flr1 Gene, A Useful System for Rapid Screening of Tryptophan Auxotrophs in Schizophyllum Commune

(1993). The Flr1 Gene, A Useful System for Rapid Screening of Tryptophan Auxotrophs in Schizophyllum Commune. Mycologia: Vol. 85, No. 3, pp. 381-384.
The Inner Makeup of Definite Determiners: The Case of Germanic

This paper studies the internal structure of definite articles and demon-stratives in twelve Germanic languages. Examining synchronic and diachronic data as well as systematic gaps, it seeks to illuminate the nature of definiteness markers and inflections, d- and -er in German d-er ‘the' and d-ies-er ‘this', with the goal of identifying some consequences for the syntax of the determiner phrase as a whole. Arguing that definite-ness markers are semantically vacuous elements, the paper proposes that articles involve an inflectional head in the syntax and demonstratives consist of an inflectional and a deictic head. Isomorphic correspondences between overt components and abstract syntactic structure may be partially or completely “masked” by postsyntactic operations.*
Simulation of Active Twist and Active Flap Control on a Model-Scale Helicopter Rotor

Active twist and active flap concepts are investigated for a model-scale active rotor using the multi-body dynamics code DYMORE. The aerodynamic methodology uses a lifting line analysis that is consistently integrated with a time marching free vortex wake analysis. The results obtained show encouraging trends in the control authority of both the active flap and the active twist concepts. Comparison with available experimental data for the active twist case shows satisfactory correlation for phase prediction. However, the prediction of vibration magnitude is unsatisfactory.
Ciudad Juárez in Roberto Bolaño’s 2666: Mexico’s Violent Cradle of Modernity

ABSTRACTThe celerity of Roberto Bolano’s canonization as one of the avatars of world literature stems from the success of his magnum opus, 2666. This five-part novel is an impassioned indictment of the abdication of ethics in twentieth- and twenty-first-century modernity, an era that saw the rise of both literal and structural gender-based violence. Bolano offers the city of Santa Teresa—the fictional analogue to the Mexican border town of Ciudad Juarez—as the paradigmatic example of a city afflicted by such violence, where a network of global factors has conspired to create a milieu in which the murders of young Mexican women have become so frequent as to be banal. 2666 stipulates that violence necessarily attends the rise of Mexican modernity in the twentieth and twenty-first century; this essay will explore five spheres where this modernity takes on violent dimensions: economic and political structures, narratology, ocularcentrism, exile, and literary form.
A Historical Examination of the Introduction of the Web as a Direct Marketing Channel

With the existence of the Internet, manufacturers of goods and services can bypass channel intermediaries and sell directly to the final consumer. Since the mid-1990s, the Web has continued to play a greater role in channel management strategy. The purpose of this longitudinal study is to document usage of websites in terms of channel member support and vertical competition over time. We examined the websites of 251 Fortune 500 companies that produce goods and services in business-to-consumer industries. Data was collected in 1996, 2000, and 2004. The results of the study show good industries lagged behind service industries in initiating disintermediation. Overtime, however, disintermediation was equally prevalent in both industry segments. In terms of channel member support, both in initiating and overtime, firms using their websites to refer and/or connect end users to intermediaries for product purchase were equally prevalent for both industries. Finally, during the 1996 to 2000 period, the number of firms engaged in disintermediation grew faster than the number of firms providing channel member support.
Investigational New Drug and Device Exemption Process

This chapter addresses the criteria that necessitate the submission, to the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), of investigational new drug (IND) and investigational device exemption (IDE) applications for human research studies involving unapproved drugs or devices or involving FDA-approved drugs and devices being evaluated for uses that do not currently appear in the respective FDA-approved product labeling. The components of IND and IDE applications are summarized, and the FDA regulations associated with adequately addressing these components are discussed, including a listing of pertinent guidance documents. Also addressed are the regulatory responsibilities of sponsors of IND and IDE applications and of investigators who are involved in the conduct of clinical trials under an FDA-accepted IND or IDE application. The chapter also provides a summary of the processes for obtaining final FDA approval to commercially market an investigational drug or device.
The Right Heart

Historically, clinical and research efforts have primarily focused on the left ventricle. However, relatively recent identification that evidence of right heart dysfunction increases the perioperative morbidity and mortality of patients undergoing both cardiac and noncardiac surgery has brought the echocardiographic evaluation of the right heart into the spotlight. This chapter serves to identify the unique concerns when evaluating echocardiographically the complex geometry and physiology of the right heart as well as its unique adaptive properties in response to acute and chronic afterload increases. Both anatomical assessments and quantitative methods of evaluating right ventricular function will be discussed. Transesophageal echocardiography therefore plays a key role in the identification and management of those patients at risk for right heart dysfunction.
Private payer bundled payment arrangements

Abstract In 2015, the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) began a mandatory bundling initiative to cover all services for hip and knee replacements. Broader expansion of alternative payment and delivery models has recently been introduced in the private sector. Bundled payments incentivize providers to appropriately reduce spending without compromising quality of care. Establishing market size, competitive pricing, and care coordination are integral to ensure the viability of a bundled payment model. The purpose of this study is to address key considerations for providers who plan to create an effective bundle in the private sector.
Human cochlear hydrodynamics: A high-resolution μCT-based finite element study

Measurements of perilymph hydrodynamics in the human cochlea are scarce, being mostly limited to the fluid pressure at the basal or apical turn of the scalae vestibuli and tympani. Indeed, measurements of fluid pressure or volumetric flow rate have only been reported in animal models. In this study we imaged the human ear at 6.7 and 3-µm resolution using µCT scanning to produce highly accurate 3D models of the entire ear and particularly the cochlea scalae. We used a contrast agent to better distinguish soft from hard tissues, including the auditory canal, tympanic membrane, malleus, incus, stapes, ligaments, oval and round window, scalae vestibule and tympani. Using a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) approach and this anatomically correct 3D model of the human cochlea, we examined the pressure and perilymph flow velocity as a function of location, time and frequency within the auditory range. Perimeter, surface, hydraulic diameter, Womersley and Reynolds numbers were computed every 45° of rotation around the central axis of the cochlear spiral. CFD results showed both spatial and temporal pressure gradients along the cochlea. Small Reynolds number and large Womersley values indicate that the perilymph fluid flow at auditory frequencies is laminar and its velocity profile is plug-like. The pressure was found 102-106° out of phase with the fluid flow velocity at the scalae vestibule and tympani, respectively. The average flow velocity was found in the sub-µm/s to nm/s range at 20-100Hz, and below the nm/s range at 1-20kHz.
Persistent Fibrinolysis Shutdown Is Associated with Increased Mortality in Severely Injured Trauma Patients

Background Acute fibrinolysis shutdown is associated with early mortality after trauma; however, no previous studies have investigated the incidence of persistent fibrinolysis or its association with mortality. We tested the hypothesis that persistent fibrinolysis shutdown is associated with mortality in critically ill trauma patients. Study Design Thromboelastography was performed on ICU admission in 181 adult trauma patients and at 1 week in a subset of 78 patients. Fibrinolysis shutdown was defined as LY30 ≤ 0.8% and was considered transient if resolved by 1 week postinjury or persistent if not. Logistic regression adjusted for age, sex, hemodynamics, and Injury Severity Score (ISS). Results Median age was 52 years, 88% were male, and median ISS was 27, with 56% transient fibrinolysis shutdown, 44% persistent fibrinolysis shutdown and 12% mortality. Median LY30 was 0.23% (interquartile range [IQR] 0% to 1.20%) at admission and 0.10% (IQR 0% to 2.05%) at 1 week. Transient shutdown more often occurred after head injury (p = 0.019); persistent shutdown was more often associated with penetrating injury (29% vs 9%; p = 0.020), lower LY30 at ICU admission (0.10% vs 1.15%; p Conclusions Persistent fibrinolysis shutdown is associated with late mortality after trauma. A high index of suspicion should be maintained, especially in patients with penetrating injury, reduced LY30 on admission, and/or receiving blood product transfusion. Judicious use of tranexamic acid is advised in this cohort.
Enzyme-Responsive Liposomes for the Delivery of Anticancer Drugs

Liposomes are nanocarriers that deliver the payloads at the target site, leading to therapeutic drug concentrations at the diseased site and reduced toxic effects in healthy tissues. Several approaches have been used to enhance the ability of the nanocarrier to target the specific tissues, including ligand-targeted liposomes and stimuli-responsive liposomes. Ligand-targeted liposomes exhibit higher uptake by the target tissue due to the targeting ligand attached to the surface, while the stimuli-responsive liposomes do not release their cargo unless they expose to an endogenous or exogenous stimulant at the target site. In this review, we mainly focus on the liposomes that are responsive to pathologically increased levels of enzymes at the target site. Enzyme-responsive liposomes release their cargo upon contact with the enzyme through several destabilization mechanisms: (1) structural perturbation in the lipid bilayer, (2) removal of a shielding polymer from the surface and increased cellular uptake, (3)...
On the origin of chloride-induced emission enhancement in ortho substituted squaramides

Abstract There is significant current interest in the development of fluorescent sensors for the physiologically relevant chloride ion. In this study we report a new squaramide-based chloride sensor, derived from ethyl ortho aminobenzoate, whose emission intensity increases by nearly 40% upon chloride binding. The intramolecularly hydrogen bonded squaramide exhibited a blue-shifted excitation spectrum relative to its absorption spectrum, and its emission displayed excitation wavelength dependence. These unusual characteristics were attributed to the existence of two ground state conformers for the unbound squaramide; an intramolecular hydrogen bonded conformer which undergoes non-radiative decay and a non-hydrogen bonded non-planar conformer from which emission occurs. Using computational investigations we identified two nearly degenerate excited states arising from two different charge transfer pathways with the squaramide nitrogen atom as the donor and either the cyclobutene dione ring or the ortho substituted N-phenyl ring functioning as acceptors. In the unbound squaramide, this competition between the two charge transfer pathways decreases fluorescence intensity. Chloride binding, suppresses charge transfer into the cyclobutene dione ring thereby enhancing emission intensity. Our study contributes to an increased understanding of the excited states of squaramides and could facilitate their use in the development of new sensors.
Thinking Sociologically About Image-Based Sexual Abuse: The Contribution of Male Peer Support Theory

Often referred to by journalists, policy makers, and the general public as revenge porn, image-based sexual abuse is starting to garner serious legal and social scientific attention. However, theoretical developments have thus far not kept pace with the growing empirical and legal literature on this electronic variant of woman abuse. Further, this problem cannot adequately be explained by gender-blind theories, as there is a strong relationship between gender and women’s risk of being harmed by image-based sexual abuse by current and former intimate male partners. Thus, the main objective of this article is to address this concern by applying male peer support theory.
Lex Machina Non Est: A Response to Mark Lemley's 'Faith-Based Intellectual Property'

This essay responds to Mark Lemley’s controversial article Faith-Based Intellectual Property. The essay argues that intellectual property requires a far richer concept of human cultural flourishing than positivism and utilitarianism can provide. It argues that Lemley’s understanding of the “laws of nature” and of the relationship between science and religion are based in perspectives that have long been rejected by mainstream scholarship. Finally, the essay offers insights from the creation narratives and the Tower of Babel story in the Hebrew Scriptures to suggest that Lemley’s vision ultimately requires technocratic social control: an ancient and enduring threat to authentic human creative endeavor.
Capture of Unsymmetrical 2-Norbornyl Cations

The direct tests with appropriate substituents for charge delocalization from the 2-1 to the 1-2 and 6-3,4 positions in solvolytic reactions of 2-norbornyl derivatives all failed to confirm such charge delocalization (Chapter 11). It was then suggested that “there are good reasons to expect carbon bridging to lag behind C-X ionization at the transition state.”5
2009 Iowa Corn Silage Yield Trial and Rye Cover Crop Demonstration

Corn silage is harvested from about 1.8% of Iowa corn acres. Most corn silage is harvested in the northeast and northwest portions of the state where the majority of dairy herds are located. In these regions, corn silage is a major portion of the row-crop acres. Because no independent yield trials are being conducted on corn hybrids for silage, a coalition consisting of ISUE Field Specialists, NICC instructors, the NE Iowa Dairy Foundation, and several seed corn representatives initiated a corn silage hybrid trial at the NE Iowa Dairy Foundation farm in 2008. This is the second year of the corn silage trial. Results from 12 corn hybrid varieties are presented in this report as well as data on rye coverage planted between corn crops in 2008–2009.
Novel Therapeutics Against West Nile Virus

No effective therapy is currently available for clinical treatment of flavivirus infections. Recent advances in the structural and molecular biology of flaviviruses have provided new opportunities for the development of antiviral therapies. This chapter summarizes the current status of West Nile virus (WNV) therapeutics. First, strategies for identifying and characterizing small molecular inhibitors are reviewed. These strategies include structure-based rational design, biochemical enzyme-based screening, and reverse genetic system-based screening. Second, known WNV inhibitors are summarized. Both small and macromolecular inhibitors have been identified to inhibit WNV. The macromolecular inhibitors include WNV antibodies, interferon, and nucleic acid-based agents (i.e., antisense oligomer and siRNA). Since the antibody-based therapy is reviewed elsewhere in this book, this chapter emphasizes the nonantibody macromolecular and small molecular inhibitors. Finally, new potential antiviral targets and issues related to WNV therapeutics are discussed.
Cyclohexanedione modification of arginine at the active site of Aspergillusficuum phytase

Abstract Reaction of Aspergillus ficuum phytase with the arginine specific modifier 1,2-cyclohexanedione causes a rapid loss of activity. The inactivation can be partially reversed by 0.2 M hydroxylamine and exhibits pseudo-first order kinetics. The reaction order and second order rate constant of inactivation were 0.87 and 6.72 M −1 Min −1 , respectively. Amino acid analysis of modified phytase indicates that about 7 arginine of the total 19 were modified. While the chymotryptic maps of treated and untreated phytase were virtually identical, the tryptic maps had 4 peaks of altered mobility. An Arg containing tripeptide was identified in the phytase which is also present in other phosphohydrolases and may represent one of the labile Arg involved in the formation of the active site.
Recent Progress on the Yukawa2 Quantum Field Theory

In these talks, we review recent progress on the Yukawa2 model for boson-fermion interactions in two space-time dimensions. We discuss in detail the Matthews — Salam formulation for integrating out the fermions, and obtain bounds on the resulting boson theory sufficient to show existence of an infinite volume limit. The vacuum energy density (“pressure”) converges in this limit and we also obtain uniform ⌽-bounds which establish existence of infinite-volume Wightman functions.
The piperales and the monocots

The Piperales (in a narrow sense) possess a suite of characters which are common among monocots but rare or uncommon among dicots. The concordance of these characters in the Piperales argues against convergence and that the Piperales, like the Nymphaeales, are more closely related to the monocots than other living dicots. Because the Piperales, Arales, and some Najadales exhibit relationships that span the most profound dichotomy in angiosperms, it is argued that these plants represent very ancient lineages. A comparative overview of their flowers has led to a hypothesis suggesting that simple flowers, similar to those of the Chloranthaceae, came together by the loss of internodes to form the three-parted flowers of the Piperales and many monocots. To account for the commonly seen arrangements of floral parts in these plants it is postulated that the ancestral simple flowers had a single small bract, two stamens, and a single adaxial pistil. Evidence from the Lactoridaceae, Saururaceae, Potamogetonaceae, Alismatales, and others is cited in support of this hypothesis. Evidence for the later development of the corolla comes from ontogenetic studies in the Alismatales. Some flowers in the Juncaginaceae and Cyperaceae suggest that unisexual simple flowers came together to form three-parted flowers in other lineages, such as the Liliales. The present theory and the strobilus hypothesis are contrasted and discussed.
Detection of p34cdc2- and cyclin B-like proteins in Dunaliella tertiolecta (Chlorophyceae)

p34cdc2 and cyclin B are two key proteins in the eukaryotic cell cycle control machinery. They thus could be important cell cycle markers for studies of environmental effects on cell cycle progression and on growth rate of marine phytoplankton. From July 1993 to March 1995, we used commercially available antibodies to examine the presence of their homologs in a marine phytoplankton species, Dunaliella tertiolecta Butcher. A p34cdc2-like protein was detected on the Western blots, with an apparent molecular mass as expected (34 kDa). Anti-cyclin B detected a protein of 63 kDa, a size similar to that of cyclin B in other organisms. The two proteins decreased from the exponential to the stationary growth phase. As determined on the Western blots, their abundance only changed slightly during the cell cycle, being slightly more abundant prior to cell division. Immunofluorescence performed for a partially synchronized culture showed that the fraction of the cell population that was positively stained by anti-p34cdc2 was highest at the time when the culture was mainly in the late G1 or early S phase, and in the late G2 or early M phase, respectively. The fraction was low when the culture was mainly in the S phase. Although further characterization is required to verify their identities, these two growth phase-related proteins appear to be p34cdc2 and cyclin B homologs, which may be useful in studying the cell cycle and growth rates of phytoplankton.
Association of lung adenocarcinoma expression of Trop-2 protein with tumor infiltrating CD8+ T lymphocytes.

e18509 Background: Trop-2, a component of tight junctions, is highly expressed in many epithelial cancers, and its intracellular expression has been associated with prolonged survival in breast ade...
Clinical role, safety and diagnostic accuracy of percutaneous transthoracic needle biopsy in the evaluation of pulmonary consolidation

To determine the clinical role, safety, and diagnostic accuracy of percutaneous transthoracic needle biopsy in the evaluation of pulmonary consolidation. A retrospective review of all computed tomography (CT)-guided percutaneous transthoracic needle biopsies (PTNB) at a tertiary care hospital over a 4-year period was performed to identify all cases of PTNB performed for pulmonary consolidation. For each case, CT Chest images were reviewed by two thoracic radiologists. Histopathologic and microbiologic results were obtained and clinical follow-up was performed. Thirty of 1090 (M:F 17:30, mean age 67 years) patients underwent PTNB for pulmonary consolidation (2.8% of all biopsies). A final diagnosis was confirmed in 29 patients through surgical resection, microbiology, or clinicoradiologic follow-up for at least 18 months after biopsy. PTNB had an overall diagnostic accuracy of 83%. A final diagnosis of malignancy was made in 20/29 patients, of which 19 were correctly diagnosed by PTNB, resulting in a sensitivity of 95% and specificity of 100% for malignancy. In all cases of primary lung cancer, adequate tissue for molecular testing was obtained. A benign final diagnosis was made in 9 patients, infection in 5 cases and non-infectious benign etiology in 4 cases. PTNB correctly diagnosed all cases of infection. Minor complications occurred in 13% (4/30) of patients. Pulmonary consolidation can be safely evaluated with CT-guided percutaneous needle biopsy. Diagnostic yield is high, especially for malignancy. PTNB of pulmonary consolidation should be considered following non-diagnostic bronchoscopy.
Whole Atmosphere Climate Change: Dependence on Solar Activity

We conducted global simulations of temperature change due to anthropogenic trace gas emissions, which extended from the surface, through the thermosphere and ionosphere, to the exobase. These simulations were done under solar maximum conditions, in order to compare the effect of the solar cycle on global change to previous work using solar minimum conditions. The Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model‐eXtended was employed in this study. As in previous work, lower atmosphere warming, due to increasing anthropogenic gases, is accompanied by upper atmosphere cooling, starting in the lower stratosphere, and becoming dramatic, almost 2 K per decade for the global mean annual mean, in the thermosphere. This thermospheric cooling, and consequent reduction in density, is less than the almost 3 K per decade for solar minimum conditions calculated in previous simulations. This dependence of global change on solar activity conditions is due to solar‐driven increases in radiationally active gases other than carbon dioxide, such as nitric oxide. An ancillary result of these and previous simulations is an estimate of the solar cycle effect on temperatures as a function of altitude. These simulations used modest, five‐member, ensembles, and measured sea surface temperatures rather than a fully coupled ocean model, so any solar cycle effects were not statistically significant in the lower troposphere. Temperature change from solar minimum to maximum increased from near zero at the tropopause to about 1 K at the stratopause, to approximately 500 K in the upper thermosphere, commensurate with the empirical evidence, and previous numerical models.
Collaboration Among Apparently Incommensurable Expertises: A Case Study of Combining Expertises and Perspectives to Manage Climate Change in Coastal Virginia

In this chapter, we trace the evolution of a collaboration, from submission of a grant proposal through the first year of research, focusing on the kinds of expertise both shared and gained by the members of a team Gorman gradually formed with the goal of gaining sufficient T-shaped and interactional expertise to understand whether and how sensors, models, and platforms for sharing information could collectively improve shared management of this system across a range of stakeholders.
Connecting Organometallic Ni(III) and Ni(IV): Reactions of Carbon-Centered Radicals with High-Valent Organonickel Complexes

This paper describes the one-electron interconversions of isolable NiIII and NiIV complexes through their reactions with carbon-centered radicals (R•). First, model NiIII complexes are shown to react with alkyl and aryl radicals to afford NiIV products. Preliminary mechanistic studies implicate a pathway involving direct addition of a carbon-centered radical to the NiIII center. This is directly analogous to the known reactivity of NiII complexes with R•, a step that is commonly implicated in catalysis. Second, a NiIV-CH3 complex is shown to react with aryl and alkyl radicals to afford C-C bonds via a proposed SH2-type mechanism. This pathway is leveraged to enable challenging H3C-CF3 bond formation under mild conditions. Overall, these investigations suggest that NiII/III/IV sequences may be viable redox pathways in high-oxidation-state nickel catalysis.
Chronic Ankle Instability Does Not Influence Tibiofemoral Contact Forces During Drop Landings Using a Musculoskeletal Model.

The purpose of the study was to compare the tibiofemoral contact forces of participants with chronic ankle instability versus controls during landings using a computer-simulated musculoskeletal model. A total of 21 female participants with chronic ankle instability and 21 pair-matched controls performed a drop landing task on a tilted force plate. A 7-camera motion capture system and 2 force plates were used to test participants' lower-extremity biomechanics. A musculoskeletal model was used to calculate the tibiofemoral contact forces (femur on tibia). No significant between-group differences were observed for the peak tibiofemoral contact forces (P = .25-.48) during the landing phase based on paired t tests. The group differences ranged from 0.05 to 0.58 body weight (BW). Most participants demonstrated a posterior force (peak, ∼1.1 BW) for most duration of the landing phase and a medial force (peak, ∼0.9 BW) and large compressive force (peak, ∼10 BW) in the landing phase. The authors conclude that chronic ankle instability may not be related to the increased tibiofemoral contact forces or knee injury mechanisms during landings on the tilted surface.