cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Potassium levels in acute myocardial infarction: definitely worth paying attention to

Congestive heart failure (CHF) is a common comorbidity following acute myocardial infarction (AMI), and CHF complicating AMI has an unfavourable outcome. Water and sodium retention are the key pathophysiological events leading to ‘congestion’ in CHF. It is now clear that CHF is the result of a systemic neurohormonal response involving the heart, kidneys, and vasculature.1 Two main neurohormonal systems play a central role in CHF: the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system and the adrenergic autonomic nervous system ( Figure 1 ).1 Myocardial injury, impaired diastolic and systolic function, peripheral hypoperfusion, and pulmonary venous hypertension collectively activate the neurohormonal response, which primarily exists to maintain homeostasis that we now know participates in further injury. Figure 1 Activation of the renin–aldosterone–angiotensin system and adrenergic autonomic nervous system following acute myocardial infarction and congestive heart failure. Imagine a ‘cave man’, a hunter, who survives on his prey, and competes with other animals for it. The most likely adverse event is to be assaulted and wounded leading to blood loss. The neurohormonal response would immediately be triggered. Norepinephrine release from the nerve endings would increase heart rate, cardiac contractility, and therefore cardiac output. To compensate for the blood …
Screening (Sieve) Design of Experiments in Metal Cutting

This chapter discuses particularities of the use of DOE in experimental studies of metal cutting . It argues that although the cost of testing in metal cutting is high, there is no drive to improve or generalize the experimental results. It explains that full factorial design of experiments and the most advanced group method of data handling (known as GMDH) method allow accurate estimation of all factors involved and their interactions.
Lecithin Changes in Murine Mycoplasma pulmonis Respiratory Infection

We examined the lipid content of bronchoalveolar (BA) washes from both mice and rats infected with Mycoplasma pulmonis, an etiological agent of murine pneumonia. During a 30-day period after intranasal inoculation, the total lipid content from infected and control rats (in milligrams per animal) remained relatively equal and unchanged. The saturated, unsaturated, and total lecithin contents in infected rats (in milligrams per animal) all increased. The maximum lecithin values were detected at 7 to 10 days after infection; later, the levels fell to control values. There was essentially no change in any lecithin value from uninfected animals. Although in BA washes from infected animals the mass of disaturated lecithins increased, the percentage of this fraction in the total lecithin pool decreased. The fatty acids of the lecithins from BA washes of infected mice had significantly less palmitic and significantly more oleic and linoleic acids than the lecithins isolated from the BA washes of control animals. Both the relative decrease in the mass of disaturated lecithins in the BA washes and the increase in the percentage of esterified unsaturated fatty acids in the lecithins may be directly related to the reduced lung function reported to occur during the course of murine M. pulmonis pneumonia.
"First, I… then, we…": exploring the sequence of sexual acts and safety strategies reported during a sexual encounter using a modified timeline followback method.

Objectives Assessments of sexual safety often rely on questions about the occurrence of condom use within a designated timeline, assuming that penile–vaginal intercourse (PVI) occurred once at the conclusion of the event. An investigation of all sexual acts and safety strategies that occur during a single event may present a more nuanced picture of sexual risk. Methods Behaviourally, bisexual women (N=45) were recruited due to the potential diversity of their sexual behaviour and safety strategies. A modified timeline follow-back method, the SEQUENCE Calendar, was designed to capture information about the participants’ most recent sexual event with a male partner, including the order of each sexual act during the sexual event. Interviews took between 1 and 3 h. These acts were compiled into narratives and the behavioural sequences were reviewed and coded. Results Participants reported an average of 7.9 (SD=4.3) sexual acts. Over a third (35.9%, N=14) of the participants who reported PVI indicated engaging in genital contact after PVI and over 15% (N=6) of these participants reporting PVI at two different time points, separated by sexual behaviour. Additional potential for infection outside of condom use and PVI was also identified. Conclusions Sexual interactions are comprised of multiple acts that occur in a variety of permutations. Understanding the complexity of people9s sexual encounters has potential to inform the ways we measure condom use and consider sexual safety.
GEOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF JINBA GOLD DEPOSIT IN SOUTHEAST YUNNAN

Jinba gold deposit of ultramicro-grained type, located in the southeast of Yunnan Province, includes more than 30 ore bodies, which are grouped into 6 ore belts trending NE and 350 ~ 2000 m in length. The ore bodies are in lens, sub-stratiform or moniliform. The Zhesang anticlinorium controls the distribution of ore belts. The faults provide migratary channels for ore solution. The secondary sturctures control the location and occurrence of ore bodies. The host strata are mainly Upper Permain (containing 5 ore belts), with also Middle and Lower Triassic. The wall rocks are pelitic siltstone, siltstone, silty tuff, tuff, argillaceous dolomite, spilite, diabase dyke, ets. The mineralization types cover altered rock of fractured formation, altered rock of fractured dyke, and quartz vein. The wallrock alteration involves pyritization, arsenopyritization, silicification and carbonation. The oxidized and primary ores may be lithologically classified into tuffaceous ore, silty/silty-argillic ore, argillaceous dolomite ore, diabase ore and spilite ore. The Au grades of ore range from 0.5 × 10-6 to 15.9×10-6. The metallic minerals in primary ore are pyrite, arsenopyrite and chalcopyrite; while in oxidized ore, are limonite and scorodite. The gangue minerals depend on the types of wall rocks. Chemically, the content of SiO2 in the ore is lower than that in primary rocks; while Fe2O3 + FeO is higher. The ore is rich in K and poor in Na. The trace elements such as Au, Ag, As, Sb and Cu are more in the ore than in the primary rock. The ores are in pelitic, fine-clastic, tuffaceous, diabasic, granular crystalline and rim-zonal textures, and cataclastic, breccia, disseminated, nodular and honeycomb structures. The gold is hosted in limonite, arsenopyrite and chalcopyrite as micro-inclusions.
Addressing Inconsistencies in the Social Norms Drinking Literature: Development of the Injunctive Norms Drinking and Abstaining Behaviors Questionnaire.

Background Informed by inconsistent findings regarding the association between injunctive norms (IN) and drinking behaviors, the current study developed a new measure of IN, the Injunctive Norms Drinking and Abstaining Behaviors Questionnaire (IN-DABQ). This measure addressed several psychometric weaknesses of prior assessment of this construct, specifically, reliance on single-item measures, and assessment of a limited range of drinking behaviors. The new measure also assessed norms for reasons for abstaining from drinking as college students often have simultaneous motives to use and inhibit their drug use. A parallel measure of descriptive norms (DN), the Descriptive Norms Drinking and Abstaining Behaviors Questionnaire (DN-DABQ), was created to allow for a comparison of the relative predictive effects of descriptive and IN in relation to different drinking outcomes. Methods A college sample (N = 254, female = 50.42%) was recruited using Amazon's Mechanical Turk. Participants completed an online survey assessing demographic characteristics, social norms for 3 referents, weekly alcohol use, and alcohol-related consequences. Results Exploratory factor analyses indicated 2 factors for the DN-DABQ and 3 factors for the IN-DABQ. The IN Drinking Behaviors factor consistently predicted weekly consumption and alcohol-related consequences across 3 reference groups (typical college student at your school, friends, and closest friends). Conclusions These findings suggest that prior inconsistencies in the relationship between IN and drinking behaviors are likely a function of poor measurement of this construct. Implications for normative feedback interventions are discussed.
Extremum seeking adaptive control of beam envelope in particle accelerators

The matching problem for a low energy transport system in a charged particle accelerator is approached using the extremum seeking feedback method for non-model-based adaptive control. The beam dynamics, used only for simulation purposes, is modeled using the KV (Kapchinsky-Vladimirsky) envelope equations. Extremum seeking is employed for the lens adaptive tuning in both the matching and periodic channels. Numerical simulations illustrate the effectiveness of this approach.
Temporal duration and attribution process of cause-related marketing: moderating roles of self-construal and product involvement

Applying the self-construal (SC) temporal match effect to a cause marketing context, this study investigated the conditions under which cause-related marketing campaigns generate stronger altruistic attributions of sponsor motives and subsequently purchase intention. As major factors, temporal duration (long-term vs. short-term), SC (independent vs. interdependent), and product involvement (high vs. low) were incorporated in the integrative model and the three-way interaction effect on altruistic attributions was assessed. With the use of online experimental data from 323 college students, the matching effect of temporal duration and SC was found, such that independent individuals were influenced by the message that was framed with the distant, long-term duration. Our findings further found that this matching effect was more pronounced for the high-involvement product, but not for the low-involvement product. In addition, this study discovered that altruistic attributions mediated the effect of temporal d...
Broadband near-infrared spectroscopy can detect cyanide-induced cytochrome aa3 inhibition in rats: a proof of concept study.

Clinically available near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) devices use two to five wavelengths of light to measure the relative amounts of oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin in tissue to determine tissue hemoglobin oxygen saturation (StO2). In addition to StO2, broadband NIRS devices (using hundreds of wavelengths of light) may be able to measure the oxidation state of mitochondrial cytochrome aa3 (Cytox) which reflects the subcellular energetic state. We hypothesize that broadband NIRS devices can measure Cytox independent of changes in hemoglobin saturation. In this prospective non-randomized study, 20 male Sprague-Dawley rats (300 g) were anesthetized with isoflurane, tracheally intubated, and ventilated with 100% O2 containing 2% isoflurane. They were subsequently instrumented with a broadband NIRS device that used a halogen light source coupled to an emitting fibreoptic cable. Three receiving fibreoptic cables were utilized; one analyzed the light source and the other two were directed at the base of the skull. Each receiving fibre was connected to a spectrometer to measure light intensity. Sodium cyanide (NaCN) 5 mg·kg−1 iv was injected in order to produce cytochrome aa3 reduction. Two to three minutes after injection, oxygen was eliminated and 100% nitrogen (i.e., anoxia) was used for ventilation in order to induce a reduction in both cytochrome aa3 and hemoglobin desaturation. Changes in the cytochrome oxidation state and hemoglobin oxygenation were calculated using a broadband algorithm and compared before and after both the NaCN and anoxia interventions. The NaCN injection resulted in a decrease in median [interquartile range (IQR)] deoxyhemoglobin (−0.014 [−0.29 to −0.005] arbitrary units [AU]; P < 0.001), an increase in oxyhemoglobin (0.013 [−0.011 to 0.031] AU; P < 0.001), and a reduction in cytochrome aa3 (−0.015 [−0.020 to −0.011] AU; P < 0.001). Anoxia resulted in an increase in median [IQR] deoxyhemoglobin (0.13 [0.11 to 0.18] AU; P < 0.001), a decrease in oxyhemoglobin (−0.17 [−0.22 to −0.15] AU; P < 0.001), and a reduction in cytochrome aa3 (−0.04 [−0.06 to −0.03] AU; P < 0.001). Broadband NIRS can effectively measure the directionality of changes in both Cytox and StO2 by uncoupling the cytochrome and hemoglobin signals through inhibition of the electron transport chain and anoxia.
Molecular simulations of peptide amphiphiles

This review describes recent progress in the area of molecular simulations of peptide assemblies, including peptide-amphiphiles and drug-amphiphiles. The ability to predict the structure and stability of peptide self-assemblies from the molecular level up is vital to the field of nanobiotechnology. Computational methods such as molecular dynamics offer the opportunity to characterize intermolecular forces between peptide-amphiphiles that are critical to the self-assembly process. Furthermore, these computational methods provide the ability to computationally probe the structure of these supramolecular assemblies at the molecular level, which is a challenge experimentally. Herein, we briefly highlight progress in the areas of all-atomistic and coarse-grained simulation studies investigating the self-assembly process of short peptides and peptide amphiphiles. We also discuss recent all-atomistic and coarse-grained simulations of the self-assembly of a drug-amphiphile into elongated filaments. Next, we discuss how these computational methods can provide further insight into the pathway of cylindrical nanofiber formation and predict their biocompatibility by studying the interaction of these peptide-amphiphile nanostructures with model cell membranes.
Early cervical length, preterm prelabor and gestational age at delivery. Is there a relationship?

OBJECTIVE: To measure early cervical length by transvaginal ultrasound in the late first trimester, to examine its relationship to the occurrence of preterm prelabor diagnosis and to relate both to gestational age at delivery. STUDY DESIGN: In a cohort of 373 women with singleton pregnancies, early cervical length was measurea transvaginally at the time ofa routine dating ultrasouna examination (11.3±1.9 weeks gestation). For measurements <40 mm the cervix was remeasured by 20 weeks' gestation; measurements ≥40 mm were recorded but not used. Beginning at 20 weeks' gestation, all patients were regularly questioned, as part of normal prenatal care, for symptoms consistent with preterm cervical effacement with or without increased uterine activity. RESULTS: Early cervical length at or below the 10th percentile (40 mm) was significantly associated with an increased relative risk of preterm prelabor (P<.0001). Preterm prelabor diagnosis was significantly associated with earlier median gestational age at delivery: 38.7 vs. 39.9 weeks (P<.0001 by Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney analysis). Kaplan-Meier survival analysis for gestational age at delivery was also significant (P <.0001). CONCLUSION: Measuring of cervical length in the late first trimester predicts the risk of preterm prelabor, and women with preterm prelabor deliver earlier that those without.
Internal sub-sonic burning during an explosion viewed via dynamic X-ray radiography

We observe internal convective and conductive burn front propagation and solid consumption subsequent to thermal ignition for plastic bonded formulations of the solid organic secondary explosives octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine and 1,3,5-triamino-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene. This work describes x-ray radiographic diagnostics enabling the study of solid density in a fully encased explosive during internal burning subsequent to ignition. The result of this study is the ability to directly observe and measure rates of energy release during a thermal explosion.
Low-cost plug and play photochemistry reactor

Abstract Polymerization-based amplification (PBA) uses a visible-light photopolymerization reaction for rapid, low-cost signal amplification and colorimetric detection in disease diagnostics. PBA is particularly useful for point-of-care testing (POCT) in the developing world where laboratory infrastructure and access to advanced technologies may be limited. To date, PBA has required expensive (∼5K USD), desktop-based light sources to drive these photopolymerization reactions, which has limited its use in limited-resource areas and for POCT applications. Here, we present a portable, lightweight, and low-cost device that can generate light of the intensity and wavelengths required to perform the PBA reactions rapidly (
Design and implementation of conventional (PID) and modern (Fuzzy logic) controllers for an energy storage system of hybrid electric vehicles

Hybrid electrical vehicles have become widely used over the last 20 years, which made the energy systems of these vehicles a very common area of research. The purpose of this research is to design an energy storage system for a hybrid electrical vehicle controlled by two different controllers (Conventional PID and modern Fuzzy logic controllers FLC). The main goals of these controllers are to eliminate the energy loss throughout the system components (mainly the lithium ion battery and the Ultra-capacitors), and to produce a perfect system response which deliver the exact power demand needed at the output. This paper also compares these two controllers in terms of design and performance.
Centers and Peripheries: The Emergence of a Market for African Art in South Africa

Using the notion of centers and peripheries, Paula Girshick explores the emergence of the collecting and marketing of African art in South Africa. South Africans have been players in a broader mark...
Parents' Campaigns to Reduce their Children's Conduct Problems: Interactions with Temperamental Resistance to Control.

Longitudinal studies have found associations between parenting and the development of conduct problems, and have found that resistant to control temperament moderates these associations. Intervention studies have found associations between intervention-induced changes in parenting and subsequent reductions in children’s conduct problems. However, no study to date has evaluated whether parents’ self-initiated efforts to change their parenting practices affect children’s conduct problems and whether effects depend on children’s temperament. The current study asked whether parents’ concerted efforts, or campaigns, to increase their involvement and limit-setting were effective in reducing growth in conduct problems from late childhood to early adolescence. It also asked whether the effects of campaigns varied according to children’s levels of temperamental resistance to control. Analyses statistically controlled for parenting practices and conduct problems before the campaigns, socioeconomic status, gender, and ethnicity. Results indicated that campaigns that included increased involvement and limit-setting were beneficial only for youths who were rated in early childhood as temperamentally resistant to control.
Orientational Ordering in Ultra-Thin Films of Quantum Rotors on Boron Nitride

We report the results from NMR studies of submonolayer and monolayer films of solid hydrogen (corresponding to the expected \(\sqrt 3 \times \sqrt 3 \) commensurate and incommensurate solid, respectively) on a well defined insulating substrate (boron nitride). The orientational ordering of the ortho-H2molecules (J=1 quantum rotors) was explored for ortho-H2concentrations 0.3<X<0.74 and temperatures 0.05<T<4.2 K. The phase diagram for submonolayer hydrogen films (75% of full monolayer) has been identified in terms of X and T from clear structural changes of the NMR spectra, including the observation of a new 2D orientational quadrupolar glass ordering for 0.48<X<0.69 and 0.2≤T≤0.6 K. Two distinct long range orientationally ordered phases are identified for monolayer hydrogen films: an expected pinwheel lattice structure for high X and an expected herringbone structure for low X.
Transference-countertransference patterns in psychoanalytic group therapy: a family systems view.

This paper applies a specific view of familylike dynamics to psychoanalytic group psychotherapy. Pathological forms of protectiveness and scapegoating are both involved in which the symptomatic individuals maintain an enmeshment with the group which saves them from anxieties associated with change. As the scapegoat, the problem patient becomes the spokesperson for a group transference involving the therapist(s), group members, and a developmentally internalized family. The primary technical error is the tendency for the therapist, in the guise of appropriate technique, to unconsciously collude with a scapegoating process thereby discouraging differentiation and growth. Viewing the group from the perspective of pathological versus healthy forms of family interaction helps to highlight certain problems in the therapist's interventions.
Inter-Temporal Ethics, Modern Capital Theory and the Economics of Sustainable Forest Management

In this exploratory chapter, I examine how the disciplines of forest economics, capital theory and ethics, insofar as they pertain to decisions taken over time, each provide a lens with which to view the other. More specifically, I read texts of Kant, Laslett, Bourdieu, Cowen-Parfitt and Mitra-Wan-Ray-Roy and attempt to place the general theory of inter-temporal resource allocation within a larger conversation on intergenerational justice taking place in political and sociological theory. I thereby seek to develop a vocabulary for exploring alternative possibilities for social, political and communal bonding by giving meaning to terms such as sustainability, efficiency and equity for the ‘ optimal’ allocation of common or environmental (measurable or non-measurable) resources over time.
Impact of a Youth-Focused Care Model on Retention and Virologic Suppression Among Young Adults With HIV Cared for in an Adult HIV Clinic.

BACKGROUND Young adults with HIV (YAHIV) are less likely to be retained in care or achieve viral suppression (VS) when seen in adult clinics. We assessed the outcomes of a youth-focused care model versus standard of care (SOC) within a large adult HIV clinic. SETTING The Accessing Care Early (ACE) program for YAHIV is embedded within an adult clinic. Eligibility for ACE includes age 18-30 years with ≥1 criteria: transfer from pediatric care, mental health diagnosis, substance use, or identified adherence barriers. Ineligible patients receive SOC. METHODS Retrospective analysis of patients entering ACE versus SOC from 2012 to 2014. Multivariable logistic regression assessed variables associated with retention and VS <200 copies per milliliter, and in separate analysis, clinical services utilization. RESULTS One hundred thirty-seven YAHIV entered care (2012-2014), 61 ACE and 76 SOC. Despite higher risk factors, ACE YAHIV were less likely to be lost to follow-up compared with SOC (16% versus 37%, P < 0.01). At 24 months, 49% in ACE versus 26% in SOC met the retention measure (P < 0.01). In adjusted analysis, ACE was associated with retention in care [AOR 3.26 (1.23-8.63)]. Of those meeting the retention measure, 60% of ACE versus 89% of SOC had VS [AOR 0.63 (0.35-1.14)]. Retention was associated with more frequent social work visits, nurse phone calls, and peer navigator interactions. CONCLUSIONS Higher risk ACE YAHIV had better retention than SOC YAHIV in an adult clinic. Improved retention did not lead to improved VS, underscoring the need for additional interventions to optimize VS for YAHIV.
Effects of Acquisition CSR Characteristics on Shareholder Value

This study draws on the Resource Based View (RBV) and the synergy creation hypothesis to examine how Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) characteristics of acquisitions affect value creation for ...
Jehovah’s Witnesses

Pregnant patients who are Jehovah’s witnesses pose a number of clinical and ethical concerns. Their management includes careful preoperative evaluation and documentation regarding acceptability of blood-derived plasma or cellular components and blood conservation techniques. Anesthetic management includes discussing and clearly understanding patient’s wishes regarding refusal of blood and blood products even under life-threatening circumstances.
The Frankfurt School Revisited

This volume is a collection of essays by Richard Wolin, a leading political theorist and intellectual historian. It is the follow up to Wolin’s two recent, widely acclaimed books: Heidegger’s Children and The Seduction of Unreason. In those books, he explored the legacy of Martin Heidegger and his impact on some of his most influential and notable students. He dealt particularly with the effect that Heidegger’s subsequent embrace of fascism and National Socialism had on these students. Delving further in his next book, Wolin explored the question of why philosophers and intellectuals have been drawn to antiliberal, antidemocratic fascism. The essays in this book are focused on European Political Thought particularly with figures associated with the Frankfurt School. The collection represents a virtual who’s who of European political thinkers with essays on Walter Benjamin, Adorno, Marcuse, Arendt, Heidegger, Weber, Jaspers, and Carl Schmitt. Moving beyond these thinkers and those books, this collection will also include essays on contemporary political issues such as post-communist revolutions, human rights, global democracy, the revival of republicanism, and religion and public life.
Integrating historical biogeography and environmental niche evolution to understand the geographic distribution of Datureae

Premise The distributions of plant clades are shaped by abiotic and biotic factors as well as historical aspects such as center of origin. Dispersals between distant areas may lead to niche evolution when lineages are established in new environments. Alternatively, dispersing lineages may exhibit niche conservatism, moving between areas with similar environmental conditions. Here we test these contrasting hypotheses in the Datureae clade (Solanaceae). Methods We used maximum likelihood methods to estimate the ancestral range of Datureae along with the history of biogeographic events. We then characterized the niche of each taxon using climatic and soil variables and tested for shifts in environmental niche optima. Finally, we examined how these shifts relate to the niche breadth of taxa and clades within Datureae and the degree of overlap between them. Results Datureae originated in the Andes and subsequently expanded its range to North America and non-Andean regions of South America. The ancestral niche, and that of most Datura and Trompettia species, is dry, while Brugmansia species likely shifted toward a more mesic environment. Nonetheless, most Datureae present moderate to high overlap in niche breadth today. Conclusions The expansion of Datureae into North America was associated with niche conservatism, with dispersal into similarly dry areas as occupied by the ancestral lineage. Subsequent niche evolution, including the apparent shift to a mesic niche in Brugmansia, diversified the range of habitats occupied by species in the tribe Datureae but also led to significant niche overlap among the three genera.
Epidemiology of Cervical Muscle Strains in Collegiate and High School Football Athletes, 2011-2012 Through 2013-2014 Academic Years.

Context Cervical muscle strains are an often-overlooked injury, with neck- and spine-related research typically focusing on spinal cord and vertebral injuries. Objective To examine the rates and di...
SimIon optimization for ion collection in 131Cs sterile neutrino search

Abstract Reaction Ion Microscopes (RIMs) are axial-field electrostatic spectrometers extensively used in atomic physics to study few-body reactions. The high resolution and 4 π solid angle acceptance achievable with these devices have made them essential tools for studies of atomic physics. The sources of reacting particles in such studies are often spatially extended (Magneto Optical Traps (MOT) or supersonic gas jets), requiring the spectrometers to focus in both the longitudinal and transverse directions without loss of resolution. The necessary design conditions for combining longitudinal (Wiley–McLaren) and transverse focusing have been described in the literature and employed by a number of chemical physics groups. However, a unified and systematic framework for optimizing the several competing requirements for such spectrometers has not been described. The present paper describes techniques developed to apply the MOTRIMs technique to an elementary particle physics experiment. The HUNTER experiment (Heavy Unseen Neutrinos from Total Energy–momentum Reconstruction) is a search for sterile neutrinos with masses in the range 20–280 keV/ c 2 produced in electron-capture decays of radioactive nuclei, using event-by-event missing-mass reconstruction. Methods developed to optimize HUNTER RIMs spectrometer design are reported in this paper. These methods are generally applicable to the design of high performance RIM systems.
Assessing cognitive improvement in people with Down syndrome: important considerations for drug-efficacy trials.

Experimental research over just the past decade has raised the possibility that learning deficits connected to Down syndrome (DS) might be effectively managed by medication. In the current chapter, we touch on some of the work that paved the way for these advances and discuss the challenges associated with translating them. In particular, we highlight sources of phenotypic variability in the DS population that are likely to impact performance assessments. Throughout, suggestions are made on how to detect meaningful changes in cognitive–adaptive function in people with DS during drug treatment. The importance of within-subjects evaluation is emphasized.
Virus Transmission Risk in Urban Rail Systems: A Microscopic Simulation-based Analysis of Spatio-temporal Characteristics

Transmission risk of air-borne diseases in public transportation systems is a concern. The paper proposes a modified Wells-Riley model for risk analysis in public transportation systems to capture the passenger flow characteristics, including spatial and temporal patterns in terms of number of boarding, alighting passengers, and number of infectors. The model is utilized to assess overall risk as a function of OD flows, actual operations, and factors such as mask wearing, and ventilation. The model is integrated with a microscopic simulation model of subway operations (SimMETRO). Using actual data from a subway system, a case study explores the impact of different factors on transmission risk, including mask-wearing, ventilation rates, infectiousness levels of disease and carrier rates. In general, mask-wearing and ventilation are effective under various demand levels, infectiousness levels, and carrier rates. Mask-wearing is more effective in mitigating risks. Impacts from operations and service frequency are also evaluated, emphasizing the importance of maintaining reliable, frequent operations in lowering transmission risks. Risk spatial patterns are also explored, highlighting locations of higher risk.
Climate law and policy: Forks in the road

This Essay provides a simple heuristic to enable public and private policymakers to focus on the most important climate mitigation options. Policymakers face a blizzard of information, advocacy, and policy options, and it is easy to lose sight of the forest for the trees. Many options are attractive on the surface but will not meaningfully address the problem or are unlikely to be adopted in the foreseeable future. If policymakers make the right decision when confronting three essential choices or forks in the road, though, the result will be 60% to 70% reductions in greenhouse gas emissions, an amount that will keep widely-adopted climate mitigation goals in reach. The three options are decarbonization of the electrical grid, electrification of the motor vehicle fleet, and electrification of buildings. International, national, and subnational officials, philanthropists, corporate executives, advocacy group leaders, and households have the ability to prioritize these three options in their regulatory, purchasing, and other actions. If they make the right choice on these three options, many other mistakes can be made without jeopardizing the chance to achieve widely-adopted emissions targets. If they make the wrong choice, few combinations of other viable options can achieve the needed reductions. In the face of a growing consensus that major, prompt emissions reductions are required, the forks in the road approach can provide policymakers with the mental framework necessary to make smart decisions and ignore the noise surrounding climate law and policy
Strain-sensitive topological evolution of twin interfaces

Abstract Twin Boundaries (TBs) are fundamental interfaces in materials science which, despite over a century of research, continue to surprise us. A longstanding anomaly in the field is the experimental observation of a Type II TB in NiTi with two distinct indicial identities: ( 0.7205 1 1 ¯ ) ≈ ( 34 4 ¯ ) and ( 89 9 ¯ ) . The nanostructure of this interface is still unclear, with varying propositions put forth over the past 4 decades. We consider multi-scale energetics, employing Molecular Statics simulations and anisotropic elasticity formalisms, to establish a Terrace-Disconnection (TD) topology as the energy-minimal nanostructure. A theoretical framework is developed based on continuum strain-energy arguments to determine the influence of microstructural strain and local twin volume fraction on interface topology. It is shown that it is energetically favorable for the topology to evolve across a continuous spectrum of indicial identities under coupled influence of both parameters. Consequently, experimental observations that were thus far considered contrasting are proposed as distinct states within this spectrum, transposing as evidence of the proposed evolving capability in the Type II TB. This topological evolution fundamentally arises from a strain-mediated change of the dislocation-spacing (equivalently, a change in the interface dislocation-density). We further propose the prevalence of this evolving behavior in both Type I and Compound TBs (in NiTi) exhibiting a seamless transition between coherent and semi-coherent states, significantly changing dislocation-densities (upto 8-fold) and exhibiting irrational Miller-index identities under non-zero strain. An “Evolving Interface” theory is proposed as an extension to the Topological Modeling framework, allowing determination of equilibrium topologies at non-zero strain and unsymmetric twin volume fractions.
Bone Nanomechanical Properties and Relationship to Bone Turnover and Architecture in Patients With Atypical Femur Fractures: A Prospective Nested Case-Control Study.

Atypical femur fractures (AFFs) are well-established serious complication of long-term bisphosphonate and denosumab therapy in patients with osteopenia or osteoporosis. To elucidate underlying mechanism(s) for the development of AFF, we performed a nested case-control study to investigate bone tissue nanomechanical properties and prevailing bone microstructure and tissue-level remodeling status as assessed by bone histomorphometry. We hypothesized that there would be differences in nanomechanical properties between patients with and without AFF and that bone microstructure and remodeling would be related to nanomechanical properties. Thirty-two full-thickness transiliac bone biopsies were obtained from age- and sex-matched patients on long-term bisphosphonate therapy with (n = 16) and without an AFF (n = 16). Standard histomorphometric measurements were made in each sample on three different bone envelopes (cancellous, intracortical, and endosteal). Iliac bone wall thickness was significantly lower on all three bone surfaces in patients with AFF than in those without AFF. Surface-based bone formation rate was suppressed similarly in both groups in comparison to healthy premenopausal and postmenopausal women, with no significant difference between the two groups. Nanoindentation was used to assess material properties of cortical and cancellous bone separately. Elastic modulus was higher in cortical than in cancellous bone in patients with AFF as well as compared to the elastic modulus of cortical bone from non-AFF patients. However, the elastic modulus of the cancellous bone was not different between AFF and non-AFF groups or between cortical and cancellous bone of non-AFF patients. Resistance to plastic deformation was decreased in cortical bone in both AFF and non-AFF groups compared to cancellous bone, but to a greater extent in AFF patients. We conclude that long-term bisphosphonate therapy is associated with prolonged suppression of bone turnover resulting in altered cortical remodeling and tissue nanomechanical properties leading to AFF. © 2021 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Building an Academic Portfolio

This chapter discusses and analyzes what can sometimes be the most complicated part of any academic transition of career shift; how to put forward and develop a portfolio of work product. What this may entail will be different for every individual, clearly, but there are several common themes and topics that should be considered. Specifically, even the best prepared individual with appropriate experience will need to most likely prepare a new or modified CV that more accurately reflects the thought leadership and publications of the individual rather than enterprise-level accomplishments. In addition, This chapter also circles back to the importance of understanding the specific components of the tenure process, as well as some of the alternative career paths available to aspiring academics and intellectuals. Practitioners have ability, and some would say responsibility, to bring practical and real-world experience into the classroom, which opens the door to an interesting possibility. Introduced and examined in this chapter is perhaps the most appealing option; why not do both? Straddling both academia and industry, practitioners making the shift to higher education can deliver value to students, institutions, and the broader business community.
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor overexpression in the paraventricular nucleus increases blood pressure via angiotensin type-1 receptor-mediated mechanisms (686.3)

BDNF expression increases in the PVN during hypertensive stimuli including stress and hyperosmolarity, and we have shown previously that overexpression of BDNF in the PVN leads to significant incre...
Volume and Surface Area Distributions of Cracks in Concrete

Volumetric images of small mortar samples under load are acquired by X-ray microtomography. The images are binarized at many different threshold values, and over a million connected components are extracted at each threshold with a new, space and time efficient program. The rapid increase in the volume and surface area of the foreground components (cracks and air holes) is explained in terms of a simple model of digitization. Analysis of the data indicates that the foreground consists of thin, convoluted manifolds with a complex network topology, and that the crack surface area, whose increase with strain must correspond to the external work, is higher than expected.
EROICA: A Rule-Based Approach to Organizational Policy Management in Workflow Systems

Conventional workflow management systems have been criticized for being too rigid in dealing with changes in organizational policies, in particular for the lack of flexible mechanisms for handling complex role resolution. In this paper we describe a rule-based approach (EROICA) for managing organizational policies in workflow systems. Our approach extends the well-known ECA (event-condition-action) approach used in database systems by elevating roles, objects and time intervals to first class citizens, hence the term EROICA (event-role-object-interval-condition-action). In this paper, we focus on the development of a flexible role resolution mechanism that operates under various business constraints specified with EROICA rules. We further discuss the issues of architecture and implementation and demonstrate that the EROICA framework is promising in making next generation of workflow systems more powerful and flexible.
TVA Experience with Concrete Chimney Linings

The condition of the concrete lining for TVA’s Bull Run chimney after 15 months of operation is described together with the effects of insulation, temperature change, drying out, and acid attack. Temperature gradients and thermal stresses for startup and shutdown cycles are computed and used to predict as well as explain the cracks found in the lining. The results of sonic tests and core analyses are given to show that drying out and acid attack have had little detrimental effect, and even with vertical cracks the lining is in no structural danger. Shrinkage stresses are shown to be much more critical for the transient temperature conditions than for the steady state. At Bull Run the condition was improved by controlling the draft in the annulus. At Paradise where a similar chimney was completed in 1968 changes in the design of the concrete lining were made to better control shrinkage cracks. Inspections and tests in both chimneys will be made periodically.
Yeast Phosphoramidate-Adenosine Diphosphate Phosphotransferase

Abstract An enzyme, phosphoramidate-ADP phosphotransferase, has been isolated from dried bakers' yeast. We have previously shown that phosphoramide, N-phosphorylglycine, and N-phosphohistidine can act as phosphate donors. Phosphoiodohistidine was shown also to function as a phosphate donor and the enzyme was stereospecific for the l form of this compound. The following compounds acted as phosphate acceptors in this system in decreasing order of activity: ADP, dADP, GDP, CDP, TDP, dCDP, TDP, UDP. When phosphoramide was used as a donor, the pH maximum was 7.0 to 7.2. When phosphoiodohistidine was used as the donor, a double pH maximum with peaks at 6.9 and 7.8 was noted. The Arrhenius energy of activation was determined to be 12.2 kcal per mole. Apparent Km values were 1.15 x 10-4 m for ADP and 1.39 x 10-4 m for phosphoramide. Mg++ ions were not required and were found to be inhibitory with either phosphoiodohistidine or phosphoramide as the donor. A wide variety of other possible inhibitors was checked. Compounds which affect sulfhydryl groups on enzymes were shown to inhibit this enzyme. Known inhibitors of oxidative phosphorylation, oligomycin and sodium azide, were also shown to inhibit enzymatic activity. However 2,4-dinitrophenol had no effect. With the use of 32P-labeled phosphoramide, an enzyme-32P-protein was isolated by diethylaminoethyl cellulose chromatography. This intermediate was capable of transfering labeled phosphate to ADP to form AT32P.
Brain neurohormones and cortical epinephrine pressor responses as affected by schizophrenic serum.

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on pressor response and the influence of various drugs and serum of schizophrenic patients upon cortical epinephrine pressor response (CEPR). The influence of the cerebral cortex upon the cardiovascular system has been suggested by clinical observations of blood pressure, heart rate, and localized vasomotor disturbances in patients with verified cerebral cortical lesions. Experimental lesions in animals also yield evidence of vasomotor representation at the cortical level. In the transection studies cited in the chapter, a number of centrally acting drugs modified the CEPR. Reserpine and tetrabenazine—tranquilizers that deplete norepinephrine and serotonin from brain depots—markedly augmented the pressor response while chlorpromazine—a tranquilizer with adrenergic blocking activity—blocked the pressor response. Iproniazid and other amine oxidase inhibitors—drugs that elevate the levels of norepinephrine and serotonin in the brain—markedly diminished the CEPR. Parasympathomimetic drugs that pass the blood–brain barrier also diminished the pressor response. The hallucinogens, lysergic acid diethylamide and bufotenine, were able to potentiate the pressor response to cortically applied epinephrine. Pentobarbital, hexobarbital, procaine, and morphine did not modify the pressor response while ethyl ether inhibited the response. The chapter discusses a tentative explanation of the effects of schizophrenic serum on the CEPR from the standpoint of catecholamine levels in the hypothalamus.
Universal economic analysis for IT transformation

For any IT transformation with significant investment, economic analysis is essential for justifying the risks and expenditures. Much cost modeling has been done for various types of IT transformations, each looks into the unique aspects of the concerned domains. This paper takes a different direction and proposes a general methodology named UROI for quickly constructing ROI/TCO models to be used in the field.
A simple, versatile and inexpensive rheometer for polymer melts

A simple, versatile biconical rehemoter has been developed. This device provides shear creep and creep recovery data for polymer melts over a temperature range of 200–500°F. and a range of applied shear stresses from 2 × 103 to 9 × 105 dynes/cm2. Extensive reheological data have been obtained for two samples each of polyisobutylene and high-density polyethylene. These illustrate the value of the device in obtaining data useful for predicting and understanding the processing properties of polymer melts.
The Influence of Charge Variation on the Adsorbed Configuration of a Model Cationic Oligomer onto Colloidal Silica

Abstract The adsorbed amounts and interfacial conformations of a low-molecular-weight oligomer of a weak cationic polyelectrolyte (15-unit chain of dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate, DMAEMA) on colloidal silica were examined, with the ultimate intent of providing perspective on the adsorption of high-molecular-weight weak polyelectrolytes. At all but the lowest ionic strengths or highest pHs, over the full range of adsorbed oligomer amounts on each isotherm, the interfacial conformation was relatively insensitive to coverage with train fractions from 0.8 to 1. This occurs because short oligomeric chains are not capable of forming long loops or tails found in higher-molecular-weight homopolymer layers. Variations in pH altered the backbone and surface charge densities, changing the density of contact points for adsorption. This was apparent in the NMR solvent relaxation behavior, which suggested the tightest binding near pH 6, and a sharp drop in the train fraction at high pH, just as the adsorption began to diminish with reduced backbone protonation. Variations in ionic strength screened repulsions among adsorbed oligomers, an effect most apparent at low ionic strengths. NMR solvent relaxation data provided substantial evidence for differences in the anchoring of DMAEMA oligomer and adsorbed trains of a nonionic homopolymer such as polyethylene oxide (T. Cosgrove, M. A. Cohen Stuart, and G. P. van der Beek, Langmuir 7, 327 (1991)). DMAEMA adsorbs at a small number of discrete points on side chains, while with polyethylene oxide the literature suggested every monomer on the main backbone can potentially adhere to the surface, giving a less mobile interface from the perspective of the solvent.
Seismologists meet “Down Under”

Planned presentations on hazard assessment and research weren't the only topics for discussion at the 27th General Assembly of the International Association of Seismology and Physics of the Earth's Interior (IASPEI), held from January 10–21 at the University of Victoria in Wellington, New Zealand. There was a more timely one unfolding: California's Northridge earthquake. When conference participants awoke to news of the earthquake on January 18, they scrambled to action to gather the latest data available. Just 12 hours after the event, they held a general discussion about the earthquake.