cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Beyond intent to leave: Using multiple outcome measures for assessing turnover in child welfare

Abstract This study sought to provide a more comprehensive approach to assessing and predicting turnover in child welfare by utilizing established measures that go beyond “intent to leave” and capture a continuum of behaviors indicative of emotionally and physically withdrawing from work (job withdrawal, work withdrawal, job search behavior, and exit). Data collection was informed by a conceptual framework using previous research literature. Data was obtained from public agency databases and an online survey completed by 621 (56.5%) public child welfare employees across a diversified mid-Atlantic state with geographical and demographic representation. Hierarchical regression results confirm that a combination of individual, job/work, and organizational factors are related differentially to the various types of employee behaviors related to turnover. However, factors related to perceptions of the organizational climate explained significantly more variance in types of organizational withdrawal than personal or job characteristics. Employees' reports of “stress” (captured by emotional exhaustion, role overload, and role conflict) contributed more to job withdrawal, work withdrawal, job search behavior, and exit from the organization than any other factor. Armed with specific and predictive data related to types of organizational withdrawal, agency managers can become proactive in creating the conditions likely to enhance retention.
Immunohistochemical identification of cells in the pars distalis of the pituitary of the lizard Anolis carolinensis.

Immunocharacteristics of the pars distalis cells of the pituitary of the male lizard A. carolinensis are determined by employing the immunoperoxidase technique with antisera to mammalian pituitary hormones. On the basis of their immunoreactivity, 5 different cell types with characteristic anatomical distribution are recognized. ACTH cells are found in the rostral half of the pars distalis, and PRL cells in the rostral two thirds of the pars distalis. GH and TSH cells are located in the caudal half of the pars distalis. GTH cells are distributed throughout the gland. When consecutive sections are stained with antiserum to ovine FSH or its β-subunit and to ovine LH, the same cells show immunoreactivity to all the three antisera. None of the GTH cells show positive immunoreactivity to ovine β-LH antiserum. The results suggest the existence of one gonadotropic cell type in the pituitary of this lizard.
Identifying Variables Contributing to Outliers in Phase I

When a process is monitored with a T 2 control chart in a Phase II setting, the MYT decomposition is a valuable diagnostic tool for interpreting signals in terms of the process variables. The decomposition splits a signaling T 2 statistic into independent components that can be associated with either individual variables or groups of variables. Since these components are T 2 statistics with known distributions, they can be used to determine which of the process variable(s) contribute to the signal. However, this procedure cannot be applied directly to Phase I since the distributions of the individual components are unknown. In this article, we develop the MYT decomposition procedure for a Phase I operation, when monitoring a random sample of individual observations and identifying outliers. We use a relationship between the T 2 statistic in Phase I with the corresponding T 2 statistic resulting when an observation is omitted from this sample to derive the distributions of these components and demonstrate ...
Formulation of photocleavable liposomes and the mechanism of their content release.

In pursuit of designing photocleavable liposomes as drug delivery vehicles, we synthesized several amphiphilic lipids by connecting stearyl amine (as the non-polar tail) and charged amino acids (as polar heads) via the o-nitrobenzyl derivatives. The lipids containing Glu, Asp, and Lys amino acids were subjected to photocleavage reaction by UV light, and the overall spectral changes of the chromophoric o-nitrobenzyl conjugates were determined as a function of time. The experimental data revealed that the feasibility of the cleavage reaction, nature and magnitude of the spectral changes during the course of the cleavage reaction, and their overall kinetic profiles were dictated by the type of amino acid constituting the polar head groups. The cleavage reactions of the Asp and Glu containing lipids were found to be more facile than that of the lysine-containing lipid. Using these lipids, we formulated photocleavable liposomes, and investigated the photo-triggered release of an encapsulated (within the liposomal lumen) dye as a function of time. The kinetic data revealed that the release of the liposomal content conformed to a two-step mechanism, of which the first (fast) step involved the photocleavage of lipids followed by the slow release of the liposomal content during the second step. The overall mechanistic features intrinsic to the photocleavage of Asp, Glu and Lys containing o-nitrobenzyl conjugated lipids, and their potential applications in formulating liposomes (whose contents can be “unloaded” by the UV light) as drug delivery vehicles are discussed.
The clinical application of bone mineral analysis

Photon absorptiometry provides an accurate measurement of bone mineral content. In acromegaly, the bone mineral content is normal, whereas the bone mineral content is reduced by acidosis. Decreased bone mineral content occurs in alcoholics due to osteomalacia and also in anticonvulsant therapy for the same reason. In hyperparathyroidism, there is decreased bone mineral content. Corticosteroids reduce bone mineral content especially in the central skeleton similar to Cushing's disease. Glutethimide causes osteomalacia with decreased bone mineral content. Long-term heparin therapy causes bone resorption. Immobilization causes decreased bone mineral content. Bedrest and space flight reduce lower limb bone mineral content with recovery on ambulation. Conversely, activity increases bone mineral content even in the elderly and bone mineral content is greater in athletes than non-athletes. Osteoporosis is a normal process occurring from age 45 years in females and 65 in males. Bone loss is related to menopause and lactation in females and may be arrested by estrogens, fluoride (with calcium and vitamin D), and possibly calcium carbonate. Decreased bone mineral content occurs at all stages of renal failure with rapid bone mineral content loss in azotemia and during dialysis and slower loss after transplant. Parathyroidectomy does not affect bone mineral content in renal osteodystrophy. The bone mineral content is normal in compact bone but decreased in trabecular bone in patients with spinal cord injury, as well as in leprosy and diabetes. In hemiplegia, there is decreased bone mineral content on the paralyzed side. In thyrotoxicosis, there is increased formation and resorption of bone.
Replication of the broad-host-range plasmid RK2: isolation and characterization of a spontaneous deletion mutant that can replicate in Agrobacterium tumefaciens but not in Escherichia coli

Two spontaneous deletions of a derivative of the broad-host-range plasmid RK2 were isolated from Agrobacterium tumefaciens. The two deletions have lost 56 and 505 bp, respectively, near the origin of replication (oriV). Of the eight 17-bp repeats present in the RK2 oriV, the smaller deletion has lost the first two while the larger one has lost the first three. The deletions led to a significant increase (3- to 7-fold) in plasmid copy number in A. tumefaciens, indicating their importance in copy number control. While the smaller deletion could replicate in Escherichia coli, the larger one could not. The role of the oriV sequences in the replication of pRK2 in A. tumefaciens and in E. coli is discussed.
Near-isothermal Ferrite/Alumina (“Hercynite Cycle”) Two-step Red/Ox Cycle for Solar-thermal Water Splitting

Hydrogen productivity exceeding 350 micromoles H2/g total redox material has been demonstrated for near-isothermal processing using the “hercynite cycle” for oxidation with steam carried out at 1350oC following 1500oC reduction.
Defining database views as data abstractions in EXT_ Pascal

Abstract Data abstraction mechanisms suitable for defining relational database views in high level programming languages are described. The abstraction mechanisms are incorporated into Pascal resulting in EXT_Pascal. The data abstraction mechanisms are the module and the abstract type construct. A database application program's database view is encapsulated within a single module. A database view consists of a nonempty collection of relations and a set of operations for updating the relations. The tuple, baserelation , viewrelation and generator types are introduced to facilitate the definition and manipulation of database views.
Risk evaluation and mitigation strategies: a focus on the mycophenolic acid preparations

Objective To review risks associated with mycophenolic acid (MPA) preparations and evaluate their required risk evaluation and mitigation strategies (REMS) elements. Data sources and extraction Articles were identified through a non-date-limited MEDLINE and EMBASE search using the terms fetal toxicity, teratogenicity, risk evaluation and mitigation strategies, REMS, MPA, mycophenolate mofetil, entericcoated MPA, and organ transplant. Information from the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the manufacturers of the MPA preparations was also evaluated. Data synthesis The MPA preparations are associated with several potential risks, including gastrointestinal disturbances and myelosuppression; however, their impact on the fetus in pregnant patients taking 1 of these agents poses the greatest risk. The FDA approved REMS programs for all MPA products, both innovator and generic preparations, in September 2012. With evidence of increased risk of miscarriage and birth defects associated with MPA use, the FDA instituted a REMS program that contains both a medication guide and elements to assure safe use (ETASU). Conclusion The medication guides for the MPA products, which were previously FDA approved, should continue to be distributed to patients who get either an initial prescription filled or a refill. The ETASU requires prescribers to complete training and obtain patient signatures on the Patient-Prescriber Acknowledgment Form. A single, national, voluntary pregnancy registry specific to this medication has been established, and pregnant patients should be encouraged to participate. Although the impact of the MPA REMS on clinical practice is not clear, it is a step toward increasing the understanding of fetal risks with MPA.
University Contributions to the Education of Teachers

Are the contributions of universities to the teacher education process unique? What is the role of the university in en hancing the quality of teacher prepara tion? Clift and Warner assert that univer sities make four unique contributions to the education of teachers — contribu tions that cannot be made by other edu cational institutions such as school districts. University teacher education practices: (a) provide the time and re sources for reflecting on educational issues; (b) provide multiple perspectives on the teaching and learning process; (c) provide for intellectual diversity re garding the nature and purpose of schooling; and (d) provide for continued research into the nature of teaching, learning, and schooling.
A systematic study of atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition growth of large-area monolayer graphene

Graphene has attracted considerable interest as a potential material for future electronics. Although mechanical peel is known to produce high quality graphene flakes, practical applications require continuous graphene layers over a large area. The catalyst-assisted chemical vapor deposition (CVD) is a promising synthetic method to deliver wafer-sized graphene. Here we present a systematic study on the nucleation and growth of crystallized graphene domains in an atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition (APCVD) process. Parametric studies show that the mean size of the graphene domains increases with increasing growth temperature and CH4 partial pressure, while the density of domains decreases with increasing growth temperature and is independent of the CH4 partial pressure. Our studies show that nucleation of graphene domains on copper substrate is highly dependent on the initial annealing temperature. A two-step synthetic process with higher initial annealing temperature but lower growth temperature is developed to reduce domain density and achieve high quality full-surface coverage of monolayer graphene films. Electrical transport measurements demonstrate that the resulting graphene exhibits a high carrier mobility of up to 3000 cm2 V−1 s−1 at room temperature.
“PIEZO-BOW”—HIGH DISPLACEMENT AND HIGH BLOCKING FORCE ACTUATOR

ABSTRACT Bending type actuators providing high displacement (∼1 mm) with low blocking force (∼0.5 N) and the stack actuators providing low displacement (∼1 μm) with high blocking force (∼1 kN) represent the extreme ends of the current piezoelectric actuation technology. In the intermediate range there is deficiency of the actuator designs that provide high displacement with high blocking force in the frequency range of few kilohertz. This study addresses this issue and describes an actuator design “Piezo-Bow” which exhibits high displacement with high blocking force at low frequencies. The structure consist of a piezoelectric bar poled along the length with metal caps attached to the two major faces of the bar bounded by steel blocks. The piezoelectric bar is multilayered for operating at low voltages. The dimensions of the structure were optimized by FEM simulation in order to realize the resonance frequency near 2 kHz. It was observed that by changing the actuator parameters, cavity depth and cap thickn...
Increased energy delivery for parallel battery packs with no regulated bus

This paper describes an algorithm for managing a system consisting of “dissimilar” battery packs in parallel without multiple DC/DC converters interfacing each battery pack to the load. The power loss from the circulating current can be avoided so that the operating time of the parallel battery system is prolonged. The proposed algorithm is able to recognize the load demand and determine the number and sequence of the battery packs needed to be connected to the DC bus.
Interpreting an Early Classic Pecked Cross in the Candelaria Caves, Guatemala: Archaeological and Indigenous Perspectives

Pecked crosses, a variant of a common Prehispanic American symbol often referred to as a “quartered” or “quadripartite” circle, are commonly found in central and northern Mexico during the florescence of Teotihuacan (ca. A.D. 100–650) and often interpreted as astronomical devices. The subject of this article is a pecked cross found in the Candelaria Caves, Guatemala, one of four examples that have been found to date in the Maya world. The author interprets the symbol through two distinct lenses—first as an archaeologist and then through its cosmological significance according to contemporary Q'eqchi' Maya daykeepers. Although the methodologies and approaches differ, there is common ground between them—both point to the symbol’s associations with ritual events, directionality, and the passage of time.
Thermally controlled molecular disassembly of a crosslinked polymer network by the incorporation of sterically hindered urea linkages

Crosslinked polymer networks are excellent materials for multiple applications. However, although their crosslinked structure gives them many positive attributes, it also makes them intractable. Therefore, it is exceedingly difficult to reprocess crosslinked networks without exposure to extreme degradation conditions. In this work, we were able to create a crosslinked network that showed controlled disassembly upon stimulus. It was found that a controlled network disassembly process could be invoked by the incorporation of sterically hindered urea linkages into the polymer network. The network was shown to disassemble upon exposure to heat, whereas in the absence of heat, the network was found to maintain its crosslinked structure. The disassembly temperature could be varied by careful selection of the cleaving agent. This work focuses on showing the controlled network disassembly of a crosslinked polymer matrix as a function of temperature. Herein, we describe the factors that control the disassembly temperature and conclude with a possible mechanism for the disassembly process. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 85: 856–864, 2002
A microcholangiographic study of liver disease models in rats.

Rationale and Objectives. Rats develop hepatobiliary injury due to small bowel bacterial overgrowth (SBBO) that, at specimen, resembles cholangiography sclerosing cholangitis. To better visualize the smaller bile ducts, we used microcholangiography to determine the spectrum of biliary lesions in this and five other models of liver disease. Methods. The models studied were as follows: (1) Surgically created jejunal, self-filling blind loops induce SBBO. (2) Intraperitoneal injection of a bacterial cell wall polymer, peptidoglycan-polysaccharide (PG-PS), causes granulomatous hepatitis. (3) Intraperitoneal injection of endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide) causes sinusoidal congestion and shock. (4) Bile duct ligation induces bile duct proliferation. (5) Alpha-naphthyl-isothiocyanate (ANIT) induces bile duct proliferation. (6) Carbon tetrachloride (CCl 4 ) causes fibrosis and cirrhosis. Warmed barium sulfate, gelatin, and saline were injected in the extrahepatic bile duct. Liver slices (2 mm) underwent microradiographic techniques, and images were correlated with histology. Results. Rats with SBBO had irregular and dilated extrahepatic bile ducts with thickened walls. Rats treated with endotoxin and CCl 4 had normal microcholangiograms. Bile duct proliferation was identified following ANIT and bile duct ligation. Rats given PG-PS demonstrated irregular intrahepatic bile ducts. Microcholangiograms following SBBO and PG-PS showed similarities including focal ductal dilatation, narrowing, proliferation, and destruction. Conclusion. Various models of liver injury induce characteristic cholangiographic appearances. Microcholangiography is useful in examining biliary tract lesions and complements histology.
Facts and fictions of HCV and comorbidities: steatosis, diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular diseases

The hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major cause of chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma worldwide. A significant portion of the morbidity and mortality associated with HCV is a consequence of numerous HCV-associated comorbidities. Type 2 diabetes and atherosclerosis, two known complications of the metabolic syndrome, are noteworthy, because HCV has been suggested to play a role in their pathogenesis. In addition, HCV also causes steatosis, which may increase the risk of cardiovascular events. This review summarizes the evidence supporting the association between HCV and steatosis, insulin resistance/type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Their diagnostic, prognostic and management aspects are discussed.
Nucleotide sequence analysis of the ovine respiratory syncytial virus G glycoprotein gene

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infects humans and animals including ruminants. Among the 10 genes coded for in the viral genome, the putative attachment glycoprotein G gene has been the most variable among strains. Human RSV have been divided to two subgroups based on immunological and base sequence data on the attachment glycoprotein G and its gene, respectively. It has been suggested that similar antigenic diversity also exists among bovine RSV (BRSV) isolates. In this study, we report on the cloning and sequencing of the G glycoprotein from an ovine RSV (ORSV) strain originally isolated from a naturally infected sheep with rhinitis. This ORSV G glycoprotein gene had greater identity to the BRSV G gene than to the human RSV G gene. ORSV G gene and its encoded protein shared 70 and 62% nucleotide and amino acid identity to the equivalent gene and encoded protein, respectively, of BRSV but, in contrast, only 50-55% and 21-29% identity, respectively, to equivalent sequences of the HRSV strains. The relationship of the ORSV to other RSV subgroups and the possibility that ORSV could be a subgroup of the ruminant RSV is discussed.
Exercise protects against MPTP-induced neurotoxicity in mice.

Exercise has been shown to be potently neuroprotective in several neurodegenerative models, including 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) model of Parkinson's disease (PD). In order to determine the critical duration of exercise necessary for DA neuroprotection, mice were allowed to run for either 1, 2 or 3 months prior to treatment with saline or MPTP. Quantification of DA neurons in the SNpc show that mice allowed to run unrestricted for 1 or 2 months lost significant numbers of neurons following MPTP administration as compared to saline treated mice; however, 3 months of exercise provided complete protection against MPTP-induced neurotoxicity. To determine the critical intensity of exercise for DA neuroprotection, mice were restricted in their running to either 1/3 or 2/3 that of the full running group for 3 months prior to treatment with saline or MPTP. Quantification of DA neurons in the SNpc show that mice whose running was restricted lost significant numbers of DA neurons due to MPTP toxicity; however, the 2/3 running group demonstrated partial protection. Neurochemical analyses of DA and its metabolites DOPAC and HVA show that exercise also functionally protects neurons from MPTP-induced neurotoxicity. Proteomic analysis of SN and STR tissues indicates that 3 months of exercise induces changes in proteins related to energy regulation, cellular metabolism, the cytoskeleton, and intracellular signaling events. Taken together, these data indicate that exercise potently protects DA neurons from acute MPTP toxicity, suggesting that this simple lifestyle element may also confer significant protection against developing PD in humans.
Some Underexamined Aspects of Evaluation Capacity Building

Evaluation capacity building (ECB) has progressed as a concept since it was the conference theme of the American Evaluation Association in the year 2000. This commentary poses some questions about underexamined issues in ECB about organizations, evaluators, and funders.
Integrative computational models of cardiac arrhythmias – simulating the structurally realistic heart

Simulation of cardiac electrical function, and specifically, simulation aimed at understanding the mechanisms of cardiac rhythm disorders, represents an example of a successful integrative multiscale modeling approach, uncovering emergent behavior at the successive scales in the hierarchy of structural complexity. The goal of this article is to present a review of the integrative multiscale models of realistic ventricular structure used in the quest to understand and treat ventricular arrhythmias. It concludes with the new advances in image-based modeling of the heart and the promise it holds for the development of individualized models of ventricular function in health and disease.
IgD receptor-mediated signal transduction in T cells.

Abstract Upregulation of immunoglobulin D-specific receptors (IgD-R) on CD4 + T cells may facilitate their interaction with specific carbohydrate moieties uniquely associated with membrane IgD on B cells. Previous studies have shown that upregulation of IgD-R facilitates cognate T–B cell interactions by mediating bidirectional signaling resulting in increased antibody responses and clonal expansion of antigen-specific T cells. Murine T hybridoma cells, 7C5, constitutively express IgD-R, as has been confirmed by staining with biotinylated IgD. Earlier studies have shown that inhibitors of protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) completely prevented upregulation of IgD-R in response to oligomeric IgD, suggesting that cross-linking of IgD-R may induce signal transduction and functional consequences through one or more PTK activation pathways, leading to upregulation of IgD-R. In the present study we show that cross-linking of IgD-R by oligomeric IgD indeed results in (a) T cell activation as seen by tyrosine phosphorylation of several intracellular proteins, (b) tyrosine phosphorylation of p56 Lck and PLC-γ in 7C5 T hybridoma cells, and (c) phosphorylation of an ∼29-kDa band that exhibits strong affinity for IgD. We analyzed tyrosine phosphorylation of p56 Lck and PLC-γ in BALB/c splenic T cells that were exposed to oligomeric IgD both in vivo and in vitro. In vitro cross-linking as well as in vivo followed by in vitro cross-linking of IgD-R resulted in enhanced phosphorylation of p56 Lck and moderate tyrosine phosphorylation of PLC-γ. These results suggest that interactions between IgD-R and IgD mediate signal transduction and support our previous findings that IgD-R + T cells enhance cognate T cell–B cell interactions and antibody production.
The effects of climate and landscape position on chemical denudation and mineral transformation in the Santa Catalina mountain critical zone observatory

Abstract Understanding the interactions of climate, physical erosion, chemical weathering and pedogenic processes is essential when considering the evolution of critical zone systems. Interactions among these components are particularly important to predicting how semiarid landscapes will respond to forecasted changes in precipitation and temperature under future climate change. The primary goal of this study was to understand how climate and landscape structure interact to control chemical denudation and mineral transformation across a range of semiarid ecosystems in southern Arizona. The research was conducted along the steep environmental gradient encompassed by the Santa Catalina Mountains Critical Zone Observatory (SCM-CZO). The gradient is dominated by granitic parent materials and spans significant range in both mean annual temperature (>10 °C) and precipitation (>50 cm a−1), with concomitant shift in vegetation communities from desert scrub to mixed conifer forest. Regolith profiles were sampled from divergent and convergent landscape positions in five different ecosystems to quantify how climate-landscape position interactions control regolith development. Regolith development was quantified as depth to paralithic contact and degree of chemical weathering and mineral transformation using a combination of quantitative and semi-quantitative X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses of bulk soils and specific particle size classes. Depth to paralithic contact was found to increase systematically with elevation for divergent positions at approximately 28 cm per 1000 m elevation, but varied inconsistently for convergent positions. The relative differences in depth between convergent and divergent landscape positions was greatest at the low and high elevation sites and is hypothesized to be a product of changes in physical erosion rates across the gradient. Quartz/Plagioclase (Q/P) ratios were used as a general proxy for bulk regolith chemical denudation. Q/P was generally higher in divergent landscape positions compared to the adjacent convergent hollows. Convergent landscape positions appear to be collecting solute-rich soil–waters from divergent positions thereby inhibiting chemical denudation. Clay mineral assemblage of the low elevation sites was dominated by smectite and partially dehydrated halloysite whereas vermiculite and kaolinite were predominant in the high elevation sites. The increased depth to paralithic contact, chemical denudation and mineral transformation are likely functions of greater water availability and increased primary productivity. Landscape position within a given ecosystem exerts strong control on chemical denudation as a result of the redistribution of water and solutes across the landscape surface. The combined data from this research demonstrates a strong interactive control of climate, landscape position and erosion on the development of soil and regolith.
Effects of low chloride intake on performance, clinical characteristics, and chloride, sodium, potassium, and nitrogen metabolism in dairy calves.

Young male Holstein calves were fed either a control (.5% chloride) or a low-chloride (.038% chloride) practical diet for 7 wk. Both groups received low-chloride (.00038% chloride) well water. Feeding the low-chloride diet did not produce definite clinical symptoms of chloride deficiency. Neither body weight gains, feed intake, feed digestibility, nor body retention of chloride, sodium, potassium, or nitrogen were affected adversely. Although the chloride intake of the low-chloride calves was only one-sixteenth that of controls, body chloride retention was similar for the two groups. The similar retention of body chloride was due to effective homeostatic mechanisms in which urinary chloride excretion was reduced by 95% in the low-chloride calves. Low-chloride calves consumed more water and excreted more urine than control calves. Although the exact minimum chloride requirement for growth in calves was not established, .038% chloride was adequate for normal growth for the 7 wk.
Long-Term Complications in Two Patients After Aortoaortic Bypass for Midaortic Syndrome

The midaortic syndrome (MAS) refers to descending thoracic and abdominal aortic coarctation, which is rare and most common in the pediatric population. Open surgical repair, often with aortoaortic bypass, remains a highly effective treatment and is traditionally thought to be definitive despite concerns over patient growth postoperatively. This article presents 2 cases of MAS treated with aortoaortic bypass who developed long-term complications, one related to patient growth and the other to graft-enteric fistula. Consideration must be given to patient growth at operation for MAS, and long-term follow-up is necessary to identify other complications.
Electrical stimulation of the hippocampus and perseveration in an exploratory maze

Five rats with bipolar electrodes implanted unilaterally in the dorsal hippocampus were run in a T-maze with an exploratory incentive. Trials were given following the elicitation of afterdischarges by electrical stimulation and on alternate sets of days with no stimulation. There were no group differences in choice of the exploratory incentive between the stimulation and nonstimulation conditions, but two Ss chose the exploratory incentive more on trials following stimulation than on trials without stimulation while three Ss chose the exploratory incentive consistently less on trials following stimulation. All Ss perseverated more following stimulation. These results show marked similarities to results obtained in animals with hippocampal lesions.
METABOLITES OF [3H]ACETATE BOUND TO SYNAPTIC VESICLES ISOLATED FROM RAT CEREBRAL CORTEX

— Synaptic vesicles were isolated from rat cerebral cortex after an intraventricular injection of [3H]acetate. The labelled substances bound to the synaptic vesicles were released by exposure to acid, separated from the vesicle membranes by Sephadex column chromatography and identified by thin-layer chromatography and thin-layer electrophoresis. The three major peaks of radioactivity were glutamate, glutamine and gamma-aminobutyric acid. Their presence in synaptic vesicles is consistent with the concept of an integration of energy metabolism, membrane regulation and synaptic transmission.
Conversion of a secretory protein into a transmembrane protein results in its transport to the golgi complex but not to the cell surface

We have carried out experiments designed to ask if it is possible to convert a secretory protein into an integral membrane protein by appending the membrane spanning domain of an integral membrane protein to its carboxy terminus. We first obtained expression of a cDNA clone encoding rat growth hormone (rGH) in eucaryotic cells, and found that this protein was secreted. We then constructed and expressed a hybrid gene encoding rGH fused to the membrane spanning and cytoplasmic domains of the vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) glycoprotein (G). This fusion protein was anchored in microsomal membranes in the expected transmembrane configuration. The fusion protein was transported to the Golgi apparatus, and was esterified to palmitic acid, but it was not transported to the cell surface. We suggest that the sorting signal which allows rapid secretion of soluble rGH does not function when the protein is bound to the membrane.
Introducing a Framework for Defining Financial Abuse of the Elderly

Although an extensive body of literature has developed over the last decade that focuses on elder abuse, little has been written specifically on financial abuse. Financial abuse of older persons remains difficult to detect and prosecture, in part, because it is poorly understood and ill-defined. The purpose of this article is to begin the task of specifically identifying older persons who have been subjected to financial abuse. To do this, we offer a framework for identifying abuse that includes: (1) characteristics of the older person that suggest vulnerability to abuse, (2) the nature of the relationship between the suspected wrongdoer and the older person, (3) the outcomes and interests served by the relationship, and (4) the type of influence used by the suspected wrongdoer. The interaction of these factors is described and analyzed to help better identify abusive situations.
Islet implants: reduction of glucose levels in the hereditary obese mouse.

Hyperglycemia was reduced in hereditary obese mice 14 days after receiving pancreatic islet implants from normal or non-obese litter mates. At the same time, weight gains were stabilized, although body composition remained obese. These changes can be accounted for by the presence of the functional non-obese islet tissue and some component or factor not present in the obese pancreas. (Endocrinology 83: 975, 1968)
RETARDATION OF ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT ACCELERATED CHLOROSIS BY VISIBLE LIGHT OR BY BENZYLADENINE IN NICOTIAN A GLUTINOSA LEAVES: CHANGES IN AMINO ACID CONTENT AND CHLOROPLAST ULTRASTRUCTURE*

— Low doses (180–720 Jm-2) of ultraviolet light (254 nm) are known to accelerate the chlorosis of detached leaves in darkness. The development of such chlorosis is prevented by a photoreactivation treatment. However, we found that delayed light exposure or benzyladenine treatments (which were not effective in photorepair of UV-induced thymine dimers in cell DNA) were also effective in retarding the UV-accelerated chlorosis. Small drops of benzyladenine solution placed on the UV irradiated leaf formed green islands which acted as strong sinks for the accumulation of free amino acids during dark incubation. To a lesser degree, non–irradiated green tissues surrounded by irradiated yellow leaf tissue also acted as sinks for amino acid accumulation. The accelerated chlorophyll loss in UV-irradiated leaves was correlated with degradation of chloroplast ultrastructure. Visible light or benzyladenine retarded this chloroplast degradation. The accelerated senescence of UV irradiated leaf tissue, therefore, is ultrastructurally and physiologically similar to normal senescence of detached dark-incubated leaves, but progresses at a faster rate. When the lower leaf surface was irradiated with high UV doses (3600–10,800 Jm-2), the chloroplast ultrastructure of the spongy cells (except the envelope) was preserved for 3 days after dark incubation. However, the chloroplasts of the palisade cells were in a late stage of senescence. Since the spongy cells were dead (plasmalemma, tonoplast and chloroplast envelope disappeared), the maintenance of green color and ultrastructure of chloroplasts could have been due to inhibition of degrading enzymes normally associated with senescence.
Absence of ocular effects after either single or repeated exposure to 10 mW/cm2 from a 60 GHz CW source

This study was designed to examine ocular effects associated with exposure to millimeter waves (60 GHz). Rabbits served as the primary experimental subjects. To confirm the results of the rabbit experiments in a higher species, the second phase of the study used nonhuman primates (Macaca mulatta). First, this study used time-resolved infrared radiometry to assess the field distribution patterns produced by different antennas operating at 60 GHz. These results allowed us to select an antenna that produced a uniform energy distribution and the best distance at which to expose our experimental subjects. The study then examined ocular changes after exposure at an incident power density of 10 mW/cm(2). Acute exposure of both rabbits and nonhuman primates consisted of a single 8 h exposure, and the repeated exposure protocol consisted of five separate 4 h exposures on consecutive days. One eye in each animal was exposed and the contralateral eye served as the sham-exposed control. After postexposure diagnostic examinations, animals were euthanized and the eyes were removed. Ocular tissue was examined by both light and transmission electron microscopy. Neither microscopic examinations nor the diagnostic procedures performed on the eyes of acute and repeatedly exposed rabbits found any ocular changes that could be attributed to millimeter-wave exposure at 10 mW/cm(2). Examination of the primates after comparable exposures also failed to detect any ocular changes due to exposure. On the basis of our results, we conclude that single or repeated exposure to 60 GHz CW radiation at 10 mW/cm(2) does not result in any detectable ocular damage.
The unfolded protein response to endoplasmic reticulum stress in cultured astrocytes and rat brain during experimental diabetes

Oxidative-nitrosative stress and inflammatory responses are associated with endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in diabetic retinopathy, raising the possibility that disturbances in ER protein processing may contribute to CNS dysfunction in diabetics. Upregulation of the unfolded protein response (UPR) is a homeostatic response to accumulation of abnormal proteins in the ER, and the present study tested the hypothesis that the UPR is upregulated in two models for diabetes, cultured astrocytes grown in 25mmol/L glucose for up to 4weeks and brain of streptozotocin (STZ)-treated rats with diabetes for 1-7months. Markers associated with translational blockade (phospho-eIF2α and apoptosis (CHOP), inflammatory response (inducible nitric oxide synthase, iNOS), and nitrosative stress (nuclear translocation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, GAPDH) were not detected in either model. Nrf2 was present in nuclei of low- and high-glucose cultures, consistent with oxidative stress. Astrocytic ATF4 expression was not altered by culture glucose concentration, whereas phospho-IRE and ATF6 levels were higher in low- compared with high-glucose cultures. The glucose-regulated chaperones, GRP78 and GRP94, were also expressed at higher levels in low- than high-glucose cultures, probably due to recurrent glucose depletion between feeding cycles. In STZ-rat cerebral cortex, ATF4 level was transiently reduced at 4months, and p-IRE levels were transiently elevated at 3months. However, GRP78 and GRP94 expression was not upregulated, and iNOS, amyloid-β, and nuclear accumulation of GAPDH were not evident in STZ-diabetic brain. High-glucose cultured astrocytes and STZ-diabetic brain are relatively resistant to diabetes-induced ER stress, in sharp contrast with cultured retinal Muller cells and diabetic rodent retina.
Input-output relationships in on-line bibliographic searching

A methodology is proposed to aid in system design and evaluation of on-line bibliographic search systems. It uses multiple linear regression analysis to ascertain if there is a relationship between measures of search out-put (such as cost-effectiveness and cost) and input (such as the characteristics of the search-number of descriptors used, number of Boolean operators, charateristics of the requestor, and characteristics of the searcher). Four measures of cost-effectiveness and cost alone are pre-sented and their values are calculated using empirical data from the DIALOG system for a sample of searches. From the sample data it is concluded that the cost-effectiveness measures are not sensitive to input-variable changes. In contrast, there is a good statistical relation between the cost of an on-line search and the value of the input variables.
Increasing Access to an ASD Imitation Intervention Via a Telehealth Parent Training Program

Systematic research focused on developing and improving strategies for the dissemination and implementation of effective ASD services is essential. An innovative and promising area of research is the use of telehealth programs to train parents of children with ASD in intervention techniques. A hybrid telehealth program, combining self-directed internet-based instruction with remote coaching, was created to introduce parents of children with ASD to an imitation intervention. A single-subject multiple-baseline design study evaluated the effect of the program on changes in parent and child behavior. Parents improved in their use of the intervention techniques and their children demonstrated concurrent increases in spontaneous imitation skills. Parents also indicated that the intervention and telehealth service delivery model were acceptable, useable, and effective. Results suggest that this hybrid telehealth program has the potential to increase access to ASD services.
1796 FUNCTIONAL RESIDUAL CAPACITY (FRC), DYNAMIC AND SPECIFIC LUNG COMPLIANCE IN INFANTS

This study was designed to obtain normative data for FRC, dynamic (CLd) and specific lung compliance (CLs) during the first years of life. Thirteen boys and 9 girls free of respiratory disease were studied. Age, height, weight and ventilatory rate respectively ranged from 2 – 52 months, 55 – 96 cm, 4.9 – 16 Kg and 22 – 55/min. Studies were performed during chloral hydrate induced sleep. Infants breathed through a mouth piece or a face mask. FRC was determined by the closed circuit helium dilution technique using a 2.2 1 water sealed spirograph. Added dead space was subtracted from the measured volume and values were converted to BTPS. Measurement of tidal flow and volume through a heated pneumotachograph and of esophageal pressure with an air filled balloon catheter allowed for calculation of CLd as Δ V/ Δ P at zero flow. FRC, CLd and CLs respectively ranged from 110 – 430 ml, 8.1 – 34.7 ml/cm H2O and .051 – .110 ml/cm H2O/ml FRC. FRC and CLd were significantly correlated with height, age, weight and ventilatory rate while CLs was not. CLd was also significantly correlate with FRC. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that: 1– the only significant predictive variable for FRC was height: FRC = 6.2 × height – 200 (r=.83); 2– CLd was best predicted from FRC and age: CLd = .05 × FRC + .24 × age + 2.24 (r=.84); 3– CLs (.073 ± .004*) was independent of growth parameters. CLs would thus appear useful for evaluation of lung elastic properties in infancy. *(Mean ± SEM)
Lung cysts, spontaneous pneumothorax, and genetic associations in 89 families with Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome.

Rationale: Birt-Hogg-Dubesyndrome (BHDS) is an autosomal, dominantly inherited genodermatosis that predisposes to fibro- folliculomas, kidney neoplasms, lung cysts, and spontaneous pneumothorax. Objectives: We evaluated 198 patients from 89 families with BHDS to characterize the risk factors for pneumothorax and genotype- pulmonary associations. Methods: Helical computed tomography scans of the chest were used to screen for pulmonary abnormalities. BHD mutation data were used for genotype-pulmonary associations. We examined the relationship of pneumothorax with categorical parameters (sex, smoking history, and lung cysts) and continuous parameters (num- ber of cysts, lung cyst volume, and largest cyst diameter and vol- ume). Logistic regression analyses were used to identify the risk factors associated with pneumothorax. Measurements and Main Results: Twenty-four percent (48/198) of patients with BHDS had a history of pneumothorax. The presence of lung cysts was significantly associated with pneumothorax (p 0.006). Total lung cyst volume, largest cyst diameter and volume, and every parameter related to the number of lung cysts were significantly associated (p 0.0001) with pneumothorax. A logistic regression analysis showed that only the total number of cysts in the right parenchymal lower lobe and the total number of cysts located on the pleural surface in the right middle lobe were needed to classify a patient as to whether or not he or she was likely to have a pneumothorax. Exon location of the BHD mutation was associated with the numbers of cysts (p 0.0002). Conclusions: This study indicates that patients with BHDS have a significant association between lung cysts and spontaneous pneumothorax.
ASSOCIATION OF STENT THROMBOSIS AND PATTERNS OF NON-ADHERENCE TO ANTI-PLATELET REGIMENS IN STENTED PATIENTS: SIX MONTH RESULTS OF THE PARIS REGISTRY

Absrac Caegor: 7. CI - Adjuc harmacologyreseao Number: 2536-628Auhors: Usman Baber, Antonio Colombo, Giora Weisz, Alaide Chieffo, C. Michael Gibson, Maria Alu, Pushpam Barathi, Ziad Sergie, David Cohen, David Moliterno, Bernhard Witzenbichler, Mitchell Krucoff, Philippe Steg, Roxana Mehran, Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, NY, USABackground: ual a-laele hera (AT: Asr + Theorde) s a corersoe of reame for aes ho rese h acue coroar sdromes (AC), ad aes udergog ercuaeous coroar ereo (CI). Curre gudeles call for rologed AT for all s udergog CI h a drug-elug se (E), ad shorer durao (≥ 1 moh) for all s receg a bare meal se ( BM). hle remaure dscouao of AT has bee assocaed h a creased rs of se hromboss reous sudes, real-orld aers of adherece o DAT rescro hae o bee characerzed deal, or has relaosh of AT o-adherece o oher clcal oucomes bee esablshed.Methods: The ARI (aers of No-Adherece o A-laele Regmes eed aes) regsr s a mul-ceer, mulaoal, rosece obseraoal sud ha ll follo subjecs for 24 mohs afer se mlaao, ad ll exame he feaures of o-adherece o AT follog seg.Results: Amog 5033 subjecs, he mea age as 64 ears, 74.5% ere male, 40.9% reseed h AC, ad 82% receed a drug-elug se.37.6% of subjecs ere o AT re-rocedure, ad 99.6% ere o AT a he me of dscharge. A 30 das, he oerall cdece of o-adherece as 2.1% (104 subjecs, 147 esodes): dsruo 69%, erruo 19%, ad dscouao 12%. e hromboss (robable ad deie er ARC deios) as rare a 0.46%. Of he 26 s h T, 17 ere deie T, ad 9 ere robable T. The rae of T adhere oulao as 0.46% (23/4929), comared o 2.9% (3/104) amogs he o-adhere grou (OR: 6.3; 95% CI [1.9-21.4). To dae all s hae comleed 6 moh follo-u ad all resuls cludg adjudcaed aderse ees ll be reseed.Conclusion: I hs real-orld oulao of aes udergog CI h se mlaao, o-adherece o AT as lo a 30 das. hle he rae of T a 30 das as lo (0.46%), here as a srog assocao beee o-adherece ad T. Comlee 6 moh daa ll be reseed.
How much can an electric dipole stabilize a nematic phase? Polar and non-polar isosteric derivatives of [closo-1-CB9H10]− and [closo-1,10-C2B8H10]

Replacement of a C–C fragment with an N+–B− fragment leads to pairs of isosteric non-polar/polar nematics with a difference in the calculated molecular dipole moment of about 12 D. Contrary to the expectations, the uniform increase of the dipole moment does not affect phase stability equally, and a strong dependence on the substituent structure is observed. For one of the polar derivatives (5b, µ = 20 D) a record high dielectric anisotropy (Δe = 113) was measured in dilute nematic solutions.