cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
New chromium, molybdenum, and cobalt complexes of the chelating esp ligand

Abstract Bimetallic carboxylates of Rh(II) are widely recognized for their ability to catalyze carbene transfer reactions such as the cyclopropanation of olefins using organic diazo compounds as carbene precursors. A major goal in catalysis is to find cheaper, more Earth-abundant alternatives to precious metal catalysts. There is therefore currently great interest in the bimetallic paddlewheel chemistry of elements that have lower costs and greater terrestrial abundance than Rh. M2(esp)2(L)2 structures were synthesized and structurally characterized with M = Cr, Co, and Mo, where esp2− = α,α,α′,α′-tetramethyl-1,3-benzenedipropionate, a chelating di-carboxylate ligand that helps stabilize the bimetallic core. Cr2(esp)2(THF)2, Mo2(esp)2, and Co2(esp)2(EtOH)2 were tested as catalysts for decomposition of the diazo compound (4-bromophenyl)diazoacetate methyl ester in the presence of styrene; while the Cr2 and Mo2 complexes showed no difference from a background control, the Co2 complex was found to enhance the rate of dinitrogen extrusion and promote carbene addition to styrene to form the cyclopropane product.
In the Immigrant Colony

This is a commentary on the similarities between the life of the Condemned Man in Franz Kafka's In the Penal Colony and the life of immigrants in the United States.
Integrated analyses of murine breast cancer models reveal critical parallels with human disease

Mouse models have an essential role in cancer research, yet little is known about how various models resemble human cancer at a genomic level. Here, we complete whole genome sequencing and transcriptome profiling of two widely used mouse models of breast cancer, MMTV-Neu and MMTV-PyMT. Through integrative in vitro and in vivo studies, we identify copy number alterations in key extracellular matrix proteins including collagen 1 type 1 alpha 1 (COL1A1) and chondroadherin (CHAD) that drive metastasis in these mouse models. In addition to copy number alterations, we observe a propensity of the tumors to modulate tyrosine kinase-mediated signaling through mutation of phosphatases such as PTPRH in the MMTV-PyMT mouse model. Mutation in PTPRH leads to increased phospho-EGFR levels and decreased latency. These findings underscore the importance of understanding the complete genomic landscape of a mouse model and illustrate the utility this has in understanding human cancers.
Interpretation of shadows and antishadows on Saturn and the evidence against south polar eyewalls

Abstract Cassini spacecraft observations of Saturn in 2006 revealed south polar cloud shadows, the common interpretation of which was initiated by Dyudina et al. (2008, Science 319, 1801) who suggested they were being cast by concentric cloud walls, analogous to the physically and optically thick eyewalls of a hurricane. Here we use radiative transfer results of Sromovsky et al. (2019, Icarus, this issue), in conjunction with Monte Carlo calculations and physical models, to show that this interpretation is almost certainly wrong because (1) optically thick eyewalls should produce very bright features in the poleward direction that are not seen, while the moderately brighter features that are seen appear in the opposite direction, (2) eyewall shadows should be very dark, but the observed shadows create only 5–10% I/F variations, (3) radiation transfer modeling of clouds in this region have detected no optically thick wall clouds and no significant variation in pressures of the model cloud layers, and (4) there is an alternative explanation that is much more consistent with observations. The most plausible scenario is that the shadows near 87.9° S and 88.9° S are both cast by overlying translucent aerosol layers from edges created by step decreases in their optical depths, the first in the stratospheric layer at the 50 mbar level and the second in a putative diphosphine layer near 350 mbar, with optical depths reduced at the poleward side of each step by 0.15 and 0.12 respectively at 752 nm. These steps are sufficient to create shadows of roughly the correct size and shape, falling mainly on the underlying ammonia ice layer near 900 mbar, and to create the bright features we call antishadows.
Not Your Average Joe: Pluralistic Ignorance, Status, and Modern Sexism:

A growing body of research has highlighted that men’s gender-related behaviors and choices are strongly influenced by the gendered beliefs they believe other men hold. However, limited research has...
Quantitative phase imaging using azobenzene liquid crystal

Quantitative phase imaging has emerged as a powerful label-free technique to understand and monitor biological samples. This technique can measure optical phase changes that can be used to estimate dry mass cells, density, and to monitor cell growth. One approach of this technique consists of placing a phase filter at the Fourier plane of a 4-f imaging system. Several studies have demonstrated the use of nonlinear optical materials as phase filters in commonpath configuration to modulate a phase filter as required in phase-contrast imaging (Zernike configuration). Furthermore, quantitative phase measurements have also been reported using liquid crystal materials as a phase filter. This work exploits the nonlinear response of a recently synthesized azobenzene liquid crystal material to obtain multiple interferograms of arbitrary phase shift. This material is of interest because of the extremely high optical nonlinearity (n2=2.1X10-1 cm2/W), will potentially enable applications where low-intensity illumination is required. A random phaseshifting algorithm for common-path configuration is employed to measure the phase object using less than twenty interferograms. Quantitative phase imaging includes not only biological applications such as in vitro fertilization, estimation of solution concentration, and live stem cell study; it also includes industrial applications that require a robust system that is able to measure in harsh environments such as mechanical vibrations.
Walking activity in a large cohort of boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy

Introduction We explored walking activity in a large cohort of boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). Methods Step activity (monitored for 7 days), functional ability, and strength were quantified in ambulatory boys (ages 5-12.9 years) with DMD and unaffected boys. Ambulatory status was determined two years later. Results Two to 5 days of activity monitoring predicted weekly step activity (adjusted R2 = 0.80-0.95). Age comparisons revealed significant declines for step activity with increasing age, and relationships were found between step activity with both function and strength (p Discussion Step activity for DMD is related to and predictive of functional declines, which may be useful for clinical trials.
Confusing Stalking for Romance: Examining the Labeling and Acceptability of Men’s (Cyber)Stalking of Women

Evidence suggests that in the United States we live in a stalking culture— a culture in which stalking is normalized, minimized, and romanticized through various cultural institutions. We also live in an era when romantic interactions and dating are increasingly taking place online. Bringing together these ideas, the present study examines perceptions of lay observers of the cyberstalking of women with a focus on gender and stalking context. Drawing on data from an original vignette study via an Amazon Mechanical Turk (MTurk) survey (n = 727), we examine whether (a) observer’s gender, (b) four types of stalking contexts (ex-boyfriend, coworker, one-time date, and stranger), and (c) individual differences in observers’ attitudes regarding gender and sexuality beliefs (sexual double standards, benevolent sexism, and hostile sexism) impact lay perceptions of cyberstalking. We found that compared to men, women are more likely to label cyberstalking and to deem cyberstalking as less socially acceptable. Compared to the stranger stalking scenario, participants were less likely to label the other three scenarios as stalking; additionally, participants rated ex-boyfriend stalking, relative to stranger stalking, as more acceptable. We also found that attitudinal measures predict higher acceptability ratings across stalking contexts, and hostile sexist beliefs mediate the relationship between observers’ gender and likelihood of labeling the situation as stalking. Our results suggest that the minimization and normalization of cyberstalking may be driven not only by one’s gender, but also by a culturally accepted hierarchy of stalking narratives as well as gender attitudes.
Adaptive capacity of marine comanagement: a comparative analysis of the influence of colonial legacies and integrated traditional governance on outcomes in the Pacific

Integrating traditional institutions into marine resource comanagement has become common across the Pacific. However, these arrangements can link village-based and centralized governance systems in many ways, resulting in new hybridized institutional organizations, operational scales, and governance process. Examining the context-specific social, cultural, and historical processes that shape these programs can reveal how systems for comanagement develop, and how institutional differences influence adaptive capacity. Using analytical tools drawn from critical institutionalism and broad institutional perspectives, we assess how different institutional histories and processes of hybridization informed the adaptive capacity of two comanagement programs in Samoa: the Community-Based Fisheries Management Programme (CBFMP) and the Marine Protected Area (MPA) program. While the programs were embedded in similar cultural and ecological contexts, the MPA program became inactive following the 2009 Pacific tsunami, while the CBFMP endured. In spite of early efforts to involve communities in the MPA program’s development, the institutional history and organization of the program’s managing agency informed an interpretation of comanagement principles that did not adequately incorporate traditional Samoan institutions for coastal management, reducing its adaptive capacity. In contrast, the CBFMP gained resilience through its fundamental integration with village-based social and political institutions, social norms, and values. This analysis of institutional histories, structures, and program outcomes demonstrates that colonial legacies pose obstacles for successful hybridized governance in the Pacific, while also confirming the valuable contributions integrated traditional institutions can make to improving adaptive capacity.
nGauge: Integrated and extensible neuron morphology analysis in Python

Abstract The study of neuron morphology requires robust and comprehensive methods to quantify the differences between neurons of different subtypes and animal species. Several software packages have been developed for the analysis of neuron tracing results stored in the standard SWC format. However, providing relatively simple quantifications and their non-extendable architecture prohibit their use for advanced data analysis and visualization. We developed nGauge, a Python toolkit to support the parsing and analysis of neuron morphology data. As an application programming interface (API), nGauge can be referenced by other popular open-source software to create custom informatics analysis pipelines and advanced visualizations. nGauge defines an extendable data structure that handles volumetric constructions (e.g. soma), in addition to the SWC linear reconstructions, while remaining light-weight. This greatly extends nGauge’s data compatibility.
Optimal Investment Strategy to Minimize the Probability of Lifetime Ruin

Abstract I study the problem of how individuals should invest their wealth in a risky financial market to minimize the probability that they outlive their wealth, also known as the probability of lifetime ruin. Specifically, I determine the optimal investment strategy of an individual who targets a given rate of consumption and seeks to minimize the probability of lifetime ruin. Two forms of the consumption function are considered: (1) The individual consumes at a constant (real) dollar rate, and (2) the individual consumes a constant proportion of his or her wealth. The first is arguably more realistic, but the second has a close connection with optimal consumption in Merton’s model of optimal consumption and investment under power utility. For constant force of mortality, I determine (a) the probability that individuals outlive their wealth if they follow the optimal investment strategy; (b) the corresponding optimal investment rule that tells individuals how much money to invest in the risky asset for ...
Mineral Concentrations in Hair as Indicators of Mineral Status: a Review

Mineral content of hair is affected by season, breed, hair color within and between breeds, sire, age and body location. Seasonal effects may be due to stage of growth of hair and to changes caused by perspiration, surface contamination and diet. Breed and sire effects on mineral content of hair complicate prediction of nutritional status based on hair analyses because, in many commercial cattle, neither breed nor sire is known. Hair from young animals may be lower in Zn, Mn and Fe, but is higher in Na, Ca, Cu and K than that from older animals. Pigmented hair apparently is higher in Ca, Mg, K and NA than white hair, but trace mineral concentrations are similar in hair of different colors. The effect of body location on mineral content of hair may be due to differences in surface contamination, differences in hair growth cycles and differences in texture of the hair. Concentrations of Ca, P and Cu in hair are not affected by dietary intake of these minerals. Zn and Se contents of hair may reflect dietary intake. Information on other required minerals in lacking. Pb, As and, possibly, Cd levels in hair may be related to dietary or environmental exposure. Because of the many factors that cause variation in mineral content of hair, hair analyses are not likely to be precise indicators of the mineral status of animals. Hair analyses may help to detect severe deficiencies of some required minerals or exposure to some heavy metals. However, if hair analyses are to be conducted, care must be taken to compare values from test animals with those from animals of similar breed, sex, season, sire and color. In addition, new hair growth should be analyzed, environmental contamination should be minimized and the hair samples should be cleaned before analyses.
Valuing Ecosystem Services

April 1, 1998 We develop the economist's concept of value as opportunity cost and discuss the ways in which decisions imply values through revealed preference. We distinguish between the ideas of incremental and total value and argue that only the former is of importance in practical decision-making. The relationship between price and value is articulated and related to the distinction between public and private goods. Finally, we enumerate the various ways economists use to determine the value of ecosystem services–these include use of prices, methods of revealed preference, voting schemes and contingent valuation.
Separating surface storage from hyporheic retention in natural streams using wavelet decomposition of acoustic Doppler current profiles

[1] The ability to separate surface storage (e.g., due to in-channel features such as eddies and pools) from retention due to hyporheic exchange is important in many solute transport considerations; however, current stream tracer approaches do not allow such separation. We examined transient storage processes in a fourth-order Michigan stream using tracer studies, numerical flow and transport models, and hydrodynamic data obtained from acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) surveys. Since the high-resolution, three-dimensional velocity fields obtained from an ADCP relate to in-channel processes, we used wavelet decomposition to separate the flow into regions of slow and fast moving zones and to estimate the relative sizes of the main channel (A) and the storage zones (AS). Transport modeling based on the tracer data provided estimates of storage zone sizes that included contributions from both surface storage and hyporheic exchange. By coupling the estimates from tracer data with those obtained from an ADCP we were able to assess the relative importance of surface storage in different stream reaches. Estimated (AS/A) values in three test reaches ranged from 0.12 to 0.22, and transient storage residence times varied from approximately 4 min in a run reach dominated by surface storage (reach A) to about 13 min in a reach with some potential for hyporheic exchange (reach C). In reach A the (AS/A) values estimated from tracer and ADCP data were in good agreement, indicating that in-channel processes were the main mechanism responsible for storage in this reach. Reach C estimates, however, showed that surface storage (AS/A = 0.05) accounted for only a fraction of the transient storage estimated using tracer data (AS/A = 0.12), which indicated that hyporheic exchange contributed to transient storage in the reach. The wavelet decomposition approach based on the ADCP data provides a framework to better constrain transient storage models and to eliminate unrealistic parameters.
False Confessions and the Constitution: Problems, Possibilities and Solutions

This chapter reviews some of the main empirical findings from more than three decades of social science research on the causes, consequences and indicia of police-induced false confessions. The author couches this discussion in the context of the three sequential errors -- misclassification, coercion and contamination -- that occur in virtually all police-induced false confessions and that combine to create the powerful, but erroneous, appearance that a false confession is true and persuasive, sometimes leading to a wrongful conviction. This chapter also reviews the constitutional law of criminal procedure governing the admissibility of confession evidence in American courts. The author argues that this body of law fails both to meaningfully protect suspects against interrogation methods that cause false confessions and to prevent the use of false confession evidence against them at trial. The chapter concludes with the recommendation that the United States Supreme Court should interpret the Fourteenth Amendment as independently allowing courts to exclude unreliable confession evidence on due process grounds alone and/or create a different doctrinal mechanism for courts to exclude false confession evidence prior to trial.
Information and discriminability as determinants of absolute judgment choice reaction time

Hick’s law was generalized to the case of absolute judgment by measuring S’s judgment time (JT) to unidimensionally varying, visitai stimuli. The linear component of the regression of JT on transmitted information was highly significant, and was the only significant component, thus confirming Hick’s law. Discriminability alone was found to be incapable of accounting for JT variance, although the results verified that, in the range manipulated, discriminability does affect performance. Further analyses revealed that stimulus-onset uncertainty does not, as Hick supposed, have the effect of adding one more state of the alternatives, and that Hick’s law does not hold when applied to JTs to individual stimuli.
The relationship between the compensatory response in the stomach and colon and the extent of small bowel resection in the rat

The proximal and distal extent of the compensatory response in the gastrointestinal tract of the young adult rat to resection of 10-80 percent of the combined ileum and jejunum was investigated. Thirty days after intestinal resection and subsequent end-to-end anastomosis, rats were injected with tritiated thymidine and sacrificed one hour later. The incorporation of label into colonic crypts or stomach glands was used as an index of the compensatory proliferative response. Although no compensatory response was observed in stomach glands, a significant compensatory proliferative response was found in descending colon after resections involving removal of greater than 60% of the combined ileum and jejunum. These observations imply that the compensatory proliferative response to resection is caused, at least in part, by a humoral mechanism. However, this does not exclude a role for luminal factors, intestinal blood flow, and paracrine effector substances as secondary modifiers of the compensation. The observations that resection of the small bowel can have significant effects distally on cell proliferation in the colon may be important to the planning of combination therapies which involve bowel resection in both animal models and in man.
PERSIANN-MSA: A Precipitation Estimation Method from Satellite-Based Multispectral Analysis

Abstract Visible and infrared data obtained from instruments onboard geostationary satellites have been extensively used for monitoring clouds and their evolution. The Advanced Baseline Imager (ABI) that will be launched onboard the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite-R (GOES-R) series in the near future will offer a larger range of spectral bands; hence, it will provide observations of cloud and rain systems at even finer spatial, temporal, and spectral resolutions than are possible with the current GOES. In this paper, a new method called Precipitation Estimation from Remotely Sensed information using Artificial Neural Networks–Multispectral Analysis (PERSIANN-MSA) is proposed to evaluate the effect of using multispectral imagery on precipitation estimation. The proposed approach uses a self-organizing feature map (SOFM) to classify multidimensional input information, extracted from each grid box and corresponding textural features of multispectral bands. In addition, principal component a...
Noninvasive delivery of small inhibitory RNA and other reagents to pulmonary alveoli in mice.

A technically easy, noninvasive means of delivering molecules to alveoli, which act selectively or specifically in the lung, would be experimentally and therapeutically useful. As proof of principl...
Reactions of [(η6-Me6C6)Ru(Ph2PCHCH2)Cl2] with 1-ethynylcycloalkanols leading to methoxy-alkenyl carbenes via vinylvinylidene and/or allenylidene intermediates

Abstract Methoxy-alkenyl carbenes 1 and 2 have been synthesized by treating a dichloro-methane/methanol solution of the [(η6-Me6C6)Ru(Ph2PCHCH2)Cl2] complex with an excess of 1-ethynyl-1-cyclohexanol and 1-ethynyl-1-cyclopentanol in the presence of NaPF6. The compounds were characterized by IR and 1H, 13C{1H}, 31P{1H} NMR spectroscopies and by elemental analyses. The crystal structure of 2 has also been determined by X-ray crystallography.
Intimate Relationships Then and Now: How Old Hormonal Processes are Influenced by Our Modern Psychology

In this review we argue that relatively recent evolutionary adaptations that are relational or psychological in nature might refocus, dampen, or otherwise shape hormonal processes related to evolutionarily “older” behaviors. We focus on the steroid hormones testosterone and estradiol and discuss a) their associations with “older relational processes” such as mate competition, dominance and nurturance, and b) the ways in which “newer relational processes” such as commitment and attachment relate to these hormones in the context of intimate relationships. We propose that these new relational processes might influence hormones in a manner that enables short-term mating relationships to be transformed into long-term romantic pair-bonds that may be unique to humans.
Metaplastic squamous cell carcinoma of bronchus simulating giant cell tumor of bone

A 57-year-old man underwent a right pneumonectomy for a bronchogenic carcinoma following bronchoscopy and bronchial biopsy. The tumor was a polypoid mass arising from the lower lobe bronchus. Microscopically it was characterized by mononuclear cells mixed with randomly distributed multinucleated giant cells similar to those seen in giant-cell tumor of bone. Also found were portions showing typical squamous cell and spindle cell carcinoma. Based on the light and electron microscopic findings, we suggest that the current case represents a metaplastic squamous carcinoma showing mesenchymal cell differentiation. A hypothesis on the histogenesis of pleomorphic carcinomas was presented. The problems of histological diagnosis generated by such a tumor should be emphasized.
Improving Electronic Reserve Services: A Collaborative Effort

To improve the efficiency of Ryan-Matura Library's electronic reserve (e-reserve) service, the staff of the library and the Office of Instructional Technology at Sacred Heart University codeveloped and implemented a system that streamlined the request and delivery of e-reserves for faculty and students. This system utilizes the institution's integrated course/content management system (Blackboard) along with a custom-built Web application that facilitates the request, retrieval, digitization, and delivery of e-reserve materials directly to students within their Blackboard courses.
Nolz1 is induced by retinoid signals and controls motoneuron subtype identity through distinct repressor activities

The acquisition and maintenance of final neuronal identity depends in part upon the implementation of fate-specification programs in postmitotic neurons; however, the mechanisms involved remain unclear. In the developing spinal cord, retinoic acid (RA) signaling pathways specify the columnar and divisional identities of postmitotic motoneurons (MNs). Here we show that RA signals induce expression of the NET transcriptional regulator Nolz1 in differentiated chick MNs, where it regulates the progressive specification of prospective Lim3-negative motor columns. Nolz1 controls the initial formation of forelimb and thoracic Lim3-negative motor columns by downregulating Lim3 expression and maintaining the expression of key homeodomain proteins necessary for MN identity and survival. At forelimb levels, Nolz1 specifies lateral motor column (LMC) identity by inducing the expression of the postmitotic LMC determinant Hoxc6, and implements the partial specification of lateral LMC identity through Lim1 induction. The specificity of Nolz1 function depends upon distinct repressor activities that require, in part, the modulatory activity of Grg5, an atypical member of the Gro-TLE family of co-repressors. Thus, RA signals regulate diverse events in MN subtype specification by inducing the expression of a key transcriptional regulator that controls multiple developmental pathways via functionally distinct repressor complexes.
Effects of chlordiazepoxide and secobarbital on film-induced anxiety.

Normal college students were given a single dose of chlordiazepoxide, secobarbital or placebo 85 min before being shown an anxiety-inducing film. Measures of sedation and of subjective anxiety were taken before and after the film. Results indicate that chlordiazepoxide and secobarbital had a measurable sedative action compared with placebo. Neither medication showed a significant anti-anxiety effect.
Experimental 1H NMR and Computational Studies of Internal Rotation of Solvated Formamide

Solvent effects on the C−N bond rotation process of formamide (FA) are investigated experimentally and theoretically. Temperature-dependent exchange broadened 1H NMR line shapes of [15N]FA in water, dimethyl sulfoxide-d6, and tetrachloroethane-d2, and as neat solution are consistent with ΔG⧧298 values for FA internal rotation, in kilocalories per mole, of 18.2(0.1), 17.8(0.1), 17.2(0.1), and 18.0(0.1), respectively. These values are significantly higher than the gas-phase ΔG⧧298 value, 16.0(0.1) kcal mol-1, and they correlate well with empirical spectroscopic solvent polarity scales. Self-consistent isodensity polarizable continuum model (SC-IPCM) calculations at the HF/6-311++G** level of theory for FA in a series of dielectric constants ranging from 1 to 109 predict a complete reversal of the preferred internal rotation path for hydrated FA compared to gas-phase FA. Equal contributions to the internal rotation rate constant from both possible internal rotation paths is predicted to occur at a dielectric...
Urban forest development: A case study, Menlo Park, California

Abstract Most urban forests in the United States are in a developmental stage, which is in contrast to the post-developmental condition of European urban forests. Those factors were investigated in a case study of Menlo Park, California. The major species in this forest are Liquidambar styraciflua L., Betula pendula Roth., Pinus radiata D. Don., Quercus agrifolia Nee., Sequoia sempervirens Andl., and Magnolia grandiflora L. Age structure of relic trees and tree popularity as expressed in selection and maintenance of trees are key factors influencing the transition.
Non-Violent Survival Strategies in the Face of Intimate Partner Violence and Economic Discrimination

Intimate partner violence (IPV) theory often locates violence equitably between women and men. Women, however, sustain greater degrees of injury than men and often use violence as a measure of protection rather than as an act of aggression. Yet measures of protection must be viewed in multiple contexts. In this case, the context is poverty, which reveals that violence by women in response to IPV is not the only way that women deal with the violence in their lives. This article explicates four strategies that battered women in poverty deploy in their protective trajectory and highlight alternative resistance strategies women use to overcome multiple structural barriers.
Decoherence control in open quantum systems via classical feedback

In this work we propose a strategy using techniques from systems theory to completely eliminate decoherence and also provide conditions under which it can be done. A construction employing an auxiliary system, the bait, which is instrumental to decoupling the system from the environment is presented. Our approach to decoherence control in contrast to other approaches in the literature involves the bilinear input affine model of quantum control system which lends itself to various techniques from classical control theory, but with nontrivial modifications to the quantum regime. The elegance of this approach yields interesting results on open loop decouplability and decoherence free subspaces. Additionally, the feedback control of decoherence may be related to disturbance decoupling for classical input affine systems, which entails careful application of the methods by avoiding all the quantum mechanical pitfalls. In the process of calculating a suitable feedback the system must be restructured due to its tensorial nature of interaction with the environment, which is unique to quantum systems. In the subsequent section we discuss a general information extraction scheme to gain knowledge of the state and the amount of decoherence based on indirect continuous measurement. The analysis of continuous measurement on a decohering quantum system has not been extensively studied before. Finally, a methodology to synthesize feedback parameters itself is given, that technology permitting, could be implemented for practical 2-qubit systems to perform decoherence free quantum computing. The results obtained are qualitatively different and superior to the ones obtained via master equations.
The optimally stable ranges of 2n-legged wave gaits

The study of the optimally stable range of the wave gait is extended to the 2n-legged case (n>or=2). To accomplish this, an analytical method is applied to compare the longitudinal stability margin of the wave gait with all periodic and regular gaits. It is shown that the wave gait is optimally stable in the range of 3/4 4, the wave gait is optimally stable in the range of 1/2 or=4. If the wave gait is compared with periodic and regular gaits, which are either symmetric or constant-phase-incremented, the wave gait is optimally stable in the range of 3/4 or=3. >
Successful Pregnancy in the Didmoad Syndrome (Diabetes Insipidus, Diabetes Mellitus, Optic Atrophy, Deafness)

Summary: A case of successful pregnancy in a patient with the complete DIDMOAD syndrome is described. Attention is drawn to the need to monitor fluid balance carefully during and after pregnancy in this condition. The current literature in the area is reviewed.
A Latent Variable Approach to Studying Risk Factors for Alzheimer’s Disease

The objective of this study is to investigate and to improve measurements for the study of suspected animal and occupational exposure risk factors for Alzheimer’s disease (AD). A subsample (n = 200) o
Surface hardness impairment of quorum sensing and swarming for Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

The importance of rhamnolipid to swarming of the bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa is well established. It is frequently, but not exclusively, observed that P. aeruginosa swarms in tendril patterns—formation of these tendrils requires rhamnolipid. We were interested to explain the impact of surface changes on P. aeruginosa swarm tendril development. Here we report that P. aeruginosa quorum sensing and rhamnolipid production is impaired when growing on harder semi-solid surfaces. P. aeruginosa wild-type swarms showed huge variation in tendril formation with small deviations to the “standard” swarm agar concentration of 0.5%. These macroscopic differences correlated with microscopic investigation of cells close to the advancing swarm edge using fluorescent gene reporters. Tendril swarms showed significant rhlA-gfp reporter expression right up to the advancing edge of swarming cells while swarms without tendrils (grown on harder agar) showed no rhlA-gfp reporter expression near the advancing edge. This difference in rhamnolipid gene expression can be explained by the necessity of quorum sensing for rhamnolipid production. We provide evidence that harder surfaces seem to limit induction of quorum sensing genes near the advancing swarm edge and these localized effects were sufficient to explain the lack of tendril formation on hard agar. We were unable to artificially stimulate rhamnolipid tendril formation with added acyl-homoserine lactone signals or increasing the carbon nutrients. This suggests that quorum sensing on surfaces is controlled in a manner that is not solely population dependent.
Building social capital through the use of an appreciative inquiry theoretical perspective in a school and university partnership

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore the ecology of collaboration between school and university partners using an appreciative inquiry theoretical perspective and to demonstrate how it enhances the social capital in school and university partnerships.Design/methodology/approach – A case study of a partnership of an inner‐city high school and university doctoral action research was explored in the frameworks of mutuality, social capital, and appreciative inquiry. The theoretical perspective of appreciative inquiry served as the basis for the mutuality between administrators and faculty in the inner‐city high school and the doctoral action research team.Findings – Findings suggest that approaching school‐university partnerships through an appreciative inquiry theoretical perspective creates an environment for building trust, sharing knowledge, and increasing bridging capital, thus benefiting both the school and university.Originality/value – The action research team formed a partnership with te...
Isomer distinction by ion/molecule reactions in an ion trap: The case of C5H8

Abstract Isomeric C5H8 compounds are distinguished by monitoring the products of their reactions with mass-selected ions generated from the individual isomers. This procedure, done by selecting appropriate reaction times in a quadrupole ion trap, yields data for the compounds which are more structure-selective than those obtained by collision-induced dissociation or dissociative charge stripping, both procedures in which isomer distinction is based on the behavior of the molecular ions rather than the neutral molecules themselves. All isomers except cis and trans 1,3-pentadiene can be distinguished by their ion/molecule reactions. The conjugated dienes, 1,3-pentadiene and isoprene, form the deprotonated C10H15+ dimer which is not generated by 1,4-pentadiene, cyclopentene, or by the allenes, 2,3-pentadiene and 3-methyl-1,2-butadiene. This clear, qualitative difference enables the isomers 1,4- and 1,3-pentadiene to be distinguished, which is otherwise difficult.
Retirement Planning by Black Psychiatrists

Fifty-three percent of active members of the Black Psychiatrists of America responded to a mailed survey that assessed retirement planning issues. Sixty-five percent of respondents were male, 61% were married, 71% had children, and 83% owned their own homes. Thirty-nine percent owned property in another state. The major anticipated reason for retirement was “a full life, and being ready for a change of pace.” A financial planner was used by 48% of the sample, and retirement seminars were attended by over 50% of the respondents. The majority of the sample were involved in the practice of adult psychiatry in multiple settings, including private practice settings, academic practice, mental health center practice, and state hospital practice. Eleven percent of respondents were retired.
Neutral Density Filters of Chromel A1

A short review of the available neutral density filters is given, with emphasis placed on the evaporation of Chromel A to form a film of any practical density that has neutral transmission throughout the visible and into the infra-red and ultraviolet regions. These films are simple to make and have proved to have good durability, resisting corrosion and rough handling.
Effect of endurance exercise on ovulation in the rat.

This study was designed to evaluate individual variation in ovarian responses to exercise. Rats ran on a treadmill (15% incline) at a rate of 26 m.min-1 for 90 min every day for 14-21 d; control rats were placed on a stationary treadmill for the same period of time. Based on daily vaginal cytology, 9 of 17 exercising rats had abnormal ( > 5 d) estrous cycles in the first cycle of training compared to only 2 of 19 controls. Throughout the training period, the length of estrous cycles of 8 of the 17 exercising rats were relatively unaffected; the mean length of completed cycles was 5.1% +/- 0.4 (SE) d. However, of those length of completed cycles was 5.1 +/- 0>4 (SE) d. However, of those thought to have ovulated based on vaginal cytology, fewer exercising than control rats had new corpora lutea on their ovaries. In exercising rats acyclic periods of up to 21 d were associated with serum progesterone levels similar to those of the diestrus phase of the estrous cycle (mean, 29 +/- 4 SE nmol.l-1). We conclude that treadmill running extends the period of progesterone secretion, delaying ovulation in a susceptible population of rats, and that vaginal cornification may not be an accurate indication of ovulation in these animals.
Current diagnosis and management of urinary tract infections in infants and children

The diagnosis and management of urinary tract infections (UTIs) in infants and children poses a unique set of problems, including sterile urine collection in non-toilet-trained children, and recognizing the subtle signs and symptoms of UTIs in infants.
Design and testing of a feed network for a transparent antenna array

This paper describes the design and testing of a feed network for a transparent flat-plate array antenna. This antenna is the top of a stack of three antennas that must occupy the same volume while pointing in different directions. At many pointing angles, an antenna will create blockage for the antennas underneath. In order to minimize the blockage, the array and its transmission lines must be as transparent as possible to the antennas underneath. The flat-plate array consists of active elements over a frequency-selective surface (FSS) ground plane that is transparent at the frequencies of the antennas below it. The feed lines must also be transparent to the antennas below it. This is achieved by minimizing the total area occupied by the feed lines. Rather than the traditional corporate feed network, a series feed network was designed. Such a network requires that each individual feed point must be fed with a coupler, where the coupling coefficient is adjusted to distribute the same power to each array element. We show the details of the design of the network as well as a set of measurements that show the performance
A potent anti-HIV immunotoxin blocks spreading infection by primary HIV type 1 isolates in multiple cell types.

Although several immunotoxins that selectively kill HIV-1-infected cells have been described, their clinical utility is limited by low potency against spreading viral infection. We show here that changing the carboxyterminal sequence of an anti-HIV-1 envelope immunotoxin to the consensus endoplasmic reticulum retention sequence KDEL substantially improves its ability to block infection of peripheral blood mononuclear cells by primary HIV-1 isolates without increasing nonspecific toxicity. Polychromatic flow cytometry of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) infected with an HIV-1-GFP reporter virus demonstrated that the improved immunotoxin is active against a variety of primary cell types including memory T cells, NK-T cells, and monocyte/macrophages. The subnanomolar potency of this agent suggests that it could be clinically useful either as an adjuvant to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in drug-resistant patients or to reduce the reservoir of latently infected cells that is implicated ...
MTS - Michigan Terminal System

MTS, the Michigan Terminal System, is a terminal oriented time-sharing system that offers both batch and terminal usage. It was developed by the University of Michigan Computing Centre and is currently running on an IBM 360 model 67.
Lack of a significant role for the PerR regulator in Bacillus subtilis spore resistance.

Bacillus subtilis cells lacking the PerR repressor which regulates transcription of genes encoding oxidative stress protective proteins grew at 30–50% the rate of wild-type cells, and perR cultures accumulated rapidly growing suppressor mutants lacking the catalase whose expression is regulated by PerR. However, perR spores which retained the perR regulated catalase were obtained on plates. These perR spores had levels of oxidative stress protective proteins from 7- to 50-fold higher than those in wild-type spores, but perR spore resistance to heat, hydrogen peroxide and t-butyl hydroperoxide was essentially identical to that of wild-type spores, indicating that elevated levels of proteins that protect growing cells from oxidizing agents play no role in dormant spore resistance to these compounds. However, germinated perR spores were much more resistant to alkyl hydroperoxides than were wild-type spores.
Composition of splenic t lymphocytes in allophenic mice.

Abstract Twenty three allophenic mice, produced by the aggregation of two 8-cell embryos, were examined by cytotoxicity testing for the proportions of parental cell types in their total splenic lymphocyte populations. Eleven (CBA × CBA/H-T6) ↔ C57BL/6 mice and six (CBA × CBA/H-T6) ↔ DBA/1 mice were assessed for the composition of their splenic T cells by culturing the cells in phytohemagglutinin, followed by identification of the T6 chromosomal marker in mitotic spreads. Six CBA ↔ DBA/1 mice were assessed for their splenic T cell composition by isolating their T cells on a nylon-wool column. The 23 mice showed an excellent statistical correlation of their total spleen cell composition with their splenic T-cell composition. However, there are some individual mice in which these two parameters are not correlated.
Imaging capabilities of a long gradient-index rod

The possibilities of transmitting spatial information through a long gradient-index rod are presented. Spatial resolution vs rod diameter are optimized for both visible and IR transmitting systems.
Photochemical charge separation in photosynthetic reaction centers.

The basic facts and outstanding issues concerning reaction center structure and charge separation dynamics are first summarized. Various theoretical modeling efforts are then presented, classified by the type of approach taken. Recent experimental work is then described, focusing on three types of experiments (electric field, holeburning, and various investigations of genetically modified RCs)
Tensile and flexural ultimate strength of fiber-reinforced ceramic-matrix composites.

Abstract A constitutive equation has been derived for fiber-reinforced ceramic-matrix composites, based on fiber breakage and distributed fiber pull-out. Length-dependent and length-independent regimes, governed by the size of the specimen, are differentiated. The constitutive equation is used to predict the ultimate strength of fiber-reinforced ceramic-matrix composites subjected to tensile and flexural loadings.
Wives' needs as related to perceptions of their husbands' post-mental hospital behavior

Three major problems were investigated to determine if selected psychological needs of former mental patients' wives were related to (a) perceptions of their husbands' posthospital behavior, (b) ratings of recalled marital happiness both before and since their husbands' first hospitalization, and (c) expectations of their husbands' posthospital performance level. Husbands' behavior ratings were made on the MACC Behavioral Adjustment Scale and the Coping Style Scale. The other major variables were measured by a Marital Happiness Scale and an Expectation-Insistence Scale. A relationship was found between (a) needs nurturance and abasement and perceptions of posthospital behavior, and (b) dominance and expectations of posthospital performance level.
Renal Disease and Drug Metabolism: An Overview

Renal disease will perturb the disposition of drugs that primarily depend upon renal excretory function for elimination. While changes in drug half-life (T 1/2) are often cited as evidence of altered drug disposition, it must be remembered that T 1/2 is a dependent variable whose magnitude varies directly with volume of distribution (V d ) and indirectly with total body clearance (CI T ). CI T is the one term that succinctly describes drug elimination. Cl T is defined as the sum of the renal (CI R ) and nonrenal (CI NR ), or metabolic, clearances of a drug. Renal failure has been shown to alter the hepatic microsomal mixed-function oxidase system of drug metabolizing enzymes. Therefore, in end-stage renal failure, the potential exists for the modification of the disposition of drugs whose elimination is primarily hepatic. The kidneys themselves contain many of the enzymes important in hepatic drug metabolism. Drugs such as morphine, paracetamol, and p-aminobenzoic acid are metabolized in the kidney and experimental renal disease has been shown to reduce drug metabolism in the diseased kidney compared with the contralateral normal kidney. Renal disease, then, has the potential to alter not only the renal clearance of unchanged drug but also may substantially modify the metabolic transformation of drugs in both the liver and the kidneys. It can no longer be assumed that the pharmacokinetics of drugs that are disposed mainly by metabolism will be unaltered in renal failure.
The decline in Dutch agricultural tenancy

Abstract The strict regulation of the land tenure system in the Netherlands since the second world war has lessened the economic and political strength of landowners. This article outlines the situation for tenant farmers and examines current policies. The author concludes that short-term policies which are meant to help tenant farmers are actually forcing landowners to sell their land; tenancy is thus declining at a rate of 2% per year. Unless policies change, the tenancy system will continue to contract.
The relationships of the Tritylodontidae (Synapsida)

From a detailed anatomical survey of the Tritylodontidae, it is possible to examine the phylogenetic status of this taxon of advanced synapsids. The Tritylodontidae are considered to be the sister-group of the Traversodontidae, specifically the Exaerelodon-Massetognathus assemblage, rather than that of the Mammalia plus Tritheledontidae as recently postulated. Numerous character contradictions reveal considerable parallel evolution among advanced synapsids.