cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Numerical assessment of fault impact on caprock seals during CO2 sequestration

Abstract Coupled fluid-flow and geomechanical analysis of caprock integrity has gained a lot of attention among scientists and researchers investigating the long-term performance of geologic carbon storage systems. Reactivation of pre-existing fractures within the caprock or re-opening of faults can create permeable pathways which can influence the seal integrity. Stability of the caprock during and after injection of super-critical CO 2 , and the impact of pre-existing fractures in the presence or absence of one or multiple faults have been investigated in this study. The impact of the wellbore orientation and the injection rate are among other key factors in understanding the structural trapping mechanisms within such geological formations. In this study, we numerically investigated the impact of each of these factors. This study revealed the interplay between joints and faults and how different leakage pathways are formed and under which scenario they play a dominant role in terms of CO 2 leakage. This study also highlights the role of one versus multiple faults in the domain and the importance of the fault hydrological property in forming leakage pathway.
David Oliver: Handling complaints with realism and fairness to staff

From the launch of Channel 4 television in 1982, a programme called Right to Reply was a regular feature: viewers phoned, wrote, or used video booths to praise or complain about programmes. Bosses and programme makers appeared too, to put their side of the story. Continuing this tradition, Channel 4 has launched a “Complaints Welcome” campaign encouraging viewers to complain, but with adverts openly posting some of the more abusive or dubious comments received.1 Might this offer a shining example to the NHS? Watching television isn’t as personal or fraught as using health services when you’re scared and ill. I’m not proposing gentle ridicule of complainants, as employed in Channel 4’s campaign. But we may have something to learn from it in encouraging feedback and in the open, robust response to it. Endless reports show …
Responses of Engelmann spruce to inoculation with Leptographium abietinum, a symbiotic fungus of the North American spruce beetle

Symbiotic fungi associated with tree-killing bark beetles can alter host-tree physiology with consequences for tree survival, and symbiont genetic variation and environmental variability may impact...
Archaeomagnetic dating of vitrified Broborg hillfort in southeast Uppsala, Sweden

Abstract Hundreds of European hillforts from the Bronze and Iron Ages show evidence of extreme heating of the stone ramparts, which has caused melting of the rocks which partially turned to glass on cooling. The cause and age of wall vitrification at these hillforts has long been debated in the archaeological community. This work aims to determine the age of vitrification at the Broborg hillfort (Uppsala, Sweden) using archaeomagnetic dating. Rock magnetic investigations verified the suitability of the vitrified materials for such studies, with titanomagnetites being the major magnetic signal carriers. Despite the challenges involved in sample collection at the Broborg site, a total of eight oriented samples (five vitrified, three non-vitrified) were collected and used in this study. The mean paleodirection and paleointensity results were combined to compare with a geomagnetic field model for Europe. Three possible archaeomagnetic age intervals for Broborg vitrification were found: 389–579 CE, 602–752 CE, and 965–1300 CE, among which the 389–579 CE date range is the most consistent with the published 14C ages and known historical context of the site. This study shows that paleointensity data alone could be used to date such sites, requiring smaller unoriented samples, potentially removing some of the barriers to sample acquisition at some archaeological sites.
Maintenance in Mathematics for Individuals with Intellectual Disability: A Systematic Review of Literature.

Abstract Despite the growing attention being paid to teaching mathematics for students with disabilities, the existing research tends to focus on mathematical skill acquisition, but not on skill maintenance. The researchers in this study reviewed all studies from 1975 to 2018 that involved teaching mathematics to individuals with intellectual disability. A total of 135 studies met inclusion criteria, but only 53 studies involved a maintenance phase (39.2%). Among the 53 studies, only 22 were included for the final analysis, after evaluating their methodological rigor. In those 22 studies, there was no consensus among researchers on the standards for conducting a maintenance phase (i.e., latency between intervention and maintenance phases, length of maintenance phase, number of maintenance sessions). Further, in the studies which included a maintenance phase, the most widely taught mathematical content was numbers and operations. All studies employed intervention packages which included more than one instructional method and/or materials and the most widely used instructional method was prompting while the most widely used instructional materials were visual supports and manipulatives. The results suggest that prompting is an evidence-based practice for individuals with intellectual disability in supporting maintenance, while explicit instruction, time delay, feedback, and instructional sequence (e.g., the virtual-representational-abstract instructional sequence) are potentially evidence-based practice for individuals with intellectual disability.
Revisiting the treatment of cross-association interactions in oxygenate mixtures with the polar PC-SAFT equation of state

Abstract In this work a new approach to the cross-association of non-self-associating (NSA) oxygenates with carbonyl oxygens within polar PC-SAFT is developed. Aldehydes, esters and ketones fall into this class of NSA molecules. The challenge in developing such an approach is that predictability of phase behavior of NSA species with alcohols is desired, while at the same time, there is the requirement that the approach must be able to reproduce the phase behavior in aqueous systems. To meet these two criteria, the hydrogen bonding parameters of the NSA oxygenate are adjusted to accurately reproduce the phase behavior with water. With the hydrogen bonding parameters fixed, binary interaction parameters between NSA oxygenates and alcohols must be adjusted to achieve accurate phase behavior. However, as shown in this work, these binary interaction parameters are predictable solely on the basis of alcohol and NSA oxygenate molecular weights. A simple correlation of the binary interaction parameter between these two classes is developed, allowing for accurate representation of the phase behavior with alcohols in absence of phase behavior data to tune the model.
Partial Differential Equations

Partial differential equations (PDEs) are another mathematical language required for expressing multiphysics in addition to tensors. The chapter starts the introduction to PDE with the role of PDE in the numerical simulation. Basic definitions including dependent variables, coordinates, domain, boundary, and numerical methods will be briefly introduced to lay down the background for the use of PDE in multiphysics. The common classification of PDEs will be discussed next. Later, the PDEs that we would possibly encounter in science and engineering applications, including linear, nonlinear, and PDE systems, will be presented. Finally, boundary conditions, which are needed for the solution of PDEs, will be introduced. Effort will be made to detail the common types of boundary conditions, confusion about boundary conditions, boundary conditions in 3D problems and computer treatments, and initial conditions.
I Care – Equipping African American Students to Survive and Thrive During the Trump Presidency and Beyond: Integrating the Pedagogy of Care into Political Science Curriculum

The art of caring for college students is a necessary component on the college campus. Larsen (2015) applies the art of caring that is found within K-12 educational systems to instructors within higher education. According to Larson (2015), there are eight factors that establish care: (1) non verbal expression, (2) knowing students’ names, (3) displaying concern during office hours, (4) make an effort to get to know the students, (5) create interesting and applicable lessons, (7) addressing students’ concerns in class, and (8) displaying a feeling of care. These attributes are essential for students, especially true for students of color at 2-year and 4-year institutions. Scholars have explained the importance of having a faculty member of color to serve as an ally for students of color at colleges and universities, but we need to integrate the pedagogy of care into the classroom in order to retain students while meeting the academic, social, and economic needs of the students of color. In the age of Trump, the responsibility of African American professors would be to integrate the principles of care within the curriculum. Focusing on a narrative experience of an African American Political Science Instructor at Compton College, this paper explores how to incorporate the pedagogy of care into the curriculum of Political Science at a 2-year institution. This study will demonstrate how to utilize Larsen’s (2015) tools of creating applicable lessons and addressing students’ concerns within the Political Science classroom in order to demonstrate care in order to integrate the curriculum with their lives in a more meaningful way that will help them apply their knowledge outside of the classroom. The significance of doing so addresses the ethical purpose of teaching Political Science through focusing on more applicable material to inform and equip African American students on how to navigate within the Trump presidency.
Gram-Negative Bacteria

Aeromonas species are gram-negative anaerobic rods found in fresh water lakes and streams. They have also been recovered from chlorinated tap water, including hospital water supplies. Aeromonas infections of freshwater traumatic wounds cause a characteristic clinical picture indistinguishable from group A streptococcal infection in normal hosts. Rapidly progressive cellulitis develops within 8–48 h after trauma with freshwater exposure, followed by suppuration and necrosis around the wound, often requiring surgical debridement. Fasciitis, myonecrosis, and osteomyelitis may develop. Aeromonas hydrophilia is the species that causes most soft tissue infections and bacteremias. Other species isolated include A. veronii subtype sobria and A. caviae.
Abcc6 null mice a model for mineralization disorder PXE show vertebral osteopenia without enhanced intervertebral disc calcification with aging

Chronic low back pain is a highly prevalent health condition intricately linked to intervertebral disc degeneration. One of the prominent features of disc degeneration that is commonly observed with aging is dystrophic calcification. ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 6 (ABCC6), a presumed ATP efflux transporter, is a key regulator of systemic levels of the mineralization inhibitor pyrophosphate (PPi). Mutations in ABCC6 result in pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE), a progressive human metabolic disorder characterized by mineralization of the skin and elastic tissues. The implications of ABCC6 loss-of-function on pathological mineralization of structures in the spine, however, are unknown. Using the ABCC6-/- mouse model of PXE, we investigated age-dependent changes in the vertebral bone and intervertebral disc. ABCC6-/- mice exhibited diminished trabecular bone quality parameters at 7-months which remained significantly lower than the wild-type mice at 18 months-of-age. ABCC6-/- vertebrae showed increased TRAP staining along with decreased TNAP staining, suggesting an enhanced bone resorption as well as decreased bone formation. Surprisingly, however, loss of ABCC6 resulted only in a mild, aging disc phenotype without evidence of dystrophic mineralization. Finally, we tested the utility of oral K3Citrate to treat the vertebral phenotype since it is shown to regulate hydroxyapatite mechanical behavior. The treatment resulted in inhibition of osteoclastic response and an early improvement in mechanical properties of the bone underscoring the promise of potassium citrate as a therapeutic agent. Our data suggest that although ectopic mineralization is tightly regulated in the disc, loss of ABCC6 compromises vertebral bone quality and dysregulates osteoblast-osteoclast coupling. Author SummaryInherited mutations in the ABCC6 transporter gene results in mineralization, often in the form of hydroxyapatite, of connective tissues throughout the body, predominantly affecting the skin, eyes, and blood vessels. Functional loss of ABCC6 causes reduced levels of the potent mineralization inhibitor pyrophosphate (PPi) in blood resulting in these pathologies. Pathological mineralization is also a prominent feature of intervertebral disc degeneration, but the role of ABCC6 and systemic PPi levels and its correlation to disc mineralization and vertebral bone health has remained unexplored. In this study, we show for the first time that loss of ABCC6 in mice results in significant decline in vertebral bone quality and mild age-related disc degeneration without increased incidence of abnormal mineralization. Importantly, treatment of ABCC6 deficient mice with K3Citrate resulted in restoration of early cellular changes which drive bone loss and mechanical function of the vertebrae. In summary, our data reveal that ABCC6 is dispensable for mineralization prevention in the intervertebral disc. Unexpectedly, we found that vertebral bone quality and bone cell activities are linked to ABCC6 function.
Representations for low-level vision

Representations play a central role in the study of any visual processing system (Marr 1982). The representations and algorithms that describe a visual process are a particular instantiation of a general computational theory, and are constrained by the hardware that is available for their implementation. Representations make certain types of information explicit, while requiring that other information be computed when needed. For example, a depth map and an orientation map may represent the same visible surface, but complex computations may be required to convert from one representation to the other. The choice of representation becomes crucial when the information being represented is uncertain (McDermott 1980).
Equipment Costs by Current Methods

A knowledge of equipment costs is vital to the profitable and efficient use of construction equipment. Four current methods of costing equipment are examined for purpose and procedure. They are the methods developed by the Associated General Contractors of America, the Caterpillar Tractor Company, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, and the Equipment Guide-Book Company. Each method is described briefly by outlining what ownership and operating costs are considered and how they are determined in the particular method. The differences between the methods in the treatment of the costs are examined and the reasons therefor. The conclusions are that good historical costs records are necessary to make an intelligent estimate of future costs, and that the method selected will depend on the purpose of the cost estimate.
NON‐UNIFORM CHANGES TO WHITEWATER RECREATION IN CALIFORNIA'S SIERRA NEVADA FROM REGIONAL CLIMATE WARMING

Whitewater recreation is an aesthetic ecosystem service potentially affected by climate warming alterations to runoff. In California's Sierra Nevada, climate change is likely to reduce water availability with warmer air temperatures and stationary or decreasing precipitation, which will likely alter whitewater recreation opportunities. In this study, we identified 128 whitewater runs on the west slope of the Sierra Nevada within a 13-basin study area that ranged from serene float trips to remote, difficult, kayak expeditions. We used a spatially explicit, one-dimensional rainfall-runoff model to estimate the unregulated hydrology at specific locations within flow thresholds amenable to whitewater recreation. Climate warming scenarios were simulated by increasing air temperature by 2 °C, 4 °C and 6 °C and assuming no change in precipitation. With mild warming, the average number of boatable weeks per year increases, but more extreme warming decreases the average boatable weeks per year across the Sierra Nevada. Runs in low-elevation drainages, such as the Cosumnes and the Tule River Basins, are most vulnerable to changes in boatable weeks. Yet, high-elevation watersheds, such as the Kern River, also have a large reduction in boatable weeks. Watersheds in the central Sierra Nevada show an increase in boatable weeks. Overall, we found elevation and run type to be the best predictors of resiliency for Sierra Nevada whitewater runs. Recreation is important for management of rivers, yet it is difficult to quantify and to plan for. This research provides a sensitivity analysis approach to climate warming for the Sierra Nevada and presents a method that can be applied to other regions and whitewater rivers. The observed reduction in whitewater recreation opportunities in unregulated rivers because of climate warming and continued increases in population will likely increase the importance of whitewater boating on regulated rivers and thus the reliance on operations for meeting multiple demands. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Biochemistry of Short-Chain Alkanes (Tissue-Specific Biosynthesis of n-Heptane in Pinus jeffreyi)

Short-chain (C7-C11) alkanes accumulate as the volatile component of oleoresin (pitch) in several pine species native to western North America. To establish the tissue most amenable for use in detailed studies of short-chain alkane biosynthesis, we examined the tissue specificity of alkane accumulation and biosynthesis in Pinus jeffreyi Grev. & Balf. Short-chain alkane accumulation was highly tissue specific in both 2-year-old saplings and mature trees; heart-wood xylem accumulated alkanes up to 7.1 mg g-1 dry weight, whereas needles and other young green tissue contained oleoresin with monoterpenoid, rather than paraffinic, volatiles. These tissue-specific differences in oleoresin composition appear to be a result of tissue-specific rates of alkane and monoterpene biosynthesis; incubation of xylem tissue with [14C]sucrose resulted in accumulation of radiolabel in alkanes but not monoterpenes, whereas incubation of foliar tissue with 14CO2 resulted in the accumulation of radiolabel in monoterpenes but not alkanes. Furthermore, incubation of xylem sections with [14C]acetate resulted in incorporation of radiolabel into alkanes at rates up to 1.7 nmol h-1 g-1 fresh weight, a rate that exceeds most biosynthetic rates reported with other plant systems for the incorporation of this basic precursor into natural products. This suggests that P. jeffreyi may provide a suitable model for elucidating the enzymology and molecular biology of short-chain alkane biosynthesis.
Peptide Synthesis by Prokaryotic-Eukaryotic Hybrid Ribosomes

Abstract The small (40 S) ribosomal subunits of embryos of the brine shrimp Artemia salina and the large (50 S) subunits of Escherichia coli can engage in limited, coordinated hybrid function, exemplified by the synthesis of fMet-puromycin and N-acetyl-Phe-Phe. Larger peptides are not produced. At high Mg2+ concentrations these reactions occur non-enzymatically, i.e. in the absence of initiation and elongation factors. At low Mg2+ concentrations the A. salina supernatant initiation factor (eukaryotic initiation factor 1, EIF-1) is required for N-acylaminoacyl-tRNA binding to the 40 S subunit and subsequent puromycin reaction, and aminoacyl transfer factor is needed for Phe-tRNA binding to the hybrid ribosomes and ensuing peptide synthesis. Although these processes are mediated by the large subunit, in this case E. coli 50 S, N-acetyl-Phe-Phe synthesis takes place with eukaryotic elongation factor (EF-1) as well as with prokaryotic factor (EF-T). Glutaraldehyde fixation enables display of the hybrid couples by sucrose density gradient centrifugation.
Reconstruction of mechanically recorded sound by image processing

Audio information stored in the undulations of grooves in a medium such as a phonograph record may be reconstructed, with no or minimal contact, by measuring the groove shape using precision metrology methods and digital image processing. The effects of damage, wear, and contamination may be compensated, in many cases, through image processing and analysis methods. The speed and data handling capacity of available computing hardware make this approach practical. Various aspects of this approach are discussed. A feasibility test is reported which used a general purpose optical metrology system to study a 50 year old 78 r.p.m. phonograph record. Comparisons are presented with stylus playback of the record and with a digitally re-mastered version of the original magnetic recording. A more extensive implementation of this approach, with dedicated hardware and software, is considered.
Predicting Medication Use in an Elderly Hypertensive Sample: Revisiting the Established Populations for Epidemiologic Studies of the Elderly Study

ABSTRACT Though some research has begun to examine specific factors related to race that should be targeted in the design of interventions to improve medication adherence, there remains an underreporting of factors that contribute to the use of hypertensive medications by race. Methods: This study examined medication use reported by a sample of elderly, controlled and uncontrolled hypertensive patients from the North Carolina Established Populations for the Epidemiologic Studies of the Elderly (NC EPESE) study. Results: In the adjusted final multivariable models of medication use over time in both Caucasian and African-American women, those with higher BMI were more likely to report taking their medication over time; satisfaction with their medical care was predictive among Caucasian women and receiving treatment from a minority physician was predictive among African-American women. Conclusion: Focusing on individual-level characteristics and the different issues that may underlie specific ethnic groups, healthcare provider characteristics in particular may help to develop more precisely targeted interventions to improve a full range of healthcare services that are often needed by elderly hypertensive patients.
Nonstationary seismic response of highway bridges supported on columns

The seismic displacement of a bridge superstructure relative to its substructure (columns) is studied, including uncertainty of the seismic input. The earthquake excitation is modeled as white noise filtered by the Clough-Penzien (1975) filter, in cascade with modulation accounting for seismic intensity nonstationarity. An analytical solution is obtained for the statistics of the relative displacement and its derivatives. These may be used to develop probabilistic seismic response spectra for design.
Complementary Cognitive and Motor Image Processing

Everyone shares the irresistible conception that vision is one sense. We experience one coherent visual world and produce visually guided behavior to interact with that world. Extensive laboratory work, however, has shown this introspection to be in error: visual processing has several representations of space, coding different aspects of the information available from vision. The representations operate simultaneously, in parallel, in performing various visual functions.
Mutations in the 5' NTR and the Non-Structural Protein 3A of the Coxsackievirus B3 Selectively Attenuate Myocarditogenicity.

The 5’ non-translated region (NTR) is an important molecular determinant that controls replication and virulence of coxsackievirus B (CVB)3. Previous studies have reported many nucleotide (nt) sequence differences in the Nancy strain of the virus, including changes in the 5’ NTR with varying degrees of disease severity. In our studies of CVB3-induced myocarditis, we sought to generate an infectious clone of the virus for routine in vivo experimentation. By determining the viral nt sequence, we identified three new nt substitutions in the clone that differed from the parental virus strain: C97U in the 5’ NTR; a silent mutation, A4327G, in non-structural protein 2C; and C5088U (resulting in P1449L amino acid change) in non-structural protein 3A of the virus leading us to evaluate the role of these changes in the virulence properties of the virus. We noted that the disease-inducing ability of the infectious clone-derived virus in three mouse strains was restricted to pancreatitis alone, and the incidence and severity of myocarditis were significantly reduced. We then reversed the mutations by creating three new clones, representing 1) U97C; 2) G4327A and U5088C; and 3) their combination together in the third clone. The viral titers obtained from all the clones were comparable, but the virions derived from the third clone induced myocarditis comparable to that induced by wild type virus; however, the pancreatitis-inducing ability remained unaltered, suggesting that the mutations described above selectively influence myocarditogenicity. Because the accumulation of mutations during passages is a continuous process in RNA viruses, it is possible that CVB3 viruses containing such altered nts may evolve naturally, thus favoring their survival in the environment.
Cervical spine involvement early in the course of rheumatoid arthritis

Abstract Objectives Cervical spine involvement in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is considered a feature of long-standing disease. We describe two patients who presented with cervical symptoms as early features of RA. Methods We report two RA cases with cervical spine involvement as early features and use MEDLINE to review the literature concerning the frequency and disease duration of this manifestation and its imaging with plain radiography, computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Results An 80-year-old man with cervical myelopathy from a C1–C2 rheumatoid pannus underwent decompression surgery before development of peripheral synovitis from RA. A 63-year-old woman presented with neck pain and polyarthritis at RA diagnosis, with imaging that confirmed a C1–C2 rheumatoid pannus. Onset of cervical spine involvement in RA is generally after 10 years of disease duration, ranging from 3 months to 45 years after peripheral synovitis among patients with seropositive erosive RA. Occurring in 9–88% of RA patients, cervical spine involvement may result in cervical instability due to either mechanical compression or vascular impairment of the spinal cord. Bone erosions and atlanto-axial subluxation on standard radiographs are two major signs of cervical spine involvement in RA. MRI identifies earlier signs of RA and has a higher sensitivity in detecting bone erosions compared to conventional radiography. Conclusions Cervical spine involvement in RA is not an uncommon condition but is rare at early disease onset. Symptoms of cervical pain and myelopathy should prompt a thorough neurological examination accompanied by imaging.
Role of projection effects on solar coronal mass ejection properties: 1. A study of CMEs associated with limb activity

[1] Many properties of Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs), such as size, location and brightness, have been determined from measurements of white light coronal observations. We expect the average properties derived from these measurements contain systematic inaccuracies due to projection effects and suggest that CME properties are most accurately determined for those events occurring near the plane-of-the-sky (i.e., over the solar limb as observed from Earth), where projection effects are minimized. A set of 111 such “limb” events have been identified in Solar Maximum Mission (SMM) white light observations through associations with Erupting Prominences at the Limb (EPLs), and X-ray and limb optical flares. These “limb” CMEs have greater average speeds (519 ± 46 km/sec) and masses (4.5 ± .5 × 1015 grams) than the average values obtained from all SMM CMEs, consistent with the expected behavior of projection effects. Only a very small percentage of “limb” CMEs are centered at high latitudes, suggesting there are many fewer “true” high latitude CMEs than has previously been reported. No “limb” CMEs have widths greater than 110°, consistent with the interpretation that very wide CMEs (i.e., halos) are actually events of more typical widths originating away from the solar limb and viewed in projection. Only a small percentage of “limb” CMEs have measured speeds below 200 km/sec, indicating there may be fewer “true” subsonic SMM CMEs than previously reported. The correlation detected between the kinetic energy of the “limb” CMEs and the peak intensity of the associated GOES X-ray flares, is stronger than was previously found using a set of CMEs of undetermined limb distances. All these results provide strong evidence that projection effects systematically influence the deduced properties of CME events.
Maximizing conjunctive use of surface and ground water under surface water quality constraints

Abstract A simulation/optimization (s/o) model is presented to address the increasingly common conflicts between water quantity and quality objectives. The model can assist water resources analysts in selecting compromise strategies for stream/aquifer systems in which the stream gains water from the aquifer. The water quantity objective is to maximize steady conjunctive use of groundwater and surface water resources. The water quality objective is to maximize waste loading from a sewage treatment plant (STP) to the stream without violating downstream water quality beyond acceptable limits. The STP discharge is proportional to human population. The two objectives conflict because an increase in groundwater extraction reduces dilution of the stream water contaminants. The result is a decrease in the STP waste loading to the stream and the waste-producing human population that can be supported. The trade-off between objectives is illustrated graphically via sets of noninferior solutions. The sets of noninferior solutions are prepared using the E-constraint method and assuming different upstream flow rates. The s/o model includes superposition expressions describing head and flow responses to decision variables (pumping, diversion, and loadings) and regression expressions describing contaminant concentration responses to these decision variables. Modeled contaminants include: 5-day biochemical oxygen demand, dissolved oxygen, nitrogen (organic, ammonia, nitrite, and nitrate), organic and dissolved phosphorus, total dissolved solids, and chlorophyll-a.
Chisel Edge and Pilot Hole Effects in Drilling Composite Laminates

Previous studies have shown the severe limitations that have to be placed on machining forces when drilling composite laminates due to their propensity for delamination. Delamination, which consists of separation between the plys in a laminate, is due to the relatively poor strength of these materials in the thickness direction. In drilling, delamination is initiated when the drilling force exceeds a threshold value, particularly at the critical entry and exit locations of the drill bit. While abrasive machining results in damage-free holes in most composites, such processes are slow and expensive when compared to drilling with conventional twist drills. Here it is shown that the chisel edge in such drills is a major contributor to the thrust force that is the primary cause of delamination when drilling composite laminates. In this study, a series of drilling experiments were conducted on carbon fiber-reinforced composite laminates to determine quantitatively the effect of the chisel edge on the thrust force. In addition, tests were conducted to determine the effect of pre-drilling the laminate with a pilot hole. The results show a large reduction in the thrust force when a pilot hole is present which, in effect, removes the chisel edge contribution. An analytical model that incorporates the presence of a pilot hole is also described. The results from the thrust force-feed relationships show good agreement with experimentally determined values for the thrust force for a wide range of feeds for drilling tests conducted on laminates with and without pilot holes.
A perspective on industrial ecology and its application to a metals-industry ecosystem

Abstract An industrial ecosystem is a synthetic analog of a natural ecosystem where connections through the flux of materials and energy between the various firms/production units define the system. In natural ecology, observation and analysis need to be carried out at different levels of aggregation to understand and predict system behavior. Similarly, a systems perspective applied to the analysis of the complex industrial ecosystems may help better understand the interactions between the various entities, and their overall interactions with the natural environment. Such an analysis can also assist in the efforts to effectively mitigate the environmental impacts of industrial production. In addition, insights from natural ecological studies might also hold valuable lessons applicable to the efforts to guide industrial production towards a sustainable future. Our study of firms in the metal sector (mainly copper and its alloys and some precious metals) in the New England area has led to an understanding of the industrial ecosystem involving and surrounding these firms, and the nature of the material flows in this ecosystem. Overall, for this system, the recirculation of metal seems to be extremely high, a finding that is supported by the metal use and release data reported by Massachusetts firms. The roles of the various entities in the ecosystem have been clarified, including those that are essential to the recirculation of the metals. Furthermore, other issues such as economic and regulatory factors, relationship with regulators, industry networks, etc. have been studied to highlight the key promoters and barriers to recycling. Based on this, some preliminary policy conclusions are drawn along with suggestions for further research to deepen our understanding of ecologies of industries.
Variational approach to conical bodies having maximum lift-to-drag ratio at hypersonic speeds.

An investigation of the lift-to-drag ratioE attainable by a slender, conical body flying at hypersonic speeds is presented under the assumptions that the pressure distribution is modified Newtonian and the surface-averaged friction coefficient is constant. The length of the body and the elongation ratio of the cross section α are prescribed, and the values of the free-stream dynamic pressure, the factor modifying the Newtonian pressure distributionm, and the surface-averaged friction coefficientCf are knowna priori. The indirect methods of the calculus of variations are employed, an it is found that, for any given value of the length and the elongation ratio, the optimum transversal contour is a diamond shape. As the elongation ratio increases, the maximum lift-to-drag ratio increases, tending to the limiting valueE=0.529\(E = 0.529^3 \surd (m/C_f )\) when α → ∞.
1H-N.m.r. spectral assignments for two series of heparin-derived oligosaccharides.

Abstract Six heparin-derived oligosaccharides, ranging in size from di- to octa-saccharide and forming two closely related series different in structure by the substitution of an unsulfated d -glucuronate for a 2-sulfated l -iduronate residue, have been characterized by 2-dimensional 1 H-n.m.r. spectroscopy. In addition to providing new data on hexa- and octa-saccharides, several important changes to previously published data have been found for the two tetrasaccharides. The d -glucuronic acid H-5 proton is assigned to a resonance in the same region as resonances for the H-3 and H-4 d -glucuronate protons, rather than downfield from these resonances as earlier reported. The presence of d -glucuronic acid in the heparin sequence of the series-1 fragments affects the positions of neighboring d -glucosamine resonances, in particular shifting the anomeric proton signal in the preceding d -glucosamin 0.1–0.2 p.p.m. downfield. Resonances from the reducing-end d -glucosamines differ from internal d -glucosamine resonances both in relative position and in the degree of chemical shift difference between the H-6 and H-6′ protons. This work illustrates the usefulness of two-dimensional techniques in determining heparin structure and emphasizes the need for direct analysis, rather than assignment by comparison to model compounds.
Paternal alcohol exposure reduces alcohol drinking and increases behavioral sensitivity to alcohol selectively in male offspring.

Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is heritable, but the genetic basis for this disease remains poorly understood. Although numerous gene variants have been associated with AUD, these variants account for only a small fraction of the total risk. The idea of inheritance of acquired characteristics, i.e. “epigenetic inheritance,” is re-emerging as a proven adjunct to traditional modes of genetic inheritance. We hypothesized that alcohol drinking and neurobiological sensitivity to alcohol are influenced by ancestral alcohol exposure. To test this hypothesis, we exposed male mice to chronic vapor ethanol or control conditions, mated them to ethanol-naive females, and tested adult offspring for ethanol drinking, ethanol-induced behaviors, gene expression, and DNA methylation. We found that ethanol-sired male offspring had reduced ethanol preference and consumption, enhanced sensitivity to the anxiolytic and motor-enhancing effects of ethanol, and increased Bdnf expression in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) compared to control-sired male offspring. There were no differences among ethanol- and control-sired female offspring on these assays. Ethanol exposure also decreased DNA methylation at the BdnfAEpromoter of sire's germ cells and hypomethylation was maintained in the VTA of both male and female ethanol-sired offspring. Our findings show that paternal alcohol exposure is a previously unrecognized regulator of alcohol drinking and behavioral sensitivity to alcohol in male, but not female, offspring. Paternal alcohol exposure also induces epigenetic alterations (DNA hypomethylation) and gene expression changes that persist in the VTA of offspring. These results provide new insight into the inheritance and development of alcohol drinking behaviors.
Deuterium retention in tungsten from exposure to plasma

Experiments are described which characterize retention of deuterium in tungsten resulting from exposure to plasma at fluences up to 1022 D atoms cm−2. The influence of displacement damage on deuterium retention is investigated for damage levels up to 0.6 displacements per atom (dpa) produced by 12 MeV silicon ion irradiation. Near-surface retention associated with precipitation and blistering was seen in both damaged and undamaged material. Trapping at displacement damage was also observed. These experiments determined the number of traps produced versus dpa, and the rate at which they are filled during exposure to plasma. These results indicate that the increase in tritium inventory in the ITER divertor due to trapping at neutron damage should be relatively small due to the shallow depth of penetration of tritium to traps at lower temperatures ( 500 °C).
A FREEZE‐FRACTURE STUDY OF TUBULAR MYELIN IN FETAL RABBIT LUNG

A freeze-fracture replication study was undertaken to clarify the relationship between intracellular lamellar bodies of type II alveolar epithelial cells and intra-alveolar contents in late gestation rabbit fetuses. The interior of the inclusion bodies was composed of multiple stacks and/or whorls of membranes devoid of membrane-associated particles, while the limiting membrane of intracellular lamellar inclusion bodies was studded with membrane-associated particles of 150A diameter. The intra-alveolar contents were comprised of two components; spherical bodies, and tubular elements. Spherical bodies were identical to the internal contents of the lamellar bodies and also were devoid of membrane-associated particles. Tubular elements mostly appeared rectangular on cross-fractured faces, but triangular and hexagonal forms could also be seen. These tubules rested on the surfaces of the spherical bodies and appeared to be formed of the outer lipid monolayer of spherical bodies. The present observations suggest that the tubular element of the alveolar contents is formed through the interaction between the discharged lamellar body content and the alveolar fluid.
A microcomputer program for the analysis of interaction data

Behavioral observation systems designed to allow the coding of naturally occurring interaction behaviors between people are becoming increasingly common. A detailed analysis of such behaviors is often very reveal­ ing. One method involves the formulation of several relevant and mutually exclusive behavior categories that maintain the identity of each of the participants. An observer then records the occurrence of these behavior categories at regular intervals (e.g., every 5 sec). This method preserves important information regarding antecedent-response and response-consequence relation­ ships. Data collected by this procedure are best displayed when they are reduced to a square matrix, the dimen­ sions of which are equal to the number of behavioral categories. This may be done by pairing each of the n observations (except for the final one) with the one following it, producing n ~ 1 behavior code pairs. Each of these pairs is then tallied into the appropriate cell of the square interaction matrix. For example, one such pair might be 6-7 (Category 6 followed by Category 7). A tally would be made in Row 6, Column 7 of the matrix. It then becomes apparent how many times a particular behavior followed (or preceded) any of the other behaviors. This information is useful in providing feedback to the participants and in designing specific interventions to change some aspects of the subjects' behaviors.
Green genes gleaned

A recent paper by Ayumi Tanaka and colleagues identifying an Arabidopsis thaliana gene for 3,8-divinyl(proto)chlorophyllide 8-vinyl reductase brings a satisfying conclusion to the hunt for genes encoding enzymes for the steps in the chlorophyll biosynthetic pathway. Now, at least in angiosperm plants represented by Arabidopsis, genes for all 15 steps in the pathway from glutamyl-tRNA to chlorophylls a and b have been identified.
Exploration of high and negative Poisson's ratio elastomer-matrix laminates

Elastomer-matrix composites show promise for high Poisson's ratio and negative Poisson's ratio (auxetic) applications due to high orthotropy. There are approximately five orders of magnitude between the axial stiffness of high modulus graphite fibres and the stiffness of low durometer elastomers. Although the maximum Poisson's ratio for isotropic elastomers is 0.5, it is easily shown that inplane Poisson's ratios twice unity can be obtained with a graphite/epoxy angle-ply laminate at 25°. Chou and others have predicted inplane Poisson's ratios greater than 7 for certain cord-rubber combinations. Peel previously predicted inplane Poisson's ratios higher than 32 and less than -60. Preliminary experimental results have produced inplane Poisson's ratios as high as 14. Certain combinations of un-balanced highly orthotropic laminates may also produce inplane negative Poisson's ratios. Inplane Poisson's ratios, experimentally obtained from two laminate configurations with approximately the same axial stiffness are compared. A symmetric, balanced laminate produced an inplane Poisson's ratio of 3.7; while an unbalanced laminate with an equivalent axial stiffness produced an average inplane Poisson's ratio of -1.5. Certain high and negative Poisson's ratio elastomer-matrix laminates appear to have quasi anti-symmetric relationships about 0°, although laminate designers may consider dual angle-ply laminates to be the more likely counterpart to the unbalanced dual angle auxetic laminates. Unbalanced symmetric laminates experience significantly more inplane shear deformation when axially loaded than their balanced counterparts. The high shear may be desirable for damping applications, but less desirable otherwise.
Estimating Conformational Changes of KCNQ1 Channels During Gating Using Molecular Dynamics Simulations

Although the structure of an ion-channel protein may be known through crystallography or homology modeling, measuring its conformational changes during gating is extremely difficult if not impossible. Alternatively, molecular simulations is a powerful tool for estimating conformational changes. Movement of the positively charged S4 segment is a known conformational change of voltage-gated ion-channels, observed by measuring the accessibility of different amino-acid residues.A previously determined structure of KCNQ1 was used. Movement of the S4-S3 complex with 3 translational and 2 rotational degrees of freedom was assumed to be the major conformational change during gating. More than 1 million conformations were considered. This expanded configuration space (compared to 1 translational and 1 rotational degree of freedom and about 2000 conformations used previously) enabled more accurate analysis of stable conformations. Conformations with steric overlap were eliminated. The electrostatic energies of the remaining conformations for various membrane potentials were computed and used to determine the probability of the ion-channel residing in each conformation (state residency). Conformations with small state residencies were eliminated.Two regions in the configuration space with high state residency were identified: one associated with open conformations (outward position of S4-S3) and the other with closed conformations (inward position of S4-S3). These regions were separated by a narrow region with low state residency (an energy barrier). The open state consists of a large number of conformations while the energy barrier and its adjacent closed state (intermediate closed) consist of only few conformations. Channel conformations may branch from the intermediate closed conformation into two trajectories toward different subsets of closed conformations (deep closed). The simulated steady state open probabilities at various membrane potentials were consistent with experimental channel activation curves.
Cooling tower plume rise analyses by airborne lidar

Abstract As part of the Atmospheric Studies in Complex Terrain (ASCOT) program, five cooling-tower plume experiments were conducted at The Geysers geothermal area in California during August 1981. The experiments were designed to investigate plume behavior during conditions of valley nocturnal drainage flow and daytime vertical mixing on a mountain ridge. The Airborne Lidar Plume and Haze Analyzer (ALPHA-1) system was used during the experiments to observe plume geometry and aerosol structure of the boundary layer. Subvisible plume rise derived from the backscatter signatures is related to visible plume-rise results recently published. This analysis indicates that the lidar-observed plumes are about 10 times higher than visually observed plumes. The lidar-observed plume rise seemed to correspond with heights of elevated aerosol layers that typically indicate presence of temperature inversions. Pictorial displays are presented which provide information on atmospheric behavior over mountainous terrain.
The high-frequency dynamic viscosity of Hookean dumbbells in a Maxwell corotational fluid

Abstract The dynamic viscosity of a suspension of Hookean dumbbells in a Maxwell corotational fluid subjected to an oscillating shear flow is investigated. The modification of the Stokes law expression due to the viscoelastic nature of the solvent leads to noticeable effects on the high frequency value of the dynamic viscosity.