cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
MPI Stages: Checkpointing MPI State for Bulk Synchronous Applications

When an MPI program experiences a failure, the most common recovery approach is to restart all processes from a previous checkpoint and to re-queue the entire job. A disadvantage of this method is that, although the failure occurred within the main application loop, live processes must start again from the beginning of the program, along with new replacement processes---this incurs unnecessary overhead for live processes. To avoid such overheads and concomitant delays, we introduce the concept of "MPI Stages." MPI Stages saves internal MPI state in a separate checkpoint in conjunction with application state. Upon failure, both MPI and application state are recovered, respectively, from their last synchronous checkpoints and continue without restarting the overall MPI job. Live processes roll back only a few iterations within the main loop instead of rolling back to the beginning of the program, while a replacement of failed process restarts and reintegrates, thereby achieving faster failure recovery. This approach integrates well with large-scale, bulk synchronous applications and checkpoint/restart.In this paper, we identify requirements for production MPI implementations to support state checkpointing with MPI Stages, which includes capturing and managing internal MPI state and serializing and deserializing user handles to MPI objects. We evaluate our fault tolerance approach with a proof-of-concept prototype MPI implementation that includes MPI Stages. We demonstrate its functionality and performance using LULESH and microbenchmarks. Our results show that MPI Stages reduces the recovery time by 13× for LULESH in comparison to checkpoint/restart.
Philosophischer Zugang zur Ideengeschichte

Der ›philosophische‹ Zugang zur Ideengeschichte bezeichnet keinen fachspezifischen Zugang, zumal Philosophen mit Blick auf deren Gegenstand ublicherweise von der ›Geschichte der politischen Philosophie‹ sprechen. Es handelt sich vielmehr um eine methodische Bezeichnung. Der ›philosophische‹ Zugang zu bzw. Umgang mit den ideengeschichtlichen Quellen geht so bezeichnenderweise auch nicht auf Philosophen, sondern auf Historiker zuruck. Wahrend es den Begrundern der Ideenge­schichte um die Erforschung von Ideen, aber ebenso deren Wandlungen und Materialisierungen in der Geschichte ging, erfahrt der Ansatz seine Pragnanz letztlich erst durch die Kontrastierung mit dem als ›historisch‹ bezeichneten Zugang zur Ideengeschichte. Philosophische Ideengeschichte wird in dieser Gegenuberstellung gleichgesetzt mit der Herausarbeitung uberzeitlicher Ideen und Konzepte aus den Werken groser Geister. Der Gegenstand einer philosophischen Ideengeschichte (ebenso wie einer Geschichte der politischen Philosophie) sind die sogenannten Klassiker, deren Texte den zu bewahrenden Kanon bilden, wahrend andere Texte in der Logik einer philosophischen Ideengeschichte aufgrund ihrer Zeitgebundenheit zu Recht dem Vergessen anheimgefallen sind. Mit dieser Einschatzung ist der Anspruch verbunden, die in der diachronen, vom ursprunglichen Kontext abstrahierenden Rezeption geborgenen Ideen als normative Richtschnur auch fur Fragen der Gegenwart heranzuziehen. In diesem letztlich aus dem Gegensatz zweier Zugange konstruierten reinen Verstandnis wurde der ›philosophische‹ Ansatz in der Praxis der ideengeschichtlichen Arbeit nur selten verfolgt. Zumal die Annahme uberzeitlicher Ideen quer zum Zeitgeist, vor allem der Annahme der Kontingenz menschlicher Erkenntnis steht. So haben die Kritiker von Anbeginn auf die Unmoglichkeit einer vom Kontext vollig losgelosten Betrachtung politischer Konzepte und deren Verstandnis als uberzeitliche Wahrheiten hingewiesen. Dabei konnten oder wollten die Kritiker jedoch meist selbst nicht umhin in der einen oder anderen Form die Anschlussfahigkeit fruherer Konzepte zu behaupten – zumindest dann, wenn sie den Anspruch vertreten, uber eine historische Rekonstruktion hinaus auch Aussagen fur die Gegenwart zu treffen.
Powerful audiences are linked to health information avoidance: Results from two surveys.

Abstract Objective We examined the extent to which community members avoid medical information that they may very much want, yet fear that others may use to harm them. Methods In two online studies, we surveyed participants (N = 659) about their experiences with insurer and employer harm, past avoidance of medical information, intentions to avoid medical information, and reasons for avoiding medical information. Study 2 was a conceptual replication of Study 1 with some minor variations. Results Several key findings emerged. 1) Although reports of past audience harm were relatively rare, reports of past avoidance were common, both for audience reasons and resource reasons. 2) Participants who were younger and who reported avoiding medical tests in the past (for audience or resource reasons) generally reported greater intentions to avoid health information in the future. 3) Participants reported that receiving unfavorable medical test results would elicit more harm from financially powerful audiences (health insurers and employers) than from interpersonally powerful audiences (close friends/family and others). 4) Participants indicated that the prospect of harm from an audience (i.e., negative effects on insurance coverage) rather than the prospect of bad news would dissuade them from seeking a medical test. Finally, 5) Participants reported that they were most inclined to avoid testing for medical conditions that were untreatable, unimportant, embarrassing/stigmatizing, or expensive. Conclusions Findings demonstrate that people are concerned with audience perceptions of their health and these concerns may adversely affect decision making and behavior.
Adrenal Cortical Carcinoma Associated With Lynch Syndrome: A Case Report and Review of Literature

Objective Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare malignancy with poor prognosis. ACC was reported in 3.2% patients with Lynch syndrome (LS), however no particular case-detection strategies have been recommended. Participants We report a case of a 65-year-old woman who was incidentally discovered with a large adrenal mass during work-up of postmenopausal uterine bleeding. She was recently diagnosed with MSH6 germline mutation after her sister presented with uterine carcinoma in the setting of LS. Results Whereas the patient was asymptomatic for overt hormonal excess, biochemical work-up confirmed glucocorticoid autonomy and androgen and estrogen excess. Urine steroid profiling was suggestive of ACC. Adrenalectomy confirmed an oncocytic ACC with focal extracapsular extension into the periadrenal adipose tissue with a Ki-67 of 15% and a peak mitotic count of 40/50 high-power fields. Conclusion ACC can be the only manifestation of LS. A best case-detection approach for ACC in the asymptomatic patient with LS is unclear, however urine steroid profiling could be considered.
Short-Term Stability of Hematologic Parameters in Frozen Whole Blood

Background: Complete blood counts (CBCs) are commonly obtained in large multicenter studies. We assessed the stability of 10 parameters after short-term (up to 30 days) frozen storage. Methods: We compared CBC measurements from fresh samples (n = 53) with samples stored for up to 30 days at −70 °C. We calculated the CVs and intraclass correlation coefficients. Results: Mean values of most parameters, with the exception of hemoglobin and platelet count, were significantly different by 15 days of storage. White blood cell count (CV, 38.3%; 95% CI, 31.3%–46.2%) and red cell distribution width (CV, 37.7%; 95% CI, 34.1%–41.3%) were the most variable. After 30 days, only hemoglobin remained stable and reliable (CV, 0.8%; 95% CI, 0.4%–1.3%). Conclusions: Hemoglobin remained stable in frozen blood samples stored for up to 30 days at −70 °C and may be reliably used in research studies using short-term frozen specimens. Other CBC parameters measured in stored blood are not sufficiently reliable for research or patient care.
Disrupting the neoliberal discourse of teacher reflection through dialogical-phenomenological texts

ABSTRACTIn this article, we explore the propensity for the neoliberal discourse of education to constrain reflective practice within teacher education programs (TEPs) and the potential for disrupti...
Brain neurotransmitter and high-energy phosphate concentration after combined hypoxia and hypotension.

Abstract : Previous work by the authors has established decreased brain ATP concentration after a combined hypoxic-hypotensive episode. This study was undertaken to determine what changes, if any, occur in brain norepinephrine (NE), dopamine (DA) and serotonin (5HT) concentration in association with hypoxia and hypotension, and to correlate any observed changes with simultaneously measured ATP concentrations. Rats were subjected to a 30 minute period of hypoxia (FI02 = .075) and hemorrhagic hypotension (MAP - 30 mm Hg) and then resuscitated. Significant increases (p .05) in cortical 5HT and DA concentrations were observed, at a time when ATP concentration was significantly (p .005) reduced. Additional experiments were conducted on rats depleted of 5HT by prior treatement with 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine. Equal decreases in ATP concentration were measured, and the cardio-vascular response to hypoxic-hypotension in 5HT depleted rats was similar to 5HT intact rats. We conclude that the increased 5HT after hypoxic-hypotension does not cause the decreased ATP concentration, nor does 5HT play a major role in cardio-vascular homeostasis under the conditions of this experiment. (Author)
Child Rights and Economic Status

A child rights framework is particularly meaningful for school psychologists interested in addressing economic status issues that impact children across the world. This chapter considers children’s rights as they relate to economic disparities globally. It begins by highlighting the importance of the topic for school psychology and providing data on the issue of economic poverty as it pertains to child development and professional practice. Also considered is a general perspective on the relevance of a social justice framework, together with the relationships between child rights and school psychology, to economic status. Further, child rights are defined, and sustainable development goals related to child economic poverty are examined. Finally, general recommendations for applying child rights to issues of resources and the role of school psychology and school psychologists are addressed.
Does Relative Deprivation in School During Adolescence Get Under the Skin? A Causal Mediation Analysis from the Life Course Perspective

This study examines that U.S. adolescents’ relative deprivation in school (Deaton index) is associated with physiological health outcomes in young adulthood (aged 24–32) measured as allostatic load (AL). Using Waves 1, 2, and 4 of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health) in the U.S., this study finds that adolescents with higher relative deprivation are likely to have poorer physiological health (i.e., higher AL scores) in young adulthood, after appropriately adjusting for individual, familial, and school characteristics. The sensitivity analysis of sequential g-estimation models further increases our confidence in the results by assessing the robustness of the effects. Also, the relationship between students’ relative deprivation and physiological health is stronger in socioeconomically advantaged schools than in disadvantaged schools. From the life course perspective, this study advances our understanding of whether and how stress from social standing gets under the skin and affects the quality of life in the long-term transition from adolescence to adulthood.
The Crime Control Effects of a Police Sub-Station Within a Business-Improvement District: A Quasi-Experimental Synthetic Control Evaluation

Research Summary: The current study analyzes the crime reduction effect of a police sub-station operating within a business improvement district in Newark, NJ. Synthetic control methods were used to create a control group that was statistically equivalent to the cumulative street units in the target area. Significant reductions of burglary and motor vehicle theft were observed in the target area as compared to a synthetic control area over the post-intervention period. Robbery and theft from auto, conversely, suffered from spatial displacement. Of the six police actions included in the process evaluation, quality-of-life summonses and directed patrols increased in the post-intervention period, while parking summonses significantly decreased. Policy Implications: Results of this study suggest that the effect of sub-stations on crime likely depends on certain contextual factors. Newark’s sub-station was not a stand-alone facility, but the headquarters of a police unit given jurisdiction over the target area. Therefore, the opening of the sub-station represented an increase in visible police presence. The effect of the sub-station was heightened when accompanied by increases in proactive policing activities. Agencies wishing to effectively address robbery and theft from auto may have to design sub-station strategies in a manner that better influences offender decision making in order to prevent displacement.
Hernandez v. Mesa: Questions Answered and Questions Avoided

In Hernandez v. Mesa (2020), the Supreme Court for the second time considered a tragic case involving the June 2010 death of Sergio Hernandez Guereca, a fifteen year-old Mexican national. Sergio was killed on the Mexican side of the border with the United States, shot by U.S. Border Patrol Agent Jesus Mesa, who was standing in Texas when he fired. The Court granted certiorari to decide whether the Hernandez family could pursue a constitutional tort claim against Agent Mesa under Bivens v. Six Unknown Named Agents of the Federal Bureau of Narcotics, 403 U.S. 388 (1971). This Essay reviews the history of the Court’s Bivens jurisprudence, and analyzes the Court’s stated reasons for declining to recognize a Bivens cause of action and remedy in Hernandez v. Mesa. Then the Essay explores some of the issues that were clarified by the Court and some important issues that the Court ignored or avoided. The Court’s decision confirmed that a majority of the justices are willing to reject a Bivens cause of action even if it leaves a plaintiff with no means of judicial redress for plausibly alleged constitutional injuries. The Court also signaled that Bivens is likely to be confined going forward to the precise contexts and constitutional provisions recognized in the original Bivens case (Fourth Amendment search and seizure in an ordinary law enforcement context) and two follow-on decisions also written by Justice William Brennan, one concerning Eighth Amendment claims against federal prison officials and the other concerning employment discrimination in violation of the equal protection aspect of the Fifth Amendment Due Process Clause. But the majority of the Court declined the suggestion of Justices Clarence Thomas and Neil Gorsuch to overrule Bivens entirely. The Essay next discusses an important issue on which the Court declined to grant certiorari: whether, if Bivens is not available, Congress’s Westfall Act is unconstitutional insofar as it bars previously available state law tort claims and thereby leaves no means of judicial redress for personal injuries historically protected by the common law. Also discussed is the Court’s seeming reluctance in Hernandez v. Mesa to address whether the Constitution provides extraterritorial protection to noncitizens. The Essay concludes with discussions of two key issues the Court has not addressed in Hernandez v. Mesa or other Bivens decisions: (1) Why are injunctions for ongoing or threatened constitutional wrongs treated as presumptively available, even in the absence of clear statutory authorization, while Bivens damages remedies are treated as presumptively disfavored? (2) Why do the same justices who abhor judicial lawmaking under Bivens and in the context of implying rights of action to enforce statutes nevertheless embrace judicial creation of substantive rules of federal common law governing the primary conduct of private persons and government officials?
From thinking about what might have been to sharing what we know: The effects of counterfactual mind-sets on information sharing in groups

We hypothesized that the activation of a counterfactual mind-set minimizes group decision errors caused by the failure of groups to discuss unshared, uniquely held information. In two experiments, we manipulated the salience of counterfactual thoughts in a pre-task scenario and then had groups of three individuals discuss a murder mystery case. In both experiments, counterfactual mind-sets increased the discussion of unshared information and helped groups to identify the correct murder suspect. These results emerged regardless of whether the direction of the counterfactual thoughts was upward (Experiment 1) or downward (Experiment 2), suggesting that it is the process of thinking counterfactually, and not the content of the counterfactuals, that improves group decision making.
Practice patterns and outcomes associated with intravenous albumin in patients with cirrhosis and acute kidney injury.

Background & aims Guidelines recommend albumin as the plasma-expander of choice for acute kidney injury (AKI) in cirrhosis. However, the impact of these recommendations on patient outcomes remains unclear. We aimed to determine the practice-patterns and outcomes associated with albumin use in a large, nationwide-US cohort of hospitalized cirrhotics with AKI. Methods A retrospective cohort study was performed in hospitalized cirrhotics with AKI using Cerner-Health-Facts database from January 2009 to March 2018. 6786 were included for analysis on albumin-practice-patterns, and 4126 had available outcomes data. Propensity-score-adjusted model was used to determine the association between albumin use, AKI-recovery and in-hospital survival. Results Median age was 61-years (60% male, 70% white), median serum-creatinine was 1.8 mg/dL and median Model for End-stage Liver Disease Sodium (MELD-Na) score was 24. Albumin was given to 35% of patients, of which 50% received albumin within 48-hours of AKI-onset, and 17% received appropriate weight-based dosing. Albumin was used more frequently in patients with advanced complications of cirrhosis, higher MELD-Na scores and patients admitted to urban-teaching hospitals. After propensity-matching and multivariable adjustment, albumin use was not associated with AKI-recovery (odds ratio [OR] 0.70, 95% confidence-interval [CI]: 0.59-1.07, P = .130) or in-hospital survival (OR 0.76 [95% CI: 0.46-1.25], P = .280), compared with crystalloids. Findings were unchanged in subgroup analyses of patients with varying cirrhosis complications and disease severity. Conclusions USA hospitalized patients with cirrhosis and AKI frequently do not receive intravenous albumin, and albumin use was not associated with improved clinical outcomes. Prospective randomised trials are direly needed to evaluate the impact of albumin in cirrhotics with AKI.
Selective Systems in Somatic Cell Genetics

Experimental mutagenesis, cell hybridization, and intercellular gene transfer appear to be the three most significant technical developments in recent years that have stimulated rapid advances in somatic cell genetics. The ability to induce mutations in animal and plant somatic cells in culture enriches the genetic variability of the cell populations for further genetic and biochemical analysis. The process of mutagenesis and mutation rates in high eukaryotic cells can thus be studied and compared with those known in prokaryotes. The success of cell fusion between diverse parental genomes into multinucleate heterokaryons or synkaryonic hybrids has also led to a variety of investigative possibilities, among which are the studies of genomic interactions and gene expression, genetic complementation, recombination, segregation, and mapping of genes. However, parasexual transfer of genetic material from one cell to another is not limited to the process of fusion between intact cells. Successful attempts have been reported in which isolated DNA, chromosomes, or nuclear fragments have been introduced into living mammalian somatic cells. The expression of heterologous gene(s) in a recipient cell and the transmission of the “acquired” character (s) to cell progeny are problems of fundamental interest and significance.
Dissent and Repression in the World- System

Our understanding and forecasting of dissent and repression have been hampered by the lack of a macrosystemic and dynamic approach. While scholars have acknowledged that dissent and repression in nations affect, and are affected by, global factors, most studies have been national in scope. And while scholars have acknowledged that the two phenomena are parts of a wider dynamic system of variables, affecting and being affected by these variables over time, most studies have employed only a few variables using cross-sectional methods. We address these deficiencies with a dynamic model based on a modified version of world-systems theory. We first examine the trajectories of dissent and repression in core and periphery zones. We then subject the basic model to endogenous shocks to discover the master variables of the system. The implications of the findings are then discussed.
The US Dollar Global CAPM and a Firm's Cost of Capital in Different Currencies

I show how a company can estimate consistent costs of capital across currencies in integrated financial markets. I use two relatively ignored results: (1) If the global CAPM holds for unhedged returns in US dollars, a two-factor risk-return relationship (with FX risk) generally must hold in other currencies; 2) The conversion of a firm's cost of capital across currencies via the risk-free interest rate differential is generally not robust.
Chromosomal Development of Cancer

It has been known since the beginning of the present century that the number of chromosomes in cancer cells often deviates greatly from the usual number in healthy cells of the host organism. The prominent German biologist Theodor Boveri observed that multipolar mitoses in sea urchin eggs led to abnormal chromosome numbers, and these in turn led to abnormal development of the larvae. Since cancer cells often display multipolar divisions, Boveri concluded that the resulting deviant chromosome numbers were the cause of cancerous growth. Boveri’s book Zur Frage der Entstehung maligner Tumoren (“On the problem of the origin of malignant tumors”) appeared in 1914 (cf. Wolf, 1974); however, as has so often happened in cancer research, Boveri had put the cart before the horse. It is now clear that multipolar divisions appear only after the cells have undergone a malignant transformation. But Boveri’s basic hypothesis, that chromosome aberrations may cause cancer, is very much alive today, as shown by the discovery of the relationship of chromosome structural changes to oncogenes (Chapter XXVI). It is now clear that, although certain constant chromosome anomalies are involved in the origin of cancer, most of the observed aberrations, both numerical and structural, arise during the progression of a malignant disease, and they in turn affect the further development of the tumor or leukemia. The difficulty has often been to distinguish the primary chromosome change from the secondary ones, and even now it is often unclear whether a certain abnormality is a step in carcinogenesis or only makes the already transformed cells more malignant.
From Church and Prior to PSL

One of the surprising developments in the area of program verification is how ideas introduced originally by logicians in the 1950s ended up yielding by 2003 an industrial-standard property-specification language called PSL. This development was enabled by the equally unlikely transformation of the mathematical machinery of automata on infinite words, introduced in the early 1960s for second-order arithmetics, into effective algorithms for model-checking tools. This paper attempts to trace the tangled threads of this development.
Water conservation guidelines and the DWSRF

The Safe Drinking Water Act amendments of 1996 include a short and relatively little known provision concerning water conservation planning. The provision requires the US Environmental Protection Agency to publish guidelines for conservation planning by water systems. However, use of the guidelines in conjunction with the Drinking Water State Revolving Fund (DWSRF) or other programs is completely at the discretion of the states. For example, states can choose whether to require a conservation plan as part of a DWSRF application or award points to systems based on their completion of a plan. Although conservation planning is a voluntary provision, it has the potential to bring conservation into the mainstream of utility capital planning. Strategic use of conservation will help extend the value and life of water supply assets, while also expanding the beneficial investment of public funds through the DWSRF.
Model studies of π-bonded organometallic systems Mn-C2H2 and Mn-C2H4

An improved understanding of the structural and energetic aspects of transition metal-carbon bonds is essential to progress in surface chemistry, catalysis, and organometallic chemistry. As a possible route to this goal, ab initio electronic structure theory has been applied to two very simple systems, Mn-C2H2 and Mn-C2H4. Single configuration self-consistent-field theory was used in conjunction with a better than double zeta basis set of contracted gaussian functions. For the manganese-acetylene system, potential energy curves were predicted for electronic states arising from Mn+(4s3d5) and Mn(4s23d5, 4s4p3d5, and 4s3d6) interacting with the 1Σ g + ground state of C2H2. For the first three dissociation limits, the present results are consistent with those based on the earlier studied Be-C2H2 model system. The latter model assumes that metal 3d orbitals play a relatively passive role in the bonding. The 4s3d6 dissociation limit has no counterpart for the Be-C2H2 system, and the predicted potential energy ...
A soluble exopolyphosphatase of Saccharomyces cerevisiae : purification and characterization

A soluble polyphosphatase of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, purified to apparent homogeneity, is monomeric with a molecular mass of 40 kDa. It acts as an exoenzyme in a processive mode releasing orthophosphate residues from long polyphosphate chains until pyrophosphate is reached. Polyphosphates of all the lengths examined are used as substrates with a preference for those of about 250 residues. These are degraded with a kcat/Km near the limit for diffusion-controlled reactions. At 37 degrees C, the enzyme releases about 500 phosphate residues/s. It does not act on pyrophosphate, ATP, or the cyclic form of tripolyphosphate. For optimal activity the enzyme requires magnesium, manganese, or cobalt.
2012 IEEE 26th International Parallel and Distributed Processing Symposium Workshops & PhD Forum [ASHES Introduction]

This workshop focuses on understanding the implications of accelerators on the architectures and programming environments of future systems. It seeks to ground accelerator research through studies of application kernels or whole applications on such systems, as well as tools and libraries that improve the performance or productivity of applications trying to use these systems. The goal of this workshop is to bring together researchers and practitioners who are involved in application studies for accelerators and other hybrid systems, to learn the opportunities and challenges in future design trends for HPC applications and systems.
Evidence for two variants of poly(adenosine diphosphate ribose) glycohydrolase in rat testis.

Abstract The specific activity of rat poly(adenosine diphosphate ribose) glycohydrolase was higher in the testis than in the liver, brain, spleen or kidney. The enzyme was found primarily in the soluble fraction of the testis. When the soluble enzyme was chromatographed on phosphocellulose, the activity eluted in two peaks, at 0.22 and 0.34 m KCl, respectively, referred to in the present study as enzyme A and B. Enzyme A has an optimal pH of 7.25 and was stimulated by 150 m m KCl. The optimal pH of enyzme B was 6.5, but it was not stimulated by KCl. For maximal activity both enzymes required 10 m m 2-mercaptoethanol, and they were strongly inhibited by 100 μ m p -chloromercuribenzoate. The K m values of enzyme A and B for poly(adenosine diphosphate ribose) were 1.52 and 0.70 μ m , respectively. Ribose 5′-phosphate, guanosine 3′,5′-monophosphate, adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate and adenosine diphosphate ribose inhibited both enzymes. The two latter nucleotides behave as noncompetitive inhibitors. Denatured DNA and the homopolypurines poly(G), poly(I) and poly(A) were very potent inhibitors of both glycohydrolases. The mode of hydrolysis of poly(adenosine diphosphate ribose) by glycohydrolases A and B was exoglycosidic, yielding adenosine diphosphate ribose as the final product.
Another Wall That Crumbled— Methadone Maintenance Treatment in Germany

During the past quarter-century there have been innumerable reports throughout the world documenting the effectiveness of methadone maintenance treatment. None have been as consistently positive as those from Germany, where just a few years ago methadone was effectively banned. The German accomplishments in the past 6 years in treating addicts with methadone confirm the experience elsewhere: Methadone treatment is a highly desired alternative to many who wish to escape the life of the street addict; it is very effective in benefiting the individual patient as well as the general community; and it can be expanded rapidly and on a large scale. What is needed today is not further discussion but a firm commitment to make treatment available on request to every addict willing to accept it. With methadone maintenance--one treatment approach among many--this goal is achievable. There is no justification for settling for less.
Editorial summary of the Pre-symposium workshop on the Contemporary Assessment of Technologies.

Abstract Abstract.The following is the editor's summary of the Pre-symposium workshop on Contemporary Assessment of Technologies presented at the Symposium on Molecular Approaches to Laboratory Diagnosis at San Francisco in February 1995. This workshop was moderated by Dr Joel M. Palefsky, and Dr Michael P. Busch. We have briefly summarized the presentations by: (1) Dr Indira Hewlett of the Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration entitled «Technology overview»; (2) Dr John J. Sninsky of Roche Molecular Systems Inc. entitled «Polymerase Chain Reaction»; (3) Dr Terrance Walker of Becton Dickinson Research Center entitled «Strand Displacement Amplification»;(4) Dr Mickey Urdea of Chiron Corporation entitled «bDNA assay» and (5) Dr Robert H. Singer of University of Massachussets Medical Center entitled «Image analysis of in situ hybridization». Although it was not possible to list all the references to the primary literature, we have attempted to provide the key references as far as possible.
Evaluating proactive behavior in lodging revenue management

Purpose – The objective of this study was to confirm the dimensions of revenue managers’ proactive work behavior in the lodging setting and to examine the effect of organizational structure on the degree of proactivity in their work behavior. Design/methodology/approach – The data (n = 280) collected from lodging revenue managers was analyzed, using exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analyses and multivariate analysis of variance. Findings – The four factor model was confirmed – Voice, Individual Innovation, Taking Charge and Problem Prevention. Revenue managers who manage multiple properties were found to have greater proactivity than their single property counterparts. Research limitations/implications – A future study can work exclusively with individual companies to better understand the demographics of the Revenue Manager within specific organizations. Originality/value – This study enhances our understanding of revenue management activities and behaviors by focusing on the concept of p...
Objective Function Effect Based Pattern Search—Theoretical Framework Inspired by 3D Component Layout

Though pattern search algorithms have been successfully applied to three-dimensional (3D) component layout problems, a number of unanswered questions remain regarding their parameter tuning. One such question is the scheduling of patterns in the search. Current pattern search methods treat all patterns similarly and all of them are active from the beginning to the end of the search. Observations from 3D component layout motivate the question whether patterns should be introduced in some different order during the search. This paper presents a novel method for scheduling patterns that is inspired by observations from 3D component layout problems. The new method introduces patterns into the search in the decreasing order of a priori expectation of the objective function change due to the patterns. Pattern search algorithms based on the new pattern schedule run 30% faster on average than conventional pattern search based algorithms on 3D component layout problems and general 2D multimodal surface minimization problems. However since determining the expected change in objective function value due to the patterns is expensive, we explore approximations using domain information.
Effect of Nuclear Deformability on Reaction Cross Sections

We have calculated the effect of nuclear deformability on the cross section for interaction of heavy ions with uranium. Static calculations indicate that these effects should be large; dynamic calculations with liquid-drop parameters indicate that they should be smaller, but measurable with currently available heavy ions (argon incident on uranium). Dynamic calculations with parameters derived from spectroscopic measurements indicate that the effects should be quite small, in agreement with experiment. We have done both classical and quantum-mechanical calculations; the two methods give the same results. The quantum-mechanical calculations also give the probability of Coulomb excitation to the vibrational states of the target nucleus. We discuss the value of several approximations used to estimate total reaction cross sections.
Emotional Reactivity to a Single Inhalation of 35% Carbon Dioxide and Its Association With Later Symptoms of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Anxiety in Soldiers Deployed to Iraq

Context: The identification of modifiable predeployment vulnerability factors that increase the risk of combat stress reactions among soldiers once deployed to a war zone offers significant potential for the prevention ofposttraumaticstressdisorder(PTSD)andothercombatrelatedstressdisorders.Adultswithanxietydisordersdisplay heightened emotional reactivity to a single inhalation of 35% carbon dioxide (CO2); however, data investigatingprospectivelinkagesbetweenemotionalreactivity to CO2 and susceptibility to war-zone stress reactions are lacking. Objective:Toinvestigatetheassociationofsoldiers’predeployment emotional reactivity to 35% CO2 challenge withseveralindicesofsubsequentwar-zonestresssymptoms assessed monthly while deployed in Iraq. Design, Setting, and Participants: Prospective cohort study of 158 soldiers with no history of deployment to a war zone were recruited from the Texas Combat Stress Risk Study between April 2, 2007, and August 28, 2009. Main Outcome Measures: Multilevel regression modelswereusedtoinvestigatetheassociationbetweenemotional reactivity to 35% CO2 challenge (assessed before deployment) and soldiers’ reported symptoms of general anxiety/stress, PTSD, and depression while deployed to Iraq. Results: Growth curves of PTSD, depression, and general anxiety/stress symptoms showed a significant curvilinear relationship during the 16-month deployment period. War-zone stressors reported in theater were associated with symptoms of general anxiety/stress, PTSD, and depression. Consistent with the prediction, soldiers’ emotional reactivity to a single inhalation of 35% CO2-enrichedairbeforedeploymentsignificantlypotentiated the effects of war-zone stressors on the subsequentdevelopmentofPTSDsymptomsandgeneralanxiety/stress symptoms but not on the development of depression, even after accounting for the effects of trait anxiety and the presence of past or current Axis I mental disorders.
Effect of PaCOCO2 on Hyperemia and Ischemia in Experimental Cerebral Infarction

To assess the effects of PaCOCO2 on cerebral ischemia and reactive hyperemia, the right middle cerebral artery was occluded in 18 cats. Four to six hours later, PaCO2 was adjusted by mechanical ventilation, with or without CO2, to less than 20 torr in four cats, 31 to 38 torr in six, and 46 to 68 torr in eight. Regional cerebral blood flow (CBF) then was measured at multiple sites in each hemisphere by autoradiography. In regions of brain tissue outside the distribution of the occluded middle cerebral artery, log10 CBF correlated positively with PaCOCO2. In ischemic regions, CBF was higher in normocapnic cats. Reactive hyperemia occurred in two cats of the hypocapnic group, in four cats of the normocapnic group, but in only one hypercapnic cat (PaCOCO2 = 46 torr). Hyperemia also was found outside potentially ischemic regions in five cats. Multiple hyperemic foci developed in six cats. Neither hypocapnia nor hypercapnia was associated with a smaller size or higher CBF of regions of cerebral ischemia produc...
Water quality and yield from polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells

Abstract Water and energy production and demand are interconnected. Polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) are devices that produce water while they generate power using hydrogen as a fuel. Herein, a lab-scale PEMFC was operated under variable experimental conditions, such as membrane chemical composition, operating temperature, operating current density, external humidification water quality, and fuel cell materials, to investigate the quality and quantity of the water produced. At each experimental condition the quantity and quality of the recovered product water was evaluated in the context of its suitability for use as drinking water. The results indicate that water produced by PEMFCs needs some treatment to comply with the US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) drinking water standards and World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines for drinking water quality. The measurements show a correlation between the fluoride concentration and the total organic matter (TOC) in the water samples when the fuel cell is operated with self-humidified membranes. A water collection efficiency up to 70% was obtained.
Orthogonal designs with maximal rates

Orthogonal designs have been used as space-time block codes for wireless communications with multiple transmit antennas, which can achieve full transmit diversity and have a very simple decoupled maximum-likelihood decoding algorithm. The rate of an orthogonal design is defined as the ratio of the number of transmitted information symbols in a block of channel uses to the length of the given block, which reflects the bandwidth efficiency of the employed space-time block code constructed from the orthogonal design. This paper focuses on the analysis and synthesis of orthogonal designs with the maximum possible rates, which may be real or complex and square or rectangular matrices. We first provide several representations of orthogonal designs and their characterizations in terms of Hurwitz-Radon matrix equations. Next, we observe that the real orthogonal designs, square or rectangular, and the complex square orthogonal designs with maximal rates have been well understood from the existing results in the mathematics literature which can be dated back to 1890s. However, unfortunately, it is not the case for the complex rectangular orthogonal designs with rates as high as possible. We then construct a class of complex orthogonal designs for any number of transmit antennas. The proposed complex orthogonal designs for the number of transmit antennas n=2m-1 and 2m have the same rate m+1 and 2m, where m is any natural number. Finally, we demonstrate that, for n=2m-1 and 2m with any given natural number m, the value m+1 and 2m is the maximum possible rate that the complex orthogonal designs, square or rectangular, with n transmit antennas can achieve.
Nonrandomized Matched Pair Analysis of Intermittent Ischemic Arrest versus Potassium Crystalloid Cardioplegia during Myocardial Revascularization

The quest for the ideal method of myocardial preservation during coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery continues at a rapid pace. Nevertheless, in the present clinical practice of cardiac surgery, the choice is chiefly between hypothermic intermittent ischemic arrest and hypothermic potassium cardioplegia. This study applies newer technics in radionuclear cardiology, as well as more conventional enzymatic, electrocardiographic, and hemodynamic determinations, to the evaluation of the effectiveness of the previously mentioned modes of myocardial protection. Serial assessments are made preoperatively as well as during the first ten days postoperatively. We find that the perioperative incidence of myocardial damage and changes in left ventricular performance are almost identical using either method in patients with relatively normal preoperative left ventricular performance who do not have severe preoperative refractory ischemia or necrosis.
Rates of the schizophrenic genotype in relatives of psychotic persons.

This study presents data from Iceland on comparative rates of psychosis in various relatives of psychotic index cases. An attempt is made to convert the rates into frequencies of the schizophrenic genotype by the use of previous data on twin populations. The results of the present study are also compared with family data published by other investigators, the principal deviation being a higher rate for the more distant relatives in the Icelandic material. The overall findings are in accord with a double dominant inheritance mechanism proposed earlier.
Laser captured hepatocytes show association of butyrylcholinesterase gene loss and fibrosis progression in hepatitis C‐infected drug users

Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is complicated by hepatic fibrosis. Hypothesizing that early fibrogenic signals may originate in cells susceptible to HCV infection, hepatocyte gene expression was analyzed from persons with chronic HCV at different stages of liver fibrosis. Four HCV-infected subjects with pre-cirrhotic liver fibrosis (Ishak fibrosis 3–5) were matched for age, race, and gender to five HCV-infected subjects with no evidence of fibrosis (Ishak fibrosis 0). Hepatocytes from each subject were isolated from liver biopsies using laser capture microdissection. Transcriptome profiling was performed on hepatocyte RNA using hybridization arrays. We found that hepatocytes in pre-cirrhotic fibrosis were depleted for genes involved in small molecule and drug metabolism, especially butyrylcholinesterase (BCHE), a gene involved in the metabolism of drugs of abuse. Differential expression of BCHE was validated in the same tissues and cross-sectionally in an expanded cohort of 143 HCV-infected individuals. In a longitudinal study, serum BCHE activity were already decreased at study inception in 19 fibrosis progressors compared to 20 fibrosis non-progressors (p<0.05). Non-progressors also had decreased BCHE activity over time compared to initial values, but these evolved a median (range) 8.6 (7.8–11.4) years after the study period inception(p<0.05). Laser captured portal tracts were enriched for immune related genes when compared to hepatocytes but pre-cirrhotic livers lost this enrichment. Conclusion Overall, we found that chronic HCV is associated with hepatocyte BCHE loss years before hepatic synthetic function is impaired. These results indicate that BCHE may be involved in the pathogenesis of HCV-related fibrosis among injection drug users.
Hidden-articulator Markov models for speech recognition

Abstract Most existing automatic speech recognition systems today do not explicitly use knowledge about human speech production. We show that the incorporation of articulatory knowledge into these systems is a promising direction for speech recognition, with the potential for lower error rates and more robust performance. To this end, we introduce the Hidden-Articulator Markov model (HAMM), a model which directly integrates articulatory information into speech recognition. The HAMM is an extension of the articulatory-feature model introduced by Erler in 1996. We extend the model by using diphone units, developing a new technique for model initialization, and constructing a novel articulatory feature mapping. We also introduce a method to decrease the number of parameters, making the HAMM comparable in size to standard HMMs. We demonstrate that the HAMM can reasonably predict the movement of articulators, which results in a decreased word error rate (WER). The articulatory knowledge also proves useful in noisy acoustic conditions. When combined with a standard model, the HAMM reduces WER 28–35% relative to the standard model alone.
Psychosocial adjustment during the transition from adolescence to young adulthood: Developmental evidence from sexual minority and heterosexual youth

The current study used data from Waves I through III of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health to compare indicators of adjustment in sexual minority and heterosexual young adults. Using growth curve modeling, results indicated that, on average, all participants had low levels of depression and perceptions of social rejection that tended to decrease over time, and high levels of self-esteem and happiness that tended to increase over time. Sexual minority youth had slightly higher initial levels of depression and perceptions of social rejection, but had the same declines over time as heterosexual youth. Similarly, although sexual minority youth reported slightly lower initial levels of self-esteem and happiness, increases in these adjustment indicators over time were the same across groups. This suggests that heterosexual and sexual minority youth report few differences in the developmental course of these psychosocial outcomes. Implications are discussed and recommendations for future work a...
Failure Rates and Publication Status: Periodicals Reviewed in Library Journal (1980–2005) and Database Accuracy

Life spans of periodicals are described for all titles reviewed in Library Journal's (LJ) “Magazines” column from 1980 through 2005 using data from WorldCat, EBSCO's Serials Directory and Ulrichswe...
Calcium tolerance of isolated rat heart cells.

Abstract Freshly isolated adult rat heart cells, which initially show the elongated, rod-shaped morphology typical of heart cells in situ , are almost quantitatively converted to rounded contracture forms by exposure to 1 m m Ca 2+ . These Ca 2+ -sensitive cells became Ca 2+ -tolerant following a short period of metabolic activity in a low-Ca 2+ medium, in that they retain their rod-shaped configuration when challenged with Ca 2+ after this preincubation step. Tolerance to Ca 2+ develops in parallel with the establishment of low Na + /K + ratios in these cells and both processes are sensitive to ouabain. The initial net uptake of Ca 2+ is greater in Ca 2+ -sensitive than in Ca 2+ -tolerant cells. These results suggest that contracture in the Ca 2+ -sensitive cells is a consequence of the rapid entry of excessive amounts of Ca 2+ in exchange for internal Na + .