cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Similarity reasoning in formal concept analysis: from one- to many-valued contexts

In this paper, concept similarity in formal concept analysis (FCA) with many-valued contexts is addressed. In particular, this work focuses on FCA many-valued contexts where attribute values are intervals (FCA with interordinal scaling), here referred to as IFCA. IFCA is based on interval type-2 fuzzy sets, which provide a simplification of the more general type-2 fuzzy sets. In this work, a method for evaluating concept similarity in IFCA is proposed, which is a problem that has not been adequately investigated in the literature, although the increasing interest in the combination of FCA with fuzzy sets. Note that the topic addressed in this paper is presented by providing simple examples in order to reach a broad audience of readers.
Ischemic stroke in young adults.

Purpose of reviewAlthough the clinical approach to the young adult stroke patient is similar to that of an older adult, several important differences exist. The purpose of this article is to concisely review the epidemiology, pathophysiology, risk factors, clinical manifestations, diagnostic methods
Carbon nanotube wools made directly from CO2 by molten electrolysis: Value driven pathways to carbon dioxide greenhouse gas mitigation

Abstract A climate mitigation comprehensive solution is presented through the first high yield, low energy synthesis of macroscopic length carbon nanotube (“CNT”) wool from CO 2 by molten carbonate electrolysis. The CNT wool is of length suitable for weaving into carbon composites and textiles. Growing CO 2 concentrations, and the concurrent climate change and species extinction, can be addressed if CO 2 becomes a sought resource rather than a greenhouse pollutant. Inexpensive carbon composites formed from carbon wool as a lighter metal, textiles or cement replacement comprise major market sinks to compactly store transformed anthropogenic CO 2 . 100×-longer CNTs grow on Monel versus steel. Monel, electrolyte equilibration, and a mixed metal nucleation facilitate the synthesis. CO 2 , the sole reactant in this transformation, is directly extractable from dilute (atmospheric) or concentrated sources, and the analyzed production cost of $660 per ton CNT is cost constrained only by the (low) cost of electricity. Today's market valuation of >$100,000 per ton CNT incentivizes CO 2 removal.
Precursors to neighborhood revitalization? Immigrant growth and urban neighborhood change in new and traditional immigrant settlement areas in the United States

Many urban neighborhoods in the United States experienced population and economic declines during the 1970s and 1980s, with some exhibiting subsequent reversals. While urban renewal is a subject of...
Exercise, Sports, and Men's Health

Abstract Erectile dysfunction (ED) is a known harbinger for underlying cardiovascular disease and shares many common risk factors including a sedentary lifestyle. Exercise is well known to improve cardiovascular health and can also benefit erectile function. This chapter aims to summarize recent evidence on the favorable impact exercise on men's sexual function, fertility, and libido. The role of exercise and pelvic floor exercises in recovering sexual function will also be evaluated. Finally, sport-specific effects such as cycling or whether sexual intercourse before sporting events impacts athletic performance will be addressed.
Jueces, ciudadanía, y estado democrático de derecho: Construir la confiabilidad para recuperar la confianza

This article argues that even though in Chile several successful reforms have been made, such as the Criminal Procedure reform, the Labor Procedure reform and the Family courts reform, public confidence in the justice system is still very low. It is argued that this gap should serve as an alert to legal professionals and policymakers in Chile that it is time to rethink and adjust the reform agenda. The article claims that the Chilean justice system must attend to its trustworthiness, which requires that it better incorporate and serve the fundamental principles of democracy, under Lincoln’s famous conception of a democratic government as one that is “of, by, and for the people”. To accomplish this task, a new set of reforms is suggested aimed at making the justice system more democratically trustworthy and, therefore, capable of recovering citizens’ trust.
Primary Dural Repair Using Titanium Microclips Following Lateral Skull Base Surgery

Objective Standard techniques for primary dural repair following lateral skull base surgery are both technically challenging and time consuming without the potential for primary dural repair. Inadequate closure may result in postoperative cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak infectious sequalae. Traditional methods of dural repair rely on secondary obliteration of the CSF fistula. We hypothesized that the use of nonpenetrating titanium microclips may serve as a useful adjunct in primary dural repair or the establishment of an immobile repair layer following lateral skull base surgery. Methods Here, we report a novel technique for primary dural repair using nonpenetrating titanium microclips as an adjunct to standard techniques in a series of six patients with lateral skull base pathologies. Results A total of six consecutive lateral skull base tumor patients with titanium microclip dural reconstruction were included in our case series. Lateral skull base pathologies represented in this group included two jugular foramen schwannomas, one vestibular schwannoma, one petroclival meningioma, one glomus jugulare paraganglioma, and one jugular foramen chordoid meningioma. Conclusion To our knowledge, this is the first report on the use of microclips in repairing dural defects following lateral skull base surgery. Surgical outcomes for this small case series suggest that dural repair of the later skull base with nonpenetrating titanium microclips is a useful adjunct in dural repair following lateral skull base surgery.
The Genetic Basis of Transcriptional Heterogeneity for Basal-Like Features in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma

Abstract Pancreatic cancer expression profiles largely reflect a classical or basal-like phenotype. The extent to which these profiles vary within a patient is unknown. We integrated evolutionary analysis and expression profiling in multiregion sampled metastatic pancreatic cancers, finding that squamous features are the histologic correlate of an RNA-seq defined basal-like subtype. In patients with coexisting basal/squamous and classical/glandular morphology, phylogenetic studies revealed that squamous morphology represented a subclonal population. Cancers with squamous features were significantly more likely to have truncal mutations in chromatin modifiers, intercellular heterogeneity for MYC amplification, and entosis. These data provide a unifying paradigm for integrating basal-type expression profiles, squamous histology, and somatic mutations in chromatin modifier genes in the context of clonal evolution of pancreatic cancer. One Sentence Summary Basal type expression profiles in pancreatic cancer have a clonal basis rooted in genetic alterations of chromatin modifier genes.
Changes in Child and Adult Care Food Program (CACFP) Practices at Participating Childcare and Education Centers in the United States Following Updated National Standards, 2017–2019

The U.S. Department of Agriculture's (USDA) Child and Adult Care Food Program (CACFP) updated meal pattern standards took effect in October 2017. The aim of this quasi-experimental, pre-post study is to identify changes in food and beverage practices of CACFP-participating centers due to implementation of updated CACFP meal patterns over a 21-month period. Eight hundred and fifty-eight centers located in 47 states and the District of Columbia completed a survey (primarily electronic) at both time points (67.6% follow-up response rate). Multivariable logistic regressions with robust standard errors assessed changes over time, accounting for repeated observations within each site. From baseline to follow-up, centers reported the increased familiarity and implementation, albeit with time, money, and staffing-related challenges. Significant improvements were seen in not serving sugary cereals or flavored milk, in serving 100% whole grains, and serving processed meats less than once a week. While CACFP-participating centers reported making significant progress in meeting the updated meal pattern standards and suggested best practices within 15-19 months of their effective date, reported compliance and adherence to the standards and best practices was not universal. USDA, state agencies, and technical assistance providers should work to provide centers with additional guidance to help them with implementation.
Amyloid Myopathy as an Inclusion Body Myositis Mimic

Introduction: Amyloid myopathy is a rare presentation of systemic amyloidosis. Amyloid myopathy can be initially misdiagnosed as sporadic inclusion body myositis (IBM). Methods: We report 4 cases of amyloid myopathy clinically mimicking inclusion body myositis and initially thought to be phenotypically IBM by neuromuscular experts. Results: Case 1 is an 81-year-old woman who presented with distal arm and proximal leg asymmetric weakness (myopathy pattern 4). Case 2 is a 76-year-old man with primary systemic amyloidosis who presented with myopathy pattern 4 and progressive dysphagia for four years. Case 3 is an 82-year-old man with progressive myopathy pattern 4 weakness and swallowing difficulty. Case 4 is a 62-year-old man with progressive bilateral finger flexor weakness. Muscle biopsies in all 4 cases showed perivascular amyloid deposits Discussion: Amyloid myopathy may be clinically indistinguishable from IBM. Muscle biopsy is of critical importance in the evaluation of patients suspected to have IBM.
Cardiorespiratory Fitness Growth in Middle School: Socio-Demographic Factor Associations.

Purpose: The purposes of this study were to (a) examine the three-year longitudinal growth trends of cardiorespiratory fitness among middle school students, and (b) examine the associations between...
From a ‘Super Spreader of MERS’ to a ‘Super Stopper’ of COVID-19: Explaining the Evolution of Korea’s Effective Crisis Management System (preprint)

COVID-19 has placed global and national leadership under a serious stress test by threatening lives and livelihoods on an unprecedented scale. The Republic of Korea emerged as one of the first countries to flatten the transmission curve despite its high population density and proximity to China. Korea was able to do so without imposing the aggressive lockdowns or complete travel bans that China and many other countries adopted. This paper explores two questions. First, what kind of institutional and legal foundations explain Korea’s strong public health response to the pandemic? Second, from a historical perspective, Korea evaded the worst of the SARS outbreak in 2003 yet failed to replicate the success with MERS in 2015. What explains these fluctuating public health responses within a country and how did this affect Korea’s response to COVID-19? This paper argues that Korea’s crisis management system developed strategic agility and flexibility in its hierarchical model that allows crisis-friendly partnerships and swift collaboration among key actors to manage public policy challenges. Studying Korea’s responses to these three outbreaks will not only contribute to our understanding of cross-national crisis management but also further our comprehension of Korea’s evolution in public health response through analyzing intra-national variations.
Assessment of Radiation Oncology Nurse Education in the United States.

Purpose Nurses in the radiation oncology (RO) clinic have a critical role in the management of patients receiving radiation therapy. However, limited data exist regarding the exposure of nurses to RO during training and the current educational needs of practicing RO nurses. This study assesses nurses’ prior RO education, participation in national training efforts, and perceived educational needs. Methods and Materials A web-based survey using a 5-point Likert-type scale was distributed to RO nurses at 3 academic medical centers. Questions focused on prior education experiences, clinical areas of strength/weakness, and perceived value of future educational interventions. Likert-type scores are reported as median (interquartile range), and a Kruskal-Wallis test was conducted to assess for significant differences in responses. Results The survey response rate was 39 of 54 (72%). Respondents were 90% female and trained at 30 nursing schools in 17 states. Only 5% of nurses reported a curriculum in nursing school with RO content, and nearly all (97%) received their RO education on the job. Forty-one percent of nurses completed the Oncology Nursing Society radiation therapy certificate course, and only 5% completed the American Society for Radiation Oncology nursing module. Nurses felt most confident in the overall management of patients with breast (4 [3-4]), prostate (4 [3-5]), and central nervous system (4 [3-4]) cancers and least confident for lymphoma (3 [2-4]), gynecologic (3 [2-4]), and head and neck cancers (3 [2-4]; P Conclusions Nursing school exposure to RO is limited, and only a minority of RO nurses complete RO-specific training or certification available from national organizations. This study identifies several areas of perceived clinical nursing strengths and weaknesses that can be used to inform the design of future RO nursing educational programs.
Incidence of Neo-Intimal Hyperplasia in Anterior Circulation Aneurysms Following Pipeline Flow Diversion.

Abstract Introduction Flow diversion of the distal anterior circulation cerebral vasculature may be used for management of wide necked aneurysms not amenable to other endovascular approaches. Follow-up angiography sometimes demonstrates neo-intimal hyperplasia within or adjacent to the stent, however there is limited evidence in the literature examining the incidence in MCA and ACA aneurysms. We present our experience with flow diversion of the distal vasculature and evaluate the incidence of neo-intimal hyperplasia. Materials and methods Retrospective review of patients who underwent Pipeline embolization device (PED) treatment for ruptured and unruptured anterior circulation aneurysms. Results A total of 251 anterior circulation aneurysms were treated by pipeline flow diversion, of which 175 were ICA aneurysms, 14 were ACA aneurysms and 18 were MCA aneurysms. 6-month follow-up angiography was available in 207 patients. The incidence of neo-intimal hyperplasia was 15.9%, 21.4%, and 61.1% in ICA, ACA, and MCA aneurysms, respectively. MCA-territory aneurysms developed neo-intimal hyperplasia at a significantly higher rate than aneurysms in other vessel territories. Rates of aneurysmal occlusion did not significantly differ from those patients who did not exhibit intimal hyperplasia on follow-up angiography. Conclusion In our experience, flow diversion of distal wide-necked MCA and ACA aneurysms is a safe and effective treatment strategy. The presence of neo-intimal hyperplasia at 6-month angiography is typically clinically asymptomatic. Given the statistically higher rate of neo-intimal hyperplasia in MCA aneurysms at 6-month angiography, we propose delaying initial follow-up angiography to 12-months and maintaining dual antiplatelet therapy during that time.
Secondary Adrenal Insufficiency and Growth Hormone Deficiency in Patients with Fibromyalgia.

Purpose Patients with fibromyalgia (FM) may demonstrate low cortisol concentrations during diagnostic evaluation. However, it remains unclear whether low cortisol reflects underlying pituitary dysfunction. We aimed to determine if a subset of patients with FM have concomitant secondary adrenal insufficiency (SAI) and growth hormone deficiency (GH). Patients and methods This is a retrospective study of all patients with FM diagnosed with SAI based on abnormal insulin tolerance test (ITT) between June 2002 and August 2019. Patients were excluded if they had other reasons for SAI. Measurements include cortisol and GH during ITT in all patients, and peak cortisol during cosyntropin stimulation test in a subset of patients. Results We identified 22 patients (median age of 38 years (range 19-65), 18 (82%) women) diagnosed with secondary AI based on abnormal ITT (peak median cortisol level of 11 mcg/dL (range 5.4-17)). Concomitant GH deficiency was diagnosed in 19 (86%) patients. Cosyntropin stimulation test was performed in 14 (64%) patients and was normal in 11 (79%) (peak cortisol ≥18 mcg/dL). MRI pituitary imaging was performed in 20 patients and showed no significant pituitary pathology. All patients were started on physiologic glucocorticoid replacement, and 5 patients were started on GH replacement. Of the 13 patients with follow-up, 8 (62%) reported symptom improvement after starting treatment. Conclusion Patients with FM can have concurrent SAI and GH deficiency. Cosyntropin stimulation test should not be used to exclude SAI in patients with FM. Appropriate glucocorticoid and/or GH replacement may improve symptoms in some patients.
Forensic Science in Marine Mammalogy: Applications and Limitations

Marine mammals are unique in many ways including their aquatic adaptations, vulnerability to threats, legislation and laws protecting them, and their popularity with humans. Despite their reputation as charismatic megafauna, marine mammals still suffer injuries and death due to anthropogenic causes. Some are on the brink of extinction due to negligence and direct harm. Strong laws have made improvements in the management of marine mammal populations but every year, cases of injury and death warrant forensic investigation. These include vessel strikes, entanglement, drowning, shootings, mutilation, and illegal trade. Around the world, teams of stranding responders, fishery observers, veterinarians, and researchers investigate cases of human interaction with marine mammals. Often, the work is difficult as many obstacles make the full examination and forensic investigation challenging. This chapter will briefly review the laws in place to protect marine mammals, common causes of injury and death, limitations with some examinations, and recommendations in the application of forensic techniques.
Developing Lesson Plans for Teaching Spatial Data Management in Academic Libraries through a Lens of Popular Culture

Understanding data management in spatial data science is fundamentally important when ensuring a project’s data is appropriately collected, analyzed, stored, and communicated. However, these concepts are often introduced to learners through compliance (i.e., we do this because we are required to or it is the right thing to do), and as a result can mean learning experiences around spatial data management are viewed less than enthusiastically. Academic libraries are places where engaging learning experiences around spatial data management can be explored and implemented through unique pedagogical techniques. For example, activities teaching spatial data management in academic libraries through a popular culture lens can make these topics more approachable and reduce learning barriers. In this paper, I present three lesson plans for academic librarians which approach teaching spatial data management through popular culture. The following concepts are represented: (1) understanding spatial metadata through Dungeons & Dragons; (2) learning to write good documentation through drawing Pokemon; and (3) developing good file naming habits with 1980s album covers. Alongside the lesson plans, I provide a narrative outlining why popular culture pedagogy is a useful technique to spatial data management education to increase the inclusivity and engagement around geospatial learning experiences in academic libraries.The associated lesson plans are also available on KiltHub at https://doi.org/10.1184/R1/13350428.v1. This is the accepted version of the manuscript published in July 2021 by the Journal of Map and Geography Libraries.
Complementary technologies, knowledge relatedness, and invention outcomes in high technology mergers and acquisitions

Prior research on M&As and invention outcomes has not systematically examined the influence of two types of knowledge differences. Knowledge relatedness has typically been equated with knowledge similarity and the separate influence of knowledge complementarity has been overlooked. Similarly, studies examining innovation outcomes of M&As have typically focused on the role of technological knowledge and overlooked the influence of scientific knowledge. We develop a model of relatedness and invention performance of high-technology M&As that considers science and technology similarity and complementarity as important drivers of invention. We test the model using a sample of M&As from the drug, chemical, and electronics industries and a fine-grained measure of knowledge relatedness that distinguishes between science and technology relatedness. We find that complementary scientific knowledge and complementary technological knowledge both contribute to post-merger invention performance by stimulating higher quality and more novel inventions. This suggests that high-technology firms seeking acquisitions should search for, identify, and acquire businesses that have scientific and technological knowledge that is complementary to their own. Our results also suggest that similarities in knowledge facilitate incremental renewal, while complementarities would make discontinuous strategic transformations more likely, and that absorptive capacity research should be expanded to consider complementarities as well as similarities. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Can walking or biking to work really make a difference? Compact development, observed commuter choice and body mass index

OBJECTIVES: Promoting active commuting is viewed as one strategy to increase physical activity and improve the energy balance of more sedentary individuals thereby improving health outcomes. However, the potential effectiveness of promotion policies may be seriously undermined by the endogenous choice of commute mode. Policy to promote active commuting will be most effective if it can be demonstrated that 1) those in compact cities do not necessarily have a preference for more physical activity, and 2) that current active commuting is not explained by unobserved characteristics that may be the true source of a lower body mass index (BMI). METHODS: Daily time-use diaries are used in combination with geographical characteristics of where respondents live and work to test 1) whether residents of more compact settlements are characterized by higher activity levels; and 2) whether residents of more compact settlements are more likely to bike or walk to work. An endogenous treatment model of active commuting allows testing whether reductions in BMI associated with walking or biking to work are in fact attributable to that activity or are more strongly associated with unobserved characteristics of these active commuters. RESULTS: The analysis of general activity levels confirms that residents of more compact cities do not expend more energy than residents of more sprawling cities, indicating that those in compact cities do not necessarily have a preference for more physical activity. The endogenous treatment model is consistent with walking or biking to work having an independent effect on BMI, as unobserved factors that contribute to a higher likelihood of active commuting are not associated with lower BMI. CONCLUSIONS: Despite evidence that more compact settlement patterns enable active commuting, only a small share of workers in these areas choose to walk or bike to work. In general, the activity level of residents in more compact cities and residents in more sprawling areas is very similar. But, there is a robust association between active commuting and lower body mass index that is not explained by unobserved attributes or preferences suggests that policies to promote active commuting may be effective. In particular, active commuting has a greater effect on BMI. Consequently, compact settlement appears to be an effective infrastructure for promoting more active lifestyles. The policy challenge is finding ways to ensure that this infrastructure is more widely utilized. Language: en
Local Constraints on Opportunity to Learn Mathematics in High School

Perhaps the longest running and most salient political fault line in the historical development of education in the United States is the clash between locally administered schooling and a national educational establishment bent on reform. Repeatedly, over the past century and a half, constituencies from these two arenas have been in conflict over a number of educational issues. The outcomes of these struggles have helped form the structure of U.S. schooling. The development of the age-graded school, the Carnegie unit and the core academic curriculum, school racial desegregation, and ability grouping are some examples of defining educational issues that have been filtered through the unique American split between national and local interests (for other examples see Firestone, 1994; Mirel, 1994; Ogawa, 1994; Tyack & Tobin, 1994).
Enabelers and Inhibitors of Healthcare Information Technology Adoption: Toward a Dual-Factor Model

This paper formulates, operationalizes, and empirically validates a dual-factor model of healthcare information technology (HIT) adoption, by taking into account both the enabling factors driving HIT adoption and the inhibiting factors constraining such adoption. Perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use were examined as enablers and perceived loss of control as an inhibitor. Using survey data on adoption of a new computerized patient order entry system among physicians at a community hospital, we demonstrate that inhibitors not only have a negative effect on one’s intention to adopt HIT systems, counteracting the positive effect of enablers, but also negatively bias some of the enabling perceptions. The overall negative impact posed by inhibitors may override and surpass any positive impact posed by a multitude of enablers. Implications of our findings for HIT research and practice are discussed.
Role of maternal childhood trauma on parenting among depressed mothers of psychiatrically ill children.

Background Independently, maternal depression and maternal history of childhood abuse confer risk for impaired parenting. These associations may be compounded when depressed mothers with histories of childhood abuse are faced with the challenge of parenting offspring who themselves struggle with mental health problems. This study examined the relationships among maternal history of childhood abuse, maternal depression, and parenting style in the context of parenting a psychiatrically ill child, with an emphasis on examining maternal emotional abuse and neglect. We hypothesized that maternal childhood emotional abuse would be associated with maladaptive parenting strategies (lower levels of maternal acceptance and higher levels of psychological control), independent of maternal depression severity and other psychosocial risk factors. Method Ninety-five mother-child dyads (children ages 7–18) were recruited from child mental health centers where children were receiving treatment for at least one internalizing disorder. Participating mothers met DSM-IV criteria for major depressive disorder. Mothers reported on their own childhood abuse histories and children reported on their mothers’ parenting. Results Regression analyses demonstrated that maternal childhood emotional abuse was associated with child reports of lower maternal acceptance and greater psychological control, controlling for maternal depression severity, and other psychosocial risk factors. Conclusions When treating psychiatrically ill children, it is important for a child's clinician to consider mothers’ childhood abuse histories in addition to their history of depression. These mothers appear to have additional barriers to effective parenting.
ERP implementation efforts at three firms: Integrating lessons from the SISP and IT‐enabled change literature

Purpose – To compare actual company ERP implementation practices with the prescriptions found in the strategic information systems planning (SISP) and IT‐enabled change management literature.Design/methodology/approach – The case study method is used to study ERP specification, selection, and implementation efforts at three companies. The main sources of data were structured face‐to‐face interviews with key personnel, and supporting internal documents provided by the study companies.Findings – All three companies did an adequate job linking the ERP decision to higher‐level IS and supply chain strategies, although mid‐level managers dominated the strategic debate. However, two of the companies fell far short in the specification and selection processes, particularly with regard to achieving broad participation and managing stakeholder commitment. As such, these two companies missed an opportunity to think independently about their long‐term information requirements and capabilities, proactively manage the ...
Eosinophilia encountered in female genital organs.

Abstract 1. 1. In 2,542 obstetric and gynecologic pathologic specimens examined at the pathology laboratory of the Sloane Hospital for Women, 25 showed moderate to severe degrees of tissue eosinophilia. 2. 2. The literature on this topic has been reviewed and the degree of eosinophilia correlated to clinical data. The possibility that the presence of eosinophilia in tissue represents a local allergic response, although highly selective, to breakdown of tissue due to neoplasia, bacterial inflammation, or previous surgical procedure is taken into consideration.
Validity of the Miller Function and Participation Scales

This research study investigated the concurrent and construct validity of the visual motor subscale of the Miller Function and Participation Scales (M-FUN). Scores on the visual motor subscale of the M-FUN were compared to scores on the 10 visual motor subscales of the Developmental Test of Visual Perception, Second Edition (DTVP-2). Scores on the M-FUN had a high correlation with the DTVP-2 (r = .872; p < .001). The two tests achieved 87.5% agreement in identifying the children. The M-FUN visual motor subscale demonstrated strong concurrent validity with DTVP-2, visual motor subscales, suggesting it is a valid measure of visual motor function.
Improving Stem and Progenitor Cell Therapeutics

Cell therapy with stem/progenitor cells is a new and promising therapeutic approach for many diseases that currently have few satisfying treatments. The prototype of stem cell-based therapy is bone marrow transplantation, which introduces hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) to restore hematopoiesis after myeloablation in hematologic malignancy such as leukemia. Besides HSCs, other types of stem/progenitor cells, such as mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) or induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), are or will be applied in clinical studies.
Black Theology and the History of U.S. Black Religions: Post Civil Rights Approaches to the Study of African American Religions

Black Religions as a field of study is one of many supervening developments of the U.S. Civil Rights Movement. Two conditions influenced development of this field. First, the Civil Rights Movement resulted in exponential increases in higher education of African descended people in the United States. These increases expanded research and scholarship on Black religions, generally. Second, because Black religions helped shape the Civil Rights Movement, an area of research and writing broadly identified as Black theology issued from and about Black religions and making of the Movement. During the mid-twentieth century, development of liberation theologies (which challenged religions' collaboration with imperialism) coupled with the substantial role of African American Christianity, especially Protestant Christianity, in the Civil Rights Movement to create an early focus of much mid-century scholarship about U.S. black religions on development and evolution of black theology as a form of liberation theology. Even so, foundational work in the history of black religions appeared alongside developments of black theology. In the late 20th and early 21st centuries these two trajectories – black theologies and history of black religions – have emerged as standard emphases in the field of black religions. This article examines emergence of Black religions as a field of study and includes four sections exploring U.S. Black religions and the Civil Rights Movement, the appearance of Black theology in the United States, developments in Black theology and in the history of Black religions, and current trends in the study of Black religions.
Message in a Bottle: Lyrical Laments and Emotional Expression in Mandopop

This article explores the ubiquitous themes of loneliness, isolation and anomie in Mandopop (Mandarin Chinese language pop music). This is not to imply that people in the PRC and Taiwan are lonelier than people from other countries but, rather, that being human they experience these emotions. What is distinctive here is that Mandopop becomes a primary conduit to express feelings that are sanctioned in daily speech. The article addresses these concerns and uses in-depth interviews in Shanghai and Taipei to find out why Mandopop's themes of loneliness and isolation are so resonant to its fans.
A serous oligocystic adenoma of the head of the pancreas successfully treated by dome resection and chemocautery : a new approach to serous oligocystic adenoma

Serous oligocystic adenoma (SOA) is an extremely rare benign tumor and ill-demarcated large cyst. We report a case of pancreatic SOA. During abdominal ultrasonography (US) for a routine health examination and computed tomography (CT), a 69-year-old woman was found to have a 9-cm unilocular cyst located in the head of her pancreas. After a 2-year follow up, the cyst was seen to increase in size. The results of US, CT, magnetic resonance imaging, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), and angiography led to suspicion of a benign or low grade malignancy cystadenoma of the pancreas adjacent to the peripheral organs. Fluid analysis and frozen section pathological studies revealed a serous oligocystic adenoma with no malignancy. Dome resection, chemocautery, and omental filling were performed, and the postoperative course was uneventful. SOAs are difficult to diagnose without surgery. When the cyst exists in the head of the pancreas, adjacent to the biliary tract, portal system, or visceral vessels, it is also difficult to perform complete resection without the threat of morbidity or mortality. We have developed a new approach to SOA diagnosis and treatment that involves minimally invasive procedures.
Arsenite Oxidation by Batch Cultures of Thiomonas Arsenivorans Strain b6

Arsenite [As(III)] oxidation by Thiomonas arsenivorans Strain b6 was investigated in batch reactors at pH 6 and 30°C over As(III) concentrations ranging from 10 to 1,000 mg/L in the absence of added organic carbon. Strain b6 completely oxidized As(III) to arsenate [As(V)] during exponential growth phase for lower levels of As(III) concentrations ( ≤100 mg/L ) . At higher levels of 500 and 1,000 mg/L, As(III) oxidation was observed mostly in the exponential phase but continued into the stationary phase of growth. The Haldane substrate inhibition model was used to estimate biokinetic parameters for As(III) oxidation. The best fit parameters of half saturation constant Ks =33.2±1.87 mg/L , maximum specific substrate utilization rate k= ( 0.85±0.18 ) -mg As(III)/mg dry cell weight/h, substrate inhibition coefficient Ki =602.4±33.6 mg/L , yield coefficient Y= ( 0.088±0.0048 ) -mg cell dry weight/mg As(III), and endogenous decay coefficient kd =0.006±0.002 h−1 were obtained using the Adams-Bashforth-Moulton al...
Experimental Study on Non-Exit Ballistic Induced Traumatic Brain Injury

Ballistic-induced traumatic brain injury remains the most severe type of injury with the highest rate of fatality. Yet, its injury biomechanics remains the least understood. Ballistic injury biomechanics studies have been mostly focused on the trunk and extremities using large gelatin blocks with unconstrained boundaries [1, 2]. Results from these investigations are not directly applicable to brain injuries studies because the human head is smaller and the soft brain is enclosed in a relatively rigid cranium. Thali et al. developed a “skin-skull-brain” model to reproduce gunshot wounds to the head for forensic purposes [3]. These studies focused on wound morphology to the skull rather than brain injury. Watkins et al. used human dry skulls filled with gelatin and investigated temporary cavities and pressure change [4]. However, the frame rate of the cine X-ray was too slow to describe the cavity dynamics, and pressures were only quantified at the center of skull. In addition, the ordnance gelatin used in these studies is not the most suitable simulant to model brain material because of differences in dynamic moduli [5]. Sylgard gel (Dow Corning Co., Midland, MI) demonstrates similar behavior as the brain and has been used as a brain surrogate to determine brain deformations under blunt impact loading [6, 7]. Zhang et al. used the simulant for ballistic brain injury and investigated the correlation between temporary cavity pulsation and pressure change [8, 9]. However, the skulls used in these models were not as rigid as the human cranium. The presence of a stronger cranial bone may significantly decrease the projectile velocity and change the kinematics of cavity and pressure distribution in the cranium. In addition, projectiles perforated through the models in these studies. Patients with through-and-through perforating gunshot wounds to the head have a greater fatality rate than patients with non-exit penetrating wounds [10]. Therefore, it is more clinically relevant to investigate non-exit ballistic traumatic brain injuries. Consequently, the current study is designed to investigate the brain injury biomechanics from non-exit penetrating projectile using an appropriately sized and shaped physical head model.
The Economic Value of Education

(1964). “The Economic Value of Education,”. The Journal of Higher Education: Vol. 35, No. 6, pp. 356-356.
Induction of tolerance to naphthalene in Clara cells is dependent on a stable phenotypic adaptation favoring maintenance of the glutathione pool

Repeated exposures to the Clara cell cytotoxicant naphthalene (NA) result in target cell populations that become refractory to further injury. To determine whether tolerance occurs from specific adaptations favoring glutathione (GSH) resynthesis without broad shifts in cellular phenotype, mice were administered NA for 21 days. We found that γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase (γ-GCS) was induced in tolerant Clara cells by repeated exposures to NA. Treating tolerant mice with buthionine sulfoximine, a γ-GCS inhibitor, eliminates resistance acquired by repeated exposures to NA. Broad phenotypic shifts were not present. Marker proteins of differentiation declined over the first 3 days in the development of tolerance, but returned to control levels at 14 and 21 days. Epithelial organizational structure and internal organelle composition in Clara cells from tolerant mice were similar compared to corn oil-treated controls, while subtle shifts in organelle distribution were present. We conclude that induction of γ-GCS expression is coordinated with the development of NA tolerance, but induction of NA tolerance does not markedly alter Clara cell differentiation, epithelial organization, or organelle composition in bronchiolar epithelium.
Melanoma genetics: the other side

Although melanoma has traditionally been regarded as a uniformly fatal malignancy, personalized treatment of this cancer relies on the recognition of its genetic heterogeneity and our ability to pharmacologically target these specific and recurrent changes. Recent advances in the treatment of melanoma have come from the understanding that melanoma is a large family of molecularly distinct diseases. Advances in melanoma genetics and new molecular technology, such as whole-exome and whole-genome sequencing, have lead to unprecedented progress in understanding the key oncogenes and signaling pathways involved in the pathogenesis and progression of melanoma. In addition, we have gained an appreciation for the complexity of such a system with numerous points of cross talk, which has partially impeded our current therapeutic strategies in patients with advanced melanoma. In this review, we focus on the novel discoveries in melanoma genetics and the potential for therapeutic options.
Direct photochemical population of triplet diazirines: comparison of triplet energies by direct excitation and by energy transfer

Abstract The S 0 → T 1 absorption spectra of diazirine, 3-phenyl-3-chlorodiazirine and two 4-substituted 3-aryl-3-chlorodiazirines have been observed in fluid solution at ambient temperatures. These measurements, which allow direct determination of the triplet energy E T of the diazirines, are compared with those obtained by plots of senzitizer triplet quenching by diazirine and 3-phenyl-3-chlorodiazirine as a function of triplet sensitizer energy. The corresponding triplet energies are determined to be 73 ± 3 kcal mol −1 and 63 ± 0.5 kcal mol −1 respectively.
Baseline suppression of vehicle portal monitor gamma count profiles : A characterization study

Radiation portal monitor (RPM) systems based upon polyvinyl toluene scintillator (PVT) gamma-ray detectors have been deployed to detect illicit trafficking in radioactive materials at border crossings. This report sets forth a characterization of the baseline suppression effect in gross-count gamma-ray profiles due to shadow shielding by vehicles entering RPMs. Shadow shielding is of interest because it reduces the alarm sensitivity of RPMs. This observational study investigated three types of PVT-based commercial RPM systems currently deployed at selected ports of entry in terms of spatial effects relative to detector panel positioning. Radiation portal monitor sites were characterized by driver versus passenger side, top versus bottom panel, and narrow lanes versus wide lanes as observed for a large number of vehicles. Each portal site appears to have a distinctive baseline suppression signature, based on percent maximum suppression relative to measured background. Results suggest that alarm algorithms based on gross-counts may be further refined through attention to individual site characteristics. In addition, longer vehicle transit times were often correlated with stronger baseline suppression, suggesting that baseline suppression studies should take transit time into account.
Site of Inhibition of Trypsin by Diethyl p-Nitrophenylphosphonate

THE inhibition of proteolytic enzymes by organo-phosphorus esters has been the subject of intensive study in recent years1. Thus, the reaction of trypsin with diisopropyl fluorophosphonate2or diethyl p-nitrophenylphosphonate3 has been shown to be accompanied by a loss in its esterase and proteolytic activity. Still unanswered, however, is the question whether these inhibitors combine with trypsin at the site responsible for enzymatic activity, or at another site, which, because of its strategic location, may interfere sterically with the enzymatic centre.
Disclination lines in liquid crystals

Abstract A molecular field description of disclination lines in liquid crystals shows their close resemblance to quantum vortices in superfluids. Estimates for the energy and core radius are given through a variational method.
The LGBT advantage: Examining the relationship among sexual orientation diversity, diversity strategy, and performance

Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships among sexual orientation diversity, diversity strategy, and organizational performance. Data were gathered from 780 senior-level athletic administrators in 239 organizations. Moderated regression analysis indicated that, while main effects were not observed, there was a significant sexual orientation diversity × proactive diversity strategy interaction. Organizations with high sexual orientation diversity and that followed a strong proactive diversity strategy outperformed their peers in objective measures of performance. Results are discussed in terms of contributions, implications, and future directions.
Equilibrium and growth shapes of crystals: how do they differ and why should we care?

Since the death of Prof. Dr. Jan Czochralski nearly 50 years ago, crystals grown by the Czochralski method have increased remarkably in size and perfection, resulting today in the industrial production of silicon crystals about 30 cm in diameter and two meters in length. The Czochralski method is of great technological and economic importance for semiconductors and optical crystals. Over this same time period, there have been equally dramatic improvements in our theoretical understanding of crystal growth morphology. Today we can compute complex crystal growth shapes from robust models that reproduce most of the features and phenomena observed experimentally. We should care about this because it is likely to result in the development of powerful and economical design tools to enable future progress. Crystal growth morphology results from an interplay of crystallographic anisotropy and growth kinetics by means of interfacial processes and long-range transport. The equilibrium shape of a crystal results from minimizing its anisotropic surface free energy under the constraint of constant volume; it is given by the classical Wulff construction but can also be represented by an analytical formula based on the ξ-vector formalism of Hoffman and Cahn. We now have analytic criteria for missing orientations (sharp corners or edges) on the equilibrium shape, both in two (classical) and three (new) dimensions. Crystals that grow under the control of interfacial kinetic processes tend asymptotically toward a “kinetic Wulff shape”, the analogue of the Wulff shape, except it is based on the anisotropic interfacial kinetic coefficient. If it were not for long range transport, crystals would presumably nucleate with their equilibrium shape and then evolve toward their “kinetic Wulff shape”. Allowing for long range transport leads to morphological instabilities on the scale of the geometric mean of a transport length (typically a diffusivity divided by the growth speed) and a capillary length (of the order of atomic dimensions). Resulting crystal growth shapes can be cellular or dendritic, but can also exhibit corners and facets related to the underlying crystallographic anisotropy. Within the last decade, powerful phase field models, based on a diffuse interface, have been used to treat simultaneously all of the above phenomena. Computed morphologies can exhibit cells, dendrites and facets, and the geometry of isotherms and isoconcentrates can also be determined. Results of such computations are illustrated in both two and three dimensions. (© 2005 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Polycomb group targeting through different binding partners of RING1B C-terminal domain.

Summary RING1B, a Polycomb Group (PcG) protein, binds methylated chromatin through its association with another PcG protein called Polycomb (Pc). However, RING1B can associate with nonmethylated chromatin suggesting an alternate mechanism for RING1B interaction with chromatin. Here, we demonstrate that two proteins with little sequence identity between them, the Pc cbox domain and RYBP, bind the same surface on the C-terminal domain of RING1B (C-RING1B). Pc cbox and RYBP each fold into a nearly identical, intermolecular beta sheet with C-RING1B and a loop structure which are completely different in the two proteins. Both the beta sheet and loop are required for stable binding and transcription repression. Further, a mutation engineered to disrupt binding on the Drosophila dRING1 protein prevents chromatin association and PcG function in vivo. These results suggest that PcG targeting to different chromatin locations relies, in part, on binding partners of C-RING1B that are diverse in sequence and structure.