cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
“bein alive & bein a woman & bein colored”: The Metaphysical Dilemma in Ntozake Shange, Sherley Anne Williams, and Toni Morrison

This essay is an analysis of three literary works by black women writers from the U.S.: Ntozake Shange’s For Colored Girls Who Have Considered Suicide When the Rainbow Is Enuf, Sherley Ann Williams’ novel Dessa Rose, and Toni Morrison’s novel Beloved. In my analysis, I use Shange’s trope of the “methaphysical dilemma” to consider the intersections of gender, race, and sexuality in these writers’ textual representations of black women’s bodies. Writing against a historical legacy of colonialism and domination that defined black bodies as “primitive” or “unbridled” (bell hooks 1991), I argue that these works illustrate some of the artistic/literary strategies contemporary black women writers use to re-claim the power of voice/voicing as they depict black women’s subjectivities as unfinished, complex, but self-fashioned creations.
The role of mobile DNA elements in unequal and intrachromosomal crossing-over in Drosophila melanogaster.

During the past decade the existence of mobile DNA elements, first deduced from genetic experiments in maize by McClintock, has been confirmed by their molecular cloning and characterization (3). In Drosophila melanogaster a parallel, albeit somewhat later, demonstration of the occurrence of mobile elements took place. The impetus of the genetic experiments stimulated a detailed molecular study of mobile DNA elements in D. melanogaster, the main points of which can be summarized as follows. More than 10% of the D. melanogaster genome consists of moderately repetitive DNA, the bulk of which is made up of mobile DNA elements. Several distinguishable classes of elements occur, the classification stemming from distinctive biochemical structures (for a detailed discussion, see Ref. 11). Considering the middle, repetitive DNA collectively and assuming mobile DNA elements average 5 kb in length and occur on the average in 25 copies per genome, the conclusion follows that approximately 50 discrete families of mobile DNA elements occur.
The effect of the interphase on crack-inclusion interactions

The problem of a radial or circumferential matrix crack interacting with a circular inclusion surrounded by an interphase region is investigated. The problem is formulated using Kolosov-Muskhelishvili complex potentials where the crack is modeled as a distribution of dislocations. The complex potentials for a dislocation interacting with a circular inclusion with an interphase are first rederived and then used in the crack formulation. The corresponding Cauchy singular integral equations are then solved using the Lobatto–Chebyshev quadrature technique. After comparing the current solution with previously published results, the influence of the interphase stiffness and thickness on a radial or circumferential matrix crack is studied for a glass fiber-epoxy composite. From this study it was found that compliant interphases increase the Mode I stress intensity factors for radial cracks while stiff interphases shield these cracks from the inclusion relative to the no-interphase cases. Additionally, the compliant interphases were found to be more affected by the thickness of the interphase. Results for the circumferential cracks were not as straightforward. Compliant interphases decreased the Mode II stress intensity factors but, depending on the interphase thickness and distance from the crack, could either shield or enhance the Mode I stress intensity factors. Stiff interphases increased the Mode II SIF but decreased the Mode I SIF as compared to the no-interphase cases.
TOXICITY OF NEEM-DERIVED INSECTICIDES TO VARIOUS LIFE STAGES OF THE ELM LEAF BEETLE

A series of laboratory and field experiments to determine the suitability of neem oil derived insecticides for elm leaf beetle control was performed. Laboratory experi- ments determined mortality and antifeedant effects to elm leaf beetle larvae. Ovicidal activity was also evaluated in the laboratory. Field trials were conducted on mature elm trees to evaluate the efficacy of neem on elm leaf beetle larvae. Results of laboratory studies indicated significant mortality to elm leaf beetle larvae as a result of neem applications. In addition, greater mortality was observed to eggs treated with neem. Also, anti-feedant effects of neem-treated leaves was observed in all three elm leaf beetle larval instars. Neem- treated trees showed significantly less elm leaf beetle feeding damage than control trees for approximately one month after application. This study demonstrates the potential of neem oil formulations for elm leaf beetle control.
The Art and Science of Doctoring

The young healer soon learns, as described by Maimonides in the eleventh century, that medical practice involves much more than technical skill. It involves touching, listening, and offering hope when remedies fail. Good doctoring often involves revealing the physician’s human side, and, in the words of Francis Weld Peabody, “The secret of the care of the patient is in caring for the patient.”
Syntheses and characterization of hepta-coordinated Group 4 amidinate complexes

Tri-amidinate chloride complexes M[MeC(NiPr)2]3Cl [M = Zr (1), Hf (2)] have been prepared from MCl4 and lithium amidinate Li[MeC(NiPr)2]. The uncommon hepta-coordinated complexes Zr–Cl (1) and Hf–Cl (2) undergo metathesis reactions with 1 equiv. of MeLi and EtMgCl to give alkyl derivatives M[MeC(NiPr)2]3R [R = Me, M = Zr (3), Hf (4); R = Et, M = Zr (5), Hf (6)]. The dynamic behaviors of Zr–Cl (1) and Hf–Cl (2) in solution have been studied using variable-temperature 1H NMR (VT 1H NMR), giving activation parameters ΔH‡, ΔS‡, and ΔG‡ for several exchange processes in Zr–Cl (1) and Hf–Cl (2). 1H–15N gHMBC NMR spectroscopy gives the chemical shifts of the N atoms in 1–6. The 1H–15N gHMBC NMR spectra of 1–4 at elevated temperatures are needed to obtain signals. Crystal structures of Zr–Cl (1), Hf–Cl (2), Zr–Et (5), and Hf–Et (6) have been determined via X-ray diffraction. DART-MS studies of Zr–Cl (1) and Hf–Cl (2) in air give MS of 1–2, cations M[MeC(NiPr)2]3+ [M = Zr (7), Hf (8)], and hydroxyl complexes M[MeC(NiPr)2]3OH [M = Zr (9), Hf (10)]. In comparison, DART-MS spectra of 3–6 in air show only 7–8 and 9–10, indicating lability of the alkyl ligands and/or their fast hydrolysis by moisture.
Leptin-regulated autophagy plays a role in long-term neurobehavioral injury after neonatal seizures and the regulation of zinc/cPLA2 and CaMK II signaling in cerebral cortex

Abstract Metabolic disorders play an important role in the pathogenesis of many neurological diseases. Recent evidence suggests that leptin levels in peripheral blood and brain are lower in patients with epilepsy. Leptin is an energy-regulating hormone that plays a neuroprotective role in neurodegenerative diseases and brain trauma. However, little is known about the effects and molecular mechanisms of leptin treatment on long-term neurobehavioral impairment caused by developmental seizures. The present study evaluated whether chronic leptin treatment protected against neurobehavioral impairments induced by recurrent seizures in newborns treated with flurothyl. We also examined the effect of leptin on the expression of zinc/cPLA2-related autophagy signaling molecules and CaMKII in the cerebral cortex. Twenty Sprague-Dawley rats (6 days after birth, P6) were randomly divided into two groups, a neonatal seizure group and control group. Rats were subdivided on P13 into control, control + leptin (leptin, 2 mg/kg/day, continuous 10 days), seizure (RS), and seizure + leptin group (RS + leptin, 2 mg/kg/day for 10 consecutive days). Neurological behavioral parameters (negative geotaxis reaction reflex, righting reflex, cliff avoidance reflex, forelimb suspension reflex and open field test) were observed from P23 to P30. mRNA and protein levels in the cerebral cortex were detected using real-time RT-PCR and Western blotting, respectively. Flurothyl-induced seizures (RS group) produced long-term abnormal neurobehavior, which was improved with leptin treatment. Chronic leptin treatment restored several expression parameters affected by neonatal seizures, including seizure-induced up-regulated zinc transporter ZnT1/ZIP7, lipid membrane injury-related cPLA2, autophagy marker beclin-1/bcl2, LC3II/LC3I, and its execution molecule cathepsin-E, and down-regulated memory marker CaMK II alpha. Our results suggest that the early use of leptin after neonatal recurrent seizures may exert neuroprotective effects and antagonize the long-term neurobehavioral impairment caused by seizures. Autophagy-mediated Zn/cPLA2 and CaMK II signaling in the cerebral cortex may be involved in the neuroprotective effect of leptin. Our results provide new clues for anti-epileptogenetic treatment.
Neoplastic Cerebral Aneurysm from Metastatic Lung Adenocarcinoma with Neuroendocrine Features

Background Neoplastic cerebral aneurysms are exceedingly rare. We describe a case of a ruptured, distal middle cerebral artery aneurysm as the presenting symptom leading to the identification of metastatic lung cancer. Case Description The patient underwent an uncomplicated surgical trapping and ligation of the aneurysm. Histopathologic examination of the aneurysm confirmed the neoplastic cerebral aneurysm was due to a metastatic lung adenocarcinoma with neuroendocrine features. The patient subsequently underwent stereotactic radiosurgery to the resection cavity. Conclusions Neoplastic cerebral aneurysms are rare, and there are insufficient data to support specific guidelines for management. This case is novel as the patient received adjuvant stereotactic radiosurgery to the operative bed, as well as systemic chemotherapy, and has maintained good functional status as of last follow-up at 6 months.
Regret Without Detection: How Leniency Can Deter Corporate and Organizational Offenses

This paper confronts the puzzle of why, for certain classes of offenses, some (but not all) offenders may spontaneously "self-report" to the authorities in exchange for a clean slate, or leniency, even if this requires forfeiting the gain from the offense. We propose a model of offense participation that highlights the attributes of the offense, rather than the enforcement strategy, as affecting the choice to commit the offense and subsequently self-report. Specifically, we introduce uncertainty about the offense gain into a standard offense participation model. In contrast to other analyses of the self-reporting phenomenon, leniency need not reduce deterrence in this setting. Enforcement authorities can indeed exploit prospective offenders' (rational) recognition of their inability to commit not to report an offense by designing leniency offers that confront those offenders with higher ex ante expected sanctions, thereby, improving general deterrence. This leads to empirically testable implications of the model, which can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of existing leniency programs.
Mobility of Ag Atoms in the Binary System Ag2Se-Ag2S: A Molecular Dynamics Study

The compounds in the binary system Ag2Se-Ag2S are known to undergo a phase transition to a superionic phase at a temperature which varies with concentration. The diffusion mechanism of Ag ions have been studied in a Molecular Dynamics formalism. We have calculated the diffusion coefficient as function of temperature and concentration and have calculated the activation energy for diffusion from the Arrhenius plot of DAg vs temperature. Results obtained for the end points Ag2Se and Ag2S agree with experimental measurements.
Quality of Automated Program Repair on Real-World Defects

Automated program repair is a promising approach to reducing the costs of manual debugging and increasing software quality. However, recent studies have shown that automated program repair techniques can be prone to producing patches of low quality, overfitting to the set of tests provided to the repair technique, and failing to generalize to the intended specification. This paper rigorously explores this phenomenon on real-world Java programs, analyzing the effectiveness of four well-known repair techniques, GenProg, Par, SimFix, and TrpAutoRepair, on defects made by the projects' developers during their regular development process. We find that: (1) When applied to real-world Java code, automated program repair techniques produce patches for between 10.6% and 19.0% of the defects, which is less frequent than when applied to C code. (2) The produced patches often overfit to the provided test suite, with only between 13.8% and 46.1% of the patches passing an independent set of tests. (3) Test suite size has an extremely small but significant effect on the quality of the patches, with larger test suites producing higher-quality patches, though, surprisingly, higher-coverage test suites correlate with lower-quality patches. (4) The number of tests that a buggy program fails has a small but statistically significant positive effect on the quality of the produced patches. (5) Test suite provenance, whether the test suite is written by a human or automatically generated, has a significant effect on the quality of the patches, with developer-written tests typically producing higher-quality patches. And (6) the patches exhibit insufficient diversity to improve quality through some method of combining multiple patches. We develop JaRFly, an open-source framework for implementing techniques for automatic search-based improvement of Java programs. Our study uses JaRFly to faithfully reimplement GenProg and TrpAutoRepair to work on Java code, and makes the first public release of an implementation of Par. Unlike prior work, our study carefully controls for confounding factors and produces a methodology, as well as a dataset of automatically-generated test suites, for objectively evaluating the quality of Java repair techniques on real-world defects.
Restructuring Law Enforcement Agencies to Support Prosocial Values: A Behavior-Scientific Model for Addressing Police Brutality

Policing in the United States is irrefutably a component of systemic racism. The history of police brutality against the Black community can be found in our amendments, laws, and cultural practices—it is an infrastructure of oppression. Though police brutality is not a new development, it has reached a fever pitch with the deaths of George Floyd and Breonna Taylor. Recent calls to defund the police put law enforcement agencies squarely, and rightly, in the spotlight of social justice movements and reform. Current issues operating within law enforcement agencies ensure the perpetuation of a system that reinforces the status quo and gives nothing back to the communities that have been victims of brutality. A philosophical restructuring of how law enforcement agencies interact with the communities they serve is paramount. The purpose of this article is to propose a behavior-scientific model aimed at both the individual and organizational levels of law enforcement agencies using elements of acceptance and commitment training and Elinor Ostrom’s core design principles, called Prosocial. The Prosocial model promotes the clarification of values within organizations and the communities they serve and reinforces values-consistent action. The model therefore has the potential to be a useful tool to combat systemic racism and police brutality within law enforcement agencies. The proposed model will be discussed in the context of who created it (White academicians), who will be implementing it (law enforcement), and ultimately who should benefit from it above and beyond the cessation of police brutality and without psychological or financial cost (Black communities).
Medicaid-Insured Client Characteristics and Quit Outcomes at the Arizona Smokers' Helpline

Medicaid-insured individuals who smoke experience disparities in quitting and are a priority population for assistance. This retrospective cohort study of Arizona Smokers' Helpline clients (Jan 2014-Mar 2019) examined the association between insurance status, treatment, and smoking cessation. When compared to clients with non-Medicaid insurance or no insurance, clients with Medicaid (26%) were more likely to be female, referred directly to the ASHLine by a healthcare or community partner, smoke in the home, and report having a mental health condition. They also were less likely to utilize cessation medication and reported receiving less social support to quit. Controlling for these and other theoretically relevant variables, insurance status was stratified (Medicaid, non-Medicaid, and uninsured), and quit outcomes were compared by level of treatment (4 treatment groups: more and less than 3 coaching sessions and cessation medication use yes/no). Compared to clients who received 3+ coaching sessions, those who had less than 3 coaching sessions had significantly lower adjusted odds of quitting. Results were similar regardless of cessation medication use or insurance status. There is no indication that treatment effects differ by insurance status. While insurance status appears to proxy for other important factors like low social and economic status and higher comorbidity prevalence, in a quitline setting, quitting is associated with additional, high-quality coaching. Where coaching sessions may offset social and economic barriers to quitting, quitlines may consider focusing on assisting Medicaid-insured clients to connect and engage with treatment.
New system for archiving integrative structures

Structures of many complex biological assemblies are increasingly determined using integrative approaches, in which data from multiple experimental methods are combined. A standalone system, called PDB-Dev, has been developed for archiving integrative structures and making them publicly available. Here, the data standards and software tools that support PDB-Dev are described along with the new and updated components of the PDB-Dev data-collection, processing and archiving infrastructure. Following the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) principles, PDB-Dev ensures that the results of integrative structure determinations are freely accessible to everyone.
Mechanisms of Iron Acquisition Employed by NeisseriaGonorrhoeae for Survival within Cervical Epithelial Cells

MECHANISMS OF IRON ACQUISITION EMPLOYED BY NEISSERIA GONORRHOEAE FOR SURVIVAL WITHIN CERVICAL EPITHELIAL CELLS By Tracey Ann Hagen A Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Virginia Commonwealth University Virginia Commonwealth University, 2006 Major Director: Cynthia Nau Cornelissen, Ph.D. Associate Professor, Department of Microbiology and Immunology Neisseria gonowhoeae has evolved a repertoire of high-affinity iron acquisition systems to facilitate essential iron uptake in the human host. Acquisition of iron requires both the energy-harnessing cytoplasmic membrane protein, TonB, as well as specific outer membrane TonB-dependent transporters (TdTs). The overall goal of this study was to investigate the extraand intracellular iron acquisition mechanisms of N. gonorrhoeae and determine the role of the TonB and TdTs in this process. The ability of gonococci to acquire potential exogenous iron sources was determined by plate bioassay. Gonococcal growth was promoted by various catecholate and hydromate siderophores; however, growth was not dependent upon TonB expression. As all previously characterized siderophore-iron uptake is dependent upon this protein, a potential TonB-bypass mechanism is suggested. The role of the Ton system and TdTs in gonococcal survival within human cervical epithelial cells was also determined for two gonococcal strains, FA1090 and MS 1 1. We demonstrate that intracellular survival of both strains was dependent upon host cell iron acquisition, yet the expression of the Ton system was only critical to the survival of FA1090. One characterized difference between these two strains is possession of the gonococcal genetic island (GGI) which is present in approximately 80% of gonococcal strains. This study demonstrates that the GGI provides a mechanism to bypass intracellular TonB-dependent iron acquisition. In the strain lacking the genetic island, none of the characterized TdTs provided a benefit to the gonococcus when grown intracellularly. However, expression of one uncharacterized TdT, TdfF, was necessary for successful intracellular survival. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of a specific requirement for a single iron transporter in the survival of a bacterial pathogen within host epithelial cells. In the GGI-containing strain, TonB function was not critical to survival within cervical epithelial calls. The presence of the GGI was associated with the ability to bypass TonB-dependant uptake. Specifically, this bypass mechanism was mediated by components of the T4S machinery encoded by the GGI, and replication was directly xvi related to iron acquisition. To our knowledge, this study provides the first direct link between bacterial iron acquisition and a type IV secretion system.
Physiological Correlates of Maternal Responsivity in Mothers of Preschoolers With Fragile X Syndrome

The present study examined the relationship between salivary cortisol and maternal responsiveness in mothers of boys with fragile X syndrome (FXS). Maternal responsivity is strongly associated with child outcomes, and children with FXS are at risk for compromised development due to intellectual disability and problem behavior. Increased understanding of the nature and underlying mechanisms of maternal responsivity in FXS is important to optimize outcomes in children with FXS and contribute to improved family cohesion. Data from 36 mother-child dyads indicated a complex age effect with elevated cortisol levels associated with high maternal responsivity scores when children are young and low responsivity scores when children are older. Implications of these findings and directions for future research are discussed.
Location, Firm Size and International Trade: Simultaneous Measurement of the Effects of Internal and External Scale Economies on Exporting

This study examines, simultaneously, the effects of internal and external scale economies upon export decisions. Combining previous results of exporting studies with the predictions of advances in trade theory and economic geography, this study finds that large firms are more likely to export than small firms, urban firms are more likely to export than rural firms, and firms in geographically concentrated industries are more likely to export than those in dispersed industries. This project was funded in part by the United States Department of Agriculture’s Hatch Act (SC-1100572) and was supported by the offices of the Clemson University Center for International Trade, the South Carolina Department of Commerce and the South Carolina State Ports Authority. Location, Firm Size and International Trade: Simultaneous Measurement of the Effects of Internal and External Scale Economies on Exporting INTRODUCTION The purpose of this paper is to examine, simultaneously, the effects of internal and external scale economies on U.S. manufacturers’ decisions to export. Scale economies are reductions in unit costs that result from an increased scale of operation. Internal (or production) scale economies result from increases in plant size or improvements in process because of increases in scale of production, while external scale economies are increasing benefits accrued by a firm because of its location in a metropolitan area, or near other firms in the same industry (Berry, Conkling and Ray, 1997). While internal production scale economies are a cornerstone of business globalization practice (c.f., Levitt, 1983), to date little international business research has focused on the interaction of firm size and location on the decision to export. Most of the business export literature dealing with scale economies has focused on the internal conditions necessary for export success, but not on the choice to export. Even less research exists in the area of international business on the effects of external scale economies on export decisions. Recent research on firm size and exporting indicates that large firms are more likely to export than small ones (Mittelstaedt, Harben and Ward, 2003). We also know that the export decision process is different for large firms than it is for small firms, since the advantages, disadvantages and options for international trade differ for large and small firms (Pope, 2002; Wolff and Pett, 2000). In the new trade theory that parallels the new economic geography literature, external scale economies and their effect on patterns
In Defense of Formal Relationism

In his paper “Flaws of Formal Relationism”, Mahrad Almotahari argues against the sort of response to Frege's Puzzle I have defended elsewhere, which he dubs ‘Formal Relationism’. Almotahari argues that, because of its specifically formal character, this view is vulnerable to objections that cannot be raised against the otherwise similar Semantic Relationism due to Kit Fine. I argue in response that Formal Relationism has neither of the flaws Almotahari claims to identify.
Walsh function generator using a field programmable gate array [for ESTAR]

A prototype Walsh Function Generator (WFG) for a NASA satellite called the ESTAR (Electronically Scanned Thinned Array Radiometer) has been designed and tested. Implemented in a single Xilinx XC3020PC68-50 Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA), it generates a user-programmable set of 32 consecutive Walsh functions. These functions are used for noise cancellation in analog signal processing circuitry associated with each of the 124 dipole antennas that make up the array. >
Affective Forecasting Errors in the 2008 Election: Underpredicting Happiness

Individuals tend to be very bad at predicting their emotional responses to future events, often overestimating both the intensity and duration of their responses, particularly to negative events. The authors studied affective forecasting errors in the 2008 election in a large sample of undergraduates at Dartmouth College. Replicating past research, McCain supporters overpredicted their negative affect in response to the (future) election of Barack Obama. Obama supporters, however, underpredicted their happiness in response to his victory. Results are discussed with reference to mechanisms proposed to underlie the impact bias, as well as the unique circumstances surrounding this historic election season.
Hydroxylation of the silica in microfabricated thin layer chromatography plates as probed by time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry and diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy

Microfabricated silica thin layer chromatography (TLC) plates have previously been prepared on patterned carbon nanotube forests. The high temperatures used in their fabrication reduce the number of hydroxyl groups on their surfaces. Fortunately, silica can be rehydroxylated. In diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFT), a silanol peak below 3740 cm−1 indicates a well-hydroxylated silica surface that is fit for chromatography. Hydroxylations of our materials with HF are so effective that it is not possible to discern the position of this peak. In contrast, this signal is discernable when the plates are treated with NH4OH. To find a more convenient method for studying the surfaces of TLC plates, time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectroscopy (ToF-SIMS) was considered. ToF-SIMS is advantageous because multiple microfabricated TLC plates must be scraped to obtain enough silica for one DRIFT analysis, while static SIMS can be performed on very small regions (500 × 500 µm2 or less) of individual plates. Ratios of the SiOH+ and Si+ ToF-SIMS signals for microfabricated TLC plates correlated well with ~3740 cm−1 silanol peaks from DRIFT. Thus, SIMS allows direct analysis of all of our treated and untreated plates, including those hydroxylated with HF. The best hydroxylation condition for HF, which was better than any studied for NH4OH, was around 150 ppm at room temperature. The best hydroxylation condition for NH4OH was 50 °C for 72 h. ToF-SIMS versus DRIFT results of commercial TLC plates were also obtained and evaluated. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
New York Film Festival 2003

This year there was a noticeable presence at the New York Film Festival, whether intentionally or not, of films reflecting back on the past, both real and imagined. A second wave of millennial summing up, more profound than that forced by the media in the year 2000, these films, at their best, seek with courage and compassion to understand the larger forces at work in the troubled 20th century. At their worst, they stand as work riddled by self-deluding cliches in collusion with our own worst impulses. Among the number of \'films of remembrance\' shown, those that demand to be discussed because they best exemplify the ongoing struggle to make cinema responsive to the needs of filmgoing audiences to know reality \'again for the first time\' (pace T. S. Eliot) are, in a rough order of importance: _S21: The Khmer Rouge Killing Machine_ (Dir. Rithy Pan); _The Fog of War_ (Dir. Errol Morris); _Dogville_ (Dir. Lars von Trier); _Mayor of the Sunset Strip_ (Dir. George Hickenlooper); _Bright Leaves_ (Dir. Ross McElwee); and _The Best of Youth_ (Dir. Marco Tullio Giordana). Alas, among the NYFF 2003 films of memory and summation, it is also necessary to discuss _Mystic River_ (Dir. Clint Eastwood), but only because of its inexplicable media notoriety, a sad testimony to a Dubya phenomenon in things cinematic. This is one hanging chad. Among the festival films not informed by this core trend, but eminently worthy of mention, are: _PTU_ (Dir. Johnnie To); _Free Radicals_ (Dir. Barbara Albert); _Crimson Gold_ (Dir. Jafar Panahi); and _Raja_ (Dir. Jacques Doillon), though, unhappily, it would strain this portmanteau overview to talk in detail about more than the first two.
A sociological investigation of the U.S.A. mandate for replacement cost disclosures

Abstract A sociological framework is used to assess the role of corporate management in the process of establishing accounting policy. The mandate by the SEC in the U.S.A. for replacement cost disclosures is considered from this perspective. A content analysis of the general comments section of a sample of replacement cost footnotes is used to study empirically management's reaction to the disclosure requirement. Interpretation of the findings are made within the context of the sociological framework to gain insight into the process of obtaining acceptance of change in financial reporting practices.
Growth and characterization of BTCS and BTZA crystals grown by slow evaporation method

Abstract Good quality Bisthiourea Cadmium Sulphate (BTCS) and Bisthiourea Zinc Acetate (BTZA) crystals have been grown by simple slow evaporation method. From the powder X-ray diffractograms it is found that BTCS crystal belongs to orthorhombic system, whereas BTZA crystal belongs to Tetragonal system. The FTIR analysis reveals that the C S stretching frequencies of both BTCS and BTZA shows a shift to lower frequencies when compared to pure thiourea, which may be attributed to the reduced double bond character of C S bond on coordination. UV–vis spectroscopic studies show that the grown crystals have high transparency in entire visible region and NIR region. The hardness of the crystals have been studied using Vicker's microhardness test and it was found that the BTZA crystals show better hardness when compared to BTCS crystals.
Status of adjuvant chemotherapy in patients with breast cancer

The clinical behavior of breast cancer in the human female is characterized by inconsistency. Without question, however, the clinical management of this disease in all stages has resulted in the improved quality and quantity of life. The histologic evidence of axillary lymph node involvement correlates well in a number of series with ultimate prognosis. The ability to characterize high-risk groups for recurrent disease set the stage for surgical adjuvant clinical trials in humans. As the chemotherapeutic management of advanced breast cancer patients improved as well, it seemed logical to attempt to treat patients with evidence of lymph node involvement with an adjuvant program in addition to surgical extirpation. The early results of a number of clinical trials in the surgical adjuvant setting has clearly shown that this concept was worth testing; a biologic effect has been observed with the most pronounced effect in younger women. Improved disease-free intervals occurred and ultimate survival seems to have been affected. The ultimate cure for the majority of females with operable but prognostically unfavorable breast cancer has not as yet been reached however. Thus, in an appropriately highly charged research atmosphere the "routine" management of this disease has as yet to be demonstrated.
Scholarly network similarities: How bibliographic coupling networks, citation networks, cocitation networks, topical networks, coauthorship networks, and coword networks relate to each other

This study explores the similarity among six types of scholarly networks aggregated at the institution level, including bibliographic coupling networks, citation networks, cocitation networks, topical networks, coauthorship networks, and coword networks. Cosine distance is chosen to measure the similarities among the six networks. The authors found that topical networks and coauthorship networks have the lowest similarity; cocitation networks and citation networks have high similarity; bibliographic coupling networks and cocitation networks have high similarity; and coword networks and topical networks have high similarity. In addition, through multidimensional scaling, two dimensions can be identified among the six networks: Dimension 1 can be interpreted as citation-based versus noncitation-based, and Dimension 2 can be interpreted as social versus cognitive. The authors recommend the use of hybrid or heterogeneous networks to study research interaction and scholarly communications. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Longitudinal study of the diagnostic yield of panoramic radiographs in aging edentulous men

Participants in the Veterans Administration Dental Longitudinal Study who were edentulous and for whom longitudinal panoramic radiographs were available were followed through four examination cycles, representing approximately 10 years. It was observed that 13 (39%) of the 33 subjects examined had one or more positive radiographic findings at the initial examination. No changes occurred in the findings noted during the initial panoramic radiographic examination, and no new findings were observed over the study period. Although the initial baseline panoramic examinations yielded several positive radiographic findings, few were of a nature that materially affected the initial treatment plan.
Modulation of synaptic transmission by adenosine in layer 2/3 of the rat visual cortex in vitro.

Abstract Adenosine is a wide-spread endogenous neuromodulator. In the central nervous system it activates A1 and A2A receptors (A1Rs and A2ARs) which have differential distributions, different affinities to adenosine, are coupled to different G-proteins, and have opposite effects on synaptic transmission. Although effects of adenosine are studied in detail in several brain areas, such as the hippocampus and striatum, the heterogeneity of the effects of A1R and A2AR activation and their differential distribution preclude generalization over brain areas and cell types. Here we study adenosine’s effects on excitatory synaptic transmission to layer 2/3 pyramidal neurons in slices of the rat visual cortex. We measured effects of bath application of adenosine receptor ligands on evoked excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs), miniature excitatory postsynaptic potentials (mEPSPs), and membrane properties. Adenosine reduced the amplitude of evoked EPSPs and excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs), and reduced frequency of mEPSPs in a concentration-dependent and reversible manner. Concurrent with EPSP/C amplitude reduction was an increase in the paired-pulse ratio. These effects were blocked by application of the selective A1R antagonist DPCPX (8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine), suggesting that activation of presynaptic A1Rs suppresses excitatory transmission by reducing release probability. Adenosine (20 μM) hyperpolarized the cell membrane from −65.3 ± 1.5 to −67.7 ± 1.8 mV, and reduced input resistance from 396.5 ± 44.4 to 314.0 ± 36.3 MOhm (∼20%). These effects were also abolished by DPCPX, suggesting postsynaptic A1Rs. Application of the selective A2AR antagonist SCH-58261 (2-(2-furanyl)-7-(2-phenylethyl)-7H-pyrazolo[4,3-e][1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidin-5-a-mine) on the background of high adenosine concentrations revealed an additional decrease in EPSP amplitude. Moreover, application of the A2AR agonist CGS-21680 (4-[2-[[6-amino-9-(N-ethyl-β- d -ribofuranuronamidosyl)-9H-purin-2-yl]amino]ethyl]benzenepropanoic acid hydrochloride) led to an A1R-dependent increase in mEPSP frequency. Dependence of the A2AR effects on the A1R availability suggests interaction between these receptors, whereby A2ARs exert their facilitatory effect on synaptic transmission by inhibiting the A1R-mediated suppression. Our results demonstrate functional pre and postsynaptic A1Rs and presynaptic A2ARs in layer 2/3 of the visual cortex, and suggest interaction between presynaptic A2ARs and A1Rs.
Multiple objective forest land management planning: An illustration

Abstract Multiple Objective Programming (MOP) has undergone a rapid period of development during the last decade. Concurrently, increased land-use pressures have stimulated forest land management analysts to develop and utilize more sophisticated planning aids to address complex multi-resource issues involving multiple objectives and decision makers. To illustrate the potential use of MOP in land management planning, a demonstrative example is examined using an interactive technique—the Stem method. This method was chosen because of its promise as a rational, practical and systematic means of exploring feasible alternative solutions to multiple objective forest land management problems.
Z-fiber influence on high speed penetration of 3D orthogonal woven fiber composites

Abstract In the current work we present a computational investigation of high speed penetration response of 3D orthogonal woven fiber composites (3D OWC) utilizing sub-unit cell, meso-level partitioned damage mechanics with the specific aim of understanding the role of Z-fibers in the mechanical response. In our model, two primary sources of nonlinearities have been addressed – one resulting from the strain rate dependence and large deformation of the composite constituents and the other from evolving failure. We reduce a number of arbitrary parameters typically present in high speed models by taking advantage of specific geometrical properties of 3D OWC which prevent extensive delamination. This property allows us to partition the structure into resin impregnated fibers assumed to be wholly responsible for the progressive damage behavior and bulk resin which is identified as the source of visco-plasticity and strain rate dependence. The fibers are modeled as anisotropic linear elastic with strain rate dependent progressive damage evolution. The resin is modeled using an advanced high strain rate large deformation Mulliken–Boyce polymer model ( Mulliken and Boyce 2006 ) together with a terminal thermo-mechanical failure criterion. The projectile is assumed to be cylindrical, isothermal, rigid and impacting at right angles to the plate. The shape of the damaged area and the extent of penetrative damage compares favorably with experiments. We find that Z-fibers aid in improving penetration and impact resistance by both energy absorption and structural engagement. However, we also find that they are susceptible to localized de-bonding especially around the winding crowns. In addition, we found crucial differences in mechanical response in wave propagation brought about by the interplay of fiber architecture and damage with respect to simplified membrane models. Finally, the Z-fibers were found to influence the shape and nature of the damaged area in the fibers compared to layered composites where the matrix damage is spread more evenly while the fiber damage is restricted towards the fiber axes directions.
Prostaglandin E2 in the midbrain periaqueductal gray produces hyperalgesia and activates pain-modulating circuitry in the rostral ventromedial medulla

Recent years have seen significant advances in our understanding of the peripheral and spinal mechanisms through which prostaglandins contribute to nociceptive sensitization. By contrast, the possibility of a supraspinal contribution of these compounds to facilitated pain states has received relatively little attention. One possible mechanism through which prostaglandins could act supraspinally to facilitate nociception would be by recruitment of descending facilitation from brainstem pain-modulating systems. The rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM) is now known to contribute to enhanced responding in a variety of inflammatory and nerve injury models. Its major supraspinal input, the midbrain periaqueductal gray (PAG), expresses prostanoid receptors and synthetic enzymes. The aim of the present study was to determine whether direct application of prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) within the ventrolateral PAG is sufficient to produce hyperalgesia, and whether any hyperalgesia could be mediated by recruiting nociceptive modulating neurons in the RVM. We determined the effects of focal application of PGE(2) in the PAG on paw withdrawal latency and activity of identified nociceptive modulating neurons in the RVM of lightly anesthetized rats. Microinjection of PGE(2) (50 fg in 200 nl) into the PAG produced a significant decrease in paw withdrawal latency. The PGE(2) microinjection activated on-cells, RVM neurons thought to facilitate nociception, and suppressed the firing of off-cells, RVM neurons believed to have an inhibitory effect on nociception. These data demonstrate a prostaglandin-sensitive descending facilitation from the PAG, and suggest that this is mediated by on- and off-cells in the RVM.
Traumatic rupture of the diaphragm without visceral herniation: CT diagnosis.

Controversy exists regarding the usefulness of CT in the diagnosis of traumatic rupture of the diaphragm [1-3]. No large studies concerning the accuracy of CT in this setting have been done, either in patients with or in those without visceral herniation. Two case reports in the literature show discontinuity of the left hemidiaphragm on CT with visceral herniation [4, 5]. We describe a case in which a posttraumatic left-sided diaphragmatic rent was shown on CT in the absence of visceral hemiation.
Song- and order-selective neurons develop in the songbird anterior forebrain during vocal learning.

The anterior forebrain (AF) pathway of songbirds has an essential but poorly understood function during song learning, a process requiring auditory experience. Consistent with a role in processing auditory information, two nuclei of the AF, the lateral magnocellular nucleus of the anterior neostriatum (lMAN) and Area X (X), contain some of the most complex auditory neurons known. In adult zebra finches, these neurons are strongly selective for both spectral and temporal properties of song: They respond more robustly to the bird's own song (BOS) than to songs of conspecific individuals, and they respond less well to BOS if it is played in reverse. lMAN and X neurons of young finches early in the process of song learning (30–45 days of age) are also song responsive, but lack the song and order selectivity present in adult birds. By an intermediate stage of learning (60 days), when birds have experience of both tutor song and their own developing (plastic) song, AF neurons have significant song and order selectivity for both tutor song and BOS (in this case, plastic song). The degree of BOS selectivity is still less than that found in adults, however. In addition, neurons at 60 days are heterogenous in their preference for BOS versus tutor song: Most prefer BOS, some prefer tutor song, and others respond equally to both songs. The selectivity of adult AF auditory neurons therefore arises rapidly during development from neurons that are initially unselective. These neurons are one of the clearest examples of experience-dependent acquisition of complex stimulus selectivity. Moreover, the neural selectivity for both BOS and tutor song at 60 days raises the possibility that experience of both songs during learning contributes to the properties of individual AF neurons. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Neurobiol 33: 694–709, 1997
Personal computers empower strategic management

Although the personal computer (PC) invasion of the corporate world may be old news by now, most organizations are just beginning to appreciate some of the benefits—and hazards—of this new technology. The new developments in personal computing — not just PCs, but other sophisticated hardware and software, and networks as well—can have subtle effects on an organization. Evidence is mounting that computer technology is helping to improve the strategic vision of its users. Not only does the computer speed up such work as word processing and budgeting, it can actually change the way managers view their world and relate to it.
Open Access: The Community College Reconsidered

Column Editor's Note. As community college libraries are deeply under-represented in the professional literature and organizations of academic librarianship, the unique challenges facing these libr...
Water-soluble Au25(Capt)18 nanoclusters: synthesis, thermal stability, and optical properties

This work was motivated by the unsatisfactory stability of Au25(SG)18 in solution under thermal conditions (e.g. 70–90 °C for DNA melting). Thus, we searched for a better, water-soluble thiol ligand. Herein, we report a one-pot synthesis and investigation of the stability and optical properties of captopril (abbreviated Capt)-protected Au25(Capt)18 nanoclusters. The Au25(Capt)18 (anionic, counterion: Na+) nanoclusters were formed via size focusing under ambient conditions. Significantly, Au25(Capt)18 nanoclusters exhibit largely improved thermal stability compared to the glutathione (HSG) capped Au25(SG)18. Both Au25(Capt)18 and Au25(SG)18 nanoclusters show fluorescence centered at ∼700 nm. The chiral ligands (Capt, SG, as well as chirally modified phenylethanethiol (PET*)) give rise to distinct chiroptical features. The high thermal stability and distinct optical properties of Au25(Capt)18 nanoclusters render this material quite promising for biological applications.
Nonlinear 0---1 programming: I. Linearization techniques

Any real-valued nonlinear function in 0---1 variables can be rewritten as a multilinear function. We discuss classes of lower and upper bounding linear expressions for multilinear functions in 0---1 variables. For any multilinear inequality in 0---1 variables, we define an equivalent family of linear inequalities. This family contains the well-known system of generalized covering inequalities, as well as other linear equivalents of the multilinear inequality that are more compact, i.e., of smaller cardinality. In a companion paper [7]. we discuss dominance relations between various linear equivalents of a multilinear inequality, and describe a class of algorithms for multilinear 0---1 programming based on these results.
Updating distributed materialized views

The problem of updating materialized views in distributed database systems is discussed. An architecture and detailed procedures for updating a collection of remote views with arbitrary refresh times by using a single differential file are described. The efficiency of the update procedure is enhanced by adopting s multiquery optimization approach and by introducing a powerful prescreening procedure to eliminate differential tuples. It is shown that even for a single remote view, there are many instances where the update procedure performs better (with respect to total I/O and communication costs) than a base table approach. >