cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modeling Marsh Dynamics Using a 3-D Coupled Wave-Flow-Sediment Model

Salt marshes are dynamic biogeomorphic systems that respond to external physical factors, including tides, sediment transport, and waves and as well as internal processes such as autochthonous soild formation. Predicting the fate of marshes under future storms and sea-level rise requires a modeling framework that accounts for these processes in a coupled fashion. In this study, we implement two new marsh dynamic processes in the 3-D COAWST (coupled-ocean-atmosphere-wave sediment transport) model. The processes included are the erosion of the marsh edge scarp caused by lateral wave thrust from surface waves and vertical accretion driven by organic growth on the marsh platform. The edge erosion in the model occurs due to surface waves that reach grid cells at the marsh boundary; the associated lateral wave thrust lateral wave thrust leads to sediment release from these boundary cells to adjacent open water cells (non-marsh cells). Once a sufficient sediment is lost from a marsh-edge grid cell, the marsh cell is converted to a non-marsh cell, conceptually representing an intertidal mudflat. The sediment released from the marsh causes a change in bathymetry, thereby modifying the wave-energy reaching the marsh face. The vertical accretion occurs due to biomass production and is calculated by fitting a parabolic productivity curve between mean high water (MHW) and maximum vegetation depth for a given tidal range. MHW and tidal range are stored at user-defined intervals (on the order of days) as a hindcast and used to update the vertical growth formulation. Idealized domains are utilized to verify the lateral wave thrust formulation and show the dynamics of lateral wave erosion leading to horizontal retreat of marsh edge. The simulations of Reedy and Dinner Creeks within the Barnegat Bay estuary system show the model capability to account for both lateral wave erosion and vertical accretion due to organic growth in a realistic marsh complex. The simulations show that majority of accretion over the marsh complex occurs due to organic production while most estuarine sediment deposition occurs along the channel edges.
The landslide hazard in the San Francisco Bay region

Development in hilly or mountainous terrain has resulted in much landslide damage. Areas susceptible to landsliding can be recognized. Practices for minimizing landslides are presented.
Old Testament Theology

In these essays, Walter Brueggemann addresses the necessity for thinking about the shape and structure of Old Testament theology-and for the impact such thinking can have on the larger issues of Taking a reformed theological seminary student in the gift. It reflects an example of his masterful development devout scholarly study. All periods it is found, in the old testament theology following? The hebrew language the conversation to their work however not merely because of jericho. J typical of the scripture rejecting history. Waltke's an old testament and every sentence is no difficulties that they will. W moberly a textbook and major topics of god. Whatever approach using a textbook and, christian church and theologically it this volume offers.
Fuzzy learning control for anti-skid braking systems

Although antiskid braking systems (ABSs) are designed to optimize braking effectiveness while maintaining steerability, their performance often degrades for harsh road conditions (e.g., icy/snowy roads). The authors introduce the idea of using the fuzzy model reference learning control (FMRLC) technique for maintaining adequate performance even under such adverse road conditions. This controller utilizes a learning mechanism which observes the plant outputs and adjusts the rules in a direct fuzzy controller so that the overall system behaves like a reference model which characterizes the desired behavior. The performance of the FMRLC-based ABS is demonstrated by simulation for various road conditions (wet asphalt, icy) and 'split road conditions' (the condition where, e.g. emergency braking occurs and the road switches from wet to icy or vice versa). >
Optimization of multi-satellite systems using integrated Model Based System Engineering (MBSE) techniques

Advances in workstation computational capabilities have enabled more powerful modeling and simulation tools to system engineers. Concurrent Engineering Methodologies (CEMs) are now more accessible than ever before. Model Based System Engineering (MBSE) toolsets can be incorporated to the analysis process to facilitate the management of the requirements and design parameters and objectives. This paper explores how CEMs and MBSE techniques can be combined together to produce a single analytic framework we call the MBSE Integration for System Optimization (MISO). We test the approach on a pilot project to aid in the design of a resilient fire detection remote sensing constellation of small satellites. This proof-of-concept study showcases how the MISO analytic framework can be used to optimize satellite designs, trade-space generation, and requirements validation.
The long hold: Storing data at the National Archives

The National Archives is, in many respects, in a unique position. For example, I find people from other organizations describing an archival medium as one which will last for three to five years. At the National Archives, we deal with the centuries, not years. From our perspective, there is no archival medium for data storage, and we do not expect there will ever be one. Predicting the long-term future of information technology beyond a mere five or ten years approaches the occult arts. But one prediction is probably safe. It is that the technology will continue to change, at least until analysts start talking about the post-information age. If we did have a medium which lasted a hundred years or longer, we probably would not have a device capable of reading it. The issue of obsolescence, as opposed to media stability, is more complex and more costly. It is especially complex at the National Archives because of two other aspects of our peculiar position. The first aspect is that we deal with incoherent data. The second is that we are charged with satisfying unknown and unknowable requirements. A brief overview of these aspects is presented.
Race, expectations and evaluations of police performance: An empirical assessment

The purpose of the current study is two‐fold. First, using data obtained from a sample of crime victims (n = 122), this study empirically assesses the effect that police officer race has on evaluations of the police. Second, this study provides a greater specification of the effect that expectations regarding police performance have on evaluations of the police. ANOVA and Ordered Probit analyses indicate that police officer race does not influence victim evaluations of police performance. However, expectations do significantly influence evaluations of the police and furthermore, expectations of police performance differ across racial lines. Possible explanations for these findings and directions for future research are offered.
Limits to the role of palindromy in deletion formation.

The authors tested the effect of palindromy on deletion formation. This involved a study of reversion of insertion mutations in the pBR322 amp gene at a site where deletions and either in 9-bp direct repeats or in adjoining 4-bp direct repeats. Inserts of palindromic DNAs ranging from 10 to more than 26 bp and related nonpalindromic DNAs were compared. The frequency of deletions (selected as Amp{sup r} revertants) was stimulated by palindromy only at lengths greater than 26 bp. The 4-bp direct repeats, one component of which is located in the palindromic insert, were used preferentially as deletion endpoints with palindromes of at least 18 bp but not of 16 or 10 bp. The authors interpret these results with a model of slippage during DNA replication. Because deletion frequency and deletion endpoint location depend differently on palindrome length, the authors propose that different factors commit a molecule to undergo deletion and determine exactly where deletion endpoints will be.
Before You Write: Six Keys to Success - A Pilot Online Information Literacy Course for Graduate Nursing Students

In this article, the authors share their experiences with the creation and implementation of an online self-paced information literacy instruction for graduate students of nursing. Before You Write: Six Keys to success is a non-credit required online course attached to the Indiana University - Purdue University Fort Wayne (IPFW) graduate nursing program. The rationale behind the creation of the course was to help graduate students recognize areas where their information literacy skills may be lacking or have become outdated and provide them with tools to increase their proficiency, while still early in their first semester of the program. It consists of six self-paced modules with built in scenario based assessments. Before You Write was created, and is administered in, the university’s learning management system, Blackboard.
Self-Compassion and Trauma Processing Outcomes Among Victims of Violence

Self-compassion entails being kind and understanding toward oneself in instances of psychological pain and holding painful thoughts and feelings in mindful awareness. Self-compassion has been associated with positive mental health outcomes and may have implications for post-traumatic processing. Sixty-three female trauma survivors completed measures of post-traumatic stress and self-compassion (baseline). One week later, they were randomly assigned to one of three processing conditions to undergo an induction: “analytic” (brooding, conceptualizing), “experiential” (self-reflective, mindful experiencing), or control. Following induction, participants completed a trauma-specific interview to discuss their trauma. Before induction (T1) and after the interview (T2), women completed measures of anxiety and affectivity. At baseline, greater self-compassion correlated with less post-traumatic stress symptoms. After the induction and trauma interview at T2, greater self-kindness and mindfulness correlated with less anxiety and negative affectivity in controls. In the analytic processing condition, greater self-kindness correlated with less negative affectivity, whereas mindfulness correlated with less anxiety and negative affectivity and greater positive affectivity at T2. In the experiential processing condition, greater self-kindness correlated with more anxiety and positive affectivity at T2 and greater common humanity correlated with more anxiety at T2. Results indicated that processing modes exert differential effects of self-compassion on trauma-related anxiety and affectivity. During conditions of experiential processing, self-kindness may allow for greater tolerance of anxiety. During conditions of analytic processing, mindfulness may decrease anxiety and negative affectivity by reducing the tendency to perseverate on negative internal experiences. Implications for research, theory, and practice are discussed.
Low-income minority and homeless mothers' perceptions of their 9-13 year-old children's weight status, diet, and health.

The purpose of this study was to examine low-income mothers’ perceptions of their children’s height and weight in relation to actual measures, and perceptions of dietary quality and health status. Demographic, anthropometric, and dietary quality/health status data were collected during a multi-phase nutrition research project with low-income Minnesotans, and a sub-set of non-pregnant mother–child dyads (mothers ages ≥ 18 years, children ages 9–13 years) were analyzed (n = 257). Participants were Caucasian, African American, American Indian, Hispanic, Asian, or Other/mixed race, and most were homeless. Relationships between maternal perceptions of their child’s height and weight and the actual measures, and maternal perceptions of dietary quality and health status for the dyad, were examined using independent and paired samples t-tests, ANOVA, and paired samples correlations. Comparisons were also made by maternal and child body mass index (BMI) status and living situation. Mothers significantly underestimated their child’s height and weight (−4.8 ± 13.9 cm, P = 0.000; −5.3 ± 8.5 kg, P = 0.000); greatest misperceptions of weight were among mothers of overweight/obese children (P = 0.000). Mothers not reporting estimates of their child’s height and weight (n = 53) had higher BMIs (P = 0.029), and their children were younger (P = 0.000) and lighter (P = 0.021) compared to mothers who provided estimates. Inability to objectify children’s weight status may contribute to the obesity epidemic affecting low-income minority populations. Underestimation of weight status may be influenced by cultural perceptions of body image and socioeconomic status.
Synthesis of tris(dicyclohexylamido) titanium and zirconium chloride and the structure of (c-Hex2N)3TiCl

Abstract Reaction of MCl 4 (THF) 2 (M-Ti and Zr) with excess LiNCy 2 in pentane affords crystalline ( c -Hex 2 N) 3 MCl in greater than 70% yields. The products were characterized by 1 H, 13 C, 1 H and 13 C HETCOR NMR, and MS techniques. Crystalline ( c -Hex 2 N) 3 TiCl was also characterized by a single-crystal X-ray structure. Trends in the structural dimensions of (R 2 N) 3 TiCl are noted.
Studies on the fine structure of the mitochondrial derivative in spermatozoa of a gastropod

Spermatozoa of Limax sp. were studied by electron microscopy following thin section and freeze-fracture techniques. Mature spermatozoa were seen to be helically shaped, 150 microns long cells. A single mitochondrion extends the entire length of the spermatozoon. Its helical turn is the same as that of the spermatozoon. Freeze-fracture images of the spermatozoon reveal that the EF and PF, plasmalemmal faces contain scattered, 7-9 nm size particles, and that the PF, outer mitochondrial membrane face contains 8-10 nm size particles. The corresponding EF, outer mitochondrial face contains matching pits. A paracrystalline complex is situated between the inner and outer mitochondrial membranes. The complex is constructed of a series of 8-9 nm thick, 35 nm wide, helically orientated, tripartate elements which extend the full length of the spermatozoon. The helical tilt angle is approximately 55 degrees. Each element is composed of tightly approximated (interspace distance 10 nm), strands of particles 8-9 nm in diameter. Speculations as to the significance of this complex, and its location between inner and outer mitochondrial membranes are made. It is concluded that the paracrystalline order of the complex either reflects the molecular packing of enzyme systems present in the mitochondrion, or some other unknown function.
Region-specific regulation of preproenkephalin mRNA in cultured astrocytes.

Abstract Regulation of preproenkephalin (PPE) mRNA was examined in astrocytes cultured from several regions of the neonatal rat brain. Astrocytes from these regions expressed differing levels of PPE mRNA, with higher levels in astrocytes from the hypothalamus followed by frontal cortex and striatum. Further, PPE mRNA was regulated differently in hypothalamic than in striatal glia. Treatment of striatal astrocytes with the β-adrenergic agonist, isoproterenol, or with agents which directly increased intracellular cAMP (forskolin or 8-bromo-cAMP) elevated levels of PPE mRNA. By contrast, none of these treatments altered levels of PPE mRNA in hypothalamic astrocytes despite increasing cAMP levels 60-fold. These observations indicate that there is striking regional heterogeneity in the expression and regulation of PPE mRNA by astrocytes, suggesting that proenkephalin or its derived peptides help to mediate region-specific brain functions.
QR Codes in the Library

An introduction to the use of QR (Quick Response) codes is described with an emphasis on how libraries can apply them. As smartphone use increases, people are turning to their phones for instant access to information via mobile tagging. This column provides a quick history of one of the types of two-dimensional barcode technology; explains the QR code—what it is and how it generally works; and describes how libraries are incorporating QR codes into user services.
Density functional theory study of the adsorption of oxygen molecule on iron phthalocyanine and cobalt phthalocyanine

Iron phthalocyanine (FePc) and cobalt phthalocyanine (CoPc) molecules have been studied in the past as possible catalysts for oxygen reduction reactions. In this work, density functional theory (DFT) computation results of oxygen molecule (O2) adsorption on FePc and CoPc molecules are reported. For O2 on FePc, both end-on and side-on configurations are found to be energetically favourable but the end-on adsorption configurations are more stable than the side-on configurations. Moreover, our results predicted that compared to those in the end-on configuration, the adsorbed O2 molecules in the side-on configuration have weaker O–O bonds, which led us to believe that the side-on configurations would be more active in catalysing oxygen reduction reaction. In contrast, we found that only end-on configurations are energetically stable for O2 on CoPc. Based on our DFT calculation results and the corresponding experimental observations, we postulate that on the surface of transition metal phthalocyanine catalyst ...
Behavioral and neurophysiological effects of delayed training following a small ischemic infarct in primary motor cortex of squirrel monkeys

A focal injury within the cerebral cortex results in functional reorganization within the spared cortex through time-dependent metabolic and physiological reactions. Physiological changes are also associated with specific post-injury behavioral experiences. Knowing how these factors interact can be beneficial in planning rehabilitative intervention after a stroke. The purpose of this study was to assess the functional impact of delaying the rehabilitative behavioral experience upon movement representations within the primary motor cortex (M1) in an established nonhuman primate, ischemic infarct model. Five adult squirrel monkeys were trained on a motor-skill task prior to and 1 month after an experimental ischemic infarct was induced in M1. Movement representations of the hand were derived within M1 using standard electrophysiological procedures prior to the infarct and again one and two months after the infarct. The results of this study show that even though recovery of motor skills was similar to that of a previous study in squirrel monkeys after early training, unlike early training, delayed training did not result in maintenance of the spared hand representation within the M1 peri-infarct hand area. Instead, delaying training resulted in a large decrease in spared hand representation during the spontaneous recovery period that persisted following the delayed training. In addition, delayed training resulted in an increase of simultaneously evoked movements that are typically independent. These results indicate that post-injury behavioral experience, such as motor skill training, may modulate peri-infarct cortical plasticity in different ways in the acute versus chronic stages following stroke.
Using 2MASS to detect main sequence companions to subdwarf B stars

We explore the binary fraction of subdwarf B (sdB) stars by using the Two Micron All Sky Survey to search for main sequence companions. We have convolved Kurucz models with appropriate filter bandpasses to examine how various combinations separate single sdB stars from sdB+MS binaries. We notice that the 2MASS magnitude limits greatly increase the fraction of inferred sdB+MS binaries and examine a magnitude-limited sample appropriate for single sdB stars.
Electrical Resistance Measurements on Fibers and Fiber Assemblies

The resistance of single textile fibers and assemblies of these fibers has been studied because of its relation to the effects of static electricity in fibrous materials. An apparatus has been con structed to measure resistances of fibers and assemblies from 108 to 10 16 ohms at specified tem peratures and relative humidities. Results of measurements at 30°C on some natural fibers (wool, cotton, hair, silk) and on some man-made fibers (rayon, acetate, nylon, casein) are given for relative humidities from 52% to 85%. Some other synthetic fibers (Orlon, Dacron, Dynel, polyethylene, Velon) have resistances too high to be measured conveniently with the present apparatus. All of the materials measured were found to be ohmic and largely free from polari zation effects at voltage gradients up to several hundred volts per centimeter, the limiting values used in the study. The resistivities of all materials tested decreased rapidly with increasing moisture content of the material, the resistivity varying inversely...
k-alternating knots

Abstract A projection of a knot is k - alternating if its overcrossings and undercrossings alternate in groups of k as one reads around the projection (an obvious generalization of the notion of an alternating projection). We prove that every knot admits a 2-alternating projection, which partitions nontrivial knots into two classes: alternating and 2-alternating.
Sensorineural hearing loss, early greying, and essential tremor: a new hereditary syndrome?

Objective To present a syndrome composed of sensorineural hearing loss, early greying of scalp hair, and adult-onset essential tremor. Study design Retrospective chart review. Setting Tertiary care academic hospital. Results Three individuals were seen with this triad, each with family members with similar features. Our patients are a 65-year-old man and two women in their 40s. Two noted hearing loss in adulthood, one as a child. All had complete greying in their 20s. The women developed essential tremor in their 20s, and the man in his 50s. All individuals have blue eyes without heterochromia. Additional evaluation failed to further categorize these patients. Each has two or more immediate family members with a combination of these findings. Molecular genetic testing suggests this is not a variant of Waardenburg syndrome. Conclusion We believe this represents a previously unreported hereditary syndrome. Significance This new syndrome should be considered in the context of other syndromes involving audition, pigmentation, and movement.
Intracranial Aneurysms in Previously Irradiated Fields: Literature Review and Case Report

Objective Radiotherapy is a common treatment for a variety of disease processes in the central nervous system; it has an ever-increasing number of indications and applications. With the life expectancy of cancer patients increasing, delayed complications of radiation have become more apparent. One such potential complication is the appearance of intracranial aneurysms in the irradiated field. The incidence and natural history of these aneurysms is not well understood. To this end, we performed a review of the literature to analyze the current state of knowledge of these rare aneurysms. Furthermore, we present a case treated at our center. Methods We reviewed the literature for all reported cases of intracranial aneurysms appearing in an irradiated field, including any available histopathologic analysis. All papers were included irrespective of the language in which it was published. We calculated the mean age at radiation exposure, the interval between radiation exposure, and aneurysm development and the rate of presentation. Herein we also present a case of an intracranial aneurysm in a 38-year-old patient detected in an irradiation field 33 years after the patient underwent craniospinal irradiation for a medulloblastoma. Results A total of 46 patients with 69 intracranial aneurysms in irradiation fields were reported between 1978 and 2013. The mean age at radiation exposure was 34 years, and the mean lag time between exposure and diagnosis was 12 years (range, 4 months to 50 years). The median lag time between exposure and diagnosis was shorter in patients older than 40 (6 years). Among the reported aneurysms, 83% were saccular, 9% were fusiform, and 9% were considered pseudo-aneurysms. The Median lag time was 20 years for brachytherapy, 8 years for focused radiation, 9 years for whole brain radiation, and 6 years for SRS. Among reported aneurysms, 55% presented with some form of hemorrhage: intracranial rupture with subarachnoid hemorrhage, epistaxis, or otorrhagia. Only 13% were discovered on routine follow-up or were found incidentally for work-up of unrelated neurologic symptoms. Conclusion Although rarely reported, intracranial aneurysms in irradiation fields may warrant special attention when diagnosed. These aneurysms may have an inherently weaker structure and may be more prone to rupture. Their repair may also be complicated by more fragile and irregular morphology. The increasing longevity of cancer patients suggests that screening for aneurysms at irradiation sites may be warranted, but further studies are needed to validate this approach.
THE RECENT EMERGENCE OF PRIVATE CHRISTIAN COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES IN RUSSIA:HISTORICAL REASONS AND CONTEMPORARY DEVELOPMENTS

Abstract Although the history of Christianity in Russia dates back to the tenth century, the history of private Christian higher education in Russia is no more than a decade. This paper first explains the historical reasons for this fact and then describes the contemporary development of faith-based private education in Russia over the past decade. When Russia's system of higher education first developed, both the system and the Russian Orthodox Church were under the centralized control of the Russian government. Thus, although Christian perspectives and practices influenced Russian higher education, the Orthodox Church did not start or control universities. The period of communist control in Russia meant that Russian Orthodox perspectives and practices in Russian universities were abolished. Only in the post-communist era have a small number of Christian colleges and universities begun to emerge. These schools represent an interesting cross-section of Christian groups and a unique element in Russia's eme...
The craze‐tip deformation zone in PC/SAN microlayer composites

Crazing in styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer (SAN) layers of polycarbonate (PC)/SAN microlayer composites and the deformation zone that formed in the PC layer in response to the stress concentration created at the PC/SAN interface by the craze tip were examined by optical and scanning electron microscopy. A 49-layer composite with relatively thick layers, on the size scale of tens of microns, was chosen in order to confine interactions to the region of a single PC/SAN interface. The SAN craze density, which increased with applied stress, was shown to fit the Weibull distribution function. The distance between crazes was described by a correlation length, and the distribution of correlation lengths indicated that crazing occurred randomly in the SAN layers. In the PC layer, the crazetip deformation zone consisted of a colinear plastic zone together with a pair of microshearbands that grew away from the craze tip at an angle of about 45°. Assuming a blunted craze tip, the plastic zone was analyzed using the slip-line field theory. The dependence of the micro-shearband length on remote stress was similar to that predicted by both the BCS and Vitek models. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
SU‐GG‐J‐49: Interfractional Breast Shape Variation and Dosimetric Consequences in Whole Breast Irradiation

Purpose: This work aims to quantify interfractional variations in breast shape and their dosimetric consequences for conformal whole breast irradiation (WBI). Materials/Methods: Daily CT data acquired for 10 breast cancer patients during IGRT were analyzed. Patients were setup supine and daily pre‐treatment CTs were acquired using CT‐on‐Rails (CTVision, Siemens). Contours of breast and critical structures on daily CTs were generated using a tool (ABAS, CMS) based on deformable image registration. Interfractional changes of breast shape and volume were measured by using Dice's Coefficient. For each patient, two commonly‐used WBI plans with tangential beams based on the planning CT, one using wedges and another using field‐in‐field (FiF) technique, were developed. Each daily CT was registered with corresponding planning CT to obtain repositioning shifts. Plans were applied to the daily CTs. Dosimetric variations were measured by a series of dose‐volume parameters. Results: Breast volume variations were generally small. Interfractional shifts can be significant and breast shape varies modestly. The average overlap between planning and daily breast volumes was 88–93%. The daily values of D95 and D50 (dose received by 95% and 50% of treated breast volume) varied by 1–2% from their planning values for both plans. For D98, the variation was upto 5%. These variations were not significantly different between the wedge and FIF plans. Daily global maximum was on average increased by 2–4% for the FiF plans as compared to the wedge plans. The interfractional variation of V52.5 (volume receiving 52.5 Gy) was significantly higher for FiF plans compared to the corresponding wedge plans. Conclusion: Interfractional variations in patient positioning result in modest breast shape changes which can lead to dosimetric variations during the course of treatment and cannot be fully corrected for by patient repositioning. FiF plans are more sensitive to the breast shape change than wedge plans.
Taxane Analogues against Breast Cancer: A Quantitative Structure–Activity Relationship Study

Breast cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death among women in the United States. Two taxane analogues, taxol and taxotere, are the most important antimitotic drugs currently in clinical use for the treatment of breast cancers. However, recent reports have indicated that the use of these drugs often results in various undesired side effects as well as multi-drug resistance. These limitations have led to the development of new taxane derivatives with fewer side effects, superior pharmacological properties, and improved anticancer activity to maximize the induced benefits for breast cancer patients. Herein, four series of taxane derivatives were used to correlate their inhibitory activities against breast cancer cells with their hydrophobic and steric properties in order to understand their chemical-biological interactions. The resulting QSARs show that the inhibitory activities of taxane analogues against breast cancers are mainly dependent either on their hydrophobicity or the hydrophobic/molar refractivity descriptor of their substituents. A parabolic correlation with MR(Y) is the most encouraging example, in which the optimum value of this parameter is well defined. We believe this correlation may prove to be an adequate predictive model that can help provide guidance in design and synthesis and subsequently yield highly specific compounds that may have high anti-breast-cancer activity with fewer side effects and superior pharmacological properties. On the basis of this QSAR model, five compounds are suggested as potential synthetic targets. Internal (cross-validation (LOO-q(2) and LMO-q(2)), quality factor (Q), Fischer statistics (F), and Y-randomization) and external validation tests have validated all the QSAR models.
The significance of unstable chromosomes in colorectal cancer

A very large fraction of cancers have an abnormal genetic content, called aneuploidy, which is characterized by changes in chromosome structure and number. One explanation for this aneuploidy is chromosomal instability, in which cancer cells gain or lose whole chromosomes or large fractions of chromosomes at a greatly increased rate compared with normal cells. Here, we explore experimental and theoretical evidence for the initiation of chromosomal instability in very early colorectal cancers, and reflect on the role that chromosomal instability could have in colorectal tumorigenesis.
Elastic and mechanical properties of Nb(Cr, V)2 C15 Laves phases

Abstract The effect of vanadium alloying additions to NbCr2 has been studied, focusing on the phase stability, defect structures, elastic properties, and mechanical behavior of these C15 Laves phases. First, the ternary Nb–Cr–V phase diagram is presented. The C15 phase field of NbCr2 is significantly extended by V alloying along the constant niobium isoplethal section, suggesting that V atoms substitute primarily on Cr sites rather than Nb sites. Next, the elastic properties of the C15 Nb(Cr, V)2 Laves phases were examined using resonant ultrasound spectroscopy. The vanadium alloyed Laves phase alloys have slightly higher shear modulus values and lower Poisson's ratios than binary NbCr2. Finally, the mechanical properties of the C15 phases were investigated by indentation tests at different temperatures. Increasing the vanadium content modestly increases the strength but slightly decreases the fracture toughness and increases the brittle-to-ductile transition temperature in the alloys. The correlations between the phase stability, defect structures, elastic properties, and mechanical response of the C15 phases are discussed using a combination of atomic size arguments and electronic structure analyses. From these interpretations, an alloying strategy for improving the mechanical properties in C15 NbCr2 is proposed.
Reliability of laser flash thermal diffusivity measurements of the thermal barrier coatings

The thermal diffusivity of free standing thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) was measured by the laser flash technique. The combination of low thermal conductivity (1 to 2 W/m K) and small TBC thickness (300 to 600 µm thick) can cause errors in the measurements. Back surface (opposite the laser) temperatures of free standing plasma-sprayed TBCs were measured as a function of time and laser power. The front surface temperatures were calculated using thermal transport equations. In the high power region, thermal diffusivity decreased significantly with increasing laser power. In the moderate power region, thermal diffusivity remained constant. In the low power region, measurement became unreliable because of noise. The detector nonlinearity was believed to be a possible cause of deviation in the high power region. Measurements at different laser power levels should be conducted in order to obtain reliable thermal diffusivity values for TBCs.
Control of red cell urea and water permeability by sulfhydryl reagents

The binding constant for pCMBS (p-chloromercuribenzenesulfonate) inhibition of human red cell water transport has been determined to be 160 +/- 30 microM and that for urea transport inhibition to be 0.09 +/- 0.06 microM, indicating that there are separate sites for the two inhibition processes. The reaction kinetics show that both processes consist of a bimolecular association between pCMBS and the membrane site followed by a conformational change. Both processes are very slow and the on rate constant for the water inhibition process is about 10(5) times slower than usual for inhibitor binding to membrane transport proteins. pCMBS binding to the water transport inhibition site can be reversed by cysteine while that to the urea transport inhibition site can not be reversed. The specific stilbene anion exchange inhibitor, DBDS (4,4'-dibenzamidostilbene-2,2'-disulfonate) causes a significant change in the time-course of pCMBS inhibition of water transport, consistent with a linkage between anion exchange and water transport. Consideration of available sulfhydryl groups on band 3 suggests that the urea transport inhibition site is on band 3, but is not a sulfhydryl group, and that, if the water transport inhibition site is a sulfhydryl group, it is located on another protein complexed to band 3, possibly band 4.5.
Dorsal Nasal Mucocele: A Delayed Complication of Rhinoplasty

Mucocele formation is a very rare complication of rhinoplasty surgery, with only 26 incidences documented in the medical literature. Postrhinoplasty nasal mucoceles are believed to result from the growth of ectopic nasal respiratory epithelium displaced during the rhinoplasty procedure. Although most cases of nasal mucocele present within weeks of rhinoplasty surgery, exceptional accounts describe nasal mucoceles presenting years after rhinoplasty. This case report describes an extremely delayed case of dorsal nasal mucocele that presented 21 years after the patient underwent a septorhinoplasty. The aesthetically bothersome mucocele was successfully removed with an open rhinoplasty approach, and the histopathologic analysis was consistent with a simple benign mucous retention cyst. The history, etiology, and prevention of mucocele formation in rhinoplasty surgery also are discussed. This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .
Hyperscaling in the Ising model

The high temperature series expansions relevant to the hyperscaling relation ..delta.. = /sup 1///sub 2/(d..nu.. + ..gamma..) are extended and reexamined. Hyperscaling is found to hold in 2 dimensions as expected, but fails in 3 and 4 dimensions. The triviality of hyperstrong-coupling, Euclidean, Boson, phi/sup 4/ field theory follows.
Staphylococcus aureus intramammary infection elicits increased production of transforming growth factor-α, β1, and β2

In contrast to other mastitis pathogens, the host response evoked during Staphylococcus aureus intramammary infection is marked by the absence of the induction of critical cytokines, including IL-8 and TNF-α, which have established roles in mediating host innate immunity. The elucidation of changes in the expression of other mediators with the potential to regulate mammary inflammatory responses to S. aureus remains lacking. Transforming growth factor (TGF)-α, TGF-β1, and TGF-β2 are cytokines that regulate mammary gland development. Because these cytokines also have a demonstrated role in mediating inflammation, the objective of the current study was to determine whether S. aureus intramammary infection influences their expression. Ten cows were challenged with S. aureus and milk samples collected. Increases in milk levels of TGF-α were evident within 32 h of infection and persisted for 16 h. Increases in TGF-β1 and TGF-β2 levels were detected within 40 h of S. aureus infection and persisted through the end of the study. Thus, in contrast to IL-8 and TNF-α, S. aureus elicits host production of TGF-α, TGF-β1, and TGF-β2. This finding may suggest a role for these cytokines in mediating mammary gland host innate immune responses to S. aureus.
Radiological aspects of the arthropathy of relapsing polychondritis

Relapsing polychondritis is a cause of sacro-iliac arthritis with bone erosion, but the peripheral arthritis in this condition is not usually associated with bone erosion.
Cardiac response time of X-15 pilots: A cross-correlation analysis

Abstract This analysis shows that significant cross-correlations do exist between respiration rates and heart rate. The response times are variable and both the degree of correlation and the length of response time can be meaningfully related to environmental factors. In the initial “restful” phases, the correlations are high; they vanish as stress increases, and reappear in the later “fatigue” phases, when the response times were found to be of maximum length. Most interestingly, the correlations were also very high in phases of sustained stress. This suggests that more complex procedures developed for the analysis of dynamic indutrial processes, e.g., frequency response analysis, spectral analysis, zeta transforms, might be very profitably applied to the study of biological systems in experiments outside the traditional laboratory. Lastly, while the purpose of this investigation was not to have considered more variables than have been considered, perhaps the most significant finding is that the correlations exist between two simple variables in what is know to be a complex multivariable system.
Time to speak up: A theoretical framework of situated pedagogy and practice for communication across the curriculum

(2001). Time to speak up: A theoretical framework of situated pedagogy and practice for communication across the curriculum. Communication Education: Vol. 50, No. 2, pp. 144-158.
On the appeals of extremism to the youth of affluent, democratic societies

Abstract This is a study of the appeals of political extremism to those who would appear to have no objective reasons for being attracted to it, namely, a portion of the upper‐middle‐class and upper‐class youth of modem, affluent, democratic societies. It is felt that this appeal is based mainly on psychological factors resulting from problems created by the modern world reacting with the special temperament of youth, particularly young persons going through the modern form of adolescence in the partly artificial environment of the universities. The paper notes how conformism patterns prevailing in this special environment will spread the popularity of extremist views once they have become established among some key groups in it. The paper also discusses the factors that have made left‐wing extremism far more popular than right‐wing extremism during the post‐World War II period, the reasons why significant student extremism came to the United States later than to Europe, and the hypothesis that student ex...
Local Climate Influences on Precipitation, Cloud Water, and Dry Deposition to an Adirondack Subalpine Forest: Insights from Observations 1986–1996

Few studies of total atmospheric deposition (dry deposition, cloud droplet capture, rainfall, and snowfall) of major elements (S, N, Ca, Mg, and K) have been conducted in high-elevation forests. This paper presents the results of the first long-term observations (1986-1996) of total atmospheric deposition (wet + dry + cloud water) to a subalpine forest in the northeastern USA. Total atmospheric deposition of N to a forest at 1050 m elevation on Whiteface Mountain, NY, averaged 17.2 kg ha -1 yr -1 , with 6.5 kg ha -1 yr -1 deposited as NH 4 and 10.8 kg ha -1 yr -1 as NO 3 . Total S deposition averaged 18.3 kg ha -1 yr -1 Orographic effects both enhanced rainfall and increased interannual variance of ion concentrations and wet deposition compared to nearby low-elevation monitoring stations. Cloud droplet capture by the forest canopy varied substantially from year-to-year in response to changing meteorological conditions, contributing between 6 and 31% of total annual water inputs, which averaged 156.1 cm yr -1 . Cloud water deposition was responsible for approximately 50%, and dry deposition approximately 10% of total annual N and S deposition. The signal from known decadal trends in atmospheric concentrations and fluxes of S in the northeastern USA was partially masked by high-frequency (intra- and inter-annual) variance associated with local climatic effects on precipitation and cloud water fluxes at this high-elevation site. These observations suggest that atmospheric deposition rates to high-elevation forests may be more responsive to climatic fluctuations and less responsive to recent and expected changes in atmospheric chemical burdens than in surrounding low-elevation ecosystems.
LIVE: a light-weight data workspace for computational science

We present the Lightweight Information Validation Environment, LIVE as asolution to the high complexity and data sizes of modern day computational science applications. LIVE is a data workspace that facilitates the creation of dynamic data processing overlays we call I/O graphs. We use LIVE as aplatform for dynamic extension of scientific applications using lightweight data extraction, runtime discovery and flexible data selection.
Quantitation of anti‐NP (4‐hydroxy‐3‐nitrophenyl)‐acetyl idiotype expression on spleen and thymus cells

Direct binding of 125I-labeled rabbit anti-NPb idiotype antibodies (RaId) was used to quantitate the expression by immune spleen and thymus cells of NPbId, the characteristic Id of the lambda 1-containing antibodies made by C57BL/6 (B6) mice to the (4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl)acetyl (NP) group. Direct binding of RaId by B and T cell preparations reached a maximum of 12 ng RaId per 10(8) cells at 7 days after immunization. Spleen T cell preparations maintained similar levels of binding after positive selection for Thy-1.2+ cells and overnight culture. RaId binding was also demonstrated for immune B6 thymus cells and for spleen and thymus cells of immune SJL mice, which have the appropriate heavy chain allotype for NPbId expression but have only barely detectable serum Id. However, the NPbId of T and B cell preparations were indistinguishable by (a) the susceptibility of RaId binding by the cells to inhibition by hapten or by antibodies to the variable regions of lambda light chains (anti-V lambda) and by (b) the ability of anti-V lambda and of monoclonal antibodies to the constant region of lambda 1 chains (anti-C lambda 1) to immunoprecipitate antigen (NP10-bovine serum albumin)-binding proteins from detergent extracts of isotopically labeled cells. The results strongly imply that virtually all of the NPbId of T cell preparations is due to conventional NPbId antibody that is tightly bound to T cells. The results do not, however, exclude the possibility that the T cell preparations contain a trace amount (less than or equal to 1 ng/10(8) cells) of unusual NPbId-like molecules that lack lambda chains.
To market, to market: imperial capitalism’s destruction of social capital and the family

Abstract The market, far from being the sine qua non for modern society in general, and the family in particular, has eroded the social fiber that gives shape and resilience to the experiences of individuals, families, and ultimately, the market itself. Reviewing both historical and feminist analysis of the family in a capitalist market society, it is clear that the modern market is imperial. Not only does it transform every human interaction into a transient market exchange, it undermines the basis for social reproduction through the family. Using the concept of social capital as a primary analytical tool, this paper argues that the distinction between home and market labor has been unnecessarily polarized, limiting policy options. Thus, society’s ability to produce and maintain long-standing social networks is put at risk, paradoxically reducing the market’s ability to perform efficiently.JEL Categories: D10; J22; J16
Infrared laser spectroscopy of explosives particles and residues

We present characterization of explosives residues and particles using infrared quantum cascade lasers, including standoff detection, hyperspectral imaging, micro-spectroscopy, nano-spectroscopy, reference spectra collection, and modeling.
Endothelial cell dynamics under pulsating flows: significance of high versus low shear stress slew rates (d(tau)/dt).

Shear stress modulates endothelial cell (EC) remodeling via realignment and elongation. We provide the first evidence that the upstroke slopes of pulsatile flow, defined as shear stress slew rates (positive ∂τ/∂τ affect significantly the rates at which ECs remodel. We designed a novel flow system to isolate various shear stress slew rates by precisely controlling the frequency, amplitude, and time-averaged shear stress τave of pulsatile flow. Bovine aortic endothelial cell (BAEC) monolayers were exposed to three conditions: (1) pulsatile flow (1 Hz) at high slew rate (293 dyn/cm2 s), (2) pulsatile flow (1 Hz) at low slew rate (71 dyn/cm2 s), and (3) steady laminar flow at ∂τ/∂t=0. All of the three conditions were operated at τave=50{dyn/cm}2. BAEC elongation and alignment were measured over 17 h. We were able to demonstrate the effects of shear stress slew rates ∂τ/∂t on EC remodeling at a fixed spatial shear stress gradient (∂τ/∂x). We found that pulsatile flow significantly increased the rates at which EC elongated and realigned, compared to steady flow at ∂τ/∂t=0. Furthermore, EC remodeling was faster in response to high than to low slew rates at a given tau τave © 2002 Biomedical Engineering Society. PAC2002: 8719Tt, 8719Rr