cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Making the Monkey: How the Togean Macaque Went from "New Form" to "Endemic Species" in Indonesians' Conservation Biology

Indonesian scientists inhabit a postcolonial world where they are both elite (within the nation) and subaltern (within transnational science) at precisely the same moments. A study of science that is neither “ethno” nor “Euro” requires a postcolonial refiguration not only of how science's matter is made but of where and by whom. In the 1990s, the Togean macaque (Macaca togeanus) was proposed as a new species endemic to the Togean Islands, the proposed site of a new conservation area in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. In the scientific production of biodiverse nature, Indonesian primatologists identified the monkey first as a “new form,” then as a “dubious name,” and subsequently, as an “endemic species.” Throughout these acts of making, unmaking, and remaking the monkey, its unique and endemic status was important for developing Indonesian conservation biology, attracting foreign donors, and enlisting government and public interest in Togean Island nature, even as forms of nature important to Togean peoples were overwritten in this process.
Large-Eddy Simulations of a normal shock train in a constant-area isolator

Large-eddy simulation of a normal shock train in a constant-area isolator model (M∞=1.61, Reθ≈1660) is carried out to investigate solution sensitivity with respect to a variety of physical modeling assumptions. Simulations with spanwise periodic boundary conditions are first performed, the results of which are compared with experiment and validated with a three-level grid refinement study. Due to the computational cost associated with resolving near-wall structures, the large-eddy simulation is run at a Reynolds number lower than that in the comparison experiment; thus, the confinement effect of the turbulent boundary layers is not exactly duplicated. Although this discrepancy is found to affect the location of the first normal shock, the overall structure of the shock train and its interaction with the boundary layers matches the experiment quite closely. Observations of pertinent physical phenomena in the experiment, such as a lack of reversed flow in the mean and the development of secondary shear laye...
Thermal Management in RF MEMS Ohmic Switches

Today, an ideal microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) switch is no longer a designer’s dream, yet electrothermomechanical (ETM) effects still limit the design possibilities and may adversely affect reliability of microswitches, especially the Ohmic-type cantilever contact switches. The ETM effects are a result of Joule heat generated at the switch contact areas (i.e., electrical interfaces). This heat is due to an electrical signal passing through a microswitch, internal resistance of contact materials, and characteristics of the electrical contact interface. It significantly raises temperature of a microswitch, thus adversely affecting mechanical and electrical properties of the contacts, leading to their wear or even welding, which is a major reliability issue. Fundamental research is being performed to minimize Joule heat effects in the electrical interface area, thus improving the microswitch performance and reliability. Thermal analysis conducted computationally on an Ohmic-type RF MEMS switch indicate heat affected zones (HAZ) and the influence that various parameters have on those zones. Such analysis facilitates mitigation of thermal management issues that may otherwise be detrimental to functional operation of a microswitch.© 2007 ASME
EXPERIMENTAL HYBRIDIZATION AS A TOOL FOR STUDYING SELECTION IN THE WILD

Selection experiments in the wild have greatly aided our understanding of how selection shapes phenotypic diversity in natural populations. However, these experi- ments have been hindered by the fact that the traits most important to adaptation and speciation may be fixed within populations. Experimental hybridization offers a means to circumvent this problem since crosses can be made between populations or species that differ for the trait of interest. Here, we discuss the advantages and limitations of this approach, review results from published studies, and suggest strategies for future experi- ments. Advantages associated with this approach include the ability to "generate" variation for traits of interest, as well as the increased sensitivity of selection assays because of the wider range of trait values characteristic of segregating hybrids. Moreover, experimental hybridization can be extended to crosses between near-isogenic lines, allowing the effects of major quantitative trait loci (QTLs) to be dissected in a well-defined genetic background. Limitations include widespread linkage disequilibrium created by hybridization, possible cosegregation of hybrid incompatibilities, and the large number of variable traits likely to affect hybrid fitnesses. Even with these limitations, this basic approach has been remarkably successful. We now know, for example, that many morphological differences between divergent populations or species are under selection and that the selection gradients may be surprisingly large. Also, small genetic changes in premating barriers may have large effects on assortative mating. With respect to discussions about the role of hybridization in evolution, experiments indicate that some hybrid trait combinations may be advantageous, particularly when the hybrid populations are placed in a new environment. Future studies seem likely to combine selection measurements with genetic mapping of the QTLs under- lying the selected traits. Natural hybrid zones hold particular promise for these kinds of studies because the only experimental manipulation required is the removal of small amounts of tissue for genotyping.
The Integration of Human Factors and Industrial Design for Consumer Products

The successful integration of Human Factors and Industrial Design will produce an aesthetically pleasing and functionally superior product. A case study in the design of a new manual toothbrush is used to illustrate techniques and studies developed over 4 years to produce a consumer product along rational human factors lines in conjunction with innovative industrial design. The primary functional requirement was that the final product be significantly better in plaque removal than other leading manual toothbrushes with adequate data to support advertising claims as well as eliciting strong consumer appeal. Language: en
On the characterizations of the breakdown points of nonlinear vibrating string

Abstract We consider the mixed initial and boundary value problem of a hyperbolic 2-conservation law which describes the motion of a model of nonlinear vibrating string. It is known that solutions of such problems eventually break down in the sense that some of their first-order derivatives become unbounded at finite time. We call a point at which the breakdown first occurs a breakdown point. We prove that there are at most finitely many breakdown points. We also characterize such points in regard to existence or nonexistence of shock curves.
Mixed-Age Grouped Preschoolers' Moral Behavior and Understanding

Abstract Prior research on young children's moral development has been conducted primarily in same-age environments. The purpose of this present research was to investigate whether preschool children's moral (helping) behaviors are related to younger peer-directed internal state language (talking about a younger peer's feelings, wants, and abilities), perspective-taking skills, and attendance at a child development oriented, mixed-age child care center. Twenty-one pairs of children (older peer: 4- 6-years-old; younger peer: 2- 3-years-old) were videotaped while playing with four toys and three puzzles, which were presented singly. Results indicated that moral (helping) behaviors were positively and significantly related to frequency of vocal turns to the younger peer, to perspective-taking ability, and to length of attendance at a mixed-age center. Also, the data supported the developmental notion that perspective-taking ability is related to age. Mixed-age group care settings may facilitate young childre...
Ventrolateral preoptic nucleus contains sleep-active, galaninergic neurons in multiple mammalian species.

The ventrolateral preoptic nucleus (VLPO) is a group of sleep-active neurons that has been identified in the hypothalamus of rats and is thought to inhibit the major ascending monoaminergic arousal systems during sleep; lesions of the VLPO cause insomnia. Identification of the VLPO in other species has been complicated by the lack of a marker for this cell population, other than the expression of Fos during sleep. We now report that a high percentage of the sleep-active (Fos-expressing) VLPO neurons express mRNA for the inhibitory neuropeptide, galanin, in nocturnal rodents (mice and rats), diurnal rodents (degus), and cats. A homologous (i.e. galanin mRNA-containing cell group) is clearly distinguishable in the ventrolateral region of the preoptic area in diurnal and nocturnal monkeys, as well as in humans. Galanin expression may serve to identify sleep-active neurons in the ventrolateral preoptic area of the mammalian brain. The VLPO appears to be a critical component of sleep circuitry across multiple species, and we hypothesize that shrinkage of the VLPO with advancing age may explain sleep deficits in elderly humans.
Assessing fine-scale genetic structure and relatedness in the micro-endemic Florida bog frog

The Florida bog frog (Rana okaloosae) is restricted to approximately 25 seepage drainages on the Florida Panhandle, southeastern USA. We evaluated fine-scale (<1–10 km) genetic structure among 80 samples from a long-term study area in one portion of its range. We also included co-distributed samples (N = 48) from bronze frogs (R. clamitans). Individual R. okaloosae were significantly more related to one another than expected under panmixia, though significant patterns of isolation-by-distance were detected reflecting limited dispersal. Bayesian clustering failed to identify discrete genetic clusters within species. Subtle, though important differences in genetic structuring between R. okaloosae and R. clamitans suggests that future efforts to predict the impact of landscape changes on Rana okaloosae, should focus on the species itself rather than R. clamitans as a surrogate species.
The use of linear programming in curve fitting

Abstract The mechanical technique if linear programming is employed to resolve multiple simultaneous exponetials and multiple unresolved Gaussians into thier simple components. The necessary theory is derived for the resolution of the linear combinations of any family of non-linear terms. Specific guidlines are given for application of the technique to real data.
Origin and Emplacement of Alpine-type Ultramafic Rocks

Intrusive peridotites predominate among alpine-type ultramafites in the Appalachians and reflect genesis in a continental (ensialic) eugeosynclinal environment; ophiolites occur in the extreme northern part and reflect an oceanic (ensimatic) environment. Their distribution in time and space imposes severe constraints on the extent of the Appalachian/Caledonian Ocean.
Probing Single-Stranded DNA Conformational Flexibility Using Fluorescence Spectroscopy

Single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) is an essential intermediate in various DNA metabolic processes and interacts with a large number of proteins. Due to its flexibility, the conformations of ssDNA in solution can only be described using statistical approaches, such as flexibly jointed or worm-like chain models. However, there is limited data available to assess such models quantitatively, especially for describing the flexibility of short ssDNA and RNA. To address this issue, we performed FRET studies of a series of oligodeoxythymidylates, (dT)N, over a wide range of salt concentrations and chain lengths (10 < or = N < or = 70 nucleotides), which provide systematic constraints for testing theoretical models. Unlike in mechanical studies where available ssDNA conformations are averaged out during the time it takes to perform measurements, fluorescence lifetimes may act here as an internal clock that influences fluorescence signals depending on how fast the ssDNA conformations fluctuate. A reasonably good agreement could be obtained between our data and the worm-like chain model provided that limited relaxations of the ssDNA conformations occur within the fluorescence lifetime of the donor. The persistence length thus estimated ranges from 1.5 nm in 2 M NaCl to 3 nm in 25 mM NaCl.
Polymer chain entanglements and brittle fracture. III: Critical fracture strength of macromolecular materials

En continuite avec la theorie developpee par les auteurs relative a l'energie de rupture fragile de polymeres, calcul de la resistance critique a la rupture τ FO et du taux d'etirage des segments de chaines a la rupture de polymeres de masse moleculaire M superieure a 2Me, Me etant la masse moleculaire des chaines entre les enchevetrements
Case study of exchange processes on the western boundary of the gulf stream using NOAA-2 satellite data and ship data

Abstract Eddies on the western boundary of the Gulf Stream off the southeast coast of the United States were studied using NOAA-2 IR data and data collected by the R/V DALLAS HERRING. The eddies in question had short life cycles (not much more than 72 hours) and were of small vertical extent (at most 60 m deep). These eddies appear to be the result of the steering of currents in shelf water toward the Gulf Stream boundary by the shoals found off the various capes from Cape Hatteras southward. This led to the penetration of a tongue of shelf water into the Gulf Stream and an eventual isolation of a lens of Gulf Stream water on the shelf.
An exploration of unintended online private information disclosure in educational institutions across four countries

Advanced Google search queries can be used to extract sensitive information from websites that can potentially be exploited for malice. The purpose of this paper is to identify the existence of unintended private information disclosure possibilities in educational institutions across four countries through advanced search techniques such as Google Hacking. Google Hacking is a technique of retrieving information that may not be intended for public retrieval using advanced Google search operators. The focus is on the country level comparison of Excel files which contain unintended private information. For this exploratory study, we used relevant Google hacking search queries to retrieve Excel spreadsheet files which contain personally identifiable information from higher education institutions of India, US, South Korea, and Romania. Our analysis of these retrieved files establishes that each country shows (1) a different perception of privacy, (2) a different practice of information sharing and (3) a different degree of vulnerability and exposure. Finally, based on our findings, we recommend policy requirements which can be used to prevent higher education institutions from accidentally exposing individuals to potential cybercrimes through Google Hacking.
Aging of dry-type transformer insulating systems

THE METHOD CHOSEN for evaluation of insulation aging should be representative of operating conditions, applicable to a large range of materials, and readily interpretable in terms of expected life of apparatus. A dielectric strength criterion meets these requirements for dry-type insulating systems. In utilizing this criterion the initial strength of each insulation system is determined at the temperature being investigated. Duplicate samples of the insulating systems are then thermally aged at this temperature and periodic, 60-cycle, 1-minute dielectric strength tests are applied at a value of one-half of the initial hot-dielectric strength until failure occurs. Plotting the hours of thermal aging to reduce the dielectric strength to one-half of its initial value against the operating temperature for a range of temperatures gives the thermal aging characteristics for the insulating system.
Further characterization of lysine uptake by Trypanosoma cruzi

Abstract 1. 1. The lysine transport sites of Trypanosoma crusi have been individually characterized. 2. 2. Lysine is transported by a maximum of three sites which operate at the expense of metabolic energy and accumulate lysine against a concentration difference. 3. 3. Lysine uptake increases linearly with sodium concentration; all sites are sodium sensitive. 4. 4. Lysine transport mechanisms are described by adsorption kinetics, and an explanation for unusual results of Lineweaver-Burk analysis is presented.
Differential effects of calmodulin and protein kinase C antagonists on bone resorption and acid transport activity.

Tamoxifen inhibits bone resorption by disrupting calmodulin-dependent processes. Since tamoxifen inhibits protein kinase C in other cells, we compared the effects of tamoxifen and the PKC inhibitor, bis indolylmaleimide II (bIM), on bone resorption and acid transport activity in isolated membrane vesicles. Bis indolylmaleimide inhibited bone resorption 50% with an IC50 ~3 µM, as well as acid transport activity in a concentration -dependent manner with an IC50 of ~0.4 µM. The IC50 of bIM for inhibiting acid transport activity was similar to that of calmodulin antagonists. The potassium ionophore, valinomycin, failed to restore bIM or tamoxifen-dependent inhibition of acid transport, suggesting that bIM and tamoxifen both inhibit H+-ATPase activity. Half maximal inhibitory concentrations of tamoxifen and bIM were not additive in acid transport assays, suggesting different sites of action. Furthermore, exogenous calmodulin blocked tamoxifen, but not bIM, -dependent inhibition of acid transport. We also compared the effects of tamoxifen and bIM on phosphorylation of proteins in isolated membrane fractions as determined by 32P incorporation and autoradiography. Tamoxifen had no effect on protein phosphorylation in contrast to bIM, which inhibited phosphorylation of eight proteins with different apparent kinetics. The data suggest that, while tamoxifen and bIM both affect H+-ATPase activity, the mechanisms of action are different.
Kalirin, a Key Player in Synapse Formation, Is Implicated in Human Diseases

Synapse formation is considered to be crucial for learning and memory. Understanding the underlying molecular mechanisms of synapse formation is a key to understanding learning and memory. Kalirin-7, a major isoform of Kalirin in adult rodent brain, is an essential component of mature excitatory synapses. Kalirin-7 interacts with multiple PDZ-domain-containing proteins including PSD95, spinophilin, and GluR1 through its PDZ-binding motif. In cultured hippocampal/cortical neurons, overexpression of Kalirin-7 increases spine density and spine size whereas reduction of endogenous Kalirin-7 expression decreases synapse number, and spine density. In Kalirin-7 knockout mice, spine length, synapse number, and postsynaptic density (PSD) size are decreased in hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons; these morphological alterations are accompanied by a deficiency in long-term potentiation (LTP) and a decreased spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic current (sEPSC) frequency. Human Kalirin-7, also known as Duo or Huntingtin-associated protein-interacting protein (HAPIP), is equivalent to rat Kalirin-7. Recent studies show that Kalirin is relevant to many human diseases such as Huntington's Disease, Alzheimer's Disease, ischemic stroke, schizophrenia, depression, and cocaine addiction. This paper summarizes our recent understanding of Kalirin function.
Studies of T2→S2 intersystem crossing for coumarins

Abstract Transient absorption and two-step laser-induced fluorescence studies of coumarin (CM), 7-hydroxy-4-methylcoumarin (7HMC) and 7-diethylamino-4-methylcoumarin (7DAMC) were performed to determine Φ ts , the yield of T 2 →S 1 ISC. Φ ts was measured to be 8.4×10 −4 and 1.4×10 −3 for 7HMC and 7DAMC, respectively. The results can be rationalized by the proposed mechanism incorporating T nπ * →S ππ * ISC.
Did the 26 December 2004 Sumatra, Indonesia, Earthquake disrupt the Earth's rotation as the mass media have said?

The answer to this question is a definite yes. But then again, the same is true of any earthquake, large or small, or for that matter of any worldly event that involves mass transport, from atmospheric and ocean seasonality, to melting of glaciers and tropical storms, to a bus driving around town. All one needs to convince oneself of this is to invoke the conservation of angular momentum and apply it to the Earth system. The real question should be, Did this particular earthquake disrupt the Earth's rotation to a level large enough to be noticeable, or, technically observable? The answer is a sobering hardly, but at the same time very exciting in scientific implications.
Experience-dependent plasticity for auditory processing in a raptor.

A growing consensus in the neurosciences is that neural plasticity remains open throughout life, often driven by critical experiences ([1][1]). Almost all of the work on plasticity in vertebrates comes from studies in captivity using restrained animals and neurophysiological preparations; most are
Effect of oral β-blocker therapy on microvolt T-wave alternans and electrophysiology testing in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy

Background Prior investigation has shown that intravenous β -blockers decrease T-wave alternans (TWA) positivity in patients undergoing electrophysiology study (EPS). The present study examined whether oral β -blocker use within 24 hours of TWA influences yield and predictive value of TWA and EPS. Methods We prospectively evaluated 387 patients (312 [81%] men, mean age 67 ± 11 years) with coronary artery disease, left ventricular ejection fraction ≤40%, and nonsustained ventricular tachycardia who underwent EPS and were followed for a mean of 2.8 ± 1.4 years. T-Wave alternans was performed using an atrial pacing protocol and interpreted using standard criteria. β -Blocker status was determined based on oral β -blocker use in the 24 hours preceding the test: β -blocker (−) (n = 62), β -blocker (+) (n = 325). Follow-up for ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation, and death was obtained from chart review, device interrogation, and the Social Security Death Index. Estimated sensitivity and specificity of TWA and EPS stratified by β -blocker use were calculated based on event-free 2-year survival. Results There was no difference in EPS (31 [50%] inducible off β -blockers vs 166 [51%] on β -blockers [ P = .89]) or TWA (26 [42%] positive, 17 [27%] indeterminate off β -blockers vs 136 [42%] positive, 81 [25%] indeterminate on β -blockers [ P = .89]). β -Blocker use within 24 hours of testing did not affect the predictive value of TWA or EPS for overall or 2-year event-free survival. Conclusions Oral β -blocker therapy appears to have no effect on yield or predictive value of EPS or TWA in patients with coronary artery disease, diminished left ventricular function, and a history of nonsustained ventricular tachycardia.
Cell autonomous requirement of connexin 43 for osteocyte survival: Consequences for endocortical resorption and periosteal bone formation

Connexin 43 (Cx43) mediates osteocyte communication with other cells and with the extracellular milieu and regulates osteoblastic cell signaling and gene expression. We now report that mice lacking Cx43 in osteoblasts/osteocytes or only in osteocytes (Cx43(ΔOt) mice) exhibit increased osteocyte apoptosis, endocortical resorption, and periosteal bone formation, resulting in higher marrow cavity and total tissue areas measured at the femoral mid-diaphysis. Blockade of resorption reversed the increased marrow cavity but not total tissue area, demonstrating that endocortical resorption and periosteal apposition are independently regulated. Anatomical mapping of apoptotic osteocytes, osteocytic protein expression, and resorption and formation suggests that Cx43 controls osteoclast and osteoblast activity by regulating osteoprotegerin and sclerostin levels, respectively, in osteocytes located in specific areas of the cortex. Whereas empty lacunae and living osteocytes lacking osteoprotegerin were distributed throughout cortical bone in Cx43(ΔOt) mice, apoptotic osteocytes were preferentially located in areas containing osteoclasts, suggesting that osteoclast recruitment requires active signaling from dying osteocytes. Furthermore, Cx43 deletion in cultured osteocytic cells resulted in increased apoptosis and decreased osteoprotegerin expression. Thus, Cx43 is essential in a cell-autonomous fashion in vivo and in vitro for osteocyte survival and for controlling the expression of osteocytic genes that affect osteoclast and osteoblast function.
Confirmation of the Genome Donors of Aegilops cylindrica

A method for identifying the C and D genome donors of Ae. cylindrica (CCDD) from the electrophoretic pattern of protein mixtures of Ae. caudata (CC) and Ae. squarrosa (DD) types may be useful confirming the B genome donor of wheat.
Industrial Development of Mainland China 1912–1949

Mainland China experienced several industrial surges during the pre-communist period. The average rate of growth of the modern industrial sector was in the neighborhood of 8 to 9 per cent per annum for pre-war China, including Manchuria. The modern industrial sector expanded relatively more rapidly than the national product over the period under investigation. China's record of modem industrial growth is anything but long-term stagnation during the pre-war years. Despite the fact that the industrial expansion experienced in China was interrupted by war, the decade concerned can still be characterized as a period in which a political, social and institutional framework which exploits the impulses to expansion in the modern sector was being built. The trend of industrial expansion and the pattern of economic growth might have been quite different after 1937 had it not been for the interruption caused by military hostilities. Keywords: economic growth; mainland China; Manchuria; military hostilities; modern industrial sector; pre-communist period
Phylogenetic affinities of the Trentepohliales inferred from small-subunit rDNA

Phylogenetic analyses of the nuclear-encoded small-subunit rDNA sequences from taxa representing all of the major lineages of green algae, including new sequences for the Trentepohliales, consistently indicated that the subaerial Trentepohliales are closely related to ulvophycean marine green algae, particularly to the siphonous and hemisiphonous orders. The presence of phragmoplast-type cytokinesis in the order Trentepohliales remains enigmatic, and it is interesting that this type of cell division is associated with terrestrial (subaerial) habits.
Impedance-based surveillance of transient permeability changes in coronary endothelial monolayers after exposure to ionizing radiation.

The relative radiation sensitivities of the various compartments of the heart are poorly characterized. Cardiac fibrosis is a common side effect of radiotherapy, suggesting that endothelial barrier function is an important factor in radiation-induced pathology. We employed Electric Cell Substrate Impedance Sensing (ECIS) to assess cytoskeletal rearrangement, permeability changes and endothelial barrier function changes in response to radiation in studies of human coronary arterial endothelial cells (HCAECs). A 5-Gy dose of γ radiation resulted in a significant sixfold transient decrease in transmonolayer resistance 3 h postirradiation (P = 0.001). This decrease in resistance coincided with changes in fluorescent tracer flux (P = 0.05) and display of an actin bundling phenotype. After irradiation, decreases in wound healing (P = 0.03) and micromotion within the monolayer (P = 0.02) were also observed. Time-lapse video studies confirmed that the monolayer is dynamic and showed that cells are extruded from t...
Independent effects of fluorouracil and two mutant genes in mouse embryos.

Previous experiments demonstrated that fluorouracil, injected into female mice at day 10 of gestation, reinforced the effects of two limb-deforming mutant genes, luxoid (lu) and luxate (lx). In the present investigations, male mice heterozygous for lu or lx were mated to + / + females who were injected with fluorouracil at day 11 or 12 of gestation. Some offspring from these matings were mated to + / + mice to determine their genotypes (+ / +, + /lu, or + /lx). Preaxially hyperphalangous hind feet, characteristic of untreated + /lu, and + /lx mice, were found only in the mutation-bearing offspring. There were no correlations between genotypes and the abnormalities (kinked tail, white belly patch, and small fabella medialis) produced by fluorouracil. It was concluded that under these experimental conditions there were no significant interactions between the teratogen and the mutant genes at 11 and 12 days of development.
Learning non-parametric models of pronunciation

As more data becomes available for a given speech recognition task, the natural way to improve recognition accuracy is to train larger models. But, while this strategy yields modest improvements to small systems, the relative gains diminish as the data and models grow. In this paper, we demonstrate that abundant data allows us to model patterns and structure that are unaccounted for in standard systems. In particular, we model the systematic mismatch between the canonical pronunciations of words and the actual pronunciations found in casual or accented speech. Using a combination of two simple data-driven pronunciation models, we can correct 5.2% of the errors in our mobile voice search application.
International Biometric Society

The International Biometric Society (IBS) plays a leading role in the advancement of biometry, biostatistics, and statistics at the international level by fostering the exchange of new ideas and relevant methodologies for a wide range of separate disciplines, including the important areas of environmental biology and ecology. This article briefly reviews the formation and structure of the IBS, and provides an historical record of its international leadership and editors of its journals Biometrics and JABES. Keywords: structure; regions and groups; journals; methodology; application areas
Wikis for Education - Helping Students Communicate and Collaborate

In educational and professional environments, effective communication (e.g. reading, writing, speaking, and teaming) is important and can be developed with a variety of activities and assignments. This paper summarizes ways that wikis can facilitate these practices and help educators to achieve their goals, and provides examples of successful wiki activities.
Abdominal wall dynamics after component separation hernia repair

Abstract Background The component separation technique (CST) is an important technique now used frequently in complex ventral hernia repair (VHR). Although this technique has demonstrated superior success rates, there is a paucity of research describing how release of the external obliques coupled with rectus myofascial advancement alters the morphology of the abdominal architecture. In this study, we apply the new concept of analytic morphomics to describe the immediate changes in morphology of the abdomen that take place after VHR by CST. Methods We identified 21 patients who underwent VHR by CST and received both preoperative and postoperative computed tomography scans between 2004 and 2009 in our clinical database. The surgical technique involved incisional release of the external oblique muscle lateral to the linea semilunaris with rectus abdominis myofascial advancement in all patients. Using semiautomated morphomic analysis, we measured the pre- and post-operative dimensions of the abdominal wall including the anterior–posterior distance from the anterior vertebra-to-skin and fascia along with the circumferential area of the skin and fascial compartments. Paired Student t-tests were used to compare pre- and post-operative values. Results After hernia repair, there was a decrease in the anterior vertebra-to-skin distance (16.6 cm–15.8 cm, P = 0.007). There were also decreases in total body area (968.0 cm2–928.6 cm2, P = 0.017) and total body circumference (113.6 cm–111.4 cm, P = 0.016). The distance from fascia to skin decreased as well, almost to the point of statistical significance (3.3 cm–2.9 cm, P = 0.0505). Interestingly, fascia area and circumference did not decrease significantly after the operation (578.2 cm2–572.5 cm2, P = 0.519, and 89.1 cm–88.6 cm, P = 0.394, respectively). Conclusions Morphomic analysis can be used to compare and pre- and post-operative changes in patients undergoing abdominal surgery. Our study demonstrates that component separation affects the dimensions of the entire abdomen, but leaves the fascia area and circumference relatively unchanged. These changes in the abdominal wall may help explain the muscular changes observed as a result of this operation and demonstrate that this is a functional operation that restores fascial area. By better defining the effects of this procedure, we can better understand the reason for its clinical success.
Politely refuse the pen and note pad: gifts from industry to physicians harm patients.

Drug companies use many methods to bring their products to the attention of physicians. Most of us are familiar with contacts between drug company representatives, formerly called detail men, stemming from the time when, as medical students, we were beneficiaries of the Eli Lilly Company’s largesse: doctor’s bag, stethoscope, hammer, and tuning fork. Since then, most of us have been offered many other small (sometimes big) gifts that are intended to gain our attention. Decades ago, no one saw much of a problem with this practice; rather, most saw it as a harmless, friendly gesture that led to valuable educational exchanges between detail men and physicians. In recent years, however, there has been a crescendo of warnings that such gifts are not harmless but endanger patients by binding us to the giver of the gift through the elemental human response to gifts: reciprocity, the need to give something back to the giver. Some worry that the impulse of reciprocity may lead us to prescribe products that are not quite right for a particular patient or prescribe an expensive drug in place of an effective drug that is much less expensive. Do we unwittingly endanger our patients by accepting gifts?
Current Perspectives on the Identification and Assessment of Gifted Students.

Contemporary thinking challenges the view that giftedness and high IQ are synonymous. Contemporary thinking also challenges the view that being gifted is something real. A number of authorities in the gifted field advocate a paradigm shift; moving away from emphasizing categorical definitions of giftedness and adopting a talent development perspective. This shift to a developmental perspective advocates that we consider giftedness as the unfolding and transforming of uncanny potential among young children into actual outstanding performance and accomplishments in adulthood. The early identification and ongoing assessment of individuals of uncommon ability takes on a more complex, nuanced, and rich perspective when viewed from a developmental model.
Atomic-Level Stresses at Interfaces and their Effect on Solute Segregation

Segregation of a solute species to a grain boundary is known to be dependent on many factors, including strain, chemistry and crystal structure. We attempt to make general statements about the relationship of segregation to the stress calculated on an atomic scale. We find a relationship between local stress and segregation, but also show that the traditional definition for stress at an atomic site is only part of the influence of stress on segregation phenomena.
Spawning Habitat and Redd Characteristics of Sockeye Salmon in the Glacial Taku River, British Columbia and Alaska

Abstract Spawning habitats of sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka in the Taku River and its tributaries in British Columbia and Alaska were studied to determine habitat use and redd characteristics in a glacial river system. We used radiotelemetry to track adult sockeye salmon to 26 spawning reaches, and 63 spawning sites were sampled for habitat characteristics. Over 40% of the sockeye salmon in the sampling area had a freshwater age of zero, and most of these spawned in main channels or off channel areas. The availability of upwelling groundwater influenced habitat use in the main stem of the river; upwelling groundwater was detected in nearly 60% of the sites sampled in main-stem areas. Spawning sites with upwelling groundwater had lower water velocities and more variable substrate compositions than sites without upwelling groundwater. Redds had two to four times more fine sediment than previously reported. The probability of use was greatest when substrate had less than 15% fine sediment, water velocity...
Crayfish (Orconectes rusticus) Impacts on Zebra Mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) Recruitment, Other Macroinvertebrates and Algal Biomass in a Lake-outlet Stream

Abstract Zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) are beginning to colonize smaller inland lakes and streams in the eastern United States. To test the hypothesis that crayfish (Orconectes rusticus) could significantly reduce the recruitment of zebra mussels in streams, we conducted a replicated (n = 7) crayfish enclosure-exclosure experiment over 15 wk to simulate conditions during the early stages of a zebra mussel invasion. Four male O. rusticus were placed in each of seven enclosures (0.2 m2) each paired with an exclosure (week 0) in a small midwestern lake-outlet stream (mean width, 20 m) before zebra mussel settlement. At week 15 zebra mussel densities were 58% lower in enclosures than in exclosures (P < 0.05). Size frequency distributions did not differ significantly between treatments (P = 0.842; size range 1–10 mm in enclosures, 1–11 mm in exclosures). Densities (no/m2) of other macroinvertebrates did not differ significantly between enclosures and exclosures. Periphyton biomass was not significantly ...
Effect of atmosphere and rare earth on liquidus relations in RE–Ba–Cu Oxides

In the processing of the high temperature superconductors RE{sub 1}Ba{sub 2}Cu{sub 3}O{sub 7{minus}{ital x}}, a knowledge of the liquidus temperatures is required in order to avoid liquid formation during the initial reactions of the starting materials. We have investigated the invariant points on the liquidus surface of the RE-Ba-Cu-O systems for RE=Y, Er, Gd, and Nd in oxygen, air, and argon. While the temperatures of the low melting reactions are almost independent of the rare earth species, they are heavily dependent on oxygen partial pressure. In addition, the peritectic decomposition temperature of the REBa{sub 2}Cu{sub 3}O{sub 7} phase was found to be a function of rare earth with a significantly higher value for the Nd compound than for the other rare earths.
Development of pigmentation in the eyeless mutant of the Mexican axolotl, Ambystoma mexicanum, Shaw

The development of pigment pattern in the eyeless mutant of Ambystoma mexicanum is described. Pigmentation, is much enhanced in this mutant through increased size and branching of melanophores. The eyeless mutant does not possess the ability to adapt to its background, nor does it blanch in darkness. Reciprocal neural crest transplants between eyeless mutants and eyed siblings indicate no intrinsic neural crest differences in the eyeless mutant. Normal optic functioning after implantation of an eye in the mutant leads to diminished pigmentation. Enhanced pigmentation in the eyeless mutant is postulated as due to abnormally high secretion of MSH by the pituitary causing normal pigment-producing systems to operate beyond normal limitations.
The Wall Street Money Trust from Pujo through Medina

Assaults on the “money power” had a profound influence on public policies in twentieth-century America. Tracing the history of the “money trust” controversy through the first half of this century, Professor Carosso concludes that the attacks were largely unjustified, either on economic or legal grounds.
Parasite dose, prevalence of infection and local adaptation in a host-parasite system.

Parasites have been found to be more infective to sympatric hosts (local adaptation) in some systems but not in others. The variable nature of results might arise due to differences in host and/or parasite migration rates, parasite virulence, specificity of infection, and to differences in the dose–response functions. We tested this latter possibility by manipulating the dose of trematode (Microphallus sp.) eggs on sympatric and allopatric host populations (Potamopyrgus antipodarum). We found that infection rapidly increased to a high asymptote (0·88±0·02, 1 S.E.) in the sympatric host population, but infections were low and surprisingly unrelated to dose in the allopatric host. We also found that host survival and growth rate were not negatively affected by increasing parasite dose in either population. These results suggest that defences in the allopatric host were not overwhelmed at high parasite doses, and that any life-history costs of defence are not plastic responses to parasite dose.
When Parallel Paths Cross: Competition and the Elimination of Sex Segregation in the Education Fraternities, 1969‐1974

In the late 1960s, the all-male Phi Delta Kappa and the parallel all-female organization, Pi Lambda Theta, faced local and national pressures to abandon their single-sex status and become coeducational. Demands for the sex integration of both fraternities from university students, from educational and women's associations, and from universities responding to governmental censures to eliminate sex discrimination forced Pi Lambda Theta (PLT) and Phi Delta Kappa (PDK) to examine the purpose and organization of single-sex associations in American professional and collegiate life. For Phi Delta Kappa and, in particular, Pi Lambda Theta, the advent of coeducational membership led to direct competition between the formerly cooperative men's and women's groups. Thus, the elimination of sex segregation in the education fraternities ended approximately fifty years of cooperation and an alliance that promoted the professional distinctions between all educators and those in the separate but parallel Phi Delta Kappa and Pi Lambda Theta. Deans at university schools of education founded Phi Delta Kappa in 1910 to give university-educated men in education an organizational place separate from women. Within two years, many of these same deans instigated the founding of Pi Lambda Theta to give university-educated women a place separate from those trained at less prestigious normal schools and to avoid the proliferation on university campuses of the coeducational Kappa Delta Pi, another honorary and professional fraternity in education. From their birth, PDK and PLT coexisted cooperatively on university campuses as separate but parallel societies. Both associations drew heavily on profes-
Applicability and resolving power of statistical tests for simultaneous extinction events in the fossil record

The recognition that past catastrophic events may have caused the simultaneous extinction of many taxa has prompted the development of statistical tests to determine the compatibility of the fossil record with such scenarios. Statistical tests necessitate simplifying assumptions, the most significant of which are continuous (as opposed to discrete) data in the sampling of the fossil record and random distribution of fossil occurrences because constant preservation potential and collecting intensity of fossils are assumed. The assumption of random distribution of fossil occurrences has been addressed quantitatively, but the continuity of data has not. The assumption of continuous data is not trivial, for although collecting may appear continuous, the resulting data are never strictly continuous because the stratigraphic positions of fossils are known with limited precision. For one test of simultaneous extinction, simulations demonstrate that the data behave in a less continuous manner as the occurrence rate increases, decreasing the reliability of the test at higher occurrence rates. Out of mathematical simplicity, nearly all tests use simultaneous extinction as the null hypothesis. However, even under ideal sampling circumstances, gradual extinctions that occurred over a sufficiently short stratigraphic interval are likely to be statistically indistinguishable from extinction occurring at a single horizon. Therefore, a range of gradual extinction scenarios will also be compatible with the fossil record even if the null hypothesis is not rejected. Because direct tests of gradual extinction scenarios have not yet been developed, simulations were used to determine the probability that an extinction occurring over a given stratigraphic distance with a given number of taxa will be statistically indistinguishable from extinction at a single horizon. The simulation results allow the test results to be used to define a range of extinction scenarios compatible with the fossil record. Finally, the simulation results were applied to two Late Cretaceous ammonite data sets. Although both data sets sufficiently approximate continuous sampling for the use of statistical tests, the method shows that the data are not always sufficient to rule out either stratigraphically simultaneous extinction or a literal reading of extinction rate as representing gradual or episodic extinction.
Estrategias para entrar y salir del mercado. La revista Bibliograma (1953-1957) y la renovación de la crítica argentina en los años ’50

El estudio de la renovacion critica de los anos ’50 en Argentina ha tendido a hacer enfasis en unas pocas publicaciones emblematicas-ante todo Contorno (1953-9)-, pero este conjunto es la punta de un iceberg proliferante de actividad critica y resenistica. El analisis de la revista Bibliograma (1953-57) permite advertir, en un momento en que la rapida industrializacion de la produccion y distribucion de libros obligaba a redefinir el estatuto y la legitimidad de las practicas asociadas a la literatura, algunas de las principales esperanzas y temores que hicieron entonces de la critica un espacio de militancia.
Complete Influenza Vaccination Trends for Children Six to Twenty-Three Months.

OBJECTIVE: Prevention of influenza among infants and young children is a public health priority because of their high risk for influenza-related complications. Depending on a child’s age and previous influenza vaccination history, they are recommended to receive either 1 dose or 2 doses of influenza vaccine to be considered fully vaccinated against influenza for the season. We compared estimates of full (complete) influenza vaccination coverage of children 6 to 23 months across 10 consecutive influenza seasons (2002–2012), by race/ethnicity, age group, and by number of doses required to be fully vaccinated given child’s vaccination history. METHODS: National Immunization Survey data were used to estimate full influenza vaccination status among children 6 to 23 months on the basis of provider report. Estimates were computed by using Kaplan-Meier survival analysis methods. RESULTS: Full influenza vaccination coverage among children 6 to 23 months increased from 4.8% in the 2002–2003 influenza season to 44.7% in the 2011–2012 season. In all 10 influenza seasons studied, non-Hispanic black children and Hispanic children had lower full influenza vaccination coverage than non-Hispanic white children. For all 10 influenza seasons, full influenza vaccination coverage was higher among children requiring only 1 dose compared with those requiring 2 doses. CONCLUSIONS: Less than half of children 6 to 23 months in the United States, and an even a smaller percentage of Hispanic and non-Hispanic black children, are fully vaccinated against influenza. More implementation of evidence-based strategies that increase the percentage of children who are fully vaccinated is needed.