cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reduced lymphocyte infiltration during cytomegalovirus brain infection of interleukin-10-deficient mice.

Interleukin (IL)-10 deficiency results in highly elevated levels of interferon (IFN)-γ, as well as the IFN-γ-inducible chemokines CXCL9 and CXCL10 within murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV)-infected brains. To test the hypothesis that these elevated chemokine levels would result in enhanced brain infiltration, we compared immune cell infiltration in response to MCMV brain infection between wild-type and IL-10 knockout (KO) mice. Longitudinal analysis following adoptive transfer of cells from β-actin-luciferase transgenic wild-type mice showed maximal brain infiltration by peripheral immune cells occurred at 5 days post infection. Although the overall percentage of CD45(hi) cells infiltrating the brain was not altered by IL-10 deficiency, paradoxically, despite elevated chemokine levels, reduced T lymphocyte (CD8+) and natural killer (NK) (CD49b+) cell infiltration into the brain was observed in IL-10-deficient animals. This decreased lymphocyte infiltration was associated with elevated levels of the lymph node homing receptor L-selectin/CD62L on CD8+ T cells. Lymph node cells obtained from MCMV-infected mice deficient in IL-10 also displayed reduced migration towards CXCL10 when compared to wild-type animals. Taken together, these data show that despite elevated chemokine levels, absence of IL-10 results in reduced lymphocyte infiltration into MCMV-infected brains.
Risk factors for death in the 27 March 1994 Georgia and Alabama Tornadoes

Field surveys were made one week after tornadoes killed 40 persons and injured over 300 in rural regions of Alabama and Georgia, USA, on 27 March 1994. Surveys were completed for samples of 20 persons who were killed and 31 persons who were in the paths of the tornadoes but survived to determine whether there were differences in personal characteristics, behavior or location between the two groups. Persons who died were significantly older than persons who survived, more likely to be in mobile homes or in rooms above ground with windows, less likely to be watching television before the tornado, and were aware of the approaching tornado for less time than survivors. There was no difference in gender, race, marital status, education, disability or previous experience with tornadoes between those who died and survivors.
Dress1 and Human Behavior Research: Sampling, Subjects, and Consequences for Statistics:

Articles from the Home Economics Research Journal (Vol. 1-19) and the Clothing and Textiles Research Journal (Vol.1-9) reporting dress research that involved the use of human subjects were content analyzed We were interested in the way probability and nonprobability sampling techniques were used, how they were combined with research designs, and their consequences for generalizability and statistics. Approximately 89% of the research used nonprobability sampling procedures, both in survey and experimental research designs. The consequences of the use of nonprobability sampling is discussed and suggestions are offered for increasing generalizability when nonprobability sampling is used in research.
5-Halogenated pyrimidine lesions within a CpG sequence context mimic 5-methylcytosine by enhancing the binding of the methyl-CpG-binding domain of methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 (MeCP2)

Perturbations in cytosine methylation signals are observed in the majority of human tumors; however, it is as yet unknown how methylation patterns become altered. Epigenetic changes can result in the activation of transforming genes as well as in the silencing of tumor suppressor genes. We report that methyl-CpG-binding proteins (MBPs), specific for methyl-CpG dinucleotides, bind with high affinity to halogenated pyrimidine lesions, previously shown to result from peroxidase-mediated inflammatory processes. Emerging data suggest that the initial binding of MBPs to methyl-CpG sequences may be a seeding event that recruits chromatin-modifying enzymes and DNA methyltransferase, initiating a cascade of events that result in gene silencing. MBD4, a protein with both methyl-binding and glycosylase activity demonstrated repair activity against a series of 5-substituted pyrimidines, with the greatest efficiency against 5-chlorouracil, but undetectable activity against 5-chlorocytosine. The data presented here suggest that halogenated pyrimidine damage products can potentially accumulate and mimic endogenous methylation signals.
Vygotsky and the History of Pedology

This paper briefly discusses the growth and demise of pedology within the context of the early history of child study in Europe, the influence of Vygotsky's writings upon Soviet defectology and the...
Class Notes: Toward a Critical Psychology of Class and Schooling

In this epilogue, we offer a theoretical mapping of notions that have emerged across the articles in this issue of the Journal of Social Issues specifically dedicated to questions of social class. Social class is often included within the "race, class, gender, and sexual orientation" mantra of feminist and critical race work in psychology, but rarely scrutinized with rigor or serious scholarship. Thus, for the purposes of this epilogue, we theorize the relationship between the material, social, psychological, and the political. We identify four theoretical venues through which these researchers have opened a conversation about class and schooling: ideology, institutions, contradictions and consciousness, and method. We conclude by crafting a research agenda for a critical psychology of class and schooling.
A Group Situation Compared with Individual Interviews for Securing Personnel Information

Summary The Personnel Department frequently finds it necessary to gather personnel information for either research or operating purposes. For many types of information the personal interview has been preferred in spite of its expense because it has been thought to provide fuller information than can be obtained by other means. This study describes a group interview technique developed to secure personnel information less expensively. The, results of the group technique are compared with a control situation in which individual interviews were used. Results indicate that the group interview accomplishes the work of the individual interview in one fourth the time with no loss of quality and no adverse morale effects.
Constraints and Choices: Electoral Participation in Historical Perspective

Participation in electoral politics is not a fully voluntary act. Suffrage rules regulate who can participate, whereas institutional arrangements affect incentives to vote by shaping the consequenc...
THEORY OF HELIUM TRANSPORT AND CLUSTERING IN MATERIALS UNDER IRRADIATION

A theoretical model is developed to describe helium transport and clustering during irradiation. Diffusional reactions of helium with vacancies and vacancy clusters, with extended sinks for helium absorption, and direct reactions with displacement producing particles are included. The full description developed is employed in numerical computations. A simpler description is also developed in the limits where certain reactions are unimportant. Analytical expressions for the effective diffusion coeficient of helium are derived. Regimes of the parameter space of dose rate, temperature, helium generation rate, sink strength and other important conditions, where the effective diffusion coefficient is dictated by three different physical processes, are defined. The result is determined by the dominant release mechanism of helium bound in vacancies-thermal detrapping, replacement by the self-interstitial or direct displacement. Results from the full computations and the analytical expressions are compared.
Reliability Prediction using Large MOS Capacitors

Large MOS capacitors were used in a study of the dielectric breakdown mechanism to establish the relationship among the results of various test methods. Reliance on models was avoided through the use of a test vehicle which duplicated the structures of a 64K dynamic memory device. A method is proposed to predict device reliability using process monitors at the time of wafer manufacture.
Mechanistic Basis for G Protein Function in ON Bipolar Cells

The synapse from photoreceptors to ON bipolar cells is unique among feedforward synapses in that it inverts the sign of the light response from hyperpolarizing in photoreceptors to depolarizing in ON bipolar cells. This occurs due to a highly specialized cascade that uses the metabotropic glutamate receptor mGluR6 to activate the heterotrimeric G protein Go, which then closes the nonselective cation channel TRPM1. When glutamate in the synaptic cleft drops, Go is deactivated rapidly and TRPM1 opens; this deactivation is key to the rising phase of the light response. This chapter presents the evidence that established Gαo, Gβ3, and Gγ13 as Go’s subunits in ON bipolar cells. While Go’s key function is to couple mGluR6 with an effector, the different subunits also contribute to maintaining the synaptic integrity, at both the molecular and structural levels. Evidence suggests that Go’s deactivation is accelerated by at least two different types of guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase) activating protein (GAP) complexes: RGS11/Gβ5/R9AP and RGS7/Gβ5/GPR179. A third complex may contain RGS11/Gβ5/GPR179. Certain elements of these GAP complexes (RGS7 and RGS11) are redundant, but others (Gβ5 and GPR179) are crucial. Different molecules likely modulate the cascade, but so far only one, Ret-PCP2, was clearly shown to accelerate the light response in rod bipolar and certain types of ON cone bipolar cells. Interestingly, most cascade elements including mGluR6 and the GAPs are restricted to the dendritic tips, but the G protein subunits Ret-PCP2 and TRPM1 are also present in other parts of the cell.
Understanding Contextual Decision Making by Assisted Living Caregivers Implications for Training and Design Supports

Many older adults reside in assisted living communities due to increased difficulty managing health conditions or performing activities of daily living (e.g., bathing, toileting, walking). A primary goal of assisted living communities is to help residents maintain their health and well-being. One method by which this is accomplished is that caregivers continually monitor residents for cues that might signal problems or concerns, and then respond appropriately. However, very little is known about this form of decision making done by caregivers working with assisted living residents, including whether decision making changes with increasing experience. To investigate these questions, direct care workers from assisted living facilities took part in a scenario-based interview during which they responded to hypothetical care situations with older residents. The explanations participants generated for the various scenarios were classified as either general or specific, with the majority of explanations coded as...
Novel and Functional Norepinephrine Transporter Protein Variants Identified in Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a highly heritable disorder of impaired behavioral inhibition, increased motor activity, and inattention. The norepinephrine transporter (NET, SLC6A2) represents an important candidate gene for contribution to ADHD because it regulates catecholamine extracellular and tissue concentrations and contributes to executive functions disrupted in ADHD, and NET is a target for most effective ADHD therapeutics. We identified four NET coding single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in two ADHD sample sets; two SNPs produce protein variants (T283M, V245I), one of which, T283M, is a novel variant. Examination of the maternal family members through whom the T283M mutation was transmitted, provided no additional ADHD diagnoses. Given the previous identification of a NET mutation that contributes to a familial tachycardia syndrome, we examined autonomic function to reveal in the proband the highest standing-induced increase in heart rate among the ADHD subjects examined. We measured [3H]NE and [3H]dopamine transport for T283M, V245I, and a previously identified NET variant, T283R. T283M and V245I demonstrated decreased substrate transport, as did T283R, suggesting that the T283 residue is sensitive to mutation. Identification of polymorphic sites within NET, specifically those that produce functional consequences, is one critical step in elucidating the genetic variation contributing to the heritable component of diseases such as ADHD.
Consequences of genomic prediction in cattle

Genomic prediction represents a revolutionary advancement in animal improvement by providing a means of improving the accuracy of estimated genetic merit for selection candidates with no individual or offspring records. Despite the fact that it has already been widely used in dairy cattle improvement and is now available in some beef cattle circumstances, its predictive ability in terms of accounting for mendelian sampling rather than parent average merit is still poorly characterized. Improved characterization will be required in order for alternative breeding strategies to be fairly compared. In the meantime, one consequence is that predictions will work better in offspring than in less related animals. Among many other consequences of genomic prediction, it promises opportunities for basic research to be undertaken using industry populations along with information from routine evaluation, it promises more balanced selection, and it necessitates major developments in national and international software and evaluation procedures.
An analysis of publication lags in econometrics

This note describes the lengthening in publication lags for econometric papers in seven journals since 1986 and briefly considers ways of shortening them.
Reversal of Decreased Human Adipose Tissue Lipoprotein Lipase and Hypertriglyceridemia after Treatment of Hypothyroidism

To determine whether adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase (LPL) plays a role in the regulation of triglyceride (TG) metabolism in hypothyroidism, the activity of the enzyme was measured in the subcutaneous adipose tissue of six hypothyroid patients before and during therapy with L-thyroxine. The activity of the activated form of the enzyme, measured as heparin elutable LPL, was lower in hypothyroid patients (1.54 +/- 0.93; mU/10(6) cells; mean +/- SD) than in controls (3.26 +/- 1.49; P less than .02) and increased (163 +/- 89%; P less than .01) with treatment to levels comparable to the controls. The total activity of LPL, measured in ammonium hydroxide extracts of acetone ether tissue powders, was in the low normal range in the hypothyroid patients (0.68 +/- 0.42), but not significantly different from normal (1.10 +/- 0.58) and did not increase significantly (92 +/- 105%), with treatment. Plasma post heparin lipolytic activity (PHLA) was low in hypothyroidism and increased (111 +/- 78%; P less than .05) with treatment. These increases in PHLA correlated with the increases in the activity of heparin elutable LPL (r = .88, P less than .05). In all patients fasting plasma TG levels decreased (-43 +/- 25%; P less than .02) after treatment. Serial determination of heparin elutable LPL activity, PHLA, and plasma TG during L-thyroxine treatment revealed a correlation between the per cent changes in PHLA and heparin elutable LPL activity (r = .68, P less than .05), an inverse correlation between plasma TG levels and heparin elutable LPL (r = -0.53,P less than .05) and no correlation between plasma TG and PHLA (r = -0.05). These results suggest that the low PHLA and hypertriglyceridemia of hypothyroidism are related to low adipose tissue LPL activity. All these parameters return to normal after treatment with L-thyroxine and attainment of euthyroidism.
Corporate strategic objectives for establishing relationships with university research centers

Organizations face increased pressures to continually advance knowledge and new technologies long-term success and prosperity. University research centers offer important interorganizational linkages for industry-university collaboration, conducive for advancing knowledge and new technologies. This study examined industry's strategic objectives for establishing relationships with university research centers. As a result of this multimethod exploratory field study, the authors have identified three clusters of industrial firms with different strategic objectives: collegial players, aggressive players, and targeted players. Collegial players are predominately large firms working with university research centers on topics of interest to the firm which are perceived to have long-term value rather than the promise of immediate commercial opportunities. Aggressive players are a mix of both large and small firms employing relationships with university research center primarily to develop and commercialize a wide range of marketable products and services. Targeted players are often smaller firms largely interested in using their relationships with university research centers to address specific needs central to their business. They conclude this paper by discussing the implications of these findings for both industrial firms and universities.
Haptic Identification of Stiffness and Force Magnitude

As haptics becomes an integral component of scientific data visualization systems, there is a growing need to study "haptic glyphs" (building blocks for displaying information through the sense of touch) and quantify their information transmission capability. The present study investigated the channel capacity for transmitting information through stiffness or force magnitude. Specifically, we measured the number of stiffness or force- magnitude levels that can be reliably identified in an absolute identification paradigm. The range of stiffness and force magnitude used in the present study, 0.2-3.0 N/mm and 0.1-5.0 N, respectively, was typical of the parameter values encountered in most virtual reality or data visualization applications. Ten individuals participated in a stiffness identification experiment, each completing 250 trials. Subsequently, four of these individuals and six additional participants completed 250 trials in a force-magnitude identification experiment. A custom-designed 3 degrees-of-freedom force-feedback device, the ministick, was used for stimulus delivery. The results showed an average information transfer of 1.46 bits for stiffness identification, or equivalently, 2.8 correctly-identifiable stiffness levels. The average information transfer for force magnitude was 1.54 bits, or equivalently, 2.9 correctly-identifiable force magnitudes. Therefore, on average, the participants could only reliably identify 2-3 stiffness levels in the range of 0.2-3.0 N/mm, and 2-3 force- magnitude levels in the range of 0.1-5.0 N. Individual performance varied from 1 to 4 correctly-identifiable stiffness levels and 2 to 4 correctly-identifiable force-magnitude levels. Our results are consistent with reported information transfers for haptic stimuli. Based on the present study, it is recommended that 2 stiffness or force-magnitude levels (i.e., high and low) be used with haptic glyphs in a data visualization system, with an additional third level (medium) for more experienced users.
Preparing for the New Economy: Advertising Strategies and Change in Destination Marketing Organizations

Information technology, especially the World Wide Web, has had a tremendous impact on the tourism industry over the past years. It is difficult for most destination marketing organizations, however, to keep pace with the evolution of new technologies, the emergence of innovative advertising strategies, the changes in the consumer market, and the growing competition due to increasing globalization. The National Laboratory for Tourism and eCommerce organized a workshop in an effort to identify effective strategies for tourism advertising on the Internet. The results indicated that information technology has led to a number of profound changes in the assumptions underlying communication strategies. It was concluded that the change occurring in the new economy involves a rethinking of who partners and competitors are and how networks with other organizations can increase organizational capacity to learn. Thus, it is argued that success of destination marketing organizations in the new economy is more about ch...
Porous glassy carbon formed by rapid pyrolysis of phenol-formaldehyde resins and its performance as electrode material for electrochemical double layer capacitors

a b s t r a c t In this article, we report a modified pyrolysis technique featuring an ultra-fast pyrolysis for obtaining a new type of high surface area glassy carbon (GC) from lithographically patterned novolac type phenol- formaldehyde resin, SU8. The fast-pyrolysis chemistry of SU8 is responsible for the formation of bubbles in the carbonizing matrix, which ultimately leads to the observed morphological changes. This porous glassy carbon (PGC) pyrolyzed at a heating rate of 50 ◦ C/min has been evaluated as an electrode material for electrochemical double layer capacitors employing electrochemical techniques such as cyclic voltam- metry (CV) and chronoamperometry. The electrochemically available surface area of PGC electrodes is found to be ∼3 times greater compared with flat GC electrodes, and the electrode and specific capacitance improvements are 15 and 5 times, respectively. We describe possible mechanisms that may influence the enhanced capacitor performance of PGC electrodes, and compare their capacitance at five different potential scan rates ranging from 5 to 75 mV/s. In addition, the effect of H2SO4 surface treatment on the electrochemistry of the thus pyrolyzed carbons is investigated. Other possible applications of the thus obtained PGC are also discussed in the concluding remarks.
Lack of Effect of an Interferon Inducer, N,N-Dihexadecyl-m-Xylylenediamine, on Rhinovirus Challenge in Humans

CP-28,888-27 and placebo nasal sprays were compared in 62 normal volunteers challenged with rhinovirus type 13 or 21 in two randomized, double-blind studies. Half of the subjects received CP-28,888-27 and half received nasal placebo administered at 24, 20, and 16 h before challenge and 4 and 8 h after challenge. In each study, the number of subjects shedding virus in nasal washes, the number developing fourfold or greater serum antibody responses, and the number developing afebrile or febrile upper respiratory tract illness were not significantly different comparing subjects given CP-28,888-27 and those given placebo. Interferon was detected in nasal washes from 5 of 15 volunteers tested in the CP-28,888-27 group compared to 2 of 15 volunteers from the placebo group.
Scattering theory for the Federbush, massless Thirring and continuum Ising models

The existence of the LSZ limits of the positive energy quantum fields of the Federbush, Thirring and Ising models is proved. The corresponding S-matrices are obtained explicitly, confirming previous formal results, and are shown to result from a large class of dynamics. The scattering theory for the Federbush and Thirring models on the classical and negative energy quantum levels is studied as well. The wave and scattering operators are shown to exist and are obtained explicitly, and they are proved to be shared by a large class of dynamics, containing in particular the polynomial conserved charges.
Information characteristics as constraints to innovation

The characteristics of information inhibit organizational learning cycles which are the processes necessary to develop intelligent organizations. One major thesis is that information is subject to limited appropriability since its exchange is irreversible, its performance is uncertain, and its use does not limit further use. Inappropriability encourages the retention of asymmetric information. Unfortunately, the organizational learning cycle also generates asymmetric information. Asymmetric information facilitates opportunistic behavior which reduces the incentive to innovate, although the disincentives may be mitigated by interpersonal trust. Effective intelligent organizations need (1) to design organizational and information systems based on information characteristics and (2) to develop interpersonal trust. >
Ultrastructural localization of zinc transporter-3 (ZnT-3) to synaptic vesicle membranes within mossy fiber boutons in the hippocampus of mouse and monkey

Zinc transporter-3 (ZnT-3), a member of a growing family of mammalian zinc transporters, is expressed in regions of the brain that are rich in histochemically reactive zinc (as revealed by the Timm’s stain), including entorhinal cortex, amygdala, and hippocampus. ZnT-3 protein is most abundant in the zinc-enriched mossy fibers that project from the dentate granule cells to hilar and CA3 pyramidal neurons. We show here by electron microscopy that ZnT-3 decorates the membranes of all clear, small, round synaptic vesicles (SVs) in the mossy fiber boutons of both mouse and monkey. Furthermore, up to 60–80% of these SVs contain Timm’s-stainable zinc. The coincidence of ZnT-3 on the membranes of SVs that accumulate zinc, and its homology with known zinc transporters, suggest that ZnT-3 is responsible for the transport of zinc into SVs, and hence for the ability of these neurons to release zinc upon excitation.
Steric stabilisation of the ferrielectric intermediate liquid crystal phase by dopant-induced conformational change

The ferrielectric intermediate liquid crystal phases are typically narrow in temperature range, but significant stabilisation of these phases can be achieved by doping. We report an achiral dopant that may induce a significant conformational change in the host molecule, characterised by tilt ratio inversion across the ferrielectric phase range. Preferred molecular structures are predicted for dopants that could lead to stabilisation of the ferrielectric phases for potential device applications.
Denouement of an Execution Competency Case: Is Perry Pyrrhic?

In October 1992, the Louisiana Supreme Court ruled that that state could not forcibly medicate condemned, mentally ill prisoners to make them competent to be executed. State v. Perry has been seen as a victory for psychiatrists, but the decision contains bad news as well as good: although the Court extricated psychiatrists from having to medicate convicts involuntarily in preparation for their execution, the Court justified its decision by invoking a distortion-filled, highly critical interpretation of standard psychiatric treatment for psychoses. This article summarizes the Perry case and the Court's opinion, describes the perceptions of antipsychotic medication that animated the majority's legal conclusions, and reviews subsequent decisions in which Perry has been influential. The article suggests that Perry's description of pharmacotherapy may not have been motivated by a reasoned view of neuroleptic therapy so much as the Court's desire to uphold the institution of capital punishment. By studying the Perry majority's opinion, psychiatrists can appreciate how certain characterizations or descriptions of psychotic symptoms and antipsychotic therapy lend themselves to distortion and misunderstanding by legal decisionmakers. Recently developed conceptions of schizophrenic symptoms and pharmacological therapy may provide psychiatrists with sophisticated modes of explanation that courts will find more difficult to misconstrue or misrepresent.
Assessment of Cardiac Structure and Function by X-ray Computed Tomography

There have been extensive validations using EBCT for virtually all cardiac size, shape, and functional measures and these were established long before such measures were attempted by MRI. Recent improvements in spiral/helical CT have also accorded this validity to MDCT. CT then becomes a very robust method to define the heart and its detailed anatomy in health and in disease. Furthermore, these types of measures can be accomplished during postprocessing of images intended to define coronary artery anatomy, generally without the need for additional imaging. The disadvantage is that additional sets of cardiac data are required at various portions of the cardiac cycle (nominally at end-diastole and end-systole) and this then obligates concomitant increases in radiation exposure to the patient. That said, CT is a very robust method that can function as both a primary method and a complementary method (such as to echocardiography, contrast ventriculography, radionuclide angiography, and MRI) to quantitate details of cardiac anatomy and function.
Employee Assistance Programs

The employee assistance program (EAP) movement has been of interest to businesses at least since the 1940s. In the 1940s, programs to treat alcoholic workers were put into place in the United States in order to address the problem of alcoholism affecting worker productivity in the workplace. This was included but not limited to absenteeism, decreased productivity while intoxicated, and workplace accidents caused by alcoholism. As causes of worker impairment were expanded to include illegal drug abuse and other family problems that could affect worker performance, EAPs expanded from a narrow focus on alcohol to a ‘broad brush’ approach that included these other kinds of impairments. Estimated costs were in the billions or even hundreds of billions of dollars to businesses. However, outcome evaluations of these programs have generally not proven savings in the billions of dollars. Moreover, while the assumption is that such problems have penetrated into the white collar or upper management domain of businesses, research in this area is lacking. Future research of EAPs should address these issues and also the implications of the increasing disparity of treatment that high-income workers in upper management may receive in comparison with frontline workers.
Reduction of Salmonella enterica on alfalfa seeds with acidic electrolyzed oxidizing water and enhanced uptake of acidic electrolyzed oxidizing water into seeds by gas exchange.

Alfalfa sprouts have been implicated in several salmonellosis outbreaks in recent years. The disinfectant effects of acidic electrolyzed oxidizing (EO) water against Salmonella enterica both in an aqueous system and on artificially contaminated alfalfa seeds were determined. The optimum ratio of seeds to EO water was determined in order to maximize the antimicrobial effect of EO water. Seeds were combined with EO water at ratios (wt/vol) of 1:4, 1:10, 1:20, 1:40, and 1:100, and the characteristics of EO water (pH, oxidation reduction potential [ORP], and free chlorine concentration)were determined. When the ratio of seeds to EO water was increased from 1:4 to 1:100, the pH decreased from 3.82 to 2.63, while the ORP increased from +455 to +1,073 mV. EO water (with a pH of 2.54 to 2.38 and an ORP of +1,083 to +1,092 mV) exhibited strong potential for the inactivation of S. enterica in an aqueous system (producing a reduction of at least 6.6 log CFU/ml). Treatment of artificially contaminated alfalfa seeds w...
Architecture Reviews

An architectural review serves several purposes: to gain confidence in the design, to reason about alternatives, to attend to architectural rot. The process of such a review involves the interplay of design decisions, scenarios, and forces on the system.
Ubiquitous occurrence of birth-cohort patterns in inflammatory bowel disease.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS The aim of the present study was to demonstrate the ubiquitous occurrence of the birth-cohort phenomenon of inflammatory bowel disease among US whites and nonwhites, as well as males and females. METHODS Mortality from Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis in the USA between 1950 and 2010 were analyzed to discern underlying birth-cohort patterns affecting both their time trends. Age-standardized cohort mortality ratio was used as a summary statistic to represent the overall mortality associated with consecutive birth-cohorts. RESULTS The cohort-age contours of Crohn's disease aligned to form one hyperbola with an initial rise between 1865 and 1935 and a subsequent decline. This pattern was confirmed by the time trends of the corresponding standardized cohort mortality ratio values. In ulcerative colitis, the individual cohort-age contours also aligned into one hyperbola that appeared shifted towards earlier generations by about 30 years when compared with Crohn's disease. Similar trends were observed in men and women or whites and nonwhites analyzed separately. CONCLUSION The birth-cohort patterns indicate that exposure to two separate risk factors must have occurred in both diseases during an early period of life. In the USA, these exposures have changed over historical times similarly in both sexes and different ethnic groups.
A technique for monitoring Liriomyza sativae in fresh market tomatoes.

A sampling technique, utilizing styrofoam trays to trap prepupae of Liriomyza sativae Blanchard falling from tomato foliage, was evaluated for its potential use in a vegetable leafminer monitoring program. A linear regression beween the mean number of medium and large live larvae per leaflet vs. the mean number of pupae per tray was significant with a correlation coefficient of 0.876. Use of the trays to monitor leafminer populations was efficient, inexpensive, and more sensitive to population changes than leaflet sampling.
Leader Peptide Establishes Dehydration Order, Promotes Efficiency, and Ensures Fidelity During Lacticin 481 Biosynthesis.

The mechanisms by which lanthipeptide synthetases control the order in which they catalyze multiple chemical processes are poorly understood. The lacticin 481 synthetase (LctM) cleaves eight chemical bonds and forms six new chemical bonds in a controlled and ordered process. Two general mechanisms have been suggested for the temporal and spatial control of these transformations. In the spatial positioning model, leader peptide binding promotes certain reactions by establishing the spatial orientation of the substrate peptide relative to the synthetase active sites. In the intermediate structure model, the LctM-catalyzed dehydration and cyclization reactions that occur in two distinct active sites orchestrate the overall process by imparting a specific structure into the maturing peptide that facilitates the ensuing reaction. Using isotopically labeled LctA analogues with engineered lacticin 481 biosynthetic machinery and mass spectrometry analysis, we show here that the LctA leader peptide plays critical ...
Investigation of malachite green in aquatic fish by liquid chromatographymass spectrometry/mass spectrometry

Objective To investigate the malachite green pollution in different varieties of fish by monitoring of malachite green in fish aquatic products in the area of school canteens and aquatic products market. Methods Malachite green was extracted from fish muscle by acetonitrile with adding internal standard compound and acidic alumina, and then separated by Agilent ZORBAX Eclipse Plus C18 column with 10 mmol/L ammonium formate-0.1% formic acid and acetonitrile as mobile phase by gradient elution. Detection was carried out by multiple reaction monitoring. Results In 238 specimens involving 9 kind of fish, the positive rate was from 16.2% to 71.4%, among which the positive rate of mandarin fish, grass carp and crucian were relatively higher. Conclusion The method is accurate and reliable with simple sample preparation. Malachite green is still abused in freshwater fish breeding and transportation, and its content has certain relationship between the environment temperature and the varieties of fish.
Analysis on the data of Death Causes registering of Residents in Juchao District of Chaohu City in 2010

Objective To explore the death causes composition of residents in Juchao district,and provide scientific basis for making the strategies of disease control.Methods The death monitoring data and the demographic data of Juchao in 2010 were collected.The death causes were classified according to International Classification of Diseases(ICD-10).The mortality rate,the standard mortality rate(SMR) and the constitution of death causes were calculated.The potential years of life lost(PYLL) rate of various diseases were further calculated.ResultsIn 2010,the crud mortality rate of residents in Juchao was 620.59/ lakh,and the SMR was 495.48/ lakh.The top 5 causes of death were malignant tumors,cerebrovascular diseases(CVD),heart disease,respiratory diseases,injury and poisoning respectively,and the mortality rate of them was 177.60/lakh,141.33/ lakh,95.93/ lakh,79.42/ lakh,56.53/ lakh respectively.The PYLL analysis showed that malignant tumors,injury and poisoning,CVD were the top three influencing factors of life-spans of residents in Juchao.ConclusionChronic non-communicable diseases(NCD),injury and poisoning had become the main death causes which seriously affected health status of residents in Juchao district.The health education and health promotion should be carried out directly in order to decrease the incidence of NCD and injury and poisoning.
Enhanced boiling heat transfer on micromachined surfaces using acoustic actuation

Two-phase thermal management based on submerged boiling heat transfer has received considerable attention in recent years because of its potential to enable high heat flux using relatively simple hardware and system-level coupling. However, the utility of this attractive heat transfer approach has been hampered by the critical heat flux (CHF) limit on the maximum heat transfer owing to the dynamics of the vapor bubbles that form on the heated surface and the transition to film boiling that results in a large increase in surface temperature. Recent work at Georgia Tech has exploited low-power ultrasonic acoustic forcing to enhance boiling heat transfer and increase the CHF limit by controlling the formation and evolution of the vapor bubbles and inhibiting the instabilities that lead to film boiling. These effects are investigated over both plain and textured (surface-embedded microchannels) boiling heat transfer base surfaces (the transfer of makeup fluid to the boiling sites in the presence of surface microchannels passively decreases surface superheat and increases the CHF). Acoustic actuation has a profound effect on the boiling, and leads to a significant increase in the CHF by limiting the formation of large vapor columns and their collapse into a vapor film. Improvements in the CHF in stagnant bulk fluid exceed 65% for the plain surface (up to 183 W/cm2), and 30% for the textured surface (up to 460 W/cm2 with 7°C r eduction in surface superheat).
NEGATIVE STAINING AND ITS USE IN THE STUDY OF VIRUSES AND THEIR SEROLOGICAL REACTIONS

Publisher Summary Negative staining technique increases both specimen and instrumental resolution: (1) by embedding the specimen in an amorphous material, small objects like virus particles are protected from artifacts because of surface tension forces, and (b) when the embedding material is very dense like phosphotungstate, the practical instrumental resolution is increased by an increase in contrast in the image. The advantages of the technique are illustrated by micrographs showing (1) the fine structure of capsomeres of Shope papilloma virus, (2) the change in specific serological reactions of poliovirus before and after releasing its RNA, and (3) the nature of the precipitate P22 bacteriophage forms with its antibodies in which the latter molecules are seen as fine 20A fibers connecting particles together to form the immune aggregate. It is concluded that the increased resolution and contrast provided by the negative staining technique enables to approach a molecular interpretation of the phenomena of antigenicity and infection displayed by viruses.
Dopamine-ß-hydroxylase: compariason of soluble and membrane forms

Dopamine-β-hydroxylase (3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine, ascorbate; oxygen oxidoreductase, EC 1.14.17.1) (DBH) is localized in chromaffin vesicles of the adrenal medulla (Duch et al., 1968; Laduron and Belpaire, 1968) and in the synaptic vesicles of noradrenergic nerves (Potter and Axelrod, 1963; De Potter et al., 1970). Upon osmotic lysis of vesicles obtained from bovine or rabbit adrenal glands about 50% of the enzyme is solubilized but the remainder remains attached to the vesicle membranes (Duch et al., 1968; Winkler et al., 1970). In the rat adrenal (Kirshner, 1974) ) and in the rat and rabbit heart (Brodde et al., 1976) 80 to 85% of the enzyme activity remains with the vesicle membranes. These observations prompted investigations to determine the molecular basis for the distribution of the enzyme between the soluble and membrane bound components of the chromaffin vesicles. Several reports have found the two forms of the enzyme to be similar in amino acid composition, electrophoretic migration, and immunological properties (Hortnagl et al., 1972; Kuzuya and Nagatsu, 1972; Aunis et al., 1974).
The Study of Charismatic Christianity in the English-Speaking Caribbean

Chapter 2 introduces the Charismatic movement in the English-speaking Caribbean and provides a religious demographic portrait of the Charismatic movement in the region as well as of the world’s Christian population from both the Global North and South. A brief history of the Pentecostal movement is provided from its origins in the USA to its inception in the Caribbean. The early Caribbean Charismatic movement developed into a large institutional hierarchy in Montserrat culminating in the massive PAWI that continues to dominate the movement in the Caribbean. Recently, PAWI joined the political and economic elite of the Caribbean community taking a larger role in shaping Caribbean affairs.
Validation of Hexoskin biometric shirt to COSMED K4 b2 metabolic unit in adults during trail running

AbstractWearable biometric technology use has increased in recent years. The Hexoskin biometric shirt is a wearable technology that monitors heart rate (HR), ventilatory rate (VR), minute ventilation (VE), step count, and energy expenditure (EE). It is unknown whether the Hexoskin biometric shirt produces valid results in the field. Participants (N = 26) completed a self-paced 1.6 km trail run wearing the Hexoskin biometric shirt and the COSMED K4 b2 portable metabolic system. Data for HR, VR, and VE were analyzed in six one-minute increments occurring the first three minutes and the last three minutes of the run. Data for step count and energy expenditure were analyzed for the entire trail run. HR, VR, VE, step count, and EE data were analyzed using Pearson product-moment correlation with significance at p < .05. HR, VE, step count, and EE measures at all time points were not significantly correlated. VR measures at all time points were significantly correlated (p < .001). Our results indicate the Hexosk...
Constructing an Interval Temporal Logic for Real-Time System

Abstract This paper presents a modal logic, Interval Temporal Logic, built upon a classical predicate logic L. In the logic system, we consider formulas that can be used to reason about timing properties of systems, in particular, interval formulas and responsiveness assertions. These formulas can be used to describe timing constraints of a system. Hence they can be used to ensure satisfaction of system behavior provided that they are not violated at run-time. A decision procedure is presented to evaluate these formulas. A railroad crossing example is used to illustrate run-time evaluation of interval formulas and responsiveness assertions.
MUTATIONAL ANALYSIS OF A SATELLITE PHAGE ACTIVATOR

Abstract The late gene activator, Delta, of satellite phage P4 is more efficient than the Delta of satellite phage φR73 in utilizing a P2 helper prophage that lacks an activator (ogr) gene. Analysis of P4 Delta is complicated by the fact that this protein contains two tandem φR73 Delta-like domains. We performed a mutational analysis of φR73 Delta, in order to select mutations that might not be found using P4 Delta. The host RNA polymerase α subunit mutation rpoA155 (L289F) blocks the growth of P2, P4, and P4 carrying the δ gene of φR73. A mutant of this latter phage that can grow in the presence of rpoA155 carries a V19M mutation in φR73 Delta. This suggests that aa 19 contacts RNA polymerase, in addition to the aa residues 13, 42 and 44, that have been implicated in interactions with RNA polymerase by previous mutational analyses of P2 ogr and P4 δ. In corroboration of the proposed role of the regions at aa residues 19, 42, and 44, we found φR73 Delta mutations in these regions that showed a reduced activation of late gene expression, but a normal ability to bind to late gene promoters. All activators in the Delta class contain four Cys residues that bind Zn2+. Mutation of these aa residues in φR73 Delta eliminated late gene activation. Spectroscopic analysis of these mutant proteins revealed that they were unable to bind Zn2+. Histidine residues were substituted for two of the Cys residues (C30 and C35), changing a C2C2 type Zn-binding motif to a C2H2 motif. Although His residues are used in coordinating Zn2+ in other proteins, these His substitutions resulted in complete loss of activity and the inability to bind Zn2+.
Efficient Caching for Peer-to-Peer Service Discovery in Internet of Things

Internet of Things (IoT) interconnects billions of smart sensors, devices, actuators, as well as people, over a distributed environment to work together towards a better and smarter physical world. However, technologies are still under development to allow us to most effectively make use of the ubiquitous "smart things" to accomplish the desired goals in various human activities. Service discovery is one of these technologies that can help identify the desired IoT devices for the given task. In this paper, we design an efficient peer-to-peer (p2p) service discovery algorithm in an IoT network with a mix of static and mobile IoT nodes. Our algorithm is based on unstructured p2p routing with routing information caching (RIC). Due to the limited memory on IoT nodes, we bound the cache size to fit the IoT nodes and maximize the usefulness of their RIC content. First, we build an ontology of IoT device capabilities and design a hierarchical Bloom-filter based Indexing (HBFI) to index the capabilities in the ontology. HBFI is flexible in incorporating new capabilities and offers much more space efficient representation of the routing information. Also, the cache replacement scheme of RIC considers the reference time of the entries (as conventional), the mobility of the IoT nodes, and the inclusiveness of the capability concept. Experimental evaluations show that with the same memory size constraint, our scheme can provide more effective routing information and minimize the service discovery time compared to centralized, supernode based, DHT based, flooding based, and other information caching based solutions.
CoFeRh alloys: Part 2. Electrodeposition of CoFeRh alloys with high saturation magnetic flux density and high corrosion resistance

Abstract A Co 38 Fe 61 Rh 1 alloy with high saturation magnetic flux density, Bs, of 2.4 T was produced by electrodeposition from a solution containing RhCl 3 , NH 4 Cl, H 3 BO 3 , CoSO 4 , FeSO 4 , saccharin, NaLS (Na-lauryl sulfate) at pH 2.0. This alloy showed excellent corrosion resistance, which was comparable to sputtered 2.4 T Co 40 Fe 60 alloy. It has been demonstrated that CoFeRh films with Bs = 2.3–2.4 T can be obtained at lower current density and lower concentration of RhCl 3 in the plating solution. The increase of current density and RhCl 3 concentration brings about increase of Rh-content in CoFeRh films with higher corrosion resistance, but lower Bs value. The co-electrodeposition of Co and Fe at the controlled potential occurs at more positive potentials (−0.6 to −0.8 V vs. SCE) in the presence of RhCl 3 in the plating solution. This phenomenon is possibly driven by the negative enthalpy of CoFeRh formation and/or through induced co-deposition of CoFeRh from a mixed-metal complex as an electroactive intermediate. It is also demonstrated that the decrease of the Bs value of CoFeRh alloys from 2.4 to 1.2 T is linked to the increase of nonmagnetic elements, i.e. Rh, O, H, S, C, N, and Cl, in the CoFeRh deposit.