cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of natural convection on transition to turbulence in vertical pipes

The effect of natural thermal convection on transition to a disturbed flow in a heat transfer section of a vertical pipe was investigated. The transition is related to the distortions of the velocity profile caused by natural convection. When natural convection is in the direction of forced flow the transition appears to occur through the growth of small disturbances. Transition occurs suddenly when natural convection is opposite the direction of forces flow and it appears to be associated with a separation of the flow at the wall. (auth)
Thrombolysis treatment for acute stroke: issues of efficacy and utilization in women.

Background: Some studies report that women with ischemic stroke are more likely to benefit from intravenous tissue thrombolysis (IV tPA) treatment, but are less likely to receive the treatment compared with men. We review the literature on sex differences in utilization and efficacy of IV tPA and suggest directions for future studies. Methods: We identified studies that reported on sex differences in either the utilization or efficacy of IV tPA treatment for acute ischemic stroke. Results: Data from observational studies of IV tPA use show evidence of under-utilization in women, although wide variability between studies suggests that differences are specific to local conditions and populations. Prior analyses of randomized trial data show strong evidence that women but not men receive statistically and clinically significant benefit from IV tPA treatment. Observational studies of the effectiveness of IV tPA treatment in men and women have limited validity because of the absence of comparable control group...
The Second Face of Hegemony: Britain's Repeal of the Corn Laws and the American Walker Tariff of 1846

One challenge facing hegemonic stability theory is to specify the processes by which hegemonic countries construct and maintain a liberal international economic order. Earlier studies have focused on direct coercion or ideological manipulations by the hegemon as a principal technique for manipulating the trade policies of other countries. This article explores a different face of hegemony. Specifically, we contend that by altering relative prices through the exercise of their international market power, hegemonic leaders influence the trade policy preferences of their foreign trading partners. We examine this argument in the case of the American Walker Tariff of 1846. American tariff liberalization was intimately related to Britain's repeal of its Corn Laws. In the antebellum United States, Northern protectionist and Southern free trade proclivities were fixed; Western grain growers held the balance of power. By allowing access to its lucrative grain market, Britain altered the economic and political incentives of Western agriculturalists and facilitated the emergence of the free trade coalition essential to the passage of the Walker Tariff.
The biology of lysine acetylation integrates transcriptional programming and metabolism

The biochemical landscape of lysine acetylation has expanded from a small number of proteins in the nucleus to a multitude of proteins in the cytoplasm. Since the first report confirming acetylation of the tumor suppressor protein p53 by a lysine acetyltransferase (KAT), there has been a surge in the identification of new, non-histone targets of KATs. Added to the known substrates of KATs are metabolic enzymes, cytoskeletal proteins, molecular chaperones, ribosomal proteins and nuclear import factors. Emerging studies demonstrate that no fewer than 2000 proteins in any particular cell type may undergo lysine acetylation. As described in this review, our analyses of cellular acetylated proteins using DAVID 6.7 bioinformatics resources have facilitated organization of acetylated proteins into functional clusters integral to cell signaling, the stress response, proteolysis, apoptosis, metabolism, and neuronal development. In addition, these clusters also depict association of acetylated proteins with human diseases. These findings not only support lysine acetylation as a widespread cellular phenomenon, but also impel questions to clarify the underlying molecular and cellular mechanisms governing target selectivity by KATs. Present challenges are to understand the molecular basis for the overlapping roles of KAT-containing co-activators, to differentiate between global versus dynamic acetylation marks, and to elucidate the physiological roles of acetylated proteins in biochemical pathways. In addition to discussing the cellular 'acetylome', a focus of this work is to present the widespread and dynamic nature of lysine acetylation and highlight the nexus that exists between epigenetic-directed transcriptional regulation and metabolism.
An Inverse Procedure for Estimating the Anand Viscoplastic Constitutive Model Parameters for Copper Free-Air Ball

Due to its superior mechanical and electrical properties, as well as low cost, Cu is gradually replacing Au as wire bonding material. However, since copper is a stiffer material, it requires greater bonding force, which in turn increases risk of bond pad cratering and inter-layer dielectric (ILD) fracture. A critical challenge to numerically modeling the pad cratering or ILD fracture is the availability of appropriate constitutive models for the Cu free-air balls (FAB). In this work we first present rate and temperature dependent force-displacement response of micron-sized Cu FAB characterized using a custom-built high-precision microtester. From the experimental force-displacement data, Anand viscoplastic constitutive model parameters are obtained using an inverse finite element analysis procedure, where the material parameters are iterated through an automated procedure until the finite element and experimental force-displacement responses match. The constitutive model parameters to describe the FAB behavior at low and intermediate strain rates and at high temperatures are obtained and reported in this paper.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
In search of Hindsgavl : Experiments in the production of Neolithic Danish flint daggers

Few chipped stone artefacts from prehistory were as technically complex as the flint daggers of Late Neolithic Denmark. Here Michael Stafford present a study that examines, through experimental archaeology, many aspects of dagger production.
Canopy cover and anurans: nutrients are the most important predictor of growth and development

Bottom-up effects such as the availability of light and nutrients can have large impacts on primary producer quantity and quality, which is then translated into the growth and development of consum...
Coordinating College-Wide Instructional Change Through Faculty Communities

In February 2012, the College of Engineering created the Strategic Instructional Initiatives Program (SIIP) to transform and revitalize the core engineering courses at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. As SIIP has evolved, we have learned that in order to achieve these goals, we must first focus on creating collaborative teaching cultures. This effort has sparked the rapid spread of Research-Based Instructional Strategies across the college and created a thriving community of faculty invested in improving undergraduate instruction. In this paper, we describe the current policies and procedures that we use to direct SIIP. In particular, we will focus on the structure of the leadership team and how we have fostered deep collaborations among faculty developers, education researchers, and engineering faculty. We conclude by presenting an evaluation of the program.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Applying Stakeholder Theory to Utility Regulation

Many in the energy sector are calling for a transformation of the traditional utility model. However, proposals for “Utility 2.0” typically maintain the bilateral, adversarial relationship between the utility and its regulator. This article posits that one of the key flaws in the U.S. utility regulatory system is this myopic decision-making process, which limits the potential for consideration of stakeholder interests and more comprehensive systems thinking. While expanding the interests considered by utilities and regulators will not solve other problems embedded in traditional utility regulation, a broadening of the consideration of stakeholder interests will almost certainly allow for more comprehensive long-term planning, greater attention to environmental and other stakeholder concerns, and the potential for transformational policy choices. The article therefore offers a new governance structure that would bring stakeholder interests to the regulatory table and allow utilities and regulators to include these interests in key decision-making contexts.
An atmosphere and plume explorer of the jovian system

The Atmosphere and Plume Explorer Mission (APEX) is a novel nano-satellite architecture that will place a CubeSat onboard NASA’s proposed Europa Multiple Flyby Mission in the late 2020s. This CubeSat has been designed to perform atmosphere and plume science as well as radiation measurements around both Europa and Io for relatively low cost. The spacecraft described here is a 6U, solar powered CubeSat which will be sent to the Jovian system offering a significant scientific extension of the Europa Clipper mission at a relatively low cost. This represents a flexible mission architecture which can be adjusted to accommodate different mission science priorities as well as changes in the mission of the parent spacecraft. This concept focuses on utilizing only components and technologies that are presently available or will be available in the near-term with minimal development required.
Ester-Cross-linkable Composite Hollow Fiber Membranes for CO2 Removal from Natural Gas

High-performance ester-cross-linkable composite hollow fibers were developed through simultaneous spinning of 4,4′-(hexafluoroisopropylidene) diphthalic anhydride (6FDA) based polyimide and Torlon (registered trademark of Solvay Polymers) solutions. The core layer polyamide-imide polymer, Torlon, demonstrates excellent adhesion with cross-linkable 6FDA-based polyimide during spinning and ester-cross-linking. Torlon also shows superior thermal stability after cross-linking while maintaining the open substructure of the Torlon core layer. The resultant cross-linked composite hollow fibers show a CO2 permeance of 40 GPU with a CO2/CH4 selectivity of 39 in testing at 100 psi with 50/50 CO2/CH4 feed, 35 °C. The cross-linked composite hollow fibers also show high separation performance in the presence of high-level toluene contaminants up to 1000 ppm, suggesting that cross-linked composite hollow fibers are viable under realistic operation conditions. The high natural gas separation performance and significantl...
SCL design of a pipelined 8051 ALU

The design of a pipelined SCL 8051 ALU is elaborated. Two versions of SCL gates are considered for gatelevel implementation: SCL gates with both nsleep and sleep signals and SCL gates without nsleep signal. In both versions all combinational blocks, registers, and completion components can be put to sleep mode. In addition, the problem associated with pipelining the SCL 8051 ALU is explained and a solution is provided. The non-pipelined and pipelined SCL 8051 ALUs, implemented with both versions of SCL gates, are then simulated in transistor-level and compared in terms of area, speed, leakage power, dynamic power, and energy per operation. The SCL 8051 ALUs implemented with SCL gates without nsleep signal are shown to outperform the ones using the other gate style except for leakage power. In addition, it is shown that pipelining may have adverse effect on throughput. Keywords—SCL, MTNCL, NCL, ALU, MTCMOS
Exertional heat illness, exertional rhabdomyolysis, and malignant hyperthermia: is there a link?

8 Exertional Heat Illness, Exertional Rhabdomyolysis, and Malignant Hyperthermia: Is There a Link? Sheila Muldoon, Patricia Deuster, Maria Voelkel, John Capacchione, and Rolf Bunger 4 Department of Anesthesiology, Malignant Hyperthermia Biopsy Center, Department of Military and Emergency Medicine, and Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD
Analysis of Female Single Free Skating in 2014 Sochi Winter Olympics

Taking the top 8 skaters of female single free skating in 2014 Sochi Winter Olympics as research objects, with the methods of literature, observation and mathematical statistics,comprehensively analyze the scores and rank. The study showed, the technology of current international female single skaters is more balanced, going to the competitive times of 3+3 combination jump and 3 weeks jump, jumping error is the main factor of losing scores. The difficultiy of evolving and footwork reached level 4. From bonus points and bonus point of 10% difficult movements in the second half, difficult technical movements has certain stability and good physical security, the use of rules could achieve the maximum for getting scores. Expression of music features in program, gliding technique and arrangement of skaters has good performance, but action connection need to be paid attention, provide a theoretical reference for improving the overall level of Chinese female single figure skating.
Methods and experience in strengthening the functions of the county drug inspection

The drug is a special commodity for medical treatment and disease prevention, the quality of drugs seriously affects people's life and health. Therefore, strengthening drug supervision and management is an important function of the county drug inspection work, which can effectively improve the efficiency and quality of the institute 's work, and earnestly safeguard our people's health and safety. This paper analyzes the drug inspection functions and experience, in order to provide a reference for drug supervision.
Microsomal metabolism of furosemide evidence for the nature of the reactive intermediate involved in covalent binding.

Pathways for the cytochrome P-450 monooxygenase-mediated covalent binding of furosemide to microsomal protein were examined. Two pathways were considered: one leading to a highly electrophilic imine by C- or N-hydroxylation followed by dehydration, the other an epoxidation pathway leading to formation of an arene oxide. Microsomal covalent binding of [α-3H]furosemide, [35S]furosemide, [α-2H]furosemide, and [α,α9-H]furosemide was the same, indicating that formation of an imine intermediate is unlikely and that the α-carbon is not a site of metabolic activation. Covalent binding to microsomal protein was enhanced in the presence of an epoxide hydrase inhibitor, 1,2-epoxy-3,3,3-trichloropropane, and did not occur when tetrahydro[35S]furosemide was used as substrate. The results indicate that the covalent binding is mediated by an arene oxide intermediate. The potential significance of a subsequent rearrangement of the arene oxide to other electrophilic species cannot presently be evaluated. Furosemide covalent binding assay results using microsomes from the inbred C57BL/6N (B6) and DBA/2N (D2) strains of mice which had been treated with 3-methylcholanthrene and phenobarbital were compared. Phenobarbital treatment increased covalent binding (p
Comparison of peripheral and central infusions of 7.5% NaCl/6% dextran 70

Although it had been known for several years that central venous injections of hypertonic salt solutions with added dextran could effectively resuscitate animals from hemorrhagic shock, it was not known whether peripheral injections could result in the same beneficial effects. Chronically instrumented, unrestrained, and unanesthetized sheep were subjected to a moderate degree of hemorrhagic shock and then resuscitated with a 2-minute infusion of 7.5% NaCl/6% dextran 70 in a volume of 5 ml/kg body weight. Infusions were made into the cephalic vein, the femoral artery, or, centrally, the superior vena cava. All three routes of injection promptly reestablished arterial pressure and cardiac output. All gave equivalently good restoration of plasma volume. None of the injections damaged the vessels, as determined either by gross inspection or by histologic examination. Thus the solution was safe and effective when given peripherally. It might be useful in the field resuscitation of hypovolemic patients.
Assessing the perceived differences in post- Galantamine lucid dreams vs. non-Galantamine lucid dreams

A group of 18 experienced lucid dreamers responded to a 27-item online questionnaire pertaining to their use of the supplement galantamine for the purpose of inducing dreams. The questionnaire included 14 items that assessed the perceived differences on dimensions of dream phenomenology between lucid dreams immediately preceded by the ingestion of galantamine, and lucid dreams that were not. These retrospective assessments suggested that galantamine significantly enhanced length and vividness, and decreased negative dimensions of lucid dreaming, including fear, violence, and the presence of threatening characters.
Effects of diversity on community assembly in newly formed pond communities

Theory suggests that in a new habitat, initial levels of genetic or species diversity can influence subsequent community assembly. Nevertheless, empirical investigations of these diversity effects in newly created habitats remain rare at both the genetic and species level, especially for animal systems. To test this theory, we conducted a field experiment in which initial stocking diversity (both intra- and interspecific) of freshwater zooplankton in newly constructed pools was manipulated in a 2 × 2 fully factorial design. Zooplankton communities were sampled every 2 weeks from May to August in 2011 and 2012, and once in May of 2013 and 2014. Estimates of overland dispersal were measured in 2012. Despite theoretical predictions, we found no difference in taxonomic richness among stocking treatments after 4 yr. A total of 24 species was recorded in the experimental pool metacommunity, with average cumulative taxonomic richness ranging from 6.1 to 7.6 species per pool. Using dispersal traps, we found that dispersal of zooplankton was rapid, with eight taxa dispersing within 7 d; we found no difference in the number of dispersed propagules based on number of neighboring source pools. Despite theoretical predictions regarding diversity and community assembly, our study suggests that initial diversity may have no effect on early successional community species richness.
Gastrointestinal Immunity in Natural Hosts of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus

Abstract In pathogenic human immunodeficiency virus infection of humans and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection of Asian macaques, so-called non-natural host species, generalized immune activation is closely associated with disease progression. This immune activation is partially driven by the translocation of microbial products from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract into the systemic circulation as a result of the breakdown of the structural and immunological barrier of the intestine. In contrast, natural host species of SIV, such as sooty mangabeys and African green monkeys, maintain healthy GI tract physiology. Although natural hosts typically experience some CD4 T-cell depletion in the GI tract during acute infection, they have evolved a CD4− population of T cells that remain uninfected by SIV throughout infection; these CD4− T cells can maintain effector functions normally associated with CD4+ T cells. These species are able to avoid the pathogenic effects of CD4 depletion, including limited chronic immune activation in the mucosa, maintenance of interleukin-17 production, maintenance of the structural and immunological barriers of the GI tract, and thus avoidance of microbial translocation and subsequent immune activation. The differential pathology within the GI tract in natural and non-natural hosts of SIV may underlie the ability of natural host species to avoid disease progression.
Deafferentation pain exacerbated by subarachnoid lidocaine and relieved by subarachnoid morphine. Case report.

Background and Objectives. Neuropathic pain syndromes are often resistant to traditional pharmacologic treatment. The authors describe a patient with chronic deafferentation pain of the legs associated with peripheral neuropathy that was refractory to multidisciplinary pain clinic management. Methods. Numerous medications had been tried, including nortriptyline, mexiletine, and oral and parenteral opioids. Spinal cord stimulation was also ineffective, despite a satisfactory pattern of stimulation-induced paresthesias. For diagnostic purposes, differential spinal anesthesia with lidocaine and morphine was performed, with evoked potential monitoring used to evaluate the intensity of spinal anesthetic block. Results. Paradoxically, lidocaine spinal anesthesia exacerbated pain, whereas subarachnoid morphine provided rapid pain relief. Longterm pain control has been maintained with an implanted spinal infusion pump. Conclusions. Evoked potential data acquired during lidocaine spinal anesthesia and the rapid pain relief provided by subarachnoid morphine suggest that deafferentation pain may involve segmental, opioid-sensitive dorsal horn pain generators. The long-term pain relief afforded the patient demonstrates that subarachnoid opioids may be efficacious for some forms of neuropathic pain.
The Liberation of France: A Case Study in Anglo-OSS Convergence, 1943–44

Whereas Anglo-OSS relations in Yugoslavia evolved from close collaboration in the early stages of the war to competition and rivalry by 1944, the reverse proved true in France. British and OSS intelligence and special operations in support of the French resistance developed from what were essentially divergent subversive efforts at the start, to something approaching integration in time for the invasion of France in June 1944. The truly joint nature of secret activities in France, however, turned into parallel but complementary field operations once Allied troops came ashore in Normandy. Nonetheless, the apex of the Anglo-OSS partnership was reached in France in 1943–4. Never before had both sides cooperated so closely and on such a large scale, and never again did this occur during the war.
Conclusion: The Legacy of Dissent in English Politics in the Nineteenth Century

When I look back to the history of this country, and consider its present condition, I must say that all that the people possess of liberty has come, not through the portals of the cathedrals and the parish churches, but from the conventicles, which are despised by [the] hon. gentlemen opposite. When I know that if a good measure is to be carried in this House, it must be by men who are sent hither by the Nonconformists of Great Britain,—when I read and see that the past and present State alliance with religion is hostile to religious liberty, preventing all growth and nearly destroying all vitality in religion itself,— then I shall hold myself to have read, thought, and lived in vain, if I vote for a measure which in the smallest degree shall give any further power or life to the principle of State endowment; and, in conclusion, I will only exhort the Dissenters of England to act in the same way, and to stand upon their own great, pure, and unassailable principle; for if they stand by it manfully, and work for it vigorously, the time may come—nay, it will come, when that principle will be adopted by the Legislature of the country. John Bright (1811–1888), MP for Durham City, speaking in parliament on the Maynooth grant, 18451 Lord John Russell, first earl Russell (1792–1878), prominent leader of the reform movement of the 1820s and 1830s, and later liberal prime minister, once remarked: ‘I know the Dissenters. They gave us the emancipation of the slave. They gave us the Reform Bill. They gave us Free Trade.’2
Effectiveness of Prenatal Versus Postpartum Tetanus, Diphtheria, and Acellular Pertussis Vaccination in Preventing Infant Pertussis.

BACKGROUND Most severe and fatal cases of pertussis occur in infants <8 weeks of age, before initiation of the primary pertussis vaccine series. Women are recommended to receive tetanus, diphtheria, and acellular pertussis (Tdap) vaccine at the start of the third trimester of each pregnancy to optimize transplacental transfer of antibodies to the fetus. This recommendation was made by the Advisory Committee for Immunization Practices based on immunogenicity data, and no studies in the United States have yet evaluated the effectiveness of this strategy in reducing pertussis incidence in infants. METHODS We evaluated a cohort of mothers with documented Tdap vaccination histories in the California Immunization Registry to determine whether infants whose mothers received Tdap vaccine at 27-36 weeks gestation had a lower risk of pertussis at <8 weeks of age than infants born to women who received Tdap vaccine within 14 days post partum. RESULTS Tdap vaccination received at 27-36 weeks gestation was found to be 85% (95% confidence interval, 33%-98%) more effective than postpartum Tdap vaccination at preventing pertussis in infants <8 weeks of age . Vaccination at 27-36 weeks gestation was more effective at preventing pertussis in infant than vaccination during the second trimester. CONCLUSIONS Tdap vaccination at 27-36 weeks gestation was 85% more effective than postpartum vaccination at preventing pertussis in infants <8 weeks of age. Efforts should be made by prenatal care providers to provide Tdap vaccine to pregnant women during routine prenatal visits at the earliest opportunity between 27 and 36 weeks gestation.
A Motivational Perspective on Mass Communication Students’ Satisfaction With Their Major: Investigating Antecedents and Consequences:

This study used self-determination theory (SDT) to investigate the motivations for selecting a major among mass communication and media majors at 18 colleges and universities across the United Stat...
Frequency Tree clustering for ICU mortality analytics using graph databases

Mortality analytics is an emerging research area that discovers and communicates meaningful patterns in clinical data to reduce mortality rates. Nonetheless, intensive care unit (ICU) mortality analytics for leading causes, such as circulatory system diseases (CDS), is still complicated due to the interactions of different mortality causes. To improve analytics accuracy and quality, clustering analysis can provide clinicians with interpretable insights about clinical data. Although robust tools to support the clinicians are still emerging. Recently, Frequency Tree (F-Tree) has been utilized effectively to cluster data points using the frequencies of data categories. While F-Tree clustering would result in interpretable data patterns and effective (accurate) clustering in various domains, straightforward adoption of F-Tree clustering in healthcare domain will be hindered by memory overhead and slow analytics retrieval. In this regard, we propose an integration between F-Tree clustering and graph databases as a ICU mortality analytics tool that enriches F-Tree with a robust retrieval engine. Modeling F-Tree using such a retrieval engine improves its clustering and association retrieval quality in terms of interpretability, scalability, and efficiency (timing) assessments.
Naloxone Administration for Opioid Overdose Reversal in the Prehospital Setting: Implications for Pharmacists.

Background:Fatalities from opioid overdose have risen by 117% over the past 10 years. Increasing access to the opioid antagonist, naloxone can combat this trend and saves lives. This study investigates the various routes of naloxone administration for opioid reversal in the prehospital setting.Methods:PubMed, Ovid, and Google Scholar were searched for references that included the words naloxone and prehospital. Inclusion criteria were peer reviewed publications after 1995, English language, studies conducted in an outpatient setting, and intramuscular, intranasal, intravenous, or subcutaneous formulations; exclusion criteria were review articles or editorials.Results:8 articles met the inclusion criteria: intramuscular, intranasal, intravenous, and subcutaneous dosage forms of naloxone were analyzed to compare their time to administration, time to efficacy, financial impact, administrator safety, and administrator preference.Conclusion:There is little consensus on the optimal route of naloxone administrat...
Tailoring broadband acoustic energy suppression characteristics of double porosity metamaterials with compression constraints and mass inclusions

A metamaterial that capitalizes on a double porosity architecture is introduced for controlling broadband acoustic energy suppression properties. When the metamaterial is subjected to static compressive stress, a global rotation of the internal metamaterial architecture is induced that softens the effective stiffness and results in a considerable means to tailor wave transmission and absorption properties. The influences of mass inclusions and compression constraints are examined by computational and experimental efforts. The results indicate that the mass inclusions and applied constraints can significantly impact the absorption and transmission properties of double porosity metamaterials, while the appropriate utilization of the underlying poroelastic media can further magnify these parametric influences. Based on the widespread implementation of compressed poroelastic media in applications, the results of this research uncover how internal metamaterial architecture and constraints may be exploited to enhance engineering noise control properties while using less poroelastic material mass.
Field sampling of loose erodible material: A new system to consider the full particle-size spectrum

Abstract A new system is presented to sample and enable the characterization of loose erodible material (LEM) present on a soil surface, which may be susceptible for entrainment by wind. The system uses a modified MWAC (Modified Wilson and Cooke) sediment sampler connected to a corded hand-held vacuum cleaner. Performance and accuracy of the system was tested in the laboratory using five reference soil samples with different textures. Sampling was most effective for sandy soils, while effectiveness decreases were found for soils with high silt and clay contents in dry dispersion. This effectiveness decrease can be attributed to loose silt and clay-sized particles and particle aggregates adhering to and clogging a filter attached to the MWAC outlet. Overall, the system was found to be effective in collecting sediment for most soil textures and theoretical interpretation of the measured flow speeds suggests that LEM can be sampled for a wide range of particle sizes, including dust particles. Particle-size analysis revealed that the new system is able to accurately capture the particle-size distribution (PSD) of a given sample. Only small discrepancies (maximum cumulative difference
Mediating ER-mitochondrial cross-talk.

Cellular function and survival require the highly ordered subcellular localization of organelles. In particular, there is considerable interest in understanding the interconnectedness of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria. The direct interaction of ER and mitochondrial membranes is referred to as tethering, typically defined as an interorganelle distance of less than 30 nm. Tethering has been implicated in numerous physiological processes, including lipid synthesis and transfer, coupling of Ca2+ transfer, autophagosome formation, inflammatory signaling, mitochondrial morphology, and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) synthesis and distribution ( 1 – 5 ). Although the functional relevance of ER-mitochondrial tethering is widely accepted, identification of the proteins that constitute these interconnected structures has remained elusive. On page 623 of this issue, Hirabayashi et al. ( 6 ) show that PDZ domain containing protein 8 (PDZD8) is required for the tethering of ER and mitochondrial membranes and is critical for Ca2+ transfer from ER to mitochondria.
AC impedance derivation of utility scale PV farm

With rapid increase of photovoltaic (PV) penetration in distribution system, and the fact that distributed generators may involve in voltage regulation according to IEEE standard 1547, it is necessary to check the stability of PV generator integration, especially utility PV farms. To apply generalized Nyquist Criteria (GNC) based on impedances on D-Q frame, output impedances of PV farm is derived and proved by MATLAB simulation and hardware experiments. The stability assessment results of GNC are also testified by time domain simulation in average model, which shows that unstable penetration case may occur when PV generator is regulating AC voltage.
Factors shaping expectations for complete relief from symptoms during rehabilitation for patients with spine pain

Objective: Patient expectations are related to treatment outcome across a broad variety of patient conditions. Here we sought to examine factors associated with the expectation of complete relief f...
Authoritarianism, Affective Polarization, and Economic Ideology

I consider two theories of affective polarization between Democrats and Republicans in the United States: (1) ideological divergence on size-of-government issues (Webster & Abramowitz, 2017) and (2) authoritarianism-based partisan sorting (Hetherington & Weiler, 2009). I argue that these alternatives cannot be easily disentangled, because politically engaged citizens seek out and assimilate information about economic policy from elites who are perceived to share their core traits and cultural values. In this way, the economic preferences emphasized by the first view are partly endogenous to the worldview divide emphasized by the second. Elite position taking on economic issues may elicit strong emotions among citizens because it reliably signals a commitment to one worldview or the other. I review new and existing evidence for this claim in both observational survey data and two experimental studies. I also consider the broader implications of these results for the distribution of economic opinion across indicators of human capital.
SBML Level 3 Package: Multistate, Multicomponent and Multicompartment Species, Version 1, Release 1

Rule-based modeling is an approach that permits constructing reaction networks based on the specification of rules for molecular interactions and transformations. These rules can encompass details such as the interacting sub-molecular domains (components) and the states such as phosphorylation and binding status of the involved components. Fine-grained spatial information such as the locations of the molecular components relative to a membrane (e.g. whether a modeled molecular domain is embedded into the inner leaflet of the cellular plasma membrane) can also be provided. Through wildcards representing component states entire families of molecule complexes sharing certain properties can be specified as patterns. This can significantly simplify the definition of models involving species with multiple components, multiple states and multiple compartments. The SBML Level 3 Multi Package (Multistate, Multicomponent and Multicompartment Species Package for SBML Level 3) extends the SBML Level 3 core with the "type" concept in the Species and Compartment classes and therefore reaction rules may contain species that can be patterns and be in multiple locations in reaction rules. Multiple software tools such as Simmune and BioNetGen support the SBML Level 3 Multi package that thus also becomes a medium for exchanging rule-based models.
Industry Payments to Physician Specialists Who Prescribe Repository Corticotropin.

Importance Despite great expense and little evidence supporting use over corticosteroids, prescriptions for repository corticotropin (H. P. Acthar Gel; Mallinckrodt Pharmaceuticals) have increased markedly. Aggressive sales tactics and payments from the manufacturer may influence prescribing behavior for this expensive medication. Objective To characterize industry payments to physician specialists who prescribe corticotropin in the Medicare program. Design, Setting, and Participants This study was a cross-sectional analysis of Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services 2015 Part D prescribing data linked to 2015 Open Payments data. Nephrologists, neurologists, and rheumatologists with more than 10 corticotropin prescriptions (frequent prescribers) in 2015 were included. Exposures Frequency, category, and magnitude of corticotropin-related payments from Mallinckrodt recorded in the Open Payments database. Main Outcomes and Measures Frequency, category, and magnitude of corticotropin-related payments from Mallinckrodt, as well as corticotropin prescriptions and expenditures for Medicare beneficiaries. Results Of the 235 included physicians, 65 were nephrologists; 59, neurologists; and 111, rheumatologists. A majority of frequent corticotropin prescribers (207 [88%]) received corticotropin-related payments from Mallinckrodt. The median (range) total payment for 2015 was $189 ($11-$138 321), with the highest payments ranging from $56 549 to $138 321 across the specialties. More than 20% of frequent prescribers received more than $10 000 and the top quartile of recipients received a median (range) of $33 190 ($9934-$138 321) in total payments per prescriber. Payments for compensation for services other than consulting contributed the most to the total amount. Mallinckrodt payments were positively associated with greater Medicare spending on corticotropin (β = 1.079; 95% CI, 1.044-1.115;P Conclusions and Relevance In this study, most nephrologists, neurologists, and rheumatologists who frequently prescribe corticotropin received corticotropin-related payments from Mallinckrodt. These findings suggest that financial conflicts of interest may be driving use of corticotropin in the Medicare program.
Sustainable Rural Economic Development in the Great Plains

The goals of rural economic development and natural resource conservation are mutually supportive when both are pursued in a context of sustainability. Being able to visualize a sustainable society is the first step toward building one, but old paradigms limit the ability to create a new vision of the future and move toward it. Transportation systems, water resource and flood control projects, mining activities, utilities, and settlement patterns have all played a role in changing the landscape and degrading ecosystems of the Great Plains. Probably, however, the most critical force has been that of conventional agriculture. Indeed, the same agricultural forces that have diminished ecosystems have indirectly diminished many Great Plains communities.
What is a molecular oxygen sensor? What is a transduction process?

The task set for me by the organizing committee is simultaneously difficult, simple and intimidating. Difficult because of the need to look for order in a nebulous meeting ground of physiology and biochemistry. Simple because of a relative lack of solid information. And intimidating because of the importance of the topic and this audience of distinguished investigators of the topic assembled here before me.
A new parenteral emulsion for the administration of taxol.

Taxol (NSC-125973) is a poorly soluble plant product that exhibits excellent antimitotic properties. This study involves the development of a new formulation for taxol. The stability of taxol in a 50% triacetin emulsion as well as possible methods of intravenous administration of this dosage form was examined. A stable emulsion was found at taxol concentrations of 10 and 15 mg/ml of emulsion. The 50% triacetin emulsion showed an intravenous LD50 of 1.2 ml/kg in Swiss-Webster mice. The 10 mg/ml taxol formulation was demonstrated to be stable upon addition to 5% dextrose iv fluids provided that small packing systems were used. The taxol–triacetin emulsion can also be intravenously injected at various rates, and it may prove to be a useful formulation for taxol.
Volume 1 Solutions

None of the adjectives are real English words. There are two classes of adjectives: “bad” and “good”. We will refer to this property of adjectives as “polarity”.
Geographical leadership, sustainability and urban education

Geography possesses in its intellectual DNA a unique ability to understand cities. Decades ago, it embarked on this project but was distracted, for a number of reasons. The emergence of a field com...
Vörösmarty, Mihály. Csongor és Tünde, Csongor and Tünde - a Fairy Tale Play in Verse. Trans. Peter Zollman [parallel Hungarian-English edition]. Winnetka: CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2017. 80 pp.

Vorosmarty, Mihaly. Csongor es Tunde, Csongor and Tunde - a Fairy Tale Play in Verse . Trans. Peter Zollman [parallel Hungarian-English edition]. Winnetka: CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2017. 80 pp.
Protease inhibitors broadly effective against feline, ferret and mink coronaviruses

Ferret and mink coronaviruses typically cause catarrhal diarrhea in ferrets and minks, respectively. In recent years, however, systemic fatal coronavirus infection has emerged in ferrets, which resembles feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) in cats. FIP is a highly fatal systemic disease caused by a virulent feline coronavirus infection in cats. Despite the importance of coronavirus infections in these animals, there are no effective commercial vaccines or antiviral drugs available for these infections. We have previously reported the efficacy of a protease inhibitor in cats with FIP, demonstrating that a virally encoded 3C-like protease (3CLpro) is a valid target for antiviral drug development for coronavirus infections. In this study, we extended our previous work on coronavirus inhibitors and investigated the structure-activity relationships of a focused library of protease inhibitors for ferret and mink 3CLpro. Using the fluorescence resonance energy transfer assay, we identified potent inhibitors broadly effective against feline, ferret and mink coronavirus 3CLpro. Multiple amino acid sequence analysis and modelling of 3CLpro of ferret and mink coronaviruses were conducted to probe the structural basis for these findings. The results of this study provide support for further research to develop broad-spectrum antiviral agents for multiple coronavirus infections. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on small molecule inhibitors of ferret and mink coronaviruses.
Optical surface guidance for submillimeter monitoring of patient position during frameless stereotactic radiotherapy.

Purpose To evaluate the accuracy of monitoring intrafraction motion during stereotactic radiotherapy with the optical surface monitoring system. Prior studies showing a false increase in the magnitude of translational offsets at non-coplanar couch positions prompted the vendor to implement software changes. This study evaluated two software improvements intended to address false offsets. Methods The vendor implemented two software improvements: a volumetric (ACO) rather than planar calibration and, approximately 6 months later, an improved calibration workflow (CIB) designed to better compensate for thermal drift. Offsets relative to the reference position, obtained at table angle 0 following image-guided setup, were recorded before beam-on at each table position and at the end of treatment the table returned to 0° for patients receiving SRT. Results Prior to ACO, between ACO and CIB, and after CIB, 223, 155, and 436 fractions were observed respectively. The median magnitude of translational offsets at the end of treatment was similar for all three intervals: 0.29, 0.33, and 0.27 mm. Prior to ACO, the offset magnitude for non-zero table positions had a median of 0.79 mm and was found to increase with increasing distance from isocenter to the anterior patient surface. After ACO, the median magnitude was 0.74 mm, but the dependence on surface-to-isocenter distance was eliminated. After CIB, the median magnitude for non-zero table positions was reduced to 0.57 mm. Conclusion Ongoing improvements in software and calibration procedures have decreased reporting of false offsets at non-zero table angles. However, the median magnitude for non-zero table angles is larger than that observed at the end of treatment, indicating that accuracy remains better when the table is not rotated.
Cobalt Superoxo and Alkylperoxo Complexes Derived from Reaction of Ring-Cleaving Dioxygenase Models with O2

The syntheses and O2 reactivities of active-site models of cobalt-substituted ring-cleaving dioxygenases are presented. The pentacoordinate cobalt(II)-aminophenolate complex, [Co(TpMe2)(tBu2APH)], gives rise to two distinct dioxygen adducts at reduced temperatures. The first is a paramagnetic (S = 1/2) cobalt(III)-superoxo species that was characterized with spectroscopic and computational techniques. The identity of the second Co/O2 adduct was elucidated by X-ray crystallography, which revealed an unprecedented cobalt(III)-alkylperoxo structure generated by O2 addition to the metal ion and ligand. These results provide synthetic precedents for proposed intermediates in the catalytic cycles of O2-activating cobalt enzymes.
Comparison of EPA, ILO, and World Bank Guidelines for Risk Identification Assessment, and Management of Chemical Emergencies

In the wake of the Bhopal accident, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, the International Labour Organisation, and the World Bank have each issued guidelines for identification, assessment, and management of risks from major hazards at industrial facilities. These different approaches are compared in both theoretical and practical perspectives.
Isolation of Mouse Epidermal Keratinocytes and Their In Vitro Clonogenic Culture

The protocol described here is a reliable method of harvesting primary keratinocytes from adult female mice (54 ± 2 days old) yielding approximately 30 x 106 viable cells per mouse. Primary adult mouse keratinocytes are harvested from the dorsal skin of female mice. Male mice (~6 weeks old) can be used for keratinocyte harvesting depending on the requirements of the experiment. Euthanized mice are shaved and sterilized with serial washes in povidone iodine and ethanol solutions (70% alcohol). After disinfecting the mice, the dorsal skin is removed and the subcutaneous fat and muscle are removed with a scalpel and discarded. The skins are cut into small pieces and treated with a mild, low temperature trypsinization to detach the lower dermis from the epidermis. The scraped epidermises are stirred at low speed, filtered to remove the hairs, counted, and re-suspended in culture medium. This method provides an excellent single cell suspension of highly culturable cells for many downstream applications.
Timing characteristics of Large Area Picosecond Photodetectors

The LAPPD Collaboration was formed to develop ultrafast large-area imaging photodetectors based on new methods for fabricating microchannel plates (MCPs). In this paper we characterize the time response using a pulsed, subpicosecond laser. We observe single-photoelectron time resolutions of a 20 cm x 20 cm MCP consistently below 70 picoseconds, spatial resolutions of roughly 500 microns, and median gains higher than 10 7 . The RMS measured at one particular point on an LAPPD detector is 58 psec, with 1 of 47 psec. The dierential time resolution between the signal reaching the two ends of the delay line anode is measured to be 5.1 psec for large signals, with an asymptotic limit falling below 2 picoseconds as noise-over-signal approaches zero.
Nurturing Undergraduate Researchers in Biomedical Sciences

Undergraduate researchers are the next-generation scientists. Here, we call for more attention from our community to the proper training of undergraduates in biomedical research laboratories. By dissecting common pitfalls, we suggest how to better mentor undergraduates and prepare them for flourishing careers.