cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Effects of Support on the Economic Well-Being of Young Fathers

The author presents the results of a study examining the effects of educational, employment, and psychosocial support services for young fathers who participated in a college based program in Buffalo, New York. Findings suggest that men who receive paid internships are more likely to complete a program and that those who complete the program have an 83% probability of either working or being in school 90 days after completion. Implications for practice and policy are discussed, and recommendations for research are offered.
The Medicare Cost Report and the limits of hospital accountability: improving financial accounting data.

Health policy makers, legislators, providers, payers, and a broad range of other players in the health care market routinely seek information on hospital financial performance. Yet the data at their disposal are limited, especially since hospitals' audited financial statements--the "gold standard" in hospital financial reporting--are not publicly available in many states. As a result, the Medicare Cost Report (MCR), filed annually by most U.S. hospitals in order to receive payment for treating Medicare patients, has become the primary public source of hospital financial information. However, financial accounting elements in the MCR are unreliable, poorly defined, and lacking in critical detail. Comparative analyses of MCRs and matched, audited financial statements reveal long-standing problems with the MCR's data, including major differences in reported profits; variations in the reporting of both revenues and expenses; an absence of relevant details, such as charity care, bad debt, operating versus nonoperating income, and affiliate transactions; an inconsistent classification of changes in net assets; and a failure to provide cash flow statements. Because of these problems, MCR financial data give only a limited and often inaccurate picture of the financial position of hospitals. Audited financial statements provide a more complete perspective, enabling analysts to address important questions left unanswered by the MCR data. Regulatory action is needed to create a national database of financial information based upon audited statements.
Cranioplasty using gentamicin-loaded acrylic cement: a test of neurotoxicity.

Abstract Cranioplasty represents a formidable challenge for neurosurgeons, with a significant morbidity from both early and late wound infections. Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) is one of the most widely used materials in this setting. Despite the advantages of this material, such as ease of handling and inert biochemical properties, it is still a foreign body that is prone to infection. We present an animal model using a gentamicin-impregnated PMMA patch to assess the neurotoxicity as well as the efficacy of using this as an alternative material to lessen the infectious morbidity in this clinical setting. In part two of our experiment, we used a PMMA patch of similar weight and surface area in a physiological saline solution to determine the rate of gentamicin elution from the patch. The results obtained appear promising with no evidence of neurotoxicity and warrant further study to assess the clinical efficacy of PMMA in this setting.
Comparison of in vitro techniques to the in situ technique for estimation of ruminal degradation of protein.

Abstract The accuracy with which the Streptomyces griseus , ficin, and neutral protease with amylase in vitro methods could be used to predict in situ protein degradation of concentrate feeds was evaluated. Four types of soy products and two types of distillers grains were incubated using each of the four techniques for .5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, and 48h The percentages of initial CP that remained undegraded over time were determined. Comparison of the degradation curves and contrast analysis of the data indicated that the in vitro methods generated degradability estimates in conflict with those obtained by the in situ method. However, the neutral protease with amylase method ranked the test feeds according to the extent of CP degradation at 24h most similar to that in situ. Regression equations developed with the neutral protease with amylase degradability estimates explained 78, 76, and 74% of the variation in the in situ estimates obtained after 12, 18, and 24h of incubation, respectively. At least 69% of the variation in the 18-h in situ estimates could be explained by the neutral protease with amylase estimates obtained after 1, 2, 4, 8, and 12h of incubation. Little relationship was found between the ficin and S. griseus versus in situ results. Although none of the in vitro methods resulted in degradation curves consistently related to those generated by the in situ technique, relationships were found between protein degradability estimates obtained by the neutral protease with mates in conflict with those obtained by amylase method at specific time points and those obtained by the in situ technique.
Gonadal, adrenal, and neuroactive steroids' role in ictal activity

Abstract Of the many people that have epilepsy, only about 70% achieve seizure control with traditional pharmacotherapies. Steroids have long been known to influence ictal activity and may have a therapeutic role. This review summarizes recent investigations that have enhanced knowledge of the effects and mechanisms of gonadal, adrenal, and neuroactive steroids on seizure processes. Progesterone, which varies across reproductive cycles, pregnancy, and as a function of aging, has been shown to have anti-seizure effects among women with epilepsy and in animal models of epilepsy. Further, data suggest that progesterone's anti-seizure effects may involve its metabolism to the neuroactive steroid, 5α-pregnan-3α-ol-20-one (3α,5α-THP), and its subsequent actions at GABAA receptors. Androgens also have anti-seizure effects. Androgens' anti-seizure effects may be mediated, in part, through actions of the testosterone metabolite, and neuroactive steroid, 5α-androstane-3α,17α-diol (3α-diol) at GABAA receptors. Stress can alter seizure susceptibility, suggesting a role of adrenal steroids on seizure processes. In animal models of epilepsy, acute or chronic stress can increase ictal activity. Notably, stress and seizures can alter levels of gonadal, adrenal, and neuroactive steroids, which may then influence subsequent seizure activity. Thus, this review summarizes recent progress in the role of gonadal, adrenal, and/or neuroactive steroids in seizure processes which suggest that greater understanding of these steroids' effects and mechanisms may ultimately lead to improved seizure control for people with epilepsy.
Subjective evaluation of stereoscopic image quality

Abstract Stereoscopic/3D image and video quality assessment (IQA/VQA) has become increasing relevant in today's world, owing to the amount of attention that has recently been focused on 3D/stereoscopic cinema, television, gaming, and mobile video. Understanding the quality of experience of human viewers as they watch 3D videos is a complex and multi-disciplinary problem. Toward this end we offer a holistic assessment of the issues that are encountered, survey the progress that has been made towards addressing these issues, discuss ongoing efforts to resolve them, and point up the future challenges that need to be focused on. Important tools in the study of the quality of 3D visual signals are databases of 3D image and video sets, distorted versions of these signals and the results of large-scale studies of human opinions of their quality. We explain the construction of one such tool, the LIVE 3D IQA database, which is the first publicly available 3D IQA database that incorporates ‘true’ depth information along with stereoscopic pairs and human opinion scores. We describe the creation of the database and analyze the performance of a variety of 2D and 3D quality models using the new database. The database as well as the algorithms evaluated are available for researchers in the field to use in order to enable objective comparisons of future algorithms. Finally, we broadly summarize the field of 3D QA focusing on key unresolved problems including stereoscopic distortions, 3D masking, and algorithm development.
From the Inside Out: Group Work With Women of Color

This article will present two models for conducting group work with Women of Color (WOC): the SisterCircle Approach and the Group Relations Model. The authors contend that the models, when used together, combine an internal and external focus (“inside out”) of group work that can assist group workers to conduct individual and group-level identity work with WOC and support them in developing integrated identities within social and political contexts that can be hostile to their existence. Theoretical foundations of the models, application, and best practices will be presented. Implications for practice and research will also be discussed.
Crystal structures and lattice parameters of the compounds of berkelium. III. Berkelium oxychloride

Abstract BkF3 has been found to exhibit a low-temperature, YF3-type orthorhombic structure and a high-temperature, LaF3-type trigonal structure. The lattice parameters of these two BkF3 modifications are: a0 = 6·70±0·01 A, b0 = 7·09·0·01 A, c0 = 4·41±0·01A (orthorhombic), and a0 = 6·97±0·01 A, c0 = 7·14±0·01 A (trigonal), where the error limits reflect the uncertainties in the derivation of the lattice parameters. The inversion temperature of BkF3 lies in the range 350 to 600°C.
Globalizing firms and small communities : The apparel industry's changing connection to rural labor markets

This paper explores changing relationships between apparel firms and rural labor markets in Wisconsin over the last decade. Mainstream explanations of recent changes in the apparel industry suggest that rural communities will lose tedious or physically demanding, low-skilled apparel manufacturing jobs but will gain more information-intensive and desirable "apparel service" employment. Through case studies of apparel firms located in two Wisconsin communities, the paper argues that current changes in the industry not only affect communities unevenly but, even in regions where apparel service firms have provided significant numbers of new jobs, these jobs are less well paid, more casually structured, and less secure than manufacturing employment has been. The paper argues that current concepts of the economic embeddedness of firms in communities need to be refined to permit consideration of the kinds of leverage and voice that community organizations have in confronting new forms of corporate capital. The two case studies demonstrate that corporate embeddedness and its labor market outcomes are linked to changes in the global market in which firms compete.
Pre-systemic controls of fluid intake and vasopressin secretion.

Abstract In dehydrated rats, an early postingestive signal associated with the concentration of ingested fluid provides a signal that can inhibit neurohypophyseal vasopressin secretion. That inhibitory signal is not generated by the act of swallowing, as it is in dogs and many other animals, but by visceral osmoreceptors that presumably send a vagal signal to the nucleus of the solitary tract and the area postrema in the brain stem. In further contrast to dogs, the act of water ingestion does not provide an early signal inhibiting thirst in rats, but gastric emptying is so rapid that thirst can be satiated relatively quickly. When saline is consumed instead of water, thirst is inhibited by a different signal that results from the volume consumed and apparently is associated with gastrointestinal distension. These and other results emphasize the need to include gastric emptying of ingested fluid in considerations of water and Na + balance in rats.
Aqueous humor dynamics in mice.

Purpose To assess aqueous humor dynamics in mouse eyes. Methods Aqueous humor dynamics of NIH Swiss White mouse were assessed with an injection and aspiration system, using fine glass microneedles. Intraocular pressure (IOP) was measured by a microneedle connected to a pressure transducer. Episcleral venous pressure (EVP) was measured by gradually lowering intracameral pressure until blood reflux into Schlemm's canal was observed. Outflow facility (C) was determined based on constant pressure perfusion measurements obtained at two different IOPs. Aqueous volume (V(a)) was determined by direct measurement of aspirated aqueous humor. Aqueous humor production (F(a)) was measured by the dilution method with rhodamine-dextran. Conventional and uveoscleral outflow (F(c) and F(u), respectively), as well as the turnover rate of aqueous humor, were also calculated. Results IOP and EVP were 15.7 +/- 2.0 and 9.5 +/- 1.2 mm Hg, respectively (n = 20). F(a) was 0.18 +/- 0.05 microL/min (mean +/- SD; n = 8). C was 0.0051 +/- 0.0006 microL/min per mm Hg (n = 8). Estimated F(c) and F(u) were 0.032 and 0.148 microL/min, respectively. F(c) was 18% of F(a). F(u) was 82% of F(a). V(a) was 5.9 +/- 0.5 microL (n = 8). The calculated turnover rate of aqueous humor was 2.5%. Conclusions The mouse eye has similar aqueous production and aqueous humor turnover rate as the human eye. The presence of both conventional and uveoscleral outflow suggests that the mouse is a useful model system for further investigations of the biology of aqueous dynamics.
A method for classification of 5' termini of retroviruses.

A new method for the classification of retroviruses is presented. The scheme is based on the length and sequence of a DNA transcript of the 5′ end of the genome. The method can be used to detect similarities between distantly related viruses as well as to discriminate between very closely related viruses. The method is applied to viruses isolated from mice, baboons, gibbons, a woolly monkey and chickens.
Density-of-states anomalies in a disordered conductor: A tunneling study

Results of single-particle tunneling experiments performed on films of indium oxide are presented. The zero-bias anomalies change character with decreasing thickness from a three-dimensional behavior to a logarithmic energy dependence. Theoretical considerations suggest a crossover from a lnV to a V/sup 1/2/ correction to the density of states at a thickness-dependent energy. In the V/sup 1/2/ range, where the sample exhibits a three-dimensional density-of-states anomaly, its transport properties may still be two dimensional. These expectations are experimentally confirmed.
An experimental study on grain deformation and interactions in an Al-0.5%Mg multicrystal

Abstract Heterogeneous plastic deformation behavior of a coarse-grained Al-0.5%Mg multicrystal was investigated experimentally at the individual grain level. A flat uniaxial tensile specimen consisting of a single layer of millimeter-sized grains was deformed quasi-statically up to an axial strain of 15% at room temperature. The initial local crystallographic orientations of the grains and their evolutions after 5, 12, and 15% plastic strains were measured by electron backscattered diffraction pattern analysis in a scanning electron microscope. The local in-plane plastic strains and rigid body rotations of the grains were measured by correlation of digital optical video images of the specimen surface acquired during the tensile test. It is found that both intergranular and intragranular plastic deformation fields in the aluminum multicrystal specimen under uniaxial tension are highly heterogeneous. Single or double sets of slip-plane traces were predominantly observed on the electro-polished surfaces of the millimeter-sized grains after deformation. The active slip systems associated with these observed slip-plane traces were identified based on the grain orientation after deformation, the Schmid factor, and grain interactions in terms of the slip-plane trace morphology at grain boundaries. It is found that the aluminum multicrystal obeys neither the Sachs nor the Taylor polycrystal deformation models but deforms heterogeneously to favor easy slip transmission and accommodation among the grains.
Residential carbon monoxide poisoning from motor vehicles.

Abstract Context Although morbidity and mortality from accidental carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning are high in the United States, identification of common but poorly recognized sources should help prevention efforts. Objective The study aimed to describe CO poisoning of home occupants due to a vehicle left running in an attached garage. Design News stories reporting incidents of US CO poisoning were collected daily from March 2007 to September 2009 via a news.Google.com search and data extracted. Patients Patients were individuals reported in the media to have been poisoned with CO in their home by a vehicle running in the attached garage. Main Outcome Measures Main outcome measures were frequency of occurrence, geographic distribution, patient demographics, and mortality. Results Of 837 CO poisoning incidents reported in US news media over 2 and a half years, 59 (8%) were the result of a vehicle left running in the garage. The elderly were disproportionately affected, with incidents most common in states with larger elderly populations and 29% of cases with age specified occurring in individuals older than 80 years. Among those older than 80 years, 15 of 17 were found dead at the scene. Conclusions Residential CO poisoning from a vehicle running in the garage is common, disproportionately affects the elderly, has a high mortality rate, and should be preventable with a residential CO alarm.
Factors Influencing the Purchase of Live Seafood in the North Central Region of the United States

Abstract This study assesses the preferences of shoppers of live seafood products in the North Central Region of the US accounting for heterogeneity in their preferences. The results suggest that quality assurance considerations and high incomes are factors that would increase the probability of higher expenditures on live fish/shellfish. The purchase of saltwater fish and shellfish also increased the probability of higher expenditures. The North Central Region produces freshwater seafood, and maintaining fish quality through the production process is important to this niche market. Shoppers also purchased live seafood frequently, signifying the importance of availability. JEL Classification Code: Q11, Q21, Q22
Primary Mesenchymal Chondrosarcoma in the Pericardium of a Dog

hemogram was normal except for a monocytosis (2,820/ ml), a mild lymphopenia (880/ml), and an increase in fibrinogen (500 mg/dl). The chemistry profile was normal except for an increase in alkaline phosphatase (851 IU/liter). Survey thoracic radiographs revealed a greatly enlarged, globoid cardiac silhouette with a small volume of pleural effusion. Moderate hepatomegaly with smooth margination was noted in the abdominal radiographs. Differential diagnoses at this time included benign pericardial effusion, atrial hemangiosarcoma with pericardial hemorrhage, dilated cardiomyopathy and a thoracic or cardiac tumor. An ultrasound-guided fine needle aspirate of the mass was obtained. Wright‐Giemsa-stained fine needle aspirates of the pericardial mass revealed moderate numbers of neoplastic round to spindle-shaped cells that were arranged individually and in small clumps within a lightly stippled, eosinophilic background. These cells were characterized by round to oval nuclei with a high nuclear to cytoplasm ratio, coarse nuclear chromatin pattern, and prominent often multiple nucleoli. Anisokaryosis and anisocytosis was moderate to marked. The cytoplasm was deeply basophilic and some of the cells contained variably sized purple granules. Multinucleated cells were also noted, containing from 2 to more than 100 nuclei (Fig. 1). Amorphous, pink, extracellular material was noted around a few of the cellular clumps. A cytologic interpretation of malignant mesenchymal neoplasia was made. The owners declined further evaluation and the dog was euthanatized. A complete necropsy was performed. Approximately two-thirds of the thoracic cavity was occupied by a large, firm intrapericardial mass that displaced the lungs dorsad and caudad. Incision of the pericardium revealed posterior displacement of the heart by a 14
A high accuracy magnetic heading system composed of fluxgate magnetometers and a microcomputer

The authors present a magnetic heading system consisting of two fluxgate magnetometers and a single-chip microcomputer. The system, when compared to gyro compasses, is smaller in size, lighter in weight, simpler in construction, quicker in reaction time, free from drift, and more reliable. Using a microcomputer in the system, heading error due to compass deviation, sensor offsets. scale factor uncertainty, and sensor tilts can be compensated with the help of an error model. The laboratory test of a typical system showed that the accuracy of the system was improved from more than 8 degrees error without error compensation to less than 0.3 degrees error with compensation. >
(De)facing the Self: Poststructural Disruptions of the Autoethnographic Text

This article draws on Lacanian theories of subjectivity to examine notions of the self in autoethnography. The authors discuss philosophical differences between Humanist and post-Humanist notions of the self and show how these notions are correlated to particular self-study genres, such as confession and testimony. The authors argue that autoethnographic narratives exhibit contradictory tendencies toward both Humanist and post-Humanist conceptions of subjectivity. Questionnaire responses from four participants are analyzed for evidence of this contradiction. The article concludes by suggesting that resolving the contradiction is neither possible nor desirable.
Goiter and myxedema following prolonged ingestion of iodine: report of a case with evidence of unusual thyroid dysfunction.

Attention has been directed recently to the occasional role of intrinsic defects in the thyroid mechanism for the conversion of inorganic iodide to thyroid hormone as a cause of goiter and hypothyroidism (1–9). The possible role of chronic or excessive iodine administration in the production of goiter and hypothyroidism has also been emphasized in several clinical reports (10–14). The case here described presents features compatible with both these causes of thyroid dysfunction and enlargement.
The Changing Role of Foreign Money in the United States, 1782–1857

Foreign money remained in widespread use in the United States until the middle of the nineteenth century. Several foreign coins were provided legal tender status in order to supplement the scanty American specie supply. A particular disadvantage was the perpetuation of non-decimal units of account, especially in New York. When the U.S. enacted a subsidiary silver standard in 1853, the expedient bases for the lawful status of foreign coin was removed. In 1857, the United States coinage was finally reformed to secure an exclusive national currency.
Texture synthesis over arbitrary manifold surfaces

Algorithms exist for synthesizing a wide variety of textures over rectangular domains. However, it remains difficult to synthesize general textures over arbitrary manifold surfaces. In this paper, we present a solution to this problem for surfaces defined by dense polygon meshes. Our solution extends Wei and Levoy's texture synthesis method [25] by generalizing their definition of search neighborhoods. For each mesh vertex, we establish a local parameterization surrounding the vertex, use this parameterization to create a small rectangular neighborhood with the vertex at its center, and search a sample texture for similar neighborhoods. Our algorithm requires as input only a sample texture and a target model. Notably, it does not require specification of a global tangent vector field; it computes one as it goes - either randomly or via a relaxation process. Despite this, the synthesized texture contains no discontinuities, exhibits low distortion, and is perceived to be similar to the sample texture. We demonstrate that our solution is robust and is applicable to a wide range of textures.
A system-level specification framework for I/O architectures

A computer system is useless unless it can interact with the outside world through input/output (I/O) devices. I/O systems are complex, including aspects such as memory-mappedoperations, interrupts, and bus bridges. Often, I/O behavior is described for isolated devices without a formal description of how the complete I/O system behaves. The lack of an end-to-end system description makes the tasks of system programmers and hardware implementors more difficult to do correctly. This paper proposes a framework for formally describing I/O architectures called Wisconsin I/O (WIO). WIO extends work on memory consistency models (that formally specify the behavior of normal memory) to handle considerations such as memorymapped operations, device operations, interrupts, and operations with side effects. Specifically, WIO asks each processor or device that can issue k operation types to specify ordering requirements in a k ✕ k table. A system obeys WIO if there always exists a total order of all operations that respects processor and device ordering requirements and has the value of each “read”equal to the value of the most recent “write” to that addr ess. This paper then presents examples of WIO specificationsfor systems with various memory consistency models including sequential consistency (SC), SPARC TSO, an approximation of Intel IA32, and Compaq Alpha. Finally, we present a directory-based implementation of an SC system, and we sketch a proof which shows that the implementation conforms to its WIO specification.
Three-dimensional cavity Doppler cooling and cavity sideband cooling by coherent scattering

Laser cooling by coherent scattering inside an optical cavity, a method proposed for cooling the motion of arbitrary particles that scatter light, is analyzed in terms of the modified emission spectrum. In contrast to conventional Doppler cooling, this method invokes the two-photon Doppler effect along the direction of the momentum transferred in the scattering process. Three-dimensional cooling can therefore be achieved with a single optical cavity. Both in the free-particle regime ~cavity Doppler cooling! and in the strong-confiment regime ~cavity sideband cooling! the minimum temperature is determined by the resonator linewidth and independent of the atomic level structure. The cooling efficiency and volume are significantly enhanced in resonators with transverse-mode degeneracy, such as the confocal resonator.
Natural History of the Spider Genus Lutica (Araneae, Zodariidae)

Spiders of the genus Lutica are fossorial inhabitants of coastal dunes of southern California , Baja California and the California Channel Islands . They live in silk-lined burrows concentrated beneath dun e vegetation . Lutica are sit-and-wait predators that subdue insects that walk near or over burrows . They are sedentary and do not engage in aerial dispersal via ballooning . Adult males abandon their burrows during th e late summer and early fall to wander in search of females . Females produce eggsacs and guard them till the y die; spiderlings emerge in the spring . Dune trapdoor spiders (Aptostichus simus) prey onLutica, while the larva e of a therevid fly are external parasites .
Stability Analysis for the Generalized Sidelobe Canceller

One approach for reducing noise from non-target locations in array beamformer applications is to use an adaptive noise cancellation algorithm referred to as the Generalized Sidelobe Canceller (GSC). An analysis is performed to derive a closed-form expression showing the relationship between stability, the number of array channels, adaptive step size ?, and forgetting factor s. The result is verified by applying the GSC to experimental data with a range of values for ?, s, and array channels to show when the GSC becomes unstable.
A Case Study of Embedding Real Time Infrastructure Sensor Data to BIM

One of the premises of Building Information Modeling (BIM) is becoming a repository for all building related data throughout its lifecycle. However, the use of current models developed in existing BIM based software rarely go beyond the construction phase. During a facility’s management, these models are treated as static information sources that contain the as-built data. Making BIM based models dynamic, to represent the real time building information, introduces various opportunities for facility managers to get the accurate information about the state of various systems. In this paper, we will introduce an approach used to connect the sensor data to the IFC-based BIM model. We will use a geothermal bridge deck deicing system, which involves embedded sensors as a case study. The real time monitoring of these sensor data is crucial for assessing the state of the bridge deck under different climate conditions. First, we will describe our model in Revit and the data we collected from temperature sensors. These sensor data will be subsequently fused into the IFC-based BIM model and processed for visualization through the development of new add-ins in Revit. Finally all the sensor data should be easily monitored in our BIM model for condition assessment.
A satisfaction enhancement intervention for long-term weight loss

Objective: To compare the effects of two satisfaction enhancement interventions for weight control on behavioral and weight changes among individuals in a 15-month weight loss program. The primary hypothesis was that long-term weight loss would be improved by an intervention that enhances perceived satisfaction with achieved outcomes. Research Methods and Procedures: Men and women (331) were randomized to weight control programs comprised of diet and exercise counseling and a cognitive intervention that emphasized either comparing experienced outcomes with expectation of ideal outcomes or comparing experienced outcomes with pretreatment status. The latter was expected to cause greater satisfaction with weight loss progress. Results: The intervention manipulation was not successful in influencing cognitions, satisfaction, or weight change. Discussion: The potential for intervening on satisfaction per se for the purpose of achieving greater or more sustained weight loss remains to be demonstrated.
Circumvention of Security: Good Users Do Bad Things

Conventional wisdom is that the textbook view describes reality, and only bad people (not good people trying to get their jobs done) break the rules. And yet it doesn't, and good people circumvent.
Excess Risk of Sickness and Disease in Bus Drivers: A Review and Synthesis of Epidemiological Studies

In an extensive search of available literature, 22 epidemiological studies that have examined health risks of bus drivers were identified. These studies focus on three main disease categories: (1) cardiovascular disease, including hypertension, (2) gastrointestinal illnesses, including peptic ulcer and digestive problems, and (3) musculoskeletal problems including back and neck pain. The studies consistently report that bus drivers have higher raes of mortality, morbidity, and absence due to illness when compared to employees from a wide range of other occupational groups. Increased disease rates have been found for drivers regardless of the use of different research methodologies, measurement techniques and comparison groups. When evaluating the impact of bias on the estimates of risk, it appears likely that findings are conservative: strong systematic selective factors have probably favoured the elimination of those in poorer health both at the time of entry into and exit from the job of bus driving and other sources of bias have most likely caused underestimations of risk. Nevertheless, there remain questions that need careful assessment before firm conclusions can be made about whether increased disease rates result from driving a bus. Such questions, coupled with the consistent findings of heightened risk of disease, make urban bus drivers an appropriate and promising occupational group in which to study further the potential adverse effects of the work environment on employee health.
Correlation between the CYP3A‐mediated oral clearances of alprazolam, midazolam and triazolam

Prediction of CYP3A-mediated drug clearance from that of another drug has proven to be difficult. One possible explanation involves multiple sites within the catalytic pocket and, as consequence, subgrouping of enzyme-drug interactions. In this case, intra-subgroup relationships would likely be better than inter-subgroup comparisons. Accordingly, the oral clearances of 3 benzodiazepines (alprazolam, midazolam, triazolam) with similar CYP3A-mediated metabolism (1′- and 4-hydroxylation), but different oral bioavailabilities were determined in 10 healthy subjects (7 men). Oral clearances of midazolam and triazolam were highly correlated (rs= 0.90, p <0.001); weaker relationships were present between alprazolam and triazolam (rs = 0.67, p = 0.03) and alprazolam and midazolam (rs = 0.59, p = 0.07). For midazolam and triazolam, which undergo significant first-pass metabolism, oral clearance was highly determined by the estimated CYP3A-mediated intestinal extraction ratio. Thus, even between closely related drugs, oral clearance is not readily predictable and appears to depend on the importance of first-pass metabolism, especially in the intestine, and possibly regio-specificity of the CYP3A-mediated oxidation. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2004) 75, P77–P77; doi: 10.1016/j.clpt.2003.11.291
The dynamics and rheology of a dilute suspension of hydrodynamically Janus spheres in a linear flow

The creeping motion of a hydrodynamically ‘Janus’ spherical particle, whose surface is partitioned into two distinct regions, is investigated. On one region, fluid adjacent to the particle obeys the no-slip condition, whereas on the other, fluid slips past the particle. The fore-aft asymmetry of this ‘slip–stick’ sphere (Swan & Khair, J. Fluid Mech., vol. 606, 2008, p. 115) leads to a number of interesting results when it is placed in different flows, which is illustrated by computing the particle motion to first order in the ratio of slip length to particle radius. For example, in a pure straining field the sphere attains an equilibrium orientation either along the compressional or extensional axis of the flow, depending on the ratio of slip-to-stick surface areas. In a simple shear flow, on the other hand, the slip–stick sphere undergoes a periodic rotational motion, or Jeffrey orbit. Moreover, depending on its initial orientation, the particle can either follow a periodic {translational} orbit or undergo a net displacement along the flow direction. Lastly, to first order in the volume fraction of slip–stick spheres, the suspension rheology is non-Newtonian, with non-zero first and second normal stress differences.
The effective magnetoelectric coefficients of polycrystalline multiferroic composites

Abstract In this paper, we develop a self-consistent approach using effective medium approximation to calculate the macroscopic magnetoelectric (ME) coefficients of polycrystalline multiferroic composites, emphasizing the effects of shape, volume fraction, and orientation distribution of particles of both phases. This approach is especially suitable for composites with volume fractions of each phase close to 50%, in which there may not be a matrix phase present and thus mean field Mori–Tanaka model is not applicable. It is observed from the numerical calculations that the aligned particles result in highest ME coefficients and coupling factors, while randomly oriented particles lead to essentially zero ME coupling, even though the ME coefficient is an even rank tensorial property. In addition, it is observed that lamellar particles are optimal for ME coefficient a 11 , while fibrous particles are optimal for a 33 . We also postulate that the large discrepancy between theoretical calculations and experimental measurements for ME coefficients of multiferroic composites previously reported is partly due to the orientation distribution of particles that has rarely been considered. When our calculations took the orientation distribution of particles of both phases into account, good agreement with experimental data is observed.
The psychological aspects of pediatric trauma: Perspectives on patient, family, and provider

Pediatric trauma engenders multi-system injury - physiological as well as psychological. Not only does injury to a child affect the patient, but also the family system within which the child functions. Professional caregivers, too, are not immune to the emotional aftermath of pediatric traumatic injury. Effective management of the pediatric trauma patient must, therefore, include an understanding of the psychological aspects of injury - for the patient, the family, and the provider. This chapter seeks to delineate these variables in an effort to promote effective identification of the emotional components of injury and facilitation of necessary interventions in promoting positive overall injury outcomes.
DNA footprinting with the hydroxyl radical.

The Fenton reaction of iron(II) EDTA with hydrgen peroxide, performed in the presence of ascorbateion. has proven to be useful as a probe of structure in DNA systems. Two aspects of this chemistry are discussed: the identity of the active DNA cleaving agent produced by this reagent, and the application of the Fenton reaction to the determination of the structure of the Holliday junction, the four-stranded DNA molecule that is a key intermediate in recombination. The cleavage pattern of the Holliday junction has pseudo-twofold symmetry, putting important constraints on possible structures.
A feasibility study of dignity therapy in patients with stage IV colorectal cancer actively receiving second-line chemotherapy.

Background Randomized controlled trials support the use of dignity therapy (DT) in palliative care patients late in the course of their disease, but little is known about the feasibility of DT earlier in the course in patients with incurable malignant disease who are still receiving chemotherapy. Objectives To assess the feasibility of DT relatively early in the disease trajectory (primary endpoint) and the effect on death acceptance, distress, symptoms, quality of life, peacefulness, and advanced care planning (secondary outcome endpoint). Methods Stage IV colorectal cancer patients who progressed on first-line chemotherapy were enrolled. Patients received DT over 2 visits and had outcome measures assessed pre-DT, immediately post-DT and 1 month post-DT. Results 15 of 17 patients (88%) who were approached enrolled in the study. Most of the patients who completed DT reported being satisfied and felt it was helpful, that it increased their sense of meaning, that it would be helpful to their family, and that it increased their sense of dignity, their sense of purpose, and their will to live. Limitations This is a small study that lacks power for statistical significance of findings. There is no control group for comparison. Conclusions DT is a highly feasible, satisfying, and meaningful intervention for advanced colorectal cancer patients who are receiving chemotherapy earlier in the course of their and may result in an understanding of disease and goals of care at the end of life. Larger feasibility and exploratory studies are warranted in advanced cancer patients.
Eclampsia: V. The incidence of nonpreventable eclampsia

The development of eclamptic convulsions is an obstetric complication that is generally considered to be avoidable. The purpose of this study was to investigate the perinatal events associated with 179 consecutive cases of eclampsia, in order to identify specific preventable factors. Based on a careful analysis of medical care received before the onset of eclampsia, the following factors were judged to be at least partially responsible for the failure to prevent eclamptic convulsions: physician error (n = 65), magnesium sulfate failure (n = 23), late-onset eclampsia (n = 22), early onset (less than 21 weeks) preeclampsia/eclampsia (n = 5), abrupt onset eclampsia (n = 32), and failure of patient to start prenatal care before the onset of eclampsia (n = 34). Fifty-six (31.3%) of the patients received obstetric care that met or exceeded all current standards for delivery of obstetric services. These cases were classified as "unavoidable."
Redox Potentials of Colloidal n-Type ZnO Nanocrystals: Effects of Confinement, Electron Density, and Fermi-Level Pinning by Aldehyde Hydrogenation.

Electronically doped colloidal semiconductor nanocrystals offer valuable opportunities to probe the new physical and chemical properties imparted by their excess charge carriers. Photodoping is a powerful approach to introducing and controlling free carrier densities within free-standing colloidal semiconductor nanocrystals. Photoreduced (n-type) colloidal ZnO nanocrystals possessing delocalized conduction-band (CB) electrons can be formed by photochemical oxidation of EtOH. Previous studies of this chemistry have demonstrated photochemical electron accumulation, in some cases reaching as many as >100 electrons per ZnO nanocrystal, but in every case examined to date this chemistry maximizes at a well-defined average electron density of ⟨Nmax⟩ ≈ (1.4 ± 0.4) × 1020 cm–3. The origins of this maximum have never been identified. Here, we use a solvated redox indicator for in situ determination of reduced ZnO nanocrystal redox potentials. The Fermi levels of various photodoped ZnO nanocrystals possessing on ave...
Spectroscopic, transport, and magnetic results on the Nd/sub 2/minus//ital x//A/sub x//sup 4+/CuO/sub 4/minus//delta// systems (/ital A/=Ce and Th)

Structural, spectroscopic, transport, and magnetic results are presented for Nd/sub 2/minus//ital x//A/sub x//sup 4+/CuO/sub 4/minus//delta// materials with /ital A/=Ce and Th. The structural and spectroscopic results indicate a continuous evolution in properties up to the stability limit of /ital x/=0.2. In dramatic contrast, the superconducting properties are sharply peaked near /ital x/=0.16 where the system crosses over from semiconducting to metallic-type behavior.
Calculation of AC Flashover Voltage of Polluted Double-shed Insulators

In order to research the relation of AC flashover voltage and configuration parameters of polluted double-shed insulator,a calculated model for AC polluted flashover voltage of double-shed insulators was established. This model was based on the research of the flashover mechanism of polluted insulators in recent decades home and abroad,and was based on the flat plate model which was suggested for double-shed insulators. According to analyzing the AC polluted flashover condition,the critical arc length and the resistance of residual contamination layer in the insulator pollution flashover progress could be figured out based on this model,then the polluted flashover voltage could be calculated in different equivalent salt deposit density (ESDD). In order to validate the rationality of the calculated model,the practical calculation on XWP-70,XWP-300 and XWP-420 types insulators,as well as AC artificial contamination test,was adopted on these insulators. The result shows that the calculated value of AC polluted flashover voltage is close to the test value,indicating that the calculated model for ac polluted flashover voltage of double-shed insulators is valid.
Moving towards causality in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: overview of neural and genetic mechanisms

Summary Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterised by developmentally inappropriate levels of inattention and hyperactivity or impulsivity. The heterogeneity of its clinical manifestations and the differential responses to treatment and varied prognoses have long suggested myriad underlying causes. Over the past decade, clinical and basic research efforts have uncovered many behavioural and neurobiological alterations associated with ADHD, from genes to higher order neural networks. Here, we review the neurobiology of ADHD by focusing on neural circuits implicated in the disorder and discuss how abnormalities in circuitry relate to symptom presentation and treatment. We summarise the literature on genetic variants that are potentially related to the development of ADHD, and how these, in turn, might affect circuit function and relevant behaviours. Whether these underlying neurobiological factors are causally related to symptom presentation remains unresolved. Therefore, we assess efforts aimed at disentangling issues of causality, and showcase the shifting research landscape towards endophenotype refinement in clinical and preclinical settings. Furthermore, we review approaches being developed to understand the neurobiological underpinnings of this complex disorder, including the use of animal models, neuromodulation, and pharmacoimaging studies.
Continuous Growth of Metal Oxide Nanocrystals: Enhanced Control of Nanocrystal Size and Radial Dopant Distribution

The ability to precisely control the composition of nanocrystals, similar to the way organic chemists control the structure of small molecules, remains an important challenge in nanoscience. Rather than dictating nanocrystal size through the nucleation event, growth of nanocrystals through continuous precursor addition would allow fine structural control. Herein, we present a method of growth for indium oxide nanocrystals that relies on the slow addition of an indium carboxylate precursor into hot oleyl alcohol. Nanocrystal size and structure can be governed at a subnanometer scale, and it is possible to precisely control core size over a range of three to at least 22 nm with dispersities as low as 7%. Growth can be stopped and restarted repeatedly without aggregation or passivation. We show that the volume of the nanocrystal core (and thus molecular weight) increases linearly with added monomer and the number of nanocrystals remains constant throughout the growth process, yielding an extremely predictabl...
Adolescent Substance Abuse and Family Therapy Outcome

Family therapy as a treatment for substance abuse was embraced in community mental health agencies and other clinical settings in the 1970s and came to be viewed as a viable treatment alternative for many at-risk populations, including adolescents (Coleman & Davis, 1978; Kaufman & Kaufman, 1992). In the clinical literature, the importance of family-based interventions for substance abuse has remained widely accepted (Craig, 1993), and family therapy is frequently implemented with adolescent abusers (cf. Selekman & Todd, 1991). As in the broader family therapy literature, however, treatment approaches have been derived primarily from theories of family functioning and clinical experience, rather independently from research (Bry, 1988), and with little attention to systematic evaluation.
Recovery of Yersinia enterocolitica from Surfaces of Inoculated Hearts and Livers.

Approximately 100 cells of Yersinia enterocolitica were inoculated onto surfaces of beef hearts and livers among 1.6 – 6.6 × 104 indigenous bacteria. Two strains known to be sensitive to selenite were tested for recovery in a selenite broth: T AMU 54, which was isolated in an enteritis outbreak, was recovered in 16 of 20 trials, while a clinical strain, IP 107, was recovered in 9 of 20 trials. Variables tested in the enrichment procedure included selenite levels, beef extract levels and incubation periods. Selective agents encouraging recovery of the organism included both MacConkey agar with Tween 80 and refrigerated Bismuth Sulfite agar plates, with and without a potassium hydroxide pretreatment of the enrichment broth before streaking onto selective agars. Use of refrigerated Bismuth Sulfite agar and a 3-day incubation period of the enrichment broth provided the most consistent recovery of Y. enterocolitica.