cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Standard enthalpies of formation of selected Rh2YZ Heusler compounds

Abstract The standard enthalpies of formation (ΔfH°) of selected ternary Rh-based Rh2YZ (Y = Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Ru, Ti, V; Z = Al, Ga, In, Si, Ge, Sn) compounds were measured using high temperature direct reaction calorimetry. The measured standard enthalpies of formation (in kJ/mol of atoms) are, for the Heusler compound Rh2MnSn (−40.1 ± 3.6), for the B2-structured compounds: Rh2FeAl (−48.5 ± 2.9); Rh2MnAl (−72.4 ± 2.7); Rh2MnGa (−55.3 ± 2.0); Rh2MnIn (−35.3 ± 1.9), for the tetragonal compounds: Rh2FeSn (−28.9 ± 1.3); Rh2TiAl (−97.6 ± 2.2); Rh2TiGa (−79.0 ± 1.8); Rh2TiSn (−74.7 ± 3.1). Values are compared with those from first principles calculations in published papers and the Open Quantum Materials Database (OQMD). Lattice parameters of these compounds are determined using X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD). Microstructures were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS).
Assessing the Adequacy of State Products Liability Lawmaking

Most torts professors have simply taken for granted that tort law is essentially state law: in America this is the way things are and have always been. In early 1995, however, both houses of Congress passed significant tort reform bills, raising in a dramatic way the question of the proper federal role in tort law.1 Since then, I have been able to develop my thoughts on the federalism issue at several conferences, including the one sponsored by Yale's two journals.2 What was unique about the Yale conference on federalism was the extent to which discussion focused on possible biases operating in a variety of policy areas on the state lawmaking process, biases that are conducive to undesirable policy outcomes. In particular, the Yale conference was heavily influenced by the theme of "race to the bottom," and variations on that theme. Several analysts have indeed applied the "race" theme to products liability, and hence have criticized our products liability system in its current stateoriented form. This Comment restates their argument and provides a critical evaluation of its soundness. The Comment then identifies and assesses recent
Cognitive Enhancement to Improve Substance Abuse Outcomes in Persons With Co-Occurring Disorders

Cognitive remediation has relevance to the treatment of alcohol and drug use disorders in people with co-occurring mental health conditions for several reasons. First, there is abundant evidence th...
A Class of Matrices with Zero Determinant

SummaryLet a1, a2, …, an, b1, b2, …, bn be real numbers and the n × n matrix C be defined with entries cij = (ai + bj)k, where k is a positive integer. If n > k + 1, then det(C) = 0, and if n = k +...
Police Response to Crime and Disorder in Twentieth-Century St. Louis

When urban police forces emerged in nineteenth-century America, administrators quickly pointed to crime prevention as their primary function. Directly related to this task, argued the police, was their power to arrest-the aspect of their job that continues to capture most their imagination and that of the public. Because arrests involved the police most obviously in the tension between order and liberty in a free society, and along with the threat or actual use of force gave them a powerful weapon in maintaining order, they always received much more attention in police training, in the mass media, and in scholarship than did other police duties. Police annual reports have traditionally emphasized the number and kind of arrests made by the department, presumably as proof that police services had been satisfactory. The large amount of quantitative social data generated in this process eventually caught the eye of enterprising academics. Initially, however, most scholars attempted to use these data to measure criminal behavior rather than police performance. The extreme positivism of this effort has provoked devastating criticism in recent years from sociologists and historians who have pointed to the "dark side" of crime that never comes to police attention, to the inherent ambiguities and process of negotiation in the interaction between officers and offenders, and to police misclassification or outright falsification of figures. ' Recent studies have shifted the theoretical and interpretive context markedly nearer to the original reason for publication of arrest statistics. Scholars today mainly use these data as an index of police reaction to crime and disorder-a proposition most recently called softened labeling theory. Trends in arrests, therefore, indicate a complex, changing pattern of interaction between the police and the public rather than alterations in actual criminal behavior.2 Eugene J. Watts is associate professor of history at The Ohio State University.
Mitigation of the kink instability in the energy recovery linac based electron-ion collider

Beam-beam effects in eRHIC, the proposed energy recovery linac (ERL)-based electron-ion collider (EIC) at BNL, have several unique features distinguishing them from those in hadron and lepton colliders. Taking the advantage of the fact that the electron beam is used only once, we expect the luminosity to be 10 times that of a ring-ring collision scheme with similar parameters. However, without instituting proper treatments, the quality of electron and hadron beams can undergo degradation or even beam loss, driven by the beam-beam interactions. Kink instability is one of the most important collective effects of the ion ring due to the special beam-beam interaction in an ERL-based EIC. In this article, we present novel treatments for kink instability in ERL-based EICs including a scheme dedicated to suppressing instability.
Effect of Saliva on Coagulation of the Blood

It was observed that the addition of human saliva to dog blood greatly shortened the coagulation time. Hunter1 alone observed that the addition of his own saliva to his own blood hastened the coagulation. He did not try to determine the nature of the active substance. There is nothing specific about this material. Saliva hastened the coagulation of the following types of blood: (1) Other humans; (2) recalcified oxalated human blood of another individual; (3) dog blood; (4) recalcified oxalated ox blood; (5) recalcified oxalated ox plasma. Figures for dog blood are given below.Human saliva was obtained from various individuals after rinsing the mouth with warm physiological saline and discarding the first samples. Salivary flow was increased by chewing paraffin. All samples of saliva were centrifuged for 30 minutes before using. Unless otherwise indicated, the saliva was unheated. When heated, the saliva was placed on a water bath for 20 to 45 minutes and then diluted to its original volume, cooled to room...
Newcastle Disease Oil Emulsion Vaccines Prepared with Animal, Vegetable, and Synthetic Oils

Animal, vegetable, and synthetic oils were tested as potential replacements for mineral oil in Newcastle disease oil emulsion vaccines. Emulsifying surfactants of seed oil origin comprised 10% of the the oil phase that was used to prepare water-in-oil emulsion vaccines that contained a final concentration of 20% aqueous antigen. The hemagglutination inhibition responses of chickens inoculated with 46 of the newly formulated oil vaccines were, in most cases, not significantly different from those of control chickens inoculated with mineral oil vaccine. Tissue reactions associated with animal, vegetable, and synthetic oil vaccines were less severe than those associated with mineral oil vaccines. Viscosity of the mineral oil formulations ranged from 1/2 to 3 1/2 times that of the mineral oil control vaccines. These findings indicate that any of several oils may be more suitable than mineral oil for preparation of immune adjuvants for poultry vaccines.
Modeling potential impacts of a breach for a high hazard dam, Elizabethtown, Kentucky, USA

Abstract The USA contains over 87,000 dams of which 17% are classified as being of high hazard potential. Many of these high hazard dams do not have an Emergency Action Plan (EAP) in place, a key part of which includes an inundation map to identify the downstream areas impacted by a potential dam breach. The objective of this study was to conduct a hypothetical dam breach analysis for such a high hazard dam located in Elizabethtown, Kentucky. A hypothetical dam breach was modeled using the Simplified Dam Break model (SMPDBK) that incorporates actual dam measurements and hypothetical breach information based on previous studies of similar dams. Post-processing in ArcGIS produced an inundation map in which flood impacted areas were delineated based on the progression of the peak flood discharge over time. Results indicated that a peak breach discharge of 1034 m 3 /sec would reach the city limits 2.87 h after the initial breach impacting 388 structures and 1725 people. Key evacuation points and locations of greatest vulnerability were identified based on flood arrival timing and access to evacuation points. This research demonstrates how a combination of dam breach modeling procedures and GIS post-processing can produce an accurate peak outflow breach and subsequent flood inundation map, both key features of an Emergency Action Plan.
Establishment of Normal Ranges and Evaluation Criteria of Body Mass Indexes for School Students in Jining

Objective To establish normal ranges and evaluation criteria of height for age(HFA),weight for age(WFA),body mass index(BMI) among 6-18 years old school students in Jining and to determine the critical points for overweight and obesity.Methods LMS software was applied to calculate standard percentiles of WFA,HFA and BMI from a survey on more than 30,000 school students aged 6-18 years in Jining.Results The means of heights and body weights,P3,P10,P50,P90 and P97 of WFA,HFA and BMI(including P85 additionally) of the school students aged 6-18 years were acquired.The heights and weights of male school students were higher than WHO standards from age 6 to age 16 but were less than WHO standards after age 16.The heights and body weights of female students were higher than WHO standards before age 14 but were less than WHO standards after age 14.Estimation of the prevalence of overweight and obesity among different gender groups and stratified age groups by local standards(JNBZ) and WGOC suggested that for male students,the prevalence rates of overweight and obesity were respectively 18.2% and 7.45% by JNBZ and 20.1% and 9.50% by WGOC,while for female students,they were respectively 13.0% and 4.07% by JNBZ and13.7% and 4.75% by WGOC.The prevalence rates of overweight and obesity in all stratified age groups differed statistically between the two genders(P0.01).Conclusions Percentile references of HFA,WFA and BMI of 6-18 years old school students in Jining are established.For the male students aged 18 years,24.3kg/m2 and 28.5kg/m2 are recommended as trigger points for the risk of overweight and obesity,while for the female students aged 18 years,24.2kg/m2 and 28.5kg/m2 are recommended.
Deformation and structure in the Chugach metamorphic complex, southern Alaska: Crustal architecture of a transpressional system from a down plunge section

Multiple Paleogene dextral shear zones are identified in the Chugach metamorphic complex (CMC) in southern Alaska providing an unusual down-plunge view of the deformation associated with transpressional strike-slip systems at mid- to lower-crustal levels. Along the northern flank of the CMC, the brittle Stuart Creek fault is structurally continuous with the ductile Harry9s Gulch shear zone. Field relationships suggest the brittle fault transfers slip structurally downward into a localized, ∼2-km-wide shear zone deformed under greenschist-facies conditions. At amphibolite-facies, under mid-crustal conditions, deformation is localized in anastomosing shear zones ranging from 10s of m to 2–3 km in width that are cryptic as they pass downward into lower-crustal migmatitic gneiss. Strike-slip–related deformation in these migmatitic gneisses is more dispersed, suggesting more distributed flow. Absence of a symmetric cleavage fan associated with the steep ductile shear zones and variations in finite strain indicate that an attachment zone model (e.g., Teyssier and Cruz, 2004) is not applicable to the deep crustal structure of the CMC strike-slip system. We discuss two as yet indistinguishable hypotheses to account for the deep crustal structure of the CMC strike-slip system: (1) a narrow detachment zone model where detachment occurs at the metamorphic transition from schist to gneiss, and (2) a differential folding model where crustal-penetrating shear zones are masked by variations in folding mechanisms at different crustal levels.
Approximation and the coercion of gradable predicates

The modifier approximately shows a surprising pattern of distribution when combined with non-numeral items, such as scalarly-coerced nouns like lasagna in (2). (1) John read approximately five books. (2) a. ??John served approximately lasagna. b. What John served was approximately lasagna. I propose a explanation in terms of semantic types such that approximately+NP is only licit in copular-type constructions. This pattern does not carry over to prepositional modifiers (e.g. about), and I propose that the difference lies in their ability to coerce scalar predicates out of their complements. (3) What John served was ??about/??around lasagna.
Can Revolutions be Predicted: Can Their Causes be Understood?

It is a frequent refrain of the literature on the Iranian or “Islamic” Revolution of 1978–79 that the revolution could and should have been predicted if only more people had found out and heeded what Iranians were thinking. The criticism is widely made of U.S. representatives in Iran that, by the late 1970s, they had renounced all attempts to find out what was going on in the minds of Iranians, and were complacently convinced that nothing could go wrong with the shah’s regime. This popular line of argument, which is accurate to the degree that it describes official U.S. ignorance, is found recently in the generally excellent and comprehensive book by James Bill, The Eagle and the Lion.1 The question remains whether, if the Embassy people had not renounced local intelligence functions and had met more people and reported what they were thinking and doing, they would have predicted, even as a reasonable possibility, the Islamic revolution. All the evidence is to the contrary. To take the best control group: U.S. scholars of modern Iran, who were doing research there in large numbers in the 1970s, did not predict anything like the revolution that occurred.
Is Treating Oral and Maxillofacial Trauma Profitable? An Analysis of Hospital and Surgeon Reimbursement at an Academic Medical Center

Purpose During the past 2 decades, there has been a marked decrease in the willingness of community-based oral and maxillofacial surgeons to participate in trauma call. Although many factors can influence the decision not to take trauma call, 1 primary disincentive is the perception that managing facial trauma might be profitable for the hospital, but not profitable for the surgeon. The purpose of this study was to compare the profitability of facial trauma management for the hospital and the surgeon at the Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU) Medical Center (Richmond, VA). Materials and Methods In this retrospective cohort study, records were collected for patients who were seen for primary trauma management by the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery at VCU (VCUOMS) from June 2011 through July 2014. Cost and reimbursement data were analyzed for these patients from the VCU Health System (VCUHS) and the VCUOMS. For the hospital, actual cost data were provided; for the surgeon, cost was calculated based on an average overhead of 50%. For uniformity, patients were excluded if they remained in the hospital for longer than a 23-hour observation period. Patients younger than 18 years also were excluded. Results In total, 169 patients met the inclusion criteria. There was a statistically relevant difference in the percentage of costs recouped and the actual profit. The average percentage of costs recouped was 230% for the VCUHS versus 47% for the VCUOMS. This amounts to an average profit per case of $3,461 for the hospital versus a loss of $1,162 for the surgeon. Conclusions The results of this study indicate that in the VCU Medical Center, maxillofacial trauma yields a net profit for the hospital and a net loss for the operating surgeon. Although the results are limited to outpatient management at 1 academic institution, they suggest that hospitals in some settings might be in a position to incentivize surgeons for trauma management.
Total coliform and E. coli in public water systems using undisinfected ground water in the United States.

Abstract Public water systems (PWSs) in the United States generate total coliform (TC) and Escherichia coli (EC) monitoring data, as required by the Total Coliform Rule (TCR). We analyzed data generated in 2011 by approximately 38,000 small (serving fewer than 4101 individuals) undisinfected public water systems (PWSs). We used statistical modeling to characterize a distribution of TC detection probabilities for each of nine groupings of PWSs based on system type (community, non-transient non-community, and transient non-community) and population served (less than 101, 101–1000 and 1001–4100 people). We found that among PWS types sampled in 2011, on average, undisinfected transient PWSs test positive for TC 4.3% of the time as compared with 3% for undisinfected non-transient PWSs and 2.5% for undisinfected community PWSs. Within each type of PWS, the smaller systems have higher median TC detection than the larger systems. All TC-positive samples were assayed for EC. Among TC-positive samples from small undisinfected PWSs, EC is detected in about 5% of samples, regardless of PWS type or size. We evaluated the upper tail of the TC detection probability distributions and found that significant percentages of some system types have high TC detection probabilities. For example, assuming the systems providing data are nationally-representative, then 5.0% of the ∼50,000 small undisinfected transient PWSs in the U.S. have TC detection probabilities of 20% or more. Communities with such high TC detection probabilities may have elevated risk of acute gastrointestinal (AGI) illness – perhaps as great or greater than the attributable risk to drinking water (6–22%) calculated for 14 Wisconsin community PWSs with much lower TC detection probabilities (about 2.3%, Borchardt et al., 2012 ).
On the Interpretation of Assurance Case Arguments

An assurance case provides a structured argument to establish a claim for a system based on evidence about the system and its environment. I propose a simple interpretation for the overall argument that uses epistemic methods for its evidential or leaf steps and logic for its reasoning or interior steps: evidential steps that cross some threshold of credibility are accepted as premises in a classical deductive interpretation of the reasoning steps. Thus, all uncertainty is located in the assessment of evidence. I argue for the utility of this interpretation.
Breast cancer risk models: a comprehensive overview of existing models, validation, and clinical applications

Numerous models have been developed to quantify the combined effect of various risk factors to predict either risk of developing breast cancer, risk of carrying a high-risk germline genetic mutation, specifically in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes, or the risk of both. These breast cancer risk models can be separated into those that utilize mainly hormonal and environmental factors and those that focus more on hereditary risk. Given the wide range of models from which to choose, understanding what each model predicts, the populations for which each is best suited to provide risk estimations, the current validation and comparative studies that have been performed for each model, and how to apply them practically is important for clinicians and researchers seeking to utilize risk models in their practice. This review provides a comprehensive guide for those seeking to understand and apply breast cancer risk models by summarizing the majority of existing breast cancer risk prediction models including the risk factors they incorporate, the basic methodology in their development, the information each provides, their strengths and limitations, relevant validation studies, and how to access each for clinical or investigative purposes.
A Systematic Review of the Evidence Base for Instructional Choice in K–12 Settings:

We conducted this systematic literature review to explore the current evidence base of instructional choice, a low-intensity, teacher-delivered strategy to support academic engagement and decrease ...
Stability of Residual Oxides in Oxide-Derived Copper Catalysts for Electrochemical CO 2 Reduction Investigated with 18 O Labeling

Oxide-derived (OD) Cu catalysts have high selectivity towards the formation of multi-carbon products (C2 /C3 ) for aqueous electrochemical CO2 reduction (CO2 R). It has been proposed that a large fraction of the initial oxide can be surprisingly resistant to reduction, and these residual oxides play a crucial catalytic role. The stability of residual oxides was investigated by synthesizing 18 O-enriched OD Cu catalysts and testing them for CO2 R. These catalysts maintain a high selectivity towards C2 /C3 products (ca. 60 %) for up to 5 h in 0.1 m KHCO3 at -1.0 V vs. RHE. However, secondary-ion mass spectrometry measurements show that only a small fraction (<1 %) of the original 18 O content remains, showing that residual oxides are not present in significant amounts during CO2 R. Furthermore, we show that OD Cu can reoxidize rapidly, which could compromise the accuracy of ex situ methods for determining the true oxygen content.
Absence of Nanostructuring in NaPbmSbTem+2: Solid Solutions with High Thermoelectric Performance in the Intermediate Temperature Regime

Thermoelectric devices directly convert heat into electrical energy and are highly desired for emerging applications in waste heat recovery. Currently, PbTe based compounds are the leading thermoelectric materials in the intermediate temperature regime (∼800 K); however, integration into commercial devices has been limited. This is largely because the performance of PbTe, which is maximized ∼900 K, is too low over the temperatures of interest for most potential commercial applications (generally under 600 K). Improving the low temperature performance of PbTe based materials is therefore critical to achieve usage outside of existing niche applications. Here, we provide an in-depth study of the cubic NaPbmSbTem+2 system of compounds (m = 1–20) and report that it is an excellent class of low- to medium-temperature thermoelectrics when m = 10–20. We show that the as-cast polycrystalline ingots exhibit degenerate p-type conduction and high maximum ZTs of 1.2–1.4 at 650 K when m = 6–20. Because the ingots are f...
System Biology Models and Conceptualizations Applied to Eco-Immunology

This article outlines how ecological concepts, based on population dynamics and mathematical models, can be helpful for investigating various aspects of immunology, and in particular immune responses against infectious diseases. The review starts by describing how basic ecological concepts have been applied to investigating the in vivo dynamics between immune responses in viral infections in vivo and discusses the usefulness and limitations of such approaches. These concepts include predator-prey dynamics, competition between different clones of the same immune response, and competition between different branches of the adaptive immune system. The article continues to discuss how immune responses can be important modulators of pathogen competition in vivo, and this is explored with a particular example, i.e. the competition dynamics among different viral strains in the context of multiple infection of cells. Finally, these in vivo considerations are extended to examine how immune responses to infectious diseases can influence pathogen-host dynamics on an epidemiological levels. This is done with two examples: the effect of immunity on the apparent competition between two host species, and the effect of immunological memory on the strain composition of a pathogen population circulating in a host population. Overall, this article summarizes different aspects in which ecological concepts can be useful to understand concepts in immunology, discussing several different examples, spanning a variety of scenarios.
An Automated System for Ultrasound Transducer Calibration: Beam Plotting and Acoustical Output Determination

An automated system for use in ultrasonic transducer characterization, ultrasound attenuation measurements and as a back-up irradiation system for animal studies has been developed at the Ultrasound Research Laboratories of the Indianapolis Center for Advanced Research. This system offers the advantages of quick, accurate data aquisition and storage, plus the processing power of the digital computer for data analysis. All components with exception of the computer are portable for use throughout the laboratory. Although not yet complete, portions of the system are presently being used for routine transducer calibration and characterization. The system will now be briefly described, along with present methods of use and examples of data.
Dissecting Layers of Mitotic Regulation Essential for Maintaining Genomic Stability

Cell division is the process by which a cell copies its DNA and cellular constituents and gives rise to two cells. One complete cell division is termed a cell cycle. (Although you can have a cell cycle without cell division.) This process is divided into four distinct phases for most eukaryotic cells: G1, S, G2, and M (Figure 1A). S phase (for synthesis) is the stage in which the DNA is replicated and M phase, (for mitosis), is the stage in which the replicated DNA condenses and the chromosomes are divided equally into two cells. G1 and G2 are “gap phases” that separate DNA replication and mitosis. This chapter is focused on how yeast have served as a useful model system that was instrumental in the identification of proteins that promote
Effect of Gang Injunctions on Crime: A Study of Los Angeles from 1988–2014

To assess the effect of civil gang injunctions on crime. We use data on the location and date of 46 gang injunctions between 1993 and 2013 and quarterly crimes reported to the Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) from 1988 to 2014. We estimate the effect of gang injunctions on crime over the short-term (20 quarters) and long-term (108 quarters) using difference-in-differences designs that take into account spatial and temporal correlation. Three gang injunctions were paused during the study period and provide a natural experiment from which we estimate the short-term effect of these injunctions on crime. Gang injunctions are estimated to reduce total crime 5% in the short-term and 18% in the long-term, most of the effect coming from reductions in assaults. Analyses of the three interrupted injunctions yielded estimates of similar magnitude, providing further support of a crime reduction effect of gang injunctions. We found no evidence that gang injunctions are associated with displacing crime to nearby areas. Injunctions represent a powerful place-based intervention strategy for police and prosecutors. Courts have recently subjected gang injunctions to closer scrutiny. This study indicates that gang injunctions contributed to a meaningful amount of the crime reductions in Los Angeles. Future research should examine whether gang injunctions reduce crime by specific deterrent effects on individual gang members or by the general deterrent effect of placing an area under greater police surveillance and restricting public gatherings and other actions deemed to be indicators of gang activity.
Stage at diagnosis as a prognostic marker for patients with KRAS-mutant metastatic lung adenocarcinomas.

8111 Background: Stage at diagnosis, age, gender, mutation status, and performance status are recognized prognostic factors in lung cancers. These variables are independently associated with surviv...
Correction to: The Use of Technology by Youth: Implications for Psychiatric Educators.

This article was originally published electronically on the publisher’s internet portal (currently SpringerLink) on November 16, 2018 with open access.
Interaction Between Vitamin E and Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids

Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are nutritionally essential since they cannot be synthesized de novo from two-carbon fragments. As a result of their unsaturated double bonds, PUFA are susceptible to chemical reactions with reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS and RNS, respectively). PUFA incorporated into phospholipids and present in biological membranes not only influence membrane fluidity, curvature, and the properties of membrane microdomains, but increase also the risk for chain reactions of lipid peroxidation leading to membrane destabilization and cellular dysfunction. Vitamin E, the main lipid-soluble antioxidant, stabilizes membranes by itself and protects PUFA by scavenging lipid peroxyl radicals. Thus, vitamin E and PUFA form an interdependent chemical pair in which vitamin E protects PUFA, whereas excess PUFA “consume” vitamin E, a high PUFA/vitamin E ratio being generally assumed as disadvantageous. In cells, both PUFA and vitamin E have their own redox-independent regulatory functions, mostly after being metabolized to active lipid mediators able to bind to specific enzymes and receptors involved in modulating specific signal transduction and gene expression pathways. Thus, the efficiency of uptake, transport, and metabolism of vitamin E and PUFA, their interaction, and their consequent relative levels in cells and tissues are important determinants for both physiological and pathophysiological cellular functions and therefore influence the risk for a number of diseases.
Identifying the Critical Factors Governing Translaminar Pressure Differential Through a Compartmental Model.

Purpose The effective management of glaucoma is hindered by an incomplete understanding of its pathologic mechanism. While important, intraocular pressure (IOP) alone is inadequate in explaining glaucoma. Non-IOP-mediated risk factors such as cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pressure have been reported to contribute to glaucomatous optic neuropathy. Due to the difficulty associated with experimental measurement of the salient variables, such as the retrobulbar CSF pressure, porosity of the subarachnoid space (SAS), and especially those concerned with the perioptic SAS, there remains a limited understanding of the CSF behavior contributing to the translaminar pressure gradient (TLPG), hypothesized to be a critical factor in the development of glaucoma. Method An integrated compartmental model describing the intracranial and orbital CSF dynamics, coupled with intraocular dynamics, is developed based on first principles of fluid mechanics. A sensitivity analysis is performed to identify anatomic characteristics that significantly affect the retrobulbar subarachnoid space (RSAS) pressure and, consequently, the TLPG. Results Of the 28 parameters considered, the RSAS pressure is most sensitive to CSF flow resistance in the optic nerve SAS and the potential lymphatic outflow from the optic nerve SAS into the orbital space. A parametric study demonstrates that a combination of resistance in the range of 1.600 × 1012 - 1.930 × 1012 Pa s/m3 (200.0 - 241.3 mm Hg min/mL) with 5% to 10% lymphatic CSF outflow yields RSAS pressures that are consistent with the limited number of studies in the literature. Conclusions The results suggest that a small percentage of lymphatic CSF outflow through the optic nerve SAS is likely. In addition, flow resistance in the orbital CSF space, hypothesized to be a function of patient-specific optic nerve SAS architecture and optic canal geometry, is a critical parameter in regulating the RSAS pressure and TLPG.
Results from a Phase 1 Study of Sodium Selenite in Combination with Palliative Radiation Therapy in Patients with Metastatic Cancer

In preclinical studies, selenite had single agent activity and radiosensitized tumors in vivo. Here we report results from a Phase 1 trial in 15 patients with metastatic cancer treated with selenite (5.5 to 49.5 mg) orally as a single dose 2 hours before each radiation therapy (RT) treatment. Patients received RT regimens that were standard of care. The primary objective of the study was to assess the safety of this combination therapy. Secondary objectives included measurement of pharmacokinetics (PK) and evaluation of efficacy. Endpoints included assessment of PK, toxicity, tumor response, and pain before and after treatment. The half-life of selenite was 18.5 hours. There were no adverse events attributable to selenite until the 33 mg dose level, at which the primary toxicities were grade 1 GI side effects. One patient treated with 49.5 mg had grade 2 GI toxicity. Although this was not a DLT, it was felt that the highest acceptable dose in this patient population was 33 mg. Most patients had stabilization of disease within the RT fields, with some demonstrating objective evidence of tumor regression. Most patients had a marked improvement in pain and seven out of nine patients with prostate cancer had a decrease in PSA ranging from 11-78%. Doses up to 33 mg selenite were well tolerated in combination with RT. A randomized, well controlled study is needed at the 33 mg dose level to determine if selenite results in clinically meaningful improvements in the response to palliative RT.
Introductory: A Still Point in a Turning World?

Defending the possibility of philosophy requires elaboration of sets of contrasts with both the achievements and the prospects of natural science. For what Wittgenstein calls the ‘dazzling image’ from science incorporates both the completeness of scientific explanation (so that nothing seems left unexplained, once its project is completed) and the inexorability, or exceptionless character, of the associated conception of causality.
Intraocular Dissemination of Uveal Melanoma Cells Following Radiotherapy: Evolving Management Over the Past Decade

Background and objective To describe the presentation and the authors' evolving management strategy for intraocular dissemination of uveal melanoma cells following radiotherapy during the past decade. Patients and methods Patients with uveal melanoma who developed intraocular dissemination of pigmented cells following radiotherapy. Histopathology was available in two cases. Results Four patients underwent treatment for progressive intraocular dissemination of uveal melanoma cells at 9 to 41 months following I-125 plaque radiotherapy (three patients) or proton beam radiotherapy (one patient). Treatments included primary enucleation (one patient), vitrectomy followed later by enucleation (one patient), and vitrectomy followed by intravitreal chemotherapy (two patients). Enucleated eyes demonstrated diffuse invasion of intraocular tissues by viable melanoma cells. No patient has developed systemic metastasis to date. Conclusions Intraocular dissemination of pigmented cells following radiotherapy for uveal melanoma should raise suspicion for viable invasive melanoma cells. Prompt vitrectomy with intravitreal chemotherapy can be effective in avoiding enucleation in selected cases. [Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina. 2019;50:573-579.].
Impact of Hurricane Harvey on Healthcare Utilization and Emergency Department Operations.

Introduction: Hurricanes have increased in severity over the past 35 years, and climate change has led to an increased frequency of catastrophic flooding. The impact of floods on emergency department (ED) operations and patient health has not been well studied. We sought to detail challenges and lessons learned from the severe weather event caused by Hurricane Harvey in Houston, Texas, in August 2017.Methods: This report combines narrative data from interviews with retrospective data on patient volumes, mode of arrival, and ED lengths of stay (LOS). We compared the five-week peri-storm period for the 2017 hurricane to similar periods in 2015 and 2016.Results: For five days, flooding limited access to the hospital, with a consequent negative impact on provider staffing availability, disposition and transfer processes, and resource consumption. Interruption of patient transfer capabilities threatened patient safety, but flexibility of operations prevented poor outcomes. The total ED patient census for the study period decreased in 2017 (7062 patients) compared to 2015 (7665 patients) and 2016 (7770) patients). Over the five-week study period, the arrival-by-ambulance rate was 12.45% in 2017 compared to 10.1% in 2016 (p < 0.0001) and 13.7% in 2015 (p < 0.0001). The median ED length of stay (LOS) in minutes for admitted patients was 976 minutes in 2015 (p < 0.0001) compared to 723 minutes in 2016 and 591 in 2017 (p < 0.0001). For discharged patients, median ED LOS was 336 minutes in 2016 compared to 356 in 2015 (p < 0.0001) and 261 in 2017 (p < 0.0001). Median boarding time for admitted ED patients was 284 minutes in 2016 compared to 470 in 2015 (p < 0.0001) and 234.5 in 2017 (p < 0.001). Water damage resulted in a loss of 133 of 179 inpatient beds (74%). Rapid and dynamic ED process changes were made to share ED beds with admitted patients and to maximize transfers post-flooding to decrease ED boarding times.Conclusion: A number of pre-storm preparations could have allowed for smoother and safer ride-out functioning for both hospital personnel and patients. These measures include surplus provisioning of staff and supplies to account for limited facility access. During a disaster, innovative flexibility of both ED and hospital operations may be critical when disposition and transfer capibilities or bedding capacity are compromised.
Approximating the (continuous) Fr\'echet distance

We describe the first strongly subquadratic time algorithm with subexponential approximation ratio for approximately computing the Frechet distance between two polygonal chains. Specifically, let $P$ and $Q$ be two polygonal chains with $n$ vertices in $d$-dimensional Euclidean space, and let $\alpha \in [\sqrt{n}, n]$. Our algorithm deterministically finds an $O(\alpha)$-approximate Frechet correspondence in time $O((n^3 / \alpha^2) \log n)$. In particular, we get an $O(n)$-approximation in near-linear $O(n \log n)$ time, a vast improvement over the previously best know result, a linear time $2^{O(n)}$-approximation. As part of our algorithm, we also describe how to turn any approximate decision procedure for the Frechet distance into an approximate optimization algorithm whose approximation ratio is the same up to arbitrarily small constant factors. The transformation into an approximate optimization algorithm increases the running time of the decision procedure by only an $O(\log n)$ factor.
Quantifying search and switching costs in the US auto insurance industry

I estimate demand for auto insurance in the presence of two types of market frictions: search and switching costs. I develop an integrated utility-maximizing model in which consumers decide over which and how many companies to search and from which company to purchase. My modelling approach rationalizes observed consideration sets as being the outcomes of consumers' search processes. I find search costs to range from $35 to $170 and average switching costs of $40. Search costs are the most important driver of customer retention and their elimination is the main lever to increase consumer welfare in the auto insurance industry.
Applications of Nanoparticle-Antibody Conjugates in Immunoassays and Tumor Imaging

Modern diagnostic technologies rely on both in vitro and in vivo modalities to provide a complete understanding of the clinical state of a patient. Nanoparticle-antibody conjugates have emerged as promising systems to confer increased sensitivity and accuracy for in vitro diagnostics (e.g., immunoassays). Meanwhile, in vivo applications have benefited from the targeting ability of nanoparticle-antibody conjugates, as well as payload flexibility and tailored biodistribution. This review provides an encompassing overview of nanoparticle-antibody conjugates, from chemistry to applications in medical immunoassays and tumor imaging, highlighting the underlying principles and unique features of relevant preclinical applications employing commonly used imaging modalities (e.g., optical/photoacoustics, positron-emission tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, X-ray computed tomography).
COVID19 Associated Painful Subacute Thyroiditis

Objective: Physicians should be aware that thyroiditis is a potential sequela of COVID-19 infection. Discussion: A 49-year-old female without any prior history of thyroid dysfunction presented with clinical and biochemical hyperthyroidism after a diagnosis of COVID-19 illness four months ago. At the time of thyroiditis diagnosis: free T4 was 1.52 ng/dL (normal, 0.76-1.46 ng/dL), TSH l0.005 uIU/mL (normal, 0.358-3.74 uIU/mL), Thyroglobulin antibodies 2 IU/mL (normal, l=1 IU/mL), TPO antibody 1 IU/mL (normal, l9 IU/mL), ESR 5 mm/hr (normal, 0-20 mm/hr). Thyroid US showed no nodules or evidence of autoimmune thyroid disease or abnormal vascular flow. A radioactive iodine uptake test was performed through the primary care office. The test demonstrated symmetric, uniform radiotracer uptake in the right and left lobe. 24-hour uptake was low at 0.1% (normal 15-25%) indicating thyroiditis. Patient features consistent with the diagnosis of subacute thyroiditis include suppressed TSH, diffuse tenderness on thyroid palpation, absent TPO/TG antibodies, and suppressed I-123 RAI uptake (l1%) on 24-hour scan. Conclusion: There is limited data surrounding thyroid disease and COVID-19. It has been suggested that a possible sequela of COVID-19 is thyroiditis. Physicians caring for recovering COVID-19 patients should be aware of possible painful subacute thyroiditis and to check thyroid studies in persons with symptoms of thyrotoxicosis post-COVID-19.
Commitment to the University as Defined by the Allen and Meyer Model: Student-Athlete Versus Nonstudent-Athlete Differences

Organizational commitment to the university of student-athlete and nonstudent-athlete undergraduate college students was measured by modifying an established measure of affective, continuance, and normative commitment. Student-athlete reported significantly higher levels of overall organizational commitment as well as both affective and normative commitment. Length of time at the university and transfer status, however, yielded different patterns in commitment. Implications of these relationships for student life programming and comparisons with employee commitment are discussed.
The waveguide invariant for a Pekeris waveguide

A closed-form waveguide invariant β for a Pekeris waveguide is derived. It is based on the modal Wentzel–Kramers–Brillouin (WKB) dispersion equation and implicit differentiation, in conjunction with the concept of the angle-dependent “effective boundary depth,'' ΔH(θ). First, an explicit expression for β(m,n) between mode pairs is derived assuming an ideal waveguide of the effective waveguide depth H+ΔH(θ), which provides an excellent agreement with the exact value calculated for the Pekeris waveguide of depth H using KRAKEN. Then, a closed-form expression for a group of adjacent modes is derived: β = (H + ΔH)/(H/cos2θ − ΔH), which reduces to β = cos2θ as ΔH/H ≪ 1, the analytical expression for an ideal waveguide. For applications to source-range estimation, the waveguide invariant β is used to derive the theoretical beam-time migration (i.e., dispersion curve) in a Pekeris waveguide.
Agencies on the Loose? Holding Government Networks Accountable

An important but often overlooked mechanism of global governance is networks of national government officials working together on issues of common interest and concern. These "government networks" are particularly dense in a number of regulatory areas such as monetary policy, securities regulation, insurance regulation, competition policy, and environmental policy. While many welcome the growth of these networks under the banner of transnational regulatory cooperation, others perceive a threat of unaccountable technocracy ? agencies on the loose. This paper sets forth the accountability critique and then develops a number of responses, including increasing transparency through use of the Internet, increasing opportunity for participation in network activities, and distinguishing between real and perceived problems of accountability. In conclusion, the paper sets forth several general principles of transnational governance that would provide a baseline for regulating all transgovernmental activity.
Leukocyte-endothelial cell recognition: evidence of a common molecular mechanism shared by neutrophils, lymphocytes, and other leukocytes.

The interaction of leukocytes with endothelial cells is intrinsic to the process of leukocyte extravasation, whether during the entry of blood polymorphonuclear leukocytes and monocytes into sites of acute and chronic inflammation, or during the homing of lymphocytes to lymphoid organs. A lymphocyte surface glycoprotein, defined by monoclonal antibody MEL-14, has been described that appears to mediate lymphocyte recognition of postcapillary venules in peripheral lymph nodes, and to control the migration of lymphocytes from the blood into these lymphoid organs. We now report that the antigenic determinant recognized by MEL-14 is present at high levels on other leukocytes as well, including neutrophils, monocytes, and eosinophils; and we demonstrate involvement of the MEL-14 antigen in neutrophil-endothelial cell interactions. MEL-14 immunoprecipitates a neutrophil surface protein of Mr approximately 100,000, similar in m.w. to the 80,000 to 90,000 dalton lymphocyte surface MEL-14 antigen, and it blocks the interaction of neutrophils with endothelial cells in an in vitro model of adhesion to postcapillary venules in lymph node frozen sections. Neutrophil binding to lymph node venules is also inhibited by PPME, a mannose-6-phosphate-rich yeast polysaccharide that is thought to mimic the endothelial cell ligand for the MEL-14-defined lymphocyte receptor. Interestingly, neither MEL-14 nor PPME exhibit a major effect on neutrophil binding to postcapillary venules in Peyer's patches, suggesting that as for lymphocytes, the neutrophil MEL-14 antigen is involved in recognition of tissue-specific endothelial determinants. Finally, we show that MEL-14 inhibits the capacity of neutrophils to migrate from the blood into sites of acute inflammation in the skin. These observations lead us to propose that receptors for tissue-specific endothelial determinants are utilized by neutrophils and lymphocytes and probably other leukocytes during the physiologic process of leukocyte extravasation in vivo.
AN ICA RESPONSE TO THE EDUCATIONAL CHALLENGES OF CARTOGRAPHY IN TRANSITION

The tasks and challenges of cartographic education have been compounded greatly during the present transitional stage of the discipline of cartography. This paper examines the growing and changing education needs emanating from this condition of flux as well as the role of ICA in responding to these needs. It outlines an evolving seminar program as one vehicle developed by the Association to meet these challenges. Such a seminar program needs to be built upon solid conceptual foundations and yet provide models that possess the flexibility needed to function in the diverse milieu that ICA serves. And, in order to meet a potentially global demand, the seminars must be transportable and designed as seed programs that would gradually shift from ICA management to a largely indigenous cadre.