cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effect of food limitation on gonad development and egg production of the planktonic copepod Calanus finmarchicus

Calanus finmarchicus, one of the dominant copepods species of the North Atlantic, often encounters low food concentration or quality during the reproductive period; however, our knowledge on the effect of these conditions on reproduction processes is scarce. The present study combines experiments with histological observations to describe the response of C. finmarchicus to limited food focussing on (1) oocyte maturation processes, (2) gonad morphology, (3) egg production rates as a function of spawning frequency and clutch size, and (4) the fuelling of egg production by measuring carbon and nitrogen content of the females. In the laboratory, C. finmarchicus females were exposed to 0, 10, 50, 150 or >300 μg C l−1 for several days. To account for food quality and season, reproductive activity was compared in April and July 1999 between females feeding on diatoms or dinoflagellates. The effect of feeding history was studied in February with females fed and starving prior to the experiment. Feeding conditions had severe effects on oocyte maturation process. Hence, egg production varied significantly with food concentration and quality, season and feeding history due to variation in both clutch size and spawning frequency. Clutch size differed by a factor of 2–4 between food limited and well fed females, and is thus an important parameter for modelling egg production. Changes in clutch size were related to changes of the number of maturing oocytes in the females gonads indicating that the latter can be used to precise the prediction of egg production from preserved samples. The proportion of females carrying at least some mature oocytes was relatively high at low food availability. Apparently, these females used internal body reserves as the carbon and nitrogen content decreased significantly under these conditions. These results indicate that C. finmarchicus embarks on the strategy to enable reproduction in all or many females of a population at low rates when feeding conditions are unfavourable.
The Role of Homework Assignments in Cognitive Therapy for Depression: Potential Methods for Enhancing Adherence

Homework assignments are an integral part of most cognitive therapy treatments for depression. Although investigations of the association between homework adherence and outcome are relatively few in number, recent studies suggest that clients who adhere to homework assignments show greater improvement than those who do not. Following our assessment of the potential impact of homework adherence on outcome, we explore some of the reasons for client nonadherence and attempt to describe characteristics of those individuals who do cany out the assigned work. Given that adherence with homework appears to lead to better outcomes, yet many clients fall to carry out their assignments, we next explore methods for enhancing adherence. Finally, we propose a model of homework adherence and suggest directions for future research.
High‐performance liquid chromatography of cisplatin

The retention behavior of cisplatin on a variety of stationary phases has been investigated using aqueous mobile phases modified by the addition of various electrolytes and methanol. Cisplatin is poorly retained on reverse-phase or silica columns but satisfactorily retained on chemically bonded or solvent-generated anion exchangers. The retention of the neutral complex on positively charged stationary phases is explained in terms of ion-dipole interactions and rationalized by the application of solvophobic theory. The use of solvent-generated anion exchangers for the analysis of cisplatin offers significant advantages over the chemically bonded system in terms of peak shape, column efficiency, and stability. By the use of column switching and off-line atomic absorption, solvent-generated anion exchange high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is applicable to the determination of cisplatin in urine.
The Role of Social Factors in the Sexual Misconduct of Roman Catholic Clergy: A Second Look at the John Jay Data

Research to date has accounted for the recent sexual scandal in the Roman Catholic Church primarily with attributions to the personal psychopathology of the individual offenders. This article reviews a portion of the data from the John Jay Study (2004) and a Supplementary Report (2006) that documents the sexual involvement of Roman Catholic clergy from 202 dioceses and 221 religious orders. Summary data dispel common misconceptions of psychopathology in priests. A majority of the incidents took place between 1960–1979 by priests who were ordained in their late 20s and committed their first offense in their mid-30s. These patterns suggest the need for a more complex conceptualization that accounts for the influence of Roman Catholic clerical socialization from 1950 to 1969 and the contemporaneous shifts in American culture.
MLC quality assurance techniques for IMRT applications.

Intensity modulated radiotherapy(IMRT) requires extensive knowledge of multileaf collimator(MLC) leaf positioning accuracy, precision, and long-term reproducibility. We have developed a technique to efficiently measure the absolute position of each MLC leaf, over the range of leaf positions utilized in IMRT, based on dosimetric information. A single radiographic film was exposed to 6 MV x rays for twelve exposures: one open field with a radio-opaque marker tray present, and eleven fields (1×28 cm strips via 1 cm gaps between opposed leaf pairs) separated by 2 cm center to center. The process was repeated while varying direction of leaf travel; each film was digitized using a commercial film dosimetry system. The digital images were manipulated to remove translation and rotation of the film data with respect to the collimator coordinate system by extraction of radiationdose profiles perpendicular to the MLC leaf motion and measuring the center of the x-ray leakage between leaves. Radiationdose profiles in the direction of leaf motion were acquired through the center of each leaf pair (leaves 2–28), which provided leaf position information every 2 cm with 0.2 mm precision. Nine separate leaf reproducibility studies over a 90 day period which evaluated 600 measurement points on each film show 0.3 mm precision for 95% confidence, while hysteresis studies show 0.5 mm precision. Absolute leaf position error measurements demonstrated a radial dependence, with a maximum of 1.5 mm at 16.4 cm from central axis, due to rotational error at calibration. Recalibration of the MLC leaves based utilizing this tool yields absolute leaf position measurements where 91.5% of all leaves/positions were within 0.5 mm, with a mean error of 0.1 mm and a maximum error less than 1.0 mm.
Mixed-integer dynamic optimization

A rigorous decomposition approach is presented for mixed-integer dynamic optimization problems. The approach combines dynamic optimization with insight based targeting techniques to decompose the optimization into subproblems providing rigorous upper and lower bounds on the objective. This approach has the potential to eliminate total enumeration of the discrete space, assures termination in a finite number of iterations, and yields a rigorous bound on the distance between the solution found and the global solution.
Aligned buoyant highs, across-trench deformation, clustered volcanoes, and deep earthquakes are not aligned with plate-tectonic theory

Abstract Bathymetry shows the regional interaction of aseismic, buoyant highs in northern Pacific subduction zones. Seamounts, ridges, and fractures on the seaward side of the trench are associated with events that do not support the accepted plate-tectonics paradigm, including an altered slab dip angle (Benioff zone) and the clustered volcanoes and earthquakes within the convergent margin. Most of the examples in this study show a reduction in the number of total earthquakes but an increase in the deeper earthquakes, an abnormal amount of across-trench deformation, and a larger amount of volcanism on the active arc than if no bouyant highs existed in the subduction zone. The connections between the seaward highs and the landward clustered highs are the transverse faults, which widen by turbidite scour as they age. Forearc canyons are the modern-day bathymetdc expression of these faults. All of the parameters introduced disagree with the plate-tectonic hypothesis, making an alternate explanation for the genesis necessary. That explanation falls into the realm of the surge-tectonic hypothesis, which can explain by fluid mechanics and eastward flow each of the introduced parameters.
Pharmacists' duty to warn in the age of social media.

What constitutes a bonafide pharmacist–patient relationship? In the past, such a relationship required a series of face-to-face meetings between a patient and a pharmacist. The first change to this paradigm occurred with the development and acceptance of and eventual reimbursement for telepharmacy
Make the Connection: Relating Electrical-Safety Maintenance to Reliability

The results of electric-shock and arc-flash hazard and risk analysis are dependent on certain aspects of the electrical equipment to be maintained, including the mechanical integrity of covers, doors and barriers, the mechanical and electrical integrity of bonding and grounding systems, and the functional performance of circuit-protection devices and protection systems. In addition, the frequency of personnel exposure associated with maintenance tasks is dependent on the effectiveness of the reliability and maintenance programs in place. This article introduces two concepts to help differentiate maintenance strategies: electrical-safety-critical maintenance and electrical-safety-dependent maintenance.
Airport Taxi-Out Prediction Using Approximate Dynamic Programming: Intelligence-Based Paradigm

Flight delay is one of the pressing problems that have far-reaching effects on society and the nation's economy. A primary cause of flight delay in the National Airspace System is high taxi-out times (time between gate push-back and wheels-off) at major airports. Accurate prediction of taxi-out time is needed to make downstream schedule adjustments and for better departure planning, which could mitigate delays, emissions, and congestion on the ground. However, accurate prediction of taxi-out time is difficult because of uncertainties associated with the dynamically changing airport operation. A novel stochastic approximation scheme based on reinforcement learning (RL) is presented for predicting taxi-out times in the presence of weather and other departure-related uncertainties. The prediction problem is cast in a probabilistic framework of stochastic dynamic programming and solved by using approximate dynamic programming approaches (particularly RL). The strengths of the method are that it is nonparametr...
A Prospective Study of Symptoms and Quality of Life in Men with Chronic Prostatitis/Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome: The National Institutes of Health Chronic Prostatitis Cohort Study

Purpose: We present the results of 2 years of symptom and quality of life followup of men with CP/CPPS enrolled in the CPC.Materials and Methods: We followed 445 subjects from 6 clinical centers across North America for 2 years with outcome measures that included the NIH-CPSI, quality of life, and GRA. All subjects were treated according to usual care practices at each clinical site.Results: Of the 445 subjects 293 had complete data at 2 years. Withdrawals were younger, had been diagnosed more recently and had higher baseline symptoms. Among the 293 men the mean improvement at 2 years was 5 points on the 43-point NIH-CPSI total score. Most of the observed improvement occurred in the first 3 months of followup. Among all 445 subjects, retaining withdrawals in the denominator, 31% considered themselves moderately or markedly improved at 2 years. Although group mean symptom scores were stable and improved slightly over time, some individual subjects reported large fluctuations. No baseline demographic or cli...
Effect of hypoxia and reoxygenation on the isolated rabbit heart determined by monoclonal antimyosin antibody uptake.

Objective: The aim was to examine the effect of hypoxia and reoxygenation upon the isolated rabbit heart, and to determine whether or not irreversible tissue injury develops in association with the reintroduction of molecular oxygen to the previously hypoxic heart. Methods: Isolated rabbit hearts suspended on a Langendorff apparatus and perfused with a modified Krebs-Henseleit buffer were subjected to either 5 or 30 min hypoxia and, when applicable, followed by 45 min reoxygenation. The effect of hypoxia and reoxygenation upon the isolated heart was determined with a 125labelled monoclonal antibody to the intracellular protein myosin. Determination of tissue creatine kinase release and morphological analysis, using lanthanum chloride as a marker of vessel damage, were also performed to document the uptake of antimyosin with myocardial tissue injury. Results: Hearts subjected to 30 min hypoxia followed by 45 min reoxygenation snowed a significant increase in antimyosin uptake when compared to hearts exposed to 30 min hypoxia. Creatine kinase release and morphological analysis showed an increase in intracellular damage in hearts receiving 30 min hypoxia and 45 min reoxygenation when compared to hearts receiving 30 min hypoxia without subsequent reoxygenation. Hearts subjected to 5 min hypoxia followed by reoxygenation did not show a significant increase in antimyosin uptake as compared to continuously oxygenated control hearts or hearts made hypoxic for 5 min without subsequent reoxygenation. Conclusions: Antimyosin antibody binding increased in hearts subjected to hypoxia and reoxygenation compared to hearts subjected to hypoxia without reoxygenation. The data provide compelling evidence that reoxygenation of hypoxic tissue exacerbates the extension of cellular damage. The ability of superoxide dismutase and catalase to decrease antimyosin uptake suggests that reactive oxygen species play a role in reoxygenation induced myocardial damage. This study also provides evidence that the labelled antimyosin antibody provides a convenient approach to quantitate the extent of damage induced by hypoxia with and without subsequent reoxygenation. Cardiovascular Research 1993; 27 :1260-1267
The probability that Brownian motion almost contains a line

Abstract Let R ∈ be the Wiener sausage of radius ∈ about a planar Brownian motion run to time 1. Let P be the probability that R ∈ contains the line segment [0,1] on the x -axis. Upper and lower estimates are given for P ∈ . The upper estimate implies that the range of a planar Brownian motion contains no line segment.
Analyzing power in elastic scattering of electrons off a spin-0 target

We consider the analyzing power on a spin-0 nuclear target. This observable is related to the imaginary part of the two-photon-exchange (box) diagram. We consider the contributions of elastic and inelastic intermediate states. The former requires knowledge of the elastic nuclear form factor, while the latter uses the optical theorem as input. The elastic contribution scales as the nuclear charge $Z$, while the inelastic contribution scales as the ratio of the atomic number and nuclear charge, $A/Z$. We provide estimates for $^{4}\mathrm{He}$ and $^{208}\mathrm{Pb}$, in the kinematics of existing or upcoming experiments. In both cases, we predict negative values for the analyzing power of a few parts per million, and the dominant contribution is due to inelastic intermediate states. The analyzing power can contribute a substantial systematic error in parity-violating experiments.
Accelerating plant breeding

The growing demand for food with limited arable land available necessitates that the yield of major food crops continues to increase over time. Advances in marker technology, predictive statistics, and breeding methodology have allowed for continued increases in crop performance through genetic improvement. However, one major bottleneck is the generation time of plants, which is biologically limited and has not been improved since the introduction of doubled haploid technology. In this opinion article, we propose to implement in vitro nurseries, which could substantially shorten generation time through rapid cycles of meiosis and mitosis. This could prove a useful tool for speeding up future breeding programs with the aim of sustainable food production.
Oil viscosity measurement by ultrasonic reflectance.

Pulses of shear-mode ultrasound (center frequency 10 MHz) are reflected from the surface of a series of vegetable and synthetic high-viscosity calibration oils at a range of temperatures (5–50°C). For all samples and temperatures there is a single negative correlation between the magnitude of the echo from the interface between the delay-line and the sample and the viscosity of the sample. Similar experiments with longitudinal ultrasonic waves show the amount of sound reflected decreased with increasing viscosity, but there is no single correlation for all samples.
Plasma lens formation in eγ and γγ colliders

Abstract The beams in electron linear colliders can be converted to nearly monochromatic photon beams by means of Compton backscattering of laser photons. The electron beams must then be diverted from the interaction point by some means, the best of which seems to be a plasma lens. This paper describes the constraints on the plasma lens in this application and shows how the ablation of solid hydrogen pellets might be able to produce plasmas to satisfy these constraints.
Norepinephrine regulates hepatic innate immune system in leptin‐deficient mice with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis

It is not known why natural killer T (NKT) cells, which modulate liver injury by regulating local cytokine production, are reduced in leptin-deficient ob/ob mice. NKT cells express adrenoceptors. Thus, we hypothesize that the low norepinephrine (NE) activity of ob/ob mice promotes depletion of liver NKT cells, thereby sensitizing ob/ob livers to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) toxicity. To evaluate this hypothesis, hepatic NKT cells were quantified in wild-type mice before and after treatment with NE inhibitors, and in dopamine β-hydroxylase knockout mice (which cannot synthesize NE) and ob/ob mice before and after 4 weeks of NE supplementation. Decreasing NE activity consistently reduces liver NKT cells, while increasing NE has the opposite effect. Analysis of hepatic and thymic NKT cells in mice of different ages demonstrate an age-related accumulation of hepatic NKT cells in normal mice, while liver NKT cells become depleted after birth in ob/ob mice, which have increased apoptosis of hepatic NKT cells. NE treatment inhibits apoptosis and restores hepatic NKT cells. In ob/ob mice with reduced hepatic NKT cells, hepatic T and NKT cells produce excessive T helper (Th)-1 proinflammatory cytokines and the liver is sensitized to LPS toxicity. NE treatment decreases Th-1 cytokines, increases production of Th-2 cytokines, and reduces hepatotoxicity. Studies of CD1d-deficient mice, which lack the receptor required for NKT cell development, demonstrate that they are also unusually sensitive to LPS hepatotoxicity. In conclusion, low NE activity increases hepatic NKT cell apoptosis and depletes liver NKT cells, promoting proinflammatory polarization of hepatic cytokine production that sensitizes the liver to LPS toxicity. (HEPATOLOGY 2004;40:434–441.)
Measurement of thermal expansion coefficients with holographic technique

A simplified mathematical model was created for measurement of thermal expansion coefficients of thin sheet materials with holographic technique. Experimental set-ups corresponding to the mathematical model were designed and built for both tests above room temperature and at low temperatures. A fringe control technique was introduced for low temperature measurements to compensate rigid body movement. Thin sheet specimens of silicon and aluminum alloy (7075) were tested with the developed technique. The tested results are in good agreement with reported data and thus verify the validity of the developed technique. The thermal expansion coefficients of the tested materials ranged from 2.5 × 10−6°C−1 to 23.6 × 10−6°C−1.
On the mitochondrial origin of oil drops in the retinal double cone inner segments

In Lebistes double cone inner segments, mitochondria apparently arise de novo at the vitreal end and mature in a vitreal-to-scleral gradient in the ellipsoid. Scleral-end mitochondria differentiate into oil drops in certain principal members of cone pairs. There are two ultrastructurally radically different types of oil drops both of which have mitochondrial origins.
Experimental possibilities for observation of CP violation in B decay

The detection and the measurement of CP violation in the decays of B hadrons will require the accumulation of large numbers of B decays in particular exclusive modes. The potential of beauty hadroproduction experiments for obtaining these large data samples is examined in the context of various trigger and analysis strategies. The possibilities for doing such experiments at present hadron machines is compared with the potential for such experiments at the SSC. 3 refs., 3 figs., 4 tabs.
The Impact of Ownership Structure Change at IPO on Firm Growth

This paper focuses on how the change of ownership structure at the time of initial public offering (IPO) will raise governance problems and affect the firm’s long-term performance after IPO. More s...
A Modified Colorimetric Method for Selection of Soybean Phytate Concentration

Determining seed phytate concentration in soybeans [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] is important for screening germplasm and for selection of modified-phosphorus (P) lines with stable low-phytate expression. Accurate quantitative phytate assays and simple colorimetric assays have been developed; however, a high-throughput colorimetric phytate assay is needed. The objectives of this study were to develop a cost- and time-effective modified Fe colorimetric phytate assay, and to demonstrate that the assay can be used for direct selection of phytate concentration in soybean seeds. The new modified Fe colorimetric assay was tested on 192 samples from eight lines from three germplasm sources (normal-P composition, and two different modified-P composition mutants) produced in 12 environments. Compared to other quantitative and colorimetric methods of phytate determination, this assay is faster, less expensive, and simpler, which meets the needs of breeders for selection among modified-P soybean lines over environments.
Semimicro determination of hydroxy and amino compounds using pyromellitic dianhydride

Abstract The PMDA method for determining hydroxyl and primary and secondary amino groups was applied on the semimicro scale. A sample containing 0.4 to 0.6 mEq of amine or hydroxyl was reacted with 25 ml of 0.04 M PMDA in a routine analysis. The unconsumed PMDA was titrated with 0.08 N base. For colorless clear samples, the phenolphthalein endpoint was used; for colored or turbid samples, a potentiometric titration is recommended. Further scaling down of the method may be feasible by increasing the PMDA OH ratio.
On L p -convergence rates for statistical functions with application to L -estimates

A parameter which may be represented as a functionalT(F) of a distribution functionF may be estimated by the “statistical function”T(Fn), whereFn is the empirical distribution function. Recently, Boos and Serfling (1979, Florida State University Statistics Report No. M 499) obtained sufficient conditions for the Berry-Esseen theorem to hold forT(Fn)-T(F) and applied the results to derive rates of convergence inL∞ forL-estimates. The present note complements their work by obtaining theLp-rates of convergence, 1≦p<∞ forT(Fn)-T(F) and its application toL-estimates.
Impact of intraspecific competition on growth and financial development of loblolly pine plantations

Five stocking levels of 2,471, 1,483, 741, 494, and 247 trees/ha (TPH) were established to study competition among young loblolly pine (Pinus taeda). Growth comparisons were made between pairs of adjacent densities, which had measurement trees of similar characteristics but had differing stocking densities. Measurable competition, inferred by reduction in diameter increment, began shortly after age 6 at 2,471 TPH, at approximately age 7 at 1,483 TPH, age 8 at 741 TPH, and age 9 at 494 TPH. By age 21, total merchantable volume was the same for all density levels, (209 m3/ha) but sawtimber volume was inversely related to density level. Competitive growth pressures exerted by the higher stand densities through age 21 affected crop tree growth between ages 21 and 31. Although densities were thinned at ages 21 and 26, crop tree growth on the 2,471, 1,483, and 741 TPH densities was less than the 494 and 247 TPH densities.
Studies of 17-hydroxycorticosteroids in children: I. Peripheral blood levels in health and disease

Summary 1. The blood levels of circulating 17-hydroxycorticosteroids in children with and without evident disease have been studied and are reported. 2. The data obtained do not justify an interpretation that the diseased groups differ significantly from the “well-control” group, with the exception of the group of children with congenital adrenal hyperplasia. 3. Serial values for 17-hydroxycorticosteroids in patients with rheumatic fever receiving hormone therapy are reported.
Proteomics analyses of ovarian caner using genetically defined human ovarian cancer models

Using a genetically defined human ovarian cancer model, we have analyzed the protein expression profile of human ovarian cancer cells established by oncogenic RAS transformation. Cells were immortalized by retroviral transfection of SV40 t/T antigens and the catalytic subunit of telomerase (hTERT). Careful analyses of protein targets associated with oncogenic transformation have enabled us to identify several novel signaling pathways that play important roles in oncogenic transformation of human ovarian epithelial cells.
The Lazarus Funnel: a blinded prospective randomized in vitro trial of a novel CE-marked thrombectomy assist device.

Introduction The use of retrievable stents for acute ischemic stroke (AIS) may result in the release of distal emboli in 12–22% of cases. The Lazarus Funnel is a novel CE-marked thrombectomy assist device designed to capture the stentriever and thrombus to minimize the likelihood of distal embolization. To study this technology, we performed a randomized blinded in vitro evaluation of this device. Methods A cerebral flow model was used as an in vitro simulator for cerebral arterial thrombectomy procedures. Stratified block randomization was performed following embolus injection into one of three cohorts: Solitaire stentriever plus guide catheter (control); control plus proximal Funnel placement; or control plus distal Funnel placement. Time to embolectomy, recanalization, and incidence of distal emboli were determined by a blinded observer. Results Forty-five thrombectomy trials were performed (15 in each group). The average time required for thrombectomy in each group was 8 min 26 s, 11 min 0 s and 9 min 24 s, respectively (p=NS). Use of the Funnel was associated with significantly improved recanalization compared with stentriever alone (p Conclusions In this AIS embolism flow model with Solitaire thrombectomy, the Lazarus Funnel resulted in a significant increase in recanalization and significant reduction in distal emboli without increase in time to recanalization.
MATADI, FOCUS OF BELGIAN AFRICAN TRANSPORT1

(1958). MATADI, FOCUS OF BELGIAN AFRICAN TRANSPORT. Annals of the Association of American Geographers: Vol. 48, No. 1, pp. 41-72.
Lack of corrosion of stainless steel instruments in vivo by scanning electron microscope and microprobe analysis.

Two clinical cases are presented which show nocorrosion of broken stainless steel endodontic instruments. Corrosion of a silver endodontic filling cone is demonstrated.
A Laplacian-based SNR measure: shear stiffness estimation in MR elastography

Magnetic resonance elastography (MRE) is a phase-contrast MRI based technique that allows quantitative, noninvasive assessment of the mechanical properties of tissues by the introduction of shear waves into the body and measurement of the resulting displacements. In MRE, the calculated stiffness values are affected by noise, which is amplified by the inversion process. It would be useful to know that beyond some SNR threshold, the stiffness values are accurate within some confidence limit. The most common methods to calculate SNR values in MRE are variations of displacement SNR, which estimate the noise in the measured displacement. However, the accuracy of stiffness determination depends not only on the displacement SNR, but also on the wavelength of the shear wave, in turn dependent on the stiffness of the underlying material. More recently, the SNR of the octahedral shear strain (OSS) has been proposed as a more appropriate measure, since shear deformation is the signal in MRE. We also propose here another measure based on the SNR of the Laplacian of the data, since this is the most noise sensitive quantity calculated when performing direct inversion of the Helmholtz equation. The three SNR measures were compared on simulated data for materials of different stiffness with varying amounts of noise using three inversion algorithms commonly used in MRE (phase gradient, local frequency estimation, and direct inversion). We demonstrate that the proper SNR measure for MRE depends on the inversion algorithm used, and, more precisely, on the order of derivatives used in the inversion process.
Logical channels: using web services for cross‐organizational workflow

Purpose – This paper seeks to establish a design for cross‐organizational workflow based on logical channels of communication. A set of scenarios is established which can be used to test the effectiveness of future architectures.Design/methodology/approach – Starting with scenarios based on cross‐organizational business transactions, designs a set of sequence diagrams, analyzes these diagrams, and then deduces the need for certain system capabilities.Findings – Current approaches to web services focus on just one channel – that of invocation. In order to handle the full gamut of cross‐organizational workflow, channels devoted to flow, monitoring, negotiation, and interpersonal interaction are also necessary.Research limitations/implications – Extensions to this research might include designs for integrating these multiple channels. Such designs can be tested against the scenarios discussed in the paper. In particular, research related to the semantic web might extend the ideas raised here.Practical implic...
On the Bayesian approach to image reconstruction

A new iterative method is proposed for finding the optimal Bayesian estimate of an unknown image from its projection data (experimentally obtained integrals of its grayness over thin strips). Convergence of the method is proved and its performance is illustrated. The method compares favorably with previously proposed procedures.
Dynamic expression patterns of tenascin, proteoglycans, and cell adhesion molecules during human hair follicle morphogenesis

The development of skin appendages such as hair, feathers, and teeth is brought about by reciprocal interactions between epidermal and mesenchymal tissues and is thought to be influenced in part by cell adhesion molecules and components of the extracellular matrix. The developmental distributions of tenascin, neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM), E-cadherin, intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (CSPG), and the heparan sulfate proteoglycan perlecan were studied in relation to hair follicle morphogenesis in fetal human skin. Tenascin first appeared in developing skin in focal concentrations at the epidermal-mesenchymal interface, just prior to, and presumably correlated with, hair follicle initiation. Tenascin immunostaining remained prominent in the basement membrane zone and extracellular matrix of the follicle sheath during subsequent morphogenetic stages. Two forms of tenascin (Mr 250 × 103 and 280–300 × 103), were revealed by Western blots of skin extracts. NCAM immunolabeling was initially present throughout the dermis, and became progressively restricted to the dermal condensation and the follicle sheath. Western blot analysis revealed an isoform of NCAM (Mr 160 × 103) which lacked polysialic acid. At all stages, E-cadherin staining was diminished on follicle cells situated adjacent to the basement membrane, relative to cells in the follicle interior. Follicle-specific immunostaining for ICAM-1 was transient, appearing only at the pre-germ and hair germ stages of development. Antibodies to three distinct CSPG determinants revealed unique immunolabeling patterns following follicle initiation: One CSPG epitope co-distributed with tenascin in the follicle basement membrane and follicle sheath extracellular matrix; one CSPG epitope was similarly expressed, and was also found on follicle epithelial cells; and the third CSPG determinant was noticeably absent from the follicle sheath during elongation of the developing appendage. Perlecan was concentrated in the dermal papilla, in addition to its distribution in all skin basement membranes. A model for how these diverse molecules may inter/act to influence human hair follicle morphogenesis is presented. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A Three‐Stage Adoption Process for Social Media Use in Government

Social media applications are slowly diffusing across all levels of government. The organizational dynamics underlying adoption and use decisions follow a process similar to that for previous waves of new information and communication technologies. The authors suggest that the organizational diffusion of these types of new information and communication technologies, initially aimed at individual use and available through markets, including social media applications, follows a three-stage process. First, agencies experiment informally with social media outside of accepted technology use policies. Next, order evolves from the first chaotic stage as government organizations recognize the need to draft norms and regulations. Finally, organizational institutions evolve that clearly outline appropriate behavior, types of interactions, and new modes of communication that subsequently are formalized in social media strategies and policies. For each of the stages, the authors provide examples and a set of propositions to guide future research.
Ethics Review of Social, Behavioral, and Economic Research: Where Should We Go From Here?

It is not unusual for researchers to complain about institutional review board (IRB) oversight, but social scientists have a unique set of objections to the work of ethics committees. In an effort to better understand the problems associated with ethics review of social, behavioral, and economic sciences (SBES) research, this article examinees 3 different aspects of research ethics committees: (a) the composition of review boards; (b) the guidelines used by these boards to review SBES--and in particular, behavioral health--research; and (c) the actual deliberations of IRBs. The article concludes with recommendations for changes in the review process and with suggestions for filling the gaps in knowledge about the way IRBs work.
Abusive Head Trauma in Infants and Young Children: A Unique Contributor to Developmental Disabilities

Abusive head trauma in infants and young children is the leading cause of death and disability from child abuse. This article discusses the history, epidemiology, clinical aspects, developmental outcomes, and associated injuries of this unique contributor to developmental disabilities. Prevention of abusive injuries and prevention of child abuse and neglect are also discussed.
Vangl2 promotes Wnt/Planar Cell Polarity-like signaling by antagonizing Dvl1-mediated feedback inhibition in growth cone guidance

Although a growing body of evidence supports that Wnt-Frizzled signaling controls axon guidance from vertebrates to worms, whether and how this is mediated by planar cell polarity (PCP) signaling remain elusive. We show here that the core PCP components are required for Wnt5a-stimulated outgrowth and anterior-posterior guidance of commissural axons. Dishevelled1 can inhibit PCP signaling by increasing hyperphosphorylation of Frizzled3 and preventing its internalization. Vangl2 antagonizes that by reducing Frizzled3 phosphorylation and promotes its internalization. In commissural axon growth cones, Vangl2 is predominantly localized on the plasma membrane and is highly enriched on the tips of the filopodia as well as in patches of membrane where new filopodia emerge. Taken together, we propose that the antagonistic functions of Vangl2 and Dvl1 (over Frizzled3 hyperphosphorylation and endocytosis) allow sharpening of PCP signaling locally on the tips of the filopodia to sense directional cues, Wnts, eventually causing turning of growth cones.
Outcomes of Robotic Nephrectomy Including Highest-complexity Cases: Largest Series to Date and Literature Review.

Objective To review the outcomes of robot-assisted laparoscopic nephrectomy (RALN) after 101 consecutive cases, the largest reported series to date. The benefit of adding robotic technology to laparoscopic nephrectomy is unclear and controversial. We used robotics for nephrectomy routinely, including for simpler cases rather than laparoscopy, as well as for the most complex nephrectomies rather than open surgery. Methods We reviewed a prospective database of 101 consecutive nephrectomy procedures by a single surgeon (R.A.). All were initiated as RALN regardless of complexity. Patient characteristics and outcomes were reviewed, including tumor complexity, conversion rate, transfusions, length of stay, and complications. Results Mean age was 60 years (19-86 years), and mean body mass index was 31 kg/m 2 (16-54 kg/m 2 ). Ninety patients had tumors with mean size of 8.2 cm (2.2-25.8 cm). Eighty were malignant, including 31 pT3a tumors (39%), with 9 renal vein thrombi. Eight malignancies had caval tumor thrombi (10%). Local invasion required 1 bowel resection, 1 partial hepatectomy, and 1 distal pancreatectomy, all performed robotically with no conversions to open surgery. Ipsilateral retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy was performed in 40 patients removing 13.7 nodes (4-36). Mean operative time and blood loss were 172 minutes (57-411 minutes) and 67 mL (10-400 mL) with only 1 transfusion (1%). Mean length of stay was 1.1 days (0-7 days), with 94% discharged by postoperative day 1. Clavien grade III-IV complications occurred in 5% without deaths. Conclusion Robotic nephrectomy allows for consistent outcomes regardless of procedure complexity. Completion of procedures without need for open conversion was possible even in the most complex procedures, including those with vascular and contiguous organ invasion.
Subsidence beneath a playa basin on the Southern High Plains, U.S.A.: Evidence from shallow seismic data

Shallow seismic data from Sevenmile Basin, a large ephemeral lake (playa) basin in the Texas Panhandle, reveal that subsidence has been an important agent in basin formation. Several hypotheses exist for the origin of thousands of playa basins on the Southern High Plains of Texas and New Mexico, including eolian deflation, evaporite or carbonate dissolution and subsidence, piping, and animal activity. Sevenmile Basin is 5.5 x 3.6 km across and 14 m deep and contains 20 m of lacustrine and eolian sediments that interfinger with the Quaternary Blackwater Draw Formation. Below these sediments is the upper Tertiary Ogallala Formation, which overlies Permian or Triassic bedrock. Seismic reflection and refraction data were collected from the unlithified and variably saturated clastic sequence beneath Sevenmile Basin to investigate the geological history and hydrogeological framework of playa basins, which recharge the regionally important Ogallala aquifer. Three-layer velocity models provide good solutions for reversed refraction data. Near-surface p-wave velocities (layer 1) range from 349 to 505 m/s, layer 2 velocities range from 806 to 851 m/s, and layer 3 velocities range from 2,037 to 2,161 m/s. Shallow test holes and drillers' logs suggest that layer 1 is composed of playa and upper Blackwater Draw Formation deposits, layer 2 consists of lower Blackwater Draw Formation and upper Ogallala Formation deposits, and layer 3 represents a competent and partly saturated zone near the top of the Ogallala aquifer. Reflection sections show a middle Ogallala reflector, a reflector at the top of Permian or Triassic bedrock, and internal bedrock reflectors that indicate a structural low beneath Sevenmile Basin. Increasing relief with age, from 14 m at the surface to 70 m on the middle Ogallala reflector to 110 m at the base of the Ogallala, is interpreted as evidence of subsidence of underlying Permian evaporite-bearing strata before or during Ogallala deposition. Ogallala and Blackwater Draw Formation thicknesses greater than bedrock Ogallala deposition and may continue to the present. Virtually all playa basins on the Southern High Plains are underlain by Permian evaporite-bearing strata; some basins have been affected by dissolution-induced subsidence. Shallow seismic methods are an ideal approach to determine the relative importance of subsidence in basin formation.
Wound closure and wound management A new therapeutic molecular target

Wound closure and infection control are the primary goal of wound management. A variety of disinfectants and antimicrobial agents are widely available today and routinely achieve infection control. On the contrary, wound closure still remains a challenging goal. Cell adhesion, migration and contraction play significant roles in creating contractile force of patent wound margins and in contributing to wound closure. Modulations of these cellular behaviors have been investigated in the context of wound contraction; however, therapeutic strategy to achieve wound closure has not been established. Recently, we have reported that a previously unknown cytoskeleton molecule, wound inducible transcript-3.0 (wit3.0) also known as fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 oncogene partner 2 (FGFR1OP2), can significantly modulate fibroblast-driven wound closure in vitro and in vivo. The dynamic role of cytoskeleton in different experimental models may provide a novel platform for designing the therapeutic target of wound m...
Benchmarking the performance of pairwise homogenization of surface temperatures in the United States

[1] Changes in the circumstances behind in situ temperature measurements often lead to biases in individual station records that, collectively, can also bias regional temperature trends. Since these biases are comparable in magnitude to climate change signals, homogeneity “corrections” are necessary to make the records suitable for climate analysis. To quantify the effectiveness of U.S. surface temperature homogenization, a randomized perturbed ensemble of the USHCN pairwise homogenization algorithm was run against a suite of benchmark analogs to real monthly temperature data. Results indicate that all randomized versions of the algorithm consistently produce homogenized data closer to the true climate signal in the presence of widespread systematic errors. When applied to the real-world observations, the randomized ensemble reinforces previous understanding that the two dominant sources of bias in the U.S. temperature records are caused by changes to time of observation (spurious cooling in minimum and maximum) and conversion to electronic resistance thermometers (spurious cooling in maximum and warming in minimum). Error bounds defined by the ensemble output indicate that maximum temperature trends are positive for the past 30, 50 and 100 years, and that these maximums contain pervasive negative biases that cause the unhomogenized (raw) trends to fall below the lower limits of uncertainty. Moreover, because residual bias in the homogenized analogs is one-tailed under biased errors, it is likely that maximum temperature trends have been underestimated in the USHCN. Trends for minimum temperature are also positive over the three periods, but the ensemble error bounds encompass trends from the unhomogenized data.
Dental CT imaging: a look at the jaw.

The jaw comprises two complex bony structures: the mandible and maxilla. Their curved or archlike configuration makes radiographic imaging difficult. Furthermore, the superimposition of dense teeth and roots may obscure underlying tissues, and streak artifacts from dental restorations often degrade computed tomographic (CT) images. Recently, dental CT reformatting programs that use thin transverse images of the jaw to reformat multiple panoramic and cross-sectional views were developed. Since images are reformatted, streak artifacts that degrade bone visualization at direct coronal CT are projected over the crowns of the teeth, permitting optimal viewing of bone. As a result, these programs have been successfully used to evaluate implants, cysts, tumors, and surgical procedures. They have created not only a new modality for viewing the jaw but also a new partnership between dentists and radiologists. Questions that cannot be answered in the dentist’s office with conventional radiographs are now answered i...
Use of Human Immune Serum Globulins

Pediatric practitioners administer γ-globulin frequently, usually following hepatitis exposure or prior to foreign travel. Administration of γ-globulin, or human immune serum globulin (HISG), its official name, is also indicated in several other situations. HISG is used intermittently to prevent a specific infection in normal subjects, and it is continuously to prevent recurrent infections in immunocompromised subjects. Two types of HISG preparations are available: standard human immune serum globulin for general use and special human immune serum globulin with a known antibody content for specific illnesses (Table 1). In addition, some animal sera and antitoxins are still used for certain infections (eg, diphtheria), poisonings (eg, snake bites or botulism), or immunosuppression (eg, antilymphocyte globulin). Recently (September 81), human immune serum globulin for intravenous use has been licensed. SOME PROPERTIES OF IMMUNOGLOBULIN G The immunoglobulins or "γ-globulins" are the proteins of the plasma and tissue made in lymphoreticular tissues that have antibody activity.1 Although there are six classes of immunoglobulin—IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, IgE, and secretory IgA—only IgG is present in significant quantities in HISG. IgG is a glycoprotein with a molecular weight of 150,000 distributed equally between the serum and the tissues. The IgG molecule is Y-shaped with two combining sites, one at the end of each arm.
Review of Quantitative Trait Loci Identified in the Chicken

Methods for mapping QTL are actively used in the chicken to identify chromosomal regions contributing to variation in traits related to growth, disease resistance, egg production, behavior, and metabolic parameters. However, higher-resolution mapping and better knowledge of the genetic architecture underlying QTL are needed for successful application of this information into breeding programs. Therefore, this paper summarizes and integrates original, primary QTL studies in the chicken to identify basic information on the genetic architecture of quantitative traits in chickens. The results of this review show several instances of consensus of QTL locations for similar traits from independent studies. Furthermore, the consensus of QTL location for different traits and evidence for QTL with parent-of-origin effect, transgressive alleles, epistatic QTL, and QTL x sex interaction in chicken are presented and discussed. This information can be helpful in identifying genes or mutations underlying the QTL and in the application of genomic information in marker-assisted breeding programs.