cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Emerging trends in hepatocellular carcinoma: focus on diagnosis and therapeutics.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common tumors worldwide and one of the deadliest. Patients with chronic liver disease are at the highest risk for developing this tumor. This link provides an opportunity for developing preventive strategies and surveillance that aims at early detection of this tumor and possibly improving outcomes. In this review, we will discuss the latest developments in surveillance strategies, diagnosis, and treatment of this tumor. HCC is the sixth most common cancer in the world, with 782,000 new cases occurring in 2012 worldwide. In 2012, there were 746,000 deaths from liver cancer.¹ HCC is the third most fatal cancer in the world.² The distribution of HCC, which varies geographically, is related to the prevalence of hepatotropic virus. The burden of the disease is the highest in Eastern Asia, sub-Saharan Africa, and Melanesia where hepatitis B (HBV) infection is endemic. Meanwhile, in Japan, United States, and Europe, hepatitis C (HCV) infection is prevalent, and subsequently, is the major risk factor for acquiring HCC in these regions.¹,³ It is estimated that the incidence of HCC in Europe and United States will peak at 2020—there will be 78,000 new HCC cases in Europe and 27,000 in the United States—and decline thereafter.¹ Indeed, in Japan, the incidence of HCC had already plateaued and started to slowly fall.⁴ Cirrhosis is the most important risk factor for HCC regardless of etiology and may be caused by chronic viral hepatitis (mainly HBV and HCV), alcoholic liver disease, autoimmune disease, Stage 4 primary biliary cirrhosis, and metabolic diseases such as hereditary hemochromatosis, alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. In the Western hemisphere, HCC occurs in a background of cirrhosis in 90% of the cases.⁵ Before concentrating on diagnosis and therapeutics, it is important to discuss surveillance for this tumor.
High-resolution grazing-incidence grating spectrometer for temperature measurements of low-Z ions emitting in the 100–300 Å spectral band

We have constructed a high-resolution grazing-incidence spectrometer designed for measuring the ion temperature of low-Z elements, such as Li+ or Li2 +, which radiate near 199 A and 135 A, respectively. Based on measurements at the Livermore Electron Beam Ion Trap we have shown that the instrumental resolution is better than 48 mA at the 200 A setting and better than 40 mA for the 135-A range. Such a high spectral resolution corresponds to an instrumental limit for line-width based temperature measurements of about 45 eV for the 199 A Li+ and 65 eV for the 135 A Li2 + lines. Recently obtained survey spectra from the Lithium Tokamak Experiment at the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory show the presence of these lithium emission lines and the expected core ion temperature of approximately 70 eV is sufficiently high to demonstrate the feasibility of utilizing our high-resolution spectrometer as an ion-temperature diagnostic.
Cloning and sequencing of the Escherichia coli gyrA gene coding for the A subunit of DNA gyrase

Abstract The gene gyrA of Escherichia coli, which encodes the A subunit of DNA gyrase (topoisomerase II), has been cloned and a region of approximately 3300 base-pairs sequenced. An open reading frame of 2625 nucleotides coding for a protein of 97,000 Mr is located. The peptide weight of the subunit predicted from this open reading frame is in close agreement with previously published estimates of that of the A subunit. There is a “TATAAT” promoter motif located 44 bases upstream from the first “ATG” of the open reading frame. The amino acid sequence derived from the nucleotide sequence is about 50% homologous with that derived from the Bacillus subtilis gyrA gene sequence, with several regions showing greater than 90% homology.
Actively Navigating the Transition into College: Narratives of Students with Learning Disabilities.

Students with learning disabilities (LD) are particularly vulnerable in making the school-to-college transition where they negotiate a complex constellation of challenges that include academic demands, social expectations, and emotional/personal growth. Although a substantial body of knowledge exists about college students with LD, it is largely predicated upon both extrinsic supports available to ensure a successful transition into college and ways to maintain that success. In contrast, intrinsic knowledge as the basis of agency exerted by individuals with LD to strategize for their own success has received comparatively little attention. This study uses narrative methodology guided by a theoretical framework of disability studies, to render three nuanced portraits of college students with LD. Participants demonstrate ways in which they manage to navigate the academic, social, and emotional/personal realms when transitioning into college. In doing so, they reveal instances of self-knowledge that are ofte...
The colon influences ileal resection diarrhea

Fecal mass and electrolyte concentrations from 25 ileectomy and/or colectomy patients on known diets were used to assess those factors most responsible for their diarrhea. In 18 ileectomy patients the severity of diarrhea, expressed as a fecal weight, was a function of both percent of colon and centimeters of ileum removed. Linear regression analysis, however, showed that the extent of missing colon had three times the effect of missing ileum on fecal weight. Patients who lost the ileocecal valve and part of the right colon had more diarrhea than those who lost comparable lengths of ileum but had this area preserved. Fecal ion concentrations seemed independent of diet but were related to fecal weight and the amount of colon and ileum removed. Potassium concentration was strongly dependent on the amount of colon lost, while sodium concentration was more influenced by the length of resected ileum. Chloride was most dependent on fecal weight. As expected, fecal fat correlated strongly with the extent of ileum removed. Regression equations were constructed from the electrolyte data which described and predicted the extent of lost ileum or colon. Our data were also used to separate patients with less than 100 cm of ileum removed from those with more extensive resections. The severity of diarrhea following ileal resection depends primarily on the amount of contiguous colon removed. Varying loss of ileum and colon produced predictable effects on fecal weight and electrolyte composition. Surgeons should preserve the maximum amount of colon possible to reduce the severity of diarrhea in these patients.
Comparison of the effect of fluosol DA and dextran 40 on regional cerebral blood flow, infarction size, and mortality in cats with temporary occlusion of the middle cerebral artery

Twenty-four cats were divided into two groups and treated with an intravenous infusion of either fluosol DA or dextran. One-half of the animals in each group were ventilated with room air and one-half with 100% oxygen. The right middle cerebral artery was occluded for a period of 4 hours through a transorbital approach. Regional blood flow by the hydrogen clearance method was measured before and after the infusion of fluosol DA or dextran, after oxygenation in the animals on 100% oxygen, three times during the period of ischemia, and after reperfusion. Regional cerebral blood flow increased slightly with the infusion of fluosol or dextran, decreased slightly with hyperoxygenation in the animals so treated, and decreased markedly in the right hemisphere during temporary occlusion of the right middle cerebral artery in all groups. With reperfusion regional flows in the right hemisphere varied considerably, with some animals showing hyperperfusion and others essentially no flow. There was no significant difference in average regional cerebral blood flow between any of the groups. The severity of infarction in all groups was directly related to the decrease in regional cerebral blood flow in the right hemisphere during temporary occlusion. There was also a strong correlation between the regional cerebral blood flow in the right hemisphere after reperfusion and the severity of infarction. In general, the animals showing normal or increased flow after reperfusion had small infarcts and those showing no reflow had large infarcts. Mortality was high in all groups, was not significantly different between any of the groups, and was highly correlated to the size of infarction. In brief, in this study fluosol offered no advantage over dextran, and probably neither agent, in the dose used, offered any protection against cerebral ischemia.
Ocean science from space

The ocean plays as fundamental a role in the natural scheme of things as does the atmosphere, although its functions, being considerably more varied and diffuse, are probably neither as well appreciated nor as well understood. The sea profoundly affects the weather and climate and in turn is affected by the atmosphere, acting as both a heat reservoir for storing, distributing, and releasing solar energy and as the source for most atmospheric moisture. It interacts with the bounding land and air over times ranging from minutes to millennia. Geological activity on all time and space scales takes place in and under the seas, which serve as the repository for the detritus of man and nature and, just as important, as practicable sources of petroleum and a few useful minerals. Its currents and dilutant powers are called upon to disperse sewage, poisonous and nonpoisonous wastes, solid trash, and excess heat, while it maintains a role as the aqua viva for an extremely complicated and commercially important food chain and a role as a means of recreation and refreshment for people. In the estuaries and the coastal zones these conflicting demands are especially severe.
Effective inactivation of human immunodeficiency virus with chlorhexidine antiseptics containing detergents and alcohol

The antiseptics 4% chlorhexidine gluconate detergent formulation containing 4% isopropyl alcohol (Hibiclens/Hibiscrub) and 0.5% chlorhexidine gluconate in 70% isopropyl alcohol with emollients (Hibistat/Hibisol) efficiently inactivated human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) produced in cell culture within 15 seconds. These antiseptics were completely effective at 1:100 and 1:5 dilutions, respectively. Therefore, use of these products according to the manufacturer's instructions (i.e. undiluted) for routine disinfection of hands following contact with HIV-contaminated materials, as well as immediate disinfection of abrasions or cuts exposed to HIV, should have significant protective effects.
Preliminary report: cyclosporin in treatment of severe active ulcerative colitis

Intravenous cyclosporin (4 mg/kg daily) was given to fifteen patients with severe active ulcerative colitis, fourteen of whom had failed to respond to at least 10 days' treatment with intravenous steroids. In the acute phase of the open trial, eleven patients (73%) improved and avoided colectomy; the mean response time was 5.8 days. Patients who responded were maintained on oral cyclosporin (6-8 mg/kg daily) for a 6-month chronic phase. Six of the eleven patients have been weaned from steroids and remain in clinical and endoscopic remission 5-18 months after discontinuation of cyclosporin; three are well at 5 months and their steroid dose is being tapered; one patient relapsed after 5 months on oral cyclosporin and underwent colectomy; and one patient failed to show continued improvement with oral cyclosporin but is in clinical remission after changing to mercaptopurine treatment. Slight self-limiting adverse side-effects of cyclosporin were seen, but none necessitated withdrawal from the study. Cyclosporin seems to be an effective treatment for patients with severe active ulcerative colitis who have not responded to steroids.
An empirical multi-level analysis for achieving balance between incremental and radical innovations

An examination of 202 innovation projects in 42 firms revealed two approaches in how firms manage employees to explore new knowledge for radical innovations and to exploit existing knowledge for incremental innovations. The first is the system of organization-level management practices, whereby employees are recruited based primarily on prior work experience in other companies and developed interdepartmentally, and compensation is based primarily on joint performance without a specific innovation project in mind. The second is the system of team-level management practices, whereby employees are selected based mainly on overlapping knowledge with team members, and are trained and rewarded for a specific innovation project. Although both systems offer employees the necessary psychological safety for attaining radical innovations and the perspective-taking capability helpful for incremental innovations, each system is better for achieving one type of innovation than the other. The system of organization-level management practices better achieves radical innovations because it provides greater psychological safety, while the system of team-level management practices better achieves incremental innovations because it develops superior perspective-taking capability. Using both systems assists in incremental innovations but not radical innovations, because contradictory expectations are placed on the employees, diminishing psychological safety. The main implication of these findings is that companies should manage their employees differently depending on the type of innovation they wish to achieve.
Hypothalamic thermosensitivity in California quail (Lophortyx californicus)

1. Manipulations of hypothalamic temperature (Thy) in California quail produced no significant changes in metabolic rate (MR) from the non-manipulated state (Figs. 1 and 2; Table 1). 2. MR was significantly influenced by ambient temperature (Ta), with MR decreasing asTa increased (Figs. 2 and 3, Table 1). 3. Vasomotor responses to manipulations ofThy were elicited during 41% of the response opportunities. Vasomotor responsiveness appeared to be most active at aTa of 30°C due to a decrease in thresholdThy for vasodilation asTa increased. AtTa's of 10°C and 20°C, the birds maintained a constant vasoconstriction during most experiments (Figs. 1, 4, 5; Table 2). 4. Results from this study indicate that hypothalamic thermosensitivity plays no significant role in thermoregulation in California quail other than being a possible defense against severe brain hyperthermia. The significance of these results is discussed with regard to the divergent evolution of mammalian and avian thermoregulatory systems.
Conditions for the suppression of void formation during ion-bombardment

Abstract In the region of ion deposition the number of interstitials is larger than the number of vacancies produced by displacement damage. As a result void formation can be suppressed. The following conditions must be satisfied for the suppression to occur: the distribution of injected ions and the distribution of displacement damage must overlap; within this region of overlap, the irradiation conditions must be such that recombination is a significant process. It is shown that void-free zones along the ion range can be produced bordering on regions with voids both behind and in front of the displacement damage peak. The suppression of void formation is particularly severe in low-energy ion bombardments.
Effects of aldosterone on NEM-sensitive ATPase in rabbit nephron segments

Aldosterone (aldo) treatment of animals stimulates the rate of H+ secretion in the collecting duct, a process which may involve an H+-ATPase sensitive to inhibition by NEM (N-ethylmaleimide). Therefore, we determined NEM-sensitive ATPase activity in distal nephron segments from three groups of adrenalectomized (adx) rabbits maintained on different doses of aldo (in an osmotic minipump) for seven days. Group 1 was given 1.5 micrograms aldo/100 g body wt/day, whereas groups 2 and 3 were maintained on 5 micrograms and 50 micrograms of aldo/100 g body wt/day, respectively. Aldo concentrations in the plasma of groups 1, 2 and 3 were 10.4 +/- 0.8, 70 +/- 7 and 408 +/- 133 ng/dl, respectively. There was a significant increase in NEM-sensitive ATPase activity in connecting tubule (CNT) and cortical, outer and inner medullary duct segments (CCD, OMCD and IMCD) but not in cortical thick ascending limb (CTAL) and distal convoluted tubule (DCT) in group 2 as compared to group 1. A further increase in plasma concentration of aldo (group 3) did not produce any more increase in NEM-sensitive ATPase activity in the CNT, CCD, OMCD and IMCD, but did increase the enzyme activity in the DCT. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that aldo increases H+ secretion in the connecting tubule and collecting duct segments by increasing the activity of NEM-sensitive H+-ATPase activity in these segments.
Salivary α-amylase, serum albumin, and myoglobin protect against DNA-damaging activities of ingested dietary agents in vitro

Potent DNA-damaging activities were seen in vitro from dietary chemicals found in coffee, tea, and liquid smoke. A survey of tea varieties confirmed genotoxic activity to be widespread. Constituent pyrogallol-like polyphenols (PLPs) such as epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), pyrogallol, and gallic acid were proposed as a major source of DNA-damaging activities, inducing DNA double-strand breaks in the p53R assay, a well characterized assay sensitive to DNA strand breaks, and comet assay. Paradoxically, their consumption does not lead to the kind of widespread cellular toxicity and acute disease that might be expected from genotoxic exposure. Existing physiological mechanisms could limit DNA damage from dietary injurants. Serum albumin and salivary α-amylase are known to bind EGCG. Salivary α-amylase, serum albumin, and myoglobin, but not salivary proline-rich proteins, reduced damage from tea, coffee, and PLPs, but did not inhibit damage from the chemotherapeutics etoposide and camptothecin. This represents a novel function for saliva in addition to its known functions including protection against tannins. Cell populations administered repeated pyrogallol exposures had abatement of measured DNA damage by two weeks, indicating an innate cellular adaptation. We suggest that layers of physiological protections may exist toward natural dietary products to which animals have had high-level exposure over evolution.
Phosphacan and receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase β expression mediates deafferentation-induced synaptogenesis

This study documents the spatial and temporal expression of three structurally related chondroitin sulfated proteoglycans (CSPGs) during synaptic regeneration induced by brain injury. Using the unilateral entorhinal cortex (EC) lesion model of adaptive synaptogenesis, we documented mRNA and protein profiles of phosphacan and its two splice variants, full length receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase β (RPTPβ) and the short transmembrane receptor form (sRPTPβ), at 2, 7, and 15 days postlesion. We report that whole hippocampal sRPTPβ protein and mRNA are persistently elevated over the first two weeks after UEC. As predicted, this transmembrane family member was localized adjacent to synaptic sites in the deafferented neuropil and showed increased distribution over that zone following lesion. By contrast, whole hippocampal phosphacan protein was not elevated with deafferentation; however, its mRNA was increased during the period of sprouting and synapse formation (7d). When the zone of synaptic reorganization was sampled using molecular layer/granule cell (ML/GCL) enriched dissections, we observed an increase in phosphacan protein at 7d, concurrent with the observed hippocampal mRNA elevation. Immunohistochemistry also showed a shift in phosphacan distribution from granule cell bodies to the deafferented ML at 2 and 7d postlesion. Phosphacan and sRPTPβ were not colocalized with glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP), suggesting that reactive astrocytes were not a major source of either proteoglycan. While transcript for the developmentally prominent full length RPTPβ was also increased at 2 and 15d, its protein was not detected in our adult samples. These results indicate that phosphacan and RPTPβ splice variants participate in both the acute degenerative and long-term regenerative phases of reactive synaptogenesis. These results suggest that increase in the transmembrane sRPTPβ tyrosine phosphatase activity is critical to this plasticity, and that local elevation of extracellular phosphacan influences dendritic organization during synaptogenesis.
Cue-induced memory interference in the rat

Rats were trained on passive avoidance and then active avoidance, and then were tested for retention of the active response. Prior passive training interfered with retention of the active response if all training and testing occurred in one context. Significantly less interference resulted when the passive avoidance context differed from that used for active training and testing. However, significant interference did result when animals given passive training in a different context were reminded of this training in the active avoidance context prior to active avoidance training.
Evaluating the gapless color-flavor locked phase

In neutral cold quark matter that is sufficiently dense that the strange quark mass ${M}_{s}$ is unimportant, all nine quarks (three colors; three flavors) pair in a color-flavor locked (CFL) pattern, and all fermionic quasiparticles have a gap. We recently argued that the next phase down in density (as a function of decreasing quark chemical potential $\ensuremath{\mu}$ or increasing strange quark mass ${M}_{s}$) is the new ``gapless CFL'' (gCFL) phase in which only seven quasiparticles have a gap, while there are gapless quasiparticles described by two dispersion relations at three momenta. There is a continuous quantum phase transition from CFL to gCFL quark matter at ${M}_{s}^{2}/\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\approx}2\ensuremath{\Delta}$, with $\ensuremath{\Delta}$ the gap parameter. Gapless CFL, like CFL, leaves unbroken a linear combination $\stackrel{\texttildelow{}}{Q}$ of electric and color charges, but it is a $\stackrel{\texttildelow{}}{Q}$ conductor with gapless $\stackrel{\texttildelow{}}{Q}$-charged quasiparticles and a nonzero electron density. In this paper, we evaluate the gapless CFL phase, in several senses. We present the details underlying our earlier work which showed how this phase arises. We display all nine quasiparticle dispersion relations in full detail. Using a general pairing ansatz that only neglects effects that are known to be small, we perform a comparison of the free energies of the gCFL, CFL, two-flavor (2SC), gapless 2SC, and two-flavor up-strange phases. We conclude that as density drops, making the CFL phase less favored, the gCFL phase is the next spatially uniform quark matter phase to occur. A mixed phase made of colored components would have lower free energy if color were a global symmetry, but in QCD such a mixed phase is penalized severely.
Elemental dynamics in forested bogs in northern Minnesota

Dynamics of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) were determined for three perched bogs, formed by lake filling, and three raised bogs, formed by landscape swamping. N and K concentrations were higher in the undergrowth of perched bogs, and Ca and Mg concentrations were higher in subsurface anaerobic peat of raised bogs. Elemental pools in vegetation were in the order N > Ca > K > Mg > P; in surface peat, N > Ca > Mg > P = K. Differences in elemental mass between the bog types were closely related to biomass differences. The atmosphere potentially supplied from 3% of annual plant uptake of K to 20% of Mg; this fraction was inversely related to uptake as a proportion of the surface peat. Vegetation on raised bogs had a greater proportion of uptake from the atmosphere (15 vs. 12%), a faster rate of elemental turnover (3.8 vs. 4.8 years), and lower net primary productivity (NPP) than on perched bogs, all indicative of a lower nutrient status. The annual mineralization...
The Revolution Continues

It is hard for me to believe that it has been 12 months since I stood before you as your 2009–2010 president, encouraging you to explore opportunities, expand our educational and professional horizons, and “Lead the Revolution”! I described several major initiatives that would be priorities
ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC IDENTIFICATION OF SEX CHROMATIN BODIES OF TISSUE CULTURE CELLS.

A method is described for the unequivocal identification of sex chromatin bodies in electron micrographs of thin sections of tissue culture cells derived from human skin. Fibers, rodlets, and circular profiles having a similar diameter of about 200 A appear to be the only components of the sex chromatin bodies. The fibers and rodlets are sometimes resolvable into two similar subunits and the circular profiles often have a less electron dense center. The overall density of sex chromatin bodies is found to be considerably less than that of metaphase chromosomes. The fibers of the sex chromatin bodies found lying away from the nuclear periphery appear to be organized more compactly than the fibers of the sex chromatin bodies found lying at the nuclear periphery.
Does surgical subspecialty care come with a higher price

Purpose of review Pediatric surgical specialization has been occurring over the past few decades to improve the outcomes of pediatric surgical care. There is sparse data to support the benefit to children from these educational efforts of these dedicated individuals. This literature review focuses on recent studies and the data documenting improvement in pediatric surgical care. Recent findings Studies from the field of pediatric urology, pediatric general surgery and pediatric neurosurgery are cited. Studies compared outcome data: within a children's hospital between pediatric urology specialists and general urologist performing the same operation; within a healthcare system between pediatric general surgeons and adult general surgeons for appendectomies; population based data for pyloromyotomies performed by general surgeons and pediatric general surgeons; and finally a database study of specialty neurosurgeons and hospital factors affecting outcomes. Summary Each study documented better pediatric patient surgical outcomes under the care of a pediatric subspecialty trained surgeon regardless of discipline. Those studies that studied costs showed more cost effective care was delivered by pediatric subspecialized surgeons.
Buffer space allocation in automated assembly lines

Automated assembly lines are modeled as finite open queueing networks and a heuristic for buffer space allocation within these lines is presented. The Expansion Method, an analytical technique for modeling finite open queueing networks and Powell's unconstrained optimization procedure are integrated in a design methodology, which evaluates alternative line topologies, system throughputs, and their optimal buffer sizes. The resulting design methodology is demonstrated for series, merging and splitting topologies of automated assembly lines with balanced and unbalanced service rates.
Measurement of osteoblastic activity in diaphyseal bone.

Fresh undecalcified sections are made and stained with basic fuchsin by Frost's methods. Only complete cross sections cut accurately perpendicular to the diaphyseal longitudinal axis may be measured. The percentage of the longitudinal vessels containing osteoid seams is measured by a counting technique. The average number of longitudinal channels/mm2 of the cross section is next measured by a similar technique. Multiplying the seam percentage by the channels/mm2 gives the seams/mm2. For reasons which are discussed this is equivalent to seams/mm3. A suitable sampling method is used to obtain useful precision.
On the use of concordant pairs in matched case-control studies

A new estimator of the common odds ratio in one-to-one matched case-control studies is proposed. The connection between this estimator and the James-Stein estimating procedure is highlighted through the argument of estimating functions. Comparisons are made between this estimator, the conditional maximum likelihood estimator, and the estimator ignoring the matching in terms of finite sample bias, mean squared error, coverage probability, and length of confidence interval. In many situations, the new estimator is found to be more efficient than the conditional maximum likelihood estimator without being as biased as the estimator that ignores matching. The extension to multiple risk factors is also outlined.
Quasipotential approach to scattering theory: Spectral analysis of the vertex function

The vertex function of the quasipotential in scattering equations is spectral analyzed in terms of the strength eigenstates, and a criterion for its effectiveness established. A simple variational procedure is given to construct the strength eigenstates, by which vertex functions may be evaluated.
An Ultrastructural Study of Melanocytomas (Magnocellular Nevi) of the Optic Disk and Uvea

We examined by light and electron microscopy five melanocytomas from four patients. Two types of cells were observed in each tumor. The predominant cell type in most of the tumors studied consisted of plump polyhedral nevus cells that contained numerous giant melanosomes. These cells showed advanced differentiation. They appeared to be metabolically inactive and to have been the cause of the heavy pigmentation and benign nature of these tumors. The second variant of melanocytoma cells were smaller spindle-shaped cells that were lightly pigmented. Other morphologic features of these cells such as high nucleus-cytoplasm ratio, prominent nucleolus, nuclear membrane infolding, numerous mitochondria, prominent rough endoplasmic reticulum, and free ribosomes, indicated a metabolically active cell, which may explain the infiltrating behavior of these tumors.
An ultraviolet-Schiff reaction for unsaturated lipids.

Tissues are fixed 12-18 hr in cold, neutral, 10% aqueous formalin, sectioned on a freezing microtome and the sections placed in a shallow, open dish of water under an ultraviolet light source. Sections are then treated with Schiff's reagent for 15 min, rinsed in 3 changes of sulfurous acid (3 min in each) and in distilled water and mounted in an aqueous mounting medium. The time of irradiation necessary to produce a maximum reaction is determined empirically. The magenta color indicating the site of unsaturated lipids fades and runs in many preparations in a few days. Evidence is presented that this reaction is most likely the histochemical equivalent of an iodine number determination.
Benign Spontaneous Pneumothorax

Summary Spontaneous pneumothorax (excluding the type found as a terminal event in pulmonary tuberculosis) is usually benign in onset course and prognosis. It is a far more frequent accident than is generally realized and is frequently discovered in routine chest roentgenograms such as are being taken i industry and at educational centers today. Fluroscopy or roentgenography should be considered in all young men presenting themselves with a complaint of pain in the chest, with or without physical signs, and with or without dyspnea, or the more severe anginal symptoms. Tuberculosis may cause spontaneous pneumothorax indirectly through scar retraction without the specific infection being active, in which case prolonged inactivity or hospitalization is not to be considered.
Diimide reduction of representative alkenes and correlation of their relative reaction rates with corresponding ionization potentials

Abstract The plot of the log of relative rates of diimide reduction of representative alkenes versus their ionization potentials (IP's) exhibits a natural separation into sterically similar groups, indicating the importance of steric effects. Within each group, a good correlation is observed with a lower IP corresponding to a higher relative rate, demonstrating electronic effects in sterically similar molecules.
Protonic species in vitreous silica

Abstract Protons can exist in vitreous silica as molecular hydrogen, hydroxyl and hydride species. Examples of each species are discussed. The molecular extinction coefficient for molecular hydrogen dissolved in vitreous silica has been measured (0.26 1/mol cm). Formation and removal of hydroxyl and hydride in vitreous silica by thermally- and radiation-induced reactions is discussed. It is shown that the stability of hydroxyl in vitreous silica is a strong function of the mode of production of the hydroxyl. New data regarding the effect of radiation on the infrared bands due to hydroxyl in vitreous are also presented.
Gene expression based mouse brain parcellation using Markov random field regularized non-negative matrix factorization

Understanding the geography of genetic expression in the mouse brain has opened previously unexplored avenues in neuroinformatics. The Allen Brain Atlas (www.brain-map.org) (ABA) provides genome-wide colorimetric in situ hybridization (ISH) gene expression images at high spatial resolution, all mapped to a common three-dimensional 200μm3 spatial framework defined by the Allen Reference Atlas (ARA) and is a unique data set for studying expression based structural and functional organization of the brain. The goal of this study was to facilitate an unbiased data-driven structural partitioning of the major structures in the mouse brain. We have developed an algorithm that uses nonnegative matrix factorization (NMF) to perform parts based analysis of ISH gene expression images. The standard NMF approach and its variants are limited in their ability to flexibly integrate prior knowledge, in the context of spatial data. In this paper, we introduce spatial connectivity as an additional regularization in NMF decomposition via the use of Markov Random Fields (mNMF). The mNMF algorithm alternates neighborhood updates with iterations of the standard NMF algorithm to exploit spatial correlations in the data. We present the algorithm and show the sub-divisions of hippocampus and somatosensory-cortex obtained via this approach. The results are compared with established neuroanatomic knowledge. We also highlight novel gene expression based sub divisions of the hippocampus identified by using the mNMF algorithm.
Casares' map function: no need for a 'corrected' Haldane's map function

A genetic map function M(d) = RF provides a mapping from the additive genetic distance d to the non-additive recombination fraction RF between a given pair of loci, where the recombination fraction is the proportion of gametes that are recombinant between the two loci. Genetic map functions are needed because in most experiments all we can directly observe are the recombination events. However, since a recombination event is only observed if there are an odd number of crossovers between the two loci, recombination fractions are not additive. One of the most widely used map functions is Haldane's map function, which is derived under the assumptions of no chiasma and no chromatid interference, and has been in widespread use since 1919. However, Casares recently proposed a 'corrected' Haldane's map function - we show here that this 'corrected' map function is not correct due to faulty assumptions and mistakes in its derivation.
WebAnywhere: a screen reading interface for the web on any computer

Fulfilling the promise of a web-enabled global community means enabling blind web users to access their information and collaborative web services wherever they happen to be on whatever computer to which they happen to have access. Whether they're checking their email at a local internet cafe, using an airport kiosk to connect with a new business contact on a social networking site, or collaboratively editing a document in a hotel business center, blind web users need to stay connected to be successful. While web-enabled computers are everywhere, screen readers are installed on very few. Downloading and installing new software can take a long time and is difficult without a screen reading interface, and many will not allow users to download and install new software at all. Accessible mobile devices are prohibitively expensive. WebAnywhere is a free screen-reading web application capable of making the web accessible to blind users on any web-enabled computer or device, regardless of platform or browser used, without installing new software.
Frequent incorporation of Ribonucleotides during HIV-1 reverse transcription and their attenuated repair in macrophages

Macrophages are well known long-lived reservoirs of HIV-1. Unlike activated CD4(+) T cells, this nondividing HIV-1 target cell type contains a very low level of the deoxynucleoside triphosphates (dNTPs) required for proviral DNA synthesis whereas the ribonucleoside triphosphate (rNTP) levels remain in the millimolar range, resulting in an extremely low dNTP/rNTP ratio. Biochemical simulations demonstrate that HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) efficiently incorporates ribonucleoside monophosphates (rNMPs) during DNA synthesis at this ratio, predicting frequent rNMP incorporation by the virus specifically in macrophages. Indeed, HIV-1 RT incorporates rNMPs at a remarkable rate of 1/146 nucleotides during macrophage infection. This greatly exceeds known rates for cellular replicative polymerases. In contrast, little or no rNMP incorporation is detected in CD4(+) T cells. Repair of these rNMP lesions is also substantially delayed in macrophages compared with CD4(+) T cells. Single rNMPs embedded in a DNA template are known to induce cellular DNA polymerase pausing, which mechanistically contributes to mutation synthesis. Indeed, we also observed that embedded rNMPs in a dsDNA template also induce HIV-1 RT DNA synthesis pausing. Moreover, unrepaired rNMPs incorporated into the provirus during HIV-1 reverse transcription would be generally mutagenic as was shown in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Most importantly, the frequent incorporation of rNMPs makes them an ideal candidate for development of a new class of HIV RT inhibitors.
Differential Ion Pumping for Vacuum Deposition

Feasibility of differential ion pumping concept for reducing pressure during vacuum deposition of thin films
Charge vibrations in the liquid-drop model of fission

Abstract The two-spheroid liquid-drop model of fission developed by Nix and Swiatecki has been extended to include charge vibrations. Using the Myers-Swiatecki mass formula, the appropriate stiffness constants have been obtained in analytic form. The effective mass, M Δ , associated with charge vibrations for fission shapes was deduced from eigenenergies for the giant dipole resonance calculated by Updegraff and Onley, assuming that the eigenenergy is given by h ω dipole = h K ΔΔ M Δ , where K ΔΔ is the stiffness for charge vibrations. To account for the experimental charge dispersion widths a highly constricted fission shape was chosen. The dependence of fragment deformation energy on mass increases more rapidly than in the Nix and Swiatecki treatment when the eigenvalues of two new normal modes have similar values; it is concluded that this, together with spherical closed-shell effects, may explain the discrepancy between the Nix and Swiatecki values and experimental data. Various other aspects of the effect of charge vibrations are discussed.
Breakdown of the fractional Stokes-Einstein relation in silicate liquids

Abstract The fractional Stokes–Einstein relation postulates a direct relationship between conductivity and shear flow. Like viscosity, the electrical resistivity of a glass-forming liquid exhibits a non-Arrhenius scaling with temperature. However, while both viscosity and resistivity are non-Arrhenius, here we show that these two properties follow distinct functional forms. Through analysis of 821 unique silicate liquids, we show that viscosity is best represented using the Mauro–Yue–Ellison–Gupta–Allan (MYEGA) model, whereas the resistivity of the same compositions more closely follows the Avramov–Milchev (AM) equation. Our results point to two fundamentally different mechanisms governing viscous flow and conductivity and therefore cast doubt on the general validity of the fractional Stokes–Einstein relation.
Effect of Hook Type on Mortality, Trauma, and Capture Efficiency of Wild Stream Trout Caught by Angling with Spinners

Abstract This study assessed short-term (48-h) hooking mortality, eye damage, jaw injury, and capture efficiency of three species of wild stream trout caught on size-1 Mepps spinners having barbed or barbless treble or single hooks. The mortality of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss, brown trout Salmo trutta, and brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis was low (<4%). Hook types did not differ significantly in causing mortality or severe eye damage of rainbow trout or brown trout. Severe eye damage was evident on about 10% of the trout landed (range = 2% to 13%, depending on species). Jaw injuries were found on about 6% of the catch. Barbed hooks hooked and held more trout than barbless hooks and treble hooks hooked and held more trout than single hooks. Barbless single hooks were quicker to remove than the other hook types, but the difference was insufficient to reduce mortality. Our results do not indicate a biological advantage with the use of single- or barbless-hook spinners when caught wild stream trout wi...
The “other” respiratory effect of opioids: suppression of spontaneous augmented (“sigh”) breaths

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a clinically relevant opioid on the production of augmented breaths (ABs) in unanesthetized animals breathing normal room air, using a dosage...
Oral contraceptive use and the risk of cardiac events in patients with long QT syndrome

Background In prior clinical studies of patients with long QT syndrome (LQTS), pregnancy was associated with fewer cardiac events (CEs) compared to before or after pregnancy. In recent animal studies involving rabbits with LQTS mutations, progesterone had favorable effects on CEs compared to estrogen. The effect of oral contraceptive therapy with its high progesterone/estrogen ratio on the risk of CEs in patients with LQTS has not been examined. Objective To study the effect of oral contraceptive use on the risk of CEs in patients with LQTS. Methods We studied 174 patients from the Rochester-based LQTS Registry who responded to a questionnaire about their oral contraceptive use. We used time-dependent Cox regression to estimate the hazard ratio for recurrent CEs when patients were using vs not using oral contraceptives during nonpregnancy periods. For this recurrent events analysis, the Prentice-Williams-Peterson model was used and the time origin was defined as the onset of menarche. We adjusted for the baseline corrected QT interval, history of CEs before menarche, age at menarche onset, number of births, time-dependent β-blocker therapy, and LQTS genotype. Results No differences in the risk of CEs for the times patients with LQTS were using vs not using oral contraceptives was found in the general population with LQTS (hazard ratio 1.01; P = .95) or in analyses of LQTS subsets (P > .2). Conclusion Oral contraceptive therapy use did not affect LQTS-related CEs in the study population. Oral contraceptives did not show beneficial or harmful effects in this patient group.
Grazing collisions of gravitational shock waves and entropy production in heavy ion collisions

AdS/CFT correspondence is now widely used for the study of strongly coupled plasmas, such as those produced in ultrarelativistic heavy ion collisions at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider. While properties of equilibrated plasma and small deviations from equilibrium are by now reasonably well understood, the plasma's initial formation and thermal equilibration is a much more challenging issue which remains to be studied. In the dual gravity language, these problems are related to the formation of bulk black holes, and studying trapped surfaces, as we do in this work, is a way to estimate the properties (temperature and entropy) of such black holes. Extending the work by Gubser et al. for central collisions, we find numerically trapped surfaces for noncentral collisions of ultrarelativistic black holes (gravitational shock waves) with different energies. We observe that beyond a certain critical impact parameter, the trapped surface does not exist, and we argue that there are some experimental indications for a similar jump in entropy production as a function of the impact parameter in real heavy ion collisions. We also present a simple solvable example of the so-called wall-on-wall collision, for colliding objects that depend on the holographic coordinate only. Finally, we critically discuss the applicability of the AdS/CFT approach to real-world heavy ion collisions.
Bacterial assemblages of the eastern Atlantic Ocean reveal both vertical and latitudinal biogeographic signatures

Abstract. Microbial communities are recognized as major drivers of the biogeochemical processes in the oceans. However, the genetic diversity and composition of those communities is poorly understood. The aim of this study is to investigate the composition of bacterial assemblages in three different water layer habitats: surface (2–20 m), deep chlorophyll maximum (DCM; 28–90 m), and deep (100–4600 m) at nine stations along the eastern Atlantic Ocean from 42.8° N to 23.7° S. The sampling of three discrete, predefined habitat types from different depths, Longhurstian provinces, and geographical locations allowed us to investigate whether marine bacterial assemblages show spatial variation and to determine if the observed spatial variation is influenced by current environmental conditions, historical/geographical contingencies, or both. The PCR amplicons of the V6 region of the 16S rRNA from 16 microbial assemblages were pyrosequenced, generating a total of 352 029 sequences; after quality filtering and processing, 257 260 sequences were clustered into 2871 normalized operational taxonomic units (OTU) using a definition of 97% sequence identity. Community ecology statistical analyses demonstrate that the eastern Atlantic Ocean bacterial assemblages are vertically stratified and associated with water layers characterized by unique environmental signals (e.g., temperature, salinity, and nutrients). Genetic compositions of bacterial assemblages from the same water layer are more similar to each other than to assemblages from different water layers. The observed clustering of samples by water layer allows us to conclude that contemporary environments are influencing the observed biogeographic patterns. Moreover, the implementation of a novel Bayesian inference approach that allows a more efficient and explicit use of all the OTU abundance data shows a distance effect suggesting the influence of historical contingencies on the composition of bacterial assemblages. Surface bacterial communities displayed a general congruency with the ecological provinces as defined by Longhurst with modest exceptions usually associated with unique hydrographic and biogeochemical features. Collectively, our findings suggest that vertical (habitat) and latitudinal (distance) biogeographic signatures are present and that both environmental parameters and ecological provinces drive the composition of bacterial assemblages in the eastern Atlantic Ocean.