cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Economic comparison of solar-assisted heat pumps

Abstract A study of the economic performance of a solar system, air-to-air heat pumps, and several solar-assisted heat pump systems (SAHP) for residential heating is presented. The study is based on a computer simulation which is supported by monitoring data from an existing installation, the Terrosi-Grumman house in Quechee, Vermont. Three different SAHP configurations as well as conventional solar and air-to-air heat pump systems are evaluated for a northern New England climate. All systems are evaluated both with and without a peak/off-peak electricity price differential. The SAHP systems are: (1) the series system in which the solar storage serves as the energy source for the heat pump, (2) the series off-peak system in which the heat pump in the series system operates only during certain periods of the day under a special electric rate structure, (3) a parallel system in which the environment is the source for both the collector and the heat pump, and (4) a peak/off-peak parallel system in which oil is operated during the period of peak electricity price. Hybrid air-to-air heat pump/oil systems are also evaluated. For all alternatives, two different economic analyses are used: (1) the rate of return which emphasizes the return earned on the capital investment, and (2) the life cycle critical price which compares the current capital cost to the present worth of the stream of all future energy savings. Both economic measures select the air-to-air heat pump/on-peak oil system when there is a peak/off-peak electricity price differential. (In this case the ratio of off-peak to average price is 40 per cent.) When there is no price differential, the air-to-air heat pump/oil system is still preferred, but the oil system is now operated when the ambient temperature falls below −6.7°C (20°F). When the electricity price is doubled (from 19.5 to 40$/GJ), solar/oil is the preferred system.
An investigation of a thermochemical process for conversion of gypsum and pyrite wastes into useful products

Abstract Pre-combustion coal cleaning and post-combustion flue gas desulfurization (FGD) using lime or limestone are the primary methods employed to reduce sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) emission from high-sulfur coal combustion. These processes generate voluminous pyrite and gypsum solid wastes that are usually landfilled, occupying thousands of acres of land and creating serious land and water pollution problems due to the release of acids and toxic substances. An integrated thermochemical process has been developed for the combined utilization of gypsum and pyrite wastes by converting them into useful products including lime, sulfur, and direct reduced iron (DRI). The process includes four major steps. The first step is to concentrate pyrite from coal tailings using flotation or gravity separation. The second is the thermal decomposition of pyrite to pyrrhotite and sulfur. This is followed by the reduction of pyrrhotite with carbon in the presence of lime to produce iron and calcium sulfide. The fourth step involves the reaction of calcium sulfide with gypsum to regenerate lime. The chemical reactions involved in the process were studied using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. Process variables studied included reaction temperature, time, reactant composition, and the purity of reactants.
Investigation of liquid droplet evaporation in subcritical and supercritical gaseous environments

Droplet vaporization in a high-pressure and temperature stagnant environment has been investigated numerically. Results are presented for a n-hexane droplet evaporating into nitrogen, for ambient pressures of 1100 atm and temperatures of 500-1250 K. The high-pressure model accounts for 1) transients hi both the liquid and the gas phase; 2) real gas effects hi calculating the gas phase density, the energy required for phase change, and the droplet surface vapor-liquid equilibrium composition; and 3) it accounts for gas phase transport and thermodynamic properties varying with temperature, pressure, and composition. The droplet lifetime dependence on ambient pressure and temperature has been predicted. At the lowest ambient temperature considered (500 K), the droplet lifetime increases monotonically with ambient pressure, at least for the pressure range investigated. At a higher ambient temperature of 600 K, it exhibits a maximum with ambient pressure. At an ambient temperature of 1000 K, the droplet lifetime is less sensitive to pressure. At even higher ambient temperatures (1250 K), it decreases monotonically with pressure. The steady-state vaporization assumption underpredicts droplet lifetimes substantially with increasing ambient pressure.
Moving Beyond Fidelity Expectations: Rethinking Curriculum Reform for Controversial Topics in Post-Communist Settings

This study explores the implementation of a Holocaust curriculum, designed for Latvian schools through the method of curriculum deliberation, five years after its enactment. By exploring the complexity of implementation, the study provides a generative knowledge base for curriculum proposals, symposia, and other initiatives that seek to disrupt reticence on silenced controversial histories in post-communist and post-authoritarian states. The findings reveal the promises and challenges of implementation through a mutual adaptation lens, including the forces of student interest, academic freedom, institutional support, teacher training, and the structure and organization of curriculum. Similar to other post-communist and post-authoritarian states, Latvia faces a number of challenges, including the legacy of communism, the Ministry of Education's prescribed curriculum, few opportunities to address controversies, and limited instructional time.
Imaging of laser-produced plasmas at wavelengths of 130 A and 34 A using a microscope with multilayer-coated mirrors

Laser-produced plasmas were imaged using a microscope consisting of spherical primary and secondary mirrors that were coated with 40 Mo/Si periods and had peak reflectance of 60% at a wavelength of 130 angstroms. Niobium, gold, and aluminum targets were irradiated by up to 24 beams of the Omega laser at the Laboratory for Laser Energetics at the University of Rochester. Magnified images were recorded on Kodak 101 film, and the resolution was limited by the 10 micrometers emulsion grain size. A variety of plasma emission features were recorded with 5 micrometers (0.6 arcsec) resolution in the object plane.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Impact at the student level: a study of the effects of a teacher development intervention on students' mathematical thinking

Abstract This research was conducted to study the impact on students of a long-term professional development intervention in mathematics for teachers in a low-wealth, urban school district. The emphasis in this assessment design was on obtaining a more accurate picture of student's problem-solving performance which challenged us to raise our expectations about student success from improved standardized test score data to an approach that focused on the way students think about mathematical tasks. The design used in this assessment provides a framework for considering teacher development and student assessment simultaneously. Results show that students taught by project teachers performed better in both classroom problem-solving activities and task-based interviews than students taught by nonproject teachers. In addition, there were major differences in the problem-solving behaviors of the two groups. Experimental students (students of project teachers) displayed greater mathematical confidence, and were more likely to see mathematics as a powerful way of thinking about the real world and approach mathematics as such.
Effects of colchicine on retrogradely-transported WGA-HRP.

Abstract The effects of colchicine treatment on retrogradely-transported WGA-HRP were examined in the cat. The ventroposterolateral nucleus of the thalamus was bilaterally injected with WGA-HRP followed 2 days by a unilateral injection of colchicine into the dorsal column nuclei (DCN). The cats were sacrificed by perfusion 24 h later. Retrogradely-transported WGA-HRP within DCN neurons was visualized in coronal, vibratome-cut sections of the medulla using using procedure of Rye and collaborators J. Histochem. Cytochem., 32 (1984) 1145–1153). On the uninjected side, as expected, the reaction product filled numerous neuronal perikarya and their dendrites. In contrast, on the colchicine-treated side, the reaction product was restricted to dendrites, little labeling was observed within perikarya. These findings appear to reflect colchicine's effects on the translocation of lysosomes from neuronal perikarya to their dendrites and are important for the interpretation of data from experiments using colchicine to enhance perikaryal immunohistochemical staining.
Gastric Emphysema: An Etiologic Classification

I Gas within the wall of the stomach is a rare radiologic finding. The stomach has been the least often reported site of intramural gas in the hollow viscera. Based on etiology, gas in the wall of the stomach can be classified as either gastric emphysema or emphysematous gastritis. Gastric emphysema may be classified into traumatic, pulmonary or obstructive types depending upon the mechanism and pathogenesis. Three cases of gastric emphysema, each of different etiology, are presented to emphasize the subclassification of gastric emphysema. The clinical and prognostic significance of this classification is emphasized.
A note on growth in the presence of tariffs

Abstract In this paper we derive within the context of the standard 2 x 2 variable proportions trade model the exact conditions under which higher tariffs in place reduce or increase the real measured output growth rate given exogenous factor growth. The answer turns on the magnitudes of some observable data and our attention is focused especially on the substitution elasticities in production.
M>1: Analysis of Treatment x Replication Designs.

Increasingly, communication experiments are incorporating replication factors for the purpose of controlling confounds and increasing generalizability. If replications are considered to be samples of possible treatment implementations, treating the replication factor as random is more appropriate than treating it as fixed.
An insulin-like growth factor found in hepatopancreas implicates carbohydrate metabolism of the blue crab Callinectes sapidus

Hyperglycemia that is caused by the release of crustacean hyperglycemic hormone (CHH) from the sinus gland to hemolymph is one of the hallmark physiological phenomena, occurring in decapod crustaceans experiencing stressful conditions. However, the mechanism(s) by which such elevated glucose levels return to resting levels is still unknown. Interestingly, noted is a difference in the clearance rate of hemolymph glucose between adult females and adult males of the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus: the former with more rapid clearance than the latter. The presence of an endogenous-insulin-like molecule is suggested in C. sapidus because an injection of bovine insulin, significantly reduces the levels of hemolymph glucose that were previously elevated by emersion stress or the glucose injection. Using 5' and 3' RACE, the full-length cDNA of an insulin-like molecule is isolated from the hepatopancreas of an adult female C. sapidus and shows the same putative sequence of an insulin-like androgenic gland factor (IAG) but differs in 5' and 3' UTR sequences. A knock-down study using five injections of double-stranded RNA of CasIAG-hep (dsRNA-CasIAG-hep, 10μg/injection) over a 10-day period reduces CasIAG-hep expression by ∼50%. The levels of hemolymph glucose are also kept higher in dsRNA-CasIAG-hep injected group than those treated with dsRNA-green fluorescent protein (dsRNA-IAG-hep) or saline. Most importantly, the hepatopancreas of dsRNA-CasIAG-hep injected animals contains amounts of carbohydrate (glucose, trehalose, and glycogen) significantly lower than those of control groups, indicating that the function of CasIAG-hep in carbohydrate metabolism in crustaceans is similar to carbohydrate metabolism in vertebrates.
Future Directions in Psychological Assessment: Combining Evidence-Based Medicine Innovations with Psychology's Historical Strengths to Enhance Utility

Assessment has been a historical strength of psychology, with sophisticated traditions of measurement, psychometrics, and theoretical underpinnings. However, training, reimbursement, and utilization of psychological assessment have been eroded in many settings. Evidence-based medicine (EBM) offers a different perspective on evaluation that complements traditional strengths of psychological assessment. EBM ties assessment directly to clinical decision making about the individual, uses simplified Bayesian methods explicitly to integrate assessment data, and solicits patient preferences as part of the decision-making process. Combining the EBM perspective with psychological assessment creates a hybrid approach that is more client centered, and it defines a set of applied research topics that are highly clinically relevant. This article offers a sequence of a dozen facets of the revised assessment process, along with examples of corollary research studies. An eclectic integration of EBM and evidence-based assessment generates a powerful hybrid that is likely to have broad applicability within clinical psychology and enhance the utility of psychological assessments.
Increasing left ventricular pacing output decreases interventricular conduction time in patients with biventricular pacing systems.

Objective: To evaluate the effect of increasing LV pacing output on interventricular timing in patients with biventricular pacing systems. Background: Clinical improvement with biventricular pacing is likely related to reduction in ventricular dysynchrony in patients with cardiomyopathy. We hypothesized that increasing left ventricular pacing output would reduce interventricular conduction time and could affect ventricular synchrony. Methods: Forty-two sequential patients with biventricular pacing systems that permitted independent LV pacing were selected at the time of routine device interrogation. The interval between LV pacing stimulus and onset of the RV electrogram was measured during LV pacing at capture threshold and at maximum pacing output for each patient. Results: The average time from LV pacing stimulus to right ventricular electrogram onset was 142.5 ± 32.5 ms (range 90–230 ms) at threshold and 132.3 ± 30.4 ms (range 90–220 ms) at maximum pacing output, with a mean decrease in conduction time of 10.2 ± 10.9 ms (range 0–45 ms). There was significantly greater interventricular conduction shortening with increased pacing output in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy compared to others (14.9 ± 11.9 ms vs 4.0 ± 4.6 ms; P < 0.01). Conclusions: Conduction time from LV to RV shortens as LV pacing output is increased. This effect is seen to a greater degree in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy, possibly related to the presence of myocardial scar near the pacing electrode. Further investigation is needed to assess the clinical outcomes related to this new method for optimizing resynchronization therapy.
Ethanol diverts early neuronal differentiation trajectory of embryonic stem cells by disrupting the balance of lineage specifiers.

Background: Ethanol is a toxin responsible for the neurodevelopmental deficits of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD). Recent evidence suggests that ethanol modulates the protein expression of lineage specifier transcription factors Oct4 (Pou5f1) and Sox2 in early stages of mouse embryonic stem (ES) cell differentiation. We hypothesized that ethanol induced an imbalance in the expression of Oct4 and Sox2 in early differentiation, that dysregulated the expression of associated and target genes and signaling molecules and diverted cells from neuroectodermal (NE) formation. Methodology/Principal Findings: We showed modulation by ethanol of 33 genes during ES cell differentiation, using high throughput microfluidic dynamic array chips measuring 2,304 real time quantitative PCR assays. Based on the overall gene expression dynamics, ethanol drove cells along a differentiation trajectory away from NE fate. These ethanol-induced gene expression changes were observed as early as within 2 days of differentiation, and were independent of cell proliferation or apoptosis. Gene expression changes were correlated with fewer bIII-tubulin positive cells of an immature neural progenitor phenotype, as well as a disrupted actin cytoskeleton were observed. Moreover, Tuba1a and Gapdh housekeeping genes were modulated by ethanol during differentiation and were replaced by a set of ribosomal genes with stable expression. Conclusions/Significance: These findings provided an ethanol-response gene signature and pointed to the transcriptional dynamics underlying lineage imbalance that may be relevant to FASD phenotype.
“Apathetic, active, or antagonistic”: A history of the American Sociological Association’s involvement in high school sociology

The role that the American Sociological Association (ASA) has historically played in reforming high school sociology courses has been alternately apathetic, active, or antagonistic. Apathy marked the time period between 1905 and about 1960, and again during most of the 1970s and 1980s. The Association played a much more active role during the New Social Studies movement of the 1960s, and has also been actively involved since the late 1980s. But even in its activity, the ASA has been antagonistic toward high school courses and teachers. During the 1960s, and again since about 1989, the ASA has pushed solely for the teaching of sociology as a scientific discipline. This approach has proven problematic for two reasons. First, it directly contradicts the traditional objective of the social studies curriculum—citizenship education. Teachers are much more concerned about molding good citizens than exposing students to the nuances of scientific inquiry. Second, it ignores the well-documented fact that high school sociology teachers typically have little training in, exposure to, or experience with formal, academic sociology. For that reason, they have had great difficulty satisfying the demands made by academic reformers. I conclude that the ASA must address these two issues and several others if it is serious about improving secondary sociology courses.
Treatment of the production waste water of Konstantinovka Refractory Plant

The coagulating action of aluminum sulfate and of the combination of it with polyacrylamide on a suspension of chamotte and clay, leading to a significant increase in particle size of the dispersed phase, was investigated.
Bacterial mats from Crater Lake, Oregon and their relationship to possible deep-lake hydrothermal venting

CRATER Lake is located in a caldera on Mt Mazama, a volcanic centre in the Oregon Cascades which has been active for more than 400,000 years1. The 594-m-deep lake is a consequence of a climactic eruption which occurred 6,845 ±50 years ago; however, caldera volcanism took place as recently as 4,000 years ago1. It has been suggested that some of the physical and chemical features of the lake result from hydrothermal inputs2–7. Here we present submersible observations of the bottom of Crater Lake, which reveal communities of bacteria that are usually associated with anomalously warm, saline waters. The bacteria seem to derive energy from the oxidation of ferrous iron to fuel their metabolism. We propose that the mats are indicators of diffuse hydrothermal venting into the deep lake.
Impact of e‐commerce in lowering operational costs and raising customer satisfaction

Purpose – Much research has been done on how e‐commerce has allowed companies to integrate business processes and reduce operational costs. The intent of this study, however, is to understand how e‐commerce has affected companies' abilities to serve the customers' needs and to raise their level of satisfaction.Design/methodology/approach – Exploratory data analysis and logistics regression were used to analyze data collected from a multi‐industry company survey. The analysis showed that companies have been able to improve the level of service they can provide to their customers with e‐commerce.Findings – The research showed that there is a direct correlation between the use of e‐commerce and improved customer service. In particular, e‐commerce has improved the availability of information, reduced processing errors, reduced response times, lowered costs of services, and has effectively raised customer satisfaction and the level of service that customers expect to receive.Practical implications – The resear...
A new topology for fully differential amplifiers that enhances their tolerance to external disturbances

This paper presents a new topology for fully differential amplifiers (FDA). The unique feature of this topology is its three-stage cascaded structure with two dynamic common-mode feedback (CMFB) circuits in a single FDA. In comparison with traditional FDAs, this topology not only gains enhanced tolerance to device parameter variations caused by temperature, supply voltages, and other external disturbances, but also serves as a starting point to build three or more stages in a single FDA which helps achieve higher open loop gain. This topology has been successfully implemented in an FDA designed for extreme temperatures ranging from −180°C to 125°C using the 0.5µm SiGe BiCMOS process, and an FDA designed for extreme high temperature applications (up to 225°C) with the XI10-1µm Silicon-on-Insulator (SOI) process. In this paper, an FDA implementing this topology using 0.13µm CMOS 8RF-DM process is introduced, which is able to operate correctly across the temperature range of −180°C to 125°C and the supply voltage range of 0.72 V to 1.2 V (its nominal supply voltage is 1.2 V). Therefore, this new topology is a promising candidate for applications such as space exploration, remote control systems, bio-implantable devices, where high gain, wide temperature range, and better endurance to insufficient power supply are considered higher priority.
Mass Spectrometry of Whole Proteins Eluted from Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate–Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis Gels

In this report we describe a novel approach to the mass spectrometric analysis of whole proteins from gels. The strategy consists of three components: conventional SDS-PAGE gels, reversible negative staining procedures, and passive elution of proteins from gels followed by mass spectrometric analysis. Protein bands are excised from SDS-PAGE gels, destained, and extracted. For gel loadings > or = 25 pmol of soluble protein, the proteins can be directly extracted into a solution consisting of formic acid/water/2-propanol. The recovered protein is suitable for matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) or electrospray ionization mass spectrometric analysis. For gel loadings < 25 pmol protein, the mass spectrometric response, using the direct extraction procedure, drops off sharply, an outcome that is attributed to protein recovery losses. To offset the protein losses, the extraction procedure is slightly modified by performing the passive extraction of the gel with a saturated MALDI matrix solution. During the extraction period, the matrix is allowed to crystallize, forming a suspension in solution. Protein that elutes from the gel has a chance to cocrystallize with the matrix that can be retrieved for MALDI-MS analysis. This method of "capturing" eluted protein into matrix crystals is sensitive to 1 pmol of recombinant mouse leptin protein (16 kDa) loaded onto SDS-PAGE gels and can be used for proteins as large as 70 kDa. Our strategy has particular application to the characterization of endogenous forms of mature proteins from SDS-PAGE gels.
Use of a self-expanding vascular occluder for embolization during endovascular aortic aneurysm repair.

Purpose Repair of aortic aneurysms with use of stent-graft techniques may require occlusion of large branch vessels to prevent back-bleeding into the excluded aneurysmal sac. The authors describe their experience using a self-expanding vascular occluder (SEVO) to occlude flow in branch arteries during aortic stent-grafting. Patients and Methods Eighty-four patients (65 men, 19 women; mean age, 64 years) underwent thoracic ( n = 72) or abdominal aortic ( n = 12) stent-grafting. Aneurysm repair was performed using nonbifurcated Z stents covered with polyester or polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) fabric. SEVOs constructed from a Z stent (10–20mm diameter) and PTFE were deployed through a separate catheter (14–20 F). Results Ten of 84 patients required embolization of large branch arteries with use of a SEVO during aortic stent-grafting (thoracic, n = 1; abdominal, n = 9). The SEVO was placed in the common iliac ( n = 9) or subclavian artery ( n = 1). The mean SEVO diameter was 14.7mm (range, 10–20mm). Eight patients undergoing SEVO embolization had immediate thrombosis of the treated artery. One patient required additional embolization with use of conventional coils. No patients had back-bleeding into the aneurysm, device migration, microembolization, or limb ischemia (mean follow-up, 140 days; range, 50–200). All 10 patients had complete thrombosis of the aortic aneurysm. Conclusion Use of a novel self-expanding vascular occluding device is a safe and effective supplementary technique to occlude high-flow, large-diameter arterial branch vessels during endovascular aortic aneurysm repair.
Lignans Isolated from Valerian: Identification and Characterization of a New Olivil Derivative with Partial Agonistic Activity at A1 Adenosine Receptors

A methanolic extract of the roots of Valeriana officinalis (valerian) was investigated for its lignan content. In addition to the lignans 8‘-hydroxypinoresinol (1) and pinoresinol-4-O-β-d-glucoside (2), which had already been isolated from valerian in an earlier study, the 7,9‘-monoepoxylignans massoniresinol-4‘-O-β-d-glucoside (3), 4‘-O-β-d-glucosyl-9-O-(6‘ ‘-deoxysaccharosyl)olivil (4), and berchemol-4‘-O-β-d-glucoside (5) and the 7,9‘:7‘,9-diepoxylignans pinoresinol-4,4‘-di-β-O-d-glucoside (6), 8-hydroxypinoresinol-4‘-O-β-d-glucoside (7), and 8‘-hydroxypinoresinol-4‘-O-β-d-glucoside (8) were identified. While lignans 3, 6, 7, and 8 had already been isolated from other plants, lignans 4 and 5 are new natural products. The lignans were investigated in radioligand binding assays at various receptors of the central nervous system, including GABAA, benzodiazepine, 5-HT1A, and adenosine A1 and A2A receptors, to investigate their potential contribution to the pharmacological activity of valerian. The novel ol...
A New Token-Based Channel Access Protocol for Wavelength Division Multiplexed Multiprocessor Interconnects

This paper presents a new token-based channel access protocol for wavelength division multiplexed optically interconnected multiprocessors. Our empirical study of access protocols based on slotted time division multiplexed data and control channels reveals that such protocols typically suffer from excessive slot synchronization latency due to static slot preallocation. The proposed token-based time division multiple access protocol minimizes latency by allowing dynamic allocation of slots to use channels efficiently. Simulation results indicate that the proposed scheme can significantly increase the performance for protocols based on preallocation and also those based on preallocation-controlled reservation of multiple channels.
The hepatopulmonary syndrome

Respiratory symptoms are exceedingly common in patients who have chronic liver disease with estimates ranging as high as 50–70% of patients complaining of shortness of breath [1]. The differential diagnosis of dyspnea is extensive in such patients and numerous causes should be considered. Over the last 15 years, pulmonary vascular abnormalities have been increasingly recognized as important clinical entities that influence survival and liver transplant candidacy in affected patients. The most common such abnormality, the hepatopulmonary syndrome (HPS), occurs when intrapulmonary vasodilatation impairs arterial oxygenation. This syndrome is now recognized as many as 15–20% of patients undergoing evaluation for orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) [2]. The presence of HPS increases mortality in the setting of cirrhosis and may influence the frequency and severity of complications of portal hypertension [3]. The purpose of this review is to provide an update on HPS, including the pathophysiology and clinical features, and to provide guidelines for diagnosis and treatment.
Thermodynamic history of a solar active region observed in X-rays

The structure and energy content of an active coronal volume during its early history are investigated using soft X-ray images secured with the glancing-incidence telescope on Skylab. During the late stages of emerging-flux-region activity, the maximum temperatures exceeded 6.5 million K. At that time, the temporal rate of change in thermal energy content was about 10 to the 25th power ergs/s and was comparable to the rate of energy loss by radiation. Fluctuations in the energy content of the X-ray source region imply that this coronal active region was probably not in energy equilibrium during the five days of observation.
Properties of a ribonucleic acid synthesizing system in cell-free extracts of tobacco leaves

Abstract The capacity of tobacco-leaf extracts to incorporate ATP and GTP into a cold-trichloroacetic-acid insoluble product has been studied. Almost all the four nucleotide-dependent incorporating activity is localized in the 1000 × g fraction of such extracts. The RNA character of the product is indicated by the dependence of the reaction on all four nucleotides (ATP, GTP, UTP, and CTP), by the fact that the product is readily solubilized by RNAase treatment, and the fact that both ATP and GTP are incorporated at comparable rates. The incorporation of [32P]ATP is enhanced by the addition of an ATP-generating system. The system is inhibited by the presence of DNAase, RNAase, or actinomycin D in the incubation mixtures. The product of incorporation is solubilized by RNAase but not by DNAase. Pretreatment of the 1000 × g fraction with DNAase or actinomycin D destroys the RNA synthesizing capacity. Within the 1000 × g fraction, RNA synthesizing activity was associated with both chloroplasts and nuclei, the former being the major site of activity.
How Maps Work

This paper proposes a new definition of the map. It is argued that a map is a weapon in the fight for social dominion, one disguised as a representation of the world, but which in reality links territory with what comes with it (with voting rights or military service obligations, with rates of rainfall or types of vegetation). The map achieves this linkage by fusing onto a common plane (that of the map) multicoded images of the very world the map itself will bring into being. Cet article propose une nouvelle definition de la carte. On soutient que la carte est une arme dans le combat pour la domination sociale, arme deguisee en representation du monde, mais qui en realite lie territoire avec ce qui l'accompagne (avec le droit de vote ou le service militaire obligatoire, avec les taux de precipitations ou les types de vegetation). La carte accomplit cette liaison en fusionnant sur un meme plan — celui de la carte — des images multicodees de ce meme monde que la carte elle-meme va creer.s
A qualitative exploration of the impact of yoga on breast cancer survivors with aromatase inhibitor-associated arthralgias.

Research Question Arthralgia affects postmenopausal breast cancer survivors (BCS) receiving aromatase inhibitors (AI), which may result in reduced function and long-term well-being. This is an exploratory, qualitative investigation of BCS who participated in a yoga-based program to understand impact on joint pain and various aspects of quality of life (QOL) through a yoga program. Theoretical Framework Social cognitive theory was used and provided the foundation for developing a yoga intervention through sources of efficacy information: (1) performance accomplishment, (2) structured experience, (3) verbal support from instructor and group, and (4) physical feedback. Methodology Ten postmenopausal women with stage I-III breast cancer and AI associated arthralgia (AIAA) received yoga twice a week for eight weeks for 90 minutes and were instructed to continue in a home-based yoga program. We used social cognitive theory (SCT) to structure a yoga intervention as an ongoing physical activity to manage joint pain and function. Participants completed journal reflections on their experience and received weekly phone calls. Analysis Data was collected and analyzed using qualitative methods. Member checks were completed and emergent themes were explored and agreed upon by the research team to ensure reliability and validity of data. Several emergent themes were discovered: Empowerment: Importance of Camaraderie, Community, and Sharing; Pain Relief; Increased Physical Fitness (Energy, Flexibility, and Function); Relieved Stress/Anxiety and Transferability of Yoga through Breathing. These themes were identified through instructor observation, participant observation, and weekly phone call documentation. Interpretation Participants experienced an eight-week yoga intervention as an effective physical activity and support group that fostered various improvements in quality of life (QOL) and reduction in AIAA. Participants were highly motivated to improve physical fitness levels and reduce pain. This study revealed benefits from alternative forms of exercise such as yoga to provide a structure, which is transferable in other situations. Information, structured physical guidance in yoga postures, support, and feedback are necessary to foster physical activity for BCS experiencing pain. Implications for Cancer Survivors Results of this qualitative analysis indicate that interventions to support BCS with AIAA are warranted. Yoga appears to positively impact these side effects of hormonal therapies. Additional research would aid in the development of other interventions.
On comparing three artificial neural networks for wind speed forecasting

Abstract Wind speed forecasting is critical for wind energy conversion systems since it greatly influences the issues such as the scheduling of a power system, and the dynamic control of the wind turbine. In this paper, we present a comprehensive comparison study on the application of different artificial neural networks in 1-h-ahead wind speed forecasting. Three types of typical neural networks, namely, adaptive linear element, back propagation, and radial basis function, are investigated. The wind data used are the hourly mean wind speed collected at two observation sites in North Dakota. The performance is evaluated based on three metrics, namely, mean absolute error, root mean square error, and mean absolute percentage error. The results show that even for the same wind dataset, no single neural network model outperforms others universally in terms of all evaluation metrics. Moreover, the selection of the type of neural networks for best performance is also dependent upon the data sources. Among the optimal models obtained, the relative difference in terms of one particular evaluation metric can be as much as 20%. This indicates the need of generating a single robust and reliable forecast by applying a post-processing method.
Maintenance procedures and analysis for the TITAN reversed-field-pinch reactor designs

Abstract The TITAN reactors are compact, high-neutron-wall-loading fusion power reactors based on the reversed-field-pinch confinement concept. The compact design of the TITAN fusion power core (FPC) reduces the system to a few small and relatively low-mass components, making the toroidal segmentation of the FPC unnecessary. Therefore, a “single-piece” FPC maintenance procedure, in which the first wall and the blanket are removed and replaced as a single unit, is possible. This unique approach permits the complete FPC to be made of a few factory-fabricated pieces, assembled on site into a single torus, and tested to full operational conditions before installation in the reactor vault. The low cost of the FPC means a complete, “ready-for-operation” unit can be kept on site for replacement in case of unscheduled events. All of these features are expected to improve the plant availability. This paper describes the plant layout for the TITAN reactors and their maintenance procedures. A comparison between single-piece maintenance and modular approaches is also given. An important advantage of the single-piece maintenance approach, pretesting the FPC to full operational limit, is also explored.
Microcomputers and Phylogenetic Analysis

The programs discussed above show how microcomputers have added to the arsenal of systematic biologists. This is a rapidly developing field, and there are no doubt major changes on the horizon. Swofford is working on a new version of PAUP that will have some of the interactive features of MacClade (and will not require a math coprocessor) and there are efforts under way to make PAUP available on Macintosh. PHYLIP has undergone a steady evolution since its release, and Felsenstein has plans to continue that policy. A microcomputer descendant of the large mainframe program PHYSYS, authored by James S. Farris, is supposed to be forthcoming before the end of the year. Just as this review was being completed, J. Rohlf and R. Sokal of the State University of New York at Stony Brook unveiled a beta-test microcomputer version of their phenetic program package, NT-SYS. Inasmuch as it was not in release form and does not include algorithms specifically designed to do phylogenetic analysis, it has not been included here (although some phenetic techniques, such as UPGMA, produce results similar to parsimony trees under certain assumptions).
Depressed medical students' use of mental health services and barriers to use.

ABSTRACTPurposeDepression is an underrecognized yet common and treatable disorder among medical students. Little is known about the rate of mental health service use by depressed medical students. This study sought to determine the level of mental health service use by depressed medical students and
Modulation of epidermal growth factor receptor interaction with the detergent-insoluble cytoskeleton and its effects on receptor tyrosine kinase activity.

Previous reports have shown that the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor is associated with the detergent-insoluble actin cytoskeleton. To assess how this association can influence receptor function, EGF-stimulated protein-tyrosine kinase activity was examined in the detergent-soluble and -insoluble (cytoskeletal) fractions of human A431 epidermoid carcinoma cells. EGF receptor extraction was optimal using 0.15% Triton X-100, and higher detergent concentrations did not significantly increase the amount of solubilized receptor as assessed by immunoblotting. Normalization of EGF-stimulated tyrosine kinase activity on the basis of receptor mass revealed that the specific activity of the cytoskeletal (0.15% Triton-insoluble) fraction is nearly 3-fold greater than that of the soluble receptor when using angiotensin II as the peptide substrate. The increased specific activity of the Triton-insoluble receptor suggests that interaction with the cytoskeleton can facilitate maximal kinase activity. This hypothes...
The Impact of a Passing Reference to Race on Perceptions of Out-Group Differentiation: `If You've Seen One...':

Although a considerable amount of attention has been given to the cognitive origins, and the resulting consequences, of out-group variability effects, little research has examined the extent to which perceptions of variability are influenced by social interactions. In the current study, participants heard about a person who was assaulted by either a Black or a White assailant. They then completed a group differentiation measure. As expected, participants in the Black assailant condition perceived Blacks in a less differentiated manner than participants in either the control or the White assailant conditions.
Calculated electrical and thermal resistivities of Nb and Pd

The electrical and thermal resistivities ($\ensuremath{\rho}$ and $W$) of pure Nb and Pd are calculated from nearly first principles. Realistic Korringa-Kohn-Rostoker energy bands and wave functions, experimental phonon frequencies and Born-von K\'arm\'an eigenvectors, and rigid muffin-tin electron-phonon potentials are used to generate the velocities and scattering probabilities in the Bloch-Boltzmann equation, at a mesh of nearly 48 000 points on the Fermi surface. Solutions for $\ensuremath{\rho}$ and $W$ are exhibited at three levels of accuracy: (1) the lowest-order variational approximation (LOVA) where the Fermi surface displaces rigidly; (2) the $N$-sheet approximation where different sheets of Fermi surface displace independently; (3) a fully inelastic calculation where the $N$-sheet approximation is used and the distribution function is allowed arbitrary variations with energy (normal to the Fermi surface) to reflect the inelasticity of electron-phonon scattering. Above $T=100$ K, corrections to LOVA are of order 1%, but below $T=100$ K, both the $N$-sheet approximation and inelasticity give large corrections to the LOVA results. These results are also compared with Bloch-Gr\"uneisen formulas fitted at $T\ensuremath{\sim}{\ensuremath{\Theta}}_{D}$. In the range $100 \mathrm{K}\ensuremath{\lesssim}T\ensuremath{\lesssim}300 \mathrm{K}$, calculations exceed experimental results by \ensuremath{\sim} 10%. Good agreement persists into the range $10 \mathrm{K}\ensuremath{\lesssim}T\ensuremath{\lesssim}100 \mathrm{K}$, except that in Nb theory underestimates experiment significantly at the lower-temperature end, suggesting a possible error of rigid muffin-tin models for small $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{Q}}$ scattering. In Pd the interpretation is complicated by Coulomb effects. Below $T=10$ K, finite mesh size prevents reliable calculations. Simple models such as Bloch-Gr\"uneisen theory are inadequate to account for the data. Mott's (1936) "$s\ensuremath{-}d$" picture is shown to be qualitatively correct for Pd. Extension of this picture to Nb was suggested subsequently by various authors, but the present calculation does not support this.
RESTRICTED MIGRATION AND THE EVOLUTION OF ALTRUISM.

A suggestion that limited migration, i.e., population viscosity, should favor the evolution of altruism has been challenged by recent kin selection models explicitly incorporating restricted migration. It is demonstrated that these models compound two distinct elements of population structure, spatial-genotypic variation and density regulation. These two characteristics are often determined by distinct biological processes. While they may be linked under certain circumstances, this is not invariably true. A simple modification of the migration system employed in these studies decouples migration and population regulation thus favoring inter-group selection. At least in some cases, restricted migration will facilitate the evolution of altruism.
Influence of acceptor-like traps in the buffer on current collapse and leakage of E-mode AlGaN/GaN MISHFETs

Current collapse has been observed in transient simulations even with highly efficient surface passivation by HfO2. In this work, current collapse and buffer-leakage mechanisms in E-mode (normally off) AlGaN/GaN metal-insulator-semiconductor heterostructure field-effect transistors (MISHFETs) have been investigated by physics-based simulations. The influences on both current collapse and off-state leakage from the energy levels of the acceptor-like traps in the buffer and also the density of the traps have been systematically studied. It is shown that traps with higher energy levels will induce less current collapse and less buffer leakage. It is demonstrated that current collapse is closely related with the change of the densities of ionized acceptor-like traps before and after the stress. Results further indicate that with increasing buffer trap density, the off-state leakage significantly decreases while current collapse increases. Finally, a non-uniform distribution of the acceptor-like traps in the buffer has been proposed to balance the trade-off between current collapse and buffer leakage.
A forward/reverse auction algorithm for asymmetric assignment problems

In this paper we consider the asymmetric assignment problem and we propose a new auction algorithm for its solution. The algorithm uses in a novel way the recently proposed idea of reverse auction, where in addition to persons bidding for objects by raising their prices, we also have objects competing for persons by essentially oering discounts. In practice, the new algorithm apparently deals better with price wars than the
Bone extracellular matrix induces homeobox proteins independent of androgens: possible mechanism for androgen-independent growth in human prostate cancer cells.

Background Differences in gene expression in prostate cells are believed to be secondary to epithelial-stromal interactions. We theorized that bone matrix may provide a fertile "soil" for prostate cancer by inducing androgen-dependent genes and allowing for androgen-independent growth. Methods Human prostate cancer cells (LNCaP) were grown under different conditions and analyzed for differential expression of mRNA. LNCaP cells were grown in the presence of 10 nM dihydrotestosterone (DHT), on extracellular matrix (ECM) derived from bone cells (without exogenous DHT), and on plastic culture dishes without exogenous DHT. A differential display of mRNA produced by LNCaP cells grown in the above conditions was then analyzed. Results Multiple unique transcripts were present in cells that were grown in the presence of DHT and on bone ECM (without exogenous DHT), but not on plastic culture dishes without exogenous DHT. Nine of these transcripts were then cloned and analyzed. Many (5/9) of these transcripts were found to contain multiple ATTA motifs in their corresponding 3'-untranslated regions. ATTA motifs have been shown to be homeobox protein-binding sites. Homeobox proteins and their target genes are thought to regulate cellular differentiation. Consistent with this, we demonstrated by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (PCR) that homeobox genes were differentially expressed in LNCaP cells when the cells were grown in the presence of DHT and on bone ECM (without exogenous DHT), but not on plastic culture dishes without exogenous DHT. Furthermore, we assayed LNCaP/fetal fibroblast chimeric tumors (n = 8) that were grown in male nude mice. Some of these tumors continued to grow in these mice despite treatment with surgical castration. In blinded studies, we were able to determine which tumor samples were androgen independent by their expression of homeobox genes. All samples that were androgen independent (n = 4) expressed the homeobox genes. Finally, gel retardation assay demonstrated that the homeobox proteins were able to bind to our cloned DNA sequences. Furthermore, footprinting analysis showed that the homeobox proteins bound to the ATTA motif in the 3'-region of our target DNA. Conclusions Bone ECM, in the absence of DHT, has the ability to regulate androgen-responsive genes. Furthermore, many of these genes contain homeobox binding sites and the expression of homeobox genes may itself be regulated by bone ECM. If so, this may partially explain the clinical observation that bone provides a fertile "soil" for prostate cancer growth and metastasis.
Notes on the occurrence of living microscopic organisms in deep water

Abstract Pigmented cells (1–4 μ in diameter) have been found to a depth of 3400 m in ocean waters off the coast of California. The distribution of these cells with depth is presented as is the depth distribution of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Correlations between the two sets of data are discussed.