cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Novel tubular composite matrix for bone repair

Tissue engineering develops organ replacements to overcome the limitations associated with autografts and allografts. The work presented here details the development of biodegradable, porous, three-dimensional polymer-ceramic-sintered microsphere matrices to support bone regeneration. Poly(lactide-co-glycolide)/hydroxyapatite microspheres were formed using solvent evaporation technique. Individual microspheres were placed in a cylindrical mold and sintered at various temperatures. Scaffolds were characterized using scanning electron microscopy, mercury porosimetry, and mechanical testing in compression. After varying the temperature of sintering, a single temperature was selected and the time of sintering was varied. Mechanical testing indicated that as the sintering temperature or time was increased, the elastic modulus, compressive strength, maximum compressive load, and energy at failure significantly increased. Furthermore, increasing the sintering temperature or time resulted in a decreased porosity and the spherical morphology of the microspheres was lost as the microspheres blended together. To more closely mimic the bone marrow cavity observed in native bone tissue, tubular composite-sintered microsphere matrices were formed. These scaffolds demonstrated no statistically significant difference in compressive mechanical properties when compared with cylindrical composite-sintered microsphere matrices of the same dimension. One potential application for these scaffolds is bone regeneration.
Effect of projectile impact and penetration on the phase composition and microstructure of high performance concretes

As a result of increased concerns regarding public safety in recent years, the impact and penetration resistance of infrastructure has become an emerging research focus in the cement and concrete industry. Ultra-high performance concretes (UHPCs) with fiber reinforcement usually possess compressive strengths greater than 200 MPa and are promising candidates for penetration-resistant building materials. In the current project, two UHPC materials, ERDC-M (a modified composition developed at U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center) and Ductal , were subjected to projectile penetration testing. The microstructural evolution due to projectile impact and penetration was examined via scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. Possible phase changes were observed in the affected material volume, which can be interpreted as resulting from the high temperature and high pressure induced by the impact and penetration.
A planning model for material flow synchronization

Abstract This paper describes a fundamental mathematical model which can be employed to plan the synchronized flow of materials through parallel processing subsystems. The model permits a production planner to evaluate the relative costs of adjusting component processing and material flow times to achieve varying degrees of synchronization, of component part arrivals, at an assembly station. An illustrative example is employed to demonstrate the application of this model and interpretations of its analysis.
Thyroid Hormones and Their Influences on Larval Performance and Incidence of Cannibalism in Walleye Stizostedion vitreum1

Thyroid hormones, 3,5,3′,5′- tetraiodothyronine (T4) and 3,5,3′- triiodothyronine (T3) have been found in the eggs of several teleost species and are potential regulators of larval development, growth, and survival. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether natural variation of T3 and T4 in the eggs of six stocks of walleye, five wild stocks from Kansas, Iowa, Wisconsin, Minnesota, and North Dakota, and a semi-domesticated stock from an Ohio fish hatchery, have an effect on larval performance in mass culture. Immersion studies were conducted with samples of larvae from four of the same stocks at exposure concentrations of 0.01, 0.05, and 0.1 ppm of T3 and T4. Natural egg concentrations of T3 (range from 0.70 to 1.5 ng/g wet weight of egg) were not significantly different among stocks. Although means of T4 concentration among stocks were significantly different (range 0.53–9.27 ng/g), the difference was caused by the exceptionally high concentration for the Wisconsin stock (9.27 ng/g ± 2.20). Performance measures of the Wisconsin stock (Mississippi River), were not related to T4 concentration in that stock. In spite of similarity in concentrations of T4 and T3 in the eggs, there were significant performance differences among the stocks (survival to 21 d, gas bladder inflation, viability, cannibalism, and growth). The immersion studies, however, revealed a significant difference in incidence of cannibalism and temperature units (TU) to 50% mortality (i.e., survival) between the control groups and treatment groups exposed to 0.01 to 0.1 ppm T3 and T4. Survival was extended more than 2-fold longer in larvae immersed in T3 compared with T4. The immersion study indicated that thyroid hormones are potentially regulators of walleye development, but further investigations are needed to determine reasons for differences in larval performance based on natural concentrations in the egg and artificial exposure (immersion).
EFFECTS ON RATS OF VARYING DIETARY CORN OIL IN CONJUNCTION WITH FEEDING 20,25-DIAZA-CHOLESTEROL.

Abstract An inhibitor of cholesterol biosynthesis, 20,25-diaza-cholesterol (azasterol), was fed to male and female weanling rats in cholesterol-free diets containing 2, 5, or 30% corn oil, with or without added cholesterol. Growth and gross appearance were observed. Analyses were made of serum, liver, and carcass sterols. Rats receiving azasterol without added cholesterol exhibited growth retardation, alopecia, dermatitis, and achromotricia, and had high levels of desmosterol in serum, liver, and carcass. Increasing severity of the symptoms was as follows: males fed 30% corn oil 8 weeks, females fed 30% corn oil 9 weeks, females fed 2% corn oil 8 weeks, females fed 5% corn oil 15 weeks. Feeding cholesterol with azasterol delayed onset of gross symptoms in females, but not in males; tissue total sterols were similar to controls in all groups with moderate accumulation of desmosterol. It is concluded that feeding 0.03% of 20,25-diaza-cholesterol had deleterious effects on weanling rats. Gross symptoms appeared to be related to accumulation of desmosterol. The severity of the effects was influenced by sex and concentration of corn oil in the diet.
How sensitive is US-Sweden trade to the kronor-dollar rate: evidence from industry data

Previous research that investigated the response of Swedish trade balance to currency depreciation either used trade data between Sweden and rest of the world or between Sweden and her major trading partner. They did not find any long-run significant impact of depreciation on Swedish trade balance, especially with the USA. We wonder whether lack of any significant relation between bilateral trade balance between the two countries and the real kronor-dollar rate is due to aggregation bias. To this end, we disaggregate the trade data and use exports and imports data from 87 industries that trade between the two countries. Application of bounds testing approach to cointegration and error-correction modelling supports the notion that real depreciation of kronor-dollar rate has short-run effects on the trade flows of majority of the industries. Although, the short-run effects do not last into the long-run in most industries, 1% real depreciation of the dollar against kronor is predicted to improve the US trade balance with Sweden by 2%.
Text mining in computational advertising

Computational advertising uses information on web-browsing activity and additional covariates to select advertisements for display to the user. The statistical challenge is to develop methodology that matches ads to users who are likely to purchase the advertised product. These methods not only involve text mining, but also may draw upon additional modeling related to both the user and the advertisement. This paper reviews various aspects of text mining, including n-grams, topic modeling, and text networks, and discusses different strategies in the context of specific business models. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Statistical Analysis and Data Mining, 2013
Production and analysis of coordination plans using a geographic information system

Abstract The TRANSYT program is one of the most extensively used programs for the production of signal coordination plans. The impediments to the development of signal coordination plans are associated with data collection and data input. GIS offers a natural solution to these problems. This paper presents the SIGTRAF system, which uses GIS-T technology for the production of coordination plans using TRANSYT. This system is able to extract topological information from the GIS-T, thus simplifying the process of coding TRANSYT models. A case study was performed, providing insight on how the GIS-T’s thematic mapping capabilities can be used to visually compare different timing plans.
CHARACTERIZATION BY IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE OF AN ACTH-LIKE SUBSTANCE IN NONPITUITARY TUMORS FROM PATIENTS WITH HYPERADRENOCORTICISM.

Antiserum specific to porcine ACTH was used to study nonpituitary tumors from patients with hyperadrenocorticism by the fluorescent antibody technique in order to characterize further a substance in the tumors which is biologically similar to ACTH. These tumors stained specifically for ACTH by this technique. The pituitaries of 2 of the patients contained lower than normal amounts of ACTH and the plasma of the patients contained increased levels of ACTH-like activity by bio-assay. One of the tumors with biological activity did not stain. The histopathology of these tumors and its relation to the ACTH content of the tumors is discussed. From the data presented, it would seem that certain tumors are capable of producing a substance biologically and immunologically similar to ACTH which suppresses the normal ACTH-producing mechanism in the pituitary.
Changes in content of nuclear proteins and nucleic acids in regenerating liver

Abstract At various intervals following partial hepatectomy in the rat, nuclei were isolated from homogenates of the regenerating liver, and they were analyzed for content of DNA and various protein fractions. A peak of mitosis was found at 28 hr after hepatectomy. With the exception of Histone Fractions II and III, each of the nuclear protein fractions had decreased in amount per nucleus at 15 hr. From 19 to 26.5 hr, all nuclear protein fractions increased in content per nucleus to values above those for normal liver with the exception of Protein III (residual lipo-protein) which returned only to normal. Average nuclear contents of all protein fractions declined shaply from 26.5 to 28 hr at which the average nucleus isolated probably was immediately post-mitotic. Only Histone Fraction II (derived from the deoxyribonucleoproteins readily extracted from the nuclei with 1 M NaCl) showed close correlation with the increase in DNA content between 15 and 26.5 hr. However, the increase in Histone II was relatively greater than the increase in total DNA in comparison with corresponding values for normal liver nuclei.
Adverse effects due to morphine sulfate. Challenge to previous clinical doctrine.

Despite a lack of clinical data in this area, conventional wisdom holds that morphine sulfate induces vagally mediated conduction defects, especially in patients with inferior myocardial infarction. To assess the accuracy of this "clinical pearl," the records of 244 patients admitted to the Barnes Hospital Cardiac Care Unit with suspected acute myocardial infarction were reviewed to determine the frequency of deleterious cardiovascular effects related to the administration of morphine sulfate. Of 184 patients (156 subsequently documented to have infarction) who received morphine sulfate, four patients had symptomatic hypotension temporally associated with morphine sulfate administration. This represented a frequency of 2.2 percent for all patients treated with morphine sulfate and a frequency of 2.6 percent in those with proved infarction. In each instance, the heart rate response was inappropriate, i.e., decreased or less markedly accelerated than might be expected given the reduced blood pressure, suggesting a vagal mechanism for the adverse effects. Only one of the four patients had inferior infarction, and in three of four instances, the adverse effect occurred after the first dose. All patients subsequently received morphine sulfate without evidence of toxicity. No case of narcotic-induced conduction abnormality was identified. This series, which is the most extensive evaluation of the topic, documents that adverse cardiovascular effects due to morphine sulfate are rare and do not conform to preconceived clinical doctrine. They consist of inappropriate heart rate responses to hypotension rather than conduction defects and are not particularly associated with inferior myocardial infarction.
Evaluating the effectiveness of management of the Malindi–Watamu marine protected area complex in Kenya

Abstract An assessment of management effectiveness of Kenya's oldest marine protected areas (Malindi and Watamu) was conducted within the framework of a regional assessment in Kenya, Seychelles and Tanzania. Biophysical, socio-economic and governance indicators were used to assess the delivery of MPA management objectives. Results indicate that the Malindi and Watamu marine parks that are no-take areas are making progress towards meeting their stated objective of biodiversity conservation. The 1997–1998 ENSO related bleaching event caused the greatest single measurable impact on the coral reefs of the marine parks leading to very high levels of coral mortality. The marine reserve where fishing is regulated was less effective in meeting its objective of sustaining community livelihoods. The weakest trends were related to the development of governance structures. A combination of management inefficiencies due to overlapping mandates, financial and administrative constraints, and inadequate stakeholder participation interacted to reduce the ability of the MPAs to fully achieve their objectives.
Energy dissipation estimates in oscillating grid setup: LDV and PIV measurements

The dissipation of turbulent kinetic energy has been increasingly used as a scaling parameter to integrate microbiological accrual and metabolic rates with fluid-flow motion in natural and engineered aquatic ecosystems. The estimation of turbulent kinetic energy under field conditions and the generation of energy dissipation rates under controlled laboratory conditions with microbiological organisms are necessities required to integrate environmental/ecological laboratory protocols with a moving fluid in the environment. Turbulent fluid-flow conditions were generated in an oscillating grid setup, and turbulence variables were quantified using laser-Doppler velocimetry (LDV) and particle image velocimetry (PIV) measuring techniques. The rate of dissipation of the turbulent kinetic energy in the setup ranged from 10−9 to 10−4 m2/s3 and was similar to the levels of energy dissipation commonly reported in engineered and natural aquatic ecosystems. Time-averaged velocities were close to zero with the root-mean-square velocity ratios about 1, indicating nearly isotropic fluid-flow conditions in the setup. The velocity spectra, obtained by stationary LDV measurements for the vertical and horizontal velocity components across the setup revealed the existence of inertial subrange with the frequency power scaling law of “ω −5/3.” The estimated Eulerian frequency spectrum followed the theoretical functional relation and confirmed the applicability of inertial dissipation method for the estimation of turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rates. PIV was used for a direct estimation of dissipation by evaluating spatially distributed velocity gradients. The direct dissipation estimate in conjunction with the estimated Eulerian frequency spectrum provided evaluation of a “universal” constant, α, commonly used for the estimation of an energy dissipation rate over the inertial subrange of the Eulerian spectrum. The results demonstrated a range of values, rather than a universal constant, of α with a lognormal probability distribution for vertical and horizontal velocity components. In order to encompass a 0.955 probability range under the lognormal distribution $${({\frac{{\bar {\alpha}}}{{\sigma }^{2}} > {\alpha } > {\bar{\alpha}\sigma }^{2})}}$$ the universal constant, α, should be in the range 2.91 ≥ α u ≥ 0.43 and 4.44 ≥ α w ≥ 0.42 for horizontal and vertical velocity components, respectively.
Immobilization of viral antigens on filter paper for a [125I]staphylococcal protein A immunoassay: a rapid and sensitive technique for detection of herpes simplex virus antigens and antiviral antibodies.

Abstract A new technique is described for the rapid detection and quantitation of herpes simplex virus (HSV) antigens and antiviral antibodies. It involves immobilization of HSV antigens on filter paper discs and subsequent analysis by 125 I-labeled staphylococcal protein A (SPA) radioimmunoassay. A specially designed 96-well filtration device is employed which serves both as an incubation chamber and as a filtration manifold. It is rapid, simple, sensitive and specific, and requires only small volumes of antiserum and few target cells. The results may be readily and objectively quantitated. This technique permits the simultaneous assay of a large number of specimens in less than 1 h. Its sensitivy is considerably greater than that of other currently used immunologic techniques, and it is amenable to automation. These characteristics suggest that this [ 125 I]SPA immunofiltration technique may be applicable to the rapid diagnosis of viral infections.
Mortality of adult Colinus virginianus L. (Northern Bobwhite) from prescribed fire.

Abstract Colinus virginianus (Northern Bobwhite) respond favorably to frequent disturbances in most physiographic regions of their population distribution. These disturbances maintain the vegetative composition and structure needed for survival and reproduction. Prescribed fire is an important habitat management tool if used according to proper prescriptions and objectives. However, under certain conditions, prescribed fire may have deleterious effects on populations and individuals. We describe a single observation of an individual Bobwhite killed by a prescribed fire event. To our knowledge, this is the first observation of its kind in the scientific literature. We believe this occurrence is uncommon under most conditions while conducting prescribed fires, However, managers should consider the fuel conditions, weather variables, and scale of fire before conducting prescribed fires for Bobwhite habitat enhancement. Based on this observation, other upland birds may be susceptible to direct mortality from ...
There are some things you just can't say with your right hand

The speech synthesis or print output of augmentative or alternative communication (AAC) techniques may be effective in communicating foreground messages; however, they may obscure or even distort the “background” messages of social closeness. Many of the strategies used by normal speaking individuals to communicate background messages will probably not be effective for persons using AAC techniques; therefore, as clinical researchers, we will need to document the successful strategies that allow AAC system users to communicate background messages that convey emotion and mood.
The Vienna Circle's ‘Anti-Foundationalism’

AbstractThomas E. Uebel has recently claimed that, contrary to popular opinion, none of the philosophers of the Vienna Circle of Logical Positivists were proponents of epistemological foundationali...
On separable z-filters

Abstract This paper investigates a topological property, intermediate between paracompactness and topological completeness, which arises from considerations in topological measure theory. A z-filter on a completely regular Hausdorff space X is said to be separable if, for each bounded continuous pseudometric d on X, there is a member of the filter which is separable in the pseudometric space determined by d. Then X is said to be separably paracompact if every separable z-filter with the countable intersection property is fixed. The important measure-theoretic consequence of separable paracompactness is indicated, and connections are drawn between this concept and known characterizations of topological completeness, realcompactness, the Lindelof property, and paracompactness. The paper concludes with an examination of P-spaces; the question of whether a topologically complete P-space must be separably paracompact is not resolved, but certain simplications are obtained.
PERFORMANCE OF BLACK AND WHITE STUDENTS ON TEST MATERIALS CONTAINING CONTENT BASED ON BLACK AND WHITE CULTURES

Simultaneously with increased access to higher education of members of minority groups who historically have been denied such access has come an increased concern with the impact of achievement testing on the decisions made by colleges that use test results. In particular, much attention is being given to the issue of bias in achievement testing and its possible effects on those who are tested. In general, attention has focused on test bias from one of two perspectives: bias in a test when a criterion is available and bias that may exist in a test when no criterion exists or is relevant. The first perspective has focused on test bias in selection when one or more criteria are available (Thorndike, 1971; Darlington, 1971; Cole, 1973). Although many definitions of selection test bias, or conversely test fairness, have been posited, one definition considers a test not to be biased if it predicts success equally as well for the members of a particular subgroup as it does for the group as a whole. If a particular test is predictive of success as the educational process now exists, however, then the issue of bias cannot necessarily be dismissed. Bias may exist in the criterion measures used.
Ten frequently asked questions about endoscopic therapy for gastroesophageal reflux disease

Abstract Commentary GERD is the third most common GI disorder in the United States, affects 19 million US adults, and accounts annually for 4,590,000 outpatient visits and 96,000 hospitalizations, amounting to $19 billion in annual costs. The majority of patients have complete relief of symptoms on long-term medical therapy with proton pump inhibitors. However, as much as 20% continue to have a detriment in quality of life scores caused by GERD symptoms. These refractory patients, or patients who do not want to take long-term medications, may benefit from the plethora of new endoscopic therapies for GERD. Although long-term follow-up and sham-controlled studies are, in general, not yet available, Dr. Triadafilopoulos reviews the currently available techniques and offers a unique perspective on their potential role in GERD therapy. Grace Elta, MD Editor
Pyramidal Neurons in Prefrontal Cortex Receive Subtype-Specific Forms of Excitation and Inhibition

Summary Layer 5 pyramidal neurons comprise at least two subtypes: thick-tufted, subcortically projecting type A neurons, with prominent h-current, and thin-tufted, callosally projecting type B neurons, which lack prominent h-current. Using optogenetic stimulation, we find that these subtypes receive distinct forms of input that could subserve divergent functions. Repeatedly stimulating callosal inputs evokes progressively smaller excitatory responses in type B but not type A neurons. Callosal inputs also elicit more spikes in type A neurons. Surprisingly, these effects arise via distinct mechanisms. Differences in the dynamics of excitatory responses seem to reflect differences in presynaptic input, whereas differences in spiking depend on postsynaptic mechanisms. We also find that fast-spiking parvalbumin interneurons, but not somatostatin interneurons, preferentially inhibit type A neurons, leading to greater feedforward inhibition in this subtype. These differences may enable type A neurons to detect salient inputs that are focused in space and time, while type B neurons integrate across these dimensions.
Preliminary Mapping of Mutations Affecting Exonuclease III in Escherichia coli K-12

xthA, a structural gene for exonuclease III in Escherichia coli K-12, is cotransducible with aroD, aroH, and pps.
The effect of the future on today's decisions

Abstract What is the effect of the future on today's decisions? The future plays a part in all of our decisions whether we utilize formal forecasting techniques or not. Some of the uncertainty of the future can be reduced by applying one or more of the techniques of trend extrapolation, subjective opinion of experts, and construction of scenarios. The results, to be useful to decision makers, must be pertinent, credible and capable of realization.
Using perturbation analysis to measure variation in the information content of test sets

We define the information content of test set T with respect to a program P to be the degree to which the behavior of P on T approximates the overall behavior of P. Informally, the higher the information content of a test set, the greater the likelihood an error in the data state of a program will be manifested under testing.Perturbation analysis injects errors into the data state of an executing program and traces the impact of those errors on the intervening states and the program's output. The injection is performed by perturbation functions that randomly change the program's data state. Using perturbation analysis we demonstrate that different test sets may satisfy the same testing criterion but have significantly different information content.We believe that "consistency of information content" is a crucial measure of the quality of a testing strategy. We show how perturbation analysis may be used to assess individual testing strategies and to compare different testing strategies.The "coupling effect" of mutation testing implies that there is little variation among mutation-adequate test sets for a program. This implication is investigated for two simple programs by analyzing the variation among several mutation-adequate test sets.
Increased intracranial pressure.

Increased intracranial pressure (ICP) is both a symptom of serious intracranial pathology and a cause of irreversible neurologic injury. The following case history highlights the importance of prompt diagnosis and treatment of increased ICP. Case History An 18-month-old white male developed fever and lethargy. On physical examination he had nuchal rigidity and was lethargic but could be fully aroused. His cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) contained 1279/mm 3 white blood cells, of which 90% were polymorphonuclear cells; the CSF glucose level was 5 mg/dL and protein was 63 mg/dL. Gram stain revealed Gram-negative rods. The child was treated with ceftriaxone. Five hours later, he had four generalized seizures. Serum sodium was 114 mEq/L, and an infusion of 3% saline at 80 mL/h was begun. Immediately following the seizures, the child was comatose but withdrew to pain. Thirty minutes later, he developed decerebrate posturing bilaterally and irregular respirations and had a dilated unreactive left pupil. He was given mannitol, pancuronium, and pentobarbital and was intubated and hyperventilated. Almost immediately the pupils became 3 mm in size bilaterally and equally reactive. A computed tomographic (CT) scan was obtained (Figure 1A). Twenty-four hours later, the child opened his eyes to mild stimulation and responded specifically to localized pain. The cerebral CT scan was repeated (Figure 1B).
An accurate coverage forecasting model for behavioral model verification

Statistically forecasting potential returns in terms of code coverage for a given set of test cases (patterns) to be applied to a behavioral model can improve the overall effectiveness of behavioral model verification. In this paper, we present a forecasting model for behavioral VHDL model verification. The statistical assumptions of the proposed model are based on experimental evaluation of probability distribution functions and correlation functions. Results show that the forecasting model is of high accuracy. The prediction error of the proposed forecast model in estimating the probability of new coverage is, at most, 2% from the actual probability of having coverage when predicting 1000 simulation cycles into the future. When the prediction window size increases to 10,000 simulation cycles, the expected error in predicting the probability of having coverage is 13%, at most. The marginal error in predicting the waiting time to coverage is less than 30% in forecasting 1000 simulation cycles, and at most /spl plusmn/22% in forecasting 10,000 simulation cycles.
Gas Chromatography and its Role in the Versatile Analysis of Urinary Estrogens

The difficulty in assaying estrogens is due largely to the fact that, except in pregnancy and in certain endocrinopathies, they are present in extremely low quantities in biological media which may contain large amounts of other substances with characteristics similar to those of estrogens. The discovery of a large number of new metabolites in recent years has further complicated the problems. As a result all of the methods of proven merit have suffered from a lack of sensitivity or practicability. The simultaneous reports on the feasibility of steroid gas chromatography (1, 2) and its application in quantitative analysis of estrogens (3) have brought a new technique to the field of estrogen analysis. As in some other fields, GLC has a great advantage over conventional chromatography through its high resolution, speed and separation, simultaneous quantification and high sensitivity through the use of ionization detectors. This communication deals with the different parameters involved in the development of a versatile and, sensitive method of determination of estrogens in biological media.
The mass marketing of disordered eating and Eating Disorders: The social psychology of women, thinness and culture

Synopsis Contrasting the pervasive belief that Eating Disorders are primarily psychiatric in nature, we contend that they are also symptomatic of a social problem. Eating Disorders and disorderly eating are also culturally-induced diseases promoted partly by economic and social institutions that profit from the “cult of thinness” promoted by the mass media. There is a lucrative market associated with Eating Disorders, and the advertising, weight-loss, diet-food, fitness, and cosmetic surgery industries are well aware of it. Yet, not all women exposed to these influences via mass media go on to develop body dissatisfaction and Eating Disorders. To fully understand how specific women become exposed to and are impacted by the mass marketing of beauty ideals via the mass media, it is important to take a social psychological perspective on the problem. We explore four social psychological theories—cultivation theory, gratifications and uses theory, social comparison theory and objectification theory, which taken together, form a “nexus of influence” and provide important clues to our understanding of the pervasive influence and impact of these industries on the development of Eating Disorders in women. We also address potential solutions to the problem. We specifically discuss how to use empowerment education to integrate solutions including: a re-visioning of femininity, social activism, education, and media literacy.
Personality Patterns and Life Stress in lschemic Cerebrovascular Disease

The personality, life stress and affect at onset of illness of white men hospitalized for transient cerebral ischemia and cerebral infarction were compared with those of control subjects admitted to the hospital for acute nonvascular illnesses. A "pressure pattern" of behavior characterized by aggressiveness, ambition and striving for achievement appeared to be the predominant personality feature among patients with cerebrovascular disease who had a history of myocardial infarction or angina pectoris. There was also some evidence that an unpleasant affective state prior to the onset of stroke occurred more frequently in men with combined coronary and cerebrovascular disease than in those without such a history or in control subjects. No relationship was found between personality features and attributes such as hypertension, age, cigarette smoking or education. These findings suggest that certain behavioral features in patients with coronary heart disease should be considered as risk factors in the development of cerebral ischemia or infarction.
Spatially adaptive superresolution using the optimal recovery framework

Multi-Frame image restoration is a form of Super-Resolution (SR) which consists of combining multiple Low-Resolution (LR) images in order to reconstruct a single High-Resolution (HR) image. Our previous approach to SR based on the framework of optimal recovery is extended to a spatially adaptive scheme whereby the block-by-block processing is modified based on the properties of the corresponding local LR image data. The bandwidth parameter is adapted based on the local variance of each corresponding block from all LR images that contribute to the HR image block to be reconstructed. Also, an optimal regularization parameter for the reconstruction of each HR output block is calculated using the Generalized Cross Validation (GCV) approach. This parameter is dependent on the chosen bandwidth as well as the contributing local LR pixels values. Simulation results show the superiority of the adaptive scheme over the fixed optimal recovery based super-resolution with and without the use of overlapping blocks. A brief comparison with other SR schemes is also included to illustrate the possible performance.
What did he know, and when did he know it? Putting Glenn Trewartha's call for population geography into historical perspective

Glenn Trewartha's Presidential Address to the AAG in 1953 sought to establish population as the connective tissue between physical and human geography. In discussing the important role of population studies in the discipline, Trewartha was not a voice in the wilderness; rather he was one of a growing body of voices calling for increased understanding of the role that demographic change can play not just in the social world, but in the way in which humans interact with, use, and interpret the physical environment. It is a point still worth repeating and pushing forward, but in general the field of geography responded only by creating a subdiscipline of population geography, and we are still fighting to get out of that cul-de-sac and on to the main road. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Validation of child sexual abuse: the psychologist's role

Because of the recent increase in the reporting of child sexual abuse, validation of sexual abuse allegations has become a major focus of interest. Validation investigations typically have been carried out by a number of professionals involved in social service and law enforcement agencies. Lack of coordination and collaboration among professionals has led to confusion as to the credibility of reports of child sexual abuse. This paper discusses the role of the psychologist in determining the validity of sexual abuse allegations and makes suggestions as to how existing validation procedures can be improved.
THE PRESENCE AND CHEMICAL DETERMINATION OF ADRENO-CORTICAL (‘AC’) COMPOUNDS IN THE BLOOD1

THE STUDY of suprarenal physiology and pathology has always been considerably handicapped by the lack of reliable chemical methods for determining the level of suprarenal hormones in the body fluids and tissues. Many previously described methods proved too unspecific and inconsistent in their results to be of practical value. The method of Shaw (1) which is partly based upon that of Whitehorn (2) and which was originally designed for the determination of adrenalin in organs, seemed at first to yield good results also in blood according to Bloor (3). However, investigations of my own and, according to a personal communication from Dr. Bloor, his experience also, have revealed fairly irregular results by the original procedure and by various modifications which were tried. Furthermore, most ‘adrenalin’ values obtained in the blood with this method were considerably greater than could be probably accounted for by adrenalin alone, and Shaw himself admitted in a personal communication the interference of an “u...
Image classification and exploratory spatial data analysis techniques

Guidelines are needed to select and parameterize analytic techniques, such as classification procedures, for examining remotely sensed data. The two objectives guiding this paper were to: i) establish the assumptions and information requirements about the spatial structure of remotely sensed images made by image classification routines; and ii) design a framework of spatial statistical techniques capable of providing these data. The classification process examined was stratified into two stages, training data compilation and application of classification decision rules. Relevant literature was reviewed for the various procedures in each stage to establish their: spatial assumptions; spatial parameters; the significance of these data; and how they are justified. Several potential guidelines for implementing classification projects were extracted from the results. These guidelines use spatial analytic techniques to decide on the training scheme and classification decision rule to use, along with their parameters. A preliminary sequence of spatial analysis techniques capable of providing this information was compiled. Establishing a more detailed understanding of an image's spatial characteristics ensures: i) the most appropriate classification routine and parameters may be selected; and ii) classification results may be interpreted more effectively. >
Applications Of Liftoff Technologies For Optoelectronic Circuits

Optoelectronic circuits will be very important in the decade of the 1990s. Materials will play a major role. There is presently a need to integrate photonic devices made from III-V materials with foreign substrate materials for various signal processing applications. There are three different approaches; hybrid bonding, heteroepitaxy and epitaxial liftoff. In this paper, the relative merits and status of these three approaches will be discussed, with special emphasis on liftoff technologies.
Molecular analysis of prokaryotic diversity in the deep subsurface of the former Homestake gold mine, South Dakota, USA

A culture-independent molecular phylogenetic analysis was carried out to study the prokaryotic diversity in two soil samples collected from the subsurface (1.34 km depth) of the former Homestake gold mine, Lead, South Dakota, USA at two sites, the Ross shaft and number 6 Winze. Microbial community analyses were performed by cloning and sequencing of 16S rRNA genes retrieved directly from soil samples. Geochemical characterization of soils revealed high amount of toxic metals such as As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, and U at both the sites. Phylogenetic analyses showed that soil samples were predominantly composed of phylotypes related to phylum Proteobacteria. Other phyla detected in libraries were Acidobacteria, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Chloroflexi, Chlorobi, Firmicutes, Gemmatimonadetes, Nitrospirae, Planctomycetes, Verrucomicrobia, and candidate divisions OP10 and TM7. The majority (>95%) of the phylotypes retrieved in the libraries were most closely related to environmental sequences from yet-uncultured bacteria representing a hitherto unidentified diversity. The archaeal communities at both the sites exhibited lower diversity and were most closely affiliated to uncultivated species within the Crenarchaeota. Results showed the existence of diverse microbial populations in deep subsurface environment of the Homestake gold mine. Statistical analyses demonstrated that each site harbored phylogenetically distinct microbial populations that were more diverse at Ross site compare to winze site.
Vicarious calibration experiment in support of the Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer

On June 11, 2000, the first vicarious calibration experiment in support of the Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) was conducted. The purpose of this experiment was to acquire in situ measurements of surface and atmospheric conditions over a bright, uniform area. These data were then used to compute top-of-atmosphere (TOA) radiances, which were correlated with the camera digital number output, to determine the in-flight radiometric response of the on-orbit sensor. The Lunar Lake Playa, Nevada, was the primary target instrumented by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory for this experiment. The airborne MISR simulator (AirMISR) on board a NASA ER-2 acquired simultaneous observations over Lunar Lake. The in situ estimations of top-of-atmosphere radiances and AirMISR measurements at a 20-km altitude were in good agreement with each other and differed by 9% from MISR measurements. The difference has been corrected by adjusting the gain coefficients used in MISR standard product generation. Data acquired simultaneously by other sensors, such as Landsat, the Terra Moderate-Resolution Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MODIS), and the Airborne Visible and Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS), were used to validate this correction. Because of this experiment, MISR radiances are 9% higher than the values based on the on-board calibration. Semiannual field campaigns are planned for the future in order to detect any systematic trends in sensor calibration.
Alterations in NF-κB and RBP-Jκ by arenavirus infection of macrophages in vitro and in vivo

Pichinde virus is an arenavirus that infects guinea pigs and serves as an animal model for human Lassa fever. An attenuated Pichinde virus variant (P2) and a virulent variant (P18) are being used to delineate pathogenic mechanisms that culminate in shock. In guinea pigs, the infection has been shown to begin in peritoneal macrophages following intraperitoneal inoculation and then spreads to the spleen and other reticuloendothelial organs. We show here that infection of the murine monocytic cell line P388D1 with either Pichinde virus variant resulted in the induction of inflammatory cytokines and effectors, including interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor alpha. Since these genes are regulated in part by the cellular transcription factors NF-κB and RBP-Jκ, we compared the activities of NF-κB and RBP-Jκ in P388D1 cells following infection with Pichinde virus. The attenuated P2 virus inhibited NF-κB activation and caused a shift in the size of the RBP-Jκ complex. The virulent P18 virus showed less inhibition of NF-κB and failed to alter the size of the RBP-Jκ complex. Peritoneal cells from P2-infected guinea pigs showed induction of NF-κB RelA/p50 heterodimer and p50/p50 homodimer and manifested an increase in the size of RBP-Jκ. By contrast, P18 induced large amounts of the NF-κB p50/p50 dimer but failed to induce RelA/p50 or to cause an increase in the RBP-Jκ size. Taken together, these changes suggest that the attenuated viral strain induces an “activation” of macrophages, while the virulent form of the virus does not.
Quantitative determination of uncertainties in seismic refraction prospecting

We present a model of the propagation of refracted seismic waves in planar (horizontal or dipping) layered structures in which we quantify the errors from various sources. The model, called the (mixed) variance component model, separates the errors originating on the surface from those due to inhomogeneities of subsurface layers. The model starts with the assumption of homogeneous (constant-velocity) layers, but by taking the principal errors into account, variations from this model (including degree of velocity inhomogeneity, vertical velocity gradients, and gradational interfaces) can be identified.A complete solution to the variance component model by Bayesian methods relies on the Gibbs sampler, a recently well-developed statistical technique. Using the Gibbs sampler and Monte Carlo methods, we can estimate the posterior distributions of any parameter of interest. Thus, in addition to estimating the various errors, we can obtain the velocity-versus-depth curve with its confidence intervals at any relevant point along the line.We analyze data from a crustal-scale refraction line to illustrate both features of this method. The results indicate that the conventional linear regression model for the first arrivals is inappropriate for this data set. As might be expected, geophone spacing strongly affects our ability to resolve the heterogeneities. Differences in the amount of velocity heterogeneity in different layers can be resolved, and may be useful for lithologic characterization. For this crustal-scale problem, a velocity profile derived from this method is an improvement over simple linear interpretations, but it could be further refined by more comprehensive methods attempting to match later arrivals and wave amplitudes as well as first arrivals. The method could also be applied to smaller-scale refraction problems, such as determination of refraction statics, or constraints on the degree of probable lateral variations in velocity of shallow layers, for improved processing of reflection data.
Designing Obedience: The Architecture and Landscape of Welfare Capitalism, 1880–1930

When International Harvester executives announced their plans in 1904 to build a clubhouse for employees at the McCormick reaper works in Chicago, they hoped that the facility might lure workers away from the coarse pleasures enjoyed in the surrounding working-class neighborhoods. They believed the three-story building would serve as a symbol of good taste and proper behavior in a grim landscape of tenements, taverns, and smoking factories (Fig. 1). As one newspaper reporter noted in that year, “the hope and expectation of the stockholders and officials whose money is going into this building is that it will prove a magnet to draw the employes from saloons and other places of resort where waste of money and weariness of flesh are the penalties that add to loss of time.” McCormick executives saw the brick and limestone structure as more than recreation center: It was also a transformative machine, gathering men up from the streets and converting them into efficient and compliant workers.
An approach to local refinement of structured grids

Structured grids can be refined locally by adding line segments. These are notionally made into complete grid lines by filling the remainder of the line with blanks. A discretization scheme is adapted to this type of grid by adding interpolation points to complete differencing stencils. The Navier-Stokes equations are solved by the artificial compressibility approach. Examples show the efficacy of the method.
Ultrasound affects spermatophore transfer, larval numbers, and larval weight of Plodia interpunctella (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) ☆

Effects of ultrasound from a commercial device on reproduction in the Indianmeal moth, Plodia interpunctella (Hubner), were investigated in paired Plexiglas enclosures, one with ultrasound and one without (control treatment). In each of the five paired trials, 10 newly emerged male and 10 female moths were introduced into each enclosure. The commercial device produced peak frequencies at 21, 25, and 35 kHz, and a 94 dB sound pressure level at a distance of 50 cm. In enclosures with ultrasound, female moths had 27% fewer spermatophores and produced 48% fewer larvae than those not exposed to ultrasound. Furthermore, ultrasound reduced total and individual larval weights by 66% and 35%, respectively, when compared with the control treatment. About 17% more moths were found on the enclosure floor in the presence of ultrasound when compared with those not exposed to ultrasound. This is the first paper documenting the effects of ultrasound on reproductive performance of P. interpunctella. These laboratory data suggest that the use of ultrasound against P. interpunctella may be an appealing and effective behavioral management strategy.