cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Slicing up the San Francisco Bay Area : Block kinematics and fault slip rates from GPS-derived surface velocities

Received 26 October 2004; revised 11 February 2005; accepted 10 March 2005; published 16 June 2005. [i] Observations of surface deformation allow us to determine the kinematics of faults in the San Francisco Bay Area. We present the Bay Area velocity unification (BAVU, bay view), a compilation of over 200 horizontal surface velocities computed from campaign-style and continuous Global Positioning System (GPS) observations from 1993 to 2003. We interpret this interseismic velocity field using a three-dimensional block model to determine the relative contributions of block motion, elastic strain accumulation, and shallow aseismic creep. The total relative motion between the Pacific plate and the rigid Sierra Nevada/Great Valley (SNGV) microplate is 37.9 ± 0.6 mm yr -1 directed toward N30.4°W ± 0.8° at San Francisco (±2σ). Fault slip rates from our preferred model are typically within the error bounds of geologic estimates but provide a better fit to geodetic data (notable right-lateral slip rates in mm yr -1 : San Gregorio fault, 2.4 ± 1.0; West Napa fault, 4.0 ± 3.0; zone of faulting along the eastern margin of the Coast Range, 5.4 ± 1.0; and Mount Diablo thrust, 3.9 ± 1.0 of reverse slip and 4.0 ± 0.2 of right-lateral strike slip). Slip on the northern Calaveras is partitioned between both the West Napa and Concord/Green Valley fault systems. The total convergence across the Bay Area is negligible. Poles of rotation for Bay Area blocks progress systematically from the North America-Pacific to North America-SNGV poles. The resulting present-day relative motion cannot explain the strike of most Bay Area faults, but fault strike does loosely correlate with inferred plate motions at the time each fault initiated.
Repackaged pharmaceuticals in the California workers' compensation system: from distribution and pricing options to physician and retail dispensing.

Objective: The California Workers' Compensation (WC) pharmaceutical pricing system cannot price 60% of National Drug Codes (NDCs) (mostly repackaged pharmaceuticals). This study will estimate the lost savings due to repackaged pharmaceuticals and potential cost savings associated with alternative pharmacy fee schedules for repackaged pharmaceuticals. In addition, we will determine what characteristics explain repackaged costs to identify reasons for repackaged pharmaceutical use. Methods: All pain-related repackaged pharmaceuticals were identified by NDC using claims data from the California Workers' Compensation Institute (CWCI) database during 2002. Results: Repackaged pharmaceuticals represented 55% of all NDCs and 92% of all Medi-Cal non-equivalent NDCs, but only 22% ($8,494,297/$38,968,233) of total pharmacy costs. Total repackaged pharmaceutical costs could be reduced by 36% ($3,059,177) using an alternative formula based on Medi-Cal. Compared with Medi-Cal priced manufacturer-packaged pharmaceuticals, repackaged pharmaceuticals are approximately 85% more expensive on a cost-per-pill basis. Conclusion: We propose limiting the generous pricing of repackaged pharmaceuticals. However, Medi-Cal payment rates may be extreme, and more moderate repricing might compensate physician-dispensing time more fairly and preserve patient access. Am. J. Ind. Med. 2007. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Acquisition and Impact of Consumer Expertise

Two experiments examined how consumer expertise moderates message learning and product evaluations. It was found that organizing message information and repeating it enhanced novices’ learning of the message content and the favorableness of their evaluations. In contrast, experts’ learning was for the most part not influenced by these factors, and their evaluations reflected the type of message they received and the extent to which they evaluated the message content.
Phylogenetic evidence for colour pattern convergence in toxic pitohuis: Müllerian mimicry in birds?

Bird species in the genus Pitohui are chemically defended by a potent neurotoxic alkaloid in their skin and feathers. The two most toxic pitohui species, the hooded pitohui (Pitohui dichrous) and the variable pitohui (Pitohui kirhocephalus), are sometimes strikingly patterned and, in certain portions of their geographical ranges, both species share a nearly identical colour pattern, whereas in other areas they do not. Mullerian mimicry (the mutual resemblance of two chemically defended prey species) is common in some other animal groups and Pitohui birds have been suggested as one of the most likely cases in birds. Here, we examine pitohui plumage evolution in the context of a well-supported molecular phylogeny and use a maximum likelihood approach to test for convergent evolution in coloration. We show that the 'mimetic' phenotype is ancestral to both species and that the resemblance in most races is better explained by a shared ancestry. One large clade of P. kirhocephalus lost this mimetic phenotype early in their evolution and one race nested deep within this clade appears to have re-evolved this phenotype. These latter findings are consistent with the hypothesis that Mullerian mimicry is driving the evolution for a similar colour pattern between P. dichrous, but only in this one clade of P. kirhocephalus
Airway Dysfunction in Obesity: Response to Voluntary Restoration of End Expiratory Lung Volume

Introduction Abnormality in distal lung function may occur in obesity due to reduction in resting lung volume; however, airway inflammation, vascular congestion and/or concomitant intrinsic airway disease may also be present. The goal of this study is to 1) describe the phenotype of lung function in obese subjects utilizing spirometry, plethysmography and oscillometry; and 2) evaluate residual abnormality when the effect of mass loading is removed by voluntary elevation of end expiratory lung volume (EELV) to predicted FRC.
Seal-Inlet Disturbance Boundary Condition Correlations for Rotordynamics Models, Part 1: Correlation Development

Systematic parametric studies were performed to better understand seal-inlet rotordynamics. A CFD-perturbation model was employed to compute the seal-inlet flow disturbance quantities. Seal inlet disturbance boundary condition correlations were proposed from the computed seal-inlet quantities using the important parameters. It was found that the cosine component of the seal-inlet swirl velocity disturbance W 1C has a substantial impact on cross-coupled stiffness, and that the correlations for W 1C and W 1S should be used to replace the historical guess that seal inlet W 1C = 0 and W 1S = 0. Also, an extremely precise relationship was found between the cross-coupled stiffness and the seal-inlet swirl velocity (ω R sh −[Wbar] 0 ). Thus, the number of experiments or computer runs needed to determine the effect of spin speed, shaft radius, and/or inlet swirl velocity on cross-coupled stiffness could be greatly reduced by plotting the simplified relationship of the cross-coupled stiffness against the swirl sli...
Patterns of deposition of urine containing chemosignals that affect puberty and reproduction by wild stock male and female house mice (Mus domesticus)

House mice release chemosignals in their urine that influence the timing of puberty and reproductive condition in conspecific females. These experiments tested the possibility that mice depositing urine containing chemosignals that affect puberty and reproduction do so differentially with respect to urine cues from conspecifics. Mice were tested in cages containing samples of urine or water on cotton in wire mesh capsules protruding from the cage floor. Their urine deposition patterns were recorded on squares of filter paper positioned below the cages. Males deposited more urine than females housed in groups, estrous females, diestrous females, or prepubertal females. All groups of mice deposited urine in a nonrandom fashion with regard to urine cues from conspecifics. Male mice deposited more urine near locations previously soiled by females than near water or other males. Grouped females deposited more urine near male urine cues and avoided depositing urine near urine from other group-housed females. Both estrous and diestrous female mice deposited more urine near males than near other urine cues or water, possibly to attract mates. Prepubertal females avoided depositing their urine near male urine and urinated more near urine from grouped females than near other urine types or water. Young females may be avoiding possible male mates until they have attained puberty. This avoidance behavior may enhance the long-term reproductive success of the females that otherwise might mature and mate at too young an age.
Assessing Quality in the Cardiac Catheterization Laboratory

Quality assurance and improvement have increasingly been the focus of health care providers, third-party payers, and patients. Because cardiovascular procedures are common, easily identifiable with claims data, and account for a relatively large proportion of health care expenditures, particular attention has been paid to quality assurance in the setting of the diagnostic and interventional cardiac catheterization laboratory. The structure, process, and outcomes domains of quality measurement in the interventional laboratory involve the maintenance of volume standards, the availability of surgical backup, consistent tracking of procedural outcomes and complications so they can be compared with national standards, and the application of evidence-based therapy. Quality assurance in the diagnostic laboratory revolves around the clinical proficiency of the operators, the maintenance and management of catheterization laboratory equipment, and the presence of a continuous quality improvement program. The evolution of interventional equipment and techniques along with the establishment of national registries has led to a gradual improvement in the quality of percutaneous coronary intervention. Given the dynamic nature of cardiology, adaptable quality assurance and quality improvement programs will remain the foundation of successful catheterization labs.
Early syntactic productivity: Evidence from dative shift ☆

The abstractness of children's early syntactic representations has been questioned in the recent acquisition literature. While some research has suggested that children's knowledge of basic constructions such as the transitive is robust and abstract at a very young age, other work has proposed that young children only have constructions that are specific to individual lexical items. The present paper seeks to resolve this discrepancy by examining children's abstract knowledge of the English dative alternation via a production study. The studies ask whether young children who hear a sentence like I pilked the cup to Petey know that the same meaning can be expressed with the sentence I pilked Petey the cup. This generalization is well-attested in the language that children hear and represents a strong test-case for determining the nature of children's early syntactic representations. The results indicate that three-year-old children have productive knowledge of the English dative alternation, but that their performance can be influenced by small changes in the nature of the task. A preference for the prepositional dative form is also found and the possible reasons for this preference are discussed.
2,5‐Di­nitro‐7,9‐dioxa‐2,5‐di­aza­bi­cyclo­[4.3.0]­nonan‐8‐one

The title compound, C5H6N4O7, is a cyclic carbonate ester of 1,4-piperazine-2,3-diol. It contains only C, H, N, and O atoms, and has a high density of 1.828 Mg m−3.
The Prevention of Juvenile Delinquency: New Evidence to Consider

This paper highlights the problem of violence and delinquency among youth in our society. It presents research involving regression analysis of data available at the state level. A cross-sectional design is utilized for the 50 states. Results indicate that juvenile incarceration is impacted by demographics-i.e., magnitude of the juvenile population, number of African Americans, and educational achievement. However, juvenile incarceration is primarily affected by child maltreatment patterns across the various states. Evidence suggests this to be the primary focus of prevention. Two policy variables are also considered in the study.
Stochastic linear-quadratic control for systems with a fractional Brownian motion

In this paper a control problem for a linear stochastic system with a fractional Brownian motion and a cost functional that is quadratic in the state and the control is solved. An optimal control is given explicitly using fractional calculus and the control is shown to depend on a prediction of the future fractional Brownian motion and the well known linear feedback control for the deterministic linear-quadratic control problem. It is noted that the methods to obtain an optimal control extend to other noise processes with continuous sample paths.
Gas chromatography and gateway sensors for on-line state estimation of complex fermentations (butanol-acetone fermentation).

A fermentation system has been designed to demonstrate the use of gas chromatography (GC) for on-line monitoring of the butanol-acetone and other complex saccharolytic fermentations. Tangential flow ultrafiltration was used to sterilely and continuously obtain a cell-free filtrate from the fermentation broth for on-line GC analysis of butanol, butyrate, acetate, acetone, ethanol, and acetoin. The liquid injection system consists of a phosphoric acid contractor, a slider-type injection valve, and a heater to address the difficulties (ghosting) encountered in the analysis of carboxylic acids. The fermentor headspace gas was also analyzed by on-line GC for nitrogen and carbon dioxide, while hydrogen was measured by difference. Raw chromatographic data were analyzed by a chromatography data system. Both raw and processed data were transmitted to a VAX 11/750 computer for further processing (using the fermentation equation) and archiving. The fermentation equation, which has recently been derived and tested on completed fermentation data, was also found to be valid during transient fermentations and thus useful as a gateway sensor for calculating various fermentation parameters on-line. Such parameters include glucose concentration and gas composition, as well as a number of unobservable parameters (such as Y ATP, excess ATP, and NAD reduced by FdH/sub 2/), whichmore » characterize the state of the fermentation.« less
Wnt Signaling Regulates Acetylcholine Receptor Translocation and Synaptic Plasticity in the Adult Nervous System

The adult nervous system is plastic, allowing us to learn, remember, and forget. Experience-dependent plasticity occurs at synapses--the specialized points of contact between neurons where signaling occurs. However, the mechanisms that regulate the strength of synaptic signaling are not well understood. Here, we define a Wnt-signaling pathway that modifies synaptic strength in the adult nervous system by regulating the translocation of one class of acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) to synapses. In Caenorhabditis elegans, we show that mutations in CWN-2 (Wnt ligand), LIN-17 (Frizzled), CAM-1 (Ror receptor tyrosine kinase), or the downstream effector DSH-1 (disheveled) result in similar subsynaptic accumulations of ACR-16/α7 AChRs, a consequent reduction in synaptic current, and predictable behavioral defects. Photoconversion experiments revealed defective translocation of ACR-16/α7 to synapses in Wnt-signaling mutants. Using optogenetic nerve stimulation, we demonstrate activity-dependent synaptic plasticity and its dependence on ACR-16/α7 translocation mediated by Wnt signaling via LIN-17/CAM-1 heteromeric receptors.
Dual Eligibility, Selection of Skilled Nursing Facility, and Length of Medicare Paid Postacute Stay:

Medicare and Medicaid dual-eligible beneficiaries use more medical care and experience worse health outcomes than Medicare-only beneficiaries. This article points to a possible inefficiency in the skilled nursing facility (SNF) admission process, specifically that patients and SNFs are partially matched based on dual-eligibility status, and investigates its influence on patients' SNF length of stay. Using a set of fee-for-service beneficiaries newly admitted for Medicare-paid SNF care, we document two findings: (1) compared with Medicare-only patients, dual-eligibles are more likely to be discharged to SNFs with low nurse-to-patient ratios and (2) dual-eligibles are more likely to become long-stay nursing home residents than Medicare-only beneficiaries if treated in SNFs with low nurse-to-patient ratios. We conclude that changes in the current SNF care referral process have the potential to reduce excess SNF utilization by dual-eligible beneficiaries and could help reduce spending by both Medicare and Medicaid.
Design and effectiveness of a computer-based continuing education program for orthodontists.

Abstract The design of computer-based continuing education for health professionals is an important consideration for Internet delivery because the size of graphic files greatly affects the speed with which information is delivered. Orthodontists who had indicated an interest in computer-based continuing education were shown via CD-ROM either a dynamic version of a computer continuing education program (with transitions and animations to liven up the content) or a plain version (identical content except that the transitions and animations were omitted). The program provided new information about superelastic arch wires for the initial stage of orthodontic treatment. For both versions, over 90% of the viewers thought the program was well done and provided useful information. Six of the orthodontists who received the dynamic version felt that the animations were distracting rather than helpful; only one who received the plain version felt that it was lifeless. A follow-up questionnaire showed that two-third...
Pre-release consumption of methyl eugenol increases the mating competitiveness of sterile males of the oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis, in large field enclosures.

The sterile insect technique may be implemented to control populations of the oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) (Diptera: Tephritidae), when environmental concerns preclude widespread use of chemical attractants or toxicants. The goal of the present study was to evaluate whether the mating competitiveness of sterile B. dorsalis males could be increased via pre-release feeding on methyl eugenol. Males of the oriental fruit fly are strongly attracted to this plant-borne compound, which they ingest and use in the synthesis of the sex pheromone. Previous studies conducted in the laboratory and small field-cages have shown that males given methyl eugenol produce a more attractive pheromone for females and have a higher mating success rate than males denied methyl eugenol. Here, levels of egg sterility were compared following the release of wild-like flies and either methyl eugenol-fed (treated) or methyl eugenol-deprived (control) sterile males in large field enclosures at four over flooding ratios ranging from 5:1 to 60:1 (sterile: wild-like males). Treated sterile males were fed methyl eugenol for 1–4 h (depending on the over flooding ratio tested) 3 d prior to release. Eggs were dissected from introduced fruits (apples), incubated in the laboratory, and scored for hatch rate. The effect of methyl eugenol was most pronounced at lower over flooding ratios. At the 5:1 and 10:1 over flooding ratios, the level of egg sterility observed for treated, sterile males was significantly greater than that observed for control, sterile males. In addition, the incidence of egg sterility reported for treated sterile males at these lower over flooding ratios was similar to that noted for treated or control sterile males at the 30:1 or 60:1 over flooding ratios. This latter result, in particular, suggests that pre-release feeding on methyl eugenol allows for a reduction in the number of sterile flies that are produced and released, thus increasing the cost-effectiveness of the sterile insect technique.
Effect of non-reciprocity on infrared wireless local-area networks

An infrared (IR) wireless network standard called Advanced Infrared (AIr) was proposed to the Infrared Data Association in April 1997. AIr provides a dynamic trade-off between bit rate and transmission range by employing four-slot pulse-position modulation (PPM) with variable-rate repetition coding (RC). At the media-access control (MAC) layer carrier-sensing multiple access/collision avoidance (CSMA/CA) is utilized. To prevent collisions in case of hidden terminals, request-to-send and clear-to-send (RTS/CTS) packets are exchanged to reserve the channel. To insure that RTS/CTS exchange works reliably, it is necessary to maintain reciprocity, which means that the signal-to-noise ratio is symmetric between each pair of transceivers. In practice, however, reciprocity can be violated due to poor transceiver design, manufacturing tolerances, or ambient light noise. We use a layered simulation approach to investigate the impact of non-reciprocity on the performance of IR wireless LANs. Studying the example of AIr in detail we show that non-reciprocity can substantially reduce throughput and increase unfairness.
Exotic Marine Macroalga (Enteromorpha flexuosa) Reaches Bloom Proportions in a Coastal Lake of Lake Michigan

Abstract The exotic marine algae Enteromorpha flexuosa subsp. flexuosa and subsp. paradoxa were first observed in Muskegon Lake during autumn 2003. In September 2003, the littoral zone had between 10 and 80% cover of macroalgae, which grew largely on submerged macrophytes, and was composed almost entirely of Enteromorpha . Enteromorpha formed dense mats, fouled the boat motor and was found washed up in large quantities on the shoreline. Eleven other waterbodies in the region were surveyed: two others had Enteromorpha composing 5 to 20% of the macroalgal community, four had no apparent macroalgae and the remaining five were dominated by Cladophora . Possible reasons for the success of Enteromorpha in these coastal lakes include nutrient enrichment, a history of industrial activity resulting in increased salinity of the water, as well as an absence of grazing pressure. Potential effects on littoral zone food webs are uncertain; however, we found low epiphytic diatom densities on Enteromorpha , which is a concern in these systems where epiphytic diatoms are important components of the food web. Currently, this new macroalgal invader has been found in only three coastal waterbodies of Lake Michigan; however, it is possible that Enteromorpha could spread beyond its current range, if it has not already done so. Given its ability to form nuisance blooms in a coastal lake of Lake Michigan and its reported impacts in marine systems, it is imperative that the possible impacts of this invasive marine macroalga on the Great Lakes ecosystem be determined.
Hormone secretion in transgenic rats and electrophysiological activity in their gonadotropin releasing-hormone neurons

Expression of GFP in GnRH neurons has allowed for studies of individual GnRH neurons. We have demonstrated previously the preservation of physiological function in male GnRH-GFP mice. In the present study, we confirm using biocytin-filled GFP-positive neurons in the hypothalamic slice preparation that GFP-expressing somata, axons, and dendrites in hypothalamic slices from GnRH-GFP rats are GnRH1 peptide positive. Second, we used repetitive sampling to study hormone secretion from GnRH-GFP transgenic rats in the homozygous, heterozygous, and wild-type state and between transgenic and Wistar males after ∼4 yr of backcrossing. Parameters of hormone secretion were not different between the three genetic groups or between transgenic males and Wistar controls. Finally, we performed long-term recording in as many GFP-identified GnRH neurons as possible in hypothalamic slices to determine their patterns of discharge. In some cases, we obtained GnRH neuronal recordings from individual males in which blood samples had been collected the previous day. Activity in individual GnRH neurons was expressed as total quiescence, a continuous pattern of firing of either low or relatively high frequencies or an intermittent pattern of firing. In males with both intensive blood sampling (at 6-min intervals) and recordings from their GnRH neurons, we analyzed the activity of GnRH neurons with intermittent activity above 2 Hz using cluster analysis on both data sets. The average number of pulses was 3.9 ± 0.6/h. The average number of episodes of firing was 4.0 ± 0.6/h. Therefore, the GnRH pulse generator may be maintained in the sagittal hypothalamic slice preparation.
Carbon limitation of soil respiration under winter snowpacks: potential feedbacks between growing season and winter carbon fluxes

A reduction in the length of the snow-covered season in response to a warming of highlatitude and high-elevation ecosystems may increase soil carbon availability both through increased litter fall following longer growing seasons and by allowing early winter soil frosts that lyse plant and microbial cells. To evaluate how an increase in labile carbon during winter may affect ecosystem carbon balance we investigated the relationship between carbon availability and winter CO2 fluxes at several locations in the Colorado Rockies. Landscapescale surveys of winter CO2 fluxes from sites with different soil carbon content indicated that winter CO2 fluxes were positively related to carbon availability and experimental additions of glucose to soil confirmed that CO2 fluxes from snow-covered soil at temperatures between 0 and � 31C were carbon limited. Glucose added to snow-covered soil increased CO2 fluxes by 52‐160% relative to control sites within 24h and remained 62‐70% higher after 30 days. Concurrently a shift in the d 13 C values of emitted CO2 toward the glucose value indicated preferential utilization of the added carbon confirming the presence of active heterotrophic respiration in soils at temperatures below 01C. The sensitivity of these winter fluxes to substrate availability, coupled with predicted changes in winter snow cover, suggests that feedbacks between growing season carbon uptake and winter heterotrophic activity may have unforeseen consequences for carbon and nutrient cycling in northern forests. For example, published winter CO2 fluxes indicate that on average 50% of growing season carbon uptake currently is respired during the winter; changes in winter CO2 flux in response to climate change have the potential to reduce substantially the net carbon sink in these ecosystems.
Work in progress - using screencasts to enhance student learning in a large lecture Material Science and Engineering course

University lecturing is changing as a result of increasing student populations, increasing student diversity, and transformative technologies. One of the newest technological developments is the availability of screencasts, recordings that capture audio narration along with computer screen images. This study documents the strategic use of screencasts in a Material Science and Engineering (MSE) course, and examines their impact on student learning and satisfaction in the large lecture environment. Screencasts posted to the course management site included solutions to homework and quizzes and mini-lectures that explain topics identified by students as unclear. Survey results indicate that the majority of students responding found all of the screencasts helpful regardless of whether they found a concept difficult or not. But other data suggest that the impact on student learning could be even greater, as both faculty and students learn to utilize this new resource. Future course iterations will refine the uses of screencasts and continue analyzing their impact.
Junior Seau: An Illustrative Case of Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy and Update on Chronic Sports-Related Head Injury

Background Few neurologic diseases have captured the nation's attention more completely than chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), which has been discovered in the autopsies of professional athletes, most notably professional football players. The tragic case of Junior Seau, a Hall of Fame, National Football League linebacker, has been the most high-profile confirmed case of CTE. Here we describe Seau's case, which concludes an autopsy conducted at the National Institutes of Health that confirmed the diagnosis. Case Description Since 1990, Junior Seau had a highly distinguished 20-year career playing for the National Football League as a linebacker, from which he sustained multiple concussions. He committed suicide on May 2, 2012, at age 43, after which an autopsy confirmed a diagnosis of CTE. His clinical history was significant for a series of behavioral disturbances. Seau's history and neuropathologic findings were used to better understand the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and possible risk factors for CTE. Conclusions This high-profile case reflects an increasing awareness of CTE as a long-term consequence of multiple traumatic brain injuries. The previously unforeseen neurologic risks of American football have begun to cast doubt on the safety of the sport.
Pericardial Effusion and Cardiac Tamponade in Neonates: Sudden Unexpected Death Associated with Total Parenteral Nutrition via Central Venous Catheterization

Background: Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) via central venous catheter (CVC) is used rou- tinely to provide adequate nutrition for neonates, especially those with very low birth weights (VLBWN). Pericardial effusion and cardiac tamponade (PCE/CT) is a potentially life-threatening CVC complication. Design: This autopsy study presents the gross and histopathologic findings in 5 neonates receiving continu - ous TPN via CVCs, who suddenly and unexpectedly died from PCECT. Results: The study population in - cluded five neonates (age 4-29 days, 3 males, 2 females, 4 VLBWN neonates, 1 full-term neonate). Chemi - cal analysis of the milky-white PCE fluid showed high triglyceride levels (717-777 mg/dL) consistent with intralipid. Right atrial microscopic examination with the four VLBWNs showed interstitial edema and dilated lymphatics (n=4), atrial thrombus (n=1), and focal fibrinous epicardial exudate (n=1). The full- term neonate RA revealed focal myocyte coagulative necrosis, acute organizing hemorrhage, focal collagen deposition, myocardial hypertrophy, and endocardial thickening. Conclusions: Right atria in PCE/CT demonstrated marked interstitial edema and dilated fine vascular channels. Endocardial injury with perme - ation of hyperosmotic TPN fluid into the interstitium and egress into the pericardial sac is hypothesized as the etiology of PCE/CT. Recognition of PCE and impending CT in neonates with CVCs for TPN with expedient intervention may avoid sudden unexpected deaths.
Towards a theory-driven research agenda in six sigma quality innovation: linking research opportunities with organization theory typology

Implementations of Six Sigma quality innovation (SSQI) have resulted in performance benefits for several leading firms. While SSQI has its roots in the foundations of Total Quality Management (TQM) and ISO 9000 certification, it presents a set of unique organizational practices and ideas that provide an opportunity for interesting and important investigations of relevance to operations and supply chain management. With a few notable exceptions, the academic literature in operations management has not given sufficient attention to various aspects of SSQI. In this paper, we identify some potential areas for future research and develop research questions pertaining to these areas. We call for theory-driven investigations by presenting a framework for linking SSQI research issues with appropriate theoretical perspectives. Using the unit of analysis and the various perspectives for managerial action as a basis, the typology presents six categories of organization theories. The typology provides a convenient basis for categorizing the research issues in SSQI based on their underlying theoretical rationale. We use the linkages between the research issues in SSQI and the theoretical perspectives to develop research propositions that could potentially aid and instigate theory-driven research studies in quality innovation.
Self-Enforcing International Environmental Agreements among Asymmetric Countries and Welfare ∗

Theoretical analyses of self-enforcing international environmental agreements (IEAs) have adopted the assumption of identical countries. In this paper, we assume that countries are asymmetric in terms of abatement technologies. By examining the IEA formation and total welfare, we show that i) the asymmetry leads to multiple sizes of self-enforcing IEAs, which corresponds to the multiple equilibria of a coalition formation game Maruta and Okada (2005); ii) technology transfer can lead to a smaller size of self-enforcing IEA, resulting in welfare loss. We also examine the rule of IEA and discuss that the unanimity rule plays an important role in IEA formation.
C9orf72 promoter hypermethylation is reduced while hydroxymethylation is acquired during reprogramming of ALS patient cells

Among several genetic mutations known to cause amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a hexanucleotide repeat expansion in the C9orf72 gene is the most common. In approximately 30% of C9orf72-ALS cases, 5-methylcytosine (5mC) levels within the C9orf72 promoter are increased, resulting in a modestly attenuated phenotype. The developmental timing of C9orf72 promoter hypermethylation and the reason why it occurs in only a subset of patients remain unknown. In order to model the acquisition of C9orf72 hypermethylation and examine the potential role of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC), we generated induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from an ALS patient with C9orf72 promoter hypermethylation. Our data show that 5mC levels are reduced by reprogramming and then re-acquired upon neuronal specification, while 5hmC levels increase following reprogramming and are highest in iPSCs and motor neurons. We confirmed the presence of 5hmC within the C9orf72 promoter in post-mortem brain tissues of hypermethylated patients. These findings show that iPSCs are a valuable model system for examining epigenetic perturbations caused by the C9orf72 mutation and reveal a potential role for cytosine demethylation.
A Sharper Form of a Theorem of Kolmogorov

1°. Let H + be the class of functions f(z) holomorphic in \(\mathbb{D} = \left\{ {z \in \mathbb{C}:\left| z \right| 0. Functions in H + have the representation $$ \int_{D} {f(w)dudv = L(f)} (w = u + iv) $$ (1)
Catholic Teaching on Life and the Challenge of the HIV/AIDS Crisis in Sub-Saharan Africa

Drawing from Catholic teaching this paper acknowledges that these communities are obliged to provide pain relief for these victims. For reasons that will be studied in detail treatments beyond this should be regarded as extraordinary and therefore not an obligation. This is based on the fact that ordinary means of treatment are relative to the availability of resources. The resources in the sub-Saharan region are not sufficient to provide any treatment beyond pain relief. This papers focus is on Catholic teaching pertaining to morally necessary measures to prolong life in the HIV/AIDS epidemic in sub- Saharan Africa. The discussion will begin with the development of Catholic teaching on prolonging life and will continue with the principles of ordinary and extraordinary means. Then these principles will be applied to the socioeconomic conditions in sSA. (excerpt)
Invasive Aspergillus infection requiring lobectomy in a CYP2C19 rapid metabolizer with subtherapeutic voriconazole concentrations

Individuals who carry the CYP2C19*17 gain-of-function allele have lower voriconazole exposure and are therefore at risk of failing therapy. Utilizing CYP2C19 genotype to optimize voriconazole dosage may be a cost-effective method of improving treatment outcomes. However, there are limited data describing what initial voriconazole dosage should be used in those with increased CYP2C19 metabolic capacity. Herein, we present a case report of a pediatric CYP2C19 rapid metabolizer (i.e., CYP2C19*1/*17) requiring a voriconazole dosage of 14 mg/kg twice daily (usual pediatric dosage ranges from 7 to 9 mg/kg twice daily). This case report supports the clinical utility of using CYP2C19 genotype to guide voriconazole dosing, and provides data for establishing an initial voriconazole dose in pediatric CYP2C19 rapid metabolizers.
Distributed Temperature Sensor System

The principle of distributed temperature sensor system based on Raman Scattering and optical time domain reflectometer(OTDR) is explained.The system is made by temperature measurement instrument,optic fiber and demodulation software of temperature.It can accurate measure the temperature along the optic fiber.And it is sensitive,dependable and can get amount of temperature information.The experimental data indicate the system has a high precision in measuring temperature and it is accurate to make a destination.It has a widespread application in electric power and other various trades.
Are HIV-positive young black MSM having safer sex than those who are HIV-negative?

In the United States, young Black men who have sex with men (YBMSM) bear the single largest burden of the HIV/AIDS epidemic. Whether HIV-positive men in this population practice relatively safer sex than their HIV negative counterparts has not been recently investigated. The purpose of this study was to compare selected sexual risk behaviors between YBMSM who are HIV-positive to their HIV-negative counterparts of the same geographic location in the southern US. A convenience sample of 600 YBMSM completed a computer-assisted self-interview in a private area of a clinic dedicated to sexual health. Frequency/prevalence of 16 sexual risk behaviors was compared between men who were HIV-positive and those who were HIV-negative at the time. Bivariate associations were tested in regression models adjusted for age and having a main male sex partner. One-quarter of the sample (25.5%) was HIV-positive at study enrollment. Remarkably few differences in sexual risk behaviors were observed. HIV-positive men were less l...
Combined Rigid and Flexible Uretergpyeloscopy

AbstractThe development of rigid and flexible ureteropyeloseopes has provided the means for direct visualization of the upper urinary collecting system. Each instrument has its own advantages and disadvantages. The combined use of these instruments extends the range of endoscopy throughout the intrarenal collecting system, permits irrigation and provides a working channel.
The Trajectory of Trauma: Bodies and Minds of Abortion Discourse

What is the legal import of emotional pain following a traumatic event? The idea of women traumatized by abortion has recently acquired a constitutional foothold. The present Article is about this new frontier of trauma. I argue that the legal discourse of abortion trauma grows out of ideas about psychological trauma that have become pervasively familiar in the law through the rise of feminism. The Supreme Court’s statement in Gonzales v. Carhart, that some women who have abortions feel “regret” resulting in “severe depression and loss of esteem,” has provoked searing criticism because talk of protecting women from psychological harm caused by their own decisions seems to recapitulate paternalistic stereotypes inconsistent with modern egalitarian ideals. I argue that a significant context for the newly prominent discourse of abortion regret is the legal reception of psychological trauma that has continually gained momentum through feminist legal thought and reform since the 1970s. Rather than representing a stark and unmotivated departure, the notion of abortion trauma continues a legal discourse that grew up in precisely that period: a feminist discourse of trauma around women’s bodies and sexuality. This intellectual context gives meaning to the present discourse of women’s psychological pain in our legal system. The ideas informing abortion regret are utterly familiar once contextualized in modern legal understandings of women that have developed in the period since Roe.
Biblical Theology Revisited: An Internal Debate

For scholars responsible to the church’s faith and practice, biblical theology remains indispensable. The discipline’s confused history leads one to ponder its reconfiguration as scriptural theolog...
Morphogenesis of Anencephaly and Related Malformations

Anencephaly (cranioschisis) is the most representative example of a large heterogeneous group of developmental malformations characterized by abnormalities of the central nervous system and surrounding mesodermal structures. Many of these malformations have been known since ancient times and today many can be reproduced experimentally either by the administration of various teratogens or by mechanical means. Some of these malformations, e.g. anencephaly (cranioschisis) and complete cranio-myeloschisis (craniorhachischisis) represent the most severe abnormalities known to man; others, e.g. localized open myeloschisis (rhachischisis) and meningomyelocele (cystic rhachischisis), although compatible with life, require extensive surgical and medical management; while still others, e.g. occult spina bifida (occult rhachischisis), characterized by localized vertebral defects, often escapeclinical detection. This review does not presume to cover a complete classification of these malformations since there are many intermediate morphological variations which are difficult to classify in one or the other group. It includes, however, the most representative examples of these malformations; furthermore, it points to the extraordinary structural differences existing among them and, it indicates the extremes of severity and the extent of the defects which can occur. This communication, which deals with the analysis of only these malformations, assumes that a clear understanding of their basic defects will help to comprehend better the defects which characterize the entire group.
Cocaine-and Amphetamine Regulated Transcript (CART) Peptide Is Expressed in Precursor Cells and Somatotropes of the Mouse Pituitary Gland

Cocaine-and Amphetamine Regulated Transcript (CART) peptide is expressed in the brain, endocrine and neuroendocrine systems and secreted into the serum. It is thought to play a role in regulation of hypothalamic pituitary functions. Here we report a spatial and temporal analysis of Cart expression in the pituitaries of adult and developing normal and mutant mice with hypopituitarism. We found that Prop1 is not necessary for initiation of Cart expression in the fetal pituitary at e14.5, but it is required indirectly for maintenance of Cart expression in the postnatal anterior pituitary gland. Pou1f1 deficiency has no effect on Cart expression before or after birth. There is no 1:1 correspondence between CART and any particular cell type. In neonates, CART is detected primarily in non-proliferating, POU1F1-positive cells. CART is also found in some cells that express TSH and GH suggesting a correspondence with committed progenitors of the POU1F1 lineage. In summary, we have characterized the normal temporal and cell specific expression of CART in mouse development and demonstrate that postnatal CART expression in the pituitary gland requires PROP1.
Comprehensive adaptive tuning of silicon RF photonic filters

RF photonic filters are capable of achieving very high selectivity and dynamic tuning over multi-GHz ranges. This paper presents a mm-wave silicon photonic fourth-order tunable elliptic digital filter designed in the optical domain with ring-resonator-based all-pass filter (APF) unit cells. Inclusion of tunable phase shifters and Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) couplers in the filter's rings and front-end provides comprehensive tuning to compensate for variations in ring resonance frequency, coupling ratio, and phase mismatches. A monitor-based adaptive tuning algorithm is proposed to calibrate the optical filter response with high accuracy.
Interregional Cooperation as a Key Tool for the Achievement of Strategic-Energy and Climate Targets: The Experience of the INTERREG IVC RENERGY and SEE RE-SEEties Projects

Interregional cooperation is fundamental to improve the effectiveness of local sustainable energy policies, as a response to overarching EU strategies and commitments. The RENERGY and RE-SEEties projects constitute valuable international cooperative experiences which proved that the transfer of knowledge among scientific institutions and local authorities can support a real synergy among politicians, businesses, and citizens and the achievement of the main targets of the Covenant of Mayors. Both projects produced a methodological toolkit aimed at supporting local authorities in creating a sustainable and resource-efficient future giving rise to local implementation plans ready to be endorsed. The RENERGY project, aimed at developing efficient-energy policies at regional level in an inclusive, integrative approach, focused on the transformation of urban communities from energy consumers to producers. The RENERGY toolkit had the purpose to provide local authorities with a roadmap to develop their Local Implementation Plan (LIP). The methodology was tested by the partners in their communities giving an innovative and positive approach to local energy policy whereas good practice exchanges, Energy Labs and Case Studies, contributed to the transfer of knowledge and to increase local community awareness. The RE-SEEties project was aimed at contributing to the resource-efficiency challenge by investigating energy consumption and waste production and disposal, examining the role of potential changes in consumption patterns and policy-making alternatives to support the achievement of resource-efficiency targets. A comprehensive approach to energy and waste flows at the urban level was thus adopted in order to reduce the overall carbon footprint of cities. A step-by-step methodology was devised to approach jointly energy and waste issues, whereas structured initiatives were promoted to support a change of behavior and tight cooperation between municipal officers working on different themes. The interest aroused within and beyond the involved communities, as well as the important results achieved in these two projects, testify to the importance of a proactive engagement of local governments and stakeholders on energy and climate themes, as well as the necessity of adopting a long-term comprehensive approach to ensure socially inclusive growth and a steady transition towards a low-carbon society.
Mechanism of Injury May Influence Infection Risk from Early Blood Transfusion.

Abstract Background: Blood transfusion is a known risk factor for infection in trauma patients. Differences based on mechanism of injury have not been well described. We hypothesize that infection risk in trauma patients with early blood transfusion is different based on blunt or penetrating mechanism of injury. Patients and Methods: Adults admitted to the trauma intensive care unit from January 2010 through January 2015 were reviewed retrospectively. Those receiving transfusion after 24 h were excluded. Infections were defined as positive bronchoalveolar lavage, blood, urine, wound, or abdominal cultures. Logistic regression identified independent predictors of infection. Significance was considered at p ≤ 0.05. Results: With blunt trauma (n = 625), the transfusion rate was 36% (n = 223), with 30% (n = 186) infections. Those with an infection were more severely injured, had a higher operation rate, lower Glasgow Coma Score (GCS), longer hospital stay, and higher transfusion rate (all p < 0.001). With pen...
Linear Peptides Are the Major Products of a Biosynthetic Pathway That Encodes for Cyclic Depsipeptides

Three new dentigerumycin analogues are produced by Streptomyces sp. M41, a bacterium isolated from a South African termite, Macrotermes natalensis. The structures of the complex nonribosomal peptide synthetase–polyketide synthase (NRPS/PKS) hybrid compounds were determined by 1D- and 2D-NMR spectroscopy, high-resolution mass spectrometry, and circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy. Both cyclic and linear peptides are reported, and the genetic organization of the NRPS modules within the biosynthetic gene cluster accounts for the observed structural diversity.