cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
School Choice Acceptance: An Exploratory Explication.

School choice is presented by some as a panacea to the challenges facing education in the United States. Acceptance of choice as a solution, however, is far from universal. This article examines two possible contributors to choice adoption: ideology and political culture. Political culture was found to better explain the complex phenomenon of choice adoption than political ideology.
Sudden cardiac death following adriamycin therapy

An 18-year-old man had had an osteogenic sarcoma of the distal tibia at age 16. Below-knee amputation was carried out and followed by adjuvant chemotherapy with Adriamycin, vincristine, methotrexate, Cytoxan, and melphalan. One month after termination of chemotherapy, he died suddenly while playing tennis. Documented ventricular fibrillation was unresponsive to cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Myocardial fibrosis ("cardiomyopathy") was the only significant anatomic finding at autopsy. The occurrence of sudden death without antecedent cardiac failure may have been related to strenuous physical activity in this patient who had received combined adjuvant chemotherapy.
Neutron density distribution in 11Li

Abstract The radial density distribution of neutrons in 11Li is deduced from the measured perpendicular momentum distribution of 9Li fragments coming from the interaction of 11Li (790 MeV/A) with a carbon target, from the reaction cross section and from the 9Li inclusive cross section. The calculation suggests that the experimental values are sensitive to the neutron density distribution in 11Li out to a radius of about 8 fm where the density is only 6×10−4 of its central value.
DECREMENTS IN OLFACTORY SENSITIVITY DUE TO OZONE EXPOSURE

Approximate olfactory thresholds were determined in an exploratory study in which subjects were exposed to ozone (O3). The odorants were butyl alcohol (BA) and acetic acid (AA). Preliminary data suggest (1) temporary increases in thresholds due to O3 exposure, (2) diminution of O3 effects with repeated exposures, and (3) greater and more reliable effects for BA than for AA.
Concerns of Nutritional and Medical Experts About Fat and Cholesterol in the Diet

Abstract Scientific and medical communities agree on the need for variety in the diet and that dietary requirements change at various stages of the life cycle. The greatest area of controversy centers around issues of dietary cholesterol, total fat, and saturation of the fat. Areas of controversy and confusion were highlighted in a series of statements before the United States Senate Subcommittee on Agricultural Appropriations in July, 1980, and the House of Representatives Agricultural Subcommittee on Domestic Marketing, Consumer Relations and Nutrition in June, 1980. To clarify and simplify issues, particularly those involving dietary fat, six questions were formulated and pertinent quotations were used as answers. The questions were: 1. Should public agencies make general dietary recommendations? 2. Is epidemiological evidence sufficient grounds for dietary recommendations? 3. Should current dietary practices be modified? 4. Will dietary modification reduce blood lipids, particularly cholesterol? 5. Will reduced serum cholesterol reduce the likelihood of vascular diseases? 6. Should individuals wait for symptoms of atherosclerosis before modifying their diet to reduce serum lipids?
Materialist Scholarship and The People of Puerto Rico

The People of Puerto Rico occupies an ambivalent place in both the genealogy of anthropological theory and the understanding of Puerto Rican society. Its co-authors collectively developed a uniform and complex conceptual scheme which expressed both convergence and divergence among them. The book furthered Marxist approaches in U.S. anthropology and was the first serious scholarly materialist analysis of Puerto Rico. While privileging the lives of common people, it fell short of representing important strains of Puerto Rican diversity and socio-historical dynamics. The Puerto Rico Social Anthropology Project used four different models to explain the genesis of cultural forms and the interrelations among aspects of society/culture, in a given, homogeneous, “subculture” or “socio-cultural segment” of a complex society. The Project's members stressed a linear-utilitarian analysis of these subcultures, but where they could not account for observed cultural forms with such an approach, they appealed to the cult...
DcR3 binds to ovarian cancer via heparan sulfate proteoglycans and modulates tumor cells response to platinum with corresponding alteration in the expression of BRCA1

Overcoming platinum resistance is a major obstacle in the treatment of Epithelial Ovarian Cancer (EOC). In our previous work Decoy Receptor 3 (DcR3) was found to be related to platinum resistance. The major objective of this work was to define the cellular interaction of DcR3 with EOC and to explore its effects on platinum responsiveness. We studied cell lines and primary cultures for the expression of and the cells ability to bind DcR3. Cells were cultured with DcR3 and then exposed to platinum. Cell viability was determined by MTT assay. Finally, the cells molecular response to DcR3 was studied using real time RT-PCR based differential expression arrays, standard RT-PCR, and Western blot. High DcR3 in the peritoneal cavity of women with EOC is associated with significantly shorter time to first recurrence after platinum based therapy (p = 0.02). None-malignant cells contribute DcR3 in the peritoneal cavity. The cell lines studied do not secrete DcR3; however they all bind exogenous DcR3 to their surface implying that they can be effected by DcR3 from other sources. DcR3s protein binding partners are minimally expressed or negative, however, all cells expressed the DcR3 binding Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans (HSPGs) Syndecans-2, and CD44v3. DcR3 binding was inhibited by heparin and heparinase. After DcR3 exposure both SKOV-3 and OVCAR-3 became more resistant to platinum with 15% more cells surviving at high doses. On the contrary CaOV3 became more sensitive to platinum with 20–25% more cell death. PCR array analysis showed increase expression of BRCA1 mRNA in SKOV-3 and OVCAR-3 and decreased BRCA1 expression in CaOV-3 after exposure to DcR3. This was confirmed by gene specific real time PCR and Western blot analysis. Non-malignant cells contribute to the high levels of DcR3 in ovarian cancer. DcR3 binds readily to EOC cells via HSPGs and alter their responsiveness to platinum chemotherapy. The paradoxical responses seen were related to the expression pattern of HSPGs available on the cells surface to interact with. Although the mechanism behind this is not completely known alterations in DNA repair pathways including the expression of BRCA1 appear to be involved.
The limit of mental structures.

The “magical” number of 4 has been demonstrated to limit much of human information processing. The relevant evidence is briefly reviewed. It is proposed that the organization of processing structures is based on interconnected bidirectional pairs, with every element paired with every other one. The limit arises because of the large increase in links among elements required beyond structures of size 3 and 4.
Intrinsic quantum noise in Faraday-rotation measurements of a single-electron spin

Faraday rotation is one way to realize quantum nondemolition measurement of electron spin in quantum dots. To describe Faraday rotation, semiclassical models are typically used based on quantized electron-spin states and classical electromagnetic fields. Such treatments neglect the entanglement between electronic and photonic degrees of freedom that produce intrinsic quantum noise, limiting the ultimate sensitivity of this technique. We present a fully quantum-mechanical description of Faraday rotation and quantify this intrinsic noise. A method for measuring the purity of a given spin state is suggested based on this analysis.
Formation of ketones from fatty acids by spores of Penicillium roqueforti.

FROM time to time during the past decade attempts have been made in this laboratory to determine the mechanism by which the mould Penicillium roqueforti produces the flavouring and aromatic compounds characteristic of the blue-veined cheeses, Roquefort, Stilton, Gorgonzola and ‘Bleu’. These aromatic compounds are a family of ketones, each one produced from a specific fatty acid which is one carbon longer, the carboxyl carbon, than the ketone. Thus the mould converts caprylic (octanoic) acid to 2-heptanone, caproic (hexanoic) acid to 2-pentanone, and so on. The overall kinetics for the conversion of fatty acids to ketones by P. roqueforti was published in 19551; however, the individual steps in the conversion were not known. Until recently, the occurrence of the reaction under controlled conditions in the laboratory has been most erratic and unpredictable, not at all commensurate with the apparent reliability of the reaction in the manufacture of blue-veined cheese.
Parallelizing Navier-Stokes Computations on a Variety of Architectural Platforms

We study the computational, communication, and scalability characteristics of a Computational Fluid Dynamics application, which solves the time accurate flow field of a jet using the compressible Navier-Stokes equations, on a variety of parallel architectural platforms. The platforms chosen for this study are a cluster of workstations (the LACE experimental testbed at NASA Lewis), a shared memory multiprocessor (the Cray YMP), distributed memory multiprocessors with different topologies - the IBM SP and the Cray T3D. We investigate the impact of various networks, connecting the cluster of workstations, on the performance of the application and the overheads induced by popular message passing libraries used for parallelization. The work also highlights the importance of matching the memory bandwidth to the processor speed for good single processor performance. By studying the performance of an application on a variety of architectures, we are able to point out the strengths and weaknesses of each of the example computing platforms
Exploring the Frontiers of Environmental Management: A Natural Law-based Perspective:

Environmental management (EM) is at a turning point in its evolution as a discipline. Daunting social, ecological and spiritual problems of global magnitude implore EM to be inspiring and efficacious in theory and practice. Ironically, the present EM movement, in its ontologically dualistic configuration—measuring and manipulating the environment as an abstract, objectified economic resource for human gain—is unknowingly contributing to the very ecological degradation it wishes to ameliorate. In order for EM to become a truly ‘transformative epistemology’,1its praxis must ontologically transcend the narrow foundations of staunch empiricism, logical positivism and rationalism that now firmly gird it. As a possible alternative to EM’s ‘monological flatland’,2we introduce a holistic praxiological system grounded in the ancient Indian vedanta wisdom tradition. Natural law-based environmental management (NLBEM) portends a radical metamorphosis of EM into a discipline that makes a meaningful impact on today’s p...
Electron spin resonance studies of free radicals in irradiated single crystals of 5-methylcytosine

Abstract Exposure of single crystals of 5-methylcytosine to ionizing radiation gives rise to electron spin resonance (E.S.R.) spectra which at room temperature can be explained as resulting predominantly from two chemically distinct stable free radicals produced in the crystals. One is formed by addition of a hydrogen atom to the 6-position of the pyrimidine ring. Its essentially isotropic hyperfine spectrum is generated by interaction of the unpaired electron in a 2 p -orbital of carbon atom C (5) with three equivalent protons of the 5-methyl group and two non-equivalent protons attached to carbon C (6) , all protons being in the s-position. The second radical results from removal of a hydrogen atom from the 5-methyl group. The unpaired electron of this radical is localized mainly in 2 p -orbitals of the methyl carbon and of ring carbon C (6) giving rise to a hyperfine spectrum from interaction with the two remaining α-protons of the methyl group and the α-proton attached to C (6) . All couplings are anisotropic with principal values of A x =24·9, A y = 16·3 and A x = 8·6 gauss for the methyl protons and B u = 12·5, B v = 8·6 and B w = 2·1 gauss for the C (6) -proton. Measurements at low temperatures reveal the presence of a third type of radical featuring a doublet ESR resonance which is tentatively assigned to the radical anion of 5-methylcytosine. These findings are discussed in connection with results reported for related compounds.
An object-oriented design method for hypermedia information systems

The goal of our research has been to simplify the development of hypermedia information systems. Classical object-oriented methods are good at capturing the semantics of multimedia type hierarchies using inheritance and encapsulation. However, they are not good at describing the object interactions prevalent in hypermedia applications. Our approach has been to extend the model of an existing object-oriented method with a construct to explicitly capture object interactions. The result is an object-oriented method for the specification of hypermedia structures in information systems. >
What did you say?: visually impaired students using bonephones in math class

Bone-conduction headphones were deployed along with audio splitters for use with an auditory graphing software program in a classroom for the visually impaired. In this paper, we give an overview of the impact of introducing this technology into the classroom. We discuss our observations on the bonephone and audio splitter usage, and present data gathered from focus group discussions with the students and teacher relating to the introduction and reception of this technology. A majority of students and the teacher prefer using bone-conduction headphones over air-conduction headphones. Further, providing audio splitters changes how quickly the teacher can assess problems a student is having with lessons given on a computer, and the frequency in which students are paired together to work on a problem.
Strain energies and heats of formation of perhydroparacyclophanes as a function of stereochemistry and bridge size

Abstract The effects of stereochemistry and of the distance between two cyclohexane rings were studied in a series of perhydroparacyclophanes ( 1–7 ). Molecular mechanics was used to calculate the strain energies, heats of formation, and optimized geometries of these highly strained compounds. Their stability was found to depend on the distance between the cyclohexane rings, the conformations of the rings and the constraints that the rings impose on the connecting bridge chains and their spatial orientation.
Effects of selenium on arsenic uptake in arsenic hyperaccumulator Pteris vittata L.

Selenium (Se) is a non-metallic element, which has the capability to increase the antioxidative capacity and stress tolerance of plants to heavy metals. Plants vary considerably in their physiological response to Se. The reported research investigated the effects of Se on arsenic (As) uptake by As hyperaccumulator Pteris vittata L. and determined possible mechanisms of interaction. Pteris vittata plants were exposed hydroponically to 0, 150 or 300 l Mo f Na 2HAsO4 in the presence of 0, 5 or 10 l Mo f Na 2SeO4 for 5 or 10 d. Application of 5 lM Se enhanced As concentration by P. vittata fronds by 7-45%. At 5 lM, Se acted as an antioxidant, inhibiting lipid peroxidation (reduced by 26-42% in the fronds) via increased levels of thiols and glutathione (increased by 24% in the fronds). The results suggest that Se is either an antioxi- dant or it activates plant protective mechanisms, thereby alleviating oxidative stress and improving arsenic uptake in P. vittata. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Labor and the Course of American Democracy: US History in Latin American Perspective

At the start of the 18th century, the richest regions in the Americas lay south of New England and the mid-Atlantic colonies of North America. By the end of the 20th century, this economic geography has been definitively, perhaps irrevocably, reversed. The formerly poor colonies of Europe have become the core of the United States, a global economic colossus and regional overlord, while the once rich former colonies to the south, are among the poorest regions in the world. The dramatic reversal of fortunes lies at the heart of this work on political economy. In a study on economic development and ideological formation in the Americas, the book shows how the much-vaunted achievement of US democracy has been secured by the political stunting of Latin America, and how US historians have systematically ignored the intertwining of Latin America and US history. The final chapters address popular culture, from Donald Duck through to "Dallas", as well as contemporary political issues, such as NAFTA. Charles Bergquist is the author of "Labor in Latin America".
Fast Solver for Systems of Axisymmetric Ring Vortices

A method which is capable of efficient calculation of the axisymmetric flow field produced by a large system of ring vortices is presented in this report. The system of ring vortices can, in turn, be used to model body surfaces and wakes in incompressible unsteady axisymmetric flow fields. This method takes advantage of source point and field point series expansions which enables one to make calculations for interactions between groups of vortices which are in well separated spatial domains rather than having to consider interactions between every pair of vortices. In this work, series expansions for the stream function of the ring vortex system are obtained. Such expansions explicitly contain the radial and axial velocity components. A Fortran computer code RSOLV has been written to execute the fast solution technique to calculate the stream function and the axial and radial velocity components at points in the flow field. Test cases have been run to optimize the code and to benchmark the truncation errors and CPU time savings associated with the method. Non-dimensional truncation errors for the stream function and total velocity field are on the order of 5 {times} 10{sup {minus}5} and 3 {times} 10{sup {minus}3} respectively. Single precision accuracymore » produces errors in these quantities up to about 1 {times} 10{sup {minus}5}. For 100 vortices in the field, there is virtually no CPU time savings with the fast solver. For 10,000 vortices in the flow, the fast solver obtains solutions in about 1% to 3% of the time required for the direct solution technique. Simulations of vortices with square and circular cores were run in order to obtain expressions for the self-induced velocities of such vortices. 8 refs., 26 figs.« less
An Urban-Rural Happiness Gradient

Data collected by the General Social Survey from 1972 to 2008 are used to confirm that in the United States, in contrast to many other parts of the world, there is a gradient of subjective well-being (happiness) that rises from its lowest levels in large central cities to its highest levels on the small-town/rural periphery. This gradient, which is present after controlling for many of the characteristics that affect individuals' happiness, is driven by several cleavages: between the size, density, and heterogeneity of major central cities and the smaller-scale, lower densities and relative homogeneity of areas beyond their borders, and between the black and white Americans differentially present in those locations.
Tracking system bugs: why are buffer overruns still around?

A buffer overrun is caused by the limited size of a string variable's allocated space and the unlimited size of the actual string that is stored in the space. In the C programming language, it is the programmer's responsibility to make sure the actual string size does not exceed the size of the space allocated for it. However, programmers sometimes fail to put in the necessary checks for string size. It is possible, when programming in C, to write past the end of the current string and into the allocated space for an entirely different variable. The affected variable may or may not be another string. However, the integrity of both variables will be compromised. This paper will present the results of an experiment which shows exactly what happens when strings and other variables are compromised in this way. Writing beyond the end of a string allocation seems like a trivial problem. These faults should be easy to find and fix. However, in reality, they are nearly impossible to find in many situations. The experiment makes the problem very clear so that everyone will understand why these faults are not easy to find and fix before they cause serious problems. Since this is a C programming language problem, and both Windows and Unix operating systems are written mostly in C, many system errors may be a result of this problem. Understanding the problem can save countless hours in system debugging.
Wild Rice—Indian food and a modern delicacy

Once an important food for many Indian tribes in the Northwest Territory, wild rice is still used by the remaining Chippewas, and more than one million pounds of it are gathered annually in Manitoba and Minnesota as a commercial enterprise for modern culinary use in Canada and the United States.
Exemplar-Based EM-like image denoising via manifold reconstruction

Discovering local geometry of low-dimensional manifold embedded into a high-dimensional space has been widely studied in the literature of machine learning. Counter-intuitively, we will show for the class of signal-independent additive noise, noisy data do not destroy the manifold structure thanks to the blessing of dimensionality. Based on this observation, we propose to reconstruct the manifold for a collection of exemplars by alternating between image filtering and neighborhood search. The byproduct of such manifold reconstruction from noisy data is an exemplar-Based EM-like (EBEM) denoising algorithm with minimal number of control parameters. Despite its conceptual simplicity, EBEM can achieve comparable performance to other leading algorithms in the literature. Our results suggest the importance of understanding the physical origin of manifold constraint underlying natural images - the symmetry in natural scenes.
Thermodynamics of vaporization of fission products and materials under severe reactor accident conditions: Analysis of molten core/concrete chemistry

Abstract Vaporization-condensation processes can generate radioactive aerosols in the event of a core dryout and meltdown accident at a nuclear power station. The time sequence of fission produce vaporization and aerosol formation in relation to processes that can transport them out of the reactor containment is important for assessing their potential biohazard. Thermodynamics of vaporization of fission products and other materials are evaluated for the extreme environmental conditions projected by computer models if a molten core penetrates the reactor vessel and melts into the concrete base. A free energy minimization treatment was used to estimate partial pressures of gases in this many-component, multiphase system. The amounts of fission products and condensable materials vaporized were calculated for a test case involving basalt-aggregate concrete.
Comparison of Properties of RAP Aggregates Extracted by Ignition and Centrifuge Methods

Recycled Asphalt Pavement (RAP) is one of the most recycled materials in the United States. Due to rapid increase in the price of asphalt, engineers have tried to increase the percentage of RAP in new mixes. Different agencies suggest determining physical and consensus properties of RAP aggregate before selecting the percentage of RAP to be incorporated in the new mix. Ignition and centrifuge methods of extraction are two widely used methods to recover the aggregate from RAP. The recovered RAP aggregate is often tested for physical and consensus properties for evaluation. The properties of RAP aggregate also depend upon the method used for extraction of aggregate. In this study, an NCAT ignition tester was used for the ignition method of extraction and Trichloroethylene (TCE) was used as a solvent for the centrifuge method of extraction. The objective of this research was to evaluate and compare binder content, gradation, specific gravity, and absorption of the aggregates, fine aggregate angularity (FAA), coarse aggregate angularity (CAA), flat and elongated particles (F&E), and Los Angeles (LA) abrasion value. The test results did not show significant difference in coarse aggregate angularity, bulk specific gravity of fine aggregate, and gradation obtained by the centrifuge and ignition methods of extraction for the RAP. However, fine aggregate angularity and Los Angeles abrasion value were found higher in the ignition method of extraction than those in the centrifuge method. The bulk specific gravity of coarse aggregate was found to be higher using the centrifuge method of extraction than that using the ignition method of extraction.
Coding tests as measures of IQ: Cognition or motivation?

Abstract Lindley, Smith and Thomas ( Intelligence, 12 , 17–25, 1988) found that higher IQ college students copied alphanumerics (B for B, 3 for 3) slower but coded them faster (A for B, 2 for 3) than lower IQ students. The hypothesis tested here was that these differences in speeds of information processing reflect differences in effort or motivation. An extrinsic incentive (lottery tickets) was used in an attempt to motivate all examinees highly and thus to reduce or eliminate motivational variance from speeds of copying and coding. With motivational variance reduced, the size of the correlation coefficient between IQ and copy or coding speeds should be reduced, perhaps to zero, if the motivational hypothesis is correct. Fifty examinees first copied alphanumerics for two trials without the extrinsic incentive and then copied them for two additional trials with the incentive promised as a reward for surpassing their previous copy speed. Another 57 examinees coded alphanumerics for four trials under the same no-incentive-incentive conditions. There was an additional control group in which 54 examinees coded alphanumerics under no-incentive conditions for four trials. The Shipley-Hartford paper-and-pencil test was used to estimate IQ. No support for the motivational hypothesis was found. Under both the no incentive and the incentive conditions, copy speed showed its usual modest negative correlation with IQ. For coding speed, the correlations with IQ were significantly positive in the incentive condition and nonsignificantly positive in the control condition. With the incentive present coding speed correlated more strongly with IQ rather than less strongly as the motivation hypothesis predicts. The relationship between information processing speed and IQ appears to be cognitive and not motivational.
Palaeoconchocelis starmachii, a carbonate boring microfossil from the Upper Silurian of Poland (425 million years old): implications for the evolution of the Bangiaceae (Rhodophyta)

A 425 million-year-old organically preserved endolithic microfossil, Palaeoconchocelis starmachii Campbell, Kazmierczak, and Golubic (1979), from sedimentary strata of the Upper Silurian of Poland,...
Palaeoclimate: A balmy Arctic

Analyses of sediments retrieved from a drifting ice island suggest that the Arctic Ocean may have been ice free and as warm as 15 °C about 70 million years ago. Therein is a challenge for climate models.
Hysteresis in unemployment: Evidence from OECD countries

Abstract Existing studies using standard unit-root tests generally cannot reject the null hypothesis of a unit root in unemployment rates. These findings have been interpreted as support for the hysteresis hypothesis. In this paper, we analyze a panel of unemployment rates of fifteen OECD countries by using a panel-based test. The test exploits the cross-section variations of the constituent series and is more powerful. The critical values are simulated based on our specific panel sizes and time periods. It is found that the null hypothesis of a unit root in unemployment rates can be rejected in general. This casts some doubt on the hysteresis hypothesis and provides limited support for the natural-rate hypothesis of unemployment for these countries.
Patterns of plant species diversity during succession under different disturbance regimes.

I suggest that between-community variations in diversity patterns during succession in plant communities are due to the effects of selection on life history strategies under different disturbance regimes. Natural disturbances to plant communities are simultaneously a source of mortality for some individuals and a source of establishment sites for others. The plant community consists of a mosaic of disturbance patches (gaps) of different environmental conditions. The composition of the mosaic is described by the size-frequency distribution of the gaps and is dependent on the rates and scales of disturbance. The life-history strategies of plant species dependent on some form of disturbance for establishment of propagules should reflect this size-frequency distribution of disturbance patches. An extension of island biogeographic theory to encompass relative habitat area predicts that a community should be most rich in species adapted to growth and establishment in the spatially most common patch types. Changes in species diversity during succession following large scale disturbance reflect the prevalent life history patterns under historically common disturbance regimes. Communities in which the greatest patch area is in large-scale clearings (e.g. following fire) are most diverse in species establishing seedlings in xeric, high light conditions. Species diversity decreases during succession. Communities in which such large patches are rare are characterized by a large number of species that reach the canopy through small gaps and realtively few which regenerate in the large clearings. Diversity increases during succession following a large scale disturbance.Evidence from communities characterized by different disturbance regimes is summarized from the literature. This hypothesis provides an evolutionary mechanism with which to examine the changes in plant community structure during succession. Diversity peaks occurring at "intermediate levels" of disturbance as discussed by Connell and Huston are interpreted in this context.
Analysis of circulation patterns in Grays Harbor, Washington, using remote sensing techniques

The objective of this investigation was to analyze surface circulation patterns in Grays Harbor, Washington, during flood and ebb tide, using National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) aerial photographs and thermal‐IR imagery and low altitude aerial photographs of uranine dye drogues. The application of Landsat‐1 and passive microwave imagery was evaluated but did not prove useful. Water temperature, salinity, and suspended sediment data and the results of hydraulic model studies were used to verify and supplement interpretations from the photographs and imagery. Circulation maps prepared from the thermal imagery were most comparable to circulation patterns observed in the Grays Harbor hydraulic model. The thermal imagery was also useful in mapping nearshore mixing zones and warm water sources, and it showed temperature variations of 4°C between water masses within the harbor and 5–7°C between the water and adjacent tidal flats and land. Current velocities estimated using photographic measureme...
Decoding continuous limb movements from high-density epidural electrode arrays using custom spatial filters

Objective. Our goal was to identify spatial filtering methods that would improve decoding of continuous arm movements from epidural field potentials as well as demonstrate the use of the epidural signals in a closed-loop brain–machine interface (BMI) system in monkeys. Approach. Eleven spatial filtering options were compared offline using field potentials collected from 64-channel high-density epidural arrays in monkeys. Arrays were placed over arm/hand motor cortex in which intracortical microelectrodes had previously been implanted and removed leaving focal cortical damage but no lasting motor deficits. Spatial filters tested included: no filtering, common average referencing (CAR), principle component analysis, and eight novel modifications of the common spatial pattern (CSP) algorithm. The spatial filtering method and decoder combination that performed the best offline was then used online where monkeys controlled cursor velocity using continuous wrist position decoded from epidural field potentials in real time. Main results. Optimized CSP methods improved continuous wrist position decoding accuracy by 69% over CAR and by 80% compared to no filtering. Kalman decoders performed better than linear regression decoders and benefitted from including more spatially-filtered signals but not from pre-smoothing the calculated power spectra. Conversely, linear regression decoders required fewer spatially-filtered signals and were improved by pre-smoothing the power values. The ‘position-to-velocity’ transformation used during online control enabled the animals to generate smooth closed-loop movement trajectories using the somewhat limited position information available in the epidural signals. The monkeys’ online performance significantly improved across days of closed-loop training. Significance. Most published BMI studies that use electrocorticographic signals to decode continuous limb movements either use no spatial filtering or CAR. This study suggests a substantial improvement in decoding accuracy could be attained by using our new version of the CSP algorithm that extends the traditional CSP method for use with continuous limb movement data.
Physiological responses to endotoxin in copper deficient rats

Abstract Copper deficient rats show high mortality after a normally sublethal dose of endotoxin. To begin examining the mechanisms, this study examined copper deficiency effects on certain responses to endotoxin. Weanling rats were fed 0.2 or 8 ppm copper for 5 weeks; endotoxin was given at 10 mg/kg, ip. Copper deficiency was confirmed by low activities of ceruloplasmin, and liver and serum superoxide dismutase. Compared to adequate rats, deficients showed the following responses to endotoxin: elevated serum transaminase activities (an indication of liver injury), prolonged hyperglycemia, slightly enhanced liver glycogen depletion, high resistance to hepatic lysosomel enzyme leakage, normal degree of rapid onset hypotension, no microvascular injury based on albumin clearance, slightly higher acute phase response based on serum zinc, and normal increase of tumor necrosis factor at typical time of peak accumulation. Thus, endotoxin-induced mortality in copper deficient rats may derive, at least in part, from a selective liver injury, but not from excessive serum glucose or liver glycogen depletion, impaired acute phase response, aggravated short term hypotension, exaggerated tumor necrosis factor release, fragile lysosomes or excessive microvascular injury.
Bacterial translocation from the gastrointestinal tracts of mice receiving immunosuppressive chemotherapeutic agents

Specific pathogen-free (SPF) mice were treated with certain classes of immunosuppressive chemotherapeutic agents to determine if they would promote bacterial translocation from the gastrointestinal tract to the mesenteric lymph node, spleen, or liver. The antimetabolites methotrexate, 5-fluorouracil, and cytosine arabinoside were injected once intraperitoneally into SPF mice, and the mice were tested for bacterial translocation from the gastrointestinal tract. When total organs from the treated mice were compared with the total organs from the control mice, the alkylating agent cyclophosphamide promoted bacterial translocation when injected once intraperitoneally at doses of 100–400 mg/kg. Increasing the number of injections of cyclophosphamide did not increase the incidence of bacterial translocation. The steroid prednisone also promoted bacterial translocation after one intraperitoneal injection of 10–150 mg/kg. Prednisone and cyclophosphamide at various doses appeared to be more effective in promoting bacterial translocation from the gastrointestinal tract than the antimetabolites. The aerobic and facultatively anaerobic bacteria translocating to the various organs were identified asLactobacillus acidophilus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Streptococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, andProteus mirabilis. Groups of SPF mice also were injected once intraperitoneally with the minimal dose of each chemotherapeutic drug that induced bacterial translocation, and then tested for immune responsiveness toE. coli vaccination. Each of the chemotherapeutic agents at the minimal doses promoting bacterial translocation also suppressed the serum antibody responses to antigens of indigenousE. coli. However, other toxic manifestations of these chemotherapeutic agents also may be involved in promoting bacterial translocation. The promotion of bacterial translocation from the gastrointestinal tract by these chemotherapeutic agents has important implications for the pathogenesis of infectious disease in patients receiving these drugs.
A Site from Seen to Contextualized: Urban Place in Busan, South Korea

Many contemporary urban landscapes influenced by anonymous commercialization and urban development are faced with the problem of spatial homogeneity and featurelessness. While this paper is grounded on the critical reading of contemporary landscapes, it proposes that such characterizations entail a particular epistemological approach in which landscapes are gazed upon at a distance by a third person observer. This approach is problematic as it does not take into account the role of human agency and socio-cultural contexts. This paper argues that personal experiences and socio-cultural contexts play a critical role in shaping place meanings of South Korea urban landscape as the landscape has evolved over massive social changes influenced by colonialism, war and rapid modernization. Taking hyper consumptive landscapes of Gwangbok-dong and Nampo-dong in Busan as examples, this research analyzes residents' landscape memories and narratives and provides an alternative reading of the seemingly anonymous and fea...
Conformational isomerization and collisional cooling dynamics of bis(2-hydroxyphenyl)methane.

Stimulated emission pumping−population transfer spectroscopy (SEP-PTS) has been used to directly measure the energy threshold to isomerization between the two conformational isomers of bis(2-hydroxyphenyl)methane. These conformers have been shown in the preceding paper (DOI 10.1021/jp8098686) to be an OH···O H-bonded structure (conformer A) and a doubly OH ···π H-bonded conformer (conformer B). Lower and upper bounds on the energy threshold for A→B isomerization are at 1344 and 1399 cm−1, respectively, while the corresponding bounds on the B→A isomerization are 1413 and 1467 cm−1. The difference between these thresholds provides a measure of the relative energies of the two minima, with ΔEAB = EA − EB = 14−123 cm−1. The transition-state structure responsible for this energy threshold has been identified using DFT B3LYP, DFT M05-2X, and MP2 calculations, all with a 6-31+G* basis set. Only the DFT M05-2X calculations correctly reproduce both the energy ordering of the two minima and the magnitude of the bar...
The pattern of clinical breast cancer metastasis correlates with a single nucleotide polymorphism in the C1qA component of complement

Complement is one of primary defense mechanisms against intravascular microorganisms and could play a role in the immune response to malignancy and hence its clinical behavior. We evaluated if the sole coding polymorphism of C1qA associates with outcome in patients with breast carcinoma. Genotyping for C1qA[276A/G] was performed in 63 breast cancer subjects with localized tumor and compared with that in 38 breast cancer subjects with metastasis. Established risk factors for clinical outcome were considered and evaluated in multivariable analysis. Breast cancer subjects with heterozygous or homozygous C1qA[276G] genotype had a higher rate of metastasis than subjects with the homozygous C1qA[276A] genotype [hazard ratio (HR) 2.4, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.1–4.1]. This association was stronger when only metastatic sites associated with hematogenous spread, i.e., to the bone, liver, and brain, were considered (HR 3.5, 95% CI 1.4–5.6) and remained statistically significant after adjustment for the number of positive lymph nodes, estrogen receptor status, and progesterone receptor status. There was no statistical difference in the C1qA[276A/G] allelic distribution between all subjects with breast cancer and controls. These results suggest there could be an association of a single nucleotide polymorphism at position 276 of the C1qA component of complement with breast cancer metastasis to sites linked to hematogenous spread of disease. The C1qA polymorphism associated with decreased distant metastasis has also been correlated with an increased incidence of subcutaneous systemic lupus and C1q deficiencies, suggesting that an altered immune response may play a role in the observed association.
SOCIOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS: What Is Religious Agency?

This article proposes religious agency as a sociological concept providing a lens that sharpens our understanding of the ways that individuals claim and enact a meaningful religious identity. Interview data from the case of woman-conscious Catholic women demonstrate how religious agency is enacted in emotional, intellectual, and behavioral strategies, thereby enabling individuals to negotiate overlapping and valued identities. The strategies emerge from specific social contexts and are categorized as strategies of gaining voice, negotiating place and space, and flexible alignment. The article also suggests that religious agency has merit beyond this initial case of woman-conscious Catholics.
Role of interferon in the anti-melanoma effects of poly (I).poly (C) and Newcastle disease virus.

WE have shown that intraperitoneal injection of the synthetic RNA, poly (I).poly (C), markedly inhibits the growth of B16 malignant melanomas and prolongs the lives of the C57 mice bearing them1–3. The mechanism of this action is not known. We and others have shown that this inhibition does not seem to involve the murine immune system4–6. We have been unable to demonstrate inhibition of B16 melanoma in mice with exogenous murine interferon (ref. 4 and R. S. B., A. W. K. and J. T. V., unpublished), although such inhibition has been shown with other murine malignancies7; however, we used lower doses of interferon. We have been able to demonstrate consistently direct inhibitory effect of poly (I).poly (C) on B16 melanoma cells in culture only at concentrations of 200 µg or greater per ml (R. S. B., A. W. K., Hamburg, S. and Wininger, J., unpublished), levels almost certainly far in excess of those reached in vivo.
Cell biology: Alternatives to baker's yeast

Saccharomyces cerevisiae is an excellent model organism for addressing questions in cell biology, but other yeast systems are also providing new insights into several fundamental cellular processes.
KCl cotransport: a mechanism for basolateral chloride exit in Necturus gallbladder.

K+ and Cl−-selective double-barreled microelectrodes were used to study the effect of changes in external K+ concentration on intracellular Cl− activity (aCli) in epithelial cells ofNecturus gallbladder. Decreasing the K+ concentration simultaneously in both bathing solutions produced a decrease inaCli. Steady-state values ofaCli were related to the values of the chamical potential gradient for K+ (ΔμK) across either the apical or the basolateral cell membrane. A similar dependence betweenaCli and ΔμK appeared when the K+ concentration was changed in the serosal solution only. This indicates thataCli depends on ΔμK across the basolateral membrane.aCli was virtually independent of the membrane potential. This supports the idea that both the mucosal and the basolateral membranes ofNecturus gallbladder cells have very low passive permeabilities to Cl−. These results indicate that the exit of Cl− fromNecturus gallbladder cells is driven by ΔμK across the basolateral membrane, and suggest that a KCl electroneutral coupled mechanism in this membrane plays an important role in transcellular Cl− transport.
Structure-Property Relationships in Sensors

Abstract Various devices are described which record physical phenomena and which respond by transmitting signals via information processing units to actuators. For example, a thermistor senses temperature and transmits an electrical signal to an integrated circuit which may in turn actuate a furnace control. This review emphasizes the structure-property relationships of the sensor materials. An ionic conductor, such as stabilized zirconia, can be used to detect oxygen in air/fuel mixtures; metal oxides of large surface area can monitor humidity by surface conduction; and semiconducting transition-metal oxides can measure pH. The mechanism of vanadium dioxide critical temperature thermistors is described; as well as the operation of thermistors of negative and positive temperature coefficients (NTC and PTC) made from, for example, doped nickel oxide and barium titanate respectively. Composite sensors of two or more phases have properties which are the product of those of the individual components and have ...
Psychological Distress, Crime Features, and Help-Seeking Behaviors Related to Homophobic Bias Incidents

Psychological distress, crime features, and help-seeking behaviors of homophobic bias incidents were explored using a convenience sample of 290 lesbian, gay, and bisexual participants. A majority of the sample (73%) indicated they had been the target of at least one homophobic incident. Participants provided a detailed account of their most serious incident of homophobic victimization. Victims of homophobic sexual assaults reported significantly more posttraumatic stress symptoms than victims of bias threats, victims of other bias acts, or nonvictims. Bias sexual assaults also were more likely to involve a known perpetrator, multiple perpetrators, and previous bias incidents. Bias physical assault victims more often had a history of at least one incident of nonbias violence. Sexual and physical assault victims were more likely to report the incident and to seek other types of help. The results indicate that certain crime types and features result in more psychological distress for bias victims.
Robotic partial cystectomy for bladder cancer: a single-institutional pilot study.

Abstract Objective: Open partial cystectomy has been used as a curative option for select group of patients with bladder cancer. In recent years, the da Vinci Surgical Robotic System® is being incr...
Beyond Access: Persistence Challenges and the Diversity of Low-Income Students.

Public policy often emphasizes access to higher education, but low-income students face more difficult challenges on the path to degree attainment. Adult low-income students have different obligations and goals than their younger counterparts. Institutional leaders and policymakers can encourage persistence among low-income students with flexible policies that accommodate new enrollment patterns, diverse family structures, and differing educational and economic goals.