cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Perceptions of Alerts Issued by Social Media Platforms in Response to Self-injury Posts Among Latinx Adolescents: Qualitative Analysis

Background: There is growing interest in using social media data to detect and address nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) among adolescents. Adolescents often do not seek clinical help for NSSI and may adopt strategies to obscure detection; therefore, social media platforms may be able to facilitate early detection and treatment by using machine learning models to screen posts for harmful content and subsequently alert adults. However, such efforts have raised privacy and ethical concerns among health researchers. Little is currently known about how adolescents perceive these efforts. Objective: The aim of this study is to examine perceptions of automated alerts for NSSI posts on social media among Latinx adolescents, who are at risk for NSSI yet are underrepresented in both NSSI and health informatics research. In addition, we considered their perspectives on preferred recipients of automated alerts. Methods: We conducted semistructured, qualitative interviews with 42 Latinx adolescents between the ages of 13 and 17 years who were recruited from a nonprofit organization serving the Latinx community in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. The Latinx population in Milwaukee is largely of Mexican descent. All interviews were conducted between June and July 2019. Transcripts were analyzed using framework analysis to discern their perceptions of automated alerts sent by social media platforms and potential alert recipients. Results: Participants felt that automated alerts would make adolescents safer and expedite aid before the situation escalated. However, some worried that hyperbolic statements would generate false alerts and instigate conflicts. Interviews revealed strong opinions about ideal alert recipients. Parents were most commonly endorsed, but support was conditional on perceptions that the parent would respond appropriately. Emergency services were judged as safer but inappropriate for situations considered lower risk. Alerts sent to school staff generated the strongest privacy concerns. Altogether, the preferred alert recipients varied by individual adolescents and perceived risks in the situation. None raised ethical concerns about the collection, analysis, or storage of personal information regarding their mental health status. Conclusions: Overall, Latinx adolescents expressed broad support for automated alerts for NSSI on social media, which indicates opportunities to address NSSI. However, these efforts should be co-constructed with adolescents to ensure that preferences and needs are met, as well as embedded within broader approaches for addressing structural and cultural barriers to care. Trial Registration:
Genomic and phenotypic characterization of Pseudomonas hygromyciniae, a novel bacterial species discovered from a commercially purchased antibiotic

A purchased lot of the antibiotic hygromycin B was found to be contaminated with a novel bacterial species, which we designate Pseudomonas hygromyciniae. Characteristics of P. hygromyciniae include its ability to use a variety of compounds as carbon sources, its pathogenicity towards lettuce and Galleria mellonella, and its ability to inhibit the growth of an E. coli strain. P. hygromyciniae is unlikely to be a human pathogen, as it did not survive at 37 {degrees}C and was not cytotoxic towards a mammalian cell line. The P. hygromyciniae strain harbors a novel 250 kb megaplasmid which confers resistance to hygromycin B and contains numerous other genes predicted to encode replication and conjugation machinery. These findings indicate that commercially manufactured antibiotics represent another extreme environment that may support the growth of novel bacterial species. IMPORTANCEMicrobial ecologists have surveyed numerous natural and manmade environments in search of new microbial species. In some instances, these microbes are discovered in harsh conditions, such as deep-sea vents, and their discovery leads to better understanding of how microbes adapt to their environment. Here, we have discovered a new species of bacteria from an extreme manmade environment: a lyophilized, commercially available bottle of the antibiotic hygromycin B.
Historical Climates of the Northeastern United States

Native New Englanders have long prided themselves in their ability to earn a livelihood in a harsh, often changeable environment. The leading industries of the seventeenth through nineteenth centuries—fishing, shipping, lumbering, manufacturing, and farming—all required direct confrontation with the natural elements. One of the most important of these elements was the weather, and its fickleness is best reflected in the adage, “If you don’pt like the weather, just wait a minute.” Early New England history is peppered with accounts of distressing droughts that withered crops and halted water-driven machinery, fierce snowstorms that cut off the countryside from the towns and cities, powerful floods that swept all before them, and raging storms that battered harbors and destroyed shipping. Upon studying the history of New England’s principal crop, hay, and learning of its vulnerability to the caprice of the weather, one wonders how the region’s farmers survived and even sometimes prospered. The out-migrations of the nineteenth century are evidence that some failed “to make a go of it.”
The OWL-S editor – a development tool for semantic web services

The power of Web Service (WS) technology lies in the fact that it establishes a common, vendor-neutral platform for integrating distributed computing applications, in intranets as well as the Internet at large. Semantic Web Services (SWSs) promise to provide solutions to the challenges associated with automated discovery, dynamic composition, enactment, and other tasks associated with managing and using service-based systems. One of the barriers to a wider adoption of SWS technology is the lack of tools for creating SWS specifications. OWL-S is one of the major SWS description languages. This paper presents an OWL-S Editor, whose objective is to allow easy, intuitive OWL-S service development and to provide a variety of special-purpose capabilities to facilitate SWS design. The editor is implemented as a plugin to the OWL ontology editor, and is being developed as open-source software.
Leadership development:: A review in context

Abstract Interest in leadership development is strong, especially among practitioners. Nonetheless, there is conceptual confusion regarding distinctions between leader and leadership development, as well as disconnection between the practice of leadership development and its scientific foundation. The present review examines the field of leadership development through three contextual lenses: (1) understanding the difference between leader development and leadership development ( conceptual context); (2) reviewing how state-of-the-art development is being conducted in the context of ongoing organizational work ( practice context); and (3) summarizing previous research that has implications for leadership development ( research context). The overall purpose is to bridge the practice and science of leadership development by showing the importance of building both human and social capital in organizations. Specific practices that are reviewed include 360-degree feedback and executive coaching, mentoring and networking, and job assignments and action learning. Practices and research are framed in terms of a general need to link leader development, which is primarily based on enhancing human capital, with leadership development that emphasizes the creation of social capital in organizations.
Design criteria for video digital libraries: Categories of important features emerging from users’ responses

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to report on a user-centred analysis of video digital libraries and to present users’ criteria based on concepts emerging directly from the responses of study participants. As a time-based and multi-channeled format, video warrants considerations for information delivery through interactive tools such as digital libraries. Design/methodology/approach – A survey method was used to collect open-ended responses from participants. Content analysis was performed on the responses, and categories then emerged to form the coding scheme where simple and weighted frequencies were calculated to obtain a ranked set of users’ criteria. Cohen’s κ was 0.87, indicative of high-level of inter-coder reliability. In the end, 81 participants contributed a total of 385 open-ended responses, which were all then analysed and coded. Findings – The emergent coding method and continuous refinements to the coding scheme ultimately produced 28 criteria (subcategories) under four primary categor...
Evaporation duct assessment from meteorological buoys

[1] The evaporation duct over the sea is usually assessed using bulk meteorological measurements. This paper investigates the utility of meteorological buoys as a source for these bulk measurements and compares evaporation duct assessments using two buoys in southern California waters separated by 128 km. A simple radio propagation experiment at 2.4 GHz between one of the buoys and the coast on an 18.2 km path is described. Observed propagation loss from this experiment is compared to modeled loss based on the meteorological measurements at each buoy. The purpose of this paper is to investigate radio propagation effects using established and accepted methods already described in the literature. Accordingly, no discussion of atmospheric surface layer meteorology affecting radio propagation is given.
Wideband, loaded, low profile, small diameter monocone antenna

Compact monocone antennas loaded with helical resonators are presented. The proposed loading introduces an anti-resonance nearby the original resonance of the cone reducing the turn-on frequency by ∼22%. Moreover, the antenna maintains a decade bandwidth with good impedance match and consistent patterns. By terminating the helical posts with 50Ω loads, an impedance match is maintained to very low frequencies while the high frequency gain remains intact.
Therapy of the Murine Plasmacytoma MOPC 104E: Role of the Immune Response

The murine plasmacytoma MOPC 104E was susceptible to cytotoxic therapy in female inbred BALB/c mice. Palpable subcutaneous tumors (0.6--1.2 X 10(8) cells) could be cured with a single administration of cyclophosphamide (5--250 mg/kg) or localized irradiation (800--2,400 R). Clonogenic assay showed that, following minimal curative doses of cyclophosphamide or radiation, 0.5--1.5 X 10(6) tumor cells should remain viable. Control animals succumbed to progressive, invariably lethal tumor growth after they were given sc injections of 2--3 X 10(3) tumor cells. Minimal doses of cyclophosphamide, which were curative in control tumor-bearing animals, were ineffective in treating tumor-bearing animals immunosuppressed by 450 R whole-body irradiation. Subsequent experiments measured the ability of animals cured of the murine plasmacytoma to reject secondary challenge with the same tumor. These experiments demonstrated and partially quantitated the substantial role of the immune response in effecting tumor cure following radiotherapy or chemotherapy.
A guide to constructs of control.

An integrative framework, designed to organize the heterogeneous constructs related to "control", is based on 2 fundamental distinctions: (a) objective, subjective, and experiences of control; and (b) agents, means, and ends of control. The framework is used to analyze more than 100 terms, such as sense of control, proxy control, and primary control. It is argued that although many terms reflect aspects of perceived control (both distinct and overlapping), some are more usefully considered aspects of objective control conditions (e.g., contingency), potential antecedents of perceived control (e.g., choice), potential consequences (e.g., secondary control), sources of motivation for control (e.g., mastery), or other sources of motivation (e.g., autonomy). Implications for theory, measurement, research, and intervention are explored.
Fourth generation quark masses and KM phenomenology from a fritzsch mass matrix

From the patterns of the quark mass matrices observed in two and three generations of quarks, a plausible form of the quark mass matrix with phases (of multiples of ½ π) is proposed for four generations of quarks. This allows the determination of the entire 4 × 4 KM matrix as a function of just two unknowns (mb′ and mt′), and the allowed mass ranges of the 4th generation quarks (which we call b′ and t′) are obtained from the present constraints on the KM matrix in the first 3-generation sector. The possibility of a light 4th generation quark (mb′ 0.1. It is pointed out that UA1's t-quark data may also contain the b′-quark with mb′ ⩽ 50 GeV, and in this case, mt′ is shown to be bounded from above, mt′ ⩽ 190 GeV. Some low-energy phenomenology such as B0 − B0 mixing and CP violation, in which the effects of the 4th generation quarks may be observable, are also considered. The main result is that the mixing parameter Rodd for B0d − B0d is 5–6 times larger than in the 3-generation case and may be observable (Rodd ∼ 10%) if the uncertainties in the parameters used are taken into account. The CP-violating parameter l± is shown to be too small to be observed (O(10−4−10−6)) for both B0d and Bs0, while the mixing parameter Rodd for Bs0 − Bs0 is shown to be definitely observable (Rodd > 50%) regardless of the 4th generation quark masses.
The effects of oxidative stress on in vivo brain GSH turnover in young and mature mice.

Glutathione (GSH) synthetase activities and GSH turnover rates were examined during severe oxidative stress in the mouse brain as induced byt-butylhydroperoxide (t-BuOOH). Brain GSH synthetase activities in 8-mo-old mice in the cortex, striatum, thalamus, hippocampus, midbrain, and cerebellum were found to increase followingt-BuOOH treatment. The effect of GSH synthesis on brain GSH turnover rates for 2- and 8-mo-old mice were determined after intracerebroventricular (icv) injection of [35S]cysteine. Rate constants for GSH turnover were determined by least-squares iterative minimization from the specific activity data from 20 min to 108 h after [35S]cysteine administration. GSH and glutathione disulfide (GSSG) specific activities were determined after separation by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). The half-life of GSH in the 2-mo-old mouse was 59.5 h and in the 8-mo-old mouse was 79.1 h. In summary, defense mechanisms against oxidative stress in the brain differ with age. Young mice can increase the cellular availability of GSH, whereas mature mice can increase GSH synthetase activity during oxidative stress. These differences make mature mice more susceptible to brain oxidative damage.
Sequence stratigraphy and evolution of the Antler foreland basin, east-central Nevada

The Mississippian Antler foreland basin contains siliciclastic sedimentary rocks that record a series of orogenic events along the western margin of North America from about 350 to 320 Ma. Our new stratigraphic and sedimentologic studies in Nevada indicate that the strata are not generally progradiational as previously described, and that uplift played a large role in basin evolution. We have recognized three unconformity-bounded stratigraphic sequences in the Antler basin in central Nevada: the Diamond Range submarine-fan system, the Newark Valley fluvial and delta-plain system, and the Green Springs deltaic and shelf-carbonate system. They propose a two-phase history for the antler orogeny: (1) collision of the western edge of North America with the Antler allochthon and downwarping of the continental margin (360-350 Ma), which resulted in deposition of the Diamond Range submarine-fan system; and (2) uplift and low-amplitude folding of the basin (350-320 Ma), accompanied by deposition of a thin veneer of reworked siliciclastic sediments (Newark Valley and Green Springs sequences) across a shallow-marine shelf. Siliciclastic sedimentation waned in the Late Mississippian and Early Pennsylvanian, and gradually gave way to carbonate sedimentation.
Individualizing the beginning mathematics course

In this paper a report is given on a study comparing the traditional method of instruction with an individualized type of instruction for a beginning mathematics course. A description is given of the individualized method, and how it addresses some of the problems associated with the entry level course is indicated. An analysis of the data seems to indicate a significant difference in the two methods for students with a weak background, which is favourable to the individualized method.
Conflicts of Interest in the Roles of the University Professor

American universities are increasingly proactive in dealing with conflict of interest problems of their faculty. Changing social norms, publicized scandals, and more have made both university administrators and faculty extra alert to the dangers of faculty infidelity to their roles as teachers and scholars. Personal interests — both financial and non-financial — appear increasingly to pressure faculty to behave inappropriately. Most faculty members resist those pressures. Yet, enough conduct that either is, or appears to be, improper has occurred to prompt the adoption by universities of an ever-more complex regulatory regime. This regime no longer relies primarily upon threats of after-the-fact punishment for gross deviations from professorial norms. Instead, universities have also enacted a wide array of in-advance restrictions. These include required disclosures by faculty members of certain private interests, prohibitions of specific faculty behavior, and specified instances in which faculty members must temporarily withdraw from their professorial roles in light of their private interests. This article draws especially upon the author’s experience at the University of California to illustrate the new system of regulation.
Coronary computerized tomography angiography for rapid discharge of low-risk patients with cocaine-associated chest pain.

Background Most patients presenting to emergency departments (EDs) with cocaine-associated chest pain are admitted for at least 12 hours and receive a “rule out acute coronary syndrome” protocol, often with noninvasive testing prior to discharge. In patients without cocaine use, coronary computerized tomography angiography (CTA) has been shown to be useful for identifying a group of patients at low risk for cardiac events who can be safely discharged. It is unclear whether a coronary CTA strategy would be efficacious in cocaine-associated chest pain, as coronary vasospasm may account for some of the ischemia. We studied whether a negative coronary CTA in patients with cocaine-associated chest pain could identify a subset safe for discharge.
The pupil control studies. A historical, theoretical and empirical analysis

The pupil control ideology (PCI) studies originated at The Pennsylvania State University under the direction of Professor Donald J. Willower. Describes the beginning and evolution of the PCI studies and the role of theory in their development. PCI inquiry is now in its fourth decade and the concept of pupil control ideology and its measure (PCI form) continue to be useful to researchers as they analyze behavior in school organizations.
The effects of occupational class transitions on hypertension: racial disparities among working-age men.

OBJECTIVES. This study was undertaken to examine how the interaction between occupational class transitions and race affects the incidence of hypertension. METHODS. A cohort of 1982 men (183 Black), ages 25 to 55, received a baseline medical exam between 1971 and 1975 and a follow-up between 1982 and 1984. Logistic regressions were estimated for hypertension at follow-up controlling for hypertension at baseline, other risk factors associated with blood pressure, and interaction terms identifying specific occupational class transitions among Blacks and Whites. The occupational class matrix was based largely on scores of US Census Bureau occupations from the Dictionary of Occupational Titles. RESULTS. Relative to Whites who remained in professional and technical jobs between baseline and follow-up, Blacks and Whites who remained in lower occupational classes or made specific transitions--notably into the lowest class--had significantly higher incidence rates of hypertension. These differences were greater a...
Local recurrence of adenocarcinoma of the rectosigmoid: is postoperative adjuvant radiotherapy justified?

Adjuvant postoperative radiation therapy has been suggested for adenocarcinoma of the rectum and sigmoid colon to reduce the incidence of local recurrences. Determination of this incidence is necessary to optimally employ such adjuvant therapies. Ninety-nine patients with adenocarcinoma of the rectum or sigmoid who had surgery from 1976–1984 were reviewed. Follow-up ranged from one to eight years (average, 4.1 years). Twenty-three patients had gross unresected residual tumor due to local invasion. Fifteen of the remaining 76 have developed recurrences (20 percent). Two patients (2.6 percent) had local recurrences without concurrent regional or distant metastases. Thus local recurrences rarely are encountered without concurrent regional or distant metastases. Therefore, postoperative radiation therapy to prevent local recurrences is not justified, given the small number of patients potentially benefited. Treatment modalities will need to address regional and distant metastases in addition to local recurrences.
Tort Reform, Defensive Medicine, and the Diffusion of Diagnostic Technologies

This study examines the effects of state-level, tort law reforms on the diffusion of medical technology in the United States. The central thesis focuses on the diffusion of medical technology as an indicator of defensive medicine. Specifically, if physicians reduce their level of defensive medicine in the wake of liability reforms, this will show up as a reduction in the demand for and, more importantly, in the quantity supplied of medical technology. I discover after analyzing panel-data reflecting the availability of hospital-based diagnostic technologies by states and for the years 1987, 1990, and 1993 that differences in the availability of the technology are partially the result of state-level liability reforms. Moreover, there are significant differences in the impact of reforms on established (diffused) technologies and newer (diffusing) technologies. The results provide further evidence of the existence of defensive medicine and of the impact of the legal environment on the diffusion of medical technology.
Cholesterol biosynthesis in a variety of cultured cells. lack of correlation between synthesis and activity of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme a reductase caused by dexamethasone

Abstract In a variety of cell lines grown in the presence of 10 −6 M dexamethasone, the incorporation of acetate into cellular cholesterol was partially suppressed. However, the activity of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (mevalonateiNADP + oxidoreductase (CoA-acylating), EC 1.1.1.34) was either significantly elevated or remained unchanged providing evidence that under certain conditions 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase activity is not a valid measure of cholesterogenesis.
The FK506 Binding Protein Fpr3 Counteracts Protein Phosphatase 1 to Maintain Meiotic Recombination Checkpoint Activity

The meiotic recombination checkpoint delays gamete precursors in G2 until DNA breaks created during recombination are repaired and chromosome structure has been restored. Here, we show that the FK506 binding protein Fpr3 prevents premature adaptation to damage and thus serves to maintain recombination checkpoint activity. Impaired checkpoint function is observed both in cells lacking FPR3 and in cells treated with rapamycin, a small molecule inhibitor that binds to the proline isomerase (PPIase) domain of Fpr3. FPR3 functions in the checkpoint through controlling protein phosphatase 1 (PP1). Fpr3 interacts with PP1 through its PPIase domain, regulates PP1 localization, and counteracts the activity of PP1 in vivo. Our findings define a branch of the recombination checkpoint involved in the adaptation to persistent chromosomal damage and a critical function for FK506 binding proteins during meiosis.
Integrated measurements of acoustical and optical thin layers II: Horizontal length scales

The degree of layered organization of planktonic organisms in coastal systems impacts trophic interactions, the vertical availability of nutrients, and many biological rate processes. While there is reasonable characterization of the vertical structure of these phenomena, the extent and horizontal length scale of variation has rarely been addressed. Here we extend the examination of the vertical scale in the first paper of the series to the horizontal scale with combined shipboard acoustic measurements and bio-optic measurements taken on an autonomous underwater vehicle. Measurements were made in Monterey Bay, CA from 2002 to 2008 for the bio-optical parameters and during 2006 for acoustic scattering measurements. The combined data set was used to evaluate the horizontal decorrelation length scales of the bio-optical and acoustic scattering layers themselves. Because biological layers are often decoupled from the physical structure of the water column, assessment of the variance within identified layers was appropriate. This differs from other studies in that physical parameters were not used as a basis for the layer definition. There was a significant diel pattern to the decorrelation length scale for acoustic layers with the more abundant nighttime layers showing less horizontal variability despite their smaller horizontal extent. A significant decrease in the decorrelation length scale was found in bio-optical parameters over six years of study, coinciding with a documented shift in the plankton community. Results highlight the importance of considering plankton behavior and time of day with respect to scale when studying layers, and the challenges of sampling these phenomena.
Franchising During Times of Economic Recession: A Longitudinal Analysis of Automotive Service Franchises

This study sheds light on how franchise companies weather periods of recession versus growth periods, based on firm-specific factors in contrast to exogenous influences over a 21-year period. Specifically, the analysis focuses on the 1984–2004 time period of franchise businesses in the automotive services sector, compiled from the Franchise Annual from 1985 through 2005. In contrast to previous studies, this investigation examines a period of 21 years, including three distinct periods of economic expansion and two periods of economic contraction. The most significant finding of this exploratory study is that generalist-type franchise systems (i.e., those that offer a broad range of automotive services) tend to have greater longevity than specialists during periods of economic recession. A related significant finding is that the number of services offered by franchisors expands and contracts in a counter-cyclical manner relative to broad economic indicators.
CO2-Enrichment effects on eelgrass (Zostera marina L.) and bull kelp (Nereocystis luetkeana (mert.) P & R.)

I investigated the effect of CO2-enrichment on productivity of two aquatic plant species [Zostera marina L., Nereocystis luetkeana (Mert.) P. & R.] that form significant components of coastal ecosystems in the Pacific Northwest. Short-term (i.e., 2-hr) experiments showed that doubling CO2 resulted in up to a 2.5-fold increase in Zostera net apparent productivity (NAP). Nereocystis NAP was increased 2.2 – 2.8 fold. In experiments involving seven enrichment treatments, NAP increased with increasing CO2 between ambient (1.0×) and 2.5× CO2 in both Zostera and Nereocystis. Nereocystis and Zostera NAP was lowest at highest (i.e., 5×) CO2 concentrations. In growth experiments, mean growth rate of Zostera increased with increasing CO2 during one of the two trials. I conclude that increasing CO2 in the surface waters of the coastal ocean would predictably result in increased NAP of these two species. These results supplement limited published data showing that shallow estuarine and marine systems are vulnerable to increased carbon dioxide.
Exhaled nitric oxide, systemic inflammation, and the spirometric response to inhaled fluticasone propionate in severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A prospective study

Background: A subset of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) may respond more favorably to inhaled corticosteroids (ICS), but no simple method is currently utilized to predict the presence or absence of ICS responses in patients with COPD.We evaluated the ability of exhaled nitric oxide (FENO) and serum inflammatory markers (C-reactive protein [CRP], interleukin-6 [IL-6], and interleukin-8 [IL-8]) to independently predict spirometric responses to ICS in patients with COPD.Methods: Among 60 ex-smokers with severe COPD (mean FEV1 1.07 L, 36% of predicted), we conducted a single-arm, open-label study. Participants spent four weeks free of any ICS, followed by four weeks of ICS use (fluticasone propionate 500 mcg twice daily). FENO, CRP, IL-6, IL-8, and pre-bronchodilator spirometry were measured immediately before and after the four weeks of ICS use.Results: Baseline FENO, CRP, IL-6, and IL-8 showed no correlations to FEV1 responses to ICS. ICS responders (increase in FEV1 ≥ 200 mL afte...
Synthesis of 21-diazoprogesterone-6,7-3H2

The preparation of 21-diazoprogesterone-6,7-3H2 is described. Progesterone was dehydrogenated with chloranil to give Δ6-dehydroprogesterone. Degradation of the pregnane side-chain with sodium hypobromite gave the corresponding carboxylic acid. Catalytic reduction with carrier-free tritium followed by treatment with oxalyl chloride and then diazomethane afforded 21-diazoprOgesterone-6,7-3H2 with a specific activity of 42 Ci/mmol.
Packaging of an oversize transducing genome by Salmonella phage P22

Abstract The DNA in specialized transducing particles of the Salmonella phage P22 was examined by electron microscopy. The transducing particles of P22Tc-10 (which transduce tetracycline-resistance) are shown to contain DNA molecules that are incomplete permuted fragments of an oversize genome, as predicted by the genetic results of Chan et al . (1972). The oversize transducing genome differs from the P22 wild-type genome by a large (mol. wt 2.5 × 10 6 ) insertion of foreign DNA. The insertion, as seen in heteroduplexes, has an unusual lariat-like structure, which suggests that the insertion contains a non-tandem reverse duplication. By comparing wild-type P22 with P22Tc-10 and deletion revertants of P22Tc-10, we show by direct physical means, that the amount of terminal repetition in P22 phage DNA is a direct function of the genome size, as predicted from the model for circular permutation and terminal repetition suggested by Streisinger et al . (1967).
Characterization of Florida red tide aerosol and the temporal profile of aerosol concentration

Red tide aerosols containing aerosolized brevetoxins are produced during the red tide bloom and transported by wind to coastal areas of Florida. This study reports the characterization of Florida red tide aerosols in human volunteer studies, in which an asthma cohort spent 1 h on Siesta Beach (Sarasota, Florida) during aerosolized red tide events and non-exposure periods. Aerosol concentrations, brevetoxin levels, and particle size distribution were measured. Hourly filter samples were taken and analyzed for brevetoxin and NaCl concentrations. In addition, the aerosol mass concentration was monitored in real time. The results indicated that during a non-exposure period in October 2004, no brevetoxin was detected in the water, resulting in non-detectable levels of brevetoxin in the aerosol. In March 2005, the time-averaged concentrations of brevetoxins in water samples were moderate, in the range of 5–10 μg/L, and the corresponding brevetoxin level of Florida red tide aerosol ranged between 21 and 39 ng/m3. The temporal profiles of red tide aerosol concentration in terms of mass, NaCl, and brevetoxin were in good agreement, indicating that NaCl and brevetoxins are components of the red tide aerosol. By continuously monitoring the marine aerosol and wind direction at Siesta Beach, we observed that the marine aerosol concentration varied as the wind direction changed. The temporal profile of the Florida red tide aerosol during a sampling period could be explained generally with the variation of wind direction.
Design and Plans for a Wide-Field Imaging Interferometry Testbed

Future scientific observatories for NASA will utilize interferometry to image astronomical sources. Interferometry is particularly needed in the far-infrared and sub-millimeter because the long wavelength drives large baselines in order to achieve reasonable spatial resolution. However, the requirement to cover a wide field of view with interferometry has not been demonstrated. Because of this, we have been funded by NASA to develop a testbed for demonstrating wide field imaging interferometry that will also allow us to evaluate the system issues associated with this type of observatory. This paper will describe the drivers for this testbed, the design of this testbed, and the actual tests and algorithms we plan to run and demonstrate.
SU-FF-T-250: Impact of Pulse Forming Network (PFN) and Injection Current (IC) Parameters On Output and Energy Variations of Helical TomoTherapy

Purpose: To quantity evaluate the impact of pulse forming network (PFN) and injection current (IC) parameters on the output and energy variations of a helical TomoTherapy (HT) unit. Method and Materials: Tomotherapy quality assurance (TQA™) platform, especially the step wedge phantom and step wedge static module, was used for the whole measurement. PFN and IC voltage values were coarsely sampled from 3.0 to 5.0 V in 0.2 V increments, and finely sampled ( 4.0 V PFN and 3.5 V IC ) in 0.02 V increments. Results: Five working zones were found for different combination of PFN and IC voltage values: low dose rate zone, normal dose rate zone, dose rate failure during treatment zone, high dose rate zone, inoperable dose rate zone. It was noted that a 1.0% increase in VIC yields an average 1.4% increase in the average dose rate. Additionally, a 0.02 V increase in VPFN yields an average 1.0% increase in the average dose rate. A 1.0% increase in the VIC value yielded an average 0.3% decrease in the energy ratio. Furthermore, changes in the energy ratio were more dependent on VIC than VPFN based on the fact that only a 0.5% variation in energy was noted when varying the VPFN from 4.00 to 4.10 V while a 2.0% change was noted when varying the VIC from 3.5 to 3.7 V. Conclusions: In this study, several working zones based on the VPFN and VIC parameter setting were found to exist for a HT unit. Inside the normal dose rate zone, the output and energy vary linearly with VIC and VPFN parameter values. The results of this study may provide a quick guide for physicists to adjust their HT unit VPFN and VIC values in order to reset the radiation beam output and energy back to within the tolerance of the commissioned baseline.
Quantitative determination of globotriaosylceramide by immunodetection of glycolipid-bound recombinant verotoxin B subunit.

An assay for the neutral glycosphingolipid, globotriaosylceramide (Galalpha1-4Galbeta1-4Glcbeta1-1Cer; GL-3), was developed based on the B subunit of Escherichia coli verotoxin (VTB). The VTB gene was isolated, overexpressed in E. coli, and purified by a single immunoaffinity chromatographic step using a monoclonal anti-VTB IgG-agarose column. Purified recombinant VTB was used to develop an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to determine the GL-3 concentrations in plasma and tissue extracts from normal individuals and patients and mice with alpha-galactosidase A deficiency (human Fabry disease). The mean (+/-1 SD) plasma GL-3 concentrations in affected male and female heterozygotes with Fabry disease were 12.6 +/- 3.7 and 1.1 +/- 0.7 microg/ml, respectively, whereas normal individuals had 0.9 +/- 0.4 microg/ml. In 5- to 6-month-old mice with alpha-galactosidase A deficiency, the average GL-3 concentrations in spleen, kidney, liver, heart, and plasma were 2790 +/- 400, 1100 +/- 93, 378 +/- 67, and 196 +/- 28 ng/mg wet wt and 5. 1 +/- 2.0 microg/ml, respectively, whereas tissues from wild-type mice contained very low or undetectable GL-3 levels. This ELISA assay should prove useful for determining the GL-3 levels, as well as for monitoring the effectiveness of therapeutic endeavors in patients with Fabry disease.
Hyperbranched Poly(2,5-silylthiophenes). The Possibility of σ−π Conjugation in Three Dimensions

New hyperbranched organosilicon polymers have been prepared from 2-bromo-5-(trimethoxysilyl)thiophene. The intermediate alkoxy-substituted hyperbranched polymer is functionalized with Grignard reagents in situ, leading to the isolation of a series of air- and moisture-stable polymers. The polymers contain alternating silylene and thiophene groups along the branches and thus afford the possibility of σ−π conjugation in three dimensions. Investigations into the effects of this dimensionality utilize UV−visible spectroscopy.
Chemotaxis toward carbohydrates and peptides by mixed ruminal protozoa when fed, fasted, or incubated with polyunsaturated fatty acids.

Abstract In contrast to the well-characterized chemotaxis and migratory behavior between the dorsal and ventral locations of the rumen by isotrichids, we hypothesized that chemotaxis toward soluble nutrients maintains entodiniomorphid protozoa in the particulate fraction. The objectives of these experiments were to compare the dose-responsive chemotaxis (1) toward different glucose concentrations when ruminal samples were harvested from fed versus fasted cows; (2) toward increasing concentrations of glucose compared with xylose when protozoa were harvested from a fed cow; (3) toward peptides of bacterial, protozoal, and soy origin; and (4) toward glucose when mixed ruminal protozoa were previously incubated for 0, 3, or 6 h in the presence of emulsified polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA; Liposyn II, Hospira, Lake Forest, IL). In experiment 1, isotrichid protozoa decreased chemotaxis toward increasing glucose concentration when cows were fasted. Entodiniomorphids exhibited chemotaxis to similar concentrations of glucose as did isotrichids, but to a lesser magnitude of response. In experiment 2, xylose was chemotactic to both groups. Xylose might draw fibrolytic entodiniomorphid protozoa toward newly ingested feed. In contrast, even though isotrichids should not use xylose as an energy source, they were highly chemoattracted to xylose. In experiment 3, entodiniomorphids were not selectively chemoattracted toward bacterial or protozoal peptides compared with soy peptides. In experiment 4, despite isotrichid populations decreasing in abundance with increasing time of incubation in PUFA, chemotaxis to glucose remained unchanged. In contrast, entodiniomorphids recovered chemotaxis to glucose with increased time of PUFA incubation. Current results support isotrichid chemotaxis to sugars but also our hypothesis that a more moderate chemotaxis toward glucose and peptides explains how they swim in the fluid but pass from the rumen with the potentially digestible fraction of particulates.
Nicotinamide therapy protects against both necrosis and apoptosis in a stroke model.

Background and purpose: Nicotinamide protects against brain damage in ischemia–reperfusion. However, the dosage and time of treatment require clarification. It is also not clear if nicotinamide can protect against both necrosis and apoptosis. Methods: Dose–response and time–effect studies were designed. Transient focal cerebral ischemia was induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) for 90 min. Different doses of nicotinamide were injected upon reperfusion. In time–effect studies, 500 mg/kg nicotinamide was administered at different times after the onset of reperfusion. Neurological finding scores were recorded. Infarct volumes were measured. Results: In contrast to controls, neurological deficit scores and infarct volumes were greatly reduced by treatment with nicotinamide. The ED50 of nicotinamide was 239±79 mg/kg (P=.95). It was found that nicotinamide injected during the first 6 h of reperfusion could effectively inhibit the development of brain damage. The optimal dose of nicotinamide was 500 mg/kg and gave a maximal response. Conclusions: Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) plays a key role in DNA repair in stroke. Excessive PARP activity consumes NAD leading to energy depletion and neuronal damage. As an inhibitor of PARP, nicotinamide promotes the supply of energy. The results suggest that early application of nicotinamide at a suitable dosage significantly ameliorates necrotic and apoptotic brain injury after focal ischemia–reperfusion.
A DIURNAL RHYTHM IN THE RATE OF LIGHT‐INDUCED ELECTRON FLOW IN MAIZE BUNDLE SHEATH STRIPS

— A technique for the rapid mechanical isolation of bundle sheath strips from Zea mays was used to study the rate of light-induced electron flow as a function of time of day. Seedlings were raised for 10 days in light/dark cycles and then exposed to various intensities of light. The rate of light-induced electron flow was measured five times during the 24-h cycle using a whole cell, H2O to methyl viologen assay in the presence of gramicidin. The uncoupled rate of electron flow reached a maximum at midday and then decreased for the remainder of the cycle. If at the end of the 14-h dark period plants were either maintained in darkness, or exposed to very low irradiance white light. then no rhythmicity was observed. If continuous light at higher irradiance was used, then only one additional peak of activity was observed. The minimal light irradiance necessary to allow the continued expression of the rhythm in light/dark cycles is in the range between 11 to 54 W m-2. A 15-min bright-light (54 W m-2) pulse administered at dawn is not sufficient to stimulate the expression of the rhythm indicating that the light during the light/dark cycle is doing more than just acting as a “light-on” synchronizing signal. An imposed dark period is also necessary if the rhythm is to be expressed for more than one cycle.
Sleep onset REM periods in schizophrenic patients.

Sleep EEG studies in depression have consis- tently shown shortened rapid-eye-movement (REM) iatem;y in m~y patients (Kupfer et al 1986), with a smaller subset expe~encing sleep- onset REM (SOREM), defined as the onset of REM within 10-20 rain of the onset of sleep. In depression, SOREMs have been associated with greater illness severity (Reynolds et al 1985; Coble et al 1981), psychotic symptoms (Coble et al 1981; Kupfer et al 1986; Thase et al 1986), and older age (Schultz et al 1979; Ansseau et al 1984; Reynolds et al 1985; Kupfer et al 1986; Kumar et al 1987). Re- search to date cannot yet determine whether SOR~t'~ts represent an extension of the same process or pr~-.esses that cause shorteninE of REM latency or result from a different pro- cess. Kupfer and Ehlers (1989) have sug- gested that SOREMs may indicate shortening of REM latency because of increased REM "pressure," as opposed to deficient slow-wave sleep, wl-dch coulo also shorten REM latency. Examination of this process in schizophrenic patients may be useful, becau:e some schizo- phrenic patients, like depressed patients, ex- hibit shortened REM latencies, including SO-
Sucrose Decreases Infant Biobehavioral Pain Response to Immunizations: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Purpose: To evaluate the effectiveness and age-related changes in analgesia of oral sucrose as a preprocedural intervention during routine immunizations in infants at 2 and 4 months of age. Design: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial of 40 healthy term infants scheduled to receive routine immunizations from a pediatric ambulatory care clinic during May 2005 to July 2005. Methods: Infants received 24% oral sucrose solution or the control solution of sterile water 2 minutes before routine immunizations at both their 2- and 4-month, well-child visits. The University of Wisconsin Children's Hospital pain scale was used to measure serial acute behavioral pain responses at baseline, 2, and 5 minutes after administration of the solution. Repeated measures ANOVA was used to examine between-group differences and within-subject variability of the effects of treatment on overall behavioral pain scores. Findings: Infants receiving oral sucrose (n=20) showed a significant reduction in behavioral pain response 5 minutes after administration compared to those in the placebo group (n=20). At 2 minutes following solution administration, both sucrose and sterile water showed the highest mean pain score (4.54 and 4.39 respectively) indicating a severe amount of pain. At 5 minutes, the sucrose group returned to near normal at 0.27 while the placebo group remained at 3.02 indicating a percentage difference in mean pain scores relative to sterile water pain scores of 90.9. No statistically significant age-related change in behavioral pain response was noted between 2- and 4-month-old infants at 2 minutes and 5 minutes following treatment administration. Conclusion: Sucrose is an effective preprocedural intervention for decreasing behavioral pain response in infants after immunizations. Clinical Relevance: Efforts to decrease the pain associated with immunizations can promote parental adherence to recommended immunizations schedules, prevent a resurgence of vaccine-preventable diseases and mitigate adverse neurologic outcomes in infants.
When biased advice is a good thing: Information and foreign policy decision making

The conventional wisdom holds that good advisors are unbiased and neutral. Calvert's (1985) rational choice model of political advice challenges this view. Following Calvert, I argue that biased sources of information are useful to decision makers because an unexpected recommendation from a biased advisor alerts a decision maker to the deleterious consequences of a policy proposal, providing ex ante information that a neutral advisor cannot. Such advice is particularly salient to political leaders who are held accountable for foreign policy mistakes. In this paper, I apply a model of political advice, assess its implications for foreign policy decision making, and analyze three historical examples of foreign policy decision making that illustrate the impact of biased advice.
Absorbance Spectra of Inter‐Species Hemoglobins in the Visible and Near Infrared Regions

Summary This study was initiated to determine if the absorbance spectra of hemoglobins from nonhuman species were sufficiently different from those of human hemoglobin to affect the applicability of pulse oximetry to common domestic species. Hemoglobin was isolated from the blood of humans, dogs, cats, horses, cows, and pigs. The millimolar extinction coefficients for oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin samples were determined over the wavelength range of 600 to 1000 nm. Minor differences in the absorbance of both oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin were found between human hemoglobin and that of the dog, cat, horse, cow, and pig. However, correction for the presence of methemoglobin, the effects of light scattering by impurities in the solution, and technical error rendered these differences statistically insignificant. The results of this study suggest that the spectral properties of canine, feline, equine, bovine, and porcine hemoglobin do not differ significantly from that of human hemoglobin and should not be a limiting factor in the application of pulse oximeters that are based on human algorithms to animal species.
Tyrosine kinase inhibitors and the thyroid as both an unintended and an intended target.

Objective: To review the association of the tyrosine kinase inhibitor sunitinib with hypothyroidism as well as the mean time to onset, possible mechanisms, reversibility, and mean duration.Methods:...