cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bitter Water Diné Oral Histories of the Navajo-Hopi Land Dispute

Malcolm Benally, a Dine tribal member, utilized documentary footage and interviews conducted with producer/photographer Mary Fish to create Bitter Water, a unique collection of indigenous approache...
Mixed results with modulation of TH-17 cells in human autoimmune diseases

The outcomes of clinical trials provide the most convincing data to clarify the role of particular cytokines in the pathogenesis of human diseases. The immunology community, for a variety of practical reasons, spends most of its research time and funds on studies in model systems, mainly mice. In this perspective I discuss results of clinical trials assessing the effect of blocking the differentiation and/or function of interleukin-17-producing CD4(+) T cells on human autoimmune disease, and devote more limited attention to corroborating preclinical studies from animal models. Thus far, these outcomes in human trials have been mixed, with notable success in psoriasis and Crohn's disease but a negative result in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis.
Simultaneous Disturbance of Conjugate Ionospheric Regions in Association With Individual Lightning Flashes

Characteristic whistler-associated amplitude perturbations of subionospheric VLF or LF signals (“Trimpi events”) observed within one second of each other at Palmer Station, Antarctica and at Arecibo, Puerto Rico suggest that ionospheric regions in both northern and southern hemispheres are disturbed together in association with individual lightning flashes. During a one hour period on March 21, 1989, the onsets of 44 out of 47 perturbations measured on a 21.4 kHz signal from Maryland to Arecibo occurred within l s of perturbation onsets measured on a 23.4 kHz signal from Hawaii to Palmer Station. Similar activity occurred before and after this period, and on the preceding and following days. The observations are consistent with the disturbance of geomagnetically conjugate ionospheric regions by multiple bounces between hemispheres of bursts of radiation belt electrons, scattered in pitch angle by whistlers in the magnetosphere. Analysis of patterns of perturbations with corresponding whistler and lightning information from this period suggests that there were at least two distinct ionospheric disturbances in each hemisphere.
Pulsus Paradoxus: A Definition Revisited

Pulsus paradoxus is associated with many clinical conditions and is defined as a greater than 10 mm Hg end-inspiratory decrease in systolic blood pressure. Kussmaul's original definition of pulsus paradoxus is presented, along with an explanation of his choice of the term "pulsus paradoxus." A case of pulsus paradoxus is graphically described using simultaneous two-dimensional targeted M-mode, Doppler echocardiographic, and high-fidelity pressure recordings.
The Functions of Racial Conflict

(1990). The Functions of Racial Conflict. European Journal of Intercultural studies: Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 7-20.
Abstract 504: Identification of RSK2 as a novel regulator of the ER stress-activated autophagy in cancer cells

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an organelle that plays an essential role in protein folding and post-translational modification, but is often stressed by various physiological and pathological stimuli. To recover normal ER function, an evolutionarily conserved response, termed unfolded protein response (UPR), is triggered. Recently, it has been reported that autophagy, a cellular self-degradative process, is also activated in response to ER stress for removal of the unfolded proteins that cannot be eliminated via the ubiquitin/proteasome system. Although the importance of autophagy in mitigating ER stress has been increasingly appreciated, the molecular mechanisms and pathways by which ER stress induces autophagy remain incompletely understood. Here, we report that p90 ribosomal S6 kinase 2 (RSK2), a serine/threonine protein kinase implicated in control of cell growth and differentiation, plays a critical role in regulating the ER stress-induced autophagy. In the human breast cancer cell lines, MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231, we observed a concomitant activation of autophagy and RSK2 following treatment with the ER stressors, tunicamycin and thapsigargin. Notably, silencing of RSK2 expression blunted the autophagic response in the ER stressed cells. To explore the pathway linking RSK2 activation and ER stress, we determined the role of IRE1α, an ER membrane-associated protein that mediates UPR and alleviates ER stress. We demonstrated in the ER stressed cells that silencing of IRE1α expression blocked the phosphorylation of RSK2, and that partial inhibition of UPR by suppressing eIF2α led to increases in the protein levels of IRE1α and phospho-RSK2, suggesting that IRE1α is required for activation of RSK2 under ER stress. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), an energy sensor that regulates cellular metabolism and a positive regulator of autophagy, appeared to play a role in the RSK2-activated autophagy, as silencing of RSK2 expression caused a reduction in the level of phospho-AMPK. Furthermore, suppression of the ER stress-activated autophagy via silencing of RSK2 expression aggravated ER stress and promoted apoptotic cell death in the cancer cells. This study identified RSK2 as a critical regulator of autophagy under ER stress, and demonstrated the involvement of the IRE1α-RSK2-AMPK pathway in this process. As ER stress is highly induced in a variety of cancers and is closely associated with oncogenesis, cancer cell survival, and resistance to anti-cancer therapies, the revelation of the role of RSK2 in ER stress-induced autophagy provides an additional rationale for targeting RSK2 as a potential therapeutic strategy in cancer treatment. Citation Format: Yan Cheng, Xingcong Ren, Li Zhang, Jin-ming Yang. Identification of RSK2 as a novel regulator of the ER stress-activated autophagy in cancer cells. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 504. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-504
Consolidated bioprocessing of untreated switchgrass to hydrogen by the extreme thermophile Caldicellulosiruptor saccharolyticus DSM 8903

Abstract The abilities of the extreme thermophilic bacterium Caldicellulosiruptor saccharolyticus DSM 8903 to ferment switchgrass (SWG), microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) and glucose to hydrogen (H 2 ) in one-step were examined. Hydrogen production from glucose reached the theoretical maximum for dark fermentation of 4 mol H 2 /mol glucose. The H 2 yield on MCC and SWG after 6 days of fermentation was 23.2 mmol H 2 /L or 9.4 mmol H 2 /g MCC and 14.3 mmol H 2 /L or 11.2 mmol H 2 /g SWG, respectively. The rate of H 2 formation however was higher on MCC (0.7 mmol/L h) than SWG (0.1 mmol/L h). C. saccharolyticus DSM 8903 was able to produce H 2 directly from mechanically-comminuted SWG without any physicochemical or biological pretreatment. Combining four processing steps (pretreatment, enzyme production, saccharification and fermentation) into a single biorefinery operation makes C. saccharolyticus DSM 8903 a promising candidate for consolidated bioprocessing (CBP) of lignocellulosic biomass.
Differences in the fatty acid composition of soybean seed produced in northern and southern areas of the U.S.A.

Abstract The fatty acid composition of soybean (Glycine max) seeds was sensitive to the influence of both genotype and environment. To quantify their relative environmental sensitivities, four soybean cultivars, Wells, Wayne, Cutler and Union, plus two experimental lines, 9656 and 9686, developed for lower concentrations of linolenate, were grown in Indiana (northern area) and Mississippi (southern area) in 1981. Seeds produced in the two environments were analysed for total oil content and for fatty acid composition. Seeds produced in the southern area were slightly higher (20% vs 16%) in oil content, but weighed significantly less than those produced in the north. The oil content per seed of seeds produced in the south was only 51% of the oil content of seeds produced in the north. Seeds produced in the south were significantly lower in both myristate and linolenate, but significantly higher in oleate than seeds produced in the north. Genotype by environment interactions for many oil quality measurements were largely attributable to the responses of the lines 9656 and 9686. These results indicate that higher environmental temperature reduced the linolenate concentration of soybean oil.
Diffusion-Controlled Adsorption at the Liquid-Air Interface: The Long-Time Limit.

The applicability of the Hansen and Joos long-time limits for the dynamic surface tension of solutions is investigated by regressing diffusion coefficients from numerical solutions to the Ward and Tordai equation. The Hansen limit is found to correctly describe the dynamic surface tension evolutions at long times. However, both the surfactant concentration and the adsorption time affect the accuracy of the long-time limit. The study also indicates that, because the reduction in surface tension (at long times) may be smaller than can be measured by current tensiometry methods, the application of the Hansen limit to long-time data may not always be feasible.
Paleoenvironmental evidence for latest Pleistocene sea-level fluctuations on the New Jersey outer continental shelf: Combining high-resolution sequence stratigraphy and foraminiferal analysis

Foraminiferal assemblages in vibracored sediments within ∼5 m of the seafloor document high-resolution sea-level fluctuations and confirm the complex Quaternary depositional history of the New Jersey margin. Biostratigraphic data have been integrated with ongoing 2-D/3-D high-resolution seismic analyses to interpret paleoenvironments of surficial stratigraphy beneath the modern middle-to-outer shelf. Cluster analysis of foraminiferal assemblages sampled every 20 cm (average) define four sample groups (A–D) dominated by benthic species. Group A, characterized by Cibicides lobatulus, is a middle-to-outer-shelf assemblage (∼60–100 m water depths). Group B is composed of middle-shelf species (∼30–60 m water depths) and is characterized by low abundances and a fairly uniform distribution of foraminifera, which suggests reworking and/or a high rate of sediment accumulation. Group C, dominated by Elphidium excavatum, is an inner-to-middle-shelf assemblage (∼10–40 m water depths). Group D, present in only one core and dominated by Ammonia beccarii, represents marginal marine environments (∼0–10 m water depths, with fluctuations in salinity). In general, the modern sedimentary veneer (i.e., the upper ∼20 cm) is characterized by the deeper-water fauna of group A. Sediments below these modern deposits are characterized by groups B and C, reflecting shallower water depths and variable sediment-accumulation rates on the inner and middle shelf. Taken together, the group succession in the cores suggests an overall SE-to-NW (landward) transgression in these latest Pleistocene–Holocene deposits. Seismic analysis indicates that one core (27) penetrates the flank of a buried channel, including its fill and the pre-channel section. Within the channel, three alternations of groups C and D suggest fluctuations between marginal-marine and middle-shelf paleoenvironments; high-frequency, perhaps very small (<10 m?) changes in base level are indicated. Using previously published AMS 14C dates, these fluctuations can be constrained as having occurred between 45,000 yr B.P. (channel incision) and 12,500 yr B.P. (channel filling), suggesting the non-uniform nature of the last Wisconsinan deglaciation.
High-performance displacement chromatography of melanotropins and their derivatives

Abstract Mixtures containing derivatives of the biological active peptide ∢-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH) or β-melanocyte stimulating hormone (β-MSH) were purified by using reversed-phase chromatography in the displacement mode. On a 250 × 4.6 mm octadecyl silica column and with instrumentation used in analytical high-performance liquid chromatography about 30 mg of the peptide mixture were separated by using an aqueous solution of benzyldimethyldodecylamonium bromide as the displacer in a single chromatographic run. The results demonstrate the advantages of displacement over elution in preparative chromatography of peptides on the scale of tens of miligrams that is typical for physiological tissue extracts and in solid-phase peptide synthesis.
Nitrogen sparing effect of carbohydrate investigated by feeding of C14 labeled glucose.

1. Experiment with hepatectomized rats show that after single feeding with C14 labeled glucose and ammonium phosphate the regenerated liver protein contains labeled carbon.
δ expansion for the superpotential

Abstract We use the δ expansion to solve the Riccati equation for the superpotential W(x) involved in factorization of the Hamiltonian for the anharmonic oscillator with V(x)=λx2+2δ. We solve for the superpotential as a power series in δ. We find that potentials of the form x2n are well approximated by Pade approximants to the first few terms in the δ expansion. By considering the hierarchy of isospectral potentials related to the original potential by supersymmetry and factorization we show how to construct approximate wave functions and energy eigenvalues of the ground state and all the excited states. Thus the δ expansion allows for an approxomate algebraic solution of the anharmonic oscillator problem.
Surgical Gem: Simplified Surgery with Surgical Punches

Expedient and simple surgery with excellent cosmetic results can be accomplished by use of Robbins punches. Techniques for excision of very small basal cell carcinomas from the nose, with and without grafting, and rapid excision of multiple lesions such as dysplastic nevi are outlined.
'Omics' Approaches to Understanding Interstitial Cystitis/Painful Bladder Syndrome/Bladder Pain Syndrome

Recent efforts in the generation of large genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics and other types of 'omics' data sets have provided an unprecedentedly detailed view of certain diseases, however to date most of this literature has been focused on malignancy and other lethal pathological conditions. Very little intensive work on global profiles has been performed to understand the molecular mechanism of interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome/bladder pain syndrome (IC/PBS/BPS), a chronic lower urinary tract disorder characterized by pelvic pain, urinary urgency and frequency, which can lead to long lasting adverse effects on quality of life. A lack of understanding of molecular mechanism has been a challenge and dilemma for diagnosis and treatment, and has also led to a delay in basic and translational research focused on biomarker and drug discovery, clinical therapy, and preventive strategies against IC/PBS/BPS. This review describes the current state of 'omics' studies and available data sets relevant to IC/PBS/BPS, and presents opportunities for new research directed at understanding the pathogenesis of this complex condition.
Computer facilities for the laboratory

Digital computers have become indispensible aids for many laboratory disciplines, allowing the performance of experiments which would be infeasible without the aid of a computer. Until recently, these computations have usually been carried out off-line, i.e., experimental data has been acquired in real time and subsequently processed on a large central computer. Small, relatively inexpensive digital computers first entered the laboratory as a substantial aid in real-time acquisition of data and control of experiments. Such computers, however, suffer severe limitations with regard to ultimate processing of the data. Hence the data processing must still generally be done on a large computer. To realize the full potential of computer-instrument interaction, one should use the computer to: acquire data while performing requisite control of an experiment; calibrate, reduce, and compare the data with files of known physical parameteorsr theoretical calculations; and finally, produce desired reports and documentations of the experiment. In order to obtain results soon enough to effect the next experiment, i.e., in minutes, or at most, tens of minutes, all of the foregoing steps should preferably be carried out in single computer. Fulfilling all of these needs requires a computer too large and expensive to be dedicated to most single experiments. Therefore, a computer shared among several instruments is required. A computer system which simulates the independence of small dedicated computers, but which is also capable of performing medium- to large-scale computations when they are required, is most desirable. Of course, many of these statements are controversial, and in order to investigate the validity of this approach an experimental computer system has been designed and implemented specifically for automation of multiple laboratory instruments in a timeshared mode. Experience gained from the simultaneous operation of a mass spectrometer, a nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer, and two gas chromatographs is presented. The application programs and some proposed augmentation of these programs are also discussed.
Different Strokes for Different Folks: Visual Presentation Design between Disciplines

We present an ethnographic study of design differences in visual presentations between academic disciplines. Characterizing design conventions between users and data domains is an important step in developing hypotheses, tools, and design guidelines for information visualization. In this paper, disciplines are compared at a coarse scale between four groups of fields: social, natural, and formal sciences; and the humanities. Two commonplace presentation types were analyzed: electronic slideshows and whiteboard “chalk talks”. We found design differences in slideshows using two methods - coding and comparing manually-selected features, like charts and diagrams, and an image-based analysis using PCA called eigenslides. In whiteboard talks with controlled topics, we observed design behaviors, including using representations and formalisms from a participant's own discipline, that suggest authors might benefit from novel assistive tools for designing presentations. Based on these findings, we discuss opportunities for visualization ethnography and human-centered authoring tools for visual information.
siRNA Knockdown of Ribonucleotide Reductase Inhibits Melanoma Cell Line Proliferation Alone or Synergistically with Temozolomide

Systemically delivered small interfering RNA (siRNA) therapies for cancer have begun clinical development. The effects of siRNA-mediated knockdown of ribonucleotide reductase subunit-2 (RRM2), a rate-limiting enzyme in cell replication, were investigated in malignant melanoma, a cancer with a paucity of effective treatment options. A panel of human melanoma cell lines was transfected with siRNA to induce the knockdown of RRM2. Sequence-specific, siRNA-mediated inhibition of RRM2 effectively blocked cell proliferation and induced G1/S-phase cell cycle arrest. This effect was independent of the activating oncogenic mutations in the tested cell lines. Synergistic inhibition of melanoma cell proliferation was achieved using the combination of siRNA targeting RRM2 and temozolomide, an analog of the current standard of care for melanoma chemotherapy. In conclusion, siRNA-mediated RRM2 knockdown significantly inhibits proliferation of melanoma cell lines with different oncogenic mutations with synergistic enhancement in combination with temozolomide.
Dissociation of androgen-induced enzyme synthesis and amino acid incorporation in mouse kidney by actinomycin D☆

Abstract Actinomycin D, 200 μgmKg/da, when given to mice, completely inhibits the increase in β-glucuronidase or D-amino acid oxidase concentrations in the kidneys which normally follows the injection of testosterone propionate. In contrast, the androgen-dependent increase in the rate of amino acid incorporation into kidney protein in vitro , is not significantly affected. Inhibition of β-glucuronidase synthesis by actinomycin D occurs only if administration of the drug is begun before the first androgen injection. If testosterone propionate is given first, even prolonged administration of actinomycin D is ineffective.
Analysis of participation in an innovative psychiatric rehabilitation intervention: Supported education

Abstract Low levels of program participation characterize many mental health interventions. Non-participation is a problem, particularly as it usually reflects systematic rather than random variation. However, evaluators have very limited knowledge of participant or program characteristics that relate to attendance. Few studies collect or analyze data relevant to this issue, and findings that have been reported are inconsistent. The purpose of this article is to examine participation rates, self-reported barriers to attendance, and covariates of participation in a psychosocial rehabilitation program for adults with mental illness, the Michigan Supported Education Program (MSEP). Each of the 397 individuals who enrolled in this program over the 3-year research/demonstration period was asked open-ended as well as closed-response questions about barriers to attending MSEP. Interviews also obtained information about possible covariates of participation — demographic and clinical characteristics, social context, and community adjustment. Actual levels of MSEP participation were derived from detailed attendance and contact records. Focus groups were conducted with selected enrollees who had limited or no participation in the program. Interview data indicated there were multiple barriers to participation, reflecting both individual characteristics and social context. Barriers changed over time as the program matured and, in general, bore a curvilinear relationship to attendance. Analysis of covariates of attendance showed that predictors of “any attendance” were different and sometimes converse to those for “regular attendance”. While identifying some themes similar to the interview results, focus groups illuminated the multiple, complex, and interacting nature of the barriers experienced in MSEP. We discuss the importance of examining participation rates and the desirability of using information from diverse sources and multiple measures to understand the reasons for and nature of non-participation.
SECRETORY PROTEINS AND GROWTH FACTORS OF THE BABOON (PAPIO ANUBIS) UTERUS : POTENTIAL ROLES IN PREGNANCY

The primate endometrium undergoes distinct morphological changes during the menstrual cycle. These alterations are regulated by the steroid hormones, estrogen and progesterone. Several lines of evidence suggest that some of these hormonally induced changes may be modulated by growth factors. Our studies have focused on characterizing the secretory activity of the uterine endometrium associated with these hormonally regulated morphological changes during the menstrual cycle and pregnancy in the baboon. Additionally, we have also attempted to study the regulation of specific growth factors and their receptors. In this review we present evidence to indicate that growth factor receptors for insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and epidermal growth factor (EGF), and secretory proteins, insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1 (IGFBP-1) and retinol binding protein (RBP), which are present in the glandular epithelium during the menstrual cycle, undergo cell-specific changes in gene expression at the implantation site during pregnancy. We postulate that these alterations in growth factor receptor and secretory protein expression are conceptus modulated and may play important regulatory roles during trophoblast invasion and decidualization.
A NOTE ON LONG-TERM CONTRACTS

Abstract The purpose of this paper is three-fold: (i) to interpret Townsend's (1982) long-term contract model as a labor contract model where a value of job matching for a worker is a private information, (ii) to contrast Townsend's long-term contract model with Holmstrom's (1983) long-term contract model in a common framework, and (iii) to explore the effect of workers' mobility on the contract configuration of the two models. Both Holmstrom and Townsend construct models in which a single-period contract is not viable, but a long-term contract is. However, reasons for this characteristic in the two models are quite different. This paper proposes a simple framework of labor contracts with illustrates the essential difference of the two models, and the role of mobility costs. Mobility costs in the two types of long-term contracts are shown to be beneficial for both workers and the firm. Results of comparative statics show how contract configurations in two models are influenced by changes in mobility costs.
Skills-Building Assessment of Service-Focused Wellness Assistantships

ABSTRACT Assessment of graduate student competencies is important, and benefits are realized at the student, department, institution, and community levels. The institution has a method of assessing the achievement of identified skills; the gerontology department or division has prepared workers to promote to potential employers and to potential recruits to the program; and the business community has workers seasoned in teamwork and exposed to critical assessment processes. Ball State University's Fisher Institute for Wellness and Gerontology in Muncie, Indiana, has developed a multifaceted graduate student skills-assessment process. It is focused on practical application of skills and delivery of wellness programs learned through service to aging adults in the community. The five-pronged assessment process includes the following components: self-assessment at the beginning, middle, and end of the assistantship; peer assessment; partner assessment; supervisor observation; and portfolio development. The 12 ...
On finite-time and infinite-time cost improvement of economic model predictive control for nonlinear systems

A novel two-layer economic model predictive control (EMPC) structure that addresses provable finite-time and infinite-time closed-loop economic performance of nonlinear systems in closed-loop with EMPC is presented. In the upper layer, a Lyapunov-based EMPC (LEMPC) scheme is formulated with performance constraints by taking advantage of an auxiliary Lyapunov-based model predictive control (LMPC) problem solution formulated with a quadratic cost function. The lower layer LEMPC uses a shorter prediction horizon and smaller sampling period than the upper layer LEMPC and involves explicit performance-based constraints computed by the upper layer LEMPC. Thus, the two-layer architecture allows for dividing dynamic optimization and control tasks into two layers for a computationally manageable control scheme at the feedback control (lower) layer. A chemical process example is used to demonstrate the performance and stability properties of the two-layer LEMPC structure.
Applications of mixture laws for predicting the compositions of tissue phantoms

This paper generalizes the mixture law methodology for ultrasonic tissue characterization by combining mixture laws used by Apfel and Seghal et al. in producing nine different combinations. After applying these combinations of mixture laws to 10 tissue phantoms, it is shown that three of the combinations consistently give better predictions of the composition of the phantoms than others. The results verify directly that the phase shift parameter law is probably not a good choice in predicting tissue composition. The potential uses of the mixture methodology are discussed.
Electronic structure of CsFe 2 Sb 2 and its alloy with cobalt: A magnetic compound related to the iron superconductors

Properties of ${\text{ThCr}}_{2}{\text{Si}}_{2}$-structure ${\text{CsFe}}_{2}{\text{Sb}}_{2}$ and its alloy with Co are investigated using first principles calculations. ${\text{CsFe}}_{2}{\text{Sb}}_{2}$ is an antiferromagnetic metal at the density functional level. The electronic structure is closely related to the Fe-based superconductors. Results are discussed in relation to the Fe-based superconductors.
Seroconversion Risk Perception Among Jail Populations: A Call for Gender-Specific HIV Prevention Programming

The prevalence of HIV/AIDS infection among prisoners is 3 to 4 times higher than in the U.S. population. Given that one in seven HIV-positive Americans pass through a correctional facility every ye...
Image simulation using Monte Carlo methods: Electron beam and detector characteristics

The rapid increase of computer speed allows using Monte Carlo simulation procedures for the analysis of complicated structures not only in a line scan mode but also in a three-dimensional approach similar to the scanning procedure in a scanning electron microscope. Simulation of image formation is a vital link in performing image analysis to obtain precise measurements, to provide the necessary connection between image parameters and structural dimensions, and to reflect important microscope beam and detector parameters. Monte Carlo simulation based on a single-scattering procedure was used for backscattered electron image simulation of three-dimensional multilayer and multielement structures. The procedure takes into account the effect of a solid state detector's electrical and angular characteristics and the effect of the electron beam dimensions on the image quality and artifacts.
Surface activity of hemoglobin S and other human hemoglobin variants.

Abstract The kinetics of surface pressure change ( Δπ vs. t isotherms) were determined for several single point mutations of the human hemoglobin system. It was observed that hemoglobin S and hemoglobin C Harlem (both containing β6 Glu a Val substitutions) have a specific behavior at the water-air interface: their extent of surface pressure change is larger than for hemoglobin A, hemoglobin C and hemoglobin Korle Bu ( β73 Asp a Asn ). In addition, hemoglobin S seems to occupy a larger area per molecule than hemoglobin A. The conformational requirements for this property, in addition to the β6 Val substitution, appear to be the liganded state of the β s chain in the tetramer. Electrostatic, hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions are involved in determining the surface activity of a hemoglobin molecule. The differences between the surface activity of oxyhemoglobin S and oxyhemoglobin A could be the basis for their differences in mechanical precipitability, although other factors may play a role.
Inelastic molecule-corrugated surface scattering using the close-coupling wave-packet method

Abstract A computer program for calculating transition probabilities for rotationally and translationally inelastic scattering of homonuclear diatomic molecules from static, corrugated surfaces is described. The program uses an exact quantum-mechanical method which combines a close-coupling expansion of the internal states with a time-dependent wave-packet description of the center-of-mass motion. The wave function is propagated in time using an expansion of the time-evolution operator in a series of Chebyshev polynomials.
A priori bounds for reaction-diffusion systems arising in chemical and biological dynamics

The authors investigate reaction-diffusion equations which arise in chemical and biological dynamics. It is shown that several common systems share a useful property, a structure on the non-linearity which arises from conservation of mass or population. This conservation property is used to demonstrate a priori bounds for the parabolic problems and the associated elliptic problem. The types of systems included in the analysis are the Gray-Scott system, SIR model, and the Selkov model of glycolysis.
Progressive pulmonary vascular disease after surgical correction (Mustard procedure) of transposition of great arteries with intact ventricular septum

Severe pulmonary vascular disease developed 1 year after a Mustard operation in a 2 1/3 year old boy with transposition of the great arteries and intact ventricular septum. The possible etiologic factors responsible for the development of pulmonary vascular disease are discussed, and it is suggested that this disturbing late postoperative complication may occur more frequently than is recognized.
The Reactivity, Distribution and Abundance of Non-Astrocytic Inner Retinal Glial (NIRG) Cells Are Regulated by Microglia, Acute Damage, and IGF1

Recent studies have described a novel type of glial cell that is scattered across the inner layers of the avian retina and possibly the retinas of primates. These cells have been termed Non-astrocytic Inner Retinal Glial (NIRG) cells. These cells are stimulated by insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) to proliferate, migrate distally into the retina, and become reactive. These changes in glial activity correlate with increased susceptibility of retinal neurons and Muller glia to excitotoxic damage. The purpose of this study was to further study the NIRG cells in retinas treated with IGF1 or acute damage. In response to IGF1, the reactivity, proliferation and migration of NIRG cells persists through 3 days after treatment. At 7 days after treatment, the numbers and distribution of NIRG cells returns to normal, suggesting that homeostatic mechanisms are in place within the retina to maintain the numbers and distribution of these glial cells. By comparison, IGF1-induced microglial reactivity persists for at least 7 days after treatment. In damaged retinas, we find a transient accumulation of NIRG cells, which parallels the accumulation of reactive microglia, suggesting that the reactivity of NIRG cells and microglia are linked. When the microglia are selectively ablated by the combination of interleukin 6 and clodronate-liposomes, the NIRG cells down-regulate transitin and perish within the following week, suggesting that the survival and phenotype of NIRG cells are somehow linked to the microglia. We conclude that the abundance, reactivity and retinal distribution of NIRG cells can be dynamic, are regulated by homoestatic mechanisms and are tethered to the microglia.
Scale issues in the study of primate foraging: red colobus of Kibale National Park.

Diet data have been used to address a number of theoretical issues. We often calculate the propor- tion of time spent eating different foods (e.g., fruits, leaves) to place species into dietary categories and contrast morpho- logical or behavioral traits among categories. Yet we have little understanding of how flexible species can be in terms of the plant parts and species consumed. To address this issue, we analyzed data on the diets of red colobus monkeys (Pro- colobus badius) from Kibale National Park, Uganda, to eval- uate temporal and spatial variability in the plant parts and species eaten. After considering observer differences and sampling issues, we evaluated how different a group's diet could be if samples were taken in different years. We found that the diet of the same groups showed significant, consis- tent changes over a 4-year period. For example, the time spent feeding on leaves increased from 56% in 1994 to 76% in 1998. The plant parts and species eaten by eight groups inhabiting different types of forest (e.g., pristine, logged, riverine) varied among groups. The largest interdemic dif- ference was seen in the use of young leaves (38%). Dietary differences were also found between groups with overlapping home ranges (41-49% overlap). Different subspecies of Pro- colobus badius also varied in diet; however, this variation was often not of the magnitude documented within Kibale for the same population. The fact that diet can vary consid- erably over small spatial and short temporal scales within the same species raises the intriguing question as to what level of interspecific difference is biologically significant for addressing particular questions. We conclude that behav- ioral flexibility blurs our traditional stereotypic assessment of primates; a study of one group that occupies a specific habitat at one point in time may not adequately represent the species. Am J Phys Anthropol 117:349-363, 2002. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Numerical Prediction of Temperature Distribution and Measurement of Temperature in a High Hydrostatic Pressure Food Processor

Numerical simulation of temperature distribution in the pressurizing medium (water) during high hydrostatic pressure processing was carried out at different initial temperatures. Numerically predicted variations of temperature with time within the pressurizing medium were compared with the experimental results. The experimental data were corrected for the lag between the true temperature and the temperature measured by the thermocouples. A good agreement between numerically predicted and corrected experimental data was obtained when pressurization was started at initial temperature of 298.15 K, whereas some disagreement was observed at higher initial temperatures. The disagreement was attributed to the water addition to the vessel during pressurization which was not included in numerical simulation. A simple enthalpy balance was used to correct the numerically predicted temperatures, which led to better agreement. The numerical simulation enabled us to evaluate the process in terms of temperature uniformity inside the vessel. The results showed that the conjugate conduction and the natural convection heat transfer at the vessel wall affected the temperature distribution. The temperature non-uniformity increased with increasing initial temperature. The understanding of temperature uniformity during the high pressure process is important for uniform inactivation of microorganisms, enzymes, and particularly spores for which high pressure–high temperature combination is needed.
Experimental flame speed in multi-layered nano-energetic materials

This paper deals with the reaction of dense Metastable Intermolecular Composite (MIC) materials, which have a higher density than conventional energetic materials. The reaction of a multilayer thin film of aluminum and copper oxide has been studied by varying the substrate material and thicknesses. The in-plane speed of propagation of the reaction was experimentally determined using a time of- flight technique. The experiment shows that the reaction is completely quenched for a silicon substrate having an intervening silica layer of less than 200 nm. The speed of reaction seems to be constant at 40 m/s for silica layers with a thickness greater than 1 μm. Different substrate materials such as glass and photoresist were also used.
Determining Predictors of Success on the American Board of Anesthesiology Written Certification Exam

Introduction The purpose of this research was to determine what, if any, relationship existed between in-training exams (ITE) given during the categorical years of anesthesiology residency training and first attempt performance on Part One of the American Board of Anesthesiology (ABA) certification examination (CE). Additionally, several variables available to residency program directors, to include gender, medical degree, medical school, and United States Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE) Step 1 and Step 2 CK scores, were analyzed to determine if a predictive relationship existed between any variable(s) and the Part One CE. Current research in anesthesiology only looked at PGY-II ITE scores, while other specialties have found relationships in later years of training not yet studied in anesthesiology.
Physical model of the impact of metal grain work function variability on emerging dual metal gate MOSFETs and its implication for SRAM reliability

A new model of work function variability (WFV) based on grain orientation differences of the polycrystalline metal gate is reported. Our model predicts that at the 22nm technology node, among the three device variability sources: random dopant fluctuation (RDF), line edge roughness (LER) and WFV, WFV will cross over RDF and becomes the dominating factor. The SRAM circuit analysis shows that write/read failures are underestimated by 9 orders of magnitude by the area weighted averaged work function model.
Another harmonic analyzer

Modern alternating-current engineering involves the necessity of frequently analyzing curves for harmonics. All of the methods of analysis have more or less serious objections. A method based upon the averaging of ordinates selected at the proper intervals has been developed into a machine which is reasonably simple and cheap to construct and can be operated without great skill. The machine depends chiefly for its operation upon a bar containing notches at the proper intervals and each bar is suitable for curves of the same plotted wave length. It is thus limited to curves plotted with the same scale of abscissas, but different bars may be manufactured for different scales and the machine thus adopted to various types of curves. A comparison with the times required for harmonic analysis by different methods shows that it compares favorably with other devices.
Role of Innate Host Defenses in Susceptibility to Early-Onset Neonatal Sepsis

Neonatal sepsis continues to take a devastating toll globally. Although adequate to protect against invasive infection in most newborns, the distinct function of neonatal innate host defense coupled with impairments in adaptive immune responses increases the likelihood of acquiring infection early in life, with subsequent rapid dissemination and death. Unique differences exist between neonates and older populations with respect to the capacity, quantity, and quality of innate host responses to pathogens. Recent characterization of the age-dependent maturation of neonatal innate immune function has identified novel translational approaches that may lead to improved diagnostic, prophylactic, and therapeutic modalities.
Computers in the examination room and the electronic health record: physicians' perceived impact on clinical encounters before and after full installation and implementation.

Purpose. We compared physicians’ self-reported attitudes and behaviours regarding electronic health record (EHR) use before and after installation of computers in patient examination rooms and transition to full implementation of an EHR in a family medicine training practice to identify anticipated and observed effects these changes would have on physicians’ practices and clinical encounters. Methods. We conducted two individual qualitative interviews with family physicians. The first interview was before and second interview was 8 months later after full implementation of an EHR and computer installation in the examination rooms. Data were analysed through project team discussions and subsequent coding with qualitative analysis software. Results. At the first interviews, physicians frequently expressed concerns about the potential negative effect of the EHR on quality of care and physician–patient interaction, adequacy of their skills in EHR use and privacy and confidentiality concerns. Nevertheless, most physicians also anticipated multiple benefits, including improved accessibility of patient data and online health information. In the second interviews, physicians reported that their concerns did not persist. Many anticipated benefits were realized, appearing to facilitate collaborative physician–patient relationships. Physicians reported a greater teaching role with patients and sharing online medical information and treatment plan decisions. Conclusions. Before computer installation and full EHR implementation, physicians expressed concerns about the impact of computer use on patient care. After installation and implementation, however, many concerns were mitigated. Using computers in the examination rooms to document and access patients’ records along with online medical information and decision-making tools appears to contribute to improved physician–patient communication and collaboration.
Propositions for Suburban Living

Abstract The following are propositions for introducing ultramodern (going beyond the paradigm of Modernism) single-family housing into the current suburban domestic landscape. The houses, as iterative investigations, employ strategies of phasing, modularity, spatial planning, material expression, programming, and sequencing to maintain affordability, update the current “house,” and increase the quality of the space and composition within current market constraints. These proposals selectively re-present aspects of the current suburban domestic condition while evolving a new way of thinking about the single-family house.
Characterizing dye bias in microarray experiments

Motivation: Spot intensity serves as a proxy for gene expression in dual-label microarray experiments. Dye bias is defined as an intensity difference between samples labeled with different dyes attributable to the dyes instead of the gene expression in the samples. Dye bias that is not removed by array normalization can introduce bias into comparisons between samples of interest. But if the bias is consistent across samples for the same gene, it can be corrected by proper experimental design and analysis. If the dye bias is not consistent across samples for the same gene, but is different for different samples, then removing the bias becomes more problematic, perhaps indicating a technical limitation to the ability of fluorescent signals to accurately represent gene expression. Thus, it is important to characterize dye bias to determine: (1) whether it will be removed for all genes by array normalization, (2) whether it will not be removed by normalization but can be removed by proper experimental design and analysis and (3) whether dye bias correction is more problematic than either of these and is not easily removable. Results: We analyzed two large (each >27 arrays) tissue culture experiments with extensive dye swap arrays to better characterize dye bias. Indirect, amino-allyl labeling was used in both experiments. We found that post-normalization dye bias that is consistent across samples does appear to exist for many genes, and that controlling and correcting for this type of dye bias in design and analysis is advisable. The extent of this type of dye bias remained unchanged under a wide range of normalization methods (median-centering, various loess normalizations) and statistical analysis techniques (parametric, rank based, permutation based, etc.). We also found dye bias related to the individual samples for a much smaller subset of genes. But these sample-specific dye biases appeared to have minimal impact on estimated gene-expression differences between the cell lines. Contact: dobbinke@mail.nih.gov Availability: Supplementary information: http://linus.nci.nih.gov/~brb/TechReport.htm
Approach to the analysis of cardiac valve prostheses as surgical pathology or autopsy specimens

Pathologists are likely to encounter substitute heart valves with increasing frequency. Informed evaluation of such valves provides valuable information that contributes to both patient care and our understanding of the pathobiology of host interactions with mechanical devices. This article summarizes the most important considerations underlying such analyses-including valve identification, common morphologic features and modes of failure, technical details of evaluation, and potential pitfalls.
Evaluation and Implementation of the Gel Test for Indirect Antiglobulin Testing in a Community Hospital Laboratory

Abstract Background.—The gel test, developed by Lapierre in 1984, was designed to standardize antiglobulin testing while improving sensitivity and specificity of the method. Principle.—Anti–human serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) mixed with Sephadex G100 (gel phase) in a microtube traps red cell–IgG agglutination complexes during migration through the gel in a centrifugation step. Agglutination complexes are visibly detectable at various levels in the microtube as an inverse function of antibody coated on red cells. Unsensitized red cells form a cell pellet at the base of the microtube. Objective.—To determine if indirect anti–human globulin testing could be standardized and simplified by replacing the tube test with the gel test without compromising quality or increasing costs. Setting.—A medium-sized community hospital. Results.—In a blinded retrospective study, we used patient sera (n = 40), which included 10 positive specimens containing 18 known antibodies. Sixteen antibodies were detected and identified ...