cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Design and analysis of optimization algorithms to minimize cryptographic processing in BGP security protocols

The Internet is subject to attacks due to vulnerabilities in its routing protocols. One proposed approach to attain greater security is to cryptographically protect network reachability announcements exchanged between Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) routers. This study proposes and evaluates the performance and efficiency of various optimization algorithms for validation of digitally signed BGP updates. In particular, this investigation focuses on the BGPSEC (BGP with SECurity extensions) protocol, currently under consideration for standardization in the Internet Engineering Task Force. We analyze three basic BGPSEC update processing algorithms: Unoptimized, Cache Common Segments (CCS) optimization, and Best Path Only (BPO) optimization. We further propose and study cache management schemes to be used in conjunction with the CCS and BPO algorithms. The performance metrics used in the analyses are: (1) routing table convergence time after BGPSEC peering reset or router reboot events and (2) peak-second signature verification workload. Both analytical modeling and detailed trace-driven simulation were performed. Results show that the BPO algorithm is 330% to 628% faster than the unoptimized algorithm for routing table convergence in a typical Internet core-facing provider edge router.
Effects of heterocyclic N-alkyl chain length on cancer cell uptake of near infrared heptamethine cyanine dyes

Abstract Cancer theranosis has materialized as a significant alternative to the separate diagnosis and treatment of cancer optimizing efficacy. Based on our previous work, it was determined that esterified heptamethine cyanine dyes were selectively cytotoxic to cancer cells. In order to determine the optimal N- alkyl chain length, a series of nine near-infrared fluorescent heptamethine cyanine dyes with monoester, diester, and diacid functional groups and differing chain lengths of three, six and ten carbons have been synthesized, isolated, and purified. They were characterized by 1 H NMR, 13 C NMR and mass spectrometry and their optical properties were measured. It was found that dyes with a 6 carbon N -indolenine substituent were the most selective for cancer theranosis in pancreatic cancer cell line S2-013.
Smart underground antenna arrays: A soil moisture adaptive beamforming approach

Current wireless underground (UG) communication techniques are limited by their achievable distance. In this paper, a novel framework for underground beamforming using adaptive antenna arrays is presented to extend communication distances for practical applications. Based on the analysis of propagation in wireless underground channel, a theoretical model is developed which uses soil moisture information to improve wireless underground communications performance. Array element in soil is analyzed empirically and impacts of soil type and soil moisture on return loss (RL) and resonant frequency are investigated. Accordingly, beam patterns are analyzed to communicate with underground and above ground devices. Depending on the incident angle, refraction from soil-air interface has adverse effects in the UG communications. It is shown that beam steering improves UG communications by providing a high-gain lateral wave. To this end, the angle, which enhances lateral wave, is shown to be a function of dielectric properties of the soil, soil moisture, and soil texture. Evaluations show that this critical angle varies from 0° to 16° and decreases with soil moisture. Accordingly, a soil moisture adaptive beamforming (SMABF) algorithm is developed for planar array structures and evaluated with different optimization approaches to improve UG communication performance.
Dynamic Workload Migration Over Backbone Network to Minimize Data Center Electricity Cost

As more organizations adopt cloud services, energy consumption in data centers (DCs) keeps increasing. Today, information and communication technology (ICT) has become a major consumer of energy worldwide. A large portion of ICT energy consumption is used to power servers running in DCs and the network they use to communicate. In this paper, we consider that energy cost at a particular DC is often related to the electricity price regulated by independent system operators/regional transmission organizations. As these prices vary in time and depend on the geographical locations of the DCs, recent studies have shown that the spatio-temporal variations of electricity price can be exploited to reduce electricity cost. In particular, as workloads tend to change, often unpredictably, adaptive workload placement and migration can help to serve the workloads in regions with lower electricity costs. While most prior works consider a quasi-static scenario with known workload patterns, this paper proposes dynamic workload-aware algorithms which exploit the spatio-temporal variations of electricity costs to minimize the energy cost in ICT. Although prior studies focused on power consumption from power consumers such as servers, cooling systems, etc., recent studies have shown that the network elements consume a significant portion of the energy. Hence, while reducing DC energy cost, this paper also considers electricity cost of the backbone network. Algorithms introduced in this paper use dynamic request re-routing and live virtual machine (VM) migration to move workloads to DCs with lower electricity cost. We consider VM migration cost (including electricity cost at backbone network nodes), bandwidth constraints for migration, VM consolidation, constraints from service level agreement, and administrative overhead of VM migration. Our simulation studies show that the proposed algorithms reduce operational cost of DCs significantly.
Status of the Standard Electroweak Model

The standard SU 2×U 1 electroweak model [1] has been spectacularly successful. It incorporated QED and the Fermi theory of charged current weak interactions (as modified to include parity violation, quark mixing, etc.), and successfully predicted the weak neutral current interaction and the existence and properties of the W and Z. It is a mathematically consistent renormalizable field theory which explains or agrees with virtually all known facts. The only experimental problems are: (a) the Solar neutrino problem, (b) the nature of the cosmological dark matter, (c) the anomalous electron-positron events from the Darmstadt GSI, and (d) possible indications of one or more “fifth” forces. However, it is not clear whether (a) and (b) are problems in particle physics or astrophysics, whether (c) is a particle or nuclear physics problem, or whether (d) is real.
Didox suppresses IgE-mediated mast cell response (HYP4P.317)

Mast cells play a central role in allergic reactions through high-affinity IgE receptor (FcϵRI)-mediated responses. FcϵRI cross-linking on mast cells activates multiple signaling pathways that lead to sustained inflammation through degranulation, prolonged generation of reactive oxygen species, and production of various cytokines and chemokines. These cellular responses are involved in inflammatory diseases including asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis and heart disease. As a synthetic anti-oxidant and a potent ribonucleotide reductase inhibitor capable of suppressing gene expression, Didox (3,4-Dihyroxybenzohydroxamic acid) has become an attractive therapeutic for treating inflammatory diseases. Here we investigated the anti-inflammatory abilities of Didox as a therapeutic approach to attenuate the allergic response. Our results show that Didox treatment yields a dose-dependent reduction in IgE-stimulated cytokine secretion among bone marrow-derived mast cell (BMMC). These effects are not directly linked to reduced receptor expression, or an increase in cell death and suggest a decrease in signaling associated with cytokine secretion. Together these data could indicate a role for Didox in the treatment of MC-associated inflammatory and autoimmune diseases.
Innovation in pediatric cardiac care.

Over the past five decades, substantial progress has been made in caring for children with complex congenital heart disease. The progress in this field continues, and is a testament to the innovation, multidisciplinary collaboration, and dedication to these children who, more than 50 years ago, would have had substantially decreased survival.
Leadership Style as an Outcome of Motive: A Contingency ‘State’ Rather Than ‘Trait’ Concept

This conceptual article proposes that we may more fully understand leaders’ selection of leadership style at any given leader–follower interaction through the use of four motives: (a) the ‘me’ motive calls for the use of the charismatic leadership style; (b) the ‘we’ motive calls for the use of the transformational leadership style; (c) the ‘thee’ motive calls for the use of the servant leadership style; and (d) the ‘it’ motive calls for the use of the transactional leadership style. This conceptual article argues that for the leader–follower interaction to be most effective the leader should disclose the motive to the follower since many of the leader behaviors are common across the four leadership styles. The article argues that if leadership development programs teach leaders to recognize the motives and to disclose the motives the overall leader–follower relationship will be more effective.
A molecular analysis to assess codling moth Cydia pomonella L. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) predation by orchard birds.

Abstract The codling moth Cydia pomonella L. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) is a major economic pest in organic apple orchards. Observational methods, prey removal experiments and correlative experiments with exclosures or nest boxes have demonstrated that birds contribute to the removal of this insect pest. However, the majority of research conducted in the last several decades has taken place outside of the United States and methods for studying biological pest control have advanced dramatically and now include molecular techniques. We conducted a proof-of-concept study to test a DNA-based approach to detect C. pomonella prey in the diets of birds occupying organic apple orchards. We tested published Tortricidae primers, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing for detection of C. pomonella in avian feces. We also tested the quality of DNA isolated and purified from fecal samples using two DNA extraction kits. Finally, we field-tested this tool to identify the presence or absence of C. pomonella in the laboratory and from field samples. C. pomonella DNA was amplified in less than 1% of field samples and was successfully sequenced in 0.5%. A single species, the brown-headed cowbird Molothrus ater (Boddaert), had fecal samples positive for C. pomonella DNA. While our results do not provide evidence that birds play a strong role in the control of C. pomonella in western Colorado organic apple orchards, the approach we present is a new tool for understanding bird-mediated ecosystem services, avian feeding ecology, and supporting management decisions for sustainable agricultural practices and farmland biodiversity.
The impact of frustration-mitigating messages delivered by an interface agent

Mitigating frustration is important within computer-based learning contexts. In this experimental study where participants were purposefully frustrated, the interface agent message (apologetic, empathetic, or silent) was manipulated to investigate its impact on student attitude toward the task, attitude toward the agent, and attribution toward the cause of frustration. Fifty-seven undergraduate students responded to an invitation to participate in a web-based survey and to receive a movie ticket for their effort. An animated interface agent, “Survey Sam,” was present as students answered survey items and were confronted with a frustrating obstacle --an error message pop-up window that blocked them from answering the survey items. Survey Sam delivered either an affective message (apologetic or empathetic) or remained silent to the thirty students who actually completed the survey. Results revealed that the presence of an affective message (either apologetic or empathetic) led participants to report significantly greater frustration, suggesting that the affective message reinforced and validated their frustration. However, and more importantly, they attributed the cause of their frustration to the program instead of to themselves (as did the no message group). A comparison of message type (apologetic or empathetic) indicated that participants receiving the empathetic message rated Survey Sam as significantly more believable and sincere. Implications of these findings as a catalyst for further research in the development of frustration-mitigating support for computer-based contexts are discussed.
From Framingham to North Karelia: From Descriptive Epidemiology to Public Health Action

The Framingham study was a landmark study that, already in the 1960s, gave strong evidence as to the likely causal role of several lifestyle-linked factors in the development of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Men in Finland had at that time the highest mortality rates of coronary heart disease in the world, a finding that raised much local concern. In 1972, a pioneering project by a young leadership team and with many partners, including World Health Organization, was started to change the situation. The project was based on the results for Framingham and some other classical studies to carry out a comprehensive prevention program to reduce the risk factor levels in the population through general lifestyle changes in the pilot area of North Karelia. Later on, the work was transferred to national level. Over the years, great reductions in the population levels of the risk factors took place, associated with dramatic reduction in age-adjusted CVD mortality rates and improvement in public health. The experience of diminishing the prevalence of risk factors in the population is a powerful demonstration of how the CVD epidemic can be successfully confronted-thatis, how the Framingham results can effectively be used for major progress in public health.
Louise: The Real and the Ideal

In central New Jersey there are many persons, groups, and institutions that offer help to alcoholics who wish to stop drinking. Though they vary in competence, cost, and commitment, they are in abundance and they make themselves visible. Local community mental health centers will make room for the alcoholic who truly wants to achieve abstinence, even if they prefer other kinds of patients, who are generally more interesting. The state hospitals have outpatient clinics where alcohol problems are addressed. Several private psychiatric hospitals provide both detoxification and treatment services of varying lengths, depending on the patient’s ability to pay and motivation to stop drinking. Some general hospitals also have detoxification facilities; a few offer outpatient treatment as well. Central New Jersey is also blessed with a multitude of psychologists and psychiatrists who provide treatment to alcoholics on a private basis. Other professionals with varying degrees and kinds of training offer marital, family, and pastoral counseling, social casework, and other services to alcoholics and their families. In addition, the State of New Jersey has organized a network of facilities, where alcoholism counselors focus directly (and, usually, first) on cessation of drinking. Several Alcoholics Anonymous groups also meet regularly in the region, making it possible for a well-motivated alcoholic to spend practically every waking hour at one AA meeting or another if he or she so desires.
OR24: MONOCYTE RECRUITMENT TO HUMAN LEUKOCYTE ANTIGEN CLASS I ANTIBODY-ACTIVATED ENDOTHELIAL CELLS IS DEPENDENT UPON MTOR

Aim A hallmark of antibody (Ab)-mediated rejection is the presence of intravascular monocytes in the allograft. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of rapamycin on monocyte recruitment and M1/M2 polarization in a clinically relevant in vivo model of antibody mediated-rejection (AMR). Methods Rag1 knock-out mice heterotopically transplanted with mismatched donor hearts were treated with rapamycin and received passive transfer of anti-donor antibodies (MHC I Ab). After 10 days, grafts were examined for histological features of AMR including microvascular inflammation and swelling and mononuclear cell infiltration by immunohistochemistry. Cross-sections of allograft tissue were stained for Mac-2 to assess myeloid infiltration, and for Arginase 1, a marker of polarized M2 macrophage subset. In vitro experiments were used to confirm the role of mTOR in monocyte recruitment to HLA-activated primary human aortic endothelial cells. Results The positive control group, which received anti-donor MHC antibodies, manifested with capillary injury, epicardial and pericardial damage, as well as infiltrating mononuclear cells into the graft vasculature and epicardial regions. Mice in the experimental group, which received daily intraperitoneal rapamycin treatment followed by biweekly anti-donor MHC antibodies, demonstrated reduced intra-graft cellularity and endothelial damage. HE a marker of inflammatory macrophages. Arginase 1 staining revealed M2 + macrophages were present in MHC Ab-treated allografts, and furthermore, the distribution of this subset partially overlapped with that of Mac-2. Though Mac-2 staining was found diffusely throughout the allograft, Arg1 positive macrophages localized primarily to the pericardium and fibrotic regions. Conclusion Antibody-mediated rejection drives the polarization of M2 macrophages, which can promote cell proliferation and tissue repair. mTOR blockade prevents monocyte recruitment to activated endothelium of cardiac allografts. S. Salehi: Grant/Research Support; Company/Organization; NIH.
Financial constraints, corruption, and SME growth in transition economies

Abstract In this study, I investigate the impact of firm-level financial constraints and corruption in the business environment on growth for over 10,000 small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in 28 Eastern European and Central Asian countries. I also examine the determinants of firms’ financial constraints and the relevant role of country-level development, institutions, and corruption. I find that financial constraints negatively affect both firm sales growth and employment growth while corruption has no direct impact on growth. Older, larger, foreign-owned firms and firms with higher ownership concentration report lower financial constraints while exporting firms report higher financial constraints. In countries with higher levels of GDP per capita, stock market development, legal systems and property rights, and lower levels of corruption, firms face lower levels of financial constraints. I provide novel empirical evidence that firm-level corruption hinders SMEs’ access to financing and seriously hampers their growth in transition economies.
Teaching Medical Spanish to Improve Population Health: Evidence for Incorporating Language Education and Assessment in U.S. Medical Schools

Introduction: Language concordance between patients and physicians is an important factor in providing safe and effective health care, with Spanish as the predominant and fastest growing non-English language in the United Sates. However, despite increasing demand for medical Spanish education, valid concerns about inadvertently increasing provider use of limited Spanish with patients, lack of knowledge of best practice in education and assessment, and lack of institutional support still present barriers to medical Spanish education in medical schools. Methods: The authors conducted a narrative review of existing literature that evaluates the link between medical Spanish education of physicians and language concordance. Results: Medical Spanish educational efforts, although increasing, are not consistently linked to learner assessment. The literature to date supports that for medical Spanish education to improve patient outcomes, it should be linked to assessment methodology that demonstrates improvement in language concordance with Spanish-speaking patients, and should include safety measures to prevent inadvertent communication errors. The authors review data for published medical Spanish postcourse language assessment strategies and provide recommendations to ensure responsible and competent use of medical Spanish skills. Conclusion: The authors propose three structural elements that should be considered when incorporating or enhancing medical Spanish education in medical schools: institutional endorsement of the role of medical Spanish education within a national health disparities context; precourse proficiency testing to establish student starting level; and learner postcourse communications skills and limitations assessment to provide individualized recommendations and assure patient safety.
Multiple case study of nonprofit partnerships in North Carolina’s coastal state parks

The role of nonprofit organizations has long been important in public lands management, whether at the local, state, or federal level. As natural and cultural resource management agencies face smal...
The Sarchasm: Sarcasm Production and Identification in Spontaneous Conversation

We tested sarcasm production and identification across original communicators in a spontaneously produced conversational setting, including testing the role of synchronous movement on sarcasm produ...
MTOR-initiated metabolic switch and degeneration in the retinal pigment epithelium

The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is a particularly vulnerable tissue to age-dependent degeneration. Over the life span, the RPE develops an expanded endo-lysosomal compartment to maintain the high efficiency of phagocytosis and degradation of photoreceptor outer segments (POS) necessary for photoreceptor survival. As the assembly and activation of the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) occur on the lysosome surface, increased lysosome mass with aging leads to higher mTORC1 activity. The functional consequences of hyperactive mTORC1 in the RPE are unclear. In the current study, we used integrated high-resolution metabolomic and genomic approaches to examine mice with RPE-specific deletion of the tuberous sclerosis 1 (Tsc1) gene which encodes an upstream suppressor of mTORC1. Our data show that RPE cells with constitutively high mTORC1 activity were reprogramed to be hyperactive in glucose and lipid metabolism. Lipolysis was suppressed, mitochondrial carnitine shuttle was inhibited, while genes involved in fatty acid (FA) biosynthesis were upregulated. The metabolic changes occurred prior to structural changes of RPE and retinal degeneration. These findings have revealed cellular events and intrinsic mechanisms that contribute to lipid accumulation in the RPE cells during aging and age-related degeneration.
Interferon and Copolymer I Treatment in Multiple Sclerosis: Clinical and Pathobiological Implications

Multiple sclerosis (MS), although well-described clinically and pathologically for over 120 years, is only now poised for a new era of improved therapy brought about primarily by findings obtained from clinical research. Over the past 12 years, various investigations of new treatments have not only identified effective agents but have provided unexpected new insights into the basic mechanisms of disease activity in MS. The combination of carefully designed and conducted clinical trials, coupled with serial MRI studies of the brain, has allowed us to determine the therapeutic benefit of one and perhaps two treatments with low risk and toxicity which are likely to be available to the general MS community within 6 to 24 months.
The Six Steps of Learning Healthful Living

(1956). The Six Steps of Learning Healthful Living. Journal of Health, Physical Education, Recreation: Vol. 27, No. 2, pp. 7-9.
Law and Protestantism : The Legal Teachings of the Lutheran Reformation

The Lutheran Reformation of the early sixteenth century brought about immense and far-reaching change in the structures of both church and state, and in both religious and secular ideas. This book investigates the relationship between the law and religious ideology in Luther's Germany, showing how they developed in response to the momentum of Lutheran teachings and influence. Profound changes in the areas of education, politics and marriage were to have long-lasting effects on the Protestant world, inscribed in the legal systems inherited from that period. John Witte, Jr. argues that it is not enough to understand the Reformation either in theological or in legal terms alone but that a perspective is required which takes proper account of both. His book should be essential reading for scholars and students of church history, legal history, Reformation history, and in adjacent areas such as theology, ethics, the law, and history of ideas.
The Liturgy in Medieval England: The Norman Conquest: cross fertilizations

It would be unreasonable to suppose that what is conventionally known as the Norman Conquest, beginning (just barely) with William I's victory at Hastings on 14 October 1066, made an immediate and decisive difference in the practice of the liturgy throughout England. It would be equally unreasonable to maintain that by, say, the deaths of William II in August of 1100 or of Anselm in April of 1109 the overall picture of the liturgy in England showed no marked influence as a consequence of ecclesiastical developments connected with the new regime. The present chapter will attempt to sketch a picture characterized by something of a balance between the “English” aspects predominant in the previous chapter and marks of the new Norman presence. First, though, it may be useful to indicate the picture's dimensions. In structural terms, the number of provinces and dioceses did not change from what it had been in 1065. York continued as an archbishopric, even though its province contained only itself and Durham (which became monastic in 1083). Canterbury continued to have twelve suffragan sees, but there were six changes in location: Dorchester to Lincoln in 1072, Selsey to Chichester in 1075, Lichfield to Chester in 1075 (eventually to Coventry, 1102), Sherborne (incorporating Ramsbury) to Salisbury (“Old Sarum”) in 1078, Wells to Bath in 1088, Elmham to Thetford in about 1091 and thence to Norwich in 1095. The English phenomenon of the monastic cathedral, unknown in Normandy, survived, and indeed grew stronger with the addition of Bath and Norwich, and also of Rochester (which became monastic around 1080) and eventually of both Coventry and the newly founded (1109) see of Ely.
Depth of field and cautious-greedy routing in social networks

Social networks support efficient decentralized search: people can collectively construct short paths to a specified target in the network. Rank-based friendship--where the probability that person u befriends person v is inversely proportional to the number of people who are closer to u than v is--is an empirically validated model of acquaintanceship that provably results in efficient decentralized search via greedy routing, even in networks with variable population densities. In this paper, we introduce cautious-greedy routing, a variant of greedy that avoids taking large jumps unless they make substantial progress towards the target. Our main result is that cautious-greedy routing finds a path of short expected length from an arbitrary source to a randomly chosen target, independent of the population densities. To quantify the expected length of the path, we define the depth of field of a metric space, a new quantity that intuitively measures the "width" of directions that leave a point in the space. Our main result is that cautious-greedy routing finds a path of expected length O(log2 n) in n-person networks that have aspect ratio polynomial in n, bounded doubling dimension, and bounded depth of field. Specifically, in k-dimensional grids under Manhattan distance with arbitrary population densities, the O(log2 n) expected path length that we achieve with the cautious-greedy algorithm improves the best previous bound of O(log3 n) with greedy routing.
Teaching Children Fairness: Decreasing Gender Prejudice Among Children

Elementary school children (66 girls and 55 boys, aged 10–13 years) in the Western United States participated in a program designed to teach them about fairness and to decrease their engagement in gender-prejudice behaviors. The study utilized a pretest/posttest design comparing students in the treatment group to students in a control group. Children and teachers completed measures regarding the children’s engagement of gender prejudice among their classmates, and students participated in focus groups after completing the program. At posttest, students in the treatment group reported experiencing less gender-prejudice by their classmates than students in the control group. Teachers also reported fewer gender-prejudice behaviors by the students in the treatment group. Qualitative analyses of the focus groups revealed that the students reported learning to challenge gender role stereotypes and endorsed a commitment to treating boys and girls fairly. Although much is known about the potentially detrimental impacts of gender prejudice and restrictive gender role socialization on children and adolescents (Norman, 2000; Pollack, 1999; Turner, Norman, & Zunz, 1995; Werner & Smith, 1982), most education and intervention efforts have historically targeted adults. However, a number of social justice theories assert the importance of the role kindergarten–12th grade schools can have in helping students recognize, resist, ∗ Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Britney G Brinkman,
Reaction to a Dementia Diagnosis in Individuals with Alzheimer's Disease and Mild Cognitive Impairment

OBJECTIVES: To examine short-term changes in depression and anxiety after receiving a dementia diagnosis. DESIGN: Pre/post survey design. SETTING: Alzheimer's Disease Research Center. PARTICIPANTS: Ninety individuals and their companions. MEASUREMENTS: Fifteen-item Geriatric Depression Scale and 20-item “state” version of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. RESULTS: Sixty-nine percent of the individuals were diagnosed with dementia; two-thirds of those were in the earliest symptomatic stages of dementia that, in other settings, is considered to represent mild cognitive impairment. No significant changes in depression were noted in individuals or their companions, regardless of diagnostic outcome or dementia severity. Anxiety decreased substantially after diagnostic feedback in most groups. CONCLUSION: Disclosure of a dementia diagnosis does not prompt a catastrophic emotional reaction in most people, even those who are only mildly impaired, and may provide some relief once an explanation for symptoms is known and a treatment plan is developed.
Progress in 157-nm lithography development at Intel: resists and reticles

Intel is aggressively pursuing the use of 157 nm lithography for the 0.1 mm patterning node. Two areas of concentration have been in photoresist and reticle materials development. Over the six months, we have seen considerable progress in new materials development in both areas. In the photoresist area, the use of ultra-thin resists of currently used chemistries appear to be capable of providing short-term layer development and tool testing patterning capability. We have obtained imaging results using a 0.5 NA Schwartzchild optics system. Our best result to data show 70-80 nm lines printed on a pitch of 180 nm. While this small field system has considerably immature optics, it can be used effectively to do basic resist development. In the area of reticle materials development, we have seen considerable improvement in the reduction of OH in blank materials, resulting in higher transmission. We expect to see substrates with greater than 80 percent transmission within the next year at the current rate of accelerated progress. Furthermore, we are not seeing any major processing differences with these new blank materials. Overall, we have seen an accelerated pace of learning in materials development for both resist and new blank materials. Overall, we have seen an accelerated pace of learning in materials development for both resist and reticle materials for 157 nm lithography.
Update on obesity pharmacotherapy

There are two groups of approved drugs that can be used to manage weight in patients with obesity: medications approved for obesity per se and medications that affect body weight for obese patients who have complications from their obesity and are receiving these medications for chronic disease management. For obesity per se, treatment is with one of the three drugs currently approved for long-term treatment of obesity or one of a few others that can be used for short-term treatment. Among these, orlistat partially blocks intestinal digestion of fat and produces weight loss of 5–8 kg but major limitations are associated gastrointestinal symptoms; lorcaserin, a serotonin-2C agonist with few side effects, produces a mean weight loss of 4–7 kg; and the combination of phentermine and topiramate (extended release) produces a mean weight loss of 8–10 kg, but should only be used after verifying a woman is not pregnant. Failure to lose more than 3% of body weight within 3 months with any of these agents should lead to reevaluation of therapy. The short-term drugs for treating obesity per se are sympathomimetics, with phentermine being most widely used. The second group of drugs is for weight-centric prescribing for patients with a chronic disease such as diabetes, depression, or psychiatric disorders. For each disorder, some drugs produce weight gain, others are weight neutral, but the best choice for these patients is the combination of drugs that treat the underlying condition and also produce weight loss.
Oxytocic effects of intravenously administered hypertonic sodium chloride in human pregnancy at term.

Abstract 1. 1. Administration of hypertonic sodium chloride to 14 pregnant women resulted in antidiuresis in all cases. 2. 2. The oxytocic response varied. In 5 cases there was definite induction or enhancement of labor, in 4 cases there was demonstrable increase in uterine contractility without immediate induction of labor, while in 3 cases there was only mild transient increase in the intensity and/or frequency of the contractions. In the remaining 2 subjects there was no demonstrated alteration in contractility by the methods then available for measurement. 3. 3. In one subject, the oxytocic effect was equivalent to the effect produced by infusion of 2 to 4 mU per minute of synthetic oxytocin. 4. 4. Whether the oxytocic effect of hypertonic solutions is due to ADH or some combination of ADH and oxytocin in unknown at this time.
Dynamic balance of the aortomitral junction.

Abstract Objective: The aortic and mitral valves have been studied in isolation, as if their functions were independent. We hypothesized that both valves work in synchrony on the basis of the shared myocardial pump and orifice. Methods: Six sonometric crystals (7 sheep) were placed in both trigones, the midpoint of the anterior and posterior anulus, and the lateral extremities of the posterior anulus. In a separate series of animals, 3 crystals (8 sheep) were implanted in the aortic annular base of the right, left, and noncoronary sinuses of Valsalva. In an acute, open-chest model, under stable hemodynamic conditions, geometric changes were time related to simultaneous left ventricular and aortic pressures. Results: From mid-diastole to end-systole, the mitral anulus area contracted by −16.1% ± 1.9% (mean ± SEM), whereas the aortic base area expanded by +29.8% ± 3.3% during systole. The mitral anulus deformation was heterogeneous. In systole, the anterior mitral anulus expanded (intertrigonal distance, +11.5% ± 2.3%) and the posterior mitral anulus contracted (distance between lateral extremities of the posterior anulus, −12.1% ± 1.5%). The intertrigonal distance corresponded to the base of the left and noncoronary sinus of Valsalva, which expanded similarly during systole (+12.9% ± 2.0%). The anteroposterior diameter of the mitral anulus was reduced twice that of the transverse diameter. This disparity of reduction can be explained by the posterior displacement of the intertrigonal area corresponding to the systolic aortic root expansion. Conclusions: Mitral anulus deformation is closely related to aortic root dynamics. During systole, the posterior movement of the aortic curtain allows for aortic root expansion, probably to maximize ejection, whereas during diastole, aortic root reduction participates in mitral anulus dilatation. These findings should affect mitral and aortic surgical approaches. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2002;123:911-8
Topographic organization in and near human visual area V4.

The existence and location of a human counterpart of macaque visual area V4 are disputed. To resolve this issue, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging to obtain topographic maps from human subjects, using visual stimuli and tasks designed to maximize accuracy of topographic maps of the fovea and parafovea and to measure the effects of attention on topographic maps. We identified multiple topographic transitions, each clearly visible in ≥75% of the maps, that we interpret as boundaries of distinct cortical regions. We call two of these regions dorsal V4 and ventral V4 (together comprising human area V4) because they share several defining characteristics with the macaque regions V4d and V4v (which together comprise macaque area V4). Ventral V4 is adjacent to V3v, and dorsal V4 is adjacent to parafoveal V3d. Ventral V4 and dorsal V4 meet in the foveal confluence shared by V1, V2, and V3. Ventral V4 and dorsal V4 represent complementary regions of the visual field, because ventral V4 represents the upper field and a subregion of the lower field, whereas dorsal V4 represents lower-field locations that are not represented by ventral V4. Finally, attentional modulation of spatial tuning is similar across dorsal and ventral V4, but attention has a smaller effect in V3d and V3v and a larger effect in a neighboring lateral occipital region.
ADENOVIRUS ISOLATES FROM URINE OF PATIENTS WITH ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME

13 adenoviruses (Ad) from the urine of 10 patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) were characterised by haemagglutination inhibition and restriction endonuclease analysis of their DNA. The haemagglutinin (HA) for 6 of these isolates was found to be that of Ad34/35. 3 other isolates were found to have Ad7 HA and the remaining 4 viruses were found to have both phenotypes. In contrast, the restriction patterns were more homogeneous than anticipated from the serological analysis. 11 isolates had a SmaI-restriction pattern identical to Ad35, and 2 isolates, which lacked one of the 9 Ad35 SmaI-restriction sites, were identical to Ad34. Analyses with other restriction enzymes reinforced the conclusion that the genomes of all isolates resemble that of Ad35 (and Ad34) more than they resembled the previously isolated Ad7 subtypes. The discrepancy between the restriction endonuclease and the serological analyses is best explained by assuming that some of these new isolates are recombinants between a small part (less than 10%) of the Ad7 genome coding for HA and greater than 90% of the Ad35 genome. It is therefore important to characterise both the genotype and the HA for this potentially important group of pathogens in AIDS patients.
Family history in early U.S. state documents

Abstract The University of Colorado at Boulder (CU Boulder) owns a large collection of historic publications from all the states of the U.S. and territorial governments. Many of these 19th century resources, such as personnel directories or U.S. state agency reports to the legislature, contain name and address lists that provide information about early state inhabitants. Collection analysis was the basis of a Title III Library Services and Construction Act (LSCA) grant proposal to create electronic bibliographic records for these resources. The project was funded to promote materials of interest to the state's genealogical community. Three-quarters of the collection consisted of serials and a search of OCLC indicated that most of these historic titles had cataloging copy. This demonstrates the need and continued importance of funding retrospective conversion projects. The criteria for selection are reviewed and key state agencies that report details about early individuals are identified. Limitations of these publications are discussed. A focus group of genealogists evaluated the project.
Analysis of costs associated with CABG and PTCA

Background. Factors related both to the patient and to the healthcare provider affect the costs of percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) and coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). The costs of both PTCA and CABG are most highly dependent on the occurrence of complications in the postprocedure period. Costs are lower in centers that have adequate procedure volumes, due partly to economics of scale and partly to improved outcomes. Methods. The relative costs of PTCA and CABG in patients suitable for either procedure is being investigated in several ongoing randomized clinical trials. The cost-effectiveness of coronary revascularization relative to medical therapy has also been investigated. The costeffectiveness of PTCA relative to medical therapy has not been evaluated. Results. The initial cost of PTCA is roughly half that of CABG, but costs are similar after 2- or 3-year follow-up because of the need for repeat revascularization procedures in patients initially treated with PTCA. The data on cost-effectiveness of coronary revascularization relative to medical therapy have shown that CABG is particularly cost-effective in patients for whom survival is improved or in whom symptoms of severe angina are relieved. Conclusions. Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty and CABG are costly but effective therapies. Clearly PTCA costs less initially but the follow-up costs are much higher. The cost-effectiveness of coronary revascularization can be improved by maintaining adequate procedural volumes, reducing procedural complications, and selecting patients properly.
An iterative feature reduction algorithm for probabilistic neural networks

The issue of noise and redundant feature variables in classification problems has been well addressed in statistical stepwise discriminant analysis. However, no feature reduction algorithm designed specifically for Probabilistic Neural Network (PNN) is found in literature. In this study, we develop an ad hoc iterative feature (variable) reduction algorithm for basic PNNs to identify noise and redundant variables. A basic PNN applying the same smoothing factor to all variables does not distinguish variables adding little or no predictive power to the model from others. The proposed iterative approach utilizes a weighted PNN with one smoothing factor for each variable in the feature reduction stage. Once a subset of variables is selected, a basic PNN is developed on the chosen variables for future applications. Computational experiments on five data sets obtained from publicly available sources indicate that the basic PNN with variables chosen by the ad hoc approach outperforms the PNN using variables selected by two benchmark methods, back-propagation neural network and stepwise linear discriminant analysis.
Reversal of current through calcium channels in dialysed single heart cells

Calcium channels contribute to important cellular functions such as impulse conduction, rhythmic activity, muscle contraction, and secretion1 and are a major target for modulation by neurohormones and drugs2,3. Despite their importance, Ca channels are much less well understood than Na and K channels because of several problems reviewed by Hagiwara and Byerly1. First, few preparations allow good control of electrical potential and ionic composition on both sides of the membrane, yet display strong Ca currents. Second, current carried by Ca channels is often obscured by ion movements through other membrane pathways. Third, outward current flow through Ca channels, carried by Ca2+ or any other ion, has been difficult to demonstrate. This is unfortunate because measurements of the potential at which current reverses (Erev) have been crucial in understanding ion permeation and selectivity in other ionic channels (see ref. 4). In molluscan neurones, attempts at recording outward current through the Ca channel have not succeeded, largely because of overlap by nonspecific outward current5–7. In multicellular cardiac muscle preparations, strong depolarizations produce a decaying outward current that Renter and Scholz attributed to K efflux through the Ca channel8. Their interpretation is controversial, however, since the evidence leaves open other explanations for the outward current—for example, Na efflux via Na–Ca exchange9, or K efflux through K-selective channels. To overcome these problems, we studied Ca channels in single isolated heart muscle cells10–12 using a suction pipette method13. We were able to record robust Ca currents with minimal interference from other time-dependent currents while controlling potential and ion composition on both sides of the membrane. Here we present experimental evidence for a genuine reversal of ionic current through Ca channels due to outward movement of K+ ions, in support of the hypothesis of Reuter and Scholz.
Drug delivery approaches for anti-HIV drugs

Abstract Several approaches are currently being followed in the development of strategy for the treatment of HIV infection. Evaluation of the effect of drug delivery systems on the efficacy and toxicity may improve the anti-HIV treatment. This review focuses on various approaches used in the development of drug delivery systems for the controlled, sustained and site-targeted delivery of dideoxynucleosides for these treatments.
Rock volatility and aerosol composition

ON the basis of recent measurements, I propose here that part of the Earth's aerosol burden comes from the volatilisation (sublimation) of the components of surface rocks, in addition to the well known man-made contribution. Calculations on a simple kinetic model indicates that vapour pressures of ∼ 10−11 atm could support the observed atmospheric concentration of copper.
Reading up books: Reference for design of fault tolerant systems: Learn how to design systems that are highly reliable, highly available, and easily maintainable

In a narrow sense, a fault tolerant system is one that is capable of error-free operation as seen from the terminals of the system, even though some internal components may have failed. Thus, the use of backup computers on a space mission allows the safe return of the crew to Earth, even though the primary computer may have failed. The vehicle is said to be tolerant of faults in the primary computer system. This design technique, known as the standby spare technique, is a familiar example of the use of redundant components in the design of fault tolerant systems. There are a great many critical applications where human life depends on the proper operation of electronic equipment. Medical equipment, automatic landing systems on commercial aircraft, and nuclear reactor controllers are just a few of these life-critical systems. Such applications require extremely highly reliable designs.
Energy and Environmental Impacts of Roadway Grades

Although roadway grades are known to affect vehicle fuel consumption and emissions rates, there do not appear to be any systematic evaluations of these impacts in the literature. Consequently, this paper addresses this void by offering a systematic analysis of the impact of roadway grades on vehicle fuel consumption and emissions rates by using the INTEGRATION microscopic traffic simulation software. The energy and emissions impacts are quantified for various cruising speeds, under stop-and-go conditions, and for various traffic signal control scenarios. The study demonstrates that the impact of roadway grade is significant, with increases in vehicle fuel consumption and emissions rates in excess of 9% for a 1% increase in roadway grade. Consequently, a reduction in roadway grades in the range of 1% can offer savings that are equivalent to those offered by various advanced traffic management systems.