cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
INFERRING CAUSALITY FROM CORRESPONDING VARIANCES

Su7nnasy.-A method for inferring causal relations in correlational research is described. A Monte Carlo experiment demonstrates the ability of the method to differentiate simulated independent and dependent variables under certain conditions. These conditions include use of independent variables orthogonal to each other and account for all of the variance of the dependent variable. The method is potentially a substantial improvement over techniques currently used to infer causality in that it assesses the existence and direction of causal relations between variables in correlational contexts. The problem of inferring causation from correlations is well known and stands as a major limitation of correlational research (Cook & Campbell, 1979). The primary reason correlations are inadequate for inferring causation is their implicative ambiguity. A variable x may correlate with variable y but it is impossible to ascertain the existence or direction of a causal implication between the variables. This is because the correlation of x with y is the same as the correlation of y with x. Correlations do not allow one to determine whether x implies y or y implies x. Furthermore, two variables may be associated but have no causal implications berween them. At best correlations allow us to test the plausibility of a priori models. This is the rule followed in suuctural equations modeling (Pedhazur, 1982). The reader's review of the literature in path analysis or structural equations will elaborate further rhe problems with correlations and covariance structures in causal inference. The purpose of this study is to describe a method that allows inference of causal relations without the implicative ambiguities implicit in correlations. Assume xu and xb are orthogonal variables, with equivalent means and standard deviations and that they combine to cause y. Assume the y values have been rescaled to have the same mean and standard deviation as the x values. The central limit theorem suggests the x variables will be normally distributed about the mean of y. There are many ways the x variables can combine to form the mean of y. x variables from opposite extremes of the x range as well as x variables from opposite intermediate ranges will produce the y mean. This implies that x values that correspond to a midrange of y values will have considerable latitude to deviate from the mean of y. Many combinations of x variables could produce values in the midrange of y. Consider, however, the variance of y values that correspond to the mid
On the Trace of Graded Automorphisms

Abstract LetA = ⊕d ≥ 0 Adbe a connected algebra with a graded algebra endomorphism σ. The trace of σ is defined to be Tr(σ, t) = ∑d ≥ 0 tr(σ|Ad)td. We prove that Tr(σ, t) is a rational function ifAis either finitely generated commutative or right noetherian with finite global dimension or regular. A version of Molien's theorem follows in these three cases. IfAis a regular algebra or a Frobenius algebra we prove a reciprocity for the trace. We also partially generalize a theorem of Watanabe on the Gorenstein property to the noncommutative case.
Flightless-I regulates proinflammatory caspases by selectively modulating intracellular localization and caspase activity.

Caspase-1 and caspase-11 are proinflammatory caspases that regulate cytokine production and leukocyte migration during pathogen infection. In an attempt to identify new intracellular regulators of caspase-11, we found that Flightless-I, a member of the gelsolin superfamily of actin-remodeling proteins, interacts and regulates both caspase-11 and caspase-1. Flightless-I targets caspase-11 to the Triton X-100–insoluble cytoskeleton fraction and the cell leading edge. In addition, Flightless-I inhibits caspase-1 activation and caspase-1–mediated interleukine-1β (IL-1β) maturation. The physiological relevance of these findings is supported by the opposing effects of Flightless-I overexpression and knockdown on caspase-1 activity and IL-1β maturation. Our results suggest that Flightless-I may be a bona fide caspase-1 inhibitor that acts through a mechanism similar to that of cytokine response modifier A, a potent caspase-1 inhibitor from the cowpox virus. Our study provides a new mechanism controlling the localization and activation of proinflammatory caspases.
Discovery of Meaningful Rules in Time Series

The ability to make predictions about future events is at the heart of much of science; so, it is not surprising that prediction has been a topic of great interest in the data mining community for the last decade. Most of the previous work has attempted to predict the future based on the current value of a stream. However, for many problems the actual values are irrelevant, whereas the shape of the current time series pattern may foretell the future. The handful of research efforts that consider this variant of the problem have met with limited success. In particular, it is now understood that most of these efforts allow the discovery of spurious rules. We believe the reason why rule discovery in real-valued time series has failed thus far is because most efforts have more or less indiscriminately applied the ideas of symbolic stream rule discovery to real-valued rule discovery. In this work, we show why these ideas are not directly suitable for rule discovery in time series. Beyond our novel definitions/representations, which allow for meaningful and extendable specifications of rules, we further show novel algorithms that allow us to quickly discover high quality rules in very large datasets that accurately predict the occurrence of future events.
Regions of Refuge in the United States: Issues, Problems, and Concerns for the Future of Mexican-Origin Populations in the United States

This address provides a conceptual heuristic of “regions of refuge” as a means of understanding the complex and dynamic processes responsible for the great growth and emergence of Mexican-origin populations in the United States. Such processes are transnational, national, and regional, but at their center are economic issues of production and labor that have their genesis in the 19th century and will be even more important in the next century. By 2100, the Mexican-origin population will make up slightly less than a third of the entire U.S. population and will face issues of increasing economic inequality, steep social stratification, and modest educational attainment. The multiple methodological approaches of applied anthropology are crucial to the solution of what I have termed the “distribution of sadness” that accompanies such growth and issues.
Polytopal form and isomerism

Abstract A thesis is developed that accurate structural data for molecules in the solid state can be utilized to derive direct information about the geometric parameters for solution reaction mechanisms, This is specifically illustrated for intramolecular rearrangements but the basic approach should be applicable to bimolecular reactions. A dihedral angle criterion is employed to quantitatively assess shape parameters for polyhedra found in coordination compounds and cluster molecules. These data are expressed in reaction coordinate form whereby a real structure is related to two idealized polyhedra (a reaction path) or to three or more idealized polyhedra (a reaction cycle or chain). It is demonstrated through an analysis of structural data for five coordinate complexes that the Berry type of rearrangement is the lowest energy physical pathway for rearrangements in ML5 molecules or ions. Solvents may alter the relative energies of ground and excited state forms but should not significantly alter the physical character of the rearrangement process unless the solvent strongly interacts with the molecules. This feature is discussed with respect to polytopal polymorphism in clusters, e.g., B8H82−.
Physical programming - Effective optimization for computational design

A new effective and computationally efficient approach for design optimization, hereby entitled physical programming, is developed. This new approach is intended to substantially reduce the computational intensity of large problems and to place the design process into a more flexible and natural framework. Knowledge of the desired attributes of the optimal design is judiciously exploited. For each attribute of interest to the designer (each criterion), regions are defined that delineate degrees of desirability : unacceptable, highly undesirable, undesirable, tolerable, desirable, and highly desirable. This approach completely eliminates the need for iterative weight setting, which is the object of the typical computational bottleneck in large design optimization problems. Two key advantages of physical programming are 1) once the designer's preferences are articulated, obtaining the corresponding optimal design is a noniterative process-in stark contrast to conventional weight-based methods and 2) it provides the means to reliably employ optimization with minimal prior knowledge thereof. The mathematical infrastructure that supports the physical programming design optimization framework is developed, and a numerical example provided. Physical programming is a new approach to realistic design optimization that may be appealing to the design engineer in an industrial setting.
Conflict and Compromise: The Political Economy of Slavery, Emancipation and the American Civil War

No series of events has had a more dramatic impact on the course of American history than the Civil War and the emancipation of four million black slaves. In this book Professor Roger Ransom examines the economic and political factors that led to the attempt by Southerners to dissolve the Union in 1860, and the equally determined effort of Northerners to preserve it. Drawing on recent research in economic, political, and social history, Ransom argues that the system of capitalist slavery in the South not only 'caused' the Civil War by producing tensions that could not be resolved by compromise; it also played a crucial role in the outcome of that War by crippling the southern war effort at the same time that emancipation became a unifying issue for the North.
Fibrillin genes map to regions of conserved mouse/human syntenyon mouse chromosomes 2 and 18

Abstract Fibrillin proteins are major structural components of the 10-nm microfibrils found in elastic and nonelastic connective tissues. Previous studies have mapped the human genes for two fibrillins to chromosome bands 15q21 (FBN1) and 5823-q31 (FBN2) and have demonstrated that FBN1 mutations are associated with Marfan syndrome, while FBN2 is linked to the gene for congenital contractural arachnodactyly. Here, we report the isolation of genomic clones of the corresponding mouse fibrillin genes ( Fbn-1 and Fbn-2 ). By analyzing a mapping panel of mouse × rodent somatic hybrid cell lines, we have assigned the Fbn-1 gene to mouse chromosome 2 and the Fbn-2 gene to mouse chromosome 18. We then sublocalized the fibrillin genes to bands 2F ( Fbn-1 ) and 18D-E1 ( Fbn-2 ) by fluorescence in situ hybridization. These regions are known to exhibit conserved synteny with the regions on human chromosomes 15 and 5 that carry the homologous human fibrillin genes. In addition, the Fbn-1 gene maps in the vicinity of the gene for a connective tissue disorder on mouse chromosome 2 called Tight-skin (Tsk) .
Dihydroxyoctadecamonoenoate esters inhibit the neutrophil respiratory burst

The leukotoxins [9(10)-and 12(13)-EpOME] are produced by activated inflammatory leukocytes such as neutrophils. High EpOME levels are observed in disorders such as acute respiratory distress syndrome and in patients with extensive burns. Although the physiological significance of the EpOMEs remains poorly understood, in some systems, the EpOMEs act as a protoxin, with their corresponding epoxide hydrolase metabolites, 9,10-and 12,13-DiHOME, specifically exerting toxicity. Both the EpOMEs and the DiHOMEs were also recently shown to have neutrophil chemotactic activity. We evaluated whether the neutrophil respiratory burst, a surge of oxidant production thought to play an important role in limiting certain bacterial and fungal infections, is modulated by members of the EpOME metabolic pathway. We present evidence that the DiHOMEs suppress the neutrophil respiratory burst by a mechanism distinct from that of respiratory burst inhibitors such as cyclosporin H or lipoxin A4, which inhibit multiple aspects of neutrophil activation.
Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography of steroid 3-sulfates and the corresponding unconjugated steroids.

Abstract Simultaneous separation of steroid 3-sulfates and the corresponding free steroids has been accomplished by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). Addition of ammonium sulfate to the aqueous component of the mobile phase results in retention of the steroid sulfates to octadecyl silica packings byan apparent ion-pairing mechanism without affecting the retention of the free steroids. The retention time of steroid sulfates was dependent on the ammonium sulfate concentration in the mobile phase. Biologically important C 19 Δ 5 ,3β-hydroxy-steroids and corresponding 3-sulfate conjugates or estrogen and estrogen 3-sulfates have been resolved with this RP-HPLC system.
Predictors of condom use in women receiving court-mandated drug and alcohol treatment: implications for intervention

Women who abuse substances are at a high-risk for contracting HIV. Condom use interventions are important in reducing HIV in high-risk populations, but current interventions have small effects. The aim of this study is to examine the relative impact of substance use, personal variables (sexual impulsivity and condom expectancies), and relationship variables (perceptions of relationship commitment and partner risk, perceptions of power within the relationship) on condom use in women in court-mandated substance abuse treatment. Information was collected from 312 sexually active women in an inpatient drug and alcohol treatment facility in the Southeastern US Participants completed questionnaires and were interviewed using the Timeline Follow-back method and provided information about sexual activity in the 30-days prior to intake, including type of sexual event, co-occurrence with substance use, condom use, and characteristics of sexual partners and the nature of the relationship. Multilevel logistic modelin...
Use of the radial maze in studies of phencyclidine and other drugs of abuse

Abstract Effects of drugs known to disrupt performance in an 8-arm radial maze are reported in terms of changes caused in the pattern of arm entry. Phencyclidine (PCP) and N-allyl-N-normetazocine (SKF-10,047) alter the pattern of arm entry in a way which distinguishes their actions from those of scopolamine and certain serotonergic agonists. The apparent rank order of potencies for causing this effect is (+)SKF-10,047 > PCP > (−)SKF-10,047. Results of previous radial maze studies evaluating the interactions of clonidine and verapamil with PCP are summarized. Data are reported which indicate that the ability of verapamil to potentiate PCP's behavioral effects stems from an alteration of the pharmacokinetics of PCP; when verapamil (20 mg/kg, IP) was administered 15 minutes before [ 3 H]PCP (40μCi/kg, IP), brain levels of tritium were increased by 154 to 225 percent. Finally, possible advantages of using a 4-arm radial maze in studies of PCP and related drugs are discussed.
MOCVD selective growth of InP through narrow openings and its application to InP HBT extrinsic base regrowth

Abstract We studied the selective growth behaviors of InP through narrow openings ( 2 is proposed. The device behaviors of the laterally regrown-base HBT prototypes are demonstrated.
Non-suicidal self-injury disorder in a community sample of adults

Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) Disorder has been included in DSM-5 for the first time as a disorder requiring further research. The present study investigated DSM-5 criteria for NSSI Disorder in a community sample of adults and provided an initial investigation of differences between those with and without a diagnosis of NSSI Disorder and NSSI history. Participants over the age of 18 (N=548) completed an online survey using Amazon׳s MTurk. A lifetime history of NSSI was reported by 23% of the sample. Nearly 3% of the total sample and 11.2% of those with an NSSI history met criteria for NSSI Disorder. Those with NSSI Disorder were similar to participants with an NSSI history who did not meet criteria for the disorder on NSSI frequency and methods, and age of NSSI onset, use of coping strategies, and borderline symptoms, but they differed on automatic reinforcement of the behavior and reported interference with functioning. Endorsement of specific NSSI Disorder criteria, potential implications for the diagnosis, and avenues for future research are discussed.
Financial Penalties as an Alternative Criminal Sanction: Evidence from Panel Data

This paper explores whether financial penalties can be a viable alternative to traditional sanction methods. Given that the annual cost of operating jails and prisons is approximately $40 billion in the U.S., any increase in the efficiency of the criminal justice system will lead to substantial savings. Using a panel model to control for jurisdictional heterogeneity, results indicate that financial penalties provide a significant deterrent effect similar to those provided by other sanctions. As such, policy makers should reconsider alternative sanctions as part of a larger sentencing policy. While financial penalties are not options in all cases, the large number of nonviolent offenders currently incarcerated suggests that opportunities exist for financial punishment to reduce criminal justice expenditures.
Partial purification and characterization of thrombolamban, A 22,000 dalton cAMP-dependent protein kinase substrate in platelets☆

In preparations of human platelet microsomes, cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase induced the rapid phosphorylation of a single protein that was electrophoretically identical to the 22,000 dalton protein (P22) phosphorylated by cAMP in intact platelets. Phosphorylation of the microsomal protein was maximal at one minute and was followed by slow dephosphorylation. Although the protein was associated with a microsomal fraction, it could be separated from the membrane by 2 M NaCl indicating that it was a peripheral protein. Molecular weight was estimated by NaDodSO4-PAGE and by gel filtration chromatography. The molecular weight estimated by NaDodSO4-PAGE was 22,400 daltons and was somewhat larger than the 16,000 molecular weight estimated by gel filtration in the presence of NaDodSO4. In the absence of NaDodSO4, the protein chromatographed as a 36,000 dalton form. The presence of the 36,000 dalton form was not dependent on the phosphorylation state of the protein. The partially purified protein contained phosphoserine, but no phosphothreonine or phosphotyrosine. Two dimensional NaDodSO4-PAGE and isoelectric focusing of the phosphorylated protein revealed isomers with pl values of 5.9 and 6.3. These studies indicate that the 22 kDa microsomal protein and P22 in intact platelets are the same protein and that the 22 kDa protein is tightly bound to the microsomal membrane although the nature of this binding and the microsomal component(s) to which it is bound remain to be determined. We conclude that the 22 kDa protein in platelet microsomes is structurally distinct from, but functionally similar to, phospholamban, the cAMP-dependent protein kinase substrate in muscle, and may play a similar role in calcium transport. Based on this similarity, it is proposed that the 22 kDa protein in platelets be called thrombolamban.
Alloy clustering and its effect on impact ionization in ternary III–V compounds

Abstract The influence of alloy clustering in ternary A x B 1− x C III–V compounds on the impact ionization rate is discussed. A simple alloy clustering model is introduced and impact ionization rates are calculated assuming that the electron wavevector is much larger than the reciprocal cluster size. We show that the impact ionization rates of electrons and holes exhibit the same asymmetry as the band edge discontinuity of the AB - AC heterojunction. Numerical values are obtained for Al x Ga 1−x As as a function of alloy composition x .
Was There a Pliocene-Pleistocene Fluvial-Lacustrine Connection between Death Valley and the Colorado River?

Since the turn of the century, a Pliocene-Pleistocene connection between the Death Valley-Owens River pluvial system and the Colorado River drainage basin has been frequently postulated. The two most commonly proposed routes involve (1) a southward overflow from the Death Valley Lake system or (2) southward migration of the Mojave River between its present course and a more southerly route. Under the present topographic regime, a Death Valley Lake capable of overflowing the bedrock saddle at Ludlow, California and discharging southward into the Bristol, Cadiz, and Danby Lake basins (and eventually the Colorado River) would be over 12,000 km2 in size. Few surface and subsurface indicators exist to support either a fluvial or lacustrine connection. Evidence from deep cores and boreholes drilled in Soda, Bristol, Cadiz, and Danby dry lake basins indicate that a hydrologic connection has not occurred during the past 4 myr. No well-documented paleoshoreline features have been located at elevations corresponding to the above hydrologic systems in Death Valley, Silver-Soda, Bristol, or Danby Lake basins. In the Cadiz, Silurian, and Broadwell basins these features have not been found at all. Therefore, we conclude that a hydrologic connection between the Death Valley-Owens River system and the Colorado River has not occurred along either of these routes since the middle Pliocene.
Composition of Fresh and Storage Eggs from Hens Fed Cottonseed and Non-Cottonseed Rations.IV. Spectrographic Examination of the Egg Whites

Abstract SINCE certain yolk ingredients have been shown to diffuse into the whites during cold storage of cottonseed oil eggs, the question arose as to whether the pink color of the whites of such eggs could be (1) diffused normal yolk pigments, (2) the natural pigment of whites, riboflavin, modified by diffused yolk constituents, or, (3) some cottonseed oil pigment, deposited in the yolk as a result of its consumption in feed and later diffused into the whites during storage. To investigate these possibilities the following experiments were conducted. EXPERIMENTAL Absorption spectra of a normal white from a fresh egg and a normal-appearing white and pink white from stored cottonseed oil eggs are presented in Figure 1. The Beckman quartz spectrophotometer and the Cenco-Sheard Spectrophotelometer were used for the determinations. The untreated whites were filtered clear and diluted with 0.9 percent NaCl solution to obtain the proper concentrations for specific wave . . .
Formulation of a geldanamycin prodrug in mPEG-b-PCL micelles greatly enhances tolerability and pharmacokinetics in rats

Geldanamycin (GA) and its analogues inhibit heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) and have shown significant antitumor activity in vivo; however, clinical development of GA has been hampered by its poor solubility and severe hepatotoxicity. More soluble analogues, such as 17-DMAG and 17-AAG, are easier to formulate, and have progressed through early clinical trials. However the large volume of distribution and systemic toxicity associated with these analogues may limit their distribution into tumors, thereby severely reducing efficacy and increasing non-specific toxicities. We have evaluated a formulation of a lipophilic GA prodrug, 17'GAC(16)Br encapsulated in methoxy-capped poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(epsilon-caprolactone) (mPEG-b-PCL) micelles, by comparing it to free 17-DMAG at 10 mg/kg in rats. mPEG-b-PCL micelles reported herein demonstrated substantial sustained release and conversion of 17'GAC(16)Br into 17'GAOH at significantly greater levels in all tissues analyzed compared to the free drug, allowing for a 72-fold enhancement in the AUC, a 21-fold decrease in V(d), an 11-fold decrease in CL(tot), and a 2-fold and 7-fold enhancement in the overall MRT of 17'GAC(16)Br and 17'GAOH, respectively. Importantly, the micellar formulation exhibited lower systemic toxicity than 17-DMAG, with a MTD >200 mg/kg and a 2000-fold enhancement in the AUC. 17'GAC(16)Br in micelles were poorly cleared renally, in contrast to 17-DMAG and 17'GAOH, but showed preferential accumulation and prodrug conversion in reticuloendothelial organs of normal animals. Overall, the data indicate that this nanocarrier system is a promising alternative to the current 17-DMAG formulation and offers excellent potential for further pre-clinical and clinical cancer studies.
Influence of Syntactical Complexity on Comprehension in Conceptually Delayed Children at Linguistic Stage I

Individuals concerned with developing comprehension and production of multi-word utterances in conceptually delayed children have sought to design variables believed to play a role in language learning. One such variable is level of linguistic input. The purpose of this study was to determine whether conceptually delayed children functioning at linguistic Stage I (Brown, 1973) exhibit differential levels of comprehension as a function of the linguistic complexity of the stimulus utterance. Conceptually delayed preschoolers at early and late State I were asked to respond to commands expressed in simple, complete adult forms and in incomplete, telegraphic child forms. Results indicated that late Stage I children were superior to early stage I children in comprehension of all forms. No significant differences as a function of complexity were noted for either group of children.
Some aspects of the potash nutrition of the potato

The potassium requirements of potatoes are described, followed by a consideration of the relationship between potassium rate and source and the carbohydrate metabolism of the potato. Potassium nutrition and potato quality (texture and after-cooking colour) are discussed, and the subject of potato quality is summarised with reference to the tests carried out at Levington.
Unified Framework to Evaluate Panmixia and Migration Direction Among Multiple Sampling Locations

For many biological investigations, groups of individuals are genetically sampled from several geographic locations. These sampling locations often do not reflect the genetic population structure. We describe a framework using marginal likelihoods to compare and order structured population models, such as testing whether the sampling locations belong to the same randomly mating population or comparing unidirectional and multidirectional gene flow models. In the context of inferences employing Markov chain Monte Carlo methods, the accuracy of the marginal likelihoods depends heavily on the approximation method used to calculate the marginal likelihood. Two methods, modified thermodynamic integration and a stabilized harmonic mean estimator, are compared. With finite Markov chain Monte Carlo run lengths, the harmonic mean estimator may not be consistent. Thermodynamic integration, in contrast, delivers considerably better estimates of the marginal likelihood. The choice of prior distributions does not influence the order and choice of the better models when the marginal likelihood is estimated using thermodynamic integration, whereas with the harmonic mean estimator the influence of the prior is pronounced and the order of the models changes. The approximation of marginal likelihood using thermodynamic integration in MIGRATE allows the evaluation of complex population genetic models, not only of whether sampling locations belong to a single panmictic population, but also of competing complex structured population models.
A Phase I/II Study of a Hybrid Schedule of Flavopiridol in Relapsed/Refractory Mantle Cell Lymphoma and Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma

Abstract Background Continuous infusion and bolus schedules of flavopiridol in mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) have yielded disappointing results. However, a pharmacologically derived hybrid schedule of administration is effective in refractory, genetically high-risk chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), though life-threatening tumor lysis syndrome (TLS) may occur in patients with very high lymphocyte counts. Because flavopiridol decreases cyclin D1 and Mcl-1 and induces apoptosis in MCL cells, is significantly toxic for cell lines derived from the activated B-cell–like type of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL; OCI-Ly3), and downregulates NF-κB, we investigated the hybrid schedule in MCL and DLBCL. Patients and Methods Flavopiridol was administered as a 30-minute bolus (mg/m 2 ) followed by a 4-hour continuous infusion (mg/m 2 ), weekly for 4 doses every 6 weeks. Separate escalation rules applied to cycle 1 week 1 (C1W1) and all other weeks of treatment. Dose levels on C1W1 were DL1: 25/25 (4 patients), DL2: 30/30 (10 patients), and DL3: 30/50 (6 patients). Dose escalation on subsequent weeks was not possible due to toxicity, and all patients received 30/50. All patients received TLS prophylaxis. Paired biopsy samples obtained before and after the first dose were analyzed for CDK targets. Results Patient (n = 20) characteristics: median age, 59 years (range, 24-80 years); male, 15 (75%); median prior regimens, 2 (range, 1-6). Ten patients had MCL, and 10 had DLBCL. Responses included partial response (PR) in 2 patients (1 MCL; 1 DLBCL; 10%), stable disease (SD) in 5 patients (25%), and progressive disease (PD) in 13 patients (65%). Dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs) included TLS and severe vomiting/diarrhea in 2 patients at DL3. The maximum tolerated dose (MTD) and phase II dose have not yet been defined. Other toxicities were grade 4 absolute neutrophil count (ANC; 10 patients) requiring prophylactic granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), TLS (1 patient), and bowel perforation (1 patient). Decreased Rb staining at the S807/811 phospho-site was noted in 8 of 9 paired samples analyzed (range, 20%-75%; P = .027) and at the S780 site in 7 of 8 paired samples (range, 38%-91%; P = .00016), suggestive of G1 CDK inhibition. In 1 sample in which p53 was detected, there was an increase post-treatment, suggestive of CDK9 inhibition. Conclusion The hybrid schedule of flavopiridol has modest activity in relapsed MCL and DLBCL. TLS occurred infrequently and was reversible. DLTs were TLS and gastrointestinal toxicity. Accrual continues. Analysis of cell cycle and transcriptional CDK targets is ongoing.
The poisoning of D2 dissociative chemisorption on Pt(111) by coadsorbed O2

Abstract We have measured the dissociative chemisorption probability of D2 on Pt(111) as a function of molecular oxygen coverage and have found that the probability decreases linearly with O2 coverage. The results suggest that O2 poisons the chemisorption sterically by blocking approximately two adsorption sites per coadsorbed oxygen molecule. We conclude that the influence on the sticking probability of increasing the work function by coadsorbing oxygen is small, in contrast to the dramatic decrease in the sticking by coadsorbed potassium, which has previously been attributed to a decrease in the work function.
Sodium coprecipitation in calcite and dolomite

Abstract Coprecipitation of Na has been experimentally investigated at 25°C, pH's between 6.8 and 8.4, and aqueous Na + concentrations between 5·10 −4 and 2 M. Coprecipitation displays a log-linear relationship at low Na concentrations and converges toward NaHCO 3 saturation at higher concentrations. Coprecipitation is independent of Mg in the carbonate structure which suggests similar Na concentrations in calcites and dolomites. Na coprecipitation increases greatly in the presence of aqueous citrate. Organic substances present in invertebrate body fluids may account for high Na concentrations in Recent calcites relative to older diagenetic carbonates.
Aristotle's Historia Animalium and Apis reproduction

The details of observations and accounts recorded in Aristotle’s Historia Animalium have been cataloged by scholars for decades. The degree to which his interpretations and accounts are accurate and demonstrate an actual understanding of honey bee biology have been debated. Throughout these discussions, however, it appears that one observation dutifully recorded has escaped notice. Aristotle made note of the direct product of the haplodiploid sex determination system, attesting to the power of his accounts, although he made no attempt to interpret it.
The challenges are organizational not just clinical

Contemporary hospitals fall far short in applying both state-of-the art clinical knowledge and management practices of known effectiveness. Organization and management practices in hospitals are shaped by four factors: their conflicting missions, a distinctive and largely professional workforce, demanding external environments, and a complex day-to-day task environment. This article identifies two critical organizing challenges that hospitals face: organizational learning and implementing effective high involvement management practices. It discusses how findings from organizational research, including articles in this special issue, identify solutions to the problems underlying these challenges. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Connectance determines invasion success via trophic interactions in model food webs

Human induced global change has greatly altered the structure and composition of food webs through the invasion of non-native species and the extinction of native species. Much attention has been paid to the effects of species deletions on food web structure and stability. However, recent empirical evidence suggests that for most taxa local species richness has increased as successful invasions outpace extinctions at this scale. This pattern suggests that food webs, which represent feeding interactions at the local scale, may be increasing in species richness. Knowledge of how food web structure relates to invasive species establishment and the effect of successful invaders on subsequent food web structure remains an unknown but potentially important aspect of global change. Here we explore the effect of food web topology on invasion success in model food webs to develop hypotheses about how the distribution of biodiversity across trophic levels affects the success of invasion at each trophic level. Our results suggest a connectance (C) based framework for predicting invasion success in food webs due to the way that C constrains the number of species at each trophic level and thus the number of potential predators and prey for an invader at a given trophic level. We use the relationship between C and the proportion of species at each trophic level in 14 well studied food webs to make the following predictions; 1) the success of basal invaders will increase as C increases due to the decrease in herbivores in high C webs, 2) herbivore invasion success will decrease as C increases due to the decrease in the proportion of basal species and increase in intermediate species and omnivores in high C webs. 3) Top predator invasion success will increase as C increases due to the increase in intermediate prey species. However, it is not clear how the relative influence of trophic structure compares to empirically known predictors of invasion success such as invader traits, propagule pressure, and resource availability.
Introduction to the Special Issue on Augmentative and Alternative Communication

The Rehabilitation Engineering Research Center for Communication Enhancement (AAC-RERC) has prepared this special issue of Assistive Technology® dedicated to the field of Augmentative and Alternati...
Increasing Migration, Diverging Communities: Changing Character of Migrant Streams in Rural Thailand.

This paper studies how increasing migration changes the character of migrant streams in sending communities. Cumulative causation theory posits that past migration patterns determine future flows, as prior migrants provide resources, influence, or normative pressures that make individuals more likely to migrate. The theory implies exponentially increasing migration flows that are decreasingly selective. Recent research identifies heterogeneity in the cumulative patterns and selectivity of migration in communities. We propose that this heterogeneity may be explained by individuals’ differential access to previously accumulated migration experience. Multi-level, longitudinal data from 22 rural Thai communities allow us to measure the distribution of past experience as a proxy for its accessibility to community members. We find that migration becomes a less-selective process as migration experience accumulates, and migrants become increasingly diverse in socio-demographic characteristics. Yet, selectivity within migrant streams persists if migration experience is not uniformly distributed among, and hence not equally accessible to, all community members. The results confirm that the accumulation and distribution of prior migrants’ experiences distinctly shape future migration flows, and may lead to diverging cumulative patterns in communities over time.
Sulfur dioxide transport through aqueous solutions: Part I. Theory

Expressions are derived for the steady state flux of sulfur dioxide through films of water and neutral and alkaline salt solutions. A local equilibrium approximation yields and analytical expression for the flux through water and neutral salt solutions. To account for deviations from local equilibrium, the conversion from sulfur dixoxide (aq) to sulfur containing ions (and vice versa) is assumed frozen near the boundaries of the film (x = 0, x = 1). The thickness of the boundary layer near x = 1 is pH dependent, indicating an increasing deviation from equilibrium flux in increasingly alkaline solutions. Strong nonequilibrium behavior can be realized under some conditions for a film of concentrated sodium hydroxide operating as a liquid membrane and in conventional scrubbers.
Sarcomas and sarcomatoid and mixed malignant tumors of the kidney in adults—part III

The clinical and pathologic features of 43 cases of malignant renal tumor with mixed histopathologic features are presented. The characteristic features of embryonal nephroblastoma (Wilms' tumor) of infancy and childhood were seen in five adult cases. Renal-cell carcinoma, intimately associated with a more pleomorphic spindle-cell or giant-cell malignancy resembling sarcoma, was the lesion in 37 cases. Areas of osteogenic sarcoma were noted in three tumors of this latter group and foci of transition of carcinoma cells to pleomorphic sarcomatoid cells could be demonstrated. A third distinctive mixed malignant tumor (one case in the series) was a transitional-cell carcinoma of the kidney with a pleomorphic malignant-appearing spindle-cell stromal component. The term “sarcomatoid” is appropriate in the present incomplete state of knowledge of these unusual malignant neoplasms.
A comparison of DSM-IV and DSM-5 panel members' financial associations with industry: a pernicious problem persists.

Lisa Cosgrove and Sheldon Krimsky examine the new competing interest disclosure policy of the American Psychiatric Association (APA) and report that DSM panel members still have considerable financial conflicts of interest.
Measurements of Stark Profiles of C II and Ca II Lines

An electromagnetic $T$ tube was the source of a plasma used to measure line profiles of singly ionized atoms. The profiles of C II lines emitted by a plasma composed of He and C${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ in the ratio 95:5 were scanned with a monochromator. The profile scans were accomplished by repeated firings of the T tube while advancing the monochromator in wavelength steps. Also measured was the profile of the 3934 \AA{} Ca II resonance line emitted by a plasma composed of He, ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$, and C${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ in the ratio 20:10:70 with Ca as an impurity. The profile of the 3889 \AA{} He I line was also measured and its halfwidth was used to determine the plasma electron density in the case of the C II lines. Likewise ${\mathrm{H}}_{\ensuremath{\alpha}}$ was used to determine the electron density in the case of the Ca II line. The experimental C II and Ca II Stark-profile half-widths were compared with the theoretically calculated values.
Current response for a single redox moiety trapped in a closed generator-collector system: the role of capacitive coupling.

A theoretical model is proposed to describe the steady-state average limiting current associated with a single redox moiety (ox or red) trapped in a closed generator-collector system along with excess supporting electrolyte. By “closed” we mean that neither solvent nor solutes can enter or leave the system. The potential difference, EOE – ERE, between the oxidizing electrode (OE) and the reducing electrode (RE) is maintained constant with the values of EOE and ERE chosen so that the operative faradaic electrode processes are very fast, i.e., red = ox + nETe– (kox = ∞) at the OE and ox + nETe– = red (kred = ∞) at the RE. Because there is only a single redox moiety the faradaic process occurs at only one electrode at a time while current at the other electrode is purely capacitive (we refer to this as capacitive coupling). We propose that a two-step process is required to transfer nETqe coulombs (qe is the absolute value of the elemental electronic charge). The first step is associated with diffusion (appro...
Barrier membranes with different sizes of aligned flakes

Abstract The permeability of polymer films can be reduced dramatically with many layers of thin mineral flakes aligned parallel to the film's surface. For a film with a volume fraction ϕ of flakes of aspect ratio α , the permeability reduction is expected to be proportional to αϕ for the dilute limit ( ϕ ≪ 1 and αϕ αϕ ) 2 in the semi-dilute limit ( ϕ ≪ 1 but αϕ > 1). Permeabilities of hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide across films containing mica or vermiculite in polyvinyl alcohol agree with the second, semi-dilute prediction. Permeabilities of helium across films of montmorillonite in polyethylene glycol do as well. These improvements in barrier properties are independent of flake size, permeant and polymer chemistry.
The nature of surface tilt along 85 km of the San Andreas fault-preliminary results form a 14-instrument array

The continuous monitoring of surface deformation near active faults is clearly necessary for an understanding of elastic strain accumulation and elastic and anelastic strain release associated with earthquakes. Fourteen 2-component tiltmeters have been installed in shallow boreholes along 85 km of the currently most active section of the San Andreas fault in the western United States. These instruments operate at a sensitivity of 10−8 radians. Five of these tiltmeters, extending along one 35 km section of the fault, have been in operation since June 1973. The results indicate that regional tectonic tilting has occurred before more than ten individual earthquakes or groups of earthquakes with epicenters within ten earthquake source dimensions of one or more instruments. This tilting has a time scale of up to a month depending on earthquake magnitude. The amplitude of these tilts exceeds by almost an order of magnitude that expected from a dislocation model of the source using seismically determined parameters. No indication of rapid or accelerated tilt just prior to these earthquakes has been seen.
Mechanism of Diethyl Ether Formation on Ag(110) and Its Dependence on Coadsorbed Oxygen Species

The reactions of adlayers consisting of ethyl ligands, ethoxide groups, and oxygen atoms on Ag(110) were investigated using temperature-programmed desorption and high-resolution electron energy-loss spectroscopy. Iodoethane adsorbs dissociatively at 150 K to produce surface-bound ethyl ligands. These species react to form butane, which desorbs at 221 K, diethyl ether (236 K), ethylene (245 K), water (258 K), acetaldehyde (268 K), and ethanol (268 K). To determine the mechanism of formation of diethyl ether (the most abundant product), several surface mixtures of ethyl and ethoxide species were prepared by adsorption of different coverages of oxygen, iodoethane, and ethanol. While ethyl groups and ethoxides did couple to form diethyl ether in some cases, this reaction occurred only in the presence of additional coadsorbed oxygen atoms on the surface. The kinetics of diethyl ether formation are identical for the two reaction channels investigated: ethyl−ethyl−oxygen coupling and ethyl−ethoxide coupling. Th...
Functional and Residential Status Transitions Among Nursing Home Residents

Background. The present study examines transitions in the functional status and discharge destination of new nursing home admissions who remain at least 100 days, and ascertains baseline covariates associated with transition patterns. Methods. Using a fully observed, continuous-time Markov chain model for maximum likelihood estimation of probability intensities, transition processes are characterized. The long-stay cohort (n = 9,541) was derived from a sample of elders newly admitted to 48 National Health Corporation (NHC) nursing homes between 1983 and 1987. Assessment of functional status, using a modified Katz ADL scale, occurred during the first, second, and third months, and the second, third, and fourth quarters after admission. Four types of residential changes (e.g., mortality) were examined for the latter three quarters. Results. While stability was the predominant pattern during the first 90 days in the nursing home, 51.5% of residents experienced a change in function. The probability of change was higher for modest (one level) rather than substantial change, and for such change to represent improvement rather than decline. Over 25% of this long-stay sample exited in the second quarter, 37% of them returning home. The rates for returns to home and for mortality were strongly related to functional level. Several sociodemographic variables (e.g., age, source of payment), diagnostic indicators (e.g., cancer), and orientation status were consistently associated with transition rates within functionally homogeneous groups. Conclusions. Overall, findings underscore the heterogeneity and complexity of transition patterns for a subgroup historically treated as likely to decline or remain stable, and viewed as "permanent" residents. The model was useful in describing the volatile transition process among older long-stayers.
Computing discrete Fourier transform on a rectangular data array

The authors generalize the weighted redundancy transform (WRT) algorithm for computing the multidimensional discrete Fourier transform (DFT) in the case in which the sample size (blocklength) is not the same on every axis. The proposed algorithm, like the WRT algorithm, is based on the one-dimensional fast Fourier transform (FFT) and, compared to the traditional ways of computing the multidimensional DFT, offers substantial savings in the number of one-dimensional FFT procedure calls. While the algorithm is applicable to transforms of any dimensions, only the two-dimensional case is explored in detail. >
Stimulation of AQP2 membrane insertion in renal epithelial cells in vitro and in vivo by the cGMP phosphodiesterase inhibitor sildenafil citrate (Viagra)

Vasopressin-stimulated insertion of the aquaporin 2 (AQP2) water channel into the plasma membrane of kidney collecting duct principal cells is a key event in the urinary concentrating mechanism. Th...
On Branes and oriented B-fields

Novel theories appear on the world-volume of branes by orienting B fields along various directions of the branes. We review some of the earlier developments and explore many new examples of these theories. In particular, among other things, we study the pinning effect of branes near conifold like singularities and brane-antibrane theories with different fluxes on their world-volumes. We show that all these theories arise from different limits of an M-theory configuration with appropriately chosen G-fluxes. This gives us a way to study them from a unified framework in M-theory.