cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pseudo likelihood estimation in network tomography

Network monitoring and diagnosis are key to improving network performance. The difficulties of performance monitoring lie in today's fast growing Internet, accompanied by increasingly heterogeneous and unregulated structures. Moreover, these tasks become even harder since one cannot rely on the collaboration of individual routers and servers to directly measure network traffic. Even though the aggregatory nature of possible network measurements gives rise to inverse problems, existing methods for solving inverse problems are usually computationally intractable or statistically inefficient. In this paper, a pseudo likelihood approach is proposed to solve a group of network tomography problems. The basic idea of pseudo likelihood is to form simple subproblems and construct a product of marginal likelihood of subproblems by the ignoring their dependences. As a result, it keeps a good balance between the computational complexity and the statistical efficiency of the parameter estimation. Some statistical properties of the pseudo likelihood estimator, such as consistency and asymptotic normality, are established. A pseudo expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm is developed to maximize the pseudo log-likelihood function. Two examples with simulated or real data are used to illustrate the pseudo likelihood proposal: (1) internal link delay distribution inference through multicast end-to-end measurements; (2) origin-destination matrix estimation through link traffic counts.
Applications of Computers in Coatings Research and Development

The use of computers in coatings research and development is reviewed using suc cessful applications in our own laboratory as examples. We examine the use of com puters in recipe calculation, polym...
Aggregated hierarchical multicast for active networks

Active networking is the basis for a range of new and innovative applications that make use of computational resources inside network routers. One such application is aggregated hierarchical multicast, which aims at implementing efficient many-to-many communication. In certain scenarios, it is possible to transmit less accurate, aggregated data and thus achieve better scalability. Using active networks, the aggregation computation can be done transparently by network routers without end system support. We show how aggregated data streams can be structured in a hierarchical fashion to allow easy access of data at the desired aggregation level. We introduce two application examples to illustrate the system design, analyze the performance of the aggregation mechanism and evaluate it using a prototype implementation.
Consciousness and the Cognitive Revolution: A True Worldview Paradigm Shift

Traditional scientific views of the conscious self and world we live in are challenged by an unprecedented outburst of emerging new paradigms, theories of consciousness, perceptions of reality, new sciences, new philosophies, epistemologies, and a host of other transformative approaches. This still expanding outburst can be traced, on both logical and chronologic grounds, not to chaos theory, ecology, the new physics, or dozens of other currently ascribed sources, but rather to the cognitive (consciousness) revolution that immediately preceded. These new approaches all share one key feature in common, namely, they all depend, directly or indirectly, upon a refutation and successful overthrow of the long dominant materialist paradigm. This is what was required to shift consciousness from an acausal or "eliminable" status to a functionally indispensable role. Traditional "bottom-up" micro-determinism had to be supplemented by a reciprocal, "top-down" control exerted by mental emergents over lower-level components. This does not dispose of behaviorism or reductionism, as methodology, but simply incorporates these within a more comprehensive explanatory framework. With the long reign of materialist constraints finally broken, other antireductive views have proliferated but with little regard for what the new paradigm allows.
The Accuracy of Public Beliefs About Crime

Studies of public beliefs about crime often assert that there is a marked discrepancy between public beliefs about crime and objective conditions, a discrepancy at least partially attributable to media coverage of crime. Data from four independent sample surveys of the adult residents of a major Southwestern metropolitan area indicate that any general statement about the accuracy of public beliefs about crime may be premature. Respondents were asked to estimate the number of offenses reported to the police for each of 17 offenses. The relation between the perceived incidence and the official incidence of the offenses is described by a power function, the parameters of which are highly replicable across the surveys. Although there is systematic distortion, the overall degree of accuracy is remarkable. Alternative explanations of that accuracy are examined, and an explanation based on additional evidence is proposed. There is now a large literature on public beliefs about crime and legal punishment. That literature addresses a wide variety of beliefs,' including perceptions of the frequency of various criminal or delinquent offenses, perceptions of the probability of victimization, the fear of crime, evaluations of the seriousness of offenses (as well as consensus in those evaluations), publicly preferred punishments for offenses, public stereotypes of offenders, and perceptions of the severity of statutory punishments. The list is not exhaustive, but it serves to illustrate a shift in interest among many criminologists from objective properties of crime and punishment toward subjective properties (those that exist in peoples' minds). That shift is apparently the result of two trends: the prominence of etiological theories that emphasize perception-labeling and deterrence-and a growing recognition that there is no necessary relation between objective characteristics of crime (and punishment) and subjective characteristics (Conklin, a; McIntyre).
Über fluorhaltige Verbindungen der Elemente der V. Hauptgruppe. IV. Tetrachloroantimon(V)‐fluorid, [SbCl4]+F−

Durch Fluorieren von Antimon(V)-chlorid mit Arsentrifluorid entsteht die Verbindung [SbCl4]F nach der Gleichung . Die Verbindung wird mit der analogen Phosphorverbindung [PCl4]F verglichen. Die Unbestandigkeit von [AsCl4]F wird im Hinblick auf die bisher vergeblich versuchte Darstellung von AsCl5 besprochen.
On the representation and manipulation of integrated genomic databases

A software architectural model and a set of research tools are being developed to aid in the characterization and analyze chromosomes and genomes of select model organisms using existing genetic information from several well-known genetic databases. A small database containing information on one human chromosome and several selected model organisms has been developed. Since the data contained in the various existing genetic databases are mostly in the form of scientific text with specialized terminology, the approach to designing the small unified database has been to view this scientific text as a collection of interrelated syntactico-semantic objects. The base objects are described. Each base object has been viewed as a collection of subobjects where each of these, in turn, is characterized through its syntax and its semantics. The approach to the design and organization of the database is outlined. >
Exploring the Economic Determinants of Immigration Attitudes

Abstract This study explores the economic determinants of attitudes toward immigration across fortyseven countries. The extant research addressing public opinion on immigration tends to concentrate on Anglo attitudes toward immigrants in the United States or attitudes toward immigrants in Western Europe. Thus, empirical evidence currently draws from a limited pool including advanced industrial democracies. To more accurately and completely generalize statements regarding support for economic theories of self-interest in regards to immigration, cross-national research outside of the advanced industrial arena is necessary. Merging individual-level survey data from Pew's Global Attitudes Project with country-level economic data, the study finds that self-assessed poverty plays a significant role in structuring immigration attitudes independent of the effect of objective measures of economic status (education, employment, and income). Further, national economic conditions also play a role in shaping immigration attitudes across countries.
“I Do”: Does Marital Status Affect How Much CEOs “Do”?

This paper explores whether a CEO's marital status reveals unobservable risk preferences which influence their firm's investment and compensation policies. Using biographical data for CEOs of large domestic companies, we find that corporate deal-making activity (e.g., mergers, joint ventures, major capital expenditures, etc.) and overall firm riskiness both increase significantly with personal life restructuring (e.g., marriages and divorces). This relation is supported by an instrumental variables analysis and also an investigation surrounding CEO turnover. Finally, the link between a CEO's marital status and preference for option-based compensation further suggests that personal restructuring may be an indicator of executive risk appetites.
Reoperation for aortofemoral graft limb occlusion: optimal methods and long-term results.

Abstract To determine optimal methods of reoperation, experience with 157 secondary procedures for unilateral aortofemoral graft limb occlusion in 110 patients during a 16-year period was reviewed. In earlier years, inflow was reestablished by direct replacement of the graft limb or entire graft (11%); more recently, graft limb thrombectomy has been used most frequently (68%) with equal success, durability, and less morbidity. Femorofemoral grafts from the patent contralateral graft limb were employed in 18% of patients, usually those in whom thrombectomy was not attempted. Thrombolytic therapy (3%) appears to offer little advantage, is time-consuming, and occasionally causes significant complications. In addition to reestablishment of inflow, most patients also required revision of the femoral anastomosis to improve profunda femoris runoff; this was usually best accomplished by short segmental extension of the graft limb to the more distal deep femoral artery. Concomitant femoropopliteal bypass was done in 32% of patients and is indicated when preoperative angiography or specific intraoperative findings suggest inadequate profunda femoris outflow. An aggressive approach to reoperation appeared justified by long-term results (mean follow-up 37 months). Despite the need for repetitive reoperation in 26% of patients (two to five reoperations), graft limb patency was ultimately maintained in 78% and limb salvage achieved in 67% of patients, with an operative mortality rate of only 1.9%. (J VASC SURG 1987;5:363-74.)
Grócio E a Ética Da Lei Natural

Grotius, the 17th century European philosopher, is a landmark in the Enlightnment Thought, considering the role of Justice and Law in a society that is ruled by the Natural Law, that is the law that is previous to the law draft by man and inspire and legitimatize it. Grotius believed that according with the perfectioning of Man a socety will come on which peace will prevail as Man acquire the abality to act according with its conscience, that is Reason and Sense of Justice. The next three hundred years of history of Mankind quickly contradited the idealism of Grotius but his inheritors, the international jurists, defend that in a system based on international rules, where nations are judged by their conformity to the international law, peace and security will, definitively, prevail.
Globalization and the Teaching of Psychology: a call to action

How can psychology teachers help their students understand and adapt to the likely impact of globalization on their lives? In this article, the authors outline a rationale as to why this question is relevant for the teaching of psychology and issue a call to action. They call on all teachers of psychology to infuse globalization issues and cultural awareness, where applicable, into their courses. They offer several suggestions for key issues teachers should consider in answering this call. They highlight the importance of teachers adopting an empirical approach to their teaching and collecting data regarding the effectiveness of their pedagogy on student learning outcomes, cultural awareness skills, and attitudes about cultural diversity.
Controlling wild bodies using linear temporal logic

There is substantial interest in controlling a group of bodies from specifications of tasks given in a high-level, human-like language. This paper proposes a methodology that creates low-level hybrid controllers that guarantee that a group of bodies execute a high-level specified task without dynamical system modeling, precise state estimation or state feedback. We do this by exploiting the wild motions of very simple bodies in an environment connected by gates which serve as the system inputs, as opposed to motors on the bodies. We present experiments using inexpensive hardware demonstrating the practical feasibility of our approach to solving tasks such as navigation, patrolling, and coverage.
Response monitoring and adjustment: differential relations with psychopathic traits.

Studies on the relation between psychopathy and cognitive functioning often show mixed results, partially because different factors of psychopathy have not been considered fully. Based on previous research, we predicted divergent results based on a two-factor model of psychopathy (interpersonal-affective traits and impulsive-antisocial traits). Specifically, we predicted that the unique variance of interpersonal-affective traits would be related to increased monitoring (i.e., error-related negativity) and adjusting to errors (i.e., post-error slowing), whereas impulsive-antisocial traits would be related to reductions in these processes. Three studies using a diverse selection of assessment tools, samples, and methods are presented to identify response monitoring correlates of the two main factors of psychopathy. In Studies 1 (undergraduates), 2 (adolescents), and 3 (offenders), interpersonal-affective traits were related to increased adjustment following errors and, in Study 3, to enhanced monitoring of errors. Impulsive-antisocial traits were not consistently related to error adjustment across the studies, although these traits were related to a deficient monitoring of errors in Study 3. The results may help explain previous mixed findings and advance implications for etiological models of psychopathy.
Robust sampling-based motion planning for autonomous tracked vehicles in deformable high slip terrain

This paper presents an optimal global planner for autonomous tracked vehicles navigating in off-road terrain with uncertain slip, which affects the vehicle as a process noise. This paper incorporates two fields of study: slip estimation and motion planning. For slip estimation, an experimental result from [9] is used to model the effect of the slip on the vehicle in various soil types. For motion planning, a robust incremental sampling based motion planning algorithm (CC-RRT*) is combined with the LQG-MP algorithm. CC-RRT* yields the optimal and probabilistically feasible trajectory by using a chance constrained approach under the RRT* framework. LQG-MP provides the capability of considering the role of compensator in the motion planning phase and bounds the degree of uncertainty to appropriate size. In simulation, the planner successfully finds the optimal and robust solution. In addition, the planner is compared with an RRT* algorithm with dilated obstacles to show that it avoids being overly conservative.
KPSS test for functional time series

We develop extensions of the KPSS test to functional time series (FTS). The null hypothesis of the KPSS test for scalar data is that the series follows the model xt=α+βt+ηt, where {ηt} is a stationary time series. The alternative is the model that includes a random walk: xt=α+βt+∑i≤tui+ηt. A FTS is a collection of curves observed consecutively over time. Examples include intraday price curves, term structure curves, and intraday volatility curves. We define the relevant testing problem for FTS, formulate the required assumptions, derive test statistics, and their asymptotic distributions. These distributions are used to construct effective tests, both Monte Carlo and pivotal, which are applied to series of yield curves and examined in a simulation study.
Factors influencing clinical trial enrollment among ovarian cancer patients

Abstract Objective To characterize patients who did not enroll on a clinical trial and identify barriers that may limit enrollment among patients with advanced epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) presenting for first-line chemotherapy. Methods We conducted a retrospective review of patients diagnosed with stage II-IV EOC from 10/2009–4/2013, a time period during which multiple trials were available to all EOC patients, including optimally debulked, suboptimally debulked, or undergoing neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Enrollment status, demographics, tumor characteristics, and treatment details were recorded. SAS version 9.3 was used for all analyses. Results 144 patients met study criteria; 67% were enrolled on a trial. Enrolled patients were significantly younger (median 61 vs 68years, p =0.002). Stage ( p =0.30), race ( p =0.75), and performance status ( p =0.38) were similar between enrolled and non-enrolled patients. Distance did not impact enrollment, as nearly half of patients in both groups lived >50miles from the treatment center (39.0% vs 47.8%, p =0.36). Mode of chemotherapy administration significantly differed based on participation (all p p =1.00) and number of chemotherapy regimens received ( p =0.59), patients treated on trial had a higher 3-year survival rate (70.7% vs 51.7%, p =0.031). The difference in median progression-free survival approached significance (20.2 vs 9.2months, p =0.091). Conclusion In an institution where the culture is to offer clinical trials to all eligible patients, 33% of front-line EOC patients did not participate. Increasing age was associated with non-participation. Modifiable barriers must be overcome so that trial enrollment can better reflect true EOC demographics.
Terminal QRS distortion is present in anterior myocardial infarction but absent in early repolarization

Abstract Background Early repolarization (ER) and acute left anterior descending artery occlusion (LADO) may be difficult to distinguish. Terminal QRS distortion (TQRSD), defined by the absence of both an S wave and J wave in either of leads V 2 or V 3 , is often present in anterior ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. We hypothesized that this finding would always be absent in ER. Methods This was a retrospective analysis of electrocardiograms (ECGs) of consecutive patients who presented to the emergency department with ischemic symptoms and had a cardiologist interpretation of "benign ER" on the initial emergency department ECG. All ECGs were scrutinized for the presence of an S wave and a J wave in leads V 2 and V 3 . Differences in S-wave amplitudes between complexes with and without J waves were analyzed using nonparametric Mann-Whitney testing and confidence intervals around a proportion. Results One hundred seventy-one patients were identified with benign ER. Zero of 171 had TQRSD (specificity for LADO, 100%; 95% confidence interval, 97.8-100). In lead V 2 , S waves were absent in only 1 of 171 ECGs; however, in that ECG, a J wave measuring 0.5 mm was present. In lead V 3 , S waves were absent in 16 ECGs, but all of these ECGs had J waves. When J waves were absent in leads V 2 or V 3 , the corresponding S waves were deeper than S waves in QRS complexes with J waves. Conclusion Terminal QRS distortion was never observed in benign ER. Based on previous studies indicating the presence of TQRSD in LADO, it was, thus, 100% specific to LADO when the differential diagnosis was acute myocardial infarction vs ER.
Functional Ultrastructure of Gonadotropes: a Review

The earliest electron microscopic studies of gonadotropes were reported by Farquhar and Rinehart in 1954. The design of their study followed that of pioneering light microscopic studies of the previous 3 decades, which showed distinct changes in each pituitary cell type after removal of its respective target organ. These studies had allowed the identification of most of the pituitary cells by linking their affinity for unique tinctorial stains with striking cytologic changes observed upon alteration of target organ hormonal feedback (Purves and Griesbach 1954). In the case of the gonadotrope, it was already known that the removal of the gonads caused the cells to enlarge dramatically and become filled with vacuoles or one large vacuole, giving them the appearance of “swiss cheese,” or “signet rings.”
Advanced Concepts in Systems Design

This chapter focuses on a number of issues that have come up in recent years in the design, development, and implementation of planning and scheduling systems. The next section discusses issues concerning uncertainty, robustness and reactive decision making. In practice, plans or schedules often have to be changed because of random events. The more robust the original plan or schedule is, the easier the replanning or rescheduling process is. This section focuses on the generation of robust plans and schedules as well as the measurement of their robustness. The third section considers machine learning mechanisms. A system cannot consistently generate good solutions that are to the liking of the user. The decision-maker often has to tweak the plan or schedule generated by the system in order to make it usable. A well-designed system can learn from adjustments made by the user in the past; the mechanism that allows the system to do so is typically referred to as a learning mechanism. The fourth section focuses on the design of planning and scheduling engines. An engine often contains a library of algorithms and routines. One procedure may be more appropriate for one type of instance or data set, while another procedure may be more appropriate for another type of instance. The user should be able to select, for each instance, which procedure to apply. It may even be the case that a user would like to tackle an instance using a combination of various procedures. This fourth section discusses how a planning or scheduling engine should be designed in order to enable the user to adapt and combine algorithms in order to achieve maximum effectiveness. The fifth section focuses on reconfigurable systems. Experience has shown that the development and implementation of systems is very time consuming and costly. In order to reduce the costs, efforts should be made to maintain a high degree of modularity in the design of the system. If the modules are well designed and sufficiently flexible, they can be used over and over again without any major changes. The sixth section focuses on the design aspects of web-based planning and scheduling systems. This section discusses the effects of networking on the design of such systems. The seventh and last section discusses a number of other issues and presents a view on how planning and scheduling systems may evolve in the future.
The CSI effect and its controversial existence and impact: a mixed methods review

The CSI effect has caused controversy in and outside of the courtroom since the advent of the television show CSI: Crime Scene Investigation as it has popularly been believed to affect how jurors d...
THE IMPACT OF CARDIOVASCULAR DRUGS ON GLYCEMIC CONTROL: A REVIEW.

Abstract Objective: The prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) is steadily rising in the U.S., both in the general population and among those with cardiovascular disease (CVD). Understanding how to treat a patient with both conditions is becoming increasingly important. With multiple therapeutic options for CVD management, some medications will invariably impact glycemia in this group of patients. The concept of "DM-friendly" management of CVD is based on a treatment approach of selecting medications that do not impair glycemic control and provide equivalent cardioprotective effects. This article reviews the glycemic effects of various classes of medications commonly used to treat CVD. Methods: Data sources were all PubMed- and Google Scholar-referenced articles in English-language peer-reviewed journals from 1980 through April 2016. Studies selected could include observational studies or prospective clinical trials. Prospective clinical trials included in this review focused on investigating the association of the medication of interest with glycemic outcomes. Meta-analyses and systematic reviews were also included. Results: The data on glycemic effects were lacking for many of the medication classes and individual medications examined. However, in our review, certain beta-blockers and renin angiotensin aldosterone system inhibitors, and select calcium channel blockers were consistently shown to have favorable glycometabolic profiles when compared with other commonly used cardiovascular therapies. Conclusion: Several commonly prescribed medications for the treatment of CVD, such as certain beta-blockers and renin angiotensin aldosterone system inhibiting agents, are associated with favorable glycometabolic effects. As clinicians are more often faced with the challenge of treating patients with DM and concomitant CVD, consideration of how common cardiovascular medications may affect glycemia should be incorporated into the clinical decision making process. Abbreviations: A1C = hemoglobin A1C ACE = angiotensin-converting enzyme ARB = angiotensin II receptor blocker CCB = calcium channel blocker CI = confidence interval CVD = cardiovascular disease DM = diabetes mellitus MI = myocardial infarction RR = relative risk
Cross-cultural music therapy: Reflections of American music therapists working internationally

Abstract Research on cross-cultural music therapy is limited, yet with increased globalization, it is becoming more common for music therapists as well as other mental health professionals to work anywhere in the world and with diverse populations. By studying the lived experience of music therapists from the United States working internationally, mental health professionals interested in working abroad may be able to better prepare for an international career. This phenomenological research asked how culture informs clinical practice, what strategies are helpful in working cross-culturally, and what are the benefits and challenges of working outside of the clinician’s culture. Interviews were conducted with three American music therapists working cross-culturally in Finland, New Zealand, and Singapore. Through a process of distillation results indicated three global meaning units including: a) In order for music therapy to be effective, the therapist must understand the impact of their individual culture and their client’s culture on the therapeutic relationship; b) The culturally competent music therapist needs to be able to listen empathically, communicate effectively, and truly understand the client; and c) No matter how challenging working internationally may be at times, the therapist will grow, change, and “no matter what, it’ll be worth it.” Limitations and recommendations for future research are also discussed.
Epidemiological and genetic analysis concerning the non‐enterovirus 71 and non‐coxsackievirus A16 causative agents related to hand, foot and mouth disease in Anyang city, Henan Province, China, from 2011 to 2015

Enterovirus 71 (EV-A71) and coxsackievirus A16 (CV-A16) are major pathogens of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) and have been associated with consecutive outbreaks of HFMD in China over the past years. Although several other human enteroviruses (HEVs) have also acted as causative agents of HFMD, published information on their roles in the prevalence of HFMD is limited. This study was conducted to reveal the characteristics of the pathogenic spectrum and molecular epidemiology of the non-EV-71 and -CV-A16 HEVs in Anyang City, which is located in north-central China and has a population of five million. From 2011 to 2015, 2270 samples were collected from HFMD patients (3.89 ± 1.06 years of age), and 1863 HEV-positive samples, including 524 samples with 23 non-EV-71 and non-CV-A16 serotypes, were identified. Based on the nucleotide sequence of the VP1 gene, 6 common non-EV-71 and non-CV-A16 HEVs, including coxsackievirus A2, A6, A10, A14, B2, and B5, were studied to determine their phylogenies and selective pressures. Phylogenetic analyses revealed a high level of genetic divergence and a pattern of lineage replacement over time in Mainland China. Selective pressure analyses showed that purifying selection was predominant in the evolution of the VP1 gene, whereas positive selection acted on individual codons. Overall, non-EV-71 and non-CV-A16 HEVs were important constituents of the pathogenic spectrum of HFMD in Anyang City during 2011-2015. Some of these HEVs with complex and active phylogenies represent a potential threat to public health, suggesting that long-term monitoring of these pathogens should be implemented to prevent HFMD outbreaks.
Physical interface dynamics alter how robotic exosuits augment human movement: implications for optimizing wearable assistive devices

Wearable assistive devices have demonstrated the potential to improve mobility outcomes for individuals with disabilities, and to augment healthy human performance; however, these benefits depend on how effectively power is transmitted from the device to the human user. Quantifying and understanding this power transmission is challenging due to complex human-device interface dynamics that occur as biological tissues and physical interface materials deform and displace under load, absorbing and returning power. Here we introduce a new methodology for quickly estimating interface power dynamics during movement tasks using common motion capture and force measurements, and then apply this method to quantify how a soft robotic ankle exosuit interacts with and transfers power to the human body during walking. We partition exosuit end-effector power (i.e., power output from the device) into power that augments ankle plantarflexion (termed augmentation power) vs. power that goes into deformation and motion of interface materials and underlying soft tissues (termed interface power). We provide empirical evidence of how human-exosuit interfaces absorb and return energy, reshaping exosuit-to-human power flow and resulting in three key consequences: (i) During exosuit loading (as applied forces increased), about 55% of exosuit end-effector power was absorbed into the interfaces. (ii) However, during subsequent exosuit unloading (as applied forces decreased) most of the absorbed interface power was returned viscoelastically. Consequently, the majority (about 75%) of exosuit end-effector work over each stride contributed to augmenting ankle plantarflexion. (iii) Ankle augmentation power (and work) was delayed relative to exosuit end-effector power, due to these interface energy absorption and return dynamics. Our findings elucidate the complexities of human-exosuit interface dynamics during transmission of power from assistive devices to the human body, and provide insight into improving the design and control of wearable robots. We conclude that in order to optimize the performance of wearable assistive devices it is important, throughout design and evaluation phases, to account for human-device interface dynamics that affect power transmission and thus human augmentation benefits.
Is it Good or Bad to Repeat Words

This paper discusses elegant variation, in which a writer changes terminology in the mistaken belief that words should not be repeated. The article acknowledges that it is sometimes best to change monotonously repeated background words. However, changing key terminology can be confusing in legal writing, where precision and clarity are essential. And occasional repetition for rhetorical impact can strengthen legal writing.
Ruth E. Moore: The First African‐American to Earn a Ph.D. in the Natural Sciences

Dr. Ruth E. Moore battled both gender and racial discrimination to become the first African-American woman to earn a Ph.D. in the natural sciences in 1933. She completed her graduate studies at Ohio State University, which later honored her with the Centennial Award for Distinguished Alumni. Her dissertation research focused on the pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Dr. Moore spent the majority of her career at Howard University, where she rose through the ranks and ultimately served as chair of the Department of Bacteriology. She spent many years researching and publishing her data on a variety of research topics, including bacteriology and blood groupings of individuals from various backgrounds. Dr. Moore not only was a well-respected scientist but also dedicated to her life to serving students and her personal community. After stepping down as head of the department, she continued to educate and mentor students, as well as support Howard University, for several decades. This chapter by Candace Rouchon covers Dr. Moore’s significant accomplishments, which not only are recognized by her peers within the scientific community but also have garnered her acknowledgement by the U.S. House of Representatives.
Constipation-Related Emergency Department Use, and Associated Office Visits and Payments Among Commercially Insured Children

Abstract Objective Pediatric constipation is common, costly, and often managed in the Emergency Department (ED). The objectives of this study were to determine the frequency of constipation-related ED visits in a large commercially insured population, the frequency of an office visit in the month before and after these visits, demographic characteristics associated with these office visits, and the ED-associated payments. Methods Data were extracted from the Truven MarketScan database for commercially insured children from 2012 to 2013. Data on the presence and timing of clinic visits within 30 days before and after an ED constipation visit and demographic variables were extracted. Logistic regression was used to predict an outcome of presence of a visit with independent variables of age, sex, and region of the country. Results In a population of 17 million children aged 0 to 17 years, 448,440 (2.6%) were identified with constipation in at least 1 setting, with 65,163 (14.5%) having an ED visit for constipation. Of all children with a constipation-related ED visit, 45% had no office visit in the 30 days before or after the ED visit. Increasing age was associated with absence of an office visit. The median payment by insurance for an ED constipation visit was $523, the median out-of-pocket payment was $100, for a total of $623 per visit. Conclusion One in 7 children with constipation in this commercially insured population received ED care for constipation, many without an outpatient visit in the month before or after. Efforts to improve primary care utilization for this condition should be encouraged.
The axiom of determinacy and the prewellordering property

Let ω = (0,1,2,...) be the set of natural numbers and R = ω^ω the set of all functions from ω into ω, or for simplicity reals. A product space is of the form X = X_1 x X_2 x ... x X_k, where X_1 = ω or R. Subsets of these product spaces are called pointsets. A boldface pointclass is a class of pointsets closed under continuous preimages and containing all clopen pointsets (in all product spaces).
Duty-Cycle-Aware Real-Time Scheduling of Wireless Links in Low Power WANs

Low Power Wide Area Networks (LPWANs) are an excellent fit to city-scale IoT applications becuase of their long range and a battery life of several years, and a data rate of 25-50kbps, which is sufficient to carry IoT traffic. However, a practical limitation of a LPWAN-based real-time wireless network is the duty-cycle limit imposed on the sub-1GHz band by the FCC. In this paper, we overcome this challenge by proposing the first duty-cycle-aware wireless link scheduling algorithm for real-time LPWANs that considers the urgency of the packets as well as the availability of the wireless channels. The proposed algorithm is implemented in a five-node, wide-area outdoor test-bed in multiple realworld scenarios. Simulation results are provided to quantify its performance under different settings (e.g. larger networks, variety of workloads, and multiple baselines). In both realworld deployments and simulations, the proposed algorithm outperforms standard scheduling algorithms in terms of link schedulability, deadline misses, and buffer size.
Functions from ℝn to ℝm

If φ: E → ℝ is a map into ℝ of a convex subset E of a vector space V, φ is convex iff whenever x, y ∈ E, 0 ≦ α, β, and α +β = 1 then φ (αx + βy) ≦ αφ(x) + βφ(y). If V and W are (topological) vector spaces Hom(V, W) is the vector space of (continuous) linear maps from V to W. If V = W, Hom(V, W) is denoted End(V) and the identity map is id.
Genomic analysis of marker-associated fiber development genes in upland cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L)

Understanding genetic control of fiber development is essential for cotton improvement. This study analyzed several thousand fiber Unigenes in Upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum). They included 2423 Unigenes for fiber initiation (IN), 1841 for fiber elongation (EL) and 86 for secondary cell wall deposition (SCWD). These Unigenes were located on recombination hotspots between At and Dt subgenomes with nearly equal frequency (51% vs. 49%). Sequence analysis with Upland cotton TM-1 genome assembly showed that 477 IN, 464 EL, 20 SCWD and 367 non-fiber Unigenes intersect with predicted coding sequences. There were 140 IN, 118 EL and one SCWD Unigenes that do not overlap between individual stages of fiber development. Annotation of top scoring Unigenes with Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes indicated mitochondrial biogenesis for IN Unigene #18205, conversion of PRPP to histidine for IN #25329, and spliceosome pathways for IN #24380. EL Unigene #11669 appeared to be responsible for septum site-determining protein, EL #11916 for vacuolar protein, and EL #17251 for protein trichome birefringence-like 33. One SCWD Unigene #190099 was responsible for legumin A-like protein. In addition, Unigene #03070 overlapped three fiber development stages and involved in fatty acid biosynthesis. Unigenes that shared same genomic positions for all fiber stages are of particular interest as they may have possible pleiotropic function. On the other hand, Unigenes from one fiber development stage that did not share with any other stage may have stage-specific function. This information would be useful for plant breeders to exploit fiber genes in cotton breeding programs.
Using Public Disclosure as the Vesting Point for Moral Rights under the Visual Artists Rights Act

In 2010, the Court of Appeals for the First Circuit confronted the novel question of when moral rights protections vest under the Visual Artists Rights Act. In Massachusetts Museum of Contemporary Art Foundation, Inc. v. Biichel, the First Circuit determined that the protections of the Visu al Artists Rights Act begin when a work is "created" under the Copyright Act. This Note argues that this decision harms moral rights conceptually and is likely to result in unpredictable and inconsistent decisions. This Note proposes instead that these statutory protections should vest when an artist determines that his work is complete and presents it to the public. This standard is more consistent with the history of moral rights. Addition ally, public access is necessary to justify a treatment of art different from that of other types of property, and it is a more essential component of moral rights than an artist's feelings of connection to his work. Finally, the legislative intent behind the Visual Artists Rights Act and the reasoning in previous judicial decisions are more accurately reflected by a public dis closure standard. Utilizing "creation" as a vesting point for moral rights is not supported by the history of the Visual Artists Rights Act and will re sult in uncertainty and inconsistency in future decisions.
Decisions, Costs, Funding to Protect Coastal Cities: Populations and Assets (Personal and Municipal/National)

Decisions on where and what investments should be made to build defenses to protect people and assets in coastal cities from exposure to hazard events are generally based initially on a cost-benefit analysis. Secondly, decisions ideally consider which investment or investments will most benefit a city’s general citizenry and not an economically advantaged or politically influential segment of a population. A third consideration in decision-making is how much municipal/national funding is initially available and how much funding can be obtained by low cost loans from institutions such as the World Bank and regional development banks that serve most areas (e.g., the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank, the African Development Bank, and the Inter-American Development Bank). In addition, many national agencies in developed countries award grants and offer technical assistance to less-developed and developing countries to support well-planned development projects. These can originate, for example, from the United States, the European Union, France, Germany, Japan, Norway, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, and others. The United Nations Development Program can provide technical assistance in lieu of funding.
Polyelectrolyte coated individual silica nanoparticles dispersed in concentrated divalent brine at elevated temperatures for subsurface energy applications

Abstract Individual sub-60 nm polyelectrolyte coated silica nanoparticles (SiNPs) were stabilized in concentrated brine at temperatures up to 120 °C. The particles have potential applications in enhanced oil recovery, CO2 sequestration, and underground delivery of encapsulated payloads. The polyelectrolyte copolymer was grafted to modified silica particles with a general thermal method in DMSO that is broadly applicable to many types of nanoparticles and polymers with less significant hydrolysis than in aqueous based approaches. SiNPs were first coated with amine functional groups and then with poly(2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid-co-acrylic acid) (poly(AMPS-co-AA)) through a thermally driven amidation of the acrylic acid units in a dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) rich medium. Permanent aggregation and bridging were limited by controlling reaction time for temperatures up to 130 °C. The amine coated SiNP were dispersed as individual particles and the polyelectrolyte formed small flocs in DMSO. Upon transfer of the grafted SiNP from DMSO to a fully aqueous medium the hydrodynamic diameters (Dh) ranged from 30–60 nm. The particles were colloidally stable in API brine (2 wt% CaCl2 and 8 wt% NaCl) at 90 °C and pHs of 5.5–9.5 for 19 days. At 120 °C, minor aggregation to 130 nm was observed after 19 days at pH 5.5, whereas the stability decreased to 1 day at neutral pH. The particles were highly mobile in a column packed with 40–50 mesh Ottawa sand with a recovery of 82.2 % of the injected NPs. The exceptional colloidal stability and low retention in packed columns can be attributed to the steric protection of 2-acrylamido-2- methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid (AMPS) segments from particle-particle and particle-sand attractive forces, and multipoint grafting through the AA anchor groups.
Electronic Health Records Value Analysis

Electronic health records (EHR) have become an integral part of the modern health system [1]. The Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health (HITECH) Act of 2009 was a large-scale federal effort to incentivize the adoption of EHR. Approximately $27 billion in incentives were awarded to physicians and hospitals that adopted and used EHR as per federally defined “meaningful use” (MU) criteria [2].
Optimization of basis material selection and energy binning in three material decomposition for spectral imaging without contrast agents in photon-counting CT

With technological advancement in x-ray photon-counting detection, the research and development in photon-counting spectral CT is gaining momentum towards clinical applications. Compared to its energy-integration counterpart, the photon-counting spectral CT is of freedom in energy binning to support three-material (or multiple-material) decomposition for spectral imaging without contrast agent, in which the selection of basis materials and energy binning (spectral channelization), including the cutting-off at low and high energy ends, the number of energy bins, the allocation of bin center and width and the adoption of spectral filtration, plays pivotal roles in determining the imaging performance. Via phantom studies carried out with a photon-counting spectral CT simulation software package, we investigate the potential performance, including contrast, noise and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR), of three-material decomposition for spectral imaging (mainly virtual monochromatic imaging/analysis) without contrast agents and its variation as functions over base material selection and energy binning, with emphasis on soft tissue differentiation towards clinical and preclinical applications. The preliminary data show that, given identical x-ray dose, the three-material decomposition based virtual monochromatic imaging/analysis can outperform its two-material decomposition based counterpart in the best case CNR and in the scenarios while the energy goes down to approach 18 keV.
National Trends in the Association of Race and Ethnicity With Predialysis Nephrology Care in the United States From 2005 to 2015

Importance Predialysis nephrology care is associated with better survival among patients with end-stage kidney disease. Objective To examine national trends in racial/ethnic disparities in receipt of predialysis nephrology care at least 1 year before dialysis initiation in the United States from 2005 to 2015. Design, Setting, and Participants This national registry study assessed US registry data of 1 000 390 adults in the US Renal Data System who initiated maintenance dialysis treatment from January 1, 2005, to December 31, 2015, in multiple cross-sectional analyses. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to examine national trends in racial/ethnic disparities in receipt of predialysis nephrology care with adjustments for potential confounders. Data were analyzed April 17, 2020. Exposure Race/ethnicity of the patients. Main Outcomes and Measures Receipt of at least 12 months of predialysis nephrology care as determined by clinician-based documentation on the End Stage Renal Disease Medical Evidence Report Form CMS 2728. Results Among 1 000 390 adults (57.2% male; 54.6% White, 27.8% Black, 14.0% Hispanic, and 3.6% Asian; mean [SD] age, 62.4 [15.6] years) who initiated maintenance dialysis in the United States from 2005 to 2015, 310 743 (31.1%) received at least 12 months of predialysis nephrology care. In 2005 to 2007, compared with White adults, the adjusted odds ratio for receipt of at least 12 months of predialysis nephrology care was 0.82 (95% CI, 0.80-0.84) among Black adults, 0.67 (95% CI, 0.65-0.69) among Hispanic adults, and 0.84 (95% CI, 0.80-0.89) among Asian adults; in 2014 to 2015, the adjusted odds ratio was 0.76 (95% CI, 0.74-0.78) among Black adults, 0.61 (95% CI, 0.60-0.63) among Hispanic adults, and 0.90 (95% CI: 0.86-0.95) among Asian adults. Conclusions and Relevance In this cross-sectional study of more than 1 million US adults with end-stage kidney disease, racial and ethnic disparities in predialysis nephrology care did not substantially improve from 2005 to 2015. Study findings suggest that national strategies to address racial/ethnic disparities in predialysis nephrology care are needed.