cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Computational Basis for Phonology

The phonological structure of human languages is intricate, yet highly constrained. Through a combination of connectionist modeling and linguistic analysis, we are attempting to develop a computational basis for the nature of phonology. We present a connectionist architecture that performs multiple simultaneous insertion, deletion, and mutation operations on sequences of phonemes, and introduce a novel additional primitive, clustering. Clustering provides an interesting alternative to both iterative and relaxation accounts of assimilation processes such as vowel harmony. Our resulting model is efficient because it processes utterances entirely in parallel using only feed-forward circuitry.
Tetralogy of Fallot Associated With Uncommon Lesions

A patient presented with a unique combination of cardiovascular abnor malities : tetralogy of Fallot, absent pul monary valve, stenosis of peripheral pul monary arteries, and partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection to the azy gos vein. The salient aspects and associ ated lesion of each of these abnormalities are described.
Nonsecular Regularities in Returns and Volume

This study addressed U.S. stock daily returns and volume around days when the market is open that correspond to religious or cultural occasions—specifically, St. Patrick's Day and the Jewish High Holy Days of Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur. On Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur, volume was found to be down relative to volume on all trading days in the sample. The reason may be that the nonfinancial opportunity cost of trading is high for a considerable number of traders on these days. Returns were significantly higher on the days preceding St. Patrick's Day and Rosh Hashanah, which is consistent with the notion that market returns reflect the festive nature of these occasions. Evidence was also found of significantly negative returns after Yom Kippur in the second half of the sample period, which accords with the idea that the market reflects the solemn nature of this occasion. Overall, the results are consistent with the view that “mood” is a viable explanation for some market movements.
A low-protein diet for turkey poults

Abstract A series of studies was conducted to determine whether a low-protein corn-soybean meal diet would support growth of turkeys similar to that supported by a standard diet. Three treatments administered in a series of experiments included: basal diet with essential amino acids (EAA), NaHCO3, and glutamic acid added at the expense of sucrose to bring the total protein up to 28% (+GLU); basal diet with EAA, NaHCO3, and sucrose added to bring the total protein content to 22% (+SUC); and a 28% crude protein standard diet that meets or exceeds NRC recommendations using intact protein sources (ST). Essential amino acid levels used in the experimental diets were based on an estimated ideal protein ratio for turkeys. The basal diet contained 18.4% intact CP from corn and soybean meal. All treatments were isocaloric with 3,172 to 3,192 kcal/kg. In all trials, the birds receiving +GLU and +SUC had adequate growth and feed:gain responses compared to birds receiving ST. The low protein basal diet with appropriate amino acid supplementation will allow for amino acid titrations to determine digestible amino acid requirements.
A Methodology for FPGA to Structured-ASIC Synthesis and Verification

Structured-ASIC design provides a mid-way point between FPGA and cell-based ASIC design for performance, area and power, but suffers from the same increasing verification burden associated with cell-based design. In this paper we address the verification issue with a methodology and fabric to directly tie FPGA prototype and functional in-system verification with a clean migration path to structured ASIC. The most important aspects of this methodology are the use of physically identical blocks for difficult-to-verify PLLs, I/O and RAM and a structured re-synthesis of FPGA logic blocks to target cells that guarantees anchor points for easy formal verification.
Transformation Learning Via Kernel Alignment

This article proposes an algorithm to automatically learn useful transformations of data to improve accuracy in supervised classification tasks. These transformations take the form of a mixture of base transformations and are learned by maximizing the kernel alignment criterion. Because the proposed optimization is nonconvex, a semidefinite relaxation is derived to find an approximate global solution. This new convex algorithm learns kernels made up of a matrix mixture of transformations. This formulation yields a simpler optimization while achieving comparable or improved accuracies to previous transformation learning algorithms based on maximizing the margin. Remarkably, the new optimization problem does not slow down with the availability of additional data allowing it to scale to large datasets. One application of this method is learning monotonic transformations constructed from a base set of truncated ramp functions. These monotonic transformations permit a nonlinear filtering of the input to the classifier. The effectiveness of the method is demonstrated on synthetic data, text data and image data.
Extensive evolutionary rate variation in floral color determining genes in the genus Ipomoea

Flower color is an important adaptive trait in many plant species because it determines reproductive success through differential attractiveness to insect pollinators. The genus Ipomoea is a pan tropically distributed plant genus characterized by showy flowers that often differ in color among closely related species. Flower color is determined primarily by products of the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway. To determine whether flower color evolution among members of the genus is driven by adaptive molecular evolution of the anthocyanin pathway genes, we analyzed data from 10 genes sequenced from 19 species of Ipomoea. Six protein-coding genes from the anthocyanin pathway were drawn for evolutionary analysis in addition to three genes from the unrelated leucine biosynthesis pathway and one MADS box regulatory gene for comparison. The analyses provided: (i) no convincing evidence for positive selection on anthocyanin pathway structural genes, or on the other sampled genes, despite shifts in flower color among species included in the sample; (ii) pathway position correlated weakly with estimates of the intensity of evolutionary constraint on the anthocyanin pathway enzyme coding genes; and (iii) there was substantial gene-specific heterogeneity in the rates of synonymous site evolution. Synonymous rate heterogeneity does not appear to be accounted for by codon bias or local contextual or compositional sequence differences, leading us to implicate heterogeneous rates of mutation among genes as the most probable cause of synonymous rate heterogeneity.
Preparing Hospitality and Tourism Students to Lead a Diverse Workforce

Hospitality and tourism graduates must be prepared to lead a diverse employee population. This study helps students gain the perspective of non-English speakers. It identifies barriers that occur in a multicultural environment and provides tools to communicate despite language hurdles. This exploratory study found that a combination of gestures and demonstration were the most valuable nonverbal forms of communication. Participants could empathize with non-English speakers even though they believed immigrants should learn enough of the language to be effective. The participants thought that it was difficult to stress the exact details when leading non-English speakers.
Avoidance, movement, and mortality: The interactions between a protistan grazer and Heterosigma akashiwo, a harmful algal bloom species

A reduction in predator-induced grazing pressure may be a mechanism that facilitates the formation and persistence of harmful algal blooms. Here, the hypothesis was tested that the heterotrophic ciliate Favella ehrenbergii would use avoidance behaviors to reduce encounters with the toxic bloom-forming alga, Heterosigma akashiwo. Using video and image-analysis, population distributions and three-dimensional movements of F. ehrenbergii and H. akashiwo were quantified in triplicate, hourly for 11 h, at nine horizons in a 1-liter experimental column. The salinity structure in the column was manipulated to include a halocline, resulting in layer formation by H. akashiwo. The ciliate's vertical distributions were restricted to high-salinity waters below the halocline, while H. akashiwo was broadly halo-tolerant and could occupy the whole water column. When observed together, F. ehrenbergii did not avoid layers of H. akashiwo. In the presence of H. akashiwo, F. ehrenbergii mortality rates were higher than in either no prey or beneficial prey controls. Swimming behaviors of F. ehrenbergii were erratic, in response to H. akashiwo, compared to aggregative movements in response to beneficial prey, indicating either a behavioral response or the effect of H. akashiwo toxicity on the ciliate. The inability of F. ehrenbergii to avoid H. akashiwo enhanced predator mortality and may contribute to the survival of the harmful algal bloom species, ultimately promoting the formation of H. akashiwo harmful algal blooms.
The Copper Technique for Dyeing Acrylonitrile Fibers

The use of small amounts of dissolved copper in the dye bath to improve the dyeing of acrylonitrile fibers is described. Cuprous copper, obtained by reducing cupric acetate or sul fate in the dye bath, is the preferred form. The technique appears to be specific to acrylonitrile fibers, and is most effective with acid, direct, and soluble acetate dyes. Data on sorption of cop per and of other metal ions by acrylonitrile fibers and various non-acrylonitrile fibers are pre sented, and possible complexes between copper ions and polymeric acrylonitrile are postulated.
The basic Oxford picture dictionary

The Basic Oxford Picture Dictionary forms the core of The Basic Oxford Picture Dictionary Program. The program consists of a number of flexible, student-centred components which develop all four skills. As a whole the program provides a comprehensive, communicative approach to language development.
Dermal Disposition of Triazine in Cutting Fluid Mixtures

Triazine is often added as a biocide/preservative to cutting fluids formulations that are used in the metal machine industry. Workers involved in metal machining are not only exposed to components in these cutting fluids, but also to biocides such as triazine that have been implicated in occupational irritant dermatitis. Very little is known about how these cutting fluids and their ingredients influence the dermal disposition of triazine. The purpose of this study was to assess 14C‐triazine membrane transport when topically applied to inert silastic membranes and porcine skin in an in vitro flow‐through diffusion cell system as aqueous mineral oil (MO) or aqueous polyethylene glycol (PEG) mixtures. 14C‐triazine mixtures were formulated with three commonly used cutting fluid additives; namely, 0% or 5% linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS), 0% or 5% triethanolamine (TEA), and 0% or 5% sulfurized ricinoleic acid (SRA). Triazine partitioning from the formulation into the stratum corneum (SC) was reduced signif...
The only way out is through: The peril of spiritual bypass

Given the increased attention to spirituality in the counseling literature, with a primary emphasis on helping clients find their spiritual path, it is important for counselors to be aware of one potential pitfall of the spiritual path, namely spiritual bypass. Spiritual bypass occurs when clients seek to use their spiritual beliefs, practices, and experiences to avoid genuine contact with their psychological "unfinished business." The purpose of this article is to define spiritual bypass, discuss the necessity of healing at the cognitive, emotional, and physical levels, as well as at the spiritual level for holistic wellness, and provide examples of clients in spiritual bypass.
Training, certification and practice of cardiac and thoracic surgeons in Europe: a comparison of the members of the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery and the European Society of Thoracic Surgeons

Background: There is little knowledge around the world about training and certification for general thoracic surgeons, and the relationship between thoracic surgery and cardiac surgery. Examination of the membership of European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS) and European Society of Thoracic Surgeons (ESTS) can clarify the training, practice and academic activity of European thoracic surgeons, as well as the similarities and differences between these two professional societies. Methods: A 38-item survey was designed to assess training, practice, demographics and relationships of general thoracic and cardiac surgeons in EACTS and ESTS. Results: A total of 447 respondents were tabulated from the EACTS (N = 238) and ESTS (N = 141) or both (N = 68). As many as 33% of ESTS members were also members of EACTS, while 22% of EACTS members were members of both societies. ESTS members were younger but had similar numbers of female members (6% EACTS vs 9% ESTS). ESTS members self-designated as exclusive general thoracic surgeons (80%) compared with 33% of EACTS members (p < 0.001), although 38% of EACTS members had practice patterns consistent with a dominant general thoracic practice. ESTS members are board certified in cardiac (29%) or thoracic surgery (83%) compared with 72% and 71% for EACTS members, respectively. ESTS members were more likely to perform oesophageal surgery as a significant portion of their practice (46% vs 26%, respectively, p < 0.001). Median length of specialised cardiac and thoracic training was 4 years for both society memberships, although the median length of total surgical training was 1 year longer for EACTS members (6 vs 7 years). Practice in an academic setting and the number of peer-reviewed manuscripts was similar amongst memberships in both societies. Conclusion: Members of EACTS and ESTS are very similar in length of training, board certification and academic practice and activity, although they have expected practice variation, given the different membership focus and demographics. Both societies provide important education and advocacy services for their members. Increased co-operation may further propagate improvements in cardiothoracic education and improve patient access and outcomes through shared specialty advocacy. # 2009 European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
The Role of Identity and Work-Family Support in Work-Family Enrichment and Its Work-Related Consequences.

Abstract Despite growing research on the positive connections between work and family, antecedents and consequences of work–family enrichment are understudied. Using a sample of employees from a major insurance company, we assessed the relationship of (i) individual (i.e., work and family identities), (ii) family (emotional and instrumental support), and (iii) organizational (benefit use and work–family culture) antecedents to work–family and family–work enrichment. We also examined whether enrichment predicted important work outcomes including organizational commitment and turnover intentions. The strength of an individual’s identity and informal or emotional support within a domain, rather than formal or instrumental support, were associated with greater enrichment. Work–family enrichment positively predicted affective organizational commitment, and family–work enrichment negatively predicted turnover intentions. Implications for individuals and organizations wanting to foster enrichment are discussed.
A Simple and Inexpensive Method for Determining Cold Sensitivity and Adaptation in Mice

Cold hypersensitivity is a serious clinical problem, affecting a broad subset of patients and causing significant decreases in quality of life. The cold plantar assay allows the objective and inexpensive assessment of cold sensitivity in mice, and can quantify both analgesia and hypersensitivity. Mice are acclimated on a glass plate, and a compressed dry ice pellet is held against the glass surface underneath the hindpaw. The latency to withdrawal from the cooling glass is used as a measure of cold sensitivity. Cold sensation is also important for survival in regions with seasonal temperature shifts, and in order to maintain sensitivity animals must be able to adjust their thermal response thresholds to match the ambient temperature. The Cold Plantar Assay (CPA) also allows the study of adaptation to changes in ambient temperature by testing the cold sensitivity of mice at temperatures ranging from 30 °C to 5 °C. Mice are acclimated as described above, but the glass plate is cooled to the desired starting temperature using aluminum boxes (or aluminum foil packets) filled with hot water, wet ice, or dry ice. The temperature of the plate is measured at the center using a filament T-type thermocouple probe. Once the plate has reached the desired starting temperature, the animals are tested as described above. This assay allows testing of mice at temperatures ranging from innocuous to noxious. The CPA yields unambiguous and consistent behavioral responses in uninjured mice and can be used to quantify both hypersensitivity and analgesia. This protocol describes how to use the CPA to measure cold hypersensitivity, analgesia, and adaptation in mice.
Knowledge Transfer in Online Learning Environments

Research comparing online and traditional course delivery methods has sought to demonstrate the equivalence of student performance in online and traditional courses. This study examines the unique ...
A Tale of Two Domains: Different Roles of C1A and C1B Domains in PKC Interactions with Membranes

Protein Kinase C (PKC) is an important kinase family that controls major signaling pathways and has been associated with many diseases. Although conventional PKCs (for example, αPKC) are known to be activated upon two regulatory domains, C1A and C1B, binding to lipid activators in the membrane, key interactions and dynamics involved in the binding process are hard to study solely with experiments. With large-scale molecular dynamics simulations, we have studied the αPKC C1A and C1B domains in water and in various membranes, to understand their roles in PKC activation. Our simulations, for the first time, reveal the specific and non-specific interactions between the C1A/C1B domain and the membranes. Our results show that these tandem domains, although similar in structure, are different in terms of affinity to anionic lipids and response to lipid activators. Additionally, membranes are found to play a particular role to stabilize the C1A and C1B conformations. In general, our study suggests a PKC working model supported by further experimental evidence, which provides molecular-level understanding as a foundation for future investigations to modulate PKC activation through the C1A and C1B domains.View Large Image | View Hi-Res Image | Download PowerPoint Slide
End-capped poly(4,5-dichlorophthalaldehyde): a stable self-immolative poly(aldehyde) for translating specific inputs into amplified outputs, both in solution and the solid state

We recently reported that poly(4,5-dichlorophthalaldehyde) (PCl2PA) is an effective self-immolative CDr polymer for prototyping multi-stimuli-responsive three-dimensional polymeric materials with response properties that are inspired by the behaviour of certain biological materials in plants. In this article we detail the design and synthesis of PCl2PA, describe its ability to respond to specific stimuli, and compare and contrast PCl2PA with poly(phthalaldehyde) (PPA), which is the self-immolative CDr predecessor of this new poly(acetal). This article illustrates the favourable attributes of PCl2PA, including its dose-dependent solution-phase response to Pd(0). Taken together, these studies reveal the unique and useful attributes of PCl2PA for providing selective amplified responses to specific stimuli, both in solution and the solid state.
Time calibration of Triassic/Jurassic microfloral turnover, eastern North America

Abstract Palynological data from the Newark basin of the Newark Supergroup reveal a spike in the spore/pollen ratio at the Triassic/Jurassic boundary. This spore spike is coincident with a 60% regional extinction of the palynoflora and approximately synchronous with terrestrial vertebrate extinctions. Orbitally controlled sedimentary cycles allow stratigraphic sections to be calibrated in time, constraining the duration of the microfloral turnover to an interval of 21 ky. The geologically brief palynofloral break is similar to Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary fern spikes. These data support a Triassic/Jurassic boundary impact-extinction scenario.
Zero Phase Error Tracking Control for Square Sampled-Data Systems

A multivariable version of the zero phase error tracking control algorithm is presented for sampled-data systems. The feedforward controller is based on the minimal-order inverse of a square system’s transfer function matrix. It is shown that, apart from phase cancellation, complete input/output decoupling will result from the use of the controller. Using a simulation study, the control algorithm’s performance is demonstrated for a multivariable positioning system.
An Exploration of the Relationships Between Cultural Background and Music Preferences in a Diverse Orchestra Classroom

The purpose of this research was to investigate the music performing and learning mode preferences of fourth- and fifth-grade elementary students who were enrolled in an elective orchestra class in a culturally diverse elementary school. We were interested in exploring whether students’ self identified race or ethnicity influenced the songs that they preferred learning on their string instruments and whether they preferred learning “by ear” or by reading music notation. Thirteen fourth-grade and 14 fifth-grade students (N = 27) participated in the study. During a nine-week period, they studied one song each associated with the African American and Mexican American culture, and one song from the standard Western European classical repertoire for orchestra. There was an overall trend for students to prefer music from a culture other than their own. Participants were nearly evenly divided in their preference to learn the songs by reading notation or “by ear.”
BCS1L Mutations as a Cause of Björnstad Syndrome–GRACILE Syndrome Complex III Deficiency

Abstract The cases of two children with pathogenic mutations in BCS1L with clinical features of both Bjornstad syndrome (congenital deafness and pili corti) and GRACILE syndrome (intrauterine G rowth R etardation, A minoaciduria, C holestasis, I ron overload, L actic acidosis, and E arly death) are reported. The initial cases of Bjornstad syndrome were reported as cases having normal language and cognitive function, while children with GRACILE syndrome have severe-to-profound cognitive delays. All reported phenotypes caused by mutations in BCS1L follow an autosomal recessive pattern of inheritance, with the carrier parents having no sign of illness and illness in the case caused by pathogenic mutations inherited in trans . Children with mutations in BCS1L may present with a wide spectrum of mitochondrial phenotypic features, and this variability is a result of the variable pathogenicity of the mutations. It also appears that mutations themselves may be specific for Bjornstad syndrome or for GRACILE, and that some of the mutations associated with Bjornstad syndrome have a milder phenotype. Cases carrying one of each type of mutation appear to have a mixed phenotype. Recognizing the specific phenotypes will result in an earlier diagnosis and lead the clinician to the use of limited biochemical screening tests and genetic testing confirmation for mutations in the BCS1L gene. Treatment is supportive, as there is no known cure for these disorders.
Migrant Farmers, Cash Cropping and Changes in the Land, 1893-1930

Around the banks of the Gambia River, the growth of peanut farming for export can partly be credited to the increased numbers of migrant farmers. Colonial reports show that every year hundreds of young men from neighboring “countries” migrated into the area looking for better farmland on which to cultivate the cash crop. Many of these migrants identified as Bambara, Masuwanka, Wolof, Mandinka and Fula speakers. Much is known about the contributions of these migrant farmers to the development of the peanut economy in Senegambia, thanks to decades of scholarly research and writing on this topic. Using archival and oral sources, this paper builds on the existing scholarship and analyzes the evolution of this economy. It shows that around the end of World War I the number of migrant farmers started declining. As E. Hopkinson, traveling commissioner of The Gambia’s North Bank Province, noted in January 1926, a very large proportion of the migrant farmers were not strangers; they were young men from other parts of the province who needed land to farm. Thus unlike most studies on “strange farmers,” this paper argues against a static notion of “strange farmers” and links it with changes in the land.
A pain in the neck

A 41-year-old woman presented to the emergency department after developing severe neck pain while unloading groceries. The pain began at the base of her neck, radiated to the vertex of the skull, reached maximum intensity within 2–3 min, and was aggravated by head movement. Neurological examination was normal. Head CT showed focal hyperattenuation immediately anterior to …
Weaning nocturnal ventilation and decannulation in a pediatric ventilator care program.

Summary Introduction Children with chronic respiratory failure and upper airway disorders may require tracheostomy placement and long-term mechanical ventilation, yet many improve to permit ventilator weaning and decannulation. Methods As a quality improvement project, we conducted a chart review of patients followed by our Ventilator Care Program who underwent evaluation for weaning nocturnal ventilation (NV) and/or decannulation from 2007–2014. We collected patient demographics and characterized location, monitoring techniques, and outcomes for patients undergoing weaning NV or decannulation. We attempted to implement end tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO2) monitoring and used linear regression to compare ETCO2 with morning pCO2. Results Weaning NV was successful in 20/21 patients. Decannulation was successful in 18/21 attempts. Once implemented, ETCO2 was piloted and successfully performed in 12 attempts (29%). Blood testing was performed in 24/42 trials (57%). When measured, the final ETCO2 result partially correlated with morning pCO2 (R2 = 0.53, P < 0.02). Neither blood testing nor ETCO2 was performed for the four patients with unsuccessful attempts. Conclusions Inpatient observation for weaning NV and decannulation is safe and, in most cases, successful. With close observation, weaning NV at home may also be safe. Blood testing and ETCO2 monitoring were frequently utilized, but rarely affected decision-making since signs of respiratory distress were observed clinically prior to testing. ETCO2 monitoring may provide reassurance without venipuncture. With our experience, we propose an algorithm for weaning NV and decannulation. Pediatr Pulmonol. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Incident-Supporting Visual Cloud Computing Utilizing Software-Defined Networking

In the event of natural or man-made disasters, providing rapid situational awareness through video/image data collected at salient incident scenes is often critical to the first responders. However, computer vision techniques that can process the media-rich and data-intensive content obtained from civilian smartphones or surveillance cameras require large amounts of computational resources or ancillary data sources that may not be available at the geographical location of the incident. In this paper, we propose an incident-supporting visual cloud computing solution by defining a collection, computation, and consumption (3C) architecture supporting fog computing at the network edge close to the collection/consumption sites, which is coupled with cloud offloading to a core computation, utilizing software-defined networking (SDN). We evaluate our 3C architecture and algorithms using realistic virtual environment test beds. We also describe our insights in preparing the cloud provisioning and thin-client desktop fogs to handle the elasticity and user mobility demands in a theater-scale application. In addition, we demonstrate the use of SDN for on-demand compute offload with congestion-avoiding traffic steering to enhance remote user quality of experience in a regional-scale application. The optimization between fogs computing at the network edge with core cloud computing for managing visual analytics reduces latency, congestion, and increases throughput.
Simulation and Analysis of HVDC Earth-return Current's Distribution in AC Power Grid

DC bias of neutral-earthing transformers is caused by earth-return current of high voltage direct current(HVDC) transmission.Using the data of power flow calculations and by building the mathematical model,computer aided analysis of DC distribution can be carried out.This approach is introduced to obtain the DC distribution and DC restrain measure of Chu-Sui ultra HVDC transmission of Guangdong power grid.Through the study,the rules of DC distribution in some random virtual power grids can be obtained.It can be concluded that more DC distribution will be resulted with larger scale power grid and more geographically concentrated distribution substations.Errors between the calculation and realistic measurement are caused by the errors in resistances of transformer windings and neutral reactor.It is observed that DC distribution of 220 kV networks is affected by the neutral-earthing 110 kV networks,but this is not the case for 500 kV systems.Utilizing neutral braking measure will lead to increment of DC distribution in local power grid,but the total amount will be reduced. This work is supported by Special Fund of the National Basic Research Program of China(No.2009CB724500).
Analysis of the Necessity of Disengaging the Feedwater Booster Pumps of a Utility Boiler at a Low Load

For the conventional operation mode adopted by boiler feedwater systems with associated electrically-driven main feedwater pumps and booster pumps operating in tandem,presented for the first time was a version to disengage the booster pumps and change to regulate the speed by the main feedwater pumps during stable operation at low loads to meet the requirements for sliding operation of the units. Through determining the characteristic equations of the booster pumps before and after their disengagement in various combination modes and the characteristics of the feedwater pipelines during the sliding pressure operation of the units,the authors put forward a method for seeking solutions to the critical cavitation point of the system at variable loads with corresponding correlation formulae of thehead,efficiency and rotating speed etc. of various pumps under different operating conditions being derived. Through a case of a 300 MW engineering project,the authors have conducted a safety and energy-saving analysis of the version proposed,thus it is proved that the version under discussion is feasible and necessary.
A double magmatic heat pump at the core-mantle boundary

Gigantic silicate magma chambers have been postulated to account for seismically inferred ultra-low-velocity zones at the base of the mantle, acting to modulate heat transport out of the core and into plumes. In the core, rising plumes of liquid metal and light elements pump the latent heat outward from the inner core boundary by compositional convection. The outer core thus pumps heat to the core-mantle boundary (CMB), and the giant magma chamber pumps heat into the mantle to act as a plume source. Magmatic action at the CMB depends critically on the balance between melt composition, compressibility, and temperature. A stably resident magma above the CMB must be denser than the mantle crystals, mostly silicate perovskite (pv) and magnesiowustite (mw). Dense melts should form at the CMB, where they must be saturated with Fe and FeO from the core. Given normal Mg-Fe partitioning, mw will be denser than pv, and melts from pv + mw + iron = liq should also be intrinsically dense relative to the bulk crystal assemblage. Such melts may become superheated to overcome the compositional density, and rise upward in the magma chamber, assisted by turbulent mixing. Cooled melt sheds dense metal and metal oxide crystals, and growth of these crystals releases light solute that quickly transports heat upward toward the chamber roof, where it melts the mantle. Near the roof, dense melt grows from the heat transported upward by compositional convection, and sinks. Excess heat and occasionally some melt escapes to feed plumes in the mantle. CMB magmas must be among the most Fe-rich in the Earth.
Marker-based method to measure movement between the residual limb and a transtibial prosthetic socket:

Background:Limb movement between the residuum and socket continues to be an underlying factor in limb health, prosthetic comfort, and gait performance yet techniques to measure this have been underdeveloped.Objectives:Develop a method to measure motion between the residual limb and a transtibial prosthetic socket.Study design:Single subject, repeated measures with mathematical modeling.Methods:The gait of a participant with transtibial amputation was recorded using a motion capture system using a marker set that included arrays on the anterior distal tibia and the lateral epicondyle of the femur. The proximal or distal translation, anterior or posterior translation, and angular movements were quantified. A random Monte Carlo simulation based on the precision of the motion capture system and a model of the bone moving under the skin explored the technique’s accuracy. Residual limb tissue stiffness was modeled as a linear spring based on data from Papaioannou et al.Results:Residuum movement relative to the ...
Cost Inflexibility and Capital Structure: Evidence from SOX Section 404

This paper provides causal evidence that a firm's operating cost structure is an important determinant of its leverage. We design a quasi-natural experiment exploiting the implementation of Sarbanes-Oxley Act Section 404 to provide us with exogenous variation in the proportion of a company's fixed to variable costs. The results from our 2SLS estimations indicate a strong negative relation between cost inflexibility and firm debt levels: our main specification implies that a one percentage point increase in the ratio of fixed to total operating costs reduces a firm's leverage ratio by approximately 0.66 percentage points.
You GATA look at the marrow

![Figure][1] A 19-year-old previously healthy woman presented with cytopenias. Her complete blood cell count demonstrated: white blood cell count, 3.6 × 109/L (normal, 4.5-13.0); hemoglobin, 112 g/L (normal, 115-153), and platelet count, 124 × 109/L (normal, 140-400). An absolute monocyte
Microgel Surface Modification with Self-Assembling Peptides

We describe the fabrication of peptide-coated microgels, where a fibrillizing peptide (RADA)4 self-assembles on the surface of hydrogel microparticles. The incorporation of an anionic comonomer into the microgel network is required for a stable colloidal dispersion to be obtained when particles are incubated with (RADA)4, suggesting that the assembly is dependent on Coulombic interactions. We further demonstrate the modification of the (RADA)4 shell by preparing coassemblies of (RADA)4 and a fluorescently labeled (RADA)4 peptide. Additionally, the (RADA)4 shell can be modified through postassembly conjugation of a cysteine residue or a non-natural amino acid bearing an alkyne moiety. Fluorescence and atomic force microscopy and circular dichroism spectroscopy were employed to characterize the assembly and modification of the peptide shell. Finally, our attempt to utilize a different fibrillizing peptide (Q11) in the formation of peptide-coated microgels was unsuccessful, demonstrating that the identity of...
Psychopathy and the Criminal Justice System

The chapter examines psychopathy and its relation to the criminal justice system. The chapter argues that psychopathy explains the generally poor responsiveness to correctional treatment and punishment displayed by serious offenders. A general rule of thumb is that 70 percent of prisoners will be re-incarcerated within three years of release; thus for serious offenders, the criminal career is characterized by a revolving door of criminal justice system involvement. This is particularly true among psychopathic offenders who display aberrant fear conditioning which contributes to deficits in learning from punishment. The affective displays of psychopathic offenders, especially the remorselessness and failure to acknowledge responsibility for their crimes, are also examined. The state of the treatment literature and psychopathy is also examined.
Cerium-Hydride Secondary Building Units in a Porous Metal-Organic Framework for Catalytic Hydroboration and Hydrophosphination.

We report the stepwise, quantitative transformation of CeIV6(μ3-O)4(μ3-OH)4(OH)6(OH2)6 nodes in a new Ce-BTC (BTC = trimesic acid) metal–organic framework (MOF) into the first CeIII6(μ3-O)4(μ3-OLi)4(H)6(THF)6Li6 metal-hydride nodes that effectively catalyze hydroboration and hydrophosphination reactions. CeH-BTC displays low steric hindrance and electron density compared to homogeneous organolanthanide catalysts, which likely accounts for the unique 1,4-regioselectivity for the hydroboration of pyridine derivatives. MOF nodes can thus be directly transformed into novel single-site solid catalysts without homogeneous counterparts for sustainable chemical synthesis.
Body Size Measures and the Risk of Venous Thrombosis: The Longitudinal Investigation of Thromboembolism Etiology (LITE).

Background: Obesity is associated with an increased risk of venous thrombosis (VT), however little is known about which components of obesity are important. Proposed hypotheses include an association of adipocyte products with hemostatic imbalance, increased body or leg size impairing venous return, increased inflammation, and differences in venous vessel walls in obese persons. We studied the associations of measures of body size and composition with risk of VT in the LITE study. Methods: The LITE is a prospective study evaluating VT risk factors in 21,680 participants aged 45–100, in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study and the Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS). Baseline body size measures were obtained using standardized methods and bioelectric impedance was used to calculate fat and fat-free mass in CHS participants. 729 participants reporting prebaseline VT or baseline warfarin use were excluded. VT events during 12.6 years of follow up were validated by medical record review and classified as idiopathic or secondary. Body size measures were evaluated as risk factors using Cox proportional hazards models, adjusting for age, sex, race and diabetes status. Results: There were 451 VT events during follow-up (1.8 per 1000 person-years); 182 were idiopathic, 315 were deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and 136 pulmonary embolus (PE) +/− DVT. All body size measures were associated with increased risk of VT (table), with height having the weakest association. Those with severe obesity (body-mass index above 40 kg/m2) were at the highest risk, with a nearly 3-fold increased risk compared to those of normal weight. Both fat and fat-free mass were risk factors. Conclusion: In this prospective study, multiple measures of body size, and measures of body composition including fat and non-fat components, were risk factors for VT. Findings suggest a multicausal pathogenesis for obesity-related thrombosis. Further study is required to determine reasons for the association of body size and composition with VT. | | Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | |:--------------------------------------------------------- | --------------- | ---- | ---- | ---- | | * P 40 kg/m2 | | Body-mass index** | 1.0 (reference) | 1.3* | 2.1* | 2.9* | | Weight | 1.0 (ref) | 1.2 | 1.5* | 2.5* | | Height | 1.0 (ref) | 1.1 | 1.2 | 1.4* | | Waist-hip ratio | 1.0 (ref) | 1.3 | 1.5* | 1.6* | | Waist Circumference | 1.0 (ref) | 1.2 | 1.3 | 2.1* | | Hip Circumference | 1.0 (ref) | 1.3* | 1.5* | 2.2* | | Calf Circumference | 1.0 (ref) | 1.3 | 2.0* | 2.3* | | Fat-Free Mass | 1.0 (ref) | 1.2 | 1.4 | 1.9* | | Fat Mass | 1.0 (ref) | 1.1 | 0.8 | 1.7* | Relative Risk of VT by Body Size Categories (Quartiles (Q) Except when Noted; lowest quartile is the reference group)
Stereospecific Palladium‐Catalyzed Acylation of Enantioenriched Alkylcarbastannatranes: A General Alternative to Asymmetric Enolate Reactions

We report the development of a Pd-catalyzed process for the cross coupling of unactivated primary, secondary, and tertiary alkylcarbastannatrane nucleophiles with acyl electrophiles. Reactions involving optically active alkylcarbastannatranes occur with exceptional stereofidelity and with net retention of absolute configuration. Because the stereochemistry of the resulting products is entirely reagent-controlled, this process may be viewed as a general, alternative approach to the preparation of products typically accessed via asymmetric enolate methodologies. Additionally, we report a new method for the preparation of optically active alkylcarbastannatranes, which should facilitate their future use in stereospecific reactions.
Process-driven inference of biological network structure: feasibility, minimality, and multiplicity

A common problem in molecular biology is to use experimental data, such as microarray data, to infer knowledge about the structure of interactions between important molecules in subsystems of the cell. By approximating the state of each molecule as ‘‘on’’ or ‘‘off’’, it becomes possible to simplify the problem, and exploit the tools of Boolean analysis for such inference. Amongst Boolean techniques, the process-driven approach has shown promise in being able to identify putative network structures, as well as stability and modularity properties. This paper examines the process-driven approach more formally, and makes four contributions about the computational complexity of the inference problem, under the ‘‘dominant inhibition’’ assumption of molecular interactions. The first is a proof that the feasibility problem (does there exist a network that explains the data?) can be solved in polynomial-time. Second, the minimality problem (what is the smallest network that explains the data?) is shown to be NP-hard, and therefore unlikely to result in a polynomial-time algorithm. Third, a simple polynomial-time heuristic is shown to produce near-minimal solutions, as demonstrated by simulation. Fourth, the theoretical framework explains how multiplicity (the number of network solutions to realize a given biological process), which can take exponential-time to compute, can instead be accurately estimated by a fast, polynomial-time heuristic.
Neurophysiological Measures of Sensory Registration, Stimulus Discrimination, and Selection in Schizophrenia Patients

Cortical Neurophysiological event related potentials (ERPs) are multidimensional measures of information processing that are well suited to efficiently parse automatic and controlled components of cognition that span the range of deficits exhibited in schizophrenia patients. Components following a stimulus reflect the sequence of neural processes triggered by the stimulus, beginning with early automatic sensory processes and proceeding through controlled decision and response related processes. Previous studies employing ERP paradigms have reported deficits of information processing in schizophrenia across automatic through attention dependent processes including sensory registration (N1), automatic change detection (MMN), the orienting or covert shift of attention towards novel or infrequent stimuli (P3a), and attentional allocation following successful target detection processes (P3b). These automatic and attention dependent information components are beginning to be recognized as valid targets for intervention in the context of novel treatment development for schizophrenia and related neuropsychiatric disorders. In this review, we describe three extensively studied ERP components (N1, mismatch negativity, P300) that are consistently deficient in schizophrenia patients and may serve as genetic endophenotypes and as quantitative biological markers of response outcome.
Inventory Dynamics Models of Supply Chains with Delays; System-Level Connection & Stability

This paper surveys some deterministic continuous-time inventory dynamics of supply chains which inevitably function with delays due to the presence of manufacturing lead times, decision making, transportation and information flows. Availability of such models opens up new research directions where operations research and the field of time-delay systems can be merged primarily for characterizing inventory oscillations, developing new forecasting techniques and regulating inventories under uncertainties in consumers’ buying trends, stochastic nature of delays, market behavior and possible price competitions across enterprizes. This paper also offers one of the first connections between the disciplines via stability maps. We show how stability maps can prove to be useful in maintaining the stable nature of inventory oscillations. In a case study we demonstrate that the supply chain manager, by inspecting the stability maps, can be aware of which delay combinations in the supply chain may cause (un)desirable inventory behaviors.
Noninvasive imaging biomarker assessment of liver fibrosis by elastography in NAFLD

NAFLD is a global epidemic. The prevalence of NAFLD is 20-30% in North America, northern Europe, Australia, Japan, India and China. It is crucial that patients with NAFLD receive an assessment for their risk of advanced fibrosis, which increases the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma and other complications of cirrhosis. Risk stratification that is efficient, cost-effective, patient-centred and evidence-based is one of the most important issues facing clinicians who care for those with liver disease. Given patients' preference to avoid liver biopsy, noninvasive alternatives to assess liver fibrosis are in high demand. The most accurate noninvasive methods are based on liver elastography. Research on these techniques - which include vibration-controlled transient elastography (VCTE), magnetic resonance elastography (MRE), shear-wave elastography and acoustic radiation force impulse - has proliferated. Unfortunately, the literature has not kept pace with clinical practice. There is limited guidance for how clinicians should anticipate and manage the pitfalls of these tests. Furthermore, guidance is unavailable for clinicians regarding the optimal incorporation of VCTE, MRE or the emerging elastographic techniques into their clinical strategy, particularly for patients with NAFLD. In this Review, we summarize the available evidence, highlight gaps to address in further research and explore optimization of these techniques in clinical practice.