cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Introduction to octonion and other non-associative algebras in physics

In this book, the author aims to familiarise researchers and graduate students, in both physics and mathematics, with the application of non-associative algebras in physics. Topics covered by the author are wide-ranging to include algebras of observables in quantum mechanics, angular momentum and octonions, division algebra, triple-linear products and Yang–Baxter equations. The author also covers non-associative gauge theoretic reformulation of Einstein's general relativity theory and similar subjects. Much of the material found in this book is not available in other standard works. This book will be of interest to graduate students and research scientists in physics and mathematics.
Challenging computer software frontiers and the human resistance to change

This paper examines the driving and opposing forces that are governing the current paradigm shift from a data-processing information technology environment without software intelligence to an information-centric environment in which data changes are automatically interpreted within the context of the application domain. The driving forces are related to the large quantity of data and the complexity of networked systems that both call for software intelligence. The opposing forces are non-technical and due to the natural human resistance to change. Based on this background the paper describes current information-centric technology, proposes a vision of intelligent software system capabilities, and identifies four areas of necessary research. Most urgent among these are the ability to dynamically extend and merge ontologies and semantic search capabilities that can be initiated either by human users or software agents. Longer term research interests that pose a more severe challenge are related to the translation of emerging theoretical hierarchical temporal memory (HTM) concepts into usable software capabilities and the automated interpretation of graphical images such as those recorded by surveillance video cameras.
Impact of Innovativeness and Environmental Stewardship on Adoption of Energy Crops

The Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 set a renewable fuel standard of 36 billion gallons of biofuel production by 2022, of which 21 billion gallons are to come from cellulosic sources, such as Switchgrass and Miscanthus.The objective of this study is to measure the impact of innovativeness and environmental stewardship on farmers’ willingness to grow Switchgrass and Miscanthus.The results of the current study show that innovative farmers are not more willing to grow Switchgrass or Miscanthus than late adopters and laggards. Farmers’ environmental stewardship is found to have a negative impact on willingness to grow Switchgrass and Miscanthus
Is Africa's economy at a turning point?

In this paper, Arbache, Go, and Page examine the recent acceleration of growth in Africa. Unlike the past, the performance is now registered broadly across several types of countries-particularly the oil-exporting and resource-intensive countries and, in more recent years, the large- and middle-income economies, as well as coastal and low-income countries. The analysis confirms a trend break in the mid-1990s, identifying a growth acceleration that is due not only to favorable terms of trade and greater aid, but also to better policy. Indeed, the growth diagnostics show that more and more African countries have been able to avoid mistakes with better macropolicy, better governance, and fewer conflicts; as a result, the likelihood of growth decelerations has declined significantly. Nonetheless, the sustainability of that growth is fragile, because economic fundamentals, such as savings, investment, productivity, and export diversification, remain stagnant. The good news in the story is that African economies appear to have learned how to avoid the mistakes that led to the frequent growth collapses between 1975 and 1995. The bad news is that much less is known about the recipes for long-term success in development, such as developing the right institutions and the policies to raise savings and diversify exports, than about how to avoid economic bad times.
Baryogenesis in brief

One of the outstanding challenges of the interface between particle physics and cosmology is the explanation for the observed baryonic asymmetry in the Universe [1]. It is by now quite clear that there is indeed an excess of baryons over antibaryons in the Universe. A strong constraint on the baryonic asymmetry comes from big-bang nucleosynthesis, setting the net baryon number density (riB) to photon entropy density (s) ratio at about nB/s ~nb-n6 ~ 8 X 10 -11. 8 Within our solar system, there is no evidence that antibaryons are primordial. Antiprotons found in cosmic rays at a ratio of Np/Np ,,~ 10 -4 are secondaries from collisions with the interstellar medium and do no indicate the presence of primary ant imatter within our galaxy [2]. We could imagine that in clusters of galaxies there would be antimatter galaxies as well as galaxies. However, this being the case we should observe high energy "/-rays from nucleons of galaxies annihilating with antinucleons of "antigalaxies". The fact that these are not detected rules out the presence of both galaxies and antigalaxies on nearby clusters, which typically have about 10 TM M® or so of material. For scales larger than galactic clusters there is no observational evidence for the absence of primordial antimatter . We could also imagine a baryon-symmetric Universe with large domains of mat ter and antimatter separated over vast distances. However, a simple cosmological argument rules out this possibility. In a locally baryon-symmetric Universe, nucleons remain in chemical equilibrium with antinucleons down to temperatures of about T ~ 22 MeV or so, when n b / s "~ ng/s ,-~ 7 × 10 -20. Annihilation is so efficient as to become catastrophic! To avoid this annihilation, and still obey the nucleosynthesis bound with a baryon-symmetric Universe, we need a mechanism to separate nucleons and antinucleons by T ~ 38 MeV, when rtb/S "~ n g / s ~ 8 X 10 1 1 . However, at T ,-~ 38 MeV, the horizon contained only about 10-7M®, making separation of matter and antimatter on scales of 1014M® causally impossible. It seems that we must settle for a primordial baryon asymmetry.
THE DOUBLE BUBBLE PROBLEM ON THE FLAT TWO-TORUS

We characterize the perimeter-minimizing double bubbles on all flat two-tori and, as corollaries, on the flat infinite cylinder and the flat infinite strip with free boundary. Specifically, we show that there are five distinct types of minimizers on flat two-tori, depending on the areas to be enclosed.
Operations for learning with graphical models

This paper is a multidisciplinary review of empirical, statistical learning from a graphical model perspective. Well-known examples of graphical models include Bayesian networks, directed graphs representing a Markov chain, and undirected networks representing a Markov field. These graphical models are extended to model data analysis and empirical learning using the notation of plates. Graphical operations for simplifying and manipulating a problem are provided including decomposition, differentiation, and the manipulation of probability models from the exponential family. Two standard algorithm schemas for learning are reviewed in a graphical framework: Gibbs sampling and the expectation maximization algorithm. Using these operations and schemas, some popular algorithms can be synthesized from their graphical specification. This includes versions of linear regression, techniques for feed-forward networks, and learning Gaussian and discrete Bayesian networks frorn data. The paper concludes by sketching some implications for data analysis and summarizing how some popular algorithms fall within the framework presented. The main original contributions here are the decomposition techniques and the demonstration that graphical models provide a framework for understanding and developing complex learning algorithms.
Pulsation of high luminosity helium stars

A discussion of the long period R Coronae Borealis stars is presented. The constraints on theoretical models imposed by their age, kinematics and distribution led to difficulties in formulating an evolutionary sequence to the formation of this type of star. Several types of models are investigated and the results given.
Search for gamma-ray spectral lines with the Fermi Large Area Telescope and dark matter implications

Weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs) are a theoretical class of particles that are excellent dark matter candidates. WIMP annihilation or decay may produce essentially monochromatic γ rays detectable by the Fermi Large Area Telescope (LAT) against the astrophysical γ-ray emission of the Galaxy. We have searched for spectral lines in the energy range 5–300 GeV using 3.7 years of data, reprocessed with updated instrument calibrations and an improved energy dispersion model compared to the previous Fermi-LAT Collaboration line searches. We searched in five regions selected to optimize sensitivity to different theoretically motivated dark matter density distributions. We did not find any globally significant lines in our a priori search regions and present 95% confidence limits for annihilation cross sections of self-conjugate WIMPs and decay lifetimes. Our most significant fit occurred at 133 GeV in our smallest search region and had a local significance of 3.3 standard deviations, which translates to a global significance of 1.5 standard deviations. We discuss potential systematic effects in this search, and examine the feature at 133 GeV in detail. We find that the use both of reprocessed data and of additional information in the energy dispersion model contributes to the reduction in significance of the linelike feature near 130 GeV relative to significances reported in other works. We also find that the feature is narrower than the LAT energy resolution at the level of 2 to 3 standard deviations, which somewhat disfavors the interpretation of the 133 GeV feature as a real WIMP signal.
An active radar calibration target

An active radar calibrator (ARC), consisting of a receive antenna and a transmit antenna with an RF amplifier in between, is proposed as a tool for conducting high-precision calibration measurements of radar systems. The ARC can be designed to have a large radar cross-section with a broad pattern. Its major advantages over passive reflectors are its small physical size and its suitability for calibrating radars operating in a cross-polarized antenna configuration.
Cu-catalyzed transannulation reaction of pyridotriazoles: general access to fused polycyclic indolizines

An efficient intramolecular transannulation reaction of pyridotriazoles using internal alkynes en route to various fused polycyclic indolizines has been developed. For the first time it is shown that in addition to the well-established Rh- or Cu-catalyzed carbene mechanism, the transannulation reaction could also follow a Lewis acid-mediated electrophilic pathway.
Is International Antitrust Possible

This Article analyzes the economic incentives countries face in selecting an antitrust policy. It demonstrates that, in the presence of international trade, antitrust policies chosen by national government will generally not lead to an outcome that is desirable from an international perspective.
Solar Opacities Constrained by Solar Neutrinos and Solar Oscillations

This review discusses the current situation for opacities at the solar center, the solar surface, and for the few million kelvin temperatures that occur below the convection zone. The solar center conditions are important because they are crucial for the neutrino production, which continues to be predicted about 4 times that observed. The main extinction effects there are free-free photon absorption in the electric fields of the hydrogen, helium and the CNO atoms, free electron scattering of photons, and the bound-free and bound-bound absorption of photons by iron atoms with two electrons in the is bound level. An assumption that the iron is condensed-out below the convection zone, and the opacity in the central regions is thereby reduced, results in about a 25 percent reduction in the central opacity but only a 5 percent reduction at the base of the convection zone. Furthermore, the p-mode solar oscillations are changed with this assumption, and do not fit the observed ones as well as for standard models. A discussion of the large effective opacity reduction by weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs or Cosmions) also results in poor agreement with observed p-mode oscillation frequencies. The much larger opacities for the solar surface layers from the Los Alamos Astrophysical Opacity Library instead of the widely used Cox and Tabor values show small improvements in oscillation frequency predictions, but the largest effect is in the discussion of p-mode stability. Solar oscillation frequencies can serve as an opacity experiment for the temperatures and densities, respectively, of a few million kelvin and between 0.1 and 10 g/cm 3. Current oscillation frequency calculations indicate that possibly the Opacity Library values need an increase of typically 15 percent just at the bottom of the convection zone at 3x106K. Opacities have uncertainties at the photosphere and deeper than the convection zone ranging from 10 to 25 percent. The equation of state that supplies data for the opacity calculations fortunately has pressure uncertainties of only about 1 percent, but opacity uncertainties will always be much larger. A discussion is given about opacity experiments that the stars provide. Opacities in the envelopes of the Hyades G stars, the Cepheids, δ Scuti variables, and the β Cephei variables indicate that significantly larger opacities, possibly caused by iron lines, seem to be required.
Building a Generation Knowledge Source using Internet-Accessible Newswire

In this paper, we describe a method for automatic creation of a knowledge source for text generation using information extraction over the Internet. We present a prototype system called PROFILE which uses a client-server architecture to extract noun-phrase descriptions of entities such as people, places, and organizations. The system serves two purposes: as an information extraction tool, it allows users to search for textual descriptions of entities; as a utility to generate functional descriptions (FD), it is used in a functional-unification based generation system. We present an evaluation of the approach and its applications to natural language generation and summarization.
Late-time structure of the Bunch-Davies de Sitter wavefunction

We examine the late time behavior of the Bunch-Davies wavefunction for inter- acting light elds in a de Sitter background. We use perturbative techniques developed in the framework of AdS/CFT, and analytically continue to compute tree and loop level contribu- tions to the Bunch-Davies wavefunction. We consider self-interacting scalars of general mass, but focus especially on the massless and conformally coupled cases. We show that certain contributions grow logarithmically in conformal time both at tree and loop level. We also consider gauge elds and gravitons. The four-dimensional Feerman-Graham expansion of classical asymptotically de Sitter solutions is used to show that the wavefunction contains no logarithmic growth in the pure graviton sector at tree level. Finally, assuming a holographic relation between the wavefunction and the partition function of a conformal eld theory, we interpret the logarithmic growths in the language of conformal eld theory.
Interpretations of Probability

Probability plays a central role in quantifying risk and uncertainty. In contrast to the laws of probability, which are well established, there are several different interpretations of probability. This article traces the major positions of the frequency, subjective, and logical schools, and summarizes the implications of these approaches for risk professionals. The article concludes that despite profoundly different interpretations and consequences, current industry demands require professionals to be facile in using different approaches to probability. Keywords: Bayes nets; Bayes' theorem; coherence; exchangeability; expected utility; logical probability; relative frequency; subjective probability; theory of rational choice
Terms of Endearment: An Equilibrium Model of Sex and Matching

We develop a two‐sided directed search model of relationship formation that can be used to disentangle male and female preferences over partner characteristics and over relationship terms from only a cross section of observed matches. Individuals direct their search for a partner on the basis of (i) the terms of the relationship, (ii) the partners' characteristics, and (iii) the endogenously determined probability of matching. Using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, we estimate an equilibrium matching model of high school relationships. Variation in gender ratios is used to uncover male and female preferences. Estimates from the structural model match subjective responses on whether sex would occur in one's ideal relationship. The estimates show that some women would ideally not have sex, but do so out of matching concerns; the reverse is true for men. Counterfactual simulations show that the matching environment black women face is the primary driver of the large differences in sexual activity among white and black women. Matching directed search marriage D50 J12 J16
General Trends in Competition Policy and Investment Regulation in Mandatory Defined Contribution Markets in Latin America

Following Chile's pension reform in 1981, a wave of multi-pillar pension reforms took place in Latin America (LAC). Their implementation has revealed new policy challenges. To shed light on these issues, this paper reviews the structure and performance of mandatory DC pillars in LAC. The review highlights three important points. First, it suggests overall positive outcomes from reforms in the LAC countries that implemented multi-pillar pension systems. There is, however, scope for increasing efficiency. Second, management fees have declined but remain relatively high whereas decreases in operational costs have only been partially passed through to consumers reflecting inadequate competition. Limits on transfers and related measures have been ineffective in curtailing management fees but created new barriers to entry. In recent years, a few countries in LAC introduced or are in the process of introducing a combination of new measures that focus more directly on the two root causes of inadequate competition - the inelasticity of demand to fees and selective elimination of barriers to entry by facilitating unbundling of services. These new measures show some promise. Third, the paper's review indicates that a greater diversification of pension fund portfolios in LAC appears to be necessary. Portfolio concentration owes to the adoption of strict quantitative investment regulations, underdeveloped capital markets and volatile macroeconomic environments. A gradual relaxation of these restrictions is now in progress in several countries. Regulators have become more conscious of the costs imposed by such regulations and macroeconomic conditions have improved. Greater overseas diversification seems inevitable given the development stage of local capital markets.
External electro-optic probing of millimeter-wave integrated circuits

An external, noncontact electrooptic measurement system, designed to operate at the wafer level with conventional wafer probing equipment and without any special circuit preparation, has been developed. Measurements have demonstrated the system's ability to probe continuous and pulsed signals on microwave integrated circuits on arbitrary substrates with excellent spatial resolution. In addition, it has been shown that the electrooptic probe tip can measure voltage values on an integrated circuit chip, even in areas where physical contact made by a test instrument would be inappropriate. Experimental measurements on a variety of digital and analog circuits, including a GaAs selectively doped heterostructure transistor prescaler, an NMOS silicon multiplexer, and a GaAs power amplifier MMIC (monolithic microwave integrated circuit) are reported. >
Causality in Bayesian belief networks

We address the problem of causal interpretation of the graphical structure of Bayesian belief networks (BBNs). We review the concept of causality explicated in the domain of structural equations models and show that it is applicable to BBNs. In this view, which we call mechanism-based, causality is defined within models and causal asymmetries arise when mechanisms are placed in the context of a system. We lay the link between structural equations models and BBNs models and formulate the conditions under which the latter can be given causal interpretation.
Copper-Catalyzed sp3 C–H Amination

Among the transition metals, copper-based catalyst systems enable the widest range of N-containing reagents in C–H amination to allow for the direct incorporation of versatile N-based functionalities via ubiquitous C–H bonds. In addition to nitrene-based approaches involving sulfonyliminoiodinanes (PhI═NSO2R), diverse non-nitrene protocols have been developed that allow for the direct use of organic amides, nitrosoarenes, and hydroxylamines, strained heterocycles such as oxaziridines, acetonitrile, secondary sulfonylamines, and even alkylamines and arylamines. Synthetic, mechanistic, and theoretical studies reveal discrete copper nitrenes [Cu]═NR and copper amides [Cu]–NHR to be key reactive intermediates in C–H amination. Copper-catalyzed sp3 C–H amination is reviewed, connecting catalytic reactivity patterns with likely copper intermediates wherever possible, with the goal to stimulate the further development of C–H functionalization reactions with copper which possess significant sustainability advanta...
Mining and Analyzing the Italian Parliament: Party Structure and Evolution

The roll calls of the Italian Parliament in the XVI legislature are studied by employing multidimensional scaling, hierarchical clustering, and network analysis. In order to detect changes in voting behavior, the roll calls have been divided in seven periods of six months each. All the methods employed pointed out an increasing fragmentation of the political parties endorsing the previous government that culminated in its downfall. By using the concept of modularity at different resolution levels, we identify the community structure of Parliament and its evolution in each of the considered time periods. The analysis performed revealed as a valuable tool in detecting trends and drifts of Parliamentarians. It showed its effectiveness at identifying political parties and at providing insights on the temporal evolution of groups and their cohesiveness, without having at disposal any knowledge about political membership of Representatives.
Uniformly perfect sets, rational semigroups, Kleinian groups and IFS’s

We show that the Julia set of a non-elementary rational semigroup G is uniformly perfect when there is a uniform bound on the Lipschitz constants of the generators of G. This also proves that the limit set of a non-elementary Mobius group is uniformly perfect when there is a uniform bound on the Lipschitz constants of the generators of the group and this implies that the limit set of a finitely generated non-elementary Kleinian group is uniformly perfect.
Pathways for oxygen-isotope exchange in two model oxide clusters

Studies of oxygen-isotope-exchanges in two classes of polyoxoions have uncovered some similarities in reaction steps that are also consistent with mineral-dissolution studies. The molecules were polyoxocations of Group 13 and polyoxoanions of Group 5, and the work was motivated by a desire to understand the dissolution of oxide minerals at the molecular scale. Experimentally, oxygen-isotope-exchange rates are found to be intensely sensitive to single-atom substitutions in the structures, even at sites that are otherwise inert. Exchange rates for different structural oxygen sites span several orders of magnitude, yet most oxygens within a molecule exhibit similar pH dependencies to isotopic exchange and these seem to reflect an average proton affinity of the ion. Single-atom substitutions have a dramatic affect on both the pH dependences of oxygen-isotope-exchanges and the overall reactivity of oxygen sites. Molecular dynamic and electronic-structure calculations identify similar steps in the pathways for exchange – (i) solvation forces cause a near-surface metal to detach from an underlying overbonded oxygen. (ii) This newly undercoordinated metal adds an isotopically normal oxygen as either a water, a hydronium ion or an hydroxide ion. (iii) Protons transfer from these adducts to more basic oxygens in the metastable structure. (iv) The metastability is longlived but access to the metastable state depends on the composition and symmetry of the starting structure, which is why single-atom substitutions are so important. (v) Within the metastable structure, oxygens shuffle positions and the metastable state collapses back into a more stable form. Pathways to form these metastable structures depend on the symmetry and composition of the starting geometry, which probably can't be adequately constrained for meaningful simulation at mineral surfaces.
Minor rights: the adolescent abortion cases.

There is an old saw that “[c]onstitutional rights do not mature and come into being magically only when one attains the state-defined age of majority.” Nonetheless, there was a time before the Supreme Court ever referred to children as having constitutional rights. This Article will focus on two Supreme Court decisions issued during a very limited time span (1976-79), in which the Court redefined the entire conception of children’s rights. What the Article will suggest is that the rule that emerged had a lot less to do with magic than with sleight-of-hand. Through an astonishing transformation, the Supreme Court used a construct of children’s constitutional “rights” to restrict the rights of children. By doing so, the Court decisively derailed an incipient children’s rights movement that had the potential to liberate children from the dominion of adults.
Path Analysis and Path Diagrams

Path analysis refers to the calculation of moment structures within and between variables, for example, covariances or correlations, implied by a set of simultaneous linear regression equations – one type of structural equation model. Path diagrams of structural equation models offer a graphical representation with exact one-to-one mapping to the simultaneous linear regression equations. Path analysis allows one to decompose the covariance between two variables in a structural equation model into additive components, thus helping to understand how the interrelationships between many variables in a model predict the covariance between two selected variables. By performing path analysis calculations on all variables and pairs of variables in a model, one may calculate the expected moment structure implied by that model. Path analysis preceded and led to the development of modern structural equation modeling methods of parameter estimation.
The Depiction of South Africa in U.S. Textbooks

Peruse a world geography or world history textbook for U.S. students and you will probably find a chapter or a few paragraphs ori South Africa. These texts usually emphasize South Africa's great wealth, its industrialized economy and the affluent life style of its white minority.1 The image is of an abundant, sun-kissed, goldand diamondstudded land full of bustling industrious whites who are helping Africans enter the modern industrialized world. These texts do note that South Africa is a
Inclusive Education in the United States and Internationally: Challenges and Response

Achieving inclusion of children with disabilities in general education remains a challenge. This article discusses United States and international legal developments and relates educational inclusion to controversies within the disability studies movement. It considers questions that have been raised about integrated education and concludes that inclusion should remain the goal, but that more attention must be devoted to making educational inclusion work.
Maturation of Normal Primate White Matter: Computed Tomographic Correlation

Five infant baboons were examined with computed tomography (CT) during the first year of their lives to determine the rate and degree of normal white matter maturation in frontal, occipital, and parietal areas. The increase in CT numbers with age was correlated with gross and histologic specimens. Two phases of maturation were identified: a rapid phase (first 8–12 weeks) and a gradual phase (after 12 weeks). Frontal white matter was the most immature in the immediate postnatal period but it became equal in attenuation to the other regions by 4 weeks of age. Knowledge of white matter maturation rates may be particularly useful in cases of neonatal hypoxia/ischemia where zones of periventricular hypodensity are identified. The failure of such regions to follow a normal rate of maturation may indicate damage to the white matter and have significant prognostic implications.
PHASE TRANSITIONS IN A KAGOME LATTICE OF JOSEPHSON JUNCTIONS

We observe a phase transition at 0.076 of the coupling energy in a fully frustrated kagom\'e lattice of Josephson junctions (XY kagom\'e antiferromagnet) using Monte Carlo methods. The jump in the superfluid density at the transition temperature retains its universal Kosterlitz-Thouless value despite the thermodynamic degeneracy of the low-temperature phase. We find these observations to be consistent with an unbinding transition involving vortex-antivortex pairs with 1/3 the normal phase gradient. We also observe an unusual sequence of five field-dependent ground states consisting of currents of equal magnitude circulating around each elementary triangle in the structure.
Particle production in DIS off a shockwave in AdS

Within the AdS/CFT correspondence, the shockwave metric has been widely used as a gravity dual for a fast moving nucleus. Here we propose a picture for particle production in deep inelastic scattering off a shockwave with the projectile represented by the \( \mathcal{R} \)-current. By using the method developed in [1] to find an explicit expression for the scattered field, we are able to show that the scattered field can be written in terms of time-like and space-like vacuum states where the time-like states are identified with the outgoing particles. To support this picture, we calculate the contribution of the time-like modes to the energy-momentum tensor of the scattered field and show that the energy flow in the fifth dimension is directly related to the imaginary part of the action. The energy flow in the fifth dimension is also compared to the incoming energy flow to determine which fraction of the initial energy goes to the produced particles. The last two sections are devoted to localize the energy flow in momentum and coordinate space, first by finding the virtualities that contribute the most to the total flow, and second by finding an approximate trajectory in coordinate space.
Enhanced transport of Li+ through an organic model membrane by an electrochemically reduced anthraquinone podand

Considerations sur les proprietes de transport des ions Li + , des radicaux anioniques obtenus par reduction electrochimique de (tetraoxa-«3,6,9,12»-tridecyloxy-1) anthraquinone
Changes in frequency and severity of limited joint mobility in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus between 1976-78 and 1998.

Abstract Objective: Limited joint mobility (LJM), the earliest clinically apparent long-term complication of type 1 diabetes mellitus, is a risk indicator for microvascular complications, and its appearance is primarily affected by long-term metabolic control. We hypothesized that the prevalence of LJM had decreased during the past 20 years. Study design: We examined 312 subjects with type 1 diabetes mellitus, aged 7 to 18 years, using the same examination method and criteria as in studies of 515 subjects in this age group carried out between 1976 and 1978 for whom primary data were available, including age, duration of diabetes, and LJM stage. Statistical analyses included exact χ 2 tests, independent sample t tests, and unconditional logistic regression. Results: There was a >4-fold reduction in frequency of LJM between 1976-78 and 1998 (31% vs 7%, P P =.025). Conclusions: These findings confirm the hypothesis that the prevalence of LJM has decreased, most likely the result of improved blood glucose control during the past 2 decades. (J Pediatr 2001;138:33-7)
Determining the automorphism group of a hyperelliptic curve

In this note we discuss techniques for determining the automorphism group of a genus $g$ hyperelliptic curve $\X_g$ defined over an algebraically closed field $k$ of characteristic zero. The first technique uses the classical $GL_2 (k)$-invariants of binary forms. This is a practical method for curves of small genus, but has limitations as the genus increases, due to the fact that such invariants are not known for large genus.The second approach, which uses dihedral invariants of hyperelliptic curves, is a very convenient method and works well in all genera. First we define the normal decomposition of a hyperelliptic curve with extra automorphisms. Then dihedral invariants are defined in terms of the coefficients of this normal decomposition. We define such invariants independently of the automorphism group $\Aut (\X_g)$. However, to compute such invariants the curve is required to be in its normal form. This requires solving a nonlinear system of equations.We find conditions in terms of classical invariants of binary forms for a curve to have reduced automorphism group $A_4$, $S_4$, $A_5$. As far as we are aware, such results have not appeared before in the literature.
On corners of objects built from parallelepiped bricks

We investigate a question initiated in the work of Sibley and Wagon, who proved that 3 colors suffice to color any collection of 2D parallelograms glued edge-to-edge. Their proof relied on the existence of an ''elbow'' parallelogram. We explore the existence of analogous ''corner'' parallelepipeds in 3D objects. Our results are twofold. First, we refine the 2D proof to render information on the number and location of the 2D elbows. Second, we prove that not all of the 2D refinements extend to 3D.
The X-ray properties of the nearby star-forming galaxy IC 342: The XMM-Newton view

We present results on the X-ray properties of IC 342 using a 10 ks XMM-Newton observation. Thirty-five sources are detected coincident with the disk of IC 342 (more than tripling the number known), of which ?31 are likely to be intrinsic to IC 342. This point-source population exhibits a diverse range of spectral properties and has an X-ray luminosity function slope and infrared luminosity comparable to that of starburst galaxies such as M82 and the Antennae, while its relative lack of extended X-ray emission is similar to the properties of quiescent spirals. Although we find no evidence of short-term variability in any of the X-ray sources, we do detect long-term variability between this observation and the 1991 ROSAT and 1993/2000 ASCA observations for five sources. Notably, the second most luminous source in IC 342 (X-2) is found to have an absorption-corrected 0.5?10 keV luminosity of 5.75 ? 1039 ergs s-1 and a spectrum best fitted by an absorbed multicolor accretion disk model with Tin = 2.17 keV and NH = 15.3 ? 1021 cm-2. This is the lowest luminosity state observed for X-2 to date, although the slope of the spectrum is intermediate between the previously observed low/hard and high/soft states. IC 342 X-1, on the other hand, is found to be in an identical state to that observed in 2000 with ASCA. Assuming X-1 is in an anomalous very high (VH) state, then either (1) X-1 has remained in this state between 2000 and 2002 and is therefore the longest duration VH-state binary ever observed, or (2) it was simply caught in a VH state by chance in both the 2000 ASCA and 2002 XMM-Newton observations. We have also confirmed the ROSAT HRI result that the nucleus of IC 342 is made up of both pointlike and extended emission, with the extended emission contributing ?55% and ?35% in the 0.3?2.0 keV and 2.0?10.0 keV bands, respectively. The spectrum of the nucleus is best fitted by an absorbed two-component model consisting of a thermal plasma with a temperature of kT ? 0.3 and a power law with a photon index of ? ? 2.53. The relative fluxes of the two spectral components suggest that the nucleus is complex, with a soft extended component contributing approximately half of the total luminosity.
Dynamic Response of Highly Flexible Flying Wings

*† This paper presents a method to model the coupled nonlinear flight dynamics and aeroelasticity of highly flexible flying wings, as well as analyze their nonlinear characteristics. A low-order, nonlinear, strain-based finite element framework is used, which is capable of assessing the fundamental impact of structural nonlinear effects in a computationally effective formulation target for preliminary vehicle design and control synthesis. The crosssectional stiffness and inertia properties of the wings are calculated along the wing span, and then incorporated into the 1-D nonlinear beam model. A proposed model for the effects in the torsional stiffness of skin wrinkling due to large bending curvature of the wing is also presented. Finite-state unsteady subsonic aerodynamic loads are incorporated to complete the aeroelastic representation of a flying wing. In studying flying wing dynamic response, a spatially-distributed discrete gust model is introduced and its impact on the time-domain solutions is investigated.
Libertarian Bioethics and Religion: The Case of H. Tristram Engelhardt, Jr.

This paper is a critique of certain moral perspectives that are found in the second edition of Engelhardt's Foundation of Bioethics. These views are spelled out in explicit detail in his second edition, and follow on the heels of a profound religious conversion. Engelhardt is an eminent bioethicist with strong religious convictions that overlay much of his writing. The author wishes to question some of the conclusions that Engelhardt reaches as they touch upon moral frameworks, pluralism, and a 'secular' bioethics.
Laser Diagnostics For Inertial Confinement Fusion Plasmas

In laser-induced inertial confinement fusion the understanding of the physical process taking place in the plasma atmosphere surrounding the target is extremely important because it is here where the energy is absorbed and transported to the core region. Optical probing of the target atmosphere can provide information about this important region by using laser diagnostics such as interferometry, Faraday rotation, and Thomson scattering. Interferometry is used to determine electron density distributions in the plasma and has permitted the direct observation of effects due to ponderomotive forces in the plasma. Thomson scattering is another diagnostic which can help understand some of the interaction process taking place in plasma corona. This technique, apart from providing electron and ion temperature inside the plasma, can provide direct information about wave-wave decay process, ion turbulence, and other collective effects. It has been successfully used to isolate some nonlinear wave phenomenon in 10.6 um laser-produced plasmas.
Central values of L-functions over CM fields

Abstract We prove an explicit formula for the central values of certain Rankin L -functions. These L -functions are the L -functions attached to Hilbert newforms over a totally real field F , twisted by unitary Hecke characters of a totally imaginary quadratic extension of F . This formula generalizes our former result on L -functions twisted by finite CM characters.
X-Ray Spectroscopy of Candidate Ultracompact X-Ray Binaries

We present high-resolution spectroscopy of the neutron star/low-mass X-ray binaries (LMXBs) 4U 1850-087 and 4U 0513-40 as part of our continuing study of known and candidate ultracompact binaries. The LMXB 4U 1850-087 is one of four systems in which we had previously inferred an unusual Ne/O ratio in the absorption along the line of sight, most likely from material local to the binaries. However, our recent Chandra X-Ray Observatory LETGS spectrum of 4U 1850-087 finds a Ne/O ratio by number of 0.22 ± 0.05, smaller than previously measured and consistent with the expected interstellar value. We propose that variations in the Ne/O ratio due to source variability, as previously observed in these sources, can explain the difference between the low- and high-resolution spectral results for 4U 1850-087. Our XMM-Newton RGS observation of 4U 0513-40 also shows no unusual abundance ratios in the absorption along the line of sight. We also present spectral results from a third candidate ultracompact binary, 4U 1822-000, whose spectrum is well fit by an absorbed power-law + blackbody model with absorption consistent with the expected interstellar value. Finally, we present the nondetection of a fourth candidate ultracompact binary, 4U 1905+000, with an upper limit on the source luminosity of <1 × 1032 ergs s-1. Using archival data, we show that the source has entered an extended quiescent state.
The future of quark matter at RHIC

The planned collider upgrade and ongoing detector upgrades at RHICH will allow new access and statistical reach to physical observables in heavy ion collisions. We discuss the importance of these improved capabilities on the advancement of heavy ion physics. The RHIC II upgrade will provide a ten-fold luminosity improvement. The upgrades will allow more extensive beam species and energy scan studies. Calculations of the expected annual yields associated with measurements of heavy quark and jet production are presented. These calculations demonstrate a promising future in heavy quarkonia, high-pt direct photon, and jet studies at RHIC. Also shown is that through a combination of higher luminosities, longer running times, and lower backgrounds, RHIC II will be competitive with the LHC in many heavy ion measurements of interest.
Photoconductive terahertz antenna with radial symmetry

It has been demonstrated recently that it is possible to guide broadband terahertz pulses utilising a novel coaxial waveguide. This technique is hindered by the difficulty in exciting the radially polarised fundamental mode of the waveguide. To optimise mode matching, a novel radially symmetric photoconductive terahertz antenna is proposed. Using finite element method simulations and analytical calculations, it is shown that this antenna can generate the desired radial polarisation.
Production systems: or can we do better than BNF

Since the development of BNF, the definition of the syntax of programming languages has been almost universally associated with context-free requirements. Yet numerous interesting and difficult issues in syntax stem from the context-sensitive requirements, notably the compatibility between the declaration of an identifier and its uses, the correspondence between actual and formal parameters, and issues arising from block structure.This paper explores the use of a formal notation called Production Systems in providing a readable and complete formal definition of syntax. As a practical illustration, a small but significant subset of PL/I is considered. A more detailed presentation, as well as the application to define abstract syntax and translations between languages, is given in a previous paper by the author.
Soil production limits and the transition to bedrock-dominated landscapes

The depth of the Earth’s soil cover is controlled by the competing processes of soil production and erosion. Estimates of the rates of these processes over rugged topography suggest that soil-production rates will increase over surfaces that are subject to rapid erosion.
Fiber-Optic Device Research At Stanford University

The research program at Stanford University is centered around fiber-optic devices that perform specific functions. The devices of our interest range from simple passive and active components to relatively complex sensor systems and optical signal processing devices. Many devices introduced by our research program, that are originally intended for use mainly in fiber sensors, are finding increasing applications in optical telecommunications as the overlap between the two major fiber optics fields has increased substantially.
Stereoselective synthesis of neo-C-glycopeptide building blocks : Towards a flexible and control-oriented design as probes for carbohydrate-protein interactions

Abstract Neo-C-glycopeptides ( 1–4 ) have been synthesized as building blocks to obtain higher neo-C-glycopeptides as probes for studying carbohydrate-protein interactions. A convergent approach for the synthesis of 4 has been developed, in which two galactose units are attached to a glycine derivative in a stepwise procedure (reductive amination followed by amide coupling) and finally coupling to the protected dipeptide having a free amino group on the side chain.
Is home health care a substitute for hospital care

A previous study used aggregate (region-level) data to investigate whether home health care serves as a substitute for inpatient hospital care and concluded that “there is no evidence that services provided at home replace hospital services.” However, that study was based on a cross-section of regions observed at a single point of time and did not control for unobserved regional heterogeneity. In this article, state-level employment data are used to reexamine whether home health care serves as a substitute for inpatient hospital care. This analysis is based on longitudinal (panel) data—observations on states in two time periods—which enable the reduction or elimination of biases that arise from use of cross-sectional data. This study finds that states that had higher home health care employment growth during the period 1998–2008 tended to have lower hospital employment growth, controlling for changes in population. Moreover, states that had higher home health care payroll growth tended to have lower hospi...
Contact Area as a Critical Determinant in the Tribology Of Metal-on-Polyethylene Total Joint Arthroplasty

The effects of contact area and contact stress on friction and wear of polyethylene-metal articulation were evaluated using a bidirectional pin-on-disk apparatus. A doubling of the contact area under fixed loading conditions led to a 50% increase in the coefficient of friction and a doubling of the wear rate. There appeared to be a relationship between the increase in wear rate and the increase in the coefficient of friction. A model was developed to explain the mechanism by which engagement of asperities results in the increasing wear rate with increasing contact area despite the decreased stress.
Gravity and electromagnetism in noncommutative geometry

Abstract We present a unified description of gravity and electromagnitsm in the framework of a Z 2 noncommutative differential calculus. It can be considered as a “discrete version” of Kaluza-Klein theory, where the fifth continuous dimension is replaced by two discrete points. We derive an action which coincides with the dimensionaly reduced one of the ordinary Kaluza-Klein theory.