cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Distribution and relationship of precursor Z material to organizing myofibrillar bundles in embryonic rat and hamster ventricular myocytes.

Abstract Myofibrillogenesis was examined ultra-structurally in ventricular myocytes from initiation of the heartbeat until one day post term. The pattern of development was nearly identical in both rat and hamster. Both free thin (60 to 80 A) and thick (160 to 180 A) filaments were observed predominantly in subsarcolemmal regions. Orientation of free myofilaments proceeded only in association with dense, amorphous material located as plaques along the sarcolemma (frequently in association with binding sites) or as isolated sarcoplasmic condensations. This dense material could be extracted along with the Z lines or organized bundles by 3 m -urea and 0.1 to 0.2 m -sodium tetraborate indicating that plaques and condensations were precursor Z substance. These sites are considered organizing centers since the free filaments of more differentiated myocytes inserted into the precursor material of these loci. Insertion of filaments was either perpendicular to the sarcolemma or, more commonly, parallel to it. The resultant association of filaments with organizing centers produced structures resembling half-sarcomeres. Interconnection of the half-sarcomeres is the proposed mechanism whereby primitive, branched myofibrillar bundles characterized by expansive Z lines and loosely aggregated filaments are formed. Z lines narrowed during subsequent differentiation. Concomitantly, myofilaments were brought into closer contact resulting in the appearance of A-1 interfaces. H bands and M lines were not observed until organogenesis was nearly complete. Intercalated disks developed wherever myofilaments inserted perpendicular to sarcolemmal plaques; the lateral (parallel) connection of myofilaments at Z line levels to the sarcolemmal plaques was retained throughout gestation and in postnatal specimens.
Protein structure and gene organization of mouse lactate dehydrogenase-A isozyme

The complete covalent structure of the 331 amino acids of mouse lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) A4 isozyme has been determined by sequence analyses of both the protein and the genomic DNA. The mouse LDH-A gene spans a length of at least 7000 bases from the translation initiation codon ATG to the end of the 3' untranslated region, and it contains six introns that interrupt the protein-coding sequence. The relationships between the exon-intron organization of LDH-A gene and the structural-functional domains of the protein are discussed.
An experimental comparison of the dry matter and nutrient distribution patterns of Typha latifolia L., Typha angustifolia L., Sparganium eurycarpum Engelm. and Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steudel

Abstract Typha latifolia L., T. angustifolia L., Sparganium eurycarpum Engelm. and Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin ex Steudel were grown outdoors during the 1980–1982 growing seasons in low-nutrient sand contained in 30-1 plastic tubs treated with wide concentration ranges of nitrate-N (0, 7.8, 23.4, 46.8 or 93.6 g m −2 ), phosphate-P (0, 2.1, 6.3, 12.5, or 25.0 g m −2 ) and potassium (0, 7.8, 23.4 or 41.5 g m −2 ) fertilizers. Nitrate and phosphate treatments and their interaction strongly affected plant growth, while potassium had little or no effect on all of the species. Tissue production varied from 0 to 3000 g m −2 . Nitrate strongly controlled distribution of dry weight between above ground and below ground tissues. The ratio of above ground:below ground dry weight varied by a factor of 3 within a species and was highest with high nitrate. Tissue content of N and P was increased 2–3 times over the levels needed for maximum growth when the respective nutrient was present in excess in the growth medium. Shoot N:P ratios of less than 4 were found with severely N-limited plants; ratios of greater than 12 were found with severely P-limited growth. Typha spp. accumulated excess P preferentially in below ground tissues. S. eurycarpum showed the least resistance to very high nitrate levels.
On the effect of base friction on bearing capacity

INTRODUCTION IN THE classic Prandtl solution for the bearing capacity of weightless soils, the bearing stresses are perpendicular to the loaded surface [1]. This implies that the base of the footing is perfectly smooth (8 = 0). Terzaghi [2] recognized the effect of base friction on bearing capacity and proposed that for perfectly rough (8 = q~) bases the angle a of the active zone be taken as equal to q~ instead of 45 + q0/2, as in the Prandtl solution. Meyerhof [3] proposed an approximate formula for the consideration of the roughness of the base of footing in bearing capacity calculations. Hu [4] and Assad Abdul-Baki and L. A. Beik [5] assumed ct to be variable and proposed to define the bearing capacity factors as minimum values for variable a; the latter authors related 8 at the edge of the footing to ~ by the appropriate equations of the theory of plasticity. Straight line boundaries of the active zones assumed by these authors suggest a uniform 8 across the base of the footing. The logarithmic spirals assumed in the radial zone are valid for weightless soil only; therefore, the proposed bearing capacity factors can be considered as only approximations. Negre and Stutz [6] obtained numerical solutions of the differential equations of plasticity for the case where 8 = q~ at the edge of the footing and decreases gradually toward the center. In this paper, the effect of base friction on the geometry of slip line fields and the distribution of bearing stresses is analyzed in both the two-dimensional and the axially symmetric case by theory of plasticity methods.
Notes on the Upper Lethal Temperature of the Duskystripe Shiner, Notropis pilsbryi, and the Bluegill, Lepomis macrochirus

Abstract Sublethal, incipient upper lethal, and total lethal temperatures were obtained for the duskystripe shiner, Notropis pilsbryi, and the bluegill, Lepomis macrochirus. Both species were exposed to a gradual temperature increase of 2 C per day and to sudden temperature increases after being acclimated to a temperature of 21.5 C. Results indicate that the incipient upper lethal temperature of the bluegill, with a 2 C rise in temperature per day, is 35.5 C and that of the duskystripe shiner is approximately 32.0 C. Resistance times of both species to a sudden temperature increase were also determined.
An X-Ray Study of Sulphuric and Orthophosphoric Acids

THE study of X-ray diffraction patterns of liquids is one of the least indirect means of obtaining information concerning their structure, but the amount of information is restricted by the limitations of the theory. The straightforward application of the original Debye theory1 leads to an expression for the intensity of scattering where I0 is the intensity of the incident beam, P is the polarization factor, R the distance from specimen to point of observation; 4r2g(r)dr represents the number of atoms or molecules lying within radii r and r + dr; is the mean density in atoms or molecules per c.c., e, m and c have their usual significance, and s = 4 sin /, where is half the scattering angle.
Health Related Quality of Life for Stone Formers

Purpose: Urolithiasis is a common urological condition that causes significant pain and suffering. Until recently few studies had been done to examine how quality of life is affected in stone formers. We hypothesized that patients with multiple recurrent episodes of urolithiasis have worse health related quality of life. Thus, we identified specific factors that impact health related quality of life in patients with urolithiasis.Materials and Methods: In an institutional review board approved study we recruited 386 patients through mailings and through the outpatient clinic who were evaluated at our institution for urolithiasis in the last 5 years. Each patient was asked to answer questionnaires on stone disease, including SF-36®, a validated 36-item health care quality of life survey.Results: Of the 386 patients recruited for study 115 responded to our inquiry. Variables such as surgical complications, time from last stone episode, number of emergency room visits and number of surgeries correlated with t...
Orally Active Adenosine A1 Receptor Agonists with Antinociceptive Effects in Mice

Adenosine A1 receptor (A1AR) agonists have antinociceptive effects in multiple preclinical models of acute and chronic pain. Although numerous A1AR agonists have been developed, clinical applications of these agents have been hampered by their cardiovascular side effects. Herein we report a series of novel A1AR agonists, some of which are structurally related to adenosine 5′-monophosphate (5′-AMP), a naturally occurring nucleotide that itself activates A1AR. These novel compounds potently activate A1AR in several orthogonal in vitro assays and are subtype selective for A1AR over A2AAR, A2BAR, and A3AR. Among them, UNC32A (3a) is orally active and has dose-dependent antinociceptive effects in wild-type mice. The antinociceptive effects of 3a were completely abolished in A1AR knockout mice, revealing a strict dependence on A1AR for activity. The apparent lack of cardiovascular side effects when administered orally and high affinity (Ki of 36 nM for the human A1AR) make this compound potentially suitable as ...
Coumarins and psoralens in grapefruit peel oil

Abstract Four coumarins, four psoralens and two methoxyflavones were isolated and identified from the peel oil of grapefruit. Five of these compounds are reported as constituents of grapefruit oil for the first time, one of which, 5[(3,7-dimethyl-6-epoxy-2-octenyl) oxy]psoralen is a new natural product.
Design of saturable chokes for industrial electronic systems

A finite-element-based three-dimensional field solution for the magnetically saturable chokes that are used in many industrial electronics systems is presented. The inductances computed based on the finite-element field solution are compared with the estimated nonlinear inductances from actual measurements. The results show the adequacy of the three-dimensional finite-elements simulation. The results of the field solution are used to study the factors that influence the nonlinear characteristics of the chokes, such as the air-gap geometry, the equivalent winding turns and the property of material anisotropy. >
Axially engineered metal-insulator phase transition by graded doping VO2 nanowires.

The abrupt first-order metal–insulator phase transition in single-crystal vanadium dioxide nanowires (NWs) is engineered to be a gradual transition by axially grading the doping level of tungsten. We also demonstrate the potential of these NWs for thermal sensing and actuation applications. At room temperature, the graded-doped NWs show metal phase on the tips and insulator phase near the center of the NW, and the metal phase grows progressively toward the center when the temperature rises. As such, each individual NW acts as a microthermometer that can be simply read out with an optical microscope. The NW resistance decreases gradually with the temperature rise, eventually reaching 2 orders of magnitude drop, in stark contrast to the abrupt resistance change in undoped VO2 wires. This novel phase transition yields an extremely high temperature coefficient of resistivity ∼10%/K, simultaneously with a very low resistivity down to 0.001 Ω·cm, making these NWs promising infrared sensing materials for uncoole...
The effect of nutritional immunomodulation on cardiac allograft survival in rats receiving mycophenolate mofetil, cyclosporine A, and donor-specific transfusion.

Abstract Background Immunosuppressive drugs continue to pose significant risks such as infection, toxicity, or neoplasia when used in long-term therapy. The investigation of newer and safer combined treatment strategies that decrease the need for these drugs is becoming increasingly important. Immunonutrients are known to have significant modulating effects on the immune system. Feeding with Impact, a commercially available diet enriched with arginine, omega-3 fatty acids, and RNA, recently has been shown to extend rat cardiac allograft survival when combined with a donor-specific transfusion (DST) and cyclosporine A (CsA). Because mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) is now commonly used in the clinical setting, the current study was designed to examine the effect on rat cardiac allograft survival when MMF was added to this immunosuppressive regimen. Methods Intra-abdominal ACI to Lewis heterotopic cardiac allografts were performed. Study groups included untreated controls and recipients receiving varying combinations of a DST (1 mL) on the day prior to engraftment, MMF 45 mg/kg/day from the day of transplant through postoperative day six, and CsA 10 mg/kg on the day prior to operation and 2.5 mg/kg from the day of transplant through postoperative day 6. Animals were fed ad libitum with Impact diet or standard lab chow. Graft survival was determined by cessation of a palpable heartbeat. Results Treatment with MMF led to a prolonged allograft survival over historical untreated controls. The combination of MMF with a donor-specific transfusion, Impact, or CsA was associated with an increase in graft survival over MMF alone. The addition of Impact to the combination of MMF and CsA resulted in further improvement. The most pronounced graft survival advantage was seen when Impact was combined with a DST and both of the immunosuppressive agents. One quarter of the animals in this group had a palpable donor heart beat at greater than 150 days, indicating functional tolerance in those animals. Conclusions The administration of Impact diet to treatment groups in this study was associated with graft survival advantages when compared to most of the other study groups receiving a similar drug regimen and standard chow. These findings support the importance of nutritional influences on allograft survival, and highlight the potential of diet therapy when used with short courses of clinically relevant immunosuppressive drugs.
From complexity to food security decision-support: Novel methods of assessment and their role in enhancing the timeliness and relevance of food and nutrition security information

Food and Nutrition Security Information (FNSI) is a critical tool for achieving food and nutrition security, yet FNSI efforts to date have not produced the intended impacts on policy and program decision making, largely due to shortcomings in available technologies and frameworks. The article reviews the evolution of FNSI efforts in the context of emerging technology and data collection techniques. A conceptual framework is provided to describe the evolution towards an FNSI characterized by integrating conventional and novel approaches to the collection, analysis and communication of information into a value stream that supports decision-making to achieve food security. Conclusions include the need to streamline and expand coverage of conventional information tools such as household surveys while facilitating the rapid uptake of analytical tools that leverage the novel, numerous, and rich data streams enabled by emergent information and communication technologies and dramatic increases in connectivity.
Ethical Guidance and Constraint Under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002:

This article discusses two key features of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, which was enacted in 2002 to restore integrity and public confidence to the financial markets. The law was passed in response to the horrendous corporate disasters that had occurred, including Enron, Worldcom, Adelphia, and Tyco. The implementation of effective business ethics became essential and the new law required the publication of corporate codes of ethics. It did not mandate their content. This paper suggests specific sections for inclusion in the general guidelines to encompass the ethical dimensions of the Act. It analyzes the compliance by the corporations in their public filings since Sarbanes-Oxley became law. The revelation of the size of the audit and accounting fees paid to Arthur Andersen by Enron and similar fees paid in other current financial debacles lead to another key requirement of Sarbanes-Oxley: mandatory auditor rotation. Here, however, Sarbanes-Oxley did not go far enough. The law required rotation only of the le...
Structural characterization of Celgard® microporous membrane precursors: Melt‐extruded polyethylene films

“Row nucleated lamellar” structures are formed when highly crystalline polymers are melt-extruded and recrystallized under high stress. Polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP) films with row lamellar structures have been utilized to produce microporous membranes. Birefringence measurements of melt-extruded PE films show that improved film orientation can be achieved by annealing, extruding at higher speed, and using higher molecular weight polymers. Images from scanning tunneling, atomic force, and field emission scanning electron microscopy (STM, AFM, and FESEM) clearly show the lamellar structures in the melt-extruded PE and PP films. Microscopy results also show that surface lamellar textures are more pronounced with thicker lamellae and are better aligned along the extrusion direction after annealing. X-ray diffraction results show that the increase in film orientation can be attributed to increased lamellar perfection and orientation during annealing and also to better crystallite alignment along the machine direction with higher extrusion speed or with higher molecular weight. High-resolution capabilities of STM, AFM, and FESEM prove to be very effective tools in elucidating lamellar structures in polymeric membrane precursors and can be used as an aid in establishing structure–process–property relationships in making microporous membranes. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Discussion: A Relational View

(1990). Discussion: A Relational View. Psychoanalytic Inquiry: Vol. 10, How Theory Shapes Technique: Perspectives on a Self-Psychological Clinical Presentation, pp. 523-540.
The Effects of Expert and Consumer Endorsements on Audience Response

This study examines the process by which audiences integrate expert and consumer endorsements into their product evaluations and how endorsement consensus affects this process. The results suggest that positive expert and consumer endorsements both enhance audiences' attitudes toward the endorsed product. However, positive consumer endorsements and higher perceived credibility of consumer endorsements, rather than expert endorsements, enhance audiences' behavioral intents when audiences are already interested in the endorsed product.
Perpendicular Giant Magnetoresistance of Co/Cu Multilayers with Fluctuating Co Layer Thicknesses

J. Mathon has predicted that introducing pseudorandom fluctuations (PRF) in the Co layer thickness could greatly enhance the Current Perpendicular to the Plane (CPP) magnetoresistance (MR) of a Co/Cu superlattice with dimensions comparable to the electron mean-free-path. We have searched for CPP-MR enhancement in sputtered Co/Cu multilayers with Cu layer thicknesses near both the first and second antiferromagnetically coupled peaks in the oscillatory region of the CPP-MR. In both cases, inserting PRF only decreased the CPP-MR.
Markov transition model to dementia with death as a competing event

This study evaluates the effect of death as a competing event to the development of dementia in a longitudinal study of the cognitive status of elderly subjects. A multi-state Markov model with three transient states: intact cognition, mild cognitive impairment (M.C.I.) and global impairment (G.I.) and one absorbing state: dementia is used to model the cognitive panel data; transitions among states depend on four covariates age, education, prior state (intact cognition, or M.C.I., or G.I.) and the presence/absence of an apolipoprotein E-4 allele (APOE4). A Weibull model and a Cox proportional hazards (Cox PH) model are used to fit the survival from death based on age at entry and the APOE4 status. A shared random effect correlates this survival time with the transition model. Simulation studies determine the sensitivity of the maximum likelihood estimates to the violations of the Weibull and Cox PH model assumptions. Results are illustrated with an application to the Nun Study, a longitudinal cohort of 672 participants 75+ years of age at baseline and followed longitudinally with up to ten cognitive assessments per nun.
Effects of combining microbial and chemical insecticides on mortality of the Pecan Weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

The pecan weevil, Curculio caryae (Horn), is a key pest of pecan [Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) K. Koch]. Current control recommendations are based on chemical insecticide applications. Microbial control agents such as the entomopathogenic nematode, Steinernema carpocapsae (Weiser) and the fungus Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin occur naturally in southeastern U.S. pecan orchards and have shown promise as alternative control agents for C. caryjae. Conceivably, the chemical and microbial agents occur simultaneously within pecan orchards or might be applied concurrently. The objective of this study was to determine the interactions between two chemical insecticides that are used in commercial C. caryae control (i.e., carbaryl and cypermethrin applied below field rates) and the microbial agents B. bassiana and S. carpocapsae. In laboratory experiments, pecan weevil larval or adult mortality was assessed after application of microbial or chemical treatments applied singly or in combination (microbial + chemical agent). The nature of interactions (antagonism, additivity, or synergy) in terms of weevil mortality was evaluated over 9 d (larvae) or 5 d (adults). Results for B. bassiana indicated synergistic activity with carbaryl and antagonism with cypermethrin in C. caryae larvae and adults. For S. carpocapsae, synergy was detected with both chemicals in C. caryae larvae, but only additive effects were detected in adult weevils. Our results indicate that the chemical-microbial combinations tested are compatible with the exception of B. bassiana and cypermethrin. In addition, combinations that exhibited synergistic interactions may provide enhanced C. caryae control in commercial field applications; thus, their potential merits further exploration.
Long-term follow-up of a facilitated peer mentoring program.

Background: Mentoring plays an important role in career success of academic medical faculty. New mentoring models such as peer mentoring have emerged.Aim: To evaluate the long-term impact of a facilitated peer mentoring program on academic achievements.Method: Women faculty at the instructor or assistant professor rank were recruited to voluntarily participate in a facilitated peer mentoring program. Recruitment occurred over 3.8 years between 2005 and 2009. A 26-item questionnaire to assess academic skill, career satisfaction, and self-efficacy was administered before program participation and again with seven additional questions in 2011. Curriculum vitae were reviewed retrospectively to tally peer-reviewed publications, other academic activities, and promotions.Results: Participants had long-term improvement in their perceived mastery of academic skills. Peer-reviewed publications, book chapters, abstracts, posters, and other academic activities increased when activities before the program were compare...
Substream-based soft handoff in CDMA cellular networks

We present a new soft handoff scheme that enhances the reliability during soft handoff by increasing the signal distance (Euclidean and/or Hamming) in forward link code division multiple access cellular networks. Each base station participating in soft handoff sends a disjoint subset of the main data stream (called sub-stream) and the mobile receiver reassembles the sub-streams and restores the main data stream. This approach can reduce the data rate per base station by a factor of the number of participating base stations and thereby can increase the signal distance as opposed to the diversity gain. It is shown that the proposed soft handoff scheme is promising for high data rate applications which are the major interests in the next generation cellular networks.
Polyandry and fitness in the western harvester ant, Pogonomyrmex occidentalis.

Using four highly polymorphic microsatellite markers (12–28 alleles), we gentoyped workers from 63 colonies of Pogonomyrmex occidentalis . Colonies have a single, multiply mated queen, and an average number of 6.3 patrilines per colony. Colony growth was measured over an 8-year period in the study population. Intracolonial relatedness and colony growth are correlated negatively, indicating a substantial fitness benefit to multiple mating.
TCP/IP Timing Channels: Theory to Implementation

There has been significant recent interest in covert communication using timing channels. In network timing channels, information is leaked by controlling the time between transmissions of consecutive packets. Our work focuses on network timing channels and provides two main contributions. The first is to quantify the threat posed by covert network timing channels. The other is to use timing channels to communicate at a low data rate without being detected. In this paper, we design and implement a covert TCP/IP timing channel. We are able to quantify the achievable data rate (or leak rate) of such a covert channel. Moreover, we show that by sacrificing data rate, the traffic patterns of the covert timing channel can be made computationally indistinguishable from that of normal traffic, which makes detecting such communication virtually impossible. We demonstrate the efficacy of our solution by showing significant performance gains in terms of both data rate and covertness over the state-of-the-art.
High grade squamous cervical lesions following negative Papanicolaou smears: false-negative cervical cytology or rapid progression.

The cervical cytologic finding of a high grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HGSIL) or carcinoma shortly following a negative smear is unusual. to determine if such cases are due to screening errors, inadequate sampling, or rapidly progressive lesions, a review of negative smears (immediately preceding a diagnosis of HGSIL or carcinoma by at most 2 yr) was performed on 17 patients (all such patients in our 1990–92 files, representing 6% (17/290) of such diagnoses). the time between negative smear and positive result averaged 9.3 mo. Eighty-eight percent of these patients had prior histories of a cytologic abnormality. Upon review, 16 of 17 “negative” smears contained a cytologic abnormality. Atypical immature squamous metaplastic type cells (AISMTs) were found in 11 of 16 cases, atypical squamous cells or slight dysplasia were found in 5 of 16, HGSIL was found in 5 of 16, and atypical cells of undetermined type and origin were noted in 1 of 16. Combinations of the above diagnoses were present in 6 of 16 cases. the number of abnormal cells per slide was estimated, with 200 in 1 case. In this study, screening and/or evaluation errors were the dominant cause of false-negative cytologic diagnoses, with AISMTs accounting for the most commonly missed or misinterpreted cells. These cells are small and have hyperchromatic nuclei with elevated nucleus to cytoplasmic ratio and nuclear irregularities. They may occur singly or in small groups, and may be interpreted as small histiocytes or missed entirely on screening. A careful search for such cells is warranted, and in their presence, colposcopy and biopsy should be undertaken. © 1995 Wiley- Liss, Inc.
Structural Study of a [100] 45° Twist Plus 7.5° Tilt Grain Boundary in Aluminium by HREM

A [100] 45° twist plus 7.5° tilt grain boundary in aluminium prepared by cold rolling and annealing has been studied by high-resolution electron microscopy. The direct interpretability of the image features in terms of atomic column positions allows structural models of the grain boundary to be developed. The boundary exibits a high concentration of steps due to the 7.5° tilt from a perfect [100] 45° quasiperiodic misorientation. Occurrence of co-incidence and pseudo co-incidence of atomic planes across the interface appears to play an important role in the formation of steps along this boundary. Local relaxation of atoms resulting from the perturbation of the [100] 45° twist bi-crystal determines the boundary structure.
Nativization and anglicization in Solomon Islands Pijin

: Solomon Islands Pijin, the lingua franca of the Solomon Islands, has become the primary language for the urban community of Honiara, the nation's capital. In the process, Pijin is undergoing nativization: an increasing number of young children now speak Pijin as their mother tongue. However, English rather than Pijin is the language of social advancement and the key to well-paid jobs in the Solomons. It is also the official language of the country, and the medium of instruction for schools. With more and more urbanites in contact with English, is English having an impact on Pijin? This paper presents preliminary results of a study evaluating the anglicization of Pijin.
A novel conduction-convection based cooling solution for 3D stacked electronics

The present investigation focuses on the design and thermal parametric study of a unique liquid interface thermal management solution for a 3D chip stack that is embedded within a cavity, in a radial heat sink cooled by an array of synthetic jet actuators. The heat sink module was previously reported by the authors, who achieved an overall heat transfer coefficient of ~70 W/m2.K. The radial heat sink exploits enhanced, small-scale heat transfer that is affected by a central array of synthetic jet actuators. This approach is very effective due to the short radial thermal path of the cooling air along the fins which couples rapid, time-periodic entrainment and ejection of cool and heated air, respectively to increase the local heat transfer coefficient on the air-side. The key focus of this paper is the numerical simulation of the dielectric liquid interface used to efficiently transmit the heat from the high power 3D stacked electronics to the heat sink base. The coupled natural convection in the fluid and conduction in solid spreaders sandwiched between the tiers of the stack form a novel efficient, passive and scalable thermal management solution.
‘Accomplished by methods which are indefensible’: Electric utilities, finance, and the natural barriers to accumulation

This paper argues that the emergence of electric utility holding companies in the early 20th century coincides with a number of developments related to the materiality of electricity, principally the necessity that electricity generation and demand be temporally matched. While this material limit posed significant barriers to capital accumulation in the early years of electric utilities, innovations in cost accounting, technology, state governance, and finance shifted what was a limit into an accumulation opportunity for financial capital operating in the form of the utility holding company. The utility holding company took advantage of what was effectively a spatial fix for the electric utility industry, the non-competitive service territory that was enabled by state regulation. This fix proved to be effective for several decades. However, the Crash of 1929 initiated the demise of this particular arrangement, and the example of Carolina Power and Light, an electric utility operating in North Carolina within a mammoth holding company, shows the limits of the non-competitive service territory as a spatial fix. The conclusion briefly considers subsequent fixes that emerged in the electric utility industry, including the present wave of mergers and acquisitions that harkens back to the holding companies of the 1920s.
Living with Crime: The Implications of Racial/Ethnic Differences in Suburban Location

Dans la region metropolitaine de New-York existent des differences raciales/ethniques dans l'exposition aux crimes lies a la propriete et aux crimes violents : les Noirs sont les plus exposes, viennent les Hispaniques, puis les Blancs et les Asiatiques. A l'aide d'une nouvelle methode servant a construire des modeles de regression transversale, les AA. montrent que les variables au niveau individuel, telles que le revenu du groupe domestique, la propriete immobiliere, peuvent expliquer le niveau de crime de la communaute de residence mais elles n'expliquent pas les differences entre les groupes. Trois variables contextuelles, refletant la composition raciale de la communaute, l'etendue de la pauvrete et la taille de la population, peuvent davantage expliquer les variations individuelles et de groupes
Comparison of Object-Based Image Analysis Approaches to Mapping New Buildings in Accra, Ghana Using Multi-Temporal QuickBird Satellite Imagery

The goal of this study was to map and quantify the number of newly constructed buildings in Accra, Ghana between 2002 and 2010 based on high spatial resolution satellite image data. Two semi-automated feature detection approaches for detecting and mapping newly constructed buildings based on QuickBird very high spatial resolution satellite imagery were analyzed: (1) post-classification comparison; and (2) bi-temporal layerstack classification. Feature Analyst software based on a spatial contextual classifier and ENVI Feature Extraction that uses a true object-based image analysis approach of image segmentation and segment classification were evaluated. Final map products representing new building objects were compared and assessed for accuracy using two object-based accuracy measures, completeness and correctness. The bi-temporal layerstack method generated more accurate results compared to the post-classification comparison method due to less confusion with background objects. The spectral/spatial contextual approach (Feature Analyst) outperformed the true object-based feature delineation approach (ENVI Feature Extraction) due to its ability to more reliably delineate individual buildings of various sizes. Semi-automated, object-based detection followed by manual editing appears to be a reliable and efficient approach for detecting and enumerating new building objects. A bivariate regression analysis was performed using neighborhood-level estimates of new building density regressed on a census-derived measure of socio-economic status, yielding an inverse relationship with R2 = 0.31 (n = 27; p = 0.00). The primary utility of the new building delineation results is to support spatial analyses of land cover and land use and demographic change.
The Natural Product Essramycin and Three of Its Isomers Are Devoid of Antibacterial Activity.

Four possible isomers of essramycin, a natural product from a marine Streptomyces species isolated from the Egyptian Mediterranean coast, were synthesized. The structures for the isomers were assigned unequivocally by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, high-resolution mass spectrometry, and X-ray crystal structure determinations. Notwithstanding the earlier report of broad-spectrum antibacterial activity for the natural product, none of the four isomers exhibited any such activity.
Simultaneous A- and B-Scan Ultrasound Guidance of Aspiration Needles During Amniocentesis in Early Second Trimester for Prenatal Genetic Disease Detection — A Preliminary Report

Of all the indications for amniocentesis, prenatal genetic disease detection is rapidly becoming a most useful and gratifying part of clinical obstetric practice. The optimum time for aspiration of amniotic fluid appears to be at about 16 weeks gestation when the amniotic sac contains approximately 175 ml. of fluid, and is approximately 8 cm. in diameter. This allows the now necessary 2–3 weeks for growth of fetal cells from the amniotic fluid in time for therapeutic abortion of genetically afflicted fetuses should that be desired by the parents.
Polarimetric phenomenology in the reflective regime: a case study using polarized hyperspectral data

Understanding the phenomenology of polarimetric data is necessary if we want to obtain the maximum benefit when we exploit that data. To first order, polarimetric phenomenology is driven by two things; the target material type (specular or diffuse) and the illuminating source (point (sun) or extended (body emission)). Polarimetric phenomenology can then be broken into three basic categories; ([specular material/sun source], [diffuse/sun], [specular/body]) where we have assigned body emission to the IR passband where materials are generally specular. The task of interest determines the category of interest since the task determines the dominant target material and the illuminating source (eg detecting diffuse targets under trees in VNIR = [diffuse/sun] category). In this paper, a specific case study for the important [diffuse/sun] category will be presented. For the reflective regime (0.3 – 3.0um), the largest polarimetric signal is obtained when the sun illuminates a significant portion of the material BRDF lobe. This naturally points us to problems whose primary target materials are diffuse since the BRDF lobe for specular materials is tiny (low probability of acquiring on the BRDF lobe) and glinty (high probability of saturating the sensor when on lobe). In this case study, we investigated signatures of solar illuminated diffuse paints acquired by a polarimetric hyperspectral sensor. We will discuss the acquisition, reduction and exploitation of that data, and use it to illustrate the primary characteristics of reflective polarimetric phenomenology.
Interlaboratory Validation for a Real-Time PCR Salmonella Detection Method Using the ABI 7500 FAST Real-Time PCR System.

Sixteen FERN (Food Emergency Response Network) member laboratories collaborated in this study to verify extension of the real-time PCR Salmonella detection method originally designed for the single-tube Cepheid SmartCycler II and validated against the Salmonella method of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration Bacteriological Analytical Manual to the Applied Biosystems (ABI) 7500 FAST Real-Time PCR system multiwell plate platform. Four foods were selected for this study: chili powder, soft cheese, fish, and tomatoes; these foods represent products that are commonly analyzed for the presence of Salmonella for regulatory purposes. Each food consisted of six uninoculated control samples, six samples inoculated with low Salmonella levels (target 1 to 5 CFU/25 g), and six samples inoculated with high levels (target 10 to 50 CFU/25 g). All samples were tested for Salmonella using the 24-h quantitative PCR (qPCR) method for detecting Salmonella, which utilizes modified buffered peptone water as the sole enrichmen...
Car Park Finder – Presumptive Design Brings the Best Out of It!

It is said that great user experience starts with great user centric design. This paper narrates how Presumptive Design (PrD), a design research technique, was used by a small UX team of 3 volunteers to rapidly and inexpensively overcome a tight schedule and come up with a UX design for project called Car Park Finder. We will explore how through some perseverance, PrD was used successfully to develop a working proof of concept that became a showcase for a Smart City solution.
In Service of the Leviathan: Democracy, Ethics and the Potential for Administrative Evil in the New Public Management

In this paper, we argue that the practice of New Public Management (NPM) subverts democracy by undermining the social contract and substituting a market mentality with very different normative expectations. Like late modern Hobbesians, those who advocate NPM offer a vision of public service in which democratic politics and ethics become increasingly irrelevant. In this scenario, the market becomes the new leviathan, which we have no choice but to obey. The values of this sovereign?competition, exchange values, transaction costs, and survival of the fittest?have driven most remaining vestiges of democracy from the public square. Such an atmosphere leaves us disturbingly vulnerable to the practice of administrative evil.
Dual matrix arrays integrated into scanner for increased SNR of ultrasound brain helmet

In response to the high prevalence of stroke, we propose a system for scanning simultaneously via both temporal bone windows. The characteristics of this window and system limitations guide the design of custom matrix arrays. We present operational arrays with a 7 dB increase in SNR made possible by an interconnect system that integrates the probes directly into the scanner, eliminating the lengthy cable common to most probes. In vivo volumes with color flow have been acquired using this system without contrast enhancement. Future transcranial array design improvements have also been illuminated by this process.
Controlling the Computer System the User Interface

In the days before personal computers, very little commercial software was available for neuroanatomical applications. Researchers who used computers either wrote the necessary software themselves or hired professional programmers or students to write it for them. As a result, a great deal of time and effort was spent writing highly personalized application programs. Because these programs were designed to be used by the author of the program or someone in close proximity to the author, the user benefited directly from the author’s mental model of the program’s operation as well as the author’s knowledge of computers and the programming process. Program effort was spent largely on providing the problem-solving functions. The extra work required to allow ease of learning and use was usually not done. If program structure allowed and time was available, enhancements might be added later in the process to make life easier for the user.
Adenosine and Cardiac Arrhythmias

The negative chronotropic and dromotropic properties of adenosine on the sinus and atrioventricular (AV) nodes have been know since 1929 [Drury et al, 1929]. These potent properties and its short half life in vivo have allowed adenosine to establish its place as a unique and invaluable tool for both elucidating the mechanism of cardiac arrhythmias and for treating supraventricular tachycardia.
Engineered Substrate‐Specific Delta PKC Antagonists to Enhance Cardiac Therapeutics

Most protein kinases phosphorylate multiple substrates, each of which induces different and sometimes opposing functions. Determining the role of phosphorylation of each substrate following a specific stimulus is challenging but is essential to elucidate the role of that substrate in the signaling event. Here we describe a rational approach to identify inhibitors of delta protein kinase C (δPKC), each inhibiting the phosphorylation of only one of δPKC′s substrates. δPKC regulates many signaling events and we hypothesized that a docking inhibitor of a given substrate to δPKC should selectively abrogate the phosphorylation of only that substrate, without affecting the phosphorylation of the other δPKC substrates. Here we report the development of selective inhibitors of three δPKC substrates (in vitro Kd≈3 nm); two greatly reduced ischemia-induced cardiac injury with an IC50 of ≈200 nm and the third had no effect, indicating that its respective substrate phosphorylation by δPKC has no role in the response to cardiac ischemia and reperfusion. The three inhibitors are highly specific; even at 1 μm, the phosphorylation of other δPKC protein substrates was unaffected. The rationale we describe is likely applicable for the development of other substrate-specific inhibitors as well.
The 24-Hour Effects of Brinzolamide/Brimonidine Fixed Combination and Timolol on Intraocular Pressure and Ocular Perfusion Pressure.

Abstract Purpose: To determine the 24-h effects of brinzolamide/brimonidine tartrate 1%/0.2% fixed combination (BBFC) on intraocular pressure (IOP), ocular perfusion pressure (OPP), blood pressure (BP), and heart rate (HR). Methods: Sixty subjects with open angle glaucoma (OAG) or ocular hypertension (OHTN) were admitted overnight for 24-h monitoring of IOP, BP, and HR. All subjects underwent the first, baseline 24-h study after washout of all medications, if necessary. Subjects were then randomized to receive either (1) timolol maleate 0.5% twice daily or (2) BBFC 3 times daily. After 4 weeks of treatment, all subjects completed a follow-up 24-h study visit. At each study visit, IOP, BP, and HR were measured every 2 h in the habitual position. OPP was calculated as 2/3[diastolic BP +1/3(systolic BP−diastolic BP)]−IOP. Results: Treatment with BBFC significantly lowered IOP during the diurnal period (−2.7 ± 0.4 mmHg; P < 0.01) and nocturnal period (−0.8 ± 0.3 mmHg; P < 0.01). Timolol similarly reduced IOP ...
A penetrating Raman probe with self-referencing capability

A penetrating Raman probe having a hypodermic needle probe head is desirable for measurements inside soft materials. The Raman probe reported in this paper not only is designed for penetration but also provides for self-referencing. This is a significant advantage, because the measurement of Raman intensity relative to some standard is not always feasible with conventional probes. In the Raman probe described here, this capability is realized through the use of a c-axis single-crystal sapphire fiber as an interface between the probe body and the sample. As an illustration of how this probe can be put to use, the Raman spectrum from the interior of porcine fat has been obtained. Situations where this probe may be the preferred choice include subcutaneous and subterranean measurements as well as forensic investigations. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pedestrian detection system for smart communities using deep Convolutional Neural Networks

Pedestrian recognition is a key problem for a number of application domains namely autonomous driving, search and rescue, surveillance and robotics. Real-time pedestrian recognition entails determining if a pedestrian is in an image frame. State-of-art pedestrian detection convolution neural networks(CNN) such as Fast R-CNN depend on computationally expensive region detection algorithms to hypothesize pedestrian locations. This paper presents a simple, fast and very accurate approach by cascading fast regional detection and deep convolution networks. Convolution networks have been shown to excel at image classification. However, convolution networks are notoriously slow at inference time. In this work, we introduce a fast regional detection cascaded with deep convolution networks that enables real-time pedestrian detection that could be used to alert a driver if a pedestrian is on the roadway. The classification CNN has given an accuracy of 95.7%, with a processing rate of about 15 frames per second on a low performance system without a graphical processing unit (GPU).
Cranial Nerve VIII: Vestibulocochlear

The eight cranial nerve, the vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII) contains the cochlear and the vestibular nerves (superior and the inferior division) that exit antero-laterally from the ponto-medullary junction in the cerebellopontine angle and reach the internal auditory canal. The anatomical course, its function, pathology and major clinical syndromes are described.
Epitranscriptomics: Shrinking maps of RNA modifications

The presence of N1 methyl groups on adenine bases was thought to be widespread in messenger RNAs. It now seems that these modifications are much less prevalent, and occur on mRNAs that structurally mimic transfer RNA. See Letter p.251 N1-methyladenosine (m1A) modification has been detected on mRNA, but validation of the internal mRNA sites at which it occurs and the functional consequences of it have not been well defined. Schraga Schwartz and colleagues now address these limitations using a method that enables single-nucleotide resolution of such sites in the transcriptome. They show that the level of modification is much lower than reported previously and varies during development and by tissue type. The authors identify a structural motif associated with the modification and define the enzymatic machinery responsible for the methylation. They find that m1A modification is associated with translational repression, consistent with its tight regulation.