cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Perceptions of School Readiness in One Queensland Primary School

This article reports on the school-readiness perspectives of Prep teachers and school administrators at one primary school in southern Queensland, Australia. For the study, data were collected through qualitative interviews to determine the extent to which, and exactly how, the educators' definitions were linked to the characteristics of the children, their families and caregivers, and the schools and communities. The results provide rich data that reveal the complex and broad definition of school readiness that has been embraced by the professionals at this school. This definition is aligned with the definition promoted by the current literature on school readiness. Interviewees communicated details about the roles and responsibilities of families, teachers, schools and communities when it came to supporting children's school readiness.
Long-Term Mortality after Pneumonia

Although pneumonia is currently considered the eighth leading cause of death in the United States this estimate includes only short-term mortality. Evidence suggests that pneumonia may have significant longer-term effects and that hospitalization for pneumonia is associated with higher long-term mortality than for many other major medical conditions. Reasons for this increased mortality appear to be due to several factors, including cardiovascular disease, neoplasms, and alterations in immune function. Clinicians need to be aware that even for those patients who survive the initial episode of pneumonia there will still be an impact upon their potential survival for the coming years.
Abstract A13: Lineage-specific roles for the Ron receptor in prostate cancer

Prostate cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer-related death among men in the United States due, in part, to its aggressiveness and resistance to therapy following a remission period. Receptor tyrosine kinases are emerging as potential therapeutics in prostate cancer. One of these receptors, the Ron receptor tyrosine kinase, has been shown to be overexpressed in a variety of cancers where it modulates many cellular functions relevant to cancer such as invasion, inflammation, angiogenesis, and proliferation. Ron is expressed primarily on epithelial cells and macrophages, which are both important in regulating the prostate tumor microenvironment. Our laboratory has shown recently that crossing mice lacking the Ron receptor (Ron TK −/− ) to TRAMP + mice, which develop prostate adenocarcinomas by 30 weeks of age, leads to a significant decrease in prostate tumor mass, tumor vascularization, and proangiogenic chemokine secretion relative to TRAMP + control mice. In addition, we have shown that loss of Ron in the myeloid lineage (monocytes and granulocytes) leads to decreases in prostate tumor establishment using an orthotopic model of prostate cancer. Given this, we therefore wished to understand what role the Ron receptor plays in specific cell types relevant to prostate cancer progression. By knocking out Ron in the prostate epithelium or myeloid lineage (monocytes, macrophages, and granulocytes) and crossing these mice onto a TRAMP background, we hope to investigate the effect of lineage-specific loss of Ron in mediating prostate cancer development and progression. We hypothesize that Ron receptor signaling in the prostate epithelium and in myeloid cells promotes prostate tumorigenesis via interdependent mechanisms. By understanding the interdependent mechanisms of Ron signaling in the prostate epithelium and myeloid lineage, our studies will identify a potential novel signaling pathway, its combined and cell-type specific role in regulating prostate tumorigenesis, and suggest novel avenues for the development of new therapies. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Second AACR International Conference on Frontiers in Basic Cancer Research; 2011 Sep 14-18; San Francisco, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(18 Suppl):Abstract nr A13.
Blood Vessel 3-D Imaging Using Electronically Controlled Optics Lens-Based Confocal Microscopy

A commercial confocal microscope WITec AlphaSNOM is modified by including a sample path electronically controlled lens to achieve no-moving parts axial scanning microscopy. Shown are three dimensional imaging results of a blood vessel.
Design and Evaluation of a Portable Dilution Sampling System for Measuring Fine Particle Emissions

The size and complexity of current dilution samplers is a mrajor barrier to more wide-spread application of these systems for source characterization. A new, more portable dilution sampler has been designed to provide masurements consistent with the widely cited Caltech di1ution sampler. Intercomparison experiments were performed using a diesel engine and wood stove to evaluate the comparability of the new design with a sampler based on the Caltech design. These experiments involved simultaneouos operation of mutiple dilution sampies from the same source. Filter based measurements included PM2.5 mass, organic Carbon and elemeanta1 carbon emissions. Particle size distributions in the range from 10–480 nm were measured using a scanning mobility particle sizer. The filter based and integrated-total volume measurements made with the two designs are in good agreement. FOr example, the average relative bias between the two sampler of PM2.5 mass emission rate measured with Teflon filters is 1%. Nucleation. was i...
Plasma dipeptidyl peptidase IV activity and measures of body composition in apparently healthy people

Abstract Aim Based on its regulatory action on glucagon-like peptide 1, dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) has increasingly been linked to Type 2 diabetes. However, there is no evidence as to how this normal modulatory enzyme leads to pathology. It is thought that DPP-IV is affected by the development of obesity, which is a common precursor to Type 2 diabetes. Little is known about the relationship between DPP-IV activity in plasma and specific body composition measures. Main methods In the current study, plasma DPP-IV activity and body composition measures were collected from 111 healthy subjects between the ages of 19 and 70 years old for analysis. Key findings The mean plasma DPP-IV activity was 35.9U/L ± 12.3, falling within normal reference value range presented by Durinx et al. DPP-IV activity was negatively correlated with absolute body fat mass, but absolute lean mass was positively correlated. Consistent with the findings, DPP-IV activity was also negatively correlated with absolute gynoid fat (p = 0.0047). DPP-IV activity did not have a significant correlation with absolute android fat mass, visceral adipose tissue, BMI, and age. Significance From these results, it can be concluded that high activity of DPP-IV is not indicative of pathology, and specific body composition components may influence soluble DPP-IV activity in the blood.
Fluid and ion transport in corneal endothelium: insensitivity to modulators of Na(+)-K(+)-2Cl- cotransport.

The role of Na+-K+-2Cl−cotransport in ion and fluid transport of the corneal endothelium was examined by measuring changes in corneal hydration and uptake of86Rb by the endothelial cell layer. Isol...
A 15-Year Follow-Up Study of the Non-Smas Skin-Tightening Facelift with Midface Defatting: Equal or Better Than Deeper Plane Procedures in Result, Duration, Safety, and Patient Satisfaction

This article outlines the author's philosophy on facial aging that he uses in a surgical technique that is unique because it requires no SMAS tightening, incision above the auricle, deep-plane dissection, subperiosteal dissection, or stitches in the face above the mandibular border. The fatty nasolabial and labiomandibular prominences are excised using sharp dissection or curette to flatten these areas. Various case studies with extensive follow-up are provided. In the author's experience, this surgical technique has shorter recovery time, higher patient satisfaction, fewer complications, excellent longevity, and a more natural aesthetic result than deeper and more extensive techniques.
Gas Phase Synthesis of Mtbe Over Acid Zeolites

Publisher Summary Methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) is made commercially by the acid-catalyzed equilibrium reaction of methanol and iso-butylene using an ion-exchange resin catalyst. This reaction is typically carried out in the liquid phase at relatively low temperatures (T
Wittgenstein’s ‘Expressivism’

There is a broad consensus among commentators, both sympathetic and hostile, that the fundamental idea of the Remarks on Frazer is that magic and religion are essentially expressive activities. Illustrative of this is, first, a passage from theDanger of Words, where M. O’C. Drury writes: Frazer thinks he can make clear the origin of the rites and ceremonies he describes by regarding them as primitive and erroneous scientific beliefs … Now Wittgenstein made it clear to me that on the contrary the people who practised these rites already possessed a considerable scientific achievement: agriculture, metalworking, building, etc., etc.; and the ceremonies existed alongside these sober techniques. They were not mistaken beliefs that produced the rites but the need to express something. (Drury 1973: x)
Between Medievalism and Modernism

Bashir II (1788–1840) began where Fakhr-al-Din II (d. 1635) ended. The dawn of a new era of modernization for a greater and independent Lebanon under the Mani amir turned out to be a false one. A century and a half had to elapse before the break with the past could be resumed and a fresh start on the wave of the future made. The amirates of these two lords mark the highest point ever attained by Lebanon in more than three centuries of its feudal career.
High temperature (450/spl deg/C) reliable NMISFET's on p-type 6H-SiC

Enhancement mode SiC nMISFET's made with JVD ONO (Oxide-Nitride-Oxide) stack gate dielectric have been tested at 450/spl deg/C, the highest temperature ever reported, for both performance and reliability. The data indicate that these devices are stable and highly reliable at high temperatures. Particularly, the projected lifetime at an oxide field of 3 MV/cm is well over 200 years, suggesting that the JVD ONO represents probably the most robust gate dielectric for SiC MISFET's among those that are currently available.
Genetics and the conservation of natural populations: allozymes to genomes.

I consider how the study of genetic variation has influenced efforts to conserve natural populations over the last 50 years. Studies with allozymes in the 1970s provided the first estimates of the amount of genetic variation within and between natural populations at multiple loci. These early studies played an important role in developing plans to conserve species. The description of genetic variation in mitochondrial DNA in the early 1980s laid the foundation for the field of phylogeography, which provided a deeper look in time of the relationships and connectivity among populations. The development of microsatellites in the 1990s provided much more powerful means to describe genetic variation at nuclear loci, including the ability to detect past bottlenecks and estimate current effective population size with a single temporal sample. In the 2000s, single nucleotide polymorphisms presented a cornucopia of loci that has greatly improved power to estimate genetic and population demographic parameters important for conservation. Today, population genomics presents the ability to detect regions of the genome that are affected by natural selection (e.g. local adaptation or inbreeding depression). In addition, the ability to genotype historical samples has provided power to understand how climate change and other anthropogenic phenomena have affected populations. Modern molecular techniques provide unprecedented power to understand genetic variation in natural populations. Nevertheless, application of this information requires sound understanding of population genetics theory. I believe that current training in conservation genetics focuses too much on the latest techniques and too little on understanding the conceptual basis which is needed to interpret these data and ask good questions.
Motivational Interviewing to prevent dropout from an education and employment program for young adults: A randomized controlled trial.

This study tested the efficacy of Motivational Interviewing for improving retention at a "second chance" program in the United States for unemployed young adults who had not graduated high school (ages 18-24; 60% male). We investigated how Motivational Interviewing effects might be mediated by change talk (i.e., arguments for change) and moderated by preference for consistency (PFC). Participants (N = 100) were randomly assigned to (1) Motivational Interviewing designed to elicit change talk, (2) placebo counseling designed not to elicit change talk, or (3) no additional treatment. Motivational Interviewing sessions increased change talk, but did not increase program retention or diploma earning. PFC was a significant moderator of Motivational Interviewing's impact on program retention; Motivational Interviewing was most effective at increasing 8 week retention for high PFC participants, and least effective for low PFC participants. These results suggest that Motivational Interviewing could be a useful tool for improving retention in education and employment programs, but clinicians should be attentive to how participant characteristics might enhance or diminish Motivational Interviewing effects.
Continuous contact force models for impact analysis in multibody systems

One method for predicting the impact response of a multibody system is based on the assumption that the impacting bodies undergo local deformations and the contact forces are continuous. In a continuous analysis, the integration of the system equations of motion is carried out during the period of contact; therefore, a model for evaluating the contact forces is required. In this paper, two such contact force models are presented, both Hertzian in nature and based upon the direct-central impact of two solid particles.
Upping the Ante at Small Colleges: Utilizing Class Websites as Journalism Teaching Clinics.

Journalism as a field has been revolutionized toward online, interactive, and immersive storytelling experiences. Multimedia storytelling requires adaptive journalists who are always learning new s...
Health Insurance: Economic and Risk Aspects

In economic models, the primary function of health insurance is to alleviate the financial risk associated with unanticipated adverse health events. In general, people dislike risk and are willing to trade a small amount of money, in the form of an insurance premium, for protection against a potentially large loss in income. In this chapter we outline the basic economic models of health insurance, emphasizing the relationship between risk and insurance demand. We present theoretical evidence regarding which types of medical services would tend to be covered by insurance and empirical evidence regarding how coverage rates for various services relate to risk. We also discuss the distortions in the market for health care services created by health insurance. Specifically, insurance lowers the cost of consuming health care services, resulting in over consumption of health care services and an associated welfare loss. Moreover, asymmetry in assessment of health risk generates adverse selection in health insurance markets, which, in the extreme could cause the market to collapse. We present theoretical models and empirical evidence regarding the over consumption of medical care, induced by insurance, and adverse selection in insurance markets.
Equations for Banach Space Valued Functions in Fractional Vector Calculi

The aim of this chapter is to solve equations on Banach space using iterative methods under generalized conditions. The differentiability of the operator involved is not assumed and its domain is not necessarily convex. Several applications are suggested including Banach space valued functions of abstract fractional calculus, where all integrals are of Bochner-type. It follows [5].
B h sequences

Let A be a set (finite or infinite) of natural numbers, and let a i denote a generic element of A. We say that A is a B h sequence if the sums of the form a 1 + … + a h (a 1 ≤ … ≤ a h ) are all distinct. We give an expository account of upper bounds for B h sequences. We also give a new upper bound for B 3 sequences.
The Politics of Language: Why Sex is Not Work

This oral history is captured from a speech that the founder of Indian anti-sex trafficking organization, Apne Aap Women Worldwide, gave at an international conference, Last Girl First, in Delhi on 30 January 2017. The conference aimed at showcasing the intersecting inequalities of class, caste, gender, race, ethnicity, religion that make women and girls vulnerable to sex-trafficking. It highlighted through the voices of survivors, activists, labour leaders, politicians, doctors and academics, why prostitution is male sexual violence on women and how renaming it as ‘sex-work’ legitimises the exploitation. The author describes how she started Apne Aap, meaning self-action in Hindi with a few prostituted women, and learned from them and the other thousands of women who joined Apne Aap later, that their prostitution was an absence of choice, not a choice. She explains the consequences of language – how the term ‘sex-worker’ created policies that entrenched the exploitation of prostituted women, leaving no ro...
Narrow Band Imaging in the Evaluation of Upper Tract Urothelial Cancer

Upper urinary tract urothelial carcinomas (UTUC) tend to be present at higher age and are more often high grade with over 60% of UTUCs found to be invasive at diagnosis. In addition, concurrent bladder cancer, bladder recurrence, and contralateral UTUC can further complicate the disease course. Radical nephroureterectomy (RNU) is considered the gold standard treatment for UTUC although conservative management with kidney-sparing surgery is considered an acceptable alternative for low-risk cases. Considering the natural history of UTUC, its potentially aggressive clinical course, and accordingly, the rigorous recommendations for follow-up, there is a strong rationale applying advanced technological techniques in order to optimize cancer detection and treatment. Narrow band imaging (NBI) is an optical image enhancement technology introduced in the early 2000s. NBI uses optical filters for RGB (Red, Green, and Blue) sequential illumination and narrows its bandwidth of the spectral transmittance. The reconstructed images created are different from each of the three channels (R, G, and B) and correspond to different layers of the mucosa. The role of NBI in cystoscopy and bladder cancer was subject to several publications in the past decade, showing higher detection rate in several clinical scenarios. This chapter will cover the role for NBI in the context of urothelial cancer, focusing on upper urinary tract cancer.
On Sample Selection Bias and Its Efficient Correction via Model Averaging and Unlabeled Examples.

Sample selection bias is a common problem encountered when using data mining algorithms for many real-world applications. Traditionally, it is assumed that training and test data are sampled from the same probability distribution, the so called “stationary or non-biased distribution assumption.” However, this assumption is often violated in reality. Typical examples include marketing solicitation, fraud detection, drug testing, loan approval, school enrollment, etc. For these applications the only labeled data available for training is a biased representation, in various ways, of the future data on which the inductive model will predict. Intuitively, some examples sampled frequently into the training data may actually be infrequent in the testing data, and vice versa. When this happens, an inductive model constructed from biased training set may not be as accurate on unbiased testing data if there had not been any selection bias in the training data. In this paper, we first improve and clarify a previously proposed categorization of sample selection bias. In particular, we show that unless under very restricted conditions, sample selection bias is a common problem for many real-world situations. We then analyze various effects of sample selection bias on inductive modeling, in particular, how the “true” conditional probability P (y|x) to be modeled by inductive learners can be misrepresented in the biased training data, that subsequently misleads a learning algorithm. To solve inaccuracy problems due to sample selection bias, we explore how to use model averaging of (1) conditional probabilities P (y|x), (2) feature probabilities P (x), and (3) joint probabilities, P (x, y), to reduce the influence of sample selection bias on model accuracy. In particular, we explore on how to use unlabeled data in a semi-supervised learning framework to improve the accuracy of descriptive models constructed from biased training samples. IBM T.J.Watson Research Center, Hawthorne, NY 10532, weifan@us.ibm.com Department of Computer Science, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12222, davidson@cs.albany.edu
Bureaucratic Delegation or Bureaucratic Circumvention? Policymaking Authority in Latin America

Unlike in the U.S. and much of Western Europe, politicians in the developing world are often faced with the challenge of delegating policy to non-professional bureaucracies who cannot guarantee outcomes consistent with lawmakers’ expectations. This begs the question: how do presidents and congresses guarantee predictable bureaucratic outcomes in contexts of low bureaucratic capacity? I argue that instead of delegating policymaking authority to existing government agencies, these countries’ presidents often circumvent the existing bureaucracy, creating new agencies, outsourcing, or delegating to the armed forces. Building on existing delegation games, I develop a formal model that makes four predictions for the occurrence of circumvention: it will increase as the existing bureaucratic agent’s capacity decreases, as the existing agent’s ideal point diverges from the president’s, as the fixed cost to circumventing decreases, and as policy importance increases.
Highly Anisotropic Thermal Conductivity in Spin-Cast Polystyrene Nano-Films

The development of advanced electronics packaging materials has been limited because the underlying physics regarding nanoscale transport phenomena in polymers remains poorly understood. The research community is in need of a measurement that can be readily applied to a variety of samples in order to strengthen the fundamental understanding of thermal transport in soft materials, to develop packaging materials for improved thermal management. Here, we present the application of the 3ω method, a common nanoscale thermal characterization technique, to the characterization of anisotropic thermal conductivity in a 136 nm thin spin coated polystyrene (PS) film. We demonstrate that this technique can be sensitive to anisotropy ratio for heater widths more than an order of magnitude wider than the film thickness. Narrow heaters are sensitive to both in-plane and through-plane conductivity while wider heaters are primarily sensitive to through-plane conductivity; thus, using three heaters with widths of 1.7μm, 5μm, and 10μm, we are able to measure the polymer film conductivity along both the vertical and radial directions of the film. We report the vertical thermal conductivity, i.e. through the plane of the film, to be 0.157 ± 0.004 $\mathrm {W}\mathrm {m} ^{-1}\mathrm {K} ^{-1}$, and the radial component to be 13.7 ± 2.7 $\mathrm {W}\mathrm {m} ^{-1}\mathrm {K} ^{-1}$, corresponding to an anisotropy ratio of 87 ± 17. This article represents a step towards large area, high thermal conductivity soft materials for electronics packaging and other applications, which facilitates improved device performance and lifetime.
Civics, civility and race in post-apartheid South Africa:

This article explores how, and why, the capacity for civic responsibility and civility of conduct became a central discursive and practical battleground in the colonial world. Nowhere was this more...
Abstract 5445: A novel mechanism of inhibition of ovarian cancer growth by Compound C, dorsomorphin

High grade serous ovarian carcinoma (HGSC) is the most lethal gynecologic malignancy with a five-year survival rate of 15%. As a highly aggressive cancer, HGSC has elevated energy demands to ensure its survival and proliferation in its unique peritoneal environment. Compound C or Dorsomophin is of particular interest as it is the only available cell permeable molecule that works selectively and competitively to inhibit Adenosine Monophosphate Protein-activated protein kinase or AMPK, a sensitive sensor of ATP levels. It has long been established that Compound C has a role as a BMP1 inhibitor during embryogenesis and as an inhibitor of AMPK activity in different contexts. However, the mechanism by which Compound C exerts anti-tumorigenic effects remains unknown. The purpose of this study is to understand how Compound C suppresses growth of HGSC. Our preliminary studies indicate that Compound C inhibits ovarian cancer cell proliferation and survival via a novel mechanism not only through inhibition of AMPK but also through the inhibition of upstream PI3K-Akt as well as TGFβ1/ TGFβ1/2 receptors/Smad 3,4 activation. These findings elucidate a novel mechanism of inhibition of ovarian cancer by Compound C, suggesting its potential use as a novel therapeutic agent inhibiting oncogenic and metabolic pathways. Citation Format: Alia Ghoneum, Hesham M. Afify, Neveen Said. A novel mechanism of inhibition of ovarian cancer growth by Compound C, dorsomorphin [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 5445.
Dendritic Oxide Growth in Zerovalent Iron Nanofilms Revealed by Atom Probe Tomography

Atom probe tomography (APT) analysis of chemically pure nanofilms of zerovalent iron (Fe(0), or ZVI) and their thermal oxide nano-overlayers reveals the presence of dendritic iron oxide features that extend from the oxide nano-overlayer surface into the ZVI bulk. The dendrites are observed by APT to be in the 5 nm × 10 nm size range and form quickly under natural atmospheric conditions. Their growth into the ZVI layer is, within the limit of our three month long study, self-limiting (i.e., their initial growth appears to quickly discontinue). The atomistic views presented here shed first light on the atmospheric corrosion process of Fe(0)-bearing engineered nanostructures and their surfaces in the limit of low bulk impurities. Possible roles of the newly identified oxidized iron dendrites are also discussed in the context of passivation processes limiting technological applications of Fe(0).
How Solutes Modify the Thermodynamics and Dynamics of Filling and Emptying in Extreme Ink-Bottle Pores.

We investigate the filling and emptying of extreme ink-bottle porous media—micrometer-scale pores connected by nanometer-scale pores—when changing the pressure of the external vapor, in a case where the pore liquid contains solutes. These phenomena are relevant in diverse contexts, such as the weathering of building materials and artwork, aerosol formation in the atmosphere, and the hydration of soils and plants. Using model systems made of vein-shaped microcavities interconnected by a mesoporous matrix, we show experimentally that the presence of a nonvolatile solute shifts the condensation and evaporation transitions and in a way that is consistent with a modified Kelvin–Laplace equation that takes into account the osmotic pressure of the solution. Emptying occurs far below saturation, when the Kelvin stress, mediated by the large curvature of the liquid–vapor interfaces in the nanopores, is negative enough to induce spontaneous bubble nucleation in the microveins. Filling, on the other hand, occurs clo...
Perinatal antibiotics alter preterm infant EEG and neurobehavior in the Family Nurture Intervention trial

Early exposure to antibiotics has been shown to increase risk for poor neurobehavioral development, particularly with regard to attention deficit disorders. Clinically, electroencephalography (EEG) is increasingly used as a biomarker of these deficits. Less is known about the effects of antibiotics on neurobehavioral and neurophysiological outcomes in preterm infants, a population at particularly high risk for attention deficits and perinatal antibiotic exposure. This study examines the effects of perinatal antibiotic exposure on neonatal EEG and attention deficits as measured by the Child Behavior Checklist in 4- to 5-year-old children who were enrolled in an NICU-based randomized controlled trial comparing Family Nurture Intervention (FNI) to standard care. Antibiotic-exposed infants had increased attention problems and there was a main effect of antibiotic exposure such that exposed infants had higher EEG power. This effect was fourfold greater in infants who received standard NICU care compared to those who received the intervention, suggesting a buffering effect of the intervention. We hypothesize that the relationship between antibiotic exposure and altered neurodevelopment may be due to effects of antibiotics on the microbiome, and that FNI may buffer these adverse consequences.
Teaching Graphing Concepts with Graphing Calculators

Students begin to see a pattern in the graphs raphing calculators calculate and plot a large num ber of points very quickly. Students find it interest ing to see the results when equations that produce unusual curves are entered, and the most bizarre ones readily get swapped from calculator to calcula tor in much the same way that video games get passed around. The nice thing about this exchange is the curiosity it stimulates in the minds of those who see the excitement. The following five lessons demonstrate how graphing calculators can be used not only to teach the slope-intercept concept of lin ear equations but also to establish more general principles about two-dimensional graphs. The lessons were refined with a lower-level section of junior-year algebra, then with a regular junior-year algebra course and a sophomore-year honors-algebra course. These students had all been exposed to slope-intercept equations of lines in previous alge bra and geometry courses. The classes met for forty minutes a day.
Neoadjuvant Treatment in Breast Cancer

Neoadjuvant (preoperative) therapy, initially developed to render primary inoperable tumors, is increasingly being delivered in patients with smaller lesions and particularly in patients with human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-positive and triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). The neoadjuvant approach offers the advantages of downstaging the tumor and axilla, allowing for less extensive surgery, reducing postoperative complications, and evaluating the efficacy of therapy in vivo. Pathologic complete response (pCR) has been accepted as a primary endpoint in a number of neoadjuvant trials. This chapter provides a summary of the knowledge gained thus far from neoadjuvant trials conducted in breast cancer and discusses the current treatment recommendations and future research and trends.
LB17. Randomized Trial to Prevent Congenital Cytomegalovirus (CMV)

Background Primary CMV infection during pregnancy carries a high risk of fetal transmission with the potential for severe sequelae. There is no universally accepted method of preventing congenital CMV. Our objective was to evaluate whether CMV hyperimmune globulin (HIG) administered to women with primary CMV during pregnancy reduces congenital infection.
Abstract P3-01-16: Utilizing a decellularized patient-derived xenograft tumor model for the evaluation of triple negative breast cancer

Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive and heterogeneous disease with poorer prognoses compared to other breast cancer (BC) subtypes. This is due, in part, to the lack of clinically approved targeted therapeutics. The mechanisms underlying the process of recurrence in TNBC remain elusive. Traditional 2D BC models do not accurately mimic the cell-matrix interactions and extracellular matrix (ECM) composition that are vital to maintaining the tumor microenvironment and are unique to individual patient tumors. Here we introduce and utilize our novel decellularized patient-derived xenograft (PDX) TNBC model, TU-BcX-4IC (“4IC”), to address this knowledge discrepancy. In this study, we seeded TU-BcX-4IC PDX-derived cells onto TU-BcX-4IC PDX decellularized tumor scaffold (“4IC + 4IC scaffold”) and implanted our model into SCID/beige mice. Concordantly, mice were inoculated with TU-BcX-4IC cells mixed with Matrigel and PBS (“4IC + Matrigel”), or PBS alone (“4IC + PBS”). We demonstrate that our decellularized model, along with the injected cells, can form tumors in vivo. We also show that the “4IC + 4IC scaffold” model retains aberrant mitotic figures seen in the original 4IC PDX. However, due to inconsistent tumor growth in the experimental group, optimization of cell seeding onto our decellularized scaffold model is needed to produce consistent tumor propagation in vivo. We compared the number and area of metastases in the lungs and livers excised from the mice. The area and number of lung metastases were lower in mice implanted with “4IC + 4IC scaffold,” albeit not significantly. There was little difference in the area of liver metastases in all groups. The number of liver metastases was lower in the “4IC + Matrigel” and “4IC + 4IC scaffold” groups; however, there was no significance. All groups had a greater propensity to metastasize to the livers. We also compared differences in human and mouse ECM gene expression amongst all groups. Our decellularized scaffold model can be used as a platform to evaluate ECM onco-architecture and composition. The data presented here will help enhance our understanding of the breast tumor microenvironment and elucidate the mechanisms underlying tumorigenesis and recurrence in TNBC. Citation Format: Maryl Wright, Margarite Matossian, Connor King, Khoa Nguyen, Steven Elliott, Madlin Alzoubi, Elizabeth Martin, Bridgette Collins-Burow, Matthew Burow. Utilizing a decellularized patient-derived xenograft tumor model for the evaluation of triple negative breast cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2019 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2019 Dec 10-14; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P3-01-16.
Breast and gut microbiome in health and cancer

The microbiota plays essential roles in health and disease, in both the intestine and the extra-intestine. Dysbiosis of the gut microbiota causes dysfunction in the intestine, which leads to inflammatory, immune, and infectious diseases. Dysbiosis is also associated with diseases beyond the intestine via microbial translocation or metabolisms. The in situ breast microbiome, which may be sourced from the gut through lactation and sexual contact, could be altered and cause breast diseases. In this review, we summarize the recent progress in understanding the interactions among the gut microbiome, breast microbiome, and breast diseases. We discuss the intestinal microbiota, microbial metabolites, and roles of microbiota in immune system. We emphasize the novel roles and mechanisms of the microbiome (both in situ and gastrointestinal sourced) and bacterial products in the development and progression of breast cancer. The intestinal microbial translocation suggests that the gut microbiome is translocated to the skin and subsequently to the breast tissue. The gut bacterial translocation is also due to the increased intestinal permeability. The breast and intestinal microbiota are important factors in maintaining healthy breasts. Micronutrition queuine (Q) is derived from a de novo synthesized metabolite in bacteria. All human cells use queuine and incorporate it into the wobble anticodon position of specific transfer RNAs. We have demonstrated that Q modification regulates genes critical in tight junctions and migration in human breast cancer cells and a breast tumor model. We further discuss the challenges and future perspectives that can move the field forward for prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of breast diseases.
The journey of new materials and processes for directed self-assembly

Block copolymer self-assembly is showing great promise for extending the resolution limits of established, high-throughput photolithography techniques. This technology has the potential to broadly enhance device capabilities ranging from magnetic data storage media to photovoltaic cells to semiconductors. This talk will highlight the journey towards the development of new materials, including synthesis and characterization, and new processing protocols for controlling their thin film structures. Finally, perspectives for their future implementation into commercial lithographic patterning processes will be given.
Selection of Antiobesity Medications Based on Phenotypes Enhances Weight Loss: A Pragmatic Trial in an Obesity Clinic.

Objective Little is known about the predictors of response to obesity interventions. Methods In 450 participants with obesity, body composition, resting energy expenditure, satiety, satiation, eating behavior, affect, and physical activity were measured by validated studies and questionnaires. These variables were used to classify obesity phenotypes. Subsequently, in a 12-month, pragmatic, real-world trial performed in a weight management center, 312 patients were randomly assigned to phenotype-guided treatment or non-phenotype-guided treatment with antiobesity medications: phentermine, phentermine/topiramate, bupropion/naltrexone, lorcaserin, and liraglutide. The primary outcome was weight loss at 12 months. Results Four phenotypes of obesity were identified in 383 of 450 participants (85%): hungry brain (abnormal satiation), emotional hunger (hedonic eating), hungry gut (abnormal satiety), and slow burn (decreased metabolic rate). In 15% of participants, no phenotype was identified. Two or more phenotypes were identified in 27% of patients. In the pragmatic clinical trial, the phenotype-guided approach was associated with 1.75-fold greater weight loss after 12 months with mean weight loss of 15.9% compared with 9.0% in the non-phenotype-guided group (difference -6.9% [95% CI -9.4% to -4.5%], P 10% at 12 months was 79% in the phenotype-guided group compared with 34% with non-phenotype-guided treatment group. Conclusions Biological and behavioral phenotypes elucidate human obesity heterogeneity and can be targeted pharmacologically to enhance weight loss.
Abstract P787: Sexually Dimorphic Gene Expression Molecular Correlates of Improvement in Human Ischemic Stroke

Objective: Ischemic stroke (IS) is sexually dimorphic for risk factors, age, heritability, causes, treatment, and outcome. We identified transcriptional correlates with 90-day outcome that differed...
Fractures of child abuse

The objective of this paper is to review common challenges when evaluating fractures in the setting of possible child abuse and approaches to navigate them. This paper reviews the variety of imaging modalities available for evaluating child abuse and the advantages/disadvantages of each. Additionally, the authors discuss management of equivocal fractures, including the impact of double-reading skeletal surveys. The complexity of dating the acuity of fractures in young children is discussed. Utilizing the knowledge of fracture type, fracture patterns and patient history, as well as in the setting of cardiopulmonary resuscitation, the authors provide methods for determining the likelihood of abuse.
The role of prior-event retrieval in encoding changed event features.

When people experience everyday activities, their comprehension can be shaped by expectations that derive from similar recent experiences, which can affect the encoding of a new experience into memory. When a new experience includes changes—such as a driving route being blocked by construction—this can lead to interference in subsequent memory. One potential mechanism of effective encoding of event changes is the retrieval of related features from previous events. Another such mechanism is the generation of a prediction error when a predicted feature is contradicted. In two experiments, we tested for effects of these two mechanisms on memory for changed features in movies of everyday activities. Participants viewed movies of an actor performing everyday activities across two fictitious days. Some event features changed across the days, and some features violated viewers’ predictions. Retrieval of previous event features while viewing the second movie was associated with better subsequent memory, providing evidence for the retrieval mechanism. Contrary to our hypotheses, there was no support for the error mechanism: Prediction error was not associated with better memory when it was observed correlationally (Experiment 1) or directly manipulated (Experiment 2). These results support a key role for episodic retrieval in the encoding of new events. They also indicate boundary conditions on the role of prediction errors in driving new learning. Both findings have clear implications for theories of event memory.
COVID-19 Knowledge and Behavior Change among High School Students in Semi-Rural Georgia.

BACKGROUND: Many schools transitioned online to reduce viral spread and promote social distancing amid the COVID-19 pandemic. Remote learning may impact health behaviors and coping strategies among adolescents, including reduced physical activity and increased screen time. Social media and peers provide information about the pandemic to adolescents and may influence prevention behaviors. This study aims to assess adolescent knowledge and information about COVID-19, determine students' behavior change, and identify sources students turn to for information on the pandemic. METHODS: Students from 2 high schools in semi-rural Georgia participated in a cross-sectional online survey in March 2020 (N = 761). RESULTS: Common sources for COVID-19 news were peers (80%) and social media (58%). Few adolescents (3%) indicated that teenagers were at higher risk of severe illness due to COVID-19. Responses reveal adolescents understand social distancing and many are participating in prevention behaviors, including handwashing (87%) and staying at home as much as possible (87%). Most respondents reported increases in screen time outside of class (82%). CONCLUSIONS: Findings suggest adolescents are obtaining COVID-19 knowledge from various sources, including social media, with varying degrees of implementation of prevention practices. Increases in screen time and reduced physical activity may impact long-term health among adolescents.
Treatment of an Adult with Trichotillomania

Trichotillomania (TTM) is an impulse-control disorder characterized by the pulling of scalp, facial, and/or body hair, resulting in noticeable hair loss. It is associated with significant functional impairment, such as poor school and work performance, disruption in family functioning, and social impairment. This chapter will focus on adults with TTM through a review of the relevant research, an overview of the nature of the problem, and a description and assessment of a clinical case. A detailed treatment overview will follow, describing the use of habit reversal training (HRT) for reducing symptoms and improving functioning, along with a discussion of complicating factors. Finally, the chapter will highlight key practice points for clinicians treating adult TTM patients.
Equivalence of control signals in nonlinear adaptive controllers and an 'all-linear' adaptive controller

The authors design three different adaptive controllers for the same second-order plant example. Two of the controllers are contemporary nonlinear adaptive controllers designed by the methods of Narendra and Valavani (1978); and Morse (1987); the third controller is an all-linear, constant coefficient adaptive controller designed by Johnson's method (1985), which is based on disturbance-accommodating control (DAC) theory. Using computer simulation techniques, the authors demonstrate that the DAC all-linear adaptive controller produces control signals that are essentially equivalent to the control signals produced by the two nonlinear adaptive controllers. This equivalence is demonstrated over a range of uncertain plant parameter perturbations and external disturbances. >
CCD Imager Technology Development at Lincoln Laboratory

We describe here the continuing research in large-area, back-illuminated CCD imagers at MIT Lincoln Laboratory in collaboration with the University of Hawaii Consortium. Among the developments are a two-layer antireflection coating of TiO2/Al2O3 combined with thick (>40 μm) substrates aimed at broader bandwidth and reduction of Fabry-Perot interference effects in the near infrared. Recent work on the orthogonal-transfer CCD (OTCCD) is described in which the previously noted problem of pockets has been solved with a four-layer polysilicon process. Two new larger OTCCDs (1024×1320 and 2k×4k) have been designed and are in fabrication. The larger OTCCD will use a recently designed four-side-buttable package.
An Extension Theorem for Terraces

We generalise an extension theorem for terraces for abelian groups to apply to non-abelian groups with a central subgroup isomorphic to the Klein 4-group $V$. We also give terraces for three of the non-abelian groups of order a multiple of 8 that have a cyclic subgroup of index 2 that may be used in the extension theorem. These results imply the existence of terraces for many groups that were not previously known to be terraced, including 27 non-abelian groups of order 64 and all groups of the form $V^s \times D_{8k}$ for all $s$ and all $k > 1$ where $D_{8k}$ is the dihedral group of order $8k$.
Communication technologies and collaboration systems: common domains, problems and solutions

Abstract One of the main purposes of office communication is collaboration. Much is known about established office communication technologies such as electronic mail, videoconferencing, and computer conferencing. Collaboration systems such as group decision support systems (GDSSs) and computer-supported cooperative work (CSCW) are a more recent phenomenon. The communication domains of collaborative systems can be shown to be similar to those of existing communication technologies. If the functions and strengths of these communication technologies are isolated and the communication requirements of collaborative systems are also identified, common goals and problems emerge. Knowledge about the underlying communication technologies can then be used to recommend improvements to existing collaboration systems. Emerging communication technologies suggest future collaboration system directions.
A Sheep and a Metaphor

The Second Creation The Age of Biological Control by the Scientists Who Cloned Dolly. Ian Wilmut, Keith Campbell, and Colin Tudge. Headline, London, 2000. 366 pp. £18.99. ISBN 0-7472-2135-9. The authors present a personal account of the research that led to Dolly the cloned sheep. They pay particular attention to what went on at the Roslin Institute (and in the minds of Wilmut and Campbell). Our reviewer believes that they have overlooked Dolly's significance as a metaphor for the power of scientists to create and control life.