cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Review on Nanofluid Heat Pipe

This paper reviews the improvement in the heat pipe’s performance using nanofluid as the working fluid. The use of nanofluid enhances heat transfer in the heat pipe due to its improved thermo-physical properties, such as a higher thermal conductivity. Nanofluids proved to be the innovative approach to a variety of applications, such as electronics, medical instruments, and heat exchangers. The influence of different nanoparticles on heat pipe’s performance has been studied. Utilizing nanofluid as the working fluid leads to a significant reduction in heat pipe thermal resistance, an increase in maximum heat transfer, and an improvement of heat pipe thermal performance.© 2014 ASME
Aggressiveness, Dominance and Social Organization in the Steller Jay

Aggressiveness and submissiveness are of primary importance in the motivation of behavior and as formative forces in avian social organization. In another paper (Brown, MS) their behavioral expression in the Steller Jay (Cyanocitta stelleri) is examined. In this paper their manifestations in the organization of a society of the Steller Jay are considered. The evolutionary consequences of aggressiveness in birds are mediated through the ecological and physiological effects of aggressive and submissive behavior in natural populations. Despite this, the studies of aggressiveness as expressed in dominance hierarchies and similar types of social relationships in captive birds far outnumber the few studies of wild birds. Since the forms of social organization taken by a number of individuals of an avian species in captivity so often differ from those in the wild, studies in the wild state are basic to the understanding of social organization. The present study contributes to the relatively meager information on dominance hierarchies in wild populations of birds. The social structure of the Steller Jay and other species, such as tits, in which dominance hierarchies in nature have been demonstrated, is excellently suited for observation of the causes and consequences of changes in aggressiveness in wild birds. Because of the regular presence of many individuals at particular loci and the possibility of determining their social rank, a sensitive index (rank) is available for the detection of slight changes in aggressiveness in a relatively large number of individuals and for the correlation of these with features of the environment and histories of individuals.
Relation Between Fracture Toughnesses of Bulk Polymer Matrix and Composite

Failures in fiber-reinforced polymeric composites are often found to occur in the matrix. This matrix-dominated fracture of fiber reinforced composites is controlled by the mechanics of crack growth in the matrix. Therefore, a relationship between the fracture toughness of bulk polymer matrix and composite can be established. One main factor that affects the near tip stress field and governs the instability of the crack is the fiber constraining of the crack. In the present work, a two parameter fracture model was used to estimate fracture toughness of the polymeric matrix in a fiber-reinforced composite materials. Using a model composite, it was demonstrated that the apparent fracture toughness of the matrix was significantly influenced by the surrounding stiff fibers and, consequently, its in-situ toughness is quite different from that of the bulk polymer and that of the composite treated as a homogeneous solid.
Keratoderma-like T cell dyscrasia: A report of 13 cases and its distinction from mycosis fungoides palmaris et plantaris.

Background: Atypical epitheliotropic T cell lymphocytic infiltrates are commonly encountered in routine and consultative dermatopathology practices and typically do not represent mycosis fungoides. Other conditions can mimic certain light microscopic and phenotypic findings encountered in mycosis fungoides, comprising a diverse spectrum of conditions including the lymphomatoid drug reaction, collagen vascular disease, viral hypersensitivity reactions and cutaneous T cell dyscrasia. Aims: To examine biopsies obtained from cutaneous T cell dyscrasia localized to the palms and soles and to evaluate whether it exhibits a morphologic and pathogenetic continuum with mycosis fungoides plantaris et palmaris. Methods: We examined 13 biopsies showing an epidermotropic superficial lymphocytic infiltrate from thirteen patients who presented with a palmar and/or plantar keratoderma without other sites of cutaneous involvement. Conventional light microscopy, immunophenotyping and clonality studies were carried out. The clinical features were recorded. Results: Biopsies showed a variably dense, superficial, angiocentric CD4 or CD8 dominant lymphocytic infiltrate accompanied by a non-destructive pattern of epidermotropism. Low-grade cerebriform atypia along with variable diminution in the expression of CD7 and CD62L was noted. In three cases, statins were suspected to be the cause. Due to lack of familiarity with the entity, treatment interventions were inconsistent and not aggressively pursued. There was no evidence of disease progression to mycosis fungoides in any case. Limitations: The limitations of this study include the lack of long-term follow up and information on the nature of the therapeutic interventions and responses to treatment. Conclusion: The spectrum of cutaneous lymphoid dyscrasias should be expanded to include cases manifesting as palmo-plantar keratoderma. These cases are to be distinguished from mycosis fungoides palmaris et plantaris. As with other forms of cutaneous lymphoid dyscrasia, the lesions tend to be persistent. The course however, is indolent in most cases.
A MODEL WITH MULTI-DISTRIBUTED CENTER AND STOCHASTIC CONTROL OF BULLWHIP EFFECT IN SUPPLY CHAIN

Bull whip is an important parameter to determine that supply chain management is good or not. Applying stochastic control principle and a dynamic inventory model of supply chain with multi-distributed center based on literature[1], the bullwhip effect is restrained by taking the order as control variable. A simulation of petroleum distributed system is done, and the result shows that the bullwhip is reduced.
Cycles in 4-connected planar graphs

The problem of cycles of 4-connected planar graph is considered.Let G be a 4-connected planar graph on n vertices.Tutte and many other scholars show that G contains a cycle of length k for each k∈｛n,n-1,n-2,n-3｝ with k≥3.It proves that G contains a cycle of length k for each k∈｛n,n-1,n-2,n-3｝ with k≥3 in [7].By discussing contractible edges we get that there is a cycle of length n-7(n≥9) in G,which generalized the results of [7].
Scaling of Kα line emission in Z pinches from 2–60 keV

Z-pinch plasmas are well known to generate Kα emission from non-thermal effects, such as energetic electrons and fluorescence. Recent work to extend the spectral range of diagnostics on Z has enabled us, for the first time, to diagnose Kα emission from W wire arrays at 59.3 keV, including K-shell emission from tracers such as In, Sn and Ba. A calibrated Cauchois spectrometer is used to provide estimates of the energy in the W Kα line. Additionally, differentially filtered imaging has provided two-dimensional imaging of the Kα emitting regions at 17 keV for a Mo wire array and potentially at 59 keV. We discuss data from experiments on the Z generator to investigate the scaling and behavior of the Kα emission for materials ranging from Al to W.
Stability and convergence of computational eulerian two-fluid model for a bubble plume

Abstract The Eulerian two-fluid model (TFM) of Ishii (1975) is used to analyze the dynamics of an air-water bubble plume. The focus is on the effect of the linear stability, in particular the ill-posed condition, on the nonlinear stability of the TFM. It is well-known that the TFM for bubbly flows is ill-posed as an initial value problem in the absence of short wavelength physics for non-zero slip velocities. It is also known that the 1-D TFM can be made conditionally well-posed (for void fraction 26%). Physically, as the void fraction increases, the bubbles tend to undergo collisions, and the momentum transfer due to this mechanism may become significant. In the current study a bubble collision model adapted from the work of Alajbegovic et al. (1999) is used for CFD TFM calculations for bubbly flows using an LES approach. It is shown by linear stability analysis and non-linear simulations that the collision term makes the TFM unconditionally well-posed and stable in a non-linear sense. Secondly, computational grid convergence tests are performed with the well-posed CFD TFM. It is observed that the coarse grid solution exhibits an unphysical limit cycle behavior that is inconsistent with turbulence, but as the mesh is refined the solution becomes chaotic. CFD TFM simulations commonly employ a grid restriction to avoid ill-posed behavior. However, this is unnecessary with a well-posed Eulerian TFM derived from first principles using the continuum assumption. Once the restriction is removed by adding appropriate short-wavelength physics, i.e., interfacial pressure difference and collision mechanism, convergence may be approached in a statistical sense consistent with a turbulent CFD model.
Trajectories of Violent Behavior Among Females and Males

Both the psychological and criminological fields have long hypothesized the mechanisms that influence desistance from violent offending, but few studies have focused on violent females. This study identifies patterns of violent behavior across 7 years among 172 females and 172 matched males ages 15–24, testing if heterogeneity in violent offending is linked to (a) developmental change in impulse control and (b) attainment of adult milestones. Fewer females persist in violence (25%) than males (46%); 19% of males increase in violent behavior. Females who develop impulse control and are employed are more likely to desist from violence. Violent offending is unrelated to other adult milestones. Developmental increases in impulse control may trigger desistance, while employment may maintain desistance from violence.
Insurance and Endogenous Bankruptcy Risk: When is it Rational to Choose Gambling, Insurance, and Potential Bankruptcy?

We examine the coexistence of insurance and gambling in the context of limited liability. We develop a model where actuarially fair insurance is available to a risk-averse decision maker for a liability risk with non-bankrupting severity. The remaining wealth may be invested in a zero expected value risky project (i.e., gambled). The risk of bankruptcy is endogenous since either fully insuring or forgoing the project will guarantee solvency. We show that, for a range of parameters, it is optimal to both insure and gamble. The amounts insured and invested are chosen to create the potential for bankruptcy. Our results are robust to the cases where the risky project can cause bankruptcy without a liability loss and where the risky project’s expected return is nonzero.
The Role of Business Counsel As Compliance Gatekeepers: Toward Understanding and Combatting Reckless Disregard for Legal and Ethical Compliance in Business Entities

Sometimes, business entity clients and their principals do not seek, accept, or heed the advice of their lawyers. In fact, sometimes, they expressly disregard a lawyer’s instructions on how to proceed. In certain cases, the client expressly rejects the lawyer’s advice. However, some business constituents who take action contrary to the advice of legal counsel may fall out of compliance incrementally over time or signal compliance and yet (paradoxically) act in a noncompliant manner. These seemingly ineffectual varieties of the lawyer/client relationship are frustrating to the lawyer. This short article aims to explain why representatives of business entities who consider themselves law-abiding and ethical may nevertheless act in contravention of the business’s legal counsel and offers preliminary means of addressing the proffered reasons for these compliance failures. The article does not address willful noncompliance or even willful blindness. Rather, it makes observations about behavior that falls squarely into what the law typically recognizes as recklessness. An apocryphal lawyer-client story relating to insider trading compliance provides foundational context.
A Google Earth Database of Central American Volcanic Vents

Satellite imagery in Google Earth reveals 807 volcanic vents for Central America. Most of these have already been recognized. In fact, previous catalogs include many volcanoes that are not obvious in Google Earth and they are not included here. Furthermore, 47 large but deeply eroded volcanoes are not included because they appear very old. On the other hand, many young vents may be obscured in areas of low quality imagery or in areas of dense cloud forest. High quality Google Earth coverage keeps expanding so this catalog can be improved with time. Lidar imagery would greatly improve vent detection. A significant problem with any list of volcanic features is determining the appropriate cutoff age. Topographic expression is the only available criterion for estimating age for most of the vents and this criterion is highly flawed because of differences in volcanic deposits, weathering, annual rainfall and other factors. Ideally, 40 Ar/ 39 Ar ages would be available for most of the volcanoes and the revealed space-time pattern of volcanic activity would allow improved hazard estimates as well as a deeper understanding of the causes and controls of volcanism. Instead, the database is a necessary step toward: a) recognizing important volcanological problems that can attract geochronological research funding and b) encouraging a long-term campaign for determining the temporal development of Central American volcanism. The database is intended as a draft to be used and improved, not a fixed list.
Abstract 15762: Interleukin-1 Blockade Improves Cardiopulmonary Exercise Performance In Patients With Systolic Heart Failure

Background. Heart failure (HF) is a complex clinical syndrome characterized by impaired cardiac function and poor exercise tolerance. Enhanced inflammation is associated with worsening outcomes in HF patients and may play a direct role in disease progression. Interleukin-1 (IL-1) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine that becomes chronically elevated in HF and exerts putative negative inotropic effects. We hypothesized that IL-1 blockade would improve exercise performance in patients with systolic HF and evidence of elevated inflammatory activity. Methods. We conducted a single-arm, open-label, pilot study (NCT01300650) of IL-1 blockade in HF patients (NYHA functional class II - III) with documented LVEF Results. All patients experienced numerical improvements in peak VO2 and exercise time. Mean peak VO2 increased from 12.95±1.03 to 16.25±1.01 mL/kg/min (+3.25 mL/kg/min, P Conclusions. IL-1 blockade with anakinra was associated with a significant improvement in peak VO2 in patients with systolic HF and elevated hsCRP. IL-1 blockade may represent a potential treatment modality to improve exercise capacity HF patients.
Remaking South Indian Śaivism: Greater Śaiva Advaita and the Legacy of the Śaktiviśiṣṭādvaita Vīraśaiva Tradition

Śaiva Advaita, or Śivādvaita, is typically regarded as an invention of the late sixteenth-century polymath Appayya Dīkṣita, who is said to have single-handedly revived Śrīkaṇṭha’s commentary on the Brahmasūtras from obscurity. And yet, the theological rapprochement between South Indian Śaivism and Advaita Vedānta philosophy has a much richer history, and one that left few South Indian Śaiva communities untouched by the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. This article is an attempt to trace the outlines of what we can call a “Greater Śaiva Advaita,” defined as the interpenetration of nondualist Vedānta and a number of discrete South Indian Śaiva lineages, including the Śaiva Siddhānta in present-day Tamil Nadu (both Sanskritic and Tamil), the Sanskritic Vīraśaivas (writing in both Sanskrit and Kannada) based in heartlands of Vijayanagar, and the Brāhmaṇical Smārta Śaivas. The article demonstrates, specifically, that Appayya Dīkṣita did not coin the term “Śivādvaita,” but drew on an entire discursive sphere known variously as Śivādvaita or Śaktiviśiṣṭādvaita, a school of Vīraśaiva theology that provides a crucial missing link in the transmission of Śrīkaṇṭha’s Śaiva Vedānta across regions and language communities in early modern South India.
Local False Discovery Rate Based Methods for Multiple Testing of One-Way Classified Hypotheses

This paper continues the line of research initiated in \cite{Liu:Sarkar:Zhao:2016} on developing a novel framework for multiple testing of hypotheses grouped in a one-way classified form using hypothesis-specific local false discovery rates (Lfdr's). It is built on an extension of the standard two-class mixture model from single to multiple groups, defining hypothesis-specific Lfdr as a function of the conditional Lfdr for the hypothesis given that it is within a significant group and the Lfdr for the group itself and involving a new parameter that measures grouping effect. This definition captures the underlying group structure for the hypotheses belonging to a group more effectively than the standard two-class mixture model. Two new Lfdr based methods, possessing meaningful optimalities, are produced in their oracle forms. One, designed to control false discoveries across the entire collection of hypotheses, is proposed as a powerful alternative to simply pooling all the hypotheses into a single group and using commonly used Lfdr based method under the standard single-group two-class mixture model. The other is proposed as an Lfdr analog of the method of \cite{Benjamini:Bogomolov:2014} for selective inference. It controls Lfdr based measure of false discoveries associated with selecting groups concurrently with controlling the average of within-group false discovery proportions across the selected groups. Simulation studies and real-data application show that our proposed methods are often more powerful than their relevant competitors.
Betrayal and Revenge in Amos Oz’s Judas

Amos Oz’s novel Judas [2016. Judas. Translated by Nicholas de Lange. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt] raises the possibility that had the State of Israel not been founded in 1948, the Palestinian...
Medical Specialties of Clinicians Providing Mechanical Thrombectomy to Patients With Acute Ischemic Stroke in the United States.

This cross-sectional analysis of Medicare data determined the specialty of physicians providing mechanical thrombectomy to patients with ischemic stroke.
Blackouts as a Moderator of Young Adult Veteran Response to Personalized Normative Feedback for Heavy Drinking.

BACKGROUND Blackouts-or periods of alcohol-induced amnesia for all or part of a drinking event-have been identified as independent predictors of alcohol-related harm that may be used to identify individuals who would benefit from intervention. However, little is known about the prevalence and impact of blackouts among Veterans. This study examined blackouts as a moderator of young adult veteran response to a brief, online personalized normative feedback (PNF) intervention for heavy drinking. METHODS Veterans scoring ≥3/4 (women/men) on the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test completed a baseline and 1-month assessment as part of a larger intervention trial (N = 571; 83% male; age M = 28.9, SD = 3.3). Participants were randomized to alcohol PNF (n = 285) or a video game attention control (n = 286). Hierarchical regression was used to examine the interaction between intervention condition and blackouts on alcohol-related outcomes at 1-month follow-up. RESULTS At baseline, 26% of participants reported loss of memory for drinking events in the past 30 days. The interaction between condition and blackouts was significant, such that PNF participants who had experienced blackouts at baseline reported greater decreases in drinking quantity at 1 month than those who had not, and only PNF participants who had experienced baseline blackouts reported a decrease in alcohol problems at follow-up. CONCLUSIONS PNF appears to be particularly effective for individuals who have experienced alcohol-induced blackout, perhaps because blackouts prime them for feedback on their alcohol use. While other negative consequences may also prime individuals for behavior change, blackouts are posited as a particularly useful screening tool because they are prevalent among young adults, have a strong association with alcohol-related harm, and are assessed in widely used clinical measures.
Bistability and Resurgent Epidemics in Reinfection Models

Spreading processes that propagate through local interactions have been studied in multiple fields (e.g., epidemiology, complex networks, social sciences) using the susceptible-infected-recovered (SIR) and susceptible-infected-susceptible (SIS) frameworks. SIR assumes individuals acquire full immunity to the infection after recovery, while SIS assumes individuals acquire no immunity after recovery. However, in many spreading processes individuals may acquire only partial immunity to the infection or may become more susceptible to reinfection after recovery. We study a model for reinfection called Susceptible-Infected-Recovered-Infected (SIRI). The SIRI model generalizes the SIS and SIR models and allows for study of systems in which the susceptibility of agents changes irreversibly after first exposure to the infection. We show that when the rate of reinfection is higher than the rate of primary infection, the SIRI model exhibits bistability with a small difference in the initial fraction of infected individuals determining whether the infection dies out or spreads through the population. We find this critical value and show that when the infection does not die out there is a resurgent epidemic in which the number of infected individuals decays initially and remains at a low level for an arbitrarily long period of time before rapidly increasing toward an endemic equilibrium in which the fraction of infected individuals is non-zero.
The Role of Polyphenols in Skin Health

Polyphenols are a unique group of phytochemicals that are present in a large number of fruits, vegetables, and other plant products. They are classified according to their chemical structure, which contains multiple linked phenol groups [1]. These compounds have powerful antioxidant properties that counteract harmful free radicals in the body. Nutrition has long been identified as a critical factor of health and well being, and the investigation into the costs and benefits of ingesting certain compounds has just begun; polyphenols in particular have been a topic of interest since the discovery that they may prevent or even reverse the effects of photoaging due to ultraviolet radiation [2]. Here, we explore the various types and properties of polyphenols, the deleterious effects of free radicals on skin health, and the possible protective and regenerative ability of dietary polyphenols.
Chapter 3 Regulatory Mechanisms in Infant Development

In 1981 (Posner & Rothbart, 1981), we argued that the attention system served as the basis for self regulation and reviewed its development in infancy. In this paper we review new findings about the structures and functions of human attention, and outline our current program of research exploring their early development. The attention system of the human brain can be divided into posterior orienting systems that operate in conjunction with sensory processes, anterior systems that form the basis of voluntary actions and vigilance systems that maintain the alert state. The infant represents an excellent model to explore the development of these systems and their role in the emergence of volition. In the early months of infancy the attentional system matures to achieve voluntary control of visual orienting and to provide a way of representing sensory stimuli in their absence. We examine the logic of using chronometric methods to isolate anatomically defined attentional subsystems in the study of development.
Diagnosis and Imaging

Accurately identifying and managing patients with vascular disease involves integrating the patient’s history and cardiovascular risk factors with clinical information obtained from the physical exam, noninvasive studies, and diagnostic imaging. Carotid artery disease is usually detected as asymptomatic carotid stenosis; however, some patients initially present with a transient ischemic attack (TIA) or stroke. Similarly, patients with peripheral arterial disease (PAD) can be asymptomatic or they may seek medical care for claudication, rest pain, or trophic changes. Aneurysms, specifically abdominal aortic aneurysms, rarely cause symptoms and are discovered as an incidental finding on physical exam or imaging studies in over 50 % of patients. Meanwhile patients with venous disease can have symptoms ranging from cosmetic concerns to painful varicose veins, leg edema, and skin ulcers in severe cases.
Familial genetic risk.

A physician outlines the concept of the family covenant, an agreement between consenting family members that defines exactly how and when medical information is divulged to other family members. Virtual Mentor is a monthly bioethics journal published by the American Medical Association.
Catalyst and solvent free microwave-assisted synthesis of substituted 1,2,3-triazoles

We report a microwave-assisted catalyst and solvent free synthesis of 1,2,3-triazoles through the cycloaddition of trimethylsilylazide and acetylenes. Utilization of a thermally stable azide source, elimination of a metal catalyst, solvent or any additives, and a convenient isolation procedure result in an overall greener approach to access 1,2,3-triazoles on a practical scale with good to excellent yields (55–99%).
Compensation of Otolaryngologists in the Veterans Health Administration: Is There a Gender Gap?

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS To determine if gender pay disparity exists amongst otolaryngologists employed by the Veterans Health Administration (VHA). STUDY DESIGN cross-sectional analysis. METHODS Board-certified otolaryngologists employed at all complex Veterans Affairs Medical Centers (VAMCs) in 2016 were identified. Salaries were collated using the Enterprise Human Resources Integration-Statistical Data Mart dataset. Additional variables, including gender, years since medical school graduation, professorship status, h-index, and geographic location were collected. A multivariate linear regression analysis was performed where salary was the primary outcome of interest and gender was accounted for as an independent predictor while controlling for professional characteristics, geographic location, and seniority. RESULTS Sixty-nine VHA surgical programs with an operative designation of "complex" were identified. Two hundred sixty board-certified otolaryngologists, including 197 (75.8%) men and 63 (24.2%) women, were identified. Salary data were available on 210 of these otolaryngologists. In 2016, the mean salary for male and female otolaryngologists was not significantly different ($266,707 ± $31,624 vs. $264,674 ± $27,027, P = .918) nor were salaries in early career ($243,979 ± $31,749 vs. $254,625 ± $24,558, respectively; P = .416). On multivariate linear regression analysis, number of years since graduation (P = .009) and h-index (P = .049) were independent predictors of salary, but gender, geographic location, and faculty rank were not. CONCLUSIONS Although the gender pay gap persists in many areas of medicine and surgery, otolaryngologists employed at complex VAMCs do not experience gender pay disparity. The use of specific and objective criteria to establish and adjust salaries can reduce and potentially eliminate gender pay disparity. These findings may help to guide institutional policies in other practice environments. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 2b. Laryngoscope, 129:113-118, 2019.
Epoxyeicosatrienoic Acid Analog Reduces Proteinuria And Renal Cast Formation In Experimental Radiation Nephropathy

Thirty-three million Americans are estimated to have chronic kidney disease (CKD). Exposure to radiation through industrial accidents, terrorist events, or total body irradiation (TBI) associated w...
Wireless CSI-based head tracking in the driver seat

In recent years, augmented reality (AR) has drawn significant attention in the automotive industry and shown great potential for a variety of driver-assistance applications. Tracking the driver's head is vital to seamlessly merge the AR content in the driver's view but still remains an open problem. Specifically, most existing in-vehicle AR solutions rely on cameras for head tracking, which suffer from low sampling rate, weak performance at night, and even high computation costs. Wearing a dedicated headset, on the other hand, is intrusive and inconvenient for daily driving.To overcome these limitations, we propose ViHOT, a novel wireless CSI-based predictive & device-free head tracking system for in-vehicle use. Given that drivers usually mount phones on the dashboard for navigation, ViHOT leverages the CSI of the phone's WiFi signal to track the driver's head, with a light-weight design suited for real-time driving assistance. Thanks to the high WiFi frame rate, ViHOT achieves more than 10x sampling rate over conventional camera-based approaches and thus eliminates motion blur. Moreover, ViHOT's novel tracking algorithm accurately translates CSI phase readings to head orientations (merely 4° -10° median error) without relying on any head-mounted device.
The omega -rule.

We prove that all proofs in ω-logic (a first order logic with ω-rule added) in which ω-rule is used finitely many times can be turned into proofs in which the ω-rule is used at most one time. Next, we prove that the word “finitely” above cannot be changed by the word “infinitely”.
A crisis for the V&V of turbulence simulations

Three very different algorithms have been proposed for solution of the Rayleigh-Taylor turbulent mixing problem. They are based upon three different physical principles governing the Euler equations for fluid flow, which serve to complete these underspecified equations by selection of the physically relevant solution from among the many otherwise nonunique solutions of these equations. The disputed physical principle is the admissibility condition which selects the physically meaningful solution from among the myriad of nonphysical solutions. The three different algorithms, expressing the three physical admissibility principles, are formulated alternately in terms of the energy dissipation rate or the entropy production rate. The three alternatives are zero, minimal or maximal rates. The solutions are markedly different. We find strong validation evidence that supports the solution with the maximum rate of dissipated energy, based on a review of prior results and new results presented here. Our verification reasoning, consisting of mathematical analysis based on physics assumptions, also supports the maximum energy dissipation rate and reasons against the other two. The zero dissipation solution is based on claims of direct numerical simulation. We dispute these claims and introduce analysis indicating that such simulations are far from direct numerical simulations. Recommendations for the numerical modeling of the deflagration to detonation transition in type Ia supernova are discussed.
Disentangling interface and bulk contributions to high-harmonic emission from solids

Due to strong absorption of above-bandgap high harmonics generated from solids, the surface should play an important role. However, surface-induced contributions have yet to be identified. Here we show that the presence of the interface between a Si crystal and a native SiO2 layer is encoded in the appearance of weak even-order high harmonics. The even harmonics arise from a surface-induced static space charge that perturbs the laser-driven motion of electrons and holes in the bulk of the material. Our demonstration extends surface-induced nonlinear optical effects to the non-perturbative regime, characterized by unbound large-amplitude motion of charge carriers, and therefore paves the way for new methodologies to probe surfaces and their chemistry.
Relation of Testosterone Normalization to Mortality and Myocardial Infarction in Men With Previous Myocardial Infarction.

The effect of normalization of serum testosterone levels with testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) in patients with a history of myocardial infarction (MI) is unknown. The objective of this study was to determine the incidence of recurrent MI and all-cause mortality in subjects with a history of MI and low total testosterone (TT) with and without TRT. We retrospectively examined 1,470 men with documented low TT levels and previous MI, categorized into Gp1: TRT with normalization of TT levels (n = 755) Gp2: TRT without normalization of TT levels (n = 542), and Gp3: no TRT (n = 173). The association of TRT with all-cause mortality and recurrent MI was compared using propensity score-weighted Cox proportional hazard models. All-cause mortality was lower in Gp1 versus Gp2 (hazard ratio [HR] 0.76, confidence interval [CI] 0.64 to 0.90, p = 0.002), and Gp1 versus Gp3 (HR 0.76, CI 0.60 to 0.98, p = 0.031). There was no significant difference in the risk of death between Gp2 versus Gp3 (HR 0.97, CI 0.76 to 1.24, p = 0.81). Adjusted regression analyses showed no significant differences in the risk of recurrent MI between groups (Gp1 vs Gp3, HR 0.79, CI 0.12 to 5.27, p = 0.8; Gp1 vs Gp2 HR 1.10, CI 0.25 to 4.77, p = 0.90; Gp2 vs Gp3 HR 0.58, CI 0.08 to 4.06, p = 0.58). In conclusion, in a large observational cohort of male veterans with previous MI, normalization of TT levels with TRT was associated with decreased all-cause mortality compared with those with non-normalized TT levels and the untreated group. Furthermore, in this high-risk population, TRT was not associated with an increased risk of recurrent MI.
A rare case of generalized tonic-clonic seizure related to paclitaxel infusion.

What is known and objective Paclitaxel (Taxol) is an antineoplastic agent approved in the United States for the treatment of lung, breast, cervical, pancreatic cancers and Kaposi sarcoma. Paclitaxel does not cross the blood brain barrier, so central nervous system adverse effects are uncommon. Case description We describe a 60-year-old woman with Stage IIIa squamous cell carcinoma of the left lung, who developed a generalized tonic-clonic seizure during her first infusion of paclitaxel. What is new and conclusion Seizure related to a hypersensitivity reaction from paclitaxel infusion are rare but could be life-threatening and require immediate recognition, treatment and exclusion of other possible aetiologies.
Potential of triacylglycerol profiles in latent fingerprints to reveal individual diet, exercise, or health information for forensic evidence

Triacylglycerols (TGs) are a primary component of human skin oils and are therefore a major constituent present in latent fingerprint residue. We hypothesize that differences in the TG profile of the latent fingerprint, such as the relative level of saturation of the fatty acyl chains, may link back to the overall health of the subject, specifically correlated to diabetes. A small scale proof-of-concept study was performed to test this hypothesis. The biggest differences observed were in the relative amounts of completely saturated TGs compared to TGs with one or more double bonds; however, hierarchical clustering could not differentiate diabetic and non-diabetic participants. The role of other factors such as diet and exercise was explored from subsets of the non-diabetic participants. Vegetarian participants had higher relative levels of saturated TGs compared to those without diet restrictions; however, people on a low carbohydrate or ketogenic diet were not distinguishable from the control population. In terms of exercise, male participants who were very active had lower levels of saturated TGs compared to males who did not exercise at all. In contrast, exercise did not have much of an effect on the TG profile of female participants. While the outcome of this study is only tentative due to the lack of statistical power, it suggests the potential of TG profiles to be linked to health information, diet and exercise.
Composite Higgs Bosons and Mini Black Holes

Pairs of standard model fermions can annihilate to produce mini black holes with gauge quantum numbers of the Higgs boson at $M_{Planck}$. This leads to a Nambu-Jona-Lasinio model at the Planck scale with strong coupling which binds fermion pairs into Higgs fields. At critical coupling the renormalization group dresses these objects, which then descend in scale to emerge as OBSERVABLE boundstate Higgs bosons at low energies, and we obtain the multi-Higgs spectrum of a "scalar democracy." The observed Higgs boson is a gravitationally bound $\bar{t}t$ composite. Sequential states may be seen at the LHC, and/or its upgrades.
The role of dermis resident macrophages and their interaction with neutrophils in the early establishment of Leishmania major infection transmitted by sand fly bite

Abstract There is substantial experimental evidence to indicate that Leishmania infections that are transmitted naturally by the bites of infected sand flies differ in fundamental ways from the inflammatory and immune reactions initiated by needle inocula. We have used flow cytometry and intravital microscopy (IVM) to reveal the heterogeneity of sand fly transmission sites with respect to the subsets of phagocytes in the skin that harbor L. major within the first hours and days after infection. By flow cytometry analysis, dermis resident macrophages (TRMs) were on average the predominant infected cell type at 1 hr and 24 hr. By confocal IVM, the co-localization of L. major and neutrophils varied depending on the proximity of deposited parasites to the presumed site of vascular damage, defined by the highly localized swarming of neutrophils. Some of the dermal TRMs could be visualized acquiring their infections via transfer from or efferocytosis of parasitized neutrophils, providing direct evidence for the “Trojan Horse” model. The role of neutrophil engulfment by dermal TRMs and the involvement of the Tyro3/Axl/Mertk family of receptor tyrosine kinases in these interactions and in sustaining the anti-inflammatory program of dermal TRMs was supported by the effects observed in neutrophil depleted and in Axl-/-Mertk-/- mice. The Axl-/-Mertk-/- mice also displayed reduced parasite burdens but more severe pathology following L. major infection transmitted by sand fly bite. Summary Sand flies transmit Leishmania major which causes cutaneous leishmaniasis in humans and in non-human hosts. Our analyses of sand fly transmission sites of L. major in the mouse skin revealed that dermis resident macrophages (TRM) were the predominant phagocytes to take up the parasite within the first 24 hr post-bite. The early involvement of neutrophils varied depending on the proximity of deposited parasites to the site of tissue damage around which the neutrophils coalesced. By intra-vital microscopy, some of the dermal TRMs could be visualized acquiring their infections by direct transfer from or phagocytosis of parasitized neutrophils. The involvement of the Tyro3/Axl/Mertk family of receptor tyrosine kinases in these cellular interactions and in sustaining the anti-inflammatory functions of dermal TRMs was supported by the reduced parasite burdens but more severe pathology observed in Axl-/-Mertk-/- mice. The heterogeneity of sand fly transmission sites with respect to the dose of parasites and the early cellular interactions described here likely contribute to the wide range of infection outcomes that are associated with natural transmission of L. major observed in mouse models and possibly humans.
Coral reef conservation incentives and revenue sharing

Coral reefs are at particular risk of overexploitation and extinction due to negative externalities from productive sectors such as tourism and fisheries. Increased reliance on tourism revenue mean...
Molten salt synthesized submicron perovskite La1-xSrxCoO3 particles as efficient electrocatalyst for water electrolysis

Perovskite oxides are an important and effective class of mixed oxides which play significant role in the fields of energy storage and conversion systems. Here we present a series of cobaltite perovskite LaCoO3 particles which have been doped with 0, 5, 10, 20 and 30% of Sr2+ and have been synthesized by a combined sol-gel and molten-salt synthesis procedure, which provides regular morphology of the particles. These Sr2+ doped LaCoO3 particles have been characterized by powder X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. Moreover, these Sr2+ doped LaCoO3 particles have been demonstrated as efficient catalyst for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) based on the measured specific capacitance, total charge, most accessible charge, electrochemically active surface area, and roughness factor using rotating disk and rotating ring-disk electrode techniques. The 30% Sr2+ doped LaCoO3 sample shows enhanced electrocatalytic OER activity in 0.5 M H2SO4 media compared to the LaCoO3 samples doped with 0, 5, 10, 20% Sr2+. Among all five LaCoO3 samples, the doped LaCoO3 samples demonstrate better OER activity than the undoped sample.
Bone conduction hearing device adherence in relationship to age in pediatric unilateral congenital aural atresia.

Abstract Objective To characterize the adherence of bone conduction hearing devices (BCHDs) for hearing management in children with unilateral congenital aural atresia (UCAA) in relation to the age of offer and fitting. BCHD Soft Bands help predict amplification benefits before surgery can be performed beginning around five years when both hearing and parental compliance reach stability. We hypothesized device compliance might decrease with age of fitting from lack of early acclimatization. Methods Retrospective case series of patients less than five years old at a tertiary pediatric center's microtia clinic database, born between 2014 and 2018 with UCAA. Adherence was assessed through electronic health record note documentation at less than 1 year, 1–2 years, and greater than 2 years from fitting. The ages at offer and fitting, along with the time from offer to fitting, were recorded. Results One hundred and eight patients with UCAA were identified, including 46 patients fit with a BCHD used for further analysis. Adherence rates at 1 year, 1–2 years, and greater than 2 years were 47.8%, 30%, and 43.5%, respectively. However, there was no significant association between age offered, age fit, or time from offer to fit and adherence at all time points. Also, there was no significant difference between ages at the time of BCHD offer for those who chose not to proceed with fitting (20.9 months) compared to the age of offer in patients that were subsequently fit (13.9 months). Conclusion BCHD adherence in patients less than five years old may not be affected by the age offered or fit. The time between offer and fitting was also not associated with usage. BCHDs should be offered to UCAA patients regardless of age. Further investigation in this younger age group would help expand these findings.
The Fourth Amendment Limits of Internet Content Preservation

Every year, hundreds of thousands of Internet accounts are copied and set aside by Internet providers on behalf of federal and state law enforcement. This process, known as preservation, ordinarily occurs without particularized suspicion. Any government agent can request preservation of any account at any time. Federal law requires the provider to set aside a copy of the account just in case the government later develops probable cause and returns with a warrant needed to compel the account’s disclosure. The preservation process is largely secret. With rare exceptions, the account owner will never know the preservation occurred. This Article argues that the Fourth Amendment imposes significant limits on the preservation of Internet account contents. Preservation triggers a Fourth Amendment seizure because the provider, acting as the government’s agent, takes away the account holder’s control of the account. To be constitutionally reasonable, the initial act of preservation must ordinarily be justified by probable cause—and at the very least, in uncommon cases, by reasonable suspicion. The government can continue to use the Internet preservation statute in a limited way, such as to freeze an account while investigators draft a proper warrant application. But the current practice, in which investigators order the preservation of accounts with no particularized suspicion, violates the Fourth Amendment.
Vaccinating a Nation: Lessons from the Polio Epidemic

The article focuses on SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) pandemic has all but brought the Global Polio Eradication Initiative to a halt Topics include the global quest to stamp out the polio scourge provides a uniquely salient point of comparison for the ongoing battle against SARS-CoV-2, and the wild poliovirus (WPV) serotypes (WPV2 and WPV3) have been eliminated, and WPV1 remains endemic in only Afghanistan and Pakistan
Abstract 16629: Endothelial Caveolin-1-trpv4 Regulation of Pulmonary Arterial Pressure and Impairment in Pulmonary Hypertension

Background: Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a degenerative disorder that is characterized by elevated vascular resistance and pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP). Endothelial transient receptor potent...
On Approximating the Entropy of Polynomial Mappings

We investigate the complexity of the following computational problem: Polynomial Entropy Approximation (PEA): Given a low-degree polynomial mapping p : F → F, where F is a finite field, approximate the the output entropy H(p(Un)), where Un is the uniform distribution on F and H may be any of several entropy measures. We show: • Approximating the Shannon entropy of degree 3 polynomials p : F2 → F2 over F2 to within an additive constant (or even n) is complete for SZKPL, the class of problems having statistical zero-knowledge proofs where the honest verifier and its simulator are computable in logarithmic space. (SZKPL contains most of the natural problems known to be in the full class SZKP.) Thus, this problem can serve as a starting point for finding combinatorial or number-theoretic complete problems for SZKPL, giving worstcase/average-case reductions for SZKPL, and/or finding (possibly quantum) algorithms for SZKPL. • For prime fields F 6= F2 and homogeneous quadratic polynomials p : F → F, there is a probabilistic polynomial-time algorithm that distinguishes the case that p(Un) has entropy smaller than k from the case that p(Un) has min-entropy (or even Renyi entropy) greater than (2+o(1))k. This algorithm is based on a new formula for the Renyi entropy of p(Un) in terms of the rank of directional derivatives of p. • For degree d polynomials p : F2 → F2 , there is a polynomial-time algorithm that distinguishes the case that p(Un) has max-entropy smaller than k (where the max-entropy of a random variable is the logarithm of its support size) from the case that p(Un) has max-entropy at least (1 + o(1)) · k (for fixed d and large k). This algorithm is based on relating the max-entropy to the dimension of the F2-span of the p’s components p1, . . . , pm ∈ F2[x1, . . . , xn].
Estimating planetary terrain slopes from range measurements using a two dimensional spline smoothing technique

Abstract The overall scheme conducted for the design of a data acquisition and decision making system for an unmanned exploratory rover (Shen, 1975 ≈ 1980), consists of the following interrelated subsystems; scanning scheme (Shen, Kim, 1979), obstacle detection scheme (Sonalker, Shen, 1975; Kim, Shen, 1978), terrain slope estimation (Pawlowski, Shen, 1979) and path selection algorithm (Netch, 1977). In this paper, the slopes of a terrain are estimated by applying a two-dimensional smoothing algorithm (Kim, 1980) which fits two-dimensional smoothing splines to a data set in a recursive manner. A 2-D smoothing algorithm provides better estimates of the terrain slopes than the previous 1-D algorithm (Pawlowski, 1979). These improved estimates will enable the rover to determine a safer and more accurate path to its target.