cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Taphonomic Analysis of Cambrian Vermiform Fossils of Utah and Nevada, and Implications for the Chemistry of Burgess Shale-Type Preservation

Burgess Shale-type preservation is a predominantly Paleozoic style of exceptional fossilization via the process of kerogenization, through which organic tissues are converted to more geologically stable forms of carbon. It is often associated with two additional modes of mineralization: (1) pyritization, collectively the precipitation of pyrite on, near, or replacing decaying organic matter; and (2) aluminosilicification, the association of clay minerals, frequently templating the fossil material. Further, some organisms preserved through the Burgess Shale-type pathway also show limited phosphatization, the replication of tissues by apatite, which is usually restricted to digestive tracts/organs. Here, sixteen Cambrian vermiform (worm-like) fossils, preserved via Burgess Shale-type preservation in three formations of the Great Basin, western US, were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy-based methodologies. These fossils display a wide range of taphonomic character, with visual differences in kerogenous-, pyrite-, and aluminosilicate-associated preservation, in addition to some preserved medial structures presumed to be gut tracts. Microchemical analyses indicate additional unique mineral associations, including barite and monazite, which can be broadly attributed to later-stage diagenetic alteration of the initial preservational mineralization. A consistent model of the chronology and drivers of mineralization is presented, and may prove useful for considering Burgess Shale-type preservation at other localities.
Consistent Query Answering

We summarize here recent research on obtaining consistent information from inconsistent databases. We describe the underlying semantic model and a number of approaches to computing consistent query answers. We conclude by outlining further research directions in this area.
The Inhibition of Prostaglandin Formation

The primary therapeutic modality for patients with primary dysmenorrhea and heavy menstrual bleeding is the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). These agents act primarily to block the formation of the prostaglandins responsible for the symptoms. As noted in the previous chapter, the two prostaglandins responsible, PGE2 and PGF2α, are both made from arachidonic acid through the enzymatic action of cyclooxygenases. Found in two main isoforms, COX-1 and COX-2, the characteristics of these two enzymes allow for specific and effective inhibition of their function. Understanding how this occurs, and the differences between agents that inhibit these enzymes, allows the clinician to better understand and choose effective therapy.
Synergistic cellular responses to heavy metal exposure: A minireview

Abstract Background Metal-responsive transcription factor 1 (MTF-1) induces the expression of metallothioneins (MTs) which bind and sequester labile metal ions. While MTF-1 primarily responds to excess metal exposure, additional stress response mechanisms are activated by excess metals. Evidence suggests potential crosstalk between responses mediated by MTF-1 and stress signaling enhances cellular tolerance to metal exposure. Scope of review This review aims to summarize the current understanding of interaction between the stress response mediated by MTF-1 and other cellular mechanisms, notably the nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) and heat shock response (HSR). Major conclusions Crosstalk between MTF-1 mediated metal response and NF-κB signaling or HSR can modulate expression of stress proteins in response to metal exposure via effects on precursor signals or direct interaction of transcriptional activators. The interaction between stress signaling pathways can enhance cell survival and tolerance through a unified response system. General significance Elucidating the interactions between MTF-1 and cell stress response mechanisms is critical to a comprehensive understanding of metal-based cellular effects. Co-activation of HSR and NF-κB signaling allows the cell to detect metal contamination in the environment and improve survival outcomes.
Convergence and resilience of the fine-grained parallel incomplete LU factorization for non-symmetric problems

This paper presents an investigation into the convergence of the fine-grained parallel algorithm for computing an incomplete LU factorization for non-symmetric and indefinite matrices. The fine-grained parallel incomplete LU factorization is a nonlinear fixed point iteration and convergence has not been extensively studied for problems that are not symmetric positive definite. This work investigates the convergence of the algorithm for these more difficult problems and additionally investigates how the occurrence of a computing fault may impact the convergence of the algorithm for the problems being studied. The results obtained suggest that this class of problems presents challenges for the fine-grained parallel incomplete LU factorization (less than 30% of configurations converge naturally), and that while the occurrence of a fault can cause significant negative effects, the simple algorithmic change advocated here can completely ameliorate the effects of a fault.
Mysteries without Mysticism and Correlations without Correlata: On Quantum Knowledge and Knowledge in General

Following Niels Bohr's interpretation of quantum mechanics as complementarity, this article argues that quantum mechanics may be seen as a theory of, in N. David Mermin's words, “correlations without correlata,” understood here as the correlations between certain physical events in the classical macro world that at the same time disallow us to ascertain their quantum-level correlata.
Moral attitudes and willingness to enhance and repair cognition with brain stimulation.

Abstract Background The availability of technological means to enhance and repair human cognitive function raises questions about the perceived morality of their use. However, we have limited knowledge about the public's intuitive attitudes toward uses of brain stimulation. Studies that enlighten us about the public's willingness to endorse specific uses of brain stimulation on themselves and others could provide a basis to understand the moral psychology guiding intuitions about neuromodulation and opportunities to inform public education and public policy. Objective Hypothesis: We expected that subjects would be less willing to enhance or repair cognitive functions perceived as more “core" to “authentic" self-identity, prioritize brain stimulation uses for themselves, and more willing to enhance “core" functions in others. Across specific hypothetical uses, we expected the moral acceptability of specific uses to be associated with subjects’ willingness to endorse them. Methods We administered two surveys to the public in which subjects were asked to report how willing they would be to enhance or repair specific cognitive abilities using a hypothetical brain stimulation device called “Ceremode". Results Among 894 subjects, we found that subjects were more willing to use technologies to repair other people than themselves. They were most inclined to repair core functions in others. Subjects’ ratings of the moral acceptability of specific uses was related to their reported willingness to use brain stimulation. Conclusion Moral acceptability is related to the public's willingness to use brain stimulation. These findings suggest that the public endorses a generous approach to applying brain stimulation for cognitive gains in others. Further, this study establishes a basis to guide moral psychological studies of cognitive modification and social processes that guide attitudes toward and uses of brain stimulation.
When Schools Change and Teachers Do Not: The Principal’s Use of Evaluation and Feedback to Impact Veteran Teacher Effectiveness:

Effective principals provide teachers with feedback on the edges of their growth moving beyond compliance-driven teacher evaluations to meaningful cycles of observation and feedback. This case focu...
Caffeinated Alcoholic Beverages and Intimate Partner Violence Victimization

Background: Caffeinated alcoholic beverage (CAB) use is associated with general victimization beyond the use of alcohol alone. Materials and Methods: No prior research has evaluated the association between CAB use and intimate partner violence (IPV) victimization. This study evaluated the CAB-IPV victimization relationship using the responses of 100 (40 female) respondents to an online survey. Results: Results of logistic regression analyses indicated that CAB use was associated with IPV physical and sexual victimization after adjusting for demographics and heavy alcohol use. Exploratory analyses detected little evidence of sex differences in the strength of the relationship between CAB use and IPV victimization. Conclusions: The current results provide initial evidence that CAB use may place males and females at greater risk of IPV victimization.
Spatial gems: a new type of workshop at the SIGSPATIAL conference

As researchers, we sometimes develop new approaches for solving spatial problems that fall between a textbook chapter and a research paper. These are fundamental techniques that would be useful to both researchers and practitioners. Until now, there has not been a good forum to disseminate these "spatial gems".
Mathematical modeling of the 'inoculum effect': six applicable models and the MIC advancement point concept.

Antimicrobial treatment regimens against bacterial pathogens are designed using the drug's minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) measured at a bacterial density of 5.7 log10(colony-forming units (CFU)/mL) in vitro. However, MIC changes with pathogen density, which varies among infectious diseases and during treatment. Incorporating this into treatment design requires realistic mathematical models of the relationships. We compared the MIC-density relationships for Gram-negative Escherichia coli and non-typhoidal Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica and Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumonia (for n = 4 drug-susceptible strains per (sub)species and 1-8 log10(CFU/mL) densities), for antimicrobial classes with bactericidal activity against the (sub)species: β-lactams (ceftriaxone and oxacillin), fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin), aminoglycosides (gentamicin), glycopeptides (vancomycin) and oxazolidinones (linezolid). Fitting six candidate mathematical models to the log2(MIC) vs. log10(CFU/mL) curves did not identify one model best capturing the relationships across the pathogen-antimicrobial combinations. Gompertz and logistic models (rather than a previously proposed Michaelis-Menten model) fitted best most often. Importantly, the bacterial density after which the MIC sharply increases (an MIC advancement-point density) and that density's intra-(sub)species range evidently depended on the antimicrobial mechanism of action. Capturing these dependencies for the disease-pathogen-antimicrobial combination could help determine the MICs for which bacterial densities are most informative for treatment regimen design.
External Validation and Comparison of the EUROMACS and Right Ventricular Failure Risk Score for Right Ventricular Failure Prediction after Left Ventricular Assist Device

Purpose To date, most scores derived to predict early RVF after LVAD implantation lack external validation. The aim of our study was to validate and compare the EUROMACS risk score and the right ventricular failure risk score (RVFRS). Methods From 1/2007 to 12/2017, 268 continuous-flow LVADs were implanted at Montefiore's Medical Center. We calculated both the EUROMACS score and the RVFRS and their predictive performance for early RVF defined as need for short- or long-term right-sided circulatory support, continuous inotropic support for ≥14 days, or nitric oxide ventilation for ≥48 hours post-operatively. Results RVF occurred in 100 patients (37%). Demographic characteristics were similar among patients, but RVF patients had higher baseline levels of AST and bilirubin, higher right atrial pressure, lower PAPi and more echocardiographic RV dysfunction (p Conclusion In an external validation cohort, both the EUROMACS and RVFRS can predict RVF after LVAD. However, the clinical utility of these scores is limited.
Visual Field Estimation by Probabilistic Classification

The gold standard clinical tool for evaluating visual dysfunction in cases of glaucoma and other disorders of vision remains the visual field or threshold perimetry exam. Administration of this exam has evolved over the years into a sophisticated, standardized, automated algorithm that relies heavily on specifics of disease processes particular to common retinal disorders. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the utility of a novel general estimator applied to visual field testing . A multidimensional psychometric function estimation tool was applied to visual field estimation. This tool is built on semiparametric probabilistic classification rather than multiple logistic regression. It combines the flexibility of nonparametric estimators and the efficiency of parametric estimators. Simulated visual fields were generated from human patients with a variety of diagnoses, and the errors between simulated ground truth and estimated visual fields were quantified. Error rates of the estimates were low, typically within 2 dB units of ground truth on average. The greatest threshold errors appeared to be confined to the portions of the threshold function with the highest spatial frequencies. This method can accurately estimate a variety of visual field profiles with continuous threshold estimates, potentially using a relatively small number of stimuli.
Distributionally Robust Formulation and Model Selection for the Graphical Lasso

Author(s): Cisneros, Pedro | Advisor(s): Petersen, Alexander; Oh, Sang-Yun | Abstract: Building on a recent framework for distributionally robust optimization, we considerestimation of the inverse covariance matrix for multivariate data. We provide a novelnotion of a Wasserstein ambiguity set specifically tailored to this estimation problem,leading to a tractable class of regularized estimators. Special cases include penalizedlikelihood estimators for Gaussian data, specifically the graphical lasso estimator. As aconsequence of this formulation, the radius of the Wasserstein ambiguity set is directlyrelated to the regularization parameter in the estimation problem. Using this relationship, the level of robustness of the estimation procedure can be shown to correspond tothe level of confidence with which the ambiguity set contains a distribution with the population covariance. Furthermore, a unique feature of our formulation is that the radiuscan be expressed in closed-form as a function of the ordinary sample covariance matrix.Taking advantage of this finding, we develop a simple algorithm to determine a regularization parameter for graphical lasso, using only the bootstrapped sample covariancematrices, meaning that computationally expensive repeated evaluation of the graphicallasso algorithm is not necessary. Alternatively, the distributionally robust formulationcan also quantify the robustness of the corresponding estimator if one uses an off-the-shelfmethod such as cross-validation. Finally, we numerically study the obtained regularization criterion and analyze the robustness of other automated tuning procedures used in practice.
Drive Through Robotics: Robotic Automation for Last Mile Distribution of Food and Essentials During Pandemics

The COVID-19 pandemic unraveled the weak points in the global supply chain for goods. Specifically, people all over the world, including those in the most advanced nations have had to go without medical supplies and personal protective equipment. Scarcity of essentials increases anxiety and uncertainty exacerbating unproductive behaviors like hoarding and price gouging. Left to market forces, such unfair practices are likely to aggravate hardships and increase the loss of lives. Thus, there is a critical need to ensure safe distribution of food and essential supplies to all citizens to sustain them through challenging times. To this end, we propose a simple, affordable and contact-less robotic system for preparing and dispensing food and survival-kits at community scale. The system has provisions to prevent hoarding and price gouging. Design, simulation, and, validation of the system has been completed to ensure readiness for real world implementation. This project is part of an open-source program and detailed designs are available upon request to entities interested in using it to serve their communities.
Single Cell RNA-seq and Mass Cytometry Reveals a Novel and a Targetable Population of Macrophages in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis

In this study, we leveraged a combination of single cell RNAseq, cytometry by time of flight (CyTOF), and flow cytometry to study the biology of a unique macrophage population in pulmonary fibrosis. Using the profiling data from 312,928 cells derived from 32 idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), 29 healthy control and 18 chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) lungs, we identified an expanded population of macrophages in IPF that have a unique transcriptional profile associated with pro-fibrotic signature. These macrophages attain a hybrid transitional state between alveolar and interstitial macrophages, are enriched with biological processes of pro-fibrotic immune cells, and express novel surface markers and genes that have not been previously reported. We then applied single cell CyTOF to simultaneously measure 37 markers to precisely phenotype the uniquely expanded macrophage subset in IPF lungs. The SPADE algorithm independently identified an expanded macrophage cluster, and validated CD84 and CD36 as novel surface markers that highly label this cluster. Using a separate validation cohort, we confirmed an increase in CD84++CD36++ macrophage population in IPF compared to control and COPD lungs by flow cytometry. Further, using the signature from the IPF-specific macrophages and the LINCS drug database, we predicted small molecules that could reverse the signature of IPF-specific macrophages, and validated two molecules, CRT and Cucur, using THP-1 derived human macrophages and precision-cut lung slices (PCLS) from IPF patients. Utilizing a multi-dimensional translational approach, our work identified a novel and targetable population of macrophages found in end-stage pulmonary fibrosis.
Machine Vision Navigation in Spine Surgery

The advancements in computing and digital localizer technologies has led to the evolving clinical application of image-guided technology for the surgical management of spinal disorders. Image-guided spinal navigation addresses the limitations of fluoroscopy and improves the accurate placement of fixation screws. Several navigation platforms are currently available, each having its own unique advantages and disadvantages. The most recent spinal navigation system developed utilizes machine vision structured light imaging which creates a precise and detailed three-dimensional image of the exposed surface anatomy and co-registers it to a pre-operatively or intra-operatively acquired image. This system improves upon the intraoperative workflow and efficiency of the navigation process. With the continued advancements in machine vision, there is a potential for clinical applications that extend beyond surgical navigation. These applications include reducing the potential for wrong level spine surgery and providing for real-time tracking of spinal deformity correction. As the adoption and clinical experience with navigation continues to expand and evolve, the technology that enables navigation also continues to evolve.
The Allure of Antiquity: Archaeology and Museums in the Americas

From Idols to Antiquity: Forging the National Museum of Mexico. By Miruna Achim. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2017. Pp. ix+ 327. $30.00 paperback. ISBN: 9781496203373. Framing a Lost City: Science, Photography, and the Making of Machu Picchu. By Amy Cox Hall. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2017. Pp. xiv + 267. $29.95 paperback. ISBN: 9781477313688. Knowing the Day, Knowing the World: Engaging Amerindian Thought in Public Archaeology. By Lesley Green and David R. Green. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 2013. Pp.vi + 308. $55.00 hardcover. ISBN: 9780816530373. Creating Patzcuaro, Creating Mexico: Art, Tourism, and Nation Building under Lazaro Cardenas. By Jennifer Jolly. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2018. Pp. xi + 340. $29.95 paperback. ISBN: 9781477314203. Nature and Antiquities: The Making of Archaeology in the Americas. Edited by Philip L. Kohl, Irina Podgorny, and Stefanie Ganger. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 2014. Pp. ix + 246. $60.00 hardcover. ISBN: 9780816531127. Our Indigenous Ancestors: A Cultural History of Museums, Science, and Identity in Argentina, 1877–1943. By Carolyne R. Larson. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2015. Pp. viii + 221. $79.95 hardcover. ISBN: 9780271066967. Maya Cultural Heritage: How Archaeologists and Indigenous Communities Engage the Past. By Patricia A. McAnany. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2016. Pp. ix + 245. $85.00 hardcover. ISBN: 9781442241275. Making Machu Picchu: The Politics of Tourism in Twentieth-Century Peru. By Mark Rice. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2018. Pp. xvi + 233. $29.95 paperback. ISBN: 9781469643533.
Season of Data Collection of Child Dietary Diversity Indicators May Affect Conclusions About Longer-Term Trends in Peru, Senegal, and Nepal.

Background The WHO-UNICEF minimum dietary diversity (MDD) indicator for children aged 6-23 mo is a global monitoring indicator used to track multi-year population-level changes in dietary quality, but the influence of seasonality on MDD estimates remains unclear. Objectives To examine how seasonality of data collection may influence population-level MDD estimates and inferences about MDD changes over multiple survey years. Methods We selected countries with 3 or more consecutive years of MDD data collection, including continuous national Demographic Health Surveys in Senegal (2012-2017; n = 12,183) and Peru (2005-2016; n = 35,272) and the Policy and Science for Health, Agriculture, and Nutrition sentinel site seasonal surveys (covering 3 seasons/y) in Nepal (2013-2016; n = 1309). The MDD prevalence (≥5 of 8 food groups) and an 8-item continuous Food Group Score (FGS) and 95% CIs were estimated by month and compared for lean and non-lean seasons using ordinary least squares regression with dummy variables for year. Results The national prevalence of MDD was higher in Peru (75.4%) than in Nepal (39.1%) or in Senegal (15.7%). Children in Peru were 1.8% (coefficient, -0.0179; 95% CI, -0.033 to -0.002) less likely to achieve MDD during the lean season. Similar seasonal magnitudes were observed in Senegal (coefficient, -0.0347; 95% CI, -0.058 to -0.011) and Nepal (coefficient, -0.0133; 95% CI, -0.107 to 0.081). The FGS was about 0.1 item lower during the lean season in all 3 countries. In comparison, MDD increased by an average rate of only 4.2 and 4.4 percentage points per 5 y in Peru and Senegal, respectively. Intakes of specific food groups were stable across months in all countries, with the provitamin A-rich food group exhibiting the most seasonality. Conclusions The magnitude of seasonal variation in MDD prevalence was smaller than expected but large relative to longer-term changes. If large-scale surveys are not conducted in the same season, biased conclusions about trends are possible.
Dietary Modification and Migraine Relief

Although many medications are currently available in the prevention and treatment of migraines, lifestyle modifications are still recommended to modify symptoms. The role of dietary and nutritional factors in causing as well as treating headache disorders has been widely studied. In this chapter, we review research related to common food triggers and IgG food sensitivity testing to prescribe an elimination diet. Prospective studies on various types of comprehensive diets such as the ketogenic diet, the modified Atkins diet, low glycemic index diet, and low-fat diet will also be summarized. Comprehensive diets do not require the exclusion of food triggers but the quantitative adjustment of micronutrients, protein, carbohydrates, and fats. Comorbid conditions such as obesity, irritable bowel syndrome, and celiac disease will be also examined in the context of migraines and studies on condition-specific dietary modifications evaluated. Finally, brain energy metabolism in migraineurs and its relationship to nutrient deficiencies will also be discussed in conjunction with the use of nutraceuticals and phytomedicine to improve migraine symptoms.
Introduction to the Special Series on Expanding the Focus

Within the pages of even this journal, some have interpreted Informing Science as the same as Information Systems. Others interpret it as the same as Information Science. It includes both of these and it is more. The field of Information Systems commonly focuses on the use of information technology to inform business managers, while the field of Information Science focuses on information retrieval, particularly as related to libraries. Informing Science includes these and all other fields that use information to inform clients.
A Compositional Semantics for Statecharts using Labeled Transition Systems

We characterize the statecharts step semantics of Pnueli and Shalev as a mapping Ψ from an inductively defined algebra of statecharts terms to a domain of labeled transition systems (LTSs). Statecharts equivalence =sc, i.e. LTS isomorphism, is shown not to be a congruence and hence the step semantics is not compositional. We define a new semantic mapping Ψ > to a domain of LTSs with a richer label structure, and show that LTS isomorphism in this domain is the largest congruence contained in =sc.
Mass and Length Scale of Black-Holes in Quasars and Active Galactic Nuclei

The mass M and the length scale R of black holes are deduced from the experimental data of variability times and luminosities of quasars and active galactic nuclei. A simple power law relation, M ~ R ~, emerges. As a possible explanation of the variability and of the relationship of M and R, oscillation of black holes is considered. The large luminosities (1040 ,'~ 1046 erg/sec) and relatively small variability times (102 ,-106 sec) of various kinds of quasars and active galactic nuclei AGN (Seyfert galaxies, x-ray and radio galaxies) suggest massive black holes (102 ,,~ 108M®) as the source of energy. In this article, a relation between the mass and the length scale of black holes is deduced from experimental data (Wandel and Mnshotzky 1986) on the variability time At and the x-ray luminosity Lx and a possible model for a black hole dynamics is put forward. A natural relationship between At, M and R is given by I R3 At = ~ 2GM' (1) where G is Newton's constant and ~ is a constant of order unity. The right hand side of eq. (1) is the time scale for collapse of a mass from a distance R into a heavy mass M. The amount of energy emitted in a variability time, LxAt, can be expressed as a fraction ~ of the available gravitational energy, GM 2 z x A t =,7 R ' (2) where ~ is given by 2AM ~ M A M and A R being the change of M and R in At. From eq. (1) and (2), it follows that A R R , (3) 3 logM = logAt + ~ log Lx + const (4) logR = logAt + 51log Lx + const (s)
Serious psychological distress as a barrier to dental care in community-dwelling adults in the United States.

Objectives To examine whether serious psychological distress (SPD), a nonspecific indicator of past year mental health problems, was associated with subsequent dental care utilization, dental expenditures, and unmet dental needs. Methods We analyzed data from panel 13 thru 15 of the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey -Household Component (n = 31,056). SPD was defined as a score of 13 or higher on the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K6). Logistic regression, zero-inflated negative binomial model, and generalized linear model (GLM) with a gamma distribution were used to test the study hypotheses. Results Adults with SPD had, in the subsequent year, 35 percent lower odds of adhering to annual dental checkups and a twofold increase in the odds of having unmet dental needs. Although adults with SPD did not have significantly more dental visits than those without SPD, they spent 20 percent more on dental care. Conclusions SPD was a modest independent risk factor for lack of subsequent preventive dental care, greater unmet dental needs, and greater dental expenditures. In addition to expanding adult dental coverage, it is important to develop and evaluate interventions to increase the utilization of dental care particularly preventive dental services among people with mental illness in order to improve oral health and reduce dental expenditures among this vulnerable population.
PET - priority encoding transmission

With the explosion of information highways, network heterogeneity becomes a major issue. It is a challenge to write universal multimedia applications that run over interconnected packet networks with many subnetworks of unevenly distributed resources (processing, bandwidth, storage, and congestion control policies, etc.). Applications generate bursty traffic in today’s packet networks, causing unavoidable congestion, delays and losses. Thus, for applications such as real-time mutimedia, it is desirable for information to be compressed and prioritized so that the application can degrade gracefully under adverse network conditions.
Effects of Iron Starvation on the Ultrastructure of the Cyanobacterium Agmenellum quadruplicatum

Abstract The effects of iron starvation on the ultrastructure of the unicellular cyanobacterium Agmenellum quadruplicatum were studied by using thin sectioning and transmission electron microscopy. Intracellular polysaccharide began to accumulate at the onset of iron limitation. This was followed by degradation of ribosomes and (later) degradation of the thylakoid membranes, both of which were virtually absent by 200 h. The thylakoids underwent structural modifications and rearrangements before they actually began to break down. Iron starvation did not appear to affect carboxysomes or the extracellular glyocalyx. On the other hand, polyphosphate bodies may have been partially degraded, and an electrontransparent gap eventually appeared between the cell wall and the cytoplasmic membrane. All of these changes were reversed when iron was added back to 200-h starved cultures. The sequence of ultrastructural changes observed during iron starvation clearly differed from those previously reported to occur during nitrogen, phosphorous, or carbon limitation.
Monitoring a complex physical system using a hybrid dynamic bayes net

The Reverse Water Gas Shift system (RWGS) is a complex physical system designed to produce oxygen from the carbon dioxide atmosphere on Mars. If sent to Mars, it would operate without human supervision, thus requiring a reliable automated system for monitoring and control. The RWGS presents many challenges typical of real-world systems, including: noisy and biased sensors, nonlinear behavior, effects that are manifested over different time granularities, and unobservability of many important quantities. In this paper we model the RWGS using a hybrid (discrete/continuous) Dynamic Bayesian Network (DBN), where the state at each time slice contains 33 discrete and 184 continuous variables. We show how the system state can be tracked using probabilistic inference over the model. We discuss how to deal with the various challenges presented by the RWGS, providing a suite of techniques that are likely to be useful in a wide range of applications. In particular, we describe a general framework for dealing with nonlinear behavior using numerical integration techniques, extending the successful Unscented Filter. We also show how to use a fixed-point computation to deal with effects that develop at different time scales, specifically rapid changes occurring during slowly changing processes. We test our model using real data collected from the RWGS, demonstrating the feasibility of hybrid DBNs for monitoring complex real-world physical systems.
A Comparison of Spiking Statistics in Motion Sensing Neurones of Flies and Monkeys

The information processing strategies employed by the brain are constrained by the reliability with which individual neurones encode external stimuli. If repeated presentations of a particular stimulus elicit extremely reliable responses, relatively few neurones are needed to provide an adequate representation of the stimulus. If, on the other hand, responses are highly variable, more neurones and additional processing stages (e.g. averaging) may be necessary to encode the stimulus with equal precision. In their article in this volume, Warzecha and Egelhaaf conclude provocatively that the motion sensing neurone, Hl, of the fly responds to stimuli with considerable reliability, a finding that stands in contrast to the highly variable responses of motion sensing neurones in the middle temporal visual area (MT) of the monkey cerebral cortex. This difference may make a great deal of sense. Invertebrate nervous systems contain far fewer neurones than those of vertebrates; accurate representation of the sensory world with a relatively small number of neurones may therefore be of great importance to invertebrates. Vertebrate nervous systems, on the other hand, may sacrifice fidelity at the single neurone level to obtain the increased computational power afforded by a more densely interconnected nervous system. Because of the explosion of neurone number in the vertebrate central nervous system, fidelity sacrificed at the single neurone level may be preserved by redundant representation and signal averaging (Buracas et al. 1998; Shadlen and Newsome 1998).
Validation of an audio computer-assisted self-interview (ACASI) version of the alcohol, smoking and substance involvement screening test (ASSIST) in primary care patients.

Background and aims To address barriers to implementing the Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST) in medical settings, we adapted the traditional interviewer-administered (IA) ASSIST to an audio-guided computer assisted self-interview (ACASI) format. This study sought to validate the ACASI ASSIST by estimating the concordance, correlation and agreement of scores generated using the ACASI versus the reference standard IA ASSIST. Secondary aims were to assess feasibility and compare ASSIST self-report to drug testing results. Design Participants completed the ACASI and IA ASSIST in a randomly assigned order, followed by drug testing. Setting Urban safety-net primary care clinic in New York City, USA. Participants A total of 393 adult patients. Measurements Scores generated by the ACASI and IA ASSIST; drug testing results from saliva and hair samples. Findings Concordance between the ACASI and IA ASSIST in identifying moderate-high-risk use was 92-99% for each substance class. Correlation was excellent for global scores [intraclass correlation (ICC) = 0.937, confidence interval (CI) = 0.924-0.948] and for substance-specific scores for tobacco (ICC = 0.927, CI = 0.912-0.940), alcohol (ICC = 0.912, CI = 0.893-0.927) and illicit drugs (ICC = 0.854, CI = 0.854-0.900) and good for prescription drugs (ICC = 0.676, CI = 0.613-0.729). Ninety-four per cent of differences in global scores fell within anticipated limits of agreement. Among participants with a positive saliva test, 74% self-reported use on the ACASI ASSIST. The ACASI ASSIST required a median time of 3.7 minutes (range 0.7-15.4), and 21 (5.3%) participants requested assistance. Conclusions The computer self-administered Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test appears to be a valid alternative to the interviewer-administered approach for identifying substance use in primary care patients.
Neutron and temperature-resolved synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction study of akaganéite

Rietveld refinements using neutron powder diffraction data were used to locate H atom positions and obtain a more precise crystal structure refinement for akaganeite [Fe3+7.6Ni2+0.4O6.35(OH)9.65Cl1.25· n H2O]. Difference Fourier maps clearly showed H atoms positions near those O atoms at the midpoints of the tunnel edges. The O-H vectors point toward the Cl sites at the center of the tunnel, and weak hydrogen bonds likely form between the framework O atoms and Cl. The Cl position is near the center of a prism defined by the eight hydroxyl H atoms. The Cl atoms fill ~ 2/3 of the tunnel sites, suggesting an ordering scheme in a given tunnel with every third tunnel site vacant. Such an arrangement allows the Cl anions to increase their separation distance along a tunnel by displacing away from one another toward their respective adjacent vacancies. The Fe-O octahedra in akaganeite are distorted with Fe-(O, OH) distances ranging from 1.94 to 2.13 A and show three longer and three shorter Fe-O distances; as expected the longer distances are associated with the OH− anions. Temperature-resolved synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction data and Rietveld refinements were used to investigate changes in the akaganeite structure and its transformation into hematite as it was heated from 26 to 800 ° C. Rietveld refinements revealed surprising consistency in all unit-cell parameters between room temperature and ~ 225 ° C, resulting in nearly zero thermal expansion of the akaganeite structure over a 200 ° C interval. Above ~225 ° C, the unit-cell volume gradually decreased, primarily in response to decreases in c and b , and an increase in the β angle. The a parameter remained nearly constant until ~ 225 ° C and increased thereafter. Akaganeite started to transform to hematite in the temperature range 290 to 310 ° C with no evidence for maghemite as an intermediate phase.
Future of Crisis Communication

This chapter explores the future of international crisis communication. The interest in international crisis communication continues to increase. International business, typified by long supply chains, continues to create potential international crises. Moreover, the social media adds to the need to improve our understanding of international crisis communication. This chapter is about forecasting the future of crisis communication. The forecaster draws upon data from the past and the present to make claims about outcomes that have yet to be observed—the future. Forecasting itself is a precarious undertaking because it is speculative. A forecast maybe grounded in data but the extrapolations from that data involve speculation. Speculation runs the risk of being inaccurate because it is far from an exact science. Hence, any forecast runs the risk of being inaccurate. You appreciate this point if you have ever heard a weather forecast predicting a sunny day only to be drenched by rain. My challenge is to craft a glimpse into the probable future of crisis communication. The future of crisis communication plotted in this chapter is predicated upon existing trends that should increasingly influence the development of crisis communication as both a practice and a research area. The chapter is divided into three sections. The first section examines the international demands of crisis communication. This section expands upon arguments I made in 2008 and utilizes extant research to support this continued projection. The second section examines the influence of digital communication channels. The focus will be on the rise of social media and the implications for crisis communication. The concluding section synthesizes the first two sections to provide a highlight of the forecast for the future of crisis communication.
Some Field Studies of the Correlation Between Electromagnetic and Direct Current Measurements of Ground Resistivity

Electromagnetic (em) and direct-current (d-c) methods of measuring ground resistivity have been compared at permafrost and nonpermafrost sites. The em methods utilized the principles of magnetic induction and plane wave surface impedance. Layered ground models were derived from the d-c sounding data, and the theoretical values of the em methods for these models were compared with the em field results. Both em methods correlated well with the d-c data in the two cases of simple, multilayered ground of large extent. In several cases of resistive inhomogeneities, the magnetic induction data correlated well with the d-c data. In one case of a resistive inhomogeneity, the surface impedance responded well only qualitatively and may have given some false indications of resistive substructure. It appears that in all cases where the volume of exploration was comparable, there was reasonable correlation. It is estimated that the standard data analysis procedure which assumes layering of infinite extent will apply well for the surface impedance method when disturbances in the local layering are greater than a skin depth away from the point of measurement; and for the magnetic induction method when disturbances in the layering are at a distance from the interloop axis that is greater than the interloop separation.
Proteomic identification of heat shock protein 90 as a candidate target for p53 mutation reactivation by PRIMA-1 in breast cancer cells

A loss of p53 function resulting from mutation is prevalent in human cancers. Thus, restoration of p53 function to mutant p53 using small compounds has been extensively studied for cancer therapy. We previously reported that PRIMA-1 (for 'p53 reactivation and induction of massive apoptosis') restored the transcriptional activity of p53 target genes in breast cancer cells with a p53 mutation. By using functional proteomics approach, we sought to identify molecular targets that are involved in the restoration of normal function to mutant p53. PRIMA-1 treated cell lysates were subjected to immunoprecipitation with DO-1 primary antibody against p53 protein, and proteins bound to p53 were separated on a denaturing gel. Bands expressed differentially between control and PRIMA-1-treated cells were then identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time-of-flight spectrometry. Protein expression in whole cell lysates and nuclear extracts were confirmed by Western blotting. The effect of combined treatment of PRIMA-1 and adriamycin in breast cancer cells was determined with a cytotoxicity assay in vitro. PRIMA-1 treated cells distinctly expressed a protein band of 90 kDa that was identified as heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) by the analysis of the 90 kDa band tryptic digest. Immunoblotting with isoform-specific antibodies against Hsp90 identified this band as the α isoform of Hsp90 (Hsp90α). Co-immunoprecipitation with anti-Hsp90α antibody followed by immunoblotting with DO-1 confirmed that p53 and Hsp90α were interacting proteins. PRIMA-1 treatment also resulted in the translocation of Hsp90α to the nucleus by 8 hours. Treatment of cells with PRIMA-1 alone or in combination with adriamycin, a DNA-targeted agent, resulted in increased sensitivity of tumor cells. The studies demonstrate that PRIMA-1 restores the p53-Hsp90α interaction, enhances the translocation of the p53-Hsp90α complex and reactivates p53 transcriptional activity. Our preliminary evidence also suggests that PRIMA-1 could be considered in combination therapy with DNA-targeted agents for the treatment of breast cancer, especially for tumors with aberrant p53 function.
Groove guide and H-guide: Supplementary information

Interest in groove guide and H-guide for application at millimeter waves is considerable at present. Hitherto unpublished material dealing with these waveguides is presented. The early history, patent applications, drawings and prototypes are described.
P-726 - Exploring the impact of countertransference on geriatric patients

Introduction Countertransference encompasses the complex feelings of a psychotherapist toward their patient. It can also be conceptualized as a tool that a psychiatrist can access to assist in the diagnosis and treatment of their patients. As countertransference is very personal and individual to each psychiatrist, its impact on diagnosis, treatment and patient safety is difficult to measure, despite the important role it plays in each patient's care. The case of interest is a 74 year old woman with a past psychiatric history significant for major depressive disorder and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder who initially presented to the outpatient clinic for medication refills of citalopram and methylphenidate and found to have a cognitive disorder. Objectives Behavioral health care professionals will be able to discuss countertransference and its impact on the diagnosis, treatment and safety of geriatric patients. They will also be able to identify and examine the complex factors that contribute to countertransference in treating geriatric psychiatry patients. Aims Educate behavioral health care providers and stimulate discussion of the occurrence of countertransference and its impact on diagnosis, treatment and safety of geriatric patients. Methods Use case-based approach and literature review to achieve objectives and aims above. Results Countertransference impacts diagnosis, treatment and safety in geriatric patients. Conclusions Behavioral health care providers must remain vigilant in self-evaluation and seeking supervision when treating geriatric patients.
Relation of time course of plasma nitroglycerin levels to echocardiographic, arterial pressure and heart rate changes after sublingual administration of nitroglycerin

Despite the widespread use of nitroglycerin, a relation between plasma nitroglycerin concentrations and the associated cardiovascular effects has not been well established. It was hypothesized that nitroglycerin levels may help predict the hemodynamic responses. With use of a recently developed nitroglycerin assay technique, the relation between the time course of plasma nitroglycerin levels and echocardiographic changes after sublingual administration of 0.6 mg of the drug was evaluated in 12 normal volunteers. Mean plasma nitroglycerin levels were maximal at 2 (1.1 +/- 0.3 ng/ml) and 5 (1.4 +/- 0.6 ng/ml) minutes, when the changes in mean heart rate (+17 +/- 7 and +12 +/- 3 min-1) and decreases in echocardiographic left ventricular diastolic (-4.2 +/- 0.8 mm at 5 minutes) and systolic (-3.1 +/- 0.6 mm at 5 minutes) dimensions were also maximal. Parallel changes were noted in left atrial dimension, ventricular velocity of circumferential fiber shortening and systolic blood pressure, but not in diastolic blood pressure. These findings demonstrate the existence of a close relation between plasma nitroglycerin levels and variables that reflect the known responses to this drug.
Influence of Landscape-Scale Factors in Limiting Brook Trout Populations in Pennsylvania Streams

Abstract Landscapes influence the capacity of streams to produce trout through their effect on water chemistry and other factors at the reach scale. Trout abundance also fluctuates over time; thus, to thoroughly understand how spatial factors at landscape scales affect trout populations, one must assess the changes in populations over time to provide a context for interpreting the importance of spatial factors. We used data from the Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission's fisheries management database to investigate spatial factors that affect the capacity of streams to support brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis and to provide models useful for their management. We assessed the relative importance of spatial and temporal variation by calculating variance components and comparing relative standard errors for spatial and temporal variation. We used binary logistic regression to predict the presence of harvestable-length brook trout and multiple linear regression to assess the mechanistic links between landsc...
Thin and thick film electrochemical CO2 sensors

Abstract Thin and thick film electrochemical CO 2 -sensors were constructed by incorporating a sodium ion conductor like NASICON or β-alumina with a solid, gas sensitive layer such as Na 2 CO 3 as measuring electrode. Our results confirmed, in accordance with works published by Maruyama et al. that the EMF of the cell depends logarithmically on the CO 2 partial pressure in a CO 2 /O 2 gas mixture. For the practical use, however, stability, sensitivity and selectivity of the sensors should still be improved.