cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Democracy, Gender Equality, and Customary Law: Constitutionalizing Internal Cultural Disruption

Customary law often includes gender discriminatory rules that violate women’s rights under constitutional equality guarantees. Dialogic democracy theory offers valuable tools that can help a legal system both to protect customary law and to protect the equality of its women citizens. By focusing on the need for challenge and on the dialogue within the cultural community, the legal system can create incentives and conditions to support the capacity of women to shape the customary law of their own communities. This approach is necessary because legal rights for women, when imposed by the larger society, often result in backlash within minority communities. In the long run, the structural inequality of women cannot be addressed by legal rights alone, but must be addressed by programs that seek to give women the power within their communities to achieve their own equality.
Tone Sandhi in Saramaccan : A case of substrate transfer?

This paper examines high tone sandhi in Saramaccan, an Atlantic creole spoken in the Surinamese interior, as described by Voorhoeve (1961) and Rountree (1972a). In particular, a comparison is drawn with a similar tonal phenomenon in the Anlo dialect of Ewe (Ghana: Western Gbe) as reported by Clements (1978). Tone sandhi domains in both languages are argued to be delineated by the left edges of maximal projection edges in the syntax. Cross-linguistic work on edge-based mapping relations between syntax and phonology (e.g., Clements, 1978; Selkirk, 1986; Chen, 1987; Odden, 1987) has shown that the shape as well as the use of syntactically-derived prosodic domains varies widely. Similarities as well as differences between Anlo Ewe and Saramaccan tone sandhi environments are examined in light of the sub-stratist and universalist hypotheses of creole genesis, leading to the conclusion that a less polemic view, such as that suggested by Mufwene (1986), provides the best account.
Prevalence of Dirofilaria immitis, Ehrlichia canis, and Borrelia burgdorferi in pet dogs, racing greyhounds, and shelter dogs in Florida

Arthropod vectors of canine infectious diseases are present throughout Florida. Since crowded housing has the potential to bring vectors and infected dogs into close proximity, it is possible that prevalence of infection is higher in intensely housed dogs. In this study, the seroprevalence of Dirofilaria immitis, Ehrlichia canis, and Borrelia burgdorferi in dogs residing in two types of intensive housing, greyhound kennels and animal shelters, was compared to dogs residing in low-intensity housing, private homes. Serum was collected from a cross-section of 1500 adult dogs from Florida, including 500 pet dogs referred to the Veterinary Medical Center of the College of Veterinary Medicine at the University of Florida, 500 racing greyhounds, and 500 dogs residing in animal shelters. Serum was tested for D. immitis antigen, E. canis antibodies, and B. burgdorferi antibodies by ELISA. Seroprevalence of D. immitis was significantly higher (14.6%) in shelter dogs and in pet dogs (1.4%) than in racing greyhounds (0.2%) (P<0.04). There were no significant differences in the seroprevalence of E. canis (0.4-1.6%) or B. burgdorferi (0-0.8%) among the groups. There was no association of sex or age with D. immitis infection, but pit bull type dogs were more than twice as likely to be infected than other breeds (P=0.003). Evidence for vector-borne infections, particularly D. immitis, was found in dogs throughout the state. The prevalence was greatest for D. immitis infection in shelter dogs, likely due to lack of preventive medications prior to impoundment. Although heartworm infection is considered to be a treatable condition, insufficient resources in shelters may lead to euthanasia of infected dogs that would otherwise be considered adoptable.
A computer-controlled vapor-dilution olfactometer

A computer-controlled olfactometer with several innovations leading to closer control over the stimulus parameters and minimization of nonolfactory cues is presented. A microcomputer is used to control the stimulus duration and interstimulus interval. Electronic mass flow con-trollers are employed to maintain close control over the flow in the pure air line and the stimulus-bearing line. Both humidity and temperature are closely regulated. Using a nasal catheter, this stimulus delivery system coupled with velopharyngeal closure and oral breathing permits accurate specification of the quantity of stimulus material actually entering a subject’s nares. The design is such that the computer programming, patch panel interface, and threaded tubing allow versatility in the type of olfactometric study that can be conducted. This system is amenable for threshold, electrophysiological, and sensory adaptation studies of olfaction.
2‐Gb/s all‐optical serial digital‐to‐analog converter

A fiber-optic combined serial-to-parallel and digital-to-analog converter is proposed and demonstrated. The system is based on bit interleaving and cross-gain modulation in a semiconductor optical amplifier. The demonstrated 3-bit digital converter operates at 2 Gb/s, however, the proposed architecture could be easily modified to operate at higher bit-rates. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 51: 1561–1565, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.24397
Bayesian metrics for comparing response surface models of data with uncertainty

For many optimization applications a complicated computational simulation is replaced with a simpler response surface model. These models are built by fitting a limited number of evaluations of the full simulation with a simple function that captures the trends in the evaluated data. In many cases the values of the data at the evaluation points have some uncertainty. This paper uses Bayesian model selection to derive two objective metrics that can be used to determine which response surface model provides the most appropriate representation of the evaluated data given the associated uncertainty. These metrics are shown to be consistent with modelling intuition based on Occam's principle. The uncertainty may be due to numerical error, approximations, uncertain input conditions, or to higher order effects in the simulation that do not need to be fit by the response surface. Two metrics, Q and G, are derived in this paper. The metric Q assumes that a good estimate of the simulation uncertainty is available. The metric G assumes the uncertainty, although present, is unknown. Application of these metrics in one and two dimensions are demonstrated.
Do social attribution skills improve with age in children with high functioning autism spectrum disorders

Abstract Age-related changes in social attribution skills were assessed using the “Triangles Playing Tricks” task in 7–17 year old high functioning children with ASDs (n = 41) and in typically developing (TD) children (n = 58) matched on age, IQ, and sex ratio. Children with ASDs gave responses that received lower intentionality and appropriateness ratings than did TD children in both the goal-directed and theory of mind (ToM) conditions. Results remained unchanged when the effects of verbal output (i.e., number of clause produced) and verbal IQ were included as covariates in the analyses. Whereas age was highly associated with ToM performance in the TD children, this relationship was not as strong among children with ASDs. These results indicate not only a diminished tendency among high functioning children with ASDs to attribute social meaning and intentionality to ambiguous visual displays of interactive forms but also an aberrant developmental trajectory. That is, children with ASDs may fall further behind their typically developing peers in social attribution abilities as they get older.
Furrow Diking Effects on Yield of Dryland Grain Sorghum and Winter Wheat

Dryland sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production in areas where a large fraction of the annual rainfall is received during the fallow period may be improved by rain-conserving practices. Furrow diking mainly during the growing season has been shown to improve crop production by conserving rainfall in many parts of the Southern Great Plains. The objectives of this study were to determine whether seasonal or year-round furrow diking increases dryland yields of sorghum and wheat, to test the yield advantage of planting sorghum and wheat on a flat seedbed or on beds, and to analyze the dependence of yield on rainfall [...]
North is up(hill): Route planning heuristics in real-world environments

Navigators use both external cues and internal heuristics to help them plan efficient routes through environments. In six experiments, we discover and seek the origin of a novel heuristic that causes participants to preferentially choose southern rather than northern routes during map-based route planning. Experiment 1 demonstrates that participants who are tasked to choose between two equal-length routes, one going generally north and one south, show reliable decision preferences toward the southern option. Experiment 2 demonstrates that participants produce a southern preference only when instructed to adopt egocentric rather than allocentric perspectives during route planning. In Experiments 3-5, we examined participants’ judgments of route characteristics and found that judgments of route length and preferences for upper relative to lower path options do not contribute to the southern route preference. Rather, the southern route preference appears to be a result of misperceptions of increased elevation to the north (i.e., north is up). Experiment 6 further supports this finding by demonstrating that participants provide greater time estimates for north- than for equivalent south-going routes when planning travel between U.S. cities. Results are discussed with regard to predicting wayfinding behavior, the mental simulation of action, and theories of spatial cognition and navigation.
Optimum loading for GT/MRP manufacturing systems

Abstract A hierarchical planning procedure to utilize the potential advantages of coexistence of Group Technology (GT) and Material Requirement Planning (MRP) systems is presented. In addition, a multi-period linear programming model is proposed to determine the minimum cost loading schedule of manufacturing cells used in batch production environment. The proposed model provides the optimum work force for each cell over the planning horizon.
Similar solutions of turbulent boundary layer heat and mass transfer problems

Abstract It is shown that similar solutions of certain turbulent boundary layer heat and mass transfer problems can be obtained when the thermal and diffusion layers lie within the constant shear layer, as is the case when Prandtl and Schmidt numbers are large. Closed form solutions are obtained for the problems of heat transfer from an isothermal surface, mass transfer with a finite interfacial velocity, and heat transfer from a surface having a particular temperature distribution. A comparison of experimental duct heat transfer data with Spalding functions calculated with each of Spalding's laws of the wall shows that one of the laws is significantly superior to the other.
A progressively censored sequential likelihood ratio test for general parametric hypotheses

In life testing problems as in those arising from clinical trials, one is interested in the survival distribution function. In the case of several covariables affecting survival, one is still interested in the survival distribution as a function of the covariables, not in the parameters themselves that determine how the covariables enter into the model. Sequential procedures utilize information from the already collected observations and allow for a possible early termination of experimentation with a concurrent savings in time, cost and lives. In the present work a suitable maximum likelihood based sequential testing procedure for functions of unknown parameters is developed for time sequential observations from an underlying distribution of known form. The theoretical operating characteristic (OC) and average sample number (ASN) functions are derived for local alternatives by approximating the distribution of the test statistic with linear combinations of the standard Wiener process. Simulation studies ...
The size and topographic arrangement of retinal ganglion cells in the galago

Abstract The distribution and sizes of ganglion cells in the retinae of two species of the nocturnal prosimian primate galago were investigated. The distribution of ganglion cells in both species is not uniform, ranging from 12,000 cells/mm 2 in the area centralis to 300 cells/mm 2 in the periphery. Isodensity contours also reveal specialized areas of high ganglion cell density forming a cruciform pattern around the area centralis with horizontal and vertical extensions oriented approximately along the zero meridians. Analysis of cell areas demonstrates that the central area contains exclusively small to medium-sized cells (25–90 μ 2 ) with large cells (>100 μ 2 ) first appearing approximately 1 mm from the area centralis.
Risk Factors for Early Failure of Surgical Amputations: An Analysis of 8,878 Isolated Lower Extremity Amputation Procedures

Background There are very few data currently published on risk factors for early failure of lower extremity amputation procedures. Study Design All patients from the 2005−2010 American College of Surgeons NSQIP database who underwent isolated lower extremity amputation were included for analysis (excluding patients with earlier operation within 30 days, patients undergoing an open amputation, and patients undergoing another procedure during amputation). Multivariate logistic regression was used to determine predictors of early amputation failure (defined as need for reoperation within 30 days postoperatively) after adjustment for a number of preoperative and intraoperative variables. Results A total of 8,878 patients were included for analysis (4,258 below-knee amputations [BKA]; 3,415 above-knee amputations; and 1,205 transmetatarsal amputations). Overall rate of early amputation failure was 12.7% (12.6% for BKA, 8.1% for above-knee amputations, and 26.4% for transmetatarsal amputations; p Conclusions Increased operative time and heightened supervision of participating surgical trainees can decrease the risk of early amputation failure. In addition, specific clinical situations, such as sepsis or emergency procedures, should prompt vascular surgeons to consider either an open amputation procedure or a more proximal closed amputation.
The effect of changing scatterer positions on acoustic time-reversal refocusing in a 2D urban environment at low frequencies

In a previous work, we considered time-reversal refocusing for localizing a sound source in a highly reverberant urban environment with non-line-of-sight (NLOS) receivers. The approach involved a virtual (computer-based) time-reversal propagation calculation using a priori knowledge of the receiver and scatterer positions. Among the errors that affect the quality of refocusing is the imperfect accuracy of the assumed scatterer locations. Some practical analogues of changing scatterer positions are (a) the building coordinate errors (or mistakes) and (b) the random movement of vehicles on the street of an urban setting. We address these issues by conducting a time-reversal analysis of a set of numerically generated synthetic acoustic pressure recordings after intentionally introducing errors by altering the position of the scatterers. The numerical experiment results indicate that, for a realistically complicated urban setting, coordinate errors in the position of only a few scatterers have little detrimental effect. The effect of coordinate errors in one or a few scatterers is suppressed by the constraints imposed by correct propagation features (both kinematic and dynamic) generated by multiple reflections and diffractions from other precisely located scatterers. The dependence of source localization accuracy on the relative error in scatterer coordinates, the relative number of scatterers with coordinate errors and the number of receivers is quantitatively assessed in this paper. In general, time-reversal refocusing with a large number of receivers can compensate for more severe errors. Even for only three non-line-of-sight receivers, building location errors in the order of 3 m still give good results. Adding small scatterers (like vehicles) close to a receiver is more critical than adding scatterers relatively far from the receivers.
Deoxycholyltaurine Rescues Human Colon Cancer Cells From Apoptosis by Activating EGFR-Dependent PI3K/Akt Signaling

Recent studies indicate that secondary bile acids promote colon cancer cell proliferation but their role in maintaining cell survival has not been explored. We found that deoxycholyltaurine (DCT) markedly attenuated both unstimulated and TNF-alpha-stimulated programmed cell death in colon cancer cells by a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-dependent mechanism. To examine the role of bile acids and PI3K signaling in maintaining colon cancer cell survival, we explored the role of signaling downstream of bile acid-induced activation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in regulating both apoptosis and proliferation of HT-29 and H508 human colon cancer cells. DCT caused dose- and time-dependent Akt (Ser(473)) phosphorylation, a commonly used marker of activated PI3K/Akt signaling. Both EGFR kinase and PI3K inhibitors attenuated DCT-induced Akt phosphorylation and Akt activation, as demonstrated by reduced phosphorylation of a GSK-3-paramyosin substrate. Transfection of HT-29 cells with kinase-dead EGFR (K721M) reduced DCT-induced Akt phosphorylation. In HT-29 cells, EGFR and PI3K inhibitors as well as transfection with dominant negative AKT attenuated DCT-induced cell proliferation. DCT-induced PI3K/Akt activation resulted in downstream phosphorylation of GSK-3 (Ser(21/9)) and BAD (Ser(136)), and nuclear translocation (activation) of NF-kappaB, thereby confirming that DCT-induced activation of PI3K/Akt signaling regulates both proproliferative and prosurvival signals. Collectively, these results indicate that DCT-induced activation of post-EGFR PI3K/Akt signaling stimulates both colon cancer cell survival and proliferation.
Parametric Equations of State for Fluids near the Critical Point

Parametric equations of state near the critical point of fluids are discussed with emphasis on their physical implications and potential applications. Two specific phenomenological proposals in which the "distance" parameter is directly related to singular thermodynamic functions are studied. One of these is shown to be obtainable from a general equation of state in which the isothermal compressibility is used as a scaling factor. Both proposals are found to be in agreement with the $\mathrm{PVT}$ data on ${\mathrm{He}}^{4}$ and ${\mathrm{He}}^{3}$. Consistency checks between $\mathrm{PVT}$ and specific-heat data on these fluids are made using the parametric equations.
Measurement and interpretation of AC susceptibility and loss in high-temperature superconductors

Intrinsic and hysteretic AC losses were investigated in high-temperature superconductors. A quantum design physical property measurement system magnetometer was used to measure AC susceptibility as a function of magnetic field, frequency, temperature and field history. Three types of loss mechanisms were observed and each associated with a different loss peak on the imaginary component of the AC susceptibility: the intrinsic, the intergranular and the intragranular peaks. The peaks were observed to change systematically with temperature and magnetic field, either in polycrystalline or single crystals. YBCO polycrystalline samples were prepared by three different techniques: solid-state synthesis, melt-process melt-growth and freeze-dried and studied both as bulk and powder samples. LSCO and BSCCO-2223 single crystals were studied and compared to polycrystalline samples.
Studies on the mechanism of ethambutol-induced hyperuricemia.

The effect of ethambutol on uric acid metabolism was assessed in 14 patients, 8 with gout and 6 with tuberculosis. This antituberculous agent produces hyperuricemia by decreasing the renal clearance of uric acid. Although the exact mechanism responsible for this effect of ethambutol remains undefined, several characteristics were observed which distinguish the effect of this drug from that of other agents which produce hyperuricemia by altering the renal handling of uric acid.
SPINTRONIC DEVICES AND CIRCUITS FOR LOW-VOLTAGE LOGIC

This paper describes the design of digital logic circuits composed exclusively from magnetic devices. The logic level of a signal is embedded in the direction of steered currents, not voltages. The currents are steered by small (e.g., 2-3x) resistance changes. Sub-100 mV pulsed voltages power and synchronize the circuits. Logic gates are non-volatile, allowing for fully-pipelined logic that can achieve ultra-low energy for design examples.
Polymer impregnation and pyrolysis process development for improving thermal conductivity of SiCp/SiC–PIP matrix fabrication

The polymer impregnation and pyrolysis (PIP) method is optimized to consolidate particulates, and to produce a continuous SiC network to yield high thermal conductivity monoliths from particulates. The process as presently employed, consists of impregnating a polymeric precursor into a cast sample or a pressed pellet, pyrolyzing, and crystallizing at high temperature to a final form. The use of gas pressure in the polymer impregnation step was found essential to improve the density of the matrix, provided that the nature of the gas and the pressure applied were optimized. Thermal conductivity of this matrix indicated that higher crystallization temperatures improve the conductivity by removing impurities and increasing crystallite size. The impregnation process also permits bonding of solids to produce complex engineering shapes if high temperature crystallization is possible.
Classifications of bundle connection pairs by parallel translation and lassos

Abstract Let M be a connected manifold and G be a closed Lie subgroup of GL(V)—the general linear group on a finite dimensional vector space V. Denote by ( Ω m ) the space of H1-loops in M starting at a fixed point (m). Let M be the set of P ϵ C ∞ (Ω m , G) , modulo conjugation by an element of G, such that P(στ) = P(σ) P(τ) for σ, τ ϵ Ω m (στ is the concatenation of the loops σ and τ), P(σ′) = P(σ) if σ′ is reparameterization of σ, and the differential of P satisfies a “locality” condition. It is shown that the bundle connection pairs (E, ▽) (up to equivalence), with structure group G and fiber V, are in one to one correspondence with M —a similar result has been announced by Kobayashi. The correspondence is induced by the parallel translation operators of connections. Furthermore, if the manifold (M) is simply connected, then the space of bundle connection pairs can be classified by a collection of Lie algebra valued 1-forms on the manifold Ω m (called integrated lassos). These 1-forms are related to the differentials of elements of M . This last result generalizes Weil's characterization of U(1)—line bundle connection pairs by the curvature 2-form. It is also a generalization of Gross' results to base manifolds (M) other than R n.
Rab32 is an A-kinase anchoring protein and participates in mitochondrial dynamics.

A-kinase anchoring proteins (AKAPs) tether the cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) and other signaling enzymes to distinct subcellular organelles. Using the yeast two-hybrid approach, we demonstrate that Rab32, a member of the Ras superfamily of small molecular weight G-proteins, interacts directly with the type II regulatory subunit of PKA. Cellular and biochemical studies confirm that Rab32 functions as an AKAP inside cells. Anchoring determinants for PKA have been mapped to sites within the conserved α5 helix that is common to all Rab family members. Subcellular fractionation and immunofluorescent approaches indicate that Rab32 and a proportion of the cellular PKA pool are associated with mitochondria. Transient transfection of a GTP binding–deficient mutant of Rab32 promotes aberrant accumulation of mitochondria at the microtubule organizing center. Further analysis of this mutant indicates that disruption of the microtubule cytoskeleton results in aberrantly elongated mitochondria. This implicates Rab32 as a participant in synchronization of mitochondrial fission. Thus, Rab32 is a dual function protein that participates in both mitochondrial anchoring of PKA and mitochondrial dynamics.
Ultra-rapid quantitative isolation of specific transfer ribonucleic acids. A solid-phase method.

Summary The following procedure is used in a rapid isolation of a specific (isoacceptor) tRNA from a mixture of deacylated tRNAs: (1) Acylation with the amino acid corresponding to the desired specific tRNA (2) Reaction of the specifically acylated tRNA with a new bi-functional reagent (PAMBSYL) (3) Binding of the pambsylated tRNA to a sulfhydryl-containing resin (4) Release of the specific tRNA from the resin after removal of the non-reacted tRNA. Steps 3 and 4 can be carried out in 20 min. One ml of the resin can bind approximately 200 mg of reacted tRNA.
Myocardial Biopsy in Dogs

Full-thickness biopsies of ventricular dog myocardium, beating and in arrest, have been studied by conventional fixation (immersion in fixative solution), by the use of cryostat sections thawed on slides, and by freeze drying of tissue blocks. Three types of artifacts were found and could be related (1) to cutting into the beating heart, (2) to thawing of frozen sections on slides, and (3) to the failure of fixative solutions to immobilize still reactive myocardium immediately. The method described yields a biopsy specimen of sufficient diameter to delineate the cutting artifacts. For histological preparation freeze drying appears to be the method of choice.
Amino Acid Intake of Chickens: Effects of Feeding Excess Amino Acids

Abstract The voluntary preference of the chick was observed for amino acids and energy, while it was fed adequate intakes of all other nutrients. Excessive levels of various amino acids were present in a 13.8% protein synthetic basal diet. In contrast, other chicks fed the basal diet in two parts, namely, soy protein plus amino acids and glucose monohydrate plus amino acids, consumed 2.19% less total amino acids and 3.92% less total energy than the chicks fed the complete basal diet. These chicks utilized significantly less protein per gram of gain than the chicks fed the complete basal diet.
Symptomatic ureteric triplex in a child

We describe a case of a triplex system in a 4-year-old girl that was associated with a ureterocele and vesicoureteric reflux and causing symptomatic culture-proven urinary tract infections. Undetected on preoperative ultrasound imaging and micturating cystourethrogram, this was discovered at the time of a planned left heminephrectomy. The redundant system having been removed the patient is now asymptomatic.
Response Variance Reduction of a Nonlinear Mechanical System via Sliding Mode Control

An analysis ofa target tracking mechanical system subject to random base excitations is presented in this paper. Sliding mode controls are proposed to minimize the random error of target tracking. Two special cases are studied. In the first case, it is assumed that all the system parameters are known and the state variables are measurable. A sliding mode control is then determined. This highly idealized example reveals the effect of sliding mode control parameters on the reduction of response variance and provides a benchmark for designing a robust controller that deals with systems with unknown parameters. The second case deals with a robust sliding mode control where some parameters of the system are assumed to fall in a known range of values. The proposed controls are proven stable in the mean square sense. The statistical aspects of the controlled system are studied by considering the first and second order moments of the state variables. The equations for these moments are derived and solved by using the method of Gaussian closure in order to investigate the variance reduction performance of the controls.
Self-assembly of Escherichia coli MutL and its complexes with DNA.

The Escherichia coli MutL protein regulates the activity of several enzymes, including MutS, MutH, and UvrD, during methyl-directed mismatch repair of DNA. We have investigated the self-association...
Pushing Back the Gates: Neighborhood Perspectives on University-Driven Revitalization in West Philadelphia by Harley F. Etienne

Harley F. Etienne, Pushing Back the Gates: Neighborhood Perspectives on University-Driven Revitalization in West Philadelphia (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2012).Many universities in the ...
Self-diagnosis of damage in fibrous composites using electrical resistance measurements

The objective of this research was to develop a practical integrated approach using extracted features from electrical resistance measurements and coupled electromechanical models of damage, for in situ damage detection and sensing in carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) composite structures. To achieve this objective, we introduced specific known damage (in terms of type, size, and location) into CFRP laminates and established quantitative relationships with the electrical resistance measurements. For processing of numerous measurement data, an autonomous data acquisition system was devised. We also established a specimen preparation procedure and a method for electrode setup. Coupon and panel CFRP laminate specimens with several known damage were tested and post-processed with the measurement data. Coupon specimens with various sizes of artificial delaminations obtained by inserting Teflon film were manufactured and the resistance was measured. The measurement results showed that increase of delamination size led to increase of resistance implying that it is possible to sense the existence and size of delamination. Encouraged by the results of coupon specimens, we implemented the measurement system on panel specimens. Three different quasi-isotropic panels were designed and manufactured: a panel with artificial delamination by inserting Teflon film at the midplane, a panel with artificial delamination by inserting Teflon film between the second and third plies from the surface, and an undamaged panel. The first two panels were designed to determine the feasibility of detecting delamination using the developed measurement system. The third panel had no damage at first, and then three different sizes of holes were drilled at a chosen location. Panels were prepared using the established procedures with six electrode connections on each side making a total of twenty-four electrode connections for a panel. All possible pairs of electrodes were scanned and the resistance was measured for each pair. The measurement results showed the possibility of the established measurement system for an in-situ damage detection method for CFRP composite structures.
SU-E-T-633: To Evaluate Dosemetric Differences of IMRT Lung Plans Generated from RayStation Multi-Criteria Optimization (MCO) and Pinnacle Direct Machine Parameters Optimization (DMPO).

Purpose: To evaluate dosimetric differences of IMRTlung plans generated from RayStation× Multi‐Criteria Optimization (MCO) and Pinnacle Direct Machine Parameters Optimization (DMPO) Methods: Five patients previously treated with plans from Pinnacle v9.0 using DMPO algorithm were re‐planned on RayStation v2.4.8.180 using MCO Pareto plans with same dose constraints, beam angles and objectives. The prescription was 60 Gy to 95% of PTV. Planning outcomes such as D95 (95% of volume receiving the prescribed dose), D2, D1 for PTV, D33 and mean dose for heart, V20 (volume receives at least 20 Gy) and mean dose for lung, max dose for cord were reported for evaluation according to our clinical protocols. The conformity of the prescription isodose volume to PTV was evaluated as conformity index (CI). Planning time was also observed. Results: The mean volume of PTV was 356 ± 141 cm3. The D95 of PTV with RayStation was improved and more uniform compared to plans from Pinnacle (59.4 ± 0.2 vs. 59.2 ± 0.8 Gy), respectively. D2 and D1 of PTV were lower with RayStation plans. Mean dose and V20 of total lung were lower for all RayStation plans with max dose of cord, and D33 and mean dose of heart following the same trend. CI was better with RayStation compared to Pinnacle (1.09 ± 0.06 vs. 1.16 ± 0.11). Planning time was faster with RayStation from Pinnacle (few minutes. vs. minimum of 20 minutes, approximately). Conclusions: MCO planning automatically generates a set of Pareto optimized solutions for given objectives to allow tradeoffs between targets and critical organs. RayStation can achieve better uniform tumor coverage with fewer hot spots while sparing more critical structures. MCO Pareto based IMRT plans is helpful in determining the best optimized dosimetry with shorter planning time.
Modeling of manufacturing feature interactions for automated process planning

This paper analyzes manufacturing feature interactions and presents algorithms for handling feature interactions in manufacturing process planning. A feature precedence network, which specifies the constraints for the machining sequence, and an AND-OR graph, which describes alternative representations, are built. Application of required/optional volumes, the AND-OR graph, and the feature precedence network in manufacturing process sequencing is then explained. Required and optional volumes are defined and their use for analysis of interactions of various machining feature types is explained. Case studies are presented to explain volumetric interactions of holes, slots, and pockets with various dimensions, positions, and orientation in the part geometry. The analysis provides insight into which process-sequencing constraints may be resolved before actual process planning and which have to be postponed to be resolved in final process sequencing. A three-phase algorithm for incorporating of volumetric feature interactions into manufacturing process planning is proposed. The first phase is creation of an AND-OR graph of alternative feature representations. The second phase is building a feature precedence network for a given part as a set of machining sequence constraints. The third phase is analysis of feature interactions for performing geometric updates of machining features during the process sequencing stage.
Contextual data and the study of elections and voting behavior: connecting individuals to environments

Abstract Studies of contextual processes have always involved the possibility that if individuals' aggregation into geographic units is not exogenous to their values on the dependent variable, then what appear to be ‘contextual processes’ may be solely due to selection effects. We propose a method to test whether observed contextual effects are real or phantom. The integration of individuals in their neighborhoods is measured by response latency on questions about the neighborhood; if contextual effects are based on what happens to people in their neighborhoods (that is, the apparent effects are not solely because of selection effects), they should be more pronounced among those who are most integrated into their neighborhood. An empirical example illustrates the technique. We propose instrumentation by which electoral studies can test for true contextual effects. The availability of this test should encourage greater emphasis in electoral studies on the search for contextual processes.
Solvent effects on infrared frequencies-IV. The effect of acetone on the C-D bands of some deuterated haloforms

Abstract The effect of acetone on the C-D bands of CDCl3, CDCl2Br and CDBr3 has been studied in mixed solutions of n-hexane and acetone. The use of an inert solvent is necessary in order to reduce the effects of self-association and higher-order complexes. The changes in absorptivity have been interpreted in terms of 1:1 acetone-haloform complexes. Equilibrium formation constants of 0.90 ± 0.05, 0.80 ± 0.05 and 0.45 ± 0.05 1. mole−1 have been determined for the CDCl3−, CDCl2Br− and CDBr3−acetone complexes, respectively. By studying the C-D band intensities as a function of temperature it has been possible to calculate heats of formation which have values of −3.5 ± 0.2, −3.3 ± 0.2 and −2.7 ± 0.2 kcal mole , respectively. Finally, the observed intensity differences of C-D bands in the free haloform-d and the complex have been discussed in terms of a charge-transfer model.
The role of neat substrates in phase-vanishing and tandem phase-vanishing reactions

Abstract Phase-vanishing reactions are triphasic reactions, which involve a reagent, a liquid perfluoroalkane as a phase screen and a substrate. Aromatization, isomerization and halogenation of neat substrates under phase-vanishing conditions gave the expected products in good to excellent yields. In tandem single-phase–phase-vanishing reaction, two reactants, placed in the top phase, afforded the intermediate, which in a subsequent phase-vanishing reaction reacted with the reagent from the bottom phase to give the final product. The reaction worked well under solvent-free conditions on liquid substrates and intermediates. With solids, results were better if an additional solvent was employed.
Diffuse Reflectance Studies of Solid-Solid Interactions IV: Interaction of Bishydroxycoumarin, Furosemide, and Other Medicinal Agents with Various Adjuvants

Spectral information comparing the diffuse reflectance of drug-metallic-ion adjuvants with those of the isolated metallic chelates is presented. Various metallic-ion chelates of bishydroxy-coumarin and furosemide were prepared and isolated, and their diffuse reflectance spectroscopy spectra were found to be comparable to those of drug-adjuvant equilibrated systems. This information, along with the color changes observed in both the chelate and the interaction product, and the new peaks observed in the UV and visible regions of the spectra suggest that these drug interactions due to chemisorption may proceed by a mechanism similar to that of chelation.
Fabrication, Analysis, and Experimentation of a Practically Constructed Laminated Composite I-Beam Under Pure Bending

Seven I-beams constructed of AS4/3501 graphite/epoxy were tested and analyzed. The I-beams, having a layup sequence of 45/-45/03/-45/451T with various flange widths varying from ¾ to 2 ½ inches and a web height of 1 inch, were fabricated. The beams were tested under 4-point bending, producing results for the pre-buckled stiffness, buckling moment, and ultimate moment.Results indicate that wider flange beams exhibit buckling at lower moments than narrower flange beams. The flange width also affects the buckling mode. Wider flanged beams show larger edge displacements and lower mode values than narrower flanged beams. The ultimate moment capability appears to be only slightly increased by increased stiffness. Typically, increasing the flange width does not contribute significantly to the ultimate strength of the beam. For wider flanged beams, delamination occurs at the flange and then propagates to the web causing final failure. However, narrower flanged beams fail due to fiber/matrix crushing at the flange...
The French Economic Interests in the Ottoman Empire

French economic development under the July Monarchy led the class that most benefited by it, the bourgeoisie, to demand increased political power. It was in the interest of the new regime of 1852, whose establishment was made possible by the support of the bourgeoisie, to favor the investment of capital acquired by its supporters, and to find new outlets abroad for the goods produced at an ever growing rate by France's new factories.
Enhancement of NMDA toxicity and calcium responses by chronic exposure of cultured cortical neurons to ethanol

Abstract Exposure of rat cerebrocortical cultures to 100 mM ethanol for 3-4 days increased both the neurotoxic potency of N- methyl- d -aspartate (NMDA) and the maximal extent of NMDA-induced intracellular calcium (Ca2+i) elevations. In both control and ethanol-treated cultures, NMDA toxicity correlated closely with [Ca2+]i. Enhancement of NMDA responses may reflect neuronal adaptation to chronic ethanol exposure and could contribute to the pathogenesis of alcohol-related neurologic disorders.
Does a Truck Driver See What a Nurse Sees? The Effects of Occupation Type on Perceptions of Sexual Harassment

Previous researchers have demonstrated differential prevalence of harassment of men and women in men’s traditional, women’s traditional, and neutral occupation types, but they have not looked at differences in harassment judgments among these occupations. Our hypotheses rely on the assumption that people who have observed frequent sexual harassment of others in their work environments react differently to new cases than do those who have witnessed fewer of these episodes in the past. Participants watched videos of two cases and made judgments about the presence or absence of sexual harassment. We categorized the participants based on their occupations—men’s traditional, women’s traditional, and neutral, and compared responses among groups. A gender by occupation type interaction emerged. Men in men’s traditional occupation types provided the highest ratings of harassment, followed by men in neutral occupations; men in women’s traditional occupation types provided the lowest ratings. Conversely, women in women’s traditional occupations provided the highest ratings of harassment, followed by women in neutral occupations; women in men’s traditional occupations provided the lowest ratings of sexual harassment.
DLX5 and DLX6 Expression Is Biallelic and Not Modulated by MeCP2 Deficiency

Mutations in MECP2 and Mecp2 (encoding methyl-CpG binding protein 2 [MeCP2]) cause distinct neurological phenotypes in humans and mice, respectively, but the molecular pathology is unclear. Recent literature claimed that the developmental homeobox gene DLX5 is imprinted and that its imprinting status is modulated by MeCP2, leading to biallelic expression in Rett syndrome and twofold overexpression of Dlx5 and Dlx6 in Mecp2-null mice. The conclusion that DLX5 is a direct target of MeCP2 has implications for research on the molecular bases of Rett syndrome, autism, and genomic imprinting. Attempting to replicate the reported data, we evaluated allele-specific expression of DLX5 and DLX6 in mouse × human somatic cell hybrids, lymphoblastoid cell lines, and frontal cortex from controls and individuals with MECP2 mutations. We identified novel single-nucleotide polymorphisms in DLX5 and DLX6, enabling the first imprinting studies of DLX6. We found that DLX5 and DLX6 are biallelically expressed in somatic cell hybrids and in human cell lines and brain, with no differences between affected and control samples. We also determined expression levels of Dlx5 and Dlx6 in forebrain from seven male Mecp2-mutant mice and eight wild-type littermates by real-time quantitative reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction assays. Expression of Dlx5 and Dlx6, as well as of the imprinted gene Peg3, in mouse forebrain was highly variable, with no consistent differences between Mecp2-null mutants and controls. We conclude that DLX5 and DLX6 are not imprinted in humans and are not likely to be direct targets of MeCP2 modulation. In contrast, the imprinting status of PEG3 and PEG10 is maintained in MeCP2-deficient tissues. Our results confirm that MeCP2 plays no role in the maintenance of genomic imprinting and add PEG3 and PEG10 to the list of studied imprinted genes.
Resistance of nerve fibers to pulpal necrosis

Abstract Forty-eight dental pulps which gave a painful response upon extirpation, although diagnosed as being nonvital, were examined histologically for the presence of nerve fibers. Only two of the forty-eight pulps examined demonstrated normal-appearing nerve fibers.
Matrix metalloproteinase 12 overexpression in myeloid lineage cells plays a key role in modulating myelopoiesis, immune suppression, and lung tumorigenesis.

Matrix metalloproteinase 12 (MMP12) is a macrophage-secreting proteinase. To fully understand the function of MMP12 in myeloid lineage cells, a myeloid-specific c-fms-rtTA/(TetO)7-CMV-MMP12 bitransgenic mouse model was created. In this bitransgenic system, induction of MMP12 abnormally elevated frequencies and numbers of common myeloid progenitor (CMP) and granulocyte/macrophage progenitor (GMP) populations, and decreased the frequency and number of the megakaryocyte/erythrocyte progenitor (MEP) population in the bone marrow (BM). The CD11b+/Gr-1+ immature cell population was systemically increased in multiple organs. Both in vitro and in vivo studies showed an immunosuppressive function on T-cell proliferation and function by CD11b+/Gr-1+ immature cells from MMP12-overexpressing bitransgenic mice. MMP12 directly stimulated lineage-negative (Lin−) progenitor cells to differentiate into CD11b+/Gr-1+ immature cells that showed immunosuppression on T-cell proliferation and function in vitro. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) were increased. In the lung, the concentration of IL-6 was increased, which aberrantly activated oncogenic Stat3 and increased expression of Stat3 downstream genes in epithelial tumor progenitor cells. Spontaneous emphysema and lung adenocarcinoma were sequentially developed after MMP12 overexpression. BM chimeras confirmed that the MMP12-induced myeloid cell autonomous defect led to abnormal myelopoiesis, immune suppression, and lung adenocarcinoma.
Interaction of lipoprotein (a) with the extracellular matrix

Summary Differences in the interactions of lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)) and low density lipoprotein (LDL) with extracellular matrices may account for their different pathogenic effects and localization within atherosclerotic lesions. Accordingly, we have compared the binding of Lp(a), plasminogen (which is highly homologous in structure to the apolipoprotein(a) [apo(a)] moiety of Lp(a)), and LDL with the extracellular matrix using Matrigel as a model. Under conditions where radiolabeled Lp(a) bound to the matrix, LDL binding was not observed. However, at higher LDL input concentrations, binding of this lipoprotein was detected, suggesting a lower affinity interaction of LDL than Lp(a) with the matrix. Binding of Lp(a) and plasminogen was time dependent, specific, saturable and reversible. Lp(a) exhibited a higher affinity for Matrigel (K d = 12–130 nM) than plasminogen (K d = 0.86 μM); but Lp(a) had fewer binding sites in the matrix than plasminogen. Both Lp(a) and plasminogen binding were inhibited by lysine analogs, implicating the lysine binding sites associated with their kringle structures in the interactions. In addition, Lp(a) binding was inhibited by certain other amino acids, proline and alanine, and LDL. We conclude that the interaction of Lp(a) with the extracellular matrix involves multiple recognition specificities that synergize to achieve a higher affinity interaction than observed for LDL and plasminogen. These differences may lead to different pathogenetic mechanisms for these lipoprotein particles.
Effect of sex on growth rate, voluntary feed intake and nutrient digestibility of West African Dwarf goats fed crop residue rations

Twenty-four goats (12 bucks and 12 does), average initial live weight 14.45 ± 0.78 kg, age 16–18 months were divided into three groups according to sex and age in 2 × 3 factorial randomized complete design experiment to investigate the effect of sex on growth rate, voluntary feed intake and digestibility of crop residue rations fed for 92 days (3 mo). Three crop residues, cocoa pod husk, groundnut shell and corn cobs, were processed and used for rations that were isonitrogenous. Final average live weight gains of 16.83 ± 0.85, 17.36 ± 0.86 and 16.73 ± 0.91 kg were for cocoa pod husk, groundnut shell and corn cobs rations, respectively. No significant (P > 0.05) differences were obtained among goats fed the residues. However, within treatments there were significant differences (P 0.05) among treatments. Sex of goats significantly influenced nutrient digestibility, bucks being better.