cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A chameleon-inspired stretchable electronic skin with interactive colour changing controlled by tactile sensing

Some animals, such as the chameleon and cephalopod, have the remarkable capability to change their skin colour. This unique characteristic has long inspired scientists to develop materials and devices to mimic such a function. However, it requires the complex integration of stretchability, colour-changing and tactile sensing. Here we show an all-solution processed chameleon-inspired stretchable electronic skin (e-skin), in which the e-skin colour can easily be controlled through varying the applied pressure along with the applied pressure duration. As such, the e-skin's colour change can also be in turn utilized to distinguish the pressure applied. The integration of the stretchable, highly tunable resistive pressure sensor and the fully stretchable organic electrochromic device enables the demonstration of a stretchable electrochromically active e-skin with tactile-sensing control. This system will have wide range applications such as interactive wearable devices, artificial prosthetics and smart robots.
Gliomagenesis: genetic alterations and mouse models

Glioblastoma multiforme is the most malignant of the primary brain tumours and is almost always fatal. The treatment strategies for this disease have not changed appreciably for many years and most are based on a limited understanding of the biology of the disease. However, in the past decade, characteristic genetic alterations have been identified in gliomas that might underlie the initiation or progression of the disease. Recent modelling experiments in mice are helping to delineate the molecular aetiology of this disease and are providing systems to identify and test novel and rational therapeutic strategies.
Aliquot Cycles for Elliptic Curves with Complex Multiplication

We review the history of elliptic curves and show that it is possible to form a group law using the points on an elliptic curve over some field L. We review various methods for computing the order of this group when L is finite, including the complex multiplication method. We then define and examine the properties of elliptic pairs, lists, and cycles, which are related to the notions of amicable pairs and aliquot cycles for elliptic curves, defined by Silverman and Stange in [15]. We then use the properties of elliptic pairs to prove that aliquot cycles of length greater than two exist for elliptic curves with complex multiplication, contrary to an assertion of [15], proving that such cycles only occur for elliptic curves of j-invariant equal to zero, and they always have length six. We explore the connection between elliptic pairs and several other conjectures, and propose limitations on the lengths of elliptic lists.
Effect of Dynamic Lighting Conditions on Visual Detection

Various lighting configurations were created with different levels of foreground uniformity and illumination in order to investigate the role of foreground uniformity and illumination level on driver visual performance and preference. Results of the experiment indicate that drivers prefer high illumination levels in the foreground, though they do not have to be uniform. However, visual detection of objects further down the road was slightly (though not at a significant level) worse when foreground illumination levels were higher.
Conformations of fused cycloalkanes in organometallic complexes

Abstract The precise molecular structure of the title compound has been determined by single crystal X-ray diffractometry. It consists of a cyclohexadiene ring fused at the 5 and 6 positions to a cyclobutane ring which is in turn fused to a cyclohexane ring. The two six-membered rings are trans to each other with respect to the shared four-membered ring. The Fe(CO) 3 moiety is bound in the usual way to the conjugated diene portion of the cyclohexadiene ring. The feature of greatest interest is the mutual influence of the conformations of the two fused cycloalkane rings, whose intrinsically preferred conformations are mutually incompatible. Under the influence of the fused cyclohexadiene ring the C 4 ring would tend to be planar, while the cyclohexane ring would tend, of itself, to have a chair conformation. The actual result is a compromise, with the C 4 ring being folded by 15° along its diagonal and the C 6 ring having a conformation intermediate between planarity and a chair. Crystallographic data: space group, P 2 1 , Z = 2. Unit cell dimensions at 3°C are a = 6.176(1), b = 11.307(2), c = 9.781(2) A and β = 92.89(2)°. A set of 1733 reflections having 2θ(Mo- K α ) I > σ( I ) was refined to convergence ( R 1 = 0.055; R 2 = 0.034) with hydrogen atoms refined isotropically and all others anisotropically.
The Incredible Ordinariness of Federal Penalties for Inactivity

Those arguing that the insurance mandate in the recent health care reform legislation, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA), is unconstitutional have prominently and repeatedly advanced the claim that the mandate’s punishment of personal inactivity is an unprecedented exercise of federal power. That contention is simply false. Federal criminal law contains scores of provisions that facially or in application punish inactivity by individuals. These criminal statutes regulating inaction include not just traditional crimes by omission, where a common law duty is violated, but also offenses related to registration, record keeping, possession receipt, preventive measures, nondisclosure, organization, misprision, and obstruction. By providing this account of criminal laws punishing and regulating inactivity, this Essay puts the ACA’s insurance mandate in the larger context of federal laws that would be in jeopardy if the mandate were held to be unconstitutional by the Supreme Court. The case of the ACA in regard to the Commerce and Necessary and Proper Clauses is not merely about the enforcement mechanism used for a single health care law as many have contended—it is about the shape and scope of federal criminal law that has been in place for over fifty years.
Operator evaluation of a Mobility-Augmenting Jetpack with Integrated control-moment gyroscopes

While the direction for human space exploration may not be currently well-defined, there are many potential missions that could benefit from an astronaut mobility unit providing six-degree-of-freedom control during extravehicular activities (EVAs). The attitude-control system (ACS) for the Jetpack device currently under development at NASA Johnson Space Center is based on the Simplified Aid for EVA Rescue (SAFER), which uses gas thrusters for both attitude control and translation. The proposed astronaut mobility unit incorporates control concepts optimized to support EVA tasks and adds control-moment gyroscopes (CMGs) to the current Jetpack system. The control architecture of this Mobility-Augmenting Jetpack with Integrated CMGs (MAJIC) considers a concept of operations that includes scenarios such as surface sample collection, equipment deployment, satellite servicing, crewmember rescue, and contingency EVA missions at objects lacking built-in handholds or foot restraints. Momentum desaturation logic is incorporated into the MAJIC control algorithm and the CMGs are optimally sized using a Monte-Carlo simulation approach. The resulting ACS design is evaluated by test subjects in comparison to an idealized CMG ACS and the baseline Jetpack thrusters-only design using a human-in-the-loop, real-time, virtual-reality simulation. Results demonstrate that while the initial CMG size is too small for practical use during EVA missions, a design incorporating a larger CMG array with sufficient angular-momentum capability significantly reduces undesired compensating torques on the astronaut while conserving onboard fuel and extending the length of EVA missions.
Responses in macaque visual area V4 following inactivation of the parvocellular and magnocellular LGN pathways

A substantial body of evidence has suggested that signals transmitted through the magnocellular and parvocellular subdivisions of the LGN remain largely segregated in visual cortex. This hypothesis can be tested directly by selectively blocking transmission through either the magnocellular or parvocellular layers with small injections of lidocaine or GABA while recording cortical responses to a visual stimulus. In a previous study, we found that responses in the middle temporal visual area (MT) were almost always greatly reduced by blocks of magnocellular LGN, but that few MT neurons were affected by parvocellular blocks. In the present study, we have examined magnocellular and parvocellular contributions to area V4, which lies at the same level of processing in the cortical hierarchy as does MT and is thought to be a major recipient of parvocellular input. We found that inactivation of parvocellular layers usually resulted in a moderate reduction of visual responses (median reduction, 36%). However, comparable reductions in V4 responses were also seen following magnocellular blocks (median reduction, 47%). Directionally selective responses in V4 were not found to depend specifically on either subdivision. We conclude that area V4, unlike MT, receives strong input from both subdivisions of the LGN. These results suggest that the relationship between the subcortical magnocellular and parvocellular pathways and the parietal and temporal streams of processing in cortex is not one-to-one.
MULTIPLE REGULATORY ELEMENTS IN THE INTERLEUKIN-6 GENE MEDIATE INDUCTION BY PROSTAGLANDINS, CYCLIC AMP, AND LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE

Induction of interleukin-6 (IL-6) gene expression is mediated by numerous agents involving all major signal transduction pathways. We have compared the effects of prostaglandins and their second messenger cyclic AMP (cAMP) with the effect of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on IL-6 gene expression. We demonstrate that secretion of IL-6 is induced by cAMP in murine monocytic PU5-1.8 cells, even though to a lesser extent than by LPS. Nevertheless, cAMP and prostaglandins of the E series in the presence of theophylline induce transcription of the IL-6 promoter more strongly than LPS, suggesting distinctive effects of cAMP and LPS on posttranscriptional events. Mutations within four regulatory elements, namely, the multiple response element (MRE), AP-1, NF-IL6, and NF-kappa B sites, significantly reduce, but do not completely abrogate, inducibility by cAMP and prostaglandin E1, whereas alterations of four additional sites have no effects. LPS-induced promoter activity, however, is almost completely abolished by mutations in the NF-kappa B site, suggesting that a single regulatory element is crucial for inducibility by LPS. Stimulation by cAMP is correlated with the binding of inducible factors to the AP-1, NF-IL6, and NF-kappa B elements, whereas factors binding to the MRE are constitutively expressed. Recombinant cAMP response element-binding protein binds to the MRE, indicating a potential role for this factor in the cAMP response. Our results suggest that cAMP and prostaglandins act through multiple, partially redundant regulatory elements to induce IL-6 expression in monocytic cells. Nuclear events that overlap partially with the LPS response but also exhibit distinctive features are involved.
Medios indígenas transnacionales: el fomento del cosmopolitismo desde abajo

Being indigenous or an immigrant has often meant exclusion from full citizenship. When we find the two conditions intersecting in a group, we have an important area to study modern citizenship. This essay offers a discussion of some of the communicative practices of media production that indigenous migrants from the state of Oaxaca engage in their communities in the us. It discusses issues of ensuring cultural preservation while participating in the transnational public sphere, and transnationalism as a precondition for “Grassroots Cosmopolitanism”.
The internal equilibrium of the hairpin ribozyme: temperature, ion and pH effects.

Abstract The hairpin ribozyme reversibly cleaves phosphodiesters of RNA substrates to generate products with 5′ hydroxyl and 2′,3′-cyclic phosphate termini. We previously found that the rate constant for ligation is tenfold faster than the rate constant for cleavage under standard conditions. The hammerhead ribozyme catalyzes the same reactions but is reported to favor cleavage relative to ligation by more than 100-fold under the same conditions. To explore the basis for this difference, we examined the influence of temperature, ions and pH on the hairpin ribozyme internal equilibrium. Under the same conditions, the loss of entropy associated with ligation is less for the hairpin than for the hammerhead ribozyme, consistent with the notion that a more rigid hairpin structure undergoes a smaller decrease in dynamics upon ligation than the more flexible hammerhead structure. Increased salt and reduced temperature shift the equilibrium toward ligation while pH has little effect, suggesting that conditions that stabilize RNA structure tend to promote ligation. The hairpin ribozyme appears to take up at least one tri- or divalent cation or two monovalent cations upon ligation. The efficiency with which different cations promote ligation depends strongly on valence and, less strongly, on ionic radius or electronegativity. This pattern of cation selectivity suggests that cations promote ligation through delocalized electrostatic shielding, perhaps interacting with a region of especially high charge density in the ligated ribozyme. Changes in ionic conditions produce large but compensating changes in enthalpy and entropy for cleavage and ligation. Thus, in addition to any increase in ribozyme dynamics associated with cleavage, re-organization of associated cations contributes significantly to hairpin ribozyme thermodynamics.
Investigation of Dispersion-Relation-Preserving Scheme and Spectral Analysis Methods for Acoustic Waves

Important characteristics of the aeroacoustic wave propagation are mostly encoded in their dispersion relations. Hence, a computational aeroacoustic (CAA) algorithm, which reasonably preserves these relations, was investigated. It was derived using an optimization procedure to ensure, that the numerical derivatives preserved the wave number and angular frequency of the differential terms in the linearized, 2-D Euler equations. Then, simulations were performed to validate the scheme and a compatible set of discretized boundary conditions. The computational results were found to agree favorably with the exact solutions. The boundary conditions were transparent to the outgoing waves, except when the disturbance source was close to a boundary. The time-domain data generated by such CAA solutions were often intractable until their spectra was analyzed. Therefore, the relative merits of three different methods were included in the study. For simple, periodic waves, the periodogram method produced better estimates of the steep-sloped spectra than the Blackman-Tukey method. Also, for this problem, the Hanning window was more effective when used with the weighted-overlapped-segment-averaging and Blackman-Tukey methods gave better results than the periodogram method. Finally, it was demonstrated that the representation of time domain-data was significantly dependent on the particular spectral analysis method employed.
Karyotype analysis in Peperomia Ruiz and Pav.

SUMMARYKaryotype analysis conducted in 5 species of Peperomia, reveals that there are 2 lines of evolution, one with basic number n = 11 and the other with n = 12. Peperomia clusiaefolia (Jacq.) Hook. (2n = 22), P. rotundifolia (L.) HBK (2n = 22), P. sandersii C.DC. (2n = 24) and P. verschaffeltii Hem. (2n = 24) are diploids. Where as P. bicolor has 2n = 36 chromosomes, evidently a triploid. Karyotype is symmetrical in all the investigated species, eventhough there is a steady diminution in chromosome length. Species of Peperomia differ in minute details of karyotype even at haploid level, there by suggesting the role of minute structural alterations in speciation.
Mammalian toll-like receptors.

Objective To review the role of mammalian Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in host defense. Data Sources MEDLINE search and current literature. Results First, TLRs participate in the recognition of molecular patterns present on microorganisms. Second, TLRs are expressed at the interface with the environment, the site of microbial invasion. Third, activation of TLRs induces expression of costimulatory molecules and the release of cytokines that instruct the adaptive immune response. Fourth, activation of TLRs leads to direct antimicrobial effector pathways that can result in elimination of the foreign invader. Conclusions Maintained throughout evolution, mammalian TLRs are proteins that participate in innate immunity to microbial pathogens. Insights into TLR activation pathways provide new therapeutic targets for intervention in infectious and immunologic disease.
How long does it take for epilepsy to become intractable? A prospective investigation

Objective To determine prospectively when in the course of epilepsy intractability becomes apparent. Methods Data are from a prospective cohort of 613 children followed for a median of 9.7 years. Epilepsy syndromes were grouped: focal, idiopathic, catastrophic, and other. Intractability was defined in two ways: (1) 2 drugs failed, 1 seizure/month, on average, for 18 months (stringent), and (2) failure of 2 drugs. Delayed intractability was defined as 3 or more years after epilepsy diagnosis. Results Eighty-three children (13.8%) met the stringent and 142 (23.2%) met the two-drug definition. Intractability depended on syndrome (p < 0.0001): 26 (31.3%) children meeting stringent and 39 (27.5%) meeting the 2-drug definition had delayed intractability. Intractability was delayed more often in focal than catastrophic epilepsy (stringent: 46.2 vs 14.3%, p = 0.003; two-drug: 40.3 vs 2.2%, p ≤ 0.0001). Early remission periods preceded delayed intractability in 65.4 to 74.3% of cases. After becoming intractable, 20.5% subsequently entered remission and 13.3% were seizure free at last contact. Interpretation Intractable epilepsy may be delayed, especially in focal epilepsy. It often is preceded by a quiescent period, followed by further remissions. These findings help explain why surgically treatable epilepsies may take 20 years or longer before referral to surgery. Ann Neurol 2006
DETECTION OF HIGH-PRESSURE SILICA POLYMORPHS IN WHOLE-ROCK SAMPLES FROM A METEOR CRATER, ARIZONA, IMPACT SAMPLE USING SOLID-STATE SILICON-29 NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY

High-resolution solid-state silicon-29 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy using “magic-angle” sample-spinning can readily detect the presence of the high pressure silica polymorphs coesite and stishovite in whole-rock samples from a Meteor Crater, Arizona, impact sample, and yields accurate coesite/stishovite ratios. Such determinations are being carried out by partially suppressing (saturating) intense quartz signals (which have long spin-lattice relaxation times) by means of short experimental recycle-times. This method enhances the signal-to-noise ratios of coesite and stishovite (which have relatively short spin-lattice relaxation times). For the sample examined, the coesite/stishovite ratio is about 27.
Minimal Scene Descriptions from Structure from Motion Models

How much data do we need to describe a location? We explore this question in the context of 3D scene reconstructions created from running structure from motion on large Internet photo collections, where reconstructions can contain many millions of 3D points. We consider several methods for computing much more compact representations of such reconstructions for the task of location recognition, with the goal of maintaining good performance with very small models. In particular, we introduce a new method for computing compact models that takes into account both image-point relationships and feature distinctiveness, and we show that this method produces small models that yield better recognition performance than previous model reduction techniques.
Pathology and Immunohistochemistry of Hereditary Colorectal Cancer

Hereditary colorectal adenocarcinomas only represent a small proportion of all colorectal cancers and, of those, only a fraction have distinct clinical or pathologic features and a mutation of a gene associated with a hereditary syndrome. These hereditary conditions include hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer, familial adenomatous polyposis, MUTYH -associated polyposis, Peutz–Jeghers syndrome, and juvenile polyposis syndrome. Histopathologic features in patients with colorectal lesions (polyps, adenocarcinoma) that suggest the presence of a hereditary condition include the number and type of polyps, the morphologic features of the colorectal carcinoma, and the presence of extracolonic lesions or tumors. In addition, immunohistochemical stains can assist in identifying patients with hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer.
EVALUATING AN EXCERPT ABOUT GENDER: DOES SEX OF AN AUTHOR MATTER? '

Strmmary.-This study examined whether students are more likely to view a female author as biased and as having a political agenda when writing about gender a however, no interacuon between contenr of excerpt and sex of author occurred. The implications of these findings for research on sex and prejudice are discussed. In our classes, we find that students interpret, value, and resist feminist material based on the sex of the person presenting it. Our experience, in combination with a large literature on students' resistance to feminist principles (e.g., Bohmer & Briggs, 1991; Davis, 1992; Hartung, 1990; Ito, 1992; Moore, 19971, indlcate that the sex of an instructor may be a filter through which gender-related course material may be processed. In particular, we inferred that students may perceive female instructors to be self-interested and then devalue what female instructors teach when theory and research on gender inequalities are presented. As a consequence, we hypothesized that students may be more lkely to view a female author as biased and as having a political agenda when she writes about gender inequalities than they would a hale author.
Glucose uptake, hexose monophosphate shunt activity, and oxygen consumption in cultured human retinal pigment epithelial cells.

Retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) was isolated from human donors with no known eye disease and normal-appearing fundi and was grown in culture. Population doubling times were measured for fifth passage RPE cells; the mean was 2.25 ± 0.75 days and showed a correlation with the age of the donor. Metabolic studies were performed by perfusing the cells with l-[ 13 C]-D-glucose and monitoring the perfusate with magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Glucose uptake was 10.5 ± 3.3 nmoles/min/mg protein. Lactate production from glucose was 20.0 ± 5.00 nmoles/min/mg protein. The percentage of glucose through the hexose monophosphate shunt was 21 ± 2%. Oxygen (O) consumption was measured at 20.1 ± 4.1 nmoles O/min/mg endogenous and 14.5 ± 4.8 nmoles O/min/mg with 10 mM glucose. These cells exhibit high rates of lactate production concomitantly with high oxygen consumptions and high flux through the hexose monophosphate shunt. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 31:277-283,1990 The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) performs many functions necessary for the health of the retina and the entire visual system. 1 " 4 Although the RPE is important in maintaining normal vision, there are only a few human eye diseases in which a defect in the function of the pigment epithelium has been shown to be the primary cause. More commonly, it is not known whether the changes in the RPE are the cause or the effect of the disease process. Diseases such as age-related macular degeneration, retinitis pigmentosa, and other retinal degenerations have a final clinical picture of marked pigmentary changes with associated retinal degeneration. Also, there are many less common pigmentary dystrophies in which the RPE changes are seen first before retinal dysfunction is detected. 5 While most investigators working in these fields have their own working hypothesis as to the cause of these diseases, a primary defect in the pigment epithelium cannot usually be ruled out. One approach to the study of human RPE is the use of cells cultured from human donor tissue. 67 The
Homogenization Modeling and Effective Mechanical Constants for EM Composite Conductor with Cooling Channel

A homogenization modeling to predict the effective mechanical properties of electric machinery composite conductor consisting of metallic core with cooling channel, and multi-layer of insulating materials was presented. A two-level homogenization scheme to model complex composite with multi-phase materials and the validation of using finite element method was developed. Composite cylinder assembly model was adopted in the Level 1homogenization for the metallic core and the cooling channel was analyzed as a fiber void with null material properties. The effective mechanical properties of the composite insulation layers were homogenized by smearing the properties of the multiple insulation layers of bonding, insulation and insulation–fiber-reinforced composite. Level 2 homogenization derived nine effective mechanical constants for conductor through a combined homogenization sequences. The good comparisons between the analytical predictions and the results obtained from the finite element analyses demonstrate...
Masculinity, femininity, and male scientists' self-esteem and self-acceptance

In this study, I investigated differences in self-esteem, self-acceptance, masculinity, femininity, and locus of control among sample populations of men, including scientists, other professionals, college students, mental health clients, and perpetrators of domestic violence. The Personal Orientation Inventory (Shostrom, 1974), Rotter Internal-External Locus of Control Scale (Rotter, 1966), and Bem Sex Role Inventory (Bem, 1974) were administered to subjects, together with a demographic data sheet. I used correlations to examine the relationship of masculinity, femininity and locus of control to self-esteem and self-acceptance and an analysis of variance to investigate differences between male scientists and other groups of men. Masculinity correlated with self-esteem for all but the student group, and internal locus of control correlated with self-esteem for all but the student and perpetrator groups. Self-acceptance correlated with masculinity for the client group and with internal locus of control for the student and client groups. I found no correlations with femininity. No significant differences existed between male scientists and other male professionals in self-esteem, masculinity, femininity, or locus of control. Self-acceptance scores were significantly lower for male scientists than for other male professionals.
Sleep Apnea and Stroke: A Risk Factor or an Association?

This article explores the relationship between obstructive sleep apnea syndrome and stroke by critically reviewing the current literature. First, epidemiologic studies are analyzed with respect to issues regarding the strength of the association, and the consistency of the association using different study designs and different populations. Next, the biologic plausibility of the relationship is explored by reviewing studies that examine the pathophysiology of sleep apnea and stroke. Subsequently, studies exploring the therapeutic impact of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome on stroke and cardiovascular risk are reviewed. Finally, public health implications are discussed.
The impact of focused degree projects in chemical engineering education on students’ research performance, retention, and efficacy☆☆☆

Abstract Recent reforms in engineering education have emerged to meet the changing needs of engineers, however sparse research exists that comprehensively assesses the outcomes associated with such engineering education efforts. Accordingly, there is an urgent need for educational approaches tied to assessing engineering students’ performance, retention, and impact. This study's purpose is to explore the relationship between sequential chemical engineering degree projects and students’ performance, engineering efficacy, multidisciplinarity, and retention. The projects for this education for chemical engineers research are thematically focused laboratory experiments embedded in a four-year chemical engineering program. Each project component is connected to the next, is increasingly complex as courses advanced, and is aligned with essential course content. This connectivity enables students to participate in logically sequenced experiments that culminate in well-developed senior laboratory projects. This study's educational impact was determined via comparison between seniors’ and freshmen’ performance, efficacy and retention. Results of this research indicate that the use of degree projects in chemical engineering education is impactful, resulting in students’ increased understanding of experimentation and course content; meaningful, resulting in statistically significant increased student chemical engineering efficacy; and engaging, resulting in students’ satisfaction with program impact, engagement with peers during experimentation, and dramatically increased student retention.
Synthesis of Poly(1,4-naphthylenevinylenes): Metathesis Polymerization of Benzobarrelenes†

The syntheses of hexyl- and undecyl-substituted benzobarrelenes 10a,b are described. These molecules readily undergo ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) to generate the corresponding ring...
A sequestered pool of aminoacyl-tRNA in mammalian cells

We have recently proposed that aminoacyl-tRNA is channeled during protein synthesis in vivo--i.e., it is directly transferred among the components of the protein-synthesizing machinery and does not mix with aminoacyl-tRNA molecules introduced from outside the cell. To understand the structural basis for these functional properties, we have examined the disposition of aminoacyl-tRNA within the cell. To do this we have developed a Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) permeabilized-cell system using the plant glycoside saponin. We show, using a mixture of free 14C-labeled amino acids and 3H-labeled aminoacyl-tRNAs, that 14C-labeled aminoacyl-tRNAs synthesized endogenously from the free amino acids are preferentially sequestered within the cell, whereas their exogenous 3H counterparts distribute between the inside and outside of the cell based solely on the relative volumes of the two compartments. Furthermore, the endogenous 14C-labeled aminoacyl-tRNA population is resistant to pancreatic ribonuclease action, whereas the 3H molecules are rapidly degraded. We conclude, based on these observations, that aminoacyl-tRNAs synthesized in vivo are continually associated with components of the protein synthesis machinery and are thereby retained within the permeabilized cell and are also protected from RNase action. These data provide independent evidence for the channeling model of protein biosynthesis.
A kinetic aggregation assay allowing selective and sensitive amyloid-β quantification in cells and tissues.

The process of amyloid-β (Aβ) fibril formation is genetically and pathologically linked to Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Thus, a selective and sensitive method for quantifying Aβ fibrils in complex biological samples allows a variety of hypotheses to be tested. Herein, we report the basis for a quantitative in vitro kinetic aggregation assay that detects seeding-competent Aβ aggregates in mammalian cell culture media, in Caenorhabditis elegans lysate, and in mouse brain homogenate. Sonicated, proteinase K-treated Aβ fibril-containing tissue homogenates or cell culture media were added to an initially monomeric Aβ1−40 reporter peptide to seed an in vitro nucleated aggregation reaction. The reduction in the half-time (t50) of the amyloid growth phase is proportional to the quantity of seeding-competent Aβ aggregates present in the biological sample. An ion-exchange resin amyloid isolation strategy from complex biological samples is demonstrated as an alternative for improving the sensitivity and linearity of th...
Effect of composition on thermal conductivity of MgO–Nd2Zr2O7 composites for inert matrix materials

Abstract Inert matrix fuels based on magnesium oxide (MgO) as the inert phase have been of historic interest due to its high thermal conductivity. Minor actinide-bearing phases possessing an A2B2O7 pyrochlore structure are also believed to contain a range of favorable attributes, suggesting a possible pairing with MgO to yield a high performance inert matrix fuel. The thermal diffusivity, heat capacity, and thermal expansion of MgO–Nd2Zr2O7 composites were measured from room temperature to 1273 K, where the MgO phase content was varied from 40 to 70 volume percent. The thermal conductivity of each composition was calculated using these results and then compared to widely employed methods to approximate the thermal conductivity of composite materials based upon the properties of the constituent phases. Results suggest that use of either a rule of mixtures or geometric mean approximation for the thermal conductivity of composite systems such as this one would be subject to significant uncertainties when the constituent properties widely differ. A sigmoidal average of the upper and lower Hashin–Shtrikman bounds was found to be in good agreement with the thermal conductivity of the composites as determined experimentally.
The theatre in America during the Revolution

This is a comprehensive attempt to assemble all that is known of theatre at the time of America's political birth. Because many plays performed during the Revolution were overrun with partisan politics, they were not always aesthetically enticing; yet this was one of the only historical eras in which the theatre was used by both sides to help achieve military and political objectives. Whether moralistic or satirical, the plays of the revolution offer unique insights into the sympathies and fears of both loyal and dissident parties, and so serve as a telling document of a socially turbulent age. Brown's extensive research coheres into an invaluable theatrical and historical chronicle which should prove a useful resource for those working in the field.
Thermal and acute-phase protein responses of guinea pigs to intrapreoptic injections of leukotrienes

Abstract Although it seems probable that intrahypothalamic prostaglandin (PG) E 2 , a cyclooxygenase metabolite of arachidonic acid, modulates interleukin-1 (IL1)-induced fever, the evidence that it plays succh a role is still only circumstantial; PGE 2 does not, however, centrally mediate the fever-associated, acute-phase glycoprotein response. In this study, we investigated whether lipoxygenase products of arachidonic acid, viz. leukotriene (LT) B 4 , C 4 , D 4 or E 4 , injected intrapreoptically (2 ng/μl, 1 μl bilaterally) induces, like IL1, febrile and acute-phase glycoprotein responses in guinea pigs; controls received pyrogen-free saline, IL1 or PGE 2 . Measurements were: core temperature (T co ) and, as indices of acute-phase glycoproteins, plasma levels of copper (Cu) and protein-bound N-acetylneuraminic acid (NANA). Unlike IL1 or PGE 2 , no LT caused a febrile rise in T co . Similar to PGE 2 but unlike IL1, no LT produced increases in the plasma levels of Cu and NANA. These results indicate that intrapreoptic LTs probably are not involved in initiating the febrile or acute-phase glycoprotein responses characteristic of IL1.
Intracameral inoculation of herpes simplex virus type I induces anterior chamber associated immune deviation

Herpes simplex virus Type 1 (HSV-1) inoculated intracamerally (IC) into the anterior chamber of BALB/c eyes induces anterior chamber associated immune deviation (ACAID) in which T cell-mediated delayed type hypersensitivity (DTK) responses to HSV-1 are impaired while B cell-mediated anti-HSV neutralizing antibody responses are intact or enhanced.
Moving forward responsibly: Oversight for the nanotechnology-biology interface

Challenges and opportunities for appropriate oversight of nanotechnology applied to or derived from biological systems (nano-bio interface) were discussed in a public workshop and dialog hosted by the Center for Science, Technology, and Public Policy of the University of Minnesota on September 15, 2005. This paper discusses the themes that emerged from the workshop, including the importance of analyzing potential gaps in current regulatory systems; deciding upon the general approach taken toward regulation; employing non-regulatory mechanisms for governance; making risk and other studies transparent and available to the public; bolstering mechanisms for public participation in risk analysis; creating more opportunities for meaningful discussion of the social and ethical dimensions of the nano-bio interface; increasing funds for implications and problem-solving research in this area; and having independent and reliable sources for communication. The workshop was successful in identifying ways of moving forward responsibly so that ultimately nanotechnology and its products can succeed in developers’, researchers’, regulators’, and the public’s eyes.
T Cell Activation by Terminal Complex of Complement and Immune Complexes

T cell hyperactivation and complement consumption are prominent features of the immunopathology of systemic lupus erythematosus. Although complement activation is secondary to autoantibodies that form immune complexes (ICs), the trigger for alterations in human peripheral blood T cells is poorly understood. To study the impact (on T cells) of several types of preformed ICs and terminal complement complex, also referred to as C5b-9, we incubated these immune reactants with peripheral blood naive CD4+ T cells as well as Jurkat cells and analyzed their effects on cellular behavior. We first assembled the C5b-9 in situ on the membrane and observed its assembly primarily on a single site where it promoted aggregation of membrane rafts and recruitment of the CD3 signaling complex. However, C5b-9 alone did not initiate proliferation or commencement of downstream signaling events associated with T cell activation. When T cells were treated with ICs together with nonlytic C5b-9, changes associated with T cell activation by possible antigen engagement then occurred. T cell antigen receptor signaling proteins, including ζ-chain, ZAP-70, Syk, Src, and Lck, were phosphorylated and organized in a synapse-like structure. The cytoskeleton formed F-actin spindles and a distal pole complex, resulting in a bipolar distribution of phosphorylated ezrin-radixin-moesin and F-actin. Furthermore, ICs and nonlytic C5b-9 induced T cell proliferation and IFN-γ production. These results raise the possibility that ICs and the nonlytic C5b-9 modulate T cell-mediated responses in systemic lupus erythematosus and other related chronic inflammatory disorders.
The Logistic Diffusion of Information through Randomly Overlapped Cliques

The logistic model expects: If an item is told and heard in a set of people and periods under conditions of steady, pairing off, with equal opportunity, then Δt = kptqt, i.e. increments in knowers are proportional to joint probabilities.
Should digestion assays be used to estimate persistence of potential allergens in tests for safety of novel food proteins

Food allergies affect an estimated 3 to 4% of adults and up to 8% of children in developed western countries. Results from in vitro simulated gastric digestion studies with purified proteins are routinely used to assess the allergenic potential of novel food proteins. The digestion of purified proteins in simulated gastric fluid typically progresses in an exponential fashion allowing persistence to be quantified using pseudo-first-order rate constants or half lives. However, the persistence of purified proteins in simulated gastric fluid is a poor predictor of the allergenic status of food proteins, potentially due to food matrix effects that can be significant in vivo. The evaluation of the persistence of novel proteins in whole, prepared food exposed to simulated gastric fluid may provide a more correlative result, but such assays should be thoroughly validated to demonstrate a predictive capacity before they are accepted to predict the allergenic potential of novel food proteins.
Characterizing geolocation ambiguity responses in synthetic aperture radar: ground moving target indication

Single-channel synthetic aperture radar (SAR) can provide high quality, focused images of moving targets by utilizing advanced SAR-GMTI techniques that focus all constant velocity targets into a three-dimensional space indexed by range, cross-range and cross-range velocity. However, an inherent geolocation ambiguity exists in that multiple, distinct moving targets may posses identical range versus time responses relative to a constant velocity collection platform. Although these targets are uniquely located within a four-dimensional space ( x -position, y -position, x -velocity, and y -velocity), their responses are focused and mapped to the same three-dimensional position in the SAR-GMTI image cube. Previous research has shown that circular SAR (CSAR) collection geometry is one way to break this ambiguity and creates a four-dimensional detection space. This research determines the target resolution available in the detection space as a function of different collection parameters. A metric is introduced to relate the resolvability of multiple target responses for various parametric combinations, i.e., changes in key collection parameters such as integration time, slant range, look angle, and carrier frequency.
Wound healing in normal and diabetic Chinese hamsters

Wound healing was examined in normal and diabetic, non-ketotic Chinese hamsters by morphological and morphometric methods. Dermal, perforating wounds were made in the ears of the hamsters and the response to injury was evaluated in tissue biopsies. The response in normal hamsters was characterized by vascular and cellular migration and pronounced infiltration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes into the area closest to the wound (zone 1). The transition region (zone 2) between wounded and non-wounded tissue was infiltrated primarily by fibroblasts and capillaries. In wounds from diabetic hamsters, 8 h after injury, there was less cellular infiltration (fibroblasts 49%, polymorphonuclear leukoytes 48% of control) and vascular proliferation (47% of control). In the late phase of healing (16 h after injury) the vascular (87% of control) and polymorphonuclear leukocyte (103%) responses in diabetic wounds were not significantly different from control in zones 1 and 2. Wounds from diabetic hamsters also showed considerable oedema (143% of control) in zones 1 and 2, which was accompanied by vascular degeneration and necrosis. At 16 h the collagen content of diabetic wounds was also decreased (54% of control). Increased oedema with reduced vascular proliferation and cellular infiltration in the early healing period characterises the response to injury in the diabetic Chinese hamster.
Mechanical effect of vocalization on human brain and meninges.

Abstract Vibrations of human skull, as produced by loud vocalisation, exert a massaging effect on the brain and facilitate elution of metabolic products from the brain into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). In addition, these vibrations, through their effect on arachnoid villi, speed up the flow of CSF from the subarachnoid space into the blood within the superior sagittal sinus and lacunae laterales. In this way, the speed of renewal of CSF is increased, which again contributes to a faster cleaning process of the brain. The most important feature of human evolution is enlargement of the brain. This by itself would not be enough. The Neandertals had a brain 15% larger than we have, yet they did not survive in competition with modern humans. Their brains were more polluted, because their massive skulls did not vibrate and therefore the brains were not sufficiently cleaned. In the evolution of modern humans the thinning of cranial bones was important. In addition, the chin remained jutting out of the face as in no other hominids, in order to maintain the distance from the chin to the hyoid bone equal to the distance from the latter to the styloid process. This situation facilitates transmission of laryngeal vibrations onto the skull base via the mandible.
Pelvic insufficiency fractures after irradiation: Diagnosis, management, and rehabilitation

Abstract Insufficiency fractures of the pelvis are commonly overlooked as causes of severe hip and low back pain. Predisposing factors include postmenopausal osteoporosis, corticosteroids, and local irradiation. Differential diagnosis includes metastatic disease to bone. We present the case of a 65-year-old woman who had a 2-month history of low back pain and left groin pain. Her medical history included osteoporosis and endometrial cancer that was treated with radiation therapy to the pelvis 1 year prior to presentation. Despite bed res, analgesics, and therapeutic modalities, her pain remained intractable and prevented ambulation. Plain radiographys showed no fracture. Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging showed fractures of the pelvis but were suggestive of malignancy. CT-guided bone biopsy was consistent with radiation osteonecrosis. After diagnosis and continued therapy, the patient progressed to ambulation with moderate discomfort. Failure to diagnose insufficiency fractures could lead to further pelvic irradiation, compromising already weekend bones and causing prolonged disability.
Body size effects on vertical climbing among chimpanzees

I analyzed observations from a yearlong study of the positional behavior of Pan troglodytesat the Mahale Mountains National Park to determine whether there are detectable differences in behavior between large and small individuals. Analysis was complicated by a weak correlation between body size and social rank. To factor out rank effects, I performed two types of analyses, depending on the type of data: (1) multiple regressions or (2) comparisons of similarly ranked animals of different body size. With social rank effects accounted for, larger males fed lower in the canopy, fed on the ground more often, fed preferentially among food tree species with smaller adult heights, and climbed significantly less often than smaller males did. Contrary to expectation, large males utilized smaller weight-bearing structures than small males did. These results suggest that large males minimized climbing versus optimizing support diameters, perhaps because vertical climbing is disproportionally expensive for larger animals. The large body weight of chimpanzees compared with other primates suggests that minimizing altitude changes, and therefore vertical climbing, is an important consideration in budgeting daily energy expenditures.
'Too much trouble for what I get out of it': acceptability of cancer screening tests among low-income rural men and women in the Deep South.

Cancer continues to exact a significant toll worldwide, with the cancer burden expected to grow.1 Encouragingly, routine screening can detect many cancers at an early stage, when treatment is most likely to improve survival. For some cancers, precancerous abnormalities detected in screening can be promptly removed before becoming malignant, thus preventing disease.2 Despite the benefit of screening, the uptake of cancer screening tests is less than optimal. Proposed US Healthy People 2020 objectives include increasing the proportion of adults who participate in cervical, colon and breast cancer screening, and increasing the proportion of men who discuss prostate cancer screening with their healthcare provider.3